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Alceste De Ambris

Alceste De Ambris (15 September 1874 – 9 December 1934) was an Italian journalist, socialist activist and syndicalist, considered one of the greatest representatives of revolutionary syndicalism in Italy.

Early life and involvement with socialism
De Ambris was born in Licciana Nardi, province of Massa-Carrara, as the first of the eight children of Francesco De Ambris and Valeria Ricci. His father was a Mazzinian Republican and from an early age De Ambris showed an interest in politics. The miserable condition of the Lunigiana workers and their struggles led him to join socialism at the age of 18, becoming a militant and propagandist for the Italian Socialist Party in 1892 and taking part in the formation of numerous socialist circles in his region, especially those in Aulla and La Spezia, of which he was a member.

In 1893, at the age of 19, he enrolled in the law course at the University of Parma and stood out for his participation in the political life of the province, helping to organize the workers movement in the region. De Ambris had some socialist professors at the university and lived in the working class district of Parma, Oltretorrente. He enrolled in the law course between 1893 and 1895, but didn't complete it because of his political militancy. During this period, he joined the workers and other students of Parma in protests against the Italian colonial wars in Africa and in 1896 he was targeted by the authorities and accused of defamation in the press.

In 1897, he was called up for compulsory military service in La Spezia, where he tried to desert to join a group of Italian Republicans who went to fight for Greece in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. De Ambris believed that Greece had established "a community of the free and equal, animated by fraternity and solidarity and capable of sacrifice", representing what he wanted to build in Italy. He used the Greek example in opposition to conservative Italian nationalism, affirming an idea of solidarity with oppressed peoples fighting for freedom. Although some sources claim that De Ambris was arrested for attempted desertion, others claim that he suffered no such punishment.

In 1898, he was involved in writing the newspaper La Terra, whose articles denounced the conditions of the peasants of Massa-Carrara, who had almost all their time taken up by work, to which they devoted 10 hours in winter and 15 in summer, on land that was not always fertile. In the same year, a series of popular protests against the rising price of bread took place in Italy. De Ambris was once again called up for military service to suppress the protests, but he didn't show up and, to escape arrest, he expatriated clandestinely to France, where he met other Italians fleeing repression. He went to Cannes and then to Marseille, where he worked for a few months in the port and lived with difficulties. The Florence Military Court sentenced him to a year's imprisonment for desertion. De Ambris then left for Brazil.

His first stay in Brazil and the Avanti!
De Ambris arrived in Brazil illegally on a ship from Italy, along with other poor immigrants attracted by the promises of the Brazilian government, which at the time was encouraging European immigration. Alceste initially intended to go to Montevideo, but spent some time in Rio de Janeiro living with his brothers Alfredo and Angelo, who had already been in Brazil since 1894, and was convinced by them to remain in the country. He later settled in São Paulo. Shaken by the torments he saw during the 25-day journey by ship, he decided to study the living and working conditions of the Italian immigrants on the coffee plantations and travelled on one of the trains that took the workers to the plantations, departing from the Hospedaria dos Imigrantes, in Brás, and helped the immigrants to organize themselves into associations and syndicates.

In 1900, he took part in the founding of the socialist newspaper Avanti!, which took its name from its Italian namesake and intended to be an organ at the service of workers and social struggles. The newspaper had a good circulation among the Italian community in São Paulo and, in general, advocated social reforms that could benefit the working class and the formation of workers associations of resistance aimed at improving workers living conditions. Avanti! was one of the first left-wing periodicals to be published in Brazil, and its editors sought to unite their efforts with the various socialist tendencies, so that in the pages of the newspaper there was room for more reformist positions, such as those of Alcebíades Bertolotti, and also for more radical positions, such as those of De Ambris. At the end of September 1901, when the newspaper was about to complete a year in circulation, De Ambris published an article in which he invited workers in Brazil to organize themselves autonomously, claiming that many improvements could be achieved directly through the action and organization of the working class. In the following issue, Bertolotti, in response, argued that workers organizations had the aim of raising wages and improving the lives of the working class, but that this should not lead to the conclusion that economic associations should disregard the role of the state and the party and that workers organizations could not and should not, in a way, exert pressure on them. Despite the polemics, the socialist idea of the need for a trade union for economic struggles and a party for political struggles prevailed in Avanti!. De Ambris himself, at a socialist congress held between May 30 and June 2, 1902, defended electoral action, declaring the need for socialists to register on electoral lists and inviting foreigners to abandon nationalism and become naturalized in order to enjoy the right to vote.

He was also an active member of the Lega Democratica Italiana and the Circolo Socialista Avanti! in the same period, and held several conferences in the city of São Paulo. He also made a number of propaganda trips to the interior of the state, where he helped to found socialist leagues and clubs. On January 12, 1901, Avanti! announced the first efforts to set up a socialist party, and in February, the militants gathered around the newspaper observed with great enthusiasm the strikes that broke out in São Paulo, especially after the strike at the Álvares Penteado textile factory, which spread to other categories. The victory of the strikers at the Penteado textile factory, who were demanding the reinstatement of the old tariff, a reduction in fines and measures to put an end to mistreatment, was seen as a great triumph by the newspaper. De Ambris and Bertolotti, who on behalf of Avanti! acted as intermediaries during the negotiations, went to Brás to tell the strikers about the victory as soon as they heard the news. Avanti! also ran a campaign on behalf of Angelo Longaretti, an Italian peasant who killed the owner of the factory where he worked, Diogo Eugenio Sales, brother of Campos Sales, then President of the Republic of Brazil.

Alceste and his brother Angelo were in São Paulo when they received the news that their mother had died unexpectedly. The editors of Avanti! sent affectionate greetings to both of them. In September 1901, he stepped down as editor of the newspaper, arguing that he wanted to devote more time to propaganda and start work on the Socialist Almanac for 1902, which was published a few months later with texts, portraits and caricatures. This almanac featured an introduction written by De Ambris, a text entitled "Integral Socialism" by the socialist Enrico Ferri, a text on socialism by Estevam Estrella, some poetry and short stories by Giovanni Cena, Raul Pompeia, Edmondo De Amicis and De Ambris himself, entitled "La rivolta (scene della vita di fazenda)", which told the story of Angelo Longaretti and the difficulties of rural work, which led this settler to the extreme gesture of murdering the farmer. In 1902, he returned to the management of Avanti! and took part in a socialist congress held between the end of May and the beginning of June that year.

In April 1903, the São Paulo court sentenced him to 4 months and 20 days in prison for defamation through the press against industrialist Nicola Matarazzo. His brother Alfredo, who was a lawyer, defended Alceste during the expulsion process, seeking to have the case reviewed by the Supreme Court in Rio de Janeiro so that the sentence could be overturned. However, given that his conviction for desertion had been amnestied, De Ambris preferred to return to Italy.

Approximation with revolutionary syndicalism and the Parma strike of 1908
In Brazil, De Ambris became an experienced organizer and a journalist famous for his tenacity and the strength of his polemics. Back in Italy, he went on to hold important positions in syndicalism associations. As soon as he returned, he became secretary of the Chamber of Labor in Savona, Liguria, working mainly with metalworkers. At the end of 1904, he moved from Savona to the secretariat of the National Glassmakers' Federation, based in Livorno, Tuscany, then one of the most militant associations in Italy. Even from a distance, he also coordinated the work of Italian socialists in Brazil and was a correspondent for the newspaper Fanfulla.

During this period, he became close to revolutionary syndicalism, a concept that was gaining strength among the workers and radicalized elements of the Italian Socialist Party, especially after the general strike of 1904, driven by revolutionary syndicalists and radical socialists who were gaining strength in the Parma Chamber of Labor. Commenting on a congress of Italian socialists held in Switzerland in an article for the periodical Fanfulla in 1905, De Ambris noted the strength that this conception was gaining within the Italian Socialist Party. The syndicalist proposals had been defeated, but by a difference of 363 votes against 402 for the reformists. At the end of that year, De Ambris was in Rome and began collaborating with Enrico Leone's Divenire Sociale, La Gioventù Socialista, the organ of the National Socialist Youth Federation, and Il Sindacato Operaio, writing articles that made clear his stance in favor of revolutionary syndicalism, affirming that the trade union was the instrument that would bring about the transformation of society and enable the proletariat to manage power, determining through struggle the transition from the state to the economic organization of the class, and defending the autonomy of syndicates from political parties. For De Ambris, parliamentary socialism had abandoned its proletarian and aggressive character to stagnate in a legalism and "petty bourgeois" humanitarianism with the pretension of representing "general interests", sacrificing the interests of the working class in whose name it had arisen and asserted itself. This process had been going on since 1901, when the Italian Socialist Party began to collaborate with the liberal governments of Giuseppe Zanardelli and Giovanni Giolitti. Revolutionary syndicalism thus appeared as an alternative to reformist socialism.

