text:
User talk:Cleduc/Archive1

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:22, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for stopping by my new User Talk page. After a night of partying, I raise a glass to you and emulate Sam Spade with a hearty cheers. --Norg 06:25, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Villeneuve
Sorry to trouble you Cleduc, but I was hoping you might rethink the deletion of Villeneuve's page. It seems illogical to have such a long entry on the Permanent Defense, which is clearly notable and no mention of its founder who played such an instrumental role in defeating a statewide initiative that would have introduce 16000 slot machines to the state. He has been quoted in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer as a spokesman, he has his own group, he defeated a well funded initiative. I don't much like his politics, but he's certainly prominent. I suspect there's more to this proposed deletion than meets the eye. Libertas
 * I reviewed it again. I don't see how this person is notable outside the context of the organization or initiative.  I still support the deletion of this article. -- Cleduc 17:40, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

St. Clair (TTC)
I was just on a "random page" binge. I kind of think all pages should indicate what country we're talking about (international project, and all that). But I don't feel like tackling a whole series of metro stations, so I'll go back and remove it. (¿Veracruz, Veracruz? Me saludas al malecón, por favor.) Sluj 04:36, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ¿Hasta el fin del año? Lástima; igual y me toca a mí primero entonces. No, jarocho no, pero me encanta la costa de Veracruz. De lo más caribeño que tiene México. Un saludo, Sluj

GFDL versus CC
Hi Cleduc. It turns out the GFDL, which is the license used here at Wikipedia, is incompatible with the various Creative Commons licenses. Hence, it isn't kosher to paste text from a CC source here. (White privilege) Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 09:43, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Paul Monette
As part of the EB2004 project I picked the first item on page 21, did a little research, and put together a stub. Only after I used "what links here" did I see you have him listed as a project. Since I know nothing about gay lit, I'd obviously have no qualms with you replacing it. The point is that we have an article! David Brooks 06:01, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

White privilege
Thanks for clearing up the white privilege mess. Actually, it'd have been better if the anon had used the Move command. It's the cut-and-paste ability that causes the problem. (That, and well-intentioned editors like me who try to help but makes matters worse). Cheers, -Willmcw 04:48, May 24, 2005 (UTC)

Polish contribution
In my opinion its not the right place for such silly meme or joke (whatever it is) article link - nor the Iraq War neither the occupation of Iraq is or was funny. Its like to create an article with jokes about the French Army during the WW2 and put a link on the French Army article :)--Witkacy 07:45, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Maria Schneider (actress)
I removed your statement as to her insanity and lesbianism as well as the category. The information that you took from is unacceptable to Wikipedia standards. Should you obtain documented proof from acceptable sources as to this issue and her alleged sexuality, then please reinsert it. In the meantime, to avoid this problem with other article edits I suggest, amongst others, the following Wikipedia policy information would be helpful:

Reliable sources - WikiProject Fact and Reference Check - Forum for Encyclopedic Standards - Verifiability - Check your facts

Thank you. Ted Wilkes 16:43, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the good work. Not to belabor the point, but the gay "date" source is unsubtantiated and the only one to mention the Townsend name and it is not consistent with, and has a very different meaning than, Roger Ebert's statement. Keep up the good work, but if you want Credibility, and I'm sure you do, then ensuring we use only reliable sources is essential. Ted Wilkes 21:47, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Redundant Categories
I understand your point about redundant categories, but there are dozens and dozens of other such cross-references, or what you call "redundant categories" -- in the Gay, lesbian or bisexual people category, so I'm not sure why you zeroed in on mine so quickly. In any event, I believe that it is proper to list such cross-references, for ease of use to people who may wish to see a list of Gay, lesbian or bisexual people, but not necessarily the specific list of Gay, lesbian or bisexual athletes. Also I'd like to know if you are a Wikipedia editor; if so, I'll respect whatever decision you make; if not, I will respectfully disagree with you and relist the categories as I see fit. Thanks.Inhighspeed 01:44, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your thoughtful reply. See below, though, as well.Inhighspeed 09:19, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ''restoring salient parts of my reply, deleted by Inhighspeed from vir talk page.
 * I'm not dead-set on these articles not being tagged with Category:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people as such a characterisation is not incorrect. However, allow me to explain why I don't think it is a good idea. The more categories an article belongs to, the less useful each individual category becomes: both within the article, and in the category itself. Articles should be sub-categorised when possible, as it makes the general category listing that much more useful. For example, Category:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people has about 700 listings, which makes it hard to read -- you wouldn't go paging through all four pages of 200 articles each to find what you're looking for. Generally the base category should be used only when the article doesn't fit a more specific category -- that way it is easier to browse and more meaningful. Also, the more categories an individual page has, the less clear the categorizations of the article become.
 * For an example of a useful category scheme, Category:Major League Baseball has a series of sub-categories that usefully divide articles among teams, players, coaches, national origin, etc -- all of which make the category that much easier to read and to navigate.

Category:Canadian gay politicians
The problem is that there aren't really enough openly lesbian, bisexual or transgender Canadian politicians at this time to warrant separating those out into four individual categories (there are, in fact, no openly T politicians in Canada that I'm aware of, unless you count Enza, and one who's out as being in a relationship with another woman but has never actually stated whether she identifies as B or L -- but if I put her in B, she'd be the only one there.) The only other viable solution would be to replace it with a single Category:LGBT politicians from Canada, but I don't personally think that either Category:LGBT politicians or Category:LGBT people from Canada is really full enough to make that immediately necessary. I wouldn't object if you or someone else wanted to recreate the category with a more appropriate title, but I don't really care to do that myself. Bearcat 03:03, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and yeah...I've run into the same issue in the past with people who think it's necessary to duplicate Category:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people with a subcategory, and will even revert it if I edit that. Some people seem to have picked up the crazy notion that the main GLB people category has to serve as a master list of all queerfolk with Wikipedia articles, and thus somehow earns an exemption from categorization rules. Never mind that that's what List of famous gay, lesbian or bisexual people is for; it's not what the category system is for. Keep up the good work, though. Bearcat 03:11, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that this is a controversial issue, but here is a portion of a post that more clearly explains the point I was trying to make.Inhighspeed 09:39, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a controversial topic. There ARE good reasons to put a category in both a parent and daughter (super and sub-categories). Our categorization system works as both a classification system and a navigation system. Sometimes to satisfy both needs effectively, a category should be in both. There are also multiple hierarchies which coexist. This also leads to cases where multiple entries are useful....-- Samuel Wantman 09:51, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

So okay, enuf said. Obviously it doesn't mean so much to me that I would get into an edit/revert war situation, but I only hope you will consider that there are other thoughtful people out there with a different opinion before you edit wholesale the categories and sub-categories they have chosen to include. Some edits are well and good, but some are merely unwarranted infringements on someone else's opinion (née "crazy notion"). Take care.Inhighspeed 09:39, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The recategorization work I've been doing is based on discussions held at WP:CfD and Category talk:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people, so I'm not exactly out on a limb here. As far as I know, the only way to avoid "unwarranted infringements on someone else's opinion" is to never make changes to existing articles. Be bold, have fun, and don't stop contributing. Cleduc 13:59, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The "crazy notion" I was referring to is the idea that LGBT categories are somehow exempted from the rules that apply to every other category in Wikipedia just because some people have different opinions about how the queer categories should work. Bearcat 23:33, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Matthew Parris
Hi, noticed you had removed some categories form this page. I also notice you have been working on sorting out categories, but those you removed did not all overlap. Interested if you could explain your reasoning.Sandpiper 20:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed Category:British MPs because the article is also listed under Category:Gay UK MPs, which is a direct descendent of it. By the same reasoning I also removed Category:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people as it is a parent category of Category:LGBT politicians and thus Category:Gay politicians.

