text:
Peter Steinbrueck

Peter Steinbrueck (born October 14, 1957) is an American architect and politician from Seattle, Washington. He is the principal and founder of Steinbrueck Urban Strategies and was a city councilmember from 1997 to 2008. He also served as a Seattle Port Commissioner from 2018 to 2022.

Early life and education
Steinbrueck was born and raised in Seattle, and is the son of noted architect Victor Steinbrueck (1911–1985) and artist Elaine Pearl Worden. He graduated from Lakeside School, received his bachelor of arts degree in government from Bowdoin College, and a master of architecture degree from the University of Washington College of Built Environments. Before becoming an architect, he began his early working life at age 16 as a skilled carpenter, and later a building contractor. He is a distinguished Harvard Loeb Fellow with Graduate School of Design (2010).

Political activities
Steinbrueck was a member of the Seattle City Council, first elected to the council on November 4, 1997, and immediately sworn in to fill an unfinished term. He was elected to full council terms in 1999 and 2003 and served through 2007. Steinbrueck served as council president during 2002 and 2003. He served as chair of the Housing and Human Services Committee in his first four years on the council, later the Parks, Education, and Libraries Committee, and in his final four years, he chaired the Urban Development and Planning Committee, with a portfolio of the city's long-term comprehensive planning, land use regulation, city design, and development standards.

In late 2012, Steinbrueck announced his candidacy for Mayor of Seattle in the 2013 election he came in third in a crowded race, but failed to move past the primary election. On November 7, 2017, Steinbrueck was elected as Seattle Port Commissioner, Position 4. Steinbrueck served one term on the Port of Seattle Commission beginning in 2018 where he is credited with creating the Port's $20 million dollar South King County Community Fund, co-chaired the Port's Art Committee restoring art funding at Sea-Tac Airport from 1/2 percent to 1 percent of capital spending and extended the program Port-wide. Steinbrueck authored a motion passed by the full Commission developing a task force on Policing and Civil Rights charged with examining Port Police hiring, training, promotions, and the use of force. Steinbrueck was President of the Commission during the Port's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and successfully lead the organization to financial stability without staff layoffs as Port revenues reduced dramatically with flight cancelations and the cancelation of the cruise season.

Educational activities
Steinbrueck has been a visiting instructor at the University of Washington’s College of the Built Environments, and is a frequent speaker, commentator, and writer on the emerging framework for advancing environmental sustainability of cities and regions. In 2009, Steinbrueck was named a Loeb Fellow in the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, where he completed an academic year 2009-10 of independent research focused on the environment, climate change and urban sustainability in the United States. Steinbrueck is a member of the Harvard Center for the Environment's Working Group for Sustainable Cities.

In 2007, after leaving his City Council position, Steinbrueck founded his own firm, Steinbrueck Urban Strategies, an urban planning, urban sustainability and urban design consulting practice.

Awards and recognition
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) recognized Steinbrueck with its Young Architects Award in 1999 for his public and civic contributions affecting affordable housing, homelessness, civic design, historic preservation, and the environment. In 2006, the AIA elevated him to membership in its College of Fellows for his achievements in public office and contributions to the profession and society. In 2002 Steinbrueck received the Public Sector Achievement Award from the National Alliance to End Homelessness for his commitment to reducing and preventing homelessness through systematic change. In 2012, Steinbrueck was recipient of the U.S. Federal Executives Board's Outstanding Public service Award.

Other local, state, and national organizations that have honored him including the Seattle Education Association (Hero Award, 2004), Seattle Human Services Coalition (Stewardship Award, 2006), Seattle magazine's Most Influential People (2006), Seattle Fire Fighters Local 27 (Red Helmet Award, 2008), and the Washington State Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (Outstanding Career Achievement in Historic Preservation, 2008).

title: Peter Steinbrueck


text:
Unruh effect

The Unruh effect (also known as the Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is a theoretical prediction in quantum field theory that an observer who is uniformly accelerating through empty space will perceive a thermal bath. This means that even in the absence of any external heat sources, an accelerating observer will detect particles and experience a temperature. In contrast, an inertial observer in the same region of spacetime would observe no temperature.

In other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame. In layman's terms, an accelerating thermometer in empty space (like one being waved around), without any other contribution to its temperature, will record a non-zero temperature, just from its acceleration. Heuristically, for a uniformly accelerating observer, the ground state of an inertial observer is seen as a mixed state in thermodynamic equilibrium with a non-zero temperature bath.

The Unruh effect was first described by Stephen Fulling in 1973, Paul Davies in 1975 and W. G. Unruh in 1976. It is currently not clear whether the Unruh effect has actually been observed, since the claimed observations are disputed. There is also some doubt about whether the Unruh effect implies the existence of Unruh radiation.

Temperature equation
The Unruh temperature, sometimes called the Davies–Unruh temperature, was derived separately by Paul Davies and William Unruh and is the effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a vacuum field. It is given by
 * $$T = \frac{\hbar a}{2\pi c k_\mathrm{B}}\approx 4.06\times 10^{-21}\,\mathrm{K{\cdot}s^2{\cdot}m^{-1}}\times a,$$

where $ħ$ is the reduced Planck constant, $a$ is the proper uniform acceleration, $c$ is the speed of light, and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant. Thus, for example, a proper acceleration of $2.47 m.s-2$ corresponds approximately to a temperature of $1 K$. Conversely, an acceleration of $1 m.s-2$ corresponds to a temperature of $4.06 K$.

The Unruh temperature has the same form as the Hawking temperature $T_{H} = ħg⁄2πck_{B}$ with $g$ denoting the surface gravity of a black hole, which was derived by Stephen Hawking in 1974. In the light of the equivalence principle, it is, therefore, sometimes called the Hawking–Unruh temperature.

Solving the Unruh temperature for the uniform acceleration, it can be expressed as
 * $$a = \frac{2\pi c k_\mathrm{B}}{\hbar}T = 2\pi a_\mathrm{P} \frac{T}{T_\mathrm{P}}$$,

where $$a_\mathrm{P}$$ is Planck acceleration and $$T_\mathrm{P}$$ is Planck temperature.

Explanation
Unruh demonstrated theoretically that the notion of vacuum depends on the path of the observer through spacetime. From the viewpoint of the accelerating observer, the vacuum of the inertial observer will look like a state containing many particles in thermal equilibrium—a warm gas.

The Unruh effect would only appear to an accelerating observer. And although the Unruh effect would initially be perceived as counter-intuitive, it makes sense if the word vacuum is interpreted in the following specific way. In quantum field theory, the concept of "vacuum" is not the same as "empty space": Space is filled with the quantized fields that make up the universe. Vacuum is simply the lowest possible energy state of these fields.

The energy states of any quantized field are defined by the Hamiltonian, based on local conditions, including the time coordinate. According to special relativity, two observers moving relative to each other must use different time coordinates. If those observers are accelerating, there may be no shared coordinate system. Hence, the observers will see different quantum states and thus different vacua.

In some cases, the vacuum of one observer is not even in the space of quantum states of the other. In technical terms, this comes about because the two vacua lead to unitarily inequivalent representations of the quantum field canonical commutation relations. This is because two mutually accelerating observers may not be able to find a globally defined coordinate transformation relating their coordinate choices.

An accelerating observer will perceive an apparent event horizon forming (see Rindler spacetime). The existence of Unruh radiation could be linked to this apparent event horizon, putting it in the same conceptual framework as Hawking radiation. On the other hand, the theory of the Unruh effect explains that the definition of what constitutes a "particle" depends on the state of motion of the observer.

The free field needs to be decomposed into positive and negative frequency components before defining the creation and annihilation operators. This can only be done in spacetimes with a timelike Killing vector field. This decomposition happens to be different in Cartesian and Rindler coordinates (although the two are related by a Bogoliubov transformation). This explains why the "particle numbers", which are defined in terms of the creation and annihilation operators, are different in both coordinates.

The Rindler spacetime has a horizon, and locally any non-extremal black hole horizon is Rindler. So the Rindler spacetime gives the local properties of black holes and cosmological horizons. It is possible to rearrange the metric restricted to these regions to obtain the Rindler metric. The Unruh effect would then be the near-horizon form of Hawking radiation.

The Unruh effect is also expected to be present in de Sitter space.

It is worth stressing that the Unruh effect only says that, according to uniformly-accelerated observers, the vacuum state is a thermal state specified by its temperature, and one should resist reading too much into the thermal state or bath. Different thermal states or baths at the same temperature need not be equal, for they depend on the Hamiltonian describing the system. In particular, the thermal bath seen by accelerated observers in the vacuum state of a quantum field is not the same as a thermal state of the same field at the same temperature according to inertial observers. Furthermore, uniformly accelerated observers, static with respect to each other, can have different proper accelerations $a$ (depending on their separation), which is a direct consequence of relativistic red-shift effects. This makes the Unruh temperature spatially inhomogeneous across the uniformly accelerated frame.

Calculations
In special relativity, an observer moving with uniform proper acceleration $a$ through Minkowski spacetime is conveniently described with Rindler coordinates, which are related to the standard (Cartesian) Minkowski coordinates by

 * $$\begin{align}

x &= \rho \cosh(\sigma) \\ t &= \rho \sinh(\sigma). \end{align}$$

The line element in Rindler coordinates, i.e. Rindler space is

 * $$\mathrm{d}s^2 = -\rho^2\, \mathrm{d}\sigma^2 + \mathrm{d}\rho^2,$$

where $ρ = 1⁄a$, and where $σ$ is related to the observer's proper time $τ$ by $σ = aτ$ (here $c = 1$).

An observer moving with fixed $ρ$ traces out a hyperbola in Minkowski space, therefore this type of motion is called hyperbolic motion. The coordinate $$\rho$$ is related to the Schwarzschild spherical coordinate $$r_S$$ by the relation
 * $$ \rho = \int^r_{r_S}\frac{dr^\prime}{\sqrt{1-r_S/r^\prime}}.$$

An observer moving along a path of constant $ρ$ is uniformly accelerating, and is coupled to field modes which have a definite steady frequency as a function of $σ$. These modes are constantly Doppler shifted relative to ordinary Minkowski time as the detector accelerates, and they change in frequency by enormous factors, even after only a short proper time.

Translation in $σ$ is a symmetry of Minkowski space: it can be shown that it corresponds to a boost in x, t coordinate around the origin. Any time translation in quantum mechanics is generated by the Hamiltonian operator. For a detector coupled to modes with a definite frequency in $σ$, we can treat $σ$ as "time" and the boost operator is then the corresponding Hamiltonian. In Euclidean field theory, where the minus sign in front of the time in the Rindler metric is changed to a plus sign by multiplying $$i$$ to the Rindler time, i.e. a Wick rotation or imaginary time, the Rindler metric is turned into a polar-coordinate-like metric. Therefore any rotations must close themselves after 2$\pi$ in a Euclidean metric to avoid being singular. So

 * $$e^{2\pi i H} = Id.$$

A path integral with real time coordinate is dual to a thermal partition function, related by a Wick rotation. The periodicity $$\beta$$ of imaginary time corresponds to a temperature of $$\beta = 1/T$$ in thermal quantum field theory. Note that the path integral for this Hamiltonian is closed with period 2π. This means that the $H$ modes are thermally occupied with temperature $1⁄2\pi$. This is not an actual temperature, because $H$ is dimensionless. It is conjugate to the timelike polar angle $σ$, which is also dimensionless. To restore the length dimension, note that a mode of fixed frequency $f$ in $σ$ at position $ρ$ has a frequency which is determined by the square root of the (absolute value of the) metric at $ρ$, the redshift factor. This can be seen by transforming the time coordinate of a Rindler observer at fixed $ρ$ to an inertial, co-moving observer observing a proper time. From the Rindler-line-element given above, this is just $ρ$. The actual inverse temperature at this point is therefore

 * $$\beta = 2\pi \rho.$$

It can be shown that the acceleration of a trajectory at constant $ρ$ in Rindler coordinates is equal to $1⁄ρ$, so the actual inverse temperature observed is

 * $$\beta = \frac{2\pi}{a}.$$

Restoring units yields

 * $$k_\text{B}T = \frac{\hbar a}{2\pi c}.$$

The temperature of the vacuum, seen by an isolated observer accelerating at the Earth's gravitational acceleration of $g$ = $9.81 m·s−2$, is only $4 K$. For an experimental test of the Unruh effect it is planned to use accelerations up to $m·s−2$, which would give a temperature of about $400,000 K$.

The Rindler derivation of the Unruh effect is unsatisfactory to some, since the detector's path is super-deterministic. Unruh later developed the Unruh–DeWitt particle detector model to circumvent this objection.

Other implications
The Unruh effect would also cause the decay rate of accelerating particles to differ from inertial particles. Stable particles like the electron could have nonzero transition rates to higher mass states when accelerating at a high enough rate.

Unruh radiation
Although Unruh's prediction that an accelerating detector would see a thermal bath is not controversial, the interpretation of the transitions in the detector in the non-accelerating frame is. It is widely, although not universally, believed that each transition in the detector is accompanied by the emission of a particle, and that this particle will propagate to infinity and be seen as Unruh radiation.

The existence of Unruh radiation is not universally accepted. Smolyaninov claims that it has already been observed, while O'Connell and Ford claim that it is not emitted at all. While these skeptics accept that an accelerating object thermalizes at the Unruh temperature, they do not believe that this leads to the emission of photons, arguing that the emission and absorption rates of the accelerating particle are balanced.

Experimental observation
Researchers claim experiments that successfully detected the Sokolov–Ternov effect may also detect the Unruh effect under certain conditions.

Theoretical work in 2011 suggests that accelerating detectors could be used for the direct detection of the Unruh effect with current technology.

The Unruh effect may have been observed for the first time in 2019 in the high energy channeling radiation explored by the NA63 experiment at CERN.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Unruh effect


text:
W. G. Unruh

William George Unruh (born August 28, 1945) is a Canadian physicist at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver who described the hypothetical Unruh effect in 1976.

Early life and education
Unruh was born into a Mennonite family in Winnipeg, Manitoba. His parents were Benjamin Unruh, a refugee from Russia, and Anna Janzen, who was born in Canada. He obtained his B.Sc. from the University of Manitoba in 1967, followed by an M.A. (1969) and Ph.D. (1971) from Princeton University, New Jersey, under the direction of John Archibald Wheeler.

Areas of research
Unruh has made seminal contributions to our understanding of gravity, black holes, cosmology, and quantum fields in curved spaces, including the discovery of what is now known as the Unruh effect. Unruh has contributed to the foundations of quantum mechanics in areas such as decoherence and the question of time in quantum mechanics. He has helped to clarify the meaning of nonlocality in a quantum context, in particular that quantum nonlocality does not follow from Bell's theorem and that ultimately quantum mechanics is a local theory. Unruh is also one of the main critics of the Afshar experiment.

Unruh is also interested in music and teaches the Physics of Music.

Unruh effect
The Unruh effect, described by Unruh in 1976, is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe black-body radiation where an inertial observer would observe none. In other words, the accelerating observer will find itself in a warm background, the temperature of which is proportional to the acceleration. The same quantum state of a field, which is taken to be the ground state for observers in inertial systems, is seen as a thermal state for the uniformly accelerated observer. The Unruh effect therefore means that the very notion of the quantum vacuum depends on the path of the observer through spacetime.

The Unruh effect can be expressed in a simple equation giving the equivalent energy kT of a uniformly accelerating particle (with a being the constant acceleration), as:

 * $$ kT = \frac{\hbar a}{2\pi c}$$

title: W. G. Unruh


text: Template:Cities in Ireland

title: Template:Cities in Ireland


text: Category:Pearl Jam

title: Category:Pearl Jam


text:
E. J. Bowen

Edmund ("Ted") John Bowen FRS (29 April 1898 – 19 November 1980) was a British physical chemist.

Early life and wartime career
E. J. Bowen was the eldest of four born to Edmund Riley Bowen and Lilias Bowen (née Kamester) in 1898 in Worcester, England. He attended the Royal Grammar School Worcester.

He won the Brackenbury Scholarship in 1915 to the University of Oxford where he studied chemistry. In 1916, after less than a year of his undergraduate course, he volunteered for training as a gunner officer and served as Second Lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Artillery during World War I. After being demobilised in 1919, he returned to Balliol College.

Research career
In 1922, Bowen became a Fellow in Chemistry of University College, Oxford, succeeding R. B. Bourdillon, who was briefly Fellow in Chemistry at the College from 1919 to 1921, but who subsequently changed his field of interest from chemistry to medicine. Bowen also served as Domestic Bursar of University College and as Junior Proctor of Oxford University in 1936.

Created a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1935 for his research into fluorescence, he was awarded the Davy Medal in 1963. He wrote a seminal book called The Chemical Aspects of Light. He was Vice-President of the Faraday Society and of the Chemical Society.

Much of Bowen's research work was carried out at the Balliol-Trinity Laboratories in Oxford. He was an accomplished glass blower for his chemical apparatus and even produced artworks in glass. His 1966 Liversidge Lecture on Fluorescence was based on his life's research. After retirement in June 1965, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of University College on 6 October 1965. He was one of the longest serving Fellows of that college (43 years as an ordinary Fellow and a total of 59 years). There is a room in the college named after him. He was also a prominent Worcester Old Elizabethan serving on its Committee for many years and organising the Oxford branch of that club.

During May 1931, Bowen, then a University don, attended a series of three lectures given by Albert Einstein at Rhodes House in Oxford. After the second lecture on 16 May, he helped rescue the blackboard used by Einstein; Sir Francis Wylie (Warden of Rhodes House) formally presented it to the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford where it remains on prominent display to this day.

As well as chemistry, Bowen also had an interest in geology, especially around Ringstead Bay on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset on the south coast of England. Perisphinctes boweni, an ammonite from the Jurassic period, is named after him. Bowen was involved with the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and produced a scale model of the sun, earth, and moon, for the upper galleries in the museum.

Later life and death
Bowen lived for most of his working life in Park Town and is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery, north of Oxford. Bowen was married to Edith née Moule and they had a son (also a chemist) and a daughter. He died on 19 November 1980 after a short illness.

Bowen room
The room at University College that Bowen used was subsequently named the 'Bowen room'. It was used by Emeritus Fellows of the college and later occupied by Prof. Ruth Chang. Bowen's papers (1931–1980) are held by the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford.

Notable co-authors

 * Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood FRS
 * Ronald George Wreyford Norrish FRS
 * Nevil Vincent Sidgwick FRS
 * Sir Harold Warris Thompson FRS

title: E. J. Bowen


text: Category:Soundgarden

title: Category:Soundgarden


text:
Talk:Without loss of generality

"Some regard without any loss of generality (WALOG) as a more grammatically correct expression."

Could anyone please explain to me what is grammatically wrong with "without loss of generality"?

--Huppybanny 17:59, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's any more or less "grammatically correct" but it does seem to be used, so I've put a reference back in the article. A Google test shows 20,000 results for "without any loss of generality"; some are copies of old versions of this article, but others are genuine mathematical uses. Possibly the "any" version would be even less common in published papers but it is at least used informally. I've also added "WOLOG" which is given as an alternate abbreviation in the MathWorld article. Andy Smith (talk) 14:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Wiktionary
I don't think it makes sense to move this page to Wiktionary. It is not merely a definition; it explains why in some cases no generality is lost by simplifying assumptions and reports that that fact is often useful in writing mathematical proofs. Michael Hardy 00:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree. -- Dominus 15:19, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mathematical joke
I removed this section from the article because it is unreferenced and most likely WP:OR. I place it here in case I am in error.

Mathematical joke
The same acronym can be used also for the term "With Love Of God". A Mathematical joke claims that the ability to use the term "Without loss of generality" is the revelation of God's love for the Mathematicians. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:10, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Without loss of generality


text:
Dowty

Dowty may refer to:
 * Dowty Group, a British aircraft equipment manufacturing business

People with the surname

 * Alan Dowty, international relations scholar
 * David Dowty, American linguist
 * George Dowty, British inventor and businessman

title: Dowty


text:
Saint-Jouin

Saint-Jouin is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Saint-Jouin


text:
Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc

Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.

title: Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc


text:
Saint-Julien-le-Faucon

Saint-Julien-le-Faucon is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

title: Saint-Julien-le-Faucon


text:
Diego Abad de Santillán

Sinesio Baudillo García Fernández (20 May 1897 – 18 October 1983), commonly known by his pseudonym Diego Abad de Santillán, was a Spanish Argentine anarcho-syndicalist economist. Born in León, his family moved to Argentina while he was young. He returned to Spain for his higher education and became involved in the Spanish anarchist movement. After his studies, he went back to Argentina and became involved with the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA), co-founding the International Workers' Association (IWA). Following the 1930 Argentine coup d'état and the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, he again went to Spain, becoming involved in the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI). During the Spanish Civil War, he served in the Catalan government as Minister of Economy. After the war, he returned to Argentina and largely ceased political activities, going back to Spain only after the Spanish transition to democracy.

Biography
In 1897, Santillán was born Sinesio Baudillo García Fernández in Reyero, a small, isolated town in the region of León. His father was from a Leonese family of blacksmiths and his mother was from an Andalucian family of miners. In 1905, the family moved to Argentina, settling in Santa Fe.

After working a number of jobs, in 1913, the young Sinesio returned to León and earned his bachelor's degree at a local university. After some travels around Catalonia and the Basque Country, in 1915, he enrolled at the University of Madrid, where he studied the humanities, graduating as a Doctor of Philosophy. In the Spanish capital, he began to live a bohemian lifestyle, taking the pseudonym Diego Abad de Santillán while writing for dissident journals.

