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European Parliamentary Elections Act 1993

The European Parliamentary Elections Act 1993 is an Act of Parliament that amended the procedures on European elections in the United Kingdom, amending the European Assembly Elections Act 1978. It received royal assent on 5 November 1993.

It was passed mainly to change the number of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) elected from 81 to 87, changing the number of MEPs elected from England from 66 to 71 and from Wales from 4 to 5.


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Talk:Archetype (Fear Factory album)

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title: Talk:Archetype (Fear Factory album)


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Panama scandals

The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to a French company's failed attempt at constructing a Panama Canal. Close to half a billion francs were lost and members of the French government had taken bribes to keep quiet about the Panama Canal Company's financial troubles in what is regarded as the largest monetary corruption scandal of the 19th century.

Bankruptcy
On 4 February 1889, the Tribunal Civil de la Seine ordered the winding up of the Panama Canal Company in Paris. Work on the isthmus was stopped in the meantime, while the court-appointed liquidator arranged to maintain the existing buildings, tools and machinery. Within a few years, however, high losses were incurred due to the damp, warm climate. The French government repeatedly delayed the liquidation, because the take-over offers by various American companies seemed insufficient. An intermediate company could not be started for lack of capital. The liquidator appointed a commission of inquiry, whose 1890 report recommended continuation of the sluice canal and renewal of the 1878 contract with Colombia. The renewal was agreed in 1890 in Bogotá, to run until 1904.

The dimensions of the bankruptcy were clear by 1892. Some 800,000 French people, including 15,000 single women, had lost their investments in the stocks, bonds and founder shares of the Panama Canal Company, to the considerable sum of approximately 1.8 billion gold Francs. From the nine stock issues, the Panama Canal Company received 1.2 billion gold Francs, 960 million of which were invested in Panama, a large amount having been pocketed by financiers and politicians.

Scandal

In 1892/1893, a large number of ministers (including Clemenceau) were accused by French nationalists of taking bribes from Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1888 to permit the stock issue, leading to a corruption trial against Lesseps and his son Charles. Meanwhile, 510 members of parliament – including six ministers – were accused of receiving bribes from the Panama Canal Company to hide the company's financial status from the public. Lesseps, his son Charles, members of the management as well as the engineer Gustave Eiffel, were at first given long jail sentences, later annulled.

In the bribery trial, the former city development minister, Bethaut, received five years imprisonment, of which he served three years. Baron Reinach – the financial adviser of the Canal Company and agent for the various bribes – committed suicide. Other defendants fled to England. On 7 December 1894, Lesseps died.

Politicians accused of involvement included Léon Bourgeois and Alfred Joseph Naquet. One hundred and four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption, and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an enquiry into the matter, completed in 1893. The investigations into the Panama affair were resumed in 1897, but the defendants were acquitted.

Aftermath
Georges Clemenceau was defeated in the 1893 election because of his association with Cornelius Herz. Although three governments collapsed, this crisis differed from the Boulanger affair in that the Republic was never really at risk of being overthrown. However, it did raise doubts in the public eye and meant that politicians were no longer trusted. To monarchists it proved that the republic was corrupt.

Hannah Arendt argues that the affair had an immense importance in the development of French antisemitism, due to the involvement of two Jews of German origin, Baron Jacques Reinach and Cornelius Herz. Although they were not among the bribed Parliament members and not on the company's board, according to Arendt they were in charge of distributing the bribe money, Reinach among the right wing of the bourgeois parties, Herz among the anti-clerical radicals. Reinach was a secret financial advisor to the government and handled its relations with the Panama Company. Herz was Reinach's contact in the radical wing, but Herz's double-dealing blackmail ultimately drove Reinach to suicide.

However, before his death Reinach gave a list of the suborned members of Parliament to the Libre Parole, Edouard Drumont's antisemitic daily, in exchange for the paper covering up Reinach's own role. Overnight, the story transformed La Libre Parole from an obscure sheet into one of the most influential papers in the country. The list of culprits was published morning by morning in small installments, so that hundreds of politicians had to live on tenterhooks for months. The scandal showed, in Arendt's view, that the middlemen between the business sector and the state were almost exclusively Jews, thus helping to pave the road for the Dreyfus Affair.

In 1894, a second French company, the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama (New Panama Canal Company), was created to manage the assets, and potentially finish construction. The new company sought a buyer for the assets, with an asking price of US $109 million. The construction of the canal was taken over by the United States which bought out the lease, the shares and assets in the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of November 1903, for US $40 million. Work resumed in 1904 and the canal opened 3 August 1914.

title: Panama scandals


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Talk:Solace (disambiguation)

Untitled
yes thats true —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.169.166.19 (talk) 20:48, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Solace's Meaning
I always thought 'solace' was a time of peace or something.

/: --Aaedien 04:15, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree with you i understand you —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.13.117.170 (talk • contribs). its because the shubunkin chases the fancytail also known as solace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.169.166.19 (talk) 20:50, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solace (disambiguation)


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Act of Abjuration

The Act of Abjuration (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe; Acta de Abjuración) is the declaration of independence by many of the provinces of the Netherlands from their allegiance to Philip II of Spain, during the Dutch Revolt.

Signed on 26 July 1581, in The Hague, the Act formally confirmed a decision made by the States General of the Netherlands in Antwerp four days earlier. It declared that all magistrates in the provinces making up the Union of Utrecht were freed from their oaths of allegiance to their lord, Philip, who was also King of Spain. The grounds given were that Philip had failed in his obligations to his subjects, by oppressing them and violating their ancient rights. Philip was therefore considered to have forfeited his thrones as ruler of each of the provinces which signed the Act.

The Act of Abjuration allowed the newly independent territories to govern themselves, although they first offered their thrones to alternative candidates. When this failed in 1587 by, among other things, the deduction of François Vranck the provinces became a republic in 1588.

During that period the largest parts of Flanders and Brabant and a small part of Gelre were recaptured by Spain. The partial recapture of these areas to Spain led to the creation of Staats-Vlaanderen, Staats-Brabant, Staats-Overmaas and Spaans Gelre.

Background
The Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands were united in a personal union by Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V with the incorporation of the duchy of Guelders in his Burgundian territories in 1544. It was constituted as a separate entity with his Pragmatic Sanction of 1549.

His son, King Philip II of Spain, inherited these provinces on Charles' abdication in 1555. But this actually meant that he assumed the feudal title of each individual province, as Duke of Brabant, Count of Holland etc. There never was a single, unified state of the Netherlands, though the provinces were all represented in the States General of the Netherlands, since the Great Charter or Privilege of Mary of Burgundy, of 10 February 1477.

In the Dutch Revolt, from 1568 several of these provinces rose in rebellion against Philip. Given the monarchical ethos of the time, the revolt had to be justified partly – as William the Silent, the leader of the Dutch Revolt, put it – as an attempt whereby “the Republic’s ancient privileges and liberty should be restored”; partly as directed against the royal councillors, not the king: thus the legal fiction was maintained of just having revolted against his viceroys, successively the Duke of Alba, Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens, John of Austria, and the Duke of Parma, while the stadtholders appointed by the provincial estates continued to claim they represented Philip.

This pretence was already wearing thin, however, by the time of the Pacification of Ghent in 1576. When Don Juan attacked Antwerp and Namur in 1577, the States General – as the provincial estates did with the non-royalist stadtholders – appointed Archduke Matthias, Philip's nephew, as viceroy, without Philip's consent. Matthias was young and inexperienced, and brought no resources of his own to the battle with Philip. This became a serious problem after the Duke of Parma started to make serious inroads against the tenuous unity of the Pacification with his Union of Arras of a number of southern Provinces, which the rebellious northern provinces answered with their own Union of Utrecht, both in 1579. Each union formed its own Estates General. William the Silent therefore decided that the rebellious Netherlands should look for an overlord who could bring useful foreign allies. He hoped that Francis, Duke of Anjou, the younger brother and heir-presumptive of King Henry III of France, who did not wish to be someone else's viceroy, was such a man. The rebel States General was persuaded to offer him the sovereignty of the Netherlands, which he accepted by the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours, while Matthias was bought off with a generous annuity. Holland and Zeeland however did not join in the offer, preferring to look to William himself for the transfer of sovereignty.