De Ambris spent a brief period in Bagnone with his father and some of his brothers in 1906, where he gave lectures and collaborated with the newspaper La Terra, which was re-founded that year. He was with his family in Lunigiana when some friends wrote to him in 1907, asking him to take up the post of secretary of the Parma Chamber of Labor. De Ambris enthusiastically accepted the invitation, and in November, he became editor of the periodical L'Internazionale, considered the "great mouthpiece of revolutionary syndicalism". Before his arrival, the Chamber of Labor was still controlled by the reformists, but most of the workers who were part of it had been adopting more radical stances since the 1904 strike. When he took over as general secretary of the organization, the workers movement in the province of Parma was going through a period of crisis, after successive defeats and because of the split between the moderate and radical socialists and between the city and country leagues. The invitation to De Ambris to head the Chamber of Labour was conceived as an attempt to reorganize the movement, given the great prestige he had in the region. Seeking to respond to the workers desire to democratize the unions, De Ambris, as secretary of the Parma Chamber of Labour, tried to create instruments that would guarantee members the possibility of effectively influencing the choices that involved them. Representations and meetings multiplied and referendums were used in the case of the most important decisions, such as whether or not to start a strike. In just a few months, the Chamber's membership grew to 30,000. In addition, De Ambris did his best to avoid political divisions within the union, considering that if the workers considered it useful to launch the organization into the electoral struggle, this decision should be taken unanimously among the workers organized in the Chamber. In 1907, after De Ambris took over as secretary of the Parma Chamber of Labor, the association won some victories over the Agrarian Association, which brought together landowners and tenants in the region.

Under the leadership of Alceste De Ambris, the Parma Chamber of Labor declared a general strike on May 1, 1908, in response to the owners who were trying to disregard the gains made the previous year, such as the enforcement of contracts, wage increases, better working conditions and the recognition of the right of association. The strike involved around 30,000 workers from various municipalities in the province of Parma. The local bourgeoisie and landowners reacted violently to the movement, clashing with the workers. In the first days of the strike, the Socialist Party, the General Confederation of Labor (CGL) and the National Federation of Agricultural Workers (Federterra) took positions in support of the strikers, but avoided intervening in the conflict. The paralyzed workers, for their part, refused to negotiate with the owners through representatives of the CGL and Federterra, adopting methods of direct action to obtain the improvements and rights they were demanding. After 50 days on strike, the owners hired workers from other regions to replace the strikers. There were clashes around the train station, where some demonstrators tried to prevent the scabs from disembarking. In the working class district of Oltretorrente, the police clashed with the workers, who declared a general strike. Workers from the countryside also went to the city and there were clashes with the cavalry. The Socialist Party and the CGL tried unsuccessfully to convince the workers not to join the call for a general strike. In the face of the repression that followed the movement, the union headquarters were raided and all those present were arrested. At the end of July, the Agrarian Association made it possible to return to work, and only a few areas remained in turmoil. During this period, De Ambris received the news of the death of his only sister, Irma, at the age of 30.

At the end of the strike, the Parma Royal Prosecutor's Office prosecuted the syndicalists, accusing them of having promoted and attempted an armed insurrection against the state during the strike. De Ambris was accused of being the head of the association and of throwing stones at a policeman from a window. In view of the tension that had built up between workers in the city and the countryside during the months of unrest, the trial was transferred from Parma to Lucca. Among the defense lawyers for the accused syndicalists and workers were Arturo Labriola, Pietro Gori and some socialist deputies. The police themselves, a delegate and a commissioner, ended up defending the strikers, claiming that the movement had no insurrectionary character, but only an economic objective. In May 1909, all the accused were acquitted and released. The prosecuted syndicalists and workers were welcomed with parties in Parma, where people carried portraits of Alceste De Ambris, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Jesus Christ.

The second time in Brazil and La Scure
De Ambris managed to avoid arrest during the repression that followed the Parma strike and left for Switzerland in July 1908. From there, he went to France, where he took part with Edmondo Rossoni, Pulvio Zocchi and Ottavio Dinale in the 10th Congress of the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), held in October 1908. He then came to Brazil for the second time, invited by Vitaliano Rotellini to run the newspaper La Tribuna Italiana, guaranteeing respect for his ideas and principles. Rotellini sent the money and De Ambris arrived in Brazil at the end of 1908.

De Ambris remained at the helm of La Tribuna Italiana for ten months, receiving criticism from Italian industrialists based in São Paulo and anarchist militants, who denounced his complicity with the "bourgeois press". When Rotellini decided to control De Ambris's direction of the newspaper, he left the paper and, in 1910, founded La Scure, whose first issue came out in April. Noticing the demobilization of the São Paulo workers movement, he gave the newspaper a direction that would bring together all groups with a democratic tendency, who defended the political rights of citizens, freedom to organize and strike, freedom of expression and the press. It declared itself to be the only Italian-language newspaper published in Brazil that was absolutely independent and free of any interest or party ties, criticizing the consular and diplomatic representatives maintained by Italy in Brazil and its institutions, such as the Chamber of Commerce, the Dante Alighieri school and the Colonial Institute, controlled by conservative monarchists.

As well as running La Scure, De Ambris made a series of propaganda trips to the interior of the state of São Paulo, giving talks in Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, Jardinópolis, Sertãozinho, Jaboticabal, Araraquara, São Carlos, Bauru, São Manuel and Botucatu, where he spoke on topics such as mutualism, resistance, cooperation and syndicalism.

In the issue of May 21, 1910, La Scure announced that, for work reasons, De Ambris was going to Rio de Janeiro, where he would only stay for a few weeks. However, he ended up staying in Rio for longer, where he continued to write La Scure and worked at the Havas Information Agency. During his time in Rio, he joined a group of bohemian writers that included Olavo Bilac, and even wrote a novel, which was published in chapters in São Paulo's Avanti!. After his stay in Rio de Janeiro and shaken by the death of his brother Alfredo from yellow fever, De Ambris left for France in 1911.

Return to Italy, participation in the First World War and Fiume expedition
On arriving in Europe, De Ambris was in Lugano, Switzerland, between 1911 and 1912, from where he took over the management of L'Internazionale. Shortly before returning to Italy, he entered into controversy with syndicalists in favor of the Libyan War, in particular Arturo Labriola. While Labriola tried to justify the colonial war as an economic and national necessity, accusing the syndicalists against it of being in agreement with the reformists, De Ambris accused Labriola and the pro-war syndicalists of being in agreement with the prime minister, Giolitti, the king, the bankers, the army and the Vatican. For him, national syndicalism that tried to identify the interests of the proletariat with those of militarism "was already condemned to death". Faced with the controversy caused between pro-war and anti-war syndicalists, a bloc formed with the Parma group that was inclined to split from the CGL and form a new syndicalism body. Although a considerable part of the syndicalism movement considered it important to save the unity of the workers organization, the advocates of separation reached a consensus throughout 1912, which was consummated in November with the creation of the Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI), which was initially joined by 80,000 workers. Alceste De Ambris was one of its leaders. In October 1913, he was elected to the legislature of Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy, with popular plebiscitary vote in the Electoral College of Parma - Reggio Emilia - Modena for the Partito Socialista Italiano for a term that would last until September 1919. With parliamentary immunity, he was able to return to Italy, where he was welcomed by a crowd in Parma. During his mandate, he devoted himself above all to syndicalism organization. In 1914, after the death of three anti-militarist demonstrators, outbreaks of insurrection spread across much of Italy for a week, which became known as "Red Week". In several regions, public buildings were stormed and telegraph and railway lines were sabotaged. Anarchists, socialists, republicans and syndicalists took part in the unrest. Alceste De Ambris called on the workers of Parma to sell their bicycles and buy revolvers. However, the failure of the movement discouraged De Ambris, who was disillusioned by the unpreparedness of the workers and the revolutionary forces. Regretting the disputes between the various left-wing currents, he began to support a federalist and republican program that could bring together all the progressive forces. His project, however, received criticism from all sides, especially the syndicaliists, who saw it as a move away from De Ambris.

With the outbreak of the First World War, the leading group of the USI decided to support the military efforts of the Allies against the Central Powers. De Ambris was one of the most determined supporters of interventionism, he engineered the split within the Milanese Syndical Union (USM) through his August 18, 1914, public speech, arguing that interventionism was in favor of the fundamental freedoms of Western democratic nations, and was followed by Filippo Corridoni. As a partisan of national syndicalism, he believed the war to represent an opportunity equal to the impact of the French Revolution, and took his supporters (USM and Parma Labor Chamber) out of the Unione Sindacale Italiana to found the Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Internazionalista. The manifesto of the new movement attracted Benito Mussolini, who led his own movement, the Fasci Autonomi d'Azione Rivoluzionaria, into a merger that gave birth to Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria. The pro-war leaders and factions ended up abandoning the USI, whose secretariat passed to the anarchist Armando Borghi. In 1918, the syndicalists who had left the USI formed the Unione Italiana del Lavoro (UIL), which aimed to unite workers who wanted to develop their action independently of any political party and taking into account the general conditions of development and freedom in Italy, stating that they should not renounce their homeland, "but conquer it by radically renewing its institutions". This organization was initially supported by De Ambris, and Edmondo Rossoni was its secretary. Many of the UIL's leaders and militants, including Rossoni, converted to fascism. In the same year, in co-authorship with the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti he wrote The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat.

