text:
Talk:First and Last and Always

Genre identification in infobox
(Cut-and-pasting my comment at User talk:Asn) Hi. I noticed you went through all of my infobox updates at The Sisters of Mercy's album articles and changed the genre from Gothic rock to Alternative rock with an edit summary saying that you were fixng a mistake. While I am sure that you have some reasoning behind the change, I'd like to point out that it was very unlikely to be a "mistake in updating" on my part, since I had to manually type in the change. I'd also point out that the article on Alternative mentions Gothic rock as a subgenre, without providing any additional information on The Sisters of Mercy, whereas the article on Gothic rock mentions The Sisters of Mercy something like seven times. I'd like to invite you to reconsider the change. Jkelly 23:26, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (Cut-and-pasting User:Asn's response from my talk page)Hello.

 * With all due respect, I'd like to point out that the original change was made by you, one-sidedly, not by me. I merely returned the status-quo, and believe that you'd have to provide the arguments for changing it.

 * With that said, in my opinion, labelling the output of the band as "gothic" is a contraversial move, as band themselves and considerate group of their fans don't consider it gothic - as noted in both The Sisters of Mercy and Gothic rock. Both sides probably have solid arguments, and the best we can do is try and remain neutral - which is exactly what the Alternative rock tag does. - ASN 09:06, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd like to first mention that it didn't occur to me that it would be a "controversial" edit, but this isn't the first time I've been surprised by what is controversial, and I am sure it won't be the last. Sorry if I seemed abrupt.  With that said, I'd like to discuss the matter a bit more.  We've both noted that the genre identification is discussed at both The Sisters of Mercy and at Gothic rock, the latter of which I want to point readers to.  I'd suggest that this is a reasonable amount of coverage of the issue.  Beyond that, I'd point out that in the album descriptions, we note in several places that our secondary sources describe them as producing Gothic music (see here "Gothic album" - Q magazine, here "Gothic rockers" - Alternative Press, "draconian Goth zombie" - Rolling Stone mag, Robert Christgau notes that there is "dumber Gothic", etc.).  I hold that we are doing a better service to the reader of the article by directing the link to Gothic rock, where The Sisters of Mercy are extensively discussed amongst their contemporaries and peers, than by directing them to Alternative rock, where they are not (and probably shouldn't be) mentioned.  If you think that Andrew Eldritch's objection to the label deserves mention in every album article as well as in The Sisters of Mercy article and in Gothic rock, I'd suggest that as a reasonable compromise.  Perhaps we can include it as a footnote to the genre listing.  What do you think?  Jkelly 02:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:12, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Akekxikm6bb59

Deleted information from article
I just restored some information that was previously deleted from the page:

 == Different editions of the album ==  === Commercial success of the album ===  * The original vinyl album was released in March 1985 in the UK, the USA and Europe.  * In July 1985 Warner-Pioneer Corporation in Japan released a version of the album that contained different mixes of some tracks ("Black Planet" is some 10 seconds longer,

 "A Rock and a Hard Place" features additional guitar tracks, while "First and Last and Always" features a totally different drum track as well as a totally different arrangement and has an intro which is 15 seconds longer; the remaining tracks are identical to the standard vinyl release).
 * In March 1988 the album was released on CD for the first time, but it was the Japanese version that was used.
 * In May 1992 a digitally remastered version of the CD was released, again using the Japanese version.
 * In October 2006 a remastered version of the original vinyl album was released for the first time on CD. This CD edition featured some bonus tracks such as an early version of "Some Kind of Stranger" with different lyrics, plus the b sides of the singles "Walk Away" ("Poison Door", "On the Wire" and "Long Train") and "No Time to Cry" ("Blood Money" and "Bury Me Deep").

I also added some more information while restoring some of the previously removed data. The following was added between the information I presented in the two blockquotes above:

 "No Time to Cry" features different opening and ending instrumentation and sound effects,

The question is why was it deleted? It was invaluable information. Is there any more invaluable information that was deleted that shouldn't have? The revisions that I am referring to were from 2011, so they differ significantly to the current revision. And I really don't have the patience to compare every last difference that was made to the page since 2011, in order to restore removed invaluable information.

-- C.Syde  ( talk  |  contribs ) 03:20, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:First and Last and Always


text:
Vision Thing (album)

Vision Thing is the third studio album by English gothic rock band the Sisters of Mercy. It was released on 22 October 1990 through Merciful Release and East West Records, with Elektra Records handling the US release.

Recording
Soon after the release of the band's previous album, Floodland, Eldritch approached guitarist John Perry to join them on writing a new album. After Perry turned down the offer to become a full-time member, the band began to search for a new guitarist through their record label. Eventually, Eldritch was forwarded a demo tape by young and unknown Andreas Bruhn. Bruhn was called to audition a week after turning in his tape.

As the band—now composed of Eldritch, Bruhn and bassist Patricia Morrison—was about to enter the studio, Morrison was abruptly replaced by the former Sigue Sigue Sputnik member Tony James. As Perry recalls, "When I first heard the Vision Thing material, Patricia was there; when I did the album, she wasn't." While details on Morrison parting ways with the band have never been fully disclosed, she herself was allegedly hired by Eldritch on the day her predecessor, Craig Adams, resigned.

Morrison later confirmed to have worked with Eldritch up until December 1989. She would go on to say her resignation was linked to her monthly salary of £300, and that she had her doubts on the band's musical direction. "I wasn't too thrilled with the direction the record was going in. There were elements I didn't like that could have gone either way, and now that Tony James is in I want nothing to do with it. It seems obvious what's going on – it's scam time..."

While Morrison's recording input on Floodland has been contested, Perry raised doubts whether either she or James play on Vision Thing. "By the time of the recording, Tony James was in, but I'm not sure either [he or Patricia] actually played any bass on the record – sounds sequenced to me." James has later admitted his parts took some twenty minutes in total to record.

