text:
Kolob

Kolob is a star or planet described in the Book of Abraham, a sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement. Several Latter Day Saint denominations hold the Book of Abraham to have been translated from an Egyptian papyrus scroll (which was actually a copy of the Egyptian funerary texts) by Joseph Smith, the founder of the movement. According to this work, Kolob is the heavenly body nearest to the throne of God. While the Book of Abraham calls Kolob a "star", it also calls planets "stars", and therefore some Latter Day Saint commentators consider Kolob a planet. The body also appears in Latter Day Saint culture, including a reference to Kolob in an LDS hymn.

Description in the Book of Abraham

The first published reference to Kolob is in the Book of Abraham, first published in 1842 in Times and Seasons and now included within the Pearl of Great Price as part of the canon of Mormonism. The Book of Abraham 1:1–2:18 were dictated in 1835 and the remaining part in 1842 by Smith after he purchased a set of Egyptian scrolls that accompanied a mummy exhibition. According to Smith, the scrolls described a vision of Abraham, in which Abraham:

"saw the stars, that they were very great, and that one of them was nearest unto the throne of God; ... and the name of the great one is Kolob, because it is near unto me, for I am the Lord thy God: I have set this one to govern all those which belong to the same order as that upon which thou standest."

In an explanation of an Egyptian hypocephalus that was part of the Joseph Smith Papyri, Smith interpreted one set of hieroglyphics as representing:

"Kolob, signifying the first creation, nearest to the celestial, or the residence of God. First in government, the last pertaining to the measurement of time. The measurement according to celestial time, which celestial time signifies one day to a cubit. One day in Kolob is equal to a thousand years according to the measurement of the Earth, which is called by the Egyptians Jah-oh-eh."

The Book of Abraham describes a hierarchy of heavenly bodies, including the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun, each with different movements and measurements of time, where at the pinnacle, the slowest-rotating body is Kolob, where one Kolob-day corresponds to 1000 Earth-years. The time also applies to other celestial bodies in the vicinity of Kolob, such as Oliblish, and other neighboring objects. This is similar to, which says, "For a thousand years in [God's] sight are but as yesterday when it is past" and , which says, "one day is with the Lord as a thousand years". Additional, similar information about Kolob is found in the Kirtland Egyptian Papers, constituting manuscripts in the handwriting of Smith and his scribes.

Mormon exegesis and speculation
According to the traditional, literal Mormon interpretation of the Book of Abraham, Kolob is an actual star in this universe that is, or is near, the physical throne of God. According to Smith, this star was discovered by Methuselah and Abraham by looking through Urim and Thummim, a set of seer stones bound into a pair of spectacles. LDS Church leader and historian B. H. Roberts (1857–1933) interpreted Smith's statements to mean that the Solar System and its governing "planet" (the Sun) revolved around a star known as Kae-e-vanrash, which itself revolved with its own solar system around a star called Kli-flos-is-es or Hah-ko-kau-beam, which themselves revolve around Kolob, which he characterized as "the great centre of that part of the universe to which our planetary system belongs". Roberts was confident that astronomers would confirm this hierarchy of stars orbiting other stars.

The literal interpretation of Kolob as a star or planet had significant formative impact on Mormon belief and criticism, leading to conceptions such as that the Biblical creation is a creation of the local Earth, Solar System, or galaxy, rather than the entire known physical universe.

Star versus planet
The Book of Abraham is unclear as to whether Kolob is a star or a planet, and Mormon writings have taken both positions. One part of the Book of Abraham states that Abraham "saw the stars ... and that one of them was nearest unto the throne of God; ... and the name of the great one is Kolob." But the book defines the word Kokaubeam (a transliteration of the Hebrew "כּוֹכָבִים" [c.f., Gen. 15:5]) as meaning "all the great lights, which were in the firmament of heaven". This would appear to include planets as among the "stars", and the Book of Abraham calls Earth a star. In addition, it appears to classify Kolob among a hierarchy of "planets". On the other hand, in the Egyptian Alphabet and Grammar paper, Kolob is classified as one of 12 "fixed stars", as distinct from 15 "moving planets". The term "fixed stars" generally refers to the background of celestial objects that do not appear to move relative to each other in the night sky, including all stars other than the Sun, nebulae and other starlike objects. Though "fixed", such objects were proven to have proper motion by Edmund Halley in 1718. Apparently referring to proper motion, Smith said that Kolob moves "swifter than the rest of the twelve fixed stars". Also, the Book of Abraham refers to "fixed planets", thereby including planets in the set of celestial objects that may be "fixed". It also calls the Sun a "governing planet", further complicating the terminology. So it is unclear whether Smith understood Kolob to be a planet or a star.

Writers in the Latter Day Saint movement have taken both positions on the issue. Brigham Young, second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), spoke of Kolob as a planet, as did LDS Church apostles John Taylor, Orson Pratt (a mathematician with an interest in astronomy), Orson F. Whitney, and Alvin R. Dyer. Other Mormon theologians have also viewed Kolob as a planet, but several Mormon writers have called Kolob a star, including B. H. Roberts and LDS Church president David O. McKay.

Birthplace for the Earth
According to several Mormon writers (such as W. Cleon Skousen in his book The First 2000 Years), the Earth was created near Kolob over a period of 6,000 years, then moved to its present position in the Solar System. This hypothesis is based on oral comments attributed to Smith. The hypothesis is also based on a passage from the Book of Abraham stating that in the Garden of Eden, time was measured "after the Lord's time, which was after the time of Kolob; for as yet the Gods had not appointed to Adam his reckoning". According to the hypothesis, the reason that Earth time was measured in Kolob time was that the Earth was near Kolob. As a corollary, some Mormon writers argue that at the end times, the Earth will be plucked from the Solar System and returned to its original orbit near Kolob.

LDS Church apostle Bruce R. McConkie came to a different conclusion, arguing that during the first "day" of creation (not necessarily a 1,000-year "day" in Kolob time, a "day" meaning a phase of creation), Earth was formed and placed in orbit around the Sun.

The idea that the Earth was formed elsewhere and then migrated to orbit around the Sun does not accord with the scientific understanding of Earth's formation, which is that the Earth formed in orbit around the Sun about 4.5 billion years ago by accretion from a protoplanetary disk, and has remained near its original orbit until the present.

Speculative astronomy
Several Mormon authors have attempted to situate Kolob within modern astronomy. Skousen speculated that Kolob is a star at the Galactic Center, Sagittarius A*, of our own galaxy. This view also had the support of several former general authorities of the LDS Church, including J. Reuben Clark and George Reynolds (with Janne M. Sjödahl). In the mid-19th century, early efforts to find a single "central sun" in the galaxy failed.

Another Mormon author has hypothesized that Kolob exists outside the Milky Way at a place called the "metagalactic center", and that this galaxy and other galaxies rotate around it. Within mainstream astronomy, the idea of a metagalactic center was once assumed, but has been abandoned because on large scales, the expanding universe has no gravitational center.

Another Mormon author has speculated that Kolob is Polaris.

Metaphorical exegesis
In addition to the literal interpretation of Kolob as an actual heavenly body, the LDS Church has proposed that Kolob is also "a symbol of Jesus Christ", in that like Kolob, Jesus "governs" all the stars and planets similar to the Earth.

A metaphorical interpretation suggests that Kolob may be construed as a metaphor for Jesus.

Origin
Some Mormon scholars have sought to link the Kolob doctrine to ancient astronomy. have sought to show that this astronomy is more consistent with ancient geocentrism than with 19th-century Copernican and Newtonian astronomy, and thus carries with it the misconceptions of ancient astronomy. For example, in their interpretation, Kolob is the highest and slowest moving of a series of concentric heavenly spheres, which are centered on Earth. These authors believe that Smith, in the 19th century, would not have made this geocentric mistake about Kolob, and therefore, they argue that the Book of Abraham is of ancient origin. John Tvedtnes suggested that "Another possible Hebrew etymology is the Hebrew KLB 'dog' originally pronounced kalb just as it is in Arabic. This is used to denote the star Regulus in Arabic while the Syriac, which is also kalb denotes the star Sirius, the brightest star in the heavens." He also suggested that the Hebraic use of "KLB" as both the word dog and an astronomical term refers to the universality of Sirius as the "Dog Star".

According to Fawn Brodie, Smith's idea of Kolob may have been derived from the "throne of God" idea found in Thomas Dick's The Philosophy of a Future State, which Brodie said Smith "had recently been reading" before dictating the Book of Abraham, and which "made a lasting impression" on him.

"If You Could Hie to Kolob"
"If You Could Hie to Kolob" (hie, hurry) is a Latter-day Saint hymn by early Mormon W. W. Phelps. The music is taken from a well-known folk tune known as "Dives and Lazarus". It was originally published in 1842 in Times and Seasons and is hymn number 284 in the LDS Church's current hymnal. The hymn makes only one reference to Kolob, in its first line (from which the hymn's title is derived). It is the only hymn in the current hymnal that mentions Kolob.

