text:
Ciao Darwin

Ciao Darwin is a variety game show format created and hosted by Paolo Bonolis (Stefano Magnaghi is the co-creator), and produced by the Italian mass media company Mediaset.

There are two competing teams of 50 people each, usually made up of people who fit certain opposing stereotypes. In each game, two members of the audience are selected at random, one from each team, indicated by a light in front of them which remains illuminated when all the other team members' lights have gone off. The games involve contestants competing in acts of skill, intelligence and general knowledge, with deliberately ridiculous results, trying to mimic the mechanism of natural selection theorized by Charles Darwin. Some of the games are designed to humiliate the contestants, especially an assault course which was introduced with the Italian version in 2010, and the Finale which is a water tank game.

At each round a score by a vote in the studio by the audience consisting of 300 people. The sum of points at the end of the various tests determines the team in the lead for the Finale.

Original italian version
In Italy it was aired on Canale 5 from 1998 until 2000, hosted by Italian celebrities Paolo Bonolis and Luca Laurenti, and it returned again in 2003, 2007, 2010, 2016, 2019 and 2023–2024.

Early rounds
The early round in the show consists of singing a song, a debate between the two teams, an intelligence test and a test of courage.

The Obstacle Course (Italian version from 2010)
In the Obstacle Course round, officially called Genodrome, five or six randomly selected contestants from each team have to make their way around an assault course consisting mainly of:

 * Crawling under nets, through cloth tubes or through elastic strings
 * Climbing over a slippery slope and slide
 * Crossing a pool by jumping onto unstable floating pontoons (series 6 & 7) or trying to dodge men in inflatable tubes (series 8)
 * Crossing another pool by leaping along padded horizontal rotating rollers (series 6 to 8) or jumping in and squeezing between vertical rollers (series 9)
 * Being carried across the pool by four further teammates (series 9)

Some contestants cannot make it up the slippery slope and are eliminated from the round. Points are awarded for each competitor who successfully gets to the end of the course, and further points are awarded if a further competitor who slides down a rope manages to attach themselves with Velcro to a target on a vertical wall.

In the Italian version in 2016, one variation is that fire hoses were played on the competitors as they try to cross the pontoons, and another variation involves them having to jump into the pool fully clothed and swim past the pontoons using inflatable rubber sharks as buoyancy aids.

The contestants are given trainer shoes, and elbow, knee and head protection. In series 6 to 8, they wore the outer garments they were wearing to the show over a short swimskin. In series 9, they are given a lifejacket for the pool-based part of the course but no swimskin, and remain fully dressed in the clothes they arrived in.

Almost all contestants get totally soaked in garments ranging from casual wear or fancy dress to expensive dresses or suits which are ruined by the water. The pools are approximately 1.3m deep and filled with cold water, and falling from the rollers resulted in total immersion.

The Fashion Show
This round consists of a fashion show featuring a number of competitors from each team dressed for different contexts: "daytime", "evening", "disco", "intimate male" and "intimate female".

The Finale
In the Finale, the two selected contestants sit in tanks that are filled with more water each time an incorrect answer is given (and, in the case of the Italian and Polish versions, each time the other contestant gives a correct answer). There are variations between the rules in the Italian, Romanian, Hungarian, Polish and Greek versions. The tank is cylindrical in shape in all but the Polish version, where it has flat sides. The tank is entered through a door in the back or side which is sealed when the game begins. The water rises by increments that are marked on the side of the tank (except in Poland). The number of these varies:

 * Italy – six – the loser is the first tank to be filled to the sixth level
 * Romania – ten – the loser is the first who cannot remain seated and hold their breath underwater, which usually happens after level 8 or 9
 * Hungary – nine – the loser is the first who cannot remain seated and hold their breath underwater, which usually happens after level 8
 * Poland and Greece – five - the loser is the first who cannot remain seated and hold their breath underwater, which usually happens after level 4

As with the Obstacle Course round, the contestants remain fully dressed and participate in the clothes that they were already wearing to the show, although they are allowed to take off their shoes (except in the Romanian version) and their jewellery (except in the Italian version).

The tanks are filled with an initial amount of water determined by the relative scores of the competing teams (usually one increment for every 50 points difference). Normally this is between one and three increments. In theory, it would be possible to answer all questions correctly and go away with just wet feet. In practice, however, the water level rises to at least chest height.

There have been some other strange variations, such as two people from the same team sitting together in the tank, contestants blindfolded, creatures like toads, snakes and ducks added, and dyed or foamy water being used. In all but the Hungarian version, contestants are given a snorkel to help them breathe, although this is seldom used. In the Hungarian and Polish versions, the rule about remaining seated is strictly enforced, and this often leads to the fully clothed contestants being totally under the water by the end.

The voice commentary in the official promotional video for the Ciao Darwin franchise states "each week a winner emerges triumphant, and the loser is left all wet", suggesting that they are not offered a dry change of clothes to go home.

International versions
The format created in Italy has been sold in various countries around the world. The international rights are distributed by Distraction Formats.

title: Ciao Darwin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chung Ling Record

Similar to Wan Ling Record. This was contributed by a user who was only around for one day and added only quotes. This article consists entirely of, not surprisingly, a series of quotes. - Nat Krause 14:18, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. It's a name of some Buddhist text and this looks like a collection of quotes from it. I would be glad if Wikipedia had articles about Buddhist texts but they should be in encyclopedic style. Not collections of quotes without any explanation. Andris 14:52, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:M.R.Forrester

Proposed deletion of Septwolves (clothing)

The article Septwolves (clothing) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not meet notability criteria, no significant coverage found"

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Bury
Hi Sam. Thanks for clearing the vandalism on my Bury page. This goon has hit us before. Only he can find this banality funny. Just wondering, why don't you just go back and save the oldest non-vandalised revision, instead of working your way through each of his edits? Derbydave 13:28, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't realize it was possible. Do you get a diff on the current and last good versions, and then undo current version? Also, it's Matt, not Sam - I've just changed my sig to make that clearer). Matt's talk 22:57, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi Matt. No. Just look at the history list and open the version before the vandal hit. There's a big warning at the top saying it's an older version. Then click to edit it. Save it. Leave a line that begins "rv" (short for reverted vandalism) and a brief comment about what you've done. Simple. Hope this helps. Derbydave 19:45, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the useful advice! Matt's talk 22:23, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Beijing
Hey ! I'm currently planning the launch of the WikiProject Beijing, depending on if enough other editors would be interested in such a project. I saw you have edited the main Beijing page recently or in several times in the past and therefor might be interested. If you are, please sign: User:Poeloq/WikiProject_Beijing. As I am posting this to quite a few editors, I am not watching your page and would ask you to reply with any comment or questions on my talk page. Cheers, Poeloq (talk) 21:31, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

National Cancer Survivors Day
I have added more references to the article, including a list from the Department of Health which shows the countries involved. I hope this is sufficient, and I should have added the reference earlier, thank you for brining it to my attention! Scapler (talk) 22:19, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
 * After looking over your recommendations and support, I have changed the page to reflect what you have pointed out. I suppose I just made the process longer by reverting your edits, but consensus drives everything, and (the miracle of Wikipedia) works! I must say, I am not an inexperienced editor, but this is the second time this week that I have been humbled. Thank you for improving the page. Cheers! [[Image:718smiley.svg|50px]] Scapler (talk) 22:42, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

SM Lifestyle Center
I might have misread something, yeah. Anyway, it would've been a no consensus keep anyway, the dang thing got relisted 12 times. :-P Seriously, I'd give it the benefit of the doubt considering I can't read Chinese. Ten Pound Hammer and his otters • (Broken clamshells • Otter chirps • HELP) 15:24, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Li Yong
Thanks for notifying me - I have stubbed Li Yong the polition at (guess where) Li Yong (politician). I'll try to expand this article to at least DYK status and any help would be appreciated. ~ the editorofthewiki  ( talk / contribs / editor review ) ~ 01:29, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for the barnstar!!! Yes, I feel honoured to be addressed by Arilang as "Teacher". ☺ Coppertwig(talk) 13:25, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Christ Church, Wharton
You may be interested in the new stub for CCW: []

These sections are needed to bring it in line with other entries for Cheshire churches:

1 History 2 Structure 3 Fittings and furnishings 4 External features 5 Notes --Rhodian (talk) 18:34, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Chinese languages/dialects
I noticed you had contributed in the past to discussions on the Chinese languages/dialects. If you have time, please take a look at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_%28Chinese%29 and offer your opinion. Colipon+(T) 23:41, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

But, but, but, but... :)
Thanks for the link! I guess I figured you couldn't use any of the conjunctions at the start of a sentence. But, I didn't realize how often it occurred in literature. And, I did find the Sino-British relations article interesting. I got there from that current events article, but I stayed with the interesting history of Hong Kong. Pretty cool stuff. Viennaiswaiting (talk) 19:58, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

