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Landau pole

In physics, the Landau pole (or the Moscow zero, or the Landau ghost) is the momentum (or energy) scale at which the coupling constant (interaction strength) of a quantum field theory becomes infinite. Such a possibility was pointed out by the physicist Lev Landau and his colleagues. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.

Landau poles appear in theories that are not asymptotically free, such as quantum electrodynamics (QED) or $φ^{4}$ theory—a scalar field with a quartic interaction—such as may describe the Higgs boson. In these theories, the renormalized coupling constant grows with energy. A Landau pole appears when the coupling becomes infinite at a finite energy scale. In a theory purporting to be complete, this could be considered a mathematical inconsistency. A possible solution is that the renormalized charge could go to zero as the cut-off is removed, meaning that the charge is completely screened by quantum fluctuations (vacuum polarization). This is a case of quantum triviality, which means that quantum corrections completely suppress the interactions in the absence of a cut-off.

Since the Landau pole is normally identified through perturbative one-loop or two-loop calculations, it is possible that the pole is merely a sign that the perturbative approximation breaks down at strong coupling. Perturbation theory may also be invalid if non-adiabatic states exist. Lattice gauge theory provides a means to address questions in quantum field theory beyond the realm of perturbation theory, and thus has been used to attempt to resolve this question.

Numerical computations performed in this framework seem to confirm Landau's conclusion that in QED the renormalized charge completely vanishes for an infinite cutoff.

Brief history
According to Landau, Abrikosov, and Khalatnikov, the relation of the observable charge $g_{obs}$ to the "bare" charge $g_{0}$ for renormalizable field theories when $Λ ≫ m$ is given by

where $$ is the mass of the particle and $Λ$ is the momentum cut-off. If $g_{0} < ∞$ and $Λ → ∞$ then $g_{obs} → 0$ and the theory looks trivial. In fact, inverting $m$, so that $g_{0}$ (related to the length scale $Λ^{−1}$) reveals an accurate value of $g_{obs}$,

As $Λ$ grows, the bare charge $g_{0} = g(Λ)$ increases, to finally diverge at the renormalization point

This singularity is the Landau pole with a negative residue, $g(Λ) ≈ −Λ_{Landau} / (β_{2}(Λ − Λ_{Landau}))$.

In fact, however, the growth of $g_{0}$ invalidates $$, $$ in the region $g_{0} ≈ 1$, since these were obtained for $g_{0} ≪ 1$, so that the nonperturbative existence of the Landau pole becomes questionable.

The actual behavior of the charge $g(μ)$ as a function of the momentum scale $$ is determined by the Gell-Mann–Low equation

which gives Eqs. $$, $$ if it is integrated under conditions $g(μ) = g_{obs}$ for $μ = m$ and $g(μ) = g_{0}$ for $μ = Λ$, when only the term with $β_{2}$ is retained in the right hand side. The general behavior of $g(μ)$ depends on the appearance of the function $β(g)$.

According to the classification of Bogoliubov and Shirkov, there are three qualitatively different cases: 1. if $β(g)$ has a zero at the finite value $g^{∗}$, then growth of $μ$ is saturated, i.e. $g(μ) → g^{∗}$ for $μ → ∞$;

2. if $β(g)$ is non-alternating and behaves as $β(g) ∝ g^{α}$ with $α ≤ 1$ for large $$, then the growth of $g(μ)$ continues to infinity;

3. if $β(g) ∝ g^{α}$ with $α > 1$ for large $$, then $g(μ)$ is divergent at finite value $μ_{0}$ and the real Landau pole arises: the theory is internally inconsistent due to indeterminacy of $g(μ)$ for $μ > μ_{0}$. Landau and Pomeranchuk tried to justify the possibility (c) in the case of QED and $φ^{4}$ theory. They have noted that the growth of $g_{0}$ in $$ drives the observable charge $g_{obs}$ to the constant limit, which does not depend on $g_{0}$. The same behavior can be obtained from the functional integrals, omitting the quadratic terms in the action. If neglecting the quadratic terms is valid already for $g_{0} ≪ 1$, it is all the more valid for $g_{0}$ of the order or greater than unity: it gives a reason to consider $g$ to be valid for arbitrary $g_{0}$. Validity of these considerations at the quantitative level is excluded by the non-quadratic form of the $g$-function.

Nevertheless, they can be correct qualitatively. Indeed, the result $g_{obs} = const(g_{0})$ can be obtained from the functional integrals only for $g_{0} ≫ 1$, while its validity for $g_{0} ≪ 1$, based on $g$, may be related to other reasons; for $g_{0} ≈ 1$ this result is probably violated but coincidence of two constant values in the order of magnitude can be expected from the matching condition. The Monte Carlo results seems to confirm the qualitative validity of the Landau–Pomeranchuk arguments, although a different interpretation is also possible.

The case (c) in the Bogoliubov and Shirkov classification corresponds to the quantum triviality in full theory (beyond its perturbation context), as can be seen by a reductio ad absurdum. Indeed, if $φ^{4}$, the theory is internally inconsistent. The only way to avoid it, is for $g_{obs} < ∞$, which is possible only for $μ_{0} → ∞$. It is a widespread belief that both QED and $g_{obs} → 0$ theory are trivial in the continuum limit.

Phenomenological aspects
In a theory intended to represent a physical interaction where the coupling constant is known to be non-zero, Landau poles or triviality may be viewed as a sign of incompleteness in the theory. For example, QED is usually not believed to be a complete theory on its own, because it does not describe other fundamental interactions, and contains a Landau pole. Conventionally QED forms part of the more fundamental electroweak theory. The $φ^{4}$ group of electroweak theory also has a Landau pole which is usually considered to be a signal of a need for an ultimate embedding into a Grand Unified Theory. The grand unified scale would provide a natural cutoff well below the Landau scale, preventing the pole from having observable physical consequences.

The problem of the Landau pole in QED is of purely academic interest, for the following reason. The role of $U(1)_{Y}$ in $$, $$ is played by the fine structure constant $g_{obs}$ and the Landau scale for QED is estimated as $β$, which is far beyond any energy scale relevant to observable physics. For comparison, the maximum energies accessible at the Large Hadron Collider are of order $$, while the Planck scale, at which quantum gravity becomes important and the relevance of quantum field theory itself may be questioned, is $$.

The Higgs boson in the Standard Model of particle physics is described by $α ≈ 1/137$ theory (see Quartic interaction). If the latter has a Landau pole, then this fact is used in setting a "triviality bound" on the Higgs mass. The bound depends on the scale at which new physics is assumed to enter and the maximum value of the quartic coupling permitted (its physical value is unknown). For large couplings, non-perturbative methods are required. This can even lead to a predictable Higgs mass in asymptotic safety scenarios. Lattice calculations have also been useful in this context.

Connections with statistical physics
A deeper understanding of the physical meaning and generalization of the renormalization process leading to Landau poles comes from condensed matter physics. Leo P. Kadanoff's paper in 1966 proposed the "block-spin" renormalization group. The blocking idea is a way to define the components of the theory at large distances as aggregates of components at shorter distances. This approach was developed by Kenneth Wilson. He was awarded the Nobel prize for these decisive contributions in 1982.

Assume that we have a theory described by a certain function $φ^{4}$ of the state variables $M_{H} < 710 GeV$ and a set of coupling constants $T_{c}$. This function can be a partition function, an action, or a Hamiltonian. Consider a certain blocking transformation of the state variables $Z$, the number of $\{s_{i}\}$ must be lower than the number of $\{J_{k}\}$. Now let us try to rewrite $\{s_{i}\} → \{1=~ s_{i}\}$ only in terms of the $~ s_{i}$. If this is achievable by a certain change in the parameters, $s_{i}$, then the theory is said to be renormalizable. The most important information in the RG flow are its fixed points. The possible macroscopic states of the system, at a large scale, are given by this set of fixed points. If these fixed points correspond to a free field theory, the theory is said to exhibit quantum triviality, and possesses a Landau pole. Numerous fixed points appear in the study of lattice Higgs theories, but it is not known whether these correspond to free field theories.

Large order perturbative calculations
Solution of the Landau pole problem requires the calculation of the Gell-Mann–Low function $Z$ at arbitrary $$ and, in particular, its asymptotic behavior for $~ s_{i}$. Diagrammatic calculations allow one to obtain only a few expansion coefficients $\{J_{k}\} → \{{{overset|lh=0.7em|~|J_{k}}}\}$, which do not allow one to investigate the $eV$ function in the whole. Progress became possible after the development of the Lipatov method for calculating large orders of perturbation theory: One may now try to interpolate the known coefficients $β(g)$ with their large order behavior, and to then sum the perturbation series.

The first attempts of reconstruction of the $g → ∞$ function by this method bear on the triviality of the $β_{2}, β_{3}, ...$ theory. Application of more advanced summation methods yielded the exponent $eV$ in the asymptotic behavior $β_{2}, β_{3}, ...$, a value close to unity. The hypothesis for the asymptotic behavior of $β$ was recently presented analytically for $φ^{4}$ theory and QED. Together with positiveness of $β(g) ∝ g^{α}$, obtained by summation of the series, it suggests case (b) of the above Bogoliubov and Shirkov classification, and hence the absence of the Landau pole in these theories, assuming perturbation theory is valid (but see above discussion in the introduction ).

title: Landau pole


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Quartic

In mathematics, the term quartic describes something that pertains to the "fourth order", such as the function $$x^4$$. It may refer to one of the following:

 * Quartic function, a polynomial function of degree 4
 * Quartic equation, a polynomial equation of degree 4
 * Quartic curve, an algebraic curve of degree 4
 * Quartic reciprocity, a theorem from number theory
 * Quartic surface, a surface defined by an equation of degree 4

 * See also
 * Quart (disambiguation)
 * Quintic, relating to degree 5, as next higher above quartic
 * Cubic (disambiguation), relating to degree 3 or a cube, as next lower below quartic
 * Quintic, relating to degree 5, as next higher above quartic
 * Cubic (disambiguation), relating to degree 3 or a cube, as next lower below quartic

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quartic


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Custard pie

A custard pie is any type of uncooked custard mixture placed in an uncooked or partially cooked crust and baked together. In North America, "custard pie" commonly refers to a plain mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, salt, vanilla extract and sometimes nutmeg combined with a pie crust. It is distinctly different from a cream pie, which contains cooked custard poured into a cooled, precooked crust. In the United Kingdom, the comical or political act of pieing is conventionally done with a "custard pie". Some common custard pies include pumpkin pie, lemon and buttermilk chess pie, coconut cream pie, and buko pie. True custard is defined as a liquid thickened with eggs. The often large number of whole eggs in custard pie make it very rich.

Cooks in Classical antiquity understood the binding properties of eggs. During the Middle Ages, the first custard pies - in the modern sense of the term - began to appear. Initially, custards were used only as fillings for pies, pastries and tarts. Both Europe and Asia had recipes that contained custards.

The word "custard" derives from crustade (a pie with a crust), or from  (an edible container of savoury food). After the 16th century, custards began to be used in individual dishes rather than as a filling in crusts.

Today, custards are used as filling in pies and tarts, and as individual dishes. Ideally a custard pie should be light and delicate, but still have good body. Custards can be made in two ways: baked or stirred upon the stove, but most custard-pie recipes call for baking. The eggs in custard mixtures, when cooked, turn from liquid to solid. If cooked over excessive heat, the eggs will curdle, which is extremely undesirable. Curdling can be prevented by using lower temperatures and stirring. As such, making "true" custard pie is a very delicate process.

History
Savory pies with meat fillings were far more common than sweet pies in the Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies. Sweet pies, when they were available, were made with a simple custard base of fresh milk, sugar and eggs. Some of these traditional pies like buttermilk pie, almond custard, Irish potato pie and bean pie (associated with the Nation of Islam) are uncommon in modern times.

As a comedic device
In British English, pies thrown or pushed into the face are usually referred to as "custard pies". Custard pies are used as a comedic device by clowns in many circus performances, in practical jokes for harmless fun and also for throwing into the faces of public figures as a sign of disapproval. UK Saturday morning programme Tiswas had custard pies as a regular feature and even had a character called The Phantom Flan Flinger, a masked man who pied people. The World Custard Pie Throwing Championships take place annually in the village of Coxheath in Kent, England.

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Speedball (drug)

Speedball, powerball, or over and under is the polydrug mixture of a stimulant with a depressant, usually an opioid. The most well-known mixture used for recreational drug use is that of cocaine and heroin; however, amphetamines can also be mixed with morphine and/or fentanyl. A speedball may be taken intravenously or by nasal insufflation.

Speedballs often give stronger effects than either drug when taken alone due to drug synergy, and are a particularly hazardous mixture that can easily cause heart attack, respiratory arrest and death. When compared to single drugs, speedballs are more likely to lead to addiction, and users are more likely to relapse and also to overdose.

History
Original speedball combinations used methamphetamine mixed with heroin, or cocaine hydrochloride mixed with morphine sulfate.

Physiological response
Cocaine acts as a stimulant, whereas heroin/morphine acts as a depressant. Co-administration is meant to provide an intense rush of euphoria with a high that is supposed to combine the effects of both drugs, while hoping to reduce the negative effects, such as the anxiety, hypertension and palpitations associated with stimulants, and sedation/drowsiness from the depressant.

By suppressing the typical negative side effects of the two drugs, the user may falsely believe they have a higher tolerance, or that they are less intoxicated than they actually are. This can cause users to misjudge the intake of one or both of the drugs, resulting in a fatal overdose.

Super speedballs
The United States Drug Enforcement Administration warned in 2019 that the rapid rise of fentanyl supply in the country has led to combinations of both fentanyl and heroin with cocaine ("super speedballs"). In addition, the cross-contamination of powdered fentanyl into cocaine supplies has led to reports of cocaine users unknowingly consuming a speedball-like combination.

Notable deaths attributed to speedball use

 * Jean-Michel Basquiat, though other sources list his death as heroin overdose only.
 * John Belushi
 * Ken Caminiti
 * Chris Farley
 * Pete Farndon
 * Zac Foley
 * Trevor Goddard
 * Mitch Hedberg
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman
 * Sebastian Horsley
 * DJ Rashad
 * Chris Kelly
 * Brent Mydland
 * River Phoenix
 * Judee Sill
 * Layne Staley
 * Joey Stefano, died from mixing cocaine, morphine, heroin and ketamine.
 * Michael K. Williams, died of overdose of a mixture of fentanyl-laced heroin and cocaine.

Notable incidents of use
In 1996, Steven Adler had a stroke after taking a speedball, leaving him with a permanent speech impediment. That same year, Dave Gahan suffered a heart attack following a speedball overdose, but survived. According to his autobiography, Slash experienced cardiac arrest for eight minutes after taking a speedball, but was revived.

title: Speedball (drug)


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Category:BBC

Categories in ✔ denote reordered or not requiring reordering

title: Category:BBC


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Landau damping

In physics, Landau damping, named after its discoverer, Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–68), is the effect of damping (exponential decrease as a function of time) of longitudinal space charge waves in plasma or a similar environment. This phenomenon prevents an instability from developing, and creates a region of stability in the parameter space. It was later argued by Donald Lynden-Bell that a similar phenomenon was occurring in galactic dynamics, where the gas of electrons interacting by electrostatic forces is replaced by a "gas of stars" interacting by gravitational forces. Landau damping can be manipulated exactly in numerical simulations such as particle-in-cell simulation. It was proved to exist experimentally by Malmberg and Wharton in 1964, almost two decades after its prediction by Landau in 1946.

Wave–particle interactions
Landau damping occurs because of the energy exchange between an electromagnetic wave with phase velocity $$v_\text{ph}$$ and particles in the plasma with velocity approximately equal to $$v_\text{ph}$$, which can interact strongly with the wave. Those particles having velocities slightly less than $$v_\text{ph}$$ will be accelerated by the electric field of the wave to move with the wave phase velocity, while those particles with velocities slightly greater than $$v_\text{ph}$$ will be decelerated losing energy to the wave: particles tend to synchronize with the wave. This is proved experimentally with a traveling-wave tube.

In an ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma the particle velocities are often taken to be approximately a Maxwellian distribution function. If the slope of the function is negative, the number of particles with velocities slightly less than the wave phase velocity is greater than the number of particles with velocities slightly greater. Hence, there are more particles gaining energy from the wave than losing to the wave, which leads to wave damping. If, however, the slope of the function is positive, the number of particles with velocities slightly less than the wave phase velocity is smaller than the number of particles with velocities slightly greater. Hence, there are more particles losing energy to the wave than gaining from the wave, which leads to a resultant increase in the wave energy. Then Landau damping is substituted with Landau growth.

Physical interpretation
The mathematical theory of Landau damping is somewhat involved. However, in the case of waves with finite amplitude, there is a simple physical interpretation which, though not strictly correct, helps to visualize this phenomenon.

It is possible to imagine Langmuir waves as waves in the sea, and the particles as surfers trying to catch the wave, all moving in the same direction. If the surfer is moving on the water surface at a velocity slightly less than the waves they will eventually be caught and pushed along the wave (gaining energy), while a surfer moving slightly faster than a wave will be pushing on the wave as they move uphill (losing energy to the wave).

It is worth noting that only the surfers are playing an important role in this energy interactions with the waves; a beachball floating on the water (zero velocity) will go up and down as the wave goes by, not gaining energy at all. Also, a boat that moves faster than the waves does not exchange much energy with the wave.

A somewhat more detailed picture is obtained by considering particles' trajectories in phase space, in the wave's frame of reference. Particles near the phase velocity become trapped and are forced to move with the wavefronts, at the phase velocity. Any such particles that were initially below the phase velocity have thus been accelerated, while any particles that were initially above the phase velocity have been decelerated. Because, for a Maxwellian plasma, there are initially more particles below the phase velocity than above it, the plasma has net gained energy, and the wave has therefore lost energy.

A simple mechanical description of particle dynamics provides a quantitative estimate of the synchronization of particles with the wave. A more rigorous approach shows the strongest synchronization occurs for particles with a velocity in the wave frame proportional to the damping rate and independent of the wave amplitude. Since Landau damping occurs for waves with arbitrarily small amplitudes, this shows the most active particles in this damping are far from being trapped. This is natural, since trapping involves diverging time scales for such waves (specifically $$T_\text{trap} \sim A^{-1/2}$$ for a wave amplitude $$A$$).

Perturbation theory in a Vlasovian frame
Theoretical treatment starts with the Vlasov equation in the non-relativistic zero-magnetic field limit, the Vlasov–Poisson set of equations. Explicit solutions are obtained in the limit of a small $$E$$-field. The distribution function $$f$$ and field $$E$$ are expanded in a series: $$ f = f_0(v) + f_1(x,v,t) + \cdots$$, $$E = E_1(x,t) + E_2(x,t) + \cdots$$ and terms of equal order are collected.

To first order the Vlasov–Poisson equations read $$(\partial_t + v\partial_x)f_1 + {e\over m}E_1 f'_0 = 0, \quad \partial_x E_1 = {e\over \epsilon_0} \int f_1 \mathrm{d}v.$$

Landau calculated the wave caused by an initial disturbance $$f_1(x,v,0) = g(v)\exp(ikx)$$ and found by aid of Laplace transform and contour integration a damped travelling wave of the form $$\exp[ik(x-v_\text{ph}t)-\gamma t]$$ with wave number $$k$$ and damping decrement $$\gamma\approx-{\pi\omega_p^3 \over 2k^2N} f'_0(v_\text{ph}), \quad N = \int f_0 \mathrm{d}v.$$

Here $$\omega_p$$ is the plasma oscillation frequency and $$N$$ is the electron density. Later Nico van Kampen proved that the same result can be obtained with Fourier transform. He showed that the linearized Vlasov–Poisson equations have a continuous spectrum of singular normal modes, now known as van Kampen modes $$\frac{\omega_p^2}{kN} f'_0 \frac{\mathcal P}{kv-\omega} + \epsilon \delta\left(v-\frac{\omega}{k}\right) $$ in which $$\mathcal P$$ signifies principal value, $$\delta$$ is the delta function (see generalized function) and $$\epsilon = 1 + \frac{\omega_p^2}{kN} \int f'_0 \frac{\mathcal P}{\omega-kv} \mathrm{d}v$$ is the plasma permittivity. Decomposing the initial disturbance in these modes he obtained the Fourier spectrum of the resulting wave. Damping is explained by phase-mixing of these Fourier modes with slightly different frequencies near $$\omega_p$$.

It was not clear how damping could occur in a collisionless plasma: where does the wave energy go? In fluid theory, in which the plasma is modeled as a dispersive dielectric medium, the energy of Langmuir waves is known: field energy multiplied by the Brillouin factor $$\partial_\omega(\omega\epsilon)$$. But damping cannot be derived in this model. To calculate energy exchange of the wave with resonant electrons, Vlasov plasma theory has to be expanded to second order and problems about suitable initial conditions and secular terms arise.

In Ref. these problems are studied. Because calculations for an infinite wave are deficient in second order, a wave packet is analysed. Second-order initial conditions are found that suppress secular behavior and excite a wave packet of which the energy agrees with fluid theory. The figure shows the energy density of a wave packet traveling at the group velocity, its energy being carried away by electrons moving at the phase velocity. Total energy, the area under the curves, is conserved.

The Cauchy problem for perturbative solutions
The rigorous mathematical theory is based on solving the Cauchy problem for the evolution equation (here the partial differential Vlasov–Poisson equation) and proving estimates on the solution.

First a rather complete linearized mathematical theory has been developed since Landau.

Going beyond the linearized equation and dealing with the nonlinearity has been a longstanding problem in the mathematical theory of Landau damping. Previously one mathematical result at the non-linear level was the existence of a class of exponentially damped solutions of the Vlasov–Poisson equation in a circle which had been proved in by means of a scattering technique (this result has been recently extended in ). However these existence results do not say anything about which initial data could lead to such damped solutions.

In a paper published by French mathematicians Cédric Villani and Clément Mouhot, the initial data issue is solved and Landau damping is mathematically established for the first time for the non-linear Vlasov equation. It is proved that solutions starting in some neighborhood (for the analytic or Gevrey topology) of a linearly stable homogeneous stationary solution are (orbitally) stable for all times and are damped globally in time. The damping phenomenon is reinterpreted in terms of transfer of regularity of $$f$$ as a function of $$x$$ and $$v$$, respectively, rather than exchanges of energy. Large scale variations pass into variations of smaller and smaller scale in velocity space, corresponding to a shift of the Fourier spectrum of $$f$$ as a function of $$v$$. This shift, well known in linear theory, proves to hold in the non-linear case.

Perturbation theory in an N-body frame
The mechanical N-body description, originally deemed impossible, enables a rigorous calculation of Landau damping using Newton’s second law of motion and Fourier series. Neither the Vlasov equation nor Laplace transforms are required for this derivation. The calculation of the energy (more precisely momentum) exchange of the wave with electrons is done similarly. This calculation makes intuitive the interpretation of Landau damping as the synchronization of almost resonant passing particles.

title: Landau damping


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Talk:Indigenous peoples of Brazil

should there really be separate articles for Indigenous peoples of Brazil and Indigenous people of Brazil? someone should merge the two

 * Oops! sorry, I did not notice that. They certainly should be merged. Thanks for the notice. Jorge Stolfi 16:57, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indigenous peoples of Brazil


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Yarra Trams

Yarra Trams is the trading name of the operator of the tram network in Melbourne, Australia, which is owned by VicTrack and leased to Yarra Trams by the Victorian Department of Transport and Planning. The current franchise is operated by Keolis Downer. As at May 2014, Yarra Trams operate 487 trams, across 26 tram routes and a free City Circle tourist tram, over 1,763 tram stops. With 250 km (155.3 mi) of double track, Melbourne's tram network is the largest in the world.

In 2015/16, 203.8 million journeys were taken on Melbourne's trams, with trams traveling more than 24.8 million kilometres annually. Each week Yarra Trams operates 31,400 scheduled tram services, which results in trams operating for approximately 20 hours per day and a team of 24-hour operations staff completing network maintenance and cleaning.

History
In October 1997, in preparation for privatisation, it was announced that the Public Transport Corporation's tram operations were split into two business units, Swanston Trams and Yarra Trams. The split was effective on 1 July 1998.

TransdevTSL
MetroLink Victoria Pty Ltd, a joint venture between Transfield Services (50%), Transdev (30%) and Egis (20%), successfully bid to take over the Yarra Trams services from 29 August 1999. Transdev bought out Egis' share in 2000. MetroLink Victoria became part of TransdevTSL in 2007.

The joint venture inherited 23 W, 31 Z3, 28 A1, 42 A2, two B1 and 55 B2 class trams and took over the operation of 10 routes and four depots; Camberwell, East Preston, Kew and Southbank. In March 2000 a new white with green and blue stripes and grey skirt livery was introduced.

After National Express (who operated the other half of the network) handed back its M>Tram franchise having been unable to renegotiate financial terms, the State Government temporarily took it over. In May 2003 the State Government announced it would establish a single company to operate both networks, and was negotiating with TransdevTSL to operate this entity. In February 2004 an agreement was reached, and the networks were reunited on 18 April 2004 under the Yarra Trams brand.

Keolis Downer
When the franchise was next tendered, Transdev TSL and Keolis Downer were shortlisted to bid. In June 2009, the franchise was awarded to Keolis Downer with the new franchise commencing on 30 November 2009. The Yarra Trams brand was retained. Keolis Downer introduced a new Yarra Trams logo along with a new livery featuring yellow doors.

In September 2017, it was announced that the franchise is to be extended until November 2024, but with tougher conditions.

Transdev John Holland
In June 2024, the Yarra Trams franchise was awarded to the Yarra Journey Makers consortium consisting of Transdev and John Holland, who will be trading as Transdev John Holland. This marks the second time that Transdev operates the Yarra Trams network. The new operator will continue to use the Yarra Trams brand, with operations commencing from 1 December 2024.

Fleet
As of January 2019, the fleet consists of over 450 W, Z3, A1, B2, C1, C2, D and E class trams, operated from eight depots.

In October 2001, Yarra Trams took delivery of the first of 36 C class Alstom Citadis trams which have primarily operated on route 109 to complement the extension to Box Hill. As part of the acquisition of M>Tram in 2004, Yarra Trams acquired 39 D class Siemens Combino trams and oversaw the delivery of another 20 still on order. They are leased from the Commonwealth Bank, rather than VicTrack.

Heritage W-class trams run solely on the City Circle tourist service. Due to these trams being limited to 40 km/h as a result of a series of modifications due to braking problems, their use is restricted to ensure limited interference with modern trams.

In 2003, Yarra Trams trialled a seating layout which became known as "Apollo". The trial involved removing 30 seats from a B-class tram and replacing the removed seats with "bum racks" which are found in Citadis trams. This resulted in a higher capacity for standing passengers on crowded services during peak hours. A further ten trams received the seating layout during refurbishment.

100 E-class trams were delivered by Bombardier Transportation, Dandenong, between 2013 and 2021.

100 Flexity 2 G-class trams are being manufactured by Alstom, Dandenong, and will be delivered starting from 2025. They will be 3 carriage long trams.

Ticketing
Yarra Trams run under the Public Transport Victoria banner, as do other operators of public transport franchises in metropolitan Melbourne, and use the myki ticketing system. Metcard tickets have not been accepted on trams since December 2012, and coin-only Metcard ticket machines and validators have been removed. Seats were installed in place of the ticket machines.

The entire tram network has now changed over to the myki smartcard fare collection system, with passengers needing to buy and top up a valid myki before boarding, or risk a fine of up to $238. Myki cards can be purchased from all staffed railway stations and retail outlets displaying a myki logo, including at all 7-Eleven convenience stores. They cannot be purchased or topped up on board a tram.

All tram routes operate entirely within zone 1. However, routes 75, 86 and 109 enter the zone 1/2 overlap at the very end of their outer-suburban routes. If a passenger begins and ends their journey completely within the zone 1/2 overlap, they can touch off to receive a slightly lower fare. If any part of the journey is within Zone 1, there is no need for the passenger to touch off as the fare is automatically calculated. Touching off on a zone 1 journey is both redundant and may cause delay or inconvenience to other passengers and the tram networks 'on time' performance. If passengers only travel in the free tram zone, there is no need to touch on their myki.

Network expansion
Since privatisation, the tram network has grown in size as a result of a number of extensions. The accessibility of the network has also been improved, with 360 platform stops built as of January 2014.

In March 2000 services were extended to the new Melbourne Docklands precinct. Since then, a line connecting La Trobe and Flinders Streets via Docklands has been constructed as well as a further extension along Docklands Drive to NewQuay, which opened in January 2005. route 109 was extended 2.2 km from Mont Albert to Box Hill in May 2003. The extension to Box Hill has provided a direct link between Box Hill and suburbs such as Balwyn, Kew and Richmond.

In July 2005, a 3 km extension of route 75 from Burwood East to Vermont South opened.

In April 2018, the state government announced a new extension of the tram network from Caulfield. The 18 km (11.1 mi) extension would serve Chadstone, Monash University, Waverley Park and Rowville. The state government allocated $3 million to plan the route, which would be carried out in two stages.

Think Tram

Yarra Trams is a partner in the Think Tram program with VicRoads, aimed at improving tram travel time and reliability. In conjunction with the Victorian government several initiatives are in place to enable trams to better meet punctuality targets. These include 'T-lights' which give trams priority at traffic signals, as well as part-time tram lanes and full-time tram lanes.

Part-time tram lanes are used often only during peak hours, with an example of this being on High Street along the route 6. Vehicles must not enter a part-time tram lane at any point during the nominated times except to avoid an obstruction, or perform a right turn; even then, vehicles must not proceed by law into the lane to do so unless they will not delay any approaching tram/s from either direction. The limit for staying in the lane to avoid an obstruction or turn right is 50 metres, at which point a vehicle must exit the lane entirely.

Full-time tram lanes often utilise raised curb dividers to physically prevent cars from straying onto tram tracks. Examples of these dividers can be seen on Spencer Street, Swanston Street in Carlton and Fitzroy Street in St Kilda. Vehicles must not enter a full-time tram lane at any time except to avoid an obstruction; even then, vehicles must not proceed by law into the lane to do so unless they will not delay any approaching tram/s from either direction. The limit for staying in the lane to avoid an obstruction is 50 metres, at which point a vehicle must exit the lane entirely. Some lanes only allow this to occur at certain points, or breaks, in the raised dividers. Crossing the raised dividers otherwise can cause severe damage to a vehicle.

Beware the Rhino
In May 2011, Yarra Trams launched their 'Beware The Rhino' safety campaign, aiming to increase awareness of tram traffic. It analogises a stampede of rhinoceroses as being as dangerous as a tram, highlighting the dangers that people put themselves in when they move into the path of a tram. The campaign has won creativity awards, and was refocused in 2013.

Transport Integration Act
The prime transport-related statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010, which establishes the Department of Transport as the integration agency for Victoria's transport system. The Act also establishes and sets the charters of the state agencies charged with providing public transport rail services, namely the Public Transport Development Authority. The PTDA is empowered by the Transport Integration Act to contract transport operators to provide rail and bus services and has used those powers to contract Yarra Trams to provide tram services in Melbourne.

In addition, the Transport Integration Act establishes VicTrack which owns the public rail network and associated infrastructure. Another important statute is the Rail Management Act 1996 which confers powers on rail operators and provides for an access scheme for the state's rail network. The Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous Act) 1983 is also a relevant statute relating to public transport and contains a number of offences relating to safety, ticketing and amenity.

Rail Safety Act
The safety of rail transport operations in Melbourne is regulated by the Rail Safety Act 2006 which applies to all commercial passenger operations. This Act establishes a framework containing safety duties for all rail industry participants and requires operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation prior to commencing operations. Accredited operators are also required to have a safety management system to guide their operations. Sanctions applying to the safety scheme established under the Rail Safety Act are contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983. The safety regulator for the rail system in Melbourne including trams is the Director, Transport Safety (trading as Transport Safety Victoria) whose office is established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

title: Yarra Trams


text:
Mexican hat

A Mexican hat is a sombrero – a broad-brimmed and high-crowned hat.

Mexican hat may also refer to:

 * Mexican Hat, Utah, a census-designated place in Utah, USA and/or the balanced rock nearby that resembles an inverted sombrero
 * Ratibida columnifera or upright prairie coneflower, a species of wildflower that is native to much of North America
 * Kalanchoe daigremontiana or Mexican hat plant, a succulent plant native to Madagascar

title: Mexican hat


text:
Talk:Heruls

Untitled
This text has been moved to Talk:Heruli. Quadell (talk) 19:12, Jul 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heruls


text:
1965–66 Bundesliga

The 1965–66 Bundesliga was the third season of the Bundesliga, West Germany's premier football league. It began on 14 August 1965 and ended on 28 May 1966. Werder Bremen were the defending champions.

Competition modus
Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal average. The team with the most points were crowned champions while the two teams with the fewest points were relegated to their respective Regionalliga divisions.

Team changes to 1964–65
Karlsruher SC and FC Schalke 04 would initially have been relegated for finishing in the bottom two places. However, Hertha BSC were found guilty of illegal financial behavior and, as a consequence, had their Bundesliga license revoked. The German FA then decided to keep Karlsruhe and Schalke in the league and expand its size to 18 teams. Bayern Munich and Borussia Mönchengladbach were promoted after having won their respective promotion play-off groups. In order to still have a representative from West Berlin in the league, the amateur side Tasmania Berlin were also granted promotion.

Season overview
The 1965–66 season was the inaugural season for the two most successful clubs regarding league titles in Bundesliga history, Borussia Mönchengladbach and Bayern Munich. It was also the first time that a city had two clubs in the Bundesliga. Bayern were a title contender for large parts of the season, but eventually were held short three points by their cross-town rivals 1860, who won their first championship. Nevertheless, the newcomers had something to celebrate as well, as they won the DFB Cup one week after the end of the season, which they finished in third place.

Borussia Dortmund finished in second place, ahead on goal average to Bayern Munich. They also had huge title chances until late in the season, but were beaten 2–0 at home by 1860 on the second-to-last match day. However, Dortmund did not end the season without a title as well, as they beat Liverpool 2–1 after extra time in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final at Glasgow's Hampden Park three days earlier. It marked the first time that a German club had won a European championship.

At the other end of the table, another famous German club had a historic season as well – but in the worst way possible. Tasmania Berlin were added to the league just two weeks before the start of the season after city rivals Hertha BSC had been thrown out on financial irregularities. They were not even first choice for a replacement as the Berlin representative, as they had only finished in third place in Regionalliga Berlin. But when champions Tennis Borussia were considered too weak after failing in the promotion play-off rounds and therefore were not asked, and runners-up Spandauer SV declined their interest in a Bundesliga spot as well, Tasmania gladly accepted the invitation by the German FA.

The decision turned out to be a fatal one for the club. Tasmania's team was never capable of competing in the Bundesliga. They set up a various number of records, including, among others, lowest point total (8), fewest wins (2), most losses (28), fewest goals scored (15), most goals against (108) and lowest match attendance for a Bundesliga game (827 against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 15 January 1966 ). Most of the records are still intact.

Top scorers

 * 31 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Emmerich (Borussia Dortmund)

 * 26 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Friedhelm Konietzka (TSV 1860 Munich)

 * 20 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Arnold Schütz (Werder Bremen)

 * 18 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Peter Grosser (TSV 1860 Munich)
 * 🇩🇪 Johannes Löhr (1. FC Köln)
 * 🇩🇪 Manfred Pohlschmidt (Hamburger SV)

 * 17 goals
 * 🇦🇹 Wilhelm Huberts (Eintracht Frankfurt)
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Ulsaß (Eintracht Braunschweig)

 * 16 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Bernd Rupp (Borussia Mönchengladbach)

 * 15 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Rudolf Brunnenmeier (TSV 1860 Munich)
 * 🇩🇪 Hans Siemensmayer (Hannover 96)

title: 1965–66 Bundesliga


text:
1966–67 Bundesliga

The 1966–67 Bundesliga was the fourth season of the Bundesliga, West Germany's premier football league. It began on 20 August 1966 and ended on 3 June 1967. 1860 Munich were the defending champions.

Competition modus
Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal average. The team with the most points were crowned champions while the two teams with the fewest points were relegated to their respective Regionalliga divisions.

Team changes to 1965–66
Borussia Neunkirchen and Tasmania Berlin were relegated to the Regionalliga after finishing in the last two places. They were replaced by Fortuna Düsseldorf and Rot-Weiss Essen, who won their respective promotion play-off groups.

Season overview
The 1966–67 season was surprisingly won by Eintracht Braunschweig. The Lower Saxony side, located near the border to the Soviet occupation zone, had previously been a mid-table team and were not expected to have anything to do with the title race before the season. But a strong defense, which only allowed 27 goals in 34 games, an unexpectedly even-balanced league and struggling opposition (for example, runners-up 1860 Munich were in 17th place after one third of the season before starting a comeback) eventually benefitted the team of coach Helmuth Johannsen.

In European competitions, the Cup Winners' Cup was transferred from Dortmund to another West German team as FC Bayern beat Rangers from Scotland on a Franz Roth goal in the final at Nuremberg. The team from Munich also defended their domestic cup title, enabling finalists Hamburger SV, who finished the season in a dismal 14th place, to enter the Cup Winners' Cup as well.

At the bottom side of the table, newly promoted sides Fortuna Düsseldorf and Rot-Weiss Essen had to leave the league again after only one year. The competitional differences between the professional Bundesliga and the semi-professional Regionalligen had already become very difficult to compensate so that the demotion of both teams was inevitable the more the season continued.

On a minor note, Meidericher SV was renamed MSV Duisburg effective to the start of the year 1967.

Top goalscorers

 * 28 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Emmerich (Borussia Dortmund)
 * 🇩🇪 Gerd Müller (FC Bayern Munich)

 * 18 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Herbert Laumen (Borussia Mönchengladbach)

 * 17 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Christian Müller (Karlsruher SC)

 * 15 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Josef Heynckes (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
 * 🇩🇪 Bernd Rupp (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Ulsaß (Eintracht Braunschweig)
 * 🇩🇪 Reinhold Wosab (Borussia Dortmund)

 * 14 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Hans Küppers (TSV 1860 Munich)

 * 13 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Johannes Löhr (1. FC Köln)

title: 1966–67 Bundesliga


text:
Talk:Kolubara District

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

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title: Talk:Kolubara District


text:
Talk:Lena (river)

Lena River
Both entries should be merged.

Broken link
^ "Lena River Delta - A Global Ecoregion". World Wide Fund for Nature (2006-07-06). Retrieved on 2008-05-23.

is broken

/Tense (talk) 11:28, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Hydrological data for river
Figures for average discharge contains not. I'd be surprised if iceable discrepancy in russian sources, namely, it is pointed out that:
 * Lena River
 * higher Aldan River inflow - 4500 m³/s
 * below Aldan River inflow - 6800 m³/s
 * Aldan River average discharge - 5040 - 5200 m³/s

Consequently, there is a lack more than 2900 m³/s. It can be that flow rate for Aldan was exaggerated, different time of observations was present or something else. And a lot of figures contains too many zeroes at their end also. So they would be more precise.--Beaber (talk) 23:12, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I found some link, perhaps, this information can be useful for article: Hydro-Station (files) list of Russia, UNESCO: Water resources--Beaber (talk) 11:52, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

The Lena is listed as having average flow of about 16000 cubic meters per second and a maximum of 240000 cubic meters per second. Can someone verify this upper number? I'm no river expert but: Hughdbrown (talk) 15:58, 4 February 2013 (UTC)
 * this is more than the average flow from the Amazon
 * the maximum flow is 15 times the average

Lenin
I have taken out this passage on the adoption of the pseudonym because it seems unnecessary to discuss a length suggestions that are clearly wrong:

 * It has been suggested that this was done after the events leading to the Lena Goldfields Massacre of workers by the tsarist Russian Army in April 1912, although the adoption of his pseudonym predates this event. Another suggestion is that the adoption comes about as a result of a personal feud with Georgi Plekhanov, who called himself Volgin after the Volga river. The Lena is much stronger and flows in the opposite direction as the Volga, thus it was be an obvious choice; Ulyanov, however, had no disagreement with Plekhanov when he first began to use the name.--Jack Upland (talk) 17:53, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Along the Lena
This section needs to be rewritten in clear, grammatical English. Perhaps an expert can understand it but I can't.--Jack Upland (talk) 17:54, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

What is the meaning of Өлүөнэ, Ölüöne ?
What is the meaning of Sakha word (Өлүөнэ, Ölüöne) ? anyone knows? turkiclang (talk) 21:07, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Four-digit numbers
In subsection "Landmarks", what are the four-digit numbers supposed to mean? Example: 3397:Kirensk:

--Mortense (talk) 12:15, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

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Confusing text in Tributaries sub-section
"The Aldan River makes similar curve southeast of the Aldan and flows into the Lena north of Yakutsk." Should that be "The Aldan River makes similar curve southeast of the *Lena* and flows into the Lena north of Yakutsk."? --papageno (talk) 03:51, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lena (river)


text:
Talk:List of places named after Vladimir Lenin

Leninské
Leninské was proposal name of Bruntál (in Czechia). See http://web.archive.org/web/20040217233231/klaudyan.psomart.cz/hodit/osoby.html

 * It also says: unreliable source, one person told this in 1994. Pavel Vozenilek 22:42, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Leninakan
Shouldn't the Armenian one be Leninakan?
 * Yes, it should. Thanks. --Kpalion 18:41, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Things named after Lenin?
Should things named after Lenin such as the Lenin Peace Prize have a separate list, or if there are only a few such things, could they be added to this list.

Tabletop 02:30, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Order of Lenin
 * Lenin Prize
 * Good Bye Lenin! - film
 * Leninism
 * Marxism-Leninism
 * Lenin Peace Prize and Medal
 * Lenin's Mausoleum
 * Lenin Peak
 * Lenin Stadium
 * Lenin's Testament
 * Lenín Moreno
 * List of places named after Lenin
 * Lenin, Transnistria
 * Lenin (novel) by Alan Brien.
 * Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg Front
 * List of statues of Lenin
 * Lenin's April Theses
 * Lenin (disambiguation)
 * Vladimir Lenin - Russian revolutionary and premier
 * Lenin Arroyo
 * Lenin's Tomb —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tabletop (talk • contribs) 02:38, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Lalitha Lenin
 * Lenin Rajendran is a Malayalam film director and writer...
 * Lenin Komsomol Prize
 * Len Picota short for Lenin Picota.
 * Statue of Lenin (Seattle)
 * Lenin Stadium (Khabarovsk) holds 20,000 people and was opened in 1951.
 * Lenin Boys were a Communist group formed in the Hungary
 * Lenin in Paris (Lenin v Parizhe) is a Russian film directed by Sergei Y...
 * Lenin of the Rovers
 * Lenin's Hanging Order
 * Good Bye Lenin! (soundtrack album)
 * Jerry Lenin
 * Soviet icebreaker Lenin 1959
 * International Lenin School founded in 1926 as an instrument...
 * United Trade Union Centre-Lenin Sarani
 * Lenin in 1918
 * Boris Shchukin as Vladimir Lenin
 * [[Lalitha Lenin
 * Lalitha Lenin (Malayalam}
 * Lenin Rajendran is a Malayalam film director and writer...
 * Lenin Komsomol Prize
 * Anti-Leninism

Tabletop 02:51, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Moved page
I've moved this page from "List of places named after Lenin" to "List of places named after Vladimir Lenin". The sole reason was to match this article name to Vladimir Lenin and. However, if anyone strongly disagrees with this change, just let me know and I will move it back. I am assuming it is an uncontroversial move, but I could be wrong. If I am wrong, I'm willing to reverse it and either formally propose the move or drop the issue. Good Ol’factory (talk) 22:38, 16 March 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Évora Municipality

Material usage request
I contacted the original author of this page, a physics professor at the university of evora, via email, explaining what wikipedia is and requesting permission to use his material on this site. My letter and his response follow below. Its in portuguese, so, use the fish :) Feel free to confirm copyright permissions with him... his email is listed on the website as afm@uevora.pt

Caro Sr. Prof. Antonio Miguel, Acabei de reparar na sua excelente pagina sobre Evora (localizada em http://evunix.uevora.pt/~femi/porttow/ ) e gostaria de lhe pedir, caso seja o autor e detentor de todos os direitos sobre o material que nela consta, se se importaria que a usasse como base para a escrita de um artigo sobre Evora na Wikipedia (enciclopedia online gratuita e sem fins lucrativos, localizada em www.wikipedia.org). Claro que se assim preferir, podera "transplantar" o seu conteudo para http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C9vora visto que a Wikipedia e desenvolvida segundo um processo colaborativo onde toda a gente, incluindo o senhor, pode acrescentar, remover, ou corrigir material. Com os meus melhores cumprimentos, Jorge Lima

Caro Sr. Jorge Lima,

Em primeiro lugar queria agradecer-lhe as palavras amáveis sobre a minha página web. Pode usar o material que nela consta para base do artigo sobre Évora na Wikipedia. É para mim motivo de grande satisfação. Agradecia-lhe, no entanto, que no artigo fizesse menção ao endereço http://evunix.uevora.pt/~femi/porttow/. Seria uma maneira de publicitar a página e Évora.

Com os meus melhores cumprimentos,

António Miguel —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eggstasy (talk • contribs) 14:24, 2 June, 2004

 * The main problem with this article about Evora is that it consists of a long list of monuments and a tidbit of history. The city as a living place does not come forth.  We need information about economic and cultural life, and physiography, not forgetting communications with other Portuguese cities, either by rail or by road.  The picture I get here is of a lifeless collection of monuments, which I know Evora is not.  Nowhere is mention made of the distances from Lisbon or information about the surrounding plains of the Alentejo.  The university, believe it or not,is not mentioned.  Everyone wants to know the population of a city.  What is it?  I don't have contact with Évora so I wouldn´t try to write the article, but a lot is missing here. Are there no people living there or is it just a collection of monuments.  Where is the mention that Évora is a World Heritage Site, one of Portugal's first?

 * Ray Vogensen rcvogensen@portcult.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.193.216.172 (talk • contribs) 00:31; 9 December 2004

 * Hi Ray, I'm sorry, I understand that it reads somewhat as a travel brochure. Those things you mentioned are indeed in the article, look in the history section. This is a wiki, so the good news is that anyone can edit it to make a better version... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eggstasy (talk • contribs) 20:29, 22 December, 2004

first reference
could somebody remove or correct the first reference? The link seems to be incorrect!

New Article UMA POPULAÇÃO QUE SE URBANIZA, Uma avaliação recente - Cidades, 2004] Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)

Pelzkragen (talk) 19:34, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Vasco da Gama statue
It would be appreciated if any user could upload a picture of the Vasco da Gama statue in Évora to Wikipedia Commons. It is situated at 38.56795°N, -7.90863°W. JMK (talk) 09:31, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Évora Municipality


text:
Category:Chlorides

This category is limited to inorganic chemical compounds which contain chlorine. These may be metal salts containing chloride ion such as sodium chloride, or more covalent chlorides of metals or nonmetals such as titanium(IV) chloride or carbon tetrachloride.

title: Category:Chlorides


text:
Kosovo-Pomoravlje District

The Kosovo-Pomoravlje District is a district of Kosovo and Metohija, part of the Republic of Serbia. The region is called Kosovo Pomoravlje. The area now has a population of 184,864. Before the NATO intervention in the Kosovo War, 20.000 Serbs lived in Gjilan. The seat of the district was in the city of Gjilan. Along with the rest of Kosovo, it was transferred to UN administration. In 2000 the UN administration renamed the district the District of Gjilan as part of a series of reforms, which were rejected by Serbia.

Municipalities
It included the municipalities of:
 * Kamenica (Kosovska Kamenica or Dardana)
 * Novo Brdo (Novobërda or Artana)
 * Gjilan (Gnjilane)
 * Viti (Vitina)

title: Kosovo-Pomoravlje District


text:
Talk:Kosovo-Pomoravlje District

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

This is a NATO Sector
Pomoravlje District is A NATO Sector i Kosovo The District in Kosovo since 1960 are Gjakova/Djakovica, Gjilan/Gnilan, Ferizaji/Urosvac, Mitrovica/ Kosovska Mitrovica, Prishtina/Pristina, Prizreni/Prizren, Peja/Pec This Districts are acceptit rom UNMIK--Hipi Zhdripi 19:14, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What you mean since 1960? Before 1999 this district existed and such (and other 4 too). I do not know when they were formed, but they are at least part of the history of Kosovo, if not part of the present. PANONIAN  (talk)  02:15, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

The Prishtinas Parliament has maket this dstricst in year 1960 Gjakova/Djakovica, Gjilan/Gnilan, Ferizaji/Urosvac, Mitrovica/ Kosovska Mitrovica, Prishtina/Pristina, Prizreni/Prizren, Peja/Pec. After Milosevic destroid the Parliament of Pristina, he have maket this districts. Befor that he have trait to do that but that was not cceptyt from Prishtinas Parliament. The only legetime Parliament for the districts in Kosovo it was the Prishtinas Parliament. See the Federal Constitucion of Yougoslavia (The SFR of Yugoslavia it was maed from 6 Republic and 2 Provinces and after year 1974 the Provices have the same presentation in Federation) The Prishtinas Parliament it was Autonom to administret the teritory of Kosovo. I dont know wat you have lerned in Belgrad Way is there AUTONOMY. Sorry, but the facts are this: the Kosovo Parliament was there and they war presentit in Federal level not only in the SR of Serbia. This it was a dual-system. Ech element of the RS of Serbia it was presentit in the Federation and this three element make together a bount callit RS of Serbia. Milosevic has destroit this bount and he (the Parliament in Belgrad) have taket legetmation from two Parliaments (in Novi Sad they have destroid themself in Prishtina they ave callet the Republik of Kosovo this is the day wich is cosideretit the day of justic war betwen the Parliament in Belgrad and Prishtina: argument the civil Law in Kosovo after the UN cammes is the Law one day befor the Milosevic destroit the Parliament in Prishtina). if you dident anderstet till now Im wery, wery sorry but the War with arms its over, and the justice ware is in Wien betwen this two parliaments.--Hipi Zhdripi 03:20, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

If you are traing to make the historical selection then you most write it is historical.--Hipi Zhdripi 03:38, 16 April 2006 (UTC) I dont think that we need a articel about this. --Hipi Zhdripi 03:42, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * All right, I wrote that it is historical. PANONIAN   (talk)  08:53, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Delet
This articel must be deledet or mergerd in one articel called Districts of Kosovo durin Milosevic time.--Hipi Zhdripi 03:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * We should not delete this, but keep it as an historical article. We can also write one new article named Districts in Kosovo 1990-1999 where we can mention these 5 districts, but we should also keep these 5 articles and put them into "History of Kosovo" and "Serbian history" categories, since they in fact do not exist any more after 1999. PANONIAN   (talk)  08:53, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Naming
Anamorava is the Albanian name of the region, and of District_of_Gnjilane. And most of article links are also on Serbian, and it is hard to find this article when looking for it from the albanian names. We need to merge these articles into one. I propose that we merge them.

new infobox
I think we need a new infobox for the districts of kosovo/serbia that contains information about kosovo, and not just serbia. That would make it more neutral.

Neutrality problem
Why does this article reflect the "point of view" that the province is still controlled by Belgrade? Shouldn't our articles reflect reality, instead? bobrayner (talk) 00:47, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * There are two views presented in this article. One view is that this district existed "between 1990 and 1999". Another view is view of Serbian government that this district still exists. The second view is mentioned in part of one sentence and carefully attributed to the Serbian government.
 * Why did you misrepresented the situation regarding this article?
 * Why did you edit war to add incorrect information this district was part of country which did not even exist in period between 1990 and 1999? --Antidiskriminator (talk) 07:03, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Can you make up your mind?
 * Either this is a historical article, in which case we use verbs like "was", and it describes the situation when Kosovo was controlled by Serbia. Or it's a current-day article, in which case we use verbs like "is", and we describe the situation after Kosovo declared independence. It is not possible for us to have articles based on some fictional parallel universe in which the Serb flag still flies over Kosovo. bobrayner (talk) 20:04, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Will you please be so kind to reply to my questions and to present the sentence which contains "is" instead of "was"?--Antidiskriminator (talk) 20:18, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * No problem, Antid, we will fix Serbian constitution to reflect users POV. Everything will be ok then. This is outstanding, i really dont know what to do... Log off would be the best for me now. -- WhiteWriterspeaks 20:22, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kosovo-Pomoravlje District


text:
Yarrow (disambiguation)

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a plant in the family Asteraceae.

Yarrow may also refer to:
 * Yarrow, other species within the genus Achillea

Places

 * Yarrow, British Columbia, a community in Canada
 * Yarrow, Northumberland, England, location of the Kielder Reservoir dam
 * Yarrow, Somerset, a hamlet in England
 * River Yarrow (Lancashire), England
 * Yarrow Reservoir, Lancashire, England
 * Yarrow Water, Scotland
 * Yarrow, Scottish Borders, Scotland
 * Yarrow, Missouri, an unincorporated community in the United States

People with the name

 * Yarrow Maaytey, 17th-century Somali ruler
 * Alder Yarrow, American wine journalist and restaurant critic
 * Alfred Yarrow (1842–1932), British shipbuilder
 * Arnold Yarrow (born 1920), British actor
 * Catherine Yarrow (1904–1990), British artist
 * Eric Yarrow (1920–2018), British shipbuilder, son of Harold Yarrow
 * Ernest Yarrow (1876–1939), British-American missionary
 * Harold Yarrow (1884–1962), British shipbuilder, son of Alfred Yarrow
 * H. C. Yarrow (1840–1929), American naturalist, ornithologist, and surgeon
 * Peter Yarrow (born 1938), American singer and member of Peter, Paul and Mary

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Yarrow (novel), a novel by Charles de Lint
 * Yarrowstalks, an underground publication from the 1960s and 1970s

Brands and enterprises

 * Yarrow boiler, developed by Yarrow Shipbuilders and widely used in ships
 * Yarrow Shipbuilders, in Glasgow, Scotland

Other uses

 * Yarrow, a codename for the Fedora Core 1 Linux distribution
 * Yarrow algorithm. a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators
 * Yarrow baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
 * Yarrow Stadium, Westown, New Zealand
 * Yarrow sticks method, an approach to I Ching divination
 * USS Yarrow (SP-1010), a United States Navy patrol boat

title: Yarrow (disambiguation)


text:
1967–68 Bundesliga

The 1967–68 Bundesliga was the fifth season of the Bundesliga, West Germany's premier football league. It began on 18 August 1967 and ended on 28 May 1968. Eintracht Braunschweig were the defending champions.

Competition modus
Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal average. The team with the most points were crowned champions while the two teams with the fewest points were relegated to their respective Regionalliga divisions.

Team changes to 1967–68
Fortuna Düsseldorf and Rot-Weiss Essen were relegated to the Regionalliga after finishing in the last two places. They were replaced by Alemannia Aachen and Borussia Neunkirchen, who won their respective promotion play-off groups.

Season overview
The 1967–68 season began with an innovation: it was now permissible for teams to substitute out one player per match. Although such a move was only permitted in case of an injury, it was soon used by the coaches for tactical changes as well.

The title was won by 1. FC Nürnberg. The team, led by head coach Max Merkel, consistently collected points and were seven points clear after half the season played. Even a slight collapse near the end of the season could not jeopardize the first Nürnberg Bundesliga title, which also was a record ninth German championship overall for the club.

In European competitions, the European Cup Winners' Cup saw both West German teams advance into the semi-finals. It needed Italian club Milan to prevent a title hat-trick for Bundesliga sides, eliminating title holders Bayern Munich 2–0 on aggregate before beating Hamburger SV, who were the fourth West German team in the final in four consecutive years, at Rotterdam's Feijenoord Stadion by the same score. Hamburg had reached the final by beating Welsh side Cardiff City 4–3 on aggregate. The achievement eased the disappointment on another lackluster season by the club from North Germany, who finished its campaign only in 13th place.

The bottom side of the table saw an early decision in the relegation race. Borussia Neunkirchen and Karlsruher SC were demoted to the Regionalliga with four matchdays to play. Both teams clearly lacked quality players on both sides of the pitch, as they provided the poorest attacks and defences of all clubs.

Top goalscorers

 * 27 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Johannes Löhr (1. FC Köln)

 * 25 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Franz Brungs (1. FC Nürnberg)

 * 19 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Herbert Laumen (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
 * 🇩🇪 Peter Meyer (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
 * 🇩🇪 Gerd Müller (Bayern Munich)
 * 🇩🇪 Rainer Ohlhauser (Bayern Munich)

 * 18 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Emmerich (Borussia Dortmund)
 * 🇩🇪 Heinz Strehl (1. FC Nürnberg)

 * 17 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Horst Köppel (VfB Stuttgart)

 * 16 goals
 * 🇩🇪 Rainer Budde (MSV Duisburg)
 * 🇩🇪 Werner Görts (Werder Bremen)

title: 1967–68 Bundesliga


text:
Talk:James H. Clark

Philanthropy
Saw James Clark's profile on facesofphilanthropy.com, noticed his Wiki page didn't have a philanthropy section, so I added one. Sir. Somerset (talk) 00:30, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Expanded
I Organized the content of this article, and also expanded on it and added additional references. Sir. Somerset (talk) 20:59, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:James H. Clark


text:
George Wassouf

George Wassouf (جورج وسوف; 23 December 1961) is a Syrian singer. In a career spanning more than four decades, he has released more than 30 albums, with a significantly large audience of fans throughout the Arab world. Dubbed Sultan El-Tarab (سلطان الطرب), he is one of the most successful Arab singers selling over 60 million records worldwide.

Early life and career
Wassouf was born in Kafroun, Syria to a Greek Orthodox Christian family. Wassouf started singing at the age of 10 in his hometown Kafroun. He was discovered by his first manager and producer George Yazbeck at a wedding party that Wassouf was performing at, aged 12 years old. At the age of 16, he was called Sultan El-Tarab by the Lebanese journalist George Ibrahim El Khoury, a magazine director, Arabic for The Sultan of Music, with his classic song "el-Hawa Sultan". He became famous after appearing on the Lebanese show Studio El Fan 1980 when he was 19 years old as Sultan of Tarab. Wassouf also holds Lebanese citizenship.

Wassouf preferred not to shoot music videos for his songs saying: "I don't feel I can act... I really can't... I only find myself when I'm on the stage... singing, but the video clip forces me to act".

Personal life
George Wassouf married his first wife, Shalimar, at the age of 21. They have three children: Wadih who died on 6-January 2023 following a surgery, Hatem and George Jr. The couple separated after 28 years of marriage in 2009.

He was married to Qatar rally champion Nada Zeidan, his second wife. They divorced in 2016. Their daughter, Oyoon, was born in October 2015.

Wassouf has been a prominent supporter of President Bashar al-Assad's government throughout the Syrian Civil War.

In 2008, he was arrested in Sweden for possession of cocaine.

On January 6, 2023, his son Wadih died due to complications from a gastric bypass surgery.

Discography

 * 1983: Ouwidni Salmtek Byied Allah
 * 1984: El Hawa Sultan
 * 1992: Rouh El Rouh
 * 1993: She' Ghareeb
 * 1995: Kalam El Nass
 * 1996: Leil Al Ashiqeen
 * 1998: Lissa El Dounya Bi Khair
 * 1999: Tabeeb Garrah
 * 2000: Dol Mush Habayib
 * 2001: Zaman El Ajayib
 * 2002: Inta Gherhom
 * 2003: Salaf Wi Deine
 * 2004: Etakhart Kteer
 * 2006: Heya El Ayam
 * 2008: Kalamak Ya Habibi
 * 2009: Allah Kareem, Shoukran
 * 2012: Best of Wassouf
 * 2015: Shtaanelak

Live Albums

 * Sings Oum Kolthoum Vol. 1, 1983.
 * Sings Oum Kolthoum Vol. 2, 1995.
 * Sings Oum Kolthoum Vol. 3, 1997.
 * Sings Abdel Halim Hafez, 1998.
 * Sings Warda, 1999

Singles

 * "Ahla Ayam El Omr", 1995.
 * "Amri Lellah", 1995.
 * "Mahlak Tmahal Ya Malak", 1995.
 * "Rahal El Batal", 2000.
 * "Ferhat Rejouak Ya Loubnan", 2010.
 * "Dawarat El Ayam", 2010.
 * "Aady Ya Donia", 2011.
 * "Biyehsedouni", 2011.
 * "Seket El Kalam", 2013
 * "Bisaalouni Aleik", 2013.
 * "Ya Oumi", 2013.
 * "Zekrayat", 2013.
 * "Shouq El Omr", 2013.
 * "Tarakni Ghab", 2014.
 * "Bandahlak", 2017.
 * "Malikat Gamal El Rouh", 2018
 * "Hal El Garih", 2019.
 * "Sahi El Leil", 2020.
 * "Byetkallem Aalaya", 2022.
 * "Noss Omry", 2023.

Clips

 * Yalli Taebna Senin Fi Hawah, 1986.
 * Ya Moualdani, 1986.
 * Kalam El Nass, 1994.
 * Erda Bel Nassib, 1996.
 * Lissa El Donya Bkheir, 1998.
 * Tabib Garah, 1999.
 * Ana Assef, 1999.
 * Dul Mush Habayeb, 2000.
 * Ma Teoulou Leih, 2000.
 * Zaman El Agayeb, 2001.
 * Youm El Wadaa, 2001.
 * Salaf We Dayn, 2003.
 * Etakhart Ktir, 2004.
 * Sehert El Leyl, 2004.
 * Leilat Wadaana, 2006.
 * Asaab Fourak, 2008.
 * Aallem Albi El Shouk, 2008.
 * Ferhat Rejouak Ya Loubnan, 2010.
 * Dawarat El Ayam, 2010.
 * Biyehsedouni, 2011.
 * Malikat Gamal El Rouh, 2018.
 * Hal El Garih, 2019.
 * Sahi El Leil, 2020.

title: George Wassouf


text:
Widsith

"Widsith" (Wīdsīþ, "far-traveller", lit. "wide-journey"), also known as "The Traveller's Song", is an Old English poem of 143 lines. It survives only in the Exeter Book (pages 84v–87r), a manuscript of Old English poetry compiled in the late-10th century, which contains approximately one-sixth of all surviving Old English poetry. "Widsith" is located between the poems "Vainglory" and "The Fortunes of Men". Since the donation of the Exeter Book in 1076, it has been housed in Exeter Cathedral in southwestern England. The poem is for the most part a survey of the people, kings, and heroes of Europe in the Heroic Age of Northern Europe.

Date of original composition
There is some controversy as to when "Widsith" was first composed. Some historians, such as John Niles, argue that the work was invented after King Alfred's rule to present "a common glorious past", while others, such as Kemp Malone, have argued that the piece is an authentic transcription of old heroic songs. Among the works appearing in the Exeter Book, there are none quite like "Widsith", which may be by far the oldest extant work that gives a historical account of the Battle of the Goths and the Huns, recounted as legends in later Scandinavian works such as the Hervarar saga. Archaeologist Lotte Hedeager argues that "Widsith" goes back to Migration Age-history—at least part of it was composed in the 6th century, and that the author demonstrates familiarity with regions outside of Britain, including Denmark and the Baltic coast. Hedeager is here in agreement with R.H. Hodgkin and Leonard Neidorf, who argues that "when situated within the history of Anglo-Saxon culture and identity, 'Widsith' clearly belongs to a time prior to the formation of a collective Anglo-Saxon identity, when distinct continental origins were remembered and maintained by the Germanic migrants in the British Isles".

Contents
Excluding the introduction of the scop Widsith, the closing, and brief comments regarded by some scholars as interpolations, the poem is divided into three 'catalogues', so-called thulas. The first thula runs through a list of the various kings of renown, both contemporary and ancient ("Caesar ruled the Greeks"), the model being '(name of a king) ruled (name of a tribe)'. The second thula contains the names of the peoples the narrator visited, the model being 'With the (name of a tribe) I was, and with the (name of another tribe)'. In the third and final thula, the narrator lists the heroes of myth and legend that he has visited, with the model '(Hero's name) I sought and (hero's name) and (hero's name)'.

The poem refers to a group of people called the Wicinga cynn, which may be the earliest mention of the word "Viking" (lines 47, 59, 80). It closes with a brief comment on the importance and fame offered by poets like Widsith, with many pointed reminders of the munificent generosity offered to tale-singers by patrons "discerning of songs".

The widely travelled poet Widsith (his name simply means "far journey") claims himself to be of the house of the Myrgings, who had first set out in the retinue of "Ealhild, the beloved weaver of peace, from the east out of Angeln to the home of the king of the glorious Goths, Eormanric, the cruel troth-breaker". The Ostrogoth Eormanric was defeated by the Huns in the 4th century. It is moot whether Widsith literally intends himself, or poetically means his lineage, either as a Myrging or as a poet, as when "the fictive speaker Deor uses the rhetoric of first-person address to insert himself into the same legendary world that he evokes in the earlier parts of the poem through his allusions to Wayland the Smith, Theodoric the Goth, Eormanric the Goth, and other legendary figures of the Germanic past". Historically, we know that one speaker could not travel to see all of these nations in one lifetime. In a similar vein, "I was with the Lidwicingas, the Leonas, and the Langobards", Widsith boasts,  with heathens and heroes and with the Hundingas. I was with the Israelites and with the Assyrians, with the Hebrews and the Indians, and with the Egyptians...

The forests of the Vistula in the ancient writing tradition (Widsith, v. 121) are the homeland of the Goths, the material remains of which are generally associated with the Wielbark Culture.

The poem that is now similarly titled "Deor", also from the Exeter Book, draws on similar material.

Tribes of Widsith
The list of kings of tribes is sorted by "fame and importance", according to Hedeager, with Attila of the Huns coming first, followed immediately by Eormanric of the Ostrogoths; by contrast, the Byzantine emperor is number five.

5. ... 15

20

25

30

35

40

45

... 55

60

65

70

75

80

85

title: Widsith