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1922 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1922 in the United Kingdom.

Irish affairs occupied an important place in politics throughout this year. 1922 saw the establishment of the Irish Free State in the south and west of the island.

Incumbents

 * Monarch – George V
 * Prime Minister – David Lloyd George (Coalition) (until 19 October), Bonar Law (Conservative) (starting 23 October)

Overview
The social and political problems of most prominence in this year showed a further departure from those that chiefly occupied public attention during the Great War, and the country had by then almost returned to its normal condition. Prices continued to fall during the early part of the year, but very slowly as compared with the previous decline, and in the latter half of the year the fall ceased almost entirely, prices becoming comparatively stabilized at about 80% above the level of July 1914. Labour problems, which occupied so much attention during and after the war, were less constantly in the public eye. The principle of inevitable reductions in wages had been accepted by the working classes as a whole, and there were few strikes on a large scale, the worst being that in the engineering trade. Unemployment continued to be very great, but it was recognised that little more could be done by government measures for its alleviation, and the subject was much less prominent in the political world than it had been in the previous year. A further indication of the return to normal conditions was in the gradual decay of the coalition government. The combination of parties brought about in the presence of a common danger no longer worked in peacetime. Very early in the year signs of disintegration became manifest in the coalition. On several occasions the two wings threatened to fall apart, but the government was successfully held together by the personality of Prime Minister David Lloyd George until the last quarter of the year, when the internal dissensions of many months reached a bursting point, and the coalition collapsed.

Events

 * January – The year begins with the British Empire at its largest extent, covering one-quarter of the world and ruling over one in four people on earth.
 * 1 January – Transport and General Workers' Union formed by merger of fourteen smaller unions under its first general secretary Ernest Bevin, forming by far the largest trade union.
 * 7 January – In Ireland, Dáil Éireann ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
 * 12 January
 * The UK Government releases remaining Irish prisoners captured in the War of Independence.
 * HMS Victory permanently dry docked at Portsmouth.
 * 13 January – Flu epidemic has claimed 804 victims in Britain.
 * 24 January – Façade – An Entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell recited over an instrumental accompaniment by William Walton, first performed, privately in London.
 * 25 January – A letter written by Ifan ab Owen Edwards to the children's periodical Cymru'r Plant results in establishment in Wales of the youth organisation Urdd Gobaith Cymru.
 * 1 February – Formal handing over of Beggars Bush Barracks takes place in Dublin, marking the first act of British military withdrawal from Ireland.
 * 6 February – Washington Naval Treaty signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy.
 * 14 February – The world's first regular radio broadcasts for entertainment, made by Peter Eckersley, begin transmission on station 2MT from a hut at the Marconi Company laboratories at Writtle near Chelmsford in Essex. Initially they are for half an hour on Tuesday evenings.
 * 28 February
 * Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt and grants the country nominal independence, reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.
 * Princess Mary marries Viscount Lascelles, elder son of the Earl of Harewood, in Westminster Abbey.
 * 1 March – The Civil Aviation Authority is established.
 * 6 March – An explosion at a Dudley Port (Tipton) factory kills nineteen girls aged 13–15 years employed on dismantling explosive cartridges under dangerous working conditions.
 * 29 April – Huddersfield Town A.F.C. win the FA Cup with a 1–0 win over Preston North End in the final at Stamford Bridge, London. From next year, the final will be played at the new stadium being built at Wembley in North London.
 * 10 May – Ivy Williams becomes the first woman member of the English Bar.
 * 11 May – Radio station 2LO becomes the second to broadcast regularly in the UK, operating from Marconi House in London, initially for one hour a day.
 * 16 May – The final group of British troops leave the Curragh Camp in Ireland.
 * 20 May – P&O liner SS Egypt sinks in the English Channel off Ushant after a collision with 44 passengers, 294 crew and £1 million in bullion and coin on board; 86 die.
 * 29 May – Liberal MP Horatio Bottomley jailed for seven years for fraud.
 * 1 June – Official founding of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 * 22 June – Irish Republican Army agents assassinate Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson in Belgravia; the assassins are sentenced to death on 18 July.
 * 17 July – County Hall, London opened, as the new headquarters of the London County Council.
 * 20 July – Infanticide Act effectively abolishes the death penalty for a woman who deliberately kills her newborn child while the balance of her mind is disturbed as a result of giving birth, by providing a partial defence to murder.
 * 21 July – Launch of the iconic Austin 7 car, produced at Longbridge. The car will inspire numerous other automotive designs, and remain in production for another seventeen years until 1939.
 * 17 August – Dublin Castle is formally handed over to the Irish Republican Army as the last British Army troops withdraw from the country.
 * 5 September – An underground explosion at Haig Pit, Whitehaven, in the Cumberland Coalfield, kills 39 people.
 * 8–9 September – Captain Frank L. Barnard wins the first King's Cup Race for aeroplanes, flying from Croydon Aerodrome (London) to Glasgow and back in 6 hours 32 minutes in an Airco DH.4A.
 * 7 October – Speaking on the radio station 2LO, the Prince of Wales becomes the first member of the royal family to make a public broadcast.
 * 17 October – First hunger march sets out, from Glasgow to London.
 * 18 October – The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) is formed.
 * 19 October – David Lloyd George's Coalition Ministry resigns over the Chanak Crisis and a Carlton Club meeting of Conservative MPs decisively votes not to maintain the coalition government.
 * 23 October – Bonar Law's Conservative government takes office.
 * 1 November – A broadcasting licence fee of ten shillings is introduced (equivalent to £22.47 in 2017).
 * 2 November – English archaeologist Leonard Woolley begins excavations at the Sumerian city of Ur.
 * 4 November – In Egypt, English archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
 * 14 November – London radio station 2LO transfers to the British Broadcasting Company and (from 18:00 GMT) transmits its first two news bulletins.
 * 15 November
 * Af the 1922 general election, the first following the partition of Ireland, the Conservative Party under Bonar Law wins an overall majority. The Labour Party overtakes the divided Liberal Party as Britain's second-largest political party and voice of the left. A dining club of newly elected Conservative MPs evolves the following year into the 1922 Committee.
 * First BBC radio broadcasts from Birmingham (station 5IT) and Manchester (station 2ZY).
 * 21 November – Ramsay MacDonald replaces J. R. Clynes as leader of the Labour Party.
 * 26 November – In Egypt, English archaeologist Howard Carter and his sponsor Lord Carnarvon become the first people to see inside KV62, the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, in over 3,000 years.
 * 5 December – UK Parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.
 * 6 December – The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch.
 * 7 December – The Parliament of Northern Ireland votes to remain part of the United Kingdom.
 * 10 December – Francis William Aston wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule".
 * 11 December – End of the trial of Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters at the Old Bailey in London for the murder of Thompson's husband in October. Both are found guilty and sentenced to death.
 * 18 December – Carrie Morrison becomes the first female solicitor admitted to practice in England.
 * 24 December – First BBC broadcast from Newcastle upon Tyne (station 5NO).

Undated

 * Meteorologist Lewis Fry Richardson proposes a scheme for weather forecasting by solution of differential equations, the method later adopted as routine, in his work Weather Prediction by Numerical Process.
 * Archibald Hill wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle". This award is announced on 25 October 1923.
 * Production of Branston Pickle by Crosse & Blackwell begins at Branston, Staffordshire.

Publications

 * Edmund Blunden's collection The Shepherd, and Other Poems of Peace and War.
 * Barbara Cartland's first novel Jigsaw.
 * Agatha Christie's novel The Secret Adversary.
 * Richmal Crompton's children's stories Just William (first collected in book form).
 * John Drinkwater's poems Preludes 1921–1922.
 * T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land, in the first issue of The Criterion (15 October).
 * Thomas Hardy's collection Late Lyrics and Earlier, with Many Other Verses.
 * James Joyce's novel Ulysses (first published complete in book form by Sylvia Beach in Paris, 2 February).
 * Isaac Rosenberg's Poems (posthumous).
 * Sacheverell Sitwell's collection The Hundred and One Harlequins, and Other Poems.
 * G. M. Trevelyan's British History in the Nineteenth Century, 1782–1901.
 * Virginia Woolf's novel Jacob's Room.

