text:
Lisa

Lisa or LISA may refer to:

People with the mononym

 * Lisa Lisa (born 1967), American actress and lead singer of the Cult Jam
 * Lisa (Japanese musician, born 1974), Japanese singer and producer, stylized "LISA"
 * Lisa Komine (born 1978), Japanese singer formerly known as Lisa, stylized "lisa"
 * Lisa (South Korean singer) (born 1980), South Korean singer and musical theatre actress
 * Lisa (Japanese musician, born 1987), Japanese singer, stylized "LiSA"
 * Lisa (rapper) (born 1997), Thai rapper, member of K-pop group Blackpink
 * Lisa (French musician) (born 1997), French singer and actress

People with the name

 * Lisa (given name), a feminine given name
 * Lisa (surname), a list of notable people with the surname

Romania

 * Lisa, Brașov
 * Lisa, Teleorman
 * Lisa, a village in Schitu, Olt
 * Lisa River

United States

 * Fort Lisa (Nebraska) (1812–1823), a trading post in the US
 * Fort Lisa (North Dakota) (1809–1812), a trading post in the US

Elsewhere

 * Lisa, Ivanjica, a municipality in Serbia
 * Lisa, Ogun, a village in Ifo, Ogun State, Nigeria
 * La Lisa, a municipality of Havana, Cuba

Films

 * Lisa (1962 film) or The Inspector, a drama starring Stephen Boyd and Dolores Hart
 * Lisa (1990 film), a crime thriller film starring Staci Keanan and Cheryl Ladd
 * Lisa (2001 film), a French romantic war film starring Marion Cotillard
 * Lisa, an Indian Malayalam-language film series
 * Lisa (1978 film), first in the series
 * Veendum Lisa (1987), second in the series
 * Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, an American band

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Lisa (TV series)
 * "Lisa", a 1960 single by Jeanne Black
 * Lisa: The Painful, a post-apocalyptic role-playing video game
 * Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, an American band
 * "Lisa", a main lyric theme by Franz Waxman from the Rear Window film
 * Lisa Amma or Lisamma, a fictional character in Indian films including Lisammayude Veedu (2006)

Organizations

 * LISA Academy (Little Scholars of Arkansas), a public charter high school in Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Localization Industry Standards Association, from 1990 to 2011 a Swiss-based trade body concerning the translation of computer software
 * Louisiana Independent School Association, a defunct athletic association of segregation academies

Computing

 * Lisa (computer chip), graphics assistance chip in the Amiga computer in 1992
 * LISA (Language for Instruction Set Architecture)
 * LISA (organization), the USENIX special interest group for system administrators
 * Apple Lisa computer, the precursor to the Apple Macintosh
 * Library and Information Science Abstracts, an abstracting and indexing tool designed for library professionals
 * Lisa assembler, a 6502 assembler for Apple II
 * LISA+, a traffic engineering software package for microsimulation
 * Lisp-based Intelligent Software Agents, a production-rule system implemented in the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)

Other uses in science and technology

 * Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, previously called eLISA (Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), a planned European-American Space Agency space mission designed to measure gravitational waves
 * LISA Pathfinder, a technology demonstrator for eLISA
 * Local indicators of spatial association, statistics that evaluate the existence of clusters in the spatial arrangement of a given variable
 * Tropical Storm Lisa (disambiguation), various hurricanes, cyclones and a tropical storm

Other uses

 * Lisa (mythology), a creator deity in Dahomeyan religion
 * Liaison Interne Satellite Aérogare, one of the two shuttle rail lines of CDGVAL at Charles de Gaulle International Airport
 * Lifetime ISA, a UK savings and investment product

title: Lisa


text:
Uranium City

Uranium City is a northern settlement in Saskatchewan, Canada. Located on the northern shores of Lake Athabasca near the border of the Northwest Territories, it is 230 m above sea level. The settlement is 760 km northwest of Prince Albert, 760 km northeast of Edmonton and 48 km south of the Northwest Territories-Saskatchewan boundary. For census purposes, it is located within the province's Division No. 18 territory.

History
In 1949, athabascaite was discovered by S. Kaiman while he was researching radioactive materials around Lake Athabasca near Uranium City.

In 1952, the provincial government decided to establish a community to service the mines in the Beaverlodge uranium area developed by Eldorado Mining and Refining, a federal crown corporation. In 1954, the local newspaper, The Uranium Times, noted that 52 mines were operating and 12 open-pit mines were next to Beaverlodge Lake. Initially, most of the residences in Uranium City were simply tents.

Some of the mines operating in the area included the Gunnar Mine, the Lorado Mine, and the Fay-Ace-Verna Mine in Eldorado, Saskatchewan.

Two options were considered for communities in the region: small communities near the mine site or larger more centralized communities with adequate services. Not wanting to replicate some of the problems associated with small mining towns at the time in Northern Ontario, the government pushed for the second option and modelled Uranium City after the community of Arvida, Quebec. In 1956, the provincial government passed the Municipal Corporation of Uranium City and District Act, creating a unique, chartered "district" with authority over education, health, and welfare.

The population of Uranium City started to grow significantly only once Eldorado Resources made a deliberate initiative in 1960 to see staff housed in Uranium City instead of the Eldorado campsite.

After reaching a population of 2,507 in 1981, the closure of the mines in 1982 led to economic collapse, with most residents of the community leaving. The Uranium City Act was repealed on 1 October 1983, reducing the community to an unincorporated "northern settlement". The local hospital closed in the spring of 2003. Its population in 2016 was 73, including a number of Métis and First Nations people. The town is considered a uranium boomtown due to the rapid increase in population during the mining period and substantial depopulation that followed.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Uranium City had a population of 91 living in 41 of its 59 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 73. With a land area of 5.99 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Transportation
The community has a certified airport, Uranium City Airport, that features a treated gravel runway of 3935 ft operated by the Saskatchewan Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure. The airport is one of the few employers left in the community. West Wind Aviation previously served Uranium City with flights to Prince Albert and Saskatoon three times a week. Norcanair served the community with scheduled flights until it ceased operations in 2005. Transwest Air also provided a route with Saskatoon and Regina until that company cancelled its service in November 2008. It now serves Uranium City with a flight from Saskatoon that stops in Prince Albert, Points North and Stony Rapids. There is also a small water aerodrome located next to Uranium City.

There is no normal road access connecting Uranium City with the rest of Canada. There is provision for a winter road which connects with Fond-du-Lac. Saskatchewan Highway 962 provides travel for a short distance within the local area. A significant bridge replacement project on Highway 962 was conducted in 2001 at the Fredette River.

Communications
Local telephone service is provided by SaskTel and was first available in Uranium City on 30 November 1955. Current telephone numbers for international calling are of the form +1 306 498 xxxx (NPA-NXX: 306–498, CLLI: URCYSK05DS0).

Canada Post continues to deliver mail to the community. The post office is located at the municipal office (Postal Code: S0J 2W0).

Radio broadcasting in the community is provided by:
 * 97.9 FM – VF2142 – rebroadcasts CKRW-FM
 * 99.9 or 101.1 FM – Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation
 * 103.1 FM – VF2240 – rebroadcasts CFMI-FM
 * 105.1 FM – CBDH-FM, CBC Radio One, rebroadcasting CBKA-FM La Ronge.

Until 2012, television service was provided by CBKAT operating on channel 8 at a power of 15 watts. This was a rebroadcast of CBC Television service from CBKST Saskatoon. Until 2003, the local transmitter's television programming originated from CBC North. This repeater was one of 620 analog television signals nationwide shut down by the CBC on 31 July 2012 due to budget cuts.

Climate
Uranium City is part of the Taiga Shield Ecozone and experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with long, cold, snowy winters, brief transitional periods, and short, cool, and humid summers. The temperature range is typically large due to frigidly cold winter temperatures that often plunge below -30 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in the settlement was 38.0 C on 30 June 2021 during the 2021 Western North America heat wave. Wind chill factors are prominent as well in the winter months, making the cold temperatures seem to be much colder than they actually are. Uranium City has recorded one of the coldest wind chill factors of any Canadian location, with −74 C wind chill reading being recorded on 28 January 2002. Additionally, an average of 34 days a year record wind chill readings below −40 C. The lowest temperature ever recorded in the settlement was -48.9 C on 15 January 1974 and on 7 February 2021.

Education
Education in Uranium City is under the authority of the Northern Lights School Division #113, a school district that covers most of northern Saskatchewan. The only remaining school in Uranium City is Ben McIntyre School, serving classes from kindergarten to Grade 9. The school opened in 1977 and is named after the first teacher in Uranium City who established the first school in the community in 1952 with 40 students in ten grades. As of September 2005, 10 students were enrolled.

Secondary education was provided by CANDU High School, named after a nuclear reactor. According to travellers Vincent Chan and Tricia Holopina who visited the city in 2002, locals state that the school was opened in 1979 and closed in 1983 after only three years of service, with the building since sustaining extensive vandalism.

Notable people
The following people are associated with Uranium City by birth, residence or career:
 * Bert Burry, pilot and ice hockey player
 * Gina Kingsbury, member of gold medal-winning Canadian women's ice hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics
 * Gilbert LaBine, a founder of the Gunnar Mine

In popular culture

 * Ride the Cyclone, a musical created by Brooke Maxwell and Jacob Richmond about six teenagers from a fictionalized version of Uranium City who are involved in a roller coaster accident.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uranium City


text:
Pinus longaeva

Pinus longaeva (commonly referred to as the Great Basin bristlecone pine, intermountain bristlecone pine, or western bristlecone pine) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. Methuselah is a bristlecone pine that is 0 years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth. To protect it, the exact location of this tree is kept secret. In 1987, the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada's state trees.

Description
It is a medium-size tree, reaching 5 to 15 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2.5 to 3.6 m. The bark is bright orange-yellow, thin and scaly at the base of the trunk. The needles are in fascicles of five, stout, 2.5 to 4 cm long, deep green to blue-green on the outer face, with stomata confined to a bright white band on the inner surfaces. The leaves show the longest persistence of any plant, with some remaining green for 45 years (Ewers & Schmid 1981).

