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Dull-blue flycatcher

The  dull-blue flycatcher  (Eumyias sordidus) is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. It was previously included in the genus Muscicapa.

This species is an endemic resident breeder in the hills of central Sri Lanka.

The dull-blue flycatcher breeds in deciduous mountain forest, invariably above 600m, although it is not common below 900m. The main breeding season is in March and April, but a second brood is often reared later in the year.

The cup-shaped nest is a lined compact mass of moss. The site is usually a well-shaded rock ledge. The normal clutch is two or three brown-spotted pink eggs are laid. This species is 15 cm long. It is similar in shape to the spotted flycatcher and has a loud melodic song.. Adults are ashy blue, with a whitish belly. There is a black patch between the broad black bill and the eye, bordered with brighter blue above and below. Sexes are similar, but females are slightly duller.

Juvenile dull-blue flycatchers are brown, heavily spotted on the head, back, wing-coverts and breast with pale buff; their flight feathers are broadly edged with blue-grey.

This is relatively easy bird to see, despite its forest habitat. It feeds mainly on flying insects, beetles, caterpillars and other insects, but also eats berries.

In Culture
This bird appears in 50 Sri Lankan rupee bank note (2010 series).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dull-blue flycatcher


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Arletty

Léonie Marie Julie Bathiat (15 May 1898 – 23 July 1992), known professionally as Arletty, was a French actress, singer, and fashion model. As an actress she is particularly known for classics directed by Marcel Carné, including Hotel du Nord (1938), Le jour se lève (1939) and Children of Paradise (1945). She was found guilty of treason for an affair with a German officer during World War II.

Early years
Arletty was born in Courbevoie (near Paris), to a working-class family. After her father's death, she left home and pursued a modeling career. She took the stage name "Arlette" based on the heroine of a story by Guy de Maupassant. She was not interested in acting until she met Paul Guillaume, an art dealer. He recommended some theaters and, at the age of 21, she was hired.

Her early career was dominated by the music hall, and she later appeared in plays and cabaret. In 1928 she performed in Maurice Yvain's operetta Yes at the Théâtre des Capucines which was written as a starring vehicle for her. Arletty was a stage performer for ten years before her film debut in 1930. Arletty's career took off around 1936 when she appeared as the leading lady in the stage plays Les Joies du Capitole and Fric-Frac, in which she starred opposite Michel Simon. She later starred as Blanche in the French version of A Streetcar Named Desire.

Marcel Carné was known for his poetic realism filmmaking style. Arletty's role of Raymonde in his film, Hotel du Nord, garnered attention for her "Atmosphere! Atmosphere!” performance. In 1945 Arletty appeared in her most famous film role, the central part of Garance in Les Enfants du Paradis, her fourth role for the director. For this role she earned one of the highest salaries ever in French cinema.

Collaboration
Arletty was imprisoned in 1945 for her wartime liaison with a German Luftwaffe officer, Hans-Jürgen Soehring (1908–1960), during the occupation of France. She allegedly later commented on the experience, "My heart is French but my ass is international." The quotation in French is "Si mon cœur est français, mon cul, lui, est international". Although other French women fell in love with German soldiers, her romantic affiliation with Soehring during the German occupation prompted a charge of treason.

James Lord wrote of her special treatment:

"Arletty was too well known for the mere humiliation of having her head shaved, her naked skull tarred with a swastika and in this abject state paraded through the streets to confront the jeers and spittle of the mob. Prison would be none too good for her, people said, looking forward to severe retribution for the moral treason of which they found her guilty." For her crimes she received a sentence of eighteen months' imprisonment, most of which was served in a private chateau.

Later years
After a moderately successful period as a stage actress in later life she was forced to retire into private life due to progressive loss of her eyesight. One of her final screen appearances was in a small role as an elderly French woman in The Longest Day (1962).

Legacy
In 1995 the government of France issued a series of limited edition coins to commemorate the centenary of film that included a 100 Franc coin bearing the image of Arletty.

