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Chafford Hundred

Chafford Hundred is an area in the Borough of Thurrock in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. Chafford Hundred is north-west of Grays.

Its railway station serves the area and Lakeside Shopping Centre.

Lakeside Shopping Centre is in West Thurrock and is located in the Chafford and North Stifford, and South Chafford wards in the borough of Thurrock. Chafford Hundred was built on parts of the historical parishes of Stifford and West Thurrock, Mill Lane being the border of the respective historical parishes.

Prehistory and Thurrock Chalklands
The earliest evidence of human occupation in the area around Chafford Hundred dates back to the prehistoric period, with archeological evidence strongly suggesting the existence of human settlement and agricultural and industrial development in the area from around 8,000 BC in the Mesolithic through to the Neolithic, Bronze, Iron, Roman and Early Medieval periods. Animal fossils and shark fossils dating to the prehistoric period have also been discovered in the area.

By the 19th century, the area had become the site of disused chemical works in Grays Thurrock. In 1870, Edmund Wright Brooks took over the works and turned them into quarries for his cement manufacturing company. Several other cement companies, including the Portland Cement Works Company and the Lion Cement Company, had started quarrying the area by 1874. By 1925, most of these companies had merged to form Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd, which later became Blue Circle Industries. For much of the 20th century, the area was mainly the site of several chalk, gravel and brickearth quarries, with the last of these closing down in 1976. As such, the area was called the Thurrock Chalklands prior to the development of Chafford Hundred.

By the early 1970s, most of the land in the Thurrock Chalklands had become derelict and abandoned. Blue Circle Industries continued to own most of the land in the area long after the closure of the quarries, and it remained interested in developing the area. In 1973, the local authorities Essex County Council and Thurrock Council looked into regenerating the area with government support. The councils' interests in the area were renewed in 1981 with the completion of the M25 and A13 in Thurrock, which intersected near the area. The location of the Chalklands behind Thurrock's industrial waterfront was seen as having strategic value, and a new development on the site was expected to meet an anticipated increase in local industrial demand caused by the completion of the roads.

Another organisation, the national house-builder Consortium Developments Limited (CDL), also expressed interest in the Chalklands area. CDL had been founded in 1983 by Britain's ten largest house-building companies as a consortium which aimed to promote and build privately developed new towns in South East England. It made its first planning application in March 1985 for a £450 million new town development known as Tillingham Hall on the Metropolitan Green Belt in the north of Thurrock, which would provide 5,100 dwellings for 14,000 people. Thurrock Council and Essex County Council opposed the Tillingham Hall proposal as it would be built on green belt land and blocked planning permission for the project. The project also posed a threat to their ambitions for a development in the Chalklands, and this may have influenced Thurrock's opposition to the proposal. CDL looked at the Chalklands area as a potential alternative development site to Tillingham Hall, prompting Blue Circle Industries to propose a development of its own in the area before CDL could make a planning application there.

Construction of Chafford Hundred
Blue Circle Industries made a planning application with two other developers, West Thurrock Estates and Tunnel Holdings, to build a housing development on the Chalklands in August 1985. The proposed development was designed by architect Owen Luder and named Chafford Hundred after the historic Hundred of Chafford, which included parts of what is now Havering, Thurrock and Brentwood.

In 1985, Thurrock Council and Essex County Council approved a proposal by Blue Circle Industries, West Thurrock Estates and Tunnel Holdings to build a large landscape-housing estate on derelict land adjacent to the M25 motorway in Grays, Essex. Designed by architect Owen Luder, the proposal included the construction of 5,000 homes, five schools and new shops for a population of 15,000 people, and was estimated to cost £100 million. It was named "Chafford Hundred" after a former Bishop of London and the historic Hundred of Chafford.

The development would be built on a 600 acre site in Grays and West Thurrock, north-west of Grays town centre. Around two-thirds of the site was previously used as a chalk quarry; the rest was mostly former agricultural land which had become uncultivated. Planning permission to reclaim and develop the site to build 5,000 homes was granted in July 1986 and construction began in 1988. Blue Circle Industries formed a consortium with construction companies Rosehaugh and Pearson plc with the trade name Chafford Hundred Ltd to build the development. To pay for construction costs, the consortium took up a £45 million loan to be paid back over the next seven years. By this point, the project included plans for a new church, shopping centre, doctor's surgery, library and a train station on the Fenchurch Street railway line, with an overall estimated cost of £750 million. At the time, Chafford Hundred was characterised by the press as a new town in West Thurrock. Officially, it was a housing estate in the western part of the town of Grays.

The first homes in Chafford Hundred were completed in 1989. Approximately 5,600 houses and flats have been built since 1989 on 353 acres of brownfield housing land. These areas have a variety of housing types which includes private sector housing as well as housing associations and retirement homes. Chafford Hundred railway station serves the local area, and was built to serve the area. It opened in 1993, and currently sees a twice hourly service connecting it to London, Grays and Southend. The name is re-used from the historic Hundred of Chafford, which covered a much larger area including parts of present-day Thurrock in Essex and the London Borough of Havering in Greater London.

The area has seen large growth since its inception, with many City workers living there due to the relatively easy commute into central London. In 2012, it was reported in the national press, that more than half the flats (in the estate) were repossessed during the early 1990s housing slump, impacting it so significantly that prices fell by half. Housing ranges from one or two bedroom apartments up to five / six bedroom large houses and therefore the area caters for many, although property prices grew rapidly during the late 1990s – The Evening Standard article, "the most coveted address in Britain" by Nick Curtis in 2001 included properties in the new village. This is not due to the architecture of the houses (mostly all very similar starter homes), but because it provides relatively affordable housing with public and recreation areas, as well as generally large private gardens, well connected to many jobs.

There are four elected councillors representing Chafford Hundred, currently Cllr Mark Coxshall and Cllr Garry Hague for Chafford and North Stifford Ward, and Cllr Abbie Akinbohun and Cllr Suzanne Hooper for South Chafford Ward. The area's Member of Parliament is Jen Craft. Although there were initially no facilities, they managed to raise funds to build a youth park which was launched last year. The area is also served by multiple churches.

Schools
Chafford Hundred currently has four primary schools and one secondary school.

 * Tudor Court Primary School
 * Warren Primary School
 * Harris Primary Academy Chafford Hundred
 * Harris Primary Academy Mayflower
 * Harris Academy Chafford Hundred (secondary, formerly Chafford Hundred Campus Business and Enterprise College)

Geography
The land is on very gentle slopes (ranging from 18 to 34m AOD) and the area also has included a number of park and recreational areas. The largest area is of special environmental and scientific interest, Chafford Gorges Nature Park; its management was taken over by Essex Wildlife Trust on 9 June 2005.

Politics and governance
Chafford Hundred is in the parliamentary constituency of Thurrock. The local member of Parliament (MP) is Jen Craft of the Labour Party, who was first elected at the 2024 general election. As one of the more affluent areas in the constituency, Chafford Hundred was traditionally more supportive of the Conservative Party until the 2010s, when demographic changes in the area and its growing popularity with commuters led to a shift in favour of the Labour Party. The local authority is Thurrock Council which has held unitary authority status since 1998. As such, the council is responsible for all local government services in the area. Chafford Hundred also falls under the jurisdiction of Essex Police and the Essex County Fire and Rescue Service which are overseen by the elected Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Essex. Since 2016, the police, fire and crime commissioner has been Roger Hirst of the Conservative Party.

