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Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

Theodore Roosevelt III (September 13, 1887 – July 12, 1944), often known as Theodore Jr., was an American government, business, and military leader. He was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. Roosevelt is known for his World War II service, including the directing of troops at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings, for which he received the Medal of Honor.

Roosevelt was educated at private academies and Harvard University; after his 1909 graduation from college, he began a successful career in business and investment banking. Having gained pre–World War I army experience during his attendance at a Citizens' Military Training Camp, at the start of the war he received a reserve commission as a major. He served primarily with the 1st Division, took part in several engagements including the Battle of Cantigny, and commanded the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry as a lieutenant colonel. After the war, Roosevelt was instrumental in the forming of The American Legion.

In addition to his military and business careers, Roosevelt was active in politics and government. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1921–1924), Governor of Puerto Rico (1929–1932), and Governor-General of the Philippines (1932–1933). He resumed his business endeavors in the 1930s, and was Chairman of the Board of American Express Company, and vice-president of Doubleday Books. Roosevelt also remained active as an Army reservist, attending annual training periods at Pine Camp, and completing the Infantry Officer Basic and Advanced Courses, the Command and General Staff College, and refresher training for senior officers. He returned to active duty for World War II with the rank of colonel, and commanded the 26th Infantry. He soon received promotion to brigadier general as assistant division commander of the 1st Infantry Division.

After serving in the Operation Torch landings in North Africa and the Tunisia Campaign, followed by participation in the Allied invasion of Sicily, Roosevelt was assigned as assistant division commander of the 4th Infantry Division. In this role, he led the first wave of troops ashore at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings in June 1944. He died in France of a heart attack the following month at 56 years old. At the time of his death, he had been recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross to recognize his heroism at Normandy. The recommendation was subsequently upgraded, and Roosevelt was a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor.

Childhood

Ted was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Kermit Carow. He was born at the family estate in Cove Neck, Oyster Bay, New York, when his father was just starting his political career. As a son of President Theodore Roosevelt, he has been referred to as "Jr", but he was actually Theodore III and one of his own sons was Theodore IV. His siblings were brothers Kermit, Archie, and Quentin; sister Ethel; and half-sister Alice. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack Jr., Ted was a descendant of the Schuyler family.

Like all the Roosevelt children, Ted was tremendously influenced by his father. In later life, Ted recorded some of these childhood recollections in a series of newspaper articles written around the time of World War I. One day when he was about nine, his father gave him a rifle. When Ted asked if it were real, his father loaded it and shot a bullet into the ceiling.

When Ted was a child, his father initially expected more of him than of his siblings. The burden almost caused him to suffer a nervous breakdown.

In one article, Ted recalled his first time in Washington, "...when father was civil service commissioner I often walked to the office with him. On the way down he would talk history to me—not the dry history of dates and charters, but the history where you yourself in your imagination could assume the role of the principal actors, as every well-constructed boy wishes to do when interested. During every battle we would stop and father would draw out the full plan in the dust in the gutter with the tip of his umbrella. Long before the European war had broken over the world father would discuss with us military training and the necessity for every man being able to take his part."

Education and early business career
The Roosevelt boys attended private schools; Ted went to The Albany Academy, and then Groton School. Before he went to college, he thought about going to military school. Although not naturally called to academics, he persisted and graduated from Harvard College in 1909, where, like his father, he joined the Porcellian Club.

After graduating from college, Ted entered the business world. He took positions in the steel and carpet businesses before becoming branch manager of an investment bank. He had a flair for business and amassed a considerable fortune in the years leading up to World War I and on into the 1920s. The income generated by his investments positioned him well for a career in politics after the War.

World War I
All the Roosevelt sons, except Kermit, had some military training prior to World War I. With the outbreak of World War I in Europe in August 1914, American leaders had heightened concern about their nation's readiness for military engagement. Only the month before, Congress had authorized the creation of an Aviation Section in the Signal Corps. In 1915, Major General Leonard Wood, President Roosevelt's former commanding officer during the Spanish–American War, organized a summer camp at Plattsburgh, New York, to provide military training for business and professional men, at their own expense.

This summer training program provided the base of a greatly expanded junior officers' corps when the United States entered World War I. During that summer, many well-heeled young men from some of the finest east coast schools, including three of the four Roosevelt sons, attended the military camp. When the United States entered the war, in April 1917, the armed forces offered commissions to the graduates of these schools based on their performance. The National Defense Act of 1916 continued the student military training and the businessmen's summer camps. It placed them on a firmer legal basis by authorizing an Officers' Reserve Corps and a Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC).

After the United States declaration of war on Germany, when the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was organizing, Theodore Roosevelt wired Major General John "Black Jack" Pershing, the newly appointed commander of the AEF, asking if his sons could accompany him to Europe as privates. Pershing accepted, but, based on their training at Plattsburgh, Archie was offered a commission with rank of second lieutenant, while Ted was offered a commission and the rank of major. Quentin had already been accepted into the Army Air Service. Kermit volunteered with the British in the area of present-day Iraq.

With a reserve commission in the army (like Quentin and Archibald), soon after World War I started, Ted was called up. When the United States declared war on the German Empire, Ted volunteered to be one of the first soldiers to go to the Western Front. There, he was recognized as the best battalion commander in his division, according to the division commander. Roosevelt braved hostile fire and gas and led his battalion in combat. So concerned was he for his men's welfare that he purchased combat boots for the entire battalion with his own money. He eventually commanded the 26th Regiment in the 1st Division as a lieutenant colonel. He fought in several major battles, including America's first victory at the Battle of Cantigny.

Ted was gassed and wounded at Soissons during the summer of 1918. In July of that year, his youngest brother Quentin was killed in combat. Ted received the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions during the war, which ended on November 11, 1918 at 11:00 am. France conferred upon him the Chevalier Légion d'honneur on March 16, 1919. Before the troops came home from France, Ted was one of the founders of the soldiers' organization that developed as The American Legion. The American Legion Post Officers Guide recounts Ted's part in the organization's founding:

"A group of twenty officers who served in the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.) in France in World War I is credited with planning the Legion. A.E.F. Headquarters asked these officers to suggest ideas on how to improve troop morale. One officer, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., proposed an organization of veterans. In February 1919, this group formed a temporary committee and selected several hundred officers who had the confidence and respect of the whole army. When the first organization meeting took place in Paris in March 1919, about 1,000 officers and enlisted men attended. The meeting, known as the Paris Caucus, adopted a temporary constitution and the name The American Legion. It also elected an executive committee to complete the organization's work. It considered each soldier of the A.E.F. a member of the Legion. The executive committee named a subcommittee to organize veterans at home in the U.S. The Legion held a second organizing caucus in St. Louis, Missouri, in May 1919. It completed the constitution and made plans for a permanent organization. It set up temporary headquarters in New York City, and began its relief, employment, and Americanism programs. Congress granted the Legion a national charter in September 1919."

When the American Legion met in New York City, Roosevelt was nominated as its first national commander, but he declined, not wanting to be thought of as simply using it for political gain. In his view, acceptance under such circumstances could have discredited the nascent organization and himself and harmed his chances for a future in politics.

Ted resumed his reserve service between the wars. He attended the annual summer camps at Pine Camp and completed both the Infantry Officer's Basic and Advanced Courses, and the Command and General Staff College. By the beginning of World War II, in September 1939, he was eligible for senior commissioned service.

In 1919 he became a member of the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.

Political career
After service in World War I, Roosevelt began his political career. Grinning like his father, waving a crumpled hat, and like his father, shouting "bully", he participated in every national campaign that he could, except when he was Governor-General of the Philippines. Elected as a member of the New York State Assembly (Nassau County, 2nd D.) in 1920 and 1921, Roosevelt was one of the few legislators who opposed the expulsion of five Socialist assemblymen in 1920. Anxiety about Socialists was high at the time.

On March 10, 1921, Roosevelt was appointed by President Warren G. Harding as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He oversaw the transferring of oil leases for federal lands in Wyoming and California from the Navy to the Department of Interior, and ultimately, to private corporations. Established as the Navy's petroleum reserves by President Taft, the properties consisted of three oil fields: Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3, Teapot Dome Field, Natrona County, Wyoming; and Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at Elk Hills Oil Field and Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2 Buena Vista Oil Field, both in Kern County, California. In 1922, Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased the Teapot Dome Field to Harry F. Sinclair of Sinclair Consolidated Oil Company, and the field at Elk Hills, California, to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company, both without competitive bidding.

During the transfers, while Roosevelt was Assistant Secretary of the Navy, his brother Archie was vice president of the Union Petroleum Company, the export auxiliary subsidiary of the Sinclair Consolidated Oil. The leasing of government reserves without competitive bidding, plus the close personal and business relationships among the players, led to the deal being called the Teapot Dome scandal. The connection between the Roosevelt brothers could not be ignored.

After Sinclair sailed for Europe to avoid testifying in Congressional hearings, G. D. Wahlberg, Sinclair's private secretary, advised Archibald Roosevelt to resign to save his reputation. The Senate Committee on Public Lands held hearings over a period of six months to investigate the actions of Fall in leasing the public lands without the required competitive bidding. Although both Archibald and Ted Roosevelt were cleared of all charges by the Senate Committee on Public Lands, their images were tarnished.

At the 1924 New York state election, Roosevelt was the Republican nominee for Governor of New York. His cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) spoke out on Ted's "wretched record" as Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the oil scandals. In return, Ted said of FDR: "He's a maverick! He does not wear the brand of our family." Eleanor Roosevelt, more closely related to Ted by blood but married to FDR, had been infuriated by these remarks. She dogged Ted on the New York State campaign trail in a car fitted with a papier-mâché bonnet shaped like a giant teapot that was made to emit simulated steam, and countered his speeches with those of her own, calling him immature.

She would later decry these methods, admitting that they were below her dignity but saying that they had been contrived by Democratic Party "dirty tricksters." Ted's opponent, incumbent governor Alfred E. Smith, defeated him by 105,000 votes. Ted never forgave Eleanor for her stunt, though his elder half-sister Alice did, and resumed their formerly close friendship. These conflicts served to widen the split between the Oyster Bay (TR) and Hyde Park (FDR) wings of the Roosevelt family.

Governor of Puerto Rico
Along with his brother, Kermit, Roosevelt spent most of 1929 on a zoological expedition and was the first Westerner known to have shot a panda. In September 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Roosevelt as Governor of Puerto Rico, and he served until 1932. (Until 1947, when it became an electoral office, this was a political appointee position.) Roosevelt worked to ease the poverty of the people during the Great Depression. He attracted money to build secondary schools, raised money from American philanthropists, marketed Puerto Rico as a location for manufacturing, and made other efforts to improve the Puerto Rican economy.

He worked to create more ties to U.S. institutions for mutual benefit. For instance, he arranged for Cayetano Coll y Cuchi to be invited to Harvard Law School to lecture about Puerto Rico's legal system. He arranged for Antonio Reyes Delgado of the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly to speak to a conference of Civil Service Commissioners in New York City. Roosevelt worked to educate Americans about the island and its people, and to promote the image of Puerto Rico in the rest of the U.S.

Roosevelt was the first American governor to study Spanish and tried to learn 20 words a day. He was fond of local Puerto Rican culture and assumed many of the island's traditions. He became known as El Jíbaro de La Fortaleza ("The Hillbilly of the Governor's Mansion") by locals. In 1931 he appointed Carlos E. Chardón, a mycologist, as the first Puerto Rican to be Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico.

Governor-General of the Philippines
Impressed with his work in Puerto Rico, President Hoover appointed Roosevelt as Governor-General of the Philippines in 1932. During his time in office, Roosevelt acquired the nickname "One Shot Teddy" among the Filipino population, in reference to his marksmanship during a hunt for tamaraw (wild pygmy water buffalo).

In the 1932 United States presidential election, when Franklin D. Roosevelt challenged Hoover for the presidency, Alice begged Ted to return from the Philippines to aid the campaign. Roosevelt announced to the press on August 22, 1932, that "Circumstances have made it necessary for me to return for a brief period to the United States..... I shall start for the Philippines again the first week in November..... While there I hope I can accomplish something."

The reaction of many in the U.S. press was so negative that within a few weeks, Governor-General Roosevelt arranged to stay in Manila throughout the campaign. U.S. Secretary of War Patrick J. Hurley cabled Ted, "The President has reached the conclusion that you should not leave your duties for the purpose of participating in the campaign.... He believes it to be your duty to remain at your post." Roosevelt resigned as Governor-General after the election of FDR as president, as the new administration would appoint their own people. He thought that the potential for war in Europe meant another kind of opportunity for him. Using his father's language, he wrote to his wife as he sailed for North Africa, saying that he had done his best and his fate was now "at the knees of the gods".

Return to the U.S. mainland

During the 1932 presidential campaign of his cousin FDR, Roosevelt said, "Franklin is such poor stuff it seems improbable that he should be elected President." When Franklin won the election and Ted was asked just how he was related to FDR, Ted quipped "fifth cousin, about to be removed."

In 1935, he returned to the United States and first became a vice president of the publishing house Doubleday, Doran & Company. He next served as an executive with American Express. He also served on the boards of numerous non-profit organizations. He was invited by Irving Berlin to help oversee the disbursement of royalties for Berlin's popular song, "God Bless America," to charity. While living again in New York, the Roosevelts renewed old friendships with playwright Alexander Woollcott and comedian Harpo Marx.

He was also mentioned as a potential candidate for the 1936 Republican presidential nomination, but did not mount a campaign. Had he received the 1936 Republican presidential nomination, he would have faced off against his cousin Franklin in the general election. After Alf Landon received the Republican presidential nomination, Roosevelt was also mentioned as a candidate for vice president, but that nomination went to Frank Knox. Roosevelt was also mentioned as a candidate for Governor of New York in 1936, but made no effort to become an active candidate.

World War II service and death
In 1940, during World War II (although the United States had not yet entered the war and remained neutral) Roosevelt attended a military refresher course offered to many businessmen as an advanced student, and was promoted to colonel in the Army of the United States.

Roosevelt's wife personally asked Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to return him to a combat unit despite his past hospitalization. Although Marshall typically refused such political favoritism he remarked that he would make an exception "if what you wanted was a more dangerous job than what you had" and agreed. Roosevelt returned to active duty in April 1941 and was given command of the 26th Infantry Regiment, part of the 1st Infantry Division, the same unit he fought with in World War I. Late in 1941, he was promoted to brigadier general.

North Africa
Upon his arrival in North Africa, Roosevelt became known as a general who often visited the front lines. He had always preferred the heat of the battle to the comfort of the command post, and this attitude would culminate in his actions in France on D-Day.

Roosevelt led the 26th Infantry in an attack on Oran, Algeria, on November 8, 1942, as part of Operation Torch, the Allies' invasion of North Africa. During 1943, he was the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) of the 1st Infantry Division in the campaign in North Africa under Major General Terry Allen. He was cited for the Croix de Guerre by the military commander of French Africa, General Alphonse Juin:

"As commander of a Franco-American detachment on the Ousseltia plain in the region of Pichon, in the face of a very aggressive enemy, he showed the finest qualities of decision and determination in the defense of his sector.

Showing complete contempt for personal danger, he never ceased during the period of Jan 28 – Feb 21, visiting troops in the front lines, making vital decisions on the spot, winning the esteem and admiration of the units under his command and developing throughout his detachment the finest fraternity of arms."

Clashes with Patton

Roosevelt collaborated with and was a friend of his commander, the hard-fighting, hard-drinking Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. Their unorthodox approach to warfare did not escape the attention of Lieutenant General George S. Patton, the Seventh Army commander in Sicily, and formerly the II Corps commander. Patton disapproved of such officers who "dressed down" and were seldom seen in regulation field uniforms, and who placed little value in Patton's spit-shined ways in the field. Patton thought them both un-soldierly for it and wasted no opportunity to send derogatory reports on Allen to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO). Roosevelt was also treated by Patton as "guilty by association" for his friendship and collaboration with the highly unorthodox Allen. When Allen was relieved of command of the 1st Division and reassigned, so was Roosevelt.

After criticizing Allen in his diary on July 31, 1943, Patton noted that he had asked permission of Eisenhower "to relieve both Allen and Roosevelt on the same terms, on the theory of rotation of command", and added, concerning Roosevelt, "there will be a kick over Teddy, but he has to go, brave but otherwise, no soldier." Later, however, upon hearing of the death of Roosevelt, Patton wrote in his diary that Roosevelt was "one of the bravest men I've ever known", and a few days later served as a pallbearer at his funeral.

Roosevelt was also criticized by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the II Corps commander, who ultimately relieved both Roosevelt and Allen. In both of his autobiographies – A Soldier's Story (1951) and A General's Life – Bradley claimed that relieving the two generals was one of his most unpleasant duties of the war. Bradley felt that Allen and Roosevelt were guilty of "loving their division too much" and that their relationship with their soldiers was having a generally bad effect on the discipline of both the commanders and the men of the division.

Roosevelt was assistant commander of the 1st Infantry Division at Gela during the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, commanded Allied Forces in Sardinia, and fought on the Italian mainland. He was the chief liaison officer to the French Expeditionary Corps in Italy for General Eisenhower, and repeatedly made requests of Eisenhower for combat command.

D-Day

In February 1944, Roosevelt was assigned to England to help lead the Normandy invasion and appointed Deputy Division Commander of the 4th Infantry Division. After several verbal requests to the division's Commanding General (CG), Major General Raymond "Tubby" Barton, to go ashore on D-Day with the Division were denied, Roosevelt sent a written petition:

"The force and skill with which the first elements hit the beach and proceed may determine the ultimate success of the operation.... With troops engaged for the first time, the behavior pattern of all is apt to be set by those first engagements. [It is] considered that accurate information of the existing situation should be available for each succeeding element as it lands. You should have when you get to shore an overall picture in which you can place confidence. I believe I can contribute materially on all of the above by going in with the assault companies.  Furthermore I personally know both officers and men of these advance units and believe that it will steady them to know that I am with them."

Barton approved Roosevelt's written request with much misgiving, stating that he did not expect Roosevelt to return alive.

Roosevelt was the only general on D-Day to land by sea with the first wave of troops. At 56, he was the oldest man in the invasion, and the only one whose son also landed that day; Captain Quentin Roosevelt II was among the first wave of soldiers at Omaha Beach.

Brigadier General Roosevelt was one of the first soldiers, along with Captain Leonard T. Schroeder Jr., off his landing craft as he led the 8th Infantry Regiment and 70th Tank Battalion landing at Utah Beach. Roosevelt was soon informed that the landing craft had drifted south of their objective, and the first wave of men was a mile off course. Walking with the aid of a cane and carrying a pistol, he personally made a reconnaissance of the area immediately to the rear of the beach to locate the causeways that were to be used for the advance inland. He returned to the point of landing and contacted the commanders of the two battalions, Lieutenant Colonels Conrad C. Simmons and Carlton O. MacNeely, and coordinated the attack on the enemy positions confronting them. Opting to fight from where they had landed rather than trying to move to their assigned positions, Roosevelt's famous words were, "We'll start the war from right here!"

These impromptu plans worked with complete success and little confusion. With artillery landing close by, each follow-on regiment was personally welcomed on the beach by a cool, calm, and collected Roosevelt, who inspired all with humor and confidence, reciting poetry and telling anecdotes of his father to steady the nerves of his men. Roosevelt pointed almost every regiment to its changed objective. Sometimes he worked under fire as a self-appointed traffic cop, untangling traffic jams of trucks and tanks all struggling to get inland and off the beach. One GI later reported that seeing the general walking around, apparently unaffected by the enemy fire, even when clods of earth fell down on him, gave him the courage to get on with the job, saying if the general is like that it cannot be that bad.

When Major General Barton, the commander of the 4th Infantry Division, came ashore, he met Roosevelt not far from the beach. He later wrote:

"While I was mentally framing [orders], Ted Roosevelt came up. He had landed with the first wave, had put my troops across the beach, and had a perfect picture (just as Roosevelt had earlier promised if allowed to go ashore with the first wave) of the entire situation. I loved Ted. When I finally agreed to his landing with the first wave, I felt sure he would be killed. When I had bade him goodbye, I never expected to see him alive. You can imagine then the emotion with which I greeted him when he came out to meet me [near La Grande Dune]. He was bursting with information."

By modifying his division's original plan on the beach, Roosevelt enabled its troops to achieve their mission objectives by coming ashore and attacking north behind the beach toward its original objective. Years later, Omar Bradley was asked to name the single most heroic action he had ever seen in combat. He replied, "Ted Roosevelt on Utah Beach."

Following the landing, Roosevelt utilized a Jeep named "Rough Rider", which was the nickname of his father's regiment raised during the Spanish–American War. Before his death, Roosevelt was appointed as Military Governor of Cherbourg.

Death
Throughout World War II, Roosevelt suffered from health problems. He had arthritis, mostly from old World War I injuries, and walked with a cane. He also had heart trouble, which he kept secret from army doctors and his superiors.

On July 12, 1944, a little over one month after the landing at Utah Beach, Roosevelt died of a heart attack in France. He was living at the time in a converted sleeping truck, captured a few days before from the Germans. He had spent part of the day in a long conversation with his son, Captain Quentin Roosevelt II, who had also landed at Normandy on D-Day. He was stricken at about 10:00 pm, attended by medical help, and died at about midnight. He was fifty-six years old. On the day of his death, he had been selected by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, now commanding the U.S. First Army, for promotion to the two-star rank of major general and command of the 90th Infantry Division. These recommendations were sent to General Eisenhower, now the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. Eisenhower approved the assignment, but Roosevelt died before the battlefield promotion. Of his death, Patton wrote: "Teddy R[oosevelt] died in his sleep last night. He had made three landings with the leading wave – such is fate... He was one of the bravest men I ever knew".

Roosevelt was initially buried at Sainte-Mère-Église. Photographs show that his honorary pallbearers were generals, including Omar N. Bradley, George S. Patton, Raymond O. Barton, Clarence R. Huebner, Courtney Hicks Hodges, and J. Lawton Collins, the VII Corps commander. Later, Roosevelt was buried at the American cemetery in Normandy, initially created for the Americans killed in Normandy during the invasion. His younger brother, Second Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt, had been killed in action as a pilot in France during World War I and was initially buried near where he had been shot down in that war. In 1955, his family had his body exhumed and moved to the Normandy cemetery, where he was re-interred beside his brother. Ted also has a cenotaph near the grave of his parents at Youngs Memorial Cemetery in Oyster Bay, while Quentin's original gravestone was moved to Sagamore Hill.

Medal of Honor

Roosevelt was originally recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross by General Barton. The recommendation was upgraded at higher headquarters to the Medal of Honor, which was approved, and which Roosevelt was posthumously awarded on September 21, 1944.

"For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, in France. After two verbal requests to accompany the leading assault elements in the Normandy invasion had been denied, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt's written request for this mission was approved and he landed with the first wave of the forces assaulting the enemy-held beaches. He repeatedly led groups from the beach, over the seawall and established them inland. His valor, courage, and presence in the very front of the attack and his complete unconcern at being under heavy fire inspired the troops to heights of enthusiasm and self-sacrifice. Although the enemy had the beach under constant direct fire, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt moved from one locality to another, rallying men around him, directed and personally led them against the enemy. Under his seasoned, precise, calm, and unfaltering leadership, assault troops reduced beach strong points and rapidly moved inland with minimum casualties. He thus contributed substantially to the successful establishment of the beachhead in France."

Family
On June 20, 1910, Roosevelt married Eleanor Butler Alexander (1888–1960), daughter of Henry Addison Alexander and Grace Green. Ted and Eleanor had four children: Grace (1911–1994), Theodore (1914–2001), Cornelius (1915–1991), and Quentin (1919–1948).

Military awards
General Roosevelt's military awards include:

Civilian honors
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. is honored in the scientific names of two species of Caribbean lizards: Anolis roosevelti and Sphaerodactylus roosevelti. Both species were named and described in 1931 by American herpetologist Chapman Grant, a grandson of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.

Representation in other media

 * Roosevelt's actions on D-Day are portrayed in The Longest Day, a 1962 film in which he was played by actor Henry Fonda. The movie is based on the 1959 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan.
 * Roosevelt's life, political views, and actions are documented in the 2014 miniseries The Roosevelts, directed by Ken Burns.

title: Theodore Roosevelt Jr.


text:
Talk:Ancient Roman cuisine

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Strawberries
I thought strawberries came from the New World and that they were not cultivated until the 1700s. How did the ancient Romans eat them? That seems made up. Source?

 * It can possibly be Fragaria vesca that was consumed by Romans, though I have no ref for this. But this plant was present in Europe before 1700s, so it's possible. Artem.G (talk) 11:06, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

Wine

 * "for example, there were recipes for making white wine out of red and vice versa"

If memory serves this is from Apicius (repeated by the well known Harold McGee), but I thought this was more of a chemistry experiment than something you would actually drink after "transforming" it. --Chinasaur 06:30, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Vomitorium
What about vomitoriums (vomitoria?) ? The Trolls of Navarone 20:36, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * What about them? --cprompt 21:15, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * They are famous, probably erroneously so. Should there be a redirect to this page? Perhaps more of a note explaining why this feature came to typify the common understanding of roman food? The Trolls of Navarone 15:26, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point...I added a bit about vomitoriums, and what they really are (to the best of my knowledge). I'm not really sure how the myth developed, though, other than people just assuming that a word with "vomit" in it has to due with literally vomitting, coupled with the stereotypical excesses of the Roman empire. --cprompt 04:47, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Right now vomitorium redirects to this article. While there should be a note about it here, shouldn't vomitorium itself be about the architectural feature?  Or redirect to an article about amphitheaters or roman achitecture? --Logotu 20:34, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, vomitorium should be its own article.

I recall, on a visit to the Roman city of Volubilis in Morocco, finding a "Vomitorium" marked on the floor plan, and it most certainly was not a passage, but something the size and shape of a fireplace, so a good size for a basin. - While we're at it, any news of modern-day "barf basins"? Only recently, I saw a porcelain bowl with handles and a tap mounted at about 1,5 metres above the ground in a restaurant loo in Zell, Germany, and could think of no other purpose for it than as a "vomitorium" (all the more so given that said town is known for booze tourism). --Humphrey20020 09:44, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Update: See de:Speibecken.--Humphrey20020 (talk) 14:37, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Translations
List of missing translations in the article: Cat 19:45, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Blutwurst: blood sausage?
 * Meerbarbe: a kind of fish.

Meerbarbe = red mullet, corrected that Blutwurst : dictionary says blood sausage or black pudding; I think blood sausage is better to use here because as far as i know black pudding is a name for a specific british blood sausage that not everyone knows and "blood sausage" is more descriptive. German Blutwurst often means a specific sausage (which is only lots of clotted blood with pieces of pork fat in it, of course nicely spiced) but it's also used for all sausages made with blood. Thanks for the vomitorium stuff, i'll add that to the german article look what i've just found: http://www.dict.leo.org it's run by a german university, the best and easiest to use online dictionary i've seen so far. may be the link should be on the translations page Tenar

I'd like to add the phrase "from eggs to apples" (ab ovo usque ad mala), but in which section? starters or desserts? -- Lisa Paul 20:56, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

There are three more as yet untranslated paragraphs in the Bestandteile der Hauptmahlzeit section of the German article. I'll shortly be giving them a go unless anyone else wants to get there first. -- Picapica 19:31, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Those paras now added. -- Picapica 09:55, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Great article, excellent translation! I've done minor idiom tweaking as far as "Table culture", and will be back to do more. Bishonen 17:27, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Returned and copyedited the second half very lightly, too. The semi-mythical or rare practice of deliberately vomiting was mentioned in two places, so I merged the earlier sentence into the "Vomitorium" section at the end. Does anybody know why "the Consul C. Fannius prohibited the consumption of poulards"? It comes a little surprisingly, so it would be neat if the reason could be put in. Bishonen 21:02, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * See FANNIA here: Sumptuary_law 201.27.11.202 03:18, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Main category
Any objections to moving this and the other articles from Category:Ancient Roman food and drink to Category:Roman cuisine?

Peter Isotalo 12:39, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Vesperna
The article says "Traditionally in the morning a breakfast was served, the ientaculum or iantaculum, at noon a small lunch..." Then it mentions that the vesperna disappeared. Is this right? According to this, it says there was a breakfast, a cena, and then a vesperna later in the evening, not a lunch. That jibes with what it says later, that a prandium showed up around noon afterwards, when the cena changed. Clarityfiend 06:59, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Also, vesperna is mentioned for the first time in the sentence "vesperna was abandoned", without hinting what vesperna even is. Juraj5 (talk) 08:52, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Just from looking at the words, prandium is lunch and vesperna is an evening meal. Lunch would never have been an evening meal in Rome. I agree that this section is confused -- probably as a result of successive careless edits -- and should be straightened out, but I don't have the knowledge to do so. Sciamanna (talk) 21:37, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Squash
How could squash have been typical of Roman cuisine if squashes are a New World crop, and thus would not have been available in Rome in the classical era? What source does this information come from, and what term is "squash" being used to translate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.102.47 (talk) 11:29, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

I assume what is meant is gourds rather than squashes. The confusion probably comes from the fact that in Italian, both gourds and squashes are called "zucche" -- so any Italian source would be ambiguous, unless the specific scientific name was used. It is certainly true that gourds have been cultivated and eaten in Italy since ancient times; however, I don't know the specific details, so I will simply change "squash" to "gourd" in the main text, and hope for some more knowledgeable person to come along and improve it :-) Sciamanna (talk) 21:52, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Also, it mentions french beans, which are also native to the Americas. 98.247.156.96 (talk) 21:45, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

The article still mentions yellow squash and zucchini, which are both new world crops.--190.193.41.23 (Krinnen) 20:40, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

 * It mentions zucchini precisely to say that it was a new world crop and therefore was not available to the ancient Romans. As for yellow squash, I'm not going to take any action without sources being provided one way or the other. MPS1992 (talk) 00:17, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Dispute
If you are going to dispute the information on the article, first discuss it here and please provide facts to back up your statement instead of posting a disputed sign on the article. If you disagree with anything in an article, then it is your responsibility to back up your statements, not someone else's. Brothejr (talk) 20:48, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Woodlice
I remember reading somewhere that the Romans used to prepare a dish involving woodlice, but can't find any information online - does anyone know about this? Drutt (talk) 21:23, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Fish
The article says that fish were rarely eaten and expensive, but I had always heard that in the ancient Mediterranean meat was expensive and fish was the food of the common people. Maybe in the city of Rome itself fish was expensive, because I don't imagine the Tiber ever had many fish, and the distance was more of an issue back then, but I would think that in Pompeii and the other port cities, fish was cheap and commonly available. I don't have a source to back this up, so I can't be sure, but either way, the claim should cite a source, which it doesn't. Wldcat (talk) 23:20, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Saltpetre, Kale and errata
This article contains the following quote: kale was cooked in saltpetre. Does anyone know anything more about this? Why saltpetere? When one follows the saltpetre link, both potassium and sodium nitrate are referenced. I would assume (from the link) that the Romans were using potassium nitrate. Was saltpetre being used as a flavoring, a Coloring agent, or a preservative? Somehow, from the syntax, I picture this dish being served warm/fresh, meaning that it was not being uses as a preservative, as in Salami. Does anyone know how extensive the Roman saltpetre production was, or what method was used?

..On another note, cooked woodlice - this excites my culinary curiosity. Now I want to go turn over rocks in the back yard.. Recipé?

..And somehow, I would think that salted or smoked fish would have been widely available, given that: However, I know nothing about the veracity of my assumptions, and I could be entirely wrong. 𝕭𝖗𝔦𝔞𝔫𝕶𝔫𝔢𝔷 talk 17:22, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The City of Rome was dependent on imported food
 * Rome was the centre of an enormous marine economy
 * Salted fish is listed as the main ingredient in Garum, which is described as a staple in the lower class diet. Garum production was banned in the city of Rome (Well, who would want to live next to vats of rotting fish anyway?!), meaning that it had to be imported. Why would preserved fish sauce alone be imported? The preserved fish ought to have been cheaper to purchace, particularly the small, easily netted types of fish commonly found along the Mediterranean coast, like Anchovies and Sardines, which are still widely fished off the Dalmatian coast. In closing, I would assume that the article must mean and ought be amended to read "fresh fish as the main course of a meal was served only in later periods, and it remained more expensive than simpler meat types".

 * Woodlice probably taste like these guys. I think the Japanese eat them. Danceswithzerglings (talk) 20:44, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Wrong Name
Hallo,

I think that this article should be moved to Ancient Roman Cuisine or Classical Roman Cuisine. The problem is that the cuisine of the City of Rome extends far behind the classical age. The name Roman Cuisine should be used for the modern Roman cooking, as it is the case in the italian literature. Cheers, Alex2006 (talk) 07:23, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Public bakeries
I have an issue with this statement: "public bakeries were established in Rome from 270 AD". There certainly was a bakery in Pompeii, destroyed by the Vesuvius eruption in 79 CE. It is not that far from Rome, about 200 km; I find it quite strange that there would be a public bakery in Pompeii and not in Rome... If nobody has supporting evidence, I suggest to delete the sentence, or edit it somehow. 173.206.231.2 (talk) 13:33, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, you have to be right about this. I don't know when public bakeries are first attested, but this date can't be right; perhaps the source was misunderstood, and the date refers to the earliest surviving archaeological evidence. I think Ovid mentions bakeries in the Fasti. Grain supply to the city of Rome should dovetail with this better; without the bakeries, there's a gap in the consumer chain between the supplying of grain and the consuming of it. Cynwolfe (talk) 18:58, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, duh, in trying to be generous I've said a stupid thing: 270 can't be "the earliest surviving archaeological evidence," because of the evidence from Pompeii. Cynwolfe (talk) 15:43, 26 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This has actually turned out to be more elusive of verification than I'd have thought. What's needed is a straightforward modern historian who can give us a sentence on two on the history of bakeries in Rome. So far, nothing's popped out at me. It seems from some sources that the grain dole was actually bread, which makes sense since most Romans lived in the insulae, small cramped apartments without proper kitchens. Grain would've required grinding, so at the least the dole might've been ground into flour first, or to a consistency that could be used for a polenta-like dish (which is recorded). But even if you get your dole as flour, there are obstacles to using it. Baking bread requires an oven; even if a Dutch oven or griddle is used, fuel is a problem for apartment dwellers. I suspect that public bakeries start to become important in the mid-1st century BC, in connection with issues pertaining to the grain supply as evidenced in the careers of Clodius Pulcher and Pompey. So a very interesting question, and I'll enjoy looking for more info. Cynwolfe (talk) 12:40, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The date seems dubious to me as well, but I am reluctant to think that someone simply pulled the date 270 AD out of the air (or somewhere else). Therefore, I wonder if the confusion here is over different interpretations of the word "public". That is, does "public bakery" mean a bakery owned by the state for benefit of providing bread to poorer citizens or does it mean a privately owned commercial bakery that sells bread to those sections of the population that can't make bread of their own?--172.190.48.60 (talk) 02:50, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
 * That's a good question. At some point, it might've seemed more efficient for the state to transport grain in bulk directly to certain millers and bakers who contracted to supply the dole, but 270 still seems a little late to be addressing the problem. I haven't happened upon a source, and haven't had a chance to focus on the question for its own sake. Cynwolfe (talk) 12:56, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I found a good source in preview online, but it seems to be missing precisely the page that looks as if it might answer this question. Public bakeries (as distinguished from commercial) do seem emphasized in sources as a feature of the later Empire, but Trajan (reigned 98–117) founded a collegium pistorum, "bakers' guild," which suggests at least some state regulation of bakeries. The 3rd century date also seems to be connected to the use of state-owned water mills that were powered from aqueducts. Cynwolfe (talk) 13:20, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The expression "bread and circuses" suggests the existence of bakeries - otherwise the expression would have been "bags of wheat and circuses". So how old is "bread and circusses" - the article isn't very clear? Roger (talk) 13:59, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The phrase is from Juvenal, who died early in the 2nd century. That's a great point of reference to introduce, and yet without other evidence, it wouldn't necessarily mean that the people got their bread directly and already made; could just mean more generally they owed their daily bread to the state. There were four steps: getting the grain, milling it into flour, making dough, and baking. What I've looked at so far suggests that there was a gradual expansion of what the state centrally provided. In the earliest period of the dole, people seem to have gotten the grain, and then had to take it to get it milled, etc. In trying to look this up, I found that in the Middle Ages, people might prepare their dough at home, but take it to a communal oven for baking, since maintaining fuel and temperature for a bread oven for daily baking is pretty much a full-time job. So that's one conjecture for Rome as well. Only a domus with the space and staff for it could've maintained a home bread oven. There are also several religious practices and beliefs associated with bread and bread-making, extending back to the Republic, such as the Fornacalia, which recognize that making bread for apartment dwellers in an urban environment is an interdependent effort. Cynwolfe (talk) 17:22, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Ancient Roman cuisine in popular culture
In popular culture, ancient Roman cuisine is usually shown as having extraordinarily strange dishes preferred among the wealthy, such as "otters' noses!" sold by Brian of Nazareth as a snack at the Circus Maximus in the film Life of Brian. How accurate is this? Were such extraordinarily strange dishes ever consumed? J I P | Talk 19:27, 2 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Life of Brian should indeed be taken as the ultimate authority on all things Roman, IMHO. Actually, the Romans do seem to have enjoyed odd chewy bits of the animal that we throw away, though not to my knowledge otters' noses as such (I could be wrong). Our article mentions sows' udders as a delicacy. Let us not omit dormice. But every culture has its culinary amazements. I had a casual friend who swore she had been served squirrel brains as a specially presented dainty at a wedding in Arkansas. She hadn't been able to identify what was swimming in the broth of that little custard cup until a table mate prodded her with an elbow and inquired "Can I have your squirrel brains if you're not gonna eat 'em?" Then again, I adore snails, so who am I to recoil?
 * In other words, the article could probably benefit with some restructuring based on a wider range of sources, and from making more distinctions between ordinary meals and the multicourse extravaganzas of the privileged—and even among the upper classes, we probably need more sorting out of Imperial lavishness from Republican habits pre-Lucullus. Cynwolfe (talk) 20:58, 2 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I was not implying Life of Brian were an authoritative source on ancient Rome. I was merely using it as an example of popular culture. But it seems that while the popular culture image is exaggerated, it is not completely off base. And yes, I find snails (escargot) very delicious indeed, too. I can't bring myself to think of being able to eat roasted insects, though. How I feel this and simultaneously find escargot a fine delicacy continues to elude me. J I P  | Talk 20:07, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I know you weren't! I was making a joke as a Life of Brian fan. And I'm with you on the insects. Cynwolfe (talk) 20:31, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

"liquid resembling vodka"
The article states that "Wine was normally mixed with a liquid resembling vodka immediately before drinking to raise the grade, since the fermentation was not controlled and the alcohol grade was low". What was this liquid resembling vodka? I was under the impression that before distillation was invented, spirits like vodka did not exist. --109.154.48.250 (talk) 21:16, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing out the issue. As you say, that is utter nonsense. It was introduced by a single-edit anon in October .  When you see rubbish like this, please go ahead and correct it on the spot!

