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CBKST

CBKST, VHF analogue channel 11, was a CBC Television owned-and-operated station licensed to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, which operated from 1971 to 2012. The station was owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBKST's master control facilities were located in the Hutchinson Building on 2nd Avenue South (between 21 and 22 Streets East) in Downtown Saskatoon after being relocated from an office tower above Midtown Plaza. Its transmitter was located between Highways 5 and 41.

CBKST was licensed as a rebroadcaster of CBKT-DT in Regina, even though it operated as a semi-satellite with its own associated network of repeaters; it aired separate commercials and (until the 1990s) its own local news broadcasts. On cable, the station was available on Shaw Cable channel 12 and Sasktel Max channel 3.

While the CBC originally planned to discontinue CBKST's over the air feed on August 31, 2011 (as the corporation did not originally plan to convert rebroadcasters in mandatory transition markets like Saskatoon to digital), the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted the CBC permission to allow transmitters in selected mandatory markets, including Saskatoon, to still operate an analogue feed until August 31, 2012. On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the CBC's application to delete CBKST from CBKT's licence, effective August 1, 2012. On July 31, 2012, CBKST was shut down after more than 41 years on the air.

Since the closure of CBKST, cable and satellite providers have piped in CBKT (which took over CBKST's slots) and other CBC outlets for their customers. Due to the high penetration of cable and satellite in Saskatoon and elsewhere in central and northern Saskatchewan, few viewers actually lost access to CBC programming.

History
As early as 1967, efforts were under way to secure a new CBC affiliate for Saskatoon. CFQC-TV, which had been the only station in Saskatoon since going on the air in December 1954, had wished to switch to CTV once the federal government commissioned a new CBC station. In November 1967, however, the federal government declined an application by the CBC to establish a new station, with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson stating reasons including cost-cutting by the government and the fact CFQC already existed to provide CBC programming.

After this and further delays, the CBC was finally approved to launch a new station in Saskatoon. In a move that would come back to haunt the station, however, it was not licensed as a full standalone station in its own right, but as a rebroadcaster of Regina's CBKRT (now CBKT). CBKST ultimately launched at 5:30 p.m. on October 17, 1971 as Saskatoon's second television station. CFQC, which had begun airing select CTV programming in off-hours since 1969, became an exclusive CTV affiliate at CBKST's launch. The first program aired was the religious music series Hymn Sing.

Like most local CBC stations, in the 1970s and 1980s, CBKST had its own newsroom and aired local newscasts and other original programming, as well as locally-aired syndicated reruns of off-network American shows outside of the network schedule. Notable personalities included veteran sportscaster Lloyd Saunders and newscaster Cathy Little. The station's studios were originally located on the fifth floor of CN Towers (renamed Tower at Midtown in 2006), an office block located above Saskatoon's Midtown Plaza shopping centre. In August 1976, CBKST was temporarily knocked off the air for several days when several chunks of concrete, each weighing several thousand pounds, fell off the side of CN Towers and went crashing into the mall below; fortunately, businesses at the Plaza had closed for the day and no one was injured as there was no one inside the Plaza at that point.

For several years from 1978 until December 31, 1985, CBKST used the brand "Saskatoon 11/12" on-air and in print, reflecting the station's respective over-the-air and cable channels in the city. At the time, the CBKST logo consisted of the name "SASKATOON" with the station's channel numbers contained within the "O"s. That logo was retired when the CBC's reimaging program began on January 1, 1986.

In December 1990, nationwide cutbacks at the CBC resulted in many CBKST staff being laid off and its supper hour newscast cancelled. At this time, the station began sharing the "CBC Saskatchewan" branding with CBKT in Regina. In the early 2000s, the station moved into a new storefront studio facility, taking over the heritage Hutchinson Building, a few blocks away from CN Towers on 2nd Avenue South, which it shared with its Radio-Canada counterpart, CBKFT.

In 2002, CBC purchased former Prince Albert, Saskatchewan affiliate CKBI from previous owner Bell Globemedia (parent company of CTV), turning CKBI into a rebroadcaster of CBKST; prior to this, CKBI had been a separate CBC affiliate (despite the CTV-related ownership).

CBKST had ties to the CBC's longest-running import, Coronation Street, according to the 2002 edition of the Guinness Book of Records (and noted in previous editions), CBKST acquired 1,144 episodes of the British soap from Granada Television on May 31, 1971, the largest number of TV shows ever purchased in one transaction. (CBC's English flagship, CBLT in Toronto, was the first to televise Coronation Street in Canada, in 1966. )

On May 16, 2008, CBKST was given approval by the CRTC to delete its transmitters in Big River and Tisdale Viewers that had been served by the two stations were later served by two other CBKST transmitters, CBKST-TV-3 Leoville and CBKST-TV-11 Greenwater Lake.

Transmitters
CBKST had over 20 analog over-the-air television rebroadcasters in several northern Saskatchewan communities such as Prince Albert and North Battleford.

Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analog transmitters, including CBKST, on July 31, 2012. None of CBC or Radio-Canada's rebroadcasters were converted to digital.

title: CBKST


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Gennady Padalka

Gennady Ivanovich Padalka (Гeнна́дий Ива́нович Па́далка; born 21 June 1958 in Krasnodar, Soviet Union) is a Russian Air Force officer and Roscosmos cosmonaut. Padalka held the world record for the most time spent in space at 878 days until Oleg Kononenko broke this record on February 4, 2024 at 07:30:08 UTC and is currently at 2nd position. He worked on both Mir and the International Space Station.

Personal life
Padalka is married to Irina Anatoliyevna Padalka (Ponomareva). They have three daughters: Yuliya, Yekaterina, and Sonya. He enjoys the theater, parachute sport and diving.

Education and training
Padalka graduated from Yeysk Military Aviation College in 1979. After graduation, he served as a pilot and later a senior pilot in the Russian Air Force, eventually attaining the rank of colonel. He has logged 1500 flight hours in six types of aircraft as a First Class Pilot in the Russian Air Force. In addition, he has performed more than 300 parachute jumps as an Instructor of General Parachute Training. Padalka also worked as an engineer-ecologist at the UNESCO International Center of Instruction Systems until 1994. He is an investigator for the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project, a US Government funded study investigating strategies for applying diagnostic telemedicine to space.

Awards
Padalka is a recipient of the Hero Star of the Russian Federation and the title of Russian Federation Test-Cosmonaut. He is decorated with Fatherland Service Medal fourth class, Medals of the Russian Federation and also Medal of the International Fund of Cosmonautics support for Service to Cosmonautics. Padalka is a prize winner of the Russian Federation Government in the field of science and technology.

Cosmonaut career
Gennady Padalka was selected as a cosmonaut candidate to start training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in 1989. From June 1989 to January 1991, he attended basic space training and in 1991 was qualified as a test-cosmonaut.

Mir Mission
On 13 August 1998 Gennady launched with Sergei Avdeyev aboard Soyuz TM-28 to become the crew of Mir Expedition 26, whose primary mission was to make repairs to life support systems and prepare the station for deorbit, which was to take place after Expedition 27. On 8 February 1999 at 11:23 GMT Padalka and Avdeyev undocked from Mir's -X port in Soyuz TM-28, and redocked at the +X Kvant port at 11:39 GMT, freeing up the front port for the Soyuz TM-29 docking. He returned to Earth on board the Soyuz TM-28 capsule on 28 February 1999. The Soyuz TM-28 undocked from the Kvant rear docking port on 27 February at 22:52 GMT and landed in Kazakhstan on 28 February at 02:14 GMT. Padalka accumulated 198 days and 16 hours of space travel during the mission.

ISS Missions
From June 1999 to July 2000, Padalka trained for a space flight on a Soyuz-TM transport vehicle as an ISS contingency crew commander. From August 2000 to November 2001, he trained for a space flight as the Expedition 4 back-up crew commander.

Expedition 9
In March 2002 Padalka was assigned as commander of the ISS Expedition 9 crew. Expedition 9 was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan aboard the Soyuz TMA-4 spacecraft, and docked with the ISS on 21 April 2004. Following a week of joint operations and handover briefings, they replaced the Expedition 8 crew who returned to Earth. In a six-month tour of duty aboard the station Padalka continued ISS science operations, maintained Station systems, and performed four spacewalks. The Expedition 9 mission concluded after undocking and landed back in Kazakhstan on 23 October 2004. In completing this mission, Padalka logged an additional 187 days, 21 minutes and 17 seconds in space, and 15 hours, 45 minutes and 22 seconds of EVA time.

Expedition 19/20
Padalka returned to the ISS in 2009 to serve as commander of Expeditions 19 and 20. He commanded the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft which was launched from Baikonur on 26 March 2009 and docked with the ISS two days later. Padalka also commanded the first six-person space station crew (Expedition 20), returning to Earth on 11 October 2009.

Expedition 31/32
In May 2012 Padalka returned to the ISS for a third time. He served as a flight engineer as part of Expedition 31 before graduating to command Expedition 32.

He launched to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-04M on 15 May 2012, along with fellow crew members Sergei Revin and Joseph Acaba and arrived at the space station on 17 May at 4:36 UTC. He, along with Revin and Acaba, returned to Earth on 17 September 2012.

Expedition 43/44
Padalka returned to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-16M during Expedition 43 and Expedition 44, along with Mikhail Korniyenko and Scott Kelly. He landed on Soyuz TMA-16M on 12 September 2015. Padalka set the record for most time in space of anyone in history, that stayed until Oleg Kononenko broke this record on February 4, 2024 at 07:30:08 UTC and is currently at 2nd position.

Retirement
In April 2017, it was announced that Padalka had filed his resignation from the Roscosmos cosmonaut corps. Padalka himself explained his decision by the fact that he has only a small chance to join any space mission in the near future. "I had to resign. I am tired of doing nothing. There are no prospects that I will fly [to the International Space Station (ISS)]," he told TASS, explaining his decision.

