text:
Talk:Antigen

YO! Way To techy
Dudes. How about writing this over in English?--149.152.34.80 (talk) 21:55, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Yes, this was written by an idiot. This is wikipedia not your biology textbook. Also, consider the idea of complexity ramp. What idiot hits the reader with this first sentence:

"In immunology, antigens (Ag) are structures (aka substances) specifically bound by antibodies (Ab) or a cell surface version of Ab ~ B cell antigen receptor (BCR)."

--93.73.58.129 (talk) 20:53, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

This is like vandalism. You would have been better not making any addition. Is this autism?

-93.73.58.129 (talk) 20:55, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Too technical
1st para is incomprehensible to those who don't already know what an antigen is. And then what would be the point of the Wikipedia? Showing off? --189.130.3.218 (talk) 04:28, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

Should the header Freefloating Antibodies be Freefloating Antigens?
This paragraph doesn't match what I'm reading in other articles. Is this paragraph implying that polyclonal antibodies cannot attack free floating antigens?
 * I think you'd be dead very soon and very quick if you only had monoclonal antibodies in your bloodstream. (By their nature monoclonal systems are an artificial construct for research/therapy - did that make sense?) Changing that right now, will come back and do a whole overhaul--ZZ 14:59, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Should this article be reworked? The wording is a bit odd and mostly not correct (although it is very easy to read, especially for the non-scientist). User:Stmoran, 14 May 2005

 * Of course it should be. That's the point of the process. If you revise it in a way we don't like, it is always possible to change or revert it. Also remember to sign yourself using four tildes ~ --Eleassar777 11:17, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

definitions of Endogenous versus Exogenous antigens do not match definitions elsewhere on wikipedia (or the literature)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_processing#The_exogenous_pathway Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026165/ All antigens come from outside the body by the most basic definition (foreign substance). There are of course multiple definitions as other users point out here, but classifying exogenous antigens as foreign (outside the body) suggests endogenous antigens are self-antigens (inside the body), which is incorrect. Exogenous versus endogenous antigens refers to where the antigens are located relative to a cell, not the entire body. This has important implications on how antigens are processed and loaded up onto MHC, then displayed to Tc or Th lymphocytes. Endogenous antigens start from within the cytoplasm (infected cells or nucleotide-based vaccines) and are loaded onto MHCI, while exogenous antigens are those engulfed by Antigen Presenting Cells (such as macrophages or activated B cells), they never enter the cytoplasm, and are loaded onto MHC II. At the very least, it should be mentioned there are multiple definitions of endogenous versus exogenous in the fields of biology, but in immunology there is a special and important set of definitions for these two words. This concept is very important for understanding whether Tc or Th cells are activated (which is a difference in life or death for the cell with an antigen). Laird.sheldahl (talk) 16:45, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

Antigen Correction of DEFINITION
An antigen is ANY BODY that stimulates antibody prouction, from the immune system against it. Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm --Chazz88 22:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Antigen vs. Immunogen
In my immunology course I was given slightly different definitions for antigen and immunogen. According to what I learned, antigens are substances that can bind to components of the immune system, but not necessarily cause an actual immune response. An immunogen, however, was defined as a substance that can cause an acquired immune response. The definition for antigen given in this article is different. Any thoughts? -Campaigner444 00:46, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, an immunogen is not the same thing as an antigen XApple (talk) 16:13, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree as well. An immunogen is a type of antigen, but not all antigens are immunogens. As you have said, immunogens elicit a response from the immune system, but antigens do not always cause a reaction. There should be some differentiation.--Mcoj87 (talk) 19:10, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

That's what I was taught by my prof. too. 75.155.134.185 (talk) 21:44, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

If they're two separate entities with two different sets of attributes, they should be split. Encyclopedic articles aren't pan-topical.--Cesium_133 (talk) 13:17, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Removed text
It is widely recognized by medical professionals that menstrual fluid contains a bacteria associated with Daujeszky's Disease, a antigen in men that has gone unrecognized for many years. Known side effects include stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and severe inflammation of the urethra. If not treated properly it could result in urinary infection lasting for up to several days.

A finding of Dr. Joan Hiniesne, a professor at Cambridge University, suggests that Daujeszky’s Disease occurs primarily in young sexual active men. A case study in Austin, Texas followed a man, “Dave” (hiding actual name under privacy clause), for several months after having intercourse during the menstrual cycle of a female participant. The study concluded that symptoms often arise fairly suddenly and last for any number of days; perhaps even weeks depending on severity. “This is a very common effect of intercourse during the menstrual cycle” Reported by Casey Snyder of the Washington Medical Journal in an article entitled: Presumptions of Safety during Sex. information by User:Kjsogjs (contributions) over four edits 7 February 2007

removal --ZayZayEM 01:19, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

"Origin of poopy", vandalization, right?
that is the result of vandalism, right? 0.0 --TiagoTiago (talk) 10:14, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I hope it is ok, I reverted the poopy thing--TiagoTiago (talk) 10:24, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

This page contains false information
The basic definition given on this page (i.e. antigen = immunogen) is wrong. There needs to be two separate articles. One is a sub-class of the other.

Immunogens refer to antigens that are able to stimulate a specific adaptive immune response when introduced into the body. Not all antigens are immunogens. To be immunogenic, antigens must fulfil certain criteria, such as i/ being large enough, ii/ chemically complex and iii/ in most of the cases foreign.

For instance a hapten is an antigenic substance but not immunogenic. XApple (talk) 17:24, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Chemical Composition
This article should discuss the chemical composition of antigens. As well as their structure, capabilities... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.106.58.112 (talk) 01:08, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

practical examples
What are practical examples of antigens ? Are they vaccines and antitoxins ? Include to article

Article title
Why is the article entitled "Antibody generator"? "Antigen" is far more commonly used in the UK. Also, the text of the article uses the term "antigen", not "antibody generator". Axl ¤  [Talk]  10:44, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree that "antibody generator" is not a widely used term (although it does make the "antigen" concept explicit). After reading the discussions and the article, I think the title should be "immunogen" and that "antigen" should be a subheading within the article. Immunology is complicated with several overlapping concepts, but to the best of my understanding this is the correct heirarchy Johnfravolda (talk) 14:27, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The term simply isn't used, and probably wouldn't be recognized if it was. Similarly, we have a modem article, not a modulator-demodulator article. – ClockworkSoul 02:56, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I doubt that the term "antibody generator" has ever been used. It (and the reference) should be dropped. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rstenutz (talk • contribs) 14:27, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Definitional issue
I removed my previous comments on the relationship between the concepts of "immunogen" and "antigen" since my case contradicts the authority of accepted text books on the subject.

In reviewing "Kuby Immunology" I read:

"Antigens are defined specifically as molecules that interact with the immunoglobulin receptor of B-cells (or with the T-cell receptor when complexed with MHC)."

This is clearly a bit different from the concept of "antibody generator" from which the term antigen derives (see Antigen).

Also, even the Kuby definitions has its caveats, since "molecules that interact with the immunoglobulin receptor" would include molecules that can attach to antibodies (immunoglobulins) in their own right. For example, a molecule like protein A "attacks" antibodies by binding to invariable regions of immunoglobulin molecules without acting as an antigen. Of course, protein A can also act as an immunogenic-antigen since it is a "non-self" molecule that would induce the production of anti-protein A antibodies.

So it seems that it is not easy to arrive at a precise, logical and historically consistent definition of "antigen".

Suggest removing "Split", "Citations" and "Original research" tags from article
Any thoughts on current state of the article?