Santillán participated in the 1917 Spanish general strike, for which he was imprisoned for a year. After receiving an amnesty, he returned to Argentina, briefly reuniting with his family in Santa Fe before moving to the capital Buenos Aires. There he joined the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA), working as editor of its newspaper La Protesta. In 1922, he went to Germany and participated in the establishment of the International Workers' Association (IWA), staying behind in Berlin in order to study medicine. There he met a number of famous anarchists, including Max Nettlau, for whom he helped translate his works into Spanish. In 1925, he briefly went to Mexico and helped organise the General Confederation of Workers (CGT) before returning to Argentina, where he took part in the Sacco & Vanzetti defense campaign and wrote a history of anarchism in Argentina. In the wake of the 1930 Argentine coup d'état, he was sentenced to death for sedition, but managed to escape into exile in the newly-established Spanish Republic.

In Spain, Santillán joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and became secretary of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), for which he edited their respective newspapers Solidaridad Obrera and Tierra y Libertad. Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he joined the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia and was appointed Minister of Economy in the Catalan government. In the wake of the May Days, he took a critical line against the government of Juan Negrín and the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), publishing After the Revolution, which outlined a program for workers' self-management under anarcho-syndicalism. In the program, Santillán invoked British utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill in his attacks against capitalism, declaring:

"Stuart Mill is right. We believe that such a society has no right to existence and we desire its total transformation. We want a socialized economy in which the land, the factories, the homes, the means of transport cease to be the monopoly of private ownership and become the collective property of the entire community."

When the Republic was defeated, Santillán fled into exile in France, before finally returning to Argentina. There he continued his historical work and contributed to dictionaries and encyclopedias, notably writing Why We Lost the War, which his son Luis later adapted into film. He largely ceased political activities and gravitated increasingly towards reformism, defending anarchist collaboration with the Republican government during the war, while also coming to prioritise the abolition of the state over the abolition of capitalism.

During the Spanish transition to democracy, Santillán finally returned to Spain, settling in Barcelona, where he died in 1983.

Selected works

 * After the Revolution: Economic Reconstruction in Spain (1937)
 * Why We Lost the War: A Contribution to the History of the Spanish Tragedy (1940)

title: Diego Abad de Santillán


text:
Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne

Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne


text: Category:Polish monarchs

title: Category:Polish monarchs


text: Category:Poland

title: Category:Poland


text:
Crabbe

Crabbe, Crabbé, or Crabb is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Real people

 * Allan Crabb, Australian football player
 * Allen Crabbe, American basketball player
 * Annabel Crabb, Australian journalist and author
 * Buster Crabbe, American Olympic gold medal swimmer and actor
 * Callix Crabbe, American baseball player
 * Douglas Crabbe, Australian mass murderer
 * Brigadier General Eyre Crabbe (1852–1905), British Army officer
 * Frans Crabbe van Espleghem (1480-1553), Flemish artist
 * George Crabbe, British poet and naturalist
 * Habakkuk Crabb, English minister
 * Henry A. Crabb, American judge
 * Joey Crabb, American ice hockey player
 * John Crabbe, Flemish merchant, pirate and soldier
 * John Crabbe (footballer), English soccer player
 * Kelly C. Crabb, American lawyer and author
 * Jason Crabb, American musician
 * Jeremiah Crabb, American Revolutionary War general
 * Lionel Crabb, Royal Navy frogman
 * Roy Crabb, American baseball player
 * Samuel Azu Crabbe, Ghanaian judge
 * Stephen Crabb, British politician
 * Steve Crabb, Australian politician
 * Steve Crabb (athlete), British middle-distance runner
 * V. C. R. A. C. Crabbe, Ghanaian jurist

Fictional characters

 * Franklin Crabbe, character in the novel Crabbe by William E. Bell
 * Henry Crabbe, lead character in the British TV series Pie in the Sky
 * Lee Crabb, antagonist in the Dinotopia book series
 * Nicholas Crabbe, character in an eponymous novel by Frederick Rolfe
 * Vincent Crabbe, character in the Harry Potter series

title: Crabbe


text:
Saint-Lambert

Saint-Lambert may refer to:

People

 * Saint Lambert of Maastricht, bishop in the 7th century and Christian saint
 * Jean François de Saint-Lambert, a French poet

Germany

 * St. Lambert's Church, Bergen
 * St. Lambert's Church, Coesfeld
 * St. Lamberti, Hildesheim
 * St. Lamberti Church, Oldenburg

Netherlands

 * Sint-Lambertuskerk (Maastricht)

Belgium

 * Place Saint-Lambert, a square in the centre of Liège
 * Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, a municipality in the Brussels-Capital Region
 * Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert a division of the municipality Lasne which contains the church of Saint Lambert

Canada

 * Saint-Lambert, Quebec
 * Saint-Lambert (electoral district)
 * Saint-Lambert (AMT), a railway station in Saint-Lambert, Quebec
 * St. Lambert Elementary School, a school in Saint-Lambert, Quebec
 * Champlain College Saint-Lambert, a campus in Saint-Lambert, Quebec
 * Saint-Lambert, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, a municipality in Quebec
 * Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon, a parish in Quebec
 * Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon Aerodrome, an aerodrome in Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon, Quebec
 * St. Lambert High School, alternate name of Chambly Academy in Saint-Lambert, Quebec

France

 * Saint-Lambert, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Lambert, Yvelines, in the Yvelines département
 * Saint-Lambert-du-Lattay, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Lambert-et-Mont-de-Jeux, in the Ardennes département
 * Saint-Lambert-la-Potherie, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive, in the Orne département
 * Autréville-Saint-Lambert, in the Meuse département
 * Canton of Marseille - Saint-Lambert, in the Bouches-du-Rhône département

Miscellaneous

 * Val Saint Lambert, a Belgian crystal glassware manufacturer founded in 1826

title: Saint-Lambert


text:
Bradbury

Bradbury may refer to:

People

 * Bradbury (surname)
 * Baron Bradbury, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, including three barons with the surname Bradbury.

Places

 * Bradbury, County Durham, England
 * Bradbury, California, city of the United States of America
 * Bradbury Township, Minnesota, United States of America
 * Bradbury, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Bradbury Landing, Aeolis Palus, Mars

Other uses

 * Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California
 * Bradbury Science Museum, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
 * Justice Bradbury (disambiguation)
 * Bradbury Motor Cycles, was a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Oldham, England

title: Bradbury


text:
Category:Functional analysis

Functional analysis is that branch of mathematics and specifically of analysis which is concerned with the study of spaces of functions.

title: Category:Functional analysis


text:
Category:Weapons of mass destruction

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) are weapons designed to kill large numbers of people, typically targeting civilians and military personnel alike. They are generally considered to have a psychological impact in addition to any strictly military usefulness.

title: Category:Weapons of mass destruction


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Jill Hennessy

Jillian Noel Hennessy (born November 25, 1968) is a Canadian actress and singer. She is best known for her roles on the American television series Law & Order, on which she played prosecutor Claire Kincaid for three seasons, and Crossing Jordan, on which she played the lead character, Jordan Cavanaugh, for six seasons. She has also acted in films such as RoboCop 3 and Most Wanted, and the independent films Chutney Popcorn and The Acting Class, the latter of which she also wrote and co-directed.

Early life
Hennessy was born in Edmonton, Alberta. Her father, John Hennessy, was a meat salesman and sales/marketing executive, a job that required considerable travel and resulted in frequent moves for the family. Her mother, Maxine, a secretary, left the family in 1982, leaving her daughter to be partially raised by her paternal grandmother, Eleanor, in Kitchener, Ontario. She has a younger brother, John Paul "J.P." Hennessy, Jr., an older sister, Faith and an identical twin sister, Jacqueline, who is a magazine writer and TV show host in Canada. Hennessy has Irish, French, Swedish and Italian ancestry on her father's side, and mostly Ukrainian Roma, as well as Austrian, ancestry on her mother's. She attended Stanley Park Senior Public School and graduated from Grand River Collegiate Institute, both in Kitchener, Ontario, and used to busk in the Toronto subway.

Career
Hennessy and her sister, Jacqueline, made their acting debut playing twin call girls in 1988's Dead Ringers. She was short listed for the role of Dana Scully on The X-Files according to Gillian Anderson, the actress who eventually got the role.

She appeared on Broadway in the musical Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story in 1990.

In 1993, she appeared as Dr. Marie Lazarus in RoboCop 3.

Hennesey's big network breakthrough came in 1993, when Dick Wolf signed Hennessy as assistant district attorney Claire Kincaid in the hit NBC crime drama Law & Order. She played the role for three seasons, leaving the show in 1996.

In 1999, she appeared as Lisa in Chutney Popcorn. In 2000, Hennessy wrote, produced, and jointly directed (with Elizabeth Holder) an independent film mockumentary titled The Acting Class, which looked at the trials and tribulations of a dysfunctional acting class. The film co-starred her sister, Jacqueline, and included cameo appearances from a number of Hennessy's former Law & Order co-stars. She also starred in the film Nuremberg, as Elsie Douglas.

In 2001, she portrayed Jackie Kennedy in the film Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot. That same year she appeared in a small role as Commander Annette Mulcahy in the Steven Seagal action film Exit Wounds. She received particular praise from critic Owen Gleiberman who said "With the right role, Hennessy might just be a movie star." In 2003, she made a cameo appearance in the film Abby Singer. From 2001 to 2007, she starred on the TV show Crossing Jordan as title character Jordan Cavanaugh. She also played the wife of Tim Allen's character in the 2007 film Wild Hogs. On June 9, 2007, she received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame.

During sessions in Austin, Texas, Hennessy recorded the album Ghost in My Head, which was released in June 2009. She performed as a guest of the Indigo Girls on a November 2009 episode of Mountain Stage, and was the focus of another episode of the show later the same month. She performed at Lilith Fair in 2010. Hennessy starred in the independent crime thriller Small Town Murder Songs in 2010. She also appeared as a veterinarian in the HBO series Luck, and promoted Zaxby's "Zalads" in a pair of television commercials in 2012.

In 2015, Hennessy appeared in several episodes of Madam Secretary, and in October of that year, her second album, I Do, was released.

In 2018, she appeared on the Michael Weatherly series Bull as the mother of the deceased hacker character Cable McCrory. Also in 2018, she began the role of Senator Huntington on the series Yellowstone.

Personal life
Hennessy is multilingual, and fluently speaks English, Italian, French, Spanish, and German. She plays the guitar and sings, and enjoys riding motorcycles with her husband who she married in 2000. They had a second marriage ceremony in January 2001, which took place at New York City Hall with Mayor Rudy Giuliani officiating. Their first son was born in 2003, and a second was born in 2007.

In popular culture
The Minneapolis-based band Mollycuddle wrote the song "The Ballad of Jill Hennessy" in honor of the actress. Hennessy was reportedly very pleased and offered to perform with the band on rhythm guitar.

title: Jill Hennessy


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Saint-Lambert, Calvados

Saint-Lambert is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Prévotière, Le Bisson, Le Jardin, La Vardière, La Bondinière, La Loge and Saint-Lambert.

The River Orne plus three streams The Herbion, The Hamelet and The Val Fournet are the four watercourses running through the commune.

title: Saint-Lambert, Calvados


text: Category:Thirty Years' War

title: Category:Thirty Years' War


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Royal Aeronautical Society

The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a British multi-disciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Members, Fellows, and Companions of the society can use the post-nominal letters MRAeS, FRAeS, or CRAeS, respectively.

Function
The objectives of The Royal Aeronautical Society include: to support and maintain high professional standards in aerospace disciplines; to provide a unique source of specialist information and a local forum for the exchange of ideas; and to exert influence in the interests of aerospace in the public and industrial arenas, including universities.

The Royal Aeronautical Society is a worldwide society with an international network of 67 branches. Many practitioners of aerospace disciplines use the Society's designatory post-nominals such as FRAeS, CRAeS, MRAeS, AMRAeS, and ARAeS (incorporating the former graduate grade, GradRAeS).

The RAeS headquarters is located in the United Kingdom. The staff of the Royal Aeronautical Society are based at the Society's headquarters at No. 4 Hamilton Place, London, W1J 7BQ. The headquarters is on the north-east edge of Hyde Park Corner, with the nearest access being Hyde Park Corner tube station. In addition to offices for its staff the building is used for Royal Aeronautical Society conferences and events and parts of the building are available on a private hire basis for events.

Publications

 * The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society: (1923–1967)
 * The Aeronautical Quarterly: (1949–1983)
 * Aerospace: (1969–1997)
 * Aerospace International: (1997–2013)
 * The Aerospace Professional: (1998–2013)
 * The Aeronautical Journal: (1897 to date)
 * The Journal of Aeronautical History: (2011 to date)
 * AEROSPACE: (2013 to date)

Branches and divisions
Branches are the regional embodiment of the Society. They deliver membership benefits and provide a global platform for the dissemination of aerospace information. As of September 2013, branches located in the United Kingdom include: Belfast, Birmingham, Boscombe Down, Bristol, Brough, Cambridge, Cardiff, Chester, Christchurch, Coventry, Cranfield, Cranwell, Derby, FAA Yeovilton, Farnborough, Gatwick, Gloucester & Cheltenham, Hatfield, Heathrow, Highland, Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, Loughborough, Manchester, Marham, Medway, Oxford, Preston, Prestwick, Sheffield, Solent, Southend, Stevenage, Swindon, Weybridge, and Yeovil.

The RAeS international branch network includes: Adelaide, Auckland, Blenheim, Brisbane, Brussels, Canberra, Canterbury, Cyprus, Dublin, Hamburg, Hamilton, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Melbourne, Montreal, Munich, Palmerston North, Paris, Perth, Seattle, Singapore, Sydney, Toulouse, and the UAE.

Divisions of the Society have been formed in countries and regions that can sustain a number of Branches. Divisions operate with a large degree of autonomy, being responsible for their own branch network, membership recruitment, subscription levels, conference and lecture programmes.

Specialist Groups covering all facets of the aerospace industry exist under the overall umbrella of the Society, with the aim of serving the interests of both enthusiasts and industry professionals.

The Groups' remit is to consider significant developments in their field, and they attempt to achieve this through their conferences and lectures, with the intention of stimulating debate and facilitating action on key industry issues in order to reflect and respond to the constant innovation and progress in aviation. The Groups also act as focal points for all enquiries to the Society concerning their specialist subject matter, forming a crucial interface between the Society and the world in general.

As of September 2013, the Specialist Group committees are as follows: Aerodynamics, Aerospace Medicine, Air Power, Air Law, Air Transport, Airworthiness & Maintenance, Avionics & Systems, Environment, Flight Operations, Flight Simulation, Flight Test, General Aviation, Greener by Design, Historical, Human Factors, Human Powered Flight, Propulsion, Rotorcraft, Space, Structures & Materials, UAS, Weapons Systems & Technologies, and Women in Aviation & Aerospace.

In 2009, the Royal Aeronautical Society formed a group of experts to document how to better simulate aircraft upset conditions, and thus improve training programs.

History
The Society was founded in January 1866 with the name "The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain" and is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Early or founding members included James Glaisher, Francis Wenham, the Duke of Argyll, and Frederick Brearey. In the first year, there were 65 members, at the end of the second year, 91 members, and in the third year, 106 members. Annual reports were produced in the first decades. In 1868 the Society held a major exhibition at London's Crystal Palace with 78 entries. John Stringfellow's steam engine was shown there. The Society sponsored the first wind tunnel in 1870-71, designed by Wenham and Browning.

In 1918, the organization's name was changed to the Royal Aeronautical Society.

In 1923 its principal journal was renamed from The Aeronautical Journal to The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society and in 1927 the Institution of Aeronautical Engineers Journal was merged into it.

In 1940, the RAeS responded to the wartime need to expand the aircraft industry. The Society established a Technical Department to bring together the best available knowledge and present it in an authoritative and accessible form – a working tool for engineers who might come from other industries and lack the specialised knowledge required for aircraft design. This technical department became known as the Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) and eventually became a separate entity in the 1980s.

In 1987 the 'Society of Licensed Aircraft Engineers and Technologists', previously called the 'Society of Licensed Aircraft Engineers' was incorporated into the Royal Aeronautical Society.

Presidents
The following have served as President of the Royal Aeronautical Society:

 * 1886-95 George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
 * 1895-00 (None)
 * 1900–07 B. Baden-Powell
 * 1907-08 (None)
 * 1908–11 E. P. Frost
 * 1911–19 (None)
 * 1919–26 William Weir, 1st Viscount Weir
 * 1926-27 Air Vice Marshal Sir William Sefton Brancker
 * 1927-30 W Forbes-Sempill
 * 1930–34 C. R. Fairey
 * 1934–36 J. Moore-Brabazon
 * 1936–38 H. E. Wimperis
 * 1938–40 R. Fedden
 * 1940–42 G. Brewer
 * 1942–44 A. Gouge
 * 1944-45 Sir Roy Fedden
 * 1945–47 F. H. Page
 * 1947–49 H. R. Cox
 * 1949–50 J. Buchanan
 * 1950-51 G. P. Bulman
 * 1951–52 F. B. Halford
 * 1952–53 G. Dowty
 * 1953–54 Sir William Farren
 * 1954–55 S. Camm
 * 1955–56 N. E. Rowe
 * 1956–57 E. T. Jones
 * 1957–58 G. R. Edwards
 * 1958–59 A. A. Hall
 * 1959–60 P. G. Masefield
 * 1960–61 E. S. Moult
 * 1961–62 R. O. Jones
 * 1962–63 B. S. Shenstone
 * 1963–64 A. R. Collar
 * 1964-65 H.H Gardner
 * 1965-66 Sir George Gardner
 * 1966-  Honorary President Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 * 1966-67 A.D Baxter
 * 1967-68 M.B Morgan
 * 1968–69 David Keith-Lucas
 * 1969–70 F. R. Banks
 * 1970–71 Air Commodore J.R Morgan
 * 1971-72 S.D Davies
 * 1972-73 K.G Wilkinson
 * 1973-74 Dr G.S Hislop
 * 1974-75 B.P Laight
 * 1975-76 Air Marshal Sir Charles Pringle
 * 1976-77 C. Abell
 * 1977-78 Handel Davies
 * 1978-79 Professor L.F Crabtree
 * 1979-80 R.P Probert
 * 1980-81 P.A Hearne
 * 1981-82 J.T Stamper
 * 1982-83 Captain E.M Brown
 * 1983-84 Professor M.G Farley
 * 1984–85 Geoffrey Pardoe
 * 1985–86 Thomas Kerr
 * 1986–87 John Fozard
 * 1987–88 John Stollery
 * 1988–89 Dr P.H Calder
 * 1989–90 Dr H. Metcalfe
 * 1990–91 G.C Howell
 * 1991–92 G.M McCoombe
 * 1992–93 Air Marshal Sir Frank Holroyd
 * 1993–94 Dr G.G Pope
 * 1994–95 Sir C.B.G Masefield
 * 1995–96 Sir Donald Spiers
 * 1996–97 Professor John Green
 * 1997–98 Stewart M John
 * 1998–99 Captain W.D Lowe
 * 1999–00 Lanthony Edwards
 * 2000–01 Trevor Trueman
 * 2001–02 Professor Ian Poll
 * 2002–03 Lee Balthazor
 * 2003–04 Air Marshal Sir Peter Norriss
 * 2004–05 Roland Fairfield
 * 2005–06 Air Marshal Sir Colin Terry
 * 2006–07 Gordon F. Page
 * 2007–08 David Marshall
 * 2008–09 Captain David Rowland
 * 2009–10 Dr. Mike Steeden
 * 2010–11 Air Vice-Marshal David Couzens
 * 2011–12 Lee Balthazor
 * 2012–13 Phil Boyle
 * 2013–14 Jenny Body
 * 2014–15 Air Commodore Bill Tyack
 * 2015–16 Martin Broadhurst
 * 2016 Honorary President Prince Charles, Prince of Wales
 * 2016–17 Professor Chris Atkin
 * 2017–18 Sir Stephen Dalton FRAeS
 * 2018–19 Rear Adm Simon Henley CEng FRAeS
 * 2019–21 Professor Jonathan Cooper
 * 2021–22 Howard Nye MInstP FRAeS
 * 2022–23 Air Cdre Peter Round FRAeS
 * 2023–24 Kerissa Khan MRAeS

 * 2024-25 David Chinn FRAeS

Chief Executives

 * Keith Mans was chief executive from 1998-2009
 * Simon Luxmoore was chief executive from 2009-2018
 * Sir Brian Burridge CBE FRAeS, from 1 October 2018
 * David Edwards FRAeS, from 1 October 2021

Medals and awards
In addition to the award of Fellowship of the Royal Aeronautical Society (FRAeS), the Society awards several other medals and prizes. These include its Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals. The very first gold medal was awarded in 1909 to the Wright Brothers. Although it is unusual for more than one medal (in each of the three grades) to be awarded annually, since 2004 the Society has also periodically awarded team medals (Gold, Silver, and Bronze) for exceptional or groundbreaking teamwork in aeronautical research and development. Others awarded have included the R. P. Alston Memorial Prize for developments in flight-testing, the Edward Busk prize for applied aerodynamics, the Wakefield Medal for advances in aviation safety, and an Orville Wright Prize. Honorary Fellowships and Honorary Companionships are awarded as well.

