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Saint Helena (disambiguation)

Saint Helena is a British island in the South Atlantic.

Saint Helena may also refer to:

Saints

 * Saint Helena, mother of Constantine I, Roman empress and the mother of Emperor Constantine I the Great
 * Saint Helena of Skövde, Swedish twelfth-century saint
 * Saint Helena of Serbia, medieval Queen of Serbia, died in 1314
 * Saint Elen, often anglicized as Helen, late 4th-century founder of churches in Wales

Atlantic Ocean

 * Saint Helena (British Overseas Territory), officially known as 'Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha'

Australia

 * St Helena, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * St Helena Island, Queensland
 * St Helena Tunnel, New South Wales

United States

 * St. Helena, California
 * St. Helena AVA, California wine region in Napa Valley
 * St. Helena Parish, Louisiana
 * St. Helena Island, Maryland
 * St Helena, Baltimore, Maryland
 * St. Helena, Nebraska
 * St. Helena, North Carolina
 * Saint Helena Island, South Carolina, a barrier island
 * Mount Saint Helena, California

Ships

 * HMS St. Helena (K590), a British frigate in commission in the Royal Navy from 1944 to 1945
 * RMS St Helena (1963), a British Royal Mail Ship
 * RMS St Helena (1989), a British Royal Mail Ship
 * Saint Helena (1814), a packet schooner belonging to the British East India Company.
 * USS St. Helena (PF-86), the name briefly carried by HMS St. Helena (K590) after her return to United States Navy custody in 1946

Schools

 * Chesterfield St Helena School, High School for Girls in Chesterfield, England
 * St Helena School, Colchester, secondary school in Colchester, England
 * St Helena Secondary College, a High School in Victoria, Australia

Other uses

 * Saint Helena Medal, a French commemorative war medal established in 1857.
 * St. Helena (solitaire), a solitaire card game
 * St Helena (play), a play by R. C. Sherriff
 * St Helena's Church (disambiguation)

title: Saint Helena (disambiguation)


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Blanding's turtle

The Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) is a semi-aquatic turtle of the family Emydidae. This species is native to central and eastern parts of Canada and the United States. It is considered to be an endangered species throughout much of its range. The Blanding's turtle is of interest in longevity research, as it shows few or no common signs of aging and is physically active and capable of reproduction into eight or nine decades of life.

Taxonomy
There are differences of opinion as to the genus for this species; both Emys and Emydoidea occur in published sources in 2009, 2010, and 2011.

Etymology
Both the specific name, blandingii, and the common name, Blanding's turtle, are in honor of American naturalist Dr. William Blanding (1773–1857).

Description
The Blanding's turtle is a medium-sized turtle with an average straight carapace length of approximately 18 to 23 cm with a maximum of 25.5 cm. A distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. The carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. The carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks on a dark background. The plastron, or lower shell, is yellow with dark blotches symmetrically arranged. The head and legs are dark, and usually speckled or mottled with yellow. The Blanding's turtle is also called the "semi-box" turtle, for although the plastron is hinged, the plastral lobes do not shut as tight as the box turtles'.

Reproduction
Blanding's turtles take 14–20 years to reach sexual maturity. Mating probably occurs in April and early May with nesting beginning in early June and lasting throughout the month. The clutch size varies from region to region. In New York, the clutch size ranges from five to twelve eggs, with an average of eight.

Behavior and life span
Blanding's turtles overwinter under or near water, in mud, or under vegetation or debris. This is known as brumation. During the nesting season, a female Blanding's turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. It is omnivorous, eating crustaceans and other invertebrates, fish, frogs, crayfish, carrion, berries, and vegetable debris. It is capable of catching live fish. Based on the extreme lack of aging symptoms and lack of age related decline, these turtles are considered a negligibly senescent species.

The Blanding's turtle is a timid turtle and may plunge into water and remain on the bottom for hours when alarmed. If away from water, the turtle will withdraw into its shell. It is very gentle and rarely attempts to bite. It is very agile and a good swimmer.

Distribution and habitat
The geographic range of E. blandingii centres on the Great Lakes, and extends from central Nebraska and Minnesota (where it twice failed to become the state reptile) eastward through southern Ontario and the south shore of Lake Erie as far east as northern New York. In Nebraska, this turtle is uncommon in the eastern portion of the state, but common to abundant in the Sand Hills region lakes, ponds, and streams. There are also isolated populations in southeastern New York (Dutchess County), New England, and Nova Scotia.

Its general habitat is wetlands with clean shallow water. It is known to bask on logs, and will wander far from water, particularly when nesting. It generally nests in sunny areas, with well drained soil. Younger turtles may bask on sedge and alder hummocks. Young will often travel far in search of mating sites, new habitat, or new food sources, as do elder turtles.

Conservation status
The primary threat to the Blanding's turtle is habitat fragmentation and destruction as well as nest predation by unnaturally large populations of predators. It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List as endangered in some U.S. states, and as either threatened or endangered throughout Canada, though in the U.S. it has no federal status. International trade in the Blanding's turtle is restricted, as the species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade is regulated by the CITES permit system.

This species can also be adversely affected by prescribed burns. During fall and late spring hatchlings move overland and it is recommended that prescribed burns should be avoided during these times.

The U.S. states in which it is considered endangered are Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and South Dakota. It is considered threatened in New York and Iowa. In Michigan, Blanding's turtle is also fully protected as a special concern species; making it unlawful to kill, take, trap, possess, buy, or sell. In Lake County, Illinois, a long-term species recovery program has been underway since 2009.

In Canada, the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River population in Ontario and Quebec is federally threatened and the Nova Scotia population is endangered. Conservation and recovery efforts in Nova Scotia have been in place for two decades and rely on habitat and life history monitoring based on the work of researchers and volunteers. Habitat protection has proven crucial. The population in Kejimkujik has been placed under the highest level of protection; the McGowan Lake population was initially protected by Bowater but has since been taken over by the Province. In Pleasant River, Nova Scotia Nature Trust protects four separate segments of critical habitat.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blanding's turtle


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Staten Island Chuck

Staten Island Chuck, also referred to more formally as Charles G. Hogg, is a groundhog who resided in the Staten Island Zoo in Staten Island, New York City. He serves as the official groundhog meteorologist of New York City, who predicts the duration of winter each February 2 on Groundhog Day. The tradition dates back to 1981. He makes the prediction based on whether or not he sees his shadow during the ceremony between 7:00 A.M. and 7:30 A.M. on Groundhog Day. The ceremony at the zoo is sometimes attended and officiated by the Mayor of New York City. Chuck's prediction for 2024 was early spring, concurring with the prediction made by Punxsutawney Phil.

Notable moments
Staten Island Chuck bit New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in 2009. Over his 12 years as mayor, Bloomberg attended 7 of 12 ceremonies.

Chuck was later replaced by his granddaughter, Charlotte, for the first Groundhog Day ceremony held during the mayoralty of Bill de Blasio. During that ceremony held on February 2, 2014, de Blasio dropped Charlotte onto the ground in front of "shocked schoolchildren". Charlotte died on February 9, 2014, although the Staten Island Zoo did not make this fact public until several months later. According to the New York Post, a necropsy attributed Charlotte's death to "acute internal injuries" consistent with a fall. Despite accusations of a coverup and reports that De Blasio had killed the groundhog, the zoo initially claimed that the animal died of natural causes, and later took the position that it was "unlikely" that Charlotte's death was caused by the fall.

Chuck's daughter, Charlotte Jr., served as a stand-in for him at Groundhog Day 2015. On February 2, 2015, this female "Staten Island Chuck" walked out of a hutch that an elevator had lifted onto the stage of a portable Plexiglas habitat, while de Blasio watched from six feet (1.8 m) away. De Blasio did not attend the 2016 ceremonies, as he was in Iowa campaigning for Hillary Clinton's Presidential bid; Lieutenant Governor of New York Kathy Hochul officiated the groundhog ceremony in de Blasio's stead. He likewise did not attend the ceremony from 2017 to 2019,  and in 2020 confirmed that he has no plans to ever return to the Groundhog Day Ceremony at the Staten Island Zoo: "I tried it, it didn't end well, I won't be back," de Blasio said.

In 2017, Staten Island Chuck made his publication debut in the children's book Groundhog Chuck Builds a Weather Station. Authored by known animal lover and supporter of the outdoors, Staten Island's Deputy Borough President Ed Burke, the book follows Chuck and his zoo friends on an adventure to ensure the right weather forecast is always made.

Past predictions
The Staten Island Zoo has claimed that Chuck correctly predicted the duration of winter 26 out of 32 years as of 2013, an 82% success rate.

Early spring is defined as a spring in which a majority of days between Groundhog Day and the March equinox have a high temperature of over 40 F.

title: Staten Island Chuck


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Bruche, Warrington

Bruche is a large suburb of Warrington, in the Warrington district, in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

It forms the old border of Poulton and Warrington.

In 2005 it was home to the Bruche Police Training Centre, a national police training centre.

It changed from Bruch sometime before 1888. You can still see the old name on the bridge over Padgate Brook.

title: Bruche, Warrington


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Pope Kedron of Alexandria

Kedron of Alexandria, also called Kedronos, was the 4th Patriarch of Alexandria.

When the priest and Bishops who served in the country learned that the Bishop Avilius, Patriarch of Alexandria had died, they gathered in Alexandria to consult with the Christian people there, and elected Kedronos as successor. It was said that he was among those who had been baptized by Saint Mark, and he was enthroned Patriarch in Babab (October), in 96 AD, during the reign of the Emperor Nerva.

