text:
Perez (son of Judah)

Perez, also written as Pharez/Peretz, was the son of Tamar and Judah, and the twin of Zerah, according to the Book of Genesis. The twins were conceived after Tamar tricked her father-in-law Judah into having sexual intercourse with her by disguising herself as a prostitute. The name is transliterated to English as both "Perez" (NIV, ESV, NKJV) and "Pharez" (KJV). Perez, in Hebrew means "breach or burst forth" and is named after the narrative of his birth as recorded in. According to Ethiopian tradition, Perez became a king of Persia.

Biblical account
"27 When the time came for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb! 28 While she was in labor, one of them put out a hand, and the midwife tied a crimson thread on that hand, to signify: This one came out first. 29 But just then it drew back its hand, and out came its brother; and she said, “What a breach (Heb. pereṣ) you have made for yourself!” So he was named Perez."

- Genesis 38:27-29

The Book of Ruth lists Perez as being part of the ancestral genealogy of King David, and both the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke include him when specifying the genealogy of Jesus.

title: Perez (son of Judah)


text:
Talk:Prix Ars Electronica

cancel merge proposal
I propose that Hybrid art is merged with this page. It is the name of a category in the prix ars electronica and doesn't seem to be used beyond it. Yaxu (talk) 21:49, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

Strong no! Hybrid art is a contemporary art category - not to be confused with an award, Prix Ars Electronica. Hybrid art is a popular contemporary art category, and is now taught in many universities and is the topic of many exhibitions and research studies. Please keep these pages separate, and PLEASE CANCEL THIS MERGE PROPOSAL ArtistWatch MuseumSurvey (talk) 04:38, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Prix Ars Electronica


text:
Marquess of Willingdon

Marquess of Willingdon was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 26 May 1936 for the Liberal politician and colonial governor Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Earl of Willingdon. He was Governor-General of Canada from 1926 to 1931 and Viceroy of India from 1931 to 1936.

Freeman-Thomas had previously been created Baron Willingdon, of Ratton in the County of Sussex, in 1910, Viscount Willingdon, of Ratton in the County of Sussex, on 23 June 1924, and on 20 February 1931, on his retirement as Governor General of Canada, he was made Viscount Ratendone, of Willingdon in the County of Sussex, and Earl of Willingdon. (Ratendone was the Domesday Book spelling of the Freeman-Thomas's ancestral home in Ratton, Sussex.) These titles were also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Upon his death in 1941, the 1st Marquess of Willingdon was succeeded by his only surviving son, Inigo. Inigo was a soldier and also served as Liberal Chief Whip in the House of Lords from 1948 to 1949. Though married three times, he was childless and all the titles became extinct upon his death in 1979.

The marquessate of Willingdon was the most recent marquessate to be created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The most recently created extant marquessate is now that of Reading, created in 1926.

Marquesses of Willingdon (1936)

 * Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon (1866–1941)
 * Hon. Gerard Frederick Freeman-Thomas (4 May 1893 14 September 1914)
 * Inigo Brassey Freeman-Thomas, 2nd Marquess of Willingdon (1899–1979)

title: Marquess of Willingdon


text:
Nunatak

A nunatak (from Inuit nunataq) is the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge. They often form natural pyramidal peaks. Isolated nunataks are also called glacial islands, and smaller nunataks rounded by glacial action may be referred to as rognons.

The word is of Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s.

Description
The term nunatak is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present and the ridge protrudes above the sheet. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named. While some are isolated, they can also form dense clusters, such as Queen Louise Land in Greenland.

Nunataks are generally angular and jagged, hampering the formation of glacial ice on their tops, although snow can accumulate on them. This can contrast strongly with the softer contours of the glacially eroded land after a glacier retreats. They are not greatly affected by frost weathering, given the low frequency of freeze-thaw cycles in areas of ice caps and ice sheets.

Typically nunataks are the only places where plant life can survive on ice sheets or ice caps. Lifeforms on nunataks are often isolated by the surrounding ice or glacier, providing unique habitats.

List

 * Aitken Nunatak
 * Åkerlundh Nunatak
 * Allan Hills aka Allan Nunatak.
 * All-Blacks Nunataks
 * Altsek Nunatak
 * Anderson Nunataks
 * Anoritooq
 * Appalachia Nunataks
 * Arena Corner
 * Arkhangel'skiy Nunataks
 * Arrowhead Nunatak
 * Atanasoff Nunatak
 * Aviator Nunatak
 * Belknap Nunatak
 * Berg Mountains
 * Bering Nunatak
 * Bon Docteur Nunatak
 * Bradley Nunatak
 * Branson Nunatak
 * Brusilov Nunataks
 * Butcher Nunatak
 * Cabrera Nunatak
 * Calfee Nunatak
 * Cameron Nunataks
 * Canisp, formed as a Nunatak
 * Carapace Nunatak
 * Cassandra Nunatak
 * Castillo Nunatak
 * Castor Nunatak
 * Cat Nunatak
 * Catenary Nunatak
 * Cathedral Peak
 * C. H. Ostenfeld Nunatak
 * Chain Nunataks
 * Cheeks Nunatak
 * Chocolate Nunatak
 * Clem Nunatak
 * Cone Nunatak
 * Copper Nunataks
 * Cowie Nunatak
 * Crash Nunatak
 * Crosby Nunataks
 * Daniels Hill
 * Dean Nunataks
 * Dee Nunatak
 * Director Nunatak
 * Dodd Nunatak
 * Dome Nunatak
 * Dotten Nunatak
 * Dow Nunatak
 * Downs Nunatak
 * Drury Nunatak
 * Du Toit Nunataks
 * Dziura Nunatak
 * Eaton Nunatak
 * Eckins Nunatak
 * Else Nunataks
 * Erehwon Nunatak
 * Erven Nunataks
 * Esther Nunatak
 * Everett Nunatak
 * Exile Nunatak
 * Exiles Nunataks
 * Fallone Nunataks
 * Faraway How
 * Farquharson Nunatak
 * Ferguson Nunataks
 * Fiebelman Nunatak
 * Filson Nunatak
 * Fin Nunatak
 * Florence Nunatak
 * Foltz Nunatak
 * Fomalhaut Nunatak
 * Footscrew Nunatak
 * Fraser Nunatak
 * Friedmann Nunataks
 * Galkin Nunatak
 * Gallen Nunatak
 * Gardner Nunatak
 * Gillett Nunataks
 * George Nunatak
 * Gomez Nunatak
 * Goodwin Nunataks
 * Gootee Nunatak
 * Gora Severny Nunatak
 * Gordon Nunataks
 * Gould Nunataks
 * Gratton Nunatak
 * Grayson Nunatak
 * Gromov Nunataks
 * Gronau Nunataks
 * Grossman Nunataks
 * Guardian Nunatak
 * Haigh Nunatak
 * Half Century Nunatak
 * Half Dome Nunatak
 * Halfway Nunatak
 * Hamner Nunatak
 * Harter Nunatak
 * Harvey Nunataks
 * Haupt Nunatak
 * Henry Nunataks
 * Herrmann Nunatak
 * Heuser Nunatak
 * Heverley Nunataks
 * Holt Nunatak
 * Hopalong Nunatak
 * Horne Nunataks
 * House Nunatak
 * Hutchins Nunataks
 * Jaques Nunatak
 * Jane Peak
 * Jarina Nunatak
 * John Nunatak
 * Johnson Nunataks
 * Jorgensen Nunataks
 * Jutulsessen
 * Kalafut Nunatak
 * Kamenev Nunatak
 * Kenfield Nunatak
 * Kinter Nunatak
 * Kjuklingen Nunatak
 * Klawatti Peak
 * Klinck Nunatak
 * Knight Nunatak
 * Koehler Nunatak
 * Komatsu Nunatak
 * Kozlov Nunataks
 * Krasin Nunataks
 * Krasnaya Nunatak
 * Krigsvold Nunataks
 * Kyle Nunataks
 * Lacroix Nunatak
 * Lands End Nunataks
 * Lang Nunatak
 * Laputa Nunataks
 * Last Cache Nunatak
 * Lawson Nunatak
 * Lawson Nunataks
 * Leach Nunatak
 * Lee Nunatak
 * Lepley Nunatak
 * Lewisohn Nunatak
 * Lilliput Nunataks
 * Lodalskåpa
 * Lonely One Nunatak
 * Lonewolf Nunataks
 * Longs Nunatak
 * López Nunatak
 * Luck Nunatak
 * Luff Nunatak
 * Luhrsen Nunatak
 * McCarthy Nunatak
 * McDaniel Nunatak
 * MacDonald Nunataks
 * McGrath Nunatak
 * McNair Nunatak
 * Maish Nunatak
 * Marcoux Nunatak
 * Marshall Nunatak
 * Martin Nunataks
 * Mathis Nunataks
 * Marujupu Peak
 * Meade Nunatak
 * Meyers Nunatak
 * Miller Nunatak
 * Miller Nunataks
 * Milles Nunatak
 * Mirfak Nunatak
 * Mizar Nunataks
 * Moody Nunatak
 * Moltke Nunataks
 * Moreland Nunatak
 * Morgan Nunataks
 * Morse Nunataks
 * Mulgrew Nunatak
 * Musson Nunatak
 * Neptune Nunataks
 * Névé Nunatak
 * Newman Nunataks
 * Nødtvedt Nunataks
 * Noble Nunatak
 * Nodule Nunatak
 * Nunatakassak
 * Nunatarsuaq
 * Nunatarsuaq (Tasiusaq Bay)
 * Olander Nunatak
 * Olson Nunatak
 * Omega Nunatak
 * Organpipe Nunatak
 * Orsugissap Qaqqarsua
 * Outrider Nunatak
 * Packsaddle Island
 * Papanin Nunataks
 * Pawley Nunataks
 * Pollux Nunatak
 * Potter Nunataks
 * Price Nunatak
 * Queen Louise Land
 * Quest Nunatak
 * Quilty Nunataks
 * R4D Nunatak
 * Ranney Nunatak
 * Rebholz Nunatak
 * Recess Nunatak
 * Rescue Nunatak
 * Reynolds Nunatak
 * Ringed Nunatak
 * Robertson Nunatak
 * Rutland Nunatak
 * Sage Nunataks
 * Salient Nunatak
 * Sanders Nunatak
 * Savin Nunatak
 * Sawyer Nunatak
 * Scheimpflug Nunatak
 * Schloredt Nunatak
 * Schoofs Nunatak
 * Seacatch Nunataks
 * See Nunatak
 * Sevier Nunatak
 * Shelton Nunataks
 * Ship Nunatak
 * Shoemake Nunatak
 * Singleton Nunatak
 * Slusher Nunatak
 * Småhausane Nunataks
 * Smørstabben Nunatak
 * Solitary Nunatak
 * Sonntag Nunatak
 * Spectator Nunatak
 * Stac Pollaidh, formed as a Nunatak
 * Stanford Nunatak
 * Starr Nunatak
 * Static Nunatak
 * Stewart Hills
 * Stinear Nunataks
 * Striated Nunatak
 * Suilven, formed as a Nunatak
 * Svarthamaren Mountain
 * Swarsen Nunatak
 * Swartz Nunataks
 * Symes Nunatak
 * Syningen Nunatak
 * Table Nunatak
 * Taurus Nunataks
 * Teltet Nunatak
 * Temnikow Nunataks
 * Tern Nunatak
 * Tester Nunatak
 * Themis Nunatak
 * Threshold Nunatak
 * Tomandl Nunatak
 * Tommeliten Rock
 * Tomovick Nunatak
 * Toth Nunataks
 * Trillingane Nunataks
 * Trioen Nunataks
 * Trubyatchinskiy Nunatak
 * Tuning Nunatak
 * Turret Nunatak
 * Tuttulikassak
 * Twin Nunataks
 * Utsteinen Nunatak
 * Varney Nunatak
 * Velchev Rock
 * Vesleskarvet
 * Velie Nunatak
 * Vesthaugen Nunatak
 * Vorta Nunatak
 * Vulcan Nunatak
 * Walker Nunatak
 * Wallis Nunataks
 * Walsh Nunatak
 * Wandel Land
 * Ward Nunataks
 * Watkins Range
 * Weather Guesser Nunataks
 * Weikman Nunataks
 * Whichaway Nunataks
 * Whistler Nunatak
 * White Nunataks
 * Wilds Nunatak
 * Willan Nunatak
 * Williams Nunatak
 * Willows Nunatak
 * Windscoop Nunataks
 * Witte Nunataks
 * Wold Nunatak
 * Wyers Nunataks
 * Yingling Nunatak
 * Young Nunataks
 * Zohn Nunataks

