text:
User talk:Morwen/9

Return
Rehi.

 * Welcome back to the fray. :-) Evercat 17:57, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It was a pleasant surprise to see "Morwen" appear on my watchlist this evening. --rbrwr± 20:03, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Back again. I'm overjoyed. I had a feeling you would't be able to resist. I can sympathise with your reasons for leaving, I can get a bit addicted myself, I had a break from the WP myself.

BTW whilst you were away, we had another outbreak of 80.255's traditional counties silliness at Shipston-on-Stour, and I made an explanatory note at the counties policy. All the other people who voted for the policy OK'd it at my talk page, I hope you approve. I also did some work at Metropolitan county. Cheers G-Man 20:19, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nice to see ya back here again. —Morven 00:43, Nov 20, 2004 (UTC)

Glad to see you return; hope all is well. Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss) 06:36, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Great to see you back - I look forward to editing alongside you again! Warofdreams 17:22, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I was very pleased to note your name had disappeared from WP:Missing Wikipedians -- I hope you're back to stay. :-) Best wishes, Jwrosenzweig 23:07, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk) 20:13, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd request that you consider this — I would love to use (eg.) your Malaysia state maps on Wikitravel. Jpatokal 15:35, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Pretty pretty please? Jpatokal 17:49, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Categorisation
Just wondering about something, according to you the metropolitan counties are still legally administrative counties, but on all the infoboxes on the met county articles it states they are ceremonial counties only. If they are still administrative counties then shoudn't we put "administrative county (no county council)" or something in the infoboxes. G-Man 20:06, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I hate to disagree, but I don't find the changes G-Man has made (and which you seem to support) to Berkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and possibly other counties not on my watchlist, particularly helpful. If those counties are still legally administrative counties, then this is a legal quirk and probably no more than a legislative drafting error. Certainly in the normal English usage of of the word administrative, they are not administrative counties as they do not have an administrator or administration and are not administered as a unit. I think the average reader of Wikipedia, especially one not familiar with English local government, is going to read the changed entries and come to completely the wrong conclusion, that the counties are administered by some non-elected entity in place of a council. -- Chris j wood 21:49, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Wikijuniour
Hey, over at Wikijunior South America/South America we are trying to use an image you uploaded to South America, but cant quite figure out how to do it if its not on commons. Do you either know how to do interwiki image links, or have a copy of the image which you could re-upload to the commons? thanks. The bellman 00:48, 2004 Nov 26 (UTC)

Get well and cheer up:-)
Hi Morwen,

For a couple of months I failed to notice your user name on any articles I edited (a RARITY), and, paying a visit to your user page and then to your blog, discovered that you've been in hospital. I'm sorry to hear that. Know that I've missed you and that I hope you'll be well soon. David Cannon 08:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

We missed you
It's good to see you back. Drop me a message to let me know how you are when you pick this up. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 18:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The exciting world of image tagging
Greetings! A while age you signed up to help tag images, so I thought I'd let you know what's been going on lately in the image-tagging world.

First off, things are moving slow, but at least they're moving in the right direction. (What I mean is, more images are tagged every month than the number of newly uploaded images without tags, so the net number of untagged images keep decreasing.) But judging from the progress on the lists at User:Yann/Untagged Images, most of the time it's just me tagging images. And it sure gets lonely out on the tagging prairie.

Second, I have basically rewritten the User:Yann/Untagged Images page. Hopefully that will make it easier for people to help, and will attract new recruits. What do you think of the new text and layout?

And third, there have been a bunch of new tags added in the last month. Check out Image copyright tags for the new tags and new organization, mostly done by Zondor.

If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Happy holidays! – Quadell (talk) (help) 17:33, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * mage:IndiaArunachalPradesh.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 03:28, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged Images. Thanks again.

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:IndiaArunachalPradesh.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 03:52, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged Images. Thanks again.

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:IndiaNumbered.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 21:37, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged Images. Thanks again.

Image:BelgiumLuxembourg.png
Image:BelgiumLuxembourg.png Form where did you get that image? Walter 13:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Because you say on your user page that you make maps I will assume that all the maps that you have uploaded are made by you and include that information on commons --Walter 15:20, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

They were derived from en:Image:West-VlaanderenLocation.png

82.3.32.72 16 dec 2004 20:08 (CET) (user:morwen)

 * I do not understand. The map West-VlaanderenLocation.png is only about flanders. The maps from where I think you have made them are from Belgium. You can not have created them from the map West-VlaanderenLocation.png . I ask only confirmation that the maps in the style of Image:BelgiumLuxembourg.png and the maps you have uploaded and do not contain any information of the source are maps made by you. That is all. I watch this page, you can reply here --Walter 21:04, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not just that image, but others. There were for some reason locator maps showing Belgian provinces within Wallonia and Flanders rather than Belgium - I just merged the maps.  I assumed the originals were GFDL (maybe wrongly) Morwen - Talk 21:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Those maps of flanders and wallonia are made by w:nl:gebruiker:LennartBolks are public domain. So that is ok --Walter 11:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rienzo
Since you have been involved with Rienzo before, you probably ought to see

Requests for arbitration

CheeseDreams 01:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

New Iranian Provinces
Can you please incorporate the new provinces in your map of Iran? Here is a new map. Khorasan has been divided into (top to bottom): North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan. Thanks. – Kaveh (talk) 09:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've modified your previous map for now.  – Kaveh (talk) 20:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Greetings and questions
First of all, I've always been a fan of your work - your maps of the British counties is simply marvelous. And I just spent a few minutes browsing your website and LJ, and wow, I don't know *personally* what you're going through, but I have a couple of a friends that look forward to the same thing, so I'm very happy everything's went by without a hitch. It's nice to see you haven't left WP altogether, and that you're recovering so well. And you're very purple.

Okay, enough pleasantries! Now for the real reason (well, saying Hi was a real reason) I came here. I was just curious why your maps of Great Britain have a more .. angular look to them than your other maps. Comparing, say, your map of Albania and your map of Scotland.

Was this a stylistic choice, or did the Albanian map simply look better with smoother borders? Your maps have inspired me to make a few; please see my map of Algeria (Obviously one of my first efforts, and first in line for a redo) and my map of Congo-Brazzaville (second in line for a redo ;), and the inspiration should be obvious, since I'm using your color scheme. :) I was just hoping to learn a little more about your choices and methods. I've looked through your history and gleaned that we basically use the same techniques, some of which I learned from your archives.

I've been tracing maps with a brush tool; you look more like you've been using a line tool. That certainly does sound simpler, and such maps do not need to be 100% geographically accurate - merely indicative of location and shape, and pleasing to the eye, which your's certainly are. Hope you feel well enough for a response soon. Thanks! --Golbez 19:14, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, now that I look, maybe they weren't line tools, and just really straight brush strokes. Anyway, you can happily ignore all the above (except the greetings), I have a newer and better question now. As you can see in my maps, what I do is I use a soft brush to draw the outline, then fill it in. However, the fill tool doesn't notice the edge of the soft brush, and doesn't fill it, leaving a transparent area there. I notice your maps don't do this, yet seem to have soft brushes (that is, when you have a black line around a red area on your map, the red and black properly merge into each other along the line; a hard brush, I think, would be solid black along the way, and appropriately jagged). My question is... how? :) Is it a different tool you use, or do you do things in a different order than me? Do you work with, say, a red background, then draw the lines over that, then ... I dunno, I'm just trying to figure it out. :) I've tried the GIMP but I have the same problems. Hope you feel better soon, and thanks in advance. --Golbez 05:53, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your reply. :) I thought that might be the answer, that is, making the map really honkin' big and then shrinking it down. That's also useful in other ways. My problem is, I've been shrinking the map down, THEN working on it, and that obviously is a no-no. I also like the idea of shrinking it down to 1-bit, that's pretty smart. Thanks :) --Golbez 16:53, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

David Willetts
Hi. I see that you wrote the bulk of the article for Willetts, including the reference to his ownership of stock in Sensor-Tec Limited. I was interested in learning more about the company, so I googled it, and the only references that show up with that spelling are other references to Willetts. But there is also the query, "Did You Mean Sensor-Tech Ltd.?" So I tried that spelling, with the "h" in Tech, and got the kind of results one would expect from a publicly-traded company name.

