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Canadian Firearms Registry

The Canadian Firearms Registry (Registre canadien des armes à feu) is the gun registry of Canada, requiring the registration of all restricted and prohibited firearms in the country. It is managed by the Canadian Firearms Program of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of the RCMP's responsibilities under the Firearms Act, 1995.

The registry was introduced by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien in 1993 and implemented by successive justice ministers Allan Rock and Anne McLellan. The net annual operating cost of the program was originally estimated to be $2 million.

Originally, the program required the registration of all non-restricted firearms but this requirement was dropped on April 6, 2012, by the coming into force of Bill C-19. Bill C-19 also mandated the destruction of the non-restricted records of the registry as soon as feasible. The province of Quebec immediately filed a request for an injunction to prevent the destruction of the data. A temporary injunction was granted by the Superior Court of Quebec on April 5, 2012 to prevent the data for Quebec residents from being destroyed until legal arguments could be heard. On March 27, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Quebec (AG) v Canada (AG) that the destruction of long-gun registry records was within the constitutional power of Parliament to make criminal law, denying the Government of Quebec's legal challenge and allowing for those records to be destroyed.

History
Canada had a gun registry during the Second World War, when all people were compelled to register their firearms out of fear of enemy subversion. This registry in Canada was discontinued after the war; however, all handguns (restricted) have been subject to registration since 1934. In addition, fully automatic firearms have been prohibited (with grandfathering exemptions to existing, licensed collectors of full-automatic weapons and theatrical users) since 1977. A Firearms Acquisition Certificate (FAC) was required to purchase any firearm since its implementation in 1977, although additional restrictions applied for handguns (restricted - 1934) and fully automatic firearms (prohibited −1977). To obtain an FAC, no training was required until the Canadian Firearms Safety Course and Test program (non-restricted, restricted, or combined courses/tests) was created as a prerequisite in Bill C-17 in 1991. This formal training, once common in families and even schools, has been credited with the marked reduction of accidents involving the improper handling of firearms. Under bill C-17 (1991), and subsequent legislation and/or orders in council, short-barreled handguns and those firing .25 ACP and .32 ACP ammunition, and all handguns with a barrel length under 105mm (~4.1"), with the exception of certain guns typically used in shooting competitions, were added to the list of prohibited firearms. In addition, a large reclassification of firearms was made to place many firearms with certain cosmetic and functional characteristics into the category and registration of 'restricted' or 'prohibited' firearms. Some classes of these firearms have also been subject to grandfathering provisions of the law to owners and collectors, including some limited allowances of willing/gifting certain prohibited firearms to a family member to preserve them for historic value as pre-1945 collectors pieces.

The École Polytechnique massacre—a mass shooting incident on December 6, 1989, in which Marc Lépine used a Mini-14 rifle to shoot 28 people, including 14 women killed, before committing suicide—sparked a substantial rise in activism to tighten Canada's gun licensing and registry legislation. The first steps toward the Canadian long-gun registry began under the federal Progressive Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Kim Campbell. It was the child of former Conservative Senator Nathan Nurgitz, who wrote then Prime Minister Campbell requesting all guns be registered.
 * May 1990 – Justice Minister Kim Campbell introduces Bill C-80, which improves the FAC screening process, defines safe storage, bans some military weapons and large-capacity magazines, but, notably, does not ban semi-automatic weapons such as the Ruger Mini-14, register firearms, or control the sale of ammunition.
 * November 1990 – In an almost unprecedented turn of events, because of opposition in Kim Campbell's own Conservative caucus, Bill C-80 fails second reading and is sent to a "Special Committee."
 * November 1990 – February 1991 – The Special Committee on Bill C-80 conducts hearings.
 * March 1991 – Parliament prorogues and Bill C-80 dies on the order paper.
 * April 1991 – Student activists from l'École Polytechnique, along with family members of the victims of the massacre, police organizations, health care professionals, organized labor, and others banded together with the existing Canadians for Gun Control organization to form the Coalition for Gun Control. The Coalition holds its first national press conference in Ottawa with representatives from the Canadian Police Association, Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, the Victims of Polytechnique, the Canadian Criminal Justice Association, and others calling on the Government to reintroduce gun-control legislation.
 * May 1991 – Justice Minister Kim Campbell unveils Bill C-17, a revised version of Bill C-80. The first witness, the Minister of Justice, argues that the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General do not need to conduct extensive hearings but should send the bill back to the House of Commons for third reading. Gun organizations push for hearings in an effort to weaken the bill. Gun-control advocates push for hearings in order to strengthen the bill. The National Action Committee on the Status of Women storms the hearings, arguing that women have the right to be heard, and the bill is subsequently sent to the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General.
 * May–September 1991 – The Legislative Committee hears witnesses on both sides. This time,the Coalition for Gun Control appears with support from health-care, crime-prevention and other experts. Its position is endorsed by over 50 groups and 5000 individuals. The Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women recommends improvements to the bill to counter problems with guns in domestic violence. Both the Canadian Police Association and Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police advocate registration of all firearms. In response to an advertising campaign by the gun lobby, the Coalition issues a joint statement in support of Bill C-17, with additional measures such as registration of all firearms. The statement is signed by hundreds of community leaders, chiefs of police, and violence-prevention organizations and issued to all MPs and Senators. A campaign by the Coalition lands over 300,000 postcards on MPs' desks, calling for amendments to strengthen the law. The Liberal and NDP parties support the position of the Coalition for Gun Control advocating licensing of firearm owners and registration of firearms.
 * November 7, 1991 – The House of Commons passes Bill C-17. Members of all four political parties acknowledge the efforts of the Coalition for Gun Control.
 * November–December 1991 – The Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs reviews the legislation. Priscilla DeVilliers, whose daughter Nina was killed months earlier, and John Bickerstaff, whose son Lee was accidentally killed by a friend playing with his father's service revolver, testify.
 * December 5, 1991 – Bill C-17 passes Senate. Legal and Constitutional Affairs Chair, Senator Nathan Nurgitz, writes to Justice Minister Kim Campbell advising her to look carefully at the regulations and to registration of all firearms.

Bill C-68
The Firearms Act was created by Bill C-68, An Act Respecting Firearms and Other Weapons, which was introduced in 1993, and aimed at the licensing of all gun owners and registration of all firearms. The bill also classified replica firearms as prohibited devices, with those already owned being grandfathered. It was passed by Parliament and given Royal Assent in 1995. The Canadian Firearms Centre was established in 1996 to oversee the administration of its measures.

The registration portion of the Firearms Act was implemented in 1995 and the deadline for gun owners to register their non-restricted firearms was January 1, 2003. There is disagreement on the percentage of gun-owners who complied with the registry. The Law-Abiding Unregistered Firearms Association estimated that over 70% of all firearms in Canada were never registered. Meanwhile, the Coalition for Gun Control claimed that ninety per cent of all gun owners registered their firearms, representing ninety percent of guns.

Initial opposition
Political opposition to the registry, particularly outside of Canada's major cities, was immediate. The provincial governments of Alberta, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador also attacked the bill arguing it exceeded the federal government's mandate and arguing that it was too expensive; however the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the registry in Reference re Firearms Act.

The Conservative Party of Canada campaigned for many years to repeal portions of the registry related to non-restricted firearms and did so on April 5, 2012.

Cost overruns
The registry again became a political issue in the early 2000s when cost overruns were reported.

In early 2000, the Canadian Firearms Program released a report that showed that implementation costs were rising. Major backlogs in registration—largely as a result of firearm owners waiting until the last minute to apply—general increase in costs, fee waivers for early applications, and high error rates in applications submitted by firearm owners were all cited as contributing factors to the rising costs.

In December 2002, the Auditor General of Canada, Sheila Fraser, reported that the project was running vastly above initial cost estimates. The report showed that the implementation of the firearms registry program by the Department of Justice has had significant strategic and management problems throughout. Taxpayers were originally expected to pay only $2 million of the budget while registration fees would cover the rest. In 1995, the Department of Justice reported to Parliament that the system would cost $119 million to implement, and that the income generated from licensing fees would be $117 million. This gives a net cost of $2 million. At the time of the 2002 audit, however, the revised estimates from the Department of Justice were that the cost of the whole gun control program would be more than $1 billion by 2004-05 and that the income from licence fees in the same period would be $140 million.

Information technology expenditures were disproportionally high especially throughout the program’s early development. However, the program was not exceptional compared to other government-run programs with large IT projects. A 2006 report by the Auditor General regarding large IT Projects demonstrates that after more than a full decade of IT projects had passed within the government since its last IT audit, and whereby a TB Framework had been developed for IT, only two of the seven large IT projects assessed met all audit criteria for well-managed projects. When CFP was merged into the RCMP in 2006, IT comprised almost 50% of total program expenditures – the industry standard is 20-30%. By 2009, costs had stabilized to 21-27% of direct program expenditures and were expected to be reduced further within the existing RCMP IT architecture.

Allegations of improper lobbying
In January 2006, Tony Bernardo, director of the 12,000-member Canadian Shooting Sports Association, asked the RCMP to probe a Liberal Party consultant over a $380,000 contract that was awarded to lobby the federal government for funds for the ailing firearms registry. The five-month contract was awarded by the Justice Department in March 2003 to lobby the federal Solicitor General, Treasury Board and Privy Council, according to a detailed lobbyist report. No formal probe by the RCMP resulted. Bernardo asked rhetorically, "[isn't it] inappropriate for the Federal Government to hire a private lobbyist with taxpayers' dollars to lobby itself?"

Effects on public safety
There are conflicting views on the effectiveness of the Gun Registry from a public safety standpoint.

In a Canada Firearms Centre (CAFC) survey, 74% of general duty police officers stated that the registry "query results have proven beneficial during major operations.".

However, the Auditor General's report found that the program did not collect data to analyze the effectiveness of the gun registry in meeting its stated goal of improving public safety. The report states:

"The performance report focuses on activities such as issuing licences and registering firearms. The Centre does not show how these activities help minimize risks to public safety with evidence-based outcomes such as reduced deaths, injuries and threats from firearms."

