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Oskar R. Lange

Oskar Ryszard Lange (27 July 1904 – 2 October 1965) was a Polish economist and diplomat. He is best known for advocating the use of market pricing tools in socialist systems and providing a model of market socialism. He responded to the economic calculation problem proposed by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek by claiming that managers in a centrally-planned economy would be able to monitor supply and demand through increases and declines in inventories of goods, and advocated the nationalization of major industries. During his stay in the United States, Lange was an academic teacher and researcher in mathematical economics. Later in socialist Poland, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party.

Career
Lange was born in Tomaszów Mazowiecki as son of the Protestant manufacturer Arthur Julius Lange and his wife Sophie Albertine Rosner. His ancestors had emigrated at the beginning of the 19th century from Germany to Poland. He studied law and economics at the University of Kraków, where he defended a doctoral dissertation in 1928 under Adam Krzyżanowski. From 1926 to 1927 Lange worked at the Ministry of Labor in Warsaw, and then was a research assistant at the University of Kraków (1927–31). He married Irene Oderfeld in 1932. In 1934, a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship brought him to England, from where he emigrated to the United States in 1937. Lange became a professor at the University of Chicago in 1938 and was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1943.

Joseph Stalin, who identified Lange as a person of leftist and pro-Soviet sympathies, prevailed on President Franklin D. Roosevelt to obtain a passport for Lange to visit the Soviet Union in an official capacity, so that Stalin could speak with him personally; he also proposed offering him a position in the future Polish cabinet. The State Department was opposed to Lange traveling as an emissary because they felt that his political views represented neither Americans of Polish descent nor American public opinion in general. Lange's trip to the Soviet Union in 1944 caused further controversy, as the newly established Polish American Congress condemned him and defended the interests of the London-based Polish government-in-exile. Lange returned to the United States at the end of May and met, at Roosevelt's request, with Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk of the government-in-exile, who was on a visit in Washington. Lange stressed how reasonable Stalin was prepared to be (Stalin told him of the Soviet desire to preserve an independent Poland under a coalition government), and asked the State Department to put pressure on the exiled Polish leadership to reach an understanding with the Soviet leader.

Towards the end of World War II, Lange broke with the Polish government-in-exile and transferred his support to the Lublin Committee (PKWN) sponsored by the Soviet Union. Lange served as a go-between for Roosevelt and Stalin during the Yalta Conference discussions on post-war Poland.

After the war ended in 1945, Lange returned to Poland. He then renounced his American citizenship and went back to the US in the same year as the Polish People's Republic's first ambassador to the United States. In 1946, Lange also served as Poland's delegate to the United Nations Security Council. From 1947 he lived in Poland.

Oskar Lange worked for the Polish government while continuing his academic pursuits at the University of Warsaw and the Main School of Planning and Statistics. He was deputy chairman of the Polish Council of State in 1961–65, and as such one of four acting chairmen of the Council of State (a head of state function).

Academic contributions
The bulk of Lange's contributions to economics came during his American interlude of 1933–45. Despite being an ardent socialist, Lange deplored the Marxian labor theory of value because he was very much a believer in the neoclassical theory of price. In the history of economics, he is probably best known for his work On the Economic Theory of Socialism published in 1936, where he famously put Marxian economics and neoclassical economics together.

In the book, Lange advocated the use of market tools (especially the neoclassical pricing theory) in economic planning of socialism and Marxism. He proposed that central planning boards set prices through "trial and error", making adjustments as shortages and surpluses occur rather than relying on a free price mechanism. Under this system, central planners would arbitrarily pick a price for products manufactured in government factories and raise it or reduce, depending on whether it resulted in shortages or gluts. After this economic experiment had been run a few times, mathematical methods would be employed to plan the economy: if there were shortages, prices would be raised; if there were surpluses, prices would be lowered. Raising the prices would encourage businesses to increase production, driven by their desire to increase profits, and in doing so eliminate the shortage. Lowering the prices would encourage businesses to curtail production in order to prevent losses, which would eliminate the surplus. In Lange's opinion, such simulation of market mechanism would be capable of effectively managing supply and demand. Proponents of this idea argued that it combines the advantages of a market economy with those of socialist economy.

With the utilization of this idea, Lange claimed, a state-run economy would be at least as efficient as a capitalist or private market economy. He argued that this was possible, provided the government planners used the price system as if in a market economy and instructed state industry managers to respond parametrically to state-determined prices (minimize cost, etc.). Lange's argument was one of the pivots of the socialist calculation debate with the Austrian School economists. At that time, the view among English socialists of the Fabian Society was that Lange had won the debate. His works provided the earliest model of market socialism. Hayek's essay entitled "The Use of Knowledge in Society" is a rebuttal to Lange's work and is considered one of the most important articles ever written in the field of economics.

Lange also made contributions in various other areas. He was one of the leading lights of the "Paretian Revival" in general equilibrium theory during the 1930s. In 1942, he provided one of the first proofs of the First and Second Welfare Theorems. He initiated the analysis of stability of general equilibrium (1942, 1944). His critique of the quantity theory of money (1942) prompted his student Don Patinkin to develop his remarkable "integration" of money into general equilibrium theory. Lange made several seminal contributions to the development of neoclassical synthesis (1938, 1943, 1944). He worked on integrating classical economics and neoclassical economics into a single theoretical structure (e.g. 1959). In his final years, Lange also worked on cybernetics and the use of computers for economic planning.

The International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) awarded Oskar Lange an honorary fellowship in 1962.

title: Oskar R. Lange


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Coombe Abbey

Coombe Abbey (alternatively styled as 'Combe Abbey') is a hotel which has been developed from a historic grade I listed building and former country house, itself converted out of a Cistercian abbey. It is located at Combe Fields in the Borough of Rugby, roughly midway between Coventry and Brinklow in the countryside of Warwickshire, England. The house's original grounds are now a country park known as Coombe Country Park and run by Coventry City Council.

Early history as an abbey
During the 12th century, the building was known as the Abbey of Cumbe, and was the largest and most influential monastery in Warwickshire. The land was given to the Cistercian monks by Richard de Camville, of Didleton Castle. They accepted the gift, and sent out an advance party of monks, who, living in temporary wooden buildings, began the building of a monastery dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. Among these monks was one called Martin who was to be the first Abbot of the new House which opened in 1150. It was the fifth daughter house of Waverley Abbey.

Numerous gifts of land were made to the monks during the four hundred years of their occupation and they owned land in many counties. In 1470 King Edward IV visited the Abbey. He was on his way from Leicester to Coventry, pursuing his enemy the Earl of Warwick in the Wars of the Roses and he rested awhile at Coombe.

The monastery was well known for its generosity in distributing gifts to the poor. Every Maundy Thursday, money, ten quarters of rye bread, three quarters of malt beer and 300 herrings were given to the poor at the abbey gate.

In 1539 the abbey was suppressed as part of the dissolution of monasteries under Henry VIII. Since then numerous alterations and additions have been made over the centuries. However, parts of the abbey have been preserved and can still be seen in the present building. The cloister lay to the north of the (now demolished) church and its garth forms the present courtyard. Parts of the 15th century cloister arcades survive on the north and west sides. The lower part of the east range of buildings also remains, including the fine doorway and flanking windows of the chapter house, dated to the 1180s.

Conversion to a private residence
After the Abbey had been dissolved it passed through numerous owners for the next forty years, during which time the church was pulled down to prevent its reuse as an abbey. In 1581 it came into the possession of Sir John Harington of Exton and he converted the abbey into one of the most substantial houses in the county.

Harington was of Scottish descent, being a descendant of Robert Bruce. When James VI of Scotland became King of England, Harington used his ancestry to win favour. In 1603 James sent his daughter Princess Elizabeth to live at Coombe Abbey. The King issued a Privy Seal Order which declared "we have thought fit to commit the keeping and education of the Lady Elizabeth our daughter to Lord Harington and the Lady his wife". Elizabeth lived at the Abbey for the next five years. Her tutor and chaplain were Master John Tovey, the headmaster of the Free School at Coventry. Elizabeth's favourite childhood companion was Ann Dudley, a niece of Lord Harington, and with her, she formed a lasting friendship.

In May 1604, the plague came to Coventry and Rugby, but Harington wrote to King James that Elizabeth was safe. Later in the year, the famous Gunpowder Plot was conceived. It was planned that King James and his two sons were to be killed, leaving Princess Elizabeth as Queen. Elizabeth was to be kidnapped and a Catholic Regent appointed to rule the country in her minority, during which time she was to be married to a Catholic and educated in Catholicism. To ensure that she was unguarded at Coombe Abbey a hunting match to which Harington was invited, was arranged by the Catholic gentry to take place on 6 November 1605 at Dunchurch, only a few miles from Coombe.

As the plotters marched to Coombe, Lord Harington received word of the rising that morning and had sent Elizabeth to Sir Thomas Holcroft into the walled city of Coventry. The Mayor and nine other citizens mounted guard, drawing bows, pikes and other weapons from the city armoury for this purpose. When the plotters arrived at Coombe they found Elizabeth gone and fled. Most of them were killed while trying to escape, but a few were captured and taken to London where they were executed. On 14 February, Elizabeth married Frederick who later became King of Bohemia and she became the Queen.

John Harrington died in 1613 and after several changes of ownership, the Abbey was bought in 1622 by Lady Elizabeth Craven, widow of Sir William Craven, mayor of London who settled the property on her son. It remained in the Craven family for the next three hundred years.

The Craven family
During the Craven ownership, the abbey was extensively developed, with various buildings added, such as the west wing in 1677. The first owner was the son of Lady Elizabeth Craven Lieutenant General William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven.

Lieutenant General William Craven (1608-1687) was a Royalist and at the age of 24 he enlisted to serve in the cause of restoring the King and Queen of Bohemia Frederick and Elizabeth (formerly Princess Elizabeth) to their throne in Germany. He spent most of his life in this cause and gained favour with her brother King Charles 1 and the subsequent Kings of England.

In 1662, Elizabeth died and left William Craven her collection of Stuart Family paintings which included pictures by such masters as Rubens, Van Dyck and Honthorst. These pictures remained at Combe Abbey until the beginning of the 20th century.

In 1680-91 the house was rebuilt, incorporating much of the previous structure. This work was done to designs by William Winde, whose correspondence with Sir William Craven (later 2nd Baron) survives. The Earl of Craven died unmarried in 1697 and was succeeded by his cousin's son as second Baron Craven. The Abbey was passed through successive generations until 1769 when it became the home of William Craven, 6th Baron Craven. In 1771 he commissioned the famous landscaper Capability Brown to modernise the landscaping around the property.

Brown was an expert at making serpentine lakes that looked like natural rivers. He dammed Smite Brook to create the main lake, Coombe Pool, and the smaller Top Pool. This sheet of water is 1.5 miles long, covers 90 acres and forms an L shape or ‘dog-leg’ that makes it appear endless. He designed also seven other buildings on the estate with his son in law Henry Holland one of which was the boathouse which survives today. The menagerie in Coombe Park was also designed by Capability Brown. The hexagonal tower with a domed roof was inspired by King Louis XIV's Royal Menagerie at the Palace of Versailles.

In 1825 William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven succeeded to become the owner of Coombe Abbey. In 1860 he engaged William Eden Nesfield to carry out major alterations to the house at Combe. New servants' quarters were built, the east wing and part of the north wing were demolished and rebuilt in a completely different style, and ornamental gardens were laid out including a moat. The excavation of the moat involved the destruction of the foundations of the abbey church, largely without archaeological record.

The last Earl of Craven to live in Coombe Abbey was William Craven, 4th Earl of Craven. When he died in 1921 his wife Cornelia Countess of Craven decided to sell the property. It was bought in 1923 by a builder named John Grey.

In November 1964 Coventry City Council bought Coombe Abbey with 150 acre of land. The park was opened to the public in 1966.

TV and film
Coombe Abbey was used as the outside of the Mayor's house in the 2009 film Nativity!, starring Martin Freeman. It was also used for filming the pilot of The Wrong Funeral the feature comedy 4th Floor Of Singapore in 2013 and The Shimian in 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coombe Abbey


text: Template:Space Shuttles

title: Template:Space Shuttles


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Return J. Meigs Jr.

Return Jonathan Meigs Jr. (November 17, 1764 – March 29, 1825) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the fourth governor of Ohio, fifth United States Postmaster General, and as a United States senator.

Early life
Meigs was born in Middletown in the Colony of Connecticut on November 17, 1764. He was the son of Return J. Meigs Sr. and the descendant of early Puritan settlers in Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale College in 1785 and studied law there. In 1788, after being admitted to the bar in Connecticut, he moved to Marietta, Ohio, where his father had been one of the first settlers, arriving earlier that year.

Career
In Marietta, Meigs was a lawyer, storekeeper and farmer, as well as serving in public offices. He was appointed the first court clerk for the court established at Marietta in 1788. When a post office was established in Marietta in 1794, he became its first postmaster. In 1798 he was named to a judgeship on the Northwest Territory's territorial court, and in 1799 he won election to the territorial legislature.

In 1803 he was appointed the first chief justice of the Ohio State Supreme Court. In October 1804, he resigned this position to become commandant of U. S. troops in the St. Charles district of the Louisiana Territory. He attained the rank of Brevet Colonel and retained the command until 1806. In 1805 he was chosen as judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana and then in 1807, judge of the United States District Court for the Michigan Territory.

He returned to Ohio in 1807 to run for governor. He won the election but was declared ineligible for failing to meet the residency requirements. He then was appointed to the U.S. Senate to finish the term of John Smith and was re-elected to his own term a year later. He resigned in late 1810 after winning the governorship.

He served two two-year terms, resigning in April 1814 when appointed Postmaster general by President James Madison. His service as Postmaster General was not without controversy. Congress investigated him twice, and he was cleared both times. The size of the Post Office doubled during his tenure, which implicated financial difficulties. He served until 1823, when he retired due to ill health and returned to Marietta.

Meigs died March 29, 1825, and is buried in Marietta's Mound Cemetery. His grave is marked by a large monument bearing a long inscription reciting his public services and family devotion.

Family
Meigs was married in 1788 to Sophia Wright, and they had one child, a daughter named Mary who married congressman and federal Judge John George Jackson of Clarksburg, Virginia, in 1810.

Return J. Meigs Jr. did not have a direct male heir, but two of his younger brothers, John and Timothy, each named a son Return Jonathan Meigs. The first of these—called Return J. Meigs III—passed the bar in Frankfort, Kentucky, commenced law practice in Athens, Tennessee, and became prominent in Tennessee state affairs before the Civil War. He moved to Staten Island, New York, however, at the time of Tennessee's secession from the Union in 1861. Among those men who read law under his tutelage in Tennessee was William Parish Chilton who would become Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court.

Timothy's son, Return J. Meigs IV, married Jennie Ross, daughter of principal Cherokee chief John Ross, and emigrated to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears.

Legacy
Meigs County, Ohio, is named in his honor. (Meigs County, Tennessee, is named for his father.) Fort Meigs in Perrysburg, Ohio, was named in his honor during the War of 1812 by William Henry Harrison.

title: Return J. Meigs Jr.


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E.V.O.: Search for Eden

E.V.O.: Search for Eden is a 1992 action-adventure game developed by Almanic Corporation and published by Enix for the Super NES. Combining traditional platforming mechanics with experience and leveling mechanics originating from role playing games, E.V.O.: Search for Eden involves the player navigating a creature through a number of side-scrolling levels while undergoing bodily evolution to cope with ever-changing environments. It is heavily based on Almanic's original title, 46 Okunen Monogatari ~The Shinka Ron~ ( 4.6 Billion Year Story: The Theory of Evolution), released in Japan in 1990 for the PC-9801.

Spanning a period of over a billion years, the game's story involves Gaia, daughter of the sun and mystical embodiment of the Earth, guiding the player through five distinct geological periods of the planet's history. Beginning the game as a fish, the player must travel across the planet defeating enemies and gaining the strength to evolve into more powerful and complex organisms before eventually earning a chance to enter the paradise realm of Eden, becoming Gaia's immortal partner. Most critics enjoyed the originality of E.V.O.: Search for Eden, but criticized the tedious gameplay and subpar graphics.

Gameplay
E.V.O.: Search for Eden is a side-scrolling platform game where players must navigate a creature of their own design across a number of environments resembling Earth's past. The game is divided into five distinct geological periods: the Cambrian Period and the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era ("The World Before Land") from 500 million years ago to 450 million years ago, then the Carboniferous period ("Early Creatures of Land"), the Mesozoic Era ("Age of Dinosaurs"), the late Neogene period ("Ice Age"), and finally the early Quaternary period ("Early Man"). Each period has its own map screen, which is divided into various levels. While each era takes historical liberties with both its inhabitants and time frames, the player's choices for evolution are dependent on the current era of play, ranging from aquatic bodies during the Age of Fish to mammalian physiology during the Age of Man.

As the player progresses through each level, other organisms are encountered who must be confronted by biting, ramming them with horns, jumping on them until they are defeated, or jumping over them to avoid them. Defeated enemies leave behind meat which the player can consume to grant them "evolution points" used towards upgrading specific body parts. The body of the character controlled by the player is divided into eight sections which can be upgraded by spending evolution points, making them stronger as well as changing their appearance. New abilities such as tail swings, greater jumping ability and increased movement speed can also be obtained through evolution.

During gameplay, the player will also encounter crystals that either display hints and tips, grant large amounts of Evolution Points or transform their character into a unique body for a limited time. As the player takes damage from enemy creatures, one may restore health at any time by either consuming the meat of their foes, eating nearby plant life, or by undergoing selective evolution. At the end of each level, the player must face a stronger boss character in order to progress, requiring much more effort to defeat than a typical foe. There is no game over mechanism, if the player's character loses all their health points the player is revived by Gaia and sent back to the game's map screen with a deduction of roughly half of their Evolution Points. The game utilizes a built-in battery backup save system for storing game data. The player may record progress directly to the cartridge to be continued at another time, and store up to fifty previously created creatures using the game's built-in "Book of Life" feature. Creatures stored in this index have the option to be recalled at any time when the player encounters special crystals during the quest.

Plot

E.V.O.: Search for Eden tells a mythical saga of life's evolution on Earth, with a subtext of a creation myth and polytheistic evolution. The player takes the role of one of many billions of lifeforms created by Gaia (personification of the planet Earth), the nurturing and benevolent daughter of Sol, the Sun. Among the creatures known as life, there is a competition to evolve, and the best lifeform will eventually be granted the privilege of entering the Garden of Eden and becoming the husband and partner of Gaia. As the game progresses, it soon becomes apparent some mysterious external force is interfering with evolution on Earth in a destructive manner. Strange crystals not native to Gaia appear across the planet, and creatures that eat the crystals are transformed into monstrously powerful beings that dominate all other lifeforms, overconsume resources and disrupt the flow of evolution. In each Age, the player character is tasked with confronting the species transformed by the crystals and defeating them so that the evolution of life can continue as intended.

In the final Age, the Age of Eden, the player learns a mysterious entity is controlling the world's other lifeforms and sending them against the player. This entity turns out to be Bolbox, a lifeform that has evolved into a freakish and evil advanced being by consuming the crystals, believing itself to be the first human, but in reality is a gigantic single-celled organism. In the game's final battle, the player and Bolbox fight to determine who will gain entry into Eden and become Gaia's partner. Bolbox is defeated, and the player joins Gaia in Eden and is granted the gift of intelligence. It is also revealed the crystals were introduced to Earth by an advanced civilization on Mars, who misguidedly wished to help Earth by speeding its evolution with the crystals. Upon realizing the dangers the crystals create, the Martians decide to leave Earth alone and observe until it becomes advanced enough for them to interact with.

Development
E.V.O.: Search for Eden was developed by Almanic Corporation in early 1992 and was headed by project director Takashi Yoneda, who had designed Quintet's Actraiser three years prior. The title was largely based on the company's earlier successful role-playing game E.V.O.: The Theory of Evolution under the Japanese title 46 Okunen Monogatari ~The Shinka Ron~ (４６億年物語 －THE進化論－), released for the NEC PC-9801 home computer in 1990, and carries over much of the game's theme, designs and story. Although the design staff had opted to give a fantastic rather than scientific representation of evolutionary theories and planet development, the crew was assisted by teachers from local schools to provide information on geology and biology to the programmers. While some of the game's designers were similar to that of the original PC-9801 title, much of the staff for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was made up of a younger, less experienced crew, which Yoneda stated made things "interesting" during development.

The North American version was translated and marketed by Enix America Corporation. While originally planned for a March 1993 release, the game was beset by last-minute delays for several months until the following June. The company would later hold a promotional contest where players could send in photographs of their favorite customized creatures for a chance to win a free Enix game.

Music
The music for E.V.O.: Search for Eden was originally composed by Koichi Sugiyama for 46 Okunen Monogatari ~The Shinka Ron~. Motoaki Takenouchi, a former student of Sugiyama's, adapted the music for E.V.O.. In late 1992, select pieces from the game were performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra during their second annual Game Music Concert series in Tokyo, Japan. Two of these pieces, "Great Hymn of Nature, Earth" and "Sorrow" were made available on the Orchestra Game Music Concert 2 album the following November. In December of the same year, an official soundtrack for 46 Okunen Monogatari ~The Shinka Ron~ was released exclusively in Japan by Apollon Records. Rather than featuring the same instrumentation present in the game, the 46 Okunen Monogatari Symphonic Synth Suite soundtrack was composed of music also re-recorded and arranged by Takenouchi.

Reception
GamePro magazine praised the game's originality and overall design but found fault with the visual presentation of the title, stating "although this game has an interesting concept, the sluggish game play and average graphics may make you return to the caves." The publication also found the background music lacking, stating the game's compositions ranged from "soothing" to "annoying". Nintendo Power called attention to the game's ingenuity and theme, remarking that "[t]he idea of this game is great and the weird creatures you can evolve can be both bizarre and hilarious." However, the magazine felt the game's representation of the concept of evolution was too fanciful, also stating the process of obtaining power-up items being "tedious". Nintendo Power would later give the game an honorable mention during its "Top Titles of 1993" awards segment as one of the most innovative games of the year.

AllGame was even less positive about the game, giving it two stars out of five. They praised the challenge that the bosses presented, and the quantity of creatures the player could evolve into, but noted that the game was "marred by mediocre graphics and sluggish gameplay." Although not officially released in Europe, the game was covered in an import review by Super Play in late 1993 and although they found the game's strategy components to be "top-notch", the rest of the game was regarded as "very mediocre", garnering only a 47% average score.

More contemporary reviews of the game were largely positive. In February 2007, IGN ranked E.V.O.: Search for Eden second in its list of the greatest "Prehistoric Games" of all time, stating "[n]o other title before or since has so effectively captured the essence of evolutionary theory in videogame form." The website additionally likened the title to the then-upcoming and highly anticipated Spore by Maxis, calling E.V.O.: Search for Eden the "original success story" in life-simulation gaming and the standard for which it would be judged. the same website rated the game 42nd on its Top 100 SNES Games. They praised the game commenting: "One of the most brilliantly original game designs ever conceived."

title: E.V.O.: Search for Eden


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Talk:White House Chief of Staff

Official Title
Is 'White House Chief of Staff' the official title? 'White House' tends to be used more in a figurative sense and seems inappropriate for an official title. I would imagine Executive Chief of Staff or Presidential Chief of Staff to be more official-sounding. Kent Wang 22:58, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * WhiteHouse.gov uses President's Chief of Staff in the only direct reference to the title that I found, so take that for what it's worth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ddye (talk • contribs) 22:31, 28 January 2005 (UTC)

Presidential succession
Is it true that if (for example) the President should die and the VP refuses to take office the Chief of Staff would become President? Ive heard this often, but never had any real confirmation. If true, it should probably be added to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.226.182.193 (talk) 17:09, 15 February 2005 (UTC)

 * Not true at all. The Chief of Staff could never become president. If the VP for some reason refused to become president (which would be very odd since that's what he's there for) then it would fall to the Speaker of the House (see United States presidential line of succession). Ddye 20:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * thanx:) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.226.182.193 (talk) 11:46, 16 February 2005 (UTC)

The confusion may have arisen because during a crisis in the Reagan White House, Alexander Haig famously and erroneously declared himself in charge.Lawikitejana (talk) 03:23, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Haig was not the Chief of Staff at the time, and had not been for over six years. Haig was the United States Secretary of State at the time, who is in the presidential line of succession, but preceded by the VP, the Speaker of the House, and the president pro tempore of the Senate. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 22:48, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

What is wrong with this page?
At least with Firefox, which is what I generally use, this page has all of the text in a narrow line running on the left hand side of the page, taking up about half of the page, and then the infobox at the end of the text, on the right hand side of the page. Zoe 03:40, August 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * It doesn't show like that on my Firefox. john k 15:41, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm using the Classic skin. Zoe 23:11, August 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * It shows incorrectly on mine. The right hand side infobox overlaps with the COS infobox at the bottom, and Clinton's name is replaced with a White House logo RickiRich — Preceding undated comment added 08:53, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Chiefs list
I'm changing the sentence "Presidents Kennedy and Johnson never did [have a C of S]" because Marvin Watson was Johnson's chief of staff. As evidence, I'd point to the book "Chief of Staff" by Marvin Watson. (The JFK Library Web site explicitly states JFK did not have one.) Nadirsofar 17:29, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Is it worth changing the format of the table to show the President as a single cell/block when the President had multiple Chiefs of Staff? See White House counsel for different style formatting. Rocketfella (talk) 16:54, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I have no issue with doing so. Of course, if any of the columns are re-sorted, joined adjacent cells will be separate again (until the whole article is reloaded). —ADavidB 22:50, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Capitalization
I think that under standard rules of grammar the phrase chief of staff shouldn't be capitalized in most of its occurrences in this article. Wiki style may be different. Does anyone know the Wiki rule? For sure, the plural phrase "chiefs of staff" should NEVER be capitalized.

Under Turabian, Merriam-Webster, and most newspaper style guides, an office holder's title would generally be capitalized only if it precedes her name, as in Chief of Staff C.J. Cregg.

The US GPO style manual seems to advocate capitalizing it all the time (except plural), but grammar is beyond its Constitutional powers and it's certainly not binding on Wikipedia.

Any thoughts? Nadirsofar 18:40, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This problem is grossly endemic to Wikipedia. Americans tend to capitalize anything that sounds important, particular job titles. As a professional writer and business consultant, I struggle against this at the level of "Customer Service Representative," so I for one am not about to challenge the vast Wikiocracy that has decided in favor of "Vice President" and "Chief of Staff." As a side note, even animal species are capitalized here. --Tysto 03:50, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposed
The Assistant to the President of the United States article is a single sentence. The position itself was merged with the White House Chief of Staff position, so it only makes sense that the articles should thusly be merged. --Cparmar — Preceding undated comment added 05:39, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, Assistant to the President is now a title held by all the snior members of the Executive Office of the President. For example, on the White House salary lists, Karl Rove is "Assistant to the President, Senior Adviser, and Deputy Chief of Staff For Policy". Thus the "Assistant" page should not be merged but simply have its content altered. --Woolgab — Preceding undated comment added 06:22, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The problem with this merge is that there are several Assistants but only one Chief. For instance Donald Rumsfeld was Assistant to Richard Nixon but not Chief. Karl Rove is Assistant to George W. Bush but not Chief. The proposed merge does it wrong. Doing it right would require considerable work on the Deputy White House Chief of Staff stub. Metarhyme 21:41, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The Assistant to the president is the former title of the white house chief of staff job, so it should be merged under the history section of the chief of staff article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.197.99.139 (talk) 18:06, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge it. Luke C 10:12, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe two different pages? One with the old definition of Assistant to the President (the position now known as White House Chief of Staff), and one with the new definition, which is a more general title, normally given in conjunction with another one (Press Secretary, Communications Director, etc) Penguin22 08:30, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge - for those of us studying American politics it is not nice to have several articles that overlap each other. The older article has very little content too, so it can easily me merged into it's own paragraph.  DJR (Talk) 14:49, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The articles Assistant to the President of the United States and White House Chief of Staff should be merged. This is so because they are the same position only the name of the position was changed. It would be a great benefit to others if these two articles were merged into one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.96.110.93 (talk) 18:20, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

new and old Assistants
I was cleaning up a red link in the "Donald Rumsfeld" article when I found this merge discussion. Could there be enough information on the "new" Assistants (sounds like a pop-band) to use the "Assistant to the President of the United States" article space for these new assistants with a top-side "see also" link to the "White House Chief of Staff" article for the "old" Assistants? To that end I roughed out (a true first draft) the following:
 * Assistant to the President is a junior executive branch position, and a President may have many Assistants. Assistants attend meetings in the head of state's stead. They also prepare exective reports informing the head of state. While it might seem natural that the Vice President of the United States would be a key right-hand man to the President of the United States, this second from the top position is almost always chosen on a purely politial basis — for this reason Assistants are the President's trusted deputies.

--Charles Gaudette 21:58, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought this was a good idea, and was working on revising the draft, but then I noticed that the Executive Office of the President of the United States article already includes this good explanation:
 * Organization
 * Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the title "Assistant to the President". Second-level staff have the title "Deputy Assistant to the President", and third-level staff have the title "Special Assistant to the President". Very few are required to be confirmed by the Senate, although there are a handful of exceptions to this rule (Office of Management and Budget Director, United States Trade Representative, et cetera). However, the core White House Staff do not require approval.
 * This article also includes a list of current assistants (including the Chief of Staff), deputy assistants and special assistants.
 * I suggest that we simply change the "Assistant to the President" redirect so that it points to Executive Office of the President of the United States instead of Chief of Staff. I'd also add a sentence to the Chief of Staff article stating that the Chief of Staff still usually holds the "Assistant to the President" rank.
 * Hickoryhillster 00:37, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Facts don’t agree
According to the table, Watson served for Johnson’s entire administration. That doesn’t agree with the W. Marvin Watson article, though, which says he became the chief of staff in 1965. Johnson took office in 1963. The Watson article also says he became the postmaster general in 1968, but Johnson’s term didn’t end until 1969. Would it be appropriate to add “vacant” spots above and below Watson’s entry in this table?

I’ve removed any reference to Johnson from the third history paragraph since it doesn’t really seem relevant. Johnson’s administration was called “short” even though it was longer than Carter’s and George Bush’s, and since Watson apparently didn’t serve the entire time Johnson was president, he didn’t really need to be explicitly excluded from the factoid. --Rob Kennedy 23:55, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Emmanuel as Obama's CoS
A note -- I deleted all references to Emanuel as Obama's CoS, since he hasn't yet accepted the job (ref here, which as of this writing contains a disclaimer of no acceptance from Emanuel's spokesman). Undo to revision 249902493 if/when he accepts to undo all three changes I made. --70.90.171.153 (talk) 20:53, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There is no compelling reason this article should do more than briefly mention Emanuel might be the next CoS for now. The article is about the position, not its future occupants.  Until Emanuel ACCEPTS, much less actually performs the duties of the position, I think it's a poor choice for the article to undertake the job better served by news articles in discussing recent developments on the assembling of an upcoming administration. Ventifact (talk) 23:18, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I AGREE. IM JOHN MCCAIN AND I APPROVE THIS MESSAGE —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.180.75.171 (talk) 18:10, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow. You're really funny.  Factual accuracy (not recording Emmanuel as CoS until he accepts) is not a political agenda.  Emmanuel has now actually accepted the position and is back in the article.  Ventifact (talk) 19:45, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Designate
Since we're adding designate to all of Obama's other cabinet positions, i've put Rahm Emanuel in. This way, if something does change, it'll only say designate.Saberwolf116 (talk) 00:16, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I reverted it, there is no need to list it, read WP:Crystal  C T J F 8 3 Talk 01:03, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I know, but if we have posted Secretary of Health and somesuch, why not chief of staff? If we refer to them as designate, it doesn't neccesarily mean it's a prediction, does it?Saberwolf116 (talk) 02:25, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I wasn't aware of any Sec of Health mentioned, I'll remove that too It was removed by another user. Yes, it is a prediction. How do you know Emanuel won't die before then, or be involved in some scandal, and Obama picks someone else? Do you know that Bolton will be alive until Jan 20? The answer to all three, is obviously a no. Therefore we shouldn't list a date for either.  C T J F 8 3 Talk 07:19, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If that's true, then why do we list this one and this one? Joe Biden or Barack Obama could die or resign. So why don't we designate chief of staff?Saberwolf116 (talk) 13:22, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Who knows, I'm tired of reverting everyone all the time. They are a little different also. The country can't change their mind on Obama and Biden. But Obama can changes his on Emanuel.  C T J F 8 3 Talk 21:55, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, OK, I give up, You win. But you're still gonna get eaten by a gure>:)Saberwolf116 (talk) 00:04, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * LOL, what is a gure?  C T J F 8 3 Talk 04:19, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * What is it? What is it? HOW DARE YOU!*sends grue on you* — Preceding unsigned comment added by Saberwolf116 (talk • contribs) 00:39, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Error in infobox
The infobox at the side says that George Edward Akerson was the first chief of staff, but per his article, he died before 1946, and it also lists him as the first White House Press Secretary. Methinks that User:Aricci526 used the Press Secretary as a template while adding it but didn't change that information. The article lists Steelman as the first Chief of Staff, but since it also lists a 1946 formation with the "Assistant to the President" role the first holder of that job could go in the infobox. I don't know enough about the subject to correct, but I do know that Akerson is wrong. Can this be changed? --Canuckguy (talk) 17:13, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Confirmed by the Senate?
What is the sense in posting this article if the very basic of the office is not listed? It should be listed somewhere in here that the positions is Confirmed by the Senate or not, and under what authority. MPA 21:05, 23 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by MPA (talk • contribs)
 * The post is a White House senior staff which does not require Senate confirmation. --TommyBoy (talk) 00:16, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Error in date or president name
The first section, History, states that the title "Chief of STaff" was adopted in 1951 under Eisenhower.

Eisenhower wasn't inaugurated until January of 1953! Truman was still the president in 1951. Either the date is wrong, or the name of the president in office at the time is wrong. GBC (talk) 08:19, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Sworn in?
Does the President's Chief of Staff get sworn in or take any kind of oath? Tom12ga (talk) 16:31, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

capitalization
This page is located at White House Chief of Staff, but all references to the position in the prose say White House chief of staff. Should the page be moved? —  fourthords  | =Λ= |  21:50, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

Factually incorrect
This sentence

John R. Steelman, under Harry S. Truman, was the last chief of staff to serve for an entire presidential administration.

Is just flat out wrong. Steelman became COS in Dec of 1946. Truman became President in April of 1945. That's 20 months of Steelman not being COS. 82.203.24.1 (talk) 13:35, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I've reworded the sentence so it's more clearly correct. (Steelman was the last chief of staff to be a president's only chief of staff, not counting Kenneth O'Donnell's 'appointments secretary' role during Kennedy's 22 months.) —ADavidB 23:52, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Clarification of "stepping stone" Suggestion
The second paragraph states "The position is considered to be a stepping stone." This should be clarified, I'm not sure what it means. Does anyone have a suggestion? A citation would be great, too. — ʀoyoтϵ 02:03, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The editor who added it probably intended to state that those who have this role tend to move on to other positions with more responsibility. As you noted, there is no supporting source citation.  As the issue is not covered elsewhere in the article, I've removed the "stepping stone" sentence.  Anyone with a supporting source is welcome to re-add and clarify the statement. —ADavidB 15:24, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Vacancy between O'Donnell and Watson
No one is listed between O'Donnell and Watson, but there isn't a vacancy listed on the chart. The period between them was from Nov. 1963 to Feb. 1965, a significant vacancy. Does anyone know if there was a Chief of Staff? If so, who? Closeclouds (talk) 21:28, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Rather than an actual "chief of staff", Johnson had an "appointments secretary" who was the de facto holder of the role, as noted with the two identified during his administration. Johnson's article mentions Walter Jenkins as the first equivalent. I don't know why he isn't identified as such here. Perhaps his employment was never formal enough to be identified as more than a "top aide".  Jenkins' career ended in scandal, but that shouldn't result in his being hidden. —ADavidB 11:22, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

Inclusion of Ron Klain on the list
I don’t think Ron Klain should be placed on the list as he is not currently the White House Chief of Staff. -69 days in office just looks wrong. DanJWilde (talk) 10:48, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

He is also not the incumbent. DanJWilde (talk) 10:50, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I've commented out the entry. It can easily be un-commented when Klain holds the office. —ADavidB 12:44, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you. DanJWilde (talk) 14:40, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Acting COS
The formatting of the Acting Chiefs of Staff (to date, Rouse and Mulvaney) makes sense in the context of this page, but leads to inconsistencies elsewhere that may be best addressed by a change to the numbering of the list here. For example, Pete Rouse's page shows that he was preceded as COS by Rahm Emanuel, and succeeded by Bill Daley. However, Rahm Emanuel's page shows that he was succeeded by Bill Daley; Daley's page shows that he was preceeded by Rahm Emanuel. Likewise, a user who observes that John F. Kelly was succeeded by Mark Meadows may be confused about Mick Mulvaney's tenure as COS.

While the "Acting" designation is an accurate and necessary inclusion, I am not aware of any legal distinction in terms of the powers and/or duties of the role vis-a-vis a non-Acting COS; it seems to be a temporal designation rather than one of responsibility. I suggest a change to the numbering of the list or some other adjustment in order to improve clarity on related pages. Constantsusan (talk) 20:15, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:White House Chief of Staff


text:
Christminster

Christminster may refer to:

 * Christ the Saviour Monastery, a Benedictine orthodox monastery located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 * Christminster (fiction), a fictional town and university in Thomas Hardy's novel Jude the Obscure
 * Christminster (interactive fiction), an interactive fiction game by Gareth Rees.

title: Christminster


text:
The 51st State

The 51st State (also known as Formula 51) is a 2001 action comedy film directed by Ronny Yu, written by Stel Pavlou, and starring Samuel L. Jackson, Robert Carlyle, Emily Mortimer, Ricky Tomlinson, Sean Pertwee, Rhys Ifans, Stephen Walters and Meat Loaf. The film follows the story of an American master chemist (Jackson) who heads to Britain to sell his formula for a powerful new drug. All does not go as planned and the chemist soon becomes entangled in a web of deceit.

The film premiered in the United Kingdom on 7 December 2001. It was released internationally under the name Formula 51 in October 2002, where it grossed $14.4 million, just over half of the budget.

Plot
In 1971, a policeman witnessed Elmo McElroy, a recent college graduate with a degree, smoking marijuana. Due to his arrest and conviction, he cannot find work as a pharmacologist. In the present day, drug lord "the Lizard" calls a meeting of his colleagues, hoping to sell a new substance invented by Elmo. During the meeting, in a bid to escape from the Lizard's manipulation, Elmo blows up the building, killing everyone but the Lizard. Enraged, the Lizard contacts contract killer Dakota, who previously killed the only witness in a case against the Lizard. Dakota reluctantly accepts when the Lizard offers to clear her gambling debts and give her a $250,000 bonus.

Felix DeSouza, a local "fixer" in Liverpool, has been sent by Leopold Durant, head of a local criminal organization, to collect Elmo from Manchester airport, in exchange for two tickets to a sold-out football match between Liverpool and Manchester United. On route to the airport, Felix enters a pub full of Manchester United supporters and antagonizes them before letting off a rocket flare inside; the United fans give chase but his friends rescue him in their car.

Elmo lands in Manchester, is greeted by Felix and is taken to the meeting with Durant. At the meeting, Elmo pitches POS 51, a synthetic drug that can be produced with minimal facilities and is 51 times as potent as other drugs. A second opinion from Pudsey, Durant's chemist, confirms Elmo's claims, and Durant gives him over a million dollars in bonds. Since it is $18 million short of the agreed payment, Elmo refuses to sell.

On a roof across the street, Dakota is about to shoot Elmo in the head when the Lizard calls cancelling the hit; not wanting to kill Elmo until he has the formula. Instead of killing Elmo, she is to kill anyone who meets with him. She ends up killing everyone but Durant, Elmo, and Felix, who is shot in the buttocks. As Elmo and Felix leave the hotel, skinheads who want the drug attack them. Elmo protects them with a golf club. Detective Virgil Kane and his partner Arthur arrive on the scene and give chase. They are soon lured into a game of chicken by Elmo, who escapes. Kane and Arthur return to the crime scene and Kane demands 50% of Durant's deal with McElroy. A miscommunication leads to Durant's death.

Felix contacts a gun dealing club owner and drug distributor named Iki, promising him the formula for £20 million. As Elmo and Felix acquire the ingredients necessary for the drug's manufacture, all of which are over-the-counter products, the now-armed skinheads take them hostage. The skinheads claim they have a lab, though it turns out to be a broken-in animal testing facility. Elmo makes two batches of the drug; one blue and one red. Elmo claims that the red pill is the stronger version, and after he takes one, the skinheads try it. While they are partying, waiting for the effect of the drug, Elmo secretly spits out his red pill. He tells Felix it is a powerful laxative; Elmo and Felix leave after throwing rolls of toilet paper at the incapacitated skinheads.

At Iki's rave club, Elmo initiates his deal and delivers the drug to the waiting crowd. Kane and the police interrupt the deal and arrest Felix. After appearing, Dakota reveals that her real name is Dawn and that she and Felix were domestic partners. She abducts Elmo, leaving with him via the roof. Elmo overpowers her, suspending her over the edge of the roof. Having no choice, she strikes a deal with him and they escape Kane. Meanwhile, Kane blackmails Felix during an interrogation and forces himself into the deal with Iki, which Felix sets up for him.

Felix, Elmo and Dawn meet Iki in a private viewing box at the football match at Anfield. This time, the deal is interrupted by the Lizard, who kills Iki and demands the formula to POS 51. The Lizard celebrates with a drink, as Elmo reveals that the drug is a placebo and POS stands for Power of Suggestion. Kane interrupts them as Elmo's cocktail, an explosive ingested by the Lizard, takes effect, killing the Lizard. Kane is knocked unconscious and arrested by Arthur, while the main three exit unscathed. Dawn and Felix settle down together, and Elmo purchases a castle once possessed by the man who owned his ancestors.

Development
Screenwriter Stel Pavlou came up with the idea for The 51st State in 1994 while studying at university in Liverpool and working in the kitchen's of The Brook Cafe at The Quiggins centre, loosely basing some of the characters on his friends. Pavlou described the idea of the film being based on Liverpool's history in the slave trade and transferring it to modern day in the form of the drug trade. Pavlou and his business partner Mark Aldridge showcased their idea at the Cannes Film Festival in France which led to film development company Focus Films offering funding for development. Soon the film caught the eye of Samuel L. Jackson, who eventually came on board as both a producer and star of the film. The DVD commentary reveals that the script was originally written with Laurence Fishburne in mind, sometime before Jackson became a star.

Originally, Pavlou budgeted at around £1 million and intended to direct it himself. Due to difficulty getting funding Pavlou stepped aside and took a co-producer credit while the matter was being resolved. After five years The 51st State was finally budgeted at $28 million, with financing coming from Canada and the UK via Alliance Atlantis and the Film Consortium.

Pre-production
Actor and film producer Samuel L. Jackson recommended Hong Kong director Ronny Yu to direct the film, with the belief that the film's overall style was suited to that of Yu's previous credits, such as his 1998 film Bride of Chucky. With the roles of Elmo McElroy (Samuel L. Jackson) and Felix DeSouza (Robert Carlyle) both secured, producer Andras Hamori suggested Meat Loaf to play the antagonist. This was approved by director Yu, who called the idea a "truly inspired piece of casting".

Locations
Almost all of the film was shot on location in Liverpool apart from the opening scene which was shot in Los Angeles, a driving scene which was filmed in Manchester and another scene which was filmed at Cholmondeley Castle in Cheshire. Major locations used in Liverpool included the River Mersey and docks, Pier Head, the India Building, Water Street as well as Liverpool's's stadium Anfield. Other famous Liverpool landmarks can be seen throughout the film in the background such as St George's Hall and the Liver Building.

Production designer Alan Macdonald used the film's production base in Boundary Street to build various sets for interior scenes, as well as a vast disused warehouse space in Blackstock Street.

Home media
The film was released on both VHS and DVD. The DVD version was released on 7 October 2002. Special features include an audio commentary, making-of and production featurettes, a photo gallery, trailer, and cast and crew interviews. The film was released on a dual Blu-ray and DVD format on October 2, 2017.

Reception
For its US release, the film was renamed Formula 51. The decision to change the title was likely driven by a desire to make it more appealing and marketable to American audiences.

Critical reception
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 25% based on reviews from 102 critics, with an average rating of 4.3/10, and the consensus reading: "Filled with profanities, Formula 51 is a stylized and incoherent mess that doesn't add up to much." On Metacritic, the film gained a 23 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper called the film "a farce", giving the film one out of four stars, and particularly negative comments on the film's content and script. Generally positive reviews were given by both the BBC and Empire reviewers, with Alan Morrison of the latter calling it "full-on fun" and that the film "goes beyond the boundaries" of British films. IGN also gave the film a generally positive review, concluding that "you get exactly what you pay for" and that the film was overall very "enjoyable".

Box office
The film had its world premiere on 7 December 2001, in London's West End Curzon Cinema.

In total, the film earned over $14.4 million at the worldwide box office, $5.2 million of that in the US and $9.2 million elsewhere.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was written by Darius Kedros, Caspar Kedros and Barney Quinton under the band name Headrillaz, and also featured artists such as PJ Harvey, Run–D.M.C., Nelly and Stephen Day.

title: The 51st State


text:
David Seymour (photographer)

David Seymour (born Dawid Szymin; November 20, 1911 – November 10, 1956), or Chim (pronounced shim, an abbreviation of the surname "Szymin"), was a Polish photographer and photojournalist.

Chim was known for his images from the Spanish Civil War, for co-founding Magnum Photos with Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa and George Rodger, and for his project "Children of War" with UNICEF that captured the plight of children in the aftermath of World War II.

He became president of Magnum after Capa's death in 1954 and held this post until his own death in 1956 by Egyptian machinegun fire in the aftermath of the Suez crisis.

Early life
Chim was born to Polish Jewish parents in Warsaw in 1911. David had a sister, Eileen, who was three years older. Their parents were Regina and Benjamin Szymin, a respected publisher of Yiddish and Hebrew books. In 1914 Chim and his parents emigrated to Odessa just as World War I had begun. In 1919 they returned to Warsaw. Chim studied graphic arts in Leipzig and then traveled to Paris to study at the Sorbonne.

Career
It was while Chim was studying at the Sorbonne in Paris that he became interested in photography. He began working as a freelance journalist in 1933. His first "credited" published photograph appeared in 1934 in the magazine Regards.

Between 1936 and 1938 Chim covered the Spanish Civil War (alongside colleague Robert Capa) and other international political events. In February 1935 Chim was sent to Spain by Regards to report on crucial issues there. Twenty five of his stories on Spain ended up being published in Regards.

In 1939 he covered the Loyalist Spanish war refugees on the S.S. Sinaia to Mexico and then later in the year he arrived in the United States. Chim was in New York City when World War II broke out in Europe when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, Chim's birthplace. In 1940 he enlisted in the United States Army, serving in Europe as a photo interpreter during the war. He received his training at Camp Ritchie, the Army’s Military Intelligence Training Center and is considered to be one of the Ritchie Boys. In 1942 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States, the same year that his parents were killed by the Nazis. Chim photographed for Life, along with Look, Paris-Match and Regards.

In 1948 he received a commission through UNICEF and traveled to Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Germany to document the plight of World War II refugee children. Inge Bondi, Chim scholar, said: "Chim's heart had always gone out to children, and they reacted to him with complete acceptance. They seemed oblivious of him, but he noticed every little movement, every little pain, every little pleasure. There is no artifice, no bravura of lighting expertise in Chim's photographs of the children. They speak simply from his pictures, as if alive. This intellectual, so adept at analyzing the most complex political situations, so comfortable photographing heads of state, produced his greatest photographs to help children in need."

Between 1949 and 1955 Chim travelled extensively throughout Europe and Israel, fulfilling assignments for major publications in Europe and the United States. Edward Steichen included his imagery, including his simple but eloquent picture of the worn hands of an older worker clutching a dip-pen to practice the letter 'a', in MoMA's 1955 world-touring The Family of Man, seen by 9 million visitors.

Magnum Photos
In 1947, Chim co-founded the Magnum Photos photography cooperative, together with Robert Capa and Henri Cartier-Bresson, whom he had befriended in Paris in the 1930s. As Inge Bondi, Chim scholar, stated:

"Photojournalism was about to enter a golden decade. Television was not yet available to broadcast world events, and editors and the public were eager for news, from which they had been cut off during the fascist years and war years."

After Capa's death in 1954, Chim became president of Magnum Photos. He held that post until his death on November 10, 1956.

Death
On November 10, 1956, Chim was killed while driving to photograph an exchange of wounded soldiers at El Quantara (along with French photographer Jean Roy) by Egyptian machinegun fire four days after the armistice of the 1956 Suez Crisis, ten days before his 45th birthday.

Chim's work remains available by way of Magnum Photos and his estate is managed by nephew Ben Shneiderman and niece Helen Sarid.

Photographic portraits
Chim's reputation for his photos of war orphans was magnified by his later work in photographing famous people of his time. These included:

 * Pablo Picasso, in front of detail of Guernica, France (1937)
 * Henri Barbusse, along with leading left-wing intellectuals in his office at the literary journal "Monde", Paris France (1935)
 * Kirk Douglas, (1952)
 * Arturo Toscanini, at his home, Milan (1954)
 * Gina Lollobrigida, Venice (1954)
 * Sophia Loren, at home, Rome and Naples, Italy (1955)
 * Bernard Berenson, at 90, visiting Borghese Gallery, Rome, Italy (1955)
 * Ingrid Bergman, 35 portraits of Ingrid Bergman, Rome, Italy (1952–1956)
 * Roberto Rossellini, and family (1956)
 * Audrey Hepburn, 14 portraits (1956)
 * Richard Avedon, Paris, France (1956)

Exhibitions

 * Chim: The Photos of David Seymour, 1996, International Center of Photography, New York City.
 * "Close Enough", 1999, The Art Gallery at the University of Maryland, College Park.
 * Reflections from the Heart, September–December 2006, Albin O. Kuhn Library Gallery; March – June 2006, The Corcoran Gallery of Art; January–April 2007, George Eastman House.
 * Photographs by David Seymour (Selections from George Eastman House), May–September 9, 2007, International Center of Photography, New York City.
 * Chim: The Photography of David Seymour (1911–1956), September 2007 – February 2008, the de Young, San Francisco.
 * The Mexican Suitcase, September 2010 –  January 2011, International Center of Photography, New York City.
 * Chim/Gamboa Exhibition: The Mexican Connection, December 2010 – March 2011, El Centro de la Imagen, Mexico City.
 * ChimRetrospective, October–February 2011, the Jewish Museum, Brussels.
 * ChimRediscovered / Chim retrouvé, December 2012 – January 2013, CLAIR Galerie, St. Paul de Vence, Nice, France.
 * Chim(David Seymour), February–March, Galerie Walter Keller, Zürich.
 * Photographs by David "Chim" Seymour and Roman Vishniac, February 2013, Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York City.
 * We Went Back: Photographs from Europe 1933–1956 by Chim, January–May 2013, International Center of Photography, New York City.
 * David Seymour (Chim): A Celebration of Chim, September–October 2013, Leica Gallery, Washington, DC.
 * Capturing History:The Photography of Chim 29 March 2017 – Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot Tel Aviv
 * David Seymour (Chim), October 2018 – March 2019 Jewish Historical Museum Amsterdam.
 * CHIM: Between Devastation and Resurrection, September 2022 - February 2024 Illinois Holocaust Museum, Skokie, IL.

Public collections
Chim's work is held in these and other public collections:
 * National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
 * The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 * The de Young, San Francisco, CA
 * Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 * Library of Congress, Washington, DC
 * International Center of Photography, New York, NY

Filmography

 * The Mexican Suitcase. Dir. Trisha Ziff. 212 Berlin, 2011. Film.
 * Chim's Children of Europe. 2013. 7-minute video.

title: David Seymour (photographer)


text:
Barva

Barva is a district of the Barva canton, in the Heredia province of Costa Rica. The city is known for having a nice mix of rural and metropolitan landscape.

Toponymy
The name comes from Barvac or Barvak a cacique of the area around 1569, which in turn might come from either:
 * From New Tlapallan in Nahuatl language, or Tla pallapan, which in Huetar language was Tabaraba or Abaraba, hispanicized as Barba and meaning Black River or Dark River as explained by José Fidel Tristán in 1910.
 * Bal (town) and wac (anteater), meaning Anteater Town, according to Luis Ferrero.
 * Bar or bur (bees) with ba or bac (tribe), meaning Bees Tribe, as explained by bishop Bernardo Augusto Thiel y Hoffmann in late 19th century, from sources from 1575 and 1599.

By Decree 188 of 4 October 1974, the name changes from Barba to Barva.

Geography
Barva has an area of 0.82 km² and an elevation of 1,176 metres.

It is located 3 km north of Heredia.

Patron saint and mask festival
The patron saint of the town is Saint Bartholomew. A large church, Iglesia de San Bartolomé de Barva, was established between 1568 and 1575 is in Barva. Every year on August 24, the people of the town have a celebration dedicated to the saint, and the highlight of the celebration is the unique masquerade, where people go out wearing masks and hit others with cow and pig bladders.

Demographics
For the 2011 census, Barva had a population of 4,997 inhabitants.

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 * CR RNS 119.svg National Route 119
 * CR RNS 126.svg National Route 126

Notable people

 * Bernardo Rodríguez y Alfaro

title: Barva


text:
Talk:Nintendo Selects

Mega Man Aniversary Collection for Game Cube
I just got this title and it's a Player's Choice... even though the official PC's nintendo list doesn't list this game as such... Can somebody else confirm this, or maybe I got a bootleg... it doesn't seem like one though...

It's official. I went to my local Wal-Mart yesterday and checked out the GC section, and they had about 6 copies of Mega Man Anniversary Collection all with the Player's Choice label. It was also $20, the same price as all other third-party GC games that have earned Player's Choice status. Mega Man 5 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Sony & Microsoft
Here in Europe, Sony's Best Selling Games are referred to officially as 'Platinum', and xbox games as 'Xbox classics'DarkCat

is there a reason these lists are not in alpha order? Sunilonln 23:01, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

GameCube boxes
At least here in Europe (PAL), the boxes for GameCube Player's Choice games are gray (or silver) instead of black. Does the same hold true for NTSC games? --Spug 18:34, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Create a disambiguation page
We should do a disambiguation page between, this article and Player's Choice Video Games. Let me know what you think.
 * Good point. I solved the problem without using a disambig, though, as this article is certainly more popular than the other one. --Sn0wflake 19:06, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

"Many copies?"
How many? There must be a certain number of units sold that a title must reach before it gets designated PC. Anyone know? Many copies is too vague.

Nintendo DS
Is there ever going to be "Players Choice" line for the Nintendo DS?

P.S.: What does NTSC stand for? KdogDS 21:13, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Player's Choice will probably and hopefully come to the DS. They've done it for every other system save the Virtual Boy. But they may have decided to move away from the Player's Choice system starting with the DS. Nintendogs, Animal Crossing: Wild World, Super Mario 64 DS, and Mario Kart DS have all sold over a million copies, but none of them have been released as Player's Choice titles as of writing.
 * P.S. NTSC is a format used to send video signals to televisions. NTSC is used in many countries including the United States. PAL is another video signal format that is used on televisions in many countries such as the United Kingdom.
 * Jecowa 22:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

They only made the first GBA PC titles earlier this year, so it may be awhile before the DS gets any PC titles. TJ Spyke 04:03, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * What about the Wii? I don't think there is any "Player Choice" games on there. Androo123 (talk) 03:06, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

NTSC label
Y'know, labelling games as just NTSC is not enough to distiguish them as North American... NTSC is also the signal used in Japan and Player's Choice isn't used in Japan (at least, not in that name.)

That is certainly true, and perhaps should be made clearer. Having said that, this is the English Wiki and as such has an obvious English Language slant. If somebody could supply the Japanese name (is there is one) then that could be used. But really, there is a Japanese wiki for that. (I'm not saying that we shouldn't deal with any issues that don't concern non-English speaking countries by the way) ::hedpeguyuk 12:13, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, Japanese SFC games have no equivalent to Player's Choice (and even later Nintendo games don't, yet), so I just put in "American NTSC games" as it should read. 207.172.52.41 05:42, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Later SNES releases
Something I found odd; very late SNES games that were previously Player's Choice had the label totally removed. For example, Tetris 2 and Super Star Wars were re-released as Player's Choice titles with an ESRB of K-A. However, later on, there was a re-release of each game with an ESRB of E (so it was undeniably newer), but, no Player's Choice.

Also interesting is that Star Fox sold well over a million copies, and was released early enough in the system's lifespan to garner a re-release, but isn't a Player's Choice game...

Yea, I know what you mean and its strange; I pointed it out in the page. Its possible they were considering phasing out Player's Choice back then as there were some N64 rereleases that didn't have it as well, but whatever207.172.52.41

GBA Player's Choice games
I believe there is an error under the list of Player's Choice games for Game Boy Advance. It was never officially announced that Metroid Fusion, Metroid: Zero Mission, Pokemon Ruby/Sapphire, Mega Man Battle Network, and Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3 were part of the Player's Choice series. Some of the games might be Player's Choice-priced, but they do not have the Player's Choice label. In fact, the games announced on July 27th were announced as the 2nd round of Player's Choice games for GBA.

If the aforementioned games ARE Player's Choice, then some proof should be shown, otherwise those titles need to be removed for the sake of accuracy.
 * Cubedcinder128 19:01, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, since nobody has come forward with proof in the past few days, I've taken the liberty to mark the aforementioned games as unconfirmed Player's Choice games. I can assure you I saw Metroid Fusion in my local Wal-Mart yesterday with no Player's Choice label (and it was still full-priced too), compared to Super Mario Advance which did.

Again, I will gladly help change it back if someone can come forward with proof that games such as Super Mario Bros. 3, Mega Man Battle Network, and Pokemon Ruby/Sapphire are OFFICIALLY joining the Player's Choice lineup.
 * Cubedcinder128 10:42, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the speculated titles altogether. Many GBA games get unofficial price drops all the time, it's no indication that they will ever join the PC lineup. --SevereTireDamage 22:57, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I am glad this issue got sorted out.
 * Cubedcinder128 19:04, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

"Best Sellers"
I'm pretty sure this was just a generic label slapped onto various GameCube titles without any sort of authenticity or meaning - I remember even games that had just come out had the logo on it. Right now there's no source for even a rumor, so I'm sticking a fact on it for a little while, but if nobody can come up with a source it should be removed. --SevereTireDamage 07:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

N64 games
I find it very doubtful that the N64 list is that big. I don't follow the N64 lineup too closely so I don't want to correct anything that may already be right, but I find it strange that games like "Vigilante 8," "Mortal Kombat 4," "WCW vs nWo," etc., are included. As a general rule of thumb, the only N64 games that received Player's Choice were originally published or distributed by Nintendo, with some rare exceptions ("Cruis'n USA" for example.) I really think a recheck is in order.

Mortal Kombat 4 is a player choice because i have it as a player choice. You can find a copy on Ebay.

North-America designated titles → Player's Choice Titles
I changed the title of this section because I think it would be better and more fair to include Player's Choice titles from all over the world. Perhaps, if a Player's Choice title was only designated as such in Europe for example, it could be mentioned in brackets beside the title. 131.202.139.60 15:23, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Good call man 207.172.52.41 07:09, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

North American exclusives
There should be a North American exclusive list for GameCube games similar to the European exclusive list. For example Resident Evil 4, Tales of Symphonia or Pikmin 2 haven't been released in Europe as Player's Choice. --Mika1h 15:15, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Golden Sun and Golden Sun: The Lost Age
Can anyone find a site to confirm that GS and GSTLA are both players choice games? Nintendo's link doesn't work anymore. If someone could find a list, I will replace the old nintendo link with the new one. Pirate452 (talk) 21:57, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Star Fox Adventures GCN Game Box.jpg
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Wii
Are any Wii games being made "Player's Choice?" Or does Wii have a different name for their top sellers, or are they simply not lowering prices on any Wii games yet? 68.153.29.23 (talk) 01:27, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Europe
Many of those Gamecube games haven't been released in Europe as Player's Choice. Metroid Prime 2 or Resident Evil 4 for example (in fact I haven't seen any Gamecube game released in 2004 or later as PC). I think the list should point those games out. New section for PAL titles or North American exclusives. --Mika1h (talk) 00:10, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Copying Concept contradiction?
While Nintendo might have been inspired by other companies form of Players choice, I somehow doubt the XBox and Dreamcasts lines influenced them since the article states Nintendo started it in 1996. Both the XBox and dreamcast didn't come along until later. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.235.224.238 (talk) 01:54, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Nintendo Selects
Any sources to support the claim that Nintendo Selects and Player's Choice are the same?  TJ   Spyke   13:06, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I can't find any sources stating so, but I also don't think it matters whether they're "the same" or not. It's clearly the same concept with a different name so this article is about the concept, regardless of name. The current title of the article reflects the current name of the concept. Axem Titanium (talk) 18:37, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Perfect Dark? lol...
Nintendo/Rare overestimated demand so much that they almost couldn't give it away after the first few weeks of sales. I paid $10 in the spring of 2001 for this and a Player's Choice copy of F1 World Grand Prix at my local Ames department store, and saw similar prices elsewhere. Between the launch of the PS2 and the late release of the game, most potential customers were already looking ahead and weren't paying attention.

I very much doubt that a Player's Choice reprint happened that year, at least in North America, when retailers had dropped the price down so much so quickly to get rid of them. I still have the receipt tucked in the box for this purchase and the price tags are still on both boxes.

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Korean 3DS
We're missing details on 3DS Nintendo Selects for Korea. Super Mario Maker, Rhythm Heaven, and A Link Between Worlds are the latest additions. http://nintendo.co.kr/news/view.php?idx=189 Theclaw1 (talk) 09:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nintendo Selects


text:
Owen Roberts

Owen Josephus Roberts (May 2, 1875 – May 17, 1955) was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1930 to 1945. He also led two Roberts Commissions, the first of which investigated the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the second of which focused on works of cultural value during World War II.

Born in Philadelphia, Roberts graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School and pursued a legal career. After working as a district attorney in Philadelphia, he was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to investigate the Teapot Dome scandal. After the death of Associate Justice Edward Terry Sanford in March 1930, President Herbert Hoover nominated John J. Parker to fill the vacancy on the court. The Senate rejected Parker and Hoover quickly nominated Roberts as his second choice for the vacancy. Roberts was easily confirmed and took his position on the court in May 1930.

On the Hughes Court, Roberts was a swing vote positioned between the conservative Four Horsemen and the liberal Three Musketeers. Along with Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, Roberts's vote often decided whether President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation would be upheld. His decision to uphold the constitutionality of a state minimum wage law in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish has been called "the switch in time that saved nine". That term references the decision's possible role in the defeat of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, which would have expanded the Supreme Court and thus allowed Roosevelt to appoint Justices more sympathetic to his policies. Roberts's motivation for upholding the constitutionality of the New Deal and his role in the defeat of the bill remains a matter of debate.

Though the bill was defeated, Roosevelt's long presidency allowed him to appoint most of the court. By the end of Roberts's tenure, he was the lone Supreme Court Justice who was not appointed by Roosevelt. He was one of three Justices, along with Robert H. Jackson and Frank Murphy, to vote against Roosevelt's orders for Japanese American internment camps in Korematsu v. United States as well as the lone judge to dissent in the case of Smith v. Allwright, which ruled white primaries unconstitutional. His relations with his colleagues on the Stone Court became strained and he retired in 1945. Roberts served as the Dean of his alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania Law School, from 1948 to 1951. He died in Chester County, Pennsylvania in 1955.

Early life and career
Roberts was born in Philadelphia and attended Germantown Academy and enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 16 where he studied Greek, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and was the editor of The Daily Pennsylvanian. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1895 and went on to graduate summa cum laude and first in his class from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1898. Upon his graduation, he continued his association with the University of Pennsylvania Law School for the next two decades, teaching contracts and property law, and he also engaged in private legal practice. On March 1, 1912, Roberts and fellow Philadelphia lawyers William W. Montgomery Jr. and Charles L. McKeehan, founded the law firm Roberts, Montgomery & McKeehan, the predecessor of the law firm Montgomery, McCracken, Walker & Rhoads, LLP.

Roberts first gained notice as an assistant district attorney in Philadelphia County, a position he would hold for three years. He was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to investigate oil reserve scandals, known as the Teapot Dome scandal. This led to the prosecution and conviction of Albert B. Fall, the former Secretary of the Interior, for bribe-taking.

Supreme Court
Roberts was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on May 9, 1930, as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States of the Supreme Court, to succeed Edward Terry Sanford. Hoover selected Roberts after his previous nominee, John J. Parker, had been rejected by the Senate. In contrast to Parker, Roberts was confirmed by voice vote on May 20, 1930. He took the judicial oath of office on June 2, 1930.

On the Court, Roberts was a swing vote between those, led by Justices Louis Brandeis, Benjamin Cardozo, and Harlan Fiske Stone, as well as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who would allow a broader interpretation of the Commerce Clause to allow Congress to pass New Deal legislation that would provide for a more active federal role in the national economy, and the Four Horsemen (Justices James Clark McReynolds, Pierce Butler, George Sutherland, and Willis Van Devanter) who favored a narrower interpretation of the Commerce Clause and believed that the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause protected a strong "liberty of contract".

In 1936's United States v. Butler, Roberts sided with the Four Horsemen and wrote an opinion striking down the Agricultural Adjustment Act as beyond Congress's taxing and spending powers.

During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Roberts was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

"Switch in Time that Saved Nine"
Roberts switched his position on the constitutionality of the New Deal in late 1936, and the Supreme Court handed down West Coast Hotel v. Parrish in 1937, upholding the constitutionality of minimum wage laws. Subsequently, the Court would vote to uphold all New Deal programs. Since President Roosevelt's plan to appoint several new justices as part of his "Court-packing" plan of 1937 coincided with the Court's favorable decision in Parrish, many people called Roberts's vote in that case "The switch in time that saved nine," although Roberts's vote in Parrish occurred several months before announcement of the Court-packing plan. While Roberts is often accused of inconsistency in his jurisprudential stance towards the New Deal, legal scholars note that he had previously argued for a broad interpretation of government power in the 1934 case of Nebbia v. New York, and so his later vote in Parrish was not a complete reversal. Roberts, however, had sided with the four conservative justices in finding a similar state minimum wage in New York unconstitutional in June 1936. Because the announcement of the Parrish decision took place in March 1937, one month after Roosevelt announced his plan to pack the court, it created speculation that Roberts had voted in favor of Washington's state minimum wage law because he had succumbed to political pressure.

However, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes contended in his autobiographical notes that Roosevelt's attempt to pack the court "had not the slightest effect" on the Court's ruling in the Parrish case and records showed that Roberts indicated his desire to uphold Washington state's minimum wage law two months prior to Roosevelt's court-packing announcement in December 1936. On December 19, 1936, two days after oral arguments ended for the Parrish case, Roberts voted in favor of Washington's state minimum wage law, but the Supreme Court was divided 4–4 because pro-New Deal Associate Justice Harlan Fiske Stone was absent due to an illness; Hughes contended that this long delay in the Parrish case's announcement led to false speculation that Roosevelt's court packing plan intimidated the Court into ruling in favor of the New Deal. Roberts and Hughes both acknowledged that because of the overwhelming support that had been shown for the New Deal through Roosevelt's re-election in November 1936, Hughes was able to persuade Roberts to no longer base his votes on his own political beliefs and side with him during future votes on New Deal related policies. In one of his notes from 1936, Hughes wrote that Roosevelt's re-election forced the court to depart from "its fortress in public opinion" and severely weakened its capability to base its rulings on personal or political beliefs.

Other rulings and Roberts Commissions
Roberts wrote the majority opinion in the landmark case of New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.,, which safeguarded the right to boycott in the context of the struggle by African Americans against discriminatory hiring practices. He also wrote the majority opinion sustaining provisions of the second Agricultural Adjustment Act applied to the marketing of tobacco in Mulford v. Smith,.

Roberts was appointed by Roosevelt to head the commission investigating the attack on Pearl Harbor; his report was published in 1942 and was highly critical of the US military. An antiwar journalist, John T. Flynn, wrote at the time that Roosevelt's appointment of Roberts

was a master stroke. What the public overlooked was that Roberts had been one of the most clamorous among those screaming for an open declaration of war. He had doffed his robes, taken to the platform in his frantic apprehensions and demanded that we immediately unite with Great Britain in a single nation. The Pearl Harbor incident had given him what he had been yelling for – America's entrance into the war. On the war issue he was one of the President's most impressive allies. Now he had his wish. He could be depended on not to cast any stain upon it in its infancy.

Perhaps influenced by his work on the Pearl Harbor commission, Roberts dissented from the Court's decision upholding internment of Japanese-Americans along the West Coast in 1944's Korematsu v. United States.

The second Roberts Commission was established in 1943 to consolidate earlier efforts on a national basis with the US Army to help protect monuments, fine arts, and archives in war zones. The commission ran until 1946, when its activities were consolidated into the State Department

Roberts also played a key role in the creation of the OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU) which investigated and documented Nazi plunder networks in Europe.

In his later years on the bench, Roberts was the only Justice on the Supreme Court who was not appointed (or, in the case of Stone, who had become Chief Justice, promoted) by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roberts became frustrated with the willingness of the new justices to overturn precedent and with what he saw as their result-oriented liberalism as judges. Roberts dissented bitterly in the 1944 case of Smith v. Allwright, which found the white primary unconstitutional and overruled an opinion that had been written by Roberts himself a mere nine years earlier. He coined in that dissent the oft-quoted phrase that the frequent overruling of decisions "tends to bring adjudications of this tribunal into the same class as a restricted railroad ticket, good for this day and train only".

Retirement
Roberts retired from the Court the following year, in 1945; Roberts's relations with his colleagues had become so strained that fellow Justice Hugo Black refused to sign the customary letter acknowledging Roberts's service on his retirement. Other justices refused to sign a modified letter that would have been acceptable to Black, and in the end, no letter was ever sent.

Shortly after leaving the Court, Roberts reportedly burned all of his legal and judicial papers. As a result, there is no significant collection of Roberts's manuscript papers, as there is for most other modern Justices. Roberts did prepare a short memorandum discussing his alleged change of stance around the time of the court-packing effort, which he left in the hands of Justice Felix Frankfurter.

Later life
In 1946, Roberts was the first layperson elected to serve as President of the House of Deputies for the General Convention of the Episcopal Church (United States). He served for one convention.

While in retirement Roberts, along with Robert P. Bass, convened the Dublin Declaration, a plan to change the U.N. General Assembly into a world legislature with "limited but definite and adequate power for the prevention of war".

Roberts served as the Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School from 1948 to 1951.

He died at his Chester County, Pennsylvania, farm known as the Strickland-Roberts Homestead after a four-month illness. He was survived by his wife, Elizabeth Caldwell Rogers, and daughter, Elizabeth Hamilton.

Germantown Academy named its debate society after Owen J. Roberts in his honor. In addition, a school district near Pottstown, Pennsylvania, the Owen J. Roberts School District, was named after him.

title: Owen Roberts