Making this page accessible to most readers
Here is the current lead paragraph of the article:
 * An antigen (from antibody generator) originally defined as any molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented to a T-cell receptor. "Self" antigens are usually tolerated by the immune system; whereas "Non-self" antigens are identified as intruders and attacked by the immune system. Autoimmune disorders arise from the immune system reacting to its own antigens.

And here is the definition from the MedlinePlus website of the National Institutes of Health:
 * "An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An antigen may also be formed within the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells."

Now which one do you think most readers would understand?

This page needs to be seriously reworked by an expert who knows how to write for people who aren't themselves experts already. -- Mwalcoff (talk) 02:02, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Bravo! Go with the NIH definition.108.65.90.133 (talk) 04:07, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

ANON READER Someone please fix this article. It is amateur at best and half the definitions are incorrect. An antigen isn't defined by presence of a foreign macromolecule alone, it also includes self. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.182.148.39 (talk) 16:44, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Topic sentence
What is the topic sentence even trying to say? To a non-technical reader, this means nothing at all: "In immunology, TCR or BCR or its secreted form antibody." Can someone please either clarify this or remove it? Daemon328 (talk) 16:37, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I came on here to raise the same point. The opening sentence is not a complete sentence. I don't have the scientific knowledge to figure out what's intended, but it would be wonderful if someone who did could fix it. Tigercompanion25 (talk) 18:07, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * and, I just edited the top paragraph and it should now read more clearly. In fact, the first sentence Daemon328 quoted is actually grossly incorrect (BCR is not antigen but antibody, and TCR is a different type of molecule altogether). I had edited this same page not long ago, and so I apologize for not having paid more attention previously; I only noticed this issue after reading your exchange here. themidget17 | babble 21:19, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you, it looks crisp and clear now. :) Tigercompanion25 (talk) 23:48, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

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What's an antigen?
In the light of the coronavirus situation I came here to find out; I'm none the wiser. The article is essentially just techno-babble. Could someone who knows the subject modify the lead so that the layman can understand it? Incidentally, I note the first comment on the Talk page, from 2009, makes a similar request. Arcturus (talk) 12:25, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Antigen is just something that may induce an immune response, specifically by binding to antibodies. I think perhaps you can explain what it is that you don't understand, then it would help others to explain it further. I don't think the current lead explains it very well, but you can have a look in some older versions and see if you find them better -, etc. Sometimes technical things are difficult to simplify, if you do it too simple, it might not be accurate (I see a version in Simple English and I'm not sure I'm happy with it). Hzh (talk) 13:55, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

 * An anti-gen 'gen'-erates an 'anti'-body response (anti-(body response) generator). So often it is something that doesn't naturally belong to the body that the immune system recognises as a potential threat and seeks to deal with. Often it could be a virus or a bacteria. The immune system sees that the antigen has something odd about it, perhaps an unusual protein on the outside, and antibodies are generates that bind to the odd feature. In essence, the antibody tags the foreign body as foreign and the rest of the immune system is alerted by the tagging to deal with it. The immune system is complicated (it is really a number of systems) so this is only a rough and ready account. Acorrector (talk) 15:51, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I also do not understand the lead. It says an antigen "can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor".  But The Structural Basis of Antibody-Antigen Recognition says antibodies "bind specifically to their target antigens".  It may be that the binding between two molecules is a joint property of them, but my understanding (and I am not an immunologist) is that an antigen is associated with a disease and an antibody fights the disease.  So the antibody "wants" to bind to the antigen, but the disease would "prefer" that the antigen does not bind to an antibody.  The lead seems to put this the wrong way round. JonH (talk) 23:12, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
 * That's an excellent point, and it raises some other points I think are important concepts that have not been addressed adequately for undergraduate students. You (the OP) are correct binding is a joint property. That means the first sentence is technically correct, but is technicality the goal? I think the definition the OP cites is much clearer. I would suggest changing "can bind to" to something more like "could be recognized by".. That would also be technically correct, but hints at functionality in a way that saying antigens bind to antibodies does not. That could therefore help clarify a difference between two very similar (and potentially confusing) words: anti-gen versus anti-body.
 * The function of antigens is not to bind to antibodies, even if antigens can do that. Antigens are often a small part of larger proteins or carbohydrates that have very specific functions, such as allowing pathogens to infect a specific type of cell (such as HIV infecting Th cells) or otherwise survive and reproduce. To have such a specific function requires a very specific shape, and the human immune system has adapted to target and exploit this specificity. Conversely, molecules with generic shapes, such as plastics or metals used in implants, are not recognized by antibodies or TCRs. Laird.sheldahl (talk) 17:13, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

Antigen source.
Antigen source. I'm assuming that antigens are trigger proteins that are originally found on viruses and vaccines that are introduced from weakened or dead viruses. These are what antibodies are formed from and reside in the body for future infection reaction? Antigens are not created by the body in response to infection being detected? 2601:187:8080:2310:E08E:5137:1C7A:4BBD (talk) 15:26, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Antigen


text:
Talk:Like (preposition)

Like (preposition) recently survived vfd. See: Talk:Like (preposition)/Delete -- Wile E. Heresiarch 07:51, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia has several articles on usage. This article is meant to be on the usage of the word "like". Some of them resembled dic-defs originally but then got expanded to make more encyclopedic. Why can't you try doing this to this article?? 66.32.79.137 14:15, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I cant see how a dictionary definition can become an article. If you have an idea, please edit the article accordingly. For now i move the notice from Speedy deletions to Votes for deletion, so others can add their comments. -- Chris 73 | (New) Talk 14:19, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to VfD completed. -- Chris 73 | (New) Talk 14:32, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

The so-called "standard" version is entirely POV. These usages of "like" are entirely standard. RickK 19:09, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Interestingly, here is something you might want to try. Does Wikipedia have an article that talks about words with usage problems?? If you don't know how to expand this article, try re-directing it to that Wikipedia article. 66.32.143.38 19:19, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Finally, this article is now greater than a dic-def. How does this article look to you?? 66.245.68.185 23:01, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The point is, describing the usage etc of a particular word isn't what encyclopedias do. This is still a dictionary or lexicon entry. Some of the material could perhaps be merged into preposition as an example. Another place to put some of this information might be a Wikibook on grammar. Andrewa 18:06, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't we also add the Val-speak "like", as in "he was, like, totally scoping me out." -- Jmabel 01:09, Jun 15, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, the Val-speak "like" should be added, especially since it is used, at one time or another, by people all across America, at least. Also, I was wondering about the bit of proscriptive grammar at the bottom - isn't it perhaps more useful linguistically to describe how the term is used, without making statements about how it should be used? After all, language changes all the time - maybe we're just in the process of developing what will become permanant changes to the use of the word 'like' in English. -Seth Mahoney 19:28, Jun 15, 2004 (UTC)

True or false??
True or false: this article, even though it has been expanded, deserves a move to Wiktionary. (Study the yellow message above.) 66.32.241.40 02:43, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It is odd for an encyclopedia to have an article on a word. However, currently, this is a fairly interesting word, as its usage in the US at least is undergoing a major change.  It may be appropriate to move its contents to an article on language change or something.  -Seth Mahoney 03:01, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * What is this major change the word is undergoing?? 66.245.78.144 17:37, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "And, like, I went to the mall and, like, bought some, like, shoes and stuff!" -Seth Mahoney 20:27, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

Move to Wictionary?
I removed the Wictionary notice for the following reasons: -Seth Mahoney 18:11, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) The article survived VfD without a clear consensus to move to Wictionary.
 * 2) There was no specific reason given on the talk page or elsewhere as to why it should be moved to Wictionary, or what might be done to improve the article.
 * 3) The article is growing - I am, for one, sporadically adding to the slang usage section, that section being why...
 * 4) Like isn't your average word.  It is controversial, interesting linguistically, an example of several linguistic and sociological processes at work, and currently evolving.