Spacewalks
On 15 September 1998 Padalka performed the first spacewalk of his career during a stay aboard Mir along with Sergei Avdeyev. After donning spacesuits, the PKhO compartment of the Mir Core Module was depressurized and the spacewalkers entered the dead Spektr module at 20:00 GMT. The crew reconnected some cables for the solar panel steering mechanism and closed the hatch a half hour later. The PKhO was then repressurized after a spacewalk which lasted 30 minutes.

On 10 November 1998 Padalka and Avdeyev again ventured out into space. The two made the EVA from the Kvant-2 airlock on Mir. The starting time of the spacewalk was at 19:24 GMT. The two spacewalking cosmonauts installed a meteoroid detector in for the upcoming Leonid shower, and hand-launched the Sputnik-41 amateur-radio mini-satellite. The space walk concluded at 01:18 GMT on 11 November, clocking a total time of 5 hours and 54 minutes.

Padalka's third spacewalk was performed on 24 June 2004 from the ISS's Pirs Docking Compartment. The spacewalk was cut short due to a spacesuit malfunction of his fellow spacewalking partner, NASA astronaut Michael Fincke. After Fincke egressed, within minutes flight controllers noticed a decrease in pressure in his primary oxygen tank. Although the spacewalk was planned for six hours, as a result of the problems it only lasted 14 minutes.

On 30 June 2004 Padalka performed his fourth spacewalk along with astronaut Michael Fincke. The duo successfully repaired a faulty circuit breaker on the space station an hour ahead of schedule. During their repair job, the two spacewalkers replaced a failed device called a remote power control module (RPCM) that had cut off power to its gyroscope. The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 40 minutes.

On 3 August 2004 Gennady Padalka and Mike Fincke again left the space station to install communications gear and replace space exposure experiments on the outside of the Zvezda Service Module. The spacewalk was conducted from the Pirs Docking Compartment airlock and commenced when Padalka and Fincke opened the outer hatch of the airlock at 6:58 GMT. During the spacewalk the two spacewalkers removed six obsolete laser reflectors used for docking and replaced four of them with newer versions. The crew also installed two antennas to allow the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) to communicate with the space station and removed a cable from a faulty television camera. The 4 hour 20 minute excursion out of the ISS marked Padalka's fifth career spacewalk.

Padalka completed his sixth career spacewalk on 3 September 2004 when he and Mike Fincke ventured out into space. The spacewalk took place outside the Zvezda module. Padalka and Fincke began the spacewalk at 16:43 GMT, after emerging from the Pirs airlock. On the Zarya module, the two spacewalkers replaced a pump control panel that measures the module's coolant levels. They also installed three communications antennas at its aft end of the Zvezda module. The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 21 minutes.

Padalka completed his seventh career spacewalk on 5 June 2009. He and NASA astronaut Michael Barratt egressed outside the ISS beginning at 7:52 UTC to install docking system antennas and cabling to accommodate the Mini Research Module 2 (MRM-2). The spacewalk began at an hour behind schedule because of higher than expected carbon-dioxide levels in the spacesuits. The spacewalk ended when the two crew members returned to the Pirs Docking Compartment airlock at 12:46 GMT. The spacewalk lasted 4 hours and 54 minutes.

On 10 June 2009 Gennady Padalka and Michael Barratt entered the transfer compartment in the Zvezda module. The "internal spacewalk" began 10 minutes behind schedule because of initial problems with pressure inside the airlock, which did not fall as fast as expected. While they were not in open space outside the ISS, Padalka and Barratt had to wear space suits in the depressurized compartment. During the 12 minute spacewalk the two crew members moved a docking mechanism to accommodate the MRM-2. The event marked the eighth career spacewalk for Padalka.

On 20 August 2012 Padalka, together with cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, participated in his ninth career spacewalk. Tasks assigned to the two cosmonauts included hardware relocations, installations, retrievals, and deployments. For the spacewalk, Malenchenko donned an Orlan spacesuit with the blue stripe. The duration of the spacewalk was 5 hours and 51 minutes. The spacewalk was delayed for about an hour due to a small leak between International Space Station modules. The spacewalk started from the Pirs Docking Compartment Module at 15:37 GMT. The first task for Padalka and Malenchenko was to relocate the Strela-2 boom from the Pirs module to the forward end of the Zarya module. The relocation was needed since Pirs module was to be detached from the Space Station for the arrival of the new Multi-purpose Laboratory Module (MLM) Nauka, both of which occurred in 2021. The next task completed by Padalka and Malenchenko was to deploy a 21-inch diameter spherical satellite. The two cosmonauts also retrieved five debris shields from the Pirs Module, prior to installing them on the Zvezda Module. They also completed several get-ahead tasks (since they both opted not to take rests during the night passes) as the duo were about an hour ahead of the timeline. They retrieved an external experiment called Biorisk from the Pirs Module for return to Earth, and for added stability installed two structural support struts between the Pirs Module and the EVA ladder. Padalka and Malenchenko then both ingressed the Pirs Module, prior to closing the hatch and beginning the re-pressurisation procedure, to end a successful spacewalk.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gennady Padalka


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Rochdale

Rochdale is a town in Greater Manchester, England, and the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale. In the 2021 census the town had a population of 111,261, compared to 223,773 for the wider borough. Rochdale is in the foothills of the South Pennines and lies in the dale (valley) of the River Roch, 5 mi northwest of Oldham, and 10 mi northeast of Manchester.

Rochdale's recorded history begins with an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Recedham Manor" but can be traced back to the 9th century. The ancient parish of Rochdale was a division of the Salford Hundred and one of the larger ecclesiastical parishes in England, comprising several townships. By 1251, the town had become of such importance that it was granted a royal charter.

The town became a centre of northern England's woollen trade, and by the early 18th century was described as being "remarkable for its many wealthy merchants". In the 19th century it became a mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. The town is historically within Lancashire, and was a county borough within it before 1974.

Toponymy
The town is recorded as Recedham in the Domesday Book and Rachetham in 1193. Variations of Rechedham continue into the thirteenth century when the first element's termination is dropped as Rachedam became Racheham. This change was soon followed with the suffix -ham (homestead) changing to -dale (wide valley).

Rachdale is recorded as a name for the town in 1242, but may have been used earlier as a name for the valley, Hundred and Parish. The Domesday Book's rendering of the name led Eilert Ekwall to suggest a derivation from reced, an obscure Old English element meaning "hall".

Although the name of the river is still pronounced (with a long vowel sound), Rochdale is pronounced  (with a shorter o sound).

Early history

A Roman road, leading from Mamucium (Manchester) to Eboracum (York), crossed the moors at Blackstone Edge.

Rochdale was subjected to incursions by the Danes; the castle that Castleton is named after, and of which no trace remains, was one of twelve Saxon forts possibly destroyed in frequent conflicts that occurred between the Saxons and Danes during the 10th and 11th centuries. At the time of the Norman Conquest the manor was held by a Saxon thegn, Gamel. Rochdale appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Recedham and was described as lying within the hundred of Salford and the county of Cheshire. At that time, Rochdale was under the lordship of Roger the Poitevin. Before 1212, Henry II granted the manor to Roger de Lacy whose family retained it as part of the Honour of Clitheroe until it passed to the Dukes of Lancaster by marriage and then by 1399 to the Crown. In medieval times, weekly markets were held from 1250 when Edmund de Lacy obtained a grant for a market and an annual fair. The market was held outside the parish church where there was an "Orator's Corner".

John Byron bought the manor in 1638 and it was sold by the poet, Lord Byron, in 1823, to the Deardens, who hold the title. Rochdale had no manor house but the "Orchard" built in 1702 and acquired in 1745 by Simon Dearden was the home of the lords of the manor after 1823. It was described as "a red-brick building of no architectural distinction, on the north side of the river opposite the town hall" and sometimes referred to as the Manor House. It was demolished in 1922.

Industrial Revolution
Rochdale is a product of the Industrial Revolution, though the manufacture of woollen cloth, particularly baize, kerseys and flannels, was locally important as far back as the 1500s. At that time the textile industry was rooted in the domestic system, but towards the end of the 18th century mills powered by water started to appear.

Water power was replaced by steam power in the 19th century and local coal became important. The Deardens who were lords of the manor were among the local coal mine owners. By the mid-1800s, the woollen trade was declining and the cotton trade was rapidly growing in importance. Cotton manufacturing took advantage of new technological developments in spinning and weaving. In 1804, the Rochdale Canal opened, providing the first link over the Pennines between Lancashire and Yorkshire.

During the 19th century, Rochdale became one of the world's most prominent cotton processing towns rising to prominence and becoming a major centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns. By the end of the 19th century Rochdale had woollen mills, silk manufacturers, bleachers and dyers, though cotton spinning and weaving were the dominant industries in the community.

The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdale's textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status and it became an important regional town based upon this economic success.

The Rochdale Pioneers opened the first Cooperative shop in Toad Lane in 1844. The reformer and Member of Parliament, John Bright (1811–1889), was born in Rochdale and gained a reputation as a leader of political dissent and supporter of the Anti-Corn Law League.

Decline of textile manufacturing
By the middle of the 20th century, Rochdale's economy was in decline, reflecting the broader economic situation in other textile manufacturing towns in the North West England. This decline was largely driven by the global availability of cheaper textile product offerings from abroad.

During the 1950s and 1960s Rochdale's lack of a diverse economic base became very apparent, with the closure of numerous textile manufacturing facilities. Textile manufacturing did remain a major contributor to the local economy, even into the 1970s. Regionally, numerous companies still have some connection to the textile industry.

Governance
Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Rochdale was recorded in 1066 as held by Gamel, one of the twenty-one thegns of the Hundred of Salfordshire.

