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Kitchen Cabinet

A Kitchen Cabinet is a group of unofficial or private advisers to a political leader. The term was originally used by political opponents of President of the United States Andrew Jackson to describe his ginger group, the collection of unofficial advisors he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet (the "parlor cabinet") following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice President John C. Calhoun in 1831.

The Oxford English Dictionary says that the term is "In early use depreciative, with the implication that the group wields undue influence". Its illustrative quotations show the term in use in American sources from 1832, in a British source referring to American politics in 1952, in relation to British politics in 1969, and in an American source discussing Israeli politics in 2006.

Background
Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was a widower, and since he had no wife to become involved in the Eaton controversy, he managed to avoid becoming entangled himself. In 1831 he resigned his cabinet post, as did Secretary of War John Eaton, in order to give Jackson a reason to re-order his cabinet and dismiss Calhoun allies. Jackson then dismissed Calhounites Samuel D. Ingham, John Branch, and John M. Berrien. Van Buren, whom Jackson had already indicated he wanted to run for vice president in 1832, remained in Washington as a member of the Kitchen Cabinet until he was appointed as Minister to Great Britain. Eaton was subsequently appointed Governor of Florida Territory.

Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet included his longtime political allies Martin Van Buren, Francis Preston Blair, Amos Kendall, William B. Lewis, Andrew Jackson Donelson, John Overton, Isaac Hill, and Roger B. Taney. As newspapermen, Blair and Kendall were given particular notice by rival papers.

Blair was Kendall's successor as editor of the Jacksonian Argus of Western America, the prominent pro-New Court newspaper of Kentucky. Jackson brought Blair to Washington, D.C. to counter Calhounite Duff Green, editor of The United States Telegraph, with a new paper, the Globe. Lewis had been quartermaster under Jackson during the War of 1812; Andrew Donelson was Jackson's adoptive son and private secretary; and Overton was Andrew Jackson's friend and business partner since the 1790s.

Coinage
The first known appearance of the term is in correspondence by Bank of the United States head Nicholas Biddle, who wrote of the presidential advisors that "the kitchen ... predominate[s] over the Parlor." The first appearance in publication was by Mississippi Senator George Poindexter in an article in the Calhounite Telegraph of March 13, 1832, defending his vote against Van Buren as minister to Great Britain:

"The President's press, edited under his own eye, by a 'pair of deserters from the Clay party' [Kendall and Blair] and a few others, familiarly known by the appellation of the 'Kitchen Cabinet,' is made the common reservoir of all the petty slanders which find a place in the most degraded prints of the Union."

Australia
Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's reliance on a kitchen cabinet (Treasurer Wayne Swan, Rudd's successor Julia Gillard and Finance Minister Lindsay Tanner) was a factor in his removal as PM.

Starting February 2012, Kitchen Cabinet is a TV entertainment series hosted by political commentator Annabel Crabb, in which she interviews notable Australian politicians while preparing and sharing meals with them.

Canada
During the negotiations preceding the 1982 patriation of the Constitution of Canada, the crucial agreement to create the notwithstanding clause was reached during a meeting between one federal and two provincial justice ministers in the actual kitchen of the Government Conference Centre in Ottawa. That agreement became known as the Kitchen Accord and its authors, Jean Chrétien from the federal government, Roy Romanow from Saskatchewan, and Roy McMurtry from Ontario, became known as the Kitchen Cabinet.

India
In India, the quasi-governmental body formerly headed by Sonia Gandhi, called the National Advisory Council, was often referred to as a "Kitchen Cabinet" by the media and general public, although the government at that time was headed by Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister.

Israel
In Israel, the term "kitchen cabinet" is commonly used to translate the Hebrew term המטבחון (HaMitbahon or HaMitbachon), which more literally translates to "the kitchenette". The term refers to a subset of the Security Cabinet of Israel comprising the Prime Minister's most trusted advisors and derives from former Prime Minister Golda Meir's habit of hosting meetings of her inner circle of ministers at home over cake she had baked personally. While subsequent Prime Ministers have not generally maintained the tradition of literally cooking for their ministers, the sense of an intimate group of trusted advisors has remained current since Meir's premiership.

United Kingdom
The term was introduced to British politics to describe British Prime Minister Harold Wilson's inner circle during his terms of office (1964-1970 and 1974–1976); prior to Tony Blair, Wilson was the longest-serving Labour Party Prime Minister. Members included Marcia Williams, George Wigg, Joe Haines, and Bernard Donoughue. The term has been used subsequently, especially under Tony Blair, for the sidelining of traditional democratic cabinet structures to rely far more on a close group of non-elected advisors and allies. Examples of this practice include Blair's reliance on advisor Andrew Adonis before his appointment to the cabinet.

United States
In colloquial U.S. usage, "kitchen cabinet" refers to any group of trusted friends and associates, particularly in reference to a president's or presidential candidate's closest unofficial advisers.

 * Theodore Roosevelt's variant was called the 'tennis cabinet'. These group of friends, diplomats and informal advisors would actually accompany the president and play tennis regularly on the lawn outside the White House.
 * Clark Clifford was considered a member of the kitchen cabinet for John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson before he was appointed Secretary of Defense. Robert F. Kennedy was uniquely considered to be a kitchen cabinet member as well as a Cabinet member while he was his brother's Attorney General.
 * Gerald Ford had a kitchen cabinet while vice president, which he continued to seek advice from after he assumed the presidency in August 1974. The group included Melvin Laird, Bryce Harlow, William Scranton, Robert Griffin, and Donald Rumsfeld.
 * Ronald Reagan had a kitchen cabinet of allies and friends from California who advised him during his terms. This group of ten to twelve businessmen were all strong proponents of the free enterprise system. His California backers included Karl Bendetsen, Alfred Bloomingdale, Earl Brian, Justin Whitlock Dart, William French Smith, Charles Wick, oilman William A. Wilson, auto dealer Holmes Tuttle, beer baron Joseph Coors, steel magnate and philanthropist Earle Jorgensen, and about three to five others including Samuel Stuart Bretzfield. Coors was the major funder and most active participant. He also funded many think tanks and policy institutes at about this time, including The Heritage Foundation.

Uses in business
Lisa Yoon extends use of the term "Kitchen Cabinet" to "a network of trusted advisers" who influence the decisions of corporate presidents and potentates.

title: Kitchen Cabinet


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Category:Hobart

Hobart is the state capital of Tasmania, Australia, and is a city on the estuary of the Derwent River in the state's south-east.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Hobart


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User:Feelinglistless

100 Short Things About Me
01 The first book I remember being read to me as a kid was The Midnight Folk by John Masefield.

02 My favourite time of day is the night.

03 I bite my nails.

04 I've been drinking a lot of water lately. My concentration seems to have increased ten fold. I haven't yawned in hours.

05 I'm disappointed if I haven't done at least one new thing each day.

06 I have hazel coloured eyes ...

07 ... and light brown hair ...

08 ... and my birthday is 31st October which makes me a ...

09 ... Scorpio. And everything you're heard is true.

10 I don't wear jewelry. It just looks wrong.

11 My Dad is a horologist and can always tell the time off the top of his head. I can as well, but I always seem to be five minutes out...

12 My five favourite films are Star Wars, When Harry Met Sally..., Clerks., It's a Wonderful Life, Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Some of those always change.

13 I'm happy if you're happy.

14 I don't smoke.

15 I almost never have pictures of myself on my weblog. I think people would rather be looking at text.

16 I can't say 'Honey'.

17 My keyring still has a key to every house I've ever lived in on it (except for the ones I've had to give back).

18 My ICQ is still 134358633.

19 I once married Laura Fraser in a dream.

20 My mobile phone ringer is Enola Gay by OMD.

21 I cried at the end of the film Titanic when I saw it for the first time.

22 The first poem I ever wrote was about a MouseSnail. I still don't know what one of those is. But in my young head it could swing through trees.

23 I haven't seen the girl I had my first kiss with since two minutes after it happened.

24 Four things I'd eat on the last day of your life: Fish and chips; Spaghetti Bolognaise; Christmas Steak; Caesar Salad

25 Religiously, I'm a Non-denominational Spiritualist. That way I can't piss too many people off.

26 I studied Information Studies at Leeds Metropolitan University which makes me a qualified librarian, although I couldn't find anyone in Liverpool who would let me be a practicing one.

27 Some personal philosophies, beginning with: 'Wherever you go, there you are.'

28 'This life has been a test. If it had been an actual life, you would have received actual instructions on where to go and what to do.'

29 'Be yourself. No matter where you go.'

30 'Funny how the girls you fall in love with never fancy you. Funny how the girls you don't do.'

31 'I can't hurt to help.'

32 'But sometimes it can hurt to help.'

33 I didn't hear Led Zeppelin's Stairway to Heaven until the age of 28.

34 The best present I never ended up giving was a mug designed to be used as a blackboard with free chalk. It looks good, but it makes your tea taste funny.

35 The oldest poster I have on my wall is of a sunflower farm. One day it would be nice to have one of those.

36 My writing is always better when I'm working from someone elses ideas. I'm not really that imaginative.

37 I can recited the whole of the first episode of Friends. Still can't get R.E.M.'s "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" Yet.

38 Budweiser if I'm really drinking.

39 The first film to make me puke was Annie (I was in a theatre in the bottom of an Isle of Man ferry in particularly choppy waters). The second was Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan

40 I spent a year commuting to a call centre job in Manchester. I miss the reading time on the train.

41 My computer desk is an old oak collapsible dining table.

42 someone with a personality. not a sheep, someone who speaks her mind. unpredictable but rational. willing to go out on a limb, be spontaneous, but responsible. someone interested in the world, who like me wants to discover the possibilites and how everything works. someone funny without being purile, spritual without banging on about religion all the time. who doesn't mind making an idiot of themselves if the outcome is pure.