Merge with Like?
I think when merge notices are posted to a page they are supposed to be accompanied with a comment - in lieu of a comment from the proposer, I'm listing my support for the merger. The article as is goes way beyond the use of 'like' as a preposition. -Seth Mahoney 04:46, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Like (preposition)


text: User:Isidore

title: User:Isidore


text:
Wikipedia:Association of Members' Advocates/AMA Coordinator

Welcome to the Association of Member's Advocate's Coordinator page.

Statement of the AMA Coordinator
Soon I will actually take the time to write up a decent formal statement. :-) אמר Steve Caruso  ( desk / AMA )  02:15, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Previous Coordinator statements.

What is the AMA Coordinator
After the creation of the AMA the members had a discussion about the activities of the group and decided that they needed a coordinator.

AMA Coordinator job description
This is taken from the discussion about electing a coordinator:

 * Qualifications: No particular experience necessary, but you should probably join the AMA if you want to be the coordinator
 * Job description: (''See also: here)
 * Connect users who request general advocate assistance with individual advocates who can represent them.
 * Co-ordinates meeting agendas and meetings (includes policy discussion and Association issues).
 * Maintains meta page.
 * Greets new Advocates and keeps the Membership list organized and up to date.
 * Acts as an Advocate for Advocates when necessary.
 * Salary: Ha!
 * Other perks in lieu of salary: Fancy title
 * Term of service: Until consensus opinion is: "We hate him/her!"... Or resignation.
 * Duties would consist primarily of having AMA Requests for Assistance on your watchlist. When requests come in, you would then need to find a suitable advocate who is willing to work with that wikipedian, and put the two in contact with each other.

 * — by User:Michael Snow, with some modifications by others

Background of the current coordinator
I will be posting a neat bio in the near future :-) אמר Steve Caruso  ( desk / AMA )  02:16, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Previous Coordinator backgrounds

The coordinator's role
On this page the coordinator will post concerns. Members can ask questions to be discussed through the coordination. If the coordinator sees fit there will be polling of members on their user pages to encourage them to participate in the discussions on the AMA pages. Also, members will be deputized to work on particular educational projects for the group as a whole (training materials are an example).

One of the coordinator's tasks is to review the requests for assistance page. That is the appropriate page to ask for assistance, or alternatively by contacting the Coordinator on their talk page or via email if the Wikipedian does not want anyone to know that they are requesting assistance. The Coordinator will try and find someone to work with the Wikipedian in need of assistance amongst the membership. As the Coordinator has taken on the task of supervising the association at present the coordinator is not able to entertain requests to represent Wikipedians in disputes.

Questions to the coordinator
This section is for member questions. To add a question, please click the link below. Once questions are reviewed they will be moved into an appropriate archive or added to the FAQ.

'''Please note, that this is a place to ask questions about AMA policy or the AMA itself ONLY. If you need an Advocate, please visit AMA Requests for Assistance.'''

Ask the Coordinator a question


text:
User talk:160

Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! I see you're bold already, in moving goatse.cx away from shock site, which was a good decision.

If you need help with something, a good place to look is the Community portal. Also feel free to drop any questions you might have on my my talk page (sign your comment with ~ which expands to your name and date). Enjoy your stay! Fredrik 14:20, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:160


text:
River Barrow

The Barrow (An Bhearú) is a river in Ireland. It is one of The Three Sisters; the other two being the River Suir and the River Nore. The Barrow is the longest of the three rivers and, at 192 km (120 mi), the second-longest river in Ireland, behind the River Shannon. The catchment area of the River Barrow is 3,067 km2 before the River Nore joins it a little over 20 km before its mouth. The river's long term average flow rate, again before it is joined by River Nore, is 37.4 cubic metres per second. At the merger with the River Suir, its catchment area is ca. 5,500 km2 and its discharge over 80 m3/s.

Course
The source of the River Barrow is at Glenbarrow in the Slieve Bloom Mountains in County Laois.

Among the towns that the River Barrow passes through on its way to the sea beyond Waterford are Portarlington, Monasterevin, Athy, Carlow/Graiguecullen, Bagenalstown, Goresbridge, Graiguenamanagh and New Ross.

The river forms a natural border between, on its right bank, counties Kilkenny and Waterford and, on its left bank, counties Carlow and Wexford.

Name
The Irish hydronym Bhearú has been derived from the Proto-Celtic *boru- ("boil, brew"), which would make it cognate with Borvo, the Celtic god of minerals and spring water. Variant spellings include Berbae ( gen. ca. 800/830), Barowe (1522), and Barragh (1641). Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river called Βιργος (Birgu), which could be linked to the Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- "to hide, to protect," referring to Waterford Harbour as a place of refuge.

The river's name is associated to the legendary deeds of Dian Cecht, who slew three serpents found in the heart of The Morrígan's infant son and threw them into the Barrow, thus causing it to boil.

 * Sloighedh la Domhnall ua Néill co Laighnibh co ros-indir o Bherbha siar go fairrge, & do-bert bóromha mhór lais, & do-rad forbhais for Ghallaibh, & for Laighnibh co cenn da mhíos. As don chur-sin torchair Fionn, mac Goirmghiolla, Dunghal mac Dúnghaile I Riagáin, & Ronán, mac Bruadair, mic Duibhgiolla, & aroile saor-chlanna do Laighnibh amaille friu.

Translation:
 * An army was led by Domnall ua Néill into Leinster; and he plundered from the Berbha eastwards to the sea; and he carried off a great prey of cattle; and he laid siege to the Norsemen and the Leinstermen for two months. On this occasion were slain Fionn, son of Goirmghilla; Dunghal, son of Dunghal Ua Riagain; Ronan, son of Bruadar, son of Duibhghilla, and other nobles of the Leinstermen along with them.

History
The Barrow historically provided a natural boundary between the kingdoms of Laigin on the eastern shore and Osraige on the western shore.

There was a proverb quoted by Sir John Davies that "whoso lives by west of the Barrow, lives west of the law".

Barrow navigation
The River Barrow forms a major part of Ireland's inland waterways network, providing an inland link between the port of Waterford and the Grand Canal, which in turn connects Dublin to the River Shannon. There are three sections to the navigation:
 * The tidal River Barrow, which together with the tidal reaches of its tributaries, the River Suir and River Nore, constitute 88 km (55 miles) of tidal river navigation.
 * The non-tidal river navigation featuring 23 locks, continuing 66 km (41 miles) inland from the tidal limit of the Barrow at St Mullin's to Athy.
 * The Barrow Line of the Grand Canal connects to the river at Athy and continues northwards a further 45 km (28 miles) with 9 locks, connecting to the mainline of the Grand Canal at Lowtown, and so to Dublin.

Recreation
Parts of the Barrow attract kayakers and swimmers, primarily in the summer months. The Barrow Way is a 120 kilometre long-distance walk along the Barrow, one of Ireland's National Waymarked Trails. The trail follows the Barrow Line, and then along the towpaths along the non-tidal part of the river, ending in St. Mullins.

title: River Barrow


text:
Richard, Duke of Burgundy

Richard, Duke of Burgundy (858–921), also known as Richard of Autun or Richard the Justiciar, was Count of Autun from 880 and the first Margrave and Duke of Burgundy. He eventually attained suzerainty over all the counties of Burgundy save Mâcon and by 890 he was referred to as dux (duke) and by 900 as marchio (margrave). By 918 he was being called dux Burgundionem or dux Burgundiae, which probably signified less the existence of a unified Burgundian dukedom than feudal suzerainty over a multiplicity of counties in a specific region.