Births

 * 3 January – Ronald Smith, pianist and conductor (died 2004)
 * 4 January – Rosalie Crutchley, actress (died 1997)
 * 12 January – Eric Heffer, politician (died 1991)
 * 13 January
 * John Hewer, actor (died 2008)
 * Michael Stern, Egyptian-born educator (died 2002)
 * 20 January
 * James Hanson, Baron Hanson, entrepreneur (died 2004)
 * Elizabeth Diana Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (died 2012)
 * 21 January – Paul Scofield, actor (died 2008)
 * 23 January – Vernon Scannell, poet (died 2007)
 * 25 January – Raymond Baxter, television presenter (died 2006)
 * 26 January – Michael Bentine, actor (died 1996)
 * 2 February – Jimmy Sirrel, footballer and football manager (died 2008)
 * 6 February
 * Patrick Macnee, actor (died 2015)
 * Denis Norden, television and radio scriptwriter (died 2018)
 * 7 February – Hattie Jacques, actress (died 1980)
 * 9 February – Jim Laker, cricketer (died 1986)
 * 13 February – Francis Pym, politician (died 2008)
 * 21 February – Reginald Hibbert, diplomat (died 2002)
 * 26 February – Margaret Leighton, actress (died 1976)
 * 28 February – Ernie Clements, racing cyclist (died 2006)
 * 1 March – Michael Flanders, actor and songwriter (died 1975)
 * 4 March – Geoff Tootill, computer scientist (died 2017)
 * 9 March – Bill Bainbridge, English footballer (died 1966)
 * 13 March – Jim Wiggins, actor (died 1999)
 * 14 March – Colin St John Wilson, architect (died 2007)
 * 20 March – Arnold Burgen, physicist, pharmacologist, academic and administrator (died 2022)
 * 23 March – Robert Simons, English cricketer and administrator (died 2011)
 * 25 March – Stephen Toulmin, philosopher (died 2009)
 * 30 March – Felix Bowness, actor (died 2009)
 * 31 March
 * Lionel Davidson, novelist (died 2009)
 * Sidney Weighell, footballer and trade unionist (died 2002)
 * 4 April – Anthony Brooks, soldier and spy (died 2007)
 * 5 April – Tom Finney, footballer (died 2014)
 * 9 April – Billy Sperrin, footballer (died 2000)
 * 13 April – John Braine, novelist (died 1986)
 * 15 April – Peter Moffatt, television director (died 2007)
 * 16 April – Kingsley Amis, novelist (died 1995)
 * 18 April – Nigel Kneale, screenwriter (died 2006)
 * 20 April – Richard Gordon Wakeford, airman and RAF officer (died 2007)
 * 27 April – Sheila Scott, actress and aviator (died 1988)
 * 28 April – Alistair MacLean, writer (died 1987)
 * 2 May – Wilfrid Butt, biochemist (died 2006)
 * 6 May – Alan Ross, poet (born in British India; died 2001)
 * 8 May – Jack Beeching, poet and novelist (died 2001)
 * 13 May – Michael Ainsworth, county cricketer (died 1978)
 * 16 May – Colin Cole, herald (died 2001)
 * 24 May – Kevin Laffan, screenwriter (died 2003)
 * 27 May – Christopher Lee, film actor (died 2015)
 * 31 May – Denholm Elliott, film actor (died 1992)
 * 2 June
 * Raffaello de Banfield, composer (died 2008)
 * Carmen Silvera, Canadian-born actress (died 2002)
 * 6 June – Iain Hamilton, composer (died 2000)
 * 15 June – John Veale, composer (died 2006)
 * 23 June – Joyce Wright, singer and actress (died 2020)
 * 25 June – Maxime de la Falaise, model and actress (died 2009)
 * 26 June – Alan T. Peacock, economist (died 2014)
 * 27 June – Peter Bayliss, actor (died 2002)
 * 28 June – John Nicholson Black, educator (died 2018)
 * 4 July – Noble Frankland, military historian (died 2019)
 * 21 July – Mollie Sugden, actress (died 2009)
 * 22 July – Julia Farron, ballerina (died 2019)
 * 25 July – Fred Yates, painter (died 2008)
 * 27 July
 * Joe D'Orazio, professional wrestler and referee (died 2022)
 * John Marriott, philatelist (died 2001)
 * 2 August – Len Murray, trade union leader (died 2004)
 * 6 August – Freddie Laker, airline entrepreneur (died 2006)
 * 9 August – Philip Larkin, poet (died 1985)
 * 15 August – David Whiffen, physicist (died 2002)
 * 20 August – Lionel Kochan, historian (died 2005)
 * 22 August – Dave Freeman, scriptwriter (Benny Hill, Carry On films, etc.) (died 2005)
 * 23 August – Marianne Stone, actress (died 2009)
 * 5 September – Bill Sparks, World War II hero (died 2002)
 * 6 September – Archie Elliott, judge (died 2008)
 * 8 September – Curtis Keeble, diplomat (died 2008)
 * 9 September – Pauline Baynes, artist (died 2008)
 * 16 September – Peter Henderson, public servant (died 2000)
 * 17 September
 * Naomi Datta, geneticist (died 2008)
 * Ursula Howells, actress (died 2005)
 * 21 September – Hugh Lloyd-Jones, classical scholar (died 2009)
 * 3 October – John Craxton, painter (died 2009)
 * 4 October – Hector Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm, Conservative politician (died 2006)
 * 5 October – Jock Stein, footballer and manager of Scotland (died 1985)
 * 10 October – Edna Child, diver (died 2023)
 * 16 October – Max Bygraves, singer and entertainer (died 2012)
 * 23 October – Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington, née Campbell-Harris, socialite and Conservative politician (died 2018)
 * 6 November – Ronald Blythe, writer (died 2023)
 * 18 November – Peter Douglas Kennedy, folk song collector (died 2006)
 * 19 November – Ann Katharine Mitchell, cryptanalyst and psychologist (died 2020)
 * 24 November – Joan Turner, actress and singer (died 2009)
 * 25 November – Shelagh Fraser, actress (died 2000)
 * 29 November – Michael Howard, military historian (died 2019)
 * 30 November – John Raymond Smythies, neuroscientist (died 2019)
 * 2 December – Alan Cook, physicist (died 2004)
 * 8 December – Elkan Allan, television producer (died 2006)
 * 14 December – Don Roper, footballer (died 2001)
 * 17 December – Douglas Myall, civil servant and philatelist (died 2019)
 * 18 December – Tony Melody, actor (died 2008)
 * 26 December – Richard Mayes, actor (died 2006)
 * 27 December – Derek Piggott, glider pilot and flight instructor (died 2019)

Deaths

 * 5 January – Sir Ernest Shackleton, explorer (born 1874)
 * 15 January – John Kirk, explorer (born 1832)
 * 22 January
 * James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, politician, diplomat and historian (born 1838)
 * William Christie, astronomer (born 1845)
 * 3 February – John Butler Yeats, Irish portrait artist (born 1839)
 * 4 February – Henry Jones, philosopher (born 1852)
 * 22 February – Lady Feodora Gleichen, sculptor (born 1861)
 * 10 April – Sir John Benn, 1st Baronet, politician (born 1850)
 * 14 May – Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton, Scottish-German-French great-grandmother of Prince Rainier III of Monaco (born 1850)
 * 15 May – Sir Leslie Ward, caricaturist (born 1851)
 * 17 May – Dorothy Levitt, racing driver (born 1882)
 * 4 June – W. H. R. Rivers, anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist (born 1864)
 * 18 June – Belgrave Ninnis, naval surgeon and Arctic explorer (born 1837)
 * 2 August – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish-born inventor (born 1847)
 * 14 August – Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, newspaper and publishing magnate (born 1865)
 * 22 August – Thomas Brock, sculptor (born 1847)
 * 1 September – Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (Duchess of Albany), member of the royal family, in Austria (born 1861)
 * 10 September – Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, poet (born 1840)
 * 22 September – Sir Charles Santley, baritone (born 1834)
 * 7 October
 * Montague Gluckstein, caterer (born 1854)
 * Marie Lloyd, music-hall singer (born 1870)
 * 24 October – George Cadbury, businessman and philanthropist (born 1839)
 * 14 December – Henry Pierrepoint, executioner (born 1878)

title: 1922 in the United Kingdom


text:
Hans Vilhelm Kaalund

Hans Vilhelm (H. V.) Kaalund (27 June 1818 – 27 April 1885) was a Danish lyric poet.

Early life
He was the son of a customs officer. He grew in the border district near the walls of Copenhagen. He studied sculpture and painting, but his early attempts to be an artist were interrupted by a nervous disorder. After working in various occupations, he took a position as a teacher at a prison, where he was able to write in his free time.

Career
His verses on the return of Thorvaldsen (1838) were positively received and convinced him to take up literature as a profession. His poems, “Kong Haldan den Stœrke” (1840), and “Valkyrien Göndul” (1842), were successful but not profitable. The same was true of his other works until the publication of his lyrics in the book Et Foraar (“A Spring,” 1858), a collection of his best pieces. In 1875 his drama Fulvia appeared, and another collection of poetry, En Eftervaar (“An After-Spring”), appeared in 1877. Apart from love poetry and political statements, Et Foraar and En Eftervaar contain a lot of thought lyrics, perhaps his most important legacy.

A characteristic element in Kaalund's poetry is its demonstrative commitment to realities. Though a late romanticist, he continuously stresses the importance of building life upon a base of facts – without abandoning idealism. This is felt in poems like "Jeg elsker den brogede Verden" (“I love the colourful World” - 1858) and in his often sung "Paa det Jevne" (“On the Ground” - 1872). The latter was lauded as a typical Danish expression of matter-of-fact attitudes and criticised as just a typical lack of ambition. This split makes him a poet of transition between romanticism and realism. His best poems are still quoted.

