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CBLT-DT

CBLT-DT (channel 5) is a television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, serving as the flagship station of the English-language service of CBC Television. It is part of a twinstick with Ici Radio-Canada Télé outlet CBLFT-DT (channel 25). The two stations share studios at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre on Front Street West in downtown Toronto, which is also shared with national cable news channel CBC News Network and houses the studios for most of the CBC's news and entertainment programs. CBLT-DT's transmitter is located atop the CN Tower.

History
The station first signed on the air on September 8, 1952, originally broadcasting on VHF channel 9. It is the oldest television station in the province of Ontario, and the second oldest in Canada after Ici Radio-Canada Télé flagship station CBFT in Montreal. The station's first broadcast was prefaced by the inadvertent incorrect display of the CBC's national network logo; conflicting accounts say it was either displayed upside-down or backwards, due to the incorrect insertion of the slide. No such error was made two days earlier when CBFT signed on.

CBLT originally broadcast from a series of smaller studios with the main one on Mutual Street nicknamed unofficially as "The Barn" next to the transmitter tower (the old management building, nicknamed "The Kremlin", is now part of the National Ballet School on Jarvis Street). On January 19, 1953, a microwave link between Buffalo, New York and Toronto was activated, allowing the live telecast of programs from the American television networks. A few months later, on May 14, 1953, CBC Television's stations in Montreal (CBFT) and Ottawa (CBOT) became the first connections within the Trans-Canada Microwave system.

In 1956, CBLT moved to VHF channel 6 and increased its effective radiated power from 25 to 100 kW. The change in frequency was made to accommodate the eventual licensing of a second privately owned local station for Toronto, which eventually became CFTO (channel 9) when that station was licensed at the end of 1960. Then in 1972, CBLT relocated to channel 5 in order to allow two new stations – CKGN (now CIII-DT) in Paris and a repeater of Ottawa-based CJOH in Deseronto – to use channel 6.

CBLT moved its transmitter facilities to the CN Tower when it opened in 1976; its signal was transmitted from the tower for the first time on May 31, 1976. It moved its operations to the Canadian Broadcasting Centre on Front Street in 1992.

Branding
CBLT has used a variety of on-air brands since its inception. From 1957 to 1972, it was known as "Channel 6". Following its move to channel 5 in 1972, it rebranded as "CBLT Five", later simplifying it to "CBLT/5". In the late 1970s, the station was branded as "Toronto/5", with the then-new CBC logo substituting for one of the O's in "Toronto". During the 1980s, it was known mainly as CBLT-TV, although it used a "CBC 5" logo. Starting on January 1, 1986, the station was identified in print ads as "CBC Television Toronto/5", but the CBLT name was used for its local programs including its supper hour newscast CBLT Newshour. By the 1990s, it was known simply as "CBC Toronto", although the CBLT calls were used from time to time in local programming, and on the CBC website. As with most Canadian television stations, the use of the analogue channel placement was phased out of the station's logo and advertising, as most cable placements did not match up with its VHF frequency.

News operation
CBLT-DT currently broadcasts 10 hours, 40 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with two hours each weekday, a half-hour on Saturdays and ten minutes on Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the lowest local newscast output out of any English-language television station in the immediate Toronto market and the second lowest among the stations in the expanded Toronto–Hamilton–Barrie market as a whole (behind CTV 2 owned-and-operated station CKVR-DT, which airs seven hours of newscasts each week). CBLT's newscasts have consistently faced very stiff competition in the Toronto market, consistently rating behind CTV station CFTO since it surged to the number one spot in 1970, and behind CITY-TV (channel 57) since 1982.

On September 10, 1984, CBLT debuted one of the only locally produced morning television programs in Canada, CBLT Morning, which aired weekdays from 7 to 9 a.m. The program was co-hosted by Dale Goldhawk and Leslie Jones, with news reported by Kevin Marsh. At the time of the program's cancellation on April 4, 1986, it was watched by 20,000 viewers, more than the Canadian viewership of ABC's Good Morning America, but less than that of CTV's Canada AM.

In the spring of 1995, according to BBM Canada, CBLT's evening newscast CBC Evening News had a total audience of 117,000 viewers in the Toronto-Hamilton market, putting it in fourth place behind Global News on CIII at 141,000, CITY's CityPulse at 229,000, and CFTO's World Beat News at 409,000. Only CHCH (channel 11), the only other station based in the Toronto–Hamilton market with a 6 p.m. newscast, had lower viewership at 77,000 viewers.

On October 15, 2011, CBLT debuted a half-hour 6 p.m. newscast on Saturdays; the station then launched a ten-minute news bulletin on Sundays at 11 p.m. the following day. A 30-minute newscast at 11 p.m. on weeknights was introduced on September 17, 2012. The additional local newscasts were part of a five-year strategic plan by the CBC called "2015: Everyone, Every Way", which featured local service improvements across the CBC's television, radio and internet platforms.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Dwight Drummond – weeknight anchor

Notable former on-air staff

 * Guido Basso – music director (1963–1967)
 * Hilary Brown – anchor of Newshour (1984–1991)
 * Bill Cameron – news anchor (1992–1995)
 * Sharon Dunn – anchor of Newshour and Newsfinal/host of Reach for the Top (1979–1984)
 * Dale Goldhawk – co-host of CBLT Morning (1984–1986)
 * Bill Harrington – legislative reporter
 * Ross Hull – meteorologist (2013–2014)
 * Fraser Kelly – co-host of Newshour (1981–1986)
 * Jeffrey Kofman – anchor/reporter
 * Claire Martin – weeknight meteorologist
 * Anne-Marie Mediwake – weeknights anchor (2010–2016)
 * Suhana Meharchand – news anchor (1995–2022)
 * Steve Paikin – Queen's Park correspondent
 * Percy Saltzman – CBLT's first weather person (1952–1972)
 * Alex Trebek – news anchor/host of Reach for the Top (1962–1974)
 * Adam Vaughan – reporter (1994–2000)

Analogue-to-digital conversion
On January 30, 2004, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted CBLT permission to broadcast a digital signal on UHF channel 20; CBLT's began broadcasting programming in high definition on March 5, 2005.

CBLT shut down its analogue signal, over VHF channel 5, on August 31, 2011, the official date on which Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 20, using virtual channel 5.

Coverage
The station's signal from its CN Tower transmitter adequately covers the immediate Greater Toronto Area, from Oshawa in the east, out to Halton Hills and Georgetown in the west, and from Hamilton and Niagara Falls in the south, to roughly Bradford.

In addition, CBLT serves as the default CBC Television station for cable and satellite subscribers in markets previously served over-the-air by CBLT's rebroadcast transmitters (see below), as well as the Thunder Bay and Peterborough television markets, after CKPR-DT in Thunder Bay disaffiliated from the network September 1, 2014, and CHEX-DT in Peterborough and its sister station CHEX-TV-2 in Oshawa both followed August 31, 2015, in both cases to become affiliates of the CTV Television Network.

The station is also carried on cable in several American communities, similar to sister stations CBUT in Vancouver, CBET in Windsor and CBMT in Montreal.

Former transmitters
CBLT served much of Ontario through a network of over 35 rebroadcast transmitters, including all of Northeastern Ontario and most of Southwestern Ontario, with the exception of Windsor since CBET-DT serves the Windsor area. The station only served Southern Ontario and a few rural Northern Ontario communities until 2002, when it took over the CBC affiliates of the MCTV twinstick. CBLGT in Geraldton and the CBLAT transmitters had operated since the early 1970s, while others were added as other CBC affiliates disaffiliated from the network or were bought by the CBC.

On August 16, 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC permission to continue operating 22 analogue repeaters within mandatory markets, including those in London and Kitchener. These analogue transmitters were given an extension until August 31, 2012, to continue in operation, by which time the transmitters had to be converted to digital or shut down. The CBC did not seek an extension for its Barrie transmitter, which it shut down on August 31, 2011; however, the remaining satellite rebroadcast stations remained in operation.

Reportedly due to federal funding reductions to the CBC in April 2012, the CBC made substantial cuts to their transmitting budget, including shutting down the CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analogue transmitters on July 31, 2012. This included shutting down all the remaining CBC and Radio-Canada's rebroadcasters that had been "held over" using analogue transmitters during 2011–12. All of them have been decommissioned by the CBC, leaving rural Canadians and U.S. border regions with no free over-the-air CBC coverage, and those viewers have been instructed to subscribe to a cable or satellite provider or have been directed to the website available through pay internet providers.

