text:
User talk:Faedra

Wikipedia the free lunch.

How often in life do you get anything for nothing is the question raised in this item.

Seldom, must be the answer, unless you are very fortunate or have some legal claim. A good example of the something for nothing culture has evolved into the Wikipedia free encyclopaedia.

Yes, it has been stated that any individual surfing the net, may freely copy a wikipedia article, but you can copy just about anything from the WWW, and once it has been de compiled and re associated with other material, it is difficult to really claim any previous copyright to have been violated.

I have copied many pages from Wikipedia, read them, and asked myself what have I gained, very little in fact, given the public access to original material available to any interested party in the modern world. Further as a contributor for several months having provided over 100 original pages, I find I have gained even less. A considerable amount of effort has to be put into into compiling an objective, accurate and useful article for any encyclopaedia, and the satisfaction from such effort does not come from seeing it at Wikipedia, or even on the web, but in fact from the effort stated.

Wikipedia has such a weak grip on its own content, having chosen to assimilate its content under the form of the GNU, that its material is redistributed by numerous other agents, many of whom seem to be providing a useful service to the educational establishment, the instrument of its downfall seems most likely in that it states itself to be a community. As such it is flawed, and heading for problems. Many authors initially happy to contribute to Wikipedia, have indicated that feel the 'community' a bunch of arrogant pirates, and full of their own self importance, (it is widely recognised how this behaviour is self defeating). This however is not the problem with the legality of the GNU, in the context of Wikipedia.

Whilst a statement exists on all pages that any contribution is licenced under the GNU, no method of obtaining a verification of this proposition is presented to the beginner. Whilst a simple javascript could be employed, it can not be back dated. I will, if compelled therefore challenge the Wikipedia GNU and present my 'wikified' texts to an independent publisher, with the intention of exposing this absurd proposition, a form of free licensing aimed at escaping responsibility, and duty of care for intellectual property.

I am not easily upset by genuine critism, but will not tollerate arrogance. Thousands of websites are available for those inclined to upload material of any sort, the math does not add up, when it is considered objectively, Wikipedia is rotten from the inside, and this is only noticeable after some experience with its methods of utilising the good will of its users. It remains potentially a valued resource for education, but is criticised for exploiting its members, beyond reasonable cause. If it is ever to evolve into a useful institution major reforms are required.

My first interest in the website manifest when I discovered that it was possible to make direct edits to existing pages, and encouraged by the advise, and warnings about responsibility whilst so doing I begun to take an active part in the program. However I soon noticed how very few people actually have anything of merit to contribute, and how most changes are simple at best, or just useful corrections made at random, by readers, in passing.

Whilst I am content to allow my contributions to be edited beyond recognition I have noticed that the main preoccupation of many 'Wikipedians' seems to be in spending time criticising work submitted, without taking the appropriate amount of time to make any alterations they might deem required, and this I find a mark of gross ignorance. I can find fault in just about anything if I wish to be negative, but this freedom does not give me the right to assume I am correct.

I am not so preoccupied that I fail to notice failings around this website, and wish them to be addressed. I am not bothered if my contributions are unwelcomed but would appreciate it if someone would tell me so. I thought perhaps some one might appreciate my imput, but it is not compulsion.

I concede readily however that many Wikipedians are exceptional people with rare talents and congratulate them for their efforts.

The kind of opinion that indicates arrogance and self importance, to be avioded in a public forum:

An implacable command states that you the user must obey at all times all the guidelines and agreed conventions that other people have gone to the trouble to create.

.

Of related interest:

Lord Warden
No problem. It's always nice to see people with an interest in British history here. Proteus (Talk) 08:49, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Deleted pages
Hi. The page Early National Socialism/draft was deleted several months ago by a consensus vote. You "reconstructed" this deleted page and put it back on wikipedia as European National Socialism. Please do not resurrect pages that have been deleted without first conducting a vote to "undelete" the article. Please see Votes_for_deletion/Early_National_Socialism/draft for the earlier debate on why that page was inappropriate for wikipedia. AndyL 16:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I have also contributed alot to this site but what unnerves me is the constant editing and the slanting of articles that approximate censorship. A particular fellow runs after me editing and censoring a certain author I use. He is deleting all reference to him. I do a lot of research only to find that it is clearly deleted and thrown over. It doesn't make for an enjoyable time. It is sometimes worthless to try. I feel your pain on your other points as well.WHEELER 17:35, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC) - In many ways I do agree with you. I often smile when I consider the votes for deletion, which many take awfully seriously, forgetting, it seems, that just anyone can sign up and have a vote! It's quite arbitrary who bothers. You are also very right that there is relatively little construction to match the deconstruction, because so much effort is put into little things. However, perhaps you should take into account that the contributors are very keen and the process rather addictive and perhaps this is the best outlet they could find for their urge to get involved. I noted your frustration with the rules lawyers that have a grip on the place. You just have to shrug that off. There are always going to be people who rather than try to convince you they are right will appeal to "the guidelines", forgetting the spirit that they are intended to represent and making out they are inscribed in stone. But that is not everyone here. I'm sure there are many who will engage in constructive debate. I hope you will not be discouraged and will continue to contribute.Dr Zen 07:24, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Dixieladye
Hi. I notice you are back, using the name User:Dixieladye. Let's hope for a better result this time. Deb 19:10, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Blue-Circle Barge, Thames Barge Race at Gravesend.Gif
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Hoo Peninsula
Hi Faedra, wanted to ask a few things about this article, on which you did all the spadework, but looks like you've thrown in the towel. Just on the off-chance you may still be looking/caring...

I've started a separate article for Cooling, Kent (before working out who to contact), as it was such a large section in Hoo. Plan is to keep brief descrip in Hoo, with x-ref to main Cooling article. Hope this OK with you.

Kingsnorth power station (Isle of Grain): are you sure about the dates of 1948 and 1953 for building and start-up? I have a CEGB visitor's guide to Kingsnorth which gives 1963 and 1967.

The original text seems to give the B2003 as the road to Cliffe, thru Cliffe Woods. Unless it's changed recently, shouldn't that be the B2000?

I'm loathe to change stuff when I don't understand _why_ it seems inaccurate - but you don't ref your work, so it's kinda hard to check your sources against mine (and I'm from Cliffe, so agree that I am likely to be 'arrogant' about my level of info over yours here ...)

I'm sorry if you've really given up on Wiki - I for one will miss your contributions... JackyR 19:46, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

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Roger Northwode
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AfD nomination of James Holburne
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File copyright problem with File:No such file.jpg
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Withington
Did you author the page for Lothrop Withington? Just wondering where you came about this information? Thanks! JWithing (talk) 20:06, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Please reconsider
I see that you are no longer an editor at Wikipedia. I am sorry to discover this as I have just read the excellent article you created on Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford. I am impressed with the attention to detail and sheer amount of information which is contained inside the page. The map provided is useful as is the image in the infobox-in short, it is a wonderful article that you can take pride in, and indeed all of us here at Wikipedia. Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford is the kind of article that refutes the popular notion that we are all a bunch of amateurs. I will conclude with one final comment: Faedra, Wikipedia needs more editors like you. Please come back.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 06:40, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of John de Sutton V

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Proposed deletion of Richard Hoborn

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Nomination of Robert Holborn for deletion
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title: User talk:Faedra


text:
Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany

Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany (in German: Die Verhältnisse der Landarbeiter im ostelbischen Deutschland) is a book written by Maximilian Weber, a German economist and sociologist, in 1892. Note that the original edition was in German and the title can be translated as "Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany".

In 1890 an association (known as Verein für Socialpolitik) of scholars, government officials and other specialists decided to study the situation of landowners in Germany. Weber assumed responsibility for reviewing data from German provinces east of the Elbe River.

The situation in that part of Germany was influenced by the influx of migratory workers from Eastern Europe, with special regards to Poles and Russians, while the German labourers wanted to increase their upward social mobility, especially by changing the traditional labour relations of that region (workers could only become labourers on annual contract).

However, their demands and expectations were actually putting them in a weaker position regarding the economic struggle for survival, as they were less competitive than migratory workers.

Weber analyzed those changing labour relations as a symptom of widespread changes in the entire German society.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
George Barnes (BBC controller)

Sir George Reginald Barnes (13 September 1904 – 22 September 1960) was a British broadcasting executive, who was a station Controller of both BBC Radio and later BBC Television in the 1940s and 1950s. He was Principal of the University College of North Staffordshire, now Keele University, from 1956 to 1960.

Early life
He was born in Byfleet, Surrey, England. After spells at the Royal Naval Colleges in Osborne and later Dartmouth, he attended King's College, Cambridge, from 1922 to 1927.