Ultimately, the band spent nine months in the Danish recording facilities, with guitarist Tim Bricheno recruited during the final two weeks. Then-manager Boyd Steemson followed suit at one point to observe the progress. "I remember flying out to the [Puk] studio when they were making Vision Thing, and Tony [James] spoke to me and said: 'Well, I guess it's going to be a five-song album.' And I said, 'No, it will not be a five-song album.' Two days later they had seven-and-a-half songs. It was a very painful process."

According to the official website of the band, the final mixes were not the ones worked on the most. "'Vision Thing' is a stripped-down affair. Half of the finished mixes for the album are shelved in favour of rough mixes from earlier stages of the recording session, 'monitor mixes' which retain the immediate feel of the songs."

Content
The album was designed by songwriter and singer Andrew Eldritch as an attack on the policies of the George H. W. Bush administration (the title comes from an oft-cited quote by Bush). According to Eldritch, the album's artwork features a barely visible image of Detroit's inner-city. The area had been heavily economically impacted during this period.

Legacy
Described by Andrew Eldritch as "a fine album", it was included by Q magazine on their "Fifty Best Albums of 1990" list. In 1999, Ned Raggett ranked the album at number 69 on his list of "The Top 136 or So Albums of the Nineties".

Track listing
All songs produced by Eldritch, except "More", produced by Eldritch and Jim Steinman, and "When You Don't See Me", produced by Chris Tsangarides.

2006 reissue
Along with the group's previous two releases, Vision Thing was reissued in November 2006 with bonus tracks.

Personnel

 * Andrew Eldritch – vocals, guitars, keyboards
 * Tim Bricheno – guitars
 * Andreas Bruhn – guitars
 * Tony James – bass
 * Doktor Avalanche (drum machine) – drums

 * Guest musicians
 * John Perry – guitars, slide guitar on "Detonation Boulevard"
 * Maggie Reilly – backing vocals on "Vision Thing", "More", "Detonation Boulevard", "Something Fast" and "Doctor Jeep"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vision Thing (album)


text:
Robert William Thomson

Robert William Thomson PRSSA FRSE (29 June 1822 – 8 March 1873) was a Scottish inventor known for inventing the refillable fountain pen and the pneumatic tyre.

Life
He was born on 29 June 1822 in Stonehaven in the northeast of Scotland, He was baptised into the Church of Scotland on 26 July 1822. Robert was the eleventh of twelve children of a local woolen mill owner. His family wished him to study for the ministry, but Robert refused, one reason being his inability to master Latin. Robert left school es, where he was apprenticed to a merchant. Two years later he returned home and taught himself chemistry, electricity and astronomy with the help of a local weaver who had knowledge of mathematics.

Robert's father gave him a workshop, and by the time he was 17 years old he had rebuilt his mother's washing mangle so that the wet linen could be passed through the rollers in either direction, and had completed the first working model of his elliptic rotary steam engine which he perfected in later life. He served an engineering apprenticeship in Aberdeen and Dundee before joining a civil engineering company in Glasgow. He then went to work for an Edinburgh firm of civil engineers where he devised a new method of detonating explosive charges by the use of electricity, thus greatly reducing the loss of lives in mines throughout the world.

Thomson next worked as a railway engineer and supervised the blasting of chalk cliffs near Dover for the South Eastern Railway. Soon he set up his own railway consultancy business and proposed the line for the Eastern Counties Railway which was accepted by Parliament and eventually developed.

Thomson was 23 years old when he patented his pneumatic tyre. He was granted a patent in France in 1846 and in the US in 1847. His tyre consisted of a hollow belt of India-rubber inflated with air so that the wheels presented "a cushion of air to the ground, rail or track on which they run". This elastic belt of rubberized canvas was enclosed within a strong outer casing of leather which was bolted to the wheel. Thomson's "Aerial Wheels" were demonstrated in London's Regent's Park in March 1847 and were fitted to several horse-drawn carriages, greatly improving the comfort of travel and reducing noise. One set ran for 1200 miles without a sign of deterioration.

In 1849 he invented the refillable fountain pen.

In 1863 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Charles Piazzi Smyth. From 1869 to 1871 he served as president of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.

He amassed a large sum from his inventions and lived in a huge townhouse at 3 Moray Place on the Moray Estate in west Edinburgh.

He died at home in Edinburgh on 8 March 1873 aged 50. He was buried in Dean Cemetery in west Edinburgh on the path leading from the centre of the cemetery to the south-west.

Family
Thomson married Clara Hertz (daughter of a diamond merchant) on the island of Java. They had two sons and two daughters including Courtauld Thomson and Elspeth, wife of Wind in the Willows author Kenneth Grahame. His wife survived him and remarried in 1875 to John Fletcher Moulton (later Lord Moulton) and died in 1888.

Patents and developments

 * Pneumatic tyre ( see US Patent 5104 )
 * Writing and drawing instruments (the self-filling pen)
 * Improvements in obtaining and applying motive power
 * Dividing hard substances such as rock stone and coal
 * Steam boilers
 * Improvements in steam gauges
 * Steam omnibuses
 * Applying steam power in cultivating land
 * Elastic wheel tyres
 * Road steamers
 * Guiding road steamers on street tramways
 * Elastic belts, seats and other supports or cushions.

Thomson was also the originator of:
 * The washing mangle with reversible mangles
 * Elliptical rotary engine
 * Use of electricity to detonate explosive charges
 * Machinery for sugar manufacturing
 * The portable steam crane
 * Hydraulic dry dock

Honours
In 2020 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame.

title: Robert William Thomson


text:
Talk:Avant-garde

Picture not authentic
The picture is not actually Marcel Duchamp's famous work - it appears to be an imitation. Maybe somebody photoshopped out Duchamp's signature! The real work contains the signature "R. Mutt" painted in black on the bottom left of the work, as can be seen in these photographs of the original:  You might want to see if you can find a photograph of the actual work, which we have permission to reproduce, for the sake of authenticity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.173.44.52 (talk) 07:45, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

Expansion of Examples Section
I personally think the Example section of the article should be expanded. There are different forms of art (dance, painting/drawing, etc.) that are considered avant-garde and had a large effect on social mobility and the establishment of personal identity, especially in the 1960s as the mass culture industry expanded in America. Jenlynn1000 (talk) 17:33, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

 * But art movements in the sixties are outside of the scope of modernist avant-garde. In Spanish we call these the "vanguardias históricas", which points out their historical character in the watersheds of the twentieth century. 181.49.157.2 (talk) 13:29, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Disputed
I've tagged this article with disputed as I'm concerned that material has been added that substantially misrepresents sources, but don't have the time or access to sources to investigate this further. I reverted edits to the paragraph on arrière-garde which made claims at odds with the sources (essentially claiming that arrière-garde means simply opposed to avant-garde rather than the more complex relationship posited by the sources), but these were part of a long string of edits, any number of which may contain similar misrepresentations. If anyone's confident that the material is largely accurate and faithful to the sources they should feel free to remove the tag. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 14:57, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Sadly I agree, and I think you were right to add it. In my opinion, there's a lot of original research in this article, and not necessarily of the best sort either—I get the feeling that someone read a variety of the cited texts here not very closely, and then wrote what they thought the texts said into the article, instead of just quoting from them or citing high-quality secondary sources that could put them into context more effectively. I think the article could do with more of both of those and less freewheeling characterization of what are essentially primary sources in this context. 🍉◜⠢◞ↂ🄜𝚎sₒᶜa𝚛🅟ම𛱘🥑《 𔑪talk〗⇤ 22:58, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Frankfurt school
The Frankfurt school is pioneering for the concept of avant-garde, they said that the bourgeoise society could only be destroyed through the deconstruction of the superstructures and this is achieved precisely with avant-garde. I don't have a source but this needs to be in the article.  The Blue  Rider   18:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't have a source
 * this needs to be in the article
 * non sequitur - - - WP:V I am a Leaf (talk) 16:19, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avant-garde


text:
Robert Thomson

Robert, Rob, Robbie, Bob or Bobby Thomson may refer to:

 * Bob Thomson (1890–1971), English footballer for Chelsea
 * Bobby Thomson (1923–2010), Major League baseball player who hit "The Shot Heard Round the World"
 * Bobby Thomson (footballer, born 1937), former Aston Villa and Birmingham City footballer
 * Bobby Thomson (footballer, born 1939), Scottish footballer (Partick Thistle, Liverpool FC, Luton Town)
 * Bobby Thomson (footballer, born 1943) (1943–2009), former England and Wolverhampton Wanderers footballer
 * Bobby Thomson (footballer, born 1955), Scottish footballer (Hibernian, Blackpool FC)
 * Rob Thomson (born 1963), third base coach for the New York Yankees
 * Robbie Thomson (born 1993), Scottish footballer
 * Robert Thomson (Australian politician) (1807–1863), member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * Robert Thomson (basketball) (born 1982), Rwandan basketball player
 * Robert Thomson (cyclist), cyclist, yachter, and longboarder from New Zealand
 * Robert Thomson (executive) (born 1961), Australian media executive (News Corp) and journalist
 * Robert Thomson (footballer, born 1890) (1890–?), footballer for Huddersfield Town
 * Robert Thomson (footballer, born 1903) (1903–?), Scottish footballer for Falkirk, Sunderland, Newcastle, Hull, Ipswich and Scotland
 * Bertie Thomson (Robert Austin Thomson, 1907–1937), Scottish footballer for Celtic, Blackpool, Motherwell and Scotland
 * Robert Thomson (footballer, born 1993), Scottish footballer
 * Robert Thomson (physician) (1810–1864), Scottish physician, academic, and author
 * Robert Stevenson Thomson (1858–1905), British physician
 * Robert Tatlock Thomson (1856–1950), British chemist and public analyst
 * Robert W. Thomson (1934–2018), philologist
 * Robert William Thomson (1822–1873), Scottish inventor
 * Robert Thomson (golfer) (1875–1954), Scottish golfer
 * Robert Thomson (British Army officer), British general

title: Robert Thomson


text:
1995–96 snooker world rankings

Snooker world rankings 1995/1996: The professional world rankings for the top 64 snooker players in the 1995–96 season are listed below.

title: 1995–96 snooker world rankings


text:
Rob Andrews

Robert Ernest Andrews (born August 4, 1957) is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative for NJ's 1st congressional district from 1990 to 2014. The district included most of Camden County and parts of Burlington County and Gloucester County. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life, education, and early career
Andrews was born in Camden, New Jersey, the son of Josephine (née Amies) and Ernest Andrews; he is predominantly of Scottish and Scotch-Irish descent and counts American portrait painter Charles Willson Peale and Johannes Roosevelt among his ancestors. He grew up in Bellmawr and attended Triton Regional High School in Runnemede. Andrews was the first in his family to attend college, graduating from Bucknell University in 1979 with a BA in political science, summa cum laude. He later attended Cornell University Law School, earning his JD degree with honors in 1982. Before his election to Congress, Andrews was involved in legal education as a member of Cornell Law Review 's board of editors.

He worked as an attorney and an adjunct professor at the Rutgers School of Law–Camden. Starting in 1983, Andrews operated a private legal practice. In 1986, he was elected as a member of the Camden County Board of Chosen Freeholders, where he served for four years, including two years as freeholder director (1988–1990).

U.S. House of Representatives
First elected to Congress in 1990, Andrews served for 24 years as the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 1st congressional district, which includes most of Camden County and parts of Burlington County and Gloucester County. In the U.S. House of Representatives, he served on the Committee on Armed Services, Committee on the Budget, and Committee on Education and Labor, where he served as chairman of the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions.

Elections
In 1990, after 15-year incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman James Florio resigned from the U.S. House of Representatives to take office as Governor of New Jersey, Andrews won the 1990 special election and simultaneous general election against Gloucester County Freeholder Daniel J. Mangini. He subsequently won re-election every two years until his retirement. Andrews had the 10th longest tenure among U.S. Representatives in New Jersey history, and the fifth longest among Democrats in the state. In November 2004, he received more votes than anyone ever elected to the U.S. House from New Jersey, a record which he broke again in 2008 and 2012.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Armed Services
 * Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
 * Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
 * Committee on Education and the Workforce
 * Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training
 * Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions (Ranking Member)
 * Co-Chairman of the Steering and Policy Committee

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * Congressional Fire Services Caucus
 * Hunger Caucus

Tenure
The New York Times characterized Congressman Andrews as "fiscally conservative but socially moderate." He has a lifetime rating of 17.24 from the American Conservative Union and a 2007 rating of 100 from Americans for Democratic Action. He has a liberal rating of 76.2 and a conservative rating of 23.8 from the National Journal.

According to President Barack Obama, he was an original author of the Affordable Care Act that was designed to cut the costs for American taxpayers on healthcare.

Alleged misuse of campaign funds
On December 2, 2008, the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) filed a complaint against Andrews and four other politicians to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) for allegedly violating the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA). In the complaint, CREW stated that Andrews's campaign committee spent $952.04 of campaign funds on clothing, which FECA classified as personal spending. A spokesman for Andrews responded that the clothing was intended to replace lost luggage from a flight, and that Andrews deposited $952.04 into his campaign account after the airline reimbursed him. The FEC dismissed the complaint on July 16, 2009, but affirmed in the dismissal that the purchases violated campaign finance laws.

The Star-Ledger reported on November 20, 2011 that Andrews financed a family vacation to Edinburgh, Scotland and other European destinations with over $9,000 of campaign funds. The report claimed that Andrews "mixed personal and political expenses in an unorthodox way" on multiple occasions. These expenses included a $10,000 house party celebrating both his career anniversary and his daughter's graduation, a $12,500 donation to the Walnut Street Theatre – where his daughter performed, and trips to California that overlapped with his daughter's auditions. Andrews and his chief of staff replied that the vacation involved attending an adviser's wedding, the party was primarily for "political associates", the theatre donation was in support of its outreach program, and his daughter assisted him with fundraising during their trips.

CREW filed another compliant with the FEC on November 30, 2011 based on The Star-Ledger's article. Andrews described the complaint as "baseless" and stated, "The campaign has fully complied with all laws with respect to the proper expenditure and disclosure of campaign funds. All personal aspects of any expenditures or activities have always been paid in full from our family’s personal funds." The Associated Press elaborated on March 28, 2012 that Andrews's 18 trips to California from 2007 to 2012 resulted in over $97,000 of campaign expenses and $260,000 of donations, short of the 3:1 ratio of donations to expenses that is expected from political fundraising trips.

The United States House Committee on Ethics started researching the complaint on July 17, 2012, and decided on August 31 that it would proceed with an investigation. On March 19, 2013, the Committee declared that a special panel would examine whether Andrews's travel expenses from the Edinburgh and California trips complied with campaign finance laws. Andrews resigned from Congress on February 4, 2014. He said that the campaign finance probe had "no role at all" in his resignation, and that he was departing for a position at the Dilworth Paxson law firm. The FEC dismissed the complaint on June 3, 2014 with "prosecutorial discretion", noting that Andrews reimbursed his campaign for the Edinburgh trip before he received the complaint, and that any violations in the California trips were "relatively small".

In February 2014, Andrews resigned from his position in the middle of his term, while being investigated by the United States House Committee on Ethics for alleged violations related to his use of campaign funds for personal expenses. Andrews stated it was to take a job with a law firm in Philadelphia. The complaint was dismissed in June 2014.

Other political activities
In 1997, Andrews ran for Governor of New Jersey. In the Democratic primary, he was defeated 40%–37%, a margin of 9,993 votes, by State Senator Jim McGreevey. Andrews was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 U.S. Senate election. Andrews lost to incumbent Frank Lautenberg, but subsequently won re-election to his House seat, with Andrews "[receiving] more votes in November 2008 than anyone ever elected to the U.S. House in New Jersey, breaking his own record."

Personal life
Andrews is married and has two daughters.

Electoral history
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" !|Year ! !|Democrat !|Votes !|Pct ! !|Republican !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct !
 * + New Jersey's 1st congressional district: Results 1990–2012
 * 1990 (special)
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |71,373
 * align="right" |55%
 * |Daniel J. Mangini
 * align="right" |58,087
 * |45%
 * 1990
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |72,415
 * align="right" |54%
 * |Daniel J. Mangini
 * align="right" |57,299
 * |43%
 * |Jerry Zeldin
 * |Libertarian
 * align="right" |1,592
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Walter E. Konstanty
 * |Pride and Honesty
 * align="right" |1,422
 * align="right" |1%
 * |William H. Harris
 * |Populist
 * align="right" |1,066
 * align="right" |1%
 * 1992
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |153,525
 * align="right" |67%
 * |Lee A. Solomon
 * align="right" |65,123
 * |29%
 * |James E. Smith
 * |Pro-Life Pro-Family Veteran
 * align="right" |3,761
 * align="right" |2%
 * |Jerry Zeldin
 * |Libertarian
 * align="right" |2,641
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Kenneth L. Lowndes
 * |Pro-Life Independent Conservative
 * align="right" |2,163
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Nicholas Pastuch
 * |America First Populist
 * align="right" |859
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 1994
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |108,155
 * align="right" |72%
 * |James N. Hogan
 * align="right" |41,505
 * |28%
 * 1996
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |160,413
 * align="right" |76%
 * |Mel Suplee
 * align="right" |44,287
 * |21%
 * |Michael Edmondson
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |2,668
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Patricia A. Bily
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,873
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Norman E. Wahner
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,493
 * align="right" |1%
 * 1998
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |90,279
 * align="right" |73%
 * |Ronald L. Richards
 * align="right" |27,855
 * |23%
 * |David E. West, Jr.
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,684
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Joseph W. Stockman
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,324
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Edward Forchion
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,257
 * align="right" |1%
 * |James E. Barber
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |943
 * align="right" |1%
 * 2000
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |167,327
 * align="right" |76%
 * |Charlene Cathcart
 * align="right" |46,455
 * |21%
 * |Catherine L. Parrish
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |3,090
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Edward Forchion
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,959
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Joseph A. Patalivo
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |781
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2002
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |121,846
 * align="right" |93%
 * |(no candidate)
 * align="right" |
 * |Timothy Haas
 * |Libertarian
 * align="right" |9,543
 * align="right" |7%
 * 2004
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |201,163
 * align="right" |75%
 * |S. Daniel Hutchison
 * align="right" |66,109
 * |25%
 * |Arturo F. Croce
 * |E Pluribus Unum
 * align="right" |931
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2006
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |140,110
 * align="right" |100%
 * |(no candidate)
 * align="right" |
 * 2008
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |191,796
 * align="right" |72%
 * |Dale M. Glading
 * align="right" |70,466
 * |26%
 * |Matthew Thieke
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,778
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Back to Basics
 * align="right" |1,188
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Everitt M. Williams, III
 * |Think Independently
 * align="right" |954
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Alvin Lindsay
 * |Lindsay for Congress
 * align="right" |483
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2010
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |106,334
 * align="right" |63%
 * |Dale M. Glading
 * align="right" |58,562
 * |35%
 * |Mark Heacock
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,593
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Time for Change
 * align="right" |1,257
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Nicky I. Petrutz
 * |Defend American Constitution
 * align="right" |521
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2012
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |210,470
 * align="right" |68%
 * |Gregory W. Horton
 * align="right" |92,459
 * align="right" |30%
 * |John William Reitter
 * |Green
 * align="right" |4,413
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Reform Party
 * align="right" |1,177
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Edward Forchion
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |1,959
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Joseph A. Patalivo
 * |Independent
 * align="right" |781
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2002
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |121,846
 * align="right" |93%
 * |(no candidate)
 * align="right" |
 * |Timothy Haas
 * |Libertarian
 * align="right" |9,543
 * align="right" |7%
 * 2004
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |201,163
 * align="right" |75%
 * |S. Daniel Hutchison
 * align="right" |66,109
 * |25%
 * |Arturo F. Croce
 * |E Pluribus Unum
 * align="right" |931
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2006
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |140,110
 * align="right" |100%
 * |(no candidate)
 * align="right" |
 * 2008
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |191,796
 * align="right" |72%
 * |Dale M. Glading
 * align="right" |70,466
 * |26%
 * |Matthew Thieke
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,778
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Back to Basics
 * align="right" |1,188
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Everitt M. Williams, III
 * |Think Independently
 * align="right" |954
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Alvin Lindsay
 * |Lindsay for Congress
 * align="right" |483
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2010
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |106,334
 * align="right" |63%
 * |Dale M. Glading
 * align="right" |58,562
 * |35%
 * |Mark Heacock
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,593
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Time for Change
 * align="right" |1,257
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Nicky I. Petrutz
 * |Defend American Constitution
 * align="right" |521
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2012
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |210,470
 * align="right" |68%
 * |Gregory W. Horton
 * align="right" |92,459
 * align="right" |30%
 * |John William Reitter
 * |Green
 * align="right" |4,413
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Reform Party
 * align="right" |1,177
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2008
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |191,796
 * align="right" |72%
 * |Dale M. Glading
 * align="right" |70,466
 * |26%
 * |Matthew Thieke
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,778
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Back to Basics
 * align="right" |1,188
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Everitt M. Williams, III
 * |Think Independently
 * align="right" |954
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Alvin Lindsay
 * |Lindsay for Congress
 * align="right" |483
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2010
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |106,334
 * align="right" |63%
 * |Dale M. Glading
 * align="right" |58,562
 * |35%
 * |Mark Heacock
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,593
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Time for Change
 * align="right" |1,257
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Nicky I. Petrutz
 * |Defend American Constitution
 * align="right" |521
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2012
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |210,470
 * align="right" |68%
 * |Gregory W. Horton
 * align="right" |92,459
 * align="right" |30%
 * |John William Reitter
 * |Green
 * align="right" |4,413
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Reform Party
 * align="right" |1,177
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |35%
 * |Mark Heacock
 * |Green
 * align="right" |1,593
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Time for Change
 * align="right" |1,257
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |Nicky I. Petrutz
 * |Defend American Constitution
 * align="right" |521
 * align="right" |<1%
 * 2012
 * |Rob Andrews
 * align="right" |210,470
 * align="right" |68%
 * |Gregory W. Horton
 * align="right" |92,459
 * align="right" |30%
 * |John William Reitter
 * |Green
 * align="right" |4,413
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Reform Party
 * align="right" |1,177
 * align="right" |<1%
 * |John William Reitter
 * |Green
 * align="right" |4,413
 * align="right" |1%
 * |Margaret Chapman
 * |Reform Party
 * align="right" |1,177
 * align="right" |<1%
 * align="right" |<1%

title: Rob Andrews


text:
Joushuu

Joushuu may refer to:

 * Jōshū (disambiguation)
 * Zhaozhou (disambiguation)

title: Joushuu


text:
ISCARS Dash Touring Series

The ISCARS Dash Touring Series (previously known as the NASCAR Baby Grand National, Goody's Dash Series and IPOWER Dash Series among others) was a stock car racing series created by NASCAR in 1973, initially running solely at North Wilkesboro Speedway, that involved V6 powered stock cars raced over relatively short distances. In 1975 the series branched out to other tracks besides North Wilkesboro Speedway. After the end of the 2003 season, NASCAR transferred the Goody's Dash series to IPOWER (International Participants Of Winning Edge Racing). In 2004, they ran the IPOWER Dash Series. In January 2005, officials announced the cancellation of the 2005 Dash season due to problems with sponsorship. The International Sport Compact Auto Racing Series (ISCARS) purchased the series allowing the series to continue through 2005 and was operating until 2011.

NASCAR sanctioning
The unofficial start of the series was in 1973 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. A group of drivers began racing on a road course owned by former NASCAR Cup owner Bill Ellis. Ellis decided not to continue after a few races. The drivers decided to format an association called the Baby Grand National Racing Association, Inc. (BGNRA), and appointed Charlie Triplett as president. Triplett says the name stemmed from the cars' resemblance to the Grand National (predecessor to the modern NASCAR Cup Series) cars of the era, as paint schemes and numbers often matched those from Grand National cars. The series was originally a touring series of four-cylinder compact sedan cars. The slogan for the series was "The Poor Man's Way to Race." The founder turned to NASCAR to begin sanctioning the series in 1975. The series flourished with the relatively inexpensive cars and motors. It was not uncommon for forty drivers to enter an event.

Five-time champion Dean Combs used a Datsun 200SX in the 1980 season and became the first NASCAR driver to 'regularly' compete in a foreign-made car. Contrary to popular belief, foreign cars had competed in NASCAR competition in the early days of the sanctioning body; indeed, a Jaguar won a NASCAR-sanctioned race in the Grand National division at a road course in Linden, New Jersey in 1954, according to commentator Mike Joy, and the last foreign-made car to compete in a NASCAR-sanctioned event was an MG at one Grand National race in 1963 (before Toyota, who had used the Dash Series to prepare their stock car endeavors as demonstrated by Robert Huffman's championship victory in 2003, entered the Truck Series in 2004 and later Cup Series at the beginning of the 2007 season).

During the series' existence, the series became a place for young drivers to gain valuable experience competing against seasoned veterans like Danny Bagwell, Geoff Bodine, Johnny Chapman, Jake, and Justin Hobgood, all of which have experience at the top levels of NASCAR. 1986 Daytona 500 Champion Geoffrey Bodine joined the circuit in 2008 to compete in the final four events; ISCARS later used the run to highlight Bodine's involvement as part of an extensive driver development program. Bagwell is well known for a destructive accident in 1999 at Daytona when the vehicle hit the wall and tumbled repeatedly. It ended up upside down, the engine was gone, all the wheels were out, the windshield, and the sheet metal disintegrated, leaving only a pile of bent safety bars. Also in this series was the only car ever to careen into Lake Lloyd, Dave Stacey in 1994. The series was not free from fatal accidents during NASCAR's sanctioning: Joe Young and Joe Booher died in Daytona Dash Series races in 1987 and 1993, respectively.

NASCAR significantly changed the dynamics of the series in the early 1980s. NASCAR mandated using the Iron Duke motor (manufactured by Pontiac), changing the cost for a motor from approximately $800 to $22,000. Pontiac provided motors to five or six teams. The much greater expense led to only ten to twelve teams competing in events. NASCAR changed from a four-cylinder to a V6 motor in 1998, but still allowed teams to use either four or six cylinder engines from that point on. Most teams elected to use the V6 engines. NASCAR's sanctioning for the series ended in 2003, when they transferred the sanctioning to IPOWER (International Participants Of Winning Edge Racing).

Death of Roy Weaver and demise
On February 8, 2004, the first IPOWER Dash race ended in tragedy when Roy Weaver, a safety worker at Daytona International Speedway, was killed when he was struck by a car driven by Ray Paprota. Weaver was attempting to pick up debris from a racing accident at the time. Although inconsequential to the incident, it is noteworthy that Ray Paprota is a paraplegic and was driving with hand controls. For the rest of Speedweeks, flags at Daytona flew at half-staff in Weaver's memory.

In 2005, Weaver's widow and three children competed on The Amazing Race: Family Edition, a reality television competition show on CBS. Two of the challenges were directly related to racing. The family finished in third place, and were largely negatively viewed in the season.

After Weaver's fatal accident, the Dash Series would not appear on TV and failed to find sponsorship. After the 2005 season was initially canceled, former Dash Series Chaplain and NASCAR Media Coordinator, Randy Claypoole, revived the series under the name International Sport Compact Auto Racing Series (ISCARS). The series held over 100 events, from 2005, until its final race at Hickory Motor Speedway in October 2011. In the series' final years, the cars featured a rear wing, but different from those used on the fifth-generation Car of Tomorrow used in the Cup Series between 2007 and mid-2010.

List of series names

 * 1973 – 1974: The Baby Grand National Racing Association
 * 1975 – 1979: The Baby Grand Series
 * 1980 – 1982: NASCAR International Sedan Series
 * 1983 – 1984: Darlington Dash Series
 * 1985 – 1989: Charlotte/Daytona Dash Series
 * 1990 – 1991: NASCAR Dash Series
 * 1992 – 2003: NASCAR Goody's Dash Series
 * 2004: IPOWER Dash Series
 * 2005 – 2007: ISCARS DASH Touring
 * 2008 – 2011: ISCARS DASH Touring, Sanctioned by ASA

List of champions

 * 2011 Danny Bagwell, Cordova, AL
 * 2010 Danny Bagwell, Cordova, AL
 * 2009 Jason Shultz, Manassas, VA
 * 2008 Danny Bagwell, Cordova, AL
 * 2007 Danny Bagwell, Cordova, AL
 * 2006 Eric Wilson, Taylorsville, NC
 * 2005 Wade Day
 * 2004 Johnny Chapman
 * 2003 Robert Huffman
 * 2002 Jake Hobgood
 * 2001 Cam Strader
 * 2000 Robert Huffman
 * 1999 Robert Huffman
 * 1998 Robert Huffman
 * 1997 Mike Swaim Jr.
 * 1996 Lyndon Amick
 * 1995 David Hutto
 * 1994 Will Hobgood
 * 1993 Rodney Orr
 * 1992 Mickey York
 * 1991 Johnny Chapman
 * 1990 Robert Huffman
 * 1989 Gary Wade Finley
 * 1988 Larry Caudill
 * 1987 Larry Caudill
 * 1986 Hut Stricklin
 * 1985 Mike Swaim
 * 1984 Mike Swaim
 * 1983 Michael Waltrip
 * 1982 Larry Hoopaugh
 * 1981 Dean Combs
 * 1980 Dean Combs
 * 1979 Larry Hoopaugh
 * 1978 Larry Hoopaugh
 * 1977 Dean Combs
 * 1976 Dean Combs
 * 1975 Dean Combs

Other former regular drivers

 * Andy Belmont, a three-time winner
 * Rob Moroso, a six-time winner
 * Phil Parsons, a five-time winner
 * Larry Pearson, a five-time winner
 * Robert Pressley, a three-time winner
 * Michael Waltrip, Champion 1983
 * Davey Allison
 * Kerry Earnhardt
 * Maxie Bush, Daytona winner
 * Morgan Shepherd
 * Andy Houston
 * Shawna Robinson
 * Jeffrey Collier, qualifying lap record holder
 * Christian Elder, Daytona winner
 * James Hylton Jr. Mechanic.

title: ISCARS Dash Touring Series


text:
Friends Committee on National Legislation

The Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) is a national nonprofit, nonpartisan Quaker organization. As a 501(c)(4) advocacy organization, FCNL and its network lobby Congress and the administration to promote peace, justice, and environmental stewardship. It was founded in 1943 by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).