IBT
Found a source for David Jang founding International Business Times: .(user:mercurywoodrose)99.14.218.50 (talk) 21:26, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Public holidays in Mainland China -> Public holidays in China
I have put in a request to undo this move as above. The common name of the country is China so that's all that's needed in the title. The formal name is the People's Republic of China but consensus is recent discussions has been to prefer China for article titles to do with the country. 'Mainland China' is even less appropriate – it's used in very few places, mostly in Greater China e.g. Hong Kong, Taiwan and when discussing them, but not generally or widely.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 04:24, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

French lesions
Don't Leave us on tenterhooks. How did your language tutorial  go? --Aspro (talk) 21:24, 1 November 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Cobra
Deferring to you on this... I guess I'm just an American out of the loop, because until today I'd have though this was a Captain America thing :) GorillaWarfare (talk) 05:22, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm equally clueless about Captain America! "COBRA" for the meeting is recent journospeak that has yet to make it into standard dictionaries and the usage isn't obvious. Matt's talk 01:24, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Draft:European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19 (Gibraltar)
Draft:European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19 (Gibraltar), a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19 (Gibraltar) and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Draft:European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19 (Gibraltar) during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. 87.102.116.36 (talk) 22:02, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

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Re: Refdesk: Humanities edit
Hello, I see that another editor has reinstated my removal. The user who posted the rambling comment is banned from editing anywhere on Wikipedia. Best wishes, --Viennese Waltz 11:59, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

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Svobodny, Amur Oblast
Please add references for the info you added. - Altenmann >talk 22:06, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:M.R.Forrester


text:
Common scold

In the common law of crime in England and Wales, a common scold was a type of public nuisance—a troublesome and angry person who broke the public peace by habitually chastising, arguing, and quarrelling with their neighbours. Most punished for scolding were women, though men could be found to be scolds.

The offence, which carried across in the English colonisation of the Americas, was punished by fines and public humiliation: dunking (being arm-fastened into a chair and dunked into a river or pond); parading through the street; being put in the scold's bridle (branks) or the stocks. Selling bad bread or bad ale was also punished in these ways in some parts of England in medieval centuries.

None of the physical punishments is known to have been administered (such as by magistrates) since an instance in 1817 that involved a wheeling through the streets. Washington D.C. authorities imposed a fine against a writer against clerics, declared a common scold, in 1829. The offence and punishment were abolished in England and Wales in 1967, and formally in New Jersey in 1972.

Medieval England
The offence of scolding developed from the late Middle Ages in England. A British historian suggests attempts to control and punish 'bad speech' increased after the Black Death, when demographic shift led to greater resistance and threats to the status quo. This included prosecutions for scolding. Scolds were described using Latin terms, including objurgator, garulator, rixator and litigator, found in masculine and feminine forms (objurgatrix, etc.) in medieval legal records and all referring to negative forms of speech, chatter, quarrelling or reproachment. These offences were commonly presented and punished in manorial or borough courts that governed the behaviour of peasants and townspeople across England; with a scarce few to the parish vestry. The most common punishment was a fine.

Some historians write of scolding and bad speech coded as feminine offences by the late medieval period. Women of all marital statuses were prosecuted for scolding. Those married featured most often—widows were rarely labelled scolds. In places such as Exeter scolds were typically poorer women—elsewhere scolds could include members of the local elite. Women who were also charged with matters such as violence, nightwandering, eavesdropping, flirting or adultery were also likely to be labelled scolds. People were in some parts frequently labelled 'common scolds', indicating the impact of their behaviour and speech on a community. Karen Jones identified 13 men prosecuted for scolding in Kent's secular courts, compared to 94 women and 2 couples.

Many of the male minority convicted were co-accused with their wives. In 1434, Helen Bradwall (wife of Peter Bradwall), scolded Hugh Welesson and his wife Isabel in Middlewich, calling Isabel a "child murderer" and Hugh a "skallet [wretched] knave". Isabel and Hugh also scolded Helen, calling her a "lesyng blebberer" (lying blatherer). All parties were fined for the offences—Hugh and Isabel: jointly. Like women, male scolds were often accused of many other offences, such as fornication, theft, illegal trading, and assault.

Later punishments of scolding
Later legal treatises reflect the dominance of scolding as a charge levied against women. In the Commentaries on the Laws of England, Blackstone outlines the offence:

"Lastly, a common scold, communis rixatrix, (for our law-latin confines it to the feminine gender) is a public nuisance to her neighbourhood. For which offence she may be indicted; and, if convicted, shall be sentenced to be placed in a certain engine of correction called the trebucket, castigatory, or cucking stool, which in the Saxon language signifies the scolding stool; though now it is frequently corrupted into ducking stool, because the residue of the judgment is, that, when she is so placed therein, she shall be plunged in the water for her punishment."

This ascribes the shift to ducking stool to a folk etymology. Other writers disagree with this: the Domesday Book notes the use of a form of cucking stool at Chester as a cathedra stercoris, a "dung chair", whose punishment apparently involved exposing the sitter's buttocks to onlookers. This seat served to punish not only scolds, but also brewers and bakers who sold bad ale or bread, whereas the ducking stool dunked its victim into the water.

French traveller and writer Francois Maximilian Misson recorded the means used in England in the early 18th century:

"The way of punishing scolding women is pleasant enough. They fasten an armchair to the end of two beams twelve or fifteen feet long, and parallel to each other, so that these two pieces of wood with their two ends embrace the chair, which hangs between them by a sort of axle, by which means it plays freely, and always remains in the natural horizontal position in which a chair should be, that a person may sit conveniently in it, whether you raise it or let it down. They set up a post on the bank of a pond or river, and over this post they lay, almost in equilibrio, the two pieces of wood, at one end of which the chair hangs just over the water. They place the woman in this chair and so plunge her into the water as often as the sentence directs, in order to cool her immoderate heat."

The ducking stool, rather than being fixed by the water, could be mounted on wheels to allow the convict to be paraded through the streets before punishment was carried out. Another method of ducking was to use the tumbrel: a chair on two wheels with two long shafts fixed to joining axles. This would be pushed into the water and the shafts would be released, tipping the chair up backwards and ducking the occupant.

A scold's bridle, known in Scotland as a brank, consists of a locking metal mask or head cage that contains a tab that fits in the mouth to inhibit talking. Some have claimed that convicted common scolds had to wear such a device as a preventive or punitive measure. Legal sources do not mention them in the context. Anecdotes report their use as a public punishment.

In 17th-century New England and Long Island, scolds or those convicted of similar offences—men and women—could be sentenced to stand with their tongue in a cleft stick, a more primitive but easier-to-construct version of the bridle—alternatively, to the ducking stool.

Prosecutions

A plaque on the Fye Bridge in Norwich, England, claims to mark the site of a "cucking" stool, and that from 1562 to 1597 strumpets (flirtatious or promiscuous young women) and common scolds suffered dunking there. In the Percy Anecdotes, published pseudonymously by Thomas Byerley and Joseph Clinton Robertson in 1821–1823, the authors state that "How long the ducking-stool has been in disuse in England does not appear." The Anecdotes also suggest penological ineffectiveness as grounds for the stool's disuse; the text relates the 1681 case of a Mrs. Finch, who had received three convictions and duckings as a common scold. On her fourth conviction, the King's Bench declined to dunk her again, ordering a fine of three marks and jail until payment took place.

The Percy Anecdotes also quote a pastoral poem by John Gay (1685–1732), who wrote that:

and a 1780 poem by Benjamin West, who wrote that:

While these literary sources do not prove that the punishment still took place, they do provide evidence that it had not been forgotten.

In The Queen v Foxby, 6 Mod. 11 (1704), counsel for the accused stated that he knew of no law for the dunking of scolds. Lord Chief Justice John Holt of the Queen's Bench apparently pronounced this error, for he announced that it was "better ducking in a Trinity, than a Michaelmas term", i.e. better carried out in summer than in winter. The tenor of Holt's remarks suggests that he found the punishment a rare or dead local custom seen by the sovereign's court as risible.

The last recorded uses of ducking stool were
 * a Mrs. Ganble at Plymouth (1808)
 * Jenny Pipes, a "notorious" scold from Leominster (1809)
 * Sarah Leeke (1817) from Leominster was sentenced to be ducked but the water in the pond was so low that the authorities merely wheeled her round the town in the chair.

In 1812, federal enforcement of common law offences was held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in United States v. Hudson and Goodwin. Nevertheless, in 1829, a Washington, D.C., court found the American anti-clerical writer Anne Royall guilty of being a common scold, the outcome of a campaign launched by local clergymen. A traditional "engine" for intended punishment was built by sailors at the Navy Yard. The court ruled the punishment of the ducking-stool obsolete and instead imposed a fine of ten dollars.

Current status of the law
Counsel in Sykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions [1962] AC 528 said he could find no cases for more than a century and described the offence as "obsolete". Section 13(1)(a) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 abolished it.

The common law offence endured in New Jersey until struck down in 1972 by Circuit Judge McCann who found it had been subsumed in the provisions of the Disorderly Conduct Act of 1898, was bad for vagueness and offended the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution for sex discrimination. It was opined that, the punishment of ducking could amount to a corpor(e)al punishment, in which case was unlawful under the New Jersey Constitution of 1844 or since 1776.

