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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of U.S. Cold War power plays

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled List of US actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic, since moved to List of U.S. Cold War power plays.

This page is kept as an historic record.

Due to a lack of consensus, the result of the debate was to keep the article.

As with the Soviet list above, this article is inherently POV. It currently reads like anti-US propaganda. In order to become even remotely NPOV, we would need to define for each of the events listed: "alleged" by whom and how trustworthy is the allegation that the listed event even took place? (if it were proven, then we wouldn't have listed so many as "alleged"), who considers this event "imperialistic" and why? who does not (or did not) consider it imperialistic and what were their counter-arguments? etc. I don't see enough value to the potential article to justify the effort of overcoming the inherent POV in the current version. Rossami 15:25, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I like this article, but it does need some cleanup. I don't think the article itself is intentionally POV, but it might seem to be deliberately POV to someone with diametrically opposite views (in general. I'm not pointing at Rossami here.) And as far as I know, all of these events did indeed take place. Is there any other article on wikipedia that has this information gathered under similar circumstances? Rhymeless 16:39, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If this article is inherently and uncorrectably POV, shouldn't we be debating History of United States imperialism as well? (The talk page for that, by the way, contains the list.) Grendelkhan 17:02, 2004 May 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. Intentional or not, this article is inherently POV. It can only be fixed by attribution to a verifiable source -- either for the whole list, or for each individual item. Even if all these events are verifiable, it does not answer who considered the actions imperialistic. But apparently not all the items are verifiable, since many are "alleged." Who "alleged"? The sources must be identified and verifiable. Otherwise anyone could add anything to the list, no matter how ridiculous. (e.g., "the US reduced the nationwide speed limit to 55." I'm sure someone will find a way to claim that was imperialistic, especially if their own credibility is not at stake). -Rholton 00:21, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Awkward title, most unlikely to become encyclopedic. To make it worth keeping we would need to document whose opinions these are, as Rholton quite rightly says. But even then IMO it's likely that we'd want to merge this information into articles on the people concerned and delete this page. Currently there isn't anything to merge, it is pure POV and no information. Andrewa 01:03, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with History of United States imperialism. It does need a lot of work, but I think it can be rescued by listing sources and removing items if we can't find sources.  jaredwf 06:16, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are many items in this list that are not controversial, but proven facts--Operation Ajax and Operation PBSUCCESS for example. There are also many there that are true, but just don't have articles written for them yet. This list is important as a reference point.--GD 08:46, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This article was an extension of History of United States imperialism. So I suggest we rename the article to List of U.S. imperialistic actions.--GD 18:53, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. who is to do the considering? --Jiang 08:51, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but either merge with History of United States imperialism or better still rename article to a less POV name, like List of US foreign intervention since 1945. Deus Ex 22:04, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I agreed with Deus Ex. It'd be better to modify and improve this article, rather than delete it. The "considered imperialistic" title is bad. It's also possible to add U.S. actions that e.g. prof. Chomsky calls "very good" for balance, i.e. events where the majority of the population clearly supported the U.S. action, such as liberating France during WWII. --Nimc 09:30, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Whatever happens here should happen to the soviet one too. -- EmperorBMA|話す 06:31, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, "considered imperialistic" is inherently POV. Maximus Rex 06:34, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Several times the term "inherently POV" has been used and I must challenge this. This term is not applicable to Wikipedia content. For a word, title, sentence, paragraph or article to be "inherently anything" the relevent charactoristic must be subsumed within the very nature of the object or construct. But when a construct is as fluid and dynamic as a Wikipedia article its nature or essense follows from the ongoing activities that construct it: Wikipedia is an existential world. Inherently POV means that an article has a fixed nature that editing will not fix. But these articles can easily be NPOVed (as we define it at Wikipedia). We define neutral, not in terms of Aristotle's golden mean taking only a middle ground on every issue (these articles would never be neutral in this sense of the word), but rather as a balanced plurality of viewpoints within each article. No Wikipedia article is inherently POV for the simple reason that there is no issue (that I am aware of) to which there is only one point of view. Any Wikipedia article can be NPOVed by adding alternative points of view or challenging the accuracy of the existing POV. If these two articles are POV (which I think everyone agrees they are), then NPOV by adding alternative explanations. Fix, don't destroy. mydogategodshat 10:31, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I renamed it "List of U.S. Cold War power plays". A less POV title. Kingturtle 05:47, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Your title is not very good. You miss the point of those who criticize US actions who claim that the Cold War was a coverup for more important motives, as this list is supposed to demonstrate (the Pentagon budget that used to be explained in Cold War terms kept increasing in 1990+ by stating other reasons.) Also, the 'power plays' term is not so great. IMHO the title that Deus Ex suggested is neutral and probably best. --Nimc 10:49, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * How about List of allegedly imperialist US actions since 1945? RadicalSubversiv E 10:56, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Imperialist is a loaded term, and maybe not that accurate either. Sometimes people use the term neo-imperialism, i.e. "stability" by remote control to get economic domination etc etc. Anyway, what is wrong with List of US foreign interventions since 1945 ? --Nimc 11:47, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The goal of the article is not to list foreign interventions, but to list actions of the U.S. government which critics view as imperialist. This is a perfectly valid topic, assuming it is presented in an NPOV manner. Some of the actions listed aren't foreign interventions per se, and some foreign interventions wouldn't qualify (e.g. no one ever called U.S. involvement in Somalia imperialistic). RadicalSubversiv E 06:02, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * as far as somalia goes, the US invited the tv networks to broadcast the intervention, their camera lights actually obstructed the marines while they landed, and in the end they killed about as much people as they rescued. if i understood your logic, you claim that e.g. somalia shouldn't be in this list, and therefore the title should contain the word 'imperialist' ?! if so, i disagree with both the premise and the deduction... but anyway we should care more about the content of the article, and not whether the title is too neutral(=sanitized) or not accurate enough for your taste... note that your US apologist friends here want to delete it altogether... --Nimc 08:33, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to List of U.S.A. foreign interventions since 1945 (for NPOV example), then delete POV redirections List of US actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic and List of U.S. Cold War power plays. Agree that History of United States imperialism title is POV, but that's a different article and a different debate. --Zigger 19:21, 2004 May 13 (UTC)
 * I like the above option Burgundavia 20:24, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge this and the Soviet one into a mega-article on 'Imperialism and the Cold War' and delete the current titles. It'd be good for the title to abstract away from either country in particular. It's v.POV to both at the moment, but the content could be okay with some qualifiers. The intro to such an article could clarify that "some people see strong analogies between imperialism and the cold war conflict" or similar. -- EuroTom 21:58, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wake up... the Cold War ended a long time ago... --Nimc 22:14, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm aware of that, but if you're combining with the Soviet one, it'd be appropriate for stuff up to 1989. More recent interventions could go under "Recent American interventions" or something. Argueably, the two periods have quite different geopolitics. It'd also help seperate out the more historical aspects of the articles from parts specific to current events. -- EuroTom 13:45, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it should be sourced. - SimonP 22:57, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If kept, rename to "Things that the US has done, or is thought to have done, that some people didn't like, but which the author didn't have the energy to provide references for".  Kd4ttc 02:44, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The new name is even worse. Delete now.  This article is completely POV.  RickK 02:45, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I offered an alternative title suggestion above, but I'd like to formally vote to Keep. The subject matter is inherently encyclopedic; there is a significant stream of political thinking (perhaps best exemplified by Noam Chomsky) which views American foreign policy, particularly post-WWII, as a series of imperialist actions, overt and otherwise; providing a list of such actions is therefore a worthwhile project. Obviously such a list should be presented in an NPOV manner, but that's a case for improving the article, not deleting it. And yes, there should be citations, but those shouldn't be hard to come up with. RadicalSubversiv E 04:02, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Chomsky is a particularly bad reference for this. He is a fine linquist and his contributions to lingusitics and psychology are important.  His forays out of his field are just that.  Perhaps the list is one that Chomsky has created.  In that case, fold it into the Chomsky article in the section on his political views. Kd4ttc 05:24, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter whether you or I think Chomsky is component at foreign policy analysis. The point is that a rather considerable number of people do, and his writings and commentary is influential both inside and outside the United States. I see no evidence that the list originates with him, however; I merely cited him as an example of a stream of political thinking which is very concerned with such events, and views them in a certain light. RadicalSubversiv E 06:10, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does matter what we think about this. Wikipedia is not a platform for political views.  It is an encyclopedia.  The problem with the current article is that it is not encyclopedic.  An encyclopedic article would discuss the political thinking behind the list, include information about the strength and weaknesses of the argments, and put it in historical context.  If the article included an essay on the "significant stream of political thinking" it would quality.  But without the discussion of the underlying political thinking it is just a POV rant.  Of course, a factual list would be just the way Chomsky would rant.  That the article would fit well with Chomsky's views is evidence that the article is POV.  If the article were encyclopedic Chomsky would criticise it for having been coopted by the right.  As Radicalsubversiv concludes, the article is consistent with a view "in a certain light", which sounds like a POV article in the first place. Kd4ttc 16:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Jérémie-Jacques Oberlin

Jérémie-Jacques Oberlin (8 August 1735 – 10 October 1806) was an Alsatian philologist and archaeologist. He was also known as Jeremias Jakob Oberlin in German.

The brother of Jean Frédéric Oberlin, he was born at Strasbourg. While studying theology at the university he devoted special attention to Biblical archaeology. In 1755 he was chosen professor at the gymnasium of his native town, in 1763 librarian to the university, in 1770 professor of rhetoric, and in 1782 of logic and metaphysics.

Oberlin published several manuals on archaeology and ancient geography, and made frequent excursions into different provinces of France to investigate antiquarian remains and study provincial dialects, the result appearing in Essai sur le patois Lorrain (1775); Dissertations sur les Minnesingers (1782–1789); and Observations concernant le patois et les mœurs des gens de la campagne (1791). He also published several editions of Latin authors and copied manuscripts by Gottfried von Hagenau, the originals of which are now lost.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jérémie-Jacques Oberlin


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Analog Devices

Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI), also known simply as Analog, is an American multinational semiconductor company specializing in data conversion, signal processing, and power management technology, headquartered in Wilmington, Massachusetts.

The company manufactures analog, mixed-signal and digital signal processing (DSP) integrated circuits (ICs) used in electronic equipment. These technologies are used to convert, condition and process real-world phenomena, such as light, sound, temperature, motion, and pressure into electrical signals.

Analog Devices has approximately 100,000 customers in the following industries: communications, computer, instrumentation, military/aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics applications.

History
The company was founded by two MIT graduates, Ray Stata and Matthew Lorber in 1965. The same year, the company released its first product, the model 101 op amp, which was a hockey-puck sized module used in test and measurement equipment. In 1967, the company published the first issue of its technical magazine, Analog Dialogue.

In 1969, Analog Devices filed an initial public offering and became a publicly traded company. Ten years later, the company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

In 1973, the company was the first to launch laser trim wafers and the first CMOS digital-to-analog converter. By 1996, the company reported over $1 billion in company revenue. That same year, Jerald Fishman was named president and CEO, a position he held until his death in 2013 (see below).

In 2000, Analog Devices's sales grew by over 75% to $2.578 Billion and the company acquired five companies including BCO Technologies PLC, a manufacturer of thick film semiconductors, for $150 million.

In January 2008, ON Semiconductor completed the acquisition of the CPU Voltage and PC Thermal Monitoring Business from Analog Devices., for $184 million.

By 2004, Analog Devices had a customer base of 60,000 and its portfolio included over 10,000 products.

In 2012, the company led the worldwide data converter market with a 48.5% share, according to analyst firm Databeans. Also, the company moved its listing from the NYSE to Nasdaq effective April 2, 2012.

In July 2016, Analog and Linear Technology agreed that Analog would acquire Linear in an approximately $14.8 billion cash and stock deal.

In July 2020, Analog agreed to acquire Maxim Integrated in an all stock deal that values the combined company at $68 billion.

Locations
Analog Devices is headquartered in Wilmington, Massachusetts, with regional headquarters located in Shanghai, China; Munich, Germany; Limerick, Ireland; and Tokyo, Japan.

Analog Devices has fabrication plants located in the United States and in Ireland. The company's testing facilities are located in General Trias, Philippines; Chonburi, Thailand; and Penang, Malaysia. Design centers are located in Australia, Canada, China, Egypt, England, Germany, India, Japan, Scotland, Spain, Taiwan, and Turkey.

Employees

Raymond Stata is a founder of Analog Devices and was responsible for the business strategy and product roadmap. After founding the company in 1965, Stata served as the company's chairman of the board of directors from 1973 to 2022, CEO from 1973 to 1996 and president from 1971 to 1991. In addition, Stata is also a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, his alma mater and was awarded the IEEE Founders medal in 2003. Stata received the EE Times "Lifetime Achievement" award in 2008. Stata served as the chairman of the Semiconductor Industry Association for the year 2011.

Vincent Roche became president and CEO of Analog Devices in May 2013 and chairman of the board in June 2022. He first joined the company in 1988 as a marketing director in Limerick, Ireland.

Barrie Gilbert was named the first Technology Fellow of Analog Devices in 1979. In addition, Gilbert was an IEEE Life Fellow and held over 65 patents. Gilbert is best known for the "Gilbert cell" – an electronic multiplying mixer. At Analog Devices, Gilbert started the company's Northwest Labs design center in Oregon and continued to work on RF products crafted with high-speed nonlinear circuit techniques.

Paul Brokaw is an expert on integrated circuit design who has spent most of his career at Analog Devices, where he holds the position of Analog Fellow. Brokaw is the inventor of many analog IC circuits, including the Brokaw bandgap reference and holds over 100 patents. He is also an IEEE Life Fellow.

Robert Adams is Technical Fellow and manager of audio development at Analog Devices Inc. Adams holds many patents related to the audio and electronic field. He is a member of the IEEE and a Fellow in the Audio Engineering Society. Adams received a finalist ranking for the EDN Innovation and Innovator of the Year award in 1995.

Jerald G. Fishman was the CEO and president of Analog Devices from 1996 until his death on 28 March 2013. In 2004, Fishman was named CEO of the Year by Electronic Business. He was a 35-year veteran of Analog Devices and also served on the board of directors of Analog Devices, Cognex Corporation and Xilinx.

Products and technologies
Analog Devices products include analog signal processing and digital signal processing technologies. These technologies include data converters, amplifiers, radio frequency (RF) technologies, embedded processors or digital signal processing (DSP) ICs, power management, and interface products.

Data converters include analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that convert electrical signal representations of real-world analog phenomena, such as light, sound, waveforms, temperature, motion, and pressure into digital signals or data, and back again. Analog Devices ADC and DAC ICs are used in medical systems, scientific instrumentation, wireless and wired communications, radar, industrial process control, audio and video equipment, and other digital-processing-based systems, where an accurate signal conversion is critical. Data converters account for more than 50% of ADI's revenue. ADI's companion amplifier ICs provide accurate, high-speed and precise signals for driving data converters and are key for applications such as digital audio, current sensing, and precision instrumentation.

The company's data converter chips are used by National Instruments in high-precision measurement instrumentation systems. Its data converters and amplifiers are also used by scientists and researchers in project "IceCube" – an underground telescope that uses digital optical modules (DOMS) to detect subatomic particles in the South Pole.

Power management products for customers in the industrial, wireless infrastructure and digital camera markets support signal chain design requirements, such as dynamic range, transient performance, and reliability.

Interface products include a broad range of interface IC products offered by the company in product categories such as CAN (controller area network), digital isolators, level translators, LVDS, mobile I/O expander and keyboard controller, USB, and RS-232.

Amplifiers includes precision and operational amplifiers, instrumentation, current sense, differential amplifiers,  audio amplifiers, video amplifiers/buffers/filters, variable gain amplifiers, comparators, voltage, other specialty amplifiers and products for special linear functions.

Radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) address the RF signal chain and simplify RF system development. The company's RF portfolio includes TruPwr RMS power detectors and logarithmic amplifiers; PLL and DDS synthesizers; RF prescalers; variable gain amplifiers;  ADC drivers, gain blocks, LNAs and other RF amplifiers.

Processors and DSP are programmable signal processing integrated circuits that execute specialized software programs, or algorithms, associated with processing digitized real-time data. Analog Devices Processors and DSPs are the Blackfin, SHARC, SigmaDSP, TigerSHARC, ADSP-21xx and Precision Analog Microcontrollers. These make up the company's embedded processing and DSP portfolio, that are multi-DSP signal processing,

Historical
Analog Devices had a line of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) microphones until it sold that business to InvenSense in 2013. Analog Devices MEMS microphones were found in smart phones, tablet PCs, security systems, and medical applications. ADI's MEMS accelerometers were designed into game pad controllers by Microsoft, Logitech and Pellican.

Healthcare
Analog Devices sells linear, mixed-signal, MEMS and digital signal processing technologies for medical imaging, patient monitoring, medical instrumentation and home healthcare. The company's precision signal-processing components and Blackfin digital signal processors are included in Karmelsonix's Wholter, an overnight pulmonary monitor, and the Wheezometer, a personal asthmatic assessment device. Accelerometers produced by Analog Devices are included in ZOLL Medical's PocketCPR, which measures the depth of chest compressions and provides audible and visual feedback to a rescuer to allow adjustment to proper depth and to the correct rate of compression.

Automotive
Analog Devices develops components for safety systems, such as stability control systems and driver assistance systems, infotainment and interior applications. Powertrain systems in hybrid and electric vehicles use high-precision data conversion products in battery monitoring and control systems.

Industrial
Analog Devices industrial market includes process control systems that help drive productivity, energy efficiency and reliability.

Consumer
Analog Devices has technology for consumer electronics, which includes signal processing circuits for image processing, auto focus, and image stabilization for digital still cameras and camcorders, audio and video processors for home theater systems, DVD recorders, and high-definition televisions and advanced touch screen controllers for portable media devices.

Analog Dialogue
In 1967, Analog Devices first published Analog Dialogue. Dan Sheingold took the position of editor two years later, which he held for over four decades. The current editor is Bernhard Siegel. It is currently the longest-running in-house publication in the electronics industry.

Analog Dialogue is a forum for the exchange of circuits, systems, and software for real-world signal processing and is the technical magazine published by Analog Devices. It discusses products, applications, technology, and techniques for analog, digital, and mixed-signal processing. Analog Dialogue is published monthly on the Web. The featured technical articles are also compiled in quarterly print editions.

Community
In 2009, Analog Devices announced EngineerZone, an online technical support community. EngineerZone was launched so the design engineering community (customers, prospects, partners, employees and students) can ask questions, share knowledge and search for answers to their questions in an open forum. EngineerZone currently hosts over 100 English forums to discuss ADI products and share projects with other engineers. Members are encouraged to self-serve by searching their rich knowledge base of FAQs and to respond to fellow member's threads. EZ China is also available for members seeking support in simplified Chinese.

Resources
Analog Devices offers reference circuits through its Circuits from the Lab program. These circuits are engineered and tested for quick system integration to help solve design challenges ranging from common to complex. Reference circuits are smaller, modular designs that are more broadly applicable than application-specific reference designs.

Each reference circuit is documented with test data, theory of operation, and component selection decision criteria. In addition, reference circuits are tailored to meet real-world system integration needs and may also include board layout schematics, CAD tools models, device drivers, and evaluation hardware.

Acquisitions

 * 1969: Pastoriza Electronics
 * 1971: Nova Devices
 * 1978: Computer Labs
 * 1984: International Imaging Systems
 * 1990: Precision Monolithics, Inc.
 * 1991: Edsun Laboratories-Tech Assets
 * 1996: Mosaic Microsystems Ltd.
 * 1997: Medialight Inc.
 * 1999: Edinburgh Portable Compilers | White Mountain DSP
 * 2000: BCO Technologies PLC, Signal Processing Associates, Integrated Micro Instruments Inc., Chiplogic Inc. and Staccato Systems Inc.
 * 2006: AudioAsics A/S, Integrant Technologies and TTPCom Ltd.-Certain Property
 * 2011: Lyric Semiconductor, Inc.
 * 2014: Hittite Microwave Corporation (HITT)
 * 2016: Linear Technology, Sypris Electronics and Cyber Security Solutions Business
 * 2018: Symeo GmbH
 * 2019: Test Motors
 * 2020: Maxim Integrated

title: Analog Devices


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Talk:Court of St James's

untitled
This page is supposed to be named Court of St James's, since it is the court of St James's Palace —Mulad 15:32, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

I've moved the article from Court of St James's to Court of St. James's, in line with other articles.

