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Melanthieae

Melanthieae is a tribe of flowering plants within the family Melanthiaceae. Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have resulted in a large-scale reassignment of many of its species to different genera; in particular the genus Zigadenus (deathcamases) has been restricted to a single species, Zigadenus glaberrimus. Plants contain alkaloids, making them unpalatable to grazing animals; many are very poisonous to both animals and humans.

Description
Like the family as a whole, members of the tribe are "lilioid monocots", i.e. their flowers superficially resemble those of the genus Lilium, with six tepals not differentiated into sepals and petals. As with other lilioid monocots, they were previously included in a broadly defined family Liliaceae. They are found mainly in woodland or alpine habitats in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Central America, and Asia), with one species found in South America. They are perennials, growing from a bulb or rhizome (or both). Plants have relatively long leaves, both at the base of the plant and along the flowering stems; many have off-white flowers, tending towards green or purple.

The tribe has some distinctive features within the family Melanthiaceae, including nectaries on the tepals (whose number and position is a useful identifying character for some genera); the unusual way in which the anthers open (dehisce) to release pollen; and the possession of a particular class of alkaloids (veratrum alkaloids). Because of these alkaloids, all members of the tribe are at least unpalatable to livestock, and some are seriously toxic to both animals and humans. Many species have common names including the words "death camas", because of their toxicity and their superficial similarity to the unrelated genus Camassia, species of which are known as "camas".

Taxonomy and phylogeny
The species making up the tribe Melanthieae have been considered to form a "natural group" for a long time; the name "Melanthieae" was first used by August Grisebach in 1846. Other names which have been used with more or less the same circumscription include Veratreae and Melanthiaceae sensu stricto.

The main genera included in the tribe before the start of the 21st century were Schoenocaulon, Stenanthium, Veratrum, Melanthium (often included in Veratrum) and Zigadenus s.l. The last genus contained about 20 species when broadly defined and lacked very distinctive morphological features. Various genera were constructed between 1837 and 1903 to divide up Zigadenus, including Amianthium (Gray, 1837), Anticlea (Kunth, 1843) and Toxicoscordion (Rydberg, 1903). Only the first of these gained broad acceptance in the 20th century (e.g. the Flora of North America recognizes only Amianthium and Zigadenus ). A study in 2001 based on both nuclear and plastid gene sequences led to the conclusion that the broadly defined Zigadenus was polyphyletic; in particular the genera Schoenocaulon and Veratrum-Melanthium were nested inside it. Monophyletic groups could be produced by splitting Zigadenus into five genera (assuming Amianthium to have been included): Amianthium, Anticlea, Stenanthium, and Toxicoscordion, leaving only Zigadenus glaberrimus in Zigadenus. Although the reorganization was done primarily on the basis of molecular grounds, it is supported by morphological and distributional considerations. The cladogram below shows phylogenetic relationships in the Tribe Melanthieae; shaded names represent nodes which contain species formerly placed in the broadly defined Zigadenus.

The distributions and some key features of the genera into which Zigadenus is divided are:

 * Zigadenus (south-east US): rhizome (no bulb), 2 conspicuous glands per tepal.
 * Amianthium (south-east US): ovoid bulb, seeds with red to purple sarcotesta.
 * Stenanthium (south-east US): slender cylindrical bulb, seeds brown with no sarcotesta.
 * Toxicoscordion (mid-western US and western North America): tepals with claws and 1 conspicuous rounded gland.
 * Anticlea (Asia, North and Central America as far south as Guatemala): narrow tepals with 1 conspicuous bilobed gland.

Species transferred to other genera
Around twenty species were included in the genus Zigadenus as it was previously circumscribed. Zigadenus glaberrimus, sandbog deathcamas, is the only species remaining. Zigadenus species which have been transferred to other genera are listed below under their new name.

 * Amianthium muscitotoxum - Flypoison
 * Anticlea elegans - Elegant camas, alkali grass, mountain deathcamas
 * Anticlea hintoniorum
 * Anticlea mogollonensis - Mogollon deathcamas
 * Anticlea neglecta
 * Anticlea sibirica
 * Anticlea vaginata - Sheathed deathcamas
 * Anticlea virescens - Green deathcamas
 * Anticlea volcanica - Lava deathcamas
 * Stenanthium densum (plus Stenanthium leimanthoides for those sources regarding this as a distinct species) - Osceola's Plume, Black Snakeroot, Crow Poison, Pinebarren Deathcamas
 * Stenanthium gramineum - Featherbells
 * Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum - Desert deathcamas
 * Toxicoscordion exaltatum - Giant deathcamas
 * Toxicoscordion fontanum – Smallflower deathcamas
 * Toxicoscordion fremontii - Fremont's deathcamas, star zigadene - (several varieties)
 * Toxicoscordion nuttallii - Nuttall's deathcamas
 * Toxicoscordion paniculatum - Foothill deathcamas, sand-corn
 * Toxicoscordion venenosum - Deathcamas, meadow deathcamas - (several varieties)
 * Toxicoscordion micranthum - Smallflower deathcamas

In addition, three species have been transferred from Stenanthium to Anticlea.
 * Anticlea frigida
 * Anticlea occidentalis
 * Anticlea sachalinensis

Genera

 * Amianthium

Amianthium consists of a single species, A. muscitotoxum, known as flypoison. It is found in eastern North America. It grows from a bulb and has a dense oval-shaped inflorescence. Individual flowers start off white and develop red-green shades with age. All parts of the plant are poisonous; two unique alkaloids, jervine and amianthine, contribute to its toxicity.

 * Anticlea

As currently circumscribed, Anticlea consists of about 11 species, found in Asia, North America and Central America down to Guatemala. Anticlea elegans (the mountain deathcamas) is one of the best known. Like other species in the genus, it grows from bulbs and has flowers with relatively narrow tepals, in this case coloured white to green.

 * Melanthium

Melanthium is sometimes included in the closely related genus Veratrum. , the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes four species, found in the central and eastern United States. Their flowers differ from Veratrum by being arranged in more open and delicate-looking inflorescences and by having tepals which narrow at the base.
 * Schoenocaulon A.Gray

Schoenocaulon is a genus of around 25 species. The precise number is unclear; two species were only discovered in 2008, and many occur only in remote regions of Mexico, where their montane forest habitat is under threat. The centre of diversity is in Mexico. They are also found in Central America, with a few species extending into South America, and in the United States, along the eastern part of the border with Mexico and in Florida. They grow from a bulb with a fibrous coat and have a long narrow spike-like inflorescence made up of very small flowers with long protruding stamens.

 * Stenanthium

, Stenanthium consists of three or four species (depending on whether S. leimanthoides is recognized) found in the south eastern United States. Like the other species, Stenanthium gramineum (feather bells) grows from a slender bulb, and has inflorescences with a complex branching structure in which individual flowers have narrow tapering tepals.
 * Toxicoscordion

Eight species are included in the genus Toxicoscordion, which is found in western North America. The well-known poisonous species formerly placed in Zigadenus, the "deathcamas", are now included in Toxicoscordion. Plants grow from an ovoid bulb and have tepals which are narrowed at their bases to form a "claw". Toxicoscordion venenosum, the meadow deathcamas, is one of the more widely distributed species. Its flowers are white to cream in colour and grow in pointed clusters.

 * Veratrum

Veratrum is found throughout temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus has possibly as many as 40 species, depending on how finely some of the widely distributed species are divided and whether the closely related genus Melanthium is included or not. Plants grow from a combination of short rhizomes and bulbs. They generally have quite large leaves and inflorescences in which individual flowers vary in colour from white to green, yellow or purple. They contain a variety of alkaloids which make them poisonous, although some have medical uses. Some species are cultivated for their form as well as their flowers.

 * Zigadenus

The genus Zigadenus now contains only a single species Z. glaberrimus, the sandbog deathcamas. Found in the south eastern United States, it grows from thick rhizomes rather than bulbs. The flowers are grouped into a loose inflorescence and are white to cream in colour.

title: Melanthieae


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Louis de Bonald

Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de Bonald (2 October 1754 — 23 November 1840) was a French counter-revolutionary philosopher and politician. He is mainly remembered for developing a theoretical framework from which French sociology would emerge.

Early life and education
Bonald came from an ancient noble family of Provence. Louis was born in the chateau of Le Monna, a modest estate that served as the family seat; the only son in his family, Louis was heir to the family estate. Le Monna is situated just east of the market town of Millau, overlooking the Dourbie river. His father, Antoine Sébastien de Bonald, died when Louis was four years old and the young boy would be brought up by his pious mother Anne née de Boyer du Bosc de Périe. Like many in the provincial nobility of the time, Anne was influenced by the Jansenists and brought up her son with a stern Catholic piety. De Bonald was tutored at Le Monna until the age of eleven, when he was sent to boarding school in Paris. He would then move to the Oratorian College of Juilly at age fifteen at the behest of his mother. The Oratorians were known for their rigor and grounded de Bonald in the classics, as well as in mathematics, philosophy, and especially history. The headmaster of the school, Father Mandar, was a friend of Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and de Bonald was most likely acquainted with the writings of the philosophes early on.

He left Juilly in 1772 and entered the musketeers the following year. His unit was attached to King Louis XV at Versailles before being disbanded in 1776. After leaving the military, de Bonald returned to his estates in his native region of Rouergue. He assumed the life of a country gentleman, and took an interest in growing his properties and making them as productive as possible. He married a country nobleman’s daughter, Elisabeth-Marguerite de Guibal de Combescure, and the two had seven children, four of whom lived past childhood. One of their sons, Louis Jacques Maurice de Bonald, would go on to become the Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyon. His other son, Victor, would have a writing career of his own and would write a biography of his father.

Revolution and exile
He was elected to the town council of Millau in 1782 and was appointed mayor by the province's royal governor in 1785. He was popular as mayor and after the introduction of election for local officials in 1789, rather than appointment, he easily won reelection in February 1790. He was elected as a deputy to the departmental assembly later that year. De Bonald was at first supportive of the French Revolution and its initial decentralizing tendencies, and hoped the nobility would recover powers lost during the centralization of the 17th century. He even lead the citizens of Millau in drafting a letter of congratulations to the National Assembly, King Louis XVI, and to finance minister Jacques Necker, expressing the wish that "this sacred title of citizen [and] the spirit of concord and fraternity" would lead to a new sense of solidarity. He managed to quell the Great Fear in his region and would earn the thanks of the National Assembly, and he would be elected president of the departmental assembly soon after. However he soured on the Revolution with the enactment of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in July 1790. Feeling unable to carry out the decrees of the Constitution in good conscience, he resigned from his post in January 1791.