Former Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner Julian Fantino opposed the gun registry, stating in a press release in 2003:

"We have an ongoing gun crisis including firearms-related homicides lately in Toronto, and a law registering firearms has neither deterred these crimes nor helped us solve any of them. None of the guns we know to have been used were registered, although we believe that more than half of them were smuggled into Canada from the United States. The firearms registry is long on philosophy and short on practical results considering the money could be more effectively used for security against terrorism as well as a host of other public safety initiatives.'" However, in 2010, the OPP had representation on the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police(CACP)'s Special Subcommittee on Firearms, from January–August 2010, and voted in favour of retaining the long gun registry at the CACP AGM.

Meanwhile, Edgar MacLeod, former president of the CACP, states that "while the cost of the registry had become an embarrassment, the program works and provides a valuable service. In a typical domestic violence situation," he says, "investigating police officers rely on the registry to determine if guns are present. Onboard computers in police cruisers, or a call to central dispatch, alerts [sic] officers to any firearms registered to occupants of the house."

The Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police are strongly supportive of the gun registry, claiming that getting rid of the registry will make Canada less safe, and compromise the ability of law enforcement to deal effectively with gun violence. However, support for the registry among Chiefs of Police is not unanimous. There have also been serious questions raised regarding donations made to the CACP by CGI Group, the corporation behind the registry. These donations were partially responsible for the resignation of ethicist Dr. John Jones from the CACP's ethics committee. Furthermore, the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police has been criticized for suppressing opposition to the registry among its own law enforcement officers. These allegations have been disputed.

There is also debate as to whether frontline police officers oppose the registry. Opponents of the registry cite an online straw poll to suggest 92% regular officers believe that the registry is ineffective and should be dismantled; that poll, conducted by Cst. Randy Kuntz of the Edmonton Police Service, was open to active police members only through an online forum in a popular police-related magazine where respondents were all confirmed Canadian police officers. In addition to this, Cst. Kuntz solicited input from members of police forces across Canada through various means of advertising to promote awareness of this poll. After approximately fourteen months, 2631 Canadian police officers (of about 69,000 total, or 3.8%) responded to this survey. Of the 2631 respondents, 2410 voted to scrap the registry. Meanwhile, an RCMP report shows 81% of police officers are in favour of the registry.

A survey in August 2010 revealed that 72 percent of Canadians believe the long-gun registry has done nothing to prevent crime. Organizations like the Canadian Taxpayers Federation have circulated petitions to end the registry and have collected tens of thousands of signatures supporting the elimination of the registry.

In April 2011, a survey was conducted by the Edmonton Police Association. Its members voted 81 percent in favour of scrapping the long-gun registry.

The coming into force of Bill C-19 removes the requirement to register 'non-restricted' firearms. All firearms classified as 'restricted' or 'prohibited' by law and orders in council in 1934, 1977, 1991, 1996, and subsequently would remain registered and unchanged. A Possession and Acquisition Licence (PAL), and the prerequisite exam, is mandatory to purchase or possess any firearm. Hunter education programs are a requirement of all hunters in Canada.

Privacy and security issues
The information contained in the firearms registry is available to police through the Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC). This database is one of many applications which are protected under the National Police Service Network (NPSN).

In a 2001 Access to Information Request, the RCMP explained that they do not record statistics on which applications are targeted by hackers. As a result, they do not know how many times the Canadian Firearms Program (CFP) database has been breached. Chief Superintendent David Gork, Departmental Security Officer, is quoted as saying, "CPIC is but one of many applications that are protected on the NPSN (National Police Service Network) and attacks on the network cannot be broken down as to which application is the intent of the attack. In general, attacks are to gain access through the protective measures, and from there to 'look around' for opportunities as to where the attacker 'can go'. Therefore there are no stats that are collected that would indicate where any attacks are directed with the NPSN."

In his final response to the Access to Information request, the Information Commissioner concluded, "During the course of our investigation, my investigator met with officials from the RCMP and was provided with a detailed and comprehensive explanation regarding the department's security systems. They confirmed that CPIC is one of many applications protected within the National Police Service Network and there is no way of determining what application is being targeted, if an unauthorized access is being attempted."

John Hicks, an Orillia-area computer consultant, and webmaster for the Canada Firearms Centre, has said that anyone with a home computer could have easily accessed names, addresses and detailed shopping lists (including make, model and serial number) of registered guns belonging to licensed firearms owners. Hicks told the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters (OFAH) that "During my tenure as the CFC webmaster I duly informed management that the website that interfaced to the firearms registry was flawed. It took some $15 million to develop and I broke inside into it within 30 minutes."

The Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters questioned the security of the gun registry after a home invasion that seemed to target a licensed gun collector. The OFAH argued that, in the wrong hands, a database detailing the whereabouts of every legally-owned firearm in Canada is a potential shopping list for criminals.

In response to these privacy and security claims, the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, the Canadian Police Association, and the Canadian Association of Police Boards released a joint statement claiming that, "The CFP's national database has never been breached by hackers. Information is safe and secure."

Usage
The RCMP Canadian Firearms Program produces a quarterly report called Facts and Figures. The information most often quoted in the media is the total number of queries, in the section entitled Average Daily Queries to the CFRO (Canadian Firearms Registry On-line). This number is what is commonly used to determine how often the registry is accessed by police officers. Changes to the system and the level of automation have resulted in the total number of queries increasing dramatically since the RCMP began tracking these numbers in 2003.
 * 2003 – 1,813;
 * 2004 – 2,087;
 * 2005 – 4,101;
 * 2006 – 6,650;
 * 2007 – 7,109;
 * 2008 – 9,606;
 * 2009 – 11,347;
 * 2010 – 14,729;
 * 2011 – 17,782;
 * 2012 – 18,555

As of June 2010, the CFRO is reportedly accessed 14,012 times per day. Only 530 (3.7%) of those "hits" are specific to firearms registration (licence number, serial number and certificate number). The remaining 13,482 (96.3%) are automatically generated every time an address is checked or a licence plate is verified. Officers claim that these automatic checks are valuable to them since they now know if the person or address whom they are researching has registered firearms and where they are. Officers claim that they feel safer knowing about present firearms when addressing a call, specifically in rural regions with domestic violence calls.

While there is reliable information to suggest how many times per day police officers access the firearms registry, the mostly non-automatic inclusion of this information in vehicle and address reports, whereby police must specifically request the information, is considered by many to be a valuable policing tool.

Current status
The Conservative minority government that was elected in both 2006 and 2008 had a platform calling for a repeal of portions of the registry, but did not successfully alter legislation on the registry. However, the government brought forward regulatory changes to bring in an amnesty for rifle and shotgun owners facing prosecution for failing to register their firearms. The government extended this one-year amnesty four times, with the most recent amnesty having expired on May 16, 2011.

In 2009, the Conservative government supported a Private Member's Bill (C-391) which proposed to repeal the portion of the requirement requiring the registration of non-restricted firearms, but would have continued the registration requirement for guns classified as restricted. Despite every other party leader in the House of Commons opposing the bill, Bill C-391 passed second reading in the House of Commons in November 2009 by a vote of 164 to 137 due to eight Liberal MPs, 12 New Democrats and one independent voting with the minority Conservative government.

In response to Liberal MPs breaking party ranks to support Bill C-391, Liberal Opposition Leader Michael Ignatieff announced on April 19, 2010, that Liberal MPs would be whipped to vote against C-391 and other proposals by the Conservative government to kill the long-gun (non-restricted) portion of the registry, with the condition that the party will instead support a reduction in the severity of penalties for those who fail to successfully register. The NDP did not enforce a party stance on parliamentary votes regarding the registry in relation to Bill C-391, as it was a Private Member's Bill. A third reading on September 22, 2010, failed to pass by a narrow margin (153 to 151). Six NDP MPs and the Conservative caucus favoured the bill, while the remaining NDP MPs, the Liberal Party and the Bloc Québécois opposed it.

The Conservatives won a majority in the 2011 election; during the campaign, party leader Stephen Harper reiterated his party's support for eliminating registration of non-restricted long guns.

On October 25, 2011, the government introduced Bill C-19, legislation to remove the requirement to register non-restricted firearms. The bill additionally mandated the destruction of all records pertaining to the registration of non-restricted firearms currently contained in the Canadian Firearms Registry and under the control of the chief firearms officers. The bill passed second reading in the House of Commons (156 to 123). On February 15, 2012, Bill C-19 was passed in the House of Commons (159 to 130) with support from the Conservatives and two NDP MPs. On April 4, 2012, Bill C-19 passed third reading in the Senate by a vote of 50–27 and received royal assent from the Governor General on April 5.

Upon passage of Bill C-19, the Province of Quebec moved for a motion to prevent the destruction of the Quebec portion of the records. A temporary injunction was granted on April 5, 2012 in order to leave enough time for proper legal arguments to be heard. On March 27, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled against Quebec, allowing the destruction of the long-gun registry records.

On September 8, 2014, an appeal by the Barbra Schlifer Clinic to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice to rule that the withdrawal of the non-restricted firearms registration requirement was unconstitutional was denied. The applicants sought to show that the removal of the registration requirement denied women their rights under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to: "life, liberty and security of the person". In its judgment the court ruled that there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that the registration of non-restricted firearms had been of any measurable benefit to women and that statistically rates of firearms-related violence had been following a trend downward before the requirement was introduced and had not changed after the requirement had been withdrawn.

title: Canadian Firearms Registry


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Talk:Kimba the White Lion

Unfair
I felt that the part of this article about the Kimba/Lion King controversy is somewhat biased on the Tezuka's side. I acknowledge that most of this article is probably written by Tezuka/Kimba fans and as such, dislike Disney, and what they "did". But come on. Grow up. This text could be written by a prosecutor in a court of law just as well. Wikipedia isn't here to slate any person or company. Wikipedia should list the both sides of things. Read this, and edit that part. Massively. Simba means a lion in Swahili either way, so it's quite enough to merit a weird coincidence and I see no reason behind Disney changing the name of Simba over Kimba. How many movies are there out there that include a talkative bird, a wise monkey and a villainous uncle? And there's nothing in both of them standing on a rock - that's what lions do in real life, they stand on rocks. Big deal. There are white lions in real life, and in the name of equality, Disney wants some diversity in their character span. No concept art is to prove anything. Get real, Disney did not rip the movie off from Tezuka, it's just the blind fans talking, and you all know it. --88.112.82.41 05:10, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

I disagree. When I was a kid a watched The Lion King first. I loved the movie, and I still think that's a good movie, but... Few years later I watched the Kimba and I taught "What a Lion King plagiary". Then I find out that the Kimba is much older and I was very disappointed. I'm not Kimba fan either, but The Lion King is obviously a plagiarism. --Lošmi 23:06, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Congratulations you're a liar. You didn't watch anything to prove that Lion King ripped off Kimba. You watched a movie that came AFTER Lion King for many comparisons and a show that is just a generic show with little to no similarities. 98.169.34.69 (talk) 17:09, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I know I'm replying to an one-year-old comment but, man, you replied to a comment from 15 years ago... 2804:14C:87B5:845E:A1AF:DF7E:173E:2F6F (talk) 04:39, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

I love Lion King to but really get over it, IT ripped of Kimba. Will- —Preceding unsigned comment added by WillTheWitch (talk • contribs) 18:26, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

"How many movies are there out there that include a talkative bird, a wise monkey and a villainous uncle?" I don't know... maybe you could enlighten us. Right now you come off as an ironic shill, and your trolling skills need work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bombman (talk • contribs) 08:45, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

If something in our world exists it can be found in Kimba. The show is total mess of everything. Of course there are some scenes similar to The Lion King. Anime fans' attemts to find a plagiarism in other genres already produced some jokes. In case of TLK\Kimba they see wicked design even in scene where Sarabi licks new-born Simba. All lioness lick their cubs. OK Simba eats bugs like Kimba. But suggest any other way to survive for little lion cub. Not much room for maneuvers. And there is no word if Simba changed his diet later or not because it's not important for the plot. And so on. 217.66.28.169 (talk) 19:50, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

The reference to Disney only adopting the "Hamlet" angle after the controversey developed is inaccurate. As early as Spring of 1990 (4 years prior to release), on the the tour of Disney MGM Studios, references were being made to a film being concerning lions and being loosely based on Hamlet. Either they recognized they had a problem early or their story was correct all along. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tkchap (talk • contribs) 14:34, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

I do think the content of that Simba/Kimba part is sort of one-sided, or at least, needs amendment. More materials should be included. In fact I did a personal research on this issue and wrote a long essay about it but I think it is not the place to post my personal research (the same to all of us) so I would just talk about something that is provided in the news report or publications instead of my personal research.

First, I have seen that we already have Ref.22 "Welkos, Robert W. (July 13, 1994). "A 'Kimba' Surprise for Disney : Movies: 'The Lion King' is a hit, but reported similarities to the Japanese-created American cartoon of the '60s are raising some questions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 30, 2015." in the references, in which Takayuki Matsutani, president of Tezuka Productions in Tokyo, was interviewed, and he said: --- "However, quite a few staff of our company saw a preview of 'The Lion King,' discussed this subject and came to the conclusion that you cannot avoid having these similarities as long as you use animals as characters and try to draw images out of them," Matsutani said. "If the Disney Co. had gotten a hint from 'The Jungle Emperor,' Osamu Tezuka, a founder of our company, would have been pleased," he continued. "And, we feel the same way, rather than making a claim. "Therefore, our company's general opinion is 'The Lion King' is a totally different piece from 'The Jungle Emperor' and is an original work completed by the Disney production's long-lasting excellent production technique." --- I mean, this is kind of an official declaration, and it is of great importance to have it included in this page.

And another source:

"Tezuka was a big fan of Disney. In fact, Tezuka did a 45 minute featurette in which he used characters that looked like the seven dwarfs. So, when Disney proved to be an admirer of Kimba, the studio did not retaliate. When they were called about this, they said that they were sure that Mr. [Don] Hahn [The Lion King's producer] did not deliberately do this, and that, 'We are sure that Disney would not deliberately do this and it's all purely coincidental. Our leader [Tezuka died in 1989] would have been very flattered."" citing from https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.5/articles/deneroffladd1.5.html --

Second, maybe this interview can be added to the second paragraph together with Rob Minkoff's words:

'Although there are some similarities in the characterisation of the animals, it cannot be helped,' Mr Matsutani said. 'For example, a monkey appears as a smart animal in both stories. But when you think about the monkey's cleverness in real life, it is natural he would be clever in the film also. And we remember Mr Tezuka's personality very well: he hated all kinds of quarrels, disputes and controversies. . . I am sure if he were still alive he would not take any legal action against The Lion King.' citing from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/japanese-get-animated-over-disney-cartoon-1383466.html

Mr Matsutani was the president of Tezuka Productions, so this is another rather official declaration.

Third, if the last but two paragraph aims to show the connections between Tezuka and Disney ， it may be better if we get into details about Tezuka and Disney's friendship.

“Tezuka met his hero,Walt Disney, at the 1964 World’s Fair in New York. The American allegedly told Tezuka that he admired Astro Boy and wanted to create something like it. A framed photograph of the two shaking hands still hangs in the entranceway of the Tezuka home.” citing from Kelts, Roland. Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print. (Page 44, can be seen at http://lkcontroversy.blogspot.com/)

"Tezuka was a big fan of Disney. In fact, Tezuka did a 45 minute featurette in which he used characters that looked like the seven dwarfs." from https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.5/articles/deneroffladd1.5.html.

“Still smiling, he excuses himself,and then returns with two handsome hardbacks featuring Bambi and Snow White. He leafs through them, showing me some of the pages. The illustrations are definitely Disney-like, but something about the lines is a bit off—a little shakier, perhaps, less assured, but also more complex. Tezuka loved the Disney stories and illustrations so much, he copied them line for line—not from comic books, but by going to the movie theater and sitting with his sketch pad through several showings of the Disney films. The books he produced were originally sold on the streets of Japan in the 1950s, without Disney’s knowledge or permission.”  said Yoshihiro Shimizu, who created the anime series Kimba the White Lion. citing from Kelts, Roland. Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print. (Page 45, can be seen at http://lkcontroversy.blogspot.com/)

And also further connection between them, mainly the influence of Disney on Tezuka can be found at http://tezukainenglish.com/wp/?page_id=2557  &  http://tezukainenglish.com/wp/?page_id=3039  &  http://www.tcj.com/tezuka-osamu-the-rectification-of-mickey/

Fourth, maybe the summary of Tom Sito and Mark Kausler should be amended. The original words of them are: - “I can say there is absolutely no inspiration from ‘Kimba,’” animator Tom Sito told HuffPost Entertainment. Sito’s resume includes classic Disney films such as “Beauty and the Beast,” “Aladdin” and, of course, “The Lion King,” to name a few. “I mean the artists working on the film, if they grew up in the ‘60s, they probably saw ‘Kimba.’ I mean, I watched ‘Kimba’ when I was a kid in the ‘60s, and I think in the recesses of my memory we’re aware of it, but I don’t think anybody consciously thought, ‘Let’s rip off ‘Kimba.’”

Other filmmakers on the project confirm Sito’s comments. In 1997, Mark Kausler, who has a story credit on the film, told author Fred Patten that he had watched “Kimba” as a kid, but during the production process the animators were focused on creating a story that was more like “Bambi” set in Africa without the “animals versus man” theme:"Nobody ever mentioned “Kimba,” and if any of us who knew of it thought about it, I guess we figured that since “Kimba” was always about the animals trying to get the humans to accept them as equals, the absence of humans in “The Lion King” made it obviously a different plot." - And it turned into "Animators Tom Sito and Mark Kausler, who both have story credits, have admitted to watching Kimba, and assumed many of their colleagues had too, especially if they grew up in the 1960s." I cannot say this summary is wrong, but this summary seems more like a confession than an explanation which their original words were supposed to be. And I don't see "assumed MANY of their colleagues had too" in Ref.29 (maybe in Ref.28, well, I would try to get access to Ref.28 later) However, according to the interview with the directors and producer in The Pride of the Lion King, the documentary, the animators working on the Lion King are probably mostly less-experienced and younger since the studio think Pocahontas would more likely to be a hit and placed less attention to the Lion King, and the directors and producer said they were "begging" others to work on the Lion King and even most of the animators leading the characters were first given chance to lead a character. (can be found partly at https://www.tor.com/2015/06/19/the-lion-king-was-the-most-unlikely-success-story-you-will-ever-hear/ but it would be better to watch that documentary)

Fifth, the page wrote "Other similarities are thematically deeper and more pronounced, such as that both feature the theme of the circle of life." It has no reference, and I doubt it is a personal research, while I think this resemblance is very strained.(I have watched all of the Kimba series several times) And I think it should be discussed about.

I don't think the problem is so serious that we have to put a POV template in that part immediately, but I think that the neutrality of this part need to be inspected and this part should be amended. Timelimitexceeded (talk) 12:35, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

In addition, the page mention that "The Lion King contains numerous SEQUENCES that closely match Kimba′s. ", while I think "various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show." (quoted from the Lion King page) may be more accurate. Since the similar scenes are sporadic and random as what I found out after watching both the Lion King and the Kimba series. (Well, this is a personal research, so it is not reliable according to the Wikipedia guide, just ignore it. I just doubt what the original words are in Ref.20) And I will try to get access to Ref.20 to see what the original words are. I hope it can be discussed about, too. Timelimitexceeded (talk) 13:04, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

Debunked Information, poor sources and completely made up facts
So according to user CaptainEek, the Adam Johnson (YMS) video is "not a reliable source" and "poorly sourced content" even though Adam Johnson clearly showed his sources including Kimba the White Lion show itself. At the same time Wikipedia uses the poorly source book made by Madhavi Sunder a lawyer who clearly did not watch the original 1994 The Lion King film nor any Kimba the White Lion and ironically she uses another Youtube video from 2008 as a source. Everything is shown here. I find did very ironic that Wikipedia accepts as reliable source a Book that uses a Youtube Video as one of its sources, but another Youtube Video is deemed unreliable, only because its a Youtube video.

