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House of Lorraine

The House of Lorraine (Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine. By the marriage of Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Haus Habsburg-Lothringen). Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918.

Although its senior agnates are the dukes of Hohenberg, the house is currently headed by Karl von Habsburg (born 1961), grandson of the last emperor Charles I.

A controversial origin
The main two theories of the House's origin are:

 * the theory of Etichonid ancestry, which claims that Adalbert of Metz and his brother Gerard were descendants of the Nordgau branch of the Etichonid Dynasty, the same branch from which the House of Habsburg and the House of Zähringen could possibly descend;
 * the theory of Gerardide ancestry, which claims that Adalbert and Gerard descended from the Matfridings which are thought to have been a branch of the Gerardides.

The Etichonid origin was unanimously recognized from the 18th until the 20th century. For this reason, the marriage between Maria Theresa of Austria and Francis of Lorraine was seen at the time as the reunion of the two branches of the dynasty. The main proponents of this theory have been: Dom Calmet (1672 † 1757), Nicolas Viton de Saint-Allais (1773 † 1842) and more recently Michel Dugast Rouillé (1919 † 1987) and Henry Bogdan.

The main proponents of the Gerardide-Matfriding theory are: Eduard Hlawitschka, George Poull and partially the Europäische Stammtafeln (which however does not take into account the kinship with the Girardides).

The Renaissance dukes of Lorraine tended to arrogate to themselves claims to Carolingian ancestry, as illustrated by Alexandre Dumas, père in the novel La Dame de Monsoreau (1846); in fact, so little documentation survives on the early generations that the reconstruction of a family tree for progenitors of the House of Alsace involves a good deal of guesswork.

What is more securely demonstrated is that in 1048 Emperor Henry III gave the Duchy of Upper Lorraine first to Adalbert of Metz and then to his brother Gerard whose successors (collectively known as the House of Alsace or the House of Châtenois) retained the duchy until the death of Charles the Bold in 1431.

Houses of Vaudémont and Guise
After a brief interlude of 1453–1473, when the duchy passed in right of Charles's daughter to her husband John of Calabria, a Capetian, Lorraine reverted to the House of Vaudémont, a junior branch of House of Lorraine, in the person of René II who later added to his titles that of Duke of Bar.

The French Wars of Religion saw the rise of a junior branch of the Lorraine family, the House of Guise, which became a dominant force in French politics and, during the later years of Henry III's reign, was on the verge of succeeding to the throne of France. Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, also came from this family.

Under the Bourbon monarchy the remaining branch of the House of Guise, headed by the duc d'Elbeuf, remained part of the highest ranks of French aristocracy, while the senior branch of the House of Vaudémont continued to rule the independent duchies of Lorraine and Bar. Louis XIV's imperialist ambitions (which involved the occupation of Lorraine in 1669–97) forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg.

House of Habsburg‑Lorraine
After Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI failed to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's yet unborn daughter, Maria Theresa. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (as well as the Duchy of Teschen from the Emperor).

At Charles's death in 1740 the Habsburg holdings passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected (in 1745) Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession. Francis and Maria Theresa's daughters Marie Antoinette and Maria Carolina of Austria became Queens of France and Naples-Sicily, respectively, while their sons Joseph II and Leopold II succeeded to the imperial title.

Apart from the core Habsburg dominions, including the triple crowns of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, several junior branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine reigned in the Italian duchies of Tuscany (until 1737-1796, 1814-1860), Parma (1814-1847) and Modena (1814-1859). Another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico (1863–67).

In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (then heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne) contracted a morganatic marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austro-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinand's younger brother, was universally regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011. It was at Nancy, the former capital of the House of Vaudémont, that the former crown prince married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen in 1951.

List of heads
The following is a list of ruling heads (after 1918 pretenders) of the house of Ardennes-Metz and its successor houses of Lorraine and Habsburg-Lorraine, from the start of securely documented genealogical history in the 11th century.

 * Gerhard III, Count of Metz, 990–1045
 * Adalbert, Duke of Upper Lorraine r. 1047/8
 * Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1048–1070
 * Theodoric (Thierry) II r. 1070–1115
 * Simon I, r. 1115–1138
 * Matthias I, r. 1138–1176
 * Simon II, r. 1176–1215
 * Frederick I, r. 1205/6
 * Frederick II, r. 1206–1213
 * Theobald I, r. 1213–1220
 * Matthias II, r. 1220–1251
 * Frederick III, c. 1251–1303
 * Theobald II, r. 1303–1312
 * Frederick IV, r. 1312–1328
 * Rudolph, r. 1328–1346 (killed in the Battle of Crécy)
 * John I, r. 1346–1390
 * Charles II, r. 1390–1431

Charles II died without male heir, the duchy passing to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine, consort of Naples by marriage to Duke René of Anjou. The duchy passed to their son John II (r. 1453–1470), whose son Nicholas I (r. 1470–1473) died without heir. The title now went to Nicholas' aunt (sister of John II) Yolande.

House of Lorraine
The House of Lorraine was formed by Yolande's marriage to Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (1428–1470), who was descended from John I (Yolande's great-grandfather) via his younger son Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont (1346–1390), Antoine, Count of Vaudémont (c. 1395–1431) and Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (1417–1470). René inherited the title of Duke of Lorraine upon his marriage in 1473.

 * René II, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1473–1508
 * Antoine, r. 1508–1544
 * Francis I, r. 1544/5
 * Charles III, r. 1545–1608 (his mother Christina of Denmark served as his regent during his minority)
 * Henry II (I), r. 1608–1624 (leaving no sons, both of his daughters became Duchesses of Lorraine by marriage)
 * Nicole (m. Charles IV)
 * Claude (m. Nicholas II)
 * Francis II, (son of Charles III, duke for six days in 1625, abdicated in favour of his son)
 * Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine r. 1624–1675 (briefly abdicated in favour of his brother in 1634)
 * Nicholas Francis (Nicholas II) (briefly made duke during the French invasion of Lorraine in 1634)
 * Charles V, r. 1675–1690 (son of Nicholas Francis)
 * Leopold, r. 1690–1729
 * Francis (III) Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1728–1737, Holy Roman Emperor (as Francis I) r. 1745–1765

House of Habsburg–Lorraine

 * Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–1790), r. 1765–1790
 * Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747–1792), r. 1790–1792
 * Francis II (IV) (1768–1835), Holy Roman Emperor 1792–1806, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835
 * Ferdinand I (V), Emperor of Austria (1793–1875), r. 1835–1848 (abdicated in 1848, succeeded by his nephew)
 * Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830–1916), r. 1848–1916, son of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (1802–1878), a younger son of Francis II

The heir of Franz Joseph, Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, committed suicide in 1889. Franz Joseph was succeeded by his grandnephew, Charles I, son of Archduke Otto Francis, the son of Archduke Karl Ludwig, a younger brother of Franz Joseph.

 * Blessed Charles of Austria (Charles I and IV) (1887–1922), r. 1916–1919 (dissolution of the monarchy)
 * Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011)
 * Karl von Habsburg (b. 1961)
 * Heir apparent: Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg (b. 1997)

Male-line family tree
Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.

 * Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, 1030-1070
 * Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine, d. 1115
 * Simon I, Duke of Lorraine, 1076-1139
 * Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine, 1119-1176
 * Simon II, Duke of Lorraine, 1140-1207
 * Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine, 1143-1206
 * Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine, 1165-1213
 * Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine, 1191-1220
 * Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine, 1193-1251
 * Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine, 1240-1302
 * Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine, 1263-1312
 * Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine, 1282-1326
 * Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine, 1320-1346
 * John I, Duke of Lorraine, 1346-1390
 * Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, 1365-1431
 * Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont, 1369-1415
 * Anthony, Count of Vaudémont, 1400-1458
 * Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont, 1428-1470
 * René II, Duke of Lorraine, 1451-1508
 * Anthony, Duke of Lorraine, 1489-1544
 * Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545
 * Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, 1543-1608
 * Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, 1563-1624
 * Charles of Lorraine (bishop of Metz and Strasbourg), 1567-1607
 * Francis II, Duke of Lorraine, 1572-1632
 * Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, 1604-1675
 * Charles Henry, Prince of Commercy, 1649-1723
 * Charles Thomas, Prince of Vaudémont, 1670-1704
 * Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 1609-1670
 * Ferdinand Philip, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, 1639–1659
 * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, 1643-1690
 * Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, 1679-1729
 * Leopold Clement, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, 1707-1723
 * Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1708-1765
 * Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1741-1790
 * Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, 1745-1761
 * Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1747-1792
 * Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1768-1835
 * Ferdinand I of Austria, 1793-1875
 * Archduke Francis Charles of Austria, 1802-1878
 * Francis Joseph I of Austria, 1830-1916
 * Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria, 1858-1889
 * Maximilian I of Mexico, 1832-1867
 * Archduke Charles Louis of Austria, 1833-1896
 * Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, 1863-1914
 * Archduke Otto of Austria, 1865-1906
 * Charles I of Austria, 1887-1922
 * Otto von Habsburg, 1912-2011
 * Charles von Habsburg, b. 1961
 * Ferdinand Habsburg, b. 1997
 * George von Habsburg, b. 1964
 * Charles Constantine Habsburg, b. 2004
 * Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este, 1915-1996
 * Prince Laurence of Belgium, b. 1955
 * Prince Amadeus of Belgium, b. 1986
 * Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, b. 2019
 * Prince Joachim of Belgium, b. 1991
 * Archduke Gerard of Austria, b. 1957
 * Archduke Martin of Austria, b. 1959
 * Archduke Bartholomew of Austria, b. 2006
 * Archduke Emmanuel of Austria, b. 2008
 * Archduke Luigi of Austria, b. 2011
 * Archduke Felix of Austria, 1916-2011
 * Archduke Charles Philip of Austria, b. 1954
 * Julian-Laurence Habsburg, b. 1994
 * Louis-Damian Habsburg, b. 1998
 * Archduke Raymond of Austria, 1958-2008
 * 1 son
 * Archduke Stephen of Austria, b. 1961
 * 2 sons
 * Archduke Charles Louis of Austria, 1918–2007
 * Archduke Rudolph of Austria, b. 1950
 * Archduke Charles Christian of Austria, b. 1977
 * Archduke John of Austria, b. 1981
 * Archduke Thomas of Austria, b. 1983
 * Archduke Francis-Louis of Austria, b. 1988
 * Archduke Michael of Austria, b. 1990
 * Archduke Joseph of Austria, b. 1991
 * Archduke Charles Christian of Austria, b. 1954
 * Archduke Imre of Austria, b. 1985
 * Archduke Charles of Austria, b. 2023
 * Archduke Christopher of Austria, b. 1988
 * Archduke Joseph of Austria, b. 2020
 * Archduke Alexander of Austria, b. 1990
 * Archduke Rudolph of Austria, 1919–2010
 * Archduke Charles of Austria, b. 1955
 * 2 children
 * Simeon of Austria, b. 1958
 * John Habsburg, b. 1997
 * Louis Habsburg, b. 1998
 * Philip Habsburg, b. 2007
 * Archduke Maximilian of Austria, 1895-1952
 * Ferdinand, 1918-2004
 * Maximilian, b. 1961
 * Henry, 1925-2014
 * Philip, b. 1961
 * Ferdinand Charles, b. 1965
 * Conrad, b. 1971
 * Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria, 1868-1915
 * Archduke Louis Victor of Austria, 1842-1919
 * Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1769-1824
 * Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1797-1870
 * Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1835-1908
 * Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria, 1868-1935
 * Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria, 1872-1942
 * Maximilian Habsburg, 1932-2024
 * Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria, 1874-1948
 * Archduke Godfrey of Austria, 1902-1984
 * Archduke Leopold of Austria, b. 1942
 * 2 sons
 * Archduke George of Austria, 1905-1952
 * Archduke Radbot, b. 1938
 * Archduke Leopold, b. 1973
 * Archduke Felix, b. 2007
 * Archduke George, b. 2009
 * Archduke Maximilian, b. 1976
 * Archduke George, b. 1952
 * Archduke Henry Ferdinand, 1878–1969
 * Archduke Charles Salvator of Austria, 1839-1892
 * Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria, 1863-1931
 * Archduke Rainer of Austria, 1895-1930
 * Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1897-1958
 * Archduke Anthony of Austria, 1901-1987
 * Archduke Stephen of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1932-1998
 * Archduke Dominic of Austria, b. 1937
 * Alexander Habsburg, b. 1965
 * Constantine Habsburg, b. 2000
 * Gregory Habsburg, b. 1968
 * Archduke Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1905-1975
 * Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1909-1953
 * Archduke Francis Salvator of Austria, 1866-1939
 * Archduke Francis Charles Salvator of Austria, 1893-1918
 * Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria, 1894-1971
 * Archduke Frederick Salvator of Austria, 1927–1999
 * Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria, b. 1956
 * Archduke Alexander Salvator of Austria, b. 1959
 * Archduke Constantine of Austria, b. 2002
 * Archduke Paul Salvator of Austria, b. 2003
 * Archduke Andrew Salvator of Austria, b. 1936
 * Archduke Thaddaeus Salvator of Austria, b. 2001
 * Archduke Casimir Salvator of Austria, b. 2003
 * Archduke Mark of Austria, b. 1946
 * Archduke John Maximilian of Austria, b. 1947
 * Archduke Michael Salvator of Austria, b. 1949
 * Theodore Salvator, 1899–1978
 * issue
 * Clement Salvator, 1904-1974
 * issue
 * Archduke Albert Salvator, 1871–1896
 * Archduke Louis Salvator of Austria, 1847-1915
 * Archduke John Salvator of Austria, 1852-1890
 * Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, 1771-1847
 * Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen, 1817-1895
 * Archduke Charles Ferdinand of Austria, 1818-1874
 * Archduke Frederick, Duke of Teschen, 1856-1936
 * Archduke Albert Francis, Duke of Teschen, 1897-1955
 * Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria, 1860-1933
 * Archduke Charles Albert of Austria, 1888-1951
 * Archduke Leo Charles of Austria, 1893-1939
 * Archduke William of Austria, 1895-1948
 * Archduke Eugene of Austria, 1863-1954
 * Archduke Frederick of Austria, 1821–1847
 * Archduke William Francis of Austria, 1827-1894
 * Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria, 1772-1795
 * Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary), 1776-1847
 * Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary), 1817-1867
 * Archduke Joseph Charles of Austria, 1833-1905
 * Archduke Joseph Augustus of Austria, 1872-1962
 * Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, 1895-1957
 * Archduke Joseph Arpad of Austria, 1933-2017
 * Archduke Joseph Charles of Austria, b. 1960
 * 2 sons
 * Archduke Andrew-Augustine of Austria, b. 1965
 * 6 children
 * Archduke Nicholas Francis of Austria, b. 1973
 * 4 children
 * Archduke John James of Austria, b. 1975
 * 3 sons
 * Archduke Stephen Dominic of Austria, 1934-2011
 * Archduke Geza of Austria, b. 1940
 * Archduke Michael of Austria, b. 1942
 * Archduke Edward of Austria, b. 1967
 * Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, 1901-1946
 * Archduke Ladislaus Philip of Austria, 1875-1895
 * Archduke Anthony Victor of Austria, 1779-1835
 * Archduke John of Austria, 1782-1859
 * Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria, 1783-1853
 * Archduke Leopold Louis of Austria, 1823-1898
 * Archduke Ernest of Austria, 1824-1899
 * Archduke Sigismund of Austria, 1826-1891
 * Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria, 1827-1913
 * Archduke Henry Anthony of Austria, 1828-1891
 * Archduke Louis of Austria, 1784-1864
 * Archduke Rudolph of Austria, 1788-1831
 * Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria-Este, 1754-1806
 * Francis IV, Duke of Modena, 1779-1846
 * Francis V, Duke of Modena, 1819-1875
 * Archduke Ferdinand Charles Victor of Austria-Este, 1821-1849
 * Archduke Ferdinand Charles Joseph of Austria-Este, 1781-1850
 * Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, 1782-1863
 * Archduke Charles Ambrose of Austria-Este, 1785-1809
 * Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, 1756-1801
 * Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, 1712-1780
 * Charles Joseph of Lorraine, 1680-1715
 * Joseph Emmanuel, 1685–1705
 * Francis Anthony, 1689–1715
 * Nicholas, Duke of Mercœur, 1524-1577
 * Philip Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, 1558-1602
 * Cardinal Charles de Lorraine de Vaudémont, 1561-1587
 * Francis of Lorraine, Marquis of Chaussin, 1567–1596
 * Henry, Count of Chaligny, 1570-1600
 * Prince Charles of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun, 1592–1631
 * Prince Henry of Lorraine, Count of Chaligny, 1596–1672
 * Prince Francis of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun, 1599–1671
 * Eric of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont, 1576-1623
 * Claude, Duke of Guise, 1496-1550, founder of the House of Guise
 * Francis, Duke of Guise, 1519-1563
 * Henry I, Duke of Guise, 1550-1588
 * Charles, Duke of Guise, 1571-1640
 * Francis, Prince of Joinville, 1612-1639
 * Henry II, Duke of Guise, 1614-1664
 * Charles Louis, Duke of Joyeuse, 1618–1637
 * Louis, Duke of Joyeuse, 1622-1654
 * Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise, 1650-1671
 * Francis Joseph, Duke of Guise, 1670-1675
 * Roger, a knight, 1624–1653
 * Louis III, Cardinal of Guise, 1575-1621
 * Claude, Duke of Chevreuse, 1578-1657
 * Francis Alexander, a knight, 1589–1614
 * Charles, Duke of Mayenne, 1554-1611
 * Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, 1578-1621
 * Charles Emmanuel of Lorraine, Count of Sommerive, 1581–1609
 * Louis II of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise, 1555-1588
 * Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, 1524-1574
 * Claude, Duke of Aumale, 1526-1573
 * Charles, Duke of Aumale, 1555-1631
 * Claude of Lorraine, knight of Aumale, 1564-1591
 * Louis I of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise, 1527-1578
 * Francis of Lorraine, Grand Prior, 1534-1563
 * René II of Lorraine, Marquis of Elbeuf, 1536-1566
 * Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, 1556-1605
 * Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, 1596-1657
 * Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf, 1620-1692
 * Charles of Lorraine, knight of Elboeuf, 1650–1690
 * Henry, Duke of Elbeuf, 1661-1748
 * Philip of Lorraine, Prince of Elbeuf, 1678-1705
 * Charles of Lorraine, 1685-1705
 * Louis of Lorraine, Abbot of Orcamp, 1662–1693
 * Emmanuel Maurice, Duke of Elbeuf, 1677-1763
 * Henry, Abbot of Hombieres, 1622–1648
 * Francis Louis, Count of Harcourt, 1623-1694
 * Alphonse Henri, Count of Harcourt, 1648-1718
 * Francis-Mary of Lorraine, Count of Maubec, 1686–1706
 * Francis of Lorraine, Prince of Montlaur, 1684-1705
 * Cesar of Lorraine, Prince of Montlaur, 1650–1675
 * Charles of Lorraine, Abbé of Harcourt, 1661–1683
 * Francis-Mary, Prince of Lillebonne, 1624-1694
 * Charles, Prince of Commercy, 1661-1702
 * John Paul of Lorraine, 1672-1693
 * Henry, Count of Harcourt, 1601-1666
 * Louis, Count of Armagnac, 1641-1718
 * Henry, Count of Brionne, 1661-1713
 * Louis, Prince of Lambesc, 1692-1743
 * Louis, Prince of Brionne, 1725-1761
 * Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc, 1751-1825
 * Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont, 1759-1812
 * Francis Armand of Lorraine, Abbot of Royaumont, 1665–1728
 * Camille of Lorraine, Count of Chamilly, 1666–1715
 * Louis Alphonse of Lorraine, bailiff of Armagnac, 1675–1704
 * Charles of Lorraine, Count of Armagnac, 1684-1751
 * Philip, Knight of Lorraine, 1643-1702
 * Alphonse Louis of Lorraine, Abbot of Royaumont, 1644–1689
 * Raymond Berenger of Lorraine, Abbot of Faron de Meaux, 1647–1686
 * Charles, Count of Marsan, 1648-1708
 * Charles Louis, Count of Marsan, 1696-1755
 * Gaston, Count of Marsan, 1721-1743
 * Camille, Prince of Marsan, 1725-1780
 * James Henry of Lorraine, Knight of Lorraine, 1698–1734
 * John, Cardinal of Lorraine, 1498-1550
 * Louis, Count of Vaudémont, 1500-1528
 * Francis of Lorraine, Lord of Lambesc, 1506-1525
 * Nicholas, Lord of Joinville and Bauffremont, d. c. 1476
 * Henry of Lorraine-Vaudémont, Bishop of Metz, c. 1432-1505
 * John, Count of Harcourt, d. 1473
 * Frederick, Lord of Rumigny
 * Charles, Lord of Bovines
 * John, Lord of Fleurines
 * Matthias, Lord of Darney, Boves, Blainville and Florennes, d. c. 1330
 * Hugh, Lord of Rumigny, Martigny, and Aubenton, d. after 1337
 * Matthias, Lord of Beauregard, d. 1282
 * Frederick, Bishop of Orléans, d. 1299
 * Frederick, Lord of Plombiéres, Romont, and Brémoncourt, d. c. 1320
 * Gerard, fl. 1317
 * James, Bishop of Metz
 * Reynold, Count of Castres
 * Theoderic the Devil, Lord of Autigny
 * Henry the Lombard
 * Philip, Lord of Gerbéviller, d. 1243
 * Matthias, Bishop of Toul, 1170–1217
 * Theoderic, bishop of Metz, d. 1181
 * Matthias, Count of Toul, d. 1208
 * Robert, lord of Floranges
 * Baldwin
 * John
 * Gerard, Count of Vaudémont, 1057–1108

title: House of Lorraine


text:
Marlain Angelides

Marlain Angelides (Greek: Μαρλέν Αγγελίδου) is a Greek singer. She was a member of the Greek girl group Hi-5, and represented Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999 with the "Tha 'Ne Erotas" song. Angelidou, her mother, and her siblings all have dual nationality (Greek and British).

Life
Marlain Angelides was born in Nicosia, Cyprus on 6 September 1978 to a Cypriot-born father of mainland Greek origin and a mother of half-Scottish and half-Cypriot descent. She emigrated to Venezuela at the age of 5, learning fluent Spanish (which she has since forgotten). She then moved to Belgium, and later back to Cyprus, where she lived during her teenage years on her father's request to return home. Angelidou is currently based in New York, although her mother, father, and brother remain in Cyprus.

Marlain Angelides completed a BS in Biochemistry with Management at Imperial College London before studying at Boston Conservatory in the US. She also obtained a Postgraduate Diploma in Musical Theatre from London's Royal Academy of Music.

Career
She made her professional debut as the lead in the Stavros Sideras musical Pygmalion, The True Story (Aphrodite/Galatea) opposite Peter Polycarpou. Her professional career started in 1999–2000 with the production of Aznavour's Lautrec in London's West End. During 2000–2002 she starred in lead roles in musicals such as Hair (Dionne), and Elegies (Judith), toured the UK with Living La Vida Loca (Fantasia), Legends of Swing (singing Ella Fitzgerald songs) and toured Europe with Flower Power Musical Story (Lainer) and Broadway Musical Gala (Principal Soloist) where she had the opportunity to sing solo in front of 11,000 at La Scala in Milan. At the same time, she appeared in performances at the Berklee Performance Centre, in Boston, USA, Festival Rose D’Or in Juan-les-Pins, France, some charity events in Basel, Switzerland, and Dublin, Ireland and in concerts with the Cyprus State Orchestra as a soloist.

At the end of 2002, at the BBC Radio 2 Voice of Musical Theatre International Competition in Cardiff, Wales, she was the semi-final winner and one of only six finalists.

Eurovision
Angelides has taken part in a number of Cypriot pre-selections to the Eurovision Song Contest, namely in 1998, 1999, 2008, and 2009 and was successful in winning and representing Cyprus in 1999.

In her first attempt in 1998, she came second with the song " Fterougisma ", which was performed by Marlain and Alex Panayi.

In 1999, she was more successful with her song " Tha 'Ne Erotas " winning the Cypriot pre-selection event and represented Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999.

In 2008, Angelides participated in the Cypriot pre-selection for the third time, this time with the song "Rejection (Set Me Free)", which placed third in the pre-selection.

Her last participation in the Cypriot pre-selection for the Eurovision was in 2009 when her hard rock titled "Mr Do Right One Night Stand" performed by Marlain and The Diesel Sisters placed seventh.

In Hi-5
In 2003, she took part in the Greek television contest Pop Stars, winning one of the five spots in a teen girl's group that was to be formed on the basis of the show's outcome. The group was named Hi-5 and released a self-titled album in 2003 that went gold in Greece. The band has had hit songs such as " Xero Ti Zitao ", " To Tyhero Asteri ", and " Yennithika Xana ". Hi-5 released three studio albums, the self-titled Hi-5 and  Mia Nichta San ki Afti  both in 2003 and  Makria Apo Afti ti Gi  in 2004. The group parted quietly off-screen in 2005 on good terms after two years together to pursue solo careers.

After Hi-5
From 2005 to 2008, Marlain then continued singing rock with various bands in clubs and festivals around Greece, namely Volume (Christophoros Chrokides, Stephanos Demetriou, Dimitris Frosinis) and Dickens’ Zoo. With N.U.R.V. she played the popular European Music Day at Syntagma Square in Athens and the River Party in Kastoria.

She also played the leading role in the West End Athens version of the musical Saturday Night Fever (Stephanie Mangano).

She has collaborated with major artists in Greece, namely Greek rock star Vassilis Papakonstantinou in his concert tours of Greece and is currently touring Greece, Cyprus, USA, Europe and Africa with pop artist Michalis Hadzigiannis.

Being a fan of cartoons, Marlain also lends her voice regularly to cartoon voice-over translations for Disney and DreamWorks playing a variety of characters from Mulan in Mulan II, to Lady Bug in James and the Giant Peach, the Soul Singer in Kronk's New Groove, Rita the Dog in Oliver & Company, the country-western singer Dixie dubbing the voice of Reba McEntire in Fox and the Hound 2, and many others.

She created a collection of songs entitled Bedroom Rock. Her first performance as a solo act is live in various clubs at the moment in Athens.

Her CD single "Being Blonde Today" was released in January 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marlain Angelides


text:
Rubicon River (New Zealand)

The Rubicon River is a minor river in the South Island of New Zealand. It starts on the southeast flanks of the Torlesse Range and feeds into the Kowai River.

title: Rubicon River (New Zealand)


text:
Carina

Carina may refer to:

Australia

 * Carina, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane
 * Carina Heights, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane
 * Carina, Victoria, a locality in Mildura

Serbia

 * Carina, Osečina, a village in the Kolubara District

People

 * Carina (name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
 * Carina, a pet form of the given name Cara
 * Carina, a Latinization of Cairenn, said to be the mother of Niall of the Nine Hostages

Anatomy

 * Carina, the scientific name for an anatomical structure resembling a keel, such as the large keel on the breastbone in birds
 * Carina of trachea, the point at which the trachea branches to form the two mainstem bronchi

Astronomy

 * Carina (Chinese astronomy)
 * Carina (constellation), a constellation
 * Carina Dwarf, a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way
 * Carina Nebula (NGC 3372)

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * "Carina" (Corrado Lojacono song), a 1958 song covered by Sophia Loren, Dean Martin and Cliff Richard
 * "Carina" (Larz-Kristerz song), a 2008 song by Swedish band Larz-Kristerz
 * Carina Press, the digital-only publishing house from Harlequin Enterprises
 * Carina (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe

Storms

 * Cyclone Carina, in the 2005–2006 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
 * Tropical Storm Carina (2012), in the 2012 Pacific typhoon season
 * Typhoon Nida (2016), a 2016 Pacific typhoon known as Severe Tropical Storm Carina in the Philippines

Other uses

 * Carina, a Latin word for the keel of a ship or for its entire hull
 * Carina Rugby League Football Club
 * Toyota Carina, an automobile
 * USS Carina (AK-74), a 1942 United States Navy cargo ship used in World War II
 * Sailing yacht Carina, which disappeared off the Dublin coast in 1944
 * Sailing yacht Carina II, which won the 1955 and 1957 Fastnet Races skippered by USA sailor Richard Nye

title: Carina


text:
Jon Toogood

Jonathan Charles Toogood (born 9 August 1971) is a New Zealand musician who is the frontman (lead vocals and guitar) of the rock band Shihad. He formed the band in 1988 with fellow Wellingtonian Tom Larkin. Toogood and Larkin met as teenage fans of AC/DC and Metallica.

Solo work
In 2009, Toogood revealed he had been travelling around New Zealand to collaborate with other New Zealand artists for a project that is "extra-curricular" to Shihad's music. Confirmed collaborators included Tiki Taane, Ruban and Kody Neilson from the Mint Chicks, Julia Deans from Fur Patrol, Anika Moa, Shayne Carter of Dimmer/Straitjacket Fits fame and Ladi 6. "The Adults" was released as a full-length album in New Zealand in June 2011. Toogood subsequently toured New Zealand and Australia under this banner, joined onstage by Deans and Carter.