 * That having been said, Category:Gay UK MPs needs work as well. I'm working through Category:LGBT actors before I do that, though.  Cheers, Cleduc 01:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi again and thanks for replying. As far as I can see category gay uk MPs is not mentioned under British MPs. Which means anyone searching British MPs would not find Parris should they try to find him in British MPs. British MPs claims it should be an all inclusive listing of every MP. The trouble with having a 'gay' subsection is that it makes it very difficult to search a list unless you happened to know this beforehand. Likewise, if the main category was divided according to favourite pet or whatever, if you see what i mean. If you are going to have sub-categories which are particular attributes, then really people need to be in both the sub-category and in the main category. Sandpiper 12:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I beg to differ: if you click on Category:Gay UK MPs you will see at the bottom that it is a subcategory of Category:British MPs. Whether this is absolutely necessary or not I do not know -- I don't know if there's consensus that Category:British MPs has grown huge and unwieldy like certain other categories.  However, removing Category:British MPs did not remove that attribute from that article -- it remains in the same category hierarchy nonetheless. However, I'm not terribly pleased with Category:Gay UK MPs being under Category:British MPs, but I haven't tackled that one yet.  Cheers, Cleduc 14:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Category:LGBT actors
Hi, I noticed you are working on the category structures of this cat, as well as one's mentioned above. At this time, there are not enough articles to warrant having sepearte categories for each of the sub cats you have created. This is the reason the category was named Category:LGBT actors. The TOC breaks up the articles in groups of 200, and this is a standard practice. This may come up in Cfd, and I just wanted to discuss it with you first. Thanks. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 22:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

'' Thanks for the fair warning. When are you planning on submitting it? I would like an opportunity to make my case before it is pushed through (as the deletion of all LGBT* subcategories was just six weeks ago, then quickly reversed). Cleduc 03:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)''

Well, when I first seen the cat, I was, but I like to do research and find the reasoning. As I seen you had done some cat work, and had some good reasoning, I thought it better to discuss it with you. The only problem I see, is a short time ago there was a dispute over the "Lesbian gay ..." cat, sorry I dont have the precise name or a link, and it ended up being the LGBT it is now. I am on Cfd quite a bit, and just know its common practice not to sub-cat until we have to. I am not necessarily saying we shouldn't, but there are not that many to split up either. It may be brought up on Cfd by someone else, so I wanted to discuss it with you first. I would normally recommend joining WikiProject Categories, but we have a ways to go before it is functionally useful. I am glad you replied, but am not sure of the future of the sub-cats, until someone does submit it. We dont have a good forum for categories other than Cfd. You may want to, if you have not already, start a discussion on the LGBT talk page, so there is some reference to your work. Salut ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

your w:ja user page
I was looking for japanese people proficient in spanish on the japanese wikipedia when I ended up in your user page there. Just dropped by to say that in the phrase 私のページをここに訪問しなさい, 訪問 means visit but inheretly physically (a doctor's visit, to visit a winery). Also stating しなさい is a mild-strong imperative (very rude, japanese language uses imperatives scarcely, usually to order someone to do something or else). Sounds trivial in english (and my native language, spanish) but putting something this way in japanese is near an insult.

Some suggestions:
 * 利用者のページはこちらのリンクをクリックなさってください (extremely polite, asking please, honorific)
 * 利用者のページはこちらのリンクをクリックしてください (very polite, asking please)
 * 利用者のページはこのリンクをクリックしてください (polite, asking please)
 * 利用者のページはこのリンクをクリックして (just polite)

SpiceMan (会話) 23:10, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

ecstasy category
hi cleduc- just noticed today that you created an ecstasy category a few months back. I plan on moving all the articles out of it and nominating it for deletion, but figured i'd tell you first. hallucinogen etc categorization can be discussed at WikiProject Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants, and the categorization is all laid out at WikiProject Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants/categorization. imo the category isn't really necessary and it isn't in line with the current scheme for categorization at the project. The scheme needs work, and i see that you like categories, so feel free to discuss stuff at the talk page there. i won't change the ecstasy category until later this evening. --Heah (talk) 20:40, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

XLS Bicycle ( Bicycle Exporter )
Deleted, thanks for pointing it out to me. Ral315 (talk) 15:44, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Cleduc re: your fingers in the Scientology Pie
May I ask with whom you consulted to make the change of the Scientology template :Past lives: becoming :Reincarnation: ? There has been a fair amount of discussion, of back and forth amongst several persons on several discussion pages to arrive at the template as it stood before your substitution for one term with a another term, though I do understand you meant to better communicate the idea, rather than to confuse the situation. Terryeo 20:21, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I did not consult anyone: I am not required to (nor encouraged to). There is no ownership of articles.  If you don't like my change, revert it or see what others think.  I used a fully automatic process to bypass a redirect, hardly a controversial action.  Furthermore, I will not be intimidated by assertions of ownership.  Sincerely, Cleduc 23:51, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for responding to my request for communication. Thank you further for answering the question I asked.  I understand there is no ownership and didn't mean to imply there should be or ever was.  There is a good deal of interchange and hard work going on in the Scientology template, however.  Myself, I would much prefer that those catagories, such as reincarnation / past lives, whatever it be called, be appropriately linked to exant bodies of information.  Another one is "Spirit" which probably most religions believe and the Scientology template spells out as "thetan."  There has been some discussion about how to accomplish this integration.  Thanks again for responding. Terryeo 00:08, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Eccentrics
Hi, it seems you have created Category:Notable eccentrics while a related discussion was going on over at WP:CFD. Seeing that the category is empty, I wonder whether you have any plans with it, or whether it should be deleted. If you decide to keep it for some reason, it should be renamed. (“[A]void descriptive adjectives such as … notable in category titles”) Wikipeditor 23:01, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe the timing was purely coincidental -- I recall stumbling across Lillie Hitchcock Coit and wanting a category that fit her. I'm not in the habit of checking with the bluestockings at CfD before creating categories, so I don't recall knowing that some sort of bureau-war was already going on.  It's not usually my practice to knowingly bypass discussion.  In any case, I find it hard to muster any concern for the existence of that category anyhow.  Incidentally, since Naming conventions (categories) wasn't created until 18 July 2005 (after I created the category), I'd need to practice clairvoyance to be familiar with that policy before it was published.  Thanks for the tip, though.  Cleduc 01:59, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 02:12, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Hazel McCallion's "ideological pretensions"
I suppose this is rather belated, by six months or so, but it is the first time I read your comments and they sparked my curiousity. To say that Mayor McCallion has no ideological pretension means she does not closely or recurrently align herself with a clearly defined political party or right or left wing policy framework. You're definition must be different, at least I am assuming, so before I make a revision to the article in the future, I thought I would ask for an explanation to your problem with such an accurate assememnt. In the new edit I will add info on how she has worked with both provincial and federal parties and her own lack of a university education which may be a contributing factor in the absence of an ideological orientation. Also, the fact she is a municipal politician adds much, if not all-to-obvious, weight to her absence of defining herself as a party affliated politician. Quiet frankly, I think you are biasing the article out of your ignorance. --Mikerussell 07:08, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * To write that she has no ideological pretensions or orientations is meaningless opinion and cannot be proven. If it is meant to mean something else, then it should be written another way.  As it was written, I could read it to mean that McCallion holds no ideology above any other -- that, for example, she'd be equally comfortable with Trotskyite Communism and Mussolini Fascism.  If you wish to state "she does not closely or recurrently align herself with a clearly defined political party or right or left wing policy framework" then that's what you should write, and provide sources to prove.  I myself have some doubts on the latter part, and would watch for neutral, reliable sources to back it up (as opposed to original research).  Also, I respectfully request that you refrain from making assumptions about my ignorance on the subject.  Cleduc 19:31, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It strikes me as biased or POV to interpret the word ‘ideological’ in this article- a civic leader in Mississauga- in the fashion you have in your response. Do you seriously think the average reader would assume she is a Trotskyite? Get a grip on the language used, and not a strict, exaggerated interpretation of the word. We cannot assume every wikipedia reader is a moron; the context under which one writes cannot be debased by some irrational standard applied by a single opinionated contributor. Apart from taking a rather straightforward and frank assessment of your qualification on the topic, namely Mayor McCallion and Mississauga’s governance, too personally, you have failed to offer much in response to counter my original astonishment at the surprise I have at your edit of the article. I will try to add more and replace a picture that as taken down, but overall, unless you really think that it is prudent, logical, or good prose to make certain ‘ideology’ a word coined by Karl Marx and tied to his view of History, a word almost totally divorced from its original meaning, which currently covers a wide spectrum of political opinion, is used in some strict academic fashion, then I suspect we will meet again on the Hazel McCallion page. Thanks for the response. --Mikerussell 00:34, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I look forward to reading your changes on Hazel McCallion, and encourage you to look for sources which document her freedom from ideology. Words are what we have to work with, and they matter. Cleduc 00:52, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't want to pick a fight, but in re-reading this whole exchange I thought I might clarify a point. The reason why I said "Quiet frankly, I think you are biasing the article out of your ignorance" is not anyway intended as an assessment of you or your background- that is why I said you misconstrued it too personally, but perhaps I was not clear. The statement was/is based on my reading of the article and your contributions to it (as seen in history listing) which do not provide any information on what ideological position she does have. My actual comment way back when (6 months ago) was she has 'no set ideological pretensions'- italics now added, which you saw as POV, but you have not ascribed her any ideology either, thus you must be 'ignorant' of what ideology she has, yet certain she has one. Well, what it is it then? You add info about ring tones, but nothing about her ideological views, why not? That is why I claimed you were 'ignorant', it was a 'descriptive' evaluation in my mind of what the article currently states. At any rate, just thought I would make that comment clear because it may be days before I get around to getting a usable picture and updating the article. When I do, I am sure you may have comments. However, you must also be prepared with, in your words, to have "neutral, reliable sources to back it up (as opposed to original research)" to support your own opinions. Thanks for debating. --Mikerussell 05:00, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
Your personal views on why you think Societal attitudes towards homosexuality is biased are necessary. Otherwise your tag simply mimicks the minority editor's views and is not helpful. Thank you. Haiduc 21:57, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The text of the POV tag simply states that there is a dispute on the neutrality of the article. It does not mean that I believe that the article, as it stands, has POV issues. Cleduc 00:37, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

