text:
David Garrison

David Earl Garrison (born June 30, 1952) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Steve Rhoades on the television series Married... with Children. He has also appeared in numerous theatrical roles, particularly that of The Wizard on both Broadway and in many tours of the musical Wicked.

Early life
Garrison was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, the son of Earl B. Garrison, a school administrator and Maude B. Garrison, a teacher.

Garrison graduated from Freehold High School in 1970, where he began his acting career on the school's stage. He was inducted in the school's Hall of Fame in 2007. Garrison graduated summa cum laude from Boston University's College of Fine Arts in 1974. Following graduation, he became a member of the resident company at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. for several years.

Career
Although he is known for his television roles and continues to appear frequently in guest-starring roles on television today, Garrison is primarily a theatre actor, particularly in musicals. He has appeared in numerous productions around the United States, including many Broadway shows. His Broadway appearances include A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine for which he received a Tony Award nomination, Wicked, The Visit , Titanic, Torch Song Trilogy, The Pirates of Penzance, Bells Are Ringing, A History of the American Film , and The Great Society. His Off-Broadway credits include I Do! I Do! , for which he received a Drama Desk Award nomination, Dead Poets Society , Middletown , New Jerusalem , Geniuses , It’s Only a Play , By the Way Meet Vera Stark, The Cradle Will Rock, and Silence! The Musical. In addition to the cast albums of Hollywood/Ukraine , Titanic , Bells Are Ringing , The Visit , I Do! I Do!, and On the Town, his many recordings include Songs of New York , Show Boat , Kiss Me Kate , Annie Get Your Gun , Of Thee I Sing/Let ’Em Eat Cake , Girl Crazy , You Never Know , Tell Me More , Oh! Lady! Lady!!, George and Ira Standards and Gems, and, as a guest artist, Dawn Upshaw Sings Rodgers and Hart.”.

On tour, Garrison played Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls, and the Wizard in Wicked, for which he received a Carbonell Award. In regional theatre, he has played the Devil in Randy Newman's Faust (La Jolla/Goodman), Henry Carr in Travesties (Williamstown), Frosch in Die Fledermaus (Santa Fe Opera), Pangloss in Candide (Glimmerglass), Gaston in You Never Know (Pasadena Playhouse), Fagin in Oliver (Paper Mill Playhouse), Leonardo da Vinci in Ever After (Alliance Theatre), and Charley in the Arena Stage revival of Merrily We Roll Along for which he received a Helen Hayes Award. In London, he starred with Tyne Daly, Frederica Von Stade, Kurt Ollmann, and Thomas Hampson in a concert presentation of On the Town, which was broadcast on Great Performances for PBS.

Garrison has also appeared in numerous roles on television. In 1984–85, he starred as Norman Lamb on the sitcom It's Your Move, opposite Jason Bateman. In 1987, Garrison landed his best-known role, portraying Steve Rhoades, next-door neighbor to the Bundy family on the popular sitcom Married... with Children.

Garrison enjoyed his years playing Steve Rhoades, but he missed performing in live theatre, and left the show after four seasons. He was a regular on an NBC sitcom, Working It Out, shortly after his exit from Married... with Children. Nonetheless, Garrison parted on good terms, returning four times in subsequent seasons (and the reunion special) detailing the career Rhoades had pursued since he'd last been seen. He even parodied his own role on the show Nikki.

Other television credits include Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , Madam Secretary , The West Wing, 30 Rock, Law & Order, The Practice, Without a Trace, Everybody Loves Raymond, NYPD Blue, Judging Amy, Murphy Brown, Murder, She Wrote, L.A. Law, Tom Clancy's Op-Center, The Good Wife and, for PBS Great Performances, On the Town with the London Symphony Orchestra and Ira Gershwin at 100: A Celebration at Carnegie Hall. Garrison also participated in several installments of Pyramid as a celebrity guest, most notably helping a contestant win $100,000 during a Tournament episode of The $100,000 Pyramid in 1988.

Wicked
He originated the role of The Wizard in the original touring company of Wicked when it began on March 8, 2005. He finished his year-long run on March 6, 2006. He then starred as the Wizard in the Broadway company from April 4, 2006 replacing Ben Vereen. After 15 months in the role he played his final performance on July 8, 2007. Then he temporarily starred in the Chicago company from September 30–October 28, 2007, and then starred in the Los Angeles company beginning August 26, 2008, until its closure on January 11, 2009. He played the role in the San Francisco production, which officially opened on February 6, 2009 and played his final performance with the production on May 31, 2009 in order to pursue a role in a new play.

Television

 * The Edge of Night-Cody Patrick (1978-1979)
 * Remington Steele (1984)
 * It's Your Move —series regular (1984-1985)
 * Married.. with Children—series regular / guest (1987–1990, 1992, 1993, 1995)
 * Working It Out—series regular (1990)
 * L.A. Law (1992)
 * On the Town—PBS Great Performances (1993)
 * Tom Clancy’s Op Center (1995)
 * Murder, She Wrote (1995)
 * Murphy Brown (1995)
 * Law & Order (1996, 1998, 2000, 2009)
 * Ira Gershwin at 100—A Celebration at Carnegie Hall (1997)
 * Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series) (2000)
 * The Practice (2001, 2003)
 * Ed (2001)
 * Judging Amy (2001)
 * Without a Trace (2004)
 * Everybody Loves Raymond (2004)
 * The West Wing (2005)
 * NYPD Blue (2005)
 * 30 Rock (2013)
 * The Good Wife (2013)
 * Madam Secretary (2016)
 * Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (2017)

Stage

 * A History of the American Film (1978)
 * A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine (1980)
 * Geniuses (1982)
 * Snoopy! The Musical (1982)
 * The Pirates of Penzance (1982)
 * Torch Song Trilogy (1983)
 * Die Fledermaus (1986)
 * It’s Only a Play (1986)
 * You Never Know (1990)
 * Merrily We Roll Along (1990)
 * Guys and Dolls (1993)
 * I Do! I Do! (1996)
 * Randy Newman’s Faust (1995) (1996)
 * Titanic (1997)
 * Strike Up the Band (Encores! 1998)
 * Over and Over (1999)
 * The Torch-Bearers (2000)
 * Bells Are Ringing (2001)
 * Twelfth Night (2002)
 * Travesties (2003)
 * Singing Forest (2004)
 * Wicked (2005) (2007) (2008) (2009)

 * New Jerusalem (2008)
 * Red Remembers (2009)
 * Middletown (2010)
 * Silence! The Musical (2011)
 * By the Way, Meet Vera Stark (2011)
 * Olive and the Bitter Herbs (2011)
 * Oliver! (2013)
 * Romeo and Juliet (2013)
 * The Tale of the Allergist's Wife (2013)
 * Candide (2015)
 * The Visit (2015)
 * Dead Poets Society (2016)
 * Kid Victory (2017)
 * Coming Back Like a Song (2018)
 * The Will Rogers Follies (2018)
 * The Great Society (2019)
 * Working (Encores! 2019)
 * The Cradle Will Rock (2019)
 * Ever After (2019)

Discography

 * The Visit (original cast album, Broadway Records, 2015)
 * Poetic License: 100 Poems 100 Performers (GPR, 2010)
 * Bells Are Ringing (original revival cast album, Verese Sarabande, 2001)
 * You Never Know (original revival cast album, Ghostlight, 2001)
 * Tell Me More (studio recording, Rob Fisher, New World, 2001)
 * Titanic (original cast album, RCA, 1997)
 * George and Ira Gershwin Standards and Gems (Nonesuch, 1996)
 * Dawn Upshaw Sings Rodgers and Hart (Nonesuch, 1996)
 * I Do! I Do! (original revival cast album, Varese Sarabande, 1996)
 * On the Town (concert recording, Michael Tilson Thomas, London Symphony, Deutsche Grammophon, 1993)
 * Annie Get Your Gun (studio recording, John McGlinn, EMI, 1991)
 * Kiss Me, Kate (studio recording, John McGlinn, EMI, 1991)
 * Girl Crazy (studio recording, John Mauceri, Roxbury, 1990)
 * Showboat (studio recording, John McGlinn, EMI, 1988)
 * Of Thee I Sing/Let ‘Em Eat Cake (concert recording, Michael Tilson Thomas, CBS, 1987)
 * Oh, Lady! Lady!! (studio recording, John McGlinn, 1985)
 * Songs of New York (John McGlinn, Book of the Month Club Records, 1984)
 * A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine (original cast album, DRG, 1980)

title: David Garrison


text:
Jensen Ackles

Jensen Ross Ackles (born March 1, 1978) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his portrayal of Dean Winchester in The WB/CW dark fantasy drama series Supernatural (2005–2020) and appearing in television series such as NBC's Days of Our Lives as Eric Brady (earning him several Daytime Emmy Award nominations), super soldiers Ben/X5-493 and Alec/X5-494 in Fox's Dark Angel, Jason Teague in The WB/CW's Smallville, and Ben/Soldier Boy in Amazon Prime Video's The Boys. He also starred as the lead in the box office success My Bloody Valentine 3D, and provided the voices of Jason Todd in the animated film Batman: Under the Red Hood, and Bruce Wayne/Batman in the animated adaptation of Batman: The Long Halloween, Legion Of Super-Heroes, and Justice League: Warworld.

Early life
Ackles was born in Dallas, the son of Donna Joan (née Shaffer) and Alan Roger Ackles, an actor. He grew up in Richardson and attended Lloyd V. Berkner High School. After graduating in 1996, he moved to Los Angeles to begin his acting career.

Career
After modeling on and off since the age of four, Ackles began to concentrate on an acting career in 1996. He appeared in several guest roles on Mr. Rhodes, Sweet Valley High, and Cybill before joining the cast of the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives as Eric Brady in 1997. He won a 1998 Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Male Newcomer and went on to be nominated three times (in 1998, 1999, and 2000) for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series for his work on Days of our Lives.

Ackles left Days of our Lives in 2000 and went on to appear in the mini-series Blonde, about the life of Marilyn Monroe. He also auditioned for the role of the young Clark Kent on Smallville, a role offered to actor Tom Welling instead. Next he appeared in a guest role on the James Cameron television series Dark Angel on Fox in 2001 as serial killer Ben/X5-493, the brother of main character Max/X5-452 (played by Jessica Alba). His character died in the episode, but Ackles returned to the show as a series regular in the second season as Ben's sane clone, Alec/X5-494. He remained with the show until its cancellation in 2002.

Ackles worked steadily throughout 2003. He joined the cast of The WB's hit show Dawson's Creek during its final season, playing CJ, Jen Lindley's lover. Afterward, Ackles filmed several episodes of the unaired series Still Life for Fox before it was abruptly dropped. He also had a small role in the 2004 short film The Plight of Clownana. Ackles was the producer's first choice to play Eliza Dushku's love interest on the second season of Tru Calling; Ackles turned down the role, which was then offered to Eric Christian Olsen and the character's name was changed to "Jensen" because the producers of Tru Calling liked Ackles' name. Ackles returned to Vancouver (where Dark Angel was filmed) in 2004 to become a regular on Smallville playing the assistant football coach Jason Teague, who was also the newest romantic interest for Lana Lang (played by Kristin Kreuk). He also had a lead role in the 2005 film Devour in which Ackles' father, actor Alan Ackles, also had a role playing the father of Ackles' character, Jake Gray.

In 2005, Ackles joined the cast of the WB show horror/action series Supernatural where he starred as Dean Winchester. Dean and his brother Sam (Jared Padalecki) drive throughout the United States hunting paranormal predators, fighting demons and angels, and showcasing fantasy & sci-fi pop culture. The show ended after fifteen seasons, making it the longest-running North American sci-fi series in history.

In the summer of 2007, Ackles took on the role of Priestly in the independent comedy Ten Inch Hero. The film began hitting the film festival circuit in early 2007 and Ackles received high praise for his comedic timing in the role. In February 2009, the film was released on DVD exclusively by Blockbuster Home Video. He also appeared on stage from June 5–10, 2007 with Lou Diamond Phillips in A Few Good Men at Casa Mañana Theatre in Fort Worth, Texas as Lt. Daniel Kaffee. Ackles received strong praise for his work in this role, which was also his professional theatre debut.

In the summer of 2008, Ackles was cast in the remake of the cult film My Bloody Valentine 3D, which opened nationwide on January 16, 2009.

In summer of 2010, as part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies franchise, Ackles provided the voice for the Red Hood (Jason Todd) in the animated film, Batman: Under The Red Hood, which was released to DVD and Blu-ray on July 27. In summer of 2021, Ackles voiced the role of Batman (Bruce Wayne) for the two-part adaptation of Batman: The Long Halloween. He voiced the role again in February 2023 in Legion of Super-Heroes and Justice League: Warworld.

On October 22, 2010, Disney Interactive Studios announced he would be voicing a character named Gibson in the video game, Tron: Evolution which was released on December 7, 2010.

After years of performing at conventions, Ackles released his first original song as a professional singer titled "Sounds of Someday" which is the first track from his debut album. In 2018, Ackles collaborated with musician Steve Carlson to form Radio Company. Together Ackles and Carlson completed a debut album entitled Vol. 1. The album's first single was released on iTunes and the album was released in November 2019. Ackles and Carlson released Vol. 2 on May 7, 2021. Their third album, Keep on Ramblin', was released on 24 February 2023.

In August 2020, it was announced he would join the cast of The Boys in its third season as Ben / B.C.L. RED / Soldier Boy. He later portrayed a version of Soldier Boy in the "Jumanji" episode of the show's spin-off Gen V who is an imaginary friend of Cate Dunlap.

More recently, he and his wife formed Chaos Machine Productions with a deal at Warner Bros. Television. In June 2021, it was revealed that they were developing a Supernatural prequel spinoff for The CW, titled The Winchesters, about young John and Mary Winchester, Sam and Dean's parents. Ackles would serve as narrator, reprising his role as Dean. It was picked up to series in May 2022.

In October 2021, Ackles was cast to play U.S. Marshal Wood Helm in the Western feature Rust, written and directed by Joel Souza. He played opposite Alec Baldwin, who starred in the title role. Production was temporarily suspended after the accidental death of cinematographer Halyna Hutchins.

In May 2022, he guest starred on the ABC drama Big Sky's second season finale "Catch a Few Fish", as temporary sheriff Beau Arlen. The role was planted to be series regular for the show's third season, which was ordered the day after the episode aired.

Personal life
After three years of dating, Ackles became engaged to actress and model Danneel Harris in November 2009. The couple married on May 15, 2010, in Dallas. Their first child, a daughter, was born in May 2013. In August 2016, the couple announced that they were expecting twins, a boy and a girl who were born in December.

Ackles is a co-owner of a brewery in Dripping Springs, Texas, Family Business Beer Company, with his wife and in-laws. The brewery's name is a reference to Supernatural ("family business" being a tagline for the series).

with Radio Company

 * Vol. 1 (2019)
 * Vol. 2 (2021)
 * Keep On Ramblin' (2023)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jensen Ackles


text:
Roussillon Regional County Municipality

Roussillon is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Saint-Constant, Quebec. The region's population was 171,443 as of the 2016 census.

Subdivisions
There are 11 subdivisions and one native reserve within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (9)
 * Candiac
 * Châteauguay
 * Delson
 * La Prairie
 * Léry
 * Mercier
 * Saint-Constant
 * Sainte-Catherine
 * Saint-Philippe

 * Municipalities (1)
 * Saint-Mathieu

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Isidore

 * Native Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Kahnawake

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Roussillon Regional County Municipality


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Rouville Regional County Municipality

Rouville is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Marieville.

Subdivisions
There are 8 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Marieville
 * Richelieu
 * Saint-Césaire

 * Municipalities (5)
 * Ange-Gardien
 * Rougemont
 * Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu
 * Saint-Paul-d'Abbotsford
 * Sainte-Angèle-de-Monnoir

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Rouville Regional County Municipality


text:
User talk:Ultrasine

Hello "Ultrasine" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * Some specific notes: I changed your Zaf mini article into a redirect to your Zafar Iqbal (which I presume is what you'd intented). As to Zafar Iqbal, the article doesn't say anything about why this person is famous otherwise being so notable as to warrent an article. If they are, you should probably at least briefly explain why.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 17:24, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ultrasine


text:
Joseph Prestwich

Sir Joseph Prestwich (12 March 1812 – 23 June 1896) was a British geologist and businessman, known as an expert on the Tertiary Period and for having confirmed the findings of Boucher de Perthes of ancient flint tools in the Somme valley gravel beds.

Biography
Born in Clapham, Prestwich was educated in Paris and Reading before entering University College, London where he studied chemistry and natural philosophy. Whilst a student he founded the short-lived Zetetical Society. In 1830, he began working for the family wine business. This job required him to travel throughout the United Kingdom and also abroad to France and Belgium, and during the course of these travels he made many geological observations. He became a Fellow of Geological Society in 1833 and published his first paper there two years later. His 1836 memoir on the Geology of Coalbrookdale, based upon observations made during 1831 and 1832, established his reputation as a geologist.

From 1846, his attention focused upon the Tertiary deposits of the London Basin, which he subsequently classified and then correlated with Tertiary deposits throughout England, France and Belgium. In 1858, Prestwich was persuaded by Hugh Falconer to visit Abbeville, where Boucher de Perthes had claimed to have found flint tools in the gravel deposits of the valley of the Somme, thus establishing the antiquity of man. In company with Sir John Evans, Prestwich visited the gravel beds of St Acheul and confirmed the observations of Boucher de Perthes. Prestwich's report on the matter was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society for 1859-1860: It is claimed by some authorities that this publication marks the birth of modern scientific archaeology. During the late 1860s, Prestwich served on the Royal Coal Commission and the Royal Commission on the Metropolitan Water Supply. In 1870–72, he was president of the Geological Society. In 1874, he was appointed to the chair of geology at the University of Oxford. Here he produced in two volumes Geology, Chemical and Physical, Stratigraphical and Palaeontological. In 1888, he retired from Oxford to Shoreham, Kent where he continued to work until his death in 1896. Prestwich was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853, awarded its Royal Medal in 1865, awarded a Telford Medal for a paper entitled "On the Geological Conditions affecting the Construction of a Tunnel between England and France", in 1873. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1869. Knighted in 1896, he married Grace Anne McCall, the niece of Hugh Falconer, in 1870.

title: Joseph Prestwich


text:
Camryn Manheim

Debra Frances "Camryn" Manheim (born March 8, 1961) is an American actress who first came to attention with her off-Broadway one-woman show, "Wake Up, I'm Fat", in 1994. She is known for her portrayals of Ellenor Frutt on The Practice (1997–2004), Delia Banks on Ghost Whisperer (2006–2010), "Control" on Person of Interest (2013–2015), Lieutenant Cosgrove on Stumptown (2019–2020), and Gladys Presley in the 2005 miniseries Elvis. From 2022 to 2024, she played the lead role of Kate Dixon on  Law & Order. Manheim's film credits include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), Happiness (1998), What Planet Are You From? (2000), Scary Movie 3 (2003), Twisted (2004), Dark Water (2005), An Unfinished Life (2005), and Cop Car (2015). She is the recipient of a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, in addition to three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations.

Early life
Manheim was born in West Caldwell, New Jersey, into a Jewish family, the daughter of Sylvia (née Nuchow), a teacher, and Jerome Manheim, a mathematics professor and the Dean of Letters and Science at California State University Long Beach. Her family relocated several times in her early childhood due to her father taking new teaching positions, and she spent her early years in Michigan and Peoria, Illinois.

When she was in sixth grade, her family relocated to Southern California, settling in Long Beach, where she attended Woodrow Wilson Classical High School. She became interested in acting after working at a Renaissance faire during high school. Manheim graduated from University of California, Santa Cruz with a BFA degree in 1984 and New York University's Tisch School of the Arts Graduate Acting Program with an MFA degree in 1987. Her brother, Karl Manheim, is a law professor at Loyola Law School.

Career
Manheim worked for a while as a sign language interpreter at hospitals. Her knowledge of sign language was used on The Practice, in the episode "Castle in the Sky" of Law & Order, and in her role as a child behavioral psychologist in the movie Mercury Rising. In 1983, she made a brief appearance as a girl in an elevator in Sudden Impact in the post-courtroom scene at the beginning.

Manheim's breakthrough was her one-woman show "Wake Up, I'm Fat", which played off-Broadway at Classic Stage Company in 1994. She adapted the show into a book of the same name, which was published by Broadway Books in 1999.

In 1999, Manheim won an Emmy for her work on The Practice. In 1999, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award.

Personal life
Manheim's son Milo, conceived via sperm donation from her close friend Jeffrey Brezovar, was born on March 6, 2001.

Manheim has been involved with the Los Angeles–based charity Bet Tzedek Legal Services – The House of Justice, serving as a co-chair for their annual fundraiser, the Justice Ball.

title: Camryn Manheim


text:
User talk:Mikula

G'day Shawn

Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and stick around. If you want, you can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

OK, we're off to a bad start. I did that myself. Not as bad as yours, but it was pretty discouraging at the time. Have a read of some of the doco, and you may see things a bit differently. Always good to lurk a bit when entering a new community.

If you do get inspired as I hope, then before you start doing a lot of editing, I really urge you to take the Tutorial. It gives all the basic info you'll need as you start contributing.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp. This is courtesy on VfD, for example.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Help desk. Or, feel free to drop me line anytime on my talk page. Andrewa 17:27, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

PS and a long look at both the letter and spirit of autobiography might not go astray. Andrewa 17:36, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * a bad start? I didn't take it too seriously, but found it rather fun.   And why do you call me 'Shawn'?  But anyway, thanks for the info and welcoming msg.

 * I would have though it obvious why I used the name. You've chosen the name Mikula and contributed heavily and not very constructively to the Shawn Mikula article and the deletion debate. Judging by past experience with other vanity articles, the probability that you are Shawn is high. But we'll never know for sure. Assuming for the moment you aren't, you should consider changing your user name.

 * Regardless of who you are, you have completely destroyed your own credibility, damaged Shawn's (unfairly perhaps) and annoyed a lot of people. If that's what you consider fun and good use of your time, I consider that rather sad.

 * I think it highly unlikely that the web antics on this site will hurt anyones credentials, least of all Shawn's. You get a website where just anyone can post just about anything, and you're going to get a lot of crap posted.  I've already seen it all over the site.  I guess you could say that it comes with the territory.

 * Cybercommunity is I think something close to your heart. Give ours a fair go is my advice. You may find it teaches you something. But perhaps I should first point out that, if you are convinced that you have nothing to learn, you will learn nothing. That would also be sad. Andrewa 23:42, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I have learned, and am contributing articles as I speak under a fixed username. Thanks for the advice. :) 141.157.123.111 03:03, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikula


text:
What's Eating Gilbert Grape

What's Eating Gilbert Grape is a 1993 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström, and starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Lewis, Mary Steenburgen, Leonardo DiCaprio and John C. Reilly. The film follows the story of Gilbert, a 25-year-old grocery store clerk who is caring for his morbidly obese mother, as well as his mentally disabled younger brother, Arnie. The film takes place in the fictional rural town of Endora, Iowa.

Peter Hedges wrote the screenplay, based on his 1991 novel of the same name. Filming took place from November 1992 to January 1993 in various parts of Texas.

The film was well received, with Depp and DiCaprio's performances garnering critical acclaim. At age 19, DiCaprio received his first nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, becoming the seventh-youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee for the former.

Plot
In the small town of Endora, Iowa, Gilbert Grape is busy caring for Arnie, his mentally disabled younger brother who is about to turn 18, as they wait for the many tourists' trailers to pass through town during an annual Airstreamers' Club gathering at a nearby recreational area. His father had hanged himself seventeen years earlier; since then, his mother, Bonnie, has spent most of her days on the couch watching television and eating. With Bonnie's morbid obesity leaving her unable to care for her children on her own, Gilbert has taken responsibility for repairing the old house and being protective of Arnie, who has a habit of climbing the town's water tower, as well as trees, while his sisters, Amy and Ellen, do the other housework. A new FoodLand supermarket has opened, threatening the small Lamson's Grocery where Gilbert works.

A young woman named Becky and her grandmother are stuck in town when the International Harvester Travelall pulling their trailer breaks down. Gilbert's unusual life circumstances threaten to get in the way of their budding romance. To spend time with Becky to watch the sunset, Gilbert leaves Arnie alone in the bath. He returns home late and finds Arnie still in the bath the following morning, shivering in the now-cold water; his guilt is compounded by his family's anger and Arnie's subsequent aquaphobia. Becky becomes close to both Gilbert and Arnie. While they are distracted during one of their talks, Arnie returns to the water tower that he is always trying to climb. Arnie is arrested after being rescued from the top of the tower, causing Bonnie — who has not left the house in more than seven years — to become the laughing stock of the town as she goes to the police station, forcing Arnie's release.

Soon, Arnie ruins two birthday cakes: the first, which Amy has lovingly made, accidentally; and the second, a replacement from FoodLand, which he dips into, having found it in the refrigerator. Arnie tries to run away from his bath, and in his frustration, Gilbert finally snaps, hitting Arnie several times. Guilty and appalled at himself, Gilbert flees, driving away in his truck. Arnie also runs to Becky, who takes care of him for the evening, and helps him overcome his aquaphobia, until he is picked up by his sisters. After some soul-searching, aided by Becky, Gilbert returns home during Arnie's 18th birthday party to make amends to his family for running out, and to receive Arnie's reluctant forgiveness. He also apologizes to his mother for his behavior, and vows not to be ashamed of her or let her be hurt anymore. She acknowledges how much of a burden that she has become to the family, and he forgives her. Gilbert also introduces Bonnie to Becky, something he had been reluctant to do.

Following the party, Bonnie climbs the stairs to her bedroom for the first time since her husband's suicide. Arnie tries to wake her, but discovers that she has died. With no way to remove her body from the second floor, the police make plans to return with a crane the next day. The family instinctively knows that there will be a crowd of people there to get a laugh, instead of paying their respects. Wanting to keep her death from becoming a mockery, the family removes the furniture and belongings from the house, after which Gilbert lights a match to burn the house to the ground with her body still inside.

A year later, Amy gets a job managing a bakery in the Des Moines area, while Ellen looks forward to switching schools and living in a bigger city. Gilbert waits by the side of the road with Arnie, waiting for the tourist trailers to come again. As part of the convoy, Becky arrives with her grandmother and picks them both up. Gilbert tells Arnie, "We can go anywhere."

Production
Filming for What's Eating Gilbert Grape began November 2, 1992, and concluded in late January 1993. It was shot in Texas, in various towns and cities; Austin and Pflugerville were primary locations, as well as Manor, where the water tower featured in the film was located. Christian Bale was up for the part of Arnie, but lost to DiCaprio.

Film Review quoted actor Leonardo DiCaprio:

"I had to really research and get into the mind of somebody with a disability like that. So I spent a few days at a home for mentally ill teens. We just talked and I watched their mannerisms. People have these expectations that mentally retarded children are really crazy, but it's not so. It's refreshing to see them because everything's so new to them."

Reception

The film had a limited release December 17, 1993, and wide release March 4, 1994. The wide release garnered $2,104,938 in its first weekend. It was considered a box-office bomb, with the total domestic gross for the film $10,032,765, although it achieved greater success on home video.

The film received positive reviews, with many critics praising the performances by Depp and DiCaprio. The latter was singled out for his performance in the film, many saying that DiCaprio stole the film from the lead actor, Depp. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film was given a 90% score, and an average rating of 7.40/10, based on 50 reviews. The site's consensus states: "It's sentimental and somewhat predictable, but those are small complaints, given the tender atmosphere and moving performances at the heart of What's Eating Gilbert Grape." Metacritic calculated an average score of 73 out of 100, based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The New York Times film critic, Janet Maslin, praised DiCaprio's performance, writing, "The film's real show-stopping turn comes from Mr. DiCaprio, who makes Arnie's many tics so startling and vivid that at first he is difficult to watch... The performance has a sharp, desperate intensity from beginning to end."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described it as "one of the most enchanting films of the year", and said that DiCaprio deserved to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for which he was nominated.

Todd McCarthy of Variety found the film a "bemused view on life", and remarked that "Depp manages to command center screen with a greatly affable, appealing characterization".

The Washington Post's Desson Howe thought that the film was an earnest but highly predictable effort.

Film Review praised Leonardo DiCaprio as the mentally disabled brother, calling it "a performance of astonishing innocence and spontaneity", bringing "a touching credibility to a very difficult part".

Year-end lists

 * 2nd – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune
 * 4th – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph
 * 7th – Stephen Hunter, The Baltimore Sun
 * Honorable mention – Duane Dudek, Milwaukee Sentinel
 * Honorable mention – Steve Persall, St. Petersburg Times
 * Honorable mention – Bob Carlton, The Birmingham News

Home media
The film was released as a "special collector's edition" DVD from Paramount June 20, 2006. The edition includes an audio commentary track by director Lasse Hallström and writer Peter Hedges, as well as the featurettes, "The Characters of Gilbert Grape", "The Voice of Gilbert Grape" and "Why We Love Gilbert Grape".

It received a Blu-ray release August 16, 2022.

title: What's Eating Gilbert Grape


text:
PearPC

PearPC is a PowerPC platform emulator capable of running many PowerPC operating systems, including pre-Intel versions of Mac OS X, Darwin, and Linux on x86 hardware. It is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). It can be used on Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and other systems based on POSIX-X11. The first official release was made on May 10, 2004. The software was often used to run early versions of OS X on Windows XP computers.

History
PearPC was released in May of 2004 by developers Sebastian Biallas and Stefan Wyergraf. Original releases were noted for being slow and unstable, but were still well received by the community. On July 6, 2004, Wyergraf was killed by a train, but development continued. The last current version of PearPC was 0.5.0, released on July 12, 2015. One of the reasons given for the development slowing down after 2005 was Apple's transition from PowerPC to x86 architecture.

Features
PearPC only runs on x86 systems including Intel and AMD such as Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and ReactOS. The emulator features a just-in-time (JIT) processor emulation core which dynamically translates PPC code into x86 code, caching the results. The original release emulated a G3 chip. The emulator shipped with the ability to run Mac OS X 10.3, OpenBSD for PowerPC, NetBSD for PowerPC, Darwin for PowerPC and Mandrake Linux 9.1, though it was noted that the emulated operating systems could be up to 40 times slower than the host. This speed was later brought up, running around 10 times slower than the host. It could run all the regular Mac applications such as Finder, Safari, QuickTime, and Terminal. The emulator can run Mac OS X versions 10.1 through 10.4 but cannot run 10.5 Leopard or above. Support for the G4 chip was later added.

Shortcomings
The current official version of Pear PC is 0.5.0 (released on July 12, 2015). While its PowerPC emulation handles most applications, the project still lacks several components needed for a complete emulation of the PowerPC experience. Sound emulation, G5 chip emulation, .dmg support, and OS X Leopard support were not included in this release. The installation was sometimes noted as complicated, requiring editing of configuration files and the use of the command line.

CherryOS controversy
A commercial PowerPC emulator called CherryOS was released soon after the launch of PearPC, in March 2005, claiming to offer more features and greater speed. However, within hours of its announcement, questions were raised about the claims, with some people suggesting that Cherry OS was nothing more than a repackaging of PearPC. According to Cassondra Foesch, a principal author of PearPC, it still contained all or part of the code written for the PearPC Project. Cherry OS also created questions regarding the legality of commercial software developed and marketed specifically to run macOS on the x86 architecture, since Apple's license agreement specifically states that the operating system may only be installed on Apple-labeled computers. On April 6, 2005, the distribution of Cherry OS temporarily put on hold due to criticism. It was later released as open source on May 1, 2005.

title: PearPC


text:
Cytoplasmic streaming

Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the flow of the cytoplasm inside the cell, driven by forces from the cytoskeleton. It is likely that its function is, at least in part, to speed up the transport of molecules and organelles around the cell. It is usually observed in large plant and animal cells, greater than approximately 0.1 mm. In smaller cells, the diffusion of molecules is more rapid, but diffusion slows as the size of the cell increases, so larger cells may need cytoplasmic streaming for efficient function.

The green alga genus Chara possesses some very large cells, up to 10 cm in length, and cytoplasmic streaming has been studied in these large cells.

Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.

In plant cells, chloroplasts are transported within the cytoplasmic stream to optimize their exposure to light for photosynthesis. This rate of motion is influenced by several factors including light intensity, temperature, and pH levels. Cytoplasmic streaming is most efficient at a neutral pH and tends to decrease in efficiency under conditions of both low and high pH.

Several methods exist to halt the flow of cytoplasm within cells. One approach involves the introduction of Lugol's iodine solution, which effectively immobilizes the cytoplasmic streaming. Alternatively, the compound Cytochalasin D, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, can be employed to achieve a similar effect by disrupting the actin microfilaments responsible for facilitating cytoplasmic movement.

Mechanism
What is clearly visible in plants cells which exhibit cytoplasmic streaming is the motion of the chloroplasts moving with the cytoplasmic flow. This motion results from fluid being entrained by moving motor molecules of the plant cell. Myosin filaments connect cell organelles to actin filaments. These actin filaments are generally attached to the chloroplasts and/or membranes of plant cells. As the myosin molecules "walk" along the actin filaments dragging the organelles with them, the cytoplasmic fluid becomes entrained and is pushed/pulled along. Cytoplasmic flow rates can range between 1 and 100 micron/sec.

In Chara corallina
Chara corallina exhibits cyclic cytoplasmic flow around a large central vacuole. The large central vacuole is one of the largest organelles in a plant cell and is generally used for storage. In Chara coralina, cells can grow up to 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter. The diameter of the vacuole can occupy around 80% of the cell's diameter. Thus for a 1 mm diameter cell, the vacuole can have a diameter of 0.8 mm, leaving only a path width of about 0.1 mm around the vacuole for cytoplasm to flow. The cytoplasm flows at a rate of 100 microns/sec, the fastest of all known cytoplasmic streaming phenomena.

Characteristics
The flow of the cytoplasm in the cell of Chara corallina is belied by the "barber pole" movement of the chloroplasts. Two sections of chloroplast flow are observed with the aid of a microscope. These sections are arranged helically along the longitudinal axis of the cell. In one section, the chloroplasts move upward along one band of the helix, while in the other, the chloroplasts move downwardly. The area between these sections are known as indifferent zones. Chloroplasts are never seen to cross these zones, and as a result it was thought that cytoplasmic and vacuolar fluid flow are similarly restricted, but this is not true.

First, Kamiya and Kuroda, experimentally determined that cytoplasmic flow rate varies radially within the cell, a phenomenon not clearly depicted by the chloroplast movement. Second, Raymond Goldstein and others developed a mathematical fluid model for the cytoplasmic flow which not only predicts the behavior noted by Kamiya and Kuroda, but predicts the trajectories of cytoplasmic flow through indifferent zones. The Goldstein model ignores the vacuolar membrane, and simply assumes that shear forces are directly translated to the vacuolar fluid from the cytoplasm.

The Goldstein model predicts there is net flow toward one of the indifferent zones from the other. This actually is suggested by the flow of the chloroplasts. At one indifferent zone, the section with the chloroplasts moving at a downward angle will be above the chloroplasts moving at an upward angle. This section is known as the minus different zone (IZ-). Here, if each direction is broken into components in the theta (horizontal) and z (vertical) directions, the sum of these components oppose each other in the z direction, and similarly diverges in theta direction. The other indifferent zone has the upwardly angled chloroplast movement on top and is known as the positive indifferent zone (IZ+). Thus, while the z directional components oppose each other again, the theta components now converge. The net effect of the forces is cytoplasmic/vacuolar flow moves from the minus indifferent zone to the positive indifferent zone.

As stated, these directional components are suggested by chloroplast movement, but are not obvious. Further, the effect of this cytoplasmic/vacuolar flow from one indifferent zone to the other demonstrates that cytoplasmic particles do cross the indifferent zones even if the chloroplasts at the surface do not. Particles, as they rise in the cell, spiral around in a semicircular manner near the minus indifferent zone, cross one indifferent zone, and end up near a positive indifferent zone.

Further experiments on the Characean cells support of the Goldstein model for vacuolar fluid flow. However, due to the vacuolar membrane (which was ignored in the Goldstein model), the cytoplasmic flow follows a different flow pattern. Further, recent experiments have shown that the data collected by Kamiya and Kuroda which suggested a flat velocity profile in the cytoplasm are not fully accurate. Kikuchi worked with Nitella flexillis cells, and found an exponential relationship between fluid flow velocity and distance from cell membrane. Although this work is not on Characean cells, the flows between Nitella flexillis and Chara coralina are visually and structurally similar.

Enhanced nutrient transport
The Goldstein model predicts enhanced transport (over transport characterized by strictly longitudinal cytoplasmic flow) into the vacuolar cavity due to the complicated flow trajectories arising from the cytoplasmic streaming. Although, a nutrient concentration gradient would result from longitudinally uniform concentrations and flows, the complicated flow trajectories predicted produce a larger concentration gradient across the vacuolar membrane.

By Fick's laws of diffusion, it is known that larger concentration gradients lead to larger diffusive flows. Thus, the unique flow trajectories of the cytoplasmic flow in Chara coralina lead to enhanced nutrient transport by diffusion into the storage vacuole. This allows for higher concentrations of nutrients inside the vacuole than would be allowed by strictly longitudinal cytoplasmic flows. Goldstein also demonstrated the faster the cytoplasmic flow along these trajectories, the larger the concentration gradient that arises, and the larger diffusive nutrient transport into the storage vacuole that occurs. The enhanced nutrient transport into the vacuole leads to striking differences in growth rate and overall growth size.

Experiments have been performed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Wild type versions of this plant exhibit cytoplasmic streaming due to the entrainment of fluid similar to Chara coralina, only at slower flow rates. One experiment removes the wild type myosin motor molecule from the plant and replaces it with a faster myosin molecule which moves along the actin filaments at 16 microns/sec. In another set of plants, the myosin molecule is replaced with the slower homo sapiens Vb myosin motor molecule. Human myosin Vb only moves at a rate of .19 microns/sec. Resulting cytoplasmic flows rates are 4.3 microns/sec for the wild type and 7.5 microns/sec for the plants implanted with the rapidly moving myosin protein.

The plants implanted with human myosin Vb do not exhibit continuous cytoplasmic streaming. The plants are then allowed to grow under similar conditions. Faster cytoplasmic rates produced larger plants with larger and more abundant leaves. This suggests that the enhanced nutrient storage demonstrated by the Goldstein model allows for plants to grow larger and faster.

Increased photosynthetic activity
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This occurs in the chloroplasts of plants cells. Light photons interact with various intermembrane proteins of the cholorplast to accomplish this. However, these proteins can become saturated with photons, making them unable to function until the saturation is alleviated. This is known as the Kautsky effect and is a cause of inefficiency on the ATP production mechanism. Cytoplasmic streaming in Chara corallina, however, enables chloroplasts to move around the stem of the plant. Thus, the chloroplasts move into lighted regions and shaded regions. This intermittent exposure to photons due to cytoplasmic streaming actually increases the photosynthetic efficiency of chloroplasts. Photosynthetic activity is generally assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis.

Gravisensing
Gravisensing is the ability to sense the gravitational force and react to it. Many plants use gravisensing to direct growth. For example, depending on root orientation, amyloplasts will settle within a plant cell differently. These different settling patterns cause the protein auxin to be distributed differently within the plant. This differences in the distribution pattern direct roots to grow downward or outward.

In most plants, gravisensing requires a coordinated multi-cellular effort, but in Chara corallina, one cell detects gravity and responds to it. The barber pole chloroplast motion resulting from cytoplasmic streaming has one flow upward and another downward. The downward motion of the chloroplasts moves a bit faster than the upward flow producing a ratio of speeds of 1.1. This ratio is known as the polar ratio and depends on the force of gravity. This increase in speed is not a direct result of the force of gravity, but an indirect result. Gravity causes the plant protoplast to settle within the cell wall. Thus, the cell membrane is put into tension at the top, and into compression at the bottom. The resulting pressures on the membrane allow for gravisensing which result in the differing speeds of cytoplasmic flow observed in Chara coralina. This gravitational theory of gravisensing is directly opposed to the statolith theory exhibited by the settling of amyloplasts.

Natural emergence
Cytoplasmic streaming occurs due to the motion of organelles attached to actin filaments via myosin motor proteins. However, in Chara corallina, the organization of actin filaments is highly ordered. Actin is a polar molecule, which means that myosin only moves in one direction along the actin filament. Thus, in Chara corallina, where motion of the chloroplasts and the myosin molecule follow a barber pole pattern, the actin filaments must all be similarly oriented within each section. In other words, the section where the chloroplasts move upward will have all of the actin filaments oriented in the same upward direction, and the section where the chloroplasts move downward will have all the actin filaments oriented in the downward direction.

This organization emerges naturally from basic principles. With basic, realistic assumptions about the actin filament, Woodhouse demonstrated that the formation of two sets of actin filament orientations in a cylindrical cell is likely. His assumptions included a force keeping the actin filament in place once set down, an attractive force between filaments leading them to be more likely align as a filament already in place, and a repulsive force preventing alignment perpendicular to the length of the cylindrical cell.

The first two assumptions derive from the molecular forces within the actin filament, while the last assumption was made due to the actin molecule's dislike of curvature. Computer simulations run with these assumptions with varying parameters for the assumptive forces almost always leads to highly ordered actin organizations. However, no order was as organized and consistent as the barber pole pattern found in nature, which suggests this mechanism plays role, but is not wholly responsible for the organization of actin filaments in Chara corallina.

Created by pressure gradients
Cytoplasmic streaming in some species is caused by pressure gradients along the length of the cell.

In Physarum polycephalum
Physarum polycephalum is a single-celled protist, belonging to a group of organisms informally referred to as 'slime molds'. Biological investigations into the myosin and actin molecules in this amoeboid have demonstrated striking physical and mechanistic similarities to human muscle myosin and actin molecules. Contraction and relaxation of these molecules leads to pressure gradients along the length of the cell. These contractions force cytoplasmic fluid in one direction and contributes to growth. It has been demonstrated that while the molecules are similar to those in humans, the molecule blocking the binding site of myosin to actin is different. While, in humans, tropomyosin covers the site, only allowing contraction when calcium ions are present, in this amoeboid, a different molecule known as calmodulin blocks the site, allowing relaxation in the presence of high calcium ion levels.

In Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a multicellular fungus with many off shooting hyphae. Cells can be up to 10 cm long, and are separated by a small septum. Small holes in the septum allow cytoplasm and cytoplasmic contents to flow from cell to cell. Osmotic pressure gradients occur through the length of the cell to drive this cytoplasmic flow. Flows contribute to growth and the formation of cellular subcompartments.

Contribution to growth
Cytoplasmic flows created through osmotic pressure gradients flow longitudinally along the fungal hyphae and crash into the end causing growth. It has been demonstrated that the greater pressure at the hyphal tip corresponds to faster growth rates. Longer hyphae have greater pressure differences along their length allowing for faster cytoplasmic flow rates and larger pressures at the hyphal tip. This is why longer hyphae grow faster than shorter ones. Tip growth increases as cytoplasmic flow rate increases over a 24-hour period until a max rate of 1 micron/second growth rate is observed. Offshoots from the main hyphae are shorter and have slower cytoplasmic flow rates and correspondingly slower growth rates.

Formation of cellular subcompartments
Cytoplasmic flow in Neurospora crassa carry microtubules. The presence of microtubules create interesting aspects to the flow. Modelling the fungal cells as a pipe separated at regular points with a septum with a hole in the center should produce very symmetrical flow. Basic fluid mechanics suggest that eddies should form both before and after each septum. However, eddies only form before the septum in Neurospora crassa. This is because when microtubules enter the septal hole, they are arranged parallel to flow and contribute very little to flow characteristics, however, as the exit the septal hole, the orient themselves perpendicular to flow, slowing acceleration, and preventing eddy formation. The eddies formed just before the septum allow for the formation of subcompartments where nuclei spotted with special proteins aggregate. These proteins, one of which is called SPA-19, contribute to septum maintenance. Without it, the septum would degrade and the cell would leak large amounts of cytoplasm into the neighboring cell leading to cell death.

In mouse oocytes
In many animal cells, centrioles and spindles keep nuclei centered within a cell for mitotic, meiotic, and other processes. Without such a centering mechanism, disease and death can result. While mouse oocytes do have centrioles, they play no role in nucleus positioning, yet, the nucleus of the oocyte maintains a central position. This is a result of cytoplasmic streaming.

Microfilaments, independent of microtubules and myosin 2, form a mesh network throughout the cell. Nuclei, positioned in non-centered cell locations, have been demonstrated to migrate distances greater than 25 microns to the cell center. They will do this without going off course by more than 6 microns when the network is present. This network of microfilaments has organelles bound to it by the myosin Vb molecule. Cytoplasmic fluid is entrained by the motion of these organelles, however, no pattern of directionality is associated with the movement of the cytoplasm. In fact, the motion has been demonstrated to fulfill Brownian motion characteristics. For this reason, there is some debate as to whether this should be called cytoplasmic streaming.

Nonetheless, directional movement of organelles does result from this situation. Since the cytoplasm fills the cell, it is geometrically arranged into the shape of a sphere. As the radius of a sphere increases, surface area increases. Further, the motion in any given direction is proportional to the surface area. So thinking of the cell as a series of concentric spheres, it is clear that spheres with larger radii produce a greater amount of movement than spheres with smaller radii. Thus, the movement toward the center is greater than the movement away from the center, and net movement pushing the nucleus towards a central cellular location exists. In other words, the random motion of the cytoplasmic particles create a net force toward the center of the cell.

Additionally, the increased motion with the cytoplasm reduces cytoplasmic viscosity allowing the nucleus to move more easily within the cell. These two factors of the cytoplasmic streaming center the nucleus in the oocyte cell.

title: Cytoplasmic streaming


text:
Flag of Macedonia

Flag of Macedonia may refer to:
 * Flag of Macedonia (Greece)
 * Flag of North Macedonia

title: Flag of Macedonia


text:
Julliard

Julliard may refer to:
 * Alexandre Julliard, computer programmer who leads the Wine project
 * Bruno Julliard, former chairman of the French student union Union Nationale des Étudiants de France
 * Jean-François Julliard, Secretary General of Reporters Without Borders
 * Éditions Julliard, French publishing house founded in 1942 by René Julliard
 * The Jean Julliard Prize, a scientific prize awarded by the International Society of Blood Transfusion

title: Julliard


text:
Sept-Rivières Regional County Municipality

Sept-Rivières (French for "Seven-Rivers") is a regional county municipality of Quebec, Canada, in the Côte-Nord region. Its county seat is Sept-Îles.

The census groups Sept-Rivières RCM with neighbouring Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality into the single census division of Sept-Rivières—Caniapiscau. In the 2021 Canadian census, the combined population was 38,240. The population of Sept-Rivières RCM itself was 34,358, of whom the vast majority live in the city of Sept-Îles.

Geography
Sept-Rivières is located in the central part of Côte-Nord. It is bordered by the regional county municipalities of Manicouagan, Caniapiscau, and Minganie, as well as by the southwest corner of Labrador and by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It is mostly covered by the Laurentian mountains. It is a very sparsely populated and undeveloped region with its population highly concentrated along the coast, mostly at Sept-Îles (about three-fourths of the population).

It allegedly takes its name from seven major rivers that join the Saint Lawrence within the territory: Moisie, Sainte-Marguerite, Trinité, Pentecôte, aux Rochers, Pigou and Manitou. But neither the Trinité River nor the Manitou River reaches the Saint Lawrence within the limits of the regional county municipality, and many other rivers could be amongst those "seven rivers".

Subdivisions
There are four subdivisions and two native reserves within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Port-Cartier
 * Sept-Îles

 * Unorganized territories (2)
 * Lac-Walker
 * Rivière-Nipissis

 * Native Reserves (2) (not associated with RCM)
 * Maliotenam
 * Uashat

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None

River basins
There are a number of large rivers that flow in a generally north-south direction through Sept-Rivières to enter the Gulf. Near the coast the river basins tend to narrow in towards the river mouth, and between their mouths are areas that drain into the Gulf through smaller streams. From west to east, the larger river basins, which may cover parts of neighboring regions, are:


text:
LisaGay Hamilton

LisaGay Hamilton (born 1964) is an American actress who has portrayed roles in films, television, and on stage. She is best known for her role as secretary/lawyer Rebecca Washington on the ABC legal drama The Practice (1997–2003). She also portrayed Melissa Thoreau on the TNT comedy-drama Men of a Certain Age (2009–2011), Celia Jones on the Netflix series House of Cards (2016), Suzanne Simms on the Hulu series Chance (2016), and Kayla Price on the Hulu series The First (2018).

Hamilton's film credits include roles in 12 Monkeys (1995), Jackie Brown (1997), Beloved (1998), True Crime (1999), The Sum of All Fears (2002), The Soloist (2009), Beastly (2011), Beautiful Boy (2018), and Vice (2018). Her theater credits include Measure for Measure (Isabella), Henry IV Parts I & II (Lady Hotspur), Athol Fugard's, Valley Song and The Ohio State Murders. Hamilton was also an original cast member in the Broadway productions of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson and Gem of the Ocean. In 2005 she won a Peabody Award for creating and directing the 2003 documentary film Beah: A Black Woman Speaks.

Early life
Hamilton was born in Los Angeles, California but spent most of her childhood in Stony Brook, New York on the north shore of Long Island. Her father, Ira Winslow Hamilton, Jr., hailed from Bessemer, Alabama, and her mother, the former Eleanor Albertine "Tina" Blackwell, was from Meridian, Mississippi. Both parents graduated from historically black colleges—Tina attended Talladega while Ira went to Morehouse—and they both became successful professionals. Ira worked for a while as an engineer and then went into business as a general contractor. Tina eventually earned a master's degree in social work and worked for the Girl Scouts for many years.

Hamilton fell in love with theater at an early age. During the 1970s, she saw several off-Broadway productions by the Negro Ensemble Company, including A Soldier's Story and The First Breeze of Summer. She enrolled in Carnegie Mellon University to study theater, but after a year was accepted into New York University's Tisch Drama School where she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater in 1985. She then pursued graduate studies at The Juilliard School where she earned a M.A. in drama in 1989.

Career
Early on, Hamilton set her sights on classical theater. In one of her first notable roles, she played opposite Kevin Kline in Measure for Measure in the New York Shakespeare Festival. Hamilton's performances in Much Ado About Nothing, Tartuffe, Reckless, Family of Mann, and Two Gentlemen of Verona, earned her a reputation as a serious dramatic actor. In 1995–96, her portrayal of a young, aspiring South African singer in Athol Fugard's Valley Song garnered an Obie Award, the Clarence Derwent Award, the Ovation nomination for best actress, and a Drama Desk nomination. More recently, Hamilton earned critical acclaim, her second Obie, and a Lucille Lortel Award nomination for her role as Suzanne Alexander in Adrienne Kennedy's The Ohio State Murders.

Hamilton appeared in over two dozen films, including The Truth About Charlie and Beloved for director Jonathan Demme, Clint Eastwood's True Crime, the independent films; Palookaville, Drunks, Showtime's A House Divided, and as Ophelia in director Campbell Scott's film version of Hamlet. She has worked on several projects with director Rodrigo García, notably his films Ten Tiny Love Stories, Nine Lives, and Mother and Child. Honeydripper directed by John Sayles and The Soloist, directed by Joe Wright.

Hamilton won a Peabody Award in 2005 for creating and directing the 2003 documentary film Beah: A Black Woman Speaks. The film tells the story of pioneering black actress Beah Richards, who had broken ground for African-American actresses. The two women had met on the set of Beloved (1998). Over the next two years, Hamilton made a record of more than 70 hours of their conversations. Hamilton's film explored Richards' political activism as well as her poetry. The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the AFI Film Festival. After Richards died in 2000, Hamilton collaborated with illustrator R. Gregory Christie to turn one of her poems into a children's book. Keep Climbing Girls was published by Simon and Schuster in 2006.

Hamilton played the role of Melissa in Men of a Certain Age, an hour-long comedy-drama television series starring Ray Romano, Andre Braugher, and Scott Bakula that ran from 2009 to 2011.

In the fall of 2010, Hamilton took a faculty position at the School of Theater for the California Institute of the Arts, where she teaches in the Acting Program.

title: LisaGay Hamilton


text:
Talk:White Plains

Hold on User:Nyh, my edit was worthwhile because it gave a better description of the group, "White Plains" and their smash hit, "My Baby Loves Lovin'" I see no reason for you to revert. Any questions? --65.73.0.137

 * Of course I see a reason. Do you think I wrote that other song - When you are a King - by mistake, just picking one of their songs at random? Of course not. Today, this song is the best known of the group, with "My baby loves lovin'" relegated to the dust-bin of history, unfortunately. In Israel, for example, "When you are a king" is quite often played on radio, and even got a Hebrew cover version by one of Israel's most famous singers last year. So, what's wrong with mentioning both songs, given that my mention of the other song is factually correct? And what's wrong with saying it was a British group?? --User:Nyh?

Oh, about saying it was a British group, I forgot to tell you that White Plains has a more American than British sounding name to it. Furthermore the lead singer of this group sang lead to other groups with what I consider chiefly American names. And one of the pages that has the lyrics to the song actually mentioned the name of the lead singer and even the mention of White Plains, New York, which almost sounds to me like it was named after that. But if you have any evidence published in biography of White Plains (the group) of CD, cassette, etc. that it was a British group, please share it to me. --65.73.0.137

 * Check out a sample crop from Google:    - all say they were British, and nothing else. They also sound British. I see absolutely no evidence that they are American. How does "Tony Burrows" (is he what you called the lead singer?) sound more American than British? Nyh 12:31, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There's an interesting article about Tony Burrows in which makes it clear that he lives in London, not in the US. It even says he only played in the US twice, and that he only been to San Francisco for 3 hours, ever :) Nyh 12:36, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, OK. I think I can respect your point. Now the term, sounding British sounds a little too POVish, so maybe they do sound that way to you, but how? It's not that I disagree with you about it. How does Tony Burrows sound more British than American? And have you ever heard the other group members clearly ("They also sound British")? I'm sorry for being so picky in the conversation, but I'd like to hear your point of view, because they don't have that purely British brogue to me. --65.73.0.137

 * Apparently you didn't read everything I wrote. I merely mentioned that they (whoever sings) "sounds" British. This is certainly not conclusive evidence, but I think that all the links I gave you that mention them as a "British" group are convincing enough. Add to that my own copy of their Album, produced by the Decca Record Company Ltd, London England. The insert of the Album (I have the CD version) also implies that the group is British (it doesn't go as far as showing the member's passports, but it contains phrases like "Britain was no less affected ... John Carter adn Ken Lewis", "Harrow, Middlesex-born lead guitarist Robin Box" "Kenton lad Roget Hills (Drum)". All this, and no shred of evidence that they are *not* British, so I would guess they are. Nyh 19:30, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:White Plains


text:
DEHA

DEHA may refer to:

 * DEHA (apparel), an Italian dancewear label
 * Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, a plasticizer
 * Diethylhydroxylamine, another chemical also used in plastics

title: DEHA


text:
Diethylhydroxylamine

Diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) is an organic compound with the formula (C2H5)2NOH. Strictly, this is N,N-diethylhydroxylamine. It has an isomer, N,O-diethylhydroxylamine with the formula EtNHOEt. Pure N,N-diethylhydroxylamine is a colorless liquid, although it is usually encountered as a colourless-to-yellow solution in water with an amine-like odor.

DEHA can be synthesised from a reaction between triethylamine and a peroxide.

Applications
DEHA is largely used as an oxygen scavenger in water treatment.

It is a volatile oxygen scavenger and reacts in a ratio of 2.8/1 DEHA/O 2. It is employed in high pressure (>70 bar) boiler systems due to a very low rate of reaction at low temperatures and pressures. Due to its volatility, it acts as an oxygen scavenger throughout the entire boiler system due to steam carryover.

DEHA also reacts with ferrous metals to form a passivized film of magnetite throughout the boiler system. The reduction of toxic heavy metals, such as hexavalent chromium to their more environmentally-friendly counterparts like trivalent chromium, is also performed using aqueous solutions containing DEHA.

Several other applications include its use as:
 * 1) Polymerisation inhibitor
 * 2) Color stabilizer (photographics)
 * 3) Corrosion inhibitor
 * 4) Discoloration inhibitor (phenolics)
 * 5) Antiozonant
 * 6) Radical scavenger

title: Diethylhydroxylamine


text:
List of Western fiction authors

This is a list of some notable authors in the western fiction genre.

Note that some writers listed below have also written in other genres.

A

 * Edward Abbey (1927–1989)
 * Andy Adams (1859–1934)
 * William Lacey Amy (1877-1962)
 * Rudolfo Anaya (1937–2020)

B

 * Todhunter Ballard (1903–1980)
 * S. Omar Barker (1894–1985)
 * Rex Beach (1877–1949)
 * James Warner Bellah (1899–1976)
 * Don Bendell (born 1947)
 * Tom W. Blackburn (1913–1992)
 * James Carlos Blake (born 1947)
 * William Blinn (1937–2020)
 * Stephen Bly (1944–2011)
 * Frank Bonham (1914–1988)
 * Allan R. Bosworth (1901–1986)
 * Peter Bowen (1945–2020)
 * B.M. Bower (1871–1940), (pseudonym of Bertha "Muzzy" Sinclair)
 * Leigh Brackett (1915–1978)
 * Max Brand (1892–1944), (pseudonym of Frederick Schiller Faust)
 * Lyle Brandt (1951–2021), (pseudonym of Michael Newton)
 * Peter Brandvold, (pseudonym, Frank Leslie)
 * Matt Braun (born 1932)
 * Dee Brown (1908–2002)
 * Anthony Burgess (1917–1993)
 * Walter Noble Burns (1866–1932)

C

 * Daniel Carlson (born 1963)
 * David Wynford Carnegie (1871–1900)
 * Forrest Carter (1925–1979)
 * David F. Case (1937–2018)
 * Willa Cather (1873–1947)
 * Robert W. Chambers (Robert William Chambers) (1865–1933)
 * A.M. Chisholm (1871–1960)
 * Walter van Tilburg Clark (1909–1971)
 * Robbie Coburn (born 1994)
 * Walt Coburn (1889–1971)
 * Don Coldsmith (1926–2009)
 * Jackson Cole, (pseudonym of Peter B. Germano)
 * Ralph Compton (1934–1999)
 * Robert J. Conley (1940–2014)
 * Will Cook (William Everett Cook) (1921–1964)
 * Courtney Ryley Cooper (1886–1940)
 * James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851)
 * Barry Cord, (pseudonym of Peter B. Germano)
 * Ralph Cotton
 * William R. Cox (1901–1988)
 * Bill Crider (1941–2018)
 * Elizabeth Crook (born 1959)
 * James Oliver Curwood (1878–1926)

D

 * Sandra Dallas
 * H. L. Davis (1894–1960)
 * John Deacon
 * J. Frank Dobie (1888–1964)
 * Gary Dobbs (born 1965)
 * Ivan Doig (1939–2015)
 * Harry Sinclair Drago

E

 * J. T. Edson (1928–2014)
 * Edward S. Ellis (Edward Sylvester Ellis) (1840–1916)
 * Louise Erdrich
 * Loren D. Estleman (born 1952)
 * Wade Everett, (pseudonym of Will Cook, Giles A. Lutz)

F

 * Edna Ferber (1885–1968)
 * Norman A. Fox (1911–1960)
 * Ron Franscell (born 1957)

G

 * Brian Garfield (1939–2018)
 * Kathleen O'Neal Gear (born 1954)
 * W. Michael Gear (born 1955)
 * George G. Gilman, (pseudonym of Terry Williams Harknett) (1936–2019)
 * Jean Giraud (1938–2012)
 * Arthur Henry Gooden (1879–1971)
 * Edward Gorman (1941–2016)
 * Jackson Gregory (1882–1943)
 * Dorien Grey
 * Zane Grey (1872–1939)
 * James J. Griffin (born 1949)
 * Jesse Edward Grinstead (1866–1948)
 * Fred Grove (1913–2008)
 * Frank Gruber (1904–1969)
 * A.B. Guthrie, Jr. (1901–1991)

H

 * Derek Haas (born 1970)
 * Mel Hague
 * William Wister Haines (1908–1989)
 * Oakley Hall (1920–2008)
 * Ron Hansen (novelist) (born 1947)
 * Bret Harte (1836–1902)
 * Kent Haruf (1943–2014)
 * Ernest Haycox (1899–1950)
 * Will Henry (Henry Wilson Allen) (1912–1991)
 * Tony Hillerman (1925–2008)
 * Lee Hoffman (1932–2007)
 * Robert E. Howard (1906–1936)
 * Clair Huffaker (1926–1990)

I

 * Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867–1957)
 * Washington Irving (1783–1859)

J

 * Will James, (1892–1942)
 * Paulette Jiles (born 1943)
 * Craig Johnson (born 1961)
 * Dorothy M. Johnson (1905–1984)
 * Terry C. Johnston (1947–2001)
 * William W. Johnstone (1938–2004)
 * E.Z.C. Judson, (pseudonym of Ned Buntline)

K

 * Jim Kane (pseudonym of Peter B. Germano)
 * Mike Kearby
 * Elmer Kelton (1926–2009)
 * Charles King (1844–1933)

L

 * Oliver La Farge (1901–1963)
 * Louis L'Amour (1908–1988)
 * Marcial Lafuente Estefanía (1903–1984), (his pen name, M.L. Estefanía, was later borrowed by his sons)
 * Joe R. Lansdale (born 1951)
 * Elmore Leonard (1925–2013)
 * Chuck Lewis (born 1936)
 * Tom Lin (born c. 1996)
 * Jake Logan (author)
 * Milton Lott (1919–1996)
 * Giles A. Lutz (1910–1982)
 * Francis Lynde (1856–1930)
 * Stan Lynde

M

 * Milo Manara (born 1945)
 * Kat Martin
 * Richard Matheson (1926–2013)
 * Karl May (1842–1912)
 * Ardath Mayhar (1930–2012)
 * Cormac McCarthy (1933-2023)
 * Lucile Saunders McDonald (1898–1992)
 * Michael McGarrity (born 1939)
 * Thomas McGuane (born 1939)
 * Larry McMurtry (1936–2021)
 * Leonard Frank Meares
 * Joaquin Miller (1837–1913)
 * Balduin Möllhausen (1825–1905)
 * Lorin Morgan-Richards (born 1975)
 * Clarence Edward Mulford (1883–1956)

N

 * John D. Nesbitt (born 1948)
 * Frederick Nolan (1931–2022)
 * Frank Norris (1870–1902)
 * Andre Norton (1912–2005)
 * Nelson Nye (Nelson C.(Coral) Nye) (1907–1997)

O

 * Chad Oliver (1928–1993)
 * T.V. Olsen (Theodore V. Olsen) (1932–1993)
 * Frank O'Rourke (1906–1989)
 * Wayne D. Overholser (1906–1996)
 * Robert O'Hanlin (2003-2023)

P

 * Lauran Paine (1916–2001)
 * Robert B. Parker (1932–2010)
 * Lewis B. Patten (1915–1981)
 * Charles Portis (1933–2020)
 * Bill Pronzini (born 1943)
 * Annie Proulx (born 1935)

R

 * William MacLeod Raine (1871–1954)
 * Robert J Randisi (born 1951)
 * James Reasoner (born 1953)
 * John H. Reese (1910–1981), (pseudonyms Eddie Abbott, John Jo Carpenter, Camford Cheavly, Camford Sheaveley & Camford Sheavely (chron.))
 * Conrad Richter (1890–1968)
 * Lucia St. Clair Robson (born 1942)
 * Dana Fuller Ross (born 1953)
 * Zola Helen Ross (1912–1989)
 * James L. Rubel (1894-1960)

S

 * Jeff Sadler (1943–2005), (pseudonym of Geoffrey Sadler; also wrote under the pen name Wes Calhoun).
 * M.H. Salmon (1945-2019)
 * Jack Schaefer (1907–1991)
 * Charles Alden Seltzer (1875-1942)
 * Jon Sharpe
 * Luke Short (1908–1975), (pseudonym of Frederick D. Glidden)
 * Jack Slade (publisher house name, pseudonym of Peter B. Germano and others)
 * Frank H. Spearman (1859–1937)
 * Kai Starr (born 1964)
 * John Steinbeck (1902–1968)
 * Wallace Stegner (1909–1993)
 * Louis J. Stellman (1877–1961)
 * Manning Lee Stokes (1911–1976), writing as Ford Worth
 * Charles S. Strong
 * Gary Svee (1943–2019)
 * Glendon Swarthout (1918–1992)

T

 * Robert Lewis Taylor (1912–1998)
 * David Thompson
 * Harlan Howard Thompson
 * Nye Tredgold
 * Clay Turner, (pseudonym of Peter B. Germano)
 * Mark Twain (1835–1910)

V

 * Robert Vaughan
 * Gerald Vizenor, (born 1934)

W

 * Dale L. Walker (1935–2015)
 * Charles Marquis Warren (1912–1990)
 * Larry Watson (writer) (born 1947)
 * Richard S. Wheeler (1935–2019)
 * Harry Whittington (1915–1989)
 * G. Clifton Wisler (1950–2006)
 * Owen Wister (1860–1938)
 * Richard Wormser (1908–1977)

Z

 * S. Craig Zahler (born 1973)

title: List of Western fiction authors


text:
Talk:Flag of the United Nations

"Official" Colour
What exactly is the "official" shade of blue, in RGB or hex values? Because the color used for the image in this article is #5B92E5, but the background on un.org is #6699FF.

 * It's not easy to find, the UN flag code gives the colour as "United Nations blue", but gives no colour codes. It has also been called "United Nations azure". This page gives the colour codes as Hex: #5B92E5, RGB: 91, 146, 229 - but it has no reference. This website  gives the colour as Pantone 279C, which according to this site  is 77% Cyan; 49% Magenta; 0% Yellow; 0% Black. --Joowwww (talk) 16:43, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Your link further links to the UN's own page about it  and notes that, although this page is published by the UN, there has never been any specific colour in documents adopted by any of the committees of the UN. However, Pantone 279 is quoted on the UN's web site, and that seems "official" enough for me to add it to Wikipedia. Next question; how to convert Pantone 279 to CMYK/RGB? I've now seen lots of sites with Pantone charts that give 279 as RGB #6689cc (see   ). However, Photoshop (this counts as original research and can't be published on WP) converts PMS 279 as:

 * Pantone C (coated) as CMYK 69% 35% 0% 0% or RGB #4891dc
 * Pantone M (matte) as CMYK 62% 32% 0% 0% or RGB #5c97dd
 * Pantone Color Bridge CMYK EC as CMYK 68% 34% 0% 0% or RGB #5191cd
 * Pantone Color Bridge CMYK PC as CMYK 70% 33% 0% 0% or RGB #4791ce
 * Pantone Color Bridge CMYK UP as CMYK 67% 29% 0% 0% or RGB #4e98d3

 * FWIW, the UN page linked above uses RGB #397bce for their rendering of the flag, which Photoshop claims is PMS 2718 in the coated range and PMS 285 in the matte range!

 * It's a knotty subject. Nineworlds (talk) 04:27, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, Pantone's own web site uses RGB #4b92db to represent PMS 279 C. Nineworlds (talk) 05:11, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

As a general matter, there is no one single always "correct" conversion between Pantone and computer RGB ("hex codes" etc.) -- a valid conversion actually depends on the calibration of your monitor, ambient lighting conditions around your monitor, etc. and is only valid for that one set of circumstances. AnonMoos (talk) 07:50, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Derivations
Antarctica flag is also derived from this flag. Sorry, I have no idea how to add it in myself. Aaadddaaammm 03:57, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Added, thanks, along with some more. If you can think of any others that's be great. EdC 18:43, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Flat Earth Society
Anyone else think that the fact that the Flat Earth Society considers the map on the UN flag as confirmation of their claims significant enough to put on this page? I was going to put on there, but decided not to because it does seem a little out of place. Of course so does the Star Trek reference...

 * I agree with you on both issues. Neither of these topics qualifies as noteworthy under encyclopedic standards. --Uwe 08:17, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright then, I'm going to remove the Star Trek reference. If that bothers anyone they can talk about it here.Sjmcfarland 04:12, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Countries and regions section
Is there any proof that these flags are based on the UN flag and it's colors? Simply being blue and white, or containing olive branches is not proof that these flags were designed based on the UN flag. Olive branches are a common symbol since at least ancient Greece, if not earlier. If claims like these are going to be made they need to be backed up with proof (either a wikipedia page on the specific flags or from another credible source). Medic8613 (talk) 22:54, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, there are at least vague assertions on the relevant articles (referenced), other than the TTPI (removed). Oh, and UNTAC, but c'mon. EdC (talk) 03:09, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The World Encyclopedia of Flags by Alfred Znamierowski (ISBN 0-7548-0167-5), p. 129, says that former flags of Eritrea and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands were specifically influenced by the United Nations... AnonMoos (talk) 09:36, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Somali flag influence
I have two sources — The World Encyclopedia of Flags by Alfred Znamierowski (ISBN 0-7548-0167-5), p. 222 and Guide to the Flags of the World by Mauro Talocci (edited and revised by Whitney Smith, ISBN 0-688-01141-1), p. 131 — which both say that the blue background of the Somali flag was adopted in tribute to the United Nations; however, neither says anything about the white... AnonMoos (talk) 09:32, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I've updated the article with your refs; will you take a look to ensure that it's accurate? Thanks, -M.Nelson (talk) 03:36, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Fine as far as I can see (I'm not proficient in the minor details of bibliographic references). AnonMoos (talk) 07:24, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 January 2015
There is mention of, but no link to, Azimuthal equidistant projection.

85.211.182.144 (talk) 14:59, 23 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: "azimuthal projection" is already linked, and Azimuthal equidistant projection appears only within a quote where an internal link is not appropriate. See Manual_of_Style  B E C K Y S A Y L E S  16:08, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Suggestion to change to Oxford spelling
As is used by the main article. I may boldly make this change (as I believe the United Nations uses Oxford spelling) per WP:BRD. Dustin ( talk ) 22:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * After a brief look-through, it appears that the article is already using Oxford spelling. I will change the template. If I am by chance wrong, please correct me here. Dustin  ( talk ) 22:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Design
Can someone link Azimuthal equidistant projection in "Design"? This is not the same thing as azimuthal projection which someone mentioned a few paragraphs up and I didn't even find that link. 78.0.209.209 (talk) 14:25, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Sweden banknote?
"The UN flag is depicted in the background of former UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld on Sweden's new 1000 SEK banknote, the country's highest denomination. It is planned to be released by the central bank of Sweden in October 2015."

Shouldn't this be changed, now that we're in December 2015? 41.142.182.81 (talk) 14:11, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

I've fixed it. --Christoffre (talk) 19:02, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

First flag design
Cross-post from my message to commons:user:Huhsunqu on Commons:

I was looking at the article on the UN flag and the first flag design: en:Flag of the United Nations

That article also uses your flag File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations_%281945-1947%29.svg to illustrate the first design of the seal and therefore of the flag. Unfortuantely, I think that the design is not correct.

This official UN document from October 15th, 1946.

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/NL4/604/21/PDF/NL460421.pdf?OpenElement

describes the first design of the UN logo with four circles and cutting of at 40 degrees south, cutting Argentina into half.

It was then altered to this version http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/NL4/604/26/PDF/NL460426.pdf?OpenElement which was then approved on December 7th, 1946.

Maybe you can correct your flag. I will crosspost this on the talk page of the English Wikipedia article.

Best

--ALE! (talk) 17:08, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

New information: Therefore, the text cited in section Flag_of_the_United_Nations is also not correct. --ALE! (talk) 17:10, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Agreed (8 years later); the current article with three(!) different orientations (90° West, 100° West, Prime meridian) seems very strange and I cannot find any source which backs up the presence of all three, especially not a version which specifically used 90° West and 60° South. It's even stranger that the article claims the 90°W 60°S version predated the Charter's 100°W 40°S by two months, meaning someone would've had to decide to include Argentina, then cut it off again. Finally, the cited references state that the UN didn't have a flag at all until 1947, that the decision to extend from 40°S to 60°S occurred at the same time as the decision to rotate away from the US, and that the shade of blue changed at some point. It seems quite plausible (even likely) that the 90°W 60°S version arose from someone contemporary editing the current UN flag by just estimating the rotation at 90° instead of the correct 100°. (It's obvious that the Charter version doesn't use 90°, because the UK isn't aligned with the horizontal bar.)

 * I'm removing the 90°W 60°S version from the article entirely, unless someone can find a source stating that anything like it (that isn't the Charter's 100°W 40°S version) ever existed. Zowayix001 (talk) 05:12, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

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Objectives of the U.N.
The objectives of the U.N. as follow in its Charter. 1) To maintain international peace and safety. 2)To promote the feeling of friendship among members nations. 3)To solve economic,social,cultural and humanity related problems at international level. 4)To seek co-operation to create a feeling of respect for human rights and the fundamental right to freedom.

Semi-protected edit request on 16 October 2020
Typo - change hid to hide

In the references section, item 5 has the following text: "How to hid an empire". This should read "How to hide an empire" according to the ISBN title referenced. 69.158.158.205 (talk) 15:52, 16 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 18:50, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

"Earth flag" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Earth flag and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Heanor (talk) 15:20, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

My Template in this article
Can you put this Template please? 🇺🇳🇺🇳 (UN)official FlagTo UN🇺🇳🇺🇳 18:34, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

some odd writing
@Unofficial_flag on the database text box see: Proportion 2:3 or 3:5 [section a] Or using the same proportions of the national flag of whatever country it is being flown in, with the emblem being centred and one half of the hoist. Why this is even 2 "Or"s enclosed "3:5". since this page semi protected. please i want a request for someone to get edit. 182.253.54.74 (talk) 14:10, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of the United Nations


text:
Talk:MI8

MI8
http://www.angelfire.com/dc/1spy/acronyms.html#1m claims that MI8 "was responsible for monitoring broadcasts having to do with German bombers during the Blitz; also called the Radio Security Service," and that the branch "dealing with escape and evasion in World War II" - which seems more like what this entry describes - was MI9.

I note that MI5 says the same thing, so I'm going to move this there.

There's now an another entry Black Chamber that seems to duplicate much of this article. One of these entries should probably redirect to the other, but which should be the main article?
 * One thought...currently this article (MI8) deals with two MI8s, so it might be convenient to deal with the American MI8 in Black Chamber, and the British MI8 here, with a disambiguation header to point people in the right direction. — Matt 23:31, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Radio Security Service
"Also known as the Radio Security Service, it tracked radio broadcasts about German bombers during The Blitz."
 * I don't that is correct and have doubts about the relationaship between MI8 and the RSS. Perhaps a separate page is need for the RSS.
 * I understood that the RSS was an organisation set up early in WWII using mainly radio amateurs. These were used to monitor for any enemy radio transmissions within the UK initially as it was thought that there could be transmissions as beacons for bombers and also from enemy agents.  It then was used to monitor for transmissions from Europe which were posted to a Post Office Box number and eventually used by Bletchley Park.
 * As things got better organised there were monitoring stations set up and many of the RSS monitors were called up into the armed forces.
 * The RAF had their own "Y" service for monitoring transmissions from enemy aircraft and the Royal Signals, RN and others had their own similar organisations. --jmb 11:48, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * RSS VIs
 * RSS
 * Ahah, so that's what RSS stands for. The abbreviation first appears in the third paragraph of this article, and it's mentioned extensively, but nowhere (except here on the discussion page) do we find out what it stands for. 141.20.54.144 (talk) 15:06, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Just reading The Secret Wireless War by Geoffrey Pidgeon. The RSS was formed by MI5 and was "taken over lock, stock and barrel" by Gambier-Parry in 1941 and became part of SIS Section VIII.  --jmb (talk) 10:44, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Apparently some wartime documents refer to the RSS as Radio Security Section and one wartime Post Office uses Radio Security Service and Radio Security Section on the same page. jmb (talk) 00:42, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

SCU
"After D-Day Special Communications Units (SCU) were created to disseminate the ULTRA material"
 * I thought that SCU were in operation before then? I am sure I have seen references to them in North Africa but just going from memory. --jmb 23:38, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You are quite right, see the new subsection "Dissemination of Ultra intelligence" in Ultra.
 * Sv1xv (talk) 13:08, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

The SCU story is not directly relevant to RSS so I delete this paragraph.Sv1xv (talk) 16:38, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * "The Special Communications Units (SCUs) were the para-military organisations set up by Gambier-Parry to cover the many and various operations of MI6 (Section VIII), including the dissemination of Ultra traffic. That particular aspect of Section VIII's work was handled by Special Liaison Units (SLUs) in conjunction with the SCUs."  --jmb (talk) 10:48, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

To expand the above - SCU3 WAS RSS, SCU4 carried out the same interception work as RSS but operated overseas and SCU1 was concerned with two way communications between Britain and MI6's "activities" abroad. The SLUs were the secure channel used by MI6 to deliver the top secret ULTRA product to allied commanders in the field. Stan Ames (talk) 22:46, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Bond Movie

 * This discussion, started by Sparkstersfury is being moved here from the article itself. It is also shown on the MI7 talk page for the same reason.

NOTE: FOR SOME REASON, IN THE WIKIPEDIA PAGE ON 'MI7' (WHICH ALSO MENTIONS Dr.No), IT SAY'S THAT THE "MI6" LINE WAS DUBBED OVER WITH "MI7" AND NOT "MI8" AS NOTED ABOVE. WHICH ORGANISATION WAS IT DUBBED WITH, 'MI7' OR 'MI8'? (Originally posted, as shown, by User:Sparkstersfury in the article mainspace.)

 Timothy Titus Talk To TT  15:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * A brief internet search quickly reveals multiple sources for this incident. The original words "MI6" were dubbed with the words "MI7" at this point in the film, even though an earlier reference to "MI6" was left unmolested - thus creating a continuity issue within the film. It also created a continuity issue within the series of films, as Bond's agency is clearly identified as "MI6" in many other Bond movies. There is no sign of any reference to "MI8". I have removed the material from this article, and provided two references at the MI7 article. There are many more available for those who fancy looking themselves!  Timothy Titus Talk To TT  11:04, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved, proposal is for a split Kotniski (talk) 11:15, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

MI8 → Radio Security Service — The subject of the Radio Security Service occupies a large part of this page and it deserves a page of its own where more material can be aded that is unconnected with MI8. MI8c was the group that ran RSS for a short while but MI8 did many other things. Perhaps it should be split into two pages MI8 and Radio Security Service. Stan Ames (talk) 18:02, 4 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose & Speedy close you are suggesting a split, which is not the same thing as a rename. 64.229.102.230 (talk) 05:41, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Major error in title
Describing MI8 as being a cover name for RSS is incorrect and misleading. MI8 was War Office communications security and interception. RSS was set up mainly by MI5 and GPO to control illicit radio transmissions in Britain. Control was shifted to the Secret Intelligence Service MI6 in May 1941. From 39 to 41 RSS was run under MI8c, a sub section of MI8. If nothing else this error should be corrected because as it stands it gives the impression that MI8 WAS RSS and very little else. Formed in 1914, MI8 were running the huge network of Army Y stations around the world in WW2 and should be given full credit for it. RSS should be relegated to a sub-set of this page or much better still given a page of its own because it continued operations until 1947 and was only under MI8c for a short period. For MI8 information See -Nigel West, Historical Dictionary of Signals Intelligence. Stan Ames (talk) 22:20, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Stan Ames (talk) 23:07, 14 November 2013 (UTC)== Need for more appropriate information relevant to MI8 ==

MI8 was responsible for a huge, worldwide network of Interception and direction finding stations none of which are described in this page. Its about time we had information from retired army interceptors and historians about this important work. We should not allow the misconception that MI8 was limited to its short period of control of The Radio Security Service to continue. You could start with www.garatshay.org.uk. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stan Ames (talk • contribs) 23:01, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

RSS does not belong on this page
Despite an earlier refusal to "split" RSS from MI8, it is clear that to keep it here under the title of an outfit that controlled it only for a very short period during its infancy is just plain wrong. It was under the control of MI6 for most of its life and that's where it achieved its greatest success, not under MI8. RSS was so secret that most details were classified until the 1990s and since then a large volume of information has emerged and it deserves to have a page of its own. Removing it from the MI8 page will allow contributors to populate this page with information relevant to the wide ranging work of MI8. Increasing the amount of RSS material on this page will only further mislead readers into thinking that MI8 was RSS.

I know nothing of the politics and processes of Wikipedia, what would happen if I started an new page on RSS? Can someone help me here?Stan Ames (talk) 19:51, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Bark River

Bark River may refer to the following places or geographical features in the United States:

Rivers
 * Bark River (Michigan), a river in Michigan
 * Bark River (Rock River), a river in Wisconsin, tributary of the Rock River
 * Bark River (Lake Superior), a river in Wisconsin, tributary of Lake Superior

Other
 * Bark River, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Bark River Township, Michigan
 * Bark River International Raceway, an off-road racing track near the Michigan community, host of the Traxxas TORC Series

title: Bark River