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North Macedonia national football team

The North Macedonia national football team (Фудбалска репрезентација на Северна Македонија) represents North Macedonia in men's international football, and is administered by the Football Federation of Macedonia. The team play their home matches at the Toše Proeski National Arena in Skopje.

North Macedonia have been rising in football in recent years, reaching Euro 2020 (their first major tournament) and the European qualifying play-off final of the 2022 World Cup (after defeating Germany in Duisburg and Italy in Palermo).

History
Between 1945 and 1992, SR Macedonia was ineligible to play as a team for official matches. The team had mostly played exhibition matches against teams from other republics of SFR Yugoslavia and was represented by Macedonian players under the traditional red, yellow and white colors. As an independent team, it started to compete on international level after the split of the federation in 1991.

Early years (1993–96)
In 1994, the Republic of Macedonia became a single member of FIFA and UEFA after the independence and split of the Yugoslavia. They recorded their first match as a 4–1 victory against Slovenia in a friendly on 13 October 1993 under coach Andon Dončevski.

They went on to win their next two friendlies against Slovenia and Estonia.

Euro 1996 qualifiers
The Euro '96 qualifiers was the first major qualifying tournament that Macedonia participated in as an independent nation, grouped with Spain, Denmark, Belgium, Cyprus and Armenia. In their opening game, which was also their first ever official match, Macedonia played the reigning European champions Denmark, finishing 1–1 after Macedonia led for most of the game. In Euro '96 qualifying, Macedonia suffered one of its worst-ever defeats, 5–0 to Belgium on 7 June 1995. They failed to qualify for Euro '96, finishing fourth in the group with seven points.

1998 World Cup qualifiers
Macedonia's first qualifying attempt for the World Cup saw them grouped with Romania, Republic of Ireland, Lithuania, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.

The tournament began on 24 April 1996 with a 3–0 win at home against Liechtenstein. On 9 November 1996, Macedonia recorded their biggest ever, an 11–1 thrashing of Liechtenstein. Macedonia defeated the Republic of Ireland 3–2 at home, their first win over a major European team, but failed again to qualify for the 1998 World Cup in France, finishing fourth in the group on 13 points.

Euro 2000 qualifiers
Macedonia's journey to qualify for the Euro 2000 tournament in the Netherlands and Belgium saw them grouped with FR Yugoslavia, Republic of Ireland, Croatia, and Malta. They once again opened their qualifying campaign with a win after beating Malta 4–0 at home on 6 September 1998. Their most notable result in the campaign was a 1–1 draw against Croatia in June 1999, with an equalizer of Gjorgji Hristov 10 minutes before the end of the game. They helped Yugoslavia to qualify directly and eliminate Croatia because they drew 1–1 against the Republic of Ireland with a last-minute equalizer of Goran Stavrevski. However, they failed to qualify again, finishing fourth in the group with eight points.

2002 World Cup qualifiers
Macedonia's 2002 World Cup qualifying campaign saw them grouped with Sweden, Turkey, Slovakia, Moldova, and Azerbaijan. They were unsuccessful in their opening match, going down to Slovakia 2–0 in Bratislava on 3 September 2000. The Macedonians once again failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup as they finished fourth in the group with seven points.

Euro 2004 qualifiers
The Euro 2004 Qualifiers saw Macedonia grouped alongside England, Turkey, Slovakia, and Liechtenstein. Macedonia played England in Southampton, England's first home game in Southampton in almost 100 years. Macedonia grabbed the lead early in the first half after Artim Šakiri scored directly from a corner kick. England soon leveled the game, before Macedonia led again. The game eventually ended 2–2. Macedonia lost to England 2–1 at home in the return leg, which took place in September 2003. Macedonia's only win of the campaign came on 7 June 2003, when they beat Liechtenstein 3–1 at home.

2006 World Cup qualifiers
Macedonia was drawn in Group 1 and was grouped with the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Romania, Finland, Armenia, and Andorra. They managed to open their campaign with a comfortable 3–0 win at home against Armenia on 18 August 2004. Macedonia did not win another home game for more than three years.

On 9 October 2004, Macedonia managed to hold the Netherlands to a surprise 2–2 draw in Skopje in front of a crowd of 17,000 at the Skopje City Stadium, but just four days later, they suffered a 1–0 loss away to Andorra. Macedonia then set a new team record for most goals conceded in a game when they lost 6–1 away to the Czech Republic in June 2005.

Macedonia went on to concede a further eight goals in the next two qualifying games, both against Finland. On 23 August 2005, coach Slobodan Santrač resigned as coach of Macedonia after just five months due to personal problems, with former player Boban Babunski temporarily taking over as coach. The resignation came just days after they were beaten 3–0 by Finland in Skopje. Despite failing to qualify for the 2006 World Cup, Macedonia was the only team in the group to not lose against the Netherlands.

Iran tournament
Following the completion of the 2006 World Cup qualifying tournament, in November 2005, Macedonia took part in a friendly tournament in Iran consisting of four teams: Macedonia, Iran, Paraguay, and Togo. In their opening match, they won 2–1 against host nation Iran, booking a spot in the final against Paraguay, where they lost 1–0.

Euro 2008 qualifiers
On 17 February 2006, former Slovenian national team coach Srečko Katanec was appointed as the head coach and was given a two-year contract.

In the lead-up to the beginning of the qualifiers for Euro 2008, Macedonia managed two wins in friendlies, against Ecuador 2–1 in Madrid, and 1–0 Turkey. Macedonia was placed in Group E for the Euro 2008 qualifiers alongside England, Croatia, Russia, Israel, Estonia, and Andorra.

Macedonia opened its UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign with a 1–0 win away to Estonia on 16 August 2006. Macedonia hosted England on 6 September in their second game of the qualifiers. England went on to win 1–0; this was the first time that Macedonia failed to score against England.

A month later, on 7 October 2006, the two teams met once again in Manchester, where England was held to a 0–0 draw in front of 72,062 people. On 17 October 2007, Macedonia recorded their first win on home soil since August 2004 when they defeated Andorra 3–0 in Skopje.

Macedonia then recorded one of their most impressive wins to date when they picked up a 2–0 victory over eventual group winners Croatia on 17 November 2007; it was also a first win for Macedonia over a side that was ranked in the top ten of the FIFA World Rankings. Despite this, Macedonia failed to qualify for Euro 2008 after finishing fifth in the group with 14 points.

2010 World Cup qualifiers
On 25 November 2007, just days after Macedonia completed its qualifying campaign for Euro 2008, the groups for European qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were held in Durban, South Africa, where Macedonia was seeded in Pot 4 and grouped along with the Netherlands, Scotland, Norway and Iceland. Manager Srečko Katanec received a two-year extension on 21 December 2007, which meant he would be under contract through the end of the 2010 World Cup qualifiers. In the lead up to the campaign, Macedonia played three friendlies against Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Poland, which all ended in draws.

Macedonia opened their campaign with a 1–0 home win against Scotland on 6 September 2008 when Ilčo Naumoski scored on a rebound after a missed free kick by Goce Sedloski. Following these impressive results, they moved up 10 places to 46th in the FIFA world rankings for October 2008 which was their highest ever ranking. However, Katanec resigned following a 4–0 loss to the Netherlands in Amsterdam in April 2009, allegedly for getting into an argument with Goran Pandev.

Soon afterwards, the manager of the under-21 team, Mirsad Jonuz, took the helm and remained until the end of the World Cup qualifying campaign. On 12 August 2009, a friendly match against Spain was held at the newly built City Park Stadium in Skopje. The defending European champions won 3–2 after being 2–0 down at halftime. In September, Macedonia lost 2–0 to Scotland and then to Norway.

Euro 2012 qualifiers

Macedonia was placed in Group B for the Euro 2012 qualifiers alongside Russia, Slovakia, Republic of Ireland, Armenia and Andorra. In the lead up to the qualifiers, an under-strength Macedonia side played friendlies against Azerbaijan, Romania, and Malta, winning the first two 3–1 and 1–0 respectively, and tied 1–1 against Malta later the summer.

Macedonia finished in fifth in the group with only two wins against minnows Andorra and two draws, against Armenia and Slovakia, both at home. Manager Mirsad Jonuz was dismissed on 18 June 2011 and replaced by John Toshack.

2014 World Cup qualifiers
Macedonia's 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign saw them grouped with Croatia, Serbia, Belgium, Scotland and Wales. In August 2012, prior to the qualifiers, John Toshack resigned and was replaced by Čedomir Janevski. The national team would begin the qualification round with a loss to Croatia in Zagreb and would go on to draw against Scotland in Glasgow. They lost again to Croatia and won against Serbia in Skopje after a penalty kick taken by Agim Ibraimi. Later in qualification, the national team would go on to lose twice to the eventual group winners Belgium.

Macedonia would beat Wales and lose against Scotland at home. Around the end of September 2013, Janevski would leave the team for Belgian club R.A.E.C. Mons and would be replaced by Zoran Stratev for the last two matches. Away losses to Wales and Serbia meant they would finish last in their group.

After the run, Goran Pandev, Nikolče Noveski, Veliče Šumulikoski and others would retire from the national team due to turbulent relations with the Football Federation of Macedonia. In November 2013, Boško Gjurovski would be appointed the new national team manager.

