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Rafael Alberti

Rafael Alberti Merello (16 December 1902 – 28 October 1999) was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27. He is considered one of the greatest literary figures of the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Literature, and he won numerous prizes and awards. He died aged 96. After the Spanish Civil War, he went into exile because of his Marxist beliefs. On his return to Spain after the death of Franco, he was named Hijo Predilecto de Andalucía in 1983 and Doctor Honoris Causa by the Universidad de Cádiz in 1985.

He published his memoirs under the title of La Arboleda perdida (‘The Lost Grove’) in 1959 and this remains the best source of information on his early life.

Early life
The Puerto de Santa María at the mouth of the Guadalete River on the Bay of Cádiz was, as now, one of the major distribution outlets for the sherry trade from Jerez de la Frontera. Alberti was born there in 1902, to a family of vintners who had once been the most powerful in town, suppliers of sherry to the crowned heads of Europe. Both of his grandfathers were Italian; one of his grandmothers was from Huelva, the other from Ireland. However, at some point, while they were handing down the business to the next generation, bad management resulted in the bodegas being sold to the Osbornes. As a result, Alberti's father was no more than a commercial traveller for the company, always away on business, as the general agent for Spain for brands of sherry and brandy that had, before, only been exported to the UK. This sense of belonging to a "bourgeois family now in decline" was to become an enduring theme in his mature poetry. At the age of 10, he entered the Jesuit Colegio San Luis Gonzaga as a charity day-boy. During his first year, Alberti was a model student but his growing awareness of how differently the boarders were treated from the day-boys, together with the other ranking systems operated by the Jesuits, inspired in him a desire to rebel. In his memoirs, he attributes it to growing class conflict. He began to play truant and defy the school authorities until he was finally expelled in 1917. However, his family was then at the point of moving to Madrid which meant that the disgrace did not register on Alberti or his family as strongly as it might have done.

The family moved to Calle de Atocha in Madrid in May 1917. By the time of the move, Alberti had already shown a precocious interest in painting. In Madrid, he again neglected his formal studies, preferring to go to the Casón del Buen Retiro and the Prado, where he spent many hours copying paintings and sculptures. It was as a painter that he made his first entries into the artistic world of the capital. For example, in October 1920, he was invited to exhibit in the Autumn Salon in Madrid. However, according to his memoirs, the deaths in 1920 in quick succession of his father, the matador Joselito, and Benito Pérez Galdós inspired him to write poetry.

Life in Madrid
In 1921, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and he spent many months recuperating in a sanatorium in the Sierra de Guadarrama where he read avidly among the works of Antonio Machado and Juan Ramón Jiménez, as well as various Ultraist and Vanguardista writers. At this time, he also met Dámaso Alonso, at that time a poet rather than the formidable critic he would become, and it was he who introduced Alberti to the works of Gil Vicente and other Golden Age writers. He began to write poetry in earnest and submitted a few, successfully, to various avant-garde magazines. The book that resulted from this activity, Marinero en tierra (Sailor on Dry Land), submitted at the last minute, won the National Poetry Award in 1925.

He enjoyed great success over the next few years in the sense of artistic prestige: he was still financially dependent on his family. The new literary magazines were eager to publish his works. He was also starting to make friends with the people who would eventually get grouped together as the Generation of '27. He already knew Dámaso Alonso and, on one of his returns to Madrid, he met Vicente Aleixandre, a resident of the Salamanca district. It was probably in October 1924 – Alberti's memoirs are vague on this and many other details – that he met Federico García Lorca in the Residencia de Estudiantes. He was known to have a rocky relationship with him, since Lorca was gay and Alberti didn’t approve of his sexuality. They weren’t best of friends, but when Lorca finally died, in 1936, he dedicated a poem to him. During further visits to the Residencia - it seems that he never actually became a member himself - he met Pedro Salinas, Jorge Guillén, and Gerardo Diego along with many other cultural icons such as Luis Buñuel, and Salvador Dalí.

The kind of folkloric/cancionero poetry he had used in Marinero was also employed in two further collections – La amante (‘The Mistress’) and El alba del alhelí (‘Dawn of the Wallflower’) – but with the approach of the Góngora Tercentenary he began to write in a style that was not only more formally demanding but which also enabled him to be more satirical and dramatic. The result was Cal y canto (‘Quicklime and Plainsong’). Alberti himself was present at the meeting at a Madrid cafe in April 1926, when the plans for the tercentenary were first sketched out - along with Pedro Salinas, Melchor Fernández Almagro and Gerardo Diego.

Before the Tercentennial celebrations were over, Alberti was starting to write the first poems of Sobre los ángeles (‘Concerning the Angels’), a book that showed a complete change of direction in the poetry of not only Alberti, but also the whole Group, and is generally considered his masterpiece. His next collections, Sermones y moradas (‘Sermons and mansions‘) and Yo era un tonto y lo que he visto me ha hecho dos tontos (‘ I was a fool and what I have seen has made me two fools’), together with a play El hombre deshabitado (‘The Empty Man’), all showed signs of a psychological breakdown which, to the surprise of everyone who knew him, had overwhelmed Alberti and from which he was only saved by his elopement with the writer and political activist María Teresa León in either 1929 or 1930 – again his memoirs are not clear on the date.

Marriage, conversion to Marxism, civil war and exile
The inference from his memoirs is that she played a key role, along with his continuing bitter memories of the Colegio, in the process that converted the easy-going, carousing bohemian of the early books into the committed Communist of the 1930s. The establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931 was another factor that pushed Alberti towards Marxism and he joined the Communist Party of Spain. For Alberti, it became a religion in all but name and there is evidence that suggests that some of his friends tired of his unceasing attempts to "convert" them. As a Party emissary, he was finally freed from financial dependence on his family and he made several trips to northern Europe. But when Gil Robles came to power in 1933, the violent attacks that Alberti launched against him in the magazine Octubre (‘October’), which he had founded with María Teresa, led to a period of exile.

At the start of the Spanish Civil War he was imprisoned in Ibiza and released in August 1936 when the island returned to Republican control. By November 1936 he was in Madrid having commandeered an aristocrat's palace (Palacio de Zabálburu) near Retiro Park as headquarters of his Alianza de Intelectuales Anti-fascistas (Alliance of Anti-Fascist Intellectuals), which became a second home to Gerda Taro. During the Spanish Civil War, Alberti became the poetic voice of the left and he made frequent broadcasts from the capital during the Siege of Madrid by the Francoist armies, composing poems in praise of the defenders of the city. He published them in a magazine entitled El Mono Azul which he cofounded with his wife. There was scarcely an edition of the XV International Brigade newspaper, Volunteer for Liberty, which did not contain one of his poems. In early 1939 he and his wife were in Elda running a large country house as a hotel, at which many Republicans gathered considering exile. These included La Pasionara, Enrique Líster and Juan Modesto. After the defeat of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces and the disbandment of the Republic by the rebel faction, Alberti and María fled to Paris via Oran and moved into an apartment together with Pablo Neruda on the Quai de l'Horloge. They lived in Paris until the end of 1940 working as translators for French radio and as announcers for the broadcasts of Paris-Mondial in Latin-America. After the German occupation of France they sailed from Marseilles to Buenos Aires on the SS Mendoza. They lived in Argentina until 1963. Amongst other activities – he worked for the Losada publishing house and continued writing and painting - Alberti worked in the Argentinian film industry, notably as the adaptor of a play by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, La dama duende (‘The Ghost Lady’) in 1945. They then moved to Rome. On 27 April 1977 they returned to Spain. Shortly after his return Alberti was elected deputy for Cádiz in the constituent Congress of the Spanish parliament on the Communist Party Ticket. His wife died on 13 December 1988 from Alzheimer's disease.

He died at the age of 96 from a lung ailment. His ashes were scattered over the Bay of Cádiz, the part of the world that mattered most to him.

Other awards that he earned
He was also awarded Lenin Peace Prize for the year 1964 - after lobbying from Pablo Neruda - and Laureate Of The International Botev Prize in 1981. In 1983, he was awarded the Premio Cervantes, the Spanish literary world's highest honour. In 1998, he received the America Award for his lifetime contribution to international writing.

The early phase
Although Marinero en tierra is generally referred to as Alberti's first book, it was in fact his second; an earlier book, Giróscopo (‘Gyroscope’), having been lost, although it seems probable that some of its contents were included in a volume of Poesías anteriores a Marinero en tierra (‘Poems before Marinero en tierra') that he compiled during his time in Rome. Marinero shows a compendium of different influences: the style of Gil Vicente and the mediaeval cancioneros, to which Alonso had introduced him; a highly organised, formal, baroque style derived from Rubén Darío’s Modernismo - and ultimately from the poetry of Garcilaso de la Vega, Pedro Espinosa, and possibly Góngora; along with traces of Ultraism. Linking these various influences together are the poet’s facility – writing poetry seems to come to him very easily – and an air of naivety and innocence that are in fact carefully contrived. When the book was submitted for the Premio Nacional, the book was called Mar y tierra (‘Sea and land’) and the title Marinero en tierra was reserved for one single series of poems inside the whole collection. This is the most close-knit series of poems in the entire collection and deserves consideration as a single long poem. It also introduces two enduring themes in his work – his love of his native sea and nostalgia for his childhood. The poems in this sequence are nearly all written in lines of irregular length and irregular assonances and derive most obviously from the cancionero tradition.

La amante (1925) and El alba del alhelí (1926) followed in quick succession. These early works were influenced by traditional songs and folklore. Alberti had settled on a style and was writing fluently within it. He was working on the poems which would form El alba when he was invited by his brother, who had succeeded their father as a wine-salesman, to take a trip with him to the Cantabrian coast. Alberti had never before visited northern Spain and the car-trip through the villages and mountains made a strong impression on him. In La amante, his brother is replaced by the figure of an imaginary girl-friend and he assumes the persona of a troubadour, writing short and generally light-hearted verses about the sights they saw. El alba, on the other hand, was written mainly during holidays he spent with two of his married sisters in Málaga and Rute, a claustrophobic Andalusian mountain village. He had by now met García Lorca and seems to be trying to emulate him. However, what in Lorca is tragic, violent and death-laden tends to seem false and melodramatic in Alberti.

Maturity
His next collection, Cal y canto (1926-8), is a big departure. He rejects some of the folkloric influences of the previous two works and picks up again the baroque forms, such as the sonnets and tercets, and also the Ultraist thematic material of Marinero. He had been placed in charge of collecting the poems dedicated to Góngora as part of the Tercentenary celebrations and there are many signs of Góngora's influence on this work. Alberti's technical versatility comes to the fore as he writes sonnets, ballads, tercets and even a pastiche of the intricate style of the Soledades. More significantly, there is a sense of unease hanging over the whole collection. Traditional values – myths, religion, convention – are found wanting, but more modern values such as speed, freedom and iconoclasm are also found to be hollow. The nymphs, shepherdesses and mythological figures of renaissance and Baroque poetry are brought into contact with department stores and other aspects of modern life only to appear banal.

There is a sense in this collection that Alberti is writing in this collection as himself, not as the sailor, the troubadour or the tourist of his earlier books. He even wrote a poem about a heroic performance by the goalkeeper of FC Barcelona - "Oda a Platko" - in a match against Real Sociedad in May 1928. The violence displayed by the Basques was unbelievable, he wrote in his memoirs. At one desperate moment Platko was attacked so furiously by the players of the Real that he was covered with blood and lost consciousness a few feet from his position, but with his arms still wrapped around the ball.

The most significant poem in the collection is probably the final one, "Carta abierta" (‘Open Letter’). He makes it clear that he is writing as Rafael Alberti, child of the Bay of Cádiz and the twentieth century. He contrasts the confinement of the classroom with the freedom of the seashore, the excitement and novelty of the cinema with the boredom of lessons, the conventions of traditional literature and ideas with the revolution of radio, the aeroplane, the telephone. In the confusion caused by the clash of old and new values, the poet has a premonition of the feelings of emptiness and desolation that were soon to assail him but he decides to align with the new.

Sobre los ángeles and the works of breakdown
Picking up on the sense of unease that hangs over Cal y canto, Alberti now begins to mine a vein of deep and anguished introspection. He has lost his youthful high spirits and finds himself deshabitado (‘empty’). An unhappy love affair seems to have been the immediate catalyst but the pit of despair into which Alberti plunged was peopled also by deeper-rooted shadows of his life, notably recollections of his rebellious childhood and the hell-fire sermons of the Jesuits at the Colegio, a friend's suicide, and a full awareness of his own position at the age of 25, misunderstood by his family, penniless, still living at home (it was only after he met María Teresa that he finally moved out) and with no other way of earning a living other than through his poetry. In this black mood,

The first section of Sobre los ángeles (1927-8) consists almost entirely of poems on the loss of love and the poet's consequent feeling of being emptied. The metres are short and contain many irregular lines while still retaining an overall regularity of assonance and rhythm. The central section explores a sense of betrayal by religion. His childhood beliefs were dispelled very early by his fanatical aunts and the Jesuits of the Colegio but he still needs to find something to believe in to dispel his feelings of emptiness and rootlessness. The third and final section sees a radical change of style. The short lines of the previous sections give way to much longer lines that grow into the tangled webs of surreal imagery that he was to use in his next few works – Sermones y moradas, Con los zapatos puestos…., and Yo era un tonto……. The key to understanding this collection is probably the poem "Muerte y juicio" (‘Death and Judgment’). The child has lost his innocence and belief in a way that was almost predestined before his birth. He recalls one specific incident from his schooldays, when the day-boys played truant and went to the beach to bathe naked and masturbate. They were spotted by a Jesuit teacher and subjected to agonising and humiliating sermons convincing them that they would lose their souls by doing such things.
 * What was I to do? How was I to speak or shout or give form to that web of emotions in which I was caught?  How could I stand up straight once again and extricate myself from those catastrophic depths into which I had sunk, submerging and burying myself more and more in my own ruins, covering myself in my own rubble, feeling my insides to be torn and splintered?  And then there was a kind of angelic revelation – but not from the corporeal, Christian angels found in all those beautiful paintings and religious icons, but angels representing irresistible forces of the spirit who could be moulded to conform to my darkest and most secret mental states.  I released them in waves on the world, a blind reincarnation of all the cruelty, desolation, terror and even at times the goodness that existed inside of me but was also encircling me from without.
 * I had lost a paradise, the Eden of those early years….
 * I had lost a paradise, the Eden of those early years….

Sermones y moradas (1929–31) was neither clearly conceived as a unified work nor ever completed. It consists of poems in free verse, full of complex surrealist imagery that is almost impenetrable. They convey an atmosphere of helplessness and total desolation.

Yo era un tonto y lo que he visto me ha hecho dos tontos (1929) is Alberti's homage to the American silent comedians whose films he admired so greatly – Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, Harry Langdon etc. Morris has been able to track down some of the specific scenes that inspired these poems but the poems themselves are still in the dense style that Alberti had adopted.

Con los zapatos puestos tengo que morir ('With My Shoes On I Must Die') (1930) – a quote from Calderón – is his final work in this style. Written in the aftermath of the exhilaration of being involved in the anti-Primo de Rivera riots, whilst still impenetrably dense at times, it shows the beginning of the socially aware poetry that would be the next direction he would take.

Poetry of the 30s
In July 1936, there was a gathering to hear García Lorca read La casa de Bernarda Alba. Subsequently, Dámaso Alonso recalled that there was a lively discussion about a certain writer - probably Rafael Alberti - who had become deeply involved in politics. "He'll never write anything worthwhile now," was Lorca's comment. This is probably an unduly sweeping comment to make. Alberti's political commitment manifested itself in two distinct ways: an unoriginal party-line verse whose only saving grace is the technical skill and fluency that he could bring to bear even on such routine exercises, and a far more personal poetry in which he draws from his memories and experience to attack the forces of reaction in a more direct, less opaque way than in his earlier collections.

De un momento a otro (‘From One Moment to the Next’) (1932-8) contains the poem "Colegio (S.J.)" which yet again revisits his memories of his schooldays. Here, however, the Jesuits’ treatment of the day-boys is analysed in a way that shows the poet's newly acquired class consciousness – it is depicted as a systematic way of indoctrinating a sense of inferiority.

13 bandas y 48 estrellas (’13 Stripes and 48 Stars’) (1935). During the 1930s, Alberti was able to make many journeys under the sponsorship of the Communist Party. This book is an account of a visit to the Caribbean and the US, which gave him ample scope to write poems denouncing capitalism.

Capital de la gloria (‘Capital of Glory’) (1936-8). This collects the poems that he wrote in commemoration of the siege of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. It includes heartfelt but dull tributes to various Republican generals and to the International Brigades as well as poems about the peasant-soldiers that can come across at times as patronising. Alberti himself saw little or no action – he was either abroad or in the comparative safety of offices or broadcasting-studios – but there are some forceful poems for reciting to the troops that might have been inspiring. It is also worth noting that this collection shows a return to more tightly disciplined verse forms.

Entre el clavel y la espada (‘Between the Carnation and the Sword’) (1939–40). This collection gathers the poems that Alberti wrote in France and Argentina at the start of his long exile. It marks a change in style, the feel for a need to regain his discipline as a poet. As a result, it resembles Marinero en tierra in its formal approach – sonnets, cancionero-style poems etc. A key theme that emerges in this collection is a deep and abiding nostalgia for Spain, the land from which he has been exiled.

Later works
A la pintura (‘On Painting’) (1945- ). During his exile, Alberti took up painting again and began a series of poems to draw together his thinking on this subject, to which he continued to add over a period of many years. He wrote a series of sonnets about the raw materials – the retina, the hand, the canvas, the brush etc.; a series of short poems in free verse about colours; and finally a series of poems in homage to various painters such as Titian, El Greco etc.

Ora Maritima (‘Maritime Shore’) (1953). This is a collection dedicated to Cádiz, in recognition of its antiquity. The poems take as their subject-matter the historical and mythological past of the city – Hercules, the Carthaginians etc. – as well as bringing into play the poet's childhood across the bay.

Retornos de lo vivo lejano (‘Memories of the Living Distance’’) (1948–52) and Baladas y canciones de la Paraná (‘Ballads and Songs of the Paraná’) (1955). These collections contain poems of memory and nostalgia in a highly lyrical style. Once again he recalls his schooldays but this time in a mood of sadness. He also recalls his mother, his friends – especially Vicente Aleixandre who was too ill to leave Madrid during the Civil War - the death of Lorca and he also supplies a moving tribute to his wife.

Other works
Alberti was not especially interested in writing for the theatre but he managed to make a big impact with at least two plays. The first was one of the outputs of his breakdown at the end of the 1920s, El hombre deshabitado ('The Empty Man', 1930). This is like a modern auto sacramental with five characters: Man with his Five Senses in allegorical reincarnation, The Maker, The Wife of Man, and Temptation, the last-named a woman who plots the downfall of both protagonists in complicity with the Senses. On the opening night, 26 February 1931, it met with a stormy reception from a sharply polarised audience.

Shortly afterwards, he began to write a ballad on the life of Fermín Galán, an army captain who had tried to launch a coup to establish a Spanish Republic in December 1930 and who was executed by firing-squad. Alberti converted the ballad into a play which was performed during June 1931, again to sharply mixed reactions.

His other plays did not achieve such fame or notoriety. They include: De un momento a otro ('From One Moment to Another', 1938–39), El trébol florido ('Clover', 1940), El adefesio ('The Disaster', 1944) and Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado ('A Night of War in the Prado Museum', 1956), as well as adaptions and other short pieces.

Alberti also wrote several volumes of memoirs under the title La arboleda perdida. Portions have been published in English as The Lost Grove.

Poetry collections

 * Marinero en tierra, M., Biblioteca Nueva, 1925 (Premio Nacional de Literatura).
 * La amante, Málaga, Litoral, 1926.
 * El alba de alhelí, Santander, 1927 (Printed privately by José María de Cossío).
 * Domecq (1730–1928). Poema del Ilmo. Sr. Vizconde de Almocadén, Jerez de la Frontera, Jerez Industrial, 1928.
 * Cal y canto, M., Revista de Occidente, 1929.
 * Yo era un tonto y lo que he visto me ha hecho dos tontos, originally published in various numbers of La Gaceta Literaria, 1929.
 * Sobre los ángeles, M., CIAP, 1929.
 * El poeta en la calle (1931–1935), Aguilar, Madrid, 1978.
 * Consignas, M., 1933.
 * Un fantasma recorre Europa, M., La tentativa poética, 1933.
 * Poesía (1924–1930), M., Ediciones del Árbol( Cruz y Raya), 1935.
 * Versos de agitación, México, Edit. Defensa Roja, 1935.
 * Verte y no verte. A Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, México, N. Lira, 1935.
 * 13 bandas y 48 estrellas. Poemas del mar Caribe, M., Manuel Altolaguirre, 1936.
 * Nuestra diaria palabra, M., Héroe, 1936.
 * De un momento a otro (Poesía e historia), M., Europa-América, 1937.
 * El burro explosivo, M., Edic. 5º Regimiento, 1938.
 * Poesías (1924–1937), M., Signo, 1938.
 * Poesías (1924–1938), Bs. As., Losada, 1940.
 * Entre el clavel y la espada (1939–1940), Bs. As., Losada, 1941. Illustrations by Rafael Alberti.
 * Pleamar (1942–1944), Bs. As., Losada, 1944.
 * Poesía (1924–1944), Bs. As., Losada, 1946.
 * A la pintura, Bs. As., Imprenta López (Private edition).
 * A la pintura. Poema del color y la línea (1945–1948), Bs. As., Losada, 1948.
 * Coplas de Juan Panadero. (Libro I), Montevideo, Pueblos Unidos, 1949 (2nd expanded edition). Illustrations by Toño Salazar.
 * Poemas de Punta del Este (1945–1956), Ist edition Seix Barral 1979,
 * Buenos Aires en tinta china, Bs. As., Losada, 1952. Illustrations by Attilio Rossi.
 * Retornos de lo vivo lejano, Bs. As., 1952.
 * A la pintura (1945–1952) 2nd augmented edition, Bs. As., Losada, 1953.
 * Ora marítima seguido de Baladas y canciones del Paraná (1953), Bs. As., Losada, 1953.
 * Redoble lento por la muerte de Stalin, (Buenos Aires, 9 de marzo de 1953). Included in Obras completas. Poesía III. Seix Barral. 2003.
 * Baladas y canciones del Paraná, Bs. As., Losada, 1954.
 * Sonríe China, Bs. As., Jacobo Muchnik, 1958 (in collaboration with María Teresa León).
 * Poemas escénicos, Bs. As., Losada, 1962 (2nd expanded bilingual edition Spanish/Italian).
 * Abierto a todas horas, M., Afrodisio Aguado, 1964.
 * El poeta en la calle (1931–1965), París, Librairie du Globe, 1966 (Compilation of all Alberti's social poetry).
 * Il mattatore, Roma, Eutro edit, 1966.
 * A la pintura. Poema del color y la línea (1945–1967) 3rd augmented edition, M., Aguilar, 1968 (Prologue by Vicente Aleixandre).
 * Roma, peligro para caminantes, México, Joaquín Mortiz, 1968 (2nd augmented edition - Málaga- Litoral- 1974).
 * Los 8 nombres de Picasso y no digo más que lo que no digo, B., Kairós, 1970.
 * Canciones del Alto Valle del Aniene, Bs. As., Losada, 1972.
 * Disprezzo e meraviglia (Desprecio y maravilla), Roma, Riuniti, 1972 (Bilingual Italian/Spanish. Anthology with unpublished poems).
 * Maravillas con variaciones acrósticas en el jardín de Miró, B., Polígrafa, 1975.
 * Casi Malagueñas de la Menina II, 1976 poem dedicated to Berrocal's work - Opus 117 LA MENINA II
 * Coplas de Juan Panadero (1949–1977), M., Mayoría, 1977.
 * Cuaderno de Rute (1925), Málaga, Litoral, 1977.
 * Los 5 destacagados, Sevilla, Calle del Aire, 1978.
 * Fustigada luz, B., Seix Barral, 1980.
 * Versos sueltos de cada día, B., Seix Barral, 1982.
 * Golfo de Sombras, M., Villamonte, 1986.
 * Los hijos del drago y otros poemas, Granada, Diputación, 1986.
 * Accidente. Poemas del Hospital, Málaga, Librería Anticuaria El Guadalhorce, 1987.
 * Cuatro canciones, Málaga, Librería Anticuaria El Guadalhorce, 1987.
 * El aburrimiento, 1988.
 * Canciones para Altair, M., Hiperión, 1989.

Legacy

 * There is a Rafael Alberti bookstore in the centre of Madrid, in the Argüelles district, since 1975.
 * There is a Rafael Alberti Museum that operates as a legacy foundation in the poet's hometown of Santa María, Cádiz.
 * The Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) by Puerto Rican poet Giannina Braschi features a debate about the creators versus the masters of Spanish and Latin American poetry. The debate places Rafael Alberti along with Vicente Aleixandre, Vicente Huidobro, Pedro Salinas, and Jorge Guillén as masters of poetry.

title: Rafael Alberti


text:
Peter Inge, Baron Inge

Field Marshal Peter Anthony Inge, Baron Inge, (5 August 1935 – 20 July 2022) was a senior British Army officer. He was the Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, from 1992 to 1994 and then served as Chief of the Defence Staff before retiring in 1997. Early in his military career he saw action during the Malayan Emergency and Operation Banner in Northern Ireland, and later in his career he provided advice to the British Government during the Bosnian War.

Early life and education
The son of Raymond Albert Inge and Grace Maud Caroline Inge (née Du Rose), Inge was born in Croydon on 5 August 1935. He was educated first at Summer Fields School, Oxford and then at Wrekin College, Shropshire. He was conscripted into the army for National Service in September 1953 and was sent for officer cadet training at Eaton Hall, Cheshire before attending the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

Military career
Inge was commissioned into the Green Howards from Sandhurst on 27 July 1956. He was promoted to lieutenant on 27 July 1958, served with the 1st Battalion the Green Howards in Hong Kong and Germany, and was deployed on operational service to Malaya during the Malayan Emergency. Appointed aide-de-camp to the General Officer Commanding 4th Division in 1960, he was promoted to captain on 27 July 1962, and made adjutant of the 1st Battalion the Green Howards in 1963.

After working in the Ministry of Defence, and being promoted to major on 31 December 1967, Inge returned to the 1st Battalion as a company commander in 1969 and was deployed to Northern Ireland. He served as brigade major with the 11th Armoured Brigade from August 1971, before being promoted to lieutenant colonel on 31 December 1972, and becoming an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley in 1973. He was appointed commanding officer of the 1st Battalion the Green Howards in 1974. Promoted to colonel on 31 December 1976, he commanded the Staff College's Junior Division from 1977 and, following his promotion to brigadier on 31 December 1979, he commanded Task Force C of the British Army of the Rhine from 1980. From 1982 he was Chief of Staff of I (British) Corps. He returned to Britain as General Officer Commanding North East District and Commander 2nd Infantry Division, based in York, from 12 January 1984 with the substantive rank of major general from 16 April. In 1986, he was appointed Director General, Logistics Policy (Army) at the Ministry of Defence.

Inge was promoted to lieutenant general and became General Officer Commanding I (British) Corps on 8 August 1987. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1988 New Year Honours. He relinquished the corps command on 2 October 1989 and, on 27 November, he became the commander of NATO's Northern Army Group and Commander-in-Chief of British Army of the Rhine in Germany with the local rank of general; his rank was made substantive on 3 January 1990.

Having become aide-de-camp general to the Queen on 21 February 1991 and promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1992 New Year Honours, Inge was appointed Chief of the General Staff in February 1992 and Chief of the Defence Staff with the rank of field marshal on 15 March 1994. Inge was the last active officer to be promoted to the rank. He served in this post, in which he provided military advice to the British government on the conduct of the Bosnian War, until he retired in 1997. He was appointed Colonel of the Green Howards in 1982, Colonel Commandant of the Royal Military Police in 1987, and Colonel Commandant of the Army Physical Training Corps in 1988.

Later career
Inge was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of North Yorkshire (DL) in 1994.

After stepping down as Chief of the Defence Staff, he was created a life peer as Baron Inge, of Richmond in the County of North Yorkshire, in 1997. Inge was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter on 23 April 2001, and retired from the Lords on 25 April 2016, where he had been an opponent of further EU integration.

In 2004 Inge was made a Privy Counsellor and appointed to serve as a member of the Butler Inquiry team, which examined the use of intelligence during the Iraq War. Chaired by Robin Butler, Baron Butler of Brockwell, the inquiry determined that the intelligence used to declare Iraq's possession of "Weapons of Mass Destruction" was flawed. He was critical of the British handling of conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, reportedly saying in 2006 that he "feared we had lost the ability to think strategically".

In retirement Inge became a non-executive director of Racal Electronics plc, commissioner of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, trustee of the Historic Royal Palaces, and president of the Army Benevolent Fund. He was a member of the advisory board of Aegis Defence Services, a private military company based in London having previously, until February 2010, been the chairman of the board of directors.

Personal life
Inge enjoyed watching cricket, walking, reading and music. He was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, Boodle's and several other gentlemen's clubs.

In 1960 Inge married Letitia Thornton-Berry; they had two daughters, Antonia and Verity. Lady Inge died in 2020. Inge died on 20 July 2022, at the age of 86.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Inge, Baron Inge


text:
Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank

Field Marshal Charles Ronald Llewelyn Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank, (born 17 November 1938) is a retired senior officer of the British Army who served as Chief of the General Staff from 1994 to 1997 and Chief of the Defence Staff from 1997 until his retirement in 2001.

Guthrie's military career saw service with the Welsh Guards and the Special Air Service; he was closely involved in military operations in Northern Ireland and provided advice to the British Government during the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War.

Early life
Born in Chelsea, London into a Scottish landed family, Guthrie was the elder son of Major Ronald Guthrie and Nina née Llewelyn. He was educated at Harrow School and the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst.

As an Old Harrovian, and due to his seniority in the British Army, Harrow School's Combined Cadet Force contingent, the Harrow Rifle Corps, chose to name an annual inter-CCF competition in Guthrie's honour. The Guthrie Cup is a Section patrol competition, run for school CCFs in London District, supported by adult volunteers and cadets from the Harrow Rifle Corps and local Army Cadet Force detachments.

Army career
Guthrie was commissioned into the Welsh Guards on 25 July 1959. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 June 1961 and captain on 25 July 1965. In 1966 he became a troop commander with 22 Special Air Service Regiment serving in Aden, the Persian Gulf, Malaysia and East Africa and then in 1968 he became a squadron commander with 22 Special Air Service Regiment serving in the Persian Gulf and the United Kingdom. He returned to the Welsh Guards in Münster in 1970 and, following his promotion to major on 31 December 1970, he was given command of a mechanised infantry company in the 1st Battalion. He became Military Assistant to the Chief of the General Staff in 1973 and, following a year as Second in Command of 1st Battalion Welsh Guards in London and Cyprus and having been promoted to lieutenant colonel on 31 December 1975, he became brigade major for the Household Division in 1976. Guthrie was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO fourth class) in the 1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours; on 31 December 1984 this rank was reclassified as Lieutenant (LVO).

Guthrie was appointed commanding officer of 1st Battalion Welsh Guards in 1977 in which role he was deployed to Berlin. Promoted to colonel on 31 December 1979, he undertook a tour of duty in Northern Ireland in Spring 1980 for which he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 1980 he was also briefly Commander of British Forces in the New Hebrides. He then spent two years as Colonel on the General Staff for Military Operations at the Ministry of Defence. Promoted to brigadier on 31 December 1981, he became Brigade Commander of 4th Armoured Brigade in 1982. In 1984 he was made chief of staff for 1st British Corps in Bielefeld. Following his appointment as general officer commanding (GOC) North East District and Commander 2nd Infantry Division based in York on 18 January 1986, he was given the substantive rank of major general on 31 March 1986.

On 24 November 1987, Guthrie became Assistant Chief of the General Staff at the Ministry of Defence. On 2 October 1989 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed GOC 1st British Corps, and, having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1990 New Year Honours, he relinquished his command on 2 December 1991.

Guthrie was appointed Commander of Northern Army Group and British Army of the Rhine on 7 January 1992 and, following promotion to (full) general on 14 February 1992, became ADC to the Queen on 13 July 1993.

Guthrie then became Chief of the General Staff (CGS) on 15 March 1994, being advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the Queen's Birthday Honours 1994. As CGS, he was responsible for providing strategic military advice to the British Government on the deployment of troops for the Bosnian War, and also in 1996 updated the British Military Doctrine.

Guthrie went on to become Chief of the Defence Staff on 2 April 1997. In that position, he advised the British Government on the conduct of the Kosovo War. He also warned against a British invasion of Zimbabwe to undertake regime change against Robert Mugabe, saying "Hold hard, you'll make it worse."

Guthrie retired from the British Army in 2001.

Guthrie was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Intelligence Corps on 1 March 1986 and Colonel Commandant of the Special Air Service in 2000. For twenty years he served as Colonel of The Life Guards and Gold Stick-in-Waiting to The Queen, from 1 January 1999 to 7 June 2019.

Post-career activities
After retiring from the British Army, he was created a life peer as Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank, of Craigiebank in the Dundee City council area, in June 2001. Lord Guthrie sat as a crossbencher in the House of Lords. He was one of several retired Chiefs of Defence Staff who spoke out in the House of Lords about the risk to servicemen facing liability for their actions before the International Criminal Court, particularly with respect to the invasion of Iraq. George Monbiot criticised Guthrie for an alleged lack of understanding of international law. Monbiot based his argument on Guthrie's September 2002 statement for an invasion of Iraq and subsequent comments, in which he appeared to support launching "surprise wars", something forbidden by the United Nations Charter. Guthrie disagreed publicly with Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2008 over military funding.

In 2007 Guthrie co-authored a book on ethics in modern warfare with Sir Michael Quinlan, formerly Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence.

Guthrie was promoted to the honorary rank of field marshal in June 2012.

Guthrie has served as a non-executive director of Gulf Keystone Petroleum, Rivada Networks, Ashley Gardens Block 2 Ltd, Colt Defense LLC and Sciens Capital; he has served as a director of N M Rothschild & Sons, Gulf Keystone, and Petropavlovsk PLC; he has served as a non-executive chairman of Siboney Ltd.; he has been a shareholder of Palantir Technologies and the global strategic intelligence firm Arcanum, which is a subsidiary of Magellen Investment Holdings. He is also a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009. He is president of several charities, including Action Medical Research, the Army Benevolent Fund, Soldier On!, and the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Association. Until 2019, he was also the president of London Youth (Federation of London Youth Clubs). He is a Deputy Lieutenant for Dorset. Guthrie was one of several contributors to a 2013 book on public sector management. A Roman Catholic convert, Guthrie became a Knight of Malta and is a Patron of the Catholic homeless charities Cardinal Hume Centre and Caritas Anchor House. He became Chancellor of Liverpool Hope University in July 2013.

In August 2014, Lord Guthrie was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. He initially supported the continuance of the United Kingdom's presence in the European Union in the 2016 referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union, but suddenly switched to an advocacy of withdrawing from it less than a week before the vote was held, issuing a public warning of the ambitions inherent in the E.U. for the creation of a new "European Army", which he stated "would be a disaster". He is on the advisory board of Veterans for Britain an organization with the stated aim of supporting " Her Majesty's Government in the task of restoring full sovereign control to all aspects of the defence of the Realm " following the EU referendum.

Since 1 August 2017 Lord Guthrie has been the Senior Advisor to Ron Wahid, Chairman of Arcanum, a subsidiary of Magellan Investment Holdings. Established 23 March 2015, Magellan Investment Holdings is a holding company with investments in natural resources, energy, real estate, fine arts, aerospace and defense and technology. Magellan is the parent company of two subsidiaries: Arcanum, a global intelligence firm, and RJI Capital, a merchant banking and strategic advisory company.

On 9 June 2018 it was reported that, at the annual Trooping the Colour event, Lord Guthrie fell from his horse and had been admitted to hospital. On 8 January 2019, in an extraordinary intervention in the political sphere by figures from the military and intelligence services quarter, Guthrie sent a letter, co-signed by Sir Richard Dearlove, to Conservative Party Parliamentary Constituency Association Chairs, stating that the passage through the House of Commons of Prime Minister Theresa May's Withdrawal Agreement of the United Kingdom from the European Union contained decisions which fundamentally undermined the integrity of the Defence of the Realm, and requested they take measures to discourage their parliamentary representatives from voting for it imminently in the Commons. The letter as an alternative advocated the case upon national security grounds that the United Kingdom should fully withdraw from the European Union without an Intergovernmental relationship between the two persisting after the process.

On relinquishing his appointment as Colonel of The Life Guards and Gold Stick-in-Waiting, The Queen appointed Lord Guthrie a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 7 June 2019. On 1 December 2020, he retired from the House of Lords. His interests include tennis, opera and travel.

Family
He married, on 11 September 1971, Catherine Worrall, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Claude Worrall, Coldstream Guards. The couple have two sons. She died from heart failure on 8 October 2022, at the age of 81. Guthrie's younger brother is James Guthrie, KC.

Arms
Lord Guthrie matriculated his family armorial bearings at the Lyon Office in 1999 (and in 2001 was granted supporters for life).

Honours
Lord Guthrie's honours and decorations include:


text:
Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)

General Sir Roger Neil Wheeler, (born 16 December 1941) is a retired British Army officer who served as Chief of the General Staff from 1997 to 2000. During his career he was involved in the Cyprus Emergency, directed military operations in Northern Ireland and led the UK's forces deployed on NATO operations in Bosnia. He is now a non-executive director of several businesses operating on an international basis.

Early life
Wheeler was born in Eton on 16 December 1941 and is the son of Major General Norman Wheeler. He was educated at Allhallows College in Devon and Hertford College, Oxford, which he joined in 1961.

Army career
Wheeler was commissioned as a second lieutenant (on probation) on the General List of the Territorial Army on 13 December 1963 and, following his graduation from University, promoted to lieutenant in the Royal Ulster Rifles on 14 July 1964. He spent his early military service in Borneo and in the Middle East. He was promoted to captain on 22 December 1967 and to major on 31 December 1973 and served as a brigade major during the Cyprus Emergency in 1974. After serving on Lord Carver's staff during the Rhodesia talks in 1977, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1978. He became commanding officer of 2nd Royal Irish Rangers in 1979 and led his battalion in Belize, Gibraltar, Berlin and Canada. He was then Chief of Staff in the Falkland Islands from June to December 1982 immediately following the Falklands War.

Having been promoted to full colonel on 30 June 1982, appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours List 1983 and promoted to brigadier on 31 December 1984, Wheeler went on to be commander of 11 Armoured Brigade in British Army of the Rhine in 1985. After that he went to the Ministry of Defence in 1987 as Director of Army Plans. Following his appointment as General Officer Commanding 1st Armoured Division in Germany in August 1989, he was given the substantive rank of major general on 30 September 1989. He became Assistant Chief of the General Staff on 30 November 1990 and, after being appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the Queen's Birthday Honours List 1993, he was made General Officer Commanding and Director of Military Operations in Northern Ireland on 25 January 1993 with his promotion to the rank of lieutenant general becoming substantive on 1 March 1993. During his tour as Director of Military Operations the first cessation of terrorist operations took place and Wheeler initiated the reduction in the British military presence in Northern Ireland by three battalions over the course of the next two years.

Wheeler was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Land Command in the rank of general on 12 March 1996 and, having been appointed ADC General to the Queen on 6 December 1996 and advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours List 1997, made Chief of the General Staff (CGS) on 3 February 1997. As CGS, he was responsible for implementing the Strategic Defence Review after the new Labour Government came to power as well as providing strategic military advice to the British Government on the deployment of troops for the Kosovo War and in connection with the formation of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor before he retired from the British Army in 2000.

Wheeler served as Deputy Colonel of the Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th) from 1 June 1987, as Colonel of The Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th) from 27 August 1990 and then as Deputy Colonel of the Royal Irish Regiment, (27th (Inniskilling), 83rd, 87th and The Ulster Defence Regiment) from 1 July 1992. He also served as Colonel Commandant of the Intelligence Corps from 18 October 1995, Honorary Colonel Queen's University Officers' Training Corps from 23 December 1999 and Honorary Colonel of Oxford University Officers' Training Corps from 10 March 2000. In additional he was Deputy Honorary Colonel of The London Regiment from 17 March 2000.

Later career
Wheeler became Constable of the Tower of London in 2001. In retirement, he became a Non-Executive Director of Thales plc, a Non-Executive Director of Aegis Defence Services and, until 2009, a member of the governing board of the Serious Organised Crime Agency as well as President of Combat Stress, the mental welfare society for ex-servicemen. In October 2009 he was appointed advisor on military matters, to the British Government's inquiry into the Iraq war (headed by Sir John Chilcot). He is also an Honorary Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a Patron of the Police Foundation, and a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers.

Wheeler has also played cricket for the Stragglers of Asia CC, one of the oldest wandering cricket clubs in the UK. His interests include fly fishing, cricket, shooting and ornithology.

Family
In 1980 Wheeler married Felicity Hares; they have three sons, including Simon Wheeler, and one daughter by a former marriage. His daughter-in-law is British actress Hermione Norris via her marriage to Wheeler's son Simon.

Wheeler is the nephew of Air Chief Marshal Sir Neil Wheeler.

title: Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)


text:
HMS Echo

A number of ships Royal Navy have been named HMS Echo, after the Echo of Greek mythology

 * HMS Echo (1758) was a 24-gun sixth rate captured from France in 1758 and sold in 1770.
 * HMS Echo (1780) was the French Cerf-class brig-rigged cutter Hussard, of eighteen 6-pounder guns, launched in 1779 or '80 and captured on 7 July 1780
 * HMS Echo (1782) was a 16-gun sloop launched in 1782 and broken up in 1797.
 * HMS Echo (1797) was a 16-gun sloop launched in 1797 and sold in 1809. She then became a whaler before she was wrecked in 1821
 * HMS Echo (1809) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1809 and broken up in 1817.
 * HMS Echo (1827) was a wooden paddle vessel launched in 1827, converted to a tugboat in 1830, and sold in 1885.
 * HMS Echo (H23) was an E-class destroyer launched in 1934 and on loan to the Greek Navy from 1944 to 1956, then broken up.
 * HMS Echo (A70) was an Echo-class survey ship (1957) survey vessel launched in 1957 and sold in 1986.
 * HMS Echo (H87) is an Echo-class survey ship (2002) hydrographic survey ship, launched in 2002 and decommissioned in June 2022

Other ships
In addition to these ships, a number of vessels have been taken up from trade and named Echo while in government service:

 * Echo was a dockyard tank vessel previously named Luda. She was purchased in 1887 and sold in 1928.
 * Echo was a whaler, previously named Barrowby, built in 1912 at Oslo, and of 182 tons (BRT). She was purchased in January 1915 at Durban, South Africa, one of several purchased there and then. During her naval service she was armed with one 12-pounder gun and two 3-pounders, and served in East Africa, particularly in operations in the Rufiji River in 1915. The Admiralty sold her on 6 March 1919 back to her owners, Irvin & Johnson, who returned her name to Barrowby.
 * Echo was a trawler launched in 1897, of 165 tons (BRT), and with Hull-reg H.367; she was hired between 1915 and 1921 and served as a boom defense vessel.
 * Echo was a drifter, formerly a French minesweeper seized in 1940, renamed Resound later that year, and returned in 1946.

Battle honours
Ships named Echo have earned the following battle honours:

 * Quebec 1759
 * Martinique 1762
 * Havana 1762
 * Cape of Good Hope 1795
 * Atlantic 1939
 * Norway 1940
 * Bismarck 1941
 * Arctic 1941-43
 * Malta Convoys 1942
 * Sicily 1943
 * Salerno 1943
 * Aegean 1943

title: HMS Echo


text:
Hengifoss

Hengifoss is the third highest waterfall in Iceland, 128 meters. It is located in Hengifossá in Fljótsdalshreppur, East Iceland. It is surrounded by basaltic strata with thin, red layers of clay between the basaltic layers. Fossilized trunks of coniferous trees, sensitive to cold, and lignite, which depict warmer climates during the latter part of Tertiary. Further down the Hengifossá river is Litlanesfoss, notable for the columnar jointed volcanics around it. Hengifoss is the most popular hiking site in East Iceland with path leading from the parking lot to the falls. It takes 40–60 minutes to walk to the waterfall.

title: Hengifoss


text:
A River Runs Through It (novel)

A River Runs Through It and Other Stories is a semi-autobiographical collection of three stories by American author Norman Maclean (1902–1990) published in 1976. It was the first work of fiction published by the University of Chicago Press.

The collection contains the novella "A River Runs Through It" and two short stories, "Logging and Pimping and 'Your pal, Jim and "USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky", which precede the events of the novella. It received widespread acclaim upon its publication and was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in Letters in 1977, but the selection committee ultimately did not award the prize in that category that year. Two of the stories were later adapted into feature films.

"A River Runs Through It"
"A River Runs Through It" is a semi-autobiographical account of Maclean's relationship with his brother Paul and their upbringing in an early 20th century Montana family in which "there was no clear line between religion and fly fishing." Pete Dexter, in a 1981 profile of Maclean in Esquire magazine, described the novella:

"It is a story about Maclean and his brother, Paul, who was beaten to death with a gun butt in 1938. It is about not understanding what you love, about not being able to help. It is the truest story I ever read; it might be the best written. And to this day it won't leave me alone. I thought for a while it was the writing that kept bringing it around. That's the way it comes back to me: I hear the sound of the words, then I see them happen. I spent four hours one afternoon picking out three paragraphs to drop into a column I was writing about the book, and in the end they didn’t translate, because except for the first sentence—'In our family, there was no clear line between religion and fly-fishing'—there isn’t anything in it that doesn’t depend on what comes before it for its meaning."

As he describes his brother's alcoholism and gambling addiction, Maclean also explores how both afflictions have always followed the history of his family, even back to their earliest origins among Scottish Gaelic-speaking Presbyterians on the Isle of Mull.

The story is noted for using detailed descriptions of fishing and the Montana landscape to engage with a number of profound metaphysical questions. In a review for the Chicago Tribune, critic Alfred Kazin stated: "There are passages here of physical rapture in the presence of unsullied primitive America that are as beautiful as anything in Thoreau and Hemingway".

"Logging and Pimping and 'Your pal, Jim
"Logging and Pimping and 'Your pal, Jim tells the story of Maclean working as a logger for the Anaconda Company at a logging camp on the Blackfoot River during the summer of 1928, when he was 25 and in graduate school. At the end of the previous summer working at the camp (1927), Maclean had made an arrangement to work the next summer with the camp's best logger, Jim Grierson. Maclean describes how Grierson would work the logging season at a camp, then find a town with a nice Carnegie Public Library, get a library card, find a prostitute, preferably from the South, and spend the off-season reading, drinking, and having a relationship with the woman.

"USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky"
"USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky" tells of part of the summer of Maclean's 17th year, 1919. He spent that summer, as he had the previous two, working for the United States Forest Service, this time at Elk Summit, Idaho, west of Blodgett Canyon and approximately 34 mi walking distance almost due west-northwest of Hamilton, Montana, near White Sand Creek, and north of East Fork Moose Creek.

Working for the Forest Service in a very remote part of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness in the Selway National Forest (now Clearwater National Forest), Maclean had to extinguish wildfires, build trails (with a sledgehammer, chisel, and dynamite), pack horses and mules, spend time alone on lookout duty at 7424 ft Grave Peak, and string telephone wire.

The Elk Summit Work Center is located at the junction of Horse Creek and Hoodoo Creek, north-northwest of Hoodoo Mountain and north-northeast of Hoodoo Lake, at 46.32667°N, -114.6475°W (46.3265874, −114.6476053) and an elevation of 5748 ft.

Publishing history
A River Runs Through It and Other Stories was first published by the University of Chicago Press in May 1976. This first edition included a jacket illustration and several spot drawings and vignettes, created on scratchboard by the book's designer, Robert Williams. Williams's illustrations were retained in several subsequent printings and editions of the book. For the first paperback edition, Williams's blue jacket design was replaced by a landscape photograph by John B. Roberts showing Seeley Lake and surrounding forests, the site of Norman Maclean's cabin. In 1983, the University of Chicago Press published an illustrated edition of the title novella with color photographs by Joel Snyder and a new postscript by Maclean commenting on the photographs.

In 1989, the University of Chicago Press and Pennyroyal Press collaborated to publish an edition designed and illustrated with woodcuts by "America's preeminent booksmith" Barry Moser, which remains in print. Moser's engravings include a portrait of Norman Maclean's brother Paul, an illustration of Paul's fishing hat, and illustrations of trout flies tied by George Croonenberghs, who tied flies for the Maclean family. "On the reverse of each illustrated page we find the fly's colloquial name and brief advice on how it may be fished." Pennyroyal Press published a collector's edition of the illustrated volume limited to 200 copies signed by Maclean and Moser.

With the release of Robert Redford's film adaptation of A River Runs through It, the University of Chicago Press licensed a mass-market, movie tie-in edition to Pocket Books and released a trade paperback edition with a re-designed cover featuring a painting by Russell Chatham. In 2001, the University of Chicago Press published a twenty-fifth anniversary edition of A River Runs through It and Other Stories with a foreword by Annie Proulx. In 2017, the press replaced that edition with a newly typeset and designed edition featuring a foreword by Robert Redford.

Pulitzer Prize
In 1977, the Pulitzer Prize committee for Fiction (a.k.a. "fiction jury") recommended A River Runs Through It be awarded the prize for that year. The Pulitzer Prize Board, which has final say for awarding the prize, chose to override their recommendation and decided not to award for fiction that year. Pete Dexter wrote in 1981 that the board called it "a lean year for fiction" but speculated about their true reasons: "I know just enough about the Pulitzer people to guess that what happened was that one of them noticed the trees too."

A River Runs Through It
In 1992, Robert Redford directed a film of the same name starring Brad Pitt, Craig Sheffer, Tom Skerritt, Brenda Blethyn, and Emily Lloyd. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, with Philippe Rousselot winning for his cinematography. The film fueled a rise in the popularity of fly fishing for a number of years before the sport waned to previous levels.

The Ranger, the Cook and a Hole in the Sky
"USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky" was adapted into a 1995 ABC television film titled The Ranger, the Cook and a Hole in the Sky, also known simply as Hole in the Sky. The film was directed by John Kent Harrison, with the adaptation written by Robert Wayne, and stars Sam Elliott, Jerry O'Connell, Ricky Jay, and Molly Parker. It was filmed in British Columbia, Canada.

Others
The following quote from the film version of A River Runs Through It, which is not present in the novella, is displayed at the base of the statue of Michael Jordan at Chicago's United Center:

 * "At that moment I knew, surely and clearly, that I was witnessing perfection. He stood before us, suspended above the earth, free from all its laws like a work of art, and I knew, just as surely and clearly, that life is not a work of art, and that the moment could not last."

title: A River Runs Through It (novel)


text:
LOV

LOV may refer to:
 * LOV-1, a Croatian armoured personnel carrier
 * Light-Oxygen-Voltage-sensing domain, in proteins
 * Monclova International Airport IATA code

title: LOV


text: Category:Animation

title: Category:Animation


text:
List of churches in Florence

The following is a list of the churches in Florence, Italy. For clarity, it is divided into those churches that are north and south of the River Arno.

North of the Arno

 * Florence Cathedral (Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore)
 * Florence Baptistery (Battistero di San Giovanni)
 * Santissima Annunziata, Florence (Basilica della Santissima Annunziata)
 * Badìa Fiorentina
 * Chiesa Valdese (Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches)
 * Gesù Pellegrino
 * Ognissanti
 * Orsanmichele
 * Sant'Agata
 * Sant'Ambrogio
 * Sant'Apollonia
 * Santi Apostoli
 * San Barnaba
 * San Carlo dei Lombardi
 * Santa Croce, Florence (Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze)
 * Sant'Egidio
 * San Filippo Neri
 * San Gaetano
 * San Giovanni di Dio
 * San Giovannino dei Cavalieri
 * San Giovannino degli Scolopi
 * San Giuseppe
 * San Jacopo tra Fossi (Evangelical Methodist Church of Florence)
 * San Lorenzo
 * Santa Lucia
 * San Marco
 * Santa Margherita de'Cerchi
 * Santa Margherita in Santa Maria de'Ricci
 * Santa Maria degli Angeli
 * Santa Maria dei Candeli
 * Santa Maria della Croce al Tempio
 * Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi
 * Santa Maria Maggiore
 * Santa Maria de' Ricci
 * Santa Maria Novella
 * Santa Maria Sovraporta (deconsecrated)
 * Santa Maria della Tromba
 * San Martino del Vescovo
 * San Michele Visdomini
 * San Pancrazio (deconsecrated)
 * San Paolino
 * San Pier Scheraggio (destroyed)
 * San Remigio
 * Santa Reparata (destroyed)
 * San Salvatore al Vescovo
 * San Salvi
 * Santi Simone e Giuda
 * Santo Stefano al Ponte
 * Santa Trìnita

South of the Arno

 * Basilica di San Miniato al Monte
 * San Carlo dei Barnabiti
 * San Felice
 * Santa Felicita
 * San Francesco di Paola
 * San Frediano in Cestello
 * San Giorgio sulla Costa
 * San Jacopo sopr'Arno
 * San Leonardo in Arcetri
 * Santa Lucia dei Magnoli
 * Santa Maria del Carmine
 * Santa Maria al Pignone
 * St Mark's English Church
 * Santa Monica
 * San Niccolò sopr'Arno
 * San Piero in Gattolino
 * Santa Rosa
 * San Salvatore al Monte
 * Santo Spirito
 * San Vito
 * Madonna delle Tosse
 * Madonna del Buon Consiglio (Jesuit)

title: List of churches in Florence


text:
Category:Doctor Who

Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television series, concerning the adventures of a mysterious time-travelling adventurer known only as "the Doctor". The show, which premiered in 1963, has also spawned several series of books, two feature films, an American television movie and other media and has aired around the world.

title: Category:Doctor Who


text:
Category:Geometry

Geometry is the branch of mathematics dealing with spatial relationships. The word Geometry means to measure the earth. From experience, or possibly intuitively, people characterize space by certain fundamental qualities, which are termed axioms in geometry. Such axioms are insusceptible to proof, but can be used in conjunction with mathematical definitions for points, straight lines, curves, surfaces, and solids to draw logical conclusions.

title: Category:Geometry


text: Category:Multi-dimensional geometry

title: Category:Multi-dimensional geometry


text:
User:RonPrice

1. EMPLOYMENT-SOCIAL-ROLE POSITIONS: 1943-2015

2009-2015-Retired at age 65, and on an old-age pension 1999-2009-Writer & author, poet & publisher, online blogger & journalist, reader & scholar, editor & researcher; retired teacher & tutor, lecturer & adult educator, George Town Tasmania Australia 2002-2005-Program Presenter City Park Radio Launceston 1999-2004-Tutor and/or President George Town School for Seniors Inc --ABOVE THIS LINE ARE MY YEARS OF RETIREMENT FROM FT PAID EMPLOYMENT-- 1988-1999 -Lecturer in General Studies and Human Services West Australian Department of Training 1986-1987 -Acting Lecturer in Management Studies and Co-ordinator of Further Education Unit at Hedland College in South Hedland WA 1982-1985 -Adult Educator Open College of Tafe Katherine NT 1981 -Maintenance Scheduler Renison Bell Zeehan Tasmania 1980-Unemployed due to Bi-Polar Disability 1979 -Editor External Studies Unit Tasmanian CAE Youth Worker Resource Centre Association Launceston Lecturer in Organizational Behaviour Tasmanian CAE Radio Journalist ABC Launceston 1976-1978 -Lecturer in Social Sciences & Humanities Ballarat CAE Ballarat 1975 - Lecturer in Behavioural Studies Whitehorse Technical College, Box Hill Victoria 1974 -Senior Tutor in Education Studies Tasmanian CAE Launceston 1972-1973 -High School Teacher South Australian Education Department 1971 Primary School Teacher Whyalla SA Australia -ABOVE THIS LINE ARE MY YEARS LIVING IN AUSTRALIA; BELOW LIVING IN CANADA--- 1969-1971 Primary School Teacher Prince Edward County Board of Education Picton Ontario Canada 1969 Systems Analyst Bad Boy Co Ltd Toronto Ontario 1967-68 -Community Teacher Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Frobisher Bay NWT Canada 1959-67 -Summer jobs-1 to 4 months each- from grade 10 to end of university 1949-1967 - Attended 2 primary schools, 2 high schools and 2 universities in Canada-McMaster Uni-1963-1966 Windsor Teachers’ College-1966/7 1944-1963 -Childhood(1944-57) and adolescence(1957-63) in and around Hamilton Ontario October 1943 to July 1944-Conception to Birth in Hamilton Ontario 2. SOME SOCIO-BIO-DATA TO 2009

I have been married for 42 years. My wife is a Tasmanian, aged 63. We’ve had one child: age 32 in 2009. I have two step-children: ages: 42 and 39 in 2009. I am 65, am a Canadian who moved to Australia in 1971 and have written 3 books--all available on the internet. I retired from full-time teaching in 1999, part-time teaching in 2003 and voluneeer teaching/work in 2005 after 35 years in classrooms. In addition, I have been a member of the Baha’i Faith for 50 years. Bio-data: 6ft, 230 lbs, eyes-brown/hair-grey, Caucasian. See my website for more details at: http://www.users.on.net/~ronprice/ and go to any search engine and type: Ron Price followed by any one of a number of words: poetry, Bahá'í, literature, history, bipolar disorder, psychology, sociology, inter alia. ________________________________________________ 3. A SUMMARY OF RON PRICE’S INTERNET PUBLISHING “HIS CUP OF PUBLISHING TEA”

3.1

I have outlined below(in 1500 words and four A-4 font 14 pages) several categories of my writing and my writing projects of varying sizes, genres and subjects on the internet. Readers can gradually get into whatever categories of my work they desire, if at any time they do in fact desire to read my works over the next few days, weeks, months, years or decades. The following items went onto the internet in the period 2001-2014.

The following outline is a presentation of what might be called my marketing strategy, my literary strategy or my internet strategy, a strategy given the limitations of my technical internet skills. One might refer to my current modus operandi, my MO as the who-dun-it enthusiasts call it, as my business plan, although such a term suggests a more professional and money-oriented approach than it really is. In some ways what I write below is an outline of this small business, how I operate, how I have built it up, its raison d’etre and where it seems to be going if, indeed, it is going anywhere at all—and I know it is, at least from my own perspective.

3.2

Most of my writing is free of any cost, although some of the self-publishing material costs anywhere from $3 to $20 at self-publishing sites like Lulu and eBook Mall. I mention this fact: (a) not to advertise and (b) not to try and sell my work. I have received 20 cents/annum in royalties since I began self-publishing in 2003. Fame and wealth will elude me as it eludes most writers. There are three general categories of printed matter, my own writing, that I have placed on the world wide web. These categories are:

1.	Books:

1.1. The Emergence of a Baha’i Consciousness in World Literature: The Poetry of Roger White. This 300 page ebook is available at Baha’i Library Online and parts of it can be accessed at many places on the internet.

1.2. A paperback edition of the above book is available at Lulu.com for $11.48 plus shipping costs from the USA. This self-publishing site also has a five volume, four book, work, a study in autobiography, entitled Pioneering Over Four Epochs which is 2500 pages long(four 625 page books).

Much of this is available as an ebook and in paperback for $10 to $20 per volume at Lulu.com in 2009. It has been reviewed/approved by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha’is of the United States for placing on the internet. The cost of these books is set by Lulu.com.

1.3 My internet site entitled Pioneering Over Five Epochs had some 450,000 words and 30,000 pages and was several books unto itself. This was an equivalent of 6 books at 75,000 words per book. This was the 3rd edition of my site. My 4th edition has the equivalent of 60 books at 80,000 words per book(circa).

2.	Internet Site Postings:

Essays, poems, parts of my autobiography/memoir and a wide variety of postings/writings in smaller, more manageable, chunks of a paragraph to a few pages are all free and can be accessed by simply: (a) going to any one of approximately 8000 sites and (b) typing some specific words into the Google search engine as indicated in the following:

2.1	Approximately 8000 Sites:

I post at a wide range of poetry, literature, social science and humanities sites across a diverse mix of subjects, topics and intellectual disciplines in both popular and academic culture. The list of over 100 pages of these sites and a developmental outline of the process/the timeframe by/in which these sites were acquired is available to anyone interested by writing to me at: ronprice9@gmail.com. But a simpler method for readers to access many of my postings would be to:

2.2	Type Sets of Words At Google:

There are literally hundreds of sets of words now that will access my writing at various sites. If you type, for example, Ron Price, followed by any one of the following words or word sequences: (i) poetry, (ii) literature, (iii) religion, (iv) Baha’i, (v) history, (vi) Shakespeare, (vii) ancient history, (viii) philosophy, (ix) Islam, (x) Australia Baha’i and (xi) pioneering over four epochs, et cetera, et cetera, you will get anywhere from a few sites to over 150 sites arranged in blocks of ten internet locations. This last site, “pioneering over four epochs”, is a particularly fertile set of words to type into the google search engine, although there are other sets of phrases that will yield a fertile list of my writings in prose and/or poetry.

The main problem with this latter way of accessing what I have written(section 2.2) is that my work is side by side with the items of other writers and posters who have the same name as mine and/or the same topic. I have counted over 4000 other Ron Prices and I'm sure there are more. You may find their work more interesting than mine! There are some wife bashers, a pornographer or two, car salesmen, evangelists, media celebrities, indeed, a fascinating array of chaps and chapesses who have different things to sell and advertise, different life-trajectories and claims-to-fame than my life and my offerings. If you type/google the words Ron Price followed by some topic/word of an academic, literary, poetic or subject of personal interest, you will: (a) eliminate some of the other Ron Price’s and (b) have access many sites with my writing.

3.	Specific Sites With Much Material:

Some sites have hundreds of pages of my writing and these sites are a sort of middle ground, a different ground, between the two major categories I have outlined above. The Baha’i Academics Resource Library(BARL) (or Baha’i Library Online), for example, has more of my material than at any other site. My writings are listed there under: (a) books, (b) personal letters, (c) poetry, (d) biographies and (e) essays, among other categories/listings. The Roger White book is at BARL under “Secondary Resource Material>Books>Item #changes.

I find this site useful personally, but some of the poetry is not arranged in as visually pleasing a form as is often found at many other internet sites. Readers should click on “By author” at the top of the access page, then type “Price” into the box and 50+ articles/documents will appear/be accessible.

There are some sites at which my writing is found in a very pleasing form with photos and pictures and general settings to catch the eye. Some site organizers have their location beautifully arranged. I leave it to readers to read what pleases them and leave out what doesn’t. When one posts as much as I do on the internet, one often writes too much, says the wrong things or upsets an applecart or two. It's part of the process. In cyberspace, as in the real world, you can't win them all. The pioneering over four epochs word sequence is, as I’ve said, a useful word package to access some 150 sites with my writing and has no competition from other ‘Ron Prices.’

Concluding Comments:

I had no idea when I retired from full-time employment in 1999, from PT employment in 2001 and from much volunteer work in 2005, to write full-time that the internet would be as useful a system, a resource, a base, for my offerings as it has become. There are literally millions of my words in many a genre now on this international web of words that I have written in the last 13 years(2001-2014). From the early eighties to the early years of this new millennium I tried to get published in a hard or soft cover, but without any success.

My guess is that in the years ahead the world will be awash with books and various genres of printed matter from millions of people like me posting various quantities of their writing. In some ways the world is already awash with print as it is awash with audio-visual products. The print and electronic media have got something for everyone these days, probably more than most people can assimilate.

What I write will not be the cup-of-tea of all readers. This goes without saying. If that is the case readers are simply advised to drink someone else’s tea from someone else’s cup. There is something for everyone these days in both hard and soft cover and on the Internet. If readers don’t like my work or someone else’s go to sources of printed matter they like.

For those who already do or may in the future come to enjoy my writings, I hope the above is a useful outline/overview. For those who don't find what I write attractive to their taste, as I say, the above will give you a simple handle to avoid as you travel the net. I wish you all well in your own endeavours in the path of writing or whatever path your travel down.

Ron Price Updated: 21 March 2014 - 4. WORDS TO TYPE INTO SEARCH ENGINES LIKE GOOGLE TO GET ITEMS OF MY WRITING BY TOPIC: 1. Type my name Ron Price(with or without a space between the names) followed by any of the following subjects/topics/words—and many others you might like to try somewhat at random. The results are literally 100s of 1000s of selections, sites, documents, items, readings, poems, articles, essays, ebooks, internet posts, inter alia.

journal, diary, Universal House of Justice, Buddhism, The Báb,Hinduism, Literature, Bahá’u’lláh, tradition,  poetry, Shoghi Effendi,history, Abdu’l-Baha, astronomy, ancient history,  epochs, interviews, society, sociology, education, democracy, psychology, politics, schools, cinema, anthropology, teaching,geography, health, TV, Bahá’i, mental health,   radio, religion, bipolar, depression, BPD, philosophy, lithium,George Town, media studies,writing,Christianity, pioneering, creative writing, Australia, popular culture, classical poetry,Canada, Thucydides, essays, Belmont, Herodotus, movies Virgil, letters, Autobiography, westerns, biography, Plutarch, social studies, Islam, war, Jolly Roger, Toynbee, Launceston, Gibbon, Zeehan, Shakespeare, Ballarat, Dickinson,Melbourne, Wordsworth, Katherine, epic, South Headland, narrative,Perth,  Pioneering Over Four Epochs,  Windsor

There are also: (a) many writers, (b) thinkers, (c) people with other skills in other disciplines, (d) other topic areas as well as (e) many other subjects one could add here, too many to list.

5. FAVORITE BOOKS

Perhaps how much one reads is as important as what one reads, although one would not want to press this point too much. Given the fact that we all have different tastes, perhaps the essential question or comment under ”Favorite Books" is not “which books one has read” but “how much,” “when” and “why.” I offer this as a tangential remark for this part of the site to initiate a discussion on books for those inclined. It is impossible for me to make an accurate record or even a reasonable guesstimation of what might be called my reading record since 1960, some 50 years, from puberty to these early years of late adulthood, age 15 to 65. I have made a start at such a record, though. For the most part, my reading is in the social sciences and humanities—a vast field to say the least and too extensive to even provide a cursory list of my favorite books here. My reading on dreams is not extensive, just a casual glance at the literature. --- 6. This film review, film commentary, on Mel Gibson's THE PASSION OF THE CHRIST, is my first post at Wikipedia. --- Gibson's work is not intended to be a masterful historical documentary as, say, Ken Burns' work on the Civil War. Nor can one say that Mel Gibson's work possesses an intellectual poverty as an historical documentary. Shawn Rosenheim, an associate professor of English, says all TV documentaries possess a strong intellectual poverty and need a fine-tuning with print resources and scholarly commentary. If Rosenheim is right, that the visual media are simply incapable of producing finely landscaped historical documentary(1), the implications are extensive for the billions now who imbibe their history mainly from TV.

Even if Rosenheim is wrong, historical documentary of an event 2000 years ago is impossible, except in a very general sense for non-specialists. We simply do not know enough. We all know that Gibson did not take his camera crew to downtown Jerusalem in some kind of time-warp to produce an anti-Jewish, anti Roman clip for the evening news. Even if he had, and he then produced for all of us an evening two hour spectacle called "the crucifixion," there would still be questions about visual manipulation and the program's service in the name of directing popular thought toward a new religious movement.

No one would claim that Gibson's is a neutral recording of objective events. It is a construct operating from a certain point of view. It is a rhetorical argument achieved through the selection and combination of elements that both reflect and project a world. It is achieved by certain cinematic conventions that try to erase any signs of cinematic artificiality. An ideology is promoted by linking the effect of reality to social values and institutions in such a way that these values seem natural and self-evident. In the case of Mel Gibson's work, a work that I found quite stimulating, the ideology is simply and strongly: fundamentalist Christianity.

I've never been attracted to Christianity in any of its fundamentalist forms. But I liked this film. It was not because of its historical accuracy that I liked it. I liked All the Presidents Men and a host of other films based on and rooted in some historical theme. Rarely are historical films accurate; the main reason they seem so is that the people watching them know so little about the theme, the event, that it seems plausible to them. Sadly, but truly, we know so little about the events of the life of Jesus of Nazereth that a good script writer, a good cinematographer and a big band of men and women can bring something to life that may never have happened at all.

Bertrand Russell wrote in his book Why I'm Not a Christian that, in a court of law, there is little evidence for even the existence of Jesus let alone his manner of death. Historicity simply does not exist when it comes to the events in the life of a man who has had a profound affect, I believe, on history. But what I believe and what I know; what you believe and what you actually know about Jesus are in two different worlds. The distance between the pulpit and the academic chair of religion has been widening for at least two centuries.

Mel, you've given us a thriller. To hell with history! 5 out of 5. As a sort of epilogue to this brief comment on the film: one of the main reasons I am a Baha'i is that historicity is not an issue with the revelation of Baha'u'llah. The originating impulse in each case of the phenomenon of revelation and the origins of religions before modern times, has receded so far into that history as to be accessible to us in only a very limited and, at least for me, unsatisfactory degree. Far otherwise with the work of the Founder of the Baha'i Faith. The details of His life are massively documented. And one day film-makers will make films about this life that draw on historical facticity, historical reality.

But history has a thousand faces, a thousand forms, and Mel Gibson has given us some very stimulating ones in his film The Passion of the Christ. They are faces that will serve for millions to bring them closer to One whom Baha'u'llah, the Founder of the Baha'i Faith, said that when Christ was crucified, the world wept with a great weaping. FOOTNOTES- 1 The Historical Film: History and Memory in Media, editor, Marcia Pandy, the Athone Press, London, 2001. --

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Indian Council of Social Science Research

The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi in 1969.

Council
The Council is currently chaired by Bhushan Patwardhan. Current members include Deena Bandhu Pandey, P. Kanagasabapathi, Sanjay Kumar, H.S. Bedi, Harish Chandra Singh Rathore, Panchanan Mohanty, Amita Singh, Kshamadevi Shankarrao Khobragade, T. Subramanyam Naidu, Rakesh Sinha, Aswini Mohapatra, P.V. Krishna Bhatta, Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit, J.K. Bajaj, M.P. Bezbaruah, D.D. Pattanaik, and Madhu Purnima Kishwar.

Activities
It provides funding to scholars and to a network of twenty-nine research institutes, among them:

 * A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna (ANSISS Patna)
 * Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS), Bhubaneswar
 * Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi
 * Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram
 * Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi
 * Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
 * Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi
 * Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development Research
 * Centre for Women's Development Studies, Delhi
 * Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad
 * Indian Institute Of Economics, Hyderabad
 * Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad
 * Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore
 * Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi
 * Madras Institute of Development Studies.
 * Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development, Guwahati

A large proportion of its budget is spent on its own administration; in 1996–1997, this amounted to 23% of total expenditure. It has been described as an "oversized, unimaginative and inefficient bureaucrac[y]".