For the purposes of local elections to Thurrock Council, Chafford Hundred is divided between the two electoral wards of South Chafford and Chafford and North Stifford, with the latter also including the separate community of North Stifford. Both wards elect two councillors each who serve for a term of four years. In the early years of the development, Chafford Hundred was split between the wards of West Thurrock, Stifford, Grays Thurrock Town and Grays Thurrock North. As the development continued to grow into the 1990s, the Local Government Commission for England split off parts of these wards to form a new separate ward for Chafford Hundred in 1997, which elected two councillors. Continued population growth into the 2000s led the commission to reorganise Chafford Hundred and its neighbouring wards into the current wards of South Chafford and Chafford and North Stifford in 2004. Former Conservative council leader Mark Coxshall represented Chafford and North Stifford until he lost his seat to the Labour Party at the 2023 Thurrock Council election. As of 2024, all four councillors for Chafford Hundred are from the Labour Party.

Notable people
Singer Louisa Johnson is from Chafford Hundred and attended Harris Academy Chafford Hundred. Television personalities Chloe Brockett and Toby Aromolaran  also come from the area, as does footballer Elliot Omozusi. Chafford Hundred Athletic Club, a sports marketing club in Chafford Hundred, is managed by retired javelin thrower Fatima Whitbread, who founded it after her retirement in 1991. Notable members of the club have included Yvonne Murray, Tom McKean, Jonathan Edwards, Kelly Holmes, Linford Christie, Iwan Thomas and Steve Backley.

title: Chafford Hundred


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Kerr

Kerr may refer to:

People

 * Kerr (surname)
 * Kerr (given name)

Places

 * United States
 * Kerr Township, Champaign County, Illinois
 * Kerr, Montana, A US census-designated place
 * Kerr, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Kerr County, Texas

Other uses

 * KERR, A US radio station
 * Kerr, a brand of food Mason jars and lids
 * Clan Kerr, a Scottish clan
 * Kerr's, a Canadian candy company

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kerr


text:
Talk:United States Secretary of State

United States Secretary of State
Semi-protection: Until Pompeo is confirmed, page keeps being changed, Tillerson is still SOS. 2001:630:12:1090:7199:87B2:471E:6F5E (talk) 14:13, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

I turned the Duties and Responsibilities list into Prose
I changed the duties and responsibilities to read better. I added a little more information with each responsibility as well. Here is my edit process User:StasiaTaylor/United States Secretary of State. — Preceding unsigned comment added by StasiaTaylor (talk • contribs) 16:20, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 11 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): StasiaTaylor. Peer reviewers: Siot0819.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Capital Letters
United States Secretary of State should be capitalized as a title. United States Secretary of State not United States secretary of state ScalarWaveOptics (talk) 23:36, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia’s manual of style lowercases titles like SoS, as do most other publications. See MOS:JOBTITLES; see also the NYT, the WSJ, encyclopedia britannica. Wallnot (talk) 00:09, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Out of curiosity, why is the article title capitalised but lowercase in the first sentence? 93 (talk) 21:31, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Because the title in the first sentence is preceded by the modifier "the" while the title in the article title is not. Again, see MOS:JOBTITLES. Hope that helps. Wallnot (talk) 21:53, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Secretary of State


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Run queue

In modern computers many processes run at once. Active processes are placed in an array called a run queue, or runqueue. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute.

Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to sleep, are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated.

In the Linux operating system (prior to kernel 2.6.23), each CPU in the system is given a run queue, which maintains both an active and expired array of processes. Each array contains 140 (one for each priority level) pointers to doubly linked lists, which in turn reference all processes with the given priority. The scheduler selects the next process from the active array with highest priority. When a process' quantum expires, it is placed into the expired array with some priority. When the active array contains no more processes, the scheduler swaps the active and expired arrays, hence the name O(1) scheduler.

In UNIX or Linux, the sar command is used to check the run queue.

The vmstat UNIX or Linux command can also be used to determine the number of processes that are queued to run or waiting to run. These appear in the 'r' column.

Example:

$ vmstat procs ---memory-- ---swap-- -io -system-- --cpu- r b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st  2  0      0 4579152 324416 4619528    0    0   402   236 3357   15 20  2 78  0  0

There are two models for Run queues: one that assigns a Run Queue to each physical processor, and the other has only one Run Queue in the system

title: Run queue


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Chronicles of Barsetshire

The Chronicles of Barsetshire is a series of six novels by English author Anthony Trollope, published between 1855 and 1867. They are set in the fictional English county of Barsetshire and its cathedral town of Barchester. The novels concern the dealings of the clergy and the gentry, and the political, amatory, and social manoeuvrings among them.

A series was not planned when Trollope began writing The Warden. Rather, after creating Barsetshire, he found himself returning to it as the setting for his following works. It was not until 1878, 11 years after The Last Chronicle of Barset, that these six novels were collectively published as the Chronicles of Barset.

This series is regarded by many as Trollope's finest work. Both modern and contemporary critics have praised the realism of Barsetshire and the intricacies of its characters. However, Trollope also received criticism, particularly for his plot development and the use of an intrusive narrative voice.

The series has been adapted for television in The Barchester Chronicles (1982) and Doctor Thorne (2016), and as dramatised radio programmes produced by BBC Radio 4.

The Warden

Mr Harding, Warden of Hiram’s Hospital, an almshouse in Barchester, is accused of enjoying an income from out of proportion to his responsibilities and the money given to the old people the Hospital houses. The accuser, a local doctor named John Bold, is actually in love with Mr Harding’s daughter, Eleanor. Nevertheless, John takes the matter to the press, subjecting Mr Harding to public criticism. Mr Harding is supported by his son-in-law, Archdeacon Grantly, who insists that he maintain his innocence. Finally, following an ultimatum from Eleanor, John drops the case and apologises. Eleanor and John get married and Mr Harding resigns as Warden of Hiram's Hospital to become Rector of St. Cuthbert's Church on a much reduced income.

Barchester Towers
Following the death of Bishop Grantly, Dr Proudie is appointed as the new Bishop instead of Archdeacon Grantly (son of the Bishop), who had hoped for the post. Dr Proudie is supported by his imperious wife Mrs Proudie, and his chaplain, Mr Slope, both of whom want to steer the church away from traditional Anglican values. To fill the position of Warden at Hiram's Hospital, Mrs Proudie insists Mr Slope backs Mr Quiverful for the role. However, Mr Slope is infatuated with widowed Eleanor Bold, and instead secretly supports the reappointment of her father Mr Harding, as do the Archdeacon and Mr Arabin of Oxford University. Mr Slope eventually proposes to Eleanor, and in doing so, exposes his dealings with both sides. In the end, he is ostracised by the cathedral community, while Mr Arabin marries Eleanor and Mr Quiverful is appointed Warden of Hiram's Hospital.

Doctor Thorne
After the Gresham family has taken mortgages on the Greshamsbury estate to support itself, Frank Gresham, heir to the Greshamsbury estate, is being pressed by his family to marry a woman of wealth, such as Miss Dunstable. However, Frank is in love with Mary Thorne, niece of the Greshams' family physician, Doctor Thorne. While Mary appears to have no fortune, she is actually the illegitimate niece of the millionaire Sir Roger Scatcherd, a fact known only to Doctor Thorne. Following the death of Roger and his son Louis, Mary, being the eldest niece, receives Roger’s inheritance. Despite having already consented to their marriage, Frank’s family are far more welcoming of Mary after hearing she now has the wealth to restore the estate's fortune.

Framley Parsonage
In an attempt to make connections with high society, young vicar Mark Robarts foolishly guarantees a loan to a corrupt member of Parliament, Nate Sowerby. When Mr Sowerby does not repay the loan, Mark’s friend Lord Lufton eventually steps in and saves Robarts from financial disaster. Mark’s sister Lucy has moved to Framley and falls in love with Lord Lufton. However, Lucy rejects Lord Lufton’s proposal, knowing that his mother, Lady Lufton, would refuse to accept a woman of her status as a potential wife for her son. Lady Lufton is adamant her son should marry Griselda Grantly, daughter of the Archdeacon. However in the end, Lady Lufton changes her attitude and asks Lucy to accept her son’s proposal, after witnessing Lucy care selflessly for the poor Mrs Crawley. Meanwhile, Mrs Proudie re-ignites a feud with the Archdeacon and his wife. Another subplot features the marriage of Doctor Thorne and the wealthy Miss Dunstable, who was initially the choice of Frank Gresham’s family.

