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LUT University

Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT (Finnish: Lappeenrannan-Lahden teknillinen yliopisto LUT), better known by the abbreviation LUT University (Finnish: LUT-yliopisto) is a Finnish public research university which was established in 1969. The university's Lappeenranta campus is situated on the shore of lake Saimaa – the 4th largest lake in Europe. LUT University's second campus is in the Finnish city of Lahti. The university also has research units in the Finnish cities of Mikkeli and Kouvola, as well as a regional office in Brussels, Belgium.

LUT University is split into two schools of engineering and technology, a school of business and a department of social sciences. The schools focus on renewable and sustainable technologies such as clean water and air, renewable energy, circular economy and the impact of technology on society.

There are 1,380 staff members and 7,770 students in the university. Over 5,000 students reside in the Lappeenranta campus area, and the Lahti campus hosts around 1,000 students. The university also has 701 students attending Open University and 621 students in continuing education. Over 15% of the university's student population is international and the school has a representation of 98 different nationalities

LUT University is a public university under the advisory of the Finnish government. LUT University and LAB University of Applied Sciences form the higher education organization LUT Universities. LUT University is a theoretical research university branch that focuses on academics and research, while LAB University of Applied Sciences is a career oriented school with practical innovation.

History
In the 1950s, the Finnish government noticed that the country lacked accessible higher education, with most of the universities in Finland at that time being located in Helsinki and a few other cities that were largely out of reach for the average Finn. This caused a reform of the higher education system in Finland that would eventually lead to the creation of several universities in the following decades. The Finnish government made plans to establish the University of Eastern Finland in various cities, eventually landing on Lappeenranta, Kuopio and Joensuu as candidate cities. It was recognized that each city needed a university, but were too small population wise to support a complete university, hence the future university would be split, with each city teaching a specific subject, with the engineering and technical education being placed in Lappeenranta. The three new universities would be called Lappeenrannan teknillinen korkeakoulu (LTKK), Kuopion Korkeakoulu (University of Kuopio), and Joensuun Korkeakoulu (University of Joensuu). LTKK was the third and newest technical university, after TKK and TTKK.

LTKK would start its operations in the city center of Lappeenranta in 1969 with a class of 39 students. The first buildings of the current Skinnarila district campus were completed in 1974. In 1991, a department of business was also added to the university. In 2003, LTKK would change names to Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto (LTY/LUT). Generally in Finland, universities would be named korkeakoulu if they had only a few study fields and subjects, with universities that had multiple fields of study carrying the yliopisto name. The english name of the university, Lappeenranta University of Technology, would be used more frequently, and the abbreviation LUT would become synonymous with the university in Lappeenranta. LUT University started permanent operations in Lahti in 1996 in the form of a small research unit. University of Kuopio and University of Joensuu were combined into the University of Eastern Finland in 2010, while LUT stayed independent and kept its Lappeenranta campus as well as its previously added operations in Lahti.

The LUT Universities Group was formed in 2017 when LUT acquired Lahti University of Applied Sciences (LAMK) and Saimaa University of Applied Sciences (SAIMIA). This change came as the Finnish government was looking to reduce the amount of small universities in Finland, and also move the operations of universities of applied sciences under universities. SAIMIA had previously moved from its city center campus to the same campus area as LUT in Lappeenranta, and the fusion of the two universities into one organization was a natural one. LAMK had faced some difficulties in the past, with many critiquing the institution due to its decisions to reduce programs in fields like arts due to budget constraints. Eventually, the decision was made to transfer the organization under LUT. With both LAMK and SAIMIA under LUT's organization, both universities were closed permanently and their operations were moved to the new LAB University of Applied Sciences. LAB took the parts that worked with LAMK and SAIMIA, and created a new fused university of applied science with a stricter focus on education and work. LAB also strengthened the arts departments of LAMK and SAIMIA. After the acquisition of LAMK and the creation of LAB University of Applied Sciences, LUT expanded its reach and opened a second campus. The city of Lahti was a natural choice since the new LUT Universities Group already managed the university of applied science operation in the city, and the city also lacked a full science university despite its large population. In 2019, the new campus was opened and the university requested a change to the Finnish Universities Act to change names from Lappeenranta University of Technology to Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, not only keeping the LUT abbreviation but officially adding it to the full name of the institution. This request was accepted by the Finnish government, and from then on the name LUT was used less as an abbreviation but rather as a descriptive name for the university, leading to the abbreviation name change to LUT University.

LUT University began their first English bachelor's program of Technology and Engineering Science in 2019, allowing students a multidisciplinary opportunity for engineering education in Finland. Later in 2020, the university negotiated a joint contract with Chinese Hebei University of Technology (HEBUT) to offer English based bachelor's programs in both the Lappeenranta and Lahti campuses. In 2023, the university started its first bachelor's programs in social sciences, with master's programs in social sciences and communications sciences starting up in 2024.

Lappeenranta Campus
LUT University's Lappeenranta campus is the original and largest campus of LUT University. The campus is located off from the city center of Lappeenranta in the district of Skinnarila. The campus gives students round-the-clock access to campus resources such as the academic library and gym at all times. The campus also has the Jamie Hyneman Center (JHC), named after LUT University's professor of practice Jamie Hyneman, who is known for the show Mythbusters. Most of LUT University's research and laboratories are located in the Lappeenranta campus. The Lappeenranta campus is connected to the campus of LAB University of Applied Sciences' Lappeenranta campus via a skybridge. LAB students have access to LUT's academic library and other portions of the LUT building, while LUT students have access to LAB spaces such as the sports hall. Overall, the campus houses over 8,500 students among LUT University and LAB University of Applied Sciences, and combined with other experts and companies on campus the campus population exceeds 10,000. There are about 3,500 LAB University of Applied Sciences students and over 5,000 LUT University students studying on the Lappeenranta campus.

Each program at LUT University has their own unique guild (study/subject organization) and guild room. Incoming students can expect an alive and vibrant student life. The Lappeenranta campus is known for holding the world's longest Vappu, normally a one-day celebration in Finland which in Lappeenranta lasts between three and four weeks each year. Each guild of LUT in Lappeenranta has their own distinctly colored overalls which distinguish them in student events. Overall colors are as follows: It should also be noted that the students from LAB University of Applied Sciences also have their own overall colors and traditions on campus, and that the student clothing tradition is not limited to just LUT students.

Each year, first year students get "baptized" typically in Lake Saimaa, and become first year students. Students get baptized a second time during Vappu to become a "Teekkari" student, meaning a Technology and Engineering Student, "Kylteri" student, meaning business student. Social science students also take part in the tradition.

The Lappeenranta campus has a large variety of restaurants, cafes, and bars. This includes the student union owned YOLO restaurant, and a restaurant operated by Compass Group at the KIELO campus building for companies. Inside the university there is a campus shop, cafe, buffet, pizza buffet restaurant, and some other restaurants and recreation. There is a restaurant and cafe inside the LAB University of Applied Sciences connected to LUT through a skybridge, and there is also a bar that is near student housing on campus. The student union building also has a grocery store students can use to buy essentials. The Finnish Student Health Service (FSHS/YTHS) also has a health center on campus that students can use which includes but is not limited to dental, physical and mental health support.

Lahti Campus
LUT University's second campus is located in the Finnish city of Lahti. The Lahti campus shares a space with LAB University of Applied Sciences' Lahti campus. The campus is located inside a renovated factory, of which a portion belongs to the universities, but is also shared among various companies and institutes. While operations in Lahti were started in 1996, the campus itself is very new. Because of this, the campus is still forming and a variety of features and offerings of the Lappeenranta campus are not yet present in Lahti.

The Lahti campus shares some of the student traditions of guilds and colored student overalls, and has many of the same features to the Lappeenranta campus. The campus has been steadily growing and new programs and features are added consistently. With LAB University of Applied Sciences, the Lahti campus has about 6,000 students, of which about 1,000 are LUT students. About half of LUT University's international bachelor's programs in English are located on the Lahti campus. The campus also has a large amount of Finnish master's programs relating to commercial science and engineering. Because of this, the student population of the Lahti campus largely consists of master's level students. The Lahti campus hosts several student guilds, which are responsible for the students on the Lahti campus. LAB University of Applied Sciences also has their own student guilds on campus for their respective fields. While other universities like the University of Helsinki have had higher education opportunities in Lahti, LUT University and LAB University of Applied Sciences are the currently the only schools of higher education in the area with an extensive list of study subjects, making it a choice for those who want to study and live near the city of Lahti.

The Lahti campus has two restaurants and cafes for students. The campus also has a small section of the university academic library.

LUT Regional Units and Offices
The Mikkeli research unit opened in 2002, and currently has five professors working with groups of research students. The research unit focuses on research and doctoral studies. The current research in Mikkeli centers on climate issues.

The Kouvola research unit has also been operational since 2002, and is focusing on research relating to technology and business, as well as railway logistics. The research unit houses the innovation logistics master's program.

The Brussels regional office exists to strengthen the university's cooperation with its European partners.

Degrees, Reputations and Rankings
LUT awards the following degrees: Bachelor of Science (Economics), Bachelor of Science (Technology), Bachelor of Social Science, Master of Science (Economics), Master of Science (Technology), Master of Social Sciences, Licentiate of Science (Economics), Licentiate of Science (Technology), Doctor of Science (Technology), Doctor of Science (Economics), and Doctor of Philosophy.

LUT University has been ranked in the top 5 Finnish universities in the 2023 QS Top 500 universities list, and is in the top 3% of universities globally. The university is ranked second in Finland in the fields of Physical Sciences and Business and fifth in Engineering.

LUT has been ranked as one of the world's 20 most rapidly developing challenger universities and was also ranked as the 9th best university for climate action. The university has further been ranked in the Times Higher Education's Top 20 world's best small universities list.

In the year 2024, LUT University received 6,601 domestic applicants, and accepted 591 new students. This puts LUT University's overall domestic acceptance rate for the year 2024 at 11%. However, some fields are more popular and difficult to be accepted into than others. The field of business itself accounts for roughly 50% (3,069) of the overall applications to the university despite only having 140 starting spots. At the same time, the fields in engineering tend to have a much less drastic application-to-spot ratio.