title: Nunatak


text:
User:Bryanlharris

This is the Big Ole Bad Wikipedia User Page of Bryan Lloyd Harris; I am at work right now having loads of fun.

title: User:Bryanlharris


text:
User:Chandler2525

I am a college student in Lynchburg, VA. I enjoy history a great deal, and I am especially interested in the empires of the past such as the British and Roman empires.

title: User:Chandler2525


text:
Wikipedia talk:Elections for the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation

Archive
[ Election 2004]

Election 2005
See Election notice translations 2005
 * Interlang links
 * Elections for the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation/interlang
 * All translation list

Bulleted four names look like they're candidates!
I was casually reading the page, and then I saw a bulleted list of four people. And then I thought, "Hey! Are they the candidates?" But then I remembered, "Interested candidates may fill in an entry form on Election candidates 2005 or its subpage(s) starting on 00:00, 2005 June 7 (UTC)", so, of course, they're the people who sent the message!

Had me a bit confused there for a second. ;-) Ambush Commander 19:49, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for your confusion ;-) It is we, the election organizers. The original message has one more line who we are, but Danny seemed to omit it. I don't know why. And candidae will be accepted on meta, not here ;-) -- Aphaea *  05:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * How about the current version, I wish it is improvement. -- Aphaea *  16:16, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks good. If I were picky, I'd replace the comma right before the list with a period, but otherwise, that ending fixes things. Ambush Commander 19:18, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

It still looks confusing to me (maybe it would be better to say above the list that they are "signing" it? Like "Signed,") --cesarb 16:28, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Henri de France

Henri Georges de France (7 September 1911 Paris – 29 April 1986 Paris) was a pioneering French television inventor. His inventions include the 819 line French standard and the SECAM color system. He was also apparently behind the HD-MAC high-definition standard.

On December 6, 1931, De France founded the Compagnie Générale de Télévision in Le Havre, making television sets with a vertical definition of 60 lines. In February 1932, De France made several transmissions over a distance of 7 km from the "Radio-Normandie" station in Fécamp. These signals were received by a few people located over 100 km away. In October 1932, he achieved a definition of 120 lines. In 1956, he patented the SECAM color television system. On October 1, 1967 at 2:15pm CET, la deuxième chaîne switched from black and white to color using SECAM.

De France is interred in Paris (cimetière du Montparnasse).

The public passage near France Télévisions buildings in Paris is named Esplanade Henri de France.

Patents

 * Apparatus for determining a direction, US 2513849, issued 4 July 1950
 * Television device for recording motion pictures thereof, US 2531031, issued 21 November 1950
 * Amplifier system, US 2589542, issued 18 March 1952
 * Communication system between two stations linked by television, US 2637022, issued 28 April 1953
 * Television system, US 2700700, issued 25 January 1955
 * Color television, US 2876278, issued 3 March 1959

title: Henri de France


text:
String Quartet No. 7 (Beethoven)

The String Quartet No. 7 in F major, Op. 59, No. 1, was written by Ludwig van Beethoven and published in 1808. This work is the first of three of his "Rasumovsky" cycle of string quartets.

Overview
This work is the first of three quartets commissioned by prince Andrey Razumovsky, then the Russian ambassador to Vienna. This quartet is the first of Beethoven's middle period quartets and departs in style from his earlier Op. 18 quartets. The most apparent difference is that this quartet is over forty minutes long in a typical performance, whereas most of Beethoven's earlier quartets lasted twenty-five to thirty minutes. Furthermore, this quartet notoriously requires a greatly expanded technical repertoire.

Form
It consists of four movements:

 * 1) Allegro (F major)
 * 2) Allegretto vivace e sempre scherzando (B♭ major)
 * 3) Adagio molto e mesto - attacca (F minor)
 * 4) "Thème Russe": Allegro (F major)

The first movement is in an expansive sonata form, including a fugato in the development and lasting nearly twelve minutes even though it forgoes the then-customary repeat of the exposition. The opening cello melody has its tonality only weakly defined, with the first cadence establishing the key of F major only occurring several bars into the movement.

Another feature of the first movement is the delayed emotional recapitulation. As became one of Beethoven's many tools for emotional manipulation, delaying the grandiosity of the recapitulation for several bars after the establishment of the tonic key allowed Beethoven to heighten expectation of a definitive statement.

While both the majestic slow third movement and the fourth are also in sonata form, the second movement scherzo is formally one of the most unusual movements of Beethoven's middle period, easily classifiable as being also in sonata form.

The final movement is built around a popular Russian theme, likely an attempt to ingratiate the work to its Russian commissioner.

title: String Quartet No. 7 (Beethoven)


text:
Talk:Democratic Revolutionary Party

External links modified
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title: Talk:Democratic Revolutionary Party


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ambition trolling

 * Not that notable to deserve its own article. Dysprosia 00:20, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hmm. Read the talk page.  By "this is a real trolling phenomenon" I think Mike means "me and maybe a few of my friends do this."  I tried google searching and couldn't find any evidence that this exists.  Being an internet phenomenon, it should be on the internet somewhere, but I can't find any mention of it.  You can't imagine how surprised this makes me. Isomorphic 00:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Funny you should say that. I'm as surprised as you are!  Seriously, when I think of the time I've spent lately either on articles of my own or fixing up ones I stumble on that need a little TLC, it steams my fleckmans to see someone wasting bandwidth and hard drive space on something as banal and as useless as this.  Another delete vote for yours truly if you would, Messrs. Admins. And, I'll try and take a look-see a bit later at that troll page. - Lucky 6.9 00:52, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have seen people not of my association involve themselves in this trolling phenomenon. It is not just "me and maybe a few of my friends". Please read my Talk page and my non-stub article before making a decision. I am willing to see this article to be deleted. I am placing the content there (instead of in Internet troll) because I would rather the page Ambition trolling phenomenon be deleted than a massive edit/flame war erupt on Internet troll. In honoring Isomorphic's request: If this page is deleted, I will also remove the link to the deleted page from Internet troll, so no one else needs to. Mike Church 00:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You say this exists. It's on the internet by definition. I invite you to post as many examples here as you can find (ones that weren't created today, please; this is not an invitation to start posting,) or better yet links to a page where people are discussing the phenomenon.  This should be simple if it's even remotely notable. Isomorphic 01:14, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've heard of, and seen, it. I agree with you that it doesn't serve its own article, just as most B-list trollculture phenomena don't, but I'll verify that it exists. P23 01:35, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You have about five days to expand in detail in a meaningful way. Until then, it just looks like vanity, delete. --Ben Brockert 01:09, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, created by notorious vanity poster. RickK 02:36, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete if not substantiated. Looks like a roundabout attempt at a vanity article. -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:28, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like vanity nonsense to me. Delete john 03:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It seems to be just one or perhaps a handful of people causing some very minor mischief at a few websites. Maybe add another sentence or two of detail to the brief mention it gets on Ambition (card game). Everyking 05:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, delink, and otherwise erase. - Fennec 05:04, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Insignificant, unsubstantiated, vanity. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. IMO the whole Ambition thing stinks. Mike Church should abide by the spirit of the policy on autobiography and refrain from commenting on this and similar articles. If they are encyclopedic, they'll get included in time without his help. His involving himself gives them a possibly undeserved stigma. Andrewa 09:42, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Writing posts on your own trolls is simply bad form, especially when the trolling 'phenomenon' seems to be rather, shall we say, confined in its scope. Lord Bob 14:56, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Inside joke that's not encyclopedic. Move to his user page, as with the Hall of Fame, also authored by him. Alcarillo 15:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with User:Dysprosia. P23 01:35, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andris 05:08, May 8, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Harvey Birdman

Harvey Raymond Randall Birdman is a fictional superhero/attorney at law who first appeared on the Hanna-Barbera show Birdman and the Galaxy Trio (1967–1968) as Ray Randall, Birdman, voiced by Keith Andes. After returning as guest host in Space Ghost Coast to Coast (1994–2001; 2001–2004; 2006–2008) as Harvey Birdman, voiced by Scott Finnell, he received a new spin-off solo series in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law (2000–2007), voiced by Gary Cole, depicting his legal career. The character returned as United States Attorney General in Harvey Birdman: Attorney General (2018).