Act of Abjuration
Transferring the sovereignty of the Netherlands presented a significant problem: the magistrates of the cities and rural areas, and the provincial states themselves, had sworn allegiance to Philip. Oaths of allegiance were taken very seriously during this monarchical era. As long as the conflict with Philip could be glossed over, these magistrates could pretend to remain loyal to the king, but if a new sovereign was recognised, they had to make a choice. The rebellious States General decided on 14 June 1581 to officially declare the throne vacant, because of Philip's behaviour. Hence the Dutch name for the Act of Abjuration: "Plakkaat van Verlatinghe", which may be translated as "Placard of Desertion". This referred not to desertion of Philip by his subjects, but rather, to a suggested desertion of the Dutch "flock" by their malevolent "shepherd," Philip.

A committee of four members – Andries Hessels, greffier (secretary) of the States of Brabant; Jacques Tayaert, pensionary of the city of Ghent; Jacob Valcke, pensionary of the city of Ter Goes (now Goes); and Pieter van Dieven (also known as Petrus Divaeus), pensionary of the city of Mechelen – was charged with drafting what was to become the Act of Abjuration. The Act prohibited the use of the name and seal of Philip in all legal matters, and of his name or arms in minting coins. It gave authority to the Councils of the provinces to henceforth issue the commissions of magistrates. The Act relieved all magistrates of their previous oaths of allegiance to Philip, and prescribed a new oath of allegiance to the States of the province in which they served, according to a form prescribed by the States General. The actual draft seems to have been written by an audiencier of the States General, Jan van Asseliers.

The Act was remarkable for its extensive preamble, which took the form of an ideological justification, phrased as an indictment (a detailed list of grievances) of King Philip. This form, to which the American Declaration of Independence bears striking resemblance, has given rise to speculation that Thomas Jefferson, when he was writing the latter, was at least partly inspired by the Act of Abjuration.

The preamble was based on Vindiciae contra tyrannos by Philippe de Mornay, and other works of monarchomachs may have been sources of inspiration also. The rebels, in their appeal to public opinion, may have thought it more important to quote "authoritative" sources and refer to "ancient rights" they wished to defend. By deposing a ruler for having violated the social contract with his subjects, they were the first to apply these theoretical ideas. Historian Pieter Geyl described the Act of Abjuration as a "rather splendid, albeit late, expression of the sturdy medieval tradition of liberty," and noted that while the principles expressed in the act were derived from Calvinism, the document lacked a purely religious argument.

In order of appearance, these provinces are mentioned in the declaration: the Duchies of Brabant and Guelders, the Counties of Flanders, Holland and Zeeland, and the Lordships of Frisia, Mechelen and Utrecht. The provinces of Overijssel (which included Drenthe) and Groningen also seceded but are not separately mentioned as they strictly speaking were not separate entities but parts of Utrecht and Guelders, respectively. Large parts of Flanders and Brabant were later occupied again by the Spanish king.

Aftermath
The Act of Abjuration did not solve the problem of authority in the Low Countries. Philip did not recognise the Act, nor the sovereignty of the Duke of Anjou, while he had already outlawed William of Orange and put a price on his head. Many magistrates refused to take the new oath and preferred to resign from their offices, thus changing the political makeup of many rebellious cities in the Netherlands, strengthening the radicals. At the same time, the States-General had their own claim for authority, as indeed did William as their representative in most provinces, while Anjou was left as a sort of empty figure-head. The latter was not satisfied with his limited powers and made an attempt to subjugate a number of cities, including Antwerp. His assault on the latter, known as the French Fury, led to a humiliating repulse and greatly discredited the Duke.

This caused the States General to start looking for a different sovereign. After a first attempt to interest Elizabeth I of England in assuming sovereignty did not succeed, William the Silent was asked to assume the "vacant" title of Count of Holland, but he was assassinated in 1584, before the arrangements could be finalised. After the Treaty of Nonsuch Elizabeth agreed to send aid to the Dutch rebels as their protector, though without assuming sovereignty. Under the provisions of the treaty, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester was appointed Governor-General of the Netherlands. However, like the "reign" of the Duke of Anjou, this proved to be a disappointment. After Leicester's departure in 1587, and given what the British historian John Huxtable Elliott called “the slow decline of the monarchical idea, in the face of repeated failures”, the States General decided to assume sovereignty themselves, thereby making the seven United Provinces a republic.

title: Act of Abjuration


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User talk:Shturm

I'm a hardware and network engineer by trade, but astronomy and observatories are my thing, although I also love movies. Since I'm new to Wikipedia (April 2004) if you discover that I have erred in any way just explain patiently; no need to go postal.

title: User talk:Shturm


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Crew (comics)

Crew, the first regular Czech international comic magazine, started publication in 1997. It was meant to be published every two months, but it started having long breaks after the first year. Officially publication ended in 2003 with Crew 21.

Name
Not to be confused with the English word "crew," the name of the magazine was a pun on the word blood (Czech: krev) as the magazine wished to portray "bloody" comics alongside others.

History
It ran for quite some time under the team of Štěpan Kopřiva, Jiří Pavlovský and Petr Litoš. But issues 17–21 were done by Vladimír Veverka. After the collapse of the original magazine, Litoš, Kopřiva and Pavlovský began to publish a new magazine — Crew2. Nineteen issues have been published to date (first issue published 2003, latest 2007). The Crew under Veverka was visibly less popular with the long-time fans, although it had its own following.

Crew was the only magazine to officially publish international comics after the 90's comics wave within the Czech republic. It has been criticized for not publishing Czech comics, which was redeemed partly by local magazines, such as Pot.

Explaining the end of the original magazine: Crew 22 was meant to be an issue of the original Crew comics magazine, yet it never was published and Veverka sold the Logo back to the original team. Also, all the comics (except for Understanding Comics's second part) were published in the new magazine.

title: Crew (comics)


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Miscellaneous T

Miscellaneous T is a B-side and remix compilation album released by the alternative rock band They Might Be Giants in 1991. It is a US re-release of Don't Let's Start (which was only released in the UK and West Germany), with different cover art, track order, and the additional song "Hello Radio".

The album consists of all of the B-sides from the singles the band released between 1987 and 1989 (except "Ana Ng"), with the addition of the relatively new songs "The World's Address (Joshua Fried Remix)"—released beforehand only on Don't Let's Start—and "Hello Radio", which was previously released on a promotional sampler.

All of the songs, with the exception of "(She Was A) Hotel Detective (Single Mix)", are included on Then: The Earlier Years, a compilation of the band's early material.

Miscellaneous T is said to be named for the section in record stores where They Might Be Giants' albums were most often shelved in the band's early years.

Critical reception
Trouser Press called the compilation a "neat if uneven appendix to the longplaying oeuvre." The Spin Alternative Record Guide wrote that it "reveals TMBG's enormous depth of material."

Song notes
The tracks are grouped according to the singles they originally appeared with:
 * 1–3: "Purple Toupee" (unreleased)
 * 5–7: "They'll Need a Crane"
 * 9–14: "(She Was A) Hotel Detective"
 * 15–18: "Don't Let's Start"

The 13th track, which has no name listed on the album's track listing, is not actually a song, but a snippet of a recording inadvertently left on the TMBG Dial-A-Song answering machine, in which a confused listener named Gloria talks to an unknown third party about the mystery of "There May Be Giants" and "There Must Be Giants", as she mistakenly refers to the band. It would later be referenced when Bryant Gumbel referred to them as "They Must Be Giants" when they performed "Your Racist Friend" on the Today Show to promote the release of Flood.

"Lady Is a Tramp" is a cover of a song from the Rodgers and Hart musical Babes in Arms.

Track listing
All songs by They Might Be Giants unless otherwise noted. 1. "Hey, Mr. DJ, I Thought You Said We Had a Deal" – 3:48
 * Side one

2. "Lady Is a Tramp" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 1:20

3. "Birds Fly" – 1:25

4. "The World's Address" [Joshua Fried Remix] – 5:42

5. "Nightgown of the Sullen Moon" – 1:59

6. "I'll Sink Manhattan" – 2:32

7. "It's Not My Birthday" – 1:52

8. "Hello Radio" - 0:56

9. "Mr. Klaw" – 1:19 1. "Kiss Me, Son of God" [Alternate Version] – 1:52
 * Side two

2. "The Biggest One" – 1:22

3. "For Science" – 1:19

4. "13" – 2:33

5. "(She Was a) Hotel Detective" [Single Mix] – 2:20

6. "The Famous Polka" – 1:33

7. "When It Rains It Snows" – 1:33

8. "We're the Replacements" – 1:50

9. "Don't Let's Start" [Single Mix] – 2:34

title: Miscellaneous T


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Xie Lingyun

Xie Lingyun (385–433), also known as the Duke of Kangle (康樂公), was one of the foremost Chinese poets of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and a famous practitioner of the Six Dynasties poetry.