The ancient ecclesiastical parish of Rochdale was divided into four townships: Butterworth, Castleton, Hundersfield and Spotland. Hundersfield was later divided into four townships: Blatchinworth, Calderbrook, Wardleworth and Wuerdle and Wardle.

Excluding the large chapelry of Saddleworth, which lay entirely in Yorkshire, the parish of Rochdale had an area of 65.4 sqmi.

In 1825, commissioners for the social and economic improvement of the town were established. The town became part of a parliamentary borough in 1832. As there were no existing township boundaries, the commissioners and later the parliamentary constituency were deemed to cover a circular area extending three-quarters of a mile from the old market-place.

Under the terms of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, Rochdale became the head of Rochdale Poor Law Union which was established on 15 February 1837, despite considerable local opposition. In 1856 Rochdale was incorporated as a municipal borough, giving it borough status in the United Kingdom and after 1858 it obtained the powers of the improvement commissioners.

In 1872, the remaining area of Wardleworth township and parts of Castleton, Wuerdle and Wardle, Spotland and Butterworth townships were added to the borough.

When the administrative county of Lancashire was created by the Local Government Act 1888, Rochdale was elevated to become the County Borough of Rochdale and was, in modern terms, a unitary authority area exempt from the administration of Lancashire County Council. In 1900, most of Castleton Urban District was added to the borough; this urban district included parts of Castleton, Hopwood and Thornham townships. In 1933, parts of Norden Urban District and Birtle with Bamford civil parish were added to the borough.

Under the Local Government Act 1972, the town's autonomous county borough status was abolished. The municipal boroughs of Middleton and Heywood and Littleborough, Milnrow and Wardle urban districts are now part of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, one of the ten metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester.

Since 1953, Rochdale has been twinned with Bielefeld in Germany and since 1956 with Tourcoing in France, as well as Sahiwal in Pakistan since 1988 and Lviv in Ukraine since 1992. Sahiwal council has received many gifts like fire brigade trucks, ambulances and grants for hospitals from the people of Rochdale.

Parliamentary representation
The Rochdale constituency was created by the Reform Act of 1832. The constituency was held for two decades during the 20th century by Cyril Smith, first of the Liberal Party and then of the Liberal Democrats.

Following the 2010 general election, the town was represented by Simon Danczuk, who was elected as a Labour MP but was subsequently suspended and under investigation by the Labour Party.

Tony Lloyd (Labour) was elected as MP for Rochdale constituency in the 2017 general election, and represented the constituency until his death on 17 January 2024. The seat was won by George Galloway, leader and founder of the Workers Party of Britain, in the 2024 Rochdale by-election on 29 February 2024.

Geography
Rochdale is approximately 450 ft above sea level, 10 mi north-northeast of Manchester city centre, in the valley of the River Roch. Blackstone Edge, Saddleworth Moor and the South Pennines are close to the east, whilst on all other sides, Rochdale is bound by other towns, including Whitworth, Littleborough, Milnrow, Royton, Heywood and Shaw and Crompton, with little or no green space between them.

Rochdale's built environment consists of a mixture of infrastructure, housing types and commercial buildings from a number of periods. Rochdale's housing stock is mixed, but has a significant amount of stone or red-brick terraced houses from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Rochdale's Town Hall, seven large tower blocks (locally nicknamed 'The Seven Sisters') and a number of former cotton mills mark the town's skyline. The urban structure of Rochdale is regular when compared to most towns in England, its form restricted in places by its hilly upland terrain.

Much of Rochdale's built environment is centred around a central business district in the town centre, which is the local centre of both the town and borough.

There is a mixture of high-density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Rochdale, but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban.

For purposes of the Office for National Statistics, the Borough of Rochdale forms the fifth largest settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation.

The M62 motorway passes to the south and southwest of Rochdale. Two heavy rail lines enter Rochdale from the east, joining at Rochdale railway station before continuing southwards to the city of Manchester.

Divisions and suburbs

 * Ashworth
 * Balderstone
 * Bamford
 * Belfield
 * Buckley
 * Buersil
 * Burnedge
 * Caldershaw
 * Castleton
 * Cronkeyshaw
 * Cutgate
 * Deeplish
 * Dernley
 * Falinge
 * Fieldhouse
 * Firgrove
 * Foxholes
 * Halfacre
 * Hamer
 * Healey
 * Hurstead
 * Kingsway
 * Kirkholt
 * Littleborough
 * Lowerfold
 * Lowerplace
 * Marland
 * Meanwood
 * Newbold
 * Nook Farm
 * Norden
 * Oakenrod
 * Oulder Hill
 * Passmonds
 * Prickshaw
 * Rooley Moor
 * Shawclough
 * Smallbridge
 * Smithy Bridge
 * Sparth Bottom
 * Spotland
 * Sudden
 * Syke
 * Thornham
 * Turf Hill
 * Wardleworth

Climate
Like much of the British Isles, Rochdale experiences a temperate maritime climate, with relatively cool summers and mild winters.

2001
At the 2001 UK census, Rochdale had a population of 95,796. The 2001 population density was 11186 PD/sqmi, with a 100 to 94.4 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 28.2% were single (never married), 44.0% married, and 8.8% divorced. Rochdale's 37,730 households included 30.4% one-person, 36.6% married couples living together, 8.4% were co-habiting couples, and 11.1% single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 37.1% had no academic qualifications, similar to the figure for all of Rochdale, but higher than that of 28.9% in all of England. Rochdale has the highest number of Jobseeker's Allowance claimants in Greater Manchester, with 6.1 per cent of its adult population claiming the benefit in early 2010.

2011
In 2011, Rochdale had a population of 107,926 which makes it about the same size as Salford and Stockport. The population increased from 95,796 in 2001. Rochdale is one of four townships in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale along with Middleton, Heywood and Pennine (a township which includes Littleborough and Wardle). Rochdale is considered an Urban Subdivision by the local borough council.

In 2011, 34.8% of Rochdale's population were non white British, compared with 21.4% for the surrounding borough. Rochdale town also has almost double the percentage of Asians compared with the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, which had a population of 211,699 in 2011. This means the town takes up almost 55% of the borough's population.

2021
As of 2021, the town of Rochdale's population was enumerated at 111,261, and its ethnic makeup was 57.2% White, 34.3% Asian, 2.6% Mixed, 3.4% Black, 2.1% Other and 0.5% Arab. The town's religious makeup was 38% Christian, 36% Muslim, 24.2% No Religion, and has small Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist and Jewish communities.

More than 40% of children in the Rochdale borough are living in poverty,

Landmarks
There are four grade I listed buildings in the town: the Town Hall, the Cenotaph, the Church of St Mary in the Baum, and St Edmund's Church.

Rochdale Town Hall is a Victorian era town hall "widely recognized as being one of the finest municipal buildings in the country". It is the ceremonial headquarters of Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council and houses local government departments, including the borough's civil registration office.

Built in the Gothic Revival style it was inaugurated on 27 September 1871. The architect, William Henry Crossland, won a competition held in 1864. The town hall had a 240 ft clock tower topped by a wooden spire with a gilded statue of Saint George and the Dragon which were destroyed by fire on 10 April 1883. A new 191 ft stone clock tower and spire in the style of Manchester Town Hall was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, and erected in 1888. Art critic Nikolaus Pevsner described the building as possessing a "rare picturesque beauty". Its stained glass windows, some designed by William Morris, are credited as "the finest modern examples of their kind". It has been described as one of the United Kingdom's finest examples of Victorian Gothic revival architecture.

The building came to the attention of Adolf Hitler who was said to have admired it so much that he wished to ship the building, brick-by-brick, to Nazi Germany had the United Kingdom been defeated in the Second World War.

The Rochdale Cenotaph, a war memorial bearing four sculpted and painted flags, is located opposite the town hall. It commemorates those who died in conflicts since the First World War. The monument and surrounding gardens were designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens.

Worthy of note is a large industrial park, named the Kingsway Business Park for which planning permission for its construction began in 2009. The complex covers an area of 420 acre.

Transport
Public transport in Rochdale is coordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM), who owns the bus station and coordinates transport services in the area.

Road
The earliest routes around Rochdale were tracks and packhorse routes and a paved track over Blackstone Edge into Yorkshire that had Roman origins. As trade increased the Blackstone Edge turnpike road was built in 1735.

The M62 motorway to the south of the town is accessed via the A627(M), which starts at Sandbrook Park in Rochdale and runs to Elk Mill in Chadderton. The A627(M) provides access to the M62 and to Oldham.

Rochdale Canal
The idea for the Rochdale Canal emerged in 1776, when James Brindley was commissioned to survey possible routes between Sowerby Bridge and Manchester.

However it was not until 4 April 1794 that an Act of Parliament was obtained. The broad canal which linked the Bridgewater Canal in Manchester with the Aire and Calder Navigation at Sowerby Bridge became a major artery of commerce between Lancashire and Yorkshire for cotton, wool, coal, limestone, timber, and salt. The Rochdale Canal has the highest concentration of canal locks in the regional northern canal system; it houses 91 locks over 32 mi.

Hollingworth Lake is part of the canal system, the lake was originally designed to regulate water levels and was part of the original engineering initiative. By the 1950s, the canal had fallen into general disuse and was abandoned in the 1960s along with many other industrial areas that had supported traditional industries. The lower section from the Bridgewater Canal to the junction with the Ashton Canal was restored as part of the Cheshire Ring in 1974. The rest of the canal was restored and re-opened in 2003. Local activist groups have worked to improve the canal further.

Rail and Metrolink
Demand from the cross-Pennine trade to support local cotton, wool and silk industries led to the building of the Manchester and Leeds Railway which opened in 1839 from Manchester to Littleborough, and from Normanton to Hebden Bridge in 1840.

The linking section opened on completion of the Summit Tunnel in 1841. Rochdale railway station is about a mile south of the town centre. Trains run to Manchester Victoria, Halifax, Dewsbury, Bradford and Leeds. A new service to Burnley and Accrington commenced in 2015.