FCNL leads coalitions, such as the Prevention and Protection Working Group, and working groups affiliated with the Washington Interfaith Staff Coalition.

Quaker lobbying
FCNL's approach to lobbying is grounded in Quaker faith and practice. In the mid-seventeenth century, Friends were activists out of necessity. Their refusal to obey laws that they believed were not of God led to imprisonment, confiscation of goods, and execution. A hallmark of Quaker interaction with government is the use of persuasion rather than coercion and violence.

FCNL fields one of the largest faith-based lobbies in Washington, D.C. Its work is supported by a grassroots network of thousands of advocates all over the country. In 42 states and the District of Columbia, many of the grassroots advocates have formed themselves into Advocacy Teams. As of 2021, there were more than 120 such teams, involving more than 1,500 grassroots advocates. Advocates visit the offices of members of Congress and write letters or speak through local media to catalyze federal change.

Legislative policy approach
FCNL's approach draws on the expertise of registered lobbyists in Washington, D.C., the work of advocates around the country and relationships cultivated with elected officials and community leaders. The business practice of the Religious Society of Friends is one that seeks for participants to come to unity. FCNL's General Committee follows this practice in determining legislative policy and priorities, a discernment process they undertake every two years or for every new session of Congress.

Policy positions during the 117th Congress (2021–2023)

 * Promote Peacebuilding by emphasizing diplomacy and honoring treaties and by working towards peaceful prevention and resolution of violent conflict, especially in the Middle East.
 * Confront the paradigm of global militarism, demilitarize space, reduce military spending, limit the spread of conventional weapons, prevent armed interventions, repeal the Authorizations for Use of Military Force (AUMFs), and reassert Congress' oversight role.
 * Promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.
 * Advocate for a just and equitable justice system that eliminates mass incarceration and police brutality, and establishes law-enforcement that is community-oriented and demilitarized.
 * Ensure that the U.S. immigration system promotes and respects the rights, safety, humanity, and dignity of all immigrants, refugees, and migrants.
 * Promote equitable access for all citizens to participation in an open and transparent political process, protect the integrity of our democratic institutions and processes, and work to ensure honesty and accountability of elected and appointed officials.
 * End gun violence by supporting policies that are informed by public health best practices.
 * Witness and advocate for American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian rights and concerns. Honor the treaties and promises.
 * Address structural economic inequality through measures such as a fair and progressive tax system, a living wage for all, and an adequate social safety net.
 * Prioritize programs that meet basic needs including universal access to quality affordable healthcare, a necessity magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * Strengthen environmental protections and advance environmental justice, while recognizing the finite capacity of the earth and the need to protect human, animal and plant diversity.
 * Advance sustainable, science-based solutions to the climate crisis and prioritize international cooperation to achieve global sustainability goals and protect vulnerable populations.

History and impact
During the discussions in the US in 1940 regarding World War II, Quakers opposed the war as a matter of conscience. Friends from 22 Yearly Meetings came to Richmond, Indiana, a city that has historically embraced Quaker values, for a conference to address the national draft. This conference set the stage for a subsequent gathering of 52 Quakers in Richmond from June 11–12, 1943. That gathering gave birth to the Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) to influence U.S. government decisions related to war and peace.

FCNL's advocacy in solidarity with Native Americans and Alaska Natives dates back to 1956 when the government finalized its plans to prevent flooding in Pittsburgh by building the Kinzua Dam to divert the Allegheny River. The Seneca Nation lost 10,000 acres of its Allegany Territory.

The organization's subsequent work with Native Americans was based largely on a series of consultations by a group equally made up of tribal and yearly meeting representatives. These consultations led to opposition to the U.S. government's termination policy that ended federal recognition of many tribes as government entities. It catalyzed grassroots support for adequate funding for schools and healthcare (e.g., the Indian Health Care Improvement Act (P.L. 94-437) to improve the Indian Health Service), for the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (P.L. 92-203), and for oil rights for the Osage Nation. In 2017, FCNL started a Native American Advocacy Program led by a young Native American. Its focus has largely been on the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act.

FCNL's first 30 years were also marked by efforts to stop violent conflict around the world and address root causes. Its legislative policy is rooted in the belief that there is that of God in every person. This belief has fueled the Quakers' longstanding Peace Testimony—promoting peace and refraining from violence and actively opposing war. Peace testimony has governed FCNL's work to prevent war, minimize the threat of war, and promote peace since its beginning.

From providing relief to Europe during and after World War II, defeating congressional proposals for mandatory military training for young men, and opposing civil defense measures to playing a significant role in the creation of the Peace Corps in 1961, FCNL has remained steadfast in its commitment to the peace testimony, manifested by ending and preventing war.

FCNL has opposed nuclear weapons since their creation. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, FCNL called for United Nations negotiations rather than military intervention to mitigate the possibility of tensions escalating to war. FCNL's advocacy was key to the establishment of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1968, which went into effect in 1970 and was extended indefinitely in 1995.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, FCNL was an active opponent of the Vietnam War. Disillusioned and frustrated with the war, young Quakers urged FCNL to establish an internship program in 1970 as an alternate form of public service. Since its inception, hundreds of recent graduates have spent 11 months at FCNL learning to advocate, developing leadership skills, and enriching Quaker lobbying.