PROD
Hello there. You have proposed the article AE Magazine for deletion without providing a reason why you think the article should be deleted. Please consider adding your reasoning in the future when proposing articles for deletion (see: How to propose deletion of an article). This will aid other users in considering your suggestion on the Proposed Deletions log. Thank you. Sandstein 15:11, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I did leave a comment with my reasoning, both in the edit comments and at Talk:AE Magazine. I agree that my edit comments could have been clearer, but I did also write them more clearly on the talk page (the edit summary field is a bit too small).  Overall, I fail to see the problem... where do you think I should have placed my comments?   Cleduc 15:41, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, my template message should have been clearer. The preferred way to PROD a page is like this: . This makes the reason show up in the PROD box and the PROD log. Cheers, Sandstein 17:01, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah... I see. Thanks for the pointer!  Cleduc 17:06, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've updated Articles_for_deletion to show how to use the prod tag: -- since that's where I originally saw the example, I did just what I saw there.  Hopefully that will educate people who are new to this procedure (which is just about everyone at this point). Cleduc 19:27, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Good idea! And since there are still bare-naked prods out there, I've just created PRODhint for spreading the word. Sandstein 17:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

ULEB
Hi, Cleduc. ULEB has been tagged by you nearly a year ago. In my eyes the article has undergone some improvement to have at least the Neutrality-tag removed. There was no discussion hoewver. Could you check that please. Thanks, --Gf1961 11:11, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Very courteous of you to check with me (though that's really unnecessary). You are right, of course -- the article is now much better and I have removed the tags. Cleduc 13:09, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Cathead templates
Thanks for the help with the Cathead templates. I'm sorry I didn't get back to you sooner, having taken some days off from Wiki. I'll make sure to add the tags to future catheads. Thanks again! Josh 18:43, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

IAV:_205.213.44.1
Buenos dias, I have responded to your comments on my talk page at User_talk:Malo. Thanks. -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 21:28, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Roses of the Prophet Muhammad
Netscott reverted your last edit to mine on Roses of the Prophet Muhammad - readding the Daily Show reference. I thought you might like to know. He knows I am letting you know because I accidentally sent this message to him first. KI 23:08, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Heat death of the universe. That's an... interesting... statement... KI 00:23, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Troll tag
I tried, and as expected, he will remove it. Says enough for me. And I let it be. KimvdLinde 03:28, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Bad Acting Teachers
Hey, thanks...yeah, I just might go check it out if I can convince any of my friends to go with me. (I hate going to theatre alone.) Bearcat 04:53, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

plop
Thanks.... It sometimes get to serious here, and a bit of humor is sometimes just so nice..... I forgot to use Zap when I started to move it... :-) LOL Kim van der Linde at venus 04:44, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

John Herbert
Good thot; the system is so cavalier abt deleting "historyless" rdrs that i actually pictured the deletion of rdrs, other than in reversing a move, as being outside the scheme that provides for undeletion. I had to go look for the del'd rdrs before i was convinced, as you implied, that they were there! Now undeleted. Tnx! --Jerzy•t 01:03, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Can try
I know, you are right, I should indeed not do it, should know better, etc etc etc :-) LOL Kim van der Linde at venus 02:54, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
 * And to be honest, I feel sorry for him. I would like he sees that he can be productive here, and really achieve much more than what he has achieved untill now. So, maybe I keep trying agsint knowing better. Kim van der Linde at venus 03:06, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I am affraid that you are right. Kim van der Linde at venus 03:28, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cleduc/Archive1


text:
User talk:SSherris

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:22, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

John Milton
Where do you think John Milton came from? Or do you just suspect? If you have found a copy of it elsewhere on the internet it may be a Mirror or fork Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:27, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Palmdale
Good observation on what you saw from an anonymous contributor. There is no "Palmdale Metropolitan area" as defined by the U. S. Bureau of the Census - I oughta know. Not only do I live in Palmdale's vicinity, but I was around to see Palmdale become an incorporated city in 1962.

I fixed the info on the California largest cities/metro areas page. Someday soon, I've gotta revise the Palmdale page. It will take a good deal of work - it looks like a business booster wrote most of it. Oh, joy! --avnative 06:29, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

The page in question is called List of urbanized areas in California (by population). Sorry! --avnative 06:38, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

Signing Contributions

 * Hello. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. You may also click on the signature button [[Image:Button sig2.png]] located above the edit window.  This will automatically insert a signature with your name and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you! -- pm_shef 21:16, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Userbox

 * Hey there, just a little tip, normally userboxes go on your user page, rather than your talk page, you can check mine as an example. -- pm_shef 21:16, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:SSherris


text:
Marder III

Marder III was the name for a series of World War II German tank destroyers. They mounted either the modified ex-Soviet 76.2 mm F-22 Model 1936 divisional field gun, or the German 7.5 cm PaK 40, in an open-topped fighting compartment on top of the chassis of the Czechoslovakian Panzer 38(t). They offered little protection to the crew, but added significant firepower compared to contemporary German tanks. They were in production from 1942 to 1944, and served on all fronts until the end of the war, along with the similar Marder II. The German word Marder means "marten" in English.

History
In the early stages of Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht felt the need for a more mobile and more powerful anti-tank solution than the existing towed anti-tank guns, such as the 3.7 cm Pak 36, or self-propelled tank destroyers, such as the Panzerjäger I (mounted with the 4.7 cm PaK (t)). This need became urgent in 1942, when anti-tank shells fired from said anti-tank guns failed to penetrate the armor of new Soviet tanks, such as the T-34 and KV-1.

As an interim solution, it was decided to use captured French vehicles, such as the Lorraine (Marder I), obsolete tanks in surplus, such as the German Panzer II (Marder II), and Czech-"supplied" Panzer 38(t) (Marder III) as the base for the production of makeshift tank destroyers. The result was the Marder series, which were armed with either captured Soviet 76.2mm F-22 Model 1936 divisional field guns, or German 7.5 cm PaK 40 anti-tank guns mounted in later versions. Due to weight, space, and time constraints, the Marder series had relatively thin armor when compared with other armored vehicles of the era. This thin upper armor formed a gunshield, only protecting the crew from shrapnel and small arms fire on the front and sides. All Marder series had open tops—although some were issued with canvas tops to protect the crew from the elements. In this regard, the Marder was more of a gun carriage than a proper Panzerjäger that could exchange fire with enemy tanks.

Marder III, Sd.Kfz. 139
While the Panzer 38(t) had largely become obsolete as a tank in early 1942, it was still an excellent and plentiful platform for adaptation into a tank destroyer, among other roles. Since the Soviet 76.2 mm field gun was captured in large quantities, the decision was made to mate this gun to the Panzer 38(t). The mass production of the Panzer 38(t) Ausf. G was halted, and a modified superstructure was bolted onto the standard tank chassis in lieu of a gun turret. This upper structure mounted the gun and an extended gun shield, giving only limited protection for the commander, gunner, and the loader. Armor protection overall ranged from 10 to 50 mm, with no armor at all above and behind the gun compartment, which the crew occupied. It had a higher silhouette than the original Panzer 38(t), which made it more vulnerable to enemy fire.

In German service, the Soviet gun was renamed 7.62 cm PaK 36(r), and rechambered for the more powerful German PaK 40 cartridge. Thirty rounds of ammunition were stored inside the vehicle. Apart from the main gun, there was a 7.92 mm machine gun mounted in the hull. This tank destroyer was put into production as the Panzerjäger 38(t) für 7.62 cm PaK 36(r), Sd.Kfz. 139. A total of 344 vehicles were built in three series from April to November 1942. Chassis numbers were 1360–1479, 1527–1600, and 1601–1750.