Kaalund is known primarily for his Fabler for Børn (“Fables for Children,” 1845; illustrated by Johan Lundbye), a book of verses about animals. They are not fables, but small snapshots of animals. Some are sentimental, some humorous. The most famous is "Den dræbte And" - “The killed Duck”. Like the fairy tales of H. C. Andersen, they testify to the rising interest of children and nature in Danish literature and have several times been re-edited. Another collection for children was Fabler og blandede Digte (1844). Kaalund died 27 April 1885.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hans Vilhelm Kaalund


text:
Analytic set

In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a subset of a Polish space $$X$$ is an analytic set if it is a continuous image of a Polish space. These sets were first defined by and his student.

Definition
There are several equivalent definitions of analytic set. The following conditions on a subspace A of a Polish space X are equivalent:
 * A is analytic.
 * A is empty or a continuous image of the Baire space ωω.
 * A is a Suslin space, in other words A is the image of a Polish space under a continuous mapping.
 * A is the continuous image of a Borel set in a Polish space.
 * A is a Suslin set, the image of the Suslin operation.
 * There is a Polish space $$Y$$ and a Borel set $$B\subseteq X\times Y$$ such that $$A$$ is the projection of $$B$$ onto $$X$$; that is,
 * $$A=\{x\in X|(\exists y\in Y)\langle x,y \rangle\in B\}.$$

 * A is the projection of a closed set in the cartesian product of X with the Baire space.
 * A is the projection of a Gδ set in the cartesian product of X with the Cantor space 2ω.

An alternative characterization, in the specific, important, case that $$X$$ is Baire space ωω, is that the analytic sets are precisely the projections of trees on $$\omega\times\omega$$. Similarly, the analytic subsets of Cantor space 2ω are precisely the projections of trees on $$2\times\omega$$.

Properties
Analytic subsets of Polish spaces are closed under countable unions and intersections, continuous images, and inverse images. The complement of an analytic set need not be analytic. Suslin proved that if the complement of an analytic set is analytic then the set is Borel. (Conversely any Borel set is analytic and Borel sets are closed under complements.) Luzin proved more generally that any two disjoint analytic sets are separated by a Borel set: in other words there is a Borel set including one and disjoint from the other. This is sometimes called the "Luzin separability principle" (though it was implicit in the proof of Suslin's theorem).

Analytic sets are always Lebesgue measurable (indeed, universally measurable) and have the property of Baire and the perfect set property.

Examples
When $$A$$ is a set of natural numbers, refer to the set $$\{x-y\mid y\leq x\land x,y\in A\}$$ as the difference set of $$A$$. The set of difference sets of natural numbers is an analytic set, and is complete for analytic sets.

Projective hierarchy
Analytic sets are also called $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_1$$ (see projective hierarchy). Note that the bold font in this symbol is not the Wikipedia convention, but rather is used distinctively from its lightface counterpart $$\Sigma^1_1$$ (see analytical hierarchy). The complements of analytic sets are called coanalytic sets, and the set of coanalytic sets is denoted by $$\boldsymbol{\Pi}^1_1$$. The intersection $$\boldsymbol{\Delta}^1_1=\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_1\cap \boldsymbol{\Pi}^1_1$$ is the set of Borel sets.

title: Analytic set


text:
Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies

The Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies (or CGCG) was compiled by Fritz Zwicky in 1961–68. It contains 29,418 galaxies and 9,134 galaxy clusters.


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Talk:Imperial German Navy

Link to list of ships
I don't know this material well enough to make a call here, but I came across the link / de-link of SMS while patrolling RC. Would it be appropriate to link either SMS or the words themselves to List of ships of the German navies? That page seems to have a more complete list than the few mentioned here. SWAdair | Talk 08:51, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for notifying us of this. I have put in a See also for the link, since that will probably be the best to draw the readers' attention to the fact that such a list exists. --Wernher 10:09, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Jack pic
Is the picture of the jack genuine? The iron cross in the middle seems heavily pixelated, as if it were pasted on a German tricolor by a computer artist, circa 1985. LeoO3 02:59, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Greentubing 03:48, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

SMS
Doesn't SMS stand for Sein Majestäts Schiff? I'm not sure is it Sein or Seiner (I have a C in German ;) ), but it's definitely Majestäts, not Majestät.

--193.198.130.162 22:14, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the article is correct. For reference, check the German wikipedia entry for SMS. (The genetive of the noun proper 'Majestät' is indeed 'Majestät', not 'Majestäts' -- a form which is only used in composita such as 'Majestätsbeleidigung'.)

--89.56.217.7 16:10, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

...though 'Majestät' is a common, not a proper, noun. Deipnosophista (talk) 06:42, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

SMS stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" (Ship of His Majesty). "Majestät" is a feminine noun in the genitive case, hence does not take "s" as it would do if masculine or neuter. ---GMB, 9 October 2011

Language
This is not the German Wikipedia. The title of the article should be in English. Leaving it in German is pretentious and is unhelpful to non-German speakers. Deipnosophista (talk) 13:53, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Then you must demonstrate that "German Imperial Navy" is a more common term than "Kaiserliche Marine" in English usage. It's not about being pretentious or anything of the sort; it's about common usage. Parsecboy (talk) 23:08, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

The two run together in this case. But since the language of the encyclopedia is English, it is for those using other languages, not those using English, to justify their usage by demonstrating its currency. Deipnosophista (talk) 06:40, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Another thing to consider is, do we not use Kriegsmarine for the German Navy during the Nazi period? As for sources demonstrating usage in English, there are the following books found on a Google Books and/or Google Scholar search: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, and a report by the US National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics: 9. Parsecboy (talk) 14:26, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I would have to say it really doesn't matter how many books use that term, a title needs to be understood. Only people who have already read such a book would even be able to guess at the german term. I have now read several books about WW1 naval matters and understand what is meant, but I got to this page by clicking on a link which said "imperial german navy". The link presumably said 'imperial german navy', because it was thought in the article I came from that would be better understood than its german translation. Which basically demonstrates the argument being made by Deipnosophista. I could not have found it typing in "Kaiserlach marine", because 1) I wouldn't have known it and 2)I can't spell it. Titles are not supposed to be for the benefit of experts but for non-experts. (so they can find something and become experts!)
 * Having said that, I am nowadays less convinced it matters, provided all likely titles will redirect you to the actual article.Sandpiper (talk) 07:59, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 19:18, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Proposed change of name to "Imperial German Navy" or "German Imperial Navy"
I am in agreement with Deipnosophista and Sandpiper in the section headed 'Language' above. From my own reading in English language sources, "Imperial Navy", "Imperial German Navy", and "German Imperial Navy", are more prevalent than "Kaiserliche Marine", and I see that the "further reading" list in the article includes two English language titles, which both seem to confirm this view ("By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diedrichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865-1902" and "'Luxury Fleet', The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918"). Wikipedia naming policy is to use the commonest name used in English language sources, which I think should be interpreted as reliable sources. Shall we discuss where the balance now lies? Moonraker (talk) 00:55, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Moonraker, as you noted on your talk page, Gottschall's book By Order of the Kaiser does use the English translation in the title, but in the book, he actually uses Kaiserliche Marine (see for instance the first page of the preface, where he writes "[Diederichs] took part in the strategic and operational development of the Kaiserliche Marine", and in the index, the listing is Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy)). Parsecboy (talk) 01:02, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I have to say this one niggles me, as well. All the sources I’ve seen use "Imperial German Navy", or some English rendition of the term; no-one I can think of (off-hand) uses the German. Halpern springs to mind, and Massie; Hoyt, Grey, Schmalenbach. The fact that translations of German works sometimes use the term (some will, some won't) is probably neither here nor there; the fact that works written in English invariably seem to use an English term should be conclusive.
 * I would have thought we should be using the English, unless there was a compelling reason not to (ie that the non-english term was actually standard in English; that certainly isn’t the case here). Xyl 54 (talk) 13:21, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Last I checked we didn't have article names for other non-English speaking fleets. No Kungliga flottan, Российский императорский флот or 大日本帝国海軍. Judging by the references to various writers, the English term is preferred. And it seems painfully obvious that no one cares for Kaiserliche Marine in the lead. So what exactly is the reason for this exception? That German is cooler?
 * Peter Isotalo 21:43, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * change is a good idea. A name like "Imperial German Navy" will be much more useful to our English-speaking readers. Rjensen (talk) 21:51, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I did some searches on Google Books and came up with the following results:
 * Imperial German Navy - 6,660 hits
 * German Imperial Navy - 1,210 hits
 * Kaiserliche Marine - 1,460 hits
 * All searches are for books in English, though it seems as if some German-language works have slipped into the search for the German name. As such, it seems as if WP:COMMONNAME and WP:USEENGLISH are pretty much fulfilled. I'm going to be a bit bold and move the article to "Imperial German Navy", but if anyone feels the reasons given here aren't sufficient, just move it back.
 * Peter Isotalo 17:48, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Anti-German bias
This article has a peculiar anti-German bias. The single initial change which I made to the text is an example of a crafty acceptance by Herwig, or whatever he is, of one of the worst abuses of the Armistice by the British. This "Internment at Scapa Flow" nonsense was in fact the first clear naval "stab in the back", possibly with the connivance of German democratic politicians, which placed the German negotiators under such heavy duress at Versailles and of course subsequently. The phrase "The German surface navy proved ineffective during World War I" is evidently absurd: it was the German Admiralty which proved ineffective by tying down the Fleet in home waters. The article needs to be looked at from a fresh viewpoint and with a bibliography which is not limited mainly to one book.

