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List of physicians

This is a list of famous physicians in history.

Ancient physicians
30th century BCE to 4th century CE
 * List of ancient physicians

Post-classical physicians
5th century CE to 15th century CE
 * List of post-classical physicians

Early modern physicians
16th century CE to the mid-18th century CE

 * List of early modern physicians

Late modern physicians
mid-18th century CE to the mid-20th century CE

 * List of late modern physicians

Physicians famous for their role in advancement of medicine

 * William Osler Abbott (1902–1943) — co-developed the Miller-Abbott tube
 * William Stewart Agras (born 1929) — feeding behavior
 * Virginia Apgar (1909–1974) — anesthesiologist who devised the Apgar score used after childbirth
 * Jean Astruc (1684–1766) — wrote one of the first treatises on syphilis
 * Averroes (1126–1198) — Andalusian polymath
 * Avicenna (980–1037) — Persian physician
 * Gerbrand Bakker (1771–1828) — Dutch physician, with works in Dutch and Latin on midwifery, practical surgery, animal magnetism, worms, the human eye, comparative anatomy, and the anatomy of the brain
 * Frederick Banting (1891–1941) — isolated insulin
 * Christiaan Barnard (1922–2001) — performed first heart transplant
 * Charles Best (1899–1978) — assisted in the discovery of insulin
 * Norman Bethune (1890–1939) — developer of battlefield surgical techniques
 * Theodor Billroth (1829–1894) — father of modern abdominal surgery
 * Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) — first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States; first openly identified woman to receive a medical degree; pioneered the advancement of women in medicine
 * Alfred Blalock (1899–1964) — noted for his research on the medical condition of shock and the development of the Blalock-Taussig Shunt, surgical relief of the cyanosis from Tetralogy of Fallot, known commonly as the blue baby syndrome, with his assistant Vivien Thomas and pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig
 * James Carson (1772–1843)
 * Charaka (c. 100 BCE – 200 CE) — Indian physician
 * Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) — pioneering neurologist
 * Guy de Chauliac (1290–1368) — one of the first physicians to have an experimental approach towards medicine; also recorded the Black Death
 * Anna Manning Comfort (1845-1931) — first woman medical graduate to practice in the state of Connecticut
 * Loren Cordain (born 1950) — American nutritionist and exercise physiologist, Paleolithic diet
 * Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) — American neurosurgeon; father of modern-day brain surgery
 * Garcia de Orta (1501–1568) — revealed herbal medicines of India, described cholera
 * Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) — pathologist and bacteriologist; credited with the discovery of sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730), the first commercially available antibiotic; won 1939 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Charles R. Drew (1904–1950) — blood transfusion pioneer
 * Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902–1959) — important early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine
 * Galen (129–c. 210) — Roman physician and anatomist
 * Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) — German scientist; won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; developed Ehrlich's reagent
 * Christiaan Eijkman (1858–1930) — pathologist, studied beriberi
 * Pierre Fauchard — father of dentistry
 * René Gerónimo Favaloro (1923–2000) — Argentine cardiac surgeon who created the coronary bypass grafting procedure
 * Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) — Scottish scientist, inventor of penicillin
 * Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553) — wrote on syphilis, forerunner of germ theory
 * Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) — founder of psychoanalysis
 * Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008) — studied Kuru, Nobel prize winner
 * George E. Goodfellow (1855–1910) — recognized as first U.S. civilian trauma surgeon, expert in gunshot wound treatment
 * Henry Gray (1827–1861) — English anatomist and surgeon, creator of Gray's Anatomy
 * Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) — physician and anatomist
 * William Harvey (1578–1657) — English physician, described the circulatory system
 * Henry Heimlich (1920–2016) — inventor of the Heimlich maneuver and the Vietnam War-era chest drain valve
 * Orvan Hess (1906–2002) — fetal heart monitor and first successful use of penicillin
 * Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE) — Greek father of medicine
 * John Hunter (1728–1793) — father of modern surgery, famous for his study of anatomy
 * Kurt Julius Isselbacher (1928–2019) — Former editor of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, prominent Gastroenterologist, founder of the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Association of American Physicians Kober Medal winner
 * Edward Jenner (1749–1823) — English physician popularized vaccination
 * Elliott P. Joslin (1869–1962) — pioneer in the treatment of diabetes
 * Carl Jung (1875–1961) — Swiss psychiatrist
 * Leo Kanner (1894–1981) — Austrian-American psychiatrist known for work on autism
 * Seymour Kety (1915–2000) — American neuroscientist
 * Robert Koch (1843–1910) — formulated Koch's postulates
 * Theodor Kocher (1841–1917) — thyroid surgery; first surgeon to win the Nobel Prize
 * Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec (1781–1826) — inventor of the stethoscope
 * Janet Lane-Claypon (1877–1967) — pioneer of epidemiology
 * Thomas Linacre (1460–1524) — founder of Royal College of Physicians
 * Joseph Lister (1827–1912) — pioneer of antiseptic surgery
 * Richard Lower (1631–1691) — studied the lungs and heart, and performed the first blood transfusion
 * Paul Loye (1861–1890) — studied the nervous system and decapitation
 * Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790–1865) — German physician known for his 1836 publication on the condition now known as Ludwig's angina
 * Amato Lusitano (1511–1568) — discovered venous valves, studied blood circulation
 * Madhav (8th century A.D.) — medical text author and systematizer
 * Maimonides (1135–1204)
 * Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) — Italian anatomist, pioneer in histology
 * Barry Marshall (born 1951)
 * Charles Horace Mayo (1865–1939) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
 * William James Mayo (1861–1939) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
 * William Worrall Mayo (1819–1911) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
 * Salvador Mazza (1886–1946) — Argentine epidemiologist who helped in controlling American trypanosomiasis
 * William McBride (1927-2018) — discovered teratogenicity of thalidomide
 * Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884–1951) — studied muscle metabolism; Nobel prize
 * George Richards Minot (1885–1950) — Nobel prize for his study of anemia
 * B. K. Misra — first neurosurgeon in the world to perform image-guided surgery for aneurysms, first in South Asia to perform stereotactic radiosurgery, first in India to perform awake craniotomy and laparoscopic spine surgery.
 * Frederic E. Mohs (1910–2002) — responsible for the method of surgery now called Mohs surgery
 * Egas Moniz (1874–1955) — developed lobotomy and brain artery angiography
 * Richard Morton (1637–1698) — identified tubercles in consumption (phthisis) of lungs; basis for modern name tuberculosis
 * Herbert Needleman (1927–2017) — scientifically established link between lead poisoning and neurological damage; key figure in successful efforts to limit lead exposure
 * Charles Jean Henri Nicolle (1866–1936) — microbiologist who won Nobel prize for work on typhus
 * Ian Olver (born 1953)
 * Gary Onik (born 1952) — inventor and pioneer of ultrasound guided cryosurgery for both the prostate and the liver
 * William Osler (1849–1919) — "father of modern medicine"
 * Ralph Paffenbarger (1922–2007) — conducted classic studies demonstrating conclusively that active people reduce their risk of heart disease and live longer
 * George Papanicolaou (1883–1962) — Greek pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection; inventor of the Pap smear
 * Paracelsus (1493–1541) — founder of toxicology
 * Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) — advanced surgical wound treatment
 * Wilder Penfield (1891–1976) — pioneer in neurology
 * Marcus Raichle (born 1937) — father of functional neuroimaging
 * Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) — father of modern neuroscience for his development of the neuron theory
 * Joseph Ransohoff (1915–2001) — neurosurgeon who invented the modern technique for removing brain tumors
 * Sir William Refshauge (1913–2009) — Australian public health administrator
 * Rhazes (c. 865–925) (Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi)
 * Juan Rosai (1940–2020) — advanced surgical pathology; discovered the desmoplastic small round cell tumor and Rosai–Dorfman disease
 * Jonas Salk (1914–1995) — developed a vaccine for polio
 * Lall Sawh (born 1951) — Trinidadian surgeon/urologist and pioneer of kidney transplantation in the Caribbean
 * Martin Schurig (1656–1733) — first physician to occupy himself with the anatomy of the sexual organs.
 * Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) — a pioneer of avoiding cross-infection — introduced hand washing and instrument cleaning
 * Victor Skumin (born 1948) — first to describe a previously unknown disease, now called Skumin syndrome (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after receiving a prosthetic heart valve)
 * John Snow (1813–1858) — anaesthetist and pioneer epidemiologist who studied cholera
 * Thomas Starzl (1926–2017) — performed the first liver transplant
 * Andrew Taylor Still (1828–1917) — father of osteopathic medicine
 * Susruta (c. 500 BCE) — Indian physician and pioneering surgeon
 * Thomas Sydenham (1642–1689) — clinician
 * James Mourilyan Tanner (1920–2010) — developed Tanner stages and advanced auxology
 * Helen B. Taussig (1898–1986) — founded field of pediatric cardiology, worked to prevent thalidomide marketing in the US
 * Carlo Urbani (1956–2003) — discovered and died from SARS
 * Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) — Belgian anatomist, often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy
 * Vidus Vidius (1508–1569) — first professor of medicine at the College Royal and author of medical texts
 * Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) — German pathologist, founder of fields of comparative pathology and cellular pathology
 * Carl Warburg (1805–1892) — German/British physician and clinical pharmacologist, inventor of Warburg's Tincture, a famed antipyretic and antimalarial medicine of the Victorian era
 * Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970) — German physiologist, medical doctor; Nobel prize 1931
 * Allen Oldfather Whipple (1881–1963) — devised the Whipple procedure in 1935 for treatment of pancreatic cancer
 * Priscilla White (1900–1989) — developed classification of diabetes mellitus and pregnancy to assess and reduce the risk of miscarriage, birth defect, stillbirth, and maternal death
 * Carl Wood (1929–2011) — developed and commercialized in-vitro fertilization
 * Alfred Worcester (1855–1951) — pioneer in geriatrics, palliative care, appendectomy, cesarean section, student health, nursing education
 * Ole Wormius (1588–1654) — pioneer in embryology
 * Sir Magdi Yacoub (born 1935) — one of the leading developers of the techniques of heart and heart-lung transplantation
 * Boris Yegorov (1937–1994) — first physician in space (1964)
 * Zhang Xichun (1860–1933) — first physician to integrate Chinese and Western medicine
 * Richard White (physician) - physician known for his development of the zebrafish as a model for cancer.