Career
After Cambridge he returned to Dartmouth as a Master at the school there till 1930. After a short spell at the Cambridge University Press he then joined the BBC in 1935 as a Producer in the Talks Department. He produced talks with several high-profile figures, including in 1937 producing what is now the only record of author Virginia Woolf's voice in the 'Craftsmanship' edition of Words Fail Me series, broadcast on 29 April 1937. The same year he produced four talks by William Butler Yeats.

In 1946 he was promoted to be the first ever Controller of the new BBC Radio station, the Third Programme, which still exists today in the form of BBC Radio 3, as it was renamed in 1967. He held this position for four years before in October 1950 becoming the Director of BBC Television. His appointment caused the resignation of the Controller of Programmes, Norman Collins, who disagreed with a man whose background was in sound broadcasting being appointed as his superior in the television service.

It was under his tenure as Director that interest in television exploded, particularly with the screening of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Drawing an audience of an estimated 20 million British and 300 million worldwide viewers – an unprecedented viewership – the Coronation broadcast, when viewed later by the Queen, caused her to knight Barnes on the spot at the BBC's Lime Grove Studios. Television coverage was now nationwide, although in 1955 the service was faced with the prospect of competition for the first time when the rival ITV network was launched.

Barnes retired from broadcasting in 1956, becoming Principal of the University College of North Staffordshire, now Keele University.

Personal life
In 1927 he married Dorothy Anne, daughter of Henry Bond, Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge 1919–1929. He died at Keele in 1960, aged 56, leaving his wife, Anne, and their son Anthony.

Publications

 * A List of Books printed in Cambridge at the University Press, 1521-1800. Compiled by Francis J. H. Jenkinson, Sydney Castle. Roberts and George Reginald Barnes. Edited by G. R. Barnes (1935)
 * The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1771-1782 Edited by G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owen. Four volumes (1932–38)
 * Publications of the Navy Records Society, vol. 69 by John Montagu, George Reginald Barnes and John Hely Owen (1932)

title: George Barnes (BBC controller)


text:
Corbin Bernsen

Corbin Dean Bernsen (born September 7, 1954) is an American actor and film director. He appeared as divorce attorney Arnold Becker on the NBC drama series L.A. Law, as Dr. Alan Feinstone in The Dentist, as retired police detective Henry Spencer on the USA Network comedy-drama series Psych, and as Roger Dorn in the films Major League, Major League II, and Major League: Back to the Minors. He also appeared regularly on The Resident, The Curse , General Hospital, and Cuts, and has had intermittent appearances on The Young and the Restless.

Early life
Bernsen was born in North Hollywood, the eldest son of producer Harry Bernsen Jr. and soap actress Jeanne Cooper. He graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1972. Bernsen is also a "double Bruin", having received both a BA in Theatre Arts in 1977 and an MFA in Playwriting in 1979 from UCLA.

Acting
After a two-year appearance on the soap opera Ryan's Hope, Bernsen was cast as lawyer Arnold Becker on the Steven Bochco television series L.A. Law in 1986. The series became a hit, and the role earned him Emmy and Golden Globe nominations, appearances on magazine covers, and guest-starring roles on Seinfeld and The Larry Sanders Show. He remained on L.A. Law for the entire run of the show, until it ended in 1994. He played the lead actor in the two-season, NASA-themed series The Cape in 1996–97.

Bernsen appeared with British actor Bruce Payne in the films Kounterfeit and Aurora: Operation Intercept. He starred as the title character, Dr. Alan Feinstone, in the horror film The Dentist and its sequel. Bernsen was also cast as prima donna third baseman Roger Dorn in the sports comedy Major League and appeared in both of the film's sequels. Bernsen portrayed John Durant on General Hospital from September 2004 until the character was murdered in May 2006.

Bernsen played Jack Sherwood on Cuts, appeared twice on Celebrity Mole, and played a lawyer on Boston Legal. He appeared as another Q on Star Trek: The Next Generation. He also had a recurring role as Captain Owen Sebring on the military drama JAG and played a Republican senator in two episodes of The West Wing. He directed, produced, and appeared in the horror film Dead Air. Bernsen also co-starred in USA's Psych, playing the role of Henry Spencer, the father of the main character, Shawn Spencer (James Roday). In the film Rust, Bernsen plays a former minister who returns to his hometown.

Bernsen appeared in 25 Hill, a film he produced, directed and wrote, which is centered on the All-American Soap Box Derby, and at one time was planning a baseball movie about zombies, called Three Strikes, You're Dead.

He also appeared as a guest star in one episode of Switched at Birth, the ABC Family television series. Bernsen currently appears as Kyle Nevin on the television series The Resident.

Producing
Bernsen was president and co-owner of Public Media Works, a new media company that develops entertainment for targeted fan bases. He directed and starred in Carpool Guy, the company's first film; it was targeted at soap opera fans and released on DVD in 2005.

Bernsen then went on to form Team Cherokee Productions. According to the book One Red Paperclip, in June 2006, Bernsen traded a role in the film Donna on Demand to Kyle MacDonald for a snow globe of the band KISS. It was this role that MacDonald eventually traded for a two-story farmhouse.

In recent years, Bernsen focused on stories that explore aspects of Christian faith in today's world and how that can contribute to, but also tends to divide our common humanity. His first such film was Rust, released in 2010 by Sony Pictures. Bernsen, along with producing partner Chris Aronoff, formed Home Theater Films, an independent production company that develops, produces, and markets films and television shows. 25 Hill, the company's first title, was released in July 2012. This was followed by 3 Day Test (2012), Beyond the Heavens (2013), and Life with Dog (2017). Their film Mary 4 Mayor was due out in the fall of 2020.

Writing
In October 2015, the Pelican Book Group released Bernsen's debut novel. The book, Rust: the Novel, is an adaptation of Bernsen's 2010 feature film, Rust, in which he played the main character and served as writer and director. Bernsen and his wife, Amanda Pays, have co-authored two books, Change Houses, Not Spouses and Open House: Reinventing Space for Simple Living, a coffee table book featuring remodeling and design ideas they have learned from remodeling their own homes.

Personal life
Bernsen was married to Brenda Cooper from 1983 to 1987. Bernsen has been married to British actress Amanda Pays since 1988. They have four sons: Oliver, Angus, Henry and Finley. Pays and Bernsen moved to the Hudson Valley in upstate New York in 2019 where he now focuses on film and television projects that can be shot locally.

Bernsen has one of the largest snow globe collections in the world, with roughly over 8,000 globes.

title: Corbin Bernsen


text:
Toots Mondt

Joseph Raymond "Toots" Mondt (January 18, 1894 – June 11, 1976) was an American professional wrestler and promoter who revolutionized the wrestling industry in the early to mid-1920s and co-promoted the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Some of the stars Mondt helped create from the 1920s through the 1960s included Wayne Munn, Jim Londos, Antonino Rocca, Bruno Sammartino, Stu Hart and Cowboy Bill Watts.

Early life
Joseph Raymond Mondt was born in Garden Grove, Iowa, on January 18, 1894. Joseph (Joe) Toots was his professional name. Toots' father, Frank, was a farmer and building contractor. The Mondt family moved to Weld County, Colorado, in 1904.

Early wrestling career
Toots Mondt made his wrestling debut in Greeley in 1912 at the age of 18 in a carnival/wrestling style match, a match he would wrestle in for many years. Stu Hart claimed he ran into Toots by chance while wrestling in New York City and that Mondt said he received his first wrestling lesson in 1916 from Jack Taylor, and Mondt tried to recruit Hart into a territory in Washington, D.C. Around this time, he also tried his hand at acrobatics. However, this was an unsuccessful move and Toots returned to wrestling matches. Toots received his big break when he was discovered by wrestling pioneer Farmer Burns during one of his scouting trips. The nickname ‘Toots’, had to do with either his small feet or his relative youth and baby face. Mondt was the youngest wrestler in Farmer Burns' camp.

Gold Dust Trio
Until 1919, wrestling matches were slow-moving exhibitions mainly confined to the mat and lasting on an average 60 minutes. Crowds no longer found this to be suitable entertainment and accordingly, they began to dwindle. Wrestling matches slowly and eventually became pre-determined. Toots Mondt joined the camp of Ed "Strangler" Lewis with the recommendation of Farmer Burns. Toots served in many capacities as a sparring partner, trainer, sometimes as an opponent and as a police officer. As a sparring partner and trainer, Toots Mondt helped Ed Lewis develop new holds and counters. The working relationship and unity amongst wrestling promoters was beginning to wear thin and crowd attendance was still low. Toots conceived a solution and combined features of a boxing ring, Greco-Roman, freestyle wrestling, and the old-time lumber camp-style of fighting. Toots had called it ’Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling’.