Birdman and the Galaxy Trio
Birdman was an ordinary human who has been endowed by the sun god Ra with the ability to shoot solar rays from his fists and project quasi-solid "solar shields" to defend himself against attacks (Birdman's origin is only vaguely, and only briefly, hinted at during the series. His real name is there given as Raymond "Ray" Randall). After he had acquired his avian—and other—powers, he was recruited by a top-secret government agency, Inter-Nation Security, and now works full-time fighting crime, assisted by his pet eagle, who responds to the name of "Avenger". In addition to the abilities he received from Ra, Birdman also possesses the power of flight, thanks to the giant wings which sprout from his back. It is possible Birdman is fireproof; being forced into an incinerator recharged rather than hurt him. His sole weakness is that he has to recharge his superhuman powers periodically, through exposure either to the sun's rays or to a comparable source of heat and/or light such as a desk lamp (when he was once shrunken to insect proportions) or the aforementioned incinerator, a weakness that is exposed in nearly every episode. His trademark is his battle cry of "Biiiiirdman!!!" whenever he goes into battle.

Space Ghost Coast to Coast
In the 1990s, Cartoon Network decided to base new comedy shows on older characters (although in many cases, that simply meant creating a more or less original character sharing their basic name and appearance). Their earliest show of this style was Space Ghost Coast to Coast, where Birdman appeared in five episodes, voiced by Scott Finnell. On the show, he was portrayed comically; depressed, out-of-work and desperate for money. Birdman hosted the show in the episodes "Pilot" and "Sequel", and was fired on both occasions. It was here revealed, contradicting the original Birdman show, that his first name was Harvey. "Harvey Birdman" was the name that writer Evan Dorkin came up with.

Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
Birdman later got his own show, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, now voiced by Gary Cole. In the show, Harvey is a defense attorney, and his clients are generally classic Hanna-Barbera characters given new roles (Fred Flintstone appears, for example, as a mafia don, and Boo-Boo Bear is accused in one episode of being a mad bomber). Many of Birdman's former associates and enemies appear on the show in supporting roles (the character Reducto, now given the first name Myron, regularly appears as a prosecuting attorney, and Mentok the Mind-Taker judges cases from late Season One onward). Instead of being a clever superhero, this version of Birdman is portrayed as a semi-competent, bungling lawyer, although among the show's increasingly outlandish cast of characters, he is often the straight man. In the series finale, "The Death of Harvey Birdman", he returns to his superheroing ways, defeating an old enemy before being suddenly hit with a bus and killed.

Other appearances
Harvey Birdman, along with Space Ghost, appeared in the background in multiple scenes of the Season 4 episode of The Powerpuff Girls titled "Members Only".

Harvey Birdman appeared in the Villainous episode "BH's Bizzare Bad-Venture".

Birdman is briefly pictured in the Jellystone! episode "Epic Rager", where he is implied to have died as seen in Attorney at Law.

title: Harvey Birdman


text:
Talk:Viktor Abakumov

Russian language
ii and ij in Informatsii and lavrentij are different things in russian. It is no place to teach you the Russian language here, you have just to believe. Mikkalai 00:54, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Since there is no Wikipedia standard transliteration for Cyrillic I guess you can spell things any way you want. I'd rather you didn't follow me round changing my spellings, since one is as good as another for English-language readers. Adam 01:02, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I understand that my edit might look like nitpicking. Did I follow you much lately? for English reader the fkfgk7i will just the same, so why bother at all? Still, this case is a quite different from usual conflicts in russian name transliterations. Mikkalai 01:07, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

What is fkfgk7i? Why is this case quite different? Adam 01:37, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * (1) fkfgk7i is a joke.
 * (2) There are two reasons.
 * (2.1.) 'ii' in Informatsii is not a diphthong; tsi-i are two distinguishable syllables, the second i rendering a "special", "yotified" i, similar to the sounds rendered by letters ya (cyrillic) and yu (cyrillic). A stricter transliteration would be "tsiyi" or at least "tsyi". While 'iy' (ий) in lavrentiy is a diphthong, rendered as y or i, unless.
 * (2.2) The letter 'y' is also used to render the Russian 'Ы', which is quite different, and in our case it is totally different (unless you give a shit for this russian katakana).

 * With proper names the story is quite different. Some transliterations are matter of tradition, under the historical influences of French, Polish, and German and today, English. In these cases I absolutely don't care and will never edit your version, unless there is a really long tradition. Mikkalai 02:10, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Also, if you want to be really useful, why don't you propose a Wikpedia standard for Cyrillic transliteration to help people like me who want to write on Russian/Soviet topics? For example I can spell Будённый at least a dozen ways in English (Budenny Budenni Budennii Budenniy Budienny Budienni Budiennii Budienniy Budyenny Budyenni Budyennii Budyenniy Budёnny Budёnni Budёnnii Budёnniy Budyonny Budyonni Budyonnii Budyonniy Boodjonnyj). Adam 01:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Talk to you in 2-3 hours. Mikkalai 02:10, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

After the war he controlled the Soviet foreign espionage network known as the Information Committee (Komitet Informatsii or KI. KI is a fiction by Aleksandr Zinoviev. See "Gomo Sovieticus".

(?) - Abakumov never controlled the KI, he was in charge (not directly) of foreign espionage as a head of MGB in 1946

Little

 * There is very little in the main article about Abakumov's back-ground. The reason he was a supporter of Beria is not clear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.139.209.191 (talk) 14:39, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Spelling

 * Ogolcov's name is sometimes spelled "Ogoltsov".

Marriage?
Did Viktor Abakumov have a wife at any point? There is next to nothing about his personal life. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.162.88.243 (talk) 18:16, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Armenian
wikipedia.pl: He was of Armenian (and Jewish ?) origin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.168.177.92 (talk) 21:26, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

SPY INFOBOX ????
The men was never a spy or intelligence official or officer!! The men never was outside USSR. Ones in Berlin may 1945.

So why the info box SPY?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ataman (talk • contribs) 16:18, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:06, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Abakumov VS.jpg

title: Talk:Viktor Abakumov


text:
Talk:Fayette

Untitled
Complete list for US from maps.yahoo.com: FAYETTE, AL, FAYETTE, CA, FAYETTE, CO, FAYETTE, IL, FAYETTE, IN, FAYETTE, IA, FAYETTE, ME, FAYETTE, MI, FAYETTE, MS, FAYETTE, MO, FAYETTE, NY, FAYETTE, ND, FAYETTE, OH, FAYETTE, PA, FAYETTE, UT, FAYETTE, WA, FAYETTE, WV, FAYETTE, WI

title: Talk:Fayette


text:
Ronald Wayne

Ronald Gerald Wayne (born May 17, 1934) is an American retired electronics industry business executive. He co-founded Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) as a partnership with Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs on April 1, 1976, providing administrative oversight and documentation for the new venture. Twelve days later, he sold his 10% share of the new company back to Jobs and Wozniak for US$800, and one year later accepted a final US$1500 to forfeit any potential future claims against the newly incorporated Apple.

Early life and education
Wayne was born in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, on May 17, 1934. He trained as a technical draftsman at the School of Industrial Art High School in New York City.

Career
In 1956, aged 22, he moved to California. In 1971, Wayne started his first business designing and manufacturing slot machines. This venture failed within its first year of operation.

Atari (1973–1976)
As Senior Designer, Wayne established the official documentation and materials control systems at Atari. This sophisticated cataloging and inventory tracking system dramatically improved Atari's manufacturing efficiency and eliminated substantial losses attributable to lost, duplicated, and mis-filed raw materials required to fabricate final complete video game systems. The documentation system included operating instructions, circuit diagrams, and cabinet designs for all arcade games sold by Atari. As product development manager, he designed video game enclosures and led development of games such as Gran-Track Racing. His Atari tenure ended following the Warner Communications acquisition.

Apple (1976–1977)
In 1976, Wayne was well respected for his sophisticated and comprehensive internal corporate documentation systems at the three-year-old Atari. There, he met coworkers Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. To assist in mediation of one of their typically intense discussions about the design of computers and the future of the industry, Wayne invited the pair to his home to facilitate and advise them. In the ensuing two-hour conversation about technology and business, Jobs proposed the founding of a computer company led by Wozniak and himself. The two would each hold a 45% stake so that Wayne could receive a 10% stake to act as a tie-breaker in their decisions. As the venture's self-described "adult in the room" at age 41, Wayne drafted the original partnership agreement, and the three founded Apple Computer on April 1, 1976. Wayne created the first illustrations of the Apple logo (known as Apple Newton). He also wrote the Apple I Operations Manual.

Wayne's attitude concerning business was already risk-averse following his experience five years prior with the "very traumatic" failure of his slot machine business, the debts from which he had spent one year repaying. Jobs secured a US$15,000 line of credit to purchase materials needed to fabricate Apple's first order placed by The Byte Shop, a business with a reputation as a notoriously slow-paying vendor. This created great anxiety in Wayne concerning his personal financial exposure. Legally, all members of a partnership are personally responsible for any debts incurred by any partner; unlike Jobs and Wozniak, then 21 and 25, Wayne had already acquired a sizable amount of personal assets that potential creditors could possibly seize. Furthermore, his passion was in original product engineering and in slot machines, and not in the documentation systems Jobs and Wozniak expected him to manage, possibly indefinitely at Apple. Believing he was "standing in the shadow of giants" of product-design and eager to shield himself from financial exposure, he exited the company. "Twelve days after Wayne created the document that formally created Apple, he returned to the county registrar's office filing an amendment formally withdrawing his name and involvement in the company". Wayne was later paid US$800 in exchange for relinquishing his equity stake in the company. The exact timeframe of this exit has been disputed by Steve Wozniak, who in an interview said that Wayne left the company after a few months.

Wayne has stated in the decades that followed, he does not regret selling his share of the company, as he made the "best decision based on the information available at the time". He said he had truly believed that the Apple enterprise "would be successful, but at the same time there could be significant bumps along the way and I couldn't risk it. I had already had a rather unfortunate business experience. I was getting too old and those two men were whirlwinds. It was like having a tiger by the tail. I couldn't keep up with these guys." Although Apple ended up at one point becoming the most valuable company in the world, he said that given the risks and stress of staying with Apple he "probably would have wound up the richest man in the cemetery."