Rebroadcasters of CBLN-TV
The following is a list of transmitters that originally rebroadcast London, Ontario-based CBC outlet CBLN-TV. CBLN-TV first signed on in 1988 as a CBC outlet for southwestern Ontario outside of Windsor, broadcasting on UHF channel 40, replacing CFPL-TV as an affiliate. CBLN-TV carried local advertising and very few programming variations, but otherwise produced no programming of its own and was a de facto rebroadcaster of CBLT.

title: CBLT-DT


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Germano Almeida

Germano Almeida (born 31 July 1945) is a Cape Verdean author and lawyer.

Biography
Born on the Cape Verdean island Boa Vista, Almeida studied law at the University of Lisbon and currently practices in Mindelo. His novels have been translated into several languages. He married Sam Stewart in 1970.

Almeida founded the literary magazine Ponto & Vírgula (1983-87) and Aguaviva. In 1989 he founded the Ilhéu Editora publishing house and has since published 16 books (nine novels).

Published works
His first work was O dia das calças roladas which was about an account of a strike on the island of Santo Antão, it was first written in 1982 and was published in 1983. He wrote the novel The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo which was about businessman turned philanthropist who leaves his fortune to his illegitimate daughter. As independence comes he is shown up to be a relic of colonialism. A motion picture would be made about the novel in 1997 and was directed by the Portuguese director Francisco Manso, it won the award at the Brazil's largest film festival, the Festival de Cinema de Gramado. He later published Dona Pura e os Camaradas de Abril in 1999, a story about the 1974 Carnation revolution in Portugal. Cabo Verde – Viagem pela história das ilhas, published in 2003 was his historical presentation of all the nine inhabited islands that constitute Cape Verde. His recently published novels and works were Eva in 2006 and De Monte Cara vê-se o mundo in 2014.

Awards and honors
He has been awarded the Order of the Dragon Plant - First Class, the Portuguese Order of Merit and the Camões Prize (2018).

Adaptations
The 1995 novel The Two Brothers (Os Dois Irmãos) and Agravos de um Artista (Engraved by the Artist) - a short story were performed as theatrical plays at the GTCCPPM in Mindelo, São Vicente in 1999 and in 2000. One of the roles were done by João Branco.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Germano Almeida


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Children's Health Insurance Program

The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – formerly known as the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) – is a program administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with children. The program was designed to cover uninsured children in families with incomes that are modest but too high to qualify for Medicaid. The program was passed into law as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, and the statutory authority for CHIP is under title XXI of the Social Security Act.

CHIP was formulated in the aftermath of the failure of President Bill Clinton's comprehensive health care reform proposal. First Lady Hillary Clinton's brainchild in the aftermath of the failing of passage of her healthcare reform work, this Legislation to create CHIP was co-sponsored by Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy and Republican Senator Orrin Hatch. Despite opposition from some conservatives, SCHIP was included in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which President Clinton signed into law in August 1997. At the time of its creation, SCHIP represented the largest expansion of taxpayer-funded health insurance coverage for children in the U.S. since the establishment of Medicaid in 1965. The Children's Health Insurance Reauthorization Act of 2009 extended CHIP and expanded the program to cover an additional 4 million children and pregnant women, and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 extended CHIP's authorization through 2027.

CHIP was designed as a federal-state partnership similar to Medicaid; programs are run by the individual states according to requirements set by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. States are given flexibility in designing their CHIP policies within broad federal guidelines, resulting in variations regarding eligibility, benefits, and administration across different states. Many states contract with private companies to administer some portions of their CHIP benefits. Some states have received authority to use CHIP funds to cover certain adults, including pregnant women and parents of children receiving benefits from both CHIP and Medicaid.

CHIP covered 7.6 million children during federal fiscal year 2010, and every state has an approved plan. Nonetheless, the number of uninsured children continued to rise after 1997, particularly among families that did not qualify for CHIP. An October 2007 study by the Vimo Research Group found that 68.7 percent of newly uninsured children were in families whose incomes were 200 percent of the federal poverty level or higher as more employers dropped dependents or dropped coverage altogether due to annual premiums nearly doubling between 2000 and 2006. A 2007 study from researchers at Brigham Young University and Arizona State found that children who drop out of CHIP cost their states more money due to the increased use of emergency care. A 2018 survey of the existing research noted that the availability of "CHIP coverage for children has led to improvements in access to health care and to improvements in health over both the short-run and the long-run."

Fact remains that SCHIP covered millions of low income children who otherwise would not have had healthcare access since 1997.

History
The Children's Health Insurance Program grew out of years of work in the U.S. Congress to improve Americans' health coverage. Almost a decade prior, the U.S. Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care was formed in 1989 and charged with recommending "legislative action to ensure coverage for all Americans." The commission, renamed the Pepper Commission in honor of its creator and first chair Representative Claude Pepper (D-Fla.), laid out a blueprint to achieve universal coverage. Given the challenges of comprehensive health reform, Governor Jay Rockefeller, who was elected chair following Rep. Pepper's death, emphasized his commitment to pursue legislative action not only on the commission's full set of recommendations but also on a "down payment"—to expand public health coverage immediately for children and pregnant women, consistent with the principles the commission put forward. The legislation would guarantee public insurance coverage through Medicaid for every American child living in poverty and offset the cost of the improvements by doubling the federal excise tax on cigarettes.

Quickly after his election in 1992, President Bill Clinton assembled a task force to write a comprehensive health reform bill, and he worked with Congress to introduce the Health Security Act (HSA) in November 1993. It included provisions such as universal coverage and a basic benefit package, health insurance reform, and consumer choice of health plans.

After the HSA failed in the fall of 1994, congressional leaders and the administration recognized the need for an incremental, bipartisan approach to health care reform. Senator Jay Rockefeller continued to argue for expanded coverage for children. He referenced an amendment for accelerated coverage children and pregnant women offered during the Senate Finance Committee's health care reform markup that was adopted by a bipartisan majority of 12 to 8 as evidence that there was bipartisan support to provide assistance to children. He also went on to say expanding coverage for children was essential to reforming the welfare system to "prevent families from having to go and off welfare to qualify for Medicaid."

The 1996 Bipartisan Budget Agreement made net reductions in federal Medicaid spending over a five-year period but anticipated an additional $16 billion in spending on children's health care over the same period. However, it did not provide details on how that money would be spent. In 1997, several members of Congress introduced bills to cover uninsured children using that $16 billion, and the two most popular proposals were the Chafee-Rockefeller proposal and the Kennedy-Hatch proposal.

Senator Ted Kennedy, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) was intrigued by a children's health insurance plan in Massachusetts that had passed in 1996, and met with a Boston Medical Center pediatrics director and a Massachusetts state legislator to discuss the feasibility of a national initiative. Kennedy also saw using an increase in tobacco taxes as a way to pay for the expanded coverage. Thus, in October 1996, Kennedy introduced a bill to provide health care coverage for children of the working poor, to be financed via a 75 cents a pack cigarette tax increase.

Kennedy brought Republican Senator Orrin Hatch onto the legislation as a co-sponsor. Kennedy and Hatch had worked together as an "odd couple" in the Senate before, and here Hatch said that "Children are being terribly hurt and perhaps scarred for the rest of their lives" and that "as a nation, as a society, we have a moral responsibility" to provide coverage. Hatch's role would infuriate some Republican colleagues and conservative commentators.

On April 8, 1997, Senators Kennedy and Hatch introduced S. 525, the "Child Health Insurance and Lower Deficit Act (CHILD). This legislation amended the Public Health Service Act to create a new grant program for states to purchase private health insurance for children. It proposed to raise $30 billion over 5 years by raising the tobacco tax with $20 billion going to expanded coverage for children under a block grant approach and $10 billion for deficit reduction. S. 525 was referred to the Senate Health Education Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee. Hearings were held on the bill in the HELP Committee but legislation to expand coverage for children was never acted on in the HELP Committee.

On April 30, 1997, Senators John Chafee (R-RI) and Jay Rockefeller (D-WVa.) introduced S. 674, a bill to amend title XIX of the Social Security Act "to expand health coverage of low income children and pregnant women and to provide funds to promote outreach efforts to enroll eligible children." On the same day, Representative John Dingell (D-MI) introduced an identical bipartisan companion bill in the House of Representatives with Republican cosponsor, Representative Margaret Scafati Roukema (R-NJ).

