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Estádio da Luz

The Estádio da Luz, officially named Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica, is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lisbon, Portugal. It is used mostly for association football matches, hosting the home games of Portuguese club Benfica, its owner.

Opened on 25 October 2003 with an exhibition match between Benfica and Uruguayan club Nacional, it replaced the original Estádio da Luz, which had 120,000 seats. The seating capacity of the new stadium is currently set at 64,642. The stadium was designed by HOK Sport Venue Event and had a construction cost of €162 million.

A UEFA category four stadium and one of the biggest stadiums by capacity in Europe (the biggest in Portugal), Estádio da Luz hosted several matches of the UEFA Euro 2004, including its final, as well as the 2014 and 2020 finals of the UEFA Champions League. It was elected the most beautiful stadium of Europe in a 2014 online poll by L'Équipe. By its fifteenth birthday, Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica Luz had welcomed more than 17 million spectators. The stadium is one of the potential venues for the 2030 FIFA World Cup, which Portugal will co-host along with Morocco and Spain.

Naming
While the previous Benfica stadium was also officially named "Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica", both the old and the new stadia are invariably referred to by their unofficial name, Estádio da Luz. Luz is the name of the neighborhood the stadium was built on, on the border between the parishes of Benfica and Carnide, which itself derives its name from the nearby Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Luz (Church of Our Lady of Light). This unofficial name caught on soon after the original stadium's construction; the people of Lisbon used to simply call it a Luz ("the Light"). Therefore, the stadium's common name became "Estádio da Luz", which is usually anglicised to "Stadium of Light". This translation, however, could be argued to be inaccurate, since Luz refers not to "light" but to the original address of the stadium: Estrada da Luz ("Road of Light").

Characteristics
Architect Damon Lavelle, from HOK Sport Venue Event (now Populous), designed the stadium to focus on light and transparency. Its polycarbonate roof allows the sunlight to penetrate the stadium in order to illuminate it. The roof, which is supported by tie-beams of four steel arches, seems to float on the underlying tribunes. The arches are 43 metres (141 feet) high and help define the look of the stadium, after having been shaped to be similar to the wavy profile of its three tiers. According to Lavelle, the seating capacity may be increased up to 80,000.

Opening game
In the opening match, Benfica beat Uruguayan side Nacional 2–1 with goals from Nuno Gomes, who became the first ever scorer at the Estádio da Luz.

Highest attendance official match
On round 33 of the 2016–17 Primeira Liga, in a match where Benfica were crowned national champions for a fourth consecutive season (a new achievement for them), Estádio da Luz recorded its best attendance in official matches.

2019–20 UEFA Champions League
Quarter-finals

Final

Portugal national football team matches
The following national team matches were held in the stadium.

Benfica matches in UEFA competitions

 * 2003–04 UEFA Cup
 * 3–1 Molde
 * 1–0 Rosenborg
 * 0–0 Inter Milan
 * 2004–05
 * 1–0 Anderlecht (UEFA Champions League)
 * 2–0 Dukla Banská Bystrica (UEFA Cup)
 * 4–2 Heerenveen
 * 2–0 Dinamo Zagreb
 * 1–1 CSKA Moscow
 * 2005–06 UEFA Champions League
 * 1–0 Lille
 * 0–1 Villarreal
 * 2–1 Manchester United
 * 1–0 Liverpool
 * 0–0 Barcelona
 * 2006–07
 * 3–0 Austria Wien (UEFA Champions League)
 * 0–1 Manchester United
 * 3–0 Celtic
 * 3–1 Copenhagen
 * 1–0 Dinamo București (UEFA Cup)
 * 3–1 Paris Saint-Germain
 * 0–0 Espanyol
 * 2007–08
 * 2–1 Copenhagen (UEFA Champions League)
 * 0–1 Shakhtar Donetsk
 * 1–0 Celtic
 * 1–1 Milan
 * 1–0 Nürnberg (UEFA Cup)
 * 1–2 Getafe
 * 2008–09 UEFA Cup
 * 2–0 Napoli
 * 0–2 Galatasaray
 * 0–1 Metalist Kharkiv
 * 2009–10 UEFA Europa League
 * 4–0 Vorskla
 * 2–0 BATE Borisov
 * 5–0 Everton
 * 2–1 AEK Athens
 * 4–0 Hertha Berlin
 * 1–1 Marseille
 * 2–1 Liverpool
 * 2010–11
 * 2–0 Hapoel (UEFA Champions League)
 * 4–3 Lyon
 * 1–2 Schalke 04
 * 2–1 Stuttgart (UEFA Europa League)
 * 2–1 Paris Saint-Germain
 * 4–1 PSV Eindhoven
 * 2–1 Braga
 * 2011–12 UEFA Champions League
 * 2–0 Trabzonspor
 * 3–1 Twente
 * 1–1 Manchester United
 * 1–1 Basel
 * 1–0 Oțelul Galați
 * 2–0 Zenit
 * 0–1 Chelsea
 * 2012–13
 * 0–2 Barcelona (UEFA Champions League)
 * 2–0 Spartak Moscow
 * 2–1 Celtic
 * 2–1 Bayer Leverkusen (UEFA Europa League)
 * 1–0 Bordeaux
 * 3–1 Newcastle United
 * 3–1 Fenerbahçe
 * 2013–14
 * 2–0 Anderlecht (UEFA Champions League)
 * 1–1 Olympiakos
 * 2–1 Paris Saint-Germain
 * 3–0 PAOK (UEFA Europa League)
 * 2–2 Tottenham
 * 2–0 AZ Alkmaar
 * 2–1 Juventus
 * 2014–15 UEFA Champions League
 * 0–2 Zenit
 * 1–0 Monaco
 * 0–0 Bayer Leverkusen
 * 2015–16 UEFA Champions League
 * 2–0 Astana
 * 2–1 Galatasaray
 * 1–2 Atlético Madrid
 * 1–0 Zenit
 * 2–2 Bayern Munich
 * 2016–17 UEFA Champions League
 * 1–1 Beşiktaş
 * 1–0 Dynamo Kyiv
 * 1–2 Napoli
 * 1–0 Borussia Dortmund
 * 2017–18 UEFA Champions League
 * 1–2 CSKA Moscow
 * 0–1 Manchester United
 * 0–2 Basel
 * 2018–19
 * 1–0 Fenerbahçe (UEFA Champions League)
 * 1–1 PAOK
 * 0–2 Bayern Munich
 * 1–1 Ajax
 * 1–0 AEK Athens
 * 0–0 Galatasaray (UEFA Europa League)
 * 3–0 Dinamo Zagreb
 * 4–2 Eintracht Frankfurt
 * 2019–20
 * 1–2 RB Leipzig (UEFA Champions League)
 * 2–1 Lyon
 * 3–0 Zenit
 * 3–3 Shakhtar Donetsk (UEFA Europa League)
 * 2020–21 UEFA Europa League
 * 3–0 Standard Liège
 * 3–3 Rangers
 * 4–0 Lech Poznań
 * 2021–22 UEFA Champions League
 * 2–0 Spartak Moscow
 * 2–1 PSV Eindhoven
 * 3–0 Barcelona
 * 0–4 Bayern Munich
 * 2–0 Dynamo Kyiv
 * 2–2 Ajax
 * 1–3 Liverpool
 * 2022–23 UEFA Champions League
 * 4–1 Midtjylland
 * 3–0 Dynamo Kyiv
 * 1–0 Maccabi Haifa
 * 1–1 Paris Saint-Germain
 * 4–3 Juventus
 * 5–1 Club Brugge
 * 0–2 Inter Milan
 * 2023–24
 * 0–2 Red Bull Salzburg (UEFA Champions League)
 * 0–1 Real Sociedad
 * 2–1 Toulouse (UEFA Europa League)
 * 2–2 Rangers
 * 2–1 Marseille
 * All-time statistics
 * 113 matches: 70 wins, 21 draws, 22 losses
 * 192 goals scored, 99 goals conceded

title: Estádio da Luz


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Hochelaga—Maisonneuve (federal electoral district)

Hochelaga—Maisonneuve (formerly known as Maisonneuve) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 2004.