Marder III Ausf. H, Sd.Kfz. 138
This next variant of the Marder III fielded the standard 7.5 cm PaK 40 German anti-tank gun on a slightly modified Panzer 38(t) Ausf. H chassis. This chassis still had the engine in the rear of the vehicle, but, unlike the previous model, this vehicle utilized the fighting compartment of the Panzer 38 in the center. This allowed the crew to stay low in the center of the vehicle, lowering their exposure to small arms fire and shell fragments. However, because of the rear-mounted engine, there was only enough room for two men to stand in the center. Large side armor gave additional protection for the crew. Despite this, the thin horseshoe-shaped armor only protected the front and sides; the rear and the top were exposed. Thirty-eight rounds of ammunition for the gun were carried. As with the Sd.Kfz.139, this vehicle also carried a Czech-manufactured 7.92 mm machine gun in the hull. The full name of the Ausf. H was the ''7.5 cm PaK 40/3 auf Panzerkampfwagen 38(t) Ausf. H, Sonderkraftfahrzeug|Sd.Kfz. 138''. A total of 275 vehicles were built in two series from November 1942 to April 1943. An additional 175 vehicles were converted from Panzer 38(t)'s in 1943. Chassis numbers of new vehicles were 1751–2075 and 2121–2147 (overlapping with simultaneous Grille production).

Marder III Ausf. M, Sd.Kfz. 138

The last Marder III variant was based on the Geschützwagen 38(t) Ausf. M, a purpose-designed vehicle for self-propelled gun use, again armed with the 75 mm PaK 40 anti-tank gun. Ausf. M was the final variant of the Marder series, and was a significant improvement over previous models, with its lower silhouette, sloped armor, and much more functional fighting compartment. In this variant, the engine was moved from the rear to the middle between driver and the rest of the crew. Because there was no engine in the rear, the gun and the crew did not have to sit on top of the engine deck as in previous models. The fighting compartment could be lowered down to the bottom floor level where the engine used to be, which decreased crew exposure and visibility. Unlike the previous two Marder III variants, the fighting compartment was closed at the rear, protecting the crew up to their midsection. It stayed open-topped. The machine gun port at the front was eliminated in the Ausf. M in favor of an MG 34 or MG 42 carried by the crew. In the previous two models, the commander served as a gunner. However, in the Ausf. M, the radio man moved to the rear, with the commander and gunner, to serve as a loader. Only 27 rounds of 7.5 cm ammunition were carried, but combat effectiveness increased because the vehicle commander was freed from manning the gun.

The full name of the Ausf. M was ''Panzerjäger 38(t) mit 7.5 cm PaK 40/3 Ausf. M, Sd.Kfz. 138 ''. It was the variant that was produced in the largest numbers, with 942 vehicles built in two series from May 1943 to May 1944. Chassis numbers were 2166–2600 and 2601–3600 (overlapping with simultaneous Grille and Flakpanzer 38(t) production).

Combat history

The various Marder IIIs fought on all European fronts and in North Africa, with the Sd. Kfz. 139 being used mainly at the Eastern Front, though some also fought in Tunisia. In February 1945, some 350 Ausf. M were still in service.

The Marder IIIs were used by the Panzerjäger Abteilungen of the Panzer divisions of both the Heer and the Waffen SS, as well as several Luftwaffe units, such as the Hermann Göring division.

The Marder IIIs were mechanically reliable, as with all vehicles based on the Czechoslovak LT-38 chassis. Their firepower was sufficient to destroy the majority of Soviet tanks on the battlefield at combat range.

The Marder III's weaknesses were mainly related to survivability. The combination of a high silhouette and open-top armor protection made them vulnerable to indirect artillery fire. The armor was also quite thin, making them highly vulnerable to enemy tanks, and to close-range machine gun fire.

The Marders were not assault vehicles or tank substitutes; the open top meant that operations in urban areas or other close-combat situations were very risky. They were best employed in defensive or overwatch roles. Despite their mobility, they did not replace the towed antitank guns.

In March 1942, before the Marder III appeared, Germany had already started production of the StuG III assault gun, which had comparable anti-tank capability (StuG III Ausf. F and later variants). These were fully armored vehicles, with the fighting compartment fully enclosed within an armored casemate, built in much greater numbers than the vulnerable Marder III. Among the many German casemated tank destroyers, one based on the Panzer 38(t) chassis was built in numbers from 1944: the Jagdpanzer 38(t). The weakly-armored Marder series were phased out of production in favor of the Jagdpanzer 38(t), but Marder series vehicles served until the end of the conflict.

Slovak National Uprising
In June 1944, the army of the Slovak Republic received 18 Marder III Ausf. H. Four of them saw combat during the Slovak National Uprising. Two vehicles were used by the partisan brigade Čapajev. One of them was destroyed between the towns Vranov nad Topľou and Prešov. The second Marder was used in heavy fights near Hermanovce nad Topľou. Its commander, Rajták, suffered a gunshot wound, and the vehicle was subsequently abandoned.

The remaining two Marders were used by the Slovak insurgent army near Strečno, and they played an important role in the Battle of Strečno Gorge. One of the Marders, under the command of Private Matej Buc, destroyed three German tanks and two anti-tank guns. During the German assault on 3 September, Commander Matej Buc and loader Štefan Kováč, who were sitting in an open hull, were shot. However, the driver, František Smolnický, survived and escaped from the battlefield with the vehicle. It was repaired and reused in battle, but on 8 and 9 September, both Marders were destroyed in battle—one near Vrútky, and other one near Priekopa.

Comparable vehicles

 * German Marder I and II
 * Romanian TACAM T-60 and TACAM R-2
 * Soviet SU-76 and ZiS-30
 * Spanish Verdeja 75 mm

title: Marder III


text:
User talk:Russell E

Old stuff moved to User_talk:Russell_E/archive.--Russell E (talk) 11:57, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Ubuntu as "Adware"
Any thoughts to my comments on the talk page: Talk:Ubuntu (operating system) ?--Lookmomnohands (talk) 05:41, 20 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Yep - I have responded there. Thanks. --Russell E (talk) 05:55, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

What happened to the other sections of at the beginning of the talk page?: Talk:Ubuntu (operating system) 124.168.142.245 (talk) 13:16, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Ooops! I think you've accidentally deleted everything outside the RFC section, so I'm putting it back :) 124.168.142.245 (talk) 13:56, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

 * That's wierd. Normally I only edit the given section so that shouldn't be possible. Oh well. Thanks for fixing it!--Russell E (talk) 23:01, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Apology
Hello. I just wanted to say that I have had an incredibly challenging week with problems at home and various people annoying me to an outrageous degree. Unfortunately, sitting at a computer for as long as I do, I take it out on strangers online. I was rude in the forums I frequent, and I was rude here. Please accept my apology, because you did not deserve the rude and condescending tone in my talk page posts. I try to observe WP:CIVIL strictly, but so much has been weighing on my mind this week, I just let it leak through here and you bore the brunt of my anger. Sorry. Elizium23 (talk) 02:09, 28 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Wow - that I did not expect. Are you sure your account has not been compromised? :) Apology accepted - sorry to hear of your troubles. I hope things get better for you soon. --Russell E (talk) 08:57, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Library now offering accounts from Cochrane Collaboration (sign up!)
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Cochrane has generously agreed to give free, full-access accounts to 100 medical editors. Individual access would otherwise cost between $300 and $800 per account. Thank you Cochrane!

If you are stil active as a medical editor, come and sign up :)

Cheers, Ocaasit | c 20:02, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Rebirthing Breathwork listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Russell E


text:
Purple People Eaters

The Purple People Eaters was a nickname for the defensive line of the Minnesota Vikings from 1967 to 1977, consisting mainly of Alan Page, Carl Eller, Jim Marshall, Gary Larsen, and Doug Sutherland.

The term is a reference to a popular song from 1958, the efficiency of the defense, and the color of their uniforms. The motto of the Purple People Eaters was "Meet at the quarterback."

The Purple People Eaters mainly consisted of:

 * Defensive tackle Alan Page, 9 Pro Bowl selections (1968–1976), NFL MVP (1971), Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Defensive end Carl Eller, 6 Pro Bowl selections (1968–1971, 1973–1974), Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Defensive end Jim Marshall, 2 Pro Bowl selections (1968–1969)
 * Defensive tackle Gary Larsen, 2 Pro Bowl selections (1969–1970)

Larsen was replaced in 1974 by Doug Sutherland.