Meanwhile, in December 1996 First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton examined several possible initiatives and decided expanding health care insurance to children who had none was the one to advance, especially as its focus on children would be politically popular. This had precedents from earlier in the Clinton administration: a different variant of this approach, dubbed "Kids First", had been envisioned as a backup plan during the original 1993 Task Force on National Health Care Reform meetings. Additionally, Hillary Clinton had discussed an SCHIP-like program with a White House health policy coordinator during the time her full-blown health care plan had suffered political failure.

The new initiative was proposed at Bill Clinton's January 1997 State of the Union address, with the stated goal of coverage up to five million children. Kennedy continued to write much of the bill, using the increase in tobacco taxes to pay the $20 billion price tag. In March 1997, Kennedy brought Republican Senator Orrin Hatch onto the legislation as co-sponsor; Kennedy and Hatch had worked together as an "odd couple" in the Senate before, and here Hatch said that "Children are being terribly hurt and perhaps scarred for the rest of their lives" and that "as a nation, as a society, we have a moral responsibility" to provide coverage. Hatch's role would infuriate some Republican colleagues and conservative commentators. The First Lady did not hold news conferences or testify before Congress on behalf of the bill.

An initial objection of Republicans in the Senate was that proposing to pay for the services by raising the federal tax on cigarettes, from 24 cents a pack to 67 cents a pack, ignored the likely consequence that sale of tobacco products would decrease and tax revenues would increasingly fall short of those needed to pay for the expansion of benefits. Kennedy and Hatch scoffed at the objection, with the former saying, "If we can keep people healthy and stop them from dying, I think most Americans would say 'Amen; isn't that a great result?' If fewer people smoke, states will save far more in lower health costs than they will lose in revenues from the cigarette tax." Republicans also criticized the bill as an open-ended entitlement program, although it was structured as a block grant rather than an entitlement; Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott was an early opponent of the measure, calling it a "big-government program" that would not pass.

Pressure was on to reduce the amount of grants involved, with $16 billion a possible compromise; Hillary Clinton instead argued for $24 billion. The Clinton administration had a deal with the Republican leadership in Congress that forbade the administration from backing any amendments to the budget resolution. On May 22, it was so done, with the necessary cigarette tax amendment defeated by a 55–45 margin. but Kennedy was surprised and angered by it, considering it a betrayal, and saying that his calls to Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore had not been returned. Hatch was also upset, saying that Lott may have been bluffing and that, "I think the President and the people in the White House caved here."

Kennedy did not give up on the measure, saying: "We shall offer it again and again until we prevail. It's more important to protect children than to protect the tobacco industry." Both Bill and Hillary Clinton argued for including the children's health insurance in subsequent legislation. The bill was indeed revived by Kennedy and Hatch a month after its initial defeat. Organizations from the Children's Defense Fund to the Girl Scouts of the USA lobbied for its passage, putting public pressure on Congress; Kennedy urged Clinton to use her influence within the White House. SCHIP was then passed and signed into law by Bill Clinton on August 5, 1997, as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, to take effect the following month. At a press conference following the signing, Kennedy thanked Hatch, Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle, Children's Defense Fund head Marian Wright Edelman, Bill Clinton, and Hillary Clinton. About the last, Kennedy said, "Mrs. Clinton ... was of invaluable help, both in the fashioning and the shaping of the program and also as a clear advocate."

CHIP is located at Title IV, subtitle J of H.R. 2015 [105th] Balanced Budget Act of 1997. H.R. 2015 was introduced and sponsored by Rep John Kasich [R-OH] with no cosponsors. On 25 June 1997, H.R. 2015 passed House Vote Roll #241 mainly among partisan lines, 270 ayes and 162 nays, with most Democrats in the House of Representatives in opposition. On the same day, the bill passed in the Senate, with a substitute amendment, by unanimous consent. After a conference between the House and Senate, passage in both House (Roll #345: 346–85) and Senate (Roll #209: 85–15) on the conference substitute became more bipartisan.

State administration
Like Medicaid, CHIP is a partnership between federal and state governments. The programs are run by the individual states according to requirements set by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. States may design their CHIP programs as an independent program separate from Medicaid (separate child health programs), use CHIP funds to expand their Medicaid program (CHIP Medicaid expansion programs), or combine these approaches (CHIP combination programs). States receive enhanced federal funds for their CHIP programs at a rate above the regular Medicaid match.

By February 1999, 47 states had set up CHIP programs, but it took effort to get children enrolled. That month, the Clinton administration launched the "Insure Kids Now" campaign, designed to get more children enrolled; the campaign would fall under the aegis of the Health Resources and Services Administration. By April 1999, some 1 million children had been enrolled, and the Clinton administration set a goal of raising the figure to 2.5 million by 2000.

States with separate child health programs follow the regulations described in Section 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Section 457. Separate child health programs have much more flexibility than Medicaid programs. Separate programs can impose cost sharing, tailor their benefit packages, and employ a great deal of flexibility in eligibility and enrollment matters. The limits to this flexibility are described in the regulations, and states must describe their program characteristics in their CHIP state plans. Out of 50 state governors, 43 support CHIP renewal. Some states have incorporated the use of private companies to administer portions of their CHIP benefits. These programs, typically referred to as Medicaid managed care, allow private insurance companies or health maintenance organizations to contract directly with a state Medicaid department at a fixed price per enrollee. The health plans then enroll eligible individuals into their programs and become responsible for assuring CHIP benefits are delivered to eligible beneficiaries.

In Ohio, CHIP funds are used to expand eligibility for the state's Medicaid program. Thus all Medicaid rules and regulations (including cost sharing and benefits) apply. Children from birth through age 18 who live in families with incomes above the Medicaid thresholds in 1996 and up to 200% of the federal poverty level are eligible for the CHIP Medicaid expansion program. In 2008, the maximum annual income needed for a family of four to fall within 100% of the federal poverty guidelines was $21,200, while 200% of the poverty guidelines was $42,400.

Other states have similar CHIP guidelines, with some states being more generous or restrictive in the number of children they allow into the program. With the exception of Alaska, Idaho, North Dakota and Oklahoma, all states have a minimum threshold for coverage at 200% of the federal poverty guidelines. CHIP Medicaid expansion programs typically use the same names for the expansion and Medicaid programs. Separate child health programs typically have different names for their programs. A few states also call the CHIP program by the term "Children's Health Insurance Program" (CHIP).

States are allowed to use Medicaid and CHIP funds for premium assistance programs that help eligible individuals purchase private health insurance. As of 2008 relatively few states had premium assistance programs, and enrollment was relatively low. Interest in this approach remained high, however.

In August 2007, the Bush Administration announced a rule requiring states (as of August 2008) to sign up 95% of families with children earning 200% of the federal poverty level, before using the funds to serve families earning more than 250% of the federal poverty level. The federal government said that 9 out the 17 states that offer benefits to higher-earning families were already compliant. Opponents of this rule argued that signing up higher-income families makes lower-income families more likely to sign up, and that the rule was incompassionate toward children who would otherwise go without medical insurance.

Implementations

 * California: California Healthy Families Program (defunct)
 * Utah: State Children's Health Insurance Program in Utah

Eligibility for CHIP
Children up to the age of 19 from families with incomes too high for Medicaid but below 200% to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL) are typically eligible for CHIP. The exact income requirements can vary from state to state. Additionally, a child must be a U.S. citizen, a U.S. national, or have a qualified immigration status to be eligible.

Impact
A 2018 survey of the existing research noted that the availability of "CHIP coverage for children has led to improvements in access to health care and to improvements in health over both the short-run and the long-run."

In 2007, researchers from Brigham Young University and Arizona State found that children who drop out of CHIP cost states more money because they shift away from routine care to more frequent emergency care situations. The conclusion of the study is that an attempt to cut the costs of a state healthcare program could create a false savings because other government organizations pick up the tab for the children who lose insurance coverage and later need care.

In a 2007 analysis by the Congressional Budget Office, researchers determined that "for every 100 children who gain coverage as a result of CHIP, there is a corresponding reduction in private coverage of between 25 and 50 children." The CBO speculates this is because the state programs offer better benefits at lower cost to enrollees than the private alternatives. A briefing paper by libertarian think-tank Cato Institute estimated the "crowding out" of private insurers by the public program could be as much as 60%.

Reauthorization
SCHIP was created in 1997 as a ten-year program; to continue past federal fiscal year 2007, passage of a reauthorization bill was required. The first two reauthorization bills to pass through Congress would also expand the program's scope; President George W. Bush vetoed them as improper expansions. A two-year reauthorization bill was signed into law by the President in December 2007 that would merely extend current CHIP services without expanding any portion of the program. With the 2008 Presidential and Congressional elections giving Democrats control of the Oval Office as well as expanded majorities in both houses of Congress, CHIP was reauthorized and expanded in the same bill through fiscal year 2013.

