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Christianity Today

Christianity Today is an evangelical Christian media magazine founded in 1956 by Billy Graham. It is published by Christianity Today International based in Carol Stream, Illinois. The Washington Post calls Christianity Today "evangelicalism's flagship magazine". The New York Times describes it as a "mainstream evangelical magazine". On August 4, 2022, Russell D. Moore—notable for denouncing and leaving the leadership of the Southern Baptist Convention —was named the incoming Christianity Today Editor-in-Chief.

Christianity Today has a print circulation of approximately 110,000 and an online readership of 2.2 million at ChristianityToday.com. The founder, Billy Graham, stated that he wanted to "plant the evangelical flag in the middle of the road, taking the conservative theological position but a definite liberal approach to social problems". Other active publications currently active within Christianity Today include: Building Church Leaders which has vocational education materials for evangelists and clergy. Church Law & Tax which discusses tax compliance. ChristianBibleStudies helps with Bible studies. ChurchSalary helps churches with information on proper remuneration. Ekstasis Magazine about Christian arts and media, specifically to encourage creativity within Christian culture to enable better storytelling, worldbuilding, and cultural representation. PreachingToday is a publication specifically for those delivering sermons. SmallGroups is a leadership magazine for smaller church planting groups such as missional living, cafe churches, pub churches, or house churches.

Graham began the magazine as counterpoint to The Christian Century, the predominant independent periodical of mainline Protestantism, and as a way to bring the evangelical Christian community together.

History
The second issue of Christianity Today was created in the date of October 15, 1956, and the opening editorial, Why 'Christianity Today'?, stated "Christianity Today has its origin in a deep-felt desire to express historical Christianity to the present generation. Neglected, slighted, misrepresented—evangelical Christianity needs a clear voice, to speak with conviction and love, and to state its true position and its relevance to the world crisis. A generation has grown up unaware of the basic truths of the Christian faith taught in the Scriptures and expressed in the creeds of the historic evangelical churches."

Its first editor was Carl F. H. Henry. Notable contributors in its first two decades included F. F. Bruce, Edward John Carnell, Frank Gaebelein, Walter Martin, John Warwick Montgomery, and Harold Lindsell. Lindsell succeeded Henry as editor and during his editorial administration much attention centered on debates about biblical inerrancy. Later editorial leadership came from Kenneth Kantzer, Terry Muck, and David Neff. V. Gilbert Beers was hired as the fourth editor in 1982, reportedly to increase the magazine's lay readership. The most recent editor in chief was Mark Galli, who retired on January 3, 2020. Daniel M. Harrell replaced Galli as editor in chief for a year. Russell Moore took the position in August 2022. The publication now includes print and online versions and various ancillary products. Print and online contents include feature stories, news ranging from cultural issues from a Christian viewpoint to the global church, opinion, reviews, and investigative reporting.

In Billy Graham's 1997 autobiography, Just As I Am, he writes of his vision, idea, and history with Christianity Today and his early meeting with oil company executive, John Howard Pew, to establish the publication.

Editorials on impeachments of U.S. presidents
Most critics label it as a mainstream, intellectual, centrist evangelical publication.

On June 7, 1974, in an editorial entitled "Should Nixon Resign?", published during the impeachment hearings of President Richard Nixon, Christianity Today wrote "that the constitutional process should be followed, and followed with dispatch." The magazine did not call for his resignation, but instead stated that "If he is acquitted, the nation will have to wait out the term of a President whose ability to function has been seriously eroded."

On October 5, 1998, regarding the imminent impeachment of President Bill Clinton, Christianity Today stated in an editorial that "Unsavory dealings and immoral acts by the president and those close to him" have compromised his administration's moral leadership, criticizing his televised August 17 confession as a "nonapology".

In one such editorial, published a day after the U.S. House of Representatives impeached President Donald Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, editor in chief Mark Galli asserted among other criticisms that he sought to leverage his political power "to coerce a foreign leader to harass and discredit" presidential candidate Joe Biden. "That is not only a violation of the Constitution," he argued, "more importantly, it is profoundly immoral." The editorial received extensive media coverage and caught the attention of Trump and his allies, who in response sought to discredit the publication, with the former describing it as "far-left" and almost 200 evangelical leaders rebuking it for the editorial.

Sexual harassment controversy
In 2022 the magazine published two articles announcing that a number of women reported demeaning, inappropriate, and offensive behavior by former editor in chief Mark Galli and former advertising director Olatokunbo Olawoye, whilst their behavior remained unchecked and the men were not disciplined, according to an external assessment of the ministry's culture.

Speaking to Religion News Service, Galli admitted that he may have "crossed lines" during his time as editor, but denied having had "any romantic or sexual interest in anyone at Christianity Today."

In an editorial on the magazine, the CEO of Christianity Today Timothy Dalrymple admitted that the society that owns and edits the magazine fell short on protecting the employees and apologized for the fact, promising strong and swift action against sexual harassment.

Publications
Harold Myra, who became president and chief executive of the magazine in 1975, believed that a "family" of magazines would disperse overhead expenses and give more stability to the organization. Christianity Today both online and magazine is the flagship publication, fully effective in three basic areas: editorial, circulation, advertising; as such, many of the articles from their broader publications often get distributed through CT's flagship. Christianity Today founded or acquired periodicals during the 1980s and 1990s, beginning with Leadership, a quarterly journal for clergy, in 1980.

Active
At the ministry's web home, ChristianityToday.org, all other brands for Christian thought leaders and church leaders are featured, including publications such as the intellectual Christian review, Books & Culture, and the website for pastors and church leaders, CT Pastors. Additional web resources include Men of Integrity and Preaching Today. Many of the sections published online under the Christianity Today banner are the online legacies of defunct print publications, even named after the aforementioned publications.

Ekstasis (2016–present)
Ekstasis is a journal that was acquired by Christianity Today in 2021, originally founded in 2016 by Conor Sweetman in Toronto, Canada it focuses on Christian arts and media.

International editions (2007–present)
Besides English, it is available in 12 other languages: Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, Filipino, French, Galician, German, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. Their publication can be found within those linguistic regions, as well as in Japan and Israel.