Fearing that his position as a former public official would make him the target of reprisals, he emigrated with his two eldest sons – leaving behind his wife, mother, and his remaining children – in October 1791 and joined the army of the Prince of Condé. He was within earshot of the Battle of Jemappes in November 1792. He soon settled in Heidelberg and later moved to Switzerland. There he wrote his first important work, the highly conservative Theorie du Pouvoir Politique et Religieux dans la Societe Civile Demontree par le Raisonnement et l'Histoire (3 vols., 1796; new ed., Paris, 1854, 2 vols.), which the Directory condemned. His exile would separate him from his family for more than a decade, with only a brief reunion in 1797.

He returned to France in 1797 and largely spent the next five years in Paris in a sort of internal exile. Napoleon was an admirer of de Bonald's writings and had him removed from the list of proscribed émigrés in 1802. This amnesty granted de Bonald a greater degree of freedom to travel and publish his writings. He moved within literary and political circles, and would make the acquittance of writers such as La Harpe, Lacretelle, and, most importantly, François-René de Chateaubriand. During this time he wrote a critical review of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, arguing that the true common good of a nation lies in a shared life of virtue and not simply in material prosperity. He would strike up a long correspondence and friendship with the conservative Savoyard philosopher Joseph de Maistre, however the two would never meet. In 1806, he, along with Chateaubriand and Joseph Fiévée, edited the Mercure de France. Two years later, he was appointed counsellor of the Imperial University, which he had often attacked previously.

Bourbon Restoration and political career
The Bourbon Restoration saw de Bonald's political fortunes increase. He was made a member of the Royal Council for Public Instruction and in 1816 he was appointed to the French Academy by Louis XVIII. From 1815 to 1823, de Bonald served as an elected deputy for Aveyron in the Chamber of Deputies. A member of the Ultra-royalist faction (also known as "Ultras"), his speeches were extremely conservative and he vigorously sought to undo the legislation passed in the wake of the Revolution. He opposed the Charter of 1814, seeing it as giving too many concessions to the revolutionaries and enfeebling the government. He sought strong protections for the traditional family and in 1815 successfully argued for the repeal of laws passed during the Revolution permitting divorce, which afterwards remained illegal in France until 1884.

The Revolution had abolished the remainder of the medieval trade guilds, affording little protection to workers. The Le Chapelier Law of 1791 forbade workers the right to form workers' associations and prohibited strike actions. De Bonald worked to reverse the Le Chapelier Law and reintroduce guilds, but his efforts were unsuccessful and the right to form workers' associations would not be reintroduced in France until 1864.

He also continued his writing career during this time, and his intellectual pursuits led to him visit many of Paris' Salons. Both de Bonald and Chateaubriand frequented the salon of Juliette Récamier, who drew from the leading literary and political circles of her day. He, along with Chateaubriand, contributed to various newspapers and journals, including The Correspondant, a journal of French and British thinkers, as well as Conservateur, a newspaper dedicated to defending the position of the Ultras. 1817 saw the publication of his Thoughts on Various Subjects, and his Observations on Madame de Staël's Considerations on the Principle Events of the French Revolution in the following year.

Peerage and later life
In 1822, de Bonald was made Minister of State, and in the following year, he was raised to the peerage by Louis XVIII, a dignity which he had lost by refusing to take the required oath in 1803. This entitled de Bonald to sit in the Chamber of Peers, the upper house of the French Parliament during the Bourbon Restoration. In 1825, he argued strongly in favor of the Anti-Sacrilege Act, including its prescription of the death penalty under certain conditions. In 1826, de Bonald briefly stepped away from politics due to the death of his wife.

In 1826, the Prime Minister and leader of the Ultras, Joseph de Villèle, introduced a bill reestablishing the law of primogeniture, at least for owners of large estates, unless they chose otherwise. The Revolution had radically changed inheritance law by mandating partitive inheritance, where property is dispersed equally among heirs, in order to break up aristocratic holdings. The proposed law was met with fierce opposition from the liberal Doctrinaires, the press, and even from Dissident Ultras, such as Chateaubriand. De Bonald's On the Agricultural Family, the Industrial Family, and the Right of Primogeniture was written in defense of primogeniture, agrarianism, and the proposed law. The government tried to manage popular outrage by attempting to pass a bill in December of that year curtailing the press, having largely withdrawn censorship in 1824. This only inflamed tensions and the proposed changes to inheritance were dropped by the government.

In 1827, Charles X created a commission on censorship and tasked de Bonald with presiding over it. This position would lead to the end of his long friendship with Chateaubriand, who opposed literary censorship. De Bonald's own attitudes towards censorship were somewhat mixed; he was in favor of taking a hard line on books since objectionable material in this form would be harder to take out of circulation, however he felt newspapers and periodicals should enjoy a greater degree of freedom. He felt that offending journalists and publishers should be first given a warning and then face legal prosecution if they continued to publish material detrimental to the public order. Bonald felt that the censorship practices of the 17th century would be anachronistic in the 19th century, and that the best way to combat error would be through the "marketplace of ideas." Bonald himself had voted against a proposed censorship law in 1817 as giving too much power to the government.

He retired from the Chamber of Peers in 1829. Following the July Revolution and the institution of the liberal July Monarchy in 1830, he retired from public life for good and spent the remainder of his days on his estate at Le Monna.

Politics
Bonald's political philosophy rests on the assumptions of humanity's fallenness, the need for strong government to repress man's evil tendencies, and the belief that humans are inherently social creatures. He opposed the individualistic and atomistic tendencies of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. At the heart of his political thought was the idea that the family was the basis of society and that institutions should work to protect it in its traditional form. For this reason he opposed the secularization of marriage, divorce, and partitive inheritance. He was also critical of the Industrial Revolution because of its negative effects on traditional patterns of family life.

The sharing of power, as in a democracy, seemed ludicrous to Bonald, and the doctrine of the separation of powers tended towards anarchy. The monarch rules for the good of society and thus represents the general will, contrary to Rousseau; whereas a multitude of individual wills, even when united in purpose, do not constitute the general will.

Economics
Bonald was also an early critic of laissez-faire economics. In 1806, he wrote a treatise critical of usury, or the practice of lending at interest, and in 1810 he wrote a critical review of the French edition of The Wealth of Nations. He was likewise critical of Louis XVI's finance minister, Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, a physiocrat who liberalised France's grain trade and supported the suppression of the trade guilds. Bonald criticised Turgot as a "fanatical partisan of a materialistic politics." Elsewhere he says, "[w]heat was not given to man to be an object of commerce, but to nourish him." Shaped by Tacitus and his condemnations of Roman decadence, Bonald felt that economic liberalism and unrestrained wealth would undermine the Christian character of the French people, and would lead men to become less generous and more self-centered.

Religion
Bonald was one of the leading writers of the theocratic or traditionalist school, which included Maistre, Lamennais, Ballanche and Ferdinand d'Eckstein. The traditionalist school, in reaction to the rationalists, believed that human reason was incapable of even arriving at natural religion, and that tradition, the result of a primitive revelation, was necessary to know both natural religion as well as the truths of supernatural revelation. Bonald believed that the principles of good governance could be deduced from history and sacred scripture. His political thought is closely tied to his theory of the divine origin of language. Since man learns to speak through imitation, he believed that the first man must have learned to speak from God, who announced all moral principles to this first man. In his own words, "L'homme pense sa parole avant de parler sa pensée" (man thinks his speech before saying his thought); the first language contained the essence of all truth. These moral truths were then codified in Holy Scripture. From this he deduces the existence of God, the divine origin and consequent supreme authority of the Holy Scriptures, and the infallibility of the Catholic Church.

Bonald published an anti-Semitic text during the post-French Revolutionary period, Sur les juifs, in which he described Jews an alien race, describing them with the same racialized language he used to attack the recently emancipated Black slaves in the colonies. In it, the philosophes are condemned for fashioning the intellectual tools used to justify Jewish emancipation during the Revolution. Bonald accused French Jews of not becoming "authentic" French citizens and of being a disruptive force in traditional society. Bonald called for the reversal of Jewish emancipation and endorsed new discriminatory measures, such as a distinctive mark which Jews would be forced to wear to identify them in public.

Metaphysics
While this thought lies at the root of all his speculations, there is a formula of constant application. All relations may be stated as the triad of cause, means and effect, which he sees repeated throughout nature and society. Thus, in the universe, he finds the First Cause as mover, movement as the means, and bodies as the result; in the state, power as the cause, ministers as the means, and subjects as the effects; in the family, the same relation is exemplified by father, mother and children; and in political society, the monarch as cause, ministers/nobility as means, and the subjects as effect. These three terms bear specific relations to one another; the first is to the second as the second to the third. Thus, in the great triad of the religious world—God, the Mediator, and Man—God is to the God-Man as the God-Man is to Man. On this basis, he constructed a system of political absolutism.

Influence
Bonald's writings exercised a great deal of influence over conservative and French Catholic thought throughout the 19th century. The French writer Honoré de Balzac considered himself to be an intellectual heir of Bonald and took up many Bonaldian themes in his writings, once declaring that "when it beheaded Louis XVI, the Revolution beheaded in his person all fathers of families." Bonald's influence carried on throughout the counter-revolutionary tradition in the writings of Spanish conservative Juan Donoso Cortés and the ultramontane French journalist Louis Veuillot. His writings also exerted a great influence over the corporatist philosophical tradition through Frédéric le Play and René de La Tour du Pin, and through them he had an influence on the development of the principle of solidarity in Catholic social thought.

Bonald's direct influence fell into decline after World War I, especially outside of French Catholic circles. Since then he has generally suffered neglect at the hands of economic historians and historians of Catholic thought. Bonald's thought has often drawn more positive attention from historians working within the Marxist or socialist tradition.

Works

 * 1796: Théorie du Pouvoir Politique et Religieux.
 * 1800: Essai Analytique sur les Lois Naturelles de l’Ordre Social.
 * 1801: Du Divorce: Considéré au XIXe, Impr. d'A. Le Clere.
 * 1802: Législation Primitive (3 volumes).
 * 1815: Réflexions sur l’Intérêt Général de l’Europe.
 * 1817: Pensées sur Divers Sujets.
 * 1818: Recherches Philosophiques sur les Premiers Objets des Connaissances Morales.
 * 1818: Observations sur un Ouvrage de Madame de Staël.
 * 1819: Mélanges Littéraires, Politiques et Philosophiques.
 * 1821: Opinion sur la Loi Relative à la Censure des Journaux.
 * 1825: De la Chrétienté et du Christianisme.
 * 1826: De la Famille Agricole et de la Famille Industrielle.
 * 1830: Démonstration Philosophique du Principe Constitutif de la Société.
 * 1834: Discours sur la Vie de Jésus-Christ.

