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De Havilland Venom

The de Havilland DH 112 Venom is a British post-war single-engined jet aircraft developed and manufactured by the de Havilland Aircraft Company. Much of its design was derived from the de Havilland Vampire, the firm's first jet-powered combat aircraft; it was initially referred to as the Vampire FB 8 prior to the adoption of the Venom name.

The Venom was developed during the late 1940s to fulfil Air Ministry Specification F.15/49, under which the aircraft was intended to be operated as an interim solution, lying between the first generation of British jet fighters – straight-wing aircraft powered by centrifugal flow engines such as the Gloster Meteor and the Vampire – and later swept wing, axial flow-engined combat aircraft, such as the Hawker Hunter and de Havilland Sea Vixen. In comparison with the Vampire, it had a thinner wing and a more powerful de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine, making the aircraft more suitable for high altitude flight. Both the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy took interest in the type; in order to suit the needs of the latter, a specialised derivative, the Sea Venom, was produced; it was a navalised model of the aircraft that was suitable for carrier operations. A dedicated model for aerial reconnaissance was also procured by the Swiss Air Force. On 2 September 1949, the first Venom prototype, VV612, performed its maiden flight.

The Venom entered service with the RAF in 1952, where it was operated as both a single-seat fighter-bomber and two-seat night fighter. Despite the type's relatively short service life with the RAF, British Venoms saw active combat on multiple occasions, including the Suez Crisis, the Malayan Emergency, and the Aden Emergency. It was withdrawn from frontline operations by the service in 1962 following the introduction of more capable aircraft. The Venom had also proved to be popular on the export market, having been sold in substantial numbers to Iraq, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland and Venezuela. The Swiss Air Force was the final operator to use the type in an active military role, finally retiring their last examples during 1983. Large numbers of ex-military Venoms have since been acquired by private entities and several have continued to fly, performing aerial displays at various air shows, while many examples have been preserved in static display conditions in museums and as gate guardians.

Origins

During 1948, the British aircraft manufacturer de Havilland proposed a development of the Vampire, furnished with a thinner wing and a more powerful engine, to serve as a high altitude fighter, designated as the 'Vampire FB 8' ("fighter bomber Mark 8"). The design gradually shifted, with company designation DH 112, in order to fulfill Air Ministry requirement OR.277, defined in Specification F.15/49, which sought a fast, manoeuvrable and capable fighter-bomber to replace the Royal Air Force's (RAF) existing Vampires in that capacity. From the onset, the envisioned role had been intended as an interim fighter-bomber, while the development of aircraft capable of even greater performance had already been anticipated by the service.

Although generally similar in appearance to the preceding Vampire, sharing the distinctive twin-boom tail and composite wood/metal structure, the Venom was a completely new design. As originally designed, it was powered by the de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine, which was capable of generating 4,850lb of thrust, considerably more powerful than the earlier de Havilland Goblin that had been used on the Vampire. The Venom adopted a wing designed with a leading edge sweepback of 17.6 degrees, a minimised thickness/chord ratio reduced from 14 per cent to 10 per cent, while the trailing edge was straight; a pair of optionally-fitted wing tip tanks were also designed to be fitted without any negative impact on the aircraft's overall combat manoeuvring capability.

A single Vampire F 1 had flown with the new Ghost engine in 1947. On 2 September 1949, the first Venom prototype, VV612, performed its maiden flight at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, piloted by John Derry. In May 1950, following the end of company trials, the prototype was delivered to RAF Boscombe Down for official trials by the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE). In the course of these trials, the aircraft proved capable of satisfactory performance, including the besting of some contemporary fighters during mock combat, while some minor faults were also uncovered. On 23 May 1950, the second prototype, VV613, officially joined the development programme; it was delivered to the A&AEE for further trials on 3 April 1951.

The first six production Venom also participated in trials performed by both de Havilland and the A&AEE. On 21 April 1952, the first delivery of a production-standard Venom, a single-seat fighter-bomber, was made to the Central Fighter Establishment, where it was used for a full service evaluation prior to the type being cleared for active service. During 1952, the initial production model entered operational service with the RAF as the 'Venom FB 1'. A total of 375 of this initial model were constructed.

Further development
On 22 August 1950, an improved Venom, the NF.2 night fighter, performed its first flight, piloted by John Derry. de Havilland had developed it from the single seat ground attack-oriented Venom to serve as a replacement for the Vampire NF 10. For this variant, the fuselage was redesigned to accommodate a two-man crew, (pilot and navigator/radar operator), seated in a side-by-side configuration, and an aircraft interception radar installed in the extended nose. During late 1953, the Venom NF.2 entered squadron service, after being delayed to resolve minor problems that had been discovered. Specifically, preliminary handling trials had revealed unsatisfactory performance in poor weather conditions.

The Venom NF.2 was modified after being involved in several accidents in which pilots had difficulty making night-time approaches. Changes included the adoption of jettisonable clear canopies and alterations to the flight control surfaces, and the altered aircraft were re-designated NF.2As. The Venom NF.2 was soon followed by the NF 3, which was the ultimate night fighter variant of the Venom. It incorporated further improvements, including power-actuated ailerons and an improved air interception radar. In 1953, the Venom NF 3 performed its first flight; it entered operational service with the RAF during June 1955.

The final Venom model developed for the RAF was the single-seat FB.4, which first flew on 29 December 1953. It entered service in 1955 and 250 were built. The FB.4 was powered by a single 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) thrust de Havilland Ghost 103 engine. It was the first Venom to be fitted with an ejector seat, as well as being furnished with redesigned tail surfaces and hydraulically powered ailerons. The new rudder design prevented excessive yaw and eliminated incidents of rudder locking at low speeds. The FB 4 variant was the first to be compatible with the underwing fuel tanks.

The majority of the type's production was conducted by de Havilland themselves. Following the completion of an initial batch of 15 production Venoms, manufacturing was transferred from de Havilland's Hatfield facility to their larger production plant at Hawarden Airport. On 26 July 1952, the first Hawarden-built Venom was delivered to the RAF. In addition, the construction effort was augmented by numbers of Venom FB.1, FB.4 and NF.51 aircraft that were produced by Fairey Aviation at Manchester (Ringway) Airport. At one point, the production of further Venoms at the Bristol Aeroplane Company's Filton facility was considered but was ultimately not pursued. During the early 1950s, the prospects for Italian aircraft manufacturer Fiat Aviazione producing the type under license were explored; these did not materialise however.

On account of substantial demand for the type from the Swiss Air Force, a licensed production arrangement was established with a consortium of Swiss aviation manufacturers in 1953, who did produce large numbers of Venoms. In the early 1970s, Swiss Venoms were equipped with a new extended nose to add space for the addition of a ultra high frequency (UHF) radio, an Identification friend or foe (IFF) transponder and a SAAB BT-9K ballistic computer that was used in conjunction with ground attack ordnance.

Design
The de Havilland Venom was a jet-propelled combat aircraft, featuring a distinctive twin-boom tail and composite wood/metal structure. Originally developed as a ground-attack fighter, it served as an interceptor as well. It possessed a favourable rate of climb and other positive characteristics that lent itself well to combat operations, and represented a significant advance over the preceding Vampire. It was a sound ground attack aircraft, possessing good manoeuvrability, steadiness, endurance, handling, and a range of compatible stores. The Venom's manoeuvrability even gave it an edge against many dogfighters of the era, although its limited top speed proved to be a weakness in this role. Early issues, such as a rear spar weakness and flash fires due to the ingestion of vented fuel by the engine air intakes under some conditions, were quickly identified and overcome.

The Venom FB 1 was armed with four nose-mounted 20 mm (.79 in) Hispano Mk V autocannon and could carry either two 1,000 lb (approx 450 kg) bombs or eight RP-3 "60 lb" air-to-ground rocket projectiles – the heavier bombs being an improvement over the Vampire FB 5. For additional range, each of the wing tips could be fitted with a 75 impgal fuel tank, freeing up the underwing stores positions for other stores and munitions, these tanks could not be jettisoned during flight. When installed, the tip tanks also had the effect of improving the aircraft's roll rate, which was lower than many of its contemporaries. Early production Venoms commonly suffered from weaknesses within the wing structure, leading to flight limitations and warning markings being applied to distinguish them from typical aircraft.

The Venom FB 1 was powered by a single 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) thrust de Havilland Ghost 48 Mk.1 turbojet engine; later marks were equipped with increasingly powerful models. The engine was ignited using explosive cartridges, known as Coffman engine starters; at the time, many operators were not previously familiar with such means of start up. Early production models lacked ejection seats, which was subject to official criticism and in response, they were fitted in later production models. The airframe itself had a relatively short life in UK service as it had been designed as a short term interim aircraft pending development of what would become the Hawker Hunter but in Swiss service, where the type was subject to a lengthy service life, several strengthening modifications were performed to more than double its viable lifespan. It was known for its simplicity in construction and relative cost-effectiveness, which contributed to its popularity to export customers.

Operational history
In August 1952, No. 11 Squadron become the first overseas squadron to convert to the Venom in exchange for their existing Vampires inventory; No. 11 was responsible for conducting the type's operational service trials for the service. Upon their introduction to service, none of the single-seat fighter-bomber Venoms were deployed to home-based squadrons; priority was given to overseas forces, such as the Second Tactical Air Force stationed in Germany as well as those stationed in hotter climates where the benefits of the more powerful engine were most felt, such as Cyprus, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.

During September 1952, the Venom participated in its first NATO training operation, Exercise Mainbrace. In mid-1953, a second Venom wing, consisting of Nos. 14, 98 and 118 Squadrons, was formed at RAF Fassberg, Lower Saxony; a third wing, comprising Nos. 16, 94, and 145 Squadrons, was also formed at RAF Celle, Lower Saxony, during the following year. In this capacity, the Venom was only operated for a short time, those squadrons stationed at RAF Fassberg transitioned to the Hawker Hunter in 1955, while those at RAF Celle were disbanded in 1957.

Throughout the mid-1950s, Venoms were dispatched to the furthest corners of the British Empire, being typically used to replace the Vampire in the fighter-bomber role. In August 1955, a flight of four Venoms conducted a 10,000 flight from RAF Habbaniya, Iraq to Wingfield Aerodrome, South Africa and back; while on the return leg of this journey, a speed record was set on the Cape Town-Pretoria route, covering the 807-mile distance in one hour and 23 minutes.

On 6 May 1953, the first of the Venom night fighters was delivered to the RAF. From 1955 onwards, an improved model of the night fighter, the Venom NF.3, was introduced to squadron service. However, the night fighter Venom had only a relatively brief career with the RAF, having been procured to serve as an interim solution while more capable designs were developed. Accordingly, in 1957, the RAF's night fighter Venoms began to be withdrawn in favour of the newly introduced Gloster Javelin twin-engined all-weather fighter. In the night fighter role, the Venom was also adopted by export customers; the Swedish Air Force adopted the type as their principal night fighter in 1955 and operated three squadrons in this capacity.

RAF Venoms saw action during the Malayan Emergency, which took place between 1948 and 1960, although these aircraft did not commence operations until the mid-1950s with Nos. 45 and 60 Squadrons. While there, the Venom supported counterinsurgency operations against Communist guerrillas as part of Operation Firedog, the codename for RAF operations in Malaya. By 15 November 1957, the day on which the Venom was withdrawn from combat in the theatre, the type had conducted more than 300 strikes against guerillas. Several Venoms were lent to the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) for use during the same conflict, being operated by No. 14 Squadron RNZAF.

The Venom also saw combat service during the Suez Crisis during late 1956. The type was operated by Nos. 6, 8 and 249 Squadrons, flying from RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus. The Anglo-French invasion, codenamed Operation Musketeer, took place in response to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal by Egypt's leader, General Nasser. The air war began on 31 October 1956. The Venoms attacked a variety of military installations on the ground; only a single RAF Venom was lost throughout the crisis.

From 1956 onwards, Middle Eastern-based RAF squadrons progressively received the improved Venom FB 4. Starting in 1956, RAF Venoms were deployed during the Aden Emergency, where they were used in support of counterinsurgency operations against terrorists and rebel tribesmen in Aden and Oman. In 1957, British RAF Venoms participated heavily during Jebel Akhdar War in Oman to expand the territory of the Sultanate, which was a de facto British colony, in order to gain access to oil wells in the interior parts of Oman. The RAF conducted 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman between July and December 1958; insurgents were the primary targets, resulting various mountain top villages, water channels, and crops being struck in a conflict that remained relatively low profile internationally. As the conflict progressed, squadrons equipped with the Venom were reequipped, mainly by the English Electric Canberra; in 1960, the final squadron in the region that used the type was reequipped with the Hawker Hunter.

Outside of the RAF, the Swiss Air Force were the most prolific user of the Venom. In addition to the domestic production of 136 ground attack-orientated models and its Ghost engine to power them, Switzerland also produced a dedicated aerial reconnaissance variant of the aircraft, which were outfitted with specially modified underwing fuel tanks that had automated cameras installed in the forward section. Swiss Venoms were also subject to multiple improvement and upgrade programmes, including life extension modifications, the addition of ultra high frequency (UHF) radio sets, and an improved license-built bombsight.

In 1962, all of the remaining Venoms in RAF service were withdrawn from first-line duties, having proven their worth in a variety of locations across the world, in peace and war, and in some of the most difficult climates the RAF has ever faced. The last non-RAF Venoms to leave active service were those aircraft in service with the Swiss Air Force, the last of which being retired from combat duties during the latter part of 1983.

Variants

 * DH.112 Prototypes
 * VV612 converted from a Vampire FB.5 and first flown as a DH.112 on 2 September 1949.
 * VV613 converted from a Vampire FB.5 and first flown as a DH.112 on 29 July 1950.
 * FB.1
 * Single-seat fighter-bomber, entered service in 1952; 375 built.

 * NF.2
 * Two-seat night fighter, an interim night fighter developed from a planned export for Egypt; 91 produced.

 * NF.2A
 * Modified NF.2, which received some strengthening improvements to the wing spar after problems, that had led to a number of accidents, had been found with the NF 2 and other Venoms.

 * NF.3
 * Modified NF.2, including the fitting of ejector seats, the Ghost 104 engine, AI.21 radar (Westinghouse AN/APS-57 provided under US Military Assistance Program) which led to the NF 3's nose being slightly altered; 123 produced.

 * FB.4
 * Final Venom for the RAF, single-seat fighter-bomber. Ghost 103 engine, ejector seats, powered ailerons and structural modifications; 250 built.

 * FB.50
 * Export version used by Iraq and Italy in the 1950s; 15 Built.

 * NF.51
 * Export version of the night fighter for Sweden with Swedish licence-built engines. Sixty-two - 30 NF.2 and 32 NF.2A - and given the designation J33. It served 1953–1960 at the dedicated night fighter F1 wing at Västerås.

 * Fiat G.80
 * Proposed licensed built version of the Venom FB.50 to be built in Italy.

Operators

 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force

 * Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana) received two Venom FB.50s, a plan for Fiat to license-build the aircraft as the G.81 being abandoned.
 * Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana) received two Venom FB.50s, a plan for Fiat to license-build the aircraft as the G.81 being abandoned.

 * Royal New Zealand Air Force
 * Royal New Zealand Air Force

 * No. 14 Squadron
 * Swedish Air Force
 * Swedish Air Force

 * Västmanland Wing (F 1)
 * Swiss Air Force
 * Swiss Air Force

 * Royal Air Force
 * Royal Air Force

 * No. 5 Squadron RAF
 * No. 6 Squadron RAF
 * No. 8 Squadron RAF
 * No. 11 Squadron RAF
 * No. 14 Squadron RAF
 * No. 16 Squadron RAF
 * No. 23 Squadron RAF
 * No. 28 Squadron RAF
 * No. 32 Squadron RAF
 * No. 33 Squadron RAF
 * No. 45 Squadron RAF
 * No. 60 Squadron RAF
 * No. 73 Squadron RAF
 * No. 89 Squadron RAF
 * No. 94 Squadron RAF
 * No. 98 Squadron RAF
 * No. 118 Squadron RAF
 * No. 125 Squadron RAF
 * No. 141 Squadron RAF
 * No. 142 Squadron RAF
 * No. 145 Squadron RAF
 * No. 151 Squadron RAF
 * No. 208 Squadron RAF
 * No. 219 Squadron RAF
 * No. 249 Squadron RAF
 * No. 253 Squadron RAF
 * No. 266 Squadron RAF

 * Venezuelan Air Force
 * Venezuelan Air Force

Aircraft on display

The Venom has been preserved in significant numbers, mainly due to its longevity with the Swiss Air Force. In the UK, a number of Sea Venoms have been preserved, along with examples of the NF 3 and Swiss-built FB.50 and 54. In Sweden, two examples of the NF.51 are preserved. There are many survivors in Switzerland, and other Swiss aircraft are scattered throughout Europe. One such aircraft is preserved in the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim, although in the colours of the Iraqi Air Force. In Australia, a number of Sea Venom FAW.53s have also survived. Venezuela has the only complete surviving British-built single-seat Venom.

The Polish Aviation Museum (PAL) has a British-built Sea Venom, which was used for experiments at de Havilland and the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment, and then was transferred to the Imperial War Museum, which sold it to the PAL in 2013.

Although the Venom was, for its era, a popular and affordable warbird, there remains only one airworthy aircraft, J-1630/ZK-VNM in New Zealand. However, J-1643/HB-RVY in Switzerland is reportedly undergoing work to return it to airworthy status.

title: De Havilland Venom


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Bo Stief

Bo Stief (born 15 October 1946) is a Danish jazz and rock bassist, composer, and arranger born in Copenhagen.

He has worked or recorded with Don Cherry, Miles Davis, Warne Marsh, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Dexter Gordon, Johnny Griffin, Jackie McLean, George Russell, Kenny Drew and Ben Webster, among many other prominent jazz musicians.

Since 1980 Stief has been leading bands as Chasing Dreams, Dream Machine or One Song III.

In 2005 he was awarded the Danish Django d’Or as Master of Jazz.

As leader

 * Hidden Frontiers (Replay, 1987)
 * Chasing Dreams (Columbia, 1993)
 * Heart & Destiny (Dream Song Music, 1999)
 * First Time (Stunt, 2001)
 * Short Story (Exlibris, 2006)

As sideman
With Don Cherry
 * Live at Cafe Montmartre 1966 (3 volumes) (ESP-Disk, 2007)
 * Copenhagen 1963 & Hilversum 1966 (FreeFactory, 2010)

With Peter Herbolzheimer
 * Live Im Onkel Po (Polydor, 1975)
 * Hip Walk (Polydor, 1976)
 * Touchdown (Polydor, 1977)
 * I Hear Voices (Polydor, 1978)
 * Peter Herbolzheimer Rhythm Combination and Brass (PolJazz, 1979)
 * Bandfire (Panda, 1981)
 * Fat Man Boogie (Koala, 1982)
 * Music for Swinging Dancers Vol. 3 Cheek to Cheek (Teldec, 1984)
 * 25 Jahre Peter Herbolzheimer Die 80er und 90er Jahre (Koala, 1995)
 * Masterpieces (MPS, 1995)
 * Getting Down to Brass Tracks (Alanna, 2006)

With Chris Hinze
 * Saliah (Keytone, 1984)
 * Meditation and Mantras (Keytone, 1986)
 * African Dream (Keytone, 1991)
 * Music for Relaxation (Keytone, 1992)

With Krzysztof Komeda
 * Live in Copenhagen (Polonia, 1993)
 * Astigmatic Live (Polonia, 1995)
 * Roman Two (Power Bros 1998)

With Warne Marsh
 * Ornithology (Venus/Interplay, 1994)
 * I Got a Good One for You (Storyville, 1999)
 * Marshlands (Storyville, 2003)
 * In Denmark (Absord 2009)

With Jesper Thilo
 * I Remember Boone (Music Mecca, 2003)
 * Remembering Those Who Were (Stunt, 2009)
 * Jesper Thilo On Clarinet (Stunt, 2010)

With Jasper van 't Hof
 * The Door Is Open (MPS/BASF, 1976)
 * The Selfkicker (MPS 1977)
 * Jazzbuhne Berlin '80 (Repertoire, 1990)
 * Face to Face (Intuition, 1994)
 * Canossa (Intuition, 1998)
 * NeverNeverLand (Jaro Medien, 2005)
 * Live at Quasimodo (Jaro Medien, 2007)

With others
 * Frans Bak, Dagen for Imorgen (Salut, 1986)
 * Hacke Bjorksten, The Party Is On! (Dragon, 2001)
 * Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Swingin' Till the Girls Come Home (SteepleChase, 1976)
 * Miles Davis, Aura (Columbia, 1989)
 * Wild Bill Davison, Wild Bill Davison in Copenhagen (CBS, 1974)
 * Povl Dissing, Lykkeland (Exlibris, 1977)
 * Niels Lan Doky, The Truth Live at Montmartre (Storyville, 1988)
 * Arne Domnerus, When Lights Are Low (Salut, 1988)
 * Arne Domnerus, A Little Bossa Nova (LadyBird, 1998)
 * Kenny Drew, Solo-Duo (Storyville, 1996)
 * Ron Goodwin, Valhalla (Replay, 1986)
 * Dexter Gordon, The Squirrel (Blue Note, 1997)
 * Lars Graugaard, Smile (Skylight, 1986)
 * Eddie Harris, Steps Up (SteepleChase, 1981)
 * Tommy Korberg, Blixtlas Svensk 70-Tals Poesi (Sonet, 1979)
 * Rolf Kuhn, Total Space (MPS/BASF, 1975)
 * Didier Lockwood, Live in Montreux (Pausa, 1980)
 * Ken McIntyre, Hindsight (SteepleChase, 1974)
 * Jackie McLean, Live at Montmartre (SteepleChase, 1972)
 * Jackie McLean, Ode to Super (SteepleChase, 1973)
 * Palle Mikkelborg, Ashoka Suite/Guadiana Concert (Metronome, 1970)
 * Palle Mikkelborg, Anything But Grey (Columbia, 1992)
 * Vincent Nilsson, Jazz Trombone Spirituals (Storyville, 2000)
 * Vincent Nilsson, More Spirituals! (Storyville, 2005)
 * Frank Rosolino, Frank Talks! (Storyville, 2008)
 * Sanne Salomonsen, Precious Moments (EMI, 1977)
 * L. Subramaniam, Garland (Storyville, 1982)
 * Buddy Tate, Tate a Tete at La Fontaine (Storyville, 1976)
 * Tosedrengene, Tiden Star Stille (Mercury, 1981)
 * Osten Warnerbring, Jag Bor Vid Ett Raststalle (Frituna, 1978)
 * Osten Warnerbring, Jongloren (Frituna, 1978)
 * Ben Webster, My Man: Live at Montmartre 1973 (SteepleChase, 1973)
 * Gary Windo, His Master's Bones (Cuneiform, 1996)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bo Stief


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Be File System

The Be File System (BFS) is the native file system for the BeOS. In the Linux kernel, it is referred to as "BeFS" to avoid confusion with Boot File System.

BFS was developed by Dominic Giampaolo and Cyril Meurillon over a ten-month period, starting in September 1996, to provide BeOS with a modern 64-bit-capable journaling file system. It is case-sensitive and capable of being used on floppy disks, hard disks and read-only media such as CD-ROMs. However, its use on small removable media is not advised, as the file-system headers consume from 600 KB to 2 MB, rendering floppy disks virtually useless.

Like its predecessor, OFS (Old Be File System, written by Benoit Schillings - formerly BFS), it includes support for extended file attributes (metadata), with indexing and querying characteristics to provide functionality similar to that of a relational database.

Whilst intended as a 64-bit-capable file system, the size of some on-disk structures mean that the practical size limit is approximately 2 exabytes. Similarly the extent-based file allocation reduces the maximum practical file size to approximately 260 gigabytes at best and as little as a few blocks in a pathological worst case, depending on the degree of fragmentation.

Its design process, application programming interface, and internal workings are, for the most part, documented in the book Practical File System Design with the Be File System.

Implementations
In addition to the original 1996 BFS used in BeOS, there are several implementations for Linux. In early 1999, Makoto Kato developed a Be File System driver for Linux; however, the driver never reached a completely stable state, so in 2001 Will Dyson developed his own version of the Linux BFS driver.

In 2002, Axel Dörfler and a few other developers created and released a reimplemented BFS called OpenBFS for Haiku (OpenBeOS back then). In January 2004, Robert Szeleney announced that he had developed a fork of this OpenBFS file system for use in his SkyOS operating system. The regular OpenBFS implementation was also ported to Syllable, with which it has been included since version 0.6.5.

title: Be File System


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Cricket Australia

Cricket Australia  (CA), formerly known as the Australian Cricket Board (ACB), is the governing body for professional and amateur cricket in Australia. It was originally formed in 1905 as the 'Australian Board of Control for International Cricket'. It is incorporated as an Australian Public Company, limited by guarantee.

Cricket Australia operates all of the Australian national representative cricket sides, including the Men's, Women's and Youth sides, along with various other national teams (such as Indigenous, disability or over-age teams) in conjunction with the relevant organisations. CA is also responsible for organising and hosting Test matches, one day internationals and T20 internationals in association with other nations, and scheduling home international fixtures.

Background
Cricket Australia is an administrative organisation responsible for cricket in Australia. Cricket Australia has six member organisations that represent each of the Australian states. These organisations are:

 * New South Wales – Cricket NSW
 * Queensland – Queensland Cricket
 * South Australia – South Australian Cricket Association
 * Tasmania – Cricket Tasmania
 * Victoria – Cricket Victoria
 * Western Australia – Western Australian Cricket

Cricket ACT and Northern Territory Cricket are non-member associations, although the ACT participates in Cricket Australia tournaments such as the Women's National Cricket League and the Futures League, and previously briefly also competed in the domestic limited-overs competition.

Cricket Australia is governed by nine independent directors. The chief executive officer reports to the board of directors.

Each state cricket association that are members of Cricket Australia also selects a representative side to participate in Australia's various major domestic cricket tournaments every season.

Domestic teams, playing national tournaments
Cricket Australia also maintains a healthy but independent association with the Australian Cricketers' Association to provide proper player's rights, welfare requirements and pay agreements.

History
The first centralised authority for the administration of cricket in Australia was established in 1892 when representatives from the state associations of New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria came together to establish the Australasian Cricket Council. However the Australasian Cricket Council was disbanded in 1898, and what is now known as Cricket Australia was established in 1905 as the "Australian Board of Control for International Cricket". Before its establishment, tours by Australian teams to England were organised and funded by private groups or by the players themselves. Similarly, invitations to English teams were made by private promoters or by individual clubs, such as the Melbourne Cricket Club. The Australasian Cricket Council's one lasting action was to establish the Sheffield Shield, the first-class cricket competition between the Australian colonies.

These early tours were lucrative for the players and promoters and cricket administrators looked to find ways to channel some of this money to the destitute clubs, through the state associations. Formal discussions began in January 1905 in Sydney for the formation of a body to take control of tours from the players. A draft constitution was discussed by members of the New South Wales, Victoria, South Australian and Queensland associations. The first meeting of the new board was held at Wesley College in Melbourne on 6 May 1905.

The foundation members were the New South Wales Cricket Association and the Victorian Cricket Association. South Australia's delegates refused to join the Board because the Board structure denied the players any representation. The Queensland Cricket Association was represented as an observer only.

Queensland did decide to formally join the association with one delegate member the following year, and the constitution was amended in 1906, so that New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria would each have three permanent representatives, and Queensland one representative. In 1907 Tasmania was permitted to send a single representative, and Western Australia did likewise in 1913. Changes to this structure were made in 1914 and 1974 respectively when Queensland and Western Australia formally increased their representation to two each.

In 2001, Cricket Australia established the National Indigenous Cricket Advisory Committee (NICAC), which in 2002 established a strategic plan, "Two Cultures: Australia's New Cricket Tradition". Ngadjuri man Vince Copley was the inaugural co-chair of the committee.

Name changes
Cricket Australia has operated under three different names since its foundation. They are:

 * Australian Board of Control for International Cricket (ABC) (1905–1973)
 * Australian Cricket Board (ACB) (1973–2003)
 * Cricket Australia (CA) (2003–present)

Finances
The organisation's revenue was A$380.9 million in the financial year ended 30 June 2015, with a net surplus of $99 million largely attributed to the success of co-hosting the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup.

Competitions
As well as responsibility for Australian international sides, Cricket Australia organises interstate cricket in Australia, including the premier competitions in each of the major forms of the game. These are the Marsh Sheffield Shield in first-class cricket (men's competition only), the Marsh One-Day Cup (men) and the Women's National Cricket League, which are the domestic one-day competitions, and the KFC Big Bash League and the Weber Women's Big Bash League, which are the domestic Twenty20 competitions (contested by franchises not state representative teams).

Cricket Australia's current and former competitions:

 * Marsh Sheffield Shield (first-class, various forms, 1892/93-present)
 * Marsh One-Day Cup (limited-overs, various forms, 1969/70-present)
 * KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (T20, 2005/06-2010/11, replaced by KFC BBL)
 * KFC Big Bash League (T20, 2011/12-present)
 * Toyota Second XI (red-ball, various forms, 1999/2000-2008/09, 2019/20-present, 2009/10-2018/19 as Futures League)
 * Australian Women's Cricket Championships (first-class and limited-overs, various forms, 1930/31-1995/96, replaced by WNCL)
 * Women's National Cricket League (limited-overs, various forms, 1996/97-present)
 * Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup (T20, various forms, 2007-2014/15, replaced by WBBL)
 * Weber Women's Big Bash League (T20, 2015/16-present, 2015/16-2020/21 as rebel WBBL)

Cricket Australia also runs (among others) the Under 19 and Under 17 Male Championships, the Under 18 and Under 15 Female National Championships, the National Indigenous Cricket Championships and the National Cricket Inclusion Championships.

Honours
Cricket Australia also provides awards for various categories of players, including:
 * Male: Test Player of the Year, One-Day Player of the Year, Bradman Young Player of the Year, Domestic Player of the Year, and the Allan Border Medal for the overall best Australian men's cricketer of the year.
 * Female: the Belinda Clark Award for the best Australian women's cricketer of the year, the Betty Wilson Young Player of the Year, and the Domestic Player of the Year

Cricket Australia also honours players for exceptional service to the game of cricket in Australia by annually adding former players of great distinction to the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame.

Chairmen

 * Richard Teece: 1892–1893
 * Richard Best:	1893–1895
 * Mostyn Evan:	1895–1896; 1910–1911
 * John Gibson:	1896–1897
 * Will Whitridge:	1897–1900
 * Lawrence Adamson:	1905–1906
 * Ernie Bean:	1906–1907; 1912–1913
 * George Barbour:	1907–1908
 * George Foxton:	1908–1910
 * Charles Eady:	1911
 * William McElhone:	1911–1912
 * James Allen:	1913–1914
 * Harry Blinman:	1914–1919
 * Harold Bushby: 1919; 1925–1926
 * Harry Gregory:	1919–1920; 1922–1923; 1926–1927
 * Harry Rush:	1920–1922
 * Jack Hutcheon:	1923–1924
 * Bernard Scrymgour:	1924–1925
 * Aubrey Oxlade:	1927–1930; 1933–1936; 1945–1948; 1951–1952
 * Allen Robertson:	1930–1933; 1936–1945; 1948–1951
 * Roy Middleton:	1952–1955
 * Frank Cush:	1955–1957
 * Bill Dowling:	1957–1960
 * Sir Donald Bradman:	1960–1963; 1969–1972
 * Ewart Macmillan:	1963–1966
 * Bob Parish:	1966–1969; 1975–1978
 * Tim Caldwell:	1972–1975
 * Phil Ridings:	1980–1983
 * Fred Bennett:	1983–1986
 * Malcolm Gray:	1986–1989
 * Colin Egar:	1989–1992
 * Alan Crompton:	1992–1995
 * Denis Rogers:	1995–2001
 * Robert Merriman:	2001–2005
 * Creagh O'Connor:	2005–2008
 * Jack Clarke: 2008–2011
 * Wally Edwards: 2011–2015
 * David Peever: 2015–2018
 * Earl Eddings: 2018–2021
 * Richard Freudenstein: 2021–2022 (interim)
 * Lachlan Henderson: 2022–present
 * Mike Baird: 2023– (incoming)

Secretaries & Chief Executive Officers

 * John Portus:	1892–1896
 * John Creswell:	1896–1900
 * William McElhone:	1905–1910
 * Colin Sinclair:	1910–1911
 * Sydney Smith:	1911–1927
 * William Jeanes:	1927–1954
 * Jack Ledward:	1954–1960
 * Alan Barnes:	1960–1980
 * David Richards:	1980–1993
 * Graham Halbish:	1993–1997
 * Malcolm Speed:	1997–2001
 * James Sutherland:	2001–2018
 * Kevin Roberts:	2018–2020
 * Nick Hockley:	2020–present

National Selection Panel
The National Selection Panel is the part of Cricket Australia responsible for team selections for each of the Australian national sides in every form of cricket.

The current three-man panel for the Australian men's sides is: George Bailey (chairman), Andrew McDonald (head coach) and Tony Dodemaide.

The current four-person panel for the Australia women's sides is: Shawn Flegler (chairman), Matthew Mott (head coach), Avril Fahey and Julie Hayes.

Board of directors
Cricket Australia is governed by nine directors, who work collectively in the national interest of Australian cricket.

The chief executive officer reports to the board of nine directors. The current nine board members are: Last updated: 13 October 2022

title: Cricket Australia


text:
Category:FFT algorithms

This category is for fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, i.e. algorithms to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in O(N log N) time (or better, for approximate algorithms), where $$N$$ is the number of discrete points.

title: Category:FFT algorithms


text:
Zinc pyrithione

Zinc pyrithione (or pyrithione zinc) is a coordination complex of zinc. It has fungistatic (inhibiting the division of fungal cells) and bacteriostatic (inhibiting bacterial cell division) properties and is used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff.

Structure of the compound
The pyrithione ligands, which are formally monoanions, are chelated to Zn2+ via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, zinc pyrithione exists as a centrosymmetric dimer (see figure), where each zinc is bonded to two sulfur and three oxygen centers. In solution, however, the dimers dissociate via scission of one Zn-O bond.

This compound was first described in the 1930s.

Pyrithione is the conjugate base derived from 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (CAS# 1121-31-9), a derivative of pyridine-N-oxide.

Medicine
Zinc pyrithione can be used to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera. Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, and vitiligo.

Paint
Because of its low solubility in water (8 ppm at neutral pH), zinc pyrithione is suitable for use in outdoor paints and other products that protect against mildew and algae. It is an algaecide. It is chemically incompatible with paints relying on metal carboxylate curing agents. When it is used in latex paints with water containing much iron, a sequestering agent that preferentially binds the iron ions is needed. It is decomposed by ultraviolet light slowly, providing years of protection in direct sunlight.

Sponges
Zinc pyrithione is an antibacterial treatment for household sponges, as used by the 3M Corporation.

Clothing
A process to apply zinc pyrithione to cotton with washable results was patented in the United States in 1984. Zinc pyrithione is used to prevent microbe growth in polyester. Textiles with applied zinc pyrithione protect against odor-causing microorganisms. Export of antimicrobial textiles reached US$497.4 million in 2015.

Mechanism of action
Its antifungal effect is thought to derive from its ability to disrupt membrane transport by blocking the proton pump that energizes the transport mechanism.

Health effects
Zinc pyrithione is approved for over-the-counter topical use in the United States as a treatment for dandruff and is the active ingredient in several anti-dandruff shampoos and body wash gels. In its industrial forms and strengths, it may be harmful by contact or ingestion. Zinc pyrithione can in the laboratory setting trigger a variety of responses, such as DNA damage in skin cells.

Legal status
Use of zinc pyrithione is prohibited within cosmetic products in the European Union since December 2021. The substance was considered safe for use in rinse-off and leave-in products of different tested concentrations, but due to environmental toxicity standard regulation was considered against potential alternatives – and as no submission was made for its use it was automatically prohibited.

Environmental concerns
A large Swedish study shows that it is broken down in wastewater plants and does not release into waterways. A Danish study shows that it biodegrades quickly, but that a risk of continuous leaching from boat paint may cause environmental toxicity.

title: Zinc pyrithione


text:
John Schofield

John McAllister Schofield (September 29, 1831 – March 4, 1906) was an American soldier who held major commands during the American Civil War. He was appointed U.S. Secretary of War (1868–1869) under President Andrew Johnson and later served as Commanding General of the United States Army (1888–1895).

Early life
John McAllister Schofield was born September 29, 1831, in Gerry, Chautauqua County, New York, the son of the Reverend James Schofield (1801–1888) and his first wife, the former Caroline (McAllister) Schofield (1810–1857). His father, a Baptist minister in Sinclairville became a domestic missionary and moved his family (which then included six children and would include 10 who survived infancy) to Bristol, Illinois. When John was 12, they finally settled in Freeport, Illinois, where Rev. Schofield became the town's first Baptist minister in 1845, and where he was ultimately buried in 1888.

During the American Revolutionary War, his family consisted of both Patriots and Loyalists. His grandfather at the time was considered below the age to fight during the Revolution. Though, after settling in New York, he fought in the New York Militia during the War of 1812. His earliest ancestor who arrived in America was Richard Schofield, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from England in 1635.

As a young man John Schofield was educated in the public schools, helped his family farm and build their home, and then surveyed land in northern Wisconsin before spending a year teaching school in Oneco, Illinois not far from Freeport. Then U.S. Rep. Thomas J. Turner secured John Schofield an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He sold land for travel expenses and reported on June 1, 1849. In his final year at the Academy, while a teaching assistant in the mathematics section, cadet Schofield was accused of allowing others in his classroom to make offensive jokes and drawings on the blackboard. He was dismissed from West Point, but after meeting with Illinois' U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas, appealed the decision to the Secretary of War, who referred the matter back to a Board of Inquiry at the Academy. A majority of the review board voted to rescind the expulsion, but one of the two officers who voted to sustain it, cavalry and artillery instructor Lt. George H. Thomas, later became a commander of Schofield during the Civil War. Although Schofield's eventual memoirs did not mention Thomas on the review board, his persistent criticism of Thomas's generalship after the war may reflect this incident. Schofield graduated in 1853, ranking seventh in his class, and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the artillery.

Schofield served for two years in the artillery. His first post was at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, which he later noted involved the same guns that were used to bombard Fort Sumter in 1861. He then served at various places in Florida during the armed truce with the Seminole Nation, but contracted fevers and dysentery and was ultimately evacuated (with the assistance of future Confederate General A. P. Hill) and recovered at Culpeper, Virginia.

Upon regaining his health, First Lieutenant Schofield returned to West Point as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy from 1855 to 1860. His career seemed stalled, so he took leave (1860–1861), to work as professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis. Several of his brothers had settled in St. Louis, following the lead of his eldest brother Rev. James Van Pelt Schofield (1825–1898).

Civil War
When the Civil War broke out, Schofield helped assure Missouri did not join the Confederacy. He became a major in the 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment and served as chief of staff to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon until Lyon's death during the Battle of Wilson's Creek (Missouri) in August 1861. Schofield acted with "conspicuous gallantry" during the battle, and decades later received the Medal of Honor for that action.

Schofield was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on November 21, 1861. From 1861 to 1863 he held various commands in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. He commanded the District of St Louis from that date to 10 April 1862, the Military District of Missouri from 5 June to 24 September 1862, and the District of Southwest Missouri to 10 November 1862. He led the Army of the Frontier from 12 October 1862 to 30 May 1863. He was promoted to major general of volunteers on November 29, 1862, at the age of 31, making him one of the youngest major generals in the Civil War.

On 30 September 1862, a Federal brigade suffered a defeat at the First Battle of Newtonia in southwest Missouri. Both James G. Blunt and Schofield rushed to Newtonia, Missouri with reinforcements and sent the Confederate force fleeing south into Arkansas. The department commander Samuel Ryan Curtis created the Army of the Frontier with Schofield in command. Blunt led the 1st Division, James Totten the 2nd Division, and Francis J. Herron the 3rd Division. The army numbered 20,000 men, but probably 14,000 were fit for duty. Schofield's army crossed into northwest Arkansas on 17 October. Blunt's division soon moved west into Indian Territory where it won the Battle of Old Fort Wayne on 22 October. Meanwhile, Schofield with the 2nd and 3rd Divisions occupied Huntsville, Arkansas. Schofield's troops clashed with forces led by Thomas C. Hindman, and the Confederates retreated south on 29 October. On 4 November, with the approval of Curtis, Schofield's two divisions withdrew northeast to Springfield, Missouri while Blunt's division remained in northwest Arkansas.

He was eventually relieved of duty in the West, at his own request, due to altercations with his superior Samuel R. Curtis.

From 17 April to 10 May 1863, Schofield led the 3rd Division in the XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland. He returned to Missouri as commander of the Department of Missouri from 24 May 1863 to 30 January 1864. His command in Missouri was marred by controversy after a massacre at Lawrence, Kansas, when Schofield refused to allow a posse to pursue the combatants into Missouri. Pro-Union Missourians sent a delegation to Washington DC in October to plead with President Lincoln to dismiss Schofield for sympathizing with pro-Confederate Bushwhacker para-military marauders who were attacking loyal Union citizens. Lincoln backed Schofield's position, attributed the carnage to wartime conditions rather than the commander's inadequacy, and instructed Schofield to respect civil liberties unless assemblies or newspapers were working palpable harm to the military.

In 1864, as commander of the Army of the Ohio, Schofield participated in the Atlanta Campaign under Major General William T. Sherman. Sherman placed him in command of a major operation to break the rail lines in late July 1864. Schofield became embroiled in another controversy with the commander of the US XIV Corps (Volunteer), Major General John Palmer, who resigned rather than serve under Schofield, whom he considered to be of lower rank, but whom Gen. Sherman backed, at Utoy Creek (becoming the only resignation during a major operation in U.S. history, although Palmer was ultimately reassigned to Kentucky and helped maintain federal control over that border state). Schofield with his XXIII Corps and the XIV Corps then spent the month in front of Atlanta and East Point with lackluster results. Sherman resorted to a flanking movement to defeat the Confederates under Hood. Schofield was sent to cut off Hardee's retreat at Jonesboro but failed to move. He became embroiled in a further controversy, when placed under General Stanley commanding the US IV Corps, on August 30, 1864.

Sherman, after the fall of Atlanta, took the majority of his forces on a March to the Sea through Georgia. Schofield's Army of the Ohio was detached to join Major General George H. Thomas in Tennessee. When Confederate General John Bell Hood invaded Tennessee and nearly cut off Schofield's command at Spring Hill, Hood's rash assault to regain momentum at the subsequent Battle of Franklin resulted in a significant defeat. On December 15–16, Schofield took part in Thomas's crowning victory at the Battle of Nashville where Hood's Army of Tennessee was decisively defeated, and effectively destroyed as a fighting force for the remainder of the war. However, during the buildup towards the battle Schofield intrigued against Thomas, feeding Grant false information, in order to try to succeed his senior in command. For his services at Franklin he was awarded the rank of brigadier general in the regular army on November 30, 1864, and the brevet rank of major general on March 13, 1865.

Ordered to operate with Sherman in North Carolina, Schofield moved his corps by rail and sea to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, in 17 days, occupied Wilmington on February 22, 1865, fought the action at Kinston on March 10, and on March 23, joined Sherman at Goldsboro.

Reconstruction
After the war, President Andrew Johnson sent Schofield on a special diplomatic mission to France, urging withdrawal of French troops in Mexico. General Schofield also joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, a military society composed of officers of the Union armed forces and their descendants. After retiring from active duty, Schofield served as the Order's commander-in-chief (from 1899 to 1903).

During Reconstruction, President Johnson appointed Schofield to serve as military governor of Virginia and of the First Military District. Thus, he oversaw the elections (in which blacks and whites voted) which resulted in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868. When Radicals took over that convention and proposed to disenfranchise former Confederates Schofield voiced concerns about corruption to Congress as well as his commander, General Ulysses Grant. Schofield's position was of high importance and sensitivity, due to the region's proximity to Washington as well as Confederate President Jefferson Davis's incarceration in Norfolk and awaiting trial under Judge John Curtiss Underwood, who chaired the Constitutional Convention and had close links with Congressional Republicans. After President Johnson forced Edwin M. Stanton, a Radical Republican who had served as Secretary of War since 1862, to resign, Schofield served as Secretary of War from June 1868 to March 1869.

Postwar career
Schofield was promoted to major general in the Regular Army on March 4, 1869, the same day General Ulysses S. Grant was sworn in as president of the United States. Schofield then served for a year as head of the Department of Missouri, the Army's second largest military department.

Following General George Thomas' death, Schofield succeeded him in commanding the Military Division of the Pacific, the country's largest.

In 1873, Schofield was given a secret task by Secretary of War William Belknap to investigate the strategic potential of a United States presence in the Hawaiian Islands. Schofield's report recommended that the United States establish a naval port at Pearl Harbor.

Starting in 1876 until 1881, Schofield became superintendent of the United States Military Academy. A major focus was reducing hazing and increasing professionalism within the academy. In 1878, Schofield drew the ire of Radical Republicans when President Rutherford B. Hayes asked him to reopen the case of Major General Fitz John Porter, who had been convicted by a court-martial for cowardice and disobedience at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Schofield's review board used new evidence from Confederate generals who had participated in the battle, and then found that Porter had been wrongly convicted and that his actions might have saved the entire Union army from complete defeat caused by the ineptitude of Maj. Gens. John Pope and Irvin McDowell.

On April 5, 1880, an African American cadet at West Point, Johnson Chesnut Whittaker, was found bruised and beaten in his cot. He claimed that he had been attacked by fellow cadets, but the administration claimed he had fabricated his story to win sympathy. Whittaker was court-martialed and expelled for allegedly faking an assault on himself staged by his fellow cadets. A Congressional investigation into the incident resulted in Schofield's removal from his post as superintendent in 1881.

Schofield then served in the Department of the Gulf (1881–82), the Military Division of the Pacific (1882–83), the Military Division of the Missouri (1883–86), and the Military Division of the Atlantic (1886–88). He also went to France to witness military maneuvers there. Gen. Schofield was also the first President of the Army and Navy Club (founded 1885, incorporated 1891).

Upon the death of General Philip Sheridan in 1888, General Schofield, by virtue of his seniority in rank, became the commanding general of the United States Army. He supported military professionalism, including subordination to the civilian Secretary of War. Schofield also supported adoption of lineal promotions and initiated performance reviews which limited political patronage considerations from the promotion process. Writing from South Dakota, General Schofield seconded a report of General Thomas H. Ruger which urged the federal government to honor treaty obligations with Native Americans.

General Schofield received the Medal of Honor on July 2, 1892, for his actions at the Battle of Wilson's Creek in 1861. During the unrest of the Pullman Strike, Schofield worked with President Cleveland in a discreet advisory role. On February 5, 1895, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. Lieutenant General Schofield retired on September 29, 1895, upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64.

However, he remained active in government affairs, supporting Elihu Root, testifying before congressional committees in support of the Army Reorganization Act of 1901 and the Dick Act of 1903 which established the U.S. National Guard.

Personal life

John Schofield married Harriet Whitehorn Bartlett, daughter of W.F.C. Bartlett (Chairman of West Point's Department of Philosophy) and they had two daughters and four sons. Two sons, John (1858–1868) and Henry (1862–1863), died before reaching adulthood. William Bartlett Schofield (1860–1906) survived to adulthood and began a U.S. Army career, rising to Major, as did Richmond McAlister Schofield (1867–1941). After Harriet died in 1888, she was buried with her father and son John in the United States Military Academy Post cemetery.

At age 60, in Keokuk, Iowa in June 1891, Schofield remarried, to 27-year-old Georgia Wells Kilbourne, with whom he had a daughter, Georgiana. Georgia Wells Kilbourne was a native of Keokuk, Iowa. She was the daughter of George Kilbourne, and was named Georgia for her father. She attended school in New York, and afterwards studied abroad. General Schofield and Kilbourne were married in 1891. Her mother, Mrs. Kilbourne, and her younger sister, Miss Emma Kilbourne, spent a part of the year at her Washington home. Emma Kilbourne had a literary predilection, devoting much of her time to reading and study.

During his military career, perhaps because of his reformer image, Schofield was dogged by accusations of favoritism toward family members. His brother George Wheeler Schofield (1833–1882) also became a brevet Brigadier General of U.S. Volunteers during the American Civil War, originally volunteering with the 1st Missouri Volunteer Infantry in November 1861 and promoted to Captain in the 1st Missouri Light Artillery after the Siege of Vicksburg, and rising to command the 2nd Regiment Missouri Volunteer Light artillery and ultimately being commissioned as a Major in the Regular Army after the Civil War and serving in the 10th Cavalry and later the 6th Cavalry on the Western Frontier, and for whom the .45 caliber Smith and Wesson Schofield revolver was named. Another brother Charles Brewster Schofield (1849–1901) graduated from West Point in 1870. C.B. Schofield later served as his Gen. J.M. Schofield's aide during the Indian Wars from 1878 to 1885. After rising to the rank of Captain during the Spanish–American War, he died of a heart attack in Matanzas, Cuba in 1901 and was also buried at Arlington National Cemetery. While Gen. John Schofield was in charge of Military District No. 1 in Virginia, his brother Elisha McAllister Schofield (1835–1870) was the assessor for the City of Richmond, Virginia and was among many killed on April 26, 1870, as a result of the infamous collapse of the balcony at the State Capitol during a session of the Virginia Court of Appeals. His son in law, Brig. Gen. Avery Delano Andrews and his wife Mary Campbell Schofield Andrews are also buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Death and legacy
Before his death, Schofield became the last surviving member of Andrew Johnson's cabinet. His memoirs, Forty-six Years in the Army, were published in 1897. General Schofield became an honorary companion of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

General Schofield died at St. Augustine, Florida on March 4, 1906. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schofield Barracks, Hawaii are named in his honor.

Today, Schofield is also remembered for a lengthy quotation that all cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point, The Citadel, Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, and the United States Air Force Academy are required to memorize. It is an excerpt from his graduation address to the class of 1879 at West Point:

"The discipline which makes the soldiers of a free country reliable in battle is not to be gained by harsh or tyrannical treatment. On the contrary, such treatment is far more likely to destroy than to make an army. It is possible to impart instruction and give commands in such a manner and such a tone of voice as to inspire in the soldier no feeling, but an intense desire to obey, while the opposite manner and tone of voice cannot fail to excite strong resentment and a desire to disobey. The one mode or other of dealing with subordinates springs from a corresponding spirit in the breast of the commander. He who feels the respect which is due to others cannot fail to inspire in them respect for himself. While he who feels, and hence manifests, disrespect towards others, especially his subordinates, cannot fail to inspire hatred against himself."

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization:
 * Major, 1st Missouri Infantry. Place and date: At Wilsons Creek, Mo., August 10, 1861. Entered service at: St. Louis, Mo. Born: September 29, 1831, Gerry, N.Y. Date of issue: July 2, 1892.

Citation:
 * Was conspicuously gallant in leading a regiment in a successful charge versus the enemy.

The medal was recommended by Schofield himself when he was interim U.S. Secretary of War (1868–69). Historian Benson Bobrick is critical of this and notes the vagueness of the details in the citation.

General Schofield was posthumously entitled to the Civil War Campaign Medal and the Indian Campaign Medal. Both medals were created in 1907, a year after Schofield died.

title: John Schofield


text:
De Havilland Sea Venom

The de Havilland DH.112 Sea Venom is a British postwar carrier-capable jet aircraft developed from the de Havilland Venom. It served with the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm and with the Royal Australian Navy. The French Navy operated the Aquilon, developed from the Sea Venom FAW.20, built under licence by SNCASE (Sud-Est).

Design and development
The Sea Venom was the navalised version of the Venom NF.2 two-seat night fighter, and was used as an all-weather interceptor by the Fleet Air Arm (FAA). The necessary modifications for use on the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers included folding wings, a tailhook (which retracted into a characteristic "lip" over the jetpipe) and strengthened, long-stroke undercarriage. The canopy was modified to allow ejection from underwater. The first prototype made its first flight in 1951, and began carrier trials that same year. A further two prototypes were built. The first production Sea Venom took the designation FAW.20 (Fighter, All-Weather). It was powered by a single de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine and its armament was the same as the RAF version. The next variant was the FAW.21, which included the modifications introduced in the Venom NF.2A and NF.3. Some of these modifications included the Ghost 104 engine, a clear-view canopy and American radar. The final Royal Navy variant was the FAW.22 powered by the Ghost 105 engine. A total of 39 of this type were built in 1957–58. Some were later fitted out with the de Havilland Firestreak air-to-air missile.

Seven FAW.21s were modified in 1958 for Electronic countermeasures (ECM) purposes, with the cannon replaced by the ECM equipment. These became the ECM.21. 831 Naval Air Squadron, the sole squadron to be equipped with it, was shore-based at RAF Watton from 1963 and disbanded in 1966. Converted FAW.22s were similarly known as the ECM.22.

A modernised Sea Venom project, the DH.116 with swept wings and upgraded radar was considered, but cancelled as the Royal Navy believed that any replacement needed two engines. The de Havilland Sea Vixen ultimately replaced the Sea Venom.

Royal Navy service
In 1956 Sea Venoms, alongside RAF Venoms, took part in the Suez War. They were from Nos. 809, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895 Naval Air Squadrons based on the light fleet carrier HMS Albion (R07) and fleet carrier HMS Eagle (R05). The Anglo-French invasion, codenamed Operation Musketeer, began on 31 October 1956 signalling the beginning of the Suez War. The Sea Venoms launched many sorties, bombing a variety of targets in Egypt in the process.

Sea Venoms also saw service during conflicts in the Middle East.

By 1959, the Sea Venom began to be replaced in Royal Navy service by the de Havilland Sea Vixen, an aircraft that also had the distinctive twin-boom tail. The Sea Venom would be withdrawn from frontline service soon afterwards. The type continued to fly with second line FAA units until the last were withdrawn in 1970.

Service with other nations

Thirty-nine Sea Venom FAW.53s saw service with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), replacing the Hawker Sea Fury. The Sea Venom entered service in 1956 and, during its service with the RAN, operated off the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. It was taken out of first-line service in 1967, replaced by the American McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk.

From 1957 to 1961, French Navy Aquilons took part in counter-insurgency operations in Algeria. They were withdrawn from service in 1965.

Sea Venom

 * DH.112 Sea Venom NF.20
 * Prototype Sea Venom, based on Venom NF.2., three-built.

 * FAW.20
 * Initial production aircraft, based on Venom NF.2A. 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) Ghost 103 turbojet engine, AI Mk 10 (US SCR 720) radar. 50 built.

 * FAW.21
 * Improved version, equivalent to Venom NF.3. 4,950 lbf (22.1 kN) Ghost 104 engine, AI Mk 21 (US APS-57) radar, strengthened long-stroke undercarriage. 167 built.

 * ECM.21
 * Six FAW.21s modified from 1957 for ECM purposes. No armament.

 * FAW.22
 * More powerful (5,300 lbf (23.6 kN)) Ghost 105 engine, giving improved high-altitude performance. 39 new built.

 * ECM.22
 * Equivalent of ECM.21, based on FAW.22

 * FAW.53
 * Australian designation for the Sea Venom FAW.21. 39 built.

SNCASE Aquilon
SNCASE (Sud-Est) license-built 101 Sea Venom FAW.20 as the Aquilon for the French Navy.
 * Aquilon 20 – 4 examples assembled from the parts provided by de Havilland plus 25 locally built.
 * Aquilon 201 – Three prototypes built in France.
 * Aquilon 202 – Two-seat version with ejection seats, an American AN/APQ-65 radar and air-conditioning. 25 built.
 * Aquilon 203 – Single-seat version with an American AN/APQ-94 radar and equipped with racks for air-to-air missiles. Prototype converted from Aquilon 202 plus 40 built.
 * Aquilon 204 – Two-seat training version without guns. 6 Converted from Aquilon 20.

Sea Venom operators

 * Royal Australian Navy Fleet Air Arm
 * 723 Squadron
 * 724 Squadron
 * 805 Squadron
 * 808 Squadron
 * Royal Navy - Fleet Air Arm
 * 700 Naval Air Squadron FAW.20, FAW.21
 * 736 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21
 * 738 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21
 * 750 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21
 * 751 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21
 * 766 Naval Air Squadron FAW.20, FAW.21
 * 787 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21
 * 808 Naval Air Squadron FAW.20
 * 809 Naval Air Squadron FAW.20, FAW.21
 * 831 Naval Air Squadron FAW.22
 * 890 Naval Air Squadron FAW.20, FAW.21
 * 891 Naval Air Squadron FAW.20, FAW.21, FAW.22
 * 892 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21
 * 893 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21, FAW.22
 * 894 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21, FAW.22
 * Airwork Fleet Requirements Unit
 * 894 Naval Air Squadron FAW.21, FAW.22
 * Airwork Fleet Requirements Unit

Aquilon operators

 * French Navy Aviation Navale
 * 11F Naval Squadron
 * 16F Naval squadron
 * 16F Naval squadron

Surviving aircraft

 * Australia
 * WZ898/WZ910 – FAW.53 on static display at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.
 * WZ901 – FAW.53 on static display at the Australian National Aviation Museum at Melbourne, Victoria.
 * WZ910 – FAW.53 on static display at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.
 * WZ931 – FAW.53 on static display at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia.
 * WZ937 – FAW.53 on static display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Nowra, New South Wales.

 * France
 * 53 – Aquilon 203 on display at the Museum of Naval Aeronautics in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime.

 * Malta
 * XG691 – FAW.22 is being restored at the Malta Aviation Museum in Ta' Qali, Attard.

 * Poland
 * XG613 – FAW.21 on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Lesser Poland.

 * United Kingdom
 * WM571 - ECM.21 on rebuild to ground running status at Classic British Jets Collection Bruntingthorpe

 * WW138 – FAW.21 on static display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton, Somerset.
 * WW145 – FAW.22 on static display at the National Museum of Flight in East Fortune, East Lothian.
 * WW217 – FAW.22 on static display at the Newark Air Museum in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.
 * XG680 – FAW.22 on static display at the North East Aircraft Museum in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear.
 * XG730 – FAW.22 is being restored at the de Havilland Aircraft Museum in London Colney, Hertfordshire.
 * XG737 – FAW.22 is being restored at the East Midlands Aeropark in Castle Donington, Leicestershire.

title: De Havilland Sea Venom


text:
User:Tagishsimon/monobook.js

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title: User:Tagishsimon/monobook.js


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Sea Venom

Sea Venom may refer to:

 * de Havilland Sea Venom, a 1950s-era carrier based fighter aircraft
 * Sea Venom (missile), an air to surface anti-ship missile

title: Sea Venom


text:
Talk:Andersonstown News

Untitled
Where is it from (what country)? "Republican" will have a very different meaning depending on the answer! -- Jmabel 23:20, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC) This Newspaper is from Belfast, Nothern Ireland. The term "republican" refers to Nothern Irish (and Southern Irish) people who believe in a "united" Ireland. An independant "Republic" free from English rule. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.199.222.68 (talk) 21:07, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Bias
I have removed the word it bold as the letter was not made public, therefore the word is not accurate:

The newspaper was satirised in the Portadown News website as The Angrytown News. The Andersonstown News contacted the employers of Newton Emerson (the creator of Portadown News) with a list of exaggerated complaints about the site - resulting in Mr Emerson being forced out of his job. --Theosony (talk) 23:36, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Beatrice Portinari

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 September 2021 and 18 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Elthudson.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:30, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Text written by User:FLpatty on "Beatrice Portinari,"

Beatrice Portinari, born in Florence, Italy, lived from 1266- 1290 and is the principal inspiration for Dante Alighieri's "Vita Nuova". She also appears as his guide in "La Divina Commedia" (The Divine Comedy) both in the first book, "L'Inferno" (The Inferno) and in the second half of "Purgatorio" (Purgatory) as well as the whole of the "Paradiso" (Paradise). Beatrice must take over as guide from the Latin poet Virgil because Virgil was born a pagan and cannot enter Paradise.

The real Beatrice was the daughter of Folco Portinari. Dante met her when his father took him to the Portinari house for a May-Day party. Dante was instantly smitten with her and remained so throughout her life even though she married a banker, Simode dei Bardi, in 1287. She died two years later but Dante continued to hold an abiding love and respect for the woman after her death. Dante himself married and had his own children.

Beatrice has been immortalized not only in Dante's poems but in paintings by Pre-Raphaelite masters and poets.

Did she know him?
Do we know what she thought about him? Did she even know his name?

A mention of Beatrice in the movie Hannibal
Even though it seems only superficial, Hannibal seems to be mostly based on La Vita Nuova (The New Life), especially for a number of symbolisms that put Clarice Starling as if she were Beatrice. But most importantly because there's a little opera scene that is based on La Vita Nuova. It could be used as a fun fact, not to mention that in the book "Demian" there is another Beatrice alusion, for a girl that's actually called Beatrice as well.

Does this article have the wrong name?
This article says pratically nothing about Beatrice, it is all about Dante's reactions to her. Should it be merged with the main Dante article, or renamed something like Dante's love for Beatrice? --JeffW 18:12, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, but I think the solution is to change the focus of the article somewhat, as per the text at the top of the talk page. The stuff about Dante can stay, but the main point should be about Beatrice herself. In fact, I am going to do that now. Cantara 20:31, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Birth name or nickname?
"Her birth name is Bice Portinari, the daughter of Folco Portinari."

Beatrice must have been her real name, since Bice is the Italian nickname for Beatrice. My oldest living relative, who grew up in the North End of Boston in the early 20th century, is named Beatrice and nicknamed Bice. Gildir 22:13, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Does Beatrice appear in Inferno? And "L'Inferno".
The article says: 'She also appears as his guide in "La Divina Commedia" (The Divina Comedy) both in the first book, "L'Inferno" (The Inferno)...' It has been a while since I read Inferno, but I don't think this is correct. Beatrice is discussed in Inferno, and Virgil describes her intercession on Dante's behalf (Virgil's guidance of Dante is a direct result of this intercession), but she does not make an appearance until Purgatorio, and I'm fairly certain that she does not actually guide Dante while he is in Hell. Her person is too pure to appear in that demesne. Unless someone can find a place in Inferno where she puts in a personal appearance and directly guides Dante, I think this should be changed.

[EDIT: On rereading the canto in question (II), a case could be made for "appears in", even though it is only in a narrative related by Virgil to Dante, but I still think 'She also appears as his guide in ... "L'Inferno"...' is not accurate.]

Also, I believe that the name of the first book of the Commedia is "Inferno", not "L'Inferno". Is this correct? My Italian could be better, so I will defer to any native speakers on this one, but my understanding is that saying "L'Inferno" is a conversational device that could be translated (awkwardly) into English as "The book called Inferno". I've always seen it written "Inferno" when directly named (which would match the use in the article of "Purgatorio" and "Paradiso" to refer to the other books of the Commedia). The main Wikipedia article for the Commedia also calls it "Inferno". Also, the translation of "La Divina Commedia" should read "(The Divine Comedy)", rather than "(The Divina Comedy)".

Apologies if I seem to quibble. I would make some of these changes myself, but I am new to Wikipedia, and a bit unfamiliar with its protocols, so I am afraid of stepping on toes by making changes without soliciting comment.

Saitotarou 04:04, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

I read it recently, the Ciardi translation. She doesn't show up until late in The Purgatorio, in The Earthly Paradise. --24.51.94.14 21:50, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Died 8 or 9 June 1290?
There are various sources that say she died on either 8 or 9 June 1290. Can these be trusted? -- JackofOz (talk) 13:05, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Citations Needed!
I removed the following:

"Dante first met Beatrice in Florence, his home city, when he was nine years old and she was eight, around 1274. She was dressed in a soft crimson cloth, and wore a girdle about her waist. Dante instantly fell in love with her, thinking of her as angelic with divine and noble qualities. "

That it might ever be known that she "was dressed in a soft crimson cloth" &c. is patently absurd. The first sentence, with a proper citation, might belong somewhere in the article. That a nine-year-old boy might "instantly [fall in love]...thinking of her has angelic with divine...qualities," is nothing but later adult imputation, and is completely out of character with a proper encyclopedic tone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.21.123.155 (talk) 05:49, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree this shouldn't be in the article without sources, but the idea that a nine year old boy can't fall in love with a girl and stay in love with her for years is ridiculous. I know it can happen from personal experience. And the mere fact that you did not have that experience is no grounds for contemptuous dismissal. The fact that the words seem not to sound like they're from a nine year old might be because this expression of the original feeling is from later; but that does not make it "adult imputation" but "adult expression", or it might be because he was brought up in a very Christian society where these where everyday words, and so spoke like that. Furthermore, let's not forget that the man was a genius so it's to be expected that he speaks more eloquently than his peers, and that goes for his youth as well.
 * And finally: We can't know what she was wearing?! Ever heard of memories? witnesses? testimony? If Dante saw her and instantly fell in love you can pretty confidently bet he told people about her in more detail than they cared to hear, and with certainty that he remembered this meeting for the rest of his life. But no, you're right... No nine year old understands the concepts of "soft" and "red", and none of them know the names of popular pieces of clothing, so obviously this is absurd.
 * If it 'couldn't ever be known' what she was wearing at the time then all history articles on this site should be erased. JohannesGH (talk) 19:43, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

I am ten years late but I think so too. To add to the absurdity of it, Dante claims they were both nine when they met and met again nine years later in the ninth hour. I’m not sure if there is any other source out there which sheds light on the age of Dante, as he very probably was older than nine to develop this crush and infatuation that lasted into adulthood. PrinceofFrancia (talk) 15:02, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

"Dante wrote.." -- Where??
From the article:

"He wrote of her, following her death: "The love between them was wholly spiritual; after her death Dante realised she was more alive than ever.""

Where? Where did Dante write in the third person????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.21.123.155 (talk) 05:53, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

How did she die?
How? 129.16.192.210 (talk) 16:45, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Inquiring minds want to know Kid Bugs (talk) 06:30, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Certainly not "twice"
I have just read "La Vita Nuova" and I insist to revise that error. Dante proclaims several (7 or 8) times that he just met his beloved Beatrice and what it means to him. Not twice - but certainly several times. Joanna Wieczorek (talk) 21:38, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

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Birth dates
I changed her birth from 1266 to 1265, as she was only a few months younger than Dante (who is said to be born in 1265)

howver, we don’t know the exact birth dates of both those characters. Does anyone have any contemporary sources that talk about their lifespans? PrinceofFrancia (talk) 07:41, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Anyway. As a side note, does anyone else find Dante’s claim he met Beatrice when they were both nine, and then met her again nine years later on the ninth hour a doubtful tale? I’m not sure if there are any sources that indicate maybe they were older when they met as it is very uncommon for a nine year old to even develop an infatuation and still be infatuated years later with the same girl/woman PrinceofFrancia (talk) 15:00, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Beatrice Portinari