Life
Richard was a Bosonid, the son of Bivin of Gorze and Richildis. His elder brother was Boso of Provence and his younger sister was Richildis, second wife of Charles the Bald.

In 875, after the death of the Emperor Louis II, Richard and Boso accompanied Charles to Italy for his imperial coronation. In February 876, in Pavia, while preparing for his return journey, Charles nominated Boso "Duke and Viceroy of Italy and Duke of Provence". In 877, on Charles's death, Boso returned to France and confided the realm of Italy and the Duchy of Provence to Richard and Hugh the Abbot as missi dominici.

Karte Hoch und Niederburgund EN.png, ca 900.

{{legend|#ECE87B|Upper Burgundy}} {{legend|#FBCB8C|Lower Burgundy}} {{legend|#D6B68A|Duchy of Burgundy of Richard the Justiciar}}]] In 879, Boso declared himself "King of Provence" following the death of Louis the Stammerer, but Richard defected from Boso and took Boso's county of Autun, which Carloman II confirmed to him in 880. The two joined battle on the Saône and Richard captured Mâcon and garrisoned it in the name of Carloman and Louis III under the command of Bernard Plantapilosa, a relative of the hereditary counts of Mâcon. After taking Lyon, he besieged his brother's capital of Vienne, where he was joined by Louis, Carloman, and the emperor Charles the Fat. Richard eventually drove Boso out in 882 and captured his wife Ermengard and children Engelberga and Louis, sending them as prisoners to Autun. Boso went into hiding in Provence.

After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, Richard supported the claim of Duke Rudolph to be King of Upper Burgundy and married his sister Adelaide, daughter of Conrad II of Auxerre. Richard also supported the coronation of his nephew Louis as King of Provence in 890.

Richard died and was buried at Sens. He was exhorted by a bishop at his deathbed to beg a pardon for shedding so much blood in his life. He responded: When I have killed a brigand, I have saved the life of honest men, the death of one helping prevent his accomplices from making more evil.

Family
By his wife Adelaide (married 888), daughter of Conrad II, Count of Auxerre, and Waldrada of Worms, he had several sons and daughters:
 * Rudolph, successor and later King of Francia
 * Hugh the Black, later Duke of Burgundy
 * Boso, married Bertha, daughter of Boso, Margrave of Tuscany
 * Ermengard, married Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy
 * Adelaide, married Reginar II, Count of Hainaut
 * Richilda, married Litaud I, Count of Mâcon

title: Richard, Duke of Burgundy


text:
Talk:Christchurch (disambiguation)

I moved this to Christchurch (disambiguation) from Christchurch, and moved Christchurch, New Zealand to Christchurch. My reasoning is that the Christchurch in New Zealand is by far the more common use of the name, and it is standard in Wikipedia to use the most common name as the main page. I wanted to get this done as soon as possible because the number of links in New Zealand articles is increasing rapidly. I have done the same thing with Dunedin, but have deliberately avoided doing this for Nelson and Napier, where usage is more ambiguous. Ben Arnold 14:24, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Christchurch (New Zealand electorate)
I've included the old New Zealand electorate of Christchurch on this page. This is important, as City of Christchurch redirects to the electorate, but this is conceivably a search term for the city itself.  Schwede 66  01:08, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:31, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Christchurch (disambiguation) → Christchurch — I can't see why Christchurch, Dorset is any less important. Crouch, Swale  talk to me   My contribs  09:40, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Might the fact that Christchurch, New Zealand, has about ten times more people than Christchurch, Dorset, have anything to do with it? Ucucha 12:21, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Oppose move this is exactly as it should be, the NZ city is far better known than the English town. S a g a C i t y (talk) 12:34, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose, just like all of the user's other British-centric move requests. Powers T 12:42, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment: But one size doesn't fit all. Some of them have merit. This particular RM is a possible case for WP:SNOW IMO, but not all of them are. Vote below. Andrewa (talk) 13:46, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The NZ South Island's administrative and commercial centre is the primary meaning, worldwide. Andrewa (talk) 13:46, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The NZ one is much larger and much more well known.  I'm from England and had heard of the one from NZ but never knew about the one in my own country.  The NZ one also seems to average 30 odd thousand views per month while the disambiguation page only gets a few hundred suggesting that most people arriving at the NZ one have reached the article they wanted. Dpmuk (talk) 20:07, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I hadn't heard of the Christchurch in New Zealand, see the google search, there is clearly no prime topic Crouch, Swale   talk to me   My contribs  13:42, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * And that's biased by being a UK search. A google.com search, so hopefully more neutral as it's neither UK or NZ, shows the opposite result with most of the top hits being either the NZ city or Christ Church with a space. Dpmuk (talk) 13:51, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Have you ever heard of any cities outside of the British Isles? Powers T 14:00, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, I have heard of New York. Crouch, Swale   talk to me   My contribs  14:52, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment: At the risk of being unkind that doesn't seem much of a case for the move! No change of vote. Andrewa (talk) 14:52, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Please take provincial blinders off before making proposals. older ≠ wiser 04:44, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Christchurch (disambiguation)


text:
Chlorella

Chlorella is a genus of about thirteen species of single-celled green algae of the division Chlorophyta. The cells are spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 μm in diameter, and are without flagella. Their chloroplasts contain the green photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll-a and -b. In ideal conditions cells of Chlorella multiply rapidly, requiring only carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and a small amount of minerals to reproduce.

The name Chlorella is taken from the Greek χλώρος, chlōros/ khlōros, meaning green, and the Latin diminutive suffix ella, meaning small. German biochemist and cell physiologist Otto Heinrich Warburg, awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931 for his research on cell respiration, also studied photosynthesis in Chlorella. In 1961, Melvin Calvin of the University of California received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the pathways of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants using Chlorella.

Chlorella has been considered as a source of food and energy because its photosynthetic efficiency can reach 8%, which exceeds that of other highly efficient crops such as sugar cane.

Taxonomy
Chlorella was first described by Martinus Beijerinck in 1890. Since then, over a hundred taxa have been described within the genus. However, biochemical and genomic data has revealed that many of these species were not closely related to each other, even being placed in a separate class Chlorophyceae. In other words, the "green ball" form of Chlorella appears to be a product of convergent evolution and not a natural taxon. Identifying Chlorella-like algae based on morphological features alone is generally not possible.

Some strains of "Chlorella" used for food are incorrectly identified, or correspond to genera that were classified out of true Chlorella. For example, Heterochlorella luteoviridis is typically known as Chlorella luteoviridis which is no longer considered a valid name.

As a food source
When first harvested, Chlorella was suggested as an inexpensive protein supplement to the human diet. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

Under certain growing conditions, Chlorella yields oils that are high in polyunsaturated fats—Chlorella minutissima has yielded eicosapentaenoic acid at 39.9% of total lipids.

History
Following global fears of an uncontrollable human population boom during the late 1940s and the early 1950s, Chlorella was seen as a new and promising primary food source and as a possible solution to the then-current world hunger crisis. Many people during this time thought hunger would be an overwhelming problem and saw Chlorella as a way to end this crisis by providing large amounts of high-quality food for a relatively low cost.

Many institutions began to research the algae, including the Carnegie Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation, the NIH, UC Berkeley, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Stanford University. Following World War II, many Europeans were starving, and many Malthusians attributed this not only to the war, but also to the inability of the world to produce enough food to support the increasing population. According to a 1946 FAO report, the world would need to produce 25 to 35% more food in 1960 than in 1939 to keep up with the increasing population, while health improvements would require a 90 to 100% increase. Because meat was costly and energy-intensive to produce, protein shortages were also an issue. Increasing cultivated area alone would go only so far in providing adequate nutrition to the population. The USDA calculated that, to feed the U.S. population by 1975, it would have to add 200 million acres (800,000 km2) of land, but only 45 million were available. One way to combat national food shortages was to increase the land available for farmers, yet the American frontier and farm land had long since been extinguished in trade for expansion and urban life. Hopes rested solely on new agricultural techniques and technologies. Because of these circumstances, an alternative solution was needed.

To cope with the upcoming postwar population boom in the United States and elsewhere, researchers decided to tap into the unexploited sea resources. Initial testing by the Stanford Research Institute showed Chlorella (when growing in warm, sunny, shallow conditions) could convert 20% of solar energy into a plant that, when dried, contains 50% protein. In addition, Chlorella contains fat and vitamins. The plant's photosynthetic efficiency allows it to yield more protein per unit area than any plant—one scientist predicted 10,000 tons of protein a year could be produced with just 20 workers staffing a 1000-acre (4-km2) Chlorella farm. The pilot research performed at Stanford and elsewhere led to immense press from journalists and newspapers, yet did not lead to large-scale algae production. Chlorella seemed like a viable option because of the technological advances in agriculture at the time and the widespread acclaim it got from experts and scientists who studied it. Algae researchers had even hoped to add a neutralized Chlorella powder to conventional food products, as a way to fortify them with vitamins and minerals.

When the preliminary laboratory results were published, the scientific community at first backed the possibilities of Chlorella. Science News Letter praised the optimistic results in an article entitled "Algae to Feed the Starving". John Burlew, the editor of the Carnegie Institution of Washington book Algal Culture-from Laboratory to Pilot Plant, stated, "the algae culture may fill a very real need," which Science News Letter turned into "future populations of the world will be kept from starving by the production of improved or educated algae related to the green scum on ponds." The cover of the magazine also featured Arthur D. Little's Cambridge laboratory, which was a supposed future food factory. A few years later, the magazine published an article entitled "Tomorrow's Dinner", which stated, "There is no doubt in the mind of scientists that the farms of the future will actually be factories." Science Digest also reported, "common pond scum would soon become the world's most important agricultural crop." However, in the decades since those claims were made, algae have not been cultivated on that large of a scale.

Current status
Since the growing world food problem of the 1940s was solved by better crop efficiency and other advances in traditional agriculture, Chlorella has not seen the kind of public and scientific interest that it had in the 1940s. Chlorella has only a niche market for companies promoting it as a dietary supplement.

Production difficulties
The experimental research was carried out in laboratories, rather than in the field, and scientists discovered that Chlorella would be much more difficult to produce than previously thought. To be practical, the algae grown would have to be placed either in artificial light or in shade to produce at its maximum photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, for the Chlorella to be as productive as the world would require, it would have to be grown in carbonated water, which would have added millions to the production cost. A sophisticated process, and additional cost, was required to harvest the crop and for Chlorella to be a viable food source, its cell walls would have to be pulverized. The plant could reach its nutritional potential only in highly modified artificial situations. Another problem was developing sufficiently palatable food products from Chlorella.

Although the production of Chlorella looked promising and involved creative technology, it has not to date been cultivated on the scale some had predicted. It has not been sold on the scale of Spirulina, soybean products, or whole grains. Costs have remained high, and Chlorella has for the most part been sold as a health food, for cosmetics, or as animal feed. After a decade of experimentation, studies showed that following exposure to sunlight, Chlorella captured just 2.5% of the solar energy, not much better than conventional crops. Chlorella, too, was found by scientists in the 1960s to be impossible for humans and other animals to digest in its natural state due to the tough cell walls encapsulating the nutrients, which presented further problems for its use in American food production.

Use in carbon dioxide reduction and oxygen production
In 1965, the Russian CELSS experiment BIOS-3 determined that 8 m2 of exposed Chlorella could remove carbon dioxide and replace oxygen within the sealed environment for a single human. The algae were grown in vats underneath artificial light.

Dietary supplement
Chlorella is consumed as a dietary supplement. Manufacturers of Chlorella products falsely assert that it has purported health effects, including an ability to treat cancer, for which the American Cancer Society stated "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans". The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued warning letters to supplement companies for falsely advertising health benefits of consuming chlorella products, such as one company in October 2020.

There is some support from animal studies of chlorella's ability to detoxify insecticides. Cholerella protothecoides accelerated the detoxification of rats poisoned with chlordecone, a persistent insecticide, decreasing the half-life of the toxin from 40 to 19 days. The ingested algae passed through the gastrointestinal tract unharmed, interrupted the enteric recirculation of the persistent insecticide, and subsequently eliminated the bound chlordecone with the feces.

Health concerns
A 2002 study showed that Chlorella cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins found in Gram-negative bacteria that affect the immune system and may cause inflammation. However, more recent studies have found that the lipopolysaccharides in organisms other than Gram-negative bacteria, for example in cyanobacteria, are considerably different from the lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria.

title: Chlorella


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Like-preposition

This is a dictionary definition. I initially put it on Speedy deletions, but the anonymous contributor objected, so i moved it to here. Below are the comments from the Speedy Delete page

 * Like (preposition) is also a dictionary definition. The anonymous user also said If this article sounds dic-def like, try expanding it to make it look more encyclopedic, but I just dont see how -- Chris 73 | (New) Talk 14:14, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has had several articles that looked dic-def originally but that were later expanded. Please try to expand this article to make it more encyclopedic. Go to Talk:Than for an example of an article that this happened to. 66.32.79.137 14:18, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is not a candidate for speedy deletion. If it should be deleted, move it to VfD. Guanaco

 * Transwiki to Wiktionary and delete. Guanaco 14:46, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary and delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 16:44, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep, Wiktionary and delete. RickK 19:07, 1 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Hugh the Black

Hugh the Black (died 952) was Duke of Burgundy from 923 until his death in 952. He was a Bosonid through his father, who was the younger brother of Boso of Provence.

Hugh was the son of Richard of Autun, Duke of Burgundy, and Adelaide of Auxerre. He succeeded his older brother Rudolph as Duke of Burgundy, when Rudolph was elected king of West Francia, as Raoul, in 923.

Following Raoul's death in 936, Hugh may have had aspirations to follow his brother onto the throne and refused to recognize Louis IV as king of West Francia. As a result, Louis sent Hugh the Great who captured Auxerre and Sens. The Duchy of Burgundy was divided between Hugh the Great and Hugh the Black.

It is unknown whether Hugh married. He probably died without living offspring, as he was succeeded by Gilbert of Chalon, who became the ruler of the Duchy of Burgundy de facto (he was not Duke de jure).

title: Hugh the Black


text:
Battle of Fallujah

Battle of Fallujah may refer to:

 * First Battle of Fallujah, April 2004 operation by US forces against Iraqi guerillas
 * Second Battle of Fallujah, joint American, Iraqi government, and British offensive in November and December 2004
 * Fall of Fallujah, winter 2013–14 offensive of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) against the Iraqi government
 * Siege of Fallujah (2016), February to May 2016 offensive of the Iraqi government against ISIL
 * Third Battle of Fallujah, offensive by the Iraqi government against ISIL in May and June 2016

title: Battle of Fallujah


text:
Bernal v. Fainter

Bernal v. Fainter, 467 U.S. 216 (1984), is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Equal Protection Clause prohibited the state of Texas from barring noncitizens from applying for commission as a notary public.

Background
A native of Mexico applied to be a notary public in Texas. Citing a Texas law that required notaries public to be citizens of the United States, Texas' Secretary of State denied the application. After losing an administrative appeal, the applicant filed a lawsuit in federal court. The trial court ruled in favor of the applicant and found that under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Texas' citizenship requirement did not pass either strict scrutiny or rational basis review. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed, holding that the rational basis test was the proper standard of review and that under this standard, the citizenship requirement "bears a rational relationship to the state's interest in the proper and orderly handling of a countless variety of legal documents of importance to the state."

Opinion of the Court
Citing Graham v. Richardson, the Supreme Court recognized that legal aliens are a suspect class, and therefore any law applying to legal aliens as a class is subject to strict scrutiny. The Court also recognized a "political function" exception that subjects alienage classification laws to a lower standard of review for "positions intimately related to the process of democratic self-governance." However, the Court held that since the requirements of being a notary are essentially ministerial (that is, without judgment or discretion, either the person fits the statutory requirement to have a document authenticated or they do not), and the only real requirement of a notary was to follow the law, being a notary does not have any special character of citizenship that would require one to necessarily be a citizen. The Court noted that this is unlike the role played by other individuals in who work in judicial systems, such as judges or police officer, where a locality may require police officers to be citizens because they act on behalf of the state and have considerable discretion in how the law is enforced. Consequently, the Supreme Court struck down the Texas law that required a notary to be a citizen. The Court also noted in dictum that notary commissions are issued by the Texas Secretary of State, who is not required to be a citizen despite holding the "highest appointive position" in Texas.

Dissenting opinion
Justice William Rehnquist wrote a one-sentence dissenting opinion stating: "I dissent for the reasons stated in my dissenting opinion in Sugarman v. Dougall." In Sugarman, Justice Rehnquist argued that alienage is not a suspect classification.

title: Bernal v. Fainter


text:
Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy

Gilbert (or Giselbert) of Chalon (died 8 April 956) was count of Chalon, Autun, Troyes, Avallon and Dijon, and duke of Burgundy between 952 and 956. He became the ruler of the Duchy of Burgundy de facto (he was not Duke de jure). By his wife Ermengarde, he had two daughters: Adelais and Liutgarde. Gilbert never managed to maintain the independence of the duchy in the struggles for power of 10th-century France. In 952, he became a vassal of Hugh the Great, count of Paris, and married his oldest daughter, Liutgard, to Hugh's son Otto of Paris. Adelais married Robert of Vermandois.

title: Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy


text: User talk:81.153.96.221

title: User talk:81.153.96.221


text:
Talk:Dangerously in Love

Orphaned references in Dangerously in Love
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Dangerously in Love's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ger": From If I Were a Boy:  From Diva (Beyoncé song):  From Mariah Carey:  From Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song):  From Ego (Beyoncé song):  From Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It):  From Broken-Hearted Girl:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 18:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dangerously in Love


text:
Talk:Grândola, Vila Morena

Translation
Can someone, like, translate it? This is the English Wikipedia after all :) -- (UTC)[User:Shallot|Shallot]] 14:36, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem, I'm portuguese so I could translate...
 * The only problem is because in portuguese Wikipedia, when I put the lyrics online, someone told me that Grândola has Copyrights and cannot be in Wikipedia... can someone clarify me?
 * 81.193.149.183 22:23, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC) (João Jerónimo)
 * Oh, indeed, it's dated 1974 so the author's copyright still holds. Most of the lyrics can probably be omitted, anyway. --Shallot 00:48, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Grândola was edited in 1971, but may had been written before, I don't know... Anyway, the copyright still holds... I told you that, in pt.wikipedia.org, someone called my atention to it!
 * 81.193.178.250 14:00, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) (João Jerónimo)
 * Okay, so we're in agreement. Please pick a paragraph to leave in, and translate it (that's fair use). The rest needs to go. --Joy [shallot]   14:16, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * In this case, I translated the first para graph and deleted the rest... i did the best I could, but it is something dificult to do obviously because they are lyrics with figures of speech like anastrophe ("People is who *more regulates*" - might be "People is who *regulates more*") and personification ("Grândola, *brunette small town*").
 * 81.193.178.143 00:30, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) (João Jerónimo)
 * A more correct translation would be "tanned", not "brunette" . . . I used "dark-skinned" instead, since "tanned town" is a rather poor (to my ears) alliteration.  There is no anastrophe, that's a perfectly natural way to phrase the third verse.  An anastrophe would be, for example, "É o povo quem mais ordena." --Goblin 08:02, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * How about ""Grândola, sun-baked town"? --Wetman 04:55, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The whole meaning of the song is twisted on the translation. The whole thing is far too litteral: The Holm oak is irrelevant, being an oak is enough, specially given that it is mentioned for beeing so old, something common to all oaks; Brunette town makes no sence, since the song refers to the dark skin of the field workers; Its the oak that has forgotten it's own age; and it's Grandola's will that he swore to have as companion --Galf 09:55, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Why does Grândola, Vila Morena redirect here and not the other way around? --Goblin 06:49, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) The portuguese word azinheira is translated as Holm Oak. Should the song translation be modified ? Probably not. De facto "azinheira" is the tree that produces olives, therefore it is fair to translate it to "olive tree".--Ciga 23:35, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello, Ciga that's simlpy wrong :-(, the azinheira does NOT produces olives. NO! Olive tree is Olea europaea, or German Olivenbaum, French olivier and Portuguese oliveira. Right is that the fruit of the "olive tree" is called in Portuguese azeitona.
 * The azinheira is "Quercus illex rotundifolia" and the azevinho is "Quercus illex aquifolium"; in German: Stein-Eiche; in French chêne vert; and in English holm oak! The "azinheira" produces acorns (Portuguese: bolota; French: gland; German: Eichel). The acorns are one of the most important wildlife food, they are also an important nutrion of the iberian porks (Cerdo Ibérico or Pata Negra), which give best unsmoked Bacon you ever can eat: Jamón Ibérico de Bellota D.O. Dehesa de Extremadura. Far better and healthier than the "Prosciutto di Parma". Look at the "City Coat of Arms" of Grândola there you see two "Holm Oaks" and one "Pata Negra". For an other reason it can not be an "olive tree": "olive trees" give scarcely "shadow", while holm oaks gives a huge "shadow". And the shadow has a big importance in this revolution-song: In the shadow of an holm oak, I swore to have as my companion, the will of the city Grândola: Land of fraternity, where the people command the most. CU in Portugal :-) --85.72.159.79 11:12, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

You're right. My mistake. I can sincerelly swear that I believed that 'Azinheira' produces olives. cheers for the 'heads up'! ;) Obrigado!--Ciga 21:59, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably you're mixing with other olive tree -Explendido Rocha 13:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * To those who didn't understand the previous reference, Oliveira is Portuguese for olive tree. And it was generally understood that the ageless "azinheira" of the song was actually a "oliveira". --Explendido Rocha 15:27, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * hey! The meaning of "morena" in here isn't brunette, but half chrstian, half moor.

Not. It's not! The Ogre 14:50, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Music and lyrics on-line
The municipality of Grandola has a web page with the lyrics and music of this song: Official site

I've updated the above link to a 'live' one. Peter Ells (talk) 21:02, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Morena
Morena, in the Portuguese Language, means Brunet or Sun-Tanned not Moor! Even if the its origin is a Castilian word that originaly meant Moor (but no more even in modern Spanish). Nobody in Portugal associates Morena with the Moors. I'm changing the translation. The Ogre 14:46, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

It can actually mean of the Moors!!

"Moreno" - adj. e s.m. 1) Que ou aquele que possui cor trigueira; 2) (Env.) Relativo aos mouros 3) (Prov.) Mistura de limalha de ferro e pó de carvão que se deposita nas forjas (Do cast. "moreno", de "moro", "mouro").

