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Talk:North Germanic languages

Mutual intelligibility
Icelanders learn Danish (or Norwegian or Swedish) as the second foreign language in school. Faeroes learn Danish as their first foreign language at school. Their is Mutual intelligibility between Icelandic and Faroese. Their is no Mutual intelligibility between Faroese or Icelandic and the three Scandinavian languages.Jochum (talk) 01:50, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Norwegians may have a better grasp of Swedish as throughout Norway we get at least three Swedish TV channels. However as there was only one Norwegian television channel (NRK) until 1992, and TV3 had a Norwegian branch (it was considered Norwegian, but it was transmitted from Sweden, thus not a Norwegian TV Channel). TV3 had, unlike NRK, more programs directed towards children. The cartoons showed on TV3 were only dubbed in Swedish, therefore it would not be a big surprise that children who grew up watching TV3 have a better understanding of Swedish. As the influence of Danish is less now than it was before, it is more likely that the understanding of Danish will be more of a regional thing, due to certain Norwegian dialects in the South are considered to be more Danish sounding. - Broken angel (talk) 16:15, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This (claimed) intelligibility is much dependent on actual and somewhat frequent exposure to the neigbour languages. In modern days (the past century) this is mostly attained via TV (and previously, Radio). Example: In Denmark, the people of Jutland (Jutes, "jyder") usually have a low-to-non-extant understanding of Swedish, but then they generally have a much better command of German than people in the rest of the country. To the opposite, the people of Sealand (Sealanders, "sjællændere") generally have a good understanding of Swedish, but a low-to-non-extant understanding of German. (This of course is a generalization and exceptions abound, but it is the general rule). These significant differences stem from the fact that (before digitalization) for many years (South) Jutes could receive German Television while Sealanders could not, and Sealanders could receive Swedish TV while Jutes could not. clsc (talk) 01:56, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I believe it is as much dependent on attitude and need. If you ask as Stockholmer never interacting with Norwegian language many say no. But fcing a norwegian and needing to understand a context the result will be very different. It is like Poles understanding of Russian, there many of them don't want so the say no, but they do. Same thing with Finns and Swedish and French with English. And a Stockholmer facing true Gotlanish or Kalix language wouldn't understand a thing.

 * The second issue is hearing or understanding dependent on pronounciation (especially Danish with soft consunants, need some experience for a Swede but with it no problem. Getting the context, the words right it comes to vocabulary and experessions.

 * And vocabulary and experessions is a huge hurdle for external immigrants, dependent on size of their vocabulary. A regular Scandinavian has a huge vocabulary and it is indeed very common between the languages. But a Swede would never experess like a Dane, but understand what tha Dane says. But feel the Dane is speaking old fashion and the Dane have the same impression. This is because frequent used words in one language is rarly used in the other. As a side effect external immigrants normlly don't understand a thing of the other Scandinvian languages.

 * Zzalpha (talk) 23:05, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Should the table have 10 instead of N/A? Speaking your own language is highly applicable. It also shows that the maximum is 10. Eur (talk) 08:01, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Swedish and Finnish are nowhere near as close as English and French. Jeez. Even english has a Finnish word that Swedish doesn't: sauna. In Swedish it's bastu

I feel like Elfdalian should be considered a part of the insular club, it's not related to Swedish as much as old Norwegian; it even has the old datives and accusatives, only the most insular dialects of Norwegian have those (Nynorsk writing has gotten rid of it even) and those who speak the equivalent of bokmål are mutually intelligible to Danes and swedes, yes, but there are more than just those in Norway

As with all languages in western Europe, there's so much that could be added here but isn't for "readability's" sake. Really, I see it as a fault on the editors' parts in acknowledging how interesting this is to whatever school student and linguistics nerd that's gonna open this page

Just because the various histories tried homogenising these languages doesn't mean we should passively continue that, Elfdalian is probably not the only example in Sweden/Norway

Anyway, signed Acetoe (talk) 16:07, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

two languages called "Norwegian"
There are not two languages called Norwegian. Bokmal and Nynorsk are written standards, not spoken languages. You can't have one language in two places in a tree unless (a) there is disagreement as to its classification, in which case that should be noted, or (b) there are two languages with the same name. Neither is the case here. — kwami (talk) 04:38, 29 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The distinction between spoken language and writing standards is a true issue of all Scandinavian languages because the way of speaking the words/expressions (the song) has such a big impact in the message in spoken scandinavian language, that written standards are quite different from spoken languages. Not just writing standards for Norwegian and all of them could very well have multiple writing standards, but only Norwegian do. But Swedish spoken language did not change by the big writing reform in the early 1900ds, warvf and varv is pronounced the same in spoken Swedish languge. Writing standrads are politics (ask the Norwegians), spoken language isen't.

 * Zzalpha (talk) 23:37, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I didn't get how the prosody affects the spelling?

 * There are more than two Norwegian languages, just like there are more than two Swedish languages (not to mention Gutnish). Unfortunately, Elfdalian is written in Swedish letters but spoken more like a west Nordic language. - Acetoe (talk) 16:19, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

Origin of term "North Germanic"?
Does anybody have a clue as to who coined the term "North Germanic", and when? I know it's technical jargon from Linguistics, but what is the origin, exactly? If we can get a sourced origin for the term, the article should include it, imho. Thanks in advance for any help, and excuse my ignorance. clsc (talk) 01:20, 24 December 2016 (UTC)
 * It seems like a "made up" term. I can't find any credbility to the term and only were first faced with it after google showed the wiki page for it. It's not taught in any scandinavian schools, as here we are taught to call it "Scandinavia" which also origins back to as early as the german language had a influence on sweden.(Hansan) It's not officialy recognized and it's not taught in schools either, which means Scandinavia is the accurate term to refer to the Nordic Countries. "North Germanic languages" should be avoided in any way possible when refering to the Nordic Countries. Both terms are thought to be derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjō, which appears later in Old English as Scedenig and in Old Norse as Skáney.[22] The earliest identified source for the name Scandinavia is Pliny the Elder's Natural History, dated to the 1st century AD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.216.170.166 (talk) 13:47, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

"North Germanic" vs Old Norse?
The region mentioned on this page is the region where Old Norse was spoken. But, the page has little mention of Old Norse, and fails completely to explain the exact relation between Old Norse and "North Germanic". Are they synonyms? Did Old Norse evolve into "North Germanic", or was it the other way around? Is Old Norse a subgroup of "North Germanic"? A dialect? Is "North Germanic" a historical language group (and if so, in what time period did it exist? and if it didn't, what time frame does it apply to?), or is it used as an umbrella term for all the languages in this region regardless of age (ie both modern Swedish and Old Norse)? What is "North Germanic", exactly? A writtten/spoken/attested/proven language, or some meta construction? And what is the exact relation between the known, attested, language of Old Norse, and this concept/construct "North Germanic"? The page comes off very technical which may be fine for a linguist, but a layman has little benefit of it, as it is - it seems key concepts are supposed to be known by the reader, and (imho) you just can't assume that. clsc (talk) 22:16, 24 December 2016 (UTC)
 * North Germanic is a language family, so it's not a language but a group of languages sharing a common ancestor. It includes this common ancestor and all descendants of it. In the case of North Germanic, the last common ancestor was Proto-Norse rather than Old Norse. CodeCat (talk) 23:00, 24 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) We should write this somewhere on-page; even if it's a short explanation it helps a lot! So, if I understand correctly(?), "North Germanic Languages" is: Proto-Norse, and every single language and dialect descending from Proto-Norse throughout history (and as such future developments will also be included). Or, is this definition too inclusive? It seems it's a rather large group compared to "just Old Norse". clsc (talk) 23:12, 24 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The reason for the German influence of the German language happened in Year: 1100 when a union were formed called "Hansen" to make trading both cheaper and securer which had a influence for around 200 years. This was also during the time we were switching language to Latin from The Old Norse language. Thats were most of the german words came from. Runsvenska year 800-1225 and then fornsvenska Year 1225-1526. As for the "North Germanic languages" there is nothing to back this up. it's made up and have no credibility to it, it's also not taught in schools or officialy recognized as a term to refer to Scandavian countries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.216.170.166 (talk) 13:42, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

English as north germanic
Can someone add this article that suggests English might fit into this category? https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/139-norse-words — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.210.246.205 (talk) 14:20, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * It doesn't, it just says there was language contact. – filelakeshoe (t / c)   14:50, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Yeah english is part of the anglic languages, not Nordic ones, sorry Acetoe (talk) 16:11, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

"Scandinavian languages"
If this term only refers to the languages spoken in Scandinavia, then why is it "Insular Scandinavian languages" and not "Insular North Germanic languages"? Article seems to cite mostly non-English sources when explaining terminology, which may not reflect English usage. Might it be that in English "Scandinavian languages" refers to the entire North Germanic languages family? Ultimately all the languages are of Scandinavian origin. Rob984 (talk) 16:56, 9 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Scandinavian languages is another name for North Germanic languages, but not the traditional term among linguistics since Scandinavia was not even a thing back when North Germanic languages were first defined, but was when insular and contintal scandinavian languages was. You might as well complain abouth the rest of the Germanic languages being called "West" Carewolf (talk) 08:33, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Granted but currently the first mention of this term is in the second paragraph and isn't even referring to English usage. Why not wack it in the lead sentence like any other common alternative name would be? Rob984 (talk) 18:52, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Reverted. In current usage Scandinavian does not include Faroese and Icelandic. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:04, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The Arne Torp source given for the supposed "insular scandinavian" group does not in fact use that term but distinguished between "ønordisk" (insular nordic) and "scandinavian".·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:07, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Apparently there are a couple of articles by Jónsson and Eythórsson that use the term "insular scandinavian", and a couple of articles by Platzack and Ho,berg that have adopted that use (or maybe originated it). But this is a confusing misnomer, and it seems much more useful to use Insular Nordic/Scandinavian as Torp does - and there are at least as many articles using that phrase.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:13, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * That's not what the sources in this very article suggest. As for you snarky edit summary, of course I read the sentence. I acknowledged this in my edit summary. But different languages obviously use transliterate terms to mean different things. Implying Scandinavian usage reflects English usage is daft. Rob984 (talk) 19:14, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * There is no reason to think that there is any particular "scandinavian" usage as opposed to an English usage here. Both are being used in English language sources. If anything "insular scandinavian" seems to be a specific Icelandic usage since it is pretty much only Jónsson and Eythórsson that use it. What is daft is to choose the least accurate and most confusing translation of two possible ones.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:21, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * North Germanic Language is a completely new word i was presented to. There is alot of inaccuracy follwing statements made here. Scandinavia is the Proper term and word. However "North Germanic languages" is another name for the scandinavian countries. It also appears in old English as Scedenig and in Old Norse as Skáney.[22] The earliest identified source for the name Scandinavia is Pliny the Elder's Natural History, dated to the 1st century AD. If you also study Scandinavic schools, such as history or language you only come up on Scandinavia and not "North Germanic Language". Not sure where this falsehood of trying to claim that "North Germanic Language" are the correct term when it clearly isnt unless you come from a international background, but even then its rare.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.216.170.166 (talk) 13:24, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * "North Germanic Languages" is an established and accepted term among linguistic scholars. Whether it is taught in Scandinavian schools or not is irrelevant; what is relevant is whether it is used in recognised reliable sources in English, and it unambiguously is. JBW (talk) 20:29, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Classification and influence
The article claims that Nynorsk does not confirm to the east-west split model, but Bokmål does, since the former is closer to Swedish, and the latter to Danish. This seems very suspect. Danish and Swedish are both Eastern Scandinavian languages. One could suspect that the difference noted might instead been due to influence in the other direction: Danish might have picked up a few Western traits due to Denmark having control over the entire Western area (with a few minor exceptions) for hundreds of years.

Andejons (talk) 16:38, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Nynorsk is only superficially closer to Swedish, as both are more conservative North Germanic languages than the highly innovative Danish, and have developed some common traits such as retroflexion and the back vowel shift. Historically, Norwegian as a whole is closer to Faroese and Icelandic, but its morphology is more reduced and there is a strong influence from Low German, both typical traits of continental North Germanic. Bokmål is essentially a standardised written register of Norwegian (West Norse; see ku, su, rather than Swedish ko, so) overlaid by a strong Danish superstrate. The traditional Oslo dialect is highly similar to Nynorsk (itself a standardised written register based on the spoken dialects especially of the southwest of Norway) and other spoken Norwegian dialects (see and ) and has few if any East Norse traits; it is clearly West Norse, though it is not surprising that the Oslo dialect is superficially similar, especially in pronunciation, to the Swedish language spoken beyond the (not very distant) border. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 12:47, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

 * It must be kept in mind that after the formation and establishment of East Norse as a distinctive North Germanic dialect by c. 800, two further divisions arose in the North Germanic dialect continuum that reduced the obviousness of the distinction between East and West Norse: first, in the last 1000 years, East Norse gradually split into Danish in the south and Swedish in the north, with Danish in particular becoming highly distinctive, apparently largely due to German influence (first Low German, then High German); and second, Swedish and to a lesser extent Norwegian were affected by various developments, many but not all of which originated in Denmark and spread north. Peripheral North Germanic dialects and languages were affected by these changes to a much lesser extent, varying from case to case, and being particularly minor in the case of Icelandic. As such, by the 18th/19th century, there were now five groups (roughly ordered from most conservative to most innovative): first, peripheral (highly conservative) West Norse (Dalecarlian, Norn, Faroese, and especially Icelandic); second, peripheral (highly conservative) East Norse (such as Norrland Swedish, Finland Swedish, and Gutnish); third, mainstream (moderately conservative) West Norse (Norwegian); fourth, mainstream (moderately conservative) East Norse (such as Central Swedish); and fifth, the innovative Danish dialects. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 13:29, 24 April 2021 (UTC)
 * That is a very good description!--Berig (talk) 08:38, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Do you know where Scanian folkmål and Gutnish fit into this? I feel like you should be answering all the talk topics lol. - Acetoe (talk) 16:32, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

Contradiction in History: Distinction from East and West Germanic
The first paragraph of this section claims: "[The sub-families] remained mutually intelligible to some degree during the Migration Period." However, the second paragraph claims: "Eventually, around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers."

These two claims seem to contradict themselves. Can someone with a better understanding of this clarify this section and add more citations to it? 2603:6081:23F0:7160:1DA0:E653:8232:75EB (talk) 19:42, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There is no contradiction. Being distinguishable does not preclude mutually intelligibility. With every linguistic split, there is a transitional period of several centuries when varieties are clearly distinct from each other but still remain mutually intelligible. –Austronesier (talk) 19:56, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

norn extinction date
The article reads:

Norn, [...] became extinct around 1700.

but the page

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norn_language

reads

Norn is thought to have become extinct around 1850, [...] claims the language persisted as late as the 20th century.

What is the right date? 130.238.112.129 (talk) 02:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Germanic languages


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User:Lilitu

Lilith &
 * This article is about the demon Lilith. For other meanings of the word see Lilith (disambiguation).

In some kabbalistic texts, Lilith is a female demon, a succubus, who may have been Adam's first wife, before Eve. Because she would not accept subordination, she has become a symbol to many feminists, especially some Jewish women's groups.

Lilith in World myths
The original name in Sumerian was "Lilitu", and the transliteration from the Hebrew may be as "Lilith," "Lillith," or "Lilit". Various versions of the Lilith myth exist; the original Lilith was a Mesopotamian night demon with a penchant for destroying children.

Hieronymus associated Lilith with the mythical Greek Lamia, a Libyan queen who mated with Zeus. After Zeus abandoned Lamia, Hera stole Lamia's children, and Lamia took revenge by stealing other women's children.

Lilith in the Bible and other ancient texts
Lilith's name only appears once in the Old Testament at Isaiah 34:14-15, where it is translated as "great owl" in the King James Version of the Bible, leading to Lilith often being portrayed in imagery as an owl (this interpretation has been disputed).

However, some interpret the passage in Genesis 1:27: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them, before describing a mate being made of Adam's rib and being called Eve in Genesis 2:22, to mean that Adam had a wife before Eve, and that this could have been Lilith. However, this divergence is often explained as a careless weaving together of two discrete biblical creation myths, as the Bible describes man being created in both Genesis 1:26 and 2:27.

Lilith's name also appears in the Dead Sea Scrolls in passages that are based on the above-noted Isaiah reference, and in various places in the Talmud and the Zohar.

Lilith as Adam's first wife
The first clear reference to Lilith as the first wife of Adam is in an anonymous medieval work called 'The Alphabet of Ben-Sira'. In it, Lilith is described as refusing to assume a subservient role to Adam during sexual intercourse and eventually deserted Adam. Lilith then went on to mate with Asmodai and various other demons she found beside the Red Sea, creating countless lilin. Adam urged God to bring Lilith back, so three angels were despatched after her. When the angels, Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof, made threats to kill one hundred of Lilith's demonic children for each day she stayed away, she countered that she would prey eternally upon the descendants of Adam and Eve, who could be saved only by invoking the names of the three angels, and did not return to Adam.

This story has similarities with the original Mesopotamian myth, where Lilith killed children, and so the practice of protecting children by placing Lilith amulets around their necks with the names of the three angels became a custom of many Jewish communities in medieval times.

This legend was mistakenly included in an English language book of rabbinic works (the author seemingly assumed that any ancient book read in the Jewish community must have been a rabbinic work). However, contrary to popular belief, the 'The Alphabet of Ben-Sira' is not a Jewish religious text; rather, it is a collection of perverse stories about heroes of the Bible and Talmud. Modern historians are unsure of its original purpose, although it may have been a collection of risqué folk-tales, a refutation of Christians, Karaites or other separatist movement, or simply an anti-Jewish satire.

Reference

 * Hypertext King James Version of the Bible, Book of Genesis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lilitu


text:
Variable universal life insurance

Variable universal life insurance (often shortened to VUL) is a type of life insurance that builds a cash value. In a VUL, the cash value can be invested in a wide variety of separate accounts, similar to mutual funds, and the choice of which of the available separate accounts to use is entirely up to the contract owner. The 'variable' component in the name refers to this ability to invest in separate accounts whose values vary—they vary because they are invested in stock and/or bond markets. The 'universal' component in the name refers to the flexibility the owner has in making premium payments. The premiums can vary from nothing in a given month up to maximums defined by the Internal Revenue Code for life insurance. This flexibility is in contrast to whole life insurance that has fixed premium payments that typically cannot be missed without lapsing the policy (although one may exercise an Automatic Premium Loan feature, or surrender dividends to pay a Whole Life premium).

Variable universal life is a type of permanent life insurance, because the death benefit will be paid if the insured dies at any time as long as there is sufficient cash value to pay the costs of insurance in the policy. With most if not all VULs, unlike whole life, there is no endowment age (the age at which the cash value equals the death benefit amount, which for whole life is typically 100). This is yet another key advantage of VUL over Whole Life. With a typical whole life policy, the death benefit is limited to the face amount specified in the policy, and at endowment age, the face amount is all that is paid out. Thus with either death or endowment, the insurance company keeps any cash value built up over the years. However, some participating whole life policies offer riders which specify that any dividends paid on the policy be used to purchase "paid up additions" to the policy which increase both the cash value and the death benefit over time.

If investments made in the separate accounts out-perform the general account of the insurance company, a higher rate of return can occur than the fixed rates of return typical for the whole life. The combination over the years of no endowment age, continually increasing death benefit, and if a high rate of return is earned in the separate accounts of a VUL policy; this could result in higher value to the owner or beneficiary than that of a whole life policy with the same amounts of money paid in as premiums.

Regulation of VUL providers
Because the separate accounts are securities, the representative providing a VUL must be working in accordance with the securities regulations of the country or province in which he operates. And because they are life insurance policies, VULs may only be sold by representatives who are properly licensed to sell life insurance in the areas in which they operate. The insurance company providing the policy must also be licensed as an "insurer."

This dual regulation helps protect consumers, who can look up the track record of offenses of any provider listed by the regulating SRO (self-regulatory organization) or provincial securities commission.

 * 1) United States. VULs may only be sold in the United States by representatives who have a "producers" life insurance license in the state(s) in which they operate. The insurance company providing the policy must also be licensed in the state(s) as an "insurer." Because the separate accounts are securities, the representative must be working through a broker/dealer registered with the United States' SRO, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and himself be registered with FINRA. (FINRA has an online database an investor can use to look up offenses and regulatory actions of any broker or broker/dealer.)  The fact of a representative's securities registration will show on his state insurance license as "Variable"  as in "qualified for Life and Variable Products."  (The exact wording could vary from state to state.)
 * 2) Canada. VULs, as life insurance policies, may only be sold in Canada by life insurance-licensed representatives registered with the insurance regulator in their provincial jurisdiction. Representatives must comply with the life insurance regulations of their respective province (typically, a provincial "Insurance Act").  And, as VULs are life insurance policies, providers must comply with the national life insurance regulations ("Insurance Companies Act") established by The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).  Since VULs are presently not considered to be securities in Canada, they are subject to lighter regulatory scrutiny than typical securities products.  In Canada, there is no real differentiation between universal life and variable universal life.

Uses
Variable universal life insurance receives special tax advantages in the United States Internal Revenue Code. The cash value in life insurance is able to earn investment returns without incurring current income tax as long as it meets the definition of life insurance and the policy remains in force. The tax-free investment returns could be considered to be used to pay for the costs of insurance inside the policy. See the 'Tax Benefits' section for more.

In one theory of life insurance, needs based analysis, life insurance is only needed to the extent that assets left behind by a person will not be enough to meet the income and capital needs of his or her dependents. In one form of variable universal life insurance, the cost of insurance purchased is based only on the difference between the death benefit and the cash value (defined as the net amount at risk from the perspective of the insurer). Therefore, the greater the cash value accumulation, the lesser the net amount at risk, and the less insurance that is purchased.

Another use of Variable Universal Life Insurance is among relatively wealthy persons who give money yearly to their children to put into VUL policies under the gift tax exemption. Very often persons in the United States with a net worth high enough that they will encounter the estate tax give money away to their children to protect that money being taxed. Often this is done within a VUL policy because this allows a tax deferral (for which no alternative would exist besides tuition money saved in an educational IRA or 529 plan), provides for permanent life insurance, and can usually be accessed tax-free by borrowing against the policy.

Contract features
By allowing the contract owner to choose the investments inside the policy the insured takes on the investment risk, and receives the greater potential return of the investments in return. If the investment returns are very poor this could lead to a policy lapsing (ceasing to exist as a valid policy). To avoid this, many insurers offer guaranteed death benefits up to a certain age as long as a given minimum premium is paid.

Premium flexibility
VUL policies have a great deal of flexibility in choosing how much premiums to pay for a given death benefit. The minimum premium is primarily affected by the contract features offered by the insurer. To maintain a death benefit guarantee, that specified premium level must be paid every month. To keep the policy in force, typically no premium needs to be paid as long as there is enough cash value in the policy to pay that month's cost of insurance. The maximum premium amounts are heavily influenced by the code for life insurance. Internal Revenue Code section 7702 sets limits for how much cash value can be allowed and how much premium can be paid (both in a given year, and over certain periods of time) for a given death benefit. The most efficient policy in terms of cash value growth would have the maximum premium paid for the minimum death benefit. Then the costs of insurance would have the minimum negative effect on the growth of the cash value. In the extreme would be a life insurance policy that had no life insurance component, and was entirely cash value. If it received favorable tax treatment as a life insurance policy it would be the perfect tax shelter, pure investment returns, and no insurance cost. In fact, when variable universal life policies first became available in 1986, contract owners were able to make very high investments into their policies and received extraordinary tax benefits. In order to curb this practice, but still encourage life insurance purchase, the IRS developed guidelines regarding allowed premiums for a given death benefit.

Maximum premiums
The standard set was twofold: to define a maximum amount of cash value per death benefit and to define a maximum premium for a given death benefit. If the maximum premium is exceeded the policy no longer qualifies for all of the benefits of a life insurance contract and is instead known as a modified endowment contract or a MEC. A MEC still receives tax free investment returns, and a tax free death benefit, but withdrawals of cash value in a MEC are on a 'LIFO' basis, where earnings are withdrawn first and taxed as ordinary income. If the cash value in a contract exceeds the specified percentage of death benefit, the policy no longer qualifies as life insurance at all and all investment earnings become immediately taxable in the year the specified percentage is exceeded. In order to avoid this, contracts define the death benefit to be the higher of the original death benefit or the amount needed to meet IRS guidelines. The maximum cash value is determined to be a certain percentage of the death benefit. The percentage ranges from 30% or so for young insured persons, declining to 0% for those reaching age 100.

The maximum premiums are set by the IRS guidelines such that the premiums paid within a seven-year period after a qualifying event (such as purchase or death benefit increase), grown at a 6% rate, and using the maximum guaranteed costs of insurance in the policy contract, would endow the policy at age 100 (i.e. the cash value would equal the death benefit). More specific rules are adjusted for premiums that are not paid in equal amounts over a seven-year period. The entire maximum premium (greater than the 7 year premium) can be paid in one year and no more premiums can be paid unless the death benefit is increased. If the 7 year level guideline premium is exceeded, then the policy becomes a MEC.

To add more confusion the seven-year MEC premium level cannot be paid in a VUL every year for 7 years, and still avoid MEC status. The MEC premium level can only be paid in practice for about 4 years before additional premiums cannot be paid if non MEC status is desired. There is another premium designed to be the maximum premium that can be paid every year a policy is in force. This premium carries different names from different insurers, one calling it the guideline maximum premium. This is the premium that often reaches the most efficient use of the policy.

Investment choices
The number and type of choices available vary from company to company, and from policy to policy. The current generation of VUL policies have a wide variety of sub-accounts for the policy owner to allocate their cash surrender values into. These newer policies often offer 50 or more separate accounts covering the entire spectrum of asset classes and management styles.

Separate accounts are organized as trusts to be managed for the benefit of the insureds, and are so named because they are kept 'separate' from the 'general account' of the life insurance company. They are similar to mutual funds, but have different regulatory requirements.

Tax advantages

 * Tax-deferred growth of cash surrender values while a policy is in force
 * FIFO withdrawal status on premiums paid into the contract
 * Income tax-free policy loans from policies that are not Modified Endowment Contracts
 * Income tax-free death benefits (may be subject to estate tax if policy is owned by the insured)

Taxes are the main reason those in higher tax brackets (25%+) would desire to use a VUL over any other accumulation strategy. For someone in a 34% tax bracket (Federal & State), the investment return on the separate accounts may average 10%, and at say age 75 the policy's death benefit would have an internal rate of return of 9%. In order to get a 9% rate of return in an ordinary taxable account, in a 34% tax bracket, one must earn 13.64%. An alternative for this in the 34% tax bracket would be to consider using Variable Annuities which does not limit the contributions and withdraw from it without annuitizing the contract.

Other alternatives for those in the 34% tax bracket that own their own companies would be to consider SEP IRAs, company 401ks, or retirement arrangements from a company perspective, or to incorporate and consult a tax specialist.

These numbers assume expenses that may vary from company to company, and it is assumed that the VUL is funded with a minimum face value for the level of premium. The cash values would also be available to fund lifestyle or personally managed investments on a tax-free basis in the form of refunds of premiums paid in and policy loans (which would be paid off on death by the death benefit.)

Risks of variable universal life

 * Cost of insurance - the cost of insurance for VULs is generally based on term rates and as the insured ages, the risk of mortality increases, increasing the cost of insurance. If not monitored properly the cost of insurance may eventually exceed the cash outlay depleting savings.  If this continues long-term the savings will be depleted and the insured will be given an option to increase the cash outlay to cover the higher cost of insurance or cancel the policy leaving them with no savings and either no insurance, or very expensive insurance.
 * Cash outlay - the cash needed to effectively use a VUL is generally much higher than other types of insurance policies. If a policy does not have the right amount of funding, it may lapse.
 * Investment risk - because the subaccounts in the VUL may be invested in stocks and bonds, the insured now take on the investment risk rather than the insurance company. The loss and gain of the investment fund mainly depend on the stock market flow.
 * Complexity - the VUL is a complex product, and can easily be used (or sold) inappropriately because of this. Proper funding, investing, and planning are usually required in order for the VUL to work as expected.

General uses of variable universal life
These are the features typically marketed by insurance companies, however, the VUL in most cases will limit the insured to being able to take advantage of only one of these features listed. Each of these features can be achieved through other means.

 * Financial protection - as with all life insurance programs, VULs can be used to protect a family in the case of premature death.
 * Tax advantages - because of its tax-deferred feature, the VUL may offer an attractive tax advantage, especially to those in higher tax brackets. To attain them, the policy must be highly funded (though still non-MEC), for the tax advantages to offset the cost of insurance. These tax advantages can be used for either...
 * Education planning - the cash value of a VUL can be used to help fund children's education, as long as the policy is started very early. Also, putting money into a VUL can be used to help children qualify for federal financial aid, since the federal government does not consider the cash value when calculating EFC (Expected Family Contribution).
 * Retirement planning - because of its tax-free policy loan feature, the VUL can also be used as a tax-advantaged income source in retirement, assuming retirement is not in the near future and the policy is not a modified endowment contract. Again, the policy must be properly funded for this strategy to work.
 * Estate planning - those with a large estate (A filing is required for estates with combined gross assets and prior taxable gifts exceeding $5,430,000 effective for decedents dying on or after January 1, 2015 ) can sometimes use a VUL as part of their estate planning strategy to reduce or avoid estate taxes by setting up a life insurance trust sometimes known as an ILIT.

Criticisms of variable universal life
Some general criticisms

 * Potentially higher costs - VUL policies may be more expensive than other types of permanent insurance, such as Whole Life and traditional Universal Life. Volatility of cash surrender values, especially at late duration, can cause a "reverse dollar cost averaging" effect that results in higher costs of insurance charges. Proper funding of a contract may reduce this risk, but it cannot be completely eliminated.
 * Some older VUL policies have limited sub-account choices. This issue has been greatly corrected with the current generation of policies having 50 or more sub-accounts that cover all the major asset classes, with more than one sub-account manager.
 * Policy administrative expenses and costs of insurance may increase at the company's whim, subject to a contractual maximum.
 * VUL is relatively complex compared to traditional Whole Life or Term Life.

Some criticism is not about the product, but rather the sales tactics used by some insurance agents.

 * Projecting the maximum illustrated assumed interest rates (generally, 12%), using current (or assumed) administrative expenses and current costs of insurance, without showing the prospective client several other assumed rates of return, creating a Blue Sky problem.

Some regulators are criticized, as well.

 * The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) does not allow insurance companies to illustrate VUL policies using a stochastic projection (commonly called a 'Monte Carlo Simulation'), limiting agents to use 'straight line', constant interest assumptions.

title: Variable universal life insurance


text:
Ángel Bravo

Ángel Alfonso Bravo Urdaneta (born August 4, 1942) is a former Venezuelan Major League Baseball center fielder. He was signed by the Chicago White Sox as an amateur free agent before the 1963 season, and played for the White Sox (1969), Cincinnati Reds (1970–1971) and San Diego Padres (1971). A native of Maracaibo, Zulia, he batted and threw left-handed.

Bravo posted a career average of .248 (54-for-218) with one home run and 12 RBI, including 26 runs, seven doubles, three triples, and two stolen bases in 149 games played.

title: Ángel Bravo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vicious cycle

 * Vicious cycle already exists at m:Wikipedia Vicious Cycle. Angela. 22:42, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article was copied here shortly after it was listed for deletion on the meta.  It doesn't belong in either place.  UninvitedCompany 22:48, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. Both are marked for deletion.  I have no idea whether one of them is allowed or both are considered naughty.  ;o)  --bodnotbod 22:50, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * If it belongs anywhere, it's on meta, not here. Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:58, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Whether or not it is deleted from meta, it's a meta page, not a Wikipedia: page. BCorr | Брайен 23:50, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a valid and interesting analysis of what has been going wrong with Wikipedia over recent months, and puts forward positive suggestions for how the deterioration can be reversed.  GrahamN 00:51, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Same reasons as UninvitedCompany gave. --mav 00:59, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Question:Is it only admins who are supposed to create pages in the Wikipedia namespace? Or is it open to all? --bodnotbod 01:09, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * It is open to all. The fact that a user feels the need to ask this question demonstrates how far the egalitarian culture of Wikipedia has been undermined in recent months.  GrahamN 01:53, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No, all it shows is GrahamN's repeated need to show that he favors anon edits and vandalism over people who have been here for a while and prefer to keep Wikipedia an encyclopedia instead of a joke. RickK 15:07, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't have your historical perspective being so new, but it raises my eyebrows at considering the possibilities ;o) --bodnotbod 02:20, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Anybody can edit pages in the Wikipedia namespace. The problem with creating such pages is that it makes it difficult for new users to find the information they need amidst all the garbage. Everybody, including admins, should be discouraged from creating new pages in the Wikipedia namespace unless the content is needed and doesn't fit in with an existing page. --Michael Snow 04:52, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maximus Rex 01:11, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for reasons already stated. Besides, a cycle feeds into itself. This describes a one-way flow.  "Vicious exodus?"  The growth of the Wikipedia says otherwise.  SWAdair | Talk  02:32, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Pardon my "Captain Obvious" POV, but this whole Wikipedia thing is open content. Changes come, changes go.  This article, on the other hand, is a pretty good indication of what happens when we don't play well with others.  I believe in the project and I'm having a great time with it beyond hanging out at the VfD page.  Hey, there are four billion other websites.  Pick one...and please delete for reasons already stated. - Lucky 6.9 03:39, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with prejudice. The appropriate place for such discussions is Meta. If you want to argue its merits, go there. --Michael Snow 04:52, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree.  My previous comments were directed to the person who wrote the article.  Sorry if it didn't come across properly. - Lucky 6.9 06:26, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Basically a defence of trolling, and a subtle attack on sysops. The project namespace is not the place for it. I expect it will eventually be deleted from the Meta too, unless someone refactors it so that the issues are raised in a constructive way. But that's a discussion for the Meta. Andrewa 14:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Decumanus | Talk 15:11, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cribcage 03:30, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Aggregate

Aggregate or aggregates may refer to:

Computing and mathematics

 * Aggregate (data warehouse), a part of the dimensional model that is used to speed up query time by summarizing tables
 * Aggregate analysis, a technique used in amortized analysis in computer science, especially in analysis of algorithms
 * Aggregate class, a type of class supported by C++
 * Aggregate data, in statistics, data combined from several measurements
 * Aggregate function, aggregation function, in database management is a function wherein the values of multiple rows are grouped together to form a single summary value
 * Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP), a protocol and supporting software that enables simulations to interoperate with one another
 * Aggregate root, a concept in the Domain-driven Design software development process
 * Aggregate Server Access Protocol, used by the Reliable server pooling (RSerPool) framework
 * Aggregate throughput, total throughput measured over all links and in all directions in a communication network

Economics

 * Aggregate demand, the total demand for final goods and services during a specific time period in an economy
 * Aggregate income, the total of all incomes in an economy without adjustments for inflation, taxation, or types of double counting
 * Aggregate expenditure, a measure of national income
 * Aggregate Spend (US), a process to monitor the total amount spent by healthcare manufacturers on individual healthcare professionals and organizations through payments and gifts of various kinds
 * Aggregate supply, the total supply of goods and services produced during a specific time period in an economy

Religion

 * Aggregate (Sanskrit, skandha; Pāli, khandha), in Buddhism, a category of sensory experiences
 * Aggregates, in some Christian churches, are combinations of groupings of multiples of canonical hours (i.e., offices) that form a single religious service

Biology

 * Aggregate fruit, in botanical terminology, fruit that develops from the merging of ovaries originating from a single flower
 * Aggregate species (Wiktionary) or Species aggregate, a named species representing a range of very closely related organisms

Materials science

 * Aggregate (composite), in materials science, a component of a composite material that resists compressive stress
 * Construction aggregate, materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or recycled crushed concrete

Other uses in science

 * Aggregate (geology), a mass of crystals, rock particles, or soil particles
 * Aggregate (rocket family), in rocketry, a set of experimental rocket designs developed in Nazi Germany

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Aggregate, in music, is a set of all twelve pitch classes, also known as the total chromatic
 * The Aggregate, a 1988 album by Anthony Braxton and the Rova saxophone Quartet

Other uses

 * Aggregate, in the social sciences, a gathering of people into a cluster or a crowd that does not form a true social group
 * Aggregate Industries, a manufacturer of aggregate materials
 * Aggregate score, in sport, is the sum of two scorelines in a two-legged match

title: Aggregate


text:
Laws of football (disambiguation)

Laws of football may refer to:

 * Laws of rugby league
 * Laws of rugby union
 * Laws of the Game (association football)
 * Laws of Australian rules football
 * American football rules

title: Laws of football (disambiguation)


text:
Lepidoteuthis grimaldii

Lepidoteuthis grimaldii, also known as the Grimaldi scaled squid, is a large squid growing to 1 m in mantle length. It is named after the Grimaldi family, reigning house of Monaco. Prince Albert I of Monaco was an amateur teuthologist who pioneered the study of deep sea squids by collecting the 'precious regurgitations' of sperm whales. The Grimaldi scaled squid was first collected from the stomach contents of a sperm whale. It is a widely distributed species in tropical and subtropical areas of the North and South Atlantic, the southern Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, where it has been recorded off Japan and in the west Pacific.

title: Lepidoteuthis grimaldii


text:
Christmas tree packet

In information technology, a Christmas tree packet (also known as a kamikaze packet, nastygram, or lamp test segment) is a packet with every single option set for whatever protocol is in use.

Background
Christmas tree packets can be used as a method of TCP/IP stack fingerprinting, exposing the underlying nature of a TCP/IP stack by sending the packets and then awaiting and analyzing the responses. When used as part of scanning a system, the TCP header of a Christmas tree packet has the flags FIN, URG and PSH set. Many operating systems implement their compliance with the Internet Protocol standards in varying or incomplete ways. By observing how a host responds to an odd packet, such as a Christmas tree packet, inferences can be made regarding the host's operating system. Versions of Microsoft Windows, BSD/OS, HP-UX, Cisco IOS, MVS, and IRIX display behaviors that differ from the RFC standard when queried with said packets.

A large number of Christmas tree packets can also be used to conduct a DoS attack by exploiting the fact that Christmas tree packets require much more processing by routers and end-hosts than the "usual" packets do.

Christmas tree packets can be easily detected by intrusion-detection systems or more advanced firewalls. From a network security point of view, Christmas tree packets are always suspicious and indicate a high probability of network reconnaissance activities.

title: Christmas tree packet


text: Talk:Lepidoteuthis grimaldii

title: Talk:Lepidoteuthis grimaldii


text:
George Mercer Dawson

George Mercer Dawson (August 1, 1849 – March 2, 1901) was a Canadian geologist and surveyor. He performed many early explorations in western North America and compiled numerous records of the native peoples.

Biography
He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia, the eldest son of Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University and a noted geologist, and his wife, Lady Margaret Dawson. By age 11, he was afflicted with tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease) that resulted in a deformed back and stunted growth. Physical limitations, however, did not deter Dawson from becoming one of Canada's greatest scientists.

Tutors and his father provided his education during his slow recovery from the illness. Dawson later attended the High School of Montreal and McGill University (part-time) before moving to London to study geology and paleontology at the Royal School of Mines (now part of Imperial College London) in 1869. Dawson graduated after three years with the highest marks in his class.

Dawson began his career in the 1870s as a professor of chemistry at Morrin College in Quebec City. From 1873 to 1875, he worked for the British North American Boundary Commission surveying the International Boundary. The result was the 387-page Report on the Geology and Resources of the Region in the Vicinity of the Forty-Ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, which established Dawson's reputation as a respected scientist.

Dawson joined the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1875 and led many field parties in Canada's north and west. His work is credited as having laid the foundations of much of our knowledge of the geology and natural history of those regions. For example, during 1883 and 1884, Dawson travelled through the Canadian Rockies, where he mapped out the major mountains, mountain passes, and rivers. Some of the many peaks he charted were Mount Assiniboine, 3618 meters, and Mount Temple, 3543 meters. As a result of his field research, a map of his work was published in 1886 covering the Canadian Rockies from the US border to the Red Deer River Valley and Kicking Horse Pass.

In addition to his geological work, Dawson was keenly interested in the languages and cultures of the First Nations peoples he met in his travels. While studying the coal deposits of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) in 1878, he prepared a comprehensive report on the Haida people, which included a vocabulary of their language. His photographs of Haida villages and totem poles remain a treasured and unique record. He also published papers about the Indigenous peoples of the Yukon and northern British Columbia, the Kwakiutl people of Vancouver Island and the Shuswap people of central British Columbia.

The field season of 1887 saw Dawson and his assistant R.G. McConnell exploring northern British Columbia and the headwaters of the Yukon River, during which they made an arduous circuit by separate routes, on foot and by boat, of an area of 63,200 sqmi, which had been previously unknown except for First Nations accounts and those of a few prospectors. The results of the work included some of the first maps of the Yukon. His report was republished ten years later to satisfy interest in the region as a result of the Klondike Gold Rush. Dawson City, Yukon, was named in his honour, as was Dawson Creek, British Columbia.

In 1898, Dawson lead a field expedition with the intent of surveying resources, along with the famed anarchist, Peter Kropotkin, who was awed by the skill that he saw in Dawson and wrote that he knew "the Rocky Mountains and the coast ranges as his own garden."

Dawson became assistant director of the GSC in 1883 and was appointed its third director in 1895. Under his leadership, the GSC continued its far-flung expeditions to study all aspects of Canada's geology and natural history. Reflecting Dawson's interest in ethnology, the GSC's museum increased its indigenous collections, and these formed the basis of what is now the Canadian Museum of History. He also lobbied the government tirelessly to secure funding for a more suitable building to house the GSC's museum and scientific staff. This funding was granted just one month before his unexpected death in Ottawa on March 2, 1901, after a one-day bout with acute bronchitis. He was interred in the family plot in the Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal. The building that resulted from his efforts was the Victoria Memorial Museum Building.

Honours
Dawson received an LL.D. from Queen's University in 1890 and from McGill University in 1891. In 1891, Dawson was also named a fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1892, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1900, just seven years after his father served in the same role.

title: George Mercer Dawson


text:
User:Fastred

Hi. I'm from Wellington New Zealand. My major interests are economic history and demography particularly in the medieval period worldwide.

I have a website dedicated to exploring these topics in imaginary worlds: Tower Hills

title: User:Fastred


text:
Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup

Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup (formerly Rivière-du-Loup—Montmagny) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. Its population in 2006 was 97,492. It has the highest percentage of Catholics in Canada (97.1%, 2001 Census).

Geography
The district includes the Regional County Municipalities of Kamouraska, L'Islet, Montmagny and Rivière-du-Loup.

The neighbouring ridings are Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis, Beauport—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île d'Orléans—Charlevoix, and Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques.

Demographics

 * ''According to the 2021 Canadian census; 2013 representation

 * Ethnic groups: 97.1% White, 1.4% Indigenous
 * Languages: 98.2% French
 * Religions: 82.6% Christian (75.1% Catholic), 16.8% no religion
 * Median income (2020): $38,000
 * Average income (2020): $44,120

Historical

 * According to the 2006 Canadian census

 * Ethnic groups: 98.9% White
 * Languages: 98.9% French
 * Religions: (2001) 97.1% Catholic, 1.8% no religion
 * Average income: $22,026

The riding is the most Catholic riding in Canada. It is also the most French riding in Canada, by mother tongue, and spoken at home.

History
The electoral district was created as "Rivière-du-Loup—Montmagny" in 2003 55.5% from Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup—Témiscouata—Les Basques and 44.5% from Bellechasse—Etchemins—Montmagny—L'Islet ridings.

Its name was changed after the 2004 election to "Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup". The district did not have any boundary changes as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the riding will largely be replaced by Côte-du-Sud—Rivière-du-Loup—Kataskomiq—Témiscouata. It gains the Témiscouata Regional County Municipality from Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques.

Riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of political parties:

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup, 2013 representation order
There were no boundary changes for the 2015 Canadian federal election.


text:
The Contender (2000 film)

The Contender is a 2000 American political drama film written and directed by Rod Lurie. It stars Gary Oldman, Joan Allen, Jeff Bridges and Christian Slater. The film focuses on a fictional United States President (played by Bridges) and the events surrounding his appointment of a new Vice President (Allen).

The film serves as a response to the Lewinsky scandal involving President Bill Clinton. It became the subject of controversy regarding alterations that displeased Oldman, who co-produced. The film enjoyed box office success in the US. The film also received two Academy Award nominations; Joan Allen was nominated for Best Actress and Jeff Bridges for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards.

Plot
Second-term Democratic U.S. President Jackson Evans must select a new Vice President following the sudden death of his vice president, Troy Ellard. The obvious choice seems to be Virginia Governor Jack Hathaway, who is hailed as a hero after he recently dove into a lake in a failed attempt to save a drowning girl. The President instead decides that his "swan song" will be helping to break the glass ceiling by nominating Ohio Senator Laine Hanson. In accordance with the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, approval from both houses of Congress is required. Standing in her way is Republican Congressman Sheldon Runyon of Illinois, who believes she is unqualified for the position, and backs Hathaway for the nod. His investigation into her background turns up an incident where she was apparently photographed participating in a drunken orgy as part of a sorority initiation. He is joined in his opposition by Democratic Representative Reginald Webster.

The confirmation hearings begin in Washington, D.C., and Runyon, who chairs the committee, quickly addresses Hanson's alleged sexual imbroglio. Hanson refuses to address the incident, neither confirming nor denying anything, and tries to turn the discussion towards political issues. Anticipating that Hanson would deem her personal past "none of anyone's business", Runyon starts rumors in the media saying that the sexual escapade in college was done in exchange for money and favors, making it prostitution.

Hanson meets with Evans and offers to withdraw her name, to save his administration more embarrassment. Despite the wishes of the administration, she refuses to fight back or even address Runyon's charges, arguing that to answer the questions dignifies them being asked in the first place—something she does not believe. Evans meets with Runyon, informing him he will not choose Hanson as vice president. Runyon casually brings forward Hathaway as a replacement. They make an agreement that Runyon will back down on his attacks if Evans chooses Hathaway as vice president. However, Evans requests Runyon to make a public statement defending Hathaway, which Runyon agrees to do.

Hanson, Hathaway, and Runyon are all invited to the White House. Evans then shocks them by showing an FBI report revealing that Hathaway paid the woman to drive off the bridge. Hathaway is arrested and Runyon is disgraced because he vouched for Hathaway's integrity just hours earlier. Evans meets with Hanson, and she finally tells what actually happened that night in college. She said that she did indeed arrive at a fraternity house to have sex with two men as part of an initiation, but changed her mind before any sex occurred. However, she did not prove her innocence, citing that by doing so will further the idea that it was acceptable to ask the questions in the first place. Evans addresses Congress, where he chastises all Democrats and Republicans who blocked Hanson's confirmation. He explicitly lambasts Runyon, who leaves in humiliation. Although he declares that Hanson had asked for her nomination to be withdrawn so he could finish his presidency with triumph over controversy, he remains adamant by rejecting her resignation and calls for an immediate confirmation vote.

Development
Director Rod Lurie said he wrote the screenplay because he wished to make a film starring Joan Allen, and wrote the part of Laine Hanson with her in mind. Having a fascination with politics, and inspired by his daughter, he wished to make a feminist film that would differ from Allen's frequent role as troubled wife. At the time, the Lewinsky scandal was in the news, and actor Jeff Bridges acknowledged the story was a response to it. In writing the screenplay, Lurie considered a number of possible endings, including one in which Laine is assassinated. However, he wanted to give a message of hope to his daughter and audiences.

Actor Gary Oldman decided to produce the film, attracted to the screenplay which he felt was reminiscent of All the President's Men (1976). He did not see Sheldon Runyon as a villain, and Lurie claimed he was not written to be one. Oldman's manager Douglas Urbanski noted they independently produced the film before DreamWorks became involved.

Casting
Before approaching Jeff Bridges for the part of President Evans, Lurie submitted the screenplay to Paul Newman, reflecting how the character was envisioned to be older than he is in the final film. Newman turned down the role, which Lurie attributed to the actor's retirement. Bridges also sings the song featured in the beginning of the film.

Lurie wanted Sam Elliott for the part of Kermit, despite skepticism that he was best known for playing cowboys. Christian Slater joined the cast, saying he was interested in the screenplay's discussion of principles.

Filming

The scene where Laine is interviewed by Larry King was shot before principal photography. False gravestones were made for a set recreating Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, with many of the markers having the same name, while The Washington Post gave permission for shooting in their office for one scene.

A number of scenes were filmed during rain, but this precipitation does not appear in the film because a severe amount is needed to be visible. In one such scene, before Laine is announced as vice presidential nominee, a typhoon was forecast, and Lurie's assistant from India performed a religious ritual to ward it off, which the director credited with working. The scene where Laine debates abortion with the House Judiciary Committee is directly influenced by The Manchurian Candidate (1962).

In the scene where Allen is riding by supporters in a car, few extras attended the shot, which lasted only 15 minutes. As a result, a number of crew members were costumed and stood in.

Post-production
After the film was nearly completed, Lurie received a phone call saying producer Steven Spielberg was interested in the project. Spielberg's DreamWorks eventually paid $9 million to acquire the film's domestic distribution rights. Lurie and Allen said it was the first time DreamWorks acquired a film the company had not produced.

Lurie said nearly 30 minutes of footage was deleted because it did not reflect intended themes of principles and leadership. Based on lack of enthusiasm in test screenings to the final scene where Laine addresses the House Judiciary Committee, and with Spielberg's advice, Lurie added music intended to be inspirational, which did receive a better response from test audiences.

Release
The film was screened in Toronto International Film Festival in September 2000, and premiered in Los Angeles on 6 October. After a wider release on 13 October, it generated over $5 million during its opening weekend.

The film finished its run with a total domestic gross of $17,872,723, which was seen by domestic distributor DreamWorks as a box office success. It earned $22,361,811 worldwide.

Critical reception
The Contender holds an overall approval rating of 76% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Contender wears its political heart on its sleeve, but strong performances and a solid screenplay help the end result add up to a gripping drama from either side of the aisle". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, calling it "one of those rare movies where you leave the theater having been surprised and entertained, and then start arguing". Emanuel Levy wrote in Variety that Lurie was improving as a director and screenwriter, but the film was "too obvious and verbose". Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the film a B− in Entertainment Weekly, saying Bridges emulated Bill Clinton in "charisma, charm, appetite", and that "The Contender booms and pontificates, full of bravado and that ineffable quality of the current political season, chutzpah", but "only pretends to be enlightened, liberal". Rolling Stone's Peter Travers called the film "a lively, entertaining ride" before descending into partisanship. In The Chicago Tribune, Michael Wilmington called it "a smart, tense political drama about presidential politics". Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Allen and Bridges. Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post wrote, "As entertainment of a tawdry but compelling sort, The Contender certainly delivers", but found Allen's character uninspiring.

In 2003, critic J. Hoberman assessed the film to be a feminist attack on double standards, in which "unbridled female sexuality" is perceived as a threat to the system. Hoberman concluded then-Senator Hillary Clinton was more the contender than 2000 presidential candidate Al Gore, and that the film was "a prophecy of 2004". Author Harry Keyishian wrote the ending, in which it appears Laine will be confirmed despite her civic religion, is unrealistic, and "swelling music replaces logic and probability". M. Keith Booker called it "a surprisingly complex film", in which Runyon is a villain who stands by his principles, while Evans is heroic despite being "a savvy politician", a harder man than what the public sees. In 2009, Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly named Evans as one of the 10 greatest fictional presidents.

After viewing The Contender, actor Dustin Hoffman placed a telephone call to Oldman to commend his work in the film.

Controversy
The film has also been the subject of controversy. In an October 2000 issue of Premiere magazine, Oldman supposedly alleged that editing cuts were made due to the studio's Democratic leanings. Oldman and his co-producer, Urbanski, reportedly accused the DreamWorks studio and director Rod Lurie of editing the original film to make it more Democrat-biased, mainly by making the Runyon character less sympathetic than was originally intended.

However, Oldman stated in other interviews that his criticisms were only directed at Lurie and that the quote was "bastardized, kinda" when reprinted on Internet sources. He went on to complain that his issue with the film was how it became progressively less "ambiguous" as the editing went on, specifically citing the music as a problem in turning it into a film about "good guys and bad guys". Roger Ebert stated that Oldman's denunciation of the film never happened, and quoted Urbanski as saying Oldman is "the least political person I know" and taking credit for producing the film independently from DreamWorks, which eventually adopted it.

title: The Contender (2000 film)


text:
Boston Market

Boston Market Corporation, known as Boston Chicken until 1995, is an American fast casual restaurant chain headquartered in Newtown Township, Pennsylvania. Since 2020, it has been owned by the Rohan Group.

Boston Market has its greatest presence in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, but also has a large presence in California, Florida, and Texas. , the chain had approximately 342 company-owned restaurant locations in 28 states and Puerto Rico, with 14,000 employees. Frozen meals and side dishes are sold nationally under the Boston Market brand name.

History
Boston Chicken was founded by Steven Kolow and Arthur Cores in 1985 in Newton, a suburb of Boston. The chain expanded rapidly in the early and mid-1990s.

When it was known as Boston Chicken, restaurants specialized in rotisserie chicken and a variety of side dishes, but in February 1995, the chain expanded its menu to include turkey, meatloaf, and ham and changed the name to Boston Market in fall 1995 to reflect this.

In 1995, Boston Chicken created the Einstein Bros. Bagels chain of bakery cafés, after acquiring several smaller chains of bagel-centric bakeries.

In 1996, the chain launched a line of sandwiches known as "Boston Carver Sandwiches" that feature chicken, turkey, ham, and meatloaf; in 1997, due to the success of the new line, the "Extreme Carver" sandwiches were launched, filled with more portions of the above meats and more cheese than the originals. The corporate name remained "Boston Chicken, Inc." until 1997, when it became so popular with the new name, the corporate name was changed to "Boston Market Corporation."

The company raised a lot of debt to finance its expansion. The rapid expansion allowed the company to create a steady stream of revenue from one-time development fees and increasing royalties, but also raised interest rates on its development loans. In 1998, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

Since April 1999, a selection of Boston Market-branded items have been available in many supermarkets across the United States.

Boston Market was purchased by McDonald's Corporation in May 2000. McDonald's purchased the company for its real estate, but found the brand serviceable and therefore continued to operate and expand.

In the early 2000s, Boston Market operated two locations in Toronto, Ontario. In early 2002, Boston Market entered the Australian market, opening nine stores in the Sydney metropolitan area by 2004, before converting some stores to McDonald's and quietly exiting the Australian market later that year due to competitive pressures.

In April 2004, Boston Market introduced chilled menu items to be sold at supermarkets. In December 2005, these chilled menu items were available in 700 supermarkets.

In 2005, Boston Market also started offering limited-time offers, such as Crispy Country Chicken, an oven-baked chicken breast with gravy.

In 2007, McDonald's announced that it was "exploring strategic options" for the subsidiary. On August 6, 2007, McDonald's announced plans to sell the chain to Sun Capital Partners, a transaction that was completed on August 27, 2007.

In April 2018, Boston Market announced that it was expanding its menu to offer rotisserie prime rib nationwide, three days a week.

In April 2020, Sun Capital Partners sold Boston Market to Engage Brands, LLC, a company of Rohan Group, owned by Jignesh "Jay" Pandya.

On January 10, 2024, the company announced that it would allow anyone to open a Boston Market franchise without the usual franchise fees or other buy-in requirements.

Trademark dispute and grocery brand
In 2002, Boston Pizza commenced a lawsuit against Boston Market in the Federal Court of Canada over the trademark use of the word "Boston" in Canada. In its defense, Boston Market alleged that Boston Pizza's trademarks were invalid because it described a style of pizza from a specific area. The dispute continued after Boston Market ceased operations in Canada in 2004. The parties settled the dispute in 2008 under an agreement that Boston Market would not use the words "Boston" or "Boston Market" in Canada for five years for restaurants or any food or drink products (other than pre-packaged food products, but not including pizza and lasagna). Boston Market also agreed that it will not challenge Boston Pizza's use in Canada of any trademark that uses the words "Boston" or "Boston Pizza" (with certain exceptions).

Financial problems of 2023-2024
On July 3, 2023, a complaint in court was filed stating the Danbury, Connecticut Boston Market owed in excess of $61,000 in unpaid rent and connected charges. A ruling in the landlord’s favor July 28, 2023 led to an eviction.

On July 25, 2023, US Foods sued Boston Market for $11.3 million, accusing the company of owing them over $10 million for food distributed over several prior years.

On August 14, 2023, the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development gave a Stop-Work Order at 27 of the 31 Boston Market stores in New Jersey over multiple violations of workers rights, including owed backpay of up to $607,471 from up to 314 employees. An investigation on the matter began in November 2022 when an employee in Mercer County filed a complaint. The affected employees have since been reimbursed for their lost wages, and the stores were allowed to re-open a month later.

In September 2023, investigative journalists of Restaurant Business Magazine revealed Pandya has over 200 lawsuits against him related to unpaid wages of employees, unpaid suppliers, and other violations related to his restaurants. The report described Pandya's ownership of Boston Market as "chaotic".

In November 2023, the company failed to pay workers in Massachusetts.

On November 14, 2023, all Detroit-area Boston Market locations were permanently shuttered and were handed eviction notices due to unpaid rent. On November 20, 2023, all 8 remaining Connecticut Boston Market locations, located in East Haven, Meriden, West Hartford, Wilton, Stratford, Milford, Bristol, and Newington, were all permanently shuttered and handed eviction notices due to unpaid rent. As a result of rising eviction notices and unpaid rent, Boston Market and owner Pandya filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 2023.

On January 11, 2024, Boston Market's bankruptcy case was dismissed after being unresponsive to court requests. On February 1, 2024, US Foods won its lawsuit against Boston Market, with federal judge Manish Shah claiming that Boston Market's defenses in the lawsuit were “gossamer.” On February 12, 2024, shortly after getting their second bankruptcy dismissed, Boston Market filed for bankruptcy for the 3rd time after losing its lawsuit against US Foods.

title: Boston Market


text:
Bigfin squid

Bigfin squids are a group of rarely seen cephalopods with a distinctive morphology. They are placed in the genus Magnapinna and family Magnapinnidae. Although the family was described only from larval, paralarval, and juvenile specimens, numerous video observations of much larger squid with similar morphology are assumed to be adult specimens of the same family.

The arms and tentacles of the squid are both extremely long, estimated at 4 to 8 m. These appendages are held perpendicular to the body, creating "elbows." How the squid feeds is yet to be discovered.

Magnapinna is thought to be the deepest-occurring squid genus, with sightings as deep as 6212 m below the surface, making it the only squid known to inhabit the hadal zone.

Taxonomy
Magnapinna is the sister group to Joubiniteuthis, another bizarre, little-known deep-sea squid with an unusual body plan and long arms. Both Magnapinna and Joubiniteuthis are monotypic genera within their own families, Magnapinnidae and Joubiniteuthidae respectively. They are also closely related to the "whip-lash squid" in the families Chiroteuthidae and Mastigoteuthidae.

Physical specimens
The first record of this family comes from a specimen (Magnapinna talismani) caught off the Azores on 10 August 1883. Due to the damaged nature of the find, little information could be discerned, and it was classified as a mastigoteuthid, first as Chiroteuthopsis talismani and later as Mastigoteuthis talismani. In 1956, a similar squid (Magnapinna sp. C) was caught in the South Atlantic, but little was thought of it at the time. The specimen was illustrated in Alister Hardy's The Open Sea (1956), where it was identified as Octopodoteuthis sicula. During the 1980s, two additional immature specimens were found in the Atlantic (Magnapinna sp. A), and three more were found in the Pacific (Magnapinna pacifica). Researchers Michael Vecchione and Richard Young were the chief investigators of the finds, and eventually linked them to the two previous specimens, erecting the family Magnapinnidae in 1998, with Magnapinna pacifica as the type species. Of particular interest was the very large fin size, up to 90% of the mantle length, that was responsible for the animals' common name.

A single specimen of a fifth species, Magnapinna sp. B, was collected in 2006. Magnapinna sp. A was described as Magnapinna atlantica in 2006.

The genus was described from two juveniles and paralarva, none of which had developed the characteristic long arm tips. However, they did all have large fins, and were therefore named "magna pinna", meaning "big fin".

Sightings
The presumed adult stage of Magnapinna is known only from video observations from submersibles and ROVs; no physical specimens have yet been collected, leaving their exact identity unknown. These individuals and the collected juvenile specimens share the very large fins and the vermiform arm tips with no suckers, but the iconic elongated arm tips are known only from observed individuals. Although it has not been directly confirmed whether these squid are the same as the Magnapinna known from specimens, it is largely accepted that they are members of Magnapinnidae.

Although observations had been made over a decade earlier, adult bigfin squid only became known to science in 2001, when marine biology student Heather Holston sent footage of what she described as an "21-foot-long squid" to teuthologist Michael Vecchione. The footage had been recorded from an ROV in the Gulf of Mexico in January 2000 at the request of Holston's boyfriend Eric Leveton, who planned on showing it to her. Leveton was a structural engineer aboard the oil-drilling ship Millennium Explorer, who had happened to look into the ROV operation shack when the squid was observed by operators. Although Vecchione initially surmised from Holston's description that the footage might be the first video of a live giant squid (Architeuthis dux), he realized that the video itself portrayed a completely different squid that had no known identity.

Further discussions with other cephalopod researchers found no leads on the identity of the squid, and it was thus dubbed the "mystery squid" for a portion of time. Analysis by Vecchione et al of previous footage from submersibles found other video records of bigfin squid, the earliest from 1988. Around the same time, new high-quality footage of a bigfin squid was also recorded off Hawaii by the ROV Tiburon. In December 2001, Vecchione et al published a paper collating these observations; this was also the first paper to identify them as potential members of the Magnapinnidae, which had been named by Vecchione from the juvenile specimens a few years earlier. Independent of Vecchione's publication, Guerra et al published a paper the following year analyzing some of the early bigfin squid footage, and also identified them as potential adult magnapinnids.

Anatomy
The specimens in the videos looked very distinct from all previously known squids. Uniquely among cephalopods, the arms and tentacles were of the same length and looked identical (similar to extinct belemnites). The appendages were also held perpendicular to the body, creating the appearance of strange "elbows". Most remarkable was the length of the elastic tentacles, which has been estimated at up to 15–20 times the mantle length. This trait is caused by filament coiling of the tentacles, a trait that is rare among similar species. Estimates based on video evidence put the total length of the largest specimens at 8 m or more, with some estimates up to 12 m. Viewing close-ups of the body and head, it is apparent that the fins are extremely large, being proportionately nearly as big as those of bigfin squid larvae. While they do appear similar to the larvae, no specimens or samples of the adults have been taken. While their exact identity is unknown, all of the discovered specimens can be observed to have a brown-orange color body, translucent fins, near-white tentacles, and dark eyes. These species of squids are mainly identifiable by their long thin arms and specific colors. The squid also have a very unique brachial crown that sets them aside from the rest of other families that are known.

Feeding behaviour
Little is known about the feeding-behaviour of these squids. Scientists have speculated that the bigfin squid feeds by dragging their arms and tentacles along the seafloor and grabbing edible organisms from the floor. Alternatively, they may simply use a trapping technique, waiting passively for prey such as zooplankton to bump into their arms (see Cephalopod intelligence). The diet of the bigfin squid is unknown. However, cephalopods are known to feed on crustaceans, jellyfish, and even other cephalopods.

Observation timeline
The first visual record of an adult bigfin squid was in September 1988. The crew of the submersible Nautile encountered a bigfin squid off the coast of northern Brazil, 10.71517°N, -40.8905°W, at a depth of 4735 m. In July 1992, the Nautile again encountered these creatures, observing two individuals during a dive off the coast of Ghana at 3.66667°N, -2.5°W, first at 3010 m depth, and then again at 2950 m. Both were filmed and photographed. In November 1998, the Japanese crewed submersible Shinkai 6500 filmed another bigfin squid in the Indian Ocean south of Mauritius, at -32.75°N, 57.21667°W and 2340 m.

Eric Leveton's video, which was later shared with Vecchione, was taken from the remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) of the oil-drilling ship Millennium Explorer in January 2000, at Mississippi Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico (28.61667°N, -88°W) at 2195 m, and allowed for a size estimate. By comparison with the visible parts of the ROV, the squid was estimated to measure 7 m with arms fully extended. The Nautile filmed another Indian Ocean specimen at -19.53333°N, 65.86667°W and 2576 m, in the area of Rodrigues Island, in May 2000. In October 2000, the crewed submersible Alvin found another bigfin squid at 1940 m in Atwater Valley, Gulf of Mexico (27.57857°N, -88.50983°W).

These videos did not receive any media attention; most were brief and fairly blurry. In May 2001, approximately ten minutes of crisp footage of a bigfin squid were acquired by ROV Tiburon, causing a flurry of attention when released. These were taken in the Pacific Ocean north of Oʻahu, Hawaii (21.9°N, -158.2°W), at 3380 m. This video and the pre-2001 videos (which had not previously received much scientific attention) were documented by Vecchione et al in a paper that year, and some of the earlier footage was further analyzed by Guerra et al (2002).

On 11 November 2007, a bigfin squid was filmed off Perdido, a drilling-site owned by Shell Oil Company, located 200 smi off Houston, Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. The ROV that filmed the squid had originally been sent to retrieve drilling equipment from the seabed, and encountered the squid floating near a well. After being circulated within the oil industry, the footage was shared with National Geographic News to have its identity determined, and was released to the public in 2008. This video received significant online attention in the years since its filming. Observations of bigfin squid were made in the Great Australian Bight during towed camera and remote operated vehicle surveys in 2015 and 2017 respectively. In 2018, the first observations of a bigfin squid were made from the Southern Caribbean, off the coast of Colombia.

In March 2021, during the expedition to document the wreck of the USS Johnston, the submersible DSV Limiting Factor recorded footage of a juvenile bigfin squid from the Philippine Trench at a depth of 6212 m. This is the deepest observation of any squid, and rivalled only by some unidentified cirrate octopods from the same habitat as the deepest observation of any cephalopod. This makes Magnapinna the first squid known to inhabit the hadal zone.

On 9 November 2021, a video of a bigfin squid was captured at a ridge feature off the West Florida Escarpment by an ROV from the NOAAS Okeanos Explorer as part of the Windows to the Deep 2021 expedition. The squid was found at a depth of 2385 m, and its size is currently being measured using paired lasers.

ROV SuBastian of Schmidt Ocean Institute observed a bigfin squid in close proximity to a black smoker-type hydrothermal vent on 4 April 2023, during the "In Search of Hydrothermal Lost Cities" expedition. The squid was seen at a depth of 1931 m.

title: Bigfin squid


text:
Talk:Bigfin squid

Species A, B...
The 2006 Vecchione & Young paper calls Wikipedia's species B (G. O. Sars 2004 specimen) species A and our species C the "BMNH squid". Is there a source that M. atlantica was ever called "species A" before its description? If so, there is need to disambiguate between the 2 "species A"s. If not, there is some mv-ing to do. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 22:47, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It was called "species A" on the Tree of Life page prior to its description. Mgiganteus1 (talk) 05:34, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

size
how big is this? even in gross estimate? --194.81.255.254 (talk) 22:04, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

I want to know too.... 98.24.154.187 (talk) 21:58, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I've included this estimate of total length. See also cephalopod size. Cheers, mgiganteus1 (talk) 22:12, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Magnapinna pacifica.jpg
The image Image:Magnapinna pacifica.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:05, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Alternate names
ABC News has the oil company footage under the label "Magnapinna squid" but because this isn't given as an alternate name here, it's hard to find the wiki information for it. Is magnapinna squid an inappropriate neologism or a fairly common term for these things? -58.34.201.150 (talk) 09:18, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Magnapinna is the genus to which these squid have been assigned. The name redirects to this article. mgiganteus1 (talk) 11:25, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

naming confusion
"Long-armed Squid" redirects to Chiroteuthis veranyi whilst "Long-arm squid" redirects here (bigfin squid). This article uses both names interchangeably. (Note also difference in capitalisation of "squid" in the redirect titles: "Long-armed squid" and "Long-arm Squid" don't redirect to anything.) The two creatures don't seem to be closely related: is a disambiguation page needed? I wonder if Chiroteuthis veranyi is really referred to as a long-armed squid though - the picture isn't very convincing. Samatarou (talk) 18:28, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Well I've gone ahead and made a disambig page at Long-armed squid and pointed all the other variously spelled redirect pages to that. Samatarou (talk) 22:29, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Ambiguity about adult specimens
Adult specimens of magnapinna have not been collected but at this date it is generally assumed that video observations of larger, similar squid are adult individuals of magnapinna. Multiple papers have been published on video observations predicated on this assumption, and one of the scientists who described the family, Michael Vecchione, unambiguously refers to larger specimens from video observations as magnapinna. The video of the NOAA sighting from 2021, for example, contains audio of him identifying the squid as magnapinna. PhronimaStan (talk) 22:11, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

Alister Hardy
I was able to recover a 1956 edition of the book by Alister Hardy and there's no mention of Octopodoteuthopsis. Perhaps is it another edition of the book?-- Carnby (talk) 07:12, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I was unable to verify it in either of the editions on archive.org (the first volume, 1964 reprinting (with 1958 revisions) or the 1970 printing of the 1965 one-volume edition); there are no matches for "Magnapinna", "Magnapinnidae", "big fin", "bigfin", or "Octopodoteuthopsis". There is a chance bad OCR is what's making it hard to find, but I'm not sure. originally added that in this 2008 revision so maybe they know more? --Pokechu22 (talk) 18:12, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I have checked my physical copy of the 1956 edition and the figure in question appears on page 290 as Fig. 96c, though it is labelled Octopodoteuthis sicula rather than Octopodoteuthopsis. I've now corrected this in the article. The original source of this information was presumably the ToL page on Magnapinna sp. C: https://web.archive.org/web/20070930214103/http://tolweb.org/Magnapinna_sp._C This page reproduced the figure from Hardy (1956): https://web.archive.org/web/20070930214103im_/http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/HardysSquid1.gif mgiganteus1 (talk) 19:10, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your clarification-- Carnby (talk) 20:23, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Fischer & Joubin
I'm sorry to bother you again but I have found an online version of Fischer & Joubin and there are three problems with the citation: Best regards.-- Carnby (talk) 11:24, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) the volume about cephalopods is the 7th not the 8th (though the pages interval is correct);
 * 2) the publication date is 1906, not 1907;
 * 3) the sighting near Azores occurred on August 10, 1883.

 * Well spotted! Please feel free to correct any mistakes as you find them. mgiganteus1 (talk) 12:28, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you again!-- Carnby (talk) 12:59, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bigfin squid


text:
Talk:Prešov

Copyright violation (now deleted)
It seems that the text added by 80.133.188.28 on March 6, 2004 is in copyright violation of this webpage: http://www.presov.sk/static.php?akcia=dir&dir=history

See for example the last sentence "The following pages illustrate the legitimacy of this metaphor." This is the only edit so far from that IP. Brona 22:53, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Yeah. I suspect we can just contact them about it, they would probably be OK. It's a good article. I have set this as copyvio in the meantime. Jkeiser 17:42, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I have sent them e-mail in Slovak using their webform at http://www.presov.sk/kontakt.php requesting permission. Brona 00:10, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The old page with pasted text was deleted on June 26, 2004. Brona 03:19, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Greek Catholic Canonical Seminary
Anon User:84.47.17.232 have added Greek Catholic Canonical Seminary as a separate post-secondary institution. However according to University of Presov website, the seminary is part of the University. Brona 03:06, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Strange
"Soviet influence is tragically evident through the massive concrete apartment buildings"

What about suburbs in Paris? Also Soviet influence?

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What?
What does "2 6,400" in this sentence in the current version of this article mean?

 * Plaques in the town hall and a memorial in the surviving synagogue record that 2 6,400 Jews were deported from the town under the Tiso government of the First Slovak Republic.

If it's a mistake, can we have higher standards than to allow an error like this to go uncorrected?

173.88.246.138 (talk) 04:47, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prešov