Kedron was arrested and martyred in the persecution under the Emperor Trajan. It was said that the reason for the arrest was that one of the Roman governors had said to him, "Why do you not have our gods partake with your God and continue to worship him?" So he answered, "Because we do not prostrate before any other." His martyrdom took place on the 21st of Paoni (28 June), in 106 AD.

Kedron was known as chaste and virtuous. He led the Church for eleven years, one month, and twelve days.

title: Pope Kedron of Alexandria


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Pope Primus of Alexandria

Pope Primus, also called Aprimos, was the 5th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.

He was baptized by Mark the Evangelist. He was one of the three who were ordained priests by Mark, along with Bishop Anianus, the Second Patriarch.

Primus was ascetic, pious, and filled with good deeds. He was appointed patriarch on the 22nd day of Paoni (June 16, 106 A.D.). During his reign, the church was in peace and tranquility. He is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on the 3rd day of Mesra, in the fifth year of the reign of Hadrian.

title: Pope Primus of Alexandria


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Pope Justus of Alexandria

Pope Justus was the 6th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.

Justus was an honorable and learned man before his ordination. He was baptized by Mark the Evangelist, along with his father, his mother and others. St. Mark also appointed him as the first Dean of the Catechetical School of Alexandria. Anianus, the second patriarch, ordained him a deacon, then a priest, and appointed him to preach and teach the people. He was chosen as patriarch to succeed Primus. He shepherded his people with the best of care for ten years. He died on the 12th of Paoni 129 AD, in the sixteenth year of the reign of Hadrian.

title: Pope Justus of Alexandria


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Talk:David Berkowitz

Why no mention of the Process Church of the Final Judgment?
David Berkowitz identifies the Satanic cult he was involved with and he claims were involved with the murders as the Process Church of the Final Judgment in both of the videos linked below. Why is that not part of the article, especially the "Satanic cult claims" section?

"Son of Sam Speaks: The Untold Story" -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPF3fuICqhM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMF-06Fj8yg Phantom in ca (talk) 02:18, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

For the most part it’s largely unconfirmed  SyGuy99 (talk) 22:08, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I've added a link to one of these videos, which seems to be a prison interview with Berkowitz. Meticulo (talk) 10:16, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

"Sam"
"Son of Samael" perhaps? 2403:6200:8852:FDD8:8469:7642:FBDC:497A (talk) 00:51, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

Parole 2024
If you look on New York Incarcerated Lookup, it says he appeared before the parole board on May 14, and he was denied 2A02:C7C:F064:9700:EC16:8D27:4258:4E8 (talk) 17:36, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

remarkably troubled
"the staff reported that he seemed remarkably troubled by his new environment"

Should be UNtroubled, to judge from the source. Also the staff didn't say if DB was troubled or not, they just reported some facts. 2A02:AA1:1149:1C0:3C:C8DA:9597:25BA (talk) 10:19, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

Wendy Savino
A few other sources have now picked up her story but they all rely on the New York Post. Best to leave her off until corroborated by the NYPD in a source which does not track back to the Post. –Skywatcher68 (talk) 16:08, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Berkowitz


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Pope Eumenes of Alexandria

Pope Eumenes was the 7th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria, reigning from 129 to 141.

Eumenes was one of the most respected Christians in Alexandria, Egypt. He was chosen in July (Abib) in 129 during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. He also took over from Pope Justus as the second Dean of the Catechetical School of Alexandria.

During his time he ordained several Bishops, and he sent them to preach in all the provinces of Egypt, Nubia and to Pentapolis and to spread the good news of the Salvation.

The persecution of the Christians increased during his time and many were martyred. After reigning for thirteen years, he died on the 9th of Babah (19 October) in 141 AD.

title: Pope Eumenes of Alexandria


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Culture-historical archaeology

Culture-historical archaeology is an archaeological theory that emphasises defining historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groupings according to their material culture.

It originated in the late nineteenth century as cultural evolutionism began to fall out of favor with many antiquarians and archaeologists. It was gradually superseded in the mid-twentieth century by processual archaeology. Cultural-historical archaeology had in many cases been influenced by a nationalist political agenda, being utilised to prove a direct cultural and/or ethnic link from prehistoric and ancient peoples to modern nation-states, something that has in many respects been disproved by later research and archaeological evidence.

First developing in Germany among those archaeologists surrounding Rudolf Virchow, culture-historical ideas would later be popularised by Gustaf Kossinna. Culture-historical thought would be introduced to British archaeology by the Australian archaeologist V. Gordon Childe in the late 1920s. In the United Kingdom and United States, culture-history came to be supplanted as the dominant theoretical paradigm in archaeology during the 1960s, with the rise of processual archaeology. Nevertheless, elsewhere in the world, culture-historical ideas continue to dominate.

Background
Webster remarked that the defining feature of culture-historical archaeology was its "statements which reveal common notions about the nature of ancient cultures; about their qualities; about how they related to the material record; and thus about how archaeologists might effectively study them."

Webster noted that the second defining feature of culture-historical thought was its emphasis on classification and typologies.

Causes
Culture-historical archaeology arose during a somewhat tumultuous time in European intellectual thought. The Industrial Revolution had spread across many nations, leading to the creation of large urban centres, most of which were filled with poverty stricken proletarian workers. This new urban working class had begun to develop a political voice through socialism, threatening the established political orders of many European states. Whilst some intellectuals had championed the Industrial Revolution as a progressive step forward, there were many who had seen it as a negative turn of events, disrupting the established fabric of society. This latter view was taken up by the Romanticist movement, which was largely made up of artists and writers, who popularised the idea of an idyllic ancient agrarian society.

There was also a trend that was developing among the European intelligentsia that began to oppose the concept of cultural evolutionism (that culture and society gradually evolved and progressed through stages), instead taking the viewpoint that human beings were inherently resistant to change.

Geographic variability and the concept of "culture"
Historian of archaeology Bruce Trigger considered the development of culture-historical archaeology to be "a response to growing awareness of geographical variability in the archaeological record" at a time when the belief in cultural evolutionary archaeology was declining in western and central Europe. Throughout the 19th century, an increasing amount of archaeological material had been collected in Europe, in part as a result of land reclamation projects, increased agricultural production and construction, the foundation of museums and establishment of archaeological teaching positions at universities. As a result of this, archaeologists had come to increasingly realise that there was a great deal of variability in the artifacts uncovered across the continent. Many felt that this variability was not comfortably explained by preexisting evolutionary paradigms.

Culture-historical archaeology adopted the concept of "culture" from anthropology, where cultural evolutionary ideas had also begun to be criticised. In the late 19th century, anthropologists like Franz Boas and Friedrich Ratzel were promoting the idea that cultures represented geographically distinct entities, each with their own characteristics that had developed largely through the chance accumulation of different traits. Similar ideas were also coming from Germany's neighbour, Austria, at around this time, namely from two anthropologist Roman Catholic priests, Fritz Graebner and Wilhelm Schmidt, as well as by the archaeologist Oswald Menghin.

Nationalism and racialism
Bruce Trigger also argued that the development of culture-historical archaeology was in part due to the rising tide of nationalism and racism in Europe, which emphasised ethnicity as the main factor shaping history. Such nationalistic sentiment began to be adopted within academic disciplines by intellectuals who wished to emphasise solidarity within their own nations – in the face of social unrest caused by industrialization – by blaming neighbouring states. Under such a nationalist worldview, people across Europe came to see different nationalities – such as the French, Germans and English – as being biologically different from one another, and it was argued that their behaviour was determined by these racial differences as opposed to social or economic factors.

Having been inspired and influenced by European nationalism, in turn, culture-historical archaeology would be utilised in support of nationalist political causes. In many cases, nationalists used culture-historical archaeological interpretations to highlight and celebrate the prehistoric and ancient past of their ancestors, and prove an ethnic and cultural link to them. As such, many members of various European nations placed an emphasis on archaeologically proving a connection with a particular historical ethnicity, for instance the French often maintained that they were the ethnic and cultural descendants of the ancient Gauls, whilst the English did the same with the Anglo-Saxons and the Welsh and Irish with the Celts, and archaeologists in these countries were encouraged to interpret the archaeological evidence to fit these conclusions.

One of the most notable examples of a nationalist movement utilising culture-historical archaeology was that of the Nazi Party, who obtained power in Germany in 1933 and established a totalitarian regime that emphasised the alleged racial supremacy of the German race and sought to unify all German speakers under a single political state. The Nazis were influenced by the culture-historical ideas of Kossinna, and used archaeology to support their claims regarding the behaviour of prehistoric Germans, in turn supporting their own policies.

Early development: 1869–1925
Culture-historical archaeology first developed in Germany in the late 19th century. In 1869, the German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistoric Archaeology (Urgeschichte) had been founded, an organisation that was dominated by the figure of Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), a pathologist and leftist politician. He advocated the union of prehistoric archaeology with cultural anthropology and ethnology into a singular prehistoric anthropology which would identify prehistoric cultures from the material record and try to connect them to later ethnic groups who were recorded in the written, historical record. Although the archaeological work undertaken by Virchow and his fellows was cultural-historical in basis, it did not initially gain a significant following in the country's archaeological community, the majority of whom remained devoted to the dominant cultural evolutionary trend.

In 1895, a librarian who was fascinated by German prehistory, Gustaf Kossinna (1858–1931), presented a lecture in which he tried to connect the tribes who had been recorded as living between the Rhine and Vistula in 100 BCE with cultures living in that region during the Neolithic. Appointed Professor of Archaeology at the University of Berlin, in 1909 he founded the German Society for Prehistory (Vorgeschichte). He would proceed to further publicise his culture-historical approach in his subsequent books, Die Herkunft der Germanen (The Origin of the Germans), which was published in 1911, and the two-volume Ursprung und Verbreitung der Germanen (Origin and Expansion of the Germans), which was published between 1926 and 1927. A staunch nationalist and racist, Kossinna lambasted fellow German archaeologists for taking an interest in non-German societies, such as those of Egypt and the Classical World, and used his publications to support his views on German nationalism. Glorifying the German peoples of prehistory, he used an explicitly culture-historical approach in understanding them, and proclaimed that these German peoples were racially superior to their Slavic neighbours to the east.

Believing that an individual's ethnicity determined their behaviour, the core of Kossinna's approach was to divide Temperate Europe into three large cultural groupings: Germans, Celts and Slavs, based upon the modern linguistic groups. He then divided each of these cultural groupings into smaller "cultures", or tribes, for instance dividing the Germans up into Saxons, Vandals, Lombards and Burgundians. He believed that each of these groups had its own distinctive traditions which were present in their material culture, and that by mapping out the material culture in the archaeological record, he could trace the movement and migration of different ethnic groups, a process he called siedlungsarchäologie (settlement archaeology). Much of Kossinna's work was criticised by other German archaeologists, but nevertheless his basic culture-historical manner of interpreting the past still came to dominance in the country's archaeological community; Trigger noted that his work "marked the final replacement of an evolutionary approach to prehistory by a culture-historical one" and that for that, he must be viewed as an "innovator" whose work was "of very great importance".

As it became the dominant archaeological theory within the discipline, a number of prominent cultural-historical archaeologists rose to levels of influence. The Swedish archaeologist Oscar Montelius was one of the most notable, as he studied the entirety of the European archaeological prehistoric record, and divided it into a number of distinct temporal groups based upon grouping together various forms of artifacts.

Britain and the U.S.
Culture-historical archaeology was first introduced into British scholarship from continental Europe by an Australian prehistorian, V. Gordon Childe. A keen linguist, Childe was able to master a number of European languages, including German, and was well acquainted with the works on archaeological cultures written by Kossina. Following a period as Private Secretary to the Premier of New South Wales (NSW), Childe moved to London in 1921 for a position with the NSW Agent General, then spent a few years travelling Europe. In 1927, Childe took up a position as the Abercrombie Professor of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. This was followed by The Danube in Prehistory (1929), in which Childe examined the archaeology along the Danube river, recognising it as the natural boundary dividing the Near East from Europe, and subsequently he believed that it was via the Danube that various new technologies travelled westward in antiquity. In The Danube in Prehistory, Childe introduced the concept of an archaeological culture (which up until then had been largely restrained purely to German academics), to his British counterparts. This concept would revolutionise the way in which archaeologists understood the past, and would come to be widely accepted in future decades.

Distinct historical cultures
The core point to culture-historical archaeology was its belief that the human species could be subdivided into various "cultures" that were in many cases distinct from one another. Usually, each of these cultures was seen as representing a different ethnicity. From an archaeological perspective, it was believed that each of these cultures could be distinguished because of its material culture, such as the style of pottery that it produced or the forms of burial that it practiced.

A number of culture-historical archaeologists subdivided and named separate cultures within their field of expertise: for instance, archaeologists working in the Aegean, in examining the Bronze Age period, divided it up between such cultures as Minoan, Helladic and Cycladic.

Diffusion and migration
Within culture-historical archaeology, changes in the culture of a historical society were typically explained by the diffusion of ideas from one culture into another, or by the migration of members of one society into a new area, sometimes by invasion. This was at odds with the theories held by cultural evolutionary archaeologists, who whilst accepting diffusion and migration as reasons for cultural change, also accepted the concept that independent cultural development could occur within a society, which was something culture-historical archaeologists typically refused to accept.

A number of culture-historical archaeologists put forward the idea that all knowledge and technology in the ancient world had diffused from a single source in the Middle East, which had then been spread across much of the world by merchants. The Australian Grafton Elliot Smith for instance, in his works The Children of the Sun (1923) and The Growth of Civilisation (1924), put forward the idea that agriculture, architecture, religion and government had all developed in Ancient Egypt, where the conditions were perfect for the development of such things, and that these ideas were then diffused into other cultures. A similar theory was proposed by Lord Raglan in 1939, but he believed Mesopotamia to be the source rather than Egypt.

Inductive reasoning
Culture history uses inductive reasoning unlike its main rival, processual archaeology which stresses the importance of the hypothetico-deduction method. To work best it requires a historical record to support it. As much of early archaeology focused on the Classical World it naturally came to rely on and mirror the information provided by ancient historians who could already explain many of the events and motivations which would not necessarily survive in the archaeological record. The need to explain prehistoric societies, without this historical record, could initially be dealt with using the paradigms established for later periods but as more and more material was excavated and studied, it became clear that culture history could not explain it all.

Manufacturing techniques and economic behaviour can be easily explained through cultures and culture history approaches but more complex events and explanations, involving less concrete examples in the material record are harder for it to explain. In order to interpret prehistoric religious beliefs for example, an approach based on cultures provides little to go on. Culture historians could catalogue items but in order to look beyond the material record, towards anthropology and the scientific method, they would have had to abandon their reliance on material, 'inhuman,' cultures. Such approaches were the intent of processual archaeology.

Culture history is by no means useless or surpassed by more effective methods of thinking. Indeed, diffusionist explanations are still valid in many cases and the importance of describing and classifying finds has not gone away. Post-processual archaeologists stress the importance of recurring patterns in material culture, echoing culture history's approach. In many cases it can be argued that any explanation is only one factor within a whole network of influences.

Criticism
Another criticism of this particular archaeological theory was that it often placed an emphasis on studying peoples from the Neolithic and later ages, somewhat ignoring the earliest human era, the Palaeolithic, where distinct cultural groups and differences are less noticeable in the archaeological record.

title: Culture-historical archaeology


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White-faced starling

The white-faced starling (Sturnornis albofrontatus) is a member of the starling family of birds. It is an endemic resident breeder in Sri Lanka.

Taxonomy
The white-faced starling was formally described in 1854 by the English naturalist Edgar Leopold Layard under the binomial name Heterornis albofrontata. This species was previously placed in the genus Sturnus. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2008 found that the genus was polyphyletic. In the reoganization to create monotypic genera, the white-faced starling was moved to the resurrected genus Sturnornis that had been introduced in 1879 by William Vincent Legge. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

For many years this species was erroneously believed to have been first described in 1850 by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte under the binomial name Pastor senex. Although Bonaparte had specified the location as Bengal, this was believed to have been an error. An examination in 1997 of the specimen used by Bonaparte revealed that his brief description applied to Sturnus sericeus Gmelin, JF, 1789, the red-billed starling. The earliest description of the white-faced starling is therefore that by Layard in 1854.

Description
The adults of these 22 cm-long birds have green-glossed dark grey upperparts and whitish underparts. The head is paler than the underparts. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller, with brown upperparts and greyer underparts.

This passerine is typically found in tall forest, usually high in the canopy. The white-faced starling builds its nest in a hole. The normal clutch is two eggs.

Like most starlings, the white-faced starling is fairly omnivorous, eating fruit, nectar and insects.

title: White-faced starling


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Pope Markianos of Alexandria

Pope Markianos was the 8th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria, reigning from 141 to 152.

Markianos was born in Alexandria, Egypt and he was the Dean of The Catechetical School of Alexandria, before being appointed Patriarch in the month of Hathor in the year 141 AD during the reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius.

He died on the 6th of Tobi, in the year 152 AD.

title: Pope Markianos of Alexandria


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Pope Celadion of Alexandria

Pope Celadion (Keladionus) was the 9th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. He reigned from the year 152 to 166 AD.

Celadion was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was elected Patriarch in the year 152 AD during the reign of Antoninus Pius.

He reigned for fourteen years, six months, and three days, and died during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, on the 9th of Epip (16 July), in the year 166 AD.

title: Pope Celadion of Alexandria


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Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria

Pope Agrippinus was the 10th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.

When Pope Celadion died, Bishop Agrippinus was chosen Patriarch by the people and clergy of Alexandria.

According to Coptic tradition, Anba Agrippinus did not own any silver or gold, except for what met his basic personal needs.

Aggrippinus died after a reign of 12 years. He is commemorated on the 5th day of Meshir in the Coptic Synaxarium.

title: Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria


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Pope Julian of Alexandria

Pope Julian (Yulianus) of Alexandria was the 11th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.

He had advanced studies in the Bible. Considered a good leader, Julian was enthroned as Patriarch on the 9th Paremhat or the 17th of March in 178 AD. A synod of bishops, together with the laity, in the city of Alexandria, Egypt, appointed him patriarch. He composed homilies and sermons on the saints. He resided in the Cathedral of Saint Mark, the historical seat for the Patriarch of Alexandria.

After a reign of ten years, Julian died on the 8th of Paremhat, or on the 12th of Babah. He is commemorated in the Coptic Synaxarion on the 8th day of Paremhat.

title: Pope Julian of Alexandria


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Talk:List of Canadian electoral districts

Requested move 14 December 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Has been open for 14 days without opposition. Took a look into the mentioned RM and rationale seems reasonable to me (closed by non-admin page mover) Megan B....   It’s all coming to me till the end of time  17:20, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

List of Canadian federal electoral districts → List of Canadian electoral districts – Per the closure of this RM, the first sentence of the articles makes it clear these are about federal ridings. Moreover, it seems highly unlikely that anyone would be looking for provincial ridings when searching for just Canadian ones. Love of Corey (talk) 05:22, 14 December 2021 (UTC) — Relisting. Megan B....   It’s all coming to me till the end of time  07:08, 21 December 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * support per other discussion—blindlynx 14:53, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Incorrect link for Louis-Saint-Laurent electoral district in Québec
Louis-Saint-Laurent (electoral district) should be the correct link instead of the fake one that is currently in that article. ZirconiasVal23 (talk) 21:13, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

"Demographics of federal electoral districts of Canada" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_federal_electoral_districts_of_Canada&redirect=no Demographics of federal electoral districts of Canada] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 04:34, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

The Time has Now Come to change the title of this page
The 2024 - 2033(approx) New Electoral Map has been finalized in the decennial redistribution process. I am not an experienced Wikipedia editor, but I am interested in helping make it work if I can get a bit of guidance.

In short: This page needs to be in the list of Historical Electoral Districts for the previous decade, and the contents of this particular page need to list the new 343 electoral districts, most of which have new boundaries, some of which have new names, and all of which have new population figures! Methylphenidate000 (talk) 21:34, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

 * The map change became official on April 22nd, 2024 show now it is really the time to make this a historical list Unova Yellow (talk) 21:10, 16 May 2024 (UTC)


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Highlife (cellular automaton)

Highlife is a cellular automaton similar to Conway's Game of Life. It was devised in 1994 by Nathan Thompson. It is a two-dimensional, two-state cellular automaton in the "Life family" and is described by the rule B36/S23; that is, a cell is born if it has 3 or 6 neighbors and survives if it has 2 or 3 neighbors. Because the rules of HighLife and Conway's Life (rule B3/S23) are similar, many simple patterns in Conway's Life function identically in HighLife. More complicated engineered patterns for one rule, though, typically do not work in the other rule.

Replicator

The main reason for interest in HighLife comes from the existence of a pattern called the replicator. After running the replicator for twelve generations, the result is two replicators. The replicators will repeatedly reproduce themselves, all on a diagonal line. Whenever two replicators try to expand into each other, the pattern in the middle simply vanishes. The behavior of a row of Replicators interacting with each other in this way simulates the one-dimensional Rule 90 cellular automaton, where a single replicator simulates a nonzero cell of the Rule 90 automaton and a blank space where a replicator could be simulates a zero cell of Rule 90. Replicators can be used to engineer other more complex patterns, such as glider guns and high period oscillators.

A simple c/6 diagonal spaceship, found by Nathan Thompson, is known as the bomber. This pattern consists of a replicator and a blinker; after replicating itself into two replicators, one of the two new replicators reacts with the blinker to "pull" it forward to match the new position of the other new replicator. In this way, the whole pattern repeats with period 48. It is also possible to make slower spaceships of much larger size that consist of a sequence of replicators between two ends composed of oscillators or still lifes, with the pattern of the replicators carefully chosen so that they interact with the ends of the pattern in such a way as to push the front end and pull the back end at the same speed. Explicit examples of this design, known as "basilisks", include spaceships of speeds $$c/24$$ (one cell every 24 generations), $$c/32$$, $$c/63$$, and $$c/69$$. A $$c/24$$ basilisk gun has also been constructed.

It had been proven that replicators exist in Conway's Life as well, before an explicit example was found in 2013.

title: Highlife (cellular automaton)


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Talk:List of flags with blue

stop deleting links to other FLAG lists

True or false: besides completing the list to include all nations with flags of this kind, there is a way this article can be expanded. 66.245.114.155 19:17, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Second largest??
True or false: When completed, this will be the second largest of the 6 flag-color lists, with List of flags with red being the largest. (The List of flags with three colors doesn't count.) 66.32.144.73 02:28, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of flags with blue


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Willimantic River

The Willimantic River is a tributary of the Shetucket River, approximately 25 mi long in northeastern Connecticut in the New England region of the United States.

It is formed in northern Tolland County, near Stafford Springs by the confluence of Middle River and Furnace Brook. It flows south to the city of Willimantic, where it joins the Natchaug River to form the Shetucket. It is joined by the Hop River on the Coventry, Columbia, and Windham town border.

Name
The word Willimantic is of Algonquian origin, either Mohegan-Pequot or Narragansett. It is commonly translated as "land of the swift running water", but the word more likely originally meant "place near the evergreen swamp". The word was first attested in English writing as Waramanticut in 1684, and later as Wallamanticuk, Wewemantic and Weammantuck before being standardized as Willimantic.

Geography
Shortly upstream from its confluence with the Natchaug, the Willimantic experiences a drop of ninety feet in one mile. The river powered textile mills from Stafford Springs to Willimantic, including the American Thread Company mill. None of these mills are operating as of 2007, having all been destroyed or converted to other uses such as apartment space.

A popular long paddling route begins south of Stafford Springs along Route 32 where the river is mostly quickwater all of the way to the flatwater of Eagleville Pond. The remainder is fairly easy going to the take-out at Route 66. Beware of the dam at the Route 275 bridge. Other access points may be at the N. River Road bridge, the Route 74 bridge, the Depot Rd bridge, the Route 195 bridge, the Jones Crossing bridge, the Merrow Road bridge, the U.S. Route 44 bridge, Brigham bridge, near the Route 275 dam, the Depot Rd bridge, the Route 31 bridge, and the Flanders Rd bridge.

title: Willimantic River


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Antonio Taguba

Antonio Mario Taguba (born October 31, 1950) is a retired major general in the United States Army. He was the second American citizen of Philippine birth to be promoted to general officer rank in the United States Army.

Taguba is best known for authoring the Taguba Report, an internal United States Army report on abuse of detainees held at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The report was leaked, then published, in 2004. Taguba again made national headlines in June 2008 when he accused the Bush administration of committing war crimes in a preface to a report by Physicians for Human Rights on prisoner abuse and torture in American military prisons.

Early life
Taguba was born in Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines, the city to which his family had moved from their home province of Cagayan. His father was a soldier in the 45th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Division (Philippine Scouts), who fought in the Battle of Bataan (January–April 1942) during World War II and, after capture by the Japanese, survived the Bataan Death March. Taguba was raised by his mother and grandmother. When he was 11 years old, his family moved to Hawaii, in the United States.

Education
Taguba graduated from Leilehua High School in Wahiawa, Hawaii, in 1968. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Idaho State University in 1972, and graduated from the Armor Officer Basic and Advanced Course, the Army Command and General Staff College, the College of Naval Command and Staff, and the Army War College.

In addition, Taguba holds a Master of Public Administration degree from Webster University, a Master of Arts degree in international relations from Salve Regina College, and a Master of Arts in national security and strategic studies from the College of Naval Command and Staff at the Naval War College.

Military career
Taguba was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1972. He served in Dongducheon, Republic of Korea, less than ten miles from North Korea in the Combat Support Company as the mortar platoon leader in 1974–1975 of the 1st Battalion, 72d Armor, 2nd Infantry Division, I Corps, Eighth Army.

At Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Taguba commanded the headquarters and headquarters battery, staff and faculty battalion, Field Artillery School/Center. He then served for three years in Germany, commanding a tank company in a mechanized infantry division at Mainz (Company B, 4th Battalion, 69th Armored Regiment).

Back in Korea, Taguba commanded the 1st Battalion, 72nd Armored Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Casey; and was the executive officer for plans and policy of the Republic of Korea-U.S. Combined Forces Command in Yongsan.

At the Pentagon Taguba served as a material systems analyst, Office of the Chief of Staff, Army. At Fort Hood, Texas, he commanded the "St. Lo," 2nd Brigade, 2nd Armored Division; when the brigade was transferred to the 4th Infantry Division, Colonel Taguba assumed command of the "Warhorse," 2nd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division from June 1995 until he transferred command in June 1997.

At Fort McPherson, Georgia, Taguba was chief of staff of the United States Army Reserve Command. At Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was assistant division commander-forward of the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) and Deputy Commanding General (South), First United States Army.

At Alexandria, Virginia, Taguba was promoted to brigadier general and given command of the United States Army Community and Family Support Center.

Major General Taguba served for ten months as deputy commanding general for support of the Third United States Army, United States Army Forces Central Command, Coalition Forces Land Component Command, based in Kuwait. Earlier, he was at the Pentagon as acting director of the Army Staff, Headquarters, Department of the Army, under General Eric K. Shinseki.

In 2004, Taguba was assigned to report on abuse of prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. In May of that year, he published an extremely critical report that was leaked to the public. Later that month, Major General Taguba was reassigned to the Pentagon to serve as deputy assistant secretary of defense for readiness, training and mobilization in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Describing his thoughts upon being informed by John Abizaid a few weeks after the leak that he and his report would be investigated, Taguba said "I'd been in the Army thirty-two years by then, and it was the first time that I thought I was in the Mafia."

In January 2006, General Richard A. Cody, the Army's Vice-Chief of Staff, instructed Taguba to retire by the following January. No official explanation was given; Taguba himself believes his forced retirement was ordered by civilian Pentagon officials in retaliation for his report on abuse of prisoners. Taguba's retirement, effective January 1, 2007, ended a 34-year career of military service.

Work on prisoner abuse
In 2004, Taguba was assigned to head an investigation into accusations of prisoner abuse in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Taguba became known worldwide when the Taguba Report, a classified, internal U.S. Army report on the investigation, was leaked to the public and published to national attention. The report was extremely critical of U.S. Army conduct and found widespread negligence and abuse.

In June 2008, Taguba was again in the headlines when he wrote the preface to a report by Physicians for Human Rights on prisoner abuse and torture at Abu Ghraib prison, in Guantanamo Bay, and in Afghanistan. In it, he accused the Bush administration of committing war crimes and called for the prosecution of those responsible. He wrote, "There is no longer any doubt that the current administration committed war crimes. The only question is whether those who ordered torture will be held to account."

title: Antonio Taguba


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Talk:Antonio Taguba

Sources.
AsianWeek bio, arcent.army.mil bio, Warhorse commanders (Col). Fil-Am general praised for report. - Jeandré, 2004-05-08t19:26z

Mention USA?
RickK, thanks for the copyedit. Why did you remove the two USA mentions? Some people may not know that Manila is in the Philippines; others that Hawaii and Oklahoma are states of the USA. - Jeandré, 2004-05-09t13:03z

Needs section on his work on prisoner abuse
Taguba is now best known for his work uncovering prisoner abuse in US military prisons. Unfortunately the biography does not document this very well. --lk (talk) 09:44, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Anyone Care for Irrelevant Info?
"In 2004, Taguba was assigned to head an investigation into accusations of prisoner abuse in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Taguba became known worldwide when the Taguba Report, a classified, internal U.S. Army report on the investigation, was leaked to the public and published to national attention.[2] The report was extremely critical of U.S. Army conduct and found widespread negligence and abuse.

"In June 2008, Taguba was again in the headlines when he wrote the preface to a report by Physicians for Human Rights on prisoner abuse and torture at Abu Ghraib prison, in Guantanamo Bay, and in Afghanistan.[10] In it, he accused the Bush administration of committing war crimes and called for the prosecution of those responsible. He wrote, 'There is no longer any doubt that the current administration committed war crimes. The only question is whether those who ordered torture will be held to account.'[4]"

I propose this be deleted -- it hardly qualifies as relevant information. As an American with reams of personal experience, I have to say that nobody I am aware of cares about whether our government has committed war crimes or not.

209.183.32.42 (talk) 21:01, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * As an American living outside of the U.S., I infer that the persons of whom you are aware probably live inside the U.S., and probably don't travel outside of the U.S. very much. Believe me, lots of people outside of the U.S. do care about war crimes attributed to the U.S. I expect that lots of people inside the U.S. care about that too -- particularly people in official positions concerned with preventing the occurrence of such crimes, with investigating accusations of war crime commmission, with refuting false accusations of war crime commission, and with prosecuting commission of war crimes if/when/where such commission does appear to have occurred. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 22:49, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

As an American Army officer I can say that any American who doesn't care about whether our government committed war crimes or not should reconsider whether they're an American or not. I remember Abu Gharib. And I remember reading the Taguba Report thinking "this is just more media BS". Then I recognized it as a legit military investigation report, complete with military writing style, security classification headers, and distinctive OIF font. It was appalling and I've never, in my 20 year career, ever felt so embarrassed to wear the uniform. LTG Taguba could easily have taken the low road. A little prevarication here, a little white wash there, and Rummy would have rewarded him with a third star and maybe even some Haliburton action. The General stayed shot straight and though he got rail roaded, he stayed true to his honor and defended what America was meant to be in the midst of miserable moral failure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.139.51.70 (talk) 13:06, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

20-year Army officer, and you don't know the difference between a MG and a LTG? Wow... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.110.206.180 (talk) 11:42, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Is this satire?
re: >>I propose this be deleted -- it hardly qualifies as relevant information. As an American with >>reams of personal experience, I have to say that nobody I am aware of cares about whether our >>government has committed war crimes or not.

Is this satire? I never can tell with the right-wingers. Although I'm sure that the 20 percenters who still support Bush don't care about war crimes, the rest of America (and the world) does---and very much so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.86.119.173 (talk) 23:55, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Bronze Star
As far as I can see, Antonio Taguba was never awarded the Bronze Star, so I am removing it from the article. Bronze Stars are usually a combat award, and Taguba does not seem to have been in combat.

His Father, however, received the Bronze Star, which is why there is probably some confusion about this. --One Salient Oversight (talk) 12:26, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Antonio Taguba


text:
Archidiptera

Archidiptera is a suborder of Diptera under an alternative classification based largely on fossil taxa; it has not gained wide acceptance among non-paleontological dipterists. This is a sister group of Eudiptera (another suborder also based largely on fossil taxa).

Its sole living representative, the family Nymphomyiidae, is normally considered a member of the Blephariceromorpha within the Nematocera.

title: Archidiptera


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Diane Duane

Diane Duane (born May 18, 1952) is an American science fiction and fantasy author, long based in Ireland. Her works include the Young Wizards young adult fantasy series and the Rihannsu Star Trek novels.

Biography
Born in New York City, she grew up in Roosevelt, Long Island. After school, she studied nursing and practiced as a psychiatric nurse for two years until 1976, when she moved to California and worked as an assistant to David Gerrold. Her first novel was published by Dell Books in 1979; Gerrold wrote an "overture" to that novel, on the grounds that he'd rather be making overtures than introductions to Duane. She subsequently worked as a freelance writer. In 1981 she moved to Pennsylvania.

She married Northern Irish author Peter Morwood in 1987; they moved to the United Kingdom and then to Ireland, where they reside in Grangecon, County Wicklow.

Young Wizards

A short story within the same universe, "Uptown Local", has also been published as part of Jane Yolen's Dragons and Dreams anthology, and a podcast of Duane reading it is freely available from her website. It also appears in the twentieth anniversary edition of So You Want to Be a Wizard.

In February 2011, Duane announced she would be releasing new versions of the first 4 books in the series, updating the technology used in the books, fixing some timeline issues within the series, and overall making the series more appealing to contemporary young adult readers. The first of the series would be available in June 2011, initially in ebook format, with the next three books to follow in the succeeding months and all these to have new ISBNs, with the publisher switching to the revised editions with new covers around the time the next book in the series is released.

Feline Wizards
The series, in the same setting as the Young Wizards novels, focuses on cat-wizards, who maintain the worldgates that wizards use for travel between the sheaf of canonical universes.
 * 1)  (Published in the US as )
 * 1)  (Published in the US as )

In December 2005, Duane proposed to her fans that they fund a third novel in the series, The Big Meow. After funding the project via whole-book subscriptions, per-chapter threshold pledges, merchandising, "put something in the kitty" donations, and $2,900 in challenge grants,    Duane wrote, over a span of two and a half years, seven of the book's 13 chapters. No new chapters were published between July 2008 and February 2011, but on February 2, 2011, Duane announced the project's completion and posted the remaining chapters for subscribers between then and the 15th.

Adult Wizards
Books about adult wizards set in the same universe of the Young Wizards series.
 * "Theobroma", featured in the fantasy short story collection Wizards, Inc. (November 2007)

Alternate Universes
The Young Wizards universe contains canonical alternate universes (So You Want to Be a Wizard and To Visit the Queen are good examples: the protagonists travel to alternate universes to solve problems there).
 * Stealing the Elf-King's Roses (ISBN 0-446-60983-8) is set in a sheaf of universes originally mentioned in Nita's studies in So You Want to Be a Wizard.

The Middle Kingdoms
Also known as the Tale of the Five, this high fantasy series was paused in 1992. The books center on some of the same themes as her better-known Young Wizards series; those who wield the Blue Fire have many of the same responsibilities as the wizards and fight the same battle against entropy. In So You Want to Be a Wizard, Nita's wizardry manual is written by "Hearnssen", a reference to the protagonist of The Door Into Fire, Herewiss s'Hearn (son of Hearn), so it may be that the Middle Kingdoms are part of the same sheaf of universes as the Young Wizards setting. Adding to this, one interdimensional portal in The Door into Fire appears to open over New York City. Duane is working on the final volume. The Door into Fire and The Door into Shadow have an omnibus reprint called Tale of Five: The Sword and the Dragon. (ISBN 978-1892065513)
 * 1) The Door into Fire (1979)
 * 2) The Door into Shadow (1984)
 * 3) The Door into Sunset (1992)
 * 4) The Door into Starlight (to be written)

Several short stories are set in the Middle Kingdoms: Parting Gifts (1981) and its prequel The Span (1999) featuring Sirronde; Duane plans to write a middle novella and publish the three together as Sirronde's World. Lior and the Sea (1985) is set in the world of the Middle Kingdoms, but not concerning any of the characters in the novels.

Duane also worked on Tales of the Five, a five-book series to bridge the gap between The Door into Sunset and The Door into Starlight. Books in this series so far are:
 * The Levin-Gad (2018)
 * The Landlady (2019)
 * The Librarian (TBA)

Star Trek
Duane has also written a number of Star Trek novels:

 * Original Series
 * (omnibus, containing Spock's World and A. C. Crispin's Sarek)
 * Rihannsu
 * (co-written with husband Peter Morwood)
 * An omnibus of the first four Rihannsu novels, containing minor tweaks for consistency and re-editing Swordhunt and Honor Blade into the originally-intended single novel.
 * Next Generation
 * (co-written with husband Peter Morwood)
 * An omnibus of the first four Rihannsu novels, containing minor tweaks for consistency and re-editing Swordhunt and Honor Blade into the originally-intended single novel.
 * Next Generation
 * An omnibus of the first four Rihannsu novels, containing minor tweaks for consistency and re-editing Swordhunt and Honor Blade into the originally-intended single novel.
 * Next Generation
 * An omnibus of the first four Rihannsu novels, containing minor tweaks for consistency and re-editing Swordhunt and Honor Blade into the originally-intended single novel.
 * Next Generation

Duane also shares story credit on the TNG episode "Where No One Has Gone Before" with Michael Reaves.