Board

 * Chairman Teresa Kemppi-Vasama, Chairman of Kemppi Oy
 * Pia Erkinheimo Director, Finnish Climate Fund
 * Kimmo Rauma, Vice President, Danfoss Power Solutions, Electrics
 * Olli Rehn Governor and chairman of the board, Bank of Finland
 * Liisa Rohweder, Secretary General, WWF Finland
 * Juhani Hyvärinen, Professor, LUT
 * Ahti Jaatinen-Värri, Associate Professor, LUT
 * Paavo Ritala, Professor, LUT
 * Henna Raekorpi, Business student, LUT

Rectors

 * Rector D.Sc. (B.A.) Juha-Matti Saksa
 * Vice Rector (Research) Jari Hämäläinen, PhD, Professor
 * Vice Rector (Education) Jaana Sandström D.Sc. (Tech.), Professor

Schools and Departments
At the beginning of 2015, the university shifted to an organization model which does not have traditional faculties and departments. Instead, the university consists of three distinct schools which focus on the following research topics:

LUT School of Energy Systems (LES)

 * Energy Technology
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Sustainability Science
 * Mechanical Engineering

LUT School of Engineering Science (LENS)

 * Chemical Engineering
 * Computational Engineering and Physics
 * Industrial Engineering and Management
 * Software Engineering and Digital Transformation

LUT Business School (LBS)

 * Strategy, Management and Accounting
 * International Business, Marketing and Entrepreneurship
 * Business Analytics and Data Science

Fields of Study
The following fields can be studied at LUT University to a bachelor's, master's, licentiate and doctoral level depending on program:

 * Chemical Engineering
 * Computational Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Energy Technology
 * Environmental Technology
 * Industrial Engineering and Management
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Software Engineering
 * Business
 * Social Sciences

Research Institutes

 * Centre for Separation Technology (CST)
 * Carelian Drives and Motor Centre (CDMC)
 * Centre of Computational Engineering and Integrated Design (CEID)

The Viipuri Prize
The Viipuri Prize, established by the Society for Viipuri School of Economics, is awarded for particularly noteworthy achievements in their respective fields. The Prize is given out every few years to a scholar who is prominent in their of study on a global scale, and whose work significantly impacts the research agenda at LUT Business School.

The following scholars have been awarded the Viipuri Prize:
 * David Teece, University of California, Berkeley (2003)
 * James G. March, Stanford University (2004)
 * Peter Buckley, University of Leeds (2006)
 * Sidney G. Winter, University of Pennsylvania (2008)
 * C. K. Prahalad, University of Michigan (2010)
 * John Kay, London School of Economics (2012)
 * Constance E. Helfat, Tuck School of Business (2014)
 * Rebecca M. Henderson, Harvard Business School (2017)
 * Erik Brynjolfsson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2019)
 * Henry Chesbrough, University of California Berkeley (2022)

Rectors

 * Viljo Immonen, 1969 – 1970
 * Erkki Kinnunen, 1971 – 1975
 * Niilo Teeri, 1975 – 1977
 * Juhani Jaakkola
 * Markku Lukka, 1998 – 2008
 * Ilkka Pöyhönen, 2008 – 2014
 * Anneli Pauli, 2014 – 2016
 * Juha-Matti Saksa, 2016 - present

title: LUT University


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Satellite laser ranging

In satellite laser ranging  (SLR) a global network of observation stations measures the round trip time of flight of ultrashort pulses of light to satellites equipped with retroreflectors. This provides instantaneous range measurements of millimeter level precision which can be accumulated to provide accurate measurement of orbits and a host of important scientific data. The laser pulse can also be reflected by the surface of a satellite without a retroreflector, which is used for tracking space debris.

Satellite laser ranging is a proven geodetic technique with significant potential for important contributions to scientific studies of the earth/atmosphere/ocean system. It is the most accurate technique currently available to determine the geocentric position of an Earth satellite, allowing for the precise calibration of radar altimeters and separation of long-term instrumentation drift from secular changes in ocean topography.

Its ability to measure the variations over time in Earth's gravity field and to monitor motion of the station network with respect to the geocenter, together with the capability to monitor vertical motion in an absolute system, makes it unique for modeling and evaluating long-term climate change by:

 * providing a reference system for post-glacial rebound, plate tectonics, sea level and ice volume change
 * determining the temporal mass redistribution of the solid earth, ocean, and atmosphere system
 * determining Earth orientation parameters, such as Earth pole coordinates and length-of-day variations
 * determining of precise satellite orbits for artificial satellites with and without active devices onboard
 * monitoring the response of the atmosphere to seasonal variations in solar heating.

SLR provides a unique capability for verification of the predictions of the theory of general relativity, such as the frame-dragging effect.

SLR stations form an important part of the international network of space geodetic observatories, which include VLBI, GPS, DORIS and PRARE systems. On several critical missions, SLR has provided failsafe redundancy when other radiometric tracking systems have failed.

History
Laser ranging to a near-Earth satellite was first carried out by NASA in 1964 with the launch of the Beacon-B satellite. Since that time, ranging precision, spurred by scientific requirements, has improved by a factor of a thousand from a few metres to a few millimetres, and more satellites equipped with retroreflectors have been launched.

Several sets of retroreflectors were installed on Earth's Moon as part of the American Apollo and Soviet Lunokhod space programs. These retroreflectors are also ranged on a regular basis (lunar laser ranging), providing a highly accurate measurement of the dynamics of the Earth/Moon system.

During the subsequent decades, the global satellite laser ranging network has evolved into a powerful source of data for studies of the solid Earth and its ocean and atmospheric systems. In addition, SLR provides precise orbit determination for spaceborne radar altimeter missions mapping the ocean surface (which are used to model global ocean circulation), for mapping volumetric changes in continental ice masses, and for land topography. It provides a means for subnanosecond global time transfer, and a basis for special tests of the Theory of General Relativity.

The International Laser Ranging Service was formed in 1998 by the global SLR community to enhance geophysical and geodetic research activities, replacing the previous CSTG Satellite and Laser Ranging Subcommission.

Applications
SLR data has provided the standard, highly accurate, long wavelength gravity field reference model which supports all precision orbit determination and provides the basis for studying temporal gravitational variations due to mass redistribution. The height of the geoid has been determined to less than ten centimeters at long wavelengths less than 1,500 km.

SLR provides mm/year accurate determinations of tectonic drift station motion on a global scale in a geocentric reference frame. Combined with gravity models and decadal changes in Earth rotation, these results contribute to modeling of convection in the Earth's mantle by providing constraints on related Earth interior processes. The velocity of the fiducial station in Hawaii is 70 mm/year and closely matches the rate of the background geophysical model.

List of passive satellites
Several dedicated laser ranging satellites were put in orbit:
 * Ajisai (Experimental Geodetic Payload)
 * BLITS
 * Calsphere satellites
 * Etalon
 * Kosmos 1989
 * Kosmos 2024
 * LAGEOS
 * LAGEOS 1
 * LAGEOS 2, see STS-52
 * LARES
 * LARES 1
 * LARES 2
 * Larets
 * STARSHINE
 * Starshine 1, see STS-96
 * Starshine 2, see STS-108
 * Starlette and Stella

List of shared satellites
Several satellites carried laser retroreflectors, sharing the bus with other instruments:
 * Beacon Explorers (Beacon Explorer-B and Beacon Explorer-C)
 * GEOS (GEOS-1, GEOS-2, GEOS-3)
 * Diadème (satellites)
 * PEOLE
 * CHAMP
 * GRACE
 * GOCE
 * Navigation satellites
 * GLONASS
 * GPS (two experimental satellites )
 * Galileo
 * BeiDou
 * NavIC
 * QZSS
 * Altimeter satellites
 * GEOS-3
 * TOPEX/Poseidon
 * Sentinel-3
 * SARAL

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Satellite laser ranging


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Frame story

A frame story (also known as a frame tale, frame narrative, sandwich narrative, or intercalation) is a literary technique that serves as a companion piece to a story within a story, where an introductory or main narrative sets the stage either for a more emphasized second narrative or for a set of shorter stories. The frame story leads readers from a first story into one or more other stories within it. The frame story may also be used to inform readers about aspects of the secondary narrative(s) that may otherwise be hard to understand. This should not be confused with narrative structure. A notable example is The Decameron.

Origins
Some of the earliest frame stories are from ancient Egypt, including one in the Papyrus Westcar, the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, and The Eloquent Peasant. Other early examples are from Indian literature, including the Sanskrit epics Mahabharata, Ramayana, Panchatantra, Syntipas's The Seven Wise Masters, and the fable collections Hitopadesha and Vikram and The Vampire. This form gradually spread west through the centuries and became popular, giving rise to such classic frame tale collections as the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), The Decameron, and the Canterbury Tales, in which each pilgrim tells his own kind of tale, and whose frame story "was once the most admired part of Chaucer's work".

The use of a frame story in which a single narrative is set in the context of the telling of a story is also a technique with a long history, dating back at least to the beginning section of Homer's Odyssey, in which the narrator Odysseus tells of his wandering in the court of King Alcinous.

A set of stories
A frame story is a literary device that acts as a convenient conceit to organize a set of smaller narratives, either devised by the author or taken from a previous stock of popular tales, slightly altered by the author for the purpose of the longer narrative. Sometimes a story within the main narrative encapsulates some aspect of the framing story, in which case it is called a mise en abyme.

A typical frame story is One Thousand and One Nights, in which the character Scheherazade narrates a set of fairy tales to the Sultan Shahriyar over many nights. Many of Shahrazad's tales are also frame stories, such as Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman, a collection of adventures related by Sindbad the Seaman to Sindbad the Landsman.