The cones are ovoid-cylindrical, 5 to 10 cm long and 3 to 4 cm broad when closed, green or purple at first, ripening orange-buff when 16 months old, with numerous thin, fragile scales, each scale with a bristle-like spine 2 to 5 mm long. The cones open to 4 to 6 cm broad when mature, releasing the seeds immediately after opening. The seeds are 5 mm long, with a 12 to 22 mm wing; they are mostly dispersed by the wind, but some are also dispersed by Clark's nutcrackers.

These ancient trees have a gnarled and stunted appearance, especially those found at high altitudes, and have reddish-brown bark with deep fissures. As the tree ages, much of its vascular cambium layer may die. In very old specimens, often only a narrow strip of living tissue connects the roots to a handful of live branches.

The Great Basin bristlecone pine differs from the Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine in that the needles of the former always have two uninterrupted resin canals, so it lacks the characteristic small white resin flecks appearing on the needles of the latter. The Great Basin bristlecone pine differs from the foxtail pine because the cone bristles of the former are over 2 mm long, and the cones have a more rounded (not conic) base. The green pine needles give the twisted branches a bottle-brush appearance. The name 'bristlecone pine' refers to the dark purple female cones that bear incurved prickles on their surface.

Distribution and ecology
The species occurs in Utah, Nevada and eastern California. In California, it is restricted to the White Mountains, the Inyo Mountains, and the Panamint Range, in Mono and Inyo counties. In Nevada, it is found in most of the higher ranges of the Basin and Range from the Spring Mountains near Las Vegas north to the Ruby Mountains, and in Utah, northeast to South Tent in the Wasatch Range. Due to the inaccessibility of many of the sites that this species occupies, information on their location and abundance is incomplete, and thus is needed. Environmental niche modelling has been used to better map the distribution of Great Basin bristlecone pine using topographic and spectral variables calculated from a geographic information system (GIS).

The tree grows in large open stands, unlike the related foxtail pine, which sometimes form dense forests. Pinus longaeva trees generally do not form closed canopies, usually covering only 15-50%. Pinus longaeva shares habitats with a number of other pine species, including the ponderosa pine, the white fir and, notably, the limber pine, a similarly long-lived high-elevation species. The tree is a "vigorous" primary succession species, growing quickly on new open ground. It is a "poor competitor" in good soils, however, and the species does best in harsh terrain. Pinus longaeva is often the dominant species in high-elevation dolomite soils, where few plants can grow.

Bristlecone pines are protected in a number of areas owned by the United States federal government, such as the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest in the White Mountains of California and the Great Basin National Park in Nevada. These areas prohibit the cutting or gathering of wood.

Clark's nutcrackers may play a role in seed distribution for P. longaeva, though direct observations of the birds foraging on these seeds have not been reported. The nutcrackers use conifer seeds as a food resource, storing many for later use in the ground, and some of these stored seeds are not used and are able to grow into new plants; these trees often exhibit a "multi-trunk" growth form from several seeds germinating at the same time. The prevalence of multi-trunk P. longaeva individuals in areas in which Clark's Nutcrackers are present has been used as evidence that the birds disperse P. longaeva seeds.

An introduced fungal disease known as white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) is believed to affect some individuals. The species was placed on the IUCN Red List and listed as "Vulnerable", or threatened, in 1998. In 2011, however, a population survey found the population of Pinus longaeva to be stable, with no known subpopulations decreasing in size. White pine blister rust was found to have a negligible effect on the population. As a result, the species was moved to "Least Concern".

Fire ecology
The tree is extremely susceptible to fire, and is damaged by even low-intensity burns. The resinous bark is capable of igniting quickly, and a crown fire will almost certainly kill the tree. However, populations of Pinus longaeva are known to be extremely resilient, and as a primary succession species, it is believed that populations of the tree would reestablish itself quickly after a fire. That said, large-scale fires are extremely uncommon where the species grows, and are not a major factor in the species' long-term viability. Historically, Pinus longaeva stands experienced low to high severity fires, and fuels structures changed considerably across elevational gradients. In low elevation, mixed species stands, fuels are often heavy and in close proximity to anthropogenic ignition sources. Yet at high elevations near treeline, Pinus longaeva typically grow on limestone outcroppings that provide little or no surface fuels to propagate a wildfire. However, warmer temperatures will likely increase the duration of fire season, and thus the frequency of fire in Pinus longeava systems at low and mid elevations could increase where stands are typically denser and surface fuel is greatest. While rare, wild fires such as The Carpenter 1 fire in southern Nevada (July 2013) and the Phillips Fire in Great Basin National Park, (September 2000) that started in lower elevation fuel types and moved through the crowns of trees with the aid of extreme fire weather, could become more likely.

Age
A specimen located in the White Mountains of California was measured by Tom Harlan, a researcher with the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, to be 5,062 years old as of 2010. This would make it the oldest known non-clonal tree in the world. The identity of the specimen was kept secret by Harlan. Harlan passed away in 2013, and neither the tree nor the core Harlan studied have been found, making the age or existence of this tree unable to be confirmed.

The confirmed oldest tree of this species, "Methuselah", is also located in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest of the White Mountains. Methuselah is 0 years old, as measured by annual ring count on a small core taken with an increment borer. Its exact location is kept secret.

Among the White Mountain specimens, the oldest trees are found on north-facing slopes, with an average of 2,000 years, as compared to the 1,000 year average on the southern slopes. The climate and the durability of their wood can preserve them long after death, with dead trees as old as 7,000 years persisting next to live ones.

title: Pinus longaeva


text:
Talk:Vasco de gama

Apparent copyvio cf.

http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/WestEurope/DaGama.CP.html.

Charles Matthews 08:56, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Anyway Vasco da Gama exists. Speedy redirect for this?

Charles Matthews 08:58, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. Stan 17:37, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vasco de gama


text:
Haute Route

The Haute Route (or the High Route or Mountaineers' Route) is the name given to a route (with several variations) undertaken on foot or by ski touring between the Mont Blanc in Chamonix, France, and the Matterhorn, in Zermatt, Switzerland.

First charted as a summer mountaineering route by members of the English Alpine Club in the mid-19th century, the route takes around 12+ days walking (or 7+ days skiing) for the 180 km from the Chamonix valley, home of Mont Blanc, to Zermatt, home of the Matterhorn. Originally dubbed "The High Level Route" in English by members of the hiking club, the term was translated into French when first successfully undertaken on skis in 1911. Since then the French term has prevailed. While the term haute route has become somewhat genericized for any of the many multi-day, hut-to-hut alpine tours, the "Chamonix-Zermatt Haute Route" remains the original.

Besides the original Haute Route, there is nowadays also a "Walker's" Haute Route, which is an alpine hiking trail that follows a network of well-marked and signposted paths. The "Walker's" route stays below 3000 meters and takes advantage of the popular mountain huts and small inns and hotels in the villages along the way. In the spring, summer and fall, this route is safe, entirely non-technical (requires no ropes, crampons, or protection devices, unlike the actual Haute Route) and while challenging because of its daily elevation gains and distances, is achievable by any hiker in reasonably good physical condition.

The original Haute Route has large portions of glacier travel, for which suitable mountaineering gear and experience is necessary. In the winter, ski touring gear is required, and depending upon the weather and route chosen, may require crampons, ropes and avalanche protection gear.

Summer Haute Routes
There is occasionally a danger of collapsing glaciers which can render the path virtually impassable. However, a lower level variation exists that avoids crossing glaciers. The majority of hikers complete it in 12–16 days

Huts and villages on the summer Haute Route glacier trek

 * Le Tour village, France
 * Albert Premier Hut
 * Cabane du Trient or Orny Hut
 * Champex town, Switzerland
 * Valsorey Hut or Chanrion Hut
 * Vignettes Hut
 * Arolla village, Switzerland
 * Bertol Hut
 * Schonbiel Hut
 * Zermatt town, Switzerland

Low level "Walker's Haute Route" variation huts and villages

 * Chamonix town, France
 * Argentière village, France
 * Trient village, Switzerland
 * Champex village, Switzerland
 * Sembrancher village, Switzerland
 * Le Chable village, Switzerland
 * Verbier village, Switzerland
 * Arolla village, Switzerland
 * Les Haudères village, Switzerland
 * Zinal village, Switzerland
 * Gruben village, Switzerland
 * St Niklaus village, Switzerland
 * Zermatt town, Switzerland

Ski Touring Haute Route
First successfully completed in 1911, the Haute Route ski tour is probably the most famous and coveted ski tour in the world. Using high mountain huts to allow skiers to stay high and cover substantial distances, it winds through the highest, most dramatic peaks of the Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn. It requires good weather, favourable snow conditions and strong effort to complete this line. Because of this, roughly half of the skiers who begin the tour do not complete it.

There are many variations of the HLR (High Level Route) that work their way between Chamonix and Zermatt, including those listed below. It is also possible to add ascents of a number of ski peaks to any of the routes. The winter Haute Route deviates from the summer route to avoid terrain that is dangerous or impassable when snow-covered. Many people also ski the Haute Route in the opposite direction, by variations that select better ascent and descents.

Lionel Claudepierre, a member of PGHM of Bourg Saint Maurice, set a new record of 18h35m on Monday 15 April 2013.

Classic Route
The winter Haute Route's original line which involves long climbs and mountaineering with ice axe and crampons.
 * Day 1: Argentiere village, France, over the Col du Chardonnet and the Fenêtre du Saleina to the Trient Hut.
 * Day 2: Champex-Lac via the Val d'Arpette. Bus or taxi to Bourg-Saint-Pierre.
 * Day 3: Long climb up to the Valsorey Hut on the shoulder of Grand Combin.
 * Day 4: Over the Plateau du Couloir and down the Glacier du Mont Durand to the Chanrion Hut.
 * Day 5: A long climb up the Otemma Glacier to the Vignettes Hut.
 * Day 6: A long day to Zermatt over the Col de l'Evêque, Col du Mont Brulé and Col de Valpelline, then a long descent under the shoulder of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Herens.
 * Day 7: Optional extension to Saas-Fee over the Adler Pass.

Verbier variation
 { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Haute Route.map" } The purest skiing line, and the most frequently done.
 * Day 1: Argentière, France, over the Col du Chardonnet and the Fenêtre du Saleina to the Trient Hut.
 * Day 2: Champex-Lac via the Val d'Arpette. Bus or taxi to Verbier and the Mont Fort Hut.
 * Day 3: Over the Rosablanche to the Prafleuri Hut.
 * Day 4: Around Dixence reservoir and up to the Dix Hut.
 * Day 5: Over the Pigne d'Arolla to the Vignettes Hut.
 * Day 6: A long day to Zermatt over the Col de l'Evêque, Col du Mont Brulé and Col de Valpelline, then a long descent under the shoulder of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Herens.
 * Day 7: Optional extension to Saas-Fee over the Adler Pass.

Grande Lui variation
A longer, harder, more technical route that eliminates the road break of the Verbier and Classic variations.
 * Day 1: Argentiere village, France, over the Col du Chardonnet and the Fenêtre du Saleina to the Trient Hut or down to the Bivouac Dorés.
 * Day 2: Over the Grande Lui through the Col du Saleina or around it via the Swiss Three Cols and a long descent to the village of La Fouly.
 * Day 3: Up the Val Ferret and over to Grand St. Bernard Hospice.
 * Day 4: Down to Great St Bernard Pass and over the shoulder of Mont Vélan to the Vélan Hut.
 * Day 5: Up the Grand Combin and over the Plateau du Couloir, down the Glacier du Mont Durand to the Chanrion Hut.
 * Day 6: A long non-technical climb up the Otemma Glacier or a stiffer climb over Les Portons to the Vignettes Hut.
 * Day 7: A long day to Zermatt over the Col de l'Evêque, Col du Mont Brulé and Col de Valpelline, then a long descent under the shoulder of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Herens.
 * Day 8: Optional extension to Saas-Fee over the Adler Pass.

"Backward" Haute Route

 * Day 1: From Zermatt under the Matterhorn up to the Schonbiel Hut.
 * Day 2: Over the Col de Valpelline and up to the Bertol Hut.
 * Day 3: Down then up over Col Collon to the Vignettes Hut.
 * Day 4: Over the Pigne d'Arolla and down Les Portons to Chanrion Hut.
 * Day 5: Across the Otemma Gorge, up & over into the Aosta Valley. Hitchhike to La Palud.
 * Day 6: Ride the lift to the Vallée Blanche. Descend to Montenvers and ski or take the cog train out to Chamonix.

Peaks and passes on the route
See the route descriptions.

Optional ski peak ascents along the listed Haute Route variations include the Mont Blanc, Rosablanche, Pigne d'Arolla, Mont Blanc de Cheilon, Mont Vélan, Breithorn. Some of these peak ascents will require an additional day or more, and range from easy to very technical and difficult.

title: Haute Route


text:
Talk:History of Formula One

End of the privateer era - 1998 part
"The Finn was nearly untouchable as he took his first title while Schumacher and Villeneuve could only watch (Schumacher putting up an admirable but futile fight)."

I think this sentence really adulterates the 1998 season. At the Luxembourg GP (2 races to go) Hakkinen and Schumacher were equal in the point standings. Even with the notice in the brace it seems to me absurd to compare Villeneuves and Schumacher stand in the championship. Michael was a clear titel contender, and for Villeneuve it was the beginning of the end. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.61.119.159 (talk) 15:22, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Benetton - Ford or Renault engines?
Kurohone, I have to disagree with you about Benetton's engine supplier for 1994. Every source I look at claims they used Ford engines for that season. This includes the archive of the official F1 website and the Cosworth (Ford engines) website which claims "In 1994, the Zetec V8 F1 engine was introduced and powered Michael Schumacher?s first world driver?s title.". Tell me if this changes your mind because I want to reach a consensus before I change the article any further. Also, if anyone has info that could shed some light on the situation, please tell us.

 * I apologise for forgetting to sign the message above when I posted it earlier today. 999 20:20, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Absolutely Benetton used Ford in 1994. Ericd 19:45, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

My mistake then...I was virtually certain that Benetton only made the final push tot he top when they got the Renaults...presumably in 94. Revert back to Ford then with my apologies. Kurohone 05:33, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

FISA?
in this paragraph: "In contrast, ground-effects were relatively cheap, and could be well-suited to the narrow (and VERY cheap) Ford-Cosworth engine, still used by teams like Lotus, McLaren, and Williams. These two groups were represented by two political bodies, FISA, headed by Jean-Marie Ballestre, and FOCA, headed up by Bernie Ecclestone."

does anyone know what FISA stands for? i just created a FISA page for the international rowing association. If you know what this FISA refers to (I presume it doesn't refer to a rowing society), then we can create a disambig page... -Lethe
 * I think i got it. Federation International du Sport Automobile, right?  -Lethe 09:50, Jun 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile, French is the official language for auto racing regulations. Ericd 13:54, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

London Street F1
I understand Ken Livingstone has agreed to an F1 race around the streets of London. I'm sure you aficionados could add a decent paragraph on this.

 * Done. I felt that this info is most relevant in the British Grand Prix article so that's where I've put it. BTW, Livingstone hasn't agreed that a F1 race is going to happen in London, he's just said that he supports the idea. SamH 09:55, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Many thanks. Rich Farmbrough 21:45, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Formula 1 existed before 1950
Formula 1 didn't start with the World Championship in 1950. The rules were laid out in 1946 when the FIA was organized, although whether they were called Formula 1, Formula I or Formula A is still a point of contention. The first Grand Prixs using F1 rules were held in 1947. Non-championship races were a regular fixture in the calendar during the 50s and 60s. --Pc13 18:17, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I disagree with the move
This article is not dealing with history of F1, it's more accurate to present it has an history of the World Championship for drivers. The championship was raced with F2 for 2 yeras and they were non championship races in the seventies and F1 raced in Hillclimb as late as 1968. Ericd 13:03, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you that the article is incomplete; however, it has long been agreed that an article covering the history of F1 (which, according to every source I have seen, began in 1950) is necessary, so the article should be improved, and not the title changed. — Dan | Talk 13:24, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The move can be counter-intuitive but it's the result of a serious one-man brainstorming. Formula one was defined in 1947. In fact F1 was the pre-war "Voiturettes" category. The World Drivers Championship started in 1950 and was competed with F1 for 2 years and then with F2 for 2 years. And they were historically significant race winning F1 like the Ferguson that never won any championship race. There was also a South-African championship in the early seventuies and a later a British F1 championship (as far I remember Aurora F1). Thus I think an history of the World Championship for Drivers is by far more pragmatic and logical. BTW, redirects exists. Ericd 13:43, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree what we've got now is a history of the F1 World Championship(s). It's not purely the Drivers one though, because there's quite a lot of constructors material here as well. I also think that it ought to become a history of F1, although the World Championships are going to form by far the majority of it. I'm inclined to make 'Formula One's status as a category, not just the well known championship, clear somewhere up front, and try and work in something on the other F1 series. Possibly the material on the F2 years should be skipped over a bit more lightly. I would suggest only including contemporary F1 series (In the sense that Aurora F1 was contemporary in the late 70s (?)). There are also several historic F1 series (No, I don't mean Super Aguri's four year old tubs!), but I would think those belong somewhere else. 4u1e 23:27, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * OK - have put my keyboard where my mouth is. Added a couple of short paras on 4WD as suggested by ericd at the appropriate points, which also start to work in the non-championship thing. I'll have a look at domestic F1 championships next. 4u1e 14:14, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Done - a couple more paragraphs on the SA and UK domestic championships. I can't see any other significant F1 championships out there. Plus a note on the final non-championship F1 race at Brands Hatch in 1983. It could probably use a bit more on the non-championship F1 scene in the 1950s, though. The whole article is getting rather long now though. I think the sections from 'Turbo F1' to 'Schumacher & Ferrari' could usefully be compressed without losing any content. I might give that a go next. 4u1e 22:46, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Always easier to write longer than shorter! I've added a little more meat to the pre world championship days - again bearing in mind that this is a history of F1, not the world championship. It was quite a complicated genesis, so I'm not sure I've really nailed down the details correctly. I will go back and compress some of the other sections to compensate. 4u1e 22:03, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * They were South African F1 races I believe ? Ericd 11:15, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I've put in a para on SA domestic F1 under 'Technology emerges', which covers 62 to 67. The SA championship ran from 1960 to 1975, but Love's 67 result provides an interesting hook for mentioning the series. The UK Aurora series was 78 - 80. I've stuck that at the end of 'The turbo F1 era' which goes from 77 to 80, although I'm not entirely happy with its positioning. Regards non-champ F1 in the 50s, there's some quite promising looking stuff here: http://www.formula2.net/index.html but I'm still trying to work out some words I'm vaguely happy with, and I'm not sure I'm convinced that everything listed there as an F1 race really is. --4u1e 23:08, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Consistency questions
A few consistency points:

Should it be litres or L for the engine capacity. I personally feel litres reads better, but don't know if an agreement has been reached elsewhere.

OK to use GP as an abbreviation in the text for Grands Prix? Occurs in scattered instances, but doesn't seem consistent. Again I probably prefer spelling it out in full....

References to Lotus - should these link to Team Lotus (seems more logical to me) or to Lotus Cars?

Cheers

4u1e

 * agree with your points. Litres should be "litres" not "L". "Grand Prix" (signular) and "Grands Prix" (plural) should be used instead of "GP" and "GPs". Linking Lotus Formula One and other racing activity to Team Lotus is best. I assume there is a link from Team Lotus to Lotus Cars. MonkeyMumford 14:03, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, if no-one's got any objections, I'll do a bit of editing then. Cheers. 4u1e 19:27, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Link to Team Lotus. Chapman made them independant companies. If someone could knows when it happened this could be useful. Ericd 20:27, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Group Lotus was floated in 1968 but Team Lotus remained in the hands of the Chapman family until its demise. Mr Larrington (talk) 11:20, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Date of introduction of traction control
With an eye to the 'Domination of McLaren and Williams' section, anyone know when traction control first appeared? www.formula1.com and www.williamsf1.com hedge their bets slightly. The earliest I'm positive it was around (and acknowledged) is 1992 on the FW14B - although the F1 website makes coy reference to early forms having been around since the 1980s 4u1e 08:33, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the Williams F1 site (which ought surely to be the definitive source!) doesn't carry much in the way of history. Going by google there used to be a lot, but this seems to have been screwed up by the BMW - Williams split, with the result that many google hits now just lead to a 'Do you want Williams or BMWSauber' front page. I'm tentatively going for 1991 now - as the more comprehensive websites (www.f1-grandprix.com and www.motorsport.com) go that way and the story of the unreliable but quick FW14 in 1991 being followed by the very similar, but reliable, FW14B in 1992 rings a bell for me. I don't really regard those sources as definitive though, so I'm open to counterargument. 4u1e 09:08, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Bizarre 1998
Does anybody know what was 'bizarre by any standards' about 1998? See 'Safety rules and regulations' sub-heading. At a quick look we've got the temporary absence of Renault with the use of rebadged Supertecs/Renaults by Williams and Benetton. Rebadged engines are hardly unique to that season (Ferrari as Petronas (Sauber), Ferrari as Acer (Prost) for example. Or does anyone remember the Subaru (Motori Moderni) flat 12?). Nor are customer engines (Cosworth, Judd et al). There doesn't seem to have been a particularly high turnover of teams or drivers in that year and I don't remember any more arguments than normal on tech regs - Any ideas? 4u1e 17:15, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to delete this line then. 4u1e 19:51, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

The early years - motorsport bans
Article mentions two countries banning motor racing post the Le Mans '55 accident. Not strictly on topic, although justified as explanation of Merc's withdrawal. Switzerland is the one I know of - does anyone know what the other one is? 4u1e
 * I ended up deleting this anyway - mention of the crash is sufficient to justify Merc's exit. 4u1e 08:35, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

2006
Should a 'History of Formula One' article really have a section on the upcoming season? The same sort of material is covered in the main F1 article, as well as there being a free-standing 'Future of F1' article. My inclination would be to finish the article with the last complete season - you need a certain degree of 'standing back' to see what the historical picture is. 4u1e 08:43, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * OK - no comment, so I'm deleting this, just leaving the link to the 2006 article. There's nothing in this section that doesn't also appear in the 2006 Formula One Season section, and towards the end of the main F1 article 4u1e 20:10, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Lauda's crash
ericd, glad to see I'm not the only one fiddling with this page! I see you've moved Lauda's crash back to 74. Are we talking about the same crash? Lauda did have an accident on the first lap of the 1974 German GP - see for example http://www.formula1.com/archive/grandprix/1974/482.html for results for that race - but he continued to compete that year - he is shown in the results for each of the following races. The famous accident in which he was given the last rites was on lap 2 of the 1976 race. See http://www.ddavid.com/formula1/lauda_bio.htm, http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-launik.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda .In that year he was fighting James Hunt for the title. You can see that Lauda does not appear in the results for the next two races (Austria and Holland) - http://www.formula1.com/archive/season/1976.html 4u1e

It seems you're right... Go on and correct it. However it's worth mentionning the 1974 crash too, as it was really the turning point of the season. Ericd 10:04, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiF1
http://www.wikif1.org (in French) Ericd 15:16, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Looks like a good resource! I think my french reading is still up to the task - although my writing is certainly not, alas. Cheers. 4u1e 19:58, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

BTW as of today I don't know to what extend the wikif1 license is compatible with wikipedia GFDL. If it is compatible we can translate some material. Ericd 17:25, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Hmm, It says:

You are free:

* to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work * to make derivative works

''Under the following conditions: by Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. nc Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. sa Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.''

* For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. * Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

Which I take to mean that we can't just use the material direct as transferring the conditions would conflict with the GFDL. I believe that would apply even to a translation. Doesn't mean that it can't be used as a reference source for information and facts, though. 4u1e 08:03, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Wing mount collapsing
I have to admit, I was thinking of Rolf Stommelen's really big accident at Montjuich, which was definitely a wing mount. However, I failed to remember (or check!)that that accident was actually in 1975, 5 years after the period I was referring to in the history article. I'd still be amazed if it wasn't the mounts breaking that caused the accidents, they're such fragile looking devices, and in any case why change the rules to direct fixing on the bodywork if it's not the not the mounts you're worried about. I'll try and find something more concrete to back up my views, though. 4u1e 07:18, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

There's a pretty in depth discussion here: http://forums.atlasf1.com/showthread.php?s=ad99c88dca5aa865587f9649efde67cb&threadid=56111. About 50% of it is to do with the failure of Rindts brake shaft, but the rest is on wings and mounts. There's a list towards the end of the discussion of wing and strut failures. Would you be happy with the use of the words 'struts', which I would take as synonomous with mounts? 4u1e 07:40, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Well my expertise in English doesn't allow me decide if strut is better than mount. Use what is the most usual in English.

Several remarks about this :

 * They were several crashes but none fatal, I think there was only one fatal accident during the 1968 championship : Jo Schlesser at Rouen with the new air-cooled Honda V8. Wings were not the cause of the accident the car had no wing at Rouen. See this photo : http://www.thef1.com/diversion/gpf1game/foto_030701.shtml (The surviving RA302 at the Honda museum has a wing.).

 * It was obvious to everyone that the high mounted mobile wings were dangerous :
 * They were several case of cars losing a wing what was obviously dangerous for the driver of the car but also his followers and the spectators,
 * The mobile wing were acting as an air brake when something went wrong in the mechanism commanding the wing incidence the driver could brake too late.
 * The mobile wings were designed to have a 0° incidence in the Straight a problem in the supension, the command, or simply a hump and the wing will generate lift.

 * Wings struts of 1968 seems fragile. No doubt that some were as some cars lost their wing. However the designers were not mad, thoses struts were designed to resist a vertical force. Modern wings use a concept introduced with the Lotus 72 that had a wing overhanging behind the rear wheel (BTW this should be inserted in the article) and thus requiring stronger struts.

Ericd 20:40, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

I think the current wording is OK - I've introduced 'strut' again, but there's now no mention of fatalities. Cheers. 4u1e 08:06, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Article length
Eric - good work on the article. Hope my rejigging of your words fits with your intentions! We need to think about article length, though. The article is now up at 58k. I know the 32k limit is not a hard one, but I think it is still not a bad guide, and certainly the wikipedia guidance says that people tend to stop reading after 30-50k.

I'm in no hurry to change things, but I would like to put a suggestion forward and see what you think. The season articles sometimes, but by no means always, have a half page or so 'season summary' (see 2005 Formula One season or 1982 Formula One season, for example). Could we edit this article down closer to 32k (covering the same topics, but in less depth) and move whatever isn't needed here to the season summaries? There is also some good material that could be moved to the team/constructor articles - the Matra and Tyrrell articles in particular are rather weak, and could do with the kind of material we've got here.

What do you think?

Please don't stop adding material to this history article as you have been. If you agree to this approach we can move it later. Moving this amount of material would be a big job, so I'd like to think over the idea for a while. As I say I'm in no hurry.

What I may do in the meantime is copy (not remove) some of the material from 'Sponsorship arrives' to other places where I think it could go to show how we could move material away without losing anything. I've been doing something similar on the main Formula One article.

I look forward to your views. Cheers. 4u1e

Hi I'm also concerned by the length of the article. Of course some of the info could be useful to feed articles about individual seasons, drivers or manufacturers.

However, I've tried to feed the article with an historic perpespective. I mean to bring the reader to an understanding of the evolution of Formula One while trying to remain concise. I don't think individual seasons articles are at the right time scale to have an historic perspective. IMO the way to go is to adopt a structure similar to History of the Soviet Union : summing up each significative period with a few lines of basic information and connecting to a larger article about this period ?

Ericd 15:21, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

There is a third option, of course, which is to just split the article in two: History of Formula 1 (1946 - 1968) and History of Formula 1 (1969 - present), for example. I'm not sure I'm keen on that one though, it probably makes it harder for a casual reader to orientate themselves.

As a first step, can we agree that the current article should retain more or less its current structure, but with summary versions of the curent words under each section? As for where the current material would go, I agree that the purpose of the piece is largely to explain the story of how F1 came to be as it is, and that the historical perspective is therefore needed. I take your point about the 'History of the Soviet Union' approach, which would maintain perspective within each period, but I wonder if 50-odd years of F1 history justifies having full articles for each of several periods, as well as having summaries for each year. I'm not looking to rush into a solution to this one, I may knock up some experimental pieces to see how it would work. 4u1e 18:58, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

OK - I'm starting to try out how this might work. On the principle that a more specific article (Matra, Tyrrell Racing) should contain more detailed information than a less specific one (History of Formula One) I have copied over some of the info from History of Formula One to the Matra article, and will do the same for other relevant material. I will then produce a dummy condensed version of this section, maintaining the overview of the period, on my page (for lack of anywhere better!) so we can see what that would look like. Slowly is the way to progress here! 4u1e 1 June 2006

I need an advice
Do you think the long-haired guy is James Hunt ? Ericd 16:13, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, could be - right team and year, open shirt is quite Hunt, right general build, hair colour etc etc. I've glanced though the pics in my copy of Gerald Donaldson's biography and the only thing that puts me off is that Hunt seems to have frequently parted his hair on the left, which isn't the case here. Oh, and wearing team gear seems a little conventional for him. My gut reaction is that it's not, but I think it's going to be impossible to tell without seeing his face, or without a corroborating photo of him wearing the same watch! 4u1e 10 May 20:11

I ask it because this one was taken soon after Monaco 79 more and Hunt announced his retirement soon after the race. When I shooted this one most teams had already loaded they cars in the truck. The more I look to their expressions, the more I think they're discussing about something important. Ericd 19:35, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

After looking to some photos of Hunt, by the way he parted his hair, if he is on the pic he's the guy you can barely see on the right ? Ericd 19:45, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I'd say so, but I think you'll have trouble convincing anyone, because you can see so little. Interesting pic, though! 4u1e 20:34, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

The guy on the far left is H (Hawky) Stromberg a Mechanic to the Wolf Racing team, previously Ronnie Petersons Mechanic. Second from left whose face you cant see is Vic Warren One of Wolf racings Truckies, and later became Truckie for Paul Newman Racing in the States. Next from left I dont know. Next is the late Harvey postlethwaite. And the Face obscured by Harvey is Either Nigel Stroud, Designer/Mechanic or Frank Durney, it is not James Hunt as James was taller than Harvey and you can clearly see this guy isn't. So I can confirm that Keke Rosberg or James Hunt are not in this Photograph. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Terry Levitt (talk • contribs) 18:22, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks ! I had Harvey right. Were you involved in the team, or a close relative ? Ericd (talk) 21:02, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Great pics
http://www.f3history.co.uk/Racingpics/index.htm

I know, I've e-mailed the guy to ask about using pictures of various Brabhams and of the Fittipaldi brothers in F2, but I've had no response yet and the site was last updated a couple of years back. 4u1e

"Please feel free to download anything you find of interest and if you do use it in a web site of your own a name check would be nice." It seems that we could find a agreement ? Ericd 19:55, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

For various reasons I find the picture of Ickx at the 1974 Race of Champions being a very interresting document. Ericd 20:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Why so in particular?

I've been in contact with Mr Swan (via the e-mail address at www.f3history.co.uk, not the one on the picture page) and he says he's happy to release the pictures under GFDL, so I've started using them on the Brabham page. 4u1e 20:36, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

F1 Improvement drive
The article has been selected as the November F1 improvement drive. I reckon the big thing with this one is referencing - although some editing to get the length down would be good too (There's a conversation somewhere higher up this page about this, which didn't come to any firm conclusions). 4u1e 9 November 2006
 * Suggest we reference all facts in the article first then work on removing any POV/weasly statements (should be mostly things that references couldn't be found for). A removal of trivial information and a copyedit should then be enough to get GA status. Alexj2002 13:06, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds about right - maybe just keep an eye on whether the story told here is 'strategic' enough - this is about the development of the sport over 50 years, not about the detail of each season as such, which can be covered in the individual season articles. Cheers. 4u1e 13 November.

GPWC
Should the article mention the GPWC breakaway series that was threatened during the early 2000's? The 2000- section consists mainly of race information at the moment, which can be obtained from the related season article. Maybe adding some behind the scenes politics such as the GPWC would add a bit of variety. Your opinions appreciated! Alexj2002 15:13, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes - and probably tie it in to the 'rise of the manufacturers'. I didn't realise until I looked back, but there's been a real sea change in F1. Ten years ago, manufacturers were strictly engine suppliers, and they needed the expertise of the specialist teams to compete. Nowadays manufacturer teams are suddenly in the majority and a team like Williams are struggling to maintain a place at the table without manufacturer support. (I confidently predict that Mercedes will complete their purchase of McLaren in the next two years, btw). 4u1e 13 November

Headings
Any suggestions for changing the headings? "Next generation heroes" for example seems a bit POV whilst "After the Ferrari dominance?" seems incorrect as Ferrari seemed anything but out during the 2006 season. Alexj2002 22:28, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well "Next Generation Champions" wouldn't be POV, as it's fact Hill and Villeneuve were both champions. As for Ferrari dominance, I'm guessing we could have "Rise of Renault?" or does that seem too POV?-- S kully Collins Edits 07:47, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

How does "Return of Renault" sound? Alexj2002 14:39, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * We could revert to 1950 - 1960, 1961 - 1970, etc etc. which is definitely neutral. However, the periods of interest don't necessarily match the complete decades, so I think that's probably not a good idea. 'Next generation champions' or 'Second generation champions' seems OK. 'After the Ferrari dominance?' was written in early 2006 when it seemed more appropriate! Obviously it's not right now. I hate to focus too much on Schumacher, but is the historically most significant element of the last two years going to be the end of his career? If so, should the title be something like: 'Schumacher retires'. Alex's suggestion is also good - or we could have 'Renault displace Ferrari'. 4u1e 07:51, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Length
Article is about 65kb now - there're no tables etc to distort that figure. This is at least 15kb too long.

Ericd and I discussed two alternatives above:
 * Split the article in two (for now): 1950 - 1980 and 1981 - 2006, (see History of the Soviet Union).
 * Edit the article down to 50kb in length and move the material removed to the season summaries, race summaries or team histories, depending on its nature.

I favour the second approach, although it is more work. My reasoning is that there are plenty of articles already to cover the detail of F1's history. Longer and more detailed histories will probably duplicate material that should also appear in other articles - this article is already more detailed in some places than the specific team articles it links to.

What do other editors think? 4u1e 07:57, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As I said I would do long ago (oops) I have started copying the relevant content from 'Sponsorship arrives' to other articles (Matra, Tyrrell Racing, 1968 Formula One season and 1969 Formula One season so far). When I've finished doing that, I'll produce a dummy edited down version of 'Sponsorship arrives' to put here to aid the debate. 4u1e 10:07, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Have also copied some material to Team Lotus.

 * Article is certainly too long - ought to be broken out into differnt sections.

Suggested briefer version of 'Sponsorship arrives'
For 1968 Lotus lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. McLaren built a new DFV-powered car and a new force appeared on the scene when Ken Tyrrell entered his own team using Matra-Fords driven by ex-BRM driver Jackie Stewart. Clark took his last win at the 1968 season opening South African Grand Prix. On 7 April 1968 the double champion was killed at Hockenheim in a non-championship Formula Two event. The year saw two significant innovations. The first was the arrival of unrestricted sponsorship, which the FIA decided to permit after the withdrawal of support from automobile related firms like BP, Shell and Firestone. In May the Lotus Formula One team appeared at Jarama in the Red, Gold and White colors of Imperial Tobacco's Gold Leaf brand. The second innovation was the introduction of wings as seen previously on various cars including the Chaparral endurance car. Colin Chapman introduced modest front wings and a spoiler on Graham Hill's Lotus 49B at Monaco. Brabham and Ferrari went one better at the Belgian Grand Prix with full width wings mounted on struts high above the driver. Lotus replied with a full width wing directly connected to the rear suspension that required a redesign of suspension wishbones and transmission shafts. Matra then produced a high mounted front wing connected to the front suspension. This last innovation was mostly used during practice as it required a lot of effort from the driver. By the end of the season most teams were using sophisticated wings. Lotus won both titles in 1968 with Graham Hill. Safety became a major issue in Formula One. The Belgian Grand Prix at Spa did not take place due to the drivers boycotting the circuit after safety upgrades were not installed as demanded.

For 1969, Matra withdrew its works team and instead focussed its efforts on the Tyrrell team (renamed Matra International) and built a new DFV powered car. After several incidents in which the wings, struts, or the suspension (to which they were attached) collapsed, wings were banned from Monaco 1969. They were reintroduced later in the season but were to be restricted in size and height, and attached directly to the chassis in a fixed position. Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Matra MS80, which corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10. Stewart's title is the only one won by a chassis built in France. It was a spectacular achievement from a constructor and a team that had only entered Formula One the previous year. 1969 also saw a brief resurgence of interest in four wheel drive following a number of wet races the previous year. Johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix. Wide tyres and downforce quickly proved to be superior means of increasing grip, and the technology was largely abandoned. Jacky Ickx finished second in the championship for Brabham, competitive again after dropping its Repco engines in favour of the DFV.

For 1970 Tyrrell were asked by Matra to use their V12, but decided to retain the Cosworth instead. As Matra were now a Chrysler affiliate, and Tyrrell derived much of its income from Ford and Elf (associated with Renault) the partnership ended. Ken Tyrrell bought March 701 chassis as an interim solution while developing his own car in secret; the first Tyrrell bore much resemblance to the MS80. The new wedge-shaped Lotus 72 was a very innovative car featuring torsion bar suspension, hip-mounted radiators, inboard front brakes and an overhanging rear wing. The 72 originally had suspension problems, but when anti-dive and anti-squat were designed out of the suspension the car quickly showed its superiority and Lotus' new leader, the Austrian Jochen Rindt, dominated the championship until he was killed at Monza when a brake shaft broke. He took the 1970 title posthumously for Lotus. 1970 saw the introduction of slick tyres by Goodyear.

After Rindt's death the Lotus team had a desultory 1971 season with its two new and inexperienced drivesr - Fittipaldi and Reine Weisell. The team spent a lot of time experimenting with a gas turbine powered car, and with four wheel drive again. After Jack Brabham's retirement, his old team went into a steep decline. Using their own chassis heavily inspired by the Matra MS80 but with conventional tanks, Tyrrell and Stewart easily took success in 1971.

For 1972 Lotus focussed again on the type 72 chassis, now fielded in Imperial Tobacco's black and gold John Player Special livery. Lotus took the championship by surprise in 1972 with 26-year old Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi who became the then youngest world champion. Stewart came second in the championship (his performance compromised by a stomach ulcer).

In 1973, Lotus teammates Fittipaldi and Ronnie Peterson raced each other while Stewart was supported by François Cevert at Tyrrell. Stewart took the Driver's title, but then at the final race of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, Cevert crashed during Saturday practice in the notorious esses and was killed instantly. Stewart and Tyrrell withdrew from the race effectively handing the Constructor's title to Lotus. At the end of the season Stewart made public his decision to retire, a decision that was already made before the US Grand Prix. By the end of 1973 season the best car on the track was probably the new McLaren M23, a wedge-shaped car following the same concept as the Lotus 72 but with more conventional suspension and up to date aerodynamics.

 * Still needs a lot of work, but I think this length and density of detail is about right. Other views? 4u1e 18:53, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah it's definitely an improvement. Alexj2002 11:40, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think its better but I would cut the Lotus 72 suspension problems. (BTW I'm unsure there was a anti-dive system this has to verified) and keep something about the structural tank stuff and the radical strategy of Matra.
 * Cut "This last innovation was mostly used during practice as it required a lot of effort from the driver." Not very important and difficult to source.
 * I also disagree with "on various cars including the Chaparral endurance car". As far as I know wings were introduced in Canam in 1966 with the Chaparral 2E and first seen in Europe with 2F endurance car. On the other hand spoilers were already fairly common in endurance and GT, I think they Ferrari pioneered spoilers.
 * Ericd 15:41, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

"After several incidents in which the wings, struts, or the suspension (to which they were attached) collapsed, wings were banned from Monaco 1969." I would suggest something like : "After several incidents in which the wings, struts, or the suspension (to which they were attached) collapsed. Both Lotus (Hill and Rindt) broke they struts crashed at the Spanish GP 1969 and wings were banned for the next GP at Monaco. " Ericd 17:58, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Well I take the initiative to incorporate the new version because it will be a bit difficult to handle 2 versions with my referencing effort. Ericd 03:48, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Safety tanks
Rubber bag tanks (Safety tanks) were introduced in 1972 not 1970 see http://atlasf1.autosport.com/news/safety.html. This was definitely not the reason for the disappearance of the spaceframe in F1 as the F2 Elf 2 used a spaceframe with safety tanks as late as 1976. Ericd 17:33, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Eagle Weslake
The victory of Gurney with the Eagle Weslake in 1967 should be included as it is the first victory of an American chassis. Ericd 17:58, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Todt
That article badly needs something about Todt before Ferrari ! Ericd 20:37, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Comment about my edit
I removed : (Their car was notable for being the only design so far to have a transversely mounted engine.) Well the the Bugatti 251 had also a transversely mounted engine. At first I believe the the 1.5 L Honda was was the only F1 car with transverse engine to race in GP, but it appeared that the Bugatti 251 raced one GP.

Ericd 13:16, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

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Short description
'Aspect of history' is a lousy SD for this article. 'None' also doesn't work. I was thinking, 'History of automobile racing' or something to that effect. Anyone else have a better idea for this article's SD? Masterhatch (talk) 13:59, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * . I agree the current SD is lousy. However, I don't think 'History of automobile racing' is appropriate, as the article doesn't cover the history of all types of automobile racing; just one (Formula One). How about "History of Formula One motor racing" (which I acknowledge is somewhat repetitive, but might be better than 'None' for readers who don't know what Formula One is)? DH85868993 (talk) 02:39, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, my suggestion wasn't a good one. I just threw it out there to get a discussion going. Your suggestion is definately better than mine. Masterhatch (talk) 03:25, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I've updated it to "History of Formula One motor racing". It can always be updated again if someone comes up with something better. DH85868993 (talk) 05:35, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Alberto Ascari at Indianapolis 500
Juan Manuel Fangio was not the only driver who took part in the Indianapolis 500 in the 1950s while competing in the other races of the F1 World Championship calendar: Alberto Ascari also participated in the 1952 edition with a Ferrari, qualifying for the race but forced to retire in the early laps (he'll be classified 31st). He won F1 World Championship in the same year, winning all races he took part in except this one. Mg55 (talk) 20:45, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have updated the article accordingly. Thanks for pointing out the error. DH85868993 (talk) 05:42, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Formula One


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User talk:Faitau

This is a test page.

title: User talk:Faitau


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Talk:Carrier

Carrier Signal
Hi! I 'd like to add my description targetting non-technical people.

A carrier signal allows a lower frequency, ussually a voice signal to be carried accross two points. Electrical signals can travel given higher frequency and more power. Thus the only way for other data to be transmitted is to modulate the signal and interpret or demodulate at the receiver side.

-- The above was already added, so pls disregard. ( Jondel 01:05, 26 May 2004 (UTC) )

Pages like this are colossally stupid. Giving accounts of multiple unrelated topics on one page because they happen to be known by the same name means a disambiguation page is long overdue. Michael Hardy 16:47, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Besides, anyone with any common sense (except telecommunications experts, whose writings here are often quite offensive), would have expected a page titled carrier to be a disambiguation page. And creating a link to married defies common sense; is married an appropriate title for an article (unless, e.g., it's about a novel with that title?). Michael Hardy 16:57, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Cell Phone Carrier
No mention of cell phones? Mathiastck 16:40, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The mention of cell phones needs to link somewhere :) Mathiastck 17:38, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Grrr, still no mention. Mathiastck 21:06, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carrier


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Flip Kowlier

Flip Kowlier (pseudonym of Filip Willy Mariette Cauwelier, born 15 March 1976 in Izegem, West Flanders) is a Belgian singer, songwriter and rapper. He sings in a distinct West Flemish dialect. He is an MC with the hip hop group, 't Hof van Commerce. And in his solo work he sings and plays guitar, with Karel De Backer and Joost Van den Broeck on drums, Peter Lesage on keyboards and Pieter Van Buyten on bass guitar.

Singles
*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.

title: Flip Kowlier


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Coronene

Coronene (also known as superbenzene and cyclobenzene) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) comprising seven peri-fused benzene rings. Its chemical formula is. It is a yellow material that dissolves in common solvents including benzene, toluene, and dichloromethane. Its solutions emit blue light fluorescence under UV light. It has been used as a solvent probe, similar to pyrene.

The compound is of theoretical interest to organic chemists because of its aromaticity. It can be described by 20 resonance structures or by a set of three mobile Clar sextets. In the Clar sextet case, most stable structure for coronene has only  three isolated outer sextets as fully aromatic although superaromaticity would still be possible when these sextets are able to migrate into next ring.

Occurrence and synthesis
Coronene occurs naturally as very rare mineral carpathite, characterized by flakes of pure coronene embedded in sedimentary rock. This mineral may be created from ancient hydrothermal vent activity. In earlier times this mineral was also called karpatite or pendletonite.

The presence of coronene putatively formed from contact of magma with fossil fuel deposits has been used to argue that Permian-Triassic “Great Dying” event was caused by a greenhouse gas warming episode triggered by large-scale Siberian vulcanism.

Coronene is produced in the petroleum-refining process of hydrocracking, where it can dimerize to a fifteen ring PAH, trivially named "dicoronylene". Centimeter-long crystals can be grown from a supersaturated solution of molecules in toluene (ca. 2.5 mg/ml), which is slowly cooled (ca. 0.04 K/min) from 328 K to 298 K over a period of 12 hours.

Structure
Coronene is a planar circulene. It forms needle-like crystals with a monoclinic, herringbone-like structure. The most common polymorph is γ, but β form can also be produced in an applied magnetic field (ca. 1 Tesla) or by phase transition from γ decreasing the temperature below 158 K. The structure containing two C-H groups on one benzene ring, so-called DUO, was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

Other uses
Coronene has been used in the synthesis of graphene. For example, coronene molecules evaporated onto a copper surface at 1000 degrees Celsius will form a graphene lattice which can then be transferred onto another substrate.

title: Coronene


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The Nose (opera)

The Nose, Op. 15, (Нос is Dmitri Shostakovich's first opera, a satirical work completed in 1928 based on Nikolai Gogol's 1836 story of the same name.

Style and structure
The opera was written between 1927 and 1928. The libretto is by Shostakovich, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Georgy Ionin, and Alexander Preis. Shostakovich stated it was a satire on the times of Alexander I. The plot concerns a Saint Petersburg official whose nose leaves his face and develops a life of its own.

Gogol's original work was expanded by borrowing from some of his other works, including "The Overcoat", Marriage, "Diary of a Madman", and Dead Souls as well as The Brothers Karamazov (1881) by Dostoyevsky. The latter occurs in act 2, scene 6, where Kovalyov returns home to find Ivan singing. The song is Shostakovich's setting of the words of part 2, book 5, chapter 2 of Karamazov, where the lackey, Smerdiakov, sings to his neighbour Mariia Kondratevna.

"An invisible force ties to my beloved. Bless us, O Lord, her and me! Her and me! I'll give up a king's crown, if my beloved is happy. Bless us, O Lord, her and me! Her and me!"

Shostakovich uses a montage of different styles, including folk music, popular song, and atonality. The apparent chaos is given structure by formal musical devices such as canons and quartets, a device taken from Alban Berg's Wozzeck.

According to the British composer Gerard McBurney writing for Boosey & Hawkes, "The Nose is one of the young Shostakovich’s greatest masterpieces, an electrifying tour de force of vocal acrobatics, wild instrumental colours and theatrical absurdity, all shot through with a blistering mixture of laughter and rage... The result, in Shostakovich's ruthlessly irreverent hands, is like an operatic version of Charlie Chaplin or Monty Python... despite its magnificently absurd subject and virtuosic music, The Nose is a perfectly practical work and provides a hugely entertaining evening in the theatre."

Performance history
In June 1929, The Nose was given a concert performance, against Shostakovich's own wishes: "The Nose loses all meaning if it is seen just as a musical composition. For the music springs only from the action...It is clear to me that a concert performance of The Nose will destroy it." Indeed, the concert performance caused bewilderment, and was ferociously attacked by the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM).

The original plan was to mount a stage production at the Bolshoi Theatre under the direction of Vsevolod Meyerhold, but plans fell through because Meyerhold was too busy with other productions. The stage premiere, conducted by Samuil Samosud, took place at the Maly Operny Theatre in Leningrad on 18 January 1930. It opened to generally poor reviews and widespread incomprehension amongst musicians. Even so, the conductor Nikolai Malko, who had taught Shostakovich at the Leningrad Conservatory and conducted the premiere of his pupil's First Symphony, reckoned the opera a "tremendous success"; indeed it was given 16 performances with two alternating casts over six months.

The opera was not performed again in the Soviet Union until 1974, when it was revived by Gennady Rozhdestvensky and Boris Pokrovsky. Interviewed for a 2008 documentary, Rozhdestvensky related that he had found an old copy of The Nose in the Bolshoi Theatre in 1974, supposedly the last copy in the Soviet Union. The composer attended the rehearsal and premiere in 1974.

The Nose was given its Italian premiere on 23 May 1964 by the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence. The cast included Renato Capecchi (Platòn Kusnic Kavaliòf), Italo Tajo (Ivàn Jákovlevic), Antonio Pirino (the Nose), Cesy Broggini (Pelagia Grigorievna Podtochina) and Jolanda Meneguzzer (Podtochina's daughter). It was conducted by Bruno Bartoletti and directed by Eduardo De Filippo. The set designs were by Mino Maccari.

The opera received its United States professional premiere at the Santa Fe Opera in 1965, conducted by Erich Kunzel and was performed again by the Santa Fe company in 1987, conducted by Edo de Waart. It was performed in July 2004 at Bard College's SummerScape in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, directed by Francesca Zambello and performed by the American Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leon Botstein.

The opera was staged at Opera Boston in early 2009, and at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in March 2010. This production was revived in 2013, and was beamed to cinemas around the world as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD programme on 26 October.

Barrie Kosky's production of a new English-language version by David Pountney for The Royal Opera, Opera Australia and the Komische Oper Berlin premiered in 2016 at the Royal Opera House in London, Kosky's debut at that house, and in 2018 at the Sydney Opera House and in Berlin.

Instrumentation
Shostakovich's score is written for the following:
 * Woodwinds: flute (doubling piccolo, alto flute), oboe (doubling cor anglais), B-flat clarinet (doubling piccolo clarinet, A clarinet, bass clarinet), bassoon (doubling contrabassoon)
 * Brass: horn, trumpet (doubling cornet), trombone
 * Percussion: triangle, tambourine, castanets, tom-tom, ratchet, suspended cymbal, clash cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, tam-tam, glockenspiel, tubular bells, xylophone, flexatone (musical saw)
 * Sound Effects: police whistle, gunshot, whacks (удары)
 * Keyboards: piano
 * Strings: violins I and II, violas, cellos, double basses, two harps, small domras, alto domras, two balalaikas

Roles
The cast requires 82 singing/speaking parts, usually sung by about 14 performers.

Synopsis
Opera in 3 acts and 10 scenes, without intermission.

Prologue
St Petersburg. Kovalyov, a Collegiate Assessor is being shaved by Ivan Yakovlevich (a barber). He is one of Yakovlevich's regular customers.

The next morning, Yakovlevich finds a nose in his bread. His wife, believing he has cut off one of his customers' noses, requests him to dispose of it. He tries to dispose of it in the street, but is foiled by running into people he knows, then he throws it into the Neva River, but he is seen by a police officer and taken away for questioning. Meanwhile, Kovalyov wakes and finds his nose missing. His first reaction is disbelief, then shock, and he sets out to find it. He later sees his nose praying in the Kazan Cathedral, now the size of a human being. Since the nose has acquired a higher rank (State Councillor) than he, it refuses to have any dealings with him, and leaves.

Act 2
In his search, Kovalyov finds himself at the Chief of Police's apartment, but he is not at home. Next he visits the newspaper office to place an advertisement about the loss of his nose, where they are dealing with a missing dog. After explaining his loss, his request is refused on the grounds of the newspaper's reputation. Upon demonstrating his loss, the clerk suggests he tell his story. Kovalyov feels insulted and leaves.

He returns to his apartment, where his servant is playing the balalaika, he dismisses him and wallows in self-pity.

Act 3
The police take up the search. A group of policemen are at a railway station, in order to prevent the nose from escaping, where an inspector rallies them. The nose runs in and tries to stop the train, and a general pursuit ensues, resulting in its capture. The nose is then beaten into its normal size, wrapped and returned to Kovalyov by the inspector, but Kovalyov is unable to reattach it. Nor can a doctor. He then suspects that he has been placed under a spell by a woman called Madame Podtochina, because he would not marry her daughter. He writes to ask her to undo the spell, but she misinterprets the letter as a proposal to her daughter. She convinces him that she is innocent. In the city, crowds fuelled by rumours gather in search of the nose till the police restore order.

Epilogue
Kovalyov wakes up with his nose reattached, and dances a polka in joy. Yakovlevich has been released from prison and arrives to shave him. Afterwards Kovalyov wanders along Nevsky Prospekt greeting acquaintances, while people discuss the story.

Recordings

 * 1964 Bruno Bartoletti, Fonit Cetra – live in Florence, in Italian, with Formichini, Capecchi and Tajo (as Ivan the servant, tenor; Kovalyov, baritone; and Yakovlevich, bass)
 * 1975 Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Melodiya – studio recording made in Moscow and overseen by the composer, with Druzhinin, Akimov and Belykh in the main roles
 * 2001 Armin Jordan, Cascavelle – live in Lausanne, in French, with Matiakh, Schroeder and Matorin
 * 2008 Valery Gergiev, Mariinsky label – studio recording made in St Petersburg with Skorokhodov, Sulimsky and Tanovitski in the main roles and full Russian and English librettos
 * 2010 Gergiev, Sirius radio stream – live in New York on March 5, with Skorokhodov, Szot and Ognovenko

On video

 * 1979, movie directed by Bogatirenko; Boris Druzhinin, tenor (Ivan, Kovalyov’s servant), Eduard Akimov (baritone, Kovalyov), Valery Belykh (bass, Yakovlevich); supporting roles: Nina Sasulova, soprano (Praskovya), Boris Tarkhov, high tenor (Policeman), Ashot Sarkisov, bass (Doctor); Chorus and Orchestra of the Moscow Chamber Opera Theatre, Gennady Rozhdestvensky
 * 1991, laser disc video (Toshiba EMI TOWL 3747-8) of a performance at the Moscow Chamber Opera Theatre, released four years later (in 1995) but never on DVD; Boris Druzhinin, Eduard Akimov and Alexei Mochalov in the main roles; Chorus and Orchestra of the Moscow Chamber Opera Theatre, Vladimir Agronsky
 * 2013, video-stream of Metropolitan Opera production by William Kentridge; Paulo Szot (baritone, Kovalyov); supporting roles: Andrey Popov (Police Chief), Alexander Lewis (Nose), Pavel Smelkov conducting.
 * 2016, video-stream of Royal Opera House production by Barrie Kosky; Wolfgang Ablinger-Sperrhacke, tenor (Ivan, Kovalyov's servant); Martin Winkler (baritone, Kovalyov), John Tomlinson (bass, Yakovlevich); supporting roles: Rosie Aldridge (Praskovya), Alexander Kravets (Policeman), Alexander Lewis (Angry Man in the Cathedral); Chorus and Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Ingo Metzmacher conducting

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources
 * Hulme, Derek C., Dimitri Shostakovich, Scarecrow Press 2002
 * Wilson, Elizabeth, Shostakovich: A Life Remembered. London: Faber, 2006

title: The Nose (opera)


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User:TreyHarris

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…well, mostly, anyway. (My talk page is here.)

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Mizrachi (religious Zionism)

The Mizrachi (תנועת המזרחי) is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilnius at a world conference of religious Zionists called by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Bnei Akiva, which was founded in 1929, is the youth movement associated with Mizrachi. Both Mizrachi and the Bnei Akiva youth movement continued to function as international movements. Here the word "Mizrahi" is a notarikon (a kind of acronym) for  "Merkaz Ruhani" lit. Spiritual centre: מרכז רוחני, introduced by rabbi Samuel Mohilever.

Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the centre of Zionism and also sees Jewish nationalism as a means of achieving religious objectives. The Mizrachi Party was the first official religious Zionist party and founded the Ministry of Religious Affairs in State of Israel and pushed for laws enforcing kashrut and the observance of the sabbath in the workplace. It also played a role prior to the establishment of Israel, building a network of religious schools that exist to this day, and took part in the 1951 elections.

In Poland
During the interwar period, the Mizrachi party was represented in the kehilla councils as well as in the municipal councils and in the Polish Sejm and Senate, e.g. by the Vilnius Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Rubinstein (1888–1945), Mizrachi senator (1922–1930, 1938–1939) and deputy (1930–1935), and by Rabbi Simon Federbusch, Sejm member from 1922 until 1927.

In Israel
Major figures in the Religious Zionist Movement include Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook who became the Ashkenazi Jews Chief Rabbi of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1924 and tried to reconcile Zionism with Orthodox Judaism.

Mizrachi had a separate trade union wing, founded in 1921, Hapoel HaMizrachi, which represented religious Jews in the Histadrut and tried to attract religious Labor Zionists. The trade union also operated as a political party by the same name in the early days of Israel's existence, becoming the fourth-largest party in the 1951 elections.

In 1956, the Mizrachi party and Hapoel HaMizrachi merged to form the National Religious Party to advance the rights of religious Jews in Israel, having fought the 1955 election together as the National Religious Front. The party was an ever-present government coalition member until 1992. In 2008, the party merged into The Jewish Home, essentially a successor party.

In the United States
In the United States the ideals of and work of the Mizrachi movement have been carried out through the official Religious Zionists of America (RZA) movement that has been an important source of the ideology and guidance for Modern Orthodox Judaism and its rabbis and followers. It is affiliated with the Bnei Akiva youth movement which has a great influence on the Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools and synagogues. The American movement has served as a fundraising and lobbying arm for its Israeli counterparts.

Many of the Jewish leaders and rabbis of Yeshiva University actively identify with and support Mizrachi.

title: Mizrachi (religious Zionism)


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Danny Bautista

Daniel Bautista Alcántara (born May 24, 1972) is a Dominican former Major League Baseball outfielder.

Bautista was signed by the Detroit Tigers in 1989. In 1993, he joined the major leagues with the Tigers. Although he hit for an average of .331 his first season as a Tiger, his power numbers there were not spectacular, and his batting average as a member of the Tigers decreased considerably over the next four seasons.

In 1996, he was traded to the Atlanta Braves for a minor leaguer. He played three seasons there as a reserve outfielder, but he also failed to produce good offensive numbers, his best batting average as a Brave being .250 in 1998. His most notable moment as a Brave may have been on June 27, 1996, when a pitch by Jeff Parrett hit him in the face and broke his eye socket, sending him to the hospital and ending his season.

He produced somewhat better offensive numbers as a member of the Florida Marlins in 1999, hitting for an average of .288. In 2000, he continued his improvement in offensive numbers, hitting double digits in homeruns for the first time in his career (11), while hitting for an average of .317 after a midseason trade to the Arizona Diamondbacks. He ended that year hitting a combined season average of .283. He would reach double digit homeruns once more in his final MLB season; hitting 11 in 2004.

Bautista won a World Series ring when the Diamondbacks beat the New York Yankees in seven games at the 2001 World Series, hitting .583 in the Series, fifth all-time in a single World Series.

In 2004, Bautista hit safely in 21 consecutive games. The streak ended during a game against the Philadelphia Phillies when Bautista went hitless in two at-bats. Bautista announced his retirement from baseball on March 19, 2005, following an ankle injury. Bautista had, at the time of his retirement, 685 hits at the major league level with a batting average of .272.

Danny played in the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, which is not affiliated with MLB, for the York Revolution in the first season of the team's existence. After a trade, he played for the Camden Riversharks.

title: Danny Bautista


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Absolutely Free

Absolutely Free is the second album by American rock band the Mothers of Invention, released on May 26, 1967, by Verve Records. Much like their 1966 debut Freak Out!, the album is a display of complex musical composition with political and social satire, whose blend of jazz, classical, avant-garde and rock idioms within multi-sectional, suite-like compositions is seen as an important and influential precursor to progressive rock. The band had been augmented since Freak Out! by the addition of woodwinds player Bunk Gardner, keyboardist Don Preston, rhythm guitarist Jim Fielder, and drummer Billy Mundi; Fielder quit the group before the album was released, and his name was removed from the album credits.

Background and Recording
Freak Out! cost Verve $20,000 to make, more than double the cost of a typical album at the time. When it struggled to sell, the record company only allowed a budget of $11,000 for the follow up, which was recorded on four-track over just four days from November 15–18, 1966 at TTG studios in Los Angeles, with additional mixing and editing at MGM in New York City a week later. Tom Wilson again sat in the producer’s chair, although it is generally agreed that he took a hands-off approach and let Zappa have full creative control. Unlike Freak Out!, which used extensive orchestration, the budget this time only allowed for orchestral additions to “Brown Shoes Don’t Make It”, with the band playing virtually live in the studio for most tracks. Since many of the songs were complex multi-sectional pieces, the group would do up to 30 takes of each specific section of a track, which were then strung together in editing. According to Zappa, the group had “one day with 15 minutes per tune to do all the vocals on that album. That's right. It's called 'sing or get off the pot’.”

Songs
Zappa intended the album to be divided into two operatic suites with all the songs continually linked, which at the time of recording predated the release of The Who’s "A Quick One While He’s Away" and The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The first suite, entitled “Absolutely Free”, is essentially a send-up of a romantic love story with fruits and vegetables acting as a metaphor for people; the second suite, “The M.O.I. American Pageant”, is a trenchant social commentary on American life including aspects of social status and mobility, consumerism, alcoholism, greed, and political corruption.

Plastic People

“Plastic People” evolved from the group’s cover of "Louie Louie", with new lyrics. It opens with an announcement of the President of the United States, who is ill and needs chicken soup, before going on to critique the “plastic” hippies who hung out at clubs like Pandora's Box, the epicenter of the Sunset Strip Riots happening at the time of the album’s recording. "Son of Suzy Creamcheese" later in the album goes further into the subject, which presages the themes of The Mothers' next album.

The Duke of Prunes

The primary subject of the suite, food, appears on this mock-AOR love ballad with comedic lyrics improvised by Ray Collins. Originally based on a Zappa composition titled “And Very True”, the subject involves Ray, as the Duke of Prunes, attempting to pick up a woman at the supermarket by using food references that are meant as euphemisms for sex.

Amnesia Vivace

According to the album’s libretto, the Duke attempts to pick up two cheerleaders in a parking lot when they bash him in the face, giving him amnesia. This is portrayed musically as a one minute free-jazz freak out which eventually quotes Stravinsky’s The Firebird.

The Duke Regains His Chops

The Duke suddenly recovers his memory as a reprise of “Duke of Prunes” appears in a faster tempo before the Duke attempts his final pick-up by singing a Supremes-like tune reminiscent of "Baby Love".

Call Any Vegetable

The food imagery continues on this frantic rocker, although Zappa claimed “vegetables” referred to people who are inactive in society, but who might be “woken up” if moved sufficiently—hence the idea to call the vegetable and release the person from apathy.

Invocation and Ritual Dance of the Young Pumpkin

This seven-minute instrumental opens with a quote from Holst’s The Planets before morphing into a wild, proto-jazz fusion group jam in which Zappa displays his improvisational guitar skills for the first time on record.

Soft-Cell Conclusion

A reprise of “Call Any Vegetable”, somewhat slower and bluesier with harmonica accompaniment, in which Zappa instructs his listeners how to call to vegetables. The speed then increases to a very fast tempo before ending on a series of sexual pants.

America Drinks

The second suite opens with this send-up of a lounge ballad, sung deliberately off-tempo as if the singer is very drunk, to illustrate the empty phoniness of American culture. This is followed by quotes from Fucik’s "Entrance of the Gladiators" and the overture to Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar’s Bride, for a cartoonish circus ambience.

Status Back Baby

One of Zappa’s doo-wop parodies, although there are oblique insertions of quotes from Stravinsky and Debussy. The lyrical content skewers high school social cliques, as a self-absorbed jock finds he’s losing status with the pom-pom girls.

Uncle Bernie’s Farm

This relatively straightforward, fast-paced rocker critiques the makers of violent children’s toys and compares them to the child’s equally plastic parents. It closes with several overlapping voices attempting to sell the listener toy bombs, rockets, intestines, brass knuckles, and other grotesque products.

Son of Suzy Creamcheese

The character of Suzy Creamcheese, a groupie, was first introduced on Freak Out! Here we learn more about her desire to be "in" as she drops acid, stays out all night on Sunset Strip, steals her boyfriend’s stash of drugs and attends a protest march in Berkeley. Zappa admitted that the rocker was one of the most difficult songs for The Mothers to learn to play due to its dizzying change of time signatures, moving between 4/4, 8/8, 9/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8 and back to 4/4.

Brown Shoes Don’t Make It

Described by François Couture of AllMusic as a "condensed two-hour musical", the album’s longest song, at over seven minutes, moves through 22 distinct sections covering psychedelia, chamber music, Sprechstimme, garage rock, classical, music hall, doo-wop, The Beach Boys, electronics, and more. It is the only track on the album to feature outside orchestration, which climaxes the piece. There is also a homemade synthesizer played by Don Preston, one of the earliest appearances of such an instrument on a rock record. The song’s primary subject is corruption in politics, as a city hall official fantasizes sleeping with a thirteen-year-old girl in graphic detail. The line “I’d like to make her do a nasty on the White House lawn” apparently held up the album’s release, as an MGM exec protested its inclusion and wanted to change the line to "I'd like to make her do a crossworld puzzle on the back of TV Guide."

America Drinks and Goes Home

A reprise of “America Drinks” set at the "Pompadour-a-Go-Go", this is a similar piano-based lounge ballad Zappa penned in 1964 over which sounds of drinking, gambling, and slot machines get louder until the song fades and only the sounds of drunk partygoers' grotesque laughs and screams remain, meant to illustrate the casual disrespect such audiences have for the performers. There is a stylistic similarity between this number and the later Beatles B-side "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" as well as The Rolling Stones’ “On with the Show”.

Album Cover and Libretto
The album was planned for release in January 1967 but ran into trouble when Verve objected to Zappa's idea of printing the lyrics on the back cover, as well as to the phrase "war means work for all" on a billboard included in the illustrated collage which had also been constructed by Zappa. Months passed before a compromise was reached: the lyrics would not be printed on the album, but it was allowed for an ad to be placed in the gatefold for listeners to send one dollar for a complete libretto booklet containing lyrics and plot explanations.

Release and Reception
The album was eventually released on May 26, 1967. This was incidentally the same day as the UK release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which also had the idea of printed lyrics and no gaps between its songs; had Absolutely Free's release not been significantly delayed by issues over its cover art and lyrics, it would have predated The Beatles on these innovations. The album fared much better overall than Freak Out!, charting at #41 on Billboard and becoming a favorite of the underground.

In a contemporary review, Billboard magazine wondered whether the band were putting their audience on, but concluded that the album would rack up huge sales. Retrospectively, the album has received high praise as an early peak for Zappa’s lyrical and compositional innovation, which had evolved considerably since Freak Out!. AllMusic calls it a “fabulously inventive record, bursting at the seams with ideas” while The New Rolling Stone Album Guide awarded four-and-a-half stars. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice was somewhat less charitable, claiming that “as rock and roll it’s a moderately amusing novelty record, much too obvious in its satire.”

In the book Necessity Is..., former Mothers of Invention band member Ray Collins said that Absolutely Free is probably his favorite of the classic Mothers albums.

Versions
The UK-67 release (Verve VLP/SVLP 9174) came in a laminated flip-back cover, with a Mike Raven poem at the reverse that was not on any other issue.

The CD reissue adds, between sides one and two, two songs that were featured on a rare Verve single of the time. The songs from the single, "Why Dontcha Do Me Right?" (titled "Why Don't You Do Me Right" on the 45) and "Big Leg Emma", were both described as "an attempt to make dumb music to appeal to dumb teenagers".

Personnel
The Mothers of Invention
 * Frank Zappa – guitar, conductor, vocals
 * Jimmy Carl Black – drums, vocals
 * Ray Collins – vocals, tambourine, harmonica
 * Roy Estrada – bass, vocals
 * Billy Mundi – drums, percussion
 * Don Preston – keyboards
 * Jim Fielder (Uncredited) – guitar, piano
 * Bunk Gardner – woodwinds

Additional musicians

 * Suzy Creamcheese (Lisa Cohen) – vocals on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * John Balkin – bass on "Invocation & Ritual Dance of the Young Pumpkin" and "America Drinks"
 * Jim Getzoff – violin on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * Marshall Sosson – violin on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * Alvin Dinkin – viola on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * Armand Kaproff – cello on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * Don Ellis – trumpet on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * John Rotella – contrabass clarinet on "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
 * Herb Cohen – cash register machine sounds on "America Drinks & Goes Home"
 * Terry Gilliam, girlfriend and others – voices in "America Drinks & Goes Home"

(Jim Sherwood was credited as a member of The Mothers on the album's original release, but he actually joined the band during the recording of We're Only in It for the Money, and he isn't featured on this album.)
 * Note

Production
 * Frank Zappa – producer, arranger, layout design, cover art, collage, liner notes
 * Tom Wilson – producer
 * Val Valentin – director of engineering
 * Ami Hadani – engineer
 * David Greene – remixing
 * Doug Sax – mastering
 * Ferenc Dobronyi – cover design
 * Cal Schenkel – cover design
 * Alice Ochs – cover photo, artwork
 * Jerry Deiter – photography

title: Absolutely Free