Harbinger
The Harbinger Trilogy, published by Wizards of the Coast, is set in the Star*Drive universe. While Duane is not the only author to write for this universe, she was the first.

Spider-Man
Duane wrote a trilogy of Spider-Man novels, The Venom Factor, for Byron-Preiss Multimedia from 1994 to 1996. The trilogy was composed of:

Space Cops
(written with Peter Morwood)

Net Force
Co-authored with Tom Clancy and Steve Pieczenik 1. Virtual Vandals

2. One Is the Loneliest Number

3. End Game

4. Safe House

5. Deathworld

6. Runaways

7. Death Match

Short stories

 * "Parting Gifts" featured in Flashing Swords! #5: Demons and Daggers (1981), and released for free on her website as part of International Pixel-Stained Technopeasant Day
 * "Lior and the Sea" featured in Moonsinger's Friends (1986)
 * "Apparitions" featured in The Further Adventures of Superman (1993)
 * "The Dovrefell Cat" featured in Xanadu 2 (1995)
 * "Don't Put That in Your Mouth, You Don't Know Where It's Been" featured in Don't Forget Your Space Suit, Dear (1996)
 * "Recensions" featured in Amazing Magazine (1998)
 * "Blank Check" in On Crusade: More Tales of the Knights Templar (1998)
 * "1-900-nodream" featured in Perchance to Dream (2000)
 * "Night Whispers" featured in Star Trek: Enterprise Logs (2000)
 * "Herself" featured in "Emerald Magic" (2004)
 * "The Fix" (2006)
 * "Goths and Robbers" featured in the Doctor Who anthology Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership (2008)
 * "The House" featured in Witch High (2008)

Comics

 * "Ill Wind", five part graphic novel/miniseries for Star Trek: The Next Generation, DC Comics, New York: Autumn 1995-Spring 1996.
 * "The Tale of Prince Ivan the Not-Too-Experienced", six-part comic script for The Dreamery, Epic Comics, December 1987 through August 1988.
 * "The Last Word", STAR TREK #28: single-issue comic script for DC Comics, NYC, April 1986.
 * "Double Blind", STAR TREK #24-25: two-part (comedy) comic script for DC Comics, NYC, Jan/Feb 1986.
 * "The Misadventures of Prince Ivan." About Comics. February 2011. ISBN 978-1-936404-01-8.

Other prose works
Duane has recently made available in various e-formats a previously unpublished book which was sold to at least two European publishers, but never actually brought out due to internal restructuring at one publishing house (Corgi) and the sale of another (Heyne Verlag). The novel, A Wind from the South, is the first of a projected trilogy telling the story of a young girl born in the 11th century in a remote region of the Alps. This girl slowly discovers that she is the intended physical avatar of an exiled Roman goddess, while (as she grows) she becomes caught up in the political turmoil of William Tell's time.

Duane was also responsible for prose adaptations of several scripts from The Outer Limits. She has also written numerous short stories, about equally divided between fantasy and science fiction, which have appeared in various anthologies and collections over the last twenty years. She also wrote the 1985 text adventure video game Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative.

Maps
Duane drew the map in Larry Niven's The Ringworld Engineers.

Screen works: film and television
Duane has worked in television since the early 1980s, initially becoming involved in script work at the Hanna-Barbera animation studio (now Cartoon Network). After writing numerous scripts for such series as Scooby and Scrappy-Doo, Captain Caveman, Space Stars, Fonz and the Happy Days Gang, Biskitts, and Laverne and Shirley in the Army, she moved on to work in development and serve as a staff writer at Filmation, and in 1985 was hired to story-edit the DiC animated series Dinosaucers. During this period she also wrote scripts for Sunbow Productions (Glo Friends, Transformers, and My Little Pony) and Walt Disney Productions (Duck Tales). In 1986, she co-wrote (with Michael Reaves) the script of one of the earliest episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "Where No One Has Gone Before".

In the early 1990s Duane was brought on board as the head writer on the BBC Television educational series Science Challenge. Shortly thereafter she co-wrote (with her husband) scripts for Batman: The Animated Series and for Gargoyles. She also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 space adventure game Privateer 2: The Darkening, which starred Clive Owen, Christopher Walken, Jürgen Prochnow and Mathilda May. Other screen work from that period includes the screenplay for the Space Island One episode "Not In My Back Yard" (1998–1999).

In 2003, after doing nearly four years' development work with the production company Tandem Communications of Munich, Germany, Duane and Peter Morwood co-wrote the script for the German TV miniseries Die Nibelungen. The miniseries aired in Germany on the Sat.1 network in late November 2004, and a feature version (titled Sword of Xanten) screened in the UK in December 2004. A "megafeature" cut of the entire miniseries was aired on Channel Four television in the UK in December 2005. The miniseries aired on the Sci-Fi Channel in the US in late March 2006 under the title Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King. The miniseries has also been released on DVD in the US and numerous other markets, under various titles (the previous US title was Curse of the Ring).

Duane was also a co-author of the Barbie movie Barbie: Fairytopia.

An adaptation of So You Want to be a Wizard is currently in the works.

Screenwriting credits

 * series head writer denoted in bold

Television

 * Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979)
 * The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980)
 * Space Stars (1981)
 * The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang (1981)
 * Mork %26 Mindy/Laverne %26 Shirley/Fonz Hour (1982)
 * The Biskitts (1983)
 * The Glo Friends (1986)
 * My Little Pony (1986)
 * The Transformers (1986)
 * Dinosaucers (1987)
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)
 * DuckTales (1987)
 * Batman: The Animated Series (1995)
 * Gargoyles (1996)
 * Space Island One (1998)
 * Spider-Man Unlimited (2001)

Film

 * Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King (2004)
 * Barbie: Fairytopia (2005)

Awards

 * "Midnight Snack" (Cassette version): Award for Excellence in Education from Media & Methods Magazine, 1987.
 * The Door Into Fire: Two-time John W. Campbell Award nominee for best new writer.
 * "Young Wizards" series: special commendation in the Anne Spencer Lindbergh Prize in Children's Literature, 2003.
 * Wizard's Dilemma: Mythopoeic award nominee, 2002.
 * Wizards at War: Mythopoeic award nominee, 2006.
 * 2014 Faust Award for Lifetime Achievement from the International Association of Media Tie-In Writers

title: Diane Duane


text:
User:Iain Butler/draft articles/draft - crease (cricket)

In the sport of cricket, a crease is a line (usually marked in white paint) used to define whether or not a batsman is in his ground, of if a delivery is legal. There are two creases: the popping or batting crease, and the return or bowling crease.

These are used to judge:
 * The popping crease:
 * For batsmen:
 * Whether a batsman was in his ground in the event of a run out decision
 * Whether a batsman was in his ground in the event of a stumped decision
 * For bowlers:
 * Whether, during the act of delivery, a) his front foot had totally overstepped the crease, no part of it being in contact with the line, or b) if the heel was raised, would have been in front of the crease, where no part would have been touching the crease. If either a) or b) is justified, then the delivery will be called a no-ball and will not count in the over, and one penalty run (two in British county cricket) will be awarded to the batting side.
 * The return crease:
 * For bowlers:
 * Whether, during the act of delivery, his back foot is not inside this crease, then the ball will be called a no-ball and will not ount in the over, and one penalty run (two in British county cricket) will be awarded to the batting side.


text:
Self-signed certificate

In cryptography and computer security, self-signed certificates are public key certificates that are not issued by a certificate authority (CA). These self-signed certificates are easy to make and do not cost money. However, they do not provide any trust value.

For instance, if a website owner uses a self-signed certificate to provide HTTPS services, people who visit that website cannot be certain that they are connected to their intended destination. For all they know, a malicious third-party could be redirecting the connection using another self-signed certificate bearing the same holder name. The connection is still encrypted, but does not necessarily lead to its intended target. In comparison, a certificate signed by a trusted CA prevents this attack because the user's web browser separately validates the certificate against the issuing CA. The attacker's certificate fails this validation.

Benefits
Self-signed certificates can be created for free, using a wide variety of tools including OpenSSL, Java's keytool, Adobe Reader, wolfSSL and Apple's Keychain. They are easy to customize; e.g, they can have larger key sizes or hold additional metadata. Their use doesn't involve the problems of trusting third parties that may improperly sign certificates. Self-signed certificate transactions usually present a far smaller attack surface by eliminating both the complex certificate chain validation, and certificate revocation checks like CRL and OCSP.

Trust issues
In a CA-based PKI system, parties engaged in secure communication must trust a CA, i.e. place the CA certificates in a whitelist of trusted certificates. Developers of web browsers may use procedures specified by the CA/Browser Forum to whitelist well-known, public certificate authorities. Individual groups and companies may whitelist additional, private CA certificates. The trust issues of an entity accepting a new self-signed certificate are similar to the issues of an entity trusting the addition of a new CA certificate. The parties in a self-signed PKI must establish trust with each other (using procedures outside the PKI), and confirm the accurate transfer of public keys e.g. compare the certificate's cryptographic hash out of band.

There are many subtle differences between CA signed and self-signed certificates, especially in the amount of trust that can be placed in the security assertions of the certificate. Some CAs can verify the identity of the person to whom they issue a certificate; for example the US military issues their Common Access Cards in person, with multiple forms of other ID. The CA can attest identity values like these by including them in the signed certificate. The entity that validates the certificate can trust the information in that certificate, to the same extent that they trust the CA that signed it (and by implication, the security procedures the CA used to verify the attested information).