The Sir Robert Hardingham Sword The Sir Robert Hardingham Sword is awarded in recognition of outstanding service to the RAeS by a member of the Society. Nominally an annual award, in practice the award is only made about one year in two.

Notable Medal recipients
Notable Gold Medal recipients include:
 * 1909 - Wilbur and Orville Wright
 * 1910 - Octave Chanute
 * 1945 - Air Cdre Frank Whittle
 * 1950 - Sir Geoffrey de Havilland
 * 1955 - Ernest Hives, 1st Baron Hives
 * 1958 - Sydney Camm
 * 1959 - Marcel Dassault
 * 1960 - Sir Frederick Handley Page
 * 1977 - George Lee
 * 1983 - Geoffrey Lilley
 * 1993 - Reimar Horten
 * 2012 - Elon Musk
 * 2018 - Peter Beck

==Honorary Fellows ==

 * 1950 Sir Thomas Sopwith
 * 1953 The Duke of Edinburgh
 * 1954 Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle
 * 1957 The Prince of The Netherlands
 * 1959 Professor J. Ackeret
 * 1960 Sir George Edwards
 * 1962 N. E. Rowe
 * 1963 Sir Alfred Pugsley
 * 1964 Sir Denning Pearson
 * 1965 Sir Arnold Hall
 * 1969 Dr R. R. Gilruth
 * 1969 Lord Kings Norton
 * 1969 Sir Archibald Russell
 * 1970 Sir Robert Cockburn
 * 1971 Professor Sydney Goldstein
 * 1974 S. D. Davies
 * 1975 C. Abell
 * 1975 H. A. L. Ziegler
 * 1976 Sir Keith Granville
 * 1977 Sir William Hawthorne
 * 1978 The Prince of Wales
 * 1978 Dr O. Nagano
 * 1978 Dr W. Tye
 * 1979 Professor D. Keith-Lucas
 * 1980 E. H. Heinemann
 * 1980 Sir Frederick Page
 * 1980 Sir Peter Masefield
 * 1981 Sir Robert Hunt
 * 1982 H. Davies
 * 1983 Dr G. S. Hislop
 * 1983 Professor Dipl-Ing G. Madelung
 * 1983 R. H. Beteille
 * 1984 J. T. Stamper
 * 1984 Professor A. D. Young
 * 1984 Sir Philip Foreman
 * 1985 J. F. Sutter
 * 1985 King Hussein of Jordan
 * 1985 Sir Roy Sisson
 * 1986 Professor J. H. Argyris
 * 1986 Dr K. G. Wilkinson
 * 1987 F. Cereti
 * 1988 Professor H. Ashley
 * 1988 G. P. Dollimore
 * 1989 Admiral Sir Raymond Lygo
 * 1989 Air Marshal Sir Charles Pringle
 * 1989 F. d' Allest
 * 1990 P. A. Hearne
 * 1990 Sir James Lighthill
 * 1991 Sir Ralph Robins
 * 1992 Professor Em Dr-Ing K. H. Doetsch
 * 1992 Sir John Charnley
 * 1992 G. H. Lee
 * 1993 The Duke of Kent
 * 1993 Professor Dr.-Ing. B. J. Habibie
 * 1993 R. W. Howard
 * 1994 Baroness Platt of Writtle
 * 1994 Lord Tombs of Brailes
 * 1994 S. Gillibrand
 * 1995 C. H. Kaman
 * 1995 Professor J. L. Stollery
 * 1995 R. W. R. McNulty
 * 1996 P. M. Condit
 * 1996 Sir Richard H. Evans
 * 1997 J. Pierson
 * 1997 N. Augustine
 * 1997 J. Cunningham
 * 1998 M. Flanagan
 * 1998 R. Belyakov
 * 1998 R. Yates
 * 1998 S. Ajaz Ali
 * 1999 A. Caporaletti
 * 1999 D. Burrell
 * 2000 N. Barber
 * 2000 Professor Ing E. Vallerani
 * 2000 R. Collette
 * 2000 Sir Donald Spiers
 * 2001 A. Welch OBE
 * 2001 Dr B. Halse
 * 2001 J. Bechat
 * 2001 Sir Arthur Marshall OBE
 * 2001 Richard Manson
 * 2002 A Mulally
 * 2003 P Ruffles
 * 2003 Prof. Sir John Horlock
 * 2003 J. Thomas
 * 2004 Captain Eric Brown
 * 2004 Alain Garcia
 * 2005 Sir Michael Cobham
 * 2006 General Charles E. Yeager
 * 2006 Air Vice-Marshal Professor R.A. Mason
 * 2008 Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick Kent
 * 2008 Professor Beric Skews
 * 2008 Norman Barber
 * 2008 Philip Murray Condit
 * 2008 Ralph Robins
 * 2008 Rene Collette
 * 2008 Richard Harry Evans
 * 2008 Roy McNulty
 * 2009 William Kenneth Maciver CBE
 * 2009 Gordon Page CBE
 * 2012 Ing S Pancotti
 * 2012 Professor M Gaster
 * 2013 Professor K Ridgway CBE
 * 2013 Professor R J Stalker
 * 2014 C P Smith CBE
 * 2014 Professor B Cheng
 * 2014 J-P Herteman
 * 2014 Colin Smith
 * 2014 Jean-Paul Herteman
 * 2014 John Balfour
 * 2014 Keith Ridgway
 * 2014 Michael Gaster
 * 2014 Santino Pancotti
 * 2015 Professor Sir Martin Sweeting OBE
 * 2015 J-J Dordain
 * 2015 Professor R K Agarwal
 * 2016 P Fabre
 * 2016 Sir Michael Marshall CBE
 * 2016 Major T N Peake CMG
 * 2016 Dr D W Richardson
 * 2016 M J Ryan CBE
 * 2016 Jean-Jacques Dordain
 * 2016 Martin Sweeting
 * 2016 Michael Ryan
 * 2016 Pierre Fabre
 * 2016 Ramesh Agarwal
 * 2016 Timothy Peake
 * 2017 Professor R Bor
 * 2018 Major General Desmond Barker
 * 2018 M Bryson CBE
 * 2018 F R Donaldson
 * 2018 Francis Donaldson
 * 2018 Joseph Kittinger
 * 2018 Marcus Bryson
 * 2018 Colonel J W Kittinger Jr
 * 2019 Dr G. Satheesh Reddy
 * 2019 Asad Madni
 * 2019 G Satheesh Reddy
 * 2019 Alexander Smits
 * 2019 Ashwani Gupta
 * 2019 Fabio Nannoni
 * 2020 Meyer Benzakein
 * 2020 Tom Williams
 * 2020 Trevor Birch
 * 2021 Gwynne Shotwell
 * 2021 Jim Bridenstine
 * 2021 Johann-Dietrich Wörner
 * 2021 John Tracy
 * 2021 Paul Kaminski
 * 2021 Paul Nielsen
 * 2021 Robert Winn
 * 2022 Colin Paynter
 * 2022 Jonathan Cooper
 * 2022 Tewolde Tewolde

Honorary Companions

 * 1961 Sir John Toothill
 * 1963 Lord Wilberforce
 * 1965 L. A. Wingfield
 * 1966 J. Davison
 * 1973 Lord Elworthy
 * 1975 H. Kremer
 * 1975 Sir R. Verdon-Smith
 * 1978 J. R. Stainton
 * 1979 Lord Keith of Castleacre
 * 1980 Sir Arthur Marshall
 * 1982 Sir Douglas Lowe
 * 1983 L. C. Hunting
 * 1985 Lord King of Wartnaby
 * 1985 F. A. A. Wootton
 * 1986 G. Pattie
 * 1987 Sir Norman Payne
 * 1988 Sir Colin Marshall
 * 1989 Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Harding
 * 1989 M. D. Bishop
 * 1990 T. Mayer
 * 1991 R. F. Baxter
 * 1991 Sir Adrian Swire
 * 1992 Dr T. A. Ryan
 * 1993 Sir Richard Branson
 * 1994 Professor C. J. Pennycuick
 * 1995 Air Marshal M. Nur Khan
 * 1996 Sir Neil Cossons
 * 1997 A. J. Goldman
 * 1997 R. D. Lapthorne
 * 1998 P. Martin
 * 1999 Sheikh Hamdan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan
 * 2000 Sheikh Ahmed Bin Saeed Al Maktoum
 * 2002 J Travolta
 * 2002 R Turnill
 * 2003 Dr C C Kong
 * 2008 Ahmed Bin Saeed Al Maktoum
 * 2008 Michael David Bishop
 * 2008 Neil Cossons
 * 2008 Richard Charles Nicholas Branson
 * 2010 Giovanni Bisignani
 * 2014 Philip Jarrett
 * 2015 David Bent
 * 2016 Charles Clarke
 * 2016 David Bent
 * 2016 Elizabeth Hughes
 * 2016 Roger Bone
 * 2020 Idris Ben-Tahir
 * 2020 Jeffrey Shane
 * 2022 Michael Turner

Henson & Stringfellow Lecture and Dinner
The annual Henson & Stringfellow Lecture and Dinner is hosted yearly by the Yeovil Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, held at Westland Leisure Complex, and is a key social and networking event of the Yeovil lecture season. It is a black tie event attracting over 200 guests drawn from all sectors of the aerospace community.

John Stringfellow created, alongside William Samuel Henson, the first powered flight aircraft, developed in Chard, Somerset, which flew unmanned in 1848, 63 years prior to brothers Wilbur & Orville Wrights' flight.

Wilbur & Orville Wright Named Lecture
The Wilbur & Orville Wright Named Lecture was established in 1911 to honour the Wright brothers, the successful and experienced mechanical engineers who completed the first successful controlled powered flight on 17 December 1903. The Wilbur & Orville Wright Lecture is the principal event in the Society’s year, given by distinguished members of the US and UK aerospace communities.

The 99th Lecture was given by Piers Sellers, astronaut, on 9 December 2010 at the Society's Headquarters in London.

The 100th Lecture was given by Suzanna Darcy-Henneman, Chief Pilot & Director of Training, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, on 8 December 2011.

The 101st Lecture was given by Tony Parasida, corporate vice president, The Boeing Company, on 20 December 2012.

The 102nd Lecture was given by Thomas Enders, CEO of EADS, on 12 December 2013.

The 103rd Lecture was given by Patrick M Dewar, executive vice president, Lockheed Martin International in December 2014.

The 104th Lecture was given by Nigel Whitehead, Group Managing Director – Programmes and Support, BAE Systems plc in December 2015.

The 105th Lecture was given by ACM Sir Stephen Hillier, Chief of the Air Staff, Royal Air Force on 6 December 2016.

The 106th Lecture was given by Martin Rolfe, chief executive officer, NATS on 5 December 2017.

The 107th Lecture was given by Leanne Caret, Vice President, The Boeing Company and President & CEO, Boeing Defense, Space & Security on 4 December 2018.

The 108th Lecture was given by David Mackay FRAeS, Chief Pilot, Virgin Galactic on 10 December 2019.

Amy Johnson Named Lecture
The Amy Johnson Named Lecture was inaugurated in 2011 by the Royal Aeronautical Society's Women in Aviation and Aerospace Committee to celebrate a century of women in flight and to honour Britain's most famous woman aviator. The Lecture is held on or close to 6 July every year to mark the date in 1929 when Amy Johnson was awarded her pilot’s licence. The Lecture is intended to tackle serious issues of interest to a wide audience, not just women. High-profile women from industry are asked to lecture on a topic that speaks of future challenges of interest to everyone.

Carolyn McCall, chief executive of EasyJet, delivered the Inaugural Lecture on 6 July 2011 at the Society's Headquarters in London.

The second Amy Johnson Named Lecture was delivered by Marion C. Blakey, president and chief executive of Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), on 5 July 2012.

The third Lecture was delivered by Gretchen Haskins, former Group Director of the Safety Regulation Group of the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), on 8 July 2013.

In 2017, Katherine Bennett OBE FRAeS, Senior Vice President Public Affairs, Airbus gave the Amy Johnson Lecture and in 2018 Air Vice-Marshal Sue Gray, CB, OBE from the Royal Air Force gave the Amy Johnson Lecture in honour of the 100th anniversary of the RAF.

Sopwith Named Lecture
The Sopwith Lecture was established in 1990 to honour Sir Thomas Sopwith CBE, Hon FRAeS. In the years prior to World War I, Sopwith became England’s premier aviator and established the first authoritative test pilot school in the world. He also founded England’s first major flight school. Between 1912 and 1920 Sopwith’s Company produced over 16,000 aircraft of 60 types.

In 2017 the lecture was delivered by Tony Wood, chief operating officer of Meggitt PLC.

In 2018 the lecture was delivered by Group Captain Ian Townsend ADC MA RAF, Station Commander, RAF Marham.

In 2019 the lecture was delivered by Billie Flynn, F-35 Lightning II Test Pilot, Lockheed Martin.

In 2020 the lecture was delivered online by Dirk Hoke, CEO, Airbus Defence & Space.

In popular culture
The July 18th.,1975 edition of the society's Journal included the first use of the misattributed term, "Beam Me Up, Scotty", in a sentence, viz:"...in a sort of, 'Beam me up, Scotty', routine".

Video clips

 * Aero Society YouTube channel
 * RAeS Careers

title: Royal Aeronautical Society


text:
Carolus Clusius

Charles de l'Écluse, L'Escluse, or Carolus Clusius (19 February 1526 – 4 April 1609), seigneur de Watènes, was an Artois doctor and pioneering botanist, perhaps the most influential of all 16th-century scientific horticulturists.

Life
Clusius was born Charles de l' Écluse in 1526, in Arras (Dutch Atrecht), then in the County of Artois, Spanish Netherlands, now northern France (Hauts-de-France). At the urging of his father, who wanted him to enter the law, he commenced his studies in Latin and Greek at Louvain, followed by civil law. His father then gave him some money to move to Marburg to further his legal studies, but after eight months when his mentor moved away from Marburg he switched to theology, initially at Marburg and then on the suggestion of one of his professors at Wittenberg, where he also began a study of philosophy. Even at Marburg he had also developed an interest in plants that he continued in Wittenberg. Aware of the emerging study of botany, he decided to move to France to study medicine at the University of Montpellier (1551–1554), under professor Guillaume Rondelet, though he never practiced medicine, or styled himself as a physician. He died in Leiden in the Netherlands in 1609, at the age of 83.

While little is known of his relationships, he formed many friendships, both male and female, and his extensive preserved correspondence throws considerable light on those friendships. His male friends were largely academic, with whom he corresponded in Latin, his female friends (at least 35 are known) predominantly collectors and horticulturalists with whom he corresponded in their vernacular, but treated all with the same respect. Unlike his male friends, who were from all over the world, his women friends were all in the Habsburg countries, especially the southern Netherlands and Austria.

Work
In the 1560s Clusius was employed by the Fugger banking family as tutor to one of Anton Fugger's sons and as agent, including a plant collecting expedition to Spain, where he became familiar with plants introduced from the New World. In 1573, with the help of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, he was appointed prefect (director) of the imperial medical garden in Vienna by Emperor Maximilian II (1564–1576) and made Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber. Busbecq, who had been ambassador to the Ottoman Empire (1554–1562) under the previous emperor, Ferdinand I (1558–1564), was a keen gardener and soon arranged for exotic bulbs to be sent from the court at Constantinople to the gardens in Vienna. Clausius was discharged from the imperial court shortly after the death of Maximilian and accession of his son Rudolf II (1576–1612) in 1576.

After leaving Vienna in the late 1580s he established himself in Frankfurt am Main, before his appointment as professor at the University of Leiden in October 1593, where he also became the first praefectus (prefect) of the city's new botanical garden, the Hortus Academicus, associated with the university. There he helped to create one of the earliest formal botanical gardens of Europe and his detailed planting lists have made  it possible to recreate his garden near where it originally lay. He was invited to join the Accademia dei Lincei as a corresponding member in 1604, but declined.

He traveled extensively throughout Europe, furthering his knowledge of plants. Clusius was among the first to study the flora of Austria, under the auspices of Maximilian II. He was the first botanist to climb the Ötscher and the Schneeberg in Lower Austria, which was also the first documented ascent of the latter. His illustrated works form an important chapter in sixteenth century natural history, producing a large body of drawing and watercolours. The latter, forming part of an important collection of late sixteenth century botanical illustration, the Libri picturati. He was responsible for the cultivation of a number of plants, new to Europe, including the tulip, potato, and horse chestnut. Clusius was widely influential in European science and culture and his circle of correspondents included princes and aristocrats such as Wilhelm IV of Hessen-Kassel (1567–1592) and Princesse Marie de Brimeu, who was one of his most frequent correspondents.

Study of tulips
In the history of gardening he is remembered not only for his scholarship but also for his work on tulips. At Leiden, his cultivation of tulips in the botanic gardens there, laid the foundations of the Dutch tulip bulb industry. In particular his observations on tulip's "breaking" — a phenomenon discovered in the late 19th century to be due to a virus — causing the many different flamed and feathered varieties, which led to the speculative tulip mania of the 1630s. Clusius laid the foundations of Dutch tulip breeding and the bulb industry today.

Clusius' life and times
During Clusius' lifetime, botanical knowledge was undergoing enormous expansion, partly fueled by the expansion of the known plant world by New World exploration, and is thought of as a botanical Renaissance. Europe became engrossed with natural history from the 1530s, and gardening and cultivation of plants became a passion and prestigious pursuit from monarchs to universities. The first botanical gardens appeared as well as the first illustrated botanical encyclopaedias, together with thousands of watercolours and woodcuts. The experience of farmers, gardeners, foresters, apothecaries and physicians was being supplemented by the rise of the plant expert. Collecting became a discipline, specifically the Kunst- und Wunderkammern (cabinets of curiosities) outside of Italy and the study of naturalia became widespread through many social strata. The great botanists of the sixteenth century were all, like Clusius, originally trained as physicians, who pursued a knowledge of plants not just for medicinal properties, but in their own right. Chairs in botany, within medical faculties were being established in European universities throughout the sixteenth century in reaction to this trend, and the scientific approach of observation, documentation and experimentation was being applied to the study of plants.

Clusius' influence was a key factor in all these developments with his pioneering and influential publications, and introduction of hitherto unknown exotic plants to the Low Countries. As adviser to princes and aristocrats and central figure of a vast European network of exchange, he successfully transmitted his knowledge widely. He is considered one of the most eminent botanists of the European Renaissance, and his influence on tulip breeding continues to the present day.

Publications
His first publication was a French translation of Rembert Dodoens's herbal, "Histoire des Plantes", published in Antwerp in 1557 by van der Loë. His ''Antidotarium sive de exacta componendorum miscendorumque medicamentorum ratione ll. III ... nunc ex Ital. sermone Latini facti'' (1561) initiated his fruitful collaboration with the renowned Plantin printing press at Antwerp, which permitted him to issue late-breaking discoveries in natural history and to ornament his texts with elaborate engravings. Clusius, as he was known to his contemporaries, published two major original works: his Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia (1576)— is one of the earliest books on Spanish flora— and his Rariorum stirpium per Pannonias observatorum Historiae (1583) is the first book on Austrian and Hungarian alpine flora.

Clusius' collected works were published in two parts: Rariorum plantarum historia (1601) contains his Spanish and Austrian flora and adds more information about new plants as well as a pioneering mycological study on mushrooms from Central Europe (as appendix: Fungorum in Pannoniis observatorum, covering toxic fungi in the section: "Fungi noxii et perniciosi"); and Exoticorum libri decem (1605) is an important survey of exotic flora and fauna, both still often consulted. His Rariorum plantarum, published in four books, is illustrated with many woodcuts of botanical specimens, and is indicative of the new interest in botany and botanical gardens which arose during the Renaissance. He contributed as well to Abraham Ortelius's map of Spain. Clusius translated several contemporary works in natural science.

Clusius' vast correspondence with his European contemporaries has been preserved at Leiden University Libraries and made available digitally by the Scaliger Institute there (The Clusius Project). The collection contains about 1,500 letters from 320 correspondents in six languages during the period 1560–1609.

List of selected publications

 * ''see

 * 1567: Garcia de Orta, Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indios nascentium historia: Latin translation from Portuguese
 * 1574: Nicolás Monardes, De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est: Latin translation from Spanish
 * 1579: Revised edition under the title Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia
 * 1582: Compendium of the translations from Garcia de Orta and Nicolás Monardes, now combined with selections from Cristóbal Acosta, Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales
 * 1593: Further revised edition of this compendium
 * (also at Botanicus:  Rariorum plantarum )
 * 1605: Exoticorum libri decem, including final revised editions of the translations from Garcia de Orta, Nicolás Monardes and Cristóvão da Costa
 * (also at Botanicus:  Rariorum plantarum )
 * 1605: Exoticorum libri decem, including final revised editions of the translations from Garcia de Orta, Nicolás Monardes and Cristóvão da Costa
 * 1605: Exoticorum libri decem, including final revised editions of the translations from Garcia de Orta, Nicolás Monardes and Cristóvão da Costa

Translations of his work

 * 1589: Dell'historia dei semplici aromati et altre cose che vengono portare dall'Indie Orientali pertinente all'uso della medicina ... di Don Garzia dall'Horto. Italian re-translation by Annibale Briganti of Clusius's edited translations of Garcia de Orta and Nicolás Monardes
 * "Some notes of Charles L`ecluse a native of Gaul Upon the history of spices by Garcia de Orta's Aromatum et Simplicium Historia", Translated by Reverend Martin Pollard, O.S.B., Edited and Introduction by Garry D. Gitzen, Fort Nehalem Publishing, Wheeler, Oregon (2009)
 * (Translation of a section from the Rariorum plantarum historia, 1601: see )

Legacy
Justus Lipsius called Clusius "the father of all the beautiful gardens in this country".

