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Microsoft Works

Microsoft Works is a discontinued productivity software suite developed by Microsoft and sold from 1987 to 2009. Its core functionality includes a word processor, a spreadsheet and a database management system. Later versions have a calendar application and a dictionary while older releases include a terminal emulator. Works is available as a standalone program and as part of a namesake home productivity suite. Because of its low cost ($40 retail, or as low as $2 OEM), companies frequently preinstalled Works on their low-cost machines. Works is smaller, less expensive, and has fewer features than contemporary major office suites such as Microsoft Office.

Mainstream support for the final standalone and suite release ended on October 9, 2012, and January 8, 2013, respectively.

History
Microsoft Works originated as MouseWorks, an integrated spreadsheet, word processor, and database program, designed for the Macintosh by ex-Apple employee Don Williams and Rupert Lissner. Williams planned to emulate the success of AppleWorks, a similar product for Apple II computers. Bill Gates and his Head of Acquisitions, Alan M. Boyd, convinced Williams in 1986 to license the product to Microsoft instead. Initially intended as a scaled-down version of Office for small laptops like TRS-80 Model 100, which was developed by Microsoft and sold by Radio Shack, Microsoft Works evolved as a popular product in its own right as laptops grew in power.

On September 14, 1987, Microsoft unveiled Works for DOS. The initial version 1.x of Works ran on any PC with at least 256k of memory. Works 2.x, introduced in 1990, required 512k and 3.x, introduced in 1992, required 640k.

In 1991, Microsoft issued the first Windows version of Works, titled MS Works for Windows 2.0. System requirements include Windows 3.0, a 286 CPU, and 1MB of memory. Works 3.x in 1993 requires Windows 3.1, a 386 CPU, and 4MB of memory. Subsequent releases are for Windows 95 and up, and the final version is Works 9.x in 2007, requiring Windows XP or Vista, 256MB of memory, and a Pentium 4 CPU.

Microsoft released Macintosh versions of Works starting with Works 2.0 in 1988. The version numbering roughly follows that of Windows releases.

Through version 4.5a, Works uses a monolithic program architecture whereby its word processor, spreadsheet and database documents run in windows of the same program interface. This results in a small memory and disk footprint, which enables it to run on slower computers with requirements as low as 6 MB of RAM and 12 MB free disk space. It also provides a mini version of Excel for DOS systems as a DOS version of that program is not available. Works 2000 (Version 5.0) switches to a modular architecture which opens each document as a separate instance and uses the print engine from Internet Explorer.

Version 9.0, the final version, is available in two editions: an advertisement-free version, available in retail and for OEMs, and an ad-supported free version (Works SE) which was available only to OEMs for preinstallation on new computers.

In late 2009, Microsoft announced it would discontinue Works and replace it with Office 2010 Starter Edition, although it replaced only the word processor and spreadsheet components but not the calendar or the database.

Features
Microsoft Works has built-in compatibility for the Microsoft Office document formats (.DOC and .XLS), including, but not limited to, the ability of the Works Word Processor to open Microsoft Word documents and the ability of the Works Spreadsheet to open Microsoft Excel workbooks. In the final version (Version 9.0), the Windows 95-era icons and toolbars are not updated to make them consistent with later application software.

While its utility for larger organizations is limited by its use of incompatible proprietary native .WKS (spreadsheet), .WDB (database), and .WPS (word processor) file formats, the simplicity of integrating database/spreadsheet data into word processor documents (e.g., mail merge) allow it to remain an option for some small and home-based business owners. Version 4.5a is particularly noted in this respect. The database management system, while a "flat file" (i.e., non-relational) allows the novice user to perform complex transformations through formulas (which use standard algebraic syntax and can be self-referential) and user-defined reports that can be copied as text to the clipboard. A 'Works Portfolio' utility offers Microsoft Binder-like functionality.

By installing the 2007 Office System Compatibility Pack, the Works Word Processor and Spreadsheet can import and export Office Open XML document formats, although they will be converted rather than being operated upon natively. The Works Calendar can store appointments, integrates with the Windows Address Book, as well as Address Book's successor, Windows Contacts, and can remind users of birthdays and anniversaries. It supports importing and exporting iCalendar (.ICS) files. It does not support subscribing to iCalendar files or publishing them online via WebDAV. Up to version 8, using the Works Task Launcher, the calendar and contacts from Windows Address Book could be synchronized with portable devices. In Works 9.0, the sync capability has been removed.

File format compatibility and other issues
Microsoft (sometime in the past) made file format conversion filters for Microsoft Word for opening and saving to Works Word Processor format. Microsoft Office Excel could import newer Works Spreadsheets because the newer Works Spreadsheet also used the Excel format but with a different extension (*.xlr). There is an import filter for older Works 2.0 spreadsheet format (*.wks); however it may be disabled in the registry by newer Microsoft Office Service packs. As far as Works Spreadsheet 3.x/4.x/2000 (*.wks) and Works database (any version of *.wdb) files were concerned, in the past, Microsoft did not provide an import filter for Excel or Access. There are third party converters available for converting these filetypes to Excel spreadsheets: for database files (*.wdb), there was also a donateware utility; for spreadsheet (*.wks) and database (*.wdb) files, a commercial solution was available (at least apparently in 2008).

A general C++ library, libwps, can extract text from many different versions of Microsoft Works, this library is used by Collabora Online and LibreOffice. NeoOffice (no longer active in 2024) also used the library.

One commercially available solution for converting to and from Microsoft Works files on the Macintosh platform in 2016 was the MacLinkPlus product from DataViz. Free online conversion services in 2016 were also available.

Works Spreadsheet and Works Database are unable to handle more than 500 fonts installed in Windows and throw error messages.

Works for MS-DOS

 * Microsoft Works 1.12
 * Microsoft Works 1.5
 * Microsoft Works 2.0 and 2.00a
 * Microsoft Works 3.0, 3.0a and 3.0b

Works for Mac OS

 * Microsoft Works 1.0
 * Microsoft Works 2.0
 * Microsoft Works 3.0
 * Microsoft Works 4.0

Works for Microsoft Windows

 * Microsoft Works 2.0 and 2.0a (Windows 3.x)
 * Microsoft Works 3.0, 3.0a and 3.0b (Windows 3.x)
 * Microsoft Works 4.0, 4.0a, 4.5 and 4.5a (Windows 95)
 * Microsoft Works 2000 (v.5)
 * Microsoft Works 6.0 – Last version for Windows 95
 * Microsoft Works 7.0 – Last version for Windows 98 (Original release)
 * Microsoft Works 8.0 – Last version for Windows 98 SE/Me/2000 – Fully compatible with Windows XP and Windows Vista, Windows 7 and later versions of Windows.
 * Microsoft Works 8.5 (Free update for Works 8.0, Microsoft Works Suite 2005 and Microsoft Works Suite 2004 users)
 * Microsoft Works 9.0 – First version fully compatible with all versions of Windows Vista, fully compatible with later versions of Windows

Works Suite
In 1997, Microsoft introduced Microsoft Home Essentials, a home productivity package sold as a low-price suite that a Chicago Tribune review described as "one of the best bargains ever offered." Home Essentials evolved to become Works Suite beginning with the 1999 edition, taking the namesake of Works. A slimmer version of the suite, Works Deluxe, was offered for that year but was discontinued thereafter.

As Works Suite's programs were developed separately and sold individually, each has a unique look and feel. They are integrated by a task plane, which picks the appropriate program for the user to accomplish each task. Works Suite includes additional programs such as FoneSync in 2001 and PowerPoint Viewer beginning in 2003. Later editions prompt users to upgrade to featured versions of the programs at a discount.

In addition to retail sales, Works Suite was included with the purchase of a new computer by companies such as Dell and Gateway. Works Suite was discontinued after the 2006 edition. Works was later bundled with Word as Works Plus 2008, but this was made available only to OEMs.

Comparison of bundled Works home productivity suites:

title: Microsoft Works


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Talk:Barbus

About the references vs. external links, I removed the external links because the references with internet references are just as much references as the book reference, if not more. Fishbase itself is quite a good resource for reference quality information. The citation is in a proper format as a reference too. External links are more for related information, such as the "International Barb Foundation" (not that such a thing actually exists) which may not contain Wikipedia encyclopedia content but may be interesting nonetheless. --Ram-Man 12:26, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * While I can see your reasoning, I don't think that it's a standard interpretation of "reference" vs "external link"; in fact there are only a small number of articles that follow your rule. It looks like Guide to Layout to layout is ambiguous; both the Reference and External links sections both say to add "web sites that you used or recommend", with no preference indicated. Personally I find "External links" handy as "look here for things you can click on right now" while "References" is "plan to visit bookstore or library at some point". Stan 15:25, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Those few articles may be the ones I am working on :) Let's see... under "References" we have "any books, articles, web pages, etcetera that you used in constructing the article" and under "External links" we have "web sites that you have used or recommend for reader".  In the latter case, does "used" even mean "used in the article" or just used in general?  I also understand your reasoning too.  In any case, FishBase is actually a published CD-ROM so that in particular to that reference, the citation can refer to something other than an internet location, so in that respect it is best place as the reference that it is.  Still I am not going to try to step on any toes and if the standard changes or is made clearer (by consensus) then I would be happy to consent to that.  See Zebra Danio for an example of what I believe is a more consistent usage of the terms. --Ram-Man 16:21, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * The "References" section in the style guide goes on to say "and/or recommend", which is the source of the ambiguity. Stan 18:24, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Barbus vs. Puntius
In order to conform with the style guides prescribed by WikiProject_Fishes which uses Fishbase as the authority for taxonomic classification, I am in the process of adjusting the genera of the species to Puntius, which is how Fishbase is classifying these species. Neil916 20:06, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Changes
Added list of species - hopefully this is up to date - if not please tell me. Haven't checked through the list for synonyms etc. Also if a list with linked species names is wanted I can supply that.

Moved mentions of Puntius reclassification to a separate section

The article needs more info on the genus in general - if anyone else is working on this please let me know. Otherwise I'll try to add the 'standard' info eg lengths, breeding, food etc.HappyVR 17:14, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Also have linked to as yet unmade page "Barb (fish species)" this would be a page to deal with fish commonly known as barbs - possibly with emphasis or section on tropical aquarium barbs. The page should contain links to the relevant genera etc. Any ideas?HappyVR 17:17, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Authorship
According to "Catalog of Fishes" the correct author for the genus name Barbus is Daudin, 1805. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/Ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp 77.186.55.70 (talk) 19:40, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

List of species
The list of species seems outdated. "Catalog of Fishes" might be a good starting point. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/Ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp

or Fishbase http://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/ValidNameList.php?syng=barbus&syns=&vtitle=Scientific+Names+where+Genus+Equals+%3Ci%3EBarbus%3C%2Fi%3E&crit2=CONTAINS&crit1=EQUAL — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.187.226.42 (talk) 17:20, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

77.186.55.70 (talk) 19:40, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Barbus


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Michael Marsh (sprinter)

Michael Lawrence Marsh (born August 4, 1967) is a retired American sprinter, the 1992 Olympic champion in the 200 m.

Biography
Marsh was born in Los Angeles, and attended high school at Hawthorne High School in Hawthorne, California where he was overshadowed by Henry Thomas, who he joined on numerous championship relays. Marsh, Thomas, Michael Graham and Sean Kelly joined to bring Hawthorne the National High School Record in the 4 × 400 m relay set at the Texas Relays. The team joined to celebrate the silver anniversary of the record in 2010. When Thomas was sidelined with an appendix attack, requiring surgery just before the qualification cycle, Marsh won the 1985 CIF California State Meet in the 200 m. He continued running with Thomas at UCLA, his best achievement was a third place at the NCAA Championships. He was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2016.

Although Marsh could compete with the national class sprinters, he did not manage to qualify for an international event until 1991, when he qualified for the American relay team for the 1991 World Championships. Marsh ran in the heats on a team that set the Championship record, but not in the final, which was won by the Americans in World Record time. The next year, Marsh posted a time of 9.93s into a wind of 0.6 m/s at the Mt. SAC Relays in Walnut, which using a widely accepted wind/altitude correction calculator adjusted to the fastest ever intrinsic 100 m time recorded at that time in history. That was the second of what became a trend, a succession of eight early season outstanding 100 m marks set by Marsh at the Mt. SAC Relays. Marsh was elected into the Mt. SAC Relays Hall of Fame in 2003.

At the 1992 US Olympic Trials, Marsh disappointingly finished fourth in the 100 m, not enough for individual qualification, but sufficient to make the relay team. In the 200 m, he placed second to Michael Johnson and qualified for the Barcelona Olympics,.

In Barcelona, Marsh surprised all observers in his semi-final. He cruised through the race, simply securing qualification for the final. His qualifying time, however, was 19.73, just one hundredth of a second slower than the standing world record (and it was the American Record). This run was remarkable for the fact that he eased off ten metres from the line, stating in later interviews that he hadn't realised how fast he was running and wanted to save some energy for the final, which was to be held only a few hours later. See the race. Unofficial split analysis from video of that run indicates he would have run faster than the world record at the time, Pietro Mennea's altitude-assisted 19.72s, if he hadn't eased off. An improvement of this record was anticipated for the final, but Marsh could not live up to those expectations. He did win the race however, beating early leader Frankie Fredericks of Namibia. He did set a world record in the final of the 4 x 100 m, as the American team completed the race in 37.40.

As the reigning Olympic champion, he surprisingly did not medal in the 200 m at the 1993 World Championships, placing fourth. His 1994 season went without a win, but he did lead off the Santa Monica Track Club's 4 × 200 m relay at the Mt. SAC Relays when the team of Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Floyd Heard and Carl Lewis set a world record in the event that would stand until 2014. He returned strongly in 1995. He won the national championships in the 100 m, and represented his country in that event at the World Championships. There, he disappointed, finishing fifth in the final. The disappointment was complete when the relay team failed to finish the heats after a bad exchange.

In 1996, Marsh managed to qualify for all three sprint events at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, and he reached the final of all three. In the 100 m, he placed 5th and in his attempt to retain his 200 m title (which was taken by Johnson in a new world record time) he finished last. The American relay team, with Marsh as the third runner, was heavily favoured to take the 4 x 100 m title, but they were surprised by the Canadian team in the final, and had to settle for silver.

He again qualified for the 100 m final at the 1997 World Championships, where he placed last due to a foot injury that required immediate surgery.

In 2021 he was elected into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame.

title: Michael Marsh (sprinter)


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Skógafoss

Skógafoss (pronounced ) is a waterfall on the Skógá River in the south of Iceland at the cliff marking the former coastline. After the coastline had receded (it is now at a distance of about 5 km from Skógar), the former sea cliffs remained, parallel to the coast over hundreds of kilometres, creating together with some mountains a clear border between the coastal lowlands and the Highlands of Iceland.

Geography
The Skógafoss is one of the biggest waterfalls in the country, with a width of 25 m and a drop of 60 m. Due to the amount of spray the waterfall consistently produces, a single or double rainbow is normally visible on sunny days. Visitors can be drenched if they go too near the waterfall, again due to the spray. According to legend, the first Viking settler in the area, Þrasi Þórólfsson, buried a treasure in a cave behind the waterfall. The legend continues that locals found the chest years later, but were only able to grasp the ring on the side of the chest before it disappeared again. The ring was allegedly given to the local church. The old church door ring is now in the Skógar museum.

At the eastern side of the waterfall, a hiking and trekking trail leads up to the pass Fimmvörðuháls between the glaciers Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. It goes down to Þórsmörk on the other side and continues as the Laugavegur trail to Landmannalaugar. A 527-step staircase leads up the slope to the top of the waterfall.

In popular culture
In 2012, Skógafoss was the setting for Sólstafir's music video "Fjara", a song from their album Svartir Sandar. That same year, the opening task during the second episode of the twelfth season of the Dutch reality television series Wie is de Mol? took place at the waterfall.

The waterfall was a location for the filming of the 2013 film releases Thor: The Dark World and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.

The 2015 Bollywood movie Dilwale features the waterfall was one of the locations of the song "Gerua". That same year, the Justin Bieber music video for "I'll Show You", featuring glacial lagoons and rivers in South Iceland, includes Skógafoss.

The second episode of season 5 of the series Vikings, which aired in 2017, shows the character Floki (based on Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson) coming upon Skógafoss when he discovers Iceland.

The final season of the series Game of Thrones, which aired in 2019, shows Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow flying to this waterfall on her dragons and kissing in front of it.

title: Skógafoss


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Patriotic War

Patriotic War is a term most commonly used in Russia. The term may refer to one of the following wars.

Wars between Russia and Western European powers

 * Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon's invasion of Russia
 * Second Patriotic War, the war between the German Empire and its allies against Russia during World War I
 * Great Patriotic War, the war between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II
 * Great Patriotic War (term)

Other wars

 * The Croatian War of Independence, the war between the newly self-declared independent Croatia, on one side, and the self-declared Republic of Serbian Krajina and Yugoslav People's Army forces, both of whi which were controlled by SR Serbia, on the other
 * The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, the war between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region.

title: Patriotic War


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Kelley Armstrong

Kelley Armstrong (born 14 December 1968) is a Canadian writer, primarily of fantasy novels since 2001.

She has published thirty-one fantasy novels, thirteen in her Women series, five in her Cainsville series, six in her Rockton series, three in her Darkest Powers series, three in her Darkness Rising trilogy and three in the Age of Legends series, and three stand-alone teen thrillers. She has also published three middle-grade fantasy novels in the Blackwell Pages trilogy, with co-author Melissa Marr. As well, she is the author of three crime novels, the Nadia Stafford trilogy. She has also written several serial novellas and short stories for the Otherworld series, some of which are available free from her website. Starting in 2014, a Canadian television series based on the Women of the Otherworld, called Bitten, aired for 3 seasons on Space, and SyFy.

Biography
Kelley Armstrong was born on 14 December 1968, the oldest of four siblings in a "typical middle-class family" in Sudbury, Ontario.

After graduating with a degree in psychology from University of Western Ontario, Armstrong then switched to studying computer programming at Fanshawe College so she would have time to write.

"'I'm a former computer programmer, but I have escaped my corporate cubicle and hope never to return'"

Her first novel Bitten was sold in 1999, and it was released in 2001. Following her first success she has written a total of 13 novels and a number of novellas in the world of the Women of the Otherworld series, and her first crime novel, Exit Strategy, was released July 2007. Armstrong has been a full-time writer and parent since 2002.

Her novel No Humans Involved (the seventh book of the Women of the Otherworld series) was a New York Times bestseller in the hardback fiction category on 20 May 2007. Also, her YA novel The Awakening was a No. 1 New York Times bestseller in the Children's Chapter books category on 17 May 2009.

Description of work
Armstrong's Women of the Otherworld series is part of a recently popular contemporary fantasy subgenre of the fantasy genre that superimposes supernatural characters upon a backdrop of contemporary North American life, with strong romantic elements. Within that subgenre, she is notable for including many types of supernatural characters, including witches, sorcerers, werewolves, necromancers, ghosts, shamans, demons and vampires, rather than limiting herself primarily to a single type of supernatural creature. Most of her works have a mystery genre plot, with leading characters investigating some novel situation or unsolved question.

In the Otherworld novels, most supernatural powers are either hereditary, or arise from the act of an existing supernatural of the same type. The Otherworld, while it has overarching conflicts and plotlines that span multiple novels, is not an epic battle between good and evil. The novels are largely episodic with the continuing plotlines primarily involving the developing lives of the main characters.

Her contemporary fantasy writings share genre similarities with writers Charlaine Harris, Laurell K. Hamilton and Kim Harrison.

Standalone novels

 * Wherever She Goes (2019)
 * Every Step She Takes (2020)

Young adult

 * The Masked Truth (2015)
 * The Unquiet Past (2016)
 * Missing (2017)
 * Aftermath (2018)
 * Someone Is Always Watching (2023) ISBN 9780735270923

The Women of the Otherworld Series

 * All other stories may be found on the series' main article.

Otherworld Young Adult

 * 1) Wolf's Bane (Oct 2019)
 * 2) Wolf's Curse (Mar 2020)

The Nadia Stafford Series

 * 1) Exit Strategy (novel, Jul 2007)
 * 2) Made to be Broken (novel, Feb 2009)
 * 3) Wild Justice (novel, late 2013)
 * 4) Double Play (Apr 2016)
 * 5) Perfect Victim (Nov 2017)

Cainsville series

 * 1) Omens (novel, Aug 2013)
 * 2) Visions (novel, Aug 2014)
 * 3) Deceptions (novel, Aug 2015)
 * 4) Betrayals (novel, Aug 2016)
 * 5) Rituals (novel, Aug 2017)
 * 6) Portents: A Collection of Cainsville Tales (collection, Aug 2018)
 * 7) Cruel Fate (novella, Apr 2019)
 * 8) Rough Justice (novella, Jun 2018)
 * 9) Lost Souls (novella, Mar 2017)

The Age of Legends Series

 * 1) Sea of Shadows (novel, 2014)
 * 2) Empire of Night (novel, 2015)
 * 3) Forest of Ruin (novel, 2016)

The Blackwell Pages Trilogy
Written under the alias: ''K. L. Armstrong. Co-authored with Melissa Marr.''

 * 1) Loki's Wolves (2013)
 * 2) Odin's Ravens (May 2014)
 * 3) Thor's Serpent (May 2015)

Rockton novels

 * 1) City of the Lost (Jan 2017)
 * 2) A Darkness Absolute (Nov 2017)
 * 3) This Fallen Prey (Nov 2018)
 * 4) Watcher in the Woods (Nov 2019)
 * 5) Alone in the Wild (Feb 2020)
 * 6) A Stranger in Town (Feb 2021)
 * 7) The Deepest of Secrets (Feb 2022)

A Royal Guide to Monster Slaying

 * 1) A Royal Guide to Monster Slaying (Aug 2019)
 * 2) The Gryphon's Lair (Jun 2020)
 * 3) The Serpent's Fury (Jun 2021)
 * 4) The Final Trial (Jun 2022)

Haven's Rock

 * 1) Murder at Haven's Rock (Feb 2023)
 * 2) The Boy Who Cried Bear (Feb 2024)

title: Kelley Armstrong


text: User talk:68.231.49.190

title: User talk:68.231.49.190


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Seljalandsfoss

Seljalandsfoss is a waterfall in Iceland. Seljalandsfoss is located in the South Region in Iceland right by Route 1 and the road that leads to Þórsmörk Road 249. The waterfall drops 60 m and is part of the Seljalands River that has its origin in the volcano glacier Eyjafjallajökull. Visitors can walk behind the falls into a small cave.

Controversy
Plans to build an 8-meter high, 2000 square-meter information centre near the waterfall provoked controversy in Iceland in May 2017. Opponents of the plans argued that the building would spoil the view of the waterfall and interrupt the natural look of the area.

In popular culture
Seljalandsfoss was a waypoint during the first leg of The Amazing Race 6.

Seljalandsfoss was featured in the movie CKY2K along with music from Björk Guðmundsdóttir.

A scene from the 1990 movie The Juniper Tree has Björk's character walk behind the waterfall.

The official music video of "I'll Show You" by Justin Bieber features glacial lagoons and rivers in South Iceland, including Seljalandsfoss.

The first episode of season three of Star Trek: Discovery "That Hope Is You, Part 1" featured a brief scene at the waterfall.

title: Seljalandsfoss


text: User talk:216.162.81.100

title: User talk:216.162.81.100


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Zebulon (disambiguation)

Zebulon is the sixth son of Jacob and Leah in the Hebrew Bible.

Zebulon, Zebulun or Zébulon may also refer to:

Bible

 * Tribe of Zebulun, ancient Israelite tribe, descendants of Zebulon

Characters from popular culture

 * Sgt. Zebulon Gant, a character of the film The Last Samurai
 * Zebulon, a character in the American television series The Waltons
 * Zebulon Prescott, a character in the American Western film How the West Was Won
 * Zebulon Macahan, a character in the American Western television series How the West Was Won
 * Zebulon, a character in the animated television series The Magic Roundabout
 * Zebulon (novel), titular character of a historical novel by the Georgian postmodernist writer Jemal Karchkhadze

Music

 * Zebulon (album), a 1998 album by American jazz musician Michael Bisio
 * Zébulon (band), music group from Quebec, Canada
 * Zebulon Cafe Concert, music venue and bar in Los Angeles, California
 * "Zebulon", a song on the album All Days Are Nights: Songs for Lulu by Rufus Wainwright
 * "Zebulon", a song on the album Tabula Rasa by Einstürzende Neubauten

Places

 * Zebulon, Georgia, U.S.
 * Zebulon, North Carolina, U.S.
 * Zebulon Valley or Zvulun Valley, part of Israel's northern coastal plain in the Galilee
 * Zevulun Regional Council, an Israeli administrative subdivision in the above valley.

Trains

 * Zébulon, a prototype TGV train
 * Zébulon (Paris Métro), former Paris Métro rolling stock

People with the given name

 * Zebulun (Khazar) (9th century), Jewish Turkic ruler of the Khazars
 * Zebulon Vance (1830–1894), American Confederate colonel and North Carolina Governor
 * Zebulon Brockway (1827–1920), American penologist
 * Zebulon Butler (1731–1795), American colonial soldier and leader
 * William Zebulon Foster (1881–1961), American labor organizer and Marxist politician
 * Leonid Gofshtein (1953–2015), Israeli chess grandmaster
 * Zevulun Hammer (1936–1998), Israeli politician, minister and Deputy Prime Minister
 * Zvulun Kalfa (born 1962), Israeli politician
 * Zavel Kwartin (1874–1952), Russian-born cantor and composer
 * Zebulon Aiton Lash (1846–1920), Canadian lawyer, civil servant, and businessman
 * Zebulon Moshiashvili (1971–2023), Israeli actor, producer and comedian
 * Zevulun Orlev (born 1945), Israeli politician and a former Knesset member
 * Zebulon Pike (1779–1813), American soldier, and eponym of Pikes Peak in Colorado
 * Zebulon Pinto (1852–1879), Jewish economist, engineer, physicist, chemist and mathematician in Tsarist Russia
 * Zablon Simintov (born 1959), the last Jew of Afghanistan
 * Zebulon Scoville, NASA flight director and lead flight director of Crew Dragon Demo-2
 * Zebulon Weaver (1872–1948), American politician

title: Zebulon (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Hay-on-Wye

The "other-Languages-link" "Cymraeg" shows a wrong map. Is there another "Hay-on-Wye"?

 * I placed the dot; I got the map from multimap. It looks right to me... where was your Hay-on-Wye? Gareth Wyn 23:16, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Pardon so much – of course you are right. I missed to see that it is a map of Wales alone. -- 139.30.25.5 19:02, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Micronation or not?
''Micronations? Not as such, I'd say.'' --edit summary by JzG

"Not as such"? Can we have something a bit more detailed please, so we can put an end to this endless cycle of reverting and reinstating without explanation? On the face of it Hay seems to fit with the Wikipedia concept of the micronation, not to be confused with the microstate, but maybe I'm missing something? Thanks, Flapdragon 16:35, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I have seen this debate before, and while I have no view on whether Hay-on-Wye fits the definition, I do recall that many of the people arguing against whatever-it-was-that-time were applying their own definition of micronation (something like "very small country") rather than the definition in Wikipedia. That would be an argument nobody can win, so let's have a debate based only on Wikipedia's definition... Please... Notinasnaid 09:48, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The town isn't, but Richard Booth's castle certainly is. Had he not founded his "Kingdom" the town would not be the tourist attraction it is today. --Gene_poole 12:02, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The difference is clearly one of intent. A micronation, per WP, is formed with serious legal, political, or philosophical intentions, whereas Booth's "declaration" was a tongue-in-cheek marketing stunt.  At no time did he or anyone else believe that they were actually declaring independence from the UK.  Therefore, Hay-on-Wye is/was not a micronation. 12.233.146.130 (talk) 02:12, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

It's come up again. (1) Is it a micronation and (2) is it a secessionist town? thinks it's both, I'm certain it isn't secessionist and fairly certain it's not a micronation. However, having looked at the WP page on Micronations, it clearly meets the definition we have on that page. The heavily-patrolled List of micronations has cut it from the list, but that was based on notability rather than classification (it had been on the list for years prior to that). So it's a Micronation, IMO, for WP's purposes.

Regarding secession. Nothing in the article, or any sources I've seen, indicates it's actually a secessionist town. Sure, the category says "whether seriously or otherwise", but it also says "towns and cities", and Richard Booth is just an individual. Compare to the Conch Republic, which was similarly tongue-in-cheek, but which actually involved the City Council and the Mayor. Likewise Kinney, Free Borough of Llanrwst, Rough and Ready, Principality of Seborga & Winneconne all made some real attempts, in jest or otherwise, to secede, either involving duly elected bodies or votes by the entire town. I'd question whether Freetown Christiania should be there. Bromley86 (talk) 20:37, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

But the Wikipedia page for Secessionist town practically said it was a synonym for Micronation (or so I thought) when I read it. In any case I live in Hay on Wye and can tell you from local experience that the whole thing - although clearly tongue in cheek - is not "just Richard Booth" at all. He started it but many locals espouse the cause. (Recent example being bookshops attempting to declare the town a Kindle-free zone). Johnrcrellin (talk) 15:08, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The key point is "town". We'd need a reliable source that said a significant portion, likely though a well-attended meeting that led to some effect, or through an official council, had made some move (in jest or otherwise) in that direction.  Otherwise the first sentence on that page isn't satisfied ("Towns and cities which have proclaimed themselves independent or monarchies/principalities . . .").  Such a source may well exist.  Also, the page doesn't say they're synonyms.  It says that all the secessionist places named there are often referred to as micronations, which is fair.  That doesn't mean the reverse is true; for example, the Grand Duchy of Avram is a micronation, but is not secessionist.  Bromley86 (talk) 15:48, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Classic logical error on my part... I don't know myself on the possible sources and do know who to ask so will try to remember to. Johnrcrellin (talk) 17:18, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Book trade
So here's the important question, the one I sought an answer to: how and when did this place start to become such a vast accumulation of used book stores? Did Booth start it, or...? -- Orange Mike 02:13, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Timbuktu
According to the Timbuktu page, Hay-on-Wye is twinned with it. --RaphaelBriand (talk) 13:43, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Links
"Not the purpose of Wikipedia, it's an Encyclopedia not a 'What's on' site." Arguable - providing the link does not make Wikipedia a What's on site. It is a highly relevant and as far as I am aware non-commercial link useful to anyone reading about Hay at WP

Johnrcrellin (talk) 05:52, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

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Historic location?
I always thought Hay was in a modern English county [just saw it on a list of "Things to do in Wales"], obviously when the Welsh counties were annexed it was in England, but with the Hay Castle, see https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/offas-dyke-path/plan, being East of Offa's Dyke it would _seem_ historically it was not on the Brecknockshire side of the Dyke. Indeed it was part of the Marches and when Henry VIII reiterated the annexation with the Law in Wales Act, it was combined with other Marcher territories to become a new county of his English Realm. The "in the historic county of" bit might be misleading (or not), it suggests to me that this is an ancient county and that the border has always been static? Is that the case? Just curious really - the number of fortified buildings in the area would suggest the border might have moved about quite a bit, but the article here doesn't mention anything like that, so ...? Seems like there might be some interesting past that's not included in the article at present? Pbhj (talk) 16:15, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

Sir Terry Pratchett
I question the inclusion of Terry Pratchett in the list-section of Notable people (by implication those born or resident there). A check of his wiki article shows the only connection the Buckinghamshire-then-Wiltshire based writer had with this town is that his mother was from there, but nothing to support his ever living there. There is no citation against his listing. For this reason I am removing him from the list until someone can produce evidence of personal involvement in the town.Cloptonson (talk) 19:27, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hay-on-Wye


text:
Death with Dignity Act

Death with Dignity Act may refer to:

 * California End of Life Option Act, 2016
 * Oregon Death with Dignity Act
 * Washington Death with Dignity Act
 * Advance Directives Act, Texas law passed in 1999

title: Death with Dignity Act


text:
Warkany syndrome 1

Warkany syndrome 1 was an X-chromosome linked recessive genetic condition originally described by Joseph Warkany in 1961 as part of an article on intrauterine growth retardation - the condition is no longer diagnosed. The family history was consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance of intrauterine growth retardation and small head size, but these features are not unique to this condition and no linkage to a specific gene was ever established. In fact, the condition appears to have been abandoned, given that the OMIM number (308400) assigned to it and listed in a review article on X-linked mental retardation has been removed from the OMIM database. Furthermore, this condition is no longer mentioned in a more recent review of X-linked mental retardation.

title: Warkany syndrome 1


text:
Island-class patrol vessel

The Island-class patrol vessel was first designed and built for the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency. As a result of the Royal Navy's experiences in the Cod Wars with Iceland, FPV Jura (loaned to the Navy as HMS Jura (P296)) and FPV Westra were put in fishery protection patrols, the Navy built a further seven. These ships were designed and built by Hall Russell of Aberdeen, Scotland.

Fishery protection cruisers
FPV Jura and FPV Westra were built by Hall, Russell & Company of Aberdeen in 1973 and 1975 respectively. Jura was loaned to the Royal Navy between 1975 and 1977 for evaluation.

Royal Navy offshore fishery protection ships
The success of Jura encouraged the Royal Navy to build a further seven ships to the same design; these ships formed the bulk of the Fishery Protection Squadron, whose mission was to patrol the Atlantic fishing grounds, and ensure the security of the British oil and gas fields in the North Sea. However, since the mid-1990s, the class has been gradually decommissioned; Jersey was sold to the Bangladesh Navy in 1994, to be followed by Shetland, Alderney, Anglesey, Guernsey and Lindisfarne, with Orkney going to Trinidad and Tobago. The Island class was replaced in the Fishery Protection Squadron by the three ships of the River-class patrol vessel.

Disposal
Presently, five Island-class patrol vessels are in active service with the Bangladesh Navy. They are BNS Karotoa (ex-Alderney), BNS Kapatakhaya (ex-Shetland), BNS Turag (ex-Lindisfarne), BNS Gomati (ex-Anglesey) and BNS Sangu (ex-Guernsey). Another ex-Royal Navy Island-class vessel, Jersey, was used as the training ship, Shaheed Ruhul Amin. The final ship of the class, ex-Royal Navy vessel Orkney is in service with the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard and named TTS Nelson.

The Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency Westra was sold to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in 2006 and renamed MY Steve Irwin. Jura was sold in 1988 and renamed Criscilla, and then N'Madi. She was broken up in Portugal in November 2001.

title: Island-class patrol vessel


text:
Hraunfossar

Hraunfossar (in Borgarfjörður, western Iceland) is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into Hvítá (Borgarfjörður), from ledges of less porous rock in the lava. The name comes from the Icelandic word for lava (hraun) and the word for waterfalls (fossar). The Hraunfossar are situated near Húsafell and Reykholt and the Víðgelmir lava tube is close by.

Literally a stone's throw upstream from Hraunfossar, there is another waterfall called Barnafoss. Its name, the waterfall of the children, comes from an accident which is said to have taken place here in former times. There was a natural bridge over the waterfall and two children from a nearby farm fell to their deaths crossing the river on the bridge. Afterwards, the grief-struck mother had the bridge destroyed.

title: Hraunfossar


text:
Talk:Hydropneumatic suspension

Too broad a term?
"Hydropneumatic" is too broad a term for what this page describes. I was going to move it to "hydropneumatic suspension", but the Citroën uses hydropneumatics for brakes and clutch as well.

The main point, though, is that "hydropneumatic" is a very general term. Mackerm 13:15, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point, it should probably be a disambiguation page at some point! --Pete Richardson 09:43, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Most of the alleged advantages are complete gibberish
Whoever wrote the article has no idea why cars have damping, including those with the Citroen system, in which damping is provided by flow restrictors in the spheres. The idea that a non-linear spring cannot resonate is nonsense, as anyone who has ever watched a pendulum swinging through more than a small angle knows. We are told that increasing the loading leaves the spring rate constant in one paragraph, then in the next that the springing has stiffened up. All in all it reads like the ill-informed ravings of an enthusiast. About half this article needs thrown out as rubbish and the rest heavily rewritten. 87.113.37.249 (talk) 20:58, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

“Its nitrogen springing medium is approximately six times more flexible than conventional steel"
This phrase means essentially nothing. Conventional steels vary in stiffness (Young’s modulus) by a good factor of six themselves, and nitrogen, as a gas, has no characteristic stiffness; gasses can expand infinitely and (within the range of pressures relevant here) can be compressed infinitely as well. The “stiffness” of a gas cylinder depends on the pressure within it; it’s meaningless to compare that to the ”flexibility” of a solid material, whatever that might be.

The whole second paragraph needs replacement, but I'm not sure what main point to highlight. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.38.32.131 (talk) 10:43, 11 February 2009 (UTC) I agree. The allusion is to the behavior of a cantilevered leaf spring. The internal friction in the leaf spring acts to damp its motion just like a shock absorber does. The natural vibration of a cantilevered leaf spring is a function of its density, internal friction and stiffness. But the spring's mass and internal friction are negligible compared to the mass it supports and the shock absorber's friction. The nitrogen in the spheres has a very low density (compared to steel) and low internal friction. Its spring rate, however, is a dynamic function of the load it carries. This nonlinear spring rate must be part of the reason a Citroën doesn't have a natural bouncing frequency. I'd welcome discussion on this. CharlieAndy (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:08, 27 September 2010 (UTC).

"large loads make no real changes to the handling"
That would require, at least, central tire inflation, like a military Humvee, but load dependent. Some cars, like the Renault R4, have wheels that don't change angles with load, but the load on the tires affects car handling. That is the main reason the DS had wider tires in front than in the rear and Porsches have wider tires in the rear than in front. David R. Ingham 03:39, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Small car

 * Shouldn't the first small car with hydropneumatic suspension be the Citroën M35? Hektor 20:34, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The M35 was really just a prototype that a few customers actually tested (sort of like the 1964 Chrysler Turbine car) plus was the M35 really older than the 1970 GS?

Diagram

 * Needs a key/index. 87.254.67.236 04:16, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Air ride suspension link invalid
I removed this link as it doesn't have any information about hydropneumatic suspension. Having produced a photobucket album containing jpeg images of a Citroen manual, a link was attached but removed. I will attempt to attach it again as I believe that much more can be learnt from this information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 202.43.226.11 (talk) 12:14, 9 May 2007 (UTC).

list of Citroen cars
Hi. As regards the list of car with hydropneumatic suspension: C4, Picasso and C8 are not equipped with hydropneumatic suspension but with classical. Rgds. François

Trivia
Too much trivia for a technical subject and it needs cites;

Alastairward (talk) 12:42, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The accumulator sphere typically has enough pressure left for multiple hard brakings (up to 50), even if the engine (and high pressure pump) stops working.
 * Some hydropneumatic Citroëns can drive on 3 wheels. One can remove a rear wheel, then raise the suspension to 'high' position. The suspension, being pressed firmly against its rebound stops, has no flexibility: the rigidity of the chassis raises the corner with the missing wheel.
 * Maseratis in the 1970s borrowed some parts of the system for braking and power steering, but the only Maserati that did use a hydropneumatic suspension was the Quattroporte II. Citroën owned Maserati at this time and produced the hydropneumatically suspended SM.
 * Rolls-Royce cars used the system (for height leveling) in combination with a standard suspension.
 * In the early production of hydropneumatic cars different synthetic fluids were used (CH12, SP19, LHS liquide hydraulique synthétique).   Significant problems were inherent with these fluids.  They were hygroscopic, absorbing atmospheric water which pitted hydraulic valves and pistons/cylinders. They lacked lubricative quality, limiting the lifespan of hydraulic components, and they would decompose at moderate temperatures, causing acidity in the fluid.  In 1959, an attempt was made to solve the problem of temperature by including ventilators in the upper surface of the front wings of the DS, but the better solution was found in chemistry. LHS2, which resolved the thermal instability but not the problem of hygroscopy, nor the lack of lubrication.  In September 1966, une liquide hydraulique minérale, LHM, replaced LHS2, necessitating the redesign of all the neoprene rubber seals/diaphragms/covers/boots with a material suitable for mineral hydraulic fluid.  The problem of hygroscopy disappeared, and the lack of lubrication became a situation of perfect lubrication.  With correct maintenance, the Citroën hydraulic system could remain in reliable service for hundreds of thousands of miles
 * In early production, slide valves/valve bodies and pistons/cylinders were matched to tolerances of within 10 micrometres. Such was the tolerance necessary to guarantee hydraulic sealing at a pressure of up to 2200 psi, and air-conditioning was essential in the factories producing such parts.  Such tolerance in machining did not exist elsewhere in auto manufacture.  The parts could not be machined to 10 micrometres, but could be measured to that accuracy.  The valve barrels and pistons were machined as accurately as possible, and then matched up in pairs.
 * The "poor man's" alternative to hydropneumatic is British Leyland's Hydragas system, which uses pre-pressurised spheres which are interconnected between axles, and various air suspension arrangements.
 * From 1974 to 1981, the USA outlawed cars that lower as the hydraulic system depressurises.
 * Over 9 million vehicles have been produced with this type of suspension.

