text:
Mývatn

Mývatn is a shallow lake situated in an area of active volcanism in the north of Iceland, near Krafla volcano. It has a high amount of biological activity. The lake and the surrounding wetlands provides a habitat for a number of waterbirds, especially ducks. The lake was created by a large basaltic lava eruption 2300 years ago, and the surrounding landscape is dominated by volcanic landforms, including lava pillars and rootless vents (pseudocraters). The effluent river Laxá is known for its rich fishing for brown trout and Atlantic salmon.

The name of the lake (Icelandic mý ("midge") and vatn ("lake"); "the lake of midges") comes from the large numbers of midges present in the summer.

The name Mývatn is sometimes used not only for the lake but the whole surrounding inhabited area. The river Laxá, the lake Mývatn and the surrounding wetlands are protected as a nature reserve (the Mývatn–Laxá Nature Conservation Area), which occupies 440,000 ha.

Since 2000, a marathon around the lake has taken place in the summer.

Geography
The lake has an average depth of 2.5 metres and a maximum depth of 4.5 metres.

Climate
The Mývatn area features a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ET), bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Summers are typically cool with crisp nights while winters are very long and cold.

Birds
The lake is fed by nutrient-rich springwater and has a high abundance of aquatic insects (Chironomidae) and Cladocera that form an attractive food supply for ducks. Fifteen species of ducks breed at the site, the largest such number in Europe. The duck species composition has a mixture of European and North American species, and also of boreal and arctic species. Most of the ducks are migratory, arriving in late April to early May from north-western Europe. The commonest species at the lake is the tufted duck with 6,000 pairs present, whilst the second most abundant species is the greater scaup with 1,500 pairs.

Other common species include the Barrow's goldeneye, 700 pairs of red-breasted merganser, 1000 pairs of Eurasian wigeon, around 300 pairs of gadwall, 200 pairs of mallard, around 350 pairs of common scoter, 150 pairs of long-tailed duck and 75 pairs of Eurasian teal. The northern shoveler and northern pintail also regularly breed at the lake, albeit in smaller numbers, whilst common pochard used to breed regularly, but they have not done so regularly since the 1950s. The outflowing Laxá river contains around 250 pairs of harlequin duck and there is a large colony of eider at the river mouth some 50 km away from Mývatn. The Barrow's goldeneye and the harlequin duck are both nearctic duck species. The population of the Barrow's goldeneye (of about 2000 individuals) relies entirely on the habitat provided by the Mývatn Laxá water system and its surrounding lava fields. Most of the Barrow's goldeneyes overwinter there, using ice-free areas kept open by emerging spring water (both warm and cold) and in the strong river current. This species is a hole-nester, in North America using tree-holes, but at Mývatn the birds use cavities in the lava for nesting. The other duck species nest abundantly in the numerous islands of the lake and the surrounding marshlands.

Other common waterbirds include the Slavonian grebe, red-necked phalarope, great northern diver, red-throated diver and whooper swan. The lake is included in an important bird area.

Bird populations have been monitored annually since 1975 by the Mývatn Research Station. There is a long tradition of harvesting duck eggs for home use on the local farms. To ensure sustainability, the harvesting follows strict age-old rules of leaving at least four eggs in a nest for the duck to incubate.

The lava flows and moorlands surrounding the lake are home to rock ptarmigans and occasionally gyr falcons may be present.

Plants
Mývatn is one of the few places in the world where marimo grows naturally. Also known as Cladophora ball it is a species of filamentous green algae. Due to environmental factors their population has rapidly declined and the algae appeared to have become extinct in 2013. The ecosystem is now improving and small marimo balls are forming again.

Volcanism

Mývatn was created about 2300 years ago by a large fissure eruption of basaltic lava. The lava flowed down the valley Laxárdalur to the lowland plain of Aðaldalur where it entered the Arctic Ocean about 50 km away from Mývatn. The crater row that formed along the eruptive fissure is called Þrengslaborgir (or Lúdentarborgir ) and has often been used as a textbook example of this type of volcanic activity. There was a large lake in the area at the time, a precursor of the present-day Mývatn. When the lava encountered the lake some of the water-logged lake sediment was trapped underneath it, generating steam explosions.

By repeated explosions in a number of locations, groups of craters built up and now dominate the landscape on the shore of Lake Mývatn and also form some of the islands in the lake. This type of lava formation is known as rootless cones or pseudocraters. A group of such craters at Skútustaðir on the south shore of the lake is protected as a natural monument. Other rootless cone groups in this lava field are in the valley Laxárdalur and the plain Aðaldalur. The formation of rootless cones halted the advance of the lava in some places creating temporary lava lakes. The lava eventually drained from the lakes, leaving behind a forest of rock pillars. The biggest of these formations is named Dimmuborgir. At another place, Höfði, the pillars stand in the lake water. The lava created by the Þrengslaborgir eruption is known as the Younger Laxá Lava.

The Mývatn district lies on the western border of the volcanic zone which cuts across north-eastern Iceland from north to south and is an extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. All geological formations are quite recent, dating from the Ice Age and postglacial times.

The bedrock of the moors west of Mývatn is made up of interglacial lava flows. Most of the mountains in the vicinity of the lake were formed by eruptions under the ice sheet in the glacial periods of the Ice Age. Eruptions that melted their way up through the ice formed table mountains (Bláfjall, Sellandafjall , Búrfell , Gæsafjöll ), those which did not formed hyaloclastite ridges (Vindbelgjarfjall , Námafjall , Dalfjall , Hvannfell ).

At the close of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, the Mývatn basin was covered by a glacier which pushed up huge end moraines which can still be seen at the north end of the lake. After the glacier started melting, a glacial lake was dammed up in the Mývatn depression until the glacier retreated from the present course of Laxá river.

Postglacial volcanism in the Mývatn district may be divided into three cycles. The Lúdent cycle commenced shortly after the close of the Ice Age. The explosion crater (tephra ring) Lúdent dates from this cycle. Its eruption was followed by a number of small fissure eruptions. About 3800 years ago the shield volcano Ketildyngja was formed about 25 km south-east of Mývatn, and from it a huge lava flow, the Older Laxá-lava, spread over the southern part of the district, plunged down the valley Laxárdalur and flowed almost to the sea. This lava dammed up the first Mývatn, which was about as large as the present lake.

The second volcanic cycle, the Hverfjall cycle, began 2500 years ago with a gigantic but brief eruption, which formed the explosion crater (tephra ring) Hverfjall (also named Hverfell). An eruption in Jarðbaðshólar followed, producing the lavafield between Reykjahlíð and Vogar. Approximately 200 years later a vast lava flow, the Younger Laxá Lava, was erupted (see above). The lava dammed up the present lake Mývatn and also the lakes Sandvatn, Grænavatn and Arnarvatn.

The third volcanic cycle began with the Mývatnseldar eruptions in 1724–1729 which commenced with an explosion that formed the crater lake Víti. Later lava flowed from Leirhnjúkur down to the north end of Mývatn, destroying two farms. The Mývatnseldar eruptions are quite similar in character to the recent volcanic activity near Krafla in 1975–1984. The source of both is a central volcano lying between Krafla and Gæsafjöll. Inside the volcano resides a magma chamber from which molten magma periodically bursts into a swarm of fissures that cut through the volcano from north to south.

The recent activity was characterized by periods of slow land rise, interspersed by shorter periods of rapid subsidence, underground magma bursts, rifting, earthquakes and eruptions (nine in all). This is an example of the process of continental drift in Iceland. A central volcano and its associated fissure swarm is called a volcanic system. The Krafla volcanic system is one of several such systems which together form the volcanic zone of Iceland.

A few rhyolite mountains border the Krafla central volcano (Hlíðarfjall, Jörundur , Hrafntinnuhryggur ).

Because of its volcanic origin, the lake was formerly mined for diatomite, but this ceased in 2004.

title: Mývatn


text:
Generation of '27

The Generation of '27 (Generación del 27) was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. Their first formal meeting took place in Seville in 1927 to mark the 300th anniversary of the death of the baroque poet Luis de Góngora. Writers and intellectuals paid homage at the Ateneo de Sevilla, which retrospectively became the foundational act of the movement.

Terminology
The Generation of '27 has also been called, with lesser success, "Generation of the Dictatorship", "Generation of the Republic", "Generation Guillén-Lorca" (Guillén being its oldest author and Lorca its youngest), "Generation of 1925" (average publishing date of the first book of each author), "Generation of Avant-Gardes", "Generation of Friendship", etc. According to Petersen, "generation group" or a "constellation" are better terms which are not so much historically restricted as "generation".

Aesthetic style
The Generation of '27 cannot be neatly categorized stylistically because of the wide variety of genres and styles cultivated by its members. Some members, such as Jorge Guillén, wrote in a style that has been loosely called jubilant and joyous and celebrated the instant, others, such as Rafael Alberti, underwent a poetic evolution that led him from youthful poetry of a more romantic vein to later politically engaged verses.

The group tried to bridge the gap between Spanish popular culture and folklore, classical literary tradition and European avant-gardes. It evolved from pure poetry, which emphasized music in poetry, in the vein of Baudelaire, to Futurism, Cubism, Ultraist and Creationism, to become influenced by Surrealism and finally to disperse in interior and exterior exile following the Civil War and World War II, which are sometimes gathered by historians under the term of the "European Civil War". The Generation of '27 made a frequent use of visionary images, free verses and the so-called impure poetry, supported by Pablo Neruda.

Members
In a restrictive sense, the Generation of '27 refers to ten authors, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, Dámaso Alonso, Gerardo Diego, Luis Cernuda, Vicente Aleixandre, Manuel Altolaguirre and Emilio Prados. However, many others were in their orbit, some older authors such as Fernando Villalón, José Moreno Villa or León Felipe, and other younger authors such as Miguel Hernández. Others have been forgotten by the critics, such as Juan Larrea, Pepe Alameda, Mauricio Bacarisse, Juan José Domenchina, José María Hinojosa, José Bergamín or Juan Gil-Albert. There is also the "Other generation of '27", a term coined by José López Rubio, formed by himself and humorist disciples of Ramón Gómez de la Serna, including: Enrique Jardiel Poncela, Edgar Neville, Miguel Mihura and Antonio de Lara, "Tono", writers who would integrate after the Civil War (1936–1939) the editing board of La Codorniz.

Furthermore, the Generation of '27, as clearly reflected in the literary press of the period, was not exclusively restricted to poets, including artists such as Luis Buñuel, the caricaturist K-Hito, the surrealist painters Salvador Dalí and Óscar Domínguez, the painter and sculptor Maruja Mallo, as well as Benjamín Palencia, Gregorio Prieto, Manuel Ángeles Ortiz and Gabriel García Maroto, the toreros Ignacio Sánchez Mejías and Jesús Bal y Gay, musicologists and composers belonging to the Group of Eight, including Bal y Gay, Ernesto Halffter and his brother Rodolfo Halffter, Juan José Mantecón, Julián Bautista, Fernando Remacha, Rosa García Ascot, Salvador Bacarisse and Gustavo Pittaluga. There was also the Catalan Group who presented themselves in 1931 under the name of Grupo de Artistas Catalanes Independientes, including Roberto Gerhard, Baltasar Samper, Manuel Blancafort, Ricard Lamote de Grignon, Eduardo Toldrá and Federico Mompou.

Finally, not all literary works were written in Spanish: Salvador Dalí and Óscar Domínguez also wrote in French. Foreigners such as the Chilean poets Pablo Neruda and Vicente Huidobro, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, and the Franco-Spanish painter Francis Picabia also shared much with the aesthetics of the Generation of '27.

The Generation of '27 was not exclusively located in Madrid, but rather deployed itself in a geographical constellation which maintained links together. The most important nuclei were in Sevilla, around the Mediodía review, Tenerife around the Gaceta de Arte, and Málaga around the Litoral review. Others members resided in Galicia, Catalonia and Valladolid.

The tendencies of '27
The name "Generation of 1927" identifies poets that emerged around 1927, the 300th anniversary of the death of the Baroque poet Luis de Góngora y Argote to whom the poets paid homage. It sparked a brief flash of neo-Gongorism by outstanding poets like Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre, Dámaso Alonso, Luis Cernuda, Gerardo Diego and Federico García Lorca.

Spanish Civil War aftermath
The Spanish Civil War ended the movement: García Lorca was murdered, Miguel Hernandez died in jail and other writers (Rafael Alberti, Jose Bergamin, León Felipe, Luis Cernuda, Pedro Salinas, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Bacarisse) were forced into exile, although virtually all kept writing and publishing late throughout the 20th century.

Dámaso Alonso and Gerardo Diego were among those who reluctantly remained in Spain after the Francoists won and more or less reached agreements with the new authoritarian and traditionalist regime or even openly supported it, in the case of Diego. They evolved a lot, combining tradition and avant-garde, and mixing many different themes, from toreo to music to religious and existentialist disquiets, landscapes, etc. Others, such as Vicente Aleixandre and Juan Gil-Albert, simply ignored the new regime, taking the path of interior exile and guiding a new generation of poets.

However, for many Spaniards the harsh reality of Francoist Spain and its reactionary nature meant that the cerebral and aesthetic verses of the Generation of '27 did not connect with what was truly happening, a task that was handled more capably by the poets of the Generation of '50 and the social poets.

Statue

A statue dedicated to the Generation 27 Poets is now in Seville in Spain. The inscription on the monument translates as 'Seville The poets of the Generation of 27'

List of members

 * Rafael Alberti (1902–1999)
 * Vicente Aleixandre (1898–1984)
 * Amado Alonso (1897–1952)
 * Dámaso Alonso (1898–1990)
 * Manuel Altolaguirre (1905–1959)
 * Francisco Ayala (1906–2009)
 * Mauricio Bacarisse (1895–1931)
 * José Bello (1904–2008)
 * Rogelio Buendía (1891–1969)
 * Alejandro Casona (1903–1965)
 * Juan Cazador (1899–1956)
 * Luis Cernuda (1902–1963)
 * Juan Chabás (1900–1954)
 * Ernestina de Champourcín (1905–1999)
 * Gerardo Diego (1896–1987)
 * Juan José Domenchina (1898–1959)
 * Antonio Espina (1894–1972)
 * Agustín Espinosa (1897–1939)
 * León Felipe (1884–1968)
 * Margarita Ferreras (1900–1964)
 * Agustín de Foxá (1903–1959)
 * Pedro García Cabrera (1905–1981)
 * Federico García Lorca (1898–1936)
 * Pedro Garfias (1901–1967)
 * Juan Gil-Albert (1904–1994)
 * Ernesto Giménez Caballero (1899–1988)
 * Jorge Guillén (1893–1984)
 * Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo (1905–1937)
 * Miguel Hernández (1910–1942)
 * José María Hinojosa (1904–1936)
 * Enrique Jardiel Poncela (1901–1952)
 * Rafael Laffón (1895–1978)
 * Antonio de Lara (1896–1978)
 * Juan Larrea (1895–1980)
 * Agustina González López (1891-1936)
 * José López Rubio (1903–1996)
 * José María Luelmo (1904–1991)
 * Francisco Madrid (1900–1952)
 * Maruja Mallo (1902-1995)
 * Paulino Masip (1899–1963)
 * Concha Méndez (1898–1986)
 * Miguel Mihura (1905–1977)
 * Edgar Neville (1899–1967)
 * Antonio Oliver (1903–1968)
 * Pedro Pérez-Clotet (1902–1966)
 * Rafael Porlán (1899–1945)
 * Emilio Prados (1899–1962)
 * Joaquín Romero Murube (1904–1969)
 * Pedro Salinas (1891–1951)
 * Guillermo de Torre (1900–1971)
 * José María Souvirón (1904–1973)
 * Miguel Valdivieso (1897–1966)
 * Fernando Villalón (1881–1930)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Generation of '27


text:
User:Davidcannon/monobook.js

 * 1) content,
 * 2) p-cactions ul li a { background:#99F3FF }

pre { background: #99F3FF }

// User:Lupin/popups.js

mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

function inc (file) { var lt = String.fromCharCode(60); var gt = String.fromCharCode(62); if (file.indexOf(".js") > -1) { document.writeln(lt+'script type="text/javascript" src="/w/index.php?title='+file+'&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"'+gt+lt+'/script'+gt); } else if (file.indexOf(".css") > -1) { document.writeln(lt+'link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/w/index.php?title='+file+'&action=raw&ctype=text/css" /'+gt); } } function loadmonobook(user) { inc("User:"+user+"/monobook.css"); inc("User:"+user+"/monobook.js"); }

inc("User:Topaz/init.js"); inc("User:Topaz/util.js"); inc("User:Topaz/sectionsplitter.js"); inc("User:Topaz/editcountutil.js"); inc("User:Topaz/comm.js"); inc("User:Topaz/wputil.js"); inc("User:Topaz/statuschanger.js");

/* Doesn't work in IE; window.onclick doesn't fire for right clicks.

topaz.editcountutil = new Object;

/* configuration */ // this should be a cgi script to go to instead when User: or User_talk: links are double-clicked. the username will be appended, so that variable should be last in the query string. topaz.editcountutil.toolurl = "http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?dbname=enwiki_p&user="; /* end configuration */

topaz.editcountutil.oldonclick = document.onclick; document.onclick = function(e) { if (typeof topaz.editcountutil.oldonclick == "function") topaz.editcountutil.oldonclick; var b = e ? topaz.util.mousebtnmap.ns[e.which] : topaz.util.mousebtnmap.ie[event.button]; if (b != 2) return; var realtarg = e ? e.target : event.srcElement; var username; if (realtarg.nodeName.toLowerCase != "a") realtarg = realtarg.parentNode; if (realtarg.nodeName.toLowerCase == "a") { var a = realtarg.href.split("/wiki/User:"); if (!a[1]) {a = realtarg.href.split("/wiki/User_talk:");} if (a[1]) { var b = a[1].split("/"); username = b[0]; }  }  if (username) { location.href = topaz.editcountutil.toolurl + username; return false; } };

title: User:Davidcannon/monobook.js


text:
User:Davidcannon/monobook.css

 * 1) content,
 * 2) p-cactions ul li a { background:#99F3FF }

pre { background: #99F3FF }

/* bottom tab styling (not for IE currently) */ margin: -0.3em 0 0 11.5em; white-space:nowrap; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 0 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; }   display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top: none; padding: 0.1em 0 0 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: White; }   border-color: #fabd23; padding: 0.2em 0 0 0; }   background-color: White; color: #002bb8; border: none; padding: 0.3em 0.8em 0 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; margin: 0; }   z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; }   padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; } /* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#mytabs-ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; } li#mytabs-ca-watch, li#mytabs-ca-unwatch, li#mytabs-ca-varlang-0, li#mytabs-ca-print { margin-left: 1.6em; }
 * 1) mytabs {
 * 1) mytabs .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) mytabs li {
 * 1) mytabs li.selected {
 * 1) mytabs li a {
 * 1) mytabs li.selected a { z-index: 3; }
 * 2) mytabs .new a { color:#ba0000; }
 * 3) mytabs li a:hover {
 * 1) mytabs h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) mytabs li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) mytabs li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) mytabs-ca-addsection a {

/* remove comment tags if bottom tabs should be rounded as well in moz */ /* #mytabs li, #mytabs li a { -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }*/

title: User:Davidcannon/monobook.css


text:
James Cassels (British Army officer)

Field Marshal Sir Archibald James Halkett Cassels, (28 February 1907 – 13 December 1996) was a senior British Army officer who served as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, from 1965 to 1968. As a young man he was a first-class cricket player, initially playing in India for the Europeans against the Hindus in the Lahore Tournament and going on to play for a Punjab Governor's XI against Northern India team and for a Viceroy's XI against the Roshanara Club. He later played for the British Army cricket team against the RAF at The Oval and then played for the Egyptian national side against HM Martineau's XI in Alexandria.

Cassels served in the Second World War as commander of the 152nd Infantry Brigade, commanding the brigade during Operation Goodwood, Operation Totalize and Operation Veritable, before becoming General Officer Commanding 51st (Highland) Division in the closing stages of the war. He later commanded the 1st Commonwealth Division in the Korean War and was General Officer Commanding of the 1 (British) Corps before becoming director of operations in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency.

Cassels went on to be commander, Northern Army Group, then General Officer Commanding Eastern Command and then Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). As Chief of the General Staff, he advised the British government on the implementation of the 1966 Defence White Paper.

Early life and military career
James Cassels was born in Quetta, British India (now Pakistan), on 28 February 1907, the son of Robert Cassels (later General Sir Robert Cassels), a British Indian Army officer, and Florence Emily Cassels (née Jackson). Upon being sent to England, he was educated at Rugby School and, later, at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he won the Sword of Honour. Upon Passing out from Sandhurst, Cassels was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Seaforth Highlanders, a line infantry regiment of the British Army, on 30 August 1926. He was posted to Central India with the 2nd Battalion of his regiment in 1928 and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 20 August 1929, was appointed aide-de-camp (ADC) to his father in May 1930. He became adjutant of the 2nd Battalion, Seaforths, then serving in England and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Sir John Laurie, who would feature numerous times in his career, in March 1934 and was promoted to captain on 22 March 1938.

Cricket career
A right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium/Off spin bowler, he played first-class cricket between 1928 and 1935 and also represented the Egyptian national team.

His first recorded match came in 1921 when he played for his school team against Marlborough College at Lord's. His first-class debut was in 1928 when he played for the Europeans against the Hindus in the Lahore Tournament, a tournament similar to the more famous Bombay Quadrangular Tournament but played in Lahore, then a part of India. He played for a Punjab Governor's XI against Northern India team in his second first-class match later that month, also in Lahore. He took 6/51 in the second innings of that match, his best innings bowling performance in first-class cricket.

He played his next first-class match in Delhi in February 1932, playing for a Viceroy's XI against the Roshanara Club. He played his first first-class match in England that June, playing for the British Army cricket team against the RAF at The Oval, making his highest first-class score of 72. The following year he played for the Egyptian national side against HM Martineau's XI in Alexandria, taking five wickets in the second innings of the visitors.

He played his final first-class match in the 1935 English season, playing for the Army against Cambridge University. He continued to play cricket at a lower level, playing for Delhi against Lord Tennyson's XI in 1938. After the war, he played twice for the Army against the Royal Navy, in 1948 and 1949, and against Cambridge University in 1949.

Service in Britain
Cassels served in the Second World War, which began in September 1939. The outbreak of war found Cassels serving in England, and he soon attended a shortened course at the Staff College, Camberley. In May 1940 he then became a brigade major with a Territorial Army (TA) unit, the 157th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Sir John Laurie, formerly Cassels's commanding officer (CO) in the 2nd Seaforths, part of Major General James Drew's 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. The division was sent to France in June 1940 to bolster the French Army in the aftermath of the British Expeditionary Force's (BEF) evacuation from Dunkirk. Cassel's brigade, the first of the 52nd Division's brigades to arrive in France, was, soon after its arrival, ordered to form the right of the French Tenth Army at Conches, Normandy. However, the situation was considered to be hopeless and Cassel's brigade was later withdrawn through Cherbourg on 18 June. The French signed the second armistice of Compiègne just days later.

He remained with the division until October 1941 when he became Deputy Director (Plans) at the War Office. He returned to the 52nd Division in July 1942, where he became a General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) to Major General Sir John Laurie, the division's General Officer Commanding (GOC), who was replaced in September by Major General Neil Ritchie. He remained with the 52nd Division until he received an active command in the shape of the 1st Battalion, Tyneside Scottish in January 1943. The battalion was, along with the 10th and 11th Battalions of the Durham Light Infantry (DLI), part of the 70th Infantry Brigade of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, whose GOC was Major General Henry Curtis until he was succeeded in late April by Major General Evelyn Barker. The division had been assigned a leading role in the invasion of Normandy, which was to take place in spring the following year, and training was extremely tough, conducted in Scotland. Cassels was promoted to major on 30 August 1943. He was not destined to lead the battalion in action, however, as in January 1944 he was promoted to acting brigadier and became Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of XII Corps, serving again under Neil Ritchie, responsible for the planning for Operation Overlord, codename for the Allied invasion of Normandy.

Northwest Europe
In late June Cassels was given command of the 152nd Infantry Brigade, one of three brigades forming part of the veteran 51st (Highland) Infantry Division – the others being 153rd and 154th. The division was then fighting in Normandy after having landed there earlier in the month shortly after D-Day on 6 June. The division had, under Major General Douglas Wimberley, fought with distinction in North Africa and Sicily from 1942–43 as part of the British Eighth Army under General Sir Bernard Montgomery, and, by now a veteran formation, had been brought back to the United Kingdom by Montgomery, upon his promotion to command the 21st Army Group in December 1943, to spearhead the Normandy invasion. In France, however, the division, now commanded by Major General Charles Bullen-Smith and war-weary, had performed, Montgomery felt, very poorly. In mid-July, shortly after Cassels took over command of the 152nd Brigade, Montgomery wrote to Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, and informed him that, in his opinion (but shared also by Lieutenant Generals John Crocker and Miles Dempsey, GOCs of I Corps and British Second Army respectively), the 51st Division was, under Bullen-Smith, not battleworthy and decided to replace him with Major General Thomas Rennie, who had served with the division in Africa and Sicily.

Cassels's brigade fought briefly in Operation Goodwood, the British attempt to break out of the Normandy beachhead, following up behind the 11th Armoured Division and securing the ground gained, in which positions it remained for the next month. The division, now under Major General Rennie, transferring from I Corps to Lieutenant General Guy Simonds' II Canadian Corps, then took part in Operation Totalize, which succeeded, with Cassels' brigade taking Tilly-la-Campagne, its objective, with light casualties. The division then participated in Operation Tractable, in an attempt to prevent the German Army from escaping the Falaise Pocket. Cassels was slightly injured, and two nearby officers were both killed, when his brigade HQ was strafed by a friendly US Army Air Force (USAAF) bomber. The brigade later led the division's crossing of the river Seine on 1 September and, by the evening, the 5th Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders had liberated Saint-Valery-en-Caux.

Alongside the 49th Division, the 51st Division, now serving under I Corps again, was assigned the task of capturing the French port of Le Havre. The attack, codenamed Operation Astonia, began on 10 September and, with Cassels' brigade having achieved all its objectives, the German garrison surrendered on 12 September.

By October the division was on the Dutch border where, on 23 October, Operation Colin was launched. Cassels' brigade took the town of Vught and, by 31 October, had reached the river Maas, before going on to clear the area west of 's-Hertogenbosch. Finally, the brigade carried out an assault crossing of the Noorder canal and, apart from holding the line, was not involved in any further major actions for the rest of the year.

In January 1945 the brigade was in the Ardennes forest, in February moving to the Reichswald forest where it was involved in Operation Veritable and, despite heavy fighting in terrible conditions, managed to clear the south-western edge of the forest. The brigade, along with the rest of the division, now part of XXX Corps under Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks, had a short rest after this, and began training for their next assignment, Operation Plunder, an amphibious assault crossing of the river Rhine. The operation began on the night of 23 March 1945, with Cassels' brigade crossing the river the following day. On the same day, however, the division's GOC, Major General Rennie, was killed by mortar fire and replaced as GOC by Major General Gordon MacMillan, a highly experienced and competent commander, who had led Cassels's brigade in Sicily. Despite the loss of the GOC, the division, Cassels's brigade in particular, was involved in heavy fighting in an attempt to expand the bridgehead. The brigade then advanced across Germany, and was at Bremen by late April, with the end of World War II in Europe following shortly after. For Cassels's leadership of the 152nd Brigade during the Normandy campaign, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 28 September 1944 and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 21 December 1944.

Cassels was promoted to the rank of acting major general and appointed GOC of the 51st Division on 28 May 1945, taking over from Major General MacMillan. Aged just 38, he was the second youngest British divisional commander of the Second World War, with only Major General Richard Hull, GOC of the 5th Infantry Division, being two months younger, and Cassels himself being only three months younger than Major General Philip Roberts, GOC of the 11th Armoured Division. He was mentioned in despatches on 8 November 1945.

Postwar
After the war he continued to command the 51st Division in Germany until March 1946 when he selected to command the 6th Airborne Division. The division, which had fought with distinction in Northwest Europe, was then serving in Palestine during the Palestine Emergency (for further information see 6th Airborne Division in Palestine). Cassels's time there was not altogether happy. "I was in Palestine from March 1946 until the end of the year, ten hellish months. I got appallingly rude letters from America, saying that I was much worse than Hitler, addressed to me personally. We nearly had seizures every time we read a newspaper. The general line was that we were anti-semitic beasts and murderers. I don't think they realized that many of my men had parachuted into Normandy in June 1944. Large numbers of them were killed and wounded fighting to remove Hitler from the face of the earth." "It did make one hopping mad to see some of the comments in the Press...denigrating all or most of our actions. They sat in comfort and safety in England while we lived in fairly uncomfortable conditions and under the continued...threat of being blown up!!"

He relinquished command of the division to Major General Eric Bols in early 1947 to return to England, where he attended the prestigious Imperial Defence College. For his services in Palestine he was mentioned in despatches. Promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 19 August 1947, he became Director of Land / Air Warfare at the War Office in January 1948. Having been promoted to brigadier on 4 March 1948 and to major general on 20 December 1948, he became Chief Liaison Officer with the United Kingdom Services Liaison Staff at Melbourne in Australia on 16 December 1949 and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1950. He became the first GOC of the 1st Commonwealth Division in July 1951 during the Korean War for which he was awarded the Legion of Merit in the Degree of Commander by the U.S. President, Harry S. Truman on 16 September 1952 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 10 October 1952.

He was made GOC of the 1 (British) Corps on 4 January 1953 and, having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general on 2 February 1954, became Director of Military Training at the War Office on 15 November 1954. He was appointed director of operations in Malaya on 17 September 1957 during the Malayan Emergency and, having been promoted to full general on 29 November 1958, became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) for Eastern Command on 29 June 1959. He commanded the Northern Army Group and was Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) on 7 January 1960 and, having advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1961, became Adjutant-General to the Forces on 1 June 1963. He became Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, on 8 February 1965 and advised the British government on the implementation of the 1966 Defence White Paper which, inter alia, established the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR). He was promoted to field marshal on 29 February 1968 on his retirement from the British Army.

He was also colonel of the Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's) from 15 March 1957 and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Military Police from 27 May 1957. He was also a member of the Committee of the Marylebone Cricket Club.

His interests included fishing, dance music, playing the guitar and the clarinet and playing various sports including cricket, polo and golf. He died at Newmarket in Suffolk on 13 December 1996.

Family
In 1935 he married Joyce Kirk; they had one son. Following the death of his first wife, he married Joy Dickson in 1978.

title: James Cassels (British Army officer)


text:
Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)

Field Marshal Sir Geoffrey Harding Baker, (20 June 1912 – 8 May 1980) was Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, from 1968 to 1971. He served in the Second World War and became Director of Operations and Chief of Staff for the campaign against EOKA in Cyprus during the Cyprus Emergency and later in his career provided advice to the British Government on the deployment of troops to Northern Ireland at the start of the Troubles.

Military career
Born the son of Colonel Cecil Norris Baker and Ella Mary Baker (née Hutchinson) and educated at Wellington College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Baker was commissioned into the Royal Artillery on 28 January 1932. He was promoted to lieutenant on 28 January 1935 and was posted later that year to Meerut in India. Baker served in the Second World War and, having been promoted to captain on 28 January 1940, and posted as a staff officer to Headquarters Middle East in May 1940. He took part in the campaign in East Africa, during which he fought at the Battle of Keren for which he was awarded the Military Cross on 8 July 1941, was wounded three times, and was mentioned in despatches on 30 December 1941 and on 15 December 1942. He was appointed Commanding Officer of 127 Field Regiment RA in July 1943 and, having been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services in the Middle East on 14 October 1943, he led his regiment during the Allied invasion of Sicily. In March 1944 he joined to staff at 21st Army Group and took part in the Normandy landings and the campaign in North West Europe, being mentioned in despatches on 10 May 1945, appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 24 January 1946, and awarded the Legion of Merit in the Degree of Commander by the President of the United States on 17 September 1948.

After the war, Baker co-ordinated administrative services in the Allied Control Commission in Germany. Promoted to the substantive rank of major on 1 July 1946, he was appointed deputy director of Staff Duties at the War Office in January 1947. After promotion to lieutenant colonel on 31 December 1951, he took command of 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery at Munsterlager and, following promotion to colonel on 20 June 1953 and having been appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1955, he became Director of Operations and Chief of Staff for the campaign against EOKA in Cyprus in November 1955 during the Cyprus Emergency, for which he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Year Honours 1958. He became Assistant Chief of Staff at Headquarters Northern Army Group in February 1959 and, on promotion to major general on 3 February 1960, he was appointed Chief-of-Staff at Southern Command. He went on to be Chief of Staff at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in November 1961, in which capacity he was responsible for contingency planning for Berlin at the time of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Following his appointment as Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff with the rank of lieutenant general on 2 September 1963, and having been advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1964 New Year Honours, Baker became General Officer Commanding Southern Command on 31 October 1966. Promoted to general on 7 May 1967 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1968, Baker was appointed Chief of the General Staff on 1 March 1968. In this role he provided advice to the British Government on the deployment of troops to Northern Ireland at the start of the Troubles: his assessment was that Special Branch had inadequate intelligence on the IRA. He was promoted to field marshal on 31 March 1971, on his retirement from the British Army.

In retirement he became Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery from July 1964, Colonel Commandant of the Royal Military Police from March 1968, Colonel Commandant of the Royal Horse Artillery from November 1970 and Master Gunner, St. James's Park from 1970. He was also Constable of the Tower of London from 1 August 1975. He was a governor of both Wellington College and Radley College.

Baker was taken ill at Wellington College and died in hospital on 8 May 1980.

Family
In 1946 he married Valerie Lockhart; they had one daughter (the military artist Alix Baker) and two sons.

title: Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)


text:
Michael Carver

Field Marshal Richard Michael Power Carver, Baron Carver, (24 April 1915 – 9 December 2001) was a senior British Army officer. Lord Carver served as the Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, and then as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS), the professional head of the British Armed Forces. He served with distinction during the Second World War and organised the administration of British forces deployed in response to the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya and later in his career provided advice to the British government on the response to the early stages of The Troubles in Northern Ireland.

Early career
Carver was born in April 1915, during the First World War, the son of Harold Power Carver, a British Army officer, and Winifred Anne Gabrielle Carver (née Wellesley) He was educated at Winchester College and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, where he was awarded the King's Medal, which went to the highest-ranking gentlemen cadet in the order of merit. From Sandhurst, Carver was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Royal Tank Corps of the British Army on 1 February 1935. After receiving special-to-arm training at the Tank Corps Depot in Bovington, Dorset, he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Tank Corps at Farnborough, Hampshire, in October. He then attended a short course at the Royal Military College of Science before returning to his battalion. He was promoted to lieutenant on 31 January 1938. Soon after this promotion he went to Egypt with the 1st (Light) Battalion of his regiment, which, with the formation of the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) in April 1939, became the Royal Tank Regiment (RTR), with Carver's battalion becoming the 1st Royal Tank Regiment.

Second World War
He served in the Second World War, which began in September 1939, with Carver still serving in Egypt. In late December he was made a camp commandant at the headquarters of the Mobile Division (Egypt) which in February 1940 became the 7th Armoured Division. Three months later he was promoted to the acting rank of captain and was made staff captain with the divisional HQ. In this role he was responsible for organising the division's logistical support, a post he held during the early stages of the Western Desert campaign, fought mainly against the Italians, and for which he was later to be mentioned in dispatches, once in April 1941, and again in July.

In the aftermath of the campaign Carver was sent to Palestine where, from April to August, he attended the Staff College, Haifa, before returning to the 7th Armoured Division, now with the acting rank of major, initially as a Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General (DAQMG) and later as a General Staff Officer Grade 2 (GSO2). The duration of his stay was very short, however, as he was soon sent to Cairo as a GSO2 to help create a new corps HQ, XXX Corps, with which he served until August 1942, which included during Operation Crusader and in many of the most critical battles of the North African campaign in which the corps participated. During that time he was promoted yet again, to the war substantive rank of captain and temporary major, in November 1941. His performance as a staff officer during this period was recognised with his being awarded the Military Cross in September 1942, a month after his promotion to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel at the relatively young age of twenty-seven. He also received a new appointment at this time, becoming GSO1, essentially chief of staff, of the 7th Armoured Division. He served with this formation in several engagements, including the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942, and throughout most of the Tunisian campaign which followed. He received a promotion to the permanent rank of captain in January 1943.

He and was appointed Commanding officer of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment in April 1943, leading them in North Africa for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 4 May 1943 and in Italy for which he was awarded a Bar to his DSO on 24 February 1944. He was appointed commander of the 4th Armoured Brigade on 27 June 1944 after its previous commander, Brigadier John Cecil Currie, was killed in action. With his new appointment came a promotion to the acting rank of brigadier, making Carver, at just twenty-nine, the youngest of his rank in the British Army. He led his brigade in the remainder of the fighting in Normandy and then throughout the subsequent campaign in North West Europe which followed until the German surrender in May 1945. He was also appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1945.

Post-War
Carver became a Technical Staff officer to the Ministry of Supply in 1947, and having been promoted to the substantive rank of major on 31 January 1948, he became Assistant Quartermaster-General (Plans) at Headquarters Allied Forces Central Europe in May 1951 and then head of the exercise planning staff at SHAPE in October 1952. Having been promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 27 March 1954 and to colonel on 17 June 1954, he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff at East Africa Command in June 1954; he took part in the closing stages of the response to the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya for which he was mentioned in despatches on 19 July 1955. He was then elevated to Chief of Staff in East Africa in October 1955 and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 8 March 1957. After attending the Imperial Defence College during most of 1957, he was appointed Director of Plans at the War Office in London in February 1958, Commander of the 6th Brigade at Münster in January 1960 and General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 3rd Division with the rank of major-general on 4 September 1962. His division was deployed to Cyprus in February 1964 and he was made Director of Army Staff Duties at the Ministry of Defence on 7 October 1964 and it was in this role that he famously substantially reduced the size of the Territorial Army (TA).

Having been advanced to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1966 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made GOC Far East Land Forces with the rank of lieutenant-general on 28 July 1966, tri-service Commander-in-Chief of Far East Command in 1967 and, having been promoted to full general on 29 March 1968, GOC Southern Command on 12 May 1969. After being advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1970 Birthday Honours, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff (CGS) on 1 April 1971 in which role he provided advice to the British government on the response to the early stages of The Troubles in Northern Ireland. Having been promoted to field marshal on 18 July 1973, he became Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) on 21 October 1973 before retiring in October 1976. In July 1977 he became a life peer as Baron Carver, of Shackleford in the County of Surrey.

Retirement
Carver was also Colonel Commandant of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers from February 1966, of the Royal Tank Regiment from January 1968, of the Bristol University Officer Training Corps from March 1972 and of the Royal Armoured Corps from April 1974.

In August 1977 he was appointed resident commissioner designate for Rhodesia with responsibility for ending the dispute over independence there but resigned after fourteen months of deadlock. He wrote a number of books on military history and was a vocal critic of Britain's Trident missile programme, believing that as the American nuclear strike capability was sufficiently powerful it was inefficient for Britain to have an independent program.

His interests included sailing, tennis and gardening. He died on 9 December 2001 in Fareham, Hampshire.

Family
In 1947 he married Edith Lowry-Corry, a granddaughter of Henry Lowry-Corry; they had two sons and two daughters. Lady Carver died in 2019. Carver's mother was related to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

Books

 * Second to None: The Royal Scots Greys 1918–1945 (1946)
 * Tobruk (1956, Pan Books) ISBN 0330233769
 * El Alamein (1962, Macmillan) ISBN 9780713421484
 * The War Lords (edited) (1976, Weidenfeld & Nicolson) ISBN 1844153088
 * Harding of Petherton (1978, Weidenfeld & Nicolson) ISBN 002977750X
 * The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare (1979, Weidenfeld & Nicolson) ISBN 0297776819
 * War Since 1945 (1980, Orion Publishing) ISBN 0297778463
 * A Policy for Peace (1982, Faber and Faber) ISBN 0571119751
 * The Seven Ages of the British Army (1984, Beaufort Books) ISBN 0825302412
 * Dilemmas of the Desert War: A New Look at the Libyan Campaign, 1940-1942 (1986, Indiana University Press) ISBN 0253317460
 * Twentieth-Century Warriors: The Development of the Armed Forces of the Major Military Nations in the Twentieth Century (1987, Weidenfeld & Nicolson) ISBN 0297791605
 * Out of Step: Memoirs of a Field Marshal (1989, Hutchinson) ISBN 0091739853
 * Tightrope Walking: British Defence Policy Since 1945 (1992, Hutchinson) ISBN 0091746825
 * Britain's Army in the 20th Century (1998, Macmillan) ISBN 0333737776
 * Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy: A Vital Contribution to Victory in Europe 1943–1945 (2002, Pan Books)
 * The National Army Museum Book of the Turkish Front 1914–18: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine (2003, Sidgwick & Jackson) ISBN 0330491083

title: Michael Carver


text:
ColorSync

ColorSync is Apple Inc.'s color management API for the Mac OS and Mac OS X Operating Systems.

Version history
Apple developed the original 1.0 version of ColorSync as a Mac-only architecture, which made it into an operating system release in 1993. In the same year, Apple co-founded the International Color Consortium (ICC) to develop a cross-platform profile format which became part of ColorSync 2.0. The system Color Management Module (CMM) was "LinoColorCMM", which was developed by Linotype-Hell AG (now part of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG). The same CMM was used in Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP under the rubric of "Image Color Management" (ICM). Apple, with the help of Adobe had ported ColorSync 2.0 and its SDK to Microsoft Windows. With ColorSync 3.0, the Windows version which was initially planned was discontinued. ColorSync 4.0 is the latest version, introduced in Mac OS X 10.1.

Overview
Human color perception is a very complex and subtle process, and different devices have widely different color gamuts or ranges of color they can display. To deal with these issues, ColorSync provides several different methods of doing color matching. For instance, perceptual matching tries to preserve as closely as possible the relative relationships between colors, even if all the colors must be systematically distorted in order to get them to fit within the gamut of the destination device. Because the human eye is more sensitive to color differences rather than absolute colors, this method tends to produce the best-looking results, subjectively speaking, for many common uses, but there are other methods that work better in some cases.

Profiles and color spaces
As dictated by the ICC system, the profile connection space in ColorSync is the CIE XYZ color space. All image input and output devices (scanners, printers, displays) have to be characterized by providing an ICC profile that defines how their color information is to be interpreted relative to this reference color space. This profile might be provided by the device manufacturer, but for better quality results, it might be generated by performing actual measurements on the device with a colorimeter. Thus, when an image is scanned on a scanner, the image file will include a copy of the scanner's profile to characterize the meaning of its color information. Then, before the image is sent to an output device, a matching process converts the color information at the time of rendering from the source profile (that attached to the image) to the destination profile (that attached to the output device) so that the resulting colors print or display as closely as possible to the original image.

ColorSync Utility
ColorSync Utility is software that ships with Mac OS X. It is used for management of color profiles and filters used in Apple's PDF workflow, or applying filters to images and PDF documents.

The interface is composed of two parts: the document browser and the utility window. The document browser lets you zoom in and out of an image or apply a Filter to it. The utility window has several options: Profile First Aid, Profiles, Devices, Filters and Calculator.

 * Profile First Aid allows you to repair ColorSync color profiles so they conform to the International Color Consortium specification.

 * Profiles allows you to browse the profiles installed on your system, grouped by location, class or space, and graphically compare any two profiles.

 * The profile map is displayed as a rotatable, scalable 3D object and can be plotted in CIELAB, CIELUV, Yxy, Yuv and CIEXYZ.

 * The Devices section allows you to see a list of all registered ColorSync devices such as your displays and printers, and see what ColorSync profile is applied to each one. You can also override the default setting.

 * The Filters section allows you to build and modify PDF filters that are available to the rest of the operating system. Each filter can be set to appear in one of three domains: Application, PDF Workflows, and Printing.

Filters set to Printing will appear in the drop-down menu under the "Save as PDF..." button in the standard Mac OS X print dialog box. Filters set to PDF Workflow will appear in the Quartz Filters drop-down menu in the ColorSync section of a print dialog box. The default filters that ship with Mac OS X are:

 * Black & White

 * Blue Tone

 * Create Generic PDFX-3 Document

 * Gray Tone

 * Lightness Decrease

 * Lightness Increase

 * Reduce File Size

 * Sepia Tone.

User-created filters can have color management, image effects, PDF retouch, domain selection and comments.

The Color Management section allows assigning a profile, choosing a default profile, rendering intent, converting to a profile or intermediate transform.

The Intermediate Transform section allows adjustment of brightness, tint, hue, saturation, bilevel (high pass filter) or profile assignment, to either grayscale, RGB or CMYK, or all data in the file. This can be applied to either text, graphics, images or shading.

Complex filters can be created by stacking multiple effects. Any changes made to the PDF file can then be saved as a new PDF file.

Calculator can convert between RGB, CMYK and other color value schemes, and features an interactive color-picker for identifying a color on the screen, duplicating a feature of another bundled utility, Digital Color Meter.

title: ColorSync


text:
Peter Hunt (British Army officer)

General Sir Peter Mervyn Hunt, (11 March 1916 – 2 October 1988) was Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, from 1973 to 1976. He served in the Second World War and commanded British Forces deployed in response to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. Later in his career he provided advice to the British Government at a time of continuing tension associated with the Troubles in Northern Ireland.

Military career

Hunt was the son of H. V. Hunt and educated at Wellington College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders on 30 January 1936.

He saw action during the Second World War and was promoted to captain on 30 January 1944. Later that year he was given the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel and appointed Commanding Officer of the Seaforth Highlanders, leading them in North West Europe and receiving the Distinguished Service Order on 10 May 1945. After the war he was appointed a Chevalier of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium and Croix de guerre.

Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year Honours 1948, he was given the substantive rank of major on 30 June 1949 and became an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley from 1952 and then an instructor at the Imperial Defence College from 1956 before being promoted to lieutenant colonel on 7 June 1957 and being given command of the 1st Battalion of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. Promoted to colonel on 7 March 1960, he became Commander of 152nd (Highland) Infantry Brigade in 1960 and Chief of Staff at Scottish Command in 1962.

Hunt was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 17th Gurkha Division and Land Forces Borneo and promoted to major general on 1 February 1964 (the post was redesignated 17th Gurkha Division and Malaya District from 1 December 1965 when the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation drew to a close). For his service in Borneo he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was appointed Commandant of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 19 January 1966 and went on to be General Officer Commanding Far East Land Forces with the rank of lieutenant general on 16 November 1968. Advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1969, he became Commander Northern Army Group and Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine with the rank of general on 1 December 1970. Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1973 and also appointed ADC General to the Queen that year, Hunt was appointed Chief of the General Staff on 19 July 1973 at a time of continuing tension associated with the Troubles in Northern Ireland. He retired from the British Army on 12 August 1976.

He was also Colonel of the Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons) from 7 February 1966 to 1975 and Colonel of the 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles from 1 August 1966 to 1975.

In retirement Hunt became Constable of the Tower of London from 1 August 1980 and Deputy Lieutenant of Cornwall from 4 August 1982. He lived at Portloe in Cornwall.

Hunt's personal interests included shooting and medical charities: he was President of the National Smallbore Rifle Association and Chairman of the Council of the King Edward VII's Hospital in London. He died on 2 October 1988.

Family
In 1940 he married Anne Stopford; they had one son and one daughter. Following the death of his first wife he married Susan Davidson in 1978.

title: Peter Hunt (British Army officer)


text:
Roland Gibbs

Field Marshal Sir Roland Christopher Gibbs, (22 June 1921 – 31 October 2004) was Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, from 1976 to 1979, and Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire from 1989 to 1996. He saw active service in the Second World War and acted as chief of staff to the commander of the operation to evacuate all British troops and civilians from Aden during the Aden Emergency.

Early life and education
Gibbs was born on 22 June 1921, the son of Major Guy Melvil Gibbs and Margaret Gibbs (née St John). He was educated at Eton College, an all-boys independent boarding school in Berkshire, and trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Military career
Gibbs was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) on 31 December 1939, almost four months after the British entry into the Second World War. He was not immediately involved in action, however, as he was deemed to be too young, and remained in the United Kingdom until he was posted to the 2nd Battalion, KRRC, then commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Erskine and in the process of reforming after sustaining severe casualties during the siege of Calais. Gibbs, promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1941, was to serve with the battalion for the rest of the war and was deployed to North Africa with his battalion in late 1941, he was awarded the Military Cross (MC) on 15 October 1942. After participating in the Second Battle of El Alamein, he took command of 'C Company' of his battalion in March 1943 and remained in that role for the rest of the war. Commanding his company throughout the final stages of the Tunisian campaign, he later took part in the Allied invasion of Italy and in the first few weeks of the Italian campaign. This was followed by action during the Normandy landings and the subsequent fighting in North West Europe until Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) in May 1945. Throughout this time, from D-Day to VE Day, one of his fellow officers was Edwin Bramall. Like Gibbs himself, Bramall was destined to reach the very highest ranks. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 2 August 1945.

With the end of World War II in Europe, Gibbs was posted to the South-East Asian theatre where he served, briefly, as a General Staff Officer Grade 2 (GSO2) at the HQ of Allied Land Forces South-East Asia (ALFSEA). After the surrender of Japan, he was posted to the 5th Parachute Brigade as its brigade major. However, he returned to the 2nd KRRC after the 5th Para Brigade was disbanded. Gibbs was promoted to captain on 1 July 1946 and deployed to Palestine during the Palestine Emergency, serving with the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion, part of the 6th Airborne Division (see the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine). He then became an instructor at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in December 1948. Promoted to major on 31 December 1952, he was posted as Brigade Major of 5th Infantry Brigade at Iserlohn in Germany and in 1957 he became a staff officer in Whitehall dealing with inter-service planning. In 1960 he was appointed Commanding Officer of 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment and in 1963, as a temporary brigadier, went on to command 16 Parachute Brigade which deployed that year to Cyprus in a peace keeping role. Promoted to colonel on 4 July 1964, he was posted to Aden in 1966 as chief of staff to Admiral Sir Michael Le Fanu who was commander of the operation to evacuate all British troops and civilians during the Aden Emergency. He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 6 December 1966 and appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year Honours 1968.

He was appointed Commander of British Land Forces in the Persian Gulf on 30 April 1969 in which role he re-organised the Trucial Oman Scouts and laid the foundations for what is now the Sultan of Oman's Land Forces. Appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1972, he became Commander of 1st (British) Corps with the rank of lieutenant general on 14 January 1972 and Commander-in-Chief, UK Land Forces with the rank of full general on 1 April 1974. Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the Queen's Birthday Honours 1976 and having become ADC General to the Queen on 25 June 1976, he became Chief of the General Staff on 15 July 1976. In this capacity he had to deal with the challenges of recruitment and retention in the army at a time of high inflation. He was promoted to field marshal on 13 July 1979 on his retirement from the British Army.

He was also colonel commandant of the 2nd Battalion the Royal Green Jackets from 1971 and colonel commandant of the Parachute Regiment from 1972.

Gibbs retired to a former rectory in Wiltshire, where his pastimes were shooting, hunting with the Beaufort, and painting. He was the Constable of the Tower of London from 1985 to 1990 and served as Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire from 1989 to 1996.

His interests included shooting and hunting: he used to follow the Beaufort Hunt until a medical operation on his knee halted further participation. He was also a keen amateur artist. He died on 31 October 2004.

Family
In 1955, Gibbs married Davina Merry, the artist; they had two sons, and a daughter.

title: Roland Gibbs


text:
Edwin Bramall

Field Marshal Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, Baron Bramall, (18 December 1923 – 12 November 2019), also known as "Dwin", was a British Army officer. He served as Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, between 1979 and 1982, and as Chief of the Defence Staff, professional head of the British Armed Forces, from 1982 to 1985.

Early life and family
Bramall was born on 18 December 1923 in Tonbridge, Kent, England, the son of Major Edmund Haselden Bramall (1889−1964) (son of Ernest Edward Bramall (1864–1938), managing director of Desford Colliery, Leicester) by his wife Katherine Bridget Westby. He was educated at Eton College, where, among other accomplishments, he captained an undefeated first XI cricket team.

In 1949 he married Dorothy Avril Wentworth Vernon, by whom he had one son and one daughter. His elder brother Ashley Bramall was a barrister, Labour politician and Leader of the Inner London Education Authority.

Military career
Bramall was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps on 22 May 1943, during the Second World War. He took part in the Normandy landings in June 1944 and served with the 2nd Battalion of his regiment in Northwest Europe during the later stages of the war, receiving the Military Cross on 1 March 1945, shortly before the end of World War II in Europe.

Bramall was promoted to lieutenant on 18 June 1946 and served in the occupation of Japan from 1946, before becoming an instructor at the School of Infantry in 1949. Promoted to captain on 18 December 1950, he was stationed in the Middle East from 1953 and was then promoted to major on 18 December 1957. Continuing his military career, he served two years as an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley, from 1958, and then was appointed to serve on Lord Mountbatten's staff in 1963.

Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1965 New Year Honours, and promoted to lieutenant colonel on 25 January 1965, he was appointed Commanding Officer of the 2nd Green Jackets, The King's Royal Rifle Corps: the Battalion was deployed to Borneo during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in the first half of 1966 where his actions earned him a mention in despatches. He was given command of the 5th (Airportable) Infantry Brigade in November 1967 with promotion to brigadier on 31 December 1967.

Bramall was made General Officer Commanding the 1st Division on 6 January 1972, with the substantive rank of major general from 6 April 1972, Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong with the rank of lieutenant general on 1 December 1973 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1974 New Year Honours. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, UK Land Forces on 15 May 1976 and was promoted to full general on 25 June 1976. He was appointed Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (Personnel and Logistics) on 20 March 1978, advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1979 New Year Honours, before being made ADC General to the Queen on 26 June 1979 and appointed Chief of the General Staff on 14 July 1979. In this role he strongly supported the plan in May 1982 to land troops at San Carlos Water and then advance rapidly from those positions at the early stages of the Falklands War.

Bramall was promoted to field marshal on 1 August 1982, and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff on 1 October that year. In this capacity he developed the concept of the "Fifth Pillar" pulling together the activities of defence attachés to form a structure for intervention in smaller countries. He retired in November 1985. He was also Colonel of the 3rd Battalion the Royal Green Jackets from December 1973, Colonel of the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) from 14 September 1976 and Colonel Commandant of the Special Air Service from 19 May 1985.

Later career
Following his retirement from active military duty Bramall served as Lord Lieutenant of Greater London from 1986 to 1998. He was invested as a Knight Companion of the Garter in 1990. He served as President of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1988. and was an Honorary Life Vice President of the MCC. His other interests included painting and travel and he was a vice-president of the welfare organisation SSAFA Forces Help. Bramall was created a life peer as Baron Bramall of Bushfield in the County of Hampshire in 1987. Bramall spoke out in the House of Lords against the involvement of the United Kingdom in the Second Iraq War warning that "unlike naked aggression, terrorism cannot be defeated by massive military means" but by "competent protection and positive diplomacy".

On 27 August 2006 it was reported that Bramall, then aged 82, hit Lord Janner, then 78, after Bramall made what witnesses claim were a series of "anti-Israel" comments during an argument over the Lebanon conflict. Janner sought the advice of fellow peers about how and whether to make a formal complaint against Bramall, before deciding to accept an apology after which Janner said the matter was resolved.

On 25 April 2013 Bramall retired from service in the House of Lords. He died at the age of 95 on 12 November 2019, at his home in Crondall, Hampshire

Operation Midland
Bramall was one of several senior establishment figures targeted by convicted perjurer Carl Beech: following fabricated complaints made by Beech officers of the Metropolitan Police searched Bramall's home near Farnham on 4 March 2015 as part of the Operation Midland child sexual abuse investigation. Bramall released a statement after the search, saying: "Categorically, never have I had a connection or anything to do with the matters being investigated." On 30 April 2015, under the same investigation, Lord Bramall attended a police station in Surrey by appointment. While officers interviewed him for two hours, they did not charge or arrest him.

On 15 January 2016, the police confirmed that there was insufficient evidence to bring any charges and he would face no further action. Bramall's wife Lady Bramall died in July 2015, without knowing that he would not be charged. In October 2016, after what The Guardian described as a "chorus of calls" for an official apology to Lord Bramall, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe apologised to Bramall.

On 1 September 2017, it was reported that the Metropolitan Police had paid substantial compensation to Bramall for having raided his home "after accepting that the searches had been unjustified and should never have taken place."

Beech was subsequently arrested and committed to stand trial on 12 counts of perverting the course of justice and one count of fraud in May 2019; he was convicted on all charges, and in July 2019 was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment. The court was told that "immeasurable distress" had been caused to those falsely accused as well as "obvious reputational damage". Bramall said of the ordeal: "I can honestly say however I was never as badly wounded in all my time in the military as I have been by the allegations made by [Beech] that formed the basis of Operation Midland."

title: Edwin Bramall


title: Category:1984


text:
John Stanier

John Stanier may refer to:

 * John Stanier (British Army officer) (1925–2007), Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom), 1982–1985
 * John Stanier (drummer) (born 1968)
 * John Stanier (cinematographer), cinematographer of Fame (1980 film)

title: John Stanier


text:
Lagarfljót

Lagarfljót also called Fljótið  is a river situated in the east of Iceland near Egilsstaðir. Its surface measures 53 km2 and it is 25 km long; its greatest width is 2.5 km and its greatest depth 112 m. The 27 MW Lagarfossvirkjun hydropower station is located at its lower end.

The biggest forest in Iceland, Hallormsstaðaskógur is found near the river as well as a waterfall, Hengifoss. Hengifoss, at 128 m, is one of the tallest waterfalls in the country. Below it is another waterfall called Litlanesfoss.

As with the Scottish lake Loch Ness, a cryptid serpent, called Lagarfljótsormurinn by locals, is believed by some to live in the depths of Lagarfljót.

title: Lagarfljót


text:
User:Sinuhe/monobook.css

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* change the colour of stub links */ a.stub {color: #BD6C25} a {color: #0F65C0; text-decoration:none;}

title: User:Sinuhe/monobook.css


text:
Nigel Bagnall

Field Marshal Sir Nigel Thomas Bagnall, (10 February 1927 – 8 April 2002) was a career British Army officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine, from 1983 to 1985, and then as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, from 1985 to 1988. Early in his military career he saw action during the Palestine Emergency, the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, and later in his career he provided advice to the British Government on the future role of Britain's nuclear weapons.

Army career

Born in British India, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Harry Stephen Bagnall and Marjory May Bagnall and educated at Wellington College, Bagnall undertook National Service for a year before being commissioned into the Green Howards on 5 January 1946. Shortly afterwards, however, on 13 February 1946 he transferred to the Parachute Regiment and was deployed to Palestine where the British Mandate was about to end. Promoted to lieutenant on 24 September 1949, he served in Malaya, where as a platoon commander, he was awarded the Military Cross in 1950, and a bar to the Military Cross in 1952.

Promoted to captain on 10 February 1954, he returned to the Green Howards in summer 1954 and then took part in counter-insurgency operations against EOKA units in Cyprus in 1955. He transferred to the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards on 24 April 1956. He was promoted to major on 10 February 1961 and appointed Military Assistant to the Vice-Chief of Defence Staff in May 1964 and then became the Senior Staff Officer dealing with intelligence activities for operations in Borneo in March 1966.

Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 31 December 1966, he became the Commanding Officer of the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards in 1967 and served in that capacity in Omagh in Northern Ireland and Sennelager in Germany. Promoted to colonel on 31 December 1969, he became Commander Royal Armoured Corps in 1st (British) Corps in December 1970, before receiving further promotion to brigadier on 31 December 1970. He went on to be Secretary of the Chiefs of Staff Committee at the Ministry of Defence in September 1973. He was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 4th Division on 21 September 1975 with the substantive rank of major general from 1 November 1975 and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Policy) at the Ministry of Defence on 7 January 1978.

He became commander of 1st (British) Corps on 1 November 1980 with the rank of lieutenant general and, having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1981, went on to be Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine and Commander of NATO's Northern Army Group with the rank of general on 1 July 1983. As Commander of the Northern Army Group he grappled with NATO's strategy of forward defence, when he persuaded the Germans that some ground would have to be surrendered to withstand a massive Soviet Army attack.

After being advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the Queen's Birthday Honours 1985 and also becoming ADC to the Queen on 30 July 1985, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff in August 1985 in which capacity he was closely involved in the debate about the future role of Britain's nuclear weapons. He was promoted to field marshal on 9 September 1988 on his retirement from the British Army.

He was also appointed Colonel Commandant of the Army Physical Training Corps on 5 February 1981 and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Armoured Corps on 1 August 1985.

In retirement he became a military historian and fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He wrote a history of the Punic wars published in 1990 and, two years after his death, he had a history of the Peloponnesian War published.

He died on 8 April 2002, at the age of 75.

Family
In 1959 he married Anna Caroline Church; they had two daughters.

Historiographical works

 * Bagnall, Nigel, The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean, London: Hutchinson, 1990, ISBN 0-091-74421-0.
 * Bagnall, Nigel, The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta and the Struggle for Greece, London: Pimlico, 2004, ISBN 978-0-712-69881-8.

title: Nigel Bagnall


text:
John Chapple (British Army officer)

Field Marshal Sir John Lyon Chapple, (27 May 1931 – 25 March 2022) was a British Army officer who served as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, from 1988 to 1992. Early in his military career he saw action during the Malayan Emergency and again during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation and later in his career he provided advice to the British government during the Gulf War.

Early life
Chapple was born in Maida Vale, London, to Charles Chapple and Elsie Lyon. Elsie was a doctor; Charles served in the army during the First World War, first on the Western Front in France and later in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).

Chapple attended Haileybury College, his time there coinciding with the Second World War; on one occasion a German V-1 flying bomb landed near the school, damaging the buildings. At school, he discovered a passion for drama and took part in five expeditions with the British Exploring Society.

Early military career
Chapple undertook National Service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 3 June 1950. He went to Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1951, studying German and history. While still at University, he transferred to the King's Regiment (Liverpool) as a second lieutenant on 4 December 1952, and to the South Lancashire Regiment also in the same rank on 20 October 1953. He became a lieutenant in the South Lancashire Regiment on 27 May 1954 and, on leaving University, transferred to the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) on 3 August 1954. retaining his rank as a lieutenant.

At the time Chapple joined the Gurkhas, they were engaged in fighting in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency, against communist guerrillas attempting to overthrow British colonial rule. Chapple spent three years with the regiment in intense jungle combat in southern Johor. He was promoted to captain on 9 February 1957. In 1962, he was sent to the army's Staff College, Camberley, in Surrey in preparation for higher rank, and then promoted major on 9 February 1964. He was sent to Germany to take up an administrative position in the British Army of the Rhine before re-joining the Gurkhas, this time in Borneo, again involved in jungle warfare, this time against Indonesia as part of the Indonesian Confrontation. Appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours 1969 and promoted to lieutenant colonel on 31 December, he was appointed commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, 2nd Gurkha Rifles in 1970. He commanded the battalion in Singapore, and then in Hong Kong, both British colonies at the time. The troops were stationed near the border between Hong Kong and China due to tensions between the new communist regime and the west.

Chapple was appointed to the Directing Staff at the Staff College, Camberley in 1972. After spending much of the year as a services fellow at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge in 1973, he was posted to the Directorate of Staff Duties at the Ministry of Defence (MoD) at the end of the year, with promotion to colonel on 31 December 1973. During his tenure at the MoD, the army was faced with issues in Northern Ireland, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974), while the newly installed Labour government sought to make defence cutbacks east of Suez. He was promoted to brigadier on 31 December 1975, and given command of the Gurkha Field Force, stationed in Hong Kong, in 1976. He became Principal Staff Officer to the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1978, serving first Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Neil Cameron and later Admiral of the Fleet Sir Terence Lewin.

High command
He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1980 Queen's Birthday Honours, and returned once more to Hong Kong as Commander British Forces on 13 June 1980, with the substantive rank of major general from 1 January 1981. He returned to the United Kingdom to be Director of Military Operations at the MoD on 19 October 1982. Northern Ireland was again high on the army's agenda, and Chapple was among those advocating for prisoner of war status for Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners, to allow their detention indefinitely. During his tenure, Margaret Thatcher's government embarked on a programme of centralisation of the armed forces and Chapple represented the army on the committee overseeing it. The committee eliminated the position of Vice Chief of the General Staff, the deputy head of the army and the position which would have been Chapple's next post.

Appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1985 Queen's Birthday Honours, Chapple became the inaugural Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes and Personnel) on 2 January 1985 in the rank of lieutenant general. The post was a centralised one, with responsibilities to all three services, and resulted from the reforms Chapple had been part of in his previous position. He was promoted to the rank of general on 29 June 1987, and appointed Commander-in-Chief, United Kingdom Land Forces. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp General to the Queen on 6 October 1987 and advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1988 Birthday Honours. After a relatively brief tour as commander-in-chief, his last appointment was as Chief of the General Staff (the professional head of the army) from 10 September 1988. Chapple was in-post for the implementation of the Options for Change reforms brought in with the end of the Cold War served in this post, in which he provided military advice to the British Government on the conduct of the Gulf War, until he retired with promotion to field marshal on 13 February 1992. Although widely expected to be the next Chief of the Defence Staff (professional head of all the armed forces), the post instead went to Sir Peter Harding of the Royal Air Force.

Chapple was appointed Colonel of the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) on 14 September 1986, and Honorary Colonel of the Oxford University Officers Training Corps on 21 July 1987.

Later career
Chapple was also a trustee of the Gurkha Museum from 1973 to 2003, a trustee of the National Army Museum from 1981 to 2003, a trustee of the World Wildlife Fund UK from 1988 to 1993, President of the Zoological Society of London from 1992 to 1994 and Governor of Gibraltar from 1993 to 1995.

Personal life
In 1959 Chapple married Annabel Hill, whom he met through a university friend; they have one son and three daughters. Their daughter, Rachel Lucy Chapple, is a social anthropologist. Their son, David Chapple, is a consultant orthopaedic and spinal surgeon.

Chapple's interests included military history.

Chapple died on 25 March 2022, aged 90, at his home in Salisbury after a short illness.

title: John Chapple (British Army officer)