The Small House at Allington
Sisters Bell and Lily Dale live with their widowed mother in the "Small House" in the village of Allington. The squire, Christopher Dale, wants Bell to marry his nephew Bernard, who is heir to the estate. Bernard introduces Lily Dale to Adolphus Crosbie, who later proposes to her. However upon learning that Lily Dale is not due to receive any significant inheritance, Crosbie also proposes to Lady Alexandria of the prominent de Courcy family, leaving Lily Dale heartbroken. Upon hearing this, Johnny Eames, lifelong admirer of Lily Dale, beats up Crosbie in an act of which promotes him to local hero. Yet despite his devotion, Lily Dale, still emotionally devastated, rejects his proposal and chooses instead to live with her mother. In the end, Bell marries a local doctor. Crosbie and Lady Alexandria marry, but their life is unhappy, and they decide to separate.

The Last Chronicle of Barset
The main storyline follows the impoverished Rev. Josiah Crawley, introduced in Framley Parsonage, who is ostracised after being wrongly accused of stealing money. Meanwhile, Major Grantly, son of the Archdeacon, falls for the disgraced clergyman's daughter, Grace Crawley. The Archdeacon, initially objecting to the marriage, eventually consents after Mr Crawley's innocence is confirmed. John Eames continues his unsuccessful pursuit of Lily Dale, while the beloved former Warden, Mr Harding, dies of old age. Mrs Proudie also reappears, and demands that her husband, Bishop Proudie, ban Mr Crawley from holding services. However, being a proud man, Mr Crawley refuses to comply, before Mrs Proudie dies of a heart attack.

Conception and publication
While working at the General Post Office, Trollope travelled through the English countryside, witnessing the conventions of rural life and the politics surrounding the church and the manor house. On one particular trip to the cathedral city of Salisbury in 1852, Trollope developed his ideas for The Warden, which centred on the clergy. In doing so, the county of Barsetshire was born. Trollope did not begin writing The Warden until July 1853 – a year after his trip to Salisbury. Upon completion, he sent the manuscript to Longman for publishing, with the first copies released in 1855. While it was not a huge success, Trollope felt he had received more recognition than for any of his previous works.

While The Warden was intended as a one-off work, Trollope returned to Barsetshire for the setting of its sequel Barchester Towers. It was published in 1857, again by Longman, finding a similar level of success to its predecessor.

However, Trollope's greatest literary success, based on copies sold, came in the third Barsetshire instalment, Doctor Thorne. It was published by Chapman & Hall in 1858. Trollope credited his brother Tom for developing the storyline.

Following this, The Cornhill magazine approached Trollope to commission a novel to be released in serial parts. Trollope began what became Framley Parsonage. In his autobiography, he explained that by "placing Framley Parsonage near Barchester, I was able to fall back upon my old friends", hence forming the fourth Chronicle of Barsetshire. The novel was released by The Cornhill in 16 monthly instalments, from January 1860 to April 1861, and later published as a three-volume work by Smith, Elder & Co.

Now at the height of his popularity, Trollope wrote the fifth novel in the series, The Small House at Allington. It was also published in serial form, between September 1862 and April 1864 in The Cornhill, and then published as a 2-volume novel by Smith, Elder & Co. in 1864. Some have suggested that the character of Johnny Eames was inspired by Trollope's image of his younger self. Finally came the Last Chronicle of Barset, which Trollope claimed was "the best novel I have written". He took inspiration from his father when creating protagonist Josiah Crawley, while reflecting his mother, a successful author in later life, in the character of Mrs Crawley. It was released serially between 1866 and 1867 and published as a 2-volume work in 1867 by Smith, Elder & Co. There is little to suggest that Anthony Trollope ever planned to write these six novels collectively as the Chronicles of Barsetshire. Rather, after developing the county of Barsetshire in The Warden, Trollope found himself frequently returning, often in response to the request of publishers. In doing so, prominent characters like Mrs Proudie and the Archdeacon could be reintroduced. It was not until he wrote Framley Parsonage that Trollope began to envision these works as a collective series. In his autobiography, he notes that after releasing The Last Chronicle of Barset, he wished for a "combined republication of those tales which are occupied within the fictitious county of Barsetshire". However, due to copyright issues, the six works were not formally republished as the Chronicles of Barset until 1878, 11 years after the Last Chronicle appeared. It was published by Chapman & Hall, who had published Doctor Thorne.

As a series
The Chronicles of Barsetshire are widely regarded as Anthony Trollope's most famous literary works. In 1867, following the release of The Last Chronicle of Barset, a writer for The Examiner called these novels "the best set of sequels in our literature". Even today, these works remain his most popular. Modern critic Arthur Pollard writes: "Trollope is and will remain best known for his Barsetshire series", while P. D. Edwards offers a similar insight: "During his own lifetime, and for long afterwards, his reputation rested chiefly on the Barsetshire novels".

Despite a series not initially being intended, few have argued against the importance of appreciating each novel as part of the Chronicles of Barsetshire. As R. C. Terry writes, "the ironies embedded in the novel achieve their full effect only when one considers the entire Barsetshire series". Mary Poovey suggests that even before they were formally published as a series, reviewers understood their collective value. As The Examiner (1867) wrote, "the public should have these Barsetshire novels extant, not only as detached works, but duly bound, lettered, and bought as a connected series".

Discussion has also surrounded the extent to which Trollope’s literary prowess is displayed throughout the Chronicles of Barsetshire. R.C. Terry argues that the series does "not reveal all of Trollope’s skills" while A. O. J. Cockshut believes it is "simple in conception" and "not fully characteristic of his genius". However, in his response to Cockshut, Miguel Ángel Pérez Pérez argues that "Trollope disguises many of his own opinions" throughout the series, and therefore they "are not so simple in conception, since they allow for different readings".

Praise
Trollope was praised for the characters he developed throughout the series. The London Review (1867) stated "we have thoroughly accepted the reality of their existence", while The Athenaeum (1867) wrote, "if the reader does not believe in Barsetshire and all who live therein […] the fault is not in Mr Trollope, but in himself". Most reviewers, like The Examiner (1867), agreed that reintroducing characters into the later instalment was Trollope "realiz[ing these characters] more and more completely". Mary Poovey similarly believes that such repetition meant the characters "seemed to live outside the pages of the novels". However, in contrast, the Saturday Review (1861) wrote that Trollope's practice of "borrowing from himself" was "at best a lazy and seductive artifice".

A writer for The Saturday Review (1864) compared Trollope’s work to that of Jane Austen, arguing that in The Small House at Allington, Trollope does "what Miss Austen did, only that he does it in the modern style, with far more detail and far more analysis of character".

Trollope was also praised for the creation of Barsetshire, with critics like Arthur Pollard writing “He has created a recognisable world". Similarly, Nathaniel Hawthorne claimed it was "as if some giant had hewn a great lump out of the earth and put it under a glass case, with all its inhabitants going about their daily business". Contemporary reviewers like The Examiner (1858) also praised the realism of his fictitious world; "Trollope invites us, not to Barchester, but into Barsetshire". However, while inspired by real English counties, Barsetshire was, as P. D. Edwards writes, "explicitly his own creature". Andrew Wright saw this union of the real and imaginary as being "conjured up out of an imagination that is at once fantastic and domestic". Moreover, Arthur Pollard argues that setting these novels within "the clerical community" was "a brilliant choice" as it was "the central concern in the eyes of the nation".