Online presence
The magazine's mission statement is to "provide evangelical thought leaders a sense of community, coherence, and direction through thoughtful, biblical commentary on issues and through careful, caring reporting of the news." Its presence on the Internet began in October 1994 when it became one of the top ten content providers on all of AOL. Then, in 1996, their website was launched. Originally, it was named ChristianityOnline.com before becoming ChristianityToday.com. Today ChristianityToday.com serves as the web home for Christianity Today magazine, which now has distinct sections for Local Church Pastors, Reporting, Women, History, and Spanish readers.

Together, all Christianity Today brands reach more than 2.5 million people every month when print and digital views are combined, plus more than 5 million pageviews per month on the Internet. The ministry offers access, both premium and free, to more than 100,000 articles and other content on their various websites. They operate several stand-alone websites from ChristianityToday including SmallGroups.com, Preaching Today, Church Law & Tax and many other sites.

Defunct
In 2005, Christianity Today International published 12 magazines, but following the financial downturn of 2008 it was forced to shutter several publications. By 2017 that had further diminished to three, as many of them became sections of Christianity Today proper.

Leadership Journal (1980–2016)
The first "sister publication" added to the Christianity Today publishing group was Leadership: A Practical Journal for Church Leaders, launched in 1980. The subtitle clearly defined the journal's mission: it was a quarterly publication, aimed primarily at clergy and focusing on the practical concerns of ministry and church leadership. The first issue of Leadership sold out its initial press run of 50,000 copies and the publication was in the black after a single issue. The journal continued in print for 36 years. After volume 37, issue 1 (winter 2016), Christianity Today discontinued the print publication, replacing it with expanded content in Christianity Today for pastors and church leaders and occasional print supplements, as well as a new website, CTPastors.com.

Campus Life/Ignite Your Faith (1982–2009)
In 1982, Christianity Today purchased the magazine Campus Life, aimed at a high school audience, from, Campus Life Publications, Inc., a nonprofit organization, which had purchased Campus Life magazine from Youth For Christ in 1980. The name of the magazine was changed to Ignite Your Faith in 2006. It ceased publication in 2009.

Partnership/Marriage Partnership (1984–2009)
Partnership was launched in 1984 as a magazine for wives of clergy. In 1987 it was renamed Marriage Partnership and expanded its focus to marriage in general, not just clergy marriages. The magazine ceased publication in 2009.

Today's Christian Woman (1985–2009)
Today's Christian Woman was founded in 1978 and acquired by Christianity Today from the Fleming H. Revell Co. in 1985. It discontinued print publication in 2009 and was replaced with a "digizine" entitled Kyria, which was online only, but still required a paid subscription to access, although at a lower price than the print magazine. In 2012 the name of the digital publication was changed back to Today's Christian Woman, and in 2016 it stopped being issued as a regularly scheduled digital periodical.

Christian History (1989–2008)
Christian History was a journal of the history of Christianity, first issued in January 1982 by the Christian History Institute. Each issue had multiple articles covering a single theme. Initially published annually, it became a quarterly publication. Christianity Today took over ownership of the magazine beginning with issue 22 in 1989. It was discontinued after the publication of issue 99 in 2008. In 2011 the Christian History Institute resumed quarterly publication of the magazine. Christian History archives still may be found on ChristianityToday.com under its special section.

Christian Reader/Today's Christian (1992–2008)
Christian Reader, a digest magazine in the vein of Reader's Digest, was founded in 1963 by the founder of Tyndale House Publishers, Ken Taylor. Christianity Today purchased the magazine in 1992. The name was changed to Today's Christian in 2004. In 2008, Christianity Today sold the magazine to the ministry Significant Living.

Books & Culture (1995–2016)
Books & Culture was a bimonthly book review and intellectual journal modeled after the New York Review of Books and The New York Times Book Review and was published by Christianity Today International from 1995 to 2016. At the end of its publication life in 2016, the magazine's circulation was 11,000 and its readership was 20,000. It was edited by John Wilson, and notable contributors included Mark Noll, Lauren Winner, Alan Jacobs, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and Miroslav Volf.

Virtue (1998–2000)
Virtue, a magazine for Christian women, was founded in 1978. Christianity Today purchased the publication from Cook Communications Ministries in 1998 after that publisher abruptly closed the magazine. Christianity Today revived the magazine and continued publishing it for two more years before discontinuing publication following the December/January 2000 issue.

Christian Parenting Today (1998–2005)
Christian Parenting Today (originally entitled Christian Parenting) was founded in 1989. Christianity Today purchased the magazine from Cook Communications Ministries in 1998 in the same deal in which it acquired Virtue. It ceased publication in 2005.

Men of Integrity (1998–2017)
Men of Integrity was a bi-monthly magazine for Christian men published by Christianity Today. It was created in 1998, in partnership with the evangelical men's organization Promise Keepers. It ceased publication with the November–December 2017 issue.

title: Christianity Today


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Category:Carboxylic acids

The conjugate bases are in Category:Carboxylate anions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Carboxylic acids


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User talk:GreedyCapitalist

'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:GreedyCapitalist&action=edit&section=new Please click here to leave me a new message. ]'''

A request for mediation has been filed with the Mediation Committee that lists you as a party. The Mediation Committee requires that all parties listed in a mediation must be notified of the mediation. Please review the request at Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/Talk:Objectivism (Ayn Rand), and indicate whether you agree or refuse to mediate. If you are unfamiliar with mediation, please refer to Mediation. There are only seven days for everyone to agree, so please check as soon as possible.