Toots Mondt's second plan was to promote this new style of wrestling on a much higher scale. Toots convinced Ed Lewis and his manager Billy Sandow of forming their own promotion as opposed to having different promoters controlling them. The team of Mondt, Lewis and Sandow used their connections to convince many other wrestlers to sign up. Under the control of Mondt, Lewis and Sandow, they served as bookers and agents. Toots also instituted time limits as wrestling matches would often go three or four hours. Within six months, the "Gold Dust Trio" controlled the course of professional wrestling in North America. Their product was moved out from venues such as burlesque theaters and back alley halls to the major sports venue in each city. All new talent was tested in Billy Sandow's private ring while routines and finishes were carefully determined by Toots. The Gold Dust Trio later dissolved from a power struggle between Toots Mondt & Billy Sandow's brother Max.

Mondt then formed a partnership with Philadelphia promoter, Ray Fabiani. The new combination wasted little time and found their new title holder in Dick Shikat, a former circus strongman from Germany. Once Dick Shickat's title reign had run its course, Mondt and Fabiani made Jim Londos their new champion and continued their hold on the Northeast. They soon expanded onto New York City, Hartford, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. Toots/Fabiani were unsuccessful because rival New York promoter Jack Curley prevented them from promoting in NYC for years, and it was during this time that he came around an up-and-coming Lou Thesz, with whom Mondt had a bad history. As Jack Curley was on his deathbed, Toots realized that New York wrestling would fall apart. So Toots & Fabiani immediately formed an alliance with fellow booking heavyweight Rudy Dusek. This formation to take over New York was kept a secret. At Curley's funeral, one of his sons approached Toots about taking over New York and was not aware that Toots had a plan. Toots also gained help from other bookers such as Jack Pfeffer, the Johnston Brothers and Jess McMahon. Jess McMahon worked for boxing promoter and New York Rangers hockey franchise founder Tex Rickard, who despised wrestling and prevented bookings in Madison Square Garden (MSG) from 1939 to 1948. Toots found former wrestler turned millionaire Bernarr McFadden, who gave Toots the financial backings.

Bernarr McFadden helped Toots promote in NYC and gain access into Madison Square Garden. In 1948, in the main event of the first card held in MSG for 9 years, Gorgeous George defeated Ernie Dusek. In that same year Toots Mondt was in search for another champion. After several failed attempts, Toots Mondt found Antonino Rocca, who brought in more Latino fans to the matches which financially favored Toots. Mondt, however, was not able to keep Rocca happy and Vincent J. McMahon was brought into the scene by Ray Fabiani.

In 1954, Mondt signed up Rafael Halperin a rabbi from Israel who wrestled in a blue and white costume emblazoned with the Jewish star.

Birth of the World Wide Wrestling Federation
In 1963, Toots Mondt and Vincent J. McMahon broke away from the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), renaming Capitol Wrestling Corporation to the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). Toots Mondt parted ways with NWA President Sam Muchnick on good terms so that the WWWF would not be seen as an enemy. Toots and Vince were also in the middle of fighting off an invasion by Jim Crockett Promotions from promoting in the WWWF territories.

When Buddy Rogers was crowned NWA World Heavyweight Champion, Toots controlled the bookings for Rogers’ title defenses. Toots would rarely allow Buddy Rogers to defend the title outside the Northeastern region. This would be one of the factors which led to the World Wide Wrestling Federation splitting from the NWA. In April 1963, Buddy Rogers was awarded the WWWF World Heavyweight title, supposedly for winning a tournament for the title in Rio de Janeiro, a fictitious storyline created by Toots Mondt. In 1965, Toots Mondt stepped down as promoter at Madison Square Garden and Vincent J. McMahon took over. When Bruno Sammartino was brought into the WWWF, Vincent J. McMahon predicted that he would be a midcarder for two or three years at best. Toots called Sammartino the future of the company because people instantly liked and responded to him. Toots convinced Vincent J. McMahon to build the company around Bruno Sammartino. In a June 2012 Wrestling Observer Radio podcast, Bruno acknowledged that Mondt and Vincent J. McMahon were not on the best of terms during his tenure with the company, with Bruno suggesting it was due to the fallout over the promotion's handling of Buddy Rogers.

Changing times and the rise of television saw Mondt's influence in the sport diminishing. Mondt was an arena booker and was never able to get a handle on television like McMahon. That fact coupled with Mondt's gambling problems allowed his business-minded partner to muscle him out of ownership of the New York territory. Toots sold off his share to McMahon in the mid-60s. McMahon reduced Mondt to salaried employee for Capitol. Mondt died on June 11, 1976, at the age of 82 after a long battle with an illness. Since then, he has been inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996, the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 2008 and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2017 as a recipient of its Legacy Award.

Accomplishments

 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 * (Class of 2008)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (1996)
 * WWE
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2017)

title: Toots Mondt


text: User talk:69.3.182.202

title: User talk:69.3.182.202


text:
Beloved (1998 film)

Beloved is a 1998 American gothic psychological horror drama film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Oprah Winfrey, Danny Glover, and Thandiwe Newton. Based on Toni Morrison's 1987 novel of the same name, the plot centers on a formerly enslaved person after the American Civil War, her haunting by a poltergeist, and the visitation of her reincarnated daughter. This was the first film produced by Harpo Films.

Beloved received an Oscar nomination for Best Costume Design for Colleen Atwood. The film garnered mostly positive reviews, and both Danny Glover and Kimberly Elise received praise for their performances.

Plot
Sethe is a former slave living on the outskirts of Cincinnati, Ohio shortly after the Civil War. An angry poltergeist residing in the family home terrorizes her and her three children, causing two of them to run away forever.

Eight years later, Sethe lives alone with her daughter, Denver. Paul D, an old friend from Sweet Home, the plantation Sethe had escaped from years earlier, finds her home and drives off the angry spirit that inhabits it. Afterwards, he proposes he stay and Sethe responds favorably. Shortly after Paul D. moves in, a clean young woman named Beloved, who appears to have a cognitive delay, finds her way into Sethe's yard, and Sethe takes her in.

Denver is initially happy to have Beloved around, but learns that she is Sethe's reincarnated daughter. Nonetheless, she chooses not to tell Beloved's origins to Sethe. One night, Beloved, aware that Paul D dislikes her, immobilizes him with a spell, and rapes him. He resolves to tell Sethe what happened, but instead asks her to have a baby with him. When Stamp Paid, a co-worker of Paul D who has known her for many years, learns of Paul D's plans for a family with Sethe, he pulls a newspaper clipping featuring Sethe and tells her story to the illiterate Paul D.

Years ago, Sethe was raped by the nephews of Schoolteacher, the owner of Sweet Home. She complained to Mrs. Garner, his sister-in-law, who confronted him. In retaliation, Schoolteacher and his nephews brutally whipped Sethe, leaving a "tree" of keloid scars on her back. Heavily pregnant with her fourth child, Sethe planned to escape. Her other children were sent off earlier to live with Baby Suggs, her mother-in-law, but Sethe stayed behind to look for her husband, Halle. She was assaulted while searching for him in the barn. The Schoolteacher's nephews held her down, raped her, and forcibly took her breast milk.

When Halle failed to appear, Sethe ran off alone. She crossed paths with Amy Denver, a white girl who treated her injuries and delivered her child, whom she named after her. Sethe eventually reached Baby Suggs' home, but her initial happiness was short-lived when Schoolteacher came to claim Sethe and her children.

In desperation, Sethe slit her older daughter's throat, and attempted to kill her other children. Stamp Paid managed to stop her and the disgusted Schoolteacher departed. Sethe is detained for an unknown amount of time, and it is later revealed she was saved from hanging by the prominent Cincinnati family the Bodwins, who knew Baby Suggs.

Paul D, horrified by the revelation and suddenly understanding the origin of the poltergeist, confronts Sethe. She unapologetically justifies herself, insisting her children are better off dead than enslaved. Paul D. departs shortly thereafter in protest. Afterwards, Sethe realizes that Beloved is the reincarnation of her dead daughter.

Elated yet guilty, Sethe spoils Beloved with elaborate gifts while neglecting Denver. Beloved soon throws a destructive tantrum and her malevolent presence causes living conditions in the house to deteriorate. The women live in squalor and Sethe is unable to work, having become physically and mentally drained by Beloved's parasitic nature. Denver becomes depressed yet, inspired by a memory of her grandmother's confidence in her, she musters the courage to seek employment.

Once Denver gets work with the Bodwins, women from the local church visit Sethe's to perform an exorcism. They do this partly from guilt; years before, they hadn't warned Sethe of Schoolteacher's impending arrival. They are comforting the family, praying and singing loudly when Denver's new employer arrives to pick her up for work. Sethe sees him and, reminded of Schoolteacher's arrival, attacks him with an icepick, but is subdued by Denver and the women. During the commotion, Beloved disappears completely and Sethe, freed from Beloved's grip, becomes permanently bedridden.

Some months later, Paul D encounters Denver at the marketplace. She has become a confident and mature young woman. Arriving at Sethe's he finds her suffering from a deep malaise. He assures Sethe that he and Denver will now take care of her. She tells him she doesn't see the point, as Beloved, her "best thing", is gone. Paul D disagrees, telling Sethe that she herself is her own best thing.

Cast
Additionally, Jonathan Demme regular Charles Napier has a cameo as an angry carnie.

Production
Prior to Morrison's receipt of the Pulitzer Prize for Beloved, Winfrey purchased the rights to the novel in 1987; the translation to film then occurred a decade later. There was a conflict over screenplay credit with Akosua Busia demanding sole credit and saying Adam Brooks and Richard LaGravenese got too much. WGA gave credit to all three. Busia said they were all little more than script doctors.

Filming locations
Street scenes were filmed in the Old City and Manayunk neighborhoods of Philadelphia. Some other scenes were shot on a soundstage in the city's disused (and later demolished) Civic Center.

Shooting also took place on the north side of the Schuylkill River within Valley Forge National Historical Park in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and at the Landis Valley Museum in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Shooting was done in a field in Fair Hill Natural Resources Management Area in Cecil County, Maryland, at a spot just east of Big Elk Creek and just south of the border with Chester County, Pennsylvania. The State of Maryland subsequently compiled a location map and photographs of the buildings constructed for the film in Fair Hill NRMA.

Filming locations also included New Castle, Delaware.

Praise for Winfrey
During promotion of the film, Thandiwe Newton said to Vogue magazine, "Here we were working on this project with the heavy underbelly of political and social realism, and she managed to lighten things up ... I've worked with a lot of good actors, and I know Oprah hasn't made many films. I was stunned. She's a very strong technical actress and it's because she's so smart. She's acute. She's got a mind like a razor blade."

Box office
Beloved did not come close to making back its $80 million budget. It grossed only $8,165,551 on its opening weekend, ranking #5, and was beaten by the horror movie Bride of Chucky, which ranked #2 and grossed approximately $11,830,855 on the same weekend. Oprah Winfrey went on public record stating that she ate 30 lb of macaroni and cheese when she was informed the Saturday after the movie opened that "we got beat by something called Chucky." She also claimed that Beloved's failure at the box office was the worst moment in her career and resulted in her suffering a major depression. "It was the only time in my life that I was ever depressed, and I recognised that I (was) depressed because I've done enough shows (on the topic). 'Oh, this is what people must feel like who are depressed.'"

Director Jonathan Demme commented: "Beloved only played in theaters for four weeks. It made $22 million — I think that's a lot of money. And the only reason it left theaters after a month was because the Disney corporation that released the picture wanted all the Beloved theaters — where we were doing very well, in a number of situations — but the Walt Disney company wanted those theaters for Adam Sandler's Waterboy. So, we were told that they were gonna bring us back at the end of the year, and they didn't. But the picture did very respectfully. It was in the top ten its whole life."

The film remained in theaters into the holiday season and, by December 27, 1998, had grossed $22,746,521. The film later returned to theaters for two weeks in March 1999, grossing an additional $110,000. It was no longer listed in the top 10 on the box office chart by the November 6–8 weekend and had dropped to the rank of 12 on the chart by then.

Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Beloved is currently assigned a 72% "fresh" rating based on 127 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.5 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "A powerful, emotional and successful film adaptation of the original novel." It has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film 3½ stars out of 4, praising its cast and emotional weight of the storylines. He wrote that its nonlinear narrative "coils through past and present, through memory and hallucination, giving us shards of events that we are required to piece back together. It is not an easy film to follow. ... The complexity is not simply a stylistic device; it is built out of Sethe's memories, and the ones at the core are so painful that her mind circles them warily, afraid to touch."

Comparing the film and the novel to the Henry James' novella The Turn of the Screw, he noted the use of supernatural elements "to touch on deep feelings" as well as the deliberate lack of a final explanation. He added, "Spirit manifestations come from madness and need not follow logical agendas. It is a remarkable and brave achievement for Demme and his producer and star, Winfrey, to face this difficult material head-on and not try to dumb it down into a more accessible, less evocative form."

He also expressed the view that some of the audience "will not like it–will find it confusing or too convoluted. And it does not provide the kind of easy lift at the end that they might expect. Sethe's tragic story is the kind where the only happy ending is that it is over."