The hymn reflects doctrines unique to Mormonism, such as the eternal nature of spirit (including man's spirit) and matter. It also conveys doctrines elaborated by Smith, the first Latter-day Saint prophet, about the plurality of gods and eternal progression.

The tune was arranged by Ralph Vaughan Williams (1906) for the English Hymnal and can be found in today's hymnals under the name "Kingsfold". The tune is also used in other hymns: "O Sing a Song of Bethlehem", "I Heard the Voice of Jesus", and "We Sing the Mighty Power of God".

The tune was also arranged for use in the film Plan 10 from Outer Space.

Kolob as the inspiration for Kobol in Battlestar Galactica
Some of the elements of the two Battlestar Galactica science-fiction television shows seem to be derived from the Mormon beliefs of its creator and chief producer, Glen A. Larson. In both the original series from 1978, and the 2003 new series, the planet Kobol is the ancient and distant mother world of the entire human race and the planet where life began, and the "Lords of Kobol" are sacred figures to the human race. They are treated as elders or patriarchs in the old series, and versions of the Twelve Olympians in the new series. According to academic Jana Riess, this is one of many plot points Larson has borrowed from Mormonism.

Other instances

 * Zion National Park has a region known as Kolob Canyons.
 * The musical The Book of Mormon includes a reference to the planet Kolob in the song "I Believe".
 * The alien in Children of the Dog Star New Zealand children's science fiction TV serial of 1984
 * The Osmonds used the title Kolob on many of their albums for their record label and recording studio.

title: Kolob


text:
Great Court, Trinity College, Cambridge

Great Court is the main court of Trinity College, Cambridge, and reputed to be the largest enclosed courtyard in Europe.

The court was completed by Thomas Nevile, master of the college, in the early years of the 17th century, when he rearranged the existing buildings to form a single court.

Description
Starting in the northeast corner at E staircase, in which Isaac Newton had his rooms, and moving clockwise, one first reaches the Porters' Lodge and Great Gate, begun in 1490 as the entrance to King's Hall and completed in 1535. The Great Gate holds the famous statue of Henry VIII, whose sceptre was replaced by a chair leg by students in the 19th century. Next comes the East Range, and staircases F-K (with J omitted) that contain the college bursary and rooms principally housing fellows of the college. Staircase I leads to Angel Court, containing rooms for students and fellows, and to the college bar. The South Range runs from staircases L–Q with rooms for students and fellows, with Queen's Gate (named after Elizabeth I of England) as its centrepiece. R staircase can be found in a passage leading to Bishop's Hostel, while S staircase is on the left in the passage leading past the Hall into Nevile's Court. The West Range is dominated by the Great Hall, the college's dining hall modelled on that of Middle Temple, and the Master's Lodge.

The fourth side begins with staircases A–C, before reaching King's Gate (also called Edward III Gateway), and the entrance to the oldest part of the college, the remaining surviving buildings of King's Hall. Originally built on the site of the current sundial in the middle of the court, Nevile moved it 20 metres north when completing the court. King's Gate also houses the famous Trinity College Clock that chimes every 15 minutes and strikes the hour twice. The clock was installed at the request of Master of Trinity Richard Bentley in the 17th century, striking each hour once for the college of his mastership, Trinity, and once for his alma mater, St John's College, Cambridge.

In the centre of the court is an ornate fountain, built during Nevile's time, and fed by a pipe from Conduit Head in west Cambridge.

The Great Court Run
Many have tried to run the 339 metres (371 yards) around the court in the time it takes to strike 12 o'clock (actually 24 chimes owing to an old tradition). The run was recreated, filmed in Eton College rather than Trinity, in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire.

Students traditionally attempt to complete the circuit, in what is known as the Great Court Run, on midday before the Matriculation Dinner. Only two people are believed to have actually completed the run in the time, the first being Lord Burghley in 1927. Contrary to the depiction in Chariots of Fire, Harold Abrahams never attempted the Run.

Sebastian Coe and Steve Cram attempted the feat in a charity race on 29 October 1988. Coe's time was reported by Norris McWhirter to have been 45.52 seconds, but it was actually 46.0 seconds as confirmed by the video tape, while Cram's was 46.3 seconds. The clock on that day took 44.4 seconds and video confirms that Coe was approximately 12 metres short of his finish line when the fateful final stroke occurred. There is some debate over the dying sounds of the bell being included in the striking time, which would allow Coe's run to be claimed as successful. The event was organized by 36-year-old undergraduate Nigel McCrery and raised £50,000 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.

In 2007, Sam Dobin was seen to 'beat' the clock in a time of 42.77s, improving on his 3rd-place finish the previous year. Dobin's achievement received national newspaper coverage which reported it as the fastest time in the history of the race, beating Burghley and Coe's efforts.

From 2012 to 2014, Cornelius Roemer won the run three times in a row, and beat the clock in his 2014 run.

However, the route taken by competitors around the court has changed over the years, thus making the accomplishment much more attainable. The current route—running on the cobbles rather than the path—cuts the distance down to 297m (the perimeter of the grass) as opposed to 339m (the perimeter of the cobbles). This is about 19% shorter, reducing the pace required from Olympic to a level manageable by hundreds of good club athletes across the country, and enables the four sharp corners to be "rounded off" so that runners do not need to slow down appreciably when taking the corners.

As of 2017, competitors taking part in the "serious" run (a "fun" run is held simultaneously) have been barred from running on the cobbles under penalty of disqualification. Recent winners:
 * 2000: Adrian Hemery
 * 2001: Mike Collins
 * 2002: Huw Watson (AUS)
 * 2003: Calum T.M. Nicholson
 * 2005: Chris Wilson
 * 2006: Dany Gammall
 * 2007: Sam Dobin (beat the clock on the cobbles route)
 * 2008: Edgar Engel
 * 2009: Cancelled due to poor weather conditions
 * 2010: Henry Husband
 * 2011: Steven Karp (CAN)
 * 2012: Cornelius Roemer
 * 2013: Cornelius Roemer
 * 2014: Cornelius Roemer (beat the clock on the cobbles route)
 * 2015: Jiri Kucera (CZE)
 * 2016: Patrick Bradbury
 * 2019: George Mears (beat the clock)
 * 2021: Peter Molloy

The 2009 event was cancelled due to poor weather leaving the court unsafe to run on.

David Cecil, the only man to achieve the Great Court Run prior to 2007, and Sebastian Coe, the man who came closest to achieving the feat between Cecil's and Dobin's successes, both achieved the distinctions of Olympic Champion, Member of both Houses of Parliament, and Chairman of the London Olympics Organising Committee (David Cecil at the 1948 Olympics, Sebastian Coe at the 2012 Olympics).

Other factors affect the timing of the Great Court Run. The speed at which the bells strike is governed by a mechanical fly, details of which are recorded by The Trinity Clock Monitoring Project. The fly uses air resistance to govern the speed at which the striking mechanism turns and consequently the speed varies, depending mainly on the air density; the duration to the striking of twelve depends on the meteorological conditions on the race day. On a cold, dry, high-pressure day the bells strike more slowly than on a warm, humid low-pressure day. This can cause variation of as much as 5 seconds to the normal time of around 48 seconds. The official run takes place in October, when the likely variation is a more modest one second. Runners will have the best chance of completing the circuit before the bells have finished on a cold winter's day. The chime speed is also affected by the number of days since the chimes were last wound, three being optimal.

Caucus Race
A less structured event, the Caucus Race, occurs during the summer long vacation when undergraduates who have summer courses gather all around Great Court just before two o'clock dressed in their academic robes. Great Court is divided into six rectangular lawns and the objective of the race is to circumnavigate all six individually and in all their combinations, which requires a mathematical brain to plan well, and end at the fountain. The entry fee is a pint of beer. As soon as the clock starts to strike everyone starts running around whatever route they have chosen, much to the consternation of the tourists. On reaching the fountain everyone gets a prize of a pint of beer. It has been done in 14 minutes but that is exceptional.

Chapel
The final part of the court is completed by the chapel, begun by Mary I in 1554 in memory of her father. The ante-chapel contains statues of many famous Trinity men, including Roubiliac's sculpture of Isaac Newton, Thomas Woolner's piece of William Whewell and the altarpiece is Benjamin West's St Michael and the Devil.

The chapel contains a fine organ built by the Swiss firm of Metzler in 1975 — one of only two instruments by this respected maker in Great Britain. It is contained within the restored late seventeenth-century case built by perhaps England's most famous organ builder "Father" Smith. The Metzler organ incorporates some surviving pipes from this instrument.