Complete works

 * Œuvres de M. de Bonald, 1817-1843 (A. Le Clere, 14 vols. in-8°).
 * Œuvres de M. de Bonald, 1847-1859 (A. Le Clere, 7 vols. in-8° gr.).
 * Œuvres Complètes de M. de Bonald, 1858 (Jacques-Paul Migne, 3 vols. in-4°).
 * Œuvres Complètes, Archives Karéline, 2010 (facsimile of the Migne edition).

Writings in English translation

 * In Menczer, Béla, 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789-1848, University of Notre Dame Press.
 * "The Unity of Europe," pp. 79–89.
 * "On Domestic Society," pp. 89–95.
 * On Divorce, Transaction Publishers, 1992.
 * In Blum, Christopher Olaf, editor and translator, 2004. Critics of the Enlightenment. Wilmington DE: ISI Books.
 * 1815: "On Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux," pp. 43–70.
 * 1817: "Thoughts on Various Subjects," pp. 71–80.
 * 1818: "Observations on Madame de Staël's Considerations on the Principle Events of the French Revolution," pp. 81–106.
 * 1826: "On the Agricultural Family, the Industrial Family, and the Right of Primogeniture," pp. 107–32.
 * The True and Only Wealth of Nations: Essays on Family, Society and Economy, trans. by Christopher Blum. Ave Maria University Press, 2006. ISBN 1-932589-31-7
 * In Blum, Christopher O., editor and translator, 2020. Critics of the Enlightenment. Providence, RI: Cluny Media.
 * 1810: "On the Wealth of Nations," pp. 25–34.
 * 1815: "A Proposal to Abolish Divorce," pp. 35–44.
 * 1817: "Thoughts on Various Subjects," pp. 45–52.
 * 1826: "On the Agricultural Family, the Industrial Family, and the Right of Primogeniture," pp. 53–71.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louis de Bonald


text:
NewWave

NewWave is a discontinued object-oriented graphical desktop environment and office productivity tool for PCs running early versions of Microsoft Windows (beginning with 2.0). It was developed by Hewlett-Packard and introduced commercially in 1988. It was used on the HP Vectras and other IBM compatible PCs running Windows.

From a user perspective NewWave ran on top of Windows and completely replaced the standard Windows Desktop and Program Manager user interface with its own object-oriented desktop interface.

HP promoted NewWave until the release of Windows 95, at which time further development of the product ceased due to incompatibility with the new operating system. The NewWave GUI (together with the contemporaneous NeXTSTEP GUI) introduced the shaded "3-D look and feel" that was later widely adopted.

HP encouraged independent software vendors to produce versions of applications which took advantage of NewWave functionality, allowing their data to be handled as objects instead of files. One early example was Samna Corporation (later acquired by Lotus) who produced an edition of their Microsoft Windows word processor Ami Pro entitled "Ami Pro for NewWave". On June 20, 1988 Microsoft Corporation and Hewlett-Packard issued a press release announcing the inclusion of NewWave support in an up-coming release Microsoft Excel.

NewWave featured icons, scheduled scripts in the form of "agents", and "hot connects."

HP incorporated NewWave into their multi-platform office automation offerings running under their proprietary MPE and HP-UX (UNIX) minicomputer operating systems. They developed NewWave versions of key email, database, document management, personal productivity, communications and network management tools and branded all related solutions under the “HP NewWave Office” banner. Prior to the integration of HP NewWave this solution set had been known as “Business System Plus”. The “NewWave Office” term had been used previously to describe the main NewWave user desktop.

Overview
In its original November 1987 press release Hewlett-Packard described NewWave as “an application environment designed to provide personal computer users with a single method to access data and files from multiple sources on a company’s network”. It was developed by HP’s Personal Software Division (PSD) in Santa Clara, California, United States, as part of their distributed computing environment strategy, after three years of work by more than 100 employees.

The original version of NewWave ran on IBM compatible PCs and required MS-DOS 3.2 or later and Windows 2.0 or later.

Key features of NewWave included:
 * An icon-based user interface.
 * An Object Management Facility (OMF) which completely replaced the MS-DOS / Windows file-based system.
 * “Hot connects” - ensuring data changed in one file are automatically updated in related files in which those data are used.
 * Agents, based on artificial intelligence (AI) principles, which could be set to perform routing activities such as gathering data from various computers to create a monthly sales report. Agents could follow a procedure carried out by an end-user and remember it so it could be repeated at a specified time or executed under certain conditions.

Pricing

 * HP NewWave Developers Kit - released February 1988: $895 (US)
 * HP NewWave end-user version - released second-half 1988: $195 (US)

Object Management Facility (OMF)
HP described the OMF as a means of binding applications and data together to form “objects”, such as compound documents.

Contextual online help
In addition to MS-Windows-style indexed help articles NewWave introduced a context-sensitive help facility. This allowed a user to click on a ‘Help’ menu option which added a query symbol to the mouse arrow; once switched into this ‘help mode’ the user could click on any part of the NewWave environment or any menu command to have the help for that item displayed in a pop-up window.

Computer-based training
Working in conjunction with the NewWave Agent the computer-based training functionality of NewWave allowed developers to build interactive lessons into the desktop environment and the applications themselves. This allowed users to learn with actual live applications in a non-destructive way. The feature was dropped in later versions of NewWave due to the increased disk requirements it imposed and the limited hard disk space available in PCs of the time.

Agent
The NewWave Agent was a task-recording and execution facility, which could work across multiple applications. Users could record any sequence of tasks performed within the NewWave environment. Recorded tasks generated a BASIC-like source-code, which could be repeated unmodified, or edited and expanded to create sophisticated automated and interactive activities.

Built-in and bridged applications
NewWave included some built-in applications, which were fully integrated with the Object Management Facility, NewWave Agent, Online Help and Computer Based Training features. Non-native NewWave applications could be integrated into the environment using “advanced bridges”, allowing their live data to be embedded in compound documents. The standard end-user version of HP NewWave included bridges for HP’s own PC applications, such as HP Graphics gallery, MS Windows tools (calculator, calendar, notepad etc.) and many common third-party applications. Users could also create their own bridges to other applications using the included Bridge Builder tool. Bridges could be exported for use on other NewWave-enabled systems and were often shared amongst the NewWave user community.

NewWave Write
HP described NewWave Write as a basic-to-intermediate level “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWIG) word processor with support for compound documents.

NewWave Mail
NewWave Mail was available as a separate native NewWave product, which could act as a client to HP’s proprietary DeskManager and OpenMail email server solutions.

Third-party applications
HP succeeded in establishing a third-party developer program following the release of the NewWave Software Developer’s Kit (SDK) in February 1988.

NewWave enabled third-party applications included:

NewWave bridged third-party applications
Third-party application bridges shipped with the end-user release of HP NewWave included:

History
During its eight-year life HP NewWave underwent several functional and cosmetic changes, including a revision of the desktop interface and the dropping of the built-in Computer Based Training facility.

Apple lawsuit
Because of alleged similarities to the Macintosh GUI, NewWave was the subject of an unsuccessful "look and feel" lawsuit by Apple (see Apple v. Microsoft).

Reception
While praising HP's "serious, sincere effort" to give Windows "a complete, object-oriented" GUI, Stewart Alsop II in 1988 doubted that other software developers would create software for NewWave because HP "is not considered a standard setter", IBM and Microsoft had their own desktop-metaphor plans, and existing applications needed "a substantial redesign and rewrite" to effectively use it.

HP NewWave was never adopted as a mainstream end-user environment although it was adopted by a number of corporate clients as the basis for office productivity projects including:
 * BT BoaT - Major British Telecom office automation project.
 * Royal Insurance - desktop project implemented by the Liverpool-based insurance company.
 * N&P - National and Provincial building society - based in Bradford.
 * TSB Trust Company - Desktop architecture.

HP had some success in licensing NewWave to other hardware manufacturers:
 * Data General repackaged NewWave as CEO Object Office, and introduced it as an extension to their CEO Office office automation software.
 * NCR used NewWave as the basis for their Cooperation software.

Legacy
In January 1990 HP stated its intention to provide NewWave capabilities on Unix with Motif and on OS/2 with Presentation Manager. Although these versions were never released HP did contribute some of its NewWave technology to projects run by the Open Software Foundation of which HP was a member.

title: NewWave


text:
Victor de Bonald

Victor de Bonald (1780–1871), son of Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, followed his father in his exile. He was rector of the Academy of Montpellier after the Bourbon Restoration, but lost his post during the Hundred Days. Regaining it at the Second Restoration, he resigned finally in 1830. He wrote Des vrais principes opposés aux erreurs du XIX siècle (1833), Moïse et les géologues modernes (1835), and a life of his father.

title: Victor de Bonald


text:
Talk:After Henry (radio series)

Dates
I am not sure how Series 3 can be dated later than Series 4?
 * That's a very good point. If anyone knows which series is wrong, please correct it.

removed para
''The script of each episode of this genial laid-back comedy is a masterpiece in its own right, with everything coming together with elegant smoothness at the end. Prunella Scales, who plays Sarah, said of the first series, "these are scripts of rare economy and distinction." The dialogue is intelligent, and the plot is detailed and sensitive without being dramatic.''

 * Removed as highly pov, Scales quote might be salvagable put seemed out of context on its own. Tim! (talk) 10:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge discussion
The page After Henry (tv series) is based on the same show and has an identical plot section! These two pages really should be merged, in line with other radio series which have been adapted for television.Gymnophoria (talk) 11:31, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:After Henry (radio series)


text:
List of Mediterranean fleets

Several countries have or have had a Mediterranean fleet in their navy:

 * Mediterranean Fleet, formerly of the British Royal Navy
 * French Mediterranean Fleet
 * Mediterranean Squadron (United States)
 * United States Sixth Fleet
 * Mediterranean Division, a detached unit of the Imperial German Navy
 * 5th Operational Squadron, an element of the Soviet Navy
 * Permanent task force of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea
 * Mediterranean Fleet (Russian Empire)

title: List of Mediterranean fleets


text:
Louis Jacques Maurice de Bonald

Louis Jacques Maurice de Bonald (30 October 1787 – 23 February 1870) was a French cardinal and Archbishop of Lyon.

