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Pilsner Urquell

Pilsner Urquell (Plzeňský prazdroj ) is a lager beer brewed by the Pilsner Urquell Brewery in Plzeň (German name: Pilsen), Czech Republic. Pilsner Urquell was the world's first pale lager, and its popularity meant it was much copied, and named pils, pilsner or pilsener. It is hopped with Saaz hops, a noble hop variety that is a key element in its flavour profile, as is the use of soft water. It is available in 330 ml, 355 ml and 500 ml aluminium cans and green or brown bottles.

Almost all draught Pilsner Urquell is sold filtered, but small quantities are available in limited amounts unfiltered. The majority of the beer is sold in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and South Korea, it is also sold in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Sweden, Hungary and Austria. In recent years, the unpasteurized "tank" version of the beer has become increasingly available.

The brewery was part of the SABMiller group of companies from 1999 to 2017. As part of agreements with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller in 2016, Pilsner Urquell was sold to Japan-based Asahi Breweries in 2017.

History
Pilsner Urquell was the first pale lager, and the name pilsner is often used by its copies. It is characterised by its golden colour and clarity, and was immensely successful: nine out of ten beers produced and consumed in the world are pale lagers based on Pilsner Urquell. The German name, which means 'original source', was adopted as a trademark in 1898.

By 1839, most beer in Bohemia was dark and top fermented. Nonetheless, bottom-fermented lagers were gaining popularity. The people of Plzeň preferred imported cheaper bottom-fermented beers to local top fermented ales. The burghers of Plzeň invested in a new, state-of-the art brewery, the Měšťanský pivovar (Burghers' Brewery), and hired Josef Groll, a Bavarian brewer, to brew a bottom-fermented beer. On 5 October 1842, Groll had a new mash ready and on 11 November 1842, the new beer was first served at the feast of St. Martin markets.

The brewery registered Pilsner Bier B. B. name in 1859. In 1898, they also registered names Original Pilsner Bier 1842, Plzeňský pramen, Prapramen, Měšťanské Plzeňské, Plzeňský pravý zdroj and finally Pilsner Urquell and Plzeňský Prazdroj, which are in use today.

Pilsner Urquell is today brewed solely in the Pilsen brewery. It was brewed between 2002 and 2011 in Tychy, Poland and between 2004 and 2017 in Kaluga, Russia.

title: Pilsner Urquell


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Sheik Yerbouti

Sheik Yerbouti is a double album  by American musician Frank Zappa, released in March 1979 as the first release on Zappa Records, distributed by Phonogram Inc. in the United States and Canada. The album was released in other countries by CBS Records. It is mostly made up of live material recorded in 1977 and 1978, with extensive overdubs added in the studio. In an October 1978 interview, Zappa gave the working album title as Martian Love Secrets. It was later released on a single CD.

Sheik Yerbouti is Zappa's biggest selling album with over 2 million units sold worldwide.

Inspiration
Zappa appears on the cover in character in Arab headdress. The title is a play on words and is pronounced like the 1976 disco hit "Shake Your Booty" by KC and the Sunshine Band.

The album has some of Zappa's most satirical and controversial lyrics. "Bobby Brown" was banned from US airplay due to its sexually explicit lyrics. "I Have Been in You" pokes fun at Peter Frampton's 1977 hit "I'm in You" while emphasizing an explicit meaning. "Dancin' Fool", a Grammy nominee, became a popular disco hit despite its obvious parodical reflection of disco music. "Flakes", about lazy union workers in California, includes a parody of Bob Dylan. "Jewish Princess", a humorous look at Jewish stereotyping, attracted attention from the Anti-Defamation League, to which Zappa denied an apology, arguing: "Unlike the unicorn, such creatures do exist—and deserve to be 'commemorated' with their own special opus".

"Rat Tomago" was edited from a live performance of "The Torture Never Stops", which originally appeared on Zoot Allures (1976); likewise, "The Sheik Yerbouti Tango" is taken from a live version of "Little House I Used to Live in", originally recorded for Burnt Weeny Sandwich in 1970.

Some of the songs also appeared in Baby Snakes, Zappa's 1979 concert film. A clip of "City of Tiny Lites" with clay animation by Bruce Bickford was shown on the Old Grey Whistle Test.

Writing and recording
Some songs, such as "Rat Tomago", are linked by brief pieces of musique concrète, and studio dialog from Zappa band members, Terry Bozzio and Patrick O'Hearn. In making "Rubber Shirt", Zappa combined a track of Terry playing drums in one musical setting with one of Patrick playing the bass in another. The original performances differed in time signature and in tempo. Zappa described this technique as xenochrony.

The album was engineered by Joe Chiccarelli. He later explained: "[Zappa's] engineer couldn’t make the session and so he decided to take a chance on me. I’m so thankful ever since that day because he gave me a career."

Critical reception
Initially, the album was met with mixed reviews, due to the lyrical content. Despite this, the album remains a cult favorite among Zappa fans to this day. The song "Bobby Brown" was extremely popular in Scandinavia. Zappa was reportedly so astounded by its success that he wanted CBS to hire an anthropologist to study why the song became such a big hit.

Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "If this be social 'satire,' how come its sole targets are ordinary citizens whose weirdnesses happen to diverge from those of the retentive gent at the control board? Or are we to read his new fixation on buggery as an indication of approval? Makes you wonder whether his primo guitar solo on 'Yo' Mama' and those as-unique-as-they-used-to-be rhythms and textures are as arid spiritually as he is. As if there were any question after all these years."

Track listing
All songs composed, written and arranged by Frank Zappa except where noted. Dates & venues infos from Information Is Not Knowledge

Musicians

 * Frank Zappa – lead guitar, lead (1-3, 9, 12, 15–18) and backing vocals, arranger, composer, producer, remixing
 * Davey Moire – lead (6, 8) and backing vocals, engineer
 * Napoleon Murphy Brock – lead (17) and backing vocals
 * Andre Lewis – backing vocals
 * Randy Thornton – lead (17) and backing vocals
 * Adrian Belew – rhythm guitar, lead (5, 14) and backing vocals, Bob Dylan impersonation (2)
 * Tommy Mars – keyboards, backing and lead (17) vocals
 * Peter Wolf – keyboards, butter, Flora margarine
 * Patrick O'Hearn – bass, lead (3, 6, 8) and backing vocals
 * Terry Bozzio – drums, lead (3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 17) and backing vocals
 * Ed Mann – percussion, backing vocals
 * David Ocker – clarinet (17)

Production staff

 * Joe Chiccarelli – remixing, overdub engineer
 * Lynn Goldsmith – photography, cover photo
 * Peter Henderson – engineer
 * Jon Walls – engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering engineer
 * Kerry McNabb – engineer
 * John Williams – art direction
 * Gail Zappa – photography
 * Amy Bernstein – artwork, layout design
 * Barbara Isaak – assistant
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering (original LP), remastering (2012 CD and 2015 LP reissue)
 * Bob Stone – digital remastering (1989, used on 1990 and 1995 CDs)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sheik Yerbouti


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Talk:Sheik Yerbouti

Overdubs
I'm not sure how to go about re-writing some of the language in the article, but while nearly all of the basic tracks for the album were recorded live ("I'm So Cute" was even recorded during a soundcheck and not during an actual concert), the album contains quite a few overdubs on nearly every track (most notably the insane amount of Syndrum stuff on a lot of the songs, but also a lot of vocals and some guitar). It's probably Zappa's most heavily doctored "live album" and I think this should be reflected in the article. Manufactured to Comply 13:35, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

The last paragraph of the main article is the problem. It closes with the statement "aside from some overdubs, these are the only exceptions." Clearly, there were lots of overdubs. While the kernels of most of the compositions may be live, he wrapped enough techno-spiffiness around each of them for the whole enchilada to be considered a studio album. Frunobulax (talk) 16:21, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a live album. All but one of the songs, and the Lather dialogue, represent live performances, though in a distorted fashion because of the overdubs. WTF (talk) 22:33, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Peter Wolf
It should be noted that the Peter Wolf in Zappa's band is not the one of J. Geils fame. 72.79.207.149 23:28, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

1995 release date erroneous
It was released on March 3, 1979 (see 1979 in music) and re-issued on compact disc on May 9, 1995 (see 1995 in music). Not so. I owned a Sheik Yerbouti CD in 1990 bought from Columbia House. -Rolypolyman (talk) 09:27, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

More Independent Articles
Bobby Brown (Goes Down) is the only Zappa song on this album with an article and I suggest that "Flakes" and "Dancing Fool" both deserve their own articles are well, for you know Zappa's important songs need to be more thoroughly represented.

I made Dancin' Fool, but I decided against Flakes. --Mrmoustache14 (talk) 20:20, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Possibly an Improper Redirect?
There is percievably an improper redirect from The Guess Who discography article, from the album Dancin' Fool to this article. I am unaware if there actually is another article by another title about the album referenced in The Guess Who discography Article. I am also unaware if "this" article here is referencing "The Guess Who" album. If there is another article by another title the redirect should go there. If there is not, could someone please eliminate the redirect. If this redirect-link is accurate could someone please clarify this within the lead text of "this" article.

Thank you. - Wolfpeaceful I'm Bisexually biased... get over it! 14:56, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Tracklist
The way the track list looks on the page looks messy and unappealing, can someone fix that? --Mrmoustache14 (talk) 01:31, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Double play on words
As well as the KC and Sunshine Band song ( which had nothing to do with arabs ),  this title may be a double play on words,   referring to a very prominent Arab politician in the mid-70's  Ahmed Zaki Yamani, who was invariably called "Sheikh Yamani" in the western media,    and sometimes satirised as "Shake yer money".Lathamibird (talk) 10:48, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Sheik Yerbouti. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/frankzappa/albums/album/105939/review/5946006/sheik_yerbouti

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:09, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

Thanks to everyone who's worked on this --
--for the careful musicology and good writing that characterizes thia article, and the 3 or 4 other Zappa-related music articles I just read. Such as Bobby Brown (song).

"Sheik Yerbouti", indeed. Bravo, fellow editors! RIP, Frank Zappa. You are missed. Cheers, Pete Tillman (talk) 19:08, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheik Yerbouti


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Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge

St Mary the Great is a Church of England parish and university church at the north end of King's Parade in central Cambridge, England. It is known locally as Great St Mary's or simply GSM to distinguish it from "Little St Mary's". It is one of the Greater Churches. It is designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building.

In addition to being a parish church in the Diocese of Ely, it is the university church for the University of Cambridge. As such it has a role in the university's legislation. For example, university officers must live within 20 miles of Great St Mary's and undergraduates within three. The church also hosts the "University Sermons" and houses the University Organ and the University Clock. The latter chimes the "Cambridge Quarters" which were later used by the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament ("Big Ben").

History
The first mention of the church is a record of King John presenting Thomas de Chimeleye to the rectory in 1205. The foundations of the church may date to 1010, but the church was mostly destroyed by fire 9 July 1290 and then rebuilt. At the time, this fire was attributed to the Jewish population of the city, with the result that the synagogue was closed. Prior to 1352, it was known as The Church of St Mary the Virgin, but since that year has become known by its modern name. During its early years, the patronage of the church (that is, the right to name the incumbent) belonged to the crown, but on 15 July 1342, the patronage was passed to King's Hall. When King's Hall was subsumed by Henry VIII into Trinity College the patronage of the University Church also passed to Trinity, where it has rested since.

The orders for the consecration of the new church were sent out on 17 May 1346, but were not enacted until 15 March 1351.

During the Peasants' Revolt and associated sacking of the university by townspeople in 1381, the church was entered and bulls, charters and title deeds of the university were destroyed.

In the Middle Ages it became an official gathering place for meetings and debates for Cambridge University, but this ceased in 1730 when the University's Senate House was built across the street.

The present building was constructed between 1478 and 1519, with the tower finished later, in 1608. The cost of construction was covered largely by Richard III and Henry VII.

The church was restored by James Essex in 1766. In 1850–51 a restoration was carried out by George Gilbert Scott, followed by further work by Anthony Salvin in 1857. The south porch was rebuilt in 1888. There has been some more restoration work during the 20th century.

Various leading philosophers of the English Reformation preached there, notably Erasmus. Martin Bucer, who influenced Thomas Cranmer's writing of the Book of Common Prayer, was buried there. Under Queen Mary I, Bucer's corpse was burnt in the marketplace, but under Elizabeth I, the dust from the place of burning was replaced in the church and now lie under a brass floor plate in the south chancel.

Present day
Great St Mary's stands in the Liberal Catholic tradition of the Church of England. It is a member of Inclusive Church.

Bells
Originally, bells were hung in a wooden structure in the churchyard. In 1515 the bells were moved to the tower and the structure was dismantled. The bells were replaced in 1722 and in 1724, the Society of Cambridge Youths was formed to formalise the responsibility for ringing them. This society lays claim to being the oldest bellringing society in Britain and the second oldest at any church in the world with a continuous ringing history.

In 2009 the old ring of bells was replaced with a new ring cast by Taylors Eayre and Smith Ltd, made possible by a donation from Dr Martin C Faulkes. The new ring of 13 bells in the key of D (including a flat bell no. 6 providing a lighter ring of 8 bells in the key of G) has a tenor weighing 24cwt. Some of the original bells have been retained to continue sounding the Cambridge Chimes.

Organs
St Mary the Great is unusual in housing two self-contained pipe organs, a 'Parish Organ' in the Chancel for the regular congregation, and another in the West Gallery, called the 'University Organ', owned and maintained by the University, and played for University services. The University Organ was originally purchased in 1698, constructed by the renowned organ builder 'Father' Bernard Smith. It was added to over the 18th and 19th centuries until a major (yet sensitive) rebuild was carried out by William Hill in 1870. The organ saw further work in 1963 from Hill, Norman and Beard (again remarkably sensitive for the time) and was extensively restored in 1995 by Mander Organs, and rededicated on 30 January 1996. It is a noted historic instrument, a significant monument to the work of William Hill, and, in addition, likely the largest repository of Father Smith pipework in a single instrument. The Parish Organ was built in 1991 by Kenneth Jones and Associates. It replaced an earlier instrument by Miller of Cambridge (one time organist of Great St Mary's) dating from 1869.

Architecture and features
The church is designed in the Late Perpendicular style. The stained glass is the work of Hardman and was added between 1867 and 1869.

To accommodate the large audiences that were present for special occasions, and in particular the University Sermon, attendance of which was compulsory, the galleries were added in 1735. The church contains one of the few moveable pulpits in England. The font dates from 1632 and the sculpture behind the high altar is of Christ in Majesty. This sculpture was completed in 1960. The sculpture is by Alan Durst

List of vicars

 * Philip Waggett (1927–1930)
 * Mervyn Stockwood (1955–1959); afterwards Bishop of Southwark
 * Joseph Fison (1959–1963); afterwards Bishop of Salisbury
 * Hugh Montefiore (1963–1970); afterwards Bishop of Kingston, then of Birmingham
 * Stanley Booth-Clibborn (1973–1979); afterwards Bishop of Manchester
 * Michael Mayne (1979–1986); later Dean of Westminster
 * David Conner (1986–1993); afterwards Bishop of Lynn, then Dean of Windsor
 * John Binns (1994–2017)
 * Adrian Daffern (2018–2022)
 * Jutta Brueck (2023–) [Interim Priest-in-Charge from 2022, Vicar from 2023]

Burials and funerals

 * Martin Bucer (1491–1551), Protestant reformer
 * Stephen Hawking (1942–2018), theoretical physicist, funeral held on 31 March 2018 prior to his cremation and interring of his ashes in Westminster Abbey
 * Jack Merritt (1994–2019), prison educator and mentor, funeral held on 20 December 2019 prior to his cremation

authors: Golygydd Wici o Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch

title: Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge


text:
Taxation in Canada

In Canada, taxation is a prerogative shared between the federal government and the various provincial and territorial legislatures.

Legislation
Under the Constitution Act, 1867, taxation powers are vested in the Parliament of Canada under s. 91(3) for:

The provincial legislatures have a more restricted authority under ss. 92(2) and 92(9) for:

In turn, the provincial legislatures have authorized municipal councils to levy specific types of direct tax, such as property tax.

The powers of taxation are circumscribed by ss. 53 and 54 (both extended to the provinces by s. 90), and 125, which state:

Nature of the taxation power in Canada
Since the 1930 Supreme Court of Canada ruling in Lawson v. Interior Tree Fruit and Vegetables Committee of Direction, taxation is held to consist of the following characteristics:

 * it is enforceable by law;
 * imposed under the authority of the legislature;
 * levied by a public body; and
 * intended for a public purpose.

In order for a tax to be validly imposed, it must meet the requirements of s. 53 of the Constitution Act, 1867, but the authority for such imposition may be delegated within certain limits. Major J noted in Re Eurig Estate:

This was endorsed by Iacobucci J in Ontario English Catholic Teachers' Assn. v. Ontario (Attorney General), and he further stated:

Taxation vs regulatory charge
In Westbank First Nation v. British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, the SCC declared that a government levy would be in pith and substance a tax if it was "unconnected to any form of a regulatory scheme." The test for a regulatory fee set out in Westbank requires:

 * a complete, complex and detailed code of regulation;
 * a regulatory purpose which seeks to affect some behaviour;
 * the presence of actual or properly estimated costs of the regulation; and
 * a relationship between the person being regulated and the regulation, where the person being regulated either benefits from, or causes the need for, the regulation.

In 620 Connaught Ltd. v. Canada (Attorney General), the Westbank framework was qualified to require "a relationship between the charge and the scheme itself." This has resulted in situations where an imposition can be characterized as neither a valid regulatory charge nor a valid tax. In Confédération des syndicats nationaux v. Canada (Attorney General), a funding scheme for employment insurance that was intended to be self-financing instead generated significant surpluses that were not used to reduce EI premiums in accordance with the legislation. It was therefore held to be contrary to the federal unemployment insurance power under s. 91(2A) and thus not a valid regulatory charge, and there was no clear authority in certain years for setting such excess rates, so it was not a valid tax.

Direct vs indirect taxation
The question of whether a tax is "direct taxation" (and thus falling within provincial jurisdiction) was summarized by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in The Attorney General for Quebec v Reed, where Lord Selborne stated:

"Indirect taxation" has been summarized by Rand J in Canadian Pacific Railway Co. v. Attorney General for Saskatchewan in these words:

When the definition of "direct taxation" is read with s. 92(2)'s requirement that it be levied "within the Province", it has been held that:

 * provincial taxes must fasten onto provincially located persons, property or transactions, or to extraprovincial persons conducting economic activity within the province
 * they may not be levied on goods destined for export
 * they must not impede the flow of interprovincial trade

Licensing fees and regulatory charges
Allard Contractors Ltd. v. Coquitlam (District) held that:

 * provincial legislatures may charge a fee that is of an indirect nature, where it is supportable as ancillary or adhesive to a valid regulatory scheme under a provincial head of power.
 * in obiter, La Forest J's observation was cited with approval that s. 92(9) (together with the provincial powers over property and civil rights and matters of a local or private nature) allows for the levying of license fees even if they constitute indirect taxation.

Administration
Federal taxes are collected by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). Under tax collection agreements, the CRA collects and remits to the provinces:

 * provincial personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec, through a system of unified tax returns.
 * corporate taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec and Alberta.
 * that portion of the Harmonized Sales Tax that is in excess of the federal Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate, with respect to the provinces that have implemented it.

The Agence du Revenu du Québec collects the GST in Quebec on behalf of the federal government, and remits it to Ottawa.

Income taxes
The Parliament of Canada entered the field with the passage of the Business Profits War Tax Act, 1916 (essentially a tax on larger businesses, chargeable on any accounting periods ending after 1914 and before 1918). It was replaced in 1917 by the Income War Tax Act, 1917 (covering personal and corporate income earned from 1917 onwards). Similar taxes were imposed by the provinces in the following years.

Municipal income taxes existed as well in certain municipalities, but such taxation powers were gradually abolished as the provinces established their own collection régimes, and none survived the Second World War, as a consequence of the Wartime Tax Rental Agreements.

 * From 1850, municipal councils in Ontario possessed authority to levy taxes on income, where such amount was greater than the value of a taxpayer's personal property. The personal property limitation was removed with the passage of the Assessment Act in 1904. By 1936, some 200 councils ranging in size from Toronto to Blenheim Township were collecting such taxes. Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944.
 * From 1855 to 1870, and once more from 1939, income tax was imposed on residents of Quebec City. In 1935, a municipal income tax was imposed on the income of individuals resident or doing business in Montreal and the municipalities of the Montreal Metropolitan Commission. Similar income taxes were also imposed in Sherbrooke from 1886 to 1912, in Sorel from 1889, and Hull from 1893.
 * In Prince Edward Island, Summerside had an income tax from 1870 to 1880, and Charlottetown imposed one from 1880 to 1888.
 * While Nova Scotia permitted municipal income tax in 1835, Halifax was the first municipality to levy one in 1849.
 * New Brunswick allowed the collection of income taxes in 1831. However, serious enforcement did not begin until 1849, but it was only in 1908 when all municipalities in the province were required to collect it.

Personal income taxes
Both the federal and provincial governments have imposed income taxes on individuals, and these are the most significant sources of revenue for those levels of government accounting for over 45% of tax revenue. The federal government charges the bulk of income taxes with the provinces charging a somewhat lower percentage, except in Quebec. Income taxes throughout Canada are progressive with the high income residents paying a higher percentage than the low income.

Where income is earned in the form of a capital gain, only half of the gain is included in income for tax purposes; the other half is not taxed.

Settlements and legal damages are generally not taxable, even in circumstances where damages (other than unpaid wages) arise as a result of breach of contract in an employment relationship.

Federal and provincial income tax rates are shown at Canada Revenue Agency's website.

Personal income tax can be deferred in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) (which may include mutual funds and other financial instruments) that are intended to help individuals save for their retirement. Tax-Free Savings Accounts allow people to hold financial instruments without taxation on the income earned.

Corporate taxes
Companies and corporations pay corporate tax on profit income and on capital. These make up a relatively small portion of total tax revenue. Tax is paid on corporate income at the corporate level before it is distributed to individual shareholders as dividends. A tax credit is provided to individuals who receive dividend to reflect the tax paid at the corporate level. This credit does not eliminate double taxation of this income completely, however, resulting in a higher level of tax on dividend income than other types of income. (Where income is earned in the form of a capital gain, only half of the gain is included in income for tax purposes; the other half is not taxed.)

Corporations may deduct the cost of capital following capital cost allowance regulations. The Supreme Court of Canada has interpreted the Capital Cost Allowance in a fairly broad manner, allowing deductions on property which was owned for a very brief period of time, and property which is leased back to the vendor from which it originated.

Starting in 2002, several large companies converted into "income trusts" in order to reduce or eliminate their income tax payments, making the trust sector the fastest-growing in Canada. Conversions were largely halted on October 31, 2006, when Finance Minister Jim Flaherty announced that new income trusts would be subject to a tax system similar to that of corporations, and that these rules would apply to existing income trusts after 2011.

Capital tax is a tax charged on a corporation's taxable capital. Taxable capital is the amount determined under Part 1.3 of the Income Tax Act (Canada) plus accumulated other comprehensive income.

On January 1, 2006, capital tax was eliminated at the federal level. Some provinces continued to charge corporate capital taxes, but effective July 1, 2012, provinces have stopped levying corporation capital taxes. In Ontario the corporate capital tax was eliminated July 1, 2010 for all corporations, although it was eliminated effective January 1, 2007, for Ontario corporations primarily engaged in manufacturing or resource activities. In British Columbia the corporate capital tax was eliminated as of April 1, 2010.

From 1932 until 1951, Canadian companies were able to file consolidated tax returns, but this was repealed with the introduction of the business loss carryover rules. In 2010, the Department of Finance launched consultations to investigate whether corporate taxation on a group basis should be reintroduced. As no consensus was reached in such consultations, it was announced in the 2013 Budget that moving to a formal system of corporate group taxation was not a priority at this time.

International taxation
Canadian residents and corporations pay income taxes based on their world-wide income. Canadians are in principle protected against double taxation receiving income from certain countries which gave agreements with Canada through the foreign tax credit, which allows taxpayers to deduct from their Canadian income tax otherwise payable from the income tax paid in other countries. A citizen who is currently not a resident of Canada may petition the CRA to change her or his status so that income from outside Canada is not taxed.

Non-residents of Canada with taxable earnings in Canada (e.g. rental income and property disposition income) are required to pay Canadian income tax on these amounts. Rents paid to non-residents are subject to a 25% withholding tax on the “gross rents”, which is required to be withheld and remitted to Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) by the payer (i.e. the Canadian agent of the non-resident, or if there is no agent, the renter of the property) each time rental receipts are paid or credited to the account of the non-resident by the payer. If the payer does not remit the required withholding taxes by the 15th day following the month of payment to the non-resident, the payer will be subject to penalties and interest on the unpaid amounts.

Payroll taxes
Employers are required to remit various types of payroll taxes to the different jurisdictions they operate in:

Sales taxes
The federal government levies a value-added tax of 5%, called the Goods and Services Tax (GST), and, in five provinces, the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST). The provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba levy a retail sales tax, and Quebec levies its own value-added tax, which is called the Quebec Sales Tax. The province of Alberta and the territories of Nunavut, Yukon, and Northwest Territories do not levy sales taxes of their own.

Retail sales taxes were introduced in the various provinces on these dates:

Excise taxes
Both the federal and provincial governments impose excise taxes on inelastic goods such as cigarettes, gasoline, alcohol, and for vehicle air conditioners. Canada has some of the highest rates of taxes on cigarettes and alcohol in the world, constituting a substantial share of the retail total price of cigarettes and alcohol paid by consumers. These are sometimes referred to as sin taxes. It is generally accepted that higher prices help deter consumption of these items, which increase health care costs stemming from their use.

The vehicle air conditioner tax is currently set at $100 per air conditioning unit.

At the federal level, Canada has imposed other excise taxes in the past:

 * From 1915 to 1953, on the issue of cheques and other commercial paper.
 * From 1920 to 1927, on advances of money
 * From 1920 to 1953, on the transfer of securities. Initially applying to shares, it was extended to cover bonds and related items in 1922.
 * From 1923 to 1926, on the issue of receipts.

Capital gains tax
A Capital gains tax was first introduced in Canada by Pierre Trudeau and his finance minister Edgar Benson in the 1971 Canadian federal budget.

Some exceptions apply, such as selling one's primary residence which may be exempt from taxation. Capital gains made by investments in a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) are not taxed.

Since the 2013 budget, interest can no longer be claimed as a capital gain. The formula is the same for capital losses and these can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future years' capital gains; capital losses not used in the current year can also be carried back to the previous three tax years to offset capital gains tax paid in those years.

If one's income is primarily derived from capital gains then it may not qualify for the 50% multiplier and will instead be taxed at the full income tax rate. CRA has a number of criteria to determine whether this will be the case.

For corporations as for individuals, 50% of realized capital gains are taxable. The net taxable capital gains (which can be calculated as 50% of total capital gains minus 50% of total capital losses) are subject to income tax at normal corporate tax rates. If more than 50% of a small business's income is derived from specified investment business activities (which include income from capital gains) they are not permitted to claim the small business deduction.

Capital gains earned on income in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan are not taxed at the time the gain is realized (i.e. when the holder sells a stock that has appreciated inside of their RRSP) but they are taxed when the funds are withdrawn from the registered plan (usually after being converted to a Registered Income Fund at the age of 71.) These gains are then taxed at the individual's full marginal rate.

Capital gains earned on income in a TFSA are not taxed at the time the gain is realized. Any money withdrawn from a TFSA, including capital gains, are also not taxed.

Unrealized capital gains are not taxed.

Capital Gains on a Primary Residence
Primary residences are exempt from capital gains. Any gains from selling a primary residence will not be considered a capital gain for taxation purposes. Any losses are also not considered, and cannot be used to offset previous, current, or future capital gains.

If a property is designated as a primary residence for only a part of the time held, the exemption will only apply to any price appreciation or loss during the time it was a primary residence. Usually, any price appreciation or loss at the time of sale will be divided evenly across the time the property was held. The price appreciation or loss during the time the property was not a primary residence will be subject to treatment as capital gains.

Property taxes
There are two main types of property taxes: the annual tax and land transfer tax.

Annual Property Tax

The municipal level of government is funded largely by property taxes on residential, industrial and commercial properties; when the municipal council determines the financial budget for the year, they predict an expected revenue that needs to be funded by property tax for municipal services and decide a municipal tax rate that will allow them to achieve the revenue amount. The annual property tax is usually a percentage of the taxable assessed value of the property which is commonly determined by the assessment service provider of the municipality. The annual property tax for any province contains at least two elements: the municipal rate and the education rate. The combination of municipal and education tax portions along with any base taxes or other special taxes determines the full amount of the tax. These taxes account for about ten percent of total taxation in Canada.

Land Transfer Tax

Land transfer tax is due upon the closing of a transfer of property and is calculated based on the market value of the property at a marginal tax rate, although exceptions are determined on a provincial level. Toronto has the highest land transfer tax rates in Canada as it levies an additional land transfer tax equal in value to the Ontario land transfer tax. Alberta and Saskatchewan do not charge land transfer tax. To provide relief for the high costs of land transfer tax, some provinces provide rebates for first-time home buyers:

 * In BC and Ontario, a First Time Home Buyers’ Program is offered to refund a portion of the land transfer tax
 * In Prince Edward Island, all qualifying first-time home buyers are exempt from paying the tax entirely
 * In Montreal, the Montreal Home Ownership Program provides a lump-sum subsidy for purchasing a first home

Gift tax
Gift tax was first imposed by the Parliament of Canada in 1935 as part of the Income War Tax Act. It was repealed at the end of 1971, but rules governing the tax on capital gains that then came into effect include gifts as deemed dispositions made at fair market value, that come within their scope.

Estate tax
Estate taxes have been held to be valid "direct taxation within the province," but they cannot be charged where property is left outside the province to beneficiaries who are neither resident nor domiciled in the province. Succession duties were in effect in the various provinces at the following times:

Estate taxes, which were not subject to the territorial limitations that affected provincial taxation, were first introduced at the federal level under the Dominion Succession Duty Act in 1941, which was later replaced by the Estate Tax Act in 1958. The latter was repealed at the end of 1971. From 1947 to 1971, there was a complicated set of federal-provincial revenue-sharing arrangements, where:

 * In Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Manitoba, the federal government collected estate taxes at full rates, but remitted 75% of the revenues derived from each of those provinces;
 * In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the federal government collected estate taxes at full rates, but remitted 75% of the revenues derived from each of those provinces, which was rebated back to the estate;
 * In British Columbia, the federal government collected estate taxes at only 25% of the full rate, and the province continued to levy its own succession duty;
 * In Ontario and Quebec, the federal government collected estate taxes at only 50% of the full rate, and remitted 50% of such collections to such provinces, and the provinces continued to levy their own succession duties.

Upon the repeal of the federal estate tax in 1972, the income tax régime was altered to incorporate consequences arising from the death of a taxpayer, which may result in tax being owed:

 * the property of an estate is said to have incurred a "deemed disposition" at fair market value, thus triggering liability for capital gains and other inclusions into income
 * certain deductions and deferrals are available with respect to capital gains
 * several options are available for applying any outstanding net capital losses
 * income earned or accrued up to the date of death is taxed on the final tax return of the deceased at normal tax rates, but there are several additional optional tax returns that may be filed as well for certain types of income
 * income earned after the date of death is to be declared on a separate return filed by the trust for the estate
 * beneficiaries are taxed on amounts paid from Registered Retirement Savings Plans and registered retirement income funds, but certain rollover reliefs are available

title: Taxation in Canada


text:
Talk:Teresa Heinz

?
This article has become a political hack job, not a biography. The information about this woman's life is overshadowed by quick jabs and long diatribes intended to highlight implied negative traits. The overwhelming use of derogatory anecdotes in a biography without balance is unforgivable in a forum that purports to be a responsible disseminator of information.
 * Please specify what in the article is incorrect. Lkjhgfdsa 0 (talk) 09:47, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Cristina?
On http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/story/2004/03/printable/040304_lucasmendes.shtml they have Maria Teresa Cristina Thierstein Simões-Ferreira. I cannot find any other refences with Cristina as part of her name.

On a recent interview on Larry King Live, I recall her mentioning that she officially switched from the Republican party in response to some practices of a congressional candidate. Does anybody know more details? --NeuronExMachina 09:37, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Shove it
The "shove it" incident should be mentioned. Mike H 02:07, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't heard of it. Why don't you go ahead and add it?  Be bold! Nelson Ricardo 10:58, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll have to research it again. Mike H 15:39, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I added the shove it incident, with two references. Edit mercilessly. Mike H 16:25, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I modified it, because what the reporter was accusing of her of saying was not the way it was being reported. RickK 22:47, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

I think it is also worth mentioning that there's a history of anymosity between the Heinz family and that particular paper.

Madeleine Albright
It is said that she was a colleague of Madeleine Albright - what does this mean? RickK 22:47, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

Since nobody has answered my question, I removed the section on friends and colleagues as unimportant. RickK 21:43, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

I've met this lady
I was so shocked to discover that Sen Kerry's wife is the former wife of John Heinz. I had the distinct pleasure of meeting this woman as part of her entourage during the Xmas holidays in Pittsburgh, PA during the seventies. I worked for the city and I got to see first hand, the program the Heinz company has for their employees during the holidays. Apparently it was a tradition going back to Sen Heinz's grandfather. This tradition involves the company providing holiday gifts and a party for tgheir employees and immediate family. She was carrying the ball for the family then, and from what I hear from my firends in Pittsburgh, she has continued this tradition that binds this community with this family. Last night I heard her speech and I now have some hope that at least, America has a choice this Fall. Who are we going as a people in the next decade?

...Eric....

erh305@netscape.net

"Shove it" incident
The so-called "Shove it" incident is being covered in excruciating detail over on the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review article. The section is hovering around 1000 words, and growing, which makes it already twice as long as the rest of the article. Therefore, I am inclined to spin it off into its own article. However I can't think of a good article title. If anyone has any suggestions, or would like to participate in trimming the version of events at the Trib-Review article, feel free to jump in. Some of the material, such as accusations of funding radical causes and of having an abrasive personality, may be relevent here. I've deleted some that was totally irrelevent to the newspaper, but it can be resurrected. Cheers, -Willmcw 23:58, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * good god. by all means spin it off.  it's the only solution to petty political squabbles swamping an article.  can't think of a good title, but try to keep it neutrally descriptive. Wolfman 01:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

An exchange of words between the wife of an unsuccessful presidential candidate and an editor of a minor city newspaper does not deserve its own encyclopedia article. We shouldn't create one just to satisfy a rude anonymous editor who is probably an employee of that same newspaper. I'm sure we can cut the material down to an appropriate length. Gamaliel 04:48, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You lead - I'll follow. -Willmcw 09:31, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * well that would certainly be preferable. but be prepared for howls of outrage over "censorship".  sometimes a basically pointless article can be useful to keep the political point scoring off the real one.  but agreed, the incident doesn't actually deserve more than a brief mention. Wolfman 09:11, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Feel free to surf over with your red pencil and join in the cutting. (block that metaphor). -Willmcw 09:31, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, the "rude" editor who noted that a certain unnamed person consistently used libel ("intentional lies") to castigate that newspaper AND the wife of a prominent political candidate. Yes, we trust him to edit something about either the newspaper or her.

And, regardless, that anonymous commentator doesn't want a unique encyclopedia article on a minor, trifling incident. The only reason the entry grew on the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review entry was because of misleading, inaccurate and, quite frankly, libelous language.

But mention such things and one becomes "rude." How about accurate? (unsigned by user:147.72.93.172).

 * Tribfan (for want of a better name): Activities like lying, questioning the motives of fellow editors, making legal threats, and failing to follow the editing norms of Wikipedia (like signing talk-page posts) are indeed rude behaviors. When we get around to cutting down the text in the P T-R article I hope that you will conduct yourself in a more collegial manner than you have in the past or than you have exhibited here. Thanks, -Willmcw 20:12, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

This is beginning to seem like a cult, all these Wikipedia types jotting down opinion in the place of fact. Of the three names I notice from above, one continued to print what in law is known as an "intentional lie," a falsehood that he knowingly employed to characterize a commercial entity. In more common parlance, this is known as libel. To call it what it is, one is then receives the stamp of "rude."

I would call it accurate. If the "editing norms" of Wikipedia include libel, lying and fact-challenged analyses, then you get what you pay for, right?

Another name noticed from above continued to use partisan press releases in lieu of actual facts, easily obtained from paper copies of the newspaper itself, to paint the newspaper in a bad light. This careful mis-selection of "proof" to slur a large metropolitan daily went largely unchecked, and when it was corrected, the person who was right is seen as something less than "collegial."

The reality, of course, is that even the cyber world must conform to the rule of law. Unfair, malicious characterizations of people or institutions, without proof, is illegal. To say this is not so is to deny a thousand years of the common law. We wouldn't accept that sort of proofing at a newspaper, but we do when people try to frame it on the web?

How rude of me.

 * Update - the video link to this seems bad. I can't find a good link.  It's getting older and more passe, but it would still be nice to have a working video link.  67.185.99.246 21:15, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Name change
News services note that earlier in 2005 Teresa Heinz dropped Kerry from her name. The Heinz Endowment site lists her only as Teresa Heinz, Chairman. That would mean the redirect would be from Teresa Heinz-Kerry to Teresa Heinz.
 * http://www.heinz.org
 * http://pittsburghlive.com/x/tribune-review/opinion/columnists/whispers/s_300508.html

 * Her name was never Kerry, it was a media invention, a al Hillary Rodham

 * I agree. But even worse is "Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira Heinz Kerry" which I am sure she has never been called in an actual setting. She seems to prefer to be known as "Teresa Heinz". I suggest we move the article to that name, and do the same with her name in the lede. -Willmcw 21:06, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Portuguese names can get complicated. Though no one might refer to her as such, that is her full complete name.  Kinda reminds me of Alexis Morell Carrington Colby Dexter Rowan.  Nelson Ricardo 02:45, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Can you show me an official source which calls her that? Names don't necessarily keep accruing with every marriage, like barnacles. For example, many women in the U.S. drop their middle names when they marry and shift their maiden name to the middle position. -Willmcw 05:58, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Official, probably not, but see here: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=%22Maria+Teresa+Thierstein+Sim%C3%B5es-Ferreira+Heinz+Kerry%22 Nelson Ricardo 17:39, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Gee, that is a remarkable list. However unless she actually calls herself that, or is called that in official documents, then I think we should not insist that it is her name. If it is her "real" name, maybe we should move the article to that title. -Willmcw 22:33, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Her name is Teresa Heinz. She supposively changed her name legally to Teresa Heinz Kerry during the campaign, but I can't find any record of it. In February 2005, she began using Teresa Heinz, dropping the 'Kerry'. This has absolutely nothing to do with John Kerry - according to her publicist, she never really got over the death of her first husband. --65.96.79.39 01:43, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * the consensus seems to be quit talking about it and change it already. go ahead, no one argued.  wiki policy is that the article title is the most commonly known name (unless it is somehow incorrect).  since the election is long over, most who know her know her because of her philanthropy, where she has never been known as anything other.

This entry seems unpardonably to violate POV. I erased it. It is not worthy of an encyclopedic entry, and seems to simply trumpet a political view that is unsupported by even cursory sourcing.

This quotation is emblematic of the incident's coverage, which largely failed to note its broader political context. The Tribune-Review is owned by a highly influencial conservative, Richard Mellon Scaife, and throughout the election cycle the newspaper served the pro-Bush agenda with demonstrable faithfulness, focusing its local efforts primarily on the drama's prominent Philadelphian. Without this context or some exploration of the agendas of all its key players, the incident (such as the "Understandable" utterance) was only partially understood by viewers and readers; ultimately, its effect was to help keep public debate fixed on the level of tabloid distraction.

 * Her statement that Heinz was her "growing-up name" is a stretch. She was 33 when she married Heinz. It's fair to say she was an adult by that time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.169.26.68 (talk) 01:36, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Heinz's Jewish ancestry
No one has bothered to put any information about Heinz's Jewish ancestry to insert in to the article yet? She comes from a mostly Sephardic family, which are the Spanish/Portuguese Jews (instead of the European ones, which are called the Ashkenazim). Actually it seems that her mother (Irene Thierstein) was an Ashkenazi Jew, and her father (Dr. José Simões-Ferreira) was a Sephardic Jew, so by all accounts she is a 'mixed' Jew! --172.165.177.99 06:55, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Here "ethnicity" is given in the sidebar as "Portuguese". Portuguese is (as we all know) a nationality and unless there is any objection i will delete the line in her bio box. On the other hand, given the clearly Jewish maternal line, shouldn't she be identified as ethnically Jewish? trkkazulu (talk) 20:38, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Her ethnicity is Portuguese, specifically Portuguese American. If you can source the claim that she has Jewish ancestry, then you can add that in the body of the article, not the infobox. But to make the leap that her ethnicity is Jewish would require you to show that that's her ethnic identity. SamEV (talk) 02:08, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The "Thierstein" lineage on her mother's side goes back to a Swiss-German non-Jewish immigrant to Malta. Irene's grandfather was conveniently named "Edward Christian Thierstein" (see genealogy here). Her mother's other ancestry is Italian and French. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 01:55, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Made a clarification
I have clarified the part of the article referring to the Heinz family to make it clear that the family and the company are not the same thing. --ukexpat 19:41, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Mozambican American?
Since when are people anachronistically accorded the national background of the states that replaced the colonies wherein they were born? 'Mozambique was a place' is not reason enough to connect her to a country that was born when Mrs Heinz was an adult and did not even live in Mozambique! This nation was born 37 years after Teresa Heinz was. Giving her Mozambican heritage perpetrates presentism. However much she cares about Mozambique, she was a Portuguese born in her country's colony of Mozambique. I will remove those categories (again). Any objections? SamEV (talk) 19:38, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Do we call George Washington British, since he was born in a British colony? Heinz was born in a place called Mozambique. It was called Mozambique when she was born there. Nobody called it "Portugal". Further, she grew up there, so it is not just an accident of birth. I think the categories are proper. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 20:18, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, Will, George Washington was British, until 1783, when the US officially became an independent nation and he became a citizen of it. But Mrs Heinz did not become a Mozambican citizen. When Mozambique came into being in 1975, she was already a US citizen. Mozambique represents its own country, with its own nationality, citizenship, ethnicity, etc. Btw, it was called Portuguese East Africa when she was born. She's from an overseas, former part of Portugal, not the independent state of Mozambique. SamEV (talk) 20:49, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

 * If you want to create correct categories, such as "Portuguese East Africans", that are more precise then I won't object. However it is incorrect and misleading to omit all categories that refer to the place where she was born and raised. Places change names, but it doesn't mean people weren't born in the place. I don't think we have three categories: "People from St. Petersburg", "People from Petrograd", and "People from Leningrad" - it's the same city regardless of the name.  ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 04:37, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * A silly dispute? Too bad you feel that way, Will. Anyway, you seem to misunderstand. The issue here is her ancestry, which is being misrepresented as "Mozambican American". That's not about her place of birth, AFAIK. By all means, please enlighten me concerning this; point me to the Wikipedia policies or guidelines about those ancestry, birth, ethnicity, etc categories and I will drop this. And here's a similar example: Alexander Hamilton was born in St Kitts and Nevis, then a British colony. He's not categorized as a Nevisian American. He was British, and became American. The fact that there is now (since 1980) a nation called St Kitts and Nevis is not reason to make him retroactively a person of Nevisian ancestry, which is what adding "Category:Nevisian American" to his article would indicate, as I understand. Again, sincerely, if my understanding is incorrect, I'd like very much to be shown where it says so. Thanks, Will. SamEV (talk) 07:45, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Pardon the "silly dispute" comment. It's not silly, just unneccessary. Regaring Hamilton, he might well be labelled a "Category:Nevisian American", and probably isn't only because no one has ever gotten around to creating that category. He isn't categorized as a "British American" either. India used to be a British colony, and had been for a long time when Mahatma Ghandi was born, but I wouldn't call him "British" just because he was a born and raised in a colony owned by Britain. More generally, there aren't hard and fast rules for categorizing people by place of residence, birth, or heritage. One standard that's generally used is that wee should use categories that follow how a person self-identifies. Her bio on the foundation she heads says "Teresa Simoes-Ferreira was born and raised in Mozambique in East Africa." It doesn't say that she's a Portugese American, or that she is of Portugese descent. She might not dispute those, but she is proud of growing up in Africa. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 09:07, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * You may be right about Hamilton. We'll see how that turns out. You bring up Gandhi. Well of course it would be wrong to call Gandhi "British", Will. But you do know that Gandhi was a British citizen, right? I presume you also know that he fought to change that: He fought to create an independent Indian nation. When he got his (and his countrymen's) wish, he ceased to be a British citizen, of his own free will, and became a citizen of India. Nothing of the sort happened with Teresa Heinz. She was born in one of her country's (Portugal's) colonies, then left, gave up her Portuguese citizenship and became a US citizen, hasn't gone back to her birthplace, and has said she does not intend to go back. Eventually that colony became its own country, but she's not part of that. She was Portuguese, and after that, American. A Portuguese American. I'd suppose that the lack of hard-and-fast rules does not mean that everything goes. Besides, you say: One standard that's generally used is that wee should use categories that follow how a person self-identifies. Ok, then: you note that her bio says she was born in Mozambique; but where does it say she self-identifies as a "Mozambican American"? You go on: It doesn't say that she's a Portugese American, or that she is of Portugese descent. Well wonder no more. As to whether she considers herself a Portuguese American, here's one particularly useful link (PDF) There you'll see her happily receiving the award as the Portuguese American Woman of the Year (my emphasis). (Also, here's something you missed on the same site you gave: "Some of her earliest childhood memories reflect her family’s experience, as Portuguese citizens living in the African colony of Mozambique..." ) As for her feelings about Mozambique, sure, she has fond memories of growing up there, and wants to help the country. On the other hand ... well, I alluded to it above, but let her tell you herself: "Like many former white residents of Mozambique, Heinz Kerry has never returned here. She has no friends or relatives here, nor any desire to visit. "I have basically not wanted to go back home since, because I just didn't want to see all the kind of changes," she says." SamEV (talk) 13:23, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Again, call the place what you want, I think we should include categories for the subject's place of birth/upbringing. 19:53, 20 November 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Will Beback (talk • contribs)

 * I have no problem with that either. I only object to its name. (And again, it's not about the name "Portuguese East Africa" or "Mozambique"; it's the giving her the wrong ethnic or ancestral background purely based on place of birth) How about a compromise: rename the category to People born in Mozambique or Americans born in Mozambique? SamEV (talk) 13:39, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * People born in Mozambique is fine with me. I think Americans born in Mozambique may be too specific to be a useful category. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 20:09, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you. We're agreed, then. I'll make the changes now. SamEV (talk) 21:54, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * P.S. As I understood it, we were talking about all the similar categories: German-Mozambican, Portuguese-Mozambican, Mozambican-American, etc. SamEV (talk) 22:16, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

<- I missed this when I looked before, but there are Category:Portuguese-Mozambican people and Category:Mozambican-Portuguese that seem to cover this. They are applied to folks like Alberto da Costa Pereira, who were born before independence. I'm not sure why there are two categories, but I hate to see a third that covers the same ground. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 22:49, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * They're a different thing, and different from each other. Note the placement of the elements. Portuguese-Mozambican refers to people of Mozambique (not just colonials born there, but people really tied to the country) who are of Portuguese heritage. Mozambican-Portuguese are the opposite: people in Portugal who are of Mozambican heritage. Btw, Pereira's example is a bad one, as his article states: "Alberto da Costa Pereira (born in Nacala, Mozambique, 23 December 1929, died Lisbon, 25 October 1990) was a Portuguese goalkeeper. He was from a colonial white family." So that category contradicts the article it's in. He too belongs in "People born in Mozambique" (though I'd prefer "Portuguese born in Mozambique", but you'd reject it as too specific). SamEV (talk) 23:43, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This area of categorization needs some work. There may be many Portugese born in Mozambique, I just meant there'd probably be only one American born there. If you can go through the relvant categories and articles to make them rational then that would help. It might be worth posting a note on talk:Mozambique to see if there are other viewpoints.   ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 23:56, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I really see no problem with creating a category which starts out with just one person. I'll put checking out those other cats and articles on my 'to do' list. I'll go check out Mozambique talk right now. SamEV (talk) 00:09, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't mind one-entry categories either, but I've seen objections. I don't know what the policy language or current CfD norm is. A good practice with categories is to write a line saying what the intended scope is. And of course to categorize new categories so they aren't orphaned. I'm afraid that dealing with this article's categories is like picking at a thread on a garment. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 00:34, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, let's just wait and see what happens to the new category and take it from there. I wrote simply that it was people born there, the country or the former colony - it's not exactly an academic difference; but enough of that. I'll try my best, reading about the relevant Wikipolicies as much as possible. And yeah, I'd rather be done with the whole thing, too. SamEV (talk) 00:50, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for seeing it through. The trouble with many categories is that they are blunt instruments, and with many individuals the ethnic, national, and social heritage is unusually complicated. Most of these ethnic categories have gone through several revisions. It's a clumsy system. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 09:50, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * No problem. It's done now. I updated the list at Mozambique talk to reflect the changes. SamEV (talk) 16:20, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Honorary doctorates
Could somebody tell me how 13 places of education issue 12 degrees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.231.241.108 (talk) 06:56, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Web address between banners
Someone please remove the web address that is betweeen the banners on this talk page. It shouldn't be there, it does not appear to be anything to do with this article and is probably just someone promoting himself. It does not show up on the edit screen, hence I have no idea how it got there, nor how to remove it. Lkjhgfdsa 0 (talk) 09:53, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Pittsburgh
Fox Chapel is considered a suburb of Pittsburgh. It should read Pittsburgh, PA — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:7:8500:982:A54A:C715:9B9A:BA41 (talk) 04:19, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

Origin
The former candidate for first lady of the United States is known as Teresa Heinz Kerry, but her Christian name is Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira. For the male line, her ancestry is entirely Portuguese (Jews from Portugal) and from her mother's side, her ancestors are British (better to say German Jews) who emigrated to South Africa, although her maternal grandmother was born in Egypt. Translated from this. Cruks (talk) 22:13, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't see anything in this source mentioning her ancestor's religious affiliation or being from Germany. We should not insert original research or synthesis of sources. Snuggums (talk / edits) 19:03, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I repeat it: she has no Swiss, nor Italian or French ancestry. Cruks (talk) 05:16, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You've made your statement quite clearly. However, I'm curious if there's any particular reason why you seem to disagree with this reference stating otherwise. Snuggums (talk / edits) 05:32, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I cant read this reference and I see nothing there. Sorry. What do you mean exactly? Cruks (talk) 09:34, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

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Early Life
There seems to be a lot missing here. We go into so much detail about her parent's ancestry, but nothing of her childhood? What happened between her birth and her college years?ItsRainingCatsAndDogsAndMen (talk) 18:24, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teresa Heinz


text:
Eastman School of Music

The Eastman School of Music is the music school of the University of Rochester, a private research university in Rochester, New York, United States. It was established in 1921 by industrialist and philanthropist George Eastman.

It offers Bachelor of Music (BM) degrees, Master of Arts (MA) degrees, Master of Music (MM) degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees, and Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) degrees in many musical fields. The school also awards a "Performer's Certificate" or "Artist's Diploma". In 2015, there were more than 900 students enrolled in the collegiate division of the Eastman School (approximately 500 undergraduate and 400 graduate students). Students came from almost every state of the United States, with approximately 25% foreign students. Each year approximately 2,000 students apply (1,000 undergraduates and 1,000 graduates), with the acceptance rate being 13% in 2011. About 1,000 students (ranging in age from 16 years to over 80 years of age) are enrolled in the Eastman School's Community Music School.

History
Alfred Klingenberg, a Norwegian pianist, was the school's first director, serving from 1921 to 1923. He was succeeded by composer Howard Hanson in 1924, who had an enormous impact on the development of the school, including influencing the creation the first Doctor of Musical Arts degree in the United States. Upon his retirement in 1964, after serving as director of the school for 40 years, Hanson was succeeded by conductor Walter Hendl.

Hendl served as director from 1964 to 1972, and was then succeeded by pianist and musicologist Robert Freeman who served from 1972 to 1996. Associate Director Daniel Patrylak served as the acting director from the time of Hendl's resignation (May 1972) until Robert Freeman assumed the position in July 1973. Following the resignation of Robert Freeman in 1996, James Undercofler was then appointed Director and Dean of the Eastman School, and held that position until he resigned in 2006 to accept the position of CEO and President of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Jamal Rossi, an Eastman alumnus, was appointed Interim Dean of the Eastman School in April 2006. On May 21, 2007, composer/conductor Douglas Lowry, formerly the dean of the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music, was appointed Dean of the Eastman School, to begin serving in 2007. Following Lowry's death in 2013, Rossi was appointed Dean.

Campus and facilities

The Eastman School occupies parts of five buildings in downtown Rochester, New York. The main hall includes the renovated 3,094-seat Eastman Theater, the 455-seat Kilbourn Hall, the 222-seat Hatch Recital Hall, and offices for faculty.

The Eastman Theatre opened in 1922 as a center for music, dance, and silent film with orchestral and organ accompaniment. Today, the 3,094-seat theatre is the primary concert hall for the Eastman School's larger ensembles, including its orchestras, wind ensembles, jazz ensembles, and chorale. Also, the Eastman Opera Theatre presents fully staged operatic productions in the theatre each spring. It also is the principal performance venue for the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. A $5 million renovation of the theatre was completed in 2004. The theatre is located at 60 Gibbs Street, on the corner of Main and Gibbs Streets. Due to a $10 million donation by Eastman Kodak Inc. in April 2008, the Eastman Theatre was officially renamed "Kodak Hall at Eastman Theatre" upon the renovation's completion in 2010.

The Sibley Music Library—the largest academic music library in North America, is located across the street from the main hall. Hiram Watson Sibley founded the library in 1904 using the fortune he made as first president of Western Union. It moved to its current location in 1989, and occupies 45000 sqft on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th floors of the Miller Center, formerly known as Eastman Place. The Sibley Music Library currently holds almost 750,000 items, ranging from 11th century codices to the latest compositions and recordings. Considered among its jewels are the original drafts of Debussy's impressionistic masterpiece, "La Mer".

The Student Living Center, which is located at 100 Gibbs Street, is the dormitory building of the Eastman School of Music. In 1991, the new building was opened at the corner of Main and Gibbs Streets, replacing the University Avenue dormitories built nearly 70 years earlier. It is a four-story quadrangle and 14-story tower surrounding a landscaped inner courtyard, and contains its own dining hall. The majority of students enrolled in the undergraduate program live on campus in this building.

Academics
The school offers Bachelor of Music (BM) degrees, Master of Arts (MA) degrees, Master of Music (MM) degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees, and Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) degrees in many musical fields. The school also awards a "Performer's Certificate" or "Artist's Diploma" to students who demonstrate exceptionally outstanding performance ability. The Institute for Music Leadership, which was formed in 2001, offers a variety of diploma programs designed to educate and give students the skills and experience necessary to meet the demands of performance and education in today's changing musical world. In 2018, The Institute for Music Leadership created a Master of Arts degree in Music Leadership for musicians who seek to lead traditional or non-traditional musical arts organizations.

Faculty and alumni
Eastman alumni include singer Renée Fleming, bass-baritone William Warfield, Canadian Brass co-founder Charles Daellenbach, cellist Robert deMaine, drummer Steve Gadd, bassist Tony Levin, flugelhornist Chuck Mangione, author and journalist Michael Walsh, trumpeter Allen Vizzutti, scholar Horace Clarence Boyer and composers Maria Schneider and Cardon V. Burnham. Current faculty include musicians and pedagogues like the Ying Quartet, Anthony Dean Griffey, Katherine Ciesinski and Paul O'Dette.

Directors and deans

 * Alfred Klingenberg (Director, 1921–1923)
 * Raymond Wilson (Acting Director, 1923–1924)
 * Howard Hanson (Director, 1924–1964)
 * Walter Hendl (Director, 1964–1972)
 * Daniel Patrylak (Acting Director, 1972–1973)
 * Robert Freeman (Director, 1973–1996)
 * James Undercofler (Acting Director, 1996–1997; Director, 1997–2006)
 * Jamal Rossi (Acting Director, 2006–2007; Acting Dean, 2013)
 * Douglas Lowry (Dean, 2007–2013)
 * Jamal Rossi (Dean, 2014–present)
 * Kate Sheeran (Dean, incoming July 2024)

title: Eastman School of Music


text:
Base station subsystem

The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, transmission and reception over the air interface and many other tasks related to the radio network.

Base transceiver station

The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC). Typically a BTS for anything other than a picocell will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations).

A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the "base station control function" (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.

The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the cellular telephone provider. There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver which receives information from the MS (mobile station) through the Um air interface and then converts it to a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis interface, and sends it towards the BSC. There are vendors which build their BTSs so the information is preprocessed, target cell lists are generated and even intracell handover (HO) can be fully handled. The advantage in this case is less load on the expensive Abis interface.

The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer 1 of interface Um; for GSM 2G+ the modulation type is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), while for EDGE-enabled networks it is GMSK and 8-PSK. This modulation is a kind of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference).

Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for several TRXs (carriers), the more TRXs are combined the greater the combiner loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are found in micro and pico cells only.

Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid switching of voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is followed by the TRXs and handsets using the sector. Several hopping sequences are available, and the sequence in use for a particular cell is continually broadcast by that cell so that it is known to the handsets.

A TRX transmits and receives according to the GSM standards, which specify eight TDMA timeslots per radio frequency. A TRX may lose some of this capacity as some information is required to be broadcast to handsets in the area that the BTS serves. This information allows the handsets to identify the network and gain access to it. This signalling makes use of a channel known as the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH).

Sectorization
By using directional antennas on a base station, each pointing in different directions, it is possible to sectorise the base station so that several different cells are served from the same location. Typically these directional antennas have a beamwidth of 65 to 85 degrees. This increases the traffic capacity of the base station (each frequency can carry eight voice channels) whilst not greatly increasing the interference caused to neighboring cells (in any given direction, only a small number of frequencies are being broadcast). Typically two antennas are used per sector, at spacing of ten or more wavelengths apart. This allows the operator to overcome the effects of fading due to physical phenomena such as multipath reception. Some amplification of the received signal as it leaves the antenna is often used to preserve the balance between uplink and downlink signal.

Base station controller
The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilisation) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large centralised MSC sites.

The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with connections to the MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It also provides all the required data to the operation support subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance measuring centers.

A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy applied to critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy often extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in the power supplies and in the transmission equipment providing the A-ter interface to PCU.

The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies, frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border calculation, are stored in the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio planning engineering which involves modelling of the signal propagation as well as traffic projections.

Transcoder
The transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel coding between the coding used in the mobile network, and the coding used by the world's terrestrial circuit-switched network, the Public Switched Telephone Network. Specifically, GSM uses a regular pulse excited-long term prediction (RPE-LTP) coder for voice data between the mobile device and the BSS, but pulse-code modulation (A-law or μ-law standardized in ITU G.711) upstream of the BSS. RPE-LPC coding results in a data rate for voice of 13 kbit/s where standard PCM coding results in 64 kbit/s. Because of this change in data rate for the same voice call, the transcoder also has a buffering function so that PCM 8-bit words can be recoded to construct GSM 20 ms traffic blocks.

Although transcoding (compressing/decompressing) functionality is defined as a base station function by the relevant standards, there are several vendors which have implemented the solution outside of the BSC. Some vendors have implemented it in a stand-alone rack using a proprietary interface. In Siemens' and Nokia's architecture, the transcoder is an identifiable separate sub-system which will normally be co-located with the MSC. In some of Ericsson's systems it is integrated to the MSC rather than the BSC. The reason for these designs is that if the compression of voice channels is done at the site of the MSC, the number of fixed transmission links between the BSS and MSC can be reduced, decreasing network infrastructure costs.

This subsystem is also referred to as the transcoder and rate adaptation unit (TRAU). Some networks use 32 kbit/s ADPCM on the terrestrial side of the network instead of 64 kbit/s PCM and the TRAU converts accordingly. When the traffic is not voice but data such as fax or email, the TRAU enables its rate adaptation unit function to give compatibility between the BSS and MSC data rates.

Packet control unit
The packet control unit (PCU) is a late addition to the GSM standard. It performs some of the processing tasks of the BSC, but for packet data. The allocation of channels between voice and data is controlled by the base station, but once a channel is allocated to the PCU, the PCU takes full control over that channel.

The PCU can be built into the base station, built into the BSC or even, in some proposed architectures, it can be at the SGSN site. In most of the cases, the PCU is a separate node communicating extensively with the BSC on the radio side and the SGSN on the Gb side.

BSS interfaces

 * Um: The air interface between the mobile station (MS) and the BTS. This interface uses LAPDm protocol for signaling, to conduct call control, measurement reporting, handover, power control, authentication, authorization, location update and so on. Traffic and signaling are sent in bursts of 0.577 ms at intervals of 4.615 ms, to form data blocks each 20 ms.
 * Abis: The interface between the BTS and BSC. Generally carried by a DS-1, ES-1, or E1 TDM circuit. Uses TDM subchannels for traffic (TCH), LAPD protocol for BTS supervision and telecom signaling, and carries synchronization from the BSC to the BTS and MS.
 * A: The interface between the BSC and MSC. It is used for carrying traffic channels and the BSSAP user part of the SS7 stack. Although there are usually transcoding units between BSC and MSC, the signaling communication takes place between these two ending points and the transcoder unit doesn't touch the SS7 information, only the voice or CS data are transcoded or rate adapted.
 * Ater: The interface between the BSC and transcoder. It is a proprietary interface whose name depends on the vendor (for example Ater by Nokia), it carries the A interface information from the BSC leaving it untouched.
 * Gb: Connects the BSS to the SGSN in the GPRS core network.

title: Base station subsystem


text:
ODS

ODS may refer to:

Computing, Internet and information technology

 * Files-11 (On-Disk Structure), a DEC filesystem
 * Office of Digital Strategy, Executive Branch of the White House
 * OpenDocument Spreadsheet file format
 * Online dating service
 * Operational data store, an intermediate data warehouse for databases
 * OpenDNSSEC, a security extension of DNS Protocol
 * Optical data storage a technology for storing information

Science and technology

 * Octadecylsilyl, also known as C18, a surface coating used in reversed-phase chromatography
 * Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys
 * Ozone-depleting substance, chemicals which contribute to ozone depletion
 * Osmotic demyelination syndrome, a neurological condition involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells

Military operations

 * Operation Defensive Shield
 * Operation Desert Storm

Other

 * Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) (Czech: Občanská demokratická strana)
 * Civic Democratic Party (Slovakia) (Slovak: Občianska demokratická strana)
 * Odesa International Airport, an airport in Odesa, Ukraine (IATA code ODS)
 * L'Officiel du jeu Scrabble, the reference dictionary for Scrabble in French-speaking countries
 * One Day School, a gifted education program in New Zealand.
 * Operating Deflection Shape, a method used for visualisation of the vibration pattern of a machine
 * Ordbog over det danske Sprog, a dictionary of Danish
 * Overdoses (especially drug overdoses)
 * In Liverpool in England, Old Dock Sill
 * Orbital Dysfunctional Syndrome from the film Pandorum
 * Occupy Dame Street, a protest in Dublin, Ireland in 2011–12

title: ODS


text:
Talk:Absolutely Free

Untitled
Beware the fanboy.

Like the first album, almost every genre under the sun can be found either being used and performed expertly or being barbed at and musically disemboweled by the outstanding performers of the Mothers of Invention — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.233.126.184 (talk) 04:53, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

-Yeah, that needs work. The first album doesn't go farther then Rock, R&B, Blues, and Musique Concrete anyway. (Doowop too, but that feels redundant.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.83.57.222 (talk) 04:09, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

== == So Absolutely Free (song), which was on the following Zappa album, had absolutely nothing to do with this one, correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.149.215.97 (talk) 07:37, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

-You are right, there is no direct connection other than the title. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.212.64.234 (talk) 20:22, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

I have removed the reference to Terry Gilliam in the credits. Though there are rumors that he created sound effect for this album it has never been confirmed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.212.64.234 (talk) 20:22, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

== ==

Is Captain Beefheart on this album? I thought I heard him on Brown Shoes Don't Make It — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mdebellis (talk • contribs) 04:12, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

No. There is a section of Call Any Vegetable that sounds as if it may have been intended as a pastiche of CB, but it's not him in person. BTLizard (talk) 14:34, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

...actually it's in Invocation & Ritual Dance of the Young Pumpkin. I'm used to the Mothermania edit, where it's all one songBTLizard (talk) 14:39, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Absolutely Free


text: Template:Districts of Serbia

title: Template:Districts of Serbia


text:
Sprengisandur

Sprengisandur is a highland plateau in Iceland, defined roughly as the area between the Hofsjökull and Vatnajökull glaciers.

History and etymology
Like Kjölur and Kaldidalur, Sprengisandur is an ancient pass - during the time of the Icelandic Free State (ca. 930–1265) it was one of the several important north–south routes that connected remote regions of the island to the Plains of the Parliament, Þingvellir, where the yearly parliament, Alþingi, was held each year at midsummer. In the sagas of Icelanders it is often called simply Sandr "Sand" or Sandleið, "Sand trail". At its southern end, it was joined with another such route, Fjallabaksvegur nyrðri, running west from Landmannalaugar mountain hot springs area.

Sprengisandur is only accessible during summer - like other parts of the inner desert, it is impassable in winter because of the snow, and in spring because of floods. While being the shortest way to the Alþingi for some Icelanders, for example, those living around lake Ljósavatn that is very close to the northern end of the route, and for inhabitants of Vopnafjörður, it had the downside of having by far the longest stretch through the forbidding inner desert regions among the other possible routes. For hundreds of kilometers, there was no fodder for horses to be had, and no human habitation to take shelter in. This feature gave the area its name: it is derived from Icelandic noun sandur "sand", which denotes the volcanic ash deserts of the center of the island, and the verb sprengja that means "to ride a horse to death; to be on the point of bursting after running for too long". One needed to ride as fast as possible, nearly driving the horses to death, to cross the mountain desert and reach the inhabited regions of the island again before one ran out of victuals.

Hence, Sprengisandur was, if at all possible, avoided by medieval Icelanders, even if it meant taking the longer route. One example is in ch. 8 of the Hrafnkels saga: the chieftain Hrafnkell, who lived in the East Fjords and rather close to the northern end of Sprengisandur, prefers to travel to the Alþingi by going south along the shore of the island - his route is much longer and slower, but it goes through inhabited regions for the entire route. His enemies, living in the same neighbourhood but needing speed, decide to take the shorter yet more exhausting Sprengisandur route, so as to arrive at the Alþingi much earlier and have enough time to drum up some support for their case. Another example is in Ölkofra þáttr, where the chieftain Broddi, who lives in Vopnafjörður, returns home from Alþingi by taking the Kjölur route north and then going east along the northern shore of the island - a much longer road home than one through Sprengisandur, yet one going largely through inhabited regions.

As usual with uninhabited places in Iceland, Sprengisandur route was considered to be haunted by ghosts. Both themes, the difficulty of passage and the presence of ghosts, are referred to in the famous Icelandic song Á Sprengisandi, written by Grímur Thomsen (1820–1896).

Developments
After the loss of independence in 1265, the route gradually fell out of use and was lost until the 19th century. The modern gravel road goes more or less parallel and a bit southeast of the ancient horse trail. A tourist bus runs over the Sprengisandur every other day from Landmannalaugar to Mývatn and back in July and August. If the weather is good, the route offers views of both glaciers and volcanoes Askja and Herðubreið. In the middle of the track there is a hut of the Icelandic Hiking Club, Nýidalur.

Transport
A gravel road called Sprengisandsleið runs through the area and connects Southern Region and Northeastern Region parts of the country. The road, and shorter tracks leading from the main road, are only open in the summer months.

A very remote airfield with two runways named Sprengisandur is located in the area (ICAO: BISP).

Sprengisandur (strada)

title: Sprengisandur


text:
User talk:Amantine~enwiki

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title: User talk:Amantine~enwiki