In 2018, Toogood completed a master of fine arts degree at Massey University, with a thesis on Aghani Al-Banat music. In 2020 Toogood was inducted into Massey University's College of Creative Arts' hall of fame.

Personal life
Toogood is not related to the broadcasting icon Selwyn Toogood, as his parents migrated from England to New Zealand in the 1950s. Toogood was a keen cricket player in high school, and at one stage captained the Wellington secondary schools' representative cricket team.

As of April 2005, Toogood was married to Ronise Paul, with whom he had a stepdaughter. Toogood married Dana Salih, who is a Sudanese Muslim, in Sudan in 2014. Toogood had converted to Islam prior to the wedding.

Aotearoa Music Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.

! Ref.
 * 1992 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Most Promising Male || Nominated ||rowspan="8"|
 * 1994 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 1996 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1997 || Karl Kippenberger & Jon Toogood for Shihad || Album Cover of the Year || Nominated
 * Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 1998 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Won
 * 2000 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Won
 * 2001 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 2010 || Jon Toogood (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 1998 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Won
 * 2000 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Won
 * 2001 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 2010 || Jon Toogood (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2001 || Jon Toogood – Shihad || Male Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 2010 || Jon Toogood (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2010 || Jon Toogood (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2010 || Jon Toogood (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||

title: Jon Toogood


text: User:Beyer

title: User:Beyer


text:
Makarora

Makarora is a small community within the Queenstown-Lakes District of the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand.

It is situated on on the eastern side of the Haast Pass and adjacent to the Makarora River.

Local tourism operators offer scenic plane flights and jetboating tours on the Makarora River, which is the border of the Mount Aspiring National Park. The 2022 film Nude Tuesday was shot at the Wonderland Lodge in Makarora.

Demographics
Makarora is part of the Outer Wānaka statistical area, which covers 3176.08 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Outer Wānaka had a population of 399 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 21 people (5.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 63 people (18.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 162 households, comprising 204 males and 192 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female. The median age was 45.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 72 people (18.0%) aged under 15 years, 57 (14.3%) aged 15 to 29, 228 (57.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 36 (9.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 96.2% European/Pākehā, 10.5% Māori, 0.8% Asian, and 0.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 18.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 64.7% had no religion, and 29.3% were Christian.

Of those at least 15 years old, 87 (26.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 21 (6.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 63 people (19.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 183 (56.0%) people were employed full-time, 78 (23.9%) were part-time, and 3 (0.9%) were unemployed.

Education
Makarora Primary School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of  as of. The school was first established in 1895.

title: Makarora


text:
Talk:MP3 player

wording
Right now the article says it's a "misnomer" to call an MP3 player an MP3 player. I don't think "misnomer" is the best word here. Going by the dictionary definition of misnomer, this would only make sense if the MP3 player did not play MP3s at all (as opposed to playing more than just MP3s, as it does.) 95.151.70.107 (talk) 14:18, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

wording
sugest:

"Other formats are open source, such as Vorbis, FLAC, and Speex (all part of the Ogg open multimedia project)."

should be:

"Other formats are free and open, such as Vorbis, FLAC, and Speex (all part of the Ogg open multimedia project)."

because the reference implementation of a format can be open source, not the format itself, which doesn't have source code. People are free to make non-open source implementations of any of the formats mentioned above.

first
It's "commonly held" that the rio was the first mp3 player, but User:68.38.80.92 added the thing about the Eiger player being first. I'd not heard of it, but a quick google finds several contemporanoues reviews such as http://business.fortunecity.com/tisch/493/MPManReview.htm, which do indeed say that the Eiger was on sale first, at least in Asia. -- John Fader

External links modified
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Requested move 18 February 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: consensus not to move the page at this time, per the discussion below. If this is revisited in the future, I'd suggest including additional evidence to back up the proposal. Dekimasu よ! 22:06, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

MP3 player → Digital Audio Player – Its correct technical name is Digital Audio Player, MP3 is just a format which all of them support it but are not limited to it, specially in recent years. Editor-1 (talk) 12:04, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

 * oppose, of course it is a digital audio player, however, mp3 is the quintessential format that everyone uses, at the point where, non-technical people would refer to formats even as mp3. It became basically a catch-all for mp3s. also, primary sticking point. Artix Kreiger (talk) 13:51, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose per COMMONNAME. – Davey 2010 Talk 15:21, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common name. Corky  15:41, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common name. Lepricavark (talk) 20:25, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

 * comment Although I said "its technical name" but the fact is "Digital Audio Player" is also common!!

Editor-1 (talk) 07:28, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

AfD of Capsule speaker
More opinions welcome at Articles for deletion/Capsule speaker. Is capsule speaker a generic term for a now-notable device, or simply a brandname from X-mini? Andy Dingley (talk) 10:26, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:MP3 player


text:
Karl Kippenberger

Karl Brenton Jamie Kippenberger (born 26 August 1973) is a New Zealand musician, best known as the bass guitarist for the rock band Shihad.

Biography
He is the grandson of Captain E.T Kippenberger, great nephew of Major-General Sir Howard Kippenberger.

Kippenberger grew up in Pukerua Bay just north of Wellington and attended Kāpiti College (formerly Raumati District High School). Kāpiti College is also the same high school that produced film director Peter Jackson, former All Black Christian Cullen as well as several other well-known Kiwi musicians, including Ara Adams Tamata of Katchafire and Danny Rodda.

After his 6th Form (year 12) year, he left to attend Aotea College for his final high school year.

Aotearoa Music Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.

! Ref.
 * 1997 || Karl Kippenberger & Jon Toogood for Shihad || Album Cover of the Year || Nominated ||rowspan="2"|
 * 2000 || Karl Kippenberger for The General Electric || Album Cover of the Year|| Won
 * 2010 || Karl Kippenberger (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2000 || Karl Kippenberger for The General Electric || Album Cover of the Year|| Won
 * 2010 || Karl Kippenberger (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2010 || Karl Kippenberger (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||

title: Karl Kippenberger


text: Template:The Corrs

title: Template:The Corrs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teetotalism

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Teetotalism.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Dictionary article.Wikimol

 * Keep. Even if only a stub at the moment, important concept (not just a word explanation). -- till we *) 11:55, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Need to make appropriate connections between it and Temperance movement. I just added the I-thought-well-known explanation of its origin (Joseph Livesey and Dickie Turner). It sounds apocryphal, but actually it's the only explanation I had ever heard; I wish that the other explanations (which I've labelled as "other suggestions") had been documented on the Talk page. Dpbsmith 20:02, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, looks fine. Everyking 20:04, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:29, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks like a good start. Abigail 12:01, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Better explanation than most, and I twice had students ask me about this thing. Clossius 17:07, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Information appliance

An information appliance (IA) is an appliance that is designed to easily perform a specific electronic function such as playing music, photography, or editing text.

Typical examples are smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Information appliances partially overlap in definition with, or are sometimes referred to as, smart devices, embedded systems, mobile devices or wireless devices.

Appliance vs computer
The term information appliance was coined by Jef Raskin around 1979. As later explained by Donald Norman in his influential The Invisible Computer, the main characteristics of IA, as opposed to any normal computer, were:
 * designed and pre-configured for a single application (like a toaster appliance, which is designed only to make toast),
 * so easy to use for untrained people, that it effectively becomes unnoticeable, "invisible" to them,
 * able to automatically share information with any other IAs.

This definition of IA was different from today's. Jef Raskin initially tried to include such features in the Apple Macintosh, which he designed, but eventually the project went a quite different way. For a short while during the mid- and late 1980s, there were a few models of simple electronic typewriters with screens and some form of memory storage. These dedicated word processor machines had some of the attributes of an information appliance, and Raskin designed one of them, the Canon Cat. He described some properties of his definition of information appliance in his book The Humane Interface.

Larry Ellison, Oracle Corporation CEO, predicted that information appliances and network computers would supersede personal computers (PCs).

title: Information appliance


text:
Martigues

Martigues (Lo Martegue in classical norm, Lou Martegue in Mistralian norm) is a commune northwest of Marseille. It is part of the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region on the eastern end of the Canal de Caronte.

A direct translation from the Martigues Tourisme website states the following about Martigues:

"Nicknamed the 'Provençale Venice', Martigues is a point of passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Martigues (now Etang de Berre), close to the Côte d'Azur. The charm of its canals, its docks and bridges made it 'The Venice of Provence'. Martigues possesses also its cooperative winery 'La Venise provençale': Coteaux d'Aix en Provence, rosé, red and white wines, fruit juices and natural oils in the region. Main varietals: Grenache, Syrah, Cinsault, Carignan, Clairette."

History
Martigues was founded by Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Provence in 1232 on the likely site of the Roman camp Maritima Avaticorum.

Transport
The Gare de Martigues railway station is served by regional trains between Miramas and Marseille.

The nearest airport is Marseille Provence Airport (MRS), which is 14.52 km (9 miles) away.

CroisiEurope runs river cruises between Martigues (dock near Avenue Louis Sammut, behind City Hall) and either Lyon or Chalon-sur-Saône.

People

 * Gerard Thom (Frère Gérard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller
 * Etienne Auteman / Authement, City Attorney 1700
 * Étienne Richaud (1841-1889), Principal private secretary (Gambetta's Ministry), Governor of La Réunion, Governor General for Inde française
 * Charles Maurras (1868-1952), poet and political theorist
 * Éric Bernard, Formula-1 driver
 * Jimmy Abdou, footballer
 * Ali Ahamada, footballer
 * Barket Bekrar. footballer
 * Maurice Dalé, footballer
 * Rod Fanni, footballer
 * Foued Kadir, footballer
 * André-Pierre Gignac, footballer
 * Clara Luciani, singer
 * Amor Kehiha, footballer
 * Imany, singer
 * Giacomo and Gilles Coustellier, both multiple mountainbike trials world champions
 * Yusuf Sari, footballer
 * Philippe Didier Prout, firefighter

Sport
The 1st stage of the 2024 Tour de la Provence finished at Martigues on the 9th of Feb.

title: Martigues


text:
Makarora River

The Makarora River is in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand.