Warning: User_talk:LGagnon
He is an admitted leftist with an agenda on Wikipedia against Objectivists. He has a history of attacking others and vandalizing their comments: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Objectivism_%28Ayn_Rand%29&diff=57649409&oldid=57649023 Be careful dealing with him! For more, see talk here:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Paul_Cyr

Discussion on Objectivism (Ayn Rand)
In regards to posts like these, please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on the contributor; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you. Shell babelfish 05:51, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Removing Warnings
Please do not remove warnings from your talk page or replace them with offensive content. Removing or maliciously altering warnings from your talk page will not remove them from the page history. If you continue to remove or vandalize warnings from your talk page, you will lose your privilege of editing your talk page. Thanks. Paul Cyr 06:39, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

This is your last warning. Removing warnings from your talk page is considered vandalism. You will be blocked from editing Wikipedia and your talk page will be protected from editing if you do it again. Paul Cyr 05:03, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Protecting Pages
Please note that only tags a page as protected. Only administrators actually have the ability to protect a page. Paul Cyr 05:03, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Last warning
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Very funny. I didn't vandalize anything; you did. You have no reason to accuse me of such. -- LGagnon 17:58, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Attempting to disrupt an on-going survey after being warned is vandalism. --GreedyCapitalist 18:01, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

your thoughts
Hi, GreedyCapitalist. I was wondering if you would like to voice your thoughts on the debate on Ayn Rand occuring at the articles list of major philosophers and list of ethicists. LaszloWalrus 04:30, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

History of unmanned aerial vehicles
Those pages still need to be broken apart or integrated somewhere else, but no one appears to want to do it... Salad Days 00:58, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Your help needed with Objectivism Wiki
Greetings, GreedyCapitalist. I would like to copy the List of places in Atlas Shrugged article to your Objectivism wiki; can you give me any advice on the best way to do this? Mahalo,  Skomorokh   16:03, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of The Capitalist Manifesto: The Historic, Economic, and Philosophic Case for Laissez-Faire

The article The Capitalist Manifesto: The Historic, Economic, and Philosophic Case for Laissez-Faire has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Too long to be a reasonable redirect, does not appear to meet notability standards, even though its author might.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. TallNapoleon (talk) 19:36, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

You are cordially invited to save the world
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Capitalism Byelf2007 (talk) 15 September 2011

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:GreedyCapitalist


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Category:Aldehydes

An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group, or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group.

(Where -R represents the carbon chain.)

title: Category:Aldehydes


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List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons

This is a list of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) was formed in 1921 and traces its lineage to the previous Australian Flying Corps that served during World War I. The list also includes those squadrons that were under Australian and British operational control during World War II, and squadrons that were operated jointly by the RAAF and the Netherlands East Indies.

RAAF units formed under Australian operational control

 * No. 1 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 2 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 3 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 4 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 5 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 6 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 7 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 8 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 9 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 10 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 11 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 12 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 13 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 14 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 15 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 17 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 20 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 21 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 22 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 23 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 24 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 25 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 26 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 27 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 28 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 29 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 30 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 31 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 32 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 33 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 34 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 35 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 36 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 37 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 38 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 40 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 41 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 42 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 43 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 60 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 66 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 67 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 68 Squadron RAAF –Reconnaissance based at Kojarena, WA – flew Avro Ansons
 * No. 69 Squadron RAAF – Reconnaissance based at Georgina, WA – flew Avro Ansons
 * No. 71 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 73 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 75 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 76 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 77 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 78 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 79 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 80 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 82 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 83 Squadron RAAF
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 * No. 85 Squadron RAAF
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 * No. 87 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 88 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 92 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 93 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 94 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 99 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 100 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 102 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 107 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 292 Squadron RAAF
 * RAAF Squadron Berlin Air Lift
 * Fighter Squadron RAAF
 * Rescue and Communication Squadron RAAF
 * Seaplane Squadron RAAF
 * RAAF University Squadrons

RAAF Empire Air Training Scheme Squadrons

 * No. 450 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 451 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 452 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 453 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 454 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 455 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 456 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 457 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 458 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 459 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 460 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 461 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 462 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 463 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 464 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 466 Squadron RAAF
 * No. 467 Squadron RAAF

Joint RAAF-Netherlands East Indies Squadrons

 * No. 18 (NEI) Squadron (bomber)
 * No. 19 (NEI) Squadron (transport/communications)
 * No. 119 (NEI) Squadron (bomber)
 * No. 120 (NEI) Squadron (fighter)


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Bone conduction

Bone conduction is the conduction of sound to the inner ear primarily through the bones of the skull, allowing the hearer to perceive audio content even if the ear canal is blocked. Bone conduction transmission occurs constantly as sound waves vibrate bone, specifically the bones in the skull, although it is hard for the average individual to distinguish sound being conveyed through the bone as opposed to the sound being conveyed through the air via the ear canal. Intentional transmission of sound through bone can be used with individuals with normal hearing — as with bone-conduction headphones — or as a treatment option for certain types of hearing impairment. Bones are generally more effective at transmitting lower-frequency sounds compared to higher-frequency sounds.

Overview
Bone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequently sounds higher than one expects (see voice confrontation).

Musicians may use bone conduction using a tuning fork while tuning stringed instruments. After the fork starts vibrating, placing it in the mouth with the stem between the back teeth ensures that one continues to hear the note via bone conduction, and both hands are free to do the tuning. Ludwig van Beethoven was famously rumored to be using bone conduction after losing most of his hearing, by placing one end of a rod in his mouth and resting the other end on the rim of his piano.

It has also been observed that some animals can perceive sound and even communicate by sending and receiving vibration through bone.

Comparison of hearing sensitivity through bone conduction and directly through the ear canal can aid audiologists in identifying pathologies of the middle ear—the area between the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and the cochlea (inner ear). If hearing is markedly better through bone conduction than through the ear canal (air-bone gap), problems with the ear canal (e.g. ear wax accumulation), the tympanic membrane or ossicles can be suspected. This method was first discovered by Italian physician Hieronymus Capivacci.

History
The first bone conduction hearing aids were invented in the 15th century. Italian physician Girolamo Cardano realized that when a rod was placed between someone's teeth and attached the other end to a musical instrument, the person could hear the music despite their hearing loss. This method was used by Beethoven, as his hearing deteriorated towards the end of his life. In the 1820s, French physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard improved on this device by attaching the other end of the rod not to a musical instrument but to the mouth of another speaker. This invention was known as the Rod of Itard. In 1923, Hugo Gernsback created a new kind of bone conduction hearing aid called the "Osophone", which he later elaborated on with his "Phonosone". Bone conduction hearing aids have also been fitted to glasses, which fit tightly to the side of the head.

In the 1970s, a team of doctors in Gothenburg, most notably Anders Tjellström, had the idea to implant a bone vibrator plate into the mastoid bone with an adjoining screw that allowed an external audio processor to be attached to conduct sound. The first three patients were implanted in 1977. The device gave good results and became known as a bone-anchored hearing aid, or BAHA. In 2012, this idea was taken a step further by the introduction of the BONEBRIDGE device. Whereas a BAHA implant is a percutaneous device that requires the screw abutment to protrude through the skin, the BONEBRIDGE is a transcutaneous device and is fully implanted under the skin. In this case, the audio processor is held in place by magnets.

Candidacy
Bone conduction devices are suitable for patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss, with a functioning cochlea but problems with the outer or inner ear that prevent sound vibrations from reaching the cochlea. This can be caused by conditions such as atresia, microtia, Goldenhar syndrome or Treacher Collins. Bone conduction is also a good option for someone who cannot use traditional air conduction hearing aids.

Bone conduction devices are also used to help people with single-sided deafness, who have a non-functioning inner ear on one side. In this situation, the device picks up sounds on the non-functioning side and sends them as vibrations through the bone to the functioning cochlea on the other side.

Technology
There are many different types of bone conduction hearing aids but most of them work on the same principle and comprise necessary components like microphones, signal processing, energy supply and a transducer that generates vibrations. The microphone of the hearing aid picks up sound signals from the environment. The signal is then optimized and transmitted to the transducer, which generates vibrations. Depending on the specific bone conduction hearing aid system, the vibrations are either sent directly through the skull bone, or through the skin towards the inner ear. Finally, the inner ear picks up the vibrations and sends them to the auditory cortex in the brain.

Different bone conduction devices contain different features. Here are the key ones.

Surgical and non-surgical bone conduction devices
Surgical bone conduction devices consist of an internal implant and an external audio processor used to transmit sound. They require surgery in order to implant the device, which is usually done as an outpatient procedure under general anesthetic, however this depends on the device being implanted and the health condition of the patient.

Non-surgical devices only consist of the external audio processor. The processor simply vibrates, making both the skin and the bone vibrate, conducting the vibrations through to the cochlea. Non-surgical devices are ideal for children, who may not be old enough for implantation surgery or who have temporary conductive hearing loss caused by glue ear or ear infections.

There are various ways to attach non-surgical bone conduction devices to the skin, including headbands, adhesives and bone conduction glasses. Devices include the ADHEAR from MED-EL, the BAHA Start from Cochlear, BHM's contact mini or contact forte and the Ponto Softband from Oticon Medical. Unlike headbands or glasses-based devices, adhesive devices do not need to apply pressure against the head in order to transmit the vibration. Because of this, users of adhesive devices report wearing their device for longer each day.

Surgical devices: percutaneous and transcutaneous devices
A transcutaneous bone conduction device transmits sound signals, either electronic or mechanical, through the skin. In other words, there is closed, intact skin between the external audio processor and the internal implant. The processor is held in place over the implant using magnetic attraction. Transcutaneous devices currently on the market include the BAHA Attract, and Osia from Cochlear and the BONEBRIDGE from MED-EL. With a percutaneous device, part of the implant (known as the abutment) protrudes through the skin. The audio processor then snaps onto the abutment, providing a direct connection to the implant. Percutaneous devices include the BAHA Connect from Cochlear and the Ponto from Oticon Medical. Percutaneous devices have been associated with skin complications, ranging from slight redness to the formation of granulation tissue and recurring infection. The most serious complications might require further surgery or abutment removal and subsequent reimplantation. One study into skin problems with percutaneous implants revealed a complication rate of up to 84%. In another study a meta-analysis of complications with osseointegrated hearing aids showed that revision surgery is required in up to 34.5% of cases. Transcutaneous devices were later designed to avoid or reduce recurring skin complications. For example, only 1.85% of patients with the BONEBRIDGE experience wound infections post-surgery.

Surgical devices: active and passive
An active bone conduction device is one where the implant generates the vibrations that directly stimulate the bone. With a passive bone conduction device, the vibrations are generated by the audio processor before being passed through the skin or an abutment to reach the implant and the bone. The main active bone conduction devices available are the BONEBRIDGE from MED-EL and the Osia from Cochlear. Both are active transcutaneous devices. The external audio processor picks up sound vibrations and transmits them electronically through the skin to the internal implant, which directly and actively vibrates the bone. These vibrations are conducted through the skull bone to the cochlea and are processed as normal.

The main passive bone conduction devices are the BAHA Attract and BAHA Connect from Cochlear, the Ponto from Oticon and the Alpha 2 MPO from Medtronic. The BAHA Connect and Ponto are passive percutaneous devices, whereby the audio processor is fixed onto an abutment placed through the skin. The audio processor vibrates, sending the vibrations via the abutment to the implant and then through the bone to the cochlea. The BAHA Attract and Alpha 2 are transcutaneous devices but they work in a similar way. The audio processor vibrates, sending mechanical vibrations to the implant through the bone. However, unlike with the percutaneous devices, the vibrations from the audio processor pass through the skin before they reach the internal implant. These vibrations are then conducted through the skull bones to the cochlea and are processed as normal, just like with an active device.

Active transcutaneous and passive percutaneous bone conduction devices tend to deliver better sound quality than passive transcutaneous ones. Passive transcutaneous devices send sound vibrations through the skin, and as they pass through the skin, they lose some of their strength, causing signal attenuation of up to 20dB. To counteract this, passive transcutaneous devices may require the use of strong magnets that squeeze the skin to achieve optimal conduction. This can lead to pain and irritation of the skin and soft tissue between the two magnets, and in worst cases cause necrosis. A study found that major complications — defined as complications requiring active management, such as post-operative seroma, hematoma, wound infections, skin ulcerations, and dehiscence — were found in 5.2% of cases.

Products
Bone conduction products are usually categorized into three groups:

 * Ordinary products, such as hands-free headsets or headphones
 * Bone-anchored hearing aids and assistive listening devices
 * Specialized communication products (e.g. for underwater or high-noise environments)

One example of a specialized communication product is a bone conduction speaker that is used by scuba divers. The device is a rubber over-moulded, piezoelectric flexing disc that is approximately 40 mm across and 6 mm thick. A connecting cable is molded into the disc, resulting in a tough, waterproof assembly. In use, the speaker is strapped against one of the dome-shaped bone protrusions behind the ear and the sound, which can be surprisingly clear and crisp, seems to come from inside the user's head.

Notable uses
The Google Glass device employs bone conduction technology for the relay of information to the user through a transducer that sits beside the user's ear. The use of bone conduction means that any vocal content that is received by the Glass user is nearly inaudible to outsiders.

German broadcaster Sky Deutschland and advertising agency BBDO Germany collaborated on an advertising campaign that uses bone conduction that was premiered in Cannes, France at the International Festival of Creativity in June 2013. The "Talking Window" advertising concept uses bone conduction to transmit advertising to public transport passengers who lean their heads against train glass windows. Academics from Australia's Macquarie University suggested that, apart from not touching the window, passengers would need to use a dampening device that is made of material that would not transmit the vibration from the window in order to not hear the sound.

Land Rover BAR employed 'military' bone conduction technology, designed by BAE Systems, within their helmets for use within the 2017 America's Cup. The helmets allowed the crews to communicate effectively with each other under race conditions and within the harsh, noisy environment; whilst maintaining situational awareness due to their ears being uncovered.

In March 2019 at The National Maritime Museum, London, British composer Hollie Harding premiered the use of Bone Conduction Headphones as part of a musical performance. The use of the technology allowed the audience to listen to a pre-recorded musical track on the headsets, whilst a live orchestra performed a separate but related musical track. This multilayered effect meant that electronic and digitally-edited sounds could be heard in conjunction with live music without the use of loud-speakers for the first time and that the source of sounds could appear to be close to, far from, or all around the listener.

Research has found that the use of bone conduction headphones can help people distinguish between their own voice and the voice of others. The findings have potential clinical relevance for conditions such as schizophrenia.

Safety
Because bone conduction headphones transmit sound to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, leaving the ears free to pick up sound from the environment, users can listen to audio while maintaining greater situational awareness than with acoustic in- or over-ear headphones. However, users may still be less aware of their environment than if not using headphones.

title: Bone conduction


text:
Chrysler 300

The Chrysler 300 is a full-size car   manufactured and marketed by Stellantis North America and its predecessor companies as a four-door sedan and station wagon in its first generation (model years 2005–2010) and solely as a four-door sedan in its second generation (model years 2011–2023).

The second generation 300 was marketed as the Chrysler 300C in the United Kingdom and Ireland and as the Lancia Thema in the remainder of Europe.

Background
The Chrysler 300 continues a tradition of full-sized, front-engine, rear-wheel drive, V8-powered luxury sedans the company has offered, starting in the 1940s with the Chrysler Saratoga and Chrysler New Yorker, followed by the Chrysler Windsor, Chrysler Newport, and the Chrysler Cordoba, with the last rear wheel drive sedan, the Chrysler Fifth Avenue that ended production in 1989.

When the company began operations in 1925, the Chrysler Six was entered as a roadster in the 1925 24 Hours of Le Mans where it finished the race. In 1926, the Chrysler Imperial started the luxury and performance products tradition. Starting in 1955, the Imperial became a separate luxury brand and offered the Imperial Newport along with the Imperial Crown. The original Chrysler FirePower Hemi engine powered the Cunningham C-5R, a special racecar, and finished the 1952 Le Mans, 1953 Le Mans, and 1954 Le Mans endurance races, as well as the 1953 12 Hours of Sebring.

First generation (2005–2010)
The 300 debuted as a concept at the 2003 New York International Auto Show with styling by Ralph Gilles, and production started in January 2004 for the 2005 model year. The Chrysler 300 was designed as a modern interpretation of the 1955 Chrysler C-300 (and the letter series Chryslers that followed), featuring a large grille, long hood and low roofline that was prominent on those vehicles. The styling retained many elements of the 1998 Chrysler Chronos concept car, such as chrome interior accents and tortoiseshell finishing on the steering wheel and shifter knob. It was the last Chrysler vehicle designed under Tom Gale upon his retirement from DaimlerChrysler in December 2000. It shares a nameplate with the 1957 300C letter series two-door hardtop and convertible.

The Chrysler 300 is based on the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform with Chrysler executives confirming that Chrysler engineers were sent to Germany to study the upcoming E-Class and as such, structural elements of the car's foundation such as the toe board, safety cage architecture, as well as the load-path philosophy ending up being derived from the design(s) utilized by then-partner, Mercedes-Benz Shared and or derived components from Mercedes-Benz included: the 3.0L OM642 turbo-diesel V6 used in overseas markets, the rear suspension cradle and 5-link independent rear suspension design derived from the E-Class, a double-wishbone front suspension design with short-and-long arm front suspension geometry derived from the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220). The five-speed NAG1 W5A580 transmission, rear differential, driveshaft, ESP & ABS systems, steering system, the CAN Bus electrical architecture, and cabin electronics, including other electronic and engine modules, were derived from Mercedes-Benz components. Further, switchgear such as the cruise control and turn signal combination stalk, seat controls, seat frames, HVAC system(s), and the wiring harness were utilized from Mercedes-Benz components. Later model years also feature a Mercedes-Benz-derived laser key ignition system instead of the traditional metal key. The AWD models also benefited from using Mercedes-Benz's 4MATIC system, including transfer case components.

Base
The basic 300 includes 17-inch wheels, wheel covers, four-wheel disc brakes, a single disc CD player, an auxiliary input jack, a power driver seat, and a four-speed (42RLE) automatic transmission. It uses a 2736 cc EER V6 rated at 190 hp. In Canada, it came standard with the Touring model's 3518 cc V6 engine. The vehicle comes with standard rear-wheel drive and available all-wheel drive. The basic 300 model was renamed to LX for 2008 and remains the code name for the platform.

Touring
The Touring model uses a 3518 cc V6, producing 250 hp and 250 lbft of torque, either a four- or five-speed transmission depending on the year and drive configuration, and comes with 17-inch aluminum wheels, AM/FM radio with CD player and auxiliary audio jack, Electronic Stability Program (ESP), remote keyless entry, leather-trimmed seats, and Sirius Satellite Radio. This model was renamed Touring Plus for the 2009 and 2010 model years.

Limited
The Limited model included the Touring model's 3.5 L V6 engine, generating 250 hp and 250 lb·ft and either a four- or five-speed transmission depending on the year and drive configuration. Additional features included 18-inch chrome-clad aluminum road wheels and anti-roll bars.

300C
The top-of-the-line 300C version uses a 5.7 L (345 cu in) Hemi V8. Using the Multi-Displacement System (MDS), this engine can run on four cylinders when less power is needed to reduce total fuel consumption. The USEPA-rated fuel consumption of the 300C is: 15 mpgus city, and 23 mpgus highway. When all eight cylinders are needed, the 300C can produce 340 hp and 390 lb·ft of torque. It uses a five-speed automatic transmission and comes standard with 18-inch chrome-clad alloy wheels, Chrysler's MyGIG Infotainment System in 2008, as well as Sirius Satellite Radio and Backseat Television in 2008.

The Hemi cylinder heads necessitate a double rocker arm shaft configuration with a cam-in-block, overhead valve (OHV) pushrod design. There are two spark plugs per cylinder to promote efficient fuel/air mixture burn and reduce emissions. For 2009 and 2010, power output was increased to 360 hp.

SRT-8

The SRT-8 model was equipped with a 6.1 L Hemi engine producing 425 hp at 6,200 rpm and 420 lb·ft of torque at 4,800 rpm. The SRT8 can accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 4.9 seconds.

SRT Design
In 2008, Chrysler began producing the SRT Design, which combined the 300C CRD engine with all the refinements and sports setup of the SRT 8. This model was predominantly used in the European market.

Station wagon
Chrysler marketed the 300C in Europe, Australia, South America, the Middle East, and Japan as both a four-door notchback sedan and a five-door station wagon. The five-door station wagon was marketed as the 300C Touring (not to be confused with the North American notchback sedan's "Touring" trim level), which shared its sheet metal aft of the C-pillar and wheel designs with the Dodge Magnum.

The base Chrysler 300 was not marketed in Europe. All cars came with the 300C body style/interior and either V6 diesel or V8 gasoline engines. The economical V6 diesel, sourced from Mercedes-Benz, was optional in Europe. All 300C Touring models, along with European 300C sedans and right-hand drive models, were assembled by Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria, beginning in June 2005. Steyr insisted on upgrading suspension components to suit European tastes. Dodge Charger/Magnum wheels with Chrysler center caps were used instead of the distinct wheels used on Canada-assembled models. The five-door station wagon body style was discontinued after the first generation.

Diesel (2006–2011)
In Europe and Australia, the 300C was available with a Mercedes-Benz 3.0 L diesel V6 engine (internal code OM642) rated 218 PS at 3800 rpm and 376 lbft of torque at 1600 rpm. Fuel economy for the 300C diesel is rated at 26.2 mpgus city, 42.8 mpgus highway, and 34.9 mpgus on the combined cycle. It can accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.9 seconds while the top speed remains the same as the gasoline V6 (140 mph).

The 2008 UK models included the 300C SRT-Design model in sedan or Touring body, which included SRT 20-inch alloy wheels and wheel arch spats, chrome mesh grille, MyGIG satellite navigation, SRT-8 steering wheel, SRT-8 leather sports seats, and carbon fiber interior details.

ASC Helios 300
ASC created a convertible version of the Chrysler 300C, dubbed the ASC Helios 300, and unveiled it at the North American International Auto Show in early 2005. Despite rumors, Chrysler confirmed that the vehicle would not be produced.

Executive Series 300
The Walter P. Chrysler Executive Series 300 was an extended wheelbase version shown at the 2006 New York Auto Show. It added 6 inches (152 mm) to the rear passenger compartment. The wheelbase was 126 in for this edition.

Signature Executive Series 300
The Walter P. Chrysler Signature Executive Series 300 was a package offered from the factory for the touring V6 model after 2008. It shared many features with the executive series, omitting the extra 6 inches and the rear DVD player in the passenger compartment. The Signature Touring included special badging, 18-inch chrome-clad aluminum wheels, 6.5-inch MyGIG REN 430(N) touchscreen DVD player with optional uConnect+navigation, Boston Acoustic six-speaker sound system with 276-watt amplifier, heated leather-trimmed seats, heated and powered mirrors, an eight-way power seats, power-adjustable pedals, and optional sunroof. It was offered for an additional CAD 2,240 in Canada.

Heritage Edition 300C The Chrysler 300C Heritage Edition debuted in 2006 and was a performance-oriented trim that used the 5.7 Hemi and had styling cues from the Chrysler 300 "letter series" of the 1950s and the 1960s.

Beijing Auto T8
The Beijing Auto T8 was a Chinese limousine version of the Chrysler 300. Beijing Auto produced two prototypes. The T8 got a new Cadillac-style nose and a new rear end; however, the rest of the design remained unchanged from the standard Chrysler 300. The only changes to the interior were a revised steering wheel with an updated logo. Beijing Auto did not have the right to continue to use the platform(s) or engine(s) necessary to produce the vehicle. Therefore, the continuation of the T8's development and production prospects ended in 2009.

Reception and legacy
The Chrysler 300's driving characteristics were generally well-received. The ride of the car was described as "steady, comfortable, and a study in control" The car drove "a lot like a Benz" due to the heavy use of German engineering and involvement of Mercedes-Benz in the development process during Chrysler and Daimler's partnership. The car was also described as "impressively stable at high speed" by journalists at speeds even in excess of 150+ MPH on German autobahns, on par with other German sedans of the era. Again, such attributes could be attributed to the car's German underpinnings. However, a real weakness in the car's driving experience was "numb steering," which many journalists claimed made the car feel "capable, but disconnected."

In the UK, the BBC's Top Gear team described the 300C as "something different with a bit of kitsch gangster cool". They praised the spacious and well-equipped interior, even calling it a "re-shelled German car with an American body," and the low price while criticizing the quality of certain materials, numb steering, and low engine torque of the V6 models. The first generation model was popular with British buyers who regarded it as the "poor man's Bentley".

In the US, the 300C enjoyed a wave of popularity in the mid-2000s, aided by celebrity owners (including US President Barack Obama, ) and appearances in music videos. In 2004, rapper Snoop Dogg famously called then-Chrysler CEO, Dieter Zetsche, asking for his own 300C; he later appeared in a commercial for the car alongside Lee Iacocca. The 300C was ranked No. 12 in a Complex.com article, "The 25 Most Iconic Hip-Hop Cars", due to its popularity in many hip-hop music videos following its introduction. Chrysler 300 designer Ralph Gilles reflected on the vehicle's success in 2008, saying that the "300 turned out to be a bit of an icon for Chrysler".

Awards
The 300C was the 2005 Motor Trend Car of the Year. It was on Car and Driver's Ten Best list for both 2005 and 2006. Automobile Magazine named it Automobile of the Year.

It also won the North American Car of the Year award. It was voted Canadian Car of the Year by automobile journalists as the Best New Luxury Car.

Receiving numerous other recognitions during its debut year, it was promoted as being one of the most awarded new cars ever. The 300C was also included in the finalists for 2005 World Car of the Year, but final points total put it in fifth place equal to the BMW 1-series.

Second generation (LD; 2011–2023)
A redesigned 300 was introduced in 2011 as a four-door sedan. However, the core platform of the car, now called the 'LD' while updated, was still closely related to the original 'LX' platform. While the suspension was revised, the front suspension is still derived from the design of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220) and the 5-link rear design from the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211). Production ended on December 8, 2023.

Exterior design
Exterior changes included revised sheet metal, thinner roof pillars, a more raked windshield, bi-xenon HID projector headlights, LED daytime running strips within the headlights, new taillights with LEDs and a horizontally slotted front grille with an updated version of the Chrysler winged brand emblem. Options included a dual-pane panoramic sunroof and 20-inch polished aluminum wheels.

Variants

The 2011 model was offered in Touring, Limited, 300C, and 300C AWD trim levels. Touring and Limited trims included the Pentastar V6, while the 300C line offered a standard 5.7 L Hemi.

A new 300C Executive Series luxury trim level was introduced alongside a new 300S trim at the 2011 New York International Auto Show. The sport-themed 300S featured black treatment for the grille and headlamps, 20-inch polished-face aluminum wheels with black painted pockets, 10-speaker Beats by Dr. Dre sound system, and steering wheel mounted paddle shifters. The Executive/Luxury Series was also sold in Europe, rebranded as the Lancia Thema from 2011 until 2014.

For the 2021 model year, the 300C and Limited trim levels were dropped, leaving the Touring, Touring L, and 300S, which included the previous year's Red S Appearance Package as standard.

SRT

An SRT version was unveiled at the 2011 New York International Auto Show, featuring the 6.4 L 392 Hemi V8 engine.

The 6.4 L 392 Hemi engine is also used in other Chrysler Group SRT vehicles such as the Dodge Charger and Challenger. With 470 hp, the new 300 SRT can go from 0 to 60 mi/h in the low 4-second range.

In addition to the increase in power, the SRT receives specific exterior trim including a lower front fascia, large exhaust tips, body-color instead of chrome trim, and 20-inch (508 mm) aluminum wheels. The car also gets a lowered, sportier suspension setup and a large Brembo brake package.

The 300 SRT (or SRT8) was discontinued for the 2015 model year in the United States, but continued to be sold in Australia and the Middle East. Many Australian police departments use the 300 SRT as a patrol/pursuit vehicle. The 300 SRT was sold in left and right-hand drive abroad. After a decade of falling sales in Australia, production of right-hand-drive versions ended in 2021.

Powertrain
The predecessors' 2.7 and 3.5 L engines were replaced with Chrysler's new 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine producing 292 hp and 260 lbft of torque. The 5.7 L Hemi V8 engine remained available with 363 hp. A 3.0 L VM Motori V6 turbodiesel is also available in Europe, and Australia.

Beginning with the 2012 model year, all V6 models were equipped with the 8-speed 845RE Chrysler Torqueflite automatic transmission, licensed from ZF Friedrichshafen.

 * Source for Lancia

Interior changes
Interior changes included a revised instrument panel with localized "soft-touch" materials, 8.4-inch Uconnect Touch, a new steering wheel and center console, and standard leather seating on all trim levels. Both seat-mounted and curtain-side airbags were standard.

2015 facelift
In late 2014, a facelift version of the 300 was introduced. This introduced new features such as:
 * Full speed range Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop
 * Full-Speed Forward Collision Warning (FCW) with Active Braking
 * Lane Departure Warning with Lane Keep Assist
 * Updated Uconnect Systems with Bluetooth and Voice Command
 * 7-inch electronic instrument cluster
 * TorqueFlite eight-speed automatic transmission
 * Restyled front and rear fascias
 * New 3-spoke steering wheel design
 * New black and silver mesh chrome grille

Marketing
As part of the 2011 Chrysler 300 advertising campaign, three TV commercials were produced. "Homecoming" featured Detroit Lions defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh driving through his rainy hometown of Portland, Oregon, in his new 2011 Chrysler 300, retracing his humble beginnings. "Attitude" featured John Varvatos seeking inspiration at a record store in Brooklyn taking a record under his arm and into his Chrysler 300. "Good Things" featured Dr. Dre driving through the streets of Los Angeles in a Beats by Dre equipped 2012 Chrysler 300.

The "See It Through"' TV commercial featured the Chrysler 300 and notable Detroit locals, including former Detroit Lion Ndamukong Suh and a poem written in 1917 by Edgar Guest titled "See It Through".