43 I have the same name as the big bad demon in the Hell's Bells episode of Buffy: The Vampire Slayer

44 My birthday is on Halloween. Coincidence?

45 If there was one person from my past I would like to meet again it would be Rosie Holt. We were in halls together in Leeds and I always worry about what happened to her. Sometimes you don't hold on tight to the people who you later wanted to be life long friends. That's Rosie Holt. Rosie Holt. Rosie Holt. I'm hoping she'll find this if she ever does an ego search on Google, so I'll repeat her name again, Rosie Holt. Just email and tell me you're OK will you?

46 I'm the only person I know who watches BBC Four. More fool everyone else.

47 I once owned a rabbit called Dunk after the character from the Wheetabix commercials.

48 My first job was at The Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.

49 One of the best jobs I've ever had was volunteering in the Media Centre at the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games. For some reason I cared more for it than for jobs I've actually been paid for.

50 This is the sound of my voice.

51 No 42 nearly said "I never can get the hang of Thursdays", until I thought of something else.

52 My favourite superhero was Spider-Man.

53 I always wear odd socks. If it's job interview this differences can be very subtle. I once wrote a manifesto for odd socks wearers on a post-it note. I don't have this any longer.

54 My favourite jacket is a denim jacket I bought a few years ago which I'm afraid to wash because I life the colour and I don't want to it fade. Consequently I don't wear it all that often because I don't want it to get dirty.

55 The first holiday I remember is a wet week in Polperro.

56 The one thing I always remember about my Eighteenth Birthday is faux-Russian dancing with a girl I'd had a crush on for years to the dance version of the Tetris music by Dr. Spin. At that same party someone tried to request The Smiths song Girlfriend in a Coma.

57 If I could live anywhere in the world it would be New York.

58 Anywhere in the UK, it would be Edinburgh.

59 Anywhere in England it would be Leeds.

60 Anywhere in Liverpool it would be the city centre.

61 I didn't drink alcohol until the age of 20. My first drink was a bottle of Carlsberg at a Jazz Festival in Leeds. I still have the bottle.

62 I'm never what people expect.

63 Sometimes when I write in my weblog I wonder if anyone is reading. Are you?

64 My favourite play by William Shakespeare is 'Measure for Measure''. Unlike most of everything else, the ending isn't certain and takes an unexpected turn, a bit like life.

65 I only ever need six hours sleep. If I get any more, I feel sleepy for the rest of the day.

66 My typing is better and more coherent after a few beers.

67 I'm in all the crowd scenes at the end of the film There's Only One Jimmy Grimble.

68 The world needs to think more. Thinking is a good thing.

69 I've never taken drugs.

70 At various times I've owned or borrowed an Acorn Electron, Commodore 64, Sinclair Spectrum+, Acorn A3000, Camputer Lynx, N64, Nintendo Game Boy, 286, 386, 486 Pentium etc.

71 My current computer sits on a giant oak dining table in my room. The theory being that when I move out I'll at least have a table to sit at. I quite like the idea of not having chairs when I do get my own place. The floor is an underrated placed to sit.

72 The first weblog I ever read was Rebbeca's Pocket. It took me a while to notice other people were doing the same thing.

73 Doctor Who. There I said it.

74 On my bedside table, there is an electronic alarm clock with a real bell inside which I got for my Eighteenth birthday.

75 I hate computers. It's pity they can be so damn useful.

76 My last holiday was to Paris for three days.

77 I don't take holidays quite as much as I should.

78 When I was kid, I wanted to grow up to be Zoologist. Then I saw a documentary in which an animal was put down and I cried for days and gave up that ambition.

79 I've never been very good at science.

80 I've never been very good at learning languages.

81 My handwriting is atrocious due to years of typing everything.

82 I don't eat fish.

83 My watch is on a chain which dangles around my neck. I'm the only person I know who has one.

84 I had a nursery teacher called Mrs Kilgallen. She used to call me the banana boy because I used to eat banana butties for lunch every day.

85 I've never stolen anything from a shop.

86 I was once at The Albert Dock in Liverpool with a friend and momentarily distracted Alan Bennett by doing Beavis and Butt-head impressions.

87 The first time my name appeared in print was as a prize winner in Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars. I won a book.

88 The only time I visited a magazine office was Zzap! 64 magazine in Ludlow. It was very small and similar to a telesales place I worked at for a week on very low wages.

89 I always include my middle name because I'm the only Stuart Ian Burns around.

90 There are very few famous people I'd want to meet. If I see them in the street I tend to walk past because they really aren't that much more important than you are.

91 But if I could choose, Claire Danes, Woody Allen, Joss Whedon, Alanis Morissette and Laura Fraser.

92 I once called up a radio station in the middle of the night to make the important point that Harry Enfied isn't that funny. I wasn't drunk.

93 I once walked through a Macdonalds drive-in to get a hamburger with the cars. I wasn't drunk.

94 I don't need to get drunk to do weird things.

95 When I was training for a job once, I had to say three things only one of which was the truth. I said I'd had am album out, I'd had a book published and that I was in a film. They all thought it was the book, which is quite flattering.

96 I'm not as well read as some people think I am. I've just seen a lot of film adaptations. It's amazing how people never know the difference. I don't tell them I've read the books, they just assume.

97 I've left some really embarrassing stuff out of this list.

98 I don't have a wardrobe in my room.

99 I used to keep my clothes in a filing cabinet.

100 I need to move out of my parents house

title: User:Feelinglistless


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Talk:FG 42

Bad information
This article claims that the STG44 was the first assault rifle. I'm sure that the Cei-Rigotti was and is still considered an assualt rifle by all definitions and was in production 40 years earlier. If I am incorrect could there at least be a citation? I'm not too keen on the whole editing on wikipedia and I don't want to change something erroneously. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.162.140.53 (talk) 19:36, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed the misleading statement altogether. Koalorka (talk) 20:53, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * 138.162.140.53 above states the STG 44 was not the first assault rifle. And that he's "sure that the Cei-Rigotti ... is still considered an assault rifle by all definitions" being approximately "40 years earlier."  By definition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle) an assault rifle has to have a detachable magazine.  However, the Cei-Rigotti never held a detachable magazine.  Its magazine is fixed, utilizing a stripper clip to reload, and field stripping does not count.  Not only this, but the 6.5x52mm Mannlicher-Carcano (the same round made famous in the JFK assassination) was hardly intermediate.  This was a large round, unsuitable for the definition of an assault rifle.  So, by two of the three criteria the Cei-Rigotti is _not_ an assault rifle.  I suggest the link above at forgottenweapons.com for more info on the Cei-Rigotti.  Otherwise, the STG 44 is indeed considered the first assault rifle and broadly so.  I do not believe a mention of the STG 44 as the first assault rifle should have been removed, based on an argument for the Cei-Rigotti as an assault rifle. Fatkiddown (talk) 23:41, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The STG44 is called the Grandfather of Assault Rifles because its design paved the way for the look of the modern assault rifle. It was also the first to use the idea of a short cartridge that had less recoil than a full-powered rifle round, but still a lot more stopping power than pistol rounds. This is known as an intermediate round.Blamazon (talk) 19:49, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Name convention
We should standardize a bit. We have MG42, MG34, MP40 etc. I think the dash should be taken out of this name. Is there a convention? Oberiko 00:10, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It appears that both mainstream literature, historians and period documents provide a space between the type classifier and model number, i.e. FG 42. Koalorka (talk) 14:01, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

removed needless speculation
i took out this phrase: "might have influenced the outcome of World War II if it had been produced earlier and in sufficient numbers. With production never reaching five figures its effect was inconsequential"

This is just weak speculation.

M60 GPMG prototype
I heard the M60 prototype was an FG42 with an MG42 belt feed. Is there any images of it? User:EX STAB

 * Indeed. The T44 prototype was an exact copy of the FG 42 with a belt-feed unit from the MG 42. Koalorka (talk) 14:03, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Bad info
When compared to the K98 Carbine or M98 rifle, the FG42 has significantly less recoil, muzzle climb, muzzle flash, etc. It's only when compared to LMG's that the comments regarding muzzle rise, flash, and accuracy apply. I think the article reads too much like a rumor and less like reality. The reality was that the gun was the first mistake of many in the realm of full-caliber automatic rifles. Later mistakes included the FN FAL, the M-14, and the HK G3. All these rifles suffered from the inability to control them in full-automatic fire. The drive to reduce weight and increase magazine capacity while at the same time adding a full-auto fire led to diminishing returns. Barrels heated up quickly while muzzle climb and dispersion opened up quickly. The end result were unuseable firearms. The Germans learned this early and diverted efforts to the StG 44 instead. Post-War powers were GENERALLY slow to learn this lesson with the exception of the Soviet Union.

The only successful and controlable full-caliber automatic rifle was only produced in limite numbers (10,000?) and that was the Armalite AR-10. --Asams10 23:45, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * First of all, sign your posts, don't indent, and there is a space after periods. Secondly, you don't understand recoil, muzzle rise, and the function of a muzzle brake.  Your statements ignore the fact that the FG-42 has an UNDERBARREL gas operating system with the center of gravity below the bore, not above it.  It is also an in-line recoiling gun which means that muzzle rise is a function of recoil almost exclusively.  As the gun recoils, the center of gravity of the combined shooter/rifle cause the gun to rotate up and to the right.  The less recoil, the less muzzle rise.  Simple physics. Barrel length is relevant, not because of uncombusted powder but because of the pressure at the point the bullet reaches the muzzle.  The higher the pressure, the greater the velocity.  Again, simple physics say that the higher the velocity, the higher the energy for the same mass.  Most of the powder is burned by the muzzle, even on an 17" barrel.  The higher velocity gasses simply cause more recoil.  Remember that gas from an explosion weighs the same as the powder that went into it and travels much faster than the bullet.
 * Now then, with a muzzle brake, you slow and divert that gas normally going straight out the muzzle to the sides. You therefore create a pressure wave that the shooter can hear more distinctly and negate that portion that combustion gasses contribute to recoil.  Less recoil = less muzzle rise.  Simple. --Asams10 18:29, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

The Bren, basically a slightly modified version of Czechoslovak Light Machine Gun (Lehky kulomet) vz. 26 (ZB vz. 26, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZB_vz.26) WAS fielded in German army as MG-26(t) so maybe the opening paragraph could use a little change.
 * You may change it, however your observation needs to include a distinction between the German Army and Air Force, both of which preferred to develop their own guns. The FG42 was also not in the same class as the BREN. --Asams10 21:27, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I think the problem here comes from the original intended use of this gun and how it was viewed. While I think the FG-42 can be utilized as a mediocre LMG, it was meant as the next-generation german rifle. But I think the real awesomeness of this gun is its controlability, it is very controllable despite its size and ammunition. This is a feature few full-powered assault rifles have. Personally, I would take an FG-42 over any modern full-powered assault rifle. The FG-42's ability to be an LMG at times, is an added benefit.Blamazon (talk) 23:12, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I was wrong about that. It was made to give paratroopers more firepower when they did not have heavy weapons after being dropped. It was not originally meant to replace the K98.Blamazon (talk) 23:20, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Pic needs editing
Somebody please change the pic file, because it says Rifle_FG42_model_2.jpg and the model showed is the FG42 Model 1. Wilhelm Wiesel 22:58, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.--Asams10 07:41, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

About the MG34's
I think someone should remove the comment about the lack of MG34's in the introduction. The average rifle section in the German paratroop batalion had 2 MG34's. (that's 2 MGs per 11 men squad) The remark about the MG34's weight is correct though. MattD -March 25, 2006

 * Yes, but there was a DISTINCT lack of MG-34's in the hands of paratroopers when they hit the ground. Definitely needs to be reworded.  The intent was to have a stop-gap weapon that could provide a volume of fire as cover for paratroops until they could get their heavy weapons together.--Asams10 03:06, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * True, but not during descent. German parachutes had only one connection to the harness(Americans had two) so they could not control their direction, speed, or spinning and could not fire with any effect.Blamazon (talk) 23:15, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Commas versus Decimal Points
I think that the caliber designation should use the decimal point, not the comma. See: Manual_of_Style ... "The Wikipedia rule for commas and periods in numbers is, for example 12,345,678.901 — contrary to Continental style." Given this, the cartridges in this article should be named using commas. Although they are of German origin, a country which uses commas, this is the English Wikipedia. Therefore, decimals should be used instead. CeeWhy2 08:58, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Not at all. Historically correct designations should be used. There is no point in travestying correct designations by “translating” the numerical parts in English. Nobody in his right mind would “translate” the numerical part of cartridges of British or American origin by replacing point by commas at Wikipedia in other languages using the Roman alphabet. As for normalization, the style page is still a project. The proposed way of writing numbers is in flagrant opposition to the normalized way of writing. But then, there are those nostalgics who do not want to know about this, and keep reverting any allusion to internationally accepted norms. There is no question of language, but question of old habits that refuse to die. English is probably the language that is used by the greatest number of non-native speakers; by colonizing large parts of the world, the English found there language colonized by the world. The English language Wikipedia is probably the most international of them all, and should stick to internationally accepted norms. So, decimal points have to go the same way as other obsolete things like pounds and inches. There is no use for a Wikipedia that blocks and frustrates normalization efforts, and that prohibits correct transmission of facts.--Dutchguy 12:10, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Nobody in his right mind would “translate” the numerical part of cartridges of British or American origin by replacing point by commas at Wikipedia in other languages using the Roman alphabet.
 * Actually, the Europeans do translate our designations for cartridges. For example, while you may think it is correct for American cartridges to be always spelt with a decimal, in the German and French Wikipedias, they use commas instead. If they like to change our designations for American/British cartridges to better suit their lingual habits, then I see no problem with universalising decimals and commas in accordance with the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. CeeWhy2 05:44, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Here you bring up 4 examples of how things should be done. As NATO is standardizing to the metric system, these NATO standard cartridges are correctly called by their metric NATO designation; it is not the “Europeans” who “translate”, it is NATO as a whole that normalizes to metric standards. The commercial names with inch dimensions are left as they were historically. I’ve seen mentioned the correct designations in the mentioned articles like .50 BMG, .30 Carbine, .223 Rem., .30-06 Springfield, .300 Savage and so on. The first point is that we do not see “translations” like 0,50 BMG, 0,30 Carbine and the like. The second point is that inch dimensions are given with the original decimal points, and metric dimensions with the correct decimal commas. This is the way it should be. I’ve-checked the ammunition article listings of the German, French, and Dutch Wikipedias (sorry, I only write in 4 languages) and in all cases, the historically correct designations of inch-dimensioned cartridges were used. --Dutchguy 08:29, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

I think it's best to go with the Manual of Style; in either case establishing a consensus around this issue first is the way to go instead of going around individual articles and changing them. This will otherwise only set the stage for editing wars when someone with the opposite view starts changing the designations back.--Sus scrofa 15:15, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

"Nazi apologist" accusations and battle rifle
The FG42 was developed as an individual weapon even with stop-gap support capabilities whereas the BAR was developed as a support weapon. Not at all the same class. The former is a battle rifle; the latter is an automatic rifle.

The fact that Germany had a Nazi government is irrelevant in a technical discussion, and repeating systematically Nazi Germany is annoying. Nobody his right mind repeats over and over again in articles about weapons originating from other belligerents of World War 2 that they originate from Democratic United States, Communist Soviet Union, Fascist Italy and so on. Keep things basic, please.

Accusing me of being a Nazi apologist is below the belt. Both my grandfathers were decorated resistance members, and my mother is partially disabled because of mistreatment by the Nazi's. Asams10, please keep your filthy insinuations out of Wikipedia. Dutchguy 17:24, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * First I agree we should cool it with the personal remarks, they only serve to retard the discussion. As for the whole Nazi Germany bit, it's just a name that's used to distinguish totalitarian Germany from the Germany of other historical periods, (for instance Weimar Republic), and politics doesn't enter into it. --Sus scrofa 19:58, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It is an apologist tactic to attack those of us who ignore the political desires of thse who continaully remove the term "Nazi" from all articles. Good luck with that, it's not working.  Your analogy is logically flawed as I've described before and has been spelled out in other discussions which you are either ignoring or chose to disregard. As for the technical discussion, you're mostly wrong.  The FG-42 was not intended to replace the K98, it was created to supplement the MG34 and MG42 for paratroops.  It is more correctly identified as an automatic rifle.  An automatic rifle is intended to provide mobile automatic fire to the unit; this is the very foundation that brought the FG42 abut.  The term "Battle Rifle" denotes a broader catetory and one where said rifle is the primay arm of the infantry unit.  If we're going to plug the FG42 into a certain hole, it is most correct to identify it as an automatic rifle.--Asams10 20:54, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What discussion? Fact is that the LC-6 specification explicitly mentions the K89 as the reference. This shows that the proposed weapon was intended to be an individual weapon from its conception. Any author I’ve read, and foremost the standard reference book “Death from above” agrees with this basic fact. If someone can show me an acknowledgeable author who takes machineguns as a reference maybe, just maybe, there would be a discussion. The thing in question was called “Fallschirmjägergewehr”, a rifle, and not “Fallschirmjägermaschinengewehr” or something like that. As I see no proof of the contrary, and all acknowledgeable authors consider the FG42 as an individual weapon, facts indicate that the thing is a battle rifle. Based on facts, and disregarding a non-existing discussion, I reverted again nonsense about automatic rifle classification. Dutchguy 14:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Im gona have to go with asams10 with this one ForeverDEAD 21:28, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Dutchguy on the battle rifle v. automatic rifle issue. The FG42 users manual is translated to English in the Collector Grade Publications book "Death From Above."  In the description of the weapon, it is clearly stated that full-automatic fire is for emergency use.  Besides that, how many automatic rifles are equipped with bayonets and can be configured for grenade launching?  D.E. Watters 08:10, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Well, it's my impression that the designers attempted to have it both ways: the FG42 was intended to be both an automatic support weapon and an infantry rifle even if it wasn't very good in either role.--Sus scrofa 10:18, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Not just both ways, it is pretty clear that the FG42 was intended to replace the MP38/MP40, K98k, and sniper rifle, along with the emergency AR role. I can think of another battle rifle unrealistically expected to be an all-in-one replacement: the T44/M14.  D.E. Watters 05:37, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Two for the change, two against the change. That makes no concensus, therefore without a concensus we should get an outside opinion or, like Dutchguy is doing, just ignore the conversation and try to bully your changes in. --Asams10 15:16, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Asams10, you did not bring any positive element into the discussion. You propose a completely incorrect technical thesis for which you fail to bring any documented proof to refute well known and accepted data you systematically overwrite. To the contrary, you accuse people who do of being Nazi sympathizers and bullies. Calling names at people doesn’t compensate for total lack of facts to mention. You have a negative attitude that has no place in here. We need arbitration if you continue your obstructive attitude. I change it back again, so please keep it there unless you have an interesting technical source to mention. Dutchguy 16:12, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You're in danger of violating the 3rr. Because you are making the change and you don't have validation for your position, it stays the way it was until you can back up your position.  Read:  then google "Automatic Rifle" and FG42... then google "Battle Rifle" and FG42.  There are nearly 20 times more hits under Automatic Rifle vs. Battle Rifle. Why? Well, at the heart of it the term "Automatic Rifle" is the more accepted term.  Of cours, I don't expect you to concede based on something as simple as a google search so, hey, why don't you find something compelling to back up your position and stop your reverting tantrum. --Asams10 21:03, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I would have expected that the reference to the FG42 manual (actually in both editions) would have been enough. "The weapon fires single-shot and, in emergency, in the full-automatic mode."  A German test report is quoted that states:  "The paratrooper rifle FG42 is a self-loading weapon which can be used in exceptional circumstances as a machine gun by selective adjustment of single and sustained fire."  Other indicators besides the integral bayonet and optional grenade launcher that the FG42 is intended in the individual weapon role include that early models of the rifle had optional 10 rd magazines.  This is hardly what you'd expect for a dedicated AR.  The final manual also indicated: "By mounting it over the rear sight, the rifle telescopic sight 4, GwZF 4 converts the FG42 into a sniper rifle."  After testing the FG42, Hitler is reported to have stated that the FG42 will be the standard infantry rifle for the Wehrmacht after the war.  The Collector Grade book "Sturmgewehr!" cites several occasions where German officials tried to get the Air Force to drop the the FG42 project in favor of the MP43/StG44, along with comparisons of the G43, MP43, and the FG42 as possible standard rifles.  There was even an aborted plan to run Wehrmacht troop trials on the Eastern Front pitting the MP43 and FG42 against each other. (There were simply not enough FG42 available at the time.)  It is also interesting to note that when US Army Ordnance ran a full set of tests on the late model FG42 at Aberdeen, the FG42 was compared against the T20E2, not the BAR.  D.E. Watters 05:37, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
I don't know what sparked the wave of vandalism, but we need at least semi-protection. Koalorka (talk) 02:00, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't have been so bad if it hadn't been intermingled with your edits. I don't think we lost anything.  If you're done, I'll give the article a once over and make sure everything jives.  --Nukes4Tots (talk) 03:47, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh heck no, I'm not done. I got my copy of "Death From Above" today and to my astonishment the rifle was produced in more than 20 different variants with a few main production types, running from Ausf. A-G. The genesis of the rifle is also pretty confusing, I'll be working on the page for the next few days. Koalorka (talk) 04:04, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I did the same thing with "Rock in a Hard Place", "Black Rifle" and a few other books. Don't have "Death from Above" yet.  When you're done reading it, can I have it?!  :-}  --Nukes4Tots (talk) 04:49, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Battle rifle, not assault rifle
The second paragraph is incorrect. The Fg42 is a battle rifle, not an assault rifle. The StG44 inspired the assault rifle concept, not the FG 42. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.61.119.43 (talk) 09:10, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

At the risk of reigniting the argument above, I want to bring this up again. The data from the user manual and "Death From Above" make a compelling case that the FG 42 is fundamentally a battle rifle. The selective fire feature is notable, but not enough to reclassify it. As others have mentioned, the case of this weapon is very similar to the M14 - another full-powered rifle which faced the unrealistic expectation of substituting for a diverse range of weapon systems. The M14 was meant to replace the BAR, but we don't call it an automatic rifle; it was supposed to replace the M1 Carbine, too, but we would all laugh at the idea of calling the M14 a carbine, no? The primary role of the FG 42, like the M14, is as an individual semi-automatic service rifle, and there is every indication that this was both its intended and its effective role.

I am also aware that many other sources describe it as an automatic rifle, but, quite frankly, this doesn't make them right. As someone who cringes to hear (for example) the FN FAL described as an assault rifle, I think we should see this as an opportunity to correct the record. Kaelri (talk) 22:52, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Battle rifle?
According to some sources, all battle rifles (and assault rifles) are automatic rifles. According to Wikipedia, they are distinguished from assault rifles by their used of an full power cartridge instead of an intermediate cartridge. The correct designation of this rifle has been a topic of discussion for years - see above. Yesterday, an editor reclassified it as an automatic rifle instead of a battle rifle. That view is supported by two citations:

The first citation goes to a book which can't be previewed on Google or Amazon, so I don't know what it says. The second citation is to a 1944 US military publication. I don't think it's a good source for this issue because it's so old. The term "battle rifle" may not have been in common usage then. In general, newer sources are probably better. If a source decribes the FG 42 as an automatic rifle, that doesn't mean it isn't also a battle rifle, since one is a subset of the other. The FG 42 has been described as a "battle rifle", such as here: "This Kreighoff Waffenbabrik FG-42 was a select-fire battle rifle that was produced during WWII for German Paratroopers". I'd argue that this source also includes the FG 42 in its discussion of battle rifles: Here's another book that explicitly labels the FG 42 as a "battle rifle": Forum posters have called it a "battle rifle", though we wouldn't cite them. This book seems to consider the FG 42 as the first battle rifle. We could possible try to thread the needle as say that "it has been called a 'battle rifle'". Felsic2 (talk) 17:12, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

 * any input on this issue? Felsic2 (talk) 22:23, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

 * How about simply saying something like "it is automatic rifle or battle rifle"? Since both designations are used we shouldn't violate NPOV and OR by deciding on our own that only one is correct. Felsic2 (talk) 17:21, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I went ahead using that approach. Felsic2 (talk) 18:57, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:FG 42


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Frederick Wills (Guyana)

Frederick "Fred" Rudolph Wills (18 September 1928 – 1992) was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guyana from 1975 to 1978. He was a renowned statesman, lawyer, cricket expert and intellectual. Wills is cited for his intellectual and academic genius by oral stories from his fellow-Guyanese and globally.

Education and career in England
Fred Wills studied law at King's College London, where he was awarded the Jelf Medal for his outstanding academic success as a law graduate. He was also named to Queen's Counsel, the highest level of judges in England. However, he never practiced as a judge in England, instead returning to Guyana.

Return to Guyana
When he returned to Guyana he became famous for being one of the top legal minds in Guyana, whilst also contributing to developing the law and constitution in Guyana. When the Guyanese president Forbes Burnham came into power he appointed Wills as Justice Minister and later Foreign Affairs Minister. In that capacity Wills briefly presided over the United Nations Security Council and twice addressed the General Assembly, once on independence for East Timor and once on September 27, 1976, to promote a Third World debt moratorium.

Move to the United States
Wills's government service ended in 1978 and he moved to the United States. There he became a professor at Rutgers University in New Jersey and an associate of Lyndon LaRouche, although he later distanced himself from LaRouche and from LaRouche's wife, Helga Zepp-LaRouche. He was a founding board member of the Schiller Institute in 1984.

Personal life
Fred Wills was married to Doris Harper-Wills whom he divorced and later remarried. He served as club captain for the Demerara Cricket Club (DCC) in Georgetown, Guyana, and was a popular radio announcer at cricket games and for the programme 'Fred Wills on Sport' transmitted in the Caribbean region .In the U.S. Guyanese cricket fans have proposed renaming the DCC Pavilion as Fred Wills Pavilion.

He died in New Jersey in 1992.

title: Frederick Wills (Guyana)


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Template:Timeline geological timescale

The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline.

Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline)

title: Template:Timeline geological timescale


text: Category:Poetry collections

title: Category:Poetry collections


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Category:Internet search engines

General search engines that search for information on the Internet.

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Category:Internet technology companies

This category is for companies concerned with the process or delivery of the internet (its infrastructure).

For companies whose main business is to use the internet to make sales to the public, see Category:Online retailers. For companies whose main business is to use the internet for other than retail purposes, see Category:Online companies.

See also: Category:Academic computer network organizations

title: Category:Internet technology companies


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Olav Bjaaland

Olav Bjaaland (5 March 1873 – 8 June 1961) was a Norwegian ski champion and polar explorer. In 1911, he was one of the first five men to reach the South Pole as part of Amundsen's South Pole expedition.

Biography
Olav Olavsen Bjaaland was born on the Søndre Bjaaland farm at Morgedal in Telemark, Norway. At the turn of the century, Bjaaland, together with the Hemmestveit brothers were among the best skiers in Norway. In 1902, he won the nordic combined at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival, to this day the classic event in nordic skiing. In 1909 Bjaaland, together with five others were invited to France to compete with the best skiers of Europe.

On this trip, Bjaaland by chance met Roald Amundsen. The already-successful explorer invited Bjaaland to join his forthcoming expedition to the North Pole. Bjaaland was thrilled, and still believing that they were heading to the North Pole. However, they left Oslo, Norway on 7 June 1910 heading south to race for the Antarctic pole against Robert Falcon Scott.

Bjaaland was a skilled carpenter, and on the trip he managed to reduce the prefabricated sledges bought in Oslo (Scott had bought the same type of sledges for his expedition, although never modified them) from 88 kg to 22 kg, without reducing their strength notably. On the actual sledge journey from the Bay of Whales to the pole and return, Bjaaland was often used as a forerunner so that the dogs had something to run after. He was known for being able to ski such that the traces he made formed almost perfect straight lines in the terrain. After returning from the successful conquest of the pole, Amundsen asked Bjaaland to go north with him to explore the Northeast Passage, but he turned down the offer.

In later years Bjaaland went back to Telemark and set up a successful ski manufacturing workshop with money lent from Amundsen. In 1961, Bjaaland died peacefully at age 88; of the five to reach the South Pole, he lived the longest, and was the only one to witness the advances made by the IGY in Antarctica, including the construction of the permanent South Pole base named Amundsen–Scott in honor of his expedition leader.

The Bjaaland Museum in Telemark, Norway has a small collection of photographs and other memorabilia from the South Pole expedition.

Awards

 * In 1912, he was awarded the South Pole Medal (Sydpolsmedaljen), a Royal Norwegian award instituted by King Haakon VII in 1912 to reward participants in Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition.
 * In 1912, Bjaaland was awarded the Holmenkollen medal (Holmenkollmedaljen), the Norwegian highest competitive award for skiing.
 * In 1952, at Morgedal, Bjaaland lit the torch for the 1952 Winter Olympics.
 * In 2021, Håkon Anton Fagerås created a statue in bronze of Bjaaland commissioned by the Fram museum in Oslo in honor of Bjaaland.

title: Olav Bjaaland


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Subject (music)

First theme Haydn's Sonata in G Major.png Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm. 1–12First_theme_Haydn's_Sonata_in_G_Major.mid

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In music, a subject is the material, usually a recognizable melody, upon which part or all of a composition is based. In forms other than the fugue, this may be known as the theme.

Characteristics
A subject may be perceivable as a complete musical expression in itself, separate from the work in which it is found. In contrast to an idea or motif, a subject is usually a complete phrase or period. The Encyclopédie Fasquelle defines a theme (subject) as "[a]ny element, motif, or small musical piece that has given rise to some variation becomes thereby a theme".

Thematic changes and processes are often structurally important, and theorists such as Rudolph Reti have created analysis from a purely thematic perspective. Fred Lerdahl describes thematic relations as "associational" and thus outside his cognitive-based generative theory's scope of analysis.

In different types of music
Music based on a single theme is called monothematic, while music based on several themes is called polythematic. Most fugues are monothematic and most pieces in sonata form are polythematic. In the exposition of a fugue, the principal theme (usually called the subject) is announced successively in each voice – sometimes in a transposed form.

In some compositions, a principal subject is announced and then a second melody, sometimes called a countersubject or secondary theme, may occur. When one of the sections in the exposition of a sonata-form movement consists of several themes or other material, defined by function and (usually) their tonality, rather than by melodic characteristics alone, the term theme group (or subject group) is sometimes used.

Music without subjects/themes, or without recognizable, repeating, and developing subjects/themes, is called athematic. Examples include the pre-twelve-tone or early atonal works of Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg, and Alois Hába. Schoenberg once said that, "intoxicated by the enthusiasm of having freed music from the shackles of tonality, I had thought to find further liberty of expression. In fact, I … believed that now music could renounce motivic features and remain coherent and comprehensible nevertheless". Examples by Schoenberg include Erwartung. Examples in the works of later composers include Polyphonie X and Structures I by Pierre Boulez, Sonata for Two Pianos by Karel Goeyvaerts, and Punkte by Karlheinz Stockhausen.

Bach - BWV 847, mm. 1-4.png's Fugue No. 2 in C minor from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, BWV 847, showing the subject, answer, and countersubjectBach_-_BWV_847,_mm._1-4.mid

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Countersubject
In a fugue, when the first voice has completed the subject, and the second voice is playing the answer, the first voice usually continues by playing a new theme that is called the 'countersubject'. The countersubject usually contrasts with the subject/answer phrase shape.

In a fugue, a countersubject is "the continuation of counterpoint in the voice that began with the subject", occurring against the answer. It is not usually regarded as an essential feature of fugue, however.

The typical fugue opening resembles the following: Soprano voice:              Answer Alto voice:      Subject    Countersubject Since a countersubject may be used both above and below the answer, countersubjects are usually invertible, all perfect fifths inverting to perfect fourths which required resolution.

title: Subject (music)


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Category:Units of volume

This category identifies units of volume.

title: Category:Units of volume


text: Category:Imperial units

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Civic Forum

The Civic Forum (Czech: Občanské fórum, OF) was a political movement in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, established during the Velvet Revolution in 1989. The corresponding movement in Slovakia was called Public Against Violence (Slovak: Verejnosť proti násiliu - VPN).

The Civic Forum's purpose was to unify the dissident forces in Czechoslovakia and to overthrow the Communist regime. In this, they succeeded when the Communists gave up power in November 1989 after only 10 days of protests. Playwright Václav Havel, its leader and founder, was elected president on December 29, 1989. Although the Forum did not have a clear political strategy beyond the June 1990 elections, it campaigned successfully in March and April 1990 during the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1946. Those elections garnered Civic Forum 36 percent of the vote, the highest that a Czechoslovakian party ever obtained in a free election. This netted it 68 seats in the Chamber of Deputies; combined with Public Against Violence's 19 seats, it commanded a strong majority.

The Civic Forum had a very loose structure, and most of its (self-appointed) leaders came from Prague-based members of the Charter 77 dissident movement. In December 1989, Jan Urban became the Forum's chairman after Havel's election as president. Urban served until June 1990, when he resigned, stating he did not want a rift between the organization and the president. On October 16, 1990, Václav Klaus was elected its new chairman. Klaus's policies were opposed by other leading figures within the Forum and party unity soon vanished.

At the Civic Forum congress in January 1991, the movement divided. The more right wing members, led by Klaus, declared that they would form an independent party, the Civic Democratic Party (Občanská demokratická strana), with a clearer program advocating a free market. The party elected Klaus as its chairman in February 1991. The more centrist members of Civic Forum, led by federal minister of foreign affairs Jiří Dienstbier, formed the Civic Movement (Občanské hnutí). Klaus stated that the two parties would rule as a coalition until the 1992 elections. However, by July 1991 Klaus declared the inter-party cooperation over. The Civic Democratic Party was victorious in the elections of 1992 while the Civic Movement failed to reach the 5% threshold to enter parliament and eventually disappeared.

Ideologic platforms

 * Interparliamentary Club of the Democratic Right - rightist wing in the party. It was led by Václav Klaus. It transformed into the Civic Democratic Party.
 * Liberal Club of the Civic Forum - centrist wing of the party. Opposition to Klaus. It transformed into Civic Movement
 * Social Democratic Club of Civic Forum - Social democratic wing led by Rudolf Battěk. It became Association of Social Democrats.

title: Civic Forum


text:
Theme (narrative)

In contemporary literary studies, a theme is a central topic, subject, or message within a narrative. Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject". Themes are often distinguished from premises.

The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story, which can often be summed in a single word (for example, love, death, betrayal). Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society; coming of age; humans in conflict with technology; nostalgia; and the dangers of unchecked ambition. A theme may be exemplified by the actions, utterances, or thoughts of a character in a novel. An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely. It may differ from the thesis—the text's or author's implied worldview.

A story may have several themes. Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas, such as ethical questions, and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly. An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life, at the price of giving up parts of one's humanity, which is a theme in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Along with plot, character, setting, and style, theme is considered one of the components of fiction.

Techniques
Various techniques may be used to express literary themes.

Leitwortstil
Leitwortstil, which means "leading word style" in German, is the repetition of a wording, often with a theme, in a narrative to make sure it catches the reader's attention. An example of a leitwortstil is the recurring phrase, "So it goes", in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Its seeming message is that the world is deterministic: that things only could have happened in one way, and that the future already is predetermined. But given the anti-war tone of the story, the message perhaps is on the contrary, that things could have been different. Its use in Scheherazade's Arabian Nights demonstrates how the technique can result to the unification of the constituent members of story cycles. In the Bible, various forms of the verb "to see" also recur and underscore the idea of Abraham as a seer. There is also the repeated use of the root kbd in Samuel I, to indicate "weightiness, honor, glory".

In New Testament studies, a leitwortstil is called a verbal thread. David Rhoads, Joanna Dewey, and Donald Michie identify several verbal threads in their seminal narrative-critical study of the Gospel of Mark. For example, Mark ties together two disparate narratives with a verbal thread that forces the reader to search for connections between the narratives. The word for ripping or tearing (Greek: σχίζω, schizō) is found at the baptism of Jesus in Mark 1:10 and at the rending of the temple veil in Mark 15:38.

Thematic patterning
Thematic patterning means the insertion of a recurring motif in a narrative. For example, various scenes in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men are about loneliness. Thematic patterning is evident in One Thousand and One Nights, an example being the story of "The City of Brass". According to David Pinault, the overarching theme of that tale, in which a group of travelers roam the desert in search of ancient brass artifacts, is that "riches and pomp tempt one away from God". The narrative is interrupted several times by stories within the story. These include a tale recorded in an inscription found in the palace of Kush ibh Shaddad; a story told by a prisoner about Solomon; and an episode involving Queen Tadmur's corpse. According to Pinault, "each of these minor narratives introduces a character who confesses that he once proudly enjoyed worldly prosperity: subsequently, we learn, the given character has been brought low by God ... These minor tales ultimately reinforce the theme of the major narrative".

Examples
Some common themes in literature are "love," "war," "revenge," "betrayal," "patriotism," "grace," "isolation," "motherhood," "forgiveness," "wartime loss," "treachery," "rich versus poor," "appearance versus reality," and "help from other-worldly powers."

title: Theme (narrative)


text:
Talk:Hawker Hurricane

GA nomination
This article is not ready for GAN, it has quite a number of incited paragraphs. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 11:55, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not ready for GA review because it is a poor article. For instance no mention is made in the development section about the fgact that the tailplane was originally strut-braced ar that the tailwheel originally was retractable or that (like the Spitfire) the prototype's undercart doors had a hinged section to cover the lower half of the wheel. Certainly these are minor details but given the general level of wittering on about tangential issues I think something about the snecking aircraft itself is important. Another missing fact is the slight increase of length of the MkII- seven inches (178mm). From memory, the length given in the specs differs from that given in Hawker aircraft since whenever. I'd look all this up & do the edits but I do not edit from home and so doing do would involve a pannier bag of books; doable but needs forward planning. Wile I'm at it Flight Testing at Martlesham Heath has a good rather than sketchy explanation of the spin recovery problem- from memory the problem was that stick position in spin recovery was critical because of a danger of the aircraft entering a second spin upon recovery. I will be back.TheLongTone (talk) 15:58, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

 * And isnt the "Aircraft of a similar... section generally depreciated> In ths case I'd say that the Polikapov (not enough armamant) and the LA-80 (too late) are not really comparable193.35.234.68 (talk) 16:20, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

 * The length is a mystery. I don't have much on the hurricane, (Francis Mason's 'Hawker Aircraft since....  and his The British Fighter since & a JWR Taylor edited Combat Aircradft of the World Fail to entirly agree with eachother. What a mess.TheLongTone (talk) 15:19, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

...and the structure is poor. The whole article needs going through.TheLongTone (talk) 16:09, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

Addition to ace list
Propose the inclusion of Edagr Kain in list of aces. 14 confirmed and first hurricane ace 49.224.211.6 (talk) 00:41, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawker Hurricane


text: Category:Nonfiction books

title: Category:Nonfiction books


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Spanish web

The Spanish web is an aerial circus skill in which a performer climbs and performs various tricks on an apparatus resembling a vertically hanging rope. It is similar in appearance and performance style to the corde lisse, but with the addition of loops on the rope for hands or feet, permitting one to perform a variety of spinning motions. The name refers to both the apparatus and the performance.

Rope structure
The apparatus is akin to a larger kernmantle rope. Unbraided cotton or polyster-blend rope is pulled through a soft, round, cotton sleeve two inches in diameter (a "web"). An eye is made in one end of the web, to which a swivel is attached. That is suspended at one end from the overhead rigging. Towards the top of the web, a hand, foot or neck loop is attached to the main rope through which a performer will secure an ankle, wrist or their neck and be able to hang freely while spinning.

Performance
In a typical Spanish web performance, there is a climber (or flyer) and a web setter. The web setter typically kneels on one knee, and the climber can climb first on the setter's thigh before ascending the web. Once the climber has ascended the web, the web setter can spin the web around the performer, creating enough centrifugal force to push the performer into a near-horizontal position. Web setting is a specialty skill in its own right, with a lot more difficulty than one might expect. While spinning, the climber can hold on to the web in addition to hanging from the loop or can release the rope and spin that way. With the addition of an extra swivel attached between the loop and the web, it is possible for the performer to also spin separately from the rope.

Spanish web skills are often combined with the skills of corde lisse, which does not utilize a loop or a web setter, but is a stationary rope which the performer winds into different knots around the body, performing various drops and locking positions.

One of the rigging challenges with Spanish web is arresting the torquing forces involved. These forces must be arrested within the rigging systems and that usually involves extra guy lines, gusset plates, diagonal bracing and other such techniques.

Related to

 * Corde lisse
 * Aerial silk

title: Spanish web


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Category:Reference works

su:Kategori:Karya rujukan

title: Category:Reference works


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Talk:Gender gap

gender gap on WP
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=2&partner=rss&emc=rss

http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Gender+disparity

Wikipedia has no information on gender gap, not even in WikiProject Countering systemic bias or in Systemic bias. Those don't even have the words "gender" or women"! There isn't even a red wikilink in Global_Gender_Gap_Report.

The disambiguation page "gender gap" needs to be made into an article, and the redirects Gender disparity and Gender differences need to be made into disambigs or redirects to the new article on gender gap. --Espoo (talk) 04:55, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * There is a page on Meta. I've added a link to it. Inverse Hypercube  (talk) 19:25, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Gender gap task force hat on top of page
Main reasons it belongs: What other Wikipedia topic has gotten so much media attention that people might actually search for the related term? Or that there's a wikipedia project people might be searching for? If there is such a term and a disambiguation, I would support a hat there, as well, since it would be part of fulfilling the purpose of the disambiguation page in being useful for readers. There soon will be a resources page linking dozens of such articles, research entries, Wikimedia, WikiFoundation, en.Wikipedia, etc links. Carolmooredc (Talkie-Talkie) 19:13, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gender gap


text:
Man-Bat

Man-Bat (Dr. Robert Kirkland "Kirk" Langstrom) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Introduced in Detective Comics #400 (June 1970) as an enemy of the superhero Batman, the character belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery. Originally portrayed as a supervillain, later incarnations show the Man-Bat as a sympathetic villain or antihero.

In the original version of the story, Kirk Langstrom was a zoologist who tried to give humans a bat's acute sonar sense. He managed to develop an extract that could supposedly do this, but upon testing it on himself, he transformed into an anthropomorphic feral half-bat hybrid, lacking sapience and acting purely on instinct. Batman managed to reverse the effects, but Langstrom would return as the Man-Bat time and time again, albeit not necessarily as a villain, as Langstrom would sometimes retain enough sanity to use his powers for good. Several other characters have since appeared as similar Man-Bat creatures, including Langstrom's wife Francine and father Abraham.

Since his debut at the end of the Silver Age of Comic Books, the Man-Bat has been featured in various media adaptations, including television series and video games. In 2017, the Man-Bat was ranked as IGN's 16th-best Batman villain.

Publication history
The character made his first appearance in Detective Comics #400 (June 1970) and was created by Frank Robbins and Neal Adams in collaboration with editor Julius Schwartz. The Man-Bat was the star of his own eponymous series in 1975–1976, which proved to be unpopular and was cancelled after only two issues.

Fictional character biography
Dr. Kirk Langstrom, a zoologist who specializes in chiropterology, develops an extract intended to give humans a bat's acute sonar sense and tests the formula on himself. The extract works, but it has a horrible side effect: it transforms him into a monstrous human/bat hybrid creature. This side effect makes him so distraught that it temporarily affects his sanity. He goes on a mad rampage until Batman finds a way to reverse the effects. Later, Langstrom takes the concoction again and the Man-Bat returns. He also coaxes his wife, Francine Langstrom, into drinking the serum and she goes through the same transformation, becoming the She-Bat. Together, they terrorize Gotham City until Batman once again restores them to normal.

On some occasions, Langstrom takes the serum and retains enough sanity to work for the forces of good. During one of these periods, he works with the detective Jason Bard. On another occasion, in Action Comics #600, Jimmy Olsen inadvertently puts Superman into a cave occupied by the Man-Bat to protect him from kryptonite radiation that had reached Earth following the explosion of Krypton. The Man-Bat calms the maddened Superman and then summons Hawkman, who helps Superman overcome the radiation. Kirk and Francine have a daughter, Rebecca ("Becky"), and a son, Aaron. Because of the effects the serum has on Aaron's DNA, he is born with a deadly illness. Francine turns him into a young Man-Bat to save his life. This occurs in issue #3 of the Man-Bat (vol. 2) miniseries by Chuck Dixon.

Infinite Crisis and beyond
The Man-Bat is sighted in Alexander Luthor Jr.'s Secret Society of Super Villains during the events of the 2005–2006 storyline Infinite Crisis.

In the aftermath of that storyline, both Kirk and Francine are shown to be alive in the 2006 "One Year Later" storyline. Talia al Ghul binds and gags Francine, and then threatens to poison her if Kirk does not give her the Man-Bat formula. After Langstrom gives her the formula, she releases Francine as promised. Talia utilizes the Man-Bat to turn some generic members of the League of Assassins into Man-Bat Commandos.

In Gotham Underground, the Man-Bat is apprehended by the Suicide Squad. He is one of the villains seen in Salvation Run. Francine appears in Batman and the Outsiders, serving as the team's technical advisor, and her assistant Salah Miandad operates the "blank" OMAC drone known as ReMAC. In issue #10 of that series, Kirk appears, seemingly healthy and also aiding Francine.

In the 2008 miniseries Final Crisis, the Man-Bat is turned into a Justifier and is shown attacking Switzerland's Checkmate Headquarters. During the 2009 "Battle for the Cowl" storyline, following Batman's apparent death, Kirk is haunted by nightmares of becoming the Man-Bat and killing his wife. When Francine disappears, he takes the serum and tries to follow her. After an altercation with the Outsiders, he returns to his human form and is captured by Doctor Phosphorus, who reveals that the serum is not necessary to trigger the change. Kirk discovers that Phosphorus has also captured Francine and becomes the Man-Bat to save her.

During the 2009–2010 Blackest Night storyline, Francine tracks down Kirk (as the Man-Bat), having created a cure, and revealed that Kirk's next transformation would be permanent if he did not drink it. Kirk attempts to take the cure, but his Man-Bat persona will not let him. Just as Kirk is about to drink it, Francine is wounded in the crossfire of the battle between Black Lantern Solomon Grundy and Bizarro (the latter of whom is already at the scene, trying to prevent Kirk from taking the cure). Distraught at Francine's injuries, Kirk transforms into the Man-Bat, seemingly permanently. In Batgirl (vol. 3) #10-11, the Man-Bat is seen under the control of the Calculator as a techno-zombie. In the "Collision" storyline of Red Robin, following Red Robin's actions against Ra's al Ghul and the League of Assassins, the latter attempts to murder people related to the Bat-Family. The Man-Bat, following Red Robin's orders, protects Julie Madison, a former lover of Bruce Wayne, against Ra's al Ghul's assassins.

The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), the majority of Kirk Langstrom's history is rebooted. The Man-Bat serum first appears in Detective Comics (vol. 2) #18 (May 2013). Ignatius Ogilvy also comes into possession of the Man-Bat serum, which he uses as an airborne virus to spread throughout Gotham City's "900 Block".

In Detective Comics (vol. 2) #19 (June 2013), Kirk Langstrom first appears where he and his wife Francine are escorted by Batwoman to Batman's location. Langstrom reveals that he is the creator of the serum, intending to help deaf people. Taking responsibility as the creator of the serum, he uses a sample of the serum Batman had obtained to inject himself. This creates an anti-virus which also spreads through the air. Langstrom is turned into a Man-Bat (the last remaining Man-Bat) as his anti-virus cures the remaining citizens of Gotham. It was later revealed that Emperor Penguin was the one who released the virus. Emperor Penguin later made use of Langstrom's Man-Bat serum when he combined it with the Venom drug and one of Poison Ivy's plant concoctions to empower himself.

Langstrom re-appears in Batman Inc. (vol. 2) #10 (June 2013) apparently giving Batman the serum. He claims to be working on an aerosol antidote to the serum as well. The back-up feature of Detective Comics (vol. 2) #21 (August 2013), focuses on Langstrom and his wife. He changes from the Man-Bat form into his human form and becomes addicted to the Man-Bat serum, taking it every night. He apparently does not remember his actions from the previous night, yet worries that a string of reported killings are his fault.

During the "Forever Evil" storyline, the Man-Bat is among the villains recruited by the Crime Syndicate of America to join the Secret Society of Super-Villains. The Scarecrow and the Man-Bat attempt to steal the frozen Talons (assassins that are associated with the Court of Owls) from Blackgate while the Penguin is having a meeting with Bane. Bane arrives at Blackgate as the Man-Bat and his fellow Man-Bats are attempting to transport the Talons to Mr. Freeze and is able to keep one from leaving. The final issues of the series Batman: The Dark Knight would establish that Kirk is the son of a corrupt wealthy pharmaceutical businessman named Abraham Langstrom, who considers his son as a failure when compared to Bruce Wayne, the son of his business rival Thomas Wayne. Abraham would steal his son's serum, make some of his own improvements and use it to target the homeless (because no one would miss them) before being stopped by Batman, though he is able to plead temporary insanity to avoid going to prison.

DC Rebirth
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, which is part of DC Rebirth, the Man-Bat is featured on the news as an example of the "Superman Theory" where the government has been experimenting on humans to give them superpowers. The Man-Bat later accompanied Black Adam in his attack on the White House.

In Harley Quinn Rebirth, Langstrom's wife goes on a rampage against Harley and her friends, turning Harley and her friend Tony into Man-Bats as part of the Penguin's plan to break Harley's spirit. Their other friends get Langstrom released and he helps them find the antidote before predictably escaping himself.

The Man-Bat later becomes a founding member of the second incarnation of Justice League Dark.

Powers and abilities
By taking his bat gland extract, Kirk Langstrom transforms himself into a bat-like creature. When taking an antidote or if the serum wears off, he reverts to human form. As the Man-Bat, his strength, resiliency, speed, and agility are all augmented to inhuman levels. He possesses an extra set of digits in his leathery wings that allows Kirk to fly. With his sonar radar, Kirk can emit high-pitch sound waves and hear those echoes when they bounce off of nearby objects, thus enabling him to navigate perfectly in the darkness. If in the Man-Bat form for long periods of time, he loses control over his bestial side that works purely on instinct, plus making him prone to harm friend or foe alike.

As Kirk Langstrom, he is a highly intelligent scientist in the fields of biochemistry and zoology (particularly chiropterology).

Man-Bat Commandos
As mentioned above, Talia al Ghul captured Kirk Langstrom and threatened to poison Francine if he did not give her the Man-Bat formula. Kirk gives in to Talia al Ghul's demands where she uses the Man-Bat formula on some generic members of the League of Assassins to turn them into the group's Man-Bat Commandos.

During the "Batman R.I.P." story line, Talia al Ghul sends the Man-Bat Commandos to destroy Jezebel Jet's airplane.

In 2011, The New 52 rebooted the DC Universe. Various Man-Bats have appeared under the control of Talia al Ghul in her plot to destroy Batman. It is later explained that Talia al Ghul had an agent steal the serum from Langstrom's laboratory to use on her soldiers to create the Man-Bat Commandos.

During the "Forever Evil" storyline, some Man-Bat Commandos were used to help the Crime Syndicate hunt down the Rogues. The Mirror Master managed to trap some of them in the Mirror World. When a Man-Bat snatches up the Weather Wizard, the other Rogues members chase after it until it crashes into a solid wall of ice upon arriving in Mr. Freeze's territory.

Abraham Langstrom
Back when Thomas and Martha Wayne were still alive, Kirk Langstrom had a father named Abraham whose company, Patriarch Biopharmaceuticals, competed with Wayne Enterprises. Years after the death of Thomas and Martha, Abraham continued his shady deals, which involved exploiting his son's Man-Bat serum which he planned to profit from. He soon became addicted to the upgraded serum. When he became a Man-Bat, Abraham targeted the homeless people of Gotham City, draining them of their blood. This caused Batman to team up with Kirk Langstrom to fight Abraham. Because the skin of Abraham's Man-Bat form was tough, Batman injected himself with the cure and tricked Abraham into drinking his blood enough to transform back to normal. Batman then handed Abraham over to the police. After evading incarceration by claiming that he had no knowledge on what his Man-Bat form did, Abraham returned to his company, though he was wary of the fact that Batman may catch him if he ever makes a mistake.

Other versions

 * An alternate universe incarnation of Man-Bat makes a cameo appearance in JLA: The Nail as a prisoner of Cadmus Labs.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Man-Bat from Earth-19 appears in Countdown to Final Crisis: The Search for Ray Palmer.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Man-Bat appears in Flashpoint. This version is an ally of Sam Lane before being killed by Miranda Shrieve, the granddaughter of Matthew Shrieve, whose family Lane had killed.

Television

 * Kirk Langstrom / the Man-Bat appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Marc Singer while Man-Bat's vocal effects were provided by special sound effects.
 * First appearing in Batman: The Animated Series, this version is a zoologist at the Gotham City Zoo who developed a formula that would allow humans to "evolve" by granting them bat-like traits, which originated from his father-in-law, Dr. March, who helps keep his identity hidden from the authorities. In the episode "On Leather Wings", the Man-Bat commits a series of chemical thefts and is mistaken for Batman, who proceeds to investigate him. He eventually discovers that the Man-Bat is Langstrom and captures him after a battle across the Gotham City skyline before taking him to the Batcave to cure him. The cured Langstrom later appears in the episode "Tyger, Tyger", helping Batman analyze a chemical that Dr. Emile Dorian used for his experiments. In the episode "Terror in the Sky", Langstrom is believed to have taken the Man-Bat formula again when a new bat-like creature appears in Gotham. However, it is eventually revealed that his wife Francine became "She-Bat" after she was accidentally exposed to a different Man-Bat serum created by Dr. March. In the end, Francine is cured by Batman and reunited with her husband.
 * Kirk Langstrom makes a cameo appearance in The New Batman Adventures episode "Chemistry", attending Bruce Wayne's wedding.
 * In Batman Beyond, a new trend dubbed "splicing" involves fusing bestial and human DNA. The new Batman ends up captured by the Splicers' leader Abel Cuvier and injected with vampire bat DNA, transforming him into a Man-Bat. Bruce Wayne later cures him.
 * Kirk Langstrom / the Man-Bat appears in The Batman, voiced by Peter MacNicol while special sound effects provide the Man-Bat's vocal effects. This version is an employee at Wayne Enterprises who conducted research on bats and appears to have albinism. His Man-Bat transformation can also spit sticky slime to trap his enemies. In the episode "The Man Who Would Be Bat", Bruce Wayne begins to cut off the funding for his project. Langstrom claims that he needs the project to cure his niece's deafness, but when Wayne discovers Langstrom was lying, he goes to the latter's office and learns of the scientist's obsession with Batman. When Langstrom arrives, he reveals that he wants to be feared like Batman and created a formula to help him achieve that. He drinks it, transforms into the Man-Bat, attacks Wayne, and escapes. Batman later confronts the Man-Bat in Gotham City's skies and brings him down, where he reverts to Langstrom and Batman destroys one of the scientist's serum vials. However, Langstrom drinks another vial, transforms back into the Man-Bat, and kidnaps GCPD Detective Ethan Bennett. Batman confronts the Man-Bat once more before the latter turns back into Langstrom and is taken to Arkham Asylum, where he attempts to recreate his serum. In the episode "Pets", the Penguin attempts to use a sonar device to gain control of a giant condor, unaware he has one that only works on bats. When he uses it, remnants of the Man-Bat serum in Langstrom's body cause him to transform into the Man-Bat and fly to the Penguin's side. While the Man-Bat proves to be the Penguin's loyal servant, Langstrom is furious at being used and threatens retaliation. Batman later foils the Penguin's plans and cures Langstrom, who is taken to Arkham alongside the Penguin. As of the episode "Attack of the Terrible Trio", Langstrom has renounced his Man-Bat identity and helps Batman develop an antidote for a mutagen that the Terrible Trio developed using his research.
 * A race of Man-Bats appear in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Last Bat on Earth!". They are intelligent, anthropomorphic inhabitants of Kamandi's post-apocalyptic future who encounter Batman when he travels to the future to stop Gorilla Grodd and his ape army. They are initially hostile, but later gain respect for Batman and assist him and Kamandi in defeating Grodd.
 * Kirk Langstrom / the Man-Bat appears in Beware the Batman, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes. This version was forcibly mutated and mind controlled by Professor Pyg and Mister Toad, but is later freed by Batman and Katana and becomes a founding member of the Outsiders.
 * The Man-Bat appears in the Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? episode "What a Night for a Dark Knight!". After the Man-Bat kidnaps Alfred Pennyworth, Batman and Mystery Inc. join forces to save him. At first, the former suspects Kirk Langstrom, but rules him out upon realizing he is incarcerated at Arkham Asylum. After rescuing Pennyworth, the heroes discover the Joker had dressed up as the Man-Bat as part of a plot to get the password to Bruce Wayne's bank accounts.
 * The Man-Bat makes cameo appearances in Harley Quinn as a member of the Legion of Doom in the first and fourth seasons.

Film

 * The Man-Bat was considered to appear in an unproduced script for the unmade Batman Unchained, but was dropped in favor of the Scarecrow and Harley Quinn. The Man-Bat was also meant to appear in an alternate proposal, Lee Shapiro's Batman: DarKnight script, alongside the Scarecrow and due to be played by Mark Linn-Baker or Martin Short. However, both projects never came to pass.
 * An alternate universe version of the Man-Bat hybridized with Catwoman called the She-Bat makes a cameo appearance in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths as a member of the Crime Syndicate.
 * Kirk Langstrom and the Man-Bat Commandos appear in Son of Batman, with the former voiced by Xander Berkeley and the latter's vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker. Langstrom works with Ra's al Ghul in an attempt to create a Man-Bat army to strengthen the League of Assassins. To ensure his complicity, Deathstroke captures Langstrom and takes his wife Francine and daughter Rebecca hostage as leverage. However, Batman and Damian Wayne rescue the Langstroms. While the mutagen is completed, Langstrom creates an antidote to stop the Man-Bat Commandos.
 * Kirk Langstrom / the Man-Bat appears in the Batman Unlimited series of films, voiced by Phil LaMarr.
 * He first appears in Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts. Langstrom was working on a serum to help the deaf and blind, but accidentally turns himself into the Man-Bat. The Penguin uses this to his advantage, giving Langstrom cures in exchange for the Man-Bat's help with crimes and Langstrom creating robotic beasts to bolster the Penguin's "Animilitia". However, Red Robin manages to get Langstrom's mind to surface in the Man-Bat, allowing him to help defeat the Penguin and defend Gotham against the Midas Meteor, burning out the formula and returning him to normal in the process.
 * Langstrom returns in Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants. As of this film, he now works as a robotics expert for Bruce Wayne.
 * An alternate universe version of Kirk Langstrom appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Michael C. Hall. While in college, this version became a pseudo-vampire in an attempt to cure his cancer with his best friend Will Magnus carrying out additional research to develop a separate cure. Langstrom went on to become his universe's Batman and founding member of the Justice League.
 * The Man-Bat appears in Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 * The Man-Bat appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom, voiced again by Dee Bradley Baker. This version is an aspiring member of the Legion of Doom.
 * The Man-Bat makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in The Lego Batman Movie.
 * An alternate universe version of Kirk Langstrom appears in Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham, voiced by Jeffrey Combs. This version is a professor who helped found Gotham centuries prior, gaining longevity through dark magic. In the present, Langstrom is killed by an unknown assailant, leaving Batman to investigate his work and its ties to Ra's al Ghul's cult.

Lego DC series

 * The Man-Bat appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Lego Batman: The Videogame, voiced by Chris Edgerly. In the Nintendo DS version, he is unlocked through the "Villain Hunt" mini-game, while in all other versions, he can be unlocked from the Batcomputer after being defeated in the story mode.
 * The Man-Bat appears as an optional boss and unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, with his vocal effects provided by Fred Tatasciore.
 * The Man-Bat appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, with his vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker.
 * The DCAU incarnation of Man-Bat appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, via the "Batman: The Animated Series Level Pack" DLC.

Other games

 * The Man-Bat appears in the SNES version of The Adventures of Batman & Robin.
 * Kirk Langstrom / the Man-Bat appears in Batman: Arkham Knight, voiced by Loren Lester. Following an encounter on Gotham City's Miagani Island during the story mode, a side mission sees Batman investigating the Man-Bat. After catching up to him, Batman collects a blood sample and eventually learns of Langstrom. While investigating the scientist's lab, Batman learns of Langstrom's experiments in using vampire bat DNA to cure deafness and how his first attempt resulted in him transforming into the Man-Bat and accidentally killing his wife Francine. Batman synthesizes an antidote and administers it to Langstrom before taking him to the Gotham City Police Department's headquarters, where he is left crying over Francine's fate. If the player returns to Langstrom's lab after this, they will find Francine's body gone and a broken television screen with the words "forever my love" written on it in an unknown substance. If the console or computer's date is changed to October 31 after capturing Langstrom, Batman will re-encounter the Man-Bat but will not have the option to pursue him. If Batman returns to the GCPD headquarters after this, he will find two police officers looking into Langstrom's destroyed cell, commenting that he transformed into the Man-Bat again and escaped.
 * Kirk Langstrom and the Man-Bat Commandos appear in Gotham Knights. The former was a member of the Court of Owls who secretly conducted work with their enemies, the League of Shadows. After the Court discovered Langstrom's treachery and killed him for it, the League steals his research and combine it with Lazarus Pit chemicals to create an army of mutant Man-Bats, which are defeated by the Gotham Knights.

Miscellaneous

 * The Man-Bat appears in Super Friends #28.
 * The DCAU incarnation of Kirk Langstrom / Man-Bat appears in The Batman Adventures #21. He is forcibly transformed into the Man-Bat and recruited by Emile Dorian, who attempts to work with him to form a "House of Dorian". Additionally, in another issue, Dr. Stefen Perry steals the Man-Bat serum from Langstrom and transforms into his own Man-Bat before he is defeated by Batman and arrested by the Gotham City Police Department.
 * The DCAU incarnations of Kirk and Francine Langstrom appear in the Batman Beyond tie-in comic. In flashbacks, the Langstroms lived peacefully, studying sonics and going on to have two children. However, Francine developed an aggressive form of Parkinson's disease and was given a short life expectancy. In response, Kirk attempted to perfect the Man-Bat serum to save her, but she died before he could do so. Following this, his children left him, angered that he did not spend time with her during her final days. Devastated, Kirk turned to his perfected serum, became the Man-Bat once more, and lived in secret. During this period of time, he rescued a girl named Tey from the Jokerz, injected her with the serum, and fell in love with her. In the present, Kirk builds a cult of Man-Bats with the intention of using Kanium to help him and his cult control themselves more effectively. Bruce Wayne tries to reason with him, but Kirk views them both as monsters and attempts to use a bomb to kill themselves. After the new Batman rescues them, Kirk tells Wayne to use his second chance wisely before killing himself with his bomb.
 * The Man-Bat appears in Smallville (season 11) as an inmate of Arkham Asylum. After acquiring a yellow ring of Parallax and becoming a Yellow Lantern, Man-Bat and other empowered inmates battle Batman and Nightwing until Superman intervenes long enough for Emil Hamilton to reboot the rings and depower the inmates. Following Parallax's defeat, the inmates are returned to Arkham.
 * The Man-Bat appears in All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold #12.
 * A new incarnation of the Man-Bat appears in issue #4 of the Beware the Batman tie-in comic book. Tim Quan, an acquaintance of Barbara Gordon, sneaks into Kirk Langstrom's laboratory and ends up mutating into a Man-Bat. Having become more unstable than Langstrom, Quan goes on a rampage and kidnaps Barbara. Batman teams up with Langstrom to find and cure Quan, at the expense of Langstrom's own cure.
 * Kirk Langstrom / Batman appears in the Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles episode "Twisted", voiced again by Michael C. Hall.
 * The Man-Bat appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic.
 * The Man-Bat appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic as a member of Ra's al Ghul's Suicide Squad until he is killed amidst Gorilla Grodd's betrayal.

title: Man-Bat


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Rainbow Bridge (Niagara Falls)

The Niagara Falls International Rainbow Bridge, commonly known as the Rainbow Bridge, is a steel arch bridge across the Niagara River, connecting the cities of Niagara Falls, New York, United States, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.

Construction
The Rainbow Bridge was built near the site of the earlier Honeymoon Bridge, which collapsed in 1938 due to an ice jam in the Niagara Gorge.

Architect Richard (Su Min) Lee designed the bridge; a design also used for the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge, approximately 10 km downriver. The bridge's Rainbow Tower and Canadian side plaza are the work of another Canadian architect, William Lyon Somerville. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, during their visit to Niagara Falls as part of their 1939 royal tour of Canada, dedicated the future construction site of the Rainbow Bridge; a monument was later erected to commemorate the occasion. Construction began in May 1940. The bridge officially opened on November 1, 1941.

The Niagara Falls Bridge Commission chose the name "Rainbow Bridge" in March 1939, because rainbows occur frequently near the falls due to water spray and mist in the air.

Description and specifications
The New York State Department of Transportation designates the bridge as, an unsigned reference route. Roads that adjoin the bridge include New York routes 104 and 384, and the Niagara Scenic Parkway. The Ontario Ministry of Transportation designates the bridge as part of Highway 420. The Rainbow Tower, part of the plaza complex on the Canadian side, houses a carillon, which plays several times daily.

The Rainbow Bridge does not permit commercial trucks; the nearest border crossing accessible to trucks is the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge.

For each pedestrian or bicyclist, the toll to cross the bridge is $1.00 USD or CAD. For vehicles, the toll is only collected when leaving the United States and entering Canada. As of August 2022, the cash toll for personal vehicles is $5.00 USD or $6.50 CAD.

2023 car crash
On November 22, 2023, a car traveling at a high rate of speed left the roadway, went airborne, crashed and exploded at the Rainbow Bridge border crossing on the American side. The vehicle's two occupants died, and a U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer was injured. The crash and subsequent explosion was at first investigated as a potential terrorist attack, and was later determined to have been an accident.

title: Rainbow Bridge (Niagara Falls)


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Category:Chess variants

See also: Category:Games related to chaturanga.

title: Category:Chess variants


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Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)

The Rainbow Bridge (レインボーブリッジ) is a suspension bridge crossing northern Tokyo Bay between Shibaura Pier and the Odaiba waterfront development in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

It is named Tōkyō Kō Renrakukyō (東京港連絡橋) as the official name in Japanese.

It was built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, with construction starting in 1987 and completed in 1993. The bridge is 798 m long with a main span of 580 m. Officially called the "Shuto Expressway No. 11 Daiba Route - Port of Tokyo Connector Bridge", the name "Rainbow Bridge" was decided by the public.

The towers supporting the bridge are white in color, designed to harmonize with the skyline of central Tokyo seen from Odaiba. There are lamps placed on the wires supporting the bridge, which are illuminated into three different colors, red, white and green every night using solar energy obtained during the day.

The bridge can be accessed by foot from Tamachi Station (JR East) or Shibaura-futō Station (Yurikamome) on the mainland side.

Usage
The Rainbow Bridge carries three transportation lines on two decks. The upper deck carries the Shuto Expressway's Daiba Route, while the lower deck carries the Yurikamome rapid transit system in the centre, walkways on the outer side, and Tokyo Prefectural Route 482 in-between. Light motorcycles under 50cc are not permitted on either deck or the walkway of the bridge. Motorcycle pillion passengers are also banned.

Walkway
The bridge has two separate walkways on the north and south sides of the lower deck; the north side offers views of the inner Tokyo harbour and Tokyo Tower, while the south side offers views of Tokyo Bay and occasionally Mount Fuji. The walkways may only be used during certain hours (9 am to 9 pm in the summer; 10 am to 6 pm in the winter, access to the walkways close 30 minutes before closing time.) Bicycles are permitted on the condition that they are pushed (as opposed to riding them).

title: Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)


text: User talk:128.135.96.103

title: User talk:128.135.96.103


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User:Crystal Matrix

{| cellspacing="8" style="width: 100%;" Crystal Matrix: Home - My Wikipedia Going-Ons - Contributions - Resources - Sandbox
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Welcome
Welcome to my User Page! I'm Crystal Matrix, a web designer who stumbled upon Wikipedia and is now addicted. Use the navigation to, well, navigate and explore my user pages. My to do list and work load is in my going-ons, and you can also see my contributions to all of the wiki projects on my main wiki page. Feel free to explore some useful links I use regularly with my Resource page and play around in my sandbox.

Contact
To contact me, use one of these methods:
 * E-Mail: cazu1029@surewest.net
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About Me
My actual name is Bryan, and I live in the United States. I love school, and I work hard in all of my classes even though I don't get the best grades. I'm a raised Mormon and I love my church and the study of the scriptures and other religous text.

I'm a web designer by trade, as I love computer and coding. I know HTML, XHTML, CSS, PHP and MySQL. I still have trouble with Javascript ($&!@#& language!) but I still try to understand it. And because of my love to learn and of computers, Wikipedia is the next best thing to web designing for me!

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title: User:Crystal Matrix


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Category:Short story collections

 * This category includes works that collect short stories by a single author.
 * For works that collect short stories and other works of fiction by multiple authors, see Category:Fiction anthologies.

title: Category:Short story collections