Name
The Kāi Tahu name for the river is Makarore. Manga (maka in the Kāi Tahu dialect) means stream. However the meaning of rore in this context is unknown.

Geography
The headwaters are in Mount Aspiring National Park, on the eastern flanks of the Southern Alps near Haast Pass, which is the saddle between the Makarora and Haast River valleys. The Makarora River flows south into the northern end of Lake Wānaka after passing the small community of Makarora. The river attracts some recreational fishing, jetboating and kayaking. Rainbow and brown trout migrate from Lake Wānaka up the river and its tributaries to spawn, mainly in autumn and winter.

Landslide
In September 2007 a landslide in the Young River valley blocked off the corresponding stream. Young River is a tributary to Makarora River. The landslide created a new lake which appears to be permanent.

Tourism
follows the Makarora River for the majority of its course from just south of Haast Pass. A popular short walk leads to its confluence with the Blue River, at the aptly named Blue Pools. Cameron Flat Campground is a convenient campsite with a cooking shelter and bathrooms directly off State Highway 6.

title: Makarora River


text:
Naumachia

The naumachia (in Latin naumachia, from the Ancient Greek ναυμαχία/naumachía, literally "naval combat") in the Ancient Roman world referred to both the staging of naval battles as mass entertainment, and the basin or building in which this took place.

Early naumachiae
The first known naumachia was given by Julius Caesar in Rome in 46 BC on occasion of his quadruple triumph. After having a basin dug near the Tiber, capable of holding actual biremes, triremes and quinqueremes, he made 2000 combatants and 4000 rowers, all prisoners of war, fight. In 2 BC for the inauguration of the Temple of Mars Ultor ("Mars the Avenger"), Augustus gave a grander naumachia based on Caesar's model. This naumachia depicted a battle between the Greeks and the Persians and required a basin that was 400 by 600 yards, which was created straddling the Tiber. Res Gestæ (§ 23) claimed that 3000 men, not counting rowers, fought in 30 vessels with rams and several smaller boats.

In 52 AD Claudius gave what was possibly the most "epic" of these on a natural body of water, Fucine Lake, to celebrate the completion of drainage work and tunneling on the site. It included one hundred ships and 19,000 combatants, all of whom were prisoners who had been condemned to death. Suetonius' account, written many years after the event, has them salute the emperor with the phrase "morituri te salutant" ("those who are about to die salute you"). There is no evidence that this form of address was used on any occasion other than this single naumachia.

The naumachia was thus a bloodier show than gladiatorial combat, which consisted of smaller engagements and where the combat did not necessarily end with the death of the losers. More exactly, the appearance of naumachia is closely tied and only slightly earlier than that other spectacle, "group combat", which did not pit single combatants against one another, but rather used two small armies. There again, the combatants were frequently those sentenced to death and lacked the specialized training of true gladiators. Caesar, creator of the naumachia, simply had to transpose the same principle to another environment.

Through the choreography of the combat, the naumachia had the ability to represent historical or pseudo-historical themes. Each of the fleets participating represented a maritime power of Ancient Greece or the Hellenistic east: Egyptians and the Tyrians for Caesar's naumachia, Persians and Athenians for that of Augustus, Sicilians and Rhodeans for that of Claudius. It required significantly greater resources than other such entertainments, and as such these spectacles were reserved for exceptional occasions, closely tied to celebrations of the emperor, his victories and his monuments. The specific nature of the spectacle as well as the historical themes borrowed from the Greek world are closely tied to the term naumachia. This word, a phonetic transcription of the Greek word for a naval battle (ναυμαχία/naumakhía), has since come to also refer to the large artificial basins created for them.

Naumachia building
Caesar's naumachia was probably a simple basin dug into the low-lying ground on the northern or southern banks of the Tiber, and fed by its waters; the exact location is unknown; most likely Trastevere or the Campus Martius. The naumachia of Augustus is better known: in his Res Gestæ (23) Augustus himself indicates that the basin measured 1800 × 1200 Roman feet (approximately 533 × 355 meters). Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 16, 200), describes an island formed in the center, probably rectangular and connected to the shore by a bridge where the privileged spectators likely sat.

Taking into consideration the size of the basin and the dimensions of a trireme (approximately 35 × 4.90 meters), the thirty vessels used would hardly be able to manoeuvre. Knowing that the crew of a Roman trireme was approximately 170 rowers and 50 to 60 soldiers, a simple calculation allows us to see that to achieve the number of 3000 men the vessels of Augustus' fleet would have to have held more combatants than an actual fleet. The spectacle thus focused less on the movement of the vessels, and more on their actual presence in the artificial basin and the hand-to-hand combat which developed.

It was different for Claudius' naumachia. The two fleets each consisted of 50 vessels, which corresponds to the number of vessels in each of the two military fleets based at Misenum and at Ravenna. Lake Fucino was large enough that only part of it was needed, surrounded by pontoons, and there was room enough for the vessels to manoeuvre and ram each other. The naumachia of Claudius therefore truly reproduced naval combat.

According to Sextus Julius Frontinus in De aquaeductu (De aquis urbis Romæ, 11, 1-2: opus naumachiæ), the water supply for the naumachia of Augustus was specially constructed, with the surplus used to water neighbouring gardens in the Trans Tiberim. This was the Aqua Alsietina aqueduct, remains of which have been found on the slopes of Janiculum (the "8th hill of Rome") below the monastery of San Cosimato. There are several theories as to the precise location of the site; the latest of which places it between Via Aurelia in the north and the church of San Francesco a Ripa in the southeast, in the loop of the Tiber. The republican viaduct discovered in the Via Aurelia near San Crisogono may also have served as a conduit for the basin.

The basin did not last very long. During the reign of Augustus it was partly replaced (Suetonius, Augustus, 43, 1) by the nemus Cæsarum (sacred forest of the Caesars), later renamed "forest of Gaius and Lucius" for the grandsons of Augustus (Dion Cassius, 66, 25, 3). This vast area was probably built upon by the end of the 1st century.

Naumachiae in amphitheatres
A new development occurred during the reign of Nero: a naumachia in an amphitheatre. Suetonius (Nero, XII, 1) and Dio Cassius (Roman History, LXI, 9, 5) speak of such a spectacle in 57 AD in a wooden amphitheatre inaugurated by the last of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nothing is known of the site other than that it was built on the Campus Martius. Nero presented another naumachia in 64 AD. This was preceded by hunts and followed by gladiatorial combat and a great banquet (Dio Cassius, LXII, 15, 1). It is unknown what form these games took. It was probably the same wooden amphitheatre, given that there is no mention of its destruction before the great fire of Rome which happened shortly afterwards.

For the inauguration of the Colosseum in 80 AD, Titus gave two naumachiae, one in the Augustinian basin, again using several thousand men, and the other in the new amphitheatre (Dio Cassius, LXVI, 25, 1–4). According to Suetonius (Domitian, IV, 6–7), Domitian organised a naumachia inside the Colosseum, undoubtedly circa 85 AD, and another one in the year 89 AD in a new basin dug beyond the Tiber; with the stone removed serving to repair the Circus Maximus, which had burnt on two sides. It was probably in the time between these two naumachia that Domitian completed the network of rooms underneath the Colosseum that are visible today, at the same time precluding such spectacles in the arena.

The arena at the Colosseum only measured 79.35 × 47.20 meters, far removed from the dimensions of the Augustinian basin. A naumachia in the Colosseum could therefore not have been as grand as the previous ones. One can imagine a confrontation between the crews of several reproductions of warships, potentially life-size or reasonably close to it, but actual maneuvers or even floating seems doubtful. It is known that stage-props were used to represent ships, sometimes with mechanisms to simulate shipwrecks, both on stage and in the arena (Tacitus, Annales, XIV, 6, 1; Dio Cassius LXI, 12,2).

Water in the amphitheatres
The use of enough water to float vessels in amphitheatres raises technical questions. Amphitheatres were not exclusively used for naumachiae; they would have been filled and drained rapidly enough for use in gladiatorial combats and other spectacles. The rapid transition between water shows and earth-based shows seems to have been one of the great attractions. Dio Cassius underscores this as it relates to Nero's naumachia (LXI, 9, 5); Martial does as well speaking of Titus' naumachia in the Colosseum (Book of Spectacles, XXIV). The only surviving written sources offer no descriptions of the mechanisms or engineering involved. Archaeology provides no clues: the basement of the Colosseum has since been modified. Only two provincial amphitheatres, those at Verona and Mérida, Spain, provide any technical evidence.

The central pit of the Verona amphitheatre was deeper than the rooms normally found underneath the arena, and served as a basin. It was connected to two axial conduits. One, circulating under the West gallery of the arena, was not connected to the drainage system and had to be connected to an aqueduct in order to fill the basin. The East conduit was deeper and designed to drain water into the Adige River. The basin at the Mérida amphitheatre, at only 1.5 meters, was shallower than that at Verona. Because it is so shallow—less than the height of a standing man—it cannot be confused with an underground service room. This basin was equipped with access stairs and covered with material similar to that used for swimming pools and Roman baths. It was also served by two conduits, the western one of which connected to the nearby San Lazaro aqueduct.