Another debunked information is about director Roger Allers living in Japan in the 1980s while The New Adventures of Kimba The White Lion was airing in Japanese Television. Well Wikipedia sources again Madhavi Sunder. But there are sources that say that Allers only lived two years in Japan in the early 1980s 1 2 3. According to the last two of this sources, he return to the US in 1985 and joined Disney working on Oliver & Company. The New Adventures of Kimba The White Lion was released in 1989, 4 years after Allers leaved Japan. I think that Wikipedia needs to delete any mention of Allers living in Japan while the remake of Kimba was airing in Japanese "prime time television", as it's clearly false information invented by Sunder. --190.215.25.76 (talk) 04:24, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
 * There are some great points here, I just want to add the case of Ahoy and Polybius. This also has a single YouTube video being used as a source. Why hasn't that been deleted? JorWat (talk) 05:22, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
 * What happened to actual research? I agree that Adam Johnson's video is very good and well researched from the looks of it, and probably should be included in this article.--Rockclaw1030 (talk) 17:18, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is a disgrace. Still false information based on speculation and lies including a book that uses a awful YouTube video made in Movie Maker as a main source. Books are not reliable per se, a lawyer is not an expert in Animated shows and movies. Also Roger Allers was not living in Japan when the Kimba remake aired. It’s been proven false. He was living in the US in 1985. The Kimba remake aired in 1989. Gosh. --186.11.82.245 (talk) 14:37, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

How about we just add Adam's video back anyways or just remove the other unreliable sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xgdhyh2000 (talk • contribs) 15:21, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

I don't think some lawyer's book is any more reliable than a video essay by a movie critic OrsonKrennik51 (talk) 17:38, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Adam Johnston watched all of the versions of Kimba and even streamed his researching/editing process on Twitch. Johnston directly cites clips from the Kimba the White Lion series in his video essay. He shows how many of the images used to prove that The Lion King copied have been pulled from parts of the Kimba franchise that were released after The Lion King. Madhavi Sunder references YouTube videos with low quality screenshots and she also undeniably misstates what actually happens in The Lion King in her book. The inconsistencies between what Sunder describes and what Johnston clearly shows is why I believe her book should be considered an unreliable source. TJScalzo (talk) 02:32, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Can we also bring up that the 1997 movie is a huge befuddling factor in all this? So many videos on the topic use the movie as a source of comparison, when, if anything, it seems that it was deliberately evoking Simba to stoke or ride on the controversy. --Leafsw0rd (talk) 11:34, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The point of Wikipedia is not to make the most truthful content, but actually make obedient articles that clearly follow Wikipedia's guidelines, orderly standards, and policies. In short, this website is about making lawful pages. If you write something that this wiki's principles would like then you should remember that veracity is never the point of the article, and the point of the article is to discuss a topic using the capabilities and limitations of Wikipedia's overall key law-and-order structure. Simply put it, an article should be within restraints and stay below the law. Sometimes you should explore the capabilities of the restraints, but still remain inside limits. « I ias! :,,.: usbk I » 14:41, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia does not care about truth. Got it. 68.14.191.180 (talk) 01:08, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

They label this well put together, well thought out, well researched video as an unreliable source, and just another YouTube opinion, yet they're not above showcasing YouTube like Angry Joe on various articles for his basic opinions on media. Stay classy. SamuraiMaster (talk) 01:50, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

The protection for this page has expired as of today and the section on the YMS video is back. Based on the discussion below, I'm making the following additional changes to the The Lion King controversy section: • Removal of the section that directly quotes Madhavi Sunder and states "both films feature the protagonist looking up at clouds in the shape of his father lion" which is untrue.

• Removal of the quote and citation from the Hollywood Reporter which cites Sunder and the 1997 Kimba film.

• Removal of the citation from the Huffington Post which again cites Sunder and the 1997 Kimba film. These are the extent of the changes that were discussed in the semi-protected edit requests. Feel free to discuss other removals from the section but I feel like this was the extent of what has been debated thus far. Cheers! --Bayou Tapestry (talk) 18:40, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

I'm not used to how wikipedia works and I don't know english well enough to attempt an edit, but I want to point out that Patten, the writer of the book used as a source for the whole intro of the controversy section later backpedaled from his position in a 2003 interview on a DVD. Yes, the book was released later, but it's actually a collection of his past writings, the part regarding the Lion King / Kimba controversy was actually written in 1995. ᛗᚨᛋᛏᛖᚱ 151.68.94.129 (talk) 09:57, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Also yes, my source is the unreliable youtuber YMS, but apparently no one else has ever done research about this apart from quoting other people quoting other people and I'm not going to buy some old DVD specials just to have a different source that's not on youtube ᛗᚨᛋᛏᛖᚱ 151.68.94.129 (talk) 10:01, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Update: I've added this DVD feature to the article. HappyWithWhatYouHaveToBeHappyWith (talk) 04:31, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Pending changes protection request
Just in case the situation escalates again, this article should have a pending changes protection template. I wonder if it works. « I ias! :,,.: usbk I » 14:29, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

RFC: YourMovieSucksDOTorg
Should this YouTube link be included as a source? © Tb hotch ™ (en-3). 23:02, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Background
On 27 May 2020, YourMovieSucksDOTorg released a video called: "YMS: Kimba the White Lion". The video last 2 hours 27 minutes and Adam Johnston: "polemicises many previous arguments on the controversy and concludes that previous authors mischaracterized the Japanese series when comparing it to the Disney film, and that there is in fact no credible evidence to suggest plagiarism."

Since its release, there have been several instances of IPs and new accounts trying to add YMS as a source, to the point it got protected. And as apparently this won’t end in the near future, I am opening this RFC even though it should be the other way around.

Note that per WP:RSPYT YouTube is a "generally unreliable source": "Most videos on YouTube are anonymous, self-published, and unverifiable, and should not be used at all. Content uploaded from a verified official account, such as that of a news organization, may be treated as originating from the uploader and therefore inheriting their level of reliability" and per WP:CONTEXTMATTERS: "Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the Wikipedia article and is an appropriate source for that content."

As multiple editors at Kimba the White Lion and this talk page have been new accounts, single-purpose accounts and IP editors, this is a friendly reminder that Wikipedia is not a democracy; the consensus is reached through discussion supported with policies and guidelines, not mere voting. © Tb hotch ™ (en-3). 23:02, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Comments

 * In my opinion, it should be excluded. Reasons, there are multiple:
 * a. This video is more a "this is my opinion concerning the Kimba/Simba similarities" rather than exhaustive academic research users have persistently said here on the talk page.
 * b. This is just a WP:USERGENERATED source. Although Johnston sporadically shows images of real sources on-screen (for example at 9:32, 17:06), he rarely cites the sources in the video, but none are mentioned in the YouTube description.
 * c. Does this video fall into fair use? 94% of the video consists of copyrighted footage. Fair use allows using copyrighted material for critical commentaries, like Johnston's video, however, there is a limit for such usage. The only moments non-Disney/Fuji TV material appears is at the end, at minute 2:18:15. This can easily fall into WP:ELNEVER.
 * d. After watching part of the video, I divided into:
 * Minute 0:00 - 7:32: Johnston makes an introduction about the video, which includes his opinion on the topic.
 * Minute 7:32 - 9:27: Comparison between Simba/Kimba name, including the following material used to prove that Disney didn't copy Kimba's name: machine translations of The Lion King's characters from Swahili, a Wikipedia research of Franz von Werra (who had a lion called Simba) and Simba: King of the Beasts.
 * Minute 9:27 - 11:30: Comparison between Pumbaa and Gargoyle. Johnston merely gives his opinion between how Gargoyle appearing once is not proof of plagiarism. No sources are provided, just an opinion.
 * Minute 11:30 - 19:40: Other Kimba/Simba characters and situations that Johnston considers prove their plots are different. Quora (user-generated) is quoted at 16:59. At 17:06 another quoted text appears but doesn't cite the source.
 * Minute 19:40 - 22:01: Simpsons Did It-reference to prove Disney did not copy the film. Quota (a user-generated website) is cited at 22:00 but never sourced. All opinions, no sources used.
 * Minute 22:01 - 23:15: Kimba+Lily (whatever her name is) vs. Simba+Nala relationship. All opinions by Johnston.
 * Minute 23:15 - 24:00: Johnston quotes fragments of sources, yet they are never cited. Now, 23 minutes later he cites his first source: Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews (2004) by Fred Patten, where Patten makes "insane comparison criticisms that I mention in this video", said Johnston at 23:30-36.
 * Minute 23:56 - 27:00: Patton and Watching Anime: "Now Fred Patton actually has a lot of credibilities when it comes to being an anime and manga fan", citing his career from 24:00-30, to later say that he disagrees with Patton's opinion on Watching Anime about this controversy. Johnston gives his opinion about why Patton's Kimba-Simba comparison is reductive and simplistic.
 * Minute 27:00 - 31:50: Simpsons Did It, part II. Several examples of other alleged plagiarisms in media. Some quotes appear on the screen, never cited, but Johnston gives his opinion about them.
 * Minute 31:50 - 33:20: Hamlet references.
 * After this I stopped watching it because I know the remaining will go on like this: footage -> opinion about the footage -> quote -> opinion about the quote -> footage-opinion about the footage, repeat. Several users at said that not only this video was trustable, credible, well-researched and a reliable source, yet this is a video of a person merely giving his opinion on a topic, no more reliable than anyone's opinion on any subject, occasionally quoting sources that think that Disney copied Kimba and commenting on them. Because of that and the persistent addition of that source I support the exclusion from Kimba the White Lion and The Lion King (franchise)-related articles.  ©  Tb hotch ™ (en-3). 23:02, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose inclusion without an independent source. Is Adam Johnston (Canadian movie reviewer) notable?  If yes, allow mention of his review, but if no, Wikipedia should not be responding to individual YouTube reviews.  On the review, while interesting, I am not impressed.  Sure, I can accept that Simba is influenced by Kimba, but both belong to the prehistory human story-telling archetype of the high-born but orphaned child hero that grows with the readers' journey in the story.  For a serious treatment of character and story telling archetypes, you really need quality academic literature, not YouTube.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:28, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Discussion