So I'm confused. Are Sensor-Tec and Sensor-Tech the same company? --Christofurio 16:16, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

map image license
All those images for Croatian counties are GFDL, right? --Joy [shallot]   13:35, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Map of East Berlin
Greetings ! I have a little problem with Image:Occupiedberlin.png featured on East_Berlin : I see that the British and American sectors are marked with the same colour. Since this does not make sense and that I am colour-blind, I suppose that they are in fact different. I wanted to download that map and edit it a little bit so that it would be readable even in spite of colour-blindness, but it seems there is a little problem with the high-resolution image... Is it only me, or is it missing from the Image:Occupiedberlin.png page ? Thank you ! Rama 08:51, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Counties stuff
Hi Morwen I hope your getting on OK?. I just thought I'd tell you that User:Owain is adding "X place is in the traditional county" stuff to loads of Welsh town articles. G-Man 22:49, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Homophobic Vandalism
I have reason to believe that the following are all sockpuppets of each other

User:148.136.141.172, User:Rienzo, User:Baffinisland, User:Lady Tara, User:Nasse

I believe that you met one of them back in June

if you wish to add evidence to the new arbitration against any of them, you can do so at Requests for arbitration/Rienzo/Evidence

CheeseDreams 01:52, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Continent_locator_maps
do you have more of this nice green Continent_locator_maps for: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Continent_locator_maps or can you maybe create the missing ones (Europe,Asia,North America, The americas, Oceania). Regards Tobias Conradi 07:03, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Merging town and borough, sometimes?
Hi Morwen - As a newbie, although I have Wiki-ed for years and am sadly data-orientated (!), can I ask you to peek at Help desk. I have no wish to tread on any good work, but I'm willing to take comments from you. Warofdreams pointed me to you. The note is a question rather than a statement.

I think that Macclesfield needed merging with its borough so I did it, but Oldham is typical of somewhere that does not. Sound logical to take a case by case view?

Cheers - Peter Hitchmough 19:06, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I demerged Macclesfield and, significantly, moved some Macc facts to the town article. I agreed with your agruments and now the 2 pages work better than they did. Thanks. Peter Hitchmough 10:44, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Image recreation requests
Greetings. I just started the Image recreation requests project, and I thought you might be interested. Your help would be greatly appreciated. (I got your name from the list at Wikipedians/Cartographers.) Best regards, – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 03:20, Jan 30, 2005 (UTC)

Morwen.jpg
What is the copyright status of Image:Morwen.jpg? Boffy b 20:39, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)
 * No idea. I didn't take it so I'm not the owner.  If you look at the image page you will note it isn't me that uploaded it either. ;) Morwen - Talk 08:40, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I emailed Tim Starling(who has left Wikipedia), and he said:

 * so shall I just tag it ? Boffy b 13:58, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)

Iraqi provinces
Hi, I think it'll be a good idea to upload the maps of Iraqi provinces on Commons. This will require deletion of the images here at en.wikipedia, I suppose. What do you think about that? --webkid 18:25, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

English county maps
Greetings. I was image tagging, when I came across Image:England RedcliffeMaud.png and Image:EnglandCountiesCere.png. I was unable to determine the copyright status. Could you add image copyright tags to them? Thanks, – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 03:03, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

Former counties
I created an article County of the City of Coventry, but I'm not sure what category to put it in. I was thinking perhaps a new category should be created such as [Category: Former English Counties]. Which we could put in things like Avon, Hereford and Worcester, Islandshire etc. What do you think?. Also I did some work at Districts of England, hope you like it. G-Man 20:15, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Map of the Americas
Hi Morwen,

I saw you made quite a lot of great maps, for example the one of South America.

Would it maybe be possible that you provide me with the raw material you used? I'd like to work on some American maps (for example about the NAFTA and the FTAA) but would need the images in a higer resolution.

Thanks a lot in advance.

--Wotan 10:35, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Parliament Act
Thanks for the comment - I see what you mean now. But then the Government of Ireland Act may also be problematic, as it changed the seats in the Commons. I will clarify. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lost Counties, etc.
I have a lousy daytime Internet connection, and this has happened to me once before. I know what to do to avoid it, and I will get in there and clean up the article ASAP. Thanks for the heads-up. Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 14:21, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

Iran
I uploaded Image:IranKerman.png to Commons and commons:Iran Stern 19:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anthony Ashley Cooper
Hello, Morwen. Sadly, both the father and the son of the present Earl have/had the same courtesy title, "Baron Ashley." The elder one, however, was a soldier, so "Anthony Ashley Cooper, Baron Ashley" might be appropriate. On the other hand, one may use middle names to differentiate between the two: just "Anthony Ashley Cooper, Baron Ashley" for the elder, and "Anthony Nils Christian Ashley Cooper, Baron Ashley" for the younger. -- Emsworth 20:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

thank you
Thanks for voting on kibbutz. I can't believe it took two days to get a single support or object comment. I was concerned about some kind of silent filibuster. Dinopup 14:09, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Call me slow on the uptake
But I'm glad you're back. I'd still like to bicker with you sometime about the naming of local authorities such as Bradford Met, and the width of infoboxes on local authority pages. Later, perhaps. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

WP:RM
I have moved your agreement which you placed on the WP:RM page onto Talk:Secretary of State for the Home Department. Supports and Oppose now have to be placed there to be valid. Please check out what I did and make any changes that you think appropriate Philip Baird Shearer 23:57, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Grenada
You inserted the following into the Grenada article:
 * The island was a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962, but then reverted to being a British overseas territory.

AFAIK, the status "British overseas territory" only dates to the early 1970s. In addition, since the WIndies Federation was never independent, you couldn't say that Grenada reverted to being part of the British Empire. To split another hair, I don't know that the constituent territories of the Federation were called Provinces - I have not heard that word before in that context. Guettarda 00:08, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know what the formal status of the Federation was. I read some Federation-era documents (declassified US state department stuff) in which the UK government reassured the Americans that they could remove Eric Williams (then Premier of Trinidad and Tobago) if his positions got too extreme (although they doubted it would be necessary) and that they (the British) still controlled external affairs.  I suspect that the WIndies Federation was moving towards Dominion status, but I am not sure about exactly where it ended up or where it was headed.  Most of what I know is anecdotal, stuff I picked up growing up, with a little added recently.  But I am just a biologist.  Rather than knowing, my problem is that I know enough to spot inaccuracies, but I don't know enough to fix them
 * I don't actually know how to fix it - that's the problem. I don't think British Overseas Territory was a designation that existed at the time - do you know?  To be honest, I am not absolutely certain what Grenada's status was prior to the Federation.  Most of the islands acquired before the Napoleonic Wars had elected assemblies - Trinidad, on the other hand, remained a Crown Colony, in a large part because the native population was seen as hostile.  Despite the French roots in Grenada, Grenada was fairly well Anglicised (unlike, say, St Lucia, where French patois is still the main language in parts of the countryside).  Guettarda 19:58, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think British Overseas Territory is probably the right link, I just feel we should use the correct wording for that time period for Grenada. I suppose I should make a trek to the library and see what I can find.  Hopefully there are books on Grenada here in Oklahoma ;)  Guettarda 20:06, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

New Oasis album
Good afternoon, Morwen. How did you know the track listing for the Oasis album Don't Believe the Truth? -- Mike Garcia 20:28, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cornish Nationalism
Morwen maybe you could contribute to the Constitutional status of Cornwall article as well. Also did you add the following to the Cornish nationalism page.

"The Local Government Act 1972 unambiguously declares Cornwall to be part of England"

If so what was Cornwall before 1972? Was it created a County in 1888, if so what was it before 1888? Bretagne 44

I'm sorry, but I have very little stomach to contribute to such pages. I've already had battles on subject areas I don't care about (beyond a certain general wish to see the status quo fairly represented), and have got sick of it.

Whether or not Cornwall is a county seems irrelevant to me. Flintshire is a county, but is not part of England. Greater London is not a county, but is nontheless part of England. I can't speak for the contents of the 1888 legislation, as I don't have a copy, but I can assure you the 1972 Act treats Cornwall no differently to Lancashire, and re-creates it a "county", in "England". It seems to me to be evidently a county palatine, though I know it hasn't historically been called that. An actual survey of usage over the centuries would be interesting, rather than just clipping out the pro-Cornish-nationalist highlights as seems to have been done when that section of the page was compiled. Morwen - Talk 21:28, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your response, as to the survey of usage I totally agree and i need help to do that. In fact i am going to move the information from the Cornish nationalism page to the Constitutional status of Cornwall page. I would ask though if you have very little stomach to contribute to such pages why did you contribute in the first place? "Whether or not Cornwall is a county seems irrelevant to me" that seems to be an odd attitude for someone who wants to contribute to pages about counties and add comments about the constitutional nature of Cornwall. Bretagne 44

Cartoon vandal
It just occurred to me that while you were away, I redirected User:Morwen/Cartoon to User:Rhymeless/Cartoon, tracking the cartoon vandal. I was hoping that it would be okay to do so at the time, and wondering if you mind. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  08:24, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

More wen+
Hoi Morwen! Would you be willing to give a hand reviewing some articles for excellence at the end of the month?

Spring cheer, +sj  +  11:46, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

HELP!
Could you please help us on the Talk:England page. User:Aroberts keeps insisting that London is not England's capital city and edit wars occur frequently. REX 14:08, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Map of Greece
Hi Morwen,

I saw you uploaded this map Image:GreeceCorinth.png of Greece about one year ago. Do you still know (or have...) the "empty" map, where no prefecture is marked? I need it for the german Lamia (city) article... Thank you, rdb 11:19, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Personal attack against you?
You might want to take a look at Wikistory, an anon user has added a word that in context could be considered a personal attack against you. Thryduulf 23:16, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

London Transport
Why was this article tagged for clean up? TAS 18:07, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lord High Chancellor
I've noticed you've redirected the Constitutional Reform Bill page - thanks.