The service to Manchester Victoria on the Oldham Loop line ended in October 2009, in preparation for conversion of the line to an extension of the Metrolink light rail system, renamed as the Oldham and Rochdale Line.

It was deferred in 2004 on grounds of cost but in July 2006 plans were approved for the extension from Manchester Victoria as far as Rochdale railway station, and opened on 28 February 2013.

The extension to Rochdale town centre, via Drake Street and terminating opposite Rochdale Interchange opened on 31 March 2014.

Bus
Until 1969, the borough's bus service was provided by the municipal operator Rochdale Corporation Transport which was merged into the SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive. Rochdale's old bus station closed in November 2013 and was demolished in April 2014 along with the multi-storey car park and municipal offices (known locally as 'The Black Box'), to make way for the new Town Centre East retail and leisure development.

The replacement Rochdale Interchange is located next to the council office building Number One Riverside and is linked with Rochdale Town Centre tram stop.

There are frequent bus services from Rochdale, operated by First Greater Manchester, to Middleton, Royton, Chadderton, Oldham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury and Bolton. Frequent services to Manchester city centre are provided by First Greater Manchester's route 17 overground service.

There are cross-county services into Lancashire, West Yorkshire and Littleborough provided by Rosso, who operates to Rawtenstall and Accrington, First West Yorkshire, which operates to Burnley and Halifax, both via Todmorden, while the service to Halifax via Ripponden is operated by Team Pennine.

Education
Hopwood Hall College is a further education college with a campus in Rochdale. It offers vocational courses for school leavers, and courses for adult learners and some higher education.

Rochdale Sixth Form College opened in September 2010, and is the primary provider of A-Level courses in Rochdale and the wider metropolitan borough. Most secondary schools in the area no longer offer sixth form courses.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Manchester, Heart North West, Smooth North West, Greatest Hits Radio Manchester & The North West, XS Manchester, Capital Manchester and Lancashire and Rochdale Valley, a community based radio station.

Rochdale is served by the local newspaper the Rochdale Observer, and by regional newspapers the Manchester Evening News and the North West Enquirer.

Religion
St Chad's Church is a grade II* listed building. It was the mother church of ancient parish of Rochdale and was founded before 1170, possibly on an Anglo-Saxon site. Much of the current building is the result of late Victorian restoration. Other Anglican churches include the grade I listed Church of St Mary in the Baum.

St John the Baptist Catholic Church was built in 1927 in Byzantine Revival style and is a grade II* listed building.

Marland Grange was a Cistercian grange of Stanlow, Cheshire, then of Whalley. The grange was founded before 1212.

Rochdale is home to 21 mosques of various denominations. Rochdale Central Masjid [Idara] is the largest of Rochdale's mosques.

Public services
Home Office policing in Rochdale is provided by Greater Manchester Police and the Rochdale Division has headquarters at Town Meadow adjacent to the magistrates' court.

Statutory emergency fire and rescue services are provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, which has fire stations in Rochdale, Littleborough and Heywood.

Emergency healthcare is provided by Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. The Trust operates four hospitals in the North Manchester area, including the Rochdale Infirmary for the NHS. Patient transport is provided by the North West Ambulance Service.

Rochdale Infirmary is the main hospital serving the town since the closure of Birch Hill Hospital which occupied the former Rochdale Union Workhouse at Dearnley in 2007. New facilities were established in Rochdale Infirmary as part of a restructuring of the town's healthcare services.

Mental Health services are found to the back of the former Birch Hill Hospital and provide care for children and adults on both an inpatient and out-patient basis.

Primary care services in Rochdale are provided by the Heywood, Middleton and Rochdale NHS Primary Care Trust. In 2006 it was announced that Accident & Emergency facilities at Rochdale Infirmary would be closed by 2011, leaving Oldham and Bury as the closest departments serving Rochdale. Confirmation that the unit would close was met with protest locally, including a march through the town centre.

Waste management was coordinated by the local authority from 1986 via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority, and since April 1, 2018 via its representation on the Greater Manchester Combined Authority.

Rochdale's distribution network operator for electricity was United Utilities until 2010, when its electricity subsidiary was sold to Electricity North West. There are no power stations in the town following the closure of Rochdale power station in 1958, but Scout Moor Wind Farm which has 26 turbines was built on the high moors between Rawtenstall and Rochdale.

The wind farm generates 65MW of electricity. United Utilities manage Rochdale's drinking and waste water. Water supplies are sourced from several reservoirs, including Watergrove, Blackstone Edge, Greenbooth and Piethorne in Rochdale's outlying moorland.

Sports
Rochdale has two professional sports teams: Rochdale A.F.C. (football) and Rochdale Hornets (rugby league); both play home games at the Spotland Stadium. Rochdale AFC were founded in 1907 and joined the Football League in 1921, when the new Football League Third Division (North) was created.

The club has never played above the third tier of the English league divisional structure and, before its promotion at the end of the 2009/10 season (their first promotion since 1969), had played continuously in the Football League's lowest division since 1974. However, the club reached the Football League Cup Final in 1962 and lost to Norwich City. Rochdale Hornets is one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, making it one of the world's first rugby league teams.

The town was previously home to defunct non-league football club, Rochdale Town, but still hosts National Conference League amateur rugby league club Rochdale Mayfield. Rochdale R.U.F.C. who play in Bamford. There are two adult amateur football leagues: the Rochdale Online Alliance League and the Rochdale and District Sunday Football League.

Golf courses around the town include Rochdale Golf Club and Marland Golf Course, at Springfield Park. The town also has a number of cricket clubs, most of which play in the Pennine Cricket League (PCL). Rochdale Sub-Aqua Club was formed in 1959 and remains active.

Speedway racing was staged at the Athletic Grounds in 1928–30 and returned at the start of the 1970s when it provided a home for the British League Division Two Belle Vue Aces juniors and Rochdale Hornets. Peter Collins, who won the 1976 World Championship was a Hornets rider. Stuart Smith and Doug Cronshaw competed in BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars between 1965 and 1984.

Twin towns – sister cities

 * Barisal, Barisal Division, Bangladesh
 * Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Lviv, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine
 * Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
 * Tourcoing, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France

Notable people
Lancashire dialect poet Edwin Waugh (1817–1890) was born and brought up in the town.

The aristocrat and poet George Gordon Byron was Lord Byron of Rochdale. Rochdale has a proud liberal political heritage, as shown by such people as John Bright, one of the first Quakers to sit in the House of Commons; and Rev. Joseph Cooke, the inspiration behind the Methodist Unitarian movement. In the 20th century, another prominent political personality was Cyril Smith, who was posthumously found to have sexually abused children.

Among Rochdale's residents have been several musicians, including singers piri, Gracie Fields, Lisa Stansfield (born in Heywood) and Barb Jungr and bands Kaliphz also known as Kaleef, Autechre, and Tractor.

Broadcasters John Peel and Mark Chapman also have links with the town, Peel having lived there for a period of time and the latter three having been born there. Actors Anna Friel and Bill Oddie were born in Rochdale. Don Estelle, who was born and brought up in Crumpsall, lived for much of his life in Rochdale and was buried there in August 2003.

Sajid Javid, the former Chancellor of the Exchequer was born in Rochdale to British Pakistani parents.

Other notable residents include businessman and philanthropist Sir Peter Ogden, novelist Nicholas Blincoe, Monica Coghlan, a prostitute caught up in the Jeffrey Archer scandal, and the banker Rev. Paul Flowers.

Novelist Anna Jacobs was born in Rochdale. World Series of poker winner Jake Cody grew up in Rochdale.

The footballer Earl Barrett was born there in April 1967 to Jamaican immigrant parents. Great Britain Olympian Craig Dawson, represented hometown club Rochdale and Bolton Wanderers at football.