Physicians famous chiefly as eponyms
Among the better known eponyms:
 * Thomas Addison (1793–1860) – Addison's disease
 * Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) – Alzheimer's disease
 * Hans Asperger (1906–1980) – Asperger syndrome
 * John Brereton Barlow (1924–2008) – Barlow's syndrome
 * Karl Adolph von Basedow – Basedow disease
 * Hulusi Behçet – Behçet's disease
 * Paul Broca – Broca's area
 * David Bruce – Brucellosis
 * Denis Parsons Burkitt – Burkitt lymphoma
 * Albert Calmette (1863–1933) – Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a vaccine for tuberculosis
 * Carlos Chagas (1879–1934) – Chagas disease
 * Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) – Maladie de Charcot, Charcot joints, Charcot's triad, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
 * Jerome W. Conn (1907–1981) – Conn's Syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
 * Burrill Bernard Crohn (1884–1983) – Crohn's disease
 * Harvey Cushing – Cushing's disease
 * John Langdon Down – Down syndrome
 * Bartolomeo Eustachi – Eustachian tube
 * Gabriele Falloppio – Fallopian tube
 * Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) – Golgi apparatus
 * Ernst Gräfenberg – Gräfenberg spot (G-spot)
 * Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738–1814) – guillotine
 * Gerhard Armauer Hansen – Hansen's disease
 * Thomas Hodgkin – Hodgkin's disease
 * George Huntington – Huntington's disease
 * Moritz Kaposi – Kaposi's sarcoma
 * Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790–1865) – Ludwig's angina
 * Charles Mantoux (1877–1947) – Mantoux test for tuberculosis
 * Antoine Marfan (1858–1942) – Marfan syndrome
 * Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) – Mitchell's disease
 * James Paget (1814–1899) – Paget's disease
 * James Parkinson (1755–1824) – Parkinson's syndrome
 * Juan Rosai (1940–2020) – Rosai–Dorfman disease
 * Daniel Elmer Salmon – Salmonella
 * Gunnar B. Stickler – Stickler syndrome
 * Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette – Tourette syndrome
 * Max Wilms (1867–1918) – Wilms' tumor
 * Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson – Wilson's disease

Physicians famous as criminals

 * John Bodkin Adams – British general practitioner; suspected serial killer, thought to have killed over 160 patients; acquitted of one murder in 1957 but convicted of prescription fraud, not keeping a dangerous drug register, obstructing a police search and lying on cremation forms
 * Karl Brandt (1904–1948) – Nazi human experimentation
 * Edme Castaing – murderer
 * George Chapman – Polish poisoner and Jack the Ripper suspect
 * Robert George Clements – murderer
 * Nigel Cox – only British doctor to be convicted of attempted euthanasia
 * Thomas Neill Cream – murderer
 * Hawley Harvey Crippen – executed for his wife's murder
 * Baruch Goldstein (1956–1994) – assassin
 * Linda Hazzard – convicted of murdering one patient but suspected of 12 in total
 * H.H. Holmes – American serial killer
 * Shirō Ishii – headed Japan's Unit 731 during World War II which conducted human experimentation for weapons and medical research
 * Mario Jascalevich - killed 9 hospital patients using curare
 * Radovan Karadžić (born 1945) – convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Yugoslavia
 * Jack Kevorkian (1923–2011) – convicted of second-degree murder, Michigan, April 13, 1999
 * Jeffrey R. MacDonald – murdered a pregnant wife and two daughters in 1979
 * Josef Mengele (1911–1979) – known as the Angel of Death; Nazi human experimentation
 * Samuel Mudd (1833–1883) – condemned to prison for setting the leg of Abraham Lincoln's assassin
 * Herman Webster Mudgett (1860–1896) – American serial killer
 * Conrad Murray – convicted of involuntary manslaughter in death of pop star Michael Jackson
 * Arnfinn Nesset – Norwegian serial killer
 * William Palmer – British poisoner
 * Marcel Petiot – French serial killer
 * Herta Oberheuser (1911–1978) – Nazi human experimentation
 * Richard J. Schmidt – American physician who contaminated his girlfriend with AIDS-tainted blood
 * Harold Shipman (1946–2004) – British serial killer
 * Michael Swango (born 1953) – American serial killer
 * An A-Z list of Wikipedia articles of Nazi doctors

Physicians famous as writers
Among the better known writers:
 * Mary A. Brinkman (1846-1932) - American homeopathic physician and medical writer
 * Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940) - Russian novelist and playwright
 * Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894–1961) - French novelist, author of Journey to the End of the Night
 * Graham Chapman (1941–1989) - writer and actor, founding member of Monty Python
 * Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) - Russian playwright
 * Robin Cook - American author of bestselling novels, wrote Coma
 * Michael Crichton (1942–2008) - American author of Jurassic Park
 * A. J. Cronin (1896–1981) - Scottish novelist and essayist, author of The Citadel
 * Anthony Daniels (born 1949) - as 'Theodore Dalrymple' and under his own name, a British author, critic and social and cultural commentator
 * Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) - British author of Sherlock Holmes fame
 * Khaled Hosseini (born 1965) - American author, originally from Afghanistan, of bestselling novels The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns
 * John Keats (1795–1821) - English poet
 * Morio Kita - Japanese novelist and essayist; son of Mokichi Saitō
 * Jean Baptiste Lefebvre de Villebrune (1732–1809) - French physician who translated several works from Latin, English, Spanish, Italian, and German into French
 * Luke the Evangelist - one of the four Gospel writers of the Bible
 * John S. Marr - proposed natural explanations for the ten plagues of Egypt
 * W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) - British novelist and short story writer, wrote Of Human Bondage
 * Alfred de Musset (1810–1857) - French playwright, discovered sign of syphilitic aortitis
 * Taslima Nasrin
 * Mori Ōgai - Japanese novelist, poet, and literary critic
 * Walker Percy (1916–1990) - American philosopher and writer
 * François Rabelais (1483–1553) - French author of Gargantua and Pantagruel
 * Mokichi Saitō - Japanese poet
 * Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805), German writer, poet, essayist and dramatist
 * William Carlos Williams (1883–1963) - American poet and essayist

And others:
 * Patrick Abercromby (1656–c. 1716) - historian
 * Chris Adrian
 * Giorgio Antonucci (1933-2017) - Italian physician and poet, known for his questioning of the bases of psychiatry
 * Jacob Appel - short story writer
 * John Arbuthnot
 * Janet Asimov (1926–2019) (née Janet O. Jeppson) - American psychiatrist, wife of Isaac Asimov
 * Arnie Baker - cycling coach
 * Cora Belle Brewster (1859–?), writer, editor
 * Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) - British writer
 * Georg Büchner - German dramatist
 * Ludwig Büchner - German philosopher
 * Thomas Campion - poet, composer
 * Ethan Canin - novelist, short story writer
 * Deepak Chopra - Indian/American writer of self-help and health books
 * Alex Comfort (1920–2000) - British writer and poet, author of The Joy of Sex
 * Ctesias (5th century B.C.) - Greek historian
 * Steven Clark Cunningham (born 1972) - children's poem writer
 * Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) - British poet, grandfather of Charles Darwin
 * Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) - French writer, dramatist, poet and humanist
 * Havelock Ellis (1859–1940) - British writer and poet, author of The Psychology of Sex
 * Viktor Frankl (1905–1997) - Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, author of Man's Search for Meaning
 * Samuel Garth (1661–1719) - British author and translator of classics
 * Elmina M. Roys Gavitt (1828–1898) - American physician; medical journal founder, editor-in-chief
 * Atul Gawande - surgeon and New Yorker medical writer
 * William Gilbert - British author; father of W. S. Gilbert
 * Oliver Goldsmith - British author
 * Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809–1894) - American essayist
 * Richard Hooker - author of M*A*S*H
 * Arthur Johnston (1587–1641) - poet
 * Eunice D. Kinney (1851-1942) - Canadian-born American physician, journal editor
 * Charles Krauthammer (1950–2018) - American psychiatrist, syndicated political columnist
 * R. D. Laing - Scottish writer and poet, leader of the anti-psychiatry movement
 * Stanisław Lem (1929–2006) - Polish author of science-fiction (Solaris)
 * Carlo Levi (1902–1975) - Italian novelist and writer
 * David Livingstone (1813–1873) - Scottish medical missionary, explorer of Africa, travel writer
 * Adeline Yen Mah - Chinese-American author
 * Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910) - Italian writer, author of science fiction book L'Anno 3000
 * Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) - French writer, a leader of French Revolution; assassinated in bathtub
 * Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) - American writer
 * Mungo Park - Scottish physician and explorer
 * Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman - Indian author and translator of classical manuscripts
 * José Rizal (1861–1896) - Filipino novelist, scientist, linguist, and national hero
 * João Guimarães Rosa - Brazilian writer
 * Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) - British writer and poet, discovered the malarial parasite
 * Theodore Isaac Rubin (1923–2019) - American author of David and Lisa
 * Oliver Sacks (1933–2015) - British essayist (The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat)
 * Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) - German charitative worker, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1952), theologian, philosopher, organist, musicologist
 * Julia Seton (1862-1950) - American physician, lecturer, New Thought writer
 * Frank Slaughter (1908–2001) - American bestseller author, wrote (Doctor's Wives)
 * Tobias Smollett (1721–1771) - author
 * Benjamin Spock (1903–1988) - American pediatrician, wrote Baby and Child Care
 * Patrick Taylor - Canadian best-selling novelist
 * Osamu Tezuka - Japanese cartoonist and animator; the "father of anime"
 * Lewis Thomas (1913–1993) - American essayist and poet
 * Sir Henry Thompson - British surgeon and polymath
 * Vladislav Vančura (1891–1942) - Czech writer, screenwriter and film director
 * Drauzio Varella - Brazilian educator, scientist and medical science popularizer
 * Francis Brett Young (1884–1954) - English novelist and poet

Physicians famous as politicians

 * Sali Berisha - President (1992–1997) and Prime Minister(2005-2013) of Albania
 * Dipu Moni - Bangladeshi Minister of Education
 * Nazira Abdula - Mozambican Minister of Health
 * Ayad Allawi - interim Prime Minister of Iraq
 * Salvador Allende (1908–1973) - Chilean president
 * Emilio Álvarez Montalván - Foreign Minister of Nicaragua
 * Arnulfo Arias - Panamanian President
 * Firdous Ashiq Awan - Pakistani politician
 * Bashar Al-Assad - Syrian national leader
 * Michelle Bachelet (born 1951) - Chilean president
 * Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898–1997) - Prime Minister, President and later dictator of Malawi
 * Gro Harlem Brundtland (born 1939) - first Norwegian female prime minister; Director-General of the World Health Organization
 * Margaret Chan - Director General of the WHO; former Director of Health of Hong Kong
 * Chen Chi-mai - former mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * York Chow - Secretary for Health, Welfare and Food of Hong Kong
 * Denzil Douglas - Prime Ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis, 1995–2015
 * François Duvalier (1907–1971) - also known as Papa Doc; President and later dictator of Haiti
 * Antônio Palocci Filho - Brazilian politician, Finance Minister
 * Christian Friedrich, Baron von Stockmar - Anglo-Belgian statesman
 * Che Guevara - Latin American revolutionary leader
 * George Habash - founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 * Ibrahim al-Jaafari - Prime minister of Iraq
 * Radovan Karadžić (born 1945) - first President of Republika Srpska, now facing charges for genocide and crimes against humanity
 * Mohammad-Reza Khatami - Iranian politician
 * Ewa Kopacz - Polish Prime Minister who succeeded Donald Tusk, 2014–2015
 * Juscelino Kubitscheck - Brazilian president
 * Mahathir Mohamad - Malaysian prime minister
 * Agostinho Neto (1922–1979) - MPLA leader and president of Angola
 * Navin Ramgoolam - Prime minister of Mauritius
 * Lloyd Richardson - President of the Parliament of Sint Maarten, 2014–2015
 * José Rizal (1861–1896) - Filipino revolutionary and national hero
 * Bidhan Chandra Roy - Indian politician
 * Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) - founder of the Republic of China
 * Tabaré Vázquez - former Uruguayan President
 * Ali Akbar Velayati (born 1945) - Iranian Foreign Minister, 1981–1997
 * Ursula von der Leyen (born 1958) - German Federal Minister of Defence, 13th president of the European Commission
 * William Walker (1824–1860) - ruler of Nicaragua
 * Ram Baran Yadav (born 1948) - first elected president of the republic of Nepal
 * Yeoh Eng-kiong - former Secretary for Health and Welfare of Hong Kong

Argentina

 * Luis Agote (1868–1954)
 * Nicolas Bazan (born 1942)
 * Hermes Binner
 * Eduardo Braun-Menéndez (1903–1959)
 * Ramón Carrillo (1906–1956)
 * Bernardo Houssay (1887–1971)
 * René Favaloro (1923–2000)
 * Arturo Umberto Illia - 35th President of Argentina (1963–1966)
 * Luis Federico Leloir (1906–1987)
 * Julia Polak (1939–2014)
 * Alberto Carlos Taquini (1905–1998)

Azerbaijan

 * Karim bey Mehmandarov

Australia

 * Bob Brown - parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens
 * Andrew Laming - Australian politician
 * Peter Macdonald
 * Brendan Nelson - Australian politician
 * Sir Earle Page - Prime Minister of Australia
 * Dinesh Palipana - first quadriplegic medical graduate in Queensland, disability advocate
 * Andrew Refshauge - Australian politician
 * Mal Washer
 * Michael Wooldridge

Brazil

 * Geraldo Alckmin - Vice President of Brazil, Minister of Development, Industry, Trade and Services, former Governor of São Paulo, former Vice Governor of São Paulo, former Mayor of Pindamonhangaba and former federal deputy for São Paulo
 * Antônio Austregésilo - former federal deputy for Pernambuco
 * Enéas Carneiro - former federal deputy for São Paulo and former presidential candidate
 * Marcelo Castro - senator for Piauí and former Minister of Health
 * Arthur Chioro - former Minister of Health
 * Humberto Costa - senator for Pernambuco
 * Antônio Salim Curiati - former Mayor of São Paulo
 * Pedro Ernesto - former Mayor of Rio de Janeiro
 * Jandira Feghali - federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro
 * André Fufuca - Minister of Sports and former federal deputy for Maranhão
 * Paulo Garcia - former Mayor of Goiânia
 * Hiran Gonçalves - senator for Roraima and former federal deputy for Roraima
 * Ângela Guadagnin - former Mayor of São José dos Campos and former federal deputy for São Paulo
 * Eduardo Jorge - former federal deputy for São Paulo and former presidential candidate
 * Juscelino Kubitschek - former President of Brazil, former Governor of Minas Gerais, former senator for Goiás, former Mayor of Belo Horizonte and former federal deputy for Minas Gerais
 * Lavoisier Maia - former Governor of Rio Grande do Norte, former senator for Rio Grande do Norte and former federal deputy for Rio Grande do Norte
 * Zenaide Maia - senator for Rio Grande do Norte and former federal deputy for Rio Grande do Norte
 * Luiz Henrique Mandetta - former Minister of Health and former federal deputy for Mato Grosso do Sul
 * Raquel Muniz - former federal deputy for Minas Gerais
 * Carlos Neder - former state deputy of São Paulo
 * Alexandre Padilha - federal deputy for São Paulo and former Minister of Health
 * Darcísio Perondi - federal deputy for Rio Grande do Sul
 * Mario Pinotti - former Minister of Health and former Mayor of Nova Iguaçu
 * Marcelo Queiroga - former Minister of Health
 * Hélio de Oliveira Santos - former Mayor of Campinas and former federal deputy for São Paulo
 * Alexandre Serfiotis - federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro
 * Nelson Teich - former Minister of Health
 * José Gomes Temporão - former Minister of Health

Canada

 * Philippe Couillard - former Prime Minister of Quebec
 * Thomas "Tommy" Douglas
 * Carolyn Bennett
 * Stanley K. Bernstein
 * Frederick William Borden - Canadian MP and minister of the Militia
 * Bernard-Augustin Conroy
 * John Waterhouse Daniel
 * Hedy Fry (born 1941) - Canadian politician, member of parliament
 * Dennis Furlong
 * Charles Godfrey
 * Grant Hill - former Canadian MP
 * Wilbert Keon - Canadian senator
 * Keith Martin - Portuguese Canadian MP
 * William McGuigan - mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Théodore Robitaille - Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Quebec MNA and Senator
 * Bette Stephenson - Ontario MPP and former Minister of Labour, Minister of Education and Minister of Colleges and Universities
 * Donald Matheson Sutherland - MP and former minister of National Defence
 * David Swann
 * Sir Charles Tupper (1821–1915) - Prime Minister of Canada (1896) and Premier of Nova Scotia (1864–1867); High Commissioner in Great Britain (1884–1887)

France

 * Louis Auguste Blanqui - French revolutionary socialist
 * Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929) - French statesman
 * Jean-Paul Marat - French revolution leader

Italy

 * Guido Baccelli (1830–1916) - seven times Minister of education

Japan

 * Tomoko Abe - Representative of Japan
 * Ichirō Kamoshita - Representative of Japan, former Environment Minister
 * Taro Nakayama - former Representative of Japan, former Foreign Minister
 * Chikara Sakaguchi - Representative of Japan, former Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare
 * Koichiro Shimizu - former Representative of Japan, one of Koizumi Children
 * Tsutomu Tomioka - former Representative of Japan, one of Koizumi Children

Pakistan

 * Firdous Ashiq Awan
 * Asim Hussain
 * Ghulam Hussain

The Netherlands

 * Frederik van Eeden
 * J. Slauerhoff
 * Simon Vestdijk
 * Leo Vroman

United Kingdom

 * Liam Fox - former British Secretary of State for Defence
 * John Pope Hennessy - former Governor of Hong Kong
 * David Owen - British politician

United States

 * Stewart Barlow - member of the Utah House of Representatives
 * Larry Bucshon (born 1962) - U.S. Congressman from Indiana
 * Michael C. Burgess (born 1950) - U.S. Congressman from Texas
 * Ben Carson (born September 18, 1951) - United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
 * Tom Coburn (1948–2020) - U.S. Senator
 * Howard Dean (born 1948) - former Governor of Vermont
 * Scott Ecklund - member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
 * Joe Ellington (born 1959) - member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
 * Bill Frist (born 1952) - United States Senate Majority Leader
 * Joe Heck (born 1961) - U.S. Congressman
 * Steve Henry (born 1953) - Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
 * Jim McDermott - U.S. Congressman
 * Larry McDonald - U.S. Congressman
 * Ralph Northam (born 1959) - Governor of Virginia
 * Christopher Ottiano (born 1969) - member of the Rhode Island Senate
 * Rand Paul (born 1963) - U.S. Senator
 * Ron Paul (born 1935) - U.S. Congressman
 * Tom Price (American politician) (born October 8, 1954) - U.S. Congressman from Georgia and former Secretary of Health and Human Services
 * David Watkins - member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
 * Dave Weldon - U.S. Congressman and autism activist
 * Ray Lyman Wilbur (1875–1949) - United States Secretary of the Interior, president of Stanford University
 * Milton R. Wolf
 * Thomas Wynne (1627–1691) - physician to William Penn, speaker of the first two Provincial Assemblies in Philadelphia (1687 & 1688)

Physicians famous as sportspeople

 * Tenley Albright — Olympic figure skating champion
 * Lisa Aukland — American professional bodybuilder and powerlifter
 * Sir Roger Bannister (1929–2018) — first man to break the four-minute mile; English neurologist
 * Tim Brabants — sprint kayaker, Olympic gold medalist
 * Paulo do Rio Branco — French-Brazilian rugby union player
 * Felipe Contepomi — Argentine rugby union footballer
 * Ted Eisenberg — American 2018 world champion in long distance tomahawk throwing
 * Gail Hopkins — American professional baseball player
 * David Gerrard — New Zealand swimmer
 * Randy Gregg — ice hockey player
 * Jack Lovelock (1910–1949) — Olympic athlete
 * Richard Mamiya (1925–2019) — football player
 * Doc Medich — American baseball player
 * Stephen Rerych — American swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder
 * Dot Richardson — American softball player, Olympics; orthopedic physician
 * Sócrates (Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira) — Brazilian soccer player, played for the national team 1979–1986

Australia

 * Jeremy Cumpston
 * Jonathan LaPaglia
 * Peter Larkins
 * Renee Lim
 * Andrew Rochford
 * Rob Sitch

Brazil

 * Thelma Assis
 * Fred Nicácio
 * Lúcia Petterle
 * Robert Rey
 * Drauzio Varella

Finland

 * Emilia Vuorisalmi

Germany

 * Marianne Koch
 * Gunther Philipp

Ireland

 * Ronan Tynan

Malta

 * Gianluca Bezzina

Norway

 * Anders Danielsen Lie
 * Gro Harlem Brundtland (born 1939) - first Norwegian female prime minister; Director-General of the World Health Organization

Pakistan

 * Shaista Lodhi
 * Ayesha Gul
 * Fahad Mirza

South Africa

 * Phil du Plessis

Spain

 * El Gran Wyoming

Sweden

 * Staffan Hallerstam
 * Jesper Salén
 * Rebecka Liljeberg

United Kingdom

 * Carina Tyrrell
 * Tony Gardner
 * Harry Hill
 * Christian Jessen
 * Sunshine Martyn
 * Pixie McKenna
 * Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller
 * Darwin Shaw
 * Hank Wangford

United States

 * Jennifer Ashton
 * Andrew Baldwin
 * Jennifer Berman
 * Deepak Chopra
 * Lyn Christie
 * Terry Dubrow
 * Garth Fisher
 * Leo Galland
 * Anthony C. Griffin
 * Sanjay Gupta
 * Randal Haworth
 * Jason Todd Ipson
 * Matt Iseman
 * Ken Jeong
 * Sean Kenniff
 * Will Kirby
 * C. Everett Koop
 * John S. Marr
 * Lucky Meisenheimer
 * Paul Nassif
 * Andrew P. Ordon
 * Mehmet Oz
 * Nicholas Perricone
 * Drew Pinsky
 * Bernard Punsly
 * Robert Rey
 * Brent Ridge
 * Nancy Snyderman
 * Benjamin Spock
 * Travis Stork

Physicians famous as beauty queens

 * Mahmure Birsen Sakaoğlu, Miss Turkey 1936
 * Eva Andersson-Dubin, Miss Sweden 1980
 * Deidre Downs, Miss America 2005
 * Anna Malova, Miss Russia 1998
 * Lúcia Petterle, Miss World 1971 for Brazil
 * Limor Schreibman-Sharir, Miss Israel 1973

Physicians famous as first ladies

 * Susan Lynch (pediatrician), First Lady of New Hampshire
 * Mildred Scheel, wife of Walter Scheel

Physicians famous for other activities

 * Anderson Ruffin Abbott
 * Jane Addams — social activist
 * Dav and ultrasound technologies to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Oswald Avery (1877–1955) — molecular biologist who discovered DNA carried genetic information
 * Ali Bacher — cricketer
 * Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi — traveller
 * Roger Bannister — runner, first sub-four-minute miler
 * Josiah Bartlett — American statesman and chief justice of New Hampshire
 * T. Romeyn Beck (1791–1855) — American forensic medicine pioneer
 * Ramon Betances — surgeon, PR nationalist
 * Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939) — nutritionist
 * Oscar Biscet — human rights advocate
 * Herman Boerhaave — humanist
 * Alexander Borodin — composer, chemist
 * Thomas Bowdler — censor
 * Maria Pilar Bruguera Sábat — nun
 * Lafayette Bunnell — explorer of Yosemite Valley
 * John Caius (1510–1573) — physician and educator
 * Roberto Canessa — survivor of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, which crashed in the Andes Mountains in 1972
 * Gerolamo Cardano — mathematician
 * Alexis Carrell — transplant surgeon, eugenicist, Vichy sympathizer
 * Ben Carson — African-American neurosurgeon
 * Anton Chekhov — writer
 * Laurel B. Clark (1961–2003) — American astronaut, killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
 * Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) — mathematician and astronomer
 * Merv Cross (1941–2023) — rugby league player
 * Mary Lee Edward (1885–1980) — pioneer and surgeon and a hero during World War I on the front lines in France.
 * Ted Eisenberg — Guinness World Record holder for most breast augmentation surgeries performed.
 * Steven Eisenberg — known as "The Singing Cancer Doctor."
 * Sextus Empiricus (2nd–3rd century C.E.) — philosopher
 * Ken Evoy
 * Roberto Horcades Figueira — former chairman of the Fluminense Football Club
 * Giovanni Fontana — Venetian physician, engineer, and encyclopedist
 * Luigi Galvani — physicist
 * Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) — philosopher
 * William Gilbert (1544–1603) — physicist
 * Carl Goresky — physician and scientist
 * W. G. Grace — cricketer
 * John Franklin Gray (1804–1881) — American educator, first practitioner of homeopathy in the US
 * Nehemiah Grew — botanist
 * Samuel Hahnemann — founder of homeopathy
 * Armand Hammer — entrepreneur
 * Daniel Harris
 * Karin M. Hehenberger — diabetes expert
 * Hermann von Helmholtz — physicist
 * Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1655) — physiologist
 * Harry Hill — British comedian
 * Courtney Howard — Yellowknife-based ER physician and one-time leadership candidate, Green Party of Canada
 * Samuel Gridley Howe — abolitionist
 * Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt (1810–1889) — President of the Connecticut State Medical Society; director of the Retreat for the Insane
 * Varsha Jain — UK Space doctor/researcher for women's health
 * Mae Jemison (born 1956) — astronaut
 * David Johnson — American swimmer
 * Stuart Kauffman (born 1939) — biologist
 * John Keats — poet and author
 * John Harvey Kellogg — cereal manufacturer
 * Charles Krauthammer (1950–2018) — columnist and political commentator
 * Marianne Lindsten-Thomasson (1909–1979) — Sweden's first female district medical officer during the 1940s
 * Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) — based his system of criminology on physiognomy
 * John McAndrew (1927–2013) — All-Ireland Gaelic footballer
 * June McCarroll — inventor of lane markings
 * Pat McGeer — Canadian basketball player
 * Julia Lore McGrew – medical missionary
 * James McHenry (1753–1816) — signer of the United States Constitution
 * Archibald Menzies — naturalist
 * Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) — proponent of mesmerism and the idea of animal magnetism
 * Jonathan Miller (1934–2019) — television presenter and stage director
 * Paul Möhring (1710–1792) — zoologist, botanist
 * Maria Montessori — educator
 * Boris V. Morukov — cosmonaut
 * Lee "Final Table" Nelson — professional poker player
 * Haing S. Ngor — Oscar-winning film actor
 * Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (1758–1840) — astronomer
 * Dinesh Palipana — physician with disability and advocate
 * Roza Papo — army general
 * James Parkinson — physician, geologist, political activist
 * Claude Perrault — architect
 * Christian Hendrik Persoon — South African botanist
 * Pope John XXI — pope
 * Scott Powell — co-founder of the nostalgia group Sha Na Na
 * Weston A. Price — traveler, educator
 * Syed Ziaur Rahman — physician and medical scientist
 * John Ray — plant taxonomer
 * Prathap C. Reddy
 * Bradbury Robinson — threw the first legal forward pass in American football history while a medical student at St. Louis University
 * Peter Mark Roget — English lexicographer
 * Jacques Rogge — sports official
 * Mowaffak al-Rubaie — human rights advocate, member of the Interim Iraqi Governing Council
 * Benjamin Rush — signer of the United States Constitution
 * Daniel Rutherford (1749–1819) — chemist
 * Bendapudi Venkata Satyanarayana
 * Félix Savart — physicist
 * Guido Schäffer (1974–2009) — Brazilian venerable
 * Albert Schweitzer — humanist
 * Michael Servetus (1511–1553) — burnt at the stake by Calvinists for heresy
 * Paul Sinha — British comedian
 * Rob Sitch — Australian comedian
 * Sócrates (1954–2011, Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira) — Brazilian football (soccer) player
 * James Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) — British missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission
 * Norman Earl Thagard — astronaut
 * Debi Thomas (born 1967) — Olympic figure skater
 * William E. Thornton — astronaut
 * John Tidwell — American basketball player
 * Nasiruddin al-Tusi — astronomer
 * Laura Veale — first qualified woman doctor practising in Harrogate and North Riding of Yorkshire
 * Andrew Wakefield — conducted studies on disputed link between vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, which had many serious consequences
 * William Walker — Latin American adventurer
 * Moshe Wallach (1866–1957) — founder and director of Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem, for 45 years
 * John Clarence Webster — Canadian historian
 * Wilhelm Weinberg — with G. H. Hardy, developed the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium model of population genetics
 * JPR Williams — rugby union player
 * Hugh Williamson — American patriot, statesman, Surgeon General of SC
 * Thomas Young — scientist
 * Tanzir Islam Britto — Bangladeshi physician, wrote the first Non-Hodgkin lymphoma review article.

title: List of physicians


text:
Kurow

Kurow is a small town in the Waitaki District, New Zealand. It is located on the south bank of the Waitaki River, 60 km northwest of Oamaru.

Description
The name is an Anglicised form of the Māori name of the nearby mountain, Te Kohurau.

In the 1920s, the town was the base for the building of the nearby Waitaki Dam and forming Lake Waitaki in the first of a series of hydroelectric projects on the Waitaki River.

The first social security scheme for New Zealand workers was designed in the town, arising from Presbyterian Minister of Kurow Arnold Nordmeyer's experience of working with families of workers on the Waitaki hydro-electric project.

Examples of pre-European Māori cave paintings are close to the small settlement of Duntroon.

The land around the town includes summerfruit orchards, and increasing amounts of Pinot noir are being planted in the limestone soils. In 2021, there were 13 wineries and vineyards in operation in the Waitaki valley.

The town was the terminus of the Kurow Branch railway, opened in 1881 to Hakataramea, across the Waitaki River, but cut back to Kurow in 1930. It closed in 1983: the line can be traced on the ground, and the station still building stands on Liverpool St. From 1928 until 1937, a line owned by the Public Works Department ran from Kurow to the hydroelectric project 6.4 km to the west.

Investigations into two proposals for further hydroelectricity development on the lower Waitaki river: Project Aqua and North Bank Tunnel benefited the economy of Kurow. Neither of these got past the planning stage and caused significant social disruption to the community.

Kurow had been trying to fund a statue of Richie McCaw since 2016 but has struggled to raise the required money. A seven metre tall statue was being considered at one stage.

Demographics
Kurow is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand, and covers 2.44 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger Danseys Pass statistical area.

Before the 2023 census, Kurow had a larger boundary, covering 4.91 km2. Using that boundary, Kurow had a population of 372 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 51 people (15.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 24 people (6.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 165 households, comprising 192 males and 180 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female, with 54 people (14.5%) aged under 15 years, 30 (8.1%) aged 15 to 29, 144 (38.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 147 (39.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.9% European/Pākehā, 12.9% Māori, 4.0% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 36.3% had no religion, 50.0% were Christian, 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.8% were Muslim and 1.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 27 (8.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 108 (34.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 30 people (9.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 126 (39.6%) people were employed full-time, 51 (16.0%) were part-time, and 6 (1.9%) were unemployed.

Danseys Pass statistical area
The Danseys Pass statistical area, which also includes Duntroon, covers 711.49 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Danseys Pass had a population of 987 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 72 people (7.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 123 people (14.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 399 households, comprising 504 males and 483 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female. The median age was 45.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 189 people (19.1%) aged under 15 years, 141 (14.3%) aged 15 to 29, 438 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 219 (22.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 88.1% European/Pākehā, 9.7% Māori, 8.2% Asian, and 1.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 16.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.5% had no religion, 42.2% were Christian, 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 1.2% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 90 (11.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 213 (26.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 90 people (11.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 399 (50.0%) people were employed full-time, 132 (16.5%) were part-time, and 12 (1.5%) were unemployed.

Kurow hotel
The original Kurow hotel dates from the 1860s and had some 24 rooms, a billiard room and stables for horses. Damaged by a fire it was rebuilt in 1892. Again damaged by another fire in 1905, the Kurow hotel was rebuilt out of Oamaru stone. The brightly coloured building is a category two historic place.

Kurow Museum
The Kurow Museum is located at 57 Bledisloe Street. It showcases early settlers in the area and the development of the social security scheme to help families in need.

Awakino Ski Area
Kurow is the closest town to Awakino Ski Area which is 15 kilometres away, accessed through Awakino Station.

Education
Waitaki Valley School is a full primary school catering for years 1 to 8, with a roll of students as of  The school was created from the merger in 2004 of Kurow Area, Otematata, Cattle Creek, and Hakataramea schools. It moved to its present site in 2012.

Notable people
Notable people with connections to Kurow include:
 * Steve Hotton, Otago rugby player
 * Roy Kerr, Mathematician
 * Richie McCaw, All Black captain
 * Dr Gervan McMillan and his wife Ethel were residents of Kurow from 1929 to 1934, with Dr McMillan running a medical practice there.
 * Arnold Nordmeyer, minister of finance and Labour Party politician
 * Charles Saxton. All Black and rugby administrator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kurow


text:
Talk:Convergence

old comments
I've moved these edits here, for discussion:

''Two items are said to be convergent if in time they become increasingly like each other. Equally they are divergent if they keep moving apart. However, the word convergent is often used with the second item left implicit.''

This isn't really clear enough. There is stuff around on technical convergence, evolutionary convergence by different paths to the same result, and so on.

''One question of interest is whether WikiPedia is in broad terms a convergent or divergent phenomenon. Will the number of pages grow without limit (which is possible given arbitrarily long phrases can be used for page names) or will WikiPedia start evolving toward a finished work, or a work where limits exist to changes (with news and topical issues only changing)?''

General policy is not to be too navel-gazing about WP on article pages.

Charles Matthews 08:08, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Definition/¨
"Two items are said to be convergent if in time they become increasingly like each other." Well, if both go to infinity, they both diverge. "The difference of two items converge" would be more correct.

The definition of convergence is (seems to be missing):

A sequence $$\left\{ {a_n } \right\}_{a \ge 1} $$ converges, if there exists a real number $$a \in \mathbb{R}$$ with the following property: To any given real value $$\varepsilon > 0$$ there exists a real number $$N_\varepsilon > 0$$ with $$\left| {a_n  - a} \right| < \varepsilon $$ for all $$n \ge N$$. ($$a$$ is the limit of the sequence $$\left\{ {a_n } \right\}_{a \ge 1} $$)

Page structure
I have some qualms about this page's structure. When I was first redirected to it, I was confused by the common-sense description. I think that my confusion resulted from the fact that I could see no introduction or clear structure to the page. I suggest that this article should either become a disambiguation page among informal and formal meanings of the term, or that it should be more clearly structured. I would be willing to make the necessary changes in either case, but I want to know what others think. NatusRoma 06:48, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Yup ... should be a disambiguation page
I agree that this should be a disambiguation page, but be sure to include the other senses of the word for "convergence" beside the informal one and the mathematical one in this article. I recall seeing other senses of the word in other specific problem domains, like convergence (biology) or convergence (economics). I gues a Wiki search for "convergence" will get all the senses of the word. ... and thanks for offering to do this so I wouldn't have to Vonkje 20:40, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Anybody willing to do the work? Oleg Alexandrov 03:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess I can do it. There are almost 40 articles concerning convergence of which almost half deal with mathematics alone (many of these links are already in this page).  I would like to leave this article on Convergence as unchanged as possible.  The only exception might be to move the informal description into this discussion page.  In the meantime, we can consider merging an improved form of this informal definition into the nicely written article on bargaining (ie: Convergence as an "emergent" property of bargaining).

 * There are almost 60 articles that link to this Convergence article. I can more relevantly specify some of the more obvious links pertaining to sci-fi and pop culture, but I might do a disservice by attempting the same thing with the mathematics articles.  All this might take awhile.  Vonkje 18:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have copied and pasted original text from its informal meaning into here:

A common sense example of convergence is in bargaining a price in an informal market. For example, a seller and a buyer may successively make the following offers:
 * Buyer: I'll pay $10.
 * Seller: Impossible! The real value is $100. How about $60?
 * Buyer: Nothing more than $20. That's my final offer.
 * Seller: You're really pushing me. I can't go below $40.
 * Buyer: I'd rather buy in another shop. But if you would accept $30...
 * Seller: OK, $30, it's a deal.
 * Buyer: OK.

Here the sequence of bids and counter-bids evidently converges, quite rapidly, to a common price.

 * Possibly more to come. Vonkje 20:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, ... got all of the senses of Convergence into one page broken out by categories. Links may need some reordering within each category, and correction of typos.  What is left is to modify the links shown in the What links here pages.  I'm done for the night.  Vonkje 00:47, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)  (aka 209.42.38.71).

 * Hey, you did a lot of great work, thanks! Oleg Alexandrov 00:54, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * So why isn't this just coarse merged with the disambigous version?ZakTek 16:53, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Please help me understand something
I am having trouble understanding the following passage:

An infinite series that is divergent does not a priori'' have any mathematical value. That is, it cannot be used for meaningful computations of its value. Such series are indeed applied: as generating functions, as asymptotic series, or via some summation method.''

If divergent series do not a priori have any mathematical value, then why are links listed in the last sentence that each address the topic of divergent series? Is this simply intended as a caveat regarding divergent series? Did the writer intend to use the phrase "lack any mathematical value" instead of "have any mathematical value"? What does "Such series are indeed applied" mean. Wouldn't a discussion or better yet a link to radius of convergence be more helpful? I greatfully look forward to anyone who can shed light on these questions. Vonkje 20:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You have a good point. Any suggestions on how to rephrase that passage? Also, please note my removal of some text you inserted, and my comment below. We can talk more about that. Oleg Alexandrov 23:38, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Usually I would have some suggestions, but this one really baffled me! Vonkje 02:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, so after re-reading the passage in question:
 * .. Such series are indeed applied: as generating functions, as asymptotic series, or via some summation method.
 * I will venture a guess as to what the writer of this passage intended, namely:
 * .. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to formally characterize divergent series through generating functions, as asymptotic series, or via some summation methods. Vonkje 20:42, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Or how about:

 * .. Nevertheless, divergent series can be summed formally, as generating functions or asymptotic series, or via some summation method. Oleg Alexandrov 00:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oleg, Your verbage seems to make sense. Since my expertise is not in this particular area (I never studied divergent series) I do not feel confident in replacing the wording, but your wording seems to be a big improvement. Vonkje 22:33, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On my recent removal
Another reason besides the one stated in the edit summary for removal of those two sentences is the following. The sentence:
 * The transcendental number Pi provides a classic example of a number that can only be approximated using an infinite series.

is not correct as stated. The infinte series gives the exact value, not an approximation. Also, π can be very easily written in just a finite series, like

 * π = π+0 +...0

That sentence should have said that

 * Any partial sum (finite series) containing only rational terms can never be exactly equal to π. As such, π can be only written in an infinite series with rational coefficients, and otherwise one gets only an approximation.

But this would have been too long and complicated paragraph, to insert between two sentences which were making sence together but not separately. Oleg Alexandrov 23:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are absolutely right. ... I meant to say that "no finite series can effectively compute &pi" (which I think precludes defining &pi in terms of itself as in: π = π+0 +...0). Even so, I'm not so sure if that would have made sense in the spot where I put it.  Vonkje 02:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Moving the mathematical terms to their own page
It looks to me that the mathematical meanings of the term take a lot of space on this page. How about making that section much shorter, and instead, move the mathematical meanings to its own page, convergence (mathematics)? Oleg Alexandrov 15:21, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Oleg,
 * The same thing occured to me when I was reworking this page. I decided against it for two reasons.  Firstly, a separate disambiguation page for convergence in mathematics could signal a desire for two Wikipedias, one for power users and the other a ...(ahem)... 'home edition'. ...  The second reason is epistemological.  I **believe** that all human knowlege derives from mathematics whether we are conscious of this or not.  This led me to boldly display the mathematics portion of this disambiguation first.
 * The risks of this inclusiveness is further co-optation of mathematical concepts by popular culture and its conversion to quasi-mathematical concepts. I can see it now ... a sci-fi thriller titled: "Interval of Convergence", that would have *nothing* to do with infinite series!
 * Anyway, I would not complain too loudly if someone else were to factor the mathematical meanings out to another page.  Vonkje 22:25, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I see. I don't plan to change it, but I will not complain either of somebody else does. Oleg Alexandrov 03:40, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Another convergence for computing
It was not clear from the article, but there is a well-known convergence for neural networks, I thought I would have found it here but did not.Josh Froelich 14:14, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

The purpose of this page
What is intended to be the distinction between this page and convergence (disambiguation)?

I believe this page should be used for more literal uses relating to converging in some manner, while the disambiuation should be for topics where the connection is less obvious. This is why I removed telecommunications convergence from this page (it was already on the other anyway).

Or should we just merge both - I would have done this, were it not for the size of the combined list. The way, the truth, and the light (talk) 11:23, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Clean-up
This page was tagged for clean-up in July 2009. I couldn't find the reason, but a lot of issues seem to have been addressed. What do others think still needs looking at here ? Boleyn3 (talk) 09:08, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The other thing to do here would be to remove further entries that aren't referred to as "Convergence". It seems unlikely to me that things like the Integral test for convergence are often referred to as simply "convergence", but I don't feel qualified enough to judge those things correctly when it comes to mathematics. I suppose that there are other entries on the page that could have similar issues, such as the Democratic Convergence Party-Reflection Group. Dekimasu よ! 07:57, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Convergence


text:
Keith Van Horn

Keith Adam Van Horn (born October 23, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player. Van Horn played for the New Jersey Nets, Philadelphia 76ers, New York Knicks, Milwaukee Bucks, and the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

A forward, Van Horn finished his college basketball career with the Utah Utes as the all-time leading scorer in the history of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). He was a consensus first-team All-American in 1997. Van Horn was selected by the Philadelphia 76ers with the second pick in the 1997 NBA draft and was traded to the New Jersey Nets on draft night. He was named to the 1998 NBA All-Rookie Team. Van Horn played for the Nets from 1997 to 2002, leading the team in scoring in the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, finishing fifth in the NBA in scoring in the 1998–99 season, and was a key member of the 2001–02 Nets' team that made the NBA Finals. He would also go on to play for the 76ers, the New York Knicks, the Milwaukee Bucks, and the Dallas Mavericks. Van Horn averaged 16 points and nearly seven rebounds per game during his NBA career.

College career
Van Horn graduated from Diamond Bar High School in Diamond Bar, California and attended the University of Utah. Rick Majerus recruited him to replace departing star Josh Grant. He played for Utah from 1993 to 1997 and received numerous All American awards during his career at Utah. In Van Horn's first season, he averaged a Utah-freshman record 18.3 points on 51 percent shooting and 8.3 rebounds per game even though his father died during his freshman year. As a sophomore, Van Horn led his team to the NCAA Tournament.

He is well known for his last second heroics, making back to back game winning shots against SMU and New Mexico in the 1997 WAC Conference Tournament. In 1997, he shot 90.4 percent from the free throw line and averaged 22.0 points and 9.5 rebounds per game to lead the Utes to a 29–4 finish and #2 national ranking, the highest in school history. This led to advancing to the NCAA Tournament's Elite Eight. As a senior in 1997, he was a consensus first team All American selection and was named ESPN Men's College Player of the Year.

Among his collegiate accomplishments is being the first player in WAC history to be named Player of the Year three times (1995,1996,1997), being the second player in WAC history to make first team all-WAC four years in a row and being the all-time leading scorer in University of Utah and WAC history with 2,542 points. Van Horn is the University of Utah career leader in points, defensive rebounds, three-point field goals made, free throw percentage and is second in total rebounds. He averaged 20.8 points and 8.8 rebounds in his collegiate career. His #44 basketball jersey was retired by the University of Utah in 1998. In February 2008, he was among 16 players named to the University of Utah's "All-Century" basketball team. Van Horn was inducted to Utah's Crimson Club Hall of Fame in 2012.

College statistics

 * align="left" | 1993–94
 * align="left" | Utah
 * 25 || 24 || 29.6 || .516 || .443 || .775 || 8.3 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 1.6 || 18.3
 * align="left" | 1994–95
 * align="left" | Utah
 * 33 || 33 || 30.1 || .545 || .386 || .856 || 8.5 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 21.0
 * align="left" | 1995–96
 * align="left" | Utah
 * 32 || - || 30.9 || .538 || .409 || .851 || 8.8 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 0.7 || 21.4
 * align="left" | 1996–97
 * align="left" | Utah
 * 32 || 32 || 31.5 || .492 || .387 || .904 || 9.5 || 1.4 || 0.7 || 1.2 || 22.0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 122 || 89 || 30.6 || .522 || .401 || .851 || 8.8 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 1.0 || 20.8
 * }
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 122 || 89 || 30.6 || .522 || .401 || .851 || 8.8 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 1.0 || 20.8
 * }

New Jersey Nets
Van Horn was drafted as the second overall pick in the 1997 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers; however, his rights were immediately traded to the New Jersey Nets along with Michael Cage, Lucious Harris and Don MacLean in exchange for the draft rights to Tim Thomas and Anthony Parker and player contracts of Jim Jackson and Eric Montross.

