text:
Korean Central News Agency

The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) is the state news agency of North Korea. The agency portrays the views of the North Korean government for both domestic and foreign consumption. It was established on December 5, 1946, and now features online coverage.

Organization
KCNA works under the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee, through which it is ultimately controlled by the Workers' Party of Korea's Propaganda and Agitation Department. In December 1996, KCNA began publishing its news articles on the Internet with its web server located in Japan. Since October 2010, stories have been published on a new site, controlled from Pyongyang, and output has been significantly increased to include world stories with no specific link to North Korea as well as news from countries that have strong DPRK ties.

In addition to Korean, KCNA releases news translated into English, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. Access to its website, along with other North Korean news sites, has been blocked by South Korea since 2004 and can be accessed only through the government's authorization. As well as serving as a news agency, it also produces summaries of world news to North Korean officials and publishes the Korean Central Yearbook. It is also alleged to conduct clandestine intelligence collection.

Based in the capital Pyongyang, at 1 Potonggang-dong, Potonggang District, KCNA has bureaus in several municipalities. KCNA also has press exchange agreements with around 46 foreign news agencies, including South Korea's Yonhap. Its closest partners, however, are TASS and Xinhua News Agency. KCNA has correspondents and bureaus in six countries, including Russia and China. The correspondents are located in Russia, China, Cuba, Iran, India, and Egypt. KCNA also collaborates with Reuters and the Associated Press, the latter of which has a permanent bureau in Pyongyang. KCNA journalists have trained abroad with the BBC and Reuters. KCNA is a member of Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies since 1982. The agency employs 800 people.

According to its website, KCNA "speaks for the Workers' Party of Korea and the DPRK government". The agency has been described as the "official organ." In June 1964 on one of his first official activities, Kim Jong Il visited KCNA headquarters and said the agency should be "propagating the revolutionary ideology of the Leader (Kim Il Sung) widely throughout the world." However, the agency is also said to offer a unique insight into the North Korean "mentality."

A talk given to officials at KCNA on June 12, 1964, outlines the function of the news agency:

"In order to become a powerful ideological weapon of our Party, the Korean Central News Agency must provide a news service in accordance with the idea and intention of the great leader Comrade Kim Il Sung, establish Juche firmly in its work and fully embody the Party spirit, the working class spirit and the spirit of serving the people. It must pay serious attention to each word, to each dot of the writings it releases because they express the standpoint of our Party and the Government of our Republic."

Under the principle and guideline on the work of ideological propaganda and agitation put by the country's ruling party, the Workers' Party of Korea, the agency generally reports only good news about the country that is intended to encourage its people and project a positive image abroad. Nonetheless, it has on occasion acknowledged food shortages in the country. The Ryongchon disaster was also reported in April 2004, after a delay of two days.

The Director General of KCNA is Kim Chang-gwang. KCNA has a sports team in the annual Paektusan Prize Games of Civil Servants.

Recurring themes
KCNA articles generally revolve on several specific themes (examples in reference section):
 * Detailing performances of cultural events, usually attended by various dignitaries.
 * Decrying the actions and attitudes of the United States, Japan, South Korea and other nations, particularly concerning military cooperation, historical events or trade among those nations. Personal attacks on American, Japanese and South Korean leaders are common.
 * Airing the official DPRK position on ongoing disputes with Japan over such matters as Chongryon and comfort women.
 * Noting the celebration of DPRK events and ideas in other countries.
 * Calling for the reunification of Korea under the Juche ideology.
 * Promoting the popularity of Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un. Such instances would detail the daily routines of the leaders, or praise from friendly organisations in other countries.
 * Communications, visits and gifts (it does not name the particular gift) to and from various like-minded or friendly nations.  Regarding the number of gifts, KCNA claimed that former leader Kim Il Sung receives "2,910 a year, 243 a month and 8 a day."
 * New technological developments, such as a preservation agent for the Kimjongilia flower, a new kind of pesticide and "blood purifying" rings and bracelets [a quack remedy], amongst others.
 * Emphasizing the names of Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un by enlarging their names to appear larger than the rest of the text.
 * References to institutes, groups or centres "for the study of the Juche idea". For example, a KCNA report from June 12, 2011, claimed that "The Brazilian Center for the Study of the Juche Idea was inaugurated with due ceremony at Sao Paulo University on June 4". The article also refers to an unnamed "chairman" (who presumably presided over the ceremony), but this supposed event was not reported by a source other than KCNA as of the date of the article (eight days after the ceremony was alleged to have occurred).

Editorial practices
KCNA employs language, such as "traitors", "warmongers" or "human scum", for governments (especially those of South Korea and the United States), organizations and individuals who are deemed characteristic of those terms. In contrast, Kim Jong Un, Kim Jong Il and Kim Il Sung are credited for their "outstanding wisdom", "unique abilities" or "noble virtue".

New Year editorials
As a tradition since 1996, KCNA, along with the three main state run newspapers in North Korea, publishes a joint New Year editorial that outlines the country's policies for the year. The editorials usually offer praise for the Songun policy, the government and leadership, and encourage the growth of the nation. They are also critical of the policies of South Korea, Japan, the United States and Western governments towards the country. On January 1, 2006, the agency sent out a joint-editorial from North Korea's state newspapers calling for the withdrawal of American troops from South Korea. While annual January 1 editorials are a tradition among the papers, that year's brought attention from Western media outlets, by calling for a "nationwide campaign for driving out the U.S. troops". The editorial made several references to Korean reunification. The 2009 editorial received similar attention, as criticism of United States policy was absent, and the admission of severe economic problems in the country. The editorial also made reference to denuclearisation on the Korean peninsula, in what analysts claimed was a "hopeful" sign. This was echoed again in its 2010 editorial, which called for an end to hostilities with the United States and a nuclear free Korean Peninsula.

The 2011 joint editorial edition, aside from its calls for a denuclearized Korea and for a slowdown of tensions between the two Koreas, has for the first time, mentioned the rising light industries of the DPRK, given as a reason for an upcoming upsurge in the national economy in the new year and for the achievement of the Kangsong Taeguk national mission.

The 2012 joint editorial edition, the first under Kim Jong Un's leadership, started with a great tribute to Kim Jong Il and aside from recurring calls for improving inter-Korean relations and for the fulfillment of the October 4 Declaration of 2007, also called on the whole nation to give priority to do Kim Jong Il's 2012 mission of Strong and Prosperous Nation, continue his and his father Kim Il Sung's legacies to the entire country and the socialist cause, and to build up and encourage the various sectors that compose the nation to become contributors to national progress in all areas at all costs.

This practice ended in 2013 when Kim Jong Un delivered the first New Year speech on television in 19 years.

Censorship
Following the purge and execution of Jang Song-thaek, KCNA conducted its largest censorship operation on its webpage. Some 35,000 articles of Korean-language original reporting were deleted. Counting translations, a total of 100,000 articles were removed. Additionally, some articles were edited to omit Jang's name. Not all of the deleted articles mentioned Jang directly.

title: Korean Central News Agency


text:
Carnegie

Carnegie may refer to:

People

 * Carnegie (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Clan Carnegie, a lowland Scottish clan

Named for Andrew Carnegie

 * Carnegie Building (Troy, New York), on the campus of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 * Carnegie College, in Dunfermline, Scotland, a former further education college
 * Carnegie Community Centre, in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
 * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a global think tank with headquarters in Washington, DC, and four other centers, including:
 * Carnegie Middle East Center, in Beirut
 * Carnegie Europe, in Brussels
 * Carnegie Moscow Center
 * Carnegie Foundation (disambiguation), any of several foundations
 * Carnegie Hall, a concert hall in New York City
 * Carnegie Hall, Inc., a regional cultural center in Lewisburg, West Virginia
 * Carnegie Hero Fund
 * Carnegie Institution for Science, also called Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW)
 * Carnegie library, libraries built with grants paid by Carnegie
 * Carnegie Medal (literary award), a British award for children's literature
 * Carnegie Mellon University
 * Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT), now part of the Carnegie Mellon University
 * Carnegie Museum of Art, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which awards the
 * Carnegie Prize
 * Carnegie Museum of Natural History, featuring the famous Dinosaur Hall
 * Carnegie collection, a series of educational figures based on the exhibits in Dinosaur Hall
 * Carnegie Steel Company
 * Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, a charitable foundation

Named for industrialist David Carnegie

 * Carnegie Investment Bank, Swedish investment bank
 * Carnegie Art Award, a Swedish art prize

Australia

 * Carnegie, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
 * Carnegie railway station, Melbourne
 * Lake Carnegie (Western Australia)

United States

 * Carnegie, California, a former populated place
 * Carnegie, Georgia
 * Carnegie, Minnesota
 * Carnegie, Oklahoma
 * Carnegie, Pennsylvania
 * Carnegie, Wisconsin
 * Lake Carnegie (New Jersey), at Princeton University

Other

 * Carnegie (horse) (1991–2012), a Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
 * Carnegie (yacht), a brigantine yacht launched in 1909, destroyed in 1929, a non-magnetic survey ship of the Carnegie Institution
 * Carnegie Deli, in New York City
 * Carnegie stages of embryonic development
 * Carnegie State Vehicular Recreation Area, in California
 * Leeds Carnegie, a brand name used by several sports teams
 * USS Carnegie (CVE-38), or HMS Empress, a World War II escort aircraft carrier

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carnegie


text:
Talk:Carnegie

Options
Anyone looking for "Carnegie" is less likely to want the town in Pennsylvania than Andrew Carnegie for example. garryq 08:28, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Bank
what about "carnegie investment bank"? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Investment_Bank —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.174.81.227 (talk) 09:47, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

for whom many entries on this page are named
Is that necessary — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alejo123 (talk • contribs) 05:59, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carnegie


text:
Communes of the Meuse department

The following is a list of the 499 communes of the Meuse department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération de Bar-le-Duc - Sud Meuse
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Verdun
 * Communauté de communes de l'Aire à l'Argonne
 * Communauté de communes Argonne-Meuse
 * Communauté de communes Cœur du Pays-Haut (partly)
 * Communauté de communes de Commercy - Void - Vaucouleurs
 * Communauté de communes Côtes de Meuse - Woëvre
 * Communauté de communes de Damvillers Spincourt
 * Communauté de communes du Pays d'Étain
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Montmédy
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Revigny-sur-Ornain
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Stenay et du Val Dunois
 * Communauté de communes des Portes de Meuse
 * Communauté de communes du Sammiellois
 * Communauté de communes du Territoire de Fresnes-en-Woëvre
 * Communauté de communes Val de Meuse - Voie Sacrée

title: Communes of the Meuse department


text:
User:Rj/wikiwork

POV
VfD: Lisa Vessey (VfD) Catherine Austin Fitts World Almanac's Ten Most Influential People of the Second Millennium (VfD) Chakib Sbiti (VfD) Pauline Robinson (VfD)

NPOV: Secular saint

Speedy: French political scandals

Lists of

 * city nicknames Lists of U.S. cities with large ethnic population List of U.S. cities with large Irish American populations List of U.S. cities with large Polish American populations
 * hybrid cars: Ford Escape Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid
 * hospitals in Pennsylvania, Texas
 * intelligence gathering disciplines: ELINT, MASINT - intelligence agencies of France & Germany
 * Italian, French, & Australian Political Scandals Accounting scandals of 2002
 * U.S. political families: Shriver (Robert Sargent III, Timothy Perry, Mark Kennedy, and Anthony Paul Kennedy), Hofheinz (Roy M. and Fred)
 * Houston Mayors: Roy Hofheinz, Fred Hofheinz, Kathy Whitmire, Bob Lanier (dab), Bill White (dab), James Bailey, James Sanders Holman, Francis W. Moore, Jr.
 * Sunny's list of the 30 Most Influential Women of the Millennium World Almanac's Ten Most Influential People of the Second Millennium

People
Mary Cunningham Agee Mata Amritanandamayi Math (AIMS) Herbert de Souza Andrew Jackson Downing David Duncan Mike Eskew Adi Godrej Robert D. Haas Erle P. Halliburton Conrad Nicholson Hilton Jr. Carlos Slim Helu Alfred Knopf Sanjay Kumar Evelyn Lincoln Sarah Lincoln Burke Marshall Dr. Prem Nair David Oreck Roger S. Pressman Jane Bryant Quinn Dilip Shanghvi John Gilmary Shea Wallace Stegner Alex Trebek Ivana Trump Charles Wang

Entertainment
The Gabor sisters Peri Gilpin Michael Todd Annette, Nathalie, & Vanessa Vadim Michael Wilding Disney family

Organizations
AIMS Canadian International Trade Tribunal Center for International Environmental Law Edgartown Yacht Club International POPs Elimination Network National Hay Association Office of National Drug Control Policy Peace Corps Rainbow/PUSH dab SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers Society of Plastics Engineers Society of Wood Engravers

Corporations & Corporate Leaders
Adelphia CitiGroup Private Bank - Pete Dawkins Cummins Fair Isaac Corporation Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co. J.D. Power and Associates M.W. Kellogg Millipore Putnam Investments

 * Baker Hughes
 * Baker International - Reuben C. Baker
 * Exploration Logging - EXLOG
 * Milchem
 * Western Atlas
 * Dresser Atlas
 * Hughes Tool Company
 * Western Geco

 * Schlumberger Limited; Andrew Gould, Jean-Marc Perraud
 * Schlumberger Oilfield Services; Chakib Sbiti
 * Schlumberger Information Solutions
 * GeoQuest Systems; Russell Herron,
 * Société de Géophysique
 * Western Geco

Solari; Catherine Austin Fitts Wipro

Real Estate

 * Real Estae Terms: Homestead (law), Abstract of title, Adverse possession, Estate in land, Implied contract, Law of Agency
 * Fair Isaac Corporation (source of FICO scoring)
 * National Association of Realtors

Sports

 * Baseball:Corpus Christi Hooks
 * Women's Pro Football: Women's American Football League, Women's Professional Football League; Lisa Vessey, Long Beach Aftershock
 * Golf: Vijay Singh
 * Indoor Soccer: World Indoor Soccer League
 * Misc sports: strongman Magnús Ver Magnússon, Gilera motorcycles
 * Basketball: Rockets Steve Harris John Lucas; Rick, Brent, Jon, Scooter, and Drew Barry; Template:NBAteams

Misc

 * Bridges: Motorway Bridge, Tagus River Bridge
 * Cars: Isuzu Rodeo, hybrid cars: Ford Escape Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid
 * Categories: Aerobic exercise Anaerobic exercise Resistance training Bantams Breed Chickens Chinese Mausoleums
 * Dab Agency - Law of Agency and Government agency Manor Park
 * Places: Guelph, Ontario Bad Vöslau, Austria SPE
 * Prizes: Gandhi-King Award - The World Movement for Nonviolence John Gilmary Shea Prize Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion

Economic Darwinism Lincoln-Kennedy coincidences Persistent Organic Pollutant Term The Best and the Brightest

title: User:Rj/wikiwork


text:
Communes of the Morbihan department

The following is a list of the 249 communes of the Morbihan department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2022):
 * CA Golfe du Morbihan - Vannes Agglomération
 * CA Lorient Agglomération
 * Communauté d'agglomération de la Presqu'île de Guérande Atlantique (partly)
 * CA Redon Agglomération (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Arc Sud Bretagne
 * Communauté de communes Auray Quiberon Terre Atlantique
 * CC Baud Communauté
 * Communauté de communes de Belle-Île-en-Mer
 * Communauté de communes de Blavet Bellevue Océan
 * CC Centre Morbihan Communauté
 * Communauté de communes de l'Oust à Brocéliande
 * CC Ploërmel Communauté
 * CC Pontivy Communauté
 * CC Questembert Communauté
 * CC Roi Morvan Communauté

title: Communes of the Morbihan department


text:
User talk:Egan Loo

Hi Egan. I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Check out the New user log, or here's some stuff you can do, if you want:

You don't need to move pages so they have the index-like ", The" at the end, because when one is making links, this is unnatural to type. Links are made so they're easy to refer to.

Thanks, and keep contributing :) Dysprosia 08:22, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Spotted your note on the history page for Space Colony (Gundam). I was unaware that "Correct Century" was fan-coined; thanks for fixing and clarafying that. TomStar81 00:27, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Egan, I wrote the two paragraphs about the A-11, A-12, R-12 and SR-71 nomenclatures history in the "SR-71 Blackbird" section. I see that my edit was moved to the "discussion" page followed by your request for someone to verify it. As a new, first timer here in Wikipedia I'm kind of overwhelmed with all the rules, instructions, etc. hyperlinks to click on and read. Thus, my question to you: how can I help? I was one of the first eight USAF Blackbird Crewmembers and arrived in the program in March, 1965. Kelly Johnson and Ben Rich themselves told us the data I wrote and I possess one of the R-12 Crew Training Certificates, dated 18 June, 1965 that I wrote about. Thanks and I'll look on the David Dempster "talk page" for inputs back from you. Or, if you wish, my email is   dpdemp@comcast.net

David P. Dempster, Colonel, USAF Retired

 * I am honored to make your acquaintance (even if virtually), and I deeply admire all you have done for United States. You have actually contributed considerably with your recent entry, and it is being re-added to the SR-71 Blackbird page. I was just initially cautious since the entry was added from an anonymous account, and I also wanted to ensure it meshed well with the previously written material. I'm glad you have an named account now, and I fully encourage more participation. (For the future, you can type four tildes in a row to automatically add a linked signature in the Talk discussion sections.) Welcome to Wikipedia! Egan Loo 20:41, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Egan,

Thanks for your words and help. I also appreciate the help I got from user-Lommer. A minor correction for you both, I was a Reconnaissance Systems Officer ( RSO ), not a pilot in the Blackbird. The first eight of us in the Crew training program came from the B-58 program: 4 Pilots and 4 Navigator-Bombardiers. Re. the story about Curtis LeMay, I doubt all of that. The USAF always intended to call the vehicle R-12,per my input story. During the 7 weeks school in the Skunkworks ( May-June, 1965 ), we had two VIP General Officers with us ( sorry, I don't remember their names ), and they and Kelly Johnson told us "no one" knew what President Johnson was going to do. Unless there is a back-up thread to the LeMay story I would recommend deleting it. Thanks, I'm enjoying this.

216.39.149.12 00:57, 16 September 2005 (UTC)  David Dempster

SR-71 Stealth Comments
Hi Egan, You might find my newly added SR-71 stealth comments of interest; see the SR-71 Blackbird Discussion page.