Dicionário da língua Portuguesa, por J. Almeida Costa e A. Sampaio e Melo 6a Edição, Porto Editora, Lisboa, 1990, pag. 1132 Maso79 15:05, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Banned?
The French, Spanish and Portuguese versions of this article appear to say that the song was banned, while the English-language version says it wasn't. Loads of websites say it was, but obviously that doesn't prove anything...  It could just be a popular misconception. However, the current article doesn't prove anything either: it has no citation (admittedly nor do the sources that say it was banned) and besides, the fact that it was performed live doesn't show that it wasn't banned from the radio (and maybe it doesn't even show that it wasn't banned, depending how strictly such bans were enforced at that time). Clearly more research will be needed, then, to get to the bottom of this matter. 86.153.135.48 (talk) 20:45, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

inclusion in media?
I'm wondering if a section could/should be added to discuss it's use in popular media? (As referenced in the wiki) it is used as a common refrain throughout the hit Netflix series Money Heist (a reworking of the Spanish series 'Casa de papel'). I'm not sure if it appears in other media, but given it's significance as a pro-revolution and anti-fascist work, I would imagine it has been used a good bit. Saxygator (talk) 10:20, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grândola, Vila Morena


text:
Otto, Duke of Burgundy

Otto of Burgundy (944 – 22 February 965 ) was Duke of Burgundy from 956 to his death.

Otto was a son of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks, and his wife Hedwig of Saxony, a sister of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. He was a brother of King Hugh Capet of France.

He became duke through his wife Liutgarde, daughter of Gilbert, who held most of the counties of Burgundy. He had no known descendants.

His brother, Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, succeeded him as Duke of Burgundy.

title: Otto, Duke of Burgundy


text:
Talk:Feeler (Pete Murray album)

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title: Talk:Feeler (Pete Murray album)


text:
Odo of Paris

Odo of Paris may refer to:
 * Odo, Count of Paris (860 - 898)
 * Odo, Duke of Burgundy (944 – 965)

title: Odo of Paris


text:
Henry I, Duke of Burgundy

Henry I (946 – 15 October 1002), called the Great, was Duke of Burgundy from 965 to his death and Count of Nevers through his first marriage. He is sometimes known as Odo-Henry or Otto-Henry (in French Eudes-Henri), since his birth name was "Odo" and he only adopted "Henry" on being elected duke of Burgundy.

Life
He was a younger son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, and Hedwig of Saxony and thus the younger brother of King Hugh Capet. As Odo, he entered the church at a young age and was a cleric at the time of the death of his brother Otto, Duke of Burgundy, on 22 February 965. He was elected by the Burgundian counts to succeed his brother and they gave him the name Henry. However Otto-Henry only held three counties of his own, his vassals holding the remaining six that comprised the core of that held by Richard the Justiciar who died in 921.

In 978, Henry participated in the invasion of Lotharingia and the defence of Paris from a counter-raid.

In 972, he married Gerberga, the widow of Adalbert II of Italy, who had sought refuge at Autun. Through Gerberga, he had a stepson named Otto-William. This marriage allowed Henry to rule the County of Nevers.

He married a second time to Gersenda, daughter of William II of Gascony. As Henry had no child, Otto-William became a legitimate contender to inherit the Duchy of Burgundy. So did Henry's nephew, the king Robert II of France. This resulted in a war of succession (from 1003 to 1005) between Otto-William and Robert II. Otto-William eventually gave up the Duchy but kept in the Western Frankish Kingdom, the county of Mâcon, the county of Beaune and the advowson for the abbey of St-Benigne in Dijon.

Family
Henry died without any sons of his own two wives. He adopted Otto-William making him a possible heir of the Duchy of Burgundy.

Odo-Henry had at least one illegitimate child by an unknown mother:

 * Odo of Beaune († after August 25, 1005), viscount of Beaune.

title: Henry I, Duke of Burgundy


text:
User:Duane

Name - Duane Age - 21 Location - North Carolina, USA --- Quick Links - Template messages, User:Duane/Sandbox

title: User:Duane


text:
Bruce Grant (biologist)

Bruce S. Grant is emeritus professor of biology at the College of William and Mary. He has a particular research interest in the peppered moth, and published a book, Observing Evolution: Peppered Moths and the Discovery of Parallel Melanism in 2021.

Grant has a B.S. in Biology from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania in 1964, an M.S. in Genetics from North Carolina State University, Raleigh in 1966 and a Ph.D. in Genetics from North Carolina State University, Raleigh in 1968.

An article on his contributions in research, teaching, and mentoring was published in 2005 in Genetics.

Views
In a review of Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design, Grant wrote:

 * Neo-creationists imitate Paley’s designed-watch metaphor and peddle it like a Hong Kong Rolex, insisting it is authentic science and not religion. But of course it is religion: the intelligence in Intelligent Design demands the existence of a supernatural force or agent, so we might as well call that agent God, for short.

Publications

 * Grant, Bruce S. 2021. Industrial Melanism, eLS, Vol 2: 1–12, DOI:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029393 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0029393
 * Grant, Bruce. 2020. VIGNETTE 10.3 Industrial Melanism: Genetic Adaptation to Pollution in, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology: The Science of Pollution Fifth Edition, by Michael C. Newman, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL
 * Cook LM, Grant BS, Saccheri IJ, and Mallet J. 2012. Selective bird predation on the peppered moth: the last experiment of Michael Majerus. Biology Letters, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1136
 * Grant, Bruce S. 2009. 'Industrial melanism'. In: Evolution: The First Four Billion Years, edited by Ruse, M. and J. Travis. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. pp. 652–656.
 * Noor, M.A.F., R.S. Parnell, and B.S. Grant. 2008. A Reversible Color Polyphenism in American Peppered Moth (Biston betularia cognataria) Caterpillars. PLoS ONE 3(9):e3142 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003142 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003142
 * Grant, Bruce S. 2005. Industrial Melanism. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester www.els.net [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0004150]
 * Grant, Bruce. 2004. 'Intentional Deception: Intelligent Design's Wedge of Creationism'. Skeptic 11: 84-86. http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/archives/2004/04-06-01.html
 * Grant, B. S. 2004. 'Allelic melanism in American and British peppered moths'. Journal of Heredity 95:97-102.
 * Grant, Bruce. 2003. 'Industrial melanism, vignette 10.3.' In: Newman, M.C. and M.A. Unger, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology 2e. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers 226-228.
 * Grant, B. S. and L. L. Wiseman. 2002. 'Recent history of melanism in American peppered moths.' Journal of Heredity 93:86-90.
 * Grant, Bruce S. 2002. 'Sour grapes of wrath.' Science 297:940-941.
 * Cook, L. M. & B. S. Grant. 2000. 'Frequency of insularia during the decline in melanics in the peppered moth Biston betularia in Britain.' Heredity 85: 580-585.
 * Grant, Bruce S. and Cyril A. Clarke, 1999. 'An examination of intraseasonal variation in the incidence of melanism in peppered moths, Biston betularia (Geometridae).'  Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 53: 99-103.
 * Grant, Bruce S. 1999. 'Fine tuning the peppered moth paradigm.' Evolution 53: 980-984.
 * Grant, B. S., A. D. Cook, C. A. Clarke, and D. F. Owen. 1998. 'Geographic and temporal variation in the incidence of melanism in peppered moth populations in America and Britain.' Journal of Heredity 89: 465-471.
 * Grant, B. S., D. F. Owen, and C. A. Clarke. 1996. 'Parallel rise and fall of melanic peppered moths in America and Britain.' Journal of Heredity 87: 351-357.
 * Grant, Bruce, Denis F. Owen and Cyril A. Clarke. 1995. Decline of melanic moths. Nature 373: 565.
 * Asami, Takahiro and Bruce Grant. 1995. 'Melanism has not evolved in Japanese Biston betularia (Geometridae).' Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49: 88-91.
 * Clarke, Cyril A., Bruce Grant, Frieda M.M. Clarke and Takahiro Asami, 1994. 'A long term assessment of Biston betularia (L.) in one UK locality (Caldy Common near West Kirby, Wirral), 1959-1993, and glimpses elsewhere.' Linnean 10: 18-26.
 * Clarke, Cyril A., Frieda M.M. Clarke and Bruce Grant, 1993. 'Biston betularia (Geometridae), the peppered moth, in Wirral, England: an experiment in assembling.' Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 47: 17-21.
 * Grant, Bruce and Rory J. Howlett. 1988. 'Background selection by the peppered moth (Biston betularia Linn.): individual differences.' Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 33: 217-232.