 * If this is included, it should be in the reception section along with any other reviews, with no more than 1-2 sentences. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 23:26, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Recommend exclusion unless third-party sources talk about the review, and even then, that's questionable. I know of the case for RedLetterMedia being notable for the "Mr. Plinkett" reviews of the Star Wars and Star Trek films which actually drew attention (before even more attention) but even with that, we ddn't include those "reviews" on the films, just discussed the reviews in context of the work. Right now, without a 3rd party source, this is just a random youtube reviewer. --M asem (t) 23:34, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll alert WP:Film to this matter. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 02:20, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Never mind. I see that they were already alerted. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 02:21, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

I'm on the fence, but leaning toward a weak oppose. I personally found the YMS video convincing. While there don't seem to be many cited sources, the video was based largely on comparisons of the source material. But that's kind of the point. While I understand that a YouTube Video is generally not a reliable source, I came to this page to discuss the possibility of bending those those policies in this instance. But, the video is still explicitly an opinion piece. While the Johnston seems to have done his homework, all this still boils down to "but this guy on YouTube said..." and I don't want to open Pandora's Box with sources like this. TornadoLGS (talk) 19:56, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * NOT include as a source!! This vdo is clearly a commentary, and if at all linked to, then only in a section External links. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 08:46, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose Inclusion The video itself is not a reliable source, and we would need third-party sources to either mention it or summarize its conclusions. As it is, it lacks impact on a decades-old controversy. Dimadick (talk) 19:33, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose inclusion of self-published reviews. WhisperToMe (talk) 07:43, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose inclusion of a random person's online opinion. If the video draws significant attention, that is a different story.--SilverTiger12 (talk) 17:29, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I believe a lot of you have failed to understand what the video truly is, what it is doing, or what it is about. You claim that it is merely someone giving their opinion. That is not what I saw when I watched the video. I understand and will admit, that the video does not really fit in Wikipedia's guidelines of a reliable source, and understandably so. Hence why adding it into a Wikipedia article is questionable and does not seem like the best idea. But I'd just like to say that logically speaking, I am very sure that the video does do a good job of shedding light on the truth about the controversy. He doesn't give any links in the YouTube description, but he does mention where he is getting the info from, and even shows video examples when he needs to. Some of the things he points out (such as common tropes in movies) should already be common knowledge. If someone doesn't believe him still, he or she CAN go watch the Kimba movies and TV shows for themselves to see just how different they are. With that truth in mind, I can see no reason why what he said in that video isn't true. He is not just giving his opinions. He is definitively debunking these accusations. Claims, for example, that the storylines and characters are nearly identical, but when you actually look at and watch the Kimba content, you will clearly see that that is not true. The storylines are NOT the same at all, and neither are the characters, truly. That is not an opinion. That is a fact. When you can see it for yourself, it is most definitely a fact. Also, removing the source from the article because “it is YouTube and therefore not reliable” is almost kind of biased and a double-standard, because one of the sources that argues that the Lion King DID rip off Kimba, it was a law professor's book (Sunders, I think was her name), well, she literally uses poorly made YouTube videos as at least one of her sources. So, going by Wikipedia's own consensus, that book is therefore an unreliable source because it uses an unreliable source, therefore info obtained from that book should be removed from the article also. Lastly, a lot of the comparisons people make between the Lion King and Kimba are misleading and dishonest, because the Kimba footage that they give is actually from the 1997 Kimba film, which came out three years AFTER the Lion King. So, information regarding those visually similar designs and shots should not be included either. All in all, I suppose what I'm trying to say is, don't be close-minded. Karl Malone the Mailman (talk) 19:24, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I refer you to this discussion on your talk page. YouTube videos are not generally considered reliable sources. No matter how much you argue about it, they are still not generally considered reliable sources for anything. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 20:56, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems kinda strange to target YouTube videos specifically and not self-published material in general. Go-Chlodio (talk) 22:08, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * YouTube is not being targeted specifically. There is a general policy that user generated content is not considered a reliable source. YouTube at the forefront of the discussion because the source in question is a YouTube video. TornadoLGS (talk) 06:13, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If user-generated material is not considered a reliable source, then all self-published books, blogs, and articles should be banned off this site. Onuzurike424 (talk) 22:56, 5 May 2022 (UTC)
 * "I understand and will admit, that the video does not really fit in Wikipedia's guidelines of a reliable source" Exactly. We typically seek published sources with a reputation for fact-checking. Online videos by random people were never what Wikipedia had in mind as reliable sources, no matter how well-made they are or how their arguments sound true. Dimadick (talk) 15:12, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Johnston's video isn't a reliable source, but on the Lion King article Sunder's book, which he showed to use "evidence" from even less credible sources, is? I think this certainly shows a bias in wikipedia toward "traditional" media, which is basically irrational. either both are credible or neither is. 128.114.255.33 (talk) 09:35, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Madhavi Sunder's book was removed from this article because editors were convinced that it was pretty obviously unreliable. Just because it is still cited in another article doesn't mean it's considered reliable, just that at some point someone did. It just happens that no one (including yourself) removed references to it on that article. If you think that's appropriate, you may boldly remove them yourself or start a discussion on its talk page. ~ Bluecrystal004 ( talk · contribs ) 14:46, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Hi, new user here. I'm not sure that a video-essay qualifyies as a source, especially one that strays so far from the structure and tone of an actual essay. However I was pretty confused at not seeing it mentioned anywhere. With its 6+ million views it is a lot of people's first point of contact with the controversy. It was mine... A short sentence such as "In YMS's video "YMS: Kimba the White Lion" re-ignited the online debate about the controversy surrouning the two IPs" at least as a side-note is owed to any reader who wants to get an accurate overview of the situation. Gancho Campanella (talk) 12:57, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Also, doesn't this site enforce a strict policy on original research? Adam's essay may be well put together, but it heavily falls into this category as the essay itself is littered with sources he accumulated that are trying to support his personal thoughts rather than have a meaningful say in the Simba / Kimba debacle. His YouTube channel is also not a reliable source for information as it primarily concerns his personal thoughts on various movies and TV shows, making this topic beyond what he usually does. Zucat (talk) 08:00, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kimba the White Lion


text:
Troy University

Troy University is a public university in Troy, Alabama. It was founded in 1887 as Troy State Normal School within the Alabama State University System, and is now the flagship university of the Troy University System. It was one of about 180 "normal schools" founded by state governments in the 19th century to train teachers for the rapidly growing public common schools. Some closed but most steadily expanded their role and became state colleges in the early 20th century and state universities in the late 20th century.

Troy University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACS) to award associate, baccalaureate, master's, education specialist, and doctoral degrees.

In August 2005, Troy State University, Montgomery; Troy State University, Phenix City; Troy State University, Dothan; and Troy State University (main campus) all merged under one accreditation to become Troy University. Prior to the merger, each campus was independently accredited. The merger combined staff, faculty, and administrators into a single university.

Today, the university serves the educational needs of students in four Alabama campuses and 60 teaching sites in 17 U.S. states and 11 countries. Troy University has over 100,000 alumni in 50 states of the U.S. and in other countries.

History
Troy University is a public university with its main campus located in Troy, Alabama. It was founded as a normal school in 1887 with a mission to educate and train new teachers. Laura Montgomery Henderson was one of the school's original teachers.

Over time, the school evolved into a four-year college and in 1957 the Alabama Board of Education adopted the name "Troy State College" and granted it the right to issue master's degrees. In the 1960s the college opened satellite sites in Montgomery, Phenix City, and Dothan to serve the military personnel posted at Maxwell AFB, Fort Benning (now Fort Moore), and Fort Rucker (now Fort Novosel). More sites associated with military centers located throughout the United States and abroad followed in the subsequent decades, as well as support centers for students and alumni unrelated to the military. As a leader in online education, Troy University began offering online courses in the Fall Semester of 1997. Troy University is known for its innovation in offering in-class and online academic programs in servicing traditional, nontraditional, and military students. In spring 2018, Troy University was ranked #19 among the "Most Innovative Schools" in U.S. News & World Report annual peer assessment survey. The main campus enrollment as of the fall of 2016 is 7,911 students. The campus consists of 36 major buildings on 650 acre plus the adjacent Troy University Arboretum.

At least three prominent political figures have been associated with Troy University. George Wallace Jr., son of the late Governor George C. Wallace, who was a former administrator at the university. Max Rafferty, the California Superintendent of Public Instruction from 1963 to 1971, was dean of the education department from 1971 until his death in 1982. Former Governor John Malcolm Patterson taught U.S. history at the institution during the 1980s.

Name change
On April 16, 2004, the board of trustees voted to change the name of the institution from Troy State University to Troy University. The transition to the new name was completed in August 2005 and was the fourth in the school's history. When created by the Alabama Legislature on February 26, 1887, it was officially named the Troy State Normal School. The school was located in downtown Troy until moving to the present location on University Avenue in 1930. In 1929, the name was changed to Troy State Teachers College and it subsequently conferred its first baccalaureate degree in 1931. In 1957, the legislature voted both to change the name to Troy State College and to allow it to begin a master's degree program. The name was changed once again in 1967 to Troy State University.

Troy University System
The Troy University System (formerly known as the Troy State University System) is a public university system in Alabama that coordinates and oversees the three branch universities of Troy University. The system was formed in 1982, as the campuses in Dothan and Montgomery were granted independent accreditation status. In April 2004, "State" was dropped from the university's name to reflect the institution's new, broader focus. In August 2005, all Troy campuses were unified under one accreditation.

