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Milwaukee County Stadium

Milwaukee County Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Opened in 1953, it was primarily a baseball park for Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Braves and later the Milwaukee Brewers. It was also used for Green Bay Packers football games, ice skating, religious services, concerts, and other large events. Its final season was in 2000, when it was replaced by the adjacent Miller Park.

Construction
Milwaukee County Stadium was originally built as a home for the Milwaukee Brewers of the minor league American Association, replacing the outdated and deteriorating Borchert Field. Both locations would be influenced by the future Milwaukee County freeway system, as Borchert Field's footprint would be cleared to make way for Interstate 43, with County Stadium located southwest of the interchange with the Stadium Freeway and Interstate 94.

Several locations around the city, including the Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis were considered before the city settled on the defunct site of the Story Quarry, on the west side of Milwaukee near the Story Hill neighborhood. County Stadium was the first ballpark in the United States financed with public funds. Construction began in October 1950 and, hampered by steel shortages during the Korean War, was completed in 1953. Construction cost was $5.9 million, with the bonds paid off in 1964.

The city of Milwaukee also hoped to use the new facility to attract a Major League Baseball franchise (the city had been considered a potential relocation target for years), and in this respect their efforts were immediately successful. In fact, the minor league Brewers would never get a chance to play at the new stadium.

Milwaukee Braves (1953–1965)
Even before it was completed, the new "Milwaukee County Municipal Stadium" drew the interest of major league clubs. The St. Louis Browns, who had played in Milwaukee in 1901, the inaugural season of the American League, applied for permission to relocate back to the city they had left half a century before. The Boston Braves, the parent club of the Brewers, blocked the proposed move. The Braves had long been struggling at the gate in Boston, and rumors of them relocating had been floating for some time. The move to keep Milwaukee available as a new home indicated to many observers that the Braves would move to Milwaukee themselves.

Three weeks before the beginning of the 1953 season, and right before the new stadium was ready to open, the Braves made it official, applying for permission to relocate. The other National League owners agreed, with the team becoming the Milwaukee Braves. The Braves' first regular season home game was on April 14 against the St. Louis Cardinals. Bill Bruton hit a 10th inning home run to win the game (3-2) in dramatic style. In their first season in Milwaukee, the Braves set the National League attendance record of 1.8 million.

The first published issue of Sports Illustrated on August 16, 1954, featured County Stadium with Braves batter Eddie Mathews on its cover, along with New York Giants catcher Wes Westrum and home plate umpire Augie Donatelli.

On July 12, 1955, County Stadium hosted the 22nd All-Star Game. The National League won, 6–5, on a 12th-inning home run by Stan Musial. The Braves hosted back-to-back World Series in 1957 and 1958, both against the New York Yankees. The Braves defeated the Yankees in seven games in 1957, but the Yankees returned the favor the next year.

The stadium continued to be the National League's top draw until 1959 when the Dodgers, who had moved to Los Angeles two years before, overtook the Braves (both in the stands and on the field). In the early 1960s attendance fell, along with the Braves' standings, amid an unstable ownership situation. The Milwaukee Braves used the stadium through the 1965 season when new owners, seeking a larger television market, moved the team to Atlanta.

Chicago White Sox (1968–1969)
In an effort to return Major League Baseball to Milwaukee after the departure of the Braves, local businessman and minority Braves owner Bud Selig brought other teams to play at County Stadium, beginning with a 1967 exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Minnesota Twins. The exhibition game attracted more than 51,000 spectators, so Selig's group contracted with Sox owner Arthur Allyn to host nine Chicago White Sox home games at County Stadium in 1968.

Selig's experiment was highly successful – those nine games drew 264,297 fans. Those games took place on May 15 vs. the California Angels, May 28 vs. the Baltimore Orioles, June 17 vs. the Cleveland Indians, June 24 vs. the Minnesota Twins, July 11 vs. the New York Yankees, July 22 vs. the Oakland A's, August 2 vs. the Washington Senators, August 8 vs. the Boston Red Sox, and August 26 vs. the eventual World Series winners, the Detroit Tigers. In Chicago that season, the Sox drew 539,478 fans to their remaining 72 home dates. In just a handful of games, the Milwaukee crowds accounted for nearly one-third of the total attendance at White Sox games. In light of this success, Selig and Allyn agreed that County Stadium would host Sox home games again the next season.

In 1969, the Sox schedule in Milwaukee was expanded to include 11 home games (one against every other franchise in the American League at the time). Although those games were attended by slightly fewer fans (198,211 fans, for an average of 18,019) they represented a greater percentage of the total White Sox attendance than the previous year – over one-third of the fans who went to Sox home games in 1969 did so at County Stadium (in the remaining 70 home dates in Chicago, the Sox drew 391,335 for an average of 5,591 per game). Those games took place on April 23 vs. the California Angels, May 22 vs. the Detroit Tigers, May 28 vs. the New York Yankees, June 11 vs. the Cleveland Indians, June 16 vs. the Seattle Pilots (who eventually became the Brewers the next season), July 2 vs. the Minnesota Twins, July 7 vs. the Oakland A's, August 6 vs. the Washington Senators, August 13 vs. the Boston Red Sox, September 1 vs. the Baltimore Orioles, and September 26 vs. the Kansas City Royals.

Selig was unable to attract an expansion team among the franchises awarded for the 1969 expansion. However, one of the teams founded in that expansion would later work in Selig's favor.

Milwaukee Brewers (1970–2000)
Not discouraged by the setback, Selig instead bought the troubled Seattle Pilots out of bankruptcy court. The Pilots had been a 1969 expansion team. The Seattle franchise had serious stadium and financial issues. In the spring of 1970, Milwaukee had baseball again, and County Stadium had a new tenant.

The new Milwaukee Brewers, named for the American Association club for which County Stadium was originally built over 20 years earlier, called it home from 1970 to 2000. The sale occurred during spring training for 1970, and happened so fast that Selig could not get new uniforms made. Instead, they ripped the Pilots insignia off the pre-existing uniforms, and the Brewers adopted the Pilots' blue, white, and yellow instead of the red and navy blue (the Braves' colors) that Selig originally wanted; these remain the team colors to this day, despite changes to the shades over the years (and the brief addition of green as a tertiary color from 1994 to 1996).

On July 15, 1975, County Stadium hosted its second All-Star Game. As in 1955, the National League beat the American League, this time 6–3. With an attendance of 51,480, it was the largest crowd at the stadium at that time. The Brewers were represented by George Scott and Hank Aaron, who had recently returned to Milwaukee in a trade with the Braves.

Aaron spent the last two years of his career in Milwaukee and in the American League (where the Brewers played then; they would move to the National League in 1998), where the designated hitter position allowed him to extend his playing career. Aaron hit his final home run at County Stadium, giving him a career total of 755, establishing at the time the career home run record he first took from Babe Ruth in 1974. Aaron's final home run took place in the 7th inning with a solo shot off California Angels right-hander Dick Drago on July 20, 1976, a game that the Brewers would win 6–2.

Before the Kansas City Royals were to play a game on June 12, 1977 against the Milwaukee Brewers at Milwaukee County Stadium, thieves stole gloves and uniforms belonging to Royals players. Due to this, all but seven Royals players had to wear Milwaukee road uniforms for the game played that day.

The Brewers won their first and only American League Championship by defeating the California Angels in five games in 1982, and hosted Games 3, 4 and 5 of the 1982 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals.

Replacement and demolition
By the 1990s, County Stadium was considered outdated, lacking the amenities (most notably luxury boxes) that generated additional revenue for teams. On July 11, 1992, Selig announced plans for a publicly financed replacement to be built adjacent to County Stadium, opening in time for the 1994 season. In the meantime, a demonstration luxury box was built in the stadium in order to demonstrate the viability of one to local politicians and the city's larger corporations. In addition, the stadium was the only one in MLB that lacked some sort of color videoboard (it used a monochrome Omega scoreboard built in 1980).

The new stadium funding plan proved to be extremely controversial, and it was not until 1996 that groundbreaking began on the new stadium, by now named Miller Park as part of a sponsorship deal with nearby Miller Brewing Company. Miller Park's most distinctive new feature was a retractable roof, deemed essential to drawing fans during the cool and unpredictable Wisconsin spring. At the time of the groundbreaking, Miller Park was scheduled to open in 2000, making 1999 the final season in County Stadium.

The Brewers opened the 1999 season intending to bid farewell to their old park. On July 14, three construction workers at the Miller Park site were killed in the collapse of the site's "Big Blue" crane while attempting to install a 400-ton roof panel. A good part of the construction site was also damaged as a result. Cleanup and an investigation delayed the closing of County Stadium to the end of the 2000 season. There was some talk of having the Brewers move into Miller Park in the middle of 2000, but it was determined that too many corners would have to be cut in order for it to be ready at that time.

The final major league game at County Stadium was on September 28, 2000; Warren Spahn threw out the first pitch to Del Crandall, and also in attendance were Willie Davis, Hank Aaron, and Robin Yount. The Brewers were defeated by the Cincinnati Reds 8-1 in that game. After the game, there was a closing ceremony, where first home plate and the pitching rubber of County Stadium were removed, to be placed at Miller Park. Then, former Braves, Brewers, and Packers legends who had played at County Stadium during its history were introduced by broadcasters Earl Gillespie, Merle Harmon, and Bob Uecker, with Uecker delivering the closing speech, as each of the stadium's light towers were symbolically turned off. The stadium was demolished on February 21, 2001. Although most of the stadium site is now covered with parking for Miller Park, the site of the old infield was converted into a Little League park, and is now called Helfaer Field. On a picnic concourse next to the playing field of Helfaer Field, there is an outline of where home plate was at County Stadium and also a bronze marker in the nearby parking lot marking where Hank Aaron's 755th and final career home run landed.

Despite the stadium no longer existing, an abstract design of County Stadium is retained within Milwaukee's city flag (along with a former Braves logo which has changed to represent Native American origins), whose replacement has been debated for the last two decades.

Green Bay Packers (1953–1994)
The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played two to four home games per year at Milwaukee County Stadium from 1953 to 1994, after using Wisconsin State Fair Park in nearby West Allis from 1934 through 1951 and Marquette Stadium in 1952. The Packers compiled a 76–47–3 (.610) regular season record at County Stadium over 42 seasons. It hosted at least one pre-season game annually during this time as well (except 1983), including the Upper Midwest Shrine Game. Financial considerations prompted the Packers to move some of their games to Milwaukee starting with the 1933 season, with one game played at Borchert Field. By 1995, multiple renovations to Lambeau Field made it more lucrative for the Packers to play their full home slate in Green Bay again for the first time since 1932; according to Packers president Robart Harlan, the overall cost of hosting games at County Stadium was costing the team over $2 million a year. Former Milwaukee ticket holders were offered tickets at Lambeau to one pre-season game and games 3 and 6 of the regular season schedule (later changed to games 2 and 5), in what is referred to as the "Gold package".

County Stadium was partly responsible for Lambeau Field's existence. When it was originally built, it was not only intended to lure an MLB team to Milwaukee, but also to lure the Packers to Milwaukee full-time. As originally constructed, County Stadium was double the size of the Packers' then-home, City Stadium. By the 1950s, the Packers were under growing pressure to find a replacement for City Stadium. It could not be expanded, and its amenities for fans and players had long since fallen below NFL standards. With a growing number of teams letting it be known that they would not play at City Stadium, the NFL told the Packers to build a bigger stadium or move to Milwaukee full-time. Green Bay responded with a referendum that resulted in a new City Stadium, which opened in September 1957. After eight seasons, the venue was renamed "Lambeau Field" shortly after the death of team founder Curly Lambeau in 1965.

The Minnesota Vikings (15 times) were the Packers' most frequent foe at County Stadium, as the Packers would traditionally host at least one divisional rival from the NFC Central in Milwaukee each season. Only once, however, did the Packers play their ancient arch-rivals, the Chicago Bears, in a regular-season game in Milwaukee, defeating the Bears 20–3 in 1974. (The Packers and Bears played preseason games at County Stadium every year from 1959 to 1973, and again in 1975 and 1984; current NFL rules prohibit division rivals from playing each other during the preseason.) On November 26, 1989, a County Stadium record crowd of 55,892 saw the Packers beat the Vikings, 20–19. The Packers' final game at County Stadium was a 21–17 victory over the Atlanta Falcons on December 18, 1994; with fourteen seconds left, the winning 9-yard touchdown run was scored by quarterback Brett Favre, who was drafted by the Falcons in 1991 but traded the next year due to then-Atlanta coach Jerry Glanville's intense dislike of Favre.

The Packers hosted one NFL playoff game at County Stadium, in 1967, defeating the Los Angeles Rams 28–7 in the Western Conference championship game, avenging a 27-24 loss two weeks earlier at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. It was the first year that the NFL playoffs expanded to four teams, and Green Bay had home field advantage for both rounds, then awarded by rotation. Each subsequent playoff game has been played at Lambeau Field, starting with the Ice Bowl the following week against the Dallas Cowboys.

Unlike most publicly funded stadiums built in the 20th century, County Stadium was built primarily for baseball, creating issues for hosting football. The playing surface was just barely large enough to fit a football field, which ran parallel with the first base line. The south end zone spilled onto the warning track in right field, while the north end zone spilled into foul territory on the third-base side. Both teams shared the east sideline on the outfield side, separated by a piece of tape. At its height, it seated less than 56,000 for football—just over the NFL's post-AFL merger minimum seating capacity—and many seats had obstructed views or were far from the field. Over the years, upgrades and seat expansions almost exclusively benefited the Braves and later the Brewers.

Season ticket prices (three games) for the first football season in 1953 were $5.00, $3.80, and $2.50. The average price in the final year of 1994 was $25.61 per game.

Attempted AFL franchise
Following the unsuccessful effort to lure the Packers to Milwaukee full-time, in 1965 city officials tried to lure an American Football League expansion team to play at County Stadium, but Packers head coach Vince Lombardi invoked the team's exclusive lease as well as sign an extension to keep some home games in Milwaukee until 1976. Nonetheless, city officials still pursued an AFL franchise, possibly to play at Marquette Stadium, but the AFL–NFL merger effectively quashed any chances of Milwaukee landing its own team.

Attempted CFL franchise
In late 1994, Marvin Fishman purchased a stake in the corporation that owned the Las Vegas Posse of the Canadian Football League, with intent of moving the Posse to County Stadium, which would have required compromises in playing dimensions in order to be playable under CFL rules. Initially hoping to be held to the same revenue-sharing plan as the Packers had during their Milwaukee games, the Brewers unexpectedly objected, reasoning that unlike the Packers' two games that were usually outside of baseball season, the CFL played much of its schedule in the summer, meaning that several home games would cause scheduling conflicts with the Brewers and potentially damage the playing surface. Even after Fishman's bid fell through and the Posse shifted its efforts to Jackson, Mississippi, CFL Commissioner Larry Smith continued to support a team for Milwaukee and County Stadium, a proposal that eventually ended after the CFL withdrew from the American market following the 1995 season.

Marquette Golden Avalanche (1957–1958)
Most of the home games of the Marquette University football team (7 of 9) in 1957 and 1958 were moved from Marquette Stadium to the larger County Stadium. The final home game on November 9, 1957 against Penn State drew less than 4,800 to County Stadium. Marquette football returned to Marquette Stadium in 1959 for its final two seasons.

Milwaukee Panthers (1968–1971)
The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee football team played home games at County Stadium 1968–1971. It was one of multiple home venues for the Panthers after their on-campus stadium, Pearse Field, was razed for new development following the 1967 season.

Concert venue
County Stadium was also a popular home for concerts throughout its history. Bob Hope performed for fans during a Braves doubleheader in 1960.

County Stadium also hosted the Kool Jazz Festival every year from 1976 through 1980.

Other musical stars who performed at County Stadium included Simon and Garfunkel, Pink Floyd, Crosby Stills & Nash, Fleetwood Mac, Jimmy Buffett, Kenny Loggins, Peter Frampton, Marvin Gaye, Al Green, The Jacksons, The Temptations, Smokey Robinson, B.B. King, Emmylou Harris, Nancy Wilson, The Staple Singers, Archie Bell and the Drells, Frankie Avalon, the Hollywood Argyles, Johnny and The Hurricanes, James Brown, The Famous Flames, Lobo, Bread, Andy Kim, Gary Puckett, Rare Earth & The Honeycombs.

Religious services
Jehovah's Witnesses held an annual convention (including well known annual themes such as: "Good News for all Nations" and 'Peace on Earth") in the Stadium during the 1960s and 1970s, drawing as many as 57,000 people at a time. They later opted to utilize an "Assembly Hall", which is constructed for the same purpose as the Stadium.

Billy Graham's 1979 Wisconsin Crusade was also held at the Stadium.

Coach (TV series)
Portions of the last three seasons (1995–1997) of the American television series Coach were filmed at County Stadium. The series starred Craig T. Nelson as Hayden Fox, coach of the Orlando Breakers (a fictional NFL expansion team), from whose office window County Stadium can be recognized.

Movie location
The movie Major League was shot at County Stadium during the summer of 1988. Even though the movie was about the Cleveland Indians, producers cast Milwaukee Brewers radio announcer Bob Uecker in the movie, with signage for local channels WTMJ-TV (Channel 4) and WCGV-TV (Channel 24) not covered up and visible in the film. Announcements were made on local television news programs about the number of extras required for the day's shooting, and capacity crowds turned out for the shooting of the final scenes, which involved the Indians in the final games of a pennant race. Also, in the film, fans in the stands are visible donning T-shirts bearing the name and logo of a local Milwaukee-area corporation, Quad Graphics (located in Sussex).

International soccer
On July 28, 1990, the United States men's national soccer team hosted an international friendly vs. East Germany, losing 2-1.

Rugby league
On June 10, 1989, an exhibition game between the English teams the Wigan Warriors and the Warrington Wolves at County Stadium. Wigan would win 12-5, in front of a crowd of 17,773.

Professional wrestling
The World Wrestling Federation (now World Wrestling Entertainment) held WrestleFest 1988 at County Stadium on July 31, 1988. The event was headlined by Hulk Hogan defeating André the Giant in a steel cage match.

Ice Capades
Due to the large seating capacity, in July 1953 the new stadium hosted the Ice Capades for nine consecutive nights.

Unique features
There was a chalet and giant beer mug, originally at right-center field and later at left, where mascot Bernie Brewer would "dunk" himself whenever a Brewers player hit a home run. The chalet is now stored at Lakefront Brewery, a Milwaukee microbrewery, and can be seen on brewery tours. County Stadium also gave rise to the Sausage Race, during which several anthropomorphized sausages participate in an initially fictional race to home plate between the sixth and seventh innings. Whoever finished first was the "wiener" and whoever finished last was the "wurst".

Brats with Secret Stadium Sauce, invented and served at County Stadium, were the favorite ballpark food of sportscaster Bob Costas.

Notable games
County Stadium has hosted two Baseball All-Star Games, in 1955, when the National League Braves played host (and won 6–5 in 12 innings), and in 1975, when the then American League Brewers played host, and lost, 6–3. It also hosted the World Series in 1957, 1958 and 1982, as well as league playoffs in 1981, and a Green Bay Packers playoff game in 1967.

On May 26, 1959, Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates set a record as he pitched 12 perfect innings only to lose 1–0 to the Braves in the 13th inning.

On April 30, 1961, Willie Mays hit four homers and collected 8 RBI as the San Francisco Giants defeated the Braves, 14–8.

On May 1, 1975, Hank Aaron broke Babe Ruth's RBI record of 2211 by driving in his 2212th run at County Stadium as the Brewers beat the Detroit Tigers, 17-3.

On October 3, 1976, in the final game of his career, Aaron singled in his final at-bat for hit number 3,771. The hit drove in a run and set the Major League Baseball career RBI record of 2,297. In this final game, Aaron also set Major League records for that time with career game 3,298 and career at-bat 12,364. The Brewers lost to the Detroit Tigers, 5-2.

On October 10, 1982, the Brewers defeated the California Angels to win their first and only American League championship in franchise history. The Brewers defeated the Angels, 4-3, to win the ALCS three games to two. On July 31, 1990, Nolan Ryan won his 300th Major League Baseball game at County Stadium when the Texas Rangers defeated the Brewers 11–3.

On September 14, 1991, Cecil Fielder of the Detroit Tigers hit the only home run to sail over the outfield bleachers and completely out of County Stadium. The blast came off Brewers' pitcher Dan Plesac. The Tigers beat the Brewers, 6-4.

On September 9, 1992, Robin Yount recorded his 3,000th hit in a Major League Baseball game at County Stadium.

Final game
The final game at County Stadium took place on September 28, 2000 in front of a capacity crowd of 56,354. The Brewers closed out their tenure at Milwaukee County Stadium with an 8-1 loss to the Cincinnati Reds, a ceremony aired in full on both WTMJ Radio and Midwest Sports Channel. Sean Casey of the Reds scored the last run at County Stadium with a single by Juan Castro, and the final hit was a single by the Reds' Michael Tucker. In a closing ceremony led by legendary announcer Bob Uecker, greats Braves, Brewers, and Green Bay Packers were introduced. Familiar faces such as Warren Spahn, Hank Aaron, Frank Torre, and Bob Buhl represented the Braves. Willie Wood and Fuzzy Thurston were some of the notable Packers. Brewers greats that came back to salute the fans and the stadium included Paul Molitor, Jim Gantner, Rollie Fingers and the widow of 1982 manager Harvey Kuenn. When Uecker announced what would be the final player introduction in the stadium, he began, "his name is synonymous with the Brewers..." Robin Yount then appeared from the left field fence on another Milwaukee legend, a Harley Davidson motorcycle. This was in honor of Yount's famous entrance during the County Stadium celebration for the Brewers following the 1982 World Series, when Yount rode his Honda XR500 dirt bike (a bike which was not street-legal, but had been nonetheless used by Yount for the entire season) around the warning track, much to the delight of the fans. Following the introductions, Uecker read a short requiem for the old park as the lights were turned off, standard by standard. He closed with a version of this trademark broadcast sign-off "...so-long old friend, and goodnight everybody."

Capacity
When it opened in 1953 it had 28,111 permanent seats and could hold up to 36,011 people. After an expansion one year later, the seating capacity was increased to 43,394. Subsequent expansions raised the baseball capacity to 53,192.

Dimensions
The stadium's final dimensions were symmetrical:

title: Milwaukee County Stadium


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Aztreonam

Aztreonam, sold under the brand name Azactam among others, is an antibiotic used primarily to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This may include bone infections, endometritis, intra abdominal infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. It is given by intravenous or intramuscular injection or by inhalation.

Common side effects when given by injection include pain at the site of injection, vomiting, and rash. Common side effects when inhaled include wheezing, cough, and vomiting. Serious side effects include Clostridium difficile infection and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Those who are allergic to other β-lactam have a low rate of allergy to aztreonam. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. It is in the monobactam family of medications. Aztreonam inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking to cause bacterial death.

Aztreonam was approved for medical use in the United States in 1986. It was removed from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines in 2019. It is available as a generic medication. It is a manufactured version of a chemical from the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum. Aztreonam is available in a combination with avibactam (aztreonam/avibactam).

Medical uses
Nebulized forms of aztreonam are used to treat infections that are complications of cystic fibrosis and are approved for such use in Europe and the US; they are also used off-label for non-CF bronchiectasis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mycobacterial disease, and to treat infections in people who have received lung transplants.

Aztreonam has strong activity against susceptible gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is resistant to some beta-lactamases, but is inactivated by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

It has no useful activity against gram-positive bacteria or anaerobes. It is known to be effective against a wide range of bacteria including Citrobacter, Enterobacter, E. coli, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Serratia species. The following represents minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.
 * Staphylococcus aureus 8 - >128 μg/ml
 * Staphylococcus epidermidis 8 - 32 μg/ml
 * Streptococcus pyogenes 8 - ≥128 μg/ml

Synergism between aztreonam and arbekacin or tobramycin against P. aeruginosa has been suggested.

Spectrum of activity
Acinetobacter anitratus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis are generally susceptible to aztreonam, while some staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Xanthomonas maltophilia are resistant to it. Furthermore, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter koseri (Citrobacter diversus), Pantoea agglomerans (Enterobacter agglomerans), Haemophilus spp. and Streptococcus pyogenes have developed resistance to aztreonam to varying degrees.

Aztreonam can be safely used in patients with a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy (except for patients with a ceftazidime allergy as ceftazidime and aztreonam share a similar side chain). It is also frequently used as an alternative to aminoglycosides because is not ototoxic or nephrotoxic.

Aztreonam is under consideration for human infections sustained by metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria. In these circumstances aztreonam is combined with avibactam (ceftazidime/avibactam). The combination of aztreonam and avibactam are in phase 3 clinical trails. The combination of aztreonam and avibactam has demonstrated to be active against 80% of MBL isolates reaching a clinical infection resolution in 80% of MBL-infected patients.

Administration
Aztreonam is poorly absorbed when given orally, so it must be administered as an intravenous or intramuscular injection (trade name Azactam), or inhaled (trade name Cayston) using an ultrasonic nebulizer. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the inhalation form on 22 February 2010, for the suppression of P. aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. It received conditional approval for administration in Canada and the European Union in September 2009, and has been fully approved in Australia.

Side effects
Reported side effects include injection site reactions, rash, and rarely toxic epidermal necrolysis. Gastrointestinal side effects generally include diarrhea and nausea and vomiting. Although C. difficile infection is a possible complication of aztreonam therapy, this antibiotic is associated with a low risk of developing C. difficile infection. There may be drug-induced eosinophilia. Because of the unfused beta-lactam ring there is somewhat lower cross-reactivity between aztreonam and many other beta-lactam antibiotics, and it may be safe to administer aztreonam to many patients with hypersensitivity (allergies) to penicillins and nearly all cephalosporins. There is a much lower risk of cross-sensitivity between aztreonam and other beta-lactam antibiotics than within other beta-lactam antibiotics. However, there is a higher chance of cross-sensitivity if a person is specifically allergic to ceftazidime, a cephalosporin. Aztreonam exhibits cross-sensitivity with ceftazidime due to a similar side chain.

Mechanism of action
Aztreonam is similar in action to penicillin. It inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, by blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking. It has a very high affinity for penicillin-binding protein-3 and mild affinity for penicillin-binding protein-1a. Aztreonam binds the penicillin-binding proteins of Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria very poorly and is largely ineffective against them. Aztreonam is bactericidal, but less so than some of the cephalosporins.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aztreonam


text: Category:Monobactam antibiotics

authors: حسن علي البط

title: Category:Monobactam antibiotics


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Curlew (band)

Curlew is an American experimental free jazz group founded by saxophone player George Cartwright in 1979. Members of the band have included cellist Tom Cora, drummer Pippin Barnett, guitarists Davey Williams and Fred Frith, and bassist Bill Laswell.

Discography

 * Curlew (1981, Landslide)
 * George Cartwright saxes and flute; Tom Cora cello; Bill Laswell bass; Nicky Skopelitis guitar; Bill Bacon drums.
 * Note: The double CD release includes Live At CBGBs 1980, with the same lineup except for the drummer, who is Denardo Coleman, Ornette Coleman's son.
 * North America (1985, Moers)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Tom Cora cello, accordion; Fred Frith bass, guitar, and producer, Mark Howell guitar; Rick Brown drums; J. Pippin Barnett drums. Guests Butch Morris cornet, Polly Bradfield violin.
 * Live in Berlin (1986, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Tom Cora cello; Wayne Horvitz keyboards and keyboard bass; Davey Williams guitar; Pippin Barnett drums.
 * Bee (1990, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Tom Cora cello; Ann Rupel bass; Davey Williams guitar; Pippin Barnett drums.
 * A Beautiful Western Saddle (1993, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Tom Cora cello; Ann Rupel bass; Davey Williams guitar; Pippin Barnett drums; Amy Denio vocals (Paul Haines lyrics).
 * Note: The double-disc CD/DVD release includes The Hardwood, originally released as a VHS, having video footage from two 1991 concerts, NYC and Washington DC, with the five piece lineup of Cartwright, Cora, Rupel, Williams, Barnett
 * Paradise (1995, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes ; Ann Rupel bass; Davey Williams guitar; Chris Cochrane guitar; Samm Bennett drums. Guest: Jim Spake baritone and sopranino saxes
 * Fabulous Drop (1998, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes ; Ann Rupel bass; Davey Williams guitar; Chris Cochrane guitar; Kenny Wolleson drums.
 * Meet the Curlews! (2002, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Fred Chalenor bass; Davey Williams guitar; Bruce Golden drums; Chris Parker piano and electric piano
 * Mercury (2003, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Fred Chalenor bass; Dean Granros guitar; Bruce Golden drums; Chris Parker piano and electric piano
 * Gussie [live 2001] (2003, Roaratorio)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Fred Chalenor bass; Davey Williams guitar; Bruce Golden drums; Chris Parker piano and electric piano
 * CBGS's NY, 1987 (2022, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxes; Tom Cora cello; Davey Williams guitar; Ann Rupel bass; Pippin Barnett drums
 * Live at Phantasmagoria and WFMU (2022, Cuneiform)
 * George Cartwright saxophones; Davey Williams guitar; Chris Cochrane guitar; Ann Rupel bass; Kenny Wollesen drums

title: Curlew (band)


text:
Talk:Obdurodon

Seperating Monotrematum from this
I don't even see why Monotrematum is treated as synonimous with Obdurodon in Wikipedia, as only one of the mentioned sources treat it as such and more recent assessments recover Monotrematum as a basal ornitorhynchid.

unsigned comment
(This information is derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS?; Monotremata, an internet directory. As that's my webpage, there are no issues of copyright.)

plurals
Changed platypi to platypuses. Hope this doesn't offend anybody. While platypi, like octopi, is used by some English speakers, it is regarded by others as incorrect (for an explanation see octopus).

New South Wales??? Huh?
Riversleigh is in Queensland. It is west of Mt Isa, near the border with the Northern Territory.

It is not in the vicinity of New South Wales as this article states.

This needs to be corrected. I haven't done so as there is also a field called "Living Room", and I'm not sure what this is referring to. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Belfry (talk • contribs) 05:44, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Yeah, I noticed that as well. Living room appears to have disappeared. T.carnifex (talk) 04:36, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Habitat
I'm a little unsure about actually assigning a habitat to these animals. In my opinion, there are insufficient sites of that age to show a clear distribution. For instance, Obdurodon dicksoni may have inhabited parts of what is the Northern Territory today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by T.carnifex (talk • contribs) 04:50, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Genus
Either all three are the same genus or they aren't: One of them either has a wrong name or it has been listed in the wrong article. Bob the Wikipedian (talk) 20:24, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Read the text for Monotrematum. Fossil classification is a little loose sometimes. Given the breadth of data inthis article, it might be better to rename it than do anything else. - UtherSRG (talk) 20:48, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds to me like someone needs to redefine Obdurodon in a new species paper to include this species. Bob the Wikipedian (talk) 21:54, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Riversleigh Platypus merge
I just came across this article, Riversleigh Platypus, which is a restatement of the information here under a "common" name that i cant find any references to. I propose the info there be merged to the O. dicksoni section here and that page be mad e a redirect. Thoughts?--Kevmin (talk) 19:17, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Unless the article can be rewritten, or at least moved to its scientific name, I agree we should redirect "Riversleigh Platypus" back here.--Mr Fink (talk) 19:45, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. Community Tech bot (talk) 13:51, 30 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Obdurodon NT.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:21, 17 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Obdurodon dicksoni.JPG

title: Talk:Obdurodon


text:
Wade Belak

Wade William Belak (né Aadland; July 3, 1976 – August 31, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward and defenceman. He was drafted 12th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played for the Colorado Avalanche, Calgary Flames, Toronto Maple Leafs, Florida Panthers, and the Nashville Predators in the National Hockey League (NHL). Belak was best known for his role as an enforcer.

Saskatoon Blades
Belak made his WHL debut with the Saskatoon Blades as a 16-year-old during the 1992–93 season, getting no points in seven games, along with 23 PIM. In seven playoff games, Belak had no points. He made the Blades as a full-time player in 1993–94, scoring four goals and 17 points in 69 games, while recording a team high 226 PIM. In 16 playoff games, Belak had two goals, four points and 43 PIM. After the season, Belak was drafted in the first round, 12th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft.

In 1994–95, Belak appeared in all 72 games, scoring four goals and 18 points, while finished fourth in the league with 290 PIM. In the playoffs, Belak had no points in nine games, while recording 36 PIM. He returned to the Blades for the 1995–96 season, scoring three goals and 18 points in 63 games, while getting a team high 207 PIM. In four playoff games, Belak had no points and nine penalty minutes.

Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche
Belak made his professional debut during the 1994–95 AHL playoffs, when the Quebec Nordiques assigned Belak to the Cornwall Aces. In 11 playoff games, Belak had a goal and three points, while getting 40 PIM. During the 1995 off-season, the Nordiques relocated to Denver, Colorado, and became the Colorado Avalanche. In the 1995–96 season, Belak appeared in five regular season games with the Aces, getting no points, followed by two playoff games, where he also had no points.

Belak spent most of the 1996–97 season with the Hershey Bears, where in 65 games, Belak had a goal and eight points, as well as a team high 320 PIM. In 16 playoff games, Belak had an assist and 61 PIM. He made his NHL debut during the 1996–97 season with the Colorado Avalanche on December 21, 1996, getting no points in a 6–2 loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs. Overall, Belak appeared in five games with Colorado, going pointless with 11 PIM. Belak began the 1997–98 with the Avalanche, and on October 22, 1997, Belak had a goal and assist against Olaf Kolzig of the Washington Capitals to record his first NHL points in a 4–3 win. Belak had an injury plagued season, appearing in eight games with Colorado, getting two points and 27 PIM, while in 11 games with Hershey, Belak had no points and 30 PIM.

He began the 1998–99 in Colorado, and in 22 games with the Avalanche, Belak had no points and 71 PIM. He also appeared in 17 games with Hershey, getting an assist and 49 PIM. On February 28, 1999, the Avalanche traded Belak, Rene Corbet, Robyn Regehr, and the Avalanche's second round draft pick at the 2000 NHL Entry Draft to the Calgary Flames for Theoren Fleury and Chris Dingman.

Calgary Flames
Belak began his Calgary Flames career with the teams AHL affiliate, the Saint John Flames in the 1998–99 season, appearing in 12 games with Saint John, getting two assists and 43 PIM. He made his Calgary debut on March 27, 1999, as Belak had no points in a 2–1 loss to the Phoenix Coyotes. Belak earned his first point as a Flame on April 1, 1999, getting an assist in a 4–1 loss to the Coyotes, that being his only point in nine games with Calgary. At the conclusion of the regular season, Belak was sent back to Saint John for the playoffs, where he had an assist in six games, along with 23 PIM.

Belak spent the entire 1999–2000 season in the NHL, where he appeared in 40 games with Calgary, recording two assists and a team high 122 PIM. He suffered a shoulder injury on February 10, 2000 against the Colorado Avalanche that caused him to miss six weeks of action. He began the 2000–01 season with the Flames, where in 23 games, Belak had no points and 79 PIM. On February 16, 2001, the Toronto Maple Leafs claimed Belak off waivers.

Toronto Maple Leafs
Belak made his Toronto Maple Leafs debut on February 17, 2001, getting no points in a 5–5 tie against the Colorado Avalanche. He scored his first goal and point as a Maple Leaf on February 25, 2001, scoring against Jocelyn Thibault in a 6–4 loss to the Chicago Blackhawks. It was Belak's first goal since October 22, 1997, when he was a member of the Avalanche. He finished the season appearing in 16 games with Toronto, scoring a goal and an assist, as well as 31 PIM.

Belak played in 63 games with Toronto during the 2001–02 season, scoring a goal and four points, while recording 142 PIM, which was second to Tie Domi on the team. Belak made his playoff debut on April 18, 2002, getting no points in a 3–1 win over the New York Islanders. He scored his first playoff goal and point on April 28, 2002, scoring against Chris Osgood in a 5–3 loss to the Islanders. Belak appeared in 16 playoff games for Toronto, getting one goal and 18 PIM. He had his most productive season during 2002–03, as Belak had three goals and nine points in 55 games, as well as a team high 196 PIM. In the playoffs, Belak appeared in two games, getting no points and four penalty minutes.

Belak had an injury plagued 2003–04 season, as he suffered an abdominal injury on November 20, 2003 against the Edmonton Oilers and a knee injury on January 6, 2004 against the Nashville Predators. He appeared in 39 games, getting a goal and two points, along with 110 PIM. In four playoff games, Belak had no points and 14 PIM.

During the 2004-05 NHL lock-out, Belak signed with the Coventry Blaze of the EIHL. In 42 games with the Blaze, Belak had seven goals and 17 points and 178 PIM. In the playoffs, Belak had a goal and two points in eight games. After the season, Belak was named to the EIHL Second All-Star Team. Belak returned to the Maple Leafs for the 2005–06 season, as in 55 games, he had three assists and 109 PIM, second highest on the team. In 2006–07, Belak appeared in 65 games with Toronto, getting three assists and 110 PIM, again finishing with the second highest penalty minute total on the Leafs.

Belak began the 2007–08 with the Maple Leafs, and on December 4, 2007, Belak ended his 143-game scoreless drought, as he scored against Chris Mason of the Predators in a 3–1 Maple Leafs win. He played in 30 games with Toronto, scoring the lone goal, while getting 66 PIM. On February 26, 2008, the Maple Leafs traded Belak to the Florida Panthers for the Panthers fifth round draft pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

Florida Panthers
Belak finished the 2007–08 with the Florida Panthers, playing in 17 games, getting no points and 12 PIM. His first game as a Panther was on February 27, 2008 against his former team, the Toronto Maple Leafs. He began the 2008–09 season with Florida, where in 15 games, he had no points 25 PIM. On November 27, 2008, the Panthers traded Belak to the Nashville Predators for Nick Tarnasky.

Nashville Predators
Belak made his Predators debut during the 2008–09 season, as on November 28, 2008, he suited up against the Atlanta Thrashers, earning no points. He recorded his first point as a Predator on December 4, 2008, getting an assist in a 3–2 win over the Colorado Avalanche. Belak finished the season appearing in 38 games with Nashville, recording two assists, and 54 PIM. In 2009–10, Belak returned to the Predators, getting two assists in 39 games, as well as 58 PIM.

Belak played his last season in the NHL in 2010–11, going pointless in 15 games with the Predators. On February 25, 2011, the Predators placed Belak on waivers, however, he went unclaimed. The club then assigned Belak to the Milwaukee Admirals of the AHL, however, on March 8, 2011, Belak retired, due to arthritis in the pelvis, Belak remained with the Predators in an organizational role.

Personal life
Belak was born in St. Paul's Hospital in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to Lorraine and Lionel Aadland. His mother, Lorraine, married Barry Belak when Wade was four years old and they took his surname. When he was six years old, his family moved to Battleford where he attended St Vital's Catholic School, Battleford Junior High, and North Battleford Comprehensive High School. By age 14, he was aiming to become a certified lifeguard. His younger brother, Graham, played in several lower-tier leagues and was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche, 53rd overall, in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, although he never played in the NHL.

On July 20, 2002, Belak married Jennifer Jordan Russell in Banff, Alberta. The couple had two daughters, both born in Toronto, one in 2004 and the other in 2006.

Death
At approximately 1:33 p.m. on August 31, 2011, Belak was found dead in a condo at the One King Street West hotel in Toronto. Police did not confirm a cause of his death, but Toronto Police treated it as a suicide. He was 35 years old, and had been preparing to take part in the upcoming season of Battle of the Blades. His death was the third in a series of NHL players found dead in a four-month span, following Derek Boogaard and Rick Rypien. His mother stated that he had been suffering from depression. Canadian sports journalist Michael Landsberg reported that he had spoken with Belak one week before his death about their mutual depression, and that Belak admitted having been on "happy pills" for the previous four to five years. Landsberg stated that Belak was agreeable to appearing in a documentary on celebrity depression that Landsberg was working on and going public about his condition.

On September 2, 2011, P. J. Stock suggested that Belak's death might not be suicide. "Let's just call it an accidental death right now. But he did die of strangulation" said Stock. On September 21, 2011, Stock expressed regret for making those comments, explained that he did not have any information about Belak's death that was not public, and said "I just wanted to protect Wade, protect his family and his role in the game." Belak's family members have stated that they believe his death was accidental.

Belak's funeral was held in Nashville, with friends, family, and former teammates in attendance.

Following his death, he was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated head trauma. Other NHL enforcers who died with CTE include Derek Boogaard and Rick Rypien.

title: Wade Belak


text:
User:Andyabides

☝

title: User:Andyabides


text:
Talk:Monotrematum

Source
(This information is derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS?; Monotremata, an internet directory. As that's my webpage, there are no issues of copyright.)

title: Talk:Monotrematum


text:
Francis Egerton, 7th Duke of Sutherland

Francis Ronald Egerton, 7th Duke of Sutherland (born 18 February 1940), known as Francis Ronald Egerton until 2000, is a British peer from the Egerton family.

Family
Sutherland is the son of Cyril Reginald Egerton, the grandson of Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere. His mother was Mary, daughter of Sir Ronald Campbell. Sutherland was educated at Eton and Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester (Gloucestershire).

Career
On 21 July 2000, Sutherland succeeded his first cousin once-removed as 7th Duke of Sutherland and 6th Earl of Ellesmere. Most of Sutherland's wealth is in the form of the art collection put together by the first Duke's uncle, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, which had been inherited by the Ellesmere line of the family. In 2008 he sold Titian's Diana and Actaeon to the National Gallery of Scotland and National Gallery in London for £50 million.

He ranked 107th in the Sunday Times Rich List 2009, with an estimated wealth of £480m in art and land, including Mertoun House and Stetchworth House. In the 2020 edition of the list, his net worth was estimated to be £585 million.

Marriage and issue
Sutherland married Victoria Mary Williams, born in Newbury on 21 June 1946, daughter of Major-General Alexander Williams and wife Sybilla Margaret Archdale, in Winterborne Monkton, Dorset, on 11 May 1974.> They have two sons:
 * James Granville Egerton, Marquess of Stafford
 * Lord Henry Alexander Egerton

title: Francis Egerton, 7th Duke of Sutherland


text:
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University

The David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University is a graduate professional school of Yale University, located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1924 as the Department of Drama in the School of Fine Arts, the school provides training in every discipline of the theatre – acting, design (set design, costume design, lighting design, projection design, and sound design), directing, dramaturgy and dramatic criticism, playwriting, stage management, technical design and production, and theatre management. It was known as the Yale School of Drama until its endowment by David Geffen in 2021.

The school operates in partnership with the Yale Repertory Theatre, also located in New Haven.

History
The school traces its roots to the Yale Dramatic Association, the second-oldest college theatre association in the US, founded in 1900. The "Dramat" produced the American premieres of Albert Camus's Caligula and Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, as well as original works by Cole Porter, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Thornton Wilder written when they were students.

In 1924, Yale benefactor Edward S. Harkness provided funds to the Department of Drama in the School of Fine Arts and for the construction of the University Theatre, later to become the school's primary building. Completed in 1931, it was designed by Clarence H. Blackall and then later renovated by James Gamble Rogers. George Pierce Baker, a teacher of playwriting, was the first chairman of the department.

In 1955, the department was organized as a separate professional school, the first such in the Ivy League. In 1966, under Dean Robert Brustein, the Yale Repertory Theatre was formed to establish further ties between the professional and academic communities. Lloyd Richards, dean and artistic director from 1979 to 1991, increased the theatre's emphasis on new plays, premiering works by Athol Fugard, Lee Blessing, and August Wilson. Richards' successor as dean and artistic director, Stan Wojewodski, Jr., continued to emphasize the production of new plays, including several important works by Suzan-Lori Parks and Theatre de la Jeune Lune. The current dean and artistic director, James Bundy, has produced notable premieres by David Rabe, José Rivera, David Adjmi, and Sarah Ruhl, among others, as well as Radio Golf, the tenth play in August Wilson's 20th century cycle.

Facilities
A variety of locations on the Yale University campus serve the David Geffen School of Drama at Yale. The University Theatre is a proscenium theatre that is shared with the undergraduate dramatic association and also houses the school's main administrative offices. The Yale Repertory Theatre is located in the former building of the Calvary Baptist Church and contains an auditorium and the David Geffen School of Drama at Yale/Yale Repertory Theatre box office. Additional facilities include the Iseman Theater in Holcombe T. Green, Jr. Hall, the School of Drama Annex, and the Robert B. Haas Family Arts Library.

Admissions
Admission to the school has been highly competitive for a long time. The Yale Herald reported that the school received 1,270 applications for the class of 1999 and admitted 68 applicants for an acceptance rate of 5.4%. In 2010, annual applications peaked at 1,520, with strict caps on admission to each of the school's nine programs.

The cost of tuition for the 2020–21 academic year was $32,800. After his appointment in 2002, School Dean James Bundy made improving financial aid for students a priority. The school's financial aid budget grew from $1.4 million to over $6.1 million in 2017, with significant reductions in debt upon graduation. Financial aid is awarded on the basis of financial need, with awards consisting of a combination of work-study employment, an educational loan, a tuition scholarship, and a living stipend. As of 2016, the average student with demonstrated financial need receives aid providing for 82 percent of the total cost of attendance.

In June 2021, Yale announced a $150 million donation from David Geffen that would permanently cover the costs of tuition for all admitted students.

Enrollment
As of fall 2015, there were 194 students enrolled at the School, 18 % of which were international students.

Degrees and certificates
The David Geffen School of Drama at Yale offers a Master of Fine Arts in acting, design, sound design, directing, dramaturgy and dramatic criticism, playwriting, stage management, technical design and production, and theatre management. Students must hold an undergraduate degree and complete their program of study with distinction, which requires three years in residence. The school also offers a Doctor of Fine Arts to students who hold an M.F.A. degree in Dramaturgy and Dramatic Criticism and have written a dissertation approved by the D.F.A. committee.

A Certificate in Drama is available to those students who do not hold an undergraduate degree from an accredited college, but who are admitted and complete the same training as M.F.A. students. A Technical Internship Certificate is available to students who complete a one-year internship program of the Technical Design and Production department.

Rankings
The School has emerged as one of the nation's best theatre conservatories.

Activities
Founded in 1968, the Yale Cabaret is an entirely student-run extracurricular activity that allows students to create productions of their own. It is the only production opportunity at the school that allows students to work outside of their discipline. Patricia Clarkson, Tony Shalhoub, Kate Burton, David Alan Grier, Christopher Durang, and Wendy Wasserstein, among countless others, all performed at the Cabaret."

Faculty
Faculty members are working professionals in their fields and in many cases graduates of the school themselves. As of fall 2015, there are 79 faculty members. James Bundy is the current dean of the school as well as the artistic director of Yale Repertory Theatre.

Acting department faculty include Gregory Wallace, Ron Van Lieu, Erica Fae, Christopher Bayes, Cynthia Santos-DeCure, Tlaloc Rivas, Walton Wilson, and Tamilla Woodard, who also serves as chair of the program.

Directing department faculty include Emily Coates, Yuri Kordonsky, Robert Woodruff, and department chair Liz Diamond. Designers include Jane Greenwood, Jess Goldstein, Wendall K. Harrington, and Jennifer Tipton.

Playwrights include John Guare, Michael Korie, Lisa Kron, Tina Landau, Richard Nelson, Lynn Nottage, Peter Parnell, Adam Rapp, Paula Vogel, and Derek Walcott.

Critics include Allardyce Nicoll. Music consultants include Rusty Magee.

Former faculty includes dancer/choreographer Carmen de Lavallade, set designer Ming Cho Lee, actor Earle Gister and directors Robert Brustein, F. Curtis Canfield, Keith Fowler, and Nikos Psacharopoulos.

Alumni
This is a list of alumni of the David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University and its predecessors. It is not exhaustive of all attendees of the drama school, only of notable persons who can be reliably sourced as students.

Acting

 * Kimberleigh Aarn – Acting (1986); 1988 Tony nominee
 * Yahya Abdul-Mateen II – Acting (2015)
 * David Ackroyd – Acting (1968)
 * Bruce Altman – Acting (1990)
 * Amy Aquino – Acting (1986)
 * Mamoudou Athie – Acting (2014)
 * Jayne Atkinson – Acting (1985)
 * Dylan Baker – Acting (1985)
 * Raymond J. Barry – Acting (1965)
 * Martine Bartlett – Acting (1948)
 * Gary Basaraba – Acting (1982)
 * Angela Bassett – Acting (1983)
 * Ralph Bates – Acting (1965)
 * Chris Bauer – Acting (1992)
 * Alan Baxter – Acting (1932)
 * Richard Bey – Acting (1976)
 * Ato Blankson-Wood – Acting (2015); 2020 Tony nominee
 * Sorrell Booke – Acting
 * Ruth Brinkmann – Acting (1963)
 * Jabari Brisport – Acting (2014)
 * Brennan Brown – Acting (2000)
 * Andrew Burnap – Acting (2016)
 * Kate Burton – Acting (1982)
 * Trai Byers – Acting (2011)
 * Rob Campbell – Acting (1990)
 * Juliana Canfield – Acting (2017)
 * Charise Castro Smith – Acting (2010)
 * Reg E. Cathey – Acting (1981)
 * Esther K. Chae – Acting (1999)
 * James Chen – Acting (2008)
 * Chung King-fai – Acting (1962)
 * Caitlin Clarke – Acting (1978)
 * Patricia Clarkson – Acting (1985)
 * Christian Clemenson – Acting (1984)
 * David Clennon – Acting (1968)
 * Chris Henry Coffey – Acting (1999)
 * Enrico Colantoni – Acting (1993)
 * Forrest Compton – Acting (1953)
 * Suzanne Cryer – Acting (1995)
 * Alma Cuervo – Acting (1976)
 * Seán Cullen – Acting (1990)
 * James Cusati-Moyer – Acting (2015); 2020 Tony nominee
 * Brett Dalton – Acting (2011)
 * Jason Davis – Acting (2004)
 * Stephen DeRosa – Acting (1995)
 * Peter Donat – Acting (1952–1953; left)
 * Jeff Donnell – Acting
 * Polly Draper – Acting (1980)
 * Winston Duke – Acting (2013)
 * Charles S. Dutton – Acting (1983)
 * Jill Eikenberry – Acting (1970)
 * Rick Elice – Acting (1979)
 * Melissa Errico – Acting (left)
 * Christine Estabrook – Acting (1976)
 * Stephanie Faracy – Acting
 * Melanie Field – Acting (2016)
 * Bridget Flanery – Acting (2002)
 * Patrick Foley – Acting (2018); 2021 Pulitzer finalist
 * Joseph Fuqua – Acting (1990)
 * Willie Garson – Acting
 * Malcolm Gets – Acting (1992)
 * Marcus Giamatti – Acting (1987)
 * Paul Giamatti – Acting (1994)
 * Susan Gibney – Acting
 * Robert Ginty – Acting (1972; left)
 * Jay Goede – Acting (1991)
 * Eve Gordon – Acting (1981)
 * David Marshall Grant – Acting (1978)
 * Karron Graves – Acting (2003)
 * David Alan Grier – Acting (1981)
 * Joe Grifasi – Acting (1975)
 * Michael Gross – Acting (1973)
 * Kathryn Hahn – Acting (2001)
 * Julie Harris – Acting (1944–1945)
 * Donald Patrick Harvey – Acting (1985)
 * Marcus Henderson – Acting (2011)
 * Brian Tyree Henry – Acting (2007)
 * Ken Howard – Acting (left 1969)
 * Ernie Hudson – Acting (1975–1976; left)
 * Matthew Humphreys – Acting (2003)
 * Moses Ingram – Acting (2019)
 * Louisa Jacobson – Acting (2019)
 * Jane Kaczmarek – Acting (1982)
 * James Keach – Acting (1970)
 * Stacy Keach – Acting (1966; left)
 * Warren Keith – Acting
 * Mike Kellin – Acting
 * Patrick Kerr – Acting (1987)
 * Aja Naomi King – Acting (2010)
 * Robert Klein – Acting (1965; left)
 * Dudley Knight – Acting (1965)
 * Chalia La Tour – Acting (2016); 2020 Tony nominee
 * Sanaa Lathan – Acting (1995)
 * Sabrina Le Beauf – Acting (1984)
 * C. S. Lee – Acting (1998)
 * Sydney Lemmon – Acting (2017)
 * Charles Levin – Acting (1974)
 * Mitchell Lichtenstein – Acting (1981)
 * Jennifer Lim – Acting (2004)
 * Mark Linn-Baker – Acting (1979)
 * John Bedford Lloyd – Acting (1982)
 * Jim MacLaren – Acting (1989)
 * Peter Macon – Acting (2003)
 * Jonathan Majors – Acting (2016)
 * Delbert Mann – Acting (1973)
 * Mary Mara – Acting (1989)
 * Mozhan Marnò – Acting (2005)
 * Richard Masur – Acting
 * Heather Mazur – Acting (2003)
 * Tom McCarthy – Acting (1995)
 * Tom McGowan – Acting (1988)
 * Frances McDormand – Acting (1982)
 * Peter McRobbie – Acting (1966)
 * Anne Meacham – Acting (1947)
 * Fred Melamed – Acting (1981)
 * William Mesnik – Acting
 * Philip Moon – Acting (1987)
 * James Naughton – Acting (1970)
 * Marissa Neitling – Acting (2013)
 * Obi Ndefo – Acting (1997)
 * Paul Newman – Acting (1951–1952)
 * Kristine Nielsen – Acting (1980)
 * Tom Noonan – Acting (1973)
 * Elizabeth Norment – Acting (1979)
 * Chris Noth – Acting (1985)
 * Carrie Nye – Acting
 * Lupita Nyong'o – Acting (2012)
 * Barbara O'Neil – Acting (1931)
 * Dick Orkin – Acting (1958)
 * Maulik Pancholy – Acting (2003)
 * Evan Parke – Acting (1997)
 * Geoff Pierson – Acting (1980)
 * Bryce Pinkham – Acting (2008)
 * Joel Polis – Acting (1976)
 * Michael Potts – Acting (1992)
 * Addison Powell – Acting (1948)
 * Sarah Rafferty – Acting (1996)
 * Da'Vine Joy Randolph – Acting (2011)
 * Lance Reddick – Acting (1994)
 * Adam Richman – Acting (2003)
 * Tijuana Ricks – Acting (2004)
 * Laila Robins – Acting (1984)
 * Michael Rogers – Acting (1985)
 * Reg Rogers – Acting (1993)
 * Alan Rosenberg – Acting (1974)
 * John Rothman – Acting (1975)
 * Adam Saunders – Acting (2005)
 * Liev Schreiber – Acting (1992)
 * Kimberly Scott – Acting (1987)
 * Louise Shaffer – Acting (1965)
 * Tony Shalhoub – Acting (1980)
 * Talia Shire – Acting (1969; left)
 * Roger Guenveur Smith – Acting (1983)
 * Sarah Sokolovic – Acting (2011)
 * Meryl Streep – Acting (1975)
 * Robin Strasser – Acting (1965)
 * John Turturro – Acting (1983)
 * Joan Van Ark – Acting (1964; left)
 * Courtney B. Vance – Acting (1986)
 * Gary Waldhorn – Acting (1967)
 * Sigourney Weaver – Acting (1974)
 * Michael Whaley – Acting (1977)
 * Peter White – Acting (1962)
 * Isuri Wijesundara – Acting (2023)
 * Henry Winkler – Acting (1970)
 * Bess Wohl – Acting (2002)
 * D. B. Woodside – Acting (1996)
 * Jeff Yagher – Acting (1984; left)

Design

 * Christopher Akerlind – Lighting Design (1989)
 * Dede Ayite – Costume Design (2011); 2020 Tony nominee
 * John Lee Beatty – Scenic Design (1973)
 * Robert Blackman – Costume Design (1970)
 * Montana Levi Blanco – Costume Design (2015)
 * Mel Bourne – Scenic Design (1948; left)
 * Herbert Brodkin – Scenic Design (1940)
 * Tom Broecker – Costume Design (1992)
 * Jiyoun Chang – Lighting Design (2008); 2020 and 2022 Tony nominee
 * Pat Collins – Lighting Design (1958)
 * John Conklin – Scenic Design (1966)
 * Jean Eckart – Scenic Design
 * William Eckart – Scenic Design
 * Heidi Ettinger – Scenic Design (1976)
 * John Ezell – Scenic Design (1960)
 * Ed Flesh – Scenic Design (1956)
 * Paul Gallo – Lighting Design (1977)
 * Jess Goldstein – Costume Design (1978)
 * Palmer Hefferan – Sound Design (2013); 2022 Tony nominee
 * Gilbert Vaughn Hemsley Jr. – Lighting Design (1960)
 * Riccardo Hernández – Scenic Design (1992); 2020 Tony nominee
 * Susan Hilferty – Costume Design (1980)
 * Donald Holder – Lighting Design (1986)
 * Nicholas Hussong – Scenic Design (2012); 2022 Tony nominee
 * Suzanne Jackson – Scenic Design (1990)
 * Peter Larkin – Scenic Design (1947)
 * Tambi Larsen – Scenic Design (1935)
 * Eugene Lee – Scenic Design (1986)
 * Adrianne Lobel – Scenic Design (1979)
 * William Ivey Long – Scenic Design (1975)
 * Santo Loquasto – Scenic Design (1972)
 * Derek McLane – Scenic Design (1984)
 * Skip Mercier – Scenic Design (1983)
 * Jennifer Moeller – Costume Design (2012); 2022 Tony nominee
 * Tharon Musser – Lighting Design (1950)
 * Scott Pask – Scenic Design (1997)
 * Fitz Patton – Sound Design (2001); 2019 Tony winner and 2020 Tony nominee
 * Emily Rebholz – Costume Design (2006); 2020 Tony nominee
 * Adam Rigg – Scenic Design (2014); 2022 Tony nominee
 * Constanza Romero – Costume Design (1988)
 * Jean Rosenthal – Lighting Design (1934)
 * Todd Rosenthal – Scenic Design (1993)
 * Adam Stockhausen – Scenic Design (1999)
 * Robert Wierzel – Lighting Design (1984)
 * Michael Yates – Scenic Design (1941)
 * Michael Yeargan – Scenic Design (1973)
 * Yi Zhao – Lighting Design (2012); 2022 Tony nominee
 * Donna Zakowska – Costume Design (1983)
 * Catherine Zuber – Costume Design (1984)

Directing

 * May Adrales – Directing (2006)
 * A. J. Antoon – Directing (left)
 * John Badham – Directing (1963)
 * Melvin Bernhardt – Directing (1955)
 * Lileana Blain-Cruz – Directing (2012)
 * Ralf D. Bode – Directing
 * Sandra Boynton – Directing (1979; left)
 * Mark Brokaw – Directing (1986)
 * Arvin Brown – Directing (1967)
 * James Bundy – Directing (1995)
 * James Burrows – Directing (1965)
 * Lawrence Carra – Directing (1935)
 * Robert Cohen – Directing (DFA 1965)
 * Edward Cornell – Directing (1968)
 * Jan Eliasberg – Directing (1981)
 * James W. Flannery – Directing (1961)
 * Shannon Flynn – Directing (2002)
 * Keith Fowler – Directing (DFA 1969)
 * Jonathan Frid – Directing (1957)
 * Dennie Gordon – Directing (1977)
 * Ulu Grosbard – Directing (1952–1953)
 * Jon Jory – Directing (1963–1965)
 * Robert Kalfin – Directing (1957)
 * Asaad Kelada – Directing (1964)
 * Romulus Linney – Directing (1958)
 * Richard Maltby Jr. – Directing (1962)
 * Lynne Meadow – Directing (1971)
 * Tom Moore – Directing (1968)
 * George Morrison – Directing (1953)
 * Jonathan Moscone – Directing (1993)
 * Francine Parker – Directing (1959)
 * Nikos Psacharopoulos – Directing (1954)
 * Steven Robman – Directing (1973)
 * Boris Sagal – Directing
 * Anna D. Shapiro – Directing (1993)
 * John Shea – Directing (1973)
 * Rebecca Taichman – Directing (2000)
 * Steve Zuckerman – Directing (1974)

Dramaturgy and dramatic criticism (formerly dramatic literature)

 * Allan Albert – Dramatic Literature/Criticism (left 1969)
 * Michael Breslin – Dramaturgy/Criticism (MFA 2019, DFA candidate); 2021 Pulitzer finalist
 * Robert Brustein – Dramatic Literature/Criticism (1948–1949)
 * Ernest Ferlita – Dramatic Literature/Criticism (DFA 1969)
 * Rocco Landesman – Dramatic Literature/Criticism (MFA 1972, DFA 1976)
 * Michael Lassell – Dramatic Literature/Criticism (1976)
 * James Magruder – Dramaturgy/Criticism (MFA 1988, DFA 1992)
 * Charles McNulty – Dramaturgy/Criticism (MFA 1993, DFA 1995)
 * Madeline Miller – Dramaturgy/Criticism (2009–2010)
 * Philomena Muinzer – Dramaturgy/Criticism (1980)
 * Kate O'Toole – Dramaturgy/Criticism (1985)
 * Andrew Paulson – Dramaturgy/Criticism (1981–1982)
 * Nahma Sandrow – Dramatic Literature/Criticism (DFA 1970)

Playwriting

 * Liz Duffy Adams – Playwriting (1997)
 * Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa – Playwriting (2003)
 * Christina Anderson – Playwriting (2011)
 * Lewis Black – Playwriting (1977)
 * Brother Blue – Playwriting (1953)
 * E. Roger Boyle – Playwriting (left)
 * Janet Burroway – Playwriting (1963)
 * Vincent J. Cardinal – Playwriting (1990)
 * Fred Coe – Playwriting (1940)
 * Bill Corbett – Playwriting (1989)
 * Owen Dodson – Playwriting (1939)
 * Christopher Durang – Playwriting (1974)
 * Erik Ehn – Playwriting (1983)
 * Femi Euba – Playwriting (1973)
 * Charles Evered – Playwriting (1991)
 * Michael Feingold – Playwriting (1972)
 * Richard Foreman – Playwriting (1962)
 * Kimon Friar – Playwriting (1932)
 * Marcus Gardley – Playwriting (2004)
 * Stephen Geller – Playwriting (1964)
 * Melissa James Gibson – Playwriting (1995)
 * Frank D. Gilroy – Playwriting (1953; left)
 * Richard Greenberg – Playwriting (1985)
 * John Guare – Playwriting (1963)
 * A. R. Gurney – Playwriting (1958)
 * Jeremy O. Harris – Playwriting (2019)
 * Allan Havis – Playwriting (1980)
 * Amy Herzog – Playwriting (2007)
 * M. Carl Holman – Playwriting (1954)
 * Slade Hopkinson – Playwriting (1966)
 * David Henry Hwang – Playwriting (1983; left)
 * Albert Innaurato – Playwriting (1974)
 * David Ives – Playwriting (1984)
 * Talbot Jennings – Playwriting (1931)
 * Rolin Jones – Playwriting (2004)
 * Hansol Jung – Playwriting (2014)
 * Lee Kalcheim – Playwriting
 * Sam Kelley – Playwriting (1990)
 * Frederick R. Koch – Playwriting (1961)
 * Harry Kondoleon – Playwriting (1981)
 * Kenneth Lin – Playwriting (2005)
 * Wendy MacLeod – Playwriting (1987)
 * David Madden – Playwriting (1960)
 * Martyna Majok – Playwriting (2012)
 * Albert Maltz – Playwriting (1932)
 * William Marchant – Playwriting
 * Grace McKeaney – Playwriting
 * Tarell Alvin McCraney – Playwriting (2007)
 * David J. McDonald Jr. – Playwriting (1964)
 * JP Miller – Playwriting (1954)
 * Meg Miroshnik – Playwriting (2011)
 * Michael Mitnick – Playwrighting (2010)
 * Tad Mosel – Playwriting (1950)
 * Brighde Mullins – Playwriting (1987)
 * Lynn Nottage – Playwriting (1989)
 * OyamO – Playwriting (1981)
 * David Rayfiel – Playwriting (1950)
 * Keith Reddin – Playwriting (1981)
 * Ola Rotimi – Playwriting (1966)
 * Joanna Russ – Playwriting (1960)
 * Robert Sandberg – Playwriting (1977)
 * David Shaber – Playwriting (1954)
 * Betty Shamieh – Playwriting (2009)
 * Susan H. Schulman – Playwriting (1967)
 * Michael Shurtleff – Playwriting (1952)
 * Roger L. Simon – Playwriting (1968)
 * William Snyder – Playwriting (1955)
 * Ron Sproat – Playwriting (1958)
 * Leslie Stevens – Playwriting
 * Michael Stewart – Playwriting (1953)
 * Milan Stitt – Playwriting (1963)
 * Jon Stone – Playwriting (1955)
 * Peter Stone – Playwriting (1953)
 * Ted Tally – Playwriting (1977)
 * Sarah Treem – Playwriting (2005)
 * Rodolfo Usigli – Playwriting (1936)
 * Donald Vining – Playwriting (1941)
 * Wendy Wasserstein – Playwriting (1976)
 * Ron Whyte – Playwriting (1967)
 * Asiedu Yirenkyi – Playwriting (1971)
 * Alexander Woo – Playwriting (1997)

Stage management

 * James F. Ingalls – Stage Management (1976)
 * Thomas R. Bruce – Stage Management (1979)

Technical design and production

 * Michael P. Price – Technical Production (1963)

Theatre management

 * Charles Dillingham – Theatre Management (1968)
 * Anne Hamburger – Theatre Management (1986)
 * Jenn Lindsay – Theatre Management (2004–2005; left)
 * Leslie Urdang – Theatre Management (1981)
 * Stephanie Ybarra – Theatre Management (2008)

Other

 * Carmen Capalbo (1948)
 * Michael David (1968)
 * Richard Fleischer – Drama (1942)
 * Ernest K. Gann – Drama (1930–1931; left)
 * Elia Kazan – Drama (1933; left)
 * Barnet Kellman (1972)
 * Gertrude Prokosch Kurath – Drama (1930)
 * Andrew Nelson Lytle – Drama (1929)
 * H. C. Potter – Drama (1926)
 * Burt Shevelove – Drama (1940)
 * Janice Torre – Songwriting (1936)
 * Max Wilk – Drama (1941)


text:
Éric Bélanger

Éric Bélanger (born December 16, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played the majority of his professional career as a centre in the National Hockey League (NHL), representing the Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, Atlanta Thrashers, Minnesota Wild, Washington Capitals, Phoenix Coyotes and Edmonton Oilers. He was originally drafted in the fourth round, 96th overall, in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by Los Angeles.

In 2021, Bélanger was named the first head coach the Trois-Rivières Lions, an expansion team in the ECHL affiliated with the Montreal Canadiens.

Playing career
As a youth, Bélanger played in the 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Orford, Quebec.

On March 3, 2010, the NHL trade deadline, Bélanger was traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. In Game 5 of the Capitals' 2010 playoff series against the Montreal Canadiens, Bélanger took a high stick to the mouth from Canadiens defenceman Marc-André Bergeron, which resulted in Bélanger losing nine teeth. Moments after the hit, the game telecast showed Bélanger on the bench removing a loose tooth from his mouth, using just his fingers and a piece of gauze.

Bélanger signed a three-year, $5.25 million contract with the Edmonton Oilers on July 1, 2011. In his first season in Edmonton, however, he set offensive career-lows, scoring just four goals and 12 assists, the lowest totals in both categories in his NHL career.

During the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season, Bélanger suffered a second successive disappointing year going without a goal in 26 games for the Oilers. On July 4, 2013, he was placed on unconditional waivers for a compliance buyout from the final year of his contract with the Oilers.

On July 15, 2013, Bélanger left the NHL and signed a one-year contract abroad in Russia with Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played in just seven games with Avtomobilist in the 2013–14 season, before opting to return to North America and retire from professional hockey on September 25, 2013.

Personal life
Bélanger and Alexandra Morin have two daughters: Oceanne and Lola Pearl.

title: Éric Bélanger


text:
Masahiko Kobe

Masahiko Kobe (神戸 勝彦) was a celebrity chef specializing in Italian cuisine, most notable as the "Iron Chef Italian" on the television series Iron Chef, where he appeared wearing a chef's uniform decorated like the Italian Flag (green, white and red) and holding a tomato (in some episodes, an apple).

Biography
According to the Iron Chef storylines, Kobe was slated to be an Iron Chef in 1993, but was considered too young and immature. To fix this issue, he moved to Italy for about 4 years to train, becoming the fourth Iron Chef upon his arrival home. In reality, Kobe had little to do with the show before he moved to Italy (although he was aware of the show's existence), and was asked to be on Iron Chef near the end of the four years.

Originally believing that he would be a challenger, Kobe found out that he was to be an Iron Chef mere days before his departure from Italy. Because of his quick turnaround from culinary apprentice to Iron Chef, Kobe is often considered to be a "junior Iron Chef", having little experience compared to the other Iron Chefs.

Kobe, unlike his three fellow chefs, typically rises alone in Kitchen Stadium, many times accompanied by a group of violins playing 'Stoning' by Sahashi Toshihiko. It was also to be noted that challenging chefs who were to face Kobe always had the fact explicitly mentioned during the challenger's bio, something that was rarely done with the other three Iron Chefs.

Kobe, known as the "Prince of Pasta", is the only Iron Chef to have lost his opening battle–with pasta as its theme. Out of concern for his apparent time mismanagement during the battle, subsequent battles he ran to the theme ingredient stand in the opening seconds (compared to his opponents who simply walked) in order for him to gain precious seconds that could be used for cooking. His tenure as an Iron Chef saw him battling in 24 battles, with a 16–7–1 record. He is also the only Iron Chef to lose a dessert battle, though he is one of three Iron Chefs to have never lost consecutive battles, nor did he lose against an Italian chef after his opening loss, going 7–0.

After Iron Chef, Kobe opened his own restaurant, the Ristorante Massa, in the Ebisu district of Tokyo. In the post-series New York Battle special in 2000, he assisted Iron Chef French Hiroyuki Sakai in delivering a lecture on preparing salmon to students at the Culinary Institute of America.

He died on March 14, 2019, aged 49, from injuries sustained in a fall at one of his restaurants.

title: Masahiko Kobe


text:
Talk:Sleep apnea

Additional Edit to Treatment (CPAP)
There is a recent meta-analysis that provides more evidence backing up the CPAP treatment: "It has been found through meta-analysis that continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) significantly improves patient's with obstructive sleep apnea measure of sleepiness. CPAP seems to benefit patients with more severe sleep apnea the most." (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Treating gess in a Diverse Population With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Results of a Meta-analysis) Mktayloe (talk) 04:00, 29 November 2015

More modern pictures
I replaced the picture of the ancient CPAP device with one of a newer model. It would be nice if we could get some more up to date pictures of CPAP masks as well. Maybe with a bit of diversity in patients: overweight while males are not the only ones with sleep apnea. Nimlhûg (talk) 16:49, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Management
Added direct links to the other Wikipedia page about hypoglossal nerve stimulator. Prophylax (talk) 20:31, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Should there be discussion of the latest technology advancements to treating OSA? Prophylax (talk) 20:32, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sleep apnea


text:
Víctor Zambrano

Víctor Manuel Zambrano (born August 6, 1975) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or parts of seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2001 to 2007.

Professional career
Zambrano had a good repertoire and an aggressive pitching approach, using his 92–95 mph sinking fastball, a changeup, and occasionally a quality slider. He was a converted infielder who fielded his position well and did a decent job holding on runners. However, his effectiveness was hampered by a lack of control.

Minor leagues
Zambrano was originally signed as a free agent by the New York Yankees in 1993. He started his professional career in 1994 with the GCL Yankees, but was released by the team prior to the 1996 season. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, then spent the next several seasons working his way up through their minor league organization before making his major league debut in 2001.

Major league career (2001–2007)
In 2003, he led the American League in walks, wild pitches, and hit batsmen, and in walks again in 2004, despite being traded to the National League at midseason. The New York Mets acquired him, along with reliever Bartolomé Fortunato, in a highly criticized deal for top-ranked pitching prospect Scott Kazmir and minor league pitcher Joselo Diaz.

On May 6, 2006, Zambrano suffered a torn flexor tendon in his pitching elbow, disabling him for the rest of the 2006 season. Doctors unexpectedly found a torn elbow ligament during surgery on May 15, resulting in the second Tommy John elbow surgery of his career. Zambrano was expected to be sidelined well into the 2007 season, and he was non-tendered by the Mets, and became a free agent in December 2006.

On January 30, 2007, Zambrano signed a minor league contract, with an invitation to Major League spring training with the Toronto Blue Jays. He appeared in only eight games (two of them starts), before he was released on July 9. After signing a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates, his contract was purchased by the Baltimore Orioles on September 9, 2007. For the rest of the 2007 season, he appeared in 5 games for the Orioles, made 2 starts, and was 0–1 with a 9.49 ERA. Following the 2007 season, he was released by the Orioles on October 1.

Back to the minor leagues
On February 5, 2008, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Colorado Rockies. On June 7, 2008, the Rockies released him. He signed with the New York Yankees on July 31, 2008 and became a free agent at the end of the season.

Taiwan
Zambrano began the 2009 season in the Mexican League with the Sultanes de Monterrey. After appearing in 16 games with the Sultanes, he signed La New Bears of Taiwan's Chinese Professional Baseball League in August. He made his debut on September 1, pitching six innings with two earned runs. He lost to the Uni Lions' Nerio Rodríguez 9 to 5.

Mexican League
After the 2009 season ended and no team had picked Zambrano up, he decided to retire from baseball. He briefly attempted a comeback in the Mexican League in 2010 with the Dorados de Chihuahua, but was let go after appearing in eight games with an ERA of 7.02. He has not pitched professionally since.

Personal life
Victor has often mistakenly been thought to be related to former Chicago Cubs and Miami Marlins pitcher Carlos Zambrano. Both Carlos and Víctor Zambrano are Venezuelan. Although they lived just an hour away from each other as children, they never knew each other.

In October 2009, his mother was kidnapped. She was rescued three days later by members of the Venezuelan national police. Three suspects were arrested. A fourth is still at large.

title: Víctor Zambrano