text:
Talk:Wayland the Smith

Swords
"Caliburn, in Mary Stewart's Arthurian Legend, is the sword of Macsen, Merlin, and Arther." Well, yes: but does Mary Stewart ever say that Caliburn was forged by Wayland? Does anyone? If so, please provide a citation! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.114.17.129 (talk) 18:30, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

From a redirect
from Wayland Smith, which now redirects to Weyland:
 * "He was the son of a sailor and a mermaid and is King of the Elves. He has two brothers. One is named Egil, also a smith.

 * In France he is known as Gallans, in Germany as Wieland, and in Norse Legend as Volund or Volundr."

Moved here because I can't verify most of it—specifically, the part about his family and his French name (Google is no help, and there are no links to Gallans). —No-One Jones 21:59, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Similar names
The_Master_and_Margarita has a character with a noticeably similiar name. Any connection?

the character Waylon Smithers, from the animated TV show "The Simpsons", may be named in reference to Weyland Smithy or the "Fables" character of a similar name.

Article title
So far as I can see, the current title, "Wayland Smith" isn't attested by either reference, and isn't the most common name, in general. Wouldn't either Wayland the Smith or simply Wayland be more logical? Alai 03:12, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I did some googling before I requested it be moved. Wayland Smith appears to be a well-attested name, and IMHO it is both common and unambiguous. However, I'd personally prefer just Wayland.--Berig 16:08, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * But neither reference, so there's a total disjunct between the title, and the contents of the article. Your google search includes hits like this on the first page, and other such variations.  I certainly don't think it's the most common term, raw google results aside.  I'd have no objection to Wayland or Weyland (one redirects here, one is a disambig, just to confuse matters).  Alai 05:01, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Cognate with Vulcan?
A quick google adds some credence to my impression that Vulcan and Weyland are cognate and culturally equivalent. Is this a common belief, or just what the eccentrics are saying? If I knew better I'd edit a section in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Steewi (talk • contribs) 03:48, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Being held captive and flying away on a bird has a whiff of Daedalus about it nej? 62.196.17.197 (talk) 13:03, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Weland/Völundr/Vulcan are certainly plausible cognates, especially the first part of the name. If the Germanic name was originally something like *Wôlhund it would be even more transparent. Regarding Daedalus, it does seem that he rather than Hephaistos is the closest Greek equivalent. As Hephaistos came from Lemnos (which spoke a language like Etruscan) he surely isn't an Indo-European god, Daedalus may have been the original native Greek smith-god. Walshie79 (talk) 16:43, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

Having investigated it further, I'd also like to offer the possibility that Welund is derived from the Indo-European *Welunos/Werunos (see The king and the god). I had originally thought this unlikely because of the difference between Varuna, Ouranos (sky gods) and Welund the smith god, but then I found out that Ilmarinen (who is very similar to Welund) is cognate with a sky god in another Uralic language. So there could have been a development in northern Europe that turned the sky gods into smiths: whether it began in Finnish/Saami or Germanic is debatable. The Norse tale of Volundr being a Finn however would fit nicely with him (originally Welunos) having absorbed elements of Ilmarinen. Walshie79 (talk) 22:29, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

"Wayland's assistant is Flibbertigibbet"
I've never heard that before and there's no citation. In the Flibbertigibbet article, the same assertion appears, citing... this article! Should Wikipedia really be citing itself for something it's got no external reference for? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.37.81 (talk) 17:20, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I'll add the fact template to both articles and it should be removed if no source can be found.  A supernatural meaning certainly existed around 1600 (e.g. in A Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures 1603, & King Lear), but that's quite a distance from Anglo-Saxon mythology.  Indeed Wiktionary call this a Middle English word, first attested in 1450. I get the impression there are no detailed English sources on Wayland either, so it would be surprising if they listed a sidekick. ☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 16:28, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Rape?
I don't agree with the references to Weyland's rape of Bodvild. The texts seem to suggest that she was seduced, not raped. There are references to them as "lovers" and their "lust" which do not imply rape to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.10.91.104 (talk) 17:45, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

This happens a lot in myth studies, people seem almost eager to make things more dark and questionable. Nut it does not help that there are multiple versions and that some mythologies like greek were pretty rape filled. That all said I thought they got together willingly as well. 65.183.214.150 (talk)

 * Also, be aware that, certainly under Roman law raptio - kidnapping or abduction (from which we derive "rape" - hence "the rape of the lock" or references to the Argonauts "raping" the golden fleece ... Mythic Greeks weren't that weird) was often assumed to include sexual assault (see history of rape) but didn't have to. Historically an elopement might well have been considered raptio as might ritual "bride kidnapping" by someone unfamiliar with the concept. 62.196.17.197 (talk) 12:34, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Just another way to portray Germans as "evil". Has this been fixed yet?2601:806:4301:C100:5CC9:7D44:20AB:AF35 (talk) 16:36, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Yeah, can we ban the rape troll? I tried to edit it and it was revered several times. 2601:806:4301:C100:5CA7:743D:3495:5115 (talk) 00:10, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I am not a "troll," nor I am in any way trying to portray Germans as "evil" (unless, for some bizarre reason, you consider Wayland representative of all Germans). In the actual story, Wayland drugs Bödvild and rapes her. I am not making this up. Here is a quotation from the Encyclopaedia Britannica article on the subject: "Wayland was captured by the Swedish king Nídud (Nithad, or Níduth), lamed to prevent his escape, and forced to work in the king’s smithy. In revenge, he killed Nídud’s two young sons and made drinking bowls from their skulls, which he sent to their father. He also raped their sister, Bödvild, when she brought a gold ring to be mended, and then he escaped by magical flight through the air." It that is not enough to convince you, here is a quotation from John Osborne's translation of the Old English Deor poem, describing Bödvild's grief:
 * "To Beadohilde, her brothers' death was not
 * so painful to her heart as her own problem
 * which she had readily perceived
 * that she was pregnant; nor could she ever
 * foresee without fear how things would turn out.
 * That went by, so can this." --Katolophyromai (talk) 01:55, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed - without knowing the original texts, this is certainly how scholarship normally deals with the incident (shown for example on the Franks Casket). Are some people misled by versions tidied up for children's books, perhaps? Johnbod (talk) 12:43, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Your suggestion sounds essentially spot-on, though I would amend it to state that the sanitized retellings are probably intended for adults rather than for children, since even the sanitized version would not usually be considered child-appropriate, what with all Wayland murdering Bödvild's brothers, carving their skulls into goblets and delivering them to her father. Since children's books usually eliminate all references to sex, I doubt that the part about Wayland "seducing" Bödvild would be deemed appropriate for a children's book either. --Katolophyromai (talk) 15:54, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Wieland is an important German cultural figure. Intentionally attacking this story is certainly racist. Being pregnant is not indicative of being raped. The story in question revolves around Wieland winning a request by the king to destroy his enemies and win his daughter's hand as reward. As someone pointed out, it would be strange that a rape victim and rapist would be called "lovers" and that they "lusted" for each other. Rape was a very serious offense in Germanic societies. As opposed to cultures like Rome, rape could be OK, depending on who was raped. The Germans did not tolerate it at all. There have been several articles in wikipedia that falsely tried to add homosexuality to many historical German figures as well. Many, I have successfully fixed (without trollish reverting). You need the original texts? I have quite an extensive collection of original prints, re-prints, and digital editions of Germanic literature. If you want me to present forensic evidence for the case of Wieland, I can. For now, since it is admitted that those here are ignorant of the original text, the article should simply mention the pregnancy, but not how it came about. What edition are those EB's you are reading, by the way? 2601:806:4301:C100:A9A8:7FC4:5448:32B7 (talk) 14:16, 14 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Let's be clear. A simple google search shows that rape is the standard scholarly classification of the incident, and always has been. There are no doubt variant versions of the myth, and perhaps arguments that some texts are ambiguous etc, but we do not need original research here. If there are good scholarly sources discussing the question, then by all means add something on them and the discussion, but it is clear that clearing Wayland's name on this has aq long way to go. Johnbod (talk) 15:43, 14 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I have already provided a link to the | online Encyclopedia Britannica article, which is the one that I have quoted from above. Your assertion that rape was considered in serious offense in Germanic societies, but not in Roman society, lacks a reference and is irrelevant to this discussion; whether or not the ancient Germanic peoples considered rape to be immoral has nothing to do with whether or not Wayland raped Bödvild in this particular story. The ancient Germanics no doubt considered murder to be immoral, and yet they clearly had no qualms about portraying Wayland as having murdered Bödvild's brothers. As far as I am concerned, this dispute has already long been settled. Your argument that saying that Wayland raped Bödvild is somehow "racist" is patently ridiculous. Wayland is a mythical figure and he does not represent all Germans. In any case, die Vorstellung, dass ich rassistisch zu Deutschen bin, ist irrwitzig, weil fast alle meine Mutters Familie von deutsche Abstammung sind. Das macht mich mindestens teilweise deutsch. By the way, presenting "forensic evidence" would be very difficult in this case, since the term "forensic evidence" strictly refers to evidence gathered from a crime scene that is used to identify a criminal, which is not what this discussion is about. --Katolophyromai (talk) 16:36, 14 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. And as far as the Anglo-Saxons were concerned (Germanic and fans of Wayland) the rape and enslavement of female prisoners (unless very high-ranking) seems to have been absolutely normal and routine. Also the Norsemen. How nice to hear that Continental Germans were better behaved! Johnbod (talk) 19:50, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * You two are clearly biased trolls. Your actions can get you permanently banned from wikipedia. You cannot just make stuff up. Also, everyone know that the EB online is garbage. It's nearly as bad as wikipedia. Further, the page you are referencing, DOES NOT EXIST! 2601:806:4301:C100:9962:F409:8C2E:C173 (talk) 03:22, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I am not making stuff up. Your bald assertion, on the other hand, that "everyone know [sic] that the EB online is garbage" seems to be entirely made-up, since, as far as I am aware, you are the only person who thinks this. I would also like to apologize for your difficulties accessing the Encyclopedia Britannica article; the page I am referencing does exist and I have already provided two links to it. The first link works perfectly, but my second link is, unfortunately, broken for some reason. Here is a third link, just in case you were unable to find the first one: --Katolophyromai (talk) 16:31, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

 * The article is 2 PARAGRAPHS long. Trash. I am not a professional and can write pages on the topic. Funny how the article on the woman in question, Böðvildr, mentions that she was a happy Wife and mother of the hero Wudga . I guess you guys need to get over to that article and vandalise it as well! Oh, and putting (sic) after a typo just shows what a troll you really are. Keep ruining wikipedia, guys! 2601:806:4301:C100:715E:F0D4:544A:F17B (talk) 17:26, 16 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Putting sic in brackets after a grammatical error in a quotation is the formally agreed-upon method in standard English of indicating that the error was present in the original quoted text and is not a transcription error on the part of the copyist. It in no way indicates that the person quoting the text is a "troll." --Katolophyromai (talk) 03:30, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I am a professor of Linguistics and did not encounter this, until I encountered you. 2601:806:4301:C100:82D:4490:4B01:86BC (talk) 18:39, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

To add to the rape agenda. Old Norse, Thidrekssaga, Þiðreks saga, clearly says "seduced". Does this not meet wikilaw standards? Maybe there is a difference in some of the old text. But the fact remains that there are stories that mention her as an honoured, loved wife. Not a rape victim.

https://ppk.home.xs4all.nl/nibelung/sum.htm#VI

2601:806:4301:C100:3D03:652C:8417:1ECB (talk) 21:12, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Interesting. the article Niðhad ALSO says "seduced". Böðvildr mentions she was a happy wife and mother of the hero Viðga .2601:806:4301:C100:3D03:652C:8417:1ECB (talk) 21:32, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

In Modern Fiction
The reference to cartoon character Waylon Smithers is pure speculation. This character has a wiki page, where it is referenced that the name Waylon came from the puppeteer Wayland Flowers. There is no evidence offered for any link between Wayland the Smith and the cartoon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wayo231 (talk • contribs) 21:11, 9 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I've removed the reference to the Weyland-Yutani Company from the Alien franchise, as there wasn't any explanation for any sort of connection. Iapetus (talk) 15:29, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * There may be, even if only speculation. It was like some super-engineering company, right? Sounds similar to the smith.73.220.34.167 (talk) 08:26, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

Schwanhilde?
Where did the story on here go about falling in love with, and rescuing Schwanhilde?73.220.34.167 (talk) 08:27, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

This one. Copied from here:

"Swanhilde is the daughter of a marriage between a mortal woman and a fairy king, who forbids his wife to ask about his origins; on her asking him he vanishes. Swanhilde and her sisters are however able to fly as swans. But wounded by a spear, Swanhilde falls to earth and is rescued by the master-craftsman Wieland, and marries him, putting aside her wings and her magic ring of power. Wieland's enemies, the Neidings, under Princess Bathilde, steal the ring, kidnap Swanhilde and destroy Wieland's home. When Wieland searches for Swanhilde, they entrap and cripple him. However he fashions wings for himself and escapes with Swanhilde as the house of the Neidings is destroyed." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:558:6012:5A:565:ABEA:FCDE:5BBD (talk) 22:33, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

"Finn" does not mean "Finnish"
In old Scandinavian texts "Finn" refers mainly to Sámi (outdated form: "Lapp") rather than Finnish people. The term finnakonung is generally translated as "Sámi king", not "Finnish king". The literature tends to refer to Sámi chieftains/leaders as "Finn Kings", such as Svåse father of Snefrid in the stories of Harald Fairhair.

On a side note, it is interesting to consider Völundrs status as one of three sons of a "Finn king" in relation to the traditional Norwegian connection between smithy labor and Sámi ethnicity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.215.19.208 (talk) 09:13, 13 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Regarding this and the recent edit, is there a source for this? I'm not doubting the claim's veracity, it would just be nice to have it supported somehow.--Ermenrich (talk) 17:01, 6 May 2018 (UTC)
 * There is not. The Lapps have never been known to be smiths. They make everything from deer. They do no metal work at all. This is silly. As for "Finn". It does refer to the Lapps. But not in this case. Wieland's reference to being a Finn simply meant he was magical, as the Lapps have been perceived for generations. Alpharts Tod (talk) 16:49, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Check out the etymology section on the wiki page for the county of Finnmark, Sami people or Finns. The Norwegian and Swedish wiki pages on Volund both describe him as sami. The Norwegian lexicon "Store Norske Leksikon" also has an article on the matter: https://snl.no/finner_-_samer. The strongest english language source I have found is probably in this paper by Else Mundal at the University of Bergen: http://rp-www.arts.usyd.edu.au/medieval/saga/pdf/346-mundal.pdf 84.209.154.143 (talk) 18:04, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

Etymology
I'm not seeing any etymological information that supports Rosenfeld's "Wela-nandaz" as meaning "battle brave."

George T. Gillespie in, I believe, 'A Catalogue of Persons Named in Germanic Heroic Literature' suggests the name derives instead from the proto-germanic verb *welan/* Wilą -which pertains to crafting.

 * Wilą + *-ndz would therefore mean "The crafting one" and seems more appropriate Gundahariggs (talk) 14:44, 29 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The reconstruction *Wēlandaz does not add up either. *Wilan + *-ndz would not yield a long ē in the first syllable. — Mnemosientje (t · c) 14:15, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Related to Daedalus?
Encountering this for the first time, but does anyone know if there's a relation between Wayland and Daedalus? The stories seem similar (minus Icarus). Econtheory (talk) 02:07, 8 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Possibly. The similarity was discovered already in the Middle Ages, and the Icelanders considered them equivalents. Note that there are similarities between the myths of Indo-European speaking peoples from India to Ireland, and similarities may go back to common myths that are maybe 5000 years old, see Proto-Indo-European mythology.--Berig (talk) 06:15, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 9 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 13:26, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Wayland the Smith → Wayland (folklore) – The current title seems rather odd to me. In any primary source I've read on him he is just referred to by his name without "the Smith" added. Modern scholarship also seems to overwhelmingly go with just his name such as Wayland, Weland, Volund and so on. In my opinion, this page title should match common use in modern scholarship and primary sources rather than a title which seems not to have a great foundation. Ingwina (talk) 09:46, 9 December 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose still commonname In ictu oculi (talk) 13:32, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Common name and natural disambiguation. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:50, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wayland the Smith


text:
Output impedance

In electrical engineering, the output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical source. The output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in voltage when the load draws current, the source network being the portion of the network that transmits and the load network being the portion of the network that consumes.

Because of this the output impedance is sometimes referred to as the source impedance or internal impedance.

Description
All devices and connections have non-zero resistance and reactance, and therefore no device can be a perfect source. The output impedance is often used to model the source's response to current flow. Some portion of the device's measured output impedance may not physically exist within the device; some are artifacts that are due to the chemical, thermodynamic, or mechanical properties of the source. This impedance can be imagined as an impedance in series with an ideal voltage source, or in parallel with an ideal current source (see: Series and parallel circuits).

Sources are modeled as ideal sources (ideal meaning sources that always keep the desired value) combined with their output impedance. The output impedance is defined as this modeled and/or real impedance in series with an ideal voltage source. Mathematically, current and voltage sources can be converted to each other using Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem.

In the case of a nonlinear device, such as a transistor, the term "output impedance" usually refers to the effect upon a small-amplitude signal, and will vary with the bias point of the transistor, that is, with the direct current (DC) and voltage applied to the device.

Measurement
The source resistance of a purely resistive device can be experimentally determined by increasingly loading the device until the voltage across the load (AC or DC) is one half of the open circuit voltage. At this point, the load resistance and internal resistance are equal.

It can more accurately be described by keeping track of the voltage vs current curves for various loads, and calculating the resistance from Ohm's law. (The internal resistance may not be the same for different types of loading or at different frequencies, especially in devices like chemical batteries.)

The generalized source impedance for a reactive (inductive or capacitive) source device is more complicated to determine, and is usually measured with specialized instruments, rather than taking many measurements by hand.

Audio amplifiers

The real output impedance (ZS) of a power amplifier is usually less than 0.1 Ω, but this is rarely specified. Instead it is "hidden" within the damping factor parameter, which is:

DF = \frac{Z_\mathrm{L}}{Z_\mathrm{S}} $$

Solving for ZS,

Z_\mathrm{S} = \frac{Z_\mathrm{L}}{DF} $$

gives the small source impedance (output impedance) of the power amplifier. This can be calculated from the ZL of the loudspeaker (typically 2, 4, or 8 ohms) and the given value of the damping factor.

Generally in audio and hifi, the input impedance of components is several times (technically, more than 10) the output impedance of the device connected to them. This is called impedance bridging or voltage bridging.

In this case, ZL>> ZS, (in practice:) DF > 10

In video, RF, and other systems, impedances of inputs and outputs are the same. This is called impedance matching or a matched connection.

In this case, ZS = ZL, DF = 1/1 = 1.

The actual output impedance for most devices is not the same as the rated output impedance. A power amplifier may have a rated impedance of 8 ohms, but the actual output impedance will vary depending on circuit conditions. The rated output impedance is the impedance into which the amplifier can deliver its maximum amount of power without failing.

Batteries
Internal resistance is a concept that helps model the electrical consequences of the complex chemical reactions inside a battery. It is impossible to directly measure the internal resistance of a battery, but it can be calculated from current and voltage data measured from a circuit. When a load is applied to a battery, the internal resistance can be calculated from the following equations:
 * $$\begin{align}

R_B &= \left( \frac{Vs}{I} \right) - R_L \\ &=       \frac{V_S - V_L}{I} \end{align}$$

where
 * $$R_B$$ is the internal resistance of the battery
 * $$V_S$$ is the battery voltage without a load
 * $$V_L$$ is the battery voltage with a load
 * $$R_L$$ is the total resistance of the circuit
 * $$I$$ is the total current supplied by the battery

Internal resistance varies with the age of a battery, but for most commercial batteries the internal resistance is on the order of 1 ohm.

When there is a current through a cell, the measured e.m.f. is lower than when there is no current delivered by the cell. The reason for this is that part of the available energy of the cell is used up to drive charges through the cell. This energy is wasted by the so-called "internal resistance" of that cell. This wasted energy shows up as lost voltage. Internal resistance is $$r=\frac{E - V_L}{I}$$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Output impedance


text:
Battle of Montgisard

The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid Dynasty on 25 November 1177 at Montgisard, in the Levant between Ramla and Yibna. The 16-year-old Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, severely afflicted by leprosy, led outnumbered Christian forces against Saladin's troops in what became one of the most notable engagements of the Crusades. The Muslim Army was quickly routed and pursued for twelve miles. Saladin fled back to Cairo, reaching the city on 8 December, with only a tenth of his army. Muslim historians considered Saladin's defeat to be so severe that it was only redeemed by his victory ten years later at the battles of Cresson and Hattin and the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187. Saladin did defeat Baldwin IV in the Battle of Marj Ayyun and the Siege of Jacob’s Ford in 1179, only to be defeated by Baldwin again at the Battle of Belvoir Castle in 1182 and the Siege of Kerak in 1183.

Background
In 1177, King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, and Philip of Alsace who had recently arrived on pilgrimage, planned an alliance with the Byzantine Empire for a naval attack on Egypt; but none of these plans came to fruition. Instead, Philip decided to join Raymond III of Tripoli’s expedition to attack the Saracen stronghold of Harim in northern Syria. A large Crusader army, the Knights Hospitaller and many Knights Templar followed him. This left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with few troops to defend its various territories. Meanwhile, Saladin was planning his own invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Egypt. When he was informed of the expedition north, he wasted no time in organizing a raid and invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem with an army of some 21,000–26,000/30,000 men. Learning of Saladin's plans, Baldwin IV left Jerusalem with, according to William of Tyre, only 375 Knights to attempt a defense at Ascalon, but Baldwin was stalled there by a detachment of troops sent by Saladin. Saladin left part of his army to besiege Gaza and a smaller force at Ascalon and marched northward with the rest.

Opposing forces
The true numbers are impossible to estimate, since the Christian sources refer only to knights and give no account of the number of infantry and turcopoles, except that it is evident from the number of the dead and wounded that there must have been more men than the 375 Knights. It is also uncertain whether the so-called knights included mounted sergeants or squires, or whether they were true knights. One contemporary chronicler gave a strength of 7,000 for the Crusader army, while another contemporary estimate of 20,000 was probably a textual corruption of 10,000. However, modern historians generally deem the number of Frankish troops to have been lower; 80 Templars and 375 Knights for less than 500 armored heavy cavalry, as well as 2,500 to 4,000 infantry and archers (spearmen, swordsmen, axemen, crossbowmen and turcopoles), could explain why Saladin did not remotely believe such a tiny force of Christians should be considered a threat and marched at his leisure on Jerusalem, allowing his army to spread out across the countryside to pillage the Kingdom of Jerusalem’s farmlands.

Just as uncertain are the numbers of their opponents. An 1181 review listed Saladin's Mamluk forces at 6,976 Ghulams and 1,553 Qaraghulams. However, there would have been additional soldiers available in Syria and elsewhere, while auxiliaries might have accompanied the Mamluks. William of Tyre reported Saladin's strength as 26,000, while an anonymous chronicler estimated 12,000 Turkish and 9,000 Arab troops, which Stevenson calls "greatly exaggerated". Accompanying Baldwin was Raynald de Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, who had just been released from captivity in Aleppo in 1176. Raynald of Châtillon was a fierce enemy of Saladin and was King Baldwin's second-in-command. Also with the army were Baldwin of Ibelin, his brother Balian, Reginald Grenier and Joscelin III of Edessa. Eudes de Saint-Amand, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, came with 80 Templar Knights. Another Templar force attempted to meet Baldwin IV at Ascalon, but they remained besieged at Gaza.

Battle
Saladin continued his march towards Jerusalem, believing that Baldwin IV wouldn't follow him. He attacked Ramla, Lydda and Arsuf, but because Baldwin was supposedly not a danger, he allowed his army to be spread out over a large area, pillaging and foraging. However, unknown to Saladin, the forces he had left to subdue the King had been insufficient and now both Baldwin and the Templars were marching to intercept him before he reached Jerusalem.

The Christians, led by the King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, pursued the Muslims along the coast, finally catching their enemies at Mons Gisardi (Montgisard), near Ramla. The location is disputed, as Ramla was a large region that included the town under the same name. Malcolm Barber equates Mons Gisardi with the mound of Al-Safiya. Saladin's chronicler Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani refers to the battle taking place by the mound of Al-Safiya, potentially modern Tell es-Safi near the village of Menehem, not far from Ashkelon, and within the contemporary Ramla province. Al-Safiya means white and, indeed, the Es-Safi hill is white with the foundations of a Crusader Castle recently found at the top, called Blanchegarde. Ibn al-Athīr, one of the Arab chroniclers, mentions that Saladin intended to lay siege to a Crusader Castle in the area. But Saladin's baggage train had been apparently mired. There is a small stream north of Tell es-Safi bordering farmland that in November might have been plowed up and muddy enough to hinder the passage of the baggage train. The Egyptian chroniclers agree that the baggage had been delayed at a river crossing. Saladin was taken totally by surprise. His army was in disarray: part had been held up by the mired baggage train while another part of his force had scattered into raiding parties across the countryside. Saladin misread the danger and threat that Baldwin and his army was presenting to Saladin’s raiding forces. He mistakenly assumed that Baldwin was actually scared of Saladin’s army. The horses were tired from the long march. Some men had to hurry to collect their weapons from the baggage train. Saladin purposely left his baggage train in al-Arish so that his army would quickly move through Palestine. This would force his army to live off of the supplies and food that they had pillaged and took from villagers. Saladin's army, in a state of panic, scrambled to make battle lines against the enemy. King Baldwin IV ordered the relic of the True Cross to be raised in front of the troops. The King, whose teenage body was already ravaged by aggressive leprosy, was helped from his horse and dropped to his knees before the cross. He prayed to God for victory and rose to his feet to cheers from his men, who were moved by what they had just witnessed. Though Baldwin was very ill and could barely ride his horse, he decided it was too late to turn back and went into attack.

The Jerusalem army attacked the hurriedly arranged Muslims, inflicting heavy casualties. The King Baldwin IV, fighting with bandaged hands to cover his sores, was in the thick of the fighting. Egyptian effective command was under Saladin's nephew Taqi ad-Din. Taqi ad-Din apparently attacked while Saladin was putting his Mamluk guard together. As was hoped, Baldwin’s army caught a portion of Saladin’s army off guard. It turned out that Saladin himself led that section. Saladin called scouts to call in all the immediate sections for help. Then the sultan signaled for the start and deployment of battle. Taqi's son Ahmad died in the early fighting. Saladin's men were quickly overwhelmed. Saladin himself only avoided capture by escaping, as Ralph de Diceto claims, on a racing camel. By nightfall, those Egyptians that were with the Sultan had reached Caunetum Esturnellorum near the mound of Tell el-Hesi. This is about 25 miles from Ramla. It is only about 7 km from Tell es-Safi (al-Safiya).

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem pursued Saladin until nightfall, and then retired to Ascalon. Only a remnant of his army made it back to Egypt with him.

Aftermath
The cause of Saladin’s retreatment and Christian victory struck all Muslims. Some of Saladin’s parties even lied and said they had won the war. Baldwin IV memorialized his victory by erecting a Benedictine monastery on the battlefield, dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria, whose feast day fell on the day of the battle. However, it was a difficult victory; Roger de Moulins, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, reported that 1,100 men had been killed and 750 returned home wounded.

Meanwhile, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemund III of Antioch joined with Philip I of Alsace in a separate expedition against Harim in Syria; the siege of Harim lasted into 1178, and Saladin's defeat at Montgisard prevented him from relieving his Syrian vassals. Saladin later captured Jerusalem after Leprosy had killed King Baldwin IV.

Related campaigns

 * 1179: Battle of Banias
 * 1179: Battle of Marj Ayyun
 * 1179: Battle of Jacob's Ford
 * 1182: Battle of Belvoir Castle
 * 1183: Battle of Al-Fule
 * 1183: Siege of Kerak
 * 1187: Battle of Cresson
 * 1187: Battle of Hattin
 * 1187: Siege of Jerusalem
 * 1187: Siege of Tyre

Fiction
The Battle of Montgisard is alluded to in the 2005 movie Kingdom of Heaven, as a battle where King Baldwin IV defeated Saladin when he was sixteen. It was also described in the novel Jerusalem, written by Cecelia Holland.

An account of the battle is also given in Swedish author Jan Guillou's novel Tempelriddaren (The Knight Templar) (ISBN 91-1-300733-5), in which the protagonist, Arn Magnusson (de Gothia) is portrayed as a high-ranking member of the Knights Templar, commanding a contingent of the army at the battle of Montgisard. The battle is shown in the movie Arn – The Knight Templar, which was based on Guillou's book.

title: Battle of Montgisard


text:
Karen Hughes

Karen Parfitt Hughes (born December 27, 1956) is the global vice chair of the public relations firm Burson-Marsteller. She served as the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the U.S. Department of State and as a counselor to President George W. Bush.

Early life
Born in Paris, France, Hughes is the daughter of American parents Patricia Rose (Scully) and Harold Parfitt, the last U.S. Governor of the Panama Canal Zone. After graduating from W. T. White High School in Dallas, Texas, Hughes earned a bachelor's degree at Southern Methodist University in 1977 where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. She is of partial Irish and English descent.

Early career
Hughes worked as a television news reporter from 1977 to 1984. As a reporter, Hughes followed the 1980 presidential campaign. In 1984, she went to work as the Texas press coordinator for the Reagan-Bush campaign in the 1984 United States presidential election. She later became executive director of the Republican Party of Texas.

White House

Since 1994, Hughes has worked with George W. Bush, first as director of his campaign for the office of governor of Texas, and then as a counselor from 2001 to 2002, while he was President of the United States.

Hughes left the Bush administration in July 2002 to return to Texas, but remained in daily contact with the Bush reelection campaign by telephone and e-mail, and spoke personally with Bush several times a week. In August 2004, Hughes returned to full-time service with the Bush campaign, setting up office on Air Force One, from where she planned the 2004 Republican National Convention and the late stages of the 2004 election. She has been praised by The Dallas Morning News as "the most powerful woman ever to serve in the White House", and by ABC News as Bush's "most essential advisor."