In the United States, many states have laws restricting public profanity, excessive noise, and disorderly conduct. None of these laws carry the distinctive punishment originally reserved for the common scold, nor are they gender-centric as the offence was.

title: Common scold


text:
S. Lane Faison

Samson Lane Faison, Jr. (November 16, 1907 – November 11, 2006) was an American art historian, professor, and director of the Williams College Museum of Art. He was one of the famed "Monuments Men" in World War II.

Early life
Faison was born in Washington, D.C., to Eleanor Sowers and Samson L. Faison in 1907. His father was a West Point graduate and a general in World War I. Lane had one sibling, a younger sister named Eleanor. A boyhood trip to France that included a chance visit to Chartres Cathedral awakened a passion for art and inspired his future career.

He was himself trained at Williams (class of 1929) by Karl E. Weston, who inspired an earlier generation of art scholars in the 1920s. During the 1930s, after receiving an M.A. from Harvard (1930) and an MFA from Princeton (1932), he was a very close assistant to French visiting scholars at Yale, Marcel Aubert and Henri Focillon. He translated into English the major work of Focillon, La vie des formes (The Life of Forms in Art, New York, Wittenborn, Schultz, 1948).

Career
Faison later headed the Williams College art history department from 1940 to 1969 and directed the Williams College Museum of Art from 1948 to 1976.

While directing the Williams College Museum of Art and art history department, Faison made it his mission to inspire interest in art history among students at Williams College. Dramatically expanding the museum's collections, especially in contemporary art, Faison encouraged his students to see the compatibility of their art historical studies with all aspects of their lives as Williams students, from their fraternity parties to their English literature classes. Many of his students began their freshman year at Williams planning to become doctors, lawyers, and investment bankers, but, upon graduation, found themselves turning to the art world due to Faison's inspirational pedagogy. Adding a new Art Studio curriculum to what was then Williams's "Fine Arts" department, Faison emphasized learning by doing and developed the emphasis on visual analysis of shape, color, and form that has become the most distinctive element of the college's Art History sequence.

In 2004, he told the New York Times:

"I always stressed two things. One has to do with the connection of art to history, with the fact that every work of art was done somewhere and some when, and that this is very important to understand. The other side has to do with the medium of art, which is quite different from the subject. What we're talking about is color and shape. You'd be surprised at the number of people who come to Williams, and I think this is generally true of American students, with absolutely no idea of what the word 'shape' means or what you can do with it and why it's important. They have easily mastered the medium of language, but many of them know very little about the medium of art."

Several of his students went on to direct major museums including Earl A. Powell III of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Glenn D. Lowry of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, James N. Wood of the Getty Trust and Art Institute of Chicago, and Thomas Krens of the Guggenheim Museum in New York.

Monuments Man
Faison was a Navy Reservist during World War II, attaining the rank of lieutenant commander. In 1945 he was posted to the Office of Strategic Services' Art Looting Investigation Unit. He wrote the official top-secret report (see selected publications) on Adolf Hitler's collection of stolen art. Five years later, he supervised the return of stolen art under the direction of the Department of State to major European cities such as Vienna and Paris. In 1952, he was awarded a Chevalier of French Legion of Honour for his service. Faison wrote as art critic for The Nation from 1951 to 1955.

Selected publications

 * Faison, S. L., & United States. (1945). Hermann Voss. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Office of Strategic Services, Art Looting Investigation Unit.
 * Faison, S. L., & United States. (1945). Linz: Hitler's museum and library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Office of Strategic Services, Art Looting Investigation Unit.

Personal
In 1935 he married Virginia Weed (d. 1997), a native of Savannah and graduate of Smith College. They had four sons: Gordon Lane (b. 1937), George Weston (b. 1940), Christopher Maury (b. 1944), and Samson Lane III (b. 1947).

S. Lane Faison, Jr. died on November 11, 2006, in Williamstown, Massachusetts, five days shy of his 99th birthday

title: S. Lane Faison


text: User talk:80.218.3.188

title: User talk:80.218.3.188


text:
User talk:BlairZajac

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 14:36, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:BlairZajac


text:
Termagant

In the Middle Ages, Termagant or Tervagant was the name given to a god which European Christians believed Muslims worshipped.

The word is also used in modern English to mean a violent, overbearing, turbulent, brawling, quarrelsome woman; a virago, shrew, vixen. In the past, the word could be applied to any person or thing personified, not just a woman.

Origin of the concept
European literature from the Middle Ages often referred to Muslims as pagans, with sobriquets such as "the paynim foe". These depictions were thought as to represent Muslims worshipping Muhammad along with various idols (cult images), ranging from Apollyon to Lucifer, but their deity was typically named Termagant. In some writings, such as the eleventh-century The Song of Roland, this was combined to create an "unholy Trinity" of sorts composed of Apollyon, Baphomet, and Termagant.

The origin of the name Termagant is unknown, and does not seem to derive from any actual aspect of Muslim belief or practice, however wildly distorted. In the 19th century, Walter William Skeat speculated that the name was originally "Trivagante", meaning "thrice wandering", a reference to the moon, because of the Islamic use of crescent moon imagery. Joseph T. Shipley argues that it evolved from the Italian Trivigante and became confused with, meaning "boaster," derived from Hermes Trismegistus. Leo Spitzer argues that Tervagant, like several other names ending in -ant from the Matter of France (e.g. Baligant and Morgant), is an "occitanization" of a vulgar Latin present participle created by Old French poets for exotic effect. He proposes as its etymon terrificans ("terrifying"), appropriate for a god. Alternately, Aleksander Gieysztor derives the name from the Slavic deity Triglav, with the name having spread west into French-speaking lands.

Termagant in literature
Whatever its origins, "Termagant" became established in the West as the supposed name of the principal idol supposedly worshipped by Saracens, being regularly mentioned in chivalric romances and chansons de geste. The spelling of the name varies considerably (Tervigant, Tervagant, Tarvigant, etc.).

In Occitan literature, the troubadour Austorc d'Aorlhac refers to Bafomet and Termagant (Tervagan) side by side in one sirventes, referring also to the latter's "companions".

In the 15th-century Middle English romance Syr Guy of Warwick, a Sultan swears an oath by Termagant

In The Chanson de Roland, the Saracens, having lost the battle of Roncesvalles, desecrate their "pagan idols" (lines 2589–90) including Tervagan

Tervagant is also a statue worshipped by the "king of Africa" in the Jean Bodel play in Old French after the end of the Third Crusade (c.1200), Le jeu de saint Nicolas.

In the Sowdone of Babylone, the sultan makes a vow to Termagaunte(lines 135–40):
 * Of Babiloyne the riche Sowdon,
 * Moost myghty man he was of moolde;
 * He made a vowe to Termagaunte:
 * Whan Rome were distroied and hade myschaunce,
 * He woolde turne ayen erraunte
 * And distroye Charles, the Kinge of Fraunce.

In Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, "Sir Thopas" (supposed to be told by Chaucer himself on the pilgrimage) is a parody of these chivalric romances. In the tale, a knight giant named "Sir Oliphaunt" is made to swear an oath by Termagant.

In Herman Melville's Mardi (Chapters 25, 26, 28), Samoa's wife Annatoo is described as a Termagant, and metaphorically referred to as Antonina (wife of Belisarius) to Samoa's Belisarius. Explaining why she had no need of the armaments on the ship, Melville writes "Her voice was a park of artillery; her talons a charge of bayonets." (Chapter 23.)

Ludovico Ariosto used the form Trivigante.

It has been claimed that Termagant became a stock character in medieval mystery plays but another source denies this. In the theatre, Termagant was usually depicted as a turbanned creature who wore a long, Eastern style gown. As a stage-villain, he would rant at and threaten the lesser villains who were his servants and worshipers.

"Termagant" as a ranting bully and a shrewish woman
As a result of the theatrical tradition, by Shakespeare's day the term had come to refer to a bullying person. Henry IV, part 1 contains a reference to "that hot termagant Scot". In Hamlet, the hero says of ham actors that "I would have such a fellow whipped for o'er-doing Termagant, it out-Herods Herod". Herod, like Termagant, was also a character from medieval drama who was famous for ranting. Beaumont and Fletcher's play, A King and No King, contains the line "This would make a saint swear like a soldier, and a soldier like Termagant."

Mainly because of Termagant's depiction in long gowns, and given that female roles were routinely played by male actors in Shakespearean times, English audiences got the mistaken notion that the character was female, or at least that he resembled a mannish woman. As a result, the name "termagant" came increasingly to be applied to a woman with a quarrelsome, scolding quality, a sense that it retains today. This was a well established usage by the late 17th century. Thomas Shadwell's play The Squire of Alsatia (1688) contains a character called Mrs Termagant who is out for revenge on one of the other characters, and is described as a "furious, malicious, and revengeful woman; perpetually plaguing him, and crossing him in all his designs; pursuing him continually with her malice, even to the attempting of his life." Arthur Murphy's play The Upholsterer (1758) also contains a female character called "Termagant". In Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" (1819), Dame Van Winkle is described as a "termagant wife". "Virago", "fishwife" and "shrew" are near synonyms for "termagant" in this sense. In season 2 of Westworld, Major Craddock calls Dolores a termagant.

The term is still sometimes used of men. In 2008, the Australian politician Kim Beazley labelled opponent Tony Abbott a termagant.

title: Termagant


text:
Eva Köhler

Eva Luise Köhler ( Bohnet; born 2 January 1947) is the wife of former German president Horst Köhler and as such, was sometimes referred to by the media as the "First Lady" during her husband's presidency.

Education and career
She completed her Abitur in Ludwigsburg in 1966, and studied History, Germanistics and Religion. She then became a teacher of German. Eva Köhler was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 1972 to 1990 as she advocated Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik and participated in local politics. She left the SPD because she disliked the politics of Oskar Lafontaine.

Personal life
Eva and Horst Köhler have two children, Ulrike (born 1972) and Jochen (born 1977).

Foreign honours

 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 March 2006)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania : Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (19 October 2005)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (2 March 2009)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands : Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (2007)

title: Eva Köhler


text:
Okapi MPV

The Okapi is a 6×6 mine-protected vehicle (MPV) which can be configured for use in various roles: command and control, fire control post or specialized anti-mine equipment carrier.

Variants

 * Command and control
 * Fire control
 * Biological detection
 * Electronic warfare

Operators

 * South Africa

title: Okapi MPV


text:
Talk:Dntel

Untitled
Tiny Mix Tapes: First and foremost, how exactly do you pronounce Dntel? And is there meaning behind the name? Tamborello: It’s pronounced din-tell. I made up the name a long time ago and it just seemed like a good electronic name. I thought about changing it before this new album but I couldn’t think of anything so I just made up a meaning for dntel. So it’s supposed to be short for "don’t tell"- like a more technologically efficient expression of intimacy. I know it’s a stretch.

Pronounciation information for a future article. :-) - Omegatron 14:43, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

_____________

I can't believe David hasn't made a Figurine page yet...Surely he's seen this! Should I? - Bad Juju

_____________

I reverted a recent change in which din-tell was changed to den-tell. The discussion above, along with a radio interview on KCRW, pronounces it din-tell. Also, go ahead and make a Figurine page, I'll help! - Arek

_____________

Why isn't there a Jimmy Tamborello Page? I was surprised to be forwarded here. You guys have his 'real name' as Jimmy Tamborello, when in fact his 'real' name is (James Scott Tamborello). - insaneses

_____________

Does Tamborello consider Dntel Experimental Dream Pop? or Indietronic Does Tamborello only play in indietronic rooted bands? What does each of his bands fall under for genre's?

Please merge this into this article
Per this AfD, the following needs to be merged into the article:

Antihouse is an ambient techno production duo, based in Goleta, California. The duo includes Jimmy Tamborello, later a member of The Postal Service and known as Dntel. This was his first musical group. The duo's discography includes experiments 1-5, and "live at Deep Groove".

Thanks, Ian Manka Talk to me! 19:26, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

_____________

PLEASE RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION: I'm considering making a James Tamborello page aside from his career as Dntel, along with a James Figurine page, as he has recently released an album as James Figurine. Should I separate Dntel into James Tamborello, James Figurine, and Dntel? Would just James Tamborello and Dntel be sufficient with the James Figurine album being placed in the James Tamborello page?

 * Yes, that's exactly what I was going to suggest as well. Although I think you should have three pages: James/Jimmy Tamborello, Dntel and James Figurine. The first could list up all his projects (including Postal Service and Figurine) and contain a personal biography of the man, while the latter two could just be facts about the project and all EPs/LPs/singles released under the project name. --Tego156 22:41, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, all the info on james should be on his own named page and not one of his musical project pages. A.Grace 21:53, 11 October 2006 (UTC). Also I am pretty sure that James Scott Tamborello is more commonly known as James Figurine??

Dntel song featured in Cadillac commercial
Not sure if it's of merit, but one of his songs was in a Caddy commercial aired during the Super Bowl

"His father" ... "He"
The History section talks about his mother as an actress and a couple of her films. Then it mentions his father as a songwriter. The article immediately states that "He recorded an album under the pseudonym Antihouse in 1993, and released it in 1994. He began work on the first Dntel EP in 1994, which was not released until later...."

I'm reasonably certain that the "He" before "Antihouse" refers to James/Dntel, but the way it reads one would expect it to be a reference to his father. 98.202.125.252 (talk) 03:41, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Dntel - Old German dialect?
The article states that ""dntel" also means train car in old german dialect." I'm German and I know of no such word. What dialect is that supposed to be? Unless anyone finds proof for that, I'd like to delete it. - Vivness (talk) 12:46, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

I second this. German and never heard of it. Deleting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.67.60.49 (talk) 22:18, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

What does it mean that he is a co-programmer?
Is this computer programmer or something else?

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title: Talk:Dntel


text:
City of Swan

The City of Swan is a local government area of Western Australia. It is in the eastern metropolitan region of Perth and includes the Swan Valley and 42 suburbs. It is centred approximately 20 km north-east of the Perth central business district. The City covers an area of 1,042 km2 (which is 19.4% of the Perth Metro area) and had an estimated population of 155,653 in 2020.

32.7% of the City of Swan population was born overseas, compared with 36.1% for Greater Perth.

The largest non-English speaking country of birth in the City of Swan was India, where 3.1% of the population, or 4,163 people, were born.

History
The City of Swan was formed on 20 February 1970 as the Shire of Swan with the amalgamation of the Shire of Swan-Guildford and the Town of Midland. It assumed its current name when it gained city status on 25 April 2000.

On 1 July 2016 the portion of Noranda north of Widgee Road was transferred to the City of Bayswater.

Wards
The City of Swan is divided into 5 wards, most of which have three Councillors:

 * Altone Ward (3 Councillors)
 * Midland/Guildford Ward (3 Councillors)
 * Pearce Ward (4 Councillors)
 * Swan Valley/Gidgegannup Ward (2 Councillors)
 * Whiteman Ward (3 Councillors)

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of Swan with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census: ( * indicates suburb partially located within City)

Heritage-listed places
, 676 places are heritage-listed in the City of Swan, of which 317 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them the Garrick Theatre, Guildford Grammar School Chapel and the Midland Railway Workshops.

title: City of Swan


text: Wikipedia:Historical archive/Logs/Offline reports/This is one of the shortest articles


text:
User talk:Gdansk1308

Can't you just stick to one user account? Halibutt 14:45, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Massacre of Gdansk, 13 November 1308 has been moved from Gdansk to History of Gdansk page. Keep up you work. PolishPoliticians 23:38, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gdansk1308


text:
List of geological features on Ida and Dactyl

This is a list of named geological features on asteroid 243 Ida and its moon, Dactyl.

Regiones
Idaean regiones (geologically distinct areas) are named after the discoverer of the asteroid, and the places where he worked.

Craters
Idaean craters are named after famous caves.

Dactyl
Dactylian craters are named after the mythological Dactyls.


text:
Town of Victoria Park

The Town of Victoria Park is a local government area of Western Australia. It covers an area of 17.62 km² in metropolitan Perth, the capital of Western Australia. It had a population of approximately 35,000 as at the 2016 census.

It lies on the southern side of the Swan River, to the south-east of the Perth CBD, and is connected to Fremantle and South Perth via Canning Highway; to the Perth CBD by Graham Farmer Freeway and The Causeway; to Belmont and Perth Airport by Great Eastern Highway and to Cannington by Shepperton Road and Albany Highway. The Perth–Armadale rail line passes through Burswood and forms the eastern boundaries of Lathlain and Carlisle.

The Town of Victoria Park is bounded on the east by the City of Belmont, on the south by the City of Canning on the west by the City of South Perth and on the north by City of Vincent and the City of Perth.

History
Victoria Park first had its own local government between 1894 and 1917. The Victoria Park Road District was established on 17 May 1894. The road district was reconstituted as the Municipality of Victoria Park on 30 April 1897, but was amalgamated into the City of Perth on 1 November 1917.

The modern Town of Victoria Park was established as the Town of Shepperton on 1 July 1994 as a result of the Government of Western Australia having decided to split up part of the City of Perth and create three new municipalities: the Town of Shepperton, Town of Vincent and the Town of Cambridge. The Town of Shepperton was renamed Victoria Park on 2 November 1994.

Wards
The town is divided into two wards along Shepperton Road, each with four councillors:

 * Banksia Ward (previously the Carlisle Ward)
 * Jarrah Ward (previously the Victoria Park Ward)

Councillors
The councillors for the Banksia Ward are:

 * Claire Anderson
 * Peter Devereux
 * Peter Melrosa
 * Lindsay Miles

The councillors for the Jarrah Ward are:

 * Jesse Hamer
 * Bronwyn Ife (Deputy Mayor)
 * Daniel Minson
 * Sky Croeser

Suburbs
The suburbs of the Town of Victoria Park with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

 * Notes:

Heritage-listed places
, 145 places are heritage-listed in the Town of Victoria Park, of which nine are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them the Burswood canal, Kent Street Senior High School and Victoria Park Post Office.

title: Town of Victoria Park


text:
Willie Martínez (baseball)

William José Martínez (born January 4, 1978) is a Venezuelan former relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Cleveland Indians in the 2000 season. Listed at 6' 2", 180 lb., Martínez batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Barquisimeto, Lara.

Martinez belongs to a group of ballplayers who at least secured a cup of coffee in the majors. He appeared in just one game with the Indians, allowing one earned run on one hit and one walk, striking out one hitter in three innings of work and did not have a decision.

title: Willie Martínez (baseball)


text:
User:Gdansk1308

Gdańsk 1308-2004 Memorial

title: User:Gdansk1308


text:
City of Vincent

The City of Vincent is a local government area of Western Australia. It covers an area of approximately 10.4 km2 in metropolitan Perth, the capital of Western Australia, and lies about 3 km from the Perth CBD. The City of Vincent maintains 139 km of roads and 104 ha of parks and gardens. It had a population of over 33,000 at the 2016 Census.

History
The City of Vincent is named after the street of that name that runs through it, which itself was believed to have been named by the chief draftsman in the Lands Department, George Vincent, after himself in about 1876. George Vincent was the recipient of the land on the north side of the street, east of Charles Street, in the first Crown grant of Perth.

In May 1895, the developing area that included Leederville and West Leederville was gazetted the Leederville Roads Board.

In 1895, the Leederville Roads Board became a municipality, and in April 1897 was divided into north, south and central wards. By this point the municipal population had reached more than one thousand people.

In 1914, the greater Perth movement led to the amalgamation of the municipalities of North Perth, Leederville and Perth (subsequently joined in 1917 by Victoria Park).

On 1 July 1994, the restructuring of the City of Perth by the Government of Western Australia created three new local governments: the Town of Vincent, the Town of Cambridge and the Town of Shepperton (now the Town of Victoria Park), plus a smaller City of Perth. It became the City of Vincent when it gained city status on 1 July 2011.

In 2014, a municipal reform proposal to abolish the City and split its territory between the City of Perth and the City of Stirling was countered with a proposal to amalgamate Vincent with Perth. Ultimately these negotiations failed and the reform process was abandoned, with no change to the boundaries of the City of Vincent.

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of Vincent with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
 * ( * indicates shared with City of Stirling)
 * ( ** indicates shared with City of Perth)
 * ( *** indicates shared with City of Stirling and City of Bayswater)

Sister cities
The City of Vincent has signed a friendship charter with the city of Prilep, in North Macedonia.

Heritage listed places
, 425 places are heritage-listed in the City of Vincent, of which 63 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them Perth Oval, East Perth Power Station and the Redemptorist Monastery.

title: City of Vincent


text:
Conflagration

A conflagration is a large fire. Conflagrations often damage human life, animal life, health, and/or property. A conflagration can begin accidentally or be intentionally created (arson). A very large fire can produce a firestorm, in which the central column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can cause casualties including deaths or injuries from burns, trauma due to collapse of structures and attempts to escape, and smoke inhalation.

Firefighting is the practice of extinguishing a conflagration, protecting life and property and minimizing damage and injury. One of the goals of fire prevention is to avoid conflagrations. When a conflagration is extinguished, there is often a fire investigation to determine the cause of the fire.

Causes and types
During a conflagration a significant movement of air and combustion products occurs. Hot gaseous products of combustion move upward, causing the influx of more dense cold air to the combustion zone. Sometimes, the influx is so intense that the fire grows into a firestorm.

Inside a building, the intensity of gas exchange depends on the size and location of openings in walls and floors, the ceiling height, and the amount and characteristics of the combustible materials.

 * Industrial conflagrations include fires at oil refineries, such as the 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire.
 * Wildfires are fires in forests or other undeveloped areas, and may grow into a conflagration.
 * An urban conflagration is defined as a "large, destructive fire that spreads beyond natural or artificial barriers; it can be expected to result in large monetary loss and may or may not include fatalities. An urban conflagration moves beyond a block and destroys whole sections of a city." Notable examples includes the Great Fire of Tartu in 1775, the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, and the Great Fire of Hamburg in 1842. The Camp Fire in Paradise, California in 2018 burned 18,000 structures and killed 85 people.
 * In some ships, a large uncontained fire may quickly lead to a ship conflagration.
 * The conflagration of a building is known as a structure fire.

Notable examples

title: Conflagration


text:
Talk:Anti-French sentiment in the United States/Archive 1

This page should really contain discussion of France's US support in the early days of the country. --12.207.74.63 16:05, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

you might want to mention that attempts in recent weeks at boycoitting french products have gone badly: one company campaigners tried to boycott turned out to be swiss; Danone isn't known to be french (because USians say it "Dan-1"), and no-one realised Vivendi owns chunks of Hollywood. You might also concentrate on real issues, like the threat of the US going against the UN.... sheesh, Uncle Ed, what have you been smoking tonight???? -- Tarquin 21:49 Mar 12, 2003 (UTC)

Dude! I had like no idea the US was going against the UN. Is it, like, going to invade itself? Ha, ha, ha! Like imagine battleships totally surrounding 46th St and 1st Ave from the East River (party on, dudes!), what a trip man!! --Surfer Dude 22:01 Mar 12, 2003 (UTC)

Ed, your brand of satire is almost as disrupting as that which it seeks to hold up. ever thought of performance art? ;-) -- Tarquin 22:07 Mar 12, 2003 (UTC)

Can we also mention the French rebuttal to "Cheese Eating Surrender Monkeys"? i.e. "Burger Eating War Monkeys". cferrero 09:58 Mar 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * how do they say it? Is des singes fromage-mangeant de capitulation even close??

--- I find the name "freedom fries" very appropriate. Because that's what happens when countries rush to war, hold prisoners without charge or trial and suspend human rights legislation because of external threats .... freedom fries. -- -- Chris Q 10:10 Mar 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * "War is Hell." -- General William Tecumseh Sherman

This article sucks. Unfortunately I'm not sure how to improve it without veering way off-topic. Just the same, it is certainly not NPOV to say that "anti-French sentiment is growing in the US" without also pointing out that anti-US sentiment is growing in most of the rest of the world - especially France, I presume. Similarly, it's fine to refer to the enormous help the French got from the UK, the USA, Canada and other countries during WW2, but it is misleading to do that and then not also mention the burden of fighting that the French took on in WW1 - a far greater burden than the US, let us note. Very convenient to forget this, no doubt. I thought of linking to World War I by way of adding balance - but then I remembered the dreadful bias that the present WW1 entry has: look at the final "end of the war" section - the entire thing is about the contribution of one particular relatively minor combatant, namely the USA, and almost completely ignores the far larger contribution of France and the UK, not to mention the British Commonwealth. Probably the best thing to do would be to delete the whole damn thing and start again, or, if we really want to do some proper Frog-bashing, move it to meta and we can all join in. Tannin 20:49 Mar 13, 2003 (UTC)

Indeed. I wonder, why is there no anti-Russia sentiment? they said they would veto too. I think one thing we do need is an article on thhe veto procedure in NATO. Apparently, the USA has used the veto more often than any other country. Yet when another country uses it, we get this. Underhand and pathetic. -- Tarquin 23:06 Mar 13, 2003 (UTC)

May I repeat how offended I feel by this article ? Or rather by the fact, it is quite a standalone article. As previously said, I feel not like entering myself in any war such as an anti-american sentiment with any of you (hum...though...). Still, for the past few days, each time I connect myself to the "nearly-american" wikipedia, I find this article or the french fries, or the freedom fries article in the top ten of my watch list, or in the recent changes. It is really beginning to get to my nose. User:anthere

 * First, for those of you that are feeling left out. THere alrady is an article on Anti-Americanism. How is this any different?
 * Second, shouldn't it be noted that the whole Freedom Fries thing is not entirely serious? As it is currently worded, it makes it sound like the silly Americans are taking a big stand against something they think will really hurt the French.. renaming French Fries, while the rest of the world laughs it off. In reality, theres only one or two cafeterias in Washington renaming the fries - although there may be a few mom and pop cafes around the country following their lead. But I've always seen it as a tongue-in-cheak jab at the "Frenchies", not a serious boycot of the word "French" on our menues. I can guarantee that most Americans see the French Fry thing as a joke - maybe even a gimmick - but nothing else. There is no serious effort to rename French Fries across the country, even if someone is trying - it won't succeed.

It probably ought to be made obvious in the external links that http://www.whitehouse.org is a satire site. -- IHCOYC 20:14 Mar 25, 2003 (UTC)

Since this article is about American anti-French sentiment, I'm moving it to a more specific title. -- Stephen Gilbert

This article should be expanded to cover not only the recent rash of anti-French sentiment in the US, but also historical anti-French attitudes in the US. This includes the wave of anti-French sentiment in the US after France's refusal to allow American bombers to fly over French territory to bomb Libya, anti-French sentiment during World War II, anti-Catholic sentiment in the strongly Protestant US (anti-papism going back hundreds of years), and the perception in the US and Israel that the French are (and historically have been) strongly anti-Semitic.