When Italy entered the war, De Ambris enlisted as a volunteer, believing that the conflict could trigger a revolutionary transformation. The Russian Revolution of 1917 seemed to confirm his thesis, and he said that, like Russia, Italy could rid itself of "foreigners, tyrants, the temporal power of the popes" and "carry out all the most daring political and social liberations". At the end of the war, he became close to the poet Gabriele d'Annunzio, accompanying him on the expedition to Fiume. The city was the subject of a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia, and in September 1919, some rebel military sectors, with some groups of volunteers, under the command of d'Annunzio, occupied Fiume, which was under international control, and declared its annexation to Italy. De Ambris was one of d'Annunzio's political advisors and was responsible for the constitution of Fiume, the so-called Carta del Carnaro.

De Ambris's text for the constitution of the so-called Italian Regency of Carnaro guaranteed freedoms of thought, the press, assembly, association, civil equality between the sexes, the secular character of the state, universal secret, direct and proportional voting, the possibility of revoking the offices of those invested with public functions, free schools, social security and considered property to be a social function, not an individual right or privilege. All citizens, including women, had to do military service. The regime installed in Fiume was to be a direct democracy based on productive work, with local and functional autonomy as its organic criterion. Another striking feature of the Carta del Carnaro was corporatism. Fiume's constitution stated that all citizens who contributed to the material prosperity and civil development of the Republic through continuous manual and intellectual work were considered productive citizens and had to be compulsorily enrolled in guilds of workers, farmers, merchants, administrators, civil servants, teachers and liberal professionals. The guilds were to have full autonomy in terms of their organization and internal workings. Because of its corporatism, some historians have established a link between the Carta del Carnaro and fascism. However, other researchers see it as a kind of synthesis of the concepts adopted by De Ambris during his socialist and syndicalist activism. The draft constitution was approved by D'Annunzio on March 18, 1920. The English and French workers' organizations saw Fiume's expedition as an imperialist undertaking and called on Italian workers to boycott. The UIL, influenced by De Ambris, however, declared its support for Fiume's enterprise. Other left-wing leaders showed some sympathy for Fiume. Antonio Gramsci, who distrusted D'Annunzio, considered that his movement had appreciable popular elements, and Lenin advised an alliance of the Soviet Union with Carnaro's Italian Regency.

In addition to drafting the Fiume constitution, De Ambris was also the secretary for civil affairs of the Liberation Army Command and was appointed chief of staff of the Dannunzian command on June 10, 1920. He worked to disrupt relations between the Fiume legionnaires and the fascists, seeking the support of the workers movement. After the Treaty of Rapallo and the repression of the Fiume expedition on December 24, 1920, De Ambris tried to keep the former legionaries together, trying to prevent them from falling under fascist and nationalist influence. However, D'Annunzio himself ended up converting to fascism.

Exile and last years
De Ambris had collaborated with Benito Mussolini during the war and for a brief period afterwards. However, he never joined the Fasci di Combattimento and soon took a clearly anti-fascist stance, associating with Arditi del Popolo. With the rise of fascism, De Ambris took part in the clashes between the workers of Parma and Italo Balbo's fascist squads in August 1922. On December 20, 1922, he was violently removed from the streetcar he was on in Genoa, beaten up and taken to the police station, accused of anti-fascist incitement. After this, he went into exile in France, together with his partner Maria, her daughter and her husband. Mussolini still tried to convince him to collaborate with fascism between 1923 and 1924, but De Ambris refused.

In his last exile, he lived in poverty and worked as a book seller. He soon became involved in the anti-fascist activities carried out by other Italian exiles, taking part in the Lega Italiana dei Diritti dell'Uomo (LIDU), together with Luigi Campolonghi, his long-time companion. The organization dealt with helping new arrivals obtain documents and jobs, as well as helping exiles threatened with expulsion and serving as a forum for discussion. De Ambris also founded the weekly Il Mezzogiorno in Toulouse and was a contributor to the newspaper Il Corriere degli Italiani, where he published various writings against fascism. In 1926, he wrote a brochure in which he commented on the case of the murder of the socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti, highlighting Mussolini's responsibility for the murder with documents and arguing that "it was shameful to tolerate Italy being governed dictatorially by a murderer and that the disgust aroused by this shame should find the will and the strength to eliminate it". In September of the same year, De Ambris lost his Italian citizenship because of his anti-fascist activities. Between 1927 and 1934, he maintained constant correspondence with his niece Irma. In many of his letters, he wrote under a false name, as he was constantly under surveillance by the fascist government and his correspondence was often intercepted. On December 9, 1934, De Ambris invited a group of friends to his home to discuss a work plan for the LIDU, bringing together anarchists, socialists and Italian republicans in exile. A few hours after the meeting, he died. The Paris newspaper Le Peuple reported his death on December 13, 1934. On the tomb that the Parma workers built for De Ambris in the Brive-la-Gaillarde cemetery, Campolonghi wrote the following epigraph: "Alceste De Ambris. Writer. Orator. Fighter. Heroic conductor of crowds. Licciana 1874 - Brive 1934. He refused comfort and bent over misery to console and redeem it. Born an Italian, he died a citizen of the world. A wandering knight of the ideal, he remained in exile here, where the stone that protects his body cries out in his name love for rebels, hatred for tyrants."

In 1964, his remains were taken from France to the Della Villetta cemetery in Italy, with celebrations being held in the city of Parma, attended by local authorities and syndicalist organizations.

title: Alceste De Ambris


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I have made some layout proposals which would affect this page (although for pre 1900 the change which would be putting the year in topic into the "see also" box used on many years consistently)is fairly minor. If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 18:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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The dogma that the pope is infallible (declared by the Vatican on July 18 in 1870 or something like that) is missing. You might want to change that, but as I'm not Catholic and don't know anything special about that, I won't try to edit it personally. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_infallibility

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:56, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

I'm pretty sure the following line should be deleted: June 18th - The Dukie Blues won the NCAA Tourney! Dukie Blues all the way! McRoerts and Pocius are the greatest 1, 2 punch in the nation It appears just under the January events. Thanks.

Took "death of Charles Dickens" out of the births list (for obvious reasons) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jaylashen (talk • contribs) 16:03, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Format
Does "February 10, Anaheim, California is incorporated." really need to be in this? Hundreds of cities were founded in the nineteenth century and Anaheim is hardly among the most important... Fixcef (talk) 21:56, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

June or July?
Check deaths June 20 and July 20. Same guy died twice? ;Bear (talk) 05:20, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

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I have made some layout proposals on my talk page which amount to making other pages match this one. If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:00, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Heinz
I removed this sentence: "* H. J. Heinz Company totally owns dude." This was under the "Unknown Dates" section. Should anyone know what the information was that was changed (assuming there was some) please return this to the appropriate section. -Fyrefoxe

Tense
1869 "is" a common year? Shouldn't it be "was"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.60.239.47 (talk) 20:16, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

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1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours

1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours is a compilation album comprising early recordings by American rock band Green Day, released October 1, 1991, on Lookout Records. Often erroneously referred to as the band's debut album, the compilation combines the band's actual debut 39/Smooth (1990) and its first two EPs 1,000 Hours (1989) and Slappy (1990) (all currently out of print), as suggested by the amalgamation of the titles of the debut album and two EPs for the resulting compilation album. The album includes one cover, "Knowledge" (originally from the Slappy EP), which was originally by influential California punk band Operation Ivy, whose singer, Jesse Michaels, contributed the artwork for the album. The cover art features the same image from 39/Smooth.

Lookout re-released the album in 2004 with special limited packaging and all-new enhanced CD-ROM features, including live performances and pictures. The album was re-issued in the same packaging in 2007 through Reprise Records after Green Day pulled the album, along with the remainder of the band's catalog previously released through Lookout, from the label in August 2005 due to unpaid royalties.

1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours has been certified Gold in the U.S. by the RIAA; according to Nielsen SoundScan, it has sold 632,000 copies in the U.S. as of August 2010. The album was certified Gold in the UK on July 22, 2013, representing sales of at least 100,000 copies. It has sold more than 2 million copies worldwide.

Release
Initially released in 1991 through Lookout! Records (despite the 1990 copyright date on the album), the label re-issued the album in a remastered form in 2004. It was re-released on CD on January 9, 2007, by Reprise Records, the label Green Day has been signed to since leaving Lookout!. In Europe, the album was already re-released by Epitaph Europe, and has remained in print. It was reissued on vinyl on March 24, 2009, by Reprise in a package containing the original 10-song 39/Smooth LP along with reissues of the 1,000 Hours and Slappy EPs. On the 2009 reissues, the song "I Want to Be Alone" is omitted.

Composition
Musically, the record has been labeled as punk rock,   pop-punk,   and skate punk.

Reception
Reviews of 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours were largely mixed; for example, The New Rolling Stone Album Guide gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars. Brad of Punknews.org gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "All in all, this album succeeds at being quite good. It shows obvious influences from the Clash and the Ramones, and is a good debut for a young band that would later change the course of Punk Rock forever by opening the floodgates for New School bands."

Personnel
Green Day
 * Billie Joe Armstrong – lead vocals, guitar
 * Mike Dirnt – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * John Kiffmeyer – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional performers
 * Aaron Cometbus – backing vocals on Slappy EP tracks, "teeth" on "Knowledge"

Production
 * Andy Ernst – producer, engineer
 * Green Day – producers
 * John Golden – mastering
 * Susie Grant – front cover photo
 * Jesse Michaels – artwork
 * Pat Hynes – artwork, graphic design, layout design
 * Chris Appelgren; Aaron Cometbus; Rich Gargano; David Hayes – artwork
 * Murray Bowles; Arica Pelino – photography
 * Ted Jensen – remastering
 * John Yates – packaging

title: 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours


text:
Talk:1867

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be deleted as it duplicates the see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Inconsistent birthdates: Mary of Teck
Queen Mary (consort of George V). Was it 6 May or 26 May?

Are there any UK events? This Wiki page seems to be very US history oriented.

Connie Devall 11:23, 7 August 2007 (UTC) Connie Devall

Purchase of Alaska
Wasn't Alaska purchased at October 18th? (not March 30th) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.176.117.176 (talk) 20:17, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:1867


text:
Talk:1866

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

What's up with the April 14th entry?
What's the point in the April 14th entry for this year? None of the people mentioned in the entry have a link. Why are any of these people important? —Preceding unsigned comment added by MarkieAA (talk • contribs) 17:18, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:1866


text:
Talk:1865

[Untitled]
In reading a Civil War Diary, "A Wartime Diary of a Georgia Girl", Eliza Andrews identifies January 1, 1865 as a Wednesday, rather than a Sunday. Do we have our years out of sync here? I think with the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War we need to correct this ASAP or make a notation on the pages for the war years if the calendar has changed.

Jrigdon at researchonline.net — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jrigdon (talk • contribs) 11:28, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Mendel
According to a external link on the Gregor Mendel page, his paper was read to the Bruenn Natural History Society (which is probably what this page means by "formulated") on Feb. 8 and March 8. How would I incorporate this -- two separate dates, or just the first one? Brutannica 02:04, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:52, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

Welsh settlers' arrival at Argentina's Chubut Valley
This page gives the date 27 July, however elsewhere it's not listed at 27 July but at 28 July. Which is correct? --Duncan MacCall (talk) 14:30, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Leopold II of Belgium's accession
Leopold II became King of the Belgians on December 17, 1865. A week after his father's (Leopold I) death. In Belgium, the royal succession isn't automatic, but rather occurs upon the taking of the accession oath before the Belgian Parliament. GoodDay (talk) 01:14, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:1865


text:
Talk:1864

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Isn't there anything about Australia?

- Wikk

Um, this is  way  to US centric. There must be many world events that are documented, and the article is essentially a timeline of the American Civil War.

Some one please include the Battle Of Peachtree Creek. If not added later, I'll put it in myself when I have free time.Haris145 (talk) 19:48, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/brockhaus/band/53/seite/0995/brockhaus_b53_s0995.html
 * In 1864 on 2011-05-25 02:07:22, Socket Error: 'A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond'
 * In 1864 on 2011-06-01 23:09:02, Socket Error: 'A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond'

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:09, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Editathon on June 8th
On Saturday, June 8th, editors are holding a distributed 1864 Edit-a-thon to improve our coverage of the year 1864. Signup: https://plus.google.com/u/0/events/crdt1sr7grvoi9jbaucvan3tlno since the official page is in Danish. Sumana Harihareswara 16:23, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:1864


text:
Talk:1863

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:05, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

¡THERE ARE ALMOST NO MENTIONS OF THE WORLD BEYOND THE USA!

More info on other countries!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Have added a few more non-U.S. events. I think the entry's now not much worse than those for other years in relation to U.S. orientation. Camboxer (talk) 09:44, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:1863


text:
Talk:1862

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:05, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

This article generally is too biased towards the American Civil War. IXIA (talk) 17:41, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Great Flood of 1862
This event is missing in this list about 1862 - the great flood even started at christmas 1861, as far as I see. Plehn (talk) 05:00, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Motorcycle
Black & Silver PA & NY undercover! 2607:FB91:EEB:37B7:AC39:BD78:8415:E22B (talk) 18:38, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1862


text:
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein

The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a 502-amino acid protein expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system that in humans is encoded by the WAS gene. In the inactive state, WASp exists in an autoinhibited conformation with sequences near its C-terminus binding to a region near its N-terminus. Its activation is dependent upon CDC42 and PIP2 acting to disrupt this interaction, causing the WASp protein to 'open'. This exposes a domain near the WASp C-terminus that binds to and activates the Arp2/3 complex. Activated Arp2/3 nucleates new F-actin.

WASp is the founding member of a gene family which also includes the broadly expressed N-WASP (neuronal Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein), SCAR/WAVE1, WASH, WHAMM, and JMY. WAML (WASP and MIM like), WAWH (WASP without WH1 domain), and WHIMP (WAVE Homology in Membrane Protrusions) have more recently been discovered.

Structure and function
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family of proteins share similar domain structure, and are involved in transduction of signals from receptors on the cell surface to the actin cytoskeleton. The presence of a number of different motifs suggests they are regulated by a number of different stimuli, and interact with multiple proteins. These proteins, directly or indirectly, associate with the small GTPase CDC42, known to regulate formation of actin filaments, and the cytoskeletal organising complex, Arp2/3.

The WASp family proteins includes WASp, N-WASp, SCAR/WAVE, WHAMM and WASH. The five of them share a C- terminal VCA (verprolin, central, acidic) domain where they interact with actin nucleating complex (ARP2/3) and they differ in their terminal domains. WASp and N-WASP are analogs, they contain an N-terminal EVH1 domain, a C-terminal VCA domain and central B and GBD (GTP binding domain) domains. WASp, is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells and neuronal WASp (N-WASp), is ubiquitously expressed. N-WASp contains an output region and a control region that are essential for its regulation. The output region is called the VVCA domain. It is located towards the C-terminal end of the protein and contains four motifs: two verprolin homology motifs (VV) binds actin monomers and delivers them to Arp2/3; the central domain (C) was once thought to bind cofilin but is now believed to enhance the interactions between the V domains and actin monomers, as well as the interaction between the A domain and Arp2/3; and the acidic motif (A) binds Arp2/3. In isolation, the VCA region is constitutively active. However, in full-length N-WASp the control region suppresses VCA domain activity. The control region is located at N-terminal end of N-WASp. The control region contains a CDC42-binding domain (GBP) and a PIP2-binding domain (B), both of which are critical for proper regulation of N-WASp. Cooperative binding of CDC42 and PIP2 relieve the autoinhibition of N-WASp, causing Arp2/3 to carry out actin polymerization. WASp interacting protein (WIP) interacts with WASp N-terminal domain (WH1) preventing it from degradation and stabilising its auto-inhibitory conformation.

In the absence of CDC42 and PIP2, N-WASp is in an inactive, locked conformation. Cooperative binding of both CDC42 and PIP2 relieve the autoinhibition. The cooperative binding of CDC42 and PIP2 is thermodynamically favored; binding of one enhances binding of the other. CDC42 and PIP2 localize the N-WASp-Arp2/3 complex to the plasma membrane. This localization ensures the actin polymers will be able to push through the plasma membrane and form filopodium required for cell motility.

WASp is required for various functions in myeloid and lymphoid immune cells. Many of these, such as phagocytosis and podosome formation, related to its role in regulating the polymerization of actin filaments. Other functions of WASP depend on its activity as a scaffold protein for assembly of effective signalling complexes downstream of antigen receptor or integrin engagement. Particularly in NK cells it participates in the synapse formation and polarization of perforin to the immune synapse for NK cell cytotoxicity. When WASp is absent or mutated T cells and B cells formation of immune synapse and TCR/BCR downstream signaling is also affected.

Clinical significance
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is a rare, inherited, X-linked, recessive disease characterized by immune dysregulation and microthrombocytopenia, and is caused by mutations in the WASp gene. The WASp gene product is a cytoplasmic protein, expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells, which show signalling and cytoskeletal abnormalities in WAS patients. A transcript variant arising as a result of alternative promoter usage, and containing a different 5' UTR sequence, has been described, but its full-length nature is not known.

WASp is a product of the WASp, and mutations in the WASp can lead to Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (an X-linked disease that mainly affects males with symptoms that include thrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infections, and small-sized platelets) in these patients the protein is usually significantly reduced or absent. Other, less inactivating mutations affecting the WASp cause X-linked thrombocytopenia, or XLT, where there is usually detectable protein levels by flow cytometry. The majority of the mutations causing classic WAS are located in the WH1 domain of the protein and these mutations affect binding with the WASp Interacting Protein. Mutations located in the GBD domain disrupt autoinhibition and lead to an unfolded protein that is constitutively active. Unlike WAS and XLT, WASp in this case is present and active. Activated WASp leads to nuclear localization of actin filaments and this can lead to premature apoptosis, aneuploidy and failure to undergo cytokinesis. This, in turn, causes myelodysplasia and X-linked neutropenia.

A prospective gene therapy for Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, OTL-103, uses autologous CD34+ lymphocytes that are transfected with a lentiviral vector to produce functional WASp. , OTL-103 was undergoing Phase I/II clinical trials at the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy.

Interactions
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein has been shown to interact with:

 * CDC42,
 * CRKL,
 * EGFR,
 * FGR,
 * FYN,
 * Grb2,
 * ITK
 * ITSN2,
 * NCK1,
 * PIK3R1,
 * PLCG1,
 * PSTPIP1,
 * Src,
 * TRIP10, and
 * WIPF1.

title: Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein


text:
Talk:1861

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:06, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov
Hey I found some russian person that was in the office for about two months. Please add this person to the list of births. He was born nov. 30 if you need to know. --**Najezeko**:) 18:54, 9 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Najzeko (talk • contribs)

Candidate for deletion
January 12 – American Civil War: Major Robert Anderson sends dispatches to Washington.
 * support -- the statement doesn't really say anything. He may have sent dispatches every day. 155.213.224.59 (talk) 15:06, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

Text removed
I removed the 1 January entry that Pres-elect Lincoln declared slavery unconstitutional in the Confederate states. The Confederacy didn't exist yet so this could not have happened. (Note that someone else earlier has asked for a cite on this that was never provided.) 155.213.224.59 (talk) 15:06, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:1861


text:
Talk:1860

Layout proposals
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:06, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

vandalism
24.222.127.249 is continually vandalizing this article. Would you please stop? --- fdewaele, March 28, 2006 22:13 CET

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:55, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

error
Should 1860 not be written MDCCCLX (three C's) in latin? Bbqufyo (talk) 07:33, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Corner Stone of University of the South

 * October 10 - The original cornerstone of the University of the South is laid in Sewanee, Tennessee.

I removed the above - I'm not clear on how the laying of the cornerstone is on a level of importance with the first phonographic recording or the defeat of the last army of The Two Sicilies. If I'm wrong, the text remains above for reinsertion. --Badger151 (talk) 19:51, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Scott de Martinville and his recording
"April 9 – French typesetter Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville has his daughter sing the French folk song "Au Clair de la Lune" on his phonautograph; producing the world's earliest known sound recording (however, it is not rediscovered until 2008)."

According to http://www.firstsounds.org/sounds/scott.php the researchers were incorrect in their playback speed; it appears that the singer may be Scott de Martinville himself. Based on this, should the above entry be changed to reflect that? --FeanorStar7 (talk) 12:10, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, done by WP:BOLD. --MarkSteward (talk) 17:44, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:1860


text:
Los Angeles Temptation

The Los Angeles Temptation were a women's American football team in the Legends Football League (LFL) based in Los Angeles and Ontario, California. The team was established as Team Dream, one of two teams that participated in the inaugural Lingerie Bowl broadcast during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. The team won the first two Lingerie Bowls, and went on to win three more, their final one in 2012. The league, originally known as the Lingerie Football League, rebranded in 2013 and shifted away from Super Bowl halftime shows.

Following the 2019 season, the LFL ceased operations and relaunched as the Extreme Football League (X League), which first played in 2022. All former LFL teams received new brands and the Temptation were replaced by the Los Angeles Black Storm.

History
In 2004, the first Lingerie Bowl was played during halftime of Super Bowl XXXVIII between two teams of models and actresses wearing lingerie and minimal protective football gear. Team Dream was captained by Nikki Ziering and shutout the Angie Everhart-captained Team Euphoria with a single touchdown, winning the inaugural event 6–0. In the following year, the team was renamed Los Angeles Temptation and the Super Bowl halftime event was expanded by two more teams, the Dallas Desire and Chicago Bliss. After defeating the Dallas Desire in the Western Final (a semi-final competition that included a skill test, a 3-on-2 match, and a dance competition) with a score of 68–36, they met again with the re-named New York Euphoria at the final of Lingerie Bowl II and won again. In 2006, they defeated the Dallas Desire again in the semifinal, but lost 13–12 to the New York Euphoria in Lingerie Bowl III. The Lingerie Bowl was then cancelled for various reasons from 2007 through 2009. In 2009, the event organizers launched the concept as a full league called the Lingerie Football League (LFL), culminating in the Lingerie Bowl as the championship game between the conference champions, still during the Super Bowl halftime. The Temptation were one of the ten teams to participate in the inaugural 2009–10 LFL season, with one game indoors at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and one outdoors at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Temptation won the Western Conference and then defeated the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bliss by the score of 27–14 in Lingerie Bowl VII. They played both their 2010–11 LFL season home games at the Coliseum before moving to Ontario, California, and indoors at Citizens Business Bank Arena in 2011. The Temptation won the all three Lingerie Bowls after the launch of the LFL.

Following the 2011–12 LFL season, the league rebranded as the Legends Football League and shifted away from the Super Bowl halftime event, changing its championship game to the Legends Cup. The league also shifted the season to a spring and summer schedule that launched in 2013. In 2013 and 2014, the Temptation continued to play at Citizens Business Bank Arena. In 2015, the league placed the Las Vegas Sin at the arena after the Sin lost their home venue and the Temptation moved back to the outdoor Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, but returned to Ontario in 2016. The Temptation never made it to the Legends Cup until 2019, the last LFL season played.

On December 13, 2019, the LFL announced that it would not be producing a 2020 season and would re-evaluate markets in the future. Four days later, the Extreme Football League (X League) was announced to begin play in April 2020 with all previous LFL references redirecting to the new entity. The league size remained at eight teams, initially all in the same markets as the former LFL teams, but under new team branding and the Temptation were replaced by the Los Angeles Black Storm.

Notable players and coaches

 * Eric Dickerson – 2004 head coach
 * Katie Lohmann – 2006 quarterback
 * Jim McMahon – 2006 head coach
 * Deanna Merryman – 2005 player
 * Cora Skinner – 2006 player
 * Tamara Witmer – 2005 team captain
 * Nikki Ziering – 2004 team captain

title: Los Angeles Temptation


text:
Talk:1859

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:07, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

solar storm
According to http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_031027.html, in september there was an extremely powerful magnetic stomr that hit the earth, affecting telegraph transmission. Kdammers 08:54, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Alexandru Averescu
According to this article, Alexandru Averescu was born on March 9 and on April 3. The article about him says March 9. 209.179.119.43 (talk) 04:01, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:1859


text:
Joy to the World

"Joy to the World" is an English Christmas carol. It was written in 1719 by the English minister and hymnwriter Isaac Watts, and its lyrics are a Christian reinterpretation of Psalm 98 and Genesis 3. The carol is usually sung to an 1848 arrangement by the American composer Lowell Mason.

Since the 20th century, "Joy to the World" has been the most-published Christmas hymn in North America. , it was published in 1387 hymnals in North America, according to the Dictionary of North American Hymnology.

Origin
"Joy to the World" was written by English minister and hymnist Isaac Watts, based on a Christian interpretation of Psalm 98 and Genesis 3. The song was first published in 1719 in Watts' collection The Psalms of David: Imitated in the Language of the New Testament, and applied to the Christian State and Worship. The paraphrase is Watts' Christological interpretation. Consequently, he does not emphasize with equal weight the various themes of Psalm 98. In first and second stanzas, Watts writes of heaven and earth rejoicing at the coming of the King. Watts also didn't write this to originally be a Christmas carol, as the lyrics do not reflect the Virgin birth of Jesus, but rather Christ's Second Coming. Stanza three, an interlude that alludes to Genesis 3:17–19 rather than to the psalm text, speaks of Christ's blessings extending victoriously over the realm of sin. The cheerful repetition of the phrase "far as the curse is found" has caused this stanza to be omitted from some hymnals. But the line makes joyful sense when understood from the New Testament eyes through which Watts interprets the psalm. Stanza four celebrates Christ's rule over the nations." The nations are called to celebrate because God's faithfulness to the house of Israel has brought salvation to the world.

Music
Watts's 1719 preface says the verses "are fitted to the Tunes of the Old Psalm-Book" and includes the instruction, "To the Common Tunes sing all entitled Common Metre." It is not clear whether "Old Psalm-Book" means Playford's 1677 publication or some other. Sternhold and Hopkins' "old version" and Tate and Brady's "new version", among others, circulated at that time as well. In the late 18th century, "Joy to the World" was printed with music several times, but the tunes were unrelated to the one commonly used today.