Life
Xie Lingyun was a descendant of two of the most important families of the later Eastern Jin times, the Xie and the Wang families. His paternal grandfather was the general Xie Xuan, a general who is best known for repelling the Former Qin army at the Battle of Fei River, thus preventing the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān from destroying Jin, and thus allowing the continuation of the southern dynastic kingdoms. His maternal grandmother was Wang Mengjiang, the only daughter of calligrapher, writer and politician Wang Xizhi.

Birth and youth

He was born in Yangxia County, Henan, but his father died early. Xie Lingyun was consequently brought up by a Buddhist monk, Du Ming, in what was then Qiantang but now Hangzhou, a cosmopolitan metropolis at the southern end of the Grand Canal, a market nexus for maritime trade and transport to and from the north, and an area widely famed for its scenery with surrounding hills and the spectacular West Lake.

Although, returning home from the monastery in 399, when he would have been in his mid-teens, Xie retained a lifelong Buddhist practice. Furthermore, the family estate itself was a scenic wonder. Located in Shining (始寧) (modern Shangyu township, Shaoxing prefecture, Zhejiang province—but administered and named differently then), the estate had been carefully chosen by his grandfather, the successful general, both for esthetics of beauty and its seclusion, who then planned and laid it out according to his wishes. The estate included a significant hill to the north, upon which was the family homestead, and there was a matching hill to the south, each hill replete with its craggy cliffs and cascading streams: and, in between the two hills stood a lake. The family home on the northern hill had been terraced and developed with well-planned and situated orchards, gardens, walking paths, and ornate pavilions, all done with a mind to preserve and increase the viewer's pleasure: the south hill during the youth of Xie Lingyun was left as somewhat of a wild preserve; but, between the two there was a whole range of fields and crops as well as wild plant and animal life.

Even the secluded family estate was not necessarily safe during these turbulent times; and, when a major rebellion broke out, the family abandoned their country living in favor of the relative safety of the capital city, Jiankang (modern Nanjing), for the four years of its course. The Xie family received official residence in a fancy mansion, where their entertainments were among the foremost for the luxury and display fashionable at that time: that the young duke (having inherited the title when his father died) was well off financially (having also inherited the three thousand household fiefdom which went with the ducal title) and was also skilled in the expected literary abilities; which, altogether, went towards placing him in the highlight of the capital's social scene, and (with the family connections) also thus appearing to be at the very beginning of a very successful official career.

Career
Xie Lingyun served as an official in the Eastern Jin, during which time the rebellion was quashed by general Liu Yu; however, this would turn out to be just a step in the general's career, later on he would overthrow the Eastern Jin dynasty and establish the Liu Song dynasty, as Emperor Wu. The Xie family backed an alternative general, and the factional intrigues went on for years, before and after the eventual triumph of the Liu as the Liu Song dynasty. Liu Yu gained more and more power, at the expense of the Xie and the other old families, but at first was content to have the services of Xie Lingyun, nominally as an official of Jin. However, in the year 420 Liu Yu declared the end of Jin and the beginning of his new dynasty, the Liu Song. At this point, as an official in the Liu Song government, Xie Lingyun received a demotion, to marquis, with only 500 households in fee. He then was demoted to a position in a remote area, and so effectively exiled, to Yongjia (永嘉, modern Wenzhou in Zhejiang). Yongjia was a coastal seaport surrounded by scenic hills, and the setting for Xie Lingyun's Yongjia poetic period, when he wrote some of his finest poems. After a year in office here, however, Xie claiming health problems, resigned and returned home to the family estate in Shangyu.

Retiring to South Hill
After returning home to the family estate in Shining (Shangyu), where he spent considerable time attending to the previously undeveloped or cultivated South Hill, which may also be known as "South Mountain". Here he went on long exploratory expeditions, accompanied by dozens of servants, who often had to hack a way through the more densely vegetated areas: Xie Lingyun is also famed for having invented and used a type of wooden boots with spikes which he could remove or adjust depending on whether he was on level ground or on an up or down slope. His poems from this period made it to the capital city where they were popularly read, and the poems from his Shining period remain among his long lasting accomplishments. Some of the descriptions of and names for the locations of poetic occasions on his estate can be seen to be directly influential on the forty poems of the Wangchuan ji (also known as the Wang or Wheel River Collection) written by Wang Wei and Pei Di, in regards to Wang Wei's Tang Dynasty retirement estate at Lantian, south of the contemporary capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an in Shaanxi province).

Back in office, exile, and death
Meanwhile, the political changes went on unabated, and Xie once again became enmeshed in them. In 426, the new sovereign summoned him to court, where he spent two years with no real duty or power, but rather as a token to display loyalty: he then left for two years, but came back in 430 to defend himself against charges placed by his local prefect. In 431, he was relegated to what is now Fuzhou in Jiangxi, then the next year further exiled to Guangzhou: Xie Lingyun was then sentenced to death on a pretext, in 433, at which point he wrote his final poem, lamenting that his death was not to be on one of his beloved hilltops; and, then was executed.

Poetry
Xie Lingyun has been considered a nature or landscape poet focusing on the "mountain and streams", in contrast to the "field and garden" landscape poetry. His poetry is allusive and complex, with possible Buddhist influence.

Formal technique
Xie was influenced by a tradition of fu-style poetry, or literature. The Fu tradition often included eloquent descriptions of the beauties of nature; indeed, Xie himself wrote his renowned "Fu on returning to the Mountains" in this style: however, Xie's breakthrough was to distill the essence of this type of Fu and adapt and compress it into the shi more purely poetic form.

Influence
Hailed as the progenitor of the Chinese landscape poetry genre (shanshui poetry), the reputation of Xie Lingyun as a great poet remains secure, as it has for over a thousand years. The Wangchuan ji by Wang Wei and Pei Di which describes the landscape features of Wang's estate near Chang'an particularly shows the influence of Xie Lingyun's poetry describing the landscape features of his estate near West Lake.

title: Xie Lingyun


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Seversk

Seversk (Се́верск) is a closed city in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located 15 km northwest of Tomsk on the right bank of the Tom River. The population was 108,590 at the 2010 census and 109,106 at the 2002 census.

It was previously known as Pyaty Pochtovy (until 1949) and Tomsk-7 (until 1992).

Geography
The city is located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) northwest of Tomsk on the right bank of the Tom River.

Climate
Seversk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm summer. The annual average temperature is 0.6 °C (33°F). The average temperature in January is between -21 °C (-6°F) and -13 °C (9°F). The average temperature in July is 19.2 °C (67°F). The total annual rainfall is 530 millimeters (21").

History
Founded in 1949, it was known as Pyaty Pochtovy (Пя́тый Почто́вый, lit. the Fifth Postal) until 1954 and as Tomsk-7 (Томск-7) until 1992. City status was granted to it in 1956.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated as Seversk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Seversk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Seversk Urban Okrug.

Economy
Seversk is the site of the Siberian Chemical Combine, founded in 1954. It comprises several nuclear reactors and chemical plants for separation, enrichment, and reprocessing of uranium and plutonium. Following an agreement in March 2003 between Russia and the United States to shut down Russia's three remaining plutonium-producing reactors, two of the three plutonium producing reactors (the two that are situated in Seversk, at the Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant) were shut down.

Nuclear warheads are produced and stored on the premises. One of the most serious nuclear accidents at SGCE occurred on April 6, 1993, when a tank containing a highly radioactive solution exploded (see § Tomsk-7 explosion).

Government
The current Chair of the City Duma and Mayor is Grigory Shamin, who has served since 2010. The current city manager is Anatoly Abramov, who has served since August 2007.