David Dempster 23:51, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Macross timeline
Macross Zero takes place on year prior to the events in Super Dimensional Fortress Macross. Macross Zero takes place in 2008, therefore SDF Macross starts in 2009. The ship crashed in 1999, the actual events in the storyline take place between 2009 - 2012. Macross Zero is also stamped at 1999 in the beginning, does that mean it takes place in 1999? No. Also, Macross Zero is a prequel to SDF Macross, which means it takes place before the events in SDF Macross. Preacher King of Mao 07:02, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The difference between the first Macross series and Macross Zero is that the first Macross story's 1999 events are shown live, while the Macross Zero's 1999 events (like Macross 7's historical prologue) are told in retrospect. That is why the first scene of the first Macross series takes place in 1999, whereas the first scene of Macross Zero actually takes place in 2008, before the main character's flashback to 1999. (Macross Zero's 1999 flashback even takes place after the first Macross series's first scene, since the first Macross begins before the ship actually enters the Earth's atmosphere.) The word "prequel" is not used in the Macross Zero's Japanese storyline or marketing. Egan Loo 07:14, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Hikaru Ichijo
ADV uses "Hikaru Ichijo". Why use "Ichijyo"? Its not official. WhisperToMe 03:23, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Studio Nue uses Hikaru Ichijyo. See episode 33. Bandai Visual uses Hikaru Ichijyo. See its release of The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Do You Remember Love? ADV will have "Ichijyo" in its release. See episode 33 again. Even Victor Entertainment uses Hikaru Ichjyo. For them, Ichijyo is official. Egan Loo 04:01, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Macross 7 etc.
Hi, thanks for the fact checks, especially for the Protodeviln article! And above all thanks for not spoiling any surprises, as I'm only up to episode 42 ;-) Do I take it the Minor, Major and Master divisions are purely inventions of this RPG website?  Also, whose subtitles (or other romanisation) are you basing your name spellings on?  It's Central Anime in my case -- but the fact you can romanise them in different ways is why I included the katakana and direct romanisations... well, that and being encyclopaediac! Dave-ros 18:32, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 'Glad to help out! I tried to avoid spoilers when I can, although the articles might need the spoiler tag for people who haven't seen beyond the first episodes. The Minor/Major/Master classifications are unofficial, as are some of the names that Central Anime uses. Fortunately, the Macross 7 home video liner notes from Japan's Bandai Visual does have what might be considered official Romanizations. How the names are written now — Bandai Visual's Romanization (漢字とかカナ Hepburn Romanization) — looks good now. Egan Loo 18:42, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good stuff! Do I take it I've found all the Protodeviln and there are no more to come (with 8 episodes left), other than Gepelnitchi's (I can't resist Central Anime's spelling :-P) "real" form?  Note I reorganised the list slightly, to maintain a semblance of the order in which they appear.  Since you know more of the official order of things than me, would you be able to write about the difficult-to-spell transforming fighters used by the Varauta army?  Also, what's the original term in Japanese for the Supervision/Inspection Army?
 * Oh, and don't worry, I'll sort out spoiler tags for the people articles -- but I'm thinking of a big article for all the recurring characters in the series (i.e. including "mad scientist" Dr. Chiba, Rex the blonde biker chick etc.). For the main characters who already have articles, I could include series-specific summaries and links to the main articles -- I think Gamlin and the members of Fire Bomber are deep enough for their own articles, and Max Jenius etc. have histories outside this particular series.
 * Finally: point taken on the pronunciation of Mylene's name -- we Brits get confused thanks to manufactured pop star Myleene Klass, whose name is pronounced "My-leen" :-$ Might still be worth mentioning that "Mylene" is sometimes seen written as "Milene" in the show, so it's not the only interpretation (even if it's the right one)! Dave-ros 19:25, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, that's weird -- the Roy Focker article doesn't show up if you go there directly (it offers to let you create it), but you can see it through the history and diffs. What's going on, argh?!  (You were the last one to edit it, it wasn't me, honest!) Dave-ros 10:52, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Sora's Folktale
Please, specify which Midori was the performer of the original song. And it would be nice to have some source of the Kanno's statement you mentioned in the edit comments. --Koveras 18:52, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Hikaru Ichijo
What matters is what is used in the English versions. Even if the Japanese use it - If its not used in the English releases... then it's moot. HOWEVER, It should be noted in the article. WhisperToMe 02:26, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The English version uses both Hikaru Ichijyo and Hikaru Ichijo — it can't help it, unless it edits or cuts footage. Egan Loo 17:17, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Protoculture
I saw that you wanted to move the redundant paras from the Protoculture article, but hadn't done so yet after twelve days. I just moved them today.

1-54-24 00:38, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I must have hit "Show preview" instead of "Save page." Egan Loo 16:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

YF/YVF

 * Everybody makes mistake and offical's certainly not the except.Once this tragedy happens.....Then,It' our turn!
 * We may've many conflict opition in many aspect with the same Topic,but still glad to talk with you and.......... have a nich day ^_^--Kapitanleutnant0083

Code Geass second season
This in reference to your edits to the Code Geass article. First of all, recent articles to Newtype as well as other Japanese magazines, in their interviews with the show's cast and staff, have confirmed the second television season; these are all recent developments, and therefore, it is indeed a referenced fact that the second season is expected. Secondly, some of the edits you added to the article, for example stating that the television series ended between those particular dates gave the incorrect impression that the television series has all but finished, and the further note added to the continuation section was unnecessary, as it unnecessary bulked the prose of the section. Since I am looking to improve the article further, with other planned expansions and rewrites to the article, I would greatly appreciate not continuing an unnecessary disagreement over such a minor matter; after all, I'm sure you would agree the article has greatly improved and we can only go further now (^_^). ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 05:35, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Please cite the source saying that the continuation is a second season. Even the Japanese wikipedia entry doesn't say that, and neither does the official blog. Egan Loo 05:39, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * While the initial blog entry does indeed state continuation or sequel (which is more accurate, in my humble opinion, since this is a television series), further developments in interviews with the series' staff and cast and recent articles in other Japanese magazines have further confirmed upon the sequel being a television season, which is further helped by the fact that the series has been extremely popular in its television run. However, if you really dislike the term second season, I propose we just replace "second season" with "sequel" rather than change the current wording or add unnecessary citation tags, so that the prose of the article be kept as smooth as possible (^_^). ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 05:45, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Please cite those newer sources that specifically say television or "second season," or all of those "second season" assertions should be removed from the article. Even the Japanese wikipedia entry on Code Geass doesn't assert what the English page asserts about "second season." In fact, it emphasizes, like the official blog, that the exact format of the continuation is unknown. Accuracy is more important than smoothness. Citation tags are more necessary than not. Egan Loo 05:47, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Have you even read what I just said? I've just proposed that the term "sequel" would be better, and so I've changed every single reference from "second season" to "sequel" — that's exactly the wording used in the references and the article is therefore now as accurate as it can be, so why are you insisting on adding citation tags now? I believe that improving and smoothening the article is far more important now, rather than disagree about such minor matters as wordings. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 05:59, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * When the above reply was written, the "second season" references was still in the article. Accuracy and citations are more essential than smoothness. Egan Loo 06:03, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've just noticed you reverted my edit once again. Even after I agreed to change my wording from second season to sequel, to suit the current references, you have insisted on edit warring over this minor matter. Like I've said, the articles in Newtype, referenced in the article, talk about the sequel/continuation, so I've just said that. We don't need a note which bulks the article unnecessary, especially when the published magazines have confirmed the sequel; a published source like a magazine is more reliable than an outdated blog entry. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 06:04, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * All you need to do is provide a citation for "first season." If there is no citation, that should be removed to reduce uncite bulk. What should be added are the words that the creators themselves put in their announcement. It's that simple. Egan Loo 06:10, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Please do not jest. The term "first season" has been used everywhere, on the Japanese magazines, on reliable English anime sources such as Random Curiosity, on Anime News Network; so this is a fact as clear as day, that we're in the midst of the first season. I don't think an edit war improves an article; please see Edit war. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 06:15, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Again, if it's "everywhere," then cite it. Cite a reliable Japanese source. That's what Wikipedia requires. Egan Loo 06:16, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've just added two references to the article, further verifying the fact that the first season/series will end with episodes 24 and 25 and the confirmed second series, respectively. It is more important to improve the article and expand upon it, rather than be involved in unnecessary and minor disagreements, which does not help articles but further puts in disarray. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 06:52, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I know that Anime News Network article doesn't say that the episode 24 and 25 ends the "first season" and doesn't confirm a "second season"—I wrote the article. :) I had to point those points out to the confused readers in that article's forum thread. Also, Moon Phase's maintainer emphasizes in writing that he includes unannounced information, rumors, and predictions with official information. Moon Phase is not more reliable than the official Code Geass blog from the creators. That's why the  Japanese Wikipedia article on Code Geass does not say "first season" or "second season," and says instead that the format is "unspecified." Egan Loo 07:12, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've changed each instance of "season" to "series" and modified other wordings in the article to remove any particularly ambiguous statements; would this be enough? Like I've said before, there are other parts of the article that must be improved, as tagged by other editors previously, so I'd much rather work on them right now rather than this minor matter. Thank you. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 07:50, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fullmetal alchemist manga 1 viz.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Fullmetal alchemist manga 1 viz.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

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List of Fullmetal Alchemist episodes
Please explain your edit summary that you "worked on" the English version of FMA. Collectonian (talk) 06:49, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions in a content dispute within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. If necessary, pursue dispute resolution. --Farix (Talk) 20:28, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

March 2008
Constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, but a recent edit that you made has been reverted or removed because it was a misuse of a warning or blocking template. Please use the sandbox for any tests you may want to do, or take a look at our introduction page to learn more about contributing to the encyclopedia. ''You inappropriately left this warning on two different user pages. Please be more careful in the future. You are the one who has violated 3RR at this point.'' Collectonian (talk) 21:40, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I have reverted the unecessary deletion of Collectonian's 3RR warning, and provide a history of the three reversions in Collectonian's case. I acknowledge that the warning on TheFarix is premature, and did not dispute its removal. Egan Loo (talk) 21:44, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * As I replied on my talk page, your warning is still false. The fourth revision would warrant a 3RR warning, and only you have done four. Collectonian (talk) 21:47, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * My apologies, I misunderstood. I agree with both warnings' removals. Please note that the last two reversions were done while politely asking the other editor to take this to discussion, and was ignored both times. Egan Loo (talk) 21:54, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, but as there is a discussion, and currently your view is the minority one, it was not appropriate to keep reverting back to your preferred version unless/until consensus agrees with that change. Collectonian (talk) 21:58, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Interview for WikiProject Anime and Manga
Hello there,

I am an undergraduate CS student from Georgia Tech and I am conducting an academic study on the Anime Manga WikiProject community (more information in my User Page, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:GT_YiWu).