The dimensions of these basins rule out any but the most basic of naumachiae: the one at Mérida measures a mere 18.5 × 3.7 meters. Only the most modest of water spectacles could have taken place here. This leads one to conclude that, even assuming that the Colosseum had a similar basin before construction of the hypogeum (underground complex), naumachiae would have been performed on only a shallow layer of water covering the surface of the arena, the minimum required to float the ships.

Decline of Roman naumachiae
The introduction of new technologies initially led to an increased number of naumachiae. The first three naumachiae were spaced about 50 years apart; the following six, most of which took place in amphitheatres, occurred in a space of 30 years. Less costly in material and human terms, they could afford to be staged more frequently. Less grandiose, they became a feature of the games, but could not be considered exceptional. The iconography bears witness to this. Of some twenty representations of a naumachia in Roman art, nearly all are of the Fourth Style, of the time of Nero and the Flavian dynasty.

After the Flavian period, naumachiae disappear from the texts almost completely. Apart from a mention in the Augustan History, a late source of limited reliability, only the town records (fastia) of Ostia tells us that in 109 Trajan inaugurated a naumachia basin. This site was discovered in the 18th century on the grounds of the Vatican City, northwest of the Castel Sant'Angelos. It is now referred to as the Naumachia Vaticana, with some sources erroneously calling it the Circus of Hadrian due to the similarities of its shape to that of other excavated circuses, along with the site's proximity to the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Subsequent digs have revealed the complete site plan. It had bleachers (tiered stands for spectators) and the surface was about one sixth the size of the Augustan naumachia. In the absence of any texts, it has to be assumed that it was only used at the time of Trajan.

Nevertheless, if late Roman Empire sources and persistence into the Middle Ages in terms of the toponymy of naumachia and dalmachia at the site are taken into consideration, it still existed into the 5th century. Moreover, the presence of bleachers on its perimeter is a strong indicator of regular shows. According to the Ostia municipal records, the inauguration involved 127 pairs of gladiators; leading one to believe that as in the amphitheatre, the restrictive space at Trajan's basin was not conducive to large combats involving many untrained prisoners, or would have required over-simplification of naval combats, leading to a preference for single combat. In this form, and with a dedicated site, naumachiae could easily have continued (though likely at a reducing frequency) for several centuries without mention in sources, as they would not have been particularly worthy of mention: they simply lost their grandeur and impressive character.

In the provinces, the influence of Roman naumachiae is easily discernible, but limited and reduced to local and innocuous naval games and re-enactments. A competition which went under the name of naumaciva was part of the Panathenaic Games between the Athenian Ephebos from the Flavian period onward. It replaced the regattas which had taken place at these games earlier. If Ausonius is to be believed, (Moselle, 200–2,29), a naumachia was held on the Moselle River between local youth.

Post-Roman naumachiae
A naumachia was performed for Henry II of France in Rouen in 1550.

A naumachia was part of the festivities of Wedding of Arch Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici and Christine of Lorraine held in the courtyard of the Palazzo Pitti in Florence in 1589. There is an etching of the event that was part of an album created by Orazio Scarabelli to document the wedding festivities.

A naumachia was held in Valencia between the Bridges of the Turia river, on the occasion of the centenary of the canonization of Saint Vincent Ferrer in 1755. Another was held in Milan for Napoleon in 1807.

Parc Monceau in Paris features a naumachia water feature, surrounded by a colonnade. In 18th and 19th century England, several parks featured mock naval battles with model ships, which were also referred to as naumachia. Peasholm Park in Scarborough, England, still stages such an event. Smaller, theatre-based aqua dramas were also popular.

New York artist Duke Riley staged a naumachia in 2009 at the Queens Museum of Art.

Naumachia in Scotland and England
In Scotland naumachia were staged on a loch in Holyrood park in 1562 for the wedding of Lord Fleming and on the Water of Leith in 1581 for the wedding of the Earl of Moray and Elizabeth Stewart.

A Naumachia was staged on the Thames at the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate in February 1613. In June 1613 Anne of Denmark visited Bristol. A seat was built for her at Canon's Marsh near the Bristol Cathedral, where on 7 June she watched a staged battle at the confluence of the Avon and Frome rivers, fought between an English ship and two Turkish galleys. After the victory, some Turkish captives (played by actors) were presented to her and she laughed at this, saying both the actors' costumes and their "countenances" were like the Turks. The entertainment at Bristol was described in verse by Robert Naile, who mentions the Turks were played by sailors, "worthy brutes, who oft have seen their habit, form and guise". They were made to kneel before Anne of Denmark and beg for mercy as the final act of the pageant.

In Georgian-era Britain, Naumachia were staged in private parks and gardens, consciously recreating them based on the Roman pattern, though on a smaller scale. The Lord le Despencer constructed an artificial lake at West Wycombe in the shape of a swan, and staged several Naumachia on the lake with small ships; he also ordered a construction of a fort on the lake's edge to participate in the mock battles himself.

title: Naumachia


text:
Elfstone

Elfstone can refer to:

Novel

 * The Elfstones of Shannara - an epic fantasy novel from the Shannara series of novels by Terry Brooks.

Objects

 * Elfstones - in the Shannara series by Terry Brooks, "elfstones" are magical stones from the Age of Faerie that hold great power.
 * Elfstone - in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy writings, the Elfstone is a famous green jewel that Galadriel gives as a gift to Aragorn; it is also known as the "Elessar" or the "Stone of Eärendil".

Список артефактов Средиземья

title: Elfstone


text:
Derek Quigley

Derek Francis Quigley (born 31 January 1932) is a New Zealand former politician. He was a prominent member of the National Party during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and was known for his support of free-market economics and trade liberalisation. Quigley left the National Party after clashing with its leadership, and later co-founded the ACT New Zealand party.

Early life
Quigley was born on 31 January 1932 in Waikari, a small town in the northern Canterbury Region, the son of Francis John Quigley. He attended Waipara Primary school before continuing with education in Christchurch; first at Medbury School, then Christ's College, followed by the University of Canterbury. He later donated his personal parliamentary library, which covers his political career until 1984, to Canterbury University's Macmillan Brown Library.

He farmed at Waipara from 1949. He gained one of two scholarships for young farmers from the Meat and Wool Board and used it to study farming in Britain and the United States. He completed a law degree while farming and joined a Christchurch law firm, where he became a senior partner and practised as a lawyer.

In 1956, Quigley married Judith Ann Dickson, and the couple had four children. He later married Susan McAffer.

Member of Parliament
Quigley was National's electorate chairman for the Rangiora electorate. In the Canterbury-Westland division, he was deputy chairman. He was a member of the Dominion Council and served on its executive committee.

He also stood in the safe Labour seat of against cabinet minister Mabel Howard in the  and  elections. He also sought the National nomination for the safe National seat of at a 1961 by-election, but was unsuccessful. As a 30-year-old, Quigley stood as the National Party's candidate in the in the  electorate, but was beaten by Labour's candidate Sir Basil Arthur.

Quigley stood in the electorate in the. The electorate had been taken from National by Kerry Burke of the Labour Party at the previous election, but was won back by Quigley.

Cabinet Minister
After three years as a backbencher, Quigley was appointed to Cabinet, and held a number of ministerial roles. He was Minister of Housing (1978–1982), Minister of Tourism (1981), Minister of Works and Development (1981–1982), and Associate Minister of Finance (1978–1981). He held further minor ministerial posts as Minister of Earthquake and War Damage (1978–1982), Minister of Government Life Insurance (1978–1982), Minister of Public Trust (1978–1981), and Minister for State Insurance (1978–1982).

Quigley rapidly earned the hostility of senior National Party figures, however, with his criticism of the government's economic policies. The Prime Minister of the day, Robert Muldoon, favoured decidedly interventionist policies, but Quigley preferred a more laissez-faire approach, and considered Muldoon's interventionism to be contrary to the traditional spirit of the National Party. In February 1981, Quigley contested the deputy leadership of the party, despite Muldoon openly saying that he could not work with him. Quigley's main opponent (and Muldoon's strong favourite) was Duncan MacIntyre, a long-serving Muldoon loyalist. Bill Birch retired from the contest in favour of MacIntyre, and Jim Bolger was eliminated first. Quigley was narrowly defeated by MacIntyre.

A week after Quigley lost the deputy leadership race, he was dismissed by Muldoon as Associate Finance Minister, reducing his ability to criticise Muldoon's economic policies effectively; Warren Cooper succeeded him. This was also related to a preceding event in December 1980 when Quigley spoke of releasing an "alternative economic manifesto" and Muldoon threatened to sack him from the Cabinet. Muldoon eventually relieved Quigley not only of the finance associate portfolio but removed him from the Cabinet expenditure committee as well.

Quigley nevertheless continued his attacks. In June the following year, he made a public denunciation of the government's policies, saying that the state should have a passive role in the economy while giving a speech to the Young Nationals in which he raised doubts about the government's Think Big growth strategy, which aimed to overcome crippling foreign exchange losses by using cheap power in the manufacture of steel, aluminium and timber products to export. Subsequently, Muldoon told Quigley to attempt to prevent the editor of The Dominion from publishing the full transcript of the speech. Quigley declined, saying such an approach might be misinterpreted. Muldoon also told him that if he went through with his scheduled appearance on the Newsmakers current affairs programme that it would require his subsequent resignation. Yet again Quigley defied Muldoon and went on the show where he made no attempt at retracting his criticisms of government economic policy. Muldoon and his allies reacted furiously to this continued public criticism with Muldoon saying that Quigley had "offended, embarrassed and angered his parliamentary colleagues" and that his speech had gone beyond what was acceptable from a cabinet minister. Quigley was given the choice of either giving a public apology or resigning from Cabinet; he chose to resign.

After quitting the cabinet Quigley said he was considering leaving from Parliament altogether. This would have forced a by-election which could bring down the Muldoon Government, which only had a one-seat working majority. Ultimately he did not resign his seat, to the relief of the National Party who were nervous at the prospect of defending it at a by-election.

