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Charlene Tilton

Charlene L. Tilton (born December 1, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She is widely known for playing Lucy Ewing on the CBS prime time soap opera Dallas.

Career
Tilton had early roles on such television series such Happy Days and Eight Is Enough. She made her first film appearance alongside Jodie Foster in Freaky Friday (1976). In 1978, Tilton made a cameo appearance in the John Milius film Big Wednesday. The same year, she made her big break by landing the role of Lucy Ewing, the sly, vixenish, frequently frustrated granddaughter of John "Jock" Ewing Sr. and the former Eleanor "Ellie" Southworth on the television series Dallas, alongside actors Jim Davis, Barbara Bel Geddes, and Larry Hagman, from 1978 to 1985 and from 1988 to 1990. She also appeared on one episode of the series' spin-off Knots Landing in 1980. At the height of her Dallas fame, she received a $50,000 salary per episode, appeared on 500 magazine covers, and drew 65 million viewers for her 1981 TV wedding.

Tilton is also a singer, lending her vocal ability to a 1978 episode of Dallas titled "Runaway", in which Greg Evigan guest-starred. In 1984, she released the dance-pop single "C'est la Vie", which became a hit in several European countries, though not in the United States. She appeared on Circus of the Stars in 1979 and 1991, on one occasion acting as a knife thrower's target girl while dressed in a gold bikini. Tilton also appeared on game shows, such as Family Feud, Battle of the Network Stars, Hollywood Squares, Pyramid, 1 vs. 100, and Catch 21 including being a panelist on the 1979–1982 syndicated version of Match Game. She also hosted the unsold pilot for a potential revival of the show in syndication as MG2 in 1996. After her breakthrough with Dallas, Tilton went to star in the television films Diary of a Teenage Hitchhiker and The Fall of the House of Usher both released in 1979. During the 1980s, she guest-starred on Fantasy Island, The Fall Guy, Hotel, The Love Boat and Murder, She Wrote.

Tilton was the guest host on an episode of Saturday Night Live on February 21, 1981, which featured a parody of the famed "Who shot J.R.?" episode of Dallas. In the episode, cast member Charles Rocket was shot in the chest by a sniper while doing a sketch about a sexy couple (with Gail Matthius as his partner) bathing a dog and spouting innuendo. At the end of the show, during the "goodbyes", Tilton asked Rocket how he felt about being shot. In character, Rocket improvised, "Oh, man, it's the first time I've ever been shot in my life. I'd like to know who fucking did it." The improvisation by Rocket, which violated FCC broadcast standards, led to his dismissal from the show's cast.

After Dallas, Tilton appeared in the 1990 western film Border Shootout starring Glenn Ford, and the following year had supporting role in the comedy film Problem Child 2. She appeared in a number of commercials for the Abdominizer line of direct-market workout equipment in the 1990s. In 1993, she appeared as herself in an episode of Married... with Children titled "Tis Time to Smell the Roses", which sent up her involvement with the Abdominizer. In addition, she has appeared in several send-up comedies, such as The Silence of the Hams (1994), Superhero Movie (2008), and Paranormal Calamity (2010). In 2005, she appeared in the British reality television show The Farm.

In 2001, Tilton was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award for her role as Lucy Ewing on the original Dallas television series. In January 2012, Tilton was a contestant on the British ice-skating show Dancing on Ice in its seventh season, in which she was paired with American figure skater Matthew Gonzalez. Tilton was voted out of the competition, though, in week five of a 12-week run.

In 2012, Tilton joined the cast of TNT's Dallas revival series, and reprised her role as Lucy Ewing in a number of episodes. She later appeared in the ABC comedy series The Middle in 2015, and the thriller film Vengeance: A Love Story. Tilton also appeared in a number of Lifetime and Hallmark Channel films in later years.

Personal life
Tilton was born in San Diego, California, the daughter of Katherine Thacker, a secretary.

Tilton was married to country singer Johnny Lee from 1982 to 1984. Their daughter, Cherish Lee, was born in 1982. In 2001, Tilton began dating cinematographer Cheddy Hart. The couple enjoyed boating and lived together in a modest home in Oxnard, California. In December 2009, Hart suddenly died of heart failure at age 54.

Tilton is a strong advocate for autism awareness in the media. She is currently the ambassador for Actors for Autism, an organization that leads improv and acting workshops for children and adults with autism. She approached AFA in 2010 with the desire to volunteer and has been affiliated with them ever since.

Friendship with Larry Hagman
While in high school, the young unknown actress met Larry Hagman, whom she regarded as a surrogate father. Then, a few years later, at age 17, she auditioned and won the role of Hagman's confused niece, Lucy Ewing, on Dallas. The two had a remarkable on- and off-screen chemistry, for the show's first eight seasons, and they also danced together, off camera. She left the show at the end of the eighth season, her contract having expired; Larry Hagman was very disappointed over her departure. She said of Hagman in 1988, "He called me and said, 'You're certainly a good actress, we never realized.' I think Larry went to bat for me to come back on the show." That same year, she came back to the show, and stayed on for two more seasons, until her departure in 1990, a year before the series finale. After Dallas, Tilton remained on good terms with Hagman, and cared deeply about her TV uncle's failing health. In 1995, Hagman was diagnosed with liver cancer and needed a liver transplant; he later received a transplant and survived the bout with cancer. She did not appear in any of the Dallas TV reunion movies, but in 2004, appeared in Dallas Reunion: The Return to Southfork.

In September 2001, she was the only Dallas cast member to attend Larry Hagman's 70th birthday. Eleven years later, she was reunited with Hagman for the last time to star in the second incarnation of Dallas. When Hagman died on November 23, 2012, due to complications from myelodysplastic syndrome, she was devastated, and attended his funeral. Upon his death, Tilton released a statement: "At seventeen years old, my life took a turn that one could only dream of. I was cast as Lucy Ewing in the iconic show Dallas. Dallas was so much more than a television phenomenon to me. It was my family. I grew up with a mentally ill single mother raising me and no father figure in my life. I lived on my own in an apartment from the age of 15. I remember the day I met the force of nature that is Larry Hagman like it was yesterday. My Uncle Larry became the father figure that I so needed and longed for. He taught me how to be professional, work hard, but have fun at the same time, and how to respect the opportunities I was blessed to have been given. He was very protective because I was so young, but also expected the best from me on the set of Dallas. He was one of the best actors the world has ever known. To me, he will always be my Uncle Larry. I am so so very sad, but cherish the lifetime of memories I have with him."

title: Charlene Tilton


text: User talk:64.12.116.142

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Matthew Ashford

Matthew Nile Ashford (born January 29, 1960) is an American actor who has played various roles on Days of Our Lives and The Bay. In 2012, he was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

Early life and education
Ashford is the sixth of eight children, and has three sisters and four brothers. He was born in Davenport, Iowa to Patricia (†2020), an executive secretary, and Cecil Ashford, a civil engineer. He graduated with a BFA in Theater from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

20th century
Ashford's career began in New York City, where he was cast as Drew Ralston on One Life to Live, a role he played from 1982 to 1983. He was subsequently cast as Cagney McCleary on Search for Tomorrow, a role Ashford would play until the show's ending in December 1986.