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title: Talk:Hydropneumatic suspension


text: Talk:Salem, Oklahoma

title: Talk:Salem, Oklahoma


text:
Greg Costikyan

Greg Costikyan (born July 22, 1959, in New York City ), sometimes known under the pseudonym "Designer X", is an American game designer and science fiction writer. Costikyan's career spans nearly all extant genres of gaming, including: hex-based wargames, role-playing games, boardgames, card games, computer games, online games, and mobile games. Several of his games have won Origins Awards. He co-founded Manifesto Games, now out of business, with Johnny Wilson in 2005.

Personal life and education
Greg Costikyan is the son of attorney and politician Edward N. and Frances (Holmgren) Costikyan. He and Warren Spector, a game designer, were friends since high school. He is a 1982 graduate (B.S.) of Brown University. He married Louise Disbrow (a securities analyst), September 4, 1986. They have three children. He is a frequent speaker at game industry events including the Game Developers Conference and E³.

Career
Greg Costikyan has been a game designer since the 1970s. Costikyan worked at SPI until it was closed by TSR in 1982; he came to West End Games in 1983. His 1983 game Bug-Eyed Monsters brought West End Games into the science-fiction and fantasy genres, and the following year he licensed his Paranoia role-playing game to West End Games for publishing after trying unsuccessfully to find a publisher. Costikyan designed Toon (1984) for Steve Jackson Games after developing it from an idea suggested by Jeff Dee; Costikyan felt that the game system was mostly "arbitrary" and that the theme of the game was far more important. West End Games acquired licensing to make a game based on Star Wars, and Costikyan designed Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game, published in 1987, assisted by Doug Kaufman and others.

Costikyan and Eric Goldberg left West End Games in January 1987, forming the short-lived Goldberg Associates. When West End Games declared bankruptcy in 1998, Costikyan and Goldberg tried to recover the rights to Paranoia; although West End's founder Scott Palter tried to fight this, a judge gave the rights back to the creators in 2000. Costikyan designed the role-playing game Violence (1999) under the pseudonym "Designer X" for Hogshead Publishing, and made sure that the game would widely available by releasing it under a Creative Commons license. Costikyan and Goldberg licensed Paranoia to Mongoose Publishing, which began producing new books for the game in 2004.

Costikyan was the CEO of Manifesto Games, a start-up devoted to providing a viable path to market for independently developed computer games. He subsequently worked as a consultant for several years before joining Guerillapps as lead game designer in March 2010 to develop its game "Trash Tycoon" for Facebook. In May 2011, he joined Disney Playdom as senior games designer and in January 2014 assumed the same role at Loop Drop. In June 2015, Costikyan joined Boss Fight Entertainment as senior games designer.

He has written on games, game design, and game industry business issues for publications including: the New York Times, Wall Street Journal Interactive, Salon, The Escapist, Gamasutra, and Game Developers Magazine, and is the author of science fiction novels.

He has lectured on game design at universities including: the Copenhagen ITU, Helsinki University of Art & Design, RPI, and Stony Brook University.

As of 2019, Costikyan and Goldberg both joined Playable Worlds, a gaming startup focused on producing an as-yet-unnamed MMORPG.

Games
Costikyan's notable works include:
 * Web and Starship (1984, a starships combat science fiction board game)
 * Toon (1984, a humor role-playing game)
 * Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game (Origins Award Winner for Best Role-playing Rules of 1987  )
 * Pax Britannica (Charles S. Roberts Award Winner for Best Pre-20th Century Game of 1985  )
 * Paranoia (Origins Award Winner for Best Roleplaying Rules of 1984  )
 * The Creature That Ate Sheboygan (Charles S. Roberts Award Winner for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Game of 1979  )
 * MadMaze
 * Violence: The Roleplaying Game of Egregious and Repulsive Bloodshed
 * The Price of Freedom (1986)

Costikyan's other RPG credits include Acute Paranoia (1986) for Paranoia, and Your Own Private Idaho (1987) for The Price of Freedom.

In addition, Costikyan is a widely published author on the subject of game design and the role of games in culture. His essay "I Have No Words and I Must Design" is widely read as a conceptual approach to framing game design.

Costikyan worked on game design for many years, including writing and consulting for Nokia. In September 2005, he left Nokia to join with Johnny Wilson, former editor of Computer Gaming World, in founding the startup indie game publisher Manifesto Games. He regularly contributed to the now defunct Manifesto Games' website, and was editor in chief of their now defunct offshoot game review blog Play This Thing.

In the 1970s and '80s, Costikyan was a leading player of Slobbovia. His novel One Quest, Hold the Dragons includes several stories about crottled greeps, a Slobbovian meme.

In 1997, he designed the video game Evolution: The Game of Intelligent Life.

In February 2009, Costikyan updated the rules and re-released his 1979 space combat game, Vector 3, under a Creative Commons license as a free PDF download.

Books
Costikyan has written four novels. The first two were parodies of genre fantasy: Another Day, Another Dungeon (1990, ISBN 0-8125-0140-3) and its sequel One Quest, Hold the Dragons (1995, ISBN 0-8125-2269-9). By the Sword (1993, ISBN 0-312-85489-7) is another irreverent fantasy about a young barbarian who is forced by circumstances to make his way in the larger world; it was originally serialized on the Prodigy online service.

His latest novel, First Contract (in French : Space O.P.A. - 2000, ISBN 0-312-87396-4), depicts (with much dry humor) the vast sociological and economic changes that happen after aliens arrive on Earth, and one entrepreneur's efforts to survive and make a new start.

In 2013, Costikyan's non-fiction look at the role of uncertainty in game development Uncertainty in Games was published by MIT Press. A paperback edition was subsequently published in 2015. ISBN 9780262527538.

Awards and recognition
Costikyan is the winner of five Origins Awards. On March 7, 2007, Costikyan received the Game Developers Choice Awards Maverick Award. The award was given for his tireless efforts to create a viable channel for indie games. He was inducted into the Adventure Gaming Hall of Fame in 1999.

title: Greg Costikyan


text:
Eötvös Loránd University

Eötvös Loránd University (Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, ELTE, also known as University of Budapest) is a Hungarian public research university based in Budapest. Founded in 1635, ELTE is one of the largest and most prestigious public higher education institutions in Hungary. The 28,000 students at ELTE are organized into nine faculties, and into research institutes located throughout Budapest and on the scenic banks of the Danube. ELTE is affiliated with 5 Nobel laureates, as well as winners of the Wolf Prize, Fulkerson Prize and Abel Prize, the latest of which was Abel Prize winner László Lovász in 2021.

The predecessor of Eötvös Loránd University was founded in 1635 by Cardinal Péter Pázmány in Nagyszombat, Kingdom of Hungary (today Trnava, Slovakia) as a Catholic university for teaching theology and philosophy. In 1770, the university was transferred to Buda. It was named Royal University of Pest until 1873, then University of Budapest until 1921, when it was renamed Royal Hungarian Pázmány Péter University after its founder Péter Pázmány. The Faculty of Science started its autonomous life in 1949, when The Faculty of Theology was separated from the university (now Pázmány Péter Catholic University). The university received its current name in 1950, after one of its most well-known physicists, Baron Loránd Eötvös.

History
The university was founded in 1635 in Nagyszombat, Kingdom of Hungary (today Trnava, Slovakia) by the archbishop and theologian Péter Pázmány. Leadership was given over to the Jesuits. Initially the university only had two faculties (Faculty of Arts and Faculty of Theology). The Faculty of Law was added in 1667 and the Faculty of Medicine was started in 1769. After the dissolution of the Jesuit order, the university was moved to Buda (today part of Budapest) in 1777 in accordance with the intention of the founder. The university moved to its final location in Pest (now also part of Budapest) in 1784. The language of education was Latin until 1844, when Hungarian was introduced as an exclusive official language. Women have been allowed to enroll since 1895.

Although several Hungarian universities opted for the new foundation model, Eötvös Loránd University remained state-owned.

On 3 October 2023, a former student of the Faculty of Science, Ferenc Krausz was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics.

Academic profile
ELTE is Hungary's largest scientific establishment with 118 PhD programs at 17 doctoral schools, and also offers 38 bachelor's programs, 96 master's programs, and over 50 degree programs in foreign languages. The course credits awarded are transferable to universities in Europe through the Bologna process. The nine faculties are (active faculties are in bold):

Reputation and rankings
In the 2013-14 QS World University Rankings, Eötvös Loránd University was ranked 551-600th. In the 2018, according to the Times Higher Education World University Ranking, ELTE ranked between 601 and 800. Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university among the best 301-400 between 2010 and 2014.

Campuses
ELTE has campuses at several places in Budapest:

 * Egyetem tér in the 5th district (Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics)
 * "Trefort Garden" (Trefort-kert) in the 8th district (Faculty of Humanities)
 * Lágymányos campus in the 11th district (Faculty of Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Faculty of Informatics)
 * Buildings in Kazinczy utca (7th district) and Izabella utca (6th district) (Faculty of Education and Psychology)
 * Ecseri út in the 9th district (Bárczi Gusztáv Faculty of Special Needs Education)
 * Kiss János altábornagy utca in the 12th district (Faculty of Primary and Pre-School Education)

Since 2017, ELTE has a campus named "Savaria University Centre" (Savaria Egyetemi Központ) in Szombathely (Savaria in Latin).

Library
The University Library and Archives was founded in 1561 and it is located in 6 Ferenciek tere. However, each faculty of the university has their own library located in different parts of Budapest.

 * Library of the Faculty of Humanities
 * Library of the Faculty of Law
 * Library of the Faculty of Science

The library of Medieval Studies of the Central European University was located in the building of ELTE's Faculty of Humanities.

Notable alumni
Nobel Prize laureates:
 * Lénárd Fülöp, Nobel Prize for Physics (1905)
 * Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of Vitamin C (1937)
 * Hevesy György, Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1943)
 * Békésy György, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1961)
 * Harsányi János, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1994)
 * Ferenc Krausz, Nobel Prize in Physics (2023)

Other notable alumni:

 * Faculty of Humanities
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Science

Sport
The Eötvös Loránd University has its own sport club, Budapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club (English: Budapest University Athletic Club). The biggest achievement of the association football department of the club was qualifying for the 1924-25 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season. However, in the subsequent season (1925-26 Nemzeti Bajnokság I) the club were relegated to the Nemzeti Bajnokság II and has never been able to qualify to the top flight ever since. https://www.beac.hu/

title: Eötvös Loránd University


text:
J. Slauerhoff

Jan Jacob Slauerhoff (15 September 1898 – 5 October 1936), who published as J. Slauerhoff, was a Dutch poet and novelist. He is considered one of the most important Dutch language writers.

Youth
Slauerhoff attended HBS (secondary school) in Leeuwarden, where he first met fellow future writer Simon Vestdijk, who was from Harlingen. In 1916, Slauerhoff and Vestdijk both moved to Amsterdam to read medicine. While at the university, Slauerhoff wrote his first poems; his debut as a poet was in the Communist magazine De Nieuwe Tijd. He edited the Amsterdam student magazine Propria Cures from 1919 to 1920. In 1919, Slauerhoff became engaged to a Dutch language student, Truus de Ruyter. In 1921 he joined the staff of the literary magazine Het Getij and later that of De Vrije Bladen; in this period he became acquainted with poets Hendrik Marsman and Hendrik de Vries.

Early career
His first collection of verse, Archipel ("Archipelago"), was published in 1923. Afterwards, he started working as a medical doctor on board of ships, especially in South East Asia. Much of his work refers to travel, to longing for far coasts, to China and Japan, and to the sea.

Marriage, final years
From 1929 on, Slauerhoff stayed in the Netherlands more frequently. He was an assistant in the Utrecht University clinic for Dermatology and Venereal Diseases from 1929–1930. In September 1930, he married dancer and ballet teacher Darja Collin, the start of a short happy period in his life. By 1931, however, Slauerhoff had fallen ill again and left for the Italian health resort of Merano to recuperate. His wife followed him in 1932, so that they might experience the birth of their first child together. The child, was stillborn, prompting a serious depression in Slauerhoff.

Later in 1932, Slauerhoff went to sea again, signing up with the Holland-West-Afrikalijn. His general bad health continued to trouble him and he considered moving to Northern Africa, as this would benefit his health. In March 1934, he set up a doctor's practice in Tangier, then an international protectorate, but by October he had left again. His periods of illness grew longer as the symptoms grew more serious, and his relationship with Darja deteriorated.

His fame as a writer, meanwhile, spread. In 1932 he published Het verboden rijk ("The Forbidden Kingdom"), a partly historical, partly magical realist novel combining the life of a 20th-century European with that of Luís de Camões, the 16th-century Portuguese poet (author of sonnets and the epic The Lusiads) who spent part of his life in the Orient. Despite not being translated into English until 2012, it attracted attention from scholars publishing in English. Jane Fenoulhet, for instance, referred to it as an important modernist novel in 2001. Both Het verboden rijk and the follow-up novel Het leven op aarde ("Life on Earth," 1934) were widely praised, and his 1933 verse collection Soleares was awarded the Van der Hoogt Prize.

The year 1935 saw more sea voyages as a ship's doctor, but also his divorce from Darja Collin. In this period of his life, Slauerhoff fell out with many of his literary friends, among them Du Perron and Vestdijk. During his last voyage, to South Africa, he fell severely ill with malaria on top of his neglected tuberculosis and returned to Merano for yet more recuperation.

Still ill, he returned to the Netherlands in 1936 to take up residence in a nursing home in Hilversum, where he died on 5 October, just after his 38th birthday and one month after the publication of his last collection of verse, Een eerlijk zeemansgraf ("An Honourable Seaman's Grave").

Style and themes
Though Slauerhoff writes in the time of expressionism, his poetry is, according to Garmt Stuiveling and G.J. van Bork, essentially romantic: strongly autobiographical, it evidences restlessness, imagination, and a longing for faraway places, expressed through an identification with tramps, discoverers, and pirates.

Much of Slauerhoff's work is concerned with the poor and downtrodden; especially the poetry collections Archipel (1923), Eldorado (1928), Soleares (1933), and Een eerlijk zeemansgraf (1936). A performance of his play ''Jan Pietersz. Coen'' (1930), highly critical of Jan Pieterszoon Coen (seventeenth-century officer of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia and two-term Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies), was prohibited by the mayor of Amsterdam in 1948.

Posthumous editions
Two works in progress that were nearly finished at the time of Slauerhoff's death, the original novel De opstand van Guadalajara ("The Guadalajara Uprising") and the translation of Martín Luis Guzmán's novel In de schaduw van den leider ("In the Shadow of the Leader"), were published posthumously in 1937.

A Committee for the Preparation of Slauerhoff's Complete Works was put together and convened to compile his Complete Works. This Committee, which consisted of leading literary figures, among which a number of friends of Slauerhoff, included D.A.M. Binnendijk, Menno ter Braak, N.A. Donkersloot, J. Greshoff, Kees Lekkerkerker, Hendrik Marsman, Adriaan Roland Holst, and Constant van Wessem. Du Perron contributed a general outline for the ordering and grouping of the contents, but declined to participate further. Work progressed slowly and was further slowed down by the events of World War II. The first volume appeared in 1941, one year behind schedule, and the series of eight volumes was not completed until 1958. Two of the Committee's members, Ter Braak and Marsman, died at the start of the war and the publisher, Nijgh & Van Ditmar, lost faith halfway through the project, which resulted in the intended separate volume of critical apparatus being scrapped and the last volume, containing Slauerhoff's essays, being published independently by Lekkerkerker. Lekkerkerker, ever the dedicated text researcher and caretaker of Slauerhoff's literary heritage, continued over the years to unearth and study Slauerhoff's manuscripts and uncollected publications, resulting in ever better versions of the Complete Poems and Complete Prose volumes.

In 2018 a revised complete edition of all his poems was published. Wim Hazeu, one of the main biographers of the Netherlands, published a revised edition of his Slauerhoff biography that same year. Slauerhoff's 1934 novel, Het leven op aarde, was republished by Handheld Press in a new English translation by David McKay as Adrift in the Middle Kingdom in 2019.

Poetry

 * Archipel ("Archipelago", 1923)
 * Clair-obscur (1927)
 * Oost-Azië ("East Asia", 1928, under ps. John Ravenswood)
 * Eldorado (1928)
 * Fleurs de Marécage ("Marsh Flowers", 1929, in French)
 * Saturnus ("Saturn", 1930, revised and enlarged re-issue of Clair-obscur)
 * Yoeng Poe Tsjoeng ("Of Little Use", translations from the Chinese and original poems, 1930)
 * Serenade (1930)
 * Soleares (1933)
 * Een eerlijk zeemansgraf ("An Honorable Sailor's Grave", 1936)
 * Verzamelde gedichten ("Collected Verse", 1947)
 * Al dwalend ("Wandering About", previously uncollected poems, 1947)
 * Alleen in mijn gedichten kan ik wonen ("Only in My Poems Can I Dwell", anthology, 1978)
 * Op aarde niet en niet op zee ("Not on earth, and not at sea"), poems selected by Henny Vrienten (Amsterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar 2000. ISBN 90-388-7039-6)
 * In memoriam mijzelf ("In Memory of Myself", anthology, 2006)

Original prose

 * Het Lente-eiland en andere verhalen ("The Isle of Spring and Other Stories", 1930, short stories)
 * Schuim en asch ("Spume and Ashes", 1930, short stories)
 * Het verboden rijk (1932, novel); translated into English by Paul Vincent as The Forbidden Kingdom (London: Pushkin, 2012, ISBN 978-1-906548-88-9)
 * Het leven op aarde ("Life on Earth", 1934, novel); translated into English by David McKay as Adrift in the Middle Kingdom. Handheld Press, 2019 ISBN 978-1999944872
 * De opstand van Guadalajara ("The Guadalajara Uprising", 1937, posthumously published novel)
 * Verzameld proza ("Collected Prose", 1961)
 * Verwonderd saam te zijn ("Strange Bedfellows", 1987, short stories and a one act play [1928–1935])
 * Alleen de havens zijn ons trouw ("Only the Ports Are Loyal to Us", 1992, travelogue short stories [1927–1932])

Translated prose

 * Ricardo Güiraldes – Don Segundo Sombra (1930, 1941², 1948³; from Spanish with R. Schreuder)
 * José Maria de Eça de Queiroz – De misdaad van Pater Amaro ("The Crime of Father Amaro", 1932; from Portuguese with R. Schreuder)
 * Guillermo Hernández Mir – De hof der oranjeboomen ("The Court with the Orange Trees", 1932; from Spanish with R. Schreuder)
 * Paulo Setúbal – Johan Maurits van Nassau ("John Maurice of Nassau", 1933; from Portuguese by R. Schreuder with J. Slauerhoff)
 * Ramón Gómez de la Serna – Dokter hoe is het mogelijk ("Doctor Improbable", 1935; from Spanish)
 * Martín Luis Guzmán – In de schaduw van den leider ("In the Shadow of the Leader", 1937; from Spanish with G.J. Geers, published posthumously)
 * Jules Laforgue – Hamlet, of De gevolgen der kinderliefde ("Hamlet, or The Consequences of Filial Love", 1962, 1970²; from French [1928])
 * Thomas Raucat – Twee verhalen ("Two Short Stories", 1974; from French [1929])

Drama

 * Jan Pietersz. Coen (1931, tragedy)

Miscellaneous

 * Verzamelde werken ("Complete Works", 8 vols., 1941–1958)
 * Brieven van Slauerhoff ("Letters from Slauerhoff", ed. by Arthur Lehning, 1955)
 * Dagboek ("Diary", ed. by Kees Lekkerkerker, 1957)
 * Verzameld Proza ("Collected Prose"), 2 vols. (The Hague: Nijgh & Van Ditmar 1975. ISBN 90-236-5569-9 (vol. 1) and ISBN 90-236-5570-2 (vol. 2))
 * Slauerhoff student auteur ("Slauerhoff Student Writer", prose and poetry from Slauerhoff's student days ed. by Eep Francken et al., 1983)
 * Brieven aan Hans Feriz ("Letters to Hans Feriz", ed. Herman Vernout, 1984)
 * Het China van Slauerhoff: aantekeningen en ontwerpen voor de Cameron-romans ("Slauerhoff's China – Notes and Outlines for the Cameron Novels", ed. W. Blok et al., 1985)
 * Hij droeg de zee en de verte aan zich mee ("He Carried the Sea and the Distance with Him", letters ed. by J.J. van Herpen, 1985)
 * Cristina Branco Canta Slauerhoff (Cristina Branco Sings Slauerhoff, 9 poems translated into Portuguese and put to Fado music, 2000)
 * Van een liefde die vriendschap bleef ("Of a Love that Remained Friendship", letters ed. by Wim Hazeu, 2007)
 * Het heele leven is toch verloren ("Life Is a Lost Cause Anyway", poems, letters, diaries, ed. by Arie Pos et al.) ISBN 978-90-814450-7-8
 * Slauerhoff Biografie Wim Hazeu, 2018
 * J. Slauerhoff Verzamelde gedichten 2018, bezorgd door Hein Aalders en Menno Voskuil

There are a number of German, French, Italian, Ukrainian, and Portuguese translations of his prose works and Russian translations of his poetry.

title: J. Slauerhoff


text:
Carlos Valderrama (baseball)

Carlos Alberto Valderrama Cordero (born November 30, 1977) is a former Venezuelan outfielder in Major League Baseball who appeared in seven games for the San Francisco Giants during the 2003 season.

Born in Maracaibo, Zulia and listed at 6 feet (1.83 m) and 180 pounds (81.7 kg), Valderrama played nine seasons in Minor League Baseball (MiLB). He has a minor league career .298 average with 57 home runs, 334 runs batted in, 427 runs, and 203 stolen bases.

Valderrama is the former manager of the Augusta GreenJackets, the Low-A East affiliate of the Atlanta Braves. He is currently the manager of the Eugene Emeralds, the High-A West affiliate of the San Francisco Giants.

title: Carlos Valderrama (baseball)


text: User talk:81.131.248.151

title: User talk:81.131.248.151


text:
Rod Hall (literary agent)

Roderick Thomas Berringer (Rod) Hall  (27 April 1951 – 21 May 2004) was a British literary agent who represented several successful writers.

Biography
Hall was born in Sussex, England. His parents ran a fruit farm.

He was educated at Priory Grammar School, Lewes and studied English at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a master's degree in 1974. While at the university he established the first ever gay and lesbian society.

Having worked for London agency AP Watt, he established the Rod Hall Agency Limited in 1997.

Hall was found dead, with multiple stab wounds, chained to a radiator, in his Southwark apartment. In 2005, Usman Durrani, a 20 year old student at the University of Edinburgh was convicted of Hall's murder and sentenced to life in prison.

Following his death, the films Driving Lessons and Imagine Me & You as well as the stage play Mercury Fur were dedicated to him.

Clients
Hall's agency represented more than 60 writers, including:
 * Simon Beaufoy (wrote The Full Monty and Slumdog Millionaire)
 * Jeremy Brock (wrote Mrs. Brown)
 * Lee Hall (wrote Billy Elliot)
 * Liz Lochhead (Scottish poet)
 * Martin McDonagh (playwright)
 * Philip Ridley (playwright, screenwriter, director)
 * Richard Smith (wrote Trauma)
 * Juliette Towhidi (wrote Calendar Girls)
 * Simon Nye (wrote the television show Men Behaving Badly).

title: Rod Hall (literary agent)


text:
User:Muijz

'''> leave a message at my Dutch Talkpage <-'''

Hello!

This is the English page of Muijz (Erik van den Muijzenberg). I am a contributor to the Dutch Wikipedia. Sometimes I add a link here to the corresponding Dutch article, or I correct a minor mistake. I used to do that anonymously, but on May 26, 2004 I got the message that there was a message for me. I clicked, and then I read this:

 * User talk:168.190.200.33

 * If you continue to post nonsense articles you will be blocked from editing. Maximus Rex 13:49, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

So, I checked the User contributions. But those weren't my contributions. (Wasn't my IP address either.) Weird. (Here are my anonymous contributions.)

Anyway, I decided to create an account. If you can read Dutch, you can check my Dutch Userpage too.

Cheers, Muijz

Memo

 * Randy in Boise
 * The Astronomer and the Amateur meet on Wikipedia
 * Competence is required

nl:Gebruiker:Muijz de:Benutzer:Muijz es:Usuario:Muijz fr:Utilisateur:Muijz fy:Br%C3%BBker:Muijz id:Pengguna:Muijz it:Utente:Muijz ja:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Muijz pl:Wikipedysta:Muijz sk:Redaktor:Muijz sv:Användare:Muijz

title: User:Muijz


text: User talk:208.11.222.136

title: User talk:208.11.222.136


text:
Flight of the Bumblebee

"Flight of the Bumblebee" (Полёт шмеля) is an orchestral interlude written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908) for his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan, composed in 1899–1900. Its composition is intended to musically evoke the seemingly chaotic and rapidly changing flying pattern of a bumblebee. Despite the piece being a rather incidental part of the opera, it is today one of the more familiar classical works because of its frequent use in popular culture.

The piece closes Act III, Tableau 1, during which the magic Swan-Bird changes Prince Gvidon Saltanovich (the Tsar's son) into an insect so that he can fly away to visit his father (who does not know that he is alive). Although in the opera the Swan-Bird sings during the first part of the "Flight", her vocal line is melodically uninvolved and easily omitted; this feature, combined with the fact that the number decisively closes the scene, made easy extraction as an orchestral concerto piece possible.

Overview
Here is the text of the scene where the Swan-Bird sings during this music:

Although the "Flight" does not have a title in the score of the opera, its common English title translates like the Russian one (Полёт шмеля = Polyot shmelya). Incidentally, this piece does not constitute one of the movements of the orchestral suite that Rimsky-Korsakov derived from the opera for concerts.

Those familiar with the opera Tsar Saltan may recognize two leitmotifs used in the Flight, both of which are associated with Prince Gvidon from earlier in the opera. These are illustrated here in musical notation:

 * Gvidon's Leitmotifs in "Flight of the Bumblebee"

The music of this number recurs in modified form during the ensuing tableau (Act III, Tableau 2), at the points when the Bumblebee appears during the scene: it stings the two evil sisters on the brow, blinds Babarikha (the instigator of the plot to trick Saltan at the beginning into sending his wife away), and in general causes havoc at the end of the tableau. The readers of Alexander Pushkin's original poem, upon which this opera is based, will note that Gvidon is supposed to go on three separate trips to Saltan's kingdom, each of which requires a transformation into a different insect.

"Flight of the Bumblebee" is recognizable for its frantic pace when played up to tempo, with nearly uninterrupted runs of chromatic sixteenth notes. It is not so much the pitch or range of the notes that are played that challenges the musician, but simply the musician's ability to move to them quickly enough. Because of this and its complexity, it requires a great deal of skill to perform. Often in popular culture, it is thought of as being notoriously hard to play.

In the "Tsar Saltan" suite, the short version is commonly played, taking less than two minutes. In the Opera version, the three-minute fifty-five-second version is performed.

title: Flight of the Bumblebee


text:
Talk:Sri Ramanujacharya

The text on this page is from. Do you have permission to use as described on Copyrights? Thue 13:55, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sri Ramanujacharya


text:
User talk:Kesavan

Please read Talk:Sri Ramanujacharya. Thue 14:02, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kesavan


text:
User:Kim ?

Name ahould be Kim &#37329 but got question mark. &#37329 16:21, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Kim ?


text:
Talk:RP (complexity)

A problem?
I think, there is a shortcoming to the explanation:

The probability have to be greater than zero and strictly smaller than one to generate the exacatly same class.

Ugly formula
Hey all, I introduced an ugly formula as part of an edit. I believe the formula is correct, but it doesn't look good inline. Can someone more format-gifted fix this up to look better?

(the formula is right because the more times the algorithm gives "NO" the more certain we are that is the actual answer - therefore it is not (1/2)^n, which approaches zero as n is large, but 1-(1/2)^n which approaches 1.

-- JustinWick 15:27, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some HTML. Now it looks kinda weird, but I think it's still unambiguous. Deco 00:36, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

YES and NO mixups
Wow, I feel like an idiot. Maybe this article is just somewhat confusing, but for a minute I wasn't connecting that "always correct on NO instances" is equivalent to "always correct when it yields YES". Sorry for my misedit, and I hope someone can help clarify this. Deco 09:14, 19 May 2005 (UT
 * I agree the phrasing is a little confusing. If anyone can think of a way to clarify, it would certainly improve the article. 75.82.133.73 (talk) 06:15, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

MAYBE
Perhaps it would make the article clearer if we defined RP using YES and MAYBE, i.e.

 * 1) If the correct answer is NO, it always returns MAYBE
 * 2) If the correct answer is YES, then it returns YES with probability at least 1/2, otherwise MAYBE.

A return value of YES means the correct answer is certainly YES, and a return value of MAYBE means the correct answer could be either YES or NO. If the algorithm is run many times and returns a MAYBE every time, this supports the hypothesis that the answer is NO but does not constitute proof. In this sense, if the correct answer is NO then the algorithm is unable to prove it so.

Similarly we can define Co-RP using NO and MAYBE.

What do you reckon - is this definition clearer or not?
 * This is an interesting idea, and it does fit in with how the algorithms usually work (either establish proof of YES or else just say you're not sure). We could eliminate all the language referring to the algorithm being "wrong", which is sort of weird. But I'd like to see what others think, since the treatment here is somewhat traditional. Deco 01:07, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the MAYBE treatment would fit poorly with the analysis of repeated runs, which characterizes an algorithm's likely correctness versus other things that could compromise the result. --Davidstrauss 08:14, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Renaming to RP (complexity theory)
Can I suggest that this article be renamed to RP (complexity theory), and the disambig moved here? I may be biased but complexity theory doesn't seem like it's the sort of thing that random people intend. Felix the Cassowary 12:05, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The argument could be made that the complexity class is the only thing on that list which is actually named "RP"; the other things are simply acronyms, many of which are very specialized, or not very plausible. However, I'm neutral to the move, since you're right that most people aren't looking for complexity theory.  I would be happy to perform the move in a few days, if there is consensus.  Please note that the resulting article should be called "RP (complexity)", not "RP (complexity theory)", to be in line with other complexity classes. -- Creidieki 15:06, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm going to have to concur with Cassowary. Many of the other uses of RP, while not the name proper of the subject, are very common abbreviations, and complexity theory isn't even mainstream within computer science. If we could do a visitor count somehow I'd bet more were looking for roleplaying. Deco 04:45, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Challenging a statement
"The intersection of the sets RP and Co-RP is called ZPP"

I believe the intersection of a complexity class contains all problems in both classes. Thus, in the intersection we can guarantee that there exists both an algorithm that will determine (with certainty) that the answer is yes, and an algorithm that will determine (with certainty) that the answer is no. By running both algorithms (in polynomial time) we may determine with certainty the correct answer. Thus

"The intersection of the sets RP and Co-RP is called P" -- Yoderj 20:02, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You're incorrect. The issue is that although either the RP or the co-RP algorithm will return the correct answer, if they return different answers, you don't know which one to trust. If you continually run them both until they produce the same answer, this will ensure that you have the right answer, and you only have to run them a constant number of times on average; this results in the expected-time polynomial-time algorithm usually used in the definition of ZPP. Dcoetzee 23:21, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Polynomial identity testing
I believe this statement is incorrect:

 * A natural example of a problem in co-RP currently not known to be in P is the problem of deciding whether a given multivariate arithmetic expression over the integers is the zero-polynomial. For instance, x·x − y·y − (x + y)·(x − y) is the zero-polynomial while x·x + y·y is not.

The polynomial identity testing problem is normally defined over finite fields, with the polynomials specified by their coefficients, and the random assignment method of solution does not apply to polynomials over the integers. So I'll fix it. Dcoetzee 21:39, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, the standard definition of PIT is over the integers, not over a finite field. In any case, the randomized solution does work over the integers just fine. The heart of the algorithm is the Schwartz-Zippel lemma (i.e., evaluation of a nonzero multivariate poly of degree d over a finite subset S gives 0 with probability at most d/|S|), which works the same for arbitrary integral domains, finite or otherwise. As for polynomials over Z, depending on the chosen representation of the input polynomials there may arise a problem that the degree of the polynomial is exponential, hence the value of the polynomial (as well as the intermediate results) may have exponential size, which makes the randomized algorithm exponential time. This can be worked around by a simple trick (evaluate the polynomial modulo a suitable prime). You can find a nicely written exposition in this paper, for instance. -- EJ (talk) 12:13, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * In fact, it is for finite rings that the randomized algorithm does not work, because you need the degree of the polynomial to be smaller than the size of S (hence smaller than the size of the ring). The description which you put in BPP (complexity) is wrong for the same reason, the 2d bound (the constant 2 is arbitrary anyway) does not apply to the number of trials, but to the size of the sample set for the individual variables. -- EJ (talk) 12:32, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * One more remark: it is essential for PIT to be defined for some succint representation of polynomials (like arithmetic circuits or fomulas). If the input polynomial is represented explicitly by a list of coefficients and monomials, the problem is trivially solvable in P: over an infinite ring, a polynomial is identically zero iff all the coefficients are zero; over a finite field GF(q), you first reduce all exponents to be smaller than q using the identity xq = x, join terms which have the same monomial after this transormation, and then check whether all coefficients are zero. -- EJ (talk) 13:09, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected — I didn't read my source carefully enough. Now that I look, it represents the polynomial to be evaluated as an oracle, applies to arbitrary fields, and 2d is the size of the subset (I also see why 2 is arbitrary - this only affects the constant bound of the probability). Sorry for the bold edits and thanks a lot for your feedback. Dcoetzee 19:19, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Opinion in Summary
"So if the algorithm is run 100 times, then the chance of it giving the wrong answer every time is lower than the chance that cosmic rays corrupted the memory of the computer running the algorithm.[citation needed] In this sense, if a source of random numbers is available, most algorithms in RP are highly practical."

These two sentences (in the current version of the summary, 24 March 2011) contain nothing but opinion and should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alex.atkins (talk • contribs) 14:32, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Probabilities taken over what? Lacking quantifiers
Is the probability $$1/2$$ conditioned on any fixed YES instance, or can the probability be taken over the set of all YES instances?

In other words, could the algorithm be deterministic? Could half of YES instances deterministically return NO?

E.g. Is the following algorithm for deciding whether an integer $$n$$ is even in RP? If $$2\not\mid n$$ then return no; if $$4\mid n$$ then return yes; if $$4 \not \mid n$$ and $$2 \mid n$$ then return no. The algorithm is deterministic and returns NO for exactly half of YES instances.

Using quantifiers:

A language $$L$$ is in RP if and only if it satisfies the following conditions: There exists a polynomial time algorithm $$f:\Sigma^*\times [0,1] \to \{0,1\}$$ such that:
 * For all $$x \in L$$, $$\Pr[f(x,r) = 1 \mid r \sim U(0,1)] \geq 1/2$$
 * For all $$ x\not\in L$$, for all $$r \in [0,1]$$, $$f(x,r)=0$$

The article always appears to be consistent with another definition, not equivalent to the first: There exists a polynomial time algorithm $$f:\Sigma^*\times [0,1] \to \{0,1\}$$ such that: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.23.54.173 (talk) 00:42, May 29, 2018 (UTC)
 * $$\Pr[f(x,r) = 1 \mid x \text{ drawn randomly from } L, r \sim U(0,1)] \geq 1/2$$
 * $$\Pr[f(x,r) = 0 \mid x \text{ drawn randomly from } L^c, r \sim U(0,1)] =1$$
 * The probability is over the internal randomness of the probabilistic Turing machine, not over inputs. The randomized algorithm is required, for every input in the language, to output 1 with probability greater than 1/2. --Robin (talk) 05:23, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:RP (complexity)


text:
Rotunda, Birmingham

The Rotunda is a cylindrical highrise building in Birmingham, England. The Grade II listed building is 81 m tall and was completed in 1965. Originally designed to be an office block, by architect James A. Roberts ARIBA, it was refurbished between 2004 and 2008 by Urban Splash with Glenn Howells who turned it into a residential building, with serviced apartments on 19th and 20th floors. The building was officially reopened on 13 May 2008.

History
A part of the James A. Roberts design for the original Bull Ring Shopping Centre included a 12-storey circular office block. This was revised to 25 storeys, abandoning plans for a rooftop restaurant and a cinema. The design was approved and construction began on the 81 metre (265 ft) building in 1961. It was constructed with aid of a tower crane located to the side of the reinforced concrete central core. Due to its proximity to a railway tunnel, the main load was built on to a twin ring of piled foundations directly beneath the circular structural core. The floors are supported by the core and perimeter columns. When opened, the podium had shops and its own work of art, "The Rotunda Relief" at Lloyds banking hall, a circular mural designed by John Poole. The building construction was unique at the time, possibly due to the lack of construction space, and was mostly built at ground floor level then 'jacked up' one floor at a time. This allowed the plant room and boiler house, located on the top floor, to have their equipment installed at ground level, making access easier than having to crane the equipment once the building was complete. The supports for the hydraulic pumps used to jack up the building started to shift towards the New Street Station railway lines so the building's planned height was never completed. Completed in 1965 as an office block at a cost of £1 million during the post-war rebuilding of the Bull Ring, it was initially much derided and considered a "dead building". However, suggestions in the 1980s that it should be demolished when the Bull Ring was again redeveloped met with equal, if not greater, hostility from the local populace.

In 1974 a pub on the ground floor and basement of the building, was one of the sites of the Birmingham pub bombings.

Since its construction and prior to the construction of the new Bullring, advertisements were displayed on the top of the building. In the 1960s and 1970s these advertisements were for the property company MEPC plc (top) and Double Diamond beer (bottom) while in the 1980s and 1990s the Rotunda displayed signs for Coca-Cola. During construction of the new Bullring, advertisements on the top of the building advertised the new development. The building also previously had a digital clock showing the time from the top floors. In August 2000, it received Grade II listed building status.

Refurbishment
From 2004 to 2008, the Rotunda, a Grade II listed building, was refurbished and partially converted for residential use by developer Urban Splash and Glenn Howells Architects. The redevelopment created 232 luxury apartments, including six penthouse suites on the 20th floor. The whole of the 19th floor and one of the penthouses on the 20th floor is run as serviced apartments by the Manchester-based operator, Staying Cool. There are fourteen apartments on each floor. All apartments have been sold, with the final 92 being sold within three hours of their release.

Two hi-tech LED illuminations were installed at the top of the building in 2007. Both LED boards have been removed to make way for a 'light box' which was approved by Birmingham City Council in late 2007. The façade consists of 72 floor-to-ceiling height glass panes, each placed at 5° to the neighbouring window.

On 18 May 2006, strong winds dislodged a pane of glass causing it to fall to the ground resulting in the surrounding area being closed to the public.

In May 2004, its original architect Jim Roberts commented:

The top floor has no central column, to allow it to rotate. The weight is instead suspended off the column which runs through the building core.

The idea for the revolving restaurant was only scrapped at the last minute after the Rotunda's shell was built. I can't reveal anything about the new design, but it has my full backing.

What they are looking at doing with the building is excellent and will make it more eye-catching and I'm extremely delighted to have been involved in the project.

The new developers seem more receptive to ideas than when I designed it.

It would have been a very exciting development, but because it was very developer-led many features were cut as they wouldn't generate extra revenue from firms taking office space.

I can't wait to come and see it after the refurbishment.

He also explained that the building had originally been intended to look like a candle, with a flame-like weather beacon on top, changing colour to reflect the weather.

However, by June 2008, investors were already facing a significant financial loss. Rents have been significantly below what was expected, and the value of the flats dropped an average of £25,000 from October 2005 to June 2008.

title: Rotunda, Birmingham