At the, he resigned from politics altogether, becoming a business consultant.

ACT New Zealand
After leaving Parliament, his consultancy firm Strategos carried out some major consultancy jobs for the Lange government reviews of multiple government departments including Ministry of Defence, Treasury, Ministry of Justice and Police. When National won power in 1990, curiously, the government consultancy jobs his firm were being offered ceased.

In 1994, Quigley re-entered the political arena, joining forces with Roger Douglas to form the ACT New Zealand party. The new MMP electoral system, which made it easier for smaller parties to win seats, convinced Quigley that a strongly free-market party could indeed be successful. In the 1996 election, the first conducted under MMP, Quigley was returned to Parliament as an ACT list MP. He unsuccessfully sought to be Speaker of the House, and was instead appointed the chair of the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Select Committee. Under Quigley's chairmanship, the select committee produced The Defence Beyond 2000 Report, which became the blueprint for the Clark government's radical restructuring of the New Zealand Defence Force.

Quigley did not stand for re-election in 1999 election and was immediately appointed by the incoming Prime Minister, Helen Clark, to review the contract the previous government had signed with the United States for New Zealand to acquire 28 near new F-16 fighter aircraft. Quigley advised the government to renegotiate the contract and acquire a lesser number of aircraft. One of his reasons for this recommendation was that cancellation of the contract would result in the abandonment of the RNZAF's air combat capability. The government disputed this and cancelled the contract. Two years later, it disbanded the RNZAF's air combat capability, just as predicted.

In early 2004 Quigley moved to Canberra to take up a position as a visiting fellow at ANU's Strategic & Defence Studies Centre. He researched and wrote on trans-Tasman and regional security issues and on the ongoing situation between the United States and New Zealand over the latter's anti-nuclear policy.

Honours and awards
In 1977, Quigley was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, and in 1990 he received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 2004 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services.

title: Derek Quigley


text:
Talk:Martigues

Additions requested
I would like to see some sort of French taxo box here, for departement and region. And also a map which shows the town's location. Anyone? MGM 10:01, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Taxo box finally added! olivier 15:59, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Martigues


text:
Tom Larkin (musician)

Tom Larkin (born 18 September 1971) is a New Zealand musician and record producer. He is the drummer, backing vocalist and a founding member of the alternative rock band Shihad. He grew up in Wellington, New Zealand but now lives in Melbourne in Australia.

Early life and family
Larkin was born in Wellington, New Zealand to Thomas Cedric Larkin and Sarah Marianne Williams. As a kid, he often played the drums so loud in his parents big Kelburn house in Wellington, that the neighbours sometimes complained. While at school at Wellington High in the late 1980s he met Jon Toogood and together they former Shihad back in 1988. The first gig was at the Clarendon Tavern in Courtenay Place which was the first of thousands of live gigs performed by the band over many years.

Shihad's first release was back in 1990 with the single 'Devolve' which went to number 13 on the New Zealand charts.

Tom Larkin is the son of former New Zealand cricketer (he played for Taranaki and Wellington) and New Zealand diplomat Thomas Cedric Larkin who died at the age of 103 in 2021. He has a sister Daisy and a brother Adam who tried his hand at making films in the early 2000s but was not successful.

Career
In addition to being one of the founders, Larkin was Shihad's manager and tour manager during the band's early era. As of 2022, Shihad have released 12 albums and 8 EPs over 30 years. Shihad's most recent studio album Old Gods was released in 2021 after a seven-year break and reached number one on the New Zealand charts.

In addition to his involvement with Shihad, Larkin runs a recording studio in Melbourne called Homesurgery Recordings. As of August 2014, Homesurgery represents the bands The Butterfly Effect, Cairo Knife Fight, Calling All Cars, The Sinking Teeth, Strangers and Villainy. The recording facility is located in the Melbourne suburb of Brunswick.

In the role of producer, Larkin has worked with bands such as Bodyjar, Alien Weaponry, Young and Restless, The Galvatrons, Calling All Cars, The Getaway Plan, Rook, Reptiles, Red Ink, Fur Patrol, Villainy, Strangers, High Tension, Shihad, King Cannons, Arts Martial, Young Heretics and Ceres.

Aotearoa Music Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.

! Ref.
 * 2010 || Tom Larkin (as part of Shihad) || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * rowspan="2"| 2018 || Simon Gooding, Tom Larkin, Hammerhead for Tū (album by Alien Weaponry) || Producer of the Year || Won ||rowspan="2"|
 * Simon Gooding, Tom Larkin, Scott Seabright & Samuel Sproull for Tū (album by Alien Weaponry) || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2018 || Simon Gooding, Tom Larkin, Hammerhead for Tū (album by Alien Weaponry) || Producer of the Year || Won ||rowspan="2"|
 * Simon Gooding, Tom Larkin, Scott Seabright & Samuel Sproull for Tū (album by Alien Weaponry) || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * Simon Gooding, Tom Larkin, Scott Seabright & Samuel Sproull for Tū (album by Alien Weaponry) || Engineer of the Year || Nominated

title: Tom Larkin (musician)


text:
Claude, Duke of Guise

Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Guise (20 October 1496 – 12 April 1550) was a French aristocrat and general. He became the first Duke of Guise in 1528.

He was a highly effective general for the French crown. His children and grandchildren were to lead the Catholic party in the French Wars of Religion.

Biography
Claude was born at the Château de Condé-sur-Moselle, the second son of René II, Duke of Lorraine, and Philippa of Guelders. He was educated at the French court of Francis I. On 9 June 1513, at the age of sixteen, Claude married Antoinette de Bourbon (1493–1583), daughter of François, Count of Vendôme.

Military service
Claude distinguished himself at the Battle of Marignano (1515), and was long in recovering from the twenty-two wounds he received in the battle. In 1521, he fought at Fuenterrabia, and Louise of Savoy ascribed the capture of the place to his efforts. In 1522, he forced the English to raise the siege of Hesdin. In 1523, he became governor of Champagne and Burgundy, after defeating at Neufchâteau the imperial troops who had invaded this province. In 1525, Claude defeated a peasant army near Saverne (Zabern). Following Francis I's return from captivity, Claude was made Duke of Guise in 1527. The Guises, as cadets of the sovereign House of Lorraine and descendants of the Capetian House of Anjou, claimed precedence over the Bourbon, princes of Condé, and Conti.

Marriage and issue
Claude married Antoinette de Bourbon, daughter of François, Count of Vendôme and Marie de Luxembourg, on 9 June 1513; they had:

 * Mary of Guise (1515–1560); married firstly Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville and secondly king James V of Scotland and had issue, including Mary, Queen of Scots
 * Francis, Duke of Guise (1519–1563)
 * Louise of Guise (10 January 1520, Bar-le-Duc – 18 October 1542); married Charles I, Duke of Arschot on 20 February 1541.
 * Renée of Guise (2 September 1522 – 3 April 1602), Abbess of St. Pierre, Reims
 * Charles of Guise (1524–1574), Duke of Chevreuse, Archbishop of Reims, and Cardinal of Lorraine.
 * Claude, Duke of Aumale (1526–1573)
 * Louis I, Cardinal of Guise (1527–1578)
 * Philip of Guise (3 September 1529, Joinville – 24 September 1529, Joinville)
 * Peter of Guise (b. 3 April 1530, Joinville); died young.
 * Antoinette of Guise (31 August 1531, Joinville – 6 March 1561, Joinville), Abbess of Faremoutiers
 * François de Lorraine, Grand Prior (18 April 1534, Joinville – 6 March 1563)
 * René, Marquis of Elbeuf (1536–1566)

By an unnamed mistress, Claude had:
 * son

Death
Claude fell ill in 1550, and despite being under the care of five doctors, died on 12 April.

title: Claude, Duke of Guise


text:
Talk:Information appliance

Larry Ellison video
I personally have the video where Larry Ellison mentions Information Appliance.Jondel 10:05, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Focusing the article
This article seems to be all over the place, and links to a bunch of stuff that's distantly related (Compact HTML). It's hard to make an article about something as vaguely defined as "information appliance," but I'm sure we can all agree on the basics and get rid of the POV stuff (Walled Gardens section) and other extraneous bits. --Foofy 14:54, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it is time to organize what those basics are then agree on them. Vide sub.

Further, Raskin was the man who coined the term "information appliance" so I feel it's best to use his definition, which is just a device that handles (processes) a particular type of data. "Internet appliance" adds the concept of connectivity, and was not a part of Raskin's definition. So the connectivity requirements and the "Walled Garden" section are better suited for that article. --Foofy 15:35, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Does it have to be only 'internet' connectivity?--Jondel 07:17, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Ideal World
An ideal world is a subjective concept and the use of this term detracts from the objectivity of the article.

 * I think it was written trying to represent Raskin's mindset or idea when he created the term(?) Anyway, without the metaphor, the term information appliance might become too vague or abstract.  Let information appliance fall under smart device, internet appliance, etc(?) --Jondel 05:45, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, Raskin's definition never involved "connectivity" so that's why I proposed moving that to internet appliance, though almost everybody uses the terms interchangeably. I suppose nobody would notice if we merged both articles into one, but I think it's probably best just to make a note about current usage of the term and then talk about it's original definition. --Foofy 19:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Uh connectivity doesn't have to be limited to the internet. Some cell phones intentionally don't have internet. --Jondel 04:13, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I think the section is relevant, since there is a growing perception that information devices must connect and be seamless and not only by internet but by wifi, bluetoot, wimax, etc. I'm going to revert.--Jondel 02:35, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

As I've asked: do we cover the original definition or whatever vague definition people use now? I think we can cover both and link to the appropriate term (internet appliance).