The Chronicles of Barsetshire were also commended by other authors. Margaret Oliphant called the series "the most perfect art […] a kind of inspiration", while Virginia Woolf wrote: "We believe in Barchester as we believe in the reality of our own weekly bills".

Criticism
The series has been subject to criticism regarding its plot development. The Saturday Review (1861) wrote that "[T]he plot of Framley Parsonage is really extremely poor", going so far as to say "Mr Trollope is not naturally a good constructor of plots". Similarly, critic Walter Allen claimed that Trollope has "little skill in plot construction", while Stephen Wall suggested the outcome of The Small House at Allington "is visible early on".

Trollope was also criticised, particularly by contemporary reviewers, for his intrusive narrative voice throughout the series. In her essay, Mary Poovey draws on an example from The Warden, where Trollope offers his own insight into the character of Archdeacon Grantly – "our narrative has required that we should see more of his weakness than his strength". The Saturday Review (1861) refers to this as his "petty trick of passing a judgment on his own fictitious personages", while The Leader (1855) argued that because of such judgement "the 'illusion of the scene' is invariably perilled". Similarly, Henry James referred to Trollope as having a "suicidal satisfaction in reminding the reader that the story he was telling was only, after all, make-believe". However, Andrew Wright notes that at the time, it was not uncommon for authors to incorporate their own voice into their stories, and thus criticism such as that of James took issue not with the "intrusiveness, but arbitrariness" of Trollope's voice. As these novels started being appreciated as a series however, Mary Poovey notes a shift away from this point of criticism. She suggests this was both "a response to changes in Trollope's novelistic practice" and "a departure from an earlier critical consensus" regarding the use of a personal, narrative voice.

TV series
In 1982, the BBC released The Barchester Chronicles – a television adaptation of The Warden and Barchester Towers directed by David Giles. The cast featured Nigel Hawthorne as the Archdeacon, Donald Pleasence as Mr Harding, Geraldine McEwan as Mrs Proudie and Alan Rickman as Mr Slope. The series consisted of 7 episodes, released originally on BBC 2 between 10 November and 22 December 1982. The first two episodes primarily covered The Warden while the remaining five covered Barchester Towers. In 1983, it received the BAFTA award for Best Design and was nominated for seven others, including Best Drama Series.

In 2016, Doctor Thorne was adapted for television as a 3-part mini-series. In the UK, it was released on ITV between 6–20 March 2016. It was directed by Niall MacCormick and written by Julian Fellowes.

Radio
In 1993, The Small House at Allington was released as a dramatised radio programme on BBC Radio 4. It was created by Martin Wade and directed by Cherry Cookson. Each character was played by a voice actor, with the story being accompanied by music and sound effects. Following its success, the other five novels were also adapted to this form and released between December 1995 and March 1998 as The Chronicles of Barset.

BBC Radio 4 released another radio adaptation titled The Barchester Chronicles in 2014. This programme was created by Michael Symmons Roberts, and also covered all six Barsetshire novels.

Inspired works
Between 1933 and 1961, author Angela Thirkell published 29 novels set in the county of Barsetshire. While Thirkell introduced her own characters, she also incorporates members of Trollope's Barsetshire families, including the Crawleys, Luftons, Grantlys and Greshams. A writer for The New York Times (2008) suggested that "Unlike Trollope, Thirkell is uninterested in money and politics" but is instead, "interested in love".

Another early sequel was Barchester Pilgrimage, by the renowned priest, novelist and theologian Ronald Knox, following the children and grandchildren of Trollope's characters.

Author M. R. James also used Barchester for the setting of his 1910 short story The Stalls of Barchester Cathedral.

title: Chronicles of Barsetshire


text:
Panlong (mythology)

Panlong (lit. "coiled dragon") is an aquatic dragon resembling a jiaolong 蛟龍 "river dragon; crocodile" in Chinese mythology, an ancient motif in Chinese art, and a proper name.

Word
The Chinese compound panlong combines pan "coiling; curling; curving; bending; winding; twisting" and long  or  "dragon". Longpan 龍蟠 "dragon coiling", the reverse of panlong, is a literary metaphor for "person of unrecognized talent" (see the Fayan below).

Panlong "coiled dragon" can be written 蟠龍 or 盤龍, using pan 蟠's homophonous variant Chinese character pan or  "tray; plate; dish". Another example of this graphic interchangeability is panrao 蟠繞 or 盤繞 "twine round; surround; fill". Two Classical Chinese panlong 盤龍 idioms are panlongpi 盤龍癖 ("coiling dragon habit") "gambling addiction" (alluding to 5th-century gambler Liu Yi 劉毅 or Liu Panlong 劉盤龍 of Eastern Jin ) and panlong-wohu 盤龍臥虎 (lit. "coiling dragon crouching tiger") "talented people remaining concealed". In Fengshui and Four Symbols theory, the Dragon and Tiger are symbolic opposites. Take for instance, longtan-huxue 龍潭虎穴 ("dragon's pond and tiger's cave") "dangerous places" or Wohu canglong 臥虎藏龍 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

Textual usages
Chinese classic texts began using panlong in the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). The (2nd century BCE) Huainanzi first records panlong as a decorative style on Chinese bronzes. "Great bells and tripods, beautiful vessels, works of art are manufactured. The decorations cast on these have been superb. The mountain dragon, or pheasant, and all animals of variegated plumage, the aquatic grass, flamboyants and grains of cereals were engraven on them, one symbol interwoven with another. The sleeping rhinoceros and crouching tiger, the dragon, wreathed in coils, were wrought." The later term panlongwen 蟠龍文 "coiled-dragon pattern/design (on bronzes, pillars, etc.)" compares with panchiwen 蟠螭紋 (see chilong 螭龍) and panqiuwen 蟠虯紋 (see qiulong 虯龍). Another Huainanzi context lists longshepan 龍蛇蟠 (lit. "dragon snake coiling") "serpentine passage" as a good ambush location. "An exiguous pass, a ferry pontoon, a great mountain, a serpentine defile, a cul-de-sac, a dangerous pitfall, a narrow ravine, full of winding ways like the intestines of a sheep, a hole like a fisher's net, which admits, but from which there is no exit, are situations in which one man can hold back a thousand."

The materialist philosopher Yang Xiong (53 BCE – 18 CE) used both panlong and longpan. His Fangyan 方言 "Regional Speech" dictionary defined panlong 蟠龍 "coiled/curled dragon", "Dragons which do not yet ascend to heaven [cf. tianlong "heavenly dragon"] are called p'an-lung." His Fayan 法言 "Words to Live By" anthology coined the metaphor longpan 龍蟠 (lit. "dragon coiling") "person of unrecognized talent", "'a dragon coiled in the mud will be insulted by a newt,' meaning 'a sage will be ridiculed by a fool'."

The (2nd century CE) Shangshu dazhuan 尚書大傳 commentary to the Classic of History parallels panlong and jiaoyu 鮫魚 (or jiaolong 蛟龍), "the 蟠龍 'coiled dragon' was greatly trusted in its lair, the 鮫魚 ' dragon; crocodile' leaped in its pool."

The (12th century CE) Song dynasty Biji manzhi 碧雞漫志 "Random Jottings from the Green Rooster Quarter" by Wang Zhuo 王灼 describes using panlong dragons in sympathetic magic for rainfall, "where a mirror, adorned on the backside with a "coiled dragon", p'an lung, 盤龍, is said to have been worshipped (rather used in a magical way) in order to cause rain."

Proper names
In addition to the ancient decorative style mentioned above, Panlong 蟠龍 or 盤龍 "Coiled Dragon" is used in several names. The Japanese language borrowed banryū 蟠龍 or 蟠竜 "coiled dragon" as a loanword from Chinese panlong. Banryu names a Taikyoku shogi chess-piece and a Bakufu schooner warship Banryū.
 * Panlong 蟠龍 or 盘龙, pen name of Huan Xuan
 * Panlongmu 盤龍目 or 盘龙目, Pelycosaur (from Greek "bowl lizard")
 * Panlongqu 盤龍区 or 盘龙区, Panlong District in Kunming Prefecture, Yunnan
 * Panlongjiang 盤龍江 or 盘龙江, Panlong River in Kunming City, Yunnan
 * Panlongxia 盤龍峡 or 盘龙峡, Panlong Gorge (with a famous waterfall) in Zhaoqing, Guangdong
 * Panlongcheng 盤龍城 or 盘龙城, Panlongcheng archeological site of Erligang culture in Hubei
 * Panlongzhen 蟠龙镇 a township on the Panlong table hill (蟠龙山) in Shaanxi.

title: Panlong (mythology)


text:
George de Mestral

George de Mestral (June 19, 1907 – February 8, 1990) was a Swiss electrical engineer who invented the hook and loop fastener which he named Velcro.

Biography
He was born to Albert de Mestral, an agronomist engineer, and Marthe de Goumoëns in Saint Saphorin sur Morges, near Lausanne, Switzerland. De Mestral designed a toy airplane at age twelve and patented it. He attended the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). After graduation in 1930, he worked in the machine shop of an engineering company. He went for his favorite hobby of hunting and when he came back he discovered that his dog was covered with burs that had attached themselves to its fur. He then worked on inventing hook and loop fasteners for ten years starting in 1948. In 1955, he successfully patented hook and loop, eventually selling 60 million yards (about 55,000 km) a year through a multimillion-dollar company.

Marriage
George was married three times: in 1932 to Jeanne Schnyder (two sons: Henri and François), in 1949 to Monique Panchaud de Bottens, onetime fiancée of James Bond creator Ian Fleming (one son: Charles), and Helen Mary Dale. On his father's death in 1966, de Mestral inherited the family home in Saint Saphorin sur Morges, château Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges (Mestral Castle).

Death
De Mestral died in Commugny, Switzerland, where he is buried. The municipality posthumously named an avenue, L'avenue George de Mestral, in his honour.

Honors and awards
He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999 for inventing hook and loop fasteners.
 * He was made "Bourgeois d'Honneur" of Commugny.
 * Honorary Member of the "Société Vaudoise des Ingénieurs et Architectes"
 * Recipient of the French medal "Société d'Encouragement au Progres"

Invention of hook and loop
De Mestral first conceptualised hook and loop after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps in 1941. After removing several of the burdock burrs (seeds) that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur, he became curious as to how it worked. He examined them under a microscope, and noted hundreds of "hooks" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion, if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops.

Initially people refused to take him and his idea seriously. He took his idea to Lyon, which was then a centre of weaving, where he did manage to gain the help of one weaver, who made two cotton strips that worked. However, the cotton wore out quickly, so de Mestral turned to synthetic fibres. He settled on nylon as being the best synthetic after, through trial and error, he eventually discovered that nylon forms hooks that were perfect for the hook side of the fastener when sewn under hot infrared light. Though he had figured out how to make the hooks, he had yet to figure out a way to mechanise the process, and to make the looped side. Next he found that nylon thread, when woven in loops and heat-treated, retains its shape and is resilient, however, the loops had to be cut in just the right spot so that they could be fastened and unfastened many times. On the verge of giving up, a new idea came to him. He bought a pair of shears and trimmed the tops off the loops, thus creating hooks that would match up perfectly with the loops.

Mechanising the process of the weave of the hooks took eight years, and it took another year to create the loom that trimmed the loops after weaving them. In all, it took ten years to create a mechanised process that worked. He submitted his idea for patent in Switzerland in 1951 and the patent was granted in 1955. De Mestral expected a high demand immediately. Within a few years, he received patents and subsequently opened shops in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Canada. In 1957, he branched out to the textile centre of Manchester, New Hampshire in the United States.

De Mestral gave the name Velcro, a portmanteau of the French words velours ("velvet"), and crochet ("hook"), to his invention as well as his company, which continues to manufacture and market the fastening system.

However, hook and loop's integration into the textile industry took time, partly because of its appearance. Hook and loop in the early 1960s looked like it had been made from left-over bits of cheap fabric, an unappealing aspect for clothiers. The first notable use for Velcro® brand hook and loop came in the aerospace industry, where it helped astronauts manoeuvre in and out of bulky space suits. Eventually, skiers noted the similar advantages of a suit that was easier to get in and out of. Scuba and marine gear followed soon after.

title: George de Mestral


text:
Waldo, Kansas City

Waldo is a neighborhood located on the southside of Kansas City, Missouri, that has continued to maintain its own unique character, even though it was annexed by Kansas City in 1909. Waldo's boundaries are Gregory Boulevard on the north to 91st Street on the south, and Troost Ave on the east to State Line on the west.

History
In 1841, David Waldo of Gasconade County, Missouri, was convinced by some friends to purchase land in Jackson County, Missouri. Waldo purchased 1000 acre that ran from what is now Gregory to 91st Street and State Line to Holmes.

In 1860, a rail line was established between Westport and Dodson, and a main stop was located in Waldo. When the rail line was converted to street cars in 1907, a brick station was built at the Waldo location, and it became known as the Grand Central Station of Waldo. Waldo was annexed by Kansas City in 1909, which pushed the southern city limit from 49th Street to 77th Street. Business began to grow around the station, including Elmer Family Grocery and Milen Drygoods. As the growth continued, the Waldo area became a main traffic artery of south Kansas City. Houses on Wornall Road south to 75th Street made way for continued business expansion in the 1930s.

The Waldo Water Tower, located near 75th and Holmes, is a local landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Alexander Majors House is another local landmark listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Education
Waldo has a lending library, a branch of the Kansas City Public Library.

St. Elizabeth School is a parochial catholic school located in Waldo. It was founded in 1922, and serves students from pre-school through 8th grade.

Hale Cook Elementary is a Kansas City public school located in Waldo. It was founded in 1912 and closed in 2009, but reopened as a neighborhood school in 2014. It serves students from pre-school through 6th grade.

Kansas City Academy is an independent school serving students in 6th through 12th grade located in Waldo.

Area businesses

 * Abbott Laboratories
 * Black & Veatch
 * Burns & McDonnell
 * Centriq Training
 * City Thrift
 * Classic Cookie
 * Crows Coffee
 * Everyday Produce Market
 * GlynnDevins
 * Hiles Two
 * Irezumi Tattoo
 * K9 Closet
 * Pedego Electric Bikes
 * VeriShip
 * Waldo Bikes
 * Waldo Pizza
 * The New Reform Temple

title: Waldo, Kansas City


text:
Talk:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

2007 status article
An L.A. Times article about the current status may be of interest. (SEWilco (talk) 19:00, 29 November 2007 (UTC))

Lead
The lead is supposed to be a summary of the article. This one gives every obscure detail of the sports h history. The lead is disrespectful of the WW I veterans as that should be in one of the first sentences as to why it is Memorial Stadium. The Olympics is mentioned as an Amazing Fact rather than a summary of the History. Hoping a knowledgeable sports fan will start the process by moving most of the lead to History. Cheers Fettlemap (talk) 01:20, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:07, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Aerial.jpg
 * USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Interior.jpg

Table column alignment
In the capacity table, the right column should be right-aligned, not left-aligned. — BarrelProof (talk) 22:34, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Motion: To promote image
Question: What do you want to see "above the fold" on a page about a Thing? Yes, Picture of a Thing. Consider:

 * Dodger_Stadium
 * Yellowstone_National_Park
 * Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium

Note each has the main picture up near the top.

Second, the map zoomed on the whole county is not particularly useful. Too far out to see where in Los Angeles, too far in to see where in California. On the other hand, the more modern OSM map left was useful. People know where Los Angeles is. The OSM map lets you see where in LA, and fully zoom either way if needed.

Any location with a known address inside city limits should be on a street map, not shown on a map of the entire US. (haha)

title: Talk:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum


text:
Minzu University of China

The Minzu University of China (MUC) is a national public university in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

Minzu University ranked first in China among universities for ethnic minority studies. It aims to be one of the best universities of its kind in the world for inheriting and promoting the excellent culture of all ethnic groups. With the strong support of Chinese government, it has developed rapidly over the years. MUC is one of the most prestigious universities in China in ethnology, anthropology, ethnic economies, regional economics, religion studies, history, dance, and fine arts.

Name
The Chinese name has the meaning "central ethnic university", suggesting a national-level university focused on serving minority ethnic groups. The old English name translated the ethnic term as "nationalities", based on the term used in German and Russian language Marxist texts. On 20 November 2008, the university changed its official English name, apparently citing concerns that "central" might imply a location in the geographical centre of China (as it does in South-Central University for Nationalities), and the old name did not sound good. The name change of Renmin University has been cited as a precedent. The new name obscures the university's ethnic character, although student opinion has focused more on the fact that it makes obsolete the university's nickname, "the village". The Chinese word for village has a Hanyu pinyin spelling similar to the English abbreviation "CUN". In mainland Chinese culture, villages have homely connotations.

Academic programmes
The university awards undergraduate-level degrees in 55 academic subjects, usually after four years of study. There are 64 master's and 25 doctoral programmes. While young people from the majority Han group are the largest single ethnicity among the 15,000 students, 60% of the students and more than one third of the academic staff are from other nationalities. In addition to traditional course offerings the school offers special majors and courses such as ethnology, ethnic languages, and minority literature.

By far the strongest research areas are anthropology and ethnology, which are the mainstays of its small publishing house and journal. In 2001, the People's Daily described CUN as "China's top academy for ethnic studies." Other respected departments are the dance school and the minority language and literature departments. Other subjects are often studied from the ethnic minorities' perspective, e.g., biology courses may focus on the flora and fauna in ethnic minority areas of China.

Minzu University participates actively in social sciences research. Its social science departments predominantly do their research with an ethnic perspective and has achieved leading research results in China in ethnic economies, regional economics, legal studies in ethnic minorities regions, ethnic administration. In particular, its economics, management, law and history departments are growing into be dynamic research institutions with the help of Project 985.

The university is the pinnacle of a national network of institutions maintained by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, although academic standards are also monitored by the State Education Commission, which means some students end up sitting for two sets of exams.

Students are required to take courses on Chinese minority theories and Marxism.

In English-speaking countries, Minzu University's main partner is the University of East London, United Kingdom.

Rankings and reputation
Minzu University is ranked first in China among universities that originated as "ethnic minorities".

The university's emphasis on arts and humanities programs, particularly those majors related to ethnic minorities, has resulted in a relatively lower standing in global university rankings. Nevertheless, it is continues to play a significant role within China's higher education system and has made noteworthy contributions to the economic, social, and cultural development of ethnic regions.

It also ranked 301-350th in Asia by the QS Asia University Rankings and 271-280th among BRICS countries by the QS BRICS University Rankings.

Internationally, Minzu University of China was ranked amongst top 2000 in the world by U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), the RUR World University Rankings, Scimago Institutions Rankings and University Ranking by Academic Performance.

History
The Chinese Communist Party first established a Nationalities Institute in its Civil War stronghold of Yan'an, in central China, in October 1941. In 1950-1952, this was merged with other ethnolinguistic and sociological departments, including elements of Peking University and Tsinghua University. The result was the Central Institute for Nationalities, which was established in 1951 and officially opened on 11 June 1952. The institute was assigned a large area of parkland on the outskirts of Beijing as its campus.

Both the Yan'an and Central institutes were intended to train cadres (officials) for ethnic minority areas, as well as providing a liberal arts education for promising students from the minorities. The cadres were to be trained so they could serve as liaisons between their minority communities and the Chinese government. Their research was and is intended to support the policies of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission. In its early years, the institute was caught up in the sensitive issue of classifying China's vast population into official ethnic groups, until the Cultural Revolution made conventional education almost impossible.

In 1999, it was granted "key university" status, as part of Project 211, which was supposed to identify 100 Chinese universities that would play leading roles in the 21st century. Since 2004, the university has been a participant in Project 985, a major national programme to raise 39 universities to world-class status. The campus has been almost completely reconstructed as part of this programme.

Meanwhile, Haidian has continued to develop as Beijing's main university district. CUN is now adjacent to the National Library of China and Zhongguancun, which local media refer to as "China's silicon valley." In 2006 a large site was acquired in Beijing's Fengtai district, and it is likely that a second campus will be constructed there.

Admissions
To ensure that members of the 56 recognized minority groups are admitted the school has fixed quotas for each group. As of 2011, Minzu University accepts National Higher Education Entrance Examination (Gaokao) scores with a minimum in the mid-400s, or below the 50th percentile. Out of the Beijing universities, this has one of the lowest acceptance requirements.

In China a university may admit a student whose score is barely below the cutoff score at its discretion. Sometimes minimum score levels were lowered to ensure that students from among the least-accepted minority groups would be permitted entry. The school offers remedial courses, including a one-year tutorial course that reviews the final year of senior secondary school and remedial Chinese courses to assist minority students to enroll.

The university has bridging programs to select minority students at Chinese secondary schools who are high achieving so they can attend Minzu University to prepare them for entering the highest ranked universities in Beijing. The government pays tuition for these programs.

Notable students and faculty

 * Arken Abdulla, Uyghur and Mandarin Chinese language pop singer-songwriter
 * Kahar Barat, Uyghur-American historian
 * Fei Xiaotong, sociologist and anthropologist
 * D. O. Chaoke, Evenki linguist
 * Han Geng, Mandopop singer and actor
 * Song Zuying, an ethnic Miao singer of classical Chinese and Western songs, who performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
 * Ilham Tohti, an ethnic Uyghur, who was a professor of economics at Minzu University.   He was detained by police in July 2009 following riots in Ürümqi In September 2014 he was sentenced to life in prison by the Urumqi People's Intermediate Court.
 * Ulan Tuya (born 1983), Chinese singer/songwriter
 * Wu'erkaixi, dissident, student leader of the 1989 Tiananmen protests
 * Zhang Chengzhi, writer, once audited a class in Kazakh
 * Kao Chin Su-mei, Taiwanese Aborigine actress, singer and member for parliament in the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (Taiwan) for Highland Aborigines electoral district
 * Mi Na, contemporary artist

title: Minzu University of China


text:
Talk:Nina Hagen

Categories
Should something be done regarding the categories? Perhaps validate any of them or at least clean them up? For example, I don't know why she would have "Tenchi Muyo!" as a category. And as the individual above me asked, where does she exhibit an AIDS dissidence? 74.77.124.236 (talk) 02:43, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I took out four categories, including the superfluous parent categories of "German female singers", the tangential "Tenchi Muyo!", and the currently unsupported and unmentioned-in-the-article "AIDS dissidents". ~ Jeff Q (talk) 03:32, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It appears inaccurate to give Nina Hagen the category: Jewish German actresses. She has never identified herself as Jewish. Moreover, the criterion laid out in Wikipedia’s article pertaining to Whos is a Jew? and also defined here – doesn’t support labelling her as such. The category might want to be reconsidered. N.B. the German article does not use this category either. Veritycheck (talk) 10:23, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

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Fritzens Dampferband
keeps insisting that Fritzens Dampferband be translated as "Fritz's Steamboat Band" (something about German grammar). Now, I don't speak German, but I do know that the bandleader for this band was named Michael Fritzen. I've pointed Lute88 to Fritzen's page on German Wikipedia, which documents this fact. His only response was to revert my change yet again, repeating the grammatical argument. Can we have an actual discussion about this please? — Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 21:08, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I would translate it as Fritzen's Steamboat Band. There is no need to change the name. While Fritzen is the possesive form of Fritz it is also a surname in its own right. the bandleader's name is Fritzen not Fritz. --Asmodea Oaktree (talk) 22:00, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ping --Asmodea Oaktree (talk) 22:02, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree completely. The bandleader is called Michael Fritzen, so the correct translation in this case is Fritzen's Steamboat Band. Armbrust The Homunculus 05:40, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Anthony Kiedis, Give It Away
Hi,

I found it interesting, that Nina Hagen was Anthony Kiedis' Girlfriend and that her way of life (altruistic) was the reason for the lyrics of "Give It Away". At least this is mentioned here: []. Thought that might be interesting here. Cheers.--77.23.92.171 (talk) 13:09, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Anti trans?
Is she anti trans, I've seen people chatting about it, and apparently she was made patron of some anti trans organisation, but I've seen nothing about it.

title: Talk:Nina Hagen


text:
User talk:Xcaustic

Name: Tyler Age: 16 Hobbies: MMA(Mixed Martial Arts), exercising, enjoying life.. Location: Knoxville,TN Where I wish to be: Gastonia,SC with my girlfriend.

title: User talk:Xcaustic


text:
Path (graph theory)

In graph theory, a path in a graph is a finite or infinite sequence of edges which joins a sequence of vertices which, by most definitions, are all distinct (and since the vertices are distinct, so are the edges). A directed path (sometimes called dipath) in a directed graph is a finite or infinite sequence of edges which joins a sequence of distinct vertices, but with the added restriction that the edges be all directed in the same direction.

Paths are fundamental concepts of graph theory, described in the introductory sections of most graph theory texts. See e.g., , or. cover more advanced algorithmic topics concerning paths in graphs.

Walk, trail, and path

 * A walk is a finite or infinite sequence of edges which joins a sequence of vertices.
 * Let G = (V, E, ϕ) be a graph. A finite walk is a sequence of edges (e1, e2, …, en − 1) for which there is a sequence of vertices (v1, v2, …, vn) such that ϕ(ei) = {vi, vi + 1} for i = 1, 2, …, n − 1. (v1, v2, …, vn) is the vertex sequence of the walk. The walk is closed if v1 = vn, and it is open otherwise. An infinite walk is a sequence of edges of the same type described here, but with no first or last vertex, and a semi-infinite walk (or ray) has a first vertex but no last vertex.

 * A trail is a walk in which all edges are distinct.
 * A path is a trail in which all vertices (and therefore also all edges) are distinct.

If w = (e1, e2, …, en − 1) is a finite walk with vertex sequence (v1, v2, …, vn) then w is said to be a walk from v1 to vn. Similarly for a trail or a path. If there is a finite walk between two distinct vertices then there is also a finite trail and a finite path between them.

Some authors do not require that all vertices of a path be distinct and instead use the term simple path to refer to such a path where all vertices are distinct.

A weighted graph associates a value (weight) with every edge in the graph. The weight of a walk (or trail or path) in a weighted graph is the sum of the weights of the traversed edges. Sometimes the words cost or length are used instead of weight.

Directed walk, directed trail, and directed path

 * A directed walk is a finite or infinite sequence of edges directed in the same direction which joins a sequence of vertices.
 * Let G = (V, E, ϕ) be a directed graph. A finite directed walk is a sequence of edges (e1, e2, …, en − 1) for which there is a sequence of vertices (v1, v2, …, vn) such that ϕ(ei) = (vi, vi + 1) for i = 1, 2, …, n − 1. (v1, v2, …, vn) is the vertex sequence of the directed walk. The directed walk is closed if v1 = vn, and it is open otherwise. An infinite directed walk is a sequence of edges of the same type described here, but with no first or last vertex, and a semi-infinite directed walk (or ray) has a first vertex but no last vertex.

 * A directed trail is a directed walk in which all edges are distinct.
 * A directed path is a directed trail in which all vertices are distinct.

If w = (e1, e2, …, en − 1) is a finite directed walk with vertex sequence (v1, v2, …, vn) then w is said to be a walk from v1 to vn. Similarly for a directed trail or a path. If there is a finite directed walk between two distinct vertices then there is also a finite directed trail and a finite directed path between them.

A "simple directed path" is a path where all vertices are distinct.

A weighted directed graph associates a value (weight) with every edge in the directed graph. The weight of a directed walk (or trail or path) in a weighted directed graph is the sum of the weights of the traversed edges. Sometimes the words cost or length are used instead of weight.

Examples

 * A graph is connected if there are paths containing each pair of vertices.
 * A directed graph is strongly connected if there are oppositely oriented directed paths containing each pair of vertices.
 * A path such that no graph edges connect two nonconsecutive path vertices is called an induced path.
 * A path that includes every vertex of the graph without repeats is known as a Hamiltonian path.
 * Two paths are vertex-independent (alternatively, internally disjoint or internally vertex-disjoint) if they do not have any internal vertex or edge in common. Similarly, two paths are edge-independent (or edge-disjoint) if they do not have any edge in common. Two internally disjoint paths are edge-disjoint, but the converse is not necessarily true.
 * The distance between two vertices in a graph is the length of a shortest path between them, if one exists, and otherwise the distance is infinity.
 * The diameter of a connected graph is the largest distance (defined above) between pairs of vertices of the graph.

Finding paths
Several algorithms exist to find shortest and longest paths in graphs, with the important distinction that the former problem is computationally much easier than the latter.

Dijkstra's algorithm produces a list of shortest paths from a source vertex to every other vertex in directed and undirected graphs with non-negative edge weights (or no edge weights), whilst the Bellman–Ford algorithm can be applied to directed graphs with negative edge weights. The Floyd–Warshall algorithm can be used to find the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in weighted directed graphs.

The path partition problem
The k-path partition problem is the problem of partitioning a given graph to a smallest collection of vertex-disjoint paths of length at most k.

title: Path (graph theory)


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Rheingold

Rheingold or Rhinegold may refer to:

Arts

 * Das Rheingold, an 1869 opera by Richard Wagner
 * Rheingold (band), a German new wave band, part of the movement Neue Deutsche Welle
 * Rheingold (Grave Digger album), a 2003 heavy metal recording
 * Rheingold (Klaus Schulze album), a 2008 space music recording
 * Rhine Gold (album), a 2012 album by Danish chamber pop band Choir of Young Believers
 * Rhinegold (1978 film), by Niklaus Schilling
 * Rhinegold (2022 film), a Fatih Akin film
 * Rheingold, a treasure in the Nibelungenlied mythology
 * A novel by Stephan Grundy
 * Rheingold Theatre, a 1953–1957 American/UK TV series hosted by Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
 * "The Rheingold", the seventh episode of the sixth season of the American fantasy television series Xena: Warrior Princess
 * Ms. Rheingold, a Peter, Paul and Mary song from the album Reunion

Other uses

 * Rheingold (surname), and persons with the name
 * Rheingold (train), an international express train in Europe
 * Rheingold (horse) (1969–1990), animal
 * Rheingold Beer, a brand of beverage
 * Rheingold Brewery, a brewery that produced Rheingold brand beer
 * Rheingold (typeface), a typeface designed by J. D. Trennert and Son
 * Rhinegold Publishing, an independent publisher of music magazines, music yearbooks and education resources
 * Rheingold, Texas, a community founded in 1859

title: Rheingold


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Javanese cat

The Javanese, also known as the Colorpoint (or Colourpoint) Longhair in some registries (though that name has other meanings), is a variety of purebred domestic cat.

In the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), it is an offshoot of the Balinese breed, out-crossed to Siamese, Colorpoint Shorthair, and Balinese cats. Individuals have medium-longhair and non-traditional point coloration (lynx/tabby point, tortoiseshell point or red/cream point). The variety was developed in North America; its name is derived from the tradition of naming Oriental-type cats after Southeast Asian places.

Depending on the cat registry in question, the Javanese may be treated as a stand-alone breed, considered a Javanese division of the Balinese, or subsumed with the Himalayan into a merged breed called simply Colourpoint. In others, the cats considered non-traditional colored Balinese cats by the CFA, are also accepted as Balinese cats. Confusingly, some registries refer to what other registries refer to as the Oriental Longhair as Javanese.

Origin
The term Javanese cat was coined by a Helen Smith of MerryMews Cattery circa 1950, but for a different variety she was working on. It is unknown if she had ever traveled to Indonesia. The name was derived from the tradition of using the names of the countries and islands of south-east Asia for Oriental cat breeds.

Around 1978, breeders of Balinese cats in Canada and the United States, affiliated primarily with the clubs Balinese Internationale and Balinese Breeders and Fanciers of America, sought acceptance from the US-headquartered, international Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) of their "new colors" (variations on the traditional point-colored Balinese). The cats were accepted for registration but not competition into the CFA in 1979, but only as a new breed rather than as a division of Balinese; the name "Javanese" (independent of Helen Smith's use of it in the 1950s) was selected by looking at a map and picking Java, an island near Bali. CFA awarded "Provisional" status in 1984, and the CFA Javanese gained full "Championship" status in the organization in 1986.

The Javanese, under CFA definitions, was merged back into Balinese as the Javanese Division in 2008, to be more consistent with other registries' coat-color rules.

Classification
In the Cat Fanciers' Association, the Javanese, now a sub-breed, is a generally Balinese-ancestry cat with a coat that does not follow the traditional and strictly defined point coloration patterns of the Balinese. Only "traditional" colored seal, blue, chocolate, and lilac solid colorpoints fall under the Balinese cat in CFA, and thus referring to all lynx (tabby), tortoiseshell and other point colourations in Balinese cats as Javanese. Well into the 1990s, it was still permissible to back-cross Javanese to Balinese, Siamese, and Colorpoint Shorthairs for genetic diversity within the Javanese line. Under current CFA rules, and after intervening breed redefinitions, only "certain limited outcrossing" is allowed (by special permission from CFA), and only to the Oriental Longhair (a related breed that has the same broad color range but body-wide, lacking the colorpoint pattern). All outcrossing will stop at the end of 2025.

Such Balinese with non-traditional colors are, in some other registries, named Colorpoint Longhair, though this term is ambiguous, and can refer to different breeds in some registries. In the World Cat Federation (WCF) scheme, cats that would be classified in other registries as Javanese or Colorpoint Longhair have been merged with Himalayan into a single breed, Colourpoint. In most registries aside from the WCF, the Himalayan cat is a separate breed, a cross between the Balinese and the Persian, limited to traditional Balinese/Siamese colors. To complicate matters further, some registries have instead applied the name Javanese to what other registries call the Oriental Longhair, which has no point coloration.

Features
The Javanese breed has a long, silky coat in a variety of colors (unlike the actual native domestic cats of Java which have short hair). It is a single coat, in contrast to the double coat (with guard hairs) found in most long-haired breeds; as a result, it lies close to the skin, and produces a longer, sleeker look than is typical for long-haired cats. Like the Colorpoint Shorthair, the Javanese has point coloration (with a pale body and darker face and extremities), but is permitted to have coat colors and patterns not found in the Balinese or Siamese. These may range from dark brown to near white, and may be ruddy to bluish, tabby, lynx point, cream point, tortoiseshell (tortie), tortie point, and others, including unusual combinations ("blue-cream point", "cinnamon-tortie lynx point", etc.). In total, CFA defines 24 Javanese-division color combinations in addition to the four Balinese basics. Standard Javanese always have blue eyes.

Behavior
It is noted as an intelligent cat and tends to vocalize, often for no apparent reason; this is also a trait of the Siamese ancestor. They are notably fond of play, jumping and human contact, vocalizing, and getting into whatever their owners are doing and can become depressed if not regularly entertained by humans or other pets. They are reportedly good mouse hunters.

Genetic disorders
Common genetic disorders are shared with the Balinese and Siamese breeds. These include: deafness, early-onset arthritis and other joint issues, hip dysplasia, and cross-eye.

title: Javanese cat


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Vertex (graph theory)

In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of arcs (ordered pairs of vertices). In a diagram of a graph, a vertex is usually represented by a circle with a label, and an edge is represented by a line or arrow extending from one vertex to another.

From the point of view of graph theory, vertices are treated as featureless and indivisible objects, although they may have additional structure depending on the application from which the graph arises; for instance, a semantic network is a graph in which the vertices represent concepts or classes of objects.

The two vertices forming an edge are said to be the endpoints of this edge, and the edge is said to be incident to the vertices. A vertex w is said to be adjacent to another vertex v if the graph contains an edge (v,w). The neighborhood of a vertex v is an induced subgraph of the graph, formed by all vertices adjacent to v.

Types of vertices
The degree of a vertex, denoted 𝛿(v) in a graph is the number of edges incident to it. An isolated vertex is a vertex with degree zero; that is, a vertex that is not an endpoint of any edge (the example image illustrates one isolated vertex). A leaf vertex (also pendant vertex) is a vertex with degree one. In a directed graph, one can distinguish the outdegree (number of outgoing edges), denoted 𝛿+(v), from the indegree (number of incoming edges), denoted 𝛿−(v); a source vertex is a vertex with indegree zero, while a sink vertex is a vertex with outdegree zero. A simplicial vertex is one whose neighbors form a clique: every two neighbors are adjacent. A universal vertex is a vertex that is adjacent to every other vertex in the graph.

A cut vertex is a vertex the removal of which would disconnect the remaining graph; a vertex separator is a collection of vertices the removal of which would disconnect the remaining graph into small pieces. A k-vertex-connected graph is a graph in which removing fewer than k vertices always leaves the remaining graph connected. An independent set is a set of vertices no two of which are adjacent, and a vertex cover is a set of vertices that includes at least one endpoint of each edge in the graph. The vertex space of a graph is a vector space having a set of basis vectors corresponding with the graph's vertices.

A graph is vertex-transitive if it has symmetries that map any vertex to any other vertex. In the context of graph enumeration and graph isomorphism it is important to distinguish between labeled vertices and unlabeled vertices. A labeled vertex is a vertex that is associated with extra information that enables it to be distinguished from other labeled vertices; two graphs can be considered isomorphic only if the correspondence between their vertices pairs up vertices with equal labels. An unlabeled vertex is one that can be substituted for any other vertex based only on its adjacencies in the graph and not based on any additional information.

Vertices in graphs are analogous to, but not the same as, vertices of polyhedra: the skeleton of a polyhedron forms a graph, the vertices of which are the vertices of the polyhedron, but polyhedron vertices have additional structure (their geometric location) that is not assumed to be present in graph theory. The vertex figure of a vertex in a polyhedron is analogous to the neighborhood of a vertex in a graph.

title: Vertex (graph theory)


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