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Bradley Whitford

Bradley Whitford (born October 10, 1959) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for his portrayal of White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman in the NBC television political drama The West Wing (1999–2006), for which he was nominated for three consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards from 2001 to 2003, winning in 2001. The role earned him three consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations.

In addition to The West Wing, Whitford played Danny Tripp in Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Dan Stark in the Fox police buddy-comedy The Good Guys, Timothy Carter, a character who was believed to be Red John, in the CBS series The Mentalist, antagonist Eric Gordon in the film Billy Madison, Arthur Parsons in The Post, Dean Armitage in the horror film Get Out, Roger Peralta in Brooklyn Nine-Nine, President Gray in the dystopian science fiction film The Darkest Minds and Rick Stanton in the monster film Godzilla: King of the Monsters.

In 2015, he won a second Primetime Emmy Award for his role as Marcy in Transparent and later garnered a fifth Primetime Emmy Award nomination for portraying Magnus Hirschfeld in the same series. Since 2018, Whitford has portrayed Commander Joseph Lawrence in Hulu dystopian drama The Handmaid's Tale, for which he won his third Primetime Emmy Award in 2019.

Early life
Whitford was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Genevieve Louie (née Smith; 1915–2011) and George Van Norman Whitford (1915–1999). Between the ages of three and fourteen, he lived in Wayne, Pennsylvania. His mother, a poet, later resided in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. He grew up in a Quaker household. Whitford graduated from Madison East High School in 1977. He majored in English and theatre at Wesleyan University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1981, where he was a roommate of producer Paul Schiff. Whitford then studied drama at the Juilliard School, where he was a member of "Group 14".

The NBC series Who Do You Think You Are? explored Whitford's ancestry in an August 2022 episode, including ancestors who fought in a crucial American Civil War battle.

Career
Whitford first appeared on television in a 1985 episode of The Equalizer, followed by a two-year recurring role on the ABC daytime drama All My Children. His film debut was in the 1986 film Dead as a Doorman. He made his Broadway theatre debut in 1990 playing Lt. Jack Ross (followed a few months later in the lead role of Lt. Daniel Kaffee), in the Aaron Sorkin written play A Few Good Men. This was the beginning of a recurring working relationship between Whitford and Sorkin. Whitford made a guest appearance on ER in the episode "Love's Labor Lost".

Whitford joined the cast of Sorkin's The West Wing as Josh Lyman with the show's premiere in 1999. For his role, he won an Emmy Award in 2001 for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. Whitford also wrote two episodes of the series ("Faith Based Initiative" in the sixth season and "Internal Displacement" in the seventh). After The West Wing ended in May 2006, Whitford appeared in Sorkin's later series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip playing the role of Danny Tripp. He appeared in the British drama Burn Up on the BBC in July 2008.

He starred in the play Boeing-Boeing which opened on Broadway on May 4, 2008. He co-starred in the Joss Whedon/Drew Goddard horror film The Cabin in the Woods, filmed in 2009 but not released until April 2012. In 2010, Whitford starred as Dan Stark in the Fox TV comedy The Good Guys opposite Colin Hanks. In 2011, Whitford guest-starred in In Plain Sight on USA Network as a man combatting paranoia. He appeared in the season three finale of The Mentalist as a minion of and decoy for "Red John", the long-sought nemesis of the show's protagonist Patrick Jane. Whitford appeared on Law & Order: Los Angeles as a lawyer. On September 15, 2011, he starred in the one-night-only staged reading of 8, a play that chronicles the trial surrounding California's Proposition 8, written by Dustin Lance Black.

In 2013, Whitford played Pete Harrison in the ABC comedy Trophy Wife, which was canceled after one season. In 2014, Whitford appeared in a recurring role as a cross-dressing businessman during the first season of the Amazon Studios series Transparent. He went on to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance. He returned during the series' second season as Magnus Hirschfeld. In February 2014, it was announced that he was cast in Randall Miller's Midnight Rider, a biopic of Gregg Allman. Since 2015, Whitford has had a recurring role in Brooklyn Nine-Nine as Roger Peralta, father of lead character Jake Peralta (Andy Samberg). In 2017, Whitford played Dean Armitage, a father and neurosurgeon, in the racially themed horror film Get Out.

In 2018, Whitford joined the cast of the web dystopian tragedy The Handmaid's Tale as Commander Joseph Lawrence, guest starring in the final two episodes of the second season. He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2019 for his performance and became the first person to have won the guest acting Emmy Awards for both comedy and drama. He returned as a series regular for the third season and garnered a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. From 2019 to 2020, he starred in the musical comedy series Perfect Harmony, which ran for one season on NBC.

In August 2023, he portrayed Francis in the Los Angeles production of Peter Pan Goes Wrong.

Personal life
Whitford married actress Jane Kaczmarek in August 1992. They have three children together. In June 2009, the couple announced that they were divorcing after 16 years of marriage, and the divorce was finalized in October 2010.

Whitford began dating his Transparent co-star Amy Landecker in 2015. They announced their engagement in March 2018. Whitford and Landecker eloped on July 17, 2019.

In May 2007, Whitford was honored by Alliance for Justice, a nonprofit organization, as the 2007 Champion of Justice. He was the keynote speaker for Class Day at Princeton University in June 2007. As of 2012, Whitford serves on the Board of Trustees of his alma mater, Wesleyan University.

Political views and activism
Whitford has been described as having "liberal views". He contributed to The Huffington Post as a columnist. He serves on the Board of Advisors of Let America Vote, an organization founded by former Missouri Secretary of State Jason Kander that aims to end voter suppression. He serves on the advisory board of Citizens' Climate Lobby, an international grassroots environmental group founded by Marshall L. Saunders that trains and supports volunteers to build relationships with their elected representatives in order to influence climate policy.

In 2011, Whitford spoke at a protest in his native Madison, Wisconsin, in opposition to Governor Scott Walker's budget repair bill. Prior to the 2012 United States elections, Whitford and Courage Campaign founder, Rick Jacobs, appeared together in a video that elaborated on California's Proposition 30 and Proposition 32; the video encouraged viewers to vote "yes" on the former and "no" on the latter. Leading up to the 2014 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Whitford visited multiple University of Wisconsin System campuses in support of nominee Mary Burke, who went on to lose against incumbent Governor Scott Walker. Whitford supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election. He has been a vocal critic of former US president Donald Trump.

In 2019, he co-hosted a fundraiser for Democratic presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg alongside actress Gwyneth Paltrow as well as donated to Buttigieg's 2020 presidential campaign. That same year, Whitford appeared in a public service announcement in support of abortion rights alongside other cast members of The Handmaid's Tale. The following year, he appeared as part of a series of "surprise virtual appearances" in support of Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign.

title: Bradley Whitford


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Category:Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals, environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. These goals have been defined by a variety of philosophies, policies, and practices, from the vision of farmers and consumers. Perspectives and approaches are very diverse and the following categories intend to help to understand what sustainable agriculture is.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Sustainable agriculture


text: Category:Sustainability

title: Category:Sustainability


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Talk:Geography of Portugal

Leixões
Why is Leixões on this map? Leixões is an harbour and the name of a football team from the city of Matosinhos! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Comidadehospital (talk • contribs)

 * It is because it is an important Port. -Pedro 12:41, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

The important port is Matosinhos and not Leixões... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.174.37.220 (talk) 02:09, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geography of Portugal


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User:Ctz

I'm a 30 year old guy from Cambridge, England.

--Ctz (talk) 19:37, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Ctz


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Ginger beer

Traditional ginger beer is a sweetened and carbonated, usually non-alcoholic beverage. Historically it was produced by the natural fermentation of prepared ginger spice, yeast and sugar.

Current ginger beers are often manufactured rather than brewed, frequently with flavour and colour additives, with artificial carbonation. Ginger ales are not brewed.

Brewed ginger beer originated in Yorkshire in England in the mid-18th century, it was popular in Britain and its colonies from the 18th century. Other spices were variously added and any alcohol content was limited to 2% by excise tax laws in 1855. Few brewers have maintained an alcoholic product.

Ginger beer is still produced at home using a symbiotic colony of yeast and a Lactobacillus (bacteria) known as a "ginger beer plant" or from a "ginger bug" starter created from fermenting ginger, sugar, and water.