Dimensions
The exact external dimensions of the four sides of Great Court are: which enclose an area of approximately 1.8 acres (7,300 square metres). (The figures given in parentheses are the distances run on the flagstones for the Great Court Run)
 * South — 87.8m (82.5m)
 * West — 105.2m (99.9m)
 * North — 78.3m (69.4m)
 * East — 99.4m (88.9m)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great Court, Trinity College, Cambridge


text:
Josef Bühler

Josef Bühler (16 February 1904 – 22 August 1948) was a German lawyer who, as the protégé of Governor General Hans Frank, rose to become his deputy as the State Secretary in the Nazi Germany-controlled General Government in Kraków during the Second World War. He participated in the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, at which the genocidal Final Solution to the Jewish Question was planned. He was convicted of crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and was executed.

Early life and education
Bühler was born in Bad Waldsee into a Catholic family, the son of a baker. He attended boarding school and obtained his Abitur in 1922. He went on to study law at the universities in Munich, Kiel, Berlin and Erlangen. He earned a Doctor of Law degree and passed the state law examination in 1930. That year, he joined the Munich law firm of Hans Frank, who regularly defended Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in court. From this point on, his professional life was closely linked with that of Frank. On 1 October 1932, he was made a probationary judge at the Munich district court.

Career in Nazi Germany
Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power at the end of January 1933, Frank was appointed as the Minister of Justice for Bavaria on 10 March and Bühler became a member of his staff as a state attorney. He joined the Nazi Party on 1 April 1933 (membership number 1,663,751). He also was given a senior position in the National Socialist Association of German Legal Professionals. Bühler also joined Frank's Academy for German Law, was made a member of its presidium and contributed articles to the academy journal.

In October 1934, after the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination) transferred sovereignty from the states to the central government, Bühler moved from Bavaria to become a prosecutor in the Reich Ministry of Justice in Berlin. In 1935, he became the senior prosecutor at the Munich Oberlandesgericht (Higher Regional Court). After Frank was appointed as a minister without portfolio in Hitler's cabinet, he brought Bühler into his ministerial office as a Ministerialrat (Ministerial Counselor) in 1938. Unlike many other high-ranking Nazi officials, Bühler was never a member of the SA or the SS.

Just before the outbreak of the war, Bühler was conscripted into the German Army in August 1939 but Frank obtained his release within days. After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, Frank was appointed Governor General for the occupied Polish territories at the end of October and Bühler accompanied him to Kraków. On 8 December, he was made head of the Governor General's office with the rank of Ministerialdirektor and, on 8 March 1940, he advanced to the position of State Secretary. After Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Frank's Deputy Governor General, departed to become the Reichskommissar of the occupied Netherlands in May 1940, Bühler functioned as Frank's deputy, a designation that was made permanent in June 1941. Though not given the formal title of Deputy Governor General, as State Secretary he was Frank's chief deputy and represented him during his absences.

Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution
Bühler attended the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 as the representative of the Governor General's office. This conference was called to discuss the implementation of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question. The minutes of the meeting document Bühler stating that the General Government would welcome the launch of the Final Solution in its territory, and he stressed the importance of solving "the Jewish Question in the General Government as quickly as possible". He also stated that "of the two-and-a-half million Jews concerned, the majority are unfit for work". When his fellow conference participant Adolf Eichmann was asked at his 1961 trial in Israel what was meant by this statement, he answered that Bühler had wanted to intimate "that they should be killed".

Arrest, trial and execution
Bühler fled from Kraków back to Germany on 18 January 1945, the day before The Red Army entered the city. He was arrested in Schrobenhausen on 30 May 1945 by American forces and interned in Nuremberg. He testified in Frank's defense at the Nuremberg Trials on 23 April 1946, denying all knowledge of the Holocaust and trying to deflect all blame onto the SS, in particular, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger, the Higher SS and Police Leader for the General Government.

Shortly afterward, on 25 May 1946, in accordance with the Moscow Declarations that established the principle that war criminals were to be transferred for trial to the nations where their crimes took place, Bühler was extradited to the Polish People's Republic. His trial opened before the Supreme National Tribunal on 17 June 1948. Bühler was found guilty on 10 July of crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to death and ordered to forfeit all of his property. Clemency pleas were filed by Bühler, his attorney, his wife and Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber of Munich. All were rejected by Polish President Bolesław Bierut, and Bühler was executed by hanging on 22 August 1948 at Montelupich Prison in Kraków.

Portrayals in popular media
Bühler's death is the inciting incident in the 1992 alternate history novel Fatherland by Robert Harris. The novel postulates a long war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and a cold war with the United States. The novel's protagonist investigates Bühler's murder in 1964, which is part of a Gestapo effort to conceal the (by then completed) Final Solution.

Bühler was portrayed by Reinhard Glemnitz in the German film Die Wannseekonferenz (1984), by Ben Daniels in the BBC/HBO film Conspiracy (2001) and by Sascha Nathan in the German film Die Wannseekonferenz (2022).

Additional reading

 * Cesarani, David: Eichmann: His Life and Crimes, London: Vintage (2005) ISBN 978-0-099-44844-0.
 * Friedman, Towiah: Die höchsten Nazi-Beamten im General-Gouvernement in Polen in den Kriegs-Jahren 1939–45. Haifa: Institute of Documentation in Israel for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes (2002).
 * Grimm, Hans: Dr. Josef Bühler – Impusgeber bei der Wannsee-Konferenz. In: Wolfgang Praske: Täter Helfer Trittbrettfahrer. Band 4. NS-Belastete aus Oberschwaben. Gerstetten: Kugelberg Verlag (2015) pp. 70–83, ISBN 978-3-945893-00-5.
 * Musiał, Bogdan: Deutsche Zivilverwaltung und Judenverfolgung im Generalgouvernement. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2000) ISBN 978-3-447-05063-0.

title: Josef Bühler


text:
Derby Museum and Art Gallery

Derby Museum and Art Gallery is a museum and art gallery in Derby, England. It was established in 1879, along with Derby Central Library, in a new building designed by Richard Knill Freeman and given to Derby by Michael Thomas Bass. The collection includes a gallery displaying many paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby; there is also a large display of Royal Crown Derby and other porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area. Further displays include archaeology, natural history, geology, military collections and world cultures. The Art Gallery was opened in 1882.

History
The museum can trace its start to the formation of the Derby Town and County Museum and Natural History Society on 10 February 1836. The society was housed by Full Street Public Baths but it was a private society funded by its members' subscriptions. Its collections were created by donations initially from Dr Forrester who had been a President of Derby Philosophical Society. The patron of the Museum Society was William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, and the President was Sir George Crewe who was a keen naturalist. Col. George Gawler contributed a collection of minerals and exotic stuffed birds which included an albatross from his time as governor in South Australia. In 1839 a major exhibition was held at the Mechanics' Institute which contained many items including those from Joseph Strutt's collection. Many of these made their way into Derby Museum's collection. The society moved in 1840 to the Athenaeum in Victoria Street. The society's collections grew in 1856 and they were first offered for incorporation into the town by William Mundy, but the offer was rejected.

In 1857, Llewellyn Jewitt became secretary and the museum was opened to the general public on Saturday mornings. In 1858 the Derby Philosophical Society moved to a house on the Wardwick in Derby as it merged with what was called the Derby Town and County Museum and the Natural History Society. This move included the society's library of 4,000 volumes, mathematical and scientific apparatus and its collection of fossils. In 1863 the botanist Alexander Croall was appointed the first Librarian and Curator and the following year the museum and library were joined together. Croall left in 1875 to become the curator of the Smith Institute in Stirling.

The Derby Town and County Museum was finally transferred into the ownership of Derby Corporation in 1870, but there were difficulties in finding space to display the collections. After placing all the artefacts into storage for three years, the museum was finally opened to the public on 28 June 1879. The Art Gallery opened in 1882 and in 1883 the museum had electricity supplied for new lighting.

In 1936 the museum was given a substantial collection of paintings by Alfred E. Goodey who had been collecting art for 50 years. At his death in 1945 he left £13,000 to build an extension to the museum. The extension, which now houses the museum, was completed in 1964. Refurbishment to parts of both the new and old buildings were undertaken in 2010–11.

In 2012, over 1,000 items were stolen from the museum's storage facility between 2 May and 19 June. The museum did not know about the theft until they accessed the facility to remove an item from storage. Stolen items included coins, medals, and watches. A man was charged with receiving stolen goods in connection with the theft in January 2013. Some of the items stolen were recovered.

Derby and the Enlightenment connection
Derby was significant in the eighteenth century for its role in the Enlightenment, a period in which science and philosophy challenged the divine right of kings to rule. The enlightenment has many strands, including the largely philosophical Scottish Enlightenment centred around the philosopher David Hume, and political changes that culminated in the French Revolution, but the English Midlands was an area where many key figures of industry and science came together. The Lunar Society included Erasmus Darwin, Matthew Boulton, Joseph Priestley and Josiah Wedgwood with Benjamin Franklin corresponding from America. Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin, started the Derby Philosophical Society when he moved to Derby in 1783.

Some of the paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby, which are renowned for their use of light and shade, are of Lunar Society members. The Derby Gallery possesses over 300 sketches and 34 oil paintings by Wright, and also holds a document collection. One of the paintings is entitled The Alchymist in Search of the Philosopher's Stone (1771) and it depicts the discovery of the element phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669. A flask into which a large quantity of urine has been boiled down is seen bursting into light as the phosphorus, which is abundant in urine, ignites spontaneously in air. A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery shows an early mechanism for demonstrating the movement of the planets around the Sun. The Scottish scientist, astronomer and lecturer James Ferguson undertook a series of lectures in Derby in July 1762. They were based on his book Lectures on Select Subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Optics &c., published in 1760. In order to illustrate his lectures he used various machines, models and instruments. Wright possibly attended Ferguson's lecture, especially as tickets for the event were available from John Whitehurst, his close neighbour, the clockmaker and scientist. The artist could also have drawn on Whitehurst's practical knowledge to find out more about the orrery and its operation.

Significance of Joseph Wright's paintings
These factual paintings are considered to have metaphorical meaning too, the bursting into light of the phosphorus in front of a praying figure signifying the problematic transition from faith to scientific understanding and enlightenment, and the various expressions on the figures around the bird in the airpump indicating concern over the possible inhumanity of the coming age of science. These paintings represent a high point in scientific enquiry which began the undermining of the power of religion in Western societies. Some ten years later scientists worldwide would find themselves persecuted, or even put to death in the backlash to the French Revolution of 1789, itself the culmination of enlightenment thinking. Joseph Priestley, member of the Lunar Society and discoverer of oxygen would flee Britain after his laboratory in Birmingham was smashed and his house burned down in the Birmingham riots of 1791, by a mob objecting to his outspoken support for the French Revolution; and his colleague Lavoisier in France would be executed at the guillotine. The politician and philosopher Edmund Burke, in his famous Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), tied natural philosophers, and specifically Priestley, to the French Revolution, writing that radicals who supported science in Britain "considered man in their experiments no more than they do mice in an air pump". In the light of this comment, Wright's painting of the bird in the air pump, completed over twenty years earlier, seems particularly prescient.

Because of this web of connections related to science, and the tensions it created which were so subtly illustrated by the art of the painter Joseph Wright of Derby, Derby Museum and Art Gallery, far from being just a collection of fine paintings as the casual visitor might imagine, is significant for being in a place that some would see as having a very significant role in the birth of modern science and industry worldwide. Birmingham, with its science and industry, has been described as the 'silicon valley' of the eighteenth century.

Erasmus Darwin has only a small display. Herbert Spencer, friend of Charles Darwin and originator of the phase "the survival of the fittest", who was born in Derby and has been described as the founder of sociology, does not appear to be mentioned at all.

Wright of Derby
In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby. At the same time, the Museum announced that it was "joining forces" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information. In February 2011 the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) announced that it had awarded Designated status to Derby Museum and Art Gallery for its nationally significant holdings of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.

Bonnie Prince Charlie room
The museum houses a replica of the room in Derby where Charles Edward Stuart held his council of war in 1745, while on his way south to seize the British crown. The panelling is from the original Exeter House, which was demolished in 1854. The panels were brought to the museum, which then received related objects as donations. Queen Victoria provided an original letter of Bonnie Prince Charlie from her own collection.

Other artists
Besides the Wright collection there are also works by Benjamin West, E. E. Clark, Robert Priseman, Harold Gresley, Alfred John Keene, Georg Holtzendorff, David Payne, George and William Lakin Turner, Ernest Townsend, Samuel and Louise Rayner.

Soldier's Story gallery
The Soldier's Story gallery is dedicated to the history of the 9th/12th Royal Lancers, the Sherwood Foresters and the Derbyshire Yeomanry.

Wider collection
A fragment of a cross shaft from Repton includes on one face a carved image of a mounted man which, it has been suggested, may be a memorial to Æthelbald of Mercia. The figure is of a man wearing mail armour and brandishing a sword and shield, with a diadem around his head. In 757, Æthelbald was killed at Seckington, Warwickshire, near the royal seat of Tamworth and buried at Repton, Derbyshire. If this is Æthelbald, it would make it the earliest large-scale pictorial representation of an English monarch.

The museum has a large collection of items from the Bretby Art Pottery.

title: Derby Museum and Art Gallery


text: File:Songs from the Last Century (George Michael album - cover art).jpg


text:
Songs from the Last Century

Songs from the Last Century is the fourth solo studio album by English singer-songwriter George Michael, released on 6 December 1999 by Aegean Records and Virgin Records. Produced by Phil Ramone and George Michael, it was his only album of cover versions. It consists mainly of old jazz standards plus new interpretations of more recent popular songs, such as "Roxanne" by the Police and "Miss Sarajevo" by U2 and Brian Eno with Luciano Pavarotti. "Roxanne" was released as a single in other countries except the United Kingdom.

History
This album is the only album in Michael's entire solo catalogue to not reach number one on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number two instead. It was kept off the top spot by Shania Twain's Come On Over.

A music video for "Roxanne" was shot in Amsterdam, in the so-called Red District, using ordinary people, not actors, who really live their lives on the street.

Another version exists of the album's opening track, "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?", sung by Michael with Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti at one of his famous "Pavarotti and Friends" live shows. This version is included on the limited edition of Michael's 2006 greatest hits album, Twenty Five.

Track listing

 * 1) "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (E.Y. Harburg, Jay Gorney) – 4:22
 * 2) "Roxanne" (Sting) – 4:11
 * 3) "You've Changed" (Bill Carey, Carl Fischer) – 4:25
 * 4) "My Baby Just Cares for Me" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) – 1:45
 * 5) "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" (Ewan MacColl) – 5:19
 * 6) "Miss Sarajevo" (Adam Clayton, Brian Eno, Dave Evans, Larry Mullen, Paul Hewson) – 5:11
 * 7) "I Remember You" (Johnny Mercer, Victor Schertzinger) – 4:12
 * 8) "Secret Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) – 2:39
 * 9) "Wild Is the Wind" (Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington) – 4:02
 * 10) "Where or When" / "It's All Right with Me" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart / Cole Porter) (instrumental) (hidden track) – 7:00

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.

 * Abe Appleman – violin
 * Diane Barere – cello
 * Elena Barere – concert master, violin
 * Herb Besson – trombone
 * Yuri Vodovoz – violin
 * Virgil Blackwell – clarinet
 * Arvil Brown – violin
 * Jacqui Danilow – bass guitar
 * Marji Danilow – bass guitar
 * Lawrence Feldman – woodwind
 * Frank Filipetti – engineer, mixing
 * David Finck – bass guitar
 * Barry Finclair – concert master, violin
 * Crystal Garner – viola
 * Maura Giannini – violin
 * Karen Griffen – flute
 * Juliet Haffner – viola
 * Corky Hale – harp
 * Laura Hamilton – violin
 * Joyce Hammann – violin
 * Sheryl Henze – flute
 * Kenneth Hitchcock – woodwind
 * Jim Hynes – trumpet
 * Regis Iandiorio – violin
 * Jean Ingraham – violin
 * Greg Jakobek – design
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Tony Kadleck – trumpet
 * Jeff Kievit – trumpet
 * Chris Komer – French horn
 * Carol Landon – viola
 * Jeff Lang – French horn
 * Kim Laskowski – bassoon
 * Ann Leathers – violin
 * Jeanne LeBlanc – cello
 * Nancy McAlhany – violin
 * Diane Lesser – oboe
 * Richard Locker – cello
 * Dave Mann – woodwind
 * Rob Mathes – arranger, conductor, piano
 * Andrew McPherson – photography
 * George Michael – design, liner notes, primary artist, producer
 * Jeff Mironov – guitar
 * John Moses – clarinet
 * Rob Mounsey – arranger, conductor, piano
 * Nick Murdoch – piano
 * Jan Mullen – violin
 * Lewis Nash – drums
 * Danny Cummings – percussion
 * Phil Palmer – guitar
 * Laura Oatts – violin
 * Caryl Paisner – cello
 * Scott Parker – assistant engineer
 * Shawn Pelton – drums
 * Steve Walters – bass guitar
 * Charles Pillow – woodwind
 * Sue Pray – viola
 * Phil Ramone – liner notes, producer
 * Tim Ries – woodwind
 * Marcus Rojas – tuba
 * Roger Rosenberg – woodwind
 * Stacey Shames – harp
 * Mark Orrin Shuman – cello
 * Pamela Sklar – flute
 * Andy Snitzer – woodwind
 * Jason Stasium – mixing
 * Byron Stripling – trumpet
 * Marti Sweet – violin
 * Donna Tecco – violin
 * David Tofani – woodwind
 * Carol Webb – violin
 * Ellen Westermann – cello
 * Torrie Zito – arranger

title: Songs from the Last Century


text:
Nevile's Court, Trinity College, Cambridge

Nevile's Court is a court in Trinity College, Cambridge, England, created by a bequest by the college's master, Thomas Nevile.

The east side is dominated by the college's Hall, and the north and south sides house college rooms for fellows (and a few students) raised above the cloisters. The court is regarded as the sanctum sanctorum of the college by fellows and students on account of the difficulty of obtaining rooms there. It was in the north cloister that Isaac Newton stamped his foot to time the echoes and determine the speed of sound for the first time.

The initial court, completed in 1612, was approximately 60% of its current length and its west side consisted of a wall in which was set a gate leading to the river-bank. (The gate, known as the Nevile Gate, now stands as an entrance to the college from Trinity Lane.)

The west side was transformed from 1673 onwards when the master, Isaac Barrow, persuaded his friend Christopher Wren to design a library for the college. The Wren Library was completed in 1695 and is a masterpiece of the classical style. At the same time, the north and south sides were extended to reach the new library. Rooms on the north side of the range were paid for by Sir Thomas Sclater, who laid out 800l for the purpose. The "Old Guest Room" on the south side of the range bears the mottos 'Vernon semper viret' and 'Le bon temps viendra' in lozenges on the ceiling.

Nevile's Court was extensively restored and remodelled in the 18th century when the gables, which are shown on the print of the College made by David Loggan, were removed.


text:
Ende Neu

Ende Neu is the seventh full-length studio album released by Einstürzende Neubauten in 1996. The title means "ending new"; it is a wordplay (reflected in the cover artwork) involving the band's name: Einstürzende Neubauten. This was the band's last studio album featuring member F.M. Einheit.

Track listing

 * 1) “Was Ist Ist” ("What Is Is") – 3:29
 * 2) “Stella Maris” ("Star of the Sea") (featuring Meret Becker) – 5:18
 * 3) “Die Explosion im Festspielhaus” ("The Explosion in the Festival Hall") – 4:30
 * 4) “Installation No. 1” – 4:29
 * 5) “NNNAAAMMM” – 10:59
 * 6) “Ende Neu” ("Ending New") – 4:57
 * 7) “The Garden” – 5:24
 * 8) “Der Schacht von Babel” ("The Pit of Babel") – 2:46
 * 9) “Bili Rubin” – 3:00

Personnel
Adapted from the Liner Notes of the Album

 * Blixa Bargeld – vocals (all tracks), fill words (track 1), electric guitar (track 2), electric slide guitar (track 2), pencil and paper (track 3), Hammond organ (track 3), bass feedback (track 4), installation (track 4), amplifier (track 4), hand claps (track 5), air compressor (track 6), flute installation (track 5), choir vocals (track 5), Fender Rhodes (track 7), vibraphone (track 7), foot stomps (track 8), whistles (track 8)
 * Alexander Hacke – bowed electric guitar (track 1), electric bass guitar (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7), electric guitar (tracks 1, 4, 6), fill words (track 1), hand claps (track 5), choir vocals (track 5), amplified wire (track 6), wood (track 6), metal canisters (track 6)
 * Andrew Chudy – amplified bass spring (track 1), fill words (track 1), bass drum (tracks 2, 4), metal plate (tracks 2, 3, 4), chain (track 3), percussion (track 3), plastic canisters (track 4), electric drill (track 4), tone generator (track 4), installation (track 4), flute installation (track 5), hand claps (track 5), large resonating spring (track 5), amplified bass wire (track 6), plastic tube (track 6), plastic bin (track 7) foot stomps (track 8), amplified wire (track 8), motor leather belts (track 8), phytagprean tube bells (track 8), microphone percussion (track 8)
 * F.M. Einheit – bass drum (track 1), metal plate (track 1), brushes (track 3), tank (track 4), metal percussion (track 4), plastic canisters (track 6)
 * Meret Becker – vocals (tracks 2, 3)
 * Jennifer Levy – vocals (track 3)
 * Roland Wolf – Hammond organ (3), electric bass guitar (8)
 * Klaus Meck – fill words (1)
 * Boris Wilsdorf – fill words (1)
 * Jochen Arbeit, Laurie Tomn, Ralf Strunz, Adrian Bilderberger, Axel Anonymus, Chrislo Haas, Maria Zastrow – choir vocals (1)
 * Raoul Walton – electric bass guitar (5)
 * Jean-Paul Zanutel – cello (tracks: 2, 6, 7)
 * Carole Duteille (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Françoise Derissen (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Georges Siblik (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Ingrid Aelvoet (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Jean-Pierre Catoul (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Renaud Lhoest (tracks: 2, 6, 7) – violin
 * Benoit Gilot (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Eric Gerstmans (tracks: 2, 6, 7), Samuel Aelvoet (tracks: 2, 6, 7) – viola
 * Bertrand Burgalat – string arrangements (tracks: 2, 6, 7)

title: Ende Neu


text:
List of hospitals in Grenada

This is a list of hospitals in Grenada.

 * General Hospital – St. George's
 * Mount Gay Hospital – St. George's
 * Old Trafford Medical Center – St. George's
 * Princess Alice Hospital – St. Andrew Parish
 * Princess Royal Hospital – Hillsborough, Carriacou Island
 * St Augustine's Medical Services – St. George's
 * St. George's University School of Medicine – St. George's
 * Marryshows' Hospital & Health Clinic – St. George's
 * Salus Clinic – St. George's

title: List of hospitals in Grenada


text:
Wilhelm Stuckart

Wilhelm Stuckart (16 November 1902 – 15 November 1953) was a German Nazi Party lawyer, official, and a State Secretary in the Reich Interior Ministry during the Nazi era. He was a co-author of the notorious Nuremberg Laws and a participant in the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, at which the genocidal Final Solution to the Jewish Question was planned. He also served as Reichsminister of the Interior in the short-lived Flensburg government at the end of the Second World War.

Early life
Stuckart was born in Wiesbaden, the son of a railway employee. He had a Christian upbringing. Stuckart was active in the far right early on and joined the Freikorps von Epp in 1919 to resist the French occupation of the Ruhr. In 1922, he started studying law and political economy at the universities of Munich and Frankfurt am Main, and joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in December that year; he remained a member until the party was banned after the failed putsch of 1923. To support his parents, Stuckart temporarily abandoned his studies to work at the Nassau Regional Bank in Frankfurt in 1924. He finished his studies in 1928, receiving a doctorate with a thesis entitled Erklärung an die Öffentlichkeit, insbesondere die Anmeldung zum Handelsregister ("Declarations to the Public, Especially Concerning the Enrollment to the Trade Register"); he passed the bar examination in 1930.

Career
From 1930, Stuckart served as a district court judge. He renewed his association with the NSDAP and provided party comrades with legal counseling during this period. He did not rejoin the party immediately, as judges were prohibited from being politically active. To circumvent this restriction, Stuckart's mother joined the party for him as member number 378,144. From 1932 to 1933, he worked as a lawyer and legal secretary for the SA in Stettin (today, Szczecin), Pomerania.

Stuckart's quick rise in the German state administration was unusual for a person of modest background and would have been impossible without his long dedication to the Nazi cause. On 4 April 1933 he became the Mayor and State Commissioner in Stettin and was also elected to the state parliament and the Prussian State Council. On 15 May 1933, Stuckart was appointed Ministerial Director of the Prussian Ministry of Science, Art and Culture, and on 30 June 1933, he was made a State Secretary. In 1934, Stuckart was intimately involved in the dubious acquisition of the Guelph Treasure of Brunswick (the "Welfenschatz") – a unique collection of early medieval religious precious metalwork, at that time in the hands of several German-Jewish art dealers from Frankfurt, and one of the most important church treasuries to have survived from medieval Germany – by the Prussian State under its Prime Minister Hermann Göring.

On 7 July 1934, Stuckart became the State Secretary and head of the Central Office in the recently established Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture under Bernhard Rust. However, after disagreements with his superior, he was placed on leave for disobedience in September and was involuntarily retired on 14 November 1934. He moved to Darmstadt, where he worked from February to March 1935 as the president of the superior district court. On 7 March 1935, Stuckart began serving in the Reich Ministry of Interior, Division I: Constitution and Legislation, with the responsibility for constitutional law, citizenship and racial laws. Promoted to Ministerial Director on 1 April 1935, he was on 13 September 1935 given the task of co-writing, together with Hans Pfundtner, Bernhard Lösener and, the antisemitic Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour and The Reich Citizenship Law, together better known as the Nuremberg Laws, which the Nazi-controlled Reichstag passed on 15 September 1935. In 1936, Stuckart became a member of the Academy for German Law and chairman of its committee on administrative law.

Part of Stuckart's duties in the Interior Ministry involved providing a legal framework justifying the Nazi expansionist policy under constitutional and international law. On 16 March 1938, Hitler charged him with the management of the office carrying out the unification of Austria with the Reich, and he drafted the implementing decree. He was formally promoted to State Secretary in the Interior Ministry on 1 April 1938. In October, he was similarly charged with administering the transfer of the Sudetenland and, in March 1939, drafted the decree on the formation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

On 18 August 1939, Stuckart signed a confidential decree regarding the "Reporting Obligations of Deformed Newborns," which became the basis for the Nazi regime's euthanasia of children. Two years later, Stuckart's own one-year-old son, Gunther, who was born with Down syndrome, became a victim of this programme.

Stuckart was a member of the SA from 1932 and applied for membership in the SS in December 1933. On the recommendation of Heinrich Himmler, Stuckart finally transferred to the SS on 13 September 1936 (member number 280,042) with the rank of SS-Standartenführer. He was awarded the Golden Party Badge on 30 January 1939 and was promoted to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1944.

As a legal theorist
A prolific writer, Stuckart came to be seen as one of the leading Nazi legal experts, focusing especially on racial laws and public administration. In 1936 Stuckart, as the chairman of the Reich Committee for the Protection of German Blood, together with Hans Globke co-authored the government's official Commentary on German Racial Legislation in elaboration of the Reich Citizenship and Blood Protection Laws. The commentary explains that the laws were based on the concept of Volksgemeinschaft ("People's community") to which every German was bound by common blood. Individuals were not members of society (a concept viewed by the Nazi legal theorists as a Marxist one) but born members of the German Volk, through which they acquire rights. Interests of the Volk were to always override those of the individual. People born outside of the Volk were seen to possess no rights and represent a danger to the purity of the people's community. As such, anti-miscegenation legislation was justified, even necessary. Stuckart stated that these laws represented "a preliminary solution of the Jewish question".

In October 1939, Stuckart was tasked with investigating the comprehensive rationalization of the state administrative structure by decentralisation and simplification. The streamlining was to especially concern the field administration, which was to undergo extensive unification, preferably leading to a model of a small Interior Ministry supervising a single system of field agencies fielding broad local powers. Stuckart proposed that the state and party should effectively be combined in an overarching concept of the Reich, and should co-operate at the highest levels of power, so that ground-level friction between the institutions could be solved by referencing upwards. Stuckart and his disciples distinguished Herrschaft (administrative mastery) from an idealised Führung (leadership). The transformation of the state administration from a technical apparatus for the application of norms to a means of political leadership was the central idea in Stuckart's model: the ideal Nazi civil servant was not to be a passive lawyer of the obsolete "liberal constitutional state", but a "pioneer of culture, coloniser and political and economic creator". The administrative structure of the Reichsgaue, where the party and state authorities were combined and the Gauleiter fielded almost dictatorial powers over his domain, reflected Stuckart's theorization.

"Generalplan West"
A memorandum written on 14 June 1940 by Stuckart or someone in his vicinity in the Interior Ministry discusses the annexation of certain areas in Eastern France to the German Reich. The document presents a plan to weaken France by reducing the country to its late mediaeval borders with the Holy Roman Empire and replacing the French populace of the annexed territories by German settlers. This memorandum formed the basis for the so-called "north-east line" (also called the "black line" and the "Führer line" ) drawn in the occupied French territories after the Second Armistice at Compiègne, which stretched from the mouth of the River Somme to the Jura Mountains (see map). Because of the historical motivation for the area's Germanisation, cities and regions were to revert to their traditional German names. Nancy, for instance, would be known thereafter as Nanzig, and Besançon as Bisanz. Historian Peter Schöttler refers to this plan as a western equivalent of the Generalplan Ost.

Wannsee Conference
Stuckart represented Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick at the Wannsee Conference of 20 January 1942 chaired by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, which discussed the imposition of the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question in the German Sphere of Influence in Europe". According to the minutes of the conference, Stuckart supported forced sterilization for persons of "mixed blood" instead of extermination.

Heydrich called a follow-up conference on 6 March 1942, which further discussed the problems of "mixed blood" individuals and mixed marriage couples. At this meeting, Stuckart argued that only first-degree Mischlinge (persons with two Jewish grandparents) should be sterilized by force, after which they should be allowed to remain in Germany and undergo a "natural extinction". He had stated:

"I have always maintained that it is extraordinarily dangerous to send German blood to the opposing side. Our adversaries will put the desirable characteristics of this blood to good use. Once the half Jews are outside of Germany, their high intelligence and education level, combined with their German heredity, will render these individuals born leaders and terrible enemies." Stuckart was also concerned about causing distress to German spouses and children of "interracial" couples.

After World War II
Stuckart served briefly as Interior Minister in Karl Dönitz's Flensburg Government in May 1945. When that government was dissolved by the Allies, Stuckart was arrested on 23 May, interned in Camp Ashcan and called as an expert witness at the Nuremberg trial of Wilhelm Frick. He himself was tried by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal in the Ministries Trial in 1948 for his role in formulating and carrying out anti-Jewish laws. The court characterized him as an ardent Jew-hater who was able to pursue his anti-Semitic campaign from the safety of his ministerial office. Former co-worker Bernhard Lösener from Interior Ministry testified that Stuckart had been aware of the murder of the Jews even before the Wannsee Conference. Stuckart's defense argued that his support for the forced sterilization of Mischlinge was to prevent or delay even more drastic measures. The court was unable to resolve the question and sentenced him to time served in April 1949.

After being released from captivity, Stuckart went to work as city treasurer in Helmstedt and then as the manager of the Institute for the Promotion of Economy in Lower Saxony. He also worked for the regional committee of the right-wing All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights. In 1951, he was tried in a de-Nazification court, classified as a "fellow traveller" (Mitläufer) and fined five hundred Deutsche Mark.

Death
Stuckart was killed on 15 November 1953 near Hanover, West Germany, in a car accident a day before his 51st birthday. There has been widespread speculation that the "accident" was, in reality, a staged collision targeting Stuckart as a former Nazi involved in Nazi racial and anti-Jewish policies and activities. However, nothing has ever been openly admitted by Mossad or other groups known to have been involved in other attacks on former Nazis.

Personality
Stuckart held firm opinions concerning racial legislation and administrative organisation. At the Ministries Trial, his personal assistant Hans Globke described him as a "convinced Nazi" whose political faith weakened as time went on. From May 1940 onward, Stuckart made several requests to be released from his job to military service in the Wehrmacht, but these were turned down personally by Hitler.

Writings

 * Geschichte im Geschichtsunterricht, Frankfurt am Main 1934 ("A History of History Teaching")
 * Nationalsozialistische Rechtserziehung, Frankfurt am Main 1935 ("National Socialist Legal Studies")
 * Reichsbürgergesetz vom 15. September 1935. Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre vom 15. September 1935. Gesetz zum Schutze der Erbgesundheit des deutschen Volkes (Ehegesundheitsgesetz) vom 18. Oktober 1935. Nebst allen Ausführungsvorschriften und den einschlägigen Gesetzen und Verordnungen, with Hans Globke, Berlin 1936
 * Neues Staatsrecht, with Wilhelm Albrecht, Leipzig 1936 ("New State Law")
 * Nationalsozialismus und Staatsrecht, Berlin 1937 ("National Socialism and Constitutional Law")
 * Verwaltungsrecht, with Walter Scheerbarth, Leipzig 1937 ("Administrative Law")
 * Partei und Staat, Vienna 1938 ("The Party and the State")
 * Rassen- und Erbpflege in der Gesetzgebung des Dritten Reiches, with Rolf Schiedemair, Leipzig 1938 ("Racial and Hereditary Care in the Legislation of the Third Reich")
 * Die Reichsverteidigung (Wehrrecht), with Harry von Rosen, Leipzig 1940 ("Reich Defense (Military Law)")
 * Führung und Verwaltung im Kriege, Berlin 1941 ("Leadership and Administration During Wartime")
 * Europa den Europäern, 1941 ("Europe For Europeans")
 * Neues Gemeinderecht. Mit einer Darstellung der Gemeindeverbände, with Harry von Rosen, Leipzig 1942 ("New Municipal Law")
 * Verfassung, Verwaltung und europäische Neuordnung, Bukarest 1942 ("Constitution, Administration and the New European Order")
 * Verfassungs-, Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsgesetze Norwegens. Sammlung der wichtigsten Gesetze, Verordnungen und Erlasse, with Reinhard Höhn and Herbert Schneider, Darmstadt 1942 ("Constitutional, Administrative and Economic Laws of Norway. Collection of the Most Important Laws, Regulations and Decrees")
 * Der Staatsaufbau des Deutschen Reichs in systematischer Darstellung, with Harry von Rosen and Rolf Schiedermair, Leipzig 1943 ("The State Structure of the German Reich: A Systematic Presentation")

title: Wilhelm Stuckart


text:
Talk:Sailing the Seas of Cheese

CD cover
Added link to album cover image. Kresock (talk) 06:28, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Sailing the Seas of Cheese. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120411124219/http://www.rockband.com/songs/jerrywasaracecar to http://www.rockband.com/songs/jerrywasaracecar
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110316065517/http://music.ign.com/articles/739/739699p1.html to http://music.ign.com/articles/739/739699p1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101210073830/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php to https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:29, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sailing the Seas of Cheese


text:
Talk:Frizzle Fry

Any reason why this page is really disputed. Regardless of the changes which may or may not have been made by Michael, the facts look pretty spot on to me?? - Hellboy1975

Any one know if the song Hello Skinny/Constantinople has anything to do with The song Istanbul(not Constantinople) By they might be giants? -Joe25

Is it worth mentioning that the rhythm at the beginning of "To defy the laws of tradition" is a reference to Rush's "YYZ"? --92.74.120.17 (talk) 22:04, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frizzle Fry


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shopping Centers

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Yiu Tung Shopping Centre.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Disgusting usage of Wikipedia as Yellowpages (unsigned additions by Avala @ 20:25, May 21, 2004)
 * Avala, I've consolidated your additions into one debate, since they are of the same ilk and you had the exact same deletion reason for each. Voters are asked to consider them on a case-by-case basis. --Ben Brockert 23:11, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

From Deletion log: As such, I've removed them from the debate. --Ben Brockert 23:37, May 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 23:29, 21 May 2004 Guanaco deleted "Hong Kong Shau Kei Wan Judo Club" (contact info/unsalvageable advert on non-famous business)
 * 23:29, 21 May 2004 Guanaco deleted "Hing Tung Shopping Centre" (useless source info/unsalvageable advert on non-famous business)
 * 23:28, 21 May 2004 Guanaco deleted "Oi Tung Shopping Centre" (source info/unsalvageable advert on a non-famous business)
 * 23:26, 21 May 2004 Guanaco deleted "Island East Sports Centre" (unsalvageable advert for some non-famous business)

 * Delete. The same valid argumentation (useless source info/unsalvageable advert on non-famous business) can be applied to the last remaining entry. Thue 00:33, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Apparently there's some debate on the validity of the argument. --Ben Brockert 18:33, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Regarding the above, I would agree with deletion in these cases, but NOT speedy deletion. Meelar 19:50, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not an article and not likely to be one - Tεx τ urε 02:53, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Crossposting

Crossposting is the act of posting the same message to multiple information channels; forums, mailing lists, or newsgroups. This is distinct from multiposting, which is the posting of separate identical messages, individually, to each channel, (a forum, a newsgroup, an email list, or topic area). Enforcement actions against crossposting individuals vary from simple admonishments up to total lifetime bans. In some cases, on email lists and forums, an individual is put under a stealth ban where their posts are distributed back to them as if they were being distributed normally, but the rest of the subscribers are not sent the messages. This is easily detected if the Stealthed individual has two different, and totally non-associated identities in the channel, such that the non-stealthed identity will see a different set of messages, lacking the posts of the stealthed individual, in their view of the channel.

Crossposting to groups that are irrelevant to the message posted could be considered spamming. Moreover, excessive crossposting is generally considered bad form because it multiplies traffic without adding any new content. In the extreme case, if all messages were crossposted to every email list or forum, then every email list or group would look exactly the same. A crossposter can minimize this problem by specifying that all responses be directed to a single group.

Crossposting in Usenet
In Usenet, the destination newsgroup(s) for a particular message is indicated in the " " line. Most commonly, just one newsgroup is specified. For example;

However, it is possible to specify that the message is intended for more than one newsgroup.

In this case, the message will be visible both in the  and   newsgroups. Despite appearing in two separate places, only one message has been posted. This has several advantages.

 * A crossposted message takes up less server storage space, and creates less network traffic, than if individual messages had been posted to multiple newsgroups.
 * Usenet reader software can intelligently track whether or not the user has already viewed the message in one newsgroup, even though they might currently be looking at another newsgroup. If multiple individual messages had been posted (i.e. the message's content was multiposted), each would appear to be a new unread message in each newsgroup.
 * Replies to crossposted messages will be, by default, also crossposted, and so conversations can occur between readers of the multiple newsgroups without any confusion, so long as nobody "breaks the thread" by changing the groups they post their reply to. This enables readers of one of the newsgroups in the crosspost to provide corrections, etc. to information posted by somebody in a different newsgroup. By adding a " " line a poster can indicate that answers to his post should be posted to another set of newsgroups than those listed by the " " line.
 * It avoids the fragmentation of replies which tends to occur with multiposted messages. It helps to avoid time wasted on writing a reply which has, in essence, been posted on another newsgroup but which the replier has not seen because they do not read that newsgroup or have not yet looked there.

Crossposting is usually practiced when material is relevant and of interest to the readers of more than one newsgroup. However, sometimes it is used maliciously to begin a thread between newsgroups whose readers are likely to have violently differing opinions, in the hope of provoking a conflict. This is a form of trolling.

Crossposting to more than a small number of newsgroups is likely to be counterproductive. A commonly suggested limit is three newsgroups.

Some NNTP servers drop posts which are crossposted to more than a set number of newsgroups, especially if no " " line exists.

title: Crossposting


text:
John Laws (judge)

Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws (10 May 1945 – 5 April 2020) was a Lord Justice of Appeal. He served from 1999 to 2016. He was the Goodhart Visiting Professor of Legal Science at the University of Cambridge, and an Honorary Fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge.

Early life
Laws was born on 10 May 1945, the son of Dr Frederic Laws and his wife Dr Margaret Ross, née McKenzie, the daughter of the Congregational minister and academic John Grant McKenzie. He was educated at Durham Chorister School, and as a King's Scholar at Durham School. He studied at Exeter College, Oxford as a Senior Open Classical Scholar, receiving a First Class BA in 1967, and an MA in 1976. He became an honorary fellow of the college in 2000.

Legal career
He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1970, and appointed a Bencher in 1985. He was appointed First Junior Treasury Counsel (Common Law) in 1984, and a Recorder in 1985, holding both positions until his appointment to the High Court in 1992.

Judicial career
Laws was appointed a High Court Judge in 1992, serving in the Queen's Bench Division, and was knighted at this time. He served until 1998, and in 1999 was appointed to the Court of Appeal as a Lord Justice of Appeal and appointed to the Privy Council.

Notable decisions
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council 2002 – Perhaps Sir John's most famous decision, and extremely controversial in the public law sphere. In it he recognises principles in common law contrary to parliamentary sovereignty. The foundation of his decision was on four propositions:
 * 1) All the specific rights and obligations which EU law creates are by the ECA incorporated into our domestic law and rank supreme: that is, anything in our substantive law inconsistent with any of these rights and obligations is abrogated or must be modified to avoid the inconsistency. This is true even where the inconsistent municipal provision is contained in primary legislation.
 * 2) The ECA is a constitutional statute: that is, it cannot be impliedly repealed. A constitutional statute can, however, be explicitly repealed by a subsequent statute.
 * 3) The truth of (2) is derived, not from EU law, but purely from the law of England: the common law recognises a category of constitutional statutes.
 * 4) The fundamental legal basis of the United Kingdom's relationship with the EU rests with the domestic, not the European, legal powers. In the event, which no doubt would never happen in the real world, that a European measure was seen to be repugnant to a fundamental or constitutional right guaranteed by the law of England, a question would arise whether the general words of the ECA were sufficient to incorporate the measure and give it overriding effect in domestic law. But that is very far from this case.

R v Somerset County Council, ex parte Fewings – Sir John sat in the first instance hearing of this historic case, concerning the legality of a decision made to prohibit hunting on a small area of land which the council had acquired and was argued to maintain under s120(1)(b) Local Government Act 1972.

McFarlane v Relate Avon Ltd – Sir John attracted considerable press attention for stating "The promulgation of law for the protection of a position held purely on religious grounds [...] is irrational, as preferring the subjective over the objective. But it is also divisive, capricious and arbitrary." This was in response to a witness statement submitted by former Archbishop of Canterbury Lord Carey that Christians should be afforded special protections under equality legislation on the grounds of earnestly held religious belief.

Constitutional theory
Sir John Laws is noted for his extrajudicial writings in the journal, Public Law. His most notable contribution, "Law and Democracy", asserts that the constitution would be undemocratic if it gave all the power under it to the elected government. Therefore, it is the constitution, and not Parliament, that should be sovereign in the British constitution. He posits that the constitution must create a "higher-order law" in which human rights and constitutional fundamentals in a democracy can be protected by the courts against the abuses of government. This position stems from a fundamental distrust of the political constitution in holding the executive to account. It is similar in form to Quintin Hogg, Lord Hailsham's claim that in Britain there is an "elective dictatorship". Sir John does not see this shift to the legal sphere as being anti-democratic because judges uphold apolitical values that no politician would contest and are above the arguments that take place in the political sphere between politicians of political parties.

These statements are certainly controversial and have been fiercely contested by academics such as John Griffith and Martin Loughlin, both professors at the London School of Economics. The essential arguments made by these authors are to the effect that the metaphysical principles that Sir John cites are highly contentious. A good example of this is Laws' love of freedom of expression. When is it right for racist or sexist comments to be illegal? Whilst for Griffith it should be up to a democratically elected legislature to decide such tricky moral issues, for Laws it is firmly a matter of law for the judges to decide. The problem with the latter approach, according to Griffith, stems from the fact that judges cannot be removed if the decisions they make are judged to be wrong by citizens of a polity. For Laws, on the other hand, such counter-majoritarianism is a beneficial aspect of the law, which acts to protect those that are vulnerable in society against the tyranny of the majority.

Personal life
Sir John married Sophie Susan Sydenham Cole Marshall in 1973, with whom he had one daughter. Lady Laws died in 2017. He was a member of the Garrick Club. He was the maternal uncle of political adviser Dominic Cummings.

Sir John Laws was the Visitor at Cumberland Lodge since 2004.

On 5 April 2020, he died in Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, where he was originally being treated for sepsis and other conditions, due to health complications from COVID-19.

title: John Laws (judge)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sycamore trees

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Sycamore trees.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to redirect to Sycamore.

There already is the current American_sycamore article, and the (unrelated) Sycamore maple stub. Content could be moved, and the article replaced with a redirect, but then that redirect would be to the disambiguation page Sycamore. Hence I suggest that useful content be added to the two existing articles, and this page be deleted altogether. Imc 21:50, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Sycamore. That can be useful because users might search for "Sycamore trees". Andris 05:03, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge any useful content and redir to disamb page. A) gets people where they want to go, and B) keeps us from repeating this exercise when the next person thinks something should be at "sycamore trees". Niteowlneils 14:30, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Niteowlneils. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:55, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of hospitals in Cuba

This is a list of hospitals in Cuba. There are no private hospitals or clinics in Cuba, as all health services are government-run. There were 150 hospitals in Cuba, as of 2019.

Havana

Active and notable hospitals in Havana, capital of Cuba, are listed below. The hospital name in English and Spanish and date first opened are included.

Other cities

Active and notable hospitals in other cities include:

Defunct hospitals

 * Hospital de San Lázaro, Havana (Royal Hospital of San Lázaro), Barrio de San Lázaro, 1781-1916
 * St. Ambrose Hospital, 1568-1899
 * Hospital of San Felipe and Santiago (San Juan de Dios)
 * Belemitas Hospital
 * Hospice of San Isidro

title: List of hospitals in Cuba


text:
User talk:T-rence

Welcome to Wikipedia! Here is a page I encourage you to read first: Neutral point of view. Wikipedia has few rules, but this is the central rule, laid down as non-negotiable by Jimbo Wales, who is the one who gets to have the final say cause he owns the website :-) I think knowing the rule will also help you quite a bit! Happy editing! ChessPlayer 23:13, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:T-rence


text:
Kwantung Leased Territory

The Kwantung Leased Territory was a leased territory of the Empire of Japan in the Liaodong Peninsula from 1905 to 1945.

Japan first acquired Kwantung from the Qing Empire in perpetuity in 1895 in the Treaty of Shimonoseki after victory in the First Sino-Japanese War. Kwantung was located at the militarily and economically significant southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula at the entrance of the Bohai Sea, and included the port city of Ryojun (Port Arthur/Lüshunkou). Japan lost Kwantung weeks later in the Triple Intervention and the Qing transferred the lease to the Russian Empire in 1898, who governed the territory as Russian Dalian and rapidly developed infrastructure and the city of Dairen (Dalniy/Dalian). Japan re-acquired the Kwantung lease from Russia in 1905 in the Treaty of Portsmouth after victory in the Russo-Japanese War, continued to rapidly develop the territory, and obtained extraterritorial rights known as the South Manchuria Railway Zone. Japan extended the lease with the Republic of China in the Twenty-One Demands and used Kwantung as a base to launch the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Kwantung Leased Territory ceased to exist following the Surrender of Japan in World War II in September 1945 when the Soviet Red Army began to administer the region until Kwantung and the Lüshun base was handed over to the People's Republic of China on 16 April 1955.

Etymology
The name "Kwantung" is a historical name for Manchuria that literally translates to "east of (Shanhai) Pass" (Manchuria was separated from the rest of China by the Great Wall, and Shanhai Pass was the main pass used to travel between the two). The peninsula extending from southern Manchuria (now called the Liaodong Peninsula) was therefore often called the "Guandong (Kwantung) Peninsula". The leased territory was located on this peninsula, so took its name from it.

In Japanese, Kwantung is pronounced Kantō and it is often referred to as Kantō-shū to avoid confusion with the Kantō region surrounding the capital Tokyo.

History
In Qing dynasty China, the Liaodong Peninsula was administratively part of Liaoning Province. In 1882, the Beiyang Fleet established a naval base and coaling station at Lüshunkou near the southern end of the peninsula.

The Empire of Japan occupied the region during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), and under the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed by Japan and China ending the war in April 1895, Japan gained full sovereignty of the area. However, within weeks, Germany, France and Russia pressured Japan to cede the territory back to China, in what was called the Triple Intervention. In December 1897, Russian naval vessels entered Lüshunkou harbor, which they began to use as a forward base of operations for patrols off of northern China, Korea and in the Sea of Japan. The Russian Empire renamed the harbor Port Arthur. In March 1898 Russia formally leased the region for 25 years from China. The leased area extended to the northern shore of Yadang Bay on the western side of the peninsula; on the eastern side it reached Pikou; Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, chief of Russian Pacific Fleet, became the head of this territory. The peninsula north of the lease was made a neutral territory in which China agreed not to offer concessions to other countries. In 1899, Russia founded the town of Dalniy (meaning "distant" or "remote"), just north of the naval base at Port Arthur. This would later become the city of Dalian (Dairen).

In 1898 Russia began building a railroad north from Port Arthur to link Dalniy with the Chinese Eastern Railway at Harbin; this spur line was the South Manchurian Railway.

Under the Portsmouth Treaty (1905) resulting from the Russo-Japanese War, Japan replaced Russia as leaseholder. Port Arthur was renamed Ryojun (旅順), and Dalniy was renamed Dairen (大連). Japan also obtained extraterritorial rights in the region north of the territory adjacent to the 885 km South Manchurian Railway in 1905 (i.e. the South Manchuria Railway Zone), which was extended north of Mukden to Changchun. These rights, along with the railway and several spur lines were passed to the corporation known as the South Manchurian Railway Company.

Japan established the Kwantung Governor-general (關東都督府) to administer the new territory, and based the Kwantung Garrison to defend it and the railway. The Kwantung Garrison later became the Kwantung Army, which played an instrumental role in the founding of Manchukuo. In negotiations with the Republic of China under the Twenty-One Demands, the terms of the lease of the Kwantung Leased Territory were extended to 99 years.

After the foundation of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo in 1932, Japan regarded the sovereignty of the leased territory as transferred from China to Manchukuo. A new lease agreement was contracted between Japan and the government of Manchukuo, and Japan transferred the South Manchurian Railway Zone to Manchukuo. However, Japan retained the Kwantung Leased Territory as a territory apart from the nominally-independent Manchukuo until its surrender at the end of World War II in 1945.

After World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the territory and the Soviet Navy made use of the Ryojun Naval Base. The Soviet Union turned it over to the People's Republic of China in 1955.

Administration
In a reorganization of 1919, the Kwantung Garrison was renamed the Kwantung Army and separated from the civilian administration of the territory, which was designated the Kwantung Bureau (關東廳). The Kantō-cho initially directly reported to the office of the Prime Minister of Japan; later it was subordinated to the Ministry of Colonial Affairs. Internally, the Kwantung Leased Area was divided into two districts, with two cities and nine towns. The city assemblies were in part elected, and in part appointed by the governor.

Economy
Massive capital investment was concentrated in Dairen (now the capital of the territory), wherein Japanese firms developed a significant industrial infrastructure, as well as creating a first class port out of the mediocre natural harbor. The facilities of the port at Dairen and its free trade port status made it the principal trade gateway to northeast China. The South Manchurian Railway Company was headquartered in Dairen, and some of the profits from its operation were channelled into transforming Dairen into a showcase city of modern city planning and modern architecture, with hospitals, universities and a large industrial zone.

Demographics
In the Japanese national census of 1935, the population of the Kwantung Leased Territory was 1,034,074, of whom 168,185 were Japanese nationals. The numbers excluded military personnel. The area of the territory was 3500 km2.

title: Kwantung Leased Territory