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Talk:Cambridge Students' Union

unnamed
Should "Students" have an apostrophe or not? The rules of grammar say it should. However when I last looked (about 20 years ago) the University Statutes said it didn't. I vaguely recall that when we made up the name (1987) it didn't have an apostrophe. We certainly didn't use one in editions of DARTS (the CUSU magazine) published in the first year or two after the referendum. Mpntod 22:44, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The current website, and also the entry in the NUS directory of Students' Unions, both use the apostrophe. I'm wary of using the formal title as listed in the Statutes as this rule, if applied consistently, would lead to many other institution's pages having to be renamed - for example my own institution is formally Queen Mary & Westfield College, but all current literature and signs (bar a few old ones due to be replaced/abandoned) use Queen Mary, University of London.

 * I know I am far from being the only person involved in Students' Unions who finds the misuse of the apostrophe irritating! Timrollpickering 23:05, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose the question is whether the rules of grammar can rename an institution after a mispelled name has been passed in a student referendum and by the University Council of Senate (or possibly even a vote of Congregation) - not that I have the text of either to hand. Mpntod 00:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm - I'd reckon this is really a matter for people at the Cambridge end. Since CUSU is using the apostrophe, and on balance it's likely to be the most common version used, this page should be there. Timrollpickering 09:23, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Brit-centric
Could this be a little less Brit-centric?
 * 1) What's a sabbatical officer?
 * 2) What exactly are the functions of this organization?

Thanks, Meelar 00:13, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sabbatical is a perfectly cromulent word, a sabbatical year is a year of paid leave. In this case the students get a paid year off from their course and work for the union as a full time job.
 * In what way is the article brit-centric? Dmn 08:59, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've tried to make the meaning of sabbatical clearer in the article. If someone has the CUSU constitution it might make sense to list the functions of CUSU. The OUSU article is better in this respect. Mpntod 19:35, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The constitution is online at http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/union/constitution/ mvl22

Wrong info
Some of the info you have is wrong.

The first president of CSU was a left-winger, son of a bishop with a name of, I think, John Newbiggin. Charles Clarke replaced him (and I was Secretary).

Mike Grabiner never held office with CSU.

Neville replaced Charles.

 * Aha. Neville suggested that Mike had preceded him.  The email I got from Neville read:
 * "Tom Hayhoe has been in touch and suggested that I email you. I was the first CSU sabbatical officer, being President for a period in 1973. Before me, Charles and Mike Grabiner were Presidents but the University had not allowed the position to be a sabbatical one.
 * If you want any information about that period, I'd be happy to help. Certainly I can tell you the names of the officers for most of the early 1970's. asp).
 * I wonder how we can resolve this. I've had a guess at Mike Grabiner's email address at Apax.com, emailed him and perhaps he will be able to enlighten us.
 * Neville also mentioned John Newbegin/Newbiggin. Was he the first President of CSU or the last of the CSRC?  I've emailed a John Newbiggin who works for Channel 4 - perhaps it's the same person...  Mpntod 23:48, Jun 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * The John Newbiggin email bounced. No reply from Mike Grabiner yet.  Should we start the hunt for notable executive members? Or add the slate or party that people were elected under?  There are some surprising ex-members of the executive - for example, Archie Norman! Mpntod 12:08, Jun 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * An email from Mike Grabiner as follows:
 * I was the 3rd president of CSU in 1972/3 following John Newbiggin and Charles Clarke.Please ring if you need any further info,
 * List of Presidents updated accordingly. Mpntod 01:45, Jun 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I was wrong about Mike it appears but Neville was not the first sabbatical officer, Charles Clarke was. My name is Pearson Brown, by the way, and I was secretary to Charles.
 * Our committee consisted of Cathy Prior, Stewart Joseph, Steve Hart, Tim Jones (now Lord Clement-Jones), Steven Evans-Freke (now Lord ?) Richard ?????, Andrew Hogarth
 * There were three SocSoc members and three right-wingers. Tim Jones and I were the 'moderates'. Tim was (and is) a prominent Liberal and I was in that moderate Cambridge Tory group PEST (along with Charlie (now Lord) Falconer) which seems to have formed the basis for New Labour.
 * Why don't you contact Charles directly? If you don't want to, I will.

 * I'm Martin Tod and was the last Deputy President of CSU before we changed the name.
 * I suspect you would be more likely to get through to Charles Clarke. I think I emailed once but didn't hear anything.
 * I'm a Liberal Democrat myself, but didn't know about TCJ being an ex-CSU executive member and also didn't know that he'd ever dropped the Clement.
 * I'm truly fascinated by this PEST group being a precursor to New Labour. Who else was in it? Mpntod 07:49, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

Sabbatical officers
CUSU now have a list on their website, taken from this article, at http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/union/history/sabbaticals.html (as part of a new 'history' section). Can the version on Wikipedia be removed now?
 * Done. I've added a small section listing all sabbaticals linked to in the Wikipedia (even if they don't have a full article yet). Mpntod 08:41, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I see Dmn has reverted the change, despite the caution expressed previously by Secretlondon. Do we really need two copies of this on the web? Wouldn't it be more sensible just to link to the now official one on the CUSU website (which I see they have credited appropriately), or are there really going to be so many changes that CUSU can't be trusted to respond to minor corrective updates?
 * Apologies for not addressing the concerns of User:Secretlondon, however it appears that these were deleted by someone. I can't see any harm the list has done. Given that the CUSU site is required ot provide a link to the list compiled here, wouldn't it look odd if our list was absent? This list does no harm, we have plenty of space here. This data doesn't belong to CUSU does it? I imagine several other names on the list will become even more prominent in years to come. Dmn  € Դմն 09:28, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not Wikipedia's role to exclude information just because it is held elsewhere i.e. on the CUSU website! If that was the foundation of Wikipedia most of it should be deleted! Also bear in mind that many people outside of Cambridge will read this article e.g. newspaper editors, who want to find out who past and present officers are. In fact I feel the list should be extended, not removed.
 * Also the CUSU list was copied from here... Mpntod 22:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * How exactly does that change the fact that these people are not notable and therefore not worthy of mention in an encyclopaedia? Chris talk back 01:22, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Students' Union / Association sabs list deletion

 * I've started a discussion on Chriscf's Talk Page as this involve all the union's page. Please go there to provide your opinion if you're interested. -- KTC 16:01, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I will be removing the above discussion from my talk page. User talk pages are for personal communication.  They are not for conducting general content debates.  Feel free to start a discussion in the Wikipedia namespace, but this is not an appropriate discussion for user pages. Chris talk back 16:00, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Discussion was needed because of your unilateral deletion on multiple pages. So in a sense, your talk page does fit for purpose. Anyhow, it's now at Talk:Students Union -- KTC 03:42, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Sabbs-elect for 2007-2008 are as follows:
President: Mark Fletcher, Jesus. Services: Adam Colligan, Selwyn. Academic Affairs: Peter Coulthard, St John's. Access: Charlotte Richer, Jesus. Welfare: Andrea Walko, Kings. Womens: Elly Shepherd, Fitzwilliam. 131.111.179.78 15:04, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there any reason why this shouldn't be added to the table? I realise it's entitled "Former sabbatical officers", but that's already a somewhat inaccurate title since the current set are listed.  I think in this case strict title accuracy should be discarded in favour of providing relevent and useful information, so I'll make the change. Simxp 03:43, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cambridge Students' Union


text:
Charles Dodge

Charles Dodge may refer to:

 * Charles C. Dodge (1841–1910), Brigadier General during the American Civil War at the age of twenty-one
 * Charles Dodge (composer) (born 1942), composer of electronic music

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Dodge


text:
User talk:Pajamacore

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikipedia. You are doing awesome--you probably don't need any help from me, but here's the standard welcome boilerplate just in case you're looking for a little guidance. Keep up the great work on L.A. topics. :)

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Again, welcome! jengod 22:47, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

Primates
Thanks for the edits to the various Primate pages. Do you have any references to support the changes you made? - UtherSRG 11:58, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

New reply on my talk. - UtherSRG 17:45, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Personally, I think the current reckoning of species by geographic regions is backwards minded, especially in this era of molecular biology. If the only thing that divides a species is geography, then it is still one species, with geographic subspecies, and smaller groupings being various populations of those species or subspecies.

(Consider humans and pretend we don't have the technological mobility to make geography meaningless. By these current elevations of orangutan subspecies up to the species level, and populations becoming subspecies, it should follow that many populations of humans should be regarded as subspecies. But that accounting is absurd! All human populations contain enough genetic data to recreate the entire human genetic spectrum. Now that is something I consider a reasonable definition of species distinction: if one population of a species can not produce the genetic spread of the entire species, the given population should be ranked as a distinct species. If the given population can produce the genetic spread, then the population should be ranked no higher than a subspecies.)

All that said - I'm not gonna buck the trend. I'm not a taxonomist or primatologist by profession, only by hobby. - UtherSRG 20:48, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Interested in an L.A.-area Wiki meetup?
It appears as though L.A. has never had a Wiki meetup. Would you be interested in attending such an event? If so, checkout User:Eric Shalov/Wikimeetup.

- Eric 21:31, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Primates category rework
After some good discussion on the talk for WP:PRIM with User:Marskell, I've begun work on cleaning up category:Early hominids. Please come to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Primates/category rework to weigh in your opinion on what direction to take. - UtherSRG (talk) 13:12, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Jimbo Wales to Attend San Diego Meetup on October 18 2005
Hello, Jimbo Wales will be in San Diego to attend OOPSLA and has agreed to come by and visit with the San Diego wikipedians. If you are interested, you will find more info on my talk page. Johntex\talk 00:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Shane Vigil.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 03:07, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Loves Art
First off, I apologize for the spam. You are receiving this message because you have indicated that you are in Southern California or interested in Southern California topics (either via category or WikiProject).

I would like to invite you to the Los Angeles edition of Wikipedia Loves Art, a photography scavenger hunt to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) on Saturday, February 28, 2009, from 1:00 to 7:00 PM. All photos are intended for use in Wikipedia articles or on Wikimedia Commons. There will be a prize available for the person who gets the most photos on the list.

If you don't like art, why not come just to meet your fellow Wikipedians. Apparently, we haven't had a meetup in this area since June 2006!

If you are interested in attending, please add your name to Wikipedia Loves Art. Please make a note if you are traveling to the area (train or plane) and need transportation, which can probably be arranged via carpool, but we need time to coordinate. Lodging is as of right now out of scope, but we could discuss that if enough people are interested.

Thank you and I hope to see you there!  howcheng  {chat} 00:17, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pajamacore


text:
Talk:Watchman Nee

Debate of the recent edit inclusions, accusations of impropriety
If this is a serious study we need to debate the issue fully here first. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  14:06, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Simply showing that there are differences between translations proves nothing other than the fact that there are differences between the translations. Without examining the source material it's impossible to determine which translation is more accurate.  Astarf 14:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Added Asian Christians and Chinese Christians
Added to these categories--Kathanar 21:24, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Tone & Better sources / Regarding Watchman Nee and this article and to the editors on NPOV
I put the inappropriate tone template on the top of this article only after removing a lot of purely point-of-view commentary on Nee's life. It could have been tagged as a NPOV issue, but as it stands now, it still has a tone of near hero-worship that I am at a loss as to how to correct without gutting much of the valid content, here. There really needs to be some fair evaluation by outside sources about his radical departure from mainline Protestantism. The controversy is touched on but it is all presented in favor of Nee.Brian0324 (talk) 16:59, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This article states that Watchman Nee & the Christian Assembly, he founded was one of the fastest growing native Protestant movements in China during the early twentieth century This seems to be an instance of being termed "Protestant" in the sense of being non-Roman Catholic. This article seems to make the case that the Little Flock is more like the other unregistered Protestant groups. Interestingly, the current head of the TSPM grew up in the Little Flock movement. So, the Chinese Government and Western media see him and his movement as "Protestant", possibly for lack of a better word. It would be good if someone could incorporate this kind of reliable third-party sources into the article.Brian0324 (talk) 20:59, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

1. I have studies Mr Nee for more than 4 years now (almost 50+ of his books) and articles. I would request all the editors to read and research first, at-least Nee's testimony -- before writing. All of his books has a lot of facts, information and truths. And all easily available, anywhere, in many languages.

2. We all have (some) POVs, unique to each one of us regrading Nee, Lee, and/or the local churches.

3. In China, the largest (both seen or underground) intra-fellowship of the churches are of the local churches -- I don't have data on how many but all I can say that local churches are growing very rapidly in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and many other south Asian countries. People there are not like "American minded about cults and new religions" for eg. (I too, have seen religions and variety of religions in India and those true seekers those who are really honest and true know how to expose a cult and to beware of it).

4. "The local church is not a cult", neither Mr Nee or Lee were paganist, heretic, cultic, religionists, new-ager, or humanist or satanist or "trying to make man God and superior" (which some Christian think and perceive) -- in respect to their belief, teachings, and ministry. To know this without any strong POVs the best is to read them and to visit few of these local churches as all the local churches are unique and independent in LORD. This is an information age but also a global and airlines age. You might have tons of information on Nee and local churches but I am pretty sure that if you travel also to these churches and to step forward enough to see and know and understand what they (these people and Nee or Lee) really believed, believe, and are, and speak, and think of God, Christianity, you, the saved, the unsaved, etc .. -- I am very sure that your view will become "real neutral".

5. We all are have our own POVs, but some POVs are right and factual and some are based on just informations, second guessing, and emotions. "Oh that we see that we may see it". And it is this division about which Nee/Lee/others were talking that even after knowing that (many of us here) are saved and Christians and one in eternity and heaven --our communication/talks seems not to be of a brotherly fellowship but rather a secular discussion.

6. I trust that one will be honest in findings truths about Nee and particularity about (local church) (not just by reading/collecting information of this information age) but by stepping forward in love, truth, spirit, and God's way before assuming that some people are making Nee a "hero" and not "Christ the Head".

7. Finally, We all have POVs. Is the Neutral point of view (in matters of God and divine) compromising or truly neutral and factual? Are we compromised? Are we secular? I am not? Neither I am a member/ advocate of any religion, nor do I consider myself a religionist. I only have Christ Lord Jesus and HIS word, the Bible, which I hold with all my strength. So before calling someone a cultist or cultic or cult -- we should check the spirit (Is this from spirit or from our fallen mind and flesh??) Thanks to all. HopeChrist (talk) 19:33, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Knowledge of the subject of Watchman Nee is not a prerequisite to improving this article, when un-sourced personal opinion about the subject is interspersed throughout. By removing language such as "Throughout the nearly thirty years of his ministry, Watchman Nee was clearly manifested as a unique gift from the Lord to His Body for His move in this age" as I did here it is a simple case of insisting on the same neutrality for this article as in all other articles. This kind of personal opinion has no place in a Wikipedia article, whether I agree with it or not - unless it is a direct quote from a reliable source. This talk page is not intended to be a forum to discuss whether or not the Local Church movement is a cult or not. As it stands, this article doesn't even deal with such controversy. Nor is this talk page the place to make a defense of a certain editor's theology or advocate others to edit according to a set of particular principles, as valid as they may be. I am afraid that the above "request" seems to me to be just an appeal to consider Watchman Nee in a positive light so that this article will show him in an entirely favorable way. Again, Wikipedia isn't the place for this. Blogs are better.Brian0324 (talk) 21:32, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This article on Mr. Nee is not about showing him in a good light or favourable light but about presenting the things (facts) in as clear way as it is possible. I believe any true unbiased wiki editor (especially a Christian) will not throw any unsourced personal opinions if there is no valid resources/quotations available to cite for. I agree to removal of any such content according to wiki policy. Also I again request to everyone to check for the site/source quoted (whether internal or third party) to check for the validity of any content.

 * Also, as not many third party quality and trustworthy resources are available on internet and press on Nee and his life and ministry other than the books he has written and talks he gave during his life. I believe, published books (of him and about him) from LSM or any other publisher should be considered as neutral, valuable, and trustworthy resource (for citations and quotes).

 * I have no intention whatsoever (as stated above in the previous reply by my friend) to make anyone think/consider Mr. Nee in a certain favourable way. All I am requesting is to be truthful and balanced in our approach to find the facts and then when presenting it. Thats what the encyclopaedic article is all about (in my personal opinion). Thanks. HopeChrist (talk) 03:14, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually Watchman Nee rejected the the six major sins of Witness Lee. The Local Church is a cult; Watchman Nee, imprisoned for life, would have rejected Witness Lee's cult. Don't pay much attention to most of these posts, for they are just leeists trying to marry Watchman Nee to Witness Lee. The same thing has been going on for the past 50 years as they tried to alter his writings at LSM, but they have been preserved at CFP and CLC.
 * (Unsigned comment by TR Brooks, this time User talk:204.191.74.229)

After five years, this article still reads like a bunch of hero-worship (and I say this as a Christian). I'm going to put Template:Tone back in it. -JohnAlbertRigali (talk) 04:11, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

Theology
I think it would be good to include a section on Nee's theology. He has been considered by many Christians to be heterodox in his teachings (for example in his views of church authority and having only one church per area instead of many). I have read some about him and am convinced that much of people's objections to his teachings are misunderstandings or ideas that got "lost in translation" - having been translated into English from Chinese, and also coming from an Eastern worldview into the West. I also think that much of his teaching was distorted by Witness Lee into what the "local church" has become today. Anyways, I think it would be helpful to sort through some of the material about Nee's teachings and have a section about it. Kristamaranatha (talk) 17:45, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Dear Sister, thanks for the noble idea. I also believe that it would be good to expand this article as the rating of it is start-class. Also a section on theology would be very nice.
 * Secondly, I would like to address few topics which might be useful in expanding this article on Mr. Nee. I believe, we see and hear, primarily what we want, and What we are, and with whom we associate with. If I live with only mango lovers, I will think all the people in this world love mangoes. Similarly, some think that Watchman Nee is misunderstood (or criticized) by many but then that could be an illustration of a frog in the well. This world is like a ocean and there are millions of faithful Christians (faithful to salvation and faithful to the Lord) around this globe (both in denominations and the local churches and in the other churches). I have seen a part of this world and I can assure you that Watchman Nee is understood and read by far more people than we can guess. Witness Lee did not mis-represented or ill-represented Mr. Nee or his teaching or writings. Mr. Lee only expanded the vision seen by Mr. Nee. And there are hundreds of others those who have a big contribution in the local churches and their practices today. (For exmp. J N Darby (Brethren and first Church restorinist (in a sense anti-denomination)), St. Iraneous (an Apostolic Father), Madam Gyone (a Catholic), Miss Barber (an Anglican), John Calvin (hated by so many Christians, for what??, I don't understand) (for pre-destination doctrine), Faith mission (Ireland), Holiness movement (Scotland, UK, Ireland), Early true church Christians (Montanist, Anabaptists, Moravians of past, etc) and others, and others ...

 * Thirdly, anyone true to the Bible (especially a lover of the complete Word of GOD) could see that a church, Christ, or biblical living has nothing to do with EAST or WEST. If that would happen then that will be marrying to the world. Remember there is no JEW, no GREEK, No Eastern Way (or philosophy: Confusious, Md. Rumi, Buddha, etc) or Western Way (or philosophy: Plato or Aristotle, K. Marks, and others). So what Watchman Nee preached or wrote was from the Universal God inspired Bible (God's breathe and own Word and revelation) and not from eastern influence or way of thoughts and living. There is absolute no doubt on that if one is true to God then she or he is a virgin and pure and universally Christ-like and under divine growth and work.
 * I hope this will clear some of the things I found saggy. Thanks. HopeChrist (talk) 00:12, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Witness Lee actually did distort some of Nee's teachings. He took some of Nee's teachings and stretched them a bit too far. I have all the works of Nee (translated by Stephen Kaung), and I have also many works (life-studies) by Witness Lee and other works by Lee. I have translated about 16 books by Nee into Dutch. As far as I know, Stephen Kaung (also a former co-worker of Nee) doesn't want to have anything to do with the movement of Lee. Representatives of Living Stream Ministries in my country have threatened my publisher, claiming that LSM had all the copyrights of the Basic Lesson Series published by CFP, which was an outright lie. A letter from a CFP board member confirmed that. The movement has caused a lot of trouble, and tries to link Nee with Lee, in order to gain more acceptance. I remember clearly how brother Nee once said to a woman who wanted to leave the Baptist Church upon hearing his teaching about church locality, that she should not leave on his account, but only if the life in that church was not present. Nee did not drive people out of the denominations. And Mr. Kaung works with denominations as well. Not that denominations are approved of mind you, but you cannot change the denominations, and since there are brothers and sisters in them, you cannot shun them. And it certainly isn't appropriate to walk around with printed t-shirts carrying texts like "God hates christianity." It doesn't help a lot when on the one hand we reject the denominations, and on the other hand practically start a new denomination ourselves and call it the "local church." This was not the way Nee worked. Wat ch - W i k i  Talk 01:13, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * For an online encyclopedia, how do we define and neutralize what is "distortion" and what is "further expansion"? I mean, in the light of facts and general user centered, user-contributed wikipedia, how do we represent the truth!?!

 * I'm afraid that people are (and will) fight like inhuman beings on the name of God and on the nature of theology, translations, and doctrines. Well, I believe, atleast on Wiki, let us put only those things which are well sourced and verifiable (for the sake of human civility).

 * To some, Lee distorted the teaching and visions of Nee, and Paul for example did that to Peter and James!! Well, just in similar ways, Nee too have gone far away from the orthodox Biblical truths according to many theologians. Well, who is then right about the things of the invisible, unheard, incomprehensible, and unimaginable God!?! Let's not be overtly religious, self protecting, and too knowledgeable (beyond normal common sense), but we should try to "love and respect one another" and write the facts. As far as Wiki is concerned, it is all about "informations, facts, and sources". Another thing is "weight of the argument" and "the general consensus among the editors". Thanks. HopeChrist (talk) 06:02, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

I have been advised not to use the talk page for debating the content matter, so if you like, you can discuss this further on my talk-page. I will copy the discussion to my talk-page for convenience sake. Wat ch - W i k i  Talk 16:50, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid, but first of all my arguments are not over the content matter but regarding the differentiation between the "factual, quoted NPOV" vs. "personal experiences in (or of) some religion"; well, I found, some of the arguments given above by my colleague to be more of a one person's (or group's) POV rather than arguments about the further improvement of the article in terms of who Mr Nee was, what he believed, his biography, his theology, and beliefs, and his contribution to the Christian population and so in general.

 * Secondly, the purpose of the talk page is to discuss about the content matter of the article (in our case, Watchman Nee) and not over the interpretation of his writings and preachings. Please see, Talk page and Talk page guidelines. Thanks. HopeChrist (talk) 17:06, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Controversies?
I am quite surprised; the book Watchman Nee: His Glory and Dishonor (Chinese) is listed under the "Books about Watchman Nee" section, yet none of its views and contents are addressed on this page. Despite being Chinese, it is one of the most complete and rigorous historical studies of the arrest of Watchman Nee in 1952 and also the surprising similarities between his theological beliefs and Gnosticism.

The book Watchman Nee: His Glory and Dishonor discusses the main reasons for Watchman Nee's arrest (mainly that of financial scandal and assistance of the Nationalist Party), the authenticity of the rumors about Watchman Nee's moral life, and the truth behind his abolishment from church leadership in the early 1940s (which is also not addressed by this article).

For this article to stay neutral in perspective, we need to at least address the controversies surrounding Watchman Nee. --Pkerichang (talk) 05:26, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Please read a book like Christianity in Communist China, by journalist George Patterson, then you will come to realize how full of communist propaganda and slander the work mentioned by you really is. If it is anything like Dana Roberts' book, it isn't worth much. Wat ch - W i k i   Talk

Current controversies
The current senior members of the Shanghai Local Church, who are still alive and living in Shanghai, would disagree with laudatory elements of the wiki article. They were there at the trial in 1956. They were there when the Shanghai Church investigated allegations of Nee's immorality. Many were angry at Nee. Peace Wang gave up her faith because of Nee's behavior. In 2006, I went to Shanghai to confirm the information given to me by Dr. Lily Hsu. Dr. Hsu was there at the trial. On behalf of the Shanghai Local Church she interviewed one of the women Nee had an affair with. She confessed to church leaders. Nee was then removed from the church rolls. Thereupon the church left Three-Self even though Nee had encouraged them to join and follow "The People's Viewpoint." Nee's final public sermon defending the Three Self was recently published in Chinese and translated into English Dr. Lily Hsu's new book, My Unforgettable Memories: Watchman Nee and Shanghai Local Church. The book is a wakeup call for people to recognize the difference between a spiritual 'dramatus personae' and the real thing. Like all of us Nee had to deal with weaknesses and temptations every day. Instead of turning for help and strenghth he preferred to perform a very public 'spiritual' life while living a different, private life.

--Dana Roberts, M.A., M.T.S. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.77.34.222 (talk) 16:04, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Hello dr. Roberts. It has been a while since I visited the English Watchman Nee wiki, and I saw your message just now. Perhaps you remember me from my review of your book on Amazon about Watchman Nee (comment). Since to my mind, I have already rebutted some of the conclusions you came to in your book about Watchman Nee on Amazon, I hope you don't mind if I take your conclusions in this current matter with a grain of salt. I'll contact a few people who most assuredly are 'in the know' about this and get back to you. That being said, if you want to base the validity of a person's teachings on his life, you might as well throw your Bible out of the window and reject the christian faith as a whole, for what christian in history has never sinned? Paul called Peter a hypocrite at one time. Does that mean we have to doubt what Peter wrote? God Himself made sure his letters landed in the Bible! Why don't you try preventing people from becoming Lutheran, based on the gross antisemetic teachings of the great Reformer Martin Luther? I guess I am simply wondering why you are bringing this up in the first place. By the way, saying 'Peace Wang gave up her faith because of Nee's behavior' (of which I have no proof), doesn't mean a thing. If this is true, which I doubt, it only means her faith was not based on the Bible but on a man's behaviour. Such a faith is not faith at all. Now I'd like to add that we all know how the Communist Party in those days fabricated a lot of 'evidence' against strong christian leaders, and I therefore am inclined to side with the reviews of the above mentioned book you seem to recommend: My Unforgettable Memories: Watchman Nee and Shanghai Local Church posted here and here. If you have ever read Christianity in Communist China by journalist George Patterson, you know how the Communist Party tried to destroy the testimony of christian leaders, and it seems they did a very good job with the author of the book you endorse. Wat ch - W i k i   Talk 21:04, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * By the way, I just wrote a review on Dengshong John Wu's latest book Understanding Watchman Nee, and I'm afraid I have some issues with that book as well: review. - Wat ch - W i k i   Talk 08:11, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Trinity
When I read here that Watchman Nee believed that 'the Father became the Son', it becomes clear to me that this article is being hijacked by Leeists. Nee never taught such a thing, but Lee, who drifted away from Nee's biblical teaching, has caused quite a stir with his cultic teachings. I suggest that Wikipedia moderators take a good look at this article and prevent the followers of Witness Lee to modify this article in order to make it compatible with Lee's teachings.

Actually, this whole article looks more like a rehash of the Living Stream Ministries biography of Watchman Nee. I recognize many catchphrases from that biography. I find it very strange that not ONCE in this article Christian Fellowship Publisers is mentioned, which published more than 50 titles of Nee, translated by Stephen Kaung. That really is a red flag to me. Wat ch - W i k i  Talk  — Preceding undated comment added 22:15, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:17, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Watchman Nee


text:
Talk:Karelia (disambiguation)

Untitled
There is ongoing discussion as well as a constructive process aiming to produce a possible alternative to the current content at Karelia. It is wholly unproductive and very uncooperative to singlehandedly attempt to circumvent that process. The order has been restored awaiting a resoultion by consensus and established means. See also Talk:Republic of Karelia. -- Mic 22:48, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karelia (disambiguation)


text:
.gb

.gb is a reserved Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United Kingdom, derived from Great Britain.

The domain was introduced with RFC 920 in October 1984 that set out the creation of ccTLD generally using country codes derived from the corresponding two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 list. However, the .uk domain had been created separately a few months before the compilation of this list. Consequently, .gb was never widely used. It is no longer possible to register under this domain.

.gb was used for a number of years, mainly by British government organisations and commercial e-mail services using X.400-based e-mail infrastructure. This simplified translating between DNS domains and X.400 addresses, which used "GB" as a country code.

With the demise of X.400 e-mail and IANA's general aim of one TLD per country, use of .gb declined; the domain remains in existence, but it is not currently open to new domain registrations.

,  still exists, with at least three subdomains resolving through DNS (although none serve a website): ,  , and. The domain was originally owned by the Defence Research Agency, which became the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency in 1995 and was split into QinetiQ and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in 2001; the website became defunct some time thereafter.

, Central Digital and Data Office's (see Cabinet Office) intention is to inform ICANN early in 2023 that the UK wishes to retire .gb.

title: .gb


text:
Triumph Palace

Triumph Palace (Триу́мф-Пала́с, transliterated as Triumf Palas) is the tallest apartment building in Moscow and all of Europe. It is sometimes called the Eighth Sister because it is similar in appearance to the Seven Sisters skyscrapers built in Moscow under Joseph Stalin through the 1950s. Construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2006.

The 57-storey building, containing about 1,000 luxury apartments, was topped out on 20 December 2003, making it Europe's and Russia's tallest skyscraper at 264.1 m until the inauguration in 2007 of Moscow's 268-metre Naberezhnaya Tower block C.

Triumph Palace is featured in detail in the 2009 Channel 4 series Vertical City (series 1, episode 8).

title: Triumph Palace


text:
Tea tree oil

Tea tree oil, also known as melaleuca oil, is an essential oil with a fresh, camphoraceous odor and a colour that ranges from pale yellow to nearly colourless and clear. It is derived from the leaves of the tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, native to southeast Queensland and the northeast coast of New South Wales, Australia. The oil comprises many constituent chemicals, and its composition changes if it is exposed to air and oxidizes. Commercial use of tea tree oil began in the 1920s, pioneered by the entrepreneur Arthur Penfold.

There is little evidence for the effectiveness of tea tree oil in treating mite-infected crusting of eyelids, although some claims of efficacy exist. In traditional medicine, it may be applied topically in low concentrations for skin diseases, although there is little evidence for efficacy.

Tea tree oil is neither a patented product nor an approved drug in the United States, although it is approved as a complementary medicine for aromatherapy in Australia. It is poisonous if consumed by mouth and is unsafe for children.

Uses
Although tea tree oil is claimed to be useful for treating dandruff, acne, lice, herpes, insect bites, scabies, and skin fungal or bacterial infections, insufficient evidence exists to support any of these claims due to the limited quality of research. A 2015 Cochrane review of acne complementary therapies found a single low-quality trial showing benefit on skin lesions compared to placebo.

According to the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency, traditional usage suggests that tea tree oil is a possible treatment for "small, superficial wounds, insect bites, and small boils" and that it may reduce itching in minor cases of athlete's foot. The CHMP states that tea tree oil products should not be used on people under 12 years of age.

Tea tree oil is not recommended for treating nail fungus because it is yet to be proven effective, It is not recommended for treating head lice in children because its effectiveness and safety have not been established and it could cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. , there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of 5-50% tea tree oil as an effective treatment for demodex mite infestations, although products claiming efficacy exist.

Toxicity
Tea tree oil is highly toxic when ingested orally. It may cause drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, coma, unsteadiness, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, blood-cell abnormalities, and severe rashes. It should be kept away from pets and children. It should not be used in or around the mouth.

Application of tea tree oil to the skin can cause an allergic reaction, the potential for which increases as the oil ages and its chemical composition changes. Adverse effects include skin irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, linear immunoglobulin A disease, erythema multiforme-like reactions, and systemic hypersensitivity reactions. Allergic reactions may be due to the various oxidation products that are formed by exposure of the oil to light and air. Consequently, oxidized tea tree oil should not be used.

In Australia, tea tree oil is one of the many essential oils causing poisoning, mostly of children. From 2014 to 2018, 749 cases were reported in New South Wales, accounting for 17% of essential oil poisoning incidents.

Hormonal effects
Tea tree oil potentially poses a risk for causing abnormal breast enlargement in men and prepubertal children. A 2018 study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences found four of the constituent chemicals (eucalyptol, 4-terpineol, dipentene, and alpha-terpineol) are endocrine disruptors, raising concerns of potential environmental health impact from the oil.

In animals
In dogs and cats, death or transient signs of toxicity (lasting two to three days), such as lethargy, weakness, incoordination, and muscle tremors, have been reported after external application at high doses.

As a test of toxicity by oral intake, the median lethal dose (LD50) in rats is 1.9–2.4 ml/kg.

Composition and characteristics
Tea tree oil is defined by the International Standard ISO 4730 ("Oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type"), containing terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene as about 70% to 90% of whole oil, while p-cymene, terpinolene, α-terpineol, and α-pinene collectively account for some 15% of the oil (table). The oil has been described as colorless to pale yellow having a fresh, camphor-like smell.

Tea tree oil products contain various phytochemicals, among which terpinen-4-ol is the major component. Adverse reactions diminish with lower eucalyptol content.

History and extraction
The name "tea tree" is used for several plants, mostly from Australia and New Zealand, from the family Myrtaceae related to the myrtle. The use of the name probably originated from Captain James Cook's description of one of these shrubs that he used to make an infusion to drink in place of tea.

The commercial tea tree oil industry originated in the 1920s when Australian chemist Arthur Penfold investigated the business potential of a number of native extracted oils; he reported that tea tree oil had promise, as it exhibited antiseptic properties.

Tea tree oil was first extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia in Australia, and this species remains the most important commercially. In the 1970s and 1980s, commercial plantations began to produce large quantities of tea tree oil from M. alternifolia. Many of these plantations are located in New South Wales. Since the 1970s and 80s, the industry has expanded to include several other species for their extracted oil: Melaleuca armillaris and Melaleuca styphelioides in Tunisia and Egypt; Melaleuca leucadendra in Egypt, Malaysia, and Vietnam; Melaleuca acuminata in Tunisia; Melaleuca ericifolia in Egypt; and Melaleuca quinquenervia in the United States (considered an invasive species in Florida ).

Similar oils can also be produced by water distillation from Melaleuca linariifolia and Melaleuca dissitiflora. Whereas the availability and nonproprietary nature of tea tree oil would make it – if proved effective – particularly well-suited to a disease such as scabies that affects poor people disproportionately, those same characteristics diminish corporate interest in its development and validation.

title: Tea tree oil


text:
Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester

Peter Edward Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester, (25 March 1932 – 23 June 2010) was a British Conservative politician who served in Cabinet under Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Worcester from 1961 to 1992 and was made a life peer in 1992.

Walker became the youngest National Chairman of the Young Conservatives in 1958. He was a founder of the Tory Reform Group, and served as Chairman of the Carlton Club.

Early life and education
Born in Middlesex, younger son of Sydney Walker, a capstan operator at HMV's factory at Hayes, and his wife Rose (née Dean),  Walker was privately educated at Latymer Upper School in London. He did not go to college or university.

Parliamentary career
Walker rose through the ranks of the Conservative Party's youth wing, the Young Conservatives. He was a branch chairman at the age of 14, and later National Chairman. He fought the Parliamentary seat of Dartford in the general elections of 1955 and 1959, being beaten each time by Labour's Sydney Irving.

Walker was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1960 Birthday Honours for political services. Within four years of his election to Parliament in a by-election in 1961, he had entered the Shadow Cabinet. He later served under Prime Minister Edward Heath as Minister of Housing and Local Government (1970), Secretary of State for the Environment (1970–72), the first person in the world to hold such a position, and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (1972–74). From late 1974 to February 1975, Walker served as Shadow Defence Secretary. When Margaret Thatcher became the party leader, Walker did not serve in her Shadow Cabinet. But when the party came to power in 1979, he returned to the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, in 1979. He later served as Secretary of State for Energy (1983–87). Whilst at the Department for Energy he played an important role in the Government's successful opposition to the 1984–85 miners' strike.

Walker then served as Secretary of State for Wales between 1987 and 1990. Although the role of Welsh Secretary was ostensibly one of the most junior jobs in the Cabinet, Walker claimed it gave him more influence as it gave access to key economic committees. He stood down from the Cabinet shortly before Thatcher herself was ousted in 1990. Though he had previously been a close ally of Heath's and was generally considered to be on the left of the party, he was nevertheless one of the longest-serving Cabinet members in Thatcher's government, serving during the entirety bar the last six months of her premiership. In October 1985, however, he had hit out at Thatcher's reluctance to inject money into the economy in order to ease mass unemployment, speaking of his fears that she could lose the next general election if unemployment did not fall. However, the Tories were re-elected in 1987, by which time unemployment was falling.

As noted above, Walker's 1970 appointment as Secretary of State for the Environment was notable in that he became the world's first Environment Minister, and was thus a source of considerable interest at the 1972 Stockholm Conference. The creation of the Department of the Environment came in response to the growing environmental concerns of the 1960s (not least the Torrey Canyon oil spill of 1967), and one of Walker's immediate concerns was to clean up the nation's waterways. The measures put in place have had substantial results for river life. For instance, the Thames was declared biologically dead in 1957 but today many species of fish thrive in the river, including wild salmon and trout.

Walker was a determined supporter of the hospice movement, becoming a patron of St Richard's Hospice in Worcester when it was founded in 1984. He campaigned determinedly for greater NHS support for St Richard's and the wider hospice movement, which is staffed largely by dedicated volunteers. During a House of Lords debate in 2000, Lord Walker stated: "Anyone who visits hospices and meets the volunteers—the people running them and guiding them—will recognise their unique spiritual and compassionate contribution to the health service."

Upon his retirement from Parliament, he was appointed a life peer in the 1992 Dissolution Honours, as Baron Walker of Worcester, of Abbots Morton in the County of Hereford and Worcester.

Business career
During the 1960s he was the junior partner in Slater Walker, an asset stripping vehicle used by Jim Slater to generate immense paper profits until 1973. An ill-timed attempt to take over Hill Samuel resulted in the loss of city confidence in Slater Walker and Jim Slater became for a time a "minus millionaire". Peter Walker's political career survived and after retirement from politics he returned to the City as Chairman of Kleinwort Benson.

Other business positions Walker held included: Chairman of Allianz Insurance plc, Vice Chairman of Dresdner Kleinwort and non-executive director of ITM Power plc.

Personal life and death
Walker and his wife had five children. His son Robin Walker was elected MP for the Worcester constituency in the 2010 general election.

He died at St Richard's Hospice, Worcester, on 23 June 2010, after suffering from cancer.

title: Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester


text:
Wilkinson's polynomial

In numerical analysis, Wilkinson's polynomial is a specific polynomial which was used by James H. Wilkinson in 1963 to illustrate a difficulty when finding the root of a polynomial: the location of the roots can be very sensitive to perturbations in the coefficients of the polynomial.

The polynomial is $$ w(x) = \prod_{i=1}^{20} (x - i) = (x-1) (x-2) \cdots (x-20). $$ Sometimes, the term Wilkinson's polynomial is also used to refer to some other polynomials appearing in Wilkinson's discussion.

Background
Wilkinson's polynomial arose in the study of algorithms for finding the roots of a polynomial $$ p(x) = \sum_{i=0}^n c_i x^i. $$ It is a natural question in numerical analysis to ask whether the problem of finding the roots of $p$ from the coefficients $c_{i}$ is well-conditioned. That is, we hope that a small change in the coefficients will lead to a small change in the roots. Unfortunately, this is not the case here.

The problem is ill-conditioned when the polynomial has a multiple root. For instance, the polynomial $x^{2}$ has a double root at $x = 0$. However, the polynomial $x^{2} − ε$ (a perturbation of size ε) has roots at $±√ε$, which is much bigger than $ε$ when $ε$ is small.

It is therefore natural to expect that ill-conditioning also occurs when the polynomial has zeros which are very close. However, the problem may also be extremely ill-conditioned for polynomials with well-separated zeros. Wilkinson used the polynomial $w(x)$ to illustrate this point (Wilkinson 1963).

In 1984, he described the personal impact of this discovery:

Speaking for myself I regard it as the most traumatic experience in my career as a numerical analyst.

Wilkinson's polynomial is often used to illustrate the undesirability of naively computing eigenvalues of a matrix by first calculating the coefficients of the matrix's characteristic polynomial and then finding its roots, since using the coefficients as an intermediate step may introduce an extreme ill-conditioning even if the original problem was well conditioned.

Conditioning of Wilkinson's polynomial
Wilkinson's polynomial $$ w(x) = \prod_{i=1}^{20} (x - i) = (x-1)(x-2) \cdots (x-20) $$ clearly has 20 roots, located at $x = 1, 2, ..., 20$. These roots are far apart. However, the polynomial is still very ill-conditioned.

Expanding the polynomial, one finds $$ \begin{align} w(x) = {} & x^{20}-210 x^{19}+20615 x^{18}-1256850x^{17}+53327946 x^{16} \\ & {}-1672280820x^{15}+40171771630 x^{14}-756111184500x^{13} \\ & {}+11310276995381x^{12}-135585182899530x^{11} \\ & {}+1307535010540395x^{10}-10142299865511450x^9 \\ & {}+63030812099294896x^8-311333643161390640x^7 \\ & {}+1206647803780373360x^6-3599979517947607200x^5 \\ & {}+8037811822645051776x^4-12870931245150988800x^3 \\ & {}+13803759753640704000x^2-8752948036761600000x \\ & {}+2432902008176640000. \end{align} $$

If the coefficient of x19 is decreased from −210 by 2−23 to −210.0000001192, then the polynomial value w(20) decreases from 0 to −2−232019 = −6.25×1017, and the root at $x = 20$ grows to $x ≈ 20.8$. The roots at $x = 18$ and $x = 19$ collide into a double root at $x ≈ 18.62$ which turns into a pair of complex conjugate roots at $x ≈ 19.5 ± 1.9i$ as the perturbation increases further. The 20 roots become (to 5 decimals) $$ \begin{array}{rrrrr} 1.00000 & 2.00000 & 3.00000 & 4.00000 & 5.00000 \\[8pt] 6.00001 & 6.99970 & 8.00727 & 8.91725 & 20.84691 \\[8pt] 10.09527\pm {} & 11.79363 \pm {} & 13.99236\pm{} & 16.73074\pm{} & 19.50244 \pm {} \\[-3pt] 0.64350i & 1.65233i & 2.51883i & 2.81262i & 1.94033i \end{array} $$

Some of the roots are greatly displaced, even though the change to the coefficient is tiny and the original roots seem widely spaced. Wilkinson showed by the stability analysis discussed in the next section that this behavior is related to the fact that some roots α (such as α = 15) have many roots β that are "close" in the sense that |α − β| is smaller than |α|.

Wilkinson chose the perturbation of 2−23 because his Pilot ACE computer had 30-bit floating point significands, so for numbers around 210, 2−23 was an error in the first bit position not represented in the computer. The two real numbers, −210 and −210 − 2−23, are represented by the same floating point number, which means that 2−23 is the unavoidable error in representing a real coefficient close to −210 by a floating point number on that computer. The perturbation analysis shows that 30-bit coefficient precision is insufficient for separating the roots of Wilkinson's polynomial.

Stability analysis
Suppose that we perturb a polynomial $p(x) = Π (x − α_{j})$ with roots $α_{j}$ by adding a small multiple $t·c(x)$ of a polynomial $c(x)$, and ask how this affects the roots $α_{j}$. To first order, the change in the roots will be controlled by the derivative $${d\alpha_j \over dt} = -{c(\alpha_j)\over p^\prime(\alpha_j)}. $$ When the derivative is large, the roots will be more stable under variations of $t$, and conversely if this derivative is small the roots will be unstable. In particular, if $α_{j}$ is a multiple root, then the denominator vanishes. In this case, αj is usually not differentiable with respect to $t$ (unless $c$ happens to vanish there), and the roots will be extremely unstable.

For small values of $t$ the perturbed root is given by the power series expansion in $t$ $$ \alpha_j + {d\alpha_j \over dt} t + {d^2\alpha_j \over dt^2} {t^2\over 2!} + \cdots $$ and one expects problems when |t| is larger than the radius of convergence of this power series, which is given by the smallest value of |t| such that the root $α_{j}$ becomes multiple. A very crude estimate for this radius takes half the distance from $α_{j}$ to the nearest root, and divides by the derivative above.

In the example of Wilkinson's polynomial of degree 20, the roots are given by $α_{j} = j$ for $j = 1, ..., 20$, and $c(x)$ is equal to x19. So the derivative is given by $${d\alpha_j \over dt} = -{\alpha_j^{19}\over \prod_{k\ne j}(\alpha_j-\alpha_k)} = -\prod_{k\ne j}{\alpha_j\over \alpha_j-\alpha_k}. \,\!$$ This shows that the root $α_{j}$ will be less stable if there are many roots $α_{k}$ close to $α_{j}$, in the sense that the distance
 * αj − αk| between them is smaller than |αj|.

Example. For the root α1 = 1, the derivative is equal to 1/19! which is very small; this root is stable even for large changes in t. This is because all the other roots β are a long way from it, in the sense that |α1 − β| = 1, 2, 3, ..., 19 is larger than |α1| = 1. For example, even if t is as large as –10000000000, the root α1 only changes from 1 to about 0.99999991779380 (which is very close to the first order approximation 1 + t/19! ≈ 0.99999991779365). Similarly, the other small roots of Wilkinson's polynomial are insensitive to changes in t.

Example. On the other hand, for the root α20 = 20, the derivative is equal to −2019/19! which is huge (about 43000000), so this root is very sensitive to small changes in t. The other roots β are close to α20, in the sense that |β − α20| = 1, 2, 3, ..., 19 is less than |α20| = 20. For t = −2− 23 the first-order approximation 20 − t·2019/19! = 25.137... to the perturbed root 20.84... is terrible; this is even more obvious for the root α19 where the perturbed root has a large imaginary part but the first-order approximation (and for that matter all higher-order approximations) are real. The reason for this discrepancy is that |t| ≈ 0.000000119 is greater than the radius of convergence of the power series mentioned above (which is about 0.0000000029, somewhat smaller than the value 0.00000001 given by the crude estimate) so the linearized theory does not apply. For a value such as t = 0.000000001 that is significantly smaller than this radius of convergence, the first-order approximation 19.9569... is reasonably close to the root 19.9509...

At first sight the roots α1 = 1 and α20 = 20 of Wilkinson's polynomial appear to be similar, as they are on opposite ends of a symmetric line of roots, and have the same set of distances 1, 2, 3, ..., 19 from other roots. However the analysis above shows that this is grossly misleading: the root α20 = 20 is less stable than α1 = 1 (to small perturbations in the coefficient of x19) by a factor of 2019 = 5242880000000000000000000.

Wilkinson's second example
The second example considered by Wilkinson is $$ w_2(x) = \prod_{i=1}^{20} (x - 2^{-i}) = (x-2^{-1})(x-2^{-2}) \cdots (x-2^{-20}). $$ The twenty zeros of this polynomial are in a geometric progression with common ratio 2, and hence the quotient $$ \alpha_j\over \alpha_j-\alpha_k $$ cannot be large. Indeed, the zeros of $w_{2}$ are quite stable to large relative changes in the coefficients.

The effect of the basis
The expansion $$ p(x) = \sum_{i=0}^n c_i x^i $$ expresses the polynomial in a particular basis, namely that of the monomials. If the polynomial is expressed in another basis, then the problem of finding its roots may cease to be ill-conditioned. For example, in a Lagrange form, a small change in one (or several) coefficients need not change the roots too much. Indeed, the basis polynomials for interpolation at the points 0, 1, 2, ..., 20 are $$ \ell_k(x) = \prod_{i = 0,\ldots,20 \atop i \neq k} \frac{x - i}{k - i}, \qquad\text{for}\quad k=0,\ldots,20. $$

Every polynomial (of degree 20 or less) can be expressed in this basis: $$ p(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{20} d_i \ell_i(x). $$

For Wilkinson's polynomial, we find $$ w(x) = (20!) \ell_0(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{20} d_i \ell_i(x) \quad\text{with}\quad d_0=(20!) ,\, d_1=d_2= \cdots =d_{20}=0. $$

Given the definition of the Lagrange basis polynomial $ℓ_{0}(x)$, a change in the coefficient $d_{0}$ will produce no change in the roots of $w$. However, a perturbation in the other coefficients (all equal to zero) will slightly change the roots. Therefore, Wilkinson's polynomial is well-conditioned in this basis.

title: Wilkinson's polynomial


text:
Briquet

Briquet may refer to:

People named Briquet

 * Briquet (possibly Jehan de Villeroye), an early Renaissance composer
 * Charles-Moïse Briquet (1880–1918), Swiss paper merchant and scholar of watermarks
 * Fortunée Briquet (1782–1815), French femme de lettres
 * John Briquet (1870–1931), Swiss botanist
 * Paul Briquet (1796–1881), French psychiatrist
 * Robert Briquet (14th century), mercenary captain during the Hundred Years' War

Other

 * Artois Hound or Briquet, a rare breed of dog, and a descendant of the Bloodhound
 * Briquet (coin), a Medieval silver coin
 * Briquette or briquet, a block of flammable matter which is used as fuel to start and maintain a fire
 * Briquet's, a famous 19th century private school at Plain Palais, Geneva, Switzerland
 * Sabre, a sword with a curved, single-edged blade and a rather large hand guard, often carried in past centuries by infantrymen and artillerymen
 * A type of sandwich

title: Briquet


text:
User:Mpntod

Hi. My name is Martin Tod and, outside Wikipedia, I'm the Chief Executive of the Men's Health Forum, a Hampshire County Councillor and Winchester City Councillor, living in Winchester, Hampshire, in the south of England.

I edited my first Wikipedia entryon February 15, 2004, was very active for the next couple of years, and since then have only edited sporadically.

It's a while back now, but a few of the articles I created are still going including:
 * Cambridge University Students' Union
 * Dew ponds
 * Friends' Ambulance Unit
 * International Save the Children Union
 * Hyde Abbey School

A fact from the dew pond article made it onto the Did You Know section on the Main Page in December 2004... which was probably the high water mark of my Wikipedia achievement!

I've also contributed to these articles:
 * Cambridge Union Society
 * Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet
 * Steyning
 * Croque-monsieur

And created the following category:
 * Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union

I also persuaded Mike Dash/Mike Dash to become a Wikipedian.

A full list of my contributions is available here

Links

 * My personal website
 * My Facebook page
 * My Twitter page

title: User:Mpntod


text:
Bord na Móna

Bord na Móna (English: "The Peat Board") is a semi-state company in Ireland, created in 1946 by the Turf Development Act 1946. The company began developing the peatlands of Ireland with the aim to provide economic benefit for Irish Midland communities and achieve security of energy supply for the recently formed Irish Republic. The development of peatlands involved the mechanised harvesting of peat, which took place primarily in the Midlands of Ireland.

Over the years, Bord na Móna has expanded and diversified its portfolio of businesses to include biomass procurement and supply, power generation (peat based and renewable), waste recovery, domestic fuel products and professional and consumer horticulture products. In 2015, the company announced that the harvesting of peat for power generation is to be "phased out" by 2030, at which point the company would complete its transition to new sustainable businesses located across its bogs and landholding.

The new sustainable businesses and activities located across Bord na Móna's bogs are said to include; renewable energy development, domestic fuels, biomass development, waste recovery, horticulture, eco-tourism, and community amenities. Although Bord na Móna will cease harvesting vast amounts of peat to supply power plants, they will continue to harvest peat for their horticulture and fuels businesses.

Despite these changes Bord na Móna and the extraction of turf remains controversial in Ireland as it is criticised as being the most environmentally unfriendly form of fuel and having a negative impact on local biodiversity while in receipt of state subsidies.

History
Bord na Móna was originally established in 1933 as the Turf Development Board, Limited. The reason for the formation of the Turf Development Board was "to develop and improve the Turf Industry..." and "...to operate and drain bogs...". Later, in 1946 the Turf Development Board changed its name to Bord na Móna under the Turf Development Act 1946. This move saw a change in status from that of a limited liability company to a statutory company as well as some significant changes in strategy and operations.

World War II had a substantial impact on the development of Ireland's peat industry and the foundation of Bord na Móna in 1946. During the war, it was necessary to stockpile peat as a fuel given that coal was in short supply. This was due to a sharp reduction in imports and because the coal being imported was of poor quality. World War II resulted in the implementation of a number of emergency fuel schemes with a particular focus on peat as fuel for the people of Ireland, both inside and outside of traditional turf areas. It is estimated that before the war the annual production of turf per year was three million tons. The war effort added two million tons a year to this. The use of peat as a fuel source during World War II reinforced the government's commitment to develop Ireland's bogs as an indigenous source of energy.

After the war, the Irish government had a renewed focus on "the production of turf by mechanical processes and its sale at prices that cause it to compete effectively with other fuels". The war raised a valid concern around the security of indigenous fuel for Ireland. The resulting solution was a white paper issued by the government setting out what later became known as the First Development Programme.

Up to the 1950s, Ireland's bogs were harvested for turf, but from the 1950s right through to modern times the bogs were harvested for milled peat. This new method of peat harvesting gave way to harvesting on a scale not yet seen before in Ireland. A number of bogs in the Midlands were the proving ground for this new style of harvesting and are still in production to this day. The primary counties for peat harvesting were Kildare, Offaly, Galway, Longford, Roscommon, and Tipperary. These areas still continue to be the main areas of peat production.

In 2018, West Offaly and Lough Ree power stations received €87.75 million from the taxpayer to operate under the public service obligation (PSO) scheme. 5.3% of Irish homes used peat for heating. In 2020, the Bord na Móna announced that it was phasing out peat harvesting in Ireland. No jobs would be lost, and existing peat workers would be reassigned to bog reclamation projects rather than laid off.

On 15 January 2021 it was announced that peat briquettes would no longer be available after 2024.

Biodiversity
Bord na Móna has been responsible for both gains and losses of biodiversity across the bogs under their control. This loss of biodiversity is due to the company's operations which progressively altered the terrain of bogs in their ownership. Bord na Móna has made considerable effort to offset the impact of their operations over the years. In the 1970s, a group of Bord na Móna employees, led by Tom Barry who was Peatland Environmental Officer at the time, drove an initiative to preserve a number of bogs, including Pollardstown Fen located in County Kildare and Raheenmore Bog in County Offaly. During the 1980s and 1990s, another internal drive saw the conservation of more bogs, including Bellacorick Flush County Mayo, Mongan Bog, Clara Bog, and All Saints Bog in County Offaly. These bogs are now owned and managed by An Taisce, the National Parks and Wildlife Service, and other organisations.

In 2010, Bord na Móna launched its first Biodiversity Action Plan. This plan set out a number of objectives and actions to be carried out over a five-year period 2010–2015. It gave an overview of rehabilitation work, natural colonisation projects, and the biodiversity of the company's cutaway bogs. It also highlighted the biodiversity projects in progress and those completed. In 2016, Bord na Móna released a second biodiversity action plan. This subsequent plan was developed to build upon the objectives of the first action plan while also looking to the future of Bord na Móna's peatlands with regard to Bord na Móna's announcement to stop harvesting peat for electricity production by 2030. Speaking about the biodiversity action plans, Bord na Móna's Senior Ecologist, Dr. Catherine Farrell said "We all need to work together in Bord na Móna to ensure the best outcomes for rehabilitation and biodiversity. This will be critical to the delivery of our Biodiversity Action Plans".

Harvesting
Peat was traditionally manually harvested by operating cutaway bogs. This method (still privately used today) consists of sods being vertically cut from the side face of a peat deposit. Technology was derived to mechanically cut and remove layers of peat from blanket bogs. Today, equipment is used to remove tonnes of peat each day at suitable times of year (rainfall is a significant variable in peat harvesting). Almost all the peat now harvested is milled peat, scraped from the surface of the bog by tractor-towed pin millers. The milled peat is ridged into small piles which are then transferred by harvesters into large piles running parallel along the bog. Railways are laid alongside each pile, the pile loaded into trains and the railway lifted and moved to the next pile. This is the 'Peco' method of working. A few bogs use the 'Haku' method whereby the milled peat is loaded into tractor-towed caterpillar-tracked trailers and deposited in a single heap at the edge of the bog adjacent to a railway line. Each year, the network of drainage ditches is deepened by a few inches before the next harvest.

Bord na Móna has developed a number of products which were novel developments in their time. Today peat briquettes replace sods of raw peat as a domestic fuel. These briquettes consist of shredded peat, compressed to form a slow-burning, easily stored and transported fuel. The first peat briquette factory built by the Board, the Derrinlough briquette factory in Offaly opened in 1959 peat, financed with a loan of £500,000 from Guinness in 1957. Derrinlough, the last remaining briquette factort out of four in total closed in June 2023. Another product developed was peat moss, a combination of peat and soil for use in the garden – particularly in pot plants. The company also supplied peat to power stations of the Electricity Supply Board and its own power station Edenderry Power.The ESB stations have all closed as of 2021 and Edenderry transitioned to 100% biomass in December 2023, ending all peat use by the company.

Railways
An extensive narrow gauge network is operated by the company in the midlands. Some smaller sections of railway were used in other bog locations, for example in County Donegal until recent years. Bord na Móna has an extensive network, which has carried up to 5 million tonnes annually, and is larger than the main network (passenger and freight) operated by Iarnród Éireann. Bord na Móna has one of the largest industrial railways in Europe. Permanent railways run from a hundred peat bogs, each covering hundreds of acres, to power stations, briquette factories, moss peat factories and roadside tipplers. On most of the bogs, temporary tracks are laid along the piles of peat the full length of most bogs. Before a pile has been cleared, another temporary line will have been laid a few hundred feet farther along. More than 300 kilometers (approx 180 miles) of temporary track are laid each year and the Bord have specialist track fabrication workshops, tracklaying machines, and a fleet of dedicated locomotives and rolling stock on hand. A few bogs are operated by the Haku process, where the peat is collected in one huge heap at the end or side of a bog, requiring only one railway line to serve it.

Part of the Blackwater bog system was also used for tourist trains – the Clonmacnoise and West Offaly Railway (colloquially the "Bog Train") for about twelve years. This service ceased permanently in October 2008 as it interfered with the heavy peat traffic heading for West Offaly Power Station. One line of the Blackwater system runs along a section of the former Ballinasloe branch canal. This includes a section where the railway runs through Kylemore Lock. The newest branch of this system runs north from existing bogs at Bloomhill to the new bogs of Kilgarvan and Bunnahinley – the latter in the outskirts of Athlone – and opened for traffic c. 2011.

All three of Bord na Móna's old steam locomotives are preserved, one by the Irish Steam Preservation Society at Stradbally, County Laois.

Each of the three power stations – West Offaly at Shannonbridge, County Offaly; Edenderry, County Offaly; Lough Ree, Lanesborough, County Longford – is the hub of an extensive rail network carrying heavy traffic. As an example, twelvetrains or rakes (locomotive and sixteen wagons) were in daily use sixteen hours a day at West Offaly in April 2009. Other, generally older locomotives, handle fuel trains, track trainloads of track, ash trains and permanent way gangs. the Edenderry Power Station is deriving a lot of its fuel from woodchips and other types of biomass. Thus the amount of peat arriving by rail is diminishing.

The two briquette factories at Derrinlough, County Offaly and Littleton, County Tipperary each have rail connections to 6 or 8 working bogs. Between four and six peat trains work on each system, the trains almost always travelling in pairs as they do at the power stations.

Bord na Móna also operates several smaller bog railways delivering the peat to tipplers for transfer by road to factories and power stations.

They can be found at Gilltown, Ummeras, Kilberry, Prosperous and Almhain North – all in County Kildare, Coolnamona in County Laois, Derryfadda in Galway, Coolnagun, Ballivor and Kinnegad in Westmeath, Monettia, Bellair and Killaun in Offaly, and Templetuohy on the Tipperary / Kilkenny border. The Coolnamona Works is largely closed but the railway system was upgraded in 2010/11 to serve a new tippler supplying peat by road to Littleton (Lanespark) Briquette Factory.

Locomotives and rolling stock, for many years bought in from outside companies, are now designed and built in-house. New locomotives are invariably 0-4-0DH (diesel-hydraulic) or 4wDH (no connecting rods). Most peat wagons are of the bogie type with aluminium bodies to reduce weight, though there were still thirty or so old steel-bodied wagons in use as of 2009. Templetuohy, the Bord's last traditional sod peat operation, uses four-wheeled open-slatted wagons which end tip into waiting lorries.

Land reclamation
The company is responsible, under government action, for reclaiming spent bogland. These areas of land are usually cleared up, with trees or other suitable vegetation being introduced. Reclaimed bogland is then usually used as a wildlife preserve. With much of the bogs of Ireland depleted, peat-fired electricity stations all closed by 2020. Rhode Power Station near Edenderry, County Offaly, had its cooling towers demolished on 16 March 2004 as it was no longer viable, followed by Bellacorick in north County Mayo on 14 October 2007. The West Offaly Power Station in Shannonbridge was scheduled to be demolished in 2020 or 2021. However, the demolition has now been postponed to at least 2027.

title: Bord na Móna


text:
Maurice Bedel

Maurice Bedel (Paris, 30 December 1883 – Thuré (Vienne), 15 October 1954) was a French novelist and essayist.

He was awarded with the prix Goncourt in 1927 for Jérôme 60° latitude nord. He was elected in 1948 as president of the Société des gens de lettres.

Works

 * Jérôme 60° latitude nord (1927)
 * Molinoff Indre-et-Loire (1928)
 * Philippine (1930)
 * Fascisme an VII (1929)
 * L'Amour camarade (1931)
 * Une Enquête sur l'amour (1932)
 * Zulfu (1933)
 * Zigzags (1932)
 * la Nouvelle Arcadie (1934)
 * l'Alouette aux nuages (1935)
 * Mémoire sans malice sur les dames d'aujourd'hui (1935)
 * la Touraine (1935)
 * Monsieur le professeur Jubier (1936)
 * le Laurier d'Apollon (1936)
 * Géographie de mille hectares (1937)
 * Bengali (1937)
 * la France des Français et celle des autres (1937)
 * Monsieur Hitler (1937)
 * Berthe au grand pied (1943)
 * Traité du plaisir (1946)
 * Destin de la personne humaine (1948)
 * Tropiques noirs (1950)
 * le Mariage des couleurs (1951)
 * Voyage de Jérôme aux États-Unis d'Amérique (1953)
 * Histoire de mille hectares (1953)

title: Maurice Bedel


text:
Face card

In a deck of playing cards, the term face card (US) or court card (British and US), and sometimes royalty, is generally used to describe a card that depicts a person as opposed to the pip cards. In a standard 52-card pack of the English pattern, these cards are the King, Queen and Jack. The term picture card is also common, but that term sometimes includes the Aces.

In the standard packs of non-English speaking regions, the face or court cards may be different. For example, in Italian- and Spanish-suited packs there is a Knight or Cavalier instead of a Queen. In French-suited Tarot card packs, the Cavalier is a fourth court card. By contrast, German-suited packs typically depict an officer or overlord, known as the Ober, and a sergeant or peasant known as the Unter.

Until the early 20th century, the term coat card was also common.

History

While playing cards were invented in China, Chinese playing cards do not have a concept of face cards. When playing cards arrived in Iran, the Persians created the first face cards.The best preserved deck is located in the Topkapı Palace. To avoid idolatry, the cards did not depict human faces and instead featured abstract designs or calligraphy for the malik (king), nā'ib malik (viceroy or deputy king) and thānī nā'ib (second or under-deputy). It is possible that the Topkapı deck, a custom made luxury item used for display, does not represent the cards played by commoners. There are fragments of what may be Mamluk court cards from cheaper decks showing human figures which may explain why seated kings and mounted men appear in both Indo-Persian and European cards. Both Mamluk and modern European decks include three face cards per suit, or twelve face cards in a deck of four suits.

The third court card may have had a special role to play since the Spanish, French, and Italians called the newly introduced cards naipe, nahipi, and naibi respectively as opposed to their Arabic name of Kanjifah. In a 1377 description of cards by John of Rheinfelden, the most common decks were structurally the same as the modern 52-card deck. Each suit contained a seated king and two marshals, one holding the suit symbol upwards while the other downwards. The marshals correspond to the Ober and Unter ranks in modern-day German and Swiss playing cards. As marshals were cavalry commanders, both ranks may have been mounted unlike their modern counterparts. Less popular decks included ones in which two kings were replaced with queens, all the kings replaced by queens, queens and maids added so as to make 15 cards per suit, and 5 or 6 suited decks with only the kings and two marshal ranks.

In Italy and Spain, the Unter and Ober were replaced by the standing Knave and the mounted Knight before 1390, perhaps to make them more visually distinguishable. The Spanish rank of Sota means "under". In 15th-century France, the knight was dropped in favour of the queen. The 15th-century Italian game of trionfi, which later became known as tarot, also added queens. The Cary-Yale deck had the most with six ranks: king, queen, knight, mounted lady, knave, and damsel or maid for a total of 24. It is unlikely that the Cary-Yale deck was designed for a game in mind as it was an expensive wedding gift and was probably never played. Standing kings are a Spanish innovation which was copied by the French.

Throughout most of their history, face cards were not reversible. Players may accidentally reveal that they hold a face card if they flip them right-side up. During the 18th century, Trappola and Tarocco Bolognese decks became the first to be reversible. The trend towards double-headed cards continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Some patterns resisted the innovation, most notably Spanish-suited decks where full figured courts remain dominant.

Cards

Current playing cards are structured as follows:

 * German and Swiss playing cards have three male face cards per suit, Unter/Under (a lower-class man or soldier), Ober (a higher ranking man), and König (a seated King).
 * Italian and Spanish playing cards have the Fante or Sota (Knave, a younger man standing), Cavallo or Caballo (Knight or Cavalier, a man sitting on a horse) and Re or Rey (King, wearing a crown). Italian suited kings are seated while Spanish suited kings stand. A few Spanish suited patterns and Portuguese suited patterns replace male knaves with female counterparts. The specific Unsun karuta deck has three additional ranks: the "Un", the "Sun", and the Dragon.
 * French playing cards replaced the middle male with the Queen so it became Knave or "Jack", Queen, and King. French suited Kings stand.
 * French and Latin tarot decks have four face cards per suit. Their order is Knave, Knight, Queen, and King for a total of 16 face cards. Figures appearing on tarot trumps are not considered to be face cards.

While modern decks of playing cards may contain one or more Jokers depicting a person, such as a jester or clown, they are not normally considered face cards. The earliest Jokers, known as Best Bowers, did not depict people until the late 1860s.

title: Face card


text:
User talk:Jpop

On Irregular verb: what's supposed to be irregular about "to owe"? -- Jmabel 23:10, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpop


text:
Ridesharing

Ridesharing or rideshare may refer to:

 * Carpool
 * Vanpool
 * Peer-to-peer ridesharing
 * Rideshare payload, a smaller-sized payload transported to orbit with a primary payload
 * Ridesharing company, a company that matches passengers with drivers of vehicles for hire via websites and mobile apps

title: Ridesharing


text:
Summerlin, Nevada

Summerlin is a community in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada. It lies at the edge of the Spring Mountains and Red Rock Canyon to the west; it includes the census-designated place of Summerlin South, is partly within the official city limits of Las Vegas and partly within unincorporated Clark County. This community occupies over 22,500 acres and holds over 230 parks, more than two dozen public and private schools, 14 houses of worship, ten golf courses, three resort hotels, recreational facilities, retail and entertainment centers, well-established office parks, a medical center, and more.

The community is divided into three associations (North, South, and West), which oversee two dozen commercial and residential villages.

At the time of the 2010 census, Summerlin's population was nearly 100,000, having risen from 59,000 residents in the year 2000.

Summerlin was named after Jean Amelia Summerlin, the grandmother of billionaire land developer Howard Hughes. The Howard Hughes Corporation maintains ownership of the master-planned community, along with Downtown Summerlin (the community's premier shopping, dining, and entertainment district) and the Las Vegas Ballpark (home of the Las Vegas Aviators minor league baseball team, which is named in Hughes' honor).

History
In 1952, the film director, aviator, and casino mogul Howard Hughes purchased 25000 acre of land in Southern Nevada, making him the Las Vegas Valley's largest landowner. Despite his initial intentions, he ultimately chose not to relocate his company to Nevada, so the purchased land remained undeveloped and empty for decades. After Hughes died of kidney failure in 1976, the Summa Corporation was organized by his heirs to oversee his vast business empire and land holdings. In 1988, the corporation announced that they would be developing the empty acres of land into a master-planned commercial and residential community. They named the project "Summerlin", after Hughes' paternal grandmother, Jean Amelia Summerlin.

In preparation for this large-scale development, Summa Corporation made a deal with the Bureau of Land Management in which they traded 5,000 acres of environmentally sensitive land for 3,000 acres of land better suited for development. After this environmental concern was addressed, development began. By the end of 1990, the construction of Summerlin's first residential village, park, and school had been completed. In 1994, Summa Corporation rebranded itself as the Howard Hughes Corporation and continued to develop new Summerlin villages.

New home construction continued to boom through the turn of the century. From 1997 to 2007, Summerlin was consistently ranked as the #1 community in the nation for new home sales. The Great Recession caused a temporary slow-down in construction, but signs of revival became especially apparent in 2014, when Downtown Summerlin opened, bringing 106 acres of shopping, dining, and entertainment to Summerlin residents. Residential development also saw a great revival following the recession, and by 2016, Summerlin was once again one of the top communities in America for new home sales.

Summerlin is still a growing community. As of 2018, over two dozen commercial and residential villages have been constructed, with over 6,000 acres still available for future development.

Climate
Summerlin has a hot desert climate typical of the Mojave Desert in which it lies (Köppen climate classification: BWh).

Summers tend to be very hot and very dry, with daily highs often exceeding 100 °F; temperatures as high as 118 degrees have been observed. The spring and fall seasons are generally sunny, warm, and dry, with daily highs in the 70s and 80s. Winters tend to be cool and windy, with daily highs in the 50s; temperatures seldom drop below freezing, and snowfall is rare, but some rain is common (especially in January and February).

Economy
Allegiant Air has their corporate headquarters in Summerlin.

Hotel and casinos
The Summerlin area is home to three major resort casinos.

 * JW Marriott Las Vegas, which includes the attached Rampart Casino, both opened in 1999.
 * Red Rock Casino, Resort & Spa, opened in 2006.
 * Suncoast Hotel and Casino, opened in 2000. Generally considered a Summerlin property, but actually located just outside the community.

Summerlin is also home to a non-gaming hotel known as Element Las Vegas, developed by Westin Hotels. It opened in 2008.

Downtown Summerlin
Downtown Summerlin is a 400 acre mixed-use district. It opened in 2014, and includes a 106 acre shopping center with more than 125 shops, bars, and restaurants. It also features office and residential space. In addition, Downtown Summerlin also includes two sports facilities:

 * City National Arena, opened in 2017. It serves as a practice facility for the Vegas Golden Knights NHL franchise and is also the home arena of the UNLV Rebels hockey program.
 * Las Vegas Ballpark, opened in 2019 and home of the Las Vegas Aviators minor league baseball team.

Local events are held in Downtown Summerlin throughout the year, including an annual art festival, outdoor fitness classes, wine walks, holiday festivals, and visits from celebrity guest speakers.

Library
Summerlin has a public library, a branch of the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District.

Sports
The city's NHL franchise, the Vegas Golden Knights, practice at City National Arena in Summerlin. The arena also offers skating lessons, hosts youth and adult amateur hockey leagues, and trains competitive figure skaters.

The UNLV Hockey team plays its home games at City National Arena in Summerlin.

The Las Vegas Aviators (a minor league baseball franchise) play at the Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin.

Cycling
Bicycle lanes are provided on most major roads in Summerlin, as well as in the adjacent Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area.

Community parks
Large community parks, which are available for free public use, are located throughout Summerlin. , there are 25 community parks that feature a variety of recreational amenities, which may include: community centers, barbecue areas, walking trails, playgrounds, swimming pools, interactive water features, soccer fields, baseball fields, football fields, basketball courts, tennis courts, volleyball courts, bocce ball and shuffleboard courts, and motorized toy areas. In addition, the parks with community centers typically offer special events, classes, and children's camps.

Walking trails
As of 2018, the Summerlin Trail System is more than 150 miles long and connects local neighborhoods to various amenities throughout the community. The system includes five types of planned trails: street-side, village, bike, regional, and natural.

Upon completion, the trail system will be more than 200 miles long and will connect to more than 2,000 miles of regional trails, making it one of the most comprehensive and efficient trail systems in the southwestern United States.

In 2008, Summerlin and the Howard Hughes Corporation received the American Trails Developer Award, which is given to developers in recognition of "quality, well designed multi-use trails systems that are integrated into private developments."

Mountain recreation
The adjacent Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area offers 26 hiking trails (ranging in difficulty from easy to strenuous). The canyon is also suitable for bouldering and rock climbing and has an overnight camp site.

Government

Summerlin lies partially within an incorporated municipality and partially within an unincorporated area. It is patrolled by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department - Summerlin Area Command. The area north of Charleston Boulevard is within the city of Las Vegas, while the area south of Charleston Boulevard is located in unincorporated Clark County. As a planned community, Summerlin is managed by three master associations (Summerlin North, Summerlin South, and Summerlin West). Summerlin is further developed into commercial and residential villages. Many individual subdivisions also have their own homeowners associations.

Summerlin has three age-restricted communities for senior citizens (Sun City Summerlin, The Regency, and Siena).

Public schools
Public schools in Summerlin belong to the Clark County School District, which serves almost all of Southern Nevada.

Elementary schools located in Summerlin

 * Shelley Berkley Elementary School
 * John W. Bonner Elementary School
 * Roger M. Bryan Elementary School
 * Linda Rankin Givens Elementary School
 * John & Judy Goolsby Elementary School
 * William R. Lummis Elementary School
 * D’vorre & Hal Ober Elementary School
 * Ethel W. Staton Elementary School
 * James B. McMillan Elementary
 * Katz Elementary

Middle schools located in Summerlin

 * Ernest Becker Middle School
 * Victoria Fertitta Middle School
 * Sig Rogich Middle School

High schools located in Summerlin

 * Palo Verde High School
 * Cimarron-Memorial High School
 * West Career And Technical Academy (magnet school)

In addition to the above-listed public schools, some Summerlin residents may be zoned for schools located just outside of the Summerlin boundaries (many families in Summerlin South, for example, are zoned for Durango High School in nearby Spring Valley).

Private schools
Summerlin is also home to several private schools, including:

 * The Adelson Educational Campus (K-12; Jewish)
 * Alexander Dawson School (K-8; Secular)
 * Bishop Gorman High School (9-12; Catholic)
 * Faith Lutheran Academy (K-5; Lutheran)
 * Faith Lutheran Jr/Sr High School (6-12; Lutheran)
 * The Meadows School (K-12; Secular)
 * Merryhill School (K-5; Secular)
 * St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic School (K-8; Catholic)
 * The Shenker Academy (Kindergarten only; Jewish)
 * Sholom Schechter Day School of Las Vegas (K-5; Jewish)

Higher education
Higher education within the community of Summerlin is mostly limited to small satellite campuses, including:

 * The College of Southern Nevada (Summerlin Center Campus; Public)
 * The Roseman University of Health Sciences (Summerlin Campus; Private)

However, Summerlin is also located within 10 miles of the College of Southern Nevada's main campus (CSN - Charleston), within 20 miles of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), and within 30 miles of Nevada State College (NSC).

Healthcare
The Summerlin Hospital Medical Center, a private hospital operated by the Valley Health System, provides 485 beds to the local community. It is an accredited Chest Pain Center and Primary Stroke Center. Other features include: the Children's Medical Center, the Breast Care Center, the Cancer Center, the Rehab Center, and the Robotic Surgery Center. Its 40-acre campus is located in The Crossings village of Summerlin North.

Notable people

 * Sheldon Adelson: Chairman and CEO of Las Vegas Sands
 * Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf: Retired professional tennis players
 * Eugenie Bouchard: Professional tennis player
 * David Copperfield: Magician and TV personality
 * Frank Fertitta III: CEO of Station Casinos
 * Lorenzo Fertitta: Former CEO of Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Russ Freeman (pianist): Bebop jazz pianist and composer
 * Joey Gallo: MLB player for the New York Yankees
 * Rick Harrison: Owner of World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop and Pawn Stars Reality TV Star
 * Penn Jillette: Magician and member of Penn & Teller
 * Brandon Marshall: Former NFL wide receiver for the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders
 * Bob Miller: Former Nevada Governor
 * Ross Miller: Former Nevada Secretary of State
 * Michael Morton: Founder of the Morton Group of restaurants
 * Asia Muhammad: ATP Tennis player
 * Shabazz Muhammad: NBA player for the Minnesota Timberwolves
 * DeMarco Murray: Former NFL running back for the Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys
 * Joey Rickard: MLB player for the San Francisco Giants
 * Julian Serrano: Michelin-starred celebrity chef
 * O. J. Simpson: Former NFL player, convicted felon, actor, and sportscaster
 * Ronnie Stanley: NFL Offensive Tackle for the Baltimore Ravens
 * Brendon Urie: Vocalist for Panic! at the Disco
 * C.J. Watson: NBA basketball player for the Orlando Magic
 * Dana White: President of Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Pia Zadora: Actress and singer
 * Stephen Zimmerman: NBA player for the Orlando Magic
 * Mark Wahlberg: Actor

title: Summerlin, Nevada


text:
Tasman Council

Tasman Council is a local government body in Tasmania, situated in the south-east of the state. Tasman is classified as a rural local government area and has a population of 2,404, the region covers both the Tasman and Forestier peninsulas, with Nubeena the principal town.

History and attributes
The Tasman municipality was established on 1 January 1907. Tasman is classified as rural, agricultural and medium (RAM) under the Australian Classification of Local Governments.

Port Arthur, Nubeena and Koonya are the main towns. The local government area contains the Tasman National Park and a large range of tourism sites including the former penal settlement of Port Arthur, now one of the eleven Australian Convict Sites listed on the World Heritage Register; Eaglehawk Neck and the Tessellated Pavement amongst many others.

Localities
•	Cape Pillar •	Cape Raoul •	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	Premaydena •	•	•	•	•

Current composition and election method
Tasman Council is composed of seven councillors elected using the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation as a single ward. All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor and deputy mayor are each directly elected for a four-year term. The mayor and deputy mayor must also be elected as councillors in order to hold office. Elections are normally held in October, with the next election due to be held in October 2018. Neither the Labor Party nor the Liberal Party endorse local government candidates in Tasmania.

The most recent election of councillors was held in October 2022, and the makeup of the council is as follows:

The current Council, elected in 2022, is:

title: Tasman Council


text:
Furth

Furth or Fürth may refer to:

 * Fürth (surname)
 * Fürth, northern Bavaria, Germany
 * Fürth (district), Bavaria, Germany
 * Fürth (electoral district). Bavaria, Germany
 * Furth, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany
 * Fürth, Hesse, Germany
 * Furth, part of Gloggnitz, Lower Austria
 * Furth, part of Maria Anzbach, Lower Austria
 * Furth (mountain), a British classification of hills
 * Furth im Wald, Bavaria, near the Czech Republic
 * SpVgg Greuther Fürth, a German football club based in Fürth, Bavaria

title: Furth