France has long been opposed to US hegemony in Europe. France withdrew from the NATO integrated military structure in 1966 and was widely condemned in the US (and indeed in the rest of NATO at the time). France has also been the driving force behind the European Union, which is seen in the US as France's attempt to dominate its smaller European neighbors.

Might also reference Kubrick's film Paths of Glory which was banned by France because of perceived anti-French sentiment. Chadloder 18:16 Apr 15, 2003 (UTC)

Since I feel this article is too focused on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, I've started a replacement article Temp:Anti-French sentiment in the United States. I will flesh it out as I have time. Feel free to contribute. Chadloder 18:35 Apr 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have no hard feeling with this idea of you of placing the anti-french sentiment in the us in a larger timeline, but...this stub article of you is imho very POV. Which is why I will put a neutrality notice on top of it. User:anthere

---

France's refusal to endorse the 2003 US plan to invade Iraq is something different from France threats to veto UN decisions. The anti french sentiment refered to in this article was clearly anterior to the french veto from a good bunch of weeks. -User:anthere

 * I don't understand you, or you don't understand me. There was "Anti-French sentiment in the United States" years ago, well before any sort of Iraq conflict was proposed.

 * of course. But right now, the article is mostly about recent events

But since the article starts with reference to the Iraq invasion, isn't that the specific "Anti-French sentiment in the United States" we are talking about?
 * If so, the question arises why the focus on the French when other nations (say Germany) were opposed as well? The reason is because France directly threatened a UN Veto, which signaled (from the US POV) a breakdown in the diplomatic process. If you don't mention the veto threat in the first sentence, you are missing the whole point of the US government's anger at France.

 * first, I don't think this article is focused on the US governement being angry toward France. It is more general

 * second, it is possible you did not follow well the past fall events. I assure you the anti-sentiment issue, and the resentement against France began "before" president Chirac stated France would veto. Several weeks before. I agree the veto was the final hit. But the resentment certainly started increasing several weeks before that point.

Or is there something you are trying to say that I misunderstood? -º¡º

Sorry for the coke. Believe it or not, I have never seen it in shops, or heard about it before today...I would be curious to know how much the sales of coca cola have decreased since it was launched. Clearly, this was not an commonly planned move by our embassy, but an isolated marketing plan by an entrepreneur who particularly focused on north african countries (heavy consumers of soft drinks - french prefer wine). -User:anthere

 * Coke? Huh? I don't know what you are talking about now. -º¡º

He's talking about the Mecca Cola. Someone put in something about "The French have not resorted to boycotting American goods" but I mentioned Mecca Cola which was launched in France. Anthere is pointing out that he's never heard of it and that it was not planned by the French embassy. To be honest, I live in the United States and I've never seen any Freedom Toast or Freedom Fries either, so I'm not sure what your point is, anthere. :) Chadloder 21:10 Apr 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * he is a she. I just tried to mention that French goods sales have strongly decreased in the US in the past months, as a result of american consumers volontarily boycotting french products, French people have not "particularly" tried to boycot american products. But sure enough, some entrepreners took the hint, especially to enter north african countries where anti-american sentiment is very strong. That was just a tentative to neutralize the article, just as it is indeed done in the anti-american article, but clearly, if neutralisation in the anti-american article is most welcome, this is not as obvious in this one.

-

media distraction has everything to do with this issue. See the example of Distraction by Scapegoat A combination of straw man and ad hominem, in which your weakest opponent (or easiest to discredit) is considered as your only important opponent. Example: If many countries are opposed to our actions, but one of them (say, France) is obviously acting out of self-interest, mention mostly France.

I have asked in certain spots for the writers of this article to give specific examples of their claims. It will make the article stronger. Kingturtle 21:18 Apr 16, 2003 (UTC)

I tried removing this once:

it is possible that the concentration of the U.S. media on France is an example of media distraction.

And it was re-added. I reject it completely. Could it be maybe that the Americans are actually upset at the French more than the Russians because the French have historically been supportive of the US (while they expect opposition from the Russians)? No, of course not! It's got to be media distraction!

There are a lot of possibilities (read "suspicions") harbored by lots of different people. It is also possible that the CIA is controlling the American media with the help Elvis and some aliens from a distant galaxy. Should we add that as well? Also, did I miss out on the introduction of the term media distraction into the English language? Is this a Chomsky invention? Chadloder 21:19 Apr 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * Then add all the other possibilities, as well as Elvis and aliens. As for the media distraction term, it was accepted by several wikipedians. If you disagree with it, you might check Censorship in the United States

 * (1) The accepted meaning of NPOV is that we do not have to grant credence to fringe beliefs, such as Elvis or Aliens.

 * or rather, mention it as a very very very very very uncommon belief

 * (2) The entire 'Media distraction thread only entered wikipedia two days ago, so the fact that it hasn't been booted out of censorship yet doesn't mean anything. I suppose that we should take this to Talk:Media distraction -º¡º

--

The French official quoted in the article sums it up best....to paraphrase: We are busy dealing with potential war here; I don't have time to give thought or response to a question about potatoes. Within her answer lies the same point as media distraction. Kingturtle 21:39 Apr 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * eh, quite true. Except here, there is a name given to the idea, plus a link to a relevant article. he ! this said, have you thought of looking at the current content of the french embassy in US web site. ant

What then, precisely, is the nature of the media distraction alleged by anthere to be happening in American media? Using the word distraction implies that the media is focusing on relationships between America and France to the exclusion of something more important. So tell me -- what is American media not focusing on that they should be focusing on, in your view? The whole concept of censorship implies that there exists an event or a point of view that should be getting coverage (or more coverage), but isn't. And if it's not censorship, but merely distraction, what are we supposedly being distracted from? Chadloder 01:54 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Does this belong here or Talk:Media distraction? -º¡º

 * It belongs here IMHO. The author of this article states that American media's focus on France is an example of media distraction. That's a POV statement which assumes the media is trying to censor or obscure something by focusing on France. I also happen to disagree with the statement and I wonder how much American media anthere really watches? Chadloder 19:44 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

I see no problem with your comment about it being a pov statement, as the article precisely mention while others claim possible that the concentration of the U.S. media on France is an example of media distraction. As it written, it is perfectly taking into account not everybody agree with that statement.

The fact you disagree with that statement yourself is currently irrelevent to the article :-)

The fact I do, or do not watch american news is also irrelevant to the article itself.

But, privately, I will admit the TV channels do not appear to reach my appartment as I have no TV myself. However, I have quite a good radio, a good internet line, and my mail box is functional.

User:anthere

It is not a matter of a opinion. I have stated that I believe the statement about media distraction is both factually incorrect and POV. Prefixing "possibly" to it doesn't make it otherwise. Telling me that my opinion is irrelevant is, itself, irrelevant. It is now your responsibility to justify your opinion. If you can't, I will remove it from the article. Chadloder 23:02 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Not only do I concur with Chadloder, I do not believe that "media distraction" as a concept even exists. -º¡º

 * Well, I have to disagree with both -- "media manipulation" as a concept certainly exists. Have public relations firms been hired to spin the war or the Bush Administration's view? Yes, that is well documented, although coincidentally not repeated often in the press. (search on Charlotte Beers) Are those PR firms capable of making one story bigger to keep another smaller in the papers? Maybe. If you worked for one, would you?
 * As for France, here's my justification: There are a lot of articles around the web (from before the war) stating the same as this one: International Opinion Largely Opposed To U.S. War In Iraq Now a headline like that never did play in the U.S. press, and isn't likely to.
 * But with Russia, China, Germany and half of Europe opposed to the war, the US view became: Blame France.
 * I am not French but this seems, whether it was done deliberately or just happened, to be a distraction. The important questions are:
 * is the U.N. Security Council in favor? (No. All France's fault though, China and Russia don't matter).
 * is the U.N. General Council in favor? (No. Must be France's fault)
 * is the world leadership in favor? (No, but there's a "coalition" of important countries like Eritrea who are with us in spirit...)
 * Awww, these questions are too difficult, let's eat our freedom fries and watch the bombs on TV instead...
 * Awww, these questions are too difficult, let's eat our freedom fries and watch the bombs on TV instead...

 * So that's distraction by media manipulation, in my view. If you're looking for more citations, come to me I have plenty.