The tune usually used today is from an 1848 edition by Lowell Mason for The National Psalmist (Boston, 1848). Mason was by that time an accomplished and well-known composer and arranger, having composed tunes such as "Bethany" and "Hamburg", which were used for the hymns "Nearer, My God, to Thee and "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross". Mason's 1848 publication of the current tune was the fourth version to have been published. The first, published in his 1836 book Occasional Psalm and Hymn Tunes, featured the present day tune (in a different arrangement) with the present-day lyrics, the first such publication to do so. The name of this tune was given as "Antioch", and was attributed as being "From Handel". A very similar arrangement of the tune to today's arrangement, and also with the present-day lyrics, was published in Mason's 1839 book The Modern Psalmist. It was also titled "Antioch" and attributed to Handel.

Musically, the first four notes of "Joy to the World" are the same as the first four in the chorus "Lift up your heads" from Handel's Messiah (premiered 1742), and, in the third line, the same as found in another Messiah piece: the arioso, "Comfort ye". Consequently, and with Mason's attribution to Handel, there has long been speculation over how much a part Handel's Messiah had in "Joy to the World". It is known Mason was a great admirer and scholar of Handel's music, and had in fact became president of the Boston Handel and Haydn Society in 1827 and was also an editor for them. However, resemblances between Messiah and "Joy to the World", have been dismissed as 'chance resemblance' by Handel scholars today.

Moreover, several tunes have been found from the early 1830s closely resembling that of "Antioch", the earliest of which was published in 1832 under the title "Comfort" (possibly as a nod to Handel's "Comfort ye"). This would make it at least four years older than Mason's first publication of "Antioch". Other publications from the early 1830s further suggest the tune may have been around for some time before Mason published his arrangement. Thomas Hawkes published the "Comfort" tune in 1833 in his Collection of Tunes. In it, the attribution was given simply as "Author Unknown", suggesting it may have been older. A 1986 article by John Wilson also showed "Antioch"'s close resemblance to an 1833 publication of "Comfort" and its associated Wesley hymn "O Joyful Sound". In any case, there is no evidence to suggest that the tune is older than Martin Luther's "Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her", a Christmas chorale of which Antioch appears to be an expanded paraphrase. This resemblance may have contributed to the widespread use of "Joy to the World" as a Christmas hymn.

A version by the Trinity Choir was very popular in 1911. , "Joy to the World" was the most-published Christmas hymn in North America.

Lyrics
"Joy to the World" has four verses. The third verse is occasionally omitted.

Joy to the world, the Lord is come! Let earth receive her King; Let every heart prepare him room,

And heaven, and heaven, and nature sing.

Joy to the world! the Saviour reigns; Let men their songs employ; While fields and floods, rocks, hills, and plains

Repeat, repeat the sounding joy.

No more let sins and sorrows grow, Nor thorns infest the ground; He comes to make His blessings flow

Far as, far as, the curse is found.

He rules the world with truth and grace, And makes the nations prove The glories of His righteousness,

And wonders, wonders, of His love.

title: Joy to the World


text:
Talk:1858

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: a see also box would be added for years in topic.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:53, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Gustaf V av Sverige.jpg

title: Talk:1858


text:
Talk:1857

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Not quite.
I deleted the line: This happened in 1847, where it is also listed. JordeeBec 19:51, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * July 24 - First Latter-Day Saints arrive in the Salt Lake Valley.

Pierce M. Butler
The section regarding "The Weeping Time" and the slave auction from Savannah Racetrack links out to a Pierce M. Butler who was killed in 1847. Probably the wrong one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.105.210.98 (talk) 17:15, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

New York Garment Workers Strike?
Did any garment workers' strike happen on this year? Or is it a myth? There are literally dozens, if not more, articles saying that on the web, but I don't see anything about it on Wikipedia. - Joaquin89uy (talk) 20:23, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Sorry, just read this on an article " There have been claims that the day was commemorating a protest by women garment workers in New York on March 8, 1857, but researchers have alleged this to be a myth intended to detach International Women's Day from its socialist origin." - Joaquin89uy (talk) 20:29, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1857


text:
Talk:1856

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:09, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

missing "obvious" items
I cannot fail to notice neither Nicola Tesla's birth nor the writing of "Alice in Wonderland" by Lewis Caroll are present this page. Lama Kacha? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.147.28.203 (talk) 21:39, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1856


text:
User talk:TDC/History of the Soviet Union (1927-1953)

My concerns with the prior article
''In addition, the Soviets never forgot the repeated assurances from Roosevelt that the United States and Britain would open a second front on the European continent; but the Allied invasion did not occur until June 1944, more than two years after the Soviets had demanded it. In the meantime, the Russians suffered horrendous casualties, as high as twenty million dead. The West had delayed the invasion, forcing the Soviets to absorb the brunt of German strength.''

Very POV and factually inaccurate. A second front was opened very early with US strategic bombing of Germany, which distrupted German supply lines and kept the Luftwaffe out of the Eastern front. Despite what Stalin said, he knew damn well a western European land front could not be opened till 1944 for logistical reasons. This statement above leads the reader to believe that the allies intentionally delayed the start of a European front. A land front was also opened up before June of 1944 with the invasion of Sicily and Italy.

''And, as Stalin anticipated, this was averted by maintaining roughly the same levels of government spending. It was just maintained in a vastly different way. In the end, the postwar American government would look a lot like the wartime government, with the military establishment, along with military-security dominant.''

Post war government spending was no where near wartime levels. Federal outlays as a % of GDP were 7.60% 10.10% 13.30% 20.90% 20.40% and 17.60% for the years 1941-1946. By 1950 they were back down to 14.4% and did not reach over 20% until 1999! Granted the military budget had remained higher than prewar levels, but considering the US was occupying both Japan and much of Europe, they were hardly out of line or dominant.

''which moved swiftly to consolidate its position. As the world's greatest industrial power, and as one of the few nations unravaged by the war, the United States stood to gain more than any other country from opening the entire world to unfettered trade. The United States would have a global market for its exports, and it would have unrestricted access to vital raw materials. Determined to avoid another economic catastrophe like that of the 1930s, Roosevelt saw the creation of the postwar order as a way to ensure continuing U.S. prosperity.''

POV for one, secondly the above statement is about the US, not the Soviet Union, and does not belong in an article on the History of the Soviet Union.

these aims were at the center of what the Soviet Union strove to avoid as the breakdown of the wartime alliance went forward.

With the level of espionage during the war from the Soviets, how could anyone even believe that the Soviets were not planning for confrontation with the US after WW2?

In this sense, the aims of Soviet Union were not aggressive expansionison but rather consolidation, i.e. attempting to secure the war-torn country's western borders.

This statement is a POV attempt to explain away post-war Soviet expansionism.

By successfully aiding Greece, Truman also set a precedent for the U.S. aid to regimes, no matter how repressive, that were anti-Communist and pro-capitalist.

A shade POV, wouldn’t you agree?

Stalin, fearing a revived Germany due to the Marshall Plan, responded by blocking access to Berlin, which was deep within the Soviet zone although subject to four power control.

Stalin feared a “revived” Germany in 1947? You have got to be joking.

The stated reason for the blockade had nothing to do with the fear of a revived Germany. The Soviets claimed that by setting up a west German government, issuing separate currency and through other alleged violations of "Big Four" agreements on Germany and Berlin, the west had rendered "Null and Void its' Right" to participate in the occupation of Berlin. Moscow asserted that West Berlin "is in the center of the Soviet zone and is part of that zone".

The real reason for the blockade was that the German people of the Soviet controlled block could see the difference in Berlin as three of the zones in Berlin were controlled by the Allies and prospered accordingly. This could undermine all attempts at Soviet re-education, so Stalin decided the Allies had to go.

and the United States embarked on what the Soviets considered a blatant violation of wartime treaties yet: plans to form a West German army.

The German Army was not reconstituted until 1955, ten years after the end of WW2. In 1956 the new West German Army had only 1000 troops, hardly a threat to the Soviet union and not even applicable to this article since it covers history up to 1953, 2 years before the reconstitution of the German army.

''In response, the United States sustained a massive anticommunist ideological offensive. The United States aimed to interfere in the internal affairs and sovereignty of other countries or impose its will upon others under the guise of "freedom," ";democracy,"; and ";human rights." In retrospect, this initiative appears largely successful: Washington brandished its role as the leader of the "free world"; at least as effectively as the Soviet Union brandished its position as the leader of the ";progressive"; and "anti-imperialist" camp.''

Post war Soviet intervention was more extensive (if not as well known) as US intervention.

'Espionage' section
IMO 'USSR Espionage' is a totally separate thread of the history that deserves its own separate article, with its own timeline. There is much more to say (and already said in wikipedia) on the issue. The already existing info must be consolidated and cross-referenced. ...And other countries had their spies too. A *HUGE* layer of life here. Mikkalai 19:23, 6 May 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:1855

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:52, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1855


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Prop

A prop, formally known as a (theatrical) property, is an object actors use on stage or screen during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, and electrical equipment.