Marshall said that the players disliked the name "Purple People Eaters" and called themselves "The Purple Gang", but "we've got to ride with it because it's our handle". The group was a major factor in the post-season success of the Vikings from the late 1960s through the 1970s. The Purple People Eaters were one of the most identifiable front fours in National Football League history, with the "Fearsome Foursome" of the Los Angeles Rams during the 1960s and early 1970s, the "Steel Curtain" of the Pittsburgh Steelers during the 1970s, the "New York Sack Exchange" of the New York Jets during the 1980s, and the 1985 Chicago Bears "Monsters of the Midway".

Eller and Page were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many fans, players, coaches and sportswriters argue that Jim Marshall should be in the Hall of Fame as well.

Building the Purple People Eaters
When the Minnesota Vikings first came into the NFL in 1961, they picked up Jim Marshall from the Cleveland Browns during a number of early September trades that moved six Cleveland players to the Vikings for two 1962 draft picks. In 1964, Carl Eller was drafted in the first round. In the next season, they acquired Gary Larsen from the Los Angeles Rams. Then in 1967, the Vikings drafted Alan Page in the first round.

Late 1960s and early 1970s
The Purple People Eaters were a key part of a Vikings team that won 10 division titles in 11 years, leading to five NFC Championships and four Super Bowl appearances. In 1968, Marshall, Eller and Page all made the Pro Bowl as the defense collected 44 sacks (11 for Page, 10 for Larsen, 10 for Marshall and 8 for Eller), ranked 6th in the league in points allowed and played a big role in the Vikings winning their first division title. In week 2 against the Green Bay Packers, Marshall sacked Packers Quarterback Bart Starr in his own end zone for a safety, giving the Vikings a 16–0 lead. The Vikings won the game 26–13.

In 1969, Marshall, Eller, Page and Larsen all made the Pro Bowl as the defense sacked the opposing quarterback 49 times and ranked number 1 in both yards allowed and points allowed. Shutting out their opponents twice, and only allowing 2 offensive touchdowns in the last 7 games of the season. Carl Eller led the league with 15 sacks, and Marshall had the second most with 14. On Thanksgiving against the Detroit Lions, Marshall and Page combined for one of the most remarkable plays in NFL history. Page tipped a pass which was intercepted by Marshall, who ran for 30 yards. Then, as Marshall was being tackled, he lateraled the ball to Page who then ran 15 yards for a touchdown. The Vikings won the game 27–0. In the Western Conference championship game, the Vikings hosted the Los Angeles Rams. Early in the game, Eller intercepted Rams quarterback Roman Gabriel and ran 46 yards into the end zone, but the touchdown was called back on a controversial offside penalty on Page. Marshall claimed in an interview that "Alan was not offsides, he was just really quick." Late in the fourth quarter, the Vikings defense needed to protect a one-point lead. Eller extended the lead by sacking Gabriel in the end zone for a safety. The Rams got the ball back with still some time left to win, but Page made up for his earlier penalty by intercepting Gabriel to put the game out of reach as the Vikings won 23–20. The win allowed the Vikings to advance to their first-ever NFL Championship against the Cleveland Browns. The Vikings dominated the game defeating the Browns 27–7. The Vikings advanced to Super Bowl IV but lost to the Kansas City Chiefs in a 23–7 upset.

The Vikings opened up the 1970 season in a Super Bowl IV rematch against the Chiefs. The Vikings defense dominated the game, limiting the Chiefs to 63 yards rushing and forcing four turnovers including a second quarter fumble forced by Eller, recovered by Marshall who then lateraled the ball to Roy Winston, who went on to score a touchdown en route to a 27–10 victory. The Vikings defense recorded 49 sacks and once again gave up the fewest yards and fewest points, recorded 2 shutouts, and only gave up 2 offensive touchdowns in the first 6 weeks of the season while scoring 3 defensive touchdowns in that span. Meanwhile, Page, Eller and Larsen all made the Pro Bowl. Page also led the league with seven fumble recoveries for 77 yards and a touchdown. His touchdown came in a week 4 game against the Chicago Bears. All four down linemen hit Bears quarterback Jack Concannon, forcing a fumble which was recovered by Page who returned it 65 yards for a touchdown. The Vikings won the game 24–0. Page also picked off Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach and returned it 27 yards in week 5. Late in the first half in a week 6 game against the Los Angeles Rams, The Vikings defense had their backs against the wall when the Rams had the ball at the Vikings 2-yard line after a 50-yard punt return by Kermit Alexander. However, the Vikings defense executed a key goal line stand by limiting the Rams to 1 yard on three straight running plays. The Vikings went on to win the game 13–3.

In 1971, The Vikings defense ranked second in fewest yards allowed and for the third year in a row, first in fewest points allowed, including 3 shutouts. That year, Eller was voted NEA NFL Defensive Player of the Year and to his fourth straight Pro Bowl. Meanwhile, Page became the first defensive player to be voted NFL MVP, and the only defensive lineman to ever earn the honor. Page's MVP season was highlighted by his Week 13 performance against the Detroit Lions. In the second quarter, after being called for a personal foul and for roughing the passer on consecutive plays, Page sacked QB Greg Landry on first down. On second down, Page tackled Altie Taylor for a 4-yard loss. On third down, Page tackled Landry after a gain of two yards, ending the drive. In the fourth quarter, Page blocked a Lion punt out of the end zone for a safety. Page would score 2 other safeties that year. One in week 3 when he sacked Buffalo Bills quarterback Dennis Shaw in his own end zone, and in the Divisional Playoff game against the Cowboys by sacking Staubach in his own end zone.

Three Super Bowls in four years
With the Vikings intimidating line leading their defense and their future Hall of Fame quarterback Fran Tarkenton leading the offense, the Vikings went on to participate in Super Bowls VIII, IX, and XI, though the Vikings lost each one. In 1973, Eller became an All Pro for the fifth time in six years. Page meanwhile was named NEA Defensive Player of the Year as the Vikings ranked second in the league in points allowed. The Vikings returned to the Super Bowl for the second time in five years, ultimately falling to the Miami Dolphins by a score of 24-7.

In 1974, the Vikings ranked third in points allowed. That year Doug Sutherland started in place of Larsen and continued for the next seven years. Sutherland went on to start in Super Bowl IX as the Vikings were once again NFC Champions. Larsen retired after the 1974 season, thus making Super Bowl IX his last game, a 16-6 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

In 1975, Page made his eighth consecutive Pro Bowl as the Vikings' defense recorded 46 sacks, ranked third in the league in points allowed, and became the first defense since the 1970 merger to be ranked number one against the run and the pass en route to winning another division title.

In 1976, The Vikings defense ranked second in points allowed, won another divisional title and made it to their third Super Bowl in four years (fourth overall). But for the fourth time, they lost, this time to the Oakland Raiders by a score of 32-14. That year, Page accounted for 18 of the Vikings 45 sacks and made his 9th consecutive Pro Bowl.

In 1977, The Vikings won yet another division title and made it to their fourth NFC Championship in five years. That year, Eller accounted for 15 of the Vikings 30 sacks. Eller also recorded a safety in week 2 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers when he sacked Buccaneers quarterback Randy Hedberg in his own endzone en route to a 9–3 victory.

Retirement
Alan Page played for the Vikings until 1978 where six games in he was waived and then signed by the Chicago Bears, who he played for until he retired after the 1981 season. He was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1988. After retirement Page became an attorney until 1992, when he was elected to the Minnesota Supreme Court, the first African-American to do so. He was re-elected 3 more times until his retirement in 2015 when turned 70, reaching the mandatory retirement age. In 2018 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Carl Eller also played with the Vikings until 1978, and one more season with the Seattle Seahawks before retiring after the 1979 season. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2004. About a decade later Eller went on to found various substance-abuse clinics in the Twin Cities area, named Triumph Life Centers. He acquired a degree in Human Services from Metropolitan State University in 1994. In 2020 Eller partnered with Halberd Corporation in work related to impact caused brain injuries such as PTSD and CTE.

Jim Marshall retired after the 1979 season with the Vikings, completing his 20th season, only missing 5 total games (all in his rookie year). Marshall was a finalist for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2004. In his last home game against the Buffalo Bills, Marshall collected two sacks and was carried off the field by his teammates in celebration. The Vikings won the game 10–3.

Gary Larsen retired in 1974 after 10 seasons with the Vikings.

Doug Sutherland remained with the Vikings until 1981 when he (like Eller) spent his last season with the Seahawks before retiring.