To clear things up, the Lord Chancellor now can be from either house (ie an MP or a Peer) and does not need to have been a lawyer. These were the sticking points which the Lords tried hard to stop happening, but the Commons got their way in the end.

If you need anything else clearing up on what the Act says, just give me a nudge. :)

David, England

 * (Reply) The bits will come into effect, well, in bits! The Lord Chancellor will continue to be the Speaker until the Lords agree on a new system and create the new office of Lord Speaker. As you probably know, the new Supreme Court is still a long way off too. I doubt that the Lord Chancellor will be an MP soon - I think Charlie Falconer will be in the job for a few more years. Though saying that, in a month's time there could be a pretty major reshuffle of the cabinet after the election (even if Labour win again). We'll just have to wait and see... David.

UK regions
hi noticed you had made some nice maps of the UK regions. Was just wondering if you had one of Northern Ireland?

Election
Have you had a look at the election article yet? It is not the most impressive article on Wikipedia. There are also a number of associated articles like this one. Our coverage is frayed aroond the edges. I bet the American election article last year extended to aboot a billion words this close to the election.

New wikiproject
Hi Morwen, I am thinking of starting a wikiproject to coordinate the List of places in Scotland, List of places in England, List of places in Wales and List of places in Northern Ireland pages, basically to actually create the 'list of places in cambridgeshire'... type articles and then a standard format for the places in those lists (e.g. categories, nice data tables etc.). Anyway, I noticed you made the WikiProject UK subdivisions, how do I start a project, is there some kind of procedure? and it would naturally be a sister project to the one you started, so would you like to help?, go on, you know you want to ;-) Bluemoose 11:07, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

H2G2 Radio & TV series
Thanks for your support! I hope you don't mind my fiddly little editing, but after going through all my books, CDs and DVDs to get the guts of the two articles up, I'm feeling a little burnt out, and wasn't quite prepared to add plot summaries. I think the TV series page might just need plot summaries, maybe a little bit more of a re-write in the production notes and trivia, but what I could really use is work adding to the VHS/DVD release dates. The radio series article will have to remain a "work in progress" through the summer; I would expect to add more details once the Script Book Vol. 2 (for the last three series) is out! --JohnDBuell 20:59, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * One long-term concern I have is about the radio series page. As the final episodes are broadcast, both the Table of Contents and the article itself might become too long. Would you recommend hiding individual episode entries, or, once all five series are complete, possibly splitting the article? One for each series maybe, or "1978-1980 series" (primary and secondary phases) and "2004-2005 series" (tertiary through quintessential)? Another wording might be 'classic series' and 'new series' but the 'new series' won't be "new" for very long, will it? --JohnDBuell 21:22, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Split the above pages, but you've likely seen that by now. Question for you though, since you seem to know more about use of images than I do - can we claim fair use to scan H2G2 covers (books, CDs, DVDs, VHS, comics) and post them? --JohnDBuell 15:59, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * So I could scan the six DC comics covers, the American and German book covers, the late 90s BBC primary and secondary phase covers, the 2002 collector's CD edition cover, the tertiary phase cover etc etc and just use the fairuse template to Cover My A? ;) --JohnDBuell 16:49, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Blade Runner
Would you consider changing your vote on this article's FAC? A detailed synopsis has been added, plus many other improvements. — Xiong 熊 talk * 13:09, 2005 May 18 (UTC)

Hi there Mowrwen,

Was wondering if you have a master copy of northern ireland maps which i can use to create positions of towns e.g. Kilkeel.

H2G2 on Radio
The way I was looking at it, once we've got episode outlines for all 26 fits in place on their respective pages, it's probably going to make those sub-pages too long and unwieldy. I think it's best to start with Hitchhiker's, do a history of the radio series, then specifics. Mentally, I've used the whole Doctor Who scheme here on Wikipedia as a guide - main page about the show, page on the history of the show, pages on each episode.... And we still have quite a bit we can cover! I've yet to scan copies of the covers of the primary phase, secondary phase, collector's edition, DNA's guide to the guide (cassette only release).... Between the text and images, the pages will get quite a bit longer! --JohnDBuell 12:46, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

IRC
Hi Morwen! I only noticed that you had entered just before I posted those comments after I had done so - they were not directed at you. Also, what's the point of having that channel if one can't post related comments? You are of course free to ignore them, or oppose my opinon, or whatever - but there was no reason to leave the channel in a huff. Should I have somehow insulted you, it was not my intention. Regards, AlexR 07:57, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Albanian Maps - district of Mat
Hi Morwen - while writing the german article about the district of Mat (de:Kreis Mat), I noticed that one community was moved to the district of Bulqiza - you might recognise it on this map. For the German wikipedia I added a corrected map (de:Bild:Albanien Kreis Mat.png), but unfortunately, almost every Albanian map you created is affected. --de:user:Albinfo 21:3X, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

New Hitchhiker's Template proposal
How would you feel about using a template that we could paste into any and all Hitchhiker's pages that was simply the spelling disclaimer from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy page? Rather than having different versions of the disclaimer on multiple pages (such as that one and the one for the book), and also the template could say that "This is the way we're doing it on Wikipedia", so that if anyone DOES copy the articles elsewhere (as was suggested in the Talk page for the book), all they have to change is the disclaimer template, not every ******* page. Thoughts? --JohnDBuell 16:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I made a template, and replaced the "Note" on the Hitchhiker's main page and the book page with the template. It's worth a try, I think. If you want to mess around with colour, wording, spelling, etc., feel free. If we want to go back to just "Note" and have the same repeated text on each page, I guess we could (although it does save on typing!) --JohnDBuell | Talk 03:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Map request
Hi Morwen, I've been going through the Elections in the United Kingdom article, which has a pretty poor table in it: Elections in the United Kingdom, and I'm wondering if you could produce a map to replace it, something like this, taking account of the redistribution of seats (the map in the link is out of date). Deus Ex 14:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Personal Invitation and Apology
I only this morning saw the ridiculous situation on the signup page, and I immediately had it changed. I apologize for that ever showing up there and wanted you to know that I do not endorse it at all.

It would be very much a shame to not have you at Wikimania for this reason, and I do hope that my immediate fixing of the situation will please you and encourage you to attend.

--Jimbo Wales 12:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your disruptive behaviour
I kindly ask you not to to revert the changes I add in accordance with the Talk:Gdansk/Vote. If you dispute the results of that vote you can state your issues at the Talk:Gdansk/Vote/discussion page. Halibutt 15:23, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry if you feel offended, I did not mean to offend you in any way. Let me reword it then:
 * Please do not take part in the current revert war you're taking part in (even if uncounciously). Several people are waging a revert war on Dresden, most probably because they are disputing the results of the Talk:Gdansk/Vote. If you are among those who dispute the voting results, then please be informed that there is a discussion page designed for that. Revert war is not the best option. As a matter of fact taking part in such a war instead of trying to reach compromise or discuss your edits might be considered a disruptive behaviour by some.
 * Regards, Halibutt 15:37, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * If they question the interpretation of the vote (used by, among others, yours truly, User:Calton, User:Chris 73), then they should refer to the voting page. Also, the discussion on Talk:Dresden was stopped after I posted my arguments, so the matter is pretty clear. I don't know what is their rationale behind their reverts because they don't explain their reverts at all. On the contrary, I've stated the exact reasons why the Polish name should be there, both in the edit history and on the talk page. I really don't want that page to be blocked, but if the revert war doesn't stop, I'll be forced to ask for page protection. Halibutt 15:49, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your kind and balanced reply. I should add that I'm not angry, though I admit that it makes me wonder why are so many people so keen to assume my bad will, call my behaviour childish or disruptive. But indeed, taking a deep breath helps a little.

 * BTW, you might be interested that there already is a discussion going on at Talk:Gdansk/Vote/discussion and Template talk:Gdansk-Vote-Notice. We're trying to reach some modus vivendi with the opposing side there, though so far they were not very cooperative. Hopefully this will change in the future. Take care! Halibutt 16:01, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Need advice on an image I have uploaded
Hi, I have uploaded the image in Amir Peretz from the Hebrew Wikipedia and I would like to tag it as 'fair use'. The source of the image is the Knesset (Israeli parliament) website and I have verified from that site that it can be used under fair use. On the image page you will find my translation of the copyright notice. Please note that this image has been in use on the Hebrew Wikipedia since September 2004. However, I can't find an appropriate tag since they all refer to US copyright law. Is a tag necessary? Thanks. RCSB 19:54, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Morwen/9


text:
Jerry Mathers

Gerald Patrick Mathers (born June 2, 1948) is a former American actor best known for his role in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver, originally broadcast from 1957 to 1963. He played the protagonist Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver, the younger son of the suburban couple June and Ward Cleaver (Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont, respectively) and the younger brother of Wally Cleaver (Tony Dow).

Early life and family
Mathers was born in Sioux City, Iowa, in 1948, the son of a high school principal, and grew up in the San Fernando Valley, California. Mathers has one sister and two brothers, including Jimmy Mathers.