Van Horn played for the Nets from 1997 to 2002. He was named to NBA All-Rookie First Team in his first season, averaging a team leading 19.7 points and 6.5 rebounds and leading the Nets to the 1998 NBA Playoffs, where they were swept in three games by the Chicago Bulls. His best season came in 1999, where he averaged a team-leading 21.8 points per game (fifth in the NBA) as well as 8.5 rebounds per game. That season, on March 26, Van Horn blocked a career-high 6 shots, along with scoring 22 points, during a 100–91 loss to the Indiana Pacers. He was an important part of the 2001–02 Nets team that won the Eastern Conference Finals, leading the team in rebounding and placing second in scoring. In the deciding Game 5 of their first round matchup with the Pacers, Van Horn scored a postseason career-high 27 points during a 120–109 victory. He later hit the game-winning three-point shot against the Boston Celtics in game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals to send the Nets to the 2002 NBA Finals, before they were eventually swept by the Los Angeles Lakers. He ranks in the Nets' top ten in several statistical categories including points, field goals made, three-point field goals made and attempted, and offensive and defensive rebounds.

Philadelphia 76ers
On August 6, 2002, Van Horn was traded to the team who initially drafted him, the Philadelphia 76ers, along with Todd MacCulloch for center Dikembe Mutombo. He spent one year with the 76ers placing second on the team in scoring (15.9 per game) and rebounding (7.1 per game), while in the postseason the 76ers advanced past the New Orleans Hornets in the first round, before being eliminated by the Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.

New York Knicks and Milwaukee Bucks
After spending a year with the 76ers, Van Horn was traded to the New York Knicks for Latrell Sprewell in a four team deal that also included the Atlanta Hawks and Minnesota Timberwolves. His stint with the Knicks, although productive, was short; on February 16, 2004, he was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks in a three team trade involving the Atlanta Hawks, where he was traded for Tim Thomas, marking the second time Thomas and Van Horn were traded for each other. On March 21, 2004, Van Horn scored his highest single game total in Milwaukee, 32 points during a 104–103 loss to the Lakers. In the playoffs, however, Van Horn and the Bucks would be eliminated in the first round by the eventual-champion Pistons.

Dallas Mavericks
In order to make salary cap room for the signing of free-agent-to-be Michael Redd in the coming off-season, on February 24, 2005, the Bucks traded Van Horn to the Dallas Mavericks for the expiring contracts of Alan Henderson, Calvin Booth and cash. He spent nearly two seasons with the Mavericks playing a key sixth man role and helping the Mavericks win the Western Conference Finals before losing in the NBA Finals to the Miami Heat.

Free agency and retirement
Following the 2005–06 season, he took a year off in order to spend time with his family. On February 19, 2008, Van Horn signed a three-year deal (only the first year guaranteed) with the Mavericks in order to help complete a blockbuster trade that sent Jason Kidd from the Nets to the Mavericks and Devin Harris to the Nets. As expected, Van Horn did not play at all for the Nets and was waived on October 23, 2008, and earned $4.3 million without playing.

Van Horn finished his NBA career with averages of 16.0 points per game and nearly seven rebounds per game.

Personal life
Van Horn lived in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, during his time with the New Jersey Nets. Van Horn lives in Bow Mar, Colorado, with his wife, Amy, and four children. Van Horn's eldest daughter Sabrina was born near the end of his sophomore year at Utah, followed by his son Nick and two other daughters Noelle and Haley. Sabrina played soccer for Mullen High School in Denver. Van Horn helped coach the basketball teams of his two other daughters. Having counseled Van Horn through the death of his father during his freshman season, Rick Majerus became close to Van Horn and was the godfather of Noelle.

He purchased some on-the-river Colorado land and co-founded the Lincoln Hills Fly Fishing Club but later sold his majority interest in the club. Van Horn has a real estate investment firm, a school for kids with special needs, and a mobile software company called Accuworks that created another mobile software company called Branded Business Apps.

Van Horn runs the Colorado Premier Basketball Club, a non-profit youth basketball program involving around 1,000 kids from the Denver area. The club, claimed to be Colorado's largest basketball club, provides leagues, coaching, camps and tournaments for around 1,000 kids from the Denver area.

Achievements
College: Professional:
 * First Team All-WAC 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
 * WAC Player of the Year 1995, 1996, 1997
 * Associated Press All American 1996
 * Associated Press All American 1997
 * 1997 ESPN Men's College Basketball Player of the Year
 * University of Utah Men's Basketball "All Century Team"
 * WAC Champions (1995,1996,1997), University of Utah
 * NBA All Rookie First Team 1998
 * Fifth NBA Scoring 1999
 * 2002 Eastern Conference Championship, New Jersey Nets
 * New Jersey Nets Top Ten Career Leader in points, field goals made, three-point field goals made and attempted, free throws made and attempted, offensive and defensive rebounds
 * 2006 Western Conference Championship, Dallas Mavericks

title: Keith Van Horn


text:
Talk:Sousa

Untitled
It isn't right that this is a disambiguation page - unless John Philip Sousa is known simply as Sousa - but I don't think that's the case is it? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:08, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Aren't many composers? Tchaikovsky, Beethoven, Mozart, they all redirect to "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "Ludwig van Beethoven" and Mozart to a disamb page (and at least they have the name "Mozart" on, so i guess it should be even better to redirect directly to John Philip Sousa than to Humpback Dolphins)... Well, I don't see why not Sousa... And I also did that disamb page because when I was looking for Sousa's works some months ago, I hardly found anything mentioning his complete name. If this is innapropriate, then sorry, but I thought it would make sense among all that.

 * Hi, good to meet you. It's funny when disparate worlds like dolphins and composers collide, it's not always obvious where the priorities should lie. I made a mistake in this case, casting too little importance to the composer. Apologies, I have reverted to a disambiguation.

 * Incidentally I still think a disambig is better than a redirect to JP Souda, because the name Sousa and Humpbacks are very tighted linked.

 * You can sign your name by typing ~ . Other users find it really useful if you do so. Thanks! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 12:18, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I really don't know how often the dolphins are called Sousa, so I can't say anything about it... I just wanted to credit the composer as well... Hehe, and I know about the ~, but I kinda forget it... Still not used to... Thanks anyway Kieff 01:22, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Pete/Pcb21, Kieff, if you are still around, it is being proposed to move this page to Sousa (disambiguation). I'm not sure what is planned to go here, but I suspect it's not the Dolphins. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 21:11, 16 April 2017 (UTC).

Descent from Portugese bringing D'souza into India
I am a wee bit skeptical about this claim that having the surname D'souza in India means that there is a good chance of Portuguese descent being involved. Like other Portuguese surnames in India, it may simply be the result of those the Portuguese managed to convert to Catholicism having to take on a Portuguese last name to socially formalize their commitment to their new religion. --213.42.23.71 (talk) 05:44, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

My redundant action within series
Oh, looks like what I moved (after rewording) is an already duplicate, fairly suitable,  correctly situated --- and presumably --  more completely appropriate, entry, than the one I noted as encroaching upon the clearly more worthy primary-Dab candidate, which surely had already been assigned as the  primary ("single primary" is nonsense) topic. As always, YMMV, but state explicit justification when presuming to override a prior WP:Primary topic determination, especially as a merely aurally confusible (but apparently not-even-suspected accepted alternate) spelling. To wit, .... ... I had moved it without  realizing what I moved was also a duplicate. Note that I judged that it would not plausibly be accepted as primary or "equal" Dab. (an edit i'd fergot to sign in the preceding 24) --JerzyA (talk) 15:26, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Susa, important city of the ancient Middle East, which is referred to in the Judeo/Christian bibles".

سكس
سكس 213.246.30.104 (talk) 18:59, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sousa


text:
Thomas Adès

Thomas Joseph Edmund Adès (born 1 March 1971) is a British composer, pianist and conductor. Five compositions by Adès received votes in the 2017 Classic Voice poll of the greatest works of art music since 2000: The Tempest (2004), Violin Concerto (2005), Tevot (2007), In Seven Days (2008), and Polaris (2010).

Biography
Adès was born in London to art historian Dawn Adès and poet Timothy Adès. His surname is of Syrian Jewish origin. Adès is gay and identified his sexuality closely with the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in his youth.

Adès studied piano with Paul Berkowitz and later composition with Robert Saxton at Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London. After attending University College School, he achieved a double starred first in 1992 at King's College, Cambridge, studying with Alexander Goehr and Robin Holloway. He was appointed Britten Professor of Composition in the Royal Academy of Music and in 2004 was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Essex.

In 2007, a retrospective festival of Adès's work was presented at the Barbican Arts Centre in London and he was the focus of Radio France's annual contemporary music festival, "Présences", and Helsinki's "Musica Nova" festival. The Barbican festival, "Traced Overhead: The Musical World of Thomas Adès", included the UK premiere of a new work for Simon Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic, Tevot. Journalist Tom Service wrote of the piece, "Of any piece of new music I've heard at its premiere, this is one of the most immediately, richly powerful." In the spring of 2007, The Tempest returned to the Royal Opera House.

In 2009, Adès was the focus of Stockholm Concert Hall's annual Composer Festival, and in 2010 he was appointed foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.

On 8 October 2015, Adès was elected into the Board of Directors of the European Academy of Music Theatre.

For 2022 he was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Music and Opera.

Adès won an Ivor Novello Award at The Ivors Classical Awards 2023. Növények, for mezzo-soprano and piano sextet won the award for Best Chamber Ensemble Composition.

Orchestral

 * Asyla
 * for orchestra, commissioned for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) by the John Feeney Charitable Trust, was premiered in Symphony Hall, Birmingham in October 1997 by Simon Rattle and the CBSO. It received its London premiere at the BBC Proms on 15 August 1999 by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by the Composer. This work received the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition in 2000, making Adès the youngest ever to receive the award.
 * On 7 September 2002, Simon Rattle gave his first concert as principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra with Asyla and Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5, both of which have also been released on CD and DVD by EMI.
 * Asyla has since been performed across the world, including on a recent tour of the Far East by Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic.

 * America: A Prophecy
 * commissioned for the New York Philharmonic Orchestra's Millennium Messages in November 1999 and it received its UK premiere at the Aldeburgh Festival in June 2000. A recording of the work is available on EMI Classics (2004).

 * Concentric Paths
 * Adès's violin concerto received its premiere in September 2005 with a performance by the Chamber Orchestra of Europe with Anthony Marwood as soloist, which received critical acclaim.

 * Tevot
 * for orchestra, was premiered in Berlin by Simon Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic on 21 February 2007, and received its American premiere as part of the Berlin in Lights Festival at Carnegie Hall.