History
Brewed ginger beer originated in Yorkshire in England in the mid-18th century and became popular throughout Britain, the United States, Ireland, South Africa and Canada, reaching a peak of popularity in the early 20th century.

Alcoholic ginger beer
Brewed ginger beer originated in the UK, but is sold worldwide. It is usually labelled "alcoholic ginger beer" to distinguish it from the more established commercial ginger beers, which are often not brewed using fermentation but carbonated with pressurized carbon dioxide, though traditional non-alcoholic ginger beer may also be produced by brewing.

Ginger beer plant

Ginger beer plant (GBP), a form of fermentation starter, is used to create the fermentation process. Ginger beer was defined by Harry Marshall Ward as “beverage containing a symbiotic mixture of yeast and bacteria, and containing sufficient amounts of nitrogenous organic matter and beet sugar or cane sugar in its aqueous solution”. The GBP was first described by Ward in 1892, from samples he received in 1887.

Also known as "bees wine", "Palestinian bees", "Californian bees", and "balm of Gilead", it is not a plant but a composite organism comprising the yeast Saccharomyces florentinus (formerly S. pyriformis) and the bacterium Lactobacillus hilgardii (formerly Brevibacterium vermiforme), which form a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). It forms a gelatinous substance that allows it to be easily transferred from one fermenting substrate to the next, much like kefir grains, kombucha, and tibicos.

Original ginger beer is brewed by leaving water, sugar, ginger, optional ingredients such as lemon juice and cream of tartar, and GBP to ferment for several days, converting some of the sugar into alcohol. GBP may be obtained from several commercial sources. Until about 2008 laboratory-grade GBP was available only from the yeast bank Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen in Germany (catalogue number DMS 2484), but the item is no longer listed. The National Collection of Yeast Cultures (NCYC) had an old sample of "Bees wine", but current staff have not used it, and NCYC are unable to supply it for safety reasons, as the exact composition of the sample is unknown.

In the UK, the origins of the original ginger beer plant is unknown. When a batch of ginger beer was made using some ginger beer "plant" (GBP), the jelly-like residue was also bottled and became the new GBP. Some of this GBP was kept for making the next batch of ginger beer, and some was given to friends and family, so the plant was passed on through generations. Following Ward's research and experiments, he created his own ginger beer from a new plant that he had made, and he proposed, but did not prove, that the plant was created by contaminants found on the raw materials, with the yeast coming from the raw brown sugar and the bacteria coming from the ginger root.

Yeast starter
An alternative method of instigating fermentation is using a ginger beer starter, often called a "ginger bug", which can be made by fermenting a mixture of water, brewer's or baker's yeast (not the SCOBY described above), ginger, and sugar. This is kept for a week or longer, with sugar regularly added, e.g., daily, to increase alcohol content. More ginger may also be added. When finished, this concentrated mix is strained, diluted with water and lemon juice, and bottled. This is the process used by some commercial ginger beer makers. Ginger beer made from a yeast-based starter is reported to not have the same taste or mouth feel as that made with ginger beer plant. The near-complete loss of the ginger beer plant is likely due to the decrease in home brewing and the increased commercial production of ginger beer in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Large-scale breweries favoured the use of yeast, as used in conventional beer-making, because of ease for scaled production.

Ginger beer soft drink
Non-alcoholic ginger beer is commonly a type of carbonated soft drink flavoured with ginger.

However, some non-alcoholic ginger beers are made by brewing, followed by heating to reduce alcohol content to below 0.5% ABV, below which beverages are legally classified as "non-alcoholic" in many jurisdictions.

Mixed drinks
The ginger beer soft drink may be mixed with beer (usually a British ale of some sort) to make one type of shandy, or with dark rum to make a drink, originally from Bermuda, called a Dark 'N' Stormy. It is the main ingredient in the Moscow Mule cocktail, though ginger ale may be substituted when ginger beer is unavailable.

title: Ginger beer


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Talk:Porto

Image Size
I reduced the image size of [Porto3flat-cc-contr-oliv1002_edit2.jpg] from 1000px to 700x to fit within the article width. As always, readers who would like to see this image at full resolution can simply click on it. Ssredg (talk) 00:44, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

The Ogre removes images
AN USER WITH THE ABOVE NAME IS CONSTANTLY REMOVING IMAGES IN THIS ARTICLE. IS THERE ANYWAY THIS USER COULD BE PREVENTED FROM DOING SO. THANK YOU —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.20.14.180 (talk) 13:05, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * PLEASE DO NOT SHOUT! Wikipedia is not a gallery! This article already has plenty of pictures, it does not need any more superfluous images. Please do not add images ad nauseam! Thank you! The Ogre (talk) 14:23, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

AN EXTRA TWO IMAGES WILL IN NO WAY JEOPARDISE THE INTEGRITY OF THIS PARTICULAR ARTICLE 92.20.14.180 (talk) 18:36, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * 92.20.14.180: you seem to be challenged by the English language. ICE77 (talk) 05:23, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

Images
If anyone wants to add new pictures, please do so in the gallery. The article looked incredibly overloaded with too many pictures scattered everywhere until very recently, the last I'd want would be to have the page this mess again. However, if anyone wants to provide a photo from a university building for the education section, I'd appreciate that (and save me a trip to the architecture campus). wS;✉ 00:08, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely more text needed to fit the photos well. Porto is a beautiful city but as text stands right now it's impossible to fit more photos. New material in photos - ie - more recent, are severely needed. These photos are either outdated or of outdated quality, not nearly doing justice to the real look of the city.

J.K. Rowling
I moved J.K. Rowling from Notable Citizens, since she wasn't one, to the trivia section. The Notable Citizens would be more fitting for famous Portuenses.Vogensen 18:57, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Temperature
I have to say that as a Portuense I very seldom experienced 40 degrees in the city.... does anyone have data on temperature averages.. doesn't seem correct. But I might be wrong.

You know what? dumb foreigners travel to the Algarve and think the whole Portugal is like the Algarve, it's a common bias. Northern Portugal has rather maritime temperate weather than Mediterranean weather. The weather in Porto is quite mild and rainy. Temperatures of 40 degrees are rare, maybe more often felt in a summer in Central Europe than in Porto. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.214.25.42 (talk) 01:00, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Metro
I just reverted an edit which intimated the metro line to the airport was already running. It isn't. Or am I going to get a shock when I jump on the train in the morning?  Dei zio  23:15, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Porto
The Porto project is now live. Anyone with an interest in Porto-related content ideas is very welcome to sign up and participate. Hope to see you there,  Dei zio  16:14, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Galiza Sul (Regiao Norte)
I think that it is frequently overlooked the strong cultural and ethnic ties that link the Regiao Norte with Galicia (Galiza in Galician-Portuguese language)as for centuries they were the same country and even today the similarities are appalling. Does not even the very name Galicia come from this part of nowdays Portugal? It is said that this relationship has been alienated by the shared need from Lisbon and Madrid to impose the borders over the reality of a common culture and (almost) similar language. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maeloc (talk • contribs)

It's been said so, but that's rubbish. When Portugal appeared, it *consisted* precisely of the modern northern region. It took long for the whole south to be conquered and the seat of power to migrate south. And, though the portuguese and the galicians have a shared genesis, Portugal was established precisely as a reaction against galician nobility; Portugal was a border area, subject to arab raids, and eager to be its own master, while [the then rest of] Galicia was buffered and quiet, more interested in dinastic power struggles among the other iberian kingdoms. In time, this led to an independent Portugal which was able to perdure to the present, whereas the galician nobility was finally vanquished by the spanish and Galicia was relegated to the status of a rural province. As to the language, besides quite a few centuries of isolation, Galician has been under especially acute diglossia. If it survives, and that is a big if, there is little reason why both varieties can't reunite, but it would have to be done with respect for each one. 85.241.120.11 (talk) 23:06, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

The traffic in Porto is not that bad. In fact when comparing with Lisbon it's amazing...--LeRobert 21:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Intro section and Transportation
I removed too much information about Port wine in the introduction. This article is about Porto, which aside from its name has little to do with Port wine these days. Also, I added some requests for citations for some statements. For instance, was Portugal named after Porto or was it the other way around? Different people I have spoken to seem to disagree on this point. Sources are needed.

I also removed the sentence "It is the seat of the Porto district and capital of the Norte region." which I believe only a few english speaking people will understand. Seat of what? The reference to it being Capital do Norte is repeated later anyway.

Also, I think the transportation section should refer to the metro as a completed project. It is basically finished as far as I know and has been fully adopted by area residents. Also, don't the buses run on natural gas? That is fairly ecofriendly and should be mentioned. If no one edits, I will edit later, will also add more to this section.

Oh, and there are nonstop flights from Porto to Toronto and Newark, NJ; so you don't have to go to Lisbon anymore to get to North America.

Added an informative climate section. Maybe too informative. Feel free to cut down. Someone should add something about geography. It's very hilly like Lisbon and San Francisco, and city residents have one of the lowest rates of heart disease in Europe. Also, Porto residents never get tired of walking and its fun to pace around the city even if you have nowhere specific to go.

Problems: Someone should describe the problem with residents leaving the city for the suburbs. Baixa (midtown) is still pretty crowded during the day but gets empty at night except for a few special bars districts. Before the metro and suburban trains, this was putting strain on the public transportation system. I also heard the city is trying to make owners pay for renovations of abandoned houses in the center, sounds like the city should be subsidizing this.

--Dba5 19:22, 16 August 2006 (UTC)dbandrade

 * Well, as far as I know, and the article seems to oppose that idea, the name Portugal actually comes from the combination of Portus (Porto) with Cale (nowadays Vila Nova de Gaia). The fact that it comes more recently from the name Portucale doesn't reject the hypothesis. Actually, Portucale also comes from Porto. So, Portus + Cale —> Portucal —> Portugal. What is called popular belief in the article is defended by most (if not all) historians. I think that statement should be corrected. Malafaya 09:03, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Porto and Portugal
The country of Portugal was not (contrary to popular but unfounded beliefs) named after this city and is on the contrary an etymological evolution of the original name, the county of Portucale. The county of Portucale was named after the city of Portucale aka Porto.--Pedro 19:21, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There was a city called Portus Calem in that area, but it isn't certain to have been Oporto.
 * 85.241.120.11 (talk) 23:08, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Cale was a small city where now is Gaia. Right in front of it was erected another city, name portucale, meaning port of cale... and county was named obviously named after the city, not the other way around!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Couto 4 (talk • contribs) 11:14, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, even if the true localion of Portus Cale would be unknown (theoretically). That says nothing about this fact, as Portugal was named after Porto in the Middle Ages, not in the Roman period. As Porto would be just a village like many others during the empire. -Pedro (talk) 11:42, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Irrational
''In a study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, Porto was the worst-ranked. The study was made by Minho University economics researchers and was published in Público newspaper on 30th September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the study were Évora, Lisbon and Coimbra.[3] Although, the validity of this study was questioned by some Porto's notable figures (such as local politicians and businesspersons) who argued that the city proper do not functions independently but in conurbation with other municipalities.[4] This point of view cannot harm the research study by itself, which was made in accordance with the criteriously selected World Economic Forum scientific methodology[5], because the same situation is what exactly happens with other higher ranked cities, like Lisbon, which were similarly considered alone without its satellite cities or towns.''

This is not rational because of simple facts:
 * not only Lisbon was in that study and no other district capitals functions like Lisbon and Porto
 * the conurbantion of Porto is different from Lisbon's and can not be compared. The city of Porto proper is very old and small.
 * it isn't NPOV nether, and contradicts itself in the last sentence: "because the same situation is what exactly happens with other higher ranked cities, like Lisbon, which were similarly considered alone without its satellite cities or towns" who said this? What is wikipedia to contradict geographers and economists? Besides Lisbon which cities are those?! --Pedro 19:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Who argues about studies?
Clearly, "this study was questioned by some Porto's notable figures (such as local politicians and businesspersons)" answers the question. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.180.3.163 (talk) 15:20, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Population
The population figure of 326,654 given in the article is wrong. INE (Instituto Nacional de Estatísica) presents the following figures: 263,131 (2001) and 238,954 (estimated 2004/12/31). Portuguese Wikipedia uses the former. I couldn't find figures for 2006. It is well known that the municipality of Porto has been facing serious decline in resident population. Cigsandalcohol 08:33, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Nortenho accent
It's stupid to say that "they are known throughout the country for their "nortenho" accent". Noone in the north calls it "nortenho accent"... (And, I dare say, the north is part of the country...) If it were "people from the north are known in the south because of their "Nortenho accent"" it'd make sense... But as the opposite is also applied I don't really see the point in making such an assertion. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by LeRobert (talk • contribs) 21:58, 29 March 2007 (UTC).

As a Nortenho that left many years ago, I can attest there is indeed a very characteristic accent to our city, and it is actually a bit harsh that the usual on less educated persons.

Special:Contributions ([|talk]]) 19 August 2011 (UTC)

Transportation section
Why does the transportation section begin with a blurb about a bridge that was sabatoged? That should be in the history section. People that read this article want to know about currently available transportation. Also the fact that it has several bridges, is interesting, but not really that relevant. Many things were left out. For instance, someone should mention that taxicabs are usually picked up at praças, instead of hailing, though you can hail (this is different in many places outside europe). Nothing was mentioned about the existing tram lines (i.e. the eletrico, now being expanded), nor the funicular that gets you quickly from the baixa to the ribeira. Fare information needs to be included. It should also be mentioned that traffic congestion is pretty bad (though alot better than it use to be, especially in the evenings and early mornings since fewer and fewer people are living in the city). Also isn't the metro complete? Are they building new lines? In general, the transportation section should quickly convey the 1) methods and options used to travel around the city and their costs, 2) how to get to the city, 3) any pecularities that might help foreigners (for instance, you don't drive in the metro tunnels hah), finally, any interesting facts such as the various bridges etc ...

Hope someone that knows this stuff well can fix it, otherwise I'll do it after some time. --Dba5 12:27, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Population
The figure "2,99 million people in agglomeration" includes the cities of Braga and Guimarães, right?Page Up 19:41, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And Famalicão too. NUTS III Greater Porto, Ave, Cavado and Entre-Douro-e-Vouga, and parts of Tâmega, I believe, they now call it the metropolitan Arc of Porto. it is of course a polycentric area. --Pedro 17:27, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Sincerely, I don't see the relevance of such figure. The area considered is too broad, so I don't think it makes sense to have it under the article "Porto"... The reference to the source does not justify it as well since the author was just trying to make a point in what homogeneous economic development within regions was concerned. Actually, the text is a mess in what division of territory is concerned: we have city, Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto, Northern Littoral Urban-Metropolitan Region, Greater Porto NUTS III subregion, Norte region, Norte and Norte NUTS II region. Cigsandalcohol 22:04, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * welcome to Portugal! The country is redefining most of the organization of its territory, so it is normal to be a mess in this period. I bet it is less broad than London or Paris, or Madrid. And those places even use the word "city" for an huge region, that is everything but a city. But that "Northern Littoral Urban-Metropolitan Region" is now pretty much spoken, and often known as "Metropolitan arc", but to use here, we need proper references. This article just needs some attention, and I think that population is useful. --Pedro 22:36, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

External Link
Hello Porto Editors! I figured it might be relevant for you to show - as a supplement to your more factual article - how a traveller presented Porto, using Ponte Luis I as a special angle. So I took the liberty to insert a link to "A Connection in Porto". Keep it if you like. There are no commercial interests behind my initiative. Scribbleman (talk) 17:39, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * External links policy on Advertising and conflicts of interest states You should avoid linking to a website that you own, maintain or represent, and in this case, you are Terje Raa . Unfortunately your conflict of interest editing involves contributing to Wikipedia in order to promote yourself and your articles. Such a conflict is strongly discouraged. Your contributions to wikipedia under Scribbleman  consist entirely of promoting Terje Raa / bootsnall.com / travellady.com and is considered  WP:Spam. Looking through your contributions as a whole, the all seem to be Terje Raa/bootsnall.com/travellady.com related only . Please do not continue adding links to your own websites to Wikipedia. It has become apparent that your account are only being used for spamming inappropriate external links and for self-promotion.  Wikipedia is NOT a "repository of links" or a "vehicle for advertising" and persistent spammers will have their websites blacklisted. Any further spamming may result in your account and/or your IP address being blocked from editing Wikipedia. Avoid breaching relevant policies and guidelines. You're here to improve Wikipedia -- not just to promote yourself, right?  --Hu12 13:29, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Images
Many of the images on this article were either taken out or resized dramatically in a few edits a few days ago. This included a beautiful panoramic shot that was actually a featured picture, and I can't see any reason why such a shot would be taken out. The justification for removing many of these pictures was that there were too many, which was true to an extent, but it seems to have gone too far the other way, and doesn't do justice to Porto. With this in mind I've put back the featured panormaic shot and a few other pictures, as well as resized some of the others. I think it is best if a compromise is reached between how the article was before I put these back in, and how the article was before any of these were taken out. If you have a particular view on this please put a post here. Norman22b (talk) 10:31, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Red Bull Air Race
Please contribut with good infomation about The Red Bull Air Race in Oporto, a major event in the 21st century. Thanks.Califate123! (talk) 22:47, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

This article as a whole
This discussion starts by showing the impoliteness and lack of civic bases of people of Porto, with their characteristic extreme arrogance and racism, which they try to disguise as quarter’s (bairro) pride (bairrismo, local racism). This is a traditional fact, not an argument. Furthermore, their backward mind of stupid false greatness made the article “incredibly overloaded with too many pictures scattered everywhere” as mentioned under the top Images comment title by WolfenSilva. If they want to shoe pictures, just place them on Picasa, Facebook or anywhere of so many of the sort

They are the most envious people in the country and in Europe, copying everything and telling it is their local tradition. Like bull fighting and fado or the popular saints festivals, a clean copy from Lisbon, which today they dare say to be their tradition. The “Queima da Fitas” is another copy, from Coimbra. Port wine has nothing to do with the city and never had. The vineyards are in a delimited area on the region of Trás-os-Montes. It is their landmark. What does it have to do with Porto?

For them everything is great in Porto, and if it is not they make it be, like calling Metro to a long and modern streetcar. The problem with Porto is that the city has always been a third class city in the country, right after Coimbra and Évora, and the die from envy sickness. It is still today (just read the comment here under “not rational”. The city never was political important since the beginning of Portugal, and the “Cortes” were always held somewhere else, as in Coimbra or Leiria. Never a king lived or passed a night in the city, so that they very recently invented another monstrous lie: Infante D. Henrique was born in Porto!

The unjustifiable pride makes them tell the most stupid inventions about their poor past. All mentions are usually made to elevate the city on prejudice of other places and in spite of the truth. An example is the statement on the main page about a supposed Archbishop of Porto, when the city never had one through its whole history. Therefore, this is a disgraceful lie proving what I just wrote.

The story told about Portus Cale or Calem as being Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia is also a paramount lie. Portus Cale was a very small village close to today’s Vila Nova de Gaia. Porto was even smaller and non important place lije so many others.

The growing of the city on the last 50 years has been achieved by using the funds that should be applied to develop the regions of Trás-os-Montes and Alentejo, stolen by political corruption and keeping these regions as the most underdeveloped areas in Europe. In another example, I quote this sentence from the article: Porto is often known as Cidade das Pontes (City of Bridges). Meaning that too many bridges have been built a small area owing to political corruption, therefore spoiling the money needed elsewhere, as in the Lisbon area; with a population close to the half of the country’s, there are only two bridges. Money has been applied there instead of on other much more needed areas, only by corruption. Funds used on the city’s development have been stolen by corruption, too. Porto has the highest per capita percentage of crime in the country by far. As an example, Casa da Musica, only used for silly events, cost more than twice the planed budget, openly stolen by the city Mafia. Exactly the same applies to the airport.

This article is full of lies misleading whoever reads it and does not know history. This article is trying to rewrite the history of Porto exactly the same way the city developed in the last half century: lies and mafia’s corruption.

There are many more lies in the article, but I think there is no need to go on to prove this whole article should be replaced by a correct one written by honest people. The entire thing is a clear fake. Moreover, the whole text is a mess on most subjects.

Most people from Porto will disagree, but I have only mentioned well-known hard facts that Porto citizens try to camouflage by deceiving people. The truth above all, and History must be True, not defending private interests. I am only sorry for having had to be so long. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Straydog-1st (talk • contribs) 17:30, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * OMG! Friend this is not a blog, you lost your reasoning when comparing the Porto bridges to Lisbon ones. That's not comparable. A bridge in Lisbon is a lot larger than in Porto, so a lot more expensive. Besides, it is in everybody's knowledge that Lisbon is the city that wastes most of the public money, even the poor EU fundings to other regions, which is ridiculous and sad, you know, billions of euros are being spent in Lisbon with little or no relevance, not Porto. Your comparisons of Porto to Coimbra or Evora are just ridiculous, no comment. I'm not Portuan, but please... that sentence sounded so ridiculous. Porto is a pretty safe city. Agree there's maybe some boosterism, which is normal in wikipedia. Can you back your clames with reliable sources. I doubt that... so please... control your anger, this is not the place for city bashing. --Pedro (talk) 00:03, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

That is right, this is not a blog as it may seem from most of the comments we can read above. The contradictions and the different opinions, all showing a deep lack of knowledge and a large amount of sectarianism as referred, replacing historical facts with fanatic unfounded opinions.

Some arguments fall by themselves, like saying "comparisons of Porto to Coimbra or Evora are just ridiculous" when they are all old cities, the last two with a much higher predominance in the country's past. "A bridge in Lisbon is a lot larger than in Porto, so a lot more expensive" because the river estuary is many-folds wider. Does it mean that the inhabitants do not have the same right to cross the river?

Looking for "reliable sources"? Easy, just read any history book, and accept the facts as they are instead of trying to rewrite the history to deceive misinformed people. Please, check up your arguments before you dismiss the facts with displaced and hectic words or ridiculous expressions like "control your anger". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Straydog-1st (talk • contribs) 16:12, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

One of the myths about Oporto in Lisbon is that the Metro is overground, when it is mostly (in the city) underground. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.23.68.225 (talk) 16:41, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Porto Surname Origins
The Porto Family Tree branches connect with both the Pagoria Family Tree and the Scalfano Family Tree. The Porto family is also from Caccamo. Connections to the Scalfano and Pagoria Family Trees

The Porto surname history is very interresting. They have their origins in the Piemonte region of what is today Italy and parts of present day Southern France. They were part of a religious sect called the "Valdese"(It.). The Waldensians were followers of Peter Waldo (or Valdes or Vaudes); they called themselves the Poor men of Lyon, the Poor of Lombardy, or the Poor. They were the first Methodist of Europe years before the Reformation was even conceived.

A Christian sect believing in poverty and austerity, they were founded around 1170 promoting true poverty, public preaching and the literal interpretation of the scriptures. Declared heretical, the movement was brutally suppressed by the Roman Catholic church. The group was one of many suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church during the 12th and 13th centuries. Fleeing inquisition and persecution,many "Valdese" escaped to Switzerland and Germany. One group settled and founded several villages outside of Cozenza, Calabria (this is where my Mother's side of the Family come from) Origin: Peter Waldo and his followers

Waldo began to preach on the streets in the 1160s. By 1170 he and his followers were excommunicated and forced from Lyon. The Catholic church declared them heretics - the groups principle error was "contempt for ecclesiastical power" - that they dared to teach and preach outside of the control of the clergy "without divine inspiration", but they were also accused of the ignorant teaching of "innumerable errors" and condemned for translating parts of the Bible into vernacular. The movement even sought Papal approval for their endeavours at the Third Council of the Lateran where they were humiliated over certain fine theological points but gained a modicum of favour from the Pope. Waldo and his followers developed a system where they would go from town to town and meet secretly with small groups of Waldensians. There they would confess sins and hold service. A traveling Waldensian preacher was known as a barba and could be either man or woman. (The idea of a female preacher was novel, almost revolutionary in and of itself, for the era.) The group would shelter and house the barba and help make arrangements to move on to the next town in secret.

Portuguese: habitational name from Porto (Oporto). Spanish: habitational name from any of the numerous places, especially in Galicia, named Porto, usually in the sense ‘mountain pass’. Italian: habitational name from any of numerous minor places named or named with Porto, from porto ‘port’, ‘harbor’. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Carlosporto (talk • contribs) 03:12, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Camping sites in porto
Does anyone know of good sites close to attractions??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.218.74.60 (talk) 08:13, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

English Wikipedia and Oporto
I was curious, why is this article spelled Porto, and not the English Oporto, as it is accepted in English-speaking countries? Can anyone give me a logical explanation? Considering the number of commentaries, both good and bad, through the Talk page, I may have missed a justification. I suggest that it be moved and all spellings should be changed accordingly. I refer to the fact that Lisbon is not referred to as Lisboa in any of the associated articles.Ruben JC (Zeorymer) (talk) 10:34, 26 September 2010 (UTC) The BBC uses "Oporto," and the British government uses both forms but "Oporto" more often (even if you omit all the historical documentation on the National Archives website). So the traditional English form is still alive and well, even if not everyone is using it. As of 2012, Oxforddictionaries.com gives Oporto as the city's only name in English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.248.237.198 (talk) 04:27, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Interestingly Ryanair and easyJet - both airlines from English-speaking countries - call it Porto in English. Wikitravel also uses the term Porto. So perhaps Oporto is the "official" name in English, but no-one is using it - at least not in English-speaking Europe. Kennethmac2000 (talk) 19:00, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

If it were my city, I'd only be glad for it to have traditional names in foreign languages, it's a sign of long established importance. But people with a chip on their shoulder, which is often the case in second-largest cities such as Oporto, or in former colonies, or in countries formerly subject to unfair treaties, seem to find it demeaning, and so the modern trend is for the 'official' name (as if such thing even made sense for common-law folks such as the english) in english (because no one cares about other languages) to be as close as possible to the modern original, hence Porto, or its transliteration, hence all those mispronounced asian names.82.155.229.219 (talk) 00:20, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

It should be Oporto. "Porto" in English is the old spelling for Porto Rico. 2607:FEA8:3D20:108:A062:805A:B380:F54C (talk) 03:16, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

Climate classification I
Based on the data presented, Porto's climate is basically an oceanic climate, albeit a more moderate form of the climate, with a drying trend in the summer. This makes it a more like Marine West Coast climate, not much different from the one experienced in the Pacific Northwest region of the US. 2 major reasons why.

1. Porto sees about 1200 mm of precipitation per year. Mediterranean climates typically average at best about half this amount.

2. The drying trend is only seen during the summer months which is at best about 3 months long. All other times of the year sees heavier precipitation. Mediterranean climates tend to have 4-6 months of drier weather.

While Porto's climate technically can be called a Csb climate, the nine month long wet season makes it more of an oceanic climate. If I am missing some detail about Porto's climate please let me know.

G. Capo (talk) 07:32, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Define summer?! my favourite beach months are May and September. Traditionally we start going to the beach in May to get a good tan in time. these are out of the summer months in your definition and these months can be dry and hot, depending on the year. Even April can be summer-like.

Precipitation in Coastal Northern Portugal is not like in the UK. Rain is not as common as you might think, what happens is that the amount of water that falls from the skies is significant when it rains, you can get really wet! Proving this the amount of sunshine in Northern Portugal is larger than say most of Catalonia and Italy. Yet again, I cant even recall when I used the umbrella this year, probably very early in this year.It did rained in Porto this september, for a short period of time... twice I believe, but were immediately followed by sunshine. but also probably rained in the south. you can search data like this on reliable Weather websites that wont be biased by personal experiences.

Anual average precipitation in Lisbon: over 700 mm. Anual average precipitation in Paris, France: over 600 mm. Average anual precipitation in Barcelona: over 600 mm. Average anual precipitation in Madrid: between 400 mm and 500 mmm. Porto's anual average precipitation exceeds 1200 mm. It's a wet city indeed. It's west coast marine climate at the boundary of the mediterranean climate region of South Europe-North Africa. Just like Northern California or Central/South Chile (Temuco, Chiloe island). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.181.159.108 (talk) 19:30, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

In my personal experience there's not much difference in all Coastal Portugal in climate, except inland Portugal like Alentejo which tends to have torrid climate with temperatures often nearing 40C, in coastal northern Portugal those temperatures are very rare due to the ocean's effect. As for the coast... it's a different story.

You should get sources for what you wrote in the article. I dont believe in that. But If you get good sources... --Pedro (talk) 09:25, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I concur: the claims on this subject should be resolved with a few citations, indicating that, in fact, the statements attributed to User:G. Capo are valid, and supported by qualified sources? I mean, a phrase such as "could technically qualify" are not necessarily an encyclopedic statement, but a point-of-view. I am no climatologist.Ruben JC (Zeorymer) (talk) 10:32, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Based on what I'm hearing, Porto's winter rainfall is very different from London, but more similar to San Francisco. It's not a consistently overcast light "drizzly" rain but a heavier less frequent rainfall. The sources that I've have that describes Porto as having a "maritime climate" are tourist pages and less scientific. I guess the question I have is whether a climate that averages 1200 mm of rain per year and only occasionally rises above 30 C on average still be considered Mediterranean? If it can, I'll be in full agreement that it is mediterranean. G. Capo (talk) 14:33, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

 * There's a cliche as being a gray city, due to granite possibly and people apply that to weather, there's also a large amount of ignorance in the middle. I find impressive how little people know about Portugal outside the country. but as you can easily check in European sunshine data as that being completly false. it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe. 30C temperatures are very common. Where did you saw these were not? temperatures above 35C are rare (although in 2010 were common) but often these occur only during heat waves. I would state more: it is on the verge to turn into a "csa" weather pattern. You can be sure, you'll find more "pleasant" weather in Porto rather than in Barcelona, especially in the summer. As for I read about California, I would say it is very similar, prevalling winds, sea temperature, sea fog, etc... --Pedro (talk) 15:11, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Similar to Northern California indeed, not even to San Francisco. Frisco gets a lot less precipitation, despite the fogs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.28.51.244 (talk) 06:04, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 2010 was a very uncommon year throughout the world climate-wise :). My city just had its hottest summer on record. Apparently, I misread this link where they were talking about average number of days above 32C not 30C. As you can see, on average there's only 4 days where Porto exceeds the 32C mark. I guess my one question is whether a city that receives over 1200 mm of rain annually can still qualify as a Mediterranean climate. That is a lot of rainfall for a Mediterranean climate!  G. Capo (talk) 03:07, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

 * still 32C is nothing special. I Dont trust foreign sources on Portuguese data, these are often very unreliable. Read the definition for a Mediterranean climate for the rain issue. the answer may be in there... you may be confusing it with arid climate?!?! I think you should know the local climate/weather first... and then talk/compare it. If we are going to keep this subject, and I get some time, I can search data. -Pedro (talk) 13:25, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the long delay in responding! I’ve been pretty busy. Mediterranean climates feature precipitation totals at most below 900 mm per year. Porto is above that mark. This is the major source of confusion for me. G. Capo (talk) 21:51, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Geographers and biologists are the folks to go to for climate information. Last time I looked, Portugal is a transition zone between mediterranean in the SW and atlantic in the NE, the line is not straight but punched NW-wards, but Oporto is clearly atlantic, as is all the littoral north of Lisbon.82.155.229.219 (talk) 00:25, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

According to IPMA the climate in Porto is classified as warm summer mediterranean cbs.

Second largest city?
The text says that Porto is the second largest city in Portugal. Maybe that's true if we consider the city itself, but not the municipality, because Vila_Nova_de_Gaia_Municipality is quite larger. I guess that this should be made clear in the text.

Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.56.210.23 (talk) 08:30, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Residents leaving the city
As a former son of an owner and inhabitant for 20 years of an abandoned house in the center (R Tomaz de Gonzaga/Miragaia), I would like to add to the question that the former inhabitants of many "abandoned" houses in the historic district were "invited" to leave in the earlier 90s for renovation works, and most of them were offered social housing, initially in Circunvalação, however almost a decade later rehoused in the fantastic neighbourhood of the Bairro da Pasteleira. The city council bought/expropriated most of the old houses near Alfândega/Ribeira, and advised tenants/owners who wanted to stay behind they would have possible future costs of mandatory renovation of their old houses - only the very old that lived alone stayed behind citing humanitarian reasons. However, they are still sitting on the houses/real estate 20 years later, (probably, in my personal opinion, waiting for the people involved to pass away in order to avoid legal battles). The idea, again in my opinion, seems to be to reform them/and or sell the real estate to wealthy foreigners with a big profit in maybe more 10 or 20 years, I bet. Due to this, there are several streets that seem almost part of a ghost town, either during day or night. My parents were heartbroken last time we visited the place.
 * Noone cares. Hill Crest's WikiLaser! (BOOM!) 02:39, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

Climate classification II
I don't like the discussion on the climate section. It reads like an opinion. Anyway. Data in there must be incorrect (in rain and extreme temperature). Porto's record high is 39.9C (1944) at Serra do Pilar which is near downtown Porto, some meters away! --Pedro (talk) 21:09, 28 December 2012 (UTC) Porto, or rather Portugal doesn´t have a Mediterranean climate nor is Porto anywhere near the corresponding sea. It is rather unfortunate to see the tourist speak that we found in tourist guides here. Rui — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.93.56.7 (talk) 14:52, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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Why does "Oporto" redirect to here?
The city isn't even named "Oporto" (according to wikipedia). I came to this page looking for Portraguese fried chicken, and I get some obscure city no one's ever heard of?--Soft and Stout (talk) 02:53, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry but your comments make no sense to me. Porto is not an obscure city; it is a large city in Portugal and well-known for a number of reasons. The reason why Oporto redirects here is made clear in the very first sentence of the article. I'm quite baffled as to what your point is and what you hope to achieve with this edit. Best wishes DBaK (talk) 23:53, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

Oporto is the English name for this Portuguese city. 2607:FEA8:3D20:108:A062:805A:B380:F54C (talk) 03:19, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Soft and Stout: you just showed your abysmal knowledge of history and geography. Your comment on an "obscure city no one's ever heard of" is beyond ridiculous.
 * ICE77 (talk) 05:29, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

Porto and Lisbon
One should not compare Porto and Lisbon with great intensity. It has two completely different stories. There are great rivalries. The Portuguese nation was born in 'Entre-Douro-e-Minho'. Lisbon was conquered by the noble classes of that territory. The populations of the territory of Oporto have origin in Phoenicians/Punic and ancient Hebrews and Cripto-Jews and Marranos. The populations of Lisbon originate from Berbere / Moors and Roman/Latin. The most populous region of Portugal is the North Region with almost 3,700,000 inhabitants (NUTS II). The Lisbon Metropolitan Area (NUTS II) has much fewer inhabitants. Spain.beauty (talk) 14:54, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

Comments and questions
I made corrections and improvements to this article. I also made an effort to reorganize and improve the layout. I have some comments and questions.

1. "Known as the city of bridges, Porto built its first permanent bridge, the Ponte das Barcas (a pontoon bridge), in 1806. Three years later, it collapsed under the weight of thousands of fugitives from the French invasions during the Peninsular War, causing thousands of deaths."

This is redundant with a similar sentence in the first paragraph. The two should be merged.

2. "The Ponte D. Maria, a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November of that same year."

What's the year?

3. The section called "Geography" does not talk about geography.

4. "A guided visit to the Palácio da Bolsa, and in particular the Arab Room, is a major tourist attraction."

This information is not necessarily pertinent to the section of this article.

5. "The country's biggest exporter (Petrogal) has one of its two refineries near the city, in Leça da Palmeira (13 km) and the second biggest (Qimonda, now bankrupt) has its only factory also near the city in Mindelo (26 km)."

If the refinery is no longer operational then this sentence must be revised.

6. The paragraph that starts with "In a study concerning" and ends with "different dependent measures" is inconclusive and unimportant.

7. Is Valença really an alternate name for Viana do Castelo? I have not come across something to prove that so far.

8. "FC Porto is one of the "Big Three" teams in the Portuguese league, and was European champion in 1987 and 2004, won the UEFA Cup (2003) and Europa League (2011) and the Intercontinental Toyota Cup in 1987 and 2004. Boavista have won the championship once"

Which championship they won is not clear.

9. The heritage tram image is horrendous. There is a pole in front of the tram.

10. Although J.K. Rowling lived in Porto for at least 18 months, I'm not sure she can be considered a "notable citizen" like many others who were born in Porto. Therefore, I removed her entry from the list of notable citizens.

11. Several images like "Porto City Hall in the Avenida dos Aliados", "Clérigos Church and Tower", "South side of Douro, Vila Nova de Gaia" and "Cais da Ribeira" have nothing to do with the sections they are in.

ICE77 (talk) 05:46, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Porto


text:
Talk:Chinatown, London

"Authenticity"
A paragraph in "history" mentions that Chinatown has "some of London's finest and most authentic Asian cuisine". "Authentic" is a problematic, and unsubstantiable, word. Can we delete this word? Is this sentence at all necessary? 86.6.235.90 (talk) 19:34, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd ditch "finest" as well. The entire phrase is clearly marketing led. HughJLF

Murder

 * Does the reference to the June 2003 murder really need to be here? I don't know anything about the event, but if it was just a single act of violence by an individual, then such things, although tragic, can happen anywhere in the world, and it doesn't bear in anyway upon the subject og Chinatown. I don't think Wikipedia can keep a running tally of murders in districts of the world's major cities. If, on the other hand, the event does in some way bear upon Chinatown as a whole (eg. if it is symptomatic of a significant culture of violent crime), then it needs some context. As it stands, I don't think it contributes anything to the article. Best wishes, Cambyses 17:16, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

I think the murder should be mentioned as it shows that the Triads are operating there. Beside that it was big news last year in London. If you look at the Old_Compton_Street entry there is the nail-bombing mentioned. Delpino

 * In that case by all means include it, but it needs to be in the context of a paragraph discussing Triad activity and citing any reasons to believe that the shooting was an example of it. As the sentence stood before, there was nothing there to suggest to the reader that it wasn't the result of a domestic quarrel, or somebody with mental problems who got his hands on a gun and opened fire at random..... Best wishes, Cambyses 21:14, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

He shot the victim at least twice and then walked out, I don't think it was a shooting at random. The man shot came with two friends not with the gunman which means it wasn't a quarrel in a pub. And at that time there was a lot of discussion about the Triads in the newspapers. Delpino

 * With respect, I think you're missing my point. I don't doubt for a moment that all you say is true, and that there probably was Triad involvement. But all you have said here needs to be in the article itself to give context to the mentioning of the murder for other readers. Why not add a paragraph on (suspected) Triad activity in Chinatown, and include the murder in that? Best wishes, Cambyses 00:08, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that the way it's presented right now is pretty clumsy - it goes straight from the 19th century Chinatown in Limehouse and in the same sentence goes to a recent news story. There could probably be some mention of this particular Chinatown as it has appeared in fiction (similar to the main Ct article) - didn't Dorian Gray go to an opium den? Also a mention of the Limehouse one in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (the comic, not the film)sheridan

 * I'll learn to sign myself properly some day. sheridan 15:41, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

London satellite Chinatowns
There ought to be some mention of the new satellite Chinatowns that have emerged in the London area. I've did some work on the main Chinatown article. But since I'm not in the UK, the details are admittedly quite sketchy.

 * They're not "satellite Chinatowns", just a few chinese shopping centres/malls. LDHan 17:04, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Re: Queensway/ Bayswater Underground stations. 86.179.144.225 (talk) 01:14, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Smoother reading
I changed the part which said: the Chinese population of London was concentrated in that area, serving the Chinese sailors who frequented in Docklands.

because it was a little strange. the chinese population of london served the chinese sailors? I made it read "the Chinese population of London was concentrated in that area, setting up businesses which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented in Docklands."

no objections? - --Sunawave 08:09, 13 September 2006 (UTC)sunawave--Sunawave 08:09, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Soho?
Despite what the article says, Chinatown is not in Soho. I'm not being flippant when I say it's actually in Chinatown! I would have thought the boundary between Chinatown and Soho to be very clearly delineated by Shaftesbury Ave. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.196.4 (talk) 00:46, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Residents
"London's Chinatown is a commercial area; very few people actually live there."

Actually there's a surprisingly large residential development on the North-East corner backing on to Charing Cross Road. Plus countless "rooms above shops". I don't think that the article should discount the many people who do live there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.196.4 (talk) 00:50, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Liao Dynasty?
Where did the editor get this? I've never known any shops/ restaurants in London's Chinatown to close on 2nd Sep for this. The Liao's were not even Tang-ren (ie Han Chinese), and have nothing to do with Tang-ren-jie. 86.179.144.225 (talk) 01:12, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Historical info
Some further information potentially useful for developing this article is at the Waybacked site Chinatown Online:. Between its About section and Main page footer, it seems to've been commented on by the press (eg BBC), and maybe the Hong Kong Tourist Association. There's probably more detail out there. --92.6.202.124 (talk) 17:11, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I see now the current External links seem to made some decent attempts at giving history of the area too. Ah well, maybe some sites have bits the others don't. --92.6.202.124 (talk) 17:20, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

German translation?
Hi, anyone up for creating a German language version of this at de:Chinatown (London)? Cheers, Horst-schlaemma (talk) 14:22, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chinatown, London


text: Category:Pokémon

title: Category:Pokémon


text:
List of statements independent of ZFC

The mathematical statements discussed below are provably independent of ZFC (the canonical axiomatic set theory of contemporary mathematics, consisting of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms plus the axiom of choice), assuming that ZFC is consistent. A statement is independent of ZFC (sometimes phrased "undecidable in ZFC") if it can neither be proven nor disproven from the axioms of ZFC.

Axiomatic set theory
In 1931, Kurt Gödel proved his incompleteness theorems, establishing that many mathematical theories, including ZFC, cannot prove their own consistency. Assuming ω-consistency of such a theory, the consistency statement can also not be disproven, meaning it is independent. A few years later, other arithmetic statements were defined that are independent of any such theory, see for example Rosser's trick.

The following set theoretic statements are independent of ZFC, among others:
 * the continuum hypothesis or CH (Gödel produced a model of ZFC in which CH is true, showing that CH cannot be disproven in ZFC; Paul Cohen later invented the method of forcing to exhibit a model of ZFC in which CH fails, showing that CH cannot be proven in ZFC. The following four independence results are also due to Gödel/Cohen.);
 * the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH);
 * a related independent statement is that if a set x has fewer elements than y, then x also has fewer subsets than y. In particular, this statement fails when the cardinalities of the power sets of x and y coincide;
 * the axiom of constructibility (V = L);
 * the diamond principle (◊);
 * Martin's axiom (MA);
 * MA + ¬CH (independence shown by Solovay and Tennenbaum).
 * Every Aronszajn tree is special (EATS);

We have the following chains of implications:
 * V = L → ◊ → CH,
 * V = L → GCH → CH,
 * CH → MA,

and (see section on order theory):
 * ◊ → ¬SH,
 * MA + ¬CH → EATS → SH.

Several statements related to the existence of large cardinals cannot be proven in ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent). These are independent of ZFC provided that they are consistent with ZFC, which most working set theorists believe to be the case. These statements are strong enough to imply the consistency of ZFC. This has the consequence (via Gödel's second incompleteness theorem) that their consistency with ZFC cannot be proven in ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent). The following statements belong to this class:
 * Existence of inaccessible cardinals
 * Existence of Mahlo cardinals
 * Existence of measurable cardinals (first conjectured by Ulam)
 * Existence of supercompact cardinals

The following statements can be proven to be independent of ZFC assuming the consistency of a suitable large cardinal:
 * Proper forcing axiom
 * Open coloring axiom
 * Martin's maximum
 * Existence of 0#
 * Singular cardinals hypothesis
 * Projective determinacy (and even the full axiom of determinacy if the axiom of choice is not assumed)

Set theory of the real line
There are many cardinal invariants of the real line, connected with measure theory and statements related to the Baire category theorem, whose exact values are independent of ZFC. While nontrivial relations can be proved between them, most cardinal invariants can be any regular cardinal between ℵ1 and 2ℵ0. This is a major area of study in the set theory of the real line (see Cichon diagram). MA has a tendency to set most interesting cardinal invariants equal to 2ℵ0.

A subset X of the real line is a strong measure zero set if to every sequence (εn) of positive reals there exists a sequence of intervals (In) which covers X and such that In has length at most εn. Borel's conjecture, that every strong measure zero set is countable, is independent of ZFC.

A subset X of the real line is $$\aleph_1$$-dense if every open interval contains $$\aleph_1$$-many elements of X. Whether all $$\aleph_1$$-dense sets are order-isomorphic is independent of ZFC.

Order theory
Suslin's problem asks whether a specific short list of properties characterizes the ordered set of real numbers R. This is undecidable in ZFC. A Suslin line is an ordered set which satisfies this specific list of properties but is not order-isomorphic to R. The diamond principle ◊ proves the existence of a Suslin line, while MA + ¬CH implies EATS (every Aronszajn tree is special), which in turn implies (but is not equivalent to) the nonexistence of Suslin lines. Ronald Jensen proved that CH does not imply the existence of a Suslin line.

Existence of Kurepa trees is independent of ZFC, assuming consistency of an inaccessible cardinal.

Existence of a partition of the ordinal number $$\omega_2$$ into two colors with no monochromatic uncountable sequentially closed subset is independent of ZFC, ZFC + CH, and ZFC + ¬CH, assuming consistency of a Mahlo cardinal. This theorem of Shelah answers a question of H. Friedman.

Abstract algebra
In 1973, Saharon Shelah showed that the Whitehead problem ("is every abelian group A with Ext1(A, Z) = 0 a free abelian group?") is independent of ZFC. An abelian group with Ext1(A, Z) = 0 is called a Whitehead group; MA + ¬CH proves the existence of a non-free Whitehead group, while V = L proves that all Whitehead groups are free. In one of the earliest applications of proper forcing, Shelah constructed a model of ZFC + CH in which there is a non-free Whitehead group.

Consider the ring A = R[x,y,z] of polynomials in three variables over the real numbers and its field of fractions M = R(x,y,z). The projective dimension of M as A-module is either 2 or 3, but it is independent of ZFC whether it is equal to 2; it is equal to 2 if and only if CH holds.

A direct product of countably many fields has global dimension 2 if and only if the continuum hypothesis holds.

Number theory
One can write down a concrete polynomial p ∈ Z[x1, ..., x9] such that the statement "there are integers m1, ..., m9 with p(m1, ..., m9) = 0" can neither be proven nor disproven in ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent). This follows from Yuri Matiyasevich's resolution of Hilbert's tenth problem; the polynomial is constructed so that it has an integer root if and only if ZFC is inconsistent.

Measure theory
A stronger version of Fubini's theorem for positive functions, where the function is no longer assumed to be measurable but merely that the two iterated integrals are well defined and exist, is independent of ZFC. On the one hand, CH implies that there exists a function on the unit square whose iterated integrals are not equal — the function is simply the indicator function of an ordering of [0, 1] equivalent to a well ordering of the cardinal ω1. A similar example can be constructed using MA. On the other hand, the consistency of the strong Fubini theorem was first shown by Friedman. It can also be deduced from a variant of Freiling's axiom of symmetry.

Topology
The Normal Moore Space conjecture, namely that every normal Moore space is metrizable, can be disproven assuming the continuum hypothesis or assuming both Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis, and can be proven assuming a certain axiom which implies the existence of large cardinals. Thus, granted large cardinals, the Normal Moore Space conjecture is independent of ZFC.

The existence of an S-space is independent of ZFC. In particular, it is implied by the existence of a Suslin line.

Functional analysis
Garth Dales and Robert M. Solovay proved in 1976 that Kaplansky's conjecture, namely that every algebra homomorphism from the Banach algebra C(X) (where X is some compact Hausdorff space) into any other Banach algebra must be continuous, is independent of ZFC. CH implies that for any infinite X there exists a discontinuous homomorphism into any Banach algebra.

Consider the algebra B(H) of bounded linear operators on the infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space H. The compact operators form a two-sided ideal in B(H). The question of whether this ideal is the sum of two properly smaller ideals is independent of ZFC, as was proved by Andreas Blass and Saharon Shelah in 1987.

Charles Akemann and Nik Weaver showed in 2003 that the statement "there exists a counterexample to Naimark's problem which is generated by ℵ1, elements" is independent of ZFC.

Miroslav Bačák and Petr Hájek proved in 2008 that the statement "every Asplund space of density character ω1 has a renorming with the Mazur intersection property" is independent of ZFC. The result is shown using Martin's maximum axiom, while Mar Jiménez and José Pedro Moreno (1997) had presented a counterexample assuming CH.

As shown by Ilijas Farah and N. Christopher Phillips and Nik Weaver, the existence of outer automorphisms of the Calkin algebra depends on set theoretic assumptions beyond ZFC.

Wetzel's problem, which asks if every set of analytic functions which takes at most countably many distinct values at every point is necessarily countable, is true if and only if the continuum hypothesis is false.