Secret city

Seversk had been a secret city in the Soviet Union until President Boris Yeltsin decreed in 1992 that such cities could use their historical names. The town had not been marked on the official maps until then. As was the tradition with Soviet towns containing secret facilities, the designation "Tomsk-7" (like its predecessor "Pyaty Pochtovy") is simply a postal code which implies that the place is located close to the city of Tomsk.

For many years, residents have been restricted from entering or leaving the city. Upon leaving Seversk, residents had to surrender their special entry passes at the checkpoint and it was forbidden to discuss where they worked or lived. In 1987, some restrictions were lifted due to the large number of residents who worked or studied in Tomsk.

The city still remains closed to non-residents. There are six checkpoints where visitors must show entry documents. Permission to visit the city may only be granted by the appropriate authorities by a request of the institution being visited, or by a request of a private party such as a close relative. Visitors can apply for entry passes at the main checkpoint; prior to May 2007, they needed to visit a special office in Tomsk.

Tomsk-7 explosion
There was a nuclear accident at the Tomsk-7 Reprocessing Complex on April 6, 1993, when a tank exploded due to formation of red oil, while nitric acid was being added to a plutonium-uranium mixture. The explosion had a force of approximately 100 kg of TNT and blew out a large section of the exterior wall of the high level radioactive processing room, releasing a cloud of radioactive gas. The cloud was dispersed northwards by the wind, with some of the radioactive material settling over the neighboring village of Georgiyevka.

TIME magazine has identified the Tomsk-7 explosion as one of the world's 10 "worst nuclear disasters". The International Atomic Energy Agency considers the event a Level 3 "serious incident".

Culture
Seversk has nine municipal cultural and artistic institutions, as well as four establishments of additional education for children of artistic and aesthetic focus. There is also a nonprofit organization, Ostrovsky House of Culture, and a cinema called Mir.

Education
There is a major post-secondary school in the city, the Seversk State Technological Academy, a branch of Moscow Engineering Physics Institute.

Notable people from Seversk

 * Anastasia Shishmakova (born 2000), Russian group rhythmic gymnast.
 * Margarita Aliychuk (born 1990), Russian group rhythmic gymnast and Olympic champion
 * Lyubov Yegorova (born 1966), cross-country skier and Olympic champion

title: Seversk


text:
Talk:The Empire Strikes First

Sonic Alienator
What in the name of Thor is a Sonic Alienator???74.67.228.2 04:02, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Empire Strikes First


text:
Talk:Get Rich or Die Tryin' (disambiguation)

An entry for each song?
Do we need an entry for each and every song? To my knowledge, only majorly significant songs normally get a individual entry. Donovan Ravenhull 23:21, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Lots of songs have articles, it doesn't do any harm. Also this is a major album. Kappa 23:38, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I don't mind the person that is doing Mariah Carey song articles because the person writes in-depth articles on the singles that were released on certain albums not all of her songs. The "Get Rich or Die Tryin'" song articles information should be only in the album's article just like Aquemini and The Marshall Mathers LP Wikipedia articles. The truely notable singles in this album that may consider to have seperate articles are "In Da Club", ""21 Questions", and "P.I.M.P." Almost all of the ""Get Rich or Die Tryin'" song articles are just stubs. --Chill Pill Bill 00:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Why does a search for blood hound bring me here? Highlandlord 08:38, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:30, 2 February 2016 (UTC)


text:
Philippic

A philippic is a fiery, damning speech, or tirade, delivered to condemn a particular political actor. The term is most famously associated with three noted orators of the ancient world: Demosthenes of ancient Athens, Cato the Elder and Cicero of ancient Rome. The term itself is derived from Demosthenes's speeches in 351 BC denouncing the imperialist ambitions of Philip of Macedon, which later came to be known as The Philippics.

Greece
The original "philippics" were delivered by Demosthenes, an Athenian statesman and orator in Classical Greece, who delivered several attacks on Philip II of Macedon in the 4th century BC. Experts have questioned his intentions behind the philippics.

A First, Second, and Third Philippic have been ascribed to Demosthenes. A Fourth Philippic is also extant, but is of disputed authorship.

Rome
Cato the Elder is also associated with the concept of the Philippic. Just as Demosthenes had been warning of the militaristic intentions of Philip of Macedon, so Cato warned the Romans of the potential threat posed by the Carthaginians. Plutarch recorded a common ending to Cato's speeches: "Carthago delenda est" or 'Carthage must be destroyed'.

Cicero consciously modeled his own condemnations of Mark Antony on Demosthenes's speeches, and if the correspondence between Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger and Cicero is genuine [ad Brut. ii 3.4, ii 4.2], at least the fifth and seventh speeches were referred to as the Philippicae in Cicero's time. They were also called the Antonian Orations by Latin author and grammarian Aulus Gellius.

After the death of Caesar, Cicero privately expressed his regret that the murderers of Caesar had not included Antony in their plot, and he bent his efforts to the discrediting of Antony. Cicero even promoted illegal action, such as legitimatizing the private army of Gaius Octavius, or Octavian. In all, Cicero delivered fourteen Philippics in less than two years. Cicero's focus on Antony, however, contributed to his downfall as he failed to recognize the threat of Octavian to his republican ideal.

Cicero's attacks on Antony were neither forgiven nor forgotten, with the result that Cicero was proscribed and killed in 43 BC. His head and hands were publicly displayed in the Roman Forum to discourage any who would oppose the new Triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus.

According to Roman historian Tacitus, the Philippicae, together with the Pro Milone, In Catilinam, and In Verrem, made Cicero famous, and much of his political career sprang from the effect of these works. Others would have it that the Pro Ligario, in which Cicero defends Ligarius before Caesar, was the vehicle of his renown.

title: Philippic


text:
Talk:Since I Left You

Untitled
Does anyone know all of the samples used on the album?, I've heard there's about 900 Jeffy 16:07, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the list is on the cover of the CD. Dysprosia 08:15, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * As is noted in the article, there are (at least) two versions of the album. The version I have has no specific sample credits. From memory, the later version (with altered and removed samples) has much more text on the inside cover, with extensive sample source info (though I doubt it is comprehensive). La hapalo 03:18, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 21:19, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I took the liberty to change the spelling of the German legal entity to the correct "GmbH"

A sample in "A Different Feeling"
The song "A Different Feeling" contains samples in addition to Debbie Reynold's "Tammy". One of these samples is a classical piece with string instruments. Does anyone know what this is? Thanks in advance -cun 09:14, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Copyvio?
The production notes section reads like they were taken straight from the CD's booklet. Can someone provide a citation? --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 16:16, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This has been removed, it was kind of listy and not really up to WP:Albums standards. Andrzejbanas (talk) 04:51, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Over which seas?
It says "Initial overseas versions had some samples removed." Since the band is originally Australian, and had much of their success in the UK, I'm wondering which region it is that had all the samples intact. -76.23.72.228 (talk) 23:09, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Re-write
Hi all, I totally re-wrote this article. I hope no one minds too much. Please feel free to correct any of my horrendous grammar and spelling mistakes. Cheers! Andrzejbanas (talk) 04:53, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

DID YOU DELETE ALL THOSE INFORMATIONS FROM WHERE THE SAMPLES ARE FROM??!?!?!?!? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.195.127.235 (talk) 09:42, 16 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes I did. We can't just list information unsourced. And that's in the album linear notes anyways and it's nearly trivial. Besides, the group admits that they don't even remember all the samples they use. Andrzejbanas (talk) 15:54, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The samples can be added, at least if they're credited.
 * I think we should remove the samples. Discogs is not a reliable source and all the samples are not credited in the book either. I think it should be removed. Andrzejbanas (talk) 18:52, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * As there was no further discussion for months. I'll remove those samples again. Andrzejbanas (talk) 13:33, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

The Burbs sample
Does anyone have a source to confirm there is a sample from movie the Burbs? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.59.197.109 (talk) 03:29, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

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RfC: Should disco be included in the infobox?