 * In Seven Days
 * for piano, orchestra, with video installation, was premiered by the London Sinfonietta, conducted by Adès at Royal Festival Hall in London on 28 April 2008. Video segment was created by Tal Rosner, Adès's then partner. The work was co-commissioned by the South Bank Centre and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

 * Polaris
 * for orchestra and five video screens (moving images by Tal Rosner), was written for the opening of Frank Gehry's New World Arts Center in Miami, Florida, and premiered by the New World Symphony Orchestra under Michael Tilson Thomas on 26 January 2011. The work was co-commissioned by the New World Symphony Orchestra with the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the San Francisco Symphony and the Barbican Centre, London.

 * Totentanz
 * for mezzo-soprano, baritone, and large orchestra, commissioned by Robin Boyle and dedicated to Witold Lutosławski and his wife Danuta, was premiered on 7 July 2013 by the BBC Symphony Orchestra as part of that year's BBC Proms.

 * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra
 * for piano and large orchestra, commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra and premiered by the BSO and the pianist Kirill Gerstein in Symphony Hall, Boston, on 7 March 2019.

 * The Exterminating Angel Symphony
 * a four movement orchestral rendering of music from the opera, premiered on 4 August 2021 at the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla.

 * Air – Homage to Sibelius
 * for violin and orchestra, commissioned by Roche for the Lucerne Festival and premiered on 27 August 2022 at the Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) by Anne-Sophie Mutter and the Lucerne Festival Contemporary Orchestra, conducted by Adès.

Operas

 * Powder Her Face
 * Adès's 1995 chamber opera with a libretto by Philip Hensher, won both good reviews and notoriety for its musical depiction of fellatio. The opera was commissioned by Almeida Opera Festival, London, and has since been given new productions around the world. The Duchess depicted in the opera is the Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll whose scandalous behaviour in Britain in the early 1960s was revealed during a divorce trial with the introduction into evidence of photographs of her various sexual acts. Adès's "Concert Paraphrase" on Powder Her Face for solo piano was premiered by the composer for the Vancouver Recital Society on 14 March 2010 in Vancouver; the work was co-commissioned by the VRS, San Francisco Performances, and the Barbican Centre in London.

 * The Tempest
 * with a libretto by Meredith Oakes adapted from Shakespeare's play, was premiered to critical acclaim at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden London in February 2004, followed by performances at the Strasbourg Opera and the Copenhagen Opera House in 2005. Its US premiere was by the Santa Fe Opera in July 2006. The original production was revived by the Royal Opera House London in March 2007 to acclaim. A production by Frankfurt Opera, staged by Keith Warner and conducted by Johannes Debus in January 2010 was the first in Germany. EMI's recording of the Covent Garden performance of The Tempest won Adès the title of Composer of the Year in the 2010 Classical BRIT Awards. The Metropolitan Opera, New York, included The Tempest in its 2012–13 season, conducted by Adès and produced by Robert Lepage. The same production was seen in Vienna in the summer of 2015.

 * The Exterminating Angel
 * adapted from Luis Buñuel's 1962 surrealist film El ángel exterminador, was premiered at the 2016 Salzburg Festival, and performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Metropolitan Opera, New York and Royal Danish Opera, Copenhagen, the four co-commissioners and co-producers of the opera.

Choral music

 * The Fayrfax Carol
 * a cappella choral composition. Written originally for King's College, Cambridge, 1997, the piece has been recorded by ensembles such as the BBC Singers and also the City of Birmingham Symphony Chorus. The work received its U.S. West Coast premiere by International Orange Chorale of San Francisco.

Chamber music

 * Five Eliot Landscapes
 * Adès's first opus, published in 1990.

 * Arcadiana
 * a seven-movement, 20-minute string quartet (Op. 12), was recorded in 1998 along with other work from the 1993 to 1994 period.

 * Cardiac Arrest
 * a work for chamber ensemble of 7 players. The piece is based on song by Madness. It received its premiere at Meltdown, Purcell Room, London in 1995 by Composers Ensemble.

 * Catch
 * a chamber work for clarinet, piano, violin and violincello. It premiered in 1993 at St George's, Brandon Hill, Bristol by Lynsey Marsh, Anthony Marwood, Louise Hopkins and Thomas Adès.

 * Chamber Symphony
 * a work for 15 players, Chamber Symphony lasts approximately 13 minutes and was given its first performance at the Cambridge Festival of Contemporary Music, West Road Concert Hall, Cambridge by Contemporary Music Festival Ensemble under the baton of Thomas Adès in 1991.

 * Concerto Conciso
 * a work for piano and chamber ensemble (10 players). The piece was given its premiere at the Adrian Boult Hall, Birmingham by the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group under Thomas Adès in 1997.

 * Court Studies
 * this chamber work for clarinet, violin, cello and piano lasts approximately 8 minutes and was given its premiere in 2005 at the Jubilee Hall, Aldeburgh Festival by the Composers Ensemble.

 * Four Quarters
 * this string quartet was commissioned by the Carnegie Hall Corporation, and, was premiered in 2011 at Stern Auditorium, Carnegie Hall, New York by the Emerson String Quartet.

 * Les baricades mistérieuses
 * for clarinet, bass clarinet, viola, cello and double bass. Written for Wilfred Mellers's 80th birthday, it was first performed at Dartington International Summer School's Great Hall by The Composers Ensemble in 1994.

 * Lieux retrouvés
 * for cello and piano. Co-commissioned by the Aldeburgh Festival, Wigmore Hall and Carnegie Hall. First performed at Aldeburgh Festival, Snape Maltings Concert Hall, Suffolk by Steven Isserlis and Thomas Adès in 2009; 2016 BBC Proms UK premiere of version for orchestra

 * Life Story
 * a work for soprano and chamber ensemble of 3 players, Life Story is set to Tennessee Williams's text. It was written for The Composers Ensemble and received its first performance in 1993 at West Road Concert Hall, Cambridge University.

 * Living Toys
 * for chamber ensemble of 14 players. The work was commissioned by the Arts Council of Great Britain for the London Sinfonietta. Conducted by Oliver Knussen, the work was premièred in 1994 at the Barbican Hall, London.

 * The Origin of the Harp
 * a chamber ensemble work for 10 players was commissioned by the Halle Orchestra. It began life in 1994 at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester under the baton of the composer himself.

 * Piano Quintet
 * premièred at the 2001 Melbourne Festival, Australia by Thomas Adès (piano) and the Arditti Quartet. Recording of the work with Adès at the piano and the Arditti Quartet (released in 2005 by EMI with Schubert's Trout Quintet – with Adès and the Belcea Quartet).

Pianist
In 1993, at age 22, Adès gave his first public piano recital in London as part of the Park Lane Group series of recitals.

Adès was a runner-up in the BBC's Young Musician of the Year competition in 1990. EMI has released a CD of Adès as a solo performer, "Thomas Adès: Piano", and several CDs as an accompanist, frequently with Ian Bostridge, Steven Isserlis and others. As a student Adès was a percussionist, at one point playing percussion in Stravinsky's "Les noces" under Sir Simon Rattle.

Musical Director
Adès was the first Music Director of the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group from 1998 to 2000.

He served as Artistic Director of the Aldeburgh Festival from 1999 to 2008, succeeded in 2009 by the pianist Pierre-Laurent Aimard.

In 2000, he was composer-in-residence of the Ojai Festival in California (along with Mark-Anthony Turnage), under the artistic direction of Ernest Fleischmann. While there, performances included:
 * The U.S. West Coast premiere of "Asyla," with Sir Simon Rattle conducting the Los Angeles Philharmonic
 * "Darkness Visible" and "Still Sorrowing" performed by pianist Gloria Cheng
 * "These Premises are Alarmed" conducted by Rattle with the Los Angeles Philharmonic

He was resident with the Los Angeles Philharmonic during their 2005/6 and 2006/7 seasons as part of the orchestra's "On Location" series at Walt Disney Concert Hall and other locations.

Adès is the Deborah and Philip Edmundson artistic partner with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, a position he has held for three years, 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021. The position was created specifically for him.

Recordings
DVD
 * Powder Her Face was made into a film by Channel 4 and shown on Christmas Day 1999 in the UK. The film was released on DVD in the UK for Christmas 2005, including a documentary film about Adès made by Gerald Fox in 1999. It is also available in the US.
 * Asyla (along with Mahler's 5th Symphony) formed Sir Simon Rattle's opening concert as Music Director with the Berlin Philharmonic. The two concerts given were recorded and released as a DVD in 2002.
 * "The Tempest": the Metropolitan Opera production from 2012, conducted by Adès, was issued on DG. Prospero: Simon Keenlyside; Ariel: Audrey Luna; Caliban: Alan Oke; Miranda: Isabel Leonard; Ferdinand: Alek Shrader; King of Naples: William Burden; Antonio: Tony Spence; Stefano: Kevin Burdette; Trinculo: Iestyn Davies; Sebastian: Christopher Feigum; Gonzalo: John Del Carlo. The production was by Robert Lepage. Winner of the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording.

Audio CD

as composer as performer
 * Life Story (1997)
 * Living Toys (1998)
 * Asyla (1999)
 * Powder Her Face (1999)
 * America (2004)
 * Adès/Schubert: Piano Quintets (2005)
 * Violin Concerto (2007), download release.
 * The Tempest (2009)
 * Tevot, Violin Concerto, Three Studies from Couperin, Dances from Powder Her Face (2010)
 * Thomas Adès: Anthology (2011) including Concert Paraphrase on Powder Her Face and Three Mazurkas
 * In Seven Days (Signum Classics, Nicholas Hodges, Rolf Hind, Thomas Adès, 2011)
 * Polaris (2012), download release.
 * Lieux retrouvés (Hyperion, Steven Isserlis, Thomas Adès, 2012)
 * Cello World (with Steven Isserlis) (1998)
 * Thomas Adès: Piano (2000)
 * Janáček: The Diary of One Who Disappeared (with Ian Bostridge) (2002)
 * The Music of Poul Ruders, vol.4 (2004)
 * Stravinsky: Complete Music for Violin and Piano (Hyperion, Thomas Adès/Anthony Marwood, 2010)

title: Thomas Adès


text:
Carlos P. Romulo

Carlos Peña Romulo Sr. (January 14, 1899 – December 15, 1985) was a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist and author. He was a reporter at the age of 16, a newspaper editor by 20, and a publisher at 32. He was a co-founder of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, a general in the US Army and the Philippine Army, university president, and president of the United Nations General Assembly.

He has been named as one of the Philippines's national artists in literature, and was the recipient of many other honors and honorary degrees.

Romulo believed in anti-colonialism and internationalism, as well as held Pro-American, anti-communist, anti-fascist, and economically and politically liberal beliefs.

Early career
Carlos Romulo was born in Intramuros, Manila on January 14, 1899. His parents were Pangasinense. His father fought against the US in the Philippine-American War. His father transitioned to working for the US government in the Philippines after the war, rising through the ranks as town councilor, mayor, and eventually the governor of Tarlac province.

He studied at the Camiling Central Elementary School during his basic education.

Romulo became a professor of English at the University of the Philippines in 1923. Simultaneously, Romulo served as the secretary to the president of the Senate of the Philippines, Manuel Quezon.

During the 1930s, Romulo became the publisher and editor of The Philippines Herald, and one of his reporters was Yay Panlilio. On October 31, 1936, the Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP) was given a legislative charter under Commonwealth Act No. 111. Romulo served as one of the vice presidents of the organization.

At the start of World War II, Romulo, a major, served as an aide to General Douglas MacArthur. He was one of the last men evacuated from the Philippines before the surrender of US Forces to the invading Japanese, as illness had prevented him from departing with MacArthur, finally leaving from Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao on April 25. Active in propaganda efforts, particularly through the lecture circuit, after reaching the United States, he became a member of President Quezon's War Cabinet, being appointed Secretary of Information in 1943. He reached the rank of general by the end of the war.

Romulo supported Philippine independence. As the US had promised Philippine independence in the Jones Act of 1916, Romulo believed that independence was inevitable. Romulo tended to portray American imperialism in a favorable light compared to European imperialism.

Diplomatic career
Romulo served eight Philippine presidents, from Manuel L. Quezon to Ferdinand Marcos, as the secretary of foreign affairs of the Philippines and as the country's representative to the United States and to the United Nations (UN). He also served as the resident commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives during the Commonwealth era. In addition, he served also as the secretary of education in President Diosdado P. Macapagal's and President Ferdinand E. Marcos's cabinet through 1962 to 1968.

Resident commissioner
Romulo served as resident commissioner of the Philippines to the United States Congress from 1944 to 1946. This was the title of the non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives for lands taken in the Spanish–American War, and as such, he is the only member of the U.S. Congress to end his tenure via a legal secession from the union.

United Nations
In his career in the UN, Romulo was a strong advocate of human rights, freedom, and decolonization. In 1948, at the third UN General Assembly in Paris, France, he strongly disagreed with a proposal made by the Soviet delegation headed by Andrei Vishinsky, who challenged his credentials by insulting him with this quote: "You are just a little man from a little country." In return, Romulo replied, "It is the duty of the little Davids of this world to fling the pebbles of truth in the eyes of the blustering Goliaths and force them to behave!", leaving Vishinsky with nothing left to do but sit down.

Palestine partition plan
In the days preceding the UN General Assembly vote on the Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, Romulo stated "We hold that the issue is primarily moral. The issue is whether the United Nations should accept responsibility for the enforcement of a policy which is clearly repugnant to the valid nationalist aspirations of the people of Palestine. The Philippines Government holds that the United Nations ought not to accept such responsibility." Thus, he clearly intended to oppose the partition plan, or at most abstain in the vote. However, pressure on the Philippines government from Washington led to Romulo being recalled, and was replaced by a Philippines representative who voted in favor of the partition plan.

President of the UN General Assembly
Romulo served as the president of the fourth session of UN General Assembly from 1949 to 1950—the first Asian to hold the position—and served as president of the UN Security Council four times, twice in 1957, 1980 and 1981. He had served with General MacArthur in the Pacific, and became the first non-American to win the Pulitzer Prize in Correspondence in 1942. The Pulitzer Prize website states that Carlos P. Romulo was awarded "for his observations and forecasts of Far Eastern developments during a tour of the trouble centers from Hong Kong to Batavia".

Campaign for secretary-general
Romulo ran for the office of UN secretary-general in the 1953 selection. He fell two votes short of the required seven-vote majority in the Security Council, finishing second to Lester B. Pearson of Canada. His ambitions were further dashed by negative votes from France and the Soviet Union, both of whom were permanent members with veto power. The Security Council eventually settled on a dark horse candidate and selected Dag Hammarskjöld to be UN secretary-general.

Ambassador to the United States
From January 1952 to May 1953, Romulo became the second former member of the Congress to become the ambassador to the United States from a foreign country, following Joaquín M. Elizalde, who had been his immediate predecessor in both posts. He later served as ambassador again from September 1955 to February 1962.

Philippine presidential aspiration
Romulo returned to the Philippines and was a candidate for the nomination as the presidential candidate for the Liberal Party, but lost at the party convention to the incumbent president, Elpidio Quirino. Quirino had agreed to a secret ballot at the convention, but after the convention opened, he demanded an open roll-call voting, leaving the delegates no choice but to support Quirino, the candidate of the party machine. Feeling betrayed, Romulo left the Liberal Party and became national campaign manager of Ramon Magsaysay, the candidate of the opposing Nacionalista Party, who won the election in 1953.

Minister of Foreign Affairs
Romulo served as the Philippines' secretary (minister from 1973 to 1984) of foreign affairs under President Elpidio Quirino from 1950 to 1952, under President Diosdado Macapagal from 1963 to 1964, and under President Ferdinand Marcos from 1968 to 1984. In April 1955, he led the Philippines' delegation to the Asian-African Conference at Bandung, Indonesia.

Resignation from the Marcos cabinet
Romulo supported President Ferdinand Marcos through most of his presidency. However, he resigned in 1983, soon after the assassination of Benigno Aquino, citing poor health. Gregorio Brillantes interviewed Romulo in 1984, and Romulo said he resigned "heartsick" because of the assassination of Aquino, whom he considered a "friend", and the resulting freefall of the Philippines' economy and international reputation.

According to Romulo's wife, Beth Day Romulo, the Marcos administration had asked him to sign an advertisement that the administration was planning to place in the New York Times and other major international dailies. Romulo refused to sign the advertisement and instead resigned.

Death
Romulo died, aged 87, in Manila on December 15, 1985, and was buried in the Heroes' Cemetery (Libingan ng mga Bayani) at Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila. He was honored as "one of the truly great statesmen of the 20th century". In 1980, he was extolled by UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim as "Mr. United Nations" for his valuable services to the UN and his dedication to freedom and world peace.

Published books
Romulo, in all, wrote and published 22 books, including The United (novel), I Walked with Heroes (autobiography), I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother America, and I See the Philippines Rise (war-time memoirs). In 1982, he was proclaimed a National Artist for Literature of the Philippines, in recognition of his contributions to Philippine Literature.

Honors
National Honors
 * PHL Quezon Service Cross BAR.png: Quezon Service Cross – (April 17, 1951)
 * PHL Order of Sikatuna - Grand Collar BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Raja – (1982).
 * PHI Legion of Honor 2003 Commander BAR.svg: Philippine Legion of Honor, Commander (Komandante)
 * PHL_Blue_White_Red.png: National Artist of the Philippines
 * PHL Gawad Mabini BAR.png: Grand Cross (Dakilang Kamanong) of the Gawad Mabini – (2005)
 * PHI Order of the Golden Heart var2 Grand Cross BAR.svg: Grand Cross (Maringal na Krus) of the Order of the Golden Heart – (1954)
 * PHI Order of the Golden Heart var2 Member BAR.svg: Member (Kagawad) of the Order of the Golden Heart – (13 September 1954)
 * PHL_Blue_White_Red.png: Presidential Medal of Merit – (July 3, 1949)
 * Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png: Order of the Knights of Rizal, Knight Grand Cross of Rizal. – (1961)
 * Bayani ng Bagong Republika (Hero of the New Republic Award) – (14 January 1984)

Military Medals (Philippines)
 * PHL Distinguished Service Star BAR.svg: Distinguished Service Star
 * PHL Gold Cross.png: Philippine Gold Cross
 * Philippine Defense ribbon.png: Philippine Defense Medal
 * Phliber rib.svg: Philippine Liberation Medal

Military Medals (Foreign)
 * US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png: Commander, Legion of Merit
 * Silver Star BAR.svg: Silver Star
 * Purple Heart BAR.svg: Purple Heart
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg: Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal

Foreign Honors
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba: Grand Cross, Order of Carlos Manuel do Cespedes
 * 🇬🇷 Greece:GRE Order of the Phoenix - Grand Cross BAR.png: Grand Cross, Order of the Phoenix
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal:PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg: Grand Cross, Military Order of Christ
 * 🇪🇸 Spain:ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg: Knight Grand Cross (Caballeros Gran Cruz), Order of Isabella the Catholic
 * 🇺🇸 United States:Presidential Medal of Freedom (ribbon).svg: Presidential Medal of Freedom
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan:TWN Order of Brilliant Star 2Class BAR.svg: Grand Cordon, Order of Brilliant Star
 * Yugoslavia:Orden jugoslovenske zvezde2(traka).png: Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash (1974)

Awards and recognitions

Romulo is perhaps among the most decorated Filipinos in history. He has been awarded 72 honorary degrees from different international institutions and universities and 144 awards and decorations from foreign countries:

 * Nobel Peace Prize nomination in 1952 "For his contribution in international cooperation, in particular on questions on undeveloped areas, and as president for UN's 4th General Assembly"
 * Boy Scouts of America Silver Buffalo Award
 * Presidential Unit Citation with Two Oak Leaf Clusters
 * Pulitzer Prize in Correspondence, 1942
 * World Government News First Annual Gold Nadal Award (for work in the United Nations for peace and world government), March 1947
 * Princeton University – Woodrow Wilson Memorial Foundation Gold Medal award ("in recognition of his contribution to public life"), May 1947
 * International Benjamin Franklin Society's Gold Medal (for "distinguished world statesmanship in 1947"), January 1948
 * Freeman of the City of Plymouth, England, October 1948
 * United Nations Peace Medal
 * World Peace Award
 * Four Freedoms Peace Award
 * Notre Dame University, Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), 1935
 * Georgetown University, Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), 1960
 * Harvard University, Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), 1950

Anecdotes from Beth Romulo through Reader's Digest (June 1989)
At the third UN General Assembly, held in Paris in 1948, the USSR's deputy foreign minister, Andrei Vyshinsky, sneered at Romulo and challenged his credentials: "You are just a little man from a little country." "It is the duty of the little Davids of this world," cried Romulo, "to fling the pebbles of truth in the eyes of the blustering Goliaths and force them to behave!"

During his meeting with Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Marshal Tito welcomed Gen. Romulo with drinks and cigars, to which the general kindly refused. Their conversation went as follows:

"Tito: 'Do you drink?'

Romulo: 'No, I don't.'

Tito: 'Do you smoke?'

Romulo: 'No, thank you.'

Tito: 'What do you do then?'

Romulo: 'I etcetera.'"

At this, Marshal Tito was tickled by his reply and loudly exclaimed around the room, "I etcetera, etcetera, etcetera!"

Romulo was a dapper little man (barely five feet four inches in shoes). When they waded in at Leyte beach in October 1944, and the word went out that General MacArthur was waist deep, one of Romulo's journalist friends cabled, "If MacArthur was in water waist deep, Romulo must have drowned!"

In later years, Romulo told another story himself about a meeting with MacArthur and other tall American generals who disparaged his physical stature. "Gentlemen," he declared, "When you say something like that, you make me feel like a dime among nickels."

Books

 * I Saw the Fall of the Philippines.
 * My Brother Americans
 * I See The Philippines Rise
 * I am a Filipino
 * The United
 * Crusade in Asia (The John Day Company, 1955; about the 1953 presidential election campaign of Ramón Magsaysay)
 * The Meaning of Bandung
 * The Magsaysay Story (with Marvin M. Gray, The John Day Company 1956, updated re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957; biography of Ramón Magsaysay, Pocket Books edition updated with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death)
 * I Walked with Heroes (autobiography)
 * Last Man off Bataan (Romulo's experience during the Japanese Plane bombings.)
 * Romulo: A Third World Soldier at the UN
 * Daughters for Sale and Other Plays

title: Carlos P. Romulo