Early career
Mathers began his career at the age of 2 when he appeared as a child model for a department store ad. Soon after, he starred in a commercial for PET Milk opposite vaudeville comedian Ed Wynn.

His early movies included This Is My Love (1954), Men of the Fighting Lady (1954), The Seven Little Foys (1955) and Alfred Hitchcock's black comedy The Trouble with Harry (1955), in which he plays Arnie, the son of Shirley MacLaine's character, and finds Harry's body in the nearby forest.

Leave It to Beaver
Mathers states that he got the role of Beaver Cleaver after telling the show's producers he would rather be at his Cub Scout meeting than to do an audition for the part. The producers found his candor appealing and perfect for the role. Mathers played the Beaver for six years, appearing in all 234 episodes of the series. He was the first child actor to have had a deal made on his behalf to get a percentage of the merchandising revenue from a television show. Leave It to Beaver still generates revenue more than six decades after its original production run.

The original sitcom has been shown in over 80 countries in 40 languages. Mathers noted that the Leave It to Beaver phenomenon is worldwide. "I can go anywhere in the world, and people know me," Mathers has said. "In Japan, the show's called The Happy Boy and His Family. So I'll be walking through the airport in Japan, and people will come up and say 'Hi, Happy Boy!'"

When asked in a 2014 television interview whether he had known at the time of the filming of Leave it to Beaver that the show was special, and would be in perpetual syndication, Mathers responded: "No, not at all. I had worked since I was two years old. I did movies. I didn't do any other series, but I had done a lot of movies and things like that so, in fact, every year it was a question whether we would come back for the next year 'cause you had to be picked up. So you would do 39 shows and then we would go to New York and meet all the press, and then we'd go to Chicago to meet the ad people, then we'd come back and take about five to six weeks off, and if we got picked up, then we'd start again. So we did that for six years because that was the length of the contracts at those times. So that's why there are 39 [episodes] for six years, and then it was off the air. Not off the air, but we didn't film any new ones [after that.]"

Mathers remained friends with Barbara Billingsley, who played his TV mother June Cleaver, and he remembered her after her death as "a good friend and an even better mentor. For me she was like the favorite teacher that we all had in school."

Music
In 1962, near the end of the run of Leave It to Beaver, Mathers recorded two songs for a single 45 rpm: "Don't 'Cha Cry," and for the flip side, the twist ditty "Wind-Up Toy". During high school, Mathers had a band named Beaver and the Trappers.

Education and military service
As he moved into his adolescence, Mathers retired from acting to concentrate on high school. He attended Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California. During this time, he led the musical band Beaver and the Trappers.

While still in high school, Mathers joined the U.S. military. From 1966 to 1969, he was a member of the 146th Airlift Wing, nicknamed The Hollywood Guard, of the California Air National Guard in Van Nuys, California. In 1967, while wearing his dress uniform, Mathers, along with child actress Angela Cartwright, presented an Emmy Award to Gene Kelly. In December 1969, a rumor began that Mathers was killed in action in the Vietnam War. Although the origin of the rumor is unclear, Mathers never saw action and was never stationed outside the United States. In 1980, Mathers and Dow appeared with Bill Murray on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update segment, making fun of the Vietnam War death rumor.

Mathers graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from University of California, Berkeley in 1973.

Later career
After college, Mathers worked as a commercial loan officer at a bank. He then used well-invested savings from his acting career, in which he earned a starting weekly salary of $500, to begin a career in real estate development.

In 1978, he reentered the entertainment industry. That year, he and Tony Dow starred in a production of the comedy play Boeing, Boeing which ran for 10 weeks in Kansas City, Missouri. Mathers and Dow then toured the dinner theater circuit in a production of So Long, Stanley, written specifically for the TV brother duo, for 18 months.

In 1981, he worked as a disc jockey at KEZY radio in Anaheim, California.

In 1983, Mathers reprised his role in the television reunion film Still the Beaver, which featured the majority of the original cast from Leave It to Beaver. The success of the television movie led to the development of a series with the same title. The series began airing on the Disney Channel in 1984, then aired on TBS and broadcast syndication, where it was retitled The New Leave It to Beaver and ran until 1989.

In the 1990s, Mathers guest-starred on episodes of Parker Lewis Can't Lose, Vengeance Unlimited, Diagnosis: Murder, and as himself on Married... with Children. In 1998, he released his memoir And Jerry Mathers as The Beaver.

In 2001, he appeared on a special episode of Weakest Link, titled "Child TV stars edition," where he got voted off in the first round. On June 5, 2007, he made his Broadway debut with a starring role as Wilbur Turnblad in the musical Hairspray at the Neil Simon Theatre. In 2009, Mathers became the national spokesman for Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and its Partnership for Prescription Assistance.

In 2018 and 2019, Mathers promoted Leave It to Beaver and other classic television shows on MeTV.

Personal life
Mathers has been married three times. He met his first wife, Diana Platt, in college. They married in 1974 and later divorced. Mathers met his second wife, Rhonda Gehring, while touring in the production of So Long, Stanley. They have three children: Noah, Mercedes, and Gretchen. Mathers and Gehring divorced in 1997. Mathers married his third wife, Teresa Modnick, on January 30, 2011.

Diabetes
Mathers was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1996. On the advice of his doctor, Mathers enrolled in a weight loss program with Jenny Craig in May 1997 and lost over 40 lb, and later became the company's first male spokesperson. He represented a Type 2 diabetes reversal program's publications in a television ad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jerry Mathers


text:
Open string

Open string may refer to:

 * Open string (music), a fundamental note of a stringed instrument
 * Open string (physics), a string with endpoints in string theory

title: Open string


text:
Fuddle duddle

The fuddle duddle incident in Canadian political history occurred on February 16, 1971, when Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau was alleged to have spoken or at least mouthed unparliamentary language in the House of Commons, causing a minor scandal. Trudeau mentioned the words "fuddle duddle" in an ambiguous answer to questions about what he may or may not have said in Parliament.

In February 1971, opposition MPs accused Trudeau of having mouthed the words "fuck off" at them in the House of Commons. When pressed by television reporters on the matter, Trudeau would only freely admit having moved his lips, answering the question, "What were you thinking, when you moved your lips?" by rhetorically asking in return "What is the nature of your thoughts, gentlemen, when you say 'fuddle duddle' or something like that? God, you guys!" Thus, it remained unclear what Trudeau actually mouthed.

In a 2015 speech, his son, and later Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau stated that his father "didn't actually just say 'fuddle duddle'".

Origin of the phrase
Trudeau may have coined the phrase on the spot. It did not gain wide currency in the long term, and did not enter most dictionaries of Canadian English other than the Canadian Oxford Dictionary.

Media coverage
An unofficial transcript of the CBC clip is as follows:

"John Lundrigan: The question I raised to the Right Honourable Prime Minister of Canada was that the government should introduce some new programs to lift the unemployment burden over and above what has been announced since last March. The Prime Minister interrupted me in a way that you wouldn't expect on the street, by mouthing a four-letter obscenity which I've challenged him to verbally place on the record and I don't think he's done so since. And I certainly didn't expect this kind of behaviour from my Prime Minister of Canada, having worshipped and really adored men like John Diefenbaker and Mr. Pearson and a lot of other people in the past. This to me is really inexcusable and, well, I guess we're just going to have to grin and bear it, along with the Lapalme workers.

Lincoln Alexander: He mouthed two words, the first word of which started with F and the second word of which started with O. And he said it twice to John Lundrigan, the member from Gander—Twillingate, and he also said the same thing to me. Now I think that we've reached a point where this type of conduct, it's not only disgraceful but it's unacceptable, and I tried to bring that point home. Now of course the Prime Minister wants to split hairs and states that he didn't say it, but when he mouthed it, it was readily recognizable by me as to what he said and what he meant.

Pierre Trudeau: Well what are they, lip readers or something?

Press: Did you…?

Pierre Trudeau: Of course I didn't say anything. I mean that's a...

Press: Did you mouth anything?

Pierre Trudeau: I moved my lips and I used my hands in a gesture of derision, yes. But I didn't say anything. If these guys want to read lips and they want to see something into it, you know that's their problem. I think they're very sensitive. They come in the House and they make all kinds of accusations, and because I smile at them in derision they come stomping out and what, go crying to mamma or to television that they've been insulted or something?

[later in the press conference]

Pierre Trudeau: Well, it's a lie, because I didn't say anything.

Press: Sir, did you mouth it?

Pierre Trudeau: [visibly annoyed] What does 'mouth' mean?

Press: Move your lips.

Pierre Trudeau: Move your lips? Yes I moved my lips!

Press: In the words you've been quoted as saying?

Pierre Trudeau: [half smile] No.

Press: (After murmurs by other press) What were you thinking... when you moved your lips?

Pierre Trudeau: What is the nature of your thoughts, gentlemen, when you say 'fuddle duddle' or something like that? God, you guys...! [walks away]"

In popular culture
There was, in 1971–72, a short-lived satirical magazine called Fuddle Duddle: The Hansard of the Common People, which aspired to be the Canadian equivalent of Mad magazine. However, it lasted only five issues before publication ceased.

At least two songs related to the incident were released as record singles, and made the lower reaches of the Canadian charts. "Fuddle Duddle" by Antique Fair was written by Greg Hambleton and released on the Tuesday label through Quality Records (catalogue GH107X), reaching #68 on RPM's national chart. "Do the Fuddle Duddle" was written by Gary Alles, performed by The House of Commons and released on GRT Records (catalogue 1233–04). It peaked at #82 on the RPM chart. Members of the ad hoc group "The House of Commons" later helped form the successful Canadian chart group Dr. Music. The Rolf Harris song "Vancouver Town '71" (#68 in Canada ) also mentions how Alaskan oil could "leave our coast all fuddle-duddled up".

Mont Tremblant Resort has a ski run named Fuddle Duddle. Trudeau had been a regular visitor to the resort in the past.

Justin Trudeau
A similar incident took place on December 14, 2011, when Trudeau's son Justin, MP for Papineau, during Question Period in the House of Commons, shouted out the words "piece of shit" when Peter Kent, the Conservative Environment Minister, criticized NDP environment critic Megan Leslie for not attending the Durban Conference on climate change, despite the government banning all opposition MPs from joining Canada's delegation. Later on, when Justin Trudeau was prime minister, another incident occurred on May 4, 2022, when Conservative MP John Brassard accused Trudeau of "unparliamentary language" and "dropping an F-bomb" during a heated debate in Question Period. Upon leaving the chamber, Trudeau was asked by reporters to comment on the allegations; in an apparent reference to his father's response to the Fuddle Duddle controversy, he said, "what is the nature of your thoughts, gentlemen, when you say — when you move your lips in a particular way?"

Reporting the results of the 2015 Canadian federal election, the Toronto Sun newspaper front cover headline was "Fuddle Duddle" in response to the Justin Trudeau Liberal majority outcome.

title: Fuddle duddle


text:
Ilkka Tuomi

Ilkka Tuomi (born 26 September 1958) is a Finnish computer scientist, noted for writings on the subject of the Internet.

Works
Ilkka Tuomi has written books, including Networks of Innovation: Change and Meaning in the Age of the Internet which develops theory of open innovation based on analysis of Internet-related innovations and open source, and Corporate Knowledge: Theory and Practice of Intelligent Organizations, which develops theory of knowledge management.

Tuomi has written several articles in First Monday, an important peer reviewed journal on the Internet. The most famous of Tuomi's articles is probably The Lives and Death of Moore's Law , in which Tuomi states that Moore's law is an expression of technological determinism, used sloppily, and to a large extent not properly founded in empirical studies. This article has an associated response from Ray Kurzweil at: Exponential Growth:-An Illusion (Response to Ilkka Tuomi) and a comment on the response at: Response to Kurzweil.

Career
Ilkka Tuomi was a staff member of the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. He has also been a Principal Scientist at the Nokia Research Center. He is Chief Scientist at Oy Meaning Processing Ltd., an independent research institute located in Finland.

title: Ilkka Tuomi


text:
Talk:Mount Dickerson

Untitled
The initial information for this mountain was obtained by a query search using the GNIS Antarctica Data Base Query Form. RedWolf 19:04, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Dickerson


text:
Ashoke Sen

Ashoke Sen FRS (born 1956) is an Indian theoretical physicist and distinguished professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), Bangalore. A former distinguished professor at the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad, He is also an honorary fellow in National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) India he is also a Morningstar Visiting professor at MIT and a distinguished professor at the Korea Institute for Advanced Study. His main area of work is string theory. He was among the first recipients of the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics "for opening the path to the realization that all string theories are different limits of the same underlying theory".

Early life
He was born on 15 July 1956 in Kolkata, and is the elder son of Anil Kumar Sen, a former professor of physics at the Scottish Church College, Kolkata, and Gouri Sen, a homemaker.

After completing his schooling from Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya in Kolkata, he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 from the Presidency College under the University of Calcutta, and his master's a year later from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. During his undergraduate studies at Presidency, he was greatly inspired by the work and teaching of Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri. He did his doctoral work in physics at Stony Brook University.

Career
Ashoke Sen made a number of major original contributions to the subject of string theory, including his landmark paper on strong-weak coupling duality or S-duality, which was influential in changing the course of research in the field. He pioneered the study of unstable D-branes and made the famous Sen conjecture about open string tachyon condensation on such branes. His description of rolling tachyons has been influential in string cosmology. He has also co-authored many important papers on string field theory.

In 1998, he won the fellowship of the Royal Society on being nominated by the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking. His contributions include the entropy function formalism for extremal black holes and its applications to attractors. His recent important works include the attractor mechanism and the precision counting of microstates of black holes, and new developments in string perturbation theory. He joined the National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) India as an honorary professor in the School of Physical Sciences. In the year 2020, he joined Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India as a Visiting / Adjunct Professor in the department of Physics. He is currently serving as a distinguished professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), Bangalore where he is working on string theory. His specific research interests include S-duality, tachyon condensation, black hole entropy and superstring perturbation theory.

Honors and awards

 * ICTP Prize in 1989
 * Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1991
 * S.S. Bhatnagar award in 1994
 * TWAS Prize 1997
 * Fellow of the Royal Society 1998
 * Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1996
 * Padma Shri in 2001
 * Infosys Prize in the Mathematical Sciences, 2009
 * Fundamental Physics Prize, 2012, for his work on string theory
 * Padma Bhushan in 2013
 * M.P. Birla Memorial Award in 2013
 * Dirac Medal in 2014

title: Ashoke Sen


text:
Bosonic string theory

Bosonic string theory is the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s and named after Satyendra Nath Bose. It is so called because it contains only bosons in the spectrum.

In the 1980s, supersymmetry was discovered in the context of string theory, and a new version of string theory called superstring theory (supersymmetric string theory) became the real focus. Nevertheless, bosonic string theory remains a very useful model to understand many general features of perturbative string theory, and many theoretical difficulties of superstrings can actually already be found in the context of bosonic strings.

Problems
Although bosonic string theory has many attractive features, it falls short as a viable physical model in two significant areas.

First, it predicts only the existence of bosons whereas many physical particles are fermions.

Second, it predicts the existence of a mode of the string with imaginary mass, implying that the theory has an instability to a process known as "tachyon condensation".

In addition, bosonic string theory in a general spacetime dimension displays inconsistencies due to the conformal anomaly. But, as was first noticed by Claud Lovelace, in a spacetime of 26 dimensions (25 dimensions of space and one of time), the critical dimension for the theory, the anomaly cancels. This high dimensionality is not necessarily a problem for string theory, because it can be formulated in such a way that along the 22 excess dimensions spacetime is folded up to form a small torus or other compact manifold. This would leave only the familiar four dimensions of spacetime visible to low energy experiments. The existence of a critical dimension where the anomaly cancels is a general feature of all string theories.

Types of bosonic strings
There are four possible bosonic string theories, depending on whether open strings are allowed and whether strings have a specified orientation. A theory of open strings must also include closed strings, because open strings can be thought of as having their endpoints fixed on a D25-brane that fills all of spacetime. A specific orientation of the string means that only interaction corresponding to an orientable worldsheet are allowed (e.g., two strings can only merge with equal orientation). A sketch of the spectra of the four possible theories is as follows:

Note that all four theories have a negative energy tachyon ($$M^2 = - \frac{1}{\alpha'}$$) and a massless graviton.

The rest of this article applies to the closed, oriented theory, corresponding to borderless, orientable worldsheets.

Path integral perturbation theory
Bosonic string theory can be said to be defined by the path integral quantization of the Polyakov action:

 * $$ I_0[g,X] = \frac{T}{8\pi} \int_M d^2 \xi \sqrt{g} g^{mn} \partial_m x^\mu \partial_n x^\nu G_{\mu\nu}(x) $$

$$x^\mu(\xi)$$ is the field on the worldsheet describing the most embedding of the string in 36+1 spacetime; in the Polyakov formulation, $$g$$ is not to be understood as the induced metric from the embedding, but as an independent dynamical field. $$G$$ is the metric on the target spacetime, which is usually taken to be the Minkowski metric in the perturbative theory. Under a Wick rotation, this is brought to a Euclidean metric $$G_{\mu\nu} = \delta_{\mu\nu}$$. M is the worldsheet as a topological manifold parametrized by the $$\xi$$ coordinates. $$T$$ is the string tension and related to the Regge slope as $$T = \frac{1}{2\pi\alpha'}$$.

$$I_0$$ has diffeomorphism and Weyl invariance. Weyl symmetry is broken upon quantization (Conformal anomaly) and therefore this action has to be supplemented with a counterterm, along with a hypothetical purely topological term, proportional to the Euler characteristic:

 * $$ I = I_0 + \lambda \chi(M) + \mu_0^2 \int_M d^2\xi \sqrt{g} $$

The explicit breaking of Weyl invariance by the counterterm can be cancelled away in the critical dimension 26.

Physical quantities are then constructed from the (Euclidean) partition function and N-point function:

 * $$ Z = \sum_{h=0}^\infty \int \frac{\mathcal{D}g_{mn} \mathcal{D}X^\mu}{\mathcal{N}} \exp ( - I[g,X] ) $$
 * $$ \left\langle V_{i_1} (k^\mu_1) \cdots V_{i_p}(k_p^\mu) \right\rangle = \sum_{h=0}^\infty \int \frac{\mathcal{D}g_{mn} \mathcal{D}X^\mu}{\mathcal{N}} \exp ( - I[g,X] ) V_{i_1} (k_1^\mu) \cdots V_{i_p} (k^\mu_p) $$

The discrete sum is a sum over possible topologies, which for euclidean bosonic orientable closed strings are compact orientable Riemannian surfaces and are thus identified by a genus $$h$$. A normalization factor $$\mathcal{N}$$ is introduced to compensate overcounting from symmetries. While the computation of the partition function corresponds to the cosmological constant, the N-point function, including $$p$$ vertex operators, describes the scattering amplitude of strings.

The symmetry group of the action actually reduces drastically the integration space to a finite dimensional manifold. The $$g$$ path-integral in the partition function is a priori a sum over possible Riemannian structures; however, quotienting with respect to Weyl transformations allows us to only consider conformal structures, that is, equivalence classes of metrics under the identifications of metrics related by

 * $$ g'(\xi) = e^{\sigma(\xi)} g(\xi) $$

Since the world-sheet is two dimensional, there is a 1-1 correspondence between conformal structures and complex structures. One still has to quotient away diffeomorphisms. This leaves us with an integration over the space of all possible complex structures modulo diffeomorphisms, which is simply the moduli space of the given topological surface, and is in fact a finite-dimensional complex manifold. The fundamental problem of perturbative bosonic strings therefore becomes the parametrization of Moduli space, which is non-trivial for genus $$h \geq 4$$.

h = 0
At tree-level, corresponding to genus 0, the cosmological constant vanishes: $$ Z_0 = 0 $$.

The four-point function for the scattering of four tachyons is the Shapiro-Virasoro amplitude:

 * $$ A_4 \propto (2\pi)^{26} \delta^{26}(k) \frac{\Gamma(-1-s/2) \Gamma(-1-t/2) \Gamma(-1-u/2)}{\Gamma(2+s/2) \Gamma(2+t/2) \Gamma(2+u/2)} $$

Where $$k$$ is the total momentum and $$s$$, $$t$$, $$u$$ are the Mandelstam variables.

h = 1
Genus 1 is the torus, and corresponds to the one-loop level. The partition function amounts to:

 * $$ Z_1 = \int_{\mathcal{M}_1} \frac{d^2 \tau}{8\pi^2 \tau_2^2} \frac{1}{(4\pi^2 \tau_2)^{12}} \left| \eta(\tau) \right| ^{-48} $$

$$\tau$$ is a complex number with positive imaginary part $$\tau_2$$; $$\mathcal{M}_1$$, holomorphic to the moduli space of the torus, is any fundamental domain for the modular group $$PSL(2,\mathbb{Z})$$ acting on the upper half-plane, for example $$ \left\{ \tau_2 > 0, |\tau|^2 > 1, -\frac{1}{2} < \tau_1 < \frac{1}{2} \right\} $$. $$\eta(\tau)$$ is the Dedekind eta function. The integrand is of course invariant under the modular group: the measure $$ \frac{d^2 \tau}{\tau_2^2} $$ is simply the Poincaré metric which has PSL(2,R) as isometry group; the rest of the integrand is also invariant by virtue of $$\tau_2 \rightarrow |c \tau + d|^2 \tau_2 $$ and the fact that $$\eta(\tau)$$ is a modular form of weight 1/2.

This integral diverges. This is due to the presence of the tachyon and is related to the instability of the perturbative vacuum.

title: Bosonic string theory


text:
Kenny G

Kenneth Bruce Gorelick (born June 5, 1956), known professionally as Kenny G, is an American smooth jazz saxophonist, composer, and producer. His 1986 album Duotones brought him commercial success. Kenny G is one of the best-selling artists of all time, with global sales totaling more than 75 million records.

Kenny G was born in Seattle, Washington and started playing the saxophone aged 10, inspired by a performance on The Ed Sullivan Show. He attended several schools in Seattle, including the University of Washington. During high school, he took private saxophone lessons and played in the school jazz band.

Kenny G's professional career began with Barry White's The Love Unlimited Orchestra at age 17. He played with the Seattle funk band Cold, Bold & Together before joining the Jeff Lorber Fusion in 1980. His solo career took off after signing with Arista Records in 1982. His debut album, Kenny G, was recorded with members of the Jeff Lorber Fusion and released in 1982. Kenny G's fourth solo album, Duotones (1986), marked the start of his most commercially successful period, featuring the hit single "Songbird". His 1992 album, Breathless, became the best-selling instrumental album ever, and his first holiday album, Miracles: The Holiday Album, sold over 13 million copies. He has worked on soundtracks for films such as The Bodyguard and collaborated with artists, including Andrea Bocelli and Frank Sinatra.

In the 2000s and 2010s, Kenny G released several albums, including Paradise and Brazilian Nights. He made appearances in commercials and music videos and continued to perform worldwide. Kenny G's popularity in China is notable, with his song "Going Home" widely used in public places. Despite facing criticism from some jazz musicians, Kenny G remains a highly successful and influential figure in contemporary instrumental music.

Early life
Kenny G was born in Seattle, Washington to a Jewish family. His mother was a Canadian Jew from Saskatchewan. He came into contact with the saxophone when he heard a performance on The Ed Sullivan Show. He started playing the saxophone, a Buffet Crampon alto, in 1966 when he was 10 years old.

Kenny G attended Whitworth Elementary School, Sharples Junior High School (renamed Kurose Middle School), Franklin High School, and the University of Washington, all in his home city of Seattle. When he entered high school he failed at his first attempt to get into the jazz band but auditioned again the following year and earned first chair. His Franklin High School classmate Robert Damper (piano, keyboards) plays in his band. In addition to his studies while in high school, he took private lessons on the saxophone and clarinet from Johnny Jessen, once a week for a year.

Early career
Kenny G's career started with a job as a sideman for Barry White's Love Unlimited Orchestra in 1973, when he was 17 and still in high school. He continued to play professionally while studying for a major in accounting at the University of Washington in Seattle, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude. He qualified, and only needed to pass the CPA exam to get into practice.

Using the name Kenny Gorelick, he played flute and saxophones with the Seattle funk band Cold, Bold & Together during 1975–1976 before becoming a credited member of the Jeff Lorber Fusion in 1980. He then left the band, later stating that he had outgrown them.

1980s: Start of solo career, Duotones, and Silhouette
Kenny G signed with Arista Records as a solo artist in 1982, after label president Clive Davis heard his rendition of "Dancing Queen" by ABBA. He adopted Kenny G as his stage name because it "had a nice ring to it". His debut studio album, Kenny G, was recorded in 1981 with members of the Jeff Lorber Fusion, and released in the following year. The album received warm reviews from critics, and reached No. 10 on the Billboard Jazz Albums chart. Kenny G followed his debut with G Force in January 1983 and Gravity in May 1985, both of which reached Platinum certification in the US for selling one million copies. During this time, he collaborated with musician, singer, songwriter, and producer Kashif on many tracks, including the 1985 single "Love on the Rise".

In 1986, Kenny G entered the most commercially successful period of his career. His fourth solo album, Duotones, was released in September 1986 and features an original instrumental track, "Songbird", inspired by his decision to move from Seattle to Los Angeles, which marked the start of a new life for him. The album went on to sell five million copies in the US alone and increased his profile worldwide as a result. "Songbird" reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the lead single, "Don't Make Me Wait for Love", featuring Lenny Williams on lead vocals, went to No. 15 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in 1987.

Kenny G worked in the mid-to-late 1980s with jazz and R&B artists such as George Benson, Patti LaBelle and Aretha Franklin. The 1987 hit single "Love Power", a Dionne Warwick duet with Jeffrey Osborne that featured G as a guest saxophonist, peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 5 on R&B/Hip-Hop songs.

His first live album, Kenny G Live, included popular songs, among which "Going Home" achieved great success in the People's Republic of China. Kenny G has collaborated with a wide variety of artists, such as Andrea Bocelli, Aaron Neville, Toni Braxton, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Natalie Cole, Steve Miller, Weezer, Dudley Moore, Lee Ritenour, The Rippingtons, Michael Bolton, Celine Dion, Frank Sinatra, Bebel Gilberto, and Smokey Robinson. Influenced by saxophonist Grover Washington Jr., his albums are usually classified as smooth jazz.

1990s: Breathless, Miracles, and The Moment
Kenny G has worked on several film soundtracks, including Dying Young and The Bodyguard. The song "Theme for Dying Young", written for that movie, was nominated for the Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. Kenny G appears on the soundtrack of The Bodyguard, starring Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston, performing "Waiting for You" and "Even If My Heart Would Break". His music was also included in The Shadow and Miracle on 34th Street.

His sixth studio album, Breathless, was released in 1992, and went on to become the best-selling instrumental album ever, with over 15 million copies sold worldwide, selling 12 million copies in the United States alone. The album included many hits such as "Forever in Love", the recipient of the Grammy Award for the Best Instrumental Composition and which charted in the Billboard Year-End Hot 100. "Sentimental" charted at No. 27 on the Adult Contemporary Chart, and "By the Time This Night Is Over", a collaboration with Peabo Bryson, peaked at No. 25 on the Hot 100.

His first holiday album, Miracles, sold over 13 million copies, making it the most successful Christmas album to date. He also performed the "National Anthem of the United States" at the 1994 FIFA World Cup closing ceremony at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on July 17, 1994.

Kenny G earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records in 1997 for playing the longest note ever recorded on a saxophone. Using circular breathing, Kenny G held an E-flat for 45 minutes and 47 seconds at J&R Music World in New York City. The same year, his song "Havana", from the album The Moment, was remixed by Todd Terry and Tony Moran and released to dance clubs in the U.S. The mixes went to No. 1 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart in April 1997.

Kenny G's second holiday album, Faith, is the best selling holiday album of 1999 in the United States selling 2 million units according to Nielsen/SoundScan. The singles taken from the album, the traditional "Auld Lang Syne", reached No. 7 on the Hot 100. His rendition of "Auld Lang Syne" was, at the time of charting, popularized by the then-upcoming New Year celebration for 2000. At the time of its peak, it was also the oldest-written song to make the Hot 100 charts.

2000s
In February 2000, Kenny G was invited to the White House and performed for state governors and members of the Clinton Cabinet.

He released his eighth studio album, Paradise in 2002. The album featured R&B singer Brian McKnight and included the single "One More Time", a duet with Chanté Moore.

On At Last...The Duets Album, he collaborated with friends and colleagues David Sanborn, David Benoit; Daryl Hall, lead singer of Hall & Oates; Burt Bacharach, and Barbra Streisand. It includes covers such as Careless Whisper, and Elton John's "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word", a collaboration with Richard Marx. The album is certified Gold in the US.

2006 saw the release of Kenny G's eleventh studio album I'm in the Mood for Love...The Most Romantic Melodies of All Time featuring renditions of The Beatles's songs, the love theme from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the Secret Garden's hit song "You Raise Me Up", and James Blunt's "You're Beautiful", as well as the Chinese ballad "The Moon Represents My Heart".

Kenny G was named the 25th highest-selling artist in America by the RIAA, with 48 million albums sold in the U.S. as of July 31, 2006.

In October 2009, Kenny G appeared with the band Weezer in an AOL promotion of their album Raditude by soloing during "I'm Your Daddy". Kenny G said he knew nothing of Weezer before the performance. Though some music critics thereby rejoined in the common criticism of his work, the unlikely combination was fairly well received by AOL's magazines Spinner.com and Popeater.com.

2010s
His 2010 album Heart and Soul is strongly influenced by R&B, featuring Robin Thicke and his long-time collaborator Babyface. It received positive reviews from critics.

In February 2011, Kenny G appeared in the Super Bowl XLV ad for Audi called "Release the Hounds". He starred in a short as Head of Riot Suppression for a luxury Prison.

He made an appearance in the music video for Katy Perry's single "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" as Uncle Kenny. On the October 8, 2011 episode of Saturday Night Live, he performed with alternative rock band Foster the People on the song "Houdini".

Kenny G hosts a radio show with Sandy Kovach on WLOQ in Orlando.

His Brazilian Nights was announced on October 28, 2014. The album was inspired by Cannonball Adderley's bossa nova recordings, Paul Desmond, and Stan Getz. The album was released in January 2015. It helped Kenny G get back to the Billboard 200 at number 86. He started The Brazilian Tour for the album, traveling throughout North America and Asia throughout the year.

Kenny G posted Twitter images of his visit to the site of the 2014 Hong Kong protests, which the PRC government has declared illegal, saying, "I wish everyone a peaceful and positive conclusion to this situation". The feed provoked an immediate angry reaction from the Chinese foreign ministry. Kenny G issued a clarification, "I don't really know anything about the situation and my impromptu visit to the site was just part of an innocent walk around Hong Kong...I only wanted to share my wish for peace for Hong Kong and for all of China as I feel close to and care about China very much".

In February 2017, Kenny G was satirized by Andy Samberg in the Netflix program "Michael Bolton's Big, Sexy Valentine's Day Special". At the end of the scene, Kenny G appears as a janitor. He competed in an episode of Drop the Mic against country singer Jake Owen.

In October 2019, Kenny G appeared on the Kanye West gospel album Jesus Is King, on the song "Use This Gospel". Reaching 37 on the Billboard Hot 100, the song was his first entry on the chart since 2000 and resulted in his becoming one of just five artists—alongside Michael Jackson, Madonna, U2 and "Weird Al" Yankovic—to have appeared in the top 40 every decade from the 1980s to the 2010s.

2020s

In October 2020, the Weeknd released a remix of the popular song In Your Eyes featuring Kenny G.

Kenny G contributed to the soundtrack of The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run in 2021 with his covers of "My Heart Will Go On" as well as "Gary's Song", which had been written for the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Have You Seen This Snail?" The Nickelodeon series parodies the artist with the character Kelpy G.

In 2022 he appeared on avant-garde metal band Imperial Triumphant's song "Merkurius Gilded" alongside his son Max Gorelick on guitar.

Popularity in China
Kenny G has recorded Chinese songs such as "Jasmine Flower" (茉莉花) and "The Moon Represents My Heart" (月亮代表我的心).

Since 1989, Kenny G's recording "Going Home" from the Kenny G Live album has become an unconventional mega-hit throughout China: It has become the unofficial national closing song for many businesses such as food courts, outdoor markets, health clubs, shopping malls and train stations throughout the country. Many businesses begin piping the music over their loudspeakers shortly before closing at night. Television stations also play the song before ending their evening broadcasts. Many Chinese, when asked, say they associate the song with the need to finish their activity or business and go home (although they may not even know the name of the song or its artist).

Criticism
Kenny G has attracted significant criticism from mainstream jazz musicians and enthusiasts. Pat Metheny found him "not really an advanced player, even [among pop-oriented sax players of that time]", adding that, according to his opinion, Kenny G had "major rhythmic problems" and his "harmonic and melodic vocabulary was extremely limited, mostly to pentatonic-based and blues-lick derived patterns". Metheny stated that the "controversy" that has surrounded Kenny G "among musicians and serious listeners" is due to the fact that "he sells an enormous amount of records while not being anywhere near a really great player in relation to the standards that have been set on his instrument over the past sixty or seventy years". Saxophonist, composer and bandleader Branford Marsalis, stating that he was refusing to "fight that silly war between jazz and smooth jazz", called on G's critics as follows: "When all these jazz guys get in a tizzy over Kenny G, they need to leave Kenny alone. He's not stealing jazz. The audience he has wouldn't be caught dead at a real jazz concert or club. It's not like some guy says, 'You know, I used to listen to Miles, Trane and Ornette. And then I heard Kenny G, and I never put on another Miles record.' It's a completely different audience."

Kenny G's 1999 single "What a Wonderful World" was particularly criticized for its overdubbing of Louis Armstrong's recording of the same song. Mark Sabbatini found G's cover to be an "unconscionable act of auditory graffiti" over the Armstrong song. The New York Times' Ben Ratliff opined that a recording by Armstrong, known especially for improvisation, should not be altered by a musician "whose range and depth of understanding was already in question." Alto saxophonist Charles McPherson expressed "mixed feelings", stating that Kenny G's "audience probably does not know Armstrong or Getz or Charlie Parker. So, if he feels like his audience should be more familiar with those people, I can't see anything aesthetically wrong with that." On the other hand, pianist Fred Hersch, commenting on the occasion of that cover track, said that Kenny G is "not a jazz musician."

Critic Josef Woodard found Kenny G serving "a noble purpose by offering musicians a paradigm of what not to do" in a JazzTimes poll in which, though, players such as Stan Kenton, Maynard Ferguson, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman were characterized as "overrated".

In 2021, HBO released a documentary on Kenny G, Listening to Kenny G, directed by Penny Lane. Lane stated she chose Kenny G as her subject because he is "a musician who is objectively popular, by way of record sales, but is also hated by the 'critical class'." Richard Brody, in a New Yorker report, cited Kenny G in the film responding "cheerful[ly]" to a question about what he loves about music, with, "I don't know if I love music that much," and continuing, "when I listen to music, I think about the musicians and I just think about what it takes to make that music and how much they had to practice."

Equipment
Kenny G plays the Selmer Mark VI soprano, alto and tenor saxophones. He has created his own line of saxophones called "Kenny G Saxophones".

Personal life
Kenny G married Janice DeLeon in 1980, and they divorced in 1987. He married Lyndie Benson in 1992, and the couple had two sons. His son Max was the guitarist for the experimental metal band Imperial Triumphant in 2016. In January 2012, Benson-Gorelick filed for legal separation. Kenny G filed for divorce in August 2012.

Kenny G built a house in Hunts Point, Washington, in 1996 which he sold in 1999 to Craig McCaw. Kenny G now lives in Malibu, California. He is an avid golfer and has a handicap of +0.6. He has participated in the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am tournament seven times as of 2007, and he teamed up with Phil Mickelson to share the AT&T pro-am title in 2001 with the team of Tiger Woods and Jerry Chang. In the Golf Digest rankings of Top 100 in Music, according to golf handicap indexes of major musicians, he was first in 2006 and second in 2008. He is a member of Sherwood Country Club in Thousand Oaks, California.

Kenny G is an aircraft pilot and has a De Havilland Beaver seaplane which he flies regularly. He is a personal friend of former Starbucks chairman and chief executive officer Howard Schultz and was an early investor in the coffeehouse chain.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Kenny G (1982)
 * G Force (1983)
 * Gravity (1985)
 * Duotones (1986)
 * Silhouette (1988)
 * Breathless (1992)
 * Miracles: The Holiday Album (1994)
 * The Moment (1996)
 * Classics in the Key of G (1999)
 * Faith: A Holiday Album (1999)
 * Paradise (2002)
 * At Last...The Duets Album (2004)
 * I'm in the Mood for Love...The Most Romantic Melodies of All Time (2006)
 * Rhythm and Romance (2008)
 * Heart and Soul (2010)
 * Namaste with Rahul Sharma (2012)
 * Brazilian Nights (2015)
 * New Standards (2021)
 * Innocence (2023)

Concert tours
Headlining
 * Brazilian Tour (2015)
 * The Miracles Holiday & Hits Tour (2017)

Co-headlining
 * Moment of Truth World Tour with Whitney Houston (1987)
 * Secrets Tour with Toni Braxton (1996)
 * The Hits Tour with Toni Braxton (2016)
 * The Breezin' & Breathless Tour with George Benson (2017)

title: Kenny G


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File:Kenny G album cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of Ultimate Kenny G by Kenny G from amazon.

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Goldwater–Nichols Act

The Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of October 4, 1986 (signed by President Ronald Reagan) made the most sweeping changes to the United States Department of Defense since the department was established in the National Security Act of 1947 by reworking the command structure of the U.S. military. It increased the powers of the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and implemented some of the suggestions from the Packard Commission, commissioned by President Reagan in 1985. Among other changes, Goldwater–Nichols streamlined the military chain of command, which now runs from the president through the secretary of defense directly to combatant commanders (CCDRs, all four-star generals or admirals), bypassing the service chiefs. The service chiefs were assigned to an advisory role to the president and the secretary of defense, and given the responsibility for training and equipping personnel for the unified combatant commands.

Named after Senator Barry Goldwater (R-Arizona) and Representative William Flynt "Bill" Nichols (D-Alabama), the bill passed the House of Representatives, 383–27, and the Senate, 95–0. It was signed into law by President Reagan on October 1, 1986. Admiral William J. Crowe was the first chairman to serve under this new legislation.

History
The Goldwater–Nichols Act was an attempt to fix problems caused by inter-service rivalry, which had emerged during the Vietnam War, contributed to the catastrophic failure of the Iranian hostage rescue mission in 1980, and which were still evident in the invasion of Grenada in 1983.

Such problems existed as well in World War II, during which two independent lines of command flowed from the president, one through the secretary of the Navy to naval forces, and the other through the secretary of war to land and air forces. In 1947, the military restructuring placed all military forces, including the newly independent Air Force, under a single civilian secretary of defense.

However, the United States military was still organized along the lines of command that reported to their respective service chiefs (Commandant of the Marine Corps, Chiefs of Staff of the Army and Air Force, and Chief of Naval Operations). These service chiefs in turn made up the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff elected a chairman to communicate with the civilian government. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs in turn reported to the secretary of defense, the civilian head of the military. Both the chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the secretary of defense reported to the president of the United States who holds the position of Commander-in-Chief (CINC) of all U.S. Armed Forces.

This system led to counter-productive inter-service rivalry. Peacetime activities (such as procurement and creation of doctrine, etc.) were tailored for each service in isolation. Additionally, wartime activities of each service were largely planned, executed, and evaluated independently. These practices resulted in division of effort and an inability to profit from economies of scale, and inhibited the development of modern warfare doctrine.

The formulation of the AirLand Battle doctrine in the late 1970s and early 1980s laid bare the difficulty of coordinating efforts among various service branches. AirLand Battle attempted to synthesize all of the capabilities of the service arms of the military into a single doctrine. The system envisioned ground, naval, air, and space based systems acting in concert to attack and defeat an opponent in depth. The structure of the armed forces effectively blocked realization of this ideal. The U.S. invasion of Grenada in 1983 further exposed the problems with the military command structure. Although the United States forces easily prevailed, its leaders expressed major concerns over different service branches' inability to coordinate and communicate with each other and the consequences of a lack of coordination if faced with a more threatening foe.

Effects
The Goldwater–Nichols Act brought sweeping changes to the way the U.S. military forces were organized. The first successful test of Goldwater–Nichols was the 1989 United States invasion of Panama (code-named Operation Just Cause), where it functioned exactly as planned, allowing the U.S. commander, Army General Maxwell Reid Thurman, to exercise full control over Marine Corps, Army, Air Force and Navy assets without having to negotiate with the individual services.

Chain of command and military advice
Under the Goldwater–Nichols Act, military advice was centralized in the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as opposed to the service chiefs. The chairman was designated as the principal military adviser to the president of the United States, National Security Council and Secretary of Defense. The act also established the position of vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and simplified the chain of command. Additionally, the act states that the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff cannot be representatives from the same service branch. It increased the ability of the chairman to direct overall strategy, but provided greater command authority to "unified" and "specified" field commanders. According to the act, the chairman may not exercise military command over the Joint Chiefs of Staff or any of the armed forces.

Section 162(b) of the act prescribes that "unless otherwise directed by the president, the chain of command to a unified or specified combatant command runs—

 * 1) "from the president to the secretary of defense," and
 * 2) "from the secretary of defense to the commander of the combatant command".

Interaction of services
Goldwater–Nichols changed the way the services interact. The services themselves "organize, train and equip" forces for use by the combatant commanders (CCDRs), and the service chiefs no longer exercise any operational control over their forces. Rather than reporting to a service chief operationally, the service component forces support the commander responsible for a specific function (special operations, strategic, transportation, cyber) or a geographic region of the globe (Northern, Central, European, Pacific, Southern, and Africa Commands). The combatant commanders then field a force capable of employing AirLand Battle doctrine (or its successors) using all assets available to the integrated unified action plan, including the military, interagency organizations of the US Government such as USAID and the Department of State, and intelligence agencies. The restructuring afforded a combination of effort, integrated planning, shared procurement, and a reduction or elimination of inter-service rivalry. It also provided unity of command, conforming with leading military science. Individual services changed from relatively autonomous war-fighting entities into organizational and training units, responsible for acquisition, modernization, force-development, and readiness as a component of the integrated force. Thus USCENTCOM (U.S. Central Command), for example, would be assigned air, ground, naval, Marine, and special operations assets to achieve its objectives, not the previously less efficient method of individual services planning, supporting, and fighting the same war. This was successfully demonstrated during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.

Personnel management of officers
Another major effect of the Act is the way it has dramatically changed the personnel management of military officers. Many officers are assigned to joint duty positions (occasionally more than once), and are educated in Department of Defense Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) schools as part of their career development and progression. For example, in order to be competitive for promotion to general or flag officer (admiral) (pay grade O-7 or above/NATO OF-6), active component colonels (pay grade O-6/NATO OF-5) (Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force) or Navy captains must have completed at least one joint duty assignment, as well as having completed (or currently be enrolled in) a JPME school that grants JPME Level II credit.

Shared procurement
Shared procurement allowed the various branches to share technological advances such as stealth and smart weapons quickly, and provided other ancillary benefits (such as improved interoperability of radios and communications between units and members of different services). Joint implementation of new technology allowed for joint development of supporting doctrine. The Goldwater–Nichols Act could be seen as the initial step of the currently ongoing Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) with its concept of Network Centric Warfare (NCW).

Changes since 1986
On October 24, 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld ordered that the functional and regional commanders be referred to not as "CINCs" but as "combatant commanders" when applied to "unified" regional organizations (e.g., USCENTCOM), or "commander" when talking about "specified" units such as the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). Rumsfeld said the term "CINC" was inappropriate, notwithstanding its employment for many decades, because under the United States Constitution, the president is the Nation's only Commander-in-Chief. His decision was described as intending to clarify and strengthen the military's subordination to civilian government.

On November 10, 2015, Senator John McCain announced at a hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, the beginning of a new effort to "reconsider, and possibly update" Goldwater–Nichols.

On January 4, 2016, the deputy secretary of defense issued a memorandum directing an internal review with the objective "to make recommendations for updates or adjustments to organizational relationships and authorities" based on 30 years of experience under Goldwater–Nichols.

On April 5, 2016, Defense Secretary Ash Carter outlined reforms in a speech at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

title: Goldwater–Nichols Act