Biography
Born at Millau, he was the son of the philosopher Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald.

He was condemned by the council of state for a pastoral letter attacking Dupin the elder's Manuel de droit ecclsiastique. In 1848 he held a memorial service for those who fell gloriously in defence of civil and religious liberty. In 1851 he nevertheless advocated in the senate the maintenance of the temporal power of the Pope by force of arms.

title: Louis Jacques Maurice de Bonald


text:
Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean (France)

The French Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, also known as CECMED (French for Commandant en chef pour la Méditerranée) is a French Armed Forces regional commander. He commands the zone, the region and the Mediterranean maritime arrondissements. He is usually an admiral of the French Navy, and is under the direct authority of the French Chief of the Defence Staff. the position was held by Admiral Yann Tainguy.

CECMED today is simultaneously:
 * Commander of the région and the Mediterranean maritime arrondissement,
 * Maritime Zone commander,
 * Maritime Prefect for the Méditerranean.

Today the main French naval combat force in the Mediterranean is the Force d'action navale (FAN) headquartered at Toulon. The Admiral commanding the Naval Action Force (ALFAN) is responsible to the Chief of Staff of the French Navy at the rue Royale in Paris.

Mediterranean Squadron
Vice-amiral François Fournier was Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Squadron (Commandant en chef l'Escadre de Méditerranée, fr:Escadre de la Méditerranée) in January 1899 aboard Galilée.

On 20 July 1921 after a series of designation changes, the force again became the Mediterranean Squadron. It became the 1st Squadron on 1 January 1927; the Mediterranean Squadron on 30 October 1936; and the Mediterranean Fleet on 1 July 1939. On the outbreak of war the fleet consisted of the 2nd Squadron (Vice Amiral d'Escadre Emmanuel Ollive) at Toulon, with three older battleships (including Bretagne and Provence) and their fleet torpedo boat escorts; the 3rd Squadron of two divisions of 10,000-ton cruisers (Algerie, Dupleix, Foch in 1e DC) and three divisions of contretorpilleurs, also at Toulon, and the 4th Squadron at Bizerte with a light cruiser division and three divisions of contretorpilleurs, under Rear Admiral André Marquis.

In September 1939 the fleet included:
 * 2ème Escadre (VAE Ollive) : Provence (VAE Ollive - CV Barois)
 * 2ème DL : Lorraine * (CA Vallée - CV Aurin) - Bretagne (CV Seguin)
 * 1ère FT (CV Longaud) :
 * 1ère DT : La Palme ° (CV Longaud) - Le Mars (CC Lamote) –Tempête (CC Pellegrin)
 * 3ème DT : Le Fortuné ° (CC d’Hespel)– La Railleuse (CC Hourcade) – Simoun (CC Hainguerlot)
 * 7ème DT : Tramontane ° (CF Renault) - Typhon (CC Le Hagre) – Tornade (CC Labat)
 * 3ème Escadre (VA Duplat) :-
 * 1ère Division de Croiseurs: Algérie *** (VA Duplat - CV Nouvel de la Flèche) - Dupleix (CV Hameury) – Foch (CV Mathieu) - Colbert (ship list as of 1 July 1939)
 * 2ème DC : Duquesne ** (CA Kerdudo – CV Husson) – Tourville (CV Marloy)
 * 3ème EL (CA Derrien) :
 * 5ème DCT : Tartu ° (CV Chomel) - Chevalier Paul (CF Bonnot) – Vauquelin (CF Jaujard)
 * 7ème DCT : Vautour ° (CF Reboul Hector Berlioz) - Gerfaut (CF Penet) – Albatros (CF Penet)
 * 9ème DCT : Maillé Brézé ** (CA Derrien) - CF Glotin) - Cassard (CF Braxmeyer) – Kersaint (CF Rebuffel)
 * 4ème Escadre (CA Marquis) :
 * 3ème DC : Marseillaise ** (CA Marquis – CV Hamon) - Jean de Vienne (CV Missoffe) – La Galissonniere (CV Dupré)
 * Non endivisionné : Emile Bertin (CV Battet)

The twentieth century history of the French Navy in the Mediterranean includes surveillance of actions during the Spanish Civil War. On 14 June 1940, the 3rd Escadre executed Operation Samoyède. The squadron, including the cruisers Foch, Algérie, Dupleix and Colbert, bombarded Genoa, supported by French Naval Aviation.

In 1940, after the fall of France, the Royal Navy launched the attack on Mers-el-Kébir which disabled most of the French surface fleet in 1940 to prevent it from falling into German hands. In 1942 the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon took place for the same reason. The Navy also protected troop convoys from French Algeria to France in both World Wars, and played a peripheral role in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. In 1956 the French Navy joined forces the Royal Navy to take control of the Suez Canal in Egypt during the Suez Crisis. In 1964, the cruiser Colbert became flagship of the Mediterranean squadron. The regional Mediterranean and Atlantic fleets (Amiral commandant l'escadre de la Méditerranée, ALESCMED, and Atlantic equivalent ALESCLANT), were replaced by ALFAN (the Naval Action Force) and Admiral, Antisubmarine Group (ALGASM) as part of Optimar '95, the post-Cold War restructuring process.

Mediterranean naval forces within the Force d'action navale
In the 2020s, French naval forces in the Mediterranean are one element within the Force d'action navale of the French Navy. The force d'action navale is composed of ships based both in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. However, as of 2022 the majority of the fleet's major combatants are based in the Mediterranean, including:

 * Six nuclear-powered attack submarines of the Rubis and Barracuda classes
 * The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle;
 * Three Mistral-class amphibious assault ships;
 * Two Horizon-class air defence frigates;
 * Four Aquitaine-class frigates; and,
 * Five La Fayette-class frigates.


text:
Talk:Lizzie McGuire

In The Trivia
in the trivia box it says something about romo and juliet. what does that have to do with the show? well, i'll erase it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by VeronicaGirl (talk • contribs) 01:36, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Student Bodies Link
In the part where it mentiones Student Bodies, the link goes to an article about a different movie by the same name. I don't think there is currently an article for the Student Bodies show mentioned. I changed it so that it's Student Bodies(syndicated program) for now. RThaiRThai 04:21, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

"If one of Matt's friends appears, the other usually doesn't."
 * 1) Is this really nessesary? There are so many random facts that you could put in about a TV show. For example: if Miranda appears, usually Lizzie does too.  If Kate is there, her entourage is usually there.  If Lanny appears, Matt is usually there.  See my point? I vote to remove the said quote. -Frazzydee 19:15, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Not a true statement either, there have been quite a few episodes with both Melina and Lanny. --The lorax 15:15, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

210.213.183.151
I don't think I'd call the contributions of 210.213.183.151 to be vandalism or spamming; they seem to be well-intentioned attempts to put in more links and images related to Hilary and Lizzie, though perhaps not always appropriate for the style of this site.

Animated Lizzie
While I usually don't take facts from channel-related sites (they never really update), Cartoon Lizzie's name is actually Animated Lizzie (but hey, who updates peoples names, anyway?) --Wack'd About Wiki 10:42, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Rating
I believe the show has been aired showing both "TV G" and "TV Y" (or was it "TV Y7"?) ratings... they used one rating on the Disney Channel and a different one on ABC. *Dan T.* 20:01, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Spinoff
How do you people know about the spinoff. Is there any references, commercial, or citation? no.

You're right. No one knows about a spinoff. So why post it, people? Huh? —Preceding unsigned comment added by VeronicaGirl (talk • contribs) 23:06, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

 * If you're talking about Stevie Sanchez / What's Stevie Thinking?, there was at one point a subsite of TV Tome about it (that site later became tv.com) with quite a bit of discussion, some of it allegedly posted by creator Terri Minsky herself. However, I don't think there's really any reliable source that is suitable for Wikipedia. *Dan T.* 15:57, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That aborted spinoff supposedly starred Selena Gomez, then an unknown, but since become a fairly famous "Disney girl" star in other shows. Meanwhile, the latest rumor bursting out around the end of February of this year was that Hilary Duff was coming back for a "Lizzie McGuire College Life" series, for which there was a supposed official announcement in the form of a graphic shown on a number of websites, but no reliable source surfaced, so it's likely a hoax. *Dan T.* (talk) 02:45, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It was definitely a hoax. And remember that you're responding to comments over four years old here. Elizium23 (talk) 04:43, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

It wasn't a hoax,it just never happened,as they planned. silvershrek

 * To clarify, it's the fairly recent rumor of a "College Life" series that's (apparently) a hoax. The earlier online mentions of a "Stevie Sanchez" spinoff series starring Selena Gomez were never documented by a sufficiently reliable source to include here, but seem to have appeared widely enough that there might be some truth behind them, but the series in question apparently was canceled before it ever aired.  The fact that Selena Gomez was mentioned at the time in conjunction with those rumors actually adds veracity given that she was pretty much an unknown then, certainly not the star she is now, so it's unlikely anybody would have come up with her name if she wasn't actually being considered for the part. *Dan T.* (talk) 19:01, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Yeah,I was referring to "What's Stevie Thinking?",the spinoff that was also supposed to have Lalaine,reprise her role as "Miranda",far as the "college years for Lizzie" goes,saw that alot on facebook,twitter...go figure Silvershrek (talk) 00:30, 26 April 2011 (UTC)silvershrek

Vandalism
I removed a few sentences that seemed to be vandalism (calling the show "gay" and characters "fags"). Someone should see who put those up there and ban them from editing the article, if possible.

Where Lizzie McGuire takes place
Maybe I'm blind, but is there not anywhere here that states in which city and state this show takes place? I know California from the bottom, but the article should explain this more! I knew a few years ago, but not anymore :( It would be nice if this could be put here . . . somewhere.  I consider it background to the show.  And I'm sure for others it adds a certain "thing" to the show experience that they can't explain :p 75.179.161.245 (talk) 07:22, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It is a town named Hillridge, supposedly in southern California, though I don't know if they ever made any explicit mention of its location. *Dan T.* (talk) 02:48, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

DVD Release listing need updating!
Hello! I've noticed that the listings for the DVD releases of Lizzie McGuire to be completely inaccurate. I own ALL the DVDs listed in this section, and as such, I feel that this section needs serious updating. The ONLY one listed that's accurate is "Box set volume 1". As such, it is NOT listed below. This information below is what is accurate

-Lizzie McGuire: Fashionably Lizzie (This was a US release that featured four episodes)

-Lizzie McGuire: Growing Up Lizzie (This was a US release that featured four episodes, and the music video for Hilary's song "I Can't Wait")

-Lizzie McGuire: Star Struck (This was a US release that featured FIVE episodes, NOT four. The episodes included are "Here Comes Aaron Carter", "Lizzie in the Middle", "Xtreme Xmas", "Grand Ole Grandma", and the 5th, labeled as a bonus episode, "El Oro de Montezuma")

-Lizzie McGuire: Totally Crushed (This was a US release that featured FIVE episodes, NOT four. The episodes included are "First Kiss", "The Greatest Crush of All", "Scarlett Larry", "Just Friends", and the 5th, labeled as a bonus episode, "The Courtship of Miranda Sanchez")

'''In the UK, there were 12 DVDs that were released, possibly individually (unsure of this), but were definitely released as the Series 1, Series 2 and Series 3 boxed sets respectively. The individual listings on the wiki page for "When Moms Attack", "Misadventure In Babysitting", "Come Fly With Me" and "Whats Lizzie Thinking" should probably be removed. See below for more details on what these three UK only released boxed sets contain'''

(The episodes are featured on Series 1, 2 and 3 in production code order, NOT airdate)

-Season 1 - This should be listed as Series 1 Boxed Set. It consists entirely of Season 1 episodes. It contains 4 DVDs separated by their own naming convention, and the DVD names and featured episodes are as follows. "When Mom's Attack" (Episodes 101-106), "Misadventures in Babysitting" (Episodes 107-111), "Come Fly with Me" (Episodes 112-116) and "What's Lizzie Thinking" (Episodes 117-121).

-Season 2 - This should be listed as Series 2 Boxed Set. However, the first half of this box set contains the last season 1 episodes and the second half contains the first 12 episodes from Season 2. It contains 4 DVDs separated by their own naming convention, and the DVD names and featured episodes are as follows. The first 2 DVDs feature the last 10 episodes from season 1. Disc 1 is "Lizzie Strikes Out" (Episodes 122-126) and disc 2 is "Lizzie and Kate's Big Adventure" (Episodes 127-131). The last 2 DVDs in the Series 2 set contain Season 2 episodes. Disc 3 is "Movin' On Up" (Episodes 201-206) and "Party Over Here" (Episodes 207-212).

-Season 3 - This should be listed as Series 3 Boxed Set. Lizzie McGuire ran for ONLY 2 seasons, and the series 3 boxed set contains the final 22 episodes of the series. It contains 4 DVDs separated by their own naming convention, and the DVD names and featured episodes are as follows. "You're a Good Man Lizzie McGuire" (Episodes 213-217), "Lizzie and Miranda's Magic Train" (Episodes 218-222), "My Fair Larry" (Episodes 223-228) and "Clue-Less" (Episodes 229-234).

Feel free to update the DVD section of the wiki page with this information, as I'm not great when it comes to editing "charts" in Wikipedia.

DLav87 — Preceding undated comment added 03:29, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * If you can provide references to support the changes, feel free to make the changes yourself. Wikipedia is a volunteer-based project, after all. I wouldn't make changes to anything that you're not sure of, though. And I will again emphasize that adding references is crucial. The current reference for Fashionably Lizzie supports 4 episodes per DVD, for instance. Maybe we need better refs. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 15:58, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm definitely positive on all of this. The Series 1, 2, and 3 4-DVD boxed sets include what is listed here. As i said there were 12 DVDs released in the UK, as well as other countries, 4 for each "Series" boxed set. The only thing I'm unsure of is if those DVDs were also available individually in the UK, as well as in their respective sets. They are available on region 0, 2 and 4 DVDs.....which means they were available in Australia as well. However, the naming convention of the DVDs and the episodes seem to remain unchanged. And yes, Fashionably Lizzie only contains 4 episodes on it. The only ones that contains 5 are the two listed above. It sucks because I have these DVDs sitting in front of me, but very little sources can be found online....or so it seems.

 * I think you should use this template. It seems to be geared for the thing you're trying to do. Hope that helps! Cyphoidbomb (talk) 19:44, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Law dog
Twice today, an IP hopper has added to the Production section, content about one of the actors quitting the entertainment biz and becoming a lawyer. I don't see what this has to do with production of the series and I have removed it. We don't do "Where Are They Now?" segments in TV series articles. This content might (if deemed noteworthy) belong in the actor's article, but not here. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 02:16, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130731095231/http://www.popgirl.tv/tv-guide/2016/Lizzie-McGuire to http://www.popgirl.tv/tv-guide/2016/Lizzie-McGuire

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Lizzie McGuire
Lizzie McGuire is 17 years old. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.97.54.137 (talk) 10:42, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

Sequel series
Just wondering if the general consensus is to contain information on the sequel series to this article; or to eventually create a new article specifically for the reboot? SatDis (talk) 07:15, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * If we look to similar "sequel series," such as Disney's Brand Spanking New Doug, while the show arguably was a new series, we considered subsequent seasons under one umbrella. So I'd guess we'd count this new season as Season 3? The lorax (talk) 15:36, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * We can also look to shows such as Will & Grace and Prison Break which also treat revivals as continuing seasons. I think the distinction for a new page would be a new title, such as Girl Meets World or Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp. Thanks. SatDis (talk) 21:45, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Adding a point that the series should be referred to as a "sequel series" or "revival" but NOT a "reboot". A reboot mainly refers to a relaunch of a franchise - like if a new actor played Lizzie and it was still a high school series. SatDis (talk) 09:33, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * It seems a bit problematic that all links on the article under the word "sequel" link to articles about the concepts of sequels or spin-offs. Even if a new page is not made, this should be rectified. Killthealias (talk) 07:15, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

"Lizzie McGuire (upcoming TV series)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Lizzie McGuire (upcoming TV series) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 1 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:39, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Manual of Style
Is there something wrong about the edit I obviously made? I reorganized some of the things that would keep on updating in the future, especially the ones that needed expansion. I don't think the edit should be undone. Do you want to leave the way it looks like for right now until further notice? Aubreeprincess (talk) 12:52, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I think seeing as this article just passed the Good Article review process, there are not many changes that need to be made. If there is a specific aspect of the Manual of Style that you are referring to, please discuss it here. I don't believe the "expansion" tags are necessary unless you can justify what exactly you would like expanding. You are most welcome to assist with these changes instead of flooding the page with tags. Thank you. SatDis (talk) 08:59, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lizzie McGuire


text:
Ifriqiya

Ifriqiya (إفريقية '), also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna''' (المغرب الأدنى), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia and eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya). It included all of what had previously been the Byzantine province of Africa Proconsularis and extended beyond it, but did not include the Mauretanias.

To the south, Ifriqiya was bounded by the semi-arid lands and salt marshes named el-Djerid. The northern boundary fluctuated from as far north as Sicily to the North African coastline, and the western boundary usually reached Béjaïa. The capital was briefly Carthage, then Qayrawan (Kairouan), then Mahdia, then Tunis. The Aghlabids, from their base in Kairouan, initiated the invasion of Southern Italy beginning in 827, and established the Emirate of Sicily, which lasted until it was conquered by the Normans, and the short-lived Emirate of Bari.

History
The province of Ifriqiya was created in 703 CE when the Umayyads seized Africa from the Byzantine Empire. Although Islam existed throughout the province, there was still considerable religious tension and conflict between the invading Arabs and the native Berbers. The beliefs and perceptions of people also shifted from area to area. This contrast was at its greatest between coastal cities and villages. Muslim ownership of Ifriqiya changed hands numerous times in its history with the collapse of the Umayyads paving the way for the Aghlabids, who acted as agents of the Abbasids in Baghdad.

They were then overthrown by the Fatimids in 909, when they lost their capital of Raqqada and the Fatimids went on to control all of Ifriqiya in 969, when they took control of Egypt. The Fatimids slowly lost control over Ifriqiya as their regents, the Zirids, became more and more autonomous until the mid-11th century when they fully separated.

Religious divisions paved the way for the Almohads to take over western Ifriqiya (Maghreb) in 1147 and all of Ifriqiya by 1160. This empire was to last until the early 13th century where it was then replaced by the Hafsids, an influential clan that boasted many of Ifriqiya's governors. The Hafsids in 1229 declared their independence from the Almohads and organized themselves under Abu Zakariya, who built the Hafsid empire around its new capital, Tunis.

Records of Arabic oral traditions imply that the Muslims first migrated to Africa feeling persecuted in their Arab homeland. However, Muslim military incursions into Africa began around seven years after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in 632. This campaign into Africa was led by the General Amr ibn al-As and Muslim control of Africa rapidly spread after the initial seizure of Alexandria.

Islam slowly took root in the East African coast due to cross-cultural links established between Muslim traders and the natives of the African coast. The political situation in Islamic Africa was like any other, filled with a chaotic and constant power struggle between movements and dynasties. A key factor in the success of any hopeful party was securing the wealth to fund a push for dominance. One source of great wealth was the lucrative gold-mining areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. The existence of these gold mines made expansion into Africa very worthwhile. The Muslim Empires pushed for influence and control of both the Northern and Southern parts of Africa. By the end of the 11th century, Islam had firmly established itself along the Mediterranean. Like the Europeans, Muslims felt the brutal effects of the Black Death in the 14th century when it arrived in Western Africa (Maghreb) through Europe. Maghreb and Ifriqiya were largely under the rule of the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries. Around the end of the 19th century, Islam accounted for 1/3rd of the religious population of Africa.

Islam and Africa
A hundred years after the Islamic prophet Muhammad's death, the Arab world had expanded as far as the Indus River, thus extending their empire across Asia, Africa and Europe. Arab merchants wayfarers, and clerics began spreading Islam along the coast and into regions such as Sudan. Islam first took root with Sudanese merchants due to their increased interaction with Muslims. They were then followed by several rulers who in turn converted entire countries, such as Ghana in the eleventh century and Mali in the thirteenth century. Due to the way in which Islam entered the African world, a large part of the rural population remained outside the Muslim realm. The spread of Islam was given new life in the eleventh century when an Islamic fundamentalist group of Berber nomads known as the Almoravids took control of the western Islamic empire. While Islam did spread throughout most of Africa it was a highly erratic process that occurred over a long period of time and was not constant or rapid.

Islamic influences on African societies
In some areas such as Ghana, the presence of Muslims led to the founding of several mosques. It is believed that the Sudano Sahelian style of building was engineered by Malian king Mansa Musa, who brought back an architect from his pilgrimage to Mecca whose name was Al-Sahili. Musa's brother was instrumental in the construction of new mosques throughout the empire and established religious centres of learning to aid new and old converts in their empire. Timbuktu was one such religious centre, responsible for much of the commercial and intellectual advancement in the Mali empire. In the 16th century many of the Muslim scholars in Timbuktu hailed from Sudan. Arabic seeped into Africa and merged with Bantu to create Swahili. It is also believed that conversion was a useful way to avoid being captured and sold into slavery in the lucrative market between Lake Chad and the Mediterranean. For African leaders conversion was more of a political tool to gain support and legitimacy from the powerful Arabs whose endorsement would be useful in stamping out their enemies. However, not all tribes readily accepted Islam and the Arabs as their superiors. The Mossi who resided in modern-day Burkina Faso along with the Bamana empire in Mali expressed fierce resistance to Islam. Eventually, exposure to Islam led to the creation of an African strain of Islam with its own unique practices and rituals.

Islamic influence on African art
The Islamic prohibition on the depiction of people and animals was accommodated and integrated into African culture. The charisma of early Muslim clerics in Africa drew swathes of people to Islam. These clerics who were known as marabouts, began producing amulets that contained verses from the Quran. These amulets gradually replaced the role of talismans in African cultures. The emphasis on avoiding representations of living beings reinforced reliance on geometric designs to create intricate patterns for textiles and other crafted goods. Masquerades were another art form that existed in Islamic Africa and they were performed in royal courts in countries such as Mali. However, the most noticeable Islamic impression was left on the architecture of Africa, mosques especially. Islamic civilization into Africa and morphed into a  of cultural diversity and this is reflected nowhere better than in the multitudes of mosques all across Africa.

Constantine the African
Constantine the African was a scholar who was born in Carthage and migrated to Sicily in the 11th century. Constantine traveled through places such as Cairo, India and Ethiopia, and his knowledge of numerous languages helped him interpret many academic texts.

His greatest work came when he joined the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino, where he translated over 30 books, including works by Isaac the Jew, one of the most accomplished physicians in the Western Caliphate. He translated Muslim books on Greek medicine from Arabic to Latin, opening Europe up to a wave of medical knowledge they had had little access to before. His book The Total Art is based on The Royal Book by Persian physician Ali ibn al Abbas.

Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun, a historian born in Tunis, was one of the most prolific academics of the Middle Ages. Ibn Khaldun's book Muqadimmah influenced waves of writers in Egypt, Turkey, and France from the 15th through 19th centuries. Ibn Khaldun served in numerous political positions in al Andalus and Al Maghreb. He fell in and out of favor with the many different powers that rose and fell in Ifriqiya. In the latter 14th century Ibn Khaldun took refuge with a tribe in Algeria and began his four-year endeavor to write an introduction to history, Muqadimmah. Volume I laid the groundwork for sociology, while the two volumes that followed explored the world of politics, subsequent books explored many different themes such as urban life, economics and the study of knowledge. He spent his later years as a judge of the Maliki fiqh in Egypt where he took his work very seriously, evaluating each case on its merits and constantly trying to eradicate flaws that he discovered in the judicial system. His somewhat strict approach to Islamic laws made some Egyptians uneasy, so he eventually left his position and traveled through the eastern reaches of the Arab world. In 1400, he parleyed outside Damascus with Timur, who was in awe of his wisdom. He managed to secure safe passage for many of the inhabitants of Damascus but could not save the city or its mosque from being sacked. After this, he went to Cairo and spent the remainder of his years in relative peace and quiet. He died in 1406 and was buried outside Cairo.

Conquest phase

 * Cyrenaica and Tripolitana conquered in 643 by Amr ibn al-As, organized as new province with regional capital at Barqa; first governors uncertain.
 * Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj, c.665–666 — ruled from Barqa
 * Uqba ibn Nafi, 666–674 — conquered south Tunisia (Byzacena), founded Kairouan (670)
 * Abu al-Muhajir Dinar, 674–681
 * Uqba ibn Nafi, (restored), 681–683 — led cavalcade to Morocco, ostensibly brought the  entire Maghreb under submission.
 * Uqba killed. Arabs expelled from Byzacena, which was then occupied by Awraba Berber chieftain Kusaila, 683–686.
 * Zuhayr ibn Qays, 683–689 — initially only Barqa, retook Byzacena in 686.
 * Zuhayr killed. Berbers under Kahina retake Byzacena in 689. No clear Arab governor, 689–92
 * Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani, 692–703 — initially only Barqa. Captured Carthage in 695 (lost again), then again in 698 (final). Permanent conquest of Ifriqiya, organized as a new province, separately from Egypt, directly under the Umayyad Caliph, with capital at Kairouan.

Umayyad Governors of Ifriqiya

 * Musa ibn Nusair al-Lakhmi, 703–715
 * (During conquest of Spain, Abd Allah ibn Musa was regent in Kairouan, while Musa was in al-Andalus, 712–715)
 * Muhammad ibn Yazid, 715–718
 * Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir, 718–720
 * Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, 720–721
 * Muhammad ibn Yazid (restored), 721
 * Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, 721–727
 * Ubayda ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 727–32
 * Uqba ibn Qudama (temporary), 732–734
 * Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mausili, 734–41. (Berber Revolt begins 740)
 * Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri, 741
 * Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri (de jure, in Córdoba) and Abd al-Rahman ibn Uqba al-Ghifari (de facto, in Kairouan), 741–42
 * Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, 742–44

Fihrid Emirs of Ifriqiya

 * (Independence from Caliphate: Berber statelets in Morocco; Fihrid coup d'état in Kairouan, 745)
 * Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, 745–755.
 * Ilyas ibn Habib al-Fihri, 755
 * Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 755–57

Kharijite rulers

 * (Fihrid Ifriqiya conquered by Kharijite Berbers in 757 — Sufrite Warfajuma in Kairouan, Ibadite Nafusa in Tripoli)
 * Asim ibn Jamil al-Warfajumi (Sufrite), 757–758
 * Abd al-Malik ibn Abi 'l-Jad al-Waranjumi (Sufrite), 758
 * (Ibadites of Tripoli depose Sufrites in Kairouan, 758)
 * Abu al-Khattab Abd al-Ala ibn al-Samh al-Maafiri (Ibadite), 758–760
 * Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustem al-Farissi (Ibadite), 760–62

Abbasid governors in Kairouan

 * (Abbasid invasion of Ifriqiya; Ibadites reduced to Tahert and Nafusa, 762)
 * Appointed governors
 * Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i 762–765 (former Abbasid governor of Egypt)
 * Isa ibn Yussuf al-Khurasani 765
 * al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi 765–766
 * al-Hassan ibn Harb al-Kindi 766–767
 * al-Mikhariq ibn Ghuffar 767–768

 * Muhallabids
 * Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 768–771
 * Habib ibn Habib al-Muhallabi 771
 * Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 771
 * Abu Hatim Yaqub ibn Labib al-Khariji 771–772 (Ibadi rebel)
 * Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 772–787
 * Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 787
 * Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 787–791
 * Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi 791–793
 * al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 793–795

 * Appointed governors
 * Harthama ibn Ayan 795–797
 * Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki, 797–799
 * Tammam ibn Tamim al-Tamimi 799–800
 * Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki 800

Aghlabid Emirs of Ifriqiya

 * Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim (800–812)
 * Abdallah I ibn Ibrahim (812–817)
 * Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim(817–838)
 * al-Aghlab Abu Iqal ibn Ibrahim (838–841)
 * Abu 'l-Abbas Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab Abi Affan (841–856)
 * Ahmad ibn Muhammad (856–863)
 * Ziyadat Allah II ibn Abil-Abbas (863)
 * Abu 'l-Gharaniq Muhammad II ibn Ahmad (863–875)
 * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad (875–902)
 * Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II ibn Ibrahim (902–903)
 * Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah (903–909)

Fatimid Caliphs in Ifriqiya

 * Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdu l-Lāh (ʻUbaydu l-Lāh) al-Mahdī bi'llāh (909–934) — founder of the Fatimid dynasty
 * Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh (934–946)
 * Abū Ṭāhir Ismā'il al-Manṣūr bi-llāh (946–953)
 * Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mu'izz li-Dīn Allāh (953–975) (transferred to Egypt in 973)

Zirid dynasty rulers of Ifriqiya
(invasion of the Banu Hilal (1057) — Kairouan destroyed, Zirids reduced to the main coastal cities, rural areas fragments into petty Bedouin emirates)  (Ifriqiyan coast annexed by Norman Sicily (1143–1160))
 * Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri (973–983)
 * Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983–995)
 * Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995–1016)
 * Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062), — lost west Ifriqiya to Hammadid dynasty,(1018), declared independence from Fatimids (1045)
 * Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz (1062–1108)
 * Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
 * Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
 * Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)

Norman kings of the Kingdom of Africa (Ifriqiya)

(All of Ifriqiya conquered and annexed by the Almohads (1160))
 * Roger II of Sicily (1143-1154)
 * William I of Sicily (1154-1160)

Hafsid governors of Ifriqiya

 * Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs (1207–1216)
 * Abd-Allah (1224–1229)
 * Abu Zakariya (1229–1249)

Hafsid caliphs of Ifriqiya

 * Muhammad I al-Mustansir (1249–1277)
 * Yahya II al-Watiq (1277–1279)
 * Ibrahim I (1279–1283)
 * Ibn Abi Umara (1283–1284)
 * Abu Hafs Umar I (1284–1295)
 * Muhammad I (1295–1309)
 * Abu Bakr I (1309)
 * Aba al-Baqa Khalid an-Nasir (1309–1311)
 * Aba Yahya Zakariya al-Lihyani (1311–1317)
 * Muhammad II (1317–1318)
 * Abu Bakr II (1318–1346)
 * Abu Hafs Umar II (1346–1349)
 * Ahmad I (1349)
 * Ishaq II (1350–1369)
 * Abu al-Baqa Khalid (1369–1371)
 * Ahmad II (1371–1394)
 * Abd al-Aziz II (1394–1434)
 * Muhammad III (1434–1436)
 * Uthman (1436–1488)
 * Abu Zakariya Yahya (1488–1489)
 * Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid) (1489–1490)
 * Abu Yahya Zakariya (1490–1494)
 * Muhammad IV (1494–1526)
 * Muhammad V (1526–1543)
 * Ahmad III (1543–1570)
 * Muhammad VI (1574–1574)
 * Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya (1574–1581)
 * Alem Nafirr (1581)

Chronicles

 * Ibn Abd al-Hakam, English trans. by C.C. Torrey, 1901, "The Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa", Historical and Critical Contributions to Biblical Science, pp. 277–330. online; French trans. in De la Salle Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1852, v.1, App. 1 (pp. 301–308)
 * al-Nuwayri, French trans. in De La Salle, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1852, v.1, App. 2 (pp. 314–444) (From 647 raid through end of Aghlabids) and 1854, v. 2 App.1 (pp. 483–89) (for Zirids). Italian transl. in M. Amari (1851) Nuova raccolta di scritture e documenti intorno alla dominazione degli arabi in Sicilia, (p.27-163) (Aghlabids only)
 * Ibn Khaldoun, French trans. in De La Salle (1852–56), Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale 4 vols, Algiers: Imprimerie du Gouvernment. v.1, v.2  v.3, vol. 4
 * Ibn al-Athir extracts from Kamel al-Tewarikh, French trans. in De La Salle, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1854, v.2, App.#5, (pp. 573ff)

Secondary

 * Julien, C.A. (1931) Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 2 – De la conquête arabe à 1830, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot.

title: Ifriqiya


text:
Eurosport

Eurosport is a French group of pay television networks in Europe and parts of Asia. Owned by Warner Bros. Discovery through its international sports unit, it operates two main channels—Eurosport 1 and Eurosport 2—across most of its territories, and streams on Max and Discovery+, which superseded Eurosport Player.

Originally a joint venture between the European Broadcasting Union and Sky established in 1989, it was briefly shut down in 1991 following complaints by competitor Screensport. It was subsequently acquired by TF1 Group, and later merged with Screensport. For a period, it was a joint venture between TF1, Canal+ Group, and Havas Images. TF1 Group later bought out the other owners' shares. In 2012, Discovery Communications began to take an ownership in Eurosport, eventually leading to a full buyout in 2015.

Eurosport is the main rights holder of the Olympic Games in most of Europe, as well as (with some exceptions) the tennis Grand Slam tournaments.

The network of channels is available in 54 countries, in 20 different languages, providing viewers with European and international sporting events. Eurosport had 157 million subscribers in 2019, while the Eurosport 2 channel had an audience of 87 million viewers.

History
Prior to the creation of Eurosport, the European Broadcasting Union had acquired substantial amounts of sports rights, yet its members were only able to broadcast a fraction of them. This provided the impetus for setting up the Eurosport Consortium, made up of several EBU members, to establish an outlet where these rights could be exploited. Sky Television was chosen as a commercial partner to the EBU project, and the channel launched at 6pm on 5 February 1989. It largely replaced the original Sky Channel (later rebranded Sky One) on European cable systems. Sky Channel refocused to serve only the United Kingdom and Ireland. For a period of time, some of Sky Channel's former pan-European programming was broadcast in the hours before Eurosport's startup, under the brand Sky Europe.

1991 closure
Eurosport was closed down in May 1991 after rival Screensport channel filed a complaint to the European Commission over the corporate structure. The channel was saved later that month when the TF1 Group (formed after the French government privatized the post ORTF-split TF1 5 years prior to the acquisition) stepped in to replace BSkyB as joint owners. It was able to restart its broadcast after 10 days. Broadcasting hours were restricted to 1pm to 11pm, later 8am until midnight before settling at 7.30am and 1am. Its overnight hours were occupied by shopping channel The Quantum Channel.

Eurosport Player & rebrand
On 1 March 1993, the cable and satellite channel Screensport merged with Eurosport. Five days later, that channel's transponder space was taken over by RTL II. Eurosport eventually came under a French consortium comprising the TF1 Group, Canal+ Group and Havas Images. In January 2001, TF1 took full ownership of Eurosport.

In May 2007, Yahoo! Europe and Eurosport formed a co-branded website which Eurosport used as its web portal, including an online TV guide, in the UK, Ireland, Spain, Italy and Germany.

In 2008, Eurosport launched an online subscription service, Eurosport Player, that allows internet users to watch both Eurosport and Eurosport 2 live, plus additional coverage not available via broadcast. During the 2009 Australian Open, the internet player offered coverage from five courts.

On 5 April 2011, Eurosport rebranded its channel. The rebrand incorporated six new on-air idents along with a new logo and presentation style both on-air and off-air. The new on-air identity has been designed by Paris-based design company Les Télécréateurs. All localised Eurosport channels and the Eurosport website embraced the new identity.

Analogue closedown
Having been one of the first channels to broadcast on the Astra 1 group of satellites, Eurosport was the last satellite channel in Europe to broadcast in an analogue format. On 30 April 2012, shortly after 03:00 CET, the rest of the remaining analogue channels at 19.2 East ceased transmission. Eurosport's analogue channel finally ceased transmission on 1 May 2012 at 01:30 CET, marking the end of an era in European satellite broadcasting.

Stake and acquisition by Discovery Communications; Warner Bros. Discovery
On 21 December 2012, Discovery Communications purchased a 20 per cent minority interest share in Eurosport from TF1 Group for €170m. Discovery became the majority shareholder in the Eurosport venture with TF1 in January 2014, taking a 51 per cent share of the company. On 22 July 2015 Discovery agreed to acquire TF1's remaining 49 per cent stake in the venture.

On 13 November 2015, Eurosport introduced its new brand identity and changed the name of its main channel to Eurosport 1.

In 2016, Eurosport expanded its deal with The All England Club to show all the Wimbledon matches live in 19 countries, up from three under a previous deal. It was a 3-year deal (2017-2019) that included exclusive TV and digital rights. This expanded their tennis portfolio to show all four Grand Slams. Eurosport signed a new deal in 2019 to broadcast Wimbledon exclusively in 11 countries. , Eurosport broadcasts the Australian Open, French Open (except in France), US Open (except in the UK and Ireland), and Wimbledon.

In February 2017, Discovery launched the channel in India, branded as DSport which was later renamed to Eurosport in 2020. The channel was made available on various platforms in both SD and HD feeds.

On 5 January 2021, Discovery began to phase out Eurosport Player in favour of its new streaming service Discovery+.

On 11 May 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery (new company formed after merger of Discovery with WarnerMedia) announced an agreement to contribute Eurosport's UK operations into a joint venture with BT Group and BT Sport. WBD will serve as managing partner of the joint venture; the two networks will operate separately for an interim period, after which they will combine their operations under a new name. As part of the agreement, WBD also negotiated a deal for BT Group to distribute Discovery+ to its television and BT Sport subscribers.

Eurosport 1
This is the main channel of Eurosport. A high-definition simulcast version of Eurosport launched on 25 May 2008. The first event covered in HD was the 2008 French Open at Roland Garros. On 13 November 2015 it changed its name to Eurosport 1 HD.

Eurosport 1 feeds
In Europe, Eurosport 1 is generally available in basic cable and satellite television packages. Since 1999, Eurosport 1 provides various opt-out services providing more relevant sporting content specific to language, advertising and commentary needs. Eurosport offers a stand-alone channel which provides a standardised version of the channel (Eurosport International in English). Alongside this, there are also local Eurosport channels in France, Spain, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Poland, Nordic region, Benelux region, and Asia Pacific. These channels offer greater sporting content with local sporting events, while also utilising the existing pan-European feed. The German version of Eurosport is the only one available free-to-air on European digital satellite television.

Eurosport 1 is currently broadcast in 23 languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, Turkish, Cantonese, and Croatian.

In Asia-Pacific territories, Eurosport offers a specific channel to the region. Eurosport (Asia-Pacific) launched on 15 November 2009. The service is available in Australia through Foxtel, Optus and TransACT. On 3 November 2014, a HD simulcast launched on Foxtel.

Eurosport 2
A supplementary channel featuring more live sports events, programming and news updates. Eurosport 2 launched on 10 January 2005 and is currently available in 35 countries, broadcasting in 22 different languages.

Eurosport 2 describes itself as "the new generation sports channel", dedicated to team sports, alternative sports, discovery and entertainment including basketball (like the Italian LBA), Twenty20 Cricket, Bundesliga, National Lacrosse League, Arena Football League, surfing, Volleyball Champions League, Australian Rules Football matches from the Australian Football League, Bandy World Championships and more. Eurosport 2 was branded as Eurosport DK in Denmark. On 15 February 2016, this channel was replaced by Eurosport 2.

Eurosport 2 HD, a high-definition version of the channel, is also available.

Eurosport 2 HD Xtra is a German pay-TV channel launched in 2017. Eurosport bought Germany-only rights for Bundesliga, Supermoto and other broadcasting rights. Eurosport 2 has no German-only signal and Eurosport 1 is free-to-air, so the new channel was needed.

Eurosport India
Eurosport India is the Indian version of the channel launched in February 2017 as DSport. It was made available on major DTH platforms and cable networks across India during the launch. The channel's primary focus would not be cricket, as per the press meet at the launch. The current offering from the channel includes less popular football leagues, cricket premier leagues, wrestling, fighting, golf, motor sports, horse racing, cycling and rugby. The channel is only available in high-definition format. However, few DTH operators downscale the feed to be presented with the standard-definition bouquet. As of 2018, Eurosport India was available to over 110 million households in India.

British Eurosport (1999–2015)
In the UK, British Eurosport launched in 1999, replacing Eurosport International on most platforms, with some schedule variations and local commentary. The launch of British Eurosport and creation of programming specifically for the UK was initially funded by Premium TV, which did not have a stake in the sports channel, but received a share of the revenue. British Eurosport had live studio presentations of major sporting events and tournaments.

On British Eurosport, James Richardson previously hosted the coverage of Serie A football on the Channel from 2002 to 2005 and 2004 UEFA European Football Championship with regular guests, including Alan Curbishley, DJ Spoony, former Chelsea players Paul Elliott, Ed de Goey, Ray Wilkins, Roberto Di Matteo and Carlo Cudicini, former England international Luther Blissett and European football journalists Gabriele Marcotti and Xavier Rivoire.

Will Vanders was known for his coverage of K-1 events, and greeted the viewers in Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Thai to introduce the martial arts show, Fight Club, on Monday nights.

For tennis, studio presentation for the Australian Open, French Open, U.S. Open and WTA Tour Championships on British Eurosport was hosted by Annabel Croft with the segment Hawk-Eye presented by former British number 2 Jason Goodall. (Goodall was briefly ranked ahead of Chris Bailey, Nick Brown, Andrew Castle, Nick Fulwood, Mark Petchey, and James Turner, in May 1989).

British Eurosport covered the snooker season, including ranking events not broadcast by BBC Television such as the Shanghai Masters and China Open. Neal Foulds and former world champion Joe Johnson were among the commentators.

Tour de France coverage in 2014 was commentated on by Carlton Kirby (following the departure of David Harmon) with veteran cyclist Sean Kelly as the "technical expert". The duo continued to commentate in 2015 and an additional pre- and post-programme was broadcast, "Lemond on Tour". This was presented by Ashley House with comment and analysis from Eurosport Cycling Ambassador Greg LeMond. Additional interviews were provided by Spanish cycling journalist Laura Meseguer and former pro racing cyclist Juan Antonio Flecha.

David Goldstrom commentated on ski jumping and ski flying coverage from 1999.

On 10 February 2009, British Eurosport started to broadcast most of its programming in the 16:9 'widescreen' ratio. After the collapse of Setanta Sports, rights for the 2009 season in the USPGA Golf tour reverted to British Eurosport.

On 25 July 2012, British Eurosport HD launched on the Sky, UPC Ireland and Virgin Media platforms, this replaced the pan-European Eurosport HD in the UK and Ireland. British Eurosport 2 HD launched on 3 September 2012 on the Sky platform. Virgin Media has also carried Eurosport 3D to broadcast the 2011 and 2012 French Open and 2012 Summer Olympics. UPC Ireland also broadcast Eurosport 3D for the 2011 French Open. Throughout the duration of the 2012 Summer Olympics, Eurosport 3D also broadcast on the Sky 3D channel.

On 13 November 2015 British Eurosport was replaced by localised versions of Eurosport 1 and Eurosport 1 HD.

Eurosport 3D
In April 2010, Eurosport 3D launched but was only broadcast during a select number of events, such as the French Open and 2012 Summer Olympics.

Eurosport DK (2015–2016)
Eurosport DK was a Danish television channel owned by Discovery Networks Northern Europe. The channel replaced Canal 8 Sport and Eurosport 2 in Denmark on 1 July 2015.

On 28 May 2015, Discovery Networks Northern Europe announced that they would merge Canal 8 Sport and Eurosport 2 into Eurosport DK in Denmark, broadcasting football from Danish Superliga, the Bundesliga, Major League Soccer, Capital One Cup, UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, tennis from ATP Tour, WTA Tour and 3 Grand Slams, cycling from UCI World Tour, Winter sport, Motorsports.

On 15 February 2016, the channel was replaced by Eurosport 2.

2018 Winter Olympics
Eurosport 3, Eurosport 4 and Eurosport 5 (and their HD equivalents) were additional channels created for the 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasting Olympic Broadcasting Services live and highlights streams for the duration of the Olympic Winter Games.

Eurosport News

A sports news channel was on air from 1 September 2000 to 4 January 2018, featuring live scores, highlights, breaking news and commentary. The service combined video, text and graphics with the screen divided into 4 parts: a video section displaying highlights and news bulletins, a breaking news ticker at the bottom and a scoring section for in-depth analysis of results and game stats.

Eurosport 2 Xtra (Portugal)
In 2016, Eurosport bought the rights for Formula One for Portugal and created a pay-TV channel for the occasion. It ended on the next year, after one season and the F1 went back to SportTV. The channel had more Motorsport competitions, such as Formula E, WTCC, and Dakar Rally.

Eurosport Australia
Eurosport Australia was a short-lived sports television channel available until 7 December 2020. It was available on Fetch TV until the contract between Eurosport and Fetch TV ended.

Eurosport EPL Romania (2013-2022)
Eurosport EPL Romania was a channel owned by Eurosport, which broadcast the English Premier League in Romania. It acquired the rights from the Premier League to broadcast the 2013–14 Premier League season. It was closed in 2022.

Programming

 * IAAF Diamond League Athletics
 * European Athletics Championships
 * FIBA EuroBasket
 * Milan-San Remo Cycling
 * Paris-Roubaix
 * Amstel Gold Race
 * ATP Tour 250
 * Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * Giro d'Italia
 * Vuelta a España
 * PGiro di Lombardia
 * Presidents Cup
 * FIA World Endurance Championship
 * 24 Hours of Le Mans

Eurosport Gold (2017-2022)
Eurosport Gold Russia was a channel owned by Eurosport which broadcast the National Hockey League in Russia. It acquired the rights from the NHL to broadcast the 2017–18 NHL season.

On 9 March 2022, Discovery Inc. closed Eurosport Gold due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

Viewing share Eurosport 1
As an international channel, Eurosport's performance differs significantly between countries. The figures below show Eurosport 1's share of overall viewing in some countries.

Sporting events
Eurosport provides viewers with European and international sporting events. It broadcasts different sporting events in each region. This includes several football competitions:
 * AIFF Super Cup
 * Frauen-Bundesliga (only for Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland)
 * FA Cup (only for Denmark and Sweden)
 * FA Community Shield (only for Sweden)
 * Coupe de France (only for France)
 * Eliteserien
 * Allsvenskan (only for Finland, Romania and Sweden)
 * Superettan
 * Major League Soccer (only for India)
 * UEFA Nations League (only for Denmark)
 * Africa Cup of Nations (only for Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and UK)
 * Nepal T20 League

Other sports events include the Paris Dakar Rally, the Monte Carlo Rally, athletics events such as World Athletics Championships and the European Athletics Championships, cycling events such as the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia (except France) and the Vuelta a España, tennis events including the French Open, Australian Open, Wimbledon (31 European territories) and the US Open, the World Championship Snooker, National Hockey League (only for Russia), World Boxing Super Series (only for Spain), and action sports like skating and surfing.

In its early years Eurosport screened European professional wrestling, billed as New Catch, filmed mostly in France (with some German CWA and regional American matches). In the UK, the commentator was Orig Williams. Some preview editions were transmitted on France's TF1 in 1988. From the mid 1990s until 2007, Eurosport broadcast dubbed Japanese professional wrestling (puroresu) episodes of NJPW World Pro-Wrestling series and other major shows for various continental markets. They also used to broadcast UWFi in 2006, 2007 with English commentary or with various other languages where the channel was broadcast. They also used to broadcast TNA wrestling from 2006 until 2008, they broadcast episodes and edited pay per views without interviews. In Italy, Paolo Lanati was the commentator for NJPW, TNA and UWFi.

In June 2015, it was announced that Eurosport had secured the pan-European rights (except Russia) to the winter and summer Olympic Games between 2018 and 2024.

In July 2017, Eurosport had secured the domestic and international rights from 2017 to 2020 of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Eurosport is the new owner of the pay TV, international and internet rights. Eurosport has TV rights also for Italian Basketball Supercup and Italian Basketball Cup.

In October 2018, Eurosport has reached an agreement with the World Boxing Super Series for the exclusive acquisition of the Competition's broadcast rights in Spain

In October 2018, Eurosport sealed a 3-year deal to show British Darts Organisation major events BDO World Darts Championship, World Masters (darts) & World Trophy

In January 2019, it was announced that Eurosport will screen 39 ATP tennis tournaments including the tour finals in Russia for 3 years.

Motorsport
Discovery Sports Events (formerly known as Eurosport Events and before that 'KSO Kigema Sports Organisation Ltd.') is the Eurosport group's sporting events management / promotion / production division, which promotes the FIA European Rally Championship and previously the FIA World Touring Car Cup (WTCR).

Eurosport Events was also the promoter of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge, a rival rallying series to the World Rally Championship, and of the FIA European Touring Car Cup. The IRC ceased at the end of the 2012 season, with Eurosport taking over series promotion of the ERC from 2013. The European Touring Car Cup was active until 2017.

Since 2008, the Eurosport Group has also been broadcasting the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans in full.

Eurosport airs MotoGP in India, previously it had broadcasting rights in various territories including the Netherlands, Belgium, Romania, France and Germany. The network also airs Superbike World Championship in multiple European countries.

On 29 September 2015, Eurosport acquired the Portuguese broadcasting rights for Formula One between 2016 and 2018.

On 30 September, Eurosport and FIM announced that they had signed a contract regarding partnership for FIM's international speedway championships where Eurosport will be the promotor for 10 years. They also announced a deal to show SGB Premiership matches live throughout the season.

Eurosport airs Formula E across Western and Central Europe, except in Germany and Italy.

title: Eurosport


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ze Whiz Kids

Article Ze Whiz Kids listed on WP:VFD May 1 to May 7 2004, rough consensus was to delete. Discussion:

Delete: Garage band. Ellsworth 19:18, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This was a real band, and actually notable for its connections to more important bands. Jgm 19:57, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. 23 google hits for "Ze Whiz Kids" -- Chris 73 | (New) Talk 01:12, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. DS 02:23, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Samuel J. Howard 02:46, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It apparently has historical relevance to the LA punk scene. Article needs work. Alcarillo 15:29, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

End discussion


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William Frederick Denning

William Frederick Denning (25 November 1848 – 9 June 1931) was a British amateur astronomer who achieved considerable success without formal scientific training. He is known for his catalogues of meteor radiants, observations of Jupiter's red spot, and for the discovery of five comets. Outside astronomy, as a young man, Denning showed prowess at cricket to the extent W G Grace invited him to play for Gloucestershire. However Denning's retiring nature made him decline the offer.

Career
Denning devoted a great deal of time to searching for comets, and discovered five of them, including the periodic comet 72P/Denning–Fujikawa and the lost comet D/1894 F1. The latter was the last comet discovered on British soil until the discoveries of George Alcock.

Denning also studied meteors and novae, discovering Nova Cygni 1920 (V476 Cyg). From 1869 Denning held the combined post of secretary and treasurer of the short-lived Observing Astronomical Society. Denning was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society on 8 June 1877. He was also elected to the British Astronomical Association on 26 October 1898. Subsequently, directed its Comet (1891–1893) and Meteor (1899–1900) Sections. He won the Prix Valz of the French Academy of Sciences for 1895.

During his life, Denning published 1179 articles in prominent scientific journals including Nature, The Observatory, Astronomische Nachrichten, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal des Observateurs, and Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Awards and honors

 * In 1898, Denning won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
 * He also won the Donohoe Comet Medal for his July 23, 1890 discovery of a comet.
 * Such was his standing in the astronomical community that following his death a memorial tablet was fixed to his house.
 * Crater Denning on the Moon as well as the Martian crater Denning were named after him in 1970 and 1973, respectively.
 * Asteroid 71885 Denning, discovered by the Spacewatch program in 2000, was named in his memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 October 2009 (M.P.C. 67219).

title: William Frederick Denning