I have also made a posting in the discussion page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Anime_and_manga#Academic_Research_on_WikiProjects

I recently had an online voice interview with Nihonjoe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nihonjoe), a long time member of WikiProject Japan and WikiProject Anime and Manga.

When I asked him if he could refer me to any other people whom he though would be good to talk to and would have interesting things to say, your name came up.

I would very much like to interview you about your experiences on the Wikipedia community and in WP Anime and Manga. If you are interested please let me know at gtg120q@mail.gatech.edu

Thanks!

-GT_YiWu

variable fighter support
Hi, I'm seeking your help regarding the Variable fighter article, seeing as you're active with all things Macross. Would you come back and help me out with the edits. one of the editors been putting me down about the edits I've been making for the past few weeks, most particularly on the Metal Siren. He keeps on arguing about unofficial stuff and has even removed my edits on some stuff from Digital Mission VF-X2 and others, and frankly I'm getting Irritated. Reply soonest, because I am just this close to losing my patience. Thanks.--Eaglestorm (talk) 18:19, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

No content in Category:Macross vehicles
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Proposed deletion of Super Dimension
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AfD nomination of Super Dimension
An article that you have been involved in editing, Super Dimension, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Super Dimension. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Richard Pinch (talk) 21:48, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:CC (Seireki)
I have nominated cc (seireki) for renaming to turn a gundam. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Farix (Talk) 04:07, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Category:Macross spacecraft has been nominated for discussion
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Category:Robotech characters has been nominated for merging
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title: User talk:Egan Loo


text:
Douglas A-26 Invader

The Douglas A-26 Invader (designated B-26 between 1948 and 1965) is an American twin-engined light bomber and ground attack aircraft. Built by Douglas Aircraft Company during World War II, the Invader also saw service during several major Cold War conflicts. A limited number of highly modified United States Air Force aircraft served in Southeast Asia until 1969. It was a fast aircraft capable of carrying a large bomb load. A range of guns could be fitted to produce a formidable ground-attack aircraft.

A redesignation of the type from A-26 to B-26 has led to confusion with the earlier and unrelated Martin B-26 Marauder, which had already been withdrawn from service when the designation was reused.

Design and development
The A-26 was Douglas Aircraft's successor to the A-20 (DB-7) Havoc, also known as Douglas Boston. Designed by Ed Heinemann, Robert Donovan, and Ted R. Smith, the innovative NACA 65-215 laminar-flow airfoil wing of the A-26 was the work of project aerodynamics expert A.M.O. Smith.

The Douglas XA-26 prototype (AAC Ser. No. 41-19504) first flew on 10 July 1942 at Mines Field, El Segundo, with test pilot Benny Howard at the controls. Flight tests revealed excellent performance and handling but engine-cooling problems led to cowling changes and elimination of the propeller spinners on production aircraft. During testing, the nose wheel was found to be structurally inadequate and strengthened.

The early A-26 versions were built in two forms
 * The A-26B gun-nose could be equipped with a combination of armament, including .50 caliber machine guns, 20 or 37mm auto cannon, or an experimental 75mm pack howitzer (never used operationally). The 'B' gun-nose version housed six (and later, eight) .50 caliber machine guns, officially the "all-purpose nose", later known as the "six-gun nose" or "eight-gun nose".
 * The A-26C's "glass" "Bombardier nose", contained a Norden bombsight for medium-altitude precision bombing. The A-26C nose section included two fixed M-2 guns, but those were eliminated after underwing gun packs or internal guns in the wings proved effective during colder weather.

After about 1,570 production aircraft, three guns were installed in each wing, coinciding with the introduction of the "eight-gun nose" for A-26Bs, giving some versions as many as 14 .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in fixed forward mounts. An A-26C nose section could be replaced with an A-26B nose section, or vice versa, in a few hours, thus physically (and officially) changing the designation and operational role. The "flat-topped" canopy was changed in late 1944 after about 820 production aircraft, to a clamshell style with greatly improved visibility.

Alongside the pilot in an A-26B, a crew member served as navigator and gun loader for the pilot-operated nose guns. In an A-26C, that crew member served as navigator and bombardier, and moved to the nose section to bomb. A few A-26Cs were fitted with dual flight controls, some parts of which could be disabled in flight for access to the nose section. Access for the bombardier was through the lower section of the right instrument panel; he normally sat next to the pilot. This was similar to British designs such as the Lancaster, Blenheim/Beaufort, Wellington, etc. A tractor-style "jump seat" was behind the "navigator's seat". In most missions, a third crew member in the rear gunner's compartment operated the remote-controlled dorsal and ventral gun turrets, with access to-and-from the cockpit via the bomb bay only if that was empty. The gunner operated both dorsal and ventral turrets via a novel, complex and unreliable dual-ended periscope sight, a vertical column running through the center of the rear compartment, with traversing and elevating/depressing periscope sights on each end. The gunner sat on a seat facing rearwards looking into a binocular periscope sight mounted on the column, controlling the guns with a pair of handles on the sides of the column. Aimed above the centerline of the aircraft, the mirror in the center of the column 'flipped', showing the gunner a limited view similar to the view the upper periscope was seeing. As he pressed the handles downward, and as the bead passed the centerline, the mirror automatically flipped, transferring the sight "seamlessly" to the lower periscope. The guns aimed in the approximate direction the periscope was aimed, automatically transferring between upper and lower turrets as required, and computing for parallax and other factors. While novel and sound in principle, the developers invested a great deal of time and effort in their attempts to get the system to work, delaying production. As might be expected, the complex system was difficult to maintain in the field.

Pacific
Douglas officially delivered the first production model A-26B aircraft to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on 10 September 1943. These were sent for field evaluation in actual combat operations, with the Fifth Air Force in the Southwest Pacific theater. The A-26 first saw action on 23 June 1944, when four aircraft attached to the 3rd Bombardment Group's 13th Squadron ("The Grim Reapers"), bombed Japanese-held islands near Manokwari. Aircrew from "The Grim Reapers", while evaluating these four A-26Bs, noted that downward views from the cockpit were significantly hindered by the nature of the design – especially the positioning of the engines – which made the A-26B unsuitable for its intended role of ground attack. In response to such evaluations, General George Kenney, commander of the Far East Air Forces, stated: "We do not want the A-26 under any circumstances as a replacement for anything." Nevertheless, development continued. While the 3rd BG was waiting suitably modified A-26s, it requested additional Douglas A-20 Havocs, although both types were used in composite flights.

Some USAAF units in the Pacific that operated either the A-20 or B-25 received the A-26 for trials in limited quantities.

The 319th Bomb Group was fully converted to the A-26 in March 1945, when it commenced operations with the 3rd BG. In August, after a few dozen A-26 missions, it became evident that the war was coming to an abrupt close, and operations began to wind down. The 319th officially ceased combat operations on 12 August 1945.

Europe

Douglas needed better results from the Invader's second combat test, so ferried A-26s arrived in Europe in late September 1944 for assignment to the Ninth Air Force. The initial deployment involved 18 aircraft and crews assigned to the 553d Squadron of the 386th Bomb Group. This unit flew their first mission on 6 September 1944. No aircraft were lost on the eight test missions, and the Ninth Air Force announced they were satisfied, eventually replacing their A-20s and B-26s with the A-26 Invader.

The first group to convert to the A-26B was 416th Bombardment Group. With it, they entered combat on 17 November, and the 409th Bombardment Group, whose A-26s became operational in late November. Due to a shortage of A-26C variants, the groups flew a combined A-20/A-26 unit until deliveries of the glass-nosed version caught up. Besides bombing and strafing, tactical reconnaissance and night interdiction missions were successful. In contrast to the Pacific-based units, the A-26 was well received by pilots and crew alike, and by 1945, the 9th AF had 11,567 missions, dropping 18,054 tons of bombs, recording seven confirmed kills while losing 67 aircraft.

In Italy, the Twelfth Air Force's 47th Bomb Group also received the A-26 starting in January 1945. They were used against German transport links, and for direct support and interdiction against tanks and troop concentrations in the Po Valley in the final campaigns in Italy.

United States
With the establishment of the United States Air Force (USAF) as an independent service in 1947, the Strategic Air Command operated the again redesignated B-26 as an RB-26 reconnaissance aircraft in service 1949 to 1950. U.S. Air Forces in Europe continued operating the B-26 until 1957. Tactical Air Command operated the aircraft as both a B-26 and later designated back to A-26; the final variant was designated B-26K until 1966, then it again became the A-26A. This final version continued in service through the late 1960s with active-duty special-operations TAC units, and through 1972 with TAC-gained special-operations units of the Air National Guard.

The U.S. Navy obtained Invaders from the USAF to use these aircraft in their utility squadrons (VU) for target towing and general utility until superseded by the DC-130A variant of the C-130 Hercules. The Navy designation was JD-1 and JD-1D until 1962, then the JD-1 was redesignated UB-26J. The JD-1D was also used under the designation of DB-26J. The CIA also used the type for covert operations.