Contributions

 * The internal system documentation and inventory tracking systems Wayne developed for Atari were immediately adapted for use by Apple.
 * The first company logo, known as Apple Newton, was crafted by Wayne.
 * The original Apple I prototype system was constructed using wire wrap technology, linking the microprocessor and individual circuit components together. Ronald created the detailed printed circuit drawings contained in the Apple-1 Operations Manual.
 * The detailed printed circuit drawings enabled external creation of the final printed circuit board artwork and fabrication of mass quantities of printed circuit boards, or motherboards.  Motherboards were essential for the new enterprise to mass produce consumer ready Apple I computer systems.
 * Ronald created the Apple-1 Operations Manual, providing initial consumers with detailed instructions needed for assembly and operation of this new home computing appliance that, in 1976, had no specifically defined purposes.
 * Apple I initially had no formal electronics enclosure or console. Some purchasers improvised using large briefcases as an informal enclosure. For the Apple II, it was necessary to evolve and create a very efficient and effective case to enclose and protect system components.
 * To streamline the profile, reduce footprint space and cost, and to eliminate system assembly and system component connections, he devised and implemented a novel horizontally mounted motherboard. This new orientation allows the monitor to be positioned atop the computer enclosure while allowing as many of the individual components to fit within the single console compartment.

After Apple
Shortly after leaving Apple, Wayne resisted Jobs's attempts to get him to return, remaining at Atari until 1978, when he joined Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and later Thor Electronics, an electronics manufacturing company in Salinas, California.

In the late 1970s, Wayne ran a stamp shop in Milpitas, California, for a short time. After several break-ins, he transferred his stamp operations to his home.

Steve Jobs approached him again as a business contact for Apple, but Wayne refused to forward Jobs's proposal to purchase a friend's company. Wayne believed that his friend should retain ownership of the company, supplying this technology to Apple under exclusive license instead of selling the business. Wayne later expressed regret for interfering with this decision instead of allowing the negotiations to be made directly between the parties.

Media
Wayne appeared in the documentary Welcome to Macintosh in 2008, where he describes some of his early experiences with Jobs and Wozniak.

In July 2011, Wayne published a memoir titled Adventures of an Apple Founder. His plan for initial exclusivity on the Apple Books store did not materialize.

Wayne wrote and released a socioeconomic treatise titled Insolence of Office, released on October 1, 2011.

title: Ronald Wayne


text:
Talk:Ronald Wayne

Lost faith
"soon lost faith in the company and sold his stock for $900", linked source at http://news.com.com/2009-1023-259624.html says $800, is this value more likely correct?

hey $800 was a lot of money back then —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.182.92.74 (talk) 20:49, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Who Is Ronald Wayne?
I was a Bay Area business reporter in the 1980s and know the history of Apple as well as anyone could. Apple was founded by Jobs, Woz and Markkula. No Wayne was ever in the company. We need to delete this bogus article. George415 (talk) 20:06, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Have you read the sources provided in the article? What facts do you dispute? -- Zim Zala Bim talk  22:39, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

I dispute the contention that Ronald Wayne co-founded Apple Computer. As I said, all the "history of Apple" books list Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Mike Markkula as the company's founders. Therefore, the article is bogus. Right? Shouldn't we delete a bogus article? George415 (talk) 18:55, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * So far we have as sources:
 * - CNet
 * - a 1999 book by Owen W. Linzmayer (4.5 stars on Amazon.com, with a 5-star rating by Jef Raskin, which begins "Of all the books written on Apple's history, this one comes closest to accurately relating the story of how the Mac was created"), and
 * - Woz himself, on his own website, in answer to a direct question about Wayne
 * I think that's enough to convince most people that this is not "bogus". You'd need some pretty strong evidence (not just omission in other books) to convince me that Mr. Wayne wasn't the third cofounder.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.71.175.177 (talk) 01:37, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The reason why they didn't view him as a co-founder was because he had no share in the company (as he had sold all his shares "only two weeks later") and as to Mike Markkula - he was probably the one who bought them all
 * The guy who started this section is just a little confused, that's all. "Mike Markkula was introduced to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak when they were looking for funding to manufacture the Apple II personal computer they had developed, after having sold some units of the first version of this computer, the Apple I. With this guidance and funding, Apple ceased to be a partnership and was incorporated as a company." --Fresh Start (talk) 10:13, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ronald Wayne was one of the three original founders of Apple as a partnership, but he left soon afterwards. Mike Markkula joined as employee no 3 of Apple Inc.  Apple Inc succeeded Apple partnership.  FreeFlow99 (talk) 10:48, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

He claimed that he didn't regret selling the stock
"He claimed that he didn't regret selling the stock" - translation: "He does" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.133.74.225 (talk) 05:28, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The full quote is
 * he had more to lose than the others so he doesn't regret it as it was an intelligent decision that anyone with a smidgen of intelligence would have made  at the time  --Fresh Start (talk) 10:13, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Quote?
What's the Wikipedia citation policy on quotes? "He holds a dozen patents, but has never had enough capital to make money off any of them" is basically directly copied from the source #8. 98.182.39.84 (talk) 22:30, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Ownership of Apple products
I've reverted all the recent changes regarding Wayne's ownership of Apple products. Up until recently, this was true. But as the recent edits have noted, he was given an iPad at the Update conference. I have no reason to doubt this. But Wikipedia reports only things which are verifiable according to a reliable source. A photo on Instagram isn't enough to source a claim like this. If the gift at the conference is reported in a third-party reliable source, then it can be included.

But this presents us with an interesting issue: if he does now own an Apple product, then the earlier reports that he doesn't are no longer valid even though reliably sourced. So in order to abide by WP:RS, I've removed both the claim that he doesn't and that he does until we get a reliable source. I'm perfectly amenable to changing my view and if anyone wants to argue that the photo is a reliable source, I'll happily defer to consensus. —Tom Morris (talk) 08:59, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

What was he?
According to the Wikipedia MoS, we should begin the article with So-and-so is an American engineer, banker, baker, butcher, etc. This article starts with what he did, not what he is. I know he's retired, but was he an engineer or something else? I can infer entrepreneur, but what else? — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 19:53, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

$2,300
The $2,300 is for two things a year apart. $800 is to give up his shares. $1,500 is to agree not to sue to get them back. Two different things.--Tenebrae (talk) 20:58, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

 * And it looks like Ylee and I reached a middle ground that addresses both our concerns. All good. --Tenebrae (talk) 21:00, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

Clear History film inspiration?
Does anyone know if his life was part of the inspiration for the HBO film Clear History? There are definitely some parallels. Coinmanj (talk) 17:03, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronald Wayne


text:
Talk:Texas sharpshooter fallacy

lightning
The second example seems to be inappropriate, since walking in the storm does, in fact, increase your chances of becoming a ground for lightning. Does anyone agree that we should change it? Cluster

Sure, if you can think of a better example. Maybe "There have been three plane crashes in the last month, so I'm cancelling my flight." or "There have been three burgleries by Chinese gangs recently, so all Chinese people must be crooks." (note to the hard of thinking: the two quotes above are presented as examples of fallacy.) Zeimusu
 * But "There have been three plane crashes in the last month, so I'm cancelling my flight." can be perfectly reasonable logic. It does not attempt to lay blame on something unrelated, since it doesn't judge in the least.  Since planes are such complex machines, it's virtually impossible to rule out a potential cause.  Let's see... "I saw four cats on my way to work, but five cats on the way back; they must be multiplying."  What do you think? Cluster 21:51, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

language
The definition is oh so technically correct. But... was this written by a professor of legalese for mathematicians? Is it really the sort of language that's appropriate for a cooperative dictionary for the public? --Farry 15:33, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I've just revisited this 10 years later, and my above comment is no longer true. Somewhere in the previous 10 years, it's been replaced with reasonably clear language.Farry (talk) 17:28, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

Counterexamples
I find the "counterexamples" section extremely unclear. It is extremely convoluted and unclear, to the point where I can barely discern its relevance (if any) to the rest of the article. Furthermore, what is meant by a "statistical-based facts?" Does the author mean "statistically significant relationships?" SH

Citations needed?
Is all of this original work? It shouldn't be... 82.235.98.252 (talk) 19:17, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

suggest removing Joe and Jane example
The second example, about Joe winning the raffle, seems erroneous to me. Obviously if Jane said there was "no way" Joe could have won by chance, she'd be wrong, but that's just hyperbole, not the fallacy the article is about. More realistically, Jane would have said that Joe's winning was so improbable that he probably cheated. Whether or not that's reasonable depends on Jane's prior probability for Joe successfully rigging the raffle. We could get into that in the article, but it doesn't have much to do with the article's subject, so I think we should remove this example instead. --Allen (talk) 03:39, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed. --Allen (talk) 05:37, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Related Fallacies
The second fallacy, frequency of leukemia in towns A and B, seems too weak an example, since it depends on the italicized "must." Indeed it seems that the town with higher frequency of leukemia has a higher chance of having something wrong with it - cf "nonexample: unknown probabilities." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.251.89.29 (talk) 07:44, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Language - again
The fallacy does not apply if one had an ex ante, or prior, expectation of the particular relationship in question before examining the data... This extensive paragraph could really do with an example or two to clarify it, but I cannot supply one myself, having come to the article in order to learn about the concept detailed therein. Centrepull (talk) 09:14, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Clarity
I have to say that this article didn't really help me understand what the Texas sharpshooter fallacy is exactly. I can't be sure whether that is caused by my inability to read for comprehension or by the collective authors' inability to write for comprehension. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.125.232.127 (talk) 14:05, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Original research
As the above comment of May 2008 points out, this all seems to be original research: only the first paragraph has any references. I've tagged it until someone can come up with some suitable sources for the article ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 18:35, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Recent Tim Tebow, 316 events
Would this count? Tebow threw for 316 yards, fourth quarter ratings were apparently 3.16, and he used to put John 3:16 on his cheeks in college football. People then claim it's a sign from God. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.155.73.151 (talk) 23:28, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Name
Where does the name "Texas sharpshooter" come from? 128.237.203.40 (talk) 19:48, 20 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The second paragraph of this article says "The name comes from a joke about a Texan who fires some gunshots at the side of a barn, then paints a target centered on the biggest cluster of hits and claims to be a sharpshooter." --McGeddon (talk) 19:55, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Definition is overbroad
The fallacy is aptly described by the vivid metaphor of the Texas sharpshooter, which is nicely explained in the text. But here is the formal definition in the first two sentences of the article: ''The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy which is committed when differences in data are ignored, but similarities are stressed. From this reasoning a false conclusion is inferred.''

This is so general, it sounds like a patent application. You'd never be able to guess the actual meaning from this loose goose. How about: ''The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy which is committed when the hypothesis to be tested is chosen post-hoc, after all the data has been collected. This appears to give the hypothesis a predictive power it doesn't really have.''

Or something in this direction 129.132.209.90 (talk) 23:17, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

I found the joke!
It was driving me crazy that this article claims "The name comes from a joke about a Texan who fires some gunshots at the side of a barn, then paints a target centered on the biggest cluster of hits and claims to be a sharpshooter" -- and yet I couldn't find anyone actually attempting to tell it as a joke. The two footnotes only link to sources which also claim in one sentence that it is based on a joke, but they do not tell a joke either. I found an example on Quora asking "How does the Texas Sharpshooter joke actually go?", but nobody answered it. (Yet. I might reply after posting this.)

Anyway, after some digging, I finally found a real life joke attributed to an edition of "Jewish Currents" from 1977. The source still doesn't link any proof, but it sounds legit. I'm wondering if this is a useful addition to the article at all? I am tempted to quote it verbatim, but I could just add another footnote instead.

 * From barrypopik.com:
 * Google Books
 * Jewish Currents
 * Volume 31
 * 1977
 * Pg. 31:
 * “Along the road he stopped at a village to rest his mount. He sat down under a tree—and right there in front of him was the side of a big barn. He couldn’t believe his eyes. That whole side of the barn was covered with little circles, drawn with chalk, and in the center of each circle was a bullet hole! He jumped up in amazement. Who is this sharpshooter around here who never misses? Maybe they could have a little contest while he was here.

 * “So he knocked on the door of the farmhouse and asked if they knew who the marksman was. Yes, they did. They brought him a barefoot boy of about twelve. ‘Here he is, Your Excellency, our son the sharpshooter!’ Of course, the prince was surprised. He asked the boy, Tell me, young fellow, how do you manage to hit the bullseye all the time? Here, look at all these medals. I’ve just finished five years of training and even I couldn’t hit the target every single time.’

 * “‘Oh,’ said the boy, ‘there’s nothing to it. I just like to shoot. So I shoot at the side of the barn and then I take the piece of chalk and draw a circle around the hole.’”

--Kazim27 (talk) 17:04, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Good find. The Popik website actually includes a link to the Google Books archive of Jewish Currents, so we could use that source directly. --McGeddon (talk) 17:32, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Cultural appropriation?
Can we name this article the Maggid Fallacy instead? The source is the Dubner Maggid, from the 18th century. He was an Aesoplike rabbi, and this is probably his most famous story about how he found such appropriate stories. It was a child archer in the original version, with an arrow in each bullseye. 2A01:73C0:501:4BAA:6471:B46A:905E:6C60 (talk) 18:50, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Negative. No reliable sources use this term, and Wikipedia is not a venue for advancing political correctness. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 00:50, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Fair enough. Can a section on the Maggid be added to the article as the originator? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:73C0:500:A634:D51C:8C1B:AC48:EF93 (talk) 06:12, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Childhood Leukaemia Example
I suggest the example of Power Lines and childhood Leukaemia is removed. A recent meta-analysis has found a statistically significant link here https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251628 AmbientTennis (talk) 11:44, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I now looked very briefly at both the source originally given by Editor2020 (here, in 2015) and the one by AmbientTennis.  The former (still the only given source) is from the printout of some TV programme; the latter from a serious-looking research article.  The TV link is relevant to the extent that it explicitly discusses in terms of the Texas sharpshooter fallacy.  However, the criticism is not even reported as decisive for the US policy; although it indeed is for the Swedish.
 * My conclusion is this: I'd like to see the example remain, but only as sourced adequately (which it now isn't). If so, I also think that the Corean metastudy could be referenced, provided that it is not refuted in a relevant manner, since its publication.  The point is this: If the example could be sourced adequately, it should be included as an example of the fallacy, whether or not later non-fallacious investigations confirmed its findings; but if there indeed has been such confirmation, then this also should be mentioned (in order not to give a false impression that there are no health risks involved).  I suspect that the original investigation process indeed was fallacious in the way described; which in that case means that it neither would confirm, nor refute, the correlation between living within relatively strong magnetic fields an a slightly increased risk of childhood leukemia.  The study would still remain fallacious, independently of whether such a correlation later has been confirmed or refuted by statistically relevant later investigations. JoergenB (talk) 20:28, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Fallacy?
I reverted your addition of Paul the Octopus to the section Texas sharpshooter fallacy. My reason was that I found nothing in our article about Paul indicating or even vaguely suggesting that the presented report on his abilities to divinate the outcome of these football matches was fallacious in any manner; except a very brief discussion on whether Paul possibly could have recognised the different flags stuck at the various food containers, which was concluded with a refutation based on the "fact" that Paul (an Octopus vulgaris) probably were colour blind, since a research articled had concluded that so almost certainly the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis would be.

In short: I very strongly believe that Paul had no true occult (European) football match outcome divination power. I can come up with several guesses about what kinds of fallacies were involved in this story. However, since the linked article (in its present version) does not propose any likely kind of fallacy, we should not (now) include a link to it under the heading Related fallacies. Regards, JoergenB (talk) 19:23, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Texas sharpshooter fallacy


text:
Me and My Girl

Me and My Girl is a musical with music by Noel Gay and its original book and lyrics by Douglas Furber and L. Arthur Rose. The story, set in the late 1930s, tells of an unapologetically unrefined Cockney gentleman named Bill Snibson, who learns that he is the 14th heir to the Earl of Hareford. The action is set in Hampshire, and in Mayfair and Lambeth in London.

The musical had a successful original run in the West End in 1937, and was turned into a film in 1939, titled The Lambeth Walk, named after one of the show's songs. "The Lambeth Walk" was also the subject of a news story in The Times of October 1938: "While dictators rage and statesmen talk, all Europe dances – to The Lambeth Walk." The production also included the song "The Sun Has Got His Hat On".

After returning to the West End briefly in 1952, the musical's book received a revision by Stephen Fry with Mike Ockrent in the 1980s. The show was revised again and revived in the West End in 1984, where it received two Laurence Olivier Awards and ran for eight years. The same production was revived on Broadway in 1986 for a three-year run. The production won three of 11 Tony Award nominations.

Production history
Me and My Girl originally opened on the West End at the Victoria Palace Theatre on 16 December 1937 and starred Lupino Lane. Lane had previously played Bill Snibson in a horseracing comedy play, Twenty to One, that opened in 1935. Me and My Girl was conceived as a fresh vehicle for the character. At first attracting little notice, the production gained success after a matinee performance was broadcast live on BBC radio following the cancellation of a sporting event. In May 1939, a performance was televised live from the theatre, one of the first such broadcasts; it was rebroadcast that July. The original West End production ran for 1,646 performances.

The musical was revived in 1941, 1945 and 1949 in the West End. Lupino Lane starred and directed each production, with choreography by Fred Leslie. In the 1980s, the book was revised by Stephen Fry and Mike Ockrent. This version included the song "Leaning on a Lamp-post".

In 1984, another revised production opened at the Leicester Haymarket Theatre with a revised script by Fry and contributions by director Mike Ockrent. It transferred to the Adelphi Theatre on 12 February 1985 and closed on 16 January 1993 after an eight-year run and 3,303 performances. It starred Robert Lindsay as Bill Snibson, Emma Thompson as Sally Smith, and Frank Thornton as Sir John. The production won two Olivier Awards: Musical of the Year and Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Musical (Robert Lindsay). Cast changes included Gary Wilmot, Les Dennis, Enn Reitel and Karl Howman as Bill, and Bonnie Langford, Su Pollard, Louise English, Jessica Martin and Lorraine Chase as Sally. Thornton was succeeded by Nicholas Smith and Patrick Cargill. The production subsequently toured throughout Britain.

The same production opened on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre on 10 August 1986 and closed on 31 December 1989, after 1,420 performances. Directed by Ockrent with choreography by Gillian Gregory, the cast starred Robert Lindsay and Maryann Plunkett, with George S. Irving and Jane Connell. The production was nominated for 13 Tony Awards in 11 categories and won for Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Choreography. Jim Dale succeeded Lindsay in the lead role of Bill and Ellen Foley succeeded Plunkett as Sally. Lady Jacqueline Carstone was originated by Jane Summerhays, with subsequent performances in the role by Dee Hoty and Janet Aldrich, among others. Irving was succeeded on Broadway by Jay Garner in the role of Sir John Tremayne. Tim Curry played Bill for one year in the US tour that began in October 1987.

Numerous productions have been staged over the years across the UK. In 1997, for example, it was staged at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre for a limited run. A 70th anniversary production had an eight-month British tour during 2006, and the show also played at Sheffield Theatres in 2010.

The Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada, staged a production directed by Ashlie Corcoran and featuring Michael Therriault as Bill and Kristi Frank as Sally, which ran from April through October 2017. An Encores! staged concert in May 2018 starred Christian Borle and Laura Michelle Kelly as Bill and Sally. Warren Carlyle directed and choreographed. The musical was revived at Chichester Festival Theatre from July to August 2018, directed by Daniel Evans and starring Matt Lucas as Bill and Caroline Quentin as the Duchess of Deane.

Plot
Setting: London, in and around Hareford Hall, Hampshire; Mayfair and Lambeth in the later 1930s.

The Harefords, a family of haughty aristocrats, are seeking the legitimate heir to the title of Earl of Hareford. Bill Snibson, a Cockney from Lambeth, is found and named as the long-lost "Earl of Hareford". It seems that the 13th Earl had secretly and briefly wed a girl from a bad neighbourhood. However, Bill's rough Cockney ways do not satisfy the Will of the last Earl: in order to gain his inheritance of the title and estate, Bill must satisfy the very proper executors (Maria, Duchess of Dene, and Sir John Tremayne) by learning gentlemanly manners. The Duchess thinks that she can make Bill "fit and proper", but not his Cockney girlfriend, Sally Smith. The Duchess plans a party in Bill's honour, but Sally is not to be invited. Sir John tells Sally that she and Bill ought to return to Lambeth, but he is moved by Sally's heartfelt declaration of love for Bill ("Once You Lose Your Heart").
 * Act I

At the party, Bill puts on airs and tries to please his new-found upper-class lawyers, family and servants, but his everyman roots quickly begin to show. Sally shows up in inappropriate garb, with her Lambeth friends, saying that she is going back to where she belongs. Bill seconds this at first, but then teaches the nobility "The Lambeth Walk".

Bill must make a speech in the House of Lords in coronet and "vermin"-trimmed peer's robes. Sally leaves, telling him to marry someone with good blood, and, in a scene inspired by Gilbert and Sullivan's Ruddigore, the portraits of Bill's ancestors awaken to remind him of his noblesse oblige. Bill and Sally have gained an ally in Sir John, who offers to help them by engaging a speech professor (implied to be Henry Higgins from Pygmalion) to help Sally impress the Duchess.
 * Act II

Bill constantly bemoans his separation from Sally. Preparing another party for Bill, the Duchess realises how much Sally means to him. This puts her in a romantic mood, and she accepts an offer of marriage from Sir John. Bill, dressed in his old outrageous Cockney clothes, declares that he's going home and goes upstairs to pack. Just then, Sally astonishes everyone by arriving in an elegant gown and tiara and speaking with a perfect upper-crust accent. When Bill returns downstairs, Sally conceals her identity; when she reveals it, Bill is relieved and the couple gain the acceptance of the family.

Musical numbers
Based on the 1986 Broadway production

 * Act 1
 * A Weekend at Hareford – Ensemble
 * Thinking of No-One But Me – Lady Jaqueline Carstone and The Hon. Gerald Bolingbroke
 * The Family Solicitor – Herbert Parchester and The Family
 * Me and My Girl – Bill Snibson and Sally Smith
 * An English Gentleman – Charles Hethersett and Staff
 * You Would If You Could – Lady Jaqueline and Bill
 * Hold My Hand – Bill, Sally and Dancers
 * Once You Lose Your Heart – Sally
 * Preparation Fugue – The Company
 * The Lambeth Walk – Bill, Sally and The Company

 * Act 2
 * The Sun Has Got His Hat On* – The Hon. Gerald Bolingbroke, Lady Jaqueline and Ensemble (*not written for this musical; dates from 1932)
 * Take It on the Chin – Sally
 * Once You Lose Your Heart (Reprise) – Sally
 * Song of Hareford – Duchess Maria, Bill and Ensemble
 * Love Makes the World Go Round – Bill and Sir John Tremayne
 * Leaning on a Lamp-post* – Bill and Ensemble (*not written for this musical; dates from 1937)
 * If Only You Had Cared for Me – Sir John and Duchess Maria
 * Finale – The Company

Characters

 * Bill Snibson – a cockney costermonger who inherits Lord Hareford's land and titles
 * Sally Smith – Bill's sweetheart
 * Maria, Duchess of Dene – an intimidating aristocrat, Bill's aunt
 * Sir John Tremayne – an older gentleman, who is kind to Sally and Bill, and in love with the Duchess
 * Lady Jacqueline (Jaquie) Carstone – a vamp who pursues Bill
 * The Hon Gerald Bolingbroke – a foppish young man in love with Jacquie
 * Herbert Parchester – the family solicitor
 * Sir Jasper Tring – an elderly and hard-of-hearing nobleman
 * Charles, the Butler – a manservant
 * Lord and Lady Battersby — other members of the family
 * Mrs Brown – Sally's landlady
 * Bob Barking – a friend of Bill and Sally
 * Aristocrats, servants and Cockneys

Film adaptation
In 1939, the play was turned into a film directed by Albert de Courville. Lane reprised his stage role of Snibson. The film took its name from the well-known song and dance. The film was a largely faithful adaptation of the musical and was commercially successful and popular with critics.

title: Me and My Girl


text:
Iroquois kinship

Iroquois kinship (also known as bifurcate merging) is a kinship system named after the Haudenosaunee people, also known as the Iroquois, whose kinship system was the first one described to use this particular type of system. Identified by Lewis Henry Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Iroquois system is one of the six major kinship systems (Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese).

Kinship system
The system has both classificatory and descriptive terms. In addition to gender and generation, Iroquois kinship also distinguishes 'same-sex' and 'cross-sex' parental siblings: the brothers of Ego's (the subject from whose perspective the kinship is based) father, and the sisters of Ego's mother, are referred to by the same parental kinship terms used for Ego's Father and Mother. The sisters of Ego's father, and the brothers of Ego's mother, on the other hand, are referred to by non-parental kinship terms, commonly translated into English as "Aunt" and "Uncle".

The children of one's parents' same-sex siblings, i.e. parallel cousins, are referred to by sibling kinship terms. The children of Aunts or Uncles, i.e. cross cousins, are not considered siblings, and are referred to by kinship terms commonly translated into English as "cousin". In some systems, the kinship terms applied to cross-cousins are the same as those applied to brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, due to preferential marriage practices (see below).

Marriage
Ego (the subject from whose perspective the kinship is based) is encouraged to marry his cross-cousins but discouraged or prohibited from marrying his parallel cousins. In many societies with Iroquois kinship terminologies, the preferred marriage partners include not only first cousins (mother's brother's children and father's sister's children), but more remote relatives who are also classified as cross-cousins by the logic of the kinship system. Preferential cross-cousin marriage can be useful in reaffirming alliances between unilineal lineages or clans.

Usage
The term Iroquois comes from the six Iroquois tribes of northeastern North America. Another aspect of their kinship was that the six tribes all had matrilineal systems, in which children were born into the mother's clan and gained status through it. Women controlled some property, and hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line. A woman's eldest brother was more important as a mentor to her children than their father, who was always of a different clan.

"Iroquois tradition had the lineage of the clan or tribe traced through the mother's side. However, the amount of power women held in the tribe decreased with time due to the American revolution." (Lappas, Thomas).

Some groups in other countries also happen to be independently organized for kinship by the Iroquois system. It is commonly found in unilineal descent groups. These include:
 * 1) The Anishinaabe of North America, who include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Mississauga, Ojibwe, Saulteaux, Odawa and Potawatomi peoples. Many of these people were traditional neighbors to the Iroquois, but they spoke languages of the Algonquian family.

Other populations found to have the Iroquois system are
 * 1) Most of the Bantu-speaking cultures of Eastern and Southern sub-Saharan Africa — see Sesotho kinship for an example.
 * 2) Many Melanesian societies.

South India and Sri Lanka
Some communities in South India use the kinship tradition described above.

Melanesia
Many of the cultures of Vanuatu use this type of kinship system. In Bislama (Vanuatu pidgin), paternal uncles and maternal aunts are referred to as smol papa "small father" and smol mama "small mother" respectively.

title: Iroquois kinship


text:
Talk:Authorial intent

Opening heading
This article, as it stands, is not an encyclopedia article. It's more of a deconstructionist tract.

 * By which, I presume you mean that it makes no gosh-darn sense? Anville 10:08, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It is flatulent and pretentious. Esedowns (talk) 22:00, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

A more in-depth discussion of Wimsatt and Beardsley is warranted (I wish I was more qualified to carry it out)... in particular, it's important to acknowledge the historical modes of criticism they were reacting against. Another important note: Wimsatt and Beardsley, two of the leading critics of intentionality in interpretation, don't say it's "irrelevant" or "useless," as the article suggests. The intentionality debate, as they frame it, asks: "Should authorial intent be the authoritative interpretation of a text?" W & B's answer is, "No, authorial intent should just be one of a number of valid interpretations." i don't care what you say all i need is the definition —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.2.209.246 (talk) 23:34, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 07:03, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Authorial intentionality → Authorial intent — Both terms are used, but "authorial intent" is far more common. Recury (talk) 19:58, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support per nom. Also, I've never seen the word "intentionality" before, but it is awful. Propaniac (talk) 20:14, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

citations needed
The sentence beginning: "The unfortunate side effect is that this view strips the artist of all value; it implies that only the product of their creation is of any importance" does not appear in the source, and it would not -- since it is a critique of the source. The source of the critique is needed in this article. It appears to be an editor adding their own ideas or opinions. There are other places where citations are requested -- where content is not supported by the only source listed. Alfadoolittle (talk) 15:45, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Also the suggestion that Wimsatt and Beardsley's "analysis can be applied equally well to any type of art" -- does not occur in Wimsatt and Beardsley, so it needs a source that is not Wimsatt and Beardsley. Alfadoolittle (talk) 15:48, 9 April 2015 (UTC)
 * My edit was to restore material deleted by a previous editor who had done a WP:Tag Bombing of the article. You can help by rewriting the portions which have been re-edited too many times. MusicAngels (talk) 14:37, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Right now the article has one and only one source -- which is a problem in and of itself. Also because there are ideas in the article that come from somewhere besides that particular source. A "citation tag" will encourage editors to help improve the article. Improving sourcing makes a better article and helps protect what's there. It shouldn't be hard to find other sources, it's a good topic and a lot has been written on it. Alfadoolittle (talk) 23:30, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

 * The citations about Beardsley are fairly well known, starting with The Intentionalist Fallacy used in this article, and extending to The Affective Fallacy as well as his dozen other books. This article stub is presently written from the perspective of the first reference about intentionality, and in the article's current form all the citations tags of the article, in its form at this time, are answered by that reference. MusicAngels (talk) 15:35, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

 * This article indicates only one source, and that single source is a relatively short article that has appeared in the periodical publication “The Sewanee Review”. That’s not enough. Also, there are ideas contained in this Wikipedia article that clearly do not occur in the source, so the question is: Where did these statements come from?  If there is no published source for them, they perhaps are the invention of some Wiki editor, and should not be in the article.  For example here is a phrase  not found in the source:  “although their analysis can be applied equally well to any type of art”.  Where did it come from?  Here is another example that needs a citation for the same reason:  “One possible side effect is that this view appears to abridge the artist's intentions of much of their content; it appears to imply that only the product of their creation is the main object of any importance.”  There are more.  Articles need more than one source, more sources will improve the article.   Additional sources for this topic should not be hard to find.  Citation tags will help encourage the aquiring of appropriate sources.  Alfadoolittle (talk) 04:20, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * The main source for Beardsley is in his book titled "Aesthetics", in which he provides the supplementary material for The Intentionalist Fallacy. For example, Beardsley was generally consistent in defending his position that aesthetic theory should extend across the sub-disciplines of the arts ranging from the literary arts to the visual arts, among the other subdisciplines as well. The second comment you make regarding "to abridge the artist's intentions" is a recurrent theme in the anti-formalist debates of the 1960s and 1970s where Beardsley sided against excessive antiformalism where the artist's intentions were given heightened regard. His essay "The Intentionalist Fallacy" does cover these concerns in either shorter or longer form, though there is no reason that his Aesthetics book cannot be added to supplement the essay as the main source. You can improve Wikipedia by rewriting these lines which are currently tagged in the article. MusicAngels (talk) 15:48, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Wimsatt and Beardsley's arguments in "The Intentional Fallacy" were not represented correctly in this entry. As previous commentators have noted, it included claims not present in that seminal essay. I removed all of the obvious inaccuracies (including the inaccurate claim that Wimsatt and Beardsley's position is connected to postmodern relativism). I don't pretend to have fixed the entry, though, and agree that more than one source is needed. Wimsatt and Beardsley's essay is only one of several famous arguments by New Critics, and their argument ideally should not be the only one presented in the entry. Jk180 (talk) 17:58, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

Opening definition
" authorial intent refers to an author's intent as it is encoded in his or her work." Anybody else find that totally useless? It's pretty much circular. --Khajidha (talk) 17:26, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Authorial intent in textual criticism
Textual criticism is the business of establishing what the author wrote. The author's intent is therefore all-important. To give an example, one of Horace's odes starts with either the word "poscimus" or its passive "poscimur". All that matters is, what did Horace intend to write? That is what needs to be said about authorial intent in textual criticism. Esedowns (talk) 22:34, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

Kinds of intentionalism
I have redirected both and  to, since that article currently has the best discussion of these terms. However, content in that article should be merged into this one and the redirects changed when the situation improves. Daask (talk) 17:33, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I would also note that there is further content at that may be helpful on this topic. Daask (talk) 17:45, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I've updated the page a bunch, it should be at least tolerably good enough now. So I'm going to change the redirects back. Maltonpsmith (talk) 22:10, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Overhauling article
I restructured the article and made a few other small edits, but I want to note that this probably needs a more thorough overhaul. As it stands, it spends much more time critiquing internationalism than actually explaining what it is. This article may be helpful for such.

ED Hirsch's article (and works in general) will likely be helpful; in my (admittedly somewhat limited) understanding of literary theory he is one of the chief proponents/expositors of authorial intent in hermeneutics. Maltonpsmith (talk) 16:49, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Ok, I decided to do as much as I could myself. I've pretty substantially overhauled the article. The new "Types" section is now tolerably accurate and good in my estimation. The "Objections" section is fine, if maybe a bit short. Unfortunately, while I have a working knowledge of intentionalism, my expertise is much more limited for anti-intentionalist approaches. Thus for the "Alternatives" section, I couldn't do much. I removed some of the less important alternatives to help tighten/focus it, but beyond a few small edits, I'm not qualified to figure out how best to clean those parts up; the post-structuralism section especially needs help. Oh, and I did add the hypothetical intentionalism section, based mostly on the single citation I gave, and copying over from the Terry Barrett wiki article.

Maltonpsmith (talk) 21:52, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Authorial intent


text:
Talk:Vic, Spain

Trivia
Is the fact that fuet is "delicious with Pa amb tomàquet" really encyclopedic? -- Jmabel 01:15, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I've deleted this. Llull 17:27, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

To Jmabel. I wanted to put that bull is a typical type of sausage from Vic but investigating, I've discovered that isn't more typical than from other sites. Llull 17:27, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

What about the big lottery win some years ago. I'm fairly unfamiliar but I do believe a large group of individuals all from Vic won a sizeable amount of money. If anyone could fill this in with more detail as I think it is pertinent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.94.165.208 (talk) 01:06, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Recent deletion
The recently deleted material on pig farming was probably excessive, but it seems to me that simply deleting it was also excessive. For a region best known for its pork sausages, and where raising pigs is a major industry, discussion of that industry seems entirely appropriate. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:12, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

Feel free to provide some copy. I don't know the reality of the situation re: pig farming and felt the editorial was so one-sided as to be unreliable as the sole guide. It sounds like you have more knowledge and could provide a more balanced view. But also we need more copy generally about Vic, otherwise the article is in danger of being more about pig farming than it is about Vic. And that was a primary motivaton for removing the large amount of text. Maybe pig farming needs its own article if there's so much to say? I've been to Vic a couple of times and, frankly, I didn't come away overwhelmed by pig farming. Sausages and other pork products are a small part of what the town has to offer. mjlodge 17:37, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the article is not exactly a priority for me, but I assume that we can both agree that this constitutes a welcome for someone to come along and handle that topic, but in a more enncyclopedic manner than before. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:32, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

Vich?
Is Vic perhaps the Catalan equivalent of Spanish Vich (Latin Ausona, ?=Osona) ? Fastifex 20:03, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you asking etymologically? Probably so. Vic is the capital of Osona. - Jmabel | Talk 00:17, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Vich" is not really Spanish, but rather an old Catalan spelling. The current spelling rules of Catalan come from the Normes Ortogràfiques published by the Institute of Catalan Studies in the early 20th century and which were largely the work of Pompeu Fabra. This process of standardisation resulted in the elimination of etimological h's which were not sounded, both after consonants and between vowels. This is why names like "Vic", "Reixac", "Montjuïc" or "Maó" have lost their etimological h's in modern Catalan. Such h's are still retained in surnames, like "Blanch", "March" or "Bosch". The standardised forms of Catalan placenames didn't become official until the advent of democracy some 30 years ago. This is why some people wrongly assume that "Vich" is a Castilian Spanish spelling; during Francoist times Catalan writers would use "Vic" while the official name used in Spanish remained as "Vich". But the correct pronunciation was still /bik/, even in Spanish. Since the beginning of the 80s "Vic" is the only official spelling, regardless of language. Gelo 15:00, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

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Spanish name Vich
some examples of the name Vich used:

https://www.4icu.org/reviews/7418.htm

https://www.libertaddigital.com/espana/2020-02-12/la-alcaldesa-de-vich-habla-del-aspecto-fisico-diferente-de-los-catalanes-autoctonos-en-el-parlament-1276652234/

https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/espana/2019/11/07/cdr-detenidos-planeaban-sembrar-caos-cataluna-explosivos/00031573160682435441155.htm

so totally makes no sense to say that Vich is an archaic name... maybe not as used as Vic but that's no reason to remove it LICA98 (talk) 18:08, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

You are definitely wrong. Vich is an archaic Catalan name, as explained in Spanish wiki and in Catalan wiki. The Spanish name for the city was Vique, see for instance Relación de las festivas demonstraciones, con que la ciudad de Vique en los dias 4, 5, y 6 de noviembre 1759, celebró la proclamación del Rey. In old Catalan the ending "h" was common in many words, until the 1913 Catalan Orthography reform that eliminated these silent "h" on these words, like in Montjuïc (Montjuïch in old Catalan). In the 80's the new orthography was enforced and the city name officially changed to Vic (Spain's official INE website).

It makes no sense to include the old Catalan name as if it was used today, which is not the case. Your examples don't proof what you believe, and are only mistakes, specially the first one. See this official Spanish law: Ley 5/1997, de 30 de mayo, de Reconocimiento de la Universidad de Vic. See the Vic section at the most important newspaper in Spain by circulation: https://elpais.com/noticias/vic/. None of them would use the archaic Catalan form. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.0.118.231 (talk) 18:54, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

 * sorry but you are the one wrong here:

 * Vich is an archaic Catalan name - it might be archaic in CATALAN but that doesn't matter as long as it is used in Spanish, which it clearly is and the Spanish article wouldn't be called Vich would it? they have it sourced there even (or is RAE wrong here?)

 * the city name is officially Vic - same way Lérida is officially Lleida but that doesn't mean the name Lérida doesn't exist or is not used does it?

 * It makes no sense to include the old Catalan name as if it was used today - well even if it was an old name there's no reason to exclude it as it brings additional information to the article (for example we list German names for many Polish towns even though most of them aren't used anymore) LICA98 (talk) 10:14, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm not wrong, and I'm just telling you what any Spanish speaker would tell you. But you refuse to read the links and explanations I provide... while it's clear you lack the knowledge on this topic since I see you are not a Spanish speaker. Spanish wiki explains it clearly. In fact, the most recent discussion on Spanish Wiki Talk page is precisely about the convenience of moving the article to Vic, given that the Catalan form Vich is not Spanish and hasn't been used in decades. Lérida, on the other hand, is still used in Spanish, although not as much as Lleida. But Vich or Vique are not used at all today by Spanish speakers. There's the difference.

 * Also, don't be mislead by the title in Spanish wiki. Because it's common in Spanish Wiki to see titles in old unused names, for example the city Sant Quirze del Vallès which is titled in the Spanish Wiki in an archaic form based on a 19th century document, as it's sourcered there. So don't get confused by the title, since this is very common. In the case of Vic, the Spanish wiki uses the old Catalan form for the title, despite not being used today. It's fine if you understand it, so don't be confused by it. In the case of the RAE, it's a dictionary that has been published for centuries and its entries are not constantly updated. So the Catalan spelling change from Vich to Vic that was made only decades ago has not been updated yet on the dictionary, as with many other entries. In fact, RAE confirms the usage in Spanish of the Catalan form (Vich then, now Vic), instead of the Spanish form (Vique). It's not weird to see RAE using Catalan names, instead of the Spanish archaic ones, as they do with many other towns.

 * The old Catalan name Vich and the Spanish name Vique can be included in a historical section of the article if you prefer, but definitely not at the beginning. And, specially, not in the wrong way you are trying to push: make it seem Vich is Spanish, which is not, or to make it seem Spanish speakers use it today, which is not the case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.0.118.231 (talk) 15:04, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

I'm just telling you what any Spanish speaker would tell you - obviously not any Spanish speaker as otherwise nobody would use Vich right? are the people who write Vich not Spanish speakers?

Vich is not Spanish and hasn't been used in decades - again wrong, I just provided you links where it is used (one is from this year even!), you can't just dismiss every source that uses it as "wrong" because you don't like the name

In the case of the RAE, it's a dictionary that has been published for centuries and its entries are not constantly updated - well then maybe we should wait for them to be updated and only then you can remove the name

but definitely not at the beginning - says who? we have dated names there on many articles (e.g. Kaliningrad), and here the name isn't even dated

btw I never said at any point that "Vic" was not used in Spanish... just that Vich is also a completely valid name LICA98 (talk) 16:59, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Literally, above, in this very talk page, there's another Spanish speaker explaining the same thing I'm telling you in a message written in 2007. Same thing which is explained in Spanish Wiki, Catalan Wiki, Portuguese Wiki, French Wiki... You are not a Spanish speaker and still don't want to accept what we are all telling you.

 * All major sources in media, tv and books use Vic when writing in Spanish. I provided you links for major Spanish national newspapers like El País (published in Madrid for all Spain), while you provided minor sources or advocacy journalism like LibertadDigital. If you manage to find a minor source that uses Vich it's either a mistake or the person writing is using the Old Catalan form, not aware of the change. The link of "La Voz de Galicia" (regional newspaper in Galicia) you shared, which is indeed from this year (2020) it's an example of what I'm telling you: searching in their website gives you 307 results for Vich vs. 6764 results for Vic. And most of the results for Vich are not even right, because they are not referring to the city but to the surname: José Manuel Otero Vich, Bárbara Vich, etc. See? Do you understand what I'm telling you? Even using your source you can see why you are wrong...

 * In Kaliningrad there's the historic German name. But as I've already explained you, Vich is the historic Catalan name. Not the Spanish name. I don't know how else explain that to you. Spanish, French, English and all the languages named the city Vic as "Vich" in the past simply because they were using the Catalan name, not because Vich was an English historic name or a Spanish historic name.

 * So no, saying it's a completely valid name is not true. It was a completely valid name in the past, not today. If you want to include the Old Catalan form "Vich" at the beginning, you at least have to be accurate and say "also in the past: Vich" or "Old Catalan: Vich", but not Spanish. Because you are wrongly making it seem Vich is Spanish, which is not the case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.0.118.231 (talk) 18:02, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 25 April 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. – robertsky (talk) 13:40, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

– No primary topic by pageviews or significance (not the main result on Books, etc.). Lowercase the dab as it's common enough as a name. Hameltion (talk | contribs) 03:34, 25 April 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Vic → Vic, Spain
 * VIC → Vic
 * Support. Easily as well. Hyperbolick (talk) 04:52, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It's a reasonably sized town, but yes, it's also an English word, and the fact that it takes two clicks to get to people named Vic, a well-known short form of Victor, is just bad navigation. If we add mass views for Vic (name), which is reasonable because we know from numerous examples that there's definitely a contingent of readers looking up people by given name and reading biographies, it looks even more slanted - the most popular topics named Vic by far are Morrow and Mignogna, rather than any of these topics linked after one click as it is now. (Support) --Joy (talk) 08:47, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * For the record, at the time of filing, https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Vic showed the hatnote at 68 clicks on top of the list of outgoing clickstreams, and while this isn't a lot compared to 3.1k incoming views (~2%), it's a fair chunk out of 168 identified outgoing (~40%) so that's quite suspect. --Joy (talk) 08:50, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:51, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 12:53, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. No primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:29, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vic, Spain


text:
Joe Beeler

Joe Neil Beeler (1931–2006) was an American illustrator, artist, and sculptor specializing in the field of Western art. In 1965, he cofounded the Cowboy Artists of America (CAA) with Charlie Dye, John Hampton, and George Phippen.

Personal information
Beeler was born on December 25, 1931, in Joplin, Missouri to Jack Beeler and Lean Setser. He self-identified as being of Cherokee descent.

At an early age, Beeler started drawing and continued throughout college at Kansas State Teachers College and later attended the Art Center of Design in Los Angeles, California. After his time in school, Beeler worked as an illustrator for the University of Oklahoma Press. Beeler's career progressed after his one-man performance at the Gilcrease Museum. In 1962, he and his family moved to Sedona, Arizona, where he died. In 1965, Beeler along with many other cowboy artists started the Cowboy Artists of America.

Appearances
His works have been displayed in a number of museums including:
 * Woolaroc Museum
 * National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
 * Montana Historical Society
 * Charles M. Russell Museum
 * Heard Museum
 * Whitney Museum of American Art
 * Institute of Texan Cultures

Death
Joe Beeler died Wednesday April 26, 2006. He was helping neighbors and friends rope and brand calves when he succumbed to a heart attack. Joe was 74 years old.

Sources and external links

 * Joe Beeler on AskART
 * CAA Museum – biography
 * Joe Beeler obituary
 * Joe Beeler's art
 * The Joe Beeler Collection at Pittsburg State University

title: Joe Beeler


text:
Parti bleu

The Parti bleu (French for "Blue Party") was a political group that contested elections in the Eastern section of the Province of Canada. The Blue Party was ideologically located on the political right, and was defined by its support for the Catholic Church, and later for supporting confederation.

The party was formed in 1854 by conservative members of the former Reform movement, following in the tradition of Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Francis Hincks. The first leader of the Blue Party, George-Étienne Cartier, was the Premier of Canada East. The Parti bleu held majorities in Canada East uninterrupted from 1854 to 1867, and often formed coalition governments with the English-speaking Conservatives from Canada East, and the Liberal-Conservative Party from Canada West. Their main electoral challenge came from the Parti rouge, a secularist left-wing party. After confederation in 1867, the party was dissolved, and members became part of the Conservative Party of Quebec at the provincial level, and the Conservative Party of Canada federally.

History
The Reform Party was a broad movement, organized around achieving responsible government in the Province of Canada. Because responsible government was required to enact any form of self-government, it was supported by both liberals and conservatives who could not achieve their own policy aims without it. The Reform Party was thus able to draw in members from across the ideological spectrum. After 1848, when responsible government was introduced by the Imperial Government, the unifying policy of the movement had been achieved and the movement began to break down. By 1853, the government was unable to secure majorities on core legislation. By the time of election in 1854, the party had broken down into factions based on their ideological positions. The French-Canadian conservatives initially called themselves Ministerialists, in recognition of their support of the government and opposition of the Rouges and Liberals. By 1856, the Ministerialist faction had changed their name to Bleu.

The Ministerialists experienced electoral success in the Canadian general election, 1854. They won 35 seats in Canada East, forming the largest group out of the Eastern members. Their strong electoral performance allowed them to form a coalition government with the Canada West Conservatives led by Allan MacNab. Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché was the first leader of the Ministerialist group, but was replaced by George-Étienne Cartier as the Blue Party was formed. The coalition between the Canada West Conservatives and Blue Party began the Liberal-Conservative tradition of government in the province.

After the 1858 election, the Blue Party and Eastern-Canadian Conservatives became the largest group in the Legislative Assembly, and formed a coalition government with the Canada West Conservatives as the larger partner. Canada West had returned a majority of Liberal members, but the large majority commanded by the Blue Party and Conservatives in Canada East prevented the Liberals from taking power. The number of factions in the legislature made it difficult to secure majorities on government legislation, forcing the Blue-Conservative coalition out for a four-day period in 1858 after losing a non-confidence vote. However, the new Liberal-Rouge government was unable to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly, and the Blue Party reformed a ministry with the Conservatives.

Ideology
The Blue Party was ideologically moderate, established from the former reformers in Canada East. The party supported Confederation, the role of the Catholic Church in Canadian society, and the dismantling of the seigneurial system. The Blue Party was opposed to the anti-clerical and republican positions of the Parti rouge.

title: Parti bleu


text:
Sealing wax

Sealing wax is a wax material of a seal which, after melting, hardens quickly (to paper, parchment, ribbons and wire, and other material), forming a bond that is difficult to break without noticeable tampering. Wax is used to verify that something such as a document is unopened, to verify the sender's identity (for example with a seal stamp or signet ring), and as decoration. Sealing wax can also be used to take impressions of other seals. Wax was used to seal letters close and later, from about the 16th century, envelopes. Long before sealing wax was employed, the Romans used bitumen for this purpose.

Composition

Formulas vary, but there was a major shift after European trade with the Indies opened. In the Middle Ages, sealing wax was typically made of beeswax and "Venice turpentine", a greenish-yellow resinous extract of the European Larch tree. The earliest wax of this kind was uncoloured. Later the wax was coloured red with vermilion. From the 16th century it was compounded of various proportions of shellac, turpentine, resin, chalk or plaster, and colouring matter (often vermilion, or red lead), but not necessarily beeswax. The proportion of chalk varied; coarser grades are used to seal wine bottles and fruit preserves, finer grades for documents. In some situations, such as putting large seals on public documents, beeswax was used. On occasion, sealing wax has historically been perfumed by ambergris, musk and other scents.

By 1866, many different colours were available: gold (using mica), blue (using smalt or verditer), black (using lamp black), white (using lead white), yellow (using the mercuric mineral turpeth, also known as Schuetteite ), green (using verdigris) and so on. Some users, such as the British Crown, assigned different colours to different types of documents. Today a range of synthetic colours are available.

Method of application
Sealing wax is available in the form of sticks, sometimes with a wick, or as granules. The stick is melted at one end (but not ignited or blackened), or the granules heated in a spoon, normally using a flame, and then placed where required, usually on the flap of an envelope. While the wax is still soft and warm, the seal (preferably at the same temperature as the wax, for the best impression) should be quickly and firmly pressed into it and released.

Modern use
At the end of 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, sealing wax was used in laboratories as a vacuum cement. It was gradually replaced by other materials like plasticine, but according to Nobel Laureate Patrick Blackett, "at one time it might have been hard to find in an English laboratory an apparatus which did not use red Bank of England sealing-wax as a vacuum cement."

Since the advent of a postal system, the use of sealing wax has become more for ceremony than security. Modern times have required new styles of wax, allowing for mailing of the seal without damage or removal. These new waxes are flexible for mailing and are referred to as glue-gun sealing wax, faux sealing wax and flexible sealing wax. Traditional sealing wax candles are produced in Canada, Spain, Mexico, France, Italy and Scotland, with formulations similar to those used historically.

title: Sealing wax


text: User talk:210.240.188.81

title: User talk:210.240.188.81