Eponomy
His contribution to the study of alpine plants has led to many of them being named in his honour, such as Gentiana clusii, Potentilla clusiana and Primula clusiana. The genus Clusia (whence the family Clusiaceae) also honours Clusius. His work formed an important step in the development of modern botany.

Books

 * PDF version
 * Review
 * PDF version
 * Review
 * Review

Chapters

 * , in
 * , in

Articles and theses

 * (English abstract)
 * (English abstract)
 * (English abstract)

Leiden University

 * Correspondence
 * Correspondence
 * Correspondence
 * Correspondence
 * Correspondence
 * Correspondence
 * Correspondence

title: Carolus Clusius


text:
Nomen nescio

Nomen nescio, abbreviated to N.N., is used to signify an anonymous or unnamed person. From Latin nomen – "name", and nescio – "I do not know", it literally means "I do not know the name". The generic name Numerius Negidius used in Roman times was chosen partly because it shared initials with this phrase.

Usage
One use for this name is to protect against retaliation when reporting a crime or company fraud. In the Netherlands, a police suspect who refuses to give his name is given an "N.N. number." In Germany and Belgium, N.N. is also frequently seen in university course lists, indicating that a course will take place but that the lecturer is not yet known; the abbreviation in this case means nomen nominandum – "the name is to be announced". Thus, the meaning is different from the above definition and is the same as TBD (to be decided).

N. N. is commonly used in the scoring of chess games, not only when one participant's name is genuinely unknown but when an untitled player faces a master, as in a simultaneous exhibition. Another reason is to protect a known player from the insult of a painful defeat.

Genealogists often use the abbreviation to signify an unknown or partially unknown name (such as N.N. Jones).

It has increased in usage in online gaming as an insult to mean that someone is unknown within the community.

title: Nomen nescio


text:
Category:Mathematical analysis

Analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with real numbers and complex numbers and their functions. It has its beginnings in the rigorous formulation of calculus and it studies concepts such as continuity, integration and differentiability in general settings.

title: Category:Mathematical analysis


text: Category:War

title: Category:War


text:
Mollywood

Mollywood may refer to:
 * Malayalam cinema, a sector of the Indian film industry
 * Mollywood (Malegaon), a low budget film industry near Mumbai
 * Mormon cinema
 * Mollywood (Galaxy Studios), a film funding company based in Mol, Belgium

title: Mollywood


text:
User:Jao/monobook.css

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title: User:Jao/monobook.css


text:
Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

The Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a religious encyclopedia. It is based on an earlier German encyclopedia, the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Like the Realencyklopädie, it focuses on Christianity from a primarily Protestant point of view. The final edition, titled The New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, was published 1908–14 in 13 volumes, based on the third edition of the Realencyklopädie (1896–1909).

Publishing history

The Realencyklopädie's publishing history was:

 * 1853–1868: 1st ed. Ed. Johann Jakob Herzog (1805–1882). 22 vols.
 * c. 1877: new ed. Ed. Herzog and G.L. Plitt (1836–1880).
 * 1896–1909: 3rd ed. Ed. Albert Hauck (1845–1918). 22 vols.

The Schaff-Herzog's publishing history was:
 * 1882–84: 1st ed. Ed. Philip Schaff (1819–93). (Based on the first two editions of the Realencyklopädie.)
 * 1891: 3rd ed. Ed. Albert Hauck.
 * 1908–14: The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 13 vols. This was a substantial update, based throughout on the Realencyklopädie, 3rd ed.

Christian Classics Ethereal Library has digitized the work and made it available online. Logos Bible Software is also undertaking a digitization project of it.

The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge, embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present day. Edited by Samuel MacAuley Jackson (Volumes 2 to 12 have abbreviated titles which vary slightly; volume 13 is an Index volume, which was edited by George William Gilmore).

Developments

The idea of translating Herzog in a slightly condensed form occurred to John Henry Augustus Bomberger, a minister of the German Reformed Church, and then president of Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and in 1856 he brought out in Philadelphia the first volume, whose title-page reads thus: ''The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia. With Additions from Other Sources. By Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, D.D., Assisted by Distinguished Theologians of Various Denominations. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, x 1856''. In this work he associated with himself twelve persons, all but one ministers. In 1860 he issued the second volume. But the American Civil War breaking out the next year put a stop to so costly an enterprise and it was never resumed. The first volume included the article "Concubinage", the second "Josiah". It had been issued in numbers, of which the last was the twelfth.

In 1877 Professor Philip Schaff (1819–93) was asked by Dr. Herzog himself to undertake an English reproduction of the second edition of his encyclopedia, and this work was fairly begun when, in the autumn of 1880, Clemens Petersen and Samuel Macauley Jackson were engaged to work daily on it in Dr. Schaff's study in the Bible House, New York City. The next year Dr. Schaff's son, the Rev. David Schley Schaff, later professor of church history in the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., joined the staff. The original publishers were S. S. Scranton & Company, Hartford, Conn., but a change was made before the issue of the first volume and the encyclopedia was issued by Funk & Wagnalls. The title-page read thus:

"A Religious Encyclopædia: or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. Based on the Real-Encyklopädie of Herzog, Plitt, and Hauck. Edited by Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. Associate editors: Rev. Samuel M. Jackson, M. A., and Rev. D. S. Schaff. Volume I. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 10 and 18 Dey Street. The first volume was issued Wednesday, November 1, 1882, the second Thursday, March 1, 1883, and the third Tuesday, March 4, 1884. Volume I. had pp. xix. 1–847; volume II. pp. xvii. 848–1714; and volume III. pp. xix. 1715–2631. In November, 1886, a revised edition was issued and at the same time the Encyclopedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers of All Denominations in Europe and America, Being a Supplement to Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., and Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, M. A. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 18 and 20 Astor Place, 1887. In 1891 the third edition of the encyclopedia was issued and with it was incorporated the Encyclopedia of Living Divines, with an appendix, largely the work of Rev. George William Gilmore, bringing the biographical and literary notices down to December, 1890. The entire work was repaged sufficiently to make it one of four volumes of about equal size, and it is this four-volume edition which is known to the public as the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, the volumes being respectively of pp. xlviii. 679 and four pages unnumbered; 680–1378; 1379–2086; iv. 2087–2629, viii. 296. As the German work at its base was overtaken by the time 'S' had been reached, the Schaff-Herzog from that letter on was based on the first edition of Herzog. Therefore, much of its matter is now very old. Yet it has been a useful work, and in 1903 its publishers determined on a new edition based on the third edition of Herzog which had been appearing since 1896. But inasmuch as there was a space of ten years between the beginnings of the two works, it has been necessary to bring the matter from the German down to date. This end has been accomplished by two courses: first by securing from the German contributors to Herzog condensations of their contributions, in which way matter contributed to the German work has in many instances been brought down to date, and second by calling on department editors for supplementary matter."

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge followed the previous editions. The points of similarities were:

 * that at its base lay the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie and Kirche
 * that it gave in condensed form the information in that work, and took such matter directly from the German work in most instances, although occasionally while the topic was the same the treatment was independent of the German original;
 * that it had much new information contributed by the editorial staff and specially secured contributors;
 * that in biblical matters it limited its titles to those of the German base, so that it should not be considered to be a Bible dictionary.

The points of dissimilarity were:

 * The new edition contains much information furnished directly by those contributors to the German work who have kindly consented to condense their articles and bring them within prescribed limits. These limits were often narrow, but in no other way was it possible to utilize the German text;
 * The new edition contains hundreds of sketches of contemporary persons derived in almost every instance from information furnished by themselves. The entries are in more detail than those in the British and American Who's Who and from the German Wer ist's (a similar work for Germany);
 * A much more thorough bibliography was furnished than in previous editions. The attempt was made to give sources so that students could pursue a subject to its roots; second, to supply the best literature in whatever language it occurred; third, to supply references in English for those who only read that language.


text:
Category:Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with nearly 2.4 billion adherents, known as Christians.

Most articles about Christian people, churches, organizations, and so on are organized under the respective communion or tradition in Category:Christian denominations or geographically within Category:Christianity by region.

Articles applicable to the Judeo-Christian tradition should be categorized under Category:Judeo-Christian topics, while those applicable to any religion which worships the God of Abraham should be categorized under Category:Abrahamic religions.

title: Category:Christianity


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Battling companion

From Cleanup: Battling companion - needs some cleanup, plus unsure if anyone recognized this genre other than the author. (imported from Cleanup by SimonP)
 * Reluctant Delete on grounds of original research. Very useful concept, if it can be used in other articles then go for it. The Land 19:51, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * delete. original research. -- Tlotoxl 18:19, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been wondering what to do about this one. It's a legitimate phenomenon (more or less), but the name isn't.  Neutral for now.  R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  21:32, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not often Wiki gets hoist by its own petard, but this'd be one time. Yes, it's original research, but yes, it's worth keeping. I vote a one-time-only exception to the no original research rule. Denni 20:49, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * No way, dude -- no exceptions to the rule. If we let this one through, Shawn Mikula, John Gelles, Thomas Gangale, et al, are going to come back in force to request their own exceptions. No freaking way. Original research: delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:40, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Ick. The article is pretty good.  If there was a name for the genre, I'd say keep, but as it stands it seems like we're making up our own category (even if it's a reasonable and valid one.)  Delete. Isomorphic 14:45, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text: Template:Airports in Ireland

title: Template:Airports in Ireland


text:
John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton

John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton (18 October 1731 – 18 August 1783), of Spitchwick the parish of Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, was an English lawyer and politician, born in Ashburton in Devon, who served as Solicitor-General from 1768. He was first noticed in English politics when he wrote a notice in 1762 defending the British East India Company merchants against their Dutch rivals. He was a member of parliament from 1768 onward. His career in the House of Commons is best known for his motion in 1780 that "the influence of the crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished". He was created Baron Ashburton in 1782.

Early life
He was born at Ashburton in Devon on 18 October 1731. He was a younger son of John Dunning of Ashburton, attorney, by his wife Agnes Judsham, daughter of Henry Judsham, attorney, of Old Port in the parish of Modbury, Devon. After receiving education at Ashburton Grammar School, he was articled to his father, who had a legal practice in the town. He went to London to study for the bar, and was admitted a student of the Middle Temple on 8 May 1752.

Legal career
While a student Dunning became close to Lloyd Kenyon and John Horne Tooke. He was called to the bar on 2 July 1756, and joined the western circuit. For several years after his call he had little success. In 1762, however, John Glynn, one of the leading counsel on the circuit, suddenly fell ill, and placed his briefs in Dunning's hands. By 1764 he was making £2,000 a year, helped by his pamphlet, drawn up by Dunning on behalf of the directors of the English East India Company. In 1765 he established his legal reputation by his arguments against the legality of general warrants in the case of Leach v. Money.

In 1766 Dunning was appointed recorder of Bristol, and on 28 January 1768 he became Solicitor-General in the Duke of Grafton's administration, in the place of Edward Willes, who was raised to the bench.

Parliamentarian
At the general election in March 1768, Dunning, through the influence of Lord Shelburne, was returned to parliament as one of the members for the borough of Calne. Though solicitor-general, he took no part in the debate on the expulsion of John Wilkes from the house, and was absent from the division. On 9 January 1770 Dunning both spoke in favour of the amendment to the address urging an inquiry into the causes of "the unhappy discontents which at present prevail in every part of his majesty's dominions"; and a few days later tendered his resignation. On 19 March he spoke on the side of the minority in the debate on the remonstrance of the city of London. After some delay Edward Thurlow was appointed solicitor-general on 30 March 1770.

On 12 October 1770 the freedom of the city of London was voted to Dunning. In the debate which took place on 25 March 1771, Dunning made a speech against Welbore Ellis's motion to commit Alderman Richard Oliver to the Tower of London, in which he denied the right of the house to commit in such a case. Dunning opposed the third reading of the bill for regulating the government of Massachusetts Bay on 2 May 1774. At the general election in October 1774 he was re-elected for Calne, and continued to oppose the ministerial policy towards the American colonies. On 6 November 1776 he supported Lord John Cavendish's defeated motion for the "revisal of all acts of parliament by which his majesty's subjects in America think themselves aggrieved". In the next session Dunning, continued to oppose the ministry, and was instrumental in obtaining the insertion of a clause in the bill for the suspension of habeas corpus, which lessened its scope.

On 14 May 1778 Dunning seconded Sir George Savile's motion for leave to bring in a bill for the relief of Roman Catholics; and it was on his amendment that the house unanimously voted that a monument should be erected in Westminster Abbey to the memory of the Earl of Chatham. On 21 February 1780 he supported Savile's motion for an account of crown pensions; and on 6 April moved his famous resolutions that "the influence of the crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished", and that "it is competent to this house to examine into and correct abuses in the expenditure of the civil list revenues, as well as in every other branch of the public revenue, whenever it shall appear expedient to the wisdom of the house so to do". In the teeth of Lord North's opposition, the first resolution (with a slight addition) was carried by 233 to 215, and the second agreed to without a division. Dunning a few weeks later proposed an address to the king requesting him not to dissolve the parliament; he found himself in a minority of 51.

At the general election in September 1780 Dunning was again returned for Calne, and proposed the re-election of Sir Fletcher Norton as Speaker, but Cornwall, the ministerial candidate, was elected by 203 to 134. In February 1782 he supported Conway's motion against the further prosecution of the American war, and a month later announced that arrangements were being made for the formation of a new ministry. On 27 March 1782 Dunning, with Lord John Cavendish, Charles James Fox, Edmund Burke, and Augustus Keppel, was admitted to the privy council, and on 8 April was created Baron Ashburton of Ashburton in the county of Devon. The king retained Thurlow as Lord Chancellor, and Dunning was sworn in as chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster on 17 April. He continued in the cabinet after Lord Rockingham's death, and was consulted by Shelburne in legal matters, but took little part in debates in the House of Lords.

Works
Dunning was supposed by some to have been the author of A Letter to the Proprietors of East India Stock on the subject of Lord Clive's Jaghire, occasioned by his Lordship's letter on that subject (London, 1764), and also of an Inquiry into the Doctrines lately promulgated concerning Juries, Libels, &c., upon the principles of the Law and the Constitution. The joint authorship of Junius's Letters has also been attributed to him.

Marriage and progeny
On 31 March 1780, Dunning married Elizabeth Baring (21 July 1744 – 23 February 1809), daughter of the Exeter cloth merchant Johann (John) Baring (1697–1748) of Larkbear House, near Exeter, Devon (born in Bremen, Germany, as Johann Baring and naturalised 1723), by his wife Elizabeth Vowler. Elizabeth was the sister of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet (1740–1810), and John Baring (1730–1816), who in partnership founded the precursor to Barings Bank. In 1805, Elizabeth built to the designs of John Nash a villa rustica country house at Sandridge Park in the parish of Stoke Gabriel. By Elizabeth he had two sons:
 * John Dunning (29 October 1781 – April 1783), eldest son, who predeceased his father
 * Richard Dunning, 2nd Baron Ashburton (20 September 1782 – 15 February 1823), who on 17 September 1805 married Anne, daughter of William Cunninghame of Lainshaw. He died without issue at Friar's Hall, Roxburghshire, whereupon the title became extinct. The title Baron Ashburton was in 1835 re-created for his first cousin Alexander Baring, the second son of Sir Francis Baring.

Death and succession
On Shelburne's resignation, Dunning had several interviews with the king, who asked his advice on the formation of a new ministry. Before the act for the reform in the civil list expenditure (22 George III, c. 82) was passed, a pension of £4,000 was granted to Dunning. His health, however, had begun to give way, and he died at Exmouth a few months after the death of his eldest child, on 18 August 1783. He was buried in the parish church of Ashburton, where a monument was erected to his memory.

title: John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton


text:
Saint Laurent

Saint Laurent, Saint-Laurent, St. Laurent or St-Laurent may refer to:
 * Saint Lawrence or Saint Laurent (225-258), a Christian martyr

Canada

 * Saint-Laurent river
 * St. Laurent, Manitoba
 * Saint-Laurent, New Brunswick
 * Saint-Laurent, Quebec, a borough of the city of Montreal, Quebec
 * Bas-Saint-Laurent, a region of Quebec
 * Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district), an electoral district Montreal, Quebec
 * Louis-Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district), a federal riding of Canada in Quebec
 * Saint-Laurent—Cartierville, a federal riding of Canada in Quebec
 * Saint-Laurent (provincial electoral district), a Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Montréal-Saint-Laurent, a former Quebec provincial electoral district
 * St. Laurent de Grandin, Saskatchewan
 * Saint-Laurent-de-l'Île-d'Orléans

France

 * Saint-Laurent, Ardennes, in the Ardennes département
 * Saint-Laurent, Cher, in the Cher département
 * Saint-Laurent, Côtes-d'Armor, in the Côtes-d'Armor département
 * Saint-Laurent, Creuse, in the Creuse département
 * Saint-Laurent, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne département
 * Saint-Laurent, Haute-Savoie, in the Haute-Savoie département
 * Saint-Laurent, Lot-et-Garonne, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
 * Saint-Laurent-Blangy, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Saint-Laurent-Bretagne, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département
 * Saint-Laurent-Chabreuges, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Agny, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, in the Gard département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Andenay, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Arce, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Belzagot, in the Charente département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Brèvedent, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Carnols, in the Gard département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Céris, in the Charente département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Chamousset, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Cognac, in the Charente département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Condel, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves, in the Manche département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Gosse, in the Landes département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Jourdes, in the Vienne département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-la-Barrière, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse, in the Aude département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-la-Plaine, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-la-Prée, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salle, in the Vendée département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Lévézou, in the Aveyron département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Lin, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Muret, in the Lozère département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Neste, in the Hautes-Pyrénées département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres, in the Gard département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Autels, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Bâtons, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Bois, Eure, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Bois, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Charente, in the Charente département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Gironde, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Hommes, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers, in the Mayenne département
 * Saint-Laurent-des-Vignes, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Terregatte, in the Manche département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves, in the Lozère département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Vaux, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Laurent-de-Veyrès, in the Lozère département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Olt, in the Aveyron département
 * Saint-Laurent-d'Onay, in the Drôme département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Bois, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Cros, in the Hautes-Alpes département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Mont, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Mottay, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Pape, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Plan, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Tencement, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Var, in the Alpes-Maritimes département
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Verdon, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département
 * Saint-Laurent-en-Beaumont, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Laurent-en-Brionnais, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-en-Caux, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Laurent-en-Gâtines, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-en-Grandvaux, in the Jura département
 * Saint-Laurent-en-Royans, in the Drôme département
 * Saint-Laurent-l'Abbaye, in the Nièvre département
 * Saint-Laurent-la-Conche, in the Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-la-Gâtine, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Saint-Laurent-la-Roche, in the Jura département
 * Saint-Laurent-la-Vallée, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Laurent-la-Vernède, in the Gard département
 * Saint-Laurent-le-Minier, in the Gard département
 * Saint-Laurent-les-Bains, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Laurent-les-Églises, in the Haute-Vienne département
 * Saint-Laurent-les-Tours, in the Lot département
 * Saint-Laurent-Lolmie, in the Lot département
 * Saint-Laurent-Médoc, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-Laurent-Nouan, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Saint-Laurent-Rochefort, in the Loire département
 * Saint-Laurent-sous-Coiron, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre, in the Haute-Vienne département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Manoire, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Othain, in the Meuse département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Oust, in the Morbihan département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône, in the Ain département
 * Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre, in the Vendée département

French Guiana

 * Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni

Roads and transit stations

 * Saint Laurent Boulevard, a street in Montreal
 * Saint-Laurent (Montreal Metro)
 * St. Laurent Boulevard, a main road in Ottawa's east end
 * St-Laurent station, a light rail station in Ottawa
 * Boulevard Saint-Laurent (Gatineau), a main boulevard in downtown Gatineau, Quebec

Other uses

 * SS Saint-Laurent, a French 19th-century ocean liner
 * Saint Laurent (cruise ship), a French cruise ship
 * Saint-Laurent (train), a Canadian passenger train service
 * Saint Laurent (film), a 2014 French biographical film about Yves Saint Laurent
 * St. Laurent (grape), a wine grape that originated in France
 * "Saint Laurent" (song), by DJ Sliink, Skrillex, and Wale, 2017
 * Cégep de Saint-Laurent, a CEGEP in Montreal
 * Church of Saint-Laurent, a church in Paris
 * Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant, in Saint-Laurent-Nouan, France
 * Saint-Laurent Herald, one of the Heralds of Arms at the Canadian Heraldic Authority
 * St. Laurent Shopping Centre, a shopping centre in Ottawa
 * Yves Saint Laurent (brand), a luxury fashion house commonly known as Saint Laurent
 * Saint Laurent Productions, the fashion house's production company

People with the surname

 * Jean-Paul St. Laurent, Canadian politician and son of Louis St. Laurent
 * Jeanne St. Laurent, wife of the former Canadian prime minister
 * Louis St. Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada
 * Yves Saint Laurent (designer)
 * Jared St. Laurent, commentator for Major League Wrestling

title: Saint Laurent