Geoffreybrooks/9 October 2011. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Geoffreybrooks (talk • contribs) 21:08, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

The references to Admiral Tirpitz fail to explain the context to his statements: Specifically the first navy law is a response to the anti german position adopted by Great Britain and the Royal Navy as a consequence of the Kruger Telegram. The RN formed the "Flying Squadron" specifically for offensive naval operations against German shipping. The second navy law has nothing to do with "the Boxer revolt" (as written in this article) and everything to do with the seizure of german merchant ships of the coast of South Africa in January 1900. And by the way I notice a modicum of censorship creeping in to Wikipedia (my comments on a talk page becoming unaccessable!) Revisionist99 (talk) 16:27, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Help needed: heavier than air naval aviation
Hello, all,

You would never know it by the present iteration of this article, but not only did the Imperial Navy operate squadrons of airplanes during World War I, but it had its own fighter aces. For instance, the leading German naval fighter ace, Gotthard Sachsenberg, not only scored 31 victories, but took the unusual course of becoming a militant anti-Nazi in later years.

Please, can't someone fill this gap in information? I lack any info on it.

Georgejdorner (talk) 23:58, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

I have added a "starter" paragraph on the existence of the Marinefliegerkorps, in hopes someone will further develop it. Although a bit more info is available from Above the Lines, I would recommend further research. One text I know of is Naval Aces of World War 1 part 2, ISBN 978-1849086646.

Georgejdorner (talk) 17:48, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

World War I
By the start of the First World War, the German Imperial Navy possessed 22 pre-Dreadnoughts,[39] 19 dreadnought battleships and 7 battle-cruisers.
 * I don't agree with the number of 19 dreadnought. 4 Nassau-class battleships, 4 Helgoland-class battleships, 5 Kaiser-class battleships, 4 König-class battleships, altogether 17 dreadnoughts. -- Zeitgeschichte (talk) 18:06, 1 March 2014 (UTC)
 * You're right, and the four Königs weren't completed until after the start of the war. The seven battlecruisers is also wrong, since it includes the 3 Derfflingers, which weren't completed yet either (and Hindenburg wasn't ready until 1917). Parsecboy (talk) 18:14, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperial German Navy


text:
FR-4

FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant (self-extinguishing).

"FR" stands for "flame retardant", and does not denote that the material complies with the standard UL94V-0 unless testing is performed to UL 94, Vertical Flame testing in Section 8 at a compliant lab. The designation FR-4 was created by NEMA in 1968.

FR-4 glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high-pressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with good strength to weight ratios. With near zero water absorption, FR-4 is most commonly used as an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical strength. The material is known to retain its high mechanical values and electrical insulating qualities in both dry and humid conditions. These attributes, along with good fabrication characteristics, lend utility to this grade for a wide variety of electrical and mechanical applications.

Grade designations for glass epoxy laminates are: G-10, G-11, FR-4, FR-5 and FR-6. Of these, FR-4 is the grade most widely in use today. G-10, the predecessor to FR-4, lacks FR-4's self-extinguishing flammability characteristics. Hence, FR-4 has since replaced G-10 in most applications.

FR-4 epoxy resin systems typically employ bromine, a halogen, to facilitate flame-resistant properties in FR-4 glass epoxy laminates. Some applications where thermal destruction of the material is a desirable trait will still use G-10 non flame resistant.

Properties
Which materials fall into the "FR-4" category is defined in the NEMA LI 1-1998 standard. Typical physical and electrical properties of FR-4 are as follows. The abbreviations LW (lengthwise, warp yarn direction) and CW (crosswise, fill yarn direction) refer to the conventional perpendicular fiber orientations in the XY plane of the board (in-plane). In terms of Cartesian coordinates, lengthwise is along the x-axis, crosswise is along the y-axis, and the z-axis is referred to as the through-plane direction. The values shown below are an example of a certain manufacturer's material. Another manufacturer's material will usually have slightly different values. Checking the actual values, for any particular material, from the manufacturer's datasheet, can be very important, for example in high frequency applications.

where:
 * LW: Lengthwise
 * CW: Crosswise
 * PF: Perpendicular to laminate face

Applications
FR-4 is a common material for printed circuit boards (PCBs). A thin layer of copper foil is typically laminated to one or both sides of an FR-4 glass epoxy panel. These are commonly referred to as copper clad laminates. The copper thickness or copper weight can vary and so is specified separately.

FR-4 is also used in the construction of relays, switches, standoffs, busbars, washers, arc shields, transformers and screw terminal strips.

title: FR-4


text:
BYU Jerusalem Center

The Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies (often simply referred to as the BYU Jerusalem Center or BYU–Jerusalem, and locally known as the Mormon University   ), situated on Mount of Olives in East Jerusalem, is a satellite campus of Brigham Young University (BYU), the largest religious university in the United States. Owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the center provides a curriculum that focuses on Old and New Testament, ancient and modern Near Eastern studies, and language (Hebrew and Arabic). Classroom study is built around field trips that cover the Holy Land, and the program is open to qualifying full-time undergraduate students at either BYU, BYU-Idaho, or BYU-Hawaii.

Plans to build a center for students were announced by LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball in 1979. By 1984, the church had obtained a 49-year lease on the land and had begun construction. The center's prominent position on the Jerusalem skyline quickly brought it notice by the Ultra-Orthodox Jews, or Haredim, of Israel. Protests and opposition to the building of the center springing from the Haredim made the issue of building the center a national and even international issue. After several investigative committees of Israel's Knesset reviewed and debated the issue, Israeli officials decided to allow the center's construction to continue in 1986. The center opened to students in May 1988 and was dedicated by Howard W. Hunter on May 16, 1989. It did not admit students from 2001 to 2006 due to security issues during the Second Intifada but continued to provide tours for visitors and weekly concerts.

Before the center
The first LDS official to enter Jerusalem was apostle Orson Hyde, who came in 1841 and dedicated the land for the gathering of the people of Israel, the creation of a Jewish state, and the building of an LDS temple at some future time. After his visit, LDS presence in the city was virtually non-existent. By 1971, the city saw enough LDS visitors for the church to lease a building in East Jerusalem for church services. BYU's study abroad program to Jerusalem, which began in 1968, played a key role in the growth of LDS visitors to the area. The LDS presence in the area soon grew too large for the leased space to provide adequate space for worship, so the church began looking into building a center for students. In 1972, David B. Galbraith became the director of BYU's program in Jerusalem. He remained in this position until 1987 when the church's First Presidency asked him to organize the BYU Jerusalem Center.

On October 24, 1979, church president Spencer W. Kimball visited Jerusalem to dedicate the Orson Hyde Memorial Gardens, located on the Mount of Olives. The church had donated money to beautify the Jerusalem area, and officials of the Jerusalem government were present at the occasion. It was at this dedication that Kimball announced the church's intent to build a center for BYU students in the city. Negotiations between the church and the Israeli government stretched from 1980 to 1984. The land the church wanted for the center, located at the northwestern margin of Mount Olivet, right next to the valley which separates it from Mount Scopus, had been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967 and could not be sold under Israeli law. The church decided to obtain a lease on the land instead. Leasing the land also prevented the politically controversial problem of the church owning a piece of Jerusalem land. Israeli officials saw the building of the center on the land as a way of solidifying control over land whose ownership was ambiguous under international law. By August 1984, the church had the land on a 49-year lease, building permits had been obtained, and construction on the building began.

Construction and controversy

The 1980s saw not only Mormons, but many Christian groups vying for representation and space in the city. These groups constantly faced opposition from a strong political minority of Orthodox Jews living in the city. Neither major political party in Israel (the Likud and Labor Parties) could achieve a majority vote in the Knesset without support from the more religious parties. Religious parties used this situation to pass laws in favor of Jewish Orthodoxy in exchange for their support on other issues. At the time, the conservative Jews, who made up the "religious right" in Israel, or the Haredim, constituted 27% of the population of Jerusalem, and was decidedly against the building of the BYU Jerusalem Center or any other similar Christian structure. Larger parties faced loss of a majority if they stood opposite on this issue. Many Israeli officials, however, such as the Mayor of Jerusalem at the time, Teddy Kollek, along with others in attendance at the Orson Hyde Memorial Garden dedication, supported the center because of what the church had done for the city. Kollek specifically stated that "the Mormon church's presence in Jerusalem can do a great deal of work in providing the bridge of understanding between the Arab and Jews...because its members look with sympathy and understanding at both sides." The land on which the center was built was then still considered Arab land by many, and many officials saw that its lease would add an image of religious tolerance to their government and increase Israeli control of the land.

Because of its prominent location in the Jerusalem skyline, construction was quickly noticed, and this sparked a major controversy in Israel and in the Jewish world as a whole beginning in 1985. The Haredim led the opposition, their main concern being that the building would be used not as a school, but as a center for Mormon proselyting efforts in Jerusalem. The Haredim warned of a "spiritual holocaust". The LDS Church, they argued, had no local presence in the population of the Jerusalem area and no historical connections to the land. The group spread warnings through letters, newspapers, and television that Mormon missionaries would convert Jews throughout the city, saying that:

"'The Mormon organization is one of the most dangerous, and in America they have already struck down many Jews. At the present the Mormons are cautious because of the tremendous opposition their missionary activities would engender, but the moment their new Center is completed, we won’t be able to stop them.' -- Kol Ha’Ir"

and that:

"'At the heart of the 'emotional' and 'bitter' controversy brewing in Jerusalem is whether Christian Zionism, based on Christian eschatological expectations, should function in Israel with the help and active aid of government and municipal authorities, such as the assistance being rendered to the Brigham Young University.' -- Inter Mountain Jewish News" Warnings in the media led to street protests and demonstrations. Orthodox Jews marched on City Hall and to the construction site in 1986. Some even gathered at the Western Wall in a public prayer of mourning because of the center. They also gathered at the hotel at which the BYU President was staying at one point, carrying signs saying: "Conversion is Murder!" and "Mormons, stop your mission now". Despite the intensity of the Haredi opposition, at no point did the protests become physically violent. In late 1985, the Haredim motioned for a no-confidence vote against the leading Labor Party. Prime Minister Shimon Peres organized a committee of eight, four for the center and four against, to debate the issue and come up with a solution either for or against the center's presence. Another committee was formed to look into the allegation that the money the church had put into Jerusalem was a bribe to gain Mayor Kolleck's support for the center (the committee found the church "Not Guilty"). A subcommittee of the Knesset requested that the LDS Church issue a formal promise not to proselytize Jews. Some Israelis considered this discriminatory, as no other Christian church had been asked to do this in Jerusalem. Church leaders, however, agreed to comply and sent a formally signed statement soon after. Some Jews in the area were still uneasy and doubted the church's intent, believing that religious belief among Mormons would supersede adherence to the law. One protester stated that "converting the sons of Judah, us, is a basic article of their faith. . . . They regard themselves as sons of Joseph and believe there will be no Second Coming for as long as we and they do not fuse."

In addition to the promise not to proselyte, BYU began a public relations campaign to inform the public of their intentions for the center as a school and a gathering place for those already of the LDS faith. Ads were purchased in local newspapers, magazines, and on television, and the center had personnel appear on radio talk shows. Government officials in favor of the center also began to speak out, saying that Jerusalem should deny no one a place to worship, Jew, Muslim, or Christian. The Minister for Economic Planning, Gad Yaakobi said that the debate had "already caused considerable damage to Israel", and Former Foreign Minister Abba Eban stated that the "free exercise of conscience and dissent in a democratic society" was at stake. The center also received support in the U.S., as former president Gerald Ford spoke for the center, as well the United Jewish Council of Utah, who wrote a letter stating that "For over one hundred years, the Jewish and LDS communities have coexisted in the Salt Lake Valley in a spirit of true friendship and harmony. It has been our experience that when the leaders of the LDS Church make a commitment of policy, it is a commitment which can be relied upon. The stated commitment of Brigham Young University not to violate the laws of the state of Israel, or its own commitment regarding proselytizing in the state of Israel through the Jerusalem-based Brigham Young facility, is a commitment which we sincerely believe will be honored." The U.S. government also became an intermediary for BYU as 154 members of Congress issued a letter to the Knesset in support of the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1986, the Knesset approved the completion of the center.

Opening and dedication
Students moved into the center on May 8, 1987. The school remained unfinished, but the dormitory levels had been completed. Students had formerly been housed at Kibbutz Ramat Rachel. In 1988, before the center's dedication, a few Jerusalem locals complained that the arrangement of the windows at night looked like a Christian cross. The center purchased blinds and carefully arranged them over the windows so that no such sign would be seen. Members of the LDS Church do not use the symbol of the cross as other Christian denominations do, due to their focus on the resurrection, rather than the death, of Christ.

The center was dedicated on May 16, 1989, by Howard W. Hunter, the president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The dedication ceremony was small, as the church decided not to announce it until a month later. The church did not want a large ceremony to cause concern among those in opposition to the center, who may have seen it as a religious gathering. Thomas S. Monson, then a second counselor in the First Presidency of the LDS Church, and Boyd K. Packer, another member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve, were among those in attendance, as well as BYU President Jeffrey R. Holland. Robert C. Taylor, director of the BYU Travel Study program was in attendance and stated in an interview with The Daily Universe that the dedication of the building was centered solely on the educational aspect of the school, as well as for "whatever purposes [the Lord] has in store" in the future. Taylor stated that the church would respect the laws of the land and their commitment not to proselyte.

Center closings
After the onset of the Second Intifada, security for BYU students became increasingly difficult to maintain, and the center closed indefinitely to students in 2000. During the fighting, BYU sources reported that the center's staff remained on location and managed to maintain good relations on both Israeli and Palestinian sides. As negotiations to stop the fighting continued, one proposed settlement had the center placed within the borders of a proposed Palestinian state (this, however, was not the proposal ultimately agreed upon by the two sides). While closed to students, the center remained open for visitors and concerts.

On June 9, 2006, officials announced their intention to reopen the Jerusalem Center for the Fall 2006 semester. However, escalating violence in the area from the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict frustrated these plans and raised new concerns about students' safety in the area. School officials deemed the center would remain closed until the conflict was resolved. During this time, some LDS members in Northern Israel were "voluntarily relocated" into the center, away from border missile strikes. BYU officials announced on October 9, 2006, that the center would be reopening for student academic programs for Winter Semester 2007. The initial program was limited to only 44 students. Currently, over 80 students participate each semester. The center remains open into future academic terms.

Facilities and architecture
The center was designed in partnership with Frank Ferguson of FFKR Architects (Salt Lake City) and by Brazilian-Israeli architect David Resnick, who also designed the nearby campus of the Hebrew University. The center is situated on the western slope of the Mount of Olives, right where it connects to Mount Scopus, overlooking the Kidron Valley and the Old City. The 125000 sqft, eight-level structure is set amid 5 acre of gardens. The first five levels provide dormitory and apartment space for up to 170 students, each of these apartments having a patio overlooking the Old City. The sixth level houses a cafeteria, classrooms, computer facilities, and a gymnasium, while administrative and faculty offices are located on the seventh level, along with a 250-seat auditorium. The main entry is on the eighth level, which also contains a recital and special events auditorium with organ, lecture rooms, general and reserve libraries, offices, a domed theater, and a learning resource area. This auditorium is surrounded by glass on three sides, providing views of the city. The organ within it is a Scandinavian-made Marcussen organ. The aforementioned library on the same floor as the auditorium contains 10,000-15,000 volumes focusing largely on the Near East.

The center's design reflects the architecture of the Near East. It is constructed of cast concrete. Hand-carved Jerusalem limestone adorn the building, according to local custom. The use of arches and domes closely models other building of Jerusalem and the gardens throughout the center contain many trees and other plants named in the Bible. The interior contains the arches and cupolas typical of the Near East, and large, windowed pavilions provide wide views of Jerusalem.

Over 400 micropiles were drilled into the Mount to secure the foundation in case of an earthquake. The building also contains, in adherence to Israeli law, bomb shelters capable of holding all faculty, staff, and students in case of emergency.

Research and education
The Jerusalem Center played a role in the research of the Dead Sea Scrolls in cooperation with the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation of Jerusalem. They developed a comprehensive CD-ROM database of the contents of the Scrolls, enabling researchers worldwide the ability to study them.

The center provides a curriculum that focuses on Old and New Testament, ancient and modern Near Eastern studies, and language (Hebrew and Arabic). Classroom study is built around field trips that cover the Holy Land, and the program is open only to qualifying full-time undergraduate students at either BYU, BYU-Idaho, or BYU-Hawaii.

The center teaches classes in four-month semesters occurring three times per year. Each semester costs $10,815. Students are required to take a small orientation course online before entering the center and are interviewed individually. Application requirements state that students must have attended at least two semesters (including the semester immediately preceding the trip abroad) at BYU, BYU-Hawaii, or BYU-Idaho, have a GPA of at least 2.5, and sign an agreement not to proselytize. Married students are not allowed to attend.

Mission
Members of the LDS Church believe that Jesus Christ will return in glory in his Second Coming. Howard W. Hunter, who was president of the church's Quorum of the Twelve at the time of the center's construction, pointed out that although there would be no proselytizing from the center, it still served a valuable purpose. One church member quoted him this way: "Elder Hunter said that our mission was not to harvest, probably not even to plant, but to clear away a few more stones." Latter-day Saints often see the center as a way for them to show local Jews what the church is about by example, rather than by proselyting. This is done by the way students and faculty at the center live their lives, as well as through the hiring of both Israeli and Palestinian workers, as an example of what can be done through cooperation. During construction of the center, for example, the church hired as many as 300 workers at one time, with about 60% of them being Arab and the other 40% being Jewish. Similar cooperation continues today.

The center also strives to meet the goals of the BYU Mission statement, "to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life" as well as in their educational endeavors. The center aims to give students not only an educational experience by experiencing cultures and languages firsthand, but a spiritual experience by taking them to the sites of biblical events and encouraging them to live their lives in a Christian way.

title: BYU Jerusalem Center


text:
User talk:Jdcc

Greetings, and thanks for your contributions to PGP and OpenPGP; welcome to Wikipedia! Your additions and corrections are much appreciated. I've removed a couple of phrases along the lines of "PGP's design has been (and remains) cryptographically excellent"; it would be better if we could replace such assertions with things like "PGP has been recommended for use by independent group of cryptographic experts X" or "Report Y by cryptographer Z finds no problems with the design of PGP". Have a look at Neutral_point_of_view. Some coordination for cryptography here is done at WikiProject Cryptography, as well, of course, as on the various talk pages. — Matt 08:53, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Matt -- I don't mind your removing that phrase. I didn't write it, someone else did. All I did was fail to delete it. :-) I was mildly uncomfortable with it, but I thought it was both flattering to PGP and I agreed with it, so I left it there. If you want it gone, sure. I'm happy to put in some other things like that PGP is one of the two NIST-approved standards for message encryption (S/MIME is the other one).

I tried very hard to correct things that I knew were mistakes, and fill in things that are part of the historical gray area of PGP. Simson's book ends at the beginning of '95. The Z-affaire ended in January '96. I did some work with them (being a fan) at that time and being a crypto guy at Apple. I left Apple for PGP Inc. in Jan '97, and consequently there are lots of things that were never adequately explained. Now the story can be told. Some stuff I changed because it was partially true -- for example, the explanation of digital signatures describes RSA but not DSA signatures. Thanks for leaving my edits predominately.

 * I've copied some bits and replied at Talk:Pretty Good Privacy, just to try and keep these things in a place where future editors can find them! — Matt 11:32, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm happy to help with the other projects as well.

-- Jon

jdcc,

Likewise thank you for your edits. And likewise an invitation (if you're willing) to join the valiant crew (in your mind's eye -- Arvindn, Imran, Matt, Securiger, ww, ... standing tall and peering myopically into the sunset) struggling to explain crypto to the masses. With the looming of mandatory digital rights management expected in Longhorn, it will become more than merely an enthusiasm of the odd.

I too have made some changes in the article you left (mostly wording and tightening up here and there). I'd appreciate it if you looked over the article and checked to make sure none of the assumptions I made about what was meant were wrong.

I'd like to nominate this article for WP 'featured' status, and so if you agree that none of Matt's, or my, changes have done violence to the information here, I'll go ahead and do so.

Thanks again.

ww 17:40, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

WW -- I would like it if you did nominate it for 'featured.' I'm going back through and making some other edits.

For example: Elgamal is properly thus. I asked Taher years ago, and also worked for him. He is Egyptian by birth, and originally it would be "El Gamal". When he came to the US, two-word surnames are a hassle, so he went to "ElGamal" but that wasn't really any better. So now his legal name is "Elgamal". Yes, I know that Schneier spells it with the intra-cap. That is not the way Taher now spells his name.

The RSA patent wasn't merely "partially controlled" by MIT, they owned it. RSADSI (typo corrected, too) were the sole licensee who then sublicensed. Professors at MIT personally stared down RSADSI in those days.

The security problems with PGP 2 have not been patched. They are still there, and I believe that unless you are already a PGP 2 user, you shouldn't. They are:

 * PGP 2 uses MD5, which is known to have flaws.
 * The fingerprint of the PGP 2 keys is the MD5 hash of the public key data, but not its length. This means that it can be spoofed.
 * The key id of a key is the low 64 bits of the public modulus, which can be spoofed. In the new keys, it's a truncated hash.
 * The Katz attack works best against PGP 2, and is thwarted with MDC in OpenPGP.

None of these can be patched. None of them are "oh, my god, bar the door!" flaws, but they're flaws.

There are some flaws that could be patched against, like the Klima attack to get the private key. But realistically, that fix isn't in the average copy of 2.6.whatever. Also, realistically, no one is going to do a Klima attack against you who can't do something more interesting. The Klima attack requires write access to the disk. Nonetheless, no new user should be using PGP 2, any more than they should be using Windows 3.1, Mac OS 7.5, or Linux 0.99 (which all date from the same era).

 * J, (is it Jon or jdcc?) I've replied to some of this at Talk:PGP. The ownership v control issue was more complicated then you suggest for reasons (legal and commercial) more complicated still. I've seen ElGamal in several forms, so I'm glad you've clarified it all. Glad to see you're willing to pitch in on, and help in, the crypto corner.
 * Where do you stand on the question of the hour, cypher or cipher?
 * Welcome. ww 14:18, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's Jon. When I started the OpenPGP working group in the IETF, I asked Taher. I'm more than happy to pitch in.
 * To my knowledge, cipher is the American spelling and cypher the British one. I personally prefer the y because I like the way it looks, but usually use the i to appease editors.

 * Jon, I wasn't really serious about the spelling question, though some people are. See Talk:Cryptography for some back and forth. Both have a long history in English and it's one of those insane English orthography things. I too prefer y and use it in all my writing on the subject -- even though I'm an AE speaker. I've replied to your comment on PKP at Talk:PGP.
 * If you're glazed over on the PGP article, try another in your copious spare time. WP will be glad to soak it up!
 * At the moment, the articles which are closest to featured status nomination (aside from PGP) are, in my view, secret sharing and perhaps Enigma, though this last needs a pruning -- it's on my honeydew list. See the talk page for both for some history of how things got there. The comment by jwr at Talk:Enigma isn't yet implemented. ww 15:36, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Jon, The spelling thing has acquired some formality in an attempt to settle it, I think. Anyway, you might want to check in if only to be certain your view has been correctly noted. Best wishes. ww 20:54, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Jon, PGP has been nominated and has gotten generally favorable responses. See featured article nominations. jwr made some comments to which I replied with a series of edits, of which he approved, and has changed his comment to support. Matt opposed on 'not brilliant enough prose' grounds. Some were addressed by edits made by isomorphic and myself, but Matt's objection continues. See Talk:PGP and User Talk:Matt Crypto at 'PGP comment'. You may want to look into the assorted activity to see that no one has too badly bent the facts and perhaps to address some of Matt's remaining concerns.

On other issues, I have turned up several crypto articles which seem to me to be almost ready for prime time. They are listed, with comments, at Wikiproject Cryptography. Any of them might be appropriate for your attentions as well, assuming you have any time available.

Thanks, ww 16:35, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Cryptography mailshot
Hi, quick note to let you know about what's happening with the WikiReader in Cryptography. There's now a provisional Table of Contents to work with, and for the next 68 days or so there'll be an "Article of the Day" scheme: each day there'll be a particular article highlighted for reviewing and fixing. There's two templates for this purpose: Template:WikiReaderCryptographyAOTD and Template:WikiReaderCryptographyAOTD-Verbose. The smaller one looks like this:

These articles are likely to be some of the earliest English Wikipedia content to get turned into a print version, and any help in making them as good as possible would be much appreciated. Thanks! — Matt 01:50, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

New Mathematics Wikiportal
I noticed you've done some work on Mathematics articles. I wanted to point out to you the new Mathematics Wikiportal- more specifically, to the Mathematics Collaboration of the Week page. I'm looking for any math-related stubs or non-existant articles that you would like to see on Wikipedia. Additionally, I wondered if you'd be willing to help out on some of the Collaboration of the Week pages.

I encourage you to vote on the current Collaboration of the Week, because I'm very interested in which articles you think need to be written or added to, and because I understand that I cannot do the enormous amount of work required on some of the Math stubs alone. I'm asking for your help, and also your critiques on the way the portal is set up.

Please direct all comments to my user-talk page, the Math Wikiportal talk page, or the Math Collaboration of the Week talk page. Thanks a lot for your support! ral315 02:54, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Laura D. Taylor-Kale (February 7)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Mcmatter was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Laura D. Taylor-Kale and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Laura_D._Taylor-Kale Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mcmatter&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Laura_D._Taylor-Kale reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 03:22, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdcc


text:
Talk:Index of logic articles

List updater
In subsection A below, listed are articles which are missing from the Index of logic articles. They were found by looking in the categories in subsection C. One can add more categories to be searched to subsection C, see some suggestions in subsection D.

All this process can be restarted by clicking on the link at the bottom of subsection E.

Please note that anything around here is editable, but please don't modify the lines of the form

or their order.

C: Categories to be searched
The bot will look for potential additions to the Index of logic articles in this list of categories. You may add any other categories to this list, for example from subsection D below. Use the format Category:XXX (the colon shows up twice!).

Category:Logic Category:Concepts in logic Category:Logic literature Category:Logic books Category:Logic journals Category:Philosophical logic Category:History of logic Category:Critical thinking Category:Metalogic Category:Philosophy of logic Category:Theories of deduction Category:Non-classical logic Category:Classical logic Category:Logic organizations Category:Logical fallacies

D: Potential searchable categories
Move up to subsection C any categories which the bot should search for missing articles in the Index of logic articles.

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E: Articles in Index of logic articles not in categories
May be redirects or articles which should be removed/categorized.

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NB categorial logic and categorical logic are different subjects.

Charles Matthews 09:06, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Logicians
Does it make sense for this list to have a famous logicians section, when there is a list of logicians? --- Charles Stewart 17:33, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Index of logic articles


text:
Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology

Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T., often written as SMART) is a monitoring system included in computer hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). Its primary function is to detect and report various indicators of drive reliability with the intent of anticipating imminent hardware failures.

When S.M.A.R.T. data indicates a possible imminent drive failure, software running on the host system may notify the user so action can be taken to prevent data loss, and the failing drive can be replaced and data integrity maintained.

Background
Hard disk and other storage drives are subject to failures (see hard disk drive failure) which can be classified into two basic classes:

 * Predictable failures which result from slow processes such as mechanical wear and gradual degradation of storage surfaces. Monitoring can determine when such failures are becoming more likely.
 * Unpredictable failures which occur without warning due to anything from electronic components becoming defective to a sudden mechanical failure, including failures related to improper handling.

Mechanical failures account for about 60% of all drive failures. While the eventual failure may be catastrophic, most mechanical failures result from gradual wear and there are usually certain indications that failure is imminent. These may include increased heat output, increased noise level, problems with reading and writing of data, or an increase in the number of damaged disk sectors.

PCTechGuide's page on S.M.A.R.T. (2003) comments that the technology has gone through three phases: "In its original incarnation S.M.A.R.T. provided failure prediction by monitoring certain online hard drive activities. A subsequent version of the standard improved failure prediction by adding an automatic off-line read scan to monitor additional operations. Online attributes are always updated while the offline attributes get updated when the HDD is not under working condition. If there is an immediate need to update the offline attributes, the HDD slows down and the offline attributes get updated. The latest 'S.M.A.R.T.' technology not only monitors hard drive activities but adds failure prevention by attempting to detect and repair sector errors. Also, while earlier versions of the technology only monitored hard drive activity for data that was retrieved by the operating system, this latest S.M.A.R.T. tests all data and all sectors of a drive by using 'off-line data collection' to confirm the drive's health during periods of inactivity."

Accuracy
A field study at Google covering over 100,000 consumer-grade drives from December 2005 to August 2006 found correlations between certain S.M.A.R.T. information and annualized failure rates:
 * In the 60 days following the first uncorrectable error on a drive (S.M.A.R.T. attribute 0xC6 or 198) detected as a result of an offline scan, the drive was, on average, 39 times more likely to fail than a similar drive for which no such error occurred.
 * First errors in reallocations, offline reallocations (S.M.A.R.T. attributes 0xC4 and 0x05 or 196 and 5) and probational counts (S.M.A.R.T. attribute 0xC5 or 197) were also strongly correlated to higher probabilities of failure.
 * Conversely, little correlation was found for increased temperature and no correlation for usage level. However, the research showed that a large proportion (56%) of the failed drives failed without recording any count in the "four strong S.M.A.R.T. warnings" identified as scan errors, reallocation count, offline reallocation, and probational count.
 * Further, 36% of failed drives did so without recording any S.M.A.R.T. error at all, except the temperature, meaning that S.M.A.R.T. data alone was of limited usefulness in anticipating failures.

History and predecessors
An early hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by IBM in 1992 in its IBM 9337 Disk Arrays for AS/400 servers using IBM 0662 SCSI-2 disk drives. Later it was named Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) technology. It was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware. Communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result: namely, either "device is OK" or "drive is likely to fail soon".

Later, another variant, which was named IntelliSafe, was created by computer manufacturer Compaq and disk drive manufacturers Seagate, Quantum, and Conner. The disk drives would measure the disk's "health parameters", and the values would be transferred to the operating system and user-space monitoring software. Each disk drive vendor was free to decide which parameters were to be included for monitoring, and what their thresholds should be. The unification was at the protocol level with the host.

Compaq submitted IntelliSafe to the Small Form Factor (SFF) committee for standardization in early 1995. It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital, which did not have a failure prediction system at the time. The Committee chose IntelliSafe's approach, as it provided more flexibility. Compaq placed IntelliSafe into the public domain on 12 May 1995. The resulting jointly developed standard was named S.M.A.R.T..

That SFF standard described a communication protocol for an ATA host to use and control monitoring and analysis in a hard disk drive, but did not specify any particular metrics or analysis methods. Later, "S.M.A.R.T." came to be understood (though without any formal specification) to refer to a variety of specific metrics and methods and to apply to protocols unrelated to ATA for communicating the same kinds of things.

Provided information
The technical documentation for S.M.A.R.T. is in the AT Attachment (ATA) standard. First introduced in 1994, the ATA standard has gone through multiple revisions. Some parts of the original S.M.A.R.T. specification by the Small Form Factor (SFF) Committee were added to ATA-3, published in 1997. In 1998 ATA-4 dropped the requirement for drives to maintain an internal attribute table and instead required only for an "OK" or "NOT OK" value to be returned. Albeit, manufacturers have kept the capability to retrieve the attributes' value. The most recent ATA standard, ATA-8, was published in 2004. It has undergone regular revisions, the latest being in 2011. Standardization of similar features on SCSI is more scarce and is not named as such on standards, although vendors and consumers alike do refer to these similar features as S.M.A.R.T. too.

The most basic information that S.M.A.R.T. provides is the S.M.A.R.T. status. It provides only two values: "threshold not exceeded" and "threshold exceeded". Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively. A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honor its specification in the future: that is, the drive is "about to fail". The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as the inability to write to certain sectors, or perhaps slower performance than the manufacturer's declared minimum.

The S.M.A.R.T. status does not necessarily indicate the drive's past or present reliability. If a drive has already failed catastrophically, the S.M.A.R.T. status may be inaccessible. Alternatively, if a drive has experienced problems in the past, but the sensors no longer detect such problems, the S.M.A.R.T. status may, depending on the manufacturer's programming, suggest that the drive is now healthy.

The inability to read some sectors is not always an indication that a drive is about to fail. One way that unreadable sectors may be created, even when the drive is functioning within specification, is through a sudden power failure while the drive is writing. Also, even if the physical disk is damaged at one location, such that a certain sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area, so that the sector can be overwritten.

More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the S.M.A.R.T. Attributes. S.M.A.R.T. Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard, but were removed before the standard became final. The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers, and are sometimes considered a trade secret for one manufacturer or another. Attributes are further discussed below.

Drives with S.M.A.R.T. may optionally maintain a number of 'logs'. The error log records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer. Examining this log may help one to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else (error log timestamps may "wrap" after 232 ms = 49.71 days )

A drive that implements S.M.A.R.T. may optionally implement a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the self-test log. The self-test routines may be used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk, so that they may be restored from back-up sources (for example, from other disks in a RAID). This helps to reduce the risk of incurring permanent loss of data.

Lack of common interpretation
Many motherboards display a warning message when a disk drive is approaching failure. Although an industry standard exists among most major hard drive manufacturers, issues remain due to attributes intentionally left undocumented to the public in order to differentiate models between manufacturers. From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signaling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer. Because of this the specifications of S.M.A.R.T. are entirely vendor specific and, while many of these attributes have been standardized between drive vendors, others remain vendor-specific. S.M.A.R.T. implementations still differ and in some cases may lack "common" or expected features such as a temperature sensor or only include a few select attributes while still allowing the manufacturer to advertise the product as "S.M.A.R.T. compatible."

Visibility to host systems
Depending on the type of interface being used, some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives. For example, few external drives connected via USB and FireWire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces. With so many ways to connect a hard drive (SCSI, Fibre Channel, ATA, SATA, SAS, SSA, NVMe and so on), it is difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly in a given system.

Even with a hard drive and interface that implements the specification, the computer's operating system may not see the S.M.A.R.T. information because the drive and interface are encapsulated in a lower layer. For example, they may be part of a RAID subsystem in which the RAID controller sees the S.M.A.R.T.-capable drive, but the host computer sees only a logical volume generated by the RAID controller.

