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Archive (band)

Archive are a musical group based in London, England, whose music spans electronic, trip hop, avant-garde, post-rock and progressive rock. Over their 28-year history, the band has released twelve studio albums and enjoyed established success throughout Europe.

Londinium & Take My Head (1994–1999)
Archive was formed in 1994 as a trip-hop band when Darius Keeler and Danny Griffiths formed up with Roya Arab and rapper Rosko John. After releasing a few singles on their own label, they broke up in early 1996 following a dispute. A few months later, the group reformed with new personnel and began recording their debut album. Londinium was released on Island Records in September 1996. The album featured a mix of dark trip hop, electronica, string arrangements and classically influenced songwriting. However, creative differences on the follow-up resulted in the band once again breaking up.

In 1997, Keeler and Griffiths regrouped and continued Archive with another female singer, Suzanne Wooder. In 1999, Archive released their second studio album on Independiente, entitled Take My Head. The album features a mix of pop and symphonic trip hop, far more melodic than its predecessor. Due to differences of musical taste with an undisclosed number of producers the band tried to work with on the album, they have described it as their least favorite album the band recorded.

Craig Walker era (2000–2004)
In 2000, Keeler and Griffiths began to demo new tracks for further studio production. After establishing a new sound to work with, the boys placed an advert in Mojo magazine, looking for a new lead singer. Craig Walker answered the advert and immediately began working with the band and singing on the tune that Darius wrote, entitled, "Again".

Between 2002 and 2005, the band released three studio albums with Walker to further growing popularity and critical acclaim. "You All Look The Same To Me" (2002), "Noise" (2004), and "Michel Vaillant" were albums that marked a turning point of the Archive sound that gradually turned away from their roots in electronica and trip hop and towards more of a psychedelic and progressive style. One of the three composed albums was the soundtrack to the French film Michel Vaillant, released in November 2003. In winter of 2014, teaser music from the band's upcoming album was used for a TV advertisement for Meetic.

In November 2004, Archive began their European tour without Walker, posting on their website that Walker would not be joining the band as he has left Archive due to personal differences.

Collective phase (2004–present)
In Autumn of 2004, Archive announced that Dave Pen (BirdPen) would replace Walker on the Noise tour. During this same tour, Keeler and Griffiths met the singer Pollard Berrier (formerly of the band Bauchklang) at one of their shows in Vienna, Austria. Pollard had given Darius a demo CD of his own written material, with the intention of starting another project with Dan and Darius. Because of the latter circumstances, the three began writing and rehearsing together, and were recording in Southside Studios, London, by September 2005. A new modern era for Archive had begun with Darius, Dan and Pollard all writing and co-writing seven tracks and Dave Pen co-writing three, on the album, "Lights". Maria Q sang on three (including backing) tracks. From this point on, Archive was no longer a "front-man-band", but a "collective" of individual artists contributing to what is now an established sound. The album "Lights" was released in May 2006 and received high critical acclaim in France, Switzerland, Greece and Poland. Archive enjoyed predominantly sold-out gigs on their "Lights" Tour, as well as high acclaim at festivals around Europe.

In May 2009, Archive returned to release their most acclaimed album to date, "Controlling Crowds I-III". It reached number one in the French charts for a week, number one in Greece, number two in Switzerland and number 5 in Luxembourg. The single, "Bullets", was their most acclaimed single to date and reached the charts in Greece, Poland, Switzerland, France, and Germany. It has also been featured in the teaser trailer for Cyberpunk 2077. The biggest surprise of this album was the return of Rosko John, who adds an unforeseen depth to the seventh studio album. In September 2009, the follow-up album "Controlling Crowds: Part IV" was released, along with single "The Empty Bottle". Archive continued their "Controlling Crowds" tour, having already sold out some fifty concerts from September 2009 - February 2010, up to and extensively for the 2010 Summer Festival Season.

With Us Until You're Dead
Archive have worked on their eighth studio album (excluding Michel Vaillant) in London and Paris; under new management, having finished their deal with Warner Music - This has enlivened hopes in their home country of an official release at last. As early as November 2011, short samples of new works featured on the band's official website.

In May 2012, the band confirmed via the website that the album, titled With Us Until You're Dead, would be released on 27 August from their own label Dangervisit Records. It was accompanied by a European tour starting in October, to which a London show was promptly added. Fusing orchestral, electronic, soulful, progressive and emotional elements, Keeler describes the new material in comparison to previous works as "more personal - love songs basically. But coming at the subject matter in that non-formatted Archive way." Fans heard a new song, Violently, featuring new vocalist Holly Martin, which was released as part of the Wiped Out / Violently EP on 2 July.

Axiom
In November 2013, Archive announced details of their most ambitious project to date, a forty-minute short film and accompanying album set for release in May 2014.

The film was created with the help of Spanish film collective NYSU. Director Jesus Hernandez said of the film: "Archive has produced a great album that works like an entire movie script... Our challenge was to translate the band’s script into images." The film is set on Axiom, an island in the middle of nowhere with steep cliffs on all sides. On the island there is an underground city dominated by a bell, which decides the fate of the city's inhabitants.

The album, titled Axiom, was officially released on 26 May 2014. The band debuted the short film and performed live at the 2014 Sundance London film festival.

Restriction
On 20 October 2014 Archive announced their upcoming album Restriction which was released on 12 January 2015. Videos for the tracks "Black And Blue", "Kid Corner" and "Feel It" are available for viewing on the official website.

The False Foundation
On 7 October 2016 Archive released their tenth album The False Foundation. The band released music videos for "Driving In Nails", "Bright Lights" and "The False Foundation".

25
To celebrate their 25 years of activity, in May 2019 the band released a massive retrospective collection called "25". The standard edition features 26 tracks drawn from the band's career, including new and previously unreleased songs - including collaborations with Band of Skulls and Steve Mason. The 4 CD deluxe edition contains 42 tracks.

Versions
In 2020 Archive released the remix album Versions, a collection of 10 previously released songs that were remixed or re-recorded to generate mostly more quiet and atmospheric versions.

Call To Arms & Angels
On 29 April 2022 Archive released their twelfth studio album Call To Arms & Angels recorded at RAK Studios and produced by Jérome Devoise. The album features 17 tracks and is accompanied by the documentary Super8: A Call To Arms & Angels. Archive released music videos for the tracks "Shouting Within", "Fear There & Everywhere", "We Are The Same", and "Frying Paint". The album introduces Lisa Mottram as the band's new vocalist.

The associated tour, scheduled for autumn 2022, had to be postponed in August 2022 by one year due to Darius Keeler's treatment for colon cancer.

Band members

 * Darius Keeler - keyboards, synthesizer, piano, organ, programming, arrangements, production
 * Danny Griffiths - keyboards, samples, additional programming, arrangements, production
 * Pollard Berrier - vocals, guitar
 * Maria "Q" Quintile - vocals
 * Holly Martin - vocals
 * Lisa Mottram - vocals
 * Dave Pen - vocals, guitar, percussion
 * Mike Hurcombe - guitar
 * Jonathan Noyce - bass
 * Steve "Smiley" Barnard - drums

Former members

 * Rosko John - songwriting, vocals, MC
 * Craig Walker - songwriting, vocals, guitar
 * Steve Harris - guitar, backing vocals
 * Matheu Martin - drums
 * Suzanne Wooder - vocals
 * Roya Arab - songwriting and vocals
 * Lee Pomeroy - bass, mellotron
 * Dale Davis - bass
 * Tom Brazelle - harmonica

Studio albums

 * Londinium (1996)
 * Take My Head (1999)
 * You All Look the Same to Me (2002)
 * Noise (2004)
 * Lights (2006)
 * Controlling Crowds (2009)
 * Controlling Crowds – Part IV (2009)
 * With Us Until You're Dead (2012)
 * Axiom (2014)
 * Restriction (2015)
 * The False Foundation (2016)
 * Call to Arms and Angels (2022)

Soundtracks

 * Michel Vaillant by Archive (soundtrack from Michel Vaillant) (2003)
 * Voleuses (soundtrack from Mélanie Laurent's Voleuse) (2023)

Compilations

 * Controlling Crowds – The Complete Edition Parts I–IV (2009)
 * Demos and Tracks from the Archives (2010)
 * Demos and Tracks from the Archives 2 (2012)
 * 25 (2019)

Live albums

 * Live at Paris/France Inter (2002)
 * Unplugged (2004)
 * Live for 3 nights at Les Nuits Botaniques Festival - Brussels May 2005 (2005, promo)
 * Live at the Zenith (2007)
 * Live at La Géode (only sold by French FNAC) (2010)
 * Live 2010 Ancienne Belgique, Brussels 17th January 2010 (only sold by ConcertLive.co.uk) (2010)
 * Live 2010 Le Zenith, Paris 23rd January 2010 (only sold by ConcertLive.co.uk) (2010)

Live DVD

 * Live at the Zenith (deluxe package) (2007)
 * Live in Athens (sold at PledgeMusic.com) (2011)

Remix albums

 * Unrestricted (2015)
 * Versions (2020)

EPs

 * The Absurd EP (2002)
 * Pieces B Sides (2006)
 * Wiped Out / Violently EP (2012)
 * Live EP (2013)
 * Restriction Outtakes EP (2015)

Singles
Londinium
 * "Londinium" (1996)
 * "So Few Words" (1996)
 * "Nothing Else" (1996)

Take My Head
 * "You Make Me Feel" (1999)
 * "The Way You Love Me" (1999)
 * "Take My Head" (1999, promo)
 * "Cloud in the Sky" (2000)

You All Look The Same to Me
 * "Again" (2001/2002)
 * "Numb" (2002)
 * "Goodbye" (2002, promo)
 * "Men Like You / Meon" (2003)

Michel Vaillant
 * "Friend" (2003)
 * "Main Bridge Scene" (2003)

Noise
 * "Get Out" (2004)
 * "Fuck U" (2004, promo)
 * "Sleep" (2004, promo)

Lights
 * "System" (2006, promo)
 * "Fold" (2006, promo)
 * "Sane" (2006, promo)

Controlling Crowds (Parts I-III)
 * "Bullets" (2009)
 * "Kings of Speed" (2009, promo)
 * "Collapse/Collide" (2009)

Controlling Crowds – Part IV
 * "The Empty Bottle" (2009)
 * "Lines" (2009, promo)

With Us Until You're Dead
 * "Violently" (2012, promo)
 * "Wiped Out" (2012)
 * "Hatchet" (2012)
 * "Stick Me In My Heart" (2013)

Axiom
 * "Distorted Angels" (2014)
 * "Axiom" (2014)

Restriction
 * "Black & Blue" (2014)
 * "Feel It" (2014)
 * "Kid Corner" (2014)
 * "End of Our Days" (2015)

The False Foundation Call To Arms and Angels
 * "Driving In Nails" (2016)
 * "Bright Lights" (2016)
 * "The False Foundation" (2016)
 * "Versions" (2020)

 * "Super8" (2021)
 * "Shouting Within" (2021)
 * "Daytime Coma" (2021)

Entourage

 * BirdPen
 * Robin Foster

title: Archive (band)


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Manvieux

Manvieux is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Manvieux


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Le Marais-la-Chapelle

Le Marais-la-Chapelle is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Marais-la-Chapelle


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Rectal prolapse

A rectal prolapse occurs when walls of the rectum have prolapsed to such a degree that they protrude out of the anus and are visible outside the body. However, most researchers agree that there are 3 to 5 different types of rectal prolapse, depending on whether the prolapsed section is visible externally, and whether the full or only partial thickness of the rectal wall is involved.