The last A-26 in active US service was assigned to the Air National Guard; that aircraft was retired from military service in 1972 by the USAF and the National Guard Bureau, and donated to the National Air and Space Museum.

Korean War
B-26 Invaders of the 3rd Bombardment Group, operating from bases in southern Japan, were among the first USAF aircraft engaged in the Korean War, carrying out missions over South Korea on 27 and 28 June, before carrying out the first USAF bombing mission on North Korea on 29 June 1950, bombing an airfield near Pyongyang.

On 10 August 1950, the Air Force Reserve's 452d Bombardment Wing was activated for Korean service. It flew its first missions in November 1950 from Itazuke, Japan, providing daylight support, with the 3rd Bomb Wing, consisting of the 8th, 13th, and 90th Bomb Squadrons, flying night missions. Because of the Chinese intervention, they were forced to find another base, so they moved to Miho Air Base on the west coast of Honshū. In early 1951, they moved to Pusan East (K-9) Air Base, continuing their daylight and night-intruder missions. In June 1951, they joined the 3rd Bomb Wing (Kunsan (K-8)) in night activity only, dividing the target areas, with the 452nd taking the eastern half and the 3rd the western. For their efforts in the Korean War, they received two unit citations and the Korean Presidential Citation. They also received credit for eight campaign operations.

In May 1952, they were inactivated. Their aircraft and equipment along with their personnel were absorbed by the 17th Bomb Wing. During their time as an active unit, the 452nd flew 15,000 sorties (7,000 at night) with a loss of 85 crewmen.

B-26s were credited with the destruction of 38,500 vehicles, 406 locomotives, 3,700 railway trucks, and seven enemy aircraft on the ground. On 14 September 1951, Captain John S. Walmsley Jr. attacked a supply train. After all his guns simultaneously jammed, he illuminated the target with his searchlight to enable his wingmen to destroy the train. Walmsley was shot down, and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Invaders carried out the last USAF bombing mission of the war 24 minutes before the armistice agreement was signed on 27 July 1953.

In addition to the standard attack versions of the B-26 for night interdiction missions, modified WB-26s and RB-26s of the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing flew critical weather observation and reconnaissance missions in supporting roles.

Southeast Asia
The first B-26s to arrive in Southeast Asia deployed to Takhli RTAFB, Thailand in December 1960. These unmarked aircraft, operated under the auspices of the U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), were augmented by an additional 16 aircraft— 12 B-26Bs and B-26Cs plus four RB-26Cs under Operation Millpond. Their mission was assisting the Royal Lao Government in fighting the Pathet Lao. The repercussions from the Bay of Pigs invasion meant no combat missions are known flown, although RB-26Cs operated over Laos until the end of 1961. Then, the aircraft operated in South Vietnam under Project Farm Gate. The only other deployment of B-26 aircraft to Laos prior to the introduction of the B-26K/A-26A was the deployment of two RB-26C aircraft modified for night reconnaissance during May–July 1962 under Project Black Watch. These aircraft, drawn from Farm Gate stocks, were returned at the end of these missions.

The aircraft from Laos participated in the early phase of the Vietnam War with the USAF, but with Vietnamese markings as part of Project Farm Gate. Although Farm Gate operated B-26Bs, B-26Cs, and genuine RB-26Cs, many of these aircraft were operated under the designation RB-26C, although they were used in a combat capacity. During 1963, two RB-26Cs were sent to Clark AB in the Philippines for modifications, although not with night systems similar to those modified for Black Watch. The two aircraft returned from Black Watch to Farm Gate were redesignated RB-26L to distinguish them from other modified RB-26Cs, and were assigned to Project Sweet Sue. Farm Gate's B-26s operated alongside the other primary strike aircraft of the time, the T-28 Trojan, before both aircraft types were replaced by the Douglas A-1 Skyraider. The B-26s were withdrawn from service in February 1964 after two accidents related to wing-spar fatigue, one during combat in Southeast Asia in August 1963 and one during a demonstration at Eglin AFB, Florida, in February 1964.

On 11 February 1964, two pilots from the 1st Air Commando Wing stationed at Florida's Hurlburt Field died in the crash of a B-26 on Range 52 at Eglin AFB after it lost a wing during pull-out from a demonstration strafing pass. The aircraft was participating in a demonstration of the Special Air Warfare Center's counterinsurgency capabilities, and completed a strafing run demonstration before the incident. SAWC presented the demonstration on an average of twice each month for the previous two years. B-26 aircraft used by USAF Commandos in Vietnam were grounded 8 April 1964 following an investigation into the 11 February incident. B-26 aircraft in use by the South Vietnamese Air Force were also grounded in accordance with the U.S. ruling.

In response to this, the On Mark Engineering Company of Van Nuys, California, was selected by the USAF to extensively upgrade the Invader for its new counterinsurgency role. The first production flight of the B-26K was on 30 May 1964 at the Van Nuys Airport. On Mark converted 40 Invaders to the new B-26K Counter-Invader standard of upgraded engines, propellers, and brakes, remanufactured wings, and wing-tip fuel tanks for use by the 609th Special Operations Squadron. In May 1966, the B-26K was again redesignated A-26A for political reasons (Thailand did not allow U.S. bombers in-country at the time, so the Invaders were redesignated again with an "A", for attack aircraft), and deployed in Thailand to help disrupt supplies moving along the Ho Chi Minh trail. Two of these aircraft were modified with a forward-looking infrared radar (FLIR) system under project Lonesome Tiger, as a part of Operation Shed Light.

CIA

In early 1961, about 20 B-26Bs, most converted from B-26C configuration, were "sanitized" at Duke Field (also known as Auxiliary Field Three at Eglin AFB), Florida. They had defensive armament removed, and were fitted with the eight-gun nose, underwing drop tanks, and rocket racks. They were flown to a CIA-run base in Guatemala, where training was under way for B-26, C-46, and C-54 Cuban exile air crews by personnel from the Alabama Air National Guard. After transfer to Nicaragua in early April 1961, they were painted in the markings of the Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria (FAR), the air force of the Cuban government.

On 15 April 1961, crewed by Cuban exiles, eight B-26s of the Fuerza Aérea de Liberación (FAL) attacked three Cuban airfields to destroy FAR combat aircraft on the ground. On 17 April 1961, FAL B-26s supported the seaborne Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba. The conflict ended on 19 April, after the loss of nine FAL B-26s, ten Cuban exiles, and four American aircrew in combat. The FAR flew B-26Cs in the conflict, one of which was downed by friendly fire from a CIA "command ship" with the loss of four Cuban aircrew.

The CIA contracted pilots, some employed during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, to fly B-26Ks for ground attack against Simba rebels in the Congo Crisis. Newly remanufactured B-26K Counter-Invaders were delivered to the Congo via Hurlburt Field in 1964.

France

In the 1950s, the French Air Force's (Armée de l'air) bombing groups (groupe de bombardement) including Bombardment Group I/19 Gascogne (GB I/19) and GB 1/25 Tunisia, used B-26s, during the First Indochina War, lent to France by the USAF.

Haiphong Cat Bi-based Douglas B-26 Invaders operated over Dien Bien Phu in March and April 1954 during the siege of Dien Bien Phu. In this period, a massive use of Philippines-based USAF B-29s against the Viet Minh heavy artillery, including the potential use of nuclear weapons, was planned by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff with the French as Operation Vulture, but was cancelled by the governments, while at the conclusion of the battle, some of the beleaguered French troops managed to escape through the jungle to neighboring Thailand.

Indonesia
Concerned about Indonesian President Sukarno's communist leanings, the CIA started Operation Haik in 1958 to overthrow his Guided Democracy in Indonesia regime. The covert operation committed at least a dozen B-26 Invaders in support of rebel forces. On 18 May 1958, American contract pilot Allen Pope's blacked-out B-26 was initially hit by antiaircraft ground fire and then brought down by a North American P-51 Mustang flown by Capt. Ignatius Dewanto (the only known air-to-air shoot-down in the history of the Indonesian Air Force). The capture and trial of Lieutenant Pope brought a quick end to Operation Haik, but the capabilities of the Invader were not lost on the Indonesian government. In 1959, the government purchased six aircraft at Davis-Monthan AFB, which were ferried to Indonesia in full military markings during mid-1960. Used in a number of actions against rebels in various areas, these aircraft went on to long follow-up careers. The last operational flights of three final survivors were in 1976, supporting the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. In 1977, the last two flying aircraft were retired.

Portugal
The Portuguese Air Force purchased Invaders covertly for use in Portuguese Angola in 1965, during the Portuguese Colonial War.

Democratic Republic of the Congo
B-26s were used in support of the Dragon operations to liberate Western hostages held by Simba terrorists during the Congo Crisis.

Biafra
Biafra used two provisionally armed ("provo") B-26s in combat during the Nigerian Civil War in 1967, flown, among others, by Jan Zumbach.

Douglas/U.S. military variants
Many of the A-26/B-26 Invader's production run of 2,452 were early A-26Bs and A-26Cs.
 * XA-26
 * Serial no. 41-19504 served as the prototype for the series; initially flown with dummy armament

 * XA-26A
 * Serial no. 41-19505 served as a prototype night fighter with a crew of two - pilot plus radar-operator/gunner

 * XA-26B
 * Serial no. 41-19588 was a prototype "solid-nosed" attack variant with crew of three: pilot, gun loader/navigator (in front cockpit) plus gunner in rear, and carrying a forward-firing 75 mm (2.75 in) cannon.