Term
The earliest known use of the term "properties" in English to refer to stage accessories is in the 1425 CE morality play, The Castle of Perseverance.

During the Renaissance in Europe, small acting troupes functioned as cooperatives, pooling resources and dividing any income. Many performers provided their own costumes and small objects needed for performance, hence the term "property" suggesting these items belonged to the people on stage. Conversely, items such as stage weapons or furniture may have been acquired specially and considered "company property".

The Oxford English Dictionary finds the first usage of "props" in its shortened form in 1841, while the singular form "prop" appeared in 1911.

"Property" and "prop" apply not only to props used in theatre, but also to props used in film and television. Properties director Bland Wade said "A coffee cup onstage is a coffee cup on television, is a coffee cup on the big screen," adding "There are definitely different responsibilities and different vocabulary."

Backstage and on stage
During a performance props are set up in order, off stage on a table in an easily accessed area or pre-set on-stage before the performance begins by the assistant stage manager (ASM). The person in charge of preparing, maintaining and acquiring props is generally called the property master.

Types
Most props are ordinary objects. Some may require modification, such as rewiring of lamps to be compatible with dimmers or painting to make an object look used or be more visible from front of house under bright or dim lighting.

Props may also be manufactured specially for the production. This may be for reasons of weight, durability and safety or the item may be unique in appearance and/or function.

Weapons
A prop weapon, such as a gun or sword, can be a replica, a real weapon or a real weapon which has been modified to be non-functional.

To make melee weapons non-functional, swords often have their edges and points dulled. Knives are often made of plastic or rubber or have retractable blades.

Rubber bladed swords and guns may be used by stuntmen or actors where the action does not require detailed or functional weapons, in order to minimise risk.

Firearms
It is common for functioning firearms to be used in film and television productions usually firing blanks.

Due to the increased level of risk it is standard practice for the safe and proper handling and use of firearms as props to be overseen by a specifically trained and licensed professional, usually called the weapons master or armourer.

Although blank cartridges do not fire projectiles, they still have an explosive charge and can cause fatal injury.

Dummy bullets are used if the prop is in closeup and chambered rounds in the cylinder of a revolver are visible to camera. They contain no primer or charge and are only "bullet shaped objects"

Although rare, fatal firearm related incidents have occurred, notably Jon-Erik Hexum on October 18, 1984, Brandon Lee on March 31, 1993, and Halyna Hutchins on October 21, 2021.

Breakaway
Breakaway props are designed to be destroyed or break in use, such as furniture made from balsa-wood or cardboard and windows, bottles and glassware made from sugar glass or resin. Cups, plates or vases may be made from bisque or wax.

Although these are relatively safe, a stunt double may replace the main actor for scenes involving their use.

Hero
Hero props are the more detailed pieces intended for close inspection by the camera or audience. The hero prop may have legible writing, lights, moving parts, or other attributes or functions missing from a standard prop. The name refers to their typical use by main characters in a production.

A hero prop phaser from the Star Trek franchise, for example, might include a depressible trigger and a light-up muzzle and display panel (all of which would make the hero prop more expensive and less durable).

Money
Although real money can be used, when large quantities are required or the money is to be destroyed, it is usually more practical for facsimiles to be used, which are made to not only look realistic but also comply with counterfeiting laws.

Collecting
In recent years, the increasing popularity of movie memorabilia has elevated many props to the status of prized collectors items. "Screen-used" props can fetch vast sums at auctions and charity benefits.

There is also a growing industry in the making of replicas of well known hero props for home display, cosplay or LARP use.

title: Prop


text:
Talk:1854

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:12, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Could you add ...
December, 8 1854 -- Immaculate Conception declared dogma by pope.

December, 8 1854 -- Immaculate Conception declared dogma by pope.

Also add
8th December, 1854 - Eureka Stockade Thanks. YazzaMatazza 05:20, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:1854


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RealPlayer

RealPlayer, formerly RealAudio Player, RealOne Player and RealPlayer G2, is a cross-platform media player app, developed by RealNetworks. The media player is compatible with numerous container file formats of the multimedia realm, including MP3, MP4, QuickTime File Format, Windows Media format, and the proprietary RealAudio and RealVideo formats. RealPlayer is also available for other operating systems; Linux, Unix, Palm OS, Windows Mobile, and Symbian versions have been released.

The program is powered by an underlying open-source media engine called Helix.

History
The first version of RealPlayer was introduced on April 3, 1995 as "RealAudio Player" and was one of the first media players capable of streaming media over the Internet. Then, version 4.01 of RealPlayer was included as a selectable Internet tool in Windows 98's installation package. Subsequent versions of the software were titled "RealPlayer G2" (version 6) and "RealOne Player" (version 9), while free "Basic" versions as well as paid "Plus" versions, the latter with additional features, have also been offered. For the Windows OS, the RealPlayer version 9 subsumed the features of the separate program, RealJukebox.

RealPlayer 11 was released for Microsoft Windows in November 2007 and for Mac OS X in May 2008. RealPlayer 15 was released on November 18, 2011. This version allowed users to transfer video, music, and photos between their computers and mobile devices, share links of videos and photos on sites such as Facebook and MySpace, and download videos from popular sites such as YouTube and Metacafe.

RealPlayer was initially accessed by many users as a plugin to watch streaming video or listen to streaming audio (for example, most of the BBC's websites formerly employed the plugin); but in the early 21st century, Adobe Flash and subsequently HTML video became preferred options for this purpose.

Current status
In February 2016, RealNetworks released RealPlayer 18, which incorporated the features of the previous year's release of RealTimes, an app that makes multimedia montages from users' photographs and videos, backed up and accessible via cloud storage. The Real.com Blog states that "RealPlayer with RealTimes (aka "RealPlayer" for short) will still include the legacy features, such as Downloader, Converter, and Web Videos. It will also still include our RealTimes features, such as Photos and RealTimes Stories, our automatic video collage feature." Note that as of 2018, the publisher only provides RealTime for use on a Mac and no longer publishes a media player called RealPlayer for macOS.

As of January 2022, the www.real.com home page offers RealPlayer for Windows, Android, and iOS.

Features
Features of RealPlayer include a video download utility, a web browser, visualizations (graphical animations or "light shows" that appear on the screen when playing music), equalizer and video controls (including Crossfade and Gapless playback in RealPlayer Plus), recording audio, CD ripping, and a media converter which allows converting files to a variety of common audio and video formats.
 * Photo and Video Sharing - users can post videos to Facebook and Twitter directly from the software, as well as share directly to friends and family via email or SMS messages.

Supported media formats
RealPlayer has used several data formats:
 * RealMedia formats:  RealAudio (*.ra, *.rm),  RealVideo (*.rv, *.rm, *.rmvb), RealMedia HD (*.rmhd), RealPix (*.rp), RealText (*.rt), RealMedia Shortcut (*.ram, *.rmm)
 * Streaming: RealTime Streaming Protocol (rtsp://), Progressive Networks Streaming Protocols (pna://, pnm://), Microsoft Windows Media Streaming Protocol (mms://), Real Scalable Multicast (*.sdp), Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (*.smil, *.smi)
 * Audio: MP3 (*.mp3, *.mp2, *.mp2, *.m3u), CD Audio (*.cda), WAV (*.wav), AAC/aacPlus v1 (*.aac, *.m4a, *.m4b, *.mp4, *.acp, *.m4p), Apple Lossless, AIFF (*.aif, *.aiff), AU Audio Files (*.au), Panasonic AAC (*.acp)
 * Video: DVD (*.vob), Video CD (*.dat), MPEG Video (*.mpg, *.mpeg, *.m2v, *.mpe etc.), AVI (*.avi, *.divx), MJPEG video playback from .avi files, Windows Media (*.wma, *.wmv etc.) (requires Windows Media Player 9/10), QuickTime (*.mov, *.qt) (QuickTime Player must be installed), Adobe Systems Flash (*.swf) (Flash or Shockwave Player must be installed), Flash Video (*.flv).
 * Playlists (*.rpl, *.xpl, *.pls, *.m3u)
 * Graphics: Bitmap (*.bmp), GIF Images (*.gif), JPEG Images (*.jpeg, *.jpg), PNG (*.png)

Formats supported by optional plug-ins

 * AT&T A2B (*.a2b, *.mes)
 * Adobe Systems SVG (*.svg)
 * Audible Audio (*.aa)
 * Object Video (*.obv)
 * Luidia eBeam (*.wbs)
 * Digital Bitcasting
 * Envivio (*.mp4)
 * EVEN Technologies PSI Video (*.psi, *.fxv)
 * LearnKey RealCBT (*.lkv)
 * Liquid Audio (*.la, *.lmsff, .lqt, .lavs, .lar, .la1)
 * Netpodium Quickcast Image (*.npi)
 * LiveUpdate! Streaming MIDI files (*.mid, *.midi, *.rmi)
 * Camtasia Video (*.camv)
 * Ogg Vorbis/Theora (*.ogg, *.ogm)
 * RichFX (*.vpg, *.wgs)
 * Mode2 CDs
 * MIMIO Broadcast (*.mbc)
 * BeHere iVideo 360° Movies (*.bhiv)
 * iPIX 360° Movies (*.ipx)
 * ScreenWatch (*.scw)
 * Vivo Video Files (*.viv)
 * MJuice Files (*.mjf)
 * Blue Matter (*.bmt, *.bma)
 * OZ.COM fluid3d
 * IBM EMMS (*.emm)
 * On2 VP5 (*.vp5)
 * On2 VP4 (*.vp4)
 * On2 VP3 (*.vp3)
 * ImagePower Motion JPEG2000 (*.jp2, *.avi)
 * 3GP Mobile Phone Video Files (3gp)
 * AMR Narrow Band (*.amr)
 * AMR Wide Band (*.amr)

Plug-ins
RealPlayer has a wide variety of plug-ins. Some of the plug-ins are listed at the RealPlayer accessories page, but not all.

 * Audio Enhancement
 * There are four audio "enhancers" available for the latest version of RealPlayer. DFX, iQfx, Volume Logic, and Sanyo 3D Surround. Lake PLS, created by Lake Technologies, works only with RealJukebox, and has limited use. There are some registry tweaks which allow Lake PLS to work with RealPlayer 10. Lake PLS is still available on the RealPlayer website.

 * RealPlayer Skin Creators
 * RealPlayer has had two skin creator plug-ins: SkinsEditor for RealJukebox -- an easy to use skins creator made by DeYoung software. The second application, RealJukebox Skins Converter, converts Winamp skins into RealPlayer skins.

 * Playback Plug-Ins'''
 * Please see section Formats supported by optional plug-ins
 * vTuner Plus is a radio tuner specially created for RealPlayer.

 * Visualizations
 * The available visualizations from the RealNetworks site are: FrequencywurX, FyrewurX, FlamewurX, XFactor, Spectrl View, FluxWave, Puddle, Paint Drops, Polka dots, StickSterZ 1.0, Circle, On the road, Real Logo, and Hubble Bubble. There are some more visualization plug-ins like Surreal.FX by RealNetworks, G-Force and WhiteCap by SoundSpectrum and SticksterZ 1.1 by Eric Metois.

 * Firefox Browser Download (Firefox Add-on)
 * RealPlayer has a browser download add-on for Firefox (currently v1.0) which allows users to download video from a video player window (pop-up menu above top-right side of video player).

 * ScrobRealPlayer
 * an audioscrobbler plugin that connects RealPlayer with the Last.FM social music network.

Windows
RealPlayer SP includes audio CD burning capabilities, DVR-style playback buffering, multimedia search, Internet radio, a jukebox-style file library, an embedded web browser (using Microsoft Internet Explorer), and the ability to convert and transfer media to a wide range of devices. This includes music players such as iPod and Zune, smartphones such as iPhone and BlackBerry, portable gaming devices such as Sony PSP, and console gaming systems such as Xbox 360, PS3, and Wii. Since version 11, RealPlayer SP has gained Flash Video support, DVD, SVCD, VCD burning (120-minute), and video recording (DRM is supported).

As of 2008, RealPlayer Enterprise is a licensed product for enterprise applications which can be customized and remotely administered by RealPlayer Enterprise Manager. The free Realplayer Enterprise Education Edition has been removed. Both versions of Realplayer Enterprise are lightweight, ad-free versions of RealPlayer, missing most consumer features and most plug-in support. The RealSched.exe update reminder can be disabled in two steps, and it is not reinstalled upon running the player.

macOS
While RealPlayer for macOS had been distributed (for free) in the past, no macOS version of RealPlayer is available for download from the Real site.

The last stable release included Real's Helix playback engine for RealAudio and RealVideo, a 10-band equalizer and video adjustment controls, and a full-screen, resizable "theater mode" for video playback, as well as many features found in its Windows counterpart.

Since the release of version 10 on January 7, 2004, RealPlayer had become much more closely integrated with macOS including features such as:
 * QuickTime playback support (including full-screen viewing which Apple only introduced to its own basic QuickTime Player in 2007)
 * An integrated Web browser based on Apple's WebKit framework, resulting in RealPlayer and Safari sharing cookies.
 * Support for Bonjour to share Internet favorites.
 * Cocoa user interface.

All available versions of RealPlayer for macOS are 32-bit, thus the program can only run up to macOS Mojave due to 32-bit app support being dropped in Catalina.

Linux/Unix
RealPlayer for Linux/Unix was developed separately from the Windows and Mac versions. The client is based on the open-source Helix Player which can be found at the Helix Community Website. It supports Windows Media 7/8, RealAudio/Video, MP3 and Ogg Vorbis. The interface depends on the current GTK+ theme.

Android
The Android version of RealPlayer is currently available as a free download from the Google Play Store. It supports Real Audio, Real Video, MP3, 3GP, AMR, and other media formats.

Symbian
The Symbian version of RealPlayer allows mobile phones to play Real Audio, Real Video, MP3, 3GP, AMR, and other media formats. It is provided as freeware. In newer Symbian devices it can also be used to stream both audio and video content in the form of MP3 (music) and 3GP (videos).

Palm
RealPlayer 1.6.1 (US) or RealPlayer 1.6.0 (worldwide) is available for free for PalmOne-made Palm OS 5 devices, such as the Palm Tungsten or Zire series. It is also compatible with RealPlayer Music Store tracks. However, they will neither install nor run on non-PalmOne-made devices like Sony's Clie line of PDAs. Realplayer for Palm OS does not support later Palm smartphones such as the treo 700p, 755p, or Centro, although the treo 600 and 650 are listed as supported devices.

Related products
RealJukebox was a media player that allowed users to play and manage their digital music on hard drives, CDs and online. It was first released in May 1999. By late 2001, the functions of RealJukebox, RealPlayer and GoldPass (a subscription webcast service) had been integrated into Real's newly released all-in-one media player, RealOne Player.

Reception
Past versions of RealPlayer have been criticized for containing adware and spyware such as Comet Cursor. In 1999 security researcher Richard M. Smith dissected some of RealJukebox's network traffic and discovered that it was sending a unique identifier with information about the music titles to which its users were listening. RealNetworks issued a patch, and the spyware was removed in version 1.02. Their download page stated RealJukebox included privacy enhancements and supplied the link to their updated privacy policy.

PC World magazine named RealPlayer (1999 Version) as number 2 in its 2006 list "The 25 Worst Tech Products of All Time", writing that RealPlayer "had a disturbing way of making itself a little too much at home on your PC installing itself as the default media player, taking liberties with your Windows Registry, popping up annoying 'messages' that were really just advertisements, and so on." In 2007, it placed RealPlayer, versions 1996–2004, at number 5 in its list The 20 Most Annoying Tech Products.

US-CERT has issued multiple security advisories reporting defects which allowed remote sites to use RealPlayer to execute attack code.

Real Alternative
Real Alternative is a codec which allows RealMedia files to be played without the installation of the RealPlayer software. In 2010, RealNetworks sued Hilbrand Edskes, a 26-year-old Dutch webmaster, for providing a hyperlink to the Real Alternative codec on his website, alleging that Real Alternative is a reverse engineered codec and therefore illegal. In November 2011, RealNetworks' case against Edskes was dismissed and RealNetworks was ordered to pay him €48,000 in damages. The case, however, cost Edskes €66,000 in legal fees. The case was reopened in 2013, when RealNetworks claimed to possess further proof showing that Edskes was involved in uploading Real Alternative.

title: RealPlayer


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Talk:Dramatic programming

I wrote a stub because a German-speaker was asking about the term on the Village Pump. This may NOT be entirely accurate, I'm just trying to get something started here. I'm not much of a TV person. Have at it. -- Jmabel 19:20, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * thanks anyway! High on a tree 18:41, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

I suggested a merge with Television drama series -- I realize that "Dramatic programming" could encompass more than series (i.e. TV movies), but I would think that one article for TV drama should be sufficient. --Madbehemoth 01:17, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If the two are merged, it should be in an article called Television drama, rather than series. DionysosProteus (talk) 14:18, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Confusing heading and similar articles
The heading is confusing as "Dramatic programming" can refer to both radio and television. Furthermore there is a Radio drama article and another that deals with the Television play Rwood128 (talk) 21:25, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dramatic programming


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Requests for commentRichardchilton

Get rid of this page. The existence of this page is a red herring. So what if these users are the same person? None of the users listed is a banned matter, so this is a non-issue. (unsigned but was listed on vfd by 172)
 * Move to that user's userpage. Alcarillo 19:58, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I have much respect for the people arguing over this case, but my sporadic interactions with Richard Chilton et al. have suggested he is more interested in yanking chains than in helping improve WP. Can you point to some good, productive edits he has made? +sj+ 01:17, 2004 May 7 (UTC)  Also, repeated denial of pup ownership can in itself be reason for keeping open an RfC page. +sj+
 * Were the standard guidelines followed prior to making this page? If they were, then keep. --Jiang 02:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)