James F. (talk) 23:31, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Article Naming
Firstly, St. is the bane of my existence. St Andrews, where I study, is St, not St., as St. defines the definition of street. The correct form is St

Secondly, should it not be Court of St James'. Surely James' denotes "of James"? I recommend this be moved to "Court of St James'" M0RHI 22:14, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure about the St/St. thing but it's certainly James's - see St. James's Palace. Craigy (talk) 04:06, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As for "St." being 'wrong', I'm sorry but you're entirely incorrect. All official usage (signs, letterpaper, etc.) refers to the Palace with the dot. It's a very modern idea that this is somehow wrong, and one that doesn't curry favour with quite a few of us.
 * All applicable Underground stations articles are similarly named, and a good deal of the churches'; a more coherent naming strategy would be good, though. :-)
 * James F. (talk) 06:47, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Everything does seem entirely inconsistent in this world! As I earlier mentioned, I go to the University of St Andrews, in St Andrews, and I am a member of the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard. It just seemed bizarre that some could be called "St" and some "St.", although I guess this is just one of the many anomalies that lie in the English language! M0RHI 14:25, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I know the Brits tend to leave periods out often, even in such things as St Andrews, Dr Jones, or Mr Smith. But technically, officially, the period denotes an abbreviation. "St." does not only mean "Street"; it also means "Saint." St, Mr, and Dr are not words unto themselves, they are abbreviations, and should be given periods. But then, what do I know? I'm just a Yankee. Meanwhile, I do not presume to know anything about the specific case of St. James's Palace, but I do believe that when a name ends in "s", the "s" after the apostrophe is omitted. Jesus' (not Jesus's) is a good example. LordAmeth 12:42, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

According to Time magazine, March 14, 1938, The Court of St. James's changed its official name to The Court of St. James in 1913. Regardless, if "Court of St. James" is an established usage, it should not be described as "incorrect"; English speakers often refer to Deutschland as Germany, but that is not "incorrect". Nareek 17:44, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Only plurals loose the post-apostrophe s. (Jesus is an exception) It was refreshing to see J K Rowling use the correct possessive "Sirus's" etc. in her books MrMarmite (talk) 13:05, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Jim's bicycle, or the bicycle of Jim. -- Yellowdesk (talk) 17:35, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The "of" grammatical configuration indicates the possessive. This is a double possessive name. The bicycle of Jim's is a an equivalant and equally erroneous construction.

 * No. It's St James's Palace not St James Palace. Hence Court of St James's. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.44.113.127 (talk) 10:27, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

 * As the official royal website calls it Court of St. James's whenever it is referenced (see here for a couple ) i.e. the Court of St. James's Palace and official documents all call it by that name it has to say at the Court of St. James's page. ThinkingTwice  ''contribs 19:25, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * With regard to the "St" vs "St." debate, US and British English differs. Correct US English tends to use a full stop (period) in all cases. Correct British usage sees a full stop used only if a word is abbreviated by truncation, i.e. the first few letters are used before the word is cut off "mid-flow", such as Rev., Hon., Prof., etc. A full stop is not used if a word is abrbreviated by contraction, i.e. some letters have been removed from the middle of the word but the last letter of the word is still present. Examples in this case include Mr, Dr, Revd, St, Jr, etc. Some people suggest Street is abbreviated to St. in British English with a "superfluous" full stop in order to differentiate it from Saint (St). That seems unlikely to me, as there are few (if any) occasions when ambiguitity could arise. Personally, I believe the case is that that the words are abbreviated differently: SainT and STreet.

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.156.255.22 (talk) 08:10, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

Number of foreign missions
Hi, in the text I read "In 2009 there were 172 foreign missions ... This total was made up of 46 high commissions ... and 128 embassies ...". 46+128=174, which is not equal to the 172. Could someone please enlighten this? Thank you. Sincerely, Taketa (talk) 22:36, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

naming the court
I think that some statements in the article are nonsense. A static name was not needed for a Court often on the move, nor was it chosen because of the Master of Ceremonies. It was ,and remains, the senior royal residence, and hence the name of the court. Also, high commissioners are not accredited at Court, but are exchanged by governments. It would be impossible,say, for the Canadian high commissioner to be accredited at the Court as that would mean he represents the Canadian Queen at her own Court. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.142.193.134 (talk) 22:44, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Court of St James's


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Glenn Ford

Gwyllyn Samuel Newton Ford (May 1, 1916 – August 30, 2006), known as Glenn Ford, was a Canadian-American actor. He was most prominent during Hollywood's Golden Age as one of the biggest box-office draws of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, who had a career that lasted more than 50 years.

Ford often portrayed ordinary men in unusual circumstances. Although he starred in many genres of film, some of his most significant roles were in the film noirs Gilda (1946) and The Big Heat (1953), and the high school drama Blackboard Jungle (1955). However, it was for comedies or westerns that he received acting laurels, including three Golden Globe Nominations for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, winning for Pocketful of Miracles (1961). He also played a supporting role as Superman's mild mannered alter-ego Clark Kent's adoptive farmer father, Jonathan Kent, in the first film of the franchise series Superman (1978).

Five of his films have been selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant: Gilda (1946), The Big Heat (1953), Blackboard Jungle (1955), 3:10 to Yuma (1957) and Superman (1978).

Early life
Gwyllyn Samuel Newton Ford was born on May 1, 1916, in Sainte-Christine-d'Auvergne, Quebec, Canada the son of Hannah Wood (née Mitchell) and Newton Ford, an engineer with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Through his father, Ford was a great-nephew of Canada's first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, and was also related to America's eighth President Martin Van Buren (1782-1862, served 1837-1841). In 1922, when Ford was age six, the family emigrated southwest across the border into the United States, first to Venice, California, and then to Santa Monica, west of Los Angeles; his father, Newton became a motorman on a tram / streetcar for the Venice Electric Tram Company, a job he held until he died at age 50 in 1940, when his son Glenn was age 24.

While attending Santa Monica High School, Glen was active in school drama productions with other future actors such as James Griffith. After graduation around 1934, he began working in small theatre groups. While in high school, he took odd jobs, including working for future famous comedian / entertainer Will Rogers, who taught him horsemanship. Ford later commented that his father had no objection to his growing interest in acting, but told him, "It's all right for you to try to act, if you learn something else first. Be able to take a car apart and put it together. Be able to build a house, every bit of it. Then you'll always have something." Ford heeded the paternal advice and decades later during the 1950s, when he was one of Hollywood's most popular actors, he regularly worked on plumbing, wiring, and air conditioning at his home.

At age 23, Ford gave up his status as a subject of the King (Canadian citizenship) and became a naturalized citizen of the United States on November 10, 1939, taking the oath of allegiance.

Columbia Pictures
Ford acted in West Coast stage companies and had a role in the short Night in Manhattan (1937) before joining Columbia Pictures in 1939. His stage name came from his father's hometown of Glenford, Alberta.

His first major movie part was in Heaven with a Barbed Wire Fence (1939) at 20th Century Fox studios, written by Dalton Trumbo. Ford's first movie for Columbia was a "B", My Son Is Guilty (1939). He went on to other "B" movies such as Convicted Woman (1940), Men Without Souls (1940), Babies for Sale (1940) and Blondie Plays Cupid (1941).

Ford was in the bigger budgeted The Lady in Question (1940), which co-starred Rita Hayworth. This was a well-received courtroom drama in which Ford plays a young man who falls in love with Rita Hayworth when his father, Brian Aherne, tries to rehabilitate her in their bicycle shop. Directed by Hungarian emigre Charles Vidor, the two rising young stars instantly bonded.

So Ends Our Night
Top Hollywood director John Cromwell was impressed enough with his work to borrow him from Columbia for the independently produced drama, So Ends Our Night (1941), where Ford delivered a poignant portrayal of a 19-year-old German exile on the run in Nazi-occupied Europe.

Working with Academy Award-winning Fredric March and wooing (onscreen) 30-year-old Margaret Sullivan, (who was recently nominated for an Academy Award "Oscar"), Ford's portrayal of a shy, ardent young refugee riveted attention even in such stellar company. "Glenn Ford, a most promising newcomer," wrote The New York Times's Bosley Crowther in a review on February 28, 1941, "draws more substance and appealing simplicity from his role of the boy than any one else in the cast."

After the film's highly publicized premiere in Los Angeles and a gala fundraiser in Miami, President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the film in a private screening at the White House, and admired the film greatly. Young Ford was invited to Roosevelt's annual Birthday Ball. Inspired and enthused by the President, he returned to Los Angeles and promptly registered as a Democrat and a fervent FDR supporter. "I was so impressed when I met Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt," recalled Glenn Ford to his son decades later, "I was thrilled when I got back to Los Angeles and found a beautiful photograph personally autographed to me. It always held a place of high honor in my home."

After 35 interviews and glowing reviews for him personally, Glenn Ford soon had young female fans begging for his autograph, too. However, the young man was disappointed when Columbia Pictures did nothing with this prestige and new visibility and instead kept plugging him into conventional films for the rest of his 7-year contract. His next picture Texas was his first Western, a genre with which he would be associated for the rest of his life. Set after the American Civil War, it paired him with another young male star also under contract, William Holden, who became a lifelong friend. More routine films followed, none of them memorable, but lucrative enough to allow Ford to buy his mother and himself a beautiful new home in the Pacific Palisades community..

So Ends Our Night also affected the young star in another way: in the summer of 1941, while the United States was still neutral in the Second World War, he enlisted in the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, though he had a class 3 deferment (for being his mother's sole support). He began his training in September 1941, driving three nights a week to his waterfront unit in San Pedro and spending most weekends there.

He continued to appear in movies for Columbia such as Go West, Young Lady (1941), and The Adventures of Martin Eden (1942).

World War II and Eleanor Powell
Ten months after Ford's portrait of a young anti-Nazi exile, the United States entered World War II with the Imperial Japanese surprise attack on the Pearl Harbor naval and air bases in Hawaii. After playing a young pilot in his 11th Columbia film, Flight Lieutenant (1942), Ford went on a cross-country 12-city tour to sell war bonds for Army and Navy Relief. In the midst of the many stars also donating their time – from Bob Hope to Cary Grant to Claudette Colbert – he met the popular dancing star Eleanor Powell. The two soon fell in love; they attended the official opening of the Hollywood USO canteen together in October.

Ford made The Desperadoes (1942), another Western. Then, while making another war drama, Destroyer with ardent anti-fascist Edward G. Robinson, Ford impulsively volunteered for the United States Marine Corps Reserve on December 13, 1942. The startled studio had to beg the Marines to give their second male lead four more weeks to complete shooting on their picture. In the meantime, Ford proposed to Eleanor Powell, who subsequently announced her retirement from the screen to be near her fiancé as he started Marine Corps boot camp.

Ford recalled later to his son that his friend William Holden, who had joined the U.S. Army Air Corps, and Ford had "talked about it and we were both convinced that our careers, which were just getting established, would likely be forgotten by the time we got back ... if we got back."

He was assigned in March 1943 to active duty at the Marine Corps Base in San Diego. With his Coast Guard service, he was offered a position as a U.S.M.C. officer, but Ford declined, feeling it would be interpreted as preferential treatment for a movie star and instead entered the Marines as a private. He trained at the Marine base in San Diego, where Tyrone Power, the number-one male movie star at the time, was also based. Power suggested Ford join him in the Marines' weekly radio show Halls of Montezuma, broadcast Sunday evenings from San Diego. Ford excelled in training, winning the Rifle Marksman Badge, being named "Honor Man" of the platoon and being promoted to sergeant by the time he finished.

Awaiting assignment at Camp Pendleton Marine Corps base, Ford volunteered to play a Marine raider – uncredited – in the film Guadalcanal Diary, made by Fox, with Ford and others charging up the beaches of Southern California. He later showed this to his little boy Peter, along with his many other black-and-white battle scenes in other films. Frustratingly for Ford, filming battle scenes was the closest he would ever get to any enemy action. After being sent to Marine Corps Schools Detachment (Photographic Section) in Quantico, Virginia, three months later, Ford returned to the San Diego base in February 1944 and was assigned to the radio section of the Public Relations Office, Headquarters Company, Base Headquarters Battalion, where he resumed work on the Halls of Montezuma film.

Just as Eleanor, now his wife, was expecting the birth of their child and Ford himself was looking forward to Officers Training School, he was hospitalized at the U.S. Naval Hospital in San Diego with what turned out to be duodenal ulcers, which afflicted him for the rest of his life. He was in and out of the hospital for the next five months and finally received a medical discharge on the third year anniversary of Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1944. Though without the combat duty he had been hoping for, Ford was awarded several service medals for his three years in the Marines Reserve Corps: the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal, created in 1945 for anyone who had been on active duty since December 1941. After the war, Ford continued his military career in the U.S. Naval Reserve well into the Vietnam War era, achieving the rank of captain.

Gilda
The most memorable role of Ford's early career came with his first postwar film in 1946, starring alongside Rita Hayworth in Gilda. This was Glenn Ford's second pairing with Hayworth; like the first it was directed by Charles Vidor.

The New York Times movie reviewer Bosley Crowther did not much like or, as he freely admitted, even understand the movie, but he noted that Ford had "just returned from war duty" and did show "a certain stamina and poise in the role of a tough young gambler."

Reviewing the film in 1946, Crowther did not yet have the phrase with which Gilda would soon be associated, a term that French critics had not even invented in 1946: film noir. The erotic sadism and covert homoeroticism were actively encouraged on set by director Vidor, a sophisticated Budapest-born expatriate, though Glenn Ford always denied any awareness of the latter in his character's fervent loyalty to his boss, who had unwittingly married the love of Johnny's life.

The film was entered in the Cannes Film Festival in France, then in its first year. Ford went on to be a leading man opposite Hayworth in a total of five films. and after their location romance (his marriage survived, hers did not) the two became lifelong friends and next-door neighbors, and lovers. Beautifully shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Rudolph Mate, Gilda has endured as a classic of film noir. It has a 96% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and, in 2013, was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Leading Star
Now established as a star of "A" movies, Ford was borrowed by Warner Bros studios to play Bette Davis' leading man in A Stolen Life (1946). Back at Columbia he was in Gallant Journey (1946), a biopic of John Joseph Montgomery; then he did a thriller Framed (1947) and a comedy, The Mating of Millie (1948). He and Hayworth were reunited with Vidor in the expensive color filming of the drama, The Loves of Carmen (1948).

Ford appeared in a comedy, The Return of October (1948) and a popular Western The Man from Colorado (1948). The latter co-starred William Holden. Both Ford and his friend William Holden flourished throughout the 1950s and 1960s, but Ford was frustrated that he was not given the opportunity to work with directors of the caliber that Holden did in his Oscar-winning career, such as Billy Wilder and David Lean. He missed out on From Here to Eternity – as did Rita Hayworth – when production was stalled by Columbia studio head Harry Cohn. He also made the mistake, which he bitterly regretted later, of turning down the lead in the brilliant comedy Born Yesterday (also planned with Rita Hayworth), which Holden then snatched up.

Columbia kept Ford constantly busy: The Undercover Man (1949), a film noir; Lust for Gold (1949), a Western with Ida Lupino; and Mr. Soft Touch (1949), with Evelyn Keyes - another crime mystery / film noir. MGM borrowed him for The Doctor and the Girl (1950), and he went over to RKO Studios for The White Tower (1950).

Back at Columbia, Ford did Convicted (1950) with Broderick Crawford and The Flying Missile, a  Cold War era movie.

Freelance Star
Ford went to Paramount for The Redhead and the Cowboy (1951) and Fox for Follow the Sun (1951) where he played Ben Hogan, and the Western The Secret of Convict Lake (1951). At United Artists he starred in The Green Glove (1952) then MGM called him back for Young Man with Ideas (1952).

Ford was reunited with Rita Hayworth a third time in Affair in Trinidad (1952). He went to Britain to star in MGM's Time Bomb (1953) then to Universal for the Western The Man from the Alamo (1953).

Ford made Plunder of the Sun (1953) with John Farrow, then was cast in the lead of The Big Heat (1953), Fritz Lang's classic crime melodrama with Gloria Grahame, at Columbia. After Appointment in Honduras (1953) at RKO, Ford reunited with Lang and Grahame in Human Desire (1954). Ford did two Westerns, The Americano (1955) at RKO and The Violent Men (1955) at Columbia.

Blackboard Jungle
Ford's career went up another notch when cast in the lead of Blackboard Jungle (1955), a landmark film of teen angst at MGM. Unlike the comparatively white-bread Rebel Without a Cause and The Wild One, Blackboard Jungle tackled racial conflicts head-on as Ford played an idealistic, harassed teacher at an urban high school that included a very young Sidney Poitier and other black and Hispanic cast members, while Vic Morrow played a dangerous juvenile delinquent. Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" under the opening credits was the first use of a rock and roll song in a Hollywood film. Richard Brooks, the film's writer and director, had discovered the music when he heard Ford's son Peter playing the record at Glenn Ford's home.

The movie was a huge hit and MGM signed Ford to a long-term contract. They put him in Interrupted Melody (1955) a biopic of Marjorie Lawrence with Eleanor Parker, and another big success; so too were the dramas Trial (1956) and Ransom! (1956).

Ford returned to Columbia for the Western Jubal (1956), then back at MGM made another Western, the hugely popular The Fastest Gun Alive (1956).

Comedy
Ford's versatility allowed him to star in a number of popular comedies, often as a beleaguered, well-meaning but nonplussed straight man facing difficult circumstances. In The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956), he played an American soldier who is sent to Okinawa to convert the occupied island's natives to the American way of life but is instead converted by them.

All of Ford's starring vehicles in this era became hits: the Columbia Western 3:10 to Yuma (1957), the MGM military comedy Don't Go Near the Water (1957) and Cowboy (1958) with Jack Lemmon at Columbia.

Ford first worked with director George Marshall in The Sheepman (1958), a popular MGM Western. They reteamed for the service comedy Imitation General (1958) and the war film Torpedo Run (1958). He and Marshall made two comedies with Debbie Reynolds: It Started with a Kiss (1959) and The Gazebo (1959). At the end of the 1950s, Ford was among the greatest stars in Hollywood.

1960s
Ford's first financial flop since he had reached star status was the epic Western Cimarron (1960). He appeared in some comedies, including Cry for Happy (1961) with Marshall and Pocketful of Miracles (1961) with Frank Capra, but neither was as well-received as were his comedies from the previous decade. Ford was cast in the lead of The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1961), a notorious box office fiasco.

Ford's box office standing recovered with the thriller Experiment in Terror (1962) and the comedy The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963). Less popular were the comedies Love Is a Ball (1963) and Advance to the Rear (1964), the latter directed by Marshall. He was in the drama Fate Is the Hunter (1964) and the romantic comedy Dear Heart (1964).

Ford made two films with Burt Kennedy The Rounders (1965), and The Money Trap (1965). He was one of many famous faces in Is Paris Burning? (1966) and went to Mexico for Rage (1966).

Ford was in some Westerns: A Time for Killing (1967), The Last Challenge (1967), Day of the Evil Gun (1968), Smith! (1968), and Heaven with a Gun (1969).

Later career
In 1976, Ford played Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance in the epic Midway alongside Henry Fonda, who portrayed Admiral Chester Nimitz, and Charlton Heston, who played the fictional captain Matt Garth. In 1978, Ford had a supporting role in Superman as Clark Kent's adoptive father Jonathan Kent.

Later military service
After having served in World War II, Ford enlisted for a third time in 1958. He entered the U.S. Naval Reserve, was commissioned as a lieutenant commander and was made a public affairs officer, the same position as his character in the successful comedy Don't Go Near the Water. During his annual training tours, he promoted the navy through radio and television broadcasts, personal appearances and documentary films.

Ford continued to combine his film career with his military service and was promoted to commander in 1963 and captain in 1968 after having visited Vietnam in 1967 for a month's tour of duty as a location scout for combat scenes in a training film entitled Global Marine. In support of president Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the Vietnam War, he traveled with a combat camera crew from the demilitarized zone south to the Mekong Delta. For his service in Vietnam, the Navy awarded him a Navy Commendation Medal. He finally retired from the Naval Reserve in the 1970s with the rank of captain. He was awarded the Marine Corps Reserve Ribbon, which recognizes those who spend 10 years of honorable reserve service.

Television
In 1971, Ford signed with CBS to star in his first television series, a half-hour comedy/drama titled The Glenn Ford Show. However, CBS head Fred Silverman suggested a Western series instead, which resulted in the series Cade's County. Ford played southwestern sheriff Cade for one season (1971–1972) in a mix of police mystery and Western drama.

In The Family Holvak (1975–1976), Ford portrayed a Depression-era preacher in a family drama, reprising the same character that he had played in the TV film The Greatest Gift. In 1978, Ford was host, presenter and narrator of the disaster documentary series When Havoc Struck for the Mobil Showcase Network. In 1981, Ford costarred with Melissa Sue Anderson in the slasher film Happy Birthday to Me.

In 1991, Ford agreed to star in the cable network series African Skies. However, prior to the start of the series, he developed blood clots in his legs that required a lengthy stay at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Eventually he recovered, but at one time his situation was so severe that he was listed in critical condition. Ford was forced to withdraw from the series and was replaced by Robert Mitchum.

Radio
In 1950, Ford played the title role in The Adventures of Christopher London, created by Erle Stanley Gardner and directed by William N. Robson. London was a private investigator in the weekly adventure series, which ran on Sundays at 7 p.m. on the NBC radio network from January 22 to April 30, 1950.

Personal life
Ford's first wife was actress and dancer Eleanor Powell (1943–1959), with whom he had his only child, actor Peter Ford (b. 1945). The couple appeared together on screen once in a short film produced in the 1950s titled Have Faith in Our Children. When they married, Powell was more famous than Ford. They divorced in 1959.

Ford did not remain on good terms with his ex-wives. He was a notorious womanizer who had affairs with many of his leading ladies, including Rita Hayworth, Maria Schell, Geraldine Brooks, Stella Stevens, Gloria Grahame, Gene Tierney, Eva Gabor and Barbara Stanwyck. He had a one-night stand with Marilyn Monroe in 1962 and a fling with Joan Crawford in the early 1940s.

Ford dated Christiane Schmidtmer, Linda Christian and Vikki Dougan during the mid-1960s, and he also had relationships with Judy Garland, Connie Stevens, Suzanne Pleshette, Rhonda Fleming, Roberta Collins, Susie Lund, Terry Moore, Angie Dickinson, Debbie Reynolds, Jill St. John, Brigitte Bardot and Loretta Young. However, he subsequently married actress Kathryn Hays (1966–1969); marriages to Cynthia Hayward (1977–1984) and Jeanne Baus (1993–1994) would later follow. However, all four marriages ended in divorce. He also had a long-term relationship with actress Hope Lange in the early 1960s. According to his son Peter Ford's book Glenn Ford: A Life (2011), Ford had affairs with 146 actresses, all of which were documented in his personal diaries, including a 40-year, intermittent affair with Rita Hayworth that began during the filming of Gilda in 1945. Their affair resumed during the making of their 1948 film The Loves of Carmen. Ford had also been engaged to Debra Morris in the 1980s and Karen Johnson in the early 1990s.

In 1960, Ford moved to a home next to Hayworth's residence in Beverly Hills; they continued their relationship until the early 1980s.

Ford's affair with stripper and cult actress Liz Renay was chronicled by her in the 1991 book My First 2,000 Men. She ranked Ford as one of her top five best lovers.

Ford also documented his many relationships by taping every phone conversation with all of his celebrity lovers and friends for 40 years. Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan are on these recordings, as well as Rita Hayworth, Frank Sinatra, William Holden, John Wayne, Cary Grant, Ava Gardner, Gregory Peck, James Mason, Lucille Ball, James Stewart, Henry Fonda, Angie Dickinson, Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, Charlton Heston and Debbie Reynolds. Ford installed the recording system to eavesdrop on the conversations of his first wife Eleanor Powell, fearing that she would discover his serial cheating and leave him. She divorced him in 1959 on grounds of adultery and mental cruelty.

At the height of his stardom, Glenn Ford supported the Democratic Party. He supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1940s, Adlai Stevenson II in 1956 and John F. Kennedy in 1960. Ford later switched his support to the Republican Party. He campaigned for his old friend and fellow actor Ronald Reagan in the 1980 and 1984 presidential elections.

In May 1980, Ford attempted to purchase the Atlanta Flames of the National Hockey League, with the intention of keeping the team in the city. He was prepared to match a $14 million offer made by Byron and Daryl Seaman, but was outbid by an investment group led by Nelson Skalbania, which included the Seaman brothers. The group acquired the franchise for $16 million on May 23 and eventually moved it to Calgary.

Ford lived in Beverly Hills, California, where he illegally raised 140 leghorn chickens until he was stopped by the Beverly Hills Police Department.

Death
Ford retired from acting in 1991 at age 75 with heart and circulatory problems. He suffered a series of minor strokes that left him in frail health in the years preceding his death. He died at his Beverly Hills home on August 30, 2006, at the age of 90.

Awards
After being nominated in 1957, 1958 and in 1962, Ford won a Golden Globe Award as Best Actor for his performance in Frank Capra's Pocketful of Miracles, a remake of Lady for a Day (1933) that Ford helped produce.

Ford was listed in Quigley's Annual List of Top Ten Box Office Champions in 1956, 1958 and 1959, topping the list in 1958. For 10 consecutive years from 1955 through 1964, Ford was listed among Quigley's list of the top 25 box-office stars.

In 1958, Ford won the Golden Laurel Award for Top Male Comedy Performance for his role in Don't Go Near the Water.

For his contribution to the motion-picture industry, Ford has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6933 Hollywood Blvd. In 1978, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 1987, he received the Donostia Award at the San Sebastian International Film Festival, and in 1992, he was awarded the Légion d'honneur medal for his actions in World War II.

Ford was scheduled to make his first public appearance in 15 years at a 90th-birthday tribute gala in his honor hosted by the American Cinematheque at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood on May 1, 2006. However, at the last minute, it was decided that he was too ill to attend. Anticipating during the previous week that his health might prevent his attendance, Ford had recorded a special filmed message for the audience, which was screened after a series of in-person tributes from friends including Martin Landau, Shirley Jones, Jamie Farr and Debbie Reynolds.

Asteroid 3852 Glennford is named in honour of Ford.

Legacy
In a 1981 interview, Ford said his favorites of his own films were The Blackboard Jungle, Gilda, Cowboy, 3:10 to Yuma, The Sheepman and The Gazebo. "They may not have been the best pictures I did, but they're the ones I remember most fondly because of the people involved," he said. "People like George Marshall, who directed six pictures with me, and Debbie Reynolds."

Filmography

 * Night in Manhattan (1937) on-camera host as Emcee
 * Heaven with a Barbed Wire Fence (1939) as Joe
 * My Son Is Guilty (1939) as Barney
 * Convicted Woman (1940) as Jim Brent
 * Men Without Souls (1940) as Johnny Adams
 * Babies for Sale (1940) as Steve Burton, aka Oscar Hanson
 * The Lady in Question (1940) as Pierre Morestan
 * Blondie Plays Cupid (1940) as Charlie
 * So Ends Our Night (1941) as Ludwig Kern
 * Texas (1941) as Tod Ramsey
 * Go West, Young Lady (1941) as Sheriff Tex Miller
 * The Adventures of Martin Eden (1942) as Martin Eden
 * Flight Lieutenant (1942) as Danny Doyle
 * The Desperadoes (1943) as Cheyenne Rogers
 * Destroyer (1943) as Mickey Donohue
 * Gilda (1946) as Johnny Farrell / Narrator
 * A Stolen Life (1946) as Bill Emerson
 * Gallant Journey (1946) as John Joseph Montgomery
 * Framed (1947) as Mike Lambert
 * The Mating of Millie (1948) as Doug Andrews
 * The Loves of Carmen (1948) as Don José Lizarabengoa
 * The Return of October (1948) as Prof. Bentley Bassett Jr.
 * The Man from Colorado (1948) as Col. Owen Devereaux
 * The Undercover Man (1949) as Frank Warren
 * Lust for Gold (1949) as Jacob "Dutch" Walz
 * Mr. Soft Touch (1949) as Joe Miracle
 * The Doctor and the Girl (1949) as Dr. Michael Corday
 * The White Tower (1950) as Martin Ordway
 * Convicted (1950) as Joe Hufford
 * The Flying Missile (1950) as Cmdr. William A. Talbot
 * The Redhead and the Cowboy (1951) as Gil Kyle
 * Follow the Sun (1951) as Ben Hogan
 * The Secret of Convict Lake (1951) as Jim Canfield
 * The Green Glove (1952) as Michael "Mike" Blake
 * Young Man with Ideas (1952) as Maxwell Webster
 * Affair in Trinidad (1952) as Steve Emery
 * Time Bomb aka Terror on a Train (1953) as Maj. Peter Lyncort
 * The Man from the Alamo (1953) as John Stroud
 * Plunder of the Sun (1953) as Al Colby
 * The Big Heat (1953) as Det. Sgt. Dave Bannion
 * Appointment in Honduras (1953) as Steve Corbett
 * City Story (1954, Short) as Narrator
 * Human Desire (1954) as Jeff Warren
 * The Americano (1955) as Sam Dent
 * The Violent Men (1955) as John Parrish
 * Blackboard Jungle (1955) as Richard Dadier
 * Interrupted Melody (1955) as Dr. Thomas "Tom" King
 * Trial (1955) as David Blake
 * Ransom! (1956) as David G. "Dave" Stannard
 * Jubal (1956) as Jubal Troop
 * The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) as George Temple / George Kelby, Jr.
 * The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956) as Capt. Fisby
 * 3:10 to Yuma (1957) as Ben Wade
 * Don't Go Near the Water (1957) as Lt. J.G. Max Siegel
 * Cowboy (1958) as Tom Reese
 * The Sheepman (1958) as Jason Sweet
 * Imitation General (1958) as MSgt. Murphy Savage
 * Torpedo Run (1958) as Lt. Cmdr. Barney Doyle
 * It Started with a Kiss (1959) as Sgt. Joe Fitzpatrick
 * The Gazebo (1959) as Elliott Nash
 * Cimarron (1960) as Yancey "Cimarron" Cravat
 * Cry for Happy (1961) as CPO Andy Cyphers
 * Pocketful of Miracles (1961) as Dave "the Dude" Conway
 * Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962) as Julio Desnoyers
 * Experiment in Terror (1962) as John "Rip" Ripley
 * The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963) as Tom Corbett
 * Love Is a Ball (1963) as John Lathrop Davis
 * Advance to the Rear (1964) as Capt. Jared Heath
 * Fate Is the Hunter (1964) as Sam C. McBane
 * Dear Heart (1964) as Harry Mork
 * The Rounders (1965) as Ben Jones
 * The Money Trap (1965) as Joe Baron
 * Is Paris Burning? (1966) as Lt. Gen. Omar N. Bradley
 * Rage (1966) as Doc Reuben
 * A Time for Killing (1967) as Maj. Tom Wolcott
 * The Last Challenge (1967) as Marshal Dan Blaine
 * Day of the Evil Gun (1968) as Lorne Warfield
 * Smith! (1969) as Smith
 * Heaven with a Gun (1969) as Jim Killian / Pastor Jim
 * The Brotherhood of the Bell (1970, TV Movie) as Prof. Andrew Patterson
 * Cade's County (1971, TV Series) as Sam Cade
 * Jarrett (1973, TV Movie) as Sam Jarrett
 * Santee (1973) as Santee
 * Target: Eva Jones (1974)
 * The Greatest Gift (1974, TV Movie) as Rev. Holvak
 * Punch and Jody (1974, TV Movie) as Peter "Punch" Travers
 * The Disappearance of Flight 412 (1974, TV Movie) as Colonel Pete Moore
 * The Family Holvak (1975, TV Series) as Rev. Tom Holvak
 * Midway (1976) as RAdm. Raymond A. Spruance
 * Once an Eagle (1976, TV miniseries) as Gen. George Caldwell
 * The 3,000 Mile Chase (1977, TV Movie) as Paul Dvorak / Leonard Staveck
 * Evening in Byzantium (1978, TV Movie) as Jesse Craig
 * Superman (1978) as Jonathan Kent
 * The Visitor (1979) as Det. Jake Durham
 * The Sacketts (1979, TV miniseries) as Tom Sunday
 * Beggarman, Thief (1979, TV Movie) as David Donnelly
 * The Gift (1979, TV Movie) as Billy Devlin
 * Day of the Assassin (1979) as Christakis
 * Virus (1980) as President Richardson
 * Happy Birthday to Me (1981) as Dr. David Faraday
 * My Town (1986, TV Series) as Lucas Wheeler
 * Casablanca Express (1989) as Major Gen. Williams
 * Border Shootout (1990) as Sheriff John Danaher
 * Raw Nerve (1991) as Captain Gavin
 * Final Verdict (1991, TV Movie) as Rev. Rogers (final film role)

Box office ranking
For many years, the Quigley Publishing Company's Poll of Film Exhibitors ranked Ford as one of the most popular stars in the US:
 * 1955 – 12th most popular
 * 1956 – 5th most popular
 * 1957 – 16th most popular
 * 1958 – 1st most popular (also 7th most popular in the UK)
 * 1959 – 6th most popular
 * 1960 – 12th most popular
 * 1961 – 15th most popular
 * 1962 – 21st most popular
 * 1963 – 19th most popular
 * 1964 – 19th most popular

title: Glenn Ford


text:
USS Macon (ZRS-5)

USS Macon (ZRS-5) was a rigid airship built and operated by the United States Navy for scouting and served as a "flying aircraft carrier", carrying up to five single-seat Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk parasite biplanes for scouting or two-seat Fleet N2Y-1s for training. In service for less than two years, the Macon was damaged in a storm and lost off California's Big Sur coast in February 1935, though most of the crew were saved. The wreckage is listed as the USS Macon Airship Remains on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Less than 20 ft shorter than the Hindenburg, both Macon and her sister ship USS Akron (ZRS-4) were among the largest flying objects in the world in terms of length and volume. Although the hydrogen-filled, Zeppelin-built Hindenburg and LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II were both longer, the two American-built naval airships still hold the world record for largest helium-filled rigid airships.

Construction

USS Macon was built at the Goodyear Airdock in Springfield Township, Ohio, by the Goodyear–Zeppelin Corporation at a cost of $2.45 million (equivalent to $ million in ) under a fixed-price contract. Because this was by far the biggest airship ever to be built in America, a team of experienced German airship engineers—led by Chief Designer Karl Arnstein—instructed and supported design and construction of both the U.S. Navy airships Akron and Macon.

Macon had a structured duraluminum hull with three interior keels. The airship was kept aloft by 12 helium-filled gas cells made from gelatin-latex fabric. Inside the hull, the ship had eight German-made Maybach VL II 12-cylinder, 560 hp gasoline-powered engines that drove outside propellers. The propellers could be rotated down or backwards, providing an early form of thrust vectoring to control the ship during takeoff and landings. The rows of slots in the hull above each engine were part of a system to condense out the water vapor from the engine exhaust gases for use as buoyancy compensation ballast to compensate for the loss of weight as fuel was consumed.

Christening and commissioning
Macon was christened on 11 March 1933, by Jeanette Whitton Moffett, wife of Rear Admiral William A. Moffett, Chief of the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics. The airship was named after the city of Macon, Georgia, which was the largest city in the Congressional district of Carl Vinson, then the chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Naval Affairs.

The airship first flew on 21 April, aloft over northern Ohio for nearly 13 hours with 105 aboard, just over a fortnight after the loss of Akron in which Admiral Moffett and 72 others were killed. Macon was commissioned into the U.S. Navy on 23 June 1933, with Commander Alger H. Dresel in command.

1933

On 24 June 1933, Macon left Goodyear's field for Naval Air Station (NAS) Lakehurst, New Jersey, where the new airship was based for the summer while undergoing a series of training flights.

Macon had a far more productive career than Akron, which crashed on 4 April 1933. The commanders of Macon developed the doctrine and techniques of using her on-board aircraft for scouting while the airship remained out of sight of the opposing forces during exercises. Macon participated in several fleet exercises, though the men who framed and conducted the exercises lacked an understanding of the airship's capabilities and weaknesses. It became standard practice to remove the landing gear of the Sparrowhawks while aboard the airship and then replace it with a fuel tank, thus giving the aircraft 30 percent more range.

Macon first operated aircraft on 6 July 1933 during trial flights out of Lakehurst, New Jersey. The planes were stored in bays inside the hull and were launched and retrieved using a trapeze.

The airship left the East Coast on 12 October 1933, on a transcontinental flight to her new permanent homebase at NAS Sunnyvale (now Moffett Federal Airfield) near San Francisco in Santa Clara County, California.

1934
In 1934, two two-seat Waco UBF XJW-1 biplanes equipped with skyhooks were delivered to USS Macon.

In June 1934, Lieutenant Commander Herbert V. Wiley took command of the airship, and planned a high-profile demonstration of the ability of the Macon to successfully locate enemy ships at sea. In July, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was travelling aboard the heavy cruiser USS Houston (CA-30) to Hawaii, accompanied by the USS New Orleans (CA-32). Despite the location of the ship being top secret (and having made a detour to Clipperton Island after transiting the Panama Canal), the Macon successfully located the ships on July 19. Using the Macon Sparrowhawk biplanes, newspapers and magazines were dropped to the president on the ship.

Despite its success, Fleet Commander Admiral Joseph M. Reeves and other Navy officials were displeased with the unsanctioned demonstration. However, Rear Admiral Ernest J. King, who was in command of the Naval Bureau of Aviation, and the president were impressed. A communication from the Houston to the Macon after the mail delivery read: "from Houston: 1519 The President compliments you and your planes on your fine performance and excellent navigation 1210 and 1519 Well Done and thank you for the papers the President 1245."

After leaving the Macon, Wiley was one of only three survivors of the crash of the Akron. He was later promoted to commander and captained the battleship USS West Virginia (BB-48) in the final two years of World War II. He retired from the Navy in 1947 as a rear admiral.

Leading up to the crash

On 20 April 1934, the Macon left Sunnyvale for a challenging cross-continent flight east to Opa-locka, Florida. As with the Akron in 1932, Macon had to fly at or above pressure height when crossing the mountains, especially over Dragoon Pass, Arizona, at an elevation of 4629 ft. Then, in the West Texas heat, the sun raised the helium temperature, and the expanding gas was automatically venting as the airship again reached pressure height. As the weather grew more turbulent, Macon had to rely on full engine power to maintain control. Following a severe gust near Van Horn, Texas, a diagonal girder in frame 17.5, near the fin junction, failed, followed soon by a second diagonal girder. Rapid damage control, led by Chief Boatswain's Mate Robert J. Davis, repaired the girders within a half hour.

Macon completed the rest of the journey safely, mooring at Opa-locka on 22 April. Over the course of nine days, more permanent repairs were made to the damaged girders; however, the addition of duralumin channels to reinforce frame 17.5 at its junction with the upper fin was not completed. Grounding the Macon until these reinforcements were made was considered unnecessary at that time.

Crash

On 12 February 1935, the repair process was still incomplete when, returning to Sunnyvale from fleet maneuvers, Macon ran into a storm off Point Sur, California. During the storm, the ship was caught in a wind shear which caused structural failure of the unstrengthened ring (17.5) to which the upper tailfin was attached. The fin failed to the side and was carried away. Pieces of structure punctured the rear gas cells and caused gas leakage. The commander, acting rapidly and on fragmentary information, ordered an immediate and massive discharge of ballast. Control was lost and, tail heavy and with engines running full speed ahead, Macon rose past the pressure height of 2800 ft, and kept rising until enough helium was vented to cancel the lift, reaching an altitude of 4850 ft. The last SOS call from Commander Wiley stated "Will abandon ship as soon as we land on the water somewhere 20 miles off of Pt. Sur, probably 10 miles at sea." It took 20 minutes to descend and, settling gently into the sea, Macon sank off Monterey Bay.

Only two crew members were lost thanks to the warm conditions and the introduction of life jackets and inflatable rafts after the Akron tragedy. Radioman 1st Class Ernest Edwin Dailey jumped ship while still too high above the ocean surface to survive the fall and Mess Attendant 1st Class Florentino Edquiba drowned while swimming back into the wreckage to try to retrieve personal belongings. An officer was rescued when Commander Wiley swam to his aid, an action for which he was later decorated. Sixty-four survivors were picked up by the cruiser USS Richmond (CL-9), the cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) took 11 aboard and the cruiser USS Cincinnati (CL-6) saved six.

Eyewitness Dorsey A. Pulliam, serving aboard USS Colorado (BB-45), wrote about the crash in a letter dated 13 February 1935:

"Tuesday it was so rough, and with the rain, we had an awful time getting along. We had gunnery drill Tuesday and more fleet maneuvers. The Macon came out about 1 pm Tues. to maneuver with the fleet and to enter Frisco with us this morning. The Macon came out in the storm not knowing that she would never get back to land.  The Macon circled high above the fleet all the afternoon, and about 6 o'clock, radio messages began coming in that the Macon had had casualties and would have to land.  The C.C. of the fleet radioed all ships in company with us to go at full speed for the wreckage.  The crew abandoned it as soon as it hit the water, and all were saved except two.  There were 83 men in the crew.  The wreckage sank within a few minutes after it hit the water.  We lingered around the spot where it sank looking for any parts which might be floating around.  The search lights on all ships were combing the waters all through the night. The crew to the Macon were floating around in rubber floats and almost froze to death. I had to read about the Akron disaster, but this one I witnessed. The commander Clay had just been transferred to the Macon from this ship. This may contradict with the papers, but this is straight. There was an explosion in the tail and they could not control it."

In another letter, dated 16 February 1935, Pulliam wrote:

"I guess that you all read all about the wreck of the Macon. Well, the papers out here were full. I guess the Navy sunk about 3 million dollars there in about 20 minutes.  The people will have to pay that back in taxes.  It sure was a pity that the Macon had to sink.  It sure was pretty sailing around when the sun was shining on it.  There sure was plenty excitement on board here that night.  Everybody was trying to see what had happened.  When the thing hit the water, the gas caught on fire and burned almost all night on the surface of the water after the bulk of the wreckage had sank.  The Macon was supposed to go to Hawaii in May.  They had started fixing up a field for it."

Macon, after 50 flights since she was commissioned, was stricken from the Navy list on 26 February 1935. Subsequent airships for Navy use were of a nonrigid design.

A depiction of the crash by artist Noel Sickles was the first illustration sent over the new AP wirephoto service, which Associated Press had launched at the beginning of 1935. Sickles said he had about two hours to draw the scene only knowing that the Macon had crashed at sea. He correctly guessed the Navy would send cruisers to aid the airship.

Wreck site exploration

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) succeeded in locating and surveying the debris field of Macon in February 1991, and was able to recover some artifacts. The exploration included sonar, video, and still camera data, as well as some recovery of parts.

In May 2005, MBARI returned to the site as part of a year-long research project to identify archaeological resources in the bay. Side-scan sonar was used to survey the site.

2006 expedition
A more complete return, including exploration with remotely operated vehicles and involving researchers from MBARI, Stanford University, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, took place in September 2006. Video clips of the expedition were made available to the public through the OceansLive Web Portal, a service of NOAA.

The 2006 expedition was a success, and revealed a number of new surprises and changes since the last visit, approximately 15 years previous. High-definition video and more than 10,000 new images were captured, which were assembled into a navigation-grade photomosaic of the wreck.

Protection
The location of the wreck site remains secret and is within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. It is not accessible to divers due to depth (1500 ft).

The U.S. National Park Service states:

"When the USS Macon was christened on 11 March 1933, the rigid airship was the most sophisticated of the Navy's lighter-than-air (LTA) fleet. The Macon exhibited the highest expression of naval LTA technology during the ship's short career. At 785 feet in length, the airship's size captured American fascination during flyovers of U.S. communities as chronicled in numerous advertisements, articles, and newsreels. The dramatic loss of the Macon and sister ship USS Akron (ZRS-4) within two years of each other contributed to the cancellation of the Navy's rigid airship program. The archeological remains of the USS Macon lie off California's Big Sur coast in NOAA's Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. The site also contains the remains of four of the airship's squadron of small Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk scout aircraft which the Macon carried in an internal hangar bay."

The site was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on 29 January 2010. The listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service's weekly list of 12 February 2010.

In popular culture
Footage of the Macon is used in the 1933 disaster film Deluge.

Macon is featured toward the end of the 1934 Warner Bros. film Here Comes the Navy starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Gloria Stuart. Cagney's character is assigned to Macon after serving on the USS Arizona (BB-39), which is featured heavily in the film.

The crash of Macon is depicted at the beginning of the 1937 film The Go Getter, featuring George Brent as her helmsman.

Macon is featured as a setting and key plot element in Max McCoy's 1995 novel Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone; Indiana Jones travels aboard Macon while she makes a transatlantic flight to London.

title: USS Macon (ZRS-5)


text:
User talk:DJSupreme23

Hello There.
A strange coincidence that after you had commented on my discussion with Donnacha, whilst browsing amazon, I came across your review of Democracy: The God that Failed by HHH. Just thought I'd tell you because it was ridiculously coincidental.--Hixx 23:45, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Funny, i just wrote that review some weeks back. - Peter Bjørn Perlsø 00:07, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi DJ
That doctor thing with the hippocratic oath was a joke. I'm not really a doctor. What do you want to know? I'm a radical libertarian (or anarchist). I'm also very green and have a deep love of nature. I believe most anarchists are also ecologists, they seem to just go together. Well, nice to meet you, anyhow. Drop me a line any time. Doctors without suspenders 20:58, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh. Anyway, it's nice to meet a fellow libertarian. I don't think I would be considered a green even though I do love nature (Not the tree-hugging way, though) :) - Peter Bjørn Perlsø 21:13, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it is always nice to meet another libertarian. I guess you could call me a tree-hugger. Doctors without suspenders 21:53, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Hey, I hijacked two of your userboxes. Thanks. Doctors without suspenders 00:00, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

DTB!
Yes, the same Bo Lindbergh. What's up? Bo Lindbergh 02:17, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, as long as you're aware of the difficulties involved:
 * It's from 1996 and uses unofficial reverse-engineered information rather than the actual source.
 * It uses WASTE 1.2 to display terminal text with a custom hook to try to mimic the odd line-breaking behaviour of the game itself.
 * In summary, it may be easier to write something new based on the current game source. Bo Lindbergh 03:18, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 19:48, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:DJSupreme23


text:
Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank

The Type 97 Chi-Ha (九七式中戦車 チハ) was a medium tank used by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Battles of Khalkhin Gol against the Soviet Union, and the Second World War. It was the most widely produced Japanese medium tank of World War II.

The 57 mm main gun, designed for infantry support, was a carry over from the Type 89 I-Go medium tank. The suspension was derived from the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, but used six road wheels instead of four. The 170 hp Mitsubishi air cooled diesel engine was a capable tank engine in 1938.

The Type 97's low silhouette and semicircular radio antenna on the turret distinguished the tank from its contemporaries. After 1941, the tank was less effective than most Allied tank designs. In 1942, a new version of the Chi-Ha was produced with a larger three-man turret, and a high-velocity Type 1 47 mm tank gun. It was designated the Type 97-Kai ("improved") or Type 97 Shinhōtō Chi-Ha (新砲塔チハ; "New turret Chi-Ha").

History and development
With the Type 89 I-Go fast becoming obsolete in the late 1930s, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) began a program to develop a replacement tank for infantry support. Experience during the invasion of Manchuria determined that the Type 89 was too slow to keep up with motorized infantry. The new medium tank was intended to be a scaled-up four-man version of the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, although with a two-man turret, thicker armor, and more power to maintain performance.

The Tokyo factory of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries completed a prototype designated Chi-Ha. The second prototype was completed in June 1937. Although the requirement was for a 47 mm gun, it retained the same short-barreled 57 mm gun as the Type 89B tank. However, at the time IJA was also interested in the lighter and less expensive Type 97 Chi-Ni prototype proposed by Osaka Army Arsenal, which had the same 57 mm main gun. With the out-break of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, the peacetime budgetary limitations were removed and the more capable and expensive Mitsubishi Chi-Ha model was accepted as the new Type 97 medium tank by the army.

Japanese tank designations
Chi (チ) came from Chū-sensha (チュウセンシャ, "medium tank"). Ha and Ni, in Japanese army nomenclature, refer to model number 3 and 4, respectively from old Japanese alphabet iroha. The Type was numbered 97 as an abbreviation of the imperial year 2597, corresponding to the year 1937 in the standard Gregorian calendar. Therefore, the name "Type 97 Chi-Ha" could be translated as "1937's medium tank model 3".

Design

The Type 97 hull was of riveted construction with the engine in the rear compartment. The tank had a four-man crew including a driver, bow machine-gunner, and two men in the turret. In the forward compartment, the driver sat on the right, and bow gunner on the left. The commander's cupola was placed atop the turret. Internal communications were by 12 push buttons in the turret, connected to 12 lights and a buzzer near the driver.

The Type 97 was equipped with a Type 97 57 mm main gun, the same caliber as that used for the earlier Type 89 I-Go tank. The cannon was a short-barreled weapon with a relatively low muzzle velocity, but sufficient as the tank was intended primarily for infantry support. The main gun had no elevation gear, therefore, the gunner used his shoulder to elevate it.

The tank carried two 7.7 mm Type 97 machine guns, one on the front left of the hull and the other in a ball mount on the rear of the turret. The turret was capable of full 360-degree traverse, but the main gun was in a "semi-flexible mount" allowing a maximum 10-degree traverse independently of the turret.

The thickest armor used was 25 mm on the gun mantlet and 15–25 mm on the hull front. Power was provided by an air-cooled "V-12 21.7 liter diesel Mitsubishi SA12200VD" engine, which provided 170 hp (127 kW).

Development of the improved Shinhōtō Chi-Ha

The shortcomings of the Type 97, with its low-velocity 57 mm gun, became clear during the 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol against the Soviet Union. The 45 mm gun of the Soviet BT-5 and BT-7 tanks out-ranged the Japanese tank gun, resulting in heavy Japanese losses. This convinced the army of the need for a more powerful gun. Development of a new 47 mm weapon began in 1939 and was completed by the end of 1941. It was designed specifically to counter the Soviet tanks. A variant known as the Type 1 47 mm tank gun was produced. The gun's longer barrel generated much higher muzzle velocity, resulting in armor penetration superior to that of the 57 mm gun. The 47 mm tank gun was mounted in a new, larger three-man turret creating a new version of the Type 97. It was designated the Type 97 Shinhōtō Chi-Ha ("new turret" Chi-Ha) or Type 97-Kai ("improved"). It replaced the original model in production in 1942. In addition "about 300" of the Type 97 tanks with the older model turret and 57 mm main gun were converted.

Production
The Type 97 medium tank was manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Hitachi Industries, as well as some limited production in the Army's Sagami Arsenal. The number of Type 97 medium tanks produced was slightly lower than of the Type 95 Ha-Go light tanks, but larger than any other tank fielded by Empire of Japan. The following number of units were produced for the years 1938 to 1943:

Type 97 Chi-Ha tank (57 mm gun):
 * 1938: 110
 * 1939: 202
 * 1940: 315
 * 1941: 507
 * 1942: 28
 * Total: 1,162

Type 97-Kai Shinhōtō Chi-Ha tank (47 mm gun):
 * 1942: 503
 * 1943: 427
 * Total: 930

Total production of the 57 mm & 47 mm gun Type 97 medium tanks was 2,092. Although production peaked in 1943 it was the last year any Type 97 was produced, as factories switched to the new tank designs, most notably the Type 1 Chi-He medium tank.

Further development
The last design that was based directly on Type 97 lineage was the Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank with a 75 mm main gun of which 144 were built from 1944 to 1945. The Type 3 Chi-Nu retained the same chassis and suspension of the Type 97 based Type 1 Chi-He tank, but with a large new hexagonal gun turret and a commander's cupola. The Type 4 Chi-To was a separate design, the last Japanese medium tank design to be completed during the war, considered equivalent to the German Panther tank, but with only two known to be completed by war's end. By that time, the Japanese industry had been badly crippled by the American bombing campaign; as a result, few of these newer vehicles were ever built.

The IJA's need to supplement their tank units with artillery led to a need for self-propelled guns (SPGs). Subsequently, the Type 97 chassis was utilized to manufacture nearly a hundred SPGs, consisting primarily of 75 mm guns. Since the IJA's 1930s-era tanks didn't have the firepower to penetrate the 1940s generation of Allied armor, a need for tank destroyers arose, and experiments ranging from 47 mm to 120 mm guns were conducted. However, due to naval priorities, raw materials for any IJA production were limited.

Combat history

The Type 97 was deployed in China in combat operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War with considerable success, as the ill-equipped National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China forces were limited to only three tank battalions consisting of British exports of the Vickers, German Panzer Is, and Italian CV33 tankettes.

Its first real test in combat against opposing armor came with the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in July 1939 against the Soviet Union. The IJA 1st Tank Corps consisting of the 3rd and 4th Tank Regiments (Yasuoka Detachment) had been assigned to the Nomonhan region, under the command of Lt. General Yasuoka Masaomi. Of the two regiments, only the 3rd Tank Regiment had been supplemented with four of the new Type 97 medium tanks. One was selected as the regimental commander's tank.

During fierce fighting against the Red Army, the 3rd Tank Regiment was assaulting an objective ringed with strung coiled wire (piano wire). The regimental commander, Lt Col. Yoshimaru Kiyotake's Type 97 tank became entangled up to its drive sprockets. Struggling to extract itself from the tank trap, Yoshimaru managed to move his tank rearward about 40 metres, when his machine stopped completely. Exposed to Soviet defensive positions, Yoshimaru's Type 97 was subjected to the fire of a dozen Soviet BT-7 tanks and anti-tank guns. Soviet shells struck the tank's drive gear, hull, and the engine area, causing the vehicle to erupt into flames. When the fire reached the tank ammunition, the tank exploded, tearing off the turret and throwing it several feet away from the hull. Only the tank's gunner, who abandoned it, prior to the explosion, was uninjured. Yoshimaru's commander's body was recovered after the battle.

World War II

From 8 December 1941 and into early 1942, during the Battle of Malaya and the Battle of Singapore, Type 97 tanks were used by the 3rd Tank Group's 1st, 6th, and 14th Tank Regiments under the command of Lieutenant-General Yamashita. The 1st Tank Regiment was attached to the IJA 5th Division, which was among the first Japanese military units to land at Songkhla in southern Thailand. One of its medium-tank companies was the 3rd Tank Company under First Lieutenant Yamane's command (comprising ten Type 97 medium tanks and two Type 95 Ha-Go light tanks), forming part of the "Saeki Detachment". The company was in the vanguard of the attack on northern British Malaya at the end of 1941. Later on, this same unit would be involved in forcing the defending British forces to abandon much of northern Malaya in the decisive Battle of Jitra at the start of 1942.

One key to the overall Japanese military successes in Malaya and Singapore was the unexpected appearance of their tanks in areas where the British did not believe tanks could be fielded. The thick and wet jungle terrain did not turn out to be a decisive obstacle for the generally light Japanese tanks.

Later on, the 2nd and 14th Tank Regiments participated in the Burma Campaign from 1942.

The Type 97 Shinhōtō Chi-Ha tanks were first used in combat in the battle of Corregidor in 1942. The updated 47 mm gun was easily capable of dealing with the armor of the American M3 Stuart light tanks, although in later combat service it was shown only to be effective against the sides and rear of the M4 Sherman medium tank.

During the Battle of Saipan on the night of 16–17 June, Type 97s of the 9th Tank Regiment, joined with Type 95s of the 136th Infantry Regiment in an all-out counterattack against the established beachhead by American Marines that had landed the day before. Led by the 44 tanks from the 9th, the Type 97s and Type 95s were knocked out by a Marine platoon of M4A2 tanks, several M3 75mm half-tracks, bazookas and 37mm antitank guns. It was the largest Japanese armor attack of the Pacific Theater of Operations. However, the Japanese Army seldom made major armored attacks during the Pacific War due to the limited maneuvering areas that prevailed on islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Terrain dictated the battle and IJA tanks were emplaced in hull defilade positions or even buried up to their turrets.

During the Battle of Guam, 29 Type 97 and Type 95 tanks of the IJA 9th Tank Regiment and nine Type 95s of the 24th Tank Company were lost to bazooka fire or M4 tanks. At the Battle of Okinawa, 13 Type 95s and 14 Type 97 Shinhōtō Chi-Ha tanks of the understrength IJA 27th Tank Regiment faced 800 American tanks of eight US Army and two USMC tank battalions. The Japanese tanks were defeated in their counter-attacks of 4–5 May 1945. Similar conditions were repeated in the Kwantung Army's defense against the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, although there was little tank-versus-tank action. The Soviet Red Army captured 389 tanks.

After World War II
Some Japanese tanks remained in use, under new ownership, postwar by both sides during the Chinese Civil War. Japanese units in China that surrendered to the National Revolution Army at the end of war turned over their armor to the Republic of China. By the time the civil war restarted the Nationalist 3rd Tank regiment based in Beijing was exclusively equipped with Japanese tanks, including Type 97. Japanese armor was used because American aid to the Nationalists, including tanks and other vehicles had been severely curtailed.

Type 97 tanks captured during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria were turned over to the Chinese Communist army. After victory in the civil war, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) continued to use them in their inventory. The PLA's force of 349 tanks in 1949 consisted mainly of Japanese Type 95 Ha-Go and Type 97 tanks. In Japan, a number of Type 97 tanks were demilitarized and used post-war for reconstruction.

Operators

 * Empire of Japan
 * Special Naval Landing Forces
 * (captured from Japanese forces in World War II)
 * (captured during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and turned over for use and captured from ROC forces in civil war)
 * Abandoned by the Japanese, they were used by the South Korean Army in Korean War
 * (captured from Japanese forces in World War II)
 * (captured during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and turned over for use and captured from ROC forces in civil war)
 * Abandoned by the Japanese, they were used by the South Korean Army in Korean War
 * Abandoned by the Japanese, they were used by the South Korean Army in Korean War
 * Abandoned by the Japanese, they were used by the South Korean Army in Korean War
 * Abandoned by the Japanese, they were used by the South Korean Army in Korean War
 * Abandoned by the Japanese, they were used by the South Korean Army in Korean War

Survivors
Restored examples of the Type 97 are on display at the Yūshūkan Museum at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, and the Wakajishi Shrine in Fujinomiya, Shizuoka in Japan. In Indonesia there is a Type-97 at the Brawijaya Museum in Malang. The wreck of a Type 97 was found buried in the sand on the beach at Miura, Kanagawa in 2005. Preserved examples are at the People's Liberation Army Museum in Beijing, China and at the United States Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland. Numerous ruined examples of Type 97 tanks can be found on Saipan and on the Kuril Islands.

title: Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank