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Aviad Raz

Aviad Raz is an Israeli professor of sociology at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Academic career
Aviad Raz earned his B.Sc. and Ph.D. from Tel-Aviv University. He was a Post-doctoral Fellow at Harvard and held fellowships from the Japan Foundation and the Israeli Academy of Sciences. Aviad Raz was a Visiting AICE Professor at the Department of Sociology, University of California in San Diego in 2012-13.

Published works

 * Riding the Black Ship: Japan and Tokyo Disneyland, Harvard University Press (1999).  ISBN 978-0-674-76893-2
 *  Emotions at Work: Normative Control, Organizations, and Culture in Japan and America, Harvard University Press (2002). ISBN 978-0-674-00858-8
 *  Organizational culture, The Open University of Israel (2004)
 *  The Gene And The Genie: Tradition, Medicalization, and Genetic Counseling in a Bedouin Community in Israel, Carolina Academic Press (2005). ISBN 978-0-89089-448-4
 *  Community genetics and genetic alliances: eugenics, carrier testing and networks of risk (Genetics and Society) (2009), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-49618-6

title: Aviad Raz


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File:Eric Clapton Backless.jpg

Summary
Eric Clapton - Backless album cover

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Eric Clapton Backless.jpg


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Information-theoretic security

A cryptosystem is considered to have information-theoretic security (also called unconditional security ) if the system is secure against adversaries with unlimited computing resources and time. In contrast, a system which depends on the computational cost of cryptanalysis to be secure (and thus can be broken by an attack with unlimited computation) is called computationally, or conditionally, secure.

Overview
An encryption protocol with information-theoretic security is impossible to break even with infinite computational power. Protocols proven to be information-theoretically secure are resistant to future developments in computing. The concept of information-theoretically secure communication was introduced in 1949 by American mathematician Claude Shannon, one of the founders of classical information theory, who used it to prove the one-time pad system was secure. Information-theoretically secure cryptosystems have been used for the most sensitive governmental communications, such as diplomatic cables and high-level military communications.

There are a variety of cryptographic tasks for which information-theoretic security is a meaningful and useful requirement. A few of these are:
 * 1) Secret sharing schemes such as Shamir's are information-theoretically secure (and also perfectly secure) in that having less than the requisite number of shares of the secret provides no information about the secret.
 * 2) More generally, secure multiparty computation protocols often have information-theoretic security.
 * 3) Private information retrieval with multiple databases can be achieved with information-theoretic privacy for the user's query.
 * 4) Reductions between cryptographic primitives or tasks can often be achieved information-theoretically. Such reductions are important from a theoretical perspective because they establish that primitive $$\Pi$$ can be realized if primitive $$\Pi'$$ can be realized.
 * 5) Symmetric encryption can be constructed under an information-theoretic notion of security called entropic security, which assumes that the adversary knows almost nothing about the message being sent. The goal here is to hide all functions of the plaintext rather than all information about it.
 * 6) Information-theoretic cryptography is quantum-safe.

Technical limitations
Algorithms which are computationally or conditionally secure (i.e., they are not information-theoretically secure) are dependent on resource limits. For example, RSA relies on the assertion that factoring large numbers is hard.

A weaker notion of security, defined by Aaron D. Wyner, established a now-flourishing area of research that is known as physical layer encryption. It exploits the physical wireless channel for its security by communications, signal processing, and coding techniques. The security is provable, unbreakable, and quantifiable (in bits/second/hertz).

Wyner's initial physical layer encryption work in the 1970s posed the Alice–Bob–Eve problem in which Alice wants to send a message to Bob without Eve decoding it. If the channel from Alice to Bob is statistically better than the channel from Alice to Eve, it had been shown that secure communication is possible. That is intuitive, but Wyner measured the secrecy in information theoretic terms defining secrecy capacity, which essentially is the rate at which Alice can transmit secret information to Bob. Shortly afterward, Imre Csiszár and Körner showed that secret communication was possible even if Eve had a statistically better channel to Alice than Bob did. The basic idea of the information theoretic approach to securely transmit confidential messages (without using an encryption key) to a legitimate receiver is to use the inherent randomness of the physical medium (including noises and channel fluctuations due to fading) and exploit the difference between the channel to a legitimate receiver and the channel to an eavesdropper to benefit the legitimate receiver. More recent theoretical results are concerned with determining the secrecy capacity and optimal power allocation in broadcast fading channels. There are caveats, as many capacities are not computable unless the assumption is made that Alice knows the channel to Eve. If that were known, Alice could simply place a null in Eve's direction. Secrecy capacity for MIMO and multiple colluding eavesdroppers is more recent and ongoing work, and such results still make the non-useful assumption about eavesdropper channel state information knowledge.

Still other work is less theoretical by attempting to compare implementable schemes. One physical layer encryption scheme is to broadcast artificial noise in all directions except that of Bob's channel, which basically jams Eve. One paper by Negi and Goel details its implementation, and Khisti and Wornell computed the secrecy capacity when only statistics about Eve's channel are known.

Parallel to that work in the information theory community is work in the antenna community, which has been termed near-field direct antenna modulation or directional modulation. It has been shown that by using a parasitic array, the transmitted modulation in different directions could be controlled independently. Secrecy could be realized by making the modulations in undesired directions difficult to decode. Directional modulation data transmission was experimentally demonstrated using a phased array. Others have demonstrated directional modulation with switched arrays and phase-conjugating lenses.

That type of directional modulation is really a subset of Negi and Goel's additive artificial noise encryption scheme. Another scheme using pattern-reconfigurable transmit antennas for Alice called reconfigurable multiplicative noise (RMN) complements additive artificial noise. The two work well together in channel simulations in which nothing is assumed known to Alice or Bob about the eavesdroppers.

Secret key agreement
The different works mentioned in the previous part employ, in one way or another, the randomness present in the wireless channel to transmit information-theoretically secure messages. Conversely, we could analyze how much secrecy one can extract from the randomness itself in the form of a secret key. That is the goal of secret key agreement.

In this line of work, started by Maurer and Ahlswede and Csiszár, the basic system model removes any restriction on the communication schemes and assumes that the legitimate users can communicate over a two-way, public, noiseless, and authenticated channel at no cost. This model has been subsequently extended to account for multiple users and a noisy channel among others.

title: Information-theoretic security


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User:Mark Richards/formatting

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title: User:Mark Richards/formatting


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Container Security Initiative

The Container Security Initiative (CSI) a.k.a. the 24-Hour Rule was launched in 2002 by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security. Its purpose was to increase security for container cargo shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."

Rationale
Containerized shipping is a critical component of international trade. According to the CBP:

 * About 90% of the world's trade is transported in cargo containers.
 * Almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers on board ships.
 * Nearly seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. seaports each year.

As terrorist organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the CSI program, the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host nation counterparts.

CSI core elements
CSI consists of four core elements:

 * Using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism.
 * Pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports.
 * Using detection technology to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk.
 * Using smarter, tamper-evident containers.

The initial CSI program has focused on implementation at the top 20 ports shipping approximately two-thirds of the container volume to the United States. Smaller ports, however, have been added to the program at their instigation, and participation is open to any port meeting certain volume, equipment, procedural, and information-sharing requirements. Future plans include expansion to additional ports based on volume, location, and strategic concerns.

Much of the original idea behind the CSI program stemmed from the work of James Giermanski, who was an early proponent of Supply Chain Security.

Global impact
The CSI program offers its participant countries the reciprocal opportunity to enhance their own incoming shipment security. CSI partners can send their customs officers to major U.S. ports to target ocean-going, containerized cargo to be exported from the U.S. to their countries. Likewise, CBP shares information on a bilateral basis with its CSI partners. Japan and Canada are currently taking advantage of this reciprocity.

CSI has also inspired and informed global measures to improve shipping security. In June 2002, the World Customs Organization unanimously passed a resolution that will enable ports in all 161 of the member nations to begin to develop programs along the CSI model. On 22 April 2004, the European Union and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security signed an agreement that calls for the prompt expansion of CSI throughout the European Community.

U.S. ports

 * NOTE: Information is needed here on ports participating in reciprocal agreements.

Foreign ports
47 foreign CSI ports are operational as of 2006-09-29. They include:

 * Halifax, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada (March 2002)
 * Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
 * Le Havre, France (2002-12-02)
 * Marseille, France (2005-01-07)
 * Bremerhaven, Germany (2003-02-02)
 * Hamburg, Germany (2003-02-09)
 * Antwerp, Belgium (2003-02-23)
 * Zeebrugge, Belgium (2004-10-29)
 * Singapore (2003-03-10)
 * Yokohama, Japan (2003-03-24)
 * Tokyo, Japan (2004-05-21)
 * Hong Kong, China (2003-05-05)
 * Gothenburg, Sweden (2003-05-23)
 * Felixstowe, United Kingdom (UK) (2003-05-24)
 * Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, UK. (2004-11-01)
 * Genoa, Italy (2003-06-16)
 * La Spezia, Italy (2003-06-23)
 * Livorno, Italy (2004-12-30)
 * Naples, Italy (2004-09-30)
 * Gioia Tauro, Italy (2004-10-31)
 * Pusan, Korea (2003-08-04)
 * Durban, South Africa (2003-12-01)
 * Port Klang, Malaysia (2004-03-08)
 * Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia (2004-08-16)
 * Piraeus, Greece (2004-07-27)
 * Algeciras, Spain (2004-07-30)
 * Nagoya and Kobe, Japan (2004-08-06)
 * Laem Chabang, Thailand (2004-08-13)
 * Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) (2005-03-26)
 * Shanghai, China (2005-04-28)
 * Shenzhen, China (2005-06-24)
 * Kaohsiung, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2005-07-25)
 * Santos, Brazil (2005-09-22)
 * Colombo, Sri Lanka (2005-09-29)
 * Buenos Aires, Argentina (2005-11-17)
 * Lisbon, Portugal (2005-12-14)
 * Port Salalah, Oman (2006-03-08)
 * Puerto Cortes, Honduras (2006-03-25)
 * Caucedo, Dominican Republic (2006)
 * Kingston, Jamaica (2006)
 * Freeport, Bahamas (2006)

There are currently 58 foreign ports participating in the Container Security Initiative, accounting for 85 percent of container traffic bound for the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

Currently Operational Ports

In the Americas

 * Montreal, Vancouver, and Halifax, Canada (March 2002)
 * Santos, Brazil
 * Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Puerto Cortes*, Honduras
 * Caucedo, Dominican Republic
 * Kingston, Jamaica
 * Freeport, The Bahamas
 * Balboa, Colon, and Manzanillo, Panama
 * Cartagena, Colombia

In Europe:

 * Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
 * Bremerhaven and Hamburg, Germany
 * Antwerp and Zeebrugge, Belgium
 * Le Havre and Marseille, France
 * Gothenburg, Sweden
 * La Spezia, Genoa, Naples, Gioia Tauro, and Livorno, Italy
 * Felixstowe, Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, United Kingdom (U.K.)
 * Piraeus, Greece
 * Algeciras, Barcelona, and Valencia, Spain
 * Lisbon, Portugal

In Asia and the Middle East

 * Singapore*
 * Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kōbe, Japan
 * Hong Kong
 * Busan* (Pusan), South Korea
 * Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia
 * Laem Chabang, Thailand
 * Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
 * Shenzhen and Shanghai
 * Kaohsiung and Chi-Lung
 * Colombo, Sri Lanka
 * Port Salalah*, Oman
 * Port Qasim, Pakistan
 * Ashdod, Israel
 * Haifa, Israel

In Africa:

 * Alexandria, Egypt
 * Durban, South Africa

title: Container Security Initiative


text:
The Reason (Celine Dion song)

"The Reason" is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion, recorded for her fifth English-language studio album, Let's Talk About Love (1997). It was written by Carole King, Mark Hudson and Greg Wells, and produced by Sir George Martin. "The Reason" was released as the second single from the album in selected European countries on 24 November 1997. In France, it was issued as a double A-side single with "My Heart Will Go On".

Background and release
Carole King wrote this song first for the band Aerosmith.

Dion performed "The Reason" during her Let's Talk About Love Tour, and as a duet with Carole King on VH1 Divas and at the 48° Festival di Sanremo on 1998 in Italy. On that occasion she also performed "My Heart Will Go On".

The track was included later on The Collector's Series, Volume One in 2000 and My Love: Ultimate Essential Collection European edition in 2008.

The recording of this song was included as a bonus on the Au cœur du stade DVD.

From 2011 to 2014, "The Reason" was included in the set list of Dion's Las Vegas show, Celine. The song was also performed in Dion's 2017 tour and 2018 tour. "The Reason" was performed by Dion during her BST Hyde Park concert in London on 5 July 2019. The song was also performed during the first two US shows of Dion's Courage World Tour in 2019.

Carole King recorded also her own version of this song for her 2001 album Love Makes the World, this time with Dion on backing vocals.

Critical reception
Pip Ellwood-Hughes from Entertainment Focus noted that the song "immediately reminds you of why Dion has become such a powerhouse." He added that "it highlights how she can pack power and emotion into everything she sings." British magazine Music Week gave it three out of five, stating that "Celine is back in classic power ballad territory here, though this track lacks the mega hooks of her previous hits. More of an album taster than a Christmas number one." The New York Observer editor Jonathan Bernstein reviewed, "It kicks off in time-honored fashion with a bombastic power ballad, "The Reason," co-written by Carole King and produced by Sir George Martin. Thus, straight away, we find the inherent wrongheadedness of this record. Carole King hasn't written a memorable song in many a year and-hello?-didn't George Martin recently announce that he was quitting the producing racket because his hearing was going? The latter affliction was probably incurred by a silent prayer offered up during the recording of "The Reason" to be struck deaf". Bob Waliszewski of Plugged In felt that it celebrate's love "and the affection of a good man". Christopher Smith from TalkAboutPopMusic declared the song as "a typical Celine mid-tempo ballad with plenty of high notes for Celine to hit and re-establish her presence."

Music video
The accompanying music video for "The Reason" was directed by Scott Lochmus and released in December 1997. It shows the recording of the song in the studio.

Formats and track listings

 * European CD single
 * 1) "The Reason" – 5:01
 * 2) "Be the Man" – 4:39

 * French CD single (double A-side)
 * 1) "The Reason" – 5:01
 * 2) "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40

 * UK cassette single
 * 1) "The Reason" – 5:01
 * 2) "Be the Man" – 4:39
 * 3) "The Christmas Song" – 4:12

 * European/UK CD maxi-single and French 12" single
 * 1) "The Reason" – 5:01
 * 2) "Be the Man" – 4:39
 * 3) "Make You Happy" – 4:31
 * 4) "With this Tear" – 4:12

 * UK CD maxi-single #2
 * 1) "The Reason" – 5:01
 * 2) "Cherche encore" – 3:24
 * 3) "Lovin' Proof" – 4:09
 * 4) "The Christmas Song" – 4:12

 * European/UK promo single
 * 1) "The Reason" (Radio Edit) – 4:30

title: The Reason (Celine Dion song)


text:
Talk:The Reason (Hoobastank album)

Linking to Finnish article
Can someone please help fix the link to the finish page of Markku Lappaleinen? There is a Finnish article linking to Markku (https://fi.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markku_Lappalainen_(muusikko)) - Markku Lappaleinen (muusikko), but I can’t seem to get it to link in the English article.

Thanks

Steve Stevieb2685 (talk) 03:50, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Reason (Hoobastank album)


text:
Talk:John Rutter

Untitled
Re. "modern harmonies and sounds", puzzling both to User:Camembert and to me: is it possible that User:Fishal means not that Rutter's music is crammed with 20th-century-style dissonances, but rather that Rutter likes to borrow idioms from contemporary popular music? That would accord with my hearing of the Requiem, which is the only Rutter work I know.

Opus33 23:22, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That is indeed what I meant. I am no music scholar; I just created the stub becuase I had sung so many of his compositions in a choir I was in.  Thank you for spotting that and reading my mind.  Fishal 09:08, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * User:Wilus modified the text a while ago to reflect this; I think (s)he's got it right, but you might want to check the bit about it being specifically the 50's and 60's that are Rutter's inspiration. Cheers, Opus33 16:06, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Knowing John a little, having sung under him a good few times, his essence comes from the same love of the Orthodox his school colleague John Taverner had. Taverner, two school years ahead of John, had actually sparked his composition: he tells how he made up his mind, "If Taverner can do that, so can I." The Shepherds' Pipe Carol was the fruit. He himself boasts he's six generations from Beethoven - and every one of those is a substantial composer in his own right. If anything, it's because contemporary pop borrows from them! We speak a common language, music.
 * I'm going to intrude just a little, because I was a decade behind them, in a very similar school, Alleyns, in south-east London. Both had been involved with Britten, in Alleyns' case less happily, because the relationship ended acrimoniously over safeguarding issues during the premiere of The Turn of the Screw. It wrecked the choir, but I was mentored in voice break by Brenda Evans, Sir Geraint's wife, in the launderette, and passed it on to David Roblou, similarly a choir colleague: we bridged the gap. He became a top baroque voice coach. Being more stage-oriented, I turned my hand to production (for instance, host SM of Queen the Saturday Bohemian Rhapsody hit).
 * The issue of style content isn't so much one of what it is as what it isn't. It isn't anarchic. It isn't dodecacophonic. Indeed, there's a wicked skit on Youtube, "I can't believe it's not Rutter" which takes him happily apart - the joke's a riff on an add for a table spread, I can't believe it's not butter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO357asBTgA. What had happened is working choristers had tired of the pretence of Cage and Stockhausen. We were signing up to the Early Music scene in hordes. Emma Kirkby and Catherine Bott were wiping the floor with coloratura sopranos, who'd pretty much exhausted the technique. Maddy Prior was subtly bringing the American Folk scene back into the English scene of Vaughan Williams - I'm a backing singer in her Methodist incarnation, as part of the Carnival Band. I was in the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, transcribing the US folksongs of the 1960s in what suddenly became ABC notation. Then at the cutting edge of Christian rock, learning from the Beatles Roadies. The Wesleys are buried in the Churchyard where John Rutter was baptised, a few doors down from the Globe, where he likely played as a toddler. But even before that, our music shop in Petts Wood was the starting point of David Bowie, and an adolescent Emma Johnson, and Kate Bush: not all at once, but my point is, it was a melting pot. The Hollies in Catford. Genesis in Caterham. Siouuxsie Sue, Pixie Lott. My point is everyone scrambled together. We had a common grounding in classics, but each did their own thing, because it was dying.
 * It wasn't as if age was a handicap. Aged 14 I found the Uniforms for Oh! What A Lovely War, bringing touches of the Music Hall in. 19, I was on the team launching Mike Oldfield and Kraftwerk to Radio One.
 * Within this sea of Tin Pan Alley, the Music Colleges were soon faced with an explosion of new talent blocked from rock by an A&R edict in 1977 announcing there was no money in the old styles, everything going to Punk and Hip-Hop, so those who could made their own way. Andrew Lloyd Webber on the stage, working from his father's foundations. The rebirth of the Rock Opera. A raft of composers returning to simpler styles: Sir Karl Jenkins, crossing from Soft Machine to pick up a thread from the 1430s, for example.
 * As I speak, Handel's Verdi Prati is playing. This, and the champetre movement of the 18th century, is what informs John Rutter. Basic melody, with harmony answering.
 * Where you're lost is that you were tricked into believing it was crap. Genesis In The Air is back because it wasn't. The drum lead almost at the end isn't outrageous, it's stagecraft. You keep the best to the end! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.213.9.109 (talk) 23:38, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