He has played Jack Deveraux on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. Ashford has had several stints playing Jack Deveraux, a popular character who began as a villain and raped another character. In subsequent years, the character of Jack was reformed and paired with Jennifer Horton. Ashford's pairing with Melissa Reeves' Jennifer was wildly popular, winning the 7th Soap Opera Digest award for favorite super couple, and the couple is considered a supercouple by soap opera standards. Ashford's initial run was from 1987 to 1993.

21st century
He returned to Days of Our Lives from 2001 to 2003, but was written off as part of a controversial storyline where nearly a dozen residents of the fictional town of Salem appeared to have been murdered. He returned to the show in 2004, but spent much of his time since on the back burner, and was off-screen for large portions of 2005 and 2006.

In September 2006, Ashford was again let go from the Days of Our Lives. Ashford made a brief appearance as Jack in April 2007, and in September 2011 returned to the show until being fired again in April 2012. After guest appearances in 2016 and 2017, Ashford returned to Days of Our Lives as a regular cast member in late 2018.

Ashford has also appeared on other daytime soaps, including a stint as Tom Hardy on General Hospital from 1995 to 1997, and a return to One Life to Live as serial killer Stephen Haver from 2003 to 2004.

Since 2011, Ashford has starred on the soap opera web series The Bay as Steve Jenson, opposite his former Days of Our Lives co-star, Mary Beth Evans.

Ashford is part of a production company, NGM Productions, which produced The Unlikeleys, a movie, in which Ashford plays the most famous soap star in the world and his exact look-alike. Ashford's production company has also produced The Exorcism of Tina Miller, a movie.

In May 2007, Ashford appeared with Scott Bakula in a production of No Strings.

From February to June 2010, he played Bill in the North American tour of Mamma Mia!. The final performances were cut short due to security concerns with the G20 Summit in Toronto, which was held nearby.

Personal life
Ashford married singer-actress Christina Saffran Ashford on June 6, 1987 but they have since divorced. They have two daughters, Grace and Emma (born in 1997).

In May 2010, while on tour in Toronto, he obtained U.S.-Canadian dual citizenship. Ashford's father was born in Canada, which made him and his siblings eligible to become Canadians without relinquishing their American citizenship.

Ashford married Lana Buss in November 2016. They have two children together, a son born in May 2013, and a daughter born in December 2015.

Awards and recognition

 * 2012 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Days of Our Lives) - Nomination
 * 1993 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Comic Performance (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1992 Soap Opera Digest Award Best Love Story Daytime or Primetime (with Melissa Reeves) (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1992 Soap Opera Digest Award Best Daytime Wedding (with Melissa Reeves) (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1991 Soap Opera Digest Award Favorite Daytime Super Couple (with Melissa Reeves) (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Daytime Villain (Days of Our Lives)

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Joseph Mascolo

Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor. During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series. He played villain Stefano DiMera on NBC's soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1982 to 2016. He also starred as Massimo Marone on the CBS' soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful from 2001 to 2006.

Early life
Mascolo was born on March 13, 1929, and raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents, Anna Mascolo (née DeTuccio; 1910–2010) and Peter Mascolo (1901–2008), were immigrants from Naples, Italy, and had their 80th wedding anniversary shortly before his father died. Mascolo had one sister, Marie LaVoie. He attended the United States Military Academy after graduating high school. Mascolo attended the University of Miami. To support himself financially, he studied acting under famed acting coach Stella Adler in New York City. He originally was trained in classical music and opera.

Theatre
Mascolo was in the 1962 production of Night Life as Kazar and the understudy of Neville Brand. He was in the 1966 production of Dinner at Eight as Ricci. Mascolo was in the 1969 production of The Time of Your Life as Blick. His final theatrical appearance was in 1972's That Championship Season as Phil Romano.

Film
Mascolo's first film appearance was in 1968's Hot Spur as Carlo. He was in 1972's neo-noir action crime–drama film Shaft's Big Score! as Gus Mascola. Mascolo was in 1973's The Spook Who Sat by the Door and 1978's Jaws 2 as Len Peterson. He was in 1981's Sharky's Machine as JoJo Tipps and 1982's Yes, Giorgio Mascolo's last film appearance was in 1986's Heat as Baby.

Television
Mascolo was best known in the recurring role of Stefano DiMera on Days of Our Lives from 1982 to 1985, returning briefly in 1988, again from 1993 to 2001, and making appearances again since 2007 until Stefano's death in 2016, making his final appearance on February 9, 2017, airing 2 months after his death, and won three Soap Opera Digest Awards. He has also played a wide range of roles on many different series including (but not limited to) a Stefano-like villain named Nicholas Van Buren on General Hospital, and Carlos Alvarez on Santa Barbara. Before achieving his fame, he was seen in the earlier soap operas Where the Heart Is and From These Roots. He also made primetime television appearances on All in the Family, The Eddie Capra Mysteries, Lou Grant and The Rockford Files.

Mascolo portrayed Massimo Marone on CBS's The Bold and the Beautiful beginning August 2001. He decided not to renew his contract with the show in July 2006, due to a lack of storyline and decided to return to Days of Our Lives, where his character Stefano DiMera was resurrected after six years.

Mascolo also appeared in The Incredible Hulk in October 1979, as Mr. Arnold in the episode "Brain Child". 10 years later, he would appear again in NBC's The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, as Albert G. Tendelli, a police confidant of Daredevil. He also appeared in an episode of Hart to Hart on 1/3/84 as villain Mr. Rhodes.

Personal life and death
Mascolo married Rose Maimone in 1953. They had a son named Peter. Maimone died in 1986. In 2005, Mascolo married his second wife, Patricia Schultz. In January 2016, he told Soap Opera Digest that he had suffered a stroke in the spring of 2015. "During my rehab, I thought this would be a good time for Stefano to leave."

Mascolo died on December 8, 2016, in Santa Clarita, California at 87 after years of battling Alzheimer's disease. He was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).

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Kamet

Kamet (कामेत) is the second-highest mountain in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India, after Nanda Devi. It is the 29th highest mountain in the world. It lies in the Chamoli District of Uttarakhand. Its appearance resembles a giant pyramid topped by a flat summit area with two peaks.

Climbing
Due to its position near the Tibetan Plateau, Kamet is very remote and not as accessible as some Himalayan peaks. It also receives a great deal of wind from the Plateau. However, by modern standards, it is a relatively straightforward ascent for such a high mountain. Early explorers of the region faced long approach marches of around 200 mi from Ranikhet through dense mountain forest; access is easier today.

While attempts to climb Kamet began in 1855, the first ascent was not made until 1931 by Frank Smythe, Eric Shipton, R.L. Holdsworth, Raymond Greene, the expedition's doctor, Bill Birnie and Lewa Sherpa, members of a British expedition. Kamet was the first peak over 25000 ft to be climbed, and was the highest summit reached until the first ascent of Nanda Devi five years later. However, far higher non-summit altitudes had been reached on the north side of Mount Everest in the 1920s.

The standard route begins from the East Kamet (or Purbi Kamet) Glacier, ascending via Meade's Col (c. 7,100m/23,300 ft), the saddle between Kamet and its northern outlier Abi Gamin. From Meade's Col the route ascends the northeast edge of the north face. The ascent to Meade's col involves steep gullies, a rock wall, and several glacier climbs. Five camps are usually placed en route. The final ascent to the summit involves steep snow, possibly icy.

Neighboring and subsidiary peaks
Kamet is surrounded by three principal neighboring or subsidiary peaks:
 * Mukut Parbat, 7,242 m (23,760 ft) Ranked 97th, prominence = 840 m, 30.95222°N, 79.57028°W, northwest of Kamet. First ascent 1951 (see below). The lower of Mukut Parbat's twin summit has an elevation of 7,130 m (23,392 ft).
 * Abi Gamin, 7,355 m (24,130 ft), prominence = 217 m 30.9325°N, 79.6025°W, north-northeast of Kamet; connected to Kamet by Meade's Col. First ascent 1950.
 * Mana Peak, 7,272 m (23,858 ft) Ranked 92nd, prominence = 720 m, 30.88111°N, 79.61583°W, south-southeast of Kamet. First ascent 1937.

Several adjoining peaks, such as Mana NW, 7,092 m, Point 6,977 m, Deoban, 6,855 m, and Bidhan Parbat, 6,519 m, also lie close to Kamet.

Nomenclature
There are varying explanations of the name "Kamet." Charles Meade gives the pronunciation as, and claims that it is known to Tibetans as Kangmen, signifying "huge grandmother of a sacred snow chain". However, Frank Smythe writes in his book Kamet Conquered that the genesis of the name is from the Tibetan word Kangmed ("the lower snows", from kang, "snow", and med, "little"), as distinct from the "higher snows" of the Kailash range, 110 miles east of Kamet. This range is slightly lower than Kamet, its highest peak being Gurla Mandhata, 7,728 m/25,355 ft; however it stands more fully on the high Tibetan Plateau. At dawn and dusk, "the copper colored rock of Mount Kamet reflecting the oblique rays of the sun on its hanging glaciers appears to set these glaciers aglow with crackling flames and bathes the mountain in a red burning glow". Hence the term "glacier fire" is also used as an allusion to the name Kamet.

Partial timeline

 * 1848: Richard Strachey determines the height and location of Kamet, as well as the neighboring peaks Abi Gamin, Mukut Parbat, and Mana.
 * 1855: German explorers and scientists Adolphe and Robert Schlagintweit, invited by the East India Company to make surveys, travel into Tibet in disguise. After being discovered and arrested, they return, and attempt Abi Gamin from Tibet (via the Abi Gamin Glacier), believing it to be Kamet. (This mistake hampers expeditions until 1912.) They claim to reach a height of 6,785 m (22,260 ft), which is extraordinary for this date.
 * 1877: I. S. Pocock of the Survey of India, under E. C. Ryall, accurately surveys Kamet's position. However, he supports the inaccurate belief that Abi Gamin is a minor subpeak of Kamet and that a northern route to the summit is practical.
 * 1907: Tom Longstaff, Charles Bruce and A. L. Mumm, with alpine guides Alexis and Henri Brocherel, make a preliminary reconnaissance of the eastern and western sides of Kamet. The highest point reached is 6,100 m (20,000 ft) above the East Kamet Glacier. Longstaff deems the East Kamet route as too dangerous due to avalanche risk.
 * 1910–1911: Charles Meade, with Alpine guides Alexis Brocherel and Pierre Blanc, and a separate expedition under Alexander Kellas, make a preliminary reconnaissance of the western side of the peak; they explore Khaiam Pass and Glacier.
 * 1911: Capt. A. M. Slingsby attempts Kamet on the western side from Ghastoli Glacier (or West Kamet Glacier) via the col on the ridge between Abi Gamin and Mukut Parbat (subsequently named as Slingsby's Col, 6,400 m/21,000 ft).
 * 1912: Meade, with Alpine guides Franz Lochmatter of St. Niklaus in the canton Valais, Pierre Blanc, Justin Blanc and Jean Perrin, attempts Kamet by Slingsby's route, and also later explores the Raikhana glacier system to the east of Kamet. Meade concludes that the East Kamet Glacier is the only practicable route to Kamet's summit.
 * 1913: Slingsby attempts the same route as in 1911 and reaches 7,000 m (23,000 ft). He later dies in battle in Mesopotamia in 1916.
 * 1913: Meade, with Alpine guide Pierre Blanc, attempts Kamet from the eastern side and reaches Meade's Col, 7,138 m. (23,420 ft).
 * 1914: Kellas makes another reconnaissance of which no records are available, and which is probably abandoned midway due to the commencement of World War I.
 * 1920: Kellas and Henry Morshead attempt Meade's 1913 route and reach a point slightly above Meade's Col.
 * 1931: The first ascent of Kamet, detailed above.
 * 1937: Frank Smythe returns to the Bhyundar Valley and makes the solo first ascent of Mana on 12 August, through its south ridge from the plateau at the head of the Uttari Naktoni glacier. His companion P.R. Oliver stopped exhausted at 23000'.
 * 1950: An Anglo-Swiss expedition ascends Abi Gamin from its North East ridge.
 * 1951: Mukut Parbat is climbed via the steep northwest ridge by a New Zealand team that included Earle Riddiford (leader), Edmund Hillary, George Lowe, Edmund Cotter and Pasang Dawa Lama. Summitters were Riddiford, Cotter and Pasang Dawa Lama.
 * 1955: An Indian expedition from the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling makes the second ascent of Kamet on 6 July. Nandu Jayal led the party; Jayal, Ang Tharkay, Da Namgyal, Ang Temba, and Hlakpa Dorje comprised the summit team. Their route followed the ridge linking Abi Gamin and Kamet.
 * 1966: Mana is climbed on 19 September by a new route, the NW ridge from Purbi Kamet glacier which had rebuffed Smythe in 1937, by Pranesh Chakraborty, Pasang Phutar, Tshering Lhakpa, Pasang Tshering from Camp 5(c.22500').
 * 1986 Kamet was scaled by Mountaineering Club from Mumbai – Girivihar on 11 June 1986. Leader – Shrikant Oka, Summiters – Anil Kumar and Sanjay Borole,
 * 1995: Mana Northwest is scaled by members of a joint Indo-Tibetan Border Police–Japanese expedition after a tough technical wall climb.
 * 2000: To mark the turn of century, Ruptaps Mountaineering Club from Asansol, West Bengal climbed Kamet on 3 October 2000. The summiters were Leader Gautam Mukherjee and Jasjeet Singh.
 * 2006: A commemorative 75th anniversary expedition by the Kolkata Section of the Himalayan Club puts ten climbers on the summit of Kamet. (First ascensionist Frank Smythe was a Himalayan Club member.)
 * 2008: The southeast face(6,000 ft) was climbed for the first time by two Japanese climbers, Kazuya Hiraide and Kei Taniguchi.
 * 2010: An avalanche kills Lt Col C. Poornachandra and Maj Manish Gusain. They were a part of a 41-member Indian army team led by Col Ajay Kothiyal. None of the 41-members summitted the peak due to lack of technical skills.
 * 2010: A 6-member team led by Herbert Wolf followed the traditional route to the summit via the Purbi Kamet glacier and the Meade's col. Four high camps were established and the attempt took place from the summit camp at an altitude of 7080 m. On 28 September 2010, the leader with Oliver Amann, Nicolas Touboul, Bernd Mayer and Roland Brand reached the summit. Erich Eisele could not go above 5620 m for health reasons.
 * 2012: Southwest face (2,000m) was climbed for the first time by French climbers, Sébastien Bohin, Didier Jourdan, Sébastien Moatti, and Sébastien Ratel, following a route that they called Spicy Game, and for which they won a 2013 Piolet d'Or. 2012: the team of Bengol, Bharat (Abdul Kalam Educational Society) Celebrated the 150th birthday of Swami Vivekananda. Summit by three sherpa (Lakpa Sherpa, Migma Sherpa and Dukkpa Sherpa) and three members (Md.Gazali Khan, Santu Biswash and Nandan Prasad Jaiswal " Nandu").

Glaciers and rivers
The West (Pachmi or Paschimi) Kamet Glacier, the East (Purbi or Purva) Kamet Glacier and the Raikana Glacier systems surround Kamet. The branches of the West Kamet Glacier head on the western slopes of Kamet, Abi Gamin, and Mukut Parbat. The East Kamet Glacier flows from the eastern side of Kamet and Mana. The Raikhana glacier originates on the east side of Meade's Col saddle, flows east of Abi Gamin, and unites with the East Kamet Glacier. The West Kamet Glacier drains into the Saraswati River while the East Kamet Glacier feeds the Dhauliganga River; both rivers are tributaries of the Alaknanda River, the major river of the Chamoli district.

High altitude research
Alexander Kellas and his companion Henry Morshead conducted scientific studies during their 1920 Kamet expedition focusing on the physiology of high altitude travel and acclimatization, and on the possibility of using supplemental oxygen. These studies eventually proved useful on expeditions to Mount Everest.

title: Kamet


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Talk:Kamet

Major editing in progress
While there was a lot of good stuff in the previous version of this article, it was way too long, had too much minimally related stuff, and was not encyclopedic in tone. I redacted about half of it, and plan to return to the rest. In particular, I moved some stuff onto the talk page, see the next section. -- Spireguy 04:39, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Stuff from the article about Himalayan Club
The following stuff is from the previous version of the article, and very little should be in the main article, as it is mostly about the Club.

The Himalayan Club and the 1931 ascent of Kamet :

By then The Himalayan Club (HC) was founded in 1928. Its membership comprising of men capable of “getting things done”, and selection was made on that primary consideration ; of highly committed, dedicated and enthusiastic individuals. Its association with Himalayan exploration is long. In pursuit of its objectives of disseminating knowledge about the Himalaya through art, science, literature and sport it had been said by Geoffrey Corbett, the first Honorary Secretary of the Club -- ‘So the Himalayan Club is formed and we hope great things of it : the geographer that the blank spaces on our map may be filled in ; the scientist that our knowledge of the Himalaya, its rocks and glaciers, its animals and plants, its people and their way of living, may continuously expand ; the artist that its glories may continuously inspire fine pictures .The mountaineer may dream of the ascent of a thousand unclimbed peaks. My hope is that it may help to rear a breed of men in India,. hard and self - reliant, who will know how to enjoy life on the high hills’.

Not surprisingly, it was reported in the Himalayan Journal IV by the then Honorary Secretary,  G Mackworth Young – ‘Last year has been a memorable one for Himalayan exploration and mountaineering .Perhaps the most important expedition, because of its success, was Mr. F. S. Smythe’s to Kamet. Mr. Smythe joined the club in 1930 during Professor Dyhrenfurth’s International attempt on Kangchenjunga, so we may claim this perhaps as a Himalayan Club Expedition, more especially as his right hand man, Captain E. St. J Birnie, was the representative from India and was mainly responsible for the organization of the transport, on which success depended’. While Frank Smythe and Capt Eugene St. John Birnie ( later to become Colonel) were members of the HC at the time of the 1931 expedition, the other summiteers of Mt Kamet on this expedition, Dr Raymond Greene , R. L. Holdsworth and  Eric S. Shipton become members of the HC in the years to come. Following the Kamet ascent (which had been the major objective of the 1931 expedition) they pioneered several exploratory climbs in the Arwa Valley and Bhyundar Valley, ascended unclimbed peaks in the Garhwal Himalaya and also discovered the famed ‘Valley of Flowers’. Moved by the profusion of flowers which was punctuated by waterfalls and trails crossing the lush alpine meadows, Frank Smythe had said ‘In my mountain wandering I have not seen a more beautiful valley than this ... this valley of peace and perfect beauty where the human spirit may find repose’. They explored also the source of the Alakananda River. Frank Smythe and Eric Shipton went on to become well known Everest personalities ( see ‘Homage by The Himalayan Club’ to them). To Frank Smythe may also be attributed the genesis of professional mountaineering photo journalism and mountain travel writing. Eric Shipton developed an amazing climbing partnership with another exceptional Himalayan Club member, Bill Tilman, and they made several remarkable climbs together, in their characteristic frugal manner. Dr Raymond Greene, brother of the famous novelist Graham Greene was the intellectual of the 1931 team, in addition to being its medical officer, and R. L.  Holdsworth the botanist. Col Eugene St. J Birnie, the transport officer of the ‘31 expedition, served as the Hony. Secretary of the HC in the period 1939-1940.

Other renowned HC members associated with Mt Kamet explorations have been General G. C. Bruce, Col H. T. Morshead and  Major Nandu Jayal. Major Jayal may be considered as the pioneer of Indian mountaineering and between 1952 and 1955 he was associated with three expeditions to Mt Kamet, succeeding on the third attempt in 1955. This was the second ascent of Mt Kamet, almost a quarter of century after the first ascent ( see ‘Homage by The Himalayan Club’ to him ). Recalling those pioneering members the HC boasts to have within in its fold several others who have successfully undertaken Mt Kamet expeditions.

A slight deviation here, in that it connects Kamet, and one of important significance of those early explorations of the high Himalaya, was the development of sturdy hill men into high quality porters and climbers. The best climbers among the hill men were considered the Bhutias (derived from the word Bhot meaning Tibet) as distinct from Sherpas, who were from the east (Shar-Pa indicating eastern, who were settlers of Eastern Tibet before moving to Darjeeling and the highlands of east Nepal, especially the Solu Khumbu district. Without their selfless support, the high peaks of the Himalaya would not have been easily climbed. Dr Kellas had spent a great deal of time travelling with them and had realised their usefulness. They easily learnt the skills of mountaineering techniques and due to their natural ability to acclimatise to the high altitudes, they became indispensable to large scale Himalayan expeditions. Frank Smythe acknowledging the contribution of his porter team to the eventual success of his 1931 historic ascent of Mt Kamet,  had goaded Lewa Sherpa ( carrying  a heavy camera) on towards the summit to  become the first man to ascent  Mt Kamet, to be  followed by the  British climbers. It has been said by Col H. T. Morshead of the Bhutia porters after the 1920 Kellas expedition – ‘I have nothing but praise for the Bhutia coolies of the higher Himalaya. On rocks they climb like goats, while on ice they readily learn step-cutting. It appears very doubtful if the present day expense of importing Alpine guides can ever justify their employment in future Himalayan exploration’. The Himalayan Club had also realised the potential of the early day Sherpas and rendered great support in  developing  and absorbing them as a community vital to the mountaineering world. The likes of H. W.Tobin and Mrs Jill Henderson lent immense contribution to their upliftment and development. The very best of Sherpas were awarded the “Tiger Badge “by The Himalayan Club to honour  their outstanding achievements on the high peaks. A “Tiger Badge” awardee was, as a consequence, held in high esteem in the Sherpa community and the badge was probably the most treasured possession of the “Tiger” sherpas. Nawang Gombu, one of the three remaining Tiger Badge holders alive, is now an Honorary Member of The Himalayan Club.

 * Spireguy 04:33, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Uttarakhand workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Uttarakhand workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Uttarakhand or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 13:36, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Nomenclature
I don't know about the pronunciation in local languages, but Hindi कामेत does not correspond to the pronunciation /ˈkʌmeɪt/,with a reduced vowel in the first syllable. का is [ka:] with a long, unreduced [a]. /ˈkʌmeɪt/ looks rather like a naive English pronunciation of Kamet.Bill (talk) 16:01, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kamet


text:
Suzanne Rogers

Suzanne Rogers (born Suzanne Crumpler) is an American actress with film and television credits. Her stage name was inspired by Ginger Rogers, whom she cites as a personal inspiration for joining the entertainment industry. Rogers got her start as a dancer/performer at New York City's Radio City Music Hall, but she is best known for playing Maggie Horton, a role she originated and has played since 1973 on the NBC/Peacock soap opera Days of Our Lives. She is currently noted as the longest serving actress still appearing actively on an American soap opera. In August 2023 Days of Our Lives aired Rogers 50th anniversary show celebrating the milestone.

Early years
Suzanne Rogers was born Suzanne Crumpler. While growing up in Colonial Heights, Virginia, she took an interest in dancing. She expressed interest in it at the age of two and started taking dancing lessons during her childhood.

Career
At the age of 17, Rogers left her hometown and decided to pursue a dancing career. She moved to New York City and became one of the dancers at the Radio City Music Hall. Along with becoming a Rockette, Rogers performed in several Broadway musicals including Coco, Hallelujah Baby and Follies, distinctly heard on the original cast album and mentioned in the book Everything Was Possible which covered the creation and history of the hit Broadway show. After spending 10 years in New York City, the actress wanted to try out an acting dream and moved to California in January 1973.

She attended acting classes in California with Stella Adler at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. Soon after, she landed the role of Maggie Horton on NBC's Days of Our Lives. Maggie was introduced as a guest character in August 1973, by scriptwriter William J. Bell and executive producer Betty Corday. From the beginning, Bell considered the role ideal for her. He approached Rogers about taking the role of Maggie, and she agreed. She was immediately described by critics who gave reviews of the show as being one of the most energetic girls on daytime television. The news of Rogers being cast as Maggie was a different move, taking an actress who loves to dance, to a character of a crippled farm girl. This was her first television assignment, after being the youngest girl to take the stage at Radio City Music Hall.

In 1984, Rogers was diagnosed with the rare muscle disorder myasthenia gravis. This disease affected her facial muscles, and the medicine the doctors put her on made her feel ill, and her face appeared swollen while also suffering hair loss. She temporarily left the show after 11 years when the effects of the disease became increasingly worse.

Her entire appearance changed, and she did not return to Days of Our Lives for a year. Rogers returned to the serial when her health became better. Rogers, wanting to educate viewers about the disease, encouraged executive producer Betty Corday to have her character be diagnosed with the disease. Corday agreed, and a storyline played out with Maggie learning she has myasthenia gravis. The actress went into remission in 1995, and has remained in remission since. In 2010, after her character's husband is killed off, Maggie began to notice some effects she experienced when diagnosed with the disease in 1984.

In 2003, a major series of serial killings occurred on the show. Maggie was "killed off" in a "whodunnit?" murder storyline involving a serial killer. Maggie's murder forced Rogers to depart from the series, although she made occasional appearances as Maggie's "spirit", appearing with all of the other victims when the apparent culprit, Marlena Evans, attacked Alice. To help with falling ratings at the time, current head writer James E. Reilly decided to bring all the characters back from the dead. They all turned up in the fictional town of Melaswen, or New Salem spelled backwards. This storyline sparked major controversy, and proved to be a daring move.

Since the death of original cast member Frances Reid (Alice Horton) in 2010, Rogers has been the longest-running actress to appear continuously on Days of Our Lives as the new Horton family matriarch.

Personal life
Rogers married Sam Groom in 1980. They divorced in 1982.

title: Suzanne Rogers


text:
Ricci-flat manifold

In the mathematical field of differential geometry, Ricci-flatness is a condition on the curvature of a Riemannian manifold. Ricci-flat manifolds are a special kind of Einstein manifold. In theoretical physics, Ricci-flat Lorentzian manifolds are of fundamental interest, as they are the solutions of Einstein's field equations in a vacuum with vanishing cosmological constant.

In Lorentzian geometry, a number of Ricci-flat metrics are known from works of Karl Schwarzschild, Roy Kerr, and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat. In Riemannian geometry, Shing-Tung Yau's resolution of the Calabi conjecture produced a number of Ricci-flat metrics on Kähler manifolds.

Definition
A pseudo-Riemannian manifold is said to be Ricci-flat if its Ricci curvature is zero. It is direct to verify that, except in dimension two, a metric is Ricci-flat if and only if its Einstein tensor is zero. Ricci-flat manifolds are one of three special types of Einstein manifold, arising as the special case of scalar curvature equaling zero.

From the definition of the Weyl curvature tensor, it is direct to see that any Ricci-flat metric has Weyl curvature equal to Riemann curvature tensor. By taking traces, it is straightforward to see that the converse also holds. This may also be phrased as saying that Ricci-flatness is characterized by the vanishing of the two non-Weyl parts of the Ricci decomposition.

Since the Weyl curvature vanishes in two or three dimensions, every Ricci-flat metric in these dimensions is flat. Conversely, it is automatic from the definitions that any flat metric is Ricci-flat. The study of flat metrics is usually considered as a topic unto itself. As such, the study of Ricci-flat metrics is only a distinct topic in dimension four and above.

Examples
As noted above, any flat metric is Ricci-flat. However it is nontrivial to identify Ricci-flat manifolds whose full curvature is nonzero.

In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild found the Schwarzschild metrics, which are Ricci-flat Lorentzian manifolds of nonzero curvature. Roy Kerr later found the Kerr metrics, a two-parameter family containing the Schwarzschild metrics as a special case. These metrics are fully explicit and are of fundamental interest in the mathematics and physics of black holes. More generally, in general relativity, Ricci-flat Lorentzian manifolds represent the vacuum solutions of Einstein's field equations with vanishing cosmological constant.

Many pseudo-Riemannian manifolds are constructed as homogeneous spaces. However, these constructions are not directly helpful for Ricci-flat Riemannian metrics, in the sense that any homogeneous Riemannian manifold which is Ricci-flat must be flat. However, there are homogeneous (and even symmetric) Lorentzian manifolds which are Ricci-flat but not flat, as follows from an explicit construction and computation of Lie algebras.

Until Shing-Tung Yau's resolution of the Calabi conjecture in the 1970s, it was not known whether every Ricci-flat Riemannian metric on a closed manifold is flat. His work, using techniques of partial differential equations, established a comprehensive existence theory for Ricci-flat metrics in the special case of Kähler metrics on closed complex manifolds. Due to his analytical techniques, the metrics are non-explicit even in the simplest cases. Such Riemannian manifolds are often called Calabi–Yau manifolds, although various authors use this name in slightly different ways.

Analytical character
Relative to harmonic coordinates, the condition of Ricci-flatness for a Riemannian metric can be interpreted as a system of elliptic partial differential equations. It is a straightforward consequence of standard elliptic regularity results that any Ricci-flat Riemannian metric on a smooth manifold is analytic, in the sense that harmonic coordinates define a compatible analytic structure, and the local representation of the metric is real-analytic. This also holds in the broader setting of Einstein Riemannian metrics.

Analogously, relative to harmonic coordinates, Ricci-flatness of a Lorentzian metric can be interpreted as a system of hyperbolic partial differential equations. Based on this perspective, Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat developed the well-posedness of the Ricci-flatness condition. She reached a definitive result in collaboration with Robert Geroch in the 1960s, establishing how a certain class of maximally extended Ricci-flat Lorentzian metrics are prescribed and constructed by certain Riemannian data. These are known as maximal globally hyperbolic developments. In general relativity, this is typically interpreted as an initial value formulation of Einstein's field equations for gravitation.

The study of Ricci-flatness in the Riemannian and Lorentzian cases are quite distinct. This is already indicated by the fundamental distinction between the geodesically complete metrics which are typical of Riemannian geometry and the maximal globally hyperbolic developments which arise from Choquet-Bruhat and Geroch's work. Moreover, the analyticity and corresponding unique continuation of a Ricci-flat Riemannian metric has a fundamentally different character than Ricci-flat Lorentzian metrics, which have finite speeds of propagation and fully localizable phenomena. This can be viewed as a nonlinear geometric analogue of the difference between the Laplace equation and the wave equation.

Topology of Ricci-flat Riemannian manifolds
Yau's existence theorem for Ricci-flat Kähler metrics established the precise topological condition under which such a metric exists on a given closed complex manifold: the first Chern class of the holomorphic tangent bundle must be zero. The necessity of this condition was previously known by Chern–Weil theory.

Beyond Kähler geometry, the situation is not as well understood. A four-dimensional closed and oriented manifold supporting any Einstein Riemannian metric must satisfy the Hitchin–Thorpe inequality on its topological data. As particular cases of well-known theorems on Riemannian manifolds of nonnegative Ricci curvature, any manifold with a complete Ricci-flat Riemannian metric must: Mikhael Gromov and Blaine Lawson introduced the notion of enlargeability of a closed manifold. The class of enlargeable manifolds is closed under homotopy equivalence, the taking of products, and under the connected sum with an arbitrary closed manifold. Every Ricci-flat Riemannian manifold in this class is flat, which is a corollary of Cheeger and Gromoll's splitting theorem.
 * have first Betti number less than or equal to the dimension, whenever the manifold is closed
 * have fundamental group of polynomial growth.

Ricci-flatness and holonomy
On a simply-connected Kähler manifold, a Kähler metric is Ricci-flat if and only if the holonomy group is contained in the special unitary group. On a general Kähler manifold, the if direction still holds, but only the restricted holonomy group of a Ricci-flat Kähler metric is necessarily contained in the special unitary group.

A hyperkähler manifold is a Riemannian manifold whose holonomy group is contained in the symplectic group. This condition on a Riemannian manifold may also be characterized (roughly speaking) by the existence of a 2-sphere of complex structures which are all parallel. This says in particular that every hyperkähler metric is Kähler; furthermore, via the Ambrose–Singer theorem, every such metric is Ricci-flat. The Calabi–Yau theorem specializes to this context, giving a general existence and uniqueness theorem for hyperkähler metrics on compact Kähler manifolds admitting holomorphically symplectic structures. Examples of hyperkähler metrics on noncompact spaces had earlier been obtained by Eugenio Calabi. The Eguchi–Hanson space, discovered at the same time, is a special case of his construction.

A quaternion-Kähler manifold is a Riemannian manifold whose holonomy group is contained in the Lie group $Sp(n)·Sp(1)$. Marcel Berger showed that any such metric must be Einstein. Furthermore, any Ricci-flat quaternion-Kähler manifold must be locally hyperkähler, meaning that the restricted holonomy group is contained in the symplectic group.

A $G_{2}$ manifold or $Spin(7)$ manifold is a Riemannian manifold whose holonomy group is contained in the Lie groups $Spin(7)$ or $G_{2}$. The Ambrose–Singer theorem implies that any such manifold is Ricci-flat. The existence of closed manifolds of this type was established by Dominic Joyce in the 1990s.

Marcel Berger commented that all known examples of irreducible Ricci-flat Riemannian metrics on simply-connected closed manifolds have special holonomy groups, according to the above possibilities. It is not known whether this suggests an unknown general theorem or simply a limitation of known techniques. For this reason, Berger considered Ricci-flat manifolds to be "extremely mysterious."

title: Ricci-flat manifold


text:
Talk:Olympia Snowe

Source from Bangor Daily News
If someone could source the article about a grassroots campaign to draft Olympia Snow to run for President...that would be helpful, since the previous link was broken.

user:mitchsensei June 2, 2006, 3:54 AM EST

Protection request entered
I have put in a request for this article to be protected, as it seems to be a target of someone using University of Maine public computers to put vulgar words and phrases in the article. Warnings on one IP address had no effect; another was recently used, suggesting they started using another computer. 331dot (talk) 22:29, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

A two-week pending-change protection was put in place. 331dot (talk) 11:09, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

New Picture?
Do we have to use that picture for her? This current one(the one at the top right of the page) looks kinda... bad. Kude90 (talk) 11:15, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * That was her last official Senate photo. I'm not the expert but I think it's much easier to use that than other photos since it is public domain(being from the government). 331dot (talk) 11:37, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Involvement in health care reform
I think there should be an expansion of the description of Snowe's involvement in health care reform, including material from Obama's forthcoming memoir. An excerpt just appeared in the New Yorker. Ishboyfay (talk) 23:24, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olympia Snowe


text:
Einstein manifold

In differential geometry and mathematical physics, an Einstein manifold is a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian differentiable manifold whose Ricci tensor is proportional to the metric. They are named after Albert Einstein because this condition is equivalent to saying that the metric is a solution of the vacuum Einstein field equations (with cosmological constant), although both the dimension and the signature of the metric can be arbitrary, thus not being restricted to Lorentzian manifolds (including the four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds usually studied in general relativity). Einstein manifolds in four Euclidean dimensions are studied as gravitational instantons.

If M is the underlying n-dimensional manifold, and g is its metric tensor, the Einstein condition means that

 * $$\mathrm{Ric} = kg$$

for some constant k, where Ric denotes the Ricci tensor of g. Einstein manifolds with k = 0 are called Ricci-flat manifolds.

The Einstein condition and Einstein's equation
In local coordinates the condition that (M, g) be an Einstein manifold is simply

 * $$R_{ab} = kg_{ab} .$$

Taking the trace of both sides reveals that the constant of proportionality k for Einstein manifolds is related to the scalar curvature R by

 * $$R = nk ,$$

where n is the dimension of M.

In general relativity, Einstein's equation with a cosmological constant Λ is

 * $$R_{ab} - \frac{1}{2}g_{ab}R + g_{ab}\Lambda = \kappa T_{ab}, $$

where $κ$ is the Einstein gravitational constant. The stress–energy tensor Tab gives the matter and energy content of the underlying spacetime. In vacuum (a region of spacetime devoid of matter) Tab = 0, and Einstein's equation can be rewritten in the form (assuming that n > 2):
 * $$R_{ab} = \frac{2\Lambda}{n-2}\,g_{ab} .$$

Therefore, vacuum solutions of Einstein's equation are (Lorentzian) Einstein manifolds with k proportional to the cosmological constant.

Examples
Simple examples of Einstein manifolds include:
 * All 2D manifolds are trivially Einstein manifolds. This is a result of the Riemann tensor having a single degree of freedom.
 * Any manifold with constant sectional curvature is an Einstein manifold—in particular:
 * Euclidean space, which is flat, is a simple example of Ricci-flat, hence Einstein metric.
 * The n-sphere, $$S^n$$, with the round metric is Einstein with $$k=n-1$$.
 * Hyperbolic space with the canonical metric is Einstein with $$k = -(n - 1)$$.
 * Complex projective space, $$\mathbf{CP}^n$$, with the Fubini–Study metric, have $$k = n + 1.$$
 * Calabi–Yau manifolds admit an Einstein metric that is also Kähler, with Einstein constant $$k=0$$. Such metrics are not unique, but rather come in families; there is a Calabi–Yau metric in every Kähler class, and the metric also depends on the choice of complex structure. For example, there is a 60-parameter family of such metrics on K3, 57 parameters of which give rise to Einstein metrics which are not related by isometries or rescalings.
 * Kähler–Einstein metrics exist on a variety of compact complex manifolds due to the existence results of Shing-Tung Yau, and the later study of K-stability especially in the case of Fano manifolds.
 * An Einstein–Weyl geometry is a generalization of an Einstein manifold for a Weyl connection of a conformal class, rather than the Levi-Civita connection of a metric.

A necessary condition for closed, oriented, 4-manifolds to be Einstein is satisfying the Hitchin–Thorpe inequality.

Applications
Four dimensional Riemannian Einstein manifolds are also important in mathematical physics as gravitational instantons in quantum theories of gravity. The term "gravitational instanton" is usually used restricted to Einstein 4-manifolds whose Weyl tensor is self-dual, and it is usually assumed that the metric is asymptotic to the standard metric of Euclidean 4-space (and are therefore complete but non-compact). In differential geometry, self-dual Einstein 4-manifolds are also known as (4-dimensional) hyperkähler manifolds in the Ricci-flat case, and quaternion Kähler manifolds otherwise.

Higher-dimensional Lorentzian Einstein manifolds are used in modern theories of gravity, such as string theory, M-theory and supergravity. Hyperkähler and quaternion Kähler manifolds (which are special kinds of Einstein manifolds) also have applications in physics as target spaces for nonlinear σ-models with supersymmetry.

Compact Einstein manifolds have been much studied in differential geometry, and many examples are known, although constructing them is often challenging. Compact Ricci-flat manifolds are particularly difficult to find: in the monograph on the subject by the pseudonymous author Arthur Besse, readers are offered a meal in a starred restaurant in exchange for a new example.

title: Einstein manifold


text:
User:Erich gasboy/Formal Wikidoc Proposal

Proposal to create a formalised group of doctors in Wikipedia
This is a proposal I put forward - (to largely stunned silence?) - and is being discussed at the doctors' mess

The essence of the proposal is:
 * 1) mutual credentialling
 * 2) all important decisions about public positions and credentialling to be by consensus until numbers become greater than ~10-20

The elements of Wiki-credentialing could be:
 * 1) behaviour
 * 2) knowledge
 * 3) communication skills
 * 4) e-mail verification from a legitamate domain (ie joe.blog@nhs.gov.uk etc not DrFeelGood@hotmail.com)
 * 5) web verification through government 'medical boards' (eg [(mine)] or [GMC]) webserver.

People claiming to meet the first three criteria would be very welcome, but the ability to veto a decision would only be by the group willing to take the next two steps (that are not onerous)

Current Status (Summary)
As at 7 May, 2004, the current status of the proposal is best described as embryonic.

Currently needs:
 * views of peers of if the idea has merits
 * enhancements to texts of bylaws
 * a name

How to contribute

 * edit the proposal on this page, or
 * discuss at the mess

Purpose

 * Provide a sense of structure and organisation for new doctors entering Wikipedia
 * Improve our effectiveness by carrying the reputation we have in the community into the Wikicommunity
 * Provide support for other projects desired by members
 * Prevent disruption by WikiQuacks
 * needs more here

Elements of a proposal to formalise Wikidocs :

 * Credentialling
 * Establishment of a credentialling committee
 * Establishment of credentialling rules
 * Credentialling of founding members
 * Naming
 * Name of project
 * Name of group (XXXXX)
 * Establishment of editorial committee
 * Formulation of editorial policies
 * Fleshing out our purpose
 * Formulation and consensus reaching on formal proposal to Wikefoundation
 * What is our role in Wikipedia (mission, goals, ?strategy)
 * How can we assist or colleagues?
 * How can we assist our patients?
 * Establishment of 'executive board'
 * Establishment of by-laws.
 * Managing External relations
 * Nomination of spokesperson
 * Engagement of WikiFoundation

Section 1. Founding Provisions

 * 1) XXXX shall come into existence when at least four medical doctors ('The Founding Members') have submitted themselves to credentialling by the other Founding Members. Credentialling shall consist of verification the candidates' behavior, knowledge and communication skills, supported by e-mail verification of true identity and web verification of registration with a recognised government endorsed registration authority.
 * 2) The Founding Members shall by mutual agreement
 * 3) endorse the founding By-Laws
 * 4) appoint the founding Executive Board

Section 2. Maintenance of these By-Laws

 * 1) These by-laws are only valid once approved by all members of the XXXXX Executive Board.

Section 3. The Executive Board

 * 1) The Executive Board oversees and appoints the members of the
 * 2) * XXXXX Credentialling Committee; and the
 * 3) * XXXXX Editorial Committee.
 * 4) New appointments to must be approved by at least two-thirds of all XXXX members holding level 5 credentials.
 * 5) Board members may be removed by a petition signed by least two-thirds of all XXXX members holding level 5 credentials.
 * 6) The Executive Board must endorse any changes to the following documents prior to their promulgation:
 * 7) The By-laws
 * 8) The XXXXX Mission Statement (see Appendix B)
 * 9) The XXXXX Editorial Policy
 * 10) No individual may contact an outside party claiming to represent XXXXX without the express permission of The Executive Board.

Section 4. Decision Making

 * 1) Each Committee and the Board shall:
 * 2) have a quorum of the greater of (a) four or (b) half the members;
 * 3) have at least four and no more than fifteen members;
 * 4) allow seven days after a proposal for members to express a view;
 * 5) reach all decisions by consensus of a quorum.

 * 1) The XXXXX Credentialling Committee shall:
 * 2) maintain and publish a register of all credentialled Wiki-doctors;
 * 3) resolve disputes and complaints about credentialled Wiki-doctors;
 * 4) keep all personal information (including true identity) strictly confidential

Appendix A - Definitions

 * doctor : a medical doctor registered by a government endorsed registration authority.
 * government endorsed registration authority : a body recognised to have the same role as the [Medical Board of Queensland] or the [GMC].
 * outside party : any group other than XXXXX, includes members of the public, wikipedians, the WikiFoundation etc.
 * level 5 credentials : verification by the Credentialling Committee of the candidates' behavior, knowledge and communication skills, supported by e-mail verification of true identity and web verification of registration with a recognised government endorsed registration authority

Appendix B - Mission Statement
XXXXX aims to improve the quality of health related information available to the public and professional community under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.


text:
Cristina Ferrare

Cynthia Cristina Ferrare (born 1950) is an American fashion model, actress, author and talk-show host. She had lead roles in several films in the late-1960s and early-1970s, including the 1968 comedy The Impossible Years and the 1972 Western film J. W. Coop, as well as portraying the titular character in Juan López Moctezuma's horror film Mary, Mary, Bloody Mary (also 1972).

In the 1980s, Ferrare transitioned from acting to hosting several television series, including The Home Show, Home & Family, and Big Bowl of Love on the Oprah Winfrey Network. She has also authored several non-fiction cooking and self-help books.

Early life
Ferrare was born in 1950 in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Renata and Tavio Ferrare, a butcher. Her family is of Italian descent. She was 14 years old when her family moved to Los Angeles, California, where her beauty landed her a contract with Nina Blanchard's modeling agency. When she was 16, she signed with 20th Century Fox film studios.

Film career and television hosting
Ferrare made her feature film debut in The Impossible Years (1968) opposite David Niven, playing the daughter of a university psychology professor. This was followed by a main role in the Western drama J. W. Coop (1972), directed by and starring Cliff Robertson and Geraldine Page. She subsequently starred as the titular character in Juan López Moctezuma's horror film Mary, Mary, Bloody Mary (1975), portraying a vampire roving a Mexican village.

In 1975, Ferrare worked as the spokesperson for Max Factor.

Ferrare was co-host of A.M. Los Angeles on KABC-TV for several years during the late 1980s. She also co-hosted the ABC television series The Home Show for several months in early 1989. In 1990, Ferrare was featured in print advertising for Ultra Slim-Fast. She was also a substitute co-host on Good Morning America and Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. In 1993, she was guest host for two episodes of Vicki!.

Home and Family Show
From November 1996 – August 1998, Ferrare co-hosted Home & Family on The Family Channel; the show ended on August 14, 1998, just one day before the channel became Fox Family Channel, which included a major restructuring of the network's programing. She later co-hosted a revived version of the show from 2012-2016 with Mark Steines on its new network Hallmark Channel.

Ferrare's departure was abrupt and the audience was not given any explanation nor any notice prior to her departure. On June 21, 2016, Hallmark Channel confirmed that Ferrare would no longer co-host the show with Steines; former co-host of The View Debbie Matenopoulos was named as her replacement. In a statement via Facebook, Ferrare addressed her exit: "It's really very simple, Home and Family will have a season 5 which I am so happy for and the Network decided that they want a new co-host and that will be Debbie. She will do a great job!"

Designing
She and her mother created the Cristina Ferrare Collection, producing jewelry that, in 2002, was sold in seven Neiman Marcus stores and was "beginning to pop up in specialty shops throughout the country."

Big Bowl of Love
Ferrare premiered in her new show Big Bowl of Love on Oprah Winfrey's network (OWN) on January 3, 2011 with Iron Chef Cat Cora as the show's first guest. Big Bowl of Love follows Ferrare cooking recipes alongside her friends, family, and other guests.

Personal life
According to Ferrare, in her book Realistically Ever After, she married a man in 1969 and annulled it six weeks later. In 1973, she married automobile executive John DeLorean. He had earlier adopted a son Zachary while single, and she also adopted him. Later, they had a daughter, Kathryn. After DeLorean lost his fortune and was accused, then exonerated, of cocaine trafficking charges, Ferrare divorced him in 1985. Two weeks later, on April 21, 1985, she married entertainment industry executive Anthony Thomopoulos.

Ferrare was portrayed by Isabel Arraiza in the 2018 film Driven and by Morena Baccarin in the 2019 documentary Framing John DeLorean.

Her niece (her sister's daughter) is actress Danielle Bisutti.

title: Cristina Ferrare