With a self-signed certificate by contrast, trust of the values in the certificate are more complicated because the entity possesses the signing key, and can always generate a new certificate with different values. For example, the validity dates of a self-signed certificate might not be trusted because the entity could always create and sign a new certificate that contained a valid date range.

The values in a self-signed certificate can only be trusted when the values were verified out-of-band during the acceptance of the certificate, and there is a method to verify the self-signed certificate has not changed after it was trusted. For example, the procedure of trusting a self-signed certificate includes a manual verification of validity dates, and a hash of the certificate is incorporated into the white list. When the certificate is presented for an entity to validate, they first verify the hash of the certificate matches the reference hash in the white-list, and if they match (indicating the self-signed certificate is the same as the one that was formerly trusted) then the certificate's validity dates can be trusted. Special treatment of X.509 certificate fields for self-signed certificate can be found in RFC 3280.

Revocation of self-signed certificates differs from CA-signed certificates. By nature, no entity (CA or others) can revoke a self-signed certificate. But one could invalidate a self-signed CA by removing it from the trust whitelist.

Uses
Self-signed certificates have limited uses, e.g. in the cases where the issuer and the sole user are the same entity. For example, the Encrypting File System on Microsoft Windows issues a self-signed certificate on behalf of a user account to transparently encrypt and decrypt files on the fly. Another example is a root certificate, which is a form of self-signed certificate.

Name Confusion
The terms "self-signed" and "self-issued" are occasionally used interchangeably and "self-signed certificate" is sometimes even incorrectly used to indicate a certificate issued by a private (not publicly trusted) CA.

RFC 5280 defines self-signed certificates as "self-issued certificates where the digital signature may be verified by the public key bound into the certificate" whereas a self-issued certificate is a certificate "in which the issuer and subject are the same entity". While in the strict sense the RFC makes this definition only for CA certificates, there is no reason to also adopt that definition for end-entity certificates.

title: Self-signed certificate


text:
Eudiptera

Eudiptera is a suborder of Diptera under an alternative subordinal classification based largely on fossil taxa; it has not gained wide acceptance among non-paleontological dipterists and is presented here for comparative purposes only. The suborder is the sister group of Archidiptera (another group also largely based on fossil taxa).

All of the taxa included in Eudiptera are also members of the Nematocera, and the latter is the preferred grouping; both are paraphyletic.

Nematocera

title: Eudiptera


text:
Potters Bar rail accidents

There have been four railway accidents at Potters Bar in England. Those in 1898 and 1946 were signals passed at danger. The accident in 2002 led to substantial public debate and a national change in policy relating to maintenance of infrastructure.

1898
On 19 March 1898, the 7:50 p.m train from Hatfield to King's Cross ran past the signals at danger when it reached Potters Bar. The train cut through the catch points and buffers and crashed onto the platform. The front part of the engine was smashed and the leading coach wrecked. No one was killed. The driver, fireman and guard narrowly escaped injury. Some passengers complained of being shaken but were able to go home.

1899
On 16 May 1899, the Earl of Strafford was killed at Potters Bar railway station when he was hit by an express train. Witnesses said that he appeared to step in front of the train from the bottom of the slope at the end of the platform; he was carried for 50 yards (46 m). The coroner's court investigated his medical conditions, as he was prone to catalepsy. The possibility of suicide was also considered. A finding of suicide would have had substantial social and legal implications. The jury returned a verdict that the death was due to misadventure.

1946
On 10 February 1946, a local passenger train travelling towards King's Cross hit buffers at Potters Bar station. Derailed carriages fouled the main lines. Two express trains travelling in opposite directions then hit the wreckage. Two passengers were killed and 17 injured were taken to hospital. The driver of the local train was found to have misidentified a poorly placed main-line signal as applying to his own line. It was thought probable that he had been misled by the signal applying to his line showing clear when he first saw it (though changing against him shortly afterwards). The signalman was found to have contributed to the accident by changing a set of points as the train passed over them.

2002
On 10 May 2002, a northbound train derailed at high speed, killing seven and injuring 76. Part of the train ended up wedged between the station platforms and building structures.

Event
A West Anglia Great Northern train service left King's Cross station at 12:45 heading for King's Lynn in Norfolk, via Cambridge. At 12:55, travelling at 97 mph, the four-coach Class 365 Electric multiple unit (unit number: 365526) passed over a set of points "2182A" just south of Potters Bar station. The points moved under the train, causing the rear bogie of the third coach and the entire fourth carriage to derail. This caused the fourth coach to become detached and cross onto the adjacent line where it flipped into the air.

The momentum threw the carriage into the station, where one end of the carriage struck Darkes Lane bridge parapet, destroying the masonry and sending debris onto the road below. It then mounted the platform and slid along before coming to rest under the platform canopy at 45 degrees. The front three coaches remained on the tracks and came to a stop approximately 400 m north of the station due to an automatic application of the brakes.

Six of the victims were travelling in the train, while a seventh, Agnes Quinlivan, was killed by the masonry falling from the bridge over Darkes Lane.

Investigation
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) report released in May 2003 found that the points were poorly maintained and that this was the principal cause of the accident. The bolts that held the stretcher bars that maintain the distance between the two point blades had come loose or gone missing, causing the point blades to move apart when the train passed over them. The points had been fully inspected on 1 May by a team working for the private railway maintenance firm Jarvis plc and there had been a further visual inspection on 9 May the day before the crash, with no problems reported.

However, that evening, a West Anglia Great Northern station announcer was travelling on the down fast line and reported a "rough ride" at Potters Bar whilst going over that same place on the track, points "2182A". A Railtrack engineering supervisor was sent to make an inspection, but due to an apparent misunderstanding by the King's Cross signal box staff, he was sent to the wrong line, the up fast line, to check the track and points and did not find the "loose nuts" that subsequently led to the accident.

Initially after the accident, Jarvis claimed that the points' poor condition was due to sabotage of some sort, and that its maintenance was not to blame. No solid evidence of any sabotage has ever come to light, and the HSE report found that other sets of points in the Potters Bar area showed similar, less-serious maintenance deficiencies and the poor state of maintenance "probably arose from a failure to understand fully the design and safety requirements".

Further investigations by the HSE found that heavy and constant vibrations on the stretcher bars and their bolts caused them in turn to vibrate and oscillate until their nuts fell off the bolts. These have since been replaced by two-part locking nuts instead of the main nuts having half-size locking nuts to hold them in place.

In November 2010, the Office of Rail Regulation said Network Rail and Jarvis Rail would be charged under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The case was heard at Watford Magistrates' Court in February 2011.

Aftermath
The tragedy sparked a debate about whether private maintenance firms were paying too little attention to training and safety. In 2003, Network Rail announced it was taking all track maintenance in-house, ending the use of private contractors except for large-scale renewal or development projects.

On 28 April 2004, Jarvis sent a letter to the victims' families, admitting liability for the accident. The company said that it would formally accept "legally justified claims" after making a financial provision of £3,000,000.

In the letter Kevin Hyde, chief executive, wrote:

"In the aftermath of the crash, when Jarvis was under great pressure to explain itself, we were drawn into a debate about the possible causes of the crash. On behalf of the company and my colleagues, I would like to apologise for the hurt and anger our actions in responding caused."

A circular memorial plate was erected on platform 3 of the station, dedicated to the seven fatalities of the Potters Bar crash.

On 13 May 2011, Network Rail was fined £3 million for safety failings related to the crash.

List of people killed
Except for Agnes Quinlivan, a nearby pedestrian, all other fatalities were in the rear carriage of the train.

 * Austen Kark, 75 (husband of writer Nina Bawden, who was injured during the accident)
 * Emma Knights, 29
 * Chia-hsin Lin, 29
 * Prince Alexander Ogunwusi, 42
 * Agnes Quinlivan, 80 (killed by falling masonry)
 * Jonael Schickler, 25
 * Chia-Ching Wu, 30

title: Potters Bar rail accidents


text:
User:Yoinkza

I am the great Yoinkza.

title: User:Yoinkza


text:
Talk:University of Glasgow

Student publications founded
Would be good to add this to the entry - When were the student publications created?

current publications:

 * Subcity = 1995 (was sweet fm before then for a couple of years)

 * GUM = ? (oldest in scotland?)

 * Guardian = ?

 * GUST = 19?? (oldest in UK)

 * qmunicate = 200?

The firstcopy of qmunicate in its current format (ie, news-driven, rather than magazine style) was spring 2004. The name had been around for one or two years longer, but only a couple of publications were produced, both very different from its current fornightly format.

 * guu independent = 200?

Session 2004-5, towards the end, probably 05. Now known as GUUi, I think.

old publications:

 * gilmorehill globe = ? - ?

ive put question marks in where I dont know for sure — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cloudo (talk • contribs)

Scottish Gaelic
Would anyone object to me adding the Scottish Gaelic name for the university in the opening sentence? 'Oilthigh Ghlaschu' being the official name in use by the Celtic department. — Preceding unsigned comment added by tcm1707 (talk • contribs)

Entry standards vs entrance requirements
I changed entry requirements to entry standards. Entry requirements are the grades you need to get onto the course, entry standards measure what qualifications the students have after having confirmed attendance at the university. Here it's reflective of the fact that a lot of people vastly exceed the requirements of their offer. --Caliburn · (Talk · Contribs · CentralAuth · Log) 16:43, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

List of University of Glasgow's notable alumni
The paragraph lists 8 nobel prizes among them, which doesn't seem correct. I have tried to edit it but my editing was deleted by an anonymous IP. Could someone explain to me why? HerrWarum (talk) 15:27, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Glasgow


text:
Baie-Comeau

Baie-Comeau is a city in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located on the shores of the St. Lawrence River, and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality. It is near the mouth of the Manicouagan River, named after the adjacent Comeau Bay. It has a population of 20,687 in the 2021 Canadian census, and the census agglomeration population is 26,643.

