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Gallo language

Gallo is a regional language of eastern Brittany. It is one of the langues d'oïl, a Romance sub-family that includes French. Today it is spoken only by a minority of the population, as the standard form of French now predominates in this area.

Gallo was originally spoken in the Marches of Neustria, an area now corresponding to the border lands between Brittany, Normandy, and Maine. Gallo was a shared spoken language among many of those who took part in the Norman conquest of England, most of whom originated in Upper (i.e. eastern) Brittany and Lower (i.e. western) Normandy, and thus had its part, together with the much bigger role played by the Norman language, in the development of the Anglo-Norman variety of French which would have such a strong influence on English.

Gallo continued as the everyday language of Upper Brittany, Maine, and some neighbouring portions of Normandy until the introduction of universal education across France, but is spoken today by only a small (and aging) minority of the population, having been almost entirely superseded by standard French.

As a langue d'oïl, Gallo forms part of a dialect continuum which includes Norman, Picard, and the Poitevin dialect among others. One of the features that distinguish it from Norman is the absence of Old Norse influence. There is some limited mutual intelligibility with adjacent varieties of the Norman language along the linguistic frontier and with Guernésiais and Jèrriais. However, as the dialect continuum shades towards Mayennais, there is a less clear isogloss. The clearest linguistic border is that distinguishing Gallo from Breton, a Brittonic Celtic language traditionally spoken in the western territory of Brittany.

In the west, the vocabulary of Gallo has been influenced by contact with Breton, but remains overwhelmingly Latinate. The influence of Breton decreases eastwards across Gallo-speaking territory.

, Gallo's western extent stretches from Plouha (Plóha), in Côtes-d'Armor, south of Paimpol, passing through Châtelaudren (Châtié), Corlay (Corlaè), Loudéac (Loudia), east of Pontivy, Locminé (Lominoec), Vannes, and ending in the south, east of the Rhuys peninsula, in Morbihan.

Nomenclature
While most often spelled Gallo, the name of the language is sometimes written as Galo or Gallot. It is also referred to as langue gallèse or britto-roman in Brittany. In south Lower Normandy and in the west of Pays de la Loire it is often referred to as patois, though this is a matter of some contention. Gallo comes from the Breton word gall, meaning 'foreigner', 'French' or 'non-Breton'. The term was first used by Breton speakers, which may explain why it is used rarely by Gallo speakers themselves. Henriette Walter conducted a survey in 1986 which showed that just over 4% of Gallo speakers in Côtes-d'Armor had ever used the term, and a third of them found it "had quite a pejorative connotation". According to the survey, the term patois was the most common way of referring to the language.

The term britto-roman was coined by the linguist Alan-Joseph Raude in 1978 to highlight the fact that Gallo is "a Romance variety spoken by Bretons". Gallo should not be confused with Gallo-Roman, a term that refers to the Romance varieties of ancient Gaul.

Linguistic classification
Gallo is one of the langues d'oïl, a dialect continuum covering the northern half of France. This group includes a wide variety of more or less well-defined and differentiated languages and dialects, which share a Latin origin and some Germanic influence from Frankish, the language spoken by the Franks.

Gallo, like the other langues d'oïl, is neither ancient French nor a distortion of modern French. The langues d'oïl are Gallo-Romance languages, which also includes Franco-Provençal, spoken around Savoy. These are in turn Romance languages, a group which also includes, among others, Catalan, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian.

Gallo has not just borrowed words from Breton, but also aspects of grammar; the use of the preposition pour as an auxiliary verb is said to be of Celtic origin. The relationship between the two is comparable to that of the two languages of Scotland: Scots, an Anglic language closely related to English, and Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language descended from Old Irish.

Gallo is typically not mutually intelligible with French, primarily due to its differing phonology and vocabulary. This is in spite of what Paul Sébillot wrote in 1878: "[Gallo] is a dialect of French (...): it contains a considerable quantity of old words, a very small amount of words borrowed from Breton, and is, except for several local expressions (...) very easy to understand." The study of language has evolved considerably since the 19th century, however, and there is no longer any universally accepted criterion to distinguish decisively between language and dialect.

Celtic, Latin and Germanic roots
The Celts settled in Armorica toward the 8th century BCE. Some of early groups mentioned in the written records of the Greeks were the Redones and the Namnetes. They spoke dialects of the Gaulish language and maintained important economic ties with the British Isles. Julius Caesar's invasion of Armorica in 56 BC led to a sort of Romanization of the population. Gaulish continued to be spoken in this region until the 6th century CE, especially in less populated, rural areas. When the Bretons emigrated to Armorica around this time, they found a people who had retained their Celtic language and culture. The Bretons were therefore able to integrate easily.

In contrast to Armorica's western countryside, Nantes and Rennes were Roman cultural centres. Following the Migration Period, these two cities, as well as regions to the east of the Vilaine, including the town Vannes, fell under Frankish rule. Thus, during the Merovingian dynasty, the population of Armorica was diverse, consisting of Gaulish tribes with assimilated Bretons, as well as Romanized cities and Germanic tribes. War between the Frank and Breton kingdoms was constant between the 6th and 9th centuries, which made the border between the two difficult to define. Before the 10th century, Breton was spoken by at least one third of the population up to the cities of Pornic and Avranches.

Decline of Gallo
Historically, France has been a nation with a high degree of linguistic diversity matched with relative tolerance, that is until the French Revolution. Gallo's status as a tolerated regional language of France suffered as a direct consequence of the Revolution. During this time, the Jacobins viewed regional languages as a way in which the structural inequalities of France were perpetuated. Accordingly, they sought to eradicate the regional languages to free their speakers of unconstitutional inequalities.

Under the Third Republic, public education became universal and mandatory in France, and was conducted exclusively in French; students who spoke other languages were punished. Well into the 20th century, government policy focused exclusively on French. In 1962, Charles de Gaulle established the Haut Comité pour la défense et l'expansion de la langue française; this committee's purpose was to enforce the use of French, to the detriment of minority languages. Furthermore, in 1994, the Loi Toubon declared that any governmental publications and advertisements must be in French. Gallo did not gain national recognition until the Constitution of France was amended in 2008. Article 75-1 asserts that "regional languages are part of the French heritage". Moreover, Gallo is the only langue d'oïl to be recognized as a regional language by the French Ministry of Education. Nevertheless, like all of the other regional languages of France, the use of Gallo has declined since the 19th century.

Similar to speakers of other regional languages, Gallo speakers began to associate French as the language of intellectuals and social promotion, and Gallo as an impediment to their success. As a result, the rate of children learning the language has diminished, since parents struggle to see the benefit of Gallo in their children's future.

Gallo and education
Within recent history, the presence of Gallo has fluctuated in Brittany's school system. Shortly before World War II, the Regional Federation of Bretagne introduced the idea of rejuvenating Gallo's presences in schools. They were primarily motivated in increasing the linguistic competence of children.

In 1982, Gallo was officially adopted as an optional subject in secondary schools in Brittany, even appearing on France's secondary school-exit exam, the Baccalaureat. It took years for the Gallo language to actually be incorporated into the curriculum, but by the 1990s, the main focus of the curriculum was cultural awareness of the Gallo language and identity. However, in 2002, Gallo's optional-subject status in secondary schools was withdrawn.

In reaction to the 2002 decision, an effective and committed network of Gallo activists advanced Gallo's status in Brittany schools. Gallo is now taught in Upper Brittany's state schools, though the number of students enrolled in Gallo courses remains low. In the 2003-04 academic year, there were 569 students learning Gallo at secondary school or university. For comparison, in the same year, 3,791 students were learning Breton at the same levels of schooling.

Status
On December 17, 2004, the Regional Council of Brittany officially recognized Breton and Gallo as "the official languages of Brittany, alongside the French language."

One of the metro stations of the Breton capital, Rennes, has bilingual signage in French and Gallo, but generally the Gallo language is not as visibly high-profile as the Breton language, even in its traditional heartland of the Pays Gallo, which includes the two historical capitals of Rennes (Gallo Resnn, Breton Roazhon) and Nantes (Gallo Nauntt, Breton Naoned).

Different dialects of Gallo are distinguished, although there is a movement for standardisation on the model of the dialect of Upper Brittany.

It is difficult to record the exact number of Gallo speakers today. Gallo and vernacular French share a sort of continuum, so speakers may have difficulty determining exactly which language they are speaking. Many people speak Gallo while using a considerable amount of French words and phrases, thus confounding the language question further. Moreover, Gallo speakers may have a tendency to underestimate their competence and choose thus to not report speaking it. This makes estimates of the number of speakers vary widely.

Literature
Although a written literary tradition exists, Gallo is more noted for extemporised story-telling and theatrical presentations. Given Brittany's rich musical heritage, contemporary performers produce a range of music sung in Gallo (see Music of Brittany).

The roots of written Gallo literature are traced back to Le Livre des Manières written in 1178 by Étienne de Fougères, a poetical text of 336 quatrains and the earliest known Romance text from Brittany, and to Le Roman d'Aquin, an anonymous 12th century chanson de geste transcribed in the 15th century but which nevertheless retains features typical of the mediaeval Romance of Brittany.

Gallo is a language of oral tradition, whose history is rich with stories, fables, and legends. Gallese legends frequently address recurring characters, such as Gargantua and Morgan le Fay, or questions of how the countryside was created. In the 19th century, oral literature was collected by researchers and folklorists such as Paul Sébillot, Adolphe Orain, Amand Dagnet and Georges Dottin. However, these authors frequently rewrote this literature in French. Paul Féval wrote certain dialogues in Gallo in his novel Châteaupauvre (1876). Amand Dagnet (1857-1933) also wrote a number of original works in Gallo, including a play La fille de la Brunelas (1901). In the 1920's, Jeanne Malivel wrote Les Sept Frères, a story which was inspired by her grand-mother and was written in Gallo. This, in part, inspired the creation of the artistic movement Seiz Breur.

It was in the 1970s that a concerted effort to promote Gallo literature started. In 1979 Alan J. Raude published a proposed standardised orthography for Gallo.

Consonants
The consonants in Gallo are almost the same as in French, but there are many local variants, such as the voicing of [ s] into [ z] in Pays de Retz and that of [ t] into [ d] in Pays de la Mée. Certain consonant combinations are also characteristic of certain regions, such as the plosives [ c] and [ ɟ], which can be compared to [ k] or [ g] followed by a light [ j] sound. The affricates [ dʒ] and [ tʃ] appear in the western part of Haute-Bretagne, where, for example, the word curë [kyʁe] is pronounced as [tʃyʁə], and the word ghepe as [dʒep]. Elsewhere, [cyʁə] and [ɟəp] can be heard. Qhi, meanwhile, can be pronounced [ki], [tʃi] or [ci]. These modifications result from an advancement of the place of articulation of the palatal consonants. The semi-consonant [j] is used extensively to palatalize other consonants, notably [fj], [tj], [sj] and [pj]. However, this is not done in all regions, and [j] is often replaced by [l]. The word pllée, for example, can be pronounced [pje] or [ple].

Germanic in origin, [ h] generally hasn’t been pronounced since the 13th century, but it is still used in Mené, a small region around Merdrignac and Plémet.

 * are bilabial, whereas are labiodental.
 * are dental, whereas are alveolar.
 * are palatal, are post-alveolar, and  is labial-palatal.
 * are velar, is uvular, and  is labial-velar.

Vowels
The vowel system of Gallo is close to French, but they diverged as they evolved, and Gallo has a number of phenomena not found in French, such as the pervasive use of schwa and diphthongs.

In Gallo, as in French, the [ a] of Latin in stressed syllables has evolved into [ e] or [ eː]. Thus, adsátis became assé [ase]. However, while French has combined [e] and [eː] into just [e], a distinction was preserved in Gallo. The [eː], manifests, for example, when [a] was followed by [s], became either an [e] or a diphthong, most often [ej]. The [e] became a schwa ([ ə]) in most regions. This distinction between [e] and [eː] makes it possible to differentiate past participles by gender and number. While in standard French, chassé, chassée, and chassés are all pronounced the same, most Gallo speakers make a phonemic distinction between the masculine chassé [ʃasə] and the feminine chassée or plural chassés [ʃase]. In this example, the pronunciation of é was changed when the silent feminine or plural endings were added to the word.

Latin verbs with infinitives ending in -are followed the same evolutionary pattern as in French. Captiáre became chasser [ʃasə] in Gallo and chasser [ʃase] in French. This evolution of the [a] in stressed syllables varies from region to region. While in central Upper Brittany, schwa has replaced [e]. In some outlying regions, it is replaced by [ ɛ] or remains [e]. Some words do not obey the rule, such as pátre and mátre, which have become pere [peʁ] and mere [meʁ] in practically all of Upper Brittany, while [pəʁ] and [məʁ] are only heard in the center-west. The [a] in open stressed syllables before [ l] doesn't follow the [e]/[eː] pattern either, and has evolved very differently in different regions. Sále has thus become sèl, sél, sé or seu. Schwa is also used to make a syllabic [l] and [ʁ], as in berton [bʁˌtɔ̃].

Like all langues d'oïl, Gallo underwent the vowel shift known as Bartsch's law, according to which the Latin [a] in open stressed syllables, when preceded by a palatal consonant, became ie, as in cápra, which became chieuvr. As in French, the sound [j] represented by the letter i disappeared around the Renaissance, giving chèvre and cheuv, though this sound can still be observed in Côtes-d'Armor. In eastern Brittany, the disappearance of the sound was even more dramatic than in French, and some speakers say chen (horse), while the French word remains chien (from Latin cáne).

The Latin [e] in open stressed syllables has also evolved into ie in both Gallo and French, with hĕri becoming yere, for example. In Gallo, the vowel following the y differs from region to region. In most of Upper Brittany, it's a schwa, and elsewhere it's a [ɛ] or an [e] (the geographical distribution is the same as for [e]/[eː]). The Latin [o] in open stressed syllables became a ue, then monophthonged in both French and Gallo around the 12th century, becoming [ œ] in French, [ə] in Gallo. Cór thus became qheur. The evolution of the Latin [e] in closed stressed syllables is much more diverse, and the original diphthong éi has been replaced by a large number of phonemes varying from word to word and region to region. The many pronunciations of mai, from the Latin mé, illustrate this diversity: [maj], [ma], [me], [mɛ], etc. The pronunciation of Latin [o]/[u] in closed stressed syllables is more authentic in Gallo than in other langues d’oïl. Gùla, for example, is pronounced [gul] in Gallo, but [gœl] in French. Some terms, however, are influenced by neighboring langues d'oïl, and astour [astuʁ] ("now", from Latin hóra) is becoming [astœʁ] in eastern Upper Brittany. In the south of Loire-Atlantique, thanks to contact with Poitevin, [ɔ] is common, and guernol [gɛʁnɔl] and parto [paʁtɔ] are heard instead of guernouille [gɛʁnuj] and partout [paʁtu].

Diphthongs
Gallo has diphthongs, just like Latin itself, other langues d’oïl, and other Romance languages. Diphthongs in Gallo generally use the semi-vowels [w] and [j], more rarely [ɥ]: [wa], [wə], [wi], [aw], [ja], [ju], [aj], [ej], [ɛ̃i], [ɥi], [ɥɛ̃], [ɥə], etc. The triphthong [jaw] is also used.

The very common diphthong [aw] most often is the result of the disappearance of a consonant that existed in Latin. For example, fagu ("beech") became fao, and what once was two consecutive, separately pronounced vowels, [fau], has become a diphthong: [faw]. In some words, such as talpa, the [l] became a vowel, [u], and then [w], so [al] thus became [aw]: [tawp], while in French, the [al] merged into [o]: taupe [top]. In northern Upper Brittany, diphthongs are used to express plurals: un martè [maʁtə], des martiaos [maʁtjaw]. In Loire-Atlantique, only the plural form is used.

The nasal diphthong [ɛ̃ɔ̃], heard for example in grand ([gʁɛ̃ɔ̃] "great") is typical of western langues d’oïl and is also found in Norman, Poitevin-Saintongeais and Angevin, sometimes in slightly different forms ([aɔ̃] in Saintongeais, [ɛ̃ɑ̃] in Norman).

Overview
There is not yet a single writing system that is unanimously agreed upon, mainly due to regional pronunciation differences. The word for “me” could be pronounced any of the following ways: [maj], [mεj], [mej], [ma], [mε] or [me]. This large variance makes it difficult to pick a single written form that would be most suitable. If the orthography of French was used, the word could be written in countless ways: maï, maye, maille, mèï, mey, meille, ma, mé, mè, etc.

However, the creation of a common writing system is important for ensuring comprehensibility of text across regions and making a dictionary. There are two main strategies that have been employed in past attempts at a writing system. One strategy proposes a single written form for words that will be pronounced differently according to the region. The other strategy proposes allowing a word to be written in multiple different ways, with different letters or letter combinations, to allow for speakers of Gallo to write according to their pronunciation. Another difference separating the proposed systems is their usage of silent letters and non-phonetic spelling. Some systems try to maintain a one-to-one correspondency between letters and sounds, whereas some choose to add silent letters or diagraphs in an attempt to better represent the sounds of Gallo.

The first effort to codify Gallo spelling was undertaken by the Friends of the Gallo Language (Association des Amis du parler gallo) in 1977. It proposed using French spelling as a baseline and adjusting it to fit Gallo’s unique phonetic features, such as using lh to indicate palatalization and ë to represent schwa. Since then, other systems have emerged, such as ELG, MOGA, ABCD, and BAP.

ELG
The ELG system (short for "écrire le gallo", French for “write the Gallo [language]”), the oldest system, was proposed in 1978 by Alan-Joseph Raude and completely eschews French orthography. Raude based his writing system on medieval texts written in Gallo, therefore creating a system authentic to the language without reference to other modern writing systems. Regional differences were less pronounced during the Medieval era, meaning ELG’s spelling choices are based on a more standardized form. In the words for finger, evening, and me (in French: doigt, soir, moi), which display regional pronunciation differences, the “oi” found in French is written as “ei”, giving the forms: deit, seir, mei, though [ei] will not be the pronunciation everywhere.

Ruczèu ("stream", in French: ruisseau) is pronounced [ʁysəw] in eastern Upper Brittany and [ʁyzəw] in the west. The ae in Bertaeyn ("Brittany"), can be pronounced [ae], [aɛ], [aə], or other possibilities. The diagraphs oe, cz, and tz are notable distinguishing elements of ELG.

Word-final e ceased to be pronounced as early as the twelfth century in Gallo, several centuries before French, so Raude proposes to not write them. On the other hand, word-final silent consonants are retained to preserve the continuity between derived forms: fauc (false) (the final c is not pronounced) is related to fauchae (to mow), where the consonant is pronounced. In French, word-final e often serves to indicate an otherwise silent consonant should be pronounced, such as in grand [grɑ̃] and grande [grɑ̃d]. ELG indicates this with a doubled consonant: graund and graundd.

ELG’s choices create a visually distinct system for Gallo, but it requires learning and is not immediately intuitive for Gallo speakers, who may not even recognize it as Gallo upon first seeing it.

ELG is used in some public places, such as for bilingual signage in the Rennes metro system.

Aneit
The Aneit system was introduced in 1984 by the Bertègn Galèzz Association, successor to the organization Friends of the Gallo Language. The system is the result of five years' research throughout Upper Brittany, and takes its name from the brochure presenting it to the public: Nostre lenghe aneit ("our language today"). Also called "unified spelling", it follows in the footsteps of ELG in terms of its basis on etymology for its spelling.

The Aneit system differs from ELG on a number of points, however. For example, every letter must have a purpose, which means that the silent h and double consonants are eliminated, except in certain specific cases (ll to indicate palatalization, etc.). Aneit has the same difficulties as ELG, since a speaker with a different pronunciation needs to know the standardized spelling to be able to decipher the written system. Another problem faced by Aneit is its use of diacritics not easily accessible on a French keyboard (ó, ú and r̃).

Vantyé
The Vantyé spelling system was developed again by the Bertègn Galèzz association in the early 1980s, and is notable for its attempt to be closer to Breton. The letters k and w are not native to French, which prefers q and o plus a vowel to represent [k] and [w], respectively. Breton, however, uses k and w regularly, so the Vantyé system does as well. For example, ke ("that') and wézyaw ("bird"), compared to the French que and oiseau. Silent letters are also avoided in the Vantyé system.

Unlike ELG and Aneit, Vantyé is more of a practical tool than a codified orthography, and is therefore much easier to master. However, it was primarily designed for speakers in the Mitau region, and does not account for the phonemes that exist in other regions, making it less useful as a universal standard.

MOGA
The MOGA system was introduced in 2007 by Bèrtran Ôbrée and the Chubri Association. Unlike ELG and Aneit, which are based on etymology, it is a phonetic script. It is also intentionally close to French, making it easier for speakers of French to learn. For example, [ ɲ] is written with the French diagraph gn instead of less familiar propositions from previous systems such as ny or nh. Similarly, the diphthong [aw] is written ao, instead of the aù and au of previous systems, which could create confusion, because au is a diagraph in French corresponding to a single vowel, [o]. Each MOGA letter or diagraph corresponds to a single sound.

Regional varieties are taken into account, and letter combinations are used to represent all Gallo phonemes, even if they are only used by a few speakers. The diagraph lh signifies [ ʎ], a rare phoneme that is confined to central Côtes-d'Armor.

The same word can be written in different ways according to local usage, such as the city of Rennes, which could be written Renn, Rènn, Rein-n or Rin-n. There is therefore not one MOGA spelling, but many MOGA spellings.

ABCD
The ABCD system (from the initials of its inventors: Régis Auffray, André Bienvenu, André Le Coq, and Patrice Dréano) is used by the Association of Gallo Teachers and also the University of Rennes. It was created in 2009 and preserves the main principles of MOGA: similarity to French and phonetic spelling. Whereas MOGA allows only one sound per letter or group of letters, ABCD allows several, enabling users to make a choice. This covers regional variants, and a text in ABCD will not be read in the same way by all Gallo speakers. ABCD also mirrors the French trait of silent letters, such as the plural s, and is therefore easier to read without prior learning.

Spelling equivalencies between ELG, MOGA and ABCD
Sources:

Most consonants are written identically between the variants, and also the same as in French, and are not included in the table. As the pronunciation of ELG and ABCD letters varies greatly from region to region, this list is not exhaustive. Additionally, MOGA and ABCD use the diagraph ll in words palatalized by certain Gallo speakers. Thus, bllë is pronounced [bjə] or [blə] depending on the region.

In ABCD, the combinations mm, nm and nn work differently than in French. When two nasal consonants are written in ABCD, the first consonant nasalizes the preceding vowel, and the second consonant is pronounced as normal. Fenme is pronounced [fɑ̃m] and not [fenm], as French orthography would dictate, and Janne is pronounced [ʒɑ̃n] and not [ʒan]. As in French, if the final letter is an e or a consonant, they are generally not pronounced.

In MOGA, [lj] is written lh, and ñ is used in place of n when the preceding consonant should not be nasal: diñra is pronounced [dinʁa].

In the ELG, certain letters and letter groups are only possible in certain positions, such as oey, which only exists at the ends of words. As in ABCD, final consonants in ELG are generally silent. The sound [s] is written as cz, c, ç or s, depending on its position in the word and the surrounding letters. Silent s at the end of a word is written tz.

Films

 * Of Pipers and Wrens (1997). Produced and directed by Gei Zantzinger, in collaboration with Dastum.  Lois V. Kuter, ethnomusicological consultant.  Devault, Pennsylvania:  Constant Spring Productions.

title: Gallo language


text: Category:Card games

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title: Category:Card games


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Talk:Transport in Australia

Title

 *  This article was once named "Transportation in Australia" instead of "Transport in Australia"

And I thought the page would be about convicts... m.e. 11:25, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That's not very funny. Hypernovean 11:55, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with m.e.- transportation in Australia means convicts. Why do we have to copy US usage? In Australia the word "transport" is used. Thortful 05:16, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed jguk 10:31, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tunnels
There is no mention of the role tunnels play in Australian transport. Should the major tunnels have at least a paragraph in this article? The Tunnels in Australia category has 10 listed and there is also List of tunnels in Australia - Shiftchange 00:52, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Runway Length Measurements
I thought the runway length measurements were a bit strange, until I realised they were converted from feet, so I've added feet so that they are more useful for comparison purposes. 124.176.58.145 00:47, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Environmental impact
I've added some references to this section, but the statements about fossil fuels being subsidised are unsubstantiated. A Melbourne (talk) 05:22, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Conflict between article and list
The article states that "Australia has the second highest level of car ownership in the world." But the list it links to (List of countries by vehicles per capita) has Australia at 6th, with the USA at #2. JasonK33 (talk) 12:10, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

Freight & Container Transportation listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Freight &. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 21:37, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:22, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Opal and myki.JPG

Building a wikiproject around this article
I am starting up a wikiproject for transport around australia and this page appears to be the most appropriate for it's main article especially since there are few catergories set up already. The proposal can be viewed at WikiProject Council/Proposals/Australian Transport NotOrrio (talk) 03:49, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Recent disambiguation edit
Please see a discussion about a recent edit located at User talk:discospinster. Fork99 (talk) 06:19, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Including active transport
I think there is a big gap in this article as there is no mention of walking or cycling which are significant parts of transport in Australia. Just wanted to check before I added these in that there isn't a reason why they are excluded? I can't think of one. Thanks. Takerlamar (talk) 02:26, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transport in Australia


text: Category:Australian musicians

title: Category:Australian musicians


text:
Category:Integer sequences

This category includes not only articles about certain types of integer sequences, but also articles about theorems and conjectures pertaining to, and properties of, integer sequences.

title: Category:Integer sequences


text:
Comico: The Comic Company

Comico: The Comic Company was an American comic book publisher headquartered in Norristown, Pennsylvania. Its best-known comics include the Robotech adaptations, the Jonny Quest continuation written by co-creator Doug Wildey, and Matt Wagner's Mage: The Hero Discovered and Grendel. Once considered a major contender on the American market, Comico went into bankruptcy in 1990, although it continued to sporadically publish books until 1997. In 2009, two of Comico's original founders launched an original webcomics site called CO$2$ Comics, which they explained was the reincarnation of Comico.

Origins
Comico was founded in 1982 by a group of artists and publishers who had previously printed a local school paper called Duckwork in the Norristown area. Their first book, Primer #1, attempted to establish a large black-and-white line, featuring the premiere stories of Victor, Slaughterman, Az, Mr. Justice and Skrog. Slaughterman, Az, and Skrog made it out of the pages of Primer #1 and into their own brief titles, while Victor would continue to appear in each issue of Comico Primer.

Primer #2 would premiere what would be Comico's flagship title for most of its existence: Grendel. Matt Wagner's Grendel quickly leaped from Primer into three issues of its own black-and white-series before Comico ended its black-and-white titles in 1984 with Primer #6. Sam Kieth's character The Maxx—later to have his own Image Comics title—was first seen in Primer #5. Chuck Dixon's Evangeline debuted in Primer #6 and thereafter received its own standalone title.

The move to color
In March 1984 Comico introduced its color line of comics with:
 * Mage: The Hero Discovered (hand-painted pages)
 * Evangeline – Chuck Dixon's first comic writing venture with co-creator Judith Hunt's pencils and hand-painting, and Ricardo Villagran's inks
 * Elementals by Bill Willingham (in flat color).

Although an ownership dispute led to Evangeline moving to First Comics to be continued for two more years, Comico landed a major license in Robotech, with 1984 seeing the debut of Macross, which continued in 1985 as Robotech: The Macross Saga, along with the debut of two additional Robotech series, Robotech Masters (adapting Southern Cross) and Robotech: The Next Generation (adapting MOSPEADA). The three series produced a schedule that released a Robotech comic book once every two weeks, until the license for Robotech moved to Eternity Comics in 1988. Next Man debuted in 1984, although another ownership dispute led to Next Man soon moving to another publisher. This was offset in 1986, when Comico acquired Justice Machine and the Elementals from the defunct Texas Comics.

The company continued to pick up other licenses, producing a Jonny Quest series (and Jezebel Jade spin-off), a Star Blazers series, and a planned Max Headroom 3-D issue (unpublished). Ken Steacy illustrated a Harlan Ellison graphic novel. Dave Stevens's The Rocketeer and Space Ghost also made the line-up.

Other series included The Maze Agency and Ginger Fox.

Bankruptcy
While Comico had proven to be a serious contender as a major independent comic company, a mid-1986 decision to distribute to the newsstand market doomed the company. The direction significantly raised the number of prints for each issue, but also increased the number of issues being sent back that did not sell. Refunds for those returned issues ate into the publisher's budget very quickly (and, among other things, they had trouble paying their printing bills). In response to this, Comico began to push out a number of new titles, aimed at spreading out the number of returned comics between various titles. In 1988 they began distributing their titles to the bookstore market, and in 1989 partnered with DC Comics to distribute their comics to a wider market.

Despite these measures, however, and with the end of the Mage, Grendel and Robotech series, much of the reliable revenue for the company dried up. Many of the company's long-time artists and publishers jumped ship and, by 1989, Comico had cancelled half its titles and was deep into bankruptcy. Fish Police and Trollords were picked up by Apple Comics, while The Trouble with Girls was acquired by Malibu Comics and Justice Machine and The Maze Agency went to Innovation Comics. Comico suspended operations in 1990, with E-Man #3.

Andrew Rev
In 1990, the owners of the company sold Comico to Andrew Rev, who released the rest of the original staff and began working on relaunching the company. With the planned relaunch, Rev held onto as many of the original Comico series he could.

Most significantly hit were Matt Wagner's creations Mage and Grendel. Mage II: The Hero Defined, expected out in 1989, was not published until the late 1990s. Both Comico and Wagner had jointly copyrighted Mage and Grendel, and with Comico in bankruptcy, that half of the copyright was claimed as a company asset. A two-part Batman/Grendel crossover, Devil's Riddle and Devil's Masque, was written and drawn by Wagner and colored at the time of the Comico series, but was delayed by Comico's bankruptcy. It was eventually published by DC in 1993. Wagner regained sole copyright of Grendel that same year, and, much later, Mage, publishing the series through Dark Horse Comics and Image Comics respectively.

While losing Wagner's characters, Rev did manage to buy Elementals for his restart. Comico began printing again in 1992 with various Elementals-related comics, and in 1993 flooded the market with various one-shot Elementals specials. Rev also acquired Northstar Publishing. Budgetary problems and conflicts with creators over payments led to Comico's presses going silent again until 1995, with yet another Elementals title (running three issues), and various Elementals spin-offs never making it past their first or second issues. Northstar continued publishing material as late as 1995. Comico's line ended in 1997 with Elementals Sex Special vol. 2, #2, illustrated by Frank Quitely and Elementals: The Vampires Revenge #2, the second installment of a four-issue limited series starring the spin-off character Ratman, illustrated by Kelly McQuain.

CO$2$ Comics
In July 2009, Comico co-founders Gerry Giovinco and Bill Cucinotta announced the launch of the webcomics site CO2 Comics. The site hosted several of the comics from the Comico Primer, including work by Reggie Byers, Bernie Mireault, Rich Rankin, and Neil Vokes.

As of May 2022, the website is no longer online.

Original titles

 *  Comico Christmas Special (1988), #1
 * Comico Primer (1982–1984), #1–6
 * Elementals
 * v1 (1984–1988), #1–29 (continued from Texas Comics)
 * v2 (1989–1993), #1–26
 * v3 (1995–1996), #1–3
 * Elementals Sex Special v1 (1991–1993), #1–4
 * Elementals Sex Special v2 (1996–1997), #1–2
 * Elementals: Ghost of a Chance (1995), #1
 * Elementals: How the War was Won (1996), #1–2
 * Elementals: The Natural Order (1988), TPB (collects Justice Machine Annual #1 from Texas Comics and v1 #1–5)
 * Elementals: The Vampires Revenge (1996), #1–2
 * Elementals: Vortex (1991–1992), #1–2
 * Evangeline (1984), #1–2 (continued at First Comics)
 * Grendel
 * v1 (1984–1984), #1–3
 * v2 (1986–1990), #1–40
 * Mage: The Hero Discovered (1984–1986), #1–15 (continued at Image Comics)
 * Silverback (1989), #1–3

Other titles (selected)

 * The Amazon (1989), #1–3
 * Bloodscent (1988), #1
 * AZ (1983), #1–2
 * E-Man
 * v3 (1989), #1 (from First Comics)
 * v4 (1989–1990), #1–4 (continued at Alpha Productions)
 * Empire Lanes: Arrival (1990), TPB (as Keyline Books; collects Empire Lanes (1986), #1–4 from Northern Lights Publishing)
 * ESC (1996), #1–2
 * Fish Police
 * Ginger Fox (1988), #1–4
 * Gumby
 * Gumby's Summer Fun Special (1987), #1
 * Gumby's Winter Fun Special (1988), #1
 * The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool Color Injected Turbo Adventure from Hell (1988), #1
 * Jezebel Jade (1988), #1–3
 * Jonny Quest
 * Jonny Quest (1986–1987), #1–31
 * Jonny Quest Classic (1987), #1–3
 * Jonny Quest Special (1988), #1–2
 * Justice Machine
 * Justice Machine featuring The Elementals (1986), #1–4
 * Justice Machine v2 (1987–1989), #1–29
 * Justice Machine Annual (1989), #1
 * The Maze Agency (1988–1989), #1–7 (continued at Innovation)
 * Next Man (1985), #1–5
 * Ribit! (1989), #1-4 by Frank Thorne
 * Robotech
 * Robotech: Macross Saga (1984–1988), #1–36
 * Robotech: Masters (1985–1988), #1–23
 * Robotech: The New Generation (1985–1988), #1–25
 * Robotech: The Graphic Novel (1986), TPB
 * Robotech in 3-D (1987), #1
 * The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine (1988–1989), #1–2 (continued at Dark Horse)
 * Sam & Max, Freelance Police Special (1989), #1
 * Skrog (1983), #1
 * Star Blazers (1987), #1–4
 * Space Ghost (1987), #1
 * Strike Force America (1992), #1
 * Trollords (1988–1989), #1–4 (from Tru Studios, continued at Apple Press)
 * The Trouble with Girls (1989), #1–4 (from Eternity, continued at Eternity)
 * The World of Ginger Fox (1986), graphic novel

title: Comico: The Comic Company


text:
Noordung

Noordung may refer to:
 * Herman Noordung, pseudonym of Herman Potočnik (1892–1929), Austro-Hungarian rocket engineer and pioneer of cosmonautics
 * Noordung (NSK), a Slovene theater group associated with Neue Slowenische Kunst

title: Noordung


text: Category:Computational complexity theory


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Category:Conceptual artists

Conceptual Artists are artists working with ideas rather than any specific medium.

title: Category:Conceptual artists


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Talk:University of Kent

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AfD for Turing College
The "Articles for Deletion" discussion about Turing College may be of interest to those watching this page. Cheers, XOR'easter (talk) 20:16, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-collegiate
What does this mean? This could do with some clarification. Either it is collegiate or not. --Aloneinthewild (talk) 18:40, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Kent


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Talk:King Lear

[resolved] 1608 Quarto Version
The lead never states that the original incomplete Quarto version of the play King Lear was categorized as a history rather than a tragedy. If the quarto is worth mentioning then shouldn't the fact that it was called a historical play also be mentioned? MaryamHasan97 (talk) 21:06, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

I think, it lays emphasis on the tragedy and deaths of the play. That is why it is not characterized as a historical play. Also. if it is characterized as a historical play, it seems vague and has no specifics as to what the play is about (Fahmed19 (talk) 01:00, 31 March 2017 (UTC))

The scholarly consensus, excluding Brian Vickers' controversial monograph, is that the 1608 Quarto version is not an 'incomplete version' but a complete variant in itself, probably derived from either an early authorial draft or a later revision (for court performance, for example). As for genre, it's not at all unheard of for plays of the period to be marketed as both "history" and "tragedy", besides which the term "history" was understood much more loosely at the time (Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus being a notable example). However, today Shakespeare's plays are conventionally categorised following the divisions made in the First Folio, which lists Lear, A&C, Coriolanus, JC, etc. as "tragedies" as opposed to the medieval English chronicle "histories" (Richard II - Henry VIII). Whether these F1 genre divisions are robust or arbitrary is perhaps a debate for elsewhere. Adt1605 (talk) 00:40, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Synopsis (Sandbox)
 The play begins with the Earls of Gloucester and Kent discussing King Lear's plans to divide his kingdom among his three children. Gloucester introduces Kent to his own illegitimate son, Edmund. The King's procession enters and Lear announces that he will decide upon the marriage between his youngest daughter, Cordelia, and her suitors, the Duke of Burgundy and the King of France. Lear then proclaims that he will retire from government with immediate effect, granting a third of his kingdom to each of his daughters, but that they must first compete by publicly avowing their love for him. Goneril and Regan both eloquently declare their love, but Cordelia says only that she loves him according to her duty. Outraged, Lear disowns Cordelia, dividing her third between her two sisters. Lear sets conditions on his retirement: that he retain the title of king, that he alternate between the homes of Goneril and Regan month by month, and that he be served by a retinue of a hundred knights. The Earl of Kent chastises Lear, both for giving away his majesty and for disowning Cordelia, and Lear banishes him on pain of death. The king then offers Cordelia without a dowry to her suitors, an offer only France is willing to accept, out of respect for her honesty. Goneril and Regan privately agree that Lear was mistaken in disowning Cordelia and banishing Kent but that even in his prime he was prone to anger.

Edmund resents his bastardy, and plots to supplant his legitimate older brother Edgar. He tricks their father Gloucester with a forged letter, making him think Edgar planned to usurp the estate. In the intervening time, Goneril has begun to resent hosting the king, whose knights and Fool she finds boisterous and disruptive. Instead of exile, Kent has taken on a disguise and the name of Caius. Lear hires him after he helps to beat Goneril's servant, Oswald, for lack of manners. Goneril orders Lear to mend his behaviour and to dismiss half his knights. Enraged, Lear curses Goneril with sterility and threatens to take back his power, before then departing to meet Regan. In a private conversation, Lear admits to the Fool that he fears he might be going mad. Edmund frames Edgar for a murder attempt, encouraging him to fly the castle. Convinced, Gloucester disinherits Edgar, proclaiming him as an outlaw.

Regan and her husband, the Duke of Cornwall, soon arrive at Gloucester's home. Their arrival is quickly followed by Kent and Oswald, who quarrel, leading Cornwall and Regan to place the disguised Kent in the stocks against Gloucester's advice. Edgar, in the meantime, is being pursued across the countryside, leading him to adopt the persona of a mad beggar named Tom o' Bedlam. When Lear arrives at Gloucester's castle and sees Kent stocked, he struggles to control his temper, but secures Kent's release. When Goneril arrives and his two daughters decide together to dismiss his knights, Lear runs out into a growing storm, ranting to the skies. Regan, Goneril, and Cornwall shut the gates after him, despite Gloucester's protests. Lear and the Fool are found on the heath by Kent, who leads them to shelter. There, in the hovel, they encounter Edgar as the mad beggar, who Lear believes is another betrayed father. During the long stormy night, Gloucester arrives and encourages Kent to take Lear to Dover, where he has intelligence that a French army will land to restore the king.

While Gloucester is away, Edmund reveals Gloucester's information to Cornwall and Regan. When Gloucester returns from the heath, Cornwall gouges out his eyes as retribution. One of Cornwall's servants attempts to intervene and, although dying in the ensuing fight, he mortally wounds Cornwall. Told that Edmund turned him in, Gloucester realises that Edgar was innocent. The blinded earl is then thrown out and told to "smell his way to Dover". Receiving assistance from an old tenant, Gloucester hires Poor Tom, whom he cannot recognise as his outlawed son, to lead him to Dover.

Goneril meets Edmund and discovers that she finds him more attractive than her honest husband Albany, whom she regards as cowardly. Albany is disgusted by the sisters' treatment of Lear, and the mutilation of Gloucester, and denounces Goneril. Kent leads Lear to the French army, which is accompanied by Cordelia. But Lear is half-mad and terribly embarrassed by his earlier follies. Albany leads the British army to meet the French. Regan too is attracted to Edmund, and the two sisters become jealous of each other. Goneril sends Oswald with letters to Edmund and also tells Oswald to kill Gloucester if he sees him. Edgar pretends to lead Gloucester to a cliff, then changes his voice and tells Gloucester he has miraculously survived a great fall. They meet Lear, who is now completely mad. Lear rants that the whole world is corrupt and runs off.

Oswald tries to kill Gloucester but is slain by Edgar. In Oswald's pocket, Edgar finds a letter from Goneril to Edmund suggesting the murder of Albany. Kent and Cordelia take charge of Lear, whose madness seemingly abates. Regan, Goneril, Albany, and Edmund meet with their forces, and Albany urges that they fight the French invaders without harming Lear or Cordelia. The two sisters lust for Edmund, who has made promises to both. He considers the dilemma and plots the deaths of Albany, Lear, and Cordelia. Edgar gives Goneril's letter to Albany. The armies meet in battle, the British defeat the French, and Lear and Cordelia are captured. Edmund sends them off with secret orders for execution.

The victorious British leaders meet, and Regan now declares she will marry Edmund. But Albany exposes the intrigues of Edmund and Goneril and proclaims Edmund a traitor. Regan collapses; Goneril has poisoned her. Edmund defies Albany, who calls for a trial by combat. Edgar appears to duel with Edmund and mortally stabs him. Albany shows Goneril's letter to her, who flees in shame and rage. Edgar reveals himself; Gloucester dies offstage from the overwhelming shock and joy of this revelation.

Offstage, Goneril stabs herself and confesses to poisoning Regan. Dying Edmund reveals his order to kill Lear and Cordelia, but it is too late: Cordelia is dead though Lear slew the killer. Lear carries the dead Cordelia in his arms onstage. Lear recognizes Kent. Albany urges Lear to resume his throne, but Lear, too far gone in grief and hardship, collapses and dies. Albany offers to share power between Kent and Edgar. At the end, Albany (Quarto version) or Edgar (Folio version) is crowned King.

Above is our working synopsis. It should be a good deal shorter, in my opinion. Say 500-700 words, but we'll see. See for the policy on summary writing. Wrad (talk) 19:07, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * So do we edit directly on the above synopsis? Tom Reedy (talk) 20:44, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yep, this is how we've done it in the past, I suppose because it just gives us one spot where we can focus on the synopsis without worrying about it being changed by fly-by editors. If you have another idea, that's fine as well, of course. Wrad (talk) 20:49, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've edited and tightened up the sequential accuracy for the first four paragraphs. Much of my doctoral thesis has been on Lear, so this has been quite fun to do! :) Adt1605 (talk) 01:54, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

[resolved] Marxist reading?
As someone who had to sit this "syllabus", I have to ask - is there an actual scholarly Marxist reading of King Lear? --Malkinann (talk) 14:51, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Depends on your definition of “scholarly”; all this litcrit stuff is unscholarly to one degree or another. The latest Arden edition gives brief mention of a Marxist reading on p.45 (and gives a relevant cite), and the Oxford mentions it in passing. They key, for me, to all these readings, is to realize that they are all just different perspectives and value systems from which to interpret the play; and that the “truth” is both none of them and all of them. Lear, for instance, isn't to me a particularly Marxist play: a Marxist reading of it tells you a lot more about the Marxist than about King Lear. But, hey, I'm a biography wonk and tend to zone out whenever the topic gets anywhere near litcrit. --Xover (talk) 17:52, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I know I'm about 7 years too late for your syllabus, Malkinnan, but I have to gently disagree with Xover. Lear is absolutely a play about concentrations of power, the movement of inheritance, and the legitimation of authority — all big sociological features that Marx helped define and analyse! I'd say the most significant Marxist reading would be Jonathan Dollimore's on Humanism and King Lear from his book Radical Tragedy but there are plenty more! Adt1605 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:07, 25 August 2018 (UTC)
 * You've no idea how glad I am to hear someone disagree with me! :)I wouldn't dream of denying the validity of a Marxist reading, I just, personally, didn't feel it was particularly apposite perspective. But I hasten to add that I am not particularly versed in literary criticism (biography and historiography are more my speed), so my opinion on this is worth very little.However, I note that the article currently doesn't contain a section on Marxist readings. Any chance you'd be interested in adding one? In our articles on the plays we try to cover all significant critical approaches (see, for instance, Critical approaches to Hamlet), so if you see any obvious missing perspectives in the article it would be useful to list them. Pointers to good overviews or particularly significant works would also be very useful.There are almost 1500 Shakespeare-related articles on Wikipedia and only a handful of editors working in the area: any assistance would be welcomed with open arms! --Xover (talk) 04:33, 25 August 2018 (UTC)
 * My apologies for the slow response, I'd be delighted to help as and when I can. I'll have a little think about Marxist readings, and any other critical approaches, and see what I can add. :) --Adt1605 (talk) 15:17, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

[resolved] The 1619 Quarto
So what is the textual importance of this edition, since this article states it is used in modern editions? Was it practically a reprint of the 1608 Quarto, or does it possess any significant variants? -- llywrch (talk) 22:13, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * More or less a reprint. Definitely some interesting variants between Q1 and Q2 but more in terms of phrasing and word-choice — whereas the Folio has hundreds of entirely different lines. Adt1605 (talk) 02:16, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

[resolved] Opera versions
I love the play, but in the interests of completeness, there are two opera adaptations that I feel should be mentioned.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lear_(opera)

I love Reimann's opera, it's done in a totally 12-tone, "modern" style and is one of the few operas in that style that is regularly performed.

There's also an excellent adaptation by the fine Finnish composer Aulis Sallinen:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningas_Lear

If it's agreed that they should be added, would they get their own section, say "Opera adaptations" or would they be folded in to the 20th and 21st century section of Performance History?

Thanks for your comments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Henry Holland (talk • contribs) 04:58, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the headsup Henry. You should just go ahead and add these to the chronological sections (be bold!). When someone gets around to a real copy-edit there they may end up being refactored out again, as there are far too many adaptations to include every single one, but in that case the superfluous ones often get moved to a separate article on adaptions of the play. In other words, no need to wait for "permission" for small uncontroversial edits like these; and what you propose to change will be useful in some way or another eventually. As you can see, the Shakespeare articles have few active editors so any contribution is very much appreciated! --Xover (talk) 06:59, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

[resolved] Gloucester's letter
The section "Synopsis of dual plot" states that Edmund "shows a letter from his father [Gloucester] to the King of France asking for help against them". I may be misunderstanding something (either in the play or in the synopsis); but I think the letter referred to is from the end of Act III scene 3, and is addressed to Gloucester, informing him of the French invasion; I don't see in the play reference to a letter written by Gloucester. If my interpretation is right, I think this should be corrected in the synopsis; does anyone have any feedback first? Vichordius (talk) 03:16, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I made the proposed change, having not received any replies to my earlier post. Vichordius (talk) 04:37, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

 * "[[s:The_Tragedy_of_King_Lear#Scene_III._A_Room_in_Gloucester's_Castle.|Glou. Go to; say you nothing. There is division betwixt the dukes,

and a worse matter than that: I have received a letter this night;—'tis dangerous to be spoken;—I have locked the letter in my closet...]]" Untitled50reg (talk) 16:38, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * "[[s:The_Tragedy_of_King_Lear#Scene_VII._A_Room_in_Gloucester's_Castle.|Corn. Come, sir, what letters had you late from France?

Reg. Be simple-answer'd, for we know the truth. Corn.

And what confederacy have you with the traitors Late footed in the kingdom? Reg.

To whose hands have you sent the lunatic king? Speak. Glou.  I have a letter guessingly set down, Which came from one that's of a neutral heart, And not from one oppos'd. Corn.

Cunning. Reg.

And false.]]" Untitled50reg (talk) 16:47, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

[resolved] Sources
There's a repetition of sources in this paragraph: Philip Sidneys is citated twice in the text for the same reason. I think one should be erased, but I wanted to be sure and ask another opinion.--MNepi (talk) 09:53, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks MNepi. I've removed Sidney from the long list of "possible" sources and left the embryonic standalone paragraph that gives a little more information. This list should probably be pruned of the more speculative and loose entries, and what remains expanded upon, but that's a much bigger task. --Xover (talk) 06:42, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

[resolved] External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110930183651/http://www.cchs.co.uk/subjects/docs/english/english-john-danby.doc to http://www.cchs.co.uk/subjects/docs/english/english-john-danby.doc

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 * The link was to a summary of the actual source cited from a school curriculum, so I just removed it altogether. --Xover (talk) 05:48, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

Expansion of the decline of King Lear's mental state
It seems like there could be more discussion regarding the decline of King Lear's mental state - especially the piece regarding Freud's assertion that Cordelia symbolizes death. There could be an overall expansion of how death is thought of in the play; furthermore, there could be potential analysis regarding how there was a lack of an original mother figure for King Lear's daughters (as far as we know) in their formative years that led to both their flattery of Lear and their lack of care for him, taking his love for Cordelia into consideration. All information in the "psychoanalytic and psychosocial interpretations" section seems unbiased and clear - could use further explication. Adreyer2 (talk) 21:25, 13 March 2017 (UTC)Annie Dreyer

I agree, I also think that we are just criticizing King Lear from one point of view. There is no exploration of the other perspectives (Fahmed19 (talk) 01:08, 31 March 2017 (UTC))

Though, "psychoanalytic and psychosocial interpretations" seems clear and unbiased, we are not presented with every alternative/interpretation of the play's depiction of psychological and social behaviors.(Fahmed19 (talk) 01:12, 31 March 2017 (UTC))

[resolved] File:Edwin Austin Abbey King Lear, Act I, Scene I The Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Edwin Austin Abbey King Lear, Act I, Scene I The Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on September 18, 2017. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2017-09-18. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 02:29, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

Lear's Daughters
Some one (I can't remember who) wrote a play called "Lear's Daughters" speculating on what the personalities of the three daughters would have been like before the start of the play. Does any one think this could be mentioned in this article?Vorbee (talk) 18:37, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * You're probably thinking of Elaine Feinstein's 1987 production for the Women's Theatre Group.
 * Please do feel free to add some information about it. --Xover (talk) 04:45, 25 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Please do feel free to add some information about it. --Xover (talk) 04:45, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

[resolved] George Bernard Shaw Quote, Twice.
The last sentence in the Lede: "George Bernard Shaw wrote, "No man will ever write a better tragedy than Lear."

Is repeated word-for-word in the Section "Performance History", subsection "20th Century". It's an isolated little "factoid" (there's a word for it, that escapes me atm, "triviata" is what my brain is outputting and I know it's wrong. "irrata"?  "errata"?, one of those "literary words" used to describe the mechanics of writing...) Anyways, my "style" sense is that it's distracting, and irritating. Mentioning it once is an interesting little fact to think about while reading, but having it mentioned twice removes focus from the Article and makes the Reader (me, at least) wonder if it's some kind of typo, or what. Stylistically, I just don't like it. It's distracting, and annoying. I wonder if it was done on purpose, or if it's the result of some kind of oversite, and if case B, should something be done about it?2605:6000:6947:AB00:75A9:D270:2421:59E (talk) 10:08, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

King Lear summary
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Bellagio (resort)

Bellagio is a resort, luxury hotel, and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is owned by Blackstone Inc. and operated by MGM Resorts International. Bellagio was conceived by casino owner Steve Wynn, and was built on the former site of the Dunes hotel-casino. Wynn's company, Mirage Resorts, purchased the Dunes in 1992. Plans were announced in 1994 to replace it with Beau Rivage, a French-themed resort. However, Wynn changed the project plans in 1995, instead theming it after the village of Bellagio, near Lake Como. The resort was designed by Jon Jerde. Construction began on November 1, 1995, with Marnell Corrao Associates as general contractor.

Bellagio opened on October 15, 1998, with 3,005 rooms in a 36-story tower. Built at a cost of $1.6 billion, it was the world's most expensive resort up to that point. Early revenue was less than expected, and Wynn departed the resort in May 2000, when Mirage Resorts merged with MGM Grand Inc. Profits improved under the ownership of the newly formed MGM Mirage (later MGM Resorts). A 33-story hotel tower, with 928 rooms, was opened in 2004. MGM owned the Bellagio until 2019, when it sold the resort to Blackstone Inc. for $4.25 billion. MGM continues to operate the property under a lease arrangement.

Bellagio is located on 77 acre. It includes a 156000 sqft casino and 3,933 rooms. The resort's signature attraction is the Fountains of Bellagio, a dancing water fountain synchronized to music. It is performed in an 8.5-acre man-made lake, located in front of the resort. Other attractions include the Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art, and a conservatory and botanical gardens. The hotel lobby features Fiori di Como, a sculpture by glass artist Dale Chihuly. It is the world's largest glass sculpture.

Bellagio has numerous restaurants, including Le Cirque and Picasso, the latter by chef Julian Serrano. Other chefs at the resort have included Todd English, Michael Mina, Jean-Georges Vongerichten, and Wolfgang Puck. Bellagio includes an 1,800 seat theater for performances of O, a water-themed show by Cirque du Soleil. The property also has a high-end retail area which introduced several luxury brands to Las Vegas, including Chanel, Gucci, and Prada.

Background and development
The site of Bellagio was previously occupied by the Dunes hotel-casino, which opened in 1955. Through his company Mirage Resorts, casino owner Steve Wynn purchased the Dunes in November 1992, for $75 million. He intended to demolish it and build a new resort in its place. An early idea was to build five or six complexes with approximately 500 rooms each, along with a small theme park. As the Dunes closed in January 1993, Wynn proposed including a man-made lake in his new project for water skiing and windsurfing. However, county officials questioned whether such a feature could be included following the passage of a 1990 water ordinance. A state expert found it unlikely that the lake would cause major soil sinking. The county modified the ordinance in February 1994, allowing Wynn to proceed with a man-made lake, on the condition that he honor his claim that it would use less water than the Dunes' former golf course.

On October 17, 1994, Mirage Resorts announced plans to build the French-themed Beau Rivage resort on the land, at a cost of $700-$900 million. It would be surrounded by a 50-acre lake with guests entering by footbridges. Mirage Resorts announced a name change in July 1995, stating that the resort would be named Bellagio, after the village of Bellagio, Lombardy in northern Italy. The resort's designer, Jon Jerde, had been vacationing on Lake Como. Impressed by its beauty, he convinced Wynn to come see the area. While on the lake with friend Paul Anka, Wynn noticed the nearby village of Bellagio, and spent half a day there. The village's Italian architecture inspired Wynn to scrap 10 months' worth of design work for Beau Rivage in favor of a Bellagio-themed resort. Wynn would later use the Beau Rivage name for another resort in Mississippi.

The Las Vegas project was revised and scaled back. Among the changes was a reduction in the size of the lake feature; Mirage Resorts determined that it would use too much water as originally planned. The hotel tower, originally planned at 49 stories, was also reduced. The design and planning process took a total of 28 months, dating to 1993. Wynn said "there was no need to rush the project. We wanted to get it right". Jerde's design firm spent a total of four years designing the project. Wynn's in-house design team, Atlandia Design, handled the interior. Aside from the Dunes, a Denny's restaurant was also demolished to make way for Bellagio.

Construction began on November 1, 1995, and the opening was initially scheduled for March 1998. Marnell Corrao Associates served as general contractor. The project's cost increased several times, in part because of new features being added. A shortage of skilled workers also resulted in rising labor costs. It was financed through various lenders. Finished at a cost of $1.6 billion, it was the most expensive resort ever built.

Wynn envisioned the Bellagio as a five-star resort catering to tourists who typically visit places other than Las Vegas, such as Paris, London, or Venice. He said Bellagio would "redefine Las Vegas", describing it as the "most ambitious" and luxurious project ever attempted by Mirage Resorts. He also said it would be "the most romantic, delicious place ever built in the world", as well as the "greatest" and "most beautiful" hotel ever.

The property features a variety of trees. Before the opening, builders spent more than a year searching the western U.S. for mature Japanese privets, which are capable of withstanding the dry Las Vegas heat. A deal was reached to remove approximately 30 privets from the government center in Ventura County, California, and replant them at Bellagio, at a cost of nearly $10,000 per tree. The resort's pool area is surrounded by a Mediterranean garden that included nearly 300 pine trees, left over from the Dunes golf course.

Opening
The opening was highly anticipated, and crowd-control measures were in preparation months prior. Mirage Resorts launched a $10 million advertising campaign which included 60-second television commercials, featuring opera singer Andrea Bocelli.

A pre-opening VIP party took place on the night of October 15, 1998, with 1,800 in attendance, including Nevada governor Bob Miller. The public opening followed at 10:45 p.m. Crowds, waiting to enter the resort, reached an estimated 25,000 people. Within the first day, the resort had received more than 80,000 visitors.

The property included 3,005 hotel rooms, a casino, and high-end shops and restaurants. The resort's main attraction was an 8.5-acre man-made lake, featuring a water show known as Fountains of Bellagio. Other attractions included a conservatory and the $285 million Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art. More than half of the resort's revenue was expected to come from non-gaming amenities. Bellagio employed 9,500 people, 3,200 of them coming from other properties also owned by Mirage Resorts. Casino executive Bobby Baldwin served as the resort's president.

Bellagio received positive reception. The level of luxury would eventually inspire other Las Vegas resorts to become more upscale. Las Vegas developer Irwin Molasky said, "In our lifetime we will never see another building or hotel with such beauty and grace". Brian Greenspun of the Las Vegas Sun said the opening "by all accounts, was a first for Las Vegas", stating that the resort exceeded expectations. The newspaper's Steve Friess later called the opening a "pivotal" turning point in Las Vegas history: "The opening of a genuine luxury resort with great food, shopping and amenities was the most important step toward saying to the world, 'Vegas isn't tacky anymore'". Residents of the Bellagio village reportedly found few similarities with the resort.

Ownership changes and expansion
When it opened, Bellagio's room rates averaged $200 a night, compared to $81 for most other Strip resorts. Early revenue was less than expected, with the resort making $260 million in cash flow during 1999, more than $40 million short of Wynn's predictions. Plans for a 1,300-room addition were put on hold in March 2000, while Mirage Resorts finalized a merger with MGM Grand Inc. The deal closed in May 2000, giving MGM Grand ownership of Bellagio. Wynn was not upset with the sale: "I've always been someone who focuses on the next project. The only part I ever enjoyed was the building, the design. I've always been the design guy". The company changed its name to MGM Mirage later that year, and Bellagio's cash flow improved under the new ownership, prompting reconsideration of the hotel expansion plan.

Plans for a second tower were confirmed in August 2002, as part of a $375 million expansion. The new Spa Tower would be built south of the main tower and would offer access to the spa. The expansion would also include an additional spa, salon, meeting and retail space, as well as a new restaurant. Marnell Corrao Associates returned as general contractor. Construction on the Spa Tower began in April 2003. It was topped off a year later, and opened on December 23, 2004. It added 928 rooms, for a total of 3,933. Convention space was also increased to 200000 sqft. The resort hired 1,400 new employees for the expanded facilities, bringing the total to 10,000.

By 2004, Bellagio was the most profitable hotel-casino in Las Vegas. In 2012, MGM and Suning Real Estate announced plans to expand the Bellagio name with a 200-room hotel in Shanghai, which eventually opened in 2018. Twenty years after its opening, the Bellagio remained one of the most popular resorts on the Las Vegas Strip.

In October 2019, MGM Resorts announced it would sell Bellagio to Blackstone Inc. for $4.25 billion. Through the deal, the two companies would form a joint venture that would lease Bellagio back to MGM Resorts for an annual rent of $245 million. The sale was completed in November 2019. Under the deal, MGM acquired a five-percent ownership stake in the venture and continued to operate the resort through the lease.

In July 2023, MGM Resorts announced an agreement with Marriott International to bring its properties within Marriott's international reservations system and its Bonvoy loyalty program. The new partnership, which began in 2024, has Bellagio marketed within The Luxury Collection division of Marriott as Bellagio, a Luxury Collection Resort & Casino, Las Vegas. In August 2023, Blackstone sold a 21.9-percent stake in the resort to Realty Income for $950 million.

