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Arrowtown

Arrowtown is a historic gold mining town in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. Arrowtown is located on the banks of the Arrow River (Māori: Haehaenui) approximately 7.5 km from State Highway 6. Arrowtown is located 19.5 kilometres to the east of Queenstown. As well as the route via State Highway 6 at Arrow Junction, there is also road access directly to Queenstown via Arthurs Point and a third route via the picturesque Lake Hayes.

There are many well preserved buildings that were used by the European and Chinese immigrants who settled during the town's gold mining era.

History
In August 1862 Jack Tewa (known as Maori Jack) found gold in the Arrow River, and a township of 1,000 miners soon sprang up. It was initially named Fox's, based on William Fox's claim to have been first to find gold there, but was soon renamed Arrowtown. Chinese settlers, who first arrived in the 1870s in Arrowtown were forced to live in huts on the banks of Bush Creek. At the high point of the gold rush, the population of Arrowtown rose to over 7,000 and it became the centre of a larger municipality, which covered the new settlements of Macetown, Skippers Canyon and Bullendale (today only ghost towns).

Arrowtown was constituted as a borough in 1867 In 1874, the first mayor was elected. This was Samuel Goldston. A large fire burned down Campbell's bakery, the Morning Star Hotel and a significant portion of Pritchard's Store in 1896.

In 1888, the name of Arrowtown had yet to be finalised with the local post office calling the town Arrow River, while the telegraph office referring to the town as Arrowtown.

After the gold rush ended, Arrowtown provided services to the local farms.

Arrowtown was named "the most beautiful small town" in New Zealand in the 2020 Keep New Zealand Beautiful awards.

Climate
The main street of Arrowtown, Buckingham Street, sits at 410 metres above sea level. Arrowtown has been described as having four distinct seasons. The driest month of the year is February with 96mm of rain on average and the wettest month of the year is December with 144mm of rain on average. January is the warmest month of the year with an average maximum temperature of 16 and 18 degrees Celsius. July is the coolest month of the year with an average maximum temperature of 5 degrees Celsius.

Population
Arrowtown covers 3.61 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

In 1951, the population of Arrowtown was 200 people, and this fell to 186 people in 1956 and 171 people in 1961 before increasing in size again. Despite the growth and construction, it falls under strict appearance covenants applied by the local authority that aim to preserve the appearance of the town.

Before the 2023 census, Arrowtown had a smaller boundary, covering 2.36 km2. Using that boundary, Arrowtown had a population of 2,814 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 369 people (15.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 666 people (31.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 993 households, comprising 1,422 males and 1,392 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 38.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 588 people (20.9%) aged under 15 years, 450 (16.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,443 (51.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 333 (11.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.2% European/Pākehā, 6.1% Māori, 1.5% Pasifika, 5.0% Asian, and 3.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 27.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.1% had no religion, 31.1% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 606 (27.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 216 (9.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $45,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 534 people (24.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,425 (64.0%) people were employed full-time, 372 (16.7%) were part-time, and 27 (1.2%) were unemployed.

Arrowtown Chinese settlement
Arrowtown is the home of the historic Chinese Settlement which includes Ah Lum's store. This is located by Bush Creek and highlights the contribution of Chinese goldminers to the region. There are a number of restored miner's houses that can be visited.

Education
The first school opened in Arrowtown in 1863. The original school building was a wooden single room building. In 1875 a new school building made of stone was constructed. By 1906 there were a total of six schools in the Arrowtown area including a high school. In 1997 the present school site on Centennial Avenue was opened. The school roll numbered 187 pupils then.

Arrowtown School is the only remaining school in the town. It is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of as of.

Lakes District museum
The Lakes District Museum is located in a collection of historic buildings in Arrowtown. It details the history of the local area, in particular, gold mining and the early settlers. Work in 2020 and 2021 has started on earthquake strengthening the museum buildings and restoring the former Bank of New Zealand building to its original look. Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother visited the Lakes District museum in 1966. Queen Elizabeth II also visited the Lakes District museum in 1990.

Government
Arrowtown became part of the Queenstown-Lakes District in the local government reorganisation of 1989. The Queenstown-Lakes District Council provides local government services to Arrowtown. Arrowtown is part of the Southland electorate.

Swimming pool
The Arrowtown Memorial Pool is run by the Queenstown-Lakes District Council. The outdoor pool is open from the end of November until the start of March each summer. The main heated pool in 29 metres long and has five lanes. There is also a smaller heated toddler pool.

The Hills golf course
Bordering the town is Sir Michael Hill's Championship Golf Course which is home to the New Zealand Golf Open. The 2021 edition was cancelled and rescheduled to February 2022.

This championship golf course is a private membership club, but does allow green fee players by appointment only. The club also provides a Day Spa that is available to the public.

Millbrook golf course
Nearby is the luxury Millbrook Resort, which has a spa and 27-hole golf course. It was the site of the agreement of the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, a programme of the Commonwealth of Nations on the implementation of the Harare Declaration.

Arrowtown golf club
Rated as one of the top ten golf courses in New Zealand, the golf course was originally established as a six-hole course in 1911. The club was re-established in 1935 at its present site. The current club house was built between 1956 and 1957. In 1971, the club obtained further land and expanded from a nine-hole course to an 18-hole course.

Mountain biking
There are a number of mountain bike trails around Arrowtown. The most developed is the 110 kilometre Queenstown Trail. The Lake Hayes 16 kilometre loop is a popular ride also. The Arrow river bridges trail finishes in Gibbston and follows the Arrow river.

Arrowtown Masonic Lodge
The Lodge Arrow Kilwinning No 86 on Berkshire Street was completed in 1888. A six year project to restore the building was completed in 2010. It is a category one historic place.

Buckingham street historic area
The seven houses located along Buckingham Street have mostly unaltered exteriors and were constructed in the 1870s. These surviving examples of cottages that gold miners of the time lived in are listed with Heritage New Zealand. The one bedroom property at 53 Buckingham Street was built in 1890 and was originally used as a chemist shop and then as a tailor's shop until 1905. It was sold for 350 pounds in the early 1950s. It was most recently sold in 2021 for $1.85 million dollars.

Saint Patrick's Catholic church
Saint Patrick's, located on Hertford Street, was built between 1873 and 1902 and is a category two historic place. The church was designed by architect F. W. Burwell. It has a gothic design and is built out of local schist rock with a Star of David rose window.

Saint Paul's Anglican church
Saint Paul's, is the oldest church in Arrowtown, having been built in 1871. Built out of wood in a simplified gothic revival style, the church was built at a cost of 350 pounds. The church is a category one historic place.

Arrowtown library
The Arrowtown library was built in the 1980s and is on Buckingham Street. Designed by architect Michael Wyatt, the building blends in with the town's 19th century buildings.

Arrowtown autumn festival
Arrowtown holds its annual autumn festival in April each year. The 2024 festival will be the 39th edition. Festival attractions include the street parade, The Arrow Miners Band would play on an Old Red Truck and the Buckingham Belles Can-Can at the lunchtime entertainment. There is also gold panning championships,  There will be also multiple musicians and performers, street entertainment, vintage car display and plenty of market stalls selling New Zealand made products.

Matariki Arrowtown
Matariki Arrowtown Lights is a one day cultural event that happens on Matariki in central Arrowtown. There is a showcase of visual storytelling and light displayed projections down Buckingham Street. The show will start with a mihi (welcome) followed by a karakia and songs by Waiata group, followed by performances by a Kapa haka from students from Wakatipu High School. Later in the evening a astrophysicist will share the wonders of the Otago night skies, There will also be food stalls and fire pits to be able to gather and share stories.

Air pollution
In 2015, it was reported that Arrowtown had had one of its worst air pollution readings on record reaching a level of 168 mcg per cubic metre of PM10 particulates. The last time this level had been reached was 2007. Arrowtown, along with Alexandra recorded the highest levels of air pollution in Otago. A combination of domestic wood burning heaters and the geography of the Arrowtown region causing temperature inversions was thought to be the problem. The issue was still present in 2019 with Arrowtown being labelled as having some of the worst air pollution in Australasia.

NIWA deployed initially 22 sensors (which increased to a total of 48 sensors) in Arrowtown in 2019 to investigate the issue. They found that the air quality in the early afternoon was excellent at all locations. Poor air quality was linked to cold winter nights with a smaller impact on the following mornings. Air quality was better in the north-west of the town and worst in the south east of the town. The air quality was consistent with the usage of where in the town that domestic wood burning heaters were being used. The Otago Regional Council has been working with homeowners to replace their domestic wood burning heaters with cleaner heating devices such as heat pumps and improving insulation in homes.

Arrowtown had 23 high pollution nights, where PM10 particulate levels exceeded the national environmental standards in winter 2021. This decreased in winter 2022 to a total of 10 nights.

Notable people

 * Ebenezer Sandford (1848–1897), politician
 * Philip De La Perrelle (1872-1935), politician
 * Nora FitzGibbon (1889-1979), nurse
 * Michael Hill, entrepreneur

title: Arrowtown


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User:Aarchiba/Brookhaven permission

I emailed the webmistress for Brookhaven to clarify their permission statements; this is the reply: From: "Koropsak, Jane"  To: "'Andrew Archibald'" <*******> Subject: RE: Image copyrights Date: Mon, 3 May 2004 09:36:05 -0400 X-BNL-MailScanner-Information: Please contact the ISP for more information X-BNL-MailScanner: Found to be clean X-MailScanner-From: jkoropsak@bnl.gov

Dear Andrew- We are happy to grant you permission to use the photos you describe. While they are considered public domain, we need to be sure that the images are not used for proprietary purposes, hence the permission statement. Below is the information you need to use the photos for your book. Feel free to contact me if you need further assistance. -Jane

Jane Koropsak Public Affairs Representative Community, Education, Government & Public Affairs Tel: (631) 344-4909 email: jane@bnl.gov

This permission is applicable only for the single use that you requested. Without limitation, images shall not be utilized to endorse, or imply endorsement of any product or service.

Images shall not be modified or digitally manipulated in any way other than to adjust size, crop, or color attributes in order to optimize it for print production.

The credit line "Courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory" shall be included in the photo caption or as a separate photo credit adjacent to the printed image.

Usage of the image(s) constitutes your agreement to the terms of Brookhaven National Laboratory's image licensing policy, which can be found at http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/images_legal.html.

Thank you for your interest in Brookhaven National Laboratory.

-Original Message- From: Andrew Archibald [mailto:*******] Sent: Sunday, May 02, 2004 8:47 PM To: jane@bnl.gov Subject: Image copyrights

Hi,

I'm working on an online encyclopedia, http://wikipedia.org/. A few entries would be improved by using some excellent pictures from the Brookhaven web site. I initially assumed that the pictures were produced by employees of the federal government for work purposes and were therefore in the public domain. However, there is a notice at http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/images.html which appears to forbid commercial use for certain images.

Could you clarify the copyright situation on these images for me?

If it helps, the particular images I'm interested in are:

http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/charmed.asp The picture of bubble-chamber tracks.

http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/7_foot.asp The schematic of a huge bubble chamber.

http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/higinbotham.asp The drawing of the visual display of the first video game.

My questions are:

Are these images in the public domain?

If not, can we use them in Wikipedia?

Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) is a free encyclopedia that is collaboratively edited by volunteers from around the world. Our goal is to create a comprehensive knowledge base that is not only available at no charge, but is also freely distributed.

We can only use your materials if you are willing to grant permission for it to be used under terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. This means that although you retain the copyright and authorship of your own work, you are granting permission for all others (not just Wikipedia) to use, copy, and share your materials freely -- and even potentially use them commercially -- so long as they do not try to claim the copyright themselves, or try to prevent others from using or copying them freely.

You can read this license in full at: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GFDL (note: To keep things simple, we don't use Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts, or Back-Cover Texts)

This license also expressly protects creators "from being considered responsible for modifications made by others" while ensuring that creators get credit for their work. There is more information on our copyright policy at: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights

We chose the GNU FDL license because it is the best available tool for ensuring that our encyclopedia is and can remain free for all to use, and for providing credit to everyone that donates text and images. It may or may not be compatible with your goals in creating the materials available on your website -- that's for you to choose. Please be assured that if permission is not granted, your copyrighted materials will *not* be used at Wikipedia -- we have a very strict policy against copyright violations.

If you agree, we will credit you for your work in the image's permanent Description Page, noting that it is your work and is used with your permission, and we will provide a link back to your website.

Thank you, Andrew Archibald

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Aarchiba/Brookhaven permission


text:
Malma

Malma may refer to:

 * Dolly Varden trout, also known as Salvelinus malma malma
 * Malma, Nepal

title: Malma


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Brightwater

Brightwater (Māori: Wairoa) is a town 20 km southwest of Nelson in Tasman district in the South Island of New Zealand. It stands on the banks of the Wairoa River. Brightwater was first named Spring Grove. Alfred Saunders, the owner of a local flax mill situated on the banks of the Wairoa River and a prominent temperance activist, renamed it Brightwater because of the clarity of the water in Wairoa River. The settlement was named in 1855, but the area was settled as early as 1843.

Brightwater was the birthplace of Nobel Prize-winning scientist, the "father of nuclear physics", Ernest Rutherford, and has an elaborate Lord Rutherford Birthplace memorial on Lord Rutherford Road.

Population
The Brightwater statistical area covers 4.67 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Brightwater had a larger boundary, covering 4.84 km2. Using that boundary, Brightwater had a population of 2,133 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 339 people (18.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 306 people (16.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 744 households, comprising 1,080 males and 1,056 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 38.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 525 people (24.6%) aged under 15 years, 300 (14.1%) aged 15 to 29, 1,005 (47.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 303 (14.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 95.2% European/Pākehā, 8.7% Māori, 1.8% Pasifika, 1.1% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 12.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 62.6% had no religion, 28.6% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.1% were Hindu, 0.1% were Buddhist and 1.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 243 (15.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 321 (20.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 267 people (16.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 870 (54.1%) people were employed full-time, 294 (18.3%) were part-time, and 33 (2.1%) were unemployed.

Education

Brightwater School is a year 1 to 8 primary school founded in 1888, with a roll of as of  The school campus has a dental clinic, reading recovery building, two sports fields, two playgrounds, a hard court area, a large shade structure and a swimming pool.

Four other schools previously operated in the area: Brightwater School for Girls (1881–1889), River Terrace School (1855–1920), Spring Grove School (1845–1974), and Waimea West School (1846–1938).

Businesses
Brightwater is mainly an agricultural town. Because of its climate of little rain, it is hot from October through March, and it commonly experiences frosts during the winter. The main agriculture of the area is wine growing.

Sports

Brightwater's main recreational area is the Brightwater Domain. The Domain includes the town hall, a skatepark, a playground, tennis courts and several playing fields.

Brightwater has a small number of sports teams (mainly rugby teams), the most famous of which being the Wanderers, the Brightwater rugby team.

Notable people

 * Lou Robertson, horse trainer
 * Ernest Rutherford, physicist
 * Nate Wilbourne, environmentalist

title: Brightwater


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Wow! (comic)

Wow! is a British comic book magazine running for 56 issues from 5 June 1982 to 25 June 1983, when it merged with Whoopee!.