Rectal prolapse may occur without any symptoms, but depending upon the nature of the prolapse there may be mucous discharge (mucus coming from the anus), rectal bleeding, degrees of fecal incontinence, and obstructed defecation symptoms.

Rectal prolapse is generally more common in elderly women, although it may occur at any age and in either sex. It is very rarely life-threatening, but the symptoms can be debilitating if left untreated. Most external prolapse cases can be treated successfully, often with a surgical procedure. Internal prolapses are traditionally harder to treat and surgery may not be suitable for many patients.

Classification
The different kinds of rectal prolapse can be difficult to grasp, as different definitions are used and some recognize some subtypes and others do not. Essentially, rectal prolapses may be:
 * full thickness (complete), where all the layers of the rectal wall prolapse, or involve the mucosal layer only (partial)
 * external if they protrude from the anus and are visible externally, or internal if they do not
 * circumferential, where the whole circumference of the rectal wall prolapse, or segmental if only parts of the circumference of the rectal wall prolapse
 * present at rest, or occurring during straining.

External (complete) rectal prolapse (rectal procidentia, full thickness rectal prolapse, external rectal prolapse) is a full thickness, circumferential, true intussusception of the rectal wall which protrudes from the anus and is visible externally.

Internal rectal intussusception (occult rectal prolapse, internal procidentia) can be defined as a funnel shaped infolding of the upper rectal (or lower sigmoid) wall that can occur during defecation. This infolding is perhaps best visualised as folding a sock inside out, creating "a tube within a tube". Another definition is "where the rectum collapses but does not exit the anus". Many sources differentiate between internal rectal intussusception and mucosal prolapse, implying that the former is a full thickness prolapse of rectal wall. However, a publication by the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons stated that internal rectal intussusception involved the mucosal and submucosal layers separating from the underlying muscularis mucosa layer attachments, resulting in the separated portion of rectal lining "sliding" down. This may signify that authors use the terms internal rectal prolapse and internal mucosal prolapse to describe the same phenomena.

Mucosal prolapse (partial rectal mucosal prolapse) refers to prolapse of the loosening of the submucosal attachments to the muscularis propria of the distal rectummucosal layer of the rectal wall. Most sources define mucosal prolapse as an external, segmental prolapse which is easily confused with prolapsed (3rd or 4th degree) hemorrhoids (piles). However, both internal mucosal prolapse (see below) and circumferential mucosal prolapse are described by some. Others do not consider mucosal prolapse a true form of rectal prolapse.

Internal mucosal prolapse (rectal internal mucosal prolapse, RIMP) refers to prolapse of the mucosal layer of the rectal wall which does not protrude externally. There is some controversy surrounding this condition as to its relationship with hemorrhoidal disease, or whether it is a separate entity. The term "mucosal hemorrhoidal prolapse" is also used.

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS, solitary rectal ulcer, SRU) occurs with internal rectal intussusception and is part of the spectrum of rectal prolapse conditions. It describes ulceration of the rectal lining caused by repeated frictional damage as the internal intussusception is forced into the anal canal during straining. SRUS can be considered a consequence of internal intussusception, which can be demonstrated in 94% of cases.

Mucosal prolapse syndrome (MPS) is recognized by some. It includes solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, rectal prolapse, proctitis cystica profunda, and inflammatory polyps. It is classified as a chronic benign inflammatory disorder.

Rectal prolapse and internal rectal intussusception has been classified according to the size of the prolapsed section of rectum, a function of rectal mobility from the sacrum and infolding of the rectum. This classification also takes into account sphincter relaxation:
 * Grade I: nonrelaxation of the sphincter mechanism (anismus)
 * Grade II: mild intussusception
 * Grade III: moderate intussusception
 * Grade IV: severe intussusception
 * Grade V: rectal prolapse

Rectal internal mucosal prolapse has been graded according to the level of descent of the intussusceptum, which was predictive of symptom severity:
 * first degree prolapse is detectable below the anorectal ring on straining
 * second degree when it reached the dentate line
 * third degree when it reached the anal verge

The most widely used classification of internal rectal prolapse is according to the height on the rectal/sigmoid wall from which they originate and by whether the intussusceptum remains within the rectum or extends into the anal canal. The height of intussusception from the anal canal is usually estimated by defecography.

Recto-rectal (high) intussusception (intra-rectal intussusception) is where the intussusception starts in the rectum, does not protrude into the anal canal, but stays within the rectum. (i.e. the intussusceptum originates in the rectum and does not extend into the anal canal. The intussuscipiens includes rectal lumen distal to the intussusceptum only). These are usually intussusceptions that originate in the upper rectum or lower sigmoid.

Recto-anal (low) intussusception (intra-anal intussusception) is where the intussusception starts in the rectum and protrudes into the anal canal (i.e. the intussusceptum originates in the rectum, and the intussuscipiens includes part of the anal canal)

An Anatomico-Functional Classification of internal rectal intussusception has been described, with the argument that other factors apart from the height of intussusception above the anal canal appear to be important to predict symptomology. The parameters of this classification are anatomic descent, diameter of intussuscepted bowel, associated rectal hyposensitivity and associated delayed colonic transit:
 * Type 1: Internal recto-rectal intussusception
 * Type 1W Wide lumen
 * Type 1N Narrowed lumen
 * Type 2: Internal recto-anal intussusception
 * Type 2W Wide Lumen
 * Type 2N Narrowed lumen
 * Type 2M Narrowed internal lumen with associated rectal hyposensitivity or early megarectum
 * Type 3: Internal-external recto-anal intussusception

History
Patients may have associated gynecological conditions which may require multidisciplinary management. History of constipation is important because some of the operations may worsen constipation. Fecal incontinence may also influence the choice of management.

Physical examination
Rectal prolapse may be confused easily with prolapsing hemorrhoids. Mucosal prolapse also differs from prolapsing (3rd or 4th degree) hemorrhoids, where there is a segmental prolapse of the hemorrhoidal tissues at the 3, 7 and 11 o'clock positions. Mucosal prolapse can be differentiated from a full thickness external rectal prolapse (a complete rectal prolapse) by the orientation of the folds (furrows) in the prolapsed section. In full thickness rectal prolapse, these folds run circumferential. In mucosal prolapse, these folds are radially. The folds in mucosal prolapse are usually associated with internal hemorrhoids. Furthermore, in rectal prolapse, there is a sulcus present between the prolapsed bowel and the anal verge, whereas in hemorrhoidal disease there is no sulcus. Prolapsed, incarcerated hemorrhoids are extremely painful, whereas as long as a rectal prolapse is not strangulated, it gives little pain and is easy to reduce.

The prolapse may be obvious, or it may require straining and squatting to produce it. The anus is usually patulous, (loose, open) and has reduced resting and squeeze pressures. Sometimes it is necessary to observe the patient while they strain on a toilet to see the prolapse happen (the perineum can be seen with a mirror or by placing an endoscope in the bowl of the toilet). A phosphate enema may need to be used to induce straining.

The perianal skin may be macerated (softening and whitening of skin that is kept constantly wet) and show excoriation.

Proctoscopy/sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy
These may reveal congestion and edema (swelling) of the distal rectal mucosa, and in 10-15% of cases there may be a solitary rectal ulcer on the anterior rectal wall. Localized inflammation or ulceration can be biopsied and may lead to a diagnosis of SRUS or colitis cystica profunda. Rarely, a neoplasm (tumour) may form on the leading edge of the intussusceptum. In addition, patients are frequently elderly and therefore have increased incidence of colorectal cancer. Full length colonoscopy is usually carried out in adults prior to any surgical intervention. These investigations may be used with contrast media (barium enema) which may show the associated mucosal abnormalities.

Videodefecography
This investigation is used to diagnose internal intussusception, or demonstrate a suspected external prolapse that could not be produced during the examination. It is usually not necessary with obvious external rectal prolapse. Defecography may demonstrate associated conditions like cystocele, vaginal vault prolapse or enterocele.

Colonic transit studies
Colonic transit studies may be used to rule out colonic inertia if there is a history of severe constipation. Continent prolapse patients with slow transit constipation, and who are fit for surgery may benefit from subtotal colectomy with rectopexy.

Anorectal manometry
This investigation objectively documents the functional status of the sphincters. However, the clinical significance of the findings are disputed by some. It may be used to assess for pelvic floor dyssenergia, (anismus is a contraindication for certain surgeries, e.g. STARR), and these patients may benefit from post-operative biofeedback therapy. Decreased squeeze and resting pressures are usually the findings, and this may predate the development of the prolapse. Resting tone is usually preserved in patients with mucosal prolapse. In patients with reduced resting pressure, levatorplasty may be combined with prolapse repair to further improve continence.

Anal electromyography/pudendal nerve testing
It may be used to evaluate incontinence, but there is disagreement about what relevance the results may show, as rarely do they mandate a change of surgical plan. There may be denervation of striated musculature on the electromyogram. Increased nerve conduction periods (nerve damage), this may be significant in predicting post-operative incontinence.

Complete rectal prolapse

Rectal prolapse is a "falling down" of the rectum so that it is visible externally. The appearance is of a reddened, proboscis-like object through the anal sphincters. Patients find the condition embarrassing. The symptoms can be socially debilitating without treatment, but it is rarely life-threatening.

The true incidence of rectal prolapse is unknown, but it is thought to be uncommon. As most affected people are elderly, the condition is generally under-reported. It may occur at any age, even in children, but there is peak onset in the fourth and seventh decades. Women over 50 are six times more likely to develop rectal prolapse than men. It is rare in men over 45 and in women under 20. When males are affected, they tend to be young and report significant bowel function symptoms, especially obstructed defecation, or have a predisposing disorder (e.g., congenital anal atresia). When children are affected, they are usually under the age of 3.

35% of women with rectal prolapse have never had children, suggesting that pregnancy and labor are not significant factors. Anatomical differences such as the wider pelvic outlet in females may explain the skewed gender distribution.

Associated conditions, especially in younger patients include autism, developmental delay syndromes, and psychiatric conditions requiring several medications.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms include:
 * history of a protruding mass.
 * degrees of fecal incontinence, (50-80% of patients) which may simply present as a mucous discharge.
 * constipation (20-50% of patients) also described as tenesmus (a sensation of incomplete evacuation of stool) and obstructed defecation.
 * a feeling of bearing down.
 * rectal bleeding
 * diarrhea and erratic bowel habits.

Initially, the mass may protrude through the anal canal only during defecation and straining, and spontaneously return afterwards. Later, the mass may have to be pushed back in following defecation. This may progress to a chronically prolapsed and severe condition, defined as spontaneous prolapse that is difficult to keep inside, and occurs with walking, prolonged standing, coughing or sneezing (Valsalva maneuvers). A chronically prolapsed rectal tissue may undergo pathological changes such as thickening, ulceration and bleeding.

If the prolapse becomes trapped externally outside the anal sphincters, it may become strangulated and there is a risk of perforation. This may require an urgent surgical operation if the prolapse cannot be manually reduced. Applying granulated sugar on the exposed rectal tissue can reduce the edema (swelling) and facilitate this.

Cause

The precise cause is unknown, and has been much debated. In 1912 Moschcowitz proposed that rectal prolapse was a sliding hernia through a pelvic fascial defect.

This theory was based on the observation that rectal prolapse patients have a mobile and unsupported pelvic floor, and a hernia sac of peritoneum from the Pouch of Douglas and rectal wall can be seen. Other adjacent structures can sometimes be seen in addition to the rectal prolapse. Although a pouch of Douglas hernia, originating in the cul de sac of Douglas, may protrude from the anus (via the anterior rectal wall), this is a different situation from rectal prolapse.

Shortly after the invention of defecography, In 1968 Broden and Snellman used cinedefecography to show that rectal prolapse begins as a circumferential intussusception of the rectum, which slowly increases over time. The leading edge of the intussusceptum may be located at 6–8 cm or at 15–18 cm from the anal verge. This proved an older theory from the 18th century by John Hunter and Albrecht von Haller that this condition is essentially a full-thickness rectal intussusception, beginning about 3 inches above the dentate line and protruding externally.

Since most patients with rectal prolapse have a long history of constipation, it is thought that prolonged, excessive and repetitive straining during defecation may predispose to rectal prolapse. Since rectal prolapse itself causes functional obstruction, more straining may result from a small prolapse, with increasing damage to the anatomy. This excessive straining may be due to predisposing pelvic floor dysfunction (e.g. obstructed defecation) and anatomical factors:
 * Abnormally low descent of the peritoneum covering the anterior rectal wall
 * poor posterior rectal fixation, resulting in loss of posterior fixation of the rectum to the sacral curve
 * loss of the normal horizontal position of the rectum with lengthening (redundant rectosigmoid) and downward displacement of the sigmoid and rectum
 * long rectal mesentery
 * a deep cul-de-sac
 * levator diastasis
 * a patulous, weak anal sphincter

Some authors question whether these abnormalities are the cause, or secondary to the prolapse. Other predisposing factors/associated conditions include:
 * pregnancy (although 35% of women who develop rectal prolapse are nulliparous) (have never given birth)
 * previous surgery (30-50% of females with the condition underwent previous gynecological surgery)
 * pelvic neuropathies and neurological disease
 * high gastrointestinal helminth loads (e.g. Whipworm)
 * COPD
 * cystic fibrosis

The association with uterine prolapse (10-25%) and cystocele (35%) may suggest that there is some underlying abnormality of the pelvic floor that affects multiple pelvic organs. Proximal bilateral pudendal neuropathy has been demonstrated in patients with rectal prolapse who have fecal incontinence. This finding was shown to be absent in healthy subjects, and may be the cause of denervation-related atrophy of the external anal sphincter. Some authors suggest that pudendal nerve damage is the cause for pelvic floor and anal sphincter weakening, and may be the underlying cause of a spectrum of pelvic floor disorders.

Sphincter function in rectal prolapse is almost always reduced. This may be the result of direct sphincter injury by chronic stretching of the prolapsing rectum. Alternatively, the intussuscepting rectum may lead to chronic stimulation of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR - contraction of the external anal sphincter in response to stool in the rectum). The RAIR was shown to be absent or blunted. Squeeze (maximum voluntary contraction) pressures may be affected as well as the resting tone. This is most likely a denervation injury to the external anal sphincter.

The assumed mechanism of fecal incontinence in rectal prolapse is by the chronic stretch and trauma to the anal sphincters and the presence of a direct conduit (the intussusceptum) connecting rectum to the external environment which is not guarded by the sphincters.

The assumed mechanism of obstructed defecation is by disruption to the rectum and anal canal's ability to contract and fully evacuate rectal contents. The intussusceptum itself may mechanically obstruct the rectoanal lumen, creating a blockage that straining, anismus and colonic dysmotility exacerbate.

Some believe that internal rectal intussusception represents the initial form of a progressive spectrum of disorders the extreme of which is external rectal prolapse. The intermediary stages would be gradually increasing sizes of intussusception. However, internal intussusception rarely progresses to external rectal prolapse. The factors that result in a patient progressing from internal intussusception to a full thickness rectal prolapse remain unknown. Defecography studies demonstrated that degrees of internal intussusception are present in 40% of asymptomatic subjects, raising the possibility that it represents a normal variant in some, and may predispose patients to develop symptoms, or exacerbate other problems.

Conservative
Surgery is thought to be the only option to potentially cure a complete rectal prolapse. For people with medical problems that make them unfit for surgery, and those who have minimal symptoms, conservative measures may be beneficial. Dietary adjustments, including increasing dietary fiber may be beneficial to reduce constipation, and thereby reduce straining. A bulk forming agent (e.g. psyllium) or stool softener can also reduce constipation.

Surgical
Surgery is often required to prevent further damage to the anal sphincters. The goals of surgery are to restore the normal anatomy and to minimize symptoms. There is no globally agreed consensus as to which procedures are more effective, and there have been over 50 different operations described.

Surgical approaches in rectal prolapse can be either perineal or abdominal. A perineal approach (or trans-perineal) refers to surgical access to the rectum and sigmoid colon via an incision around the anus and perineum (the area between the genitals and the anus). Abdominal approach (trans-abdominal approach) involves the surgeon cutting into the abdomen and gaining surgical access to the pelvic cavity. Procedures for rectal prolapse may involve fixation of the bowel (rectopexy), or resection (a portion removed), or both. Trans-anal (endo-anal) procedures are also described where access to the internal rectum is gained through the anus itself.

Abdominal procedures are associated with lower risk of postoperative recurrence of the prolapse, compared with perineal procedures (6.1% vs 16.3% in patients who are younger than 65 years of age at the time of surgery).

Abdominal procedures
The abdominal approach carries a small risk of impotence in males (e.g. 1-2% in abdominal rectopexy). Abdominal operations may be open or laparoscopic (keyhole surgery).

Laparoscopic procedures Recovery time following laparoscopic surgery is shorter and less painful than following traditional abdominal surgery. Instead of opening the pelvic cavity with a wide incision (laparotomy), a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) and surgical instruments are inserted into the pelvic cavity via small incisions. Rectopexy and anterior resection have been performed laparoscopically with good results.

Perineal procedures
The perineal approach generally results in less post-operative pain and complications, and a reduced length of hospital stay. These procedures generally carry a higher recurrence rate and poorer functional outcome. The perineal procedures include perineal rectosigmoidectomy and Delorme repair. Elderly, or other medically high-risk patients are usually treated by perineal procedures, as they can be performed under a regional anesthetic, or even local anesthetic with intravenous sedation, thus avoid the risks of a general anesthetic. Alternatively, perineal procedures may be selected to reduce risk of nerve damage, for example in young male patients for whom sexual dysfunction may be a major concern.

Perineal rectosigmoidectomy

The goal of Perineal rectosigmoidectomy is to resect or remove the redundant bowel. This is done through the perineum. The lower rectum is anchored to the sacrum through fibrosis in order to prevent future prolapse. The full thickness of the rectal wall is incised at a level just above the dentate line. Redundant rectal and sigmoid wall is removed and the new edge of colon is reconnected (anastomosed) with the anal canal with stitches or staples. This procedure may be combined with levatorplasty, to tighten the pelvic muscles. A combined a perineal proctosigmoidectomy with anterior levatorplasty is also called an Altemeier procedure. Levatorplasty is performed to correct levator diastasis which is commonly associated with rectal prolapse. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy was first introduced by Mikulicz in 1899, and it remained the preferred treatment in Europe for many years. It was Popularized by Altemeier. The procedure is simple, safe and effective. Continence levatorplasty may enhance restoration of continence (2/3 of patients). Complications occur in less than 10% of cases, and include pelvic bleeding, pelvic abscess and anastomotic dehiscence (splitting apart of the stitches inside), bleeding or leak at a dehiscence Mortality is low. Recurrence rates are higher than for abdominal repair, 16-30%, but more recent studies give lower recurrence rates. Additional levatorplasty can reduce recurrence rates to 7%.

Delorme Procedure

This is a modification of the perineal rectosigmoidectomy, differing in that only the mucosa and submucosa are excised from the prolapsed segment, rather than full thickness resection. The prolapse is exposed if it is not already present, and the mucosal and submucosal layers are stripped from the redundant length of bowel. The muscle layer that is left is plicated (folded) and placed as a buttress above the pelvic floor. The edges of the mucosal are then stitched back together. "Mucosal proctectomy" was first discussed by Delorme in 1900, now it is becoming more popular again as it has low morbidity and avoids an abdominal incision, while effectively repairing the prolapse. The procedure is ideally suited to those patients with full-thickness prolapse limited to partial circumference (e.g., anterior wall) or less-extensive prolapse (perineal rectosigmoidectomy may be difficult in this situation). Fecal incontinence is improved following surgery (40%–75% of patients). Post operatively, both mean resting and squeeze pressures were increased. Constipation is improved in 50% of cases, but often urgency and tenesmus are created. Complications, including infection, urinary retention, bleeding, anastomotic dehiscence (opening of the stitched edges inside), stricture (narrowing of the gut lumen), diarrhea, and fecal impaction occur in 6-32% of cases. Mortality occurs in 0–2.5% cases. There is a higher recurrence rate than abdominal approaches (7-26% cases).

Anal encirclement (Thirsch procedure)

This procedure can be carried out under local anaesthetic. After reduction of the prolapse, a subcutaneous suture (a stitch under the skin) or other material is placed encircling the anus, which is then made taut to prevent further prolapse. Placing silver wire around the anus first described by Thiersch in 1891. Materials used include nylon, silk, silastic rods, silicone, Marlex mesh, Mersilene mesh, fascia, tendon, and Dacron. This operation does not correct the prolapse itself, it merely supplements the anal sphincter, narrowing the anal canal with the aim of preventing the prolapse from becoming external, meaning it remains in the rectum. This goal is achieved in 54-100% cases. Complications include breakage of the encirclement material, fecal impaction, sepsis, and erosion into the skin or anal canal. Recurrence rates are higher than the other perineal procedures. This procedure is most often used for people who have a severe condition or who have a high risk of adverse effects from general anesthetic, and who may not tolerate other perineal procedures.

Internal rectal intussusception
Internal rectal intussusception (rectal intussusception, internal intussusception, internal rectal prolapse, occult rectal prolapse, internal rectal procidentia and rectal invagination) is a medical condition defined as a funnel shaped infolding of the rectal wall that can occur during defecation.

This phenomenon was first described in the late 1960s when defecography was first developed and became widespread. Degrees of internal intussusception have been demonstrated in 40% of asymptomatic subjects, raising the possibility that it represents a normal variant in some, and may predispose patients to develop symptoms, or exacerbate other problems.

Symptoms
Internal intussusception may be asymptomatic, but common symptoms include:
 * Fecal leakage
 * Sensation of obstructed defecation (tenesmus).
 * Pelvic pain.
 * Rectal bleeding.

Recto-rectal intussusceptions may be asymptomatic, apart from mild obstructed defecation. "interrupted defaecation" in the morning is thought by some to be characteristic.

Recto-anal intussusceptions commonly give more severe symptoms of straining, incomplete evacuation, need for digital evacuation of stool, need for support of the perineum during defecation, urgency, frequency or intermittent fecal incontinence.

It has been observed that intussusceptions of thickness ≥3 mm, and those that appear to cause obstruction to rectal evacuation may give clinical symptoms.

Cause
There are two schools of thought regarding the nature of internal intussusception, viz: whether it is a primary phenomenon, or secondary to (a consequence of) another condition.

Some believe that it represents the initial form of a progressive spectrum of disorders the extreme of which is external rectal prolapse. The intermediary stages would be gradually increasing sizes of intussusception. The folding section of rectum can cause repeated trauma to the mucosa, and can cause solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. However, internal intussusception rarely progress to external rectal prolapse.

Others argue that the majority of patients appear to have rectal intussusception as a consequence of obstructed defecation rather than a cause, possibly related to excessive straining in patients with obstructed defecation. Patients with other causes of obstructed defecation (outlet obstruction) like anismus also tend to have higher incidence of internal intussusception. Enteroceles are coexistent in 11% of patients with internal intussusception. Symptoms of internal intussusception overlap with those of rectocele, indeed the 2 conditions can occur together.

Patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome combined with internal intussusception (as 94% of SRUS patients have) were shown to have altered rectal wall biomechanics compared to patients with internal intussusception alone. The presumed mechanism of the obstructed defecation is by telescoping of the intussusceptum, occluding the rectal lumen during attempted defecation. One study analysed resected rectal wall specimens in patients with obstructed defecation associated with rectal intussusception undergoing stapled trans-anal rectal resection. They reported abnormalities of the enteric nervous system and estrogen receptors. One study concluded that intussusception of the anterior rectal wall shares the same cause as rectocele, namely deficient recto-vaginal ligamentous support.

Comorbidities and complications
The following conditions occur more commonly in patients with internal rectal intussusception than in the general population:
 * Rectocele
 * Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.

Diagnosis
Unlike external rectal prolapse, internal rectal intussusception is not visible externally, but it may still be diagnosed by digital rectal examination, while the patient strains as if to defecate. Imaging such as a defecating proctogram or dynamic MRI defecography can demonstrate the abnormal folding of the rectal wall. Some have advocated the use of anorectal physiology testing (anorectal manometry).

Treatment
Nonsurgical measures to treat internal intussusception include pelvic floor retraining, a bulking agent (e.g. psyllium), suppositories or enemas to relieve constipation and straining. If there is incontinence (fecal leakage or more severe FI), or paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor (anismus), then biofeedback retraining is indicated. Some researchers advise that internal intussusception be managed conservatively, compared to external rectal prolapse which usually requires surgery.

As with external rectal prolapse, there are a great many different surgical interventions described. Generally, a section of rectal wall can be resected (removed), or the rectum can be fixed (rectopexy) to its original position against the sacral vertebrae, or a combination of both methods. Surgery for internal rectal prolapse can be via the abdominal approach or the transanal approach.

It is clear that there is a wide spectrum of symptom severity, meaning that some patients may benefit from surgery and others may not. Many procedures receive conflicting reports of success, leading to a lack of any consensus about the best way to manage this problem. Relapse of the intussusception after treatment is a problem. Two of the most commonly employed procedures are discussed below.

Laparoscopic ventral (mesh) rectopexy (LVR)
This procedure aims to "[correct] the descent of the posterior and middle pelvic compartments combined with reinforcement of the rectovaginal septum".

Rectopexy has been shown to improve anal incontinence (fecal leakage) in patients with rectal intussusception. The operation has been shown to have low recurrence rate (around 5%). It also improves obstructed defecation symptoms.

Complications include constipation, which is reduced if the technique does not use posterior rectal mobilization (freeing the rectum from its attached back surface).

The advantage of the laparoscopic approach is decreased healing time and less complications.

Stapled trans-anal rectal resection (STARR)
This operation aims to "remove the anorectal mucosa circumferential and reinforce the anterior anorectal junction wall with the use of a circular stapler". In contrast to other methods, STARR does not correct the descent of the rectum, it removes the redundant tissue. The technique was developed from a similar stapling procedure for prolapsing hemorrhoids. Since, specialized circular staplers have been developed for use in external rectal prolapse and internal rectal intussusception.

Complications, sometimes serious, have been reported following STARR,  but the procedure is now considered safe and effective. STARR is contraindicated in patients with weak sphincters (fecal incontinence and urgency are a possible complication) and with anismus (paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor during attempted defecation). The operation has been shown to improve rectal sensitivity and decrease rectal volume, the reason thought to create urgency. 90% of patients do not report urgency 12 months after the operation. The anal sphincter may also be stretched during the operation. STARR was compared with biofeedback and found to be more effective at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Mucosal prolapse
Rectal mucosal prolapse (mucosal prolapse, anal mucosal prolapse) is a sub-type of rectal prolapse, and refers to abnormal descent of the rectal mucosa through the anus. It is different to an internal intussusception (occult prolapse) or a complete rectal prolapse (external prolapse, procidentia) because these conditions involve the full thickness of the rectal wall, rather than only the mucosa (lining).

Mucosal prolapse is a different condition to prolapsing (3rd or 4th degree) hemorrhoids, although they may look similar.

Rectal mucosal prolapse can be a cause of obstructed defecation (outlet obstruction). and rectal malodor.

Symptoms
Symptom severity increases with the size of the prolapse, and whether it spontaneously reduces after defecation, requires manual reduction by the patient, or becomes irreducible. The symptoms are identical to advanced hemorrhoidal disease, and include:
 * Fecal leakage causing staining of undergarments
 * Rectal bleeding
 * Mucous rectal discharge
 * Rectal pain
 * Pruritus ani

Cause
The condition, along with complete rectal prolapse and internal rectal intussusception, is thought to be related to chronic straining during defecation and constipation.

Mucosal prolapse occurs when the results from loosening of the submucosal attachments (between the mucosal layer and the muscularis propria) of the distal rectum. The section of prolapsed rectal mucosa can become ulcerated, leading to bleeding.

Diagnosis
Mucosal prolapse can be differentiated from a full thickness external rectal prolapse (a complete rectal prolapse) by the orientation of the folds (furrows) in the prolapsed section. In full thickness rectal prolapse, these folds run circumferential. In mucosal prolapse, these folds are radially. The folds in mucosal prolapse are usually associated with internal hemorrhoids.

Treatment
EUA (examination under anesthesia) of anorectum and banding of the mucosa with rubber bands.

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and colitis cystica profunda
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS, SRU), is a disorder of the rectum and anal canal, caused by straining and increased pressure during defecation. This increased pressure causes the anterior portion of the rectal lining to be forced into the anal canal (an internal rectal intussusception). The lining of the rectum is repeatedly damaged by this friction, resulting in ulceration. SRUS can therefore be considered to be a consequence of internal intussusception (a sub type of rectal prolapse), which can be demonstrated in 94% of cases. It may be asymptomatic, but it can cause rectal pain, rectal bleeding, rectal malodor, incomplete evacuation and obstructed defecation (rectal outlet obstruction).

Symptoms
Symptoms include:
 * Straining during defecation
 * Mucous rectal discharge
 * Rectal bleeding
 * Sensation of incomplete evacuation (tenesmus)
 * constipation, or more rarely diarrhea
 * fecal incontinence (rarely)

Prevalence
The condition is thought to be uncommon. It usually occurs in young adults, but children can be affected too.

Cause
The essential cause of SRUS is thought to be related to too much straining during defecation.

Overactivity of the anal sphincter during defecation causes the patient to require more effort to expel stool. This pressure is produced by the modified valsalva manovoure (attempted forced exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased abdominal and intra-rectal pressure). Patiest with SRUS were shown to have higher intra-rectal pressures when straining than healthy controls. SRUS is also associated with prolonged and incomplete evacuation of stool.

More effort is required because of concomitant anismus, or non-relaxation/paradoxical contraction of puborectalis (which should normally relax during defecation). The increased pressure forces the anterior rectal lining against the contracted puborectalis and frequently the lining prolapses into the anal canal during straining and then returns to its normal position afterwards.

The repeated trapping of the lining can cause the tissue to become swollen and congested. Ulceration is thought to be caused by resulting poor blood supply (ischemia), combined with repeated frictional trauma from the prolapsing lining, and exposure to increased pressure are thought to cause ulceration. Trauma from hard stools may also contribute.

The site of the ulcer is typically on the anterior wall of the rectal ampulla, about 7–10 cm from the anus. However, the area may of ulceration may be closer to the anus, deeper inside, or on the lateral or posterior rectal walls. The name "solitary" can be misleading since there may be more than one ulcer present. Furthermore, there is a "preulcerative phase" where there is no ulcer at all.

Pathological specimens of sections of rectal wall taken from SRUS patients show thickening and replacement of muscle with fibrous tissue and excess collagen. Rarely, SRUS can present as polyps in the rectum.

SRUS is therefore associated and with internal, and more rarely, external rectal prolapse. Some believe that SRUS represents a spectrum of different diseases with different causes.

Another condition associated with internal intussusception is colitis cystica profunda (also known as CCP, or proctitis cystica profunda), which is cystica profunda in the rectum. Cystica profunda is characterized by formation of mucin cysts in the muscle layers of the gut lining, and it can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. When it occurs in the rectum, some believe to be an interchangeable diagnosis with SRUS since the histologic features of the conditions overlap. Indeed, CCP is managed identically to SRUS.

Electromyography may show pudendal nerve motor latency.

Complications
Complications are uncommon, but include massive rectal bleeding, ulceration into the prostate gland or formation of a stricture. Very rarely, cancer can arise on the section of prolapsed rectal lining.

Diagnosis and investigations
SRUS is commonly misdiagnosed, and the diagnosis is not made for 5–7 years. Clinicians may not be familiar with the condition, and treat for Inflammatory bowel disease, or simple constipation.

The thickened lining or ulceration can also be mistaken for types of cancer.

The differential diagnosis of SRUS (and CCP) includes:
 * polyps
 * endometriosis
 * inflammatory granulomas
 * infectious disorders
 * drug-induced colitis
 * mucus-producing adenocarcinoma

Defecography, sigmoidoscopy, transrectal ultrasound, mucosal biopsy, anorectal manometry and electromyography have all been used to diagnose and study SRUS. Some recommend biopsy as essential for diagnosis since ulcerations may not always be present, and others state defecography as the investigation of choice to diagnose SRUS.

Treatment
Although SRUS is not a medically serious disease, it can be the cause of significantly reduced quality of life for patients. It is difficult to treat, and treatment is aimed at minimizing symptoms.

Stopping straining during bowel movements, by use of correct posture, dietary fiber intake (possibly included bulk forming laxatives such as psyllium), stool softeners (e.g. polyethylene glycol, and biofeedback retraining to coordinate pelvic floor during defecation.

Surgery may be considered, but only if non surgical treatment has failed and the symptoms are severe enough to warrant the intervention. Improvement with surgery is about 55-60%.

Ulceration may persist even when symptoms resolve.

Mucosal prolapse syndrome
A group of conditions known as Mucosal prolapse syndrome (MPS) has now been recognized. It includes SRUS, rectal prolapse, proctitis cystica profunda, and inflammatory polyps. It is classified as a chronic benign inflammatory disorder. The unifying feature is varying degrees of rectal prolapse, whether internal intussusception (occult prolapse) or external prolapse.

Epidemiology
Rectal prolapse affects less than 0.5% of the general population. It affects women more commonly, with a female to male ratio of 9:1.

Pornography
Rosebud pornography and prolapse pornography (or rosebudding or rectal prolapse pornography) is an anal sex practice that occurs in some extreme anal pornography wherein a pornographic actor or actress performs a rectal prolapse wherein the walls of the rectum slip out of the anus. Rectal prolapse is a serious medical condition that requires the attention of a medical professional. However, in rosebud pornography, it is performed deliberately. Michelle Lhooq, writing for VICE, argues that rosebudding is an example of producers making 'extreme' content due to the easy availability of free pornography on the internet. She also argues that rosebudding is a way for pornographic actors and actresses to distinguish themselves. Repeated rectal prolapses can cause bowel problems and anal leakage and therefore risk the health of pornographic actors or actresses who participate in them. Lhooq also argues that some who participate in this form of pornography are unaware of the consequences.

Terminology
Prolapse refers to "the falling down or slipping of a body part from its usual position or relations". It is derived from the Latin pro- - "forward" + labi - "to slide". Prolapse can refer to many different medical conditions other than rectal prolapse.

procidentia has a similar meaning to prolapse, referring to "a sinking or prolapse of an organ or part". It is derived from the Latin procidere - "to fall forward". Procidentia usually refers to uterine prolapse, but rectal procidentia can also be a synonym for rectal prolapse.

Intussusception is defined as invagination (infolding), especially referring to "the slipping of a length of intestine into an adjacent portion". It is derived from the Latin intus - "within" and susceptio - "action of undertaking", from suscipere - "to take up". Rectal intussusception is not to be confused with other intussusceptions involving colon or small intestine, which can sometimes be a medical emergency. Rectal intussusception by contrast is not life-threatening.

Intussusceptum refers to the proximal section of rectal wall, which telescopes into the lumen of the distal section of rectum (termed the intussuscipiens). What results is 3 layers of rectal wall overlaid. From the lumen outwards, the first layer is the proximal wall of the intussusceptum, the middle is the wall of the intussusceptum folded back on itself, and the outer is the distal rectal wall, the intussuscipiens.

title: Rectal prolapse


text:
Hypocorism

A hypocorism ( or  ; from Ancient Greek:  (hypokorisma), sometimes also hypocoristic), or pet name is a name used to show affection for a person. It may be a diminutive form of a person's name, such as Izzy for Isabel or Bob for Robert, or it may be unrelated, such as best friends calling each other by an affectionate name unrelated to given names like "twin star", a husband and wife calling each other "baby", or when a pet named "Tabitha" is called something unrelated to its root name such as "brownie" or "baba", or related to baby talk pronunciations for longer words like Grandma becoming "gams".

Etymologically, the term hypocorism is from Ancient Greek (hypokorisma), from  (hypokorizesthai), meaning 'to call by endearing names'. The prefix hypo refers in this case to creating a diminutive, something that is smaller in a tender or affectionate sense; the root korizesthai originates in the Greek for 'to caress' or 'to treat with tokens of affection', and is related to the Greek word (kóros) 'boy; youth' and  (kórē), 'girl; young woman'.

In linguistics, the term can be used more specifically to refer to the morphological process by which the standard form of the word is transformed into a form denoting affection, or to words resulting from this process. In English, a word is often clipped down to a closed monosyllable and then suffixed with -y/-ie (phonologically ). Sometimes the suffix -o is included as well as other forms  or templates.

Hypocoristics are often affective in meaning and are particularly common in Australian English, but can be used for various purposes in different semantic fields, including personal names, place names, and nouns. Hypocorisms are usually considered distinct from diminutives, but they can also overlap.

title: Hypocorism


text:
Eric Judy

Eric Scott Judy (born November 16, 1974) is an American musician best known as the original bass guitarist, co-founder, and backing vocalist of the indie rock band Modest Mouse.

Judy departed the group in roughly 2011 or early 2012. He informed band members that he was leaving Modest Mouse in advance of recording for Strangers To Ourselves. Per Isaac Brock, Judy “finally had enough. He has three kids. He didn’t feel like leaving his house as much as is required. He left right before we started recording, but some of his writing still exists throughout the record. Making a record without him was really fucking hard.”

Other work
Judy appeared on Adam Forkner's first solo album in 2003.

He also is a member of Isaac Brock's side project Ugly Casanova.

As of 2016, Judy played in the Seattle-based Rudy Waltz.

As of 2021, he owns a bookstore in Seattle with his wife Desirae Wilkerson.

title: Eric Judy


text:
Marolles

Marolles may refer to the following places:

France

 * Marolles, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Marolles, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Marolles, Marne, in the Marne département
 * Marolles, Oise, in the Oise département
 * Marolles-en-Beauce, in the Essonne département
 * Marolles-en-Brie, Seine-et-Marne, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Marolles-en-Brie, Val-de-Marne, in the Val-de-Marne département
 * Marolles-en-Hurepoix, in the Essonne département
 * Marolles-lès-Bailly, in the Aube département
 * Marolles-les-Braults, in the Sarthe département
 * Marolles-les-Buis, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Marolles-lès-Saint-Calais, in the Sarthe département
 * Marolles-sous-Lignières, in the Aube département
 * Marolles-sur-Seine, in the Seine-et-Marne département

Belgium

 * Marolles (Brussels), a district in Brussels, Belgium

title: Marolles


text:
Jeremiah Green

Jeremiah Martin Green (March 4, 1977 –December 31, 2022) was an American musician best known as a founding member and drummer of the indie rock band Modest Mouse from 1993 to March 2003, and again from May 2004 until his death in December 2022.

Early life
Jeremiah Martin Green was born on March 4, 1977, in Oahu, Hawaii, while his father was stationed there in the Army. He grew up in Moxee, Washington, a few miles outside of Yakima. His family moved to the Seattle area in 1989. He had an older brother named Adam. His father was an alcoholic who was abusive to Green; he later apologized and reconciled with his son.

Green took drumming lessons for three months in his early teens but was uninspired by his teacher. He immersed himself in the Seattle music scene, joining a band and attending concerts at night. His early influences included local groups such as Treepeople and Hammerbox. His first favorite band was the English Gothic rock band The Cure; Green was particularly inspired by the drumming on their 1982 album Pornography. However, Green cited the Washington, D.C., post-hardcore band Fugazi as his biggest influence for starting a band.

Career
Green began his touring and recording career while he was in high school. In 1993, he became a founding member of Modest Mouse, formed with Isaac Brock and Eric Judy in Issaquah, Washington. In the mid-1990s, Green played with the bands Satisfact on K Records, Red Stars Theory on Touch and Go Records, and Peeved on Distressed Records. Green also played with the bands Vells and Psychic Emperor. Both bands played at venues around Seattle and the Pacific Northwest.

In 2003, on his birthday, Green quit Modest Mouse. He later revealed that he suffered a nervous breakdown and was briefly admitted to a psychiatric hospital. He had earlier been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and prescribed the antidepressant Effexor. Combined with alcohol and psilocybin mushrooms, he experienced severe manic episodes. After quitting, the band had quickly convinced Green to return, but on the second day of recording in Portland he exploded in argument and then disappeared for two months. He stopped taking his antidepressants and experienced a painful period of withdrawal. Faced with Green's absence, Modest Mouse initially considered breaking up. Green was eventually replaced by Benjamin Weikel of The Helio Sequence. Green's departure caused him to be absent during the entire recording process of the band's 2004 album Good News for People Who Love Bad News. Green officially rejoined the band in May 2004. In 2007, Green appeared on Graig Markel's Via Novella on the Sonic Boom Label. In May 2008, Green released a drum breaks 7" collaboration with Plastiq Phantom under the alias World Gang on the Imputor? label.

Style and reception
Of his work on Sad Sappy Sucker, Spencer Owen at Pitchfork Media said, "Jeremiah Green proves himself to be one of indie rock's best drummers, even this early on in the game." In an interview, Benjamin Weikel stated that Green's drum parts have a "great, loose feeling that's hard to emulate".

Green placed 37th in Stylus Magazine's list of "50 Greatest Rock Drummers", where Jonathan Bradley described his drumming: His rhythms can be as unkempt and intricate as the music they underpin (the rolling shuffle of "Grey Ice Water", or the stumbling clatter of "Truckers Atlas", for instance), but they are always strong enough to bolster the momentum of even the most meandering tracks. And when presented with a genuine groove, like the lean, funky "Tiny Cities Made of Ashes", he forces the band to march in lockstep behind him.

Personal life and death
Green was married to Lauren, who owned the store Thuja in downtown Port Townsend, Washington. Their son was born in 2016.

On December 25, 2022, it was announced that Green had been diagnosed with stage IV cancer. He died in Sequim, Washington, on December 31, 2022, at age 45.

title: Jeremiah Green


text:
Marolles, Calvados

Marolles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Marolles, Calvados


text:
Organically Grown (Delaware company)

Organically Grown is a privately held Delaware limited liability company owned by Organically Grown Group LLC, with offices in Encino, California. Julia and Robert Stein founded the company in October 2007. The brands owned and controlled by Organically Grown Group LLC include: Organically Grown, Organically Grown Baby and Organically Grown Kids.

History
The Organically Grown brand was first established in 1971 by Arpeja-California, Inc., a women's apparel manufacturer in Los Angeles whose labels included Young Innocent, Young Victorian, and Young Edwardian, where designer Sue Wong cut her teeth, and created by Arpeja owner Jack Litt. At one point, Organically Grown was reported to have annual sales of nearly $100 million. Lynda Carter, star of the 1970s hit television show, "The New Adventures of Wonder Woman", served as a spokesperson and modeled for advertisements for the brand in 1977 and 1978. In 1992, Organically Grown's trademarks were sold by Arpeja-California, Inc. to Marshalls of MA., Inc. (discount department stores) which was then acquired by The TJX Companies Inc. (TJ Maxx) in 1995. In October 2007, Organically Grown Group, LLC acquired all rights owned by The TJX Companies, Inc. and Marshalls of MA., Inc. in the Organically Grown trademarks.

In 2007, Julia and Robert Stein co-founded Organically Grown as a lifestyle brand that brings organic products to the global marketplace.

Products
Organically Grown provides 100 percent certified-organic cotton products that are available to purchase through the company's website and other retail outlets. After beginning with baby clothes and bedding, Organically Grown added adult T-shirts and headwear, as well as women's activewear to their collection of products.

All Organically Grown's products comply with regulations set forth by either the Global Organic Textile Standard, which is the leading processing standard for textiles made from organic fibres or the Organic Exchange 100 Standard, a standard for tracking and documenting the purchase, handling and use of 100 percent certified organic cotton fiber in yarns, fabrics and finished goods.

Business operations and philosophy
After hearing of the dangers conventional cotton poses on individual health and the environment, the husband and wife team of Julia and Robert Stein decided to get involved. According to a report from the Organic Exchange, in 2008 the production of conventional cotton used over 284 million pounds of pesticides in the United States alone, with hundreds of millions more pounds sprayed worldwide. Additionally, seven of the ten pesticides most commonly sprayed on cotton are on the EPA's list of known, probable, or likely human carcinogens. The Steins realized that the market for organic clothing was not priced for the average everyday consumer. With Julia's background in merchandising and Robert's licensing and business law experience, the couple saw an opportunity to use their respective business backgrounds to start an affordably-priced organic clothing brand.

title: Organically Grown (Delaware company)


text:
Martainville

Martainville may refer to the communes in France:

 * Martainville, Calvados
 * Martainville, Eure
 * Martainville-Épreville

title: Martainville


text:
Ice cream sandwich

An ice cream sandwich is a frozen dessert consisting of ice cream between two biscuits, wafers, soft cookies, or other baked goods. The ingredients are different around the world, with Ireland using wafers and the United States commonly using cookies.

Description
An ice cream sandwich is a frozen dessert or confection. The ingredients are different around the world, with the common component being ice cream between baked goods, commonly biscuits, wafers, or cookies.

Australia
Within Australia, popular brands are "Giant Sandwich" (blue and pink wrapper), and "Monaco Bar" (gold and black metallic wrapper) in the Eastern provinces. Other brands include Streets "Cookie", "Maxibon" (with one-half ice cream sandwich) and "Maxibon Cookie", and "Pat and Stick's Homemade Range" (recognizable by its circular shape). Additional brands "Indulge" and "Feast" have also become popular.

Ice cream sandwiches were formerly known as a "cream between". One purchased a small block of ice cream wrapped in paper and placed it between two wafers.

Germany
In Germany, ice cream sandwiches are made with two wafers and the three-flavour combination called Fürst-Pückler-Eis, elsewhere known as Neapolitan ice cream. It is based on a recipe introduced in 1839 by the cook of a German nobleman, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich von Pückler-Muskau.

Iran
The usual Iranian ice cream sandwich is called bastani naani (بستنی نانی) meaning "bread-ice cream", and is made with Iranian traditional ice cream between two wafers.

Ireland
In Ireland, they are known as "sliders" or an ice cream wafer; they are usually served as vanilla ice cream sandwiched between two rectangular chocolate wafers. A "double nougat" is ice cream sandwiched between two nougat wafers. The wafers are not covered in chocolate, only the edges.

Israel
In Israel, ice cream sandwiches are commonly known as "kasata" (קסטה). Though the name comes from the Italian cassata, the dessert itself has little to do with Italian cassata, and usually consists of two thick biscuits holding a mix of block of vanilla and chocolate-flavoured ice cream.

Italy
In Italy, ice cream sandwiches are eaten in the region of Sicily as a breakfast item. The sandwich is called “Brioche con Gelato” in Italian and it consists of a soft Brioche roll split open on top and filled with gelato.

Philippines
Local ice cream (sorbetes) sellers/peddlers with their pushcarts that travel around cities sometimes offer ice cream sandwiches with pandesal as the bread.

Serbia
In Serbia, a popular frozen food company Frikom created Plazma Sandwich, which is a unique fusion of Plazma (popular Serbian biscuit brand) biscuit-flavored ice cream, enriched with ground Plazma biscuits, covered in milk chocolate with a sprinkling of pieces of ground Plazma biscuits on one half, and two large pieces of Plazma biscuits enveloping the ice cream on the other half.

Singapore
Wafer ice creams are popular in Singapore. It is one of the types of potong (cut) ice cream, so named because the servings are sliced from a large bar of ice cream. Wafer ice cream consists of two wafers holding together a rectangular block of ice cream. Wafer ice cream evolved from the older 'ice potong' type, which is a rectangular prism of ice cream mounted on a wooden stick. Many customers complained that the ice potong would easily melt and fall off the stick, leading to the introduction of the wafers for better grip. Vendors are commonly found along Orchard Road and Chinatown and outside schools. A colloquial term for it is "pia ice cream", which translates to "biscuit ice cream" in the Hokkien dialect.

Common flavours offered include peppermint, chocolate chip, durian, ripple, red bean, yam, sweet corn, honeydew, and chocolate.

Wafer ice cream vendors also sell the same blocks of ice cream on slices of multicoloured bread, on cones or in cups instead of sandwiched between wafers.

Catering companies in Singapore also send ice cream sandwich carts for functions.

Thailand
Itim Khanom Pang (or Icecream Khanom Pang), literally bread ice cream, a street food in Thailand usually composed of longer rolls similar to hot dog buns a mix of scoops of coconut ice cream/sorbet (or vanilla) and chocolate-flavoured ice cream, with a selection of local toppings from traditionally salty or sweet sticky rice, salty crushed peanuts, and syrup-soaked chewy palm seeds to slivers of fresh or dried fruits. Then drizzled on top with evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk or chocolate syrup.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, an ice cream wafer, consisting of a small block of ice cream between two rectangular wafer biscuits, was a popular alternative to a cone up until the 1980s. A "nougat wafer" was also available, consisting of a layer of mallow sandwiched between two wafers and coated with chocolate around the edges. Typically a vanilla block (or a layer of soft-serve) sandwiched between one plain wafer and one chocolate-covered nougat one. This is known as a single nougat" in Scotland, with a double nougat (pronounced nugget) having nougat wafers on both sides. Raspberry sauce is also a common topping.  Nougat wafers came in double or triple varieties, depending on the number of nougat wafers in the construction.

United States
The earliest mention of ice cream sandwiches in North America come in the year of 1899. Street vendors in New York recently sold slabs of ice cream between sheets of paper, called "hokey pokeys", until someone had the idea of using cookies instead. Photos from the Jersey Shore circa 1905 show ice cream sandwiches being sold at 1¢ each. The earliest US patent having to do with ice cream sandwiches (No. 1,387,613) is by Russell H. Proper for an "Ice Cream Sandwich Machine" in 1921.

Ice cream sandwiches are sold using chocolate cookies. A Chipwich, where ice cream (usually vanilla) is sandwiched between two chocolate chip cookies, is also popular.

A "National Ice Cream Sandwich Day" is set for August 2 and has been celebrated since at least 2005.

Uruguay
In Uruguay, an ice cream sandwich (sánguche helado) or triple sandwich (sánguche triple) is typically a neapolitan ice cream (helado triple) sandwich prepared with wafers such as the one in the image.

Vietnam
In Vietnam, an ice cream sandwich called bánh mì kẹp kem is commonly sold on the street as a snack. It consists of scoops of ice cream stuffed inside a bánh mì, sprinkled with crushed peanuts.

title: Ice cream sandwich


text:
Martainville, Calvados

Martainville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Haut de Martainville, L'Église, La Rabotière and Martainville.

Three streams The Martainville, The Trois Minettes, and The Grand Etang are the three watercourses running through the commune.

title: Martainville, Calvados


text:
Seongsu Bridge

The Seongsu Bridge, sometimes spelled Sŏngsu Bridge, is a cantilever bridge over the Han River, connecting the Seongdong and Gangnam districts of Seoul, South Korea. The bridge began construction under Hyundai Engineering & Construction on April 26, 1995 and was opened to the public on July 3, 1997 by Seoul Mayor Cho Soon. The original Seongsu Bridge was built in 1979, and was demolished and rebuilt following the Seongsu Bridge disaster on October 21, 1994.

Original bridge
The original Seongsu Bridge was built by Dong Ah Construction Industrial Company, opening to the public on October 15, 1979. The bridge spanned 1,160 m and was 19.4 m wide, accommodating 4 lanes of traffic. Fifteen years later, on the morning of October 21, 1994, a span of the Seongsu Bridge collapsed, killing 32 people and injuring 17 others. The collapse was ruled a result of poor welding, rusted extension hinges, and lack of general maintenance— and would result in the convictions of 16 city government and construction workers on charges of criminal negligence.

In the aftermath of the disaster, the Seoul Metropolitan Government originally planned to repair and reopen the bridge to traffic within three months, but reversed course after public outcry.

New bridge
Construction for the new bridge began in March 1996 under Hyundai Engineering & Construction. Construction for the replacement bridge cost 78 billion won (equivalent to ₩ billion in ), about 6.8 times the original price. The new bridge was opened to the public on July 3, 1997, by Mayor Cho Soon, and a memorial was held on the bridge.

title: Seongsu Bridge


text:
HMS Surprise (novel)

HMS Surprise is the third historical novel in the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1973. The series follows the partnership of Royal Navy Captain Jack Aubrey and his ship's surgeon Stephen Maturin during the wars against Napoleonic France.

In the story, Maturin's work as an intelligence agent gets him into trouble just as Aubrey takes command of a new ship, HMS Surprise. Later, the friends embark on a long voyage to bring an ambassador to Southeast Asia, rounding the southern tip of Africa.

The novel is often considered one of the best in the series. Some reviewers found it had "superb depictions of life", yet too full of nautical detail, while others found that detail part of the author's erudition and not in the way of the plot. The author showed "capacity for creating another completely believable world", while another reviewer said the novel is "stretching its genre [naval adventure] but never escaping it."

Plot summary
Shortly after the events of Post Captain, the Admiralty debates the prize money to be awarded to Aubrey and the other captains of the convoy involved in the recent action off the coast of Portugal, in which several Spanish treasure ships were intercepted carrying the price of Spain's entry into the war on the side of France. On the quibble that Spain had not yet formally entered the war, the new First Lord of the Admiralty decides the vast sum is a "Droit of the Admiralty" and thus is not to be shared out with the captors. Jack is disheartened to hear that his reward will be much less than he and Sophia had expected. The First Lord also makes a blunder by mentioning the name of intelligence agent Stephen Maturin during the proceedings, putting Maturin at risk.

Unconcerned, Stephen goes on a mission to Minorca and arranges for Jack, still acting commander of HMS Lively and now on blockade duty near Toulon, to pick him up at Port Mahon. Lively pursues and burns a French supply ship, from which Jack gains valuable loot: a gunboat and a French signal book. When Stephen fails to show up at the rendezvous point, Jack learns from a Catalan revolutionary that his friend has been captured by French intelligence and is being held in Port Mahon in the former home of Admiral Harte, which Jack knows well. Jack and a rescue party use the captured gunboat and the French signals to slip into port unmolested. They storm the house and rescue Stephen, who has been brutally tortured, and kill most of the French interrogators.

Back in England, Stephen tries to recover his strength and the use of his flayed hands. Jack is taken by bailiffs and held in a sponging-house until he can pay off his debts. His marriage to Sophia Williams is deferred, as her mother insists that he be debt-free. Sir Joseph Blaine visits Stephen, who tells him of his capture and Aubrey's predicament, requesting that Jack be advanced his pending reward and released. Blaine promises to help, and also gives Aubrey command of a new ship, HMS Surprise. Before he embarks, Jack meets Sophia in a coach in the middle of the night, and they promise to marry no one else.

Aubrey and Maturin depart in the Surprise with orders to ferry an ambassador, Mr Stanhope, to the Sultan of Kampong on the Malay Peninsula. Stanhope almost immediately takes to his cabin with seasickness. Surprise is caught in the doldrums north of the equator, and the crew begins to show signs of scurvy. Stephen insists that they touch on the coast of Brazil to obtain fresh fruits. On a very hot Sunday, the doctor requests a boat for a quick visit to St. Paul's Rock, and Second Lieutenant Nicolls agrees to row him out. The rocky islet and the nearby Surprise are suddenly struck by intense squalls; Nicolls drowns and Stephen survives for two days on bird-fouled water and the blood of the resident boobies. A badly damaged Surprise recovers Stephen, who remarks that the days under the hot sun have restored his health after the torture. The ship then stops in Brazil for repairs. This is Stephen's first time in the New World, so he explores the jungle and returns with a sloth, which Jack introduces to alcohol. They also put in at Rio for mail, where Jack learns that Admiral Linois, who once took him prisoner, is patrolling the Indian Ocean at the head of a French squadron.

Refitted and repainted, Surprise maintains a cautious distance while rounding the Cape of Good Hope, held by the Dutch who are allied with Napoleon. Nearing the waters of the Antarctic Ocean, Surprise endures a severe storm, and Stanhope becomes very ill. They put into Bombay in British India to refit after the storms and rest the ambassador. Stephen meets a local street child, a girl named Dil, who eagerly shows him around the city. He is watching a parade with Dil when he sees Diana Villiers, who has returned to Bombay ahead of her companion, the wealthy merchant Richard Canning. Stephen and Diana agree to visit, and spend several days together, at the end of which Stephen asks her to marry him. Diana does not give an answer but promises she will when Surprise stops in Calcutta. Stephen later finds Dil dead and her body looted of the valuables he had given her; he supervises her cremation on the shore.

Soon after the voyage resumes Stanhope becomes ill again. His condition grows more serious with each passing day, and before reaching the Sunda Strait they are compelled to find solid ground to help him recover. Pullings recommends a tiny beach surrounded by jungle, and they hastily bring the ambassador to it, where he dies a few hours later. Their mission now void, Surprise sets sail for home.

They encounter the East India Company's China Fleet, returning to England unescorted. A day after departing the fleet, Surprise spots Linois's squadron in the Indian Ocean. Surprise engages its smallest ship, the corvette Berceau, shredding her rigging; Jack bluffs by signaling to imaginary reinforcements beyond the horizon. Surprise pretends to be badly damaged while speeding back to the China Fleet to warn them and organise a defence. Though some of the merchant captains want to flee before Linois arrives, Jack convinces them that the only way out of the situation is to fight. The largest ships of the China Fleet are disguised as men-of-war and Jack distributes some of his officers to help them during the battle. As the French squadron closes on the Indiamen, Surprise engages Linois's warship, the Marengo; she is outgunned and in peril when one of the Indiamen suddenly engages the French ship from the other side, forcing Marengo to disengage. Damage forces Linois to abandon the chase in order to refit.

Ashore in Calcutta, Aubrey receives an enthusiastic welcome from the merchants, including Canning, who are happy to pay for Surprise repairs. As a personal reward, Canning offers Jack the opportunity to transport a chest of jewels as freight, which will earn him a portion of the cargo's value upon his arrival in England. Knowing the money will be enough to clear the last of his debts so he can marry Sophia, he immediately writes to her, asking her to meet him in Madeira.

During the refit, Stephen asks Diana for her answer to his marriage proposal, but Canning suddenly appears. In a fit of jealousy he slaps Stephen, who responds by challenging him to a duel. Canning's shot hits Stephen in the ribs, but Stephen's hits Canning in the heart, killing him. Stephen convinces Diana to return to England on a merchant ship that will leave immediately rather than tend to him as he recovers aboard the Surprise. With the help of Aubrey, M'Alister, and a mirror, Stephen stoically operates on himself, removing the bullet lodged beneath his rib. Jack tends to his friend during the worst of his fever. In his delirium the usually private Stephen voices many of his thoughts and secrets.

Arriving at Madeira, Jack is dismayed to learn that Sophia is not there; Stephen finds a note from Diana returning the ring he gave her and explaining that she has travelled to America with a wealthy man named Johnstone, whom she has agreed to marry. Stephen is devastated. Within a day's sailing, Jack overtakes the frigate HMS Ethalion under his loyal friend Heneage Dundas and finds that Sophia is aboard. Jack wants to get married immediately, but Sophia insists they do it properly, when they return to England.

Characters

 * Jack Aubrey: Captain in the Royal Navy on HMS Lively, and then appointed Captain of HMS Surprise.
 * Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, physician, natural philosopher, intelligence agent and close friend to Aubrey.
 * Sophia Williams: Young beautiful woman promised to Jack Aubrey, of good family and good marriage settlement.
 * Mrs Williams: Sophia's mother, a woman of unpleasant ways who wants her daughters well married.
 * Cecelia and Frances Williams: Younger sisters of Sophia, each married before the Surprise reaches Bombay. Frances marries Sir Oliver Floode, MP, and Cecelia marries his younger cousin, a militia officer.
 * Diana Villiers: Cousin to Sophia who escapes the Williams household to be kept by Canning, and who is the love of Stephen Maturin.
 * Mr Hincksey: Reverend who lives near Mapes Court, visiting often. Mrs Williams pushes Sophia to marry him instead of her fiancé Aubrey. Instead, he officiates at the weddings of Cecelia and Frances. He is a friend to Rev Mr White.
 * Sir Joseph Blaine: Head of naval intelligence, entomologist, and Maturin's contact.
 * Mr Waring: Assistant to Sir Joseph and his likely successor upon Blaine's retirement.
 * Mr Simmons: First lieutenant on HMS Lively, who is effective in the actions taking out French shore batteries, the destruction of French stores ship Dromadaire and taking the French gunboat, with its current signal book. The gunboat is used to retrieve Maturin from torture in Port Mahon. He told Aubrey of the engagement announced in The Times and of the gift the Livelys will give him and Sophia.
 * Mr Randall: Second lieutenant on HMS Lively.
 * Lord Garron: Third lieutenant on HMS Lively. He is met again in The Mauritius Command as captain of a brig in the action, at which point he has inherited the title "Lord Narborough", which suggests that "Lord Garron" was his courtesy title as the eldest son of a peer.
 * Mr Fielding: Lieutenant on HMS Lively.
 * Mr John Dashwood: Lieutenant on HMS Lively.
 * Joan Maragall: Catalan friend of Maturin who leads Aubrey to him on Port Mahon.
 * Captain Dutourd: The lead French interrogator and torturer at Port Mahon, and the one who escaped death when Aubrey rescued the prisoners. Possibly killed by the other prisoners after he left the building.
 * Mr Hervey: First lieutenant on HMS Surprise until Bombay, where he joins his uncle, an admiral, for likely promotion. He does his work, but does not have the authority needed for best operation of the ship.
 * Mr Stourton: First lieutenant replacing Hervey, more qualified for his role, especially during the action with Linois.
 * Mr Nicolls: Second lieutenant aboard Surprise. He rows Maturin out to St Paul's Rocks. When the fierce storm hits, Maturin survives, but there is no trace of Nicolls or the boat. Before the storm, he tells Maturin of his troubles with his wife, who has not written to him to end the argument they had.
 * Tom Pullings: Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, third of the Surprise, and considered a follower of Captain Aubrey. He is married now. His experience during the peace aboard East Indiamen serves HMS Surprise well as she nears Sunda Strait and Sumatra.
 * Mr Babbington: Midshipman who is nearing his time to pass for lieutenant as Surprise slowly makes her way south in the Atlantic Ocean. He is appointed acting lieutenant when the second lieutenant is lost in the storm. He is always seeking female companions in port, sometimes leaving the ship without permission.
 * Mr Callow: One of the young men in the midshipmen's berth. In the action against Linois, a block falls on his head, which he survives.
 * Barret Bonden: Aubrey's coxswain, who learns to write by lessons from Maturin on the Surprise sailing in the Atlantic.
 * Preserved Killick: Aubrey's steward.
 * Mr M'Alister: Assistant surgeon to Stephen Maturin in sick room, and in Maturin's surgery on himself.
 * Mr Stanhope: Sent as ambassador to the Sultan of Kampong, the reason for Aubrey's mission on the Surprise.
 * Mr Atkins: Secretary to Mr Stanhope, then in the employ of Canning upon reaching Calcutta, an agent for Maturin.
 * Reverend Mr White: Parson in Stanhope's party. He alone stays on HMS Surprise after Stanhope dies, and they encounter the East Indiamen offering faster return to England for the cost of passage.
 * Dil: Girl about 10 years old, Maturin's exuberant Indian guide in Bombay who is killed for the silver bangles Maturin gave her.
 * Richard Canning: Rich Jewish merchant, Diana Villier's protector in India. He is married to another woman who plans to meet him in Calcutta. Canning encounters Maturin in Bombay and again in Calcutta.
 * Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois: French Admiral aboard Marengo, in charge of the French squadron.
 * General Aubrey: Father of Jack Aubrey. He brings his wife and son to visit Sophia, unannounced, fortunately when her mother was not home.
 * Mrs Aubrey: Second wife of General Aubrey, previously a dairy maid at the family estate of Woolcombe.
 * Philip Aubrey: Son born to General Aubrey by his second wife, as mentioned in previous novel Post Captain.
 * Mr Johnstone of America: Man who Villiers joined in Madeira (called "Mr. Johnson" in later books).
 * Heneage Dundas: Captain in the Royal Navy and close friend to Aubrey, carries Sophia to meet him near Madeira.

Ships
The British:
 * HMS Lively (1804)
 * HMS Surprise – frigate

China fleet
 * Addington – Indiaman
 * Ocean – Indiaman
 * Camden – Indiaman
 * Bombay Castle – Indiaman
 * Alfred – Indiaman
 * Wexwood – Indiaman
 * Lushington – Indiaman
 * Royal George – Indiaman

The French:

 * Marengo – 74-gun ship of the line commanded by Linois
 * Berceau – 22-gun corvette
 * Semillante – 36-gun frigate
 * Belle Poule – 40-gun frigate

Allusions to historical events
The capture of the Spanish treasure fleet, with Jack in command of HMS Lively, is based on the historical Action of 5 October 1804 (also known as the Battle of Cape Santa Maria), and is recounted at the end of the preceding novel Post Captain. In the fictionalized version, Aubrey replaces Captain Graham Hamond as acting commander of HMS Lively when Hamond is required to attend Parliament; in reality, Hamond was present during the battle. This battle also features in the 1962 novel Hornblower and the Hotspur, the last-published full-length novel in C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower series. Forester adds Hornblower in the Hotspur alongside the five British ships sent to intercept the fleet.

At the opening of HMS Surprise, the Admiralty discusses what to do with the Spanish gold seized during the battle, for which the victorious British captains and their crews, including Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin, expect a substantial share of the prize money, as was usual. However, the huge amount of bullion seized leads the Admiralty to declare it a droit belonging to the Admiralty itself, on the technicality that Spain had not yet legally declared war on England and therefore the treasure cannot be considered a war prize. The same result was also decided in real life, with the British captains receiving far smaller rewards than they might otherwise have won.

After he is advanced his reward and freed from the debtors' prison, Aubrey is given command of HMS Surprise, a fictional version of the historical HMS Surprise, with a different backstory. She becomes the most important fictional ship in the Aubrey–Maturin series.

The "cutting out" (capturing while in port, either at anchor or berthed) of HMS Hermione refers to an actual event involving HMS Surprise that occurred in 1799.

Aubrey's defense of the China Fleet against a French squadron under Contre-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand, Comte de Linois, in the Indian Ocean is a fictionalization of the real-life Battle of Pulo Aura in February 1804. In reality, the merchant ships of the East India Company defended themselves, without any King's ships escorting them. Commodore Nathaniel Dance gave the orders attributed to Aubrey, disguising several of the larger East Indiamen as Royal Navy men-of-war and forming the line of battle which successfully intimidated Linois into abandoning the pursuit after only a brief exchange of fire. Dance was celebrated for his aggressive tactics during the battle and later knighted for his heroism, while Linois was criticized for failing to capture the extremely valuable fleet.

Reviews
Valerie Webster writing in The Scotsman found that "His books can absorb and enthral landlubbers like myself who do not even know the difference between a jib-boom and a taffrail."

Library Journal reviewed this novel as part of an abridged audio edition, finding "superb depictions of life" and highly recommended it, mentioning "O'Brian's exquisitely accurate historical detail". Mark Pumphrery, writing for Library Journal, remarks the friendship of the Aubrey and Maturin, which "plays out against an expanse of ocean, from India to the Atlantic, with a full complement of battles and adventures at sea for devotees of naval fiction."

Publishers Weekly liked the plot but, unlike the other reviewers, found the nautical detail sometimes overwhelming. They enjoy seeing the environment through Maturin's eyes, and appreciate what drives Aubrey to engage with French admiral Linois, as Aubrey wants enough prize money to marry his true love. In sum, "Stretching its genre but never escaping it, the novel will impress those who enjoy swashbucklers."

Helen Lucy Burk writing in the Irish Press said "Few, very few, books have made my heart thud with excitement. H.M.S. Surprise managed it. I read it cruising through the tame Adriatic, and several times found myself forced to pace about the deck to calm my pulse....Patrick O'Brian's erudition is phenomenal, as is his capacity for creating another completely believable world. He convinces with his total accuracy even in tiny details."

Adaptations
The novel was adapted in three parts in the Afternoon Play strand on BBC Radio 4, adapted by Roger Danes and directed and produced by Bruce Young, with Aubrey played by David Robb and Maturin by Richard Dillane. The rest of the cast was:

 * Preserved Killick – Jon Glover
 * Barret Bonden – David Timson
 * Sir Joseph Blaine – Struan Rodger
 * Sophie Williams – Liz Sutherland
 * Lieutenant Pullings – David Holt
 * Lieutenant Simmons – Dan Starkey
 * Mrs Williams / Lady Forbes – Lesley Nichols
 * Cecilia Williams / Miss Agatha – Sarah Danes
 * Diana Villiers – Adjoa Andoh
 * Arthur Stanhope – David Timson
 * Midshipman Callow – Carl Prekopp
 * Tobias Atkins – Stephen Critchlow
 * Lieutenant Nichols – Dan Starkey
 * Midshipman Babbington – Chris Pavlo
 * Canning – Chris Pavlo

Several of the novel's plot elements, including Maturin performing surgery on himself to remove the bullet, were adapted into the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.

Publication history

 * 1973, USA, J. B. Lippincott, hardback ISBN 0-397-00998-4 / 978-0-397-00998-5 (USA edition)
 * 1973, UK, Collins hardback First UK edition ISBN 0-00-221316-8
 * 1976, Fontana; Paperback edition ISBN 0006141811
 * 1989 Fontana Press paperback ISBN 0-00-614181-1 / 978-0-00-614181-5 (UK edition)
 * 1991, May W. W. Norton paperback ISBN 0-393-30761-1 / 978-0-393-30761-0 (USA edition)
 * 1992 Recorded Books audio CD, narrator Patrick Tull ISBN 1-4025-2828-0 / 978-1-4025-2828-6 (USA edition)
 * 1993, February ISIS Audio Books audio cassette ISBN 1-85089-876-6 / 978-1-85089-876-4 (UK edition)
 * 1994, November W. W. Norton & Company; Hardcover Reprint edition ISBN 0-393-03703-7 / 978-0-393-03703-6 (USA edition)
 * 1995, November Bespoke Audio audio cassette ISBN 1-86051-005-1 / 978-1-86051-005-2 (UK edition)
 * 1997, January HarperCollins paperback ISBN 0-00-649917-1 / 978-0-00-649917-6 (UK edition)
 * 1997, April Firebird Distributing audio cassette, narrator Robert Hardy ISBN 0-00-105331-0 / 978-0-00-105331-1 (UK edition)
 * 1998, January HarperCollins hardback ISBN 0-00-221316-8 / 978-0-397-00998-5 (UK edition)
 * 1998, August Random House Audio audio cassette ISBN 0-375-40524-0 / 978-0-375-40524-2 (USA edition)
 * 2000, June Thorndike Press; Largeprint hardcover edition ISBN 0-7862-1934-3 / 978-0-7862-1934-6 (USA edition)
 * 2000, June Chivers Large Print paperback ISBN 0-7540-2350-8 / 978-0-7540-2350-0 (UK edition)
 * 2001, September Recorded Books audio cassette ISBN 1-4025-0222-2 / 978-1-4025-0222-4 (USA edition)
 * 2002, HarperCollins; reprint paperback edition ISBN 0006499171
 * 2002, January Chivers Large Print hardback ISBN 0-7540-1460-6 / 978-0-7540-1460-7 (UK edition)
 * 2002, September Soundings Audio audio CD ISBN 1-84283-262-X / 978-1-84283-262-2 (UK edition)
 * 2004, March Blackstone Audiobooks Audio CD edition ISBN 0-7861-2765-1 / 978-1-4159-0399-5 (USA edition)
 * 2004, April Blackstone Audio MP3 CD audio ISBN 0-7861-8562-7 / 978-0-7861-8562-7 (USA edition)
 * 2004, April Blackstone Audio audio CD Library edition ISBN 0-7861-8633-X / 978-0-7861-8633-4 (USA edition)
 * 2004, July Books on Tape audio CD ISBN 1-4159-0400-6 / 978-1-4159-0400-8 (USA edition)
 * 2007 Harper paperback ISBN 0-00-725585-3 / 978-0-00-725585-6 (UK edition)
 * 2011, W. W. Norton & Company; e-book edition ISBN 9780393088465
 * 2013, August Blackstone Audio audio CD, reader Simon Vance ISBN 1-4829-5512-1 / 978-1-4829-5512-5 (USA edition)

This novel was first published by Lippincott in the US and Collins in the UK, both in 1973. W W Norton issued a reprint in the USA 21 years after the initial publication as part of its reissue in paperback of all the novels in the series prior to 1991. Except for the 1973 Collins hardback and 1976 Fontana paperback UK editions above, the list of editions is drawn from Fantastic Fiction.

The process of reissuing the novels initially published prior to 1991 was in full swing in 1991, as the whole series gained a new and wider audience, as Mark Howowitz describes in writing about The Nutmeg of Consolation, the fourteenth novel in the series and initially published in 1991.

Two of my favourite friends are fictitious characters; they live in more than a dozen volumes always near at hand. Their names are Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin, and their creator is a 77-year-old novelist named Patrick O'Brian, whose 14 books about them have been continuously in print in England since the first, "Master and Commander," was published in 1970.

O'Brian's British fans include T. J. Binyon, Iris Murdoch, A. S. Byatt, Timothy Mo and the late Mary Renault, but, until recently, this splendid saga of two serving officers in the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars was unavailable in this country, apart from the first few instalments which went immediately out of print. Last year, however, W. W. Norton decided to reissue the series in its entirety, and so far nine of the 14 have appeared here, including the most recent chapter, The Nutmeg of Consolation.

title: HMS Surprise (novel)