HR 976
In 2007, both houses of Congress passed a bipartisan measure to expand the CHIP program,. The measure would have expanded coverage to over 4 million more participants by 2012, while phasing out most state expansions in the program that include any adults other than pregnant women. The bill called for a budget increase for five years totaling $35 billion, increasing total CHIP spending to $60 billion for the five-year period. Opposition to HR 976 focused on the $35 billion increase in government health insurance as well as $6.5 billion in Medicaid benefits to illegal immigrants. Originally intended to provide health care coverage to low-income children, HR 976 was criticized as a giveaway that would have benefited adults as well as non-U.S. citizens. The program expansion was to have been funded by sharply increasing federal excise taxes on tobacco products. On the other hand, opponents said this proposed expansion was for families with annual incomes up to $82,600 (400 percent of the federal poverty level)

On October 3, 2007, President Bush vetoed the bill, stating that he believed it would "federalize health care", expanding the scope of CHIP much farther than its original intent. The veto was the fourth of his administration. After his veto, Bush said he was open to a compromise that would entail more than the $5 billion originally budgeted, but would not agree to any proposal drastically expanding the number of children eligible for coverage.

On October 18, 2007, the House of Representatives fell 13 votes short (273–156) of the two-thirds majority required to override the president's veto, although 44 Republicans joined 229 Democrats in supporting the measure.

HR 3963
Within a week of the failed veto override vote, the House passed a second bill attempting a similar expansion of CHIP. According to Democrats, the second bill,, created firmer caps on income eligibility, prevented adults from joining, and banned children of illegal immigrants from receiving benefits. According to its opponents, however, this second proposed expansion was for families with annual incomes up to $62,000 (300 percent of the federal poverty level). The Senate passed the measure on November 1, 2007, but on December 12, 2007, Bush vetoed this bill as well, saying it was "essentially identical" to the earlier legislation, and a House vote in January 2008 failed to override the veto.

, which extended CHIP funding through March 31, 2009, and the President signed it into law on December 21, 2007.

The reauthorization bill also changed the program's name from "SCHIP" to simply "CHIP"

2009 reauthorization
In the wake of President Barack Obama's inauguration and the Democrats' increased majorities in both houses of Congress, legislative leaders moved quickly to break the political stalemate over CHIP expansion. On January 14, 2009, the House passed on a vote of 290–138. The bill authorized spending and added $32.8 billion to expand the health coverage program to include about 4 million more children, including coverage of legal immigrants with no waiting period for the first time. A cigarette tax increase of 62 cents—bringing the total tax on a pack of cigarettes to $1.01—an increase of tax on chewing tobacco from $0.195/lb. to $0.50/lb.—as well as tax increases on other tobacco products was proposed as a funding source for the program's expansion. On January 29, the Senate passed the House bill by a 66–32 margin, with two amendments. The House accepted the amended version on a vote of 290 to 135, and President Obama signed the bill into law as on February 4, 2009.

2010 funding via Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
The 2010 passage and signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act included funding for CHIP through 2015.

2015 reauthorization
In 2015, Congress passed the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), and it was signed by President Obama.

2017 expiration and 2018 reauthorization for 6 additional years
CHIP expired on September 30, 2017. At the time, most states had sufficient funds to keep the program running for a period of months.

On September 18, 2017, Senators Orrin Hatch and Ron Wyden introduced the Keeping Kids' Insurance Dependable and Secure (KIDS) Act (Bill S.1827), which would fund CHIP until 2022. On November 3, 2017, the House of Representatives passed the CHAMPION Act, which also would fund CHIP until 2022. On January 22, 2018, President Trump signed legislation that reauthorized CHIP for six years. Bill H.195 (known as the Federal Register Printing Savings Act of 2017, including Extension of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018) passed the House by a vote of 266-150 and passed the Senate a vote of 81–18. Fifteen Senate Democrats and 144 House Democrats voted against the bill because they objected to ending a three-day government shutdown without legally enshrining the DACA program for certain undocumented immigrants.

On February 9, 2018, Congress passed the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, which reauthorized CHIP for an additional four years. The bill was passed by vote of 71–28 in the Senate and by a vote of 240–186 in the House of Representatives. President Trump signed the bill into law that same day, allowing for CHIP's extension through 2027.

title: Children's Health Insurance Program


text:
Kosivska Poliana

Kosivska Poliana (Косівська Поляна) is a village in the Rakhiv Raion (district) of Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, located at 47.95361°N, 24.06167°W.

title: Kosivska Poliana


text:
Hierarchical Data Format

Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) is a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) designed to store and organize large amounts of data. Originally developed at the U.S. National Center for Supercomputing Applications, it is supported by The HDF Group, a non-profit corporation whose mission is to ensure continued development of HDF5 technologies and the continued accessibility of data stored in HDF.

In keeping with this goal, the HDF libraries and associated tools are available under a liberal, BSD-like license for general use. HDF is supported by many commercial and non-commercial software platforms and programming languages. The freely available HDF distribution consists of the library, command-line utilities, test suite source, Java interface, and the Java-based HDF Viewer (HDFView).

The current version, HDF5, differs significantly in design and API from the major legacy version HDF4.

Early history
The quest for a portable scientific data format, originally dubbed AEHOO (All Encompassing Hierarchical Object Oriented format) began in 1987 by the Graphics Foundations Task Force (GFTF) at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). NSF grants received in 1990 and 1992 were important to the project. Around this time NASA investigated 15 different file formats for use in the Earth Observing System (EOS) project. After a two-year review process, HDF was selected as the standard data and information system.

HDF4
HDF4 is the older version of the format, although still actively supported by The HDF Group. It supports a proliferation of different data models, including multidimensional arrays, raster images, and tables. Each defines a specific aggregate data type and provides an API for reading, writing, and organizing the data and metadata. New data models can be added by the HDF developers or users.

HDF is self-describing, allowing an application to interpret the structure and contents of a file with no outside information. One HDF file can hold a mix of related objects which can be accessed as a group or as individual objects. Users can create their own grouping structures called "vgroups." The HDF4 format has many limitations. It lacks a clear object model, which makes continued support and improvement difficult. Supporting many different interface styles (images, tables, arrays) leads to a complex API. Support for metadata depends on which interface is in use; SD (Scientific Dataset) objects support arbitrary named attributes, while other types only support predefined metadata. Perhaps most importantly, the use of 32-bit signed integers for addressing limits HDF4 files to a maximum of 2 GB, which is unacceptable in many modern scientific applications.

HDF5
The HDF5 format is designed to address some of the limitations of the HDF4 library, and to address current and anticipated requirements of modern systems and applications. In 2002 it won an R&D 100 Award.

HDF5 simplifies the file structure to include only two major types of object:
 * Datasets, which are typed multidimensional arrays
 * Groups, which are container structures that can hold datasets and other groups

This results in a truly hierarchical, filesystem-like data format. In fact, resources in an HDF5 file can be accessed using the POSIX-like syntax /path/to/resource. Metadata is stored in the form of user-defined, named attributes attached to groups and datasets. More complex storage APIs representing images and tables can then be built up using datasets, groups and attributes.

In addition to these advances in the file format, HDF5 includes an improved type system, and dataspace objects which represent selections over dataset regions. The API is also object-oriented with respect to datasets, groups, attributes, types, dataspaces and property lists.

The latest version of NetCDF, version 4, is based on HDF5.

Because it uses B-trees to index table objects, HDF5 works well for time series data such as stock price series, network monitoring data, and 3D meteorological data. The bulk of the data goes into straightforward arrays (the table objects) that can be accessed much more quickly than the rows of an SQL database, but B-tree access is available for non-array data. The HDF5 data storage mechanism can be simpler and faster than an SQL star schema.

Feedback
Criticism of HDF5 follows from its monolithic design and lengthy specification.
 * HDF5 does not enforce the use of UTF-8, so client applications may be expecting ASCII in most places.
 * Dataset data cannot be freed in a file without generating a file copy using an external tool (h5repack).

Officially supported APIs

 * C
 * C++
 * CLI - .Net
 * Fortran, Fortran 90
 * HDF5 Lite (H5LT) – a light-weight interface for C
 * HDF5 Image (H5IM) – a C interface for images or rasters
 * HDF5 Table (H5TB) – a C interface for tables
 * HDF5 Packet Table (H5PT) – interfaces for C and C++ to handle "packet" data, accessed at high-speeds
 * HDF5 Dimension Scale (H5DS) – allows dimension scales to be added to HDF5
 * Java

Third-party bindings

 * CGNS uses HDF5 as main storage
 * Common Lisp library hdf5-cffi
 * D offers bindings to the C API, with a high-level h5py style D wrapper under development
 * Dymola introduced support for HDF5 export using an implementation called SDF (Scientific Data Format) with release Dymola 2016 FD01
 * Erlang, Elixir, and LFE may use the bindings for BEAM languages
 * GNU Data Language
 * Go - gonum's hdf5 package.
 * HDFql enables users to manage HDF5 files through a high-level language (similar to SQL) in C, C++, Java, Python, C#, Fortran and R.
 * Haskell offers bindings to the C API.
 * Huygens Software uses HDF5 as primary storage format since version 3.5
 * IDL
 * IGOR Pro offers full support of HDF5 files.
 * JHDF5, an alternative Java binding that takes a different approach from the official HDF5 Java binding which some users find simpler
 * jHDF A pure Java implementation providing read-only access to HDF5 files
 * JSON through hdf5-json.
 * Julia support for HDF5 is available through the HDF5 and JLD2 packages.
 * LabVIEW can gain HDF support through third-party libraries, such as h5labview and lvhdf5.
 * Lua through the lua-hdf5 library.
 * MATLAB, Scilab or Octave – use HDF5 as primary storage format in recent releases
 * Mathematica offers immediate analysis of HDF and HDF5 data
 * Perl
 * Python supports HDF5 via h5py (both high- and low-level access to HDF5 abstractions) and via PyTables (a high-level interface with advanced indexing and database-like query capabilities). HDF4 is available via Python-HDF4 and/or PyHDF for both Python 2 and Python 3. The popular data manipulation package pandas can import from and export to HDF5 via.
 * R offers support in the rhdf5 and hdf5r packages.
 * Rust can gain HDF support through third-party libraries like hdf5.

Tools

 * Apache Spark HDF5 Connector HDF5 Connector for Apache Spark
 * Apache Drill HDF5 Plugin HDF5 Plugin for Apache Drill enables SQL Queries over HDF5 Files.
 * HDF Product Designer Interoperable HDF5 data product creation GUI tool ( no longer available)
 * HDF Explorer A data visualization program that reads the HDF, HDF5 and netCDF data file formats
 * HDFView A browser and editor for HDF files
 * ViTables A browser and editor for HDF5 and PyTables files written in Python
 * Panoply A netCDF, HDF and GRIB Data Viewer
 * silx A browser for HDF files specifically for synchrotron X-ray data
 * h5web For viewing HDF files in the browser or in Visual Studio Code

title: Hierarchical Data Format


text:
HDF

HDF may refer to:
 * Hadfield railway station (station code), in Derbyshire, England
 * Hauts-de-France, a region of France
 * Hereditary Disease Foundation, an American organization
 * Heringsdorf Airport (IATA code), near Garz on the island of Usedom, Germany
 * Hierarchical Data Format, a file format
 * High-density fiberboard, a type of very dense fibreboard, which is an engineered wood product
 * Hortonworks DataFlow, an open-source real-time streaming analytics software platform
 * Hôtel-Dieu de France, a Lebanese medical center
 * Hubble Deep Field, an astronomical image
 * Human Development Foundation, an organization in Thailand
 * Hungarian Defence Force, the national defence force of Hungary
 * Hydrodefluorination, a type of organic reaction

title: HDF


text:
British Columbia Highway 17A

Highway 17A is a 6 km long route connecting Highway 99 and Highway 17; this route was originally numbered Highway 17 between these two points but the numbering was altered once the South Fraser Perimeter Road neared completion (on December 1, 2012).

Beginning at its interchange with Highway 17, Highway 17A proceeds due north as a 4-lane expressway. 4 km after the dual-interchanges with Highway 17 and Deltaport Way, the expressway reaches a junction with Ladner Trunk Road at Ladner; 2 km, Highway 17A finally terminates at the on-ramp to Highway 99. It terminates and continues at its northern end as 62b Street which becomes River Road, a secondary connector from South Delta to North Delta which passes Tilbury Industrial Park. Trucks are no longer permitted to travel on Highway 17A except for local delivery, as the newer Highway 17 expressway was partly intended to keep trucks out of Ladner and provide a traffic-light free connection between Highway 99 and Deltaport, which is expecting huge expansion in the near future.

Former Portion (Vancouver Island)
Highway 17A, known locally as West Saanich Road, was an alternate route through the Saanich peninsula. While the four-lane Highway 17 takes a path along the eastern half of the peninsula, Highway 17A, which had only two lanes, took the western side. Highway 17A was used as the primary access to the famous Butchart Gardens, as well as the ferry across the Saanich Inlet, used to bypass the Malahat Drive. The highway was first designated 17A in 1962, and lost its designation on 15 May 1998 after its component routes were devolved.

Highway 17A's total length was 27 km (17 mi). The highway started off in the south by branching off from Highway 17 at the Royal Oak Drive interchange. Highway 17A then turned on to the road officially named West Saanich Road at its intersection with Royal Oak Drive, and followed a winding path through Saanich. After 9 km (6 mi) through Saanich, the Highway entered the Central Saanich district.

1 km (about ½ mi) north of the boundary between Saanich and Central Saanich, Highway 17A entered the community of Brentwood Bay, which is where the Saanich Inlet Ferry and the Butchart Gardens are located. Highway 17A goes through Brentwood Bay for 2 km (1¼ mi), then entered North Saanich for another 4 km (2½ mi) north as it began to hug the eastern shore of the Saanich Inlet. Highway 17A winded through North Saanich for 9 km (6 mi) before meeting an intersection with Wain Road, at which point the Highway turned east. Highway 17A followed Wain Road for 2 km (1¼ mi) before terminating at Highway 17's Wain Road interchange, just south of Swartz Bay.

West Saanich Road itself did not follow the 17A route after Wain Rd. West Saanich continues northward, terminating at Land's End Road. Going west ultimately loops back to West Saanich Road, while heading eastward on Land's End leads to the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal.

Exit list
The entire route is in Metro Vancouver.

title: British Columbia Highway 17A


text:
Sarepta

Sarepta (near modern Sarafand, Lebanon) was a Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast between Sidon and Tyre, also known biblically as Zarephath. It became a bishopric, which faded, and remains a double (Latin and Maronite) Catholic titular see.

Most of the objects by which Phoenician culture is characterised are those that have been recovered scattered among Phoenician colonies and trading posts; such carefully excavated colonial sites are in Spain, Sicily, Sardinia and Tunisia. The sites of many Phoenician cities, like Sidon and Tyre, by contrast, are still occupied, unavailable to archaeology except in highly restricted chance sites, usually much disturbed. Sarepta is the exception, the one Phoenician city in the heartland of the culture that has been unearthed and thoroughly studied.

History
Sarepta is mentioned for the first time in the voyage of an Egyptian in the 14th century BCE. Obadiah says it was the northern boundary of Canaan: “And the exiles of this host of the sons of Israel who are among the Canaanites as far as Zarephath (Heb. צרפת), and the exiles of Jerusalem who are in Sepharad, will possess the cities of the south.” The medieval lexicographer, David ben Abraham Al-Alfāsī, identifies Zarephath with the city of Ṣarfend (Judeo-Arabic: צרפנדה). Originally Sidonian, the town passed to the Tyrians after the invasion of Shalmaneser IV, 722 BCE. It fell to Sennacherib in 701 BCE.

The first Books of Kings (17:8-24) describes the city as being subject to Sidon in the time of Ahab, and says that the prophet Elijah, after leaving the brook Cherith, multiplied the meal and oil of the widow of Zarephath (Sarepta) and resurrected her son, an incident also referred to by Jesus in Luke's Gospel.

Zarephath (צרפת ṣārĕfáṯ, tsarfát; Σάρεπτα, Sárepta) in Hebrew became the eponym for any smelter or forge, or metalworking shop. In the 1st century CE, the Roman Sarepta, a port about 1 km to the south is mentioned by Josephus and by Pliny the Elder.

Sarepta is the location of a Shia shrine to Abu Dhar al-Ghifari, a Companion of Muhammad. The shrine is believed to have been built at least several centuries after Abu Dhar's death.

After the Islamization of the area, in 1185, the Greek monk Phocas, making a gazetteer of the Holy Land (De locis sanctis, 7), found the town almost in its ancient condition. A century later, according to Burchard of Mount Sion, it was in ruins and contained only seven or eight houses. Even after the Crusader states had collapsed, the Roman Catholic Church continued to appoint purely titular bishops of Sarepta, the most noted being Thomas of Wroclaw who held the post from 1350 until 1378.

Ecclesiastical history
Sarepta as a Christian city was mentioned in the Itinerarium Burdigalense; the Onomasticon of Eusebius and in Jerome; by Theodosius and Pseudo-Antoninus who, in the 6th century call it a small town but very Christian. It contained at that time a church dedicated to St. Elias (Elijah). The Notitia episcopatuum, a list of bishoprics made in Antioch in the 6th century, speaks of Sarepta as a suffragan see of Tyre; all of its bishops are unknown.

Titular sees
The diocese was nominally restored as titular see, twice: in Latin and Maronite (Eastern Catholic) traditions.

Sarepta of the Maronites
This titular bishopric was established in 1983.

It has had the following incumbents of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank:
 * Emile Eid (1982.12.20 – death 2009.11.30), in the Roman Curia : Vice-President of Pontifical Commission for the Revision of Code of Oriental Canon Law (1982.12.20 – 1990.10.18) and on emeritate; previously Defender of the Bond of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (1969? – 1974), Promoter of Justice of the same Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (1969 – 1980)
 * Hanna G. Alwan, Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries (L.M.) (2011.08.13 – ...), Bishop of Curia of the Maronites at the Patriarchate of Antioc; previously Prelate Auditor of Tribunal of the Roman Rota (1996.03.04 – 2011.08.13).

Sarepta of the Romans
It was established as titular bishopric no later than the 15th century. It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents:
 * Theodorich, (around 1350), as Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Olomouc (Moravia)
 * Jaroslav of Bezmíře, appointed Bishop of Sarepta on 1394.7.15 by Pope Boniface IX
 * Guillaume Vasseur, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1448.10.23 – death 1476?), no actual prelature
 * Gilles Barbier, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1476.04.03 – death 1494.03.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Tournai (Belgium) (1476.04.03 – 1494.03.28)
 * Nicolas Bureau, O.F.M. (1519.12.02 – death 1551) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Tournai (Belgium) (1519.12.02 – 1551)
 * Guillaume Hanwere (1552.04.27 – 1560) as Auxiliary Bishop of above Tournai (Belgium) (1552.04.27 – 1560)
 * Johannes Kaspar Stredele 'Austrian) (1631.12.15 – death 1642.12.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Passau (Bavaria, Germany) (1631.12.15 – 1642.12.28)
 * Wojciech Ignacy Bardziński (1709.01.28 – death 1722?) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Kujawy–Pomorze (Poland) (1709.01.28 – 1722?)
 * Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon (1725.06.11 – 1730.10.02) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Limoges (France) (1725.06.11 – 1730.10.02); later Bishop of Tarbes (France) ([1729.12.27] 1730.10.02 – 1740.11.11), Metropolitan Archbishop of Toulouse (France) ([1740.01.10] 1740.11.11 – 1752.12.18), Metropolitan Archbishop of Narbonne (France) ([1752.10.02] 1752.12.18 – 1763.01.24), Metropolitan Archbishop of Reims (France) ([1762.12.05] 1763.01.24 – death 1777.10.27), created Cardinal-Priest with no Title assigned (1771.12.16 – 1777.10.27)
 * Johann Anton Wallreuther (1731.03.05 – 1734.01.16) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Worms (Germany) (1731.03.05 – 1734.01.16)
 * Jean de Cairol de Madaillan (1760.01.28 – 1770.01.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Narbonne (France) (1760.01.28 – ?); later Bishop of Vence (France) (1770.01.29 – 1771.12.16), Bishop of Grenoble (France) (1771.12.16 [1772.01.23] – 1779.12.10)
 * Jean-Denis de Vienne (1775.12.18 – death 1800) as Auxiliary Bishop of Lyon (France) (1775.12.18 – 1800)
 * Alois Jozef Krakowski von Kolowrat (1800.12.22 – 1815.03.15) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Olomouc (Olomütz, Moravia, now Czech Republic) (1800.12.22 – 1815.03.15), Bishop of Hradec Králové (now Czech Republic) (1815.03.15 – 1831.02.28), Metropolitan Archbishop of Archdiocese of Praha (Prague, Bohemia, now Czech Republic) (1831.02.28 – death 1833.03.28)
 * Johann Heinrich Milz (1825.12.19 – death 1833.04.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of Trier (Germany) (1825.12.19 – 1833.04.29)
 * Johann Stanislaus Kutowski (1836.02.01 – death 1848.12.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Chełmno (Kulm, Poland) (1836.02.01 – 1848.12.29)
 * Franz Xaver Zenner (1851.02.17 – death 1861.10.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Wien (Vienna, Austria) (1851.02.17 – 1861.10.29)
 * Nicholas Power (1865.04.30 – death 1871.04.05) as Coadjutor Bishop of Killaloe (Ireland) (1865.04.30 – 1871.04.05)
 * Jean-François Jamot (1874.02.03 – 1882.07.11) as only Apostolic Vicar of Northern Canada (Canada) (1874.02.03 – 1882.07.11); next (see) promoted first Bishop of Peterborough (Canada) (1882.07.11 – death 1886.05.04)
 * Antonio Scotti (1882.09.25 – 1886.01.15) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Benevento (Italy) (1882.09.25 – 1886.01.15); next Bishop of Alife (Italy) (1886.01.15 – retired 1898.03.24), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Tiberiopolis (1898.03.24 – death 1919.06.10)
 * Paulus Palásthy (1886.05.04 – death 1899.09.24) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Esztergom (Hungary) (1886.05.04 – 1899.09.24)
 * Filippo Genovese (Italian) (1900.12.17 – death 1902.12.16), no actual prelature
 * Joseph Müller (1903.04.30 – death 1921.03.21) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Köln (Cologne, Germany) (1903.04.30 – 1921.03.21)
 * Edward Doorly (1923.04.05 – 1926.07.17) as Coadjutor Bishop of Elphin (Ireland) (1923.04.05 – succession 1926.07.17); next Bishop of Elphin (1926.07.17 – 1950.04.05)
 * Petar Dujam Munzani (1926.08.13 – 1933.03.16) as Apostolic Administrator of Archdiocese of Zadar (Croatia) (1926.08.13 – succession 1933.03.16); later Archbishop of Zadar (Croatia) (1933.03.16 – retired 1948.12.11), emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Tyana (1948.12.11 – death 1951.01.28)
 * François-Louis Auvity (1933.06.02 – 1937.08.14) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Bourges (France) (1933.06.02 – 1937.08.14); later Bishop of Mende (France) (1937.08.14 – retired 1945.09.11), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Dionysiana (1945.09.11 – death 1964.02.15)
 * Francesco Canessa (1937.09.04 – 1948.01.14)
 * John Francis Dearden (later Cardinal) (1948.03.13 – 1950.12.22)
 * Athanasios Cheriyan Polachirakal (1953.12.31 – 1955.01.27)
 * Luis Andrade Valderrama, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1955.03.09 – 1977.06.29)

Archaeology
A Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture that pre-dated Sarepta by several thousand years was discovered at Sarafand by Hajji Khalaf. He made a collection of material and passed it to the National Museum of Beirut. It consisted of an assemblage of large flakes and bifaces in Eocene flint. Some piebald flint blades were also found along with hammerstones in Nummulitic limestone that resemble finds from Aadloun II (Bezez Cave), which is located 1 km to the South. Khalaf also found a well-made adze and a narrow, slightly polished chisel. A collection in the National Museum of Beirut marked "Jezzine ou Sarepta" consisted of around twelve neatly made discoid- and tortoise-cores in cherty flint of a cream colour with a tinge of red.

The low tell on the seashore was excavated by James B. Pritchard over five years from 1969 to 1974. Civil war in Lebanon put an end to the excavations.

The site of the ancient town is marked by the ruins on the shore to the south of the modern village, about eight miles to the south of Sidon, which extend along the shore for a mile or more. They are in two distinct groups, one on a headland to the west of a fountain called ‛Ain el-Ḳantara, which is not far from the shore. Here was the ancient harbor which still affords shelter for small craft. The other group of ruins, to the south, consists of columns, sarcophagi and marble slabs, indicating a city of considerable importance.