In 1974, Edward Snyder (FCNL's Executive Secretary from 1962 to 1990) led efforts to cancel the appropriation of $474 million to the South Vietnamese military, expediting an end to the U.S. war in Vietnam.

In the 1970s, FCNL was an early advocate for sustainable development and reducing harmful impacts on the environment. During that decade, FCNL accelerated its focus on human rights and continued advocating for peace. The organization also became vocal on energy and nuclear power, emphasizing conservation, renewable energy resources, and a moratorium on construction of new nuclear power plants. These efforts would continue throughout the 1980s, as FCNL also increased its advocacy for economic justice.

In the 1980s, FCNL lobbied the U.S. government in the lead-up to the 1986 Reykjavik Summit. The summit between President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev signaled the thawing of U.S.-Soviet relations and ended the stalled nuclear disarmament negotiations between the two countries. The 1986 Reykjavik Summit paved the way for the 1987 INF Treaty and the 1991 START I Treaties, as well as limitations on nuclear testing.

During the 1980s, the World Bank turned to FCNL as an organization at the forefront of addressing the inextricable links between the environment and global poverty. That same decade, FCNL's Ruth Flower also chaired the Domestic Human Needs Working Group of Interfaith Action for Economic Justice, central in the welfare reform debate in Congress. FCNL also led other faith groups in advocating for more generous and less punitive legislation.

By the 1990s, FCNL's influence and capacity to change public policy increased. It worked to shift budget priorities away from military spending to support international organizations and diplomacy, reform the U.S. healthcare system, advocate for Native American rights, curtail the global weapons trade, and respond to national and international crises.

In 1992, FCNL was instrumental in helping to ratify the U.N. Convention on Chemical Weapons. This U.N. arms control treaty outlaws the production and use of chemical weapons and leads to the destruction of 93% of the world's declared stockpile of chemical weapons. Since 1993, FCNL has also led the coalition of NGOs and advocacy groups working to develop a strict set of arms export criteria that would prevent nations from providing military assistance or exporting weapons to countries engaged in abusive practices.

The day after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, FCNL issued a statement discouraging the U.S. government from responding with violence. The "War is not the Answer" slogan would shape FCNL's legislative policy throughout the decade. Two days after that, Congress turned over to the president its constitutional power to decide whether and when the U.S. enters military conflict. Since then, lawmakers have twice invoked the War Powers Act of 1973, which was intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without congressional consent.

The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)—the law behind the "War on Terror"—has given four administrations expansive and endless war-making powers. The 2002 AUMF served as the ultimate basis for U.S. military action against the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. FCNL lobbyists continues to advocate for resolutions to "cancel the blank check for war" by restoring Congress' power to determine whether and when the U.S. goes to war.

For more than ten years, FCNL has encouraged a shift from violent, reactionary responses to peaceful conflict resolution and diplomacy. It also advocated for reductions and alternatives to increased military spending, urged Congress to put an end to the war in Yemen, and successfully lobbied for the prevention of atrocities and genocide. FCNL was key to the passage of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act (P.L. 115–441), which passed in 2018 and became law in 2019. The bill ensures coordination among U.S. government departments to prevent global atrocities from occurring and mandates training for American diplomats to identify early warning signs of genocide.

FCNL lobbied for the Iran nuclear deal, including the 2015 Join Comprehensive Plan of Action.

After several years of FCNL's lobbying for legislation to demilitarize police, President Obama announced in 2015 that the federal government will no longer provide certain military equipment to local police forces.

In December 2018, President Trump signed the First Step Act (P.L. 115- 391) into law, reducing sentences for non-violent crimes and improving rehabilitation for those in prison. In February 2019, the House of Representatives passed the Bipartisan Background Checks Act; FCNL had coordinated lobbying of more than 50 faith groups to ensure the bill's passage. Two months later, the House voted to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act, including FCNL-backed provisions to strengthen protection for Native women and children.

Throughout its history, FCNL has also lobbied on federal appropriations, making sure new laws are properly funded. It is also vocal in opposing the superfluous funding of laws that conflict with organization's mission at the expense of equity, justice, peace, or the environment.

Brick and mortar
In 2005, FCNL made good on its commitment to restore and transform its historic Capitol Hill office, becoming the first LEED-certified building on Capitol Hill. In 2020, the U.S. Green Building Council upgraded the FCNL's rating from silver to platinum, its highest level.

In 2011, FCNL purchased the adjoining row house, on 205 C Street. The organization renovated it using the same green principles used in FCNL's main building. It was re-opened in 2017.

In 2019, the FCNL Education Fund assumed management and governance of the William Penn House. In 2020, it was renamed the Friends Place on Capitol Hill. In renaming it, the board was mindful that William Penn enslaved people. The building, finished in 1917, was purchased by the Friends Meeting in Washington in 1966 to advance Quaker efforts on Capitol Hill. Shortly after acquiring it, the FCNL Education Fund undertook major repairs to modernize Friends Place. Today, it is a guesthouse and learning center.

Governance and funding
FCNL is governed by a General Committee of approximately 180 Friends, the majority of whom have been appointed by 26 Yearly Meetings and 7 national Friends' organizations. The General Committee meets to conduct business at the organization's Annual Meeting. Seven standing committees oversee the program and administration of FCNL between Annual Meetings.

The majority of FCNL's budget comes from individual donations. FCNL is also supported by contributions from Quaker meetings and churches (including Yearly Meetings and Quarterly Meetings), foundations, bequests, and endowments.

Leadership and staff
Starting January 24, 2022, Bridget Moix assumed her role as FCNL's fifth general secretary, assisted by five associate general secretaries. The five associate general secretaries are Adlai Amor for communications, Lauren Brownlee for community and culture, Stephen Donahoe for development, Amelia Kegan for policy and advocacy, and Thomas Swindell for finance and operations.

Moix is preceded by Diane Randall, FCNL's first female general secretary, who served for ten years (2011–2021). Previous FCNL chief executives are: E. Raymond Wilson (1943–1962), Ed Snyder (1962–1990), and Joe Volk (1990–2011).

There are more than 60 full-time staff and consultants working at FCNL.