300S Turbine
At the Detroit Motor Show in 2013, Chrysler presented a 300S paying homage to the 1964 Chrysler Turbine. It was finished in two-tone bronze and black, with an over-chrome grille and a 22-inch wheel design reminiscent of the turbine motif.

Recall
In March 2024, Stellantis issued a voluntary recall on Dodge Charger and Chrysler 300 cars, between model years 2018 to 2021, the recall affected more than 284,000 cars. The recall relates to the side curtain airbag inflators, that some of the modules could rupture and send Shrapnel pieces into the vehicle, injuring the occupants.

Discontinuation
In 2022, Stellantis confirmed that the Chrysler 300 sedan would be discontinued after the 2023 model year due to poor sales and due to the company's plans to focus its future on electric vehicles rather than fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Stellantis would replace the Chrysler 300 with a Chrysler-badged all-electric vehicle previewed by the Chrysler Airflow EV concept.

Production ended December 8, 2023, with the final vehicle being a Velvet Red 300C.

Euro NCAP
The Lancia version was safety tested by Euro NCAP in autumn 2011 with the following results:

IIHS
The 2022 Chrysler 300 was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS):

title: Chrysler 300


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Yesteryear (Star Trek: The Animated Series)

"Yesteryear" is the second episode of the first season of the animated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Animated Series. It first aired in the NBC Saturday morning lineup on September 15, 1973, and was written by veteran Star Trek writer D. C. Fontana. Widely regarded as one of the best episodes of the series, it was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award. "Yesteryear" guest-starred Mark Lenard in the role of Spock's father, Sarek.

In this episode, Enterprise First Officer Spock must travel in time to his childhood and keep his younger self from dying and being replaced by an Andorian on his ship.

Plot
Captain Kirk and Spock return from a time-traveling research project they have been conducting with the use of the Guardian of Forever and Starfleet historians. When they emerge from the portal, no one on board the Federation starship Enterprise recognizes Spock. The ship's first officer is instead an Andorian, Commander Thelin.

In the new timeline, history has recorded that Spock died at age seven undergoing the Kahs-wan ordeal on Vulcan. However, Spock remembers that when he took the Kahs-wan, his life was saved by Selek - an adult relative - when a desert creature with poisonous claws called a le-matya attacked them. Kirk hypothesizes that Selek was actually a time-traveling Spock. While Kirk and Spock were in the portal, the Guardian and historians ran a scan of recent Vulcan history. The pair realize that as they were observing the birth of Orion at the time, Spock could not have been in two places at once to save himself as a child. Spock must go back through the time gate, and save the life of the child he was. Thelin is supportive of Spock's efforts despite their consequences on his own existence.

Spock assumes the identity of Selek, a distant cousin of Sarek, and is welcomed into the home of Sarek and Amanda Grayson. "Selek" journeys into the desert to find his younger self, and saves the boy. However, I Chaya - Spock's pet sehlat - is gravely wounded. The younger Spock runs to fetch a Healer. The Healer tends to I Chaya and informs Selek and Spock that it is too late for an antidote; he can only prolong I Chaya's life, during which he will be in pain from the poison, or euthanize him. Young Spock chooses the latter. By making this choice, Spock has thus chosen the Vulcan way of life - logic and emotional control - and his elder self, successful in repairing history, returns to the restored present day, but not before teaching his younger self how to perform the Vulcan nerve pinch in order to deal with some school bullies.

Production
The network, NBC, expressed concern about the episode's depiction of a pet being euthanized. However, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry approved of writer D. C. Fontana's handling of the issue, and since NBC had given Roddenberry full creative control of the series, they had little choice but to broadcast the episode as it was. The Animated Series' co-producer Lou Scheimer later said "Yesteryear" was "probably my favorite episode. It sent a message to kids to be positive in the face of death."

Broadcast
Los Angeles-area stations aired this episode as the series premiere, instead of "Beyond the Farthest Star", to avoid violating the United States' FCC's equal-time rule, because one of the voice actors in "Beyond the Farthest Star", George Takei, was running for public office at the time.

References in other media

 * Several concepts that first appeared in The Animated Series episode "Yesteryear", including the Forge and the city of ShiKahr, were later included in the Enterprise three-part story that started with "The Forge".
 * In the 2009 film Star Trek, young Spock is bullied by three fellow Vulcan students in the same manner as is seen happening in this episode.

Reception
"Yesteryear" was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Entertainment Children's Series.

The 2008 book Star Trek 101: A Practical Guide to Who, What, Where, and Why recognized writer D.C. Fontana's contributions to the Vulcan story, including her writing on "Journey to Babel" which further established the species. They also note that despite being planned for presentation as a children's cartoon, it has a sci-fi plot and emotional impact that ranks among the best of live-action Star Trek episodes.

"Yesteryear" was noted as one of the most celebrated episodes of the animated series, while also having some influence on later productions, and the fictional Vulcan city of ShiKahr which was featured in Star Trek: Enterprise.

The Guardian recommended this episode as one of six Star Trek episodes, out of all episodes of the franchise up to that time. They were impressed with the plot for what was basically a Saturday morning children's cartoon, remarking "Spock finds out that the timeline has been changed and he died as a child on Vulcan. He must go back in time to become the man who saved the younger version of himself." The Hollywood Reporter rated "Yesteryear" the 59th best Star Trek episode. SyFy ranked "Yesteryear" as the 15th best time travel plot in Star Trek. A Star Trek binge-watching guide by Den of Geek, recommended this episode as part of the "foundations of Star Trek" group. CBR ranked this episode the fourth best time-travel episode of all Star Trek. Noel Murray at The Verge called this an "episode to watch" with Star Trek: Discovery. Murray recognized Dorothy C. Fontana who wrote ten episodes of the original Star Trek, and recommended "Yesteryear" for both veteran and rookie Star Trek watchers. He noted how the cartoon medium allowed the depictions of aliens and expressions that would be difficult to replicate in a live-action show. Murray also praised Gene Roddenberry for maintaining a high quality in Star Trek merchandise such as comic books, and noted this episode for exploring the origins of the character Spock. Nerdist ranked this the 9th best time travel-themed episode of the Star Trek franchise (including later spin-offs).


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