text:
Brian Leetch

Brian Joseph Leetch (born March 3, 1968) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 18 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons with the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Boston Bruins. He has been called one of the top defensemen in NHL history.

Leetch accumulated many individual honors during his 18-year career. He was a two-time Norris Trophy winner as the NHL's best defenseman (1992, 1997) and was the first American-born winner of the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP for his performance during the Rangers' run to the 1994 Stanley Cup championship. Leetch is one of only six NHL defensemen to score 100 points in a season with his 102-point campaign in 1991–92. He won the Calder Trophy as the NHL Rookie of the Year in 1989 and his 23 goals that season remain an NHL record for rookie defensemen.

Leetch's number 2 was retired by the Rangers on January 24, 2008. During the ceremony, longtime teammate Mark Messier referred to Leetch as the single "Greatest Ranger of All Time." Leetch was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto in 2009, his first year of eligibility. In 2017 Leetch was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2023.

Early life
Leetch was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, but was raised in Cheshire, Connecticut, where his family moved when he was three months old. He first learned to play hockey at a local ice rink managed by his father, Jack. In high school, he starred in baseball and hockey, first at Cheshire High School, and then at Avon Old Farms. As a sophomore, Leetch's 90 mph fastball helped the Cheshire Rams baseball team to a state championship and, as a senior at Avon Old Farms, he set the school record for strikeouts in a game with 19. Hockey, however, was the sport in which he most excelled. As a sophomore at Cheshire, he scored 53 goals and 50 assists, earning All-state honors.

In two seasons with Avon Old Farms, Leetch scored 70 goals and 90 assists in 54 games. These numbers were especially remarkable for a defenseman. NHL scouts were starting to take notice and the New York Rangers chose Leetch as their first-round pick (9th overall) in 1986, making him the first player drafted that year who did not play major junior hockey. Following in the footsteps of his father Jack, Brian enrolled at Boston College in the fall of 1986, and, like his father, would become an All-America defenseman for the Eagles.

Playing career
After one season at Boston College, he played for the US Olympic team at the 1988 Games in Calgary, making his NHL debut, eight days later, with the New York Rangers on February 29, 1988, versus St. Louis. Leetch tallied his first NHL point in the game with an assist on Kelly Kisio's goal. He finished out the 1987-88 season with 14 points in 17 games. In his first full NHL season (1988-89), Leetch notched 71 points, including a rookie defenseman-record 23 goals, winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as well as being selected to the NHL All-Rookie Team.

As the Rangers slowly developed into a championship-caliber team, Leetch won increasing respect from fans for his quiet demeanor and entertaining, offensive-minded play. In 1992 he became the fifth defenseman in history, and the only American defenseman, to record 100 points in a season and was awarded the Norris Trophy. Leetch was the last NHL defenseman to record 100 points for season until Erik Karlsson reached the mark in. On March 21, 1993, Leetch suffered a broken ankle after slipping on black ice after stepping out of a cab. The injury caused Leetch to miss the rest of the season, prompting a Rangers slump that caused them to miss the playoffs. In 1994 he again matched his career-high of 23 goals in the regular season as the Rangers won the Presidents' Trophy. That year, the Rangers' 54-year championship drought ended with a seven-game Stanley Cup Finals victory over the Vancouver Canucks. Leetch became the first non-Canadian to be awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, and remained the only American to do so until Tim Thomas of the Boston Bruins in 2011. Leetch was the second player in NHL history (after Bobby Orr) to win the Calder Trophy, the Norris Trophy, and the Conn Smythe Trophy in his career. Only Cale Makar has matched this feat since.

Following the Rangers' Cup win in 1994, Leetch remained a fan favorite and team leader, serving as Captain from 1997–2000 after the departure of Mark Messier to the Vancouver Canucks (he would return the captaincy to Messier upon Messier's return to the Rangers in 2000).

In 1996, Leetch captained the victorious American team at the inaugural World Cup of Hockey.

In 1997, he again won the Norris Trophy and the Rangers made a surprise run to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they were defeated by the Philadelphia Flyers. The next years, however, were marked by disappointing team performances that saw the Rangers miss the playoffs every year.

After the Rangers
In 1998, Leetch was ranked 71st on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. On June 30, 2003, as a pending free agent, his rights were traded to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Jussi Markkanen and a fourth-round pick in the 2004 draft. The Oilers did not sign him, and he signed a two-year contract to return to the Rangers a month later. After the especially unsuccessful 2004 campaign, the Rangers traded most of their high-priced veterans; Leetch was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs just prior to the trade deadline for prospects Maxim Kondratiev, Jarkko Immonen, a first-round pick in the 2004 draft, which became Kris Chucko (pick was later traded to the Calgary Flames), and a second-round pick in 2005, which became Michael Sauer.

Leetch was set to play the 2004–05 season with the Maple Leafs, however, due to the 2004–05 lockout, the last year of his contract expired, and he became a free agent. Leetch signed a one-year, $4-million contract with the Boston Bruins before the 2005–06 season. Although the Bruins failed to make the postseason, Leetch scored his 1,000th career point as a member of the team.

Throughout the 2006–07 season, Leetch received contract offers from several NHL teams, but accepted none. On May 24, 2007, Leetch officially announced his retirement, bringing his 18-year NHL career to an end.

On September 18, 2007 Leetch was announced as one of the four recipients of the 2007 Lester Patrick Trophy.

On January 24, 2008, the New York Rangers retired Leetch's number 2 jersey, joining fellow 1994 Stanley Cup Champion teammates Mark Messier and Mike Richter, as well as Rod Gilbert and Eddie Giacomin in the rafters of Madison Square Garden. On that night, his friend, Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees congratulated Leetch for the honor of having his number retired with a video that ended with Jeter saying "So congratulations, from one number 2 to another." Leetch also had the honor of announcing during his ceremony that the New York Rangers would retire his friend and former teammate Adam Graves' number during the 2008–09 season, joining Leetch and the other greats above the Madison Square Gardens ice.

On October 10, 2008, both Leetch and Richter were inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in Denver. Both of them also played for the silver medal-winning U.S. ice hockey team during the 2002 Winter Olympics.

On June 23, 2009, it was announced that Leetch would be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He was honored during the November 6–9 induction weekend alongside Steve Yzerman, Brett Hull and Luc Robitaille. The induction made it the third year in a row that a member of the Rangers' 1994 Stanley Cup team has been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, following Messier in 2007 and Glenn Anderson in 2008, who was also inducted along with one of the on-ice officials when the Rangers won the Stanley Cup, Ray Scapinello.

In August 2015 Leetch became manager of player safety in the NHL's Department of Player Safety, leaving after one season.

Awards and achievements

 * Olympic silver medal (2002)
 * Olympic Tournament All-Star team (2002)
 * James Norris Memorial Trophy (Top NHL Defenseman) (1992, 1997)
 * NHL first team All-Star (1992, 1997)
 * NHL second team All-Star (1991, 1994, 1996)
 * Stanley Cup champion (1994)
 * First American-born Conn Smythe Trophy award winner (NHL Playoffs MVP) (1994)
 * Calder Memorial Trophy (Top NHL Rookie) (1989)
 * NHL All-Rookie Team (1989)
 * Hockey East Player of the Year (1987)
 * Hockey East Rookie of the Year (1987)
 * Hockey East Tournament MVP Award (1987)
 * Won bronze medal at 1986 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
 * All-Star Selection, Defense, 1987 IIHF World Junior Hockey Championships
 * NHL All-Star Game selection (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003).
 * Won gold medal at 1996 World Cup of Hockey – Was the captain of Team USA
 * While still playing, was named #71 on the 100 greatest NHL players, as compiled by The Hockey News (and the second-highest player born and trained in the United States, behind Frank Brimsek)
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame – 2009
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Leetch the Top Ranger of All Time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.
 * IIHF Hall of Fame induction in 2023

New York Rangers awards

 * MVP: 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003
 * Players' Player Award: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
 * Frank Boucher Award: 2001
 * Crumb Bum Award: 1994
 * Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award: 1997
 * Good Guy Award: 2002
 * Ceil Saidel Memorial Award: 2002, 2003
 * # 2 jersey retired by New York Rangers on January 24, 2008

NHL records

 * Most goals by a rookie defenseman (23, 1988–89 season)

New York Rangers regular season records

 * Most assists, career: 741
 * Most goals by a defenseman, career: 240
 * Most points by a defenseman, career: 981
 * Most assists, single-season: 80 (1991–92)
 * Most points by a defenseman, single season: 102 (1991–92)
 * Most power-play goals by a defenseman, single-season: 17 (1993–94)

New York Rangers playoff records

 * Most assists, career: 61
 * Most points, career: 89
 * Most assists, one year: 23, 1993–94
 * Most points, one year: 34, 1993–94
 * Most goals by a defenseman, career: 28
 * Most goals by a defenseman, one year: 11, 1993–94

title: Brian Leetch


text:
Johann Martin Schleyer

Johann Martin Schleyer (18 July 1831 – 16 August 1912) was a German Catholic priest who invented the constructed language Volapük. His official name was "Martin Schleyer"; he added the name "Johann" (in honor of his godfather) unofficially.

Life and work
Schleyer was born in Oberlauda (Baden). According to his own report, the idea of an international language arose out of a conversation he had with one of his parishioners, a semi-literate German peasant whose son had emigrated to America and could no longer be reached by mail because the United States Postal Service could not read the father's handwriting.

He was ordained in 1856. From 1867 to 1875, Schleyer served as pastor at Krumbach near Meßkirch. At the end of this time he was jailed for four months for preaching against socialism during the Kulturkampf.

From 1875 to 1885 he was pastor of Ss. Peter and Paul parish in Litzelstetten. He later wrote that the first seven years in Litzelstetten were among the happiest of his life.

At this time he was editor of the magazine Sionsharfe, devoted mainly to Catholic poetry. In May 1879 he published an article on Volapük in this magazine. This sketch was followed by a full-length book in 1880. The language spread widely and new clubs sprung all over Europe. After 1885 Schleyer had to retire from his pastoral duties due to ill health, though he was still involved in the Volapük movement until it fell apart a few years later.

In 1894 Pope Leo XIII made him a papal prelate.

Schleyer died in Konstanz in 1912.

Remembrance
A campaign to beatify him was started in June 2001, based in his home parish of Litzelstetten. The high school Martin-Schleyer-Gymnasium Lauda-Königshofen in Lauda is named for him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johann Martin Schleyer


text:
Kendrick School

Kendrick School is a selective girls' grammar school situated in the centre of Reading, Berkshire, UK. In February 2011, Kendrick became an Academy.