Baie-Comeau is the birthplace of Brian Mulroney, former Prime Minister of Canada.

Toponymy
Although the city is officially named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau, the origin of the name actually comes from his father Antoine-Alexandre Comeau, who was an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company and had a camp there. Travelers would spontaneously think of “the bay of the Comeau camp”, perpetuated by word of mouth until the employees of the Geography Commission wrote Anse à Comeau (Comeau Cove) on plans. When Baie-Comeau was founded however, the authorities were unaware of the origin of this name, and specified that it honored Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau (1848-1923).

History
The oldest part of Baie-Comeau is the area known as Vieux-Poste (Old Post) near the mouth of the Amédée River where in 1889, the Saint-Eugène-de-Manicouagan Mission was founded by Eudists. In 1898, the first sawmill in the Côte-Nord region was built there by the brothers Damase and Henri Jalbert, but it closed in 1907 after their timber stock was swept into the St. Lawrence. In 1916, Route 138 was extended to Saint-Eugène-de-Manicouagan and in 1929, its post office opened with the English name of (francized in 1936).

Baie-Comeau itself (the eastern part of the current town) was founded in 1936 when a paper mill was constructed by Colonel Robert R. McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune. Arthur A. Schmon oversaw the project, which included a power station and housing. Experiencing remarkable growth, the Town of Baie-Comeau was incorporated on May 20, 1937. Coinciding with the completion of the mill, the Hudson's Bay Company opened a store on September 15 of that same year. It was the first HBC small department store in Quebec. The area continued to see economic development with the establishment of the hydro-electric power stations on the Manicouagan and Outardes Rivers beginning with the Chutes-aux-Outardes Station in 1952, an aluminum smelter in 1958, and grain warehouses (the largest in Canada) in 1959.

In 1950, the village of Saint-Eugène-de-Manicouagan was incorporated as the Municipality of Hauterive. In June 1982, Hauterive was merged into Baie-Comeau, taking effect on January 1, 1983. The HBC closed its Baie-Comeau store in 1986.

Baie-Comeau is the seat of the judicial district of Baie-Comeau.

Geography
Baie-Comeau is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, about 400 km northeast of Quebec City and 230 km southwest of Sept-Îles.

There are two urban area population centres within the city limits: Baie-Comeau proper, with a population of 9,100, and Hauterive, with a population of 11,147, in an area of 8.67 km2 and a density of 1285.5 /km2, as of the 2021 Canadian census.

Baie-Comeau is crossed by five rivers: the Manicouagan River, the Amédée River, the Petit-Bras River, the Chasse River, and the English River. These rivers are fed by around thirty lakes.

Climate
Although at the same latitude as Vancouver or Paris, Baie-Comeau has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), just above the subarctic climate. The cold Labrador Current makes the Gulf of St. Lawrence very cold and tends to cool the weather during summer much more than the marginal warming of the winters resulting from its maritime location. With the moist northeasterly winds coming in from the Icelandic Low, snowfall is very heavy, averaging around 342.9 cm per year with a greatest average depth of around 56 cm in March. The extreme snow depth was 226 cm on January 10, 1969.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Baie-Comeau had a population of $20,687$ living in $9,554$ of its $10,163$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $21,536$. With a land area of 334.83 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Knowledge of official languages from 2016 (multiple answers were possible):
 * English: 4,415
 * French: 20,840
 * Other languages: 550

Economy
The region is a major forestry centre for the pulp and paper industry, owned by Abitibi Consolidated as of October 2006. Alongside hydro-electricity and the paper industry, an aluminum plant has fed employment for decades. Cargill has a large elevator there that is used to transfer grain from Great Lakes boats to ocean-going ships.

Local government
The Baie-Comeau city council consists of the mayor of Baie-Comeau and eight elected city councillors, four from each of the two sectors of town. One recent mayor of Baie-Comeau was Yves Montigny, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2022 Quebec general election; Michel Desbiens became mayor in 2023.

List of former mayors:

 * Ivo Di Piazza (...–2009)
 * Christine Brisson (2009–2013)
 * Claude Martel (2013–2017)
 * Yves Montigny {2017–2022)
 * Serge Deschenes (interim, 2022)
 * Carole Deschênes (deputy mayor, 2022)
 * Michel Desbiens (2023–present)

Sports
The 1993 Quebec Winter Games were played in Baie-Comeau.

Many different sports are played in Baie-Comeau:

Hockey
Baie-Comeau is home to the Baie-Comeau Drakkar, an ice hockey team playing in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League since 1997. The team plays in the Centre Henry-Leonard located in the eastern sector of the town.

Skiing
The is an alpine ski centre located a few kilometers north of the town where it offers twelve slopes. Cross-country skiing is also popular. Students often frequent Mont-Tibasse as part of their school programs.

Golf
An 18-hole golf course is available in the western sector of the town. It is a semi-private golf club and is open for most of the summer.

Swimming
The two major high schools of the city each offer an indoor swimming pool and are open to the public year-round. Two outdoor swimming pools are also available to the public. These are open from the end of June until the middle of August each summer.

Some beaches are also available in the summer. There are other beaches are along the shore of the St. Lawrence river such as the and the, among others.

Tennis
Several outdoor tennis courts are available to the public in the different parks across town. They are open for most of the summer.

Football
The Baie-Comeau Vikings represent the Polyvalente des Baies in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean League. The team won championships in the eastern Quebec circuit in 2003, 2004 and 2006, and were finalists in 2005.

Transportation
The town is along Route 138 about 100 km east of Forestville and about 230 km west of Sept-Îles. A ferry service of the Société des traversiers du Québec and rail ferry service of the COGEMA also links the town to Matane on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. The town is the southern terminus of Route 389, which leads to the Daniel-Johnson Dam, the town of Fermont, and the Labrador region of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The Baie-Comeau Airport, located in neighbouring Pointe-Lebel, has scheduled flights from Air Liaison and Pascan Aviation.

Education
Baie-Comeau is home to several French-language public elementary schools, two French-language public high schools and one English-language public school that includes both the elementary and high school levels of education.

The town is also home to one French-language CEGEP called the Cégep de Baie-Comeau.

List of schools in Baie-Comeau:

Notable people

 * Yves Bélanger, ice hockey player
 * Jean-Claude Bergeron, ice hockey goaltender
 * Sylvie Drapeau, actress
 * Andrea Jourdan, author
 * Pierre-Cédric Labrie, ice hockey player
 * Brian Mulroney, 18th prime minister of Canada
 * Dave Morissette, ice hockey player

title: Baie-Comeau


text:
Brachycera

The Brachycera are a suborder of the order Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families. Their most distinguishing characteristic is reduced antenna segmentation.

Description
A summary of the main physical characteristics is:

 * Antenna size (with eight or fewer flagellomeres) is reduced. In many species the third segment, the flagellum, is fused, except from a bristle called the arista that is sticking out from the fused flagellum. The arista consist of no more than three segments called aristomeres.
 * The maxillary palp (an elongated appendage near the mouth) has two segments or fewer.
 * The back portions of the larval head capsule extend into the prothorax (the anterior part of the thorax, which bears the first pair of legs).
 * Two distinct parts make up of the larval mandible (lower jaw).
 * The epandrium and hypandrium of the genitalia are separated in males.
 * No premandible is present on the lower surface of the labrum (the roof of the mouth).
 * The configuration of the CuA2 and A1 wing veins is distinct.

Brachyceran flies can also be distinguished through behavior. Many of the species are predators or scavengers.

Classification
The structure of subgroups within the Brachycera is a source of much confusion and controversy; many of the names used historically (e.g., Orthorrhapha) have not been used in decades, but still persist in textbooks, checklists, faunal catalogs, and other sources. Additionally, most recent classifications no longer use the Linnaean ranks for taxa (e.g., the Tree of Life Web Project), and this creates its own set of problems.

title: Brachycera


text:
Talk:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery

Two Sleepy Hollow Cemeteries
It seems there are two cemeteries named "Sleepy Hollow Cemetery" that have a claim to being noteworthy. The one in Sleepy Hollow, New York is currently listed as "Sleepy Hollow Cemetery", while the one in Concord, Massachusetts is at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. I just modified the Louisa May Alcott article, which had linked to the New York cemetery but not to the one she is buried in. Perhaps "Sleepy Hollow Cemetery" should be a disambiguation page? Pondering, -- Infrogmation 19:34, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Anon comment
The Sleepy Hollow Cemetery is also featured in the novel "The Closer's Song" by Christopher Cole, a one time Tarrytown resident and poet. A copy of this novel can be found at the Warner Library in Tarrytown. (unsigned)

Two Sleepy Hollow Cemeteries, Episode 2
I am putting the disambiguation link for Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord at the top of the article. It certainly should be prominently disambiguated some how. Other thoughts on how best to do this? -- Infrogmation 23:53, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * This is a good start. On more than one occasion the cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York has gotten visitors seeking Thoreau's grave. SHC 23:25, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Is this an ad?
It sure feels like it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.65.132 (talk) 05:28, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery