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ExpressCard

ExpressCard, initially called NEWCARD, is an interface to connect peripheral devices to a computer, usually a laptop computer. The ExpressCard technical standard specifies the design of slots built into the computer and of expansion cards to insert in the slots. The cards contain electronic circuits and sometimes connectors for external devices. The ExpressCard standard replaces the PC Card (also known as PCMCIA) standards.

ExpressCards can connect a variety of devices to a computer including mobile broadband modems (sometimes called connect cards), IEEE 1394 (FireWire) connectors, USB connectors, Ethernet network ports, Serial ATA storage devices, solid-state drives, external enclosures for desktop-size PCI Express graphics cards and other peripheral devices, wireless network interface controllers (NIC), TV tuner cards, Common Access Card (CAC) readers, and sound cards.

Standards
Originally developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), the ExpressCard standard is maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). The host device supports PCI Express, USB 2.0 (including Hi-Speed), and USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed) (ExpressCard 2.0 only) connectivity through the ExpressCard slot; cards can be designed to use any of these modes. The cards are hot-pluggable. The ExpressCard standard is an open standard by ITU-T definition, and can be obtained from the USB-IF website free of charge.

USB-IF administers the ExpressCard Compliance Program, under which companies earn the right to obtain a license to use the ExpressCard logo on their compliant products.

Form factors
The ExpressCard standard specifies two form factors, ExpressCard/34 (34 mm wide) and ExpressCard/54 (54 mm wide, in an L-shape)—the connector is the same on both (34 mm wide). Standard cards are 75 mm long (10.6 mm shorter than CardBus) and 5 mm thick, but may be thicker on sections that extend outside the standard form for antennas, sockets, etc. With its 75 mm standard length, the ExpressCard will protrude 5 mm over the holder's surface (e.g. laptop surface), whereas a variant with 70 mm length remains level with the surface.

Comparison to other standards
The older PC Cards came in 16-bit and the later 32-bit CardBus designs. The major benefit of the ExpressCard over the PC card is more bandwidth, due to the ExpressCard's direct connection to the system bus over a PCI Express ×1 lane and USB 2.0, while CardBus cards only interface with PCI. The ExpressCard has a maximum throughput of 2.5 Gbit/s through PCI Express and 480 Mbit/s through USB 2.0 dedicated for each slot, while all CardBus and PCI devices connected to a computer usually share a total 1.06 Gbit/s bandwidth.

The ExpressCard standard specifies voltages of either 1.5 V or 3.3 V; CardBus slots can use 3.3 V or 5.0 V. The ExpressCard FAQ claims lower cost, better scalability, and better integration with motherboard chipset technology than Cardbus. PCMCIA devices can be connected to an ExpressCard slot via an adapter.

When the PC Card was introduced, the only other way to connect peripherals to a laptop computer was via RS-232 and parallel ports of limited performance, so it was widely adopted for many peripherals. More recently, virtually all laptop equipment has 480 Mbit/s Hi-Speed USB 2.0 ports, and most types of peripheral which formerly used a PC Card connection are available for USB or are built-in, making the ExpressCard less necessary than the PC Card was in its day. Many laptop computers do not have an ExpressCard slot.

Availability
An ExpressCard slot was commonly included on high-end laptops from the mid 2000s to the early 2010s:
 * Hewlett-Packard began shipping systems with ExpressCard in November 2004.
 * Lenovo integrated the slot into their flagship ThinkPad T43 in May 2005.
 * Dell Computer also incorporates this in their Precision (the 17 in models have them exclusively, the 15 in Precisions have both express card and PCMCIA Card slots), Inspiron, Latitude (Latitude D-series have PCMCIA card slots. The D820/D830 have both ExpressCard and PCMCIA card slots. Latitude E-Series 6000 have ExpressCard|54 slots), Studio, Vostro and XPS Laptop product lines.
 * Fujitsu-Siemens began shipping systems with ExpressCard in mid-2005.
 * Apple Inc. included single ExpressCard/34 slots in every MacBook Pro notebook computer from January 2006 through June 2009. At the June 8, 2009 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference the company announced that the 15-inch and 13-inch MacBook Pro models would replace the ExpressCard slot with a Secure Digital card slot, while retaining the ExpressCard slot on the 17-inch model. In June 2012 Apple discontinued the 17-inch model and no further Macbooks have offered an ExpressCard slot.
 * , ASUS had also replaced the PC Card slot with an ExpressCard slot on many of its new models.
 * Sony also began shipping systems with ExpressCard with its new laptop VGN-C, VGN-SZ, VGN-NS, VPC and FW product line.
 * The Acer Aspire laptop series also had a single ExpressCard/54 slot on most new models.
 * , Panasonic incorporated ExpressCard/54 slots in all the fully rugged and semi-rugged models of their Toughbook brand of laptop computers.
 * , Gateway notebooks (ML3109 and later) also shipped with ExpressCard/54 interfaces.
 * , Eurocom notebooks Panther 3.0, Panther 2.0 shipped with ExpressCard/34 while the Leopard 2.0 ships with ExpressCard/34/54. Older models such as the Panther, Leopard, Xcaliber, Montebello also supported ExpressCard interfaces.
 * Overam integrates an ExpressCard slot in its Mirage 7283 and 9570 laptops.

Because of the lack of backward compatibility, some laptop manufacturers initially released models incorporating both CardBus (PCMCIA, PC Card) and ExpressCard slots. These included certain models of Acer Aspire, Acer Extensa, Toshiba Satellite, Dell Latitude and Precision, MSI S42x and Lenovo ThinkPad Z60m, R52, T60, R61 and T61.

In March 2005, the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) showed some of the first ExpressCard products at the CeBIT trade show in Germany. A large number of ExpressCard devices were presented.

In November 2006, Belkin announced that it was launching the first ExpressCard docking station, which uses the PCIe part of an ExpressCard connection to enable 1600x1200 video and the USB part to provide USB, audio and network ports. This points to the ability for ExpressCard to allow more capable non-OEM docking stations for laptop computers.

In 2007, Sony introduced its Vaio TZ model, which incorporates ExpressCards. Also the Sony Vaio FZ and Vaio Z series have the ExpressCard/34 Slot integrated in them. Sony also uses the ExpressCard/34 form factor for the flash memory modules in its XDCAM EX/SxS based camcorders, making the copying of video data between these cameras and ExpressCard-equipped laptops easier. For this reason, Sony also offers a USB-based SxS reader for desktop computers.

The Toshiba Satellite P and X 200/205 series of laptops and desktop replacements have an ExpressCard/34 slot since April 2007. In P200 series it's a /54 size not /34.

Ever since PCMCIA disbanded in 2009, newer laptops from 2010 on more commonly do not include ExpressCard slots except for some business-oriented models (e.g. some Lenovo models use it for supporting a smart card reader). For WWAN connectivity cards, either mini-PCIe slots or USB connected variants have become the preferred connection methods. For external desktop graphics card enclosures and other peripherals that interface with PCI Express, Thunderbolt has supplanted ExpressCard in that role due to its faster speed and ability to use multiple PCIe 2.0 lanes; the first and second Thunderbolt revisions offered 20 Gbit/s of maximum bandwidth with four PCIe 2.0 lanes while ExpressCard could only muster 5 Gbit/s maximum with one PCIe 2.0 lane.

ExpressCard 2.0
The ExpressCard 2.0 standard was introduced on March 4, 2009, at CeBIT in Hannover. It provides a single PCIe 1.0 2.5 GT/s lane (optionally PCIe 2.0 with 5 GT/s) and a USB 3.0 "SuperSpeed" link with a raw transfer speed of 5 Gbit/s (effective transfer speed up to 400 MB/s). It is forward and backward compatible with earlier ExpressCard modules and slots. USB 3.0 SuperSpeed compatibility is achieved by sharing the pins with the PCIe link. An inserted card signals which mode should be used.

The standard failed to gain widespread use and some Taiwanese manufacturers discontinued it as early as 2011. After the dissolution of the PCMCIA in 2010, the specification, associated documentation and licensing responsibilities were moved to the USB Implementers Forum. The specifications were last revised in 2009, and removed from their website in 2018.

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Ford Corsair

The name Ford Corsair was used both for a car produced by Ford of Britain between 1963 and 1970, and for an unrelated Nissan-based automobile marketed by Ford Australia between 1989 and 1992.

Ford Consul Corsair (1963–1965), Ford Corsair V4 (1965–1970) – Britain
The Ford Consul Corsair (later known simply as the Ford Corsair), manufactured by Ford UK, is a midsized car that was introduced at the London Motor Show in October 1963 and available as either a saloon or estate from 1964 until 1970. Also, a convertible version was built by Crayford Engineering, which is now very rare and highly sought-after as a classic. Two-door Corsair saloons are also rare, being built only to order in the UK, although two-doors were produced in quantity for some export markets. The Consul Corsair S was an export-only model with a two-door Deluxe body and 1500GT engine, sold in Austria and Sweden, and also in South Africa as the Corsair 83. Only one example of the fleet model, the Consul Corsair Standard, is known to survive. Unlike the Ford Cortina which had five versions (Mks), or the Ford Capri which had face-lifts, the entire production run of the Ford Corsair was a consistent Mk 1, with the body remaining the same, and the design changes being confined to the interior, engine, and mechanicals.

The Corsair was designed by the same team as the Mark 1 Cortina, with Roy Brown Jr. overseeing the styling by Charles Thompson, and Fred Hart in charge of the engineering. Replacing the Consul Classic range, it was essentially a long wheelbase re-skinned Cortina with extra soundproofing and more comfortable seating for high speed long-distance driving. The windscreen and side windows are shared with the Cortina, the mechanical components with the Cortina GT, and the body's internal panels are basically similar. The Corsair had unusual and quite bold styling for its day, with a sharp horizontal V-shaped crease at the very front of the car into which round headlights were inset. This gave the car a relatively aerodynamic shape; the top speed of the Corsair 1500 was higher than the equivalent Cortina 1500 even though the Corsair was slightly larger and heavier. The jet-like styling extended to the rear where sharply pointed vertical light clusters hinted at fins, recalling the Ford Consul Mark 2. The overall styling theme was shared with the early 1960s Ford Thunderbird; both cars were inspired by Uwe Bahnsen's design for the 1960 Ford Taunus P3, but the Corsair was an economical medium-sized motorway cruiser with smooth light-weight bodywork, and very like the Taunus in concept.

In 1964 Tony Brookes, with his twin brother as one of the drivers, and a group of friends captured 15 International class G World endurance records at Monza in Italy with a Corsair 1500 GT. (Monza Yearbook 1965)

The Corsair Deluxe was initially offered with the larger 60 bhp, single-carburettor, 1.5 L Kent engine that was also used in the smaller Cortina, and the Corsair GT came with the same 78 bhp, 1.5-litre engine as the Cortina GT. The car received positive reviews from motoring journalists, with some reservations about the dash layout and the closeness of the steering wheel to the driver. Although the 1963-65 Corsair range outsold the Classic, the car was not a best-seller like the Cortina, but given the low development costs it was presumed to be profitable for Ford. The range was revised in September 1965, gaining a better dashboard and interior ventilation, but adopting new Ford Essex V4 engines which were rough at idle and coarse on the road. The Essex engine was made in 1663 cc capacity for the Corsair V4 Deluxe, and a 2.0-litre version with high fuel consumption and disappointing performance was installed in the Corsair V4 GT. One marketing tagline for the V4 models was "The Car That Is Seen But Not Heard", which was a real stretch of the ad man's puff, given the inherent characteristics of the engine. The other tag was "I've got a V in my bonnet". These V4 engined cars were poorly regarded by the public, and sales began to taper off. In January 1967 a much improved version of the 2.0 L engine was released, and in April 1967 the problematic V4 GT was replaced by the 2000E model. A 3.0-litre conversion using the Ford Essex V6 engine was one of the options available via Crayford Engineering.   Ford Corsair production data:

Two-door Corsairs were almost all LHD cars, destined for Europe/export.

An estate car by Abbott was added to the range on the eve of the Geneva Motor Show in March 1966, and in 1967, the Corsair underwent the Executive treatment like its smaller Cortina sibling, resulting in the 2000E model with dechromed flanks, which necessitated non-styled-in door handles, special wheel trims, reversing lights, a vinyl roof, and upgraded cabin fittings including a polished wood dashboard. The 2000E, priced at £1,008 in 1967, was positioned as a cut price alternative to the Rover 2000, the introduction of which had effectively defined a new market segment for four cylinder executive sedans in the UK three years earlier: the Corsair 2000E comfortably undercut the £1,357 Rover 2000 and the £1,047 Humber Sceptre.

A five-seater convertible and a four-seater cabriolet conversion were available via Crayford Engineering. Only 18 Cabriolets were built, using technology from the Karl Deutsch GmbH in Germany. Only four are known to survive.

The Corsair's performance was good for a car of its type and period, with a top speed in its later 2.0 L V4 version of 110 mph as measured by the speedometer, thanks to the progressive 28/36mm twin-choke Weber downdraught carburettor.

The Corsair was replaced by the Mk 3 Cortina in 1970, when the enlarged Cortina became Ford's midsized car, and a new smaller model, the Escort, had already filled in the size below. The new Ford Capri took on the performance and sporty aspirations of the company.

Over its six-year production, 310,000 Corsairs were built, of which about 600 are thought to survive in the UK as of 2019. Conversely, of the 200 convertibles built, around 75 have survived.

The Corsair was also manufactured by Ford in Ireland and South Africa. A small number of Corsairs were exported to Australia and New Zealand.

Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)
Between 1989 and 1992, the Ford Corsair name was used by Ford Australia for a badge-engineered version of the Nissan Pintara (a version of the Bluebird).

Known during development as 'Project Matilda', the Corsair was produced under a model-sharing scheme known as the Button Plan. It was offered as a four-door sedan and as a five-door liftback, in GL and Ghia trim levels with 2.0 L (CA20E) and 2.4 L (KA24E) four-cylinder engines.

The Corsair was intended to replace the Mazda 626-based Ford Telstar, which was imported from Japan. The two were sold side by side in the Australian Ford range, with the Telstar only available as the high-performance TX5 hatchback. However, it proved less popular than the Telstar had been, losing sales dramatically during 1991.

When Nissan closed its Australian plant in 1992, the Corsair was discontinued and the imported Telstar once again became Ford's main offering in the midsized segment, until being replaced by the Mondeo in 1995.

Edsel Corsair
The unrelated Edsel Corsair was produced by the former Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln Division of the Ford Motor Company in the United States and sold under its Edsel marque in 1958 and 1959.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ford Corsair


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Talk:2002–03 snooker world rankings

Rename
This article needs another title. RickK 22:04, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Why is that? Is the forward slash a problem? --Auximines 14:49, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No, it's fine. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont]   ‹(-¿-)› 14:58, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Snooker world rankings 2019/2020 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:19, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

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Holonomy

In differential geometry, the holonomy of a connection on a smooth manifold is a general geometrical consequence of the curvature of the connection measuring the extent to which parallel transport around closed loops fails to preserve the geometrical data being transported. For flat connections, the associated holonomy is a type of monodromy and is an inherently global notion. For curved connections, holonomy has nontrivial local and global features.

Any kind of connection on a manifold gives rise, through its parallel transport maps, to some notion of holonomy. The most common forms of holonomy are for connections possessing some kind of symmetry. Important examples include: holonomy of the Levi-Civita connection in Riemannian geometry (called Riemannian holonomy), holonomy of connections in vector bundles, holonomy of Cartan connections, and holonomy of connections in principal bundles. In each of these cases, the holonomy of the connection can be identified with a Lie group, the holonomy group. The holonomy of a connection is closely related to the curvature of the connection, via the Ambrose–Singer theorem.

The study of Riemannian holonomy has led to a number of important developments. Holonomy was introduced by in order to study and classify symmetric spaces. It was not until much later that holonomy groups would be used to study Riemannian geometry in a more general setting. In 1952 Georges de Rham proved the de Rham decomposition theorem, a principle for splitting a Riemannian manifold into a Cartesian product of Riemannian manifolds by splitting the tangent bundle into irreducible spaces under the action of the local holonomy groups. Later, in 1953, Marcel Berger classified the possible irreducible holonomies. The decomposition and classification of Riemannian holonomy has applications to physics and to string theory.

Holonomy of a connection in a vector bundle
Let E be a rank-k vector bundle over a smooth manifold M, and let ∇ be a connection on E. Given a piecewise smooth loop γ : [0,1] → M based at x in M, the connection defines a parallel transport map Pγ : Ex → Ex on the fiber of E at x. This map is both linear and invertible, and so defines an element of the general linear group GL(Ex). The holonomy group of ∇ based at x is defined as

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}_x(\nabla) = \{P_\gamma \in \mathrm{GL}(E_x) \mid \gamma \text{ is a loop based at } x\}.$$

The restricted holonomy group based at x is the subgroup $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_x(\nabla)$$ coming from contractible loops γ.

If M is connected, then the holonomy group depends on the basepoint x only up to conjugation in GL(k, R). Explicitly, if γ is a path from x to y in M, then

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}_y(\nabla) = P_\gamma \operatorname{Hol}_x(\nabla) P_\gamma^{-1}.$$

Choosing different identifications of Ex with Rk also gives conjugate subgroups. Sometimes, particularly in general or informal discussions (such as below), one may drop reference to the basepoint, with the understanding that the definition is good up to conjugation.

Some important properties of the holonomy group include:
 * $$\operatorname{Hol}^0(\nabla)$$ is a connected Lie subgroup of GL(k, R).
 * $$\operatorname{Hol}^0(\nabla)$$ is the identity component of $$\operatorname{Hol}(\nabla).$$
 * There is a natural, surjective group homomorphism $$\pi_1(M) \to \operatorname{Hol}(\nabla)/ \operatorname{Hol}^0(\nabla),$$ where $$\pi_1(M)$$ is the fundamental group of M, which sends the homotopy class $$[\gamma]$$ to the coset $$P_{\gamma}\cdot\operatorname{Hol}^0(\nabla).$$
 * If M is simply connected, then $$\operatorname{Hol}(\nabla) = \operatorname{Hol}^0(\nabla).$$
 * ∇ is flat (i.e. has vanishing curvature) if and only if $$\operatorname{Hol}^0(\nabla)$$ is trivial.

Holonomy of a connection in a principal bundle
The definition for holonomy of connections on principal bundles proceeds in parallel fashion. Let G be a Lie group and P a principal G-bundle over a smooth manifold M which is paracompact. Let ω be a connection on P. Given a piecewise smooth loop γ : [0,1] → M based at x in M and a point p in the fiber over x, the connection defines a unique horizontal lift $$\tilde\gamma : [0,1] \to P$$ such that $$\tilde\gamma(0) = p.$$ The end point of the horizontal lift, $$\tilde\gamma(1)$$, will not generally be p but rather some other point p·g in the fiber over x. Define an equivalence relation ~ on P by saying that p ~ q if they can be joined by a piecewise smooth horizontal path in P.

The holonomy group of ω based at p is then defined as

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega) = \{ g \in G \mid p \sim p \cdot g\}.$$

The restricted holonomy group based at p is the subgroup $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega)$$ coming from horizontal lifts of contractible loops γ.

If M and P are connected then the holonomy group depends on the basepoint p only up to conjugation in G. Explicitly, if q is any other chosen basepoint for the holonomy, then there exists a unique g ∈ G such that q ~ p·g. With this value of g,

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}_q(\omega) = g^{-1} \operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega) g.$$

In particular,

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}_{p\cdot g}(\omega) = g^{-1} \operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega) g,$$

Moreover, if p ~ q then $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega) = \operatorname{Hol}_q(\omega).$$ As above, sometimes one drops reference to the basepoint of the holonomy group, with the understanding that the definition is good up to conjugation.

Some important properties of the holonomy and restricted holonomy groups include:

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega)$$ is a connected Lie subgroup of G.
 * $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega)$$ is the identity component of $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega).$$
 * There is a natural, surjective group homomorphism $$\pi_1 \to \operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega)/\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega).$$
 * If M is simply connected then $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega) = \operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega).$$
 * ω is flat (i.e. has vanishing curvature) if and only if $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega)$$ is trivial.

Holonomy bundles
Let M be a connected paracompact smooth manifold and P a principal G-bundle with connection ω, as above. Let p ∈ P be an arbitrary point of the principal bundle. Let H(p) be the set of points in P which can be joined to p by a horizontal curve. Then it can be shown that H(p), with the evident projection map, is a principal bundle over M with structure group $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega).$$ This principal bundle is called the holonomy bundle (through p) of the connection. The connection ω restricts to a connection on H(p), since its parallel transport maps preserve H(p). Thus H(p) is a reduced bundle for the connection. Furthermore, since no subbundle of H(p) is preserved by parallel transport, it is the minimal such reduction.

As with the holonomy groups, the holonomy bundle also transforms equivariantly within the ambient principal bundle P. In detail, if q ∈ P is another chosen basepoint for the holonomy, then there exists a unique g ∈ G such that q ~ p g (since, by assumption, M is path-connected). Hence H(q) = H(p) g. As a consequence, the induced connections on holonomy bundles corresponding to different choices of basepoint are compatible with one another: their parallel transport maps will differ by precisely the same element g.

Monodromy
The holonomy bundle H(p) is a principal bundle for $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega),$$ and so also admits an action of the restricted holonomy group $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega)$$ (which is a normal subgroup of the full holonomy group). The discrete group $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega)/\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega)$$ is called the monodromy group of the connection; it acts on the quotient bundle $$H(p)/ \operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega).$$ There is a surjective homomorphism $$\varphi: \pi_1 \to \operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega)/\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega),$$ so that $$\varphi\left(\pi_1(M)\right)$$ acts on $$H(p)/ \operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega).$$ This action of the fundamental group is a monodromy representation of the fundamental group.

Local and infinitesimal holonomy
If π: P → M is a principal bundle, and ω is a connection in P, then the holonomy of ω can be restricted to the fibre over an open subset of M. Indeed, if U is a connected open subset of M, then ω restricts to give a connection in the bundle π−1U over U. The holonomy (resp. restricted holonomy) of this bundle will be denoted by $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega, U)$$ (resp. $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega, U)$$) for each p with π(p) ∈ U.

If U ⊂ V are two open sets containing π(p), then there is an evident inclusion

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}_p^0(\omega, U)\subset\operatorname{Hol}_p^0(\omega, V).$$

The local holonomy group at a point p is defined by

 * $$\operatorname{Hol}^*(\omega) = \bigcap_{k=1}^\infty \operatorname{Hol}^0(\omega,U_k)$$

for any family of nested connected open sets Uk with $$\bigcap_k U_k = \pi(p)$$.

The local holonomy group has the following properties:

 * 1) It is a connected Lie subgroup of the restricted holonomy group $$\operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega).$$
 * 2) Every point p has a neighborhood V such that $$\operatorname{Hol}^*_p(\omega) = \operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega, V).$$ In particular, the local holonomy group depends only on the point p, and not the choice of sequence Uk used to define it.
 * 3) The local holonomy is equivariant with respect to translation by elements of the structure group G of P; i.e., $$\operatorname{Hol}^*_{pg}(\omega) = \operatorname{Ad} \left(g^{-1}\right) \operatorname{Hol}^*_p(\omega)$$ for all g ∈ G. (Note that, by property 1, the local holonomy group is a connected Lie subgroup of G, so the adjoint is well-defined.)

The local holonomy group is not well-behaved as a global object. In particular, its dimension may fail to be constant. However, the following theorem holds:

 * If the dimension of the local holonomy group is constant, then the local and restricted holonomy agree: $$\operatorname{Hol}^*_p(\omega) = \operatorname{Hol}^0_p(\omega).$$

Ambrose–Singer theorem
The Ambrose–Singer theorem (due to ) relates the holonomy of a connection in a principal bundle with the curvature form of the connection. To make this theorem plausible, consider the familiar case of an affine connection (or a connection in the tangent bundle – the Levi-Civita connection, for example). The curvature arises when one travels around an infinitesimal parallelogram.

In detail, if σ: [0, 1] × [0, 1] → M is a surface in M parametrized by a pair of variables x and y, then a vector V may be transported around the boundary of σ: first along (x, 0), then along (1, y), followed by (x, 1) going in the negative direction, and then (0, y) back to the point of origin. This is a special case of a holonomy loop: the vector V is acted upon by the holonomy group element corresponding to the lift of the boundary of σ. The curvature enters explicitly when the parallelogram is shrunk to zero, by traversing the boundary of smaller parallelograms over [0, x] × [0, y]. This corresponds to taking a derivative of the parallel transport maps at x = y = 0:

 * $$\frac{D}{dx}\frac{D}{dy}V - \frac{D}{dy}\frac{D}{dx}V = R\left(\frac{\partial\sigma}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial\sigma}{\partial y} \right)V$$

where R is the curvature tensor. So, roughly speaking, the curvature gives the infinitesimal holonomy over a closed loop (the infinitesimal parallelogram). More formally, the curvature is the differential of the holonomy action at the identity of the holonomy group. In other words, R(X, Y) is an element of the Lie algebra of $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega).$$

In general, consider the holonomy of a connection in a principal bundle P → M over P with structure group G. Let g denote the Lie algebra of G, the curvature form of the connection is a g-valued 2-form Ω on P. The Ambrose–Singer theorem states:

 * The Lie algebra of $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega)$$ is spanned by all the elements of g of the form $$\Omega_q(X,Y)$$ as q ranges over all points which can be joined to p by a horizontal curve (q ~ p), and X and Y are horizontal tangent vectors at q.

Alternatively, the theorem can be restated in terms of the holonomy bundle:

 * The Lie algebra of $$\operatorname{Hol}_p(\omega)$$ is the subspace of g spanned by elements of the form $$\Omega_q(X, Y)$$ where q ∈ H(p) and X and Y are horizontal vectors at q.

Riemannian holonomy
The holonomy of a Riemannian manifold (M, g) is  the holonomy group of the Levi-Civita connection on the tangent bundle to M. A 'generic' n-dimensional Riemannian manifold has an O(n) holonomy, or SO(n) if it is orientable. Manifolds whose holonomy groups are proper subgroups of O(n) or SO(n) have special properties.

One of the earliest fundamental results on Riemannian holonomy is the theorem of, which asserts that the restricted holonomy group is a closed Lie subgroup of O(n). In particular, it is compact.

Reducible holonomy and the de Rham decomposition
Let x ∈ M be an arbitrary point. Then the holonomy group Hol(M) acts on the tangent space TxM. This action may either be irreducible as a group representation, or reducible in the sense that there is a splitting of TxM into orthogonal subspaces TxM = T′xM ⊕ T″xM, each of which is invariant under the action of Hol(M). In the latter case, M is said to be reducible.

Suppose that M is a reducible manifold. Allowing the point x to vary, the bundles T′M and T″M formed by the reduction of the tangent space at each point are smooth distributions which are integrable in the sense of Frobenius. The integral manifolds of these distributions are totally geodesic submanifolds. So M is locally a Cartesian product M′ × M″. The (local) de Rham isomorphism follows by continuing this process until a complete reduction of the tangent space is achieved:

 * Let M be a simply connected Riemannian manifold, and TM = T(0)M ⊕ T(1)M ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ T(k)M be the complete reduction of the tangent bundle under the action of the holonomy group. Suppose that T(0)M consists of vectors invariant under the holonomy group (i.e., such that the holonomy representation is trivial).  Then locally M is isometric to a product
 * $$V_0\times V_1\times \cdots\times V_k,$$
 * where V0 is an open set in a Euclidean space, and each Vi is an integral manifold for T(i)M. Furthermore, Hol(M) splits as a direct product of the holonomy groups of each Mi, the maximal integral manifold of T(i) through a point.

If, moreover, M is assumed to be geodesically complete, then the theorem holds globally, and each Mi is a geodesically complete manifold.

The Berger classification
In 1955, M. Berger gave a complete classification of possible holonomy groups for simply connected, Riemannian manifolds which are irreducible (not locally a product space) and nonsymmetric (not locally a Riemannian symmetric space). Berger's list is as follows: Manifolds with holonomy Sp(n)·Sp(1) were simultaneously studied in 1965 by Edmond Bonan and Vivian Yoh Kraines and they constructed the parallel 4-form.

Manifolds with holonomy G2 or Spin(7) were firstly introduced by Edmond Bonan in 1966, who constructed all the parallel forms and showed that those manifolds were Ricci-flat.

Berger's original list also included the possibility of Spin(9) as a subgroup of SO(16). Riemannian manifolds with such holonomy were later shown independently by D. Alekseevski and Brown-Gray to be necessarily locally symmetric, i.e., locally isometric to the Cayley plane F4/Spin(9) or locally flat. See below.) It is now known that all of these possibilities occur as holonomy groups of Riemannian manifolds. The last two exceptional cases were the most difficult to find. See G2 manifold and Spin(7) manifold.

Note that Sp(n) ⊂ SU(2n) ⊂ U(2n) ⊂ SO(4n), so every hyperkähler manifold is a Calabi–Yau manifold, every Calabi–Yau manifold is a Kähler manifold, and every Kähler manifold is orientable.

The strange list above was explained by Simons's proof of Berger's theorem. A simple and geometric proof of Berger's theorem was given by Carlos E. Olmos in 2005. One first shows that if a Riemannian manifold is not a locally symmetric space and the reduced holonomy acts irreducibly on the tangent space, then it acts transitively on the unit sphere. The Lie groups acting transitively on spheres are known: they consist of the list above, together with 2 extra cases: the group Spin(9) acting on R16, and the group T · Sp(m) acting on R4m. Finally one checks that the first of these two extra cases only occurs as a holonomy group for locally symmetric spaces (that are locally isomorphic to the Cayley projective plane), and the second does not occur at all as a holonomy group.

Berger's original classification also included non-positive-definite pseudo-Riemannian metric non-locally symmetric holonomy. That list consisted of SO(p,q) of signature (p, q), U(p, q) and SU(p, q) of signature (2p, 2q), Sp(p, q) and Sp(p, q)·Sp(1) of signature (4p, 4q), SO(n, C) of signature (n, n), SO(n, H) of signature (2n, 2n), split G2 of signature (4, 3), G2(C) of signature (7, 7), Spin(4, 3) of signature (4, 4), Spin(7, C) of signature (7,7), Spin(5,4) of signature (8,8) and, lastly, Spin(9, C) of signature (16,16). The split and complexified Spin(9) are necessarily locally symmetric as above and should not have been on the list. The complexified holonomies SO(n, C), G2(C), and Spin(7,C) may be realized from complexifying real analytic Riemannian manifolds. The last case, manifolds with holonomy contained in SO(n, H), were shown to be locally flat by R. McLean.

Riemannian symmetric spaces, which are locally isometric to homogeneous spaces G/H have local holonomy isomorphic to H. These too have been completely classified.

Finally, Berger's paper lists possible holonomy groups of manifolds with only a torsion-free affine connection; this is discussed below.

Special holonomy and spinors
Manifolds with special holonomy are characterized by the presence of parallel spinors, meaning spinor fields with vanishing covariant derivative. In particular, the following facts hold:
 * Hol(ω) ⊂ U(n) if and only if M admits a covariantly constant (or parallel) projective pure spinor field.
 * If M is a spin manifold, then Hol(ω) ⊂ SU(n) if and only if M admits at least two linearly independent parallel pure spinor fields.  In fact, a parallel pure spinor field determines a canonical reduction of the structure group to SU(n).
 * If M is a seven-dimensional spin manifold, then M carries a non-trivial parallel spinor field if and only if the holonomy is contained in G2.
 * If M is an eight-dimensional spin manifold, then M carries a non-trivial parallel spinor field if and only if the holonomy is contained in Spin(7).

The unitary and special unitary holonomies are often studied in connection with twistor theory, as well as in the study of almost complex structures.

String Theory
Riemannian manifolds with special holonomy play an important role in string theory compactifications. This is because special holonomy manifolds admit covariantly constant (parallel) spinors and thus preserve some fraction of the original supersymmetry. Most important are compactifications on Calabi–Yau manifolds with SU(2) or SU(3) holonomy. Also important are compactifications on G2 manifolds.

Machine Learning
Computing the holonomy of Riemannian manifolds has been suggested as a way to learn the structure of data manifolds in machine learning, in particular in the context of manifold learning. As the holonomy group contains information about the global structure of the data manifold, it can be used to identify how the data manifold might decompose into a product of submanifolds. The holonomy cannot be computed exactly due to finite sampling effects, but it is possible to construct a numerical approximation using ideas from spectral graph theory similar to Vector Diffusion Maps. The resulting algorithm, the Geometric Manifold Component Estimator gives a numerical approximation to the de Rham decomposition that can be applied to real-world data.

Affine holonomy
Affine holonomy groups are the groups arising as holonomies of torsion-free affine connections; those which are not Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian holonomy groups are also known as non-metric holonomy groups. The de Rham decomposition theorem does not apply to affine holonomy groups, so a complete classification is out of reach. However, it is still natural to classify irreducible affine holonomies.

On the way to his classification of Riemannian holonomy groups, Berger developed two criteria that must be satisfied by the Lie algebra of the holonomy group of a torsion-free affine connection which is not locally symmetric: one of them, known as Berger's first criterion, is a consequence of the Ambrose–Singer theorem, that the curvature generates the holonomy algebra; the other, known as Berger's second criterion, comes from the requirement that the connection should not be locally symmetric. Berger presented a list of groups acting irreducibly and satisfying these two criteria; this can be interpreted as a list of possibilities for irreducible affine holonomies.

Berger's list was later shown to be incomplete: further examples were found by R. Bryant (1991) and by Q. Chi, S. Merkulov, and L. Schwachhöfer (1996). These are sometimes known as exotic holonomies. The search for examples ultimately led to a complete classification of irreducible affine holonomies by Merkulov and Schwachhöfer (1999), with Bryant (2000) showing that every group on their list occurs as an affine holonomy group.

The Merkulov–Schwachhöfer classification has been clarified considerably by a connection between the groups on the list and certain symmetric spaces, namely the hermitian symmetric spaces and the quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces. The relationship is particularly clear in the case of complex affine holonomies, as demonstrated by Schwachhöfer (2001).

Let V be a finite-dimensional complex vector space, let H ⊂ Aut(V) be an irreducible semisimple complex connected Lie subgroup and let K ⊂ H be a maximal compact subgroup. These two families yield all non-symmetric irreducible complex affine holonomy groups apart from the following:
 * 1) If there is an irreducible hermitian symmetric space of the form G/(U(1) · K), then both H and C*· H are non-symmetric irreducible affine holonomy groups, where V the tangent representation of K.
 * 2) If there is an irreducible quaternion-Kähler symmetric space of the form G/(Sp(1) · K), then H is a non-symmetric irreducible affine holonomy groups, as is C* · H if dim V = 4. Here the complexified tangent representation of Sp(1) · K is C2 ⊗ V, and H preserves a complex symplectic form on V.
 * $$ \begin{align}

\mathrm{Sp}(2, \mathbf C) \cdot \mathrm{Sp}(2n, \mathbf C)                             &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{2} \otimes\mathbf C^{2n}\right)\\ G_2(\mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^7\right)\\ \mathrm{Spin}(7, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^8\right). \end{align}$$

Using the classification of hermitian symmetric spaces, the first family gives the following complex affine holonomy groups:
 * $$ \begin{align}

Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot \mathrm{SL}(m, \mathbf C) \cdot \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbf C)                                                  &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^m\otimes\mathbf C^n\right)\\ Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\Lambda^2\mathbf C^n\right)\\ Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(S^2\mathbf C^n\right)\\ Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot \mathrm{SO}(n, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^n\right)\\ Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot \mathrm{Spin}(10, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\Delta_{10}^+\right) \cong \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{16}\right)\\ Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot E_6(\mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{27}\right) \end{align}$$ where ZC is either trivial, or the group C*.

Using the classification of quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces, the second family gives the following complex symplectic holonomy groups:
 * $$ \begin{align}

\mathrm{Sp}(2, \mathbf C) \cdot \mathrm{SO}(n, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^2\otimes\mathbf C^n\right)\\ (Z_{\mathbf C}\,\cdot)\, \mathrm{Sp}(2n, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{2n}\right)\\ Z_{\mathbf C} \cdot\mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(S^3\mathbf C^2\right)\\ \mathrm{Sp}(6, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\Lambda^3_0\mathbf C^6\right)\cong \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{14}\right)\\ \mathrm{SL}(6, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\Lambda^3\mathbf C^6\right)\\ \mathrm{Spin}(12, \mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\Delta_{12}^+\right) \cong \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{32}\right)\\ E_7(\mathbf C) &\subset \mathrm{Aut}\left(\mathbf C^{56}\right)\\ \end{align}$$ (In the second row, ZC must be trivial unless n = 2.)

From these lists, an analogue of Simons's result that Riemannian holonomy groups act transitively on spheres may be observed: the complex holonomy representations are all prehomogeneous vector spaces. A conceptual proof of this fact is not known.

The classification of irreducible real affine holonomies can be obtained from a careful analysis, using the lists above and the fact that real affine holonomies complexify to complex ones.

Etymology
There is a similar word, "holomorphic", that was introduced by two of Cauchy's students, Briot (1817–1882) and Bouquet (1819–1895), and derives from the Greek ὅλος (holos) meaning "entire", and μορφή (morphē) meaning "form" or "appearance". The etymology of "holonomy" shares the first part with "holomorphic" (holos). About the second part: ""It is remarkably hard to find the etymology of holonomic (or holonomy) on the web. I found the following (thanks to John Conway of Princeton): 'I believe it was first used by Poinsot in his analysis of the motion of a rigid body. In this theory, a system is called "holonomic" if, in a certain sense, one can recover global information from local information, so the meaning "entire-law" is quite appropriate. The rolling of a ball on a table is non-holonomic, because one rolling along different paths to the same point can put it into different orientations. However, it is perhaps a bit too simplistic to say that "holonomy" means "entire-law". The "nom" root has many intertwined meanings in Greek, and perhaps more often refers to "counting". It comes from the same Indo-European root as our word "number." ' ""

- S. Golwala

See νόμος (nomos) and -nomy.

title: Holonomy


text:
Talk:Acetylcysteine

Broken Link okay now
Apologies for adding this to the "talk" page, but I can't seem to make edits. Citation number 42 is currently a broken link, should be redirected to: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/9/125.pdf

--Quickfastgoninja (talk) 21:26, 22 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Change made and unmade -- PMID ref working now. -- Jo3sampl (talk) 22:28, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Use in patients with COPD
It is my understanding that this is no longer investigational. At least where I come from use is indicated in patients with COPD, recurring exacerbations and chronic bronchitis (productive cough at least three months/year). Reference no 22 is a RCT with clear results and no obvious weakness, or am I missing something? --GustenNyberg (talk) 13:28, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Contesting boost of immune system
The article states that NAC helps boost the immune system. I contest this statement. I'm taking it out now. If someone wants to add it back, please give a reference.
 * I provided reference from two RCTs showing that it increases immunity in AIDS. I invite you (or other contributors) to put back a similar statement (to "NAC helps boost the immune system") at the same place it was. You might wish to limit the sentence to AIDS. In the meantime, I'll try and find other research and trials on immunity at large (but you may want to check it out yourself). Pierre-Alain Gouanvic 17:01, 12 March 2007 (UTC) (I see that your intervention is 3 years old, so I'll probably have do the job (since you're perhaps not around anymore!). BTW, the study I provide dates to 2000.)

UPDATE

See research results at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110215102836.htm . I'm not familiar with Wiki standards for research results. Should anything be added to this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jo3sampl (talk • contribs) 00:26, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

More references
I added a couple references. If someone wants to really expand this article, these should be a good jump-off point. :-) Ksheka 23:48, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, yes, the references. I could make head nor tails of the 30 references of all stripes and colours... I felt the sensible thing to do was to slash them all and start again. I've also expanded the drugbox. JFW | T@lk  21:32, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I wonder if this paper - "Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review." would be a good candidate to address the "[medical citation needed]" in the first paragraph? Smartial arts (talk) 00:36, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Move to acetylcysteine
In accordance with WikiProject_Drugs naming policy, I propose we move this page to the INN acetylcysteine. If you have any concern with this proposal, please discuss it on this page. Matt 23:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Merging Mucomyst into acetylcysteine
The content in Mucomyst is essentially duplicated in acetylcysteine. Andrew73 02:16, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I just happened by here by accident, but I think this is a good candidate for a merge. Kit 19:13, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. JFW | T@lk  13:26, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me! Kit 19:01, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Liver failure
I've been told several times by our local liver unit to use NAc even in liver failure of non-paracetamol etiology. already mentions this (small series in 8 patients). disagrees. It's being trialled for acute liver failure. JFW | T@lk  19:37, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Negative effects
Does this drug have any negative effects? I'm allergic to plane trees, and live between 2 of the biggest I've ever seen. Come Autumn I regularly get a mucus build-up in my sinuses which, if not treated results in a very frustrating and repetitive cough. I discovered Acetylcysteine on my travels to Italy and now keep a ready supply of it at home in Australia where it's a prescription only drug. Am I likely to be exposing myself to any side effects by using this drug every time I get a cold? 58.104.24.81 00:01, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Normal dosage by nebulization or direct tracheal instillation appears to be a couple of grams a day, sustained indefinitely. (The fraction absorbed into the metabolism is unclear.)  So as long as you're not exceeding that level, it seems safe enough.
 * The side effects listed for heavy users at http://www.cystic-fibrosis-symptom.com/mucosil.htm look pretty benign. Here's an article on Adverse reactions to acetylcysteine and effects of overdose, which includes two deaths, but they were already suffering from severe paracetamol overdose, so it's not clear what's to blame.  Due to an easily-misread label, sometimes people got 10x the correct dose (60-80 grams IV rather than 6-8 g), and while this tended to make side effects more severe, some people had no adverse reactions at all.
 * It's taken orally without prescription as a dietary supplement, and there are folks who take grams a week long-term due to its anti-oxidant properties. Boluses of 1200 mg/day are used to protect kidneys from radiocontrast substances.
 * Oh! And here's the abstract of a paper Treatment of four siblings with progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type with N-acetylcysteine describing therapeutic use in humans at 4-6 g/day for 30 months.  That was for a serious disorder which would make side effects tolerable, but it appears to be very hard to badly overdose.
 * 71.41.210.146 06:09, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN MICE AT HIGH DOSE: Probably an overdose effect

Palmer et al ran a mouse study that showed that high dose NAC administration (19X the equivalent human dose) has an adverse effect of raising pulmonary artery blood pressure about 25%. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17786245 (Palmer. S-Nitrosothiols signal hypoxia-mimetic vascular pathology. J Clin Invest. 2007 September 4; 117(9): 2592–2601)

At 203x the equivalent dose it caused right sided heart enlargement. I doubt that this should be problematic given such high doses. I calculated that the usual dose of 600 mg would only raise PA blood pressure 1.3%, a trivial amount.

Mouse normal daily water consumption		15 ml/100 gm body weight/day Weight of a mouse				25g Daily water consumption of mouse		=25g * .15 ml/g = 3.75 ml Dose NAC	high	10 mg/ml * 3.75 ml = 37 mg.  37 mg * 0.001 g/mg * 1/25 g * 100 = 0.158% Low	1 mg/ml * 3.75 ml = 3.7 mg	= 0.015 % body weight Human dose NAC	600 mg			600 mg * 0.001 g/mg * 1/77,110g * 100 = 0.000778% Dose comparison mouse to human	high dose mouse = 203x human dose Low dose mouse = 19x human dose Low dose effect noted was to raise PA BP 23 points 19x dose raised BP 25% Adjusted dose would raise PA BP by only 1.3%. Not clinically significant because the diagnostic criteria PA in humans: = >25 mm Hg at rest. Normal is 14 mm Hg. PA hypertension is 50% increase. Abotnick

Cysteine is amazing, from the glial xCT cysteine antiporter, to glutathione, methylation eg. for norepinephrine -> epinephrine ... which needs SAMe (made from cysteine) and produces homocysteine ..

The cardio issues are due to homocysteine. to each person that called it a drug, _WAKEUP_, bigpharma doesnt own aminoacids... ffs. Also the "side effects" are not due to the cysteine, its not just a single action with a single dimensional response occurring due to administration of a single chemical. We need to change our use of language if we're ever going to move beyond the commercialisation of our health. its a _NUTRIENT_, and there is nothing unusual, wrong or unnatural about a human becoming informed and making decisions about their diet. in this respect wiki is an excellent way to become more informed.

The "harmful effect" is due to the accumulation of homocysteine which is in turn reduced in a cycle in the body which requires certain vitamins. So taking large amounts of cysteine may deplete these cofactors leading to "side-effects" ... But its not just a single action, its part of an system, a complex dynamical system. ;P

I'll provide references later but perhaps others might help to incorporate more of these issues into the article as well as to link to other wiki pages that cover each particular role in more detail, many of which already exist.

basically the homocysteine builds up. so while cysteine has fantastic effects on the body large amounts without the necessary cofactors will lead to an accumulation of homocysteine and at high levels this leads to problems.

to reduce homocysteine accumulation you need B6,B9,B12 and trimethylglycine will help by supporting an additional minor methylation pathway. Having said the above the caveat is that this may only reduce the homocysteine accumulation so if you use multigram quantities daily it will build up, but not as much. This may necessitate dosing in cycles with time off cysteine during which the B6 B12 folic acid and TMG are continued to keep homocysteine levels in check longterm.

high levels of homocysteine is risk factor for cardiovascular disease. also the reference bloodranges rises throughout your life so someone >60 typically has twice the homocysteine levels as someone <20.

Brazil nuts have high levels of cysteine and methionine, and many other nuts are great sources of protein including cysteine. Perhaps try some crushed in a stirfry with leafy greens and mushrooms ?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.101.100.14 (talk) 10:23, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Might give stomach upsets and bloating in large doses to some people. The article says it has a foul taste and smell. It does not have any smell. It has a citric taste which can be moderated with more water. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:4B00:88B6:8200:BCCD:57B5:525C:8DC8 (talk) 16:56, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Ocular use
i use this stuff in my eyes for the mucus. perhaps someone with more knowledge than i could add something--Mongreilf (talk) 08:58, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Oral versus Parenteral
I don'd understand the fetish that the average person editing this page has with IV acetylcysteine. The reality is there are major complications that can be completely avoided by giving the oral furmulation. If you mix it with cola of the patients choice, put it on ice, and make patients drink it out of a straw from a cap with a lid, you will get over 90% of patients to take their entire dose by mouth which avoids all of the nasty potential complications with IV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.30.70.85 (talk) 19:53, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

the use of the acetyl moeity
does anybody know what it does to the SAR? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.34.29.84 (talk) 02:54, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Is there a naturally occuring acetylcysteine at the body
Im wondering if there is a body enzyme system that produces N acetyl cysteine at the body. If theres cysteine certainly there are acetylation enzymes I just wondered if there was a biochemical path that actually made N acetylcysteine at the body

The idea is that genetic variants of that enzymes genes might go with greater longevity as well as less disease — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.41.136.51 (talk) 20:00, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Sources for veisalgia claim
I think the claim for veisalgia attenuating should get some direct sources to support it's claim. The first one is second hand and the other one (Resat Ozaras et al., 2003) doesn't seem to support the direct claim to attenuate veisalgia, mere that "[...] ethanol- induced liver damage is associated with oxidative stress, and co-administration of n-acetylcysteine attenuates this damage effectively in rat model.". 81.232.6.92 (talk) 22:47, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Hangover
There used to be an entry related to hangover prevention. Why was it removed? (Personally, I swear by it for preventing hangovers--obviously that doesn't merit inclusion absent a source.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.163.49.29 (talk) 17:33, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

Research
I see a whole list of "potential" uses for acetylcysteine. Many are early stage animal experiments. Given that this is a medical article I suppose that only clinical studies should get a mention. Desoto10 (talk) 05:00, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

I think that the Research section should be deleted except for completed clinical trials, and those should be listed according to whatever disease was being examined. As it is, the Research section is just a hodgepoge of case studies, animal experiments (mostly removed) and on-going trials. It is my understanding that we should be reporting on the results of these trials as they are covered in secondary sources, such as review articles and not just list them all. Desoto10 (talk) 02:41, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

DrugBox
As acetylcysteine is primarily used as a medicine I believe we should change the chembox to drugbox. Fuse809 (talk) 04:56, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect image in description (revolving 3D animated GIF)
Pardon me, but it appears that the 3D-rendered animation used (Acetylcysteine3Dan2.gif) is actually that of ordinary L -cysteine. The stereochemistry's correct, at least. dlainhart (talk) 02:40, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Oh, hehe, sorry wrong file. Thanks for the correction. Fuse809 (talk) 02:52, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

bad for you
The antioxidants caused a 2.8-fold increase in lung tumors, made the tumors more invasive and aggressive, and caused the mice to die twice as quickly - all compared to mice not given antioxidants.

The only article I see about uses both NAC and vitamin E, couldn't it be just vit E's problem? Bowtartar (talk) 12:49, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

contradictory information
there is contradictory information on this page stating that research both supports and rejects the drug as a viable treatment for nicotine, both marked with the same citation (as of jul 15, citation 38).

http://news.yahoo.com/antioxidants-including-vitamin-e-promote-lung-cancer-study-190119863--finance.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.108.8 (talk) 12:27, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

Non-prescription in U.S.
I can buy NAC at retailers such as "natural food" stores. I perceive this as a supplement (in terms of regulation), and thus wouldn't the info in the side panel be incorrect? I believe it says rx-only in U.S. right now.

172.58.136.98 (talk) 19:05, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

Human-equivalent dosage for heart/lung damage in mice?
The article says: "Large doses in a mouse model showed that acetylcysteine could potentially cause damage to the heart and lungs... The dose used by Palmer and colleagues was dramatically higher than that used in humans, the equivalent of about 20 grams per day." However, Examine.com https://examine.com/supplements/N-Acetylcysteine/ says: "In mice given 10mg/mL N-acetylcysteine (to get a serum level of 16.2+/-4.3μM[70] comparable to a peak concentrations in a human study using thrice daily dosing of 600mg[71])... this is thought to occur at concentrations reasonable close to pharmacological doses of NAC (for cognitive effects)" What gives?--Clevera (talk) 05:50, 20 March 2017 (UTC)

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Chemical compound not needed in first sentence IMO
All medications are chemical compounds. The only thing that is not a chemical compound is an element. It is to generic and thus IMO is not needed in the first sentence. Others thoughts? Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 23:03, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
 * you have now used your admin bit to edit through a full-protection added to prevent an edit-war, continuing your edit-warring of what you well know is disputed content. Please self-revert to demonstrate your desire to return to good-faith editing here. DMacks (talk) 02:10, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Not sure you're still awake, so I undid your edit to get back to the WP:WRONGVERSION pending resolution of WP:DR. DMacks (talk) 02:23, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Apologies User:DMacks. Missed that it was fully protected. One however usually restores an article to its pre dispute state.
 * By the way did you notice that the refs added was simply a pubmed search "pubmeddev. "acetylcysteine dietary supplement - PubMed - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-09."? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:31, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I did not look beyond noticing there was no policy violation, just content dispute (quality of sourcing, value of mentioning so early in article, drug-vs-chemical, etc). Science articles are one of my usual content areas, but I'm going to sit out this discussion (except as moderator if necessary). DMacks (talk) 02:38, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

Two issues
In this edit
 * 1) A pubmed search was added as a reference for a statement I had already referenced with a textbook. Thus unneeded.
 * 2) Basically all medications are chemical compounds. It is more useful to state that acetylcysteine is a medication than it is a chemical compound in the first sentence IMO. Expecially as this is one of the worlds most important medications per WHO. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 02:40, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

Issue one

 * Support removing a pubmed search as a reference as it is not appropriate. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:40, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support deleting fake source. A PubMed search does not link to a direct source. Extra citations are not needed. QuackGuru  ( talk ) 04:06, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * support search results are not sources. Jytdog (talk) 05:06, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support for the same reasons. A PubMed search is inappropriate and a specific secondary source should be used as support instead. TylerDurden8823 (talk) 05:32, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support: Our content guideline, WP:SAYWHERE makes it clear that citations have to be to the source which supports the text, not to the search engine that led to the source. --RexxS (talk) 14:41, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * support per RexxS--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 19:52, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support - A pubmed search is not an adequate citation for any content on Wikipedia. Citing a specific pubmed-indexed secondary source via its PMID, however, is okay (WP:MEDRS).  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 21:30, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

Issue two
"[Drug name] is a [biochemical/pharmacological classification] that is used as a medication for the treatment of [medical condition(s)]" is the most appropriate way to introduce what a pharmaceutical is, in proper context, in the 1st lead sentence of a drug article. The current lead sentence needs slight modification to conform to this template sentence.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 21:35, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support calling it a medication in the first sentence. Nearly every medication is a chemical compound (maybe all) and thus calling it that is not needed in the first sentence. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:40, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support saying it is a medication in the intro sentence. It is more specific to call it a medication. Any ambiguity is not an improvement. QuackGuru  ( talk ) 04:06, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * support this too. Jytdog (talk) 05:06, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support-referring to acetylcysteine as a medication is far more specific than referring to it simply as a chemical compound. There are numerous chemical compounds would be too toxic to use as medications. The argument in the edit summary that it is a chemical compound first and a medication second doesn't really make sense to me. If it had numerous non-medical uses, then that might be something to consider but nearly all of the listed uses here are medical. All medications are chemical compounds (everything is made of chemicals so...yeah). TylerDurden8823 (talk) 05:34, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support: The only medications which are not chemical compounds are those which are elements, such as sulphur or oxygen, so either term would be an acceptable description in this case. However, in the lead, we are encouraged to be precise, particularly in the opening sentence, and – as TylerDurden8823 points out – acetylcysteine has no usage apart from as a medication, so "medication" being the more precise term should be preferred. --RexxS (talk) 14:54, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * support per more useful to state that acetylcysteine is a medication than it is a chemical compound--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 19:55, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Re: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Pharmacology/Archive 12 - I can't reiterate this point enough:
 * In line with this format, I'd suggest that the lead sentence be changed from:
 * Current revision: "Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine or N-acetyl- L -cysteine (NAC), is a chemical compound used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and to loosen thick mucus such as in cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "
 * to the following:
 * Proposed revision: "Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, is a mucolytic compound that is used as a medication for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and to loosen excessively thick mucus in individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "
 *  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 21:45, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Seconded. TylerDurden8823 (talk) 06:29, 14 July 2017 (UTC)
 * We should keep the lead in simpler language. Mucolytic is a secondary and less well supported use compared to paracetamol overdose. It basic means "loosens thick mucus". Belong in the body. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:48, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

On Nephroprotective agent
Out of the blue this statement is inserted, without reference. "A clinical trial from 2010, however, found that acetylcysteine is ineffective for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy." This needs citation! Otherwise, I suggest to remove. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.88.106.133 (talk) 04:24, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

I added a recent reference strengthening the proof of ineffectiveness of Acetylcesteine in prevention for contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. This is my first Wikipedia entry, so if someone could check it for me and give me some tips that would be greatly appreciated. - Kind regards, Arwin --DrowningDuck (talk) 08:51, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

Supposed interaction of NAC supplements with Adderall/(some? )amphetamines?
I heard from someone who takes adderall that there's a common idea in the online nootropic crowd that taking NAC supplements with adderall has some sort of desirable interaction? (ie, somehow changing the effect of the adderall (boosting it? mediating it?)

Obviously, I'd guess that there's most likely no evidence for this, but I came here to this article trying to find info on what exactly this supposed effect is (and who believes in it), so... Kayseychow (talk) 03:34, 15 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Posters on various drug harm prevention pages (e.g the Reddit page for MDMA) claim that NAC helps restore the quality of the mdma experience. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 22:57, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Where does it come from ?
Does it exist in nature, or is it a synthetic compound ? —Jerome Potts (talk) 16:05, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

 * When people buy it, it's usually synthesized, but the compound does exist in nature as well, for example in onions. -2003:CA:8729:D2B1:D129:85F:66C4:61CF (talk) 14:27, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

Long covid.
I've restored the section on long covid, which was removed despite being well cited. The preliminary study from Yale has been extensively covered in the media. -2003:CA:870A:8914:40A5:5D26:257B:B4C5 (talk) 20:33, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * That doesn't sound like WP:MEDRS to me. Human-medical reporting needs a high threshold. DMacks (talk) 20:43, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I've added three additional sources, so there are now three secondary sources, plus the primary source of the Yale Medical School researchers themselves. I therefore see no valid reason for excluding this research, which has received quite extensive coverage. -2003:CA:870A:8921:9916:EB50:F1C1:7542 (talk) 18:46, 23 December 2022 (UTC)
 * MEDRS explicitly rejects popular-press reports on primary research as being valid secondary sourcing, even if the study weren't so preliminary as a 12-patient non-blinded one with no control group. MEDRS consider a case study as even below primary sourcing. DMacks (talk) 18:58, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Broad spectrum antidote
Well, NAC pushes the concentration of glutathione. But it will react directly with ((NAPQI)) like any other thiol (glutathione e.g.) does. AND NAC scavenges not only radicals, but heavy metals too. --FK1954 (talk) 21:50, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

Text is somewhat disorganized.
Text is somewhat disorganized. For example, psychiatric use should really be in subsections under medical use. Acwilson9 (talk) 01:30, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

Any more recent research on use to alleviate compulsion disorders?
Is there any more recent research, than that already cited, regarding use for treating various compulsive disorders? (My internist/GP just today suggested using it to alleviate compulsive picking of fingernails and townals, stating that a number of his patients report finding it helpful.) Acwilson9 (talk) 01:34, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acetylcysteine


text:
Loyalhanna Creek

Loyalhanna Creek is a 50 mi long tributary of the Kiskiminetas River in Westmoreland County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The stream is a popular destination for canoeing and recreational trout fishing.

Etymology
The creek derives its name from the eighteenth-century village of Layalhanning, an important Delaware Indian crossroads settlement located at the site where Fort Ligonier was built, in present Ligonier, Pennsylvania. The village was settled shortly after the Delaware left the Susquehanna River area in 1727. Layalhanning means "the middle stream" in the Delaware language— "lawel" or "lawell" (middle); "hanna" (a river or stream); "ing" (at the place of).

Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
 * Leyelhanna Creek
 * Loyal Hanna Creek

Course
Loyalhanna rises from Laurel Ridge in southeastern Westmoreland County, north of Donegal and flows NNE, along the southeastern side of Chestnut Ridge. Approximately 5 mi (8 km) northwest of Ligonier it turns northwest, cutting through Chestnut Ridge and passing through Latrobe. From Latrobe, it flows NNW, passing through Loyalhanna Lake reservoir and joins with the Conemaugh River to form the Kiskiminetas River at Saltsburg. The creek lies about midway between the Juniata River to the east and the Ohio River to the west, and about halfway between the Conemaugh River to the north and the Youghiogheny River to the south.

Watershed
Decades before the 2000s, the lower end of the creek, beginning above Latrobe, was colored red due to acid from local mines. Rocks in the area are still stained red from the effects. In subsequent years, with the growth of environmental sensitivity, a remediation pond was installed near Saint Vincent College that removes 90 percent of the iron oxide from the water.

Claims of Bigfoot sightings
Sam Sherry, of Wilpen, claimed to have encountered a Bigfoot while night fishing along Loyalhanna Creek on May 17, 1987. Sherry gained notice from Bigfoot enthusiasts and spent much of his life investigating the phenomenon in the area.

title: Loyalhanna Creek


text:
Breslau (region)

Regierungsbezirk Breslau, known colloquially as Middle Silesia (Mittelschlesien, Strzodkowy Ślōnsk, Śląsk Środkowy) was a Regierungsbezirk, or government region, in the Prussian Province of Silesia and later Lower Silesia from 1813 to 1945. It comprised the eastern parts of the historic Lower Silesia region and the former County of Kladsko, both of which were conquered by Prussia in the First Silesian War in 1742.

History
Silesia had been part of Bohemian crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy until most of it was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Silesian War, codified by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau. In 1813, the administrative Regierungsbezirk was established in Prussian Silesia, with its capital in Breslau (present-day Wrocław). The western half of Lower Silesia was incorporated into Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz (Legnica), the adjacent Upper Silesian land in the east into Regierungsbezirk Oppeln (Opole).

After the short-lived Regierungsbezirk Reichenbach (Dzierżoniów) was dissolved in 1820, the Middle Silesian district also comprised Glatzer Land (Kłodzko Land) in the south and several districts of the former duchies of Münsterberg (Ziębice), Jauer (Jawor) and Brieg (Brzeg). It then stretched from the Greater Polish plain in the north (Grand Duchy of Posen/Province of Posen) to the border with Bohemia along the Sudetes mountain range in the south, where Glatzer Land also bordered on Austrian Silesia in the east. After World War I, the state of Czechoslovakia arose on the southern border, while Greater Poland in the north became part of the Second Polish Republic. At the same time, the Prussian Province of Silesia was divided, whereby Regierungsbezirk Breslau formed the eastern half of the Province of Lower Silesia. According to the Treaty of Versailles, small parts of Regierungsbezirk Breslau lying along the border with Greater Poland had to be ceded to Poland and became part of the Poznań Voivodeship. This included significant parts of the Groß Wartenberg and Namslau districts, which was known as the Reichthaler Ländchen. After World War II, the whole region became part of Poland, as the Soviet Union expanded its borders and moved Poland westward under the terms of the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. By 1949, almost the entire indigenous German population was expelled.

Today, the region forms the eastern part of the Polish Lower Silesian Voivodeship and the north-western part of the Opole Voivodeship and also includes a small southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship.

Ethnolinguistic structure
In 1819, Regierungsbezirk Breslau had 833,253 inhabitants: 755,553 Germans (90.1%); 66,500 Poles (7.9%); 3,900 Czechs (1.1%) and 7,300 Jews (0.9%). The United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified Polish-speaking Silesians as ethnic Poles.

According to the Prussian census of 1861, Regierungsbezirk Breslau had a population of 1,278,064, of which 1,217,102 (95.2%) spoke German, 53,479 (4.2%) spoke Polish and 7,483 (0.6%) spoke Czech. By 1905, all districts were majority German-speaking, with the highest concentration of Polish speakers being found in the districts of Groß Wartenberg and Namslau where they (including bilinguals) constituted 42.9% and 27.4% of the population respectively.

Administrative subdivisions
Before its dissolution in 1945, Regierungsbezirk Breslau comprised the following districts:

Stadtkreise (Urban districts)

 * Stadtkreis Breslau
 * Stadtkreis Brieg
 * Stadtkreis Schweidnitz
 * Stadtkreis Waldenburg

Landkreise (Rural districts)

 * Landkreis Breslau
 * Landkreis Brieg
 * Landkreis Frankenstein
 * Landkreis Glatz
 * Landkreis Groß Wartenberg
 * Landkreis Guhrau
 * Landkreis Habelschwerdt
 * Landkreis Militsch
 * Landkreis Namslau
 * Landkreis Neumarkt
 * Landkreis Oels
 * Landkreis Ohlau
 * Landkreis Reichenbach (im Eulengebirge)
 * Landkreis Schweidnitz
 * Landkreis Strehlen
 * Landkreis Trebnitz
 * Landkreis Waldenburg
 * Landkreis Wohlau

title: Breslau (region)


text:
Toon (role-playing game)

Toon is a comedy tabletop role-playing game in which the players take the roles of cartoon characters. It is subtitled The Cartoon Roleplaying Game. Toon was designed by Greg Costikyan and developed by Warren Spector, and first published in 1984 by Steve Jackson Games.

Development
Jeff Dee came up with the idea of creating a role-playing game based on cartoons when he and Greg Costikyan were talking with several other designers about genres that no one had designed game systems for; although they agreed that such a game would be impossible to design, Costikyan designed Toon a few years later as a full game with the assistance of Warren Spector.

Style
Although Toon is a genuine role-playing game requiring the participation of players and a game master (called the "Animator"), it is designed with a tongue-in-cheek style that deliberately parodies many of the conventions of more standard, "serious" role-playing games.

In Toon the player characters never die. As in many role-playing games, characters have hit points, which are deducted when the character is injured (usually in combat, or by having anvils fall on them). When characters are reduced to zero hit points they do not die or fall unconscious, but fall down. Since cartoon characters never actually die, and always return in time for the next scene, a fallen down character returns to play a set time later, with all hit points restored.

This lack of true "character death" is also designed to encourage players to deliberately abandon the skills and reflexes they learned in other games, namely to have their characters able to solve problems and fight enemies while staying alive. According to the game's rules, the two prime directives for Toon players to follow are "Forget Everything You Know" and "Act Before You Think".

The game encourages players to have fun above all other considerations – even to the point of breaking the rules of the game. If the players and the Animator agree that a players' actions in a game are funny and enjoyable, then that players' actions are allowed and encouraged. This can be seen as a way for players to "break the fourth wall" in the game, in the same way that animated cartoons often ignore reality for the sake of laughs.

The game uses a very simple skill-based task resolution system based on a list of only 23 skills that cover all possible character actions. These are assigned to four controlling attributes, humorously named "Muscle" (strength), "Zip" (dexterity and speed), "Smarts" (intelligence) and "Chutzpah" (pushiness and self-confidence). In addition, characters can have optional "Shticks", which give them unusual cartoon-like abilities, such as flying or invisibility.

The game was inspired by the classic Warner Bros. cartoons of the 1930s through the 1960s, and characters such as Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, but Steve Jackson Games is careful to avoid any copyright violations. For example, there is an "Ace Corporation" in Toon products (instead of the Acme Corporation), and the writers' guidelines for Toon prohibit the use of the word "toon" to mean "a cartoon character".

Toon books

 * Toon: The Cartoon Roleplaying Game.
 * Toon Silly Stuff (1985)
 * Son of Toon (1985)
 * Toon Strikes Again.
 * Toon: The Cartoon Roleplaying Game (Deluxe Edition) (1991). Incorporates all material from the original edition, plus Toon Silly Stuff, Son of Toon, and Toon Strikes Again.
 * Tooniversal Tour Guide (1992)
 * Toon Tales (1993)
 * Toon Ace Catalog (1994)
 * Toon Munchkin (2006)

Reception
In the December 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue #92), Michael Dobson commented that the game "appears at first glance to be an elaborate joke." But then he went on to say that "Toon is a genuinely good idea – an original (if unlikely) concept in role-playing – that is enjoyable, fast-moving, and incredibly silly." Dobson liked the simplicity of the rules system, and concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, "Inspired silliness – the very heart of this game."

In the December 1984 edition of Imagine (Issue #21), Mike Lewis liked the game, stating, "Toon is a very refreshing change from the usual run-of-the-mill rpgs which have been appearing recently. The game very firmly puts a sense of humour back into rpgs. If you are interested in cartoons, then Toon is an essential purchase – but even if you aren't, try it for a change. I am very impressed with the ideas behind this game and hope that it gets more support than most minority RPGs have done in the past. It deserves it."

In the January–February 1985 edition of Space Gamer (No. 72), R.A. Greer gave a positive review, commenting, "Toon is a quick cure for all your roleplaying ills, a fast-acting balm to be applied directly to your funny bone, speeding you back to those uncomplicated days of roleplaying when it was fun!"

In the January–February 1985 edition of Different Worlds (Issue #38), Larry DiTillio found much to like and gave the game a solid three stars out of four. He called the character generation rules "dirt simple", and found that resolving skills "is even easier than generating characters." He also admired the writing style, saying "[Greg] Costikyan has clarity, wit, and the good sense to be brief, as well as an obvious love for cartoons. The rulebook not only reads quickly and easily, it makes you eager to play the game." DiTillio concluded "for a few hours of silliness, Toon can't be beat and is a refreshing change from the ofttimes leaden pace of other role-playing games. It's fast, it's fun, it's simple."

In the March 1985 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #63), Stephen Kyle gave the game an excellent overall rating of 9 out of 10, stating that "all of us have favourite cartoons or characters and Toon enables you to recreate them easily and with a lot of fun."

In the April 1989 edition of Dragon (Issue #144), Jim Bambra took a retrospective look at the then five-year old game, and called it "a classic – a game which deserves the attention of everyone looking for a dramatic change of pace and emphasis in their role-playing." Bambra complimented the easy rules and flexible system, and concluded, "I highly recommend it as an evening’s entertainment and as a cure to role-playing blues. Buy a copy if you are in a silly mood or need to be cheered up."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan commented "If not the funniest RPG ... Toon is certainly the oddest ... It's a world of utter anarchy." Swan admired the creative list of skills and the Fifty Percent rule used by referees in ambiguous situations. However, Swan warned "Any game as freeform as Toon depends heavily on the improvisational skills of the referee, which is the game's major drawback." Despite this, Swan concluded by giving the game an excellent rating of 3.5 out of 4, saying, "In the hands of a witty referee and a group of receptive players, Toon can be hilarious, an excellent introductory game for novices, and a delightful change of pace for veterans."

In his 2023 book Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground, RPG historian Stu Horvath noted, "While other games had been funny before now, Toon was the first game entirely focused on comedy. More importantly, it was the first in a wave of rules-light games that flew in the face of the accepted design doctrine that RPGs needed complex rules systems to be fun or satisfying."

title: Toon (role-playing game)


text:
Luis Aponte

Luis Eduardo Aponte Yuripe (born June 14, 1953) is a retired Venezuelan professional baseball player. He played as a right-handed middle relief pitcher in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians. In his career, Aponte compiled a 9–6 record with 113 strikeouts, seven saves, and a 3.27 ERA in 220 innings over 110 appearances.

Aponte committed no errors in his MLB career, handling 60 total chances (23 putouts, 37 assists) perfectly for a 1.000 fielding percentage.

Aponte was signed by Boston as an amateur free agent in 1973. He had his most effective season in 1982, earning three saves in 40 appearances with a 3.18 ERA. He pitched four innings in the longest professional baseball game.

title: Luis Aponte