History
The school is named after John Kendrick, a Reading cloth merchant who died in 1624. John Kendrick left the then substantial charitable bequest of £12,500 to the towns of Reading and Newbury to provide employment and education for the poor. Initially this was used to provide a house of industry, or workhouse, called The Oracle, a name that was revived for the Oracle shopping mall which now occupies the site.

In later years the funds left by Kendrick were mismanaged and subject to legal challenge. In the 1870s this was resolved, and the remaining bequest used to found Kendrick Girls' School, along with the Kendrick Boys' School that was later to merge with Reading School. An oil painting of John Kendrick, rescued from the Oracle workhouse, still hangs in the hall at Kendrick School. The caption reads "John Kendrick, founder of this workhouse".

The school in its current form was founded in 1877 and occupied Watlington House in Watlington Street for the first 50 years of its life. In 1927, the school moved to its current site, situated on the corner of Sidmouth Street and London Road. The building is a Grade II listed building. The school was originally known as "Kendrick Girls' School" but is now called "Kendrick School".

The current Headmistress is Christine Kattirtzi. She replaced Marsha Elms at the end of the Spring Term, 2012.

Academic performance
Kendrick School has an outstanding Ofsted rating, and has a progress 8 score "well above national average". Pupils are selected on the basis of academic ability via an admissions test at age 11 (although entry is possible in other years too). The school was among the top five grammar schools in the UK based on GCSE performance in 2018, and in 2019.

In July 2011, Kendrick School was identified by the Sutton Trust as the fifth highest state school for proportion of higher education applicants accepted at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The report found that 15.2% of pupils were accepted to Oxbridge and 79.4% were accepted to the highly selective Sutton Trust 30 universities over the previous three years. A 2016 report also ranked Kendrick among the top 10 state schools in Oxbridge admissions. As a state-funded school, there are no fees; as a result, it is severely over-subscribed, with over ten applicants per place.

House System
The Kendrick House system consists of three houses: Cedars, Sidmouth and Palmer House. Each house is assigned a colour and animal, as follows: Cedars — blue seal (Cedars seals), Sidmouth — yellow squid (Sidmouth squidmouth) and Palmer — green llama (Palmer llama).

Notable former pupils

 * Anne Treisman, cognitive psychologist
 * Beryl Cook, artist
 * Chi-chi Nwanoku, musician
 * Fran Williams, England Roses Netball player
 * Janet Reger, lingerie designer
 * Rosi Sexton, retired professional Mixed Martial Artist and first British female to fight in the UFC
 * Yasmina Siadatan, winner of the BBC television series, The Apprentice in 2009.
 * Jessica Swale, theatre director and playwright
 * Claire Taylor, England cricketer
 * Wendy Tan White, technology entrepreneur
 * Imogen Rose Hart, Producer Luanna the Podcast
 * Adhya Shastry, winner of the BBC television series, BBC Young Dancer, in 2022

title: Kendrick School


text:
Lviv Polytechnic

Lviv Polytechnic National University is a public university in Lviv, Ukraine. It was founded in 1816.

History
The history of the Lviv Polytechnic National University begins during the Austrian Empire, and extends through the Second Polish Republic, the Nazi German Occupation, the Soviet Union, and into independent Ukraine.

On 7 March 1816, the Imperial-Royal Real School was opened in Lemberg (Lviv). A technical school was established with the help of the newly introduced local industrial tax. In the curricula of the Imperial-Royal School, the main focus was assigned to the subjects of the natural-mathematical cycle, drawing, drawing and the study of new modern languages. The educational process was based on German educational programs that were adapted to local requirements. The newly created School was housed in a beautiful building at number 20 on the then-current Piekarska Street (now Virmenska).

In 1825, according to the Royal Decree of the Austrian Emperor Franz I, the three-level Imperial-Royal Real School was reorganised into the Imperial-Royal School of Technical Sciences and Trade in Lviv.

In 1835, the School of Technical Sciences and Trade turned into the Imperial-Royal Real-Trade Academy in Lviv. Here in 1841 the technical faculty was opened.

In 1844, in the house of Darowski, on the present Armenian street, 2, the Imperial-Royal Technical Academy was opened in Lviv with technical and trade departments (faculties). It was one of the first academic technical schools in Europe and the first in Ukraine. In 1877, at the start of a new academic year, under the leadership of the new rector Julian Zachariewicz, construction began of a new building to the academy (in the present Stepan Bandera street). Julian Zachariewicz was also an accomplished architect, and designed this building, based on the 1820s Technical University in Vienna, and the chemical laboratory.

At the same time, the academy was renamed Polytechnic School and included in the academic schools of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

On 10 July 1912, Maria Sklodowska-Curie delivered a lecture at the Lviv Polytechnic School, and on the same day, she received the title of Honorary Doctor of Technical Sciences. Her name was commemorated on the honorary board of doctors honoris causa of Lviv Polytechnic.

Since 1921 the institution has been called "Politechnika Lwowska", and since 1939 - Lviv Polytechnic Institute.

In June 1993, one year before the celebration of its 150th anniversary, the Lviv Polytechnic Institute received the highest - the fourth - the level of accreditation, the status of the university and the name of the State University "Lviv Polytechnic". In 2000 the Polytechnic received the status of a national university.

On 8 July 2009, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, at its meeting, granted the National University "Lviv Polytechnic" the status of a self-governing research national higher educational institution.

In October 2017, the Tech StartUp School Business Innovation Center officially opened at Lviv Polytechnic National University with the aim of facilitating startups and innovations as well as providing students with business mentoring programs.

In May 2018 the IoT lab designed for students was established in the university with the support of Lviv IT Cluster organization.

Austrian Empire
In 1817, the Austrian Empire opened a secondary technical school in Lemberg, divided into a technical school and a commercial school. However, the official change to a technical academy began in 1844, as noted in the following timeline:
 * 4 November 1844: The school was upgraded to the Technical Academy Lemberg. Its first director was Austrian Florian Schindler, former director of the Technical College in Brünn (Brno). The building was situated at the corner of Virmenska and Teatralna streets in the building of Darowski. The school had two departments – technical and commercial. Education lasted three years.
 * 1 November 1848: During the Revolutions of 1848, the town's center was shelled by the Austrian artillery of General Wilhelm Hammerstein. The building of the technical academy was destroyed by fire. Lectures were held in the town municipality building (3rd floor) and continued there till 1850.
 * 4 December 1850: Studies resume in the newly restored building.
 * 1851: The number of students at the technical academy was 220, out of which 98 were Polish, 50 Jewish, 48 German, 19 Ukrainian/Ruthenian, 4 Czech and 2 Hungarian. In the same year, professor Wawrzyniec Zmurko (graduate of the Vienna Polytechnic) became director of the Department of Mathematics, as the first Pole in the history of the school. Zmurko is considered as founder of the Lwów School of Mathematics.
 * 1852/1853: The beginning of the academy reorganization, which was suggested by Josef Weiser. He wanted the academy to be modelled after Paris Polytechnic, with two-level education.
 * 1857–1868: Rudolf Günsberg was the assistant of chemistry and the assistant professor of technological chemistry.
 * 1870: A Decree of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria established Polish as the official language of the school. Most professors who were not proficient in Polish left the Polytechnic.
 * 1872: The Ministry of Affairs of Religions and Education gave permission to teach chemical technologies. Rudolf Günsberg started as the full professor of applied chemistry.
 * 12 March 1872: Professor of physics Feliks Strzelecki was elected as the first rector.
 * 1 April 1874 – October 1877: Academy obtained permission to build new academic premises. Julian Zachariewicz was elected as the construction superintendent. He ordered that the facade of the building be modelled after the building of the Munich Polytechnic.
 * 7 October 1877: The first telephone conversation on the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire took place, followed by a lecture of Doctor Roman Gostkowski. The Telephone line connected the assembly hall of the main building with the premises of the Department of Technical Chemistry.
 * 15 November 1877: Inauguration of the new rector – professor of architecture Julian Zachariewicz. On the same day, consecration of newly constructed school's building took place, carried out by three Lvov's archbishops - Roman Catholic, Greek-Catholic and Armenian-Catholic and witnessed by Governor of Galicia, Alfred Potocki.
 * 1877: Technical academy was renamed to Polytechnical School (Technische Hochschule). However, the rector as well as other professors refrained from using a German-sounding name, and insisted on calling it in Polish Szkola Politechniczna.
 * 13 September 1880: Emperor Franz Joseph I visited the polytechnical school. During that visit he ordered Jan Matejko to depict the technical progress of mankind in 11 pictures. Now these pictures decorate the assembly hall. The Emperor signed a guest book in Polish; the book is now kept in Wrocław.
 * 1893: Due to efforts of Stanislaw Madejski, Minister of Education of Galicia, diplomas of the Polytechnic are regarded equal to diplomas of other renowned European schools of this kind.
 * 1894: The 50th jubilee of the Polytechnical School. To commemorate that date, Professor Władysław Zajączkowski published the book "The Imperial Polytechnical School in Lviv. Historical essay on its foundation and development as well as its present state".
 * 13 February 1894: The Polytechnic School Statute was adopted.
 * 1905: Lviv Polytechnical School possessed the second place in the number of students after Vienna.
 * 1914: As there were no limits on foreign students, in that year, students from the Russian-occupied part of Poland were some 30% of all. In that year, the school owned 11 laboratories and an astronomical station, and its library had some 20 000 books.
 * Russian occupation shut down the Polytechnic University for the 1914/15 academic year.

Second Polish Republic

 * November 1918: Students and professors of the Polytechnic take part in the Polish-Ukrainian war over Eastern Galicia. Poland won the war. Among those fighting on Polish side, there are Kazimierz Bartel, Stefan Bryła and Antoni Wereszczynski, who later became the rector.
 * 8 November 1919: Polish Government unifies the Agricultural Academy in Dublany and Higher School of Forestry (Lwów) with Politechnical School.
 * 28 June 1920: Adoption of the New Statute and renaming the Polytechnical School into Lwów Polytechnic (Polish: Politechnika Lwowska).
 * 19 November 1922: The Polytechnic is awarded by the Polish Government with Cross of Defenders of Lwów. Earlier in that year, Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch comes to Lwów and is awarded the title of doctor honoris causa of the school.
 * 23 February 1931: Council of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of Polytechnic conferred academic rank of honorary doctor to professor Nils Handson (Stockholm, Sweden).
 * 1934: Construction of the building of the library on Professor Street 1 was finished.
 * 11 November 1936: President Ignacy Mościcki awards the school with Order Polonia Restituta in appreciation of its achievements.