Troy University has a total of four campuses located across the state of Alabama:
 * Troy University (main campus)
 * Troy University at Montgomery
 * Troy University at Dothan
 * Troy University at Phenix City

In addition to the four campuses, there are also 23 additional support sites across the southeastern United States and other countries.

Academics
Troy University cumulatively offers 46 bachelor's degree programs, 22 master's degree programs, and 3 doctoral programs.

Organization

The university is composed of five colleges, a graduate school, and a division of general studies:

 * College of Arts & Sciences
 * College of Communications & Fine Arts
 * College of Education
 * College of Health & Human Services
 * The Sorrell College of Business
 * The Graduate School
 * The Division of General Studies

Confucius Institute
Established in 2007, the Confucius Institute at Troy University is a public institution affiliated with the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, funded and arranged in part by Hanban, which is itself affiliated with the Chinese government, and the stated aim of which is to promote the Chinese language and culture, support local Chinese teaching, and facilitate cultural exchanges. The institute also offers summer camps for high school students, consultation for economic development, and promotion of Chinese outreach programs. Some have expressed concerns related to academic freedom and political influence of the Chinese government specially regarding such things as the comment of a former senior Chinese official, Li Changchun that Confucius Institutes are "an important part of China's overseas propaganda set-up". Troy University was the first college in Alabama to open a Confucius Institute. The institute was closed in March of 2023.

Center for International Programs
The university has over 800 international students from 75 countries on the main campus, and offers special programs for students such as the English as Second Language Center (ECL). Troy also has a dormitory named Pace Hall.

Rankings
Troy University has acquired different institutional rankings from various sources:

 * In 2019, Forbes ranked Troy as the 640th-best school in the nation. Forbes' overall ranking centers on the value of the degree obtained by a university's students and measures, in part, the marketplace success of a school's graduate.
 * U.S. News & World Report in several categories for Regional Universities, South Region, for 2020:

Campus

Troy University's main campus is located near downtown Troy. The campus sits along rolling hills with many old oak trees present along the streets and throughout campus. The first two buildings that were built on campus were John Robert Lewis Hall (formerly Bibb Graves Hall) and Shackelford Hall, both of which are still standing on campus today. Bibb Graves, who was Alabama's governor at the time of the building's dedication, is remembered for commissioning the Olmsted Brothers architectural firm of Brookline, Massachusetts, to design the campus landscape plan. The Troy University Board of Trustees voted to rename the hall in John Lewis's honor on August 26, 2020.

Across from the chapel is a very small lake named Lake Lagoona, which is the drainage point of the creek that runs through the Trojan Oaks Golf Course.

The Trojan Oaks Golf Practice Course, which used to be full-service, 9-hole, 3,211-yard golf course, is one of the pristine features of the campus with its rolling hills, oak and pine trees, and a creek running through most of the course. Troy was one of only 87 universities in the United States to have operated a full-service golf course on its own campus before closing the course and revamping it into a golf practice facility, and is still one of the few schools to operate a 9-hole or greater practice course on its campus.

One of the favorite features of the campus is Janice Hawkins Park, which features an amphitheater, walking trails, a lagoon and several prominent art installations. Paved sidewalks curve throughout that park, and a pedestrian bridge straddles the lagoon on one end. Among the art installations are the "Violata Pax Dove", by the artist Fred "Nall" Hollis, and 200 replica terracotta warriors that are spread throughout the park, representing the famous excavations in China.

Student body
There are 14,881 students enrolled at Troy as of Fall 2022.

Residence halls
Students who live on campus at Troy have a choice of 12 different residential halls to choose from:

 * Clements Hall (coed by floor)
 * Gardner Hall (men)
 * Hamil Hall (women)
 * Honors Cottage (coed)
 * Newman Center (coed by floor)
 * Pace Hall (coed by floor)
 * Rushing Hall (formerly New Residence) (coed by building)
 * Shackelford Hall (coed by floor)
 * Trojan Village (coed by floor)
 * University Apartments (coed)

Trojan Dining Hall
The Trojan Dining Hall is a large, two-story, restaurant-style collection of venues. Some of the restaurants inside the dining hall include a Boar's Head Deli, Moe's Southwest Grill, The Wild Mushroom, Bella Trattoria, Flying Star Diner, Basic Kneads Artisan Bakery, and Magellan's.

The hall also features an outdoor dining area with a large fountain.

Trojan Center
The Trojan Center is the activity center on campus for students. It features a movie theater, meeting rooms, gathering spaces, large ballrooms, the Barnes & Noble campus bookstore, Starbucks, mail room, student activity offices, and a food court that features restaurants such as Chick-fil-A, Steak 'n Shake, Einstein Bros. Bagels, Mein Bowl, Great American Cookies, and Marble Slab Creamery.

Recreation

Many recreational activities are available on campus. The Trojan Fitness Center offers fitness machines, free weights, and cardiovascular machines. Trojan Games recreation room has two billiard tables, two table tennis tables, and a foosball game. The Natatorium houses an eight-lane 25 yd Olympic-style pool. The Recreation Center Gym has two basketball courts, a cardio room, a dance room, and a large outside pool. Wright Hall Gym, located adjacent to the Natatorium, offers a basketball court, two volleyball courts, and four badminton courts. The Intramural Fields consist of four flag football fields, two softball fields, and one soccer field.

Trojan Arena, the newest facility on campus, is the home to the basketball, volleyball, and track programs, as well as being used for the university's commencement ceremonies and other special events with seating capacity of 6,000. The new Trojan Arena replaces the university's longtime basketball and events facility, Sartain Hall, which opened in 1962. Trojan Arena is equipped with 5,600 chair-back seats and several VIP suites and boxes. Under the main court is 10000 ft2 of basketball practice space. Beyond the normal concession area is a food court-style lounge and a simulated court area on the concourse. The arena includes seven upper-level suites and an exclusive Stadium Club area for donors, while also adding floor seating for students. Among the latest technology features of the new arena is a three-tiered rotunda at the main entrance, an interior concourse with concession stands, and a food court-styled dining center with various specialty food items. It features an LED ribbon board that panoramically encircles the entire arena with two 767 ft2 video boards that enhances the total sports gaming experience, the only one of its kind in the Sun Belt Conference. The Trojan Arena is also home to the Troy University Sports Hall of Fame, with digital displays of its honored members located adjacent to the rotunda.

The campus also features a natatorium that includes a 9-lane, Olympic-sized swimming pool.

The university is currently in the middle of building an exclusive $25 million recreation center for students. The 78000 ft2 facility will be located in the area formerly known as the Sartain Hall parking lot, near George Wallace Drive. Once completed, the building will house a multi-activity court, a basketball court, a free-weight training area, a circuit weight training area, special aerobic rooms, an outdoor swimming pool, a multi-level walking track and four offices.

Greek life
Twenty-three traditional Greek organizations are on Troy's campus. In 2019, about 10% of undergraduate men and 13% of undergraduate women were active in Troy's Greek system. Troy's IFC and NPC organizations have traditional Greek housing for members use.

Music organizations
These six music organizations function under the supervision of the John M. Long School of Music:

Student media
The school newspaper, the Tropolitan (commonly referred to as "The Trop"), is located on the bottom floor of Wallace Hall. It is a weekly publication, written and produced entirely by students. The Palladium is located in adjacent offices in the same building. The Tropolitan has been ranked as one of the best college newspapers in the country, and was ranked as the #6 Best College Newspaper by the Southeast Journalism Conference (SEJC) in 2017.

Also located in Wallace Hall is Troy University Television, also referred to as Troy TrojanVision. Troy University Television broadcasts three live entirely student-produced newscasts twice daily. TrojanVision Global News, TrojanVision Midday & TrojanVision Nightly News. Troy TrojanVision also produces a 30-minute sports show, Trojan Sports Now, every week. TrojanVision streams live online and can be seen at the university's YouTube page. Some of the students that major in broadcasting also help to produce ESPN sporting events for the university, including football, basketball, and baseball games.

in 2017, TrojanVision was ranked as the #1 Best College TV Station by the Southeast Journalism Conference (SEJC).

The "Sound of the South" marching band
The Sound of the South is the official marching band of Troy University. The marching band was established in 1939 and has been referred to by its current name since 1965. The band was named by John M. Long soon after he was hired as band director. The band, now boasting over 300 members on a regular basis, has enjoyed major success in performing at hundreds of marching band competitions, as well as dozens of different college and professional athletic venues. The band usually follows the football team to almost every away game, and has a smaller pep-band that plays at every home basketball game. It was during the thirty-two year tenure of Johnny Long, as he was commonly referred to, that the band program at Troy University established a prominent national reputation through its many featured appearances at music conventions, concert tours and recordings with the symphony band, as well as several nationally televised appearances with the "Sound of the South" Marching Band. The band's "trademark" piece that is played before every performance of the band is called "The Fanfare" and was written by John M. Long in 1965.

Athletics

Troy State Normal School began its sports program in 1909, when it fielded its first football team. Through the early years, Troy's athletics nicknames were not official and varied by the sport and the coach. Eventually, teams all began to use the name "Troy State Teachers", but when the athletic teams moved into NAIA competition, the nickname was then changed to the "Red Wave". In the early 1970s, the student body voted to change the name to Trojans after many felt that Red Wave was too similar to the University of Alabama's nickname, the Crimson Tide. Prior to becoming a member of NCAA Division I athletics in 1993, Troy University was a member of the Gulf South Conference of the NCAA Division II ranks. Troy's primary rivals were Jacksonville State University, Livingston University (now the University of West Alabama), and the University of North Alabama. In 2004, Troy joined the Sun Belt Conference of the Football Bowl Subdivision.