It was created in 1976 as "Maisonneuve" riding from parts of Hochelaga, Lafontaine and Maisonneuve—Rosemont ridings. It was renamed "Hochelaga—Maisonneuve" in 1978.

The riding was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into Hochelaga, Honoré-Mercier and La Pointe-de-l'Île ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Kylin~enwiki

hi... I survey a paper recently.A noun is confused me, it's "emergent semantic". If anyone know it, please help me.--Kylin 09:24, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kylin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kylin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:03, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kylin~enwiki


text:
User:Didactohedron

Didactohedron (from didak (Greek: to teach, educate) + hedron (New Latin: a crystal or geometric figure having a specified kind or number of surfaces)) is a user on the English Wikipedia. His primary fields of work have been the categorization of religion-related topics, the development of navboxes for articles on the Greek deities, and the reorganization of some materials related to the French Revolution. The majority of his contributions, however, are not linked to any single field of interest.

title: User:Didactohedron


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Draycote Water

Draycote Water is a 240 ha reservoir and country park near the village of Dunchurch, 3.75 mi south of Rugby in Warwickshire, England, owned and operated by Severn Trent Water. It draws its water from the River Leam, and supplies drinking water to Rugby and Coventry. It is named after the nearby hamlet of Draycote and is the largest body of water within Warwickshire.

The reservoir was created in the 1960s and was opened in 1970, with a new pipe and pump installed in 2012. It has a capacity of up to 5 billion gallons (23 million m³) and a maximum depth of 70 ft.

It is a site for birdwatching and has a bird hide, with a feeding station sponsored by the West Midland Bird Club. Severn-Trent manage an adjacent 20 acre country park. Draycote is used by cyclists, runners, windsurfers, fly fishers and for boating. Fishing is for brown trout and rainbow trout from the banks or from boats. A farm to the north east of the site has a herd of alpacas.

Description
Draycote Water is an artificial reservoir, which supplies water to southern and eastern Warwickshire, in particular Rugby (via Barby Storage Reservoir ) and Coventry. Owned and managed by Severn Trent Water, it is located just to the south of the M45 motorway in the hamlet of Draycote, which is close to Dunchurch. It is accessed from the A426 road, at. The reservoir has no natural inlets, its water being obtained by pumping from the nearby River Leam and from nearby Stanford Reservoir which obtains its water from the River Avon. It has an area of approximately 240 ha, with a maximum depth of 70 ft and a capacity of 5 billion gallons (23 million m³). The shoreline of the reservoir is a mixture of concrete and natural embankment.

Draycote Water was built between 1967 and 1969, to cope with rising demand in eastern and southern Warwickshire, and opened in 1970. In early 2012 the reservoir had to be closed temporarily, as record-low rainfall during the winter months had caused its level to reduce to less than 50% of capacity. Severn Trent responded by reversing the flow of water in an existing pipeline between Draycote Water and Welches Meadow Reservoir adjacent to the River Leam in Leamington Spa. This development required a short length of new pipe at the Draycote end and a new pump at Leamington.

Flora and fauna
The reservoir features many bird species. This includes the great northern diver, which makes a prolonged visit during the winter months, along with kittiwake and small numbers of Mediterranean and little gulls. There are several species of diving duck with the tufted duck the most common, numbering around 1,200 individuals. The most common bird at the site is the black-headed gull, which forms the majority of a gull roost of more than 50,000 individuals. A number of waders visit Draycote in the autumn, including the ringed and little ringed plover.

The reservoir's fish include the brown trout and rainbow trout, some with a mass in excess of 5 kg. These are fished for sport, both from boats and from the banks.

To the north east of the reservoir is Toft Farm, which features a herd of alpacas.

Sport and leisure
Draycote Water has a country park on its southern shore, which extends across 21 acres. The park has facilities for bird watching and fishing, as well as several nature trails and a visitor centre. A track around the perimeter allows cyclists and walkers to circumnavigate the reservoir, a total distance of 5 mi. The Draycote Water Sailing Club is situated on the shoreline and offers dinghy sailing and windsurfing as well as races.

The reservoir's owner, Severn Trent Water, warns the public not to swim in the reservoir, citing the large depth, potentially cold temperatures, and the risk of currents caused by the pumps which supply the water.

title: Draycote Water


text:
Mercier (federal electoral district)

Mercier (also known as Montreal—Mercier) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 2004. In 2003, the district was abolished and split into the La Pointe-de-l'Île and Honoré-Mercier ridings. A provincial electoral district still exists under the same name but is located in Plateau Mont-Royal borough.

History
Mercier riding was created in 1933 from Laval—Two Mountains and Maisonneuve ridings.

It initially consisted of:
 * parts of the city of Montreal;
 * the towns of Montreal North, St-Michel-de-Laval, St-Léonard-de-Port-Maurice, Montreal East, Pointe-aux-Trembles;
 * the parishes of Rivière-des-Prairies, St-Léonard-de-Port-Maurice, and St-Jean-de-Dieu Asylum; and * the municipality of Pont-Viau and the town of Laval-des-Rapides in Laval county..

In 1966, it was defined as consisting of:
 * the City of Pointe-aux-Trembles;
 * the Towns of Anjou and Montreal East;
 * the part of the City of Montreal bounded by Saint-Donat Street, the Towns of Anjou and Montreal East, and Saint-Lawrence River;
 * the part of the City of Montreal bounded by the Cities of Pointeaux-Trembles and Montreal North, the Towns of Anjou and Montreal East, and Des Prairies River.

In 1976, it was defined as consisting of:
 * the City of Pointe-aux-Trembles;
 * the Town of Montreal East;
 * the part of the City of Montreal bounded by the Cities of Pointeaux-Trembles and Montreal North, by the Towns of Anjou and Montreal East and by des Prairies River;
 * the part of the City of Montreal bounded by a line commencing from the Saint Lawrence River along Saint-Donat Street, the Canadian National Railway; the northeastern limit of the parish municipality of Saint-Jean-de-Dieu, Sherbrooke Street East, Highway 25, the limits of the towns of Anjou and Montreal East to the Saint Lawrence River.

In 1980, it was renamed "Montreal—Mercier". In 1987, Montreal—Mercier was split into Anjou—Rivière-Des-Prairies and a re-created Mercier riding. The new Mercier riding also incorporated territory from Gamelin riding.

The new Mercier riding consisted of:
 * the Town of Montréal-Est;
 * parts of the City of Montréal.

The district was abolished in 2003 when it was split into La Pointe-de-l'Île and Honoré-Mercier ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Mercier, 1933–1980

 * Independent Reconstruction
 * Paul-Antoine Bonhomme
 * align=right|865

 * Radical chrétien
 * Georges Rousseau
 * align=right|687

title: Mercier (federal electoral district)


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Laval Centre

Laval Centre (Laval-Centre; formerly known as Laval-des-Rapides) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 2004.

It was created as "Laval-des-Rapides" riding in 1976 from parts of Laval, Ahuntsic, Dollard and Duvernay ridings.

It was renamed "Laval Centre" in 1990.

It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed between Laval and Marc-Aurèle-Fortin ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Laval Centre


text:
Laval West

Laval West (Laval-Ouest; formerly known as Mille-Iles and Laval) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 2004.

It was created as the riding of "Mille-Iles" in 1976 from parts of Laval riding. It was renamed "Laval" in 1977, and "Laval West" in 1990.

In 2003, the riding was abolished when it was redistributed into Laval and Laval—Les Îles ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:

Laval, 1977-1993

 * }

 * }

Laval West, 1993-2004

 * }

 * }

 * }

title: Laval West


text:
Talk:LGM-25C Titan II

Deployment Numbers
The deployment numbers cannot be correct. There were 54 silos at the 3 operational bases plus three training complexes with one missile each at Vandenberg temporarly on alert, so the maximum number of deployed missiles is 57 at any given time.Geomartin (talk) 08:45, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

I agree. Though there were sometimes as many as two missiles on alert at Vandenberg but not for long. The valid number for most of the history of the Titan II was 54. Though even that was often lower due to a missile being swapped out for maintenance or for onsite maintenance. After the destruction of silo 374-7 the number was permanently reduced. Mark Lincoln (talk) 22:01, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Gov't Report
The text on the www.fas.org about the Titan II missile is not copyrighted material. It comes from page 233 of the U.S. Government report:

"To Defend and Deter: Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program" - 1996

by John C. Lonnquest and David F. Winkler USACERL Special Report 97/01 A study sponsored by the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program Cold War Project 607 pages - illustrated

70.95-mb PDF format

The report is available at this URL.

http://www.cevp.com/docs/COLDWAR/1996-11-01952.pdf

Compare the Titan II section starting on page 233.

 * The text on this current Titan II page comes from the US Air Force Titan II Fact Sheet at this URL:
 * The link displayed is no longer validDwarner30uk (talk) 17:02, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

USAF Titan II Fact Sheet

Rusty 03:16, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Titan II range
Titan II, as deployed, had a range of 5,500 nautical miles, not 9,000 miles. At one time the thought to deploy the Titan I Mark IV RV and warhead generated one flight that failed at staging and this is likely the source of the 9,000 mile range. The deployed Titan II had the W-53 and Mark VI RV, as correctly stated in the article.

Sources:

<"WS 107C, Titan II Weapon System Final Report, January 1965," held at the History Office, Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs,classified SECRET. The information cited is not classified.>/ <"Detailed Design Specifications for Model SM-68B Missile, Including Addendum for XSM-68B," held at History Office, Peterson AFB, unclassified.> 206.128.65.121 (talk) 02:11, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

No mention of fatal accident in Searcy Arkansas silo
| Source--Senor Freebie (talk) 11:50, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Feel free to do so. Ckruschke (talk) 00:07, 16 March 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

One lump or two
The LR-87 used in the first stage is a single engine with two nozzles. Andrewa (talk) 18:19, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That is not correct, the LR-87-5 was a single chamber engine, which was fitted as a pair on the Titan II first stage. That is in contrast to the LR-87-3 of the Titan I, which was a two chamber engine with shared turbo-pump comparable to the modern RD-180.Geomartin (talk) 11:01, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
 * OHO! That would explain a lot. Sources? Andrewa (talk) 02:48, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Found one that confirms this... http://www.astronautix.com/engines/lr875.htm Aerojet N2O4/Aerozine-50 rocket engine. 1096.8 kN. Out of Production. Isp=297s. Used on Titan 2 launch vehicle. Engines refurbished for space launcher versions from decommissioned missiles between 1974-1982. Configuration: twin fixed motors with individual turbo-pumped assemblies. Application: Titan 2 Stage 1. First Flown: 1962 ICBM. Sept. 1988 orbital. Dry Mass: 739 kg. Length: 3.13 m. Maximum Diameter: 1.14 m. Engine Cycle: Gas generator. Propellants: hypergolic nitrogen tetroxide and Aerozine-50, delivered at 750 kg/sec. Mixture Ratio: 1.93:1. Thrust: 1913 kN sea level. Isp: 259 sec at sea level. Expansion Ratio: 8:1. Combustion Chamber Pressure: 53.3 atm. Burn Time: 158 sec. Thrust (sl): 956.500 kN (215,030 lbf). Thrust (sl): 97,534 kgf. Engine: 739 kg (1,629 lb). Chamber Pressure: 54.00 bar. Area Ratio: 8. Thrust to Weight Ratio: 151.34. Oxidizer to Fuel Ratio: 1.93:1 Status: Out of Production. Height: 3.13 m (10.26 ft). Diameter: 1.14 m (3.74 ft). Thrust: 1,096.80 kN (246,570 lbf). Specific impulse: 297 s. Specific impulse sea level: 259 s. Burn time: 155 s.

 * Note however that the article on the engine currently gives the weight of the two-nozzle LR-87-3 as 839 kg, while the weight of the LR-87-5 is given as 739 kg. As the LR-87-5 was lighter than the LR-87-3, the LR-87-5 figures are probably all for a pair of (single chamber) engines not a single engine... otherwise a pair of LS-87-5s would weigh 1478 kg, a lot heavier than the corresponding configuration using a single (two-chamber, assuming you're correct above) LR-87-3. Moreover that article lead states Though this powerful engine used two discrete combustion chambers, it is considered a single unit owing to both chambers using common turbomachinery, but then lists both the LR-87-3 and LR-87-5 as having Number of chambers: 1. And the lead to the section on the LR-57-5 reads A modified version for the Titan II used new propellants, nitrogen tetroxide and aerozine-50. The engine was generally lighter and simpler than its predecessor, partly due to the propellants being hypergolic (pyrophoric), which did not need an independent ignition system. So there is no mention of the introduction of separate turbopumps with the LR-87-5, which is the critical point in all of this.

 * So it's still a mess, with important omissions, contradictions and presumably, therefore inaccuracies (law of the excluded middle). But thanks for clarifying that... it's progress. Andrewa (talk) 03:26, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi, getting difficult here. I was sure I red it in Stumpf's "Titan II - History of a cold war missile program", but the text about the engine is not very clear in this regard. So I guess I got the information from astronautix.com as well. However, Stumpf's book has a graph of the complete assembly showing two turbopump assemblies as well as two separate fuel and oxidiser lines each. I think on some pictures of the assembly avalable on the internet you can also see two exhausts stacks (on most, the angle is not good, there isn't a good closeup directly from behind. Anyway, I thought I go right to the source at Aerojet, but there aren't much details either. Then I went on to www.titan2icbm.org with that horrific mid90'2 webdesign, and they state The Stage I engine assembly was designated LR87-AJ-5. Figure 13 shows the major components of this engine assembly. The engine included two regeneratively cooled thrust chambers, two pump drive assemblies, and interconnecting lines and fittings, all supported by an engine frame. This website tells the same. So in conclusion, we have two thrust chambers and two pump assemblies mounted together on one frame, and the whole thing is called LR87-AJ5. Technically 2 separate engines, but assembled together in a way they are one. Now open to discussion if you call that 1 or 2. From my google search, the consensus on the web is 50:50.Geomartin (talk) 11:39, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

 * It does explain a lot. Am I right in guessing that single-nozzle applications of the LR-87-5 do not exist?