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Should disco be included in the infobox? Dan56 (talk) 16:13, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Votes

 * Yes - per the available sources mentioned below. Dan56 (talk) 15:30, 14 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes as per the reliable sources Atlantic306 (talk) 19:06, 29 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Sure TarkusAB talk 17:09, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Discussion
The article currently cites a few notable sources mentioning disco, and there are other sources online that do so too:

 * Robert Christgau called it "string-section disco" (Since I Left You).
 * "a psychedelic disco fry-up" (The A.V. Club)
 * "sun-kissed disco-pop" (NME)
 * "champagne and disco cruise of a record" (Trey Zenker, Tidal's online magazine)
 * "Since I Left You is a disco record." (Don Saas, a contributor to Baeble music and Paste)
 * "goofball disco extravaganza" (Sam Goldner, contributor to Pitchfork, Spin, and Fact)

The most explicit of this viewpoint is Christgau, who is cited in the article. Granted, "disco-pop" (NME) is not strong, but the others at the very least indicate in my opinion that this is more than a fringe viewpoint, and merits inclusion in the infobox. Dan56 (talk) 15:30, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Since I Left You


text:
Talk:Cyclorama (album)

Cover aritst
Can anyone tell me who did the cover of this record? -Freekee 06:12, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Removed instruments
71.3.113.91, why did you remove the extra instruments played by the personnel? (see diff) Is that not verified? I might not have added all that in the first place, but I certainly don't think it's warranted to remove it. -Freekee 05:06, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Genki Desu Ka
At the end of Genki Desu Ka, a second band shows up in the studio, invited by a bogus letter that says they won the chance to be on the album, and Styx lets them perform excerpts from two songs even though the letter was fake. Does anyone know if that was a scripted gag, or if the incident really occurred, and what the other band is? --205.201.141.146 20:29, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * "'Tommy! Hey man, it's us, it's The D!'" Since it's Jack Black and Kyle Gass's band Tenacious D, I'm betting it's a skit.  They also performed the backup vocals for Kiss Your Ass Goodbye.  I bought this album in 2004, and I had no clue until thirty minutes ago, when I searched for "The D". --BlueNight (talk) 02:49, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cyclorama (album)


text: Talk:Slow Motion Daydream

title: Talk:Slow Motion Daydream


text:
Talk:Sleeping with Ghosts

Fair use rationale for Image:Sleeping with ghosts.jpg
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title: Talk:Sleeping with Ghosts


text:
Talk:Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi

errors in the page GUGLIELMI Pietro Alessandro
I send you a correction of some titles of the musical works of the composer : THE EXACT TITLES ARE :

I due gemelli La serva innamorata La pastorella nobile La bella pescatrice Rinaldo Artaserse Didone Enea e Lavinia

Claire Soullier

 * Now fixed. Should you want to fix anything in the future, feel free to click on "edit this page" and do it yourself - be bold in updating pages. --Camembert

title: Talk:Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi


text:
Évariste de Parny

Évariste Desiré de Forges, vicomte de Parny (6 February 1753 – 5 December 1814) was a French Rococo poet.

Biography
De Parny was born in Saint-Paul on the Isle of Bourbon (now Réunion); he came from an aristocratic family from the region of Berry, which had settled on the island in 1698. He left the island at the age of ten years to return to France with his two brothers, Jean-Baptiste and Chériseuil. He studied with the Oratoriens at their college in Rennes and decided to enter their religious order. He studied theology for six months at the collège Saint-Firmin in Paris, but decided finally instead on a military career, explaining that he was not religious enough to become a monk, and that he was attracted to Christianity mainly by the poetic imagery of the Bible. His brother Jean-Baptiste, an equerry of the Count of Artois, introduced him at the French Court at Versailles, where he met two other soldiers, who, like him, were from the French colonies, and would make their names in poetry; Antoine de Bertin, also from the Isle of Bourbon, and Nicolas-Germain Léonard, from Guadeloupe.

In 1773, he visited his father and family on the Isle of Bourbon. During his visit, he fell in love with Esther Lelièvre, but her father forbad them to marry. Missing Paris, he returned to France in 1775. Soon after he left, he learned that the Esther Lelièvre had married a doctor on the island. His unhappy romance inspired his first published poems, Les Poésies érotiques, which appeared in 1778, where Esther appeared under the name of Éléanore. The collection of poems brought great success and celebrity to its author.

On November 6, 1779, Parny was named a captain in the Queen's Regiment of Dragoons. In 1783, he returned to the Isle of Bourgon to settle the estate of his father, who had died, and also visited the Isle de France. In 1785, he left the Isle of Bourbon for Pondicherry in India, where he became an aide de camp to the Governor-General of the French colonies in India.

He was not at all happy in India, but he gathered a part of the material for his Chansons Madécasses (Eng: Songs of Madagascar), one of the first prose poems written in the French language. He soon moved back to France, where he left the army and moved to a house he owned in the valley of Feuillancourt, between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Marly-le-Roi. The house was named La Caserne (Eng: The barracks), and with Bertin and Léonard, they formed a literary club called "The Society of the Barracks" which met regularly at the house.

When the French Revolution broke out, Parny, who did not receive any pension from the King and was not particularly interested in politics, played no part. He did, however, have to settle the debts left by his brother Jean-Baptiste, and, in 1795, these debts nearly ruined him. He was forced to take a position in the offices of the Ministry of the Interior for thirteen months, and then worked in the Administration of the Theater and the Arts. In 1804, the Count of Nantes found him another government position.

In 1802, Parny married Marie-Françoise Vally, and, the following year was received into the Académie française, where he occupied the 36th armchair. In 1813, Emperor Napoleon I granted him a pension of three thousand francs a year, but this was stopped under the Restoration of the monarchy in 1814. He died on December 5, 1814, in Paris.

Literary reputation and influence
Parny became known for his Poésies érotiques (1778) a collection of love poems which brought a breath of fresh air to the formal academic poetry of the 18th century. He is also known for his Chansons madécasses (1787), which he called translations of songs of the island of Madagascar, which are considered the first prose poems in French. They were illustrated by artist J-E Laboureur (1920)[1] and some of them were set to music by Maurice Ravel (Chansons madécasses, 1925).

Parny's early love poems and elegies are characterised by the combination of tenderness, fancy and wit. One famous piece, the Elegy on a Young Girl, is an example.

He also published Voyage de Bourgogne (1777), written in collaboration with his friend Antoine de Bertin (1752–1790); Épître aux insurgents de Boston (Eng: Letter to the insurgents in Boston) in 1777, and Opuscules poétiques (1779). In 1796 he published La Guerre des Dieux (Eng: The War of the Gods), a poem in the style of Voltaire's Pucelle, directed against the Church. The book was banned by the French government in 1827, long after his death, but still appeared in many clandestine editions.

Parny devoted himself in his later years almost entirely to religious and political burlesque. In 1805 he produced an extraordinary allegorical poem attacking George III, his family and his subjects, under the eccentric title of "Goddam! Goddam! par un French-dog."

The poems of De Parny were extremely popular in France and as far away as Russia in the beginning of the 19th century. "I learned by heart the elegies of the Chevalier de Parny, and I still know them," wrote Chateaubriand in 1813. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin wrote, "Parny, he's my master." The 20th-century Russian poet Anna Akhmatova recorded Pushkin's admiration for Parny in a poem: "There lay your three-cornered hat, and a dog-eared tome of Parny."

His Œuvres choisies (Eng:Selected Works) were published in 1827. There is a sketch of Parny in Sainte-Beuve's Portraits contemporains.

Quotations

 * "Ne disons point au jour les secrets de la nuit." ("Don't tell the secrets of the night to the day.") (Élégies)
 * "Une indifference paisible est la plus sage des vertus." ("A peaceful indifference is the wisest of virtues") (Élégies)
 * "Va, crois-moi, le plaisir est toujours légitime." ("Believe me, pleasure is always legitimate"). (Élégies)
 * "La voix du sentiment ne peut nous égarer, et l'on n'est point coupable en suivant la nature." ("The voice of feeling cannot lead us astray; and one can never be guilty for following nature.") (Élégies)
 * "La varieté est la source de tous nos plaisirs, et le plaisir cesse de l'être quand il devient habitude." ("Variety is the source of all of our pleasures, and pleasure stops when it becomes habit.") (Letters, 1775.)
 * "Du calme et du repos quelquefois on se lasse/On ne se lasse point d'aimer ou d'être aimé." ("Of peace and quiet we sometimes grow weary, But never of loving or being loved.") (Les Paradis)
 * "Il ne faut jamais gâcher une apologie par une excuse" ("One should never spoil an apology with an excuse")

title: Évariste de Parny


text:
John Lemoinne

John-Marguerite-Émile Lemoinne (17 October 1815 – 14 December 1892) was a French journalist.