On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will function only under an administrator account.

BIOS and Windows (Windows Vista and later) may detect S.M.A.R.T. status of hard disk drives and solid state drives, and give a prompt if the S.M.A.R.T. status is bad.

ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes
Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes, and sets threshold values beyond which attributes should not pass under normal operation. Each attribute has:
 * 1 byte for the ID (1 through 254)
 * 2 bytes for status flags
 * 1 byte of normalized value, which ranges from 1 to 253 (higher is usually better, but vendors are allowed to vary; the threshold entry stored elsewhere describes which direction is better). The initial normalized value of attributes is 100 but can vary between manufacturer.
 * 8 bytes "vendor-specific".

In practice, however, the full "vendor-specific" field is not used as-is. Instead, one of the following occurs:
 * In the 7-byte setup, the first byte of "vendor-specific" is used to store a "worst" normalized value, leaving 7 bytes for vendor data.
 * In the 6-byte setup, the first byte of "vendor-specific" is used to store a "worst" normalized value and the last byte "reserved", leaving 6 bytes.
 * In the 8-byte setup, the normalized byte is added to the field while the last byte is reserved.

In any case, the vendor field, also commonly called a "raw value", may be displayed as a decimal or hexadecimal number; its meaning is entirely up to the drive manufacturer (but often corresponds to counts or a physical unit, such as degrees Celsius or seconds).

If one or more "current value" is smaller than "threshold value" (except the "threshold value" is 0), that will reported as "drive failure".

Manufacturers that have implemented at least one S.M.A.R.T. attribute in various products include Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu, Maxtor, Toshiba, Intel, sTec, Inc., Western Digital and ExcelStor Technology.

Known ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes
The following chart lists some S.M.A.R.T. attributes and the typical meaning of their raw values. Normalized values are usually mapped so that higher values are better (exceptions include drive temperature, number of head load/unload cycles ), but higher raw attribute values may be better or worse depending on the attribute and manufacturer. For example, the "Reallocated Sectors Count" attribute's normalized value decreases as the count of reallocated sectors increases. In this case, the attribute's raw value will often indicate the actual count of sectors that were reallocated, although vendors are in no way required to adhere to this convention.

As manufacturers do not necessarily agree on precise attribute definitions and measurement units, the following list of attributes is a general guide only.

Drives do not support all attribute codes (sometimes abbreviated as "ID", for "identifier", in tables). Some codes are specific to particular drive types (magnetic platter, flash, SSD). Drives may use different codes for the same parameter, e.g., see codes 193 and 225.

Threshold Exceeds Condition
Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is an estimated date when a critical drive statistic attribute will reach its threshold value. When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C.", it should be regarded as a "Failure date". Sometimes, no date is given and the drive can be expected to work without errors.

To predict the date, the drive tracks the rate at which the attribute changes. Note that TEC dates are only estimates; hard drives can and do fail much sooner or much later than the TEC date.

In NVMe
NVMe specification has defined unified S.M.A.R.T. attributes for different drive manufacturers. The data is present in a log page of 512 bytes long.

In SCSI
The SCSI standard does not mention the term "S.M.A.R.T." except in one place, but the equivalent logging/failure-prediction functionality is available in standard log pages prescribed by SPC-4. There is also space for vendor-specific log pages. Log pages are variable-length.

SCSI has a specialized set of S.M.A.R.T. features for tape drives known as TapeAlert defined in SMC-2. SCSI offers self-testing, similar to ATA.

Information related to the reallocation of bad sectors is provided not via a log page, but via the READ DEFECT DATA command. In addition to a grand total, this command provides information about which specific sectors were allocated and why.

Self-tests
S.M.A.R.T. drives may offer a number of self-tests:

 * Short
 * Checks the electrical and mechanical performance as well as the read performance of the disk. Electrical tests might include a test of buffer RAM, a read/write circuitry test, or a test of the read/write head elements. Mechanical test includes seeking and servo on data tracks. Scans small parts of the drive's surface (area is vendor-specific and there is a time limit on the test). Checks the list of pending sectors that may have read errors, and it usually takes under two minutes.

 * Long/extended
 * A longer and more thorough version of the short self-test, scanning the entire disk surface with no time limit. This test usually takes several hours, depending on the read/write speed of the drive and its size. It is possible for the long test to pass even if the short test fails.

 * Conveyance
 * Intended as a quick test to identify damage incurred during transporting of the device from the drive manufacturer to the computer manufacturer. Only available on ATA drives, and it usually takes several minutes.

 * Selective
 * Some ATA drives allow selective self-tests of just a part of the surface. There is a dedicated log for selective test results, separate from the main self-test log.

 * Background scan
 * SCSI drives have the ability to schedule periodic full-surface self-tests known as a background media scan (BMS). The sdparm program may be used to adjust whether to run the scans and various parameters for the scan (e.g. period, idle time before run). The drive remains operable during the test. There is a dedicated log for background scan results, separate from the self-test log.

 * Offline data collection
 * ATA drives may support a periodic short operation called "offline data collection". Although this feature is marked "obsolete", many modern hard drives retain this feature. The drive remains operable during collection and any result is reflected only in SMART attributes (some attributes only update when "offline").

Drives remain operable during self-test, unless a "captive" option (ATA only) is requested.

The self-test logs for SCSI and ATA drives are slightly different.

The ATA drive's self-test log can contain up to 21 read-only entries. When the log is filled, old entries are removed.


text:
Hank Thompson

Hank Thompson may refer to:

 * Hank Thompson (baseball) (1925–1969), American third baseman
 * Hank Thompson (musician) (1925–2007), country music singer and songwriter

title: Hank Thompson


text:
Kei Ling Ha

Kei Ling Ha is an area of Shap Sze Heung, on the Sai Kung Peninsula, in eastern New Territories of Hong Kong. Administratively, it is part of Tai Po District. It is a popular place for countryside visits, picnicking and bird watching.

Location
Kei Ling Ha is located at the coastal area near Sai Sha Road, at the junction of Ma On Shan Country Park and Sai Kung West Country Park. It is located in the innermost shore of Three Fathoms Cove which is known as Kei Ling Ha Hoi indigenously.

Villages
Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai and Kei Ling Ha San Wai  are the two main villages within this area. Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai is a Hakka walled village. Both villages are occupied by members of the Ho lineage.

The settlement of Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai probably dates back to the late 16th century. The New Village branched off from the "old Wai" around 1876. The combined population of the two villages was 135 in 1960.

As a walled village, Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai features an entrance gate and a Ho Ancestral Hall. A drystone wall marks the outer edge of the village platform on a piedmont site. The site faces almost directly north so that the wall has a most likely a geomantic as well as a practical function.

Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai and Kei Ling Ha San Wai are recognized villages under the New Territories Small House Policy.

Ecology
Kei Ling Ha is the site of a rocky shore. Mangrove can be found at Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai, and the site has been a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1994. It is the habitat of fiddler crabs.

Transport
Kei Ling Ha is served by Sai Sha Road. The end of Stage 3 and start of Stage 4 of the MacLehose Trail is located at Shui Long Wo, part of Kei Ling Ha.

title: Kei Ling Ha


text:
Talk:Kei Ling Ha

Untitled
Where is this. It would be helpful to tell us what country it is in at the very least.203.97.2.243 09:11, 4 May 2004 (UTC)]
 * Kei Ling Ha is a nice picnic site in Sai Kung, Hong Kong. -- PFHLai 07:46, 2004 Jul 22 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kei Ling Ha


text:
Talk:John Alexander, Sir Macdonald

This seems like an odd and unneccesary redirect.--Samuel J. Howard 09:19, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Alexander, Sir Macdonald


text:
John McClelland (doctor)

Sir John McClelland (1805–1883 ) was a British medical doctor with interests in geology and biology, who worked for the East India Company.

In 1835 he was sent on a mission (Tea Committee) to identify if tea could be grown in north-eastern India along with Nathaniel Wallich and William Griffith. This mission ran into troubles with the members of the group.

McClelland was appointed 1836 as the secretary of the "Coal Committee", the forerunner of the Geological Survey of India (GSI), formed to explore possibilities to exploit Indian coal. He was the first to propose hiring professional geologists for the task. He was also involved in surveys of forests and his reports led to the establishment of the Forest Department in India.

He also served as an interim superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden from 1846 to 1847 and was editor of the Calcutta Journal of Natural History from 1841 to 1847.

Legacy
McClelland is commemorated in the name of the mountain bulbul, Ixos mcclellandii.

A species of venomous snake, Sinomicrurus macclellandi, is also named in his honor.

The Spotted codlet fish Bregmaceros mcclellandi  W. Thompson, 1840 is named after him.

Work
In his work as an ichthyologist he described many species and several genera of fish, among them Schistura.

Taxon described by him

 * See Category:Taxa named by John McClelland (doctor)

Writings

 * McClelland J (1839). "Indian Cyprinidae". Asiatic Researches 19: 217–471.

title: John McClelland (doctor)