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Buffon's needle problem

In probability theory, Buffon's needle problem is a question first posed in the 18th century by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon:

 * Suppose we have a floor made of parallel strips of wood, each the same width, and we drop a needle onto the floor. What is the probability that the needle will lie across a line between two strips?

Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; it can be solved using integral geometry. The solution for the sought probability $a$, in the case where the needle length $b$ is not greater than the width $p$ of the strips, is

 * $$p=\frac{2}{\pi} \cdot \frac{l}{t}.$$

This can be used to design a Monte Carlo method for approximating the number $\pi$, although that was not the original motivation for de Buffon's question. The seemingly unusual appearance of π in this expression occurs because the underlying probability distribution function for the needle orientation is rotationally symmetric.

Solution
The problem in more mathematical terms is: Given a needle of length $l$ dropped on a plane ruled with parallel lines $t$ units apart, what is the probability that the needle will lie across a line upon landing?

Let $l$ be the distance from the center of the needle to the closest parallel line, and let $t$ be the acute angle between the needle and one of the parallel lines.

The uniform probability density function (PDF) of $x$ between 0 and $t⁄2$ is
 * $$f_X(x)=

\begin{cases} \dfrac{2}{t} &:\ 0 \le x \le \dfrac{t}{2}\\[4px] 0 &: \text{elsewhere.} \end{cases} $$

Here, $x = 0$ represents a needle that is centered directly on a line, and $x = t⁄2$ represents a needle that is perfectly centered between two lines. The uniform PDF assumes the needle is equally likely to fall anywhere in this range, but could not fall outside of it.

The uniform probability density function of $θ$ between 0 and $π⁄2$ is
 * $$f_\Theta(\theta)=

\begin{cases} \dfrac{2}{\pi} &:\ 0 \le \theta \le \dfrac{\pi}{2}\\[4px] 0 &: \text{elsewhere.} \end{cases} $$

Here, $θ = 0$ represents a needle that is parallel to the marked lines, and $θ = π⁄2$ radians represents a needle that is perpendicular to the marked lines. Any angle within this range is assumed an equally likely outcome.

The two random variables, $x$ and $θ$, are independent, so the joint probability density function is the product
 * $$f_{X,\Theta}(x,\theta)=

\begin{cases} \dfrac{4}{t\pi} &:\ 0 \le x \le \dfrac{t}{2}, \ 0 \le \theta \le \dfrac{\pi}{2}\\[4px] 0 &: \text{elsewhere.} \end{cases} $$

The needle crosses a line if

 * $$x \le \frac {l}{2} \sin\theta.$$

Now there are two cases.

Case 1: Short needle ($l ≤ t$)
Integrating the joint probability density function gives the probability that the needle will cross a line:

 * $$P = \int_{\theta=0}^\frac{\pi}{2} \int_{x=0}^{\frac{l}{2}\sin \theta} \frac{4}{t\pi}\,dx\,d\theta = \frac{2 l}{t\pi}.$$

Case 2: Long needle ($l > t$)
Suppose $l > t$. In this case, integrating the joint probability density function, we obtain:

 * $$\int_{\theta=0}^\frac{\pi}{2} \int_{x=0}^{m(\theta)} \frac{4}{t\pi}\,dx\,d\theta,$$

where $m(θ)$ is the minimum between $l⁄2 sin θ$ and $t⁄2$.

Thus, performing the above integration, we see that, when $l > t$, the probability that the needle will cross at least one line is

 * $$P = \frac{2l}{t\pi} - \frac{2}{t\pi}\left(\sqrt{l^2 - t^2} + t\arcsin \frac{t}{l} \right)+1$$

or
 * $$P = \frac{2}{\pi} \arccos \frac{t}{l} + \frac{2}{\pi}\cdot\frac{l}{t} \left(1 - \sqrt{1 - \left( \frac t l \right)^2 } \right).  $$

In the second expression, the first term represents the probability of the angle of the needle being such that it will always cross at least one line. The right term represents the probability that the needle falls at an angle where its position matters, and it crosses the line.

Alternatively, notice that whenever $x$ has a value such that $l sin θ ≤ t$, that is, in the range $0 ≤ θ ≤ arcsin t⁄l$, the probability of crossing is the same as in the short needle case. However if $l sin θ > t$, that is, $arcsin t⁄l < θ ≤ π⁄2$ the probability is constant and is equal to 1.

 * $$\begin{align}

P &= \left(\int_{\theta=0}^{\arcsin \frac{t}{l}} \int_{x=0}^{\frac{l}{2}\sin\theta} \frac{4}{t\pi}dxd{\theta}\right) + \left(\int_{\arcsin\frac{t}{l}}^\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{2}{\pi}d{\theta}\right) \\[6px] &= \frac{2l}{t\pi} - \frac{2}{t\pi}\left(\sqrt{l^2 - t^2} + t\arcsin \frac{t}{l}\right) + 1 \end{align}$$

Using elementary calculus
The following solution for the "short needle" case, while equivalent to the one above, has a more visual flavor, and avoids iterated integrals.

We can calculate the probability $θ$ as the product of two probabilities: $P = P_{1} · P_{2}$, where $P_{1}$ is the probability that the center of the needle falls close enough to a line for the needle to possibly cross it, and $P_{2}$ is the probability that the needle actually crosses the line, given that the center is within reach.

Looking at the illustration in the above section, it is apparent that the needle can cross a line if the center of the needle is within $l⁄2$ units of either side of the strip. Adding $l⁄2 + l⁄2$ from both sides and dividing by the whole width $θ$, we obtain $P_{1} = l⁄t$.

Now, we assume that the center is within reach of the edge of the strip, and calculate $2θ$. To simplify the calculation, we can assume that $$l = 2$$.

Let $P$ and $t$ be as in the illustration in this section. Placing a needle's center at $x$, the needle will cross the vertical axis if it falls within a range of $P_{2}$ radians, out of π radians of possible orientations. This represents the gray area to the left of $x$ in the figure. For a fixed $x$, we can express $θ$ as a function of $x$: $2θ$. Now we can let $x$ range from 0 to 1, and integrate:

 * $$\begin{align}

P_2 &= \int_0^1 \frac{2\theta(x)}{\pi}\,dx \\[6px] &= \frac{2}{\pi}\int_0^1 \cos^{-1}(x)\,dx \\[6px] &= \frac{2}{\pi}\cdot 1 = \frac{2}{\pi}. \end{align}$$

Multiplying both results, we obtain $θ(x) = arccos(x)$ as above.

There is an even more elegant and simple method of calculating the "short needle case". The end of the needle farthest away from any one of the two lines bordering its region must be located within a horizontal (perpendicular to the bordering lines) distance of $P = P_{1} · P_{2} = l⁄t · 2⁄π = 2l⁄tπ$ (where $x$ is the angle between the needle and the horizontal) from this line in order for the needle to cross it. The farthest this end of the needle can move away from this line horizontally in its region is $θ$. The probability that the farthest end of the needle is located no more than a distance $l cos θ$ away from the line (and thus that the needle crosses the line) out of the total distance $x$ it can move in its region for $l cos θ$ is given by

 * $$\begin{align}

P &= \frac{\displaystyle\int_0^\frac{\pi}{2} l\cos\theta \, d\theta}{\displaystyle\int_0^\frac{\pi}{2} t \, d\theta} \\[6px] &= \frac l t\cdot\frac{\displaystyle\int_0^\frac{\pi}{2} \cos\theta \, d\theta}{\displaystyle\int_0^\frac{\pi}{2} d\theta} \\[6px] &= \frac l t\cdot\frac{1}{\,\frac{\pi}{2}\,} \\[6px] &=\frac{2l}{t\pi}. \end{align}$$

Without integrals
The short-needle problem can also be solved without any integration, in a way that explains the formula for $x$ from the geometric fact that a circle of diameter $θ$ will cross the distance $t$ strips always (i.e. with probability 1) in exactly two spots. This solution was given by Joseph-Émile Barbier in 1860 and is also referred to as "Buffon's noodle".

Estimating π
In the first, simpler case above, the formula obtained for the probability $t$ can be rearranged to
 * $$\pi = \frac{2l}{tP}.$$

Thus, if we conduct an experiment to estimate $p$, we will also have an estimate for π.

Suppose we drop $t$ needles and find that $t$ of those needles are crossing lines, so $y$ is approximated by the fraction $0 ≤ θ ≤ π⁄2$. This leads to the formula:

 * $$\pi \approx \frac{2l\cdot n}{t h}.$$

In 1901, Italian mathematician Mario Lazzarini performed Buffon's needle experiment. Tossing a needle 3,408 times, he obtained the well-known approximation $x$ for π, accurate to six decimal places. Lazzarini's "experiment" is an example of confirmation bias, as it was set up to replicate the already well-known approximation of $P$ (in fact, there is no better rational approximation with fewer than five digits in the numerator and denominator, see also Milü), yielding a more accurate "prediction" of π than would be expected from the number of trials, as follows:

Lazzarini chose needles whose length was $P$ of the width of the strips of wood. In this case, the probability that the needles will cross the lines is $2l · n⁄th = 2 × 9 × 17⁄9 × 11 ≈ 3.1 ≈ \pi$. Thus if one were to drop $n$ needles and get $h$ crossings, one would estimate π as
 * $$\pi \approx \frac 53 \cdot \frac nx$$

So if Lazzarini was aiming for the result $P$, he needed $355⁄113$ and $355⁄113$ such that
 * $$\frac{355}{113} = \frac 53 \cdot \frac nx,$$

or equivalently,
 * $$x = \frac{113 n}{213}.$$

To do this, one should pick $5⁄6$ as a multiple of 213, because then $t = 5.0$ is an integer; one then drops $n$ needles, and hopes for exactly $l = 2.6$ successes. If one drops 213 needles and happens to get 113 successes, then one can triumphantly report an estimate of π accurate to six decimal places. If not, one can just do  213 more trials and hope  for  a total of 226 successes; if not, just repeat as necessary. Lazzarini performed 3,408 = 213 × 16 trials, making it seem likely that this is the strategy he used to obtain his "estimate".

The above description of strategy might even be considered charitable to Lazzarini. A statistical analysis of intermediate results he reported for fewer tosses leads to a very low probability of achieving such close agreement to the expected value all through the experiment. This makes it very possible that the "experiment" itself was never physically performed, but based on numbers concocted from imagination to match statistical expectations, but too well, as it turns out.

Dutch science journalist Hans van Maanen argues, however, that Lazzarini's article was never meant to be taken too seriously as it would have been pretty obvious for the readers of the magazine (aimed at school teachers) that the apparatus that Lazzarini said to have built cannot possibly work as described.

Laplace's extension (short needle case)
Now consider the case where the plane contains two sets of parallel lines orthogonal to one another, creating a standard perpendicular grid. We aim to find the probability that the needle intersects at least one line on the grid. Let $x$ and $355⁄113$ be the sides of the rectangle that contains the midpoint of the needle whose length is $n$. Since this is the short needle case, $h⁄n$, $5⁄3π$. Let $113n⁄213$ mark the coordinates of the needle's midpoint and let $x$ mark the angle formed by the needle and the $n$-axis. Similar to the examples described above, we consider $n$, $a$, $b$ to be independent uniform random variables over the ranges $x = 113n⁄213$, $l < a$, $l < b$.

To solve such a problem, we first compute the probability that the needle crosses no lines, and then we take its compliment. We compute this first probability by determining the volume of the domain where the needle crosses no lines and then divide that by the volume of all possibilities, $l$. We can easily see that $(x,y)$.

Now let $0 ≤ x ≤ a$ be the volume of possibilities where the needle does not intersect any line. Developed by J.V. Uspensky,

 * $$V^* = \int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} F(\varphi)\,d\varphi$$

where $0 ≤ y ≤ b$ is the region where the needle does not intersect any line given an angle $φ$. To determine $−π⁄2 ≤ φ ≤ π⁄2$, let's first look at the case for the horizontal edges of the bounding rectangle. The total side length is $x$ and the midpoint must not be within $V = πab$ of either endpoint of the edge. Thus, the total allowable length for no intersection is $V*$ or simply just $F(φ)$. Equivalently, for the vertical edges with length $x$, we have $F(φ)$. The ± accounts for the cases where $y$ is positive or negative. Taking the positive case and then adding the absolute value signs in the final answer for generality, we get

 * $$F(\varphi) =(a - l\cos\varphi)(b - l\sin\varphi) = ab - bl \cos \varphi - al|\sin \varphi|+ \tfrac{1}{2}l^2|\sin 2\varphi|.$$

Now we can compute the following integral:

 * $$V^* = \int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} F(\varphi)\,d\varphi = \pi ab-2bl-2al+l^2 .$$

Thus, the probability that the needle does not intersect any line is

 * $$\frac{V^*}{V}= \frac{\pi ab-2bl-2al+l^2}{\pi a b} = 1 - \frac{2l(a+b)-l^2}{\pi a b}.$$

And finally, if we want to calculate the probability, $φ$, that the needle does intersect at least one line, we need to subtract the above result from 1 to compute its compliment, yielding

 * $$P = \frac{2l(a+b)-l^2}{\pi a b}$$.

Comparing estimators of π
As mentioned above, Buffon's needle experiment can be used to estimate π. This fact holds for Laplace's extension too since π shows up in that answer as well. The following question then naturally arises and is discussed by E.F. Schuster in 1974. Is Buffon's experiment or Laplace's a better estimator of the value of π? Since in Laplace's extension there are two sets of parallel lines, we compare $V$ drops when there is a grid (Laplace), and $l⁄2 cos φ$ drops in Buffon's original experiment.

Let $φ$ be the event that the needle intersects a horizontal line (parallel to the $a$-axis)

 * $$ x =

\begin{cases} 1 &: \text{intersection occurs}\\ 0 &: \text{no intersection} \end{cases} $$ and let $b$ be the event that the needle intersects a vertical line (parallel to the $φ$-axis)

 * $$ y =

\begin{cases} 1 &: \text{intersection occurs}\\ 0 &: \text{no intersection} \end{cases} $$

For simplicity in the algebraic formulation ahead, let $a − 2(l⁄2 cos φ)$ such that the original result in Buffon's problem is $a − l cos φ$. Furthermore, let $b ± l sin φ$ drops.

Now let us examine $2N$ for Laplace's result, that is, the probability the needle intersects both a horizontal and a vertical line. We know that
 * $$P(AB) = 1 - P(AB') - P(A'B) - P(A'B').$$

From the above section, $a = b = t = 2l$, or the probability that the needle intersects no lines is
 * $$P(A'B') = 1 - \frac{2l(a+b)-l^2}{\pi a b} = 1 - \frac{2l(4l)-l^2}{4 l^2 \pi} = 1 - \frac{7}{4\pi} .$$

We can solve for $P(A) = P(B) = 1⁄π$ and $N = 100$ using the following method:

 * $$\begin{align}

P(A) &= \frac{1}{\pi} = P(AB) + P(AB') \\[4px] P(B) &= \frac{1}{\pi} = P(AB) + P(A'B). \end{align}$$

Solving for $P(AB)$ and $P(A′B′)$ and plugging that into the original definition for $P(A′B)$ a few lines above, we get
 * $$ P(AB) = 1 - 2\left(\frac{1}{\pi}-P(AB)\right) - \left(1 - \frac{7}{4\pi}\right) = \frac{1}{4\pi}$$

Although not necessary to the problem, it is now possible to see that $P(AB′)$. With the values above, we are now able to determine which of these estimators is a better estimator for π. For the Laplace variant, let $P$ be the estimator for the probability that there is a line intersection such that
 * $$\hat{p} = \frac{1}{100}\sum_{n=1}^{100}\frac{x_n+y_n}{2}$$.

We are interested in the variance of such an estimator to understand the usefulness or efficiency of it. To compute the variance of $N$, we first compute $P(A′B)$ where

 * $$\operatorname{Var}(x_n + y_n) = \operatorname{Var}(x_n) +\operatorname{Var}(y_n) + 2\operatorname{Cov}(x_n,y_n).$$

Solving for each part individually,
 * $$\begin{align}

\operatorname{Var}(x_n) = \operatorname{Var}(y_n) &= \sum_{i = 1}^2 p_i\bigl(x_i-\mathbb{E}(x_i)\bigr)^2 \\[6px] &= P(x_i=1)\left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right)^2 + P(x_i=0)\left(0-\frac{1}{\pi}\right)^2 \\[6px] &= \frac{1}{\pi}\left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right)^2 + \left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right)\left(-\frac{1}{\pi}\right)^2 = \frac{1}{\pi}\left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right). \\[12px]

\operatorname{Cov}(x_n,y_n) &= \mathbb{E}(x_ny_n) - \mathbb{E}(x_n)\mathbb{E}(y_n) \end{align}$$

We know from the previous section that
 * $$\mathbb{E}(x_ny_n) = P(AB) = \frac{1}{4\pi}$$

yielding
 * $$\operatorname{Cov}(x_n,y_n) = \frac{1}{4\pi} - \frac{1}{\pi}\cdot\frac{1}{\pi} = \frac{\pi-4}{4\pi^2} < 0$$

Thus,
 * $$ \operatorname{Var}(x_n+y_n) = \frac{1}{\pi}\left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right) + \frac{1}{\pi}\left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right) + 2\left(\frac{\pi-4}{4\pi^2}\right) = \frac{5\pi - 8}{2\pi^2} $$

Returning to the original problem of this section, the variance of estimator $A$ is
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(\hat{p}) = \frac{1}{200^2}(100)\left(\frac{5\pi - 8}{2\pi^2}\right) \approx 0.000\,976.$$

Now let us calculate the number of drops, $x$, needed to achieve the same variance as 100 drops over perpendicular lines. If $P(AB′)$ then we can conclude that the setup with only parallel lines is more efficient than the case with perpendicular lines. Conversely if $B$ is equal to or more than 200, than Buffon's experiment is equally or less efficient, respectively. Let $y$ be the estimator for Buffon's original experiment. Then,

 * $$ \hat{q} = \frac{1}{M}\sum_{m=1}^M x_m $$

and
 * $$ \operatorname{Var}(\hat{q}) = \frac{1}{M^2}(M)\operatorname{Var}(x_m) = \frac{1}{M}\cdot\frac{1}{\pi}\left(1-\frac{1}{\pi}\right) \approx \frac{0.217}{M}$$

Solving for $p̂$,
 * $$ \frac{0.217}{M} = 0.000\,976 \implies M \approx 222.$$

Thus, it takes 222 drops with only parallel lines to have the same certainty as 100 drops in Laplace's case. This isn't actually surprising because of the observation that $P(AB)$. Because $p̂$ and $p̂$ are negatively correlated random variables, they act to reduce the total variance in the estimator that is an average of the two of them. This method of variance reduction is known as the antithetic variates method.

title: Buffon's needle problem


text:
Penn Fields

Penn Fields is an area to the south west of the City of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, within the Graiseley ward. It lies on the western side of Penn Road, the A449 trunk road to Kidderminster. The housing stock varies from modest terraced homes to large detached residences. Notable buildings include the Bingley Enterprise Centre and Bantock Primary School.

In April 2021, a planning application was submitted to demolish the Quality Hotel on the corner of Penn Road and Oaklands Road and construct a Lidl supermarket on the site.

Roads of note include Lea Road, Jeffcock Road, Owen Road and Penn Road. Over the last decade, the area has suffered with a number of social issues. A number of incidents involving antisocial behaviour, a mysterious explosion and shootings have tarnished Penn Fields' reputation.

Demographics
The community is racially very mixed. In the Penn Fields area there is a diverse culture with a mix of various cultures. Since 2007, a number of Slovaks, Polish, Czechs, Russians, Roma, Albanians and Lithuanians have moved into the area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Penn Fields


text:
Toronto waterfront

The Toronto waterfront is the lakeshore of Lake Ontario in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It spans 46 kilometres between the mouth of Etobicoke Creek in the west and the Rouge River in the east.

History
Lake Ontario is a recent lake. As the last glaciation, the Laurentian glaciation receded, a number of proglacial lakes filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of those proglacial lakes was Lake Iroquois. Lake Iroquois was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of the Laurentian glacier still filled the valley of what is now the St. Lawrence River. The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment. The lake flowed over the Niagara Escarpment east of Rochester, and flowed to the Atlantic Ocean down what is now the Mohawk River, to the Hudson River. The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, such as that on the north side of Davenport Road. Casa Loma has a view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline.

When the glacier retreated from the St. Lawrence Valley, the shoreline receded to a much shallower level than today's lake, as it takes time for land that had been under a heavy glacier to rebound. This lake was called Admiralty Lake. Some sources suggest the drainage of the lake triggered the Upper Dryas climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way to sea level and the lake became brackish.

Since the last ice age, silt deposits, borne mostly from the erosion of the Scarborough Bluffs and the eluvial rivers to the east were swept by strong, natural Lake Ontario currents creating prominent fingers of land away from the lakeshore in the current central waterfront area, including the Toronto Islands. The shore of Lake Ontario (at least within present-day Toronto Harbour) is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline. Adding to the existing silt deposits, Ashbridges Bay was filled in and the Port Lands area (Cherry Street to Leslie Street) was created in the early 1900s. The bay was filled in partly due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses and household waste in the bay for years. During this period, the Don River, which used to flow into the bay to the south-west, was diverted (straightened) toward the harbour, first directly southward and later westward through the current configuration of the Keating Channel. Currently, there are proposals to restore the original natural watercourse of the Don, which would bring it closer to the downtown core. The modern harbour area was mostly formed through landfill in the years around the First World War, to allow for deeper container vessel wharf access. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, providing shipping access to communities from Port Union in the east to Mimico in the west.

Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of the Humber River, outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake. East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront is under the control of the government. The Sunnyside lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational and park land uses. To the east of Sunnyside, the lands were originally military grounds, centred on Fort York. The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been public ever since. To the east of the harbour area, parklands were built along the waterfront from Ashbridges Bay east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park. Further east, the Scarborough lands have been dominated by the Scarborough Bluffs and development could not proceed to the waterfront. In the 1950s, the Gardiner Expressway project, connecting suburbs to the west, substantially changed the western waterfront. As the Toronto area prospered and the downtown lands became more developed, industry began to move out of the central area seeking cheaper land in the suburbs. This left behind many heavily polluted sites (some of the main uses of the waterfront were oil and coal storage, waste disposal and incineration, and heavy manufacturing especially in Toronto harbour). The railway lands just to the north of the waterfront now became too valuable to keep industrial and have been converted to other uses, starting with the CN Tower in the 1970s. The railway lands became the site of the SkyDome (now Rogers Centre), the Toronto Convention Centre, office buildings and numerous condominium residential buildings.

Tonnage to the Toronto Port has declined over the past 50 years, replaced by increases in other modes of transportation. The Toronto Harbour Commission was eventually dissolved, its lands transferred to the City except for those specifically to be controlled by the successor Toronto Port Authority, which retained authority over transportation uses in the Port, including the Island Airport. The federal government created the authority along with others around Canada to manage ports in a more business-like fashion. Following its mandate, the Port Authority has made attempts to increase usage of the Port, initiating a Ship Terminal and Ferry Service to Rochester, a container facility in the Port lands and plans to expand the usage of the Island Airport, although expanded use of the Island Airport is opposed by local residents and organizations, and puts it at odds with the current City of Toronto council.

The 1972 Canadian election saw a further step in the conversion of the central waterfront away from industrial uses. The Federal Liberals promised to improve Toronto's waterfront, expropriating the area from Bathurst Street to York Street along the waterfront for the "Harbourfront" project. Some buildings, such as Queen's Quay Terminal and Harbourfront Centre were remodeled, and others such as Maple Leaf Mills Silos demolished and replaced by new structures. The areas south of Queens Quay have been changed mainly to cultural and recreational uses and the area north of Queens Quay has been redeveloped into condominium residential towers. West of Bathurst Street, the lands have been converted into a new residential area.

The area between York Street and Jarvis Street along the water has remained in private ownership except for the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal. Residential condominiums and the large Harbour Castle hotel were built along the water and the Toronto Star built a new headquarters office building at Yonge Street. The Redpath Sugar Factory remains, and several industrial buildings have been converted into other uses. The area along the water has been primarily owned by the Toronto Harbour Commission, and eventually transferred to the City's Economic Commission.

In 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called another Royal Commission into the waterfront that was headed by former mayor David Crombie. It was reported in 1992 with a detailed, but expensive plan of environmentally sound development following on the heels of his 1982–86 Toronto Waterfront Regeneration Trust Commission report. Few, if any of the recommendations were carried out, as had been the case during the previous 60 years.

Toronto's bids for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics saw plans for much of the new facilities to be located along the waterfront, with all three levels of government committed to spending a great deal of money if the games were won, but on both attempts Toronto lost its bid due to the lack of diversity in facilities either planned or in situ and, except for further commercial condominium development at Harbourfront offering grandiose views of the water, the waterfront was unchanged. The recent bid by Toronto for the World's Fair 2015 also planned to use waterfront sites to accommodate the fair, but this bid also failed.

As of 2008, most of the lands to the east of Yonge Street, around and east of the Don River are slated for redevelopment directed by the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. Plans are to build predominantly low-rise developments, with a waterfront opened up to public uses, including recreation. The Don River, diverted into a channel is slated to become 'naturalized' with more natural river banks and a more natural appearance.

Timeline

 * 1750 – Fort Rouillé trading post is built on waterfront by French military
 * 1759 – Fort Rouillé abandoned by French during war with Great Britain
 * 1793 – John Graves Simcoe orders the building of Toronto Garrison to guard the western entrance (then, the only entrance) to the harbour.
 * 1808 – Gibraltar Point Lighthouse is built on Toronto Bay peninsula
 * 1813 – American forces capture the Toronto Garrison at the Battle of York, along with ransacking York, and burning down the Parliament buildings.
 * 1814 – Garrison is rebuilt as Fort York
 * 1832 – Construction of the Gooderham & Worts distillery to the west of the Don River mouth which grew to become the world's largest distillery.
 * 1858 – a violent storm rips a gap at the eastern end of the Toronto Bay peninsula now known as Toronto Island — the gap later becomes the eastern channel.
 * 1890s – First undertaken as a sanitary works project, channelization of the lower Don begins, first the mouth is straightened directly southward (Ainsworth Cut).
 * 1911 – Toronto Harbour Commission created to manage port infrastructure and work on resolve the Don River mouth alignments.
 * 1922 – Construction of the Keating Channel is completed in order to allow large container vessels deeper water access closer to the Don mouth and nearby industry.
 * 1920s – THC fills in 200 ft of harbour shoreline in area south of Harbour Street from Bathurst Street to Don River. THC also fills in marshlands south of Don River for industrial and port development. These are known today as the Portlands. THC also extends shoreline in Sunnyside district and opens Sunnyside Amusement Park
 * 1926 – The City of Toronto takes over the Toronto Island ferries.
 * 1935 – Construction begins on a tunnel from the end of Stadium Road to the western sandbar (a future airport site) as a depression relief project. Opposed by Toronto Mayor Samuel McBride, it is abandoned several weeks later after a change of federal government.
 * 1939 – After 11 years of planning and two years of construction, the Port George VI Island Airport opens on the western sandbar, near the foot of Bathurst Street.
 * 1940–43 – The Royal Norwegian Air Force trains at the island airport during the Nazi occupation of Norway. Moves to Northern Ontario base after several crashes and noise from operations.
 * 1949 – While docked at Pier 9, the luxury cruise ship SS Noronic catches fire and burns, killing over 118 people
 * 1954 – Hurricane Hazel changes the topography of the harbour, splintering the main island into several smaller islands.
 * 1970 – Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant, a restaurant on board the MS Normac in Toronto harbour opens
 * 1971 – Ontario Place opens, on man-made islands to the west of the Toronto Islands
 * 1972 – Harbourfront Centre is established by the Federal Government
 * 1988 – Royal Commission set-up to formulate a plan for Toronto's harbour
 * 1991–94 – Transfer of 800 acres of port lands to City of Toronto' Toronto Economic Development Commission (TEDCO) in return for permanent subsidy of THC.
 * 1994 – Toronto Island Airport renamed Toronto City Centre Airport.
 * 1999 – Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Premier Mike Harris and Mayor Mel Lastman announced at a press conference the formation of the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force
 * 1999 – Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation is established; Toronto Port Authority (TPA) created to replace the Toronto Harbour Commission
 * 2000 – The (Robert Fung) Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force Report was released to the public.
 * 2001–2002 – The TPA sues the City for $1 billion over lands transferred in 1990s; settles for $55 million settlement and agreement to permit building of bridge to Island; end of permanent subsidy for lands.
 * 2003 – After election of Mayor David Miller; bridge to island airport is canceled.
 * 2004 – The Rochester/Toronto Ferry starts service in May and ends in November
 * 2006 – The Rochester/Toronto Ferry announces that it will no longer be in business
 * 2006 – TEDCO and its partners Rose Corp and Toronto Film Studios begin construction of a new Film Studio ("Filmport") in the Portlands set to open in Spring 2008
 * 2006 – The Ontario Government proposes a new electrical generation plant in the port lands (Portlands Energy Centre)
 * 2006 – REGCO Holdings signs a 25-year deal with the Toronto Port Authority to run an airline service out of the island airport (Porter Airlines)
 * 2007 – TEDCO begins construction of Corus Quay office building for media company Corus Entertainment at the foot of Jarvis Street
 * 2009 – Waterfront Toronto breaks ground on the new Sherbourne Park.
 * 2009 – Toronto City Centre Airport renamed Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport.
 * 2010 – Corus Quay opens
 * 2010 – Sugar Beach opens at foot of Jarvis Street
 * 2011 – Final season of Ontario Place theme park; park to be redeveloped; some facilities remain open
 * 2012 – Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant closes in default
 * 2013 – Porter Airlines proposes jets at island airport
 * 2015 – Toronto Port Authority renamed to PortsToronto
 * 2015 – Pedestrian tunnel opens to island airport
 * 2015 – Pan-Am Games use revitalized water channel along Ontario Place for competitions
 * 2015 – Jets proposal for island airport is cancelled after Canadian federal election
 * 2017 – Google's Sidewalk Labs announces multi-level government partnership, through Waterfront Toronto, to develop Quayside; plans were later abandoned by Google in 2020.

Western waterfront
Etobicoke Creek forms the western border of the city of Toronto dividing it with neighbouring Mississauga, and its portion of the Lake Ontario waterfront. The Etobicoke section of the lakeshore is mainly privately owned with parklands and public lands. The neighbourhoods north of the lake are the former villages of Mimico, New Toronto and Long Branch, developed as suburbs of the original city. While in close proximity to the lake, these areas are also just to the south of the industrial belt surrounding the CNR rail line. Notable sights on this part of the waterfront include the lakeshore campus of Humber College, housed in a historic former asylum, and Humber Bay Park, and large park at the outlet of Mimico Creek. Both these sites have marinas. More parkland along the lakeshore is being built with the goal to extend the waterfront route of Martin Goodman Trail as far west as Long Branch.

The western border of the old city of Toronto (with Etobicoke) is marked by the Humber River. At the waterfront, this river is crossed by the prominent new Humber Bay Arch Bridge. From the Humber to Jameson Avenue in the east is the Sunnyside area of waterfront parklands and recreational uses. Adjoining the waterfront to the north is the large High Park. The Swansea, Roncesvalles, and Parkdale older neighbourhoods are north of the waterfront in this area.

East of Jameson Ave, the waterfront area is home to Exhibition Place with Ontario Place just to the south on three artificial islands. This area is also the former site of Fort Rouillé, one of the first European settlements in the region.

Toronto Harbour
To the east of Exhibition Place begins a long stretch of former commercial and industrial areas that are rapidly being converted into some of Toronto's most expensive residences and condominiums. Historic commercial structures such as the Tip Top Tailors Building and the Queen's Quay Terminal have been turned into luxury condominiums with waterfront views. Associated with this Queens Quay has become home to a number of high end shops and restaurants. This area is also home to the Harbourfront Centre, a large cultural centre occupying 10 acre of former industrial land including an old power plant that is now a gallery. Some large industrial structures remain though most are shut down, most prominently the imposing Canada Malting Silos. Just to the north of the Gardiner is the former railway lands that have also seen rapid development in the years since deindustrialization. This area is home to the Rogers Centre (SkyDome) and CN Tower, both of which are prominently visible from the waterfront. Between York and Yonge Streets is a cluster of large skyscrapers, many built in the 1970s in the first wave of redevelopment on the waterfront. This includes the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel and One Yonge Street. Also in this area was Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant, a permanently docked cruise ship that served as a restaurant popular with tourists (now closed, and the ship has been removed) and the Redpath Sugar Building which remains an industrial site.

East of Yonge Street running to Cherry Street is a stretch of area known as the East Bayfront, centred on the Parliament Street slip. Currently a mix of warehouses and brownlands it is slated for development in the near future. Corus Quay is the first building to be built in the district as part of a public-private partnership led by TEDCO. It is expected that, in the next few years, thousands of new residences and millions of feet of commercial space will be built in this area. South of this, on two large projections separated by a ship canal, is the still-operating portion of Toronto Harbour which includes docking facilities for both freight and cruise ships.

The Toronto Islands, a chain of small natural islands, form the southern border of the Inner Harbour. Most of the islands are today parkland, with a handful of permanent inhabitants. The westernmost portion of the islands are dominated by the island airport. The island airport is linked to the mainland by a ferry at Bathurst Street. Controversy arose in 2003 when the port authority proposed replacing the ferry with a bridge, due to concerns about increased vehicle and air traffic along the waterfront. Mayor David Miller canceled the plans for the bridge soon after winning office. However, in 2009, a revised plan to connect the Island to the mainland emerged when the Toronto Port Authority began preliminary work on a $38 million pedestrian tunnel under the Western Gap, which was completed and opened to pedestrian traffic in 2015.

Port Lands
To the east of Cherry Street and the Inner Harbour is another area that is partially industrial and partially abandoned known as the Port Lands. This area is home to the shuttered Hearn Generating Station and the newly opened Portlands Energy Centre. There are long-term plans to transform this area into a mix of commercial and residential developments, but no firm proposals have been developed, except a new Film Studio sponsored by TEDCO. The southern portion of the Portlands was intended to be an outer harbour, but the demand for such a harbour never developed. Instead this area today is home to Cherry Beach, while the large breakwater known as the Leslie Street Spit is a popular park and birding area.

The Beaches
East of the Portlands begins the well-known Beaches area of Toronto. This part of the city is named after the series of four connected beaches that lie along this section of the lakeshore. The western boundary of this region was once home to the Greenwood Raceway. The racetrack was demolished in the 1990s and a new residential neighbourhood was constructed in its stead. The eastern boundary is the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, still the source of much of Toronto's water supply and also a prominent Art Deco monument.

Eastern waterfront
The Scarborough portion of the waterfront is dominated by the Scarborough Bluffs, a series of cliffs that run along the lakeshore for 15 km and standing at a height of 90 m at its highest point. On the top of the cliffs are a number of suburban neighbourhoods such as Cliffside, Cliffcrest, Scarborough Village, Guildwood and West Hill. This area is also home to large manicured properties such as Rosetta McClain Gardens and extensive grounds of the St. Augustine Seminary. The most prominent site along the creek juncture with the lakeshore is Bluffer's Park, a large park and marina built on fill below the bluffs. The bluffs end at the ravines of Highland Creek.

East of Highland Creek is Port Union, named after a port facility that existed there from 1832 to 1873. The community was centred on the Adams Creek which was the site of a local ship builder who worked for the local merchants in the area which also had a winter harbour up the mouth of the Rouge River Valley. The little harbour disappeared in the late 1870s with the arrival of the Grand Trunk Railway. The railway built a causeway, as part of a bridge project, filling in part of the river, irreversibly changing the mouth of the Rouge River, negatively impacting the local environment. Remedial efforts began in 2001 to reverse the changes in the local environment, although the bridge and causeway remains. East of Port Union is West Rouge, Toronto's easternmost neighbourhood. The eastern terminus of Lawrence Avenue is situated near the southeast portion of West Rouge's waterfront. The easternmost portion of Toronto's waterfront forms a part of Rouge National Urban Park, a national park whose area includes the Rouge River, and its surrounding valleys. The park's waterfront area includes Rouge Pond, Rouge Beach, and the mouth of the Rouge River. The Rouge River forms the eastern end of Toronto's waterfront, as the river is used as the border between the City of Toronto and the neighbouring suburb to the east, Pickering. Two bridges connect Toronto's waterfront with Pickering, a pedestrian bridge, and a railway bridge.

Revitalization plans
Waterfront revitalization has been a hot topic of debate in Toronto for decades. In 1972, the federal government established the "Harbourfront Project" which converted part of the central waterfront from industrial uses to cultural, recreational and residential uses. Harbourfront Centre and Queen's Quay Terminal are legacies of that revitalization effort. In 1999, a task force was established to develop recommendations and a business plan for revitalization. In 2001, following the recommendations of the task force, the federal, provincial and municipal governments established the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (now known as Waterfront Toronto), to lead and manage the renewal of Toronto's waterfront. The three levels of government committed $1.5 billion to launch the redevelopment initiative. Waterfront Toronto is overseen by a 13-member government appointed Board of Directors.

Waterfront revitalization is concentrated on Toronto's central waterfront, an area that extends from Dowling Avenue in the west to Coxwell Avenue in the east. The revitalization of Toronto's waterfront is one of the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America with 800 ha of largely underutilized, derelict land located steps away from Canada's largest financial and cultural urban core. Full revitalization is projected to take 25 to 30 years and an estimated $17 billion in public and private funds to complete.

According to Waterfront Toronto's master plan, once fully developed, Toronto's waterfront will include 40,000 new residences (20% of which will be affordable housing), 40,000 new jobs, new transit infrastructure and 300 ha of parks and public spaces. Waterfront Toronto's plans identify public accessibility to the waterfront and the development of parks and public spaces as major priorities. A variety of waterfront public space projects have already been completed by the organization including York and John Quay Promenades, improvements to Cherry Beach, the Western Beaches Watercourse, Marilyn Bell Park improvements and expansion of the Martin Goodman Trail from Marilyn Bell Park to Ontario Place and the completion of phase one Port Union Waterfront Park. The first phase on construction of the Central Waterfront and Mimico Waterfront Park were completed in summer 2008.

The first new neighborhoods to be developed by Waterfront Toronto are the East Bayfront and West Don Lands. These lands are now rezoned as mixed use developments. Based on plans developed in consultation with public stakeholders, these environmental communities will feature green roof tops, pedestrian-friendly streets, extensive parks and public spaces, affordable housing, public transit within a five-minute walk of all residences, schools, childcare and recreation facilities.

Site preparation activities and phase one infrastructure are currently underway in East Bayfront and West Don Lands. Waterfront Toronto launched the developer selection process for the East Bayfront in March 2008 and announced Urban Capital Property Group/Redquartz Developments as the first phase developer partner for the West Don Lands in April 2008.

Central Waterfront Innovative Design Competition
The Toronto waterfront has seen at least 15 design charettes over the last 65 years, the most recent being the Innovative Design Competition for the Central Waterfront that took place in 2006. This charette was won by a team led by West 8, a landscape architecture and urban design firm from Rotterdam, in joint venture with DTAH (du Toit Allsopp Hillier), a Toronto architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm. The proposed design includes a wide promenade along the water and extensive green space. Bridges and WaveDecks rising from the boardwalk and spanning the ends of the slips will provide continuous public access to the lakeshore. Additionally, the southern half of Queens Quay will be turned into a pedestrian walkway. The proposal also emphasizes the need for stronger north–south connections between the harbour and the downtown core. The first phase was to be completed by 2008. As of January 2008, no such work has been undertaken, but private developers began construction of a condominium complex at the foot of Yonge Street, and TEDCO started construction of Corus Quay.

Major issues

 * Some see the Gardiner Expressway, a raised highway that runs just north of the lakeshore, as a major obstacle to waterfront redevelopment. The highway is often seen as both a physical and psychological barrier for pedestrians that separates the city from the lake. Proposals call for the highway to be replaced with an at-grade level 10-lane thoroughfare or burying it (tunnelling), but implementation of any such plans would be extremely expensive and would entail massive traffic disruptions. Others claim that the railway lines just north of the Gardiner are the real barrier, and still others see the condominium towers built along the waterfront in the 1990s and 2000s as either a barrier, or contributing to the separation.
 * The Portlands Energy Centre is a recently approved natural gas electrical generating station, which has met with large-scale local community opposition.
 * The island airport generates both strong opposition and strong support from different groups both inside and outside the city, and was a major issue in the 2003 municipal election. Opposition by residents prevented the building of a bridge, but the Government of Canada paid a CA$35 million out-of-court settlement to the affected parties, part of which may have helped launch Porter Airlines. In 2015, there were plans to lengthen the airport runway and to allow jet aircraft.
 * Renaturalization of the Don River mouth. The lower Don Lands are planned to be "renaturalised" and the surrounding flood plain area, including the downtown core, will be flood-proofed by building a berm (a plan that was first proposed in the early 60's by City Planner Eric Arthur). There is currently an environmental assessment underway on this proposal which was waived by the Province. Ecologists are calling for a return to the lacustrine marsh that existed in Ashbridges Bay prior to extensive land filling done from the late 19th century on.
 * The needs of existing recreational stakeholders. For over thirty years, several sailing, rowing, and windsurfing clubs have been using the area east of Cherry Beach and south of Unwin Avenue. These volunteer-run clubs, comprised collectively of up to 2,000 members, have spent many years building up physical and recreational infrastructure which would be difficult to replicate elsewhere.

title: Toronto waterfront


text:
Fukuchiyama Line

The Fukuchiyama Line (福知山線) is a railway line operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) connecting Osaka and Fukuchiyama, Japan. Within JR West's "Urban Network" covering the Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto metropolitan region, the line from Osaka to Sasayamaguchi is also called the JR Takarazuka Line (JR宝塚線). The line traverses the cities of Kawanishi and Takarazuka in the northwestern corner of the Osaka metropolitan area.

Although Amagasaki is the line's official southeastern terminus, all trains continue east to Osaka and beyond on the JR Kōbe Line, or to the Gakkentoshi Line via the JR Tōzai Line.

Basic data

 * Operators, distances: 106.5 km / 66.2 mi.
 * West Japan Railway Company (Category-1, Services and tracks)
 * Track:
 * Double-track line:
 * From Amagasaki to Sasayamaguchi
 * Single-track line:
 * From Sasayamaguchi to Fukuchiyama
 * Railway signalling: Automatic
 * Maximum speed:
 * From Amagasaki to Shin-Sanda: 120 km/h
 * From Shinsanda to Fukuchiyama: 105 km/h
 * CTC centers:
 * From Amagasaki to Shin-Sanda: Ōsaka Operation Control Center
 * From Shinsanda to Fukuchiyama: Fukuchiyama Transportation Control Room
 * CTC system:
 * From Amagasaki to Shin-Sanda: JR Takarazuka-JR Tozai-Gakkentoshisen traffic control system

Services and stations

 * ● : All trains stop
 * ▲ : Only local through trains to and from the JR Kyoto Line stop at Tsukamoto Station.
 * △ : Only rapid and regional rapid through trains to and from the JR Tozai Line return at Tsukaguchi Station in the non-rush hour.
 * | : All trains pass

Local (普通): Stops at all stations, a majority of them operate through services to the JR Kyoto Line, but only these trains stop at Tsukamoto Station. The remaining services operate solely within this line.

Rapid (快速): Mainly operates between Osaka and Sasayamaguchi. Some trains operate through services to/from the JR Tozai Line via Amagasaki Station. Among these through trains, some return at Tsukaguchi Station in the non-rush hour.

Tambaji Rapid (丹波路快速): Operates between Osaka and Fukuchiyama.

Regional Rapid (区間快速): Operates between Osaka and Sasayamaguchi or between Osaka and Shin-Sanda. Also through services to/from the JR Tozai Line and the Gakkentoshi Line.

Current

 * 207 series (Rapid and Local services, through service with Tōkaidō Main Line and Katamachi Line via JR Tōzai Line)
 * 223-5500 series (Local and wanman services)
 * 223-6000 series (Tanbaji and Rapid services)
 * 225-6000 series (Tanbaji and Rapid services)
 * 321 series (Rapid and Local services, through service with Tōkaidō Main Line and Katamachi Line via JR Tōzai Line)
 * 287 series (Kounotori limited express)
 * 289 series (Kounotori limited express, from 31 October 2015)

Former

 * 103 series (until November 2005)
 * 113 series (until March 2012)
 * 115 series (until 2004)
 * 117 series (until April 2005)
 * 201 series (until March 2007)
 * 205 series (until February 2006)
 * 221 series (until March 2012)
 * 415 series (Temporary)
 * 183 series (Kounotori limited express, until 15 March 2013)
 * 381 series (Kounotori limited express, until May 2011, from June 2012, until 30 October 2015)
 * KiHa 58 series
 * KiHa 65 series
 * KiHa 47 series
 * KiHa 80 series (Matsukaze limited express)
 * KiHa 181 series (Matsukaze limited express)
 * Kitakinki Tango Railway KTR 001 series (Tango Explorer limited express, until March 2011)
 * Kitakinki Tango Railway KTR 8000 series (Tango Explorer limited express, until March 2007)

History
The Japanese Government Railways (JGR) opened the Osaka – Kobe section of what is now the Tokaido Main Line in 1874 as a dual track line.

The Kawabe Horsecar Railway (川辺馬車鉄道) opened a 762mm gauge line between Amagasaki and Itami (about 8 km) in 1891. In 1893, the horsecar railway was reorganized as Settsu Railway (摂津鉄道), which introduced steam power to the railway and extended the line to Ikeda.

The Settsu Railway was merged by Hankaku Railway (阪鶴鉄道), which had a plan to build a railway between Osaka and Maizuru. The Hankaku Railway converted the line to 1067mm gauge and extended it to Takarazuka in 1897 and to Fukuchiyama in 1899. The company also connected the line to the Kanzaki Station (present-day Amagasaki Station) of the JGR line in 1898 making the line to the original Amagasaki terminal a branch. Hankaku Railway was nationalized on August 1, 1907.

The Amagasaki – Tsukaguchi section was duplicated in 1934, and extended to Takarazuka in 1979/80. The Takarazuka – Shin-Sanda section was duplicated in 1986 in conjunction with the opening of the 2970m Najio tunnel and associated deviation, which shortened the route by 1.8 km. Duplication to Sasayamaguchi was completed in 1996.

The Amagasaki – Tsukaguchi section was electrified in 1956, and extended to Takarazuka in 1981. The remainder of the line was electrified in 1986.

CTC signalling was commissioned between Fukuchiyama and Sasayamaguchi in 1982, extended to Hirono in 1984 and to Amagasaki in 1986.

The branchline between Amagasakikō Station (former Amagasaki terminal of the horsecar railway) and Tsukaguchi Station ceased passenger operation in 1981 and freight operation in 1984.

Former connecting lines

 * Sanda station – The Arima Line, a 12 km line to Arima operated from 1915 to 1943.
 * Sasayama-guchi station – The Sasayama Railway, a  5 km line to Sasayama-Chō opened in 1915. The private railway was discontinued in 1944 when the Sasayama Line of the Japanese Government Railways opened. The Sasayama Line closed in 1972.
 * Fukuchiyama station – The Hokutan Railway Co. operated a 12 km line to Koumori between 1923 and 1971.

Accidents
On April 25, 2005, a seven-car 207 series train on a Rapid service derailed and crashed into a building between Tsukaguchi and Amagasaki on its way for Doshisha-mae via the JR Tōzai Line and the Katamachi Line. 107 passengers were killed in the accident. Operations on the affected part of the line remained suspended until trial runs began on June 7, 2005. Passenger service resumed on June 19, 2005.

The train involved was train number 5418M, a limited-stop "Rapid" commuter service from Takarazuka to Dōshisha-mae. It was a seven-car 207 series electric multiple unit (EMU) formation consisting of a 4-car set and a 3-car set coupled together. The train was carrying approximately 580 passengers at the time of the accident.

title: Fukuchiyama Line


text:
Sylvain Salnave

Sylvain Salnave (February 6, 1827 – January 15, 1870) was a Haitian general who served as the President of Haïti from 1867 to 1869. He was elected president after he led the overthrow of President Fabre Geffrard. During his term there were constant civil wars between the various factions. Eventually, he was overthrown in a coup by his eventual successor Nissage Saget, and Salnave was tried for treason and executed.

Early life and career
Salnave, a light-skinned mulatto, was born in Cap-Haïtien in 1827. He enlisted in the Haitian Army in 1850. He was captain of cavalry when Fabre Geffrard overthrew Faustin Soulouque in January 1859, and was rewarded for his aid with the rank of major. In 1861 Salnave was bitter in his denunciation of Geffrard for what he called Geffrard's subserviency in the matter of the occupation of the Dominican territory by Spain. Geffrard, whose popularity began to decline, was powerless to punish Salnave. Salnave promoted and encouraged frequent insurrections on the borders, and in 1864 he abetted an insurrection in the northern part of Haiti, but the movement was put down with the aid of the Spanish. In July 1866, Salnave led a new uprising at Gonaïves. Although he was again defeated, the revolt continued to increase. Geffrard resigned the presidency on March 13, 1867, and left for Jamaica, where he spent the remainder of his life.

President of Haiti
After Geffrard's departure the Council of the Secretaries of State became the supreme authority for a time. But in April 1867, Salnave arrived in Port-au-Prince, where he was given a hearty welcome, and on May 2 he became, together with Nissage Saget and Victorin Chevallier, a member of the provisional government which was organized. His adherents were displeased at this distribution of power, and under their pressure he assumed, on May 4, the title of "Protector of the Republic". The attitude of the masses and the growing popularity of Salnave began to occasion much concern to the liberals, who found themselves once more obliged to submit to a military man. This mistrust of their new leader boded ill for the country.

The National Assembly met at Port-au-Prince on May 6, 1867, and on June 14 adopted a Constitution which abolished the Presidency for life, the duration of the authority vested in the Chief of the Executive Power being fixed at four years. On the same day Salnave was elected President of Haiti. He gained the sympathy of the people by his courage and his simple tastes. But he was far from being a liberal; so much so in fact that he was soon at odds with the legislative body, which thought that the time had come to establish the parliamentary system. On October 11, 1867, the rupture with Congress was complete, caused by an interpellation of the Cabinet by the House of Representatives concerning the arrest and imprisonment of General Leon Montas. About that time the peasants had taken up arms at Vallières against Salnave; and the General was charged with being the instigator, if not the leader, of the uprising. The members of the Cabinet openly accused the House of Representatives of being in connivance with the rebels; whereupon the mob invaded the House on October 14 and drove out the Congressmen. This ill-considered act of violence was followed by grave consequences. In the meantime, the President had left for Gonaïves with a view of subduing the insurgents at Vallières, who had assumed the name of "Cacos".

By forcibly ejecting the members of the House of Representatives, Salnave had suspended the Constitution; yet he affected to believe that the opposition he met with was due to his limited authority. Accordingly, on April 22, 1868, he committed yet another blunder by permitting the officers and non-commissioned officers of his army, whose headquarters were at Trou-du-Nord, to form a petition requesting the suspension of the Constitution and dictatorship for the head of the Executive Power. Thus Salnave reestablished the Presidency for life and arrogated unlimited power.

Nissage Saget, who was at that time Commandant of the arrondissement of Saint-Marc, took up arms against this usurpation. Once more frustrated in the hopes of having a government founded on legality and liberty, the country reached one of the most critical periods of its existence, as the insurrection soon became general. Pétion Faubert at Léogâne, Normil at Anse-à-Veau, Michel Domingue at Aquin, and Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal at Pétionville and Croix-des-Bouquets all rose up against the dictatorship assumed by Salnave, who was being besieged at Port-au-Prince. The insurgents from the South had their headquarters at Carrefour, at a distance of three leagues from the capital.

Salnave tried to come to terms with them; but failing in his attempt, he determined to rely henceforth on his energy and valor in maintaining his authority. He had the advantage of the unity of command over his opponents; for the rebels in the South had numerous leaders: Domingue, whose headquarters were at Cayes, Normil at Anse-à-Veau, etc.; whilst in the Artibonite, Nissage Saget's authority was fully acknowledged. In consequence of a counter-revolution which occurred at Léogâne and in the mountains of Jacmel, the insurgents were compelled to raise the siege of Port-au-Prince on July 17, 1868. They now felt the necessity of organizing their government; therefore, on September 19, 1868, Nissage Saget was proclaimed at Saint-Marc provisional President, whilst on September 22 Domingue was acknowledged President of the Meridianal State, with headquarters at Cayes.

Salnave's intrepidity gave him for a while all the chances of crushing his foes. He had purchased a steamer in the United States to replace the two men-of-war, Le 22 Décembre and Le Geffrard, which had gone over to the insurgents. The new steamer, which was given the name of Alexandre Pétion, arrived at Port-au-Prince on September 19, 1868. The next day Salnave went on board and sailed for Petit-Goâve, in which harbor the two steamers belonging to the rebels were anchored. The Alexandre Pétion opened fire on Le 22 Décembre, which was sunk; the commandant of Le Geffrard blew up his ship so as to prevent her being captured.

This success made Salnave master of Petit-Goave, which town the insurgents were compelled to evacuate. In February 1869, the whole of the Southern Department was once more under his authority, with the exception of Jérémie and Cayes, which were closely surrounded. From Camp-Boudet, where he had established his headquarters, he personally directed the siege of Cayes, of which eventually he would have taken possession had not fortunes of war gone contrary to his plan in the Artibonite. His principal lieutenant, General Victorin Chevallier, had been obliged to evacuate Gonaïves, which was occupied by Saget's troops. On their arrival at Port-au-Prince Chevallier's soldiers created such disturbances that Salnave had to leave Camp-Boudet hurriedly for the capital, where he arrived on September 1, 1869. He had also at that time to fight the opposition of the Catholic clergy. On June 28 he had summarily dismissed Martial-Guillaume-Marie Testard du Cosquer, the Archbishop of Port-au-Prince; and had taken the same measure against Alexis-Jean-Marie Guilloux, the Vicar-General, on October 16.

Salnave's position was getting worse; one of his most faithful followers, General Victorin Chevallier, Secretary of War, who was in command of the army surrounding Jacmel, deserted his cause in November and joined the insurrection. Salnave now began to reflect that he might yet be able to allay the discontent reigning throughout the country by relinquishing the absolute power he had usurped. In August 1869, he appointed a Legislative Council. This body met in November and, reestablishing the Presidency for life assumed by Salnave, reenacted the Constitution of 1846. But it was too late to be of avail and the abolition of the dictatorship was powerless in saving the Government; for Cap-Haitien and the whole department of the Northwest had already joined the cause of the insurrection. A bold attack on Port-au-Prince at length put an end to this civil war. On December 16, 1869, Generals Georges Brice and Boisrond-Canal landed at the capital at the head of 1,200 soldiers; in the night they had surprised the Government man-of-war La Terreur. During the fight which ensued this ship began bombarding the Executive Mansion; a shot struck the powder magazine, causing it to explode just after Salnave had left the place. Salnave succeeded in reaching the Dominican territory; but General José María Cabral, who was in sympathy with his opponents, betraying the trust he had placed in him, gave him up to the Haitians.

On January 15, 1870, Salnave arrived at Port-au-Prince, where he appeared before a court martial. He was sentenced to death and shot on the same day at six o'clock in the evening, tied to a pole set up on the smoking ruins of the Executive Mansion.

title: Sylvain Salnave


text:
Talk:General practitioner

Edward Jenner Picture
Edward Jenner's picture needs some kind of description, considering its non-relation to the entire first paragraph. 121.223.124.11 (talk) 16:46, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Deleted
Deleted some incorrect references to primary and secondary care. See new entries at Medicine for definitions. 2004 Aug 1 Petersam 07:43, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC) Revised a grammatical error by excising a comma. -- Isaac D. of isaac.tblog.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.216.210.34 (talk) 12:46, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

France
Check if the word "propédeutique" is still in use. Explain DCEM and TCEM. Check the length of "internat". Explain that the MD is different from other (research) doctorates.

"hospitalisation without consent"

I'd like comments from native English speakers: is the meaning of this phrase (psychiatric commitment) clear for them? Yahoo and Google return about 20 pages only for this query.

The France section overlaps with Physician.

Apokrif 10:47, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The phrase "hospitalisation without consent" is clear to native english speakers, but you might consider presenting it more fully as: "hospitalisation without consent (that is, coerced admission to a secured inpatient ward)"
 * I wouldn't. That "clarification" seems a lot harder to understand than the original phrase to me.