 * Attack bomber with solid nose carrying six or eight 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns. Production totals: 1,355 A-26Bs were built and delivered, 205 at Tulsa, Oklahoma (A-26B-5-DT to A-26B-25-DT) plus 1,150 at Long Beach, California (A-26B-1-DL to A-26B-66-DL). About 24 more airframes were built at Long Beach but not delivered to USAAF, some of those later sold to other civil and military customers. A-26B was redesignated B-26B with USAF in 1948.
 * Attack bomber with solid nose carrying six or eight 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns. Production totals: 1,355 A-26Bs were built and delivered, 205 at Tulsa, Oklahoma (A-26B-5-DT to A-26B-25-DT) plus 1,150 at Long Beach, California (A-26B-1-DL to A-26B-66-DL). About 24 more airframes were built at Long Beach but not delivered to USAAF, some of those later sold to other civil and military customers. A-26B was redesignated B-26B with USAF in 1948.

 * TB-26B
 * Unarmed variant converted from B-26B for training purposes.

 * VB-26B
 * Unarmed variant converted from B-26B for administrative purposes.

 * Attack bomber. Production totals: 1,091 A-26Cs were built and delivered, five at Long Beach, California (A-26C-1-DL and A-26C-2-DL) plus 1,086 at Tulsa, Oklahoma (A-26C-16-DT to A-26B-55-DT). About 53 more airframes were built at Tulsa but not delivered to USAAF, some of those later sold to other civil and military customers. A-26C was redesignated B-26C with USAF in 1948.
 * Attack bomber. Production totals: 1,091 A-26Cs were built and delivered, five at Long Beach, California (A-26C-1-DL and A-26C-2-DL) plus 1,086 at Tulsa, Oklahoma (A-26C-16-DT to A-26B-55-DT). About 53 more airframes were built at Tulsa but not delivered to USAAF, some of those later sold to other civil and military customers. A-26C was redesignated B-26C with USAF in 1948.

 * RB-26C
 * Unarmed photo reconnaissance variant converted from B-26C; it carried cameras and flash flares for night photography. Designated FA-26C prior to 1962.

 * TB-26C
 * Unarmed variant converted from B-26C for training purposes.

 * XA-26D
 * Serial no. 44-34776 prototype for the proposed A-26D attack bomber with uprated Chevrolet manufactured R-2800-83 engines, and late model A-26B armament of eight 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in solid nose and six 0.50 in (12.7 mm) guns in the wing; series of 750 A-26Ds was cancelled after V-J Day.

 * XA-26E
 * Serial no. 44-25563 prototype for the A-26E attack bomber. As with the XA-26D, but with an A-26C-type glass nose; a contract for 2,150 A-26E-DTs was cancelled following V-J Day.

 * XA-26F
 * Serial no. 44-34586 prototype for a high-speed A-26F powered by two 2100 hp R-2800-83 engines driving four-bladed propellers with a 1600 lbf s.t. General Electric J31 turbojet installed in the rear fuselage. The prototype reached a top speed of 435 mph but the series was cancelled as performance gains were not sufficient.

 * A-26Z
 * Unofficial designation for a proposed postwar production version of the A-26. It was to have a more powerful version of the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial engine and was to be fitted with such features as a raised pilot's cockpit canopy, an improved cockpit arrangement, and wingtip drop tanks. If produced, the unglazed nose version would have been designated A-26G and the glazed nose version A-26H. However, in October 1945, the USAAF concluded that enough A-26 aircraft were available to meet postwar needs; consequently, the A-26Z version was not produced.

 * JD-1
 * U.S. Navy version with one A-26B (AAF Ser. No. 44-34217) and one A-26C (AAF Ser. No. 44-35467) redesignated during World War II, postwar, 150 surplus A-26s for use by land-based Navy utility squadrons (VU) as target tugs and later, drone directors (designated JD-1D) and general utility aircraft. In 1962, the JD-1 and JD-1D were redesignated UB-26J and DB-26J respectively.

 * YB-26K
 * On Mark Engineering prototype for refurbished attack bomber; modifications included rebuilt, strengthened wings, enlarged tail assembly, new R-2800-103W engines with reversible propellers/propeller spinners, dual controls, wingtip tanks, newer avionics, and increased hardpoint/armament enhancements.

 * B-26K
 * On Mark Engineering conversions of a total of 40 aircraft; B-26Bs or TB-26Bs with two B-26Cs and a single JB-26C; changes included fitting of 2500 hp R-2800-52W engines with no propeller spinners and the six wing guns deleted. During operations in Vietnam, in May 1966, the aircraft were reassigned the old attack designation of A-26A. The A-26As were retired in 1969 when they had reached the safe limits of allotted flying time.

 * RB-26L
 * Two RB-26Cs (44-34718 and 44-35782) were modified for night photography missions.

 * B-26N
 * Unofficial designation applied to B-26s operated by the French Air Force (Armée de l'air) in Algeria as night fighters. These aircraft were modified B-26Cs fitted with AI Mk X radar taken from obsolete Meteor NF 11 night fighters, two underwing gun packs each with two 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns and SNEB rocket pods.

Weather reconnaissance version first produced and used in the Korean War, 2 used by NOAA from 1960 to 1975.
 * WB-26

Third-party civil variants

Since 1945, over 300 A-26s have been on the FAA U.S. Civil Aircraft Register. Perhaps up to 100 of those were probably only registered for ferry flights from USAF bases such as Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ, and Hill AFB, UT, to civil airports and stored as candidates for sale on the civil or overseas military markets.

The initial main civil uses were as "executive" personnel transports with minimal modifications such as removal of military features, bomb-bay doors sealed shut, passenger-entry stairs in bomb bay, and the conversion of the fuselage to accept six to eight passengers. Improvements developed considerably until the early 1960s, when purpose-built executive types such as the turboprop Gulfstream I became available.

During the mid-1950s, A-26s were tested and used as air tankers for suppression of forest and wildland fires, and briefly used borate-based retardants, hence the inaccurate and unofficial term "borate bombers". Borate was later discontinued due to its undesirable ecologic effects, replaced with retardant mixtures of water, clays, fertilizers, and red dyes. That use of A-26s on USDA contracts was discontinued in major regions by about 1973, after many of the A-26 air tankers found willing purchasers in Canada.

Much early development of conversions was carried out by Grand Central Aircraft, whose drawings and personnel were taken up by the On Mark Engineering Company of Van Nuys, California, from about 1955. By the 1960s, On Mark had an exclusive license from Douglas Aircraft Company for manufacture and sale of parts for A-26s. The on Mark Executive (1956), the On Mark Marketeer (1957), and the pressurized On Mark Marksman (1961) were products of this effort.

A significant conversion was the Rock Island Monarch 26, while less numerous and more basic conversions for executive operations were carried out by Wold Engineering, LB Smith Aircraft Corp., R. G. LeTourneau Inc, Rhodes-Berry Company and Lockheed Aircraft Service Inc. Garrett AiResearch used two A-26 variants as testbeds for turbine engines; see also XA-26F above.

Notable appearances in media
In July 2005, the archaeological television program Time Team of the UK's Channel 4, along with members of RAF Millom Museum, took part in a major project to excavate the crash sites of two A-26 Invader aircraft after the aircraft collided shortly after take-off over marshes close to the then USAAF BAD 2 airbase at Warton in Lancashire on 29 November 1944. The aircraft, A-26B-10-DT 43-22298 and A-26B-15-DT 43-22336, were en route to Brétigny, Oise, in northern France for service with the 641st Bombardment Squadron of the 409th Bombardment Group.

title: Douglas A-26 Invader


text:
Impairment

Impairment may refer to:
 * In health, any loss or difference of physiological, psychological, or anatomical structure or function, whether permanent or temporary. Identifying impairments that contribute to disability is a key factor for a health professional to determine appropriate treatment.
 * In accounting, the decrease in the net asset value of an asset due to the carrying amount of the asset exceeding the recoverable amount thereof. The effect of impairment constitutes the decrease in asset values per the Statement of Financial Position and a corresponding amount recognised through profit or loss in respect of the impairment loss.
 * A classification of poor water quality for a surface water body under the U.S. Clean Water Act

menomazione

title: Impairment


text:
Honolulu Star-Bulletin

The Honolulu Star-Bulletin was a daily newspaper based in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. At the time publication ceased on June 6, 2010, it was the second largest daily newspaper in the state of Hawaii (after the Honolulu Advertiser).

The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, along with a sister publication called MidWeek, was owned by Black Press of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada and administered by a council of local Hawaii investors. The daily merged with the Advertiser on June 7, 2010, to form the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, after Black Press's attempts to find a buyer fell through.

Farrington Era
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin traces its roots to the February 1, 1882, founding of the Evening Bulletin by J. W. Robertson and Company. In 1912, it merged with the Hawaiian Star to become the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Wallace Rider Farrington, who later became territorial governor of Hawaii, was the editor of the newspaper from 1898 and the president and publisher from 1912 until his death. His son Joseph Rider Farrington succeeded him and served as president and publisher until his own death in 1954. From 1962 it was owned by a local group of investors led by Elizabeth P. Farrington and Chinn Ho and operated under a joint operating agreement with the Honolulu Advertiser that allowed the two papers to use the same printing facilities and sales personnel (the Hawaii Newspaper Agency) while maintaining separate fully competitive editorial staffs and providing Honolulu with two distinct editorial "voices."