Football
Troy University began playing football in 1909. The program has won three national championships, the NAIA national football championship in 1968, and the NCAA Division II national football championship in 1984 and 1987. Troy transitioned to the NCAA's Division I-A in 2001, became a football only member of the Sun Belt Conference in 2004, and joined the conference for all other sports in 2005. In 2001, Troy defeated Mississippi State at Scott Field in Starkville, Mississippi, by a score of 21–9 which was the Trojans' first victory over a BCS level program. In 2004, the Trojans defeated a ranked BCS program for the first time ever, defeating #17 Missouri 24–14 at home on ESPN2. The Trojan football team made its first bowl game appearance in the Silicon Valley Football Classic on December 30, 2004, but lost to Northern Illinois, 34–21. In 2006, Troy won the Sun Belt Conference for the first time after defeating Middle Tennessee State toward the end of the 2006 season. Troy represented the Sun Belt Conference in the 2006 New Orleans Bowl as the conference champion for the first time where the Trojans defeated the Rice Owls of Conference USA by a score of 41–17. Troy participated in the 2010 New Orleans Bowl where the Trojans routed Ohio by a score of 48–21. Troy has most recently participated in the 2016 Dollar General Bowl in Mobile, Alabama, which the Trojans won over Ohio 28–23. Former Troy football head coach Larry Blakeney served 25 seasons as head coach between 1990 and the end of the 2014 season. He has led the program to three Southland Football Conference titles and five Sun Belt Conference titles, as well as guided the Trojans to seven FCS playoff appearances and five FBS bowl games. Blakeney boasts an overall record of 178–113–1 as head coach at Troy. Blakeney is the winningest coach in the Troy University history and he is the 4th-winningest collegiate coach all time in the state of Alabama, only behind Paul "Bear" Bryant, Cleve Abbott, and Ralph "Shug" Jordan. Blakeney is one of two coaches in college football history to be the head coach of a football program during its transition from Division II to I-A (the other being UCF's Gene McDowell).

Basketball
The Troy University men's basketball team was under the direction of head coach Don Maestri for 31 years until his retirement in 2013. Coach Maestri is the winningest coach in school history, with exactly 500 career wins, and he has won numerous conference coach-of-the-year awards during his tenure at Troy University. The program has won 11 conference championships in basketball, with six of them coming in the Division I era. On January 12, 1992, Troy defeated DeVry University of Atlanta by the score of 258–141 (or 253–141, according to some journalists). This is the highest-scoring game in NCAA basketball history and Troy State's score of 258 is the highest score in NCAA basketball history. The Trojans competed in the 2003 NCAA Tournament in Nashville against Xavier University after winning the Atlantic Sun Conference title. In 2004, Troy was an NIT participant in a match-up against Niagara University. In 2008, coach Maestri was inducted into the Wiregrass Sports Hall of Fame at a ceremony in Dothan, Alabama. In 2009, the Trojans finished 3rd place in the Sun Belt Conference and competed in the CBI against College of Charleston. After winning the Sun Belt regular-season title in 2010, the Trojans would be invited to play in the NIT once again against Ole Miss. Maestri is a member of the Troy University Sports Hall of Fame.

Baseball
The Troy University baseball team won two Division II national championships in 1986 and 1987 under the leadership of coach Chase Riddle. One of Troy's biggest victories in baseball came in April 1998 when the Trojans knocked off the #3 nationally ranked University of Alabama Crimson Tide by a score of 8–4 at Riddle-Pace Field on the Troy campus. Under the direction of current head coach Bobby Pierce, the Trojan baseball program has competed in the NCAA Baseball Tournament in 2006 and 2007. Troy also competed in the 1995 and 1997 NCAA Division One tournament under head coach John Mayotte. In 1999, the program tied the NCAA Division I record for most hits in the 6th inning, belting 14 hits (in the 6th) in a 34–4 rout of Stetson.

Rodeo
The program's governing body is the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association. The rodeo program's home facility is the Pike County Cattlemen's Arena in Troy where it hosts a three-day rodeo each October that features college rodeo programs from throughout the southern region of the United States. Troy University calf roper Ben Mayworth won the 2007 national title in Casper, Wyoming, at the National Finals Collegiate Rodeo.

Women's soccer
The Troy University women's soccer team began in 2003 when the stadium, Jesse H. Colley Track/Soccer Stadium, was first constructed, seating 500. Later, in 2010, the stadium was renovated to include a press box to be used by both the track and soccer team. The field, costing around $1 million to build, measures about 115 yards by 75 yards. The team plays in the Sun Belt Conference, along with: South Alabama, Georgia State, Coastal Carolina, Appalachian State, Georgia Southern, Arkansas State, Louisiana, Texas State, Little Rock, and ULM. Though, they are currently last in the east division with four conference points, compared to the leader's, South Alabama's, twenty-four points. Currently the team is led by head coach Ged O'Connor, and assistant coaches Nicole Waters and the new addition Kayla Saager. Ged O'Connor, hired in January 2017, is just the seventh head coach in this program's history. O'Connor had prior experience to coaching from being the head coach of the Saint Leo University women's soccer team for eleven seasons. Furthermore, Nicole Waters will enter her third season with the Troy University women's soccer program come fall of 2021. Before Troy, Waters was a graduate assistant at Mercer University for two seasons. She is a Canada native, but after her collegiate career at Dayton, coach Waters played professionally at FC Slovacko Zeny of the Czech Republican league. The newly hired Kayla Saager joined the Trojans in 2020. Her soccer experience includes playing at three colleges in her career (NC State, West Virginia, and Binghamton). Saager will be held responsible for coaching the Troy University's attacking side, specifically.

Hall of Fame of Distinguished Band Conductors
The Hall of Fame of Distinguished Band Conductors was established on the campus of what was then known as Troy State University in Troy, Alabama by the National Band Association in 1979. The Hall of Fame contains the picture and biographies of band directors who have distinguished themselves in some way or who have made significant contributions to the field of band directing, conducting, or leadership.

The Manuel H. Johnson Center for Political Economy
Troy University's Manuel H. Johnson Center for Political Economy was formed in September, 2010 as the result of a $3.6 million gift from Troy alumnus Dr. Manuel H. Johnson, BB&T, and the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation. The center's mission is the advancement of free market economic ideas and its research and teaching efforts explore the idea that economic freedom improves the quality of life for citizens. The new center is part of the university's Sorrell College of Business and it is housed inside Bibb Graves Hall. Dr. Scott Beaulier served as the center's executive director from 2010 to 2015.

University libraries
The libraries on the Dothan, Montgomery, and Troy campuses house collections of more than 300,000 volumes, hundreds of thousands of eBooks, and over 250 databases. The Troy University Library on the Troy campus is a Federal Depository Library.

Janice Hawkins Cultural Arts Park
The Janice Hawkins Cultural Arts Park is a 23 acre park on the Troy University campus that features an amphitheater, walking trails, a lagoon and the International Arts Center, which houses two art galleries and an interpretive center known as Warriors Unearthed. In addition, there are 200 replica terracotta warriors designed by the artist Huo Bao Zhu that are displayed throughout the park in exhibits representing the historic excavations in China. It is built in the honor of Mrs. Janice Hawkins.

Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences
The university was recently awarded a $3.2 million grant from NIST to establish the Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, a facility for research in recycling of plastic materials. The establishment of the center will facilitate and enhance Troy University's partnership with the local plastic recycling industry in order to increase competitiveness in the marketplace. This will assist in improving and increasing job creation in Pike County. The assistance of Senator Shelby (R-Ala) was instrumental in obtaining the funding for this venture.

title: Troy University


text:
Talk:Honolulu

Racism in Hawaii
My name is Rochell Fierro Harmon. My Mother was Regina Fierro. Madaam Pele, Old Stadium Park & the Bust of Queen Kapiolani at Kapiolani Hospital.....My MOM! RACISM was Horrible growing up in Honolulu. I reside in Juneau Ak. Unfortunately similar. Please show the Children color belongs to CRAYOLA,)... 24.237.2.6 (talk) 16:57, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Pop Culture Tab
There needs to be a "Pop Culture" Tab

- JoJoLands Orangejuicefoxboy (talk) 19:48, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honolulu


text:
Pesher

Pesher (פשר, pl. pesharim), from the Hebrew root meaning "interpretation," is a group of interpretive commentaries on scripture. The pesharim commentaries became known from the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The pesharim give a theory of scriptural interpretation of a number of biblical texts from the Hebrew Bible, such as Habakkuk and Psalms.

The authors of pesharim believe that scripture is written in two levels; the surface level for ordinary readers with limited knowledge, and the concealed level for specialists with higher knowledge. This is most clearly spelled out in the Habakkuk Pesher (1QpHab), where the author of the text asserts that God has made known to the Teacher of Righteousness, a prominent figure in the history of the Essene community, "all the mysteries of his servants the prophets" (1QpHab VII:4–5). By contrast, the prophets, and other readers of the texts, only had a partial interpretation revealed to them. The result of this pesher method creates a fixed-literary structure, which is seen most in the continuous Pesharim, with the goal of giving the plain meaning of the prophets' words.

Types
There are two types of pesharim found in the dead sea scrolls: "Continuous pesharim" and "Thematic pesharim."

Continuous
The first type of pesharim, continuous pesharim, go through specific biblical books and quote the book phrase by phrase; after each quotation, an interpretation of the verse is added. There are 15 continuous pesharim that have been found and dated, including: five on Isaiah (4Q161, 4Q162, 4Q163, 4Q164, 4Q165); three on the Psalms (1Q16, 4Q171, 4Q173); and seven on books of the Minor Prophets (1QpHab on Habakkuk; 1Q14 on Micah; 1Q15 and 4Q170 on Zephaniah; 4Q166 and 4Q167 on Hosea; 4Q169 on Nahum). Below is an example of continuous pesharim from 1QpHab:

"Behold the nations and see, marvel and be astonished; for I accomplish a deed in your days, but you will not believe it when told" [Hab 1.5].

"[Interpreted, this concerns] those who were unfaithful together with the Liar, in that they [did] not [listen to the word received by] the teacher of Righteousness from the mouth of God. And it concerns the unfaithful of the New [Covenant] in that they have not believed in the Covenant of God [and have profaned] his holy name.""