UK - Family doctor's
It says that "family doctor is commonly used in the UK"

I disagree, most people in Britain call it their GP.

Panthro 15:32, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

I think this article lacked a balanced view before I edited it. What about Shipman, Roy Meadow and all the other enquiries and issues that have led to the reform of the NHS in previous years? Acontributor 15:18, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Family doctor is a formal name by the sounds of it, but as a former Londoner I can testify to the fact that most say GP. Even the BBC uses GP's in general.Tourskin 00:46, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

It may be of note here that it is wise for the young general practitioner to remember that the patient is always right about the questions he manages to ask about his illness without being prompted, even when he manages to die from his own mistakes as a result, and not the medical profession’s. Unknown13,31, 24 Dec 2013 (UTC)

FP in US
Family Practice in the US (and Canada) should be a separate article from GP as they are a separate specialty. Ace-o-aces 15:58, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Family Practice in Brazil
Renato Sabbatini, I'm undergoing Medical Residency in Family Practice in Ribeirão Preto, and I felt strange about the affirmation that the FP team is made of 1 to 4 medical doctors; while I'm aware that some places in Brazil have a Pediatrician in the team, at my knowledge most teams have only one medical doctor, one nurse, one to two nurse assistants, and up to 12 (usually 4-6) ACS. — User:Leonardo Ferreira Fontenelle, 2006-06-14 03:26 UTC

ARE US TRAINED OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICIANS ALLOWED TO PRACTICE IN ITALY. I AM AN OSTEOPATH WITH 20 YEARS PRACTICE.DR DEMARCO 11:36, 29 August 2006 (UTC)CHARLENE

uk
aside from having an id and proof of address, what else is required to see a gp in the uk? in canada, a care card is issued and required to see a doctor.

 * They might wanna do identity cards in uk, but the government is stilla little sketchy on them. I can't remeber if they tried to have it passed in parliament.Tourskin 00:47, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Most patients seen by GP's in the UK are registered with a particular practice who therefore already have their details. Patients can be seen as 'temporary residents' or for 'immediately necessary treatment' by filling in a form if they are away from their usual practice's area. Foreign naionals can be seen using the same system but if they are not from a european union country or from certain other countries with which the UK has a reciprocal arrangement then a fee is payable. Doctorpete 07:23, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Working conditions compared with specialists
According to the intro, "There has been a steady decrease in family physicians in the last few decades, due to the long work hours and little pay compared to most specialists." But surely this is wrong for the UK, where the recent GP contract gives them a pay rise and shorter working hours? Tamino 19:51, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Since the new contract in 2004 UK GP's have been able to opt out of out of hours cover and their earnings have risen linked to quality targets. This state of affairs has made the specialty more popular at least in the short term but it would appear both these factors may be under threat so watch this space! Doctorpete 07:55, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

A bit confused
I looked up "general practice" here on Wikipedia and found this article about physicians. Rather, I was looking for an article about GP lawyers. Am I looking in the wrong place? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.96.184.105 (talk) 22:20, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

i am a gp in pakistan. i feel the conditions for working as gp are worst here. u are on ur own. patient expect u 24 hour avail able, and expects the best medical cove like a specialist  and pays u little as they pay tp quakes. and the government has set no rules of business it is do-your own and it given way all  types of coruption. it is hard for a fare gp to survive  while those are bad guys are developing. thats is why people dont want to be a gp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.154.6.158 (talk) 02:22, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Terminology
The terms GP and FP mean different things when used within the United States. However, in Australia and New Zealand for example the term GP when used here refers to someone who has completed 3-4 years of General practice (aka Family practice) post graduate specialty training. Anyone who completes the Australian/NZ General practice training program is USA "Board Eligible" by the ABFM. See: Reciprocity Agreement. In Aus/NZ a "general practitioner" is 100% equivalent to a US "family practitioner". The information regarding the different usage of the terms in different regions should be retained within this article. Thank you Jwri7474 (talk) 05:15, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Medicine/Dermatology task force
I wanted to know if you (or any friends of yours) are interested in dermatology, and would be willing to help me with the WikiProject Medicine/Dermatology task force? kilbad (talk) 04:43, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Could anyone pls kindly provide the info of the standard GP practice in US and UK???
I just added the section of the standardization of Royal Australian College of General Practitioners —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.228.190.54 (talk) 04:16, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Major Edit US about the General Physician
I just reverted a large undiscussed edit. It lacks sources and is at points unduly promotional of this organization. Please discuss here. - Eldereft (cont.) 21:39, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Good Morning. I am struggling as to how to do this process, and how to communicate with a moderator or editor. I just found this area. I also see a "talk" area, but not sure how to access it.

The term Family Practice and General Practice are now different and seperate entities in the U.S.

The only certifying body for General Practice is the A.A.G.P. Without getting too bogged down with the various organization, the AAGP (American Academy of General Physicians), the Board certification process is through the ABGP (American Board of General Practice), and the educational arm is the ACGM (Americam College of General Medicine).

In the discussion it seems to perhaps confuse the A.A.F.P and General Practice. The A.A.F.P. is the organization that is affiliated with Board Certification though the A.B.F.P (American Board of Family Practice). The A.A.G.P is the organization that is affiliated with the A.B.G.P. (American Board of General Practice). Both are seperate and independant organizations.

There is no other organization other than the A.A.G.P. and their affiliate Board Certification process through the A.B.G.P., that provides a Board Certifying process and training other than these organizations. This is what was discussed in this edit, and perhaps some of the background.

Please explain the process of updating the U.S. part of this section. Thanks.

Steven S. Herbets, M.D. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DrSteveHe (talk • contribs) 18:49, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi, it appears that your previous edits have been reverted because they were thought to have been vandalism. Please do not be offended by this; we get lots of nonsense added to our site all the time and sometimes people are quick on the revert button. We really do want newcomers to join and add their knowledge. However, it might be best if you first spend a few minutes reading some of the basic Wikipedia guidelines, so that your edits will be more appropriate in terms of style and thus will be less likely to be mistaken for vandalism. In particular, it is important supply reliable sources supporting your addition, and to use a neutral point of view. Best wishes and I hope you decide to stay here. --Zvika (talk) 18:57, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

OK. I guess I am somewhat unclear as to how to proceed? I guess I am unclear what "vandalism" is suspected, and why? There is no vandalism here. I will read the guidelines, and perhaps do some more edits!? Perhaps change the style? And try to get sources, although the sources are from the parent organizations. I am a member of both the AAFP and the AAGP, and understand the differences between the 2 organizations as well. I will attempt to stay neutral, and keep the edits neutral with no particular point of views. I will learn. Hey, I just learned how to sign this! Thanks. --DrSteveHe (talk) 19:21, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

OK. Here is another try. Please let me know if this is better. Thanks. DrSteveHe (talk) 23:52, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The most reliable way to prevent people from thinking that you're just making up plausible nonsense is to cite your sources. This is extremely important, because once we've got a fact and a source, if someone comes along and changes it, we've got a chance of figuring out whether the change is acceptable.  I've marked some of the statements that you might want to source.  In general, there should be about one source for every paragraph.
 * You also need to be more careful about the writing style. Some of the problems are doubtless due to trying very hard to be understood (addressing the reader as "you"), but others are probably careless errors.  For example, the word "physician" is only spelled with a capital letter at the beginning when it is the first word in a sentence.
 * It is important that the article not sound like a sales pitch for (or against) GPs. We don't want to 'blame' anyone or 'sell' anyone on anything.  For example, we probably don't need a long list of reasons, ranging from noble sentiments to discreditable skills, to explain why someone might prefer less time in school and greater daily variety to the extra training and sameness of a specialty.  We want plain, even bare, facts, without becoming so long that nobody will read it.
 * Good luck, WhatamIdoing (talk) 04:44, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Hello, I am a new Wikipedia editor. I found this article that needed citations, and thought it would be a good place to start. I am finding the formatting more dificult than I thought.

The original text from the "United States" section of the article: The existing general practitioners in the 1970s were given the choice to be grandfathered into the newly created specialty of Family Practice. As well, an Academy of Family Practice was created and The Academy of General Practice was allowed to die. The prior system of graduating from medical school and completing one year of post-graduate training (rotating internship) was abolished. If one wanted to become a "house-call-making" type of physician, one needed to stay in the academic setting two or three more years.[citation needed]

My edit with abbreviated citations: The existing general practitioners in the 1970s were given the choice to be grandfathered into the newly created specialty of Family Practice. As well, the American Academy of General Practice changed its name to the American Academy of Family Physicians. The prior system of graduating from medical school and completing one year of post-graduate training (rotating internship) was abolished. If one wanted to become a "house-call-making" type of physician, one needed to stay in the academic setting two or three more years.

Questions about my edit:

1) Is it OK to cite the AAFP web site about the history of its own organization? Is this considered a third-party source?  I could not find another source about the organization name change.

2) I am a family physician. Does this represent a conflict of interest and should I avoid editing an article about the difference between general practitioners and family practioners?  I chose to start with this article because I had a good idea where I could find citations. I didn't intend to make content changes, but after doing some research I thought the original statement was inaccurate and should be corrected.  I would like to correct a few more errors and try to write it with a more neutral POV, if that is OK.

3) Do my citations in the article match the format of the other citations? I found it difficult to tell.  (I only included abbreviated citations on the talk page. The ones in the article are more detailed.)

Thanks for your help. --Willow Mc (talk) 02:03, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Overview on Family Medicine Training  in Turkey

Most of the primary care work has to be done by general medical officers, including administrative and forensic work. But the Turkish Ministry of Health is targeting new training policies for the general Medical officers. In 2004 transitional training will be available to general Medical officers to be awarded with the certificate as family doctor (which is in distinction to the diploma of specailist of family medicine, which needs a three year postgraduate vocational training)

Highlights of Medical Education in Turkey Population of Turkey: 67,803,927; urban population: 64.9%; life expectancy: 68.8 years; infant mortality rate: 29 Undergraduate Medical Education Turkey had 50 Faculties of Medicine located in different areas in 2004.c Newer schools are expected to be established in the near future and 46 are accepting students for undergraduate training.d • Most teaching positions are full-time. Full professors and associate professors for more than 5 years are allowed to work part-time. Almost three-quarters work full-time.d • There is a 6-year curriculum. Students enter medical school after passing a national entrance examination after finishing high school ~11 years!. • Curriculum: study lasts 6 years:e 2 years of basic sciences, 3 years of clinical sciences, 1 year devoted to family practice ~internship!. • Entrance is limited to the best graduates ~first 9.19%! and a tuition fee is requested. Students attending a private university might have a lower examination score ~first 27.98%! but pay higher tuition fee.f • Number of students entering and attending last year of Faculty of Medicine: about 4,760 and 4,634, respectively. • Total number of registered medical students is 32,807.d • Students typically enter at age 17 and graduate at age 23 as medical doctors, who are allowed to work as such Graduate Medical Education • A low ratio of new graduates enter a specialty program. Almost 23% of 14,273 applicants were matched to a residency in autumn 2007.g Examination is given twice a year.e • Graduate specialty training is free and residents receive a salary from the hospital. • All specialty programs have a national admission test. • The specialties can only be obtained as residency programs provided by universities and Ministry of Health training and research hospitalsh ~43 specialties!. MSc and PhD degrees can be earned at the Institute of Health Sciences at universities. • The specialty of family medicine was created in 1984.h • Specialty programs have a heavy workload and the duration of residency is 3–6 years. • There are 95,110 active physicians. The national average is 721 people for one doctor. Number of medical doctors ~Faculty of Medicine graduates!i the number of specialists exceeds them: ie, 51,530 vs. 43,660 ~54% vs. 46%!.c • The number of doctors is higher in Central and Western Turkey.c • Despite an increase in the doctor workforce at the primary health care level, only 43% of primary health care center posts are occupied by medical practitioners.c • There are several public and private health care provider organizations.

Source: Güneş ED, Yaman H. Transition to Family Practice in Turkey. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2008; 28(2): 106-112.

Postgraduate education (Residency training) in Family Medicine In the early 1980s the first department of family medicine was established. In 1984 family medicine was recognised as a medical specialty and the first curriculum was announced. In 1985 the first family medicine residents were accepted for training for family medicine specialisation at state hospitals. At the beginning of the 1990s, education for family medicine flourished again. Nine teaching hospitals in three larger cities (Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir) were in charge of training. In 1993, the Higher Council of Education accepted family medicine as an academic discipline and it was resolved that family medicine departments would be founded in all universities and family medicine specialists would be allowed to achieve academic careers there.

To gain access to a family medicine residency, the applicant must have graduated from a six-year undergraduate Medical education programme. According to the current curriculum in family medicine, the residency lasts three years. It consists of five main fields and the course schedule is shown in Table 2. On completion of the three-year course and passing the examination, the graduates are awarded a Specialist of Family Medicine title from the Ministry of Health. The current curriculum aims to produce graduates who are proficient in the management of common health problems and can provide timely emergency surgical and obstetric interventions. Graduates from these family medicine residencies are nowadays, working for the Ministry of Healths National Health System (Health Centers, Centers for Mother and Child Care, Emergency Services etc.) Some of them choose an academic career in one of the over fourty active departments of family medicine at the universities or work in private health institutions, such as health centres, hospitals, emergency centres.

Table 2. Course Schedule of my family medicine residency training in Turkey

Field	Time (months) Child Health and Disease	9 İnternal Medicine	9 Gynaecology and Obstetrics	8 General surgery (with intense emergency participation)	6 Psychiatry	4 Source: Yaman H. Training in Family Medicine: The Current State in Turkey. Education for Primary Care 2002 ;13 (3):394 – 397.

A newer vocational/residency training scheme has been proposed by the Turkish Board of Family Medicine (Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Yeterlilik Kurulu) (Table 3). According to a regulation, which is has been enforced in January 2010, a new Postgarduate Training Committee in Family Medicine is preparing a new training scheme, which is in concordance with the proposed three year training time, proposed by the Ministry of Health new regulation.

Table 3: Proposed Training Program for Family Medicine Field	Time (months) Family Practice	12 Internal Medicine	6 (1 month in cardiology outpatient) Pediatrics	6 Gynecology and Obstetrics	5 General Surgery	2 Psychiatry	3 Elective-1	1 Elective-2	1

References 1.	Güneş ED, Yaman H. Transition to Family Practice in Turkey. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2008; 28(2): 106-112 2.	Yaman H. Training in Family Medicine: The Current State in Turkey. Education for Primary Care 2002 ;13 (3):394 – 397 3.	Turkish Board of Family Medicine. Working report and Core Curriculum of Family Medicine Specialization Education. (in Turkish). June. 2007. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hakanyaman (talk • contribs) 08:51, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Dutch knowledge GP-test: Landelijke Huisartsgeneeskundige Kennistoets
The article states that it consists of "about 160" multiple choice questions, however the LHK home site mentions only 120 questions. So I'm going to change it. Furthermore, the cited page only implicitly mentions the LHK-test and so is not very relevant. Added reference: http://huisartsopleiding.nl/content.asp?kid=10072029&bid=10028521 Latrocinia (talk) 10:57, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

In North America...
The passage I link to below states that "in North America the term (GP) has become somewhat ambiguous." I've noticed a general trend for well-meaning Wikipedia editors to replace instances of the "United States" or "America" with a more inclusive term "North America." But sometimes the term doesn't fit well. I was hoping for some clarification on the term's use. Where I live, Ontario (Canada's largest province) it is extremely common to refer to a family doctor as a GP. It's recently come to my attention that in the US a GP has substantially less training. The Canadian section is woefully underrepresented on here. It's got one line about a Canadian medical college. So is GP used in Canada or is it ambiguous? If it is ambiguous can we get a source on here or can I change the passage to read "In the United States." Just because something is common in the US does not mean that Canada—no matter how similar our two countries are—is going to be exact same. As the passage reads, there is a strong implication that GP does *not* mean the same as it does in other Commonwealth countries. Thanks.

"The term general practitioner or GP is common in the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth countries. In these countries the word physician is largely reserved for certain other types of medical specialists, notably in internal medicine. While in these countries, the term GP has a clearly defined meaning, in North America the term has become somewhat ambiguous, and is not necessarily synonymous with the term "family doctor" or primary care provider, as described below." Celynn (talk) 23:20, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merge from Primary care physician
I propose merging Primary care physician into General practitioner. I think the content in Primary care physician can easily be explained in the context of General practitioner, and a merger would not cause any article-size or weighting problems in General practitioner.Lagelander (talk) 09:36, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Support great idea, as with your proposal at Family medicine. I have always found the way there are so many articles in this area confusing. Differences are better explained in a 'variation by country' or equivalent section rather than lots of separate articles - which also fragments limited editor time and results in a lot of needless duplication. Thanks for proposing it. Tom (LT) (talk) 22:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Support it's essentially two names for the same thing. Jezzerdo4 (talk) 20:09, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Support synonymous Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 06:41, 1 September 2022 (UTC)
 * As I understand those articles are not synonymous. General practitioner is a type of primary care physician (as the family doctor and internist are). Here are some sources:, . If those articles are to be merged, then the General practitioner must be merged into the Primary care physician. Here are some types of primary care physicians: . --D6194c-1cc (talk) 15:12, 1 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm a little doubtful about this. Where I live, you can have a gynecologist as your primary care physician, and that's not really a GP/family doctor/internist specialty.  Also, to the extent that this is about patient understanding or designations by insurance companies, your primary care physician might not be a physician at all.  Primary care provider redirects to Primary care.  (See also Sockpuppet investigations/Dolyn/Archive; the editor who proposed this has been blocked.) WhatamIdoing (talk) 00:42, 3 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Tentative support, but the differences in national definitions need to be handled carefully. Btw Family doctor redirects to Family medicine, which perhaps it shouldn't. I'd never heard of internist before - I don't think they exist in the UK. Johnbod (talk) 03:38, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It all depends on the country you live in. Here is a review about general internists in several counties:, see Table 1 Summary of Clinical Roles Assumed by General Internists in Several Countries. And here's a presentation with some information about UK: . Probably in UK internists are not primary care physicians. So primary care is very different between countries. In my country the term primary care physician is not used with exception of a few books, and family medicine appeared not so long ago. D6194c-1cc (talk) 07:51, 9 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose as proposed. (ooo, that rhymes!). Like D6194c-1cc and WhatamIdoing, I think that the direction is wrong. If there is a merge (and really, I don't think there should be one), it should go the other way. I believe that a general practitioner is one of the types of medical personnel who might be someone's Primary Care physician, but far from the only kind. Joyous! | Talk 22:45, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as the topic of Primary care physician is an important one in the US, and in its modern guise is distinct from the role of General practitioner elsewhere in the world. Perhaps we could more clearly distinguish the pages with hatnotes, keeping Primary care physician as a US-specific page, and General practitioner covering the rest of the world. Klbrain (talk) 12:31, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:General practitioner