text:
Eberron

Eberron is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) role-playing game. The game is set primarily on the continent of Khorvaire following a vast destructive war. Eberron is designed to accommodate traditional D&D elements and races within a differently toned setting; Eberron combines a fantasy tone with pulp and dark adventure elements, and some non-traditional fantasy technologies such as trains, skyships, and mechanical beings which are all powered by magic.

Eberron was created by author and game designer Keith Baker as the winning entry for Wizards of the Coast's Fantasy Setting Search, a competition run in 2002 to establish a new setting for the D&D game. Eberron was chosen from more than 11,000 entries, and was officially released with the publication of the Eberron Campaign Setting hardback book in June 2004.

Creative origins
Keith Baker's Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting of Eberron was chosen as the winner among the 11,000 submissions to the Wizards of the Coast Fantasy Setting Search in 2002. Baker won $100,000 for his contest submission. The original title of Baker's setting was the Thrilling Tales of Swords and Sorcery. Baker highlighted that the setting went through multiple stages of development:"Thrilling Tales wasn't Eberron. It went through four stages of development. First there was the original one page concept, which went up against thousands of others. The next step was expanding that into ten pages, fleshing out the core idea. From there I wrote a hundred page story bible. But even then, it was still Thrilling Tales of Swords and Sorcery. Once Thrilling Tales was chosen as the final setting, I went to Seattle and spent weeks working with an amazing team of people at Wizards of the Coast: Bill Slavicsek, Chris Perkins, James Wyatt, and many others. Together we isolated the best parts of Thrilling Tales, as well as identifying the elements that didn't work and finding ways to improve them. [...] [It] was Bill Slavicsek who named the world Eberron." On the Fantasy Setting Search contest, Slavicsek highlighted that four subteams reduced the 11,000 submissions to 120 entries which were then reviewed by a panel who whittled it down to eleven proposals. These eleven contest submitters were then asked to expand their one-page submissions and from these new ten-page submissions, the panel further reduced the proposals to just three entries. Slavicsek said: "[A]t this point, we learned the names of the authors and we flew each of them to Wizards of the Coast's offices to meet with them. During those meetings, I began to direct each project in earnest, just as I would direct any product published through the efforts of my R&D team. It was great meeting Keith Baker, Rich Burlew, and Nathan Toomey in person, getting to talk about their worlds with them, and getting to help them each make their vision come alive. We gave them an outline form to follow so they could create 125-page world bibles [...]. All three [proposals] were great, but we had to select the one we were going to put our efforts behind. That one was Keith Baker's world, the world that became Eberron."

The inspiration for Eberron came when Baker was working on VR-1's cancelled pulp MMORPG Lost Continents. Baker aimed to fuse the energy of pulp adventure and film noir settings to traditional fantasy settings and steampunk. The Eberron Campaign Setting sourcebook lists the following films as inspirations for Eberron's tone and attitude: Brotherhood of the Wolf, Casablanca, From Hell, The Maltese Falcon, The Mummy, The Name of the Rose, Pirates of the Caribbean, Raiders of the Lost Ark and Sleepy Hollow. Baker also said inspiration for the war-torn setting came from the unstable period of world history between World War I and II.

Publication history
The 2004 campaign setting book for Dungeons & Dragons v3.5 was written by Keith Baker, Bill Slavicsek, and James Wyatt. In June 2005, the Eberron Campaign Setting book won the Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Game Supplement of 2004. Over the next four years, over 20 supplements for Eberron were released. Shannon Appelcline (author of Designers & Dragons) wrote "meanwhile, it had also become the setting for Dungeons & Dragons Online (2006), Atari's major multimedia expansion of the D&D brand. By 2009, Eberron was still big, and that's why it won out as 4e's second setting".

In June 2009, the Eberron Player's Guide and the free adventure Khyber's Harvest (2009) brought the setting to the new 4th Edition of D&D. It was followed in July by the Eberron Campaign Guide (2009) and the not-free adventure Seekers of the Ashen Crown (2009). The development of the 4th Edition of D&D brought many design changes including the addition of a new default setting that followed the new "Points of Light" design philosophy – a world that looked less like the modern world, "full of civilized countries with civilized borders", and more like a world with few centers of civilization separated by the open, dangerous wilderness. On the impact of the edition change, Appelcline wrote: "Players were wondering if Eberron would also be changed to more closely match the Points of Light ideals and surprisingly … it wasn't. Instead, Eberron appears much as it did before. There wasn't even a timeline change; though rumors at one points suggested a two-year advancement was in the works, the world ended up remaining in 998YK. Eberron's designers and developers said that players interested in metaplot should read the novels and decide themselves whether they wanted to include those events in their games. Though Eberron didn't become a Points of Light world, it did adopt many of the other assumptions of 4e."

In February 2015, the very first instance of the online feature "Unearthed Arcana" provided Eberron content for public playtesting for the 5th Edition. However, further official Eberron content did not appear until 3 years later, when the Wayfinder's Guide to Eberron was released on July 23, 2018, as a PDF on Dungeon Masters Guild; it was described as a "living document" that would be updated as the included concepts were refined. The included races, and dragonmarks, magic items, as well as the artificer class and subclasses, also went through the "Unearthed Arcana" public playtest process over the next year. An "exploratory campaign featuring Eberron" was released for the D&D Adventurers League as PDFs between September and December 2018.

Eberron: Rising From The Last War, a hardcover campaign book, was published on November 19, 2019. An alternative art cover by Vance Kelly for the book was also released in local game stores on November 17. At the same time, the Wayfinder's Guide to Eberron was updated to include the final versions of the included content as it appears in Eberron: Rising from the Last War, and added the artificer class from the same book (with only one subclass – the Alchemist – of the three included in Rising from the Last War). To correspond with this release, the D&D Adventurers League added a new season of stories called The Oracle of War that take place in the Mournland. Shawn Merwin, Adventurers League Resource Manager, wrote that the Oracle of War storyline is a "very different type of campaign from what has come before [in Adventurers League]. The story presented in Oracle of War plays out in 20 Core Storyline adventures that take characters from level 1 to 20. [...] Core Storyline adventures are placed on the DMs Guild at the rate of one per month, giving the campaign an active play period of approximately 2 years."

Characteristics
One of the most obvious differences between Eberron and generic Dungeons & Dragons is the level of magic. High-level magic, including resurrection spells, is less common than in most other settings. However, low-level magic is much more pervasive, primarily provided by the Dragonmarked houses. Many cities have magical lanterns throughout the streets. A continent-spanning magical "lightning rail" provides high speed transportation.

Alignment is slightly more muddied than in other official settings. Evil beings of traditionally good races and good beings of traditionally evil races are encouraged, but alignment definition remains true to D&D standards, with good and evil retaining their meanings. However, the situation often arises in the campaign world that oppositely aligned characters will side with each other briefly if a threat looms over all, and also both good and evil characters will infiltrate each other's organizations for purposes of espionage.

Religion is similarly less clear-cut. The pantheon of Eberron does not make itself overtly known. The existence of divine magic is not evidence of the gods, as clerics who worship no deities but instead follow a path or belief system also receive spells. A cleric can even actively work against their own church and continue to receive spells. As a result, religion is largely a matter of faith. Unlike in many other 3rd edition D&D settings, a cleric does not have to be within one step of his deity's or religion's alignment, and is not restricted from casting certain spells because of alignment.

The setting adds a new base character class, the artificer. Artificers are spellcasters focusing on magical item creation. Artificer infusions (their equivalent to spells) focus on temporarily imbuing objects with the desired effects. For example, instead of casting bull's strength on a character, an artificer would cast it upon a belt to create a short term magical Belt of Bull's Strength. Artificers have access to a pool of "craft points" which act as extra experience points (only) for use in creating magical items without sacrificing level attainment. This pool is refilled when the artificer gains levels, or by draining power from an existing magical item (destroying the item in the process).

Eberron also introduced a new non-player character class known as the magewright, which is an arcane caster who has a limited selection of low-level spells. The existence of magewrights is part of the reason for the prevalence of low-level magic in Eberron.

To try to create a pulp setting, Eberron initially used "action points" that allow a player to add a six-sided die to the result of rolls made with a twenty-sided die. Characters receive a set allotment of single-use action points each character level. The Eberron Campaign Setting also includes feats which grant additional uses for action points, such as allowing a player to add an eight-sided die instead of a six-sided die, or spending two action points to grant your character an additional move or standard action. Certain class features with uses per day, like a barbarian's rage ability, a cleric's turn/rebuke undead ability, or a druid's wild shape ability, can be used again by spending 2 action points. The final use for action points is to spend one to stabilize a dying character.

World
The world of Eberron contains seven continents. The setting primarily takes place in Khorvaire, the most populated continent. Humans are the most populous race in Khorvaire, living primarily in the area known as the Five Nations. Southeast is the small continent of Aerenal, ruled by elves. Due south is the jungle continent of Xen'drik, once ruled by an empire of giants that collapsed. It is now largely wilderness, with some areas under tribal dominion of the drow. Further south of Xen'drik is Everice, a continent-sized sheet of ice possibly covering several land masses. Frostfell is an unexplored land of ice in the north. The other two main continents are Sarlona (a continent ruled by quori, creatures from the Region of Dreams) and Argonnessen (a continent inhabited by dragons). The world of Eberron has twelve moons; some sages believe there is a thirteenth moon that has vanished or is invisible to the naked eye.

The World of Eberron comprises a number of features for the Eberron campaign setting. The number 13, also known as a "baker's dozen", has been part of a theme Keith Baker used regarding aspects of the world.

"Eberron" is also the name for the land of the world, and is referred to as the Dragon Between. Siberys, the Dragon Above, is the name given to the planetary rings which surround the planet. Khyber, the Dragon Below, is the name given to the underworld, and is similar to the Underdark in many other settings. According to the creation story, the world was formed when the progenitor wyrms changed their form into what they are now. Siberys and Khyber fought, leading to Siberys' body being broken into pieces. To stop Khyber, Eberron wrapped around him, and Siberys' broken body became a ring around them both. Siberys created the dragons, Eberron created humanoids and other "lower races", and Khyber created the "demons" of the world. According to Keith Baker, there is some significance to the fact that each name contains the morpheme "ber", but he has not stated what this is.

Creatures
Eberron utilized traditional Dungeons & Dragons races but gave them entirely localized lore, history and national ties. Eberron emphasizes national and cultural ties over racial ties. Sean K. Reynolds wrote that "for example, the elves of House Phiarlan are an old dragonmarked house with a centuries-long history of entertainment and artistry; most common folk praise them and their work. In contrast to that house, the elves of the new nation of Valenar are seen as land thieves and a threat to the peace established by the Treaty of Thronehold". Gabrielle Lissauer, in The Tropes of Fantasy Fiction, highlighted that the Eberron campaign setting subverts the classical racial presentation of orcs as savages. Instead, Lissauer wrote that "these orcs are interested in peace and keeping the world safe. [...] They just want to live in harmony with nature".

The setting also added four new races to Dungeons & Dragons: Changelings, Shifters, Kalashtar, and Warforged. Changelings and Shifters were based on preexisting Dungeons & Dragons monsters, doppelgangers and lycanthropes respectively. Warforged, sentient constructs created by artificers during the Last War, and Kalashtar, psionic humanoids combined with quori spirits, were created for Eberron.

Kalashtar
The kalashtar are a race of psionic people; they are the descendants of a group of human monks from Adar, a nation on the continent of Sarlona, who allowed themselves to be possessed by the planar entities known as the Quori. These entities were good-aligned Quori who rebelled and thus had to flee the plane of dreams known as Dal Quor. This merger was permanent leading their descendants to become a hybrid-type race. The spiritual essence of each Quori is divided out amongst many Kalashtar, known collectively as a lineage. Thus, the only way to completely destroy one of the good-aligned Quori is to exterminate its entire lineage. The evil-aligned Quori, known as the Dreaming Dark, seek to hunt and destroy the Kalashtar so many Kalashtar live in either the fortified temple-keeps of Adar or live in hiding amongst the wider world of Eberron. The Dreaming Dark have their own possessed creatures known as the Inspired who rule most of the continent of Sarlona.

Baker highlighted the design differences between the Dreaming Dark and the kalashtar: "Quori possession is entirely different from the relationship between a kalashtar and their quori spirit. With the kalashtar, the quori is a passive presence that simultaneously guides many kalashtar. With the Inspired (voluntary or otherwise) the quori is an active presence that controls a single body at a time, and it fully dominates the host". Glenn Carreau, for GameRant, highlighted the roleplaying potential of kalashtar player characters: "While separate from most of Khorvaire's drama, Sarlona has plenty of its own: kalashtar are a hunted race, shuttered into their monastic country of Adar and constantly besieged by their Inspired enemies in the neighboring nation of Riedra. Still, those who want to play kalashtar in a campaign based elsewhere in Eberron can do so without disrupting the setting's narrative; small numbers of kalashtar do inhabit cities across Khorvaire, quietly continuing their battle against the Inspired even far from home".

Warforged
The warforged are a race of living, sentient constructs, superficially similar to golems. Warforged are composed of a blend of materials: predominantly stone, wood, and some type of metal. In Eberron, they were created by House Cannith in magical 'creation forges' to fight in the Last War. When the Last War ended, they were given their freedom at the Treaty of Thronehold. Though they have free will, whether they have a soul is not known with certainty; they can be resurrected by spells designed to restore human souls to life, but, unlike humans, never remember anything of their experience in the afterlife after such an event. While they have no biological sex, warforged may adopt a gender role as part of their individual personality. They do not age as the other races do, and it is not known what effects time will have on them. It is generally assumed that, like all living creatures, their bodies must experience degradation over time. Like other races, warforged may take levels in any character class.

Reception
Gabrielle Lissauer, in The Tropes of Fantasy Fiction, emphasized that Eberron helped move Dungeons & Dragons past the tropes established by Tolkien. She wrote that "Eberron changed several ideas that were considered fundamental to the concept of Dungeons and Dragons for the past thirty years, both mechanically and in the flavor of the worlds. [...] With changes to things that most players considered being fundamental to the game, Eberron subverts and yet at the same time shows what the game could be". Lissauer highlighted that alignment was no longer clear cut and that the players were "unable to use their meta-knowledge of years of playing Dungeons and Dragons in other settings to judge who is friend and who is foe".

Geek & Sundry wrote: "Winner of Wizards of the Coast's Fantasy Setting Search contest in 2002, Eberron marries magic with steampunk's technology, offering a world of elemental-powered airships, industrial nobility, and arcane tinkerers. [...] I dig the playable Warforged race, which puts you in the mind of a soldier drone seeking purpose (although their explicit maleness serves a pedantic point). If you want to sling spells in a tailored coat, check out Eberron".

Wired, on the release of the 4th Edition Eberron Campaign Guide, reported that "Eberron is my new favorite game world. [...] The world feels like it was designed from the ground up to be original and different, and still feels consistent and logical. The world's continents have an interlocking and compelling history [...]. Magic is treated as an integral part of society. You can take a magical train (the 'lightning rail') or fly elemental-powered airships. [...] I love the section on 'everyday magic' which describes how magic affects the daily lives of the ordinary citizens, covering agriculture, communications, crafts, law enforcement and so on. [...] Most worlds have politics but I can't think of any whose residents foment such complex, yet totally logical machinations. [...] The best thing bout the setting, however, may be that it simply takes the classic D&D tropes like dragons and elves and mixes them up in a new and interesting way".

On the release of the 5th Edition Wayfinder's Guide to Eberron, Richard Jansen-Parkes, for the UK print magazine Tabletop Gaming, wrote: "Originally created by Gloom designer Keith Baker for a competition some 16 years ago, Eberron is a wonderful example of how to take the standard fantasy setting and twist it into something fresh. While many of the standard fantasy tropes are still accounted for – there are still dragons to battle and dungeons to delve – there is a deliberate effort to shift away from Tolkien rip-offs and instead start ripping off everything from Jurassic Park to Casablanca. If that sounds like a criticism, it really isn't. [...] The entire setting is packed with magical gadgets and gizmos, but at the same time it manages to feel a little more down-to-earth and dirtier than the Forgotten Realms [...]. Where more traditional worlds have played host to battles between good and evil on a vast scale, Eberron is gripped in a cold war where there is very little black-and-white morality to spare".

Polygon, on the release of the 5th Edition Eberron: Rising From The Last War, reported that "Eberron is an amazing place, and Wizards of the Coast does an excellent job in this new book explaining it and giving players the tools to have fun there".

title: Eberron


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The Nuttall Encyclopædia

The Nuttall Encyclopædia: Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge is a late 19th-century encyclopedia, edited by Rev. James Wood, first published in London in 1900 by Frederick Warne & Co Ltd.

Editions were recorded for 1920, 1930, 1938 and 1956 and was still being sold in 1966. Editors included G. Elgie  Christ and A. L. Hayden for 1930, Lawrence Hawkins Dawson for 1938 and C. M. Prior for 1956.

Description
The Nuttall Encyclopædia is named for Dr. Peter Austin Nuttall (d. 1869), whose works, such as Standard Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (published in 1863), were eventually acquired by Frederick Warne, and would be published for decades to come.

The title page proclaims this encyclopedia to be "a concise and comprehensive dictionary of general knowledge consisting of over 16,000 terse and original articles on nearly all subjects discussed in larger encyclopædias, and specially dealing with such as come under the categories of history, biography, geography, literature, philosophy, religion, science, and art".

The entries or articles in this work are generally very short, and are mostly about individuals and places; while it has entries for fictional characters from Charles Dickens' books, the encyclopedia lacks entries for fruit. It often reflects the personal worldview of the author, viewing events from a definite perspective. This can be seen in entries like Dates of Epoch-Making Events. As another example, the entry for Venezuela presents a British view of an 1899 event:

In 2004, Project Gutenberg published a version of the 1907 edition, which is now in the public domain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Nuttall Encyclopædia


text:
Talk:Ariel (moon)

Comments
Isn't Ariel (which was discovered at the same time as Umbriel) named after the Ariel in Pope's Rape of the Lock rather than the one in The Tempest? john k 21:37, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you're right about this, actually - well spotted. The Singing Badger 13:36, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

According to The Royal Shakespeare Company, this is pronounced [AIR-ee-el]. According to the OED, the last vowel is a schwa, at least as the name of the gazelle. kwami

We certainly cannot say exactly how much methane is contained in Ariel, as we have no idea whether there is actually any methane in the moon. CO2 is just as likely, and the observation of surface CO2 supports this idea.

Fixed Surface Area (previosly was miscalculated to approx 4 times its actual value)

second furthest
Second furthest? What does that mean exactly? The lead says second closest, the FA says second closest. Second futhest implies their is only one further away. Arzel (talk) 00:08, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

 * This has been fixed but the two sections below have not. Mni9791 (talk) 01:46, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Need source
"'Ariel is named after the leading sylph in Pope's poem The Rape of the Lock.'" Uncited information for some reason in the FA. Ariel is Belinda’s guardian sylph, who oversees an army of invisible protective deities in The Rape of the Lock.This is a reliable source: http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/18/us/earth-tradition-holds-sway-for-naming-heavenly-orbits.html Mni9791 (talk) 01:09, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Can someone address the above???? Mni9791 (talk) 12:09, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The source you cite does not make the claim you argue. However, I can change it to "a sylph".  Serendi pod ous  12:27, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Fine. How about this book as a source, Cosmic Challenge: The Ultimate Observing List for Amateurs by Philip S. Harrington. The source says verbatim: "four major moons of Uranus.... Ariel was the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's Rape of the Lock and a spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's The Tempest. (Look at the source yourself here: ) Mni9791 (talk) 02:35, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Done.  Serendi pod ous  08:58, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Orbit Vs Orbital Plane
"'...Ariel orbits and rotates in the equatorial plane of Uranus, which is almost perpendicular to the orbit of Uranus, granting...'": should it be "perpendicular to the orbital plane of Uranus" instead of just "orbit"? (and for other similar references to orbital plane, too.) Prabhakar (talk) 01:25, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Incomplete origin of name
Given that both Pope's and Shakespeare's characters called Ariel are named for Ariel (angel), it seems remiss to describe the origins of the name without reference to this figure. Suggest it is named for a sky spirit in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock and Shakespeare's The Tempest, and ultimately to an angel in Judeo-Christian mysticism. Kevin McE (talk) 06:17, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Dunno. We'd need a reference stating that both Pope and Shakespeare deliberately drew the name from the angel. It may simply be that the angel's name entered folklore and became the name for a sky spirit, or even that the sky spirit's name evolved to sound like the angel's.  Serendi pod  ous  07:48, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Are you really suggesting that Shakespeare happened to pick a name out of thin air that happened to be identical to that used in the Judaeo Christian mystical tradition in which he was thoroughly versed, and gave the character with that name an almost identical role to its predecessor, without that having been an influence. We may as well refuse to acknowledge that the story of MacBeth had anything to do with the Scottish king of that name because we don't have contemporary reliable sources that prove that this is who the Bard was thinking about.  Kevin McE (talk) 20:27, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm suggesting nothing. You are making a point. That point must be sourced. Wikipedians are not historians. We only report what other people say.  Serendi pod ous  20:38, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

(mis)pronunciation of the name
The pronunciation in Note 1 does not match the pronunciation referenced in Reference 1 (Merriam-Webster), and the pronunciation in the first line of the article matches neither the actual dictionary (see Reference 1), nor the mispronunciation given in Note 1. Really, Note 1 is superfluous and could be deleted, otherwise it should be corrected. The main pronunciation should also be corrected. It would seem that the dictionary should rule here, as it's a reliable reference and can be cited. 139.68.134.1 (talk) 15:05, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Mirriam Webster pronounces it as it is pronounced here. It even has a voice recording saying it as "AIR-ee-ul". I don't see what your issue is. Yes, the angel's name is pronounced "AR-ee-ell" but it's not the name of a Hebrew Angel, it's the name of a spirit of the Air. Hence the pun.  Serendi pod ous  17:54, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The original writer is correct. The Merriam-Webster entry for the word Ariel (in the Shakespearean sense) shows the first syllable as the sound of "a" as in "ash" (commonly called the "short a"). An alternate pronunciation is given, with the first syllable "e" as in "bet" (the "short e"). The "Note 1" dictionary pronunciation shows the "long a" ("ā" with a macron), which is the "long a" as in "ace". That vowel is not what's listed in the cited dictionary.

 * The IPA pronunciation shown at the beginning of the article shows TWO vowels before the "r", the "short e" and the "schwa" [ɛə]. The [ɛ] alone, without the [ə], matches the alternate pronunciation in the dictionary. The primary pronunciation from the dictionary is [æ], the secondary pronunciation is [ɛ], and neither the IPA [ɛə] at the beginning of the article, nor the "dictionary" "ā" from Note 1 matches either pronunciation from the cited reference, Reference 1, m-w.com. 4.154.248.169 (talk) 00:50, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Well that is odd because the recorded voice pronounces it as in the article.  Serendi pod ous  04:56, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Wrong. The Merriam-Webster pronunciation symbols and the Merriam-Webster recorded pronunciation match each other. They both indicate /æ/ as the initial vowel. The Wikipedia article's Note 1 and the main entry pronunciation don't even match each other, nor does either of them match the Merriam-Webster reference. The initial vowel is /æ/, and there is only one vowel befor the /r/. The cited reference is quite clear on this. The article is wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.154.255.155 (talk) 11:21, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Be civil. I don't really care how this page is changed as long as it makes clear that "Ariel" is pronounced like "areal".  Serendi pod ous  10:54, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

The reference cited, Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (M-W), gives the pronunciation as "\a′-rē-əl\" in M-W's symbology. According to M-W's pronunciation key and Wikipedia's reference table, that corresponds with /'æ-ri-əl/ in Wikipedia-standard IPA for English. So that's what should be in the article. There is no reason compare it to any other word, especially without properly citing a reference. What matters is that the information in the Wikipedia article is supported by the pronunciation in the cited reference work; M-W in this case.

The U.S. Dictionary respelling is unnecessary and locale-centric, so it is not needed, but if it is given, it should also match the pronunciation given in the cited reference. The U.S. dictionary equivalent of the M-W pronunciation is /ă′-rē-əl/.

At present, neither the article's main IPA pronunciation, nor the U.S. dictionary pronunction in Note 1, reflects the information in the cited reference work, nor do the two pronunciations even match each other. This does not meet Wikipedia standards. The entries will be edited to match the informaiton in the cited reference work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.154.252.83 (talk) 12:24, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Today's FA
I wanted to say congrats to everyone who worked on this page for getting this moon to be Today's Featured Article! (I suppose you could say that you editors mooned the Main Page. :-) ) Wabbott9   Tell me about it....  18:20, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * lol! Thanks. As a rule I don't push for FAs to be put on the main page, but I'm always grateful if it means a nice comment like that. :)  Serendi pod ous  18:31, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Ambiguity
"On 26 July 2006, the Hubble Space Telescope captured a rare transit made by Ariel across the face of Uranus, during which the satellite cast a shadow that could be seen on the Uranian cloud tops."

What satellite is the article talking about? Of course, we are talking about the moon casting a shadow on Uranus. But the sentence is poorly worded. Mni9791 (talk) 16:46, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
 * If we used "it", then there would be confusion as to whether it was Ariel or Uranus. The only other option is to use the word "Ariel" twice.  Serendi pod ous  18:30, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Yes, the wording is ambiguous, as there are two satellites (Hubble and Ariel) mentioned in the same sentence, and "the satellite" does not specify one or the other. "Ariel" could certainly be used twice; why is that even questioned? It would be clear. It would be concise and accurate. Perfectly appropriate for an encyclopedia. Or, "moon" could be used instead of "satellite". As it stands, it's poorly written. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.154.252.83 (talk) 12:29, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

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Taborites

The Taborites (Táborité, singular Táborita), known by their enemies as the Picards, were a faction within the Hussite movement in the medieval Lands of the Bohemian Crown.

Although most of the Taborites were of rural origin, they played a major role in the town of Tábor. Taborite politics were also encroached upon by their priests. The most important Taborites included the governors Jan Žižka of Trocnov, Mikuláš of Hus, Bohuslav of Švamberk, Chval Řepický of Machovice, and Jan Roháč of Dubá, and the priest Prokop Holý. The main centre of their association was Tábor.

Overview
The Taborites were centered in the Bohemian town of Tábor during the Hussite Wars in the 15th century. The religious reform movement in Bohemia splintered into various religious sects. Besides the Taborites, these included the Adamites, the Orebites, the Sirotci ("Orphans"), the Utraquists and the Praguers. Because the impetus for these movements came from the burning of Jan Hus, it has become common practice to label them all "Hussites".

The Taborites' theology represented a departure from that of the medieval Catholic Church. They insisted on the normativeness of biblical authority. Even though Taborite theologians were versed in scholastic theology, they rejected scholastic methods.

History
In the spring of 1420, a group of Hussites led by Petr Hromádka managed to seize the town of Sezimovo Ústí and the nearby Hradiště Castle in South Bohemia. They then began to build the model Hussite town Hradiště hory Tabor – shortened to Tábor – named after Mount Tabor in Galilee. Social and economic equality was promoted in the town, and the Taborites addressed each other as brothers and sisters. Hussites flocked to Tábor from all over Bohemia. Economically supported by Tábor's control of local gold mines, the citizens joined the local peasants in developing an intentionally communal living. Taborites announced the Millennium of Christ, and declared that there would be no more servants or masters, that all property would be held in common, and that there would be no more taxation. They promised that people would return to a state of pristine innocence. Some historians have found parallels to modern nationalist revolutionary movements. Murray Bookchin, for example, argued that Tábor was an early example of anarcho-communism.

Hussites from Plzeň came to Tábor under the guidance of Břeňek Švihovský and Jan Žižka of Trocnov. These Hussites were attacked by Catholic knights near Sudoměř on 25 March 1420. The repulsion of the knights encouraged the Hussites, and they managed to reach Tábor, which was still under construction. The Taborites chose four military commanders (Hetmans) from among themselves: Jan Žižka, Mikuláš of Hus, Chval Řepický of Machovice and Zbyněk z Buchov. Under their leadership, the Taborites made many sorties in South Bohemia, and at the end of May 1420, they headed towards Prague, threatened by Catholic armies during the first anti-Hussite crusade. In June, Tábor was unsuccessfully besieged by the troops of a South Bohemian noble, Oldřich II of Rosenberg. Cavalry led by the governor Mikuláš of Hus dispersed the siege. On 14 July near Prague, there was the Battle of Vítkov Hill in which Jan Žižka managed to thwart an attempt by Hungary and Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor to dominate the capital. The crusade then disintegrated without further struggle. In July, the Hussites negotiated about a possible future successor to the Czech throne. In response to the Four Articles of Prague, the Taborites published twelve revolutionary articles in Prague. However, the Praguers did not meet their demands and the troops left the city.

At the end of August, Jan Žižka launched a large offensive against the estate of Oldřich of Rosenberg. The governor seized Prachatice, Vodňany and Lomnice. Young Oldřich was forced to conclude a ceasefire with Tábor until February 1421. Mikuláš of Pelhřimov was elected bishop of Tábor in September 1420. In December, Hetman Nicholas of Hus died as a result of a fall from a horse. The leader of the Taborites was now the governor Jan Žižka of Trocnov.

Jan Žižka commanded his rag-tag Bohemian army in defense against the crusading Imperial Army under Emperor Sigismund. Žižka did not believe that all prisoners should be slain and often showed clemency to those he defeated. After one battle, when his army disobeyed him and killed many prisoners, Žižka ordered the army to pray for forgiveness. That experience partly inspired him to write a famous military code of conduct, "Žižkův vojenský řád" – a document partly inspired by the biblical book of Deuteronomy. Žižka eventually left Tabor because that community became too radical for his beliefs and took over the leadership of the more moderate Orebites in Hradec Králové. In response to the numerous attacks launched against Bohemia, the Taborites and Orebites often set aside their religious differences and cooperated militarily.

Once the external threat was removed by Hussite victories, the various Hussite factions turned on each other. At the beginning of 1421, the Adamites, who completely rejected the Eucharist, were expelled from Tábor. Under the leadership of priests Petr Kániš and Martin Húska, they settled in the Příběnice Castle, where the Adamites fell. Žižka suppressed their movement, and most sectarians, including both leaders, were then burnt as heretics under his orders. During the winter offensive in West Bohemia, the Taborites managed to seize Chomutov. The joint campaign of Taborites and Praguers into East Bohemia under Jan Žižka's command was also successful and the towns Dvůr Králové, Polička and Vysoké Mýto fell into the Hussite hands. At the turn of 1421 and 1422, there was a battle, in which the blind governor managed to overwhelm King Sigismund of Luxembourg. At the end of April, the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas arrived in Bohemia, where he was recognized (mostly by the Hussites and Taborites) as the country's steward. In January 1423, Jan Žižka of Trocnov broke with the Tábor union and began to build Nový Tábor (New Tábor) in East Bohemia.

After Jan Žižka's death on 11 October 1424, Jan Hvězda of Vícemilice and Bohuslav of Švamberk took the lead of the Taborite forces. The combined forces of Taborites, Sirotci and Praguers decisively defeated mercenaries from Saxony, Thuringia, Lusatia and Meissen in the Battle of Usti on 16 June 1426. Under the leadership of Prokop Holý, the combined troops of the Taborites and Sirotci defeated Albrecht II in the Battle of the Light. The Taborites in conjunction with the Sirotci and the Prague Union turned to flee from the Third and Fourth Crusades against the Hussites, in the battles of the Tachov and the Domažlice. In addition, led by Prokop Holý, they set out on campaigns abroad (German parts of the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Upper and Lower Lusatia, Silesia, and Upper Hungary). In the spring of 1433, the council of Tábor at the Council of Basel was represented by Nicholas of Pelhřimov, who advocated the article on punishment of deadly sins. In the summer of 1433, the Taborites joined the siege of Catholic Plzeň. The city, however, defended well and Hussite troops were forced to abandon the ineffective siege. Finally, after twenty years, the power of the Taborites was broken with the Battle of Lipany on 30 May 1434, during which 13,000 of the 18,000-strong army of Taborites and Sirotci, led by Prokop Holý, were overwhelmingly defeated by the united Catholic forces. Under the weight of this defeat, the Sirotci's union completely disappeared. Many of the leading Taborite commanders fell in battle, including the leading priest Prokop Holý.

After the Battle of Lipany, the opposition to King Sigismund and the agreement with the Council was led by governor Jan Roháč of Dubá. However, after the Taborites lost several of their castles and were defeated on 19 August 1435 by Oldřich of Rožmberk in the Battle of Křeč, the moderate wing, led by Bedřich of Strážnice, took over the Táborite faction. Jan Roháč and his faithful fortified at his castle Zion, which was soon conquered and all the surviving defenders were hanged in the Old Town Square of Prague. On 25 January 1437, by mutual agreement with Sigismund, Tábor was promoted to royal town and received the town's coat of arms: an imperial eagle. On 8 February 1449, the remnants of the Taborite union were joined with the Catholic and Kališník nobility from South Bohemia, and so the so-called Strakonice Unity was established, which was directed against the ever-growing power of George of Poděbrady. On 1 September 1452, the town of Tábor was suddenly occupied by the army of the land administrator George of Poděbrady, and thus the independent political power of the Tábor union was ended.

title: Taborites


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Lurleen Wallace

Lurleen Burns Wallace (born Lurleen Brigham Burns; September 19, 1926 – May 7, 1968) was an American politician who served as the 46th governor of Alabama for 16 months from January 16, 1967 until her death on May 7, 1968. She was the first wife of Alabama governor George Wallace, whom she succeeded as governor because the Alabama constitution forbade consecutive terms.

Wallace was Alabama's first female governor and was the only woman to hold the governorship until Kay Ivey succeeded to the office in April 2017. Wallace is also (as of 2024) the only female governor in U.S. history to have died in office as well as being the first and only female Democrat to have served as governor in Alabama history. In 1973, she was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame.

Early years
Lurleen Brigham Burns was born to Henry Burns and the former Estelle Burroughs of Fosters in Tuscaloosa, Alabama on September 19, 1926. She graduated in 1942 from Tuscaloosa County High School at the age of fifteen. She then worked at Kresge's Five and Dime in Tuscaloosa, where she met George Wallace, at the time a member of the United States Army Air Corps. The couple married on May 22, 1943, when she was 16.

Over the next twenty years, Wallace focused on being a mother and a homemaker. The Wallaces had four children: Bobbi Jo Wallace Parsons (1944–2015), Peggy Sue Wallace Kennedy (born 1950), George III (born 1951), and Janie Lee Wallace Dye (born 1961). George Wallace's neglect of his family and frequent extramarital affairs resulted in his wife filing for divorce in the late 1950s; she later dropped the suit after he promised to be a better husband.

Wallace assumed her duties as First Lady of Alabama in 1963 after her husband was elected governor to the first of his four nonconsecutive terms. She opened the first floor of the governor's mansion to the public seven days a week. She refused to serve alcoholic beverages at official functions.

1966 gubernatorial election campaign
When George Wallace failed in 1965 to get the constitutional ban on his candidacy lifted, due to facing some opposition from some members of the Alabama Legislature, including his competitive political rival, Ryan deGraffenried Sr., he devised a plan in which Lurleen would run for governor while he continued to exercise the authority of the office behind the scenes, duplicating the strategy in which Miriam Wallace Ferguson won the 1924 election for governor of Texas, as her husband James E. Ferguson remained the de facto governor.

Shy in public and lacking interest in the workings of politics, Lurleen Wallace was described by an Alabama newspaper editor as the most "unlikely candidate imaginable. It is as difficult to picture her in politics as to envision Helen Hayes butchering a hog." She herself said "it never even crossed my mind that I'd ever enter politics...."

Lurleen Wallace dispatched a primary gubernatorial field that included two former governors, John Malcolm Patterson and Jim Folsom, former congressman Carl Elliott of Jasper, and Attorney General Richmond Flowers, Sr. She then faced one-term Republican U.S. representative James D. Martin of Gadsden, who had received national attention four years earlier when he mounted a serious challenge to U.S. senator J. Lister Hill.

The general election campaign focused on whether Wallace would be governor in her own right or a "caretaker" with her husband as a "dollar-a-year advisor" making all the major decisions. The decision to run against Wallace heavily damaged the Alabama GOP. Nearly overnight, its fortunes vanished, for most expected George Wallace to succeed in electing his wife, who was running not as the former "Lurleen Burns" but as "Mrs. George C. Wallace." Neither Martin nor Lurleen Wallace openly sought support from the increasing number of African American voters, many of whom had been registered only since the passage a year earlier of the Voting Rights Act, approved in the political environment of the Selma-to-Montgomery march. George Wallace kept the racial issue alive when he signed state legislation to nullify desegregation guidelines between Alabama cities and counties and the former United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Wallace claimed that the law would thwart the national government from intervening in schools. Critics denounced Wallace's "political trickery" and expressed alarm at the potential forfeiture of federal funds. Martin accused the Democrats of "playing politics with your children" and "neglecting academic excellence." False reports of Republican strength in Alabama abounded. The New York Times predicted that Martin "not only has a chance to win the governorship, but at least for the moment must be rated as the favorite." Political writer Theodore H. White incorrectly predicted that Alabama, instead of Arkansas and Florida as it developed, would in 1966 become the first former Confederate state to elect a Republican governor. Briefly, a consensus developed that Martin might even lend coattails to Republican candidates in legislative, county, and municipal elections though there was no GOP nominee for lieutenant governor. The defections of three legislators and a member of the Democratic State Executive Committee reinforced such possibilities. The New York Times said Alabama Democrats had denounced the national party for so long that it became "no longer popular in many quarters to be a Democrat." Martin said the South must "break away from the one-party system just as we broke away from a one-crop economy." He vowed to make Alabama "first in opportunity, jobs, and education."

Keener insight at the time would have revealed that Martin was pursuing the one office essentially off limits to the GOP that year. No Republican had served as governor of Alabama since David Peter Lewis vacated the office in 1874, and George Wallace's organization proved insurmountable despite an early poll that placed Martin within range of victory.

Jim Martin proclaimed that Wallace was a "proxy" candidate, a manifestation of her husband's "insatiable appetite for power." Lurleen Wallace used the slogan "Two Governors, One Cause" and proclaimed the words Alabama and freedom to be synonyms. Martin bemoaned having to campaign against a woman, a position that would soon become anachronistic. Though he was running for state office, Martin focused much attention on U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, unpopular with many in Alabama because of the Vietnam War, inflation, and urban unrest. "We want to see this war ended, and it's going to take a change of administration to do it", Martin said.

At the state level, Martin questioned a $500,000 school book depository contract awarded to Wallace supporter Elton B. Stephens of Ebsco Investment Company. Martin challenged "secret deals" regarding the construction of highways or schools" and "conspiracies between the state house and the White House." At her general election campaign kickoff in Birmingham, Wallace pledged "progress without compromise" and "accomplishment without surrender ... George will continue to speak up and stand up for Alabama." She continued: "Contrary to what the liberals preach, progress can be made without sacrificing the free enterprise system and ... the Constitution." It was during this 1966 campaign that George Wallace coined his famous line: "There's not a dime's worth of difference" between the two national parties." Wallace likened such Republicans as the then House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, and Chief Justice Earl Warren, who supported civil rights legislation, to "vultures" who presided over the destruction of the U.S. Constitution.

U.S. senator Strom Thurmond and former U.S. senator Barry Goldwater, the 1964 Republican presidential nominee, campaigned on behalf of Martin and GOP Senate nominee John Grenier of Birmingham. Thurmond, who had carried Alabama in 1948 as the nominee of the Dixiecrats, addressed an all-white GOP state convention, where he denounced the national Democratic leadership as "the most dangerous people in the country" and urged a "return to constitutional government." George Wallace was so irritated over Goldwater's appearance on Martin's behalf that he questioned why Goldwater could win only six states in the 1964 race against President Johnson. "Where were the Republicans when I was fighting LBJ?" Wallace asked. Goldwater shunned personal criticism of Wallace but repudiated Wallace's talk of a third party in the 1968 presidential election.

Lurleen Wallace carried all Alabama counties except for two: Greene in west Alabama, which she lost by six votes, and predominantly Republican Winston in north Alabama. She drew 537,505 votes (63.4 percent). Martin trailed with 262,943 votes (31 percent). A third candidate running to the political left of the major candidates, Dr. Carl Robinson, received 47,655 (5.6 percent). Martin even ran eight percentage points behind his ticket mate, John Grenier, who was defeated for the Senate by incumbent Democrat John Sparkman.

Governorship, illness, and death
The 1966 results showed that George Wallace, strengthened at the time by his opposition to desegregation, could have easily won a second term had he been constitutionally eligible to do so. In Alabama, as in most southern U.S. states at the time, governors were not allowed to serve two consecutive terms (a term limit law still maintained as of 2024 only in Virginia). This provision was incorporated in 1901 in the current Alabama state constitution.

George Wallace eventually succeeded in getting the term limit repealed, and he would serve three more terms, two of them consecutively. In those days, the Democratic nomination was tantamount to election in Alabama, and despite the Jim Martin challenge, Lurleen Wallace was inaugurated in January 1967. To assuage voters who might have been concerned about the transfer of power, she stated that her husband would be her "number one assistant".

Wallace made her gubernatorial race having been secretly diagnosed with cancer as early as April 1961, when her surgeon biopsied suspicious tissue that he noticed during the cesarean delivery of her last child. As was common at the time, her physician told her husband the news, not her. George Wallace insisted that she not be informed. As a result, she did not get appropriate follow-up care. When she saw a gynecologist for abnormal bleeding in 1965, his diagnosis of uterine cancer came as a complete shock to her. When one of her husband's staffers revealed to her that Wallace had discussed her cancer with them, but not her, during his 1962 campaign three years earlier, she was outraged.

In order to facilitate his plan to use her as a surrogate candidate in 1966, Lurleen Wallace cooperated with a campaign of dissimulation and misdirection as she began radiation therapy in December 1965. This was followed by a hysterectomy in January 1966. Despite her ill health, Wallace maintained an arduous campaign schedule throughout 1966 and gave a 24-minute speech – her longest ever –  at her January 1967 inauguration.

Early in her term, Wallace's condition began to deteriorate. In June 1967, an abdominal growth was found. During surgery on July 10, this proved to be an egg-sized malignancy on her colon. She underwent a second course of radiation therapy as a follow-up. In January 1968, after extensive testing, she informed her staff (but not the public) that she had a cancerous pelvic tumor which was pressing on the nerves of her back down through her right hip. Even with the prior surgeries on her uterus and colon and despite the radiation treatment, the cancer had spread.

Her last public appearance as governor was at the 1967 Blue–Gray Football Classic, followed by a campaign appearance for her husband's presidential bid on the American Party ticket on January 11, 1968. Her illness was obvious and worsening. The pelvic tumor was removed in late February. This was followed by surgery to treat an abdominal abscess, and in late March 1968, more surgery to dissolve a blood clot in her left lung. By April, the cancer was in her liver and lungs, and she weighed less than eighty pounds.

Her husband, George Wallace, persistently lied to the press about her condition, claiming in April 1968 that "she has won the fight" against cancer. He continued to make campaign stops nationwide during her last weeks of life, but her doctors warned him she was in unstable condition on May 5, the day he was to leave for a Michigan appearance. At her request, he cancelled a television appearance on May 6, when she was too ill to be moved back to the hospital. Wallace died in Montgomery, Alabama, at 12:34 A.M. May 7, 1968, at home with her husband beside her and the rest of her family, including her parents, just outside her room, and the couple's three youngest children in the next room near it. She was 41 years old. Wallace lay in state in the Capitol building on May 8, and 21,000 mourners waited as long as five hours to view her silver casket. Despite her emphatic request for a closed casket, her widower insisted that her body be on view, with a glass bubble over the open part of the coffin. The day of her funeral, May 9, all public and private schools closed except for the Anniston Academy, all state offices closed, and most businesses closed or had abbreviated hours. She was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Montgomery.

At the time of her funeral, George Wallace had moved out of the governor's mansion and back to a home that they had purchased in Montgomery in 1967. He did not take his children, ages 18, 16, and 6, with him. They were sent to live with family members and friends. Their eldest daughter had married and left home. George Wallace had two subsequent marriages to the former Cornelia Ellis Snively and Lisa Taylor, both of which ended in divorce.

Wallace's most notable independent action as governor was her attempt to get her husband to increase appropriations for the Bryce Hospital and the Partlow State School, a residential institution for the developmentally disabled. She had visited both institutions in Tuscaloosa on her own initiative in February 1967 after reading a news story about overcrowding and poor staffing. She was horrified by what she saw in the filthy, barracks-like settings.

Wallace was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer, a one-time ally of her husband who soon showed a strong interest to govern in his own right and to retain the office in the 1970 election. Brewer was supported by President Richard Nixon, who wanted to neutralize Wallace as a presidential adversary for a second time. Wallace beat Brewer in the Democratic primary and returned as governor in January 1971, remaining in office for two consecutive terms. George Wallace also secured and served a fourth and final term from 1983 to 1987.

Legacies

In addition to her support for the modernization of Partlow State Hospital for children, Wallace obtained a large funding increase for Alabama state parks. Lake Lurleen and Lurleen B. Wallace Boulevard, both in her home county (Tuscaloosa County, Alabama), are named in her memory.

Since Alabama then lacked adequate cancer treatment facilities, Wallace had to travel to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for diagnosis and treatment. This underscored the need for improved cancer care in Alabama. Following her death, the Lurleen Wallace Courage Crusade was spearheaded by her successor, Governor Albert Brewer, leading to fundraising for building a new cancer center. The University of Alabama Hospital at the University of Alabama at Birmingham was selected as the site for the cancer center, and a formal cancer center program was begun in 1970. Funding was received from the National Cancer Institute, and the center became one of the first eight NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. Dr. John Durant served as its first director. Construction of the Lurleen B. Wallace Tumor Institute at the University of Alabama began in 1974 and was completed in 1975, seven years after the death by cancer of Gov. Wallace. It (the Tumor Institute) was then renovated, with the renovation project completing in 2013. The Wallace Patient Tower, an addition to University Hospital, was built in her honor, as was Lurleen B. Wallace Community College in Andalusia, Alabama; and Lurleen B. Wallace Hall on the campus of the University of West Alabama.

title: Lurleen Wallace


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John S. Monagan

John Stephen Monagan (December 23, 1911 – October 23, 2005) was a Connecticut politician, lawyer, and author.

Monagan graduated from Dartmouth College in 1933, where he majored in French literature and was the editor of the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern. He was a Brother of the Dartmouth Chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi. After attending Harvard University law school, he served on the Board of Aldermen in Waterbury, Connecticut and became Mayor of Waterbury in 1943, serving until 1948.

In 1958, he was elected Congressman from a district including Waterbury and served in the House of Representatives from 1959 until 1973, leaving after being defeated for re-election in 1972. After leaving Congress, Monagan practiced as a lawyer in Washington, D.C., and was active in amateur music and in charitable causes. Monagan wrote several books including his memoirs and a biography of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., titled The Grand Panjandrum: Mellow Years of Justice Holmes (1988).

He also maintained a decades-long correspondence with the British novelist Anthony Powell. He died in October 2005 after a long illness, at the age of 93. He continued to be active into his nineties as a writer and book reviewer; a month before his death, he spoke at a symposium honoring Anthony Powell's centenary at Georgetown University.

The Papers of John S. Monagan at Dartmouth College Library

title: John S. Monagan


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Michael Beschloss

Michael Richard Beschloss (born November 30, 1955) is an American historian specializing in the United States presidency. He is the author of nine books on the presidency.

Early life
Beschloss was born in Chicago, grew up in Flossmoor, Illinois, and was educated at Eaglebrook School, Phillips Academy (Andover, MA), Williams College and Harvard University. He majored in political science, studying under James MacGregor Burns at Williams, from which he graduated with Highest Honors, and earned an MBA at Harvard Business School, with the original intention of writing history while serving as a foundation executive.

Career
Beschloss has been a frequent commentator on the PBS NewsHour and is the NBC News Presidential Historian. He is a trustee of the White House Historical Association and the National Archives Foundation and he also sits on the board of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. He has been a trustee of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (Monticello), the Urban Institute, the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs and the PEN/Faulkner Foundation. He also sat on the advisory board to the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and was a member of the President's Commission on White House Fellowships. He has held appointments in history at the Smithsonian Institution, as a Senior Associate Member at St. Antony's College (University of Oxford), a visiting scholar at the Harvard University Russian Research Center, a Senior Fellow of the Annenberg Foundation, and a Montgomery Fellow and Dorsett Fellow at Dartmouth College. Since 2014, he has been chair of the annual Robert F. Kennedy Book Awards.

Beschloss has appeared on The Daily Show in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2010. He was portrayed by Chris Kattan on NBC's Saturday Night Live on February 14, 1998.

He started a Twitter account, @BeschlossDC, in October 2012. It appears on Time magazine's list of "Best Twitter Feeds of 2013". He also has contributed columns on history under the title HistorySource to The New York Times.

Beschloss is also the editor of Washington by Meg Greenfield (2001) and Essays in Honor of James MacGregor Burns (with Thomas Cronin) (1988).

Awards
Beschloss received a 2005 News & Documentary Emmy Award for the Discovery Channel's Decisions That Shook the World, of which he was the host; the category was "Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Research". He has also received the Williams College Bicentennial Medal, the State of Illinois's Order of Lincoln (the State's Highest Honor), the Harry S. Truman Public Service Award, the Ambassador Book Award, the Rutgers University Living History Award, the New York State Archives History Award, the Founders Award of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Phillips Academy Andover Alumni Award of Distinction. He has received honorary doctorates from Lafayette College, Williams College, St. Mary's College of Maryland, Saint Peter's College, Governors State University and Allegheny College.

Michael Beschloss was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2004 in the area of Communications and Education. In October 2022, with a ceremony at the National Archives in Washington DC, Beschloss received the National Archives' annual Records of Achievement Award.

In 2019, Beschloss received The Lincoln Forum's Richard Nelson Current Award of Achievement.

Personal life
Beschloss is the son of Ruth and Morris Beschloss, who was a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany. He has two sons with his Iranian-born wife Afsaneh Mashayekhi Beschloss. His wife is president and CEO of the Rock Creek Group, a Washington, D.C. investment firm. The couple are advisory board members of Resources for Inner City Children.

Reception
President Bill Clinton told People in December 1997 that the first audiobook he ever listened to was Taking Charge by Michael Beschloss. In Bob Woodward's Plan of Attack, President George W. Bush is quoted as telling the author Elie Wiesel in February 2003, "I read your views on Auschwitz in Michael Beschloss' book", referring to The Conquerors. Bush also refers to Beschloss' book Presidential Courage in his 2010 memoir Decision Points.

John Frankenheimer's last film, Path to War (HBO, 2002), starring Donald Sutherland and Michael Gambon, was based in part on Beschloss' two books on Lyndon B. Johnson.

title: Michael Beschloss


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William G. Stewart

William Gladstone Stewart (15 July 1933 – 21 September 2017) was an English television producer, director, and television presenter, best known as the presenter and producer of the Channel 4 quiz show Fifteen to One from 1988 to 2003.

Early life
Stewart was born on 15 July 1933 in Lancaster. He was orphaned as a child before the age of three, and he was raised in a children's home in Sidcup, Kent. After leaving Shooters Hill Grammar School (now called Shooters Hill Sixth Form College), Stewart was employed in jobs working in an office. He undertook his National Service in Kenya and worked as a teacher in the Royal Army Educational Corps as part of his attachment to the King's African Rifles.

In 1958, Stewart ventured to Southampton to join the Merchant Navy, though an industrial action prevented him from doing so. Instead, he applied to be a redcoat with the seaside resort chain Butlins at Butlin's Pwllheli in North Wales. Stewart said of the opportunity, "I thought I'd have a great time and perhaps work in the kitchens. But, while I was having an interview, a chap asked if I wanted to be a redcoat. He must have seen something in me." There, he organised a talent contest won by Jimmy Tarbuck and led the teenager to become a redcoat and a stand-up comedian.

Broadcasting career
In the following year, Stewart went to a talk organised by the producer T Lesley Jackson about a career in television at the YMCA in Brixton in south-west London, and it encouraged him to speak to Jackson and apply for the job of a call-boy for the BBC's Light Entertainment output. He later became an assistant floor manager and a stage manager, before ending up as a production assistant. After the 1959 general election, Stewart began working as private secretary to Tom Driberg, the Labour Member of Parliament. Driberg taught Stewart about art, classical music and literature, and broadened his social circle.

Stewart was encouraged by the comedian Eric Sykes to enrol on a television director's course in 1965. He was advised his best career path would be to remain in the entertainment industry, and Sykes recommended Stewart to his fellow light entertainment comedian Frank Muir. The same year, Stewart directed episodes of the sitcoms Call It What You Like and Sykes and a... He moved to the rival broadcaster ITV in 1967, and was a director on The Frost Programme, and The Frost Report for Associated-Rediffusion.

Among the many shows he produced or directed were Father, Dear Father, Love Thy Neighbour, Bless This House, My Good Woman, Spooner's Patch, The Rag Trade, Family Fortunes, Don't Forget Your Toothbrush and The Price Is Right. He also presented the short-lived 1992 quiz show Famous People, Famous Places, made by his company, Regent Productions (which also produced Fifteen to One) for Thames Television and shown only in the London region. He later sold Regent to Pearson Television (which also purchased Thames), and they have now been amalgamated (along with the likes of Grundy Productions) into Talkback Thames, the UK arm of FremantleMedia.

In 1998, he successfully sued the Fifteen to One contestant Trevor Montague, who had lied to reappear on the programme. He made a documentary of Tom Driberg in 2009.

Personal life
He was thrice married:
 * 1) Audrey Harrison (1960–1976) with whom he had one son, Nick.
 * 2) Sally Geeson (1976–1986) with whom he had one daughter, Hayley, and one son, Barnaby. Geeson is an actress and played Sally Abbot in the sitcom Bless This House for which Stewart was the producer.
 * 3) Laura Calland (1997–2017) with whom he had two daughters, Isobel and Hannah. Calland was the voice-over artist for Fifteen to One.

He was a long-standing supporter of the campaign to return the Elgin Marbles to Greece. He joked that if, on an episode of Fifteen to One, too few contestants survived the first round to continue the game, he would give a speech on the Marbles to fill the time. This happened in a 2001 episode, where he gave a lengthy presentation stating the case to return them, for which the channel was criticised.

He died on 21 September 2017 at the age of 84. At the time of his death, his birthplace was reported as being the Lincolnshire village of Habrough.

title: William G. Stewart


text:
User talk:Drbug/Russian History Harmonization

Project format discussion archive

Intentions

 * Dear Yeti, my intentions are very clearly expressed in the very first Russian_History_Harmonization sentence. (Quote: This project targets to remove systematic anti-Russian bias in many articles related to Russian history and to reach consistency through Wikipedia.) If the project will also benefit "much wider subject", it's only good, I think. By the way, you are Pole, aren't you? It explains a lot. :-) Drbug 16:06, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Drbug. Please, show me these "anti-Russian bias". In many cases it is just non Russian view of history. Do you claim that Russians do not have their historical myths? They have. And I do not understand your last statement. If you suggest that I am anti-Russian you are wrong. I like and - as i think - I know Russia. By the way, I will be in your country again in July and August.Yeti 23:44, 29 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Dear Yeti, you are surely not anti-Russian, I in no way tryed to insult you or something like that. However, claims about difference between Russia and Rossija definitely come from Poland (and early from Poland only) since ancient time. Recent time tensions didn't help tolerance. I will try to show several interesting facts that I found digging the historic texts a bit later... A fact that you are Pole (considering your answer, it's so) clearly explains why you are so sure that "reunification of Rus'" is nothing more than just a Russian myth... Are you planning to visit St.Petersburg, Rus' :-) this summer? Drbug 16:26, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * My very good friend is an Ukrainian. According to him Ukraine is only descendant of ancient Rus and the names of Rus was the name for Ukraine for centuries. Russia is to be something entirely new, created under Mongolian influence and translating Rus as Russia makes him mad. Who is right? His opinion against yours. In my personal opinion Russia is just ONE of descendants of Kyevian Rus - like Ukraine i Bialorus are. For me it is very clear. The comparison to Poland has no point as modern Poland is just the sole descendant of miedvieval Polish state. Do you know any other one? And why do you try to impose an impression on English speakers that Rus and Russia are the same word? We both know very well that is not. What do you afraid? By the way: as far as my nationality is concerned I am a POlish citizen, but my ethnic origins are far more complicated. Yeti 20:09, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If he is mad, how could he be right?! :-) I would completely agree with you point, if you replace Russia with Russian Federation or Great Russia. And this replacement is the key point. Russia is a very ambiguous word. In English, Rus and Russian are really almost the same (but "Rus" is archaism) - there are extremely few (or maybe even no) American scholars who clearly distinguish them. And invention of artificial words and classifications like "Russians/Ruthenes" just make things even more complicated, because it became necessary to read all talk pages to understad it. Therefore, I come to clear understanding that most widely used words in English ("Russia", "Russian") should be used through Wikipedia, but clear footnotes are necessary every time when any confusion is possible. However, it is a subject for discussion a bit later.
 * Yes, your ethnic origins and citizenship are not that really matters, but education does. So I mean that you have primarily Polish education. Drbug 08:18, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Drbug. You can tell such fairy tales to someone who knows nothing about Eastern Europe not does not speak Russian, Ukrainian and Polish. I do. And sorry, but for me the difference between Rus' and Rossiya is very clear. And why do you claim that Rus is archaism? This is very living word in all these languages and its meaning is very different than Rossiya. Ruthenia and Ruthenes are not artificial words. Mayby it is strange for someone with Russian education, but surely not for someone with Ukurainian or Polish. The word Ruthenia was almost solely translation of the word Rus into Latin in between 13th and 18th centuries at least as non-Muscovy Rus is concerned. I agree with you that usage of Ruthenia and Russia is complicated but it is not the point. Usage of names: Rus', Rossiya, Russky, Rusinsky, Carpato-Russky etc. is complicated as well but is obvious for every educated East-european. Making it artificially "simple" in English is a cheat. And as far as my education is concerned, if you claim that your Russian education makes you more predisposed to NPOV in this subject, forget about that. This is international encyclopedia, not Russian one and all points of view: Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Belorusian are equal. As far as I know we should try to make out a compromise version, not to favourise one of POV. It is why I claim that the heading you have included in many articles is not fair. To make it neutral we should add also something like: ''Ukrainian history harmonisation, Belarusian..., Carpathoruthenian... etc. It is why I claim that you try to enforce Russian POV.Yeti 13:46, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * en.wikipedia.org is definitely not Russian Wikipedia. It is English Wikipedia. Oriented to English readers, not to Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian, nor educated East-European readers. It's why I will propose later to replace "Kievan Rus'" with "Kievan Rus". (By the way, in Russian Federation it is called "Древнерусское Государство" - "Ancient Russian State" - which is, strictly NPOV speaking, may be more correct.) I don't think it's wise to force English-speaking readers to guess what do beautiful newly invented pseudo-English terms mean. I suppose we should use well-established terminology instead, with correct notices and attribution. I agree that my Soviet education may lead to some bias too, and therefore I a) always do googlechecks and check for American historiography, and trust Russian sources only when claims are properly attributed,  b) started this discussion in attempt to find internationally confirmed facts instead of editing articles. I'm trying to avoid bias, I do my best. Before accusing me that I'm telling fairy tales, please refer to American sources. I see you allegations, but see no comments on "fair tales" below in the Rus/Russia/Rosja section. Not all details are listed there, for example how "Grand Dukeship" was moved from one prince to another or how did Rusy interacted with Tatars, Poles, etc., but I will have to write them too if none of you write them. If you are sure that I have wrong eye, please show me significant amount of American academic texts with no *rus*sian or Polish authors, containing your point of view. National points of view should be properly attributed, and being properly attibuted they became a fact. For example, "Official Russian historiography considers Alexander Nevsky to be Russian patriot, great diplomat and warrior. However, some scholars, especially Ukrainian nationalists, consider him traitor, who helped Mongols to manage Russians and to repress their uprisings" - is an NPOV fact, despite it represents probably biased points of view. Hoping for cooperation, not for opposition, sincerelly yours, Drbug 15:28, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not going to oppose if you present constructive arguments not slogans from "traditional" Russian historiography. But facts are facts. Russia IS NOT ONLY translation of the name Rus' - Pycь into English. Ruthenia is in some cases used much more often than Russia, does not matter if you like it or not. Sorry, but Kingdom of Russia in case of the state of king Danylo seems just bizzare. There is commonly used name Kingdom of Ruthenia. The same about Duchy of Ruthenia, Red Ruthenia, Carpathian Ruthenia and many others. All of them are translations of the name of Rus'! So why do you calim that it is a artificial word? And sorry, but talking that Rosiya and Rus are the same is nothing more that nationalism.But Ok, let's try to work it out.Yeti 17:45, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I definitely will collect factual statistic data before proposing changes in naming. It's why I only will (most probably) propose to replace "Rus'" with "Rus" - despite I'm really sure that former is much more frequently used, I have to check this for sure. As for "Rus" and "Rosja", you mix up two different issues (and this mix adds mess to the subject): a) whether or not actions of North-Russian rulers may be considered as reunification of Rus, and b) evolution of sounding of word "Rus". These a) and b) are not equal. I will present more facts on these issues, and the discussion of course will be continued. Frankly, I'm a bit concerned that instead of commenting prepositions that I suppose near to be facts, you are discussing where these facts lead. Let's first collect facts and than we'll think which NPOV conclusions can be made! What do you think about this? Drbug 18:27, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I thoroughly searched "Rutenia" by Google and now I'm absolutely sure that in English language the term "Ruthenia" almost never used in sense of "Kievan Rus". Numbers later this week, but you can check immediately by yourself if you wish. "Ruthenia" should be removed from most places where it is now encountered in the Wikipedia. Sorry for destruction of your myth... Drbug 20:45, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You are claiming that I'm wrong, saying: In English, Rus and Russian are really almost the same (but "Rus" is archaism). However, could you please show me occurences of using "Rus" in sense of "Russian" in English? What is plural form? "Ruses"? "Rusians"? Frankly, I doubt that you will manage to find even single example, but anyway, it is appreciated, if any. Sorry for the tone, I'm just tired... :-( Drbug 21:07, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * To make the thing clear: I am entirely aware that Ruthenia is not often used as far as Kyevian Rus' is concerned. But on the other hand you claim that this is an artificial word, what is not true. The problem is also that Russia in English is used in two very DIFFERENT meanings, which HAVE TO be clearly stated. You have also a tendecy to claim that modern Russia and Rus are the same, which is not acceptable. If you like it or not we have to be aware that usage of the words Russia and Ruthenia is perfectly illogical in English. And usage it in manner of Russian scholars only is a bias. Anyway, I hope that we should try to reach compromise in discussions under every article regarded.Yeti 13:20, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I didn't see any real clashes of drbug with other editors that could justify so much fuss. I fail to understand why don't he just edit the articles he thinks suspicious. Mikkalai 16:13, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's because I hate conflicts, I hate wars, including reverting wars (however, when the war is inevitable, I don't avoid it)... And I don't have too mush spare time - there are tens of articles. Therefore there's no clashes. Two examples that fed me up are Rus/Rus'/Russia/Ruthenia/Russian/Ruthenian misleading nonsense and clear statements about Chechen separatist movement (discussion on this, I suppose, resulted in more consistency through the Wikipedia, too). I suppose that 1. listing strong fact 2. making strong resolution 3. referring to these resolutions in discussions 4. going to clause 1 cycle is much more productive than revering war. Drbug 18:10, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Could you please stop personal attacks? Thank you! Drbug 16:35, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Stopped and removed. Could you pease be more specific when speaking of anti-Russian bias, with references to articles that you think they have? Mikkalai 17:52, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you! You are right, in the future I will try to be more specific when referring to both sources of my data and to Wikipedia's bias and inconsistency. Drbug 18:10, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Just a quote from article about "Mongol invasion": Although a Ruthenian army defeated the Golden Horde at Kulikovo in 1380, Mongol domination of the Ruthenian-inhabited territories, along with demands of tribute from Ruthenian princes, continued until about 1480. No comments. Drbug 18:49, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You've yet to hear what Fomenko has to say about this ;) Nikola 22:55, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've no idea about that quote, but saying "No comments." is about as useful as banging your head against the nearest wall -- it's not useful at all. Be bold in editing pages, that is how this place works. I can't blame Mikkalai for his (now removed) comments about forming a committee just for the sake of forming a committee, because so far all that this thing has brought us has been odd-looking notes on top of various pages. That's not productive. --Shallot 18:22, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem to be bold. I was trying to find peaceful and professional solution, but if you suppose that war is better, there will be war. I will revert all claims that fall under scope of this project and have no enough authoritative factual references. I suppose that revert war is a stupid thing, but as you wish. As for the "No comment" remark, just for your information - Russian army at Kulikovo pole was the army by Dmitry Donskoy, the ruler of Moscow principality (Muscovy, Moskovskaya Rus). Drbug 21:56, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not proposing war, I'm proposing that you fix things that are wrong. Believe it or not, there is actually a possibility that everyone won't disagree with you and instantly revert your changes! I've seen the diff of the changes to Ruthenia and it seems that even though Yeti and you disagree about the intricate details of the chronology and importance of events, there is nevertheless a consensus that various applications of Rus' have various meanings, and we just needed to state that without anti-Muscovy/anti-Russia overtones, or indeed any others. --Shallot 10:03, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Rus'/Russia/Rosja
The Russian nation currently exists! It's origens can be explained!

Darn! I was writin (approx 5-6 hours) a large text about this all, but unfortunately pressed incorrect button in the browser. How stupid! I will retype that all later, but now main ideas:
 * 1) Rus' probably comes from Scandinavian *rotp-
 * 2) Rus' country probably started from North (Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod)
 * 3) Rus' word became common in early 900's
 * 4) When Kievan Rus' was declining, its principalities got much more fredom.
 * 5) These principalities however stayed somewhat united:
 * 6) They all earlier were territories of Kievan Rus'
 * 7) Their princes had common ancestor Rurik
 * 8) They fought for being Grand Duke (Kiev, then moved to Vladimir, them moved to Moscow)
 * 9) After rebellion, Mongols almost didn't participate in domestic affairs, and vast authonomy and some unity preserved
 * 10) People spoke in ancient-Russian (with dialects)
 * 11) However, Galich-Volynia (Galich-Volyn Rus') separated from other Russian principalities (denoted as Vladimir-Suzdal' Rus' and included Kiev) in 1199.
 * 12) Rus' word continued to be used in Rus'
 * 13) Byzantines used word Rosia since ancient times (Constantine used "Rosia" in his "Management of Imperias" book about 950)
 * 14) To distinguish Galich-Volyn Rus' from Vladimir-Suzdal Rus', Byzantine hierarches invented Mikra Rosia and Makra Rosia in 1361.
 * 15) Ivan III officially proclaimed to reunite "land of fathers" the Rus' (Message to lithuanian ambassadors in 1493: "чем его Бог подаровал от дед и прадед от начала, правой есть уроженный государь всеа Руси")
 * 16) He mostly succeeded, however, Poland that absorbed some Russian lands didn't like the idea of Russian resurrection
 * 17) At first, poles rejected title "of All Rus'"
 * 18) And then poles rejected an evident fact that north-Russian people are Russians - Matvej Mehovskij in his "Tractate about two Sarmatias" invented a "Moski" nation, and there are no any refences that they are part of Russian people.
 * 19) This scheme became common in Polish-Lithuanian literature, but high-educated people knew the real situation, and sometimes let out the truth: Mihalon Litvin, 1550: Moskovityane specified as part of Ruteni, and that Kiev was domain of Dukes of Russia and Moskovia.
 * 20) Like Byzantines invented Mikra and Makra Rusia's, most probably Poles invented Ukraina and Moskovia
 * 21) 1547 - Ivan IV was inaugurated as Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'  (Tsar title added)
 * 22) "Rosiya" word was used by those who educated in Greece, used in clerical texts, and then eventually replaced Rus'
 * 23) 170x - Peter I was inaugurated as emperor, and the Russia became Russian Empire

...to be continued. Comments are highly appreciated!

Drbug 22:38, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry. You can temporary save pages during editing. Dont be afraid. :-) I have been exposed for similar problems. On macintosh you can drag-and-drop current text into small noticies on the desktop.. When I make larger changes I temporary save it on another page, e.g. "History of Russia/temp" and then move it back laterwards to the main article. // Rogper 10:17, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the nice idea! Drbug 11:45, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Rus/Rusy/Rusich
A comment: what was name of Kievan Rus' in the language spoken by inhabitants of Kievan Rus'? Did it have a name at all? If not, how was it called? How were people who inhabited Kievan Rus' called themselves, in their language? How did people speaking that language called that language, in the language? How do we know any of that? Are ther conflicting sources about that? Nikola 04:24, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think, your question is very hard to answer - people probably mostly named themselves by tribal names - for example, "Novgorodians" called themselves Slovyane; idea of unified country/state (ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fuhrer :-) ) wasn't that common these times in these territories, I guess. As far as I know, in early 900's Rus' and Rusy (Ruses) became widespread among inhabitans of Kievan Rus'. In 800's it mostly applied to the prince and his guards, then shifted to high-class too, and then to the rest of people. As far as I remember, in first 0907 Russian-Byzantine treaty Oleg is specified as "Князь русов" (Prince of Ruses). I however will check for details and refresh memory. Drbug 08:50, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I am asking because I'm reading The tale of Igor's campaign, and at one place it says "къняземь о земли Руськои" but at another it says "за землю Русьскую" while Igor calls his people "Русичи". I think that it would be quite helpful if original names would be written in articles aside English ones. Nikola 01:42, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely correct, Русичи (Rusichi) is yet another form of inhabitans of Rus. I think it would be interesting to make refereces to chronicles and other documents, but this unfortunately requires much time. Земля Руськая, Руская, Русская, Русьская, Русов - all these spellings were used... Drbug 11:45, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Does that means that name was changing or that spelling was inconsistent? Regarding my second question, it seems then that Kievan Rus didn't have a name, as Serbia and, I believe, more countries of the time, but was called simply "land of Rus" (Rusian land). Nikola 05:40, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess, both - however, distinction between "changing" and "inconsistent" seems to me to be somewhat vague. As far as I know, there was no official internal name for the land originally (there basically was no need). By the way, "Serbia" was not internal name originally too - "ia" suffix is a Latin influence. In foreign relations, for Latin world, it often was Rusia, Russia, Ruscia... As far as I know, your assumption is correct - the country internally was referenced as land of fathers or land of Rus. Drbug 16:24, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's what I wanted to say, that Serbia didn't have a name. Now, another question has occurred to me - How are "Kievan Rus" and "Russia" called in today's Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish etc.? Nikola 08:12, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Also, can someone please add a status report, so we could see which articles are currently being worked at?--Ezhiki 13:33, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ruthenia and Etymology of Rus and derivatives have recently been edited/created in this vein. I'm not aware of much else. --Shallot 14:05, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks.--Ezhiki 14:43, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

Now let's work :-)
Free wikipedians, thank you for your both support and criticism. I guess that I have caught attention of almost all who may be interested in the topic (and therefore whose participation should be fruitful). For a while, I suppose, there's no more need in the "inviting notices", so I won't revert them now.

The problem of inconsistency and noise is becoming the main problem of Wikipedia, and so I think techniques like that I'm experimentize now will someday become common - and so guidelines will be changed following this. Wikipedia is evolving, and therefore it is not wise to put rude "You are a vandal, I Am the Law" statements and revert others' attempts to improve the situation.

I suppose, we will discuss methods of harmonizing complex topics in common and notices in particular a bit later again. But now I'd ask you not to waste time by discussing first phase of harmonization process before other stages are completed, and so could you please help me in my attempt to achieve target of this project? I'm very scare that solely Nikola inserted factual data up to moment... Remember - I wish to remove antirussian bias from these articles, but I don't wish to replace it with Vladimir Medeiko's bias. So I (and the World) need your help!

 * a NPOV would also seek to remove pro-Russian bias, and Russian imperialism from Wikipedia! Unfortunately, that doesn't seem to be the case here!
 * Genyo 02:31, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * First, thank you for pointing me more articles that need care. Second, I'm happy to see one who knows details of Ukrainian nationalistic point of view and therefore can do the QA for facts declared in this project. Please check Russian_History_Harmonization - are there any factual errors? Please don't hesitate to add other facts. Thank you! Drbug 09:41, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, could you please specify, which articles contain what you call "pro-Russian bias, and Russian imperialism" that is not reflect standard scientific English world point of view? Thanks. Drbug 10:14, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Drbug 16:10, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Ruthenian language
So far as I can discern, Ruthenian language and Old Russian language speak about a same language. I think that Ruthenian language should be made into a disambiguation page (there already is Rusyn language, and if Ruthenes was used to refer to Ukrainians, then Ruthenian language was probably used to refer to Ukrainian language as well). The page about the language should then be at a neutral location (for example at unusual but I think undisputable Language of Rus) until some final solution is found. Nikola 05:55, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

If noone has objections in next few days, I'd do this. (I won't create "Language of Rus" but link to both Old Ruthenian language and Old Russian language.) Nikola 07:37, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Use of title Russia for Muscovy
Wikipedia is not a right place for promoting radical nationalistic views on the history.

First, as a matter of fact, the mainstream English historiography applies name Russia to the Muscovy. One can easily refer to any online Encyclopedia (http://www.encyclopedia.com http://encarta.msn.com http://www.eb.com) to check this.

Second, I'd like to mention facts proving that using name of Russia for Muscovy in not a common mistake, but a proper use.

Moskva (i.e. Muscovy) is used extremely rarely in Russian documents and therefore can't be considered the official name for the Muscovite Russia. Please notice, that Russians didn't use "Muscovy" (i.e. Moskovia), but "Moscow" (Moskva). It is common practice to denote the state for its capital - even now people (and mass media) often use phrases like "Washington decided" in sense of "The US government made a decision".

In most official documents (in letters to ambassadors, in decrees, and in chronicles) there are mostly used derivatives of Rus. I'd like to mention some examples, but believe me, they are really numerous, it's just a really few examples:

 * in 1493 Ivan III the Great wrote to Lithuanian ambassadors: "чем его Бог подаровал от дед и прадед от начала, правой есть уроженный государь всеа Руси" ("what his grand father and grand grand father granted, from the origins, he is a legitimate ruler of all Rus").

 * in text from the 1st Pskov chronicle, dated by 1526 (about second marriage of Vassily III): "Того же лета поеха князь великии, царь всея Роусии, в объездъ; ... И приеха князь великии тоя осени из объезда к Москве ... кому по мне царьствовати на Роускои земли ..." ("This year the Great Duke, the Tsar of all Russia, tripped around [Russia]; ... And in autumn the Great Duke returned to Moscow ... who will rule in Russian land after me ...".

 * in the letter to hetman Ivan Vygovsky in 1658: "Малую Росию в подданство под его царского величества высокую руку привел; а [теперь] буди Великая Росия Великою Росиею, а Малая Росия Малою Росиею..." ("...led Little Russia to hands of his royal majesty; and now Great Russia will be the Great Russia, and Little Russia will be the Little Russia...").

 * in 1650 Ukrainian Bogdan Khmelnitsky address Aleksey Mikhailovich as Tsar of Russia (Tolochko).

For the reason that I wish to take a sleep at least a bit this night, I skip story how the term Muscovy was invented by Poles. Now let's shift to the year 1713:

In early 18th century Russia became much larger than initial Moscow Principality, and usage of the name Muscovy by the West was incorrect. Russian ambassadors in 1713 asked to use more precise Russia instead of imprecise Muscovy.

 * in 1713 Menshikov writes to Russian ambassodor in Denmark: "Во всех курантах печатают государство наше Московским, а не Российским, и того ради извольте у себя сие престеречь, чтоб печатали Российским, о чем и к прочим ко всем дворам писано" ("In all newspaper our state is called Moscow one, not Russian one, and please ask them to use call it Russian one, and I wrote it to other govenments") - I don't see how it could be considered like Ukrainian nationalists state, that in 1713 Muscovy was renamed to Russia!

I think that the issue is absolute clear and I will prevent the nationalistic changes.

Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 05:32, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thank you, comrade Vladimir, for documenting the name change with some diplomatic history. Keep looking for the name change earlier, you won't find it! I would note that this is only after Peter the Great fully absorbed the Rus' propria (the Ukarainian heartland). Ironically ,Russia would rule all of Rus' after its name was changed again, this time to "the USSR!" Genyo 18:07, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If you have no mouth, why would you scream?! Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 08:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Phylace (Thessaly)

Phylace or Phylake (Φυλάκη, [ˌfyˈlaˌkɛː]), was a town and polis (city-state) of Phthiotis in ancient Thessaly. According to Greek mythology, this city was founded by Phylacus. In Ancient Greece, Phylace was a kingdom. Homer writes that this was one of the places subject to Protesilaus, who was the first Greek hero killed in the Trojan War, and the place is frequently mentioned in the Homeric poems. It contained a temple of Protesilaus. Pliny erroneously calls it a town of Magnesia. Strabo describes it as standing between Pharsalus and Phthiotic Thebes, at the distance of about 100 stadia from the latter.

The site of ancient Phylace has traditionally been identified with a low hill at Kitiki (renamed Filaki), in the municipal unit of Filaki. As no inscriptions have been found at this location confirming the identification, it must be regarded as tentative. An other candidate is the hill of Dervisi close to Aerino (formerly Persoufli).

title: Phylace (Thessaly)