title: Bruce Grant (biologist)


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Otto-William, Count of Burgundy

Otto-William (Otte-Guillaume; Otto Wilhelm; 955/62 – 21 September 1026 AD) was count of Mâcon, Nevers, and Burgundy.

Life
Otto was born in 958 during the joint reign of his grandfather, King Berengar II of Italy, and his father, King Adalbert. His mother was Gerberga.

After Adalbert's death in 971/5, Gerberga married for a second time, to Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, the younger brother of King Hugh Capet. Gerberga and Henry had no children together. Since Henry had no legitimate son of his own, he adopted Otto-William making him a possible heir of the Duchy of Burgundy.

While the son of a king, Otto did not seek a royal wife. In c. 982, he married Ermentrude of Roucy, whose maternal grandmother, Gerberga of Saxony, was a sister of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, and by this marriage alliance created a web of consanguinity between later kings of France, Germany, Burgundy and the Carolingians. Even Otto's children's spouses, although from great families, came from widespread and scattered parts of France.

This marriage brought to Otto-William the County of Mâcon as well as many other rights on the left bank of the Saône in the province of Besançon. The new Count of Mâcon consolidated there his political grip making what would be later be the Free County of Burgundy around Dole.

From his mother Otto could have inherited the County of Nevers before 990. However he left Nevers to his stepson Landric and rather claimed the County of Beaune in which the dowry of Gerberga was.

The Duchy of Burgundy was eventually annexed to the crown of France by King Robert II, nephew of Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, in 1005.

On the left-bank of the Saône, determined to be sovereign ruler of his own lands, Otto revolted against the Emperor Henry II in 1016. This was after Rudolph III of Burgundy, the last king of Burgundy and Arles, had done homage to Henry at Strasbourg, making him his guard and heir. On Otto's death, the Free County fell under the suzerainty of the German emperors.

Otto died on 21 September 1026 at the age of 64 and was buried in St-Benigne of Dijon.

Marriage and issue
Otto's first wife was Ermentrude of Roucy. She bore Otto's issue:
 * Guy (c. 982–1006) had been associated as count of Mâcon from 995.
 * Matilda, married Landri of Nevers, Count of Nevers
 * Gerberga, married William II, Count of Provence
 * Reginald I, Count of Burgundy (c. 990–1057). He was married to Alice of Normandy.
 * Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Aquitaine

Otto remarried late in life to a wife named Adelaide. Some scholars have identified her as the four-times widowed Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, but the identity is not directly attested and has been disputed by some studying the question.

title: Otto-William, Count of Burgundy


text:
Talk:In This Skin

DC, "The Sweetest Sin" isn't listed on the charts, didn't it chart at all? The article text says it did. Everyking 09:16, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC) In This Skin is 3X not 4X
 * It may have charted. I got my data from allmusicguide.com and they didn't list it. DCEdwards1966 15:03, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * well.. sweetest sin actually didn't chart on the hot 100. it failed T_T

Cover
Hi I have swapped the covers around. I put the blue cover with her smiling as the main cover because it is the most known cover and the cover of the Re-released edition [more successful than the original] I feel this cover represents this album better than the original cover as the album with the original cover was not as successful as the Re-released edition. I, however put the original cover on the Alternative Cover bit. Also the Re-release cover was also used for Europe. Generation talk123 18:38, Jan 15 2006 (UTC)

Certification
The album does not appear to have gone 4x platinum, although the article claims it has sold over 4 million copies in the U.S. According to Billboard, in August 2005 the album had sold 2.8 million copies. It is very unlikely that it could have sold 1.2+ million more copies since then. It may not even have reached 3 million yet. As for certification, according to RIAA.com, it has gone three times platinum, not four: once in Feb. 2004, twice in Apr. 2004, and three times in Dec. 2004. (Since certifications are based on shipments, it can go 3x platinum without actually selling 3 million copies.) Everyking 09:05, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

The RIAA database listed as source for the certification lists the album as 3 X Platinum, not 4 X. 71.170.94.65 (talk) 05:49, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – December 2010
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 2 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 17:07, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A54j4eaw64x07/
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Aog47gjer46ic/

not sodl 7 milion
it only has the 3X platinum from us to make 3 million, and four more certifications from other countries which put together make less than half a million, and the chart positions dont look very high, i would say it hasnt sold 7 million, and there is no link provided to back that claim either —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.17.66 (talk) 12:50, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:In This Skin


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Talk:Action Pact (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sloan actionpact.png
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title: Talk:Action Pact (album)


text:
Robert I, Duke of Burgundy

Robert I (1011 – 21 March 1076), known as Robert the Old and "Tête-Hardi", was Duke of Burgundy from 1032 to his death. Robert was the son of King Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. His brother was Henry I of France.

Life
In 1025, with the death of his eldest brother Hugh Magnus, he and Henry rebelled against their father and defeated him, forcing him back to Paris. In 1031, after the death of his father the king, Robert participated in a rebellion against his brother, in which he was supported by his mother, Constance of Arles. Peace was only achieved when Robert was given Burgundy (1032).

Throughout his reign, he was little more than a robber baron who had no control over his vassals, whose estates he often plundered, especially those of the Church. He seized the income of the diocese of Autun and the wine of the canons of Dijon. He burgled the abbey of St-Germain at Auxerre. In 1048, he repudiated his wife, Helie of Semur followed by the assassination of her brother Joceran and the murdering of her father, Lord Dalmace I of Semur, with his own hands. In that same year, the bishop of Langres, Harduoin, refused to dedicate the church of Sennecy so as not "to be exposed to the violence of the duke."

His first son, Hugh, died in battle at a young age and his second son, Henry, also predeceased him. He was succeeded by Henry's eldest son, his grandson, Hugh I.

Family
He married his first wife, Helie of Semur, about 1033, and repudiated her in 1048. Helie was the daughter of Dalmas I of Semur. Robert and Helie had five children: From his second wife, Ermengarde, daughter of Fulk III of Anjou, he had one daughter:
 * 1) Hugh (1034–1059), killed in battle
 * 2) Henry (1035–ca.1074). He died shortly before his father, thus making his son Robert's heir. His children included Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (1057–1093), Odo I, Duke of Burgundy (1058–1103), and Henry, Count of Portugal (1066–1112), among others
 * 3) Robert (1040–1113), poisoned; married Violante, daughter of Roger I of Sicily
 * 4) Simon (1045–1087)
 * 5) Constance (1046–1093), married Alfonso VI of León and Castile
 * 1) Hildegarde (c.1056–1104), married William VIII of Aquitaine

title: Robert I, Duke of Burgundy