Early years
Lemoinne was born of French parents in London. He was educated first at an English school and then in France. In 1840 he began writing for the Journal des débats, on English and other foreign questions, and under the empire he held up to admiration the free institutions of England by contrast with imperial methods. After 1871 he supported Thiers, but his sympathies rather tended towards a liberalized monarchy, until the comte de Chambord's policy made such a development an impossibility, and he then ranged himself with the moderate republicans.

Career
In 1875 Lemoinne was elected to the Académie française, and in 1880 he was nominated a life senator. Distinguished though he was for a real knowledge of England among the French journalists who wrote on foreign affairs, his tone towards English policy greatly changed in later days, and though he never shared the extreme French bitterness against England as regards Egypt, he maintained a critical attitude which served to stimulate French Anglophobia. He was a frequent contributor to the Revue des deux mondes, and published several books, the best known of which is his Études critiques et biographiques (1862).

Personal life
Lemoinne died in Paris in 1892.

Works

 * Les Élections en Angleterre, lettres publiées dans le "Journal des débats". Paris: J. Hetzel, 1841
 * Les Anglais dans le Caboul. Paris: au bureau de la Revue des deux mondes, 1842
 * Affaires de Rome. Paris: E. Blanchard, 1850
 * Letters of John Lemoinne [on the Exhibition held in London in 1851]. In: Lardner, Dionysius The Great Exhibition, etc. 1852
 * Études critiques et biographiques: Études critiques: Shakspeare, l'abbé Prévost, Goethe ...; Études biographiques: Brummel, O'Connel, Robert Peel, Haydon, Chateaubriand.... Paris, 1852
 * De l'intégrité de l'empire ottoman. Paris: M. Lévy frères, 1853
 * Le Passage du Nord. Strasbourg: Treuttel et Würtz, 1854
 * Nouvelles études critiques et biographiques. Paris: Michel Lévy frères, 1863
 * "La colonie anglaise". In: Paris Guide, 1868; Foreigners in Paris, Berlin: Readux Books, 2016
 * Histoire de Manon Lescaut et du chevalier DesGrieux par l’abbé Prévost. Nouv. éd. précédée d’une étude par John Lemoinne''. Paris: Levy, 1900

title: John Lemoinne


text:
They Got Lost

They Got Lost is a rarities compilation album by the group They Might Be Giants, released in 2002 in the United States and 2005 in the United Kingdom. It was available through online order several years before it went into general release.

Five tracks were previously released on the 1999 eMusic compilation album Long Tall Weekend, while four others are culled from the Working Undercover for the Man EP. Several tracks were previously featured on the band's Dial-A-Song service and its associated website, as well as the band's TMBG Unlimited mp3 subscription service. Others were produced for various side projects, such as ABC's Nightline in Primetime TV mini-series Brave New World ("All Alone", a sea shanty-like song about a bacterium transported to the Moon by Surveyor 3); a special edition of McSweeney's Quarterly Concern ("Theme from McSweeney's"); and the radio show This American Life ("I'm Sick (of This American Life)"). The title song previously appeared on the live album Severe Tire Damage (with a more uptempo rock arrangement), and Long Tall Weekend as the same recording that appears on this compilation.

This collection marks the third official release of the brief "Token Back to Brooklyn," first issued as a hidden track on the 1996 album Factory Showroom and reissued on Long Tall Weekend.

Reception
Allmusic called the compilation "a collection of truly rare rarities, it shows once again that the group's more obscure songs are quite often just as great as their best-known ones." They particularly praised the silliness of many of the tunes, and the interesting notes on their backgrounds.

Track listing
All songs by They Might Be Giants unless otherwise noted.

title: They Got Lost


text:
Scroby Sands Wind Farm

The Scroby Sands Wind Farm is a wind farm located on the Scroby Sands sandbank in the North Sea, 2.5 km off the coast of Great Yarmouth in eastern England, United Kingdom. It was commissioned in March 2004 by Powergen Renewables Offshore, a division of E.ON UK. It has a nameplate capacity of 60 megawatts and is able to produce power to supply 41,000 households. Between 2005 and 2010, its capacity factor was between 26 and 32%. Its levelised cost has been estimated at £105/MWh.

The farm consists of 30 wind turbines, located in water from 13 to 20 m deep. Each turbine has three 40 m blades that rotate around a centre-point some 60 m above the mean sea level. The hollow 4.5 m diameter steel masts that carry the turbines are piled as much as 30 m into the sea bed, to provide stability on a substrate of shifting sands. These shifting sands have piled up and decreased water depth, blocking access from service vessels. An amphibious vehicle is being built to drive on the sand to gain access to the turbines.

The wind turbines were designed and manufactured by a Danish firm, Vestas. Each turbine has a capacity of 2 megawatts. Turbines were installed by the Danish offshore wind farms services provider A2SEA.

In August 2023 one of the turbines caught fire.

Tourism
The wind farm has an information centre serving around 35,000 visitors per year, and has become a local attraction. In June of 2018, Eon refurbished the property, with new exhibits and interactive displays, among other branding changes. As of February 2023, the Visitor Centre has been Permanently Closed and vacated by Eon. It was believed to have closed in late 2019, and the reason is unknown.

title: Scroby Sands Wind Farm


text:
C8H10N4O2

The molecular formula C8H10N4O2 may refer to:
 * Enprofylline, a xanthine derivative used in the treatment of asthma.
 * Caffeine, the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug, present in coffee, chocolate, black and green tea, energy drinks, and more.

title: C8H10N4O2


text:
Auchindoun Castle

Auchindoun Castle is a 15th-century L-Plan tower castle located in Auchindoun near Dufftown in Moray, Scotland.

History
While there is evidence of prehistoric or Pictish earthworks in the grounds of the castle, the remains most visible today are of the castle constructed in the mid-15th century. This building is sometimes said to be the work of Robert Cochrane, a favourite of James III. It passed to the Clan Ogilvy in 1489 and from them to the Clan Gordon in 1535.

There are accounts, including by William Forbes Skene and Alexander Macbain, that state that William Mackintosh, 15th of Mackintosh had burned the Earl of Huntly's Auchindoun Castle which is why Huntly had him executed in 1550. However, Alexander Mackintosh-Shaw states that this story is entirely fictitious. The castle was damaged by the Clan Mackintosh in 1592 in retaliation for Huntly's killing of the Bonny Earl O'Moray, their ally. In March 1593 Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun was forfeited as a rebel, and Auchindoun Castle was given to Sir George Home, whose wife Elizabeth Gordon was Patrick Gordon's stepdaughter.

After the battle of Glenlivet in October 1594, the wounded followers of the Earl of Huntly came to Auchindoun for safety. James VI ordered that Auchindoun, Slains Castle, Huntly Castle, and the Gordon castles of Abergeldy and Newton should be slighted or demolished.

Following the Restoration of Charles II, the castle was again awarded to the Marquis of Huntly.

In 1689, during the first Jacobite rising, the castle was used as a temporary headquarters (on 6–7 June 1689) by John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee and his Jacobite army. However, the castle was derelict by 1725. Stones taken from the castle were used in local farm buildings and nearby Balvenie Castle.

Architecture
While standing, the castle had a large central tower and high curtain wall. Supporting buildings including a stable, brewery and bakery stood inside the wall. A second round tower guarded the north-west corner of the compound. Cellars and possibly dungeons were dug directly into the bedrock beneath the tower. Today much of the curtain wall and some of the outbuildings remain, but the central tower itself is very dilapidated.

An extension is known to have been added in the 16th century by the Gordons before the Ogilvys reclaimed it in 1594. Stones taken from the castle have been used in local farm buildings and nearby Balvenie Castle.

The ruins of the castle are in the care of Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument, but were for many years in too dangerous a condition to be open to the public. On the completion of consolidation works, Auchindoun was reopened for public viewing in November 2007.

"The Burning of Auchindoun" song
The sacking of Auchindoun by the Clan Mackintosh inspired a traditional song, "The Burning of Auchindoun" (lyrics courtesy of the Digital Tradition Folk Music Database), Child Ballad 183, "Willie MacIntosh": As A cam in by Fiddichside, on a May mornin

A spied Willie MacIntosh an oor before the dawnin

Tarn again, tarn again, tarn again, A'se bid ye

If ye barn Auchindoun, Huntly he will heid ye

Heid me or hang me, that shall never fear me

A'll burn Auchindoun tho' the life leave me

As A cam in bi Fiddichside on a May mornin

Auchindoun was in a bleeze, an hour before the dawning

Crawing, crawing, for a' your crouse crawin'

Ye burnt yer crop an tint your wings an oor before the dawnin

title: Auchindoun Castle


text:
Abel Servien

Abel Servien, marquis de Sablé et de Boisdauphin  and Comte de La Roche des Aubiers (1 November 1593 – 17 February 1659) was a French diplomat who served Cardinal Mazarin and signed for the French the Treaty of Westphalia. He was an early member of the noblesse de robe in the service of the French state.

Biography
Abel Servien was born at the château of Biviers, near Grenoble, the son of Antoine Servien, procurator-general of the estates of Dauphiné.

He succeeded his father in that office in 1616, and in the following year attended the assembly of notables at Rouen convoked by the young Louis XIII. In 1618 he was named councilor of state and in March 1624 was called to Paris, where he found favor with Cardinal Richelieu. He displayed administrative ability and great loyalty to the central government as intendant in Guienne in 1627, where his executive qualities came to the fore, and where it became clear that he had broken with his background in the parlements to become a trusted follower of Richelieu. In 1628 he negotiated the boundary delimitation with Spain. In 1629 he was with the army of the king and cardinal in the War of the Mantuan Succession, where he remained behind at Turin to work on the peace negotiations after the royal party had returned to France; thus by 1631, he came to know Mazarin, whom he was able to introduce to Richelieu. Servien was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Cherasco and of the treaties with the Duke of Savoy (1631–1632).

He was appointed president of the Parlement of Bordeaux in June 1630 but renounced the place when he was offered the post of secretary of state for war by Louis XIII. In 1634 he was the first elected member of the Académie française. Two years later he retired from public life in disgrace as the result of court intrigue.

After his resignation, Abel de Servien retired to Angers, where, along with becoming a renowned croissant connoisseur and culinary expert, in 1641 he married Augustine Le Roux, the widow of Jacques Hurault. She was the daughter of Louis Le Roux, Seigneur de la Roche-des-Aubiers. The couple had three children. But contrary to common belief, he didn't live in his castle of Sablé since he acquired this property only in 1652.

Servien's exile lasted until Cardinal de Richelieu's death in 1642. The same year, he was called back to Court by Mazarin, who entrusted him with the conduct, conjointly with the count Claude d'Avaux, of French diplomatic affairs in Germany. After five years negotiations, and a bitter quarrel with the comte d'Avaux, which ended in the latter's recall, Servien signed the two treaties of 24 October 1648 which were part of the general Peace of Westphalia.

He received the title of minister of state on his return to France in April 1649, and remained loyal to Mazarin during the Fronde. With the cardinal exiled, Servien was minister of state, de facto governor of France with his nephew Hugues de Lionne and his rival Michel le Tellier. He was made Superintendent of Finances in 1653, conjointly with Nicolas Fouquet. He was an adviser to Mazarin in the negotiations which terminated in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659). He amassed a considerable fortune, and was unpopular, even in court circles. He died at the Château de Meudon, which he had purchased in 1654 and where he had launched ambitious works of rebuilding.

His nephew, Hugues de Lionne (1611–1671), marquis de Fresnes and seigneur de Berny, was a diplomat and minister of state under Louis XIV. Abel's brother, Ennemond III de Servien, enjoyed a long career as French ambassador to the court of Savoy. His elder brother François was Bishop of Bayeux.

Servien left an important and voluminous correspondence.

title: Abel Servien


text:
Geo D. Whitcomb Company

The Geo D. Whitcomb Company was founded by George Dexter Whitcomb (1834–1914), of Chicago, Illinois, who started a modest machine shop in 1878, and began the manufacture of coal mining machinery, laying the foundation for the concern that became known as The Whitcomb Locomotive Company.

Beginnings
Early in life, George Dexter Whitcomb moved with his family from Brandon, VT, to Kent, OH. Here he joined the Pan-Handle Railroad as purchasing agent. He worked on tests of the newly-invented Westinghouse Air Brake and was one of the original stockholders and members of the board of directors of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, when it was organized.

In 1868, George and his wife Leadora had a son, William Card Whitcomb. In 1889, William Card graduated from the University of Southern California and joined his father's business.

In about 1870, George moved to Chicago and became the manager of the Wilmington Coal Mining and Manufacturing Company's mines at Braidwood, IL. He also managed the Wilmington Coal Association. He purchased the rights to the Harrison Mining Machine, a compressed air power pick that could be used by one person. He developed it into the "Puncher Machine" - the first successful undercutting machine in the US. He resigned his position with the coal company about 1878 to focus on mining machine business.

In 1886, he relocated to California where he built a home and founded the Los Angeles suburb of Glendora. In 1896, the George D. Whitcomb Company was incorporated in Illinois.

About 1900, William became vice president of the company. In April 1906, he developed the first successful gasoline locomotive that was built for a large Central Illinois coal mine. In 1907, George resigned leaving William the president and majority stock owner.

Rochelle factory
The Geo D. Whitcomb Company's largest knitting machinery customer was the Vassar Swiss Knitting Company of Rochelle, in northern Illinois. In 1907, the company moved to Rochelle, where they continued to build knitting machinery and gasoline powered locomotives for coal and metal mines. The demand for gasoline locomotive required larger production facilities. In 1912 the plant was moved to larger facilities in Rochelle. The company ended its knitting machinery production to concentrate on locomotive production.

George Dexter Whitcomb died in 1914, in Los Angeles, California. His son, William Card Whitcomb, assumed control of the company. William was responsible for sales, accounting and engineering.

During World War I the Whitcomb plant was devoted to government orders. Hundreds of armor-plated locomotives were built for overseas service on trench railways in France. These small 6-ton and 9-ton, narrow gauge locomotives proved highly efficient in trench warfare and they were used extensively in hauling needed supplies up to the front lines. The Whitcomb Company received the "Certificate of Merit" from the United States War Department.

Many new innovations in the locomotive field were being introduced during this period. The first explosion-proof electric mine locomotive was designed and built by Whitcomb, in 1914. After exhaustive tests the United States Bureau of Mines issued Whitcomb a "Permissibility Plate." Whitcomb was the first builder of locomotives for underground work to receive such an endorsement. The first Whitcomb electric trolley locomotive was produced in 1921, and in 1929 Whitcomb engineers designed and built the largest gasoline-electric locomotive that had then been offered to American railroads. This development was closely followed by the diesel-electrics, which revolutionized and forever changed the American rail transportation system.

In September 1926 William Whitcomb now relaxed his personal oversight of the operation of his company. He hired Carl Heim from Chicago, to take over many of the company's operations management, including in the positions of Vice President and Treasurer.

Partin-Palmer automobile
From 1914 to at least 1916 the Geo D. Whitcomb Company assembled Brass Era cars in Rochelle for an automobile company, named Partin-Palmer.

The Partin Mfg. Co. was a large automobile sales agency in Chicago, that in 1913 joined with the Palmer Motor Car Co. of Henry Palmer in Detroit, to manufacture cycle cars, with a model called Partin-Palmer. The company first moved to Chicago to take over the Staver-Chicago automobile factory. By 1914, Partin and Palmer were no longer with the company, and it moved to Rochelle where the Geo D. Whitcomb Company assembled them for a year.

In 1915 the company got into financial trouble in Chicago, and the car's name was changed to Commonwealth (1917-1922). In the 1916 catalog of the Commonwealth Motors Company, it states that Partin-Palmer automobiles were being produced in Rochelle under the personal supervision of Mr. W. C. Whitcomb, Vice-President of the Commonwealth Motors Company. Production moved to Joliet, Illinois. In 1922, Leland Goodspeed designed a new car for the company, which became the Checker Cab.

A restored Partin-Palmer automobile is displayed at the Flagg Township Museum in Rochelle, Illinois.