 * My suggestion is that we don't attempt to decide which is correct, but instead add a paragraph with good cited sources to the article on the engine itself saying (assuming that I'm interpretting what you say correctly) that some authorities regard the two-chamber assembly used on the Titan II, the GLV and so on as consisting of two engines, and some as a single engine. (And personally I think I can argue it both ways, but not without sliding into WP:OR in either case, so there's no point in trying to decide it anyway.)

 * We also need to clarify the specification tables associated with the LR-87-5 to say (assuming that I've got it right at last) that these figures are for a two-nozzle engine assembly. We can do this without needing to take any stand ourselves on how many engines this assembly represents. Or is that cheating? We don't want to be so clever with the wording that it becomes misleading, that defeats the whole purpose of Wikipedia.

 * We then need to do something about the infoboxes in the missile articles, and specifically, the number of engines lines. Will the template perhaps accept something like one two-nozzle assembly instead of just a number, linking to a footnote saying some authorities... and the footnote linking in turn to the more detailed discussion in the article on the LR-87?

 * Just suggestions at this stage. Thanks for coming back so promptly. Andrewa (talk) 11:35, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'd be happy with those changes. Let's call it 1 engine and explain in the text that LR87-AJ5 is an assembly consisting of two chambers with a turbopump each. That's what happens when 1950's engine designers don't take Wikipedia infoboxes into account. I think there should be a rule for engineers that their developments should be Wikipedia-conform. Probably an update of the LR87 article would be worth as well. From my memory it is the only engine family ever using all major fuel combinations: LOX/RP1, hypergolic, LOX/H2 and even LH2/F2. Would probably be worth to work on that thing a little.  --Geomartin (talk) 12:23, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Having spent two years working in software configuration management I feel for those who have to design and conform to spaceflight QA, let us not make it any more difficult for them. Then again, perhaps putting the doco through a Wikipedia consensus process would be an effective and efficient control... (-> I'm half serious...
 * I'd still like to avoid taking a stand on whether it's one engine or two. Maybe it's not possible to sidestep the confusion in this way, but I'd like to have a go at it.
 * This is definitely one of the more significant, successful and interesting engine families, for many reasons. The success of Apollo impressed both the Soviet public and the workers at all levels in their aerospace industry, but they had little say in ending the cold war. The near-perfect record of the Titan II GLV was far, far scarier to those in authority in the then USSR, even if it lacked the propaganda potential. (And there was no Gemini 13!) But I'm not sure whether anyone else has published similar thoughts, and of course my WP:OR does not belong in the article. Andrewa (talk) 21:00, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

An interesting discussion. It never occurred to me to consider it a single engine. We always referred to them as "engines". To be precise (and having worked on them in the USAF, I know)...two thrust chambers and four turbo pumps (two per thrust chamber). That of course suggests that they are two engines, but they did share peripheral support systems. The hot gas generator (for pressurizing the propellant tanks) the lubrication system and the drive unit (a small reaction chamber where a negligible amount of propellant was reacted to drive the turbopumps for the thrust chambers) were critical parts of the engines. In that respect it is proper to say that since the thrust chambers could not operate independently, they must, therefore be considered a single unit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.61.176.163 (talk) 04:40, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you... then you claim that all versions of the LR-87 should be considered as a single two-nozzle, two-chamber engine, in the same way that the RD-180 is considered a single engine? I will contact Geomartin and see whether they would like to reconsider the opinion above that the LR-87-5 was a single chamber engine, which was fitted as a pair, while the LR-87-3 was a two chamber engine (my paraphrase). Andrewa (talk) 00:32, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm.... unfortunately, they have been inactive since July 2013, their last contribution here. And the IP who contributed above has no other contributions.  And meanwhile, the articles continue to contain contradictory information.

 * At the risk of WP:OR, I think perhaps the time has come to fix this. Andrewa (talk) 00:37, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

I have attempted to restart the discussion at Talk:LR-87, which is probably a better place for it. Andrewa (talk) 02:02, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Why does everyone not go to reliable sources? The USAF technical manual T.O._21M-LGM25C-1 clearly states that the LR-87 is one engine which "consists of two independent subassemblies mounted on a single engine frame. Each subassembly contains a thrust chamber assembly, a turbopump assembly, a gas generator, and an engine start system." George Sutton in his encyclopedic work "History of Liquid Prpellant Rocket Engines," American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, ISBN1-56347-649-5 describes the LR87 as a "dual booster engine." with "two thrust cambers." Much of the commentary above is based upon less than reliable sources." Perhaps the most amusing entry states I think there should be a rule for engineers that their developments should be Wikipedia-conform." Most droll and it hits upon a point of contention that Wikipedia itself is not necessarily reality compliant. As for "sources" that is a problem particularly in this internet age. I refer to two sources both serious in nature, one the USAF "owners manual" for the entire Titan II weapons system and the other a highly respected history of Liquid propellant Rocket Engines by an imminently qualified expert published by a respectable organization. I notice in the article much information is derived from sources like techbastard. The information might be good but consider the source.

Number of first stage engines
There is a discussion at Talk:LR-87 and Talk:LR-87 that affects this article. Please discuss it there. Andrewa (talk) 23:42, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

This article is listed at [[Talk:LR-87 as one of those affected by the proposal at Talk:LR-87 to treat all variants of the LR-87 as a single engine with two nozzles. Please raise any objections to this there.

If no objections are received, the proposal will in due course take effect in this article. Andrewa (talk) 08:23, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Repurposing
From the article, existing missiles were destroyed; new Titans were built to launch satellites. Not entirely so. I worked at Lockheed Martin in Colorado, and refurbing Titans out of silos for launch vehicles was a big deal, we did quite a few of them — Preceding unsigned comment added by Friendly person (talk • contribs) 18:59, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Launch Sites
Just take note since I have not seen it there is also a launch site that has not been destroyed. Simply decommisineed in Green Valley, Arizona. Also known as launch site 7 i believe although I might be mistaken — Preceding unsigned comment added by Airforcealltheway66 (talk • contribs) 03:05, 8 August 2017 (UTC)
 * That's site 571-7. It was turned into the Titan Missile Museum (run by the Pima Air & Space Museum) and is mentioned in the article. Sturmflut (talk) 12:55, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Terminology used in section on Vandenberg N-7 Test
The wording in the article states "warhead", and not "Reentry Vehicle". Was N-7 to be an end-to-end FULL systems test much as the previous year's Dominic-Frigate Bird, or was someone a bit overzealous in their wording? If N-7 actually contained a "warhead", it might be a good idea to add a citation. The use of SEALs or a UDT or UCT to recover the RV would have been appropriate, but the usage of the word "warhead" makes it sound like the missile was armed for a Frigate Bird like test, which given Navy's FULL systems test, might have been a plausible scenario, as the partial test ban wasn't even signed until August and wasn't effective until October. 174.207.5.46 (talk) 21:50, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Item with request for citation
The article contains a description of an incident at silo 395C where a request for citation is needed. I have consulted every book and file I have on the Titan II as well as online sources. I have not been able to turn up any information reliable or otherwise concerning the incident described at the location stated at the time given. The Air Force Space & Missile Museum states that 395C was active until 27 June 1976. Stumpf lists three Titan launches from 395C during 1975, One in January, another in early August and the third in December. All carried classified cargo. Moreover the article states "The Titan suffered severe structural failure with both the hypergolic fuel tank and the oxidizer tank leaking and accumulating in the bottom of the silo." Whom ever wrote that does not understand hypergolic propellants. Aerozine 50 and Nitrogen Tetroxide would not "accumulate" as stated. Rather they would react violently and the resultant destruction of the missile and silo would have been noticeable. Witness the effects at Damascus (374-7) where "severe structural failure" failure caused the fuel and oxidizer to mix in the bottom of the launch duct. It is difficult to conceive of both fuel and oxidizer arriving at the bottom of the launch duct of 395C and the silo being able to host another launch in little over a months time. I recommend the deletion of the paragraph, unless the author provides a reliable citation.

Mark Lincoln (talk) 19:22, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Edit of Retirement section
I did not attempt a cited correction of the relative megatonnage of the Minutemen and Titan IIs. It was obvious that the statement was wrong so I simply did some math. The MM had about 1500 megatons of warheads and the Titans around 475 so the Titan did not carry a majority or an overwhelmingly significant minority of megatonage of USAF ICBMs. At great expense they could flatten 50 some places but in most instances it was overkill by the mid-1980s. One MM III could level as large an area of urban Russia at significantly less expense. (Three W87s, remember the square law applies to area damaged.) So I merely adjusted the sentence to reflect reality. I also did not answer the request for a citation on the list of available missiles as I know of no such list though the information is probably recoverable through extensive research. There were always a number of spare missiles more than the number of silos available. If one went bad it was replaced and the defect repaired. Lets face facts. Would there have been any survivors to put in the rubble of nuked silos? Why? To put it bluntly without venturing into the dreaded ground of "original research," which I tread close to at times, I could not find a reliable source with a reliable number. To which I add "so what?" I left the data and the request as perhaps there is someone who does have more reliable data.

Mark Lincoln (talk) 20:35, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Engine failed to start
While I was at McConnell AFB we sent a Titan II to Vandenburg for a launch. But the engines failed to start because the pre-valves for both the oxidizer and fuel did not open. So when the start cartridge was fired the turbo over-speeded and exploded.

What happened: 1) a train came across the launch path so the commander aborted 2) there were two relays involved in the operation of the pre-valves, one was a motor driven relay that operated the pre-valves and the other was a standard relay that sent a signal saying the pre-valves were open. 3) the motor driven relay was slower than the standard relay and the commander pressed abort after the standard relay closed but before the motor driven relay closed. 4) as a result there was no fuel nor oxidizer in the turbins.

Eddy@Quicksall.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1702:27A0:7780:300B:73F2:9998:7077 (talk) 19:23, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 10 September 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to not move. The consensus from the discussion below appears to be that there is a particular naming convention for U.S. weapons that maintains consistency. (closed by non-admin page mover)   SITH   (talk)   11:46, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

LGM-25C Titan II → Titan II – WP:CONCISE and WP:COMMONNAME. Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 08:35, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. All articles for US missiles have the 1963 United States Tri-Service missile and drone designation system preceding the common name. KD5TVI (talk) 20:36, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Including the US military designation is common in specialty sources, which MOS:TITLE does permit. This format is per WP:RND (though that project is inactive), and is the norm for most American missiles and rockets on Wikipedia. BilCat (talk) 21:48, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose either restore the disambiguation page at or split off a rocket family article, since this Titan II is not what is being referred to when discussion the satellite and astronaut launcher. -- 65.94.170.98 (talk) 07:38, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Did the Titan II do hot staging
Did the Titan II do hot staging ? The photos and other diagrams seem to show a vented interstage as if the 2nd stage ignites before separation. - Rod57 (talk) 11:58, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:LGM-25C Titan II


text:
Culture of Ecuador

Ecuador is a multicultural and multiethnic nation, with the majority of its population is descended from a mixture of both European and Amerindian ancestry. The other 10% of Ecuador's population originate east of the Atlantic Ocean, predominantly from Spain, Italy, Lebanon, France and Germany. Around the Esmeraldas and Chota regions, the African influence would be strong among the small population of Afro-Ecuadorians that account for no more than 10%. Close to 80% of Ecuadorians are Roman Catholic, although the indigenous population blend Christian beliefs with ancient indigenous customs. The racial makeup of Ecuador is 70% mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white), 7% Amerindian, 12% White, and 11% Black.

Ecuador can be split up into four geographically distinct areas; the Costa (coast), the Sierra (highlands), El Oriente (the east; which includes the Amazonic region) and the Galápagos Islands.

There is tension and general dislike between the residents of the highlands Quito and the coast Guayaquil the two largest cities of the country. Centralism in these two cities, also creates animus from neighboring provinces. The at times extreme cultural differences between the Coast and the Mountainous Regions can be traced back to pre-hispanic times as the Sierra had a strong Incan presence whereas the Coast was sparsely populated by non-Incan populations such as the Valdivia, Moche, etc. Post colonization the regionalism was accentuated and perpetuated, with the Coast having more Pan-European and African influences and the Sierra having strictly Indigenous influences. The animosity between the two regions has effectively bifurcated the country into two distinct ethnic consciousness and national identities. The enmity between the regions has often detained national economic progress as development in one region or the other is viewed with chagrin.

History
Ecuador was inhabited with numerous civilizations which constructed the ethnic cultural background of Ecuador years before the Inca Empire. Many civilizations rose throughout Ecuador, such as the Chorre and the Valdivia, the latter of which spans its existence before any civilization in the Americas. The most notable groups that existed in Ecuador before, and during the Inca conquest were the Quitus (near present-day Quito), the Cañari (in present-day Cuenca), and the Las Vegas Culture (near Guayaquil). Each civilization developed its own distinguished architecture, pottery, and religious beliefs, while others developed archaeologically disputed systems of writing (an achievement the Incas did not achieve). After years of fierce resistance, the Cañari succumbed to the Inca expansion, and were assimilated loosely under the Inca Empire. The Inca were an advanced society which originated in Peru, and established a great empire within one century. It dominated Peru and extended as far as Colombia and central Chile, as well as Ecuador. To communicate with each other they developed stone-paved highways spanning thousands of miles used by messengers. These messengers passed each other records of the empire's status, which are sometimes thought to have been encoded in a system of knots called quipu. Remarkably, the Cañari, Quitus, and Caras were able to hold back Tupac-Yupanqui for years, though they proved less successful against his son, Huayna Capac. After conquering Ecuador, Huayna Capac imposed upon the tribes the use of the Quechua (or Kichwa) language, lingua franca of the Inca and still widely spoken in Ecuador. The Cañaris were the strongest, and fiercest group in Ecuador to fall, and after their collapse and subsequent assimilation, the conquest of lands north became easier.

In celebration of his victory, Tupac Yupanqui ordered a great city to be built, Tomebamba, where is the present Cuenca, there he built a palace called Pumapungo over the ancient Cañari town. When he died in 1526, Huayna Capac divided the empire between his two sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Atahualpa ruled in the north from Quito, while Huáscar ruled in the south from Cuzco. Huáscar and Atuahualpa wanted all the empire, they could not share the territory, so an internal war took place. Francisco Pizarro landed in Ecuador in 1532, accompanied by 180 fully armed men, his mission was to find gold. Several years earlier, Pizarro had made a peaceful visit to the coast, where he heard rumors in Colombia of El Dorado of inland cities which had incredible amounts of gold. This time, he intended to conquer the Incas just as Hernando Cortez did in Mexico—and he couldn't have picked a better time. Atahualpa had only recently won the war against his brother Huáscar when Pizarro arrived. Pizarro ambushed the ruler, forced him to collect an enormous ransom, and then executed him. Spanish governors ruled Ecuador for nearly 300 years, first from the viceroyalty of Lima, then later from the viceroyalty of Gran Colombia. The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism, colonial architecture, and the Spanish language. Independence was won in 1822, when the famed South American liberator Simón Bolívar joined Sucre and defeated a Spanish army at the Battle of Pichincha.

Regionalism
Each region is divided according to its own unique geography, creating a sense of individual regional pride. The most notable regional competition or fierce enmity is between Guayaquileños, Coastal Ecuadorians and Quiteños, Highland Ecuadorians. This sense of regionalism has created incredibly barriers between countrymen. Due to strong regionalism, the national economy has suffered, as either region and its peoples hesitate to do anything that might result in the expansion of the other's economy, even if it would mean slowing the national economy. During wartime, regionalism was considerably abated, but there are reports of individuals betraying their country, due to their desire to see the other region lose; for example, allegations that someone had given information to enemy troops during Tawantinzuma.

Family
Ecuadorians place great importance on family, both nuclear and extended. Unlike in much of the modern west, Ecuadorians live in multi-generational homes with the elderly and young children living under the same household. Godparents or "padrinos" have an important role in Ecuador, where they are often expected to provide both financial and psychological support to their godchildren.

Families are formed in at least one of the following two ways: Civil Marriage (which is the legal form of formalizing a bond between a man and woman, which all married couples are required to undergo) and the Free Union (where a man and woman decide to form a family, without undergoing any official ceremony). The Ecuadorian Constitution accords the members of a Free Union family, the same rights and duties as any other legally constituted family.

There are many variations in family structure, as well as in the social and cultural structure in Ecuador, depending on the socioeconomic position in which people live. Generally, the upper classes adopt more white American or white European ways of life, customs, and culture. Whereas, lower classes more widely adopt the customs, lifestyles, and culture of native peoples. This leads to great contrasts within Ecuadorian people, effectively creating parallel societies.

Marital roles
Women are generally responsible for the upbringing and care of children, and of husbands in Ecuador, and traditionally, men have taken a completely inactive role in this area. This has begun to change, due to the fact that more and more women are joining the workforce, which has resulted in men doing housework and becoming involved in the care of their children. This change was greatly influenced by Eloy Alfaro's liberal revolution in 1906, in which Ecuadorian women were granted the right to work. Women's suffrage was granted in 1929.

Girls tend to be more protected by their parents than boys, due to traditional social structures. At age 15, girls often have traditional parties called fiesta de quince años. Quinceañera is the term used for the girl, not the party. The party involves festive food and dance. This coming of age or debutante party is a tradition found in most Latin American countries, comparable to the American tradition of sweet sixteen parties.

This special event sometimes involves a doll being given away to show adulthood.

Television and cinema
The majority of the movies shown in movie theatres in Ecuador come from the United States and Spain. The movies are often in English, and have Spanish subtitles, but are sometimes translated for family movies.

The Ecuador Film Company was founded in Guayaquil in 1924. During the early 1920s to early 1930s, Ecuador enjoyed its Cinema Golden Age era. However, the production of motion pictures declined with the coming of sound.

Beyond the Gates of Splendor (2002), directed by Jim Hanon, is a documentary about five missionaries killed by the Huaorani Indians in the 1950s. He recycles the story in the 2006 Hollywood production End of the Spear. Most of this film was shot in Panama.

Entre Marx y una Mujer Desnuda (Between Marx and a Nude Woman, 1995), by Ecuadorian Camilo Luzuriaga, provides a window into the life of young Ecuadorian leftists living in a country, plagued by the remnants of feudal systems and coups d'état. It is based on a novel by Jorge Enrique Adoum.

Cuisine

An Ecuadorian's day, at least as far as his or her diet is concerned, is centered around lunch, rather than dinner.

There is no one food that is especially Ecuadorian, as cuisine varies from region, people, and cultures. For example, Costeños (people from the coast) prefer fish, beef, beans, rice, and plantains (unripened banana like fruits), while Serranos from the mountainous regions prefer pork, chicken, corn, potatoes, and white hominy mote.

Some general examples of Ecuadorian cuisine include patacones (unripe plantains fried in oil, mashed up, then refried), llapingachos (a pan seared potato ball), seco de chivo (a type of stew made from goat), and fanesca (a type of soup made from beans, lentils, and corn), traditionally served on Easter. More regionalized examples include ceviche from the coast, churrasco, andencebollado, the most popular dish on the coast.

Language
Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish, though many speak Amerindian languages such as Kichwa, the Ecuadorian dialect of Quechua. Other Amerindian languages spoken in Ecuador include Awapit (spoken by the Awá), A'ingae (spoken by the Cofan), Shuar Chicham (spoken by the Shuar), Achuar-Shiwiar (spoken by the Achuar and the Shiwiar), Cha'palaachi (spoken by the Chachi), Tsa'fiki (spoken by the Tsáchila), Paicoca (spoken by the Siona and Secoya),((chino)), and Wao Tededeo (spoken by the Waorani).

Though most features of Ecuadorian Spanish are those universal to the Spanish-speaking world, there are several idiosyncrasies.

Costeños tend to speak more quickly and louder than serranos'", with strong linguistic similarities to Canarian Spanish. A common term costeños call one another is mijo, a contraction of the phrase mi hijo'' ("my son"). Several such terms are derived in consequence of their rapid speech, and they also employ intricate linguistic humor and jokes that are difficult to translate or even understand in the other regions. Furthermore, each province has a different variety of accent, with different specific terms influenced by the different racial and ethnic groups that immigrated and settled the areas.

Serranos usually speak softly and with less speed. They are traditionally seen as more conservative, and use a number of Kichwa-derived terms in their everyday speech which is often puzzling to other regions. A widely known example is the word wawa which means "child" in Kichwa. Their speech is influenced by their Incan Amerindian roots, and can be seen as a variant of other Andean accents. However two main accents are noticed in the Andean region, the north and the austral accent. More variations of the austral accent are found in southern regions.

Whistling, yelling, or yawning to get someone's attention is considered rude, yet is practiced informally and mostly by lower classes.

Indigenous art of Tigua
The Kichwa people of Tigua, located in the central Sierra region, are world-renowned for their traditional paintings on sheepskin canvases. Historically, the Tigua people have been known for painting highly decorative masks and drums; painting on flat surfaces is somewhat of a modern occurrence. Today, Tigua paintings can be found for sale all over Ecuador, particularly in touristic areas.

Tigua artists are celebrated for their use of vibrant colors and simplistic themes. Most paintings depict scenes of pastoral life, religious ceremonies, and festivals. The volcano Cotopaxi is commonly depicted in the landscape of many paintings, as it holds particular cultural significance in the region.

Literature
San Juan de Ambato, a city in central Ecuador, is known as the "City of the three Juanes", with Juan Montalvo (a novelist and essayist), Juan León Mera (author of the words to Ecuador's national anthem, and "Salve, Oh Patria"), and Juan Benigno Vela (another novelist and essayist) all sharing it as a place of birth. Other important writers include Eugenio Espejo, from colonial Quito, whose works inspired the fight for freedom from Spain in Ecuador and touched a number of topics, novelist and poet Horacio Hidrovo Velásquez, from early century's Manabí, whose works have inspired films.

Music
The music of Ecuador has a long history. Pasillo is a genre domestic to Ecuador and is regarded as the "national genre." Through the years, many cultures have brought their influences together to create new types of music. There are also different kinds of traditional music like albazo, pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, diablada pillareña, capishca, Bomba (highly established in afro-Ecuadorian society in cities such as Esmeraldas), and so on. Tecnocumbia and Rockola are clear examples of the influence of foreign cultures. One of the most indigenous and traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is Sanjuanito. It's originally from northern Ecuador (Otavalo-Imbabura). Sanjuanito is a danceable music used in the festivities of the mestizo and indigenous cultures. According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, Sanjuanito was danced by indigenous people during San Juan Bautista's birthday. This important date was established by the Spaniards on June 24, coincidentally the same date when indigenous people celebrated their rituals of Inti Raymi. The Panama hat is of Ecuadorian origin, and is known there as "Sombrero de paja toquilla", or a Jipijapa. It is made principally in Montecristi, in the province of Manabí and in the province of Azuay. Its manufacture (particularly that of the Montecristi superfino) is considered a great craft. In Cuenca an important Panama hat industry exists.

Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Ecuador. Some of the most noteworthy accomplishments of Ecuadorian football teams are those of Barcelona SC, having accumulated a total of 16 domestic titles, and of LDU Quito having both won the Copa Libertadores and placed second in the FIFA Club World Cup in 2008; all are feats that are currently unmatched by other teams in Ecuador.

Information on all other Ecuadorian sports related articles are below:
 * Football in Ecuador
 * Ecuador national football team
 * Ecuador women's national football team
 * Ecuador national under-20 football team
 * Ecuador national baseball team
 * Ecuadorian volleyball (Ecua-volley)

title: Culture of Ecuador


text:
User talk:Bojan~enwiki

Welcome
Hello Bojan, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, Tutorial, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should probably read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

I see that you've been doing really good work on Croatian literature, and especially SF in Croatia. How would you feel about moving this to Science fiction in Croatia? It seems to me that that would be a clearer title for the article. You can move it easily by clicking on the "Move this page" link on the left - this will automatically create a redirect from the old title.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Again, welcome! --ALargeElk 09:46, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Ilepcin.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the imagesand I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 23:38, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

My pictures on commons
Here is my explanaton about pictures:

everything from www.tic-ajdovscina.si
I emailed the author of the page: Seveda, fotografije niso zaščitene in so namenjene predvsem promociji. Prav tako lahko uporabite besedila, veseli pa bomo, če boste navedli vir, ali morebiti uredili celo link na našo stran. LP, Sanda Hain TIC Ajdovščina Lokarjev drevored 8 5270 Ajdovščina 05/36 59 140 051-304-607 tic.ajdovscina@siol.net www.tic-ajdovscina.si - Original Message - From: Dave To: tic.ajdovscina@siol.net Sent: Thursday, October 19, 2006 3:07 PM Subject: Ajdovscina na wikipediji

Zanima me če lahko uporabim kakšno sliko naselja Ajdovščina (in potencialno ostalih naselji v občini Ajdovščina) iz vaše strani. Namen uporabe bi bil na wikipediji Hvala So it is clear that it can be used under gfdl

About plezalni pas
I have clear evidence for using gfdl: Pozdravljen, Iz priloženega teksta je razvidno, da lahko slike brez težav postavite na Wikipedio.

Navajam: >Of course, he is allowed to put our product photos on the web.

>The only thing is that Wikipedia ask to put a Creative Commons license on photos. Petzl product photos must be under the "Attribution" and "No Derivative Work" >terms.

V kolikor boste želeli še druge slike izdelkov PETZL v originalni verziji, vam lahko brez težav postrežemo.

Obrnite se na Uršo Šparovec

Lp,   Gregor Pintar

Pictures from Maks Ipavec and Rok Lovšin
I don't know how can I provide detailed info about it, Rok give it away as GDFL (as it says in infobox - in slovenian languege), Maks also allowed it to use for project in wikipedia (I ask it in real life)

Hope this would be enought, if you have any other question just say. --Slodave 00:10, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Aoba Regiment picture on Wikimedia Commons
Imperial Japanese military pictures from WWII or before are public domain. Since there, unfortunately, isn't a Wikipedia template to use to designate such images, the "U.S. government" licensing is used for the following reasons:

There are a lot of images in the U.S. National Archives and other US government historical agencies that were made by the Imperial Japanese government or the Imperial Japanese Navy or Army. The U.S. government websites or other sources of the images state very clearly that they are public domain (for example: )  It appears that they are public domain for several reasons:  (1) Japanese copyright law is "Death (termination) + 50"; the Imperial Japanese government terminated in 1945, making any of the images they produced public domain 50 years later, (2) the U.S. government believes that those images are property of the US government because the US government absorbed the Imperial Japanese government into itself during the Allied (primarily US) occupation of Japan including all of its properties, and (3) when I've looked at the files for Imperial Japanese government images on the Japanese Wikipedia, the editors there usually use the "all rights released by the author" tag for the images, if not the "US Government public domain tag", from what I can understand because upon the dissolution of the Imperial Japanese government in 1945, its images and documents were released from copyright into the public domain.

Someone needs to create a licensing template that covers this area. Until then, we're forced to use U.S. government for the reasons outlined above. Respectfully request removal of the speedy delete tag. Cla68 14:26, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Croatian Basketball Federation.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Croatian Basketball Federation.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 17:33, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think I addressed this. 216.158.28.85 12:59, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Croatian Basketball Federation.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Croatian Basketball Federation.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:33, 16 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 17:33, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And this. 216.158.28.85 13:00, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Interzone204.jpg)
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text: User talk:212.235.116.128

title: User talk:212.235.116.128


text:
Lucozade

Lucozade is a British brand of soft drinks and energy drinks manufactured and marketed by the Japanese company Suntory. Created as "Glucozade" in the UK in 1927 by a Newcastle pharmacist, William Walker Hunter (trading as W. Owen & Son), it was acquired by the British pharmaceutical company Beecham's in 1938 and sold as Lucozade, an energy drink for the sick. Its advertising slogan was "Lucozade aids recovery". It was sold mostly in pharmacies up until the 1980s before it was more readily available as a sports drink in shops across the UK.

A glucose and water solution, the product was sold until 1983 as a carbonated, slightly orange-flavoured drink in a glass bottle wrapped in cellophane. Pharmacists sold it, children were given it when ill, and hospital visitors would regularly arrive with a bottle. It was rebranded in 1978 as a "pick me up", and as a sports drink in 1983, to associate it with health rather than sickness. The company switched to a plastic bottle and introduced a range of flavours. , a 500 ml bottle contained 62 g (15.5 cubes) of sugar, more than Coca-Cola. In 2017, to avoid sugar tax, the drink was reformulated to contain 22.5 g of sugar per 500 ml of liquid, as well as the artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame K. In 2023, it was reformulated again. It still contains the same amount of sugar, but aspartame was swapped out for sucralose.

The UK’s No. 1 energy drink, it has been exported to Asia and Australasia. In 1989, the Beecham Group merged to form SmithKline Beecham, which further merged in 2000 to form GlaxoSmithKline. In September 2013, GlaxoSmithKline sold Lucozade and another soft drink, Ribena, to the Japanese drinks conglomerate Suntory for £1.35 billion.

History
"Glucozade" was invented by William Walker Hunter in 1927 in Newcastle; Hunter had taken over the business of pharmacist William Owen. Hunter sold the product to the Beecham Group in 1938 and it was eventually renamed Lucozade.

Lucozade originally was available in only one variety, which was effervescent with a distinctive sweet citric flavour. It was sold in a glass bottle with a yellow cellophane wrap until 1983, when it was re-branded as an energy drink to remove the brand's associations with illness. The slogan "Lucozade aids recovery" was replaced by "Lucozade replaces lost energy". The glass bottle was replaced by a plastic (polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) one. After the re-branding, UK sales tripled to almost £75 million between 1984 and 1989.

In 1989, the Beecham Group and SmithKline Beckman merged to form SmithKline Beecham, and in 2000 SmithKline Beecham and GlaxoWellcome merged to form GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In 2013, GSK put Ribena and Lucozade up for sale. Suntory, a Japanese holding company, bought the brands in September for £1.35 billion. At the time of the sale, the product was manufactured in England at the Royal Forest Factory in Coleford, Gloucestershire, in the Forest of Dean.

Commercials
Following its rebranding as a sports drink, high-profile athletic figures in British pop culture have promoted Lucozade in television commercials, beginning with Olympic decathlon champion Daley Thompson in 1983, followed by sporting figures such as Olympic sprint champion Linford Christie, footballers John Barnes and Alan Shearer, rugby player Jonny Wilkinson, and Tomb Raider heroine Lara Croft.

Purpose and effectiveness
A stated purpose of sports drinks, which provide many calories of energy from sugars, is to improve performance and endurance. In an analysis by Matthew Thompson and colleagues from the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, of 431 marketing claims of performance enhancement, most cited no evidence. 174 sources were cited for Lucozade; of them, Thompson found only three studies of high quality with a low risk of bias. The rigorous studies that did show improved endurance were "of limited relevance to most people because the tests were on elite athletes". This was backed up by a research study done on professional cyclists, to see if ingesting Lucozade before an hour bike ride would impact performance. The study could not find any positive impact on performance after ingesting it. Thompson said that for the vast majority of people, drinking such products "could completely counteract exercising more, playing football more, going to the gym more".

Lucozade comes in the form of liquid in either a can or plastic bottle, or it can come in the form of a tablet. The tablets have the flavours of either orange or the original flavour.

The drinks are marketed as soft drinks; a soft drinks industry spokesman said in response: "By helping people participating in sport to perform better and to recover more quickly, sports drinks can encourage people to exercise more".

In May 2016, Liverpool City Council ran a "name-and-shame campaign" entitled "Is your child’s sweet tooth harming their health?". The short-lived campaign claimed that Lucozade was "the worst offender", containing 62 grams of sugar in a 500 ml bottle, followed by Coca-Cola with 54 grams. Posters for the campaign were displayed in hospitals for a time.

In its original high-sugar formulation, Lucozade was recommended by UK diabetes charities as an immediate treatment for hypoglycaemia in individuals who take insulin. Since the drink now includes artificial sweeteners, guidelines have been amended to state that Lucozade should not be used to treat diabetic hypoglycaemia.

Composition
While the ingredients vary somewhat from one drink to another, those of the Lucozade Original Energy were listed as follows in 2013: carbonated water, glucose syrup (25%), citric acid (E330), lactic acid (E270), flavouring (unspecified), preservatives (potassium sorbate, sodium bisulphite (E-222)), caffeine, antioxidant (ascorbic acid), colour (sunset yellow (E110), Ponceau 4R). After the reformulation to lower sugar in 2017, and another reformulation in 2023, Lucozade Original contains the sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame K.

A warning is printed on the packaging that the colouring may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. Nutritional information for 380 ml bottle: energy 1129 kjoules = 266 kCal; protein, fat and fibre nil; carbohydrates 65.4 g of which sugars 33.1 g of which 65.4 g glucose-based; and sodium trace. Packaging also warns that spilt Lucozade may stain. A 380 ml bottle of Lucozade contains 46 mg of caffeine, about as much as a cup of tea.

Lucozade contains 0.01% ethanol (alcohol), which meant that observant Muslims could not drink it. However, in 2004, the Muslim Council of Britain ruled that they saw no harm in consuming Lucozade which contains traces of ethyl alcohol that do not bear its original qualities and do not change the taste, colour or smell. GlaxoSmithKline pointed out that fruit juices and bread could also contain the same or higher trace amounts of alcohol due to natural fermentation.

Variants
Lucozade Energy
 * Original
 * Orange
 * Wild Cherry
 * Wild Berry
 * Pink Lemonade
 * Apple Blast
 * Lemon
 * Cloudy Lemon
 * Tropical
 * Mixed Berry
 * Strawberry
 * Raspberry Ripple
 * Watermelon & Strawberry
 * Melonade
 * Caribbean Crush
 * Brazilian Mango & Mandarin
 * Citrus Chill
 * Citrus Clear
 * Grafruitti
 * Pineapple Punch
 * Tropical Fusion
 * Black Edition Cola
 * Blackcurrant
 * Blue Burst

Lucozade Zero
 * Original
 * Orange
 * Pink Lemonade
 * Tropical

Lucozade Sport
 * Orange
 * Caribbean Burst
 * Brazilian Guava
 * Raspberry
 * Cherry
 * Mango & Passion Fruit
 * Fruit Punch (AJ Edition)
 * Low Cal - Orange
 * Low Cal - Lemon & Lime
 * Blue Force

Lucozade Alert
 * Original
 * Tropical Burst
 * Cherry Blast
 * Blue Rush

Sponsorships
Lucozade Sport is a major sponsor of events, teams and athletes in the UK and Ireland, including the Amateur Rowing Association (ARA), FA Premier League, FA Cup, England Rugby Football Union, England Football Team, the Republic Of Ireland Football Team, the London Marathon, Parkrun, Michael Owen, Steven Gerrard, Damien Duff, Ronan O'Gara and Ben Wynne.

The McLaren Formula One team was previously sponsored by Lucozade. The brand has also sponsored Jamaican sprinter Asafa Powell since he first broke the 100 m World Record in 2005. They honoured his Beijing Summer Olympics achievements with a small function in October 2008.

Collaborations
In 2017, British fashion supplier Missguided was included in a campaign by Lucozade Zero. Coded cans were offered at booths in crowded areas that entitled drinkers to discounts on Missguided products.

title: Lucozade