title: Rochdale


text:
Talk:Rochdale

Recent edits
@Exnihilox has made a wide range of changes to the article stemming from the lead to the established sections. They have added a wrong population figure at 224,000 which when reading the borough article has 223,000. So that's not quite adding up, readding large and calling rochdale a community when we use town and community is more for suburbs or Wales terms for civil parishes. I've reverted the lead and population due to conflicting stats. Would @Crouch, Swale @Eopsid @KeithD and @PamD wish to comment on this? I'm seeing a lot of unsourced material and wrong placed stats DragonofBatley (talk) 21:53, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Please correct - there are linkages to specific numeric values - I actually tripled checked the populations citations and it is cited - it was an awfully written article - even by Wikipedia standards - it was very out of data - make any corrections if you think specifics are wrong - most of the data is from the UK's Stats folks - the awful use of the English language was the major issue with this - again, change what you wish - but be a little respectful. Exnihilox (talk) 21:57, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E08000005/ Exnihilox (talk) 21:59, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The population debacle should now be at an end. I can live with the 2021 update - it only really became contentious when 2011 data kept reappearing in this article - without any discourse. Exnihilox (talk) 15:21, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Exnihilox I have been respectful, if you had the decency to check the edit summaries I made (two-three times) you disregarded them and I put why large is subjective. But you ignored it and carried on also you described Rochdale as "community"? You know it's a town which community doesn't apply to unless its a suburb or in Wales. Rochdale is a town, community is not the same by wiki standards. You'd say the town had a population not the community unless it's in Wales or describing a suburb. Maybe 🤔 check a bit more on terms you use before publishing? I have to DragonofBatley (talk) 22:03, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Rochdale is a community - surely??? Perhaps you need to be less literal and actually realize how awful the prior data was - it was a decade out of date - as stated - collaborate rather than rant at me - thanks Exnihilox (talk) 22:08, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Try to not be patronising then DragonofBatley (talk) 22:10, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I am happy to collaborate - but let's not get all shouty - this is not Fakebook I hope - Exnihilox (talk) 22:11, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think you seems to focus on little details and not the bigger concerns - why does this article exist? What information are people looking for. Exnihilox (talk) 22:29, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Please MODIFY THE OPENING statements and do use data from the 2021 census NOT the 2011 census as now written. Kindly add population for both the TOWN and BOROUGH - many thanks - the fact you reverted this back to 2011 after making such a fuss over trivial issues - is a total mystery to many people - kindly explain your thinking? I will change this back if you do not - and I am happy to debate this with anyone. I see no other reversions - perhaps there was a reason to go back to old data - kindly explain. Exnihilox (talk) 23:42, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Please ensure that you are using standard English and be thoughtful of some of the things I corrected - there are reasons - as stated, the are many run on sentences, terrible grammar and whole blocks of nonsensical information. Talking about matters that do not fit an article about a town! Kindly discuss prior to mods - I know I did not - but the document is better as is than as was - thanks. Exnihilox (talk) 22:06, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I've been on here long enough thanks so I know the standards of wiki, you have 86 edits to my few thousand so don't patronise me. Your the one ignoring edit summaries and maybe the article needed updates but some of your edits didn't reflect other similar articles. In future, try not to patronise other editors who challenge your edits and if you feel ignoring edit summaries is fine. Then you should really not be editing on this site. DragonofBatley (talk) 22:09, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You do recognize how bad the original was? Or not? Exnihilox (talk) 22:11, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It needs updates - I am happy to collaborate - most citations lead no place... Exnihilox (talk) 22:13, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Kindly respond - do you comprehend how badly written this was? Exnihilox (talk) 22:25, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * If you are comparing what was with what is - the document does read a lot better - oddly, far less of this has changed - see the actual changes. Exnihilox (talk) 22:27, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * A first quick point: on the question of "large", please note that the example given in WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements starts "Chew Stoke is a small village and civil parish ...", suggesting that the removal of "large" as "WP:SUBJECTIVE" is not a consensus view but more of an WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Pam  D  22:12, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Feel free to change anything - Exnihilox (talk) 22:13, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Second point: we certainly don't need to pander to US spelling/ignorance by giving an alternative spelling for "Woollen". Will fix that one. Pam  D  22:16, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Lol - apologies - change it - though I like to appeal to the anglosphere - these are minor comments - though I do respect them - let's collaborate on creating a robust deliverable not something that looks like a rambling hodge podge - I am happy to work with you - and I should have done so - it flows a lot better than it did this morning - Exnihilox (talk) 22:22, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Feel free to change anything you desire - but the document needs to flow and not add data that is not really informative - it is not just directed at Brits nor Rochdale folks - there are billions of other consumers of this information - you are not the target audience Pam. Exnihilox (talk) 22:24, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Exnihilox The target audience is a reader of English, using the variety of English chosen for the article. This is about a town in England, so British English is appropriate. We do not need to offer a translation. Pam  D  22:47, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * WHY are you folks using 2011 census data - use 2021 - one of the primary reason to make a change - you reverted this and I to challenge you on this matter!!! Exnihilox (talk) 23:20, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * As there a 400 million other folks who think at least some words are in error - and also the writing style is very weak as the intro is written - add town and borough from 2021 - not 2011 - why on earth not use the most current data? Exnihilox (talk) 23:22, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The more I process the comment the more I wonder about your terribly acerbic attitude - I have been generally tolerant but other than reverting back to the old census data - and slinging around many erroneous remarks ABOUT ITEMS I HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH - what else have you even added? The opening PARAGRAPHS are still really awful - though you did actually space it better. We are still in 2011 in the opening - even though there is solid 2021 data - DID YOU NOT KNOW THERE WAS NOTHER CENSUS? Can you explain yourself to this community????? Exnihilox (talk) 23:56, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I also found - as did many others - as racist undertone in some content - read the 'talk section' - and it is full of this -- I added a 'MODERN ROCHDALE' snapshot - take a look at the content - I looked through prior older talks and I know Rochdale - I was born and bred there - I suspect you think I am not a Rochdalian! Much of the content was neve really well cited - the part about Henry VIII - what was all that about - if you cannot cite - be polite - please. Exnihilox (talk) 22:43, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I stated - fix the trivial - leave the substantive - and there are a lot of decent new sections that allow the reader to process the history section much better - fix anything you want to - but be thoughtful and polite - please! Exnihilox (talk) 22:46, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Feel free to change anything - collaboration is the point - OR did I inadvertently change something you wrote - I do not actually think I did - not by intention anyhow - please be respectful. Exnihilox (talk) 22:30, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thirdly: The article, in the state left after "quadruple checked" edits, shows a certain lack of attention to detail.
 * The start of the "Modern Rochdale" section ... seems to be a remnant of a section about the Town Hall, perhaps?
 * The "Industrial revolution" section meanders into the 20th century, includes inline links instead of proper references, jumps around from the 1950s back to 1844 for no obvious reason
 * Chunks of useful-looking text seem to have been removed in recent edits, but as there are very few edit summaries it's difficult to work out what people were trying to do.
 * "started in the1940s/1950s" - how about a space?
 * no, there isn't an apostrophe in "its" in the sentence "It's current demographic..."
 * More inline links instead of references in the "Population" section
 * The "Governance" section seems to be mostly history
 * The photo of the cenotaph and town hall is pretty confusing as it makes them appear the same height - not a great shot
 * But I'm not particularly interested in Rochdale and haven't the energy to try to knock this into shape. Good luck to the two of you and other interested parties in trying to improve this article, which is certainly not one of Wikipedia's finest at present. Pam  D  22:44, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Good observations Pam - go ahead and collaborate with me - I am happy for you to change these little items - but again, take a look at what was - Exnihilox (talk) 22:48, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * YOU DO REALIZE I DID NOT CHANGE A LOT OF THE POINTS you are floundering to make - NOTHING TO DO WITH THE PICS - yes, I'm being shouty - lol. Exnihilox (talk) 22:49, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Pam - why are you so acerbic - no need - I am happy to work with you and provoke changes to the prior terrible doc. Exnihilox (talk) 22:50, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I note it is back to the terrible state - do you not comprehend how to use a PARAGRAPH. Exnihilox (talk) 22:52, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Then leave it - if you have no compunction to change what is all the noise about Pam! Exnihilox (talk) 23:25, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * True. Exnihilox (talk) 17:36, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The town figure should be mentioned in the infobox and first in text but the borough should probably also be mentioned after the town in text. We probably shouldn't describe it as large (even though I would) as it is subjective even if we may prefer it (I actually would) perhaps unless emphasized by sources.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:05, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I added some clarification as to the basic term ROCHDALE. I think this is the core issue - this article is without doubt about the town - but in reality in 2023 all meaningful references talk about the BOROUGH. Even the UK 2021 census and the Gov. Stats Office uses ROCHDALE and talks about the borough. In reality most of the rambling content is about the borough as it currently is in 2023. I think this likely not a unique issue - boundaries change all the time. I live in Rochdale and I could not tell you where the edges of the town are in 2023 -   Exnihilox (talk) 20:19, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * serious - Exnihilox (talk) 03:42, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The 2011 data is consistent in the info-box and intro. The added intro language helps with clarity - I deleted any unnecessary comments on the matter - though, if one runs any query on ROCHDALE the data -will be about the BOROUGH - even the UK 2021 census data is termed 'ROCHDALE' - this needs to be clear. Thanks.  Exnihilox (talk) 20:29, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Question - and I find this a very petty matter, as I am new to the world of Wikipedia - after 43 years in serios academia - I will reach out and ask. The word ETYMOLOGY as in the 'origins of any word' - being a little consistent with other articles/practices I can live with -- NAME ETYMOLOGY, I could also live with PLACE NAME ORIGIN or a dozen variations. In the British Isle I do think some 'chatter' on place name origins is of interest to any reader - I think it is petty as to the best subsection title - your thoughts on the matter??? Exnihilox (talk) 03:41, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * See WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements: "If there is sufficient material to justify a subsection header, then it may be titled as etymology or toponymy.". Also note Featured Article Bristol. "Toponymy" is probably best. Pam  D  09:25, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * And when I went to the article to fix it, I found that had got there first: Thanks!  Pam  D  09:28, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Understood - thanks. Exnihilox (talk) 13:12, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I read this and agree - tweaking this document in this manner is simply painful - though in three days we did enhance several sections - RECALL I just wanted 2021 data - and I got that - so perhaps I achieved my goal! Exnihilox (talk) 17:31, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

Demography 2
Renamed to avoid confusion with previous Demography section of talk page: Pam  D  19:28, 23 June 2023 (UTC) Small text

As none of the demographic figures is specific to the town, but all relate to the borough, this section really shouldn't be here at all. There may be some figures for BUAs and BUA subdivisions for 2011, though I'm not sure whether the 2021 are available yet, which might be more specific to the town. In the ONS statistics, Asian means Asian, so I don't see what the relevance of US usage of the term is here. Pam D  15:58, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * This is indeed a problem and not just in this one section. MOST of the actual content refers to the BOROUGH and we have had this chat before. It is problematic to many similar articles and I oddly think even seeing the TOWN as freestanding of the BOROUGH is silly in 2023. The whole article needs to focus on the BOROUGH with the town as a small part - there is an article on the BOROUGH and the two need to be combined to REFLECT THE REALITY of 2023. Many do feel the same way - see other comments - I DO PLAN TO PROPOSE THIS - but in a controlled manner using TALK rather than just 'going for change' thanks Pam. Exnihilox (talk) 17:25, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Exnihilox The town and the borough are two different entities. This article is about the town. Compare Leeds (town) with City of Leeds (current administrative area). (Hmm, interestingly I notice that an anonymous editor changed the heading there from "Demography" to "Demographics" three years ago.) There are plenty of places where Wikipedia has articles on two, or more, geographical entities which share a name and overlap in geography. Pam  D  19:48, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Lol - it was not me. I totally understand your point. I only started this edit three days ago - all of the BOROUGH data was already there. I understand your example - I was a resident of Rochdale so I get the Town/Borough debate. Though you have to be honest and comprehend the article was really ALL about the borough years before I was ever engaged with Wikipedia. The data is likely 20 years old - I would actually create the MASTER documents as a BOROUGH doc., and embed the TOWN in that one document. This satisfies all things. I really do understand your point, but I am not certain this Wikipedia article ever really reflected the town content - even in the original article going back to its inception - I can live with what we now have - many thanks - Exnihilox (talk) 20:07, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

I am honestly not sure how the term came to be here - it is DEMOGRAPHICS where I live! Demography is the study of demographics, the social characteristics and statistics of a human population. This study of the size, age structures, and economics of different populations can be used for a variety of purposes. Political candidates use the information to inform targeted campaigns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Exnihilox (talk • contribs) 18:48, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * @Exnihilox Regardless of the exact meanings of Demography and Demographics, please note that the guidelines at WP:UKTOWNS specify "Demography" as the section heading. If you disagree with the word choice, please discuss at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements rather than edit-warring here. Pam  D  19:33, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yup - I'll take the minor win of 2011 updated to 2021 in the census data - though Demography is the study process of Demographics - I do not think it is debatable - many thanks for adding the links to the document, It is not perfect - - but I'll take the new document anytime. Exnihilox (talk) 20:11, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * 'Demography' and 'demographics' are essentially synonyms, and can refer to both the study of a human population and the composition of that population — that's what the OED says, anyway. I believe 'demographics' is chiefly a US usage, and it is used in US settlement articles. Since 'demography' is the long-established term on British Wikipedia and it's very unlikely you'll be able to shift that preference. A.D.Hope (talk) 23:13, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Title: A Discussion on Demography and Demographics: Meaning and Applications
 * Introduction:
 * Demography and demographics are two closely related terms that play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing human populations. While they share similar roots, they have slightly different meanings and applications. In this discussion, we will explore the definitions of demography and demographics, and delve into their respective applications in various fields.
 * 1. Demography:
 * Demography refers to the  scientific study  of human populations, focusing on their size, structure, and dynamics. It encompasses a range of factors, including birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, age distribution, gender composition, and socioeconomic characteristics. Demography aims to understand the processes that shape populations and the patterns that emerge over time.
 * Demography plays a significant role in various fields, including sociology, economics, public health, and urban planning. It provides valuable insights into population trends, such as population growth or decline, aging populations, and migration patterns. These insights help policymakers, social scientists, and organizations to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, public policies, healthcare planning, and infrastructure development.
 * For instance, in urban planning, demography helps determine the needs of a population in terms of housing, transportation, and social services. By analyzing demographic data, planners can identify areas with increasing population density or an aging population, and accordingly develop strategies to address those specific needs (Bolay, 2019).
 * 2. Demographics:
 * Demographics, on the other hand, refers to the characteristics of a population, typically based on quantifiable factors such as age, sex, race, education, income, occupation, and marital status. It involves the statistical analysis and interpretation of these characteristics to understand the composition and distribution of a population.
 * Demographics are widely used in marketing, market research, and business planning. By understanding the demographics of their target audience, businesses can tailor their products, services, and marketing strategies to meet the specific needs and preferences of different demographic groups. For example, a company targeting young professionals might focus on social media advertising and offer flexible, tech-savvy products (Babin & Zikmund, 2015).
 * Demographics also play a vital role in social science research, electoral analysis, and public opinion polling. These fields utilize demographic data to study patterns and trends within specific population groups, such as voting behavior, consumer preferences, and social attitudes.
 * Conclusion:
 * In conclusion, demography and demographics are interrelated terms that deal with the study of human populations. Demography focuses on the size, structure, and dynamics of populations, while demographics refers to the characteristics and attributes of specific population groups. Both demography and demographics have widespread applications in fields such as sociology, economics, public health, urban planning, marketing, and social science research. Understanding these terms and their applications enables us to gain valuable insights into human populations, inform policy decisions, and meet the needs of diverse communities.
 * References:
 * 1. Bolay, J.-C. (2019). Demography and Urban Planning. In B. Warf (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of the City (Vol. 1, pp. 285-288). SAGE Publications, Inc.
 * 2. Babin, B. J., & Zikmund, W. G. (2015). Exploring Marketing Research (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. Exnihilox (talk) 23:17, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Title: A Discussion on Demography and Demographics: Meaning and Applications
 * Introduction:
 * Demography and demographics are two closely related terms that play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing human populations. While they share similar roots, they have slightly different meanings and applications. In this discussion, we will explore the definitions of demography and demographics, and delve into their respective applications in various fields.
 * 1. Demography:
 * Demography refers to the  scientific study  of human populations, focusing on their size, structure, and dynamics. It encompasses a range of factors, including birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, age distribution, gender composition, and socioeconomic characteristics. Demography aims to understand the processes that shape populations and the patterns that emerge over time.
 * Demography plays a significant role in various fields, including sociology, economics, public health, and urban planning. It provides valuable insights into population trends, such as population growth or decline, aging populations, and migration patterns. These insights help policymakers, social scientists, and organizations to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, public policies, healthcare planning, and infrastructure development.
 * For instance, in urban planning, demography helps determine the needs of a population in terms of housing, transportation, and social services. By analyzing demographic data, planners can identify areas with increasing population density or an aging population, and accordingly develop strategies to address those specific needs (Bolay, 2019).
 * 2. Demographics:
 * Demographics, on the other hand, refers to the characteristics of a population, typically based on quantifiable factors such as age, sex, race, education, income, occupation, and marital status. It involves the statistical analysis and interpretation of these characteristics to understand the composition and distribution of a population.
 * Demographics are widely used in marketing, market research, and business planning. By understanding the demographics of their target audience, businesses can tailor their products, services, and marketing strategies to meet the specific needs and preferences of different demographic groups. For example, a company targeting young professionals might focus on social media advertising and offer flexible, tech-savvy products (Babin & Zikmund, 2015).
 * Demographics also play a vital role in social science research, electoral analysis, and public opinion polling. These fields utilize demographic data to study patterns and trends within specific population groups, such as voting behavior, consumer preferences, and social attitudes.
 * Conclusion:
 * In conclusion, demography and demographics are interrelated terms that deal with the study of human populations. Demography focuses on the size, structure, and dynamics of populations, while demographics refers to the characteristics and attributes of specific population groups. Both demography and demographics have widespread applications in fields such as sociology, economics, public health, urban planning, marketing, and social science research. Understanding these terms and their applications enables us to gain valuable insights into human populations, inform policy decisions, and meet the needs of diverse communities.
 * References:
 * 1. Bolay, J.-C. (2019). Demography and Urban Planning. In B. Warf (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of the City (Vol. 1, pp. 285-288). SAGE Publications, Inc.
 * 2. Babin, B. J., & Zikmund, W. G. (2015). Exploring Marketing Research (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. Exnihilox (talk) 23:29, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Title: A Discussion on Demography and Demographics: Meaning and Applications
 * Introduction:
 * Demography and demographics are two closely related terms that play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing human populations. While they share similar roots, they have slightly different meanings and applications. In this discussion, we will explore the definitions of demography and demographics, and delve into their respective applications in various fields.
 * 1. Demography:
 * Demography refers to the scientific study of human populations, focusing on their size, structure, and dynamics. It encompasses a range of factors, including birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, age distribution, gender composition, and socioeconomic characteristics. Demography aims to understand the processes that shape populations and the patterns that emerge over time.
 * Demography plays a significant role in various fields, including sociology, economics, public health, and urban planning. It provides valuable insights into population trends, such as population growth or decline, aging populations, and migration patterns. These insights help policymakers, social scientists, and organizations to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, public policies, healthcare planning, and infrastructure development.
 * For instance, in urban planning, demography helps determine the needs of a population in terms of housing, transportation, and social services. By analyzing demographic data, planners can identify areas with increasing population density or an aging population, and accordingly develop strategies to address those specific needs (Bolay, 2019).
 * 2. Demographics:
 * Demographics, on the other hand, refers to the characteristics of a population, typically based on quantifiable factors such as age, sex, race, education, income, occupation, and marital status. It involves the statistical analysis and interpretation of these characteristics to understand the composition and distribution of a population.
 * Demographics are widely used in marketing, market research, and business planning. By understanding the demographics of their target audience, businesses can tailor their products, services, and marketing strategies to meet the specific needs and preferences of different demographic groups. For example, a company targeting young professionals might focus on social media advertising and offer flexible, tech-savvy products (Babin & Zikmund, 2015).
 * Demographics also play a vital role in social science research, electoral analysis, and public opinion polling. These fields utilize demographic data to study patterns and trends within specific population groups, such as voting behavior, consumer preferences, and social attitudes.
 * Conclusion:
 * In conclusion, demography and demographics are interrelated terms that deal with the study of human populations. Demography focuses on the size, structure, and dynamics of populations, while demographics refers to the characteristics and attributes of specific population groups. Both demography and demographics have widespread applications in fields such as sociology, economics, public health, urban planning, marketing, and social science research. Understanding these terms and their applications enables us to gain valuable insights into human populations, inform policy decisions, and meet the needs of diverse communities.
 * References:
 * 1. Bolay, J.-C. (2019). Demography and Urban Planning. In B. Warf (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of the City (Vol. 1, pp. 285-288). SAGE Publications, Inc.
 * 2. Babin, B. J., & Zikmund, W. G. (2015). Exploring Marketing Research (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. Exnihilox (talk) 23:18, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Do you expect us to be impressed or persuaded by ChatGPT? And to be even more impressed and persuaded by four slightly different versions of ChatGPT's output? NebY (talk) 23:53, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

Collage
The infobox collage caption appears to be confused. Pam D  16:44, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * How so? Be clear.
 * Though I do not know of the origins. The whole article needs to be re-done. As you correctly point out the vast majority of the content IS NOT REALLY about the town of Rochdale - I am not sure it needs to be - only you are hanging onto this as an issue. Role the BOROUGH AND TOWN articles together - Exnihilox (talk) 17:28, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Exnihilox What is unclear: the overall caption to the collage identifies 6 images "clockwise from the top": the captions do not appear to match the images. I thought "confused" summarised the situation adequately. Pam  D  19:30, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Understood. I did not touch that area - honest lol. Again, I am happy with the document as is - i really apologize for being difficult - if you recall your first note to me - I think it was out of context and perhaps I should have been more thoughtful in my initial response to you. I do have much to learn about the data system called Wikipedia - but I do think there has been merit in all of my comments and corrections - I'm still not clear on why a lot of text is very dense - I understand different OS/Screens present differently and I tend to like short concise paragraphs - despite my rambling linguistic usage. The section about 'Rochdale's famous folks' - is also really bad - - but I am okay with the current doc. Exnihilox (talk) 20:20, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

Demography versus Demographics
Title: A Discussion on Demography and Demographics: Meaning and Applications

Introduction:

Demography and demographics are two closely related terms that play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing human populations. While they share similar roots, they have slightly different meanings and applications. In this discussion, we will explore the definitions of demography and demographics, and delve into their respective applications in various fields.