 * Big companies seem to have descriptions of information appliances like Fujitsu and IBM. If it needs more reasearch according to what these companies define, then so be it. Information Appliances should be a superset of internet appliances since not all connectivity is tcp-ip/http protocol. e.g. phones without internet, or i-pod. I guess I have to research deeper . But if you googl e it, there are a lot of definitions and usages. I will try to determine the common denominator. Can't really rely on vague definitions used by people.--Jondel 06:28, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've done some looking as well, and it's usually used synonymous with "internet appliance." I'm positive the term originated from Raskin, and his definition was pretty simple... in fact so simple that it could mean just about anything.  --Foofy 07:20, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Further, Walled Gardens is a bit POV and out of place to begin with. --Foofy 05:19, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Can I ask what part is POV? It is a bit naive to think companies aren't out to dominate or monopolize, specially through a strategy of Walled Gardens. Besides it is happening. I have PDA with Windows CE. I 'm forced to buy CE compatible software and not linux or Symbian OS or Blackberry compatible products. I want to use a usb keyboard but an issue is, is it Windows CE compatible. --Jondel 06:31, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * POV was the wrong word. Indeed, I'm not very articulate this late, sorry if my post seemed harsh.  Mostly I meant the article was out of place here.  The excerpt implies that all walled gardens are harmful (some were good, like that French computing one that predated the internet).  The argument applies to other computers and platforms, but it's not included there, which makes it seem like it's exclusive to information appliances.
 * Hopefully that makes some sense! Sorry, I'm tired!  :) --Foofy 07:20, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Get some rest and lets put more focus into the article when your ready. Someone else might see your point and its best to fix it now. Wall gardens seem to be applicable to everything. Like a company dominating bycicle parts, car parts,etc. But are more for computers and platforms. I will try to put more definite crystal clear definitions. well, I've put a lot of effort into this article despite that I have to accept others may mercillesly edit this article.

Proposed characteristics
(For research and confirmation)--Jondel 06:57, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Has a touch-screen or interface buttons
 * Connectivity, not necessarily by internet.

 * Has a Computer platform
 * Information processing capability (Encarta definition ,includes network connectabiliyt)

Nominate for deletion, not notable
Can I nominate this term for deletion as not notable? Mathiastck (talk) 00:34, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Information appliance


text:
User:Komencanto

I am currently a Science and Economics student at the Australian National University. I was an International Baccalaureate student who studied, among other things, Biology, Chemistry and Geography.

My edits

title: User:Komencanto


text:
Scolymus

Scolymus is a genus of annual, biennial or perennial, herbaceous plants that is assigned to the family Asteraceae, and can be found in Macaronesia, around the Mediterranean, and in the Middle East. All species are spiny, thistle-like in appearance, with flowerheads that consist of yellow (rarely orange or white) ligulate florets, and canals that contain latex. It is sometimes called golden thistle or oyster thistle, and is known as سكوليمس (skwlyms) in Arabic and scolyme in French.

Description
The species of Scolymus are spiny herbaceous annuals, biennials or perennials of up to 1¾ m high, that contain a milky latex. These have twenty chromosomes (2n=20).

Root, stem and leaves
Biannual and perennial plants produce a stout taproot of up to 8 cm in diameter and 60 cm long. Young plants consist of a rosette of leaves, which may be variegated, once-pinnately spiny-lobed, to 30 cm long, and having short, fleshy stalks. The stems can be simple or carry many branches, and carry spiny wings along their lengths. The wavy leaves with prominent veins are pinnately divided and are alternately set along the stems. The leaf margin has prominent pale green or yellow veins and large teeth which are topped by fierce spines. The leaf surface may initially be covered in soft, felty hairs, which quickly clear away, most slowly on the veins.

Inflorescence, flowers and fruits
The flowerheads are seated at the end of the stem or in the limbs of the higher leaves, are arranged in a spike or a globose cluster and are subtended by two to more than five leaflike bracts. Each flowerhead is circled by an involucre that consists of many spine-tipped bracts in several rows, the outer papery and shorter than the inner ones, which are leaflike in consistency. These surround the common floral base (or receptacle), which is conical in shape and is set with ovate papery bracts called chaff or paleae. Inplanted are dorsally compressed cypselas, each enclosed by a palea, the outer rows higher than the inner ones. On top of the cypselas there may be two to five stiff scabrous bristles, which are equivalent to sepals (and are called pappus). Also, on top of the cypsela and within the pappus is a yellow, orange or white strap-like corolla which ends in five teeth, together comprising a ligulate floret.

Characters common to all Asteraceae
Like in all Asteraceae, the pentameric flowers have anthers that are fused together forming a tube through which the style grows. The style picks up the pollen on hairs along its length and splits into two style branches at its tip. These parts sit on an inferior ovary that grows into an indehiscent fruit in which only one seed develops (a so-called cypsela). All florets are set on a common base (the receptacle), and are surrounded by several rows of bracts, that form an involucre.

Characters common to Cichorieae
Golden thistles are assigned to the Cichorieae tribe that shares anastomosing latex canals in both root, stem and leaves, and has flower heads only consisting of one type of floret. In Scolymus these are ligulate florets, common to the group except for Warionia and Gundelia, which only have disk florets. A unique character setting Scolymus apart from the other Cichorieae are the dorsally compressed cypsellas which are surrounded by scales (or paleae).

Differences between the species
S. maculatus is an annual of up to 1½ m high, there are more than five leaflike bracts subtending each globose cluster of flowerheads, and these bracts are pinnately divided. The yellow florets carry some black hairs. The cypselas do not have pappus at their top (but are encased by the paleae). The spined wings along the stems are uninterrupted. Leaves have a whitish vein along their margin.

S. grandiflorus is an annual or biennial of up to ¾ m high with one, two or three leaflike bracts subtending each cluster of flowerheads and these are spiny dentate. The yellow to orange florets do not have black hairs. The cypselas are topped by three to seven bristles of smooth pappus hairs (and are encased by the paleae). The spined wings along the stems are uninterrupted.

S. hispanicus is an annual, biennial or perennial of up to 1¾ m high and it also has one, two or three spiny dentate leaflike bracts subtending each cluster of flowerheads and the yellow, orange or white florets also lack black hairs. The cypselas however are topped by two to five bristles of scabrous pappus hairs (and are encased by the paleae). In this species the spined wings along the stems are interrupted.

Taxonomic history
In 1576 Carolus Clusius describes Scolimus Theophrasti (= S. hispanicus). In 1601 he extends the genus to three taxa, Scolymus Theophrasti Hispan. (= S. hispanicus subsp. hispanicus), S. Theophrasti Narbonensis (= S. maculatus), and ''Scolymus Dioscor. Castos Theophrasti (= S. grandiflorus''). Rembert Dodoens in 1583 and Francesco Cupani in 1713 introduce the name Carduus Chrysanthemus (for S. maculatus),  while in Johann Bauhin’s posthumously published great work, Historia plantarum universalis (1650-51), it is called Spina lutea,  and Robert Morison in 1699 referred to S. hispanicus as Cichorium luteum. Since all of these names predate the start of the Linnean nomenclature in 1753, neither of these were valid. In 1753 Carl Linnaeus referred to the description Joseph Pitton de Tournefort made in 1700, providing the valid scientific name Scolymus.

Subdivisions
Generally two sections are recognised.
 * Scolymus, containing one species:
 * S. maculatus is a species showing very little variability, and no hybrids occur where it grows together with S. hispanicus.
 * Myscolus, containing two species
 * S. grandiflorus has some variability, particularly in the presence of soft hairs on the back of the leaves, but this is not regarded sufficient to distinguish between subtaxa.
 * S. hispanicus has quite some variability, and two subspecies have been distinguished.
 * subsp. occidentalis
 * subsp. hispanicum, which could be subdivided
 * var. aggregatus
 * var. aurantiacus
 * var. hispanicus

Phylogeny
According to recent genetic analyses, the genus Scolymus is related to the genera Hymenonema, Catananche and Gundelia. This results in the following relationship tree.

Etymology
The genus name Scolymus derives from the Greek σχόλυμος (skolymus) meaning "artichoke". Pliny used this name for Scolymus hispanicus. The species name hispanicus is Latin and means "from Spain", while maculatus is Latin and means "spotted", and grandiflorus is also Latin and means "large-flowered".

Distribution

 * Scolymus grandiflorus occurs in Spain including the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, southern France including Corsica, Italy including Sardinia, Turkey, Lebanon, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
 * Scolymus hispanicus can be found from northwestern France southwards to Morocco, and in the east from the Ukraine to Iran. It is also naturalized in Australia, United States, Argentina and Chile.
 * Scolymus maculatus grows from Britain to the Canary Islands, throughout the Mediterranean eastwards to Iran. This species is naturalized in Australia and in North Carolina.

Ecology
Scolymus hispanicus it said to grow in the centre of Spain along roads and paths, particularly in unstable, loose and poor soils. The also grow in arable lands, both cultivated and fallowed, and in pastures. The florets are pollinated by insects.

Use
Around the Mediterranean, such as in Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey, the midveins of the rosette leaves of S. hispanicus, known in Spain as cardillo or tagarnina, are used as a popular wild food. It is generally gathered in April and May. These midveins are preboiled and lightly fried with garlic in olive oil. These serve as garnish for cocido. Fried cardillo is further combined with garlic, cured ham, and hard-boiled or scrambled eggs. Midveins are also used raw in salads. The roots are cooked and eaten, and compare in taste to salsify. Roasted roots have been used as a coffee substitute. Florets have been used as imitation saffron.

The root bark of S. hispanicus has been shown to contain the triterpenoid taraxasteryl acetate, and this substance is effective in suppressing spasms. In Turkey it is a component of a herbal elixir called lityazol çemil.

Studies have indicated that Scolymus might be used for the bio-removal of cadmium, with the highest concentration measured over 50 μg/g dry weight, and of methylene blue and Eriochrome Black T.

title: Scolymus