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Discovery, Inc.

Discovery, Inc. was an American multinational mass media factual television conglomerate based in New York City. Established in 1982, the company operated a group of factual and lifestyle television brands, such as the namesake Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, Science Channel, and TLC. In 2018, the company acquired Scripps Networks Interactive, adding networks such as Food Network, HGTV, and Travel Channel to its portfolio. Since the purchase, Discovery described itself as serving members of "passionate" audiences, and also placed a focus on streaming services built around its properties.

Discovery owned or had interests in local versions of its channel brands in international markets, in addition to its other major regional operations such as Eurosport (a pan-European group of sports channels, most prominently the rightsholder of the Olympic Games throughout most of Europe), GolfTV (an international golf-focused streaming service, which is the international digital rightsholder of the PGA Tour), Discovery Communications Nordic (which operates general-interest channels in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland), TVN Group in Poland, and a portfolio of various free-to-air channels in Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.

In May 2021, AT&T announced its proposal to merge its media subsidiary WarnerMedia with Discovery, Inc. The transaction was approved by the European Commission in December 2021 and was completed on April 8, 2022, forming Warner Bros. Discovery.

History
The company was established in 1982 in Landover, Maryland as the Cable Educational Network. Its namesake and flagship brand, Discovery Channel, first launched on June 17, 1985. In 1991, Discovery Channel's owners acquired The Learning Channel. Three years later, Cable Educational Network was renamed Discovery Communications.

In October 1996, Discovery launched several new spin-off networks, including Animal Planet, and the digital cable channels Discovery Kids, Discovery Travel & Living, Discovery Civilization, and Science Channel. This was followed by the 1997 purchase of a 70% stake in Travel Channel, and the 1998 launches of Discovery en Español, Discovery Wings, and Discovery Health Channel. Also in 1998, Discovery acquired a stake in the struggling CBS Eye on People channel; Discovery eventually acquired the remainder of CBS's stake, leading to its January 1999 relaunch as Discovery People. The network quietly folded in 2000, being replaced by other Discovery channels on providers.

On September 1, 2001, Discovery Communications bought The Health Channel, and announced that it would be re-branded as FitTV. In 2002, Discovery relaunched Discovery Civilization as Discovery Times, as part of a joint venture with The New York Times. In June 2002, coinciding with Discovery's 17th anniversary, the company launched a 24/7 high definition channel known as Discovery HD Theater. In 2003, Discovery Communications moved its headquarters from Bethesda to Silver Spring. In 2003 and 2004, Discovery acquired academic film companies such as AGC, AIMS Multimedia, and Clearvue & SVE to form Discovery Education, which is now led by Jeremy Cowdrey, former CEO of Imagine Learning. In 2019, Discovery Communications moved its headquarters to New York City, keeping 300 employees in a smaller hub in Silver Spring.

Zaslav era
Former NBCUniversal executive David Zaslav was named president and CEO of Discovery Communications on November 16, 2006. In the years that followed, Zaslav placed a major focus on bolstering Discovery's core networks, programming, and expanding the company's reach into digital media. He described these goals as reflecting an expansion into becoming a "content company" rather than just a "cable company".

In March 2007, Discovery sold its stake in Travel Channel back to Cox Communications, in exchange for the stake in Discovery that Cox owned. Cox would later sell the controlling interest in the channel to Scripps Networks Interactive in 2009. In June 2008, Discovery Home was replaced by Planet Green, a network devoted primarily to environmentalism and sustainable living.

In 2007, according to Crunchbase, TreeHugger was acquired by Discovery Communications on August 1, 2007, for $10 million. In 2012, Mother Nature Network, founded by Joel Babbit and Chuck Leavell (now Narrative Content Group) acquired TreeHugger.

On January 15, 2008, Discovery announced that it had entered into a joint venture with Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions to relaunch Discovery Health as a new service, OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network, in 2009. In 2008, Discovery Times was relaunched as Investigation Discovery, a new brand that would be dedicated to true crime programs and documentaries. The company also formed its Emerging Networks Group, and named Clark Bunting as president and Clint Stinchcomb as executive vice president and general manager. On April 30, 2009, Discovery announced a joint venture with Hasbro to relaunch Discovery Kids as a new youth- and family-oriented entertainment channel. The channel, ultimately named The Hub, launched on October 10, 2010. After multiple delays, OWN officially launched on January 1, 2011.

On March 17, 2009, Discovery Communications sued Amazon.com for patent infringement by its Kindle e-reader line, regarding "secure distribution of electronic text and graphics to subscribers and secure storage". The patents were originally developed by Discovery founder John Hendricks, who had been developing technologies related to e-books and the digitization of television programs. While Discovery had divested the television-related patents, it retained the e-book patents. Amazon subsequently accused Discovery of violating a patent for an "Internet-based customer referral system"; The two parties settled in 2011.

On October 4, 2011, due to the wider implementation of high-definition feeds for mainstream cable channels, HD Theater was relaunched as Velocity, a new "upscale male" network focusing on automotive programming. On May 26, 2012, Planet Green (which had begun to abandon its original concept in 2010 due to poor viewership) was relaunched as Destination America.

In January 2014, Discovery launched Curiosity, a website that aggregates online education content.

In April 2014, Discovery made an investment and strategic partnership with Dog TV, a television network made specifically for dogs.

In May 2014, Discovery and its shareholder Liberty Media acquired British television studio All3Media for $930 million in a 50/50 joint venture. The new ownership stated that All3Media would be operated as an independent company. In October 2014, Discovery acquired controlling interest in Hub Network from Hasbro and re-branded it as Discovery Family. During the same month of that year, Discovery Communications announced a special dividend of shares of the company's Series C common stock payable to holders of record of the company's Series A common stock, Series B common stock and Series C common stock as of the close of business on July 28, 2014. As a result of the dividend, each holder of a share of the company's Series A common stock, Series B common stock or Series C common stock will receive one additional share of the company's Series C common stock on or about August 6, 2014. In November 2014, Curiosity was spun out as a venture-funded startup, receiving $6 million in funding.

In November 2015, Discovery Communications and Liberty Global paid approximately $195 million for a 3.4% stake in Lionsgate Entertainment with Discovery CEO David Zaslav joining the Lionsgate board of directors as part of the acquisition. In December 2015, Discovery launched Discovery Go, a TV Everywhere service offering access to live streaming and on-demand content from Discovery Communications' cable networks.

In May 2016, Discovery initiated a restructuring plan aiming to save $40 to $60 million by the third quarter of 2016, including a shift in strategy to "maximize" its linear television business whilst plotting larger investments in content, digital media, sports, and international markets. In August 2016, Discovery purchased a minority stake in the Hong Kong-based digital talent and content company VS Media; Discovery intended to have VS distribute Discovery Digital Networks content in China, and to offer their own resources to VS.

In October 2016, Discovery purchased a minority stake in Group Nine Media, a digital media holding company consisting of Thrillist Media Group, NowThis, The Dodo and Discovery's digital network Seeker—for $100 million. The transaction gave Discovery an option to acquire a majority stake at a later date.

Acquisition of Scripps Networks Interactive
On July 31, 2017, Discovery announced it would acquire Scripps Networks Interactive, owner of networks such as Food Network, HGTV, and DIY Network, for $14.6 billion, pending regulatory approval. On March 6, 2018, the acquisition was completed, with the company renamed as Discovery, Inc. afterwards. Following the purchase, SNI shareholders owned 20% of Discovery's stock. Discovery retained an operational hub in SNI's home city of Knoxville, but planned to move its corporate headquarters from Silver Spring, Maryland, where it had operated since 2003, to New York City in late-2019.

Discovery's brands were reorganized into two groups under different chief brand officers: SNI's chief programmer Kathleen Finch became chief brand officer of Lifestyle, overseeing TLC, the six former Scripps channels, and Discovery's other lifestyle networks. Rich Ross, who formerly served as group president of Discovery and Science, stepped down, and would be replaced by TLC president Nancy Daniels as chief brand officer of Discovery & Factual.

An on-air result of the acquisition were multiple programs featuring crossovers between TLC and Scripps talent, such as the Food Network series Buddy vs. Duff (a cake design competition series starring Buddy Valastro and Duff Goldman of the TLC and Food Network programs Cake Boss and Ace of Cakes), and a revival of TLC's While You Were Out incorporating HGTV personalities.

On August 3, 2017, Discovery announced that it would contribute Velocity into a joint venture with the digital, live events, and direct-to-consumer businesses of automotive publisher TEN: The Enthusiast Network. Discovery will hold a majority stake in the venture; it will not include TEN's print brands, but there will be opportunities for cross-promotion. In April 2018, it was announced that TEN had been renamed Motor Trend Group, and that Velocity would be re-branded as an extension of its namesake magazine Motor Trend.

In December 2017, Discovery announced that it would acquire an additional 24.5% stake in OWN that it did not already own, for $70 million. Oprah Winfrey will remain as CEO of OWN, and extended her exclusivity agreement with the network and Discovery through 2025. Harpo Productions retains a "significant minority stake" in the venture. In February 2018, Discovery sold a majority stake in Discovery Education to the private equity firm Francisco Partners.

Focus on direct-to-consumer services
During its 2018 upfronts, Zaslav stated that the company was now strongly focused on serving "passionate fans and passionate audiences", and was preparing to increase its focus on direct-to-consumer offerings targeting such audiences. The SNI purchase, Eurosport's Olympics rights, and the aforementioned Motor Trend-branded network were described as being examples of this strategy. Food Network Kitchen would also launch in 2019, with a focus on live and on-demand cooking classes.

In June 2018, Discovery announced a 12-year agreement to acquire the international media rights to the PGA Tour, with plans to develop an international streaming service to house these rights. The service was officially announced in October 2018 as GolfTV, with Eurosport executive vice president Alex Kaplan named the president and general manager of Discovery Golf. Former Amazon executive Peter Faricy, who was named Discovery's chief executive of global direct-to-consumer operations in August 2018, considered GolfTV consistent with the aforementioned strategy, as golf was one of several sports "where people's passions and their interest in participating and learning more becomes a core part of their life."

With Discovery choosing 230 Park Avenue South as its new New York City headquarters, Discovery sold its former Silver Spring headquarters to Foulger-Pratt and Cerberus Capital Management in September 2018, and leased a smaller space at nearby 8403 Colesville Road.

In November 2018, Chip and Joanna Gaines of the former HGTV series Fixer Upper announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, that they were in early talks to form a "lifestyle focused media network" with Discovery named after their personal company Magnolia. It was reported that Discovery had considered rebranding either DIY Network or Great American Country as this new channel. In April 2019, Discovery confirmed its Magnolia joint venture, which is scheduled to launch in 2020 and replace DIY Network, with an over-the-top subscription component to launch later. Magnolia Network was originally scheduled to launch on October 4, 2020, but it was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It was also announced that Fixer Upper would be revived for the new channel.

In January 2019, Discovery increased its ownership of Play Sports Group, operator of the YouTube channel Global Cycling Network, to 71%. Discovery previously acquired a 20% share in 2017. The group is the foundation for an in development global cycling OTT service.

On April 1, 2019, after a previous agreement with the broadcaster lapsed six years prior, Discovery announced a 10-year global content partnership with BBC Studios, under which it will become the exclusive subscription video-on-demand rightsholder of programming from the BBC Natural History Unit (which will become the basis of an international subscription service by 2020) outside of China, Ireland, and the UK. In addition, Discovery and the BBC reached an agreement to break up their UKTV joint venture (which was inherited from Scripps), with Discovery acquiring the BBC's shares in the Good Food, Home, and Really channels, and BBC Studios acquiring Discovery's shares in the seven remaining channels, and its streaming platform UKTV Play. Home was later rebranded as a local version of HGTV, and Good Food was closed in favor of the local version of Food Network.

On May 13, 2019, Discovery announced that it would acquire Golf Digest from Condé Nast to integrate into its Discovery Golf division.

In March 2020, Discovery began to deploy a new direct-to-consumer brand known as Discovery+, initially in India, which would focus on content from across its factual and lifestyle television brands, as well as the BBC. In December 2020, Discovery announced that it would launch Discovery+ in the United States on January 4, 2021, which would feature new exclusive programming from across Discovery's brands, and previews of Magnolia Network (whose linear launch had since been delayed to 2022).

In May 2021, Discovery formed a multi-platform content partnership with the Georgia Aquarium.

Merger with WarnerMedia
On May 17, 2021, AT&T announced that it had reached an agreement to merge its content and broadcasting subsidiary, WarnerMedia (the former Time Warner, which AT&T had acquired in 2018 for just over $85 billion in an attempt to become a vertically integrated media conglomerate) with Discovery Inc. to form a new company, subject to regulatory approval. The merger, scheduled to be completed in mid-2022, would be structured as a Reverse Morris Trust; AT&T shareholders will hold a 71% interest in the new company's stock and appoint seven board members, and Discovery shareholders will hold 29% and appoint six board members. AT&T will receive $43 billion in cash and debt from the spin-off.

Zaslav will lead the new company. He stated that the new company's goal would be to "[tell] the most amazing stories and have a ton of fun doing it", and emphasized that the two companies spend over $20 billion annually on content (outpacing Disney, Netflix and even Amazon). The company will aim to expand their streaming services (which includes WarnerMedia's HBO Max) to reach 400 million global subscribers.

On June 1, 2021, it was announced that the merged company would be known as Warner Bros. Discovery, and an interim wordmark was unveiled with the tagline "The stuff dreams are made from"—a line from the 1941 Warner Bros. film The Maltese Falcon. Zaslav stated that the name would reflect "the combination of Warner Bros.' fabled hundred-year legacy of creative, authentic storytelling and taking bold risks to bring the most amazing stories to life, with Discovery's global brand that has always stood brightly for integrity, innovation and inspiration". On June 7, 2021, Discovery announced that it would divest Great American Country to GAC Media, a new Fort Worth-based investment group led by Tom Hicks and former Crown Media Holdings CEO Bill Abbott.

Electronic Arts, who were a bidder in the proposed sale of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, purchased the mobile gaming studio Playdemic from WBIE for US$1.4 billion in the same month.

In September 2021, Fox Corporation acquired TMZ from WarnerMedia in a deal worth about $50 million with TMZ being operated under the Fox Entertainment division.

In November 2021, Discovery and WarnerMedia discussed a plan to combine the two streaming services, HBO Max and Discovery+, into one streaming service in two phases: an initial phase that allows for quick bundling of the services and a second phase that allows for a common service on one tech platform. In the same month, it was announced that Discovery will rename itself Warner Bros. Discovery and reclassify and convert its stock into stock of WBD.

On December 22, 2021, it was announced that the transaction was approved by the European Commission and it is expected to be completed in mid-2022, subject to approval by Discovery shareholders and additional closing conditions.

On January 5, 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that WarnerMedia and Paramount Global (at the time known as ViacomCBS) were exploring a possible sale of either a majority stake or all of The CW, and that Nexstar Media Group (which became The CW's largest affiliate group when it acquired former WB co-owner Tribune Broadcasting in 2019) was considered a leading bidder. The news led to speculation that, should a sale take place, new ownership could steer the network in a new direction, transforming The CW from a young adult-oriented network into one that featured more unscripted and even national news programming. However, reports also indicated that WarnerMedia and ViacomCBS could include a contractual commitment that would require any new owner to buy new programming from those companies, allowing them to reap some continual revenue through the network. Network president/CEO Mark Pedowitz confirmed talks of a potential sale in a memo to CW staffers, but added that "It's too early to speculate what might happen" and that the network "must continue to do what we do best."

On January 26, 2022, it was reported that the merger between WarnerMedia and Discovery, Inc. was expected to close sometime during the second quarter of 2022. This was later narrowed down to mid-April 2022. On February 1, 2022, it was reported that AT&T had elected to structure the merger as a spin-off of WarnerMedia, followed by a merger with Discovery Inc. to form the new company. The company had been contemplating structuring the transaction as a split-off (under which AT&T shareholders would be given the option as to whether to exchange their shares for those of the new company, rather than receive them pro rata). On February 7, the merger was approved by the Brazilian antitrust regulator Cade. It was approved by the United States Department of Justice two days later.

The transaction was approved by Discovery shareholders on March 11, and formally completed on April 8, 2022.

2010 hostage crisis
On September 1, 2010, the Discovery headquarters were the site of a hostage taking; a lone gunman identified as James J. Lee (c. 1967 – September 1, 2010), armed with two starter pistols and an explosive device, took three people hostage inside of the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, prompting an evacuation of the building. Lee's motive was believed to have been grounded in environmental activism. Lee had previously been arrested in 2008 while protesting in front of the same site.

The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) at the University of Maryland has since labeled the crime a terrorist attack.

The incident began at 1:00 p.m. ET, when the 43-year-old Lee entered the building with two starter pistols and fired a single round at the ceiling of the lobby. The Montgomery County Police Department (MCPD) confirmed that Lee had an explosive device and was holding three people hostage in the lobby. The building was placed on lockdown and most of the 1,500 employees were evacuated. Children from a day care center inside were safely removed to a nearby McDonald's restaurant on Colesville Rd. Lee was shot and killed by an MCPD SWAT team at 4:48 p.m. ET after the hostages made a run to escape. The remaining hostages were immediately freed. The incident was described by the FBI as the first instance of a would-be suicide bomber taking hostages in the United States.

Lee was an environmental protester who, in 2008, was given six months of supervised probation and fined $500 after he was arrested during a protest outside the Discovery Communications headquarters. Lee had published criticisms of the network in an online manifesto at Savetheplanetprotest.com, among which was a demand for the company to cease the broadcasting of television series displaying or encouraging the birth of "parasitic human infants and the false heroics behind those actions". His manifesto also railed against "immigration pollution and anchor baby filth", leading commentators such as Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center to decry Lee as an "eco-fascist". Lee's opinions were dominated by Malthusian analysis, though he also cited works ranging from Daniel Quinn's novel My Ishmael to former U.S. Vice President Al Gore's documentary An Inconvenient Truth. The Washington Post credited the Twitter community for initially breaking the story.

title: Discovery, Inc.


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Talk:Plurality (voting)

Should this be a Wiktionary entry?
Should this be a Wiktionary entry? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.34.94.87 (talk) 21:05, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * no, it's a concept that could be explained with examples. this article is a stub though. 135.214.66.240 17:31, 21 November 2004 (UTC)

 * I completely agree that this should be a wiktionary entry. "Plurality" is a word.  Things like "Plurality voting system" should have wikipedia entries but to have all this explanation and talking about Borda voting systems in an article titled "plurality" doesn't make sense. 69.3.98.104 14:26, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Plurality should be a disambig page; it has lots of other meanings. Fixed. David-Sarah Hopwood (talk) 05:20, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Too FPTP-specific?
OK, I've de-stubbed. I'm slightly concerned that what I've written may be FPTP-specific rather than plurality-specific; I'd appreciate feedback on this article. TSP 11:51, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Don't duplicate plurality voting system
Let's be careful not to be too duplicitous of content that belongs in plurality voting system. Scott Ritchie 18:23, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Merge plurality voting system into plurality
I have suggested that Plurality voting system be merged into Plurality. Plurality voting system has better content, but Plurality is a better name for the article. In addition to explaining plurality elections, Plurality will allow us to explain the concept as it occurs outside the context of voting. Squideshi 14:03, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The 'Plurality' or 'First Past The Post' voting system is a voting system employing pluralities.  It is not the only possible one (Borda count and approval voting are others).  The main problem is that this article, most of which I wrote one afternoon very early in my Wikipedia career, is too specific to the Plurality voting system, not to pluraities in general.  It should be a general article which can be referenced by all other articles mentioning pluralities; not specific to that one voting system.  TSP 14:55, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that we actually agree but are just misunderstanding one another. I am suggesting that this article cover pluralities in general, only one of which is a plurality voting system.  I suggested the merge because Plurality voting system implies there is only one type of plurality.  Plurality should be the main article.  Squideshi 01:39, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * But 'Plurality voting system' currently describes one particular voting system which happens to employ pluralities; the one known in the UK as 'First Past The Post'. I don't think that the article describing that voting system should be at 'Plurality'; it should be at 'Plurality voting system' or at 'First Past The Post voting system'.  The article there is not about pluralities; it is about a particular voting system that uses them; so should not be at 'Plurality'.  If the current title is confusing, it could be moved back to 'First Past The Post voting system', which I find less ambiguous.  The article currently at 'Plurality' is the nearest thing we have to an article about Pluralities, so should stay here; but it should be rewritten to be more general.  I think there are two distinct articles here, and neither should be merged into the other. TSP 01:55, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No merge Instead, I vote that the plurality article remove all reference to first past the post (except a link to this article), and be left as a general article. Is it too late to suggest that Plurality voting system be renamed back to its original name; the rename happened without consensus and in violation of Wikipedia's guidlines for national varieties of English? Notinasnaid 12:56, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As I understand the matter, it is never too late to reconsider a move, especially if the move was done on the assumption that it was non-controversial. Is the term "Plurality voting" not used in the UK at all?  The only time I have seen, "First Past the Post" used in the U.S. was for a completely different voting system (majority required with published totals and vote-changing).  I would prefer a title that will be understood by all educated speakers of English rather than slavishly following a rule on national varieties of English. Robert A.West (Talk) 18:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never heard 'plurality voting' used - though Google shows a few hits from the UK, just as there are a few hits from the US for 'first past the post'. 'First past the post' also seems to me to be prevalent in Canadian, Australian and New Zealand English, as well as in articles from places such as India; though it's hard to establish this for sure. TSP 19:10, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never heard "plurality" used in the UK. It is used by all parties, both those for and against it. The discussion page suggested it was a pejorative term; well, maybe in the US. However, I can only offer a lay opinion; my library is rather thin on political books and none of them mention this. Notinasnaid 09:01, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Supplement: original discussion of move, Talk:Plurality_voting_system/archive1. Notinasnaid 09:16, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose the merger. First past the post is the term I am familiar with in Australia (Commonwealth English).  Notwithstanding the discussions about the original discussion of the move, if you look at the "what links here" page the very great majority of pages link via redirects from First Past the Post or other similar redirect pages indicating that it is the common term used by editors of articles where the term is used.  I support a move back for the Plurality voting system to First past the post and that this Plurality article develops separately as it is not concerned solely with FPTP.--A Y Arktos\talk 23:22, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose Merger makes no sense. ~ trialsanderrors 01:08, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Opposed. Although the use of plurality may refer to first past the post or the plurality voting sytem, it can also mean several other things, such as The state of being plural. I agree with the removal of first past the post information from the plurality page, to be replaced with a link to plurality voting system. Regards, --Woodgreener 18:35, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose the merger: the voting system and the general concept are differe and should cover different content from different points of view. CRGreathouse 00:45, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
I had a little alarm go off in my head while reading this article when I realized I "agreed" with it. I found the information and perspective to be generally accurate, but then I realized that I myself (having more or less minority political opinions) have quite skewed viewpoints regarding the issue.

The section near the end of the article suggests the problem with "tactical" (or as it's always been known to me, "strategic") voting - namely, that it doesn't alwyas reflect one's true voting intentions. This indeed is often the case; or so it seems to me. Regardless, it suggests that it IS often the case, and indeed this entire page seems to be written from a perspective similar to my own. Because I, of course, believe quite strongly, and because I want my own beliefs, based on logic or otherwise, should be prevented fairly, I think this page needs to be looked at so far as neutrality and justification are concerned. --Jammoe 04:02, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Example to show Plurality is confusing
I believe the example used to show plurality, while being very good about giving a worldview, is confusing to Americans (people from the U.S.) because we commonly call ourselves "Americans" as a nationality. It needs to be broken down or written better, so it does not equate "Americans" as "people from the North or South American continents." I would recommend giving some other continent as an example for a continental plurality to avoid this problem. Guroadrunner 19:47, 18 January 2007 (UTC) Quoted from the article by the editor signed just above
 * For instance, in a room with 12 people: 3 Germans; 2 Englishmen; 2 Canadians; 2 Mexicans, 2 Guatemalans; and 1 U.S. national. Considered by national origin, the 3 Germans are the plurality; considered by continent the 7 Americans (Canadians, Mexicans, Guatemalans, and U.S. nationals) are a plurality; considered by primary national language, the 5 anglophones (Englishmen, Canadians, and U.S. nationals) are a plurality; and considered by both continent and language, the 4 Hispanic Americans (Mexicans and Guatemalans) are a plurality. However, only the 7 Americans, when considered by continent, constitute a majority. In the context of voting, this ambiguity can lead to coalitions of greater or lesser stability.

end quotation

 * I'm sorry, but I find your paragraph actually more confusing. The original paragraph is, in my opinion, clear enough. And I'll tell you one more thing, mister: US nationals are Americans, Mexicans are Americans, Guatemalans are Americans, and anyone born and/or living in America is an American. Too bad for you if you guys don't have a name for the inhabitants of your country; in Spanish we have a perfectly good name: estadounidenses. USians? Unitedstatesians? USAmericans? Statesmen? I don't know, but please don't dilute the word "American". English speakers have been using that word in a way that's too excluding for my taste, or the taste of the millions of other Americans for that matter. --SaulPerdomo 06:52, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually in my less serious moments I've taken to calling US citizens "Usaians" for lack of an actual term. They are Americans, but Americans that belong to a state that is united with others. So properly they don't have a collective term, they should be called Californians, Texans or Virginians. Whatever state they come from. ;) --Monotonehell 07:16, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, this is confusing, that's why I edited it to say "North American" instead of "American".
 * Re: To the guy from Guatamala:
 * This is the English Language Wikipedia, not the Spanish language Wikipedia. What the Spanish language has to say about English terminology is.... well... irrelevant.  I might as well start going on the Spanish language and start debating the usage of Spanish language terms that are common in English and try to change the consensus' mind.
 * Although your concept is highly laughable kind of interesting, (And also based on the argument of amphiboly) most English speakers and also, most speakers of other foreign languages (Since you're going to start referring to foreign languages as a reference) refer to people from the USA as "Americans".  Russian refers to US nationals as "Amerikskis" and French refers to us as "Les Americans".
 * Also, if we're going to start splitting hairs, you'll have to call New Guineans ""Australians" since New Guinea is a part of the Australian continent.  You may be on the North American continent, you're not an American.  You can become one though if you immigrate here legally and pass the citizenship test. Sorry if that news killed your political agenda.ColdRedRain 21:27, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Confusing treatment of "simple majority" in American usage
The current text, in context, seems to suggest that "simple majority" is used to mean "plurality" in American usage, but with absences and abstentions not considered. I don't think that's the intent of the passage -- I think it wants to say that a simple majority in American usages is more than half of all votes actually cast (as opposed to an absolute majority, which I take it would be "more than half of those having the right to vote"). The text should be clarified -- maybe someone who's more sure of the distinction between "simple" and "absolute" in American usage should do this. (I wouldn't have made that distinction myself -- I would just have said that a simple majority is more than half of votes cast, as opposed to a supermajority, which might be 60% or 2/3 or 3/4 or something.) --Trovatore 00:01, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Different meanings (CUT FROM THE ARTICLE)
I moved the following from the article (feel free to move it back.) This section is not about the "meaning" of plurality. The "meaning" that is used is the same for all three bullet examples - plurality is the group with the largest number but still below a majority count. If anything, this example is a demonstration showing that there are different pluralities depending on what one is measuring. ~ Parlirules (talk) 13:51, 29 April 2008 (UTC) Cut from the article by the editor signed just above

Different meanings
The meaning of "plurality" depends on how the elements are categorized. For instance, in a room with 12 people: three Germans; two English people; two English-speaking Canadians; one Mexican, two Guatemalans; and two Americans:
 * considered by national origin, the three Germans are the plurality;
 * considered by continent the seven North Americans (Canadians, Mexicans, Guatemalans, and Americans) are a plurality;
 * considered by primary national language, the six Anglophones (Englishmen, Canadians, and Americans) are a plurality; and
 * considered by both continent and language, the four English speaking North Americans (Canadians and Americans) are a plurality.

However, only the seven North Americans, when considered by continent, constitute a majority (more than six). In the context of voting, this ambiguity can lead to coalitions of greater or lesser stability. end import

U.S. usage (CUT FROM THE ARTICLE)
This section has no citations and is probably not supportable with accurate citations. In United States usage and quite possibly throughout the English speaking world, to borrow from Gertrude Stein, a majority is a majority is a majority is a majority. It simply means "more than half". The question then needs to be asked, "more than half" of what? In voting for a candidate or proposition the default meaning for majority is more than half of the votes cast. (One could cite a reference here from the voting section of any major book on parliamentary procedure.)

However, sometimes a different voting percentage is needed/required/ordered. This could be two-thirds, four-fifths, etc. It has become more commonplace to call any percentage requirement over majority, a "super-majority." Not really a useful term in my view, but one can't argue against the coining of new words once they become popular. ["Super Tuesday", "Super-Size"] Another aspect of determining majority is of what basis. The term "absolute majority" has been coined to mean a majority of all those that could vote (in an organized society or legislature this is the total count of members.) This is a higher requirement than majority. (One could also call "absolute majority" a type of "super-majority", but most people don't think of it in this way, so let's not confuse the issue by pointing out the impreciseness of evolving language.)

Once use of the term "absolute majority" began to be established, which was done to distinguished it from "majority", language did its thing again, and people were no longer content to understand "majority" as "majority", so human nature being what it is, many started to use the term "simple majority" as a replacement for "majority" because they felt it was important that both concepts have the same number of adjectives. Humans have an innate need for symmetry.

Where was I? I was making a point here, I think. Yes, regarding the sentence below. Majority and simple majority are pretty much the same thing, certainly in American (or US usage), the difference is that there are more citations defining "majority" than there are defining "simple majority." ... also, the use of "strict" is perhaps the wrong term, a "higher requirement" in terms of votes might be more appropriate.

I have not put all this on the web page because (a) I don't have time at the moment to find the citations (and some of this is clearly opinion) and (b) this article is about plurality, not majority (or various forms of majority.) So I moved it here for the time being. ~ Parlirules (talk) 14:33, 29 April 2008 (UTC) Cut from the article by the editor signed just above

U.S. usage
In United States usage, a simple majority does not include abstentions or absent members. It is more strict than a plurality vote, but less strict than an absolute majority vote. end import

Smallest possible plurality - incorrect formula?

 * "The smallest possible plurality is (v+n)/n, rounded up, where v is the number of members of the group (voters) and n is the number of categories (candidates)."

This can't be right: if v=100 and n=3, the smallest possible plurality ought to be 34 (34+33+33=100). But (100+3)/3 = 34.3, which rounds up to 35. What should it read - "rounded to the nearest whole number" perhaps? --Blisco (talk) 15:10, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Doesn't 34.3, by convention, round off to 34? Here is a simple statement of the convention:

 * "To round off decimals:
 * Find the place value you want (the "rounding digit") and look at the digit just to the right of it.
 * If that digit is less than 5, do not change the rounding digit but drop all digits to the right of it.
 * If that digit is greater than or equal to five, add one to the rounding digit and drop all digits to the right of it."
 * The formula seems right to me. Sunray (talk) 18:05, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "The smallest possible plurality is (v+n)/n, rounded up..." 34.3 becomes 35.  In voting in a one-person:one vote ratio, there is no such thing as a decimal portion in determining vote requirements because there is no such thing as a part-vote - it is not conventional rounding.  Rounding up gives you a practical vote count.--WPaulB (talk) 14:22, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Article contradicts its own definition
The last sentence of the first para states, "A plurality of votes is ... less than a majority of the vote." This contradicts the first sentence which states "a plurality vote is the largest number of votes ..." with no indication it must be less than a majority. It also contradicts the majority article which states "A plurality is not necessarily a majority" (my emphasis). Nurg (talk) 03:52, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * That's my confusion with this article exactly. It seems to be a contradiction.
 * - Misha
 * 216.254.12.114 (talk) 21:23, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The confusion may stem from the fact that there are two meanings of the word majority depending on whether you are using North American or British English. Robert's Rules sets out the definition as it has become to be accepted in North American English:
 * "In an election a candidate has a plurality when he has a larger vote than any other candidate; he has a majority when he has more than half the votes cast..."
 * In British English, plurality and majority are sometimes used as synonyms. Here's the Oxford definition of majority in British English:
 * "2 Brit. the number by which the votes cast for one party or candidate exceed those for the next."
 * As Fowler notes, the term absolute majority has traditionally been used in the UK to indicate 50 + 1. Fowler identifies a problem with this usage:
 * "With three-cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient single word for what we used to call an absolute majority... In America the word majority itself has that meaning while a poll greater than that of any other candidate, but less than half the votes cast is called a plurality. It might be useful to borrow this distinction..." (Fowler, H.W. 1965 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage).

 * To avoid conducting original research, I think we have to make note of the above. I would suggest that the lead be revised to point out that the definition given (based on Robert's Rules of Order) is North American usage. A footnote could then quote Fowler on the distinction. Then with some tidying up of the language, we might be able to achieve greater clarity. Comments? Sunray (talk) 19:11, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I've tidied up, and have a request
Ok, I've tidied the article up a little, based on reading the whole Talk page. I don't think that what I've done steps on anyone's toes, and I hope it gives the article a little more clarity. I now have a request - can anyone clearly and concisely sum up what the main thrust of this article is supposed to be, and how it's supposed to be distinct from the plurality voting system article. I realise there's been conversations about this before, but the article probably needs a really clear vision if we're going to improve it beyond what it is now. Petemyers (talk) 20:34, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Smallest possible plurality (CUT FROM THE ARTICLE)
At the moment, this constitutes original research, and so I've moved it here: —20:50, 15 October 2008 Petemyers [retrieved from Revision history by Agent Orange ] Cut from the article by the editor signed just above

Smallest possible plurality
The smallest possible plurality is (v+n-1)/n, rounded up, where v is the number of members of the group (voters) and n is the number of categories (candidates). Thus in a five-candidate plurality election, just over 20 percent of the vote can theoretically win. If n is 2 then the plurality becomes a majority. end import

North American vs. British usage for "plurality"
Uh, there's some unnecessary stuff in this article, particularly about the Canadian way of expressing plurality". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.190.55 (talk) 07:07, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. Canadians don't refer to it as a plurality when talking about voting results.  Majority government means a party won more than 50% of the seats in the House of Commons.  Minority government means that one party had 50% or less seats in the House of Commons, but more than any other individual party.--WPaulB (talk) 14:29, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Have you seen the discussion above about British and North American usage of the terms? The example is there because:
 * It illustrates the concept that many have found confusing.
 * It also illustrates the difference in usage in different parts of the English speaking world.
 * I will change Canadian to American, and Welsh to English, so that becomes a little clearer. Petemyers (talk) 16:00, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * No I won't because the article has changed a lot since I was here a few days ago! I'm inviting the user who undid my edits to discuss that here. Petemyers (talk) 16:05, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * As Petemyers says, there is a different meaning of "plurality" in British and American English. His example was intended to illustrate that. I found the previous reference to a "plurality voting system" confusing. Such language is rarely used. More commonly used terms are "'first-past-the-post"' or "'winner take all'" voting. And I agree with WPaulB that Canadians do not usually refer to a plurality but rather a "minority government," as would Brits. Nevertheless the current minority government in Canada is an example of a plurality (in both American and Canadian English). The "Canadian" and "Welshman" example was interesting, but perhaps a bit too cute. As a Canadian I prefer to distinguish between American and Canadian English. However, with this word, as with a great many others, they happen to coincide. As the citation is from Robert who was American, perhaps we should change the example. Sunray (talk) 18:05, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem with the definition in the lead as given at the moment is, that it doesn't account for the distinction between a plurality and a majority when there are 3 candidates, but one of them takes 51% of the vote. My original re-write of the lead was to correct that, among other things.  As the article stands at the moment it repeats itself in a number of areas. Petemyers (talk) 17:25, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Why not fix it? As long as we stay away from the notion that a plurality is a "plurality voting system," it should be fine. Sunray (talk) 17:55, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

I have to say, from a British perspective, that I've never come across this use of the word "plurality" over here. It just means more than 1. Peter jackson (talk) 15:18, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Redundancy
When I read this, I was struck by the redundancy of the second paragraph. The first part of the first sentence in the paragraph is exactly the same as a sentence a few lines before in the first paragraph, and most of the rest is about the same. There is, however, some new information about English usage at the end. Perhaps that part should be merged with one of the other paragraphs and the rest of the paragraph should be deleted? The Grand Rans (talk) 15:11, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

British Usage
As a British English speaker I don't recognise 'majority' meaning 'plurality'. 'majority' is usually described as '50% plus one'. Referencing a 45 year old 'A Dictionary of Modern English Usage' doesn't really do it for me. 米 (talk) 19:11, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with this also. In the UK, in nearly any context we use majority to refer to more than half, whilst minority refers to less than half. For example, the current Scottish Government is referred to as a minority administration, as the governing party holds 47/ 129 seats.
 * When referring to individual constituency returns, a Briton would not say, "Alice won with the majority of votes" but rather, "Alice has a majority of nine". In this sense, the majority is referred to as the difference (in votes cast) between the first and second placed candidates. In the UK, the example cited in the article would suggest that Alice won a majority share of the vote.
 * User:Waterwynd (talk) 20:06, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

 * While wikifying section "In British English" I have heavily re-worded to make it more clear and precise (both, i hope, but in some details those goals compete).
 * There may be no problem with Fowler (1965). The content of the so-called Reference shows that it should be a Note (or should be rewritten), for its point is that Fowler argues in favor of a development for which Users ** and Waterwynd seem to provide testimony.
 * Some readers may stumble on one small(?) point about this section: under "British" heading it introduces "UK" constituency and "(North) American" usage in the first paragraph. In the next paragraph it purports to illustrate some distinction, between English language of British Isles and North American in terms of a "Briton" and a "Canadian". --P64 (talk) 00:01, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree that the British English section has off-topic content. The structure generally needs to be revised. Currently the North American usage is discussed in the lead, but the British usage is only discussed in a section. Either both should be treated in the lead, or both should have their section and the lead should be limited to an explanation of ambiguity. --Chealer (talk) 19:29, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Voting and elections
... A few days later it occurs to me that the biggest problem here is the focus entirely on elections (of legislators, primarily).

This article, and siblings such as majority (voting), should begin with the basic instance of voting, which is the resolution of binary questions such as whether to approve some proposition. Voters may have more than two options such as {Aye, Nay, abstain} and some eligible voters may be absent.

 * "We all continued the discussion at The Local Brewpub because a plurality [/majority/relative majority/simple majority/absolute majority] voted to do so."

May one say that in British, Welsh, North American, Canadian, and U.S. usage (now or formerly mentioned in the article regard to elections)? What does it mean? --P64 (talk) 16:49, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Quantification should be relegated
(quote) ''where 100 votes are cast for three candidates, with Alice polling 40 votes, Bob 31, and Carol 29. A Briton might say "Alice won with a majority of 9" while a Canadian might say "Alice won with a plurality."''

This USAmerican would say Alice won with a plurality of 40 votes or 40%. In some contexts I would say "40% of votes cast" and the like. I would not call 9 votes, or 9%, etc, the plurality or the majority or any adjective majority; only the "margin", the "difference", etc.

This is a tertiary issue, however. Quantification such as "majority of 9 votes" and "51% majority" should be covered separately from the voting outcomes that constitute plurality, majority, etc.

First: voting in binary decision making (see "Voting and elections" just above).

Second: regarding elections, when do the Briton and Canadian (and perhaps others) agree and when disagree that "Alice polled a majority"? or garnered a plurality?

Third: when Alice polls a majority in the British sense, how do the Britons quantify it? And so on for the Canadian, the plurality, etc. --P64 (talk) 17:08, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Why is a citation needed here?
"When there are only two choices, the plurality choice is also the majority choice." [citation needed]

Why is a citation needed for the above statement? It's simple logic that if there are only two options and one is chosen, that one must have received both the plurality and majority of votes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.248.223.131 (talk) 17:57, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The article "should" cover abstentions and absences. --because we suspect, presume, or know that some native Englishes use 'plurality' in a way that distinctly covers them, and this article has undertaken to handle multiple Englishes. (Or "should" not, granting the above argument that this should be consigned to Wiktionary.)
 * One may say that there are always more than two alternatives, although it isn't clear that all four may be called choices. --P64 (talk) 14:29, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
 * P.S. That sentence was cut by another editor ten minutes ago. -P64

Definition of the word "plurality"
There have been disruptive edits by an IP address "216.16.241.140" deleting the word "plurality" on this page, and other WP articles. This user seems to think that the word "plurality" is a synonym for "diversity". The following is the definition of "plurality" according to Encyclopedia Britannica: "Plurality system, electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected. It is distinguished from the majority system, in which, to win, a candidate must receive more votes than all other candidates combined. Election by a plurality is the most common method of selecting candidates for public office". Ontario Teacher BFA BEd (talk) 21:13, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Plurality (voting)


text:
Category:South Asian countries

 * Countries of South Asia.

title: Category:South Asian countries


text: Category:Star Trek: Enterprise episodes

title: Category:Star Trek: Enterprise episodes


text: Category:1969 albums

title: Category:1969 albums


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Talk:1602 in music

Untitled
Does this need it's own page? Why isn't it just in 1602?

I haven't a clue, but apparently, someone is making a whole lot of these "year in music" articles, and I assume its to create a pattern, since there are some that resulted from over-long year articles, as I understand it. But then again, I don't ask, I just tag them as music stubs. --ZachPruckowski 20:11, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:1602 in music


text: Category:1965 albums

title: Category:1965 albums


text: Category:2000 albums

title: Category:2000 albums


text:
Petite France, Strasbourg

La Petite France, in Alsatian dialect: Französel (also known as the Quartier des Tanneurs; Gerberviertel; "Tanner's Quarter") is the south-western part of the Grande Île of Strasbourg in Alsace in eastern France, the most central and characteristic island of the city that forms the historic center. The district is bounded to the north by the Quai de la Bruche (Brischstade), the Rue du Bain-aux-Plantes, the Place Benjamin-Zix and the Rue des Dentelles; to the east by the Rue du Pont-Saint-Martin, the Pont Saint-Thomas (Thomas Bridge) and the Mills footbridge; to the south by the Channel of Zorn-Mühle; to the west by the Covered Bridges.

At Petite France, the river Ill splits up into a number of channels that cascade through an area that was, in the Middle Ages, home to the city's tanners, millers and fishermen, and is now one of Strasbourg's main tourist attractions. Petite France forms part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Grande Île, designated in 1988.

Pflanzbad, Mühlenplan, Gedeckte Brücken

The Petite France district did not emerge as an urban entity until the 20th century. Originally, the term "Little France" was reserved for the dam that separates the Spitzmühlen Canal from the shipping canal. Up until the 19th century, the three units that make up the district today were called in Alsatian dialect "Am Pflanzbad", "Der Mühlenplan" and "Bei den Gedeckten Brücken".

In the 13th century, the Rue du Bain-aux-Plantes, the main street of the quarter, was known as Glanzhof, in the 15th century it became the Pflanzhof, and later the Pflanzbad. This designation referred to a public bathhouse (No. 22) in which women underwent a bath treatment with fragrant and beneficial herbs.

The "Mühlenplan" still corresponds to the Rue des Moulins, which is sometimes also called the mill quarter. Petite France is therefore not a historical district in the narrower sense, but a picturesque district that emerged with its narrow alleys of half-timbered houses on the banks of the Ill and was not very popular at the time because of the tanneries (white and red tanners) and the associated smells. In addition to the tanners and mill owners, poor fishermen, executioners and prostitutes also lived here. Due to the poverty, many houses were built in half-timbered construction. The origin goes back to the 16th century.

Just upstream of Petite France, the river Ill flows through the Barrage Vauban, a defensive structure built at the end of the 17th century. Downstream of this, the river splits into the Canal du Faux-Rempart, which flows to the north of the Grande Île, and four channels which flow through the Petite France quarter before reuniting in the main channel of the river, flowing to the south of the Grande Île. These four channels are spanned by the Ponts Couverts, an earlier defensive structure of three bridges and four towers that, despite its name, has not been covered since the 18th century.

Downstream of the Ponts Couverts, the four channels flow through an area of largely half-timbered buildings which, together with the narrow lanes and footbridges that connect them, mostly date from the 16th and 17th centuries. The sloping roofs of many of the buildings include open lofts where hides were once dried. Three of the four channels flowing through the quarter run over weirs that once drove mills and other industries, whilst the northernmost channel is navigable. This passes through a lock and the Pont du Faisan swing bridge in the centre of the quarter, and is largely used by passenger trip boats.

On the north bank of the Ill at the heart of the quarter is the Maison des Tanneurs, home of the Tanner's Guild, and Place Benjamin-Zix. From this square lead several streets, including the Rue du Bain-aux-Plantes and the Rue des Dentelles, also lined by half-timbered houses. To the east these lead to the Saint-Thomas church, the city’s main Lutheran church, and to the west back to the Pont Couverts and to the Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux church, actually two churches (one Protestant and one Catholic) in the same building.

Hospice of the Incurable
The origin of the name Petite-France ("Little France") was not given for patriotic or architectural reasons. It can be found in the Alsatian name Blatterhüs of a hospice for the incurable, originally founded in the Finkwiller district and then moved in 1687 to a new building at 6 rue des Moulins, on what is now the Quai de la Petite-France (Blodergängel in Alsatian during the 18th and 19th centuries), where it operated for a period of almost 300 years until 1789 in the then German-speaking and culturally German-influenced Lutheran University City of Strasbourg. Until 1789, all of Alsace was a foreign country under customs law (province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif), i.e. it had a customs border with France, but not with the Holy Roman Empire. The hospice was founded in 1503 by Gaspard Hofmeister, a citizen of the city, for the Landsknechte of Charles VIII of France, who had contracted syphilis during the Italian wars. The return of the Landsknechte from the siege of Naples brought syphilis to the region. The hospice had been expanded in 1506 and 1522 before being moved in 1687. Syphilis is a disease that appeared suddenly in Europe at the end of the 15th century and soon required considerable care for the often marginalized patients. The population called the hospice "Zum Französel" at the time - syphilis was considered a "French disease". In the 18th century the place was called the Hospice of the Incurable. In 1795 the building was referred to as "La Petite France", then by extension the entire district.

Sights

 * Maison des Tanneurs (1572), 42 Rue du Bain aux Plantes
 * Place Benjamin-Zix
 * Rue du Bain-aux-Plantes
 * Former tannery (1600) of Huguenot Benjamin Bury, 12 Rue des Dentelles
 * Former tannery (1591) of Henri Haderer
 * Église Saint-Martin
 * Anciennes Glacières
 * Barrage Vauban
 * Église méthodiste de Sion
 * Ponts couverts
 * Blodergängel, Quai de la Petite France
 * Four defense towers of the old city wall from the 14th century

title: Petite France, Strasbourg


text: Category:2003 albums

title: Category:2003 albums


text: Category:1964 albums

title: Category:1964 albums


text: Category:Novels

title: Category:Novels


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Gill Pyrah

Gill Pyrah (born 16 June 1957 in Manchester) is an English broadcaster and journalist. She presented local programmes for BBC Birmingham in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she has worked for the Daily Telegraph, been a guest presenter on the Radio 4 programme Midweek and chaired the literary quiz Slightly Foxed on BBC Radio 4.

Pyrah was in the news during the 2004 Chelsea Flower Show after an incident between garden designer and television presenter Diarmuid Gavin and the contestant in the neighbouring garden, Gardeners' Question Time panellist Bunny Guinness. According to press reports it was Pyrah's questions to Gavin about the cost of his garden and whether it was connected to commitment to getting a gold medal that led to his storming off from a live interview.

She appeared on Have I Got News for You in 1990 and presented six editions of Top Gear in 1979–80. Pyrah also presents reports on Gardeners' Question Time.

title: Gill Pyrah


text: Category:1970 albums

title: Category:1970 albums


text: Category:1967 albums

title: Category:1967 albums


text: Category:Alice in Chains albums

title: Category:Alice in Chains albums


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User talk:Lanceant

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Lanceant


text:
User talk:Johnwalton/Archive 01

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

BAE Systems
Regarding your edit summary, ''"BAE SYSTEMS should only be capitalised for titles and headers. See www.baesystems.com/identit...., I was the one who added a summary of that to Talk:BAE SYSTEMS. As such I know that that reference says that BAE SYSTEMS is the only acceptable form for titles and headers but is interchangeable with BAE Systems in body text. Mark 20:17, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ruzyne International Airport categories
Welcome. For categories, this page is already in the transportation category via, the airports one. Wikipedia policy is to avoid listing a page in a category, when it is already in a child category. If you have any questions, contact me on my talk page. Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 02:27, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

MyTravel
I noticed you've expanded the article which dealt only with MyTravel Airways to include the complete group. I thing this would be better done as two articles - one for the group, and another for the airline? As it stands now the article has much less focus on the airline compared to before. Do you wish to make this split, or will I? If you leave it to me can I just ask that you stop doing the link replacement, thanks/wangi 21:58, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

First among Newcastles
From what I can see, there are two candidates for the status of "the" Newcastle. Assuming that it's down to these cities, I'd say that Newcastle, New South Wales is the better candidate for being the redirect from "Newcastle" - mainly because its called Newcastle. So you know, I'm not from Newcastle. Joestella 01:17, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Newcastle, New South Wales is Australia's seventh-largest city. It has a population of 505,369 in its own right and is called Newcastle.
 * Newcastle upon Tyne is England's 20th-largest city. It has a population of 269,500 - although this rises to 799,000 if you add in three adjacent boroughs with different names. Its name isn't Newcastle, it's Newcastle upon Tyne.
 * Hi, my response is at Talk:Newcastle.

BAE image request
Hi, thanks for the information. Do you have any idea what the reason is? I can understand how BAE can be nervous of cameras around actual equipment (e.g. the ban on cameras and non-company mobile phones at the party in the Astute assembly area) but what's wrong with an image of the company's HQ? I mean MI6 occupy one of the most distinctive buildings in London and allow feature films to be shot around it without compromising the secrecy of that organisation. Anyway, thanks again! Mark83 20:08, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Hebburn Article
Thanks for the message regarding my contributions to the article on Hebburn, my home town. You say that some of the additions are copyright and should be re-written - can you tell me where the article is so I can get it back?

DizietSma 09:24, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

John,

thanks for your prompt reply.

I used one of the sources used by Hebburn.org i.e. "The History of Hebburn 1894-1994" and "Dear Old Hebburn" by Alf Pawsey as well as "The History of Hebburn" by Mick Knowles, which I thought were both credited correctly.

However, the above authors both used the South Tyneside Libraries historical information, some of which appears verbatim in Mr Knowles' and Mr Pawseys books. I too have access to the base info and am now in a quandry as to progress any meaningful history. I can tinker with the wording, but there are only so many ways to present an historical record. I'd be very grateful if you could square the circle of 'no original research' and 'no copyrighted material'.

Cheers,

James.

County flowers
Following the AfD debate, you may wish to join in a discussion taking place at Talk:Plantlife. SP-KP 18:58, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Airbus A330
It is wasteful to edit a page to make a single edit revolving around language bigotry. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 20:47, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * response
 * Huh? You made a single edit from one form of English to another. Please actually make useful edits in the future. The only time this sort of edit should be made is when the language is predominantly in one form of English or the other, and the edit allows it to conform. This article is not specific to one form or the other. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 00:30, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

LV Strip and resolution
I'm running 1400x1050 and have never had breaks in the text. Could it be your brower? I'm unsing Firefox 1.5. Vegaswikian 18:00, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * response

 * I suspect that it has something to do with the way the browsers render the data. The problem is that we should not be changing pages based on how something appears in a browser.  If we do that, then everyone will be changing the locations every day.  I'm not sure that there is a perfect solution. I know this issue has come up on several pages over the size of images.  With all of the browsers and resolutions for display there so many variables.  Vegaswikian 23:46, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * response

MyTravel
Why have you modified the MyTravel page to remove factual info re their in-flight magazine and moved around the images? I believe the prior page layout was much better! I will change it back if you do not respond to this and keep doing so until I receive a plausible explanation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.47.158.115 (talk • contribs)

 * The text was amended previously so that it would conform to the guidelines on what Wikipedia is not and on notability (i.e. that not everything which is factual should be included in Wikipedia). The image layout was changed to conform to the Wikipedia is not for advertising guidelines. Please refer to the discussions on the Talk:MyTravel Airways page for further information. As per the guidelines on reverting, please do not revert the edits, which have been agreed by consensus on the talk page, without discussing your changes first. jo hnwalton  (talk) 17:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Image:Stratosphere ticket.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Stratosphere ticket.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —Chick Bowen 16:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Newcastle Student Radio
I've added the "prod" template to the article Newcastle Student Radio, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Newcastle Student Radio. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. TheRingess 05:39, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Image source
Image:Luxor hotel logo.gif and Image:MGM Mirage lion.png have no sources. Please add. --Ysangkok 17:31, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Mytravel logo.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Mytravel logo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Newcastle Student Radio logo.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Newcastle Student Radio logo.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Central Station Metro station
Hi.

You've changed the name of this article and a number of links to it. The Metro station is separate to the adjacent National Rail station and its official name is  Central Station and not Central.

This is separate to the name discussion taking place on the National Rail station's talk page.

DrFrench 20:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I agree with DrFrench: on the Metro's official website and map, it is referred to as Central Station (see this page, for instance). --RFBailey 20:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * by the same token, Metro's official website refers to the station as just Central in their timetable section.   jo h n w a l t o n    (talk) 21:28, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That's obviously an error which was introduced following a recent timetable change. Click the link on that page to the PDF version of the timetable, or look at the links to suggested walks on the right hand side. Or look at the corresponding station information or location map pages. DrFrench 21:41, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree. All recent press releases and such released by Nexus refer to the station simply as Central. In any event, I won't be editing the page any further, nor do I feel it's a particularly good use of people's time to debate the extra "station" in the name. Further comments on the relavent talk page.   jo h n w a l t o n    (talk) 21:55, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnwalton/Archive 01


text:
User talk:Louisisthebest 007

Copyright
Please don't copy text from other copyrighted sources unless you have express permission to do so. In that case, please indicate that on the talk page of the respective article. Of course, you are always free to write your own version of information to avoid copyright infringement. Rl 14:12, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Good question
"Keep, When does google hit counters tell how good an article is? Wikipedia's main page gets more hits then one of millions of its other articles. And plus the page is very encyclopedic. Louisisthebest_007 19:14, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)"
 * You asked a good question. May I direct you to the discussion at Votes for deletion/Google test?  --GRider\talk 19:33, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

copyedit
I've started a discussion about copyedit at its talk page; please comment there with anything relevant. Thanks!  —msh210 16:37, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Leonid_stadnik.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Leonid_stadnik.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 10:28, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:FF Behemoth.png)
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Broly photo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Broly photo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 02:48, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of CDisplay
I have nominated CDisplay, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/CDisplay. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Pcap ping  13:21, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Bjørn Lynne

Hello, Louisisthebest 007. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Bjørn Lynne".

In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the  or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. GamerPro64 00:17, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Louisisthebest 007


text:
Category talk:Popes

earlier comments
I don't like the sorting of the popes by article name (virtually sorting them all under P, but Saint Peter), so I tried to use the alternative sorting method described in m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using Categories to sort the first dozen or so historically. If anyone appreciates the idea, we can continue doing so, but I am not going to change this with a twohundredandwhat popes before there is some consent... ;) --denny vrandečić 21:13, May 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Since List of popes has them numerically, perhaps it's ok for this page to show them alphabetically. It gives people two options then rather than having the exact same list duplicated in two places. Also, I didn't see this message until I got to the final section, so the others have just got w:Category:Popes without the number. I'm not sure it's worth adding this to the rest now, but I'd like to hear other views on whether than should be done. 01:07, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You have me totally convinced. Better than giving them numbers - and with the new beautiful lists that are created - we should categorize them by their name (so they don't all get summarized under P like pope...). I just keep on calling them Alexander 4 instead of Alexander IV, so he gets sorted at the right place. --denny vrandečić 23:28, Jun 12, 2004 (UTC)

Naming
Articles on popes not be titled with "Pope" in them, the same goes for saints. --Alif 16:01, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

PockBot (run by IP:81.174.157.135) - Category articles summary as of 17:3:51, Fri Dec 8, 2006
 List of all pages in category Category: retrieved by Chris G Bot 2. '''Chris G Bot 2 is an authorised bot. '''   Edit by PockBot (on behalf of PocklingtonDan)

title: Category talk:Popes


text: Category:1988 albums

title: Category:1988 albums


text: Category:1963 albums

title: Category:1963 albums


text: Category:1966 albums

title: Category:1966 albums


text: Category:1968 albums

title: Category:1968 albums


text:
User:Bgoldenberg/monobook.css

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 * 2) mytabs .new a { color:#ba0000; }
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 * 1) mytabs h5 { display: none; }
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 * 4) mytabs-ca-addsection a {

/* comment out if bottom tabs should be rounded as well in moz */ /* #mytabs li, #mytabs li a { -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }*/

title: User:Bgoldenberg/monobook.css


text: Category:1996 albums

title: Category:1996 albums


text:
User talk:Resister

I want to submit the possibility of creating a WikiAtlas and move all the geographical info there, because when I click "random page", it seems like I get towns more than fifty percent of the time. Wikipedians, if you read this, what is my best course of action in suggesting this? ~Resister

title: User talk:Resister