Along with Page and Eller being inducted to the Hall of Fame, the Purple People Eaters received several franchise accolades. Marshall, Eller and Page have been inducted the Vikings Ring of Honor, The Vikings retired numbers 88 and 70 to Page and Marshall respectively, Eller, Larsen, Page and Marshall were selected to the Vikings 25th Anniversary team, Eller, Page and Marshall were selected to the Vikings 40th Anniversary team, and Eller, Larsen, Page, Marshall and Sutherland were selected to be part of the 50 Greatest Vikings.

title: Purple People Eaters


text:
User talk:Kudz75

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

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Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:24, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi there, about your edits in Prussia under Teutonic rule: received Meissen. to papal trial by Ladislaus the Short.
 * Teutons weren;'t ruling Pommerania as fief. The exact wording of the treaty was that they receive it as an "alm" from Polish king, which because of being not too clear made basis for further legal disputes (for example it meant that Teutons ackonwledged, that their have no earlier legal basis - sicne they received land as "alm", then it means that they recognised that Polish kings had rights to Pomerania, and also thay they should behave properly to men who gave them the alm).
 * That Wenceslaus gave Pommerania for Meissen is not disputed. However contract was not made, because Wenceslaus never
 * The massacre in Danzig/Gdansk is not based on stagnation in Gdansk, but on contemporary sources as well (it was brought

My English is too bad to find proper wording, but i would be most gratefull if you will correct the informations.

 * This is better addressed at Talk:Prussia under the Teutonic Order --kudz75 02:12, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Kokoda Track
Nice work on Kokoda Track. Any change of finding a good public domain picture? Crown copyright lasts 50 years in Australia so everything from the battle should now be public domain. Gdr 11:45, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

 * You can see at that copyright lasts for 50 years from the making for "Artistic works (other than engravings and other prints) in which the Crown owns copyright". If the artist was an official war artist the the Crown will own the copyright and if made before 1954 then it has expired. It wouldn't do any harm to ask the AWM for details of the copyright for the painting. Gdr 00:17, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC)

Black Death and Italian Plague of 1629-1631
(Comment moved to Talk:Italian Plague of 1629-1631)

TDC TLC
Just noticed your TDC page. Thanks. It fixes a couple of red links I've left, & gives me a photo (I've never actually seen one). Trekphiler 19:38, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

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Hobart area articles
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title: User talk:Kudz75


text:
Charles Horton Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley (August 17, 1864 – May 7, 1929) was an American sociologist. He was the son of Michigan Supreme Court Judge Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan.

He was a founding member of the American Sociological Association in 1905 and became its eighth president in 1918. He is perhaps best known for his concept of the looking-glass self, which is the concept that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

Biography

Charles Horton Cooley was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on August 17, 1864, to Mary Elizabeth Horton and Thomas M. Cooley. Thomas Cooley was the Supreme Court Judge for the state of Michigan, and he was one of the first three faculty members to found the University of Michigan Law School in 1859. He served as dean of the law school from 1859 to 1884. Cooley's mother, Mary, took an active interest in public affairs and traveled with her husband to several cities around the United States in relation to the Interstate Commerce Commission. His father was a very successful political figure who stressed the importance of education to his six children. Nevertheless, Cooley had a difficult childhood, which exacerbated his feelings of detachment towards his father. The intimidation and alienation he felt towards his own father caused him to suffer from a variety of illnesses for fifteen years during his adolescence, some appearing to be psychosomatic. He developed a speech impediment, among other insecurities, due to his lack of interaction with other children. Cooley was a daydreamer and much of his "dreaming-life" had a substantial influence to his sociological works. As a child, he dealt with feelings of isolation and loneliness, which led him to develop an interest in reading and writing.

Education
At the age of sixteen, Cooley began attending the University of Michigan. Cooley graduated from the University of Michigan in 1887, and continued with a year's training in mechanical engineering. Cooley returned to pursue a master's degree in political science and sociology in 1890. Following completion, he began teaching economics and sociology at UMich in the fall of 1892. Cooley went on to receive a PhD in philosophy in 1894. At this time he was interested in the subject matter of sociology, but due to the University of Michigan not having a sociology department, he had to continue the examination of his PhD through Columbia University. There, Cooley worked closely alongside American sociologist and economist, Franklin Henry Giddings and developed his doctoral thesis, The Theory of Transportation in economics.

Since his father was honored nationwide, Cooley feared the idea of failure. He lacked direction in life and contemplated science, mathematics, social science, psychology or sociology as his field of study. He wished to write and think, and after reading philosopher Herbert Spencer's works, Cooley realized he had an interest in social problems. He shared his reflections of the works of Spencer in 1920, citing that while he brought many valuable viewpoints with the subject of Darwinian principles, he lacks sympathy and the appropriate usage of the sociological perspective.

Cooley decided that he wanted to study sociology because it gave him the ability to analyze social discrepancies. He taught the University of Michigan's very first sociology class in 1899. He also played a prominent role in the development of symbolic interactionism, in which he worked heavily with another fellow staff member from the University of Michigan, psychologist John Dewey.

Cooley's methodology
Cooley is noted for his displeasure at the divisions within the sociological community over methodology. He preferred an empirical, observational approach. While he appreciated the use of statistics after working as a statistician in the Interstate Commerce Commission and Census Bureau, he preferred case studies: often using his own children as the subjects on his observation. He also encouraged sociologists to use the method of sympathetic introspection when attempting to understand the consciousness of an individual. Cooley thought that the only practical method is to study the actual situation "closely" and "kindly" with other people involved, then gradually work out the evil from the mixture and replace it with good. Basically, the only way to understand a grotesque human being is to identify how and why his human nature has come to work that way. He felt it was necessary in order to truly understand the activities taken from the actor, effectively separating Cooley from a majority of sociologists who preferred more traditional, scientific techniques.

Theory on transportation and the shift to sociology
Cooley's first major work, The Theory of Transportation (1894), was his doctoral dissertation on economic theory. In his thesis, he discussed industrial growth and expansion during the nineteenth century. This piece was notable for its conclusion that towns and cities tend to be located at the confluence of transportation routes—the so-called "break" in transportation. His debt to German sociologists, particularly Albert Schäffle, has remained largely underresearched. Cooley soon shifted to a broader analysis of the interplay of individual and social processes. In Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) he foreshadowed George Herbert Mead's discussion of the symbolic ground of the self by detailing the way in which an individual's active participation in society affects the emergence of normal social participation. Cooley greatly extended this conception of the "looking-glass self" (I am, who I think you think, that I am) in his next book, Social Organization (1909), in which he sketched a comprehensive approach to society and its major processes.

Social organization
The first sixty pages of Social Organization (1909) were a sociological antidote to Sigmund Freud. In that much-quoted segment, Cooley formulated the crucial role of primary groups (family, playgroups and community of elders) as the source of one's morals, sentiments, and ideals. Primary groups are the first groups of individuals one is introduced to and are also influenced in their ideas and beliefs. They are the result of intimate association and corporation, along with coinciding ideals and values. He argued that individuals have two different channels of life- one from heredity and the other from society. Heredity is biological and predisposed; it is the human nature that people are born with. Society is the human nature that is expressed in primary groups that we can find in all civilizations. But the impact of a primary group is so great that individuals cling to shared beliefs in more complex associations, and even create new primary groupings within formal organizations.

In the Social Organization, Cooley asks what makes up a society. He focuses on the relationship between the individual and the larger unity of the society. He viewed society and the individual as one since they cannot exist without one another: where society has a strong impact on individual behavior and vice versa. He also concluded that the more industrialized a society becomes, the more individualistic its inhabitants are. Cooley viewed society as a constant experiment in enlarging social experience and in coordinating variety. He, therefore, analyzed the operation of such complex social forms as formal institutions and social class systems and the subtle controls of public opinion. Class differences reflect different contributions to society, as well as the phenomena of aggrandizement (the increase of power or reputation of individuals and values) and exploitation.

Cooley and social subjectivity
Cooley's theories regarding social subjectivity were described in a threefold necessity that had developed within the realm of society. The first of which was the necessity to create an understanding of social phenomena that highlighted the subjective mental processes of individuals. Yet, Cooley realized that these subjective processes were both the causes and effects of society's processes. The second necessity examined the development of a social dynamic conception that portrayed states of chaos as natural occurrences which could provide opportunities for "adaptive innovation." Finally, a need to manifest publics that were capable of exerting some form of "informed moral control" over current problems and future directions.

In regards to these aforementioned dilemmas, Cooley responded by stating "society and individual denote not separable phenomena but different aspects of the same thing, for a separate individual is an abstraction unknown to experience, and so likewise is society when regarded as something apart from individuals." From this, he resolved to create a "Mental-Social" Complex of which he would term the "looking-glass self."

The looking-glass self is created through the imagination of how one's self might be viewed through the eyes of another individual. This would later be termed "empathic introspection." This theory not only applied to the individual, but to the macro-level economic issues of society and macro-sociological conditions that develop over time.

To the economy, Cooley presented a divergent view from the norm, stating that "...even economic institutions could [not] be understood solely as a result of impersonal market forces." With regard to the sociological perspective and its relevancy toward traditions he states that the dissolution of traditions may be positive, thus creating "the sort of virtues, as well as of vices, that we find on the frontier: plain dealing, love of character and force, kindness, hope, hospitality and courage." He believed that sociology continues to contribute to the "growing efficiency of the intellectual processes that would enlighten the larger public will."

The "looking-glass self"
The "looking-glass self" is undoubtedly Cooley's most famous concept, and is widely known and accepted by psychologists and sociologists today. It expanded William James's idea of self to include the capacity of reflection on its own behavior. Other people's views build, change and maintain our self-image; thus, there is an interaction between how we see ourselves and how others see us. Through these interactions, human beings develop an idea of who they are. He argued that when we feel shame or pride, it is due to what we think others view us as. He also mentions that we do not always perceive someone's impressions correctly. For example, if a student incorrectly answers a question in class, they might later question their own intelligence or capacity to prepare sufficiently. The notion of the looking-glass self applies throughout an individual's life: interactions with new people time and again encourage self-evaluation based on a presumed impression given off. In other words, one's self-identity can be socially constructed.

In his 1902 work, Human Nature and the Social Order, Cooley defined this concept as:

"... a somewhat definite imagination of how one's self—that is, any idea he appropriates—appears in a particular mind, and the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by the attitude toward this attributed to that other mind... So in imagination, we perceive in another's mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are variously affected by it."

Thus, the three stages observed in the looking-glass self are outlines as:
 * You imagine how you appear to the other person.
 * You imagine the judgment of the other person.
 * You feel some sense of pride, happiness, guilt, or shame.

In line with William James's thoughts, the concept of the looking glass self-contributed to an increasing abandonment of the so-called Cartesian disjunction between the human mind and the external social world. Cooley sought to break down the barrier Cartesian thought had erected between the individual and its social context. "A self-idea of this sort seems to have three principal elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification."

Social process
Cooley's Social Process (1918) emphasized the non-rational, tentative nature of social organization and the significance of social competition. Social Process was an essay-based work that expressed Cooley's social theories. It was more philosophical than sociological. He interpreted modern difficulties as the clash of primary group values (love, ambition, loyalty) and institutional values (impersonal ideologies such as progress or Protestantism) (See also The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism). As societies try to cope with their difficulties, they adjust these two kinds of values to one another as best they can. Cooley also mentions the idea of heroes and hero worship. He believed that heroes were an aide or a servant to the internalization of social norms because they represent and serve as an example to reinforce social values. The Social Process was Cooley's last major work, heavily influenced by Darwinian principles of natural selection and adaptation to collective (social) existence.

Personal life
Cooley married Elsie Jones in 1890, who was the daughter of a professor of medicine at the University of Michigan. Mrs. Cooley differed from her husband in that she was outgoing, energetic, and capable of ordering their common lives in such a manner that mundane cares were not to weigh heavily on her husband. The couple had three children, a boy and two girls, and lived quietly and fairly withdrawn in a house close to the campus. The children served Cooley as his own domestic laboratory subjects for his study of genesis and growth of the self. He would observe imitation behavior in his three children and analyzed their reactions based on age. Even when he was not engaged in the observation of his own self and wished to observe others, he did not need to leave the domestic circle. Cooley also found pleasure in amateur botany and bird-watching in spare time away from his research.

Cooley's health began to deteriorate in 1928. He was diagnosed with an unidentified form of cancer in March 1929 and died two months later.

Cooley's works

 * 1891: The Social Significance of Street Railways, Publications of the American Economic Association 6, 71–73
 * 1894: Competition and Organization, Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association 1, 33–45
 * 1894: The Theory of Transportation, Baltimore: Publications of the American Economic Association 9
 * 1896: Nature versus Nurture' in the Making of Social Careers, Proceedings of the 23rd Conference of Charities and Corrections: 399–405
 * 1897: Genius, Fame and the Comparison of Races, Philadelphia: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9, 1–42
 * 1897: The Process of Social Change, Political Science Quarterly 12, 63–81
 * 1899: Personal Competition: Its Place in the Social Order and the Effect upon Individuals; with Some Considerations on Success, Economic Studies 4,
 * 1902: Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, revised edn 1922
 * 1902: The Decrease of Rural Population in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association 4, 28–37
 * 1904: Discussion of Franklin H. Giddings', A Theory of Social Causation, Publications of the American Economic Association, Third Series, 5, 426–431
 * 1907: Social Consciousness, Publications of the American Sociological Society 1, 97–109
 * 1907: Social Consciousness, American Journal of Sociology 12, 675–687 Previously published as above.
 * 1908: A Study of the Early Use of Self-Words by a Child, Psychological Review 15, 339–357
 * 1909: Social Organization: a Study of the Larger Mind, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
 * 1909: Builder of Democracy, Survey, 210–213
 * 1912: Discussion of Simon Patten's The Background of Economic Theories, Publications of the American Sociological Society 7, 132
 * 1912: Valuation as a Social Process, Psychological Bulletin 9, Also published as part of Social Process
 * 1913: The Institutional Character of Pecuniary Valuation, American Journal of Sociology 18, 543–555. Also published as part of Social Process
 * 1913: The Sphere of Pecuniary Valuation, American Journal of Sociology 19, 188–203. Also published as part of Social Process
 * 1915: The Progress of Pecuniary Valuation, Quarterly Journal of Economics 30, 1–21. Also published as part of Social Process
 * 1916: Builder of Democracy, Survey 36, 116
 * 1917: Social Control in International Relations, Publications of the American Sociological Society 12, 207–216
 * 1918: Social Process, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
 * 1918: A Primary Culture for Democracy, Publications of the American Sociological Society 13, 1–10
 * 1918: Political Economy and Social Process, Journal of Political Economy 25, 366–374
 * 1921: Reflections Upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer, American Journal of Sociology 26, 129–145
 * 1924: Now and Then, Journal of Applied Sociology 8, 259–262.
 * 1926: The Roots of Social Knowledge, American Journal of Sociology 32, 59–79.
 * 1926: Heredity or Environment, Journal of Applied Sociology 10, 303–307
 * 1927: Life and the Student, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
 * 1928: Case Study of Small Institutions as a Method of Research, Publications of the American Sociological Society 22, 123–132
 * 1928: Sumner and Methodology, Sociology and Social Research 12, 303–306
 * 1929: The Life-Study Method as Applied to Rural Social Research, Publications of the American Sociological Society 23, 248–254
 * 1930: The Development of Sociology at Michigan. pp. 3–14 in Sociological Theory and Research, being Selected papers of Charles Horton Cooley, edited by Robert Cooley Angell, New York: Henry Holt
 * 1930: Sociological Theory and Social Research, New York: Henry Holt
 * 1933: Introductory Sociology, with Robert C Angell and Lowell J Carr, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons

title: Charles Horton Cooley


text:
Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada) is a novella by Gabriel García Márquez, published in 1981. It tells, in the form of a pseudo-journalistic reconstruction, the story of the murder of Santiago Nasar by the Vicario twins.

Plot
The book is a nonlinear narrative told by an anonymous narrator and begins on the morning of Santiago Nasar's death. The reader learns that Santiago lives with his mother, Placida Linero; the cook, Victoria Guzman; and the cook's daughter, Divina Flor. Santiago took over the successful family ranch after the death of his father Ibrahim, who was of Arab origin. He returns home in the early morning hours from an all-night celebration of a wedding between a recent newcomer, Bayardo San Román, and a long-term resident, Ángela Vicario. Two hours after the wedding, Ángela was dragged back to her mother's home by Bayardo because she was not a virgin. After a beating from her mother, Ángela is forced to reveal the name of the man who has defiled her purity and honor. In a somewhat spurious manner, she reveals the man to be Santiago. To avenge their family honor, her twin brothers Pablo and Pedro Vicario decide to kill Santiago using knives that they'd previously used to slaughter pigs.

The brothers proceed to the meat market in the pre-dawn hours to sharpen their knives and announce to the owner and other butchers that they plan to kill Santiago. No one believes the threat because Pablo and Pedro are considered "good people", and most interpret their threats as drunken rambling. Faustino Santos, a butcher friend, becomes suspicious and reports the threat to the policeman, Leandro Pornoy. The brothers proceed to Clotilde Armenta's milk shop where they tell her about the plan to kill Santiago, and she notices the knives wrapped in rags. Meanwhile, Officer Leandro talks with Colonel Aponte who, after leisurely dressing and enjoying his breakfast, proceeds to the milk shop and confiscates the brothers' knives, sending them off to sleep and calling them "a pair of big bluffers". Clotilde is still concerned that the twins will find another way to carry out their plan to murder Santiago and urges Colonel Aponte to intervene further "to spare those poor boys from the horrible duty", but he does nothing more.