Thematic
The other type of pesharim, Thematic pesharim, are similar to continuous pesharim in that they comment on and cite from biblical verses, but thematic pesharim focus on a particular theme (eg. "the end of days") and pull from multiple biblical books as opposed to commenting on books verse by verse. In these texts, scriptural books were connected and therefore a passage or verse in one book, could be interpreted or clarified by passages or verses found either later in the same book, or even another text. An example of thematic pesharim is text 4Q174, which is known as Florilegium. This scroll discuses several biblical texts including: 2 Sam 7, Ps 1 & 2, Exod 15, Ezek 37, Isa 8 & 65, and Amos. It looks at these texts with messianic implications and characterizes the Davidic Messiah as God's son.

Historic individuals
The Pesharim (plural) contain references to a number of individuals and groups throughout their interpretation of the texts. As the Pesharim refer to specific events and make mention of these specific individuals, the Pesharim are important in understanding Qumran's history and culture during the times that their authors lived. Below are the most prominent individuals and groups cited.

Teacher of Righteousness: The Teacher of Righteousness is spoken of, referred to, and cited in many of the Pesharim, including the Damascus Document, the Habakkuk Commentary, the Commentary on the Psalms, and many others. The Teacher of Righteousness is the main spiritual leader of the Essenes at Qumran, and his exact identity is unknown. The Teacher of Righteousness is believed by many scholars to have been the author of some of the texts found at Qumran, such as the Teacher Hymns. Throughout the Pesharim, the 'interpreter' who writes the Pesher can be seen identifying biblical individuals as if they are actually The Teacher of Righteousness, such as the passage found in the Psalms 37 portion of the Commentaries on Psalms which states;

"I have been young, and now I am old, but I have not seen a righteous man abandoned and his children begging food All the time he is lending generously, and [his] chil[dren] are blessed (37:25–26) [This] refers to the Teacher of [Righteousness . . ]" (4Q171 Col.3)

Wicked Priest: The Wicked Priest is the Teacher of Righteousness's main opponent, who also sought to kill the Teacher of Righteousness. The identity of the Wicked Priest is more clear than that of the Teacher of Righteousness, with scholars suggesting that he was a Hasmonean high priest such as Jonathan Apphus or Alexander Jannaeus. The Wicked Priest is referenced the most in the Commentary on Habukkuk, which states that the Wicked Priest was originally reliable, but once he became ruler he forsook God for riches and rebelled against God and committed abhorrent deeds. In the Commentary on the Psalms, the Wicked Priest sought to kill the Teacher of Righteousness for sending a law to him; some scholars have suggested that this law was 4QMMT. If the Wicked Priest was in fact Jonathan, then he met his own end in 142 BCE at the hands of Diodotus Tryphon, which would match well with the Habakkuk Commentary that comments on the terrible end met by the Wicked Priest.

Man of Mockery: The Teacher of Righteousness also had opponents with regard to interpretation of scripture and the law who grew out of the Qumran community's own ranks. The Man of Mockery is one such individual who rejected the Teacher of Righteousness's claims, withdrew himself from the group, and took some followers with him. These were then referred to as the Men of Mockery.

The Man of Lie: The Teacher of Righteousness's opponent was also called the Man of Lie. According to the Pesher on Psalms, this individual is prophesied in scripture and was indeed successful in leading people astray.

Kittim: A group called the Kittim is mentioned in several Pesharim, including Apocalypse of Weeks, Pesher on Isaiah, Pesher Habakkuk, and Pesher Nahum. The Kittim are usually identified as the Romans. The Kittim are portrayed as Gentiles who will play a role in the great wars of the end times.

Themes
Within the pesharim found at Qumran, different themes occur within separate texts.

Salvation

The Pesher on Psalms has the theme of salvation, focusing on those who are wrongdoers in the eyes of God and how those who do good will see the rewards of life. For instance, 4Q171 Fragment 1 insists that as a devoted believer you shall respect the Law, and those who don't will not be saved. "Renounce your anger and abandon your resentment, don't yearn to do evil, because evildoers will be wiped out" (37:8–9a). Such interpretations of the psalms assign them a deeper meaning and connect them to all human beings, splitting those who are good from those who are not.

Apocalyptic

Apocalyptic themes also exist within the Pesharim. Several interpretations with apocalyptic themes are found in these commentaries from Qumran. These include Pesher Isaiah and Pesher Habakkuk, which talk about the fate of Israel's enemies and several other apocalyptic events. Topics of particular interest for modern scholars interpreting the Dead Sea Scrolls include the origin of belief in an apocalyptic war near the end of time, and identification of the enemy in such a war.

Several scholars have investigated similarities between beliefs found in early Christian communities and those expressed by the Qumran community. For example, Stephen Goranson compares the Dead Sea Scrolls with the Apocalypse of John. The War Scroll and the Apocalypse of John both use apocalyptic language, but differ sharply in their views of the apocalyptic war.

Pesharim found at Qumran

 * Continuous Pesharim
 * 1QpHab: (Habakkuk Pesher)
 * 1Q14 (Pesher Micah)
 * 4Q161–165: 4QpIsa a–e (Isaiah Pesher)
 * 4Q166–167: 4QpHos a–b (Hosea Pesher)
 * 4Q169: 4QpNah (Nahum Pesher)
 * 4Q170: 4QpZeph (Zephaniah Pesher)
 * 4Q171 & 173: 4QpPs a–b (Psalms Pesher)
 * 4Q172 (Unidentified Pesher)
 * 4Q247–4Q (Pesher on the Apocalypse of the Weeks)
 * Thematic Pesharim
 * 4Q252 (Genesis Pesher)
 * 4Q174: 4Qflor (Eschatological Commentary A/Florilegium)
 * 4Q177 (Eschatological Commentary B)
 * 11Q13: 11QMelch (the Melchizedek Midrash)

title: Pesher


text:
Cleveland-class cruiser

The Cleveland class was a group of light cruisers built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. They were the most numerous class of light cruisers ever built. Fifty-two were ordered, and 36 were completed, 27 as cruisers and nine as light aircraft carriers. They were deactivated within a few years after the end of the war, but six were converted into missile ships, and some of these served into the 1970s. One ship of the class remains as a museum ship.

Development
A development of the preceding Brooklyn-class cruiser, the Cleveland class was designed with increased cruising range, anti-aircraft armament, and torpedo protection compared with earlier U.S. cruisers.

After the London Naval Treaty of 1930, the U.S. Navy took up a renewed interest in the 6" gun-armed light cruiser, partially due to the Navy complaining about the 8" gun's slow rate of fire of three rounds per minute compared to the ten rounds per minute of 6" guns. At this time, the U.S. Navy began to deploy drones to use as targets for anti-aircraft targets, which could simulate both dive and torpedo bombers. The simulations showed that without fire control directors and computers, the ships of the fleet would be almost helpless against the density of aircraft attacks envisioned in any future war. Mechanical computers alone could weigh up to 10 tons and had to be housed below decks for both weight and protection measures. As World War II was to prove, the pre-war assumptions were optimistic as eventually, every anti-aircraft gun platform above 20 mm would end up having remote power, with fire control and radar aiming.

As designed, the Cleveland class was already a tight design, but requests to widen the ship were turned down as it would affect production rates. Shortly after the Fall of France, the Two-Ocean Navy Act changed those production rates rapidly. In order to fit the new heavier fire control and radar systems within the allotted tonnage for a cruiser, the No. 3 gun turret was omitted. This also gave room for the enlargement of the bridge spaces to accommodate the new combat information center and necessary radars, along with enough tonnage to fit an additional pair of 5"/38 twin mounts, located fore and aft of the superstructure, with wider arcs of fire. Despite the loss of three 6-inch guns compared to the preceding Brooklyn and St. Louis classes, the more advanced fire control gave the Cleveland class a firepower advantage in practical use.

Towards the end of World War II, the increase of light anti-aircraft weapons made the class top-heavy, so to compensate, some ships had one of the two catapults, and No. 1 turret rangefinders removed. Top weight issues would plague the class with every addition of equipment having to be weighed against what would have to be removed. For example, the tighter installation of the control radar necessitated the removal of the 20 mm clipping rooms, where 20 mm rounds were loaded into their magazines.

Subclasses
Fifty-two ships were originally planned, but nine of them were completed as the light aircraft carriers of the Independence-class aircraft carrier, and two were completed to a different design, with a more compact superstructure and a single stack, called the Fargo-class cruiser. Of the 27 Cleveland class commissioned, one (USS Galveston (CL-93)) was completed as a guided missile cruiser, and five were later modified as Galveston-class cruiser and Providence-class cruiser guided missile cruisers. Two of each of these had enlarged superstructures to serve as flagships. Following the naming convention at the time, all the ships completed as cruisers were named for U.S. cities or towns.

Service
The Cleveland-class cruisers served mainly in the Pacific Fleet during World War II, especially with the Fast Carrier Task Force, and some served off the coasts of Europe and Africa in the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. All of these warships, though worked heavily, survived the war. All were initially decommissioned by 1950, except for USS Manchester (CL-83), which remained in service until 1956. None were recommissioned for the Korean War, as they required a crew almost as large as the Baltimore-class cruiser ships, so those were reactivated instead. All non-converted ships were sold off from the reserve fleet for scrapping beginning in 1959. The six that were completed as or converted into guided missile cruisers were reactivated during the 1950s and then served into the 1970s. All, particularly the Talos-armed ships, suffered from greater stability problems than the original design due to the extra top weight. This was particularly severe in Galveston, leading to its premature decommissioning in 1970. USS Oklahoma City (CL-91) and USS Little Rock (CL-92) had to have a large amount of ballast and internal rearrangement to allow service into the 1970s. The last of these missile ships in service, Oklahoma City, was decommissioned in December 1979.

Museum ship
One Cleveland-class ship remains. The USS Little Rock (CL-92), refit in 1960 and re-designated as Galveston-class guided missile light cruiser CLG-4 (later CG-4), is now a museum ship at the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park in Buffalo, New York, alongside the Fletcher-class destroyer USS The Sullivans (DD-537), and the Gato-class submarine, USS Croaker (SS-246).

title: Cleveland-class cruiser