Power outages
A resort-wide power outage occurred around 2:00 a.m. on April 11, 2004, leaving only emergency lights still working. One of the main power lines was compromised, which led to the failure of other lines, resulting in the outage. Power had to be shut down completely so that thousands of feet of cable could be replaced. Guests were relocated to other hotels. The hotel and casino reopened on April 14, 2004, and other areas of the resort were reopened over the next few days. A preliminary investigation by the county found that the main power line failed because of premature deterioration, the cause for which remained unknown.

A partial power outage occurred on December 31, 2011, shutting down the resort's buffet and several hundred hotel rooms in the main tower's west wing. Another partial outage occurred in March 2018, after leaking water made contact with an electrical panel. The six-hour outage affected the buffet, a performance theater, parts of the sportsbook, and certain elevators.

Robberies
Several robberies have occurred at the Bellagio. In June 2000, three men stole $160,000 in cash and casino chips, and were subsequently apprehended. The Bellagio heist was one in a series of casino robberies committed by the men.

In December 2010, a helmet-wearing man robbed $1.5 million in chips from a craps table, with some chips worth $25,000 each. Confidential safeguards made it unlikely that the thief would be able to cash in the chips without getting caught. Furthermore, MGM announced after the robbery that it would discontinue the $25,000 chips within four months. The thief, son of a Las Vegas judge, was arrested in February 2011, after arranging to sell $25,000 chips to an undercover police officer. Approximately $793,000 in chips remained unaccounted for, most of them $25,000 chips. The robber pled guilty as part of a plea deal, and was sentenced to 3 to 11 years.

In July 2014, a man robbed the cashier cage of $43,500, using a BB gun. He was arrested the next day, after spending roughly half of the money on prostitutes and a shopping spree. He was found incompetent to stand trial.

On an early morning in March 2017, men wearing animal-themed masks broke into a jewelry store at the resort, prompting a police lockdown of the casino and parking garage. One of the suspects was apprehended, while three others remained at large.

Another robbery occurred later in 2017, when a man stole money from a poker cage. He returned to rob the cage in March 2019, and a shootout occurred outside the resort between him and police as he tried to escape. He was shot and killed.

Fires
On the morning of September 23, 2008, a mattress fire prompted the brief evacuation of the 26th floor, as well as portions of the 25th and 27th floors. One guest suffered minor burns, and others were treated for smoke inhalation and released shortly afterwards.

On the night of April 13, 2017, the roof of the resort's retail section caught fire, forcing an evacuation of the area. The rest of the resort was unaffected, and the fire was put out within a half-hour. It caused up to $450,000 in damage, mostly above a Starbucks. The fire was caused by a faulty exterior light fixture.

Casino
Bellagio's casino is 156000 sqft. Upon opening, it included 2,700 slot machines and 173 table games. Signage above slot machines was kept to a minimum, as Wynn wanted the resort's architecture to be the primary focus. As of 2003, gaming made up less than half of the resort's revenue. The poker room was expanded in 2004, as the game saw a rise in popularity.

The casino includes a high-limit poker area, originally known as Bobby's Room. It was named after Bellagio president and longtime MGM executive Bobby Baldwin. As of 2018, the minimum buy-in was $20,000. It was the most popular high-limit poker room in Las Vegas, until the nearby Aria resort opened in 2009. The Aria's poker room offered players a high-end alternative to Bobby's Room. In October 2020, MGM quietly renamed it the Legends Room, two years after Baldwin left the company.

In 2002, the casino launched a poker tournament series. The casino also hosts the annual WPT Five Diamond World Poker Classic, and the Five-Star World Poker Classic.

In 2013, the Bellagio introduced a private 2600 sqft casino room known as Villa Privé, reserved for high rollers.

Hotel
The Bellagio hotel has 3,933 rooms. It originally opened with 3,005 rooms, including 401 suites. A renovation of the main tower rooms took place in 2003. The Spa Tower, finished a year later, added 928 rooms, bringing the resort to its current number. The original tower is 36 stories, while the Spa Tower contains 33.

The hotel's suites, as well as the rooms in the Spa Tower, were renovated in 2007. Rooms in the main tower received a six-month, $70 million renovation in 2011. A $40 million renovation of the Spa Tower rooms began in 2012 and concluded the following year. From 2014 to 2015, renovations took place on the main tower suites. It was the final phase of the $165 million remodeling project that began in 2011. Another renovation of the main tower rooms took place during 2021, and a $110 million renovation of the Spa Tower is scheduled for completion by October 2023.

The 4000 sqft Chairman Suite includes an indoor garden, a home theater system, several fireplaces, a bar, and fulltime butler service.

A restored 19th century fountain sits in the hotel lobby, near the Conservatory. In 2015, a sculpture representing Earth's elements was placed outside the main hotel entrance. It was created by artist Masatoshi Izumi, who hand-carved it out of four basalt stones, each one weighing at least 17,000 pounds.

Nightclubs and bars
An upscale nightclub, known as Light, was opened in December 2001. It was owned by Chris and Keith Barish, along with partner Andrew Sasson. It was inspired by a New York nightclub of the same name. The Las Vegas location became popular among celebrities. Light closed in September 2007, and was replaced by a new upscale nightclub known as The Bank. It was operated by Sasson's company, The Light Group. The 6600 sqft club included two bars and three resident DJs. It was popular among tourists, and also attracted locals with various promotions and contests. It eventually closed in 2018.

In March 2011, SBE Entertainment Group announced that it would bring its Hyde Lounge nightclub brand to the resort, taking the place of Fontana Bar. Hyde Bellagio opened on December 31, 2011. The 10000 sqft space featured 40 tables and capacity for 714 people. It included outdoor seating overlooking the resort's fountains. Hyde Bellagio closed in July 2019, and was replaced by the Mayfair Supper Club.

In February 2012, The Light Group opened Lily Bar & Lounge, which also served as a nightclub. The resort's bars are served by a pump room containing 1,800 bottles of alcohol. The alcohol travels distances ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 feet before reaching any one of the resort's 53 bars.

Restaurants
Bellagio opened with 16 eateries, some of them overseen by award-winning chefs. Picasso is a French restaurant by chef Julian Serrano. Paintings by Pablo Picasso adorn the restaurant's walls. Chef Todd English opened Olives, which served Mediterranean food and was named after a popular restaurant he opened in Boston. The resort also included Circo and Le Cirque, both owned by the Maccioni family and inspired by New York restaurants of the same name. Circo was an Italian restaurant, while Le Cirque offers French food and features an upscale circus theme.

Other restaurants included the 500-seat Buffet at Bellagio; Prime, a steakhouse by chef Jean-Georges Vongerichten; Aqua, a 150-seat seafood restaurant originally from San Francisco,   overseen by chef Michael Mina; and the 24-hour Bellagio Cafe. Several restaurants included patios overlooking the Bellagio lake.

In 2004, Aqua was renamed Michael Mina after its chef. A new restaurant, Sensi, opened later that year as part of the Spa Tower. Jean-Philippe Maury also opened a pâtisserie which includes the world's largest chocolate fountain, standing 27 feet.

Fifteen years after the resort's opening, most of the original restaurants remained popular. Circo closed in 2014, and was replaced a year later by Lago, a new restaurant from chef Serrano. The restaurant serves Italian food, and features an Italian Futurism design. Snacks, a popular eatery among gamblers, was remodeled in 2015.

Chef Roy Ellamar began overseeing Sensi in 2011. The restaurant closed in 2015, and was replaced by Ellamar's new restaurant Harvest, a health-conscious eatery with an emphasis on fresh ingredients. Olives closed in early 2018, and was replaced by Spago, a restaurant by Wolfgang Puck. Sadelle's, a popular Manhattan restaurant, opened a Las Vegas location at the Bellagio in 2019, replacing the cafe.

The Mayfair Supper Club, a restaurant offering live entertainment, opened on December 31, 2019. It overlooks the Bellagio fountains. Le Cirque closed in March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and eventually reopened in October 2021.

The resort includes an employee dining hall known as Mangia, which functions as a buffet and feeds thousands of workers daily. An herb garden, located on the Bellagio's roof, supplies some of the resort's restaurants.

Retail
Since its opening, the resort has included a high-end retail area known as Via Bellagio. Retailers include Armani, Chanel, Fred Leighton, Gucci, Hermès, Prada, and Tiffany & Co. It was the first time that such retailers had opened in Las Vegas, as Via Bellagio was the city's first retail center focused on luxury brands. Additional retail space was added in the 2004 expansion.

Fountains of Bellagio
Fountains of Bellagio is a free musical fountain show performed in the resort's 8.5-acre lake. Each show is choreographed to a specific song or track, coming from a variety of musical genres. The fountains dance along to match the rhythm of the music, and water shoots as high as 460 feet. The fountains are a popular attraction, and among the most photographed places in the United States. Stages are occasionally built on the lake to host events, such as musical performances and a portion of the 2022 NFL Draft. The Bellagio has hosted over 240,000 fountain shows as of October 2018.

The Fountains of Bellagio have experienced interruptions throughout their operation. These include a three-day power outage in 2004 and a temporary closure in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, technical problems have rarely caused cancellations, with only five reported by 2005. In 2012, based on tourist reviews, TripAdvisor recognized the Fountains of Bellagio as one of the "most talked about attractions" globally. It was one of 16 attractions featured on the list. TripAdvisor's 2013 Travelers' Choice awards bestowed high honors upon the Fountains of Bellagio, naming it the top tourist attraction in the U.S. and placing it among the top 12 globally.

Conservatory and botanical gardens
The resort contains a 13500 sqft conservatory and botanical gardens. It is located next to the hotel's lobby and is open free to the public. It receives an average of 20,000 visitors daily. The Conservatory was originally planned as an outdoor garden.

There are five seasonal themes that the Conservatory undergoes: Chinese New Year, spring, summer, fall, and winter. From January to mid-March, the Conservatory celebrates the Chinese New Year with a display dominated by flowers bromeliads and orchids, as well as the animal of that particular year that the Chinese zodiac celebrates. The theme then changes over to the spring display, which lasts until May, and usually features a butterfly house as well as many varieties of tropical flowers.

During Memorial Day weekend, Bellagio then switches over to its all-American summer display, featuring a large recreation of the Liberty Bell, as well as several American flags throughout the Conservatory. The summer display is usually very patriotic featuring a lot of red, white, and blue, and is dominated by hydrangeas. From late September until Thanksgiving weekend, the Conservatory puts on its autumn display featuring several varieties of chrysanthemum and several large pumpkins. After Thanksgiving, the Conservatory switches to its winter holiday display, which is dominated by a large centerpiece Christmas Tree and several varieties of poinsettia. A life-sized candy village, which took months to create, was introduced for the 2012 Christmas display. Throughout the year, the colorful displays are decorated with many fragrant flowers and usually contain fountains.

Each seasonal display costs about $1 million to create. Props are put into storage for future use. Planning for each season is done in advance, and each display design is carried out by more than 100 workers over the course of several days. The Conservatory uses thousands of plants and flowers for its displays each year. As of 2018, the Conservatory had used six million plants across 100 displays, and had received 150 million visitors. In 2022, the resort introduced the Garden Table, a dining experience with seating alongside the conservatory attractions.

Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art
In addition to the numerous works of art found throughout the public areas of the resort, the property also includes the Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art. It opened along with the resort, originally to showcase art from Wynn's private collection, as well as art owned by Mirage Resorts. Following the property's ownership change in 2000, the gallery became a rotating exhibition space, hosting art collections loaned from museums.

Fiori di Como

A large art piece hangs from the ceiling of the hotel lobby, measuring approximately 2000 sqft and representing flowers of various colors. It is a popular attraction and free to view. Known as Fiori di Como ("Flowers of Como"), it was created by glass artist Dale Chihuly. Wynn hired him to create an art piece for the resort, but it would take six months before they settled on an idea. According to Wynn's wife Elaine, "We went over to Dale's house where he had put a glass art installation at the bottom of his lap pool. And I said to him, 'I want that in my ceiling in the Bellagio lobby.' So that's how we got that".

A total of two years was spent working on Fiori di Como, which turned out larger than Chihuly had anticipated: "Every time, Steve (Wynn) saw it, he wanted more". Because the sculpture would hang in Las Vegas, Chihuly took a less-restrained approach in creating it: "I thought it would be a good opportunity to use a lot of color. I thought I could be a little bit more exuberant". Metal oxides were used during the glass-making process to give the sculpture its colors. Fiori di Como includes more than 2,100 pieces of colored glass. The sculpture measures 65 feet by 29 feet, and weighs more than 40,000 pounds. It is supported by a 10,000-pound steel armature.

Fiori di Como is the world's largest glass sculpture, and it popularized Chihuly among the general public. The cost to create the sculpture has never been revealed, although it reportedly ranges from $1 million to $10 million. As of 2017, it is estimated to be worth at least $8 million. Fiori di Como garnered positive feedback from guests, prompting Chihuly and the Bellagio to partner up and open a store in 2001, in the resort's Conservatory. The store sold artwork by Chihuly, including individual flower-shaped art pieces inspired by Fiori di Como. Other items included books and videos about Chihuly.

Live entertainment
Wynn hired talent manager Sandy Gallin to oversee live entertainment at the resort. Upon opening, the casino included several performance venues, such as the 250-seat Fontana lounge, and the 70-seat Allegro lounge. Early on, the Fontana hosted acts such as Michael Feinstein and Loston Harris.

Since the Bellagio opened, it has featured Cirque du Soleil's water-themed show O. It is performed in an 1,800-seat opera house, and makes use of a mini lake which serves as the stage. The show was created at a cost of approximately $100 million, making it the most expensive in Las Vegas history up to that point.

Cheval, a horse-themed show, was performed in a tent next to the resort in the early 2000s. It was created by Gilles Ste-Croix, who helped create O.

Accolades
Bellagio is a member of The Leading Hotels of the World, and various organizations have ranked the resort highly. By 2001, it had achieved a four-star rating from Mobil Travel Guide. That year, it became the first hotel-casino to win the AAA Five Diamond Award. It was also the second Las Vegas hotel to win the award, after the Four Seasons in 1999. In 2010, Bellagio won its 10th consecutive Five Diamond Award, the first Strip resort to do so. As of 2020, it had won the Five Diamond Award 18 consecutive times.

Bellagio placed eighth in the 2003 Zagat Survey of U.S. hotel resorts, while its restaurants ranked 12th in the category of top dining. Bellagio has also made the Condé Nast Traveler Gold List numerous times, beginning in 2005. A 2005 study by Majestic Research, polling more than 400 out-of-state residents, found Bellagio to be the favorite resort among tourists, with 18 percent support. Another study polled tourists who visited Las Vegas in 2005, and Bellagio was named the city's top "must-see" resort, while the fountains were named best "must-see" attraction. In 2010, Travel + Leisure ranked it 31st on a list of top hotels in large U.S. and Canadian cities. Travelocity ranked it in sixth place in a 2011 list of top 10 Las Vegas hotels, based on guest reviews.

The resort's Picasso restaurant has also been critically acclaimed, receiving the AAA Five Diamond and Mobil Five-Star awards by the end of 2001. In 2010, the restaurant won its 10th Five Diamond Award, while Le Cirque won its 8th. Bellagio was the only hotel in the U.S. to have two Five Diamond restaurants.

In popular culture
Bellagio serves as the central setting for the 2001 film Ocean's Eleven, in which a group of thieves conspire to rob its vault. The film features various areas of the property. A staircase descended by character Tess Ocean (Julia Roberts) would later be removed to make way for the Spa Tower.

The Bellagio is depicted in the 2007 film Lucky You. The film is set in 2003, but the resort's poker room had been renovated since then, prompting the filmmakers to construct a replica of the original room on a soundstage in Los Angeles.

The resort's fountains have appeared in numerous films.

title: Bellagio (resort)


text:
Talk:Comico: The Comic Company

Darned thing logged me out while I was writing this! ::pout:: Jenn Dolari 11:43, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

That line about "released the rest of the current staff" is so euphemistic. What does released mean? Sacked? How about saying 'sacked'?

"Comico's line ended in 1997 with Elementals Sex Special #1, illustrated by Frank Quitely." The Elementals Sex Sp #1 came out in 1991, and Quitely was not involved. Unless Comico came out with another one, (which the GCD doesn't know about), don't know the source for this.

Article title
I'm going to to change this. The company wasn't called "Comico Comics", and isn't called that in the article. The Comico publications I have - about two-thirds of the Grendel run - all say simply "Comico" on the front cover, and "Comico the Comic Company" on the back cover and the indicia. I'm going to go with "Comico" as per WP:COMMONNAME. --Nicknack009 (talk) 20:22, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:00, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Comico (Korea) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:32, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 9 February 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: consensus to move this article to Comico: The Comic Company, but no consensus to move Comico (Korea) to the base title. Therefore, moving the disambiguation page to the base title. I am sympathetic to the idea that the current disambiguator could be better on the Comico (Korea) article and suggest that it be worked out separately. Dekimasu よ! 00:09, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

Comico → Comico: The Comic Company – Sorry for any inconvenience that I might have caused with moving the pages without discussing it first. I don't normally do that but since I thought it wasn't a big deal in this case, that's why I decided to move it myself. I promise not to do this in the future. As for the reason for renaming the pages, this Comico is now defunct and no longer in operation while the other Comico is currently still operating and a much bigger company than this one. It is part of NHN Entertainment which operates a bunch of companies in Korea, Japan, and other countries along with Comico. It makes more sense to name this Comico: The Comic Company and Comico (Korea) to Comico. AquilaXIII (talk) 03:53, 9 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Not sure on first The problem is that the old Comico appears to have many more refs in GBooks than this new Korean company. Oppose second if the American imprint is moved out (not sure) then oppose Comico (Korea) being moved into vacant space as fails WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, if moved then Prefer move Comico (disambiguation) into the vacant Comico space. But yet to see evidence that Comico should be moved at all. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:41, 9 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - As mentioned before, this move should have been discussed before attempting it yourself. Nevertheless, I agree with the move since Comico is currently operating and most of their published works are more well known now. If the company is in fact bigger than it should be renamed Comico to reflect that. KumaPanda (talk) 11:27, 9 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment - Comico (Korea) makes some bold claims, but none of them are sourced. I don't feel comfortable judging its primacy to the name without better verification that the article is accurate. Argento Surfer (talk) 21:20, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I removed some of the unsupported material and added cn tags on less questionable material. I also added |a source] saying Comico is the second most popular digital comic website in Japan as of 2017. Right now, I'm leaning toward making Comico a DAB. Argento Surfer (talk) 13:40, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment - Leaving Comico (Korea) as is would be incorrect as the company is part of NHN Japan Corporation, the Japanese subsidiary of NHN Entertainment Corporation. The company also publishes works from different countries. Most of the info on the page comes from the Japanese and Korean pages and also from looking at the websites themselves. Since the service isn't available in English there aren't that many sources related to the article that are available. AquilaXIII (talk) 06:19, 14 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment - In case you're still questioning whether we should move the page or not, I updated the Comico (Korea) page with a list of their published works. They currently have more works than the American Comico which seems all the more reason to make the NHN's Comico the default. They publish their works under Comico Japan, Comico Korea, and Comico Taiwan. KumaPanda (talk) 08:19, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The Korean Comico is a brand new article with original content added just last month. As such, page view data is too little to determine whether we have a primary topic at this time. I say keep as is for 6 months and then revisit. --В²C ☎ 19:17, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Disambiguate. I am not seeing a primary topic here. Comico (disambiguation) should be moved to Comico. bd2412  T 19:27, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

I regret that I missed this discussion, because the new article title selected does not satisfy WP:COMMONNAME. In ordinary usage, the publisher is referred to as simply "Comico". Titling this article "Comico: The Comic Company" is like disambiguating the American brewery as "Budweiser: King of Beers". A better solution would be to disambiguate the two publishers as Comico (Japanese publisher) and Comico (US publisher). -Jason A. Quest (talk) 15:31, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comico: The Comic Company


text:
Category:Australian politicians

This category lists politicians whose nationality is Australian. Most, but not all, have been involved in the politics of Australia. For individuals who have held office in the political institutions of Australia (regardless of nationality), refer to Category:Political office-holders in Australia

title: Category:Australian politicians