Gossip about the twins' publicly announced plans spreads through the town, and though Clotilde asks everyone she sees to warn Santiago, no one does. Some do not believe they should get involved, some assume that he has already been warned, some believe the twins wouldn't really follow through, some are distracted by the arrival of the Bishop, some believe that the murder would be justified, and some secretly want Santiago dead. As the priest later confessed, "I didn't know what to do... it wasn't any business of mine but something for the civil authorities."

The brothers return to the milk shop wielding new knives, and this time Pedro expresses hesitation about their plan because he feels they had fulfilled their duty "when the mayor disarmed them". Nevertheless, they repeat their intention to kill Santiago. Santiago wakes up after an hour's sleep to get dressed and greet the bishop along with many of the townsfolk, who expect him to stop in their town while traveling elsewhere. As Santiago leaves, he does not notice the note that someone had left to warn him about the Vicario brothers' threats on his life. The bishop's boat passes by the town without stopping even though people have been waiting for him with various gifts. Santiago then proceeds to his fiancée, who yells, "...I hope they kill you!" because she is upset about his involvement with Ángela Vicario and decides not to warn him.

The murder of Santiago Nasar is described. His friend Cristo Bedoya had frantically looked for Santiago on the morning of the murder to warn him of the plan, but Cristo Bedoya failed to find Santiago, who was actually at his fiancée Flora Miguel's house. When Flora Miguel's father finds out, he warns Santiago minutes before the twins reach Santiago. Santiago becomes disoriented from the news and starts to run home. His mother, who is finally told, believes he is inside the house and, therefore, bars the front door to which Santiago is running while being chased by the Vicario brothers. He is repeatedly stabbed as he attempts to enter his home, over twenty times total with seven fatal wounds, as they discovered in an ill-performed autopsy performed by the priest. The murder is brutal as Santiago carries his own entrails and enters the back door of his home. He collapses in his kitchen and dies.

After the murder, the Vicario family leaves town due to the scandal and disgrace surrounding the events of Ángela's wedding and Santiago's murder. Bayardo San Román leaves town as well; his family comes by boat and picks him up. The Vicario twins spend three years in prison awaiting trial but are acquitted in court, after which Pablo marries his lover and Pedro leaves for the armed forces.

Only after Bayardo rejects Ángela does she fall in love with him. After she moves away from the town with her family, Ángela writes him a letter each week for seventeen years. At the end of seventeen years, Bayardo returns to her, carrying all of her letters in bundles, all unopened.

Inspiration
The novella was inspired by real-life events that occurred to García Márquez's godbrother. García Márquez heard the story of a young couple that got married in Sucre and, on the day following their wedding, the groom rejected the bride due to her lack of virginity. The bride was determined to have had relations with her former boyfriend, who was consequently pursued and murdered by the bride's two brothers in order to avenge the family's honor. Though many publications speculated that García Márquez had witnessed the murder firsthand, the writer was in fact not present during the events, which took place in Sucre in 1951.

There are key differences between the action of the story and what took place in reality. For one, in the novella, it is never clear whether or not Santiago Nasar had a prior relationship with Ángela Vicario before her wedding, whereas in real life, the bride had had sexual relations with her former boyfriend. Additionally, García Márquez chose to make the two assassins in the novella twins, Pablo and Pedro Vicario. In real life, they were simply brothers. Lastly, in the book, there is a reconciliation between Ángela and the groom who rejects her, Bayardo San Roman. In real life, there was no such reconciliation.

Brief references are made to Márquez's earlier novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, with Bayardo San Roman's father being mentioned as having fought against Aureliano Buendía, one of that novel's main characters.

Key themes
The central question at the core of the novella is how the death of Santiago Nasar was widely foreseen — "there had never been a death more foretold," as the narrator describes — yet no one was able or willing to stop it. The narrator explores the circumstances surrounding his death by asking the villagers who were present during his murder and exploring the seeming contradiction of a murder that was predicted. The book explores the morality of the village's collective responsibility in the murder of Santiago Nasar.

Unlike the traditional detective novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold doesn't investigate the murder, which is made clear from the first sentence. Instead, the true mystery is why the whole town allowed the murder to occur with, at best, only half-hearted attempts to stop it or even warn the victim.

Isabel Alvarez-Borland notes the text’s "conscious fictionality" and how it makes the reader aware of that, with the main character commenting on the case report's meandering literary qualities, reading old reports related to the murder in the same way as the audience reads the novella.

Adaptations
The book was translated into English by Gregory Rabassa and Edith Grossman. It was adapted for the big screen in the Spanish language film Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1987), an Italian-French-Colombian co-production, directed by Francesco Rosi and starring Ornella Muti, Rupert Everett and Anthony Delon. In 1990, Li Shaohong adapted the book into the Golden Montgolfiere-winning Chinese film Bloody Morning, which centers on Chinese rural society. In 1995, Graciela Daniele adapted it into the Tony Award-nominated Broadway musical of the same name, which she also directed and choreographed.

A Romanian short film was made in 2007.

Editions

 * ISBN 1-4000-3471-X
 * ISBN 978-0-14-103246-7

Reviews

 * Herdman, John (1983), Márquez Faction or Fiction?, review of Chronicle of a Death Foretold, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 11, New Year 1983, pp. 38–39,

title: Chronicle of a Death Foretold


text:
Dubuque–Wisconsin Bridge

The Dubuque–Wisconsin Bridge is a steel Tied-arch automobile bridge connecting Dubuque, Iowa, with still largely rural Grant County, Wisconsin, over the Mississippi River. It is one of two automobile bridges in the Dubuque area, the other being the Julien Dubuque Bridge, which is located about 3 mi south.

The bridge is a four lane, limited access bridge and is part of US Highway 61/US Highway 151 (US 61/US 151). This bridge replaced the older Eagle Point Bridge that previously served as the connection between Dubuque and Wisconsin.

History
In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, city officials became convinced that the Eagle Point Bridge was no longer adequate for the city's needs. They determined that a four lane bridge would be needed for the increasing traffic that was anticipated.

Several names for the bridge were considered for the new bridge. Included among the names suggested was one that honored the pioneer priest Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli.

Construction was delayed when a Native American burial site was found on part of the proposed Wisconsin approach. A Winnebago medicine man was brought in to bless the site so the remains could be moved.

When the Dubuque–Wisconsin Bridge opened in 1981, it ended on an island in the river called City Island, formerly known as Ham's Island (as Mathias Ham once owned the land). From City Island, a new bridge was constructed over the Peosta Channel of the Mississippi River, along an alignment that connected with East 16th Street. City Island has since been named Chaplain Schmitt Memorial Island in honor of Father Aloysius Schmitt, who was killed in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

In the late 1980s, a riverfront expressway for US 61 and US 151 was funded. This nearly mile-long curving bridge was designed to fill in the gap between the Dubuque–Wisconsin Bridge and the new waterfront expressway. The bridge crosses the Peosta Channel of the Mississippi River, as well as a backwater pond. Despite crossing two bodies of water, only 5 of the 20 spans of the bridge are over water.

Upon completion in 1983, traffic was shifted over from the Eagle Point Bridge to the new bridge. The Eagle Point Bridge was demolished soon afterward.

In the early 1990s, the approach to the bridge was rebuilt to accommodate the new four lane US 61/US 151 highway being built in Dubuque.

During the rebuilding of the Julien Dubuque Bridge, traffic from US 20 was detoured on to this bridge.

In 2003, the deck of the bridge was rebuilt and the bridge cleaned.

title: Dubuque–Wisconsin Bridge


text:
Derwent Valley Council

Derwent Valley Council is a local government body situated in southern-central Tasmania, west of Hobart. Derwent Valley is classified as a rural local government area and has a population of 10,290, it includes the localities of Bushy Park, Maydena and Strathgordon, with New Norfolk the major, principal town.

History and attributes
Derwent Valley was established on 2 April 1994, it was previously known as the New Norfolk Municipal Council. Derwent Valley is classified as rural, agricultural and large (RAL) under the Australian Classification of Local Governments.

The Tarn Shelf within Mount Field National Park is located within the region and is an area of significant botanic interest.

Current composition
The current logo replaced an older logo that depicted an oast house (a kiln for drying hops), trees and a roll of paper which are representative of major industries in the municipality.

The current Council was elected in 2022:

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title: Derwent Valley Council