Comic strips

 * Adam and his Ants: A boy and his army of ants. Drawn by Sid Burgon. This was originally a comic strip from Cor!! comic, called 'Andy and his Ants'. Two issue of Wow! feature reprints of old Cor!! strips.
 * Barney's Badges: A boy whose jacket is covered in magical pin badges given to him by a jumble sale stallholder one morning. Drawn by Terry Bave
 * Bill and Coo: A boy and his pet pigeon. Drawn by Trevor Metcalfe. Although issue 56 was the last to regularly feature the characters, new stories were printed in the Wow Annual 1986 (printed and distributed in 1985) and the summer specials until 1985. In this last story we see Coo piloting a model plane for a competition.
 * Bleep!: A robot. Drawn by Jim Barker, survived merger with Whoopee
 * Boy Boss: A boy who owns a multimillion-dollar global enterprise. Drawn by Frank McDiarmid. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Country Cousin: A country lad who lives with his cousin's city family. Issue 56 was the last to regularly feature the characters. The last new story to feature 'Cuz' was the Wow summer specials 1985 when he tries to cure his cousin's hiccups using country remedies.
 * Creepy Comix: A boy named Davey Doom who buys the complete collection (13 issue run) of a horror comic 'Creepy Comix'. Drawn by Reg Parlett Issues 1 through 38. Drawn by Dick Millington (whose style is very similar) from issue 39 to 55. Then reverted to original artist Reg Parlett for merger. Survived merger with Whoopee. Then when Whoopee merged with Whizzer and Chips story's continued. Finally Whizzer and Chips merged with "Buster" comic where the story's continued until 1997 - making them the most successful of all Wow!'s comic characters.
 * Family Trees: A group of trees who are forever trying to find a home. Drawn by Robert Nixon. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * The Goodies and the Baddies: Comic strip Reprinted stories originally called the 'Toffs and the Toughs' about two gangs of three children: the 'goodies' and the 'baddies'. Drawn by Reg Parlett.
 * Gulliver's Troubles: An incredibly tall boy. Drawn by Norman Mansbridge.
 * Here is the News: A selection of joke news stories. For example: "In Downing Street today, Mrs Thatcher had a long talk with her cabinet. She also spoke to her wardrobe and a chest of drawers." Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Hi De Hi Hi De Hooooo: A haunted holiday camp.
 * Jake the Peg... with his extra leg!: Comic strip featuring Rolf Harris's three-legged character.
 * KBR - Kids Band Radio: A group of CB radio users. A jargon guide (Yak Yak KBR) appears at the end of each week's strip to explain technical terms. The strip also includes a fan club (KBR Korner) featuring fellow CB Radio fans. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Kid Comic: A boy who has a seemingly endless list of jokes at his disposal. Drawn by Martin Baxendale. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Ossie: An ostrich. Drawn by Robert Nixon. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Penny Dreadful: A mischievous girl. Penny's last new story was also in the Wow summer specials 1986 when she gets into trouble on a school outing. Reprinted in Whizzer and Chips in 1988 and 1989.
 * Shipwreck School: A group of children (and their teacher) who are stranded on a desert island, and frequently invent ways to alert a nearby ship. Drawn by Vic Neill. Survived merger with Whoopee. Later in Whoopee one of the pupils leaves school and becomes a policeman.
 * Spare-Part Kit: A boy called Kit Katz who has numerous false limbs affixed on him, giving him super strength. Drawn originally by Vic Neill, and later by Robert Nixon and Trevor Metcalfe. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Team Mates: A football team; the players are Glenn Doddle, Cyril Breeches, Clemence Ray, Kenny Dogleash, and Dora Dribble. Drawn by Tom Paterson. Survived merged with Whoopee. Reprinted in 'Big Comic Fortnightly' (1988) and 'BVC' comic (1995). New stories in Wow! Special 1985.
 * When 'e wus Young: Comic tales of famous characters' childhoods. Issue 3 featured Long John Silver. Drawn by Nigel Edwards.

Other features

 * TV Quiz Kids: The puzzle page, featuring puzzles done in the style of game shows with slightly tweaked names, such as 'Bob Monkeyhouse's', 'Fortunate Families' (referencing Bob Monkhouse's Family Fortunes). Drawn by Jack Edward Oliver. Survived merger with Whoopee.
 * Wow! Presents a Creepy Comix Page: A spin-off of Creepy Comix, featuring a supposed strip from one of the issues. Some were recurring (such as "The Homeless Horrors" comic strip, "The I-Scream Van" and The Rock, about a rock which would carry a curse to all who touched it).
 * Wow! Star Turns: Combined jokes and puzzle feature. Contained reader-submitted jokes featuring celebrities. Survived merger with Whoopee after being renamed Comic Turns.
 * The Upper Crusts and the Lazy Loafers: Comic strip Reprints featuring Dumpy and Tich (the 'Lazy Loafers'), two tramps who repeatedly try and grab food from Crust Lodge. Drawn by Reg Parlett.
 * Rolf's Magic Brushes: Featuring Rolf Harris (issues 1-26).

Specials and Annuals
Wow had 5 Specials printed and distributed in the summer of years 1983, 1984, 1985 (this was the last special to feature a high ratio of new comic strips to reprint stories), 1986 and 1987.

Wow had 3 annuals, cover dated 1984, 1985 and 1986.

title: Wow! (comic)


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Hearst

Hearst may refer to:

Places

 * Hearst, former name of Hacienda, California, United States
 * Hearst, Ontario, town in Northern Ontario, Canada
 * Hearst, California, an unincorporated community in Mendocino County, United States
 * Hearst Island, an island in Antarctica
 * Hearst Castle, a mansion built by William Randolph Hearst in San Simeon, California, United States
 * Hearst Block, a provincial government building in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

People

 * Hearst (surname)
 * William Randolph Hearst (1863–1951), newspaper magnate
 * Hunter Hearst Helmsley (b. 1969), WWE professional wrestler

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Hearst College, a fictional College in the CW series Veronica Mars
 * Hearst Communications, a privately held media conglomerate
 * Hearst Television, Hearst Communications' broadcast television division (formerly Hearst-Argyle Television)

Other uses

 * Université de Hearst, a French-language university federated with Laurentian University, based in Hearst, Ontario

title: Hearst


text:
User:Snowspinner~enwiki/Mess of Xena articles

The following entries do not appear to be real Xena characters.

 * Folda
 * Calina
 * Poissa
 * Anaxilea
 * Melysë
 * Liliandra
 * Saraphine
 * Faye
 * Discordelinia
 * Venegence
 * Annalise
 * Alethia
 * Tyshka
 * Sabina
 * Eponin
 * Samantha (Xena)
 * Eliyia
 * Cleo
 * Egee
 * Lampedo
 * Marpesia
 * Lysippe
 * Tonea
 * Cratia
 * Valeria
 * Leaina
 * Kalia
 * Antianare
 * Skylar
 * Taryn

The following entries appear to be real Xena characters, but their content is inadequate, and they could use serious attention from a Xena fan.

 * Seraphin
 * Terreis
 * Dahak
 * Chilapa
 * Solari
 * Najara
 * Alti
 * Livia/Eve
 * Cyane
 * Hope (fictional character)
 * Velasca
 * Amarice


text:
2436 Hatshepsut

2436 Hatshepsut, provisional designation , is a Hygiean asteroid from the outer asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory on 24 September 1960. It was named for pharaoh Hatshepsut.

Orbit and characterization
Hatshepsut is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10 Hygiea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,072 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. Its orbit is only slightly eccentric and not much inclined to the ecliptic. The asteroid rotates around its axis every 9 hours.

Survey designation
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.

Naming
This minor planet named after the only female pharaoh to reign over ancient Egypt, Hatshepsut. The approved naming citation was published on 22 September 1983 (M.P.C. 8153).

title: 2436 Hatshepsut


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pristontale

Advertisement for a game that is still in beta-testing. --Stormie 01:34, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quote: This is a really entertaining and addictive game, [...] The map is a bit little and most of it is covered by wastelands and deserts, but it's still good. Thanks, that's the sort of info that makes me believe Wikipedia is the pinnacle of human endeavour. I've added the VfD boiler.--bodnotbod 02:10, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Right, I see that the person who created the article removed the VfD boiler that I put on there. Not an act which is likely to endear people to voting against deletion. --Stormie 02:48, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. In 10 years (Wikipedia should live that long) this game won't even be of historical importance. Alcarillo 02:42, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - what Stormie said. -- Cyrius|&#9998 04:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert for game still under development. VfD notice is still there when I looked... Andrewa 12:05, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Waste of space. Grendelkhan 16:36, 2004 May 6 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Land 17:52, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. --Etaoin 04:47, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. These games are being developed by the truckload. Wikipedia only needs pages on categories of games. Even after marketing, this game wouldn't merit its own page. JFW | T@lk  10:12, 11 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BunchOfXena

There are 43 42 37 30 articles on this list in all. The list is at User:Snowspinner/Mess of Xena articles. The articles were all created by User:24.19.6.250, who is a persistant vandal, defacing several mythology articles and replacing their content with stuff about Xena. Some research into these articles has shown that none of the articles are actually about characters on the television show Xena: Warrior Princess. They appear to be characters from an online RPG or from fanfiction. In any case, articles are all stubs, will never become more than stubs, and cause our information about the television show to be heavily corrupted and inaccurate. The whole lot should go. Snowspinner 01:36, 6 May 2004 (UTC) Update: I have just gone through each of these systematically. 13 of the characters were actual Xena characters. The remaining 30 on the list show no signs of being real - some are definitely fanfic characters, some appear entirely figments of the author's imagination. I invite anyone with any doubts on this matter to Google the characters and see what you find - results are either fanfic, non-English, irrelevent, or non-existant in all cases. Snowspinner 03:13, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep all, for now. Go through them, correct the facts, then list the ones that *really* need to go on VfD invidually. You've nominated articles on Xena characters that are indeed significant characters in the show itself and should almost certainly stay -- Livia/Eve and Hope (fictional character), at least -- and there are probably others, as well. There's too great a variety here to consider them all at once. - Seth Ilys 01:44, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to remove any that are on legitimate characters if you point me towards them. I'm happy to list these all separately if you like for individual discussion, but I think that if you look at the user's edit history, as well as try doing some research on some of these articles, you'll find very little to keep. I'll look into Hope and Livia/Eve though, and pull them if needed. Snowspinner 01:50, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I just checked those two out. Although they are Xena characters, the descriptions given are totally inaccurate. Livia/Eve is not the daughter of Ares, as stated in the article, and Hope's daughter is not an unknown Amazon. There may be content in these articles, and if someone wants to go through and pick out all of the accurate content, that would be one thing. But I'd rather not have this junk lying around when someone who's actually interested in productively editing articles on Xena comes along. Snowspinner 01:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, and tag them for Pages_needing_attention. Alcarillo 02:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * They've been needing attention for some time now. The ideal solution would involve a knowledgeable, dedicated Xena fan, who hasn't shown up yet.  Until then, we're better off with nothing than with all this rubbish.  Delete.   JamesMLane 04:32, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I've gone through the list and deleted some characters that were real. Happy to continue doing work on this as people point out real ones, but the majority of ones I'm checking do appear false. Snowspinner 02:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * A lot of these pages aren't even significant enough to link from the main Xena: Warrior Princess page. I'd keep the ones linking from there and delete the rest. Alternatively, transfer all the pages into a 'Mythos of Xena' page as subsections. -- EuroTom 02:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The problem with merging the content is that you then have to set up the articles as redirects. It would be better to write a completely new page, and delete all those useless stubs. Delete. --Ben Brockert 03:01, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the unverifiable fanfic articles; keep the rest. -Sean 04:18, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:35, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Is there any sort of rule or threshold for inclusion regarding fanfic characters if they develop enough of an independent following? Not that I'm in any way voting to keep these, just wondering if there is a precedent? Rhymeless 07:01, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If there's that much nonsense in this set of articles, just delete any that aren't easilly verifiable. Not worth spending lots of time on.  Even if accurate, this stuff is really fansite material anyway, so no big loss if we accidentally delete something factual.  Wikipedia is under no obligation to spend time verifying any load of rubbish that an anon submits. Isomorphic 04:53, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the fanfic; merge all the sub-minor characters into one article and make the others redirects. I was intending to do this, but was dissuaded by the sheer volume of work. DJ Clayworth 17:12, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all the fanfic articles, and merge the real ones into a single page. There seems to be a monotonous tone to the fanfic articles especially; they're all Amazon queens who become destructive goddesses.  Some of them, like Valeria, occupy namespace and stand in the way of writing (relatively) important articles about, in this case, the Robert E. Howard character, important in the Conan the Barbarian mythos.  Having these out there might mislead someone into thinking they've already been covered.  Smerdis of Tlön 00:46, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This got de-listed from VfD as per time running out, but doesn't seem to have been deleted itself, nor does any action seem to have been taken on the articles. Is this because it's judged that there was no consensus to delete, or just because none of the admins were up to the admittedly daunting task of going and deleting 30 pages?
 * It's been moved to Votes for deletion/Old as part of the usual VfD cleanup. It's essentially in purgatory. An admin will get to it and do something with it sometime soon. --Ben Brockert 13:59, May 15, 2004 (UTC)


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User:P23~enwiki

Software developer in California.

Edited Wikipedia for 3 months anonymously (AOL user, dynamic IP). Just got a real account.

title: User:P23~enwiki


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Ge (Cyrillic)

Ge, ghe, or he (Г г; italics: Г г ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Most commonly, it represents the voiced velar plosive, like $⟨g⟩$ in "gift", or the voiced glottal fricative , like $⟨h⟩$ in "heft". It is generally romanized using the Latin letter g or h, depending on the source language.

History
The Cyrillic letter ge was derived directly from the Greek letter Gamma (Γ) in uncial script.

In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, its name was глаголь (glagol' ), meaning "speak".

In the Cyrillic numeral system, it had a numerical value of 3.

Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian
From these three languages, the letter is romanized with h. Its name is he in Belarusian and Ukrainian, and hy in Rusyn.

In Belarusian (like in Southern Russian), the letter corresponds to the velar fricative and its soft counterpart.

In Ukrainian and Rusyn, it represents a voiced glottal fricative, a breathy voiced counterpart of the English.

In Ukrainian and Rusyn, a voiced velar plosive is written with the Cyrillic letter ghe with upturn (Ґ ґ). In Belarusian, the official orthography uses г for both and  (which is rare), although in Taraškievica ghe with upturn is optionally used for. Ґ is transliterated with G.

In all three languages' historical ancestor Ruthenian, the sound was also represented by the digraph кг.

Russian
In standard Russian, ghe represents the voiced velar plosive but is devoiced to  word-finally or before a voiceless consonant. It represents before a palatalizing vowel. In the Southern Russian dialect, the sound becomes the velar fricative. Sometimes, the sound is the glottal fricative in the regions bordering Belarus and Ukraine.

It is acceptable, for some people, to pronounce certain Russian words with (sometimes referred to as Ukrainian Ge): Бог, богатый, благо, Господь (Bog, bogatyj, blago, Gospod’). The sound is normally considered nonstandard or dialectal in Russian and is avoided by educated Russian speakers. Бог (Bog, "God") is always pronounced in the nominative case.

In the Russian nominal genitive ending -ого, -его, ghe represents, including in the word сегодня ("today", from сего дня).

It represents a voiceless (not ) in front of ka in two Russian words, namely, мягкий and лёгкий, and their derivatives.

The Latin letter h of words of Latin, Greek, English or German origin is usually transliterated into Russian with ghe rather than kha: hero → герой, hamburger → гамбургер, Haydn → Гайдн. That can occasionally cause ambiguity, as for example English Harry and Gary/Garry would be spelled the same in Russian, e.g. Гарри Поттер). The reasons for using ghe to write h include the fact that ghe is used for h in Ukrainian, Belarusian and some Russian dialects, along with the perception that kha sounds too harsh. Nevertheless, in newer loanwords (especially from English), kha is often used.

South Slavic
In standard Serbian, Bosnian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian and Macedonian the letter ghe represents a voiced velar plosive. But in Bulgarian and Macedonian it is devoiced to word-finally or before a voiceless consonant.

Usage in non-Slavic languages
In many non-Slavic languages it can represent both and  (the latter mostly in Turkic and some Finno-Ugric languages).

In Ossetian, an Indo-Iranian language spoken in the Caucasus, ⟨г⟩ represents the voiced velar stop. However, the digraph ⟨гъ⟩ represents the voiced uvular fricative.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Γ γ: Greek letter Gamma
 * G g: G|Latin letter G
 * H h: H|Latin letter H, romanized as in Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn
 * Z z: Z|Latin letter Z, alternative form of italicized Cyrillic Г (ge)
 * Ґ ґ: Cyrillic letter ghe with upturn, the letter g, named ge in Ukrainian
 * Ѓ ѓ: Cyrillic letter Gje
 * Ғ ғ: Cyrillic letter Ghayn
 * R r: R|Latin letter R (lowercase)
 * ₴: Ukrainian hryvnia (Currency sign)

Cultural references
In Russian Empire the name of the letter, glagol'  was an informal reference to the Γ-shaped gallows:
 * Кругом пустыня, дичь и голь,
 * А в стороне торчит глаголь,
 * И на глаголе том два тела
 * Висят. Закаркав, отлетела
 * Ватага чёрная ворон,...
 * [All around there is desert, game and bareness... And a glagol'  sticks out on the side, And on that glagol'  two bodies hang. The gang of black crows croaked and flew off..]
 * Alexander Pushkin, 1836

title: Ge (Cyrillic)


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Trekboers

The Trekboers ( Trekboere) were nomadic pastoralists descended from European colonists on the frontiers of the Dutch Cape Colony in Southern Africa. The Trekboers began migrating into the interior from the areas surrounding what is now Cape Town, such as Paarl (settled from 1688), Stellenbosch (founded in 1679), and Franschhoek (settled from 1688), during the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century.

Origins
The Trekboers were seminomadic pastoralists, subsistence farmers who began trekking both northwards and eastwards into the interior to find better pastures/farmlands for their livestock to graze, as well as to escape the autocratic rule of the Dutch East India Company (or VOC), which administered the Cape. They believed the VOC was tainted with corruption and not concerned with the interests of the free burghers, the social class of most of the Trekboers.

Trekboers also traded with indigenous people. This meant their herds were of hardy local stock. They formed a vital link between the pool of animals in the interior and the providers of shipping provisions at the Cape. Trekboere were nomadic, living in their wagons and rarely remaining in one location for an extended period of time. A number of Trekboers settled in the eastern Cape, where their descendants became known as Grensboere (Border Farmers).

Expansion

Despite the VOC's attempts to prevent settler expansion beyond the western Cape, the frontier of the Colony remained open: the authorities in Cape Town lacked the means to police the Colony's borders. By the 1740s the Trekboers had entered the Little Karoo. By the 1760s they reached the deep interior of the Great Karoo.

Independent republics
Due to the collapse of the VOC (which went bankrupt in 1800) and inspired by the French Revolution (1789) and the American Revolution, groups of Boers rebelled against VOC rule. They set up independent republics in the town of Graaff-Reinet (1795), and four months later, in Swellendam (17 June 1795). A few months later, the newly established Batavian Republic nationalised the VOC (1 March 1796); the Netherlands came under the sway of the new post-revolution French government.

The British, who captured Cape Town in September 1795 in the course of the French Revolutionary Wars and took over the administration of Cape Colony, increased the level of government oversight the Trekboers were subject to. Tensions between the Trekboers and the British colonial administration would culminate in the Slachter's Nek Rebellion of 1815, which was rapidly suppressed and the leaders of the rebellion executed. Eventually, due to a combination of dissatisfaction with the British administration, constant frontier wars with the Xhosa to the east, and growing shortages of land, the Trekboers eventually went on the Great Trek.

Legacy
Numerous Trekboers settled down to become border farmers for a few generations and later voortrekkers. But many of the group continued well into the 19th century as an economic class of nomadic pastoralists.

Many Trekboers crossed the Orange River decades before the Voortrekkers did. Voortrekkers often encountered Trekboers in Transorangia during their Great Trek of the 1830s and 1840s. In 1815, a Trekboer/trader named Coenraad (Du) Buys (a surname of French Huguenot origin) was accused of cattle theft and fled from the British. He settled in the (western) Transvaal. He allegedly contracted polygamous marriages with hundreds of indigenous women, with his descendants' populating the town of Buysplaas in the Gourits River valley. He continued having numerous wives after leaving the colony. Descendants of his second series of marriages still live in the small town of Buysdorp, near the mission station of Mara, 20 km to the west of Louis Trichardt in the modern Limpopo province. Buys eventually disappeared while traveling along the Limpopo River.

By the late 17th century, both the Trekboers and the Voortrekkers were collectively called Boers.

Language

The Trekboers spoke a variety of Dutch which they called die taal (lit. 'the language'), which evolved into the modern-day dialect Eastern Border Afrikaans, also known as East Cape Afrikaans. The Afrikaans language as a whole generally originated from 17th- and 18th-century Dutch dialects. Over time it incorporated numerous words and expressions from French, German, Portuguese, Malay, Khoi, and later also English. Still, roughly 90% of the vocabulary is of Dutch origin and it is closer linguistically to Standard Dutch than many Dutch dialects. If Afrikaans had not been defined a separate language during the 20th century, its various dialects would have been considered dialects of Dutch.

title: Trekboers


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California State University, Sacramento

California State University, Sacramento (CSUS, Sacramento State, or informally Sac State) is a public university in Sacramento, California. Founded in 1947 as Sacramento State College, it is part of the California State University system.

The university enrolls approximately 31,500 students annually, 31,573 in Fall 2021. It also has an alumni base of more than 250,000 and awards 9,000 degrees annually. The university offers 151 different bachelor's degrees, 69 master's degrees, 28 types of teaching credentials, and 5 doctoral degrees.

The campus sits on 305 acre, covered with over 3,500 trees and over 1,200 resting in the University Arboretum. The university is home to one site of the National Register of Historic Places, the Julia Morgan House.

The Arbor Day Foundation officially declared the university "Tree Campus USA" in 2012. Sacramento State is a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI).

Early years
The efforts to get a four-year university in Sacramento date back to the 1920s; however, legislation repeatedly failed. Local supporters blamed "pork barrel politics" by Bay Area legislators trying to monopolize higher education. Sacramento State was formally established in 1947 through legislation by State Senator Earl D. Desmond, by playing hardball to get it done – convincing the Senate's finance committee to withhold funding for the University of California until he had a commitment. Later on, Desmond eventually had 11 children and grandchildren graduate from the college.

Founded as Sacramento State College on September 22, 1947, during a time of intense demand for higher education after World War II, Sacramento State shared space with Sacramento Junior College. Sacramento State's first semester of classes consisted of 235 students enrolled in 44 sections. During December 1947, the official mascot "Herky" (short for Hercules) the Hornet was chosen over the Elk, which wasn't considered to be aggressive enough. The college's colors – green and gold symbolizing the foothills and trees, were also established. The next spring, the college held its first graduation ceremony. A single student, history major John J. Collins, who had transferred from UC Berkeley, graduated. By 1948, the college was already fielding intercollegiate teams in basketball, baseball, and tennis. In spring 1949, the winning "Fight Hornet Fight" song was composed by Donald McDonald. The State Hornet and Statesman yearbook were first published in 1949.

Several sites for a permanent home for the college were considered. A site at 5th Street and Broadway, a site near Fruitridge and Stockton Boulevard, and a site in the Pocket Area of South Sacramento were all rejected. In 1949, the state purchased 244 acres of what was then peach farm land to be the site of the new college at $1,650 to $1,800 an acre. In December 1952, the school left the Sacramento City College property and moved to its permanent location on the banks of the American River. On February 9, 1953, the then 289-acre campus opened to approximately 2,400 students with a parade through town called "GO EAST WITH WEST", in reference to President West. Parking has notoriously been a problem at the university, and since the beginning, drivers were confronted by a sea of mud. Students would simply drive as close to the buildings as they could and park.

Construction began in 1951. By 1962, 30 new structures had been built and occupied. A campus landmark was created when the Guy West Bridge was erected – a bridge modeled after the Golden Gate Bridge and named after the college's founding president.

In 1955, the first Hornet football team scored its first victory, against Southern Oregon College. Jackrabbits were a problem in the early years and landscapers were permitted to shoot them on sight through the 1960s. In 1972, the school became California State University, Sacramento. In 2004, it formally adopted Sacramento State as its primary name; it had been used in athletics for some time. Today, Sacramento State is the only major four-year comprehensive university in the city of Sacramento.

The university underwent a major expansion in the Korean War years, with the 'heart' of the campus residing in Douglass Hall, Shasta Hall, Sacramento Hall (the administration building).

In 1975, the University Union opened its doors, originally comprising 65,000 sqft. In 1981, the Sacramento State Aquatic Center was established. The Center for California Studies was established the following year. In 1986, Sacramento State established a Master Plan that called for over $100 million in growth. During that same year, the university came within hours of being deliberately flooded as officials contemplated blowing floodgates to avoid a massive levee failure in Sacramento. The 1990s saw additional growth, constructing more than 1.2 million square-feet of space. In 1992, Hornet Stadium was renovated, providing capacity for 26,000 patrons.

In 2000 and 2004, the campus hosted the U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials. In 2003, Dr. Alexander Gonzalez was appointed the 11th president of the university. In his first year, he launched Destination 2010, an initiative focusing on reforming academic programs and constructing new facilities.

In 2007, the faculty overwhelmingly (77% of ballots) approved a "No Confidence" vote for President Alexander Gonzalez. The vote expressed anger over the President's handling of finances, including a $6.5 million structural deficit the university is facing. They also accused him of pumping money into student recruitment and promotion rather than academic affairs. In response to the vote Gonzalez publicly replied, "in the 28 years I have been a part of the California State University...I have yet to encounter the level of incivility, mean-spiritedness and outright distortion that I have found among some members of the Sacramento State community. It embarrasses and saddens me."

Similarly in 2011, then Sacramento State Police Chief Daniel Davis also received a "No Confidence" vote by 14 out of 15 sworn in officers. The vote came amid seven alleged sexual assaults that occurred the prior fall semester. This was also the second time the police force voiced concerns about the police chief's mismanagement.

Today
Sacramento State is organized into seven academic colleges and a college of continuing education. The university is also a member of the consortium that operates Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, offering curricula in marine sciences. In keeping with its proximity to a burgeoning electronics industry, the university is developing expanded applications of technology to learn through computerized and televised instruction over a wide area of Northern California.

The university reached an important strategic milestone. Sacramento State launched Destination 2010, an initiative focused on creating excellent academic programs, new student facilities and a more welcoming campus culture and environment. During that time, the campus constructed the four-story Academic Information Research Center, Parking Structure III (which at 3,000 spaces is the largest in the CSU system), the new Hornet Bookstore, Eli and Edythe Broad Athletic Fieldhouse, and the American River Courtyard residence hall (with 600 beds).

Many new buildings and other structural improvements are currently underway or recently completed including:

 * The Ernest E. Tschannen Science Complex: The science complex opened in fall 2019. A state-of-the-art building complete with a 2,500-square-foot planetarium and open-roof observatory, it is available to students and the public.
 * University Union expansion: A 72,500-square-foot expansion of the University Union was completed in 2019. The renovation accommodates the growing campus population, providing informal recreation space, student offices, campus group meeting rooms, special-event space, casual seating, and a new coffee shop.
 * The WELL expansion: Slated for completion in January 2020, will add square footage and renovate current spaces in both the Campus Recreation and Student Health and Counseling areas. Highlights include expanded locker room capacity, additional strength group fitness studios, lounge and free weight fitness space.
 * Riverview Hall: Opened in August 2017, the $53 million residence hall is home to 416 first- and second-year students. It was built to LEED Gold specifications.
 * Parking Structure 5: $42 million. Parking for 1,750 vehicles. It is one of the first in the CSU.
 * Hornet Commons Residence Hall: As part of an ongoing effort to provide more on-campus housing, this $164 million housing project for upper-division students boasts 284 apartments and 1,100 beds in a six four-story buildings surrounding a swimming pool and a resident's common building. It was completed in fall 2021.

Many prominent people have lectured or performed at Sacramento State, including Martin Luther King Jr. (1967), Jimi Hendrix (1968), Genesis (1992, "largest concert ever ... the first and last to play" in Hornet Stadium), Sheryl Crow (1995), Jesse Jackson (1998), Woody Harrelson (2001), Oliver Stone (2006), John Kerry (2004), Wangari Maathai (2009), Maya Soetoro-Ng (2009) and Chuck D (2010).

Doctoral degrees
In 1999, Sacramento State was given authority to award its first ever Doctoral degree, unique at the time in the California State University System. In the past, authority to award any sort of degree beyond Master's in California's higher public education was given solely to the University of California. The program would be a joint PhD in history with the University of California, Santa Barbara. However, this program later phased out due to declining enrollment.

The university was given authority again to award its first ever Doctorate in Education (Ed.D.) degree in 2007, with its first graduating class in 2010. Since its establishment, the program has branched into several focuses offering different types of degrees.

In 2012, the university was accredited to award its first Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), with the first class entering in fall of 2012. The program is highly competitive, with over 400 applications for just 32 seats. This program eventually will fade out the Master's in Physical Therapy by 2015, following standards set by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education.

In 2019, the university added its most recent doctoral degree, a Doctor of Audiology (Au.D). Sacramento State is one of four CSUs to receive approval of the proposed doctorate of audiology degree along with San Jose, Northridge, and Los Angeles.

Renaming
In 2004, the university re-branded itself as Sacramento State, or Sac State for short, though students had been referring to the school as "Sac State" for years. The formal name is California State University, Sacramento. The university's marketing unit discourages the use of CSUS, Cal State Sacramento, Sacramento State University, CSU Sacramento and CS Sacramento, even though the university's web address is csus.edu. The university also adopted a new logo and seal that replaced the previous design based on the Seal of California. In addition, the exact shades of Sacramento State's colors of green and gold were formalized in the 2005 Style Guide.

Admissions and enrollment
Fall Statistics

Some 44,733 students applied to Sacramento State for the fall 2019 semester, marking the record number of applications in one semester. Following a CSU-wide trend, the university has seen growth over the past few years in the number of applications.

The campus is consistently one of the top three destinations among all universities in the state for California Community College transfer, welcoming more than 4,300 new students each academic year.

Sacramento State historically attempts to admit the top 1/3 of California high school graduates. For students entering fall 2018, 19,653 freshmen were accepted out of 27,105 applicants, a 72.5% acceptance rate. Enrolled freshmen had an average high school GPA of 3.4.

For transfer students, Sacramento State accepted 11,248 of 13,578 applicants in the fall of 2018, an 82.8% acceptance rate. The average transfer GPA for fall 2018 was 3.2.

Enrollment
Around 30% of incoming freshman live on-campus in the dorms. For the fall 2012 semester, just about 50% of incoming freshman came from the Sacramento Region, while around 18% came from the San Francisco Bay Area, an additional 13% came from the Northern CA Foothills, and the remaining came in from Southern California (14.4%), other parts of the United States (0.8%), or Foreign Countries (0.4%).

The average course load of all undergraduate students is 12.2 units, classified as a full-time student. For the most recent commencement, the average number of years taken to complete degrees of the class was 4.8, while the average number of units accumulated was 132 (12 above what is needed for a bachelor's). As of fall 2018 CSU Sacramento has the third largest enrollment percentage of Pacific Islander Americans and African Americans in the Cal State system.

On-campus

As the sixth-largest campus of the 23 state universities in California, the main campus is composed of 305 acre in the city of Sacramento and lies adjacent to U.S. Route 50.

The campus is bordered by the American River to the East, Union Pacific Railroad tracks to the West, Folsom Boulevard to the South and H Street to the North. The North end of campus is dominated by the University Arboretum, and residence halls.

Officially "Tree Campus USA" by the Arbor Day Foundation, Sacramento State has more than 3,500 trees, with flower gardens, miles of trails stretching along the nearby river parkway, and student housing with recreational areas such as Lake Natoma and Old Sacramento, in addition to its on-campus housing.

Guy West Bridge, a pedestrian bridge inspired by the Golden Gate Bridge, spans the nearby American River.

There are more than 30 research and community service centers on campus such as the Center for California Studies, the Institute for Social Research, the Center for Collaborative Policy, the Center for Small Business, and the Office of Water Programs.

At the northeastern edge of campus are the dormitories which can currently accommodate 1,700 students. Southwest of the campus is the Upper Eastside Lofts located near the light rail station at Folsom Boulevard and 65th Street and is owned by University Enterprises. The lofts can accommodate an additional 443 students and is a short walk from campus via Hornet Tunnel. The university also purchased a piece of land south of the campus, Romana Site, and plans to construct housing for faculty and students in an apartment style housing complex that will be a close walk to campus.

The Port of Sacramento Japanese School (ポート･オブ･サクラメント補習授業校 Pōto obu Sakuramento Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a weekend supplementary Japanese school, holds its classes in Amador Hall. The school's committee is located in Roseville.

Student Housing
The Housing complex houses approximately 2,129 students consisting of five three-story Residence Halls Riverview Hall, and the American River Courtyard, surrounding a central Dining Commons (DC) and quad area.

Sacramento State Aquatic Center

Located on Lake Natoma, 15 mi east of the university right next to Nimbus Dam, the Sacramento State Aquatic Center is a cooperative operation of the Associated Students of California State University, Sacramento, University Union of Sacramento State, California Department of Boating and Waterways, and the California Department of Parks and Recreation. The center was established in 1981 and has provided instruction to thousands of students. The center houses the Sacramento State Rowing Team, and is the training destination for many other university rowing teams and clubs. The center hosts several national championships, including the Pac 10 Rowing Championships, Pacific Coast Rowing Championships, NCAA Women's Rowing Championships, IRA National Rowing Championship, and the West Coast Conference Rowing Championship.

Julia Morgan House Event and Conference Center

Located three miles (5 km) west of Sacramento State and was designed by famous architect Julia Morgan. It was donated to the school in 1966 and was placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The school remodeled the house in 2000 honored by the California Heritage Council. Sacramento State uses the home to host lectures, small meetings, conferences, and campus events.

Accreditation
Since 1951, the university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Sacramento State is a Space-grant university and is an affiliate institution of the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program, sponsoring an outreach program to girls and minorities for excellency in Engineering and Computer Science. The school is a member of the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities. The university is nationally and internationally accredited in specific specialized programs including the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for Business programs, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for Didactic programs in Dietetics, the American Physical Therapy Association for professional programs in Physical Therapy Administration, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association for programs in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education for various Nursing (CNURED) programs, the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, the National Association of Schools of Music, and the National Association of Schools of Theatre. Counselling programs are accredited by The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. The School Psychology program is accredited by the National Association of School Psychologists.

Colleges
The university comprises the following colleges:
 * Arts & Letters
 * Business
 * Continuing Education
 * Education
 * Engineering & Computer Science
 * Health & Human Services
 * Natural Sciences & Mathematics
 * Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Studies

Sacramento State's largest academic major for undergraduates is nursing with nearly 2,000 students, followed by criminal justice with 1,800 students in the department, psychology with 1,600 enrolled, Biological Sciences with over nearly 1,500 students, and Accounting with over 1,200 students.

With nearly 2,700 students, the university's division of Public Affairs is the largest in the California State University (CSU). The university is home to the largest Chemistry program within the CSU with over 400 students. Along with CSUN, it is the only university in California to offer a bachelor's degree in Deaf Studies.

The average class size throughout the university is 38 students. The student-to-faculty ratio is about 28 to 1. (22,461 FTE students to 803 FTE faculty). Most transfer students come from two-year colleges, and about 750 international students from 80 nations. Approximately 160 students from India study abroad at the university, the largest country represented. The school has the largest cooperative education program in the entire state. Students from all majors are placed in paid positions while simultaneously receiving academic credit. Many students work in government-related internships and fellowships. Approximately 36% of students work as volunteers. With nearly 1,800 undergraduate and graduate students, its criminal justice program is one of the largest in all of North America. The school's College of Engineering and Computer Science is the only university in California to offer a master's degree in Electrical Engineering, and is designated as a national center of cyber-security. The university along with Chico State offers CSU's only Electronic engineering degree option. Sacramento State is the only campus in the CSU to offer a bachelor's degree in Cinematic Arts, Digital cinematography and professional performance. The College of Business Administration is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business.

Rankings

 * Sacramento State is the 4th most diverse university in the western United States among regional schools offering some masters programs but few doctorates.
 * The school's bachelor's in gerontology degree is ranked 5th best in the U.S.by College Choice.
 * Among western regional schools offering some masters programs but few doctorates, U.S. News & World Report in 2021 ranked Sacramento State tied for 43rd overall out of 127 schools, tied for 20th best public school, tied for 24th best college for veterans, and tied for the 46th best undergraduate engineering program in the western United States.
 * Sacramento State was named one of the 'greenest' campuses in the world.
 * In March 2018, Sacramento State's Jazz Ensemble was named one of the nation's three best college jazz bands at the Monterey Next Generation Jazz Festival. Downbeat magazine has bestowed two Outstanding Performance awards and another for Outstanding Arrangement to Sac State in its 2018 Student Music Awards of colleges and high schools.
 * In 2019, Sacramento State's Master of Science in Accountancy program ranked 3rd nationally for Best Online Program and 6th most affordable by OnlineU.

Economic impact
The university has a significant impact on the Sacramento Region and California statewide economy. It sustains nearly 9,000 jobs in the region and statewide, generates $816 million to the Sacramento economy, and nearly $1 billion to the state economy, with annual spending amongst the campus exceeding $600 million. The campus has the state's largest co-operative education program, placing students in paid positions where they receive academic credit. Biology students help in the Sacramento crime lab with DNA matching while Physical Therapy students are assisting stroke victims regain their mobility, and Government students are staffed at the Capitol. The campus has one of the largest Criminal Justice programs in all of North America with nearly 1,500 undergraduate students and 80 graduate students. Nearly 36% of students volunteer through the Sacramento State Serves program, committing more than 2 million hours of service each year.

Research centers and institutes
The campuses houses over 30 research centers. Notable include:
 * California Smart Grid Center (engages in automated metering infrastructure)
 * Archaeological Research Center
 * Center for African Peace and Conflict Resolution
 * Center for California Studies (houses Capitol Fellows)
 * Office of Water Programs
 * North Central Information Center
 * STEM Research
 * Sustainable Technology Optimization Research Center

CAMP/HEP Center
The College Assistance Migrant Program (CAMP)/High School Equivalent Program is one of nearly 50 federally funded assistance programs that is geared to help migrant or seasonal farm workers (or children of them) not currently enrolled in school achieve the equivalent of a high school diploma and then subsequently obtain employment. Sacramento State current has a 5-year, $2.1 million grant that serves 70 incoming freshman and 300 continuing students each year. The program ensures 90% successfully complete their first academic year, and 90% enroll in their second year of college. The program serves more than 7,000 annually.

Capital Fellows Program
Ranked as one of the top internships in the nation by Vault.com, Sacramento State works with the California State government to host the Capital Fellowship program through the Center for California Studies. The Center administers the Jesse M. Unruh Assembly Fellowship, Executive Fellowship, Judicial Administration Fellowship, and California Senate Fellows programs. These programs, known collectively as the Capital Fellows Programs, are nationally recognized. The 18 Assembly Fellows, 18 Senate Fellows, 18 Executive Fellows and 10 Judicial Administration Fellows receive an outstanding opportunity to engage in public service and prepare for future careers, while actively contributing to the development and implementation of public policy in California. The ranks of former fellows and associates include a Justice of the California Supreme Court, members of the United States Congress and the State Legislature, a deputy director of the Peace Corps, corporate executives, and local government and community leaders.

Center for Collaborative Policy
The Center provides services for public disputes at the state, regional, and local levels, ranging from conflicts between agencies to multi-party disputes on major policies. Its methods are mediation, negotiation, and consensus-building. It tries to reach solutions satisfying everyone while avoiding traditional adversarial processes.

Athletics
The university offers 21 intercollegiate sports. In hopes of expanding its athletics department even further, the university added its 21st sport, Women's Beach Volleyball in the spring of 2013. Sacramento State sports teams participate in NCAA Division I (FCS for College Football). Sacramento State's colors are green and gold, its nickname is Hornets, its commonly used phrase is Stingers Up! and its mascot is Herky the Hornet.

Conference breakdowns are as follows:
 * Big Sky Conference: Men's Basketball, Football, Men's Cross Country, Men's Indoor Track & Field, Men's Golf (effective 2014–15), Men's Tennis, Men's Outdoor Track & Field, Women's Volleyball, Women's Basketball, Women's Cross Country, Women's Indoor Track & Field, Women's Golf, Women's Tennis, Women's Outdoor Track & Field, Women's Soccer, Softball
 * Big West Conference: Men's Soccer
 * Western Athletic Conference: Baseball, Women's Gymnastics
 * American Athletic Conference: Rowing (effective 2014–15)
 * Northern California Sand Volleyball Consortium: Women's Beach Volleyball

Scholarships are offered in all sports. The football and track and field teams compete in Hornet Stadium, baseball at John Smith Field, and the volleyball, men's and women's basketball and gymnastics teams call Colberg Court home, in honor of legendary volleyball coach Debby Colberg. The baseball stadium was renamed John Smith Field in 2011 in honor of the long-time head coach. Most athletic teams compete in the Big Sky Conference. Sacramento State is the only school from California in the Big Sky, which also includes Eastern Washington, Portland State, Idaho State, Northern Colorado, Northern Arizona and Weber State. UC Davis and Cal Poly joined the Big Sky for football only in 2012.

In 2013, the women's rowing team was granted access into an NCAA-affiliated conference, Conference USA (C-USA). Previously the team competed in Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association (WIRA) which is not recognized as a conference by the NCAA. Effective for the 2013–14 season, along with San Diego State University, the rowing team transferred into C-USA, with 12 rowing members, increasing competition, and providing eligibility for NCAA Championships nationally. However, the team only competed for one season in C-USA; it will move along with San Diego State to the American Athletic Conference beginning in 2014–15.

In 2003 and from 2005 to 2007, the university hosted the NCAA Track and Field Championship at Hornet Stadium.

Auxiliary organizations
The California Education Code §89901 identifies auxiliary organizations of the California State University. Sacramento State currently has several auxiliary organizations:

Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps
The school hosts Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, Detachment 088, which trains US Air Force cadets from Sacramento State and University of California Davis. It is currently the largest Detachment in Northern California.

Army Reserve Officer Training Corps
An independent Army ROTC program existed until the 1996 when the program was phased out by California State University, Sacramento President Donald Gerth due to the Army's policy of "Don't ask, don't tell". The program was allowed back onto campus in 1997, due to the possibility of the campus losing federal student aid and research funding. In 2002, the program received the gold MacArthur ROTC Leadership Award. The program currently exists as an extension of the Forged Gold Battalion based at University of California, Davis.

Associated Students Inc.
Associated Students Inc. is a nonprofit corporation that provides programs, services, and student government for Sacramento State, in accordance with the California Education Code. ASI is a California recognized 501(c)(3) corporation. Students elect the Board of Directors, which consists of the President, Executive Vice President, Vice President of Finance, Vice President of University Affairs, Vice President of Academic Affairs, a representative from each of the academic colleges, a representative for undeclared students, and a representative for graduate students. ASI has a budget of over $10 million, which is collected through semesterly student fees and revenues generated through its programs: Peak Adventures, Aquatic Center, Children's Center, and ASI student shop.

ASI Children's Center
Like most other CSUs, ASI offers a unique day care center for faculty, staff, or student's children ages newborn to five years. The ASI Children's Center is accredited by the NAEYC, something that only about 7% of children's centers are endorsed by. Child Development and Teacher Education majors are given the opportunity to work with the Children's Center.

Capital Public Radio, Inc.
Sacramento State owns and operates multiple public radio stations throughout California in close cooperation with Capital Public Radio.

Two of these stations are KXPR and KXJZ, both on FM. KXPR plays classical and jazz music. KXJZ offers local news and talk programming, including several popular shows like "This American Life", "A Prairie Home Companion", "Car Talk" and others. The listener-supported stations broadcast without commercials and with the support of underwriters. Both stations carry programming from National Public Radio.

KSSU 1580 AM
KSSU 1580AM is a non-profit free format radio station at Sacramento State and part of Associated Students. The radio station has only a 3-watt signal and is not strong enough to broadcast much farther than the campus, but it can be heard all over the world at kssu.com. KSSU is maintained and funded by the Associated Students. KSSU.COM has formed itself into being one of the premier college radio stations in North America. In 2007 the station won music director of the year from the College Music Journal and then returned to New York for the award show in 2008 with 8 nominations for awards by CMJ. In 2008 KSSU.COM was also nominated for College Radio Station of the Year by MTVU. Notable former DJs include actor and international hip hop artist, Only Won who gave credit to KSSU at the 2010 Distinguished Service award for influencing his career in the music industry.

State Hornet
The State Hornet serves as Sacramento State's student newspaper. The State Hornet publishes 14 or 15 issues each semester and produces content for a daily Web site. The online edition carries the content of the print edition, posted Wednesday mornings, and publishes unique content to the site as generated by the staff. The 1999–2000 staff of the newspaper, led by Editor-in-Chief David Sommers and Faculty Advisor Sylvia Fox, was awarded the National Newspaper Pacemaker Award, considered to be the highest national honor in collegiate journalism and unofficially known as the "Pulitzer Prizes of student journalism." In 2012, the newspaper was placed in the Associated Collegiate Press Pacemaker Finalists category. The newspaper is formally administered by the Department of Communication Studies in the College of Arts and Letters.

University Union
The CSUS student activity center is the University Union. The University Union is unique in that it is the original building that was first structured in 1972. It has gone under major renovations throughout the years, with the first phase in 1992 that added a large ballroom and space for food vendors and meeting rooms and other extensions. In 1998, the Union underwent another major renovation again, adding another 180,000 square feet for certain University Outlets such as KSSU and Peak Adventures (which have both since moved). In 2012, the Union yet again underwent major renovations, including adding the university operated restaurant Good Eats, new flooring and stage demolition in the Redwood Room, a complete remodel of Round Table Pizza, an addition of the much requested "prayer room" or "quiet room" on the second floor, a complete remodel of the Terminal Lounge on the second floor, and tearing down the University Center Restaurant and building the new Epicure Restaurant.

Much is offered, including a large fast food court, a game room, public computers with internet access, free WiFi, conference rooms, the university's main auditoria, a prayer room, and many offices for student organizations including the Pride Center, the State Hornet (student paper), and others.

Sac State officials have announced an expansion of The University Union will begin in the first quarter of 2017. This expansion will add 71,000 square feet of space consisting of "a storefront for Peak Adventures (currently located at The WELL), a premium Starbucks venue, meeting and conference spaces for student groups and other organizations, additional restrooms, a study lounge, food-service storage, expanded casual seating, and an outdoor seating/pavilion area" according to the school website. Due to lack of space and overcrowding over the years, students have requested expanding the University Union. This expansion was funded with student fees, the Union WELL Inc., and generated fees; it completed in August 2018.

Student clubs and organizations
Sacramento State has a wide selection of social and academic clubs and organizations. Each are dedicated to help students of similar interests bond together by common goals and aspirations. They make up a wide range of opportunities to be involved. They often represent national, international, local and regional organizations. Some also promote certain cultures or multiculturalism as well as political and recreational. Clubs and organizations are overseen by Student Organizations & Leadership. In fall 2012, approximately 7% of undergraduate men (or 774 students) were part of fraternities while 5% of undergraduate women (or 725 students) were part of sororities for a total of about 1,500 Greeks (the largest class to date).

In 2014, the CSU removed recognition from certain religious organizations that had policy conflicts with a state-mandated nondiscrimination policy. The new policy stated that religious clubs must allow any student eligibility to participate as a student leader regardless of beliefs. Both CRU and Intervarsity, as of fall 2015, came to an agreement with the Chancellor that allowed them to return to campus, while allowing them to maintain their religious beliefs.

Transportation
University Transportation and Parking Services (UTAPS), an auxiliary of Sacramento State, operates its own buses known as the Hornet Shuttle, providing several lines around the campus running approximately 7:30 am until 5:00 pm in conjunction with Sacramento Regional Transit District. The Hornet Line serves the south end of the university, university/65th Light-Rail Station, and newly added Folsom Hall, the Green Line serves the College Town/La Riviera District and the east end of Campus, while the Gold Line runs all the way to the Fair Oaks district and the Arden Fair Mall. UTAPS also runs night shuttle for students, providing point-to-point service from dusk to 11:00 pm.

The university has a bus terminal station at the north end of campus, which serves as a major stop for Sacramento Regional Transit. RT provides bus services to downtown (Route 30), Midtown/Sutter District (Route 34), American River College/Watt (Route 82), Marconi/Arcade Light-Rail Station (Route 87), seven days a week departing approximately every 10 minutes. The university is located about 1/2-mile from the University/65th Light Rail Station, just south of the campus.

Sacramento State students can use these resources, including LRT, for free with their student One Card.

The university also has multiple Zipcars housed on campus for students, faculty and staff to use 24-hours a day, part of the ZipCarU program.

Plans have been in the works for the university to operate its own street car Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, looping around the perimeter of the campus and back to the university/65th Light Rail Station. However this has been set back due to budget constraints. The Sacramento light rail system was originally proposed to run through the library quad, but then-president Donald Gerth vetoed the proposal over concerns for student safety.

The school is situated just north of US 50 and is accessible by two exits – 65th St. and Howe Avenue.

Notable people
The university has conferred over 250,000 degrees since its establishment. CSUS alumni live over all 50 states of the U.S., with over 165,000 residing in California, nearly 3,000 in Washington, 2,500 in Oregon and over 2,000 in Texas. There are also over nearly 1,000 alumni residing in approximately 62 countries, including 102 located in Japan, 90 in India, and nearly 60 in Canada and China.

University presidents

 * 1) Guy A. West (1947–1965)
 * 2) F. Blair Mayne (1965)
 * 3) Stephen L. Walker (1965–1966)
 * 4) Robert Johns (1966–1969)
 * 5) Otto Butz (1969–1970)
 * 6) Bernard L. Hyink (1970–1972)
 * 7) James G. Bond (1972–1978)
 * 8) W. Lloyd Johns (1978–1983)
 * 9) Austin J. Gerber (1983–1984)
 * 10) Donald R. Gerth (1984–2003)
 * 11) Alexander Gonzalez (2003–2015)
 * 12) Robert S. Nelsen (2015–2023)
 * 13) J. Luke Wood (2023–)

title: California State University, Sacramento


text:
Delta Arietis

Delta Arietis (δ Arietis, abbreviated Delta Ari, δ Ari), officially named Botein, is a star in the northern constellation of Aries, 1.8 degrees north of the ecliptic. The apparent visual magnitude is 4.35, so it is visible to the naked eye. It has an annual parallax shift of 19.22 mas; corresponding to a distance of about 170 ly from the Sun.

Nomenclature
δ Arietis (Latinised to Delta Arietis) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Botein which is derived from Al Bīrūnī's Al Buṭayn (Arabic: البُطَين), the diminutive of Al Baṭn, "the Belly". This is the name of a star association consisting of this star, Epsilon Arietis, Zeta Arietis, Pi Arietis, and Rho3 Arietis According to a 1971 NASA catalogue of stars, Al Buṭain was the title for five stars: Delta Arietis (listed as Botein), Pi Arietis (as Al Buṭain I), Rho3 Arietis (Al Buṭain II), Epsilon Arietis (Al Buṭain III) and Zeta Arietis (Al Buṭain IV). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Botein for this star on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, this star was designated Nir al Botain, which was translated into Latin as Lucida Ventris, meaning "the brightest of the belly".

In Chinese, 天陰 (Tiān Yīn), meaning Yin Force, refers to an asterism consisting of Delta Arietis, 63 Arietis, Zeta Arietis, Tau Arietis and 65 Arietis. Consequently, the Chinese name for Delta Arietis itself is 天陰四 (Lóu Su sì, the Fourth Star of Yin Force.)

Properties
Delta Arietis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K2 III. It belongs to a population known as red clump giants, which means it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. With close to twice the mass of the Sun, the outer envelope has expanded until it is around ten times the Sun's radius. It shines with 45 times the Sun's luminosity at an effective temperature of 4,810 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. It is a suspected variable star that ranges in magnitude from 4.33 to 4.37.

title: Delta Arietis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BunchofXena

 * Keep. Go through them, correct the facts, then list them on VfD invidually. There's too great a variety here to consider them all at once. - Seth Ilys 01:44, 6 May 2004 (UTC)