Ten Minutes from Normal
In March 2004, Hughes published Ten Minutes from Normal, which includes an account of her decision to leave the White House. While promoting her book, she appeared on CNN on April 25, 2004 – the same day as the March for Women's Lives – and said "I think after September 11th the American people are valuing life more and realizing that we need policies to value the dignity and worth of every life. And President Bush has worked to say, let's be reasonable, let's work to value life, let's try to reduce the number of abortions, let's increase adoptions. And I think those are the kind of policies that the American people can support, particularly at a time when we're facing an enemy, and really the fundamental difference between us and the terror network we fight is that we value every life. It's the founding conviction of our country, that we're endowed by our creator with certain unalienable rights, the right to life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

State Department

On March 14, 2005, Bush announced his intention to nominate Hughes for the undersecretary of state for public diplomacy with the rank of ambassador — a job focused on changing foreigners' perceptions about America. The Senate confirmed her nomination in July 2005. In her new capacity, Hughes spoke of improving the world's perception of the United States via creation of a "rapid-response unit" and a plan to "forward-deploy regional SWAT teams". During a town hall meeting on September 8, 2005, a State Department employee complained that "recently, we've had tremendous amount of difficulty in some cases getting clearance for our ambassadors to speak." Hughes replied, "If they make statements based on something I sent them, they're not going to be called on the carpet."

At the end of her tenure in the State Department, Hughes said that one of her greatest accomplishments had been "transforming public diplomacy and making it a national security priority central to everything we do in government". Hughes was the keynote speaker at the October 22, 2007, Public Relations Society of America's International Conference and discussed, "Waging Peace – The New Paradigm for Public Diplomacy."

2005 tour of the Middle East
Starting with a September 26, 2005, stop in Egypt, Hughes went on a "listening tour" of the Middle East to speak with leaders and people from the region. This was a response to growing fears in America about rampant anti-Americanism in the Middle East. Hughes was the third person chosen for this task by President Bush, following unsuccessful attempts by Charlotte Beers and Margaret Tutwiler. For her tour, Hughes asked two Citizen Ambassadors to accompany her: a Georgetown PhD student, Tina Kareema Dauod, and William O'Brien, a retired high school geography teacher.

On her September 27 stop in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during a Q&A with students in which a student shared her appreciation of women being allowed to drive in the United States, Karen Hughes acknowledged that every country has to chart its own course and choose what's right for its own citizens, but also shared in the women's sentiment about the United States. Another woman shared: "The general image of the Arab woman is that she isn't happy [...] Well, we're all pretty happy."

In a press conference in Jakarta, Indonesia, Hughes incorrectly stated that Saddam Hussein "had murdered hundreds of thousands of his own people using poison gas." Conventional sources attest that Saddam did order the deaths of several hundred thousand Iraqis during the al-Anfal Campaign and other violent suppressions, but casualties from his infamous gas attack on Halabja numbered in the thousands.

Breast cancer research advocacy
Hughes met business representatives from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to create the U.S.-U.A.E. Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research. It aims to develop breast cancer awareness campaigns and expand research in the Middle East by linking U.S. medical experts, fundraisers, health research activists, and businesses with their U.A.E. counterparts.

Post White House
In late October 2007, Hughes made it known that she would be resigning from her position in the Bush White House. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was quoted as saying she accepted the resignation "with a great deal of sadness but also a great deal of happiness for what she has achieved."

Hughes is currently the global vice chair of Burson-Marsteller, a public relations company.

title: Karen Hughes


text:
Wallingford & Crowmarsh F.C.

Wallingford & Crowmarsh Football Club is a football club based in Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England. They are currently members of the and play their home matches at The Hithercroft.

History
The club was founded in 1995 as the result of a merger of two local teams: the original Wallingford Town, a Hellenic League side at the time, founded in 1922, and neighbours Wallingford United, who had been founded in 1934. The newly merged club was named AFC Wallingford.

In 1997–98, the club became champions of the Chiltonian League, and gained promotion into the Combined Counties League.

In 2001–02, AFC Wallingford won the Combined Counties League championship comfortably, and then were runners-up to Withdean 2000 and AFC Wimbledon in the succeeding two years. However, the facilities at their ground, Hithercroft, did not meet the standards of the Isthmian League and thus they were denied further promotion. A Football Association grant of £100,000 was used to fund ground improvements which would make promotion possible if they were to again win the Combined Counties League.

However, after disruption caused by heavy player turnover (with several leaving for Didcot Town, who then won the FA Vase), the 2004–05 season saw AFC Wallingford unable to avoid last place and relegation. The 2005–06 season saw an upturn in fortunes for the club, with a runners-up finish in the Combined Counties League Division One, which resulted in a promotion and with it a switch to the Hellenic League Premier Division, a league deemed better suited to AFC Wallingford's geographical location in Oxfordshire.

In 2011, Wallingford set up its first junior teams. During the close season of 2013, the club reverted to its former name, to become Wallingford Town AFC, as part of its bid to become more synonymous with and representative of the town itself and switched from the red and black kits of the past 40 years back to the original 1922 club colours of red and white stripes.

After numerous seasons in the North Berks League, the club was successful in their application to move into the non-league pyramid. In the 2016–17 season, the club resumed competing in the Hellenic League. Manager Mitchell moved into the vice chairman role and was replaced by Glenn Goudie. After three seasons of mid-table finishes, the club moved back to the Combined Counties League after the FA performed a re-structure of Step 5 and 6 leagues. Goudie stood down to take on the chairman's role after COVID-19 halted the season and the club installed Lee Matthews as manager for the 2021–22 season. In May 2022, the club finished 3rd and earned a place in the play-offs. After defeating Rayners Lane 2–0 at home in the semi-final, the team won the final 2–1 after extra time defeating 2nd placed Hilltop. For the 2022–23 season, the club will compete in the Combined Counties Premier North.

In June 2022, Wallingford Town amalgamated with Crowmarsh Youth F.C. to become Wallingford and Crowmarsh F.C.

Stadium
Wallingford Town play their home games at The Hithercroft at Wallingford Sports Park.

Honours

 * Combined Counties League Premier Division: Champions 1998–99, 2001–02
 * Berks & Bucks Senior Trophy: Runners-up 2000-01
 * North Berks Charity Shield: Winners 2014–15
 * Combined Counties Division One Play Off Winners 2021–22

Records

 * Best league position: 1st in Combined Counties League (then level 9), 1998–99, 2001–02
 * Best FA Cup performance: 2nd qualifying round in 2000–01, 2002–03 and 2003–04
 * Best FA Vase performance: 3rd round in 2001–02, 2021–22

title: Wallingford & Crowmarsh F.C.


text:
Talk:Mount Apo

Apo Trek
If the summit is "very easy to reach", why wasn't it climbed until 1880? Coffee 16:30, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No offense but you are asking the wrong question. Back in the 1800's when the trails are not yet established, you have to climb and hack from the base of the mountain all the way to the summit.  The first climbers took weeks (if im not mistaken) to reach the summit and back.

 * Right now, there are roads and well established trails, and the jump off point on the way to the summit is at a higher elevation. The degree of difficulty on reaching the summit varies.  Yes it is true that the summit is easy to reach if you take the Kidapawan trail via North Cotabato (one day up, one day down).  On the other hand, the Kapatagan Trail via Davao del Sur is much more challenging (2 days up, one day down) compared to the North Cotabato approach.  I summited Apo on 2006 via a new trail named Sibulan.  I should say that this is my most challenging climb so far (3 days up, 2 days down).

 * Regular hikes and exploration climbs are two different things. Even a hill will take days to explore if you do not have established trails.

 * I hope this answers your question. If not, try climbing a mountain yourself.  I'm quite sure you will eventually know what I mean. :)

 * --Gilgal1 (talk) 17:29, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Layout
The intro section of article "Mount Apo" has, and the altitude is specified 3x times (as 2954 m) to help detect hacking of the mountain's height.

 * Official height: 2954 m (source Britannica: EB-565).

Beware: over 90% of edits to article "Mount Apo" are vandalism+reverts, as typical of many other unprotected articles about a "big" topic. The altitude has been hacked (from 2954 m), numerous times, to erroneously state: 3142, 3145, 3224 m, etc.

This article is a good candidate for becoming a verified-edit article, rather than being a general article which instantly displays new changes & hacked text. -Wikid77 (talk) 23:48, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree with the above. No sources in support of anything higher than 2954 have been supplied. Please stop making unsourced changes to this elevation. Viewfinder (talk) 10:44, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The unregistered IP's who are making these changes appear to be being operated by the same editor. Viewfinder (talk) 10:47, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 April 2014
Please change, “master” or “grandfather” to "grandchild" because "apo" means grandchild not grandfather in Tagolog. If you were meaning a different Filipino language then you should specify because it confused me. I am half Filipino and know only a few words but that is one that I know.

71.204.17.174 (talk) 23:33, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Sam Sailor Sing 20:09, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Filipino
Mount apo 120.28.138.65 (talk) 00:38, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Apo


text:
Sabine River (New Zealand)

The Sabine River is in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located in Nelson Lakes National Park.

There are two branches to the river—East Sabine and West Sabine. The West Sabine drains Lake Constance and the Blue Lake. The two branches join at the Sabine Forks, and flow into Lake Rotoroa. Apart from the upper reaches, which is open tussock and scrub, the river is set within unmodified beech forest. It is not a navigable river due to the rocky cascades along most of its length.

A tramping track runs along the river and forms the western branch of the Travers-Sabine tramping circuit. This route usually starts from Saint Arnaud at the northern end of Lake Rotoiti. It follows the course of the Travers River, goes up over the sub alpine Travers Saddle (1787 metres), and then descends along the East Sabine Valley and Sabine Valley to Lake Rotoroa. A track also ascends the West Sabine to Blue Lake. This route continues over the Waiau Pass, eventually connecting with the St James Walkway and Lewis Pass.

Three tramping huts are located in the Sabine Valley: Sabine Hut (on the shore of Lake Rotoroa, near the mouth of the Sabine); West Sabine Hut (near the Sabine Forks); and Blue Lake Hut.

Ecology
There is a diversity of flora and birdlife within the Sabine River Valley.

title: Sabine River (New Zealand)


text:
Talk:Desperado

This page is meant to be a disambiguation page. We have articles for both the movie and the album. Please do not add more information on either to this page; that should be added to the articles for those subjects. -- LGagnon

Eagles
I tried to edit this page (song by Eagles --> song by the [Eagles]), but it was reverted with the argument that the band name is Eagles, not The Eagles. Correct, and that is why "the" should not be capitalized. I have no idea how the wiki-community determines these things, but I've studied decision making in social organizations and this appears to be a rather silly result of it. It appears fairly obvious that "the" can be used not as part of the name, but to make a sentence grammatically correct. I would argue that having correct grammar in an encyclopedia is of some importance. There are tons of these bands: Ramones is another. Yet people would often say they like "the Ramones and The Beatles". This is even seen in the article by the Eagles. "The" is used simply to make it correct. Furthermore: The argument that another song is not notable hardly works. There are a lot of less notable songs with articles on wikipedia and if consistency was an issue, then those should be deleted too (try searching for Michelle by the Beatles for example. You'll find a Guns n' Roses song that wasn't a single and is hardly all that notable). My argument would be that any Bob Dylan song on Blonde On Blonde or any song on albums considered classics are notable, however, given the fact that the album is notable. If an album is notable for inspiring numerous later bands, or it constantly figures among the best albums ever, then the content of an album should be notable simply because an album is (at least somehow) the sum of its parts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.215.110.109 (talk) 15:08, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The "experts" whom maintain Eagles articles use "Eagles", which is why it says that here. (This is consistency). If you have an issue with this particular band name in this context, take it up on that page, and if it changes there, then it changes here (not the other way around). Also, The Beatles have "The" as part of their name because that's what they call themselves and is on their album art. In contrast, check out this album art. If your are interested in the inner workings for music on wikipedia and how/if/why things are notable, check out Notability (music). It may clear up some of your questions. + m t  16:51, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with the "experts" that the name is Eagles, but that hardly means that they cannot be called the Eagles, it only means they are simply not The Eagles. They also write "the Eagles" in that article when that is appropriate, although some people has misunderstood it and write sentences like "Eagles is an American rock band...". I searched the article for "the Eagles" anyway and found 19 results matching in the first half of the article only. Note also that the "experts" at the Ramones article had the same discussion and their conclusion was the same as mine. Note that is says "The Ramones was an...". It illustrates how the band was named Ramones, but the article must be used in English grammar. Even the Eagles experts can't change that. For that reason, "Desperado" is a song by the Eagles. Fix it if you want to. Also thanks for the link to the notability. I don't think whoever made those guidelines made the right decision, but that's also a problem with Wikipedia: things that are first established (not necessarily by the right people) are rarely changed. If you reply, is there any way to see how many times wiki pages are opened? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.215.110.109 (talk) 17:52, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll admit, my instinct is toward "the Eagles" too, but I've been reluctant to use this because the article by Eagles "experts" explicitly doesn't use "the Eagles". These are guidelines, so go ahead and add a harmless "the" if you think it will help the usability in finding it. Re: "how many times wiki pages are opened" .. like page hit statistics? Try http://stats.grok.se/ You can also see the history to see who is doing what to the page, and how frequently it is modified. + m t  18:44, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the link. I wanted to see if this existed for a while. I'll add "the" so it's a song by the Eagles, because I'm convinced that avoiding the article is not the point of those "experts" (since they use it on that site). I still also believe English grammar should beat Eagles experts. I may also raise the question on that article at some point. By the way, here is the short discussion about the Ramones name: Talk:Ramones 84.215.110.109 (talk) 00:17, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Merge?
Is it worth having another disambig page for Desperados? (Emperor 17:45, 19 April 2007 (UTC))
 * Nope. I've merged them. Clarityfiend (talk) 22:37, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Formed BY the eagles or named after their song?
"Desperado (heavy metal group), a heavy metal band, formed by the Eagles." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.139.18.21 (talk) 13:14, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Spanish cognate of "desperate?"
I thought that the word carried overtones of desperation, that a desperado was a hopeless man with nothing to lose, and so he might do anything at all at any moment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.41.40.21 (talk) 17:57, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Spanish meaning
The correct Spanish word "desesperado" means desperate. The common anglicism "desperado" is as noted in the article an archaic form, no longer used.98.170.196.173 (talk) 01:22, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Kyosuke Mikami which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:02, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Desperado


text:
Central Laborers' Pension Fund v. Heinz

Central Laborers' Pension Fund v. Heinz, 541 U.S. 739 (2004), is a case that was argued in the Supreme Court of the United States on 19 April 2004. The question it presented was whether Section 204(g) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act contradicts Section 203(a)(3)(B).

title: Central Laborers' Pension Fund v. Heinz


text:
AURA

AURA may refer to:

 * Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy
 * Atlas of UTR Regulatory Activity
 * AURA (United Artists for African Rap), a collective of hip hop artists
 * Automated User-Centered Reasoning and Acquisition System, sponsored by Vulcan Inc.
 * DRDO AURA, an unmanned combat air vehicle being developed by India

title: AURA


text:
Chiltonian League

The Chiltonian League was an English football league, existing from 1984 until its merger with the Hellenic League in 2000. While never having a defined place in the English football league system, successful clubs moved from the Chiltonian League to the Combined Counties League and to the South Midlands League.

1984-85
The league originally consisted of a single section of 17 clubs, most of which had previously competed in the Wycombe & District League.

1985-95
After its inaugural season, the league expanded to two divisions (for first teams; reserve divisions were constituted separately). The divisions were originally known as Divisions One and Two, but after two seasons this was changed to Premier Division and Division One.

1995-99
In 1995, the reserve divisions were scrapped and the league re-constituted into a single structure of three divisions - Premier Division, Division One and Division Two

1999-00
With only six teams completing the 1998-99 Division Two season, that division was dropped and the league returned to a two-division structure. At the end of the 1999–2000 season, the league merged into an expanded Hellenic League.

title: Chiltonian League


text:
John Rennie

John Rennie may refer to:
 * John Rennie the Elder (1761–1821), engineer (factories, canals, design of London Bridge)
 * Sir John Rennie the Younger (1794–1874), engineer (rail lines, completion of London Bridge)
 * John Rennie (naval architect) (1842–1918), naval architect
 * Sir John Rennie (MI6 officer) (1914–1981), Director of MI6
 * John Rennie (soccer) (born c. 1944), American soccer coach
 * John Rennie (editor) (born 1959), editor-in-chief of Scientific American, 1994–2009
 * John Rennie (cricketer) (born 1970), Zimbabwean Test and ODI cricketer
 * John Gillies Rennie (1904–1952), Quebec politician and educator
 * John Rennie High School, Quebec, Canada, named for John Gillies Rennie
 * John Rennie (GC) (1920–1943), British recipient of the George Cross
 * John Shaw Rennie (1917–2002), Commissioner-General of UNRWA
 * John T. Rennie (1824–1878), Scottish ship-owner
 * John Rennie Short (born 1951), Scottish geographer and public policy academic

title: John Rennie


text:
MTV (disambiguation)

MTV (originally Music Television) is an American cable channel.

MTV may also refer to:
 * MTV Networks (now renamed as Paramount Media Networks), a Paramount Global subsidiary that serves as the parent company of the MTV channel
 * MTV Entertainment Group, a Paramount Global subsidiary that serves as the parent company of the MTV Channels and Studios
 * Any of MTV's channels, both domestic and worldwide affiliates

Music

 * "MTV", a song by rock band Deep Purple from the Tour Edition of Rapture of the Deep
 * MTV, an album by Mo Troper

People

 * Melody Trouble Vixen, a female professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling

Television

 * MTV Oy, Finnish media company
 * Magyar Televízió, Hungarian public television station
 * MTV1 and mtv, former names of Hungarian television channel M1, owned by Magyar Televízió
 * Metromedia Television, former owner of television stations owned by Fox Television Stations
 * MTV Channel, Sri Lankan media company
 * TV 1 (Sri Lankan TV channel), a Sri Lankan sports, entertainment, lifestyles, business and news television channel owned by MTV Channel formerly known as MTV
 * MTV (Lebanon) or Murr Television, a Lebanese television station
 * Mie Television, a Japanese broadcaster

Other

 * AMV video format, alternative name MTV
 * Blue Ridge Airport, FAA Location identifier MTV
 * Magnesium/Teflon/Viton, pyrotechnic payload applied in aerial infrared decoy flares
 * Medium Tactical Vehicle, U.S. Army 5-ton capacity truck
 * Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, street term MTV
 * Modular Tactical Vest, armor vest used by the United States Marine Corps
 * Molecular tagging velocimetry, technique of measuring flow velocities
 * Mota Lava Airport, Vanuatu, IATA airport code MTV
 * MTV Ingolstadt, German sports club
 * MTV Ray Tracer graphic file, the output format of the MTV ray tracer program by Mark T. VandeWettering

title: MTV (disambiguation)


text:
Tom Lawson (ice hockey)

Tom Lawson (born August 15, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He has since served as a goaltending coach at St. Andrew's College in Aurora, Ontario.

Playing career
Born in Whitby, Ontario, Lawson attending Henry Street High School and played junior hockey for the Markham Waxers hockey organization in 1998-99. He then joined Bowling Green State in Ohio and played for the hockey team on a scholarship as a freshman during the 1999–2000 season. He turned professional the next year with the Knoxville Speed of the United Hockey League and made his American Hockey League debut in a single contest with the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks.

In the 2002–03 season, Lawson was the starting goaltender for the Fort Wayne Komets and recorded a banner year in claiming the UHL Championship. He was selected as the league's best goaltender, playoff MVP and earning a place in the UHL First-All-Star Team. In the off-season, Lawson was signed to an NHL contract by the Colorado Avalanche.

Lawson was assigned to the Avalanche's AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears for the 2003–04 season. He appeared in a career high 32 AHL games for 13 wins and 2.30 goals against average. He remained with the Avalanche affiliations for the next two seasons with the Bears and the Lowell Lock Monsters.

In the 2006–07 season, Lawson embarked on pursuing a European career and signed a one-year deal with Lukko Rauma in the Finnish SM-liiga. He then moved to Russia, signing as the starting goaltender for the 2007–08 season with CSKA Moscow (the "Red Army Team") of the Russian Superleague. Becoming the first Canadian to feature in goal for the Red Army, Lawson led the RSL in wins, shutouts and games played.

After his successful stint with the Red Army, Lawson signed a two-year contract with Sibir Novosibirsk for the inaugural season of the new top level Russian tier, the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Lawson appeared in 59 games in the KHL over his two seasons with Novosibirsk before he was released by the club on January 15, 2010. Nearing the end of the 2009–10, on January 26, 2010, he moved to Sweden to finish his professional career with Leksands IF of the second tier HockeyAllsvenskan.

Personal
Lawson has a wife and three kids, and resides in Aurora, Ontario. Post playing career he became a fire-fighter for the town of Ajax, Ontario while owning and running a development hockey program, Lawson Goaltending Hockey School. He serves as the goalie coach to St. Andrew's College Varsity hockey team in Aurora. His brother-in-law is former professional hockey player, Ryan Murphy. He is also a part of the Murphy Hockey School program.

title: Tom Lawson (ice hockey)


text: User talk:65.113.252.79

title: User talk:65.113.252.79


text:
Roberto Goizueta

Roberto Críspulo Goizueta Cantera (November 18, 1931 – October 18, 1997) was a Cuban-born American business executive who served as the chairman, president, and chief executive officer (CEO) of The Coca-Cola Company from August 1980 until his death in October 1997.

Early life
Goizueta was born on November 18, 1931, in Havana, Cuba. He was the only son of Críspulo Goizueta and Aída Cantera. His grandparents on both sides of his family had emigrated from Spain to Cuba in the late 19th century. His mother's father, Marcelo Cantera, owned a portion of a profitable, local sugar mill. His father, Críspulo, was an architect and a real estate investor who inherited Cantera's sugar interests.

Goizueta attended Colegio de Belén in Havana, a Jesuit secondary school and later studied for a year in the United States at the Cheshire Academy, a preparatory school in Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1953.

Career
Goizueta returned to Cuba to work in his family's business in 1953. A year later, Goizueta replied to a help wanted newspaper ad for a job with the Coca-Cola bottler in Cuba. A short time later, he was promoted to chief technical director of five Cuban bottling plants.

Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba, transforming the island into a communist state. While on vacation in Miami, Goizueta and his family decided to defect to the United States. After defecting to the United States, he worked for The Coca-Cola Company in Miami. He was reassigned to Nassau, Bahamas as a chemist for the Caribbean region. In 1964, he was moved to the headquarters of the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia. At the age of 35, he became vice president of technical research and development. He remains the youngest person to hold this position at the company. In 1975, he was promoted to lead the legal and external affairs department.

He received a surprising appointment in 1979, to become president of the Coca-Cola Company after the resignation of J. Lucian Smith, who was Coca-Cola's president from 1974 until 1979. In March 1981, he assumed the chairmanship after chairman J. Paul Austin (who was Coca-Cola's president from 1962–1971) retired. He remained at the helm of The Coca-Cola Company for 16 years until the time of his death, due to complications from lung cancer, in 1997. During his tenure, the Coca-Cola brand became the best-known trademark in the world. In 1982, he introduced Diet Coke, followed by Cherry Coke and the controversial New Coke, both in 1985; advertising slogans "Coke is it!", "You Can't Beat the Feeling" and "Always Coca-Cola". In 1982, Goizueta approved the purchase of Columbia Pictures, signaling Coca-Cola's intentions to branch out beyond the soft-drink business.

Goizueta also sat on the boards of directors for various companies, including SunTrust Banks, the Ford Motor Company, Sonat Inc and the Eastman Kodak Company. He was well known for his business rivalry with fellow businessman Roger Enrico, CEO of PepsiCo, during his tenure as Coke's CEO.

Philanthropy
Roberto Goizueta established the Goizueta Foundation, with a goal to support educational and charity institutions in 1992. "The purpose of the Goizueta Foundation is to assist organizations that empower individuals and families through educational opportunities to improve the quality of their lives."

In 1994, after a $10 million gift from the Robert W. Woodruff Foundation, the Board of Trustees at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, named its business school after Roberto Goizueta. The school grants BBAs, MBAs, and PhDs in business. Emory University has an extensive history with Coca-Cola. In 1899, Methodist Bishop Warren Candler's brother Asa Candler was elected to Emory's Board of Trustees and was a generous patron of the university.

In January 1999, the estate of Goizueta pledged $20 million to Emory University.

Personal life
Goizueta married Olguita Casteleiro in Havana, Cuba. They had four children together:

Death
A heavy smoker, Goizueta died on October 18, 1997 of lung cancer.

Awards and honors

 * 1980 – Goizueta named an Emory University trustee
 * 1985 – Goizueta receives the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1994 – Emory University changes the name of its business school to the Roberto C. Goizueta Business School
 * 1996 – Chief Executive magazine names him Chief Executive of the Year

title: Roberto Goizueta


text:
Severn River (New Zealand)

The Severn River is in the South Island of New Zealand. The headwaters of the river are in the Raglan Range and it flows into the Acheron River. One of its tributaries is the Alma River.

title: Severn River (New Zealand)


text:
Talk:Robert Goizueta

Can this page be redirected to Roberto Goizueta? Sorry, missed the 'o' in Roberto...

title: Talk:Robert Goizueta


text:
User talk:Idansof~enwiki

Nice edit on polycythemia! Also good you got yourself a username. Please stay and help us in WikiProject Clinical Medicine. JFW | T@lk  22:34, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Idansof. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Idansof~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:28, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Idansof~enwiki


text:
Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy

The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) is a consortium of universities and other institutions that operates astronomical observatories and telescopes.

Founded October 10, 1957, with the encouragement of the National Science Foundation (NSF), AURA was incorporated by a group of seven U.S. universities: California, Chicago, Harvard, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio State, and Wisconsin. The first meeting of the board of directors took place in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Today, AURA has 47 member institutions in the United States and 3 international affiliate members.

AURA began as a small organization dedicated to ground-based optical astronomy, managing a range of 1- to 4-meter telescopes and providing community advocacy for optical/infrared astronomy. Over the years, AURA expanded its focus to include Solar Astronomy and the Gemini 8-meter telescopes, going on to partner with other consortia such as WIYN (Wisconsin Indiana Yale & NOAO) and SOAR (Southern Astrophysical Research). In the 1980s, AURA took on the management of the Space Telescope Science Institute, opening up the ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelength bands in space with the Hubble Space Telescope and in infrared space astronomy with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

AURA is responsible for the successful management and operation of its three centers: NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab); the NSF's National Solar Observatory (NSO); and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI).

Centers
Construction project: The Vera C.Rubin Observatory - a public-private partnership to operate an 8.4-meter telescope on Chile’s Cerro Pachon.
 * NSF’s NOIRLab is the US national center for ground-based, nighttime optical astronomy. The mission of NOIRLab is to enable breakthrough discoveries in astrophysics by developing and operating state-of-the-art ground-based observatories and providing data products and services for a diverse and inclusive community. Through its five Programs — Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), the Community Science and Data Center (CSDC), International Gemini Observatory, Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and Vera C. Rubin Observatory — NSF’s NOIRLab serves as a focal point for community development of innovative scientific programs, the exchange of ideas, and creative development.
 * NSF's National Solar Observatory (NSO) - AURA operates NSO which is located in Boulder, Colorado and at the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) in Maui, Hawaii.
 * Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) - AURA manages STScI for NASA to carry out the science mission of the Hubble Space Telescope and to carry out the operations and science missions of the James Webb Space Telescope.

President
President: Dr. Matt Mountain

Dr. Mountain was appointed president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) 1 March 2015. The president, as the chief executive officer, serves as the primary representative or spokesperson for AURA. The president is a member of the board of directors and implements policy decisions of the board. The president serves the board of directors as its principal executive officer, providing leadership and guidance on policy matters, coordinating the activities of the board and its various committees. The president is also responsible for maintaining effective working relationships with AURA Member Universities.

AURA Board of Directors
The board, which meets quarterly, establishes the policies of AURA, approves its budget, elects members of the Management Councils, and appoints the president, the center directors, and other principal officers. The board of directors is responsible to the member representatives for the effective management of AURA and the achievement of its purposes.

Members
Today, there are 47 U.S. Member Institutions and 3 International Affiliate Members which comprise the Member Institutions of AURA. The president of each member institution designates a member representative who has a voice in AURA matters. Together, the member representatives act upon membership applications.

List of members as of 2022:
 * Boston University
 * California Institute of Technology
 * Carnegie Institution for Science
 * Carnegie Mellon University
 * Cornell University
 * Fisk University
 * Georgia State University
 * Harvard University
 * Indiana University Bloomington
 * Iowa State University
 * Johns Hopkins University
 * Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium - a consortium of liberal arts colleges, including Colgate University, Haverford College (partnership with Bryn Mawr College), Middlebury College, Swarthmore College, Vassar College, Wellesley College, Wesleyan University, and Williams College.
 * Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik
 * Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Michigan State University
 * Montana State University
 * New Jersey Institute of Technology
 * New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
 * New Mexico State University
 * Ohio State University
 * Pennsylvania State University
 * Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
 * Princeton University
 * Rutgers University
 * Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
 * Stanford University
 * Stony Brook University
 * Texas A&M University
 * Universidad de Chile
 * University of Arizona
 * University of California, Berkeley
 * University of California, Santa Cruz
 * University of Chicago
 * University of Colorado Boulder
 * University of Florida
 * University of Hawaiʻi - system administers the Institute for Astronomy, Manoa administers educational programs
 * University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
 * University of Maryland, College Park
 * University of Michigan
 * University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
 * University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * University of Pittsburgh
 * University of Texas at Austin
 * University of Texas at San Antonio
 * University of Toledo
 * University of Virginia
 * University of Washington
 * University of Wisconsin-Madison
 * Vanderbilt University
 * Yale University

Honours
The asteroid 19912 Aurapenenta was named in honour of the association's fiftieth anniversary, on 1 June 2007.

Literature

 * Frank K. Edmondson. AURA and Its US National Observatories. — Cambridge University Press, 1997. — 367 p. — ISBN 9780521553452. — ISBN 0521553458.


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Talk:Erigone

Misspelling
Erigone handed herself. - what does that mean? RickK 22:40, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

It's a typo :) Adam Bishop 22:43, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Oh, duh, that didn't even occur to me. Sheesh. RickK 20:20, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Sources missing
"In some stories, she hangs herself after the child is born, though this may be a confusion with Erigone daughter of Icarius."

What is the source for these "stories"?

ICE77 (talk) 03:18, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erigone


text:
Talk:Gran Paradiso

Isn't this also a good example of a cirque? I'm not knowledgable enough to note it and make a link if it is. Wetman 08:32, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * In the middle of the picture, yes, looks like it. Not sure why you'd note it - just about every glaciated peak will have several, and the angle on this one is not especially explanatory. Stan 12:30, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think something should be added about this being the codename of Mozilla Firefox 3.0|, but I'm not sure of the template to use. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.19.14.30 (talk • contribs) 02:10, July 25, 2006

Firefox 3
The new Firefox 3 is codenamed as Gran Paradiso, and is currently in Alpha testing. I'm not sure what the protocol is for noting this in the article, though. Caleb M White 21:21, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gran Paradiso