Gannett Era
Gannett Pacific Corporation, a subsidiary of Gannett Corporation, purchased the Honolulu Star-Bulletin in 1971 under the terms of the existing joint operating agreement. The terms of the joint operating agreement did not allow one company to own both newspapers, so in 1992, Gannett sold the Honolulu Star-Bulletin to Liberty Newspapers so that it could purchase the Honolulu Advertiser. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin's circulation was allowed to decline thereafter and staffing reduced.

On September 16, 1999, Liberty Newspapers announced that it planned to close the Honolulu Star-Bulletin the following month. The decision was met with fierce resistance in the community and lawsuits were filed against Liberty and Gannett by the state and by concerned citizens' groups. The shutdown was postponed with an injunction by a federal district judge two weeks before the scheduled date of closure.

Black era
In April 2000, Liberty Newspapers offered the Honolulu Star-Bulletin for sale. The action once again threatened the closure of the publication, but in November of that year, Canadian publishing magnate David Black announced his intent to purchase the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. When the purchase was finalized in 2001, the joint operating agreement came to an end and Black moved the paper's administration and editorial offices to new headquarters in Restaurant Row near Honolulu Harbor. The newspaper was printed in Kaneohe, on the presses of the Star-Bulletin's sister publication, MidWeek. (Black had purchased MidWeek shortly before the Star-Bulletin deal was closed—and at a time when no one in the local business community was aware that it was for sale.)

On April 13, 2009, The Star-Bulletin made the conversion from a broadsheet to a tabloid format in an effort to retain its readership base, even though the move resulted in the layoff of 17 editorial staffers (about 20% of its unionized workforce). This was done to save costs. However, the format did not help as it continued to lose both money and readership. At the same time, Gannett was looking into selling the Advertiser as the company decided that it did not fit in with Gannett's long-term strategy. This move would lead to Black Press pursuing a deal that would result in buying the Advertiser, a more profitable paper with a daily circulation of 115,000, even though the Star-Bulletin itself was losing money and had a daily circulation of 37,000.

Merger
On February 25, 2010, Black Press purchased only the "physical assets" of The Honolulu Advertiser. As part of the deal to acquire the Advertiser, Black Press agreed to place the Star-Bulletin on the selling block. If no buyer came forward by March 29, 2010, Black Press would start making preparations to operate both papers through a transitional management team and then combine the two dailies into one.

On March 30, 2010, three parties came forward with offers to buy the Star-Bulletin, but a month later on April 27, 2010, the bids were rejected because their bid for the Star-Bulletin was below the minimum, liquidation price, resulting in Black Press cancelling any sale and proceeding with transition plans, which came on the same day that they were approved to take over the Advertiser by the Department of Justice.

On May 3, 2010, a new company set by Black Press, HA Management, took over the operations of Advertiser while also overseeing the Star-Bulletin during a 30- to 60-day transition period, in which both papers merged into one daily, The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. The merger took place on June 7, 2010. Existing Advertiser employment ceased. The Star-Bulletin published its final issue as a tabloid on June 6, 2010 before returning to a broadsheet paper under the merger.

Key dates

 * February 1, 1882: Henry Martyn Whitney, who had founded the Pacific Commercial Advertiser in 1856, began placing a "Daily Bulletin" in the window of James Robertson's Honolulu waterfront stationery store. Robertson bought the concept from Whitney and hired him as editor.
 * March 28, 1893: Two months after Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown, businessman Joseph Ballard Atherton founded the Hawaiian Star as a mouthpiece for the provisional government.
 * July 4, 1894: The Republic of Hawaii was established, and Whitney's successor as Advertiser editor was New Englander Wallace Rider Farrington. While Farrington edited the Advertiser, it was purchased by Lorrin Thurston. Disagreeing with Advertiser policies, Farrington became editor of the competing Daily Bulletin.
 * July 1, 1912: The Hawaiian Star and Evening Bulletin merged to form the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Riley Allen became editor. Joseph Ballard Atherton and sons Charles H. and Frank Cooke became owners of the Star-Bulletin, the latter becoming the first president. Wallace Farrington became vice president and general business manager.
 * 1925: The Honolulu Star-Bulletin bought the Tribune-Herald in Hilo, operating it from afar until the Big Island paper was divested to Donrey Media in 1964.
 * July 6, 1929: After Wallace Farrington completed eight years as territorial governor, Frank Cooke Atherton turned control of the Star-Bulletin over to Farrington, who was named president and publisher.

 * December 7, 1941: On the day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Star-Bulletin published its most famous extra, as Editor Riley Allen and staff scrambled to print the first paper in the world with news of the assault. Extras were being sold on the street within three hours.
 * November 3, 1942: Joseph Farrington, Star-Bulletin president and general manager, was elected nonvoting Hawaii delegate to Congress. He was re-elected in 1944, 1946, 1948, 1950 and 1952.
 * Bill Ewing, a Star-Bulletin editor, was credited with creating the slang term "SeaBee" for the U.S. Navy's construction battalions.
 * October 24, 1944: Wartime martial law ended in Hawaii. The Star-Bulletin strongly opposed martial law from its inception shortly after the Pearl Harbor attack.
 * December 1, 1952: The Honolulu Star-Bulletin partnered with radio man J. Howard Worrell to open KGMB-TV, Hawaii's first television station, airing for the first time.
 * April 17, 1953: In response to a statement by Mississippi's Sen. James Eastland that Hawaii was dominated by Communists and would, if granted statehood, send representatives of Moscow to Congress, the Star-Bulletin devoted most of its front page, all of page 2 and part of page 3 to listing the names of Hawaii's dead, wounded, missing and prisoners in the 1950–53 Korean War.
 * March 9, 1957: Star-Bulletin reporter Sarah Park, 29, died when a small plane piloted by Hawaii advertising executive Paul Beam crashed into the sea just off Laie Point while covering the tsunami arrival following the 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake. Beam, 42, died less than 24 hours later. Star-Bulletin photographer Jack Matsumoto survived the crash with injuries, eventually returning to work.
 * 1959: The Star-Bulletin publishes its statehood editions. The picture of Chester Kahapea hawking statehood editions two days before his 13th birthday appears March 13. The picture, snapped by Murray Befeler of Photo Hawaii, is picked up by such newspapers as the New York Times and New York Daily News.
 * July 22, 1960: Riley Allen steps down as editor after 48 years. Star-Bulletin circulation during his career rose from about 4,000 in 1912 to 104,000 in 1960. He had overseen coverage of two of Hawaii's biggest stories – the Pearl Harbor attack and statehood.
 * 1961: A "hui" including Chinn Ho, Joseph Ballard Atherton, Alexander Atherton, William H. Hill and John T. Waterhouse forms to buy the Star-Bulletin from the Farrington Estate.
 * June 1, 1962: The Star-Bulletin and its morning rival, the Honolulu Advertiser, set up a third company, the Hawaii Newspaper Agency, under a joint operating agreement to handle non-newsroom functions of both papers. The Sunday editions of both papers are combined.
 * Jim Lovell newspaper.jpg reading the Star-Bulletin's report of his crew's safe return after the Apollo 13 mission]]Aug. 2, 1971: Gannett Co. Inc. announces it is purchasing the Star-Bulletin, which now has a circulation of 128,000.
 * Jan. 7, 1993: Gannett announces it has reached an agreement to sell the Star-Bulletin to Rupert Phillips' Liberty Newspapers Limited Partnership in a move that will allow Gannett to complete its acquisition of the Honolulu Advertiser. Star-Bulletin circulation is 88,000.
 * August 9, 1997: The Star-Bulletin publishes the "Broken Trust" essay by five community leaders critical of Bishop Estate trustees. This leads to investigations, court actions and statewide soul-searching to bring about corrective action. The $1 million-a-year Bishop Estate trustees are eventually toppled and reforms are set in motion.
 * September 16, 1999: Liberty Newspapers announces it will shut down the Star-Bulletin on October 30 because of better investment opportunities on the mainland. Circulation is 67,124. A group of community members called "Save Our Star-Bulletin" bands together in an effort to keep the paper alive.
 * October 13, 1999: District Judge Alan Cooke Kay issues a preliminary injunction in federal court keeping Gannett Co. and Liberty Newspapers from taking further steps to close the Star-Bulletin. On November 9 the court approves Black Press Ltd.'s purchase of the Star-Bulletin. In December Black Press owner David Black announces he is purchasing RFD Publications, which owns MidWeek.
 * November 9, 2000: The federal court approved Black Press Ltd.'s purchase of the Star-Bulletin. The order comes after Black Press reached agreement with Liberty and Gannett over the terms of the Star-Bulletin takeover.
 * March 15, 2001: The Star-Bulletin moves to Waterfront Plaza offices, launching its inaugural edition and new morning issue under Oahu Publications, a new local company formed by David Black. Don Kendall is named publisher. The paper is published on the MidWeek press in Kaneohe.
 * June 3, 2004: Dennis Francis was named president of Oahu Publications Inc. and publisher of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and Glenn Zuehls was named vice president of advertising.
 * February 25, 2010: An agreement for Oahu Publications Inc., which owns the Star-Bulletin and MidWeek, to acquire its longtime rival, The Honolulu Advertiser, is announced in simultaneous meetings in both newsrooms.
 * June 6, 2010: At the conclusion of the transition, Oahu Publications merges both newspapers into the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, under publisher Dennis Francis.

Notable reporters

 * Ah Jook Ku
 * Peggy Hull

title: Honolulu Star-Bulletin


text:
Communes of the Orne department

The following is a list of the 385 communes of the Orne department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté urbaine d'Alençon (partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Flers Agglo
 * Communauté de communes Andaine-Passais
 * CC Argentan Intercom
 * Communauté de communes Cœur du Perche
 * Communauté de communes des Collines du Perche Normand
 * CC Domfront Tinchebray Interco
 * Communauté de communes des Hauts du Perche
 * Communauté de communes Maine Saosnois (partly)
 * Communauté de communes des Pays de L'Aigle
 * Communauté de communes du Pays fertois et du Bocage carrougien
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Mortagne au Perche
 * Communauté de communes des Sources de l'Orne
 * Communauté de communes du Val d'Orne
 * Communauté de communes de la Vallée de la Haute Sarthe
 * Communauté de communes des Vallées d'Auge et du Merlerault

 * width=47% valign=top|
 * width=52% valign=top|

title: Communes of the Orne department


text:
Reed Hastings

Wilmot Reed Hastings Jr. (born October 8, 1960) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the co-founder and executive chairman of Netflix, and currently sits on a number of boards and non-profit organizations. A former member of the California State Board of Education, Hastings is also an advocate for education reform through charter schools.

Early life
Hastings was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father Wilmot Reed Hastings Sr. was an attorney for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare in the Nixon administration, and his mother Joan Amory Loomis was a debutante from a Boston Brahmin family who was repulsed by the world of high society and taught her children to disdain it. His maternal great-grandfather was Alfred Lee Loomis.

Hastings attended Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and sold vacuum cleaners door-to-door in a gap year before entering college. In 1983, he graduated from Bowdoin College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics, which he found "beautiful and engaging".

He joined the Marine Corps officer training through their Platoon Leader Class, and spent college summers in the Marines, including a stint at the Officer Candidate School boot camp at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia in the summer of 1981. He did not complete the training and never commissioned into the Marine Corps—choosing instead to pursue service in the Peace Corps “out of a combination of service and adventure”. He went to teach math at a high school of around 800 students in rural northwest Swaziland from 1983 to 1985 after college. He credits part of his entrepreneurial spirit to his time in the Peace Corps, remarking that, “Once you have hitchhiked across Africa with ten bucks in your pocket, starting a business doesn't seem too intimidating”.

After returning from the Peace Corps, Hastings went on to attend Stanford University after being rejected from his first choice MIT, graduating in 1988 with a Master's Degree in Computer Science.

Founding of Pure Software
Hastings' first job was at Adaptive Technology, where he created a tool for debugging software. He met Audrey MacLean in 1990 when she was CEO at Adaptive Corp. In 2007, Hastings told CNN, "From her, I learned the value of focus. I learned it is better to do one product well than two products in a mediocre way."

Hastings left Adaptive Technology in 1991 to lay the foundation to his first company, Pure Software, which produced products to troubleshoot software. The company's growth proved challenging for Hastings, as he lacked managerial experience. He stated he had trouble managing with a rapid headcount growth. His engineering background didn't prepare him for the challenges of being a CEO, and he asked his board to replace him, stating he was losing confidence. The board refused, and Hastings says he learned to be a businessman. Pure Software was taken public by Morgan Stanley in 1995.

In 1996, Pure Software announced a merger with Atria Software. The merger integrated Pure Software's programs for detecting bugs in software with Atria's tools to manage development of complex software. The Wall Street Journal reported that there were problems integrating the sales forces of Pure Software and Atria after the head salesmen for both Pure and Atria left following the merger.

In 1997, the combined company, Pure Atria, was acquired by Rational Software, which triggered a 42% drop in both companies' stocks after the deal was announced. Hastings was appointed Chief Technical Officer of the combined companies and left soon after the acquisition. After Pure Software, Hastings spent two years thinking about how to avoid similar problems at his next startup.

Founder of Netflix

In 1997, Hastings and former Pure Software employee Marc Randolph co-founded Netflix, offering flat rate movie rental-by-mail to customers in the US by combining two emerging technologies; DVDs, which were much easier to send as mail than VHS-cassettes, and a website from which to order them, instead of a paper catalogue. Headquartered in Los Gatos, California, Netflix has amassed a collection of 100,000 titles and more than 100 million subscribers. Hastings had the idea for Netflix after he left Pure Software. "I had a big late fee for Apollo 13. It was six weeks late and I owed the video store $40. I had misplaced the cassette. It was all my fault. I didn't want to tell my wife about it. And I said to myself, ‘I'm going to compromise the integrity of my marriage over a late fee?’ Later, on my way to the gym, I realized they had a much better business model. You could pay $30 or $40 a month and work out as little or as much as you wanted."

Hastings said that when he founded Netflix, he had no idea whether customers would use the service. He is a proponent of Internet television and sees it as the future. He credits YouTube for his shift in strategy for developing a video streaming service. Netflix launched a service in 2007 to stream movies and television shows to computers.

Netflix culture
As Netflix grew, the company was noticed for its innovative management practices—the results of the culture Hastings was exploring—called “Freedom and Responsibility.” Netflix reportedly offers mediocre employees large severance packages to ensure that employees are consistently working to further the company's innovative environment. Netflix has eliminated sick and vacation time for employees, and instead allows them to manage their time off individually.

Hastings created an internal culture guide for Netflix by meeting with employees to discuss the company's culture and employees' hypotheses about it. In August 2009, Hastings posted this internal culture guide publicly online, and it eventually became a pre-employment screening tool that dissuaded incompatible people from applying.

In September 2020, Hastings and Erin Meyer co-authored a book on Netflix's culture and management principles with interviews from current and former employees. No Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention was a New York Times bestseller, featured on year-end lists for publications such as NPR and The Economist. It was shortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award.

Other business ventures
Hastings was on the board of Microsoft from 2007 to 2012. He was also on the board of directors of Facebook, Inc. from June 2011 to May 2019. As of September 2016, Hastings was reported to own over $10 million worth of Facebook shares.

Hastings is the majority owner of Powder Mountain ski resort in Utah (North America's largest ski resort) following his $100 million investment in 2023. That same year, he announced plans to turn half of the mountain Into a members-only ski club, in addition to other planned residential developments.

California State Board of Education
After selling Pure Software, Hastings found himself without a goal. He became interested in educational reform in California and enrolled in the Stanford Graduate School of Education. In 2000, Governor Gray Davis appointed Hastings to the State Board of Education, and in 2001, Hastings became its president. He spent $1 million of his own money together with $6 million from Silicon Valley venture capitalist John Doerr to promote the passage of Proposition 39 in November 2000, a measure that lowered the level of voter approval for local schools to pass construction bond issues from 66 to 55 percent.

In 2009, Hastings ran into trouble on the State Board of Education when Democratic legislators challenged his advocacy of more English instruction and language testing for non-English speaking students. The California Senate Rules Committee refused to confirm him as the board's president. The California State Legislature rejected him in January 2005. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who had reappointed Hastings to the board after Hastings' first term, issued a statement saying he was “disappointed” in the committee's action. Hastings resigned.

In April 2008, Steven Maviglio reported that Hastings had made a $100,000 contribution to California Governor Schwarzenegger's “Voters First” redistricting campaign.

Charter schools
Hastings is active in educational philanthropy and politics. One of the issues he most strongly advocates is charter schools, publicly funded, privately-run elementary or secondary schools.

In July 2006, the Santa Cruz Sentinel reported that Hastings had donated $1 million to Beacon Education Network to open up new charter schools in Santa Cruz County, where he lives.

Hastings, as a Giving Pledge member since 2012, founded Hastings Fund and pledged $100 million to children's education. In his post on Facebook, he said that the Hastings Fund "will donate these funds in the best way possible for kids' education." Hastings Fund gave its first two gifts, totaling $1.5 million, to the United Negro College Fund and the Hispanic Foundation of Silicon Valley for college scholarships for black and Latino youth.

In March 2014, he argued for the elimination of elected school boards.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)
In June 2020, Hastings donated $120 million to be equally split among the United Negro College Fund, Morehouse College and Spelman College. It was the largest individual donation ever to support scholarships at HBCUs.

Donor-advised fund
Hastings opened a donor-advised fund at the Silicon Valley Community Foundation in 2016 with a $100million contribution. In 2024, he gifted two million of his Netflix shares worth $1.1billion to the foundation.

Technology
In April 2004, Hastings authored a Wall Street Journal op-ed advocating the expensing of stock options.

Politics
In August 2007, the Los Angeles Times reported that Hastings had donated $1 million to a committee formed to support California State Superintendent of Schools Jack O'Connell's candidacy for Governor of California in 2010.

In April 2009, Hastings donated $251,491.03 to Budget Reform Now, a coalition supporting California Propositions 1A to 1F.

Hastings supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election.

In 2021, Hastings gave $3 million to defeat the campaign to recall Gavin Newsom as governor of California.

On 3 July 2024, Hastings called on Joe Biden to withdraw from the 2024 United States presidential election.

Personal life
Hastings lives in Santa Cruz, California. He is married to Patricia Ann Quillin and has two children.

Hastings appeared in a front-page article in USA Today in 1995, posing on his Porsche. He considers that immature now and has said that, if he ever appears on the front page of USA Today again, it will "not [be] on the hood of a Porsche, but I would [pose] with a bunch of movies". Hastings sold his Porsche for a Toyota Avalon, but now drives a Tesla.

In 2018, Hastings appeared in a podcast series by Linkedin co-founder Reid Hoffman, Masters of Scale, and discussed the strategy adopted by Netflix to scale.

In 2020, Hastings and his wife donated $30 million to GAVI to support COVAX COVID-19 vaccines initiative.

In March 2022, Hastings donated $1 million to Razom, a Ukrainian nonprofit organization that procures emergency supplies and medical equipment such as disposable resuscitators to treat the wounded.

In June 2022, Hastings delivered the commencement address at Stanford University.

title: Reed Hastings