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Azithromycin

Azithromycin, sold under the brand names Zithromax (in oral form) and Azasite (as an eye drop), is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, traveler's diarrhea, and certain other intestinal infections. Along with other medications, it may also be used for malaria. It is administered by mouth, into a vein, or into the eye.

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and upset stomach. An allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, or a type of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile is possible. Azithromycin causes QT prolongation that may cause life-threatning arrythmias such as torsades de pointes. No harm has been found with its use during pregnancy. Its safety during breastfeeding is not confirmed, but it is likely safe. Azithromycin is an azalide, a type of macrolide antibiotic. It works by decreasing the production of protein, thereby stopping bacterial growth.

Azithromycin was discovered in former Yugoslavia (present day Croatia) in 1980 by the pharmaceutical company Pliva and approved for medical use in 1988. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization lists it as an example under "Macrolides and ketolides" in its Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine (designed to help manage antimicrobial resistance). It is available as a generic medication and is sold under many brand names worldwide. In 2021, it was the 97th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Azithromycin is used to treat diverse infections, including:
 * Acute bacterial sinusitis due to H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae. A 1999 study found Azithromycin to be faster in resolving symptoms as compared to amoxicillin / clavulanic.
 * Acute otitis media caused by H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis or S. pneumoniae. A 2021 study concluded that Azithromycin was comparable to amoxicillin/clavulanate in its treatment and that it was safer and more tolerable in children.
 * Community-acquired pneumonia due to C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, or S. pneumoniae.
 * Genital ulcer disease (chancroid) in men due to H. ducreyi
 * Pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes as an alternative to first-line therapy in individuals who cannot use first-line therapy
 * Prevention and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae. The benefits of long-term prophylaxis must be weighed on a patient-by-patient basis against the risk of cardiovascular and other adverse effects.
 * Trachoma due to C. trachomatis
 * Uncomplicated skin infections due to S. aureus, S. pyogenes, or S. agalactiae
 * Scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Bacterial susceptibility
Azithromycin has relatively broad but shallow antibacterial activity. It inhibits some Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, and many atypical bacteria.

Aerobic and facultative Gram-positive microorganisms
 * Staphylococcus aureus (Methicillin-sensitive only)
 * Streptococcus agalactiae
 * Streptococcus pneumoniae
 * Streptococcus pyogenes

Aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram-negative microorganisms
 * Bordetella pertussis
 * Haemophilus ducreyi
 * Haemophilus influenzae
 * Legionella pneumophila
 * Moraxella catarrhalis
 * Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Anaerobic microorganisms
 * Peptostreptococcus species
 * Prevotella bivia

Other microorganisms
 * Chlamydia trachomatis
 * Chlamydophila pneumoniae
 * Mycoplasma genitalium
 * Mycoplasma pneumoniae
 * Ureaplasma urealyticum

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
No harm has been found with use during pregnancy. However, there are no adequate well-controlled studies in pregnant women.

The safety of the medication during breastfeeding is unclear. It was reported that because only low levels are found in breast milk and the medication has also been used in young children, it is unlikely that breastfed infants would have adverse effects.

Airway diseases
Azithromycin has beneficial effects in the treatment of asthma. It possesses antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties which contribute to its effectiveness. Asthma exacerbations can be caused by chronic neutrophilic inflammation, and azithromycin is known to reduce this type of inflammation due to its immunomodulatory properties. The recommended dosage for controlling asthma exacerbations with azithromycin is either 500 mg or 250 mg taken orally as tablets three times a week. In adults with severe asthma, low-dose azithromycin may be prescribed as an add-on treatment when standard therapies such as inhaled corticosteroids or long-acting beta2-agonists are not sufficient. Long-term use of azithromycin in patients with persistent symptomatic asthma aims to decrease the frequency of asthma exacerbations and improve their quality of life. While both its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects play crucial roles in treating asthma, studies suggest that responsiveness to azithromycin therapy depends on individual variations in lung bacterial burden and microbial composition, collectively referred to as the lung microbiome. The richness (diversity) of the lung microbiome has been identified as a key factor in determining the effectiveness of azithromycin treatment. Azithromycin has significant interactions with the patient's microbiome. Long-term use of azithromycin reduces the presence of H. influenzae bacteria in the airways but also increases resistance against macrolide antibiotics. The specific pharmacological mechanisms through which azithromycin interacts with the patient's microbiome remain unknown research continues to explore how changes in microbial composition influence drug efficacy and patient outcomes.

Azithromycin appears to be effective in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through its suppression of inflammatory processes. Azithromycin is potentially useful in sinusitis via this mechanism. Azithromycin is believed to produce its effects through suppressing certain immune responses that may contribute to inflammation of the airways.

Adverse effects
Most common adverse effects are diarrhea (5%), nausea (3%), abdominal pain (3%), and vomiting. Fewer than 1% of people stop taking the drug due to side effects. Nervousness, skin reactions, and anaphylaxis have been reported. Clostridium difficile infection has been reported with use of azithromycin. Azithromycin does not affect the efficacy of birth control unlike some other antibiotics such as rifampin. Hearing loss has been reported.

Occasionally, people have developed cholestatic hepatitis or delirium. Accidental intravenous overdose in an infant caused severe heart block, resulting in residual encephalopathy.

In 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning that azithromycin "can cause abnormal changes in the electrical activity of the heart that may lead to a potentially fatal irregular heart rhythm." The FDA noted in the warning a 2012 study that found the drug may increase the risk of death, especially in those with heart problems, compared with those on other antibiotics such as amoxicillin or no antibiotic. The warning indicated people with preexisting conditions are at particular risk, such as those with abnormalities in the QT interval, low blood levels of potassium or magnesium, a slower than normal heart rate, or those who use certain drugs to treat abnormal heart rhythms. The warning mentioned that azithromycin causes QT prolongation that may cause life-threatning arrythmias such as torsades de pointes.

Colchicine
Azithromycin, should not be taken with colchicine as it may lead to colchicine toxicity. Symptoms of colchicine toxicity include gastrointestinal upset, fever, myalgia, pancytopenia, and organ failure.

Drugs metabolized by CYP3A4
CYP3A4 is an enzyme that metabolizes many drugs in the liver. Some drugs can inhibit CYP3A4, which means they reduce its activity and increase the blood levels of the drugs that depend on it for elimination. This can lead to adverse effects or drug-drug interactions.

Azithromycin is a member of macrolides that are a class of antibiotics with a cyclic structure with a lactone ring and sugar moieties. Macrolides can inhibit CYP3A4 by a mechanism called mechanism-based inhibition (MBI), which involves the formation of reactive metabolites that bind covalently and irreversibly to the enzyme, rendering it inactive. Mechanism-based inhibition is more serious and long-lasting than reversible inhibition, as it requires the synthesis of new enzyme molecules to restore the activity.

The degree of mechanism-based inhibition by macrolides depends on the size and structure of their lactone ring. Clarithromycin and erythromycin have a 14-membered lactone ring, which is more prone to demethylation by CYP3A4 and subsequent formation of nitrosoalkenes, the reactive metabolites that cause mechanism-based inhibition. Azithromycin, on the other hand, has a 15-membered lactone ring, which is less susceptible to demethylation and nitrosoalkene formation. Therefore, azithromycin is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4, while clarithromycin and erythromycin are strong inhibitors which increase the area under the curve (AUC) value of co-administered drugs more than five-fold. AUC it is a measure of the drug exposure in the body over time. By inhibiting CYP3A4, macrolide antibitiotics, such as erythromycin and clarithromycin, but not azithromycin, can significantly increase the AUC of the drugs that depend on it for clearance, which can lead to higher risk of adverse effects or drug-drug interactions. Azithromycin stands apart from other macrolide antibiotics because it is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4, and does not significantly increase AUC value of co-administered drugs.

The difference in CYP3A4 inhibition by macrolides has clinical implications, for example for people who take statins, which are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are mainly metabolized by CYP3A4. Co-administration of clarithromycin or erythromycin with statins can increase the risk of statin-induced myopathy, a condition that causes muscle pain and damage. Azithromycin, however, does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of statins and is considered a safer alternative than other macrolide antibiotics.

Mechanism of action
Azithromycin prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus inhibiting translation of mRNA. Nucleic acid synthesis is not affected.

Pharmacokinetics
Azithromycin is an acid-stable antibiotic, so it can be taken orally with no need of protection from gastric acids. It is readily absorbed, but absorption is greater on an empty stomach. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) in adults is 2.1 to 3.2 hours for oral dosage forms. Due to its high concentration in phagocytes, azithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection. During active phagocytosis, large concentrations are released. The concentration of azithromycin in the tissues can be over 50 times higher than in plasma due to ion trapping and its high lipid solubility. Azithromycin's half-life allows a large single dose to be administered and yet maintain bacteriostatic levels in the infected tissue for several days.

Following a single dose of 500 mg, the apparent terminal elimination half-life of azithromycin is 68 hours. Biliary excretion of azithromycin, predominantly unchanged, is a major route of elimination. Over the course of a week, about 6% of the administered dose appears as an unchanged drug in urine.

History
A team of researchers at the pharmaceutical company Pliva in Zagreb, former Yugoslavia (present day Croatia) discovered azithromycin in 1980. The company Pliva patented it in 1981. In 1986, Pliva and Pfizer signed a licensing agreement, which gave Pfizer exclusive rights for the sale of azithromycin in Western Europe and the United States. Pliva put its azithromycin on the market in Central and Eastern Europe. Pfizer launched azithromycin under Pliva's license in other markets under the brand name Zithromax in 1991. Patent protection ended in 2005.

Available forms
Azithromycin is available as a generic medication. Azithromycin is administered in film-coated tablet, capsule, oral suspension, intravenous injection, granules for suspension in sachet, and ophthalmic solution.

Usage
In 2010, azithromycin was the most prescribed antibiotic for outpatients in the US, whereas in Sweden, where outpatient antibiotic use is a third as prevalent, macrolides are only on 3% of prescriptions. In 2017, and 2022, azithromycin was the second most prescribed antibiotic for outpatients in the United States.

Brand names
It is sold under many brand names worldwide including 3-Micina, A Sai Qi, Abacten, Abbott, Acex, Acithroc, Actazith, Agitro, Ai Mi Qi, Amixef, Amizin, Amovin, An Mei Qin, Ao Li Ping, Apotex, Lebanon, Aratro, Aruzilina, Arzomicin, Arzomidol, Asizith, Asomin, Astidal, Astro, Athofix, Athxin, Atizor, Atromizin, Avalon, AZ, AZA, Azacid, Azadose, Azalid, Azalide, AzaSite, Azath, Azatril, Azatril, Azax, Azee, Azeecor, Azeeta, Azelide, Azeltin, Azenil, Azeptin, Azerkym, Azi, Aziact, Azibact, Azibactron, Azibay, Azibect, Azibest, Azibiot, Azibiotic, Azicare, Azicin, Azicine, Aziclass, Azicom, Azicure, Azid, Azidose, Azidraw, Azifam, Azifarm, Azifast, Azifine, Azigen, Azigram, Azigreat, Azikare, Azilide, Azilife, Azilip, Azilup, Azimac, Azimax, Azimed, Azimepha, Azimex, Azimit, Azimix, Azimon, Azimore, Azimycin, Azimycine, Azin, Azindamon, Azinew, Azinex, Azinif, Azinil, Azintra, Aziom, Azipar, Aziped, Aziphar, Azipin, Azipro, Aziprome, Aziquilab, Azirace, Aziram, Aziresp, Aziride, Azirol, Azirom, Azirox, Azirute, Azirutec, Aziset, Azisis, Azison, Azissel, Aziswift, Azit, Azita, Azitam, Azitex, Azith, Azithral, Azithrin, Azithro, Azithrobeta, Azithrocin, Azithrocine, Azithromax, Azithromed, Azithromicina, Azithromycin, Azithromycine, Azithromycinum, Azithrovid, Azitic, Azitive, Azitome, Azitrac, Azitral, Azitrax, Azitredil, Azitrex, Azitrim, Azitrin, Azitrix, Azitro, Azitrobac, Azitrocin, Azitroerre, Azitrogal, Azitrolabsa, Azitrolid, Azitrolit, Azitrom, Azitromac, Azitromax, Azitromek, Azitromicin, Azitromicina, Azitromycin, Azitromycine, Azitrona, Azitropharma, Azitroteg, Azitrox, Azitsa, Azitus, Azivar, Azivirus, Aziwill, Aziwok, Azix, Azizox, Azmycin, Azo, Azobat, Azocin, Azoget, Azoheim, Azoksin, Azom, Azomac, Azomax, Azomex, Azomycin, Azomyne, Azores, Azorox, Azostar, Azot, Azoxin, Azras, Azro, Azrocin, Azrolid, Azromax, Azrosin, Aztin, Aztrin, Aztro, Aztrogecin, Azvig, Azycin, Azycyna, Azydrop, Azypin, Azytact, Azytan, Azyter, Azyter, Azyth, Azywell, Azza, Ba Qi, Bactizith, Bactrazol, Bai Ke De Rui, Batif, Bazyt, Bezanin, Bin Qi, Binozyt, BinQi, Biocine, Biozit, Bo Kang, Canbiox, Cetaxim, Charyn, Chen Yu, Cinalid, Cinetrin, Clamelle, Clearsing, Corzi, Cozith, Cronopen, Curazith, Delzosin, Dentazit, Disithrom, Doromax, Doyle, Elzithro, Eniz, Epica, Ethrimax, Ezith, Fabodrox, Fabramicina, Feng Da Qi, Figothrom, Floctil, Flumax, Fu Qi-Hua Yuan, Fu Rui Xin, Fuqixing, Fuxin-Hai Xin Pharm, Geozif, Geozit, Gitro, Goldamycin, Gramac, Gramokil, Hemomicin, Hemomycin, I-Thro, Ilozin, Imexa, Inedol, Infectomycin, Iramicina, Itha, Jin Nuo, Jin Pai Qi, Jinbo, Jun Jie, Jun Wei Qing, Kai Qi, Kang Li Jian, Kang Qi, Katrozax, Ke Lin Da, Ke Yan Li, Koptin, Kuai Yu, L-Thro, Laz, Legar, Lg-Thral, Li Ke Si, Li Li Xing, Li Qi, Lin Bi, Lipuqi, Lipuxin, Lizhu Qile, Loromycin, Lu Jia Kang, Luo Bei Er, Luo Qi, Maazi, Macroazi, Macromax, Macrozit, Maczith, Makromicin, Maxmor, Mazit, Mazitrom, Medimacrol, Meithromax, Mezatrin, Ming Qi Xin, Misultina, Na Qi, Nadymax, Naxocina, Neblic, Nemezid, Neofarmiz, Nifostin, Nobaxin, Nokar, Novatrex, Novozithron, Novozitron, Nurox, Odaz, Odazyth, Onzet, Oranex, Oranex, Ordipha, Orobiotic, Pai Fen, Pai Fu, Paiqi, Pediazith, Portex, Pu He, Pu Le Qi, Pu Yang, Qi Gu Mei, Qi Mai Xing, Qi Nuo, Qi Tai, Qi Xian, Qili, Qiyue, Rarpezit, Razimax, Razithro, Rezan, Ribotrex, Ribozith, Ricilina, Rizcin, Romycin, Rothin (Rakaposhi), Rozalid, Rozith, Ru Shuang Qi, Rui Qi, Rui Qi Lin, Rulide, Sai Jin Sha, Sai Le Xin, Sai Qi, Selimax, Sheng Nuo Ling, Shu Luo Kang, Simpli-3, Sisocin, Sitrox, Sohomac, Stromac, Su Shuang, Sumamed, Sumamox, Tailite, Talcilina, Tanezox, Te Li Xin, Tetris, Texis, Thoraxx, Throin, Thromaxin, Tong Tai Qi Li, Topt, Toraseptol, Tremac, Trex, Tri Azit, Triamid, Tridosil, Trimelin, Tritab, Tromiatlas, Tromix, Trozamil, Trozin, Trozocina, Trulimax, Tuoqi, Udox, Ultreon, Ultreon, Vectocilina, Vinzam, Visag, Vizicin, Wei Li Qinga, Wei Lu De, Wei Zong, Weihong, Xerexomair, Xi Le Xin, Xi Mei, Xin Da Kang, Xin Pu Rui, Xithrone, Ya Rui, Yan Sha, Yanic, Yi Nuo Da, Yi Song, Yi Xina, Yin Pei Kang, Yong Qi, You Ni Ke, Yu Qi, Z-3, Z-PAK, Zady, Zaiqi, Zaret, Zarom, Zathrin, Zedbac, Zeemide, Zenith, Zentavion, Zetamac, Zetamax, Zeto, Zetron, Zevlen, Zibramax, Zicho, Zigilex, Zikti, Zimacrol, Zimax, Zimicina, Zindel, Zinfect, Zirom, Zisrocin, Zistic, Zit-Od, Zitab, Zitax, Zithrax, Zithrin, Zithro-Due, Zithrobest, Zithrodose, Zithrogen, Zithrokan, Zithrolide, Zithromax, Zithrome, Zithromed, Zithroplus, Zithrotel, Zithrox, Zithroxyn, Zithtec, Zitinn, Zitmac, Zitraval, Zitrax, Zitrex, Zitric, Zitrim, Zitrobid, Zitrobiotic, Zithrolect, Zitrocin, Zitrocin, Zitrogram, Zitrolab, Zitromax, Zitroneo, Zitrotek, Ziyoazi, Zmax, Zocin, Zomax, Zotax, Zycin, and Zythrocin.

It is sold as a combination drug with cefixime as Anex-AZ, Azifine-C, Aziter-C, Brutacef-AZ, Cezee, Fixicom-AZ, Emtax-AZ, Olcefone-AZ, Starfix-AZ, Zeph-AZ, Zicin-CX, and Zifi-AZ.

It is also sold as a combination drug with nimesulide as Zitroflam; in a combination with tinidazole and fluconazole as Trivafluc, and in a combination with ambroxol as Zathrin-AX, Laz-AX and Azro-AM.

Research
Azithromycin is researched for its supposed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, which are believed to be exhibited through its suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which is important in dampening inflammation. Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by immune cells and play a key role in the immune response. Studies suggest that azithromycin can decrease the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 while increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. By decreasing the number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, azithromycin probably controls potential tissue damage during inflammation. These effects are believed to be due to azithromycin's ability to suppress a transcription factor called nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) resulting in blockade of inflammatory response pathways downstream from NF-κB activation leading to decreased chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling causing reduced inflammation. Despite the efficiency of treating rosacea with azithromycin, the exact mechanism of why azithromycin is effective in treating rosacea are not completely understood. It is unclear whether its antibacterial or immunomodulatory properties or a combination of both mechanisms contribute to its efficacy. Azithromycin may prevent mast cell degranulation and thus can suppress inflammation of dorsal root ganglia through various signaling pathways such as decreased numbers of CD4+ T cells which are particularly relevant since they mediate the response of hair follicle antigens. Inflammation in rosacea is thought to be associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inflammatory cells. The ability of azithromycin to decrease ROS production can help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, but this remains speculation.

The therapeutic role of azithromycin has been explored in various diseases such as cystic fibrosis exacerbation, burn injury-induced lung injury, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in COVID-19 infection. Despite early evidence showing azithromycin slowed down coronavirus multiplication in laboratory settings, further research indicates it to be ineffective as a treatment for COVID-19 in humans. Azithromycin in conjunction with of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine has been associated with deleterious outcomes in COVID-19 patients, including drug-induced QT prolongation. After a large-scale trial showed no benefit of using azithromycin in treating COVID-19, the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) updated its guidance and no longer recommends the medication for COVID-19.

Azithromycin therapy in cystic fibrosis patients yields a modest respiratory function improvement, reduces exacerbation risk, and extends time to exacerbation up to six months; still, long-term efficacy data is a subject of ongoing research. Potential benefits of azithromycin therapy is azithromycin's good safety profile, minimal treatment burden, and cost-effectiveness, but the drawbacks are gastrointestinal side effects with weekly dosing, which are ameliorated by a split dose regimen. The potential role of azithromycin in inhibiting the autophagic destruction of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) within macrophages has garnered significant attention. This mechanism may contribute to the observed correlation between long-term macrolide monotherapy and an increased risk of NTM infection and the emergence of macrolide-resistant strains. Azithromycin's interference with autophagy could potentially predispose patients with cystic fibrosis to mycobacterial infections. Despite repeated refutations of a direct association between azithromycin use and NTM infection, there remains a high level of concern regarding the potential for the development of NTM strains resistant to macrolides.

Azithromycin has been shown to be an effective preventive measure against many postpartum infections in mothers following planned vaginal births; still, its impact on neonatal outcomes remains inconclusive and is the subject of ongoing research.

title: Azithromycin


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Talk:Adam Yahiye Gadahn

New video 2 September 2006 - definitely time to merge
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5309376.stm?ls There seems no doubt that Adam Gadahn and "Azzam the American" are the same person so the articles should definitely be merged. What's the point in having two articles for the same person? Also the Adam Gadahn article is of much higher quality so the Azzam the American article should just link straight there. Suitsyou 02:47, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

this is the article MSNBC/Newsweek thinks he may have written. Without more detail on "Adam Yahiye Gadahn" I'm not going to match "Yahiye Adam Gadahn" just yet. 142.177.22.15 17:20, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

9/11/2005 video
Is there a link to the actual video? There is supposedly one at the ABC site, but the link doesn't work for me in any of my browsers (I tried IE, Camino, Safari for OSX). Is there any other link to it? --csloat 06:05, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Boy that would be a great addition to the article, wouldn't it? I'll look around. Fernando Rizo T/C 06:36, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

(never mind, those links were from 2004 or something: http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread92780/pg )

'Alleged' rapes and killings by U.S. soldiers in Iraq
Removed the 'alleged' as there are documented cases of misbehavings by individual soldiers (see for example Abeer Qassim Hamza).

 * It's still alleged, though until they are proven guilty.

 * Guilty: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,292108,00.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.52.132.205 (talk) 01:07, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

lol!
The Jerusalem Post: "... an American with Jewish ancestry. According to Wikipedia, he was born Adam Pearlman on September 1, 1978, the grandson of a prominent Jewish surgeon and the son of musicia..." www.prisonplanet.com/articles/September2006/040906Al-Qaida.htm]--Striver 15:30, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the template should be added to this article, then? —Micahbrwn (talk) 06:57, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. Would add a bit of credibility to Wikipedia. Lord knows any little bit would help.--Hourick (talk) 21:49, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Hopiakuta 05:37, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

See Also section
Why is this here? I don't understand what this has to do with anything in particular. There is no content in the article that indicates why these links are presented and no context for them. Should probably be removed, no? 38.99.151.202 22:14, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Background section
This section does not make it clear: who is being referred to when "Gadahn" is mentioned, it could be either Adam or his father. It is very confusing. Can someone who knows, clarify. - Abscissa 13:33, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Is there such an organisation
is an American-born English-language spokesman for the al-Qaeda organization I thought there was supposed to be no such thing as an al-Qaeda organization and that what is refeered to in the media as "al-Qaeda" is a very loose grrouping of organisations and individuals ?

Picture
This picture has always looked "American" to me (and notably different from all the ones in this article). Can we get a copy of it? 141.155.59.32 01:20, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of related article
Deletion of Religious conversion and terrorism is proposed.

For discussion see: Articles_for_deletion/Religious_conversion_and_terrorism

--ISKapoor 22:19, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Phil Gadahn
Phil Gadahn's (his father) name should be linked to the Phil Pearlman article. They are one and the same. WiccaWeb 18:35, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Not a good time
In Pakistan during 2003, Adam was asked by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to participate in a suicide attack in Maryland, but Adam decided against it citing "he had recently married and his wife was pregnant." (turn up laugh track) Lestrade 13:18, 13 September 2007 (UTC)Lestrade
 * KSM: "Son, you've been selected to go on a suicide mission."
 * AYG: "Gee, I'd sure like to, but …."

His latest rant
Find it here —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wilson44691 (talk • contribs) 16:46, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Treason?
From the article: ''On the same day, Gadahn was indicted in the Southern Division of the United States District Court for the Central District of California by a federal grand jury for treason. He is the first American charged with treason since 1952.'' [wikilinks redacted for purposes of quoting] Shouldn't the last person charged be named as well? As in "He is the first American charged with treason since ______ in 1952." Just sayin'. —Micahbrwn (talk) 06:32, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion. But who was charged with treason in 1952? It wasn't Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, they were charged in 1951. A  ecis Brievenbus 23:08, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Based on some heavy Googling, I found this page: http://theunitedstatesconstitution.blogspot.com/2006/10/world-war-ii-treason-cases-tokyo-rose.html, which says that a dual US/Japanese citizen, Tomoya Kawakita was the last person charged with treason. He's even got his own Wikipedia page (albeit a redirect): Kawakita v. United States. Is the page I found a valid source? A Google search for "Tomoya Kawakita" came up with about 2,000 hits, most of which have to do with the SCOTUS case; and not the fact that he was (up until recently) the last American to be charged with treason in an American court. —Micahbrwn (talk) 06:44, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

External links and reports of death
There has been an increase of the number of external links whose information would probably be better used if they were added to his article. A number of the external links can be reduced in this manner and an expansion and cleanup of his (reported) death could be done.--Hourick (talk) 21:47, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

"Originally Jewish"
Gadahn is not "originally" Jewish. Not only does the article state he was Christian homeschooled (and thus not brought up as a Jew), his father converted to Christianity, and the implication in the article is that his mother is not Jewish either. Therefore, in no branch of Judaism is he considered a Jew, either by heredity or by upbringing. If anything, he is "originally Christian" which, somehow, didn't seem to be important enough to state in its own sentence at the top of the article. MSJapan (talk) 23:46, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know about his mother, but his paternal grandmother wasn't Jewish either. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 10:06, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

I see very little information about his mother, Jennifer. Does anyone know if her mother was Jewish (i.e., Adam's maternal grandmother) -- if so, that would make him Jewish by traditional/orthodox interpretation. Professor water (talk) 20:30, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Don't some sects trace it patralinerally? Chrisrus (talk) 00:07, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Appearance in videos
"On January 6, 2008 Gadahn featured in a video called "An Invitation for Reflection and Repentance". It is the last known video of Gadahn.[20]" - it would seem that the last sentence is no longer accurate since the next paragraph discusses a video from October 2008 in which Gadahn discusses Pakistan and the current economic woes of the United States. Is there a question as to whether this video was made before January 6, 2008? Aramink (talk) 22:13, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Citizenship
According to the page, he was born in Oregon and moved to Pakistan in 1998. Is it known what his present citizenship is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.20.219.13 (talk) 20:32, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * According to FBI, he is United States citizen. link Karppinen (talk) 20:37, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * According to the State Department, it is enough to destroy one's passport and publicly renounce one's citizenship to no longer be a citizen of the United States. Based on my reading, he became stateless in 2008. Rklawton (talk) 20:55, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It seems to be more complicated than this. I somewhat doubt that the has appeared in person at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate and signed an oath of renunciation. Hence, he is still legally a citizen of the United States. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 22:59, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

While we have laws that state that a natural born US citizen may renounce their citizenship, it is not supported by the courts and likely not the Constitution. It seems that if born with US citizenship that there is no way to be stripped of it; by yourself or by others. The US constitution and Supreme Court precedent take precedence over State Department stated policy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.202.122.234 (talk) 01:23, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah. Here's the law. And yes, it appears that Gadahn may not have met the legal requirement. Of course, that's just speculation on my part - but it gives us something to look for in reliable sources. If he didn't sign on the dotted line, then he's still a citizen. Rklawton (talk) 01:49, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I figured there might be some legal requirements for something as formal as renouncing a citizenship. He can tear his passport into as many shreds as he likes, but as far as he hasn't signed the official documents, he's still a US citizen. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 08:39, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Reports of arrest
These reports turned out to be false. Permission to remove the new section added? I didn't want to do it without asking, since it is sourced and it looks like someone put some work into it. 76.84.44.110 (talk) 03:20, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reliable source indicating previous reports are false? Rklawton (talk) 03:38, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * No--I think I must have been wrong. First, news sites were reporting that he had been captured. Then, they were reporting that it was a different American al-Qaida member. But it looks like now they have reverted back to the original story. Sorry about the mix up. 76.84.44.110 (talk) 05:12, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I added the "current" tag due to the increased amount of edits and the count justifies this. Poor Adam, he's in for a rough couple of days. LOL. --Hourick (talk) 07:07, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Since it seems that the American that was captured was not Gadahn, should the title of this section be changed, or would that be appropriate? --Hourick (talk) 19:39, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

False reports or not
A few days ago, someone edited one of the subtopics and removed "False" from the title, and I thought it was an appropriate edit. To have "False" on there means to me that it was an "intentional lie" of their report of Death or capture instead of mistaken. "Mistaken" isn't appropriate either, so therefore, I believe that the words, "False" should be removed. "Reports of Death" and "Reports of Capture", I believe are quite neutral. --Hourick (talk) 18:04, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The bottom line—to me at least—is had he actually been captured the heading would be Capture or Arrest, while Reports of arrest implied rather clearly that reports have occurred and not an arrest.--Supertouch (talk) 18:11, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I totally agree. However, I want some sort of consensus to avoid an edit war on removing "False" from the two headings. Wikipedia on a St. Patrick's day hangover sucks, BTW. --Hourick (talk) 13:28, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree - it's clear, neutral, and makes no implications. Rklawton (talk) 19:30, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree with Super.--Epeefleche (talk) 20:38, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Two possible dates of death
There are hints on some news sites that drone strikes that incidentally killed an American hostage and an Italian hostage in addition to killing Adam Gadahn occurred on January 14, 2015 and January 19, 2015. As of today, however, the U.S. government isn't specifying on which of those days in January Gadahn was killed. — QuicksilverT @ 23:24, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Married but no children?
It is written in the article that he is married to a Afghan woman. Does not he has children? --217.224.224.105 (talk) 10:59, 3 May 2015 (UTC)
 * He "reportedly" has one child - that's not sufficient for inclusion in this article. Even if his wife had a baby, there really should be a DNA test. Rklawton (talk) 11:52, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

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Gadahn or Pearlman?
The article is contradictory; it states that his parents changed their name in the mid-1970s and Adam Pearlman was born in 1978. Which is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.232.150.21 (talk) 03:37, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Adam Pearlman, or Perlman?
Perlman is a typical and common Jewish surname.

"Pearlman" does not really seem authentic. Would "Perlman" in some instances have been Americanized? Should be looked into. 178.117.109.135 (talk) 15:42, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Adam Yahiye Gadahn


text:
Canada Dry

Canada Dry is a brand of soft drinks founded in Toronto, Canada in 1904, and owned since 2008 by the American company Dr Pepper Snapple (now Keurig Dr Pepper). For over 100 years, Canada Dry has been known mainly for its ginger ale, though the company also manufactures a number of other soft drinks and mixers. Although it (as the brand name suggests) originated in Canada, Canada Dry is now produced in many countries such as the United States, Panama, Mexico, Chile, Costa Rica, Japan, and in a number of countries of Europe and the Middle East.

Etymology
The "Dry" in the brand's name refers to not being sweet, as in a dry wine. When John J. McLaughlin, who first formulated "Canada Dry Pale Ginger Ale", originally made his new soft drink, it was far less sweet than other ginger ales then available; as a result, he labelled it "dry". The name has given rise to a clichéd joke: "Don't drink Canada dry", uttered when someone is taking too long (at one's expense and patience) at a water fountain.

History
In 1890, Canadian pharmacist and chemist John J. McLaughlin of Enniskillen, Ontario, after working in a soda factory in Brooklyn, New York, opened a carbonated water plant in Toronto. McLaughlin was the eldest son of Robert McLaughlin, founder of McLaughlin Carriage and McLaughlin Motor Car. In 1904, McLaughlin created "Canada Dry Pale Ginger Ale". Three years later, the drink was appointed to the Viceregal Household of the Governor General of Canada and the label featuring a beaver atop a map of Canada was replaced with the present crown and shield label.

When McLaughlin began shipping his product to New York, it became so popular that he opened a plant in Manhattan shortly thereafter. After McLaughlin's death in 1914, the company was run briefly by his brother, Samuel McLaughlin. P. D. Saylor and Associates bought the business from the McLaughlin family in 1923 and formed Canada Dry Ginger Ale, Inc., a public company.

Canada Dry's popularity as a mixer began during Prohibition, when its flavor helped mask the taste of homemade liquor. In the 1930s, Canada Dry expanded worldwide. From the 1950s onward, the company introduced a larger number of products.

Norton Simon took an interest in the company in 1964, and it merged with Simon's other holdings, the McCall Corporation and Hunt Foods, to form Norton Simon Inc. Dr Pepper bought Canada Dry from Norton Simon in 1982. In 1984, Dr Pepper was acquired by Forstmann Little & Company, and Canada Dry was sold to R. J. Reynolds' Del Monte Foods unit to pay off acquisition debt. RJR Nabisco sold its soft drink business to Cadbury Schweppes in 1986. Today, Canada Dry is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper, which was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes in 2008.

'Made from Real Ginger' lawsuits
In 2019, Canada Dry faced false advertising lawsuits from a few consumers who requested class action status. Although the ingredients included a natural flavour extract made from ginger root, the plaintiffs said the drink did not have enough ginger flavor for people to be able to taste it, and that they thought the advertising slogan indicated that the drink was "made by chopping or powdering the root of the ginger plant", instead of using a small amount of liquid extracted from a ginger root. To settle this lawsuit, the company decided to stop making this claim in the US and to offer between US$5.20 and $40 to affected US consumers.

In early 2019, a class-action lawsuit was requested in Canada, where the Canadian Food Inspection Agency regulations specify that ingredients in food may be described as "real" if that ingredient "is present in the food, regardless of what form (e.g., frozen, powdered, ground, concentrated, etc.)". In a settlement, Canada Dry Mott's Inc. agreed to pay $200,000, inclusive of all expenses and fees, plus disbursements of $18,607.61, but it did not require the defendant to change its product labelling or advertising for products marketed in Canada. The settlement amount was to be distributed to the class members by way of cy-près donation to the Law Foundation of British Columbia, while two lead plaintiffs, Victor Cardoso and Lionel Ravvin, received $1,500 each.

The subjectivity of how much ginger is necessary before a product can be fairly described as being "made from real ginger" prompted one author to quip that "The truth is in the lie of the beholder".

Products

 * Canada Dry Ginger Ale
 * Diet Canada Dry Ginger Ale (rebranded in November 2020 as Canada Dry Zero Sugar)
 * Canada Dry Fruit Splash Cherry
 * Canada Dry Fruit Splash Cherry Zero Sugar
 * Canada Dry Club Soda
 * Canada Dry Tonic Water with Quinine
 * Diet Canada Dry Tonic Water with Quinine
 * Canada Dry Bitter Lemon
 * Canada Dry Ginger Ale and Lemonade
 * Diet Canada Dry Ginger Ale and Lemonade
 * Canada Dry Ginger Ale and Orangeade
 * Canada Dry Lime Ricky
 * Canada Dry Tahitian Treat (now just Tahitian Treat)
 * Canada Dry Hi-Spot Apple, Hi-Spot Orange, Hi-Spot Tutti (cherry and fruit punch) and Hi-Spot Lithiated Lemon
 * Canada Dry Golden Cockerel Ginger Beer
 * Canada Dry Sparkling Green Tea Ginger Ale
 * Canada Dry White Tea with Raspberry Ginger Ale
 * Canada Dry Cranberry Ginger Ale
 * Diet Canada Dry Cranberry Ginger Ale (rebranded in as Canada Dry Cranberry Zero Sugar)
 * Canada Dry Blackberry Ginger Ale
 * Canada Dry Lemon Ginger Ale
 * Canada Dry Sparkling Seltzer Water (unflavored and mineral free)
 * Canada Dry Flavored Sparkling Seltzer Water (Lemon Lime, Mandarin Orange, Raspberry, Triple Berry, Pomegranate Cherry, Peach Mango and Cranberry Lime; all available in low sodium and sodium free varieties)
 * Sussex Golden Ginger Ale
 * Sussex Pale Dry Ginger Ale
 * Sussex Red Oval Ginger Ale
 * Sussex Old English Ginger Beer
 * Sussex Cola
 * Cactus Cooler
 * Purple Passion
 * Canada Dry Lemon Soda
 * Canada Dry Lemon Lime Soda
 * Canada Dry Vanilla Cream Soda
 * Canada Dry Cocoa Cream Soda
 * Canada Dry Wild Cherry Soda
 * Canada Dry Black Cherry Soda
 * Canada Dry Sunripe Orange Soda
 * Canada Dry Mandarin Orange Soda
 * Canada Dry Concord Grape Soda
 * Canada Dry Grapefruit Soda
 * Canada Dry Spur Cola (a caffeine-free cola introduced in 1968, then discontinued in the 1970s)
 * Canada Dry Jamaica Cola
 * Canada Dry Rooti Root Beer
 * Canada Dry Barrelhead Root Beer
 * Canada Dry Wink
 * Canada Dry Pink Wink
 * Canada Dry Collins Mixer
 * Canada Dry Tonic Water Mixer with Quinine
 * Canada Dry Hi-Grape

Brands with limited availability
Limited availability flavors are produced in Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, by Pepsi-Cola/National Brand Beverages and are distributed in southern New Jersey, Delaware, southeastern Pennsylvania, eastern Maryland, and northern Virginia. At one time, the flavors all had uniquely designed labels; but now all of them use the standard Canada Dry crest logo.

Brands with limited availability in the United States include:
 * Canada Dry Pineapple
 * Canada Dry Peach
 * Black Cherry Wishniak
 * Island Lime
 * Wild Cherry
 * Vanilla Cream
 * Blackberry Ginger Ale
 * Cranberry Ginger Ale (nationwide; however, only sold during the Christmas season)
 * Canada Dry Bold Ginger Ale
 * Canada Dry Winter Variety Pack- (Club channel only during Winter months)- Canada Dry Ginger Ale Regular, Canada Dry Ginger Ale Cranberry Regular, and Canada Dry Blackberry Ginger Ale Regular
 * Canada Dry Summer Variety Pack- (Club channel only during Summer months)- Canada Dry Ginger Ale Regular, Canada Dry Ginger Ale and Lemonade, and Canada Dry Ginger Ale and Raspberry Lemonade

Asia

 * Canada Dry "Dry" Ginger Ale (Japan)

Europe - United Kingdom - Schweppes Canada Dry Ginger Ale

The Middle East

 * Canada Dry UAE Dubai
 * Canada Dry Dana
 * Canada Dry Orange Soda (Iran)
 * Canada Dry Cream Soda (the Middle East)

South America

 * Pink Grapefruit Canada Dry (Peru)
 * Canada Dry Limón Soda (Chile)

North America

 * Cranberry Ginger Ale (Canada during the Christmas season, although also available in the United States during the Christmas season)
 * Blackberry Ginger Ale (Canada, spring 2016, summer 2022 & 2023; also sold in some U.S. stores as 20 oz. bottles, but not all stores that sell Canada Dry sell the Blackberry variant)
 * Canada Dry Pineapple (U.S.)
 * Canada Dry Peach (U.S.)
 * Black Cherry Wishniak (U.S.)
 * Island Lime (U.S.)
 * Wild Cherry (U.S.)
 * Vanilla Cream (U.S.)
 * Pomegranate (Canada spring time 2023)

Marketing
Nylon Studios produced the song used in the Rabbit's "Jack's Farm" commercial featuring Canada Dry Ginger Ale. A Cantonese version of the ad was also produced.

title: Canada Dry


text:
Pontiac Fiero

The Pontiac Fiero is a rear mid-engine, light sports car manufactured and marketed by Pontiac for model years 1984–1988. Intended as an economical commuter car with modest performance aspirations, it was Pontiac's first two-seater since their 1926 to 1938 coupes, and the first rear mid-engine mass-produced car by any American manufacturer.

In addition to using 4- and 6-cylinder engines to help Pontiac meet America's 'CAFE' average fuel economy requirements, the Fiero's chassis and structure technology used non-load-bearing, composite body-panels, contributing to the car's light-weight and unique selling proposition. Pontiac engineers modified the design over its life to enhance its performance and reposition the two-seater closer to the implications of its sporty configuration.

The Fiero 2M4 (two-seat, mid-engine, four-cylinder) was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1984, and was the Official Pace Car of the Indianapolis 500 for 1984.

A total of 370,168 Fieros were manufactured over five years' production. After suffering criticisms related to its mild performance as well as reliability and safety issues, the Fiero was discontinued after annual sales fell steadily.

History and design
The Fiero was conceived as a small, two-seat sports car with all new suspension and a V6 engine. While General Motors's management were opposed to investing in a second two-seater sports car that might compete with the Corvette, young Pontiac engineers in 1978 were able to sell the Fiero concept to the corporation as a fuel-efficient four-cylinder "commuter car" that just happened to have two seats, rather than a muscle car. When the engineers brought back a running prototype in less than six months, it was given the green light for production.

They perceived the oil crisis as a market opportunity for a fuel-efficient sporty commuter car. The Fiero was redesigned to use a fuel efficient version of GM's 151 CID four-cylinder Iron Duke engine capable of 31 mpgus in the city and 50 mpgus on the highway with the economy-ratio transmission option. The fuel economy was considered as impressive for a 2.5 L engine of the period, but the three-speed automatic reduced highway mileage to only 32 mpgus. With respect to fuel economy, the Fiero appealed to a market niche distinct from the Corvette's.

Pontiac assigned oversight of the Fiero project to Hulki Aldikacti, a Turkish born executive with over twenty years of experience. Its design was unusual for GM, and stood out from their other products. The two-seater's development budget from design to plant retooling, was 400 million dollars, a fraction of a typical GM development budget.

Aldikacti's initial challenge was with GM's corporate structure, which split its engineers into two categories: the car engineers who would create blueprints for the car, and manufacturing engineers who would work out the fabrication and assembly issues. Fiero blueprints traveled back and forth between the two engineering branches, resulting in a waste of time and money. Aldikacti was forced to sit the two teams of engineers down next to one another, allowing for no excuses as to why there was "no build" after his design was done. Many modifications in the Fiero's designs were needed to be made for production; for instance, despite his long-standing interest in manufacturing body panels from plastic, Aldikacti consented to metal body pieces, the dies for which were much less costly.

As the prototypes took shape, the tight budget took its toll on the design, particularly on Aldikacti's dream of a high-performance, aluminum-block V6; the cost of developing a new engine would be more than the production of the whole car itself. Instead, Aldikacti was forced to settle for the already manufactured four-cylinder engine GM produced for Pontiac, the "Iron Duke," nicknamed for its heavy iron block.

The word Fiero means "very proud", "fierce", "bold", "haughty" "cruel", "severe" in Italian, and "wild", "fierce", or "ferocious" in Spanish. Alternative names considered for the car were Sprint (which had previously been used on a GMC and would later end up being used for a Chevrolet instead), P3000, Pegasus, Fiamma, Sunfire (a name which would later be applied to another Pontiac), and Firebird XP.

Aldikacti's unorthodox design methods and personal manner made him unpopular to most of GM's bureaucracy. He was told by counterparts at other GM divisions three times that the Fiero project had been cancelled by corporate management. However, the project was kept alive by high-ranked defenders, chiefly William Hoglund, who took over Pontiac in 1980, when the brand's popularity was heavily diluted and its cars could be described as outdated. In 1983 Hoglund told his top three dozen staffers that Pontiac would rebuild itself with cars that were exciting and different — terms that described Aldikacti's "commuter car". In order to meet Hoglund's marketing teams goal of 100,000 cars a year, Hoglund negotiated a deal to reopen a plant once shut down in the heart of Pontiac, Michigan. He and his staff wanted to prove that cooperation between management and labor could be solved without the use of robots on the assembly line, which GM's top executives wanted. Likewise, Hoglund allowed the hourly paid workers to choose the two-seater's name — hence the name "Fiero."

A mid-engine layout was chosen to reduce both aerodynamic drag and vehicle weight; to improve fuel efficiency, and to offer handling, traction, and braking benefits. The performance potential of the mid-engine layout was not realized when the Fiero debuted. As cost-saving measures, the tires, brakes, and suspension components were carried over from other GM platforms such as the X and T platforms. As a result, the handling abilities of the Fiero were merely on par with other contemporary sporty coupes

The Fiero received positive reviews for its handling (Motor Trend 1984), as well as negative reviews for not meeting expectations of higher performance from its mid-engine configuration. Despite the criticism, the Fiero sold well and although Pontiac operated three shifts at the factory during 1984, they could not keep up with initial demand.

The sharing of suspension and other components with other GM cars meant the rear suspension and powertrain was virtually identical to that of the Phoenix; the Fiero even included rear tie rod ends attached to a "steering knuckle", although these were hard-mounted to the engine cradle and only used for maintaining the rear tire alignment.

As the oil crisis eased by 1985, demand developed for more engine power and better performance. Pontiac responded by introducing the GT model which included upgraded suspension tuning, wider tires, and a V6 engine having 43 hp more than the base four-cylinder.

In 1988, changes included a completely redesigned suspension (and parts of the space frame) along with two-piece brake calipers and upgraded brake rotors — the latter which had been conceived with the initial design. The available I4 and V6 engines benefited from evolutionary improvements, but the planned availability of turbochargers and newer DOHC engines did not happen before production stopped.

In spite of the design finally realizing its potential, sales had declined and GM ended production.

1984

The Fiero began production in August 1983. In an effort to sell the car as economically sensible, GM equipped and sold the Fiero as a commuter car; although the marketing build-up leading to initial release indicated anything but a regular commuter. The car also proved uncomfortable for some drivers because of the lack of power steering.

At the beginning of production the Fiero was only available in Red (M71) and White (M40) colors with Black (M41) and Light Gray Metallic (M14) introduced later, the paint shop was only able to handle four different colors at a time. All 1984 models came with the same 2.5 L I4.

Although sales literature listed only two models available in 1984, there were at least three models available with different optional packages. There was the Fiero Coupe, the Sport Coupe and the SE. The Fiero Coupe, also called "Fuel Economy Leader", came with the MY-8 4-speed manual transaxle that had a 0.73 overdrive top gear along with a high mpg 3.32:1 axle ratio. This gave it an EPA highway/city rating of 50/31 mpg. Air conditioning and automatic transaxle could not be ordered. The starting price for the Fiero Coupe was $7,999. The Fiero Sport Coupe, also referred to as the "base car", came with the M-19 four-speed manual with a 0.81 top gear along with 4.10:1 differential, giving it better acceleration at the cost of fuel economy, 42/26 mpg. An automatic 3-speed transmission, MD-9 Hydramatic 125-C, was available along with A/C which was shared with the Pontiac Sunbird. The starting price was $8,499 ($0 in dollars ) for the Sport Coupe. The top model was the Fiero SE, starting at $9,599 ($0 in dollars ), it included the WS6 handling package along with other trim upgrades.

The marketing included title sponsorship of Daryl Hall & John Oates tour supporting the release of their Big Bam Boom album. From November 1984 through 1985, each tour venue had Fiero banners and signage above the main stage, new Fieros on display, and Pontiac dealer ticket giveaways. Sales managers at Pontiac dealerships also received a limited edition "Pontiac Fiero Presents Daryl Hall & John Oates" vinyl greatest hits album enticing them to participate in the sponsorship tour. The LP was Rock 'n Soul Part 1. The album cover featured Hall & Oates standing with a red 1984 Fiero SE.

Also, for marketing purposes, the 1984 base model was featured in a 1983 episode of the television show Hardcastle & McCormick.

The 1984 model line included a limited "Indy Pace Car" edition, consisting of an Indianapolis 500-themed option package on SE-model vehicles (a package that was specially reissued in 1985). Approximately 2,000 of these vehicles were sold. The Indy had aero body cladding and new front and rear fascias that would be used on the 1985 GT. Only the four-cylinder engine was available, though a few prototypes were fitted with a unique periscope-style inlet sprouting from the engine compartment and curving up and over the roof. This "periscope" style inlet was used on the three actual Indy Pace Cars used at the 1984 Indianapolis 500. This inlet scoop fed the 165 CID Super Duty engine which was only exclusive to the actual Pace Cars. The Super Duty engine was rated at 232 hp at 6,500 rpm and 210 lbft of torque at 5,500 rpm. Pontiac's general manager Bill Hoglund nominated John Callies to drive the actual pace car at Indy. Callies was the factory's lead engineer on both the pace car and IMSA programs. The Fiero became the first 4-cylinder car to pace the 500 since a Stoddard-Dayton paced the 1914 race.

The production of the 1984 model ran from July 1983, until almost the end of 1984, this resulted in Pontiac exceeding its first year goal of 80,000 units, which was 28,000 more than the initial estimate and the most two seater cars produced by any US manufacturer at the time.

1985

The 1985 Fiero did not appear in showrooms until January 1985, with the introduction of the GT model, which looked very similar to the 1984 Indy model without the decals or body color wheels. The three models, and four colors from the previous year were still available and the complaint about insufficient power was addressed, much to the satisfaction of the general public. A 2.8 L V6 engine rated at 140 hp and 170 lbft was put into the car, satisfying most critics of the base engine. The V6 was paired with a modified Muncie 4-speed transmission. The four-cylinder engine was slightly modified, adding roller lifters and resulting in a power increase of 2 hp. It could now also be paired with a Japanese-designed Isuzu five-speed transmission as used in the J-body platform, also produced at the Muncie, Indiana plant.

1986

The 1986 Fiero arrived on September 12, 1985, however, the GT model was not originally listed. The previous year's GT became the 1986 SE. The 1986 GT was delayed until January 3, 1986. This was the first time the fastback roofline was offered, sometimes referred to as a "1986½" model, as the new fastback body restyle was not yet ready for release at the start of the model year. Though originally conceived by Pontiac insiders as a new model, possibly called the "GTP" or "GTU," it has been said that GM management at the time felt that using "GTP" or "GTU" suggested a racing car, an image they did not want to promote. Individuals present at the unveiling of the new fastback roof style, in February 1984, at GM's Arizona test track, actually thought it was a new Corvette at first. The Muncie/Getrag 5-speed transaxle, which did not arrive until June 1986, became the standard transaxle in V6 models. Models equipped with the four-cylinder engine received minor changes. Standard wheels were now 14-inch and the SE receives the GT's aerodynamic front end and rear spoiler. Stereo speakers were now mounted in the sail panels instead of the headrests. The new Performance Sound System includes a 5 1/4-inch subwoofer with an amplifier. Red and Light Gray Metallic colors were dropped in favour of Light Gold Metallic (M56), Silver Metallic (M16) and Bright Red (M81). The clutch hydraulic systems were redesigned with new master and slave cylinders and the optional air conditioner gets a lighter compressor and condenser.

1987
1987 saw changes to the front and rear fascias on the "base coupe" with the SE and GT models keeping the same "Aero" nose. The new non-aero noses lost the black bumper pads of the earlier models and had a smoother look. The four-cylinder engine's power rating increased to 98 hp with some major modifications which included a roller cam, redesigned intake manifold, distributorless ignition system (DIS), open combustion chamber cylinder head and upgraded throttle-body fuel injection system. This was the last year for the spin-on oil filter on the four-cylinder. Bright Blue (M21) and Medium Red Metallic (M77) were added and replacing the ribbed black molding was the round style found on the GT models. As a side note, the SE models retained the ribbed molding, and added the aero nose found on the GT. Redesigned headlight motors appeared in 1987. Additionally, starting with the 1987 model Pontiac dealerships offered an upgrade in the form of an "option" that changed the original body to a Pininfarina Ferrari 308-type body, called the Fiero Mera. Corporate Concepts completed the "Mera" transformation and none were sold as kit form. The Mera body change was offered only on new Fieros, sold through Pontiac dealers and is considered a model in its own right. Only 247 Meras were produced by Corporate Concepts before production was halted when Corporate Concepts was sued by Ferrari.

1988
The 1988 Fiero brought a new suspension design, thought by many to have a striking resemblance to those designed by Lotus (in whom GM had held a 91-percent stake since October 1986). The suspension was never a Lotus design, though – it was the suspension the Pontiac engineers had designed in the beginning, along with what they learned from the racing program; however, some ideas may have come from Lotus. Up front were revised control arms and knuckles that reduced steering effort and improved the scrub radius. At the rear, a tri-link suspension with all new knuckles was installed. This new suspension came with staggered wheel sizes on WS6 suspension equipped models, with 15 in by 6 in wide wheels up front and 15 in by 7 in wide wheels in the rear for improved handling balance and to offset the slightly increased front track that resulted from the improvements. Topping off the package were the new vented disc brakes at all four corners, which addressed braking complaints of road testers. A variable effort electro-hydraulic power steering unit, the same design later found on the GM EV1, was also to be a late addition. This option never made it to production – one reason cited is that models with the prototype power steering were noted as being too loud. The four-cylinder engine received an in-pan oil filter element and balance shaft. A "Formula" option was added, which offered many of the GT features with the standard coupe body, including the 120 mph speedometer, WS6 Suspension (which includes offset crosslace wheels) and the rear spoiler. 1988 marked the end of production for the Fiero. Improvements to suspension, brakes, steering, and improvements to both the four-cylinder and V6 engines took the car to a level far beyond the 1984 model that had received much criticism. 1988 was also the only year a yellow exterior color was available as a factory option. On August 16, 1988, the last Fiero rolled off the Pontiac, Michigan, plant line.

The last Fiero built was presented to a GM assembler, and was kept pristine with just over 500 miles on the odometer. It was sold in December 2020 for $90,000.00.

1990 (prototype)

A prototype of the never-produced 1990 Fiero was displayed at the 20th Anniversary show in July 2003, at Fierorama 2005, at the Michigan show in 2006 and most recently at the 25th Anniversary Show in Pontiac, Michigan, in 2008. GM Heritage Center continues storing the 1989/1990 Fiero. Many of the 89/90 coupe prototypes have been demolished in a scrap yard in Australia.

Much of its design influence is apparent in the Fourth Generation Firebird. New engines were proposed for the 1990 model year, from the then new DOHC 190 bhp "Quad 4" four-cylinder as a base engine to replace the 2.5 L "Iron Duke" to a new 200+ hp DOHC V-6 for the GT models. Even a 231 CID (3.8 L) Buick Turbo V6 powered Fiero is rumored to have been seen at a test track. The single 1990 Fiero GT prototype had an early version of the upcoming DOHC V-6 that would be put into production in the Grand Prix and Lumina Z34 in the early 1990s. This engine developed more than 200 hp.

GM cited slumping and unprofitable sales of the Fiero as the reason for its demise following its 5th model year.

Engines
The Fiero was available with the 151 CID LR8 I4, and 173 CID L44 V6.

SD4
The SD4 (Super Duty 4-cylinder) was the last in a line of high-performance Pontiac engines. A 2.7 L 232 hp SD4 engine powered the 1984 Indy Fiero Pace Car to over 138 mi/h during the race. The SD4 was never available in a production vehicle, however Pontiac's Performance Parts counter had all the SD4 parts available and one could garner a 2.7 L 272 hp version and a 3.2 L 330 hp version. All 2000 Indy Fiero replicas came with the 2.5 L 92 hp Iron Duke engine.

Automatic
All automatic-equipped Fieros were equipped with the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 125 with torque converter lockup. Automatic transmission final drive ratios:

 * I4
 * 1984–1986: 3.18 (RPO "F75")
 * 1987–1988: 2.84 (RPO "F17")
 * V6
 * 1985–1986: 3.06 (RPO "?")
 * 1987–1988: 3.33 (RPO "GX3")
 * THM-125 gear ratios
 * 1st gear: 2.84
 * 2nd gear: 1.60
 * 3rd gear: 1.00
 * Reverse: 2.07

Manual
All four-speed manual transmissions were built at the Muncie, Indiana, Allison plant. The 1984 production line saw two transmissions, a performance four-speed with a final drive ratio of 4.10, and an economy four-speed with a final drive ratio of 3.32. The V6 on the 1985 model and part of the 1986 production year came with a four-speed with a final drive ratio of 3.65. The lower-geared 4.10 four-speed transmission showed improved acceleration, but sacrificed fuel economy.

Isuzu and Muncie (Getrag) five-speed transmissions were available, depending on model and equipment beginning in 1985 for the Isuzu five-speed which came on four-cylinder cars and in 1986 for the Muncie five-speed which came on V6 equipped cars. The Getrag 282 five-speed is sometimes referred to as the Muncie 282 or the Muncie Getrag 282, as the design was licensed to General Motors for manufacture by Muncie (Getrag never built the 282). This Muncie transmission is the stronger unit, designed for use with the higher output of the V6.

Crash safety
The unique plastic body-on-spaceframe design, helped the Fiero to achieve a NHTSA NCAP frontal crash test rating of five stars, the highest rating available.

According to Hemmings Motor News, the exceedingly sturdy, 600 lb space frame consisted of roughly 280 separate galvanized and high-strength steel stampings joined by 3,800 welds and, when assembled with the Fiero's mechanicals, was fully driveable without its skin. The Fiero's body panels are purely cosmetic (and aerodynamic) and carry no structural load. The Fiero was the second safest vehicle sold in America from 1984 to 1988, beaten only by the Volvo 740DL station wagon.

The official crash test scores were as follows:

 * Head Injury Criterion – 356.5/308.6
 * Chest Deceleration (G) – 30.9/29.9
 * Femur Load (LB) – Left 840/800 Right 800/740

The Fiero's technologically advanced spaceframe technology went on to be incorporated in the Saturn S-Series cars and the 1990-96 GM U platform minivans.

Problems and issues
Safety issues escalated rapidly by the summer of 1987, when the fire count for 1984 models reached a rate of 20 fires per month. Fieros were catching fire at the rate of one for every 508 cars sold, surpassing all other mass-market automobile cars. Pontiac engineers knew about the problems early on: one wrote an urgent memo dated October 6, 1983, to report that two Fieros had suddenly caught fire during test drives. This was only 3 months after the production of the Fiero began. It was first thought to be caused by antifreeze leaking out of poorly installed hoses, when in reality it was defective connecting rods. After one meeting with the Saginaw foundry manager, he wrote that "60 percent to 90 percent of the rods produced do not exhibit defects." This means at least every 1 out of 10 rods produced were defective and possibly 4 out of 10 were also defective. The Associated Press quoted the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as saying it had "...received 148 complaints regarding Pontiac Fieros catching fire including reports of six injuries. Low levels of engine oil may cause a connecting rod to break, allowing oil to escape and come into contact with engine parts. The oil would catch fire when it contacted the exhaust manifold or hot exhaust components." David Hudgens, a GM spokesman in Detroit said "if you ran out of oil, and then that coupled with some aggressive driving, perhaps, and maybe not changing the oil very often, you end up with a broken rod, and that's where the connecting rod came in; it is still the owner's responsibility to check the oil."

The Pontiac division said in a 1988 press release that "GM tests have shown that running these 1984 cars with low engine oil level can cause connecting rod failure which may lead to an engine compartment fire. Pontiac is aware of 260 fires attributable to the condition, along with ten reported minor injuries."

In popular culture
The Fiero is a popular base car for replicas of supercars such as Ferraris and Lamborghinis, as well as for various other kit cars, due to being one of the least expensive mid-engine cars available on the market.

Legacy
When the Fiero's 1984 model was introduced, it played a major role in building the "excitement" image that the Pontiac Division Motor Company wanted to establish in its car buyers. This car pioneered new concepts such as the participation of autoworkers in production methods as well as new materials provide a showcase as the first production car in the world to use a space/frame chassis with a separate body shell composed of SMC Sheet Molded Composite. According to Design News, Pontiac engineers pointed out that the Fiero experience helped the company to develop the sporty look of the Grand Am and Sunbird, as well as "road car" features in the once-traditional Bonneville and Grand Prix. Such Fiero advances as the composite skin lived on in new GM products like the Saturn.

Scale models
Several diecast model manufacturers have replicated the Fiero in various scales. Hot Wheels released a 1984 Fiero 2M4 under many paint schemes. Matchbox and Majorette also released Fiero models during the car's heyday. Monogram has released and re-released a 1985 Fiero GT model (the re-release is currently available). In recent years, a large 1:18 die-cast model of a 1985 GT was available in red and silver colors. In 2007 the Motor Max toy company began making small die-cast Fiero GT toys under the "American Graffiti" and "Fresh Cherries" lines. Select Wal-Mart locations sold a special "Since '68" Fiero made by Hot Wheels, which uses the original 1984 mold with a new paint job. The Kenner toy line M.A.S.K. had a black Fiero GT that converted into a glider craft and three wheeled chopper, called "Fireforce." Tonka's toy line Gobots included a character, "Sparky", who converted into a 1984 Fiero 2M4 (called a "P-car" on the packaging). Also worth mention is the Transformers character Punch/Counterpunch, a spy who converts into a vehicle looking similar to a 1985 Fiero GT, but modified to avoid trademark issues. Other plastic-kit display models were released by MPC-ERTL in 1:25 scale. One was a 1984 2M4 kit 10883, the other was 1987 (essentially identical to 1986) GT kit 6401.

title: Pontiac Fiero


text:
Talk:Sheriff of Nottingham (position)

History or fiction
OK, I realise there are many stories told about the Sheriff of Nottingham, but this page is starting to look like Sherrif of Nottingham in fiction with so many paragraphs about Robin Hood and even Disney cartoons.

I'll try to lookup some more research, but just from the vaguest of memories and a few links: Ojw 23:38, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * First sheriffs (1450) : William Sadler and Thomas Lyng
 * Current sheriff (2000): Councillor Derek Cresswell, Labour Party
 * There's a list of all the sheriffs on that page too
 * There are two maces in Nottingham, from the time when there were two parish churches (I think this might have been a catholic/protestant thing)
 * The whole "sheriff of nottingham was responsible for law-enforcement in the whole of northern england, all the way up to Yorkshire where robin hood lived" stories - perhaps someone can who's seen Tony Robinson's programme more recently than I can remember the details?
 * The "date" of the various robin-hood stories has probably been debunked already, but it's worth checking that the Sheriff of Nottingham wasn't contemporary with either the Crusades, or the Lionheart for example
 * Presumably some of the less savoury aspects of "the sheriff" might turn out to be opinion, we should be careful not to use retellings of a legend as a primary source here

 * I see what you mean about most of the page being legend and fiction, but I think there's a reason why this page exists and, for instance, Sheriff of Oxford doesn't... Daibhid C 15:52, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Don't mind me, just being pedantic now, but:
 * "Sherwood Forest, near Nottingham" - didn't Sherwood Forest cover most of the midlands at the time?
 * "thought to be under the control of King John" - is this non-obvious? A policeman being under the control of the king?
 * Villain category - isn't this reserved for fictional characters? (although I'm sure Mr Cresswell has developed a sense of humour about it!) - ok, the sheriff herself noted that "that the Sheriff of Nottingham had been voted one of the most evil villains of all time"

Ojw 00:21, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

What about William de Briwere (or Brewer or Bruere)? I understood he was Sheriff of a number of shires including Nottinghamshire during the time that Richard was on Crusade.

-06 Oct 2005

The Sheriff was the king's respresentative in a county, therefore could be under the direct control of the king.

For years...
For years the post has been directly appointed by the Lord Mayor ... How many years? Five? Fifty? Five hundred? :Supergolden:: 13:22, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Possible split
Why don't we do a seperate article on the Sheriff of Nottingham in Fiction? Then we could just keep a note in this article saying "The Sheriff of Nottingham was an arch-villain in the Robin Hood stories."

 * For the same reason Nottingham still has the entirely-ceremonial post at all: it adds to the charm of the thing. Simesa 03:42, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Name of the fictional Sheriff
In the BBC "Robinhood" series, did Robin call the Sheriff by name near the end of the episode "Peace? Off!!"? I could swear he said "Vasily, with me" when they were fighting the assassins. 207.202.227.125 01:41, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Wiki Project Nottinghamshire
Please feel free to join the WikiProject Nottinghamshire and contribute whatever information you can. KlickingKarl (talk) 02:04, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Current Sherrif
I found the name of the current Sheriff at -- which may be a transient page.

Incorrect details for current Sheriff (as of July 2012)
The page incorrectly listed Leon Unczur as the current sheriff which is incorrect - not helped by the fact that Nottingham City Council have not updated their page about the sheriff on their website. The current sheriff is Councillor Merlita Bryan as stated at http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3686 Flibblesan (talk) 20:57, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheriff of Nottingham (position)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Russian federal subjects/Status page

In progress
None.

Done

 * 1) Republic of Adygea (started on 6/11/4, finished on 7/12/4).
 * 2) Republic of Bashkortostan (started on 6/18/4, finished on 7/19/4).
 * 3) Altai Republic (started on 6/21/4, finished on 7/21/4).
 * 4) Buryat Republic (started on 6/21/4, finished on 7/22/4).
 * 5) Republic of Dagestan (started on 6/24/4, finished on 7/29/4).
 * 6) Republic of Ingushetia (started on 7/8/4, finished on 8/10/4).
 * 7) Kabardino-Balkar Republic (started on 7/13/4, finished on 8/16/4).
 * 8) Republic of Kalmykia (started on 8/10/4, finished on 9/10/4).
 * 9) Karachay-Cherkess Republic (started on 8/25/4, finished on 9/27/4).
 * 10) Komi Republic (started on 9/11/4, finished on 10/15/4).
 * 11) Republic of Karelia (started on 9/21/4, finished on 10/22/4).
 * 12) Mari El Republic (started on 10/22/4, finished on 11/23/4).
 * 13) Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (started on 9/1/4, finished on 12/1/4).
 * 14) Republic of Mordovia (started on 11/10/4, finished on 12/15/4).
 * 15) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (started on 12/28/4, finished on 1/28/5).
 * 16) Republic of Tatarstan (started on 1/25/5, finished on 3/2/5).
 * 17) Tuva Republic (started on 3/17/5, finished on 4/19/5).
 * 18) Udmurt Republic (started on 4/26/5, finished on 5/31/5).

To do

 * 1) Republic of Khakassia
 * 2) Chechen Republic
 * 3) Chuvash Republic
 * 4) Altai Krai
 * 5) Kamchatka Krai
 * 6) Krasnodar Krai
 * 7) Krasnoyarsk Krai
 * 8) Perm Krai
 * 9) Primorsky Krai
 * 10) Stavropol Krai
 * 11) Khabarovsk Krai
 * 12) Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
 * 13) Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 * 14) Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
 * 15) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
 * 16) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 * 17) Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 * 18) Amur Oblast
 * 19) Arkhangelsk Oblast
 * 20) Astrakhan Oblast
 * 21) Belgorod Oblast
 * 22) Bryansk Oblast
 * 23) Vladimir Oblast
 * 24) Volgograd Oblast
 * 25) Vologda Oblast
 * 26) Voronezh Oblast
 * 27) Ivanovo Oblast
 * 28) Irkutsk Oblast
 * 29) Kaliningrad Oblast
 * 30) Kaluga Oblast
 * 31) Kemerovo Oblast
 * 32) Kirov Oblast
 * 33) Kostroma Oblast
 * 34) Kurgan Oblast
 * 35) Kursk Oblast
 * 36) Leningrad Oblast
 * 37) Lipetsk Oblast
 * 38) Magadan Oblast
 * 39) Moscow Oblast
 * 40) Murmansk Oblast
 * 41) Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
 * 42) Novgorod Oblast
 * 43) Novosibirsk Oblast
 * 44) Omsk Oblast
 * 45) Orenburg Oblast
 * 46) Oryol Oblast
 * 47) Penza Oblast
 * 48) Pskov Oblast
 * 49) Rostov Oblast
 * 50) Ryazan Oblast
 * 51) Samara Oblast
 * 52) Saratov Oblast
 * 53) Sakhalin Oblast
 * 54) Sverdlovsk Oblast
 * 55) Smolensk Oblast
 * 56) Tambov Oblast
 * 57) Tver Oblast
 * 58) Tomsk Oblast
 * 59) Tula Oblast
 * 60) Tyumen Oblast
 * 61) Ulyanovsk Oblast
 * 62) Chelyabinsk Oblast
 * 63) Chita Oblast
 * 64) Yaroslavl Oblast

 * Federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg are not included in the scope of this project.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Disassociate

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Postdlf 23:38, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Disassociate
This had a VFD before that stated keep; although it's mentioned in Allmusic.com (according to User:Wyllium), the article itself is dead-end. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 04:51, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Vorash 04:58, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Megan1967 05:15, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Xcali 05:20, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep'. Mentioned in Allmusic; this page indicates they've toured at least from Providence, Rhode Island down to Maryland; seems notable enough per WP:MUSIC. Meelar (talk) 05:30, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Meelar's assessment. Kappa 06:52, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per what Meelar said -CunningLinguist 06:55, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Meelar. Jayjg (talk) 14:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hmmmm non notable. JamesBurns 07:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No assertion of notability.  Frjwoolley 18:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Very non-notable. Only 47 google hits --MarSch 16:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.