Soviet Union

 * October 1939: The polytechnic was renamed to Lviv Polytechnical Institute.

Nazi German occupation

 * 4 July 1941 (at night): On Vuletsky Hills Ukrainian collaborators from the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and German occupiers, shot Polish professors of the Polytechnic Institute – Wlodzimierz Krukowski, Antoni Łomnicki, Stanislaw Pilat, Włodzimierz Stożek, Kazimierz Vetulani, Kasper Weigel, Roman Witkiewicz, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński and others.
 * 26 July 1941: Professor Kazimierz Bartel was murdered in the basements of Gestapo headquarters.
 * Spring 1942 – Spring 1944: Special three-month courses for electrical engineers, road and bridge civil engineers, agrarian engineers, etc. were working in the premises, of the present Mechanical Technology Department. After the war, these classes were continued in Gliwice.
 * Autumn 1944: The 100th jubilee of Lviv Polytechnical Institute was celebrated very quietly in Lviv – the Second World War was still going on.

Ukrainian SSR

 * 1945: The Geodetic Department was founded. Most professors of Polish ethnicity, leave Lviv for Poland. The Polish traditions developed at the Polytechnic were continued at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice and Wrocław University of Technology.
 * October 1946: The Lviv Polytechnical Institute began to publish the periodical newspaper "Lviv Polytechnic".
 * 1952: The Radio-engineering Department was founded.
 * 1962: The Automation, Electromechanical and Mechanical Technology Departments were founded.
 * 1966: The Economical Engineering Department was founded.
 * 1967: The Department of Technology of Organic Substances was founded.
 * 1970: The second building of the library was erected.
 * 1971: The Heating Engineering Department was founded.
 * 1989: Democratic changes began at Polytechnical Institute
 * 10 April 1991: Inauguration of the first democratically elected rector for the last 50 years – Yu. Rudavsky.

Ukraine

 * 1992: Computer Engineering Department and Information Technology Department were founded.
 * 1992: Institute of Humanities was founded on the basis of the following chairs:
 * History of Ukraine, its Science and Technology
 * Ukrainian Language
 * Politology
 * Philosophy
 * Foreign Languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Japanese)
 * 1993: The Department of Applied Mathematics was founded.
 * June 1993: The Lviv Polytechnical Institute got the status of university, becoming Lviv Polytechnic State University.
 * 1994: Lviv Polytechnic got the status of national university becoming Lviv Polytechnic National University.
 * 8 July 2009: The Lviv Polytechnic received the status of self-governing (autonomous) national research university.

Structure
The National University "Lviv Polytechnic" includes:
 * 16 educational institutes (as well as the Institute of distance learning and the International Institute of Education, Culture and Relations with the Diaspora);
 * Research Centre
 * Scientific and technical library;
 * 8 colleges, two gymnasiums;
 * 34 teaching and laboratory buildings;
 * 12 dormitories;
 * 3 sports and health camps for students and teachers;
 * Publishing house of Lviv Polytechnic National University;
 * People's House "Prosvita (Lviv Polytechnic)";
 * Design and Construction Association "Polytechnic";
 * a geodetic polygon and an astronomical-geodesic laboratory.

The university has more than 35,000 students and extramural students. The training of specialists is carried out in 64 bachelor's areas and 124 specialities, of which 123 are master's level.

The teaching process is provided by a teaching staff of more than 2,200 people, of whom more than 320 are doctors of sciences and more than 1200 are associate professors, PhD. The educational process involves scientists from scientific institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, production enterprises and design institutes.

Notable alumni

 * Tatiana Anodina (Soviet aviation engineer, long-term chief of the Interstate Aviation Committee in Russia)
 * Józef Adam Baczewski (alcohol entrepreneur and owner of J. A. Baczewski company)
 * Stefan Banach (mathematician)
 * Kazimierz Bartel (Prime minister of Poland)
 * Stefan Bryła (Polish construction engineer and welding pioneer)
 * Emil Czyrniański (Polish chemist)
 * Bohdana Durda (artist, writer, poet, songwriter)
 * Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (President of Mongolia)
 * Vera Kamsha (Russian fantasy writer)
 * Polina Katsen (Ukrainian Women's National Chess Champion)
 * Yuriy Lutsenko (Ukrainian politician and Prosecutor General of Ukraine)
 * Apollinaire Osadca (New York architect, class of 1942)
 * Włodzimierz Puchalski (photographer and film director)
 * Diana Reiter (one of the first female architects in Kraków, and Nazi concentration camp victim)
 * Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann (Polish general)
 * Jan Jagmin-Sadowski (Polish general)
 * Roman Shukhevych (Ukrainian politician and leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA))
 * Klemens Stefan Sielecki (Polish engineer and technical director of Fablok)
 * Władysław Sikorski (Polish general and prime minister)
 * Stanislaw Ulam (mathematician, member of the Manhattan Project, major contributor to hydrogen bomb construction)
 * Piotr Wilniewczyc (engineer)
 * Vlodko Kaufman (artist, performer)

Notable professors

 * Kazimierz Bartel
 * Stefan Bryła
 * Włodzimierz Stożek
 * Kazimierz Kuratowski
 * Antoni Łomnicki
 * Jan Henryk de Rosen
 * Otto Nadolski
 * Tytus Maksymilian Huber
 * Stefan Banach
 * Zoia Duriagina

Other

 * Ignacy Mościcki

title: Lviv Polytechnic


text:
Paolo Mantegazza

Paolo Mantegazza (31 October 1831 – 28 August 1910) was an Italian neurologist, physiologist, and anthropologist, known for his experimental investigation of coca leaves and its effects on the human psyche. He was also an author of fiction.

Life
Mantegazza was born in Monza on 31 October 1831. After spending his student days at the universities of Pisa and Milan, he gained his M.D. degree at the University of Pavia in 1854. After travelling in Europe, India and the Americas, he practised as a doctor in Argentina and Paraguay. He returned to Italy in 1858 he was appointed surgeon at Milan Hospital and professor of general pathology at the University of Pavia. In 1870, he was nominated professor of anthropology at the Istituto di Studi Superiori in Florence. Here, he founded the first Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology in Italy, and later the Italian Anthropological Society.

From 1865 to 1876, he was deputy for Monza in the Parliament of Italy, and was subsequently elected to the Italian Senate. He became the object of fierce attacks because of the extent to which he practised vivisection.

In 1879, Mantegazza travelled to Norway with his colleague Stephan Sommier on a quest to collect "anthropological facts" about the Sámi. He gathered three types of information: cultural items, anthropometric measurements, and photographs. The last category featured images he and Sommier had created as well as photos he had taken along the way. All of them were returned to Florence, where Mantegazza was the director of the anthropological museum.

Mantegazza was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1895.

In 1897, he published his novel The Year 3000: A Dream; through this work he projected that future citizens would have air conditioning, renewable electricity, credit cards, and virtual-reality entertainment, as well as a massive war in Europe, which would be followed by peace, integration, and a unified currency.

During a time when the popular and official science and culture in Italy were still influenced by the Roman Catholic Church, Mantegazza was a staunch liberal and defended the ideas of Darwinism in anthropology, his research having helped to establish it as the "natural history of man". He also maintained a correspondence with Charles Darwin from 1868 to 1875.

Mantegazza's natural history, however, must be considered to be from a racial or social Darwinist perspective, evident in his Morphological Tree of Human Races. This tree maps three principles: a single European meta-narrative controls all of the world's many cultures; human history imagined as progressive, with the European human as the pinnacle of progress and development; and lastly, a ranking of different races onto a hierarchical structure. The hierarchy was structured similarly to a tree, with the Aryan race as the topmost branch, followed by Polynesians, Semites, Japanese, and moving downward to the bottom-most branch, the "Negritos." Mantegazza also designed an "Aesthetic Tree of the Human Race" with similar results.

Mantegazza believed drugs and certain foods would change humankind in the future, and defended the experimental investigation and use of cocaine as one of these miracle drugs. When Mantegazza returned from South America, where he had witnessed the use of coca by indigenous people, he was able to chew a regular amount of coca leaves and then tested them on himself in 1859. Afterward, he wrote a paper titled Sulle Virtù Igieniche e Medicinali della Coca e sugli Alimenti Nervosi in Generale ("On the hygienic and medicinal properties of coca and on nervous nourishment in general"). He noted enthusiastically the powerful stimulating effect of cocaine in coca leaves on cognition:

''"... I sneered at the poor mortals condemned to live in this valley of tears while I, carried on the wings of two leaves of coca, went flying through the spaces of 77,438 words, each more splendid than the one before...An hour later, I was sufficiently calm to write these words in a steady hand: God is unjust because he made man incapable of sustaining the effect of coca all life long. I would rather have a life span of ten years with coca than one of 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 centuries without coca." ''

Mantegazza died at San Terenzo (La Spezia) on 28 August 1910.

Works
Mantegazza's published works also included:
 * Fisiologia del Dolore (Physiology of Pain, 1880);
 * Fisiologia dell'Amore (Physiology of Love, 1896);
 * Elementi d'igiene (Elements of Hygiene, 1875);
 * Fisonomia e Mimica (Physiognomy and Mimics, 1883);
 * Gli Amori degli Uomini (The Sexual Relations of Mankind, 1885);
 * Fisiologia dell'odio, (Physiology of Hate, 1889);
 * Fisiologia della Donna (Physiology of Women, 1893).

His philosophical and social views were published in a 1,200-page volume in 1871, titled ''Quadri della Natura Umana. Feste ed Ebbrezze'' ("Pictures of Human Nature. Feasts and Inebriations"). Many consider this opus his masterpiece.

As a fiction writer, Mantegazza was very original. He wrote a romance on the marriage between people with disease,  Un Giorno a Madera (1876), which made quite a sensation. Less well known is his science fiction and futuristic romance L'Anno 3000 (The Year 3000, written in 1897).

He also wrote the novel Testa ("Head", 1887), a sequel of renowned book Heart, by his friend Edmondo de Amicis. The novel tells the story of Enrico in his teenager years.

title: Paolo Mantegazza


text:
Adolphe Napoléon Didron

Adolphe Napoléon Didron (1806–1867) was a French art historian and archaeologist.

Biography
Adolphe Napoléon Didron was born in Hautvillers on 13 March 1806. He began his education as a student of law. He then completed his early studies at the preparatory seminaries of Meaux and Reims.

He became a professor of history in Paris in 1826, and devoted his leisure hours to following courses of law, medicine, etc. In 1830, he began, on the advice of Victor Hugo, a study of the Christian archaeology of the Middle Ages. After visiting and examining the principal churches, first of Normandy, then of central and southern France, he was on his return in 1835 appointed by Guizot secretary to the Historical Committee of Arts and Monuments; and in the following years he delivered several courses of lectures on Christian iconography at the Bibliothèque Royale.

In 1839, he visited Greece for the purpose of examining the art of the Eastern Church, both in its buildings and its manuscripts. In 1844, he originated the Annales archéologiques, a periodical devoted to his favorite subject, which he edited until his death. In 1845 he established at Paris a special archaeological press, and at the same time a stained glass factory. In the same year he was admitted to the Légion d'honneur.

His most important work is the Iconographie chrétienne, of which, however, the first portion only, Histoire de Dieu, was published, in 1843. It was translated into English by E. J. Millington. Among his other works may be mentioned the introduction and comments to Manuel d'iconographie chrétienne grecque et latine (by Dionysios of Fourna, translated by Paul Durand), published in 1845, the Iconographie des chapiteaux du palais ducal de Venise of 1857, and the Manuel des objets de bronze et d'orfèvrerie, published in 1859.

He died on 13 November 1867.

title: Adolphe Napoléon Didron


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen Fingleton

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Stephen Fingleton.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

 * Seems to be a blanked vanity page. jaredwf 14:27, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * His "tenure is notable for his controversial style" and overbearing vanity. Delete. --bodnotbod 15:19, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable, not vanity. anthony (see warning) 15:52, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It was blanked by a vandal. Although not particularly notable, there's no indication that it's vanity, either. --Ben Brockert 17:38, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm... keep. For now. UCL is real and affects thousands of people. DS 20:24, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * UCL is an encyclopedic article, but what criteria for inclusion of biographies does Stephen Fingleton meet? I did a search on Google (using: "stephen fingleton" -site:uclunion.org) and then did a search on one of my professors (using: "istvan jonyer" -site:okstate.edu).  By these searches, my professor's name has more hits, so should I create a page for him?  I know that a Google Test should not be taken too seriously, but what criteria are you judging by?  jaredwf 05:30, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * "This is a proposed guideline - it doesn't necessarily have wide support. Feel free to ignore it." Admittedly, the article is a bit short on expandability. --Ben Brockert 14:13, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. UCL is important but how important is the Student Union of UCL? I never knew the name of student union leader in any of universities that I attended. Andris 17:40, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed w/ Andris. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:34, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. University College London Union is, accoring to its article, the oldest student union in England, making it encyclopedic as far as I'm concerned. However, I don't think its officers are encyclopedic.  List of officers on the UCL Union page should be dewikified and possibly deleted.  Oh, and there's one other officer who's got an article, Andreas von Maltzahn.  Even less significant than the president. Isomorphic 17:13, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This guy does lead a student union. Obscurity does not irrelevance. Burgundavia 20:21, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Student organizations rotate their leadership every year. No individual student leader is worth noting unless they've done something pretty huge and out-of-the-ordinary. Isomorphic 06:48, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete until he does something encyclopedic. Rossami 22:17, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
United States Pharmacopeia

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is a pharmacopeia (compendium of drug information) for the United States published annually by the over 200-year old United States Pharmacopeial Convention (usually also called the USP), a nonprofit organization that owns the trademark and also owns the copyright on the pharmacopeia itself.

The USP is published in a combined volume with the National Formulary (a formulary) as the USP-NF. If a drug ingredient or drug product has an applicable USP quality standard (in the form of a USP-NF monograph), it must conform in order to use the designation "USP" or "NF". Drugs subject to USP standards include both human drugs (prescription, over-the-counter, or otherwise) and animal drugs. USP-NF standards also have a role in US federal law; a drug or drug ingredient with a name recognized in USP-NF is considered adulterated if it does not satisfy compendial standards for strength, quality, or purity. USP also sets standards for dietary supplements and food ingredients (as part of the Food Chemicals Codex). USP has no role in enforcing its standards; enforcement is the responsibility of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other government authorities in the United States.

History of the United States Pharmacopeia Organization
The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) was formed in 1820 when 11 physicians came together to take action to protect patients from being harmed by the inconsistent and poor-quality medical preparations at that time. The first standards were "recipes" that guided the preparation of medicines, which were often manufactured in apothecaries relying heavily on crude botanical drugs having therapeutic activities. When the modern pharmaceutical industry emerged, USP standards changed from those "recipes" to a set of quality specifications for medicines along with analytical tests to be performed to assess their purity, quality, and authenticity.

Product quality–standards and verification
USP establishes documentary (written) and reference (physical) standards for medicines, food ingredients, dietary supplement products, and ingredients. These standards are used by regulatory agencies and manufacturers to help to ensure that these products are of the appropriate identity, as well as strength, quality, purity, and consistency. USP 800 is an example of a publication created by the United States Pharmacopeia.

Prescription and over-the-counter medicines available in the United States must, by federal law, meet USP-NF public standards, where such standards exist. Many other countries use the USP-NF instead of issuing their own pharmacopeia, or to supplement their government pharmacopeia.

USP's standards for food ingredients can be found in its Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). The FCC is a compendium of standards used internationally for the quality and purity of food ingredients like preservatives, flavorings, colorings, and nutrients. While the FCC is recognized in law in countries like Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, it currently does not have statutory recognition in the United States, although FCC standards are incorporated by reference in over 200 FDA food regulations. USP obtained the FCC from the Institute of Medicine in 2006. The IOM had published the first five editions of the FCC.

USP also conducts verification programs for dietary supplement products and ingredients. These are testing and audit programs. Products that meet the requirements of the program can display the USP Verified Dietary Supplement Mark on their labels. This is different from seeing the letters "USP" alone on a dietary supplement label, which means that the manufacturer is claiming to adhere to USP standards. USP does not test such products as it does with USP Verified products.

Healthcare information
In the past, Congress authorized the Secretary of HHS to request USP to develop a drug classification system that Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit plans may use to develop their formularies, and to revise such classification from time to time to reflect changes in therapeutic uses covered by Part D drugs and the addition of new covered Part D drugs. USP has developed six versions of the Model Guidelines, the last issued early in 2014 for the 2015–2017 benefit years.

Promoting the Quality of Medicines program
Since 1992, USP has worked cooperatively with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to help developing countries address critical issues related to poor quality medicines. This partnership operated as the Drug Quality and Information (DQI) program until 2009, when, to better meet growing global needs, USAID awarded USP a five-year, $35 million cooperative agreement to establish a new, expanded program called Promoting the Quality of Medicines (PQM). In 2013 USAID extended the PQM program for five years (through September 2019), increased its funding to $110 million, and expanded the geographical reach of the program.

PQM serves as a primary mechanism to help USAID-supported countries strengthen their quality assurance and quality control systems to better ensure the quality of medicines that reach patients. PQM has four key objectives:
 * Strengthen quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) systems
 * Increase the supply of quality assured medicines
 * Combat the availability of substandard and counterfeit medicines
 * Provide technical leadership and global advocacy

USP-USAID collaborative efforts have helped communities improve drug quality in more than 35 countries. PQM currently works in Africa, Asia, Europe/Eurasia, and the Caribbean/Latin America.

International agreements and offices
USP works internationally, largely through agreements with other pharmacopeias, as well as regulatory bodies, manufacturer associations, and others. In recent years, USP signed a series of Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) with groups including the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission, nine countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Federal Service on Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Roszdravnadzor). USP also operates an international office in Switzerland and offices and laboratories in Brazil, India, and China.

title: United States Pharmacopeia


text:
Alexei Kovalev

Alexei Vyacheslavovich Kovalev (Алексей Вячеславович Ковалёв; born February 24, 1973) is a Russian professional ice hockey coach, executive and former professional player. He is currently serving as the assistant coach for HC Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

During his career, he played in over 1,300 National Hockey League (NHL) games over 18 seasons for the New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, and Florida Panthers between 1992 and 2013. He was originally drafted by the Rangers and won a Stanley Cup with them in 1994.

Kovalev also played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) with Atlant Moscow Oblast, and was last active with EHC Visp of Switzerland's National League B.

Playing career
Kovalev was drafted by the New York Rangers in the first round, 15th overall, of the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. He became the first Russian-born player to be drafted in the first round in the history of the NHL as well as the first Soviet player to be drafted in the first round. Best known for his stickhandling skills, deking ability and wrist shot, he became an important part of the Rangers' 1994 Stanley Cup run, finishing with the third-most points for New York in the 1994 playoffs. Kovalev, Alexander Karpovtsev, Sergei Nemchinov and Sergei Zubov were the first Russians to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup. The Rangers' Stanley Cup win is well remembered in Europe because of the first Russian names on the Stanley Cup, as MSG Network broadcaster Al Trautwig said in his essay, Garden of Dreams.

During the 1994–95 NHL lockout, Kovalev returned to Russia to play for his hometown team Lada Togliatti, the defending International Hockey League champion from 1994. Kovalev scored eight goals and eight assists in 12 games. He also participated in Lada Togliatti's 30th anniversary game, and scored a hat-trick for the Lada veterans team.

Just 14 games into the 1998–99 season, on November 25, 1998, Kovalev was traded, along with Harry York, to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Petr Nedvěd, Sean Pronger and Chris Tamer. While only putting up 46 points in 63 games with the Penguins, he managed a strong effort with 12 points in 10 post-season games. In the next two seasons, he recorded two of his best seasons in the NHL with 76 and 95 points, respectively.

In a trade to mainly reduce their salary, Pittsburgh sent Kovalev back to the Rangers on February 10, 2003. He was sent, along with Dan LaCouture, Janne Laukkanen and Mike Wilson, for Mikael Samuelsson, Rico Fata, Joel Bouchard, Richard Lintner and cash.

On March 13, 2004, Kovalev was traded to the Montreal Canadiens for Jozef Balej and a second-round draft pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. While only managing three points in 12 games in the regular season, Kovalev broke out in the 2004 playoffs, registering six goals and ten points in 11 games.

Kovalev spent the 2004–05 NHL lockout playing for Ak Bars Kazan, in the Russian Superleague (RSL), where he registered 23 points in 35 games. He then played for Russia at the 2005 World Championships in Austria, and was named the tournament's best forward.

As an unrestricted free agent, Kovalev opted to re-sign with Montreal on a four-year contract paying $4.5 million annually just prior to the start of the 2005–06 season, on August 3. He scored his 300th career goal and recorded his 700th point on December 20, 2005, against Dominik Hašek in a 4–3 win against the Ottawa Senators.

In 2006, Warrior signed Kovalev to endorse their hockey sticks. Warrior designed a custom shaft known as the AK27.

In 2007, Kovalev sparked controversy when he allegedly criticized his team, coaching staff and the Montreal media in an interview with a Russian reporter in his native language. During that 2006–07 season, he amassed only 18 goals and 29 assists for a total of 47 points.

During the 2007–08 season, Kovalev found a resurgence playing alongside linemates Andrei Kostitsyn and Tomáš Plekanec, recording a total of 35 goals, 49 assists for a total of 84 points in 82 games. As of the season's completion, he stood at the 94th spot of the top 100 all-time NHL scorers. Due to his inspired play, Kovalev was awarded the Canadiens' captaincy on two occasions during the season, replacing the injured Saku Koivu in his absence.

The following season, in 2008–09, Kovalev was named captain of the Eastern Conference at the 2009 NHL All-Star game in Montreal, and won Most Valuable Player honors as a result of his two goals, assist and game-winning shootout goal. Late in the season with the Canadiens, Kovalev scored his 100th goal with the club on March 31, 2009, against former teammate and Canadiens goaltender Cristobal Huet of the Chicago Blackhawks. At the end of the week, he was named the NHL's First Star for the Week ending April 5 after scoring two goals and seven assists, helping lead the Canadiens to three wins during that time.

On July 6, 2009, Kovalev signed a two-year, $10 million contract with the Ottawa Senators as an unrestricted free agent. On December 25, 2009, Kovalev was excluded from the main roster for the Russian team for the 2010 Winter Olympics, to the surprise of fellow countryman Evgeni Malkin (though he was selected as a reserve by Team Russia in case an injury occurred during the tournament). On January 3, 2010, Kovalev scored a career-high four goals in a 7–4 win against the Philadelphia Flyers.

On November 22, 2010, Kovalev netted his sixth goal of the season, scoring his 1,000th point in his career, notching the goal at exactly 10:00 of the first period against the Los Angeles Kings.

On February 24, 2011, his 38th birthday, Kovalev waived his no-trade clause to be traded back to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional seventh-round draft pick. The pick would have been upgraded to the sixth round if the Penguins had reached the second round of the playoffs, which they did not. At the time of the trade, the Penguins were without 12 of their regular players, including Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin.

Kovalev's return to Pittsburgh was brief, as General Manager Ray Shero announced on May 28, 2011, that he had no intention of re-signing the underachieving forward.

After failing to sign with an NHL team for the 2011–12 season, Kovalev returned to Russia to play with the Atlant Moscow Oblast in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In June 2012, he was released from the two-year deal he signed with Atlant Moscow Oblast, at which point he declared his desire to return to the NHL. "Hopefully, I'll find an NHL team," Kovalev told the Montreal Gazette.

After the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Kovalev was given a tryout by the Florida Panthers, eventually signing a one-year contract with the team. "You could see how talented they are and they want to be in this League. All I want to do is help them. …I know I can match anyone in this locker room. I can still play this game," Kovalev said about the Panthers. In his first game as a Panther, Kovalev scored a goal and recorded two assists, one of the latter of which was an assist on teammate Jonathan Huberdeau's first career NHL goal.

On March 21, 2013, Kovalev officially announced his retirement from professional hockey. At that point, he had not played for the Panthers since a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins on February 22.

However, Kovalev's retirement lasted less than three months. Swiss National League B (NLB) team EHC Visp announced on June 10, 2013, that they had signed him to a one-year contract with an option for a second year. He appeared in 44 regular season games, notching 22 goals and 30 assists for 52 points and winning Swiss NLB championship.

On July 3, 2014, Kovalev again announced his retirement from professional hockey at the age of 41.

On January 30, 2016, Kovalev revealed that he was yet again considering a return to professional ice hockey in the NHL. He referenced Jaromír Jágr, who is of similar age to him, as his reason to believe a comeback was possible. A team specifically mentioned was the Canadiens, however no team reached out to him.

Kovalev made a return to professional ice hockey on October 18, 2016, playing again for EHC Visp, the team he has become general manager of, after forward William Rapuzzi became injured before the day of the game. Kovalev gathered an assist on a goal by Jon Rheault, and finished the game with 14 penalty minutes, after receiving a game misconduct and being ejected from the game in the third period, for a hit from behind. Kovalev had been taking part in team practices since the beginning of the season.

Managing career
In March 2016, it was announced that Kovalev has signed with EHC Visp of the Swiss National League B to become general manager of the club.

Accomplishments

 * First Russian/Soviet player to be drafted in the first round; 15th Overall, First Round, 1991
 * One of the first four Russian players (along with Alexander Karpovtsev, Sergei Nemchinov, and Sergei Zubov) to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup;
 * First Russian player to be a captain of an All-Star Team;
 * Captain of the 2009 NHL Eastern Conference All-Star Team;
 * Most Valuable Player of the 2009 NHL All-Star Game;
 * November 23, 2010, recorded 1,000th (and 1,001st) career point(s) against the Los Angeles Kings, scoring a goal and an assist;
 * Most NHL games played by a player born and trained in the Soviet Union (1,302).

Personal life
At the age of eight, Kovalev himself was diagnosed with a heart disorder that prevented him from playing hockey for two years while he underwent treatment.

Kovalev is a licensed aircraft pilot. He has a step sister Adel Bukary and a brother Maximilian Kovalev. His parents hailed from Brighton Beach, Brooklyn.

Charity Work
In October 2006, he unveiled the Kovy's Kids Suite at the Bell Centre to give children with heart conditions the opportunity to attend hockey games at the Bell Centre. In March 2008, Kovalev released a two-disc DVD titled My Hockey Tips and Training Methods. He donated 100 percent of the DVD sale profits to charities that promote cardiac care for children.

NHL

 * NHL All-Star Game – 2001, 2003, 2009
 * NHL Second All-Star Team – 2008
 * NHL All-Star Game MVP Award – 2009
 * The Hockey News – Saku Koivu Award (Comeback Player of the Year): 2008
 * Stanley Cup champion – 1994 (New York Rangers)
 * NHL's First Star of the Month – (February 2001)
 * NHL's First Star of the Week – (March 30–April 5, 2009)
 * NHL's Offensive Player of the Week – (November 6–12, 2000); (November 5–11, 2001).
 * Molson Cup Award (monthly) winner – November 2005, November 2007 to February 2008.
 * Molson Cup Award (season) winner – 2008

International

 * 1992 Winter Olympics – Gold Medal (Ice Hockey)
 * 2002 Winter Olympics – Bronze Medal (Ice Hockey)
 * 2005 IIHF World Championship – Best Forward

Transactions

 * June 23, 1991 — New York Rangers first-round draft choice (15th overall) in the NHL Entry Draft.
 * November 25, 1998 — Traded by the New York Rangers, along with Harry York, to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Petr Nedvěd, Sean Pronger and Chris Tamer.
 * February 10, 2003 — Traded by the Pittsburgh Penguins, along with Mike Wilson, Janne Laukkanen and Dan LaCouture, to the New York Rangers in exchange for Joel Bouchard, Richard Lintner, Rico Fata, Mikael Samuelsson and a fourth-round draft pick.
 * March 2, 2004 — Traded by the New York Rangers to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Jozef Balej and Montreal's 2004 second-round draft choice.
 * July 6, 2009 — Signed a two-year $9.95 million deal with the Ottawa Senators.
 * February 24, 2011 — Traded by the Ottawa Senators to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Pittsburgh's conditional 7th round draft pick in the 2011 NHL Draft.
 * January 18, 2013 — Signed a one-year, $1 million (+300K signing bonus) contract with the Florida Panthers.

title: Alexei Kovalev


text:
Lists of Stargate episodes

List of Stargate episodes may refer to:

 * List of Stargate SG-1 episodes
 * List of Stargate Infinity episodes
 * List of Stargate Atlantis episodes
 * List of Stargate Universe episodes

title: Lists of Stargate episodes


text:
Rum Runner (disambiguation)

A rum runner is a person or ship engaged in the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages.

Rum Runner may also refer to:

 * Go-fast boat, a type of boat used for smuggling illicit alcoholic potables
 * Rum Runner (nightclub), a nightclub in Birmingham, England
 * Rum Runners or Boulevard du Rhum, a 1971 French-Italian-Spanish adventure film directed by Robert Enrico

title: Rum Runner (disambiguation)


text:
John Pinkerton

John Pinkerton (17 February 1758 – 10 March 1826 ) was a Scottish antiquarian, cartographer, author, numismatist, historian, and early advocate of Germanic racial supremacy theory.

He was born in Edinburgh, as one of three sons to James Pinkerton and Mary (nee Heron or Bowie) Pinkerton. He lived in the neighbourhood of that city for some of his earliest childhood years, but later moved to Lanark. His studious youth brought him extensive knowledge of the Classics, and it is known that in his childhood years he enjoyed translating Roman authors such as Livy. He moved on to Edinburgh University, and after graduating, remained in the city to take up an apprenticeship in Law. However, his scholarly inclinations led him to abandon the legal profession after he began writing Elegy on Craigmillar Castle, first published in 1776.

London and publications
In 1781, Pinkerton moved to London, where his full career as a writer began in earnest, publishing in the same year a volume of Rimes of no great merit, and Scottish Tragic Ballads. These were followed in 1782 by Two Dithyrambic Odes on Enthusiasm and Laughter, and by a series of Tales in Verse. Under the title of Select Scottish Ballads he reprinted in 1783 his tragic ballads, with a supplement comprising Ballads of the Comic Kind. Joseph Ritson pointed out in 1784 that the so-called ancient ballads were some of them of modern date, and Pinkerton admitted that he was the author of the second part of Hardy Kanute and part-author of some others. He published an Essay on Medals in 1784, and in 1785, under the pseudonym of "Robert Heron", his bold but eccentric Letters of Literature depreciating the classical authors of Greece and Rome. In 1786 he edited Ancient Scottish Poems from the manuscript collections of Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington. It was succeeded in 1787 by a compilation, under the new pseudonym of "H. Bennet" entitled The Treasury of Wit, and by his first important historical work, the Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of the Scythians or Goths, to which Gibbon acknowledged himself indebted.

His edition of Barbour's Bruce and a Medallic History of England to the Revolution appeared in 1790; a collection of Scottish poems reprinted from scarce editions in 1792; and a series of biographical sketches, the Iconographia scotica, in the years 1795 to 1797. In 1797 he published a History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary (which includes an edition of The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis ). A new biographical collection, the Gallery of Eminent Persons of Scotland (1799), was succeeded after a short interval by a Modern Geography digested on a New Plan (1802; enlarged 1807).

Celtic/Gothic furore
Pinkerton next collected and printed in 1789 certain Vitae sanctorum scotiae, and, a little later, published his Enquiry into the History of Scotland preceding the Reign of Malcolm III. His assertion that the Celts were incapable of assimilating the highest forms of civilisation excited "violent disgust", but the Enquiry was twice reprinted, in 1794 and 1814, and is still of value for the documents embodied in it.

Pinkerton very much wished to purge his country's history of all Celtic elements. In this aim, through two works, the Dissertation on the Origins and Progress of the Scythians or Goths (1787) and the Enquiry into the History of Scotland preceding the reign of Malcolm III (1789), he developed the theory that the Picts were in fact of the race of ancient Goths, that the Scots language was a pure descendant of the Picto-Gothic language; and, moreover, that the Gaels, or Highlanders, were a degenerate impostor race.

In essence the Pinkerton theory stated that:

"[T]he Gothic and Celtic races were originally and generically different: that this difference has ever been clear and distinct, in their physiognomic, physiological, and moral character" and that it is "as distinct, and as distinguishable" to this day.

The two characteristics were as follows:

"The Gothic tribes, it is said, were and still are red, or yellow-haired, blue-eyed, fair complexioned, large of limb, and tall of stature."

"The Celtic, on the other hand, dark-haired, dark-eyed, of swarthy complexion, and small in stature."

As well as believing that Goths were different to Celts, Pinkerton also believed that Goths were superior, stating "[w]hat a lion is to an ass, such is a Goth to a Celt."

His theory essentially stated that the people of England were of a superior stock to those of Scotland, Ireland and Wales. He described the Celtic inhabitants of Britain as "a black-haired race," and stated that those with "fair faces, and red or light hair" possessed the "grand features of the Goths" and were of "Gothic extract."

In an effort to advance his theories, Pinkerton turned to comparing Celtic and Germanic philology. He wanted to show that Scotland's Celtic placenames were not Celtic at all—many of these attempts being discredited by modern scholars. Pinkerton thought, for instance, that Aber (as in Aberdeen) came from the German über rather than from the Celtic for confluence of a river, and likewise, that the Gaelic word Inver (equivalent of Aber) was a borrowing from Danish.

To this end he set his energy to collecting and creating older Anglo-Scottish literature. This was all the more important as far as his agenda was concerned because of the "Celtomania" produced by the Ossian poems of James Macpherson. Many such works had been invented by Pinkerton. His "ancient" Anglo-Scottish tale of Hardyknute had in fact only been composed in 1719 by Lady Wardlaw of Pitreavie. Pinkerton subsequently invented a sequel to this epic, but after he was exposed by Joseph Ritson, he admitted to the forgery.

Pinkerton's correspondence with fellow academics is characterised by verbal abuse. Hugh Trevor-Roper, one modern historian inclined to sympathise with at least the spirit of his views, called him "eccentric." Other historians have hinted at mild insanity. Despite this, Pinkerton is still an important figure in the history of British antiquarianism.

Cartography
Pinkerton was a celebrated master of the Edinburgh school of cartography which lasted from roughly 1800 to 1830. Pinkerton, along with John Thomson & Co. and John Cary, redefined cartography by exchanging the elaborate cartouches and fantastical beasts used in the 18th century for more accurate detail. Pinkerton's main work was the "Pinkerton's Modern Atlas" published from 1808 through 1815 with an American version by Dobson & Co. in 1818. Pinkerton maps are today greatly valued for their quality, size, colouration, and detail.

Later life
Some of Pinkerton's collection of books and maps was sold at auction in London, by Leigh & Sotheby, on 7 January 1813 (and 6 following days); a copy of the catalogue is held at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.159(1)). About 1818 he left London for Paris, where he made his headquarters until his death on 10 March 1826. He spent his later years impoverished. His remaining publications were the Recollections of Paris in the years 1802–5 (1806); a very useful General Collection of Voyages and Travels (1808–1814); a New Modern Atlas (1808–1819); and his Petralogy (1811).

Reading

 * Ferguson, William, The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest, (Edinburgh, 1998), pp. 250–273.
 * Patrick O'Flaherty: Scotland's pariah : the life and work of John Pinkerton, 1758 - 1826, Toronto [u.a.] : Univ. of Toronto Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4426-4928-6

title: John Pinkerton


text:
Robert Heron (writer)

Robert Heron (6 November 1764 – 13 April 1807) was a Scottish writer.

Life
Robert Heron was son of John Heron, a weaver, and was born in New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire, on 6 November 1764. He was taught privately by his mother until his ninth year, when he was sent to the parish school, where he displayed such precocity that at the age of eleven he was employed to teach some of the local farmers' children and at fourteen was appointed master of the parochial school of Kelton.

By the end of 1780, he had saved sufficient money to enable him, with the help of his parents, to enter the University of Edinburgh with the view of studying for the church. He supported his studies partly by teaching but chiefly by miscellaneous work for booksellers. In autumn 1789, while a divinity student, he visited Robert Burns, who entrusted him with a letter to a Dr. Blacklock, which he failed to deliver. In a rhyming epistle to Blacklock, Burns attributes Heron's faithlessness either to preoccupation with 'some dainty fair one,’ or to partiality for liquor. Heron was for some time assistant to a Dr. Blair, but, according to his own statement, all his 'ideas, as well of exertion as of enjoyment, soon became literary.' His first independent literary venture was a small edition in 1789 of Thomson's Seasons, with a criticism on his poetry; a larger edition appeared in 1793. In 1790–1, he announced a course of lectures on the Law of Nature, the Law of Nations, the Jewish, the Grecian, the Roman and the Canon Law, and then on the Feudal Law, intended as an introduction to the study of law, but the scheme was unsuccessful.

His imprudent habits overwhelmed him with debt, and he was thrown into prison by his creditors. On their suggestion, he undertook a History of Scotland for Messrs. Morrison of Perth, who engaged to pay him three guineas per sheet. After making some progress he was liberated from prison on condition of devoting two-thirds of his remuneration to paying 15s. in the pound. The first volume (1794), was nearly all written in gaol. In his preface, he expressed a hope that this would be regarded as some excuse for 'considerable imperfections.' The excuse is naive but all Heron's works bear evident marks of superficial knowledge and hurried composition. The History was completed in six volumes, 1794–9.

In 1798, at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, Heron produced a comedy which was condemned before the second act. Attributing its failure to a conspiracy against him, he published it under the title St. Kilda in Edinburgh, or News from Camperdown, a Comic Drama in Two Acts, with a Critical Preface, to which is added an Account of a famous Ass Race (1798); the publication attracted no attention. Returning to New Galloway as a ruling elder, Heron served several years in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and frequently spoke with fluency and ability.

In order to obtain more constant literary occupation, he removed in 1799 to London, where he contributed largely to the periodicals, editing the Globe, the British Press, and other newspapers, and acting as a parliamentary reporter. In 1806 he commenced a newspaper entitled The Fame, which proved unsuccessful. Its failure and Heron's improvident habits led to his confinement by his creditors in Newgate prison, where, according to his own statement, he was reduced 'to the very extremity of bodily and pecuniary distress.' On 2 February 1807, from Newgate, he wrote a letter to the Royal Literary Fund, recounting his services to literature, and appealing for aid, but the appeal met with no response. Being attacked by fever, Heron was removed to St Pancras Hospital, where he died 13 April 1807.

Works
Besides the works above mentioned, Heron also published:
 * 1) A translation of Niebuhr's Travels through Arabia, 1792.
 * 2) Elegant Extracts of Natural History, 1792.
 * 3) Arabian Tales, or continuations of Arabian Nights' Entertainments, translated from the French, 4 vols. 1792.
 * 4) Observations made in a Journey through the Western Counties of Scotland in 1792, 2 vols., Perth, 1792; 2nd ed. 1799.
 * 5) General View of the Natural Circumstances of the Hebrides, 1794.
 * 6) Letters which passed between General Dumourier and Pache, Minister of War to the French Republic in 1792, translated from the French, 1794.
 * 7) Information concerning the Strength, Views, and Interests of the Powers presently at War, 1794.
 * 8) A translation of Fourcroy's Chemistry, 1796.
 * 9) An Account of the Life of Muley Liezet, late Emperor of Morocco, translated from the French, 1797.
 * 10) Letter to Sir John Sinclair, bart., on the necessity of an instant Change of Ministry, published under the name of Ralph Anderson, 1797.
 * 11) Scotland Described, Edinburgh, 1797, 12mo.
 * 12) Life of Robert Burns, Edinburgh, 1797 (a work of some value, owing to the writer's knowledge of the south-west of Scotland).
 * 13) A New and Complete System of Universal Geography, to which is added a Philosophical View of Universal History, 4 vols. 1798.
 * 14) Elements of Chemistry, London, 1800.
 * 15) Letter to William Wilberforce, esq., M.P., on the Justice and Expediency of the Slave Trade, and on the best means to improve the Manners and Condition of the Negroes in the West Indies, 1806. An edition of the Letters of Junius, 1802, in Watt's Bibl. Brit. is credited to Pinkerton, but a letter in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vi. 445, clearly shows that Heron and not Pinkerton was the editor. Pinkerton was, however, the author of Letters of Literature, published under the pseudonym of 'Robert Heron' in 1784.

A manuscript Journal of My Conduct, by Heron, is in the library of the University of Edinburgh (Laing collection). Heron also contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Edinburgh Magazine, and other periodicals; and was employed by Sir John Sinclair in the preparation of the Statistical Account of Scotland.

title: Robert Heron (writer)


text:
Fingathing

Fingathing are an English electronic music group, comprising classically trained double bass player Simon 'Sneaky' Houghton, DJ/turntablist Dan 'Peter Parker' Baxter and Visual Artist Chris Cavetroll Drury.

History
Peter Parker was a finalist at the UK DMC DJ Championship, where Mark Rae was on the judging panel. Parker later met Rae at the Fat City Records store in Manchester and was asked to audition for the Rae & Christian live backing band.

Parker performed along with Sneaky for Rae & Christian, before teaming up as a pair. The band were signed to Rae's Grand Central Records in the UK (sub-contracted to Ninja Tune in the US), and have released three studio albums plus a best of compilation.

The band's album and single sleeves contain distinctive cartoon drawings by Chris Cavetroll Drury. Cavetroll also creates the animated visuals for the band when playing live.

Fingathing albums

 * 2 Player EP (24 July 2000) Grand Central Records
 * The Main Event (20 November 2000) Grand Central Records
 * Superhero Music (24 June 2002) Grand Central Records
 * And The Big Red Nebula Band (10 May 2004) Grand Central Records/Ninja Tune (US)
 * Time Capsule: The First Five Years of Fingathing (19 September 2005)
 * Apocalypso EP (25 Oct 2006)
 * Return of the Thing EP (17 March 2014)

Solo releases

 * Peter Parker released a limited edition DJ mix CD called Life After Death Mix.
 * Sneaky has also released two limited edition mix CDs entitled Biscuit Mix and Bloody Axe Mix.
 * Sneaky - Feel Like A King EP (4 January 2008)
 * Sneaky - "Feel Like A King...Pluck A String" album (June 2009) Big Chill Label

title: Fingathing


text:
Andrew Raycroft

Andrew Joseph Ernest Raycroft (born May 4, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. Originally drafted by the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) 135th overall in 1998, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy with the club in 2004 as rookie of the year. Raycroft has also played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Colorado Avalanche, Vancouver Canucks, Dallas Stars, Hockey Milano Rossoblu and IF Björklöven.

Since 2014, he has been a volunteer assistant coach for the University of Connecticut's men's hockey team. Raycroft is currently a studio analyst for the Boston Bruins broadcasts on NESN and a host on the hockey podcast Breaking The Ice.

Early years/Boston Bruins
Prior to entering the junior hockey ranks, Raycroft grew up playing minor hockey with the Quinte Red Devils AAA system in the Eastern Ontario AAA League of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA). In 1997–98, he began a three-year career in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), playing for the Kingston Frontenacs and Sudbury Wolves. He also played junior for the Wellington Dukes of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJAHL).

Raycroft was drafted 135th overall by the Boston Bruins in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut in 2000–01 with the Bruins, replacing Byron Dafoe in a 5–1 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers. However, as a late-game replacement, he was not given the decision. Raycroft recorded his first NHL win two days later on October 9 in a 4–2 win over the Florida Panthers. Raycroft played 11 games total for the Bruins in his first season, while playing the majority of his first three professional seasons with the team's minor league affiliate, the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL).

After the Bruins renewed his contract on July 31, 2003, Raycroft played his first full NHL season in 2003–04, compiling a 29–18–9 record with a 2.05 goals against average (GAA), .926 save percentage and three shutouts. He helped lead the Bruins to a second-place finish in the regular season in the Eastern Conference en route to the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs. Not having played enough games to qualify as a rookie in his previous three NHL seasons, Raycroft was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy in 2004 as league rookie of the year.

Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Raycroft signed with Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Elitserien on November 6, 2004. However, he did not play any games for the team and signed with Tappara Tampere of the Finnish SM-liiga several months later on January 17, 2005. When NHL play resumed, he struggled with the Bruins in the 2005–06 season, managing only eight wins while being a healthy scratch for the majority of the season. He was demoted to the Bruins' third-string position to starter Tim Thomas and rookie backup Hannu Toivonen.

Toronto Maple Leafs
The following off-season, on June 24, 2006, Raycroft was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for the rights to Finnish goaltending prospect Tuukka Rask. It was later revealed the Bruins intended to release him, which would have made him available to Toronto without any compensation at all. He began playing for the Maple Leafs in the 2006–07 season and earned his first shutout and win as a Leaf in a 6-0 victory against the Ottawa Senators on October 5, 2006. On April 3, 2007, Raycroft tied the Leafs' franchise record for most wins by a goaltender in the regular season (37), previously held by Ed Belfour in 2002–03 (Raycroft played more games than Belfour and earned three shootout wins, which did not exist prior to the 2005–06 season). Despite this record, he finished 49th in GAA and 56th in save percentage as the Leafs failed to qualify for the playoffs.

Raycroft struggled at the start of the 2007–08 season and surrendered the starting position to Vesa Toskala. The Leafs then placed him on waivers on June 24, 2008, and bought out the remainder of his contract on June 27.

Colorado Avalanche
Several days after being bought out by the Maple Leafs, on July 1, he signed a one-year deal with the Colorado Avalanche. Despite being brought in to back-up Peter Budaj, Raycroft started the 2008–09 season strong, becoming only the second Avalanche goaltender to begin a season with a 9–1 record. In 31 games with the Avalanche, Raycroft posted a 12-16-0 record with a 3.14 GAA.

Vancouver Canucks
On July 6, 2009, Raycroft signed a one-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks. He earned the backup position behind Roberto Luongo after competing with prospect Cory Schneider during training camp. He recorded his first win with the Canucks in his first start on October 29 in a 2–1 shootout win against the Los Angeles Kings after Luongo was sidelined with a fractured rib. Raycroft faced his former Avalanche teammates several days later on November 1 and recorded his first shutout as a Canuck in a 3–0 win. Raycroft won his 100th NHL career game on February 12, 2010, in a 4–3 win over the Columbus Blue Jackets.

Dallas Stars
On July 1, 2010, Raycroft signed a two-year contract as a free agent with the Dallas Stars. He compiled an 8–5 record with a 2.83 GAA in his first season in Dallas, backing-up Stars starter Kari Lehtonen.

On December 29, 2011, Raycroft was assigned to the Texas Stars, the Dallas Stars' AHL affiliate. Richard Bachman replaced Raycroft as backup to the Stars starter Lehtonen. He played in the minors for the remainder of his contract.

Europe
On July 3, 2012, with little NHL interest and an impending lockout on the horizon, Raycroft left his North American career to begin a new venture in Europe by signing to a one-year deal with Italian Serie A club, Milano Rossoblu. The Italian team has been in proposed talks to join the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

On July 15, 2013, it was announced Raycroft would join IF Björklöven for the 2013–14 season.

On April 9, 2014, Raycroft announced his retirement from professional hockey. He has since joined the Connecticut Huskies men's ice hockey as a volunteer assistant coach.

Awards
OHL CHL NHL
 * Named to the First All-Star Team in 1999–2000.
 * Named the OHL Goaltender of the Year in 1999–2000.
 * Won the Red Tilson Trophy in 1999–2000.
 * Named to the First All-Star Team in 1999–2000.
 * Named CHL Goaltender of the Year in 1999–2000.
 * Played in the NHL YoungStars Game in 2003–04.
 * Won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 2003–04.
 * Named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 2003–04.

title: Andrew Raycroft


text:
Abong-Mbang

Abong-Mbang is a town and commune in the East Region of Cameroon. Abong-Mbang is located at a crossroads of National Route 10 and the road that leads south to Lomié. Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon, is 178 km to the west, and Bertoua, the capital of the East Province, lies 108 km to the east. From Ayos, at the border in the Centre Province 145 km (90 mi) from Abong-Mbang, the tar on National Route 10 ends and a dirt road begins. Abong-Mbang is the seat of the Abong-Mbang sub-division and the Haut-Nyong division. The town is headed by a mayor. Gustave Mouamossé has held the post since August 2002. Abong-Mbang is site of one of the East Province's four Courts of First Instance and a prefectural prison. The population was estimated at 18,700 in 2001.

History
According to oral traditions of the Kwassio and Bakola peoples, Abong-Mbang was settled when the Maka-Njem peoples moved northwest from the Great Lakes region of the Congo River. They encountered Pygmy hunter-gatherers and requested their aid as guides through the region. Some of the migrants settled in the vicinity, which they called Bung-Ngwang ("bathing area in the Nyong River"). When Europeans arrived in the 19th century, this name was changed to Abong-Mbang. Some migrants continued westward in search of salt; they became the Kwassio and Bakola of Cameroon's coast. German colonisers moved into the area in the late 19th century. They used the Nyong River as a means to reach the wild rubber growing farther inland. The Germans built a fort and other military and administrative buildings in the town. The fort is today a prefectural prison, and the other buildings serve similar administrative functions. The French took over in 1919 following Germany's defeat in World War I.

People and economy
Abong-Mbang is the main settlement of the Maka people, a group who speak a Bantu language of the same name. Much of the population farms; important crops include bananas, cocoa, corn, groundnuts, tomatoes, and tubers. Shifting cultivation with no fertiliser is the primary method of agriculture. Baka hunter-gatherers live in the surrounding forests. Since colonial times, the government has attempted to better integrate this group into Cameroonian society. Abong-Mbang is part of the Doumé-Abong-Mbang diocese of the Roman Catholic Church. The church estimates that 46.7% of the population is Roman Catholic.

Since Francophone Cameroun's independence in 1960, Abong-Mbang has become an important centre of commerce for the East Province. This has led to a cosmopolitan influx of immigrants from outside the Maka area. An estimated 99% of males and 95% of females speak French. However, among traders, Ewondo is the lingua franca of choice: 72% use Ewondo but only 48% use French in market situations. By the late 1970s, the government had zoned large areas of the surrounding forest for timber exploitation. Most timber and bushmeat traffic from the East Province passes through the town. Union Abong-Mbang FC is the local football (soccer) team. The town often suffers prolonged cuts to electric power, which the utility company, AES-SONEL, blames on an aging power plant. On 17 September 2007, violent protests against the cuts ended with two protesters dead and 10 others seriously injured.

Geography
Abong-Mbang lies on the South Cameroon Plateau, approximately 700 metres above sea level. The soils are red. The Boumba, Dja, and Nyong rivers rise in the Abong-Mbang region. The Nyong forms the town's northern border and is navigable for about 160 km (100 mi) to Mbalmayo in the Centre Province. The area along the Nyong consists of swampy forests that support populations of raffia palm, such as Raphia montbuttorum. The area surrounding the town consists of secondary-growth forest of semi-deciduous trees, particularly Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae; the primary-growth forest has been removed for logging and farming. In some areas, the forests are further degraded and home to other forms of vegetation. The Abong-Mbang Forest Reserve is north of the town. Local wildlife includes populations of western lowland gorilla and forest elephants. An estimated 100 elephants lived in the Abong-Mbang Forest Reserve in 1998. The Ntimbe Caves are 18 km (11 mi) south of the town.

title: Abong-Mbang


text:
Erich Gliebe

Erich Josef Gliebe (born May 23, 1963) is an American former boxer, Neo-Nazi and former chairman of the National Alliance. In his youth, he was a professional boxer by the ring name of "The Aryan Barbarian".

Biography
Erich Gliebe's political views were influenced by his father, who served in the German Wehrmacht during World War II. He became active within the National Alliance, a white nationalist, antisemitic and white supremacist political organization in the United States. As leader of the Cleveland National Alliance Local Unit, he was hired by William Pierce to run the White-power music label Resistance Records after the National Alliance bought full ownership of it in 1999.

Following Pierce's death in July 2002, Gliebe was appointed the new Chairman by the Board of Directors. He quickly began to alienate members, causing a backlash within the NA leadership. Although Gliebe briefly handed over leadership to Shaun Walker, he resumed control after Walker was charged with Civil Rights violations. Under Gliebe's leadership, the National Alliance's membership decline precipitously. He orchestrated the sale of its Hillsboro, West Virginia property, and halted its operations as a "membership organization".

In April 2009, it was revealed that Gliebe's name was on the list of people banned from entering the United Kingdom.

He was married to Playboy model Erika Gliebe.

Boxing career
Gliebe was undefeated in five professional fights in the light-heavyweight division over a period of three years. His bouts were at venues within West Virginia. Four fights were won by TKO and one fight was won by a split decision.

title: Erich Gliebe


text:
Jacobean

Jacobean may refer to:

 * An adjectival form of the name James
 * Jacobean era, the period of English and Scottish history that coincides with the reigns of King James VI and I
 * Jacobean architecture
 * Jacobean English (the language used in the King James Version of the Bible)
 * Jacobean furniture, see Elizabethan and Jacobean furniture
 * Jacobean literature
 * Jacobean theatre

title: Jacobean


text: File:AdamandtheAntsDirkWearsWhiteSox.jpg


text:
Manny Legace

Emmanuel Legace (born February 4, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender, who played most notably in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, and later the St. Louis Blues between 1998 and 2010. Legace also enjoyed spells with the Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, and Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL. He finished his playing career for the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League, for whom he is the career leader in goaltending wins. Legace is the former goaltending coach for the NHL's Columbus Blue Jackets.

Legace was born in Toronto, Ontario, but grew up in Alliston, Ontario.

Playing career
As a youth, Legace played in the 1987 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Don Mills.

Prior to being selected by the Whalers, Legace played in the Ontario Hockey League with the Niagara Falls Thunder and in Roller Hockey International for the Toronto Planets. Legace spent the 1993–1994 season as a member of the Canadian National Team and played in sixteen games.

From there, Legace spent a lengthy apprenticeship in the minor leagues, largely for the Springfield Falcons, between 1994–98. He was a star with Springfield, garnering First Team All-Star honors and the AHL's leading goaltender award in 1996.

He also played a brief stint for the ECHL's Richmond Renegades in 1996–97 and for the IHL's Las Vegas Thunder in 1997–98. On July 31, 1998, the Carolina Hurricanes traded Legace to the Los Angeles Kings for a conditional draft pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft.

Although he spent most of the 1999 season with the IHL Long Beach Ice Dogs, Legace got his first NHL start with the Kings. While he played well in limited action for Los Angeles, he signed with Detroit on July 15, 1999. However, since the Red Wings had both Chris Osgood and Ken Wregget as veteran goaltenders, Legace was left unprotected on waivers. He was then claimed by the Vancouver Canucks on September 29, 1999. Yet almost two weeks later, on October 13, 1999, Legace was reacquired by the Red Wings from the waiver wire when the Canucks in turn left him unprotected. While Legace spent most of his time playing for the IHL's Manitoba Moose, he did get some action while playing for the Red Wings, posting a perfect 4–0–0 record.

Detroit Red Wings
In training camp the next season, Legace beat out Wregget to establish himself as the backup goaltender to Chris Osgood. Osgood had a very slow start, and Legace subsequently saw much action. Posting a 24–5–5 record in 39 games, Legace looked to have assumed the starting role for the team. However, Osgood regained his stride and resumed starting duties in the playoffs.

With the 2001–02 season, Legace became backup to Dominik Hašek when Osgood was waived and claimed by the New York Islanders. Legace played in 20 games and only saw playoff action to relieve Hašek during a loss to the St. Louis Blues; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup that season.

The next season, with the retirement of Hašek and the signing of star goaltender Curtis Joseph, Legace saw his workload increase from 20 games to 25 games in the 2002–03 season, yet remained the team's backup.

At the start of the 2003–04 season, Hašek made the startling decision to come out of retirement and return to the Red Wings. Curtis Joseph was still being paid $8 million a year and, due to his hefty contract, was not likely to be traded or picked up by a team. While Legace was initially going to be the 3rd goalie behind two elite goaltenders, the Red Wings opted to send Joseph to the minors while Legace served as Hašek's backup. Hašek, however, was not properly conditioned for a return to the NHL. Minor injuries and inconsistent play from Hašek thrust Legace into the starting role. Injuries to both Hašek and Legace opened the door for the Red Wings to call up Joseph from the minors, along with Joey MacDonald to serve as his backup. When Legace returned from injury, MacDonald was sent back to the minors while Legace and Joseph ended up serving as Detroit's goaltending tandem for the remainder of the season, as Hašek opted not to return to the team from injury. An injury to Joseph late in the season found Legace temporarily working with minor-league goaltender Marc Lamothe, but Lamothe was returned to the AHL's Grand Rapids Griffins when Joseph returned to the roster.

Due to Legace's strong play during the regular season, he was announced as Detroit's starting goaltender for the start of the 2004 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Red Wings faced the Nashville Predators in the opening round of the 2004 playoffs. While Legace won the first two games, he did not perform up to team expectations and was pulled in the middle of the fourth game in favor of Joseph, who ended up backstopping for the remainder of the series. The Red Wings won the series but lost the next series against the Calgary Flames.

Legace briefly played in Russia during the 2004–05 NHL lockout, but eventually sat the rest of the season out, preferring to be close to his family in the States. Legace was the NHLPA Representative for the Detroit Red Wings until 2005, when the role was assumed by Nicklas Lidström. Legace has since become a vocal critic of both the league and the players' union, especially in regard to how both sides handled the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

For the 2005–06 season, Chris Osgood was re-signed by the Red Wings to compete with Legace for the starting job. However, due to Osgood's injuries and general lack of conditioning, Legace was awarded the starting goaltender role for the Detroit Red Wings. By October 2005 with the Red Wings defeating the Chicago Blackhawks 5–2, Legace set the record for the most wins by a goaltender in the month of October (10–1).

He would finish the regular season with a record of 37–8–3, helping lead the Red Wings to the Presidents' Trophy as the NHL's best regular season team by far.

St. Louis Blues
Prior to Detroit's elimination from the 2006 playoffs, Legace indicated to the media that if Detroit failed to win the opening round of the playoffs, he would not be returning to the team. The Red Wings fell to the Edmonton Oilers in six games. On June 10, 2006, Red Wings general manager Ken Holland announced that Legace would not be offered a contract, thus making him a free agent. Legace signed a one-year contract with Wings' division-rivals, the St. Louis Blues on August 8, 2006. In his first season with the Blues Legace played in 45 games, posting a 23–15–5 record. His season was cut short due to a mid-season concussion and season-ending knee surgery, but his play was solid enough to earn him a two-year contract extension with the Blues on February 24, 2007.

Legace enjoyed success with St. Louis in the 2007–08 season, and was named to the 2008 NHL All-Star Game. Despite Legace's numbers, the Blues failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season. In the 2008–09 season, Legace shared starting duties with Chris Mason to begin the season. After failing to repeat his previous season efforts the Blues placed Legace on waivers on February 6, 2009. Legace was then demoted to the team's AHL affiliate Peoria Rivermen for the remainder of the season and helped the Rivermen reach the playoffs. Manny admitted later that there was animosity between him and the Blues management.

Carolina Hurricanes
On November 9, 2009, Legace signed a one-year contract with the Carolina Hurricanes. The two-way deal paid Legace $500,000 to play in the NHL level and $105,000 to play at the AHL level. His first game with the Carolina Hurricanes was on November 11, 2009, against the Los Angeles Kings, where they fell 5–2 in Raleigh at the RBC Center.

Later years
On September 26, 2010, the New York Islanders announced they signed Legace to a PTO. he was released a few weeks later. For the remainder of the 2010–11 season, Legace played in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) in Germany for the Iserlohn Roosters, with whom he had a one-year contract.

During the 2011 pre-season, Legace made two exhibition appearances for the Vancouver Canucks on a Professional Tryout basis before being released by the team on September 23. A week later, on September 30, 2011, Legace signed a Professional Tryout contract (PTO) with the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL, the minor league affiliate of the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. Legace started for the Rampage for the first game of the season vs. the Chicago Wolves, but after approximately 10 minutes he was plowed into by Chicago forward Mike Duco, resulting in an undisclosed leg injury. He would not return to the ice for San Antonio again. On October 20, 2011, he signed a Professional Tryout contract (PTO) with the Springfield Falcons, the minor league affiliate of the Columbus Blue Jackets and the team he played for in the mid-1990s. Legace finished his career as the backup goaltender in Springfield, after which he briefly served as an intern in the Columbus front office.

Broadcasting
On October 25, 2013, it was announced that Legace had also joined Fox Sports Detroit as a college hockey analyst.

Goaltending coaching
On November 14, 2012, Legace accepted the position of goaltender coach for the Muskegon Lumberjacks of the United States Hockey League. After two seasons he joined the Springfield Falcons coaching staff on a full-time basis, serving originally as a goaltending coach before moving into a team consultancy role.

In 2018, Legace became goaltending coach for the Columbus Blue Jackets, a promotion from the same role held with the Blue Jackets' minor league affiliates, the Cleveland Monsters. Legace was relieved of his duties on April 15, 2023, along with head coach Brad Larsen, after the team failed to qualify for the post season and finished with a 25-48-9 record.

Personal life
Legace resides in Novi, Michigan. He has one daughter, Sabrina, and a son, Manny.

On July 4, 2021, Columbus Blue Jackets goaltender Matiss Kivlenieks died from chest trauma caused by a mortar firework explosion at Legace’s home in Novi.

International play
Legace was the starting goaltender for Canada at the 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he won a gold medal and was named to the All-Star team.

Legace was named to Team Canada for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where he served as a backup goalie, and won a silver medal.

Awards

 * Won a silver medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics
 * Member of the 2002 Stanley Cup championship winning Detroit Red Wings
 * 2008 All-Star Game

title: Manny Legace