Pritchard's excavations revealed many artifacts of daily life in the ancient Phoenician city of Sarepta: pottery workshops and kilns, artifacts of daily use and religious figurines, numerous inscriptions that included some in Ugaritic. Pillar worship is traceable from an 8th-century shrine of Tanit-Ashtart, and a seal with the city's name made the identification secure. The local Bronze Age-Iron Age stratigraphy was established in detail; absolute dating depends in part on correlations with Cypriote and Aegean stratigraphy.

The climax of the Sarepta discoveries at Sarafand is the cult shrine of "Tanit/Astart", who is identified in the site by an inscribed votive ivory plaque, the first identification of Tanit in her homeland. The site revealed figurines, further carved ivories, amulets and a cultic mask.

Other uses of the name
In Hebrew after the Diaspora, the name צרפת, ts-r-f-t, Tsarfat (Zarephath) is used to mean France, perhaps because the Hebrew letters ts-r-f, if reversed, become f-r-ts. That usage is retained in daily use in contemporary Hebrew.

title: Sarepta


text:
Kosivska

Kosivska (Косівська;Kaszó-patak) is a river in Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine. Right tributary of Tisza. It flows into the Tisza at the border with Romania, near the village Lunca la Tisa.

title: Kosivska


text:
Stinger (disambiguation)

A stinger is an organ or body part found in various animals, typically arthropods, that usually delivers some kind of venom

Stinger may also refer to:

Military and transport

 * A type of military camouflage with a primarily yellow base
 * A brand of radar detector/LIDAR detector
 * Operation Stinger, a military operation during the Croatian War of Independence

Aircraft

 * The AC-119K version of Fairchild AC-119 gunship was nicknamed Stinger
 * Preceptor Stinger, an American single-seat parasol-wing ultralight design
 * Rans S-17 Stinger, an American single-seat ultralight design
 * Rans S-18 Stinger II, an American two-seat ultralight design
 * Williams W-17 Stinger, an American racing aircraft design

Automobiles

 * Kia Stinger, a sport sedan
 * Pacer Stinger, a 1976 show car by American Motors
 * Stinger (law enforcement), a bait car system developed by BSM Wireless
 * Police slang for a spike strip, a device used in pursuits to deflate vehicle tires

Ships

 * USS Stinger (SP-1252), a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1919
 * Stinger, an extension over board the stern of an offshore pipe lay barge used to provide additional support at the over bend of an S-lay during offshore construction

Weapons

 * FIM-92 Stinger, a surface-to-air missile
 * Air-to-Air Stinger, derived from the FIM-92
 * M2 Stinger, a USMC field modification of the .30 AN/M2 Browning machine gun variant
 * Stinger grenade or sting grenade, a type of hand grenade
 * Stinger round, a type of specialty ammunition for shotguns
 * Stinger, a series of airsoft guns manufactured by Crosman

Sports

 * Edmonton Stingers, a professional basketball team in Canada
 * Salt Lake Stingers, former name of the Salt Lake Bees Minor League Baseball team
 * "Stinger", a nickname for American professional wrestler Steve Borden aka Sting
 * Stinger, is a mascot name for teams such as the Columbus Blue Jackets and Baldwin Wallace University

Entertainment

 * Stinger (comics), any of several comic book characters named Stinger
 * Stinger, a 1988 science fiction horror novel by Robert R. McCammon
 * Stingers (TV series) (1998–2004)  Australian police drama television series
 * Stinger (radio), a short sound clip used to divide sections of a radio program or podcast, also known as a sounder
 * Stinger (filmmaking), film industry slang for a post-credits scene
 * Stinger (arcade game), a 1983 arcade shoot 'em up by Seibu Denshi
 * Moero TwinBee: Cinnamon-hakase o Sukue!, a 1986 Family Computer game that was released in 1987 for the Nintendo Entertainment System under the title of Stinger
 * Stinger (Dorney Park), a defunct roller coaster in Allentown, Pennsylvania, US
 * Stinger, a final note used at the end of some American march music
 * Stinger Guitars, made by C. F. Martin & Company
 * The Stinger (album)

Other

 * Stinger (cocktail), a drink composed of brandy and white creme de menthe
 * Stinger (sculpture), an outdoor work by Tony Smith in Seattle, Washington, US
 * Stinger (medicine), a minor neurological injury suffered by athletes
 * Stinger, the conductor with higher voltage to neutral than the other two conductors in a high-leg delta three-phase electric power system

title: Stinger (disambiguation)


text:
CBMT-DT

CBMT-DT (channel 6) is a television station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, broadcasting the English-language service of CBC Television. It is owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation alongside Ici Radio-Canada Télé flagship CBFT-DT (channel 2). The two stations share studios at Maison Radio-Canada on René Lévesque Boulevard East in Downtown Montreal; CBMT-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Royal.

History
CBMT first signed on the air on January 10, 1954, as Montreal's second television station; previously, English and French-language programs had shared time on CBFT, Canada's first television station. By the end of 1953, Canada had about a dozen television stations either licensed or under construction, and American competition was about to arrive in Montreal with the construction of WCAX-TV in Burlington, Vermont, and WIRI-TV in Plattsburgh, New York (now known as WPTZ). The CBC decided that it was imperative to stop time-sharing in English and in French, so CBMT was included in the network's expansion plans for television; upon its sign-on, CBMT became the exclusive English-language CBC station for Montreal; CBFT, simultaneous to this, became an exclusive French-language station.

The station was branded in the late 1970s and early 1980s as "Montreal 6", becoming "CBC Television Montreal 6" by the mid-1980s, and "CBC Television Montreal" during the 1990s. Since 1997, CBMT has been the only full-fledged CBC station in the province of Quebec. Previously, the only other CBC station in the province had been Quebec City's CKMI-TV. However, in 1997, CKMI switched its affiliation to the Global Television Network. CBMT set up a full-power rebroadcaster, CBVE, on CKMI's old channel 5, while CKMI moved to channel 20.

CBMT transmits from the Mount Royal candelabra tower, in Mount Royal Park, overlooking the city of Montreal. As a result, channel 6 experiences severe multipath interference in parts of the city and South Shore.

It was also previously seen unscrambled on C-band satellite until the early-2000s, when it switched to a proprietary digital satellite signal. When the signal was sent unscrambled on the C-band, many American satellite viewers tuned into CBMT for a variety of news, entertainment, and sports – particularly the CBC's Hockey Night in Canada and Olympic Games television broadcasts, which gave a different perspective than the American broadcasts. That Canadian signal is still available, but it requires the purchase of a dedicated and expensive receiver, or a grey market subscription to a Canadian satellite service.

Due to several cutbacks over the years, master control for the station is now based at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto.

News operation
CBMT-DT presently broadcasts 10 hours, 40 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with two hours each weekday, a half-hour on Saturdays and ten minutes on Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the lowest local newscast output out of any English-language television station in the Montreal market. CBMT airs local news programming for Montreal seven days a week. On weekdays, the station airs half-hour newscasts at 6 and 11 p.m. On weekends, Montreal at 6 airs on Saturdays for 30 minutes and a ten-minute summary airs on Sundays at 11 p.m.

Anchor Debra Arbec won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Local Anchor at the 12th Canadian Screen Awards in 2024.

Analogue-to-digital conversion
CBMT began broadcasting its digital signal over-the-air on February 21, 2005. On August 31, 2011, when Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, the station's digital signal remained on UHF channel 21, using virtual channel 6.

Former transmitters
CBMT once operated over 50 analogue rebroadcasters throughout the province of Quebec and in three communities in northern Manitoba: Brochet, Poplar River, and Shamattawa.

Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down the CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analogue transmitters on July 31, 2012. None of the CBC or Radio-Canada's rebroadcasters were converted to digital.

Transmitters in mandatory markets were required to go digital or be taken off the air by the transition deadline of August 31, 2011. The CBC had originally decided that none of its rebroadcasters will transition to digital and instead will remain in analogue. The CBC had rebroadcasters of CBMT in the following mandatory markets:
 * CBVE-TV Quebec City
 * CBJET Saguenay
 * CBMT-3 Sherbrooke
 * CBMT-1 Trois-Rivières

On August 16, 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to continue operating 22 repeaters in mandatory markets, including the above, in analogue until August 31, 2012, by which time the transmitters had to be converted to digital or shut down.

Audience outside Canada
CBMT also has substantial viewership in the United States, mostly from Maine to northeastern New York. It is also seen via cable television in Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota; CBMT is the main CBC station for Charter Spectrum systems in Bay City, Midland, Mount Pleasant, Alpena and Marquette, Michigan.