Accolades

 * Academy Awards
 * Best Costume Design: Colleen Atwood (Nominated)
 * Chicago Film Critics
 * Most Promising Actress: Kimberly Elise (Winner)
 * Best Supporting Actress: Kimberly Elise (Nominated)
 * Best Cinematography: Tak Fujimoto (Nominated)
 * NAACP Image Awards
 * Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture: Danny Glover (Winner)
 * Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture: Oprah Winfrey (Nominated)
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Beah Richards (Nominated)
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Kimberly Elise (Nominated)
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Thandie Newton (Nominated)
 * Outstanding Motion Picture: (Nominated)

title: Beloved (1998 film)


text:
Cecil McGivern

Cecil McGivern CBE (22 May 1907, in Newcastle, England – 30 January 1963, in Buckinghamshire, England) was a British broadcasting executive, who initially worked for BBC Radio before transferring to BBC Television in the late 1940s. From 1950 to 1957 he served as the Controller of BBC Television Service, succeeding Norman Collins.

Early life and career
The son of Irish immigrants, McGivern was educated at St Cuthbert's Grammar School and later attended Durham University. His initial ambition was to be an actor (he played the central role in the première of the thriller Land's End at the People's Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne, in 1935), but he quickly realised that he lacked the necessary talent and so pursued a career as a teacher instead. He did, however, continue working in the theatre as a producer of amateur productions.

Career
McGivern joined the BBC in 1936, working as a producer of drama and documentary programmes in his native Newcastle and also in Manchester. In 1939, he was promoted to occupy the newly created position of programmes director for the North East of England. However, he only held this post for a short time before being seconded to the BBC in London after the outbreak of war, to become part of a group of producers working on war-related programming. During World War II, he wrote and directed several acclaimed radio documentary features, such as Bombers Over Berlin, The Harbour Called Mulberry, Fighter Pilot, and Junction X.

Following the end of the war in 1945, McGivern left the staff of the BBC to join the Rank Organisation film company, where he worked as a screenwriter. Probably the best-known film on which he worked for the company was Great Expectations (1946), starring John Mills. The script was nominated for the Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.

Despite this success in the film industry, however, in 1947, McGivern returned to the BBC, this time working for the BBC Television Service based at Alexandra Palace. As programme director, he worked under the station's controller, Norman Collins, to establish the popularity of the fledgling channel, with one of the major events covered during this time being the 1948 Summer Olympics, broadcast live by the BBC from Wembley Stadium in London. After Collins left the BBC in 1950 in protest at George Barnes being appointed as his superior, McGivern was elevated to succeed him as controller of programmes.

McGivern's period in Control of the channel's output saw a rapid increase of the television service's popularity, helped greatly by the 20 million audience for the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. However, his tenure also saw the arrival of a commercial competitor, ITV, in 1955, breaking the BBC's broadcasting monopoly. In 1957 he was promoted to become the deputy director of BBC Television, but when this post was abolished in a reorganisation of the television service's management structure in 1961, he elected to once more leave the BBC rather than take the scriptwriting post he had been offered.

He joined ITV's northern weekday franchise holder Granada Television as an executive producer.

Death
In January 1963 McGivern was involved in an accident late at night at his home in Buckinghamshire, setting fire to his clothes while attempting to light a cigarette. He was badly burned and died in hospital on 30 January 1963, with the coroner later recording an official verdict of death by misadventure.

Awards and honours
In 1954, he was appointed a CBE for his services to broadcasting, and in 1962 received the Desmond Davis Award for Services to Television.

title: Cecil McGivern


text:
Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter

Zur Geschichte der Handelgesellschaften im Mittelalter is a doctoral dissertation written in 1889 by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist. The original edition was in German and the title is actually translated as The history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages.

Weber examined various legal principles according to the profit, risk and cost of an enterprise were carried by several individuals in the Middle Ages.


text:
Non

Non, non or NON can refer to:

 * Non, a negatory word in French, Italian and Latin

People

 * Non (given name)
 * Non Boonjumnong (born 1982), Thai amateur boxer
 * Rena Nōnen (born 1993), Japanese actress who uses the stage name "Non" since July 2016
 * NON, a name used by musician Boyd Rice

Other uses

 * Abbreviation of NATO's Allied Forces North Norway Command
 * Non (album), The Amenta
 * Non (book), a 2009 book by Japanese model Nozomi Sasaki
 * Non (comics), a villain of Superman in the DC Comics universe
 * Non! (EP), Big Country
 * "Non", a song by Phinehas from the album Till the End
 * , ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for Old Norse
 * NON Records, an independent record label based in Amsterdam, Netherlands

title: Non