 * Steverapaport 16:19 Apr 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Steve, there was a change in topic somewhere above. My statements regarded "Media Distraction", but you responded regarding "Media Manipulation". My objection to the former still stands, but I never objected to the latter. -º¡º

 * Okay, sure, if it's just the terminology you mean. But I'm sure it's obvious from the above that I think that "distraction" is one of the functions of media manipulation, possibly a very important one. I am also arguing that the U.S. concentration on France as opposed to on half the world being opposed to its actions are an example of such distraction in the US. Not a topic change, really, just answering all the above questions best I can, so they don't go unopposed. In particular I'm answering Chadloder's question above about what we're being distracted from. Steverapaport 16:45 Apr 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * I had (have?) problems with there being an encylopedic article on "Media Distraction" that I don't have with "Media Manipulation". First, there was the terminology or naming of the topic. "Media distraction" is an undefined and practically unused phrase outside of our wikirealm here, and this left people in a vacuum where they could define it however they like. In comparison, "media manipulation" is a widely used phrase with meaning, so we now have lots of sources to draw on instead of just making things up internally.

 * Regarding the specifics you claim we are being "distracted" away from, and whether this "distraction" happened due to the manipulation of someone, I would say it is all POV. Some may care what the General Assembly thinks, some may prefer to consult the Emperor of Japan, some may prefer the President of the United States and some may prefer the I Ching. There can only be "distraction" in a meaningful sense away from some X if:

 * The X is something that "actually mattered".
 * Attention was shifted to some non-X that doesn't actually matter.
 * This shifting took place due to active manipulation by some party.

 * -º¡º

 * Good points, and for the most part I don't disagree directly. Of course your points 1 and 2 are POV, and #3 is usually impossible to prove and may be irrelevant anyway.

 * Anyway, I have no objection to media distraction being replaced by the more general media manipulation in an encyclopedia. I'm just trying to point out that in *this case* (France, remember), it's a distraction in my POV and that of other people. What is important to whom is always dependent on POV.

 * I would contend that it is our duty (as citizens, not as Wikipedians), to note instances of distraction of the media, whether deliberate or coincidental, because they can change history. For example, Ted Kennedy is still a senator, despite having drunkenly put his car into a lake and killed his secretary on July 19, 1969, in what would likely have created incredible media pressure for him to quit. The newspapers on July 20, 1969 would likely have crucified him except that there was something more important going on that day.
 * The first-ever moon landing came on that same day, and Chappaquiddick left the headlines as fast as it entered them.
 * Now I'm not claiming that either Kennedy or NASA planned this coincidence, just that the public has a limited ability to deal with news, and one big newsworthy item can drive out another.
 * It's our duty as citizens of any country to keep the media on-track and not chasing distractions. I still claim that France is no more an opponent to the US than is Russia, Germany, or China, and that concentrating on France is simply more newsworthy and therefore, a distraction.
 * What would please me most would be blanking this article entirely, removing crap like "freedom fries" from the encyclopedia (a less important development than "media distraction", if both truly exist), and having people start watching the news for what's missing as well as for what's present.

 * Steverapaport 19:02 Apr 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Indeed, whether a given event "actually matters" or "matters" more than another is always going to be POV. I enjoyed your Kennedy example, but how it relates to "media distraction" is subjective.  Should the press have given Kennedy more attention than the Moon?  Were the events manipulated by someone in order to direct public attention?  Who can say?  Even when I read your words, I can't tell if you mean "media distraction" to mean the fact that the public has a limited attention span, of if you mean "media distraction" to describe some hidden process whereby mysterious forces decide what we are going to fed for our media consumption.  There are reasons that France is looked at differently than China, even if their UN positions appeared similar on the surface.  Talking about those reasons would be more fruitful than all this "a majority of french people" crap.  Oh, I agree with you that wikipedia is full of a bunch of useless articles that should be blanked.  Unfortunately, I know that if I started blanking them, they would simply be restored by other users including you. -º¡º

 * Not me, buddy! I don't engage in edit wars directly, ever--I think it's against the spirit of the 'pedia.  I also thought "majority of french people" was crap, I think I've fixed it. (My degree was in Math, if I see "majority" I wanna see a citation).  But to a mathematician "some" can include "one or two" as well.

 * As for whether "media distraction" is a term regarding deliberate stuff by mysterious manipulators or just market forces at work, I'll try to clarify:
 * It doesn't matter, it's worth noticing either way. Even in Wikipedia:  a 'pedia can be more than just a running record of the media.

If stuff is going on that is played down by the media, (for any reason or none) but still important, we should note it. Important to whom? Even when we disagree on that, it's worthwhile to argue a bit before deciding.

 * Steverapaport 09:48 Apr 24, 2003 (UTC)

 * In regards to media distraction is an undefined and practically unused phrase outside of our wikirealm here...a quick google search finds "media distraction" 110 results. It is a term I've heard as far back as 1994 in media and sociology classes. The term is known and used. Whether it applies to this article is a different story. Kingturtle 17:43 Apr 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Indeed, and your google search proves my point exactly. Of the three billion pages indexed by google, roughly 150 use the phrase, which in the google scheme of things is practically nothing. Heck, "purple dog" gives nearly ten times that many hits, but that doesn't make it a new breed. More importantly, actually reviewing the hits served for "media distraction" shows that the phrase isn't used in a coherent way. My quick reading discerns at least three meanings other than the one being implied here. -º¡º

 * Okay okay it's been changed to "media manipulation", but hey just watch the media yourselves a bit and ask if it's getting distracted occasionally. It's not a "dark side" idea, just a meme that can keep your eyes open.

Steverapaport 09:48 Apr 24, 2003 (UTC) --

Of course, you can't really expect to demand from some editors to absolutely respect the rule of providing any citation for claim made in the article, without yourself providing support for all your assertions. So, either every claim is supported by citation or evidence, or none really are. user:anthere

 * No, I do in fact believe that every statement made in the article space should have the potential to be backed up with a specific reference, quotation, or citation. I also believe it is reasonable to ask for a source for statements that you find questionable. -º¡º

Filling an article with bracketed statements like (who said this?) (how many people?) is both unprofessional, and undermines the NPOV of the article. If you are unwilling to accept the fact that a significant amount of Americans objected to the actions of the French government, that is your own problem, but do not go into an article and pepper it with your questions in an attempt to undermine the stated information. Likewise, if you are not familar with the fact that France has deployed troops to the CAE and Ivory Coast, do not assume that everyone is just as ignorant. -user:J.J.

 * There are several reasons for doing this, and I don't think it is inappropriate in all cases. It is a lot quicker and less disruptive to the article than the alternative of deleting the questionable statement and posting a request for clarification in the talk pages.  It is also perfectly reasonable to ask what a sentence means when it isn't clear.  For example:

 * It is unclear why one plus one equals two. (who is it unclear to?)
 * Some people believe that George Bush is the offspring of Satan. (who believes this?)

 * Would you really prefer that we just delete things we don't understand or agree with, instead of asking for clarification? -º¡º

Why is that anti-Americanism is all the fault of the Americans, but anti-French sentiment in the United States is also the fault of the Americans? Couldn't it be just possible that, if anti-Americanism is the fault of the Americans, then just maybe the anti-French sentiment might be the fault of the French? Or not. Only Americans are the bad guys in the world today. -- Zoe

 * Yes Zoe, you are correct. America it the nexus of all evil in the modern world and must be stopped at all costs.  Any articles that fail to represent this NPOV fact, or to mention the position of the Security Council on this fact, are uncorrect and are to be revised as soon as possible. -º¡º

-

Btw, were french troups alone fighting in Côte d'Ivoire ? Is this really a good example? -User:anthere

 * In answer to your question, no the French troops are not alone. They are there, outside of UN authority, as part of a "coalition" with Niger, Senegal, Benin, Ghana and Togo.  I've therefore taken "unilateral" out of the paragraph which you had moved here. -º¡º

 * thanx. Since there are unfortunately no articles on wikipedia on the topic, since it is unfortunately a controversial one, and since I have not seen in the news comments about this point being one of those American people were also mad about, I would appreciate a citation. Notice, this is an encyclopedia, and it should answer to people questions, included non-american people questions. I am a very curious type of person, and it is not clear which exactly is the problem there, and who complain about that point, and when. -User:anthere

 * You're welcome. I'm not the original author of that passage, I just tried to answer your question. -º¡º

 * thanks. Good job. Interesting. I remove what has little to do with america of course. Otherwise, we will have to rename this page to give a more general meaning.

-

People, in a year's time this whole article is going to look pathetic and outdated. Does it really belng in an encyclopedia? David Clayworth, July 2003.

We should cut down the Iraq war stuff, and make it clear that the Iraq war demonizing of France and French people flowed very smoothly from earlier anti-French sentiment. The stereotypes of French people as being lazy and self-indulgent ("cheese-eating"), military incompetent or apathetic ("surrender monkeys"), and perpetually ungrateful (as in Andy Rooney's speech) have existed in the US for my entire, short life. I once had the displeasure of listening to a Thomas Friedman speech where he opined that the US should be the "world's policeman" because "who else is going to do it, France?" at which point the entire audience, quintessentially liberal, broke out in uproarious laughter.

Also, the article is tremendously biased right now toward the concept that the US holds a rightful place as world leader, and any disagreement with the US is morally wrong. For example, the idea that France would mold the EU and the Euro as a counterbalance to American power, is written as if this were an act of war in itself. The article says that France should be more "cooperative" with the US, when it means "subservient" to the US. I will try to edit it, but it's deeply ingrained in the word choice. DanKeshet

 * Thanks DanKeshet. Anthere

How can we possibly have an article on anti-French sentiment in the United States without mentioning World War I (which is when the U.S. first changed the name of "French Fries" to "Freedom Fries")?

''Since many other nations were also openly opposed to the plan to invade Iraq, most French people wondered why their country has been singled out for censure. It is unclear to some French people why Russia and China were not being equally criticized. Both of these permanent members of the Security Council were openly opposed on March 11, 2003, to the proposed new U.N. resolution, with France and Russia both promising a veto. Many people (including some French people) feel that France was singled out because they were one of two members of the security council who openly threatened a veto on March 11, while other people claim it possible that the concentration of the U.S. media on France is an example of media manipulation, using France as a scapegoat to avoid mentioning and discussing all the other countries that were opposed to the plan.''

 * This has to be the most selective interpretation I've ever read. Most of the U.S. doesn't expect China to back us up.  To a lesser extent, the same is still true of Russia.  And Germany has at least been supportive of the US in Afghanistan, so does not fall into the same category as France.  Further, the US has been allied with France since the Revolutionary with the exception of the Quasi-War.  The perception is that the U.S. saved France twice this century (and it's hard to dispute that).  So, I'm asking, do the people of France really understand the recent anti-french sentiment of the US this poorly?  Daniel Quinlan 02:34, Aug 23, 2003 (UTC)

 * Also, talk about major weasel words... "Some people", "other people", "many people", "Most French people". It's quite lame.  Daniel Quinlan 02:34, Aug 23, 2003 (UTC)

extract from above

 * As for France, here's my justification: There are a lot of articles around the web (from before the war) stating the same as this one: International Opinion Largely Opposed To U.S. War In Iraq Now a headline like that never did play in the U.S. press, and isn't likely to.
 * But with Russia, China, Germany and half of Europe opposed to the war, the US view became: Blame France.
 * I am not French but this seems, whether it was done deliberately or just happened, to be a distraction. The important questions are:
 * is the U.N. Security Council in favor? (No. All France's fault though, China and Russia don't matter).
 * is the U.N. General Council in favor? (No. Must be France's fault)
 * is the world leadership in favor? (No, but there's a "coalition" of important countries like Eritrea who are with us in spirit...)
 * Awww, these questions are too difficult, let's eat our freedom fries and watch the bombs on TV instead...
 * Awww, these questions are too difficult, let's eat our freedom fries and watch the bombs on TV instead...

 * So that's distraction by media manipulation, in my view. If you're looking for more citations, come to me I have plenty.

 * Steverapaport 16:19 Apr 22, 2003 (UTC)

and

 * Indeed, whether a given event "actually matters" or "matters" more than another is always going to be POV. I enjoyed your Kennedy example, but how it relates to "media distraction" is subjective.  Should the press have given Kennedy more attention than the Moon?  Were the events manipulated by someone in order to direct public attention?  Who can say?  Even when I read your words, I can't tell if you mean "media distraction" to mean the fact that the public has a limited attention span, of if you mean "media distraction" to describe some hidden process whereby mysterious forces decide what we are going to fed for our media consumption.  There are reasons that France is looked at differently than China, even if their UN positions appeared similar on the surface.  Talking about those reasons would be more fruitful than all this "a majority of french people" crap.  Oh, I agree with you that wikipedia is full of a bunch of useless articles that should be blanked.  Unfortunately, I know that if I started blanking them, they would simply be restored by other users including you. -º¡º

 * Not me, buddy! I don't engage in edit wars directly, ever--I think it's against the spirit of the 'pedia.  I also thought "majority of french people" was crap, I think I've fixed it. (My degree was in Math, if I see "majority" I wanna see a citation).  But to a mathematician "some" can include "one or two" as well.

 * As for whether "media distraction" is a term regarding deliberate stuff by mysterious manipulators or just market forces at work, I'll try to clarify:
 * It doesn't matter, it's worth noticing either way. Even in Wikipedia:  a 'pedia can be more than just a running record of the media.

If stuff is going on that is played down by the media, (for any reason or none) but still important, we should note it. Important to whom? Even when we disagree on that, it's worthwhile to argue a bit before deciding.

 * Steverapaport 09:48 Apr 24, 2003 (UTC)

I m french!!

The boooo have stopped, i will continue then. Your article is quite honest i must admit. On one side, we have a former greatest country in the world and that is today very arrogant if you compare to its economic power. on the other side we have a teen country, so young that I can say you almost have no history, no memory. It is not a criticism, it good to live in the present day and look for tomorrow.

Nevertheless, i can explain why some french like myself are sceptical toward the USA. it s easy indeed. You are a democracy from birth, you have never been under a king, an emperor or tyran... So you don t have writtings from authors relating those days.

You have always been at war with other countries but you have never experienced a real war on your soil(a civil war is different), foreign armies devastating your homeland or hearing from your armies beating the brits or the prussians or the russians. You don t have in every of your towns the sequels of WWI with "monuments aux morts" were you have at least 2 or three people that have your name because they were your grandfather brothers. this make you think indeed.

So when we see how america reacts after 11/09 and the "only" 2500 dead (in comparaison to the 1 500 000 children dead because of the embargo in Iraq, just to maintain oil at a price that would boost the US economy). When i turn on fox or cnbc and i see uniforms everywhere, everybody looking to the flag with the hand on the heart, and the stupid cow boy dwarf using god bless america every sentence I AM AFFRAID. using this way "god bless america" sounds like "sieg heil" to me. patriotism can easily turn to facism when the power is concentrated between determined hands.

Like you said few americans are like that, few americans enjoy watching F-16 bombing people. And i think that some french are simply jealous and wish france had the same power to do the same. These person are my ennemies wherever they are, as they should be the ennemy of every reasonable man.

Now I watch my girl sleeping in bed and i wonder if i will kiss her when i go to bed or let her rest, just like you.

Bonne nuit à tous, excusez les fautes et ne dites pas amen a tout ce qu'on vous raconte.

Gilles

This article should be removed on the basis of it being biased. It suggests that all Americans are anti-French but, realistically, that's not true. I am and English Canadian and I have spoken with many Americans who have told me they themselves do not hate the French. They would also commonly refer to the US government itself as the source for anti-French propaganda.SD6-Agent 16:14, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree, but only if all negative "hit piece" articles of the same class are also removed. Anti-American sentiment, Criticisms of Mother Theresa, Bush family conspiracy theory, AIDS kills fags dead, the list goes on, ... Daniel Quinlan 17:22, Oct 21, 2003 (UTC)

As an Englishman I surprise myself by saying this, but I really hate to see the Americans knocking the French. Just seems to be born out of insularism and cultural ignorance fanned by the media (mentioning no names...)

Incidentally, I wonder how many Americans today realise that their beloved Statue of Liberty...IS FRENCH?????? Gah. Lee M 01:34, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

earlier history?
I seem to recall that there was significant anti-French stereotyping in the 19th century in the US. Didn't Mark Twain say some memorable things about the French? I can't seem to find anything right now, but if anyone knows anything, feel free to add. I think, but am not sure, that much of the 19th-century anti-French sentiment was a result of France being seen as a snooty intellectualist sort of place where people sat in coffee shops and discussed art, and were rude to anyone who didn't speak proper French. --Delirium 13:08, Feb 7, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Topbanana/Reports/This is a broken redirect page

Overview
The list below shows redirect pages in the main english article namespace which point to articles that do not exist. It was generated on 6th December 2004 from the 15th November 2004 database dump.

Preamble
Redirect pages are used to automatically 'hop' to their target when linked to. This allows an alternate names for an article to be used to bring it up. Redirect pages without a valid article to hop should be deleted or pointed to a relevant article that does exist.

Common reasons for broken redirects:
 * The target page exists, but contains accents, umlauts, etc. The redirect page appears as "1. REDIRECT" followed by a (blue) link to an existing article with a valid page title. Fix: click edit on the redirect page, replace all occurrences of "%XY" with the correct character, e.g. "é" directly. Click save.
 * The target does not exist. Three possible fixes:
 * Re-redirect to an appropriate existing article.
 * Write the non-existing article.
 * Mark the article as a delete candidate, giving the reason. This applies in particular to cases where neither the redirect nor the missing target article are linked from anywhere (click the red link, and then click "What links here" on the edit page to find out). Abbreviations, in particular if they're cryptic and overspecialized, also fall into this category. Use your judgement!

There's a section for deletion candidates at the bottom, you might want to move such entries to the "Not reported yet" section.

Regenerating this report
This report is generated from a Link Analysis Database using the SQL:

select replace( concat( '*', art_title, ' → ', link, '' ), '_', ' ' ) from art, bad_links where art_is_redirect = 1 and bad_links_from > 0 and from_id = art_id order by art_title;

Suggested improvements

 * (replaced all underscores in links with spaces, to facilitate cut&paste searching, etc./flag some more that work/mark one I made into a stub) - Niteowlneils
 * Fixed this. - TB 10:13, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)
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