 * Also, welcome to Wikipedia. I encourage you to become an active editor.  Please take a look at this introduction to Wikipedia if you're interested.  --Macrakis (talk) 22:02, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Unsourced content
Some of the information currently on the page is incorrect or misleading, as unsourced content on the ancient world often is. To choose an example, the page says ridiculous things "Pulses such as fava beans ... were only appreciated by peasants, smiths, legionaries and gladiators," which is flat wrong: "That wealthy Romans ate fava beans is ... strongly suggested" by recipes attributed to Apicius; "even in the most extravagant of cookbooks, beans had their place." The page states that "Fish was served only in earlier periods," which is ludicrous. I have taken the unsourced passages out. The burden of evidence always lies with the editor who adds or restores material. Neutralitytalk 23:44, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

I plan on working to add sourced content in the future, but unsourced, misleading material is worst than no material at all. Neutralitytalk 23:44, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Dining imagery
Petronius describes a funeral feast consisting of chickpeas, sausages, beets, whole wheat bread, cheese tart, honey, lupines, nuts, and an apple for each person. funerary banquet scenes

"Hod matured?"
"Conditum" is described as "a mixture of wine, hod matured." I assume this is a typo, but I have no idea what "hod matured" is supposed to be. Sadiemonster (talk) 16:57, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Article is about cuisine, not food shortages
An editor has repeatedly contributed material, in the lead section (!), about relative levels of nutrition in the Roman empire. This seems not to be the right article for such matters ("Food and dining in the Roman Empire" would likely be more appropriate), and certainly not the right part of the article.

 * 1. It is not appropriate (ever) to introduce new ideas, claims, and materials into the lead section of an article. The lead's job is to summarize the body (main text) of an article, not to start off on its own tack.

 * 2. It is very rarely appropriate to cite materials in a lead section, and if it is needed when something is controversial, the place for the citation is in the article's body (as per #1 above), with the ref repeated in the lead to eliminate doubt. That is not the issue here.

 * 3. The material introduced concerns food supplies in Roman times, NOT "cuisine". Cuisine articles are about the recipes and dishes served, not about whether segments of the population are starving. I have suggested a better target for that kind of material, and hope it will not be necessary to have a protracted discussion here about its inappropriateness in this article. Chiswick Chap (talk) 14:16, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Food and dining in the Roman Empire which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:47, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ancient Roman cuisine


text:
Structural insulated panel

A structural insulated panel, or structural insulating panel, (SIP), is a form of sandwich panel used in the construction industry.

SIP is a sandwich structured composite, consisting of an insulating layer of rigid core sandwiched between two layers of structural board, used as a building material. The board can be sheet metal, plywood, cement, magnesium oxide board (MgO) or oriented strand board (OSB), and the core can either be expanded polystyrene foam (EPS), extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), polyisocyanurate foam, polyurethane foam, or be composite honeycomb (HSC).

SIPs share the same structural properties as an I-beam or I-column. The rigid insulation core of the SIP acts as a web, while the sheathing fulfills the function of the flanges. SIPs combine several components of conventional building, such as studs and joists, insulation, vapor barrier and air barrier. They can be used for many different applications, such as exterior wall, roof, floor and foundation systems.

History
Although foam-core panels gained attention in the 1970s, the idea of using stress-skinned panels for construction began in the 1930s. Research and testing of the technology was done primarily by Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) in Madison, Wisconsin, as part of a U.S. Forest Service attempt to conserve forest resources. In 1937, a small stressed-skin house was constructed and garnered enough attention to bring in First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to dedicate the house. In a testament to the durability of such panel structures, it endured the Wisconsin climate and was used by University of Wisconsin–Madison as a day care center until 1998, when it was removed to make way for a new Pharmacy School building. With the success of the stress-skinned panels, it was suggested stronger skins could take all the structural load and eliminate the frame altogether.

Thus in 1947, structural insulated panel development began when corrugated paperboard cores were tested with various skin materials of plywood, tempered hardboard and treated paperboard. The building was dismantled in 1978, and most of the panels retained their original strength with the exception of paperboard, which is unsuited to outdoor exposure. Panels consisting of polystyrene core and paper overlaid with plywood skins were used in a building in 1967, and the panels performed well.

SIP systems were used by Woods Constructors of Santa Paula, California, in their homes and apartments from 1965 until 1984. This work was the basis for John Thomas Woods, Paul Flather Woods, John David Woods, and Frederick Thomas Woods when they used a similar concept to patent the Footing Form for Modular homes (US Patent ) issued on April 4, 1989. Numerous homes in Santa Paula, Fillmore, Palm Springs, and surrounding areas use SIPs as the primary method of construction. The design was awarded approval from (then) ICBO and SBCCI, now ICC.

Materials
SIPs are most commonly made of OSB panels sandwiched around a foam core made of expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS) or rigid polyurethane foam. Other materials can be used in replacement of OSB, such as plywood, pressure-treated plywood for below-grade foundation walls, steel, aluminum, cement board such as Hardiebacker, and even exotic materials like stainless steel, fiber-reinforced plastic, and magnesium oxide. Some SIPs use fiber-cement or plywood sheets for the panels, and agricultural fiber, such as wheat straw, for the core.

The third component in SIPs is the spline or connector piece between SIPs. Dimensional lumber is commonly used but creates thermal bridging and lowers insulation values. To maintain higher insulation values through the spline, manufacturers use Insulated Lumber, Composite Splines, Mechanical Locks, Overlapping OSB Panels, or other creative methods. Depending on the method selected, other advantages such as full nailing surfaces or increased structural strength may become available.

Methods of manufacturing
SIP's are most often manufactured in a traditional factory. Processing equipment is used to regulate pressures and heat in a uniform and consistent manner. There are two main processing methods which correspond to the materials used for the SIP core. When manufacturing a panel with a polystyrene core both pressure and heat are required to ensure the bonding glue has penetrated and set completely. Although a number of variations exist, in general, the foam core is first covered with an adhesive and the skin is set in place. The three pieces are set into a large clamping device and pressure and heat are applied. The three pieces must stay in the clamping device until the glue has cured.

When manufacturing a panel with a polyurethane core pressure and heat are both generated from the expansion of the foam during the foaming process. The skins are set in a large clamping device which functions as a mold. The skins must be held apart from each other to allow the liquid polyurethane materials to flow into the device. Once in the device, the foam begins to rise. The mold/press is generally configured to withstand the heat and the pressures generated from the chemical foaming. The SIP is left in the mold/press to cure slightly and when removed will continue to cure for several days.

Until recently, both of these processes required a factory setting. However, recent advancements have presented an alternative with SIP processing equipment that allows SIPs to be manufactured on the job-site. This is welcome news for builders in developing countries where the technology may be best suited to reduce greenhouse emissions and improve sustainability in housing but are unavailable.

Benefits and drawbacks
The use of SIPs brings many benefits and some drawbacks compared to a conventional framed building.

The costs of SIPs are higher than the materials for a comparable framed building in the United States; however, this may not be true elsewhere. A well-built home using SIPs will have a tighter building envelope and the walls will have higher insulating properties, which leads to fewer drafts and a decrease in operating costs. Also, due to the standardized and all-in-one nature of SIPs, construction time can be less than for a frame home, as well as requiring fewer tradespeople. The panels can be used as floor, wall, and roof, with the use of the panels as floors being of particular benefit when used above an uninsulated space below. As a result, the total life-cycle cost of a SIP-constructed building will, in general, be lower than for a conventional framed one—by as much as 40%. Whether the total construction cost (materials and labor) is lower than for conventional framing appears to depend on the circumstances, including local labor conditions and the degree to which the building design is optimized for one or the other technology.

An OSB skinned system structurally outperforms conventional stick framed construction in some cases; primarily in axial load strength. SIPs maintain similar versatility to stick framed houses when incorporating custom designs. Also, since SIPs work as framing, insulation, and exterior sheathing, and can come precut from the factory for the specific job, the exterior building envelope can be built quite quickly. SIPs panels also tend to be lightweight and compact which aids this offsite construction. The environmental performance of SIPs, moreover, is very good due to their exceptional thermal insulation. They also offer a resistance to damp and cold problems like compression shrinkage and cold bridging that cannot be matched by timber and more traditional building materials.

When tested under laboratory conditions, the SIP, included in a wall, foundation, floor, or roof system, is installed in a steady-state (no air infiltration) environment; systems incorporating fiberglass insulation are not installed in steady-state environments as they require ventilation to remove moisture.

With the exception of structural metals, such as steel, all structural materials creep over time. In the case of SIPs, the creep potential of OSB faced SIPs with EPS or polyurethane foam cores has been studied and creep design recommendations exist. The long-term effects of using unconventional facing and core materials require material specific testing to quantify creep design values.

Dimensions and characteristics
In the United States, SIPs tend to come in sizes from 4 feet (1.22 m) to 24 feet (7.32 m) in width. Elsewhere, typical product dimensions are 300, 600, or 1,200 mm wide and 2.4, 2.7, and 3 m long, with roof SIPs up to 6 m long. Smaller sections ease transportation and handling, but the use of the largest panel possible will create the best insulated building. At 15−20 kg/m2, longer panels can become difficult to handle without the use of a crane to position them, and this is a consideration that must be taken into account due to cost and site limitations. Also of note is that when needed for special circumstances longer spans can often be requested, such as for a long roof span. Typical U.S. height for panels is eight or nine feet (2.44 to 2.75 m). Panels come in widths ranging from 4 to 12 inches thick and a rough cost is $4–$6/ft2 in the U.S. In 4Q 2010, new methods of forming radius, sine curve, arches and tubular SIPs were commercialized. Due to the custom nature and technical difficulty of forming and curing specialty shapes, pricing is typically three or four times that of standard panels per foot.

EPS is the most common of the foams used and has an R-value (thermal resistance) of about 4 °F·ft2·h/BTU (equivalent to about 0.7 K·m2/W) per 25 mm thickness, which would give the 3.5 in of foam in a 4.5 in panel an R value of 13.8 (caution: extrapolating R-values over thickness may be imprecise due to non-linear thermal properties of most materials). This at face value appears to be comparable to an R-13 batt of fiberglass, but because in a standard stick frame house there is significantly more wall containing low R value wood that acts as a cold bridge, the thermal performance of the R-13.8 SIP wall will be considerably better.

The air sealing features of SIP homes resulted in the Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program to establish an inspection protocol in lieu of the typically required blower door test to assess the home's air leakage. This serves to speed the process and save the builder/homeowner money.

Standardization and design
The International Building Code references APA, Plywood Design Specification 4—Design & Fabrication of Plywood Sandwich Panels for the design of SIPs. This document addressed the basic engineering mechanics of SIPs but does not provide design properties for the panels provided by any specific manufacturer. In 2007, prescriptive design provisions for OSB faced SIPs were first introduced in the 2006 International Residential Code. These provisions provide guidance on the use of SIPs as walls panels only.

Aside from these non-proprietary standards, the SIP industry has relied heavily on proprietary code evaluation reports. In early 2009, SIPA partnered with ICC NTA, LLC, a third-party product evaluation certification agency, to produce the first industry wide code report which is available to all SIPA members who qualify. Unlike previous code reports, the prescriptive provisions provided in the SIPA code report are derived from an engineering design methodology which permits the design professional to consider loading conditions not addressed in the code report.

title: Structural insulated panel


text: Category:British musicians

title: Category:British musicians


text:
Avidyā (Hinduism)

Avidyā is a Sanskrit word whose literal meaning is ignorance, misconceptions, misunderstandings, incorrect knowledge, and it is the opposite of Vidya. It is used extensively in Hindu texts, including the Upanishads, and in other Indian religions such as Buddhism and Jainism, particularly in the context of metaphysical reality.

Avidyā, in all Dharmic systems, represents fundamental ignorance and misperception of the phenomenal world. However, the Indian religions disagree on the details, for example with Hinduism considering a denial and misconceptions of Atman (soul, self) as a form of Avidya, and Buddhism considering the denial and misconceptions of An-atman (non-soul, non-self) as a form of Avidya.

Etymology and meaning
Avidyā (अविद्या) is a Vedic Sanskrit word, and is a compound of "a" and "vidya", meaning "not vidya". The word vidya is derived from the Sanskrit root Vid, which means "to know, to perceive, to see, to understand". Therefore, avidya means to "not know, not perceive, not understand". The Vid*-related terms appears extensively in the Rigveda and other Vedas. Avidya is usually rendered as "ignorance" in English translations of ancient Indian texts, sometimes as "spiritual ignorance".

The word avidyā is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weid-, meaning "to see" or "to know". It is a cognate of Latin vidēre (which would turn to "video") and English "wit".

While Avidya found in Indian philosophies is translated as "ignorance", states Alex Wayman, this is a mistranslation because Avidya means more than ignorance. He suggests the term "unwisdom" to be a better rendition. The term includes not only ignorance out of darkness, but also obscuration, misconceptions, mistaking illusion to be reality or impermanent to be permanent or suffering to be bliss or non-self to be self (delusions). Incorrect knowledge is another form of Avidya, states Wayman.

Avidya represents fundamental ignorance, state Jones and Ryan, a misperception of the phenomenal world. In Hinduism, Avidya includes confusing the mundane reality to be the only reality, and it as a permanent though it is ever changing. Its doctrines assert that there is a spiritual reality consisting of Atman-Brahman, one that is the true, eternal, imperishable reality beyond time.

In the Vedic texts and Upanishads
Avidya in the earliest Vedic texts is ignorance, and in later Vedic texts evolves to include anything that is a "positive hindrance" to spiritual or nonspiritual knowledge. In the Upanishads, the concept includes "lack of knowledge, inadequate knowledge and false knowledge".

Isha Upanishad refers to vidya and avidya in verses 9-11:

"It's far different from knowledge, they say, Different also from ignorance, we're told- so have we heard from wise men, who have explained it to us.

Knowledge and ignorance- a man who knows them both together, Passes beyond death by ignorance, and by knowledge attains immortality."Katha Upanishad uses the metaphor of blindness to describe avidya: "Wallowing in ignorance, but calling themselves wise, thinking themselves learned, the fools go around, staggering about like a group of blind men, led by a man who is himself blind."Mundaka Upanishad references avidya similar to the Katha Upanishad verse 2.5:

"Wallowing in ignorance time and again, the fools imagine, 'We have reached our aim!' Because of their passion, they do not understand, these people who are given to rites'"

In Yoga Darsana
Avidya is described in the Yoga Sutras by Patanjali, as the first of the five kleshas, the knots of affliction, and the productive field of all them that follow.

 * अणनत्याश णचदु्खानात्मस॥ ५॥
 * Ignorance is taking that which is non-eternal, impure, painful, and non-Self, for the eternal, pure, happy, Atman (Self).
 * Ignorance is taking that which is non-eternal, impure, painful, and non-Self, for the eternal, pure, happy, Atman (Self).

Kriya yoga is given in II.2 as the method of liberation from Avidya and the other klesas. The word also occurs in sutra II.24.

In Advaita Vedanta
The effect of avidya is to suppress the real nature of things and present something else in its place. In effect it is not different from Maya (pronounced Māyā) or illusion. Avidya relates to the individual Self (Ātman), while Maya is an adjunct of the cosmic Self (Brahman). In both cases it connotes the principle of differentiation of an experienced reality into the subject ('I') and an object, as is implicit in human thinking. Avidya stands for that delusion which breaks up the original unity (refer: nonduality) of what is real and presents it as subject and object and as doer and result of the deed. What keeps humanity captive in Samsara is this avidya. This ignorance, "the ignorance veiling our true self and the truth of the world", is not lack of erudition; it is ignorance about the nature of 'Being' (Sat). It is a limitation that is natural to human sensory or intellectual apparatus. This is responsible for all the misery of humanity. Advaita Vedanta holds that the eradication of it should be humanity's only goal and that will automatically mean realisation of the Self (Ātman).

Adi Shankara says in his Introduction to his commentary on the Brahma Sutras, "Owing to an absence of discrimination, there continues a natural human behaviour in the form of 'I am this' or 'This is mine'; this is avidya. It is a superimposition of the attributes of one thing on another. The ascertainment of the nature of the real entity by separating the superimposed thing from it is vidya (knowledge, illumination)."

In the view of his later followers, avidya cannot be categorized either as 'absolutely existent' or as 'absolutely non-existent'.

title: Avidyā (Hinduism)


text:
Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel

The Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel is a large resort hotel in Honolulu, Hawaii.

The hotel is located on the site of ʻĀinahau, the royal estate of Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani, heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. The estate was demolished in 1925 by the owners of the Moana Hotel, located across Kalakaua Avenue, for the construction of wood frame bungalows for the hotel.

The bungalows were demolished in 1953 and the Matson Line constructed the Princess Kaiulani Hotel on the site, which opened on June 11, 1955. The 11-story building was the tallest in Hawaii at the time.

In 1959, Matson sold their hotels to Sheraton Hotels. Sheraton added a second wing to the successful Princess Kaiulani Hotel in 1960, the 210-room Diamond Head Wing. The hotel was sold to Kyo-Ya Company Limited in July 1963, though Sheraton continued to operate it. Kyo-Ya added a third wing, the 29-story Ainahau Tower, in 1970. Later in the 1970s, they renamed the hotel the Sheraton Princess Kaiulani.

title: Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel


text: User talk:129.2.217.134

title: User talk:129.2.217.134


text:
Chip Pickering

Charles Willis "Chip" Pickering Jr. (born August 10, 1963) is an American businessman and former politician who has served as the chief executive officer (CEO) of Incompas since 2014.

Pickering represented Mississippi's 3rd congressional district as a Republican in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2009.

In April 2023, the archives of Chip Pickering and Charles W. Pickering were donated to the Mississippi Political Collections, located at Mississippi State University's Mitchell Memorial Library, by them.

Early life and education
Chip Pickering was born on August 10, 1963, in Laurel, Mississippi, to an American attorney, Charles W. Pickering.

Pickering graduated with a bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Mississippi where he was a legacy member of the Eta chapter of Sigma Chi. He went on to receive a Master of Business Administration from Baylor University in 1989.

Early years
Pickering served as a Southern Baptist missionary in Hungary, after the Hungarian government ceased its persecution of religious believers.

In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Pickering as a Department of Agriculture liaison to the former European Communist countries.

Pickering served as a staff member of Senator Trent Lott between 1992 and 1996. He helped shape the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the first major overhaul of US telecoms law since 1934. After a year at the Senate Commerce Committee, Pickering ran for Congress. He defeated eight other Republicans in the primary and won the general election over Democrat John Arthur Eaves Jr. with 61 percent of the vote.

Committee assignments

 * Energy and Commerce Committee
 * Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection Subcommittee
 * Energy and Air Quality Subcommittee
 * Telecommunications & the Internet Subcommittee

Tenure
In 1998, as chairman of the Basic Research Subcommittee of the U.S. House Science Committee, Pickering helped oversee the transition from a government research internet to a commercial internet, as well as the establishment of internet domain names, registries, and multi-stakeholder governance.

In 2002, Pickering contributed to legislation included in the 2002 Farm Bill, which doubled the funding for the conservation reserve, the wetland reserve programs, and other conservation initiatives administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Pickering served as George W. Bush's co-chairman for Mississippi in Bush's presidential campaigns in 2000 and 2004.

From 2003 to 2007, Pickering served as vice-chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee.

In 2008, Pickering, along with Bennie Thompson, received Lewis-Houghton Leadership Award.

In January 2009, Pickering retired from the House of Representatives.

Post-political career
Pickering serves as an adjunct professor at the University of Mississippi's Department of Public Leadership Policy, where he teaches a bi-monthly seminar class, PPL 211: Political Campaigns.

In 2014, Pickering joined Incompas, where he currently serves as the CEO. Prior to this, he was a partner at Capitol Resources LLC, representing numerous companies and organizations.

Pickering also made a brief appearance in the 2006 film, Borat, as a speaker at a church that Borat attended.

Personal life
Pickering and his former wife, Leisha, have five sons.

On July 16, 2009, Pickering's estranged wife filed a complaint in Hinds County (Mississippi) Circuit Court alleging that Pickering and Elizabeth Creekmore-Byrd had a long-standing adulterous extramarital relationship during his congressional career in Washington, D.C. She further alleged that Creekmore-Byrd insisted that Pickering turn down Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour's 2007 offer of former Sen. Trent Lott's Senate seat so that Pickering could divorce his wife and the two of them be together. According to Max Blumenthal at The Daily Beast, "In the end, Pickering chose his mistress over his congressional career and his wife."

Pickering's family had a close relationship with Antonin Scalia.

title: Chip Pickering


text: Category:Musicians by nationality

title: Category:Musicians by nationality


text:
User talk:NYC0224

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks very much for the images of the Queen, but I'm not sure if we can use them--they're copyrighted. Please see Copyrights for details. Terribly sorry, Meelar 20:42, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:NYC0224


text:
Laguna Seca (disambiguation)

Laguna Seca is a road racing track in California. The term may also refer to:

 * Laguna Seca Formation, a geologic formation in California
 * Laguna Seca (Mexico), see Convention of London
 * Laguna Seca (Santa Clara County), a seasonal lake in California
 * Laguna Seca, Texas, United States
 * Rancho Laguna Seca (Alvires), in Santa Clara County, California
 * Rancho Laguna Seca, in Monterey County, California

title: Laguna Seca (disambiguation)


text:
Robot Odyssey

Robot Odyssey is a programming game developed by Mike Wallace and Dr. Leslie Grimm and published by The Learning Company in December 1984. It is a sequel to Rocky's Boots, and was released for the Apple II, TRS-80 Color Computer, and MS-DOS. Most players have found it challenging. The player is readying for bed when, suddenly, they fall through the floor into an underground city of robots, Robotropolis. The player begins in the sewers of the city with three programmable robots, and must make their way to the top of the city to try to find their way home again.

Gameplay
The aim of Robot Odyssey is to program and control robots (Sparky, Checkers, and Scanner with a fourth added in later levels) in order to escape Robotropolis, a labyrinthine underground city filled with hundreds of rooms of puzzles that need to be solved to progress any further. The city consists of five levels of increasing difficulty, requiring the design of more and more sophisticated circuits.

A tutorial and robot testing laboratory (the "Innovation Lab") are also provided with the game.

Except for their color and initial programming, the three robots are identical inside. They are equipped with four thrusters and bumper sensors, a grabber, a radio antenna (for basic communication with other robots), a battery, and a periscope to use while riding inside a robot.

Throughout the game, the player is presented with various challenges which require programming the three robots to accomplish various tasks. This is done by wiring a synchronous digital circuit, consisting of logic gates and flip-flops, inside of the robots. Tasks and puzzles range from navigating a simple maze and retrieving items to complex tasks requiring interaction and communication between two or more robots. Though the player can ride inside the robots, most challenges involve the robots acting autonomously and cannot be completed with the player inside (and perhaps simply rewiring their robot on the fly).

The robots can also be wired up to chips, which provide a convenient and reproducible way to program the robots. Various pre-programmed chips are scattered throughout the city and range from complex circuits such as a wall-hugging chip which can be used to navigate through mazes and corridors (one of which is wired to a robot at the beginning) to clocks and counters. The player must find out how these chips work themselves, as the only information about each chip is a short, and sometimes cryptic, description. Additionally, there are predesigned chip files stored on the various disks containing the game that can be loaded into the in-game chips. The available chips stored in this fashion vary depending on the port or version used.

The Innovation Lab can be used to test out circuit designs in the robots or create new chips. Chips created in the lab can then be loaded into and used in the main game. Loading a chip in the main game will erase the previous programming stored in the chip.

Although the game is recommended for ages 10 and up, it can prove to be quite challenging even for adults. In terms of educational value, the game teaches the basic concepts of electrical engineering and digital logic in general.

Reception
Computer Gaming World reviewed Robot Odyssey and ChipWits, preferring the former to the latter but stating that they were "incredibly vivid simulation experiences".

Reviews

 * Casus Belli #23 (December 1984)
 * Jeux & Stratégie HS #3
 * Games #60
 * Games #60
 * Dewdney, A. K. "COMPUTER RECREATIONS". Scientific American, vol. 253, no. 1, 1985, pp. 14–19. JSTOR, . Accessed 23 Feb. 2024.

Legacy
The engine for the game was written by Warren Robinett, and variants of it were used in many of The Learning Company's graphical adventure games of the time, including Rocky's Boots, Gertrude's Secrets, Gertrude's Puzzles, and Think Quick!, all of which are similar but easier logic puzzle games. The gameplay and visual design were derived from Robinett's influential Atari 2600 video game, Adventure.

Carnage Heart involves programming mechas that then fight without any user input.

Cognitoy's MindRover is a relatively recent game which is similar in spirit to Robot Odyssey, but uses different programming concepts in its gameplay.

ChipWits by Doug Sharp and Mike Johnston, a game for the Apple II, Macintosh, and Commodore 64 computers, is similar in both theme and implementation, although the interface to program the player's robot differed.

Epsitec Games created Colobot and Ceebot in recent years for Windows machines which are in many ways spiritual successors to Robot Odyssey. In these games the player programs machines to accomplish puzzle tasks. Instead of using logic flops, switches, etc., these two games instead teach the player the fundamentals of object-oriented programming like Java, C++, or C#.

One Girl One Laptop productions created a spiritual successor called Gate which uses the same digital logic puzzles as Robot Odyssey.

There is also a clone written in Java, DroidQuest, which contains all of the original levels and an additional secret level.

title: Robot Odyssey


text:
Darlene Hooley

Darlene Kay Olson Hooley (born April 4, 1939) is an American politician and former Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Oregon who represented the state's Oregon's 5th congressional district.

A high school teacher by profession, she served as a city councilwoman, state legislator, and county commissioner in Oregon before being elected to the House in 1996. In her post-congressional career, she remains engaged in civic life in Oregon and works as a strategic planning consultant.

Early life
Darlene Kay Olson was born in Williston, North Dakota to Clarence Alvin and Alyce Rogers Olson, who were wheat farmers. She moved with her parents to Salem, Oregon at the age of 8. She attended Salem Academy, and then Pasadena Nazarene College (now Point Loma Nazarene University) in southern California, where she also worked as a lifeguard. She returned to Oregon and earned her degree in education from Oregon State University in 1961, where she was on the basketball, field hockey, and rowing teams. Following her graduation, she taught reading, music, and high school physical education for eight years at schools in Woodburn, Gervais, and Portland. She also did post-graduate work at Oregon State and Portland State University.

Early political career
Hooley became interested in politics after her son was injured on a playground in West Linn. She was appointed to a parks advisory committee, and in 1976, became the first woman elected to serve on the West Linn City Council. In 1980, Hooley was elected to the Oregon State Legislature and served as a State Representative until 1987. In the legislature she served in the lower chamber (Oregon House of Representatives) as a Democrat representing Clackamas County (District 27), succeeding Republican Ted Achilles. She chaired the environmental and energy committees, helping to pass energy conservation and recycling legislation and worked on rewriting land use planning laws. In her third term, she chaired the education subcommittee of the ways and means committee. As subcommittee chair, she is credited with leading reforms to Oregon's public kindergarten, pay equity laws, and welfare system. Hooley left the legislature in 1987 to accept a position on the Clackamas County Board of Commissioners.

Elections
In 1996, Hooley ran for the U.S. House of Representatives against one-term incumbent Republican Jim Bunn, who had been voted in as part of the Republican Revolution of 1994. Hooley won 51% of the vote in a field that included Bunn and two minor party candidates. Ironically, while Bunn's loss was attributed in part to his divorce and remarriage during his only term, Hooley also divorced during her first term in 1997.

In the 2006 election, Hooley won a sixth term, defeating Republican Mike Erickson (who spent over $1 million of his own money), Green Paul Aranas, and Constitution candidate Douglas Patterson. She filed to run for a seventh term in 2008, but in February 2008 announced she would not seek an additional term, creating an unexpected open seat in the 2008 election.

Tenure
In her first term in the U.S. House, Hooley was elected House Democratic freshman class president. Local political observers reported that she solidified support in her closely divided district, by staking out moderate positions, avoiding controversy and scandal. In later terms, she was appointed to leadership positions in the House Democratic Caucus.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks Hooley, a member of the House Financial Services Committee, advocated adapting banking laws and acting to disrupt the financial foundations of terrorist networks. She has also focused on issues surrounding identity theft prevention and increasing medical and financial privacy. In 2003, she was a key sponsor of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act (HR 2622), which gave Americans the ability to receive free annual credit reports.

She also focused on methamphetamines and ecoterrorism legislation, and supported the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.

In 2002, Hooley voted against the authorization of the use of military force in Iraq. As a member of the Veterans' Affairs committee, she focused on issues of veterans' health care and deployment of National Guard troops to the Iraq War.

Hooley was a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, she cosponsored H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act. She was also successful in directing federal funding to her district, including millions of dollars for transportation, timber, and agricultural interests.

Committees
She served on the Science and Technology, Energy and Commerce, and Budget committees. She was a House Senior Whip for the Democratic Party and a member of the New Democrat Coalition.

Post-congressional career
After leaving Congress, Hooley joined former Multnomah County Commissioner Lisa Naito in founding Hooley & Naito, a strategic planning and legislative advocacy firm.

Hooley remains active in supporting veterans and established the Darlene Hooley Scholarship for Oregon Veterans, under the auspices of the Oregon Community Foundation.

In 2012, the City of Portland dedicated the Darlene Hooley Pedestrian Bridge, a bridge that connects the Lair Hill neighborhood to the South Waterfront district.

Hooley is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.

title: Darlene Hooley


text:
Vic Donahey

Alvin Victor "Honest Vic" Donahey (July 7, 1873 – April 8, 1946) was an American Democratic Party politician from Ohio. Donahey was the 50th governor of Ohio and a United States Senator from Ohio.

Donahey left school early to become a printer; in addition to working as a newspaper editor, he owned his own printing company. After serving in local and county government as a school board member and county auditor in the early 1900s, in 1912 he won election as Ohio's state auditor, and he served until 1921. After an unsuccessful campaign for governor in 1920, in 1922 Donahey won the governorship. He was reelected in 1924 and 1926, and served from 1923 to 1929. In 1934, Donahey won election to the U.S. Senate, and he served one term, 1935 to 1941.

After leaving office, Donahey resumed his business interests, including serving as president of the Donahey Clay Products Company, which made tiles for use in home construction. He died in Columbus in 1946, and was buried at East Avenue Cemetery in New Philadelphia.

Early life
Donahey was born in Cadwallader, Ohio, the son of John C. Donahey and Catherine (Chaney) Donahey. He attended the public schools of Tuscarawas County, and left high school in his junior year to receive training as a printer; he worked at the New Philadelphia Times from 1893 to 1905, and advanced from journeyman to foreman to associate editor before becoming owner of his own printing company.

Career
Donahey was elected clerk of the Goshen Township Board of Trustees in 1898, and served until 1903. He served as Tuscarawas County Auditor from 1905 to 1909 while at the same time serving on New Philadelphia, Ohio's Board of Education. After serving as a delegate to the 1912 Constitutional Convention, Donahey served as state auditor from 1912 to 1921. He did not seek re-election in 1920, but unsuccessfully sought the governorship.

Governor
In 1922, Donahey won the governor's race. He served three terms, 1923 to 1929, and was not a candidate for re-election in 1928. Donahey earned the nickname "Veto Vic" while governor because he vetoed seventy-six bills during his first term in office. Of particular concern to Donahey were bills for increasing state revenue; he vetoed every bill that would have raised taxes. Donahey also vetoed a Ku Klux Klan-backed bill that would have mandated daily Bible reading in public schools. In addition, he vetoed a bill promoted by the Anti-Saloon League that would have required individuals convicted of crimes, primarily those convicted of possessing or consuming alcohol, to perform manual labor if they had been assessed fines which had gone unpaid. Instead, Donahey pardoned more than two thousand convicts who were serving time in jails and workhouses, arguing that enforcement of the Prohibition amendment disproportionately affected the poor.

From 1926 to 1928 Donahey was mentioned as a possible candidate for president or vice president in the 1928 election. He received five delegate votes for the presidential nomination which went to Alfred E. Smith, but was not a candidate for the vice presidential nomination, which went to Joseph T. Robinson.

After leaving the governorship, Donahey returned to his business interests. In 1928, Donahey and six partners founded the Motorists’ Mutual Insurance Company of Columbus, of which Donahey became president.

United States Senator
He won election to the United States Senate in 1934, unseating Republican Simeon Fess by a wide margin (1,276,208 to 839,068) and served one term in the Senate from 1935 until 1941. In 1940 Democrats in Ohio asked him to consider running for president as a favorite son in an effort to aid Franklin D. Roosevelt's bid for a third term, but he declined. (The plan would have had Ohio's delegates to the Democratic National Convention pledged to Donahey until Roosevelt became a candidate, at which point Donahey would release the delegates to Roosevelt.)

Donahey was president of the Donahey Clay Products Company. He was also a director of the Ohio National Bank of Columbus, Ohio.

Death and burial
Donahey died at Grant Hospital in Columbus on April 8, 1946. He is buried in East Avenue Cemetery in New Philadelphia, Ohio.

Family life
Donahey was married to Mary (Harvey) Donahey (1879–1953). His son, John W. Donahey, served a term as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. His daughter-in-law, Gertrude Walton Donahey served as Ohio State Treasurer. His brother William Donahey was a Chicago Tribune columnist and creator of the Teenie Weenies comic strip. Another brother, James Harrison "Hal" Donahey, was the cartoonist for the Cleveland Plain Dealer and designed the household tiles made by the Donahey Clay Products Company.

Legacy
The Donahey Agriculture & Horticulture Building at the Ohio Expo Center and State Fair in Columbus are named in honor of Donahey. Constructed in 1926, it was named for Donahey in 1977 after a previous building named for him, a horse barn, burned down in 1972.

title: Vic Donahey


text:
User:Pasd

To echo the sentiments of many other users: I am new to Wikipedia and I like it.

In many ways the Wiki reminds me of what I hoped the Internet would be like before I got a chance to use it. Many years later I am a cynical and jaded user and surprises, never mind pleasant surprises, are not that common.

Another happy editor.

title: User:Pasd


text:
Credibility gap

Credibility gap is a term that came into wide use with journalism, political and public discourse in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. At the time, it was most frequently used to describe public skepticism about the Lyndon B. Johnson administration's statements and policies on the Vietnam War. It was used in journalism as a euphemism for recognized lies told to the public by politicians. Today, it is used more generally to describe almost any "gap" between an actual situation and what politicians and government agencies say about it.

History
The term "credibility gap" came against a background of the use of the term "missile gap", which the Oxford English Dictionary lists as first being used by then-Senator John F. Kennedy on 14 August 1958, when he stated: "Our Nation could have afforded, and can afford now, the steps necessary to close the missile gap." "Doomsday gap" and "mineshaft gap" were the imagined post-apocalyptic continuations of this paranoia in the 1964 Cold War satire Dr. Strangelove.

The term "credibility gap" was widely in use as early as 1963, according to Timetables of History. Prior to its association with the Vietnam War, in December 1962, at the annual meeting of the U.S. Inter-American Council, Republican US Senator for New York Kenneth B. Keating praised President John F. Kennedy's prompt action in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but he said there was an urgent need for the United States to plug the "credibility gap" in U.S. policy on Cuba. It was popularized in 1966 by J. William Fulbright, a Democratic Senator from Arkansas, when he could not get a straight answer from President Johnson's Administration regarding the war in Vietnam.

"Credibility gap" was first used in association with the Vietnam War in the New York Herald Tribune in March 1965, to describe then-president Lyndon Johnson's handling of the escalation of American involvement in the war. A number of events—particularly the surprise Tet Offensive, and later the 1971 release of the Pentagon Papers—helped to confirm public suspicion that there was a significant "gap" between the administration's declarations of controlled military and political resolution, and the reality. These were viewed as examples of Johnson's and later Richard Nixon's duplicity. Throughout the war, Johnson worked with his officials to ensure that his public addresses would only disclose bare details of the war to the American public. During the war the country grew more and more aware of the credibility gap especially after Johnson's speech at Johns Hopkins University in April 1965. An example of public opinion appeared in The New York Times concerning the war. "The time has come to call a spade a bloody shovel. This country is in an undeclared and unexplained war in Vietnam. Our masters have a lot of long and fancy names for it, like escalation and retaliation, but it is a war just the same."

The advent of the presence of television journalists allowed by the military to report and photograph events of the war within hours or days of their actual occurrence in an uncensored manner drove the discrepancy widely referred to as "the credibility gap".

Later usage
After the Vietnam War, the term "credibility gap" came to be used by political opponents in cases where an actual, perceived or implied discrepancy existed between a politician's public pronouncements and the actual, perceived or implied reality. For example, in the 1970s the term was applied to Nixon's own handling of the Vietnam War and subsequently to the discrepancy between evidence of Richard Nixon's complicity in the Watergate break-in and his repeated claims of innocence.

Since 2017, the term has been used to describe the Trump administration, particularly in relation to the use of what White House Counsel Kellyanne Conway called alternative facts.

title: Credibility gap