Ovid's Metamorphoses makes extensive use of framing, with the stories nested several deep, allowing the inclusion of many different tales in one work. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights uses this literary device to tell the story of Heathcliff and Catherine, along with the subplots. Her sister Anne uses this device in her epistolary novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The main heroine's diary is framed by the narrator's story and letters.

Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein has multiple framed narratives. In the book, Robert Walton writes letters to his sister, describing the story told to him by the scientist Victor Frankenstein. Midway through Frankenstein's story, he is met by the monster, who tells him his own story after he was created, and this third narrative even briefly contains the tale of a family whom he had been observing. This set of frame narratives that fit together is sometimes called a Chinese box narrative; other instances of this style of narrative can be found in Plato's Symposion, Jostein Gaarder's The Solitaire Mystery, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, and Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.

Frame stories have appeared in comic books. Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman featured a story arc called Worlds End which consisted of frame stories, and sometimes even featured stories within stories within stories.

Sometimes, as in Washington Irving's Sketch Book, which contains "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" among others, the conceit is that the author of the book is not the real author but a fictional character, in this case a man named Crayon. Here the frame includes the world of the imagined Crayon, his stories, and the reader who is assumed to play along and "know" who Crayon is.

Single story
When there is a single story, the frame story is used for other purposes – chiefly to position the reader's attitude toward the tale. This can be done in a variety of ways.

Casting doubt on the narrator
A common reason to frame a single story is to draw attention to the narrator's unreliability. By explicitly making the narrator a character within the frame story, the writer distances him or herself from the narrator. The writer may characterize the narrator to cast doubt on the narrator's truthfulness, as when in P. G. Wodehouse's stories of Mr. Mulliner, Mulliner is made a fly fisherman, a person who is expected to tell tales of unbelievably large fish. The movie Amadeus is framed as a story that an old Antonio Salieri tells to a young priest, because the movie is based more on stories Salieri told about Mozart than on historical fact.

Procatalepsis
Another use is a form of procatalepsis, where the writer puts the readers' possible reactions to the story in the characters listening to it. In The Princess Bride the frame of a grandfather reading the story to his reluctant grandson puts the cynical reaction a viewer might have to the romantic fairytale into the story in the grandson's persona, and helps defuse it. This is the use when the frame tells a story that lacks a strong narrative hook in its opening; the narrator can engage the reader's interest by telling the story to answer the curiosity of his listeners, or by warning them that the story began in an ordinary seeming way, but they must follow it to understand later actions, thereby identifying the reader's wondering whether the story is worth reading to the listeners'. Such an approach was used, too, by Edith Wharton in her novella Ethan Frome, in which a nameless narrator hears from many characters in the town of Starkfield about the main character Ethan's story.

Dream vision
A specialized form of the frame is a dream vision, where the narrator claims to have gone to sleep, dreamed the events of the story, and then awoken to tell the tale. In medieval Europe, this was a common device, used to indicate that the events included are fictional; Geoffrey Chaucer used it in The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, Parlement of Foules, and The Legend of Good Women (the last also containing a multi-story frame story within the dream). Later, John Bunyan used a dream device in the Christian allegory Pilgrim's Progress and its sequel, explaining that they were dreams he had while he was in prison and felt God wanted him to write down. This worked because it made what might have been seen as a fantasy more like a divine revelation to others who believed as he did.

In modern usage, it is sometimes used in works of fantasy as a means toward suspension of disbelief about the marvels depicted in the story. J.R.R. Tolkien, in his essay "On Fairy-Stories" complained of such devices as unwillingness to treat the genre seriously; he used frame stories of different kinds in his Middle-earth writings. Lewis Carroll's Alice stories (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass) includes such a frame, the stories themselves using dream-like logic and sequences.

Still, even as the story proceeds realistically, the dream frame casts doubt on the events. In the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the events really occur; the dream frame added for the movie detracts from the validity of the fantasy.

Use
To be a frame narrative, the story must act primarily as an occasion for the telling of other stories. For example, Odysseus narrates much of the Odyssey to the Phaeacians, but, even though this recollection forms a great part of the poem, the events after and before the interpolated recollection are of greater interest than the memory.

A film that plays with frame narrative is the 1994 Forrest Gump. Most of it is narrated by Forrest to various companions on the bus-stop bench. However, in the last fifth or so of the film, Forrest gets up and leaves the bench, and we follow him as he meets with Jenny and her son. This final segment suddenly has no narrator unlike the rest of the film that came before it, but is instead told through Forrest and Jenny's dialogues.

This approach is also demonstrated in the 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire (adapted from the 2005 novel Q & A), about a poor street kid named Jamal who comes close to winning Kaun Banega Crorepati (the Indian equivalent of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) but finds himself accused of cheating. Most of the story is narrated at a police station by Jamal, who explains how he knew the answers to each of the questions as the show is played back on video. The show itself then serves as another framing device, as Jamal sees flashbacks of his past as each question is asked. The last portion of the film then unfolds without any narrator.

Compared to reprise
In musical sonata form or rondo, a reprised theme occurs at the beginning and end of the work, or returns periodically. A framing device may take the form of a recurrent element at the beginning and end of the narrative. For example, a story may begin with a character visiting a park under one set of circumstances, then returning at the end to the same park under a different set of circumstances, having undergone a change that allows him or her to see the park in a new light.

A framing device might simply be a defining image of the narrative or art that is used at the beginning and end of the work, as in the film Chariots of Fire which begins and ends with the characters running along a beach, accompanied at both times by the movie's famous theme music. This scene, although chronologically in the middle of the film and unimportant to the straightforward plot, serves to convey a defining emotion and tone that sets the context for the main story.

title: Frame story


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Master Sound

Google doesn't show any relevent hits for 'Master Sound rock' besides a wiki mirror and allmusic doesn't have anything on them either. Non-notable, delete. --Starx 01:30, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity page/Advert, 24.19.162.214, 00:08, 17 May 2004
 * Delete. The counter on their website said I was only the 1500th visitor or so.  Not a good sign of notability. Isomorphic 02:03, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete 164.116.65.50 17:39, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. PMC 21:28, 22 May 2004 (UTC)


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The Short North

The Short North is a neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, United States, centered on the main strip of High Street immediately north of the Arena District and extending until just south of the University District and Ohio State University. It is an easy walk from the convention center or Nationwide Arena district to the south, spanning the length of High Street from the north side of Goodale Street to the south side of 7th/King Avenue. It is flanked by Victorian Village to the west and Italian Village to the East. The Short North is a densely-populated commercial and residential district, with especially high pedestrian use during its monthly "Gallery Hop" and other local and downtown events.

The Short North has been described as "colorful", "offbeat", and "trendy". The district is heavily populated with art galleries, specialty shops, pubs, nightclubs, and coffee shops. Most of its tightly packed brick buildings date from at least the early 20th century, with traditional storefronts along High Street (often with brightly painted murals on their side walls), and old apartment buildings and rowhouses and newer condominium developments in the surrounding blocks. The city installed 17 lighted metal arches extending across High Street throughout the Short North, reminiscent of such arches present in the area in the early 1900s.

History
Originally known as part of the "near north side", the area along High Street began to be called the "Short North" as part of vernacular used by police and taxi drivers in the 1980s. This was a period of decline in the area, and from a suburban commuter's perspective, the area had fallen 'just short' of the central business district's north end—both physically and economically. In 1981, the Short North Tavern opened in this area, the first to use this new name.

A reputation for diversity and an artistic, Bohemian atmosphere has marked the Short North, with land prices and local rents rising steadily from the humble beginnings as a squatter’s neighborhood in the 1980s. Prior to this gentrification of the neighborhood which originated from artists, it had suffered prolonged decay and from latent, street-level crime and gang violence as Columbus affluent residents followed the economic bubble outward—into the suburbs—during the 1960s and 1970s.

The 1980s saw the neighborhood's rebirth enter into full gear as galleries began to open up and started to flourish. As Maria Gallowy (owner of PM gallery, formerly the oldest gallery in the Short North) once put it "It was one of those neighborhoods that artists love to move into because the possibilities are there." In 1984 two Short North area galleries — the now defunct Art Reach and PM gallery — began opening new exhibits on the first Saturday of every month to help cross-promote their businesses and build a more unified community. This loose coordination later evolved into the Gallery Hop which is still held every first Saturday of the month. The Gallery Hop today features most businesses keeping their doors open late into the night, jam-packed streets, and sidewalks populated with street musicians and other performers.

Since 1983, the Short North has also hosted the annual Doo Dah Parade, a parody of typical Fourth of July parades that includes politically slanted paraders and floats as well as absurdities such as the "Marching Fidels," a band of Fidel Castro lookalikes. The parade starts in neighboring Victorian Village, at Goodale Park, and winds north to finish coming south down High Street.

Development
The City of Columbus has designated the Short North, along with portions of Italian and Victorian Villages as a "market ready" Community Reinvestment Area, with available 15-year, 100 percent tax abatements if projects include 10 percent affordable housing, with options to buy out of the requirement.

Beginning around the turn of the millennium, the Short North has gone under a major period of construction and development. Major construction has turned previously small lots into ten-story buildings, sometimes taller, often with mixed residential, commercial, and office use. A construction at the 800 block of High Street completed in 2019 now houses the US headquarters for Swedish fintech Klarna, as well as two restaurants and a hotel operated by Marriott's Moxy brand.

Some developers, such as the Wood Companies, have been active in the region for many years, and continuing to propose new buildings, such as a fifteen-story residential complex between Hubbard Ave and Wall Street. Further north, Stonewall Columbus has also involved itself in the redevelopment of the Short North, partnering with Black Gold Capital to propose a multi-story complex on the site of Stonewall's current parking lot.

By 2024, as part of a study commissioned by an alliance of local businesses, two consulting firms, JS&A Economic Development Consulting and Metris Arts Consulting, valued the entire Short North to have a total revenue of around $3.8 billion USD annually. The study further found that the entire neighborhood is valued at $954.9 million USD, generating just over $10 million in tax revenue per year.

title: The Short North


text:
User:Gwalla/modality (linguistics)

In linguistics, a grammatical category that expresses the status of a proposition. Certainty, probability, desirability, and obligation are all examples of modality. In most languages it is shown through auxiliary verbs (called modal verbs), grammatical particles, or by inflection of the verb (see grammatical mood).

Realis and Irrealis

 * Realis & Irrealis grammatical categories

 * realis & irrealis mood inflections

 * indicative & subjunctive

Modality and Tense

 * Future tense as irrealis

 * Modal-past, "would"  as modal-past, Greek optative as past-tense subjunctive

title: User:Gwalla/modality (linguistics)


text:
Talk:Eastern Air Lines Flight 401

Copyright Holder
I manage the website from which the offending copy was lifted, and it's OK with me. Much of the copy listed on the Flight 401 home page (http://www.geocities.com/donuts13) was taken from the book "Crash" by Rob Elder and used with the author's permission.

Ghostly Slow Motion Edit War. I'm scared now.
We are currently involved in a slow edit war regarding the woooo ghosts section about which everybody seems to be consesnusensaul above, and yet an IP comes along around my bedtime for the last few nights, and re-inserts the crap. A couple of us have been reverting himher, (thanks) but it isn't very nice, and heshe hasn't read this page properly, or chooses not to.

Edit summary messages have been read it appears, but I can't see the point of leaving messages on a dynamic IP's talk page. I've never been to the drama boards for help before, but I'm tempted to ask for some semi-protection from admins if it happens again. --Roxy the dog (resonate) 17:34, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I actually think the ghosts section was over-edited, and that more about the supposed ghosts should be included in the article, given that they played a prominent role in the subsequent coverage, books, etc. That said, I'm not passionate enough about it to be bothered arguing the case and/or re-editing... but if one of the IP editors made a case here, I'd probably back them up. Brycehughes (talk) 06:16, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

 * It is certainly relevant to cover the subject here, given that there was both a 1976 book and 1978 film titled "The Ghost of Flight 401" (or something very similar). If any editor thinks the article would benefit from semi-protection, ping me and I'll do the honours. Mjroots (talk) 17:40, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Maybe the ghost is making the changes. Derp... Jeffrey Walton (talk) 06:32, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Neutrality Dispute Tag (March 2020)
Will the editor who put the tag on the article please come to the talk page and explain the rationale behind it? It's not readily apparent what parts of the article purportedly need to be fixed, thus making it much harder for any potential editor to improve the article and remove the tag. Scanning through it, my best guess is that the tag was placed because of the decade long edit war that appears to be going on over the "pop culture" "ghost crap" (please note I'm neutral on that issue: I don't believe in ghosts, even though I've seen one; the ghost story part should be mentioned, based on the play it gets in the coverage, but the section as currently written needs to be liberally pruned with a sharp scalpel). So is the problem with the article that part of it, or was there some other reason for the tag? 73.36.62.119 (talk) 11:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Copyright Holder
I manage the website from which the offending copy was lifted, and it's OK with me. Much of the copy listed on the Flight 401 home page (http://www.geocities.com/donuts13) was taken from the book "Crash" by Rob Elder and used with the author's permission.

Ghostly Slow Motion Edit War. I'm scared now.
We are currently involved in a slow edit war regarding the woooo ghosts section about which everybody seems to be consesnusensaul above, and yet an IP comes along around my bedtime for the last few nights, and re-inserts the crap. A couple of us have been reverting himher, (thanks) but it isn't very nice, and heshe hasn't read this page properly, or chooses not to.

Edit summary messages have been read it appears, but I can't see the point of leaving messages on a dynamic IP's talk page. I've never been to the drama boards for help before, but I'm tempted to ask for some semi-protection from admins if it happens again. --Roxy the dog (resonate) 17:34, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I actually think the ghosts section was over-edited, and that more about the supposed ghosts should be included in the article, given that they played a prominent role in the subsequent coverage, books, etc. That said, I'm not passionate enough about it to be bothered arguing the case and/or re-editing... but if one of the IP editors made a case here, I'd probably back them up. Brycehughes (talk) 06:16, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

 * It is certainly relevant to cover the subject here, given that there was both a 1976 book and 1978 film titled "The Ghost of Flight 401" (or something very similar). If any editor thinks the article would benefit from semi-protection, ping me and I'll do the honours. Mjroots (talk) 17:40, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Maybe the ghost is making the changes. Derp... Jeffrey Walton (talk) 06:32, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Neutrality Dispute Tag (March 2020)
Will the editor who put the tag on the article please come to the talk page and explain the rationale behind it? It's not readily apparent what parts of the article purportedly need to be fixed, thus making it much harder for any potential editor to improve the article and remove the tag. Scanning through it, my best guess is that the tag was placed because of the decade long edit war that appears to be going on over the "pop culture" "ghost crap" (please note I'm neutral on that issue: I don't believe in ghosts, even though I've seen one; the ghost story part should be mentioned, based on the play it gets in the coverage, but the section as currently written needs to be liberally pruned with a sharp scalpel). So is the problem with the article that part of it, or was there some other reason for the tag? 73.36.62.119 (talk) 11:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

-ABDUL.AK

title: Talk:Eastern Air Lines Flight 401


text:
Smart device

A smart device is an electronic device, generally connected to other devices or networks via different wireless protocols (such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, near-field communication, Wi-Fi, NearLink, Li-Fi, or 5G) that can operate to some extent interactively and autonomously. Several notable types of smart devices are smartphones, smart speakers, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart doorbells, smart locks, smart refrigerators, phablets and tablets, smartwatches, smart bands, smart keychains, smart glasses, and many others. The term can also refer to a device that exhibits some properties of ubiquitous computing, including—although not necessarily—machine learning.

Smart devices can be designed to support a variety of form factors, a range of properties pertaining to ubiquitous computing and to be used in three main system environments: physical world, human-centered environments, and distributed computing environments. Smart homes indicate the presence of sensors and some detection devices, appliances, and a database to control them.

Form factors
In 1991, Mark Weiser proposed three basic forms for ubiquitous system devices: tabs, pads and boards. These three forms proposed by Weiser are characterized by being macro-sized, having a planar form and by incorporating visual output displays. These were also envisioned more as information appliances. If each of these three characteristics is relaxed, this range can be expanded into a much more diverse and potentially more useful range of ubiquitous computing devices.
 * Tabs: accompanied or wearable centimetre sized devices, e.g., smartphones, smart cards
 * Pads: hand-held decimetre-sized devices, e.g., laptops
 * Boards: meter sized interactive display devices, e.g., horizontal surface computers and vertical SMART boards.

Characteristics
Smart devices are typically composed of a hardware layer (including a radio that transmits signals), a network layer (through which devices communicate with each other), and an application layer (through which end users deliver commands). These layers often include the following characteristics:

Common types of smart devices include:
 * A set of system hardware & software IT resources. This set is usually static, fixed at design time.
 * Dynamic component-oriented resource extensions & plug-ins (plug and play) of some hardware resources.
 * Remote external service access and execution.
 * Local, internal autonomous service execution.
 * Access to specific external environments: human interaction, physical world interaction and distributed ICT / virtual computing interaction.
 * Some ubiquitous computing properties.
 * Tab and pad type smart devices that often act as personalized smart mobile devices
 * Smart environment devices.

Ubiquitous computing properties
Weiser's vision for ubiquitous computing can be summarized in terms of two core properties:
 * Devices need to be networked, distributed and transparently accessible.
 * Human–computer interaction with devices is hidden to a degree from its users.

It is proposed that there are two additional core types of properties for ubiquitous computing systems:
 * Devices can operate to some extent autonomously, i.e., without human intervention, be self-governed.
 * Devices can handle a multiplicity of dynamic actions and interactions, governed by intelligent decision-making and organisational interaction. This may entail some form of artificial intelligence in order to:
 * handle incomplete and non-deterministic interactions
 * cooperation and competition between members of organizations
 * richer interaction through sharing of context, semantics and goals, etc.

However, it is hard to fix a closed set of properties that define all ubiquitous computing devices because of the sheer range and variety of ubiquitous computing research and applications. Rather than to propose a single definition for ubiquitous computing, a taxonomy of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from which different kinds or flavours of ubiquitous systems and applications can be composed and described.

Environments
The term smart device environments has two meanings. First, it can refer to a greater variety of device environments. Three different kinds of environments for devices can be differentiated: Second, the term smart device environments can also refer to the concept of a smart environment which focuses more specifically on the physical environment of the device. The physical environment is smart because it is embedded or scattered with smart devices that can sense and control part of it.
 * Virtual computing environments that enable smart devices to access pertinent services anywhere and anytime.
 * Physical environments that may be embedded with a variety of smart devices of different types including tags, sensors and controllers. These can have different form factors ranging from nano to micro to macro sized.
 * Humans environments: humans, either individually or collectively, inherently form a smart environment for devices. However, humans may themselves be accompanied by smart devices such as mobile phones, use surface-mounted devices (wearable computing) and contain embedded devices (e.g., pacemakers to maintain a healthy heart operation).

title: Smart device


text:
Talk:Satellite laser ranging

An early version of this article was adapted from the public domain document SATELLITE LASER RANGING AND EARTH SCIENCE at http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/slrover.pdf

title: Talk:Satellite laser ranging


text:
Talk:Noaydde

Noita ≠ wise ?
The first chapter has some very odd wordings and some bits I can't quite decipher. Also, "noita" in modern finnish at least means quite literally "witch". Wise one would be "tietäjä" ("one who knows"). I can't really tell what that or some bits are describing, though, so I didn't change anything apart from "raindeer" :) Consulting some Sami or other sources might shed light on the subject enough to correct or clarify the article. --blades 00:17, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I noticed that noita nowadays means "witch" (which I originally wroted, bute changed later to "wise"). I camed across this meaning in an very old encyklopediae from the late 1800s. If you manage Finnish, can you please check it against an etymology dictionary? Shamanism has been seen as a girlish thing, and assumed the modern meaning "witch" has something to do with that; but I'm not sure. It need to either to be related to Finnish noita; instead, noita might be related to naid.// Rogper 00:28, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * P.S. Naid was my translation from Swedish nåjd -- perhaps we should change it to noajdda, the Sami language spelling (?). // Rogper 00:28, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Noaydde


text:
Dagmar (actress)

Virginia Ruth "Jennie" Lewis (née Egnor; November 29, 1921 – October 9, 2001), known professionally as Dagmar, was an American actress, model, and television personality. In the 1950s she became one of the first major female stars of television, receiving much press coverage.

Early life
Egnor was born in Yawkey, West Virginia, and went to high school in Huntington, West Virginia, where she was known as Ruthie. She attended Huntington Business School and worked at Walgreens as a cashier, waitress, sandwich maker, and soda jerk. After her marriage to Angelo Lewis in 1941, she moved to New York, where he was a naval officer, stationed at Navy Ferry Command on Long Island.

Broadway
Egnor adopted Jennie Lewis as her stage name (taken from her real-life married name, Virginia Lewis). To keep herself busy, she became a fashion photographer's model, and in 1944, other models encouraged her to audition for comedians Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson. Although she had no show business experience, she was cast in their Broadway musical revue, Laffing Room Only, a Shubert production at the Winter Garden Theatre. With Olsen and Johnson, she performed in four sketches from December 23, 1944, to July 14, 1945.

Playing a chorus girl named Bubbles, she appeared with Bert Lahr in the Broadway comedy Burlesque, which ran for 439 performances from December 25, 1946, until January 10, 1948. The play was set in the basement dressing-room of a midwest burlesque theater, a New York hotel suite, and a theater in Paterson, New Jersey.

Television
In 1950, when Lewis was hired by Jerry Lester for NBC's first late-night show Broadway Open House (1950–51), he renamed her Dagmar. Lester devised the name as a satirical reference following the huge success on television of the TV series Mama (1949–1957), in which the younger sister, Dagmar Hansen, was portrayed by Robin Morgan. As Dagmar, Lewis was instructed to wear a low-cut gown, sit on a stool, and play the role of a stereotypical dumb blonde. With tight sweaters displaying the 5 ft Lewis' curvy figure, her dim-bulb character was an immediate success, soon attracting much more attention than Lester. Lewis quickly showed that regardless of appearances, she was quite bright and quick-witted. Her appearances created a sensation, leading to much press coverage and a salary increase from $75 to $1,250. With Dagmar getting all the attention and Lester burned out from having to create new material five nights per week, Lester walked off his own show in May 1951, and Dagmar became the host until the show was cancelled in August 1951.

Dagmar became one of the leading personalities of early 1950s live television, doing sketch comedy on Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theater, the Bob Hope Show, and other shows. On June 17, 1951, she appeared on the Colgate Comedy Hour with host Eddie Cantor and guests Milton Berle, Phil Foster, and Jack Leonard. In 1951, she made a TV guest appearance with Frank Sinatra, which prompted Columbia Records producer Mitch Miller to record "Mama Will Bark", a novelty duet between Sinatra and Dagmar. The record has often been considered one of the worst of his career; however, it made no. 21 on the Billboard charts.

Dagmar was featured in a Life cover story with Alfred Eisenstaedt's photo of her on the July 16, 1951 issue. For the interior photo essay, Life photographers followed her to rehearsals and accompanied her on a vacation to her home town in West Virginia.

Dagmar's Canteen
In 1952, she hosted the short-lived, late Saturday evening Dagmar's Canteen (which aired on NBC at 12:15 am Eastern Time), in which she sang, danced, interviewed servicemen, and performed comedy routines. The basic premise of the show was that servicemen from the audience were given roles to act with Dagmar in sketches.

One of Dagmar's sisters, Jean, was a member of the cast of Dagmar's Canteen. Jean previously worked as a chorus girl on Broadway, and served as Dagmar's secretary, handling her sister's fan mail, which sometimes soared to 8,000 letters per month.

Later career
When her television show ended, Dagmar performed in Las Vegas shows and summer stock theater. Liberace spoke glowingly of her in an interview, stating that she had given him his big break as her accompanist early in his career. In the 1950s, Dagmar was a regular panelist on the game show Who Said That?, with H.V. Kaltenborn, Deems Taylor, Frank Conniff, Peggy Ann Garner, and Boris Karloff. She occasionally made guest appearances on such shows as What's My Line?, The Mike Wallace Interview, and Masquerade Party (once disguised as John L. Lewis), and during the 1960s, she appeared on Hollywood Squares, The Mike Douglas Show, and other shows.

Dagmar was one of a number of performers who posed for pictures in the Patrick Dennis novel First Lady, published in 1965, as the soubrette and presidential courtesan, Gladys Goldfoil.

In 1950s auto design, the slang term Dagmar bumper emerged to describe dual pointed chrome projections on the front ends of Cadillacs, Buicks, Packards, and other U.S. automobiles, an allusion to the actress's physique and trademark attire.

Personal life
After her marriage to Angelo Lewis ended, she was married to actor Danny Dayton through much of the 1950s, and then to bandleader Dick Hinds in 1967. After years on the nightclub circuit, she moved to Ceredo, West Virginia, in June 1996 to be near her family. In her last years, she lived with her brother Bob Egnor and his wife. Dagmar died in Ceredo on October 9, 2001, of undisclosed causes, aged 79. In 2006, she was among the early people to be inducted into the newly formed West Virginia Broadcasting Hall of Fame at the Museum of Radio and Technology in Huntington, West Virginia.

title: Dagmar (actress)


text: User talk:65.50.133.164

title: User talk:65.50.133.164


text:
International Race of Champions

International Race of Champions (IROC) is a North American auto racing competition, created by Les Richter, Roger Penske and Mike Phelps, promoted as an American-motorsports equivalent of an all-star game. Despite its name, IROC is primarily associated with North American oval track racing.

Drivers raced identically-prepared stock cars set up by a single team of mechanics in an effort to make the race purely a test of driver ability. It was run with a small field of 12 invited drivers. It was created and developed in 1972 by David Lockton, the developer of the Ontario Motor Speedway, launched in 1973, with Mark Donohue being the first driver to win the championship in 1974. The cars used that year were Porsche Carrera RSRs. Donohue's win in the fourth and last race of that season was his last win, as he died in a Formula One crash at the Österreichring in practice for the 1975 Austrian Grand Prix. The series was not run in 1981, 1982, or 1983.

In 2007, IROC could not find a sponsor and postponed the first two races at Daytona and Texas. IROC went on hiatus in 2007 hoping to return with a sponsor in 2008, which did not happen. In March 2008, IROC auctioned off its tools, equipment, cars, and memorabilia, and went out of business. On January 8, 2024, Ray Evernham alongside Rob Kauffman announced the series would relaunch in 2024 with the intent of 1 race while exploring future opportunities afterwards.

Drivers
The drivers invited were from a broad range of racing disciplines: Indy cars, NASCAR, sports car racing, and on occasion, sprint car racing. Criteria for invitation was very loose, but typically consisted of recent season champions of the respective series, and individual winners of big events (Indy, Daytona, etc.) It was occasionally rumored that a top NHRA drag racer would be invited and compete, but none ever did.

Due to its fundamental stock car formula, and the majority of racing being contested on ovals, the series was often dominated by NASCAR participants (which was the major criticism of the series). Also, in the small field of about a dozen cars, the share of NASCAR invitees grew over time; from just three drivers in the first season to seven in the final season. The last non-NASCAR based champion of the series was Al Unser Jr. in 1988. Although open wheel drivers had numerous successes,, drivers from road racing series had only won two races in the history of IROC. In some years, no sports car drivers competed.

Car identification
Through 2003, IROC was also known for its rainbow of car colors being easily recognized from all other racing series. Car numbers were utilized for scoring purposes, but were not the primary means of identification. Instead, the drivers' surname would appear on the door of the car. Exceptions were made when Mario and Michael Andretti raced in the same events. In those cases, their first name was used. The numbers would change from race to race, with the number 1 being given to the driver starting first, and so on. The colors would correspond to the numbers. Before the races, drivers were assigned via blind drawing, as was how the starting grid for the first race was determined. The finishing order of the race would be inverted for the second race's starting grid, while the reverse of the points standings determined races three and four's grids. Numbers were assigned by the starting position. After the first race, the numbers would be assigned based on points standings.

In 2004, the alcoholic beverage company, Diageo became the series' title sponsor, utilising their Crown Royal brand whiskey, replacing True Value, and the procedure changed, as well. Cars would be identically painted in white, with trim which could be changed to represent the driver's colors in his regular racing series. Also, a driver's number in IROC would be his regular number. Thus, Steve Kinser would use green trim with the No.11, and Matt Kenseth's car featured yellow trim with No.17.

The only exception to the numbering scheme involves the number 3. Following the death of Dale Earnhardt in the 2001 Daytona 500, IROC retired the use of No.3. Any driver with that regular number would use No.03 instead. Hélio Castroneves raced with No.03, but the car kept red trim, in reflection of his IndyCar being red.

If there was a numbering conflict, another number would be substituted. In most cases, for one-digit numbers, a zero would be added in front. Otherwise a historically notable number would be run. (Penske drivers, for one instance, could use No.66, owing to Mark Donohue.)

Road racing
From its inception to 1991, the series contested at least one race per season on a road course. Riverside held the most IROC road races, followed by Watkins Glen. Races were also contested at Mid-Ohio, the Daytona combined road course, and the Cleveland (Burke Lakefront Airport) CART series course.

From 1992 to 2005, the IROC season was exclusively run on ovals. In 2006, road courses were reintroduced to the IROC series with the cars competing on the road course at Daytona International Speedway. Also, in 2006, two drivers shared one car in an IROC first. Grand American Road Racing drivers Max Angelelli and Wayne Taylor each drove two races in 2006, trying to win the IROC title as a team, reflecting sportscar racing as a two-man team. However, in 2007, that may not have been used, as 2006 Grand American Road Racing champion Jörg Bergmeister was a solo champion. Bergmeister had to split driving duties with various drivers because his regular co-driver was forced to sit out three races because they were raced with the Indy Racing League; Colin Braun, who was 17, could not race in those three races under MSA rulings.

Legacy
The International Race of Champions series was beloved by NASCAR and international fans alike, as drivers from several different disciplines could be seen competing on a level playing field. During the hiatus of motorsports due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, a group of drivers from NASCAR, NHRA, IndyCar, IMSA, Supercross, Supercars Championship, Formula One, and Rallycross competed in iRacing in dirt modifieds, GTE cars, and stock cars in an event dubbed a "tribute to IROC".

In 2021, final IROC champion Tony Stewart and Ray Evernham launched Superstar Racing Experience (SRX) based on the IROC concept of identical cars and an all-star cast of drivers from different racing series.

Champions

 * 1985: Three races only as the third scheduled race was cancelled due to rain.
 * 1990: Three races only because of new sponsor Dodge and the late start to the season (Talladega, Cleveland, Michigan). After Darrell Waltrip was injured in a crash at Daytona in practice for the NASCAR Pepsi 400 the day before the Cleveland IROC race, he was not replaced for the final two races.
 * 1993: Davey Allison was killed in a helicopter crash after three races had been completed, and only the final race, at Michigan International Speedway, was remaining. Terry Labonte was asked to drive the final race, and Allison's and Labonte's points combined were enough for the IROC championship. Labonte's winnings went to a trust fund for Allison's two children, Krista and Robbie. Alan Kulwicki had been killed in a plane crash earlier in the year after two races had been run, and Dale Earnhardt was chosen to replace him to complete a 12-driver field, with all winnings going to charities chosen by the Kulwicki family.
 * 2001: After Dale Earnhardt was killed in the Daytona 500, IROC went to only eleven cars for the remaining three races. Following a 2004 rule change in IROC where drivers would be using their personal numbers, IROC added one exception – the number 3 could not be used. Any driver whose number in a series is 3 would have to have used 03 in IROC.
 * 2005: With the 2005 IROC title and the subsequent termination of the series, Martin now is the all-time leader in IROC Championship titles with five. Also during the 2005 season, Martin took over the all-time record for IROC wins with thirteen.

title: International Race of Champions


text:
Curb (disambiguation)

Curb or kerb, the raised edge of a raised footpath or roadway.

Curb or the Curb may also refer to:

Equestrian

 * Curb (horse), an injury to the long plantar ligament in horses
 * Curb bit, a type of bit used for riding horses
 * Curb chain, a piece of horse tack used with a curb bit

Music

 * Curb (album), Nickelback's first full-length album
 * Mike Curb (born 1944), American musician
 * Curb Records, a record label started by Mike Curb in 1973

Other uses

 * The Curb, a nickname for the American Stock Exchange, from its original name The New York Curb Exchange
 * The Curb (website), an Australian film website
 * Curb Event Center, a multipurpose arena on the campus of Belmont University
 * Curb Racing, a former NASCAR team
 * Curbing, a form of assault
 * Curb your dog, a NYC sign encouraging dog defecation in the curb rather than on the sidewalk

title: Curb (disambiguation)


text:
NAID

NAID is an acronym which may refer to:

 * In medicine, Non-Anemic Iron Deficiency
 * National Association for Information Destruction
 * NAID, an Association of Defence Communities (NAID/ADC)
 * NAID (article identifier), a journal article identification number in Japan

title: NAID


text:
Melanism

Melanism is the congenital excess of melanin in an organism resulting in dark pigment.

Pseudomelanism, also called abundism, is another variant of pigmentation, identifiable by dark spots or enlarged stripes, which cover a large part of the body of the animal, making it appear melanistic.

The morbid deposition of black matter, often of a malignant character causing pigmented tumors, is called melanosis.

Adaptation
Melanism related to the process of adaptation is called adaptive. Most commonly, dark individuals become fitter to survive and reproduce in their environment as they are better camouflaged. This makes some species less conspicuous to predators, while others, such as leopards, use it as a foraging advantage during night hunting. Typically, adaptive melanism is heritable: A dominant allele, which is entirely or nearly entirely expressed in the phenotype, is responsible for the excessive amount of melanin.

Adaptive melanism has been shown to occur in a variety of animals, including mammals such as squirrels, many cats and canids, and coral snakes. Adaptive melanism can lead to the creation of morphs, the most notable example being the peppered moth, whose evolutionary history in the United Kingdom is offered as a classic instructional tool for teaching the principles of natural selection.

Industrial melanism
Industrial melanism is an evolutionary effect in insects such as the peppered moth, Biston betularia in areas subject to industrial pollution. Darker pigmented individuals are favored by natural selection, apparently because they are better camouflaged against polluted backgrounds. When pollution was later reduced, lighter forms regained the advantage and melanism became less frequent. Other explanations have been proposed, such as that the melanin pigment enhances function of immune defences, or a thermal advantage from the darker coloration.

In cats
Melanistic coat coloration occurs as a common polymorphism in 11 of 37 felid species and reaches high population frequency in some cases but never achieves complete fixation. The black panther, a melanistic leopard, is common in the equatorial rainforest of Malaya and the tropical rainforest on the slopes of some African mountains, such as Mount Kenya. The serval also has melanistic forms in certain areas of East Africa. In the jaguarundi, coloration varies from dark brown and gray to light reddish. Melanic forms of jaguar are common in certain parts of South America. In 1938 and 1940, two melanistic bobcats were trapped alive in sub-tropical Florida. In 2003, the dominant mode of inheritance of melanism in jaguars was confirmed by performing phenotype-transmission analysis in a 116-individual captive pedigree. Melanistic animals were found to carry at least one copy of a mutant MC1R sequence allele, bearing a 15-base pair inframe deletion. Ten unrelated melanistic jaguars were either homozygous or heterozygous for this allele. A 24-base pair deletion causes the incompletely dominant allele for melanism in the jaguarundi. Sequencing of the agouti signalling peptide in the agouti gene coding region revealed a 2-base pair deletion in black domestic cats. These variants were absent in melanistic individuals of Geoffroy's cat, oncilla, pampas cat and Asian golden cat, suggesting that melanism arose independently at least four times in the cat family.

Melanism in leopards is inherited as a Mendelian, monogenic recessive trait relative to the spotted form. Pairings of black animals have a significantly smaller litter size than other possible pairings. Between January 1996 and March 2009, Indochinese leopards were photographed at 16 sites in the Malay Peninsula in a sampling effort of more than 1000 trap nights. Of 445 photographs of melanistic leopards, 410 were taken south of the Kra Isthmus, where the non-melanistic morph was never photographed. These data suggest the near fixation of the dark allele in the region. The expected time to fixation of this recessive allele due to genetic drift alone ranged from about 1,100 years to about 100,000 years. Melanism in leopards has been hypothesized to be causally associated with a selective advantage for ambush. Other theories are that genes for melanism in felines may provide resistance to viral infections, or a high-altitude adaptation, since black fur absorbs more light for warmth.

In birds
The chicken breeds Silkie and Ayam Cemani commonly exhibit this trait. Ayam Cemani is an uncommon and relatively modern breed of chicken from Indonesia. They have a dominant gene that causes hyperpigmentation (Fibromelanosis), making the chicken entirely black; including feathers, beak, and internal organs.

In April 2015, an extremely rare black flamingo was spotted on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus.

In amphibians
The alpine salamander, Salamandra atra, has one subspecies (S. atra atra) that is completely black. The pigment comes from a specific cell called a melanophore, which produce the compound melanin.

There are four other subspecies of this salamander, and they have varying levels of melanin pigmentation. The subspecies have yellow spots in different concentrations or proportions. The pigment-producing cells that contribute to the yellow spots of some sub-species are called xanthophores. It appears that the fully-black phenotypes do not ever develop these xanthophores. Alpine salamanders produce a toxin from their skin, and both fully melanistic, black salamanders and spotted individuals produce the compound.

Studies done that traced DNA histories have suggested that the original alpine salamander phenotype was black with some yellow spots, meaning that the fully black color evolved over time and was thus selected for over many generations.

In humans
Melanism, meaning a mutation that results in completely dark skin, does not exist in humans. In humans, the amount of melanin is determined by three dominant alleles (AABBCC), and different ethnicities have varying amounts. Melanin is the primary determinant of the degree of skin pigmentation and protects the body from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The same ultraviolet radiation is essential for the synthesis of vitamin D in skin, so lighter colored skin – less melanin – is an adaptation related to the prehistoric movement of humans away from equatorial regions, as there is less exposure to sunlight at higher latitudes. People from parts of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia may have very dark skin, but this is not melanism.

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the development of macules with hyperpigmentation on the lips and oral mucosa (melanosis), as well as benign polyps in the gastrointestinal tract.

Socio-politics
The term melanism has been used on Usenet, internet forums and blogs to mean an African-American social movement holding that dark-skinned humans are the original people from which those of other skin color originate. The term melanism has been used in this context as early as the mid-1990s and was promoted by some Afrocentrists, such as Frances Cress Welsing.

title: Melanism


text:
Talk:Ifs, Calvados

I re-reverted Lst's edit. The anon didn't remove information, he added and pruned, and linked to a separate article for the first meaning. There was no need to revert that edit. Isomorphic 00:36, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ifs, Calvados


text:
Talk:Flow through nozzles

jet
I notice that jet, the gem, is completely absent from Wikipedia! There's a bit about it here. It's the source of the term "jet black". — Hippietrail 00:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

More commonly used definitions should be noted
This article should at least note the fact that most chemical and mechanical engineers as well as many thermodynamicists more commonly define the parameter z as being (k − 1) / k, where the isentropic expansion factor k = cp/cv, rather than (cp − cv) / cp. In fact, in my entire career 45+ years as a chemical engineer, I have never seen before seen z defined as it is in this article.

I think the definition of z should be changed to the more common usage that I noted above. What do others think? - mbeychok 05:50, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Where did the equation for the ideal velocity acquire the number 8 in front of the square root sign? It is incorrect and I am deleting it.
 * The R in the equation as it now stands is NOT the "common gas constant", rather it is the specific gas law constant for a specific gas Rs. It is related to the universal gas law constant R thus: Rs = R/M where M is the molecular weight of the specific gas.
 * The equation should include the integer 2 in side the square root sign.

Unfortunately, this very incorrect equation has now been spread all over the world as evidenced by how many hits it get when searching for "gas jet" on Google. I have decided to rewrite this stub completely. - mbeychok 19:57, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Article has been completely re-written and re-named
I just finished redoing this article completely and expanding it as well. - mbeychok 07:35, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

merge to nozzle
I think this article has a strange title. I think this could be solved by merging into nozzle which is a bit weak atm. --MarSch 14:34, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea, but I think it might be even better if we merged Flow through nozzles, nozzle and De Laval nozzle. And perhaps called the resulting article "Rocket nozzles" as differentiated from the many other uses of nozzles? - mbeychok 15:36, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Merged with other articles
This article has just been merged into a new article, Rocket engine nozzles, along with de Laval nozzle, Nozzle, and Exhaust velocity. - mbeychok 03:13, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

What the? You do know they aren't only used on rockets? They're used on jet engines, and they're also used on various chemical and fluid processing systems. Don't you think you should have discussed this?WolfKeeper 04:02, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * WolfKeeper: On Talk:Flow through nozzles some days ago, User:MarSch said he thought that Flow through nozzles should be merged with Nozzle. I responded that I thought it was a good idea and suggested that perhaps we should also merge them with De Laval nozzle. No one objected to that idea, although admittedly it was only out there for a few days. Why did I feel it was a good idea? Because after studying the three articles, it was quite obvious that they were about 98 to 99 percent devoted to the use of nozzles in rocket engines and jet engines and they overlapped each other. Earlier today, I also queried the Village Pump (see here) as to how to merge three articles and followed their advice on how to do it. After the relevant material was extracted from the three articles .. there were only a few words left related to non-rocket and non-jet engine topics.

 * You are quite right that nozzles are also widely used in various chemical and fluid processes ... but those three articles did not discuss those uses to any extent other than a few words. What we need now is an article entitled simply "Nozzles" and devoted entirely to non-rocketry and non-jet engine uses. Yes, I was quite aware of that and I have decided to start work on such an article in the next few days (see my To Do list on my user page at User:mbeychok). Would you like to join me in that? Or would you prefer to tackle it yourself?

 * I will watch for your response here on your Talk page. Regards, - mbeychok 04:55, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There's lots of ways to skin this cat. The architecture was poor to start with, but I'm sorry the current one seems to have become worse. For example, the idea that turbojet nozzles should be discussed under an article called Rocket engine nozzles is just wrong. Making bold changes is one thing, but something like this needs more thought.WolfKeeper 05:25, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Wolfkeeper: Please take about 10 minutes to read the new article Rocket engine nozzles slowly and carefully. Don't pre-judge it by its title only. There is no mention at all in the article's text of turbojet nozzles .. nor of any specific rocket engine or jet engine for that matter. As you will see, the article simply has some bit of history on De Laval nozzles and otherwise it is devoted to explaining how the De Laval (or convergent-divergent) nozzle generates supersonic linear exhaust velocities and thrust.

 * Oh well, in that case, Rocket Engine nozzles is exactly the right article name then, since it doesn't mention rockets at all. Oh yeah, and linking from jet engines to an article that doesn't mention jet engines is good why?WolfKeeper 06:45, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You will also see that it includes an extensive "See also" section which includes Jet engine and the Category designations include the Jet engines category. I get the impression from your comments that you feel that jet engines have somehow been given short-shrift by this article.  That certainly wasn't my intent. I simply took four overlapping articles about rocket nozzles that already existed and combined their content in a single article. I didn't think that was particularly "bold" and, with all due respect, I still don't think so.

 * It is now 11:20 PM in California and I will check here again in the morning for further dialogue. Regards, - mbeychok

 * I'm sorry, but I'm currently thinking there needs to be a revert or a major reorg of some kind; it's just not been well thought out at all.WolfKeeper 06:45, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The general principle needs to be that the article name in some way relates to what's in the article. Right now, there's no connection. You've got a Rocket engine nozzle article that's not about rocket engine nozzles but contains de laval nozzle info, you've got a de laval nozzle article that's empty. The nozzle article which should be an overview you're planning to fill with stuff about fluid processing. I really truly do not understand where you are going with this; your edits seem bizarre.WolfKeeper 06:57, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Wolfkeeper, please don't put words in my mouth. I did not say that the merged article was not about rocket nozzles. I said that it explained how a rocket nozzle creates thrust, and the De Laval nozzle is a prime example of that. What I did say is that the merged article doesn't mention or discuss any specific rocket engines of jet engines in any way.  Neither did the original articles which were were merged. I think the title of the merged article is perfectly apropos to the explanation of how rocket nozzle work. - mbeychok 15:08, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * As for your comment about linking, I did not link "from" jet engines ... I linked "to" jet engines by including them in the See Also section. Please level with me and tell me if you have yet read the entire article. I repeat again, I simply merged the overlapping contents of articles which already existed. Reverting back to the original articles won't change the fact that they don't discuss turbojets or any other jet engines.  Nor will it change the fact that they did not discuss other uses of nozzles. - mbeychok 15:08, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

I've looked at the mergers and I'm happy that flow through nozzle and exhaust velocity were merged into a bigger article. I don't think it was a good idea to redirect nozzle to rocket engine nozzle even though a large part of the text was about rocket engines. Mbeychok has already stated that he thinks there should also be a nozzle article for non-rocket engine uses so we are in agreement on that. According to the jet engine article, a rocket engine is an example of a jet engine, one which happens to be propelling a rocket. The jet engine article is also much further down the featured article path at a quick glance. It even discusses (engine) nozzles! I think it would be a good idea to consider jet engine as the main article and to try to use summary style to make everything which is too large a separate article, but also to make everything which is too small not a separate article. I have the feeling that rocket engine duplicates much of jet engine. Anyway... please comment. --MarSch 15:58, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

MarSch: I must say that I am surprised at your saying: I don't think it was a good idea to redirect nozzle to rocket engine nozzle even though a large part of the text was about rocket engines. Especially since it was your original idea to merge nozzle with Flow through nozzles. Here is your original idea:

''I think this article has a strange title. I think this could be solved by merging into nozzle which is a bit weak atm. --MarSch 14:34, 13 April 2006 (UTC)''

Have you changed your mind? - mbeychok 18:13, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flow through nozzles


text:
Talk:Terry Jones

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2020
Terry Jones died on the 22nd January 2020. 88.109.16.175 (talk) 12:49, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Now in article. Carcharoth (talk) 12:51, 22 January 2020 (UTC) Removed duplicate requests. Carcharoth (talk) 12:52, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

He died on 21st January 2020 CosmicRoxy (talk) 13:04, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2020
Terry Jones passed away on the 22nd January 2020 90.199.6.135 (talk) 12:56, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2020
HE passed away.

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jan/22/terry-jones-monty-python-founder-and-life-of-brian-director-dies-aged-77 51.52.224.106 (talk) 13:00, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2020
Died January 21st 2020 of rare form of dementia FTD CosmicRoxy (talk) 13:02, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Death paragraph
The date of his death is needed to be changed. According to his family's commentaries he died in 21 of January 2020 Ivanprima99 (talk) 13:04, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Fixed Ivanprima99 (talk) 13:05, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Could someone please clarify when he died? Some sources say Saturday, some say Monday and some say Tuesday! Which is correct? Is is highly irritating watching the death date being changed back and forth all the time...194.69.14.58 (talk) 14:13, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, various usually-reliable sources have been quoting different dates for his death. However the statement from his family says it was in the evening of the 21st (UK time) and at the moment the article reflects this. Neiltonks (talk) 14:16, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

I'm not sure, I thought it was the 21st but I just heard that his agent said it was 20th CosmicRoxy (talk) 19:02, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

I know that WP has to be correct with dates. But for the record, Terry Jones hadn't been Terry Jones for a few years. RIP — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:EA01:1090:418C:675D:415:1FFE (talk) 22:13, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Dementia is very cruel. Neiltonks (talk) 08:45, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

"the team's first film, Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
The team's first film was And Now for Something Completely Different. Kostaki mou (talk) 15:19, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, And Now for Something Completely Different was released in both UK and US. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:22, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

Tributes
A large number of fellow comics and actors have paid tribute to Jones. Some, such as Michael Palin, have appeared on TV with their tributes. Should any of these be added? Note the documentary Monty Python: And Now for Something Rather Similar was re-aired at 11.15 on BBC2 last night:. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:11, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

New infobox photo?
I was rather aghast when I saw the disembodied hand on Mr. Jones' shoulder in the current infobox photo. Surely there must be something better on Commons? AleatoryPonderings (talk) 15:14, 2 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Feel free to replace it with an alternate freely licensed image. There's a bunch at c:Category:Terry Jones. -- Whpq (talk) 15:44, 2 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , ✅. The new image is perhaps less striking, but doesn't have the strangely cropped hand. On balance, I'd say it's an improvement. AleatoryPonderings (talk) 15:59, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terry Jones


text:
USS Sacramento (PG-19)

The second USS Sacramento (PG-19) was a gunboat in the United States Navy.

Sacramento was launched on 21 February 1914 by the William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company, Philadelphia; sponsored by Miss Phebe Briggs; and commissioned on 26 April 1914 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard under the command of Commander Luke McNamee.

Construction and design
In 1911, it was decided to order a new gunboat as a cheaper alternative to the US Navy's Denver-class cruisers, designed to patrol in the Caribbean. The new ship would carry much less armament and not be able to carry troops, allowing a much smaller ship. Construction of the ship was authorized by Act of Congress on 4 March 1911, but no shipyard was willing to build the Navy's design for the target cost of $500,000, and the Navy was forced to further reduce the design, cutting speed and range, before it could be ordered.

The final design was 226 ft long overall and 210 ft long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 40 ft and a draft of 11 ft. The ship was of flush decked design and was made of steel. Displacement was 1425 LT normal and 1592 LT full load. A single three-cylinder triple expansion engine, rated at 950 ihp, drove a single shaft, and were supplied with two Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired water-tube boilers feeding steam at 215 psi. This gave a contract speed of 12.5 kn. 428 t of coal were carried, giving a range of 4000 nmi.

The ship was armed with three 4-inch 50 calibre guns, with two 3-pounder saluting guns and two 1-pounder guns. The ship had a complement of 163 officers and men.

Sacramento (or Gunboat No. 19) was ordered from William Cramp & Sons at a contract price of $492,500, and was laid down at Cramp's Philadelphia shipyard on 30 April 1913. She was launched on 21 February 1914, and successfully met her contracted speed during sea trials on 31 March–1 April, reaching a maximum speed of 13.260 kn and an average speed of 12.781 kn on a 4-hour speed run. She was commissioned on 26 April 1914.

World War I
Sacramento's first duty was in Mexican and Caribbean waters, and she arrived off Vera Cruz on 14 May 1914. Sacramento visited Dominican, Mexican, Nicaraguan, and Honduran ports repeatedly into 1916, protecting U.S. interests and observing uneasy local political conditions. Arriving at New Orleans on 17 March 1917, Sacramento's crew assisted U.S. Customs authorities in taking over the interned German merchant vessels Breslau, Andromeda, Anna, Louise, and Teresa after the U.S. entered World War I.

Departing New Orleans on 15 April, Sacramento proceeded to Newport, Rhode Island, to commence patrol and escort duty off the New England coast. She rescued the crew of the burning British motor ship Sebastian on 8 May and vainly attempted to tow her to Newport, receiving commendation from the British government for her efforts. In late June, she took part in refloating the grounded cruiser USS Olympia (C-6). Assigned to European waters, Sacramento departed New York on 22 July in company with a British mercantile convoy bound for Gibraltar, arriving on 6 August. As a unit of the U.S. Patrol Force based at Gibraltar, she performed continuous convoy escort duty to the British Isles with additional service along the North African and Italian coasts into 1918. Following the Armistice, Sacramento was ordered back to the U.S. She departed Gibraltar on 11 December 1918 for New Orleans.

Inter-war period
After completing repairs there, the gunboat steamed to New York prior to her next assignment with the U.S. Naval Forces, Northern Russia. Sacramento arrived at Murmansk on 22 May 1919; and, through July, served as a dispatch ship, distributed food and clothing, provided medical help, and assisted in the withdrawal of American forces from areas bordering the White Sea. Subsequently, sailing southward, Sacramento called at Norwegian, British, and French ports before arriving at Gibraltar on 20 September to assist in demobilizing the naval forces there. She returned to Hampton Roads, on 15 February 1920 to join the Atlantic Patrol Force and Special Service Squadron.

Designated PG-19 on 17 July 1920, Sacramento's new assignment took her back to Caribbean waters where she spent considerable time cruising off troubled Honduras.

Asiatic Squadron
She was reassigned to the Asiatic Squadron in 1922, and departed Charleston, South Carolina, on 12 June en route for the Philippine Islands. Passing through the Mediterranean and transiting the Suez Canal, Sacramento called at Bombay, Colombo, and Singapore while progressing eastward to Manila. Her Asiatic Fleet service was spent largely in Chinese and Japanese ports but included a visit to Vladivostok, Russia from 11 September-24 November 1922. She remained on station until 21 December 1928, when she departed Cavite for Caribbean duty.

She sailed first to Mare Island, California, then joined the Special Service Squadron and cruised the Caribbean, calling at Central American and West Indies ports, into 1932. She departed Balboa, Canal Zone, on 11 January 1932 bound for San Diego and San Francisco, preparatory to crossing the Pacific for duty with the Asiatic Fleet. She arrived at Shanghai, China, on 1 April 1932 and remained in adjacent waters throughout the gradually worsening crisis, just short of war, during the rest of the 1930s. With other U.S. forces, she helped to protect national interests during this period. Ordered home toward the end of the decade, the veteran gunboat departed Cavite on 12 January 1939 for New York, via the Mediterranean. She earned the nickname "the Galloping Ghost of the China Coast".

Sacramento served as a training ship for 9th Naval District Reservists, on the Great Lakes, from 20 November 1939 into 1940. Returning to the Boston Navy Yard for refitting, she subsequently departed the Norfolk Navy Yard en route to her next assignment in the Hawaiian Islands.

World War II
Entering Pearl Harbor on 15 August 1941, she was assigned to the Naval Coastal Force of the 14th Naval District, with fellow gunboat USS Niagara (PG-52) and U.S. Coast Guard patrol boats Reliance and Tiger. At the time of the Japanese attack on 7 December 1941, Sacramento was berthed in the Navy Yard's repair berth B-6, with destroyers USS Mugford (DD-389) and USS Jarvis (DD-393) nested beside her. Sacramento's battle stations were manned by 08:00; two minutes later, her gun crews opened fire on Japanese aircraft attacking "Battleship Row" off Ford Island. Her batteries assisted in destroying one enemy plane which crossed her bow 200 yd ahead and later helped down another which was pressing home an attack on USS Nevada (BB-36). Her boat crews participated in rescue and salvage operations throughout the aftermath of the battle.

Sacramento patrolled the Hawaiian Sea Frontier out of Pearl Harbor until 27 September 1942, when she commenced service as a tender for Torpedo Boat Unit 6, Division 2, of MTBRon 1, at Palmyra Island, south of Hawaii; with additional duty as air-sea rescue vessel for the Naval Air Station. She departed Palmyra on 25 November for San Diego and duty with the Western Sea Frontier patrol force. There she trained gun crews from December of that year to March 1945. Based at San Francisco thereafter, Sacramento operated on weather patrol and plane guard station for the remainder of World War II.

Sacramento was decommissioned on 6 February 1946 at Suisun Bay, California, and simultaneously transferred to the War Shipping Administration for disposal. She was sold on 23 August 1947 for mercantile service, initially operating under Italian registry as Fermina.

Awards

 * Mexican Service Medal 21 April 1914 to 23 April 1914
 * Haitian Campaign Medal 9 July 1915 to 6 December 1915
 * Dominican Campaign Medal 5 May 1916 to 4 December 1916
 * Victory Medal
 * Yangtze Service Medal
 * Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal 27 August 1926 and 2 January 1933
 * China Service Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars (Dates: Code; 21 Jun 45 – 30 Jun 45 P34-1 ;7 Dec 41 P1)
 * American Campaign Medal
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * ***

title: USS Sacramento (PG-19)


text:
Stanford Chaparral

The Stanford Chaparral (also known as the Chappie) is a humor magazine published by students of Stanford University since 1899.

History
The Stanford Chaparral was established in 1899 by Bristow Adams and Larrey Bowman. Published for more than 124 years, the Chappie is the third oldest continually published humor magazine in the world after Nebelspalter (1875–present) and the Harvard Lampoon (1876–present). The magazine's most recent brush with the national media was its feature in The New Yorker by Evan Ratliff.

Traditions
The Chappie is published six times during the academic year, or twice per quarter. There are a number of traditional issues, such as the Freshman Number published at the beginning of the school year, and the Big Game Number published on the week of the longstanding football matchup between Stanford and The University of California, Berkeley. In the early Spring, the Chaparral traditionally publishes an annual satire of The Stanford Daily, popularly termed the "Fake Daily."

During the annual elections for student government, two of the magazine's writers traditionally run for president and vice-president of the student body. Despite running as a joke, candidates have won the executive race in the past.

Chaparral alumni
In addition to Adams, the magazine has a number of prominent alumni, including cartoonist Chris Onstad, creator of the webcomic Achewood, The Simpsons executive producer Josh Weinstein, National Medal of Science recipient Bradley Efron, Louis Padulo, President of the University of Alabama in Huntsville, novelist Trey Ellis, author and attorney Daniel Olivas, Bruce Handy, editor of Vanity Fair and Spy Magazine, Goodwin Knight, governor of California, comedian Doodles Weaver, legendary Disney animators Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, Disney writer/director/producer James Algar, actor Frank Cady (Sam Drucker on Green Acres) and nerdcore rapper MC Lars (Andrew Nielsen).

Old "Boys"
The magazine's editor-in-chief is termed the "Old Boy," a tradition reaching back to the earliest Chappie numbers. The Old Boys in recent years are as follows:

 * 2023-2024: Aadya Joshi and Dominic Borg
 * 2022-2023: Blake Hord
 * 2021-2022: Nicholas Midler
 * 2020-2021: Nicholas Midler
 * 2019-2020: Pete Tellouche
 * 2018-2019: Samantha Kargilis and Scott Mutchnik
 * 2017-2018: Samantha Kargilis and Scott Mutchnik
 * 2016-1017: Scott Mutchnik and Tristan Navarro
 * 2015-2016: "Mama Cosmos" Cassidy Elwood and Mason Stricklin
 * 2014-2015: R. Garrett Taylor and "Mama Cass" Cassidy Elwood
 * 2013-2014: Michael Ryan De Taboada and Anthony Veasna So
 * 2012-2013: Kian V. Ameli
 * 2011-2012: Samuel Coggeshall and Alex Hertz
 * 2010-2011: William Kemper and Josh Meisel
 * 2009-2010: John Lyman and Garrett Werner
 * 2008-2009: Meghan McCurdy and Patrick Maher
 * 2007-2008: Anthony Scodary and Josh Stark
 * 2006-2007: Douglas Kenter and Allan Phillips
 * 2005-2006: Rishi Chanderraj and Carrie Kemper
 * 2004-2005: Matthew Henick and Charlie Stockman
 * 2003-2004: Ian Spiro and Steve Yelderman

Circulation
The Chaparral is nationally distributed, in their minds.

title: Stanford Chaparral