Filmography

 * The Sweetness of Loving (1930) as Une dactylo
 * A Dog That Pays Off (1932) as Josyane Plaisir
 * The Beautiful Adventure (1932) as Madame Desmignières
 * Abduct Me (1932) as Lulu
 * Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman (1933) as Unknown role
 * Je te confie ma femme (1933) as Totoche
 * Une idée folle (1933) as Anita - une danseuse
 * Un soir de réveillon (1933) as Viviane
 * Court Waltzes (1933) as La chocolatière
 * Le voyage de Monsieur Perrichon (1934) as Anita Mathieu
 * Pension Mimosas (1935) as La môme Parasol
 * Vertigo (1935) as Emma
 * Madame Angot's Daughter (1935) as Ducoudray
 * Lovers and Thieves (1935) as Agathe
 * La Garçonne (1936) as Niquette
 * Adventure in Paris (1936) as Rose Blondel de Saint-Leu
 * The Bureaucrats (1936) as La belle-soeur de la hourmerie
 * Le Mari rêvé (1936) as Eve Roland
 * Let's Make a Dream (1936) as Une invitée (prologue)
 * Mais n'te promène donc pas toute nue (1936) as Clarisse
 * Feu la mère de madame (1936) as Yvonne
 * The Pearls of the Crown (1937) as La reine d'Abyssinie
 * Désiré (1937) as Madeleine Crapicheau, la femme de chambre
 * Aloha, le chant des îles (1937) as Ginette Gina
 * Mirages (1938) as Arlette
 * The Little Thing (1938) as Irma Borel
 * Mother Love (1938) as Bernadette Mezin
 * Hôtel du Nord (1938) as Raymonde
 * Daybreak (1939) as Clara
 * Fric-Frac (1939) as Loulou
 * Extenuating Circumstances (1939) as Marie Qu'a-d'ça
 * Thunder Over Paris (1940) as Ida
 * Madame Sans-Gêne (1941) as Catherine Hubscher
 * The Woman I Loved Most (1942) as Simone, l'actrice locataire
 * Bolero (1942) as Catherine
 * The Lover of Borneo (1942) as Stella Losange
 * Les Visiteurs du soir (1942) as Dominique
 * Children of Paradise (1945) as Claire Reine, dite Garance
 * Madame et ses peaux-rouges (1948) as Mademoiselle Pascale
 * Portrait of an Assassin (1949) as Martha
 * Gigolo (1951) as Madame Alice
 * Love, Madame (1952) as Herself
 * The Father of the Girl (1953) as Edith Mars
 * Flesh and the Woman (1954) Blanche
 * The Air of Paris (1954) Blanche Le Garrec
 * Huis clos (1954) as Inès, une lesbienne
 * My Priest Among the Poor (1956) as Nine
 * Explosive Vacation! (1957) as Arlette Bernard
 * The Stowaway (1958) as Gabrielle
 * And Your Sister? (1958) as Lucrèce du Boccage
 * Sunday Encounter (1958) as Juliette Armier
 * Maxime (1958) as Gazelle
 * Paris la belle (1960, short) as Récitante / Narrator (voice)
 * Les Primitifs du XIIIe (1960, short) as Récitante / Narrator (voice)
 * The Dance (1962) as La mère d'Albert
 * Girl on the Road (1962) as Gabrielle, maîtresse de Rameau
 * The Law of Men (1962) as Loune de Lindt
 * The Longest Day (1962) as Madame Barrault
 * Destination Rome (1962) as La marquise
 * The Trip to Biarritz (1963) as Fernande
 * Dina chez les rois (1967) as Récitante / Narrator (voice)
 * Jacques Prévert (1977) as Herself
 * Carné, l'homme à la caméra (1985) as Herself (voice)

title: Arletty


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Maximum break

A maximum break (also known as a maximum, a 147, or orally, a one-four-seven) is the highest possible in snooker in normal circumstances and is a special type of. A player compiles a maximum break by potting all 15 with 15  for 120 points, followed by all six  for a further 27 points. Compiling a maximum break is regarded as a highly significant achievement in the game of snooker, and may be compared to a nine-dart finish in darts or a 300 game in ten-pin bowling.

Joe Davis made the first officially recognised maximum break in a 1955 exhibition match in London. At the Classic in January 1982, Steve Davis achieved the first recognised maximum in professional competition, which was also the first in a televised match. The following year, Cliff Thorburn became the first player to make a maximum at the World Snooker Championship. As of 2023, Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record for the most maximum breaks in professional competition, with 15. He also holds the record for the fastest competitive maximum break at just over five minutes, which he set at the 1997 World Championship.

Maximum breaks have become more frequent in professional snooker. Only eight recognised maximums were achieved in professional competition in the 1980s, but 26 occurred in the 1990s, 35 in the 2000s, and 86 in the 2010s. In the 1990s some players received £147,000 for making a maximum break, but as the frequency of maximums increased, the reward was changed to a rolling prize pot that began at £5,000, leading to discontent among players. For the 201920 season, World Snooker Tour chairman Barry Hearn replaced the rolling prize with a conditional £1 million bonus, to be awarded if 20 or more maximum breaks were attained in the season. The 20 maximums were not achieved. Thereafter, players who made a maximum would win or share a tournament's highest break prize, although some events still offer a separate bonus for a 147. The 2022 World Snooker Championship offered a bonus of £40,000 for a maximum break made at the Crucible and £10,000 for a maximum made in the qualifying rounds, in addition to the £15,000 highest break prize. In 2023, World Snooker Tour introduced a £147,000 bonus for any player making two maximum breaks during the season's Triple Crown Series. The bonus could be awarded up to three times, for a total of £441,000, if three players each made two maximums. The same player could potentially win £441,000 by making six maximums in the events.

History
Joe Davis compiled the first officially recognised maximum break on 22 January 1955, in a match against Willie Smith at Leicester Square Hall, London. The Billiards Association and Control Council initially refused to accept the break since the match was not played under their rules. At the time, the professional game used a rule (now standard, see rules of snooker) whereby after a foul a player could compel the offender to play the next stroke. It was not until a meeting on 20 March 1957 that the break was officially recognised, and Davis was presented with a certificate to commemorate his achievement. The match between Davis and Smith was played as part of a series of events marking the closure of Leicester Square Hall; known as Thurston's Hall until 1947, the venue had hosted many important billiards and snooker matches since its opening in 1901, including twelve World Snooker Championship finals. John Spencer compiled a maximum break in the 1979 Holsten Lager International, but it did not count as an official maximum, however, as the break was made on a non-templated table used during the event. The first official maximum break in professional competition was compiled by Steve Davis in the 1982 Classic at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in Oldham, against John Spencer. This was also the first televised maximum break. For his achievement, Davis won a Lada car provided by the event's sponsors. The following year, Cliff Thorburn became the first player to make a maximum at the World Championship in the fourth frame of his second round match against Terry Griffiths.

Before the 199495 season, the maximum break remained a rare feat, with only 15 official maximums compiled altogether. However, beginning in the 199495 season, at least one maximum break has been achieved every season thereafter; the 13 maximums scored in the 201617 season, 202223 season and the 202324 season is the highest number to date. Mark Selby made the 100th officially recognised maximum break in professional competition on 7 December 2013 in the seventh frame of his semi-final match against Ricky Walden at the UK Championship. , 202 official maximum breaks have been recorded in professional competition, with the 200th being made by Joe O'Connor at the 2024 Championship League. Englishman Ronnie O'Sullivan has compiled 15 official competitive maximum breaks, the most achieved by any professional player. Following him are John Higgins with 13, Stephen Hendry with 11, Stuart Bingham with nine, Judd Trump and Shaun Murphy with eight, and Ding Junhui with seven. O'Sullivan also holds the record for the fastest competitive maximum break at just over five minutes, which he set at the 1997 World Championship.

On 30 April 2023, Selby made a maximum break in the 16th frame during the 2023 World Championship final against Luca Brecel, the first achieved in a World Championship final. On 7 December 2023, Murphy made a maximum break in his first-round match against Bulcsú Révész in the 2023 Shoot Out, the first ever compiled at the Shoot Out, which is played under a variation of snooker rules, with a shot clock and fouls awarding.

At least seven players have missed the final black on a score of 140: Robin Hull, Ken Doherty, Barry Pinches, Mark Selby, Michael White, Thepchaiya Un-Nooh (twice in the 201516 season), and Liang Wenbo in a qualifying match at the 2018 World Championship, after he had already made a maximum earlier in the same match. Breaks above 147 are possible when an opponent fouls and leaves a with all 15 reds still remaining on the table. A break greater than 147 has happened only once in professional competition, when Jamie Burnett made a break of 148 at the qualifying stage of the 2004 UK Championship. Jamie Cope compiled a break of 155 points, the highest possible free-ball break, during practice in 2005. Alex Higgins is said to have attained the same feat by some players.

First maximums
The first known maximum break in practice was made by Murt O'Donoghue at Griffith, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, on 26 September 1934. Joe Davis compiled the first official 147 against Willie Smith in an exhibition match on 22 January 1955 at Leicester Square Hall, London. Rex Williams made the first maximum break in a competitive match against Manuel Francisco, Professionals v. Amateurs, on 23 December 1965 in Cape Town.

John Spencer made the first maximum compiled in professional competition on 13 January 1979 at the Holsten Lager Tournament against Cliff Thorburn, but it was not officially ratified due to oversized pockets. The break was not caught on video as the television-crew were away on a tea-break. The first official maximum break in professional competition was made by Steve Davis in the 1982 Lada Classic against Spencer. This was also the first televised 147. Thorburn became the first player to make a maximum break at the World Snooker Championship, a feat that has since been repeated by Jimmy White, Stephen Hendry (three times), Ronnie O'Sullivan (three times), Mark Williams, Ali Carter, John Higgins, Neil Robertson, Kyren Wilson, and Mark Selby.

In March 1989, Thorburn also became the first player to make two competitive maximum breaks. In November 1995 Hendry became the first player to make two televised maximum breaks. Mink Nutcharut made a 147 in a March 2019 practice match, believed to be the only maximum break achieved by a woman in any match.

Multiple maximums
More than one official maximum break has been compiled in the same event on more than twenty occasions. The first tournament with more than one maximum break was the 1992 Matchroom League, in which John Parrott and Stephen Hendry each made a 147 break. The first time that two maximum breaks were made in the same ranking tournament was at the 1999 British Open, where Jason Prince made one during qualifying and Graeme Dott at the main event. This was repeated at the 2000 Scottish Open, with Stephen Maguire in qualifying and Ronnie O'Sullivan at the main event. The 2008 World Snooker Championship was the first event where two maximum breaks (by O'Sullivan and Carter) were televised. Two maximum breaks (by Neil Robertson and Noppon Saengkham) were also televised at the 2019 Welsh Open. Three official maximums at the same WPBSA (World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association) event have been achieved three times. The first was at the 2012 UK Championship, when Andy Hicks and Jack Lisowski both compiled one each in qualifying and John Higgins compiled one in the televised stages. The second time was at the 2017 German Masters, where Ali Carter and Ross Muir both compiled one each during qualifying and Tom Ford during the televised stages. The third time was at the 2024 Championship League by Kyren Wilson in Group 3, by John Higgins in Group 5, and by Joe O'Connor in Group 7.

Mark Davis became the only player to make two official maximum breaks in professional competition at the same event when he compiled two 147s at the 2017 Championship League. The 2012 FFB Snooker Open, 2017 German Masters and 2018 Paul Hunter Classic are the only WPBSA events where two maximums were made on the same day. Three maximum breaks were compiled on 8 February 1998 during the Buckley's Bitter Challenge, an unofficial event, by Matthew Stevens, Ryan Day and Tony Chappel. There have been at least five non-tournament matches where more than one maximum was compiled. Peter Ebdon compiled two maximum breaks during an 11-frame exhibition match at Eastbourne Police Club on 15 April 1996. In 2003 he also compiled two consecutive maximum breaks against Steve Davis in an exhibition match. In 2009 Jimmy White and Ronnie O'Sullivan compiled consecutive maximum breaks at an exhibition match in Ireland.

The only player known to compile more than two maximum breaks on a single occasion is Adrian Gunnell, who compiled three maximums in four frames at a club in Telford in 2003 while practising against Ian Duffy. John Higgins and Ronnie O'Sullivan are the only players to record maximum breaks in consecutive ranking events. Higgins made one during his defeat by Mark Williams in the LG Cup final, and then one in his second round match at the 2003 British Open. O'Sullivan made one at the Northern Ireland Trophy and another at the UK Championship in 2007.

Final frames and matches
Hendry, Mark Williams, O'Sullivan (on six occasions), Barry Hawkins, Matthew Stevens, Ding Junhui, Andy Hicks, Shaun Murphy, Ryan Day, John Higgins, Mark Davis (on two occasions), Martin Gould, Luca Brecel, Tom Ford (on two occasions), and Marco Fu have all made maximums to win matches. Only seven of these have come in final-frame deciders, however: Hendry's at the 1997 Charity Challenge, O'Sullivan's at the 2007 UK Championship, both of Davis' at the 2017 Championship League, Gould's at the 2018 Championship League, Ford's at the 2019 English Open and Fu's at the 2022 Hong Kong Masters.

Hendry, John Higgins, Stuart Bingham, Ronnie O'Sullivan, Shaun Murphy, Neil Robertson, Judd Trump, Mark Selby, and Zhang Anda have made maximums in finals of tournaments. Hendry has made three: the first at the 1997 Charity Challenge, the second at the 1999 British Open and the third at the 2001 Malta Grand Prix. Higgins has made two, at the 2003 LG Cup, and the second at the 2012 Shanghai Masters. Bingham at the 2012 Wuxi Classic, O'Sullivan in the final frame of the 2014 Welsh Open, Murphy at the 2014 Ruhr Open, Robertson at the 2015 UK Championship, Trump at the 2022 Turkish Masters and the 2022 Champion of Champions and Zhang at the 2023 International Championship. Selby made a maximum in the 2023 World Snooker Championship final, becoming the first player to do so at that stage of the tournament. Selby's and Robertson's maximums are the only ones compiled in the finals of Triple Crown events.

Fastest
O'Sullivan's 147 break in the first-round match against Mick Price at the 1997 World Championship set the record for the fastest maximum in the history of the game. For many years Guinness World Records recorded the time of the break at 5 minutes and 20 seconds. However an investigation undertaken by Deadspin in 2017 revealed that the time recorded by Guinness was incorrect because the timer was started too early on the BBC footage. Breaks are not officially timed in snooker and the official rules of snooker do not specify how they should be timed, instead leaving the timing to the discretion of the broadcaster. The only timing methodology World Snooker sanctions in its events is the one employed in shot clock events where timing for a player's shot begins when the balls have come to rest from his opponent's previous shot. Under this convention the break would have been timed at 5 minutes and 15 seconds. World Snooker has since suggested that a break starts when the player strikes the cueball for the first time in a break which would result in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds, and this is the time that both World Snooker and Guinness World Records now officially acknowledge.

Youngest and oldest
The youngest player to have made an officially recognised maximum break in professional competition is Thanawat Thirapongpaiboon, who compiled a 147 at the 2010 RheinMain Masters aged. Sean Maddocks is recognised by Guinness World Records as the youngest player to make a maximum break in any recognised competition. Maddocks was old when he achieved the feat at the LiteTask Pro-Am series in Leeds on 9 July 2017. Judd Trump is known to have made a 147 at the Potters Under-16 Tournament in 2004 at the age of ; however, this break is not recognised by Guinness World Records. The youngest player to have made a televised maximum is Ding Junhui, who was aged when he achieved a 147 at the 2007 Masters.

The oldest player to have made a maximum in professional competition is John Higgins, who did so in the 2024 Championship League, aged. Former professional Darren Morgan made a maximum break in an amateur Seniors event in 2023 at the age of ; this possibly makes him the oldest player to achieve a maximum break in competition.

Prize money
In professional tournaments there was usually a substantial prize awarded to any player achieving a 147 break. For example, Ronnie O'Sullivan's maximum at the 1997 World Championship earned him £165,000. Of this, £147,000 was for making the 147 break and £18,000 was for achieving the highest break of the tournament.

In the 201112 season World Snooker introduced a roll-over system for the maximum break prize money, the "rolling 147 prize". A maximum break is worth £5,000 in the televised stages and £500 in qualifying stages of major ranking events. There is a £500 prize in the Players Tour Championship events from the last 128 onwards. If a maximum is not made then the prize rolls over to the next event until somebody wins it.

At the 2016 Welsh Open, Ronnie O'Sullivan defeated Barry Pinches 41 in the first round. In the fifth frame of the match, O'Sullivan declined the opportunity to make a maximum break, potting the pink off the penultimate red and completing a break of 146. He stated afterwards that the prize money of £10,000 was not worthy of a 147. World Snooker chairman Barry Hearn called the decision "unacceptable" and "disrespectful". Individual prizes for a maximum break were phased out at the beginning of the 201920 season, with a £1 million bonus on offer for the season if 20 or more were made during the season. The prize would be split among all players who had made at least one qualifying break, with each player receiving an equal share for every break made.

For the 202324 season the WST has offered a £147,000 bonus to any player making two maximum breaks during the season's Triple Crown events.

Breaks exceeding 147
A break higher than 147 can be achieved when an opponent before any reds are potted, and leaves the incoming player  on all 15 reds. The player can nominate one of the other as a red, known as a, which carries the same value as a red for just that shot. If the free ball is potted, the referee places this coloured ball back on its original location, de facto creating a setup as if there were 16 reds in total, thus creating a potential maximum break of 155 if a player starts from a free ball position.

In October 2004, during qualifying for the UK Championship, Jamie Burnett became the only player to record a break of more than 147 in tournament play, when he scored 148 against Leo Fernandez. He took the brown as the free ball, then potted the brown again followed by the 15 reds with 12 blacks, two pinks and a blue, then the six colours.

Some breaks exceeding 147 have been reported in non-tournament settings:
 * A 151 is reported to have been compiled by Wally West against Butch Rogers in West London's Hounslow Luciana snooker club during a club match in 1976. After Rogers fouled, West took the green as his free ball followed by the brown. He then took 14 reds and blacks and a pink off the last red. He then cleared up to make the 151.
 * In April 1988 Steve Duggan made a 148 in a practice frame against Mark Rowing in Doncaster.
 * In 1993 Stephen Hendry made a 148 in a practice match against Alfie Burden.
 * In 1995 Tony Drago made a 149 in practice against Nick Manning in West Norwood, London, that was recorded by the Guinness Book of Records as the highest in this category. In that Drago nominated the  as the free ball, to score one point. He then potted the brown again, for four more points, before potting the 15 reds with 13 blacks, a  and a, then all the colours.
 * In 1997 Eddie Manning achieved a 149 break in a practice match against Kam Pandya at Willie Thorne's Snooker Club in Leicester. He potted brown, brown, 13 blacks, pink and blue.
 * In April 2003 Jamie Cope made a 151 break at The Reardon Snooker Club during a practice game with David Fomm-Ward. After a foul by his opponent, Cope was snookered behind the brown ball. He took the brown as the free ball and then potted the blue, 13 reds with blacks and two with pinks, then the six colours.
 * In 2005, Jamie Cope made snooker's first highest possible 155 break in a witnessed practice frame.
 * In November 2010 Sam Harvey made a 151 break in a practice match against Kyren Wilson at his home club in Bedford. Harvey potted the brown as the free ball and then the black, 12 reds with blacks, two with pinks and one with blue, then the six colours.
 * In August 2021, Thepchaiya Un-Nooh made a 155 break in a practice match against Hossein Vafaei. The feat was filmed by a security camera.
 * In March 2022, Marco Fu made a 149 break in a practice match against Noppon Saengkham at the Ding Junhui Snooker Academy.

List of official maximum breaks
Note: (Q) indicates maximums made during qualifying stages of events. (F) indicates maximums made in tournament finals. (L) indicates that the match was lost by the player who made the maximum.

Total maximum breaks
Below is a list of players that have made at least 2 maximums,.

Match-winning maximum breaks
Tournament games are won when one of the players manages to win more than half of the scheduled frames. For example, if a match is scheduled to have a maximum of seven frames, a player wins the game when winning a fourth frame, regardless of how many frames the other player has. The following are maximum breaks played in frames that won the match.

Note: (Q) denotes maximums made during qualifying stages of events, and (D) denotes those made in.

title: Maximum break