Model theory
Chang's conjecture is independent of ZFC assuming the consistency of an Erdős cardinal.

Computability theory
Marcia Groszek and Theodore Slaman gave examples of statements independent of ZFC concerning the structure of the Turing degrees. In particular, whether there exists a maximally independent set of degrees of size less than continuum.

title: List of statements independent of ZFC


text: Category:War films

title: Category:War films


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User:BeateP

See User Beate on german Wikipedia

de:Benutzer:BeatePaland

title: User:BeateP


text:
The Loop

The Loop may refer to:

Books

 * The Loop, a 1992 novel by Joe Coomer
 * The Loop, a 1998 novel by Nicholas Evans

Film and television

 * The Loop (Australian TV series), an Australian music television show
 * The Loop (American TV series), a comedy television show on the Fox network
 * "The Loop", a segment on American television show Attack of the Show!
 * Tales from the Loop (American TV series), a Science Fiction drama based on the art of Simon Stålenhag

Music

 * The Loop (Johnny Lytle album)
 * The Loop (Andrew Cyrille album), 1978
 * The Loop, a music remix group formed in 1993 by members of Celebrate the Nun
 * "The Loop", a song by Morrissey from World of Morrissey

Radio

 * WCKL (FM) (97.9 FM), a religious music station in Chicago formerly branded as classic rock station The Loop (WLUP-FM)
 * WKQX (FM), a rock radio station in Chicago a classic rock format branded as "The Loop"

Neighborhoods

 * Chicago Loop, the central business district of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * Delmar Loop, a district in St. Louis and University City, Missouri, U.S.
 * Lok Ma Chau Loop, the proposed development site for the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Innovation and Technology Park

Bicycle/pedestrian infrastructure

 * The Loop (Tucson), a network of shared-use paths in Tucson, Arizona, U.S.

Rail transportation

 * Alaska Central Railroad Tunnel No. 1, a tunnel and trestle in Alaska, known colloquially as "The Loop" or "The Loop District"
 * Loop (Amtrak train), a former Amtrak train service between Chicago and Springfield, Illinois, U.S.
 * The Loop (CTA), an elevated rail circuit in downtown Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * Tehachapi Loop, a railway spiral in California, U.S.

Road transportation

 * Interstate 610 (Texas), a beltway in Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * Leeds loop, a traffic distribution route in the city centre of Leeds, United Kingdom
 * Loop Parkway, a spur of the Meadowbrook State Parkway on Long Island, New York, U.S.
 * Massachusetts Route 213, a highway between I-93 and I-495 in Massachusetts, U.S.
 * The Loop (Texarkana), a beltway around Texarkana, Texas and Arkansas, U.S.

Other uses

 * The Loop (Methuen, Massachusetts), a shopping center in Massachusetts, U.S.
 * The Loop (Kissimmee), a strip shopping mall on the north side of Kissimmee, Florida, U.S.
 * The Loop (Vegas), the Las Vegas Convention Center Loop people mover system

title: The Loop


text: Category:Writers

title: Category:Writers


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Category:Ethics

This category puts articles relevant to well-known ethical (right and wrong, good and bad) debates and decisions in one place - including practical problems long known in philosophy, and the more abstract subjects in law, politics, and some professions and sciences. It lists also those core concepts essential to understanding ethics as applied in various religions, some movements derived from religions, and religions discussed as if they were a theory of ethics making no special claim to divine status.

The category also includes articles on non-ethics topics or fictional works or part of works that include a substantial ethical debate.

title: Category:Ethics


text:
Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture

In graph theory, the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture is a problem about graph coloring, named after Paul Erdős, Vance Faber, and László Lovász, who formulated it in 1972. It says:

 * If $k$ complete graphs, each having exactly $k$ vertices, have the property that every pair of complete graphs has at most one shared vertex, then the union of the graphs can be properly colored with $k$ colors.

The conjecture for all sufficiently large values of $k$ was proved by Dong Yeap Kang, Tom Kelly, Daniela Kühn, Abhishek Methuku, and Deryk Osthus.

Equivalent formulations
introduced the problem with a story about seating assignment in committees: suppose that, in a university department, there are $k$ committees, each consisting of $k$ faculty members, and that all committees meet in the same room, which has $k$ chairs. Suppose also that at most one person belongs to the intersection of any two committees. Is it possible to assign the committee members to chairs in such a way that each member sits in the same chair for all the different committees to which he or she belongs? In this model of the problem, the faculty members correspond to graph vertices, committees correspond to complete graphs, and chairs correspond to vertex colors.

A linear hypergraph (also known as partial linear space) is a hypergraph with the property that every two hyperedges have at most one vertex in common. A hypergraph is said to be uniform if all of its hyperedges have the same number of vertices as each other. The $n$ cliques of size $n$ in the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture may be interpreted as the hyperedges of an $n$-uniform linear hypergraph that has the same vertices as the underlying graph. In this language, the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture states that, given any $n$-uniform linear hypergraph with $n$ hyperedges, one may $n$-color the vertices such that each hyperedge has one vertex of each color.

A simple hypergraph is a hypergraph in which at most one hyperedge connects any pair of vertices and there are no hyperedges of size at most one. In the graph coloring formulation of the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture, it is safe to remove vertices that belong to a single clique, as their coloring presents no difficulty; once this is done, the hypergraph that has a vertex for each clique, and a hyperedge for each graph vertex, forms a simple hypergraph. And, the hypergraph dual of vertex coloring is edge coloring. Thus, the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any simple hypergraph with $n$ vertices has chromatic index (edge coloring number) at most $n$.

The graph of the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture may be represented as an intersection graph of sets: to each vertex of the graph, correspond the set of the cliques containing that vertex, and connect any two vertices by an edge whenever their corresponding sets have a nonempty intersection. Using this description of the graph, the conjecture may be restated as follows: if some family of sets has $n$ total elements, and any two sets intersect in at most one element, then the intersection graph of the sets may be $n$-colored.

The intersection number of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of elements in a family of sets whose intersection graph is $G$, or equivalently the minimum number of vertices in a hypergraph whose line graph is $G$. define the linear intersection number of a graph, similarly, to be the minimum number of vertices in a linear hypergraph whose line graph is $G$. As they observe, the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture is equivalent to the statement that the chromatic number of any graph is at most equal to its linear intersection number.

present another yet equivalent formulation, in terms of the theory of clones.

History, partial results, and eventual proof
Paul Erdős, Vance Faber, and László Lovász formulated the harmless looking conjecture at a party in Boulder Colorado in September 1972. Its difficulty was realised only slowly. Paul Erdős originally offered US$50 for proving the conjecture in the affirmative, and later raised the reward to US$500. In fact, Paul Erdős considered this to be one of his three most favourite combinatorial problems.

proved that the chromatic number of the graphs in the conjecture is at most $$\tfrac{3}{2} k - 2$$, and improved this to $k + o(k)$.

In 2023, almost 50 years after the original conjecture was stated, it was resolved for all sufficiently large $n$ by Dong Yeap Kang, Tom Kelly, Daniela Kühn, Abhishek Methuku, and Deryk Osthus.

Related problems
It is also of interest to consider the chromatic number of graphs formed as the union of $k$ cliques of $k$ vertices each, without restricting how big the intersections of pairs of cliques can be. In this case, the chromatic number of their union is at most $1+ k√k − 1$, and some graphs formed in this way require this many colors.

A version of the conjecture that uses the fractional chromatic number in place of the chromatic number is known to be true. That is, if a graph $G$ is formed as the union of $k$ $k$-cliques that intersect pairwise in at most one vertex, then $G$ can be $k$-colored.

In the framework of edge coloring simple hypergraphs, defines a number $L$ from a simple hypergraph as the number of hypergraph vertices that belong to a hyperedge of three or more vertices. He shows that, for any fixed value of $L$, a finite calculation suffices to verify that the conjecture is true for all simple hypergraphs with that value of $L$. Based on this idea, he shows that the conjecture is indeed true for all simple hypergraphs with $L ≤ 10$. In the formulation of coloring graphs formed by unions of cliques, Hindman's result shows that the conjecture is true whenever at most ten of the cliques contain a vertex that belongs to three or more cliques. In particular, it is true for $n ≤ 10$.

title: Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture


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Category:Abuse

For drug and alcohol abuse, see category:addiction.

title: Category:Abuse