1. Demography:

Demography refers to the  scientific study  of human populations, focusing on their size, structure, and dynamics. It encompasses a range of factors, including birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, age distribution, gender composition, and socioeconomic characteristics. Demography aims to understand the processes that shape populations and the patterns that emerge over time.

Demography plays a significant role in various fields, including sociology, economics, public health, and urban planning. It provides valuable insights into population trends, such as population growth or decline, aging populations, and migration patterns. These insights help policymakers, social scientists, and organizations to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, public policies, healthcare planning, and infrastructure development.

For instance, in urban planning, demography helps determine the needs of a population in terms of housing, transportation, and social services. By analyzing demographic data, planners can identify areas with increasing population density or an aging population, and accordingly develop strategies to address those specific needs (Bolay, 2019).

2. Demographics:

 Demographics, on the other hand, refers to the characteristics  of a population, typically based on quantifiable factors such as age, sex, race, education, income, occupation, and marital status. It involves the statistical analysis and interpretation of these characteristics to understand the composition and distribution of a population.

Demographics are widely used in marketing, market research, and business planning. By understanding the demographics of their target audience, businesses can tailor their products, services, and marketing strategies to meet the specific needs and preferences of different demographic groups. For example, a company targeting young professionals might focus on social media advertising and offer flexible, tech-savvy products (Babin & Zikmund, 2015).

Demographics also play a vital role in social science research, electoral analysis, and public opinion polling. These fields utilize demographic data to study patterns and trends within specific population groups, such as voting behavior, consumer preferences, and social attitudes.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, demography and demographics are interrelated terms that deal with the study of human populations. Demography focuses on the size, structure, and dynamics of populations, while demographics refers to the characteristics and attributes of specific population groups. Both demography and demographics have widespread applications in fields such as sociology, economics, public health, urban planning, marketing, and social science research. Understanding these terms and their applications enables us to gain valuable insights into human populations, inform policy decisions, and meet the needs of diverse communities.

References:

1. Bolay, J.-C. (2019). Demography and Urban Planning. In B. Warf (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of the City (Vol. 1, pp. 285-288). SAGE Publications, Inc.

2. Babin, B. J., & Zikmund, W. G. (2015). Exploring Marketing Research (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. Exnihilox (talk) 23:32, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Is that ChatGPT, Google Bard or Microsoft Bing? Either way, you are pushing your own opinion against the views of multiple editors. Wikipedia is based on consensus not one person. You might do well to read WP:OWN and compare that against your own behaviour. 10mmsocket (talk) 07:25, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Reset
So, after all the shenanigans of the past few days that led to Exnihilox and his IP address being blocked for sockpuppetry, we can now start the process of undoing the damage caused to the article. Right now the sections are back in the correct order with the correct names per WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements, and the Demography section is as it was before with the 2001 and 2011 comparisons between the town and the borough. I have however added a note that 2021 Census data isn't (yet) available at the town or parish level. Feel free to undo any of Exnihilox's (or mine!) other edits. Hopefully we can now work together to improve the article further. 10mmsocket (talk) 06:50, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

 * FWIW, 2021 data is now available at ward and lower levels, but not at any URL specific to the location. Starting at, datasets for religion, ethnic group, housing, travel to work and more, some with or without age and so on, are listed. From there at eg Religion or Religion (detailed) you can reach pages which default to Lower tier local authorities, but that can be changed to a finer scale (much finer for Religion than for Religion (detailed)). Smaller downloads are available as .xlsx, but larger ones (over 1,000,000 rows) only as .csv; Religion (detailed) by Electoral wards and divisions is a 25 MB csv download. You could then filter that for the required ward or output area in a spreadsheet or query it in a database. I think that as long as you're explicit about the specific ward or output area used, WP:V's a reliable source that directly supports the material is satisfied, but I can see questions arising because of the Area type default; maybe citations should include a note "with Area type set to Electoral wards and divisions" or suchlike. We'd still look forward to citing a NOMIS-style specific page. NebY (talk) 12:01, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That's really useful thank you. Will take a look 10mmsocket (talk) 18:01, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rochdale


text:
Talk:Octopodidae

Taxonomy
The consensus among the recommended authorities is that the family Octopodidae sensu lato is now split into the Eledonidae, Octopodidae sensu stricto, Enteroctopodidae, Amphitretidae, Bathypolypodidae and Megaleledonidae see Tree of Life, see also World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). I intend to edit the Octopodidae articles to follow this taxonomy. The other sources listed on WikiProject Cephalopods do not seem to be available. Not unexpectedly Molluscabase agrees with WoRMS. Quetzal1964 (talk)  06:57, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octopodidae


text:
George Armstrong (ice hockey)

George Edward Armstrong (July 6, 1930 – January 24, 2021) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He played 1,188 NHL games between 1950 and 1971, all with Toronto and a franchise record. He was the team's captain for 13 seasons. Armstrong was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams and played in seven NHL All-Star Games. He scored the final goal of the NHL's "Original Six" era as Toronto won the 1967 Stanley Cup.

Armstrong played both junior and senior hockey in the Toronto Marlboros organization and was a member of the 1950 Allan Cup winning team as senior champions of Canada. He returned to the Marlboros following his playing career and coached the junior team to two Memorial Cup championships. He served as a scout for the Quebec Nordiques, as an assistant general manager of the Maple Leafs and for part of the 1988–89 NHL season as Toronto's head coach. Armstrong was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975 and the Maple Leafs honoured his uniform number 10 in 1998, and later officially retired the number, along with ten others, during a pre-game ceremony on October 15, 2016.

Early life
Armstrong was born in 1930 in Skead, Ontario, to an Irish Canadian father, Frederick James Armstrong (1907-1990), and a Kanien'keha:ka of Wahta Territories mother, Alice Decaire (1907-2005). The couple were married in Sudbury in 1929 and George arrived eleven months later. He grew up in Falconbridge, Ontario where his father was a nickel miner. He had one sister, Lillian Ellen McCourt (1936–2016). Sport was an important part of Armstrong's family as his father played soccer and his mother was a canoeist. The younger Armstrong developed a passion for hockey but was a poor skater, which his father believed was a consequence of a case of spinal meningitis George suffered at the age of six.

While attending Sudbury High School, Armstrong played on the hockey team with Red McCarthy and Tim Horton. Inspired by a newspaper advertisement offering tryouts with the Copper Cliff Redmen of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association (NOJHA), Armstrong convinced Horton and McCarthy to join him in trying out. They made the team and Armstrong began his junior hockey career at age 16 in the 1946–47 season. He recorded six goals and five assists in nine games and caught the attention of scouts for the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs who added him to their protected list. He also played with the Prince Albert Blackhawks for part of that season. Armstrong quit school in grade 11 to focus on his hockey career.

Junior and senior
The Maple Leafs placed Armstrong on the Stratford Kroehlers in the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) junior division for the 1947–48 season. He led the league in both assists (43) and points (73), and was named recipient of the Red Tilson Trophy as the OHA's most valuable player. Promoted to the Toronto Marlboros for the 1948–49 season, Armstrong recorded 62 points in 39 games with the junior squad and played in three regular season and ten post-season matches for the senior team. Armstrong remained with the senior Marlboros in 1949–50 where he served as captain. He led the OHA senior division with 64 goals, at the time an OHA record, and recorded 115 points in 39 games. He was again named the winner of the Red Tilson Trophy.

The Maple Leafs briefly recalled Armstrong during the 1949–50 season and he made his NHL debut on December 3, 1949. He appeared in two games before returning to the Marlboros. In the 1950 Allan Cup playdowns, he recorded 19 goals and 19 assists in 14 games as the Marlboros won the national senior championship. It was also during the season that he earned his nickname. While visiting the Stoney Reserve in Alberta with the Marlboros, the locals presented Armstrong with a ceremonial headdress and called him "Big Chief Shoot the Puck" owing to his own Native heritage. The nickname was often shortened to "Chief".

Toronto Maple Leafs
Upon turning professional in 1950–51, Armstrong was assigned to Toronto's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Pittsburgh Hornets. In 71 games for Pittsburgh, he recorded 15 goals and 48 points. Despite being hampered by hand and wrist injuries suffered in fights, Armstrong was the AHL's leading goal scorer and stood second in points by mid-season in 1951–52. He was recalled to Toronto during the season and scored his first NHL goal, against goaltender Gerry McNeil of the Montreal Canadiens. It was the first goal ever scored by a player with Native heritage. He finished the season with three goals and three assists in 20 games with Toronto.

Though he missed the start of the 1952–53 season due to a separated shoulder, Armstrong earned a permanent spot on the Maple Leafs' roster. He quietly established himself as an important contributor for Toronto by recording 25 points that season, then scoring 32 points the following season and 28 in 1954–55. A 48-point season in 1955–56 was second on the team to Tod Sloan's 66. Armstrong then led the Maple Leafs in scoring with 44 points in 1956–57 despite missing 14 of his team's games. He was named to play in the NHL All-Star Game in both seasons. They were the first two of seven he ultimately played. The Maple Leafs named Armstrong the team's captain in 1957–58 as he succeeded Ted Kennedy and Jim Thomson who served as co-captains the season before. He finished fourth in team scoring with 42 points, then played his third All-Star Game during the 1958–59 season. He recorded four assists in the playoffs as the Maple Leafs reached the 1959 Stanley Cup Finals, but lost to the Montreal Canadiens. With 51 points in 1959–60, Armstrong finished one behind Bob Pulford for the team lead. Toronto again reached the Stanley Cup Finals where they were again eliminated by Montreal.

The Maple Leafs finally reached the NHL's peak two seasons later. Armstrong set a career high with 53 points in the 1961–62 regular season, then added 12 points in 12 playoff games for Toronto. He started the play that resulted in the Stanley Cup clinching goal, rushing the puck up ice before passing to Tim Horton, who then passed to goal-scorer Dick Duff that capped off a 2–1 victory in the sixth and deciding game of the series against the Chicago Black Hawks. As Maple Leafs captain, Armstrong was presented the trophy by league president Clarence Campbell. It was the first of three consecutive championships for Toronto as the Maple Leafs of 1962–1964 became the fourth dynasty in NHL history. Individually, Armstrong scored 21, 19 and 20 goals over the three seasons and by virtue of the NHL's All-Star Game format of the time that had the defending champion play the all-stars of the remaining teams, appeared in his fourth, fifth and sixth All-Star Games. Early in the 1963–64 season, on December 1, 1963, Armstrong scored his 200th career NHL goal.

A 37-point season followed in 1964–65, then 51 points the 1965–66 season. By 1966–67, Armstrong led an aging Maple Leafs team which entered the playoffs as an underdog against a dominant Chicago team. The Maple Leafs nonetheless eliminated the Black Hawks in six games to set up the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals against Montreal. The Canadiens were so confident of victory that a display area for the Stanley Cup had been set up at the Quebec pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal prior to the series' start. The Maple Leafs dashed Montreal's hopes by winning the championship in six games. Armstrong scored the final goal of the series in a 3–1 victory in the deciding contest. It was also the last goal scored in the NHL's "Original Six" era as the league was set to double in size to 12 teams for the 1967–68 season. Armstrong announced his intention to retire as a player following the championship then changed his mind and returned for another season. The Maple Leafs placed him on their protected list for the 1967 Expansion Draft and he remained with Toronto. He played in his seventh All-Star Game in 1968 and finished the season with 34 points. Retiring following the season before changing his mind became an annual event for Armstrong as he announced his intention to leave the game in five straight years. He remained a consistent scorer for Toronto, recording 27, 28 and 25 points in his following three seasons. He finally ended his playing career after the 1970–71 season to take an office position with the Maple Leafs finishing his career with two hundred and ninety-six goals, four goals away from obtaining three hundred. At the time of his retirement, Armstrong was second to Dit Clapper for the longest tenure as a team captain in NHL history.

Coaching and scouting career
Armstrong was announced as the head coach of his former junior team, the Toronto Marlboros, in July 1972. Though he had preferred his previous role as a scout to coaching, Armstrong led the Marlboros to Memorial Cup victories on two occasions: in 1973 and 1975. In 1977, Armstrong's name circulated as a possible successor to Maple Leafs coach Red Kelly when the latter was fired by the team. When approached by the organization with the prospect of assuming head coaching duties however, Armstrong rejected the possibility. His decision resulted in animosity from within the organization and subsequently led to his resignation as coach of the Marlboros that season to accept a scouting post with the Quebec Nordiques.

Some 10 years later, Armstrong returned to the Maple Leafs organization in the dual capacities of assistant general manager and scout. During the 1988–89 season, and after management had fired head coach John Brophy, team owner Harold Ballard was adamant that Armstrong be named Brophy's replacement. Armstrong agreed to take the position, but increasingly delegated majority of his duties to assistant coach Garry Lariviere. The Maple Leafs finished with 17 wins in 47 Armstrong's games coached, falling just short of the fourth and final playoff berth in the Norris Division. Needing a win in their final regular season game, against the Chicago Blackhawks at Chicago Stadium, to capture the playoff berth, the Leafs would heartbreakingly lose to the Hawks in overtime. Armstrong was replaced by Doug Carpenter the following season and returned to his scouting capacities with the team. Armstrong remained a scout for the rest of his life. In 1972–73, he was selected as Coach of the Year by his peers in the OHL (Toronto Marlboros).

Playing style
The Toronto Maple Leafs described Armstrong as being a "consistent, durable and hardworking" player throughout his 21-season career that spanned parts of four decades. A consummate leader, Armstrong was lauded by owner Conn Smythe as "the best captain, as a captain, the Leafs have ever had". His 713 career points were the second most all-time in Toronto franchise history at the time of his retirement, and as of 2014 remains fifth-best. His 1,187 NHL games are the most by any player in Toronto history, and he remains the franchise leader with 417 career assists and 713 points by a right wing. The Maple Leafs named him the co-recipient, with Bob Pulford, of the J. P. Bickell Memorial Award in 1959. The award is presented to members of the organization who perform with a high standard of excellence. In 1998, the franchise honoured his uniform number 10. In 2013, he ranked number 14 on Sportsnet's list of the greatest Maple Leafs. Armstrong was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975 and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2010.

Personal life
Armstrong was a resident in Leaside, a neighbourhood in Toronto, for more than 55 years and often spent time with his family bike riding throughout the area. Aside from his coaching career in professional hockey, Armstrong coached sports teams around his community and contributed his time coaching the first floor hockey team for the Canadian Special Olympics. In Toronto, Beverley Street Public School was the foundation of this floor hockey team.

Armstrong resided in Toronto with his wife Betty. The couple had four children: Brian, Betty-Ann, Fred and Lorne. He was the uncle of Dale McCourt, a former first overall draft pick by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1977 NHL amateur draft. His nephew Dan McCourt, Dale's brother, officiated in excess of 1,700 NHL games.

When given a day with the Stanley Cup in 2005, Armstrong elected to have a family gathering with it at his son's home in Vaughan, Ontario. His granddaughter Kalley was a team captain with the Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey program. She joined Kelly Paton's coaching staff with the Western Mustangs women's ice hockey program in the autumn of 2016. After coaching a girls team in the Little Native Hockey League annual event for First Nation youth in Ontario, in 2019 she started Armstrong Hockey, running annual camps and programs providing hockey development opportunities for Indigenous youth, particularly girls, and working to honour and celebrate her grandfather’s legacy in the Indigenous community.

Armstrong was recognized by the NHL for his charitable efforts in 1969 when he was named the inaugural recipient of the Charlie Conacher Humanitarian Award. Proud of his Native heritage, Armstrong often supported programs organized by both Indian and Northern Affairs and non-governmental agencies that aimed to promote positive role models for Native children.

Armstrong had a brief film career, appearing as himself in the 1971 film Face-Off, a.k.a. "Winter Comes Early".

Armstrong died on January 24, 2021, at age 90, having suffered from heart complications in the time leading up to his death.

Career statistics
Source:

Professional hockey
Source:

Junior hockey
Sources:

title: George Armstrong (ice hockey)


text:
2003 Monaco Grand Prix

The 2003 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the Grand Prix de Monaco 2003) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 June 2003 at the Circuit de Monaco. It was the seventh race of the 2003 Formula One World Championship. The 78-lap race was won by Colombian driver Juan Pablo Montoya, driving a Williams-BMW, with Finn Kimi Räikkönen second in a McLaren-Mercedes and German Michael Schumacher third in a Ferrari.

There were no recorded on-track overtakes during this race, one of the very few occasions in Formula One history where this has occurred. The other three races since 1981 not to feature any on-track overtakes were the controversial 2005 United States and 2021 Belgian Grands Prix, as well as the 2009 European Grand Prix.

Background
The Grand Prix was contested by 20 drivers, in ten teams of two. The teams, also known as constructors, were Ferrari, Williams, McLaren, Renault, Sauber, Jordan, Jaguar, BAR, Minardi and Toyota.

Before the race, McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen led the Drivers' Championship with 40 points; Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher was second on 38 points. Behind them in the Drivers' Championship, Rubens Barrichello was third on 26 points in the other Ferrari, with Fernando Alonso and David Coulthard on 25 and 23 points respectively. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari were leading with 64 points and McLaren were second on 63 points, with Renault third on 35 points.

Practice
Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race—Two on Thursday, and two on Saturday. The Thursday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. Jaguar driver Mark Webber set the fastest time in the first session, posting a lap of 1:16.373, one-tenth of a second quicker than Jenson Button and Coulthard, in second and third places respectively. The Renault cars were fourth and fifth fastest; Alonso ahead of Jarno Trulli, with Michael Schumacher rounding out the top six.

Qualifying
The qualifying session was run as a one-lap session and took place on Thursday and Saturday afternoon. The cars were run one at a time; the Thursday running order was determined with the Championship leading heading out first. The Saturday running order was determined by times set in Friday afternoon qualifying with the fastest heading out last and the slowest running first. The lap times from the Thursday afternoon session did not determine the grid order.

Jenson Button suffered a heavy crash during Saturday morning practice and his resulting injuries meant that he took no further part in the weekend.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2003 Monaco Grand Prix