Euro 2016 qualifiers

On 23 February 2014, Macedonia was placed in Group C for the Euro 2016 qualifiers alongside Spain, Ukraine, Slovakia, Belarus and Luxembourg. With 5–1 loss to Spain in Valencia, the only win they collected was against Luxembourg in Skopje.

After that match, Macedonia was brought into a run of a four losses; manager Boško Gjurovski was dismissed on 7 April 2015 and replaced by Ljubinko Drulović. Further losses came against Slovakia and surprisingly Luxembourg. Macedona drew their last match with Belarus in Barysaw, but still finished last in their group.

2018 World Cup qualifiers
On 25 July 2015, in the middle of the Euro 2016 qualifying, the group draws for European qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup were held in Saint Petersburg. Macedonia was seeded in Pot 5 and grouped along with Spain again, for the first time with Italy, along with Albania, Israel and Liechtenstein.

In October 2015, Drulović left the national team to join Serbian club Partizan and the manager place was taken over by the former manager of Rabotnički, Igor Angelovski. That same month, 2010 UEFA Champions League champion Goran Pandev came back to the national team after two years of absence.

Macedonia started with another disappointing performance with a loss to Albania in Shkodër, with a goal scored by Bekim Balaj in the last moments of the game, in a match that was played over two days because of interruption in the 76th minute due to weather. Later on they also lost to Israel at home after missing a penalty kick by Adis Jahović. After that, the national team also lost to Italy beside their 2–1 lead with the goals scored by Ilija Nestorovski and Ferhan Hasani. At the end of 2016, Macedonia was outclassed by Spain in Granada 4–0; Macedonia had not scored a single point, the worst qualifying start in the history of the national team.

Finally, in March 2017, Macedonia recorded their first win in qualifying against Liechtenstein, 3–0. Then they lost to Spain in Skopje 2–1. They also defeated Israel away through the lone goal by Goran Pandev, which was also a first ever win against Israel. Macedonia later tied Albania in Strumica 1–1.

2018–19 UEFA Nations League D

In the first edition of the UEFA Nations League, Macedonia played in League D, the lowest division. Macedonia were drawn in Group 4 with Armenia, Liechtenstein and Gibraltar. The national team won the group with five wins and one loss, were promoted to the League C for the next edition of the Nations League, and were assured of a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs place.

Euro 2020 qualifiers

For UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying, the newly renamed North Macedonia were placed in Group G, along with Austria, Israel, Latvia, Poland and Slovenia. North Macedonia managed two first impressive results, drawing Slovenia 1–1 away and before that, defeated Latvia 3–1 at home,. However, North Macedonia would soon fall 1–0 to Poland and 4–1 to Austria. Then, the recently renamed country recorded a 1–1 away draw to Israel, and a 2–1 win over Slovenia at home. North Macedonia then lost 2–0 away to Poland, and 2–1 away to Austria, ending up in third place.

However, due to them having successfully taken first place in the UEFA Nations League earlier, North Macedonia was able to reach the country's first ever competitive playoff in history and was scheduled against Kosovo. Eventually, in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs semi-final, North Macedonia overcame Kosovo 2–1 at home. Then they faced Georgia in the final of Path D's play-offs on 13 November in Tbilisi, winning 1–0.

2020–21 UEFA Nations League C
After winning the League D group in the first edition of the UEFA Nations League, North Macedonia were promoted to the third division of the competition, League C. North Macedonia was drawn in Group 2 together with Armenia, Estonia and Georgia.

UEFA Euro 2020
North Macedonia made their Euros debut in 2020, postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All three Group C matches ended up in a loss, to Austria, Ukraine and the Netherlands; Goran Pandev equalized against Austria in the 28th minute and Ezgjan Alioski scored against Ukraine. North Macedonia was the second debutant, after Finland.

 * 13 June 2021 at Arena Națională, Bucharest: Austria 3–1 North Macedonia
 * 17 June 2021 at Arena Națională, Bucharest: Ukraine 2–1 North Macedonia
 * 21 June 2021 at Johan Cruyff Arena, Amsterdam: North Macedonia 0–3 Netherlands

2022 World Cup qualifiers
For the 2022 World Cup qualifying campaign, North Macedonia was drawn in Group J with Germany, Romania, Iceland, Armenia and Liechtenstein. On matchday 3, North Macedonia inflicted a 2–1 defeat on Germany in Duisburg, which was Germany's first World Cup qualification defeat since 2001 and only the third in their history. In the last two games against Armenia and Iceland, North Macedonia won both (5–0 away against Armenia, 3–1 against Iceland) to put them in 2nd in Group J. Qualifying for the play-offs, they defeated reigning European champions Italy in Palermo on 24 March 2022, and faced Portugal in the play-off final on 29 March where they lost 2–0.

2022–23 UEFA Nations League C and Euro 2024 qualification
North Macedonia played in the UEFA Nations League against Georgia, Gibraltar, and Bulgaria. In the end they managed to get the third place. Meanwhile, in the Euro 2024 qualifying, North Macedonia failed to qualify for the UEFA Euro 2024, finishing fourth in their group after England, Italy, Ukraine and above Malta.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history
Updated on 25 March 2024

Current squad

 * The following players were called up for the friendly matches against Croatia and against Czech Republic on 3 and 10 June 2024.
 * Caps and goals are correct as of 10 June 2024, after the match against 🇨🇿 czech republic.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.

 * Notes
 * INJ = Withdrew due to injury
 * PRE = Preliminary squad / standby
 * RET = Retired from the national team
 * SUS = Serving suspension
 * U21 = Player called up to the U21 squad.
 * WD = Player withdrew from the squad.

Statistics

 * Players in bold are still active with Macedonia.

Captains
This is a list of Macedonian captains for five or more official and friendly matches.

Note: Some of the other players to have captained the team include: Dragi Kanatlarovski (1 cap; 1993), Ilija Najdoski (3; 1994), Dančo Celeski (2; 1995), Ljupčo Markovski (4; 1995 to 1997), Mitko Stojkovski (2; 1998), Boban Babunski (2; 1996 and 1999), Gjorgji Hristov (2; 2002 to 2003), Petar Miloševski (2; 2004 and 2008), Ilcho Naumoski (1; 2008), Igor Mitreski (4; 2007 to 2010), Aleksandar Lazevski (1; 2010), Nikolče Noveski (4; 2011 to 2013), Daniel Mojsov (1; 2012), Boban Grncharov (3; 2012 to 2014), Blazhe Ilijoski (1; 2014), Blagoja Todorovski (1; 2014), Vanche Shikov (4; 2015), Ivan Trichkovski (4; 2018 to 2020), Ilija Nestorovski (1; 2019), Darko Velkovski (1; 2022), Elif Elmas (1; 2023) and Stole Dimitrievski (2; 2024).

Olympic Record
1920 Round 1, 1924 Preliminary, 1928 Preliminary, 1948 (2nd), 1952 (2nd), 1956 (2nd), 1960 Champion, 1964 1/4 finals, 1980 (4th), 1984 (3rd), 1988 group
 * Within Yugoslavia Team
 * Since 1996 under 21 team plays at Olympics
 * 1996 did not enter
 * 2000–2024 did not qualify

Minor tournaments

 * Yugoslav Football Tournament
 * 5th place: 1945

 * Team Macedonia: Rustenov, Bogojevski, Vidovik, Martinovski, Petrovski, Davidovski, Janevski, Adamovski, Atanaskov, Balevski, Gerov. Manager: Illes Spitz

Head-to-head record
, after the match against Czech Republic.

FIFA ranking history
FIFA-ranking yearly averages for North Macedonia. The country reached 46th in October 2008, and 166th in March 2017. As of 25 March 2022, they sit in 66th.

title: North Macedonia national football team


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Car body style

There are many types of car body styles. They vary depending on intended use, market position, location, and the era they were made.

Current styles

 * Buggy: Lightweight off-road vehicle with sparse bodywork. Originally two- or four-wheeled carriages in the 19th and early 20th centuries pulled by one horse, the motorized buggies were developed in the 1960s and grew in popularity and diversity.

 * Convertible / cabriolet :
 * Has a retractable or removable roof. A convertible allows an open-air driving experience, with the ability to provide a roof when required. Most convertible roofs are either a folding textile soft-top or a retractable metal roof. Convertibles with a metal roof are sometimes called 'retractable hardtop', 'coupé convertible', or 'coupé cabriolet'.

 * Coupé
 * Two-door car, often seating only two persons, sometimes room for four, or have a tight-spaced rear seat.

 * Fastback
 * Car with a roofline that slopes continuously down at the back. The design features a single unbroken convex curve from the roof to the rear.

 * Flower car
 * In the US used in the funeral industry to carry flowers for burial services. Typically a coupé-style, forward-passenger compartment with an open well in the rear.

 * Hatchback / Liftback
 * Car with a hatch-type rear door that is hinged at the roof and opens upwards. The term "hatchback" can also refer to that type of rear door, which is also used on several sports cars, SUVs, and large luxury cars.

 * Hearse / funeral coach :
 * The modification of a passenger car to provide a long cargo area for carrying a coffin or casket. Hearses often have large glass panels for viewing the coffin.

 * Limousine:
 * A luxury-type vehicle that is typically driven by a chauffeur with a partition between the driver's compartment and the passenger's compartment. Limousines may also be stretched to provide more room in the rear passenger compartment. In some European usage, the word describes a regular four-door sedan body style.

 * Microvan: Hijet-cargo.jpg microvan]]
 * The smallest size of minivan/MPV.

 * Minivan / multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) / people carrier / people mover :
 * Vehicle designed to transport passengers in the rear seating row(s) with reconfigurable seats in two or three rows. Typically has a combined passenger and cargo area, a high roof, a flat floor, a sliding door for rear passengers, and high H-point seating. In Europe, some small minivans have been marketed as 'leisure activity vehicles'.

 * Panel van / car-derived van / sedan delivery :
 * A cargo vehicle based upon passenger car chassis and typically has one row of seats with no side windows at the rear. Panel vans are smaller than panel trucks and cargo vans, both of which are built on a truck chassis.

 * Panel truck :
 * A pickup truck that has a fully enclosed truck topper in its back, giving it a van-like appearance.

 * Pickup truck / pickup :
 * A light-duty, open-bed truck. In South Africa, a pickup truck is called a "bakkie".

 * Roadster:
 * An open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially, an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.

 * Sedan / saloon
 * A fixed-roof car in a three-box design. These form separate compartments for engine, passenger, and cargo. Sedans can have two or four doors. A sedan is called a "berlina" in Spanish and Italian, or a "berline" in French.

 * Shooting-brake:
 * Initially, a horse-drawn vehicle used to carry shooting parties with their equipment and game; subsequently synonymous with station wagon / estate car; and in contemporary usage a three or five-door wagons combining features of a station wagon and a coupé.

 * Station wagon / estate car
 * Has a two-box design, a large cargo area, and a rear tailgate that is hinged to open for access to the cargo area. The body style is similar to a hatchback car; however, station wagons are longer and are more likely to have the roofline extended to the rear of the car (resulting in a vertical rear surface to the car) to maximize the cargo space. In French, a station wagon is called a "break".

 * Targa top:
 * A semi-convertible style used on some sports cars, featuring a fully removable soft or hard roof panel that leaves the A and B pillars in place on the car body.

 * Ute / coupe utility :
 * Based on a passenger sedan chassis and has a cargo tray in the rear integrated with the passenger body (as opposed to a pickup truck, which has a separate cargo tray). In Australia, the term "ute" was originally used solely for coupé utility cars; however, in recent years, it has also been used for pickup trucks.

Historic styles

 * Baquet
 * Has two rows of raised seats, similar to horse-drawn carriages; usually did not have front doors, a roof, or a windshield. The baquet ("bathtub") style was produced in the early 1900s in Europe.
 * Also a marketing term used on cars built in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s.

 * Barchetta
 * Italian two-seat sports car with either an open-top or convertible roof. The term was originally used for lightweight open-top racing cars from the late 1940s through the 1950s. Since the 1950s, the name barchetta ("little boat" in Italian) has been revived on several occasions, mostly for cars with convertible roofs that are not specifically intended for racing.

 * Berlinetta
 * Italian sports coupé, typically with two seats but also including 2+2 cars. The original meaning for berlinetta in Italian is "little saloon."

 * Cabrio coach
 * A retractable textile roof, similar to a convertible/cabriolet. The difference is that where a convertible often has the B-pillar, C-pillar, and other bodywork removed, the cabrio-coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the roof skin with a retractable fabric panel.

 * Coupé de ville / Sedanca de ville / town car
 * An external or open-topped driver's position and an enclosed compartment for passengers. Produced from 1908 until 1939. Although the different terms may have once had specific meanings for certain car manufacturers or countries, the terms are often used interchangeably.
 * Some coupé de villes have the passengers separated from the driver in a fully enclosed compartment, while others have a canopy for the passengers and no partition between the driver and the passengers (therefore passengers enter the compartment via the driver's area).

 * Hardtop
 * Usually describes pillarless hardtops that are cars without a B-pillar often styled to give the appearance of a convertible. Popular in the United States from the mid 1950s through the mid 1970s.
 * It also refers to a separate top that is removable and made of metal or other hard material for sports cars or small SUVs.

 * Landaulet
 * A car where the rear passengers are covered by a convertible top. Often the driver is separated from the rear passengers with a partition, as per a limousine.

 * Personal luxury car
 * American luxury coupés and convertibles produced from 1952 to 2007. The cars prioritized comfort, styling, and a high level of interior features.

 * Phaeton
 * An open-roof automobile without any fixed weather protection, which was popular from the 1900s until the 1930s.

 * Roadster utility
 * An open-topped roadster body and a rear cargo bed.

 * Runabout
 * A light, inexpensive, open car with basic bodywork and no windshield, top, or doors. Most runabouts had just a single row of seats, providing seating for two passengers.

 * Torpedo
 * Body style was a type of automobile body used from 1908 until the mid-1930s, which had a streamlined profile and a folding or detachable soft top. The design consists of a hood or bonnet line raised to be level with the car's waistline, resulting in a straight beltline from front to back.

 * Touring
 * A style of open car built in the United States that seats four or more people. The style was popular from the early 1900s to the 1930s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Car body style


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User talk:Limpan

Hello there Limpan, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump.

I noted that the pages you created at Industrivärden, SSAB and Green Cargo needed some basic formatting for consistence with wikipedia. I formatted Green Cargo, so you may want to look at the changes I made. Thue 18:29, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Oki, good. I have a bad taste in design ;)

Articles about Sweden
Thank you for contribution in Swedish licence plates article. I hope you can and will help more in many other articles about Sweden and not only. --Dima1 (talk) 20:46, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Limpan


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Heshbon

Heshbon (also Hesebon, Esebon, Esbous, Esbus; حشبون, Esebus, חשבון Ḥešbōn, Ἐσεβών, Ἐσσεβών, Ἐσβούτα, Ἐσβούς, Ἔσβους, Ἔξβους) were at least two different ancient towns located east of the Jordan River in what is now the Kingdom of Jordan, historically within the territories of ancient Ammon.

The Bronze Age Heshbon of biblical King Sihon has not been identified. The town of Esbus from the Roman and Byzantine period has been identified with a tell (archaeological mound) known in Arabic as Tell Hisban or Tell Ḥesbān.

Location of Tell Hisban
The Roman and Byzantine town is believed to have been located at the ruin called Hesbân or Hisban, about 20 km southwest of Amman, and 9 km to the north of Madaba, on one of the highest summits of the mountains of Moab. A large ruined reservoir is located east of the place, and below the town there is a fountain.

Biblical reference to Heshbon
Ancient Heshbon was beyond, i.e. east of, the Jordan. The city was where the Israelites passed by on their entry to the Promised Land, and was assigned to the tribe of Reuben; afterwards it was given to the Tribe of Gad and became a Levitical city for the Merarites.

Heshbon is mentioned in the Tanakh in the Books of Numbers and Deuteronomy as the capital of Amorite king, Sihon (also known as Sehon). The biblical narrative records the story of the Israelite victory over Sihon during the time of the Exodus under the leadership of Moses. Heshbon is highlighted due to its importance as the capital of Sihon, King of the Amorites:

 * "For Heshbon was the city of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab and had taken all his land out of his hand, as far as the Arnon."

Similar passages appear in Deuteronomy and Joshua, with the primary emphasis being the victory of the Israelites over King Sihon at the site of Heshbon. Moses died soon after the victory, after viewing the "promised land" from the top of Mount Nebo.

Following the death of Moses, Heshbon became a town at the border between the lands allocated to the Tribe of Reuben and the Tribe of Gad. Further biblical evidence suggests that the town later came under Moabite control, as mentioned by Isaiah and Jeremiah in their denunciations of Moab, and later under Ammonite occupation as Jeremiah 49:3 strongly suggests.

Heshbon also appears in the Song of Solomon, where the poet likens his love's eyes to "the pools of Heshbon", which refers to the magnificent fish-pools of Heshbon.

Herodian Es(e)bonitis/Sebonitis: possibly elsewhere
The name occurs in Josephus very often under the form Esbonitis or Sebonitis. According to Josephus, Heshbon was in the possession of the Judeans since Alexander Jannaeus the Maccabee (106–79 B.C.) took it and made it a Jewish town. Herod the Great is also said to have had jurisdiction over the town and established a fort there. However, this town might not be identical with Tell Hesban: Josephus tell us that Pheroras, the younger brother of Herod the Great and tetrarch of Perea, had his residence at Esebonitis. This Esebonitis, described as a strongly fortified garrison town, has not been firmly identified and might be identical with either Machaerus, a site well researched by archaeologists and closely resembling Josephus's description of Esebonitis, with Amathus, or with Gadora, the later placed by researchers at Tell Jadur near Salt.

Late Roman Esebon, Esboús
After the Great Revolt (A.D. 68–70) the country was invaded by the tribe that Pliny calls Arabes Esbonitae, meaning "Arabs of (H)esebon". Restored under the name of Esboús or Esboúta, it is mentioned among the towns of the Roman Arabia Petraea by Ptolemy.

Byzantine Hesebon
Under the Byzantines, as learned from Eusebius' Onomasticon, it grew to be a town of note in the province of Arabia; George of Cyprus refers to it in the seventh century and it was from Hesebon that the milestones on the Roman road to Jericho were numbered.

The Byzantine town is mentioned in the 3rd century CE Mosaic of Rehob.

Early Arab period
At the beginning of the Early Arab period, Hesebon was still the chief town of the Belka, a territory corresponding to the old kingdom of Sihon. It seems never to have been taken by the Crusaders.

History of excavation
In 1968, archaeological excavations were undertaken at the site of Tell Hesban (alternatively spelled Tall Hisban). This excavation was the beginning of what became called the "Heshbon Expedition". This archaeological work was sponsored by Andrews University and under the authority of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). The Heshbon Expedition continued with excavation seasons through 1976. Following the cessation of Heshbon Expedition excavations, archaeological work at the site continued in 1996 under the Madaba Plains Project consortium. The site continues to be excavated into the 2010s; work is also ongoing to support archaeological tourism at the site.

Not the Bronze Age Heshbon?
The lack of evidence for occupation during the Bronze Age led excavators to conclude that the site is not Sihon's Heshbon. William Dever's response was "The site was excavated in 1968–1976 in a large interdisciplinary project sponsored by a group of Seventh Day Adventist scholars who perhaps intended to “prove” the biblical traditions of the Israelite conquest of the site. Much to their consternation, however, the town turned out to be founded only in the Iron II period—long after any supposed conquest. There were only a few scattered remains of the 12th–11th century B.C. (pottery, but no architecture), and no trace whatsoever of occupation in the 13th century B.C. The excavators resolutely published their results, however, and reluctantly conceded that something was drastically wrong with the biblical story about Heshbon."

According to Øystein S. LaBianca and Bethany Walker, the excavations found remains from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age periods, but intensive reuse of the site by later occupants resulted in most remains from those periods being found in secondary deposits.

Roman-period Esbus
Classical period remains, however, confirmed its status as the Roman-period city of Esbus.

Byzantine period
Two churches have been discovered from the Byzantine era, and both churches produced impressive remains of mosaic floors. Particularly interesting is the nilotic (using motifs originating in the environs of the river Nile) mosaic of the presbytery of the North Church where the mosaicists have created a motif of a turtledove set on a nest made of an imaginary flower.

Ecclesiastical history
Hesebon is a titular see of the ecclesiastical province of Arabia, suffragan of Bostra.

Christianity took root there at an early period. Michel Le Quien (Oriens christianus II, 863–64), and Pius Bonifacius Gams (Series Episcoporum, 435) mention three bishops between the fourth and seventh centuries:

Konrad Eubel (Hierarchia Catholica, II, 168) mentions two Latin titulars of Hesebon in the latter part of the fifteenth century.
 * Gennadius, present at the Council of Nicaea (Heinrich Gelzer, Patrum Nicaen. Nomina, p. lxi)
 * Zosys of Esbusa signature of the Council of Ephesus in 431.
 * Zosius, whose name occurs in the lists of Chalcedon
 * Theodore, champion of orthodoxy against monothelism, who received (c. 649) from Pope Martin I a letter congratulating him on his resistance to the heresy and exhorting him to continue the struggle in conjunction with John of Philadelphia. To the latter the pope had entrusted the government of the patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem.

Hazboun family
The Hazboun family have long history roots from Heshbon.

title: Heshbon


text:
Aleksandr Popov

Aleksandr or Alexander Popov may refer to:

Science

 * Aleksandr Popov (geologist) (1913–1993), Soviet permafrost researcher
 * Aleksandr Popov (chemist) (1840–1881), Russian organic chemist
 * Aleksandr Popov (physicist) (1859–1906), Russian physicist

Sports

 * Aleksandr Popov (weightlifter) (born 1959), Soviet weightlifter
 * Aleksandr Popov (biathlete) (born 1965), Russian biathlete
 * Aleksandr Popov (footballer) (born 1971), Russian footballer
 * Aleksandr Popov (swimmer) (born 1971), Russian swimmer
 * Aleksandr Popov (volleyball coach) (born 1972), Bulgarian volleyball player and coach
 * Aleksandr Popov (canoeist) (born 1975), Uzbekistani sprint canoeist
 * Aleksandr Popov (ice hockey) (born 1980), Russian professional ice hockey forward
 * Aleksandr Popov (figure skater) (born 1984), Russian pair skater

Other

 * Alexander Popov (film), a 1949 film about the Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov
 * Alexander Popov (historian) (1841–1881), Russian historian, discoverer of the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans
 * Alex Popov (architect) (born 1942), Australian architect
 * Alex Popov, the plaintiff in the property law case of Popov v. Hayashi

title: Aleksandr Popov


text:
John LaPorta

John Daniel LaPorta (April 13, 1920 – May 12, 2004) was a jazz clarinetist and composer.

Early life and education
A native of Philadelphia, LaPorta started playing clarinet at the age of nine and studied at the Mastbaum School in Philadelphia, where one of his classmates was Buddy DeFranco. As a teenager he played in Philadelphia bands with Charlie Ventura and Bill Harris. He studied classically with Joseph Gigliotti of the Philadelphia Orchestra and Leon Russianoff at the Manhattan School of Music.

Career
From 1942 to 1944, he was a member of the Bob Chester big band, then spent the next two years with the Woody Herman Orchestra. Beginning in 1947, he studied with Lennie Tristano. With Teo Macero and Charles Mingus he was a member of the Jazz Composers Workshop, trying to combine jazz with classical music. In the classical world, he worked with Boston Pops, Leonard Bernstein, Leopold Stokowski, and Igor Stravinsky. In jazz he worked with Kenny Clarke, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Buddy Rich, and Lester Young.

On August 12, 1956, La Porta was invited to the first jazz concert in Venezuela at Caracas National Theater, where he was backed by the Casablanca Orchestra, Charlie Nagy, Werner Boehm, Walter Albrecht, among others. During his stay in Caracas a selection of the repertoire performed at the concert was released under the title South American Brothers by Fantasy Records, the first jazz recording in Venezuela.

He taught at Parkway Music School, then at public schools on Long Island, followed by the Manhattan School of Music and the Berklee College of Music. With guitarist Jack Petersen, he pioneered the use of Greek modes for teaching chord-scales.

Personal life
In the 1990s, he and his wife retired to Sarasota, Florida, where he performed at the Sarasota Jazz Club and as a guest with the Fred Williams Trio. He wrote his autobiography, Playing It by Ear. LaPorta died from complications of a stroke on May 12, 2004, in Sarasota.

Discography

 * The John LaPorta Quintet (Debut, 1954)
 * Three Moods (Debut, 1955)
 * South American Brothers (Fantasy, 1956)
 * Conceptions (Debut, 1956)
 * The Clarinet Artistry of John LaPorta (Debut, 1957)
 * Theme and Variations (Fantasy, 2002)

With Kenny Clarke
 * Klook's Clique (Savoy, 1956)

With Charles Mingus
 * The Jazz Experiments of Charlie Mingus (Bethlehem, 1956)
 * Jazz Composers Workshop (Savoy, 1956)
 * The Most Minor (Everest, 1959)

title: John LaPorta


text:
Talk:International Military Tribunal for the Far East

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hartzmg.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:38, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Copyright violation
I added back my edits from prior to the copyright violation. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Joshuadfranklin (talk • contribs) 17:32, 8 March 2005  (UTC)

Expansion
Moved from article to talk page as recommended on Requests for expansion by Philip Baird Shearer. Original history entry for adding the templage to the article page "01:46, 26 August 2005 Miborovsky (added table of charges leveled against defendants)"

Comment on Requests for expansion reads:
 * ''Japanese war crimes in the Pacific. Even with my limited knowledge, I know this article only scratches the surface. JW 12:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I do not think "that more than 300,000 Japanese were charged with Class B and C crimes, mostly over prisoner abuse". John W. Dower's "Embracing Defeat" places the figure at 5,700.
 * The number was added here perhapse you would like to ask user:Preaky on his/her talk page for the source of 300K. --Philip Baird Shearer 00:50, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

This article badly needs some expansion. And especially the "criticism" section seems inadaquate. Certainly there are some serious questions about the fairness of these trials, while this section seems to absolve it. Laca 01:12, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Criticism section
This article deviates into a non-neutral point of view in the Criticism section. That section is more of an defense of Japanese agression and violation of international law and human rights. Japan was under the control of the military during this era, and the constitutional processes were a sham. This article could lead the reader to conclude that Japan was a liberal democracy, which it was not. This section needs to be seriously reviewed for neutrality. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.235.253.134 (talk • contribs).

 * Agreed. At a minimum, this paragraph is sufficiently suspect to move here on the basis of poor writing and inflammatory language; I'll leave it to others to clean it if they wish.--Cory.willis 21:28, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * ''It was MacArthur to frame up "unconditional surrender myth" which brings the whole IMTFE into tatters. There was no dictatorship in Japan, and the cabinets changed in accordance with the constitutional procedure even during the Pacific war.

This section could be longer, but it now seems very unbiased and gets to the main objection: that Japanese war actions did not differ in kind from those of the Allies in the way that Germany's did. And it does so by quoting a delegate to the tribunal, this section is very good from the NPOV angle now. It would be interesting to see Japanese behaviour compared with that of Americans and Chinese partisans (who they were fighting) or that of the Soviet Union (on the victor's side but arguably guilty of worse atrocities) but it would take some effort to do this well.

Question about wording...
Can it really be said (at the beginning) that the tribunal was convened to try the leaders of Japan, if the imperial family was immune from prosecution? Although it is mentioned later in the article, it seems like this would be a good place to point out that it was only leaders who were not in the imperial family. MaskedEditor 19:20, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * i belive that this was alike to the idea of lowering charges if a criminal confesses as the emperor was crucial to the surender process of the japs — Preceding unsigned comment added by Undeadplatypus (talk • contribs) 17:44, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Citing Sources
Sources for the article needs to be cited. Its severely lacking.

Bill-

Sun Aug 19, 2007 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Kellogg-Briand Pact
Since the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed aggressive war and Japan was a signatory to it, did that figure into the tribunal's legal justification? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.52.215.67 (talk) 19:01, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Sentences
I added the "weasel words" citation here since this paragraph is full of weasel words.... and is unsourced... Ought I remove it? "Okawa Shumei had a nervous breakdown during the trial and was removed. One of the erratic things he did was, hitting the bald head of the former prime minister Hideki Tojo, shouting "Inder! Kommen Sie!" (Come, Indian!) in German, and the list goes on. Therefore, the presiding judge Sir William Webb (The President of the tribunal) concluded that he was mentally ill and dropped the case against him[citation needed]. From the beginning of the tribunal, he said that the court was a farce, therefore, some people still believe that he was faking his madness in order to be released."

Actually, I'd like consensus to either delete this information since it is unsourced, interferes with the flow of the article and is only about one defendant. Failing that... another section might be needed V. Joe (talk) 14:16, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

I put the info on bottom page notes as, being a well-known fact, I do not think this info should be deleted. The sources should easily be found for example in Bix's Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, Brackman's The other Nuremberg or Dower's Embracing Defeat. After the trial, Okawa completed a translation of the Quran...--Flying tiger (talk) 15:53, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Selective Information
I'm not sure about this, but I saw something. There are eleven judges made up of the Allies. Yet in a part which lists the number of Death sentences handed out by each judge, it does not Mention Canada, India, Australia or New Zealand, but instead only mentions The Netherlands, The Philipens (sp?), The U.S., China, Britain, France and the Soviet Union. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.140.80.212 (talk) 01:13, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Only for non rich or nobles
The article writes:"The Japanese Emperor Hirohito, and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka, were not prosecuted for any alleged involvement in any of the three categories of crimes. As many as 50 suspects, such as Nobusuke Kishi, who later became Prime Minister, and Yoshisuke Aikawa, head of the zaibatsu Nissan, and future leader of the Chuseiren, were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948." This tribunal was only to punish powerless common persons.Hirohito ruled Japan as Hitler ruled Nazi Germany.But, during Cold war USA needed a peacefull Japan, not real justice for nobles of Japan.Real politick, instead of real justice."The past is decided in the future", someone wrote decades ago.Agre22 (talk) 04:06, 12 April 2009 (UTC)gre22

Count 54 and Count 55
There is a question. There are Count 54 and Count 55. Which means Class B or Class C? Is there clear definition?--Bukubku (talk) 17:12, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Removed POV/undocumented section
This section which I removed on 19 November was by editor "119.104.51 which was not vandalism or anything, but under WP:Bold, I removed as an egerious POV. The section also did not seem to mention any sources. Thanks V. Joe (talk) 17:11, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Preserved Text
In case user 119.104.51 is not overly familar with wiki, I have presereved his section. ===The fairness of the Tribunal=== -   - In the trial, Japanese side submitted more than 3000 cases of defensive materials (including the official declaration of Japanese government, Army and Foreign Minister) and most of them were rejected while the hearsay prosecutor materials were accepted. (Tokyo Tribunal Materials Publication) Even "Twilight in the Forbidden City" written by Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston who was the tutor of Puyi, the last emperor of China, was rejected. -   - The Japanese interpreters, which was supposed to be protected by the code, were cut off in the middle of defenders' speech and even the shorthand records could not be kept. Due to the lack of competency of the interpreters, the interpretation was not properly done. -   - One of the judges, Henri Bernard of France pointed out afterward that there had never been a chance for all the judges get together and discussed about the matter.

Defendants
Under the "Defendants" section, I suggest we break the article into subsections of "Civilian officials" and "Military officers." During the long time span the trials covered, several military officers held government positions concurrent to important military positions, so the overlap can confuse readers. The decision to put such people in one subsection, but not the other, is arbitrary.76.89.141.150 (talk) 07:26, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Japanese own criminal trials ?
"with initial encouragement from the Americans, began and soon ended a series of their own war crimes trials in the months before the IMTFE took shape" see : http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/tokyo-trial (from Pritchard). Some more info on this ?Trente7cinq (talk) 11:59, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Aftermath : american forced labor disclosed
I just found this, which could somehow take place in the article, couldn't it ?:"In September 1999, some 500 American WWII veterans filed suit against five Japanese corporations (including Mitsubishi and Kawasaki), seeking reparation for having been used as slave laborers during the war. According to the plaintiffs, these corporations built their postwar success on a foundation of American forced labor. The companies say they have been wrongly targeted, because the modern conglomerates have no relation to the wartime entities accused of these practices, prohibited now as then under the rules of the Geneva Convention. Holmes (4,000 Bowls of Rice), a respected historian and researcher who is part of a presidential panel working to declassify the records of Nazi war crimes, weighs in heavily on the side of the former American POWs. Using recently declassified documents, Holmes bolsters the vets' claims. (One formerly top secret Japanese cable read, "Due to a serious shortage of labor power in Japan, the use of the white POW is earnestly desired.") But the most emotionally charged evidence comes from the former POWs themselves. In interview after interview, Holmes chronicles the abuse of American captives, whose lingering medical and emotional problems are compounded by the belief that their suffering has been minimized by a postwar culture more moved by the plight of other groups of war victims. (Feb. 19) Forecast: A front-page New York Times article on October 2, 2000, broke news of the case on a national level. This book provides a foundation for further media coverage, and should be widely cited. Meanwhile, buffs and vets will find out about the book via newsgroups and the like."Trente7cinq (talk) 12:31, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Ando Kizaburô ???
Ando Kizaburô (1879-1954), was a Lieutenant General of the Imperial Army and a Vice-President of Taisei Yokusankai. Between 1943-1944 he was elected to the Cabinet of Tôjo Hideki, becoming the Minister of Internal Affairs. After the war he was sentenced as Class-A War Criminal. Due to the outbreak of the Cold War he was later released. http://www.simplyhaiku.com/SHv5n4/features/Ito.html Can't find more info on him Trente7cinq (talk) 20:37, 24 September 2010 (UTC)Must be "Ando Kisaburo" see :http://www.generals.dk/general/Ando/Kisaburo/Japan.htmlTrente7cinq (talk) 20:45, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

"War Crimes" and Waterboarding -- Research needed to clarify precedents pertinent to current torture debate.
Could some one familiar with this literature find out which of the executed defendants were accused of "water torture" or "water boarding"?

As you know, the U.S. has been engaged in a discussion of whether or not water boarding consists of torture. Beginning with a claim by John McCain in 2007, it has been repeated that the U.S. after WW2 executed Japanese military personnel for using water boarding against American POW's.

It appears that in the major online sources, no specific defendants are named, nor are any accounts of Americans being water-boarded specified.

These specifics would be very helpful in establishing or denying clear legal precedent in this issue, and the research should be fairly easy for some one already familiar with the literature in this area.

Thank you for considering my request. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.30.215.41 (talk) 08:42, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * This is not what the TALK PAGES are for. Please don't make posts of this nature (off-topic, requests) here.HammerFilmFan (talk) 14:03, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * None of the executed defendants were accused of water-torture/waterboarding. McCain spoke in error in 2007. There was one case of a Japanese (Non-commissioned) officer being charged with major abuses of US POWs, such as beating and starving, and in addition to that he was charged with less severe abuses such as water-torture. He was jailed for a few years and then released in the 1950s. Walterego (talk) 03:11, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

It seems that the "Class A" war criminal counts are not consistent within this article
First, it says that 28 were trialed, with some as Class A and some not Class A.

Later, in "Aftermath" section, it says that there were three groups of Class A criminals, while the first group includes 28.

Are those 28 all Class A, or not?

--Mongol (talk) 18:35, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It says they tried 70 in class A but only 28 (the first group) were charged. HotshotCleaner (talk) 18:47, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

WP:COMMON NAME - the current article title is hardly what the Tokyo Trials are known as
"International Military Tribunal for the Far East" is not the common parlance. If we are to follow policy, something along the lines of "Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal" or "Tokyo Trials" should be used, although I would personally prefer the former.HammerFilmFan (talk) 14:15, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I think you have a point. However, "Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal" sounds like the proper name of the tribunal, which it is not, and "Tokyo Trials" is too vague. "Tokyo war crimes trials" is closer, perhaps. The title should convey the idea that the article is about the war crimes trials that took place in Tokyo, and the capitalization should not suggest that the article name corresponds to the formal name of the trials. Some thought needs to go into this if we're going to make the trouble to change it. --Yaush (talk) 14:43, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Incomprehensible statement
"The number of death sentences by country is as follows: the Netherlands 236, Great Britain 223, Australia 153, China 149, US 140, France 26, and Philippines 17". This is meaningless as it stands and needs elaboration. Rcbutcher (talk) 12:36, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

archived link on Delfin Jaranilla
In the "Criticism" sction, on Justice Delfin Jaranilla's Bataan Death March - 121.92.80.6 (talk) 05:56, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

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General Yamashita was not tried in the Tokyo tribunal, but earlier in Manila (he had already been executed by the time that the Tokyo tribunal convened)
General Yamashita was not tried in Tokyo, as this article seems to suggest, but in Manila in an entirely different tribunal (see Tomoyuki Yamashita). Indeed, according to the dates in the two articles, Yamashita had already been executed on February 23, 1946, and the Tokyo tribunal did not convene until April 29, 1946. --128.186.121.60 (talk) 18:32, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

I updated the page in three ways: I removed Yamashita and Homma; both had been tried in Manila, not Tokyo, and both had already been executed prior to the convening of the Tokyo Tribunal. Also, Nagano's name was in Japanese order, not Western order, unlike the other Japanese names in the article, so I updated that also. Now the number of defendants (28) actually matches the number of names listed. 20:30, 9 May 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.186.121.27 (talk)

"The IMT spent six months reaching judgment and drafting its 1,781-page opinion."
Could someone please explain? The defense had finished its presentation on September 9, 1947. What did the IMF do afterwords during the almost nine months, before beginning to reach judgment and draft its 1,781-page opinion, that was read from December 4 to 12, 1948? --Vsop.de (talk) 10:58, 12 August 2017 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East&diff=814455571&oldid=813268351
 * Meanwhile I changed six to fifteen month. --Vsop.de (talk) 00:15, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

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International court of justice
154.184.148.174 (talk) 10:48, 5 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Energybone

Dear Energybone, Welcome to Wikipedia! We're glad to have you here, but I have to remind you that Wikipedia has a policy of no personal attacks. Thanks very much, Meelar 18:33, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

P.S. Another good policy to keep in mind might be our neutrality policy. Meelar 18:43, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Was there some evidence to the email password thing on Sept 11? Thanks Mark Richards 18:54, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Could you please use a more cooperative tone with other users? This is a community. Wikipedia works best when users show respect for one another. Thanks in advance, Kingturtle 23:38, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

The Berg video was picked up by news organizations who are describing what is in it and what it said. Conspiracy theories by their nature are those that refute the widely asserted or held version.

If you continue to post articles and other contributors with attitude and include what should be on talk pages in article text, you will have problems with other members of the community. -- Cecropia | Talk 02:08, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Excuse me, are you threatening me? If you live in the United States, this may jog your memory. The US Supreme Court has ROUNDLY rejected prior restraint and a priori THREAT OF PUNISHMENT is rejected by nearly EVERY civilization on the planet. Energybone 03:28, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

You do know that this is a private site and not a government agency, right? Prior restraint has nothing to do with Wikipedia. RickK 03:32, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Every entity in the United States falls under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. If you don't understand, I suggest you obtain and read a document called the United States Constitution. And prior restraint shouldn't have anything to do with wikipedia or any other public forum, but it would appear that it has a home here. Sieg heil! Energybone 04:12, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Your contention is, of course, nonsense. Please point to any case in which a private entity has been accused of violating the prior restraint ruling.  Also, personal attacks are not acceptable on Wikipedia.  RickK 04:16, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

I didn't come here to teach you law. Ignorance is really not an excuse for violation of the law. And this is an entirely abstract debate you're trying to drag me into. Are you just trying to jam my talk page and distract me? If this is what you're after, please stop it, I have as much right as anyone else to post factual information on wikipedia. Quit being so heavy-handed, chief, nobody is trying to burn down your tee pee. Just relax, man. Energybone 04:40, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's comments like this that make people angry; they harm the community, and no good comes from them. Please refrain. Meelar 04:42, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Telling people to relax makes them angry? I really don't understand that. Would you please stop hounding me? I really do not need a babysitter. And let me get this straight, if a comment angers somebody it harms the community? Does that apply to everyone or is it only some people who can have this righteous anger? Does everybody have to get mad at the same thing? Is everything that makes you mad a violation of the rules? Help me explain what it is you're trying to help me with here. Or better yet, just leave me alone, you are very insulting and you seem to be enthralled with this idea that you can slander me on my own talk page. I insist you stop this harassment. Energybone 05:09, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

And can we talk about TONE here, Meelar? Final warning? You know what? That fills me with furious anger. Only the fact that my parents raised me to be civilized is preventing me from assaulting you with vitriolic insults and unceasing mockery of your genitals. Can the Gestapo crap, if you don't mind. Final warning? That sounds a lot like FINAL SOLUTION. Energybone 05:13, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's clear that things got off to a rocky start... I've taken the liberty of changing the heading there in the hope of helping everyone settle down. Krupo 05:18, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Energybone, thanks very much for your opinions. However, if you are unable to work within our policies (No personal attacks, NPOV, and others), I'll be forced to ask you to leave Wikipedia. Please try to be more cooperative--work with me. I'd love to see you discuss your edits on Talk:Nick Berg conspiracy theories. Hopefully, Meelar 03:34, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Final warning? So you are threatening me? What is it you're threatening me with, exactly? And what is it I've done to deserve these threats? Can you please cite examples where you think I have done something wrong? Or are you simply making arbitrary threats so you can have an excuse to use your priveleged access to this system? Energybone 04:10, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

1. I'm threatening you with a temporary ban from editing, until you can follow our policies. 2. Things you've done wrong include:
 * Calling Texture a "jackass"
 * Shouting (using all caps) repeatedly after being asked to stop politely.
 * This remark: No offense, Meelar, but is English not your native language? If it is, I suggest you take some remedial courses to bone up
 * Refusal to propose compromise wording or generally work constructively on Talk:Nick Berg conspiracy theories

Yours, Meelar 04:15, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Clearly your intention is to police this article, Meelar. Have you drawn a lot for it or are you on a vigilante mission? Why is it you are insisting that I personally run every one of my changes to that page by you for approval before I post it? Is it your contention that one must approach you on a talk page each and every time they want to make a change to this page or is it just me you are singling out for this kind of treatment? I've already discussed my changes with you, and your insistence on policing this article to further your personal agenda is inappropriat and rude. I suggest you stop this immediately, because there ARE remedies for harassment here on wikipedia, that much I'll wager. Energybone 04:17, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm certainly not suggesting that you--or any user--must run all changes by me. Rather, I objected to some of your changes, and suggested you take them up on the talk page, as per policy; you refused. Please work with others in a relatively harmonious manner, or you will be banned from editing. Thanks, Meelar 04:19, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Shouting? Are you for real? This is text. Can you not read capital letters? Why are you quibbling over such petty things when your obvious intention is to police this article and in particularly to personally police every single one of my changes. Can you explain this sort of behaviour to me so I can juxtapose it with examples of other users doing the same thing I'm doing without being harassed by you? And would you PLEASE (yes, in all caps, so you can see it better when you skim over this instead of reading it) stop spamming my talk page? I have only been contributing for one day, and just look at the garbage you've filled it with just in the last few minutes. Energybone 04:21, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

And most especially don't fill up this page with slander. I did not refuse to discuss anything. And you never did answer me, is English your native language? I have no way of knowing, but if you consistently misunderstand me when I am being very clear and nobody else seems to have this problem of understanding me then I wonder why. In this case I fell back on advice my father gave me about fixing lawnmowers. Try the simplest thing first. Don't understand me? I don't assume you are a cretin, or that you're uneducated, I assume that you are very intelligent but perhaps lack a firm grasp of English. If this is the case then I congratulate you, your English is much better than my Croation or Hindi would be. Energybone 04:33, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Refusal to offer compromise wording of what? Can you please cite on the talk page exactly what it is you want changed on the Nick Berg entry? For that matter, keep this discussion off my talk page, period. Energybone 04:35, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Ok, then, let's go to Talk:Nick Berg conspiracy theories. Meelar 04:37, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Energybone, you cannot turn an article to your beliefs, any more than anyone else can "own" an article. The Neutral Point of View policy is one of the core policies of Wikipedia. People are talking nicely to you here, because that is also policy, your being new (and because these are basically nice people) but also because some valuable contributors have had rocky starts. When an article is controversial, it is expected that editors will take their points of view to the Talk page. Nothing can force you to do that, but if unilateral edits, without consultation or citation, continue, the result begins with a 24-hour block and/or "Protection" of the disputed page.

Work with this community and this community will work with you. -- Cecropia | Talk 07:09, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

"Energybone, you cannot turn an article to your beliefs..."

Excuse me? Where did I attempt to do this? You mean when my belief was in line with verifiable fact? If you check your facts here I'm sure you'll see you're barking up the wrong tree. Energybone 07:12, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

For example, look at the talk pages.

Bone up on the NPOV policy, please. WhisperToMe 07:22, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Okay. Now can you explain for me why you think I should? Feel free to cite existing problems with any of my changes. If you can not do that, I feel your advice is misplaced. Energybone 07:28, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

This has to do with the Silverstein stuff on the September 11 page, and the Al-Qaida stuff about the Israelis. WhisperToMe 18:16, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

The "stuff"? Is that all the more specific you're able to be? Not making any headway here, WhisperToMe, banging your head against a brick wall, WhisperToMe, stop this Quixotic quest of yours against me, WhisperToMe, stop aggresively policing factual information out of entries, WhisperToMe. AND STOP SLANDERING ME. If this were not a public forum where such behaviour is forbidden I would tell you exactly how much of a huge jackass I think you are. But since I respect the rules, I will not label you in that fashion and will instead allow people to see this for themselves based on your own actions. Energybone 18:29, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

And the reason you waited eleven hours to cite this CURRENT example? What were you doing, just waiting for me to make anouther change so you could cite it, WhisperToMe? As I said, your advice is misplaced. Clean up your own back yard. You couldn't cite examples when you said I needed to bone up, now you jump on the first changes I make since then. This is a pathetic and transparent ploy and it's not going to work, WhisperToMe, don't you realize you timestamped the comments? Please, you are not up for this task you're trying to undertake, WhisperToMe, leave it to those who are better-equipped for logical pursuits. Energybone 18:24, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Look, I'm just trying to come to an agreeable version of Nick Berg conspiracy theories. If you'd like to contribute to that--calmly and civilly--then feel free to do so. If you'd prefer to keep going as things have been, I'd ask that you leave me alone. Meelar 01:23, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

No, you're not, you're hounding me and you're recruting others to hound me for you by proxy. And I insist you stop it, Meelar. I don't prefer things keep going as they have been, because I think your behaviour is inexcusable. I've already cited one instance where you recruited another because you had "used up" your reverts. Now go away and stop bothering me, I've had it up to my neck with your foolishness and disrespect for wikipedia policy and common courtesy. You want ME to leave YOU alone? Bwa-hahahahahahah! :D Energybone 01:36, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * As I am sure you realise, I am not acting as Meelar's proxy. Meelar asked me to take a look at a page that I was already in the process of editing, and I have made my own edits. I do not know whether Meelar agrees with them or not. My edits are my own, not made on behalf of anyone. Mark Richards 01:38, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Your denial is absolutely ludicrous. You know he asked you to revert because he had "used up" his and you went right along with it as if it was the proper thing to do. I think you need to take a good long look at yourself, you two have some kind of sick game going on here and I for one don't like it. Of course you two are free to collaborate in private as you desire, but be assured if you two openly conspire to violate common courtesy AND wikipedia policy in one fell swoop I'll have no choice but to expose you once again. Energybone 01:43, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comment, as you mention, the evidence is there for everyone to draw their own conclusions. Mark Richards 01:48, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you again for your opinion EB, as you say, the facts speak for themselves. Mark Richards 05:03, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Energybone please do not edit other peoples user pages. If you want to talk to them use thier talk pages. Also please do not make personal attcks or be rude to people in the summary box. It's not nice. theresa knott 14:51, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Energybone, you have been warned several times about not making personal attacks, and yet you have not stopped. The next time you make one (in either a comment or an edit summary) and I'm going to ban you. Have a nice day. →Raul654 15:38, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

Energybone, I think you are well aware by now that there is no need in making edits to append personal characterizations of others users or to make personal attacks on other users' pages, and now on Kingturtle's User page. You have been told this multiple times and persist. If you continue, I will block you for an initial 24 hours as a cooling off period. -- Cecropia | Talk 15:41, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

I have blocked this user for for 24 hours for vandalizing Al-Qaida (diff) →Raul654 17:06, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

Al-Qaeda
Please don't just wipe out an entire article. You're free to come up with a better version and ask on the talk page for consensus on whether it should replace the existing article, but just deleting everything is considered vandalism. Dori | Talk 17:07, May 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * (See above) →Raul654 17:11, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

Your vandalism
Please do not vandalize articles. Your vandalism of the Sept 11th article is inexcusable. The 9-11 attack was not an "insurance fraud" by the owners of the twin towers. I can only call your recent edits vandalism and if you continue you will be blocked from editing. - Tεx τ urε 17:09, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * (See above) →Raul654 17:11, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

As someone not involved in the editing of these articles, I want to say I entirely agree with the block. Such behaviour, effectively blanking three major articles, is unacceptable. Regardless of the correctness of your views, you need to listen to what other people are saying. DJ Clayworth 17:13, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Hello from Cecropia
Ah, just when I was starting to believe you were buckling down to more serious editing. But you're right, I could use some sleep. While I slumber, amuse yourself by reasing the article on WikiLove -- Cecropia | Talk 05:21, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Energybone, I banned you once already for vandalizing articles and harassing other users. If you continue to be rude and insulting, I'm going to ban you again for a lot longer. →Raul654 05:27, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Please vote to curb abuse of "conspiracy theory" in WP titles
Please consider voting at:

Conspiracy_theory

to rename articles that use the pejorative term "Conspiracy theory" to denigrate the content of the article.

Do the titles of WP articles generally pass partisan judgment on the subject under discussion? Should they? BrandonYusufToropov 03:06, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

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     --Bluejean 03:48, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Energybone


text:
Talk:Motive

Why has a little redlinked line of Hebrew been added to the article? I suspect it's a failed transwiki, but I have no notion what it is or how to fix. Smerdis of Tlön 18:34, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

No disambiguation page?
motives something that causes a person to act in a certain way, do a certain thing, etc.; incentive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.213.80.159 (talk) 01:26, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

That would be better than the list of alternate meanings at the top of the 'Motive' main article IMO. How do I know that the aforementioned list is comprehensive?

I'm not looking for any of the offered definitions of 'motive' - how do I know without a disambiguation page if the listed alternatives is a comprehensive list? If it isn't, how do I get to the other articles?

 * I've fixed up all the motive/motif pages and Motive is now a disambig. —Quarl (talk) 2006-09-27 07:29Z

Chess composition
I have noticed change of chess composition explanation from Motif (chess composition), a reason for that some move works or not in the solution of chess problem. to Motif (chess composition), a reason for which a particular move may or may not be effective in solving a chess problem.

While I appreciate much better English wording, the improvement has also slightly altered the meaning. Now I see it is unsatisfactory (it was before as well). Motifs do not only contribute to effectivity of solution, their role is much more general. I would say they are abstract entities contained in (almost) every move, contributing to the changes in position, whether it is in solution, try, set play... They have quite extensive theory, that is nevertheless understandable to (almost) every chessplayer, once he knows about it. (That is why I even intend to write an article and why there is still red link. Once...) I have no specific suggestion, rather I will think about it... and change the definition in due course. --Ruziklan 06:20, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

In my view removing chess composition motif is going too far. It is widely accepted term, well researched over years. This article, although published on my own webpage, summarizes well known theory approved by experts. Should I transform it into separate Wikipedia article to have motif listed on this disambiguation page? --Ruziklan 10:16, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Fine by me. I'd just removed the link because the article didn't exist. This is a disambiguation page; its purpose is to suggest articles that the reader might want to read. As such, listing articles which don't exist isn't particularly useful. Zetawoof(ζ) 02:29, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

In recent cleanup edit I do not understand why motif in chess composition was moved from creative work part of this page to other uses page. Chess composition is partly understood as a kind of art and it is work as creative as one can imagine. Does the used manual of style cover this issue? --Ruziklan (talk) 12:22, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Motive and Motif - merge or no?
Merge - First of all, there is a link on the "Motif" page that directs you to the Motive disambiguation. Secondly, I am studying this topic in class and my book describes it as a "Motive". I am not a music major but from my understanding of the text and the "Motif" wiki article is that they are exacty the same thing.

One example that was given was Beethoven's 5th,"DA-DA-DA-DAA"(Source: Listen - Sixth Edition Pg. 27).--Ponemax (talk) 15:28, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

No merge - I was surprised when I first saw that there was one disambiguation page covering both "motive" and "motif". It seems like the two words have a different cast of associated articles. Is there a particular reason why the WP readership would be served by having the two different sets on one page?--NapoliRoma (talk) 17:14, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

No merge - This is the English version of Wikipedia, in common English usage Motive and Motif are two whole separate concepts, with very little overlap. In other languages there is a distinct crossover, but not in everyday English. At least as far as I know (AFAIK) here in the US, this may not be so in other English speaking nations.Sfrahm (talk) 03:22, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

No merge - Motive is an alternate spelling for motif, but only by the 'recurring element' definition - see Wiktionary:motive. Articles like Motif (widget toolkit), Aston Motif, and Yamaha Motif should definitely not be listed here however because 'motive' is not an alternate spelling for their proper name. We should separate the disambiguation pages more and add a simple 'see also'. Jujutacular talkcontribs 12:49, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I've made my described changes, if you feel this is inappropriate you may change it back. But please say why here. Jujutacular talkcontribs 23:16, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

NOT an "alternate spelling"

I've stumbled upon this Wikipedia disambiguation page some 14-15 months late, and have no idea whether Jujutacular or anyone else is still bothering to monitor comments here. My comment is not so much addressed to the question of whether or not the disambiguation pages for motive and motif should properly be merged - I would say they should not be, and a See Also would be more appropriate - but I was stunned by the assertion that "motive is an alternate spelling for motif" and vice versa. This is simply untrue, and is extremely misleading to the unwary.

These are two different words, although obviously of common etymology, and with overlapping meanings in some limited usages - but in any case, always with differing pronunciations. "Motif" is pronounced mo-TEEF, while "motive" in most cases is pronounced MO-tiv. In the limited instances where "motive" is used in place of "motif", it can be pronounced mo-TEEV with a "v" sound - but not mo-TEEF with an "f" sound. In no circumstances would either of these two words be an "alternate spelling" of the other.

Also, disregard Wiktionary, which is simply user-made like Wikipedia, and carries little to no cachet of authority. Instead look at two authoritative online dictionaries, American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: motive, and Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 11th Edition: motive.*

This is especially problematic because nearly all the disambiguation entries under "motive" cannot conceivably be used with the word "motif".

Ponemax, I think this is the source of your confusion. Yes, "motive" pronounced "mo-TEEV" is sometimes used as a synonym for "motif", as your textbook indicated for the opening of Beethoven's 5th Symphony. You cite the link on the "motif" disambiguation page, but that page has exactly the same problem as here. Milkunderwood (talk) 03:34, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * *This is not to say that Wiktionary is inaccurate - although it may be - or unuseful; simply that it has no authority. Both Merriam-Webster's and Houghton Mifflin's publications are based on extensive and independent research by professional lexicographers. Just looking at the Wiktionary entry for "motif" I see that 1) it's more extensive than the online versions of either M-W 11 or American Heritage (which Houghton Mifflin has turned over to Yahoo to maintain online); and 2) there are zero citations provided. I would guess that the information on that page is mostly taken from either or both of those copyrighted publications, or from the copyrighted Oxford English Dictionary. This is exactly why Wikimedia is currently in trouble over copyrights. Milkunderwood (talk) 06:55, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * So you to simply want to remove the bit about it being an alternate spelling, and move it to a 'see also' section at the bottom? I'm okay with that.  Jujutacular  talk 14:08, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motive


text:
Nicholas Williams (Celticist)

Nicholas Jonathan Anselm Williams (born October 1942 in Walthamstow, Essex), sometimes credited as N. J. A. Williams, is a leading expert and poet in the Cornish language.

Life
While a pupil at Chigwell School, Essex, Williams taught himself Cornish and became a bard of the Cornish Gorseth while still in his teens, taking the bardic name Golvan ('Sparrow'). He read classical languages, English language and Celtic in Oxford. After short periods in the universities of Belfast (where he received his PhD) and Liverpool, he was appointed lecturer in Irish in University College Dublin in 1977. In 2006 he was appointed Associate Professor in Celtic Languages there. He married Patricia Smyth from Portadown, County Armagh in 1976.

Work
Williams has written widely on the Celtic languages and their literatures. His works on Irish include the editions The Poems of Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (1980) and Pairlement Chloinne Tomáis (1981); I bPrionta i Leabhar (1986), an account of Protestant writing in Irish during the 17th century; Díolaim Luibheanna (1993) a discussion of Irish plant names and plant lore; and Armas, a handbook of Irish heraldry in Irish, which he illustrated himself. He also was joint editor of Stair na Gaeilge (‘the History of Irish', Maynooth, 1994) for which he contributed chapters on the Irish dialects of Leinster and on Manx.

As Peter Berresford Ellis points out, Williams was the first professional Celtic scholar to study revived Cornish in depth. In 1990 Williams published an article "A problem in Cornish phonology", demonstrating that the phonemes represented by the graphemes ⟨tj⟩ and ⟨dj⟩ had never been part of the language and should therefore be removed from Kernewek Kemmyn. He continued his critique of this variety of Cornish in Cornish Today (Kernewek Dre Lyther 1995) in which he also set out his own emended Unified Cornish (Unified Cornish Revised or UCR). Williams elaborated UCR in Clappya Kernowek (Agan Tavas, 1997) and in his English-Cornish Dictionary (Agan Tavas, 2000). Spyrys a Gernow published his Testament Noweth, the first complete Cornish translation of the New Testament from the original Greek in 2002. He gave the O’Donnell lectures in Oxford in May 1998, when he spoke on consecutive days on Manx and then Cornish. This was the first time that an O’Donnell lecture had ever been devoted to the Cornish language.

Articles by Williams on Cornish include: "'Linguistically sound principles': the case against Kernewek Kemmyn", Cornish Studies, 4, (1997); "Pre-occlusion in Cornish", Studia Celtica 32 (1998); "Indirect Statement in Cornish and Breton", Cornish Studies 6, (1998); "Saint in Cornish", Cornish Studies 7 (1999) and the review, "'A modern and scholarly Cornish-English dictionary': Ken George’s Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn (1993)", Cornish Studies, 9 (2001). Williams together with Graham Thomas edited the Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke, which had been donated to the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, in 2000. Their edition was published by Exeter University Press in association with the National Library of Wales in October 2006.

Williams was awarded first prize in the Gorsedd literary competition three times in the early 1960s. More recently he won first prize for Cornish poetry in the Cornish Gorsedd in 1997, 1998 and 1999. In 1974 Berresford Ellis wrote, "Probably the most able young writer in the language today is N.J.A. Williams (Golvan), a worthy successor to Edwin Chirgwin." Some of Williams's poetry in Cornish was published by Tim Saunders in The Wheel (1990) and Nothing Broken (2006). The Welsh critic Bobi Jones says in the introduction to this anthology, "Nicholas Williams, the well-known scholar, is also the T. Gwynn Jones of Cornwall – polished, classical, rather conservative, soundly rooted in medieval romanticism." Williams's "Ancow Arthur", a translation of Tennyson’s "Morte D'Arthur", published in Delyow Derow 15 (1996) is an example of his verse.

Nicholas Williams is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and was awarded honorary membership of the Irish Translators' and Interpreters' Association for his Cornish New Testament. He went on to complete the first ever full translation of the Bible into Cornish in 2011. He has translated four books in the series the Letts Pocket Guides into Irish, Mammals, Insects, Medicinal Plants and Edible Plants. His translation of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland into Irish (2003) received excellent reviews. In November 2004, he published his Irish translation of Through the Looking-Glass. In April 2012, he published his Irish translation of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien, and in 2014 he published a Cornish version of The Hobbit.

Coat of arms
Williams's coat of arms was granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland on 1 November 2006. The escutcheon's formal blazon is in Irish, translated here as Argent two piles throughout gules three cinquefoils counterchanged ('On white, two red triangles throughout the shield, three cinquefoils in the reverse colour'); the colours are those of the City of London, and the piles form a W. Along with this was granted a crest, On a wreath of the colours a pied wagtail bearing in its beak Ragged Robin all proper ('On a red and white wreath, a pied wagtail bearing in its beak ragged robin, all in their natural colours'). "Willie wagtail" is common name used for this bird in Ireland. The motto is Grásta Dé a bhfuil agamsa "The Grace of God is all I have"—a pun, where a bhfuil agamsa plays on Williams.

Publications
A compilation of eight articles:
 * 1994. “An Mhanainnis”. McCone, Kim; McManus, Damian; Ó hAinle, Cathal; Williams, Nicholas; Breatnach, Liam (1994). Stair na Gaeilge (in Irish). An Nás: Maigh Nuad, pp. 703–44. ISBN 0-901519-90-1.
 * 1995. Cornish Today: an examination of the revived language. Sutton Coldfield: Kernewek dre Lyther.
 * 1996. “̇ ‘Linguistically sound principles’: the case against Kernewek Kemmyn”. Cornish Studies. Second series: Four. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. pp. 64–87. ISBN 0-85989-523-8.
 * 1997. Clappya Kernowek: an introduction to Unified Cornish Revised. Portreath: Agan Tavas. ISBN 1-901409-01-5.
 * 1997. “Middle and Late Cornish”, in McCone, Kim (1997). Compendium linguarum Celticarum. Reichert Verlag.
 * 1998. “Pre-occlusion in Cornish". Studia Celtica. University of Wales Press. 32: 129–54.
 * 1998. “Nebbaz gerriau dro tho Curnoack" (O’Donnell lecture given in Oxford, May 1998)
 * 1998. “Indirect statement in Cornish and Breton". Cornish Studies. Second series: Six. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. pp. 172–82. ISBN 0-85989-610-2.
 * 1999. “Saint in Cornish”. Cornish Studies. Second series: Seven. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Pp. 219–241. ISBN 0-85989-644-7.
 * 2001. “ ‘A modern and scholarly Cornish-English dictionary’: Ken George’s Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn (1993)”. Cornish Studies. Second series: Nine. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. pp. 247–311. ISBN 0-85989-702-8.
 * 2006. Cornish Today: an examination of the revived language (3rd ed.). Westport: Evertype. ISBN 978-1-904808-07-7.
 * 2006. Writings on Revived Cornish. Westport: Evertype. ISBN 978-1-904808-08-4.
 * “A problem in Cornish phonology”
 * “Which Cornish?”
 * “‘Linguistically sound principles’: the case against Kernewek Kemmyn"
 * “Pre-occlusion in Cornish”
 * “Nebbaz gerriau dro tho Curnoack: A few words about Cornish”
 * “Indirect statement in Cornish and Breton”
 * “Saint in Cornish”
 * “ ‘A modern and scholarly Cornish-English dictionary’: Ken George’s Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn (1993)”
 * “Place-name inconsistencies in George’s Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn”
 * “Bewnans Ke: Implications for Kernowek Kemyn"
 * 2006. Towards Authentic Cornish. Westport: Evertype. ISBN 978-1-904808-09-1.
 * 2012. An Hobad, nó Anonn agus Ar Ais Arís (in Irish). Evertype. ISBN 9-781-90480890-9
 * 2014. An Hobys, pò An Fordh Dy ha Tre Arta (in Cornish). Evertype. ISBN 9-781-78201089-0

title: Nicholas Williams (Celticist)