Baldwin Locomotive Works
Beginning in 1927, the Baldwin Locomotive Works began representing the Geo. D. Whitcomb Co. in the sales division, using the global organization of Baldwin to assist Whitcomb in overseas sales. In 1928, Whitcomb and Heim conducted a recapitalization of the Whitcomb Company, and invited Baldwin to participate. Baldwin accepted and purchased about half of the offered stock, with William Whitcomb and Carl Heim remaining in control of the majority of the company stock. In March 1930 Baldwin placed three of its officers on the Whitcomb board of directors, including then Baldwin President George Houston. This gave Baldwin three out of the seven board members.

By late 1930, in the Great Depression, The Whitcomb Company was having cash flow problems. Baldwin offered an unsecured loan for $125,000, in the form of a 90-day promissory note issued in December 1930. The condition of the loan was that Baldwin would be given a fourth board member for the duration of the loan, giving Baldwin four out of the seven board members, and so majority control of the board. On March 5, 1931, the bank holding the largest cash reserve of the G. D. Whitcomb Company seized the account to apply towards another debt that the company owed the bank. This left the Geo D. Whitcomb Company unable to pay its debts.

With a majority of members on the board of directors, Baldwin was able to direct the board to file for voluntary bankruptcy. Although William Whitcomb voted against the action, the bankruptcy was filed in Federal Court in the Northern District of Illinois. This move ended the Whitcomb family ownership of one of the most innovative industrial companies of its time.

Whitcomb Locomotive Company
In April, Baldwin created a new corporation and called it the "Whitcomb Locomotive Company," in the state of Delaware. On April 13, 1931, the Federal Court put the assets of the Geo D. Whitcomb Company up for sale. Those assets were then purchased by the newly formed Whitcomb Locomotive Company, a fully owned subsidiary of the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Both William Whitcomb and Carl Heim were removed as officers of the company. Heim was tried for embezzlement of approximately $75,000 of Geo D. Whitcomb Company funds, but was acquitted.

On November 15, 1932, it was announced that the Whitcomb Locomotive Company acquired the Milwaukee Locomotive Manufacturing Company. The Milwaukee Locomotive, started in 1909, had been operating as a department of the National Brake and Electric Company of Milwaukee, a subsidiary of Westinghouse Air Brake Company. As a result of the sale, Westinghouse became a stockholder in Whitcomb Locomotive.

In February 1934, William Whitcomb filed suit against Baldwin Locomotive Works in Chicago Circuit Court, to recover the lost value of his company stock. However, after several years of litigation the case was ultimately dismissed in May 1937.

World War II
During World War II the Whitcomb Locomotive Company built road switchers for military service in Europe and the Middle East. The United Kingdom ordered the first fifty two in 1941, from Baldwin Locomotive Works, who allocated the order to their Whitcomb Locomotive Company. They were center-cab Bo-Bo locomotives built as Whitcomb type 65-DE-14, and were followed by variants 65-DE-14A and 65-DE-14B in 1942 and 1943.

They served in the North African Campaign and on military trains in Palestine and Lebanon, and then in the Italian campaign. The order was received by Whitcomb for the new design in December 1941, and the first locomotives were delivered to Africa by June 1942, less than half the normal development time for a new design. By late 1944 the company was producing one 65 ton locomotive a day.

On December 31, 1943, the War Department conferred the Army-Navy Production Award ("E" award) to the Whitcomb Locomotive Company and the presentation ceremony was held in the Rochelle plant on January 26, 1944. By the end of the war two additional stars (each star representing six months) were added for continued production performance.

From this design Whitcomb developed the 65-DE-19A for the US Army Transportation Corps. They were built in 1943 and 1944 and served in many theaters of operations including Great Britain, France, Italy and Belgium.

Whitcomb 65 ton locomotives powered the first Allied trains into liberated Rome (July 4, 1944), Paris, the first supply and hospital trains into Belgium, the first train into Germany (April 9, 1945) as well as the first American powered military trains used during WW II (North Africa, early June 1942).

After the war many were sold to civilian railways and industrial railways in the U.S., while others were sold to Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and the Netherlands. However, the Dutch soon found theirs unsatisfactory and replaced both the diesel engines and the electric traction motors in the early 1950s.
 * Post-war

Post World War II

Whitcomb continued to expand and progress after the war and the increased volume of business made it essential to expand storage and shipping facilities. A warehouse complete with the latest in material handling equipment was erected in 1947. A ten-ton overhead yard crane was installed to facilitate handling and storage of steel slabs and sheets. During 1948, a combination loading dock and locomotive test building was erected.

End
The last Whitcomb Locomotive Company locomotive manufactured at Rochelle was shipped on January 4, 1952 (construction number 61189). It was a 25-ton diesel-electric locomotive delivered to the Central Procurement Agency of the Transportation Corps. This locomotive was lettered and numbered USN No. 65-00330.

In February 1952 locomotive production was moved from Rochelle in Illinois to Baldwin’s factory in Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Industrial locomotives continued to be built under the Whitcomb name at Eddystone through the end of December 1952, when the name was dropped. All Whitcomb line locomotives built after then carried the B-L-H identification name.

Production of the Whitcomb Locomotive Company line, with the latter ones under B-L-H name, came to an end in March 1956 — after producing approximately 5,000 locomotives.

title: Geo D. Whitcomb Company


text:
Live!! New York City 10/14/94

'Live!! New York City 10/14/94' is a 1994 live album by They Might Be Giants which reproduced a concert given by the band on October 14 of the same year.

Track listing

 * 1) "Introduction" (speech) - 0:41
 * "O, Do Not Forsake Me" - 2:23
 * 1) "Don't Let's Start" - 2:42
 * 2) "AKA Driver" - 3:06
 * 3) "We'll Be Right Back" (speech) - 0:18
 * 4) "Welcome Back" (speech) - 0:15
 * 5) "Why Does the Sun Shine? (The Sun Is a Mass of Incandescent Gas)" - 2:37
 * 6) "Purple Toupee" - 2:48
 * 7) "Sleeping in the Flowers" - 4:16
 * 8) "Chess Piece Face" - 1:40
 * 9) "Particle Man" - 2:17
 * 10) "She's an Angel" - 2:57
 * 11) "The Statue Got Me High" - 3:29
 * 12) "Band Intros" (speech) - 2:56
 * 13) "Whistling in the Dark" - 2:39
 * 14) "Ana Ng" - 3:20
 * 15) "We'll Be Right Back" (speech) - 0:22
 * 16) "Welcome Back" (speech) - 0:19
 * 17) "Turn Around" - 3:07
 * 18) "I Palindrome I" - 2:38
 * 19) "Birdhouse in Your Soul" - 3:16
 * 20) "Snail Shell" - 3:12
 * 21) "Twistin'" - 2:27
 * 22) "Dig My Grave" - 1:23
 * 23) "Goodnight" (speech) - 0:39
 * 24) "Cepastat Spot" (speech) - 0:05

title: Live!! New York City 10/14/94


text:
1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom

The 1979 European Parliament election, was the first European election to be held in the United Kingdom after the European Communities (EC) decided to directly elect representatives to the European Parliament. It was held on 7 June. Elections were also held in eight other EC states. European elections were incorporated into UK law by the European Assembly Elections Act 1978. Out of the 410 members of the European Parliament, 81 were elected from the UK. The electoral system was First past the post in England, Scotland and Wales (electing 78 MEPs in total) and Single Transferable Vote in Northern Ireland (electing 3 MEPs).

The result was a landslide victory for the Conservative Party, which won 60 of the 78 seats available in England, Wales and Scotland. Their decisive victory in the general election of the previous month and divisions within the Labour party on whether to stay in the EC probably helped the Conservatives to such a comprehensive victory. There was a very low turnout in the election compared with other states, the lowest in Europe. Voter apathy was an explanation, but it is likely the large number of elections in 1979 had a significant negative effect on turnout. There were referendums in Scotland and Wales on devolution in March and the general election in May, as well as local elections in England (not including London) and Wales.

Result (UK-wide)
Source: UK Parliament Briefing

 * Overall (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) turnout: 32.4%
 * Overall votes cast: 13,460,091

England, Scotland and Wales

Source: UK Parliament Briefing

Total votes cast – 12,873,852.

Northern Ireland
Source Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive

Total votes cast – 572,239.