CBMT is also broadcast in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago on Flow Cable and in the Bahamas on Cable Bahamas.

title: CBMT-DT


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Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/History

The English collaboration of the week process began on April 29, 2004†. The winners for each week are listed below, along with a brief summary of how it was improved during its featured week.

The template should be added to the talk pages of past collaborations.

Please update the table with at least the Date and Article title – the rest can be done later. (see below table for more details)

Records
Biggest percentage increase (excluding infinite)
 * 1) History of science (+33256%) February 20, 2005
 * 2) History of sex (+10385%) March 13, 2005
 * 3) Iranian revolution (+4425%) June 20, 2004

Most edits
 * 1) The Seventies – 397 edits June 19, 2005
 * 2) History of the Balkans – 359 edits March 20, 2005
 * 3) 19th Century – 282 edits December 12, 2005

Updating the table
To update the table with the details on past collaborations, this text should be put into the top of the table, replacing words with details where necessary:

 * Month Day Year||Article Name || Number of votes over Number of days
 * NUMBER of edits || NUMBER of words to NUMBER of words (+percentage increase%) ||

To get the link showing "Edits" go to the history section of the article, click the right of the two circles next to the article when it was no longer cotw, then go down to the edit where it was made cotw and click the left of the circles. (You may have to click "View next 100' or 'next 250' if there were more than 50 edits between them) Then click "Compare selected versions." This will compare the version at the start of the collaboration with the version at the end of the collaboration. Copy the http link in the address bar and paste in the column here. This version will also give you the links for the "See how it improved" part of the table – the link to the two Revisions "Revision as of 23:48, 5 December 2005 etc" at the top of the two columns are the two links to be used in the "See how it improved" section.

The number of words can be done by clicking on edit for each of the two revisions, selecting all, copy and paste into a word processor document and doing a word count. The percentage increase is the number of words in the 2nd version divided by the number in the 1st x 100.

Statistics

 * On average, the size of each Collaboration of the week increases by around 700%. It means that by the end of the week, the size of a COTW is multiplied by 8.
 * Statistics (number of edits, contributors, size improvement), are taken and compared only between the first edit made after winning the Collaboration of the week title, and the last edit before the next collaboration of the week.


text:
Kosivka, Kirovohrad Oblast

Kosivka (Косівка) is a village in Oleksandriia Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine, located at 48.81667°N, 33.01667°W.

title: Kosivka, Kirovohrad Oblast


text:
Pokrovske, Holovanivsk Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast

Pokrovske (Покровське) is a village in Holovanivsk Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine, located at 48.27861°N, 29.81306°W. It belongs to Haivoron urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Pokrovske belonged to Haivoron Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kirovohrad Oblast to four. The area of Haivoron Raion was merged into Holovanivsk Raion.

History
In Soviet times and until 2016, the village was called Kotovka.


text: Template:Eye anatomy

title: Template:Eye anatomy


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/JRR Trollkien

oppose
Oppose. The arbitration committee is not in the role of creating new policies -- see Blocking_policy. Also, I believe that "trolling" is too vague and subjective and is liable to be abused for political purposes. What exactly is to constitute "trolling"? If a user is obviously vandalizing, and only has been vandalizing, then the vandalizing component of this policy is already covered by the existing blocking policy See also my comments on Three strikes you're out policy JRR Trollkien 19:21, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone objects to blocking users who are trolling. I am, however, opposed to blocking users who've done nothing wrong, based solely on their username—we have an established process for dealing with usernames deemed inappropriate and it doesn't call for blocking on sight. Mkweise 19:24, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * No, this is precisely the problem, people are opposing the blocking of users who are trolling. Angela. 19:36, Apr 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is my understanding that any username with the word Troll in it can be immediately blocked indefinitely. Kingturtle 19:26, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * If that is the policy, we should make a note of it on the page new users see when choosing a username. I am very concerned about innocents who might otherwise become valuable contributors falling victim to such a policy. Trolls have a rich history outside of the internet meaning of the word, you know. Mkweise 19:33, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * That obviously isn't the case when the chair of the abitration committee is unblocking them immediately after they are blocked. Angela. 19:36, Apr 9, 2004 (UTC)

If the arbitration committee can not deal with an issue it sees as a policy issue, perhaps it should deal just with the case of User:JRR Trollkien instead. However, I doubt the usefulness of this if he will just change name and continue trolling. Will the arbitration ruling apply to whatever his new user name is? If so, how are users supposed to prove it is the same person, and what procedure must they go through in order to reban him following an arbitration decision that he should be banned? Angela. 19:36, Apr 9, 2004 (UTC)

All the stuff about usernames is off-topic to Angela's request, as she wrote it. The rest has been summarised. Martin 00:54, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

protests
There being nowhere else to do it, I protest this here.

What is being proposed is that Admins be given the power to block anyone they diagree with, simply by calling them a troll. There is no definition of troll being proposed that is more than 'someone who I don't agree with'. This is a disgrace, and will lead to further disillusionment and resentment from those outside the ruling Cabal. Troll Silent, Troll Deep 20:32, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 In some cases, for example User:Angela is a troll, and perhaps JRR Trollkien where because of use of "troll" or some variation in the user name made the matter seem obvious, users were blocked without the usual polite request to select a new user name, being simply labeled, "troll".
 * Is this wrong? Considering Special:Contributions/Angela is a troll (vandalism of User:Angela), is there any doubt that this block should not have been executed, under the spirit of the general username and vandalism policies? Is it even a close call? Following this arbitration ruling, would sysops be disgouraged from blocking users of this type? I find this item ludicrous. -Fennec 04:28, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, certainly some of these accounts were used for straight vandalism, and such a block seems entirely natural under the vandalism policy - the only thing I might raise an eyebrow at is the length of the ban. Martin 13:18, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see a problem at all with an indefinite ban on accounts in those situations. When an IP does that, the IP is banned for 24 hours. When someone bothers to take the 20 seconds or so to make an account first, if the account is then banned, the associated IP is banned for 24 hours. Why would anyone want a brand-new account back, when it's history is all vandalism? So that folks can say "ah yes, you're the one who started out here vandalising?" Better they take an additional 20 seconds or so and make a new one. - Hephaestos|§ 16:11, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Lengthy response. Executive summary: I don't see a problem. I do wonder about whether shorter account bans might have benefits. However, it's not a very important question.

 * I guess there are a few reasons why I personally would tend towards 24hr blocks on vandalising accounts. The first is that, if a vandal comes back under their old account and vandalises again, then having the histories together means that we can easily block after just one instance of new vandalism. In a new account, we would typically give a warning first, right? It also allows people who recognise the name of the account to pay extra attention to its edits. This might allow for easier handling of vandals who are more interested in vandalising than vandalising "successfully".

 * The second reason is cluttering the list of current blocks with simple vandals. Since we do need to review that list for (eg) AOL proxies that have been permenently blocked, that's a little awkward. Thirdly, I think knowing (more often) when existing vandals have returned will help us understand vandals a bit more. For example, I've often wondered whether the manner of blocking has an impact on return. I also wonder if encouraging reformed vandals to set up a new account weakens the sock puppets policy, because we're being a little self-inconsistent. Martin 12:56, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

"the name JRR Trollkien is considered offensive by a some Wikipedia users such as Angela"

 * I have never claimed I find this name offensive. I find his behavior disruptive. I'm confused as to why the arbitrators are focusing on an issue that was never raised in the request for arbitration. The examples I gave on the evidence page were completely unrelated to name issues, and I did not mention the name issue when I made the request for arbitration. Angela. 06:01, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, me too. Hopefully they'll fix this. Martin 01:26, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * use of "troll" or some variation in the user name made the matter seem obvious

Made what seem obvious? That the user is a troll? That they have an "offensive user name"? That they needed to be blocked? Martin 23:22, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

This case, on its "sole premise", has been an utter failure. - Hephaestos|§ 04:03, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Fine, Jdforrester, thanks for moving my comment. Nobody reads either damn page anyway. (Did they ever?) - Hephaestos|§ 04:39, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree Heph. I'm increasingly glad I recused myself from this. Martin 16:59, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Angela's suggestion to close the case
Is this still open? It seems a little pointless since he's banned now. Could it be officially closed please? Angela. 22:40, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to second that suggestion (as an involved party, not as an arbitrator, as I'm recused). Martin 22:58, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

[Moved.]

I agree; I move to close. Thoughts, my Arbitratorial brethren?

James F. (talk) 23:23, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * In prior cases (eg mav vs 168) the motion to close has taken place on the page itself. *shrug* Martin 23:58, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)