French essay on John Rutter from University of Ottawa
I will be doing an 10 page essay on John Rutter's Requiem. I already have a bibliography of about 4 pages. Futhermore I have a 3 page analysis to do and I plan to do it on his recuring thematic material. For example the sopranos start singing in the Introit and this material can be herd in the pie jesu and obviously recures at the end of the work. A cycle of songs. I am however open to suggestions. Perhaps I could have my thesis on general deviation from Faure and or the War Requiem? (maybe to long for a 2 page analysis). Anyone? --CyclePat 02:59, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * For anyone interest I finished my 15 page essay on the external and internal influence on John Rutter's Requiem. Send me an email if you want to read a copy! It has a 5 page bibliogaphy! Surelly that's more information that this entire article. Some really good sources. --CyclePat 06:56, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Uncited comment
We really need a reliable citation for this inherently point of view comment:
 * In addition, classically-trained musicans, both in the USA and UK, are skeptical when it comes to Rutter's music. They claim it is predictable, unoriginal, and indulges too frequently in 'sickeningly-sweet' harmonies. However, the average layperson or audience attendee seems to be unaware of this aspect of Rutter's music.

Rob 19:25, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Rob, Indeed! Thank you for the removing this one. --CyclePat (talk) 22:30, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Beatles Concerto
There is no mention of Rutter's work in the 70's on The Beatles Concerto. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.149.239.224 (talk) 07:23, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Next time can you please add the proper source formating! Good luck. --CyclePat (talk) 19:29, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Don't follow the logic of the different lists of his work
I couldn't understand the organization of the three lists. I suppose a carol is a distinct genre. But how does one distinguish between "Choral works" and "Anthems and other compositions"? There seems in any case to be a good deal of overlap between the 3 different lists.... Nandt1 (talk) 04:23, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

i would completely agree with you and think it needs to be changed so that all of the collective works come under "choral works" and the individual choral pieces that aren't christmas carols come under "anthems and other compositions". Pmcdf 20:40, 4th January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, and nothing has happened in years, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 14:34, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

 * It reflects his own humility. Who he's writing for. He does the great ceremonials, but also things that are accessible for beginners. He's careful not to throw the former at the latter: I was, thankfully, good enough when I returned to voice after 40 years making peace in the world. Perhaps there's no greater example than something in his bottom drawer of unpublished work. I've been present when a series of song settings he wrote for a childrens' choir foundation was performed. Stepwise, from toddlers aged 3 and 4, to early teens, the music getting more demanding as they're older. That's John to a T. Caring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.213.9.109 (talk) 00:08, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Arditti quote
The "Reception" section includes a criticism of Rutter's style by an amateur composer, David Arditti. Though it doesn't seem to be a self-published source, it doesn't look particularly reputable either; it includes numerous errors that even a basic peer-review process would have caught (e.g. citing John "Taverner" and "Georgio" Pacchioni), and Arditti himself doesn't appear to be a prominent writer in this field (I can't find any info in secondary sources about him). I'm all for balance, but are we perhaps giving undue weight to this writer?--Lemuellio (talk) 14:39, 27 June 2016 (UTC)
 * It's hardly "undue". There is otherwise no negative hint whatsoever, and Arditti makes a very balanced comment. I have sung a number of Rutter's works -- the large-scale Requiem and and Gloria are both works deserving to be in the repertoire, interesting and challenging on a moderate level. But the carols certainly call for one or two words like "facile" or "mawkish" to appear somewhere, in a not-too-strident way. I have also read quite a bit of what Rutter says about himself, and he is disarmingly frank: "I'm a commercial composer", were I think his exact words. His main customer base seems to be the loony wing of the Christian party in the southern states of the US, so giving your customers what they want is hardly a big fault. This is just my opinion; I do not do Wikilawyering. Imaginatorium (talk) 15:17, 27 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The comment itself seems fair, but Arditti and the source are extremely marginal. People are reluctant to criticise Rutter's work on the record, however, and it might be difficult to find a more notable authority. Wilus (talk) 16:05, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * John Taverner was at school with John Rutter, two academic years ahead, and they sang together in the Choir. Taverner's first work was well received, and lit the fire in Rutter's belly: he says he thought, "If Taverner can do that, so can jolly well I" and did. Some of his American contacts are, I think, reflected in his wife's influence over him, Joanne. She always stays studiously in the shadows, but is very important in his gentility. The film of him and the swan earlier this year is him.

Both he and Taverner shared a deep love of Orthodox music, Taverner of the Greek schools, Rutter of the Cyrillic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.213.9.109 (talk) 00:19, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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Influences
I've found 2 foundation sources for you: the man himself. He's essentially homegrown, too timid from his East-End grandmother's influence to be come a choral scholar as a boy, too uncoordinated to become an instrumentalist, but fortunate to have good schooling.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eb8BZ93ckPE&ab_channel=ProfAlanMacfarlane-Ayabaya

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_AG_QrdjYI&ab_channel=ProfAlanMacfarlane-Ayabaya

The one comment I would make is that having taken part in various come-and-sings for him in the period 2012-2016, he was less alienated from the church later than earlier, seemingly finding comfort in improvised Orthodox chant in rhe Temple Church at one point, for example. Later in his baptismal Church of St Marylebone, he seemed to identify with the community. I surmise this was a reaction to a recent exposure to the still-primitive US culture. POV, of course, just offered as guidance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.213.9.109 (talk) 01:29, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Dead link problem
The reference for music at the coronation Classic fm returns error 410 ("Removed"; distinct from 404 which may be temporary) when I access it in my browser (in Japan). This makes a dead link. However, it turns out that if I get the same url from my server in the US, the page content is still there. There should be some kind of "Geographic limited access tag" perhaps to indicate this...? Imaginatorium (talk) 12:08, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Rutter


text:
File:EC Just One Night.jpg

Summary
Eric Clapton - Just One Night album cover

title: File:EC Just One Night.jpg


text:
Talk:List of conspiracy theories

Celebrities's death theories
There are many theories that many celebrities were assassinated by conspirators : Marilyn Monroe, Michael Jackson, Bruce Lee,Whitney Houston, Tupac Shakur, Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain, John Lennon, Bob Marley, Jim Morrison, Notorious BIG, Paul Walker, Chester Bennington. 17:53, 19.02.2020 (UTC)

I think this could be a relevant section if you're up to writing it with appropriate sources per WP:V and WP:NOR Thickynugnug (talk) 22:39, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

New England Patriots
Does the section about the new england patriots really belong here haha

SARS-CoV-2 Origin
Why is the idea that SARS-CoV-2 was engineered in a lab a conspiracy theory?

Who’s facts decided that it wasn’t engineered in lab and to say so is a conspiracy theory?

No matter who made the decision that SARS-CoV-2 didn’t come from a lab, there is enough uncertainty about the viruses origins that neither the lab leak or wet market theory should be considered a conspiracy theory. WhowinsIwins (talk) 21:45, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

 * It's now accepted science that SARS-CoV-2 came from bats, owing to the genetic similarity between it and other viruses affecting bats which are already known to science. The actual transmission seems to have come by way of another mammalian species, such as the pangolin. Bats and (e.g.) pangolins don't associate in Nature, so anywhere such species might come into mutual contact (such as wet markets, or if not them then poorly regulated supermarkets) has to be the chief suspect. That this virus, which evolved to affect bats (and only bats) should also prove harmful to humans, is an example of the randomizing effect of genetic mutation.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 17:50, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

QAnon black hole earthquake theory
QAnon conspiracy advocates are suggesting that a sudden increase in seismic activity notably the tristate earthquake and the more severe one in Taiwan were a result of harmonic tremor caused by a micro black hole orbiting just under the Earth's crust affecting the tectonic plates. Though this has not officially been debunked yet is is so ridiculous given what we know about black holes that it is almost certainly false. The argument given seems to be that the latitude of both quakes is nearly identical suggesting an East-West rotation of the MBH. Gravitational wave data would be an effective way to refute this, however it is not clear if LIGO or other detectors can sense such high frequency waves. note: this hypothesis was refuted not long after the article was published. 91.190.161.160 (talk) 18:54, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * How is this a conspiracy theory? Slatersteven (talk) 19:44, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I'd imagine scientists would be given the blame of concealing this from us, because of their well-established status with conspiracist circles as spreaders of lies. Probably this is why no obvious scapegoat is named in the original mention of the story.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 18:11, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

Dorothy Kilgallen
Perhaps the death of journalist and media personality Dorothy Kilgallen should be included under the Deaths of Prominent People section. Some attribute her death to the idea that she was closing in on who was behind the murder of JFK. 76.230.211.64 (talk) 18:32, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Dorothy Kilgallen died from an accidental overdose of barbiturates. The few articles suspecting suicide which I have encountered are focused on her increasingly troubled marriage to Richard Kollmar. Dimadick (talk) 20:24, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

Should Birds Aren't Real be added to the list?
Birds Aren't Real is a satirical conspiracy which is why I am not sure whether we should add it to the list. Sönke Joppien (talk) 19:49, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * no it should not. Slatersteven (talk) 20:01, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

In my theory, which I can't prove, and is thus a conspiracy theory, some birds (thrushes, robins, blackbirds) are genetically modified to pick up signals from low earth orbit. This causes them to "scream" and speak in syllables much to the torment of a human. It is a sad theory, which can't be verified. Conspiracy theories regarding the American Rangers that hunted Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan on horseback, are similar, ie. communication via satellites that somehow influence the atmospheric pressure in order to relay a low bandwidth message. In regards to the poor birds which seem to be tortured, they seem to be louder in urban centers where motor noise causes them to lose the message they are trying to relay. It's also possible, that the birds have figured out that some human listeners are "telepathic" and use their sound to repeat messages over great distances. This would require the birds to be telepathic themselves. Pissed off humans conduct viral warfare against these birds which is inhumane. We have a name for this. It's birdflu. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:D2:5728:FB00:65B5:57BA:F0DE:8688 (talk) 08:58, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

Conspiracy theories on the theme of Sustainability
There are a number of conspiracy theories relating to the idea that sustainable development is a pretext for oppression. Great Reset and 15 minute cities are mentioned in the article, though separately, and Agenda 21 is not. AlmostReadytoFly (talk) 11:10, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The add them with sources. Slatersteven (talk) 11:15, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I've had a go. Hopefully it's not SYNTHETIC. AlmostReadytoFly (talk) 13:02, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of conspiracy theories


text:
Richard Jago

Richard Jago (1 October 1715 – 8 May 1781) was an English clergyman poet and minor landscape gardener from Warwickshire. Although his writing was not highly regarded by contemporaries, some of it was sufficiently novel to have several imitators.

Life
Richard Jago was the third son of the Rector of Beaudesert, Warwickshire, and was named after him. His father's family was of Cornish origin, while his mother was from the immediately adjoining village of Henley in Arden. He was educated at Solihull School, where one of its five houses is now named after him. While there he formed a lifelong friendship with William Shenstone.

In 1732, he went up to University College, Oxford and while there, Shenstone made him acquainted with other students with a literary taste. He took a master's degree 9 July 1738, having entered into the church the year before, and served the curacy of Snitterfield, Warwickshire, near Stratford upon Avon. In 1744, he married Dorothea Susanna Fancourt, daughter of the rector of Kimcote in Leicestershire, whom he had known from her childhood. In 1751 his wife died, leaving him with the care of seven very young children. Three of these were boys, who predeceased him, but he was eventually survived by three of his daughters. In 1759, he married a second wife, Margaret Underwood, but had no children by her.

Jago had become vicar of Harbury in 1746, and shortly after of Chesterton, both in Warwickshire. Through aristocratic patrons, he was given the living of Snitterfield in 1754, and later was presented with his former father-in-law's living in Kimcote in 1771, after which he resigned the livings of Harbury and Chesterton, keeping the others. Snitterfield remained his favourite residence and it was there that he would die at the age of 66.

Jago shared with Shenstone an interest in landscape gardening and occupied himself with making improvements to the Snitterfield vicarage garden. Both became part of the likeminded circle about Henrietta Knight, Lady Luxborough which also included other literary friends, William Somervile and Richard Graves, rector of Claverton. Shenstone dedicated a bench to Jago at the end of the viewing circuit near his house, The Leasowes, and both dedicated poems to each other.

Poetry
Jago's first independent publications were two sermons. The first, "The Cause of Impenitence Considered" (1755), was published for the benefit of Harbury Free School; the second was a funeral sermon, "The nature and grounds of a Christian's happiness in and after death" (1763). Shenstone's letters mention an Essay on Electricity written by Jago, written in 1747, but this seems to have remained unpublished.

Poems of his were also beginning to appear in Robert Dodsley's anthologies, Collection of Poetry by several hands, among which the sentimental elegy "The Blackbirds" had made something of a stir after it first appeared in the ephemeral magazine The Adventurer in 1753. This was a lament on the death of a self-sacrificing blackbird and was shortly followed by similar poems on goldfinches and swallows. They were particularly praised by Dr. John Aikin in his "Essay on the application of Natural History to poetry", who also noted that there were soon imitations among other minor poets, including Samuel Jackson Pratt's "The Partridges, an elegy" (1771) and James Graeme's "The Linnet" (1773).

Jago's most ambitious publication was the four-part topographical poem, Edge Hill, or the rural prospect delineated and moralised (1767). It was written in blank verse and was once described as "the most elaborate local poem in our language". The poet takes his stance on the hill in the morning, facing south-west (book 1); at noon he is on Ratley Hill in the centre (books 2–3) and then moves along the ridge to look north-east at evening. The poem intermingles description with legendary, historical and antiquarian particulars, principally the battle at the start of the English Civil War. Imaginary excursions are made to Warwick, Coventry, Kenilworth, Solihull, and industrial Birmingham (under the name Bremicham), as well as many "flattering descriptions of all the great houses and seats of important people which come within his survey". Local rivers are also included and even the nearby canal on which "sooty barks pursue their liquid track". There are many digressions as well, including descriptions of industrial processes and of the nature of vision and the working of the telescope.

The critic already quoted finds the poem "really interesting; with the scene before us, it is impossible not to admire the ingenuity and scrupulous thoroughness with which the author has performed his task," although ultimately it is lacking in poetic execution. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature judges that "his catalogues have little picturesqueness or colour; while his verse, although it is not without the accent of local association, is typical, as a whole, of the decadence of the Miltonic method of natural description in the 18th century. Every group of trees is a grove, every country house a dome, and every hill a precipice". Particular examples of hackneyed diction include Latin-derived adjectives, as in "Honington's irriguous meads", or else 18th century circumlocutions such as "the woolly tribes" when sheep are meant. Nevertheless, the poem seems to have inspired the writing of the much shorter and simpler "Ode to Lansdowne Hill" (1785), which celebrates the site of another Civil War battle.

In the following year Jago published "Labour and Genius, or the mill-stream and the cascade", a humorous fable in octosyllabic verse written in memory of William Shenstone and his landscaped grounds at the Leasowes. Poems of lesser significance appeared here and there and Jago was working on a revised edition of his collected poems just before his death. This appeared posthumously as Poems, Moral and Descriptive in 1784. Included there was another homage to Milton in the oratorio "Adam, or the fatal disobedience, compiled from Milton's Paradise Lost and adapted to music". The rhymed choruses there were of Jago's composition, but the main body of the work is adapted directly from Paradise Lost. Though it found no composer to set it, another of Jago's pieces did. This was the "Roundelay for the Stratford Jubilee" organised by David Garrick in 1769, which was set for singing by Charles Dibdin.

One other humorous piece also found an imitator. In Jago's "Hamlet's soliloquy imitated", a minor poet agonises over whether "to print or not to print" and run the danger, by submitting his verses to Dodsley, to "lose the name of author". A subsequent parody titled "The Presbyterian parson's soliloquy" over the question to "conform or not conform" appeared in The Hibernian Magazine in 1774 and was often reprinted thereafter, ascribed to Samuel Badcock. One later commentator gave it as his opinion that "the hint of this parody was probably borrowed from Mr Jago's". Slight Jago's output may have been, but it appears to have been influential in its time.

title: Richard Jago


text:
Oncidium

Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc. in the horticultural trade, is a genus that,, contains about 340 species of orchids from the subtribe Oncidiinae of the orchid family Orchidaceae. It is distributed across tropical and subtropical America from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies to northern Argentina, with one species (O. ensatum) extending into Florida. Common names for plants in this genus include dancing-lady orchid and golden shower orchid.

A 2008 molecular phylogenetic study labeled the Oncidium alliance "grossly polyphyletic." In the same year, the American Orchid Society labeled the genus a "dumping ground". A consensus announced in April 2013 resulted in major taxonomic changes to Oncidium, Gomesa, Odontoglossum, Miltonia, and others. Much of this debate and subsequent housekeeping was initiated by significant research for the scientific publication Genera Orchidacearum Volume 5. As a result, much of the information in this article is now deprecated, but still of great value. One significant change is the move of most Brazilian Oncidium with a fused lateral sepal to the genus Gomesa. The Royal Horticultural Society system, the World Checklist of Monocots database and the American Orchid Society have updated their databases to reflect most of these changes.

Description
This genus was first described by Olof Swartz in 1800 with the orchid Oncidium altissimum, which has become the type species. Its name is derived from the Greek word ὀγκος, onkos, meaning "swelling". This refers to the callus at the lower lip.

Most species in the genus are epiphytes (growing on other plants), although some are lithophytes (growing on rocks) or terrestrials (growing in soil). They are widespread from northern Mexico, the Caribbean, and some parts of South Florida to South America. They usually occur in seasonally dry areas.

They can be divided into three categories, according to their growth pattern:
 * Some have green pseudobulbs and long racemes with small flowers and a dominant lip. They are mostly golden yellow with or without reddish-brown barring, but some are brown or yellowish-brown. Other Oncidium species have white and pink blooms, while some even have startling, deep red colors in their flowers.
 * Another group has extremely small pseudobulbs and stiff, erect, solitary leaves. These cylindrical leaves act as a water reserve. They have long racemes with yellow flowers that seem to fan out at the top. Sizes of these orchids can vary from miniature plants of a couple of centimetres to giants with 30 cm-long leaves and racemes of more than one metre long. These species, known as the Mule-Ears, are now classed as Psychopsis.
 * Formerly there was a third group, called the Variegata or equitant oncidiums. They have no pseudobulbs, giving fan-shaped shoots of less than 15 cm, with triangular section leaves. These oval, broad and spongy leaves act as storage organs. Their flowers are most complicated with exquisite colors. The sepals are somewhat fleshy. The petals and the lip are membranaceous. These orchids are now classified as Tolumnia. Cyrtochilum is another genus that many Oncidium species have been reclassified into; Cyrtochilum species have extremely long, winding inflorescences that can sometimes reach 20' or more, curled petals that result in three-pointed blooms, and rambling growth habits in which each new pseudobulb appears on top of the old one.

Oncidium species are characterised by the following properties :
 * presence of column wings,
 * presence of a complicated callus on the lip (this can be used to separate the taxa),
 * pseudobulbs with one to three leaves,
 * several basal bracts at the base of the pseudobulbs.

The flowers come in shades of yellow, red, white and pink. The petals are often ruffled on the edges, as is the lip. The lip is enormous, partially blocking the small petals and sepals.

Some Oncidium orchids are very tall: Oncidium altissimum and Oncidium baueri can grow to a height of 5 m.

They are known as 'spray orchids' among some florists. They are very varied and are easily hybridised with other closely related genera forming the Oncidium alliance (Miltonia, Cuitlauzina, Miltoniopsis, Leochilus, Comparettia, Cyrtochilum, Tolumnia, Rhynchostele [formerly Lemboglossum], Psychopsis, etc.). Some of the best Oncidium alliance hybrids originate from Oncidium tigrinum and Oncidium incurvum when crossed with species formerly placed in Odontoglossum, although hybridization possibilities of this group of orchids are endless, and there are literally hundreds of thousands of hybrids in the Oncidium alliance.

Selected species
Selected species accepted by Plants of the World Online :
 * Oncidium altissimum : "Wydler's dancing-lady orchid" (Jamaica)
 * Oncidium baueri (Trop. America)
 * Oncidium cheirophorum (Mexico - Chiapas to Colombia)
 * Oncidium citrinum (Trinidad to Venezuela)
 * Oncidium deltoideum (N. Peru)
 * Oncidium dichromaticum (Costa Rica to Colombia)
 * Oncidium ensatum : (S. Mexico, Belize, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, NW. Venezuela)
 * Oncidium fuscatum (Ecuador to Peru)
 * Oncidium geertianum (C. & SW. Mexico)
 * Oncidium graminifolium (Mexico to C. America)
 * Oncidium harryanum (Columbia)
 * Oncidium hastatum (Mexico)
 * Oncidium hastilabium (W. South America)
 * Oncidium incurvum (Mexico - Veracruz to Chiapas)
 * Oncidium lentiginosum (Colombia to N. Venezuela)
 * Oncidium leucochilum (SE. Mexico to Guatemala)
 * Oncidium lineoligerum (N. Peru)
 * Oncidium maculatum (Mexico to C. America)
 * Oncidium naevium (Colombia to Guyana)
 * Oncidium noezlianum (N. Peru to Bolivia)
 * Oncidium ornithorhynchum (Mexico to C. America)
 * Oncidium reflexum (SW. Mexico)
 * Oncidium sphacelatum (Mexico to C. America, SE. Venezuela)
 * Oncidium strictum ( Cogn.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams (Ecuador, Peru)
 * Oncidium wentworthianum (Mexico – Chiapas to El Salvador)

Former species
Selected species not accepted by Plants of the World Online :
 * Oncidium amictum → Gomesa × amicta (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium auricula → Grandiphyllum auricula (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium auriferum → Vitekorchis aurifera (Colombia to NW. Venezuela)
 * Oncidium bicolor → Gomesa bicolor (NE. Venezuela to Brazil)
 * Oncidium bifolium → Gomesa bifolia (Brazil to N. Argentina)
 * Oncidium blanchetii → Gomesa blanchetii (E. & S. Brazil.)
 * Oncidium brunleesianum → Gomesa echinata (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro)
 * Oncidium ciliatum → Gomesa ciliata (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium concolor → Gomesa concolor (Brazil to NE. Argentina)
 * Oncidium cornigerum → Gomesa cornigera (SE. & S. Brazil to Paraguay)
 * Oncidium crispum → Gomesa imperatoris-maximiliani (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium croesus → Gomesa croesus (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro)
 * Oncidium dasytyle → Gomesa dasytyle (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro)
 * Oncidium divaricatum → Grandiphyllum divaricatum (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium flexuosum → Gomesa flexuosa (E. & S. Brazil to NC. Argentina)
 * Oncidium forbesii → Gomesa forbesii (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
 * Oncidium gardneri → Gomesa gardneri (Ecuador, SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium hydrophilum → Gomesa hydrophila (Brazil to Paraguay)
 * Oncidium klotzschianum → Oncidium nebulosum (Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru)
 * Oncidium longicornu → Gomesa florida (Brazil to NE. Argentina
 * Oncidium longipes → Gomesa longipes (Brazil to NE. Argentina)
 * Oncidium marshallianum → Gomesa marshalliana (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium micropogon → Gomesa micropogon (Brazil)
 * Oncidium pectorale → Gomesa pectoralis (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro)
 * Oncidium praetextum → Gomesa praetexta (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium pubes → Gomesa pubes (Colombia, SE. Brazil to NE. Argentina)
 * Oncidium raniferum → Gomesa ranifera (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium sarcodes → Gomesa sarcodes (SE. Brazil)
 * Oncidium uniflorum → Gomesa uniflora (SE. & S. Brazil)
 * Oncidium varicosum → Gomesa varicosa (Brazil to N. Argentina)
 * Oncidium venustum → Gomesa venusta (Brazil)

Nothogenera
Many hybrids have been created artificially involving species of Oncidium, often with species of other genera. Named hybrid genera (nothogenera) are listed in the table below, together with their parent genera. , Cochlioda and Odontoglossum are included within Oncidium, and Baptistonia within Gomesa, so that nothogenus names which include these three genera are redundant.

title: Oncidium


text:
Norwegian Football Federation

The Norwegian Football Federation (Norges Fotballforbund, Noregs Fotballforbund; NFF) is the governing body of football in Norway. It was formed in 1902 and organises the men's and women's national teams, as well as the league systems for men and women (whose top levels are respectively the Eliteserien and Toppserien). The current president of NFF is Lise Klaveness. By 1 January 2004, there were 1,814 clubs organized in Norway and 373,532 registered players. It is the largest sports federation in Norway.

The NFF joined FIFA in 1908, and UEFA in 1954.

The NFF was part of an unsuccessful joint bid with the SvFF, the DBU and the SPL to host the UEFA Euro 2008 championship. The SvFF invited the NFF to join them in bidding for the UEFA Euro 2016 championship. The NFF and Norwegian politicians expressed support for such a proposal, but Euro 2016 was eventually awarded to France.

Foundation
In Spring 1902, Lyn invited representatives from Grane and Spring (both now defunct) to join together in forming a national football association. On 30 April, 14 delegates from the three clubs met at the Hotel Bristol in Oslo. These were Trygve Karlsen, Arthur Nordlie, Leif Eriksen and Bredo Eriksen from Lyn; Just Hagemann, Isak Benjaminsen, Walter Aigeltinger and Emil Wettergreen from Grane; and Christen Hummel Johansen, Arne Baggerud, Birger Freihow, Thorleif Wibe and Thorvald Torgersen from Spring. Together they agreed to form a football association, and voted 9 to 5 to adopt the name proposed by Lyn - Norsk Fodboldforbund. Isak Benjaminsen from Grane was adopted as the first chairman.

Men

 * Olympic Bronze Medal 1936

U21 Men

 * European Championships Bronze Medal 1998, 2013

Women

 * World Cup Silver Medal 1991
 * World Cup Gold Medal 1995
 * Olympic Gold Medal 2000
 * European Championships Gold Medal 1987, 1993
 * European Championships Silver Medal 1989, 1991, 2005, 2013
 * European Championships Bronze Medal 2009

Regional associations

 * NFF Agder
 * NFF Akershus
 * NFF Buskerud
 * NFF Finnmark
 * NFF Hordaland
 * NFF Hålogaland
 * NFF Indre Østland
 * Nordland fotballkrets
 * Nordmøre og Romsdal fotballkrets
 * Oslo fotballkrets
 * Rogaland fotballkrets
 * Sogn og Fjordane fotballkrets
 * Sunnmøre fotballkrets
 * Telemark fotballkrets
 * Troms fotballkrets
 * Trøndelag fotballkrets
 * Vestfold fotballkrets
 * Østfold fotballkrets

National team coaches
The following are head coaches for the Norwegian national teams, including assistant coaches on senior level:

title: Norwegian Football Federation


text:
Just One Night

Just One Night may refer to:

 * Just One Night (Eric Clapton album), 1980
 * Just One Night (Samantha Fox album), or the title song, 1991
 * "Just One Night" (song), a song by McBride & the Ride
 * "Just One Night", a song by Triumph from The Sport of Kings
 * Just One Night (1934 film), a 1934 Chinese film
 * Just One Night (film), a 2000 film starring Timothy Hutton
 * Just One Night (short film), a 2019 film directed by Sahar Jahani

title: Just One Night


text: Talk:Just One Night

title: Talk:Just One Night


text:
Felix Arndt

Felix Arndt (May 20, 1889 – October 16, 1918) was an American pianist and composer of popular music. His mother was the Countess Fevrier, who was related to Napoleon III. His father, Hugo Arndt, was Swiss-born.

Educated in New York (his music teachers included Carl Lachmund), Arndt composed songs for the famous vaudeville team of Jack Norworth and Nora Bayes, and recorded over 3000 piano rolls for Duo-Art and QRS Records. He died in New York City from the "Spanish flu" influenza. Arndt is interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Tarrytown, NY.

Arndt is best remembered for his 1915 composition "Nola," written as an engagement gift to his fiancée (and later wife), Nola Locke. It is sometimes considered to be the first example of the novelty piano or "novelty ragtime" genre, published by Sam Fox Publishing Company. It was the signature theme of the Vincent Lopez orchestra, and a top ten hit for Les Paul in 1950. A vocal recording by Billy Williams, featuring lyrics by Sunny Skylar, became a minor hit in 1959.

Piano solos

 * 71st Regiment – Waltz (1908)
 * A Symphonic Nightmare – Desecration Rag No. 1 (1914)
 * From Soup to Nuts – One Step Turkey Trot (1914)
 * Kakuda – One Step Turkey Trot (1914)
 * Marionette (1914)
 * Nola (1915)
 * Toots – Rag One Step (1915)
 * An Operatic Nightmare – Desecration Rag No. 2 (1916)
 * Clover Club – Fox Trot (1918)

Songs

 * As Long As the Band Will Play – 1911 (with Harold Atteridge)
 * Snow Time – 1911 (with Bert Fitzgibbon)
 * If That is Not Love Wot? - 1911 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * When Sunday Rolls Around – 1911 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * Night Time – 1911 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * When You Know Why – 1913 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * Evr'y Rose Reminds Me of You – 1913 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * In the Shade of the Mango Tree – 1918 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * My Gal's Another Gal Like Galli-Curci – 1918 (with Louis Weslyn)
 * Nola (song) – 1922 (with James F. Burns) (posthumous)

His piano rolls reveal Arndt to be a fine pianist, and he is known to have been an influence on the young George Gershwin, who would visit him at his studio in the Aeolian Building on 42nd Street in Manhattan.

title: Felix Arndt


text:
Zail Singh

Giani Zail Singh (, born Jarnail Singh; 5 May 1916 – 25 December 1994 ) was an Indian politician from Punjab who served as the seventh president of India from 1982 to 1987 and 9th Chief Minister of Punjab. He was the first Sikh to become president.

Born in Sandhwan in the princely state of Faridkot, Singh trained to be a granthi and was given the title of giani, meaning a learned man, while training at the Sikh Missionary School in Amritsar. Singh was associated with peasant agitations and the movement seeking a representative government in Faridkot. His political activism in the Praja Mandal, an organisation allied with the Indian National Congress, saw him sentenced to solitary confinement between 1938 and 1943. He led a flag satyagraha and formed a parallel government in Faridkot State which were called off only after the intervention of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel. The stints in jail inspired him to change his name to Zail Singh.

After independence, Faridkot was merged with the Patiala and East Punjab States Union and Singh served as its minister of revenue and agriculture during 1949–51 and oversaw the introduction of land reforms in Punjab. Singh was a member of the Rajya Sabha during 1956–62 and member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly during 1962–67 during which time he served briefly as a minister under Partap Singh Kairon. He had served as president of PEPSU Pradesh Congress Committee during 1955–56 and became president of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee in 1966 serving in that post until his election as chief minister of Punjab in 1972.

As chief minister, Singh is credited with having established India’s first semiconductor manufacturing unit in Mohali, legislating the Punjab Land Reforms Act of 1972, ensuring reservation for Mazhabi Sikhs and Valmikis in education and public employment and repatriating the remains of Udham Singh which were then cremated in Punjab with state honours. Singh’s policies aimed to undercut the influence of the Shiromani Akali Dal party by championing Sikh religious causes. Following the defeat of the Congress party in the elections of 1977, Singh and Sanjay Gandhi extended political and financial support to Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a radical Sikh preacher. Bhindranwale soon became the flagbearer of Sikh separatism and an insurgency seeking the establishment of Khalistan broke out in Punjab.

Elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980, Singh was appointed India’s home minister by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. His tenure witnessed the worsening of the insurgency in Punjab where his rivalry with the state's new chief minister and support for Bhindranwale prevented resolute action against the insurgents. In 1982, he was elected president of India, succeeding Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. The initial years of his presidency saw the Operation Blue Star, the assassination of Indira Gandhi, and the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. After Rajiv Gandhi became prime minister, relations with Singh turned frosty as Gandhi refused to meet with or inform Singh on matters of policy and placing curbs on his foreign and domestic travels. Singh hit back by questioning government policy and subjecting proposals sent to him to minute scrutiny. In 1986, he employed a pocket veto on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill passed by Parliament. Allegations of corruption in the procurement of howitzers from Bofors, the government’s refusal to furnish the documents sought for by President Singh and his much-publicized reproach to the government led to speculation that Singh intended to dismiss the government of Rajiv Gandhi. Singh however retired at the end of his tenure in 1987 and was succeeded as president by R. Venkataraman.

Singh died in 1994 of injuries sustained in a road accident. His samadhi is at the Ekta Sthal in Delhi. Singh’s memoirs were published in 1997. His birth centenary was celebrated in 2016 where a documentary film and a book on his life were released.

Early life
Jarnail Singh was born in Sandhwan, Faridkot district on 5 May 1916 to Kishan Singh and Ind Kaur, as the youngest of their five children. He was a Ramgarhia Sikh, belonging to a caste associated with carpentry. Although his formal education ended with matriculation, Singh trained to be a granthi and studied at the Shaheed Sikh Missionary College in Amritsar where he was given the title of giani as a mark of his knowledge of the scriptures. Although his grasp of English was less than fluent, he was known for his earthy speeches in the Urdu and Punjabi languages. He married Pardhan Kaur with whom he had three daughters and a son. His nephew, Kultar Singh Sandhwan, became speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 2022.

Praja Mandal
In 1936, Singh was imprisoned for a year for his participation in the Kisan Morcha. In 1938, he founded the Praja Mandal, a political organisation allied to the All India States Peoples' Conference, in Faridkot. The Mandal sought the establishment of an elected government in the princely state – a demand rejected by its ruler, Sir Harinder Singh Brar. Singh was jailed between 1938 and 1943, spending time in solitary confinement in a Faridkot prison. Upon his release in 1943, he was forced to leave Faridkot but took up the cause of the people's movement in Faridkot outside the state. It is during his time in prison that Singh changed his name from Jarnail Singh to Zail Singh.

In 1946, he launched a satyagraha against the Faridkot government and was involved in the Flag agitation of that year for which he was imprisoned. The flag agitation ended with the Nehru-Harinder Pact by which the maharaja agreed to the formation of political associations in the state and revoked the ban on hoisting the Congress flag in Faridkot. The maharaja's failure to fully implement the pact led to a renewed agitation in the state in 1948 when Praja Mandal activists besieged the state's secretariat and Singh declared the formation of a parallel government in Faridkot. The agitation ended only after the intervention of Vallabhbhai Patel with the maharaja agreeing to free Singh and three other ministers of the parallel government from prison besides Praja Mandal activists arrested for their participation in the agitation. In 1948, the States Ministry of India merged Faridkot with the other Phulkian states of Punjab to form the Patiala and East Punjab States Union.

Political career in independent India (1947–72)
In January 1949, Singh became minister for revenue in the government of PEPSU under Chief Minister Gian Singh Rarewala. The Rarewala ministry, however, was replaced with a caretaker government within ten months of its formation owing to political dissension. In 1951, Col. Raghbir Singh became the chief minister and Zail Singh was appointed minister for agriculture. His actions as minister include the repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act, the promulgation of the Political Sufferers ordinance and changes introduced to land laws that abolished the right of the Raja of Faridkot to seize lands of the peasants and removing the privileges enjoyed by landlords under existing land laws. He piloted the Biswedar Abolition Ordinance that provided for the appropriation without compensation of land owned by the landlords and tenancy rights to the cultivators. In the elections of 1952, Singh lost from the Kotkapura Jaito constituency. He became president of PEPSU Pradesh Congress Committee during 1955–56 when it was merged with Punjab.

During 1956 to 1962, he served as Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. He resigned his membership in March 1962 to contest the Punjab Legislative Assembly elections and won from the Faridkot constituency. He briefly served as a minister in the Partap Singh Kairon ministry but resigned in the wake of the 1962 war with China and the reduction in size of the ministry. In 1966, he became president of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, a post he held until his appointment as chief minister in 1972. Although he did not contest the election of 1967, he was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly from Anandpur Sahib through a by-election in 1970.

Chief Minister of Punjab (1972–77)
In the 1972 elections to the Punjab Legislative Assembly, Singh was elected from Anandpur Sahib constituency. The Congress party won a majority and formed the government with Singh as chief minister. He and a ten member ministry were sworn in on 17 March 1972. Singh was the first Other Backward Class leader and the only non-Jat Sikh to be elected chief minister of Punjab since its reorganisation in 1966 until 2021 when Charanjit Singh Channi, a Dalit Sikh, became chief minister.

From the outset Singh projected himself as a champion of the Sikh religion, in part, because he did not belong to the dominant Jat caste and also to counter the Akali Dal party. As part of this policy, he inaugurated the Guru Gobind Singh Marg – a highway linking Punjab’s most prominent gurudwaras, renamed several government hospitals after Sikh gurus, started the Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar and renamed a town near Chandigarh after one of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons. In response to their electoral setbacks, Akali Dal politicians gathered at Anandpur Sahib in October 1972 and passed a resolution demanding greater autonomy to Punjab and self-determination for the Sikhs.

Singh’s government enacted the Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972, which fixed land ceilings at 18 acre per family. Several key provisions of the Act were struck down the following year by the Punjab and Haryana High Court prompting a further appeal by the state government in India's Supreme Court. The Act, which also provided for redistribution of surplus land, failed in its implementation and consequently there was little change in land ownership.

Singh introduced a scheme for life-long pension for participants in India’s independence movement. In 1974, he repatriated the remains of Udham Singh from the United Kingdom which were then taken in a procession to Punjab, cleverly utilising the media attention and popular interest in it to burnish his credentials. The remains were cremated in Sunam with full state honours and Singh himself lit the funeral pyre. He also took to honouring the legacy of Bhagat Singh, declaring a gazetted holiday on his birthday, converting his ancestral home at Khatkar Kalan into a museum and honouring his mother with the title of ‘Punjab Mata’.

He was also responsible for getting the Department of Electronics to establish the Semiconductor Complex Limited at Mohali in 1974 overriding their preferred choice of Madras (now Chennai). This was India’s first semiconductor fabricating unit. It became operational in 1983 and manufactured integrated chips using American knowhow. In 1975, Singh introduced a reservation of fifty per cent of jobs for Valmikis and Mazhabi Sikhs under the quota of jobs reserved for the scheduled castes. The move aimed to consolidate the dalit vote behind the Congress party and enhanced his own standing amongst them.

Following the imposition of the Emergency of 1975, Singh zealously implemented the policies of Sanjay Gandhi’s five point program. The national population policy with its focus on compulsory sterilisation was implemented often through coercive steps of the police and administration. Singh was forced to implement the policy, in part, to retain favour with Sanjay Gandhi, whom he had once described as his saviour, and to stave off the challenge to his leadership from other Congress leaders of Punjab, notably Mohinder Singh Gill who was the party’s president.

In the general elections of 1977 that followed the Emergency, the Congress party for the first time failed to win even a single seat from Punjab. Singh’s tenure as chief minister ended on 30 April 1977 when Punjab was placed under President's rule. In the elections to the state Assembly held in June 1977, the Shiromani Akali Dal was elected to office winning 58 out of 104 seats in the Legislative Assembly.

The defeat of the Congress party in the elections of 1977 led Sanjay Gandhi and Singh to look for a Sikh leader who would weaken the Akali Dal by espousing a strident stand on matters of Sikh faith thus undercutting the Akalis. The tactic was inspired partly by Partap Singh Kairon who, as chief minister, had propped up Fateh Singh as a counter to the Akali leader Tara Singh during the 1960s. Their choice was Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who was then a little known Sikh preacher but would go on to be a Frankenstein's monster for his patrons. Bhindranwale came to limelight in 1978 when a clash between his followers and Nirankari Sikhs led to the death of a dozen people. The Congress party lionised Bhindranwale and helped him establish the Dal Khalsa party. In the general elections of 1980, Bhindranwale even campaigned for Congress candidates.

Union Minister of Home Affairs (1980–82)
In the general election of 1980, which the Congress party under Indira Gandhi won; Singh was elected to Parliament from Hoshiarpur. He was inducted into the government as Minister of Home Affairs on 14 January 1980 continuing in that post till 22 June 1982. The Punjab government under Parkash Singh Badal was dismissed and the state brought under President’s rule in February 1980. In the elections held in June, the Congress party won a majority in the Assembly and Darbara Singh, a political rival of Zail Singh, was appointed chief minister. The out of power Akali Dal now revived the demands in the Anandpur Sahib resolution and allied with pro-Khalistan forces abroad.

The factionalism in the Congress and the political feuding between Zail Singh and Darbara Singh further complicated the situation in Punjab and prevented resolute administrative action against the insurgents. Bhindranwale was able to use the discord between the central and state governments to his advantage. He was suspected of involvement in the murders of the Nirankari guru Gurbachan Singh in April 1980 and of the newspaper magnate Lala Jagat Narain in September 1981. Even though arrest warrants were issued against him, who was then in the state of Haryana, Bhindranwale was able to escape to his gurudwara in the Punjab in an official car provided to him by the Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lal on the instructions of Singh. Bhindranwale gave himself up for arrest later that month but was released from jail in October following widespread unrest in the Punjab and after Singh declared in Parliament that Bhindranwale was not involved in Narain’s murder. In each of these instances even as Darbara Singh wanted to crack down on Bhindranwale, Zail Singh intervened on his behalf in the hope of using him as a pawn in his political battle against Darbara Singh.

Bhindranwale's release served to demoralise the Punjab Police as they now became targets for Sikh extremists and furthered emboldened Bhindranwale. Similarly, requests to ban the Dal Khalsa by the state government were stonewalled by the Union Home Ministry before the prime minister intervened to have the ban imposed. Singh’s tenure as India’s home minister has generally been viewed unfavourably. He was seen as a weak and inept minister who was appointed to prevent him from developing strong base in Punjab and as someone who mishandled crises in the Punjab, Kashmir and the North East.

President of India (1982–87)
In June 1982, Singh was chosen by the Congress party to be its candidate for the presidential election to succeed Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, rejecting a proposal by the opposition to have a consensus candidate. A group of ten opposition parties decided to field the Communist politician Hiren Mukherjee as their candidate. Singh’s nomination was seen as a gesture to the Sikhs at a time when the separatist agitation for Khalistan was gaining popularity. However, it was also aimed at keeping Singh out of active politics allowing Singh’s bête noire Darbara Singh to run the Punjab government without interference from the Centre. Singh’s loyalty to the prime minister was another reason for his nomination as the Congress party was unsure of its prospects in the general elections scheduled for 1985.

The opposition’s original candidate was dropped as Mukherjee was not a registered voter, which is a prerequisite for any person contesting a presidential election. Hans Raj Khanna, a former judge of the Supreme Court of India who had defended fundamental rights and championed the inviolability of the basic structure of the constitution during the Emergency and was subsequently overlooked for appointment as Chief Justice, became the opposition candidate.

The election was held on 12 July 1982 with the electoral college comprising 756 members of Parliament and 3827 members of legislative assemblies. When the votes were counted on 15 July, Singh emerged the winner with 754,113 votes, or 72.7 per cent, against Khanna’s 282,685 votes and was declared elected the same day by the returning officer. Singh won a majority in each of India’s state assemblies except for West Bengal and Tripura. He was sworn in the seventh president of India on 25 July 1982. He was the first Sikh as also the first person from a backward caste to become president.

Indira Gandhi ministry (1982–84)
Singh was known for his loyalty to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and had remarked that he would pick up a broom and become a sweeper if she were to ask him to do so. It was reported that Singh would walk down to the South Court of Rashtrapati Bhavan to receive her when she called on him, even opening her car door in breach of all protocol. In 1983, New Delhi hosted both the seventh summit of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip arrived on a state visit in November 1983, as the guests of President Singh and stayed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

As president, he spoke out against the Akali Dal’s assertion that Sikhs were being discriminated against in India, challenged the rule of jathedars and the role of religious leaders in the separatist movement in Punjab, and criticised the use of Sikh shrines as sanctuaries by criminals. In June 1984, the Indian Army launched Operation Blue Star to neutralise Sikh militants based in the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. Singh was not appraised of these plans neither when Punjab was brought under President’s rule nor when Prime Minister Gandhi met him for a routine briefing the day before the operation was launched. When Singh visited the Golden Temple complex on 8 June, he was shot at by a sniper. Although he was not hit, his security officer was seriously injured. Singh was deeply upset at the damage done to the temple complex. Singh later justified the military operation saying bloodshed could have been avoided had militants surrendered and urging all Sikhs to ensure that their temples would not in the future be used to house arms and material not sanctioned by Sikh tradition. In September, the Akal Takht, the highest temporal body in Sikhism, condemned Singh for his alleged role in the military operation and held him guilty of religious misconduct. He was exonerated 24 days later by the Sikh high priests after he expressed contrition and sought forgiveness before the Akal Takht for the ‘unfortunate incidents’ that had happened there.

In August 1984, Rashtrapati Bhavan became the venue of an unusual political gathering when N. T. Rama Rao, who had been dismissed as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh by the governor, met Singh with over 160 members of the Legislative Assembly. The Governor Thakur Ram Lal had appointed N. Bhaskara Rao as the new chief minister and provided him a month’s time to prove his majority in the assembly despite the ousted chief minister’s claim of being able to prove his own majority in two days’ time and evidence that he was supported by a majority of legislators. Following widespread protests, the governor was recalled and Rama Rao returned as chief minister following a vote of confidence. The Singh presidency saw similar dismissal of state governments and imposition of President’s rule in Jammu and Kashmir and in Sikkim.

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards. Her son Rajiv Gandhi and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee were in West Bengal campaigning for upcoming Assembly elections while Singh was on a state visit to North Yemen. He returned to Delhi the same evening and visited the All India Institute of Medical Sciences where Indira Gandhi had been admitted. The presidential cavalcade was pelted with stones en route and violence against Sikhs began in Delhi. After the deaths of prime ministers Nehru in 1964 and Shastri in 1966, the president had appointed the senior most Cabinet minister, Gulzarilal Nanda, as the acting prime minister while the Congress Parliamentary Party went about electing a new leader who would then become prime minister. That convention would have required Singh to appoint Pranab Mukherjee as the acting prime minister. However, the Congress Parliamentary Board, the executive committee of the parliamentary party, nominated Rajiv Gandhi for appointment as prime minister. Accordingly, Singh swore Rajiv Gandhi in as prime minister the same evening (31 October). The choice of Rajiv Gandhi was unanimously approved by the Congress Parliamentary Party three days later.

Rajiv Gandhi ministry (1984–87)
Indira Gandhi’s assassination was followed by anti-Sikh rioting across India which lasted for four days till 3 November 1984. Although constitutionally the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces, Singh was unable to act to stop the violence. Tarlochan Singh, President Singh’s press secretary, later alleged that although the president had tried to talk to the prime minister regarding the rioting in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi never got back to him whereas Home Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao told him that the government was busy arranging Indira Gandhi’s funeral. Singh later admitted that his commitment to the Congress party and to the Indian Constitution were severely tested by these events but he chose to remain in his post. Rajiv Gandhi soon called for parliamentary elections which were held between 24 and 28 December 1984. The Congress party won 404 out of the 514 seats, the highest number ever won by a party in India’s general elections. A forty member council of ministers with Gandhi as the prime minister were sworn in on 31 December 1984.

The relationship between President Singh and Prime Minister Gandhi quickly turned sour. Gandhi viewed Singh as a rustic parvenu whose actions were partly responsible for the imbroglio in the Punjab that had led to his mother’s assassination. As prime minister, Gandhi called on Singh only once before the elections and dispensed with the practice of calling on the president to discuss matters of state entirely. Following his cue, union ministers too stopped calling on Singh, a situation that lasted for almost two years before Gandhi gave-in and called on Singh in March 1987. Gandhi stopped briefing Singh about matters of domestic and foreign policy and refused to sanction official visits abroad for Singh and Congress governments in the states began to put off visits by the president. Singh retaliated by subjecting all proposals sent to him to minute scrutiny, seeking explanations from the government on not formulating a policy on judicial appointments, questioning its television coverage policy and cautioning the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Kumudben Joshi, to desist from interfering in the state’s politics besides seeking an explanation from the Chief Election Commissioner of India about the delay in holding scheduled elections in the state of Haryana. These interventions caused the government considerable embarrassment.

Singh is also remembered for his stance on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill, 1986. The bill, passed by both houses of Parliament, empowered central and state governments to intercept, inspect and detain any items in the post perceived to be a threat to national security. In effect, the bill gave the government unbridled powers to surveil postal communication and violated citizens’ rights. Singh, instead of returning the bill to Parliament for its reconsideration, decided to withhold his assent to it. If the bill were to be sent back to Parliament, in which the Congress party held an overwhelming majority, it could have reiterated its support for the bill which would have forced Singh to give it his assent. As the Constitution places no time limit within which presidential assent is to be given to legislation sent to him, Singh decided to keep it in abeyance – thus effecting a pocket veto. The bill remained unsigned even by his successor who returned it to the Rajya Sabha for its reconsideration.

During 1986–87, as allegations of corruption began to surface in the procurement of Bofors howitzers by the Indian government; Singh sought information regarding the matter from the government. Gandhi took the stance that the president did not have the right to know every classified matter made available to the prime minister or the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet passed a resolution rejecting Singh’s demand. In Parliament, however, Gandhi stated that the "president was being fully informed", a patently false statement. Singh responded by writing to the prime minister narrating specific instances where no information had been furnished despite repeated demands. A copy of the letter was leaked to the press. This allegation by the head of state against the head of government served to further reduce the government’s credibility.

By 1987, it was widely speculated that Singh intended to dismiss the Rajiv Gandhi ministry and appoint in its place a caretaker ministry under either R. Venkataraman or P. V. Narasimha Rao. As Singh’s tenure was drawing to a close, it was thought that such a move would lead to a second term in office for him with support from the opposition and members of the Congress party opposed to Gandhi. Gandhi, who had strained relations with the Chief of the Army Staff General Sundarji and his Defence Minister Arun Singh, was opposed to giving Singh a further term in office. Singh, however, never acted on the plan and decided not to seek a second term as he failed to get the open support of the opposition and feared it could lead to an army takeover.

State visits
Singh led state visits to Bahrain, Czechoslovakia, and Qatar in 1983; to Argentina, Mauritius, Mexico, North and South Yemen in 1984. Singh was in Aden, Yemen when Indira Gandhi was assassinated. He also made visits to Greece, Nepal, Poland, and Yugoslavia 1986. As the relationship between Rajiv Gandhi and Singh soured, the government began sending Vice-President R. Venkataraman on trips abroad in place of Singh. Even visits to nations which were customarily made by the head of state began to be made by the vice-president or the prime minister and some, such as a visit to Zimbabwe, which had been finalised were cancelled. Consequently, Singh became one of the least travelled presidents of India.

Later life and death
Singh was succeeded to the presidency by Ramaswamy Venkataraman, who was sworn in on 25 July 1987. Singh chose to spend his retirement in Delhi where the government provided him with a bungalow on Circular Road.

Singh was severely injured in a road accident when his car collided with a truck at Kiratpur Sahib in the Ropar district of Punjab on 29 November 1994. He was admitted to the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh where he died on 25 December 1994, aged 78. The Government of India declared 7 days of national mourning. His cremation was held on 26 December in Delhi where his samadhi is located at Ekta Sthal.

Singh's autobiography, The Memoirs of Giani Zail Singh, was published in 1996.

Commemoration
A commemorative postage stamp was issued by India's Department of Posts on the occasion of Singh's first death anniversary in 1995. The Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology, Bhatinda is named after him. The birth centenary of Singh was celebrated in 2016 at which a documentary film on his life and a book were released in his honour.

title: Zail Singh


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Al Hansen

Alfred Earl "Al" Hansen (5 October 1927 – 20 June 1995) was an American artist. He was a member of Fluxus, a movement that originated on an artists' collective around George Maciunas.

He was the father of Andy Warhol protégé Bibbe Hansen and the grandfather and artistic mentor of rock musician Beck and artist Channing Hansen. Bibbe and Channing continue his legacy by performing some of his most iconic works.

Biography
Hansen was born in 1927 in New York City, to a family of Norwegian heritage. He was a friend to several notable artists, including Yoko Ono and John Cage. Hansen served in Germany during World War II. During his service, Hansen once pushed a piano off the roof of a five-story building, which became the foundation of one of his most recognized performance pieces, the Yoko Ono Piano Drop. Many artists have also destroyed or altered pianos including John Cage, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik and Raphael Montañez Ortiz.

Hansen studied with composer John Cage at the now famous 1958 Composition Class at the New School for Social Research in New York City along with fellow students, Dick Higgins, George Brecht, and Allan Kaprow amongst others. Hansen was a frequent visitor to The Factory, Andy Warhol's studio in New York. Hansen was perhaps best known for his performance pieces, his participation in Happenings, and for his collages in which he often used cigarette butts and candy bar wrappers as the raw materials, among them numerous variations of a sculpture referring to the Venus of Willendorf.

He wrote an important book about performance art, A Primer of Happenings and Time Space Art published by Something Else Press in 1965.

In 1966 he attended the Destruction in Art Symposium in London organized by Gustav Metzger, where he met and befriended many of the Viennese Action Artists. In October 1966 Otto Muhl organized an event called "Action Concert for Al Hansen" in Vienna.

He was an art professor at Rutgers College in Newark, New Jersey, into the 1970s.

In 1977 Hansen managed Los Angeles punk bands the Controllers and the Screamers in Hollywood. In the 1980s Hansen moved to Cologne, Germany, where he and colleague Lisa Cieslik established an art school, the Ultimate Akademie. Inspired among others by the Final Academy of Genesis P-Orridge it became a meeting point for local and international performers of the time-based arts.

He died in Cologne, Germany, in 1995, with a number of friends celebrating a Fluxus funeral according to his plan.

Notable collections

 * Archivio Conz - Francesco Conz's Collection
 * Yes She He, c. 1962, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
 * Coco Was a Poco Loco about Cacao and Men, 1968, MoMA, New York, NY
 * John Cage Word Opera, 1972–1076, Walker Art Center Minneapolis, MN
 * Amazone Venus 3/9 1994, Kölnisches Stadtmuseum.
 * Yayoi Kusama's Yokohama Hammock 1963, Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien Vienna.

title: Al Hansen


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Snark (Lewis Carroll)

The Snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll. This creature appears in his nonsense poem The Hunting of the Snark. His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so.

The origin of the poem
According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an agony in eight fits – was the final line, For the snark was a boojum, you see.

Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a "chasm"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave.

Descriptions of the snark
The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The boojum is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to "softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again".

The Bellman in the poem describes "five unmistakable marks" that identify a snark. One, the snark's flavour; "meager and hollow, but crisp" (apparently like a coat too tight in the waist). Two, it sleeps late into the day, waking near five in the afternoon. Three, it dislikes jokes, especially puns. Four, it likes bathing-machines, and carries them with it wherever it goes. Fifth and last, it is ambitious. The Baker relays his uncle's narration, which says that a snark prepared as a meal is served with greens, and is "handy for striking a light"; the Annotated Snark suggests that this could mean either that its skin is useful for striking matches on, or that it breathes fire.

The domain of the snark is an island filled with chasms and crags, very distant from England. On the same island may also be found other creatures such as the jubjub and bandersnatch. The snark is a peculiar creature that cannot be captured in a commonplace way. Above all, courage is required during a snark hunt. The most common method is to seek it with thimbles, care, forks, and hope. One may also "threaten its life with a railway share" or "charm it with smiles and soap".

title: Snark (Lewis Carroll)


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Labellum (botany)

In botany, the labellum (or lip) is the part of the flower of an orchid or Canna, or other less-known genera, that serves to attract insects, which pollinate the flower, and acts as a landing platform for them.

Labellum (plural: labella) is the Latin diminutive of labrum, meaning lip.

The labellum is a modified petal and can be distinguished from the other petals and from the sepals by its large size and its often irregular shape. It is not unusual for the other two petals of an orchid flower to look like the sepals, so that the labellum stands out as distinct.

In orchids, the labellum is the modified median petal that sits opposite from the fertile anther and usually highly modified from the other perianth segments. It is often united with the column and can be hinged or movable, facilitating pollination. Often, the orchid labellum is divided into three or more lobes. Some have modified fleshy lumps on the upper surface generally referred to as the callus (plural: calli), with some being divided into multiple ridges or a central keel. When the callus is flat and broad, it is sometimes called a plate, which can have fringed margins. The callus can be highly modified with striking colors that may aid in pollinator deceit and mimicry.

The labellum in orchids is often large and complex enough that terminology describing relative positions for structures on it becomes useful: the hypochile is the basal portion nearer the connection with the rest of the flower, the mesochile is the middle portion, and the epichile is the distal portion.

title: Labellum (botany)


text: User talk:68.103.65.86

title: User talk:68.103.65.86


text: User talk:66.77.81.18

title: User talk:66.77.81.18