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Elmo Hope

St. Elmo Sylvester Hope (June 27, 1923 – May 19, 1967) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger, chiefly in the bebop and hard bop genres. He grew up playing and listening to jazz and classical music with Bud Powell, and both were close friends of another influential pianist, Thelonious Monk.

Hope survived being shot by police as a youth to become a New York-based musician who recorded with several emerging stars in the early to mid-1950s, including trumpeter Clifford Brown, and saxophonists John Coltrane, Lou Donaldson, Jackie McLean, and Sonny Rollins. A long-term heroin user, Hope had his license to perform in New York's clubs withdrawn after a drug conviction, so he moved to Los Angeles in 1957. He was not happy during his four years on the West Coast, but had some successful collaborations there, including with saxophonist Harold Land.

More recordings as leader ensued following Hope's return to New York, but they did little to gain him more public or critical attention. Further drug and health problems reduced the frequency of his public performances, which ended a year before his death, at the age of 43. He remains little known, despite, or because of, the individuality of his playing and composing, which were complex and stressed subtlety and variation rather than the virtuosity predominant in bebop.

Early life
Elmo Hope was born on June 27, 1923, in New York City. His parents, Simon and Gertrude Hope, were immigrants from the Caribbean, and had several children. Elmo began playing the piano aged seven. He had classical music lessons as a child, and won solo piano recital contests from 1938. Fellow pianist Bud Powell was a childhood friend; together, they played and listened to jazz and classical music. Hope attended Benjamin Franklin High School, which was known for its music program. He developed an excellent understanding of harmony, and composed jazz and classical pieces at school.

At the age of 17, Hope was shot by a New York policeman. He was taken to Sydenham Hospital, where doctors reported that the bullet had narrowly missed his spine. Six weeks later, after Hope had been released from the hospital, he appeared in court, charged with "assault, attempted robbery and violation of the Sullivan Law". The police officers involved testified in court that Hope had been part of a group of five involved in a mugging. None of the other four, or any of the three alleged white victims, was identified by police; Hope stated that he had been running away with other passers-by after police started shooting, and was hit while trying to enter a hallway. The judge dismissed the charges against Hope, after which Hope's attorney described the shooting as an "outrage", and the charges as "an attempted frameup".

Hope's recovery was slow, and he did not go back to school. Instead, he played the piano in an assortment of taxi dance halls and other establishments in the city. Hope and Powell met fellow pianist Thelonious Monk in 1942, and the three young men spent much time together. This was interrupted in March 1943, when Hope enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army. In the enlistment records, Hope was listed as being single, with dependents. He had been married and had a son, who died. The terms of enlistment stated that Hope would be in the army "for the duration of the War [World War II] or other emergency, plus six months".

In New York – 1947–56
Hope's absence from the early bebop scene largely continued after he left the army, as he played principally in rhythm and blues bands for a few years. He was part of an octet led by trumpeter Eddie Robinson late in 1947, and played briefly with Snub Mosley around the same time. Hope had his first long-term association, with the Joe Morris band, from 1948 to 1951, including for several recordings. This band toured all over the United States.

Some of those Hope met in Morris' band were also interested in jazz. One, saxophonist Johnny Griffin, recalled a group of musicians, including Hope, who practiced and learned together in New York in the days of late-1940s bebop: "We'd go to Monk's house in Harlem or to Elmo's house in the Bronx, we just did a lot of playing. I played piano a bit, too, so I could hear what they were all doing harmonically. But if something stumped me, I'd ask and Elmo would spell out harmonies. We'd play Dizzy [Gillespie]'s tunes or Charlie Parker's."

This interest had expanded by June 1953, when Hope recorded in New York as part of a quintet led by trumpeter Clifford Brown and alto saxophonist Lou Donaldson. Critic Marc Myers suggested that the six songs the band recorded were the first in a new form of jazz, 'hard bop', that became highly influential. That 1953 session also helped Hope gain exposure with Blue Note Records' producer Alfred Lion, who supervised his debut recording as a leader around a week later. This resulted in the 10-inch album Elmo Hope Trio, which had Morris alumni Percy Heath on bass and Philly Joe Jones on drums. The tracks recorded illustrated, according to critic Kenny Mathieson in 2012, that Hope was interested in the architecture and aural detail of the music more than in individual virtuosity. A further Blue Note recording session 11 months later led to Elmo Hope Quintet, Volume 2.

In August 1954, Hope was pianist for a Prestige Records session led by saxophonist Sonny Rollins, which was released as Moving Out, and for another session with Donaldson. Hope signed to Prestige in 1955, and recorded the trio album Meditations for them that year. This was followed by the sextet Informal Jazz the following year, with Donald Byrd (trumpet), John Coltrane and Hank Mobley (tenor saxophones), Paul Chambers (bass), and Jones (drums). Some commentators have suggested that sessions such as this and the ones with Brown and Rollins were a hindrance to Hope's career: "He too often recorded with young, rising overshadowing talents" wrote a Buffalo Jazz Report reviewer in 1976.

In January 1956, Hope recorded with another rising star, Jackie McLean, for the saxophonist's Lights Out!, again for Prestige. In April of the same year, Hope should have appeared on saxophonist Gene Ammons' The Happy Blues, but he left the record company's building before the session began and did not return. Hope claimed that he had gone to visit an aunt in hospital, but his absence was attributed by others to his heroin addiction. This had existed on and off for several years, and had led to at least one spell in prison. His drug problem and associated criminal record led to the withdrawal of Hope's New York City Cabaret Card around 1956, so he was no longer permitted to play in clubs in the city.

In Los Angeles – 1957–61
Unable to earn a living in New York because of the performance ban, Hope toured with trumpeter Chet Baker in 1957 and then began living in Los Angeles. He soon found other musicians who had been influenced by bebop, including saxophonist Harold Land and bassist Curtis Counce. Hope played with Rollins again, and, in October 1957, recorded a session known as The Elmo Hope Quintet Featuring Harold Land which Pacific Jazz did not release until 1962, along with the contents of a 1957 Jazz Messengers album. In March of the following year, Hope became part of Counce's band, and went on to record two albums with the bassist. Hope also did some arranging for others around this time, including for Land's 1958 Harold in the Land of Jazz. Hope also had his own band, with personnel that varied, and in 1959 he played with Lionel Hampton in Hollywood. Later that year, after performances in San Francisco with two quartets – the first containing Rollins, bassist Scott LaFaro, and drummer Lenny McBrowne; the other with Rollins replaced by Land – Hope travelled north with the Land group to play at a venue in Vancouver.

Back in Los Angeles in August 1959, Hope was pianist for Land's quintet album The Fox; he also wrote four of the album's compositions. This recording, along with Elmo Hope Trio from the same year, were, in the opinion of jazz historian David Rosenthal, illustrative of Hope's musical development on the West Coast. The trio album received a rare five-star review from Down Beat magazine, with the comment that Hope's aesthetic was "a sort of bitter-sweet melancholy that seems to lie at the core of other jazzmen [...] who sometimes find the world 'a bit much', as the English say, to cope with."

In 1960, Hope married the pianist Bertha Rosemond (better known as Bertha Hope), whom he met in California. As a jazz musician on the West Coast, Hope found his life frustrating. In his only major published interview (written up for Down Beat in January 1961 and entitled "Bitter Hope"), he criticized the lack of creativity in the then-popular church-influenced soul jazz, complained about the shortage of good musicians in Los Angeles, and lamented the lack of work opportunities in the few jazz clubs in the area. Hope left Los Angeles later in 1961. His wife recounted that he was no longer working with Land, had recording offers from companies based on the East Coast, and still preferred it to Los Angeles, so the couple and their baby daughter moved to New York.

Back in New York – 1961–67
In June 1961, Hope was part of Philly Joe Jones' quintet, which included trumpeter Freddie Hubbard. Their first gigs were arranged by Hope's old friend, Monk, as was a recording session for Riverside Records that month, with Hope as leader. The pianist recorded four albums in New York around 1961, including Hope-Full, which contained his only solo tracks and some piano duets with his wife.

Some of the companies that he recorded for at this stage in his career reduced Hope's dignity, in the view of musician and critic Robert Palmer. One album was entitled High Hope! (1961), and another, released as Sounds from Rikers Island (1963) in reference to a New York City jail complex, featured performances exclusively by musicians who had at some point been imprisoned for drug-related crimes. Between these two sessions as leader, Hope was briefly in prison again for drug offenses. These and other album releases in the early 1960s did little to develop a wider awareness of Hope.

Hope played with McLean again late in 1962. He also led a piano trio: early in 1963 it contained Ray Kenney on bass and Lex Humphries on drums; in late 1964, it had John Ore on bass and Billy Higgins on drums. In 1965, Hope was continuing to lead a trio and quartet in the New York area. Drug and health problems, however, meant that he played less often late in his career. His last recordings were made in 1966, but not released for 11 years. Hope's final concert was at Judson Hall in New York City in 1966. Fellow pianist Horace Tapscott reported that, later, Hope's "hands were all shot up and he couldn't play".

Visits to one hospital that was experienced in addressing the health problems of drug addicts left Hope feeling that he was being experimented on, so he went to another, St. Clare's. Here, according to his wife, the treatment was not adjusted for the methadone program he was on, putting added strain on his heart. Hope was hospitalized with pneumonia in 1967 and died a few weeks later, on May 19, of heart failure. His wife was aged 31 at the time of his death. They had three children; their daughter, Monica Hope, became a singer.

Artistry
Hope's playing was strongly based in the blues-influenced jazz tradition. He employed dissonant harmonies and spiky, contrasting lines and phrases. Rosenthal observed that Hope's playing on one of his compositions for the 1953 Donaldson–Brown recording illustrated "many elements of the pianist's emerging style: somber, internally shifting chords in the introduction; punchy, twisting phrases in the solo; and the smoldering intensity that always characterized his best work." Hope's sense of time meant that his note placement was unpredictable, falling at various points either side of the beat but not exactly on it. His use of keyboard dynamics was similarly flexible, as the listener could not predict when in a performance the level would change. The Billboard reviewer of Hope's final recordings, as reissued in 1996, wrote that "he's dynamically smoother than Monk, with a spidery, spacy touch. His harmonic and compositional approach is intricate in design and almost eerie in execution." Coda critic Stuart Broomer also commented on Hope's touch, suggesting that it was unusual and light, and created a combination of delicacy and boldness that was all his own. Leonard Feather and Ira Gitler summarized Hope's abilities: he had "a style that parallels Powell, [...and] was a pianist and composer of rare harmonic acuity and very personal interpretation."

Compositions
The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz states that Hope composed around 75 pieces of music, which "range in character from a tortuous nervousness to an introspective, semi-lyrical romanticism." One example, "Minor Bertha", has an unusual 35-bar AABA form, with a nine-bar A-section that "utilizes unconventional rhythms and weakly functional harmonies which obscure its phrases. Such other pieces as 'One Down', 'Barfly', and 'Tranquility' [...] also offer fine examples of his idiosyncratic creativity."

The Penguin Jazz Guide commented that Hope's compositions were strongly melodic, with some containing concepts of fugue and canon taken from classical music, but retaining foundations in the blues. Atkins stated that Hope wrote highly structured, complex compositions that he played with improvisational flexibility. Mathieson pointed out that, despite the originality of Hope's compositions, they have been taken up by other musicians only rarely, as they are tied to Hope's idiosyncratic form of expression and remain difficult to play.

Legacy and influence
Hope, Powell, and Monk were considered by their contemporaries to be influences on each other early in their careers, and all, therefore, helped affect the development of jazz piano. Powell was known for horn-like right-hand playing supported by simple left-hand chords, which was something he had worked on with Hope. Later pianists who have cited Hope as a major influence include Lafayette Gilchrist, Alexander Hawkins, Frank Hewitt, and Hasaan Ibn Ali. Hawkins said in 2013 that Hope was important because he had a highly individual style but does not have the iconic status of pianists such as Monk. Modern jazz guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel has mentioned Hope's rhythms, phrasing, and compositions as influences.

Bertha Hope has released albums dedicated to her former husband's compositions. She and her later husband, bassist Walter Booker, created a band named "Elmollenium" in 1999, which played Elmo's compositions. She transcribed recordings to recreate his arrangements, following an apartment fire that destroyed most of the original manuscripts. In September 2016, Lyman Place in the Bronx was co-named "Elmo Hope Way – Jazz Pioneer" in honor of the pianist.

Several critics have advocated for a reassessment of Hope's career. One is Chuck Berg, writing for Down Beat in 1980, who attributed the ignoring of Hope by most jazz fans and critics largely to the uniqueness of his style, which differed from that prevalent in jazz generally and in bebop in particular. Berg contrasted the "aggressive assertiveness, massive outpourings of raw energy and displays of technical athleticism" that, he argued, are valued in jazz, with Hope's more nuanced and intellectual approach, and suggested that the expansion of what is accepted in jazz since his death meant that his career should be re-evaluated. Seven years later, Palmer wrote on Hope and fellow pianist Herbie Nichols: "they were practically categorized out of existence. Dismissed as second-stringers and copyists when they were both prolifically creative and highly original, they suffered a neglect that is only now beginning to be dispelled in the case of Nichols, and that still continues in the case of Hope." In 2010, The Penguin Jazz Guide observed that, "Like many of his piano generation, [... Hope's] work is only now being properly studied and appreciated."

Pianist Hasaan Ibn Ali said of Hope, "He was one of the foremost great ones to offer such a large dose for the sickness of music. And upon his ideals, and knowing help was needed, he gave to companions Thelonious Monk and Bud Powell and many others.... [D]uring this time, so much being produced, so much being brought forth by the musicians, still he being the actual cause." Tenor saxophonist Johnny Griffin called Hope "the real genius of the piano."

As sideman
Sources:

title: Elmo Hope


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User talk:64.12.116.138

=Hi!= Hey, thank you so much for the kind comments you left on my user page! They really brought a smile to my face today. :) Jon Hart 17:27, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Githzerai

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title: User talk:64.12.116.138


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Ford Ikon

The Ford Ikon is a subcompact car produced by Ford since the end of 1999. It was initially introduced as the sedan version of the Ford Fiesta hatchback car. It spawned over two generations, the first being based on the fourth generation of the Ford Fiesta and bearing a similar front end design.

The second generation was derived from the fifth generation of the Ford Fiesta into two different sedan models, produced in India and in Brazil, but the Ford Ikon nameplate has only been used for these in South Africa and Mexico, respectively.

Also in Mexico, the nameplate is used for a redesigned hatchback version of the fifth generation of the Ford Fiesta, the Ford Figo, which is imported from India.

First generation (1999–2011)
The first generation of the Ford Ikon was launched in November 1999, in the Indian capital of New Delhi. It was based on the fourth generation of the Ford Fiesta hatchback, being the four-door sedan version of the latter. Reportedly, it was designed specifically for the Indian market, after the company's officials recognised that a more tailored car could be more successful than the global models in that market. It has been produced at Ford's factory located in Chennai.

It was also marketed in South America and China, where it was known as the Ford Fiesta Sedan. At the beginning of 2001, it also began assembly in South Africa and Mexico. In China, it was assembled starting from 2003, at the Changan Ford factory. In this market, it featured a four-speed automatic transmission, as well as other features such as ABS with electronic brake force distribution, CD player and changer, electric mirrors, remote central locking, antitheft alarm, and front airbags.

It was powered by a 1.3-litre petrol engine, with a single overhead camshaft and electronic fuel injection that was capable of generating 69 hp.

Additional 1.6-litre petrol, and 1.8-litre diesel variants were launched at the end of 2002 and during 2003, respectively.

The better-equipped version Flair featured power steering, electric windows, air conditioning, central locking, tachometer, side-impact beams, and new jeans blue color option.

A seven-seater Ikon Estate started development in late 1998, and a model was presented in March 1999. However, the packaging restrictions caused unfavourable proportions that the designers struggled to circumvent, and the project was cancelled soon after.

Facelift
In November 2008, it was facelifted and received a new diesel engine, from the Duratorq engine family, featuring common-rail injection. It complemented the 1.3-litre petrol unit, and was able to deliver 68 hp and 160 Nm of torque.

Among the features of this model were a CD/MP3 player, redesigned seat covers, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, remote-controlled central locking, a new instrument cluster with LCD odometer display, and internally adjustable door mirrors. At the exterior, it featured new redesigned headlamps, clear taillamps, and no moldings on the doors. The boot had a capacity of 400 L.

It was retired from production in early 2011, following the launch of the sixth generation of the Ford Fiesta in India. The Ford Fiesta Classic (the fifth generation Fiesta in saloon form, sold in India since 2005) effectively took the place of the Ikon in the market.

Second generation (2007–2015)
The following fifth generation of the Ford Fiesta spawned into two models with a sedan body style, one in India and one in Brazil. They were both marketed under the Ford Fiesta nameplate in their countries of origin, but in some particular markets, they were exported as the new Ford Ikon (namely in South Africa and Mexico). Furthermore, a redesigned hatchback version of the same generation of the Ford Fiesta, produced in India and marketed as the Ford Figo, is also exported as the Ford Ikon in Mexico.

India and South Africa
In India, the new generation Ford Fiesta was launched in October 2005. This model was available only as a sedan and featured a different exterior design than the model released in Europe, but had a relatively similar interior.

This same model was released in South Africa as the new Ford Ikon in September 2007. It was powered by either a 1.4- or 1.6-litre petrol engine, both with double overhead camshaft and four valves per cylinder, or by a 1.4-litre common-rail turbodiesel engine. All three engines were coupled to a five-speed manual gearbox.

The car was facelifted in June 2008, the modification being adopted in South Africa in February 2009. It received a revised front end (pictured), new 15-inch alloy wheels, and new interior and trim specifications.

Its dimensions are: 2486 mm wheelbase, 4282 mm length, 1686 mm width, 1458 mm height. The boot capacity has been increased to 430 L.

Brazil and Mexico
In Brazil, the sedan version of the fifth-generation Ford Fiesta was introduced in September 2004, being also marketed throughout the rest of Latin America (including Mexico). This model featured the same front-end design as the model released in Europe. Unlike other countries, the Ikon was marketed in South America as the Fiesta Sedan. It was facelifted in January 2007, and again in April 2010. This second facelift was introduced in Mexico as the new Ford Ikon during the same year. It was followed by a hatchback version, marketed as the Ikon Hatch, that was released one year later. The latter has a different front-end design from the sedan, and is imported from India, where it is known as the Ford Figo. It is also a redesigned version of the fifth generation of the Ford Fiesta. The sedan version was subsequently retired from the range in Mexico in February 2012.

The sedan model was powered by a 1.6-litre petrol engine with a single overhead camshaft, coupled to a five-speed manual transmission, that had a maximum power output of 95 hp. The hatchback version has a 1.6-litre Duratec petrol engine with a double overhead camshaft, that develops a maximum power of 98 hp.

Its dimensions are: 2488 mm wheelbase, 4227 mm length, 1683 mm width, 1487 mm height. The boot capacity is 482 L.

title: Ford Ikon


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Joe Morris

Joe Morris may refer to:

Music

 * Joe Morris (trumpeter) (1922–1958), American jazz trumpeter
 * Joe Morris, a stage name of Chris Columbus (1902–2002), American jazz drummer
 * Joe Morris (guitarist) (born 1955), American jazz guitarist
 * Joe Morris (drummer) (born 1960), American studio drummer
 * Joe Morris (songwriter) (born 1966), Botswanan songwriter and musician

Other

 * Joe Morris (trade unionist) (1913–1996), Canadian trade unionist
 * Joe Morris Sr. (1926–2011), Navajo code talker
 * Joe Morris (American football) (born 1960), American former NFL running back
 * Joe Hall Morris (1922–2003), oral surgeon and educator
 * Joe Morris (rugby union) (born 1998), English rugby union player
 * Joe Morris, suspected bomber of the Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center in Bloomington, Minnesota
 * Joe Morris, American businessman whose business ventures with Bernard Garrett were dramatized in the 2020 film The Banker
 * Joe Morris (politician), MP for Hexham elected in 2024

title: Joe Morris


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Mathematical and theoretical biology

Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of experiments to test scientific theories. The field is sometimes called mathematical biology or biomathematics to stress the mathematical side, or theoretical biology to stress the biological side. Theoretical biology focuses more on the development of theoretical principles for biology while mathematical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.

Mathematical biology aims at the mathematical representation and modeling of biological processes, using techniques and tools of applied mathematics. It can be useful in both theoretical and practical research. Describing systems in a quantitative manner means their behavior can be better simulated, and hence properties can be predicted that might not be evident to the experimenter. This requires precise mathematical models.

Because of the complexity of the living systems, theoretical biology employs several fields of mathematics, and has contributed to the development of new techniques.

Early history
Mathematics has been used in biology as early as the 13th century, when Fibonacci used the famous Fibonacci series to describe a growing population of rabbits. In the 18th century, Daniel Bernoulli applied mathematics to describe the effect of smallpox on the human population. Thomas Malthus' 1789 essay on the growth of the human population was based on the concept of exponential growth. Pierre François Verhulst formulated the logistic growth model in 1836.

Fritz Müller described the evolutionary benefits of what is now called Müllerian mimicry in 1879, in an account notable for being the first use of a mathematical argument in evolutionary ecology to show how powerful the effect of natural selection would be, unless one includes Malthus's discussion of the effects of population growth that influenced Charles Darwin: Malthus argued that growth would be exponential (he uses the word "geometric") while resources (the environment's carrying capacity) could only grow arithmetically.

The term "theoretical biology" was first used as a monograph title by Johannes Reinke in 1901, and soon after by Jakob von Uexküll in 1920. One founding text is considered to be On Growth and Form (1917) by D'Arcy Thompson, and other early pioneers include Ronald Fisher, Hans Leo Przibram, Vito Volterra, Nicolas Rashevsky and Conrad Hal Waddington.

Recent growth
Interest in the field has grown rapidly from the 1960s onwards. Some reasons for this include:
 * The rapid growth of data-rich information sets, due to the genomics revolution, which are difficult to understand without the use of analytical tools
 * Recent development of mathematical tools such as chaos theory to help understand complex, non-linear mechanisms in biology
 * An increase in computing power, which facilitates calculations and simulations not previously possible
 * An increasing interest in in silico experimentation due to ethical considerations, risk, unreliability and other complications involved in human and animal research

Areas of research
Several areas of specialized research in mathematical and theoretical biology as well as external links to related projects in various universities are concisely presented in the following subsections, including also a large number of appropriate validating references from a list of several thousands of published authors contributing to this field. Many of the included examples are characterised by highly complex, nonlinear, and supercomplex mechanisms, as it is being increasingly recognised that the result of such interactions may only be understood through a combination of mathematical, logical, physical/chemical, molecular and computational models.

Abstract relational biology
Abstract relational biology (ARB) is concerned with the study of general, relational models of complex biological systems, usually abstracting out specific morphological, or anatomical, structures. Some of the simplest models in ARB are the Metabolic-Replication, or (M,R)--systems introduced by Robert Rosen in 1957–1958 as abstract, relational models of cellular and organismal organization.

Other approaches include the notion of autopoiesis developed by Maturana and Varela, Kauffman's Work-Constraints cycles, and more recently the notion of closure of constraints.

Algebraic biology
Algebraic biology (also known as symbolic systems biology) applies the algebraic methods of symbolic computation to the study of biological problems, especially in genomics, proteomics, analysis of molecular structures and study of genes.

Complex systems biology
An elaboration of systems biology to understand the more complex life processes was developed since 1970 in connection with molecular set theory, relational biology and algebraic biology.

Computer models and automata theory
A monograph on this topic summarizes an extensive amount of published research in this area up to 1986,  including subsections in the following areas: computer modeling in biology and medicine, arterial system models, neuron models, biochemical and oscillation networks, quantum automata, quantum computers in molecular biology and genetics, cancer modelling, neural nets, genetic networks, abstract categories in relational biology, metabolic-replication systems, category theory applications in biology and medicine, automata theory, cellular automata, tessellation models  and complete self-reproduction, chaotic systems in organisms, relational biology and organismic theories.

Modeling cell and molecular biology

This area has received a boost due to the growing importance of molecular biology.
 * Mechanics of biological tissues
 * Theoretical enzymology and enzyme kinetics
 * Cancer modelling and simulation
 * Modelling the movement of interacting cell populations
 * Mathematical modelling of scar tissue formation
 * Mathematical modelling of intracellular dynamics
 * Mathematical modelling of the cell cycle
 * Mathematical modelling of apoptosis

Modelling physiological systems
 * Modelling of arterial disease
 * Multi-scale modelling of the heart
 * Modelling electrical properties of muscle interactions, as in bidomain and monodomain models

Computational neuroscience
Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is the theoretical study of the nervous system.

Evolutionary biology
Ecology and evolutionary biology have traditionally been the dominant fields of mathematical biology.

Evolutionary biology has been the subject of extensive mathematical theorizing. The traditional approach in this area, which includes complications from genetics, is population genetics. Most population geneticists consider the appearance of new alleles by mutation, the appearance of new genotypes by recombination, and changes in the frequencies of existing alleles and genotypes at a small number of gene loci. When infinitesimal effects at a large number of gene loci are considered, together with the assumption of linkage equilibrium or quasi-linkage equilibrium, one derives quantitative genetics. Ronald Fisher made fundamental advances in statistics, such as analysis of variance, via his work on quantitative genetics. Another important branch of population genetics that led to the extensive development of coalescent theory is phylogenetics. Phylogenetics is an area that deals with the reconstruction and analysis of phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees and networks based on inherited characteristics Traditional population genetic models deal with alleles and genotypes, and are frequently stochastic.

Many population genetics models assume that population sizes are constant. Variable population sizes, often in the absence of genetic variation, are treated by the field of population dynamics. Work in this area dates back to the 19th century, and even as far as 1798 when Thomas Malthus formulated the first principle of population dynamics, which later became known as the Malthusian growth model. The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey equations are another famous example. Population dynamics overlap with another active area of research in mathematical biology: mathematical epidemiology, the study of infectious disease affecting populations. Various models of the spread of infections have been proposed and analyzed, and provide important results that may be applied to health policy decisions.

In evolutionary game theory, developed first by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price, selection acts directly on inherited phenotypes, without genetic complications. This approach has been mathematically refined to produce the field of adaptive dynamics.

Mathematical biophysics
The earlier stages of mathematical biology were dominated by mathematical biophysics, described as the application of mathematics in biophysics, often involving specific physical/mathematical models of biosystems and their components or compartments.

The following is a list of mathematical descriptions and their assumptions.

Deterministic processes (dynamical systems)
A fixed mapping between an initial state and a final state. Starting from an initial condition and moving forward in time, a deterministic process always generates the same trajectory, and no two trajectories cross in state space.
 * Difference equations/Maps – discrete time, continuous state space.
 * Ordinary differential equations – continuous time, continuous state space, no spatial derivatives. See also: Numerical ordinary differential equations.
 * Partial differential equations – continuous time, continuous state space, spatial derivatives. See also: Numerical partial differential equations.
 * Logical deterministic cellular automata – discrete time, discrete state space. See also: Cellular automaton.

Stochastic processes (random dynamical systems)
A random mapping between an initial state and a final state, making the state of the system a random variable with a corresponding probability distribution.
 * Non-Markovian processes – generalized master equation – continuous time with memory of past events, discrete state space, waiting times of events (or transitions between states) discretely occur.
 * Jump Markov process – master equation – continuous time with no memory of past events, discrete state space, waiting times between events discretely occur and are exponentially distributed. See also: Monte Carlo method for numerical simulation methods, specifically dynamic Monte Carlo method and Gillespie algorithm.
 * Continuous Markov process – stochastic differential equations or a Fokker–Planck equation – continuous time, continuous state space, events occur continuously according to a random Wiener process.

Spatial modelling
One classic work in this area is Alan Turing's paper on morphogenesis entitled The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, published in 1952 in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
 * Travelling waves in a wound-healing assay
 * Swarming behaviour
 * A mechanochemical theory of morphogenesis
 * Biological pattern formation
 * Spatial distribution modeling using plot samples
 * Turing patterns

Mathematical methods
A model of a biological system is converted into a system of equations, although the word 'model' is often used synonymously with the system of corresponding equations. The solution of the equations, by either analytical or numerical means, describes how the biological system behaves either over time or at equilibrium. There are many different types of equations and the type of behavior that can occur is dependent on both the model and the equations used. The model often makes assumptions about the system. The equations may also make assumptions about the nature of what may occur.

Molecular set theory
Molecular set theory (MST) is a mathematical formulation of the wide-sense chemical kinetics of biomolecular reactions in terms of sets of molecules and their chemical transformations represented by set-theoretical mappings between molecular sets. It was introduced by Anthony Bartholomay, and its applications were developed in mathematical biology and especially in mathematical medicine. In a more general sense, MST is the theory of molecular categories defined as categories of molecular sets and their chemical transformations represented as set-theoretical mappings of molecular sets. The theory has also contributed to biostatistics and the formulation of clinical biochemistry problems in mathematical formulations of pathological, biochemical changes of interest to Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine.

Organizational biology
Theoretical approaches to biological organization aim to understand the interdependence between the parts of organisms. They emphasize the circularities that these interdependences lead to. Theoretical biologists developed several concepts to formalize this idea.

For example, abstract relational biology (ARB) is concerned with the study of general, relational models of complex biological systems, usually abstracting out specific morphological, or anatomical, structures. Some of the simplest models in ARB are the Metabolic-Replication, or (M,R)--systems introduced by Robert Rosen in 1957–1958 as abstract, relational models of cellular and organismal organization.

Model example: the cell cycle
The eukaryotic cell cycle is very complex and has been the subject of intense study, since its misregulation leads to cancers. It is possibly a good example of a mathematical model as it deals with simple calculus but gives valid results. Two research groups have produced several models of the cell cycle simulating several organisms. They have recently produced a generic eukaryotic cell cycle model that can represent a particular eukaryote depending on the values of the parameters, demonstrating that the idiosyncrasies of the individual cell cycles are due to different protein concentrations and affinities, while the underlying mechanisms are conserved (Csikasz-Nagy et al., 2006).

By means of a system of ordinary differential equations these models show the change in time (dynamical system) of the protein inside a single typical cell; this type of model is called a deterministic process (whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a stochastic process).

To obtain these equations an iterative series of steps must be done: first the several models and observations are combined to form a consensus diagram and the appropriate kinetic laws are chosen to write the differential equations, such as rate kinetics for stoichiometric reactions, Michaelis-Menten kinetics for enzyme substrate reactions and Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics for ultrasensitive transcription factors, afterwards the parameters of the equations (rate constants, enzyme efficiency coefficients and Michaelis constants) must be fitted to match observations; when they cannot be fitted the kinetic equation is revised and when that is not possible the wiring diagram is modified. The parameters are fitted and validated using observations of both wild type and mutants, such as protein half-life and cell size.

To fit the parameters, the differential equations must be studied. This can be done either by simulation or by analysis. In a simulation, given a starting vector (list of the values of the variables), the progression of the system is calculated by solving the equations at each time-frame in small increments.

In analysis, the properties of the equations are used to investigate the behavior of the system depending on the values of the parameters and variables. A system of differential equations can be represented as a vector field, where each vector described the change (in concentration of two or more protein) determining where and how fast the trajectory (simulation) is heading. Vector fields can have several special points: a stable point, called a sink, that attracts in all directions (forcing the concentrations to be at a certain value), an unstable point, either a source or a saddle point, which repels (forcing the concentrations to change away from a certain value), and a limit cycle, a closed trajectory towards which several trajectories spiral towards (making the concentrations oscillate).

A better representation, which handles the large number of variables and parameters, is a bifurcation diagram using bifurcation theory. The presence of these special steady-state points at certain values of a parameter (e.g. mass) is represented by a point and once the parameter passes a certain value, a qualitative change occurs, called a bifurcation, in which the nature of the space changes, with profound consequences for the protein concentrations: the cell cycle has phases (partially corresponding to G1 and G2) in which mass, via a stable point, controls cyclin levels, and phases (S and M phases) in which the concentrations change independently, but once the phase has changed at a bifurcation event (Cell cycle checkpoint), the system cannot go back to the previous levels since at the current mass the vector field is profoundly different and the mass cannot be reversed back through the bifurcation event, making a checkpoint irreversible. In particular the S and M checkpoints are regulated by means of special bifurcations called a Hopf bifurcation and an infinite period bifurcation.

title: Mathematical and theoretical biology


text:
User talk:Petershank

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Angela. 01:57, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

Spelling Bee
Firstly, I'm not a native speaker and thus not supposed to be perfect when it comes to proper spelling in English.

Secondly, "particularily" is a pet typo of mine. I know it's supposed to be spelled without the "i" but I tend to slip it in there every odd time.

Thirdly, stop being so bloody pedantic ;) — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 17:45, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

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Just wanted to say thanks.....
.....for saying that the Joe Klein article is a good work. Even though you voted for deletion/merger I appreciate the kind words. --NBahn (talk) 02:34, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. It's all part of the process. Petershank (talk) 06:07, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

A Montana Tale
Hello,

I appreciate you tried to merge the content from A Montana Tale to the artist's page. Per WP:PRESERVE this is an advisable thing to do. Unfortunately you did it wrong. In order to comply with out licensing agreement, you must follow the instructions at WP:MERGE whenever you merge content. In short, you must note where the content came from in your edit summary with a link back to the article it originated from ("merging in content from source") and change the source page into a redirect to the destination article noting that the content is being merged ("merging content to destination"). You also need to add a R from merge tag to the redirect. All of this is necessary to allow for proper attribution. Once content has been merged the page it came from can't be deleted unless the destination is also deleted - thus a redirect is essential.

I have undone your copy & paste merge and done a proper one for you, so you don't have to worry about doing anything with this article. However, please keep this in mind for the future.

Thank you, ThaddeusB (talk) 04:54, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Petershank


text:
User talk:Gauss

Hello, welcome to the English Wikipedia. Thanks for the interlanguage links you are adding.

Here are some pages you might find useful during your visit here:
 * Village pump (to ask questions)
 * Community Portal (community links)
 * Goings-on (recent events on the English Wikipedia)

There is also a vote on which order interlanguage links should be in that might interest you at Language order poll.

Angela. 01:59, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

DISABLDISKRIMINATR!!!!!!!!!!!!
2.ifudunochines,STAYAWAYFR.IT,BANAUS!!!!! 3.be4ublokLUK@HISTRY,ulazyadmin!!!!!!!!!! 4.imof2newspaprnow,wedun! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.184.194.32 (talk) 14:18, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Gauss


text:
HFC

HFC may stand for:

Businesses

 * High Field Consultants, an American atomic imaging company
 * Home Finance Company, Ghana
 * HFC Bank, part of HSBC Finance, United States

Government and military

 * Home Front Command, Israel
 * Hundred Flowers Campaign, China (1956–1957)
 * House Freedom Caucus, in the US House of Representatives

Australia

 * Hawthorn Football Club, an Australian-rules club
 * Heidelberg Football Club, an Australian-rules club

England

 * Haughmond F.C.
 * Hendon F.C.
 * Hereford F.C.
 * Histon F.C.
 * Horsham F.C.
 * Hull F.C., a rugby league club
 * Hyde F.C.

Scotland

 * Heart of Midlothian F.C. ("Hearts")
 * Hibernian F.C.

Elsewhere

 * Hyderabad FC, India
 * Hallescher FC, Germany
 * Henan F.C., China
 * Koninklijke HFC, Netherlands

Places

 * Hall for Cornwall, a theatre in Cornwall, England
 * Heng Fa Chuen, Hong Kong, China
 * Heng Fa Chuen station (by MTR station code)

Chemicals

 * Hafnium carbide
 * Hydrofluorocarbons

Technologies

 * High frequency content measure, of a signal
 * Hybrid fiber-coaxial, a type of broadband network
 * Hydrogen fuel cell, a type of vehicle power plant

title: HFC


text:
Joe Morris (trumpeter)

Joseph Lee Morris (March 2, 1922 – November 7, 1958) was an American jazz and rhythm and blues trumpeter.

Biography
Born in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, Morris began his career as a jazz trumpeter, working and recording with Earl Bostic, Milt Buckner, Arnett Cobb, Dizzy Gillespie, Johnny Griffin, Buddy Rich, Dinah Washington, Big Joe Turner, and Lionel Hampton.

After working with Hampton as a writer, arranger, and trumpeter, he left in 1946 to set up the Joe Morris Orchestra, which featured, among others, Johnny Griffin, George Freeman, Elmo Hope, Percy Heath, Philly Joe Jones, Long John Hobbs, and Hasaan Ibn Ali (then known as William Langford). One of his first credited recordings as bandleader was with Wynonie Harris on "Drinkin' Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee".

Morris signed with the then fledgling Boston Records, and released "Anytime, Any Place, Anywhere", with vocals by Laurie Tate. This rose to number one on the U.S. R&B chart in 1950, and he followed up with "Don't Take Your Love Away from Me". The band functioned as the unofficial house band for Atlantic Records in the early 1950s, and several future stars passed through its ranks, including Ray Charles and Lowell Fulson.

In 1953, Tate left for a solo career, and Morris replaced her with his new discovery, Faye Adams. He moved to Herald Records, where he backed Adams on her number-one R&B hit, his own composition "Shake a Hand", and its follow-up, "I'll Be True", also an R&B number-one hit. At the same time, he had his own hit with "I Had a Notion", featuring vocals by Al Savage.

Morris died in Phoenix, Arizona, of a cerebral haemorrhage in 1958, aged 36.

title: Joe Morris (trumpeter)


text:
Talk:Salviniales

May 2004
Some of the current phylogenetic research seems to indicate that inclusion of Order Marsileales in the same subclass with the Schizeaceae could be problematic. According to Pryer and Smith, a subclass Schizaeatae that includes the heterosporous ferns and the Schizeaceae could very well be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. They write that "Although the tree ferns, the heterosporous ferns, and the schizaeoid ferns are each well supported clades, their interrelationships (and those of all basal families) remain unresolved." (http://tolweb.org/tree?group=leptosporangiate_ferns&contgroup=Filicopsida)

Perhaps it is better not to assign Marsileales to subclass Schizeatae if it is not well supported.Tom Radulovich 02:04, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand. The big rbg sequencing indicated this relationship, plus traditional analyses of relationships based on morphology seemed to indicate a relationship between the schizaeoid ferns and the Marsileaceae. jaknouse 02:37, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In "Fern Phylogeny based on rbcL Nucleotide Sequences" (American Fern Journal 85(4) 134-181 (1995) Hasebe et. al. write that "9) tree ferns of the Cytheaceae, Metaxyaceae, and Dicksoniaceae form a monophyletic group that emerged early in the diversification of the leptosporangiate ferns; 10) Plagiogyriaceae and Loxomataceae emerge with the tree ferns; 11) heterosporous water ferns form a monophyletic group that diverged prior to the tree ferns; 12) Schizaeaceae, Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Matoniaceae, and Hymenophyllaceae are basal to the heterosporous aquatic ferns" (Page 135) and that "The heterosporous ferns are more closely related to the most derived leptosporangiate ferns (including the tree fern group) than they are to the Schizaeaceae. Azollaceae, Salviniaceae, and Marsiliaceae form as strongly supported, monophyletic group." (Page 157). If this is so, then it seems that the Cytheatae is supported as a subclass (including the Cytheaceae, Metaxyaceae, and Dicksoniaceae, and perhaps the Plagiogyriaceae and Loxomataceae), as is a subclass of heterosporous ferns, but that a monophyletic clade which includes both the Schizaeaceae and the heterosporous ferns is not supported by the rbcL sequencing.Tom Radulovich 07:49, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I misremembered or misread that article. Anyway, I have no problem with removing the Schizaeatae thing.  My most important interest here is that including subclasses in the ferns is highly relevant to a proper understanding of their phylogeny. jaknouse 13:33, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salviniales


text:
User talk:Brucejtaylor

Hello Bruce, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 02:05, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brucejtaylor


text:
Mike Kitchen

Michael Elwin Kitchen (born February 1, 1956) is a Canadian former defenceman and coach. He most recently was an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As of February 2016, Kitch has coached in over 2400 NHL games including playoffs. In 2012/2013 he assisted in coaching the Hawks to their longest winning streak without a loss. He also spent time as the head coach of the Lake Simcoe Snappers, the Georgina Men’s League Champions.

He was selected in the third round of the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft, 38th overall, by the Kansas City Scouts. He was also taken in the seventh round of the 1976 WHA Amateur Draft, 83rd overall, by the Toronto Toros, although Kitchen ultimately chose to enter the NHL. Kitchen was born in Newmarket, Ontario, but grew up in Schomberg, Ontario.

Mike is well known for his charitable work and has used his day with the Stanley Cup to raise funds for Southlake Regional Health Centre and other local charities.

Kitchen is the older brother of Bill Kitchen, also a former hockey player.

Playing career
A defensive defenceman, Kitchen played his amateur career with the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association, winning a Memorial Cup in 1975. He turned professional for the 1976–77 NHL season, serving a brief, 14-game apprenticeship Rhode Island Reds of the AHL, before making his NHL debut. Kitchen joined the Colorado Rockies in his first professional season, and spent his entire NHL career with the same franchise. The team moved to New Jersey after the 1981–82 NHL season, and Kitchen went on to play two more seasons for the New Jersey Devils. Kitchen was sent to the Maine Mariners of the AHL for the entire 1984–85 NHL season, and decided to retire following that season's conclusion.

Coaching career
Kitchen was hired as an assistant coach by the Newmarket Saints of the AHL for the 1988–89 season, and was subsequently hired for the same position by the Toronto Maple Leafs, where he spent eight seasons helping them to conference finals appearances in 1993 and 1994. He then left Toronto for the same position with the St. Louis Blues franchise, a position he held until his elevation to head coach halfway through the 2003–04 NHL season. The Blues struggled and were 9th place in the Western Conference when they fired Joel Quenneville and replaced him with Kitchen as head coach. However under Kitchen, they picked up their play and went 10–7–4 in the process to make the playoffs once again.

In the 2005–2006 NHL season, Mike Kitchen led a younger group of Blues to a 21–46–15 record. 2006–2007 started the same as the Blues stumbled out of the gate to a 7–17–4 mark. On December 11, 2006, after a seven-game losing streak, Kitchen was fired as head coach of the St. Louis Blues and replaced by former Los Angeles Kings head coach Andy Murray. Blues president John Davidson indicated that he would like Kitchen to remain with the organization in a different capacity.

At the end of that season, Kitchen left the Blues to become an assistant coach with the Florida Panthers in 2007. He stayed with the club through the 2009-2010 season. With that contract having expired, on July 12, 2010 Mike agreed to a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks which saw him reunited with head coach Joel Quenneville. Joel and Mike had coached together in St. Louis from 1998 - 2003, leading the Blues to a franchise record 114 points in 1999-2000 while winning the President’s Trophy.

The Hawks were fresh off their first Stanley Cup victory in 49 years. Since arriving, Kitchen helped the team win two more Stanley Cups, in 2012-2013 and in 2014-2015.

Kitchen was relieved of his duties with the Blackhawks, which focused on defense and the penalty kill, on April 24, 2017 following the team's second consecutive first-round playoff exit, this time against the Nashville Predators after a 4-0 sweep.

In 2018, Kitchen joined Team Canada for the first time as an assistant coach. The team participated in the 92nd Spengler Cup, which was held from 26 to 31 December 2018 at the Vaillant Arena, Davos. Canada placed second in this tournament.

After being away from hockey for two seasons, Kitchen reunited once more with Joel Quenneville this time with the Florida Panthers again for the second time In his career as an assistant coach with the team, this time instead working under Quenneville’s watch for the upcoming 2019-20 NHL Season.

Transactions

 * July 15, 1976 - Kitchen's rights transferred to Colorado after the franchise relocated
 * June 30, 1982 - Kitchen's rights transferred to New Jersey after the franchise relocated

Awards

 * 1975 - OMJHL First All-Star Team
 * 1975 - Memorial Cup Tournament All-Star Team
 * 2013 and 2015 – Stanley Cup Champion
 * 2016 - Inducted into the Aurora Sports Hall of Fame in the category of Athlete/Hockey.

Click on the link and watch Kitchen’s induction ceremony and video documentary. https://aurorashof.ca/inductee/mike-kitch-kitchen/

title: Mike Kitchen


text:
Talk:Libertarian National Convention

Untitled
I'll will be attending the 2004 LNC. If there are any other Wikipedians who'll be at the event (many Wikipedians seem to have libertarian tendencies, it seems), an informal gathering might be in order... -- Seth Ilys 02:07, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Other conventions
There have been many other conventions besides those listed in this article; see http://www.lpedia.org/Libertarian_National_Convention. Tisane (talk) 20:23, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

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"Alternative '80" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_%2780&redirect=no Alternative '80] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached.  Dr vulpes  (💬 • 📝) 03:42, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Libertarian National Convention


text:
User talk:CASO

Given the possibility you don't know, someone is accused of being a sock puppet on Wikipedia when the accuser believes it to be an alter ego for another user. The accusation is particularly made when it is believed someone is creating new alter egos to 'ballot stuff' or influence an argument by inventing supporters. It is being accused that the supposed users taking your side in several deletion debates are actually alter egos of yourself.

It is also generally considered unacceptable to get your non Wikipedia using friends to log on just to support you.

I note a strong pattern of you creating articles about supposed regional slang for which no external cite can be given. Wikipedia is not a repository for made-up nonsense.

We will, of course, be happy to accept your contributions when they are factual and useful —Morven 02:08, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:CASO


text:
User talk:HeartBurn Kid

Hello "HeartBurn Kid " and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 02:11, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the warm words. I'm enjoying it immensely already.  I don't know how much I have to contribute outside of "geek" topics like pro wrestling, video games, and comics, but I'll certainly give all I can. HBK 03:08, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Matt Borne
I saw the comment you left under the Matt Borne page and I don't think anyone has any objections to this, if they notice this of course. The same goes for a similar situation on the Jim Brunzell page.

John Layfield
Thanks for the reminders. I did not realize when I started that iWikipedia was primarily an encyclopedia of late twentieth century professional wrestling. I assumed that a participant in a monumental cultural achievement would take some precedence over a minor contemporary celebrity, without having to seek editorial consensus. I looked upon the existing article name as an oversight, rather than an established position. I was wrong, and I paid for it by wasting a good two hours. I was not intending to ask others to have to do any work, but since I was interrupted in mid-task by having the move reversed, I decided to let it drop rather than bring the issue to a wider body of editors to sort out which Layfield should have the right of prominance. --Dystopos 02:38, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Your reprimand has been noted and rest assured I will not meddle further in the business of the WikiProject Professional wrestling. Someday that staggering project will surely outshine the careless footprints of condescending pedants like myself. --Dystopos 02:55, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

PLEASE ASSIST, WRESTLING FANS OF WIKIPEDIA
Me and the soon to be departing (hopefully not) Moe Epsilon are setting up a project to deal with the music of this great business. It will be WikiProject Music of wrestling. Join if you are remotely interested - every little helps! Thanks. Kingfisherswift 17:11, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Perry Saturn
HBK, I trust that you have never seen the movie "Ready To Rumble" starring Sal Bandini. If you would have seen it you would know that Bandini trained him more than Mr. Kowalski ever did. I hope that you will seek out this movie and then either revert the article back or add Sal Bandini to Perry's list of trainers. Thank you for your time and God Bless.

TfD nomination of Template:Kayfabe disclaimer
Template:Kayfabe disclaimer has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. --Jtalledo (talk) 11:55, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:Van Dam lift.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Van Dam lift.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:
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 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that any fair use images which are replaceable by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -- Rossrs 14:29, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Pro Wrestling X
A tag has been placed on Pro Wrestling X requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Metiscus (talk) 02:07, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:HeartBurn Kid


text:
Ford Corcel

The Ford Corcel ("charger" or "steed" in Portuguese) is a family car which was sold by Ford do Brasil in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela. It was also assembled in Venezuela (along with the upscale Del Rey derivative). The French-influenced styling of the Corcel was unique to Brazil until late 1977. From this year, the redesigned Corcel II (as it was originally sold) bore a strong resemblance to the European Ford Escort and Ford Cortina of same era, but its Renault underpinnings remained the same. The Corcel was eventually replaced by the Del Rey, which was originally introduced as a better equipped version of the Corcel.

Origins
The Corcel's origins lay in the Renault 12. Willys-Overland's Brazilian operations included manufacturing the Renault Dauphine as the Willys Dauphine/Gordini/1093/Teimoso. Plans were underway to replace this outmoded range with a new car based on the upcoming Renault 12, internally referred to as "Project M". When Willys do Brasil was bought by Ford do Brasil in 1967, Ford inherited the project, meaning that the Corcel was actually presented nearly two years before the Renault 12.

Corcel I
The first year of production of the Brazilian Ford Corcel was 1968, when it debuted as a four-door sedan at São Paulo. It was originally equipped with the 1289 cc 68 hp water-cooled overhead-valve "Cléon" engine picked directly from the Renault 12, albeit with a slightly lower compression ratio of 8:1 to allow it to run on 70 octane gasoline. A coupé was added in 1969 to target the second-car market, quickly becoming the fastest-selling version, followed by a three-door station wagon version called "Belina" in March 1970.

The early Corcels had severe quality issues and sales suffered accordingly, but after Ford do Brasil received a new head (Joseph W. O'Neill) in 1970 the decision was made to ameliorate the situation. In Brazil's first automotive recall, 65,000 owners were contacted and free repairs were made available; the Corcel once again became Ford's biggest selling model in 1971. In 1971 two new models appeared, with the L (for "Luxo") and the more powerful GT version added. The GT benefitted from a twin-barrel carburettor ("1300-C") and offered 80 hp and could reach 141 km/h rather than the 135 km/h of the regular versions. Each passing year running styling changes were made, borrowing several details from the Ford Maverick, and becoming more and more like a pony car in appearance. The GT was updated in the form of new decals every year, and eventually also got a larger, more powerful engine.

Facelift 1973
The facelifted Corcel I (sometimes called the "Mark 1½") arrived in 1973 and had a more aggressive look compared to the more conservative 1968 version. Some of the L and all GT versions were also equipped with a new, bored out 1.4-litre (1372 cc) version of the existing engine. Claimed power for the regular Corcel was 75 hp (SAE gross), with 85 hp on tap at 5400 rpm from the "XP" engine used in the GT, with its double-barrel carburettor. With the later SAE net ratings, these figures became 72 hp and 77 hp.

Facelift 1975
In 1975 a minor facelift occurred, in which the grille and headlight surrounds were subtly changed and the Ford logo moved from the grille onto the leading edge of the bonnet, along with the existing "F O R D" script. The taillights were now single-piece units. Also new for 1975 was the luxurious "LDO" version, available as a coupé or estate. Meanwhile, the locally developed 1.4 gradually replaced the old 1.3 throughout the lineup. This was very easy to modify for greater power and some dealers had the option to install an unofficial small tuning kit that would improve the engine's horsepower to 95 (SAE Gross). Note that all of these power outputs were achieved using the low quality, low octane petrol available in South America at the time.

The Corcel GT was moderately successful in Brazilian Tarumã, Interlagos and beach rally street car championships during the 1970s, thanks to its front-wheel-drive stability and low weight (920 kg), which allowed a high power-to-weight ratio. It would not be faster than the V-8 Maverick and Chevrolet Opala, but it would beat everything else in the Brazilian market, including four- and six-cylinder Mavericks and some Dodge Chargers that partook of the events. These competitions uncovered that the front drive universal joint was prone to break under heavy stress, so in 1976 the Corcel line switched to constant-velocity joints.

Corcel II
In 1977, for the 1978 model year, Ford launched the Corcel II. The second generation had a completely remade design and straight lines as opposed to the pony car style of the original Corcel. These changes were also applied to the Belina, while the four-door version was dropped in response to lack of consumer interest. The resulting two-door sedan was of a fastback style, with long and heavy doors.

Originally equipped with the same 1.4-litre four as the first Corcel, the engine was now rated at 54 hp-metric DIN for the base, Luxo, and LDO versions. The somewhat sporting GT received 57 hp-metric, courtesy of a twin-barrel Solex carburettor. The Corcel II was also used for an FIA Group 1 one-marque championship in Brazil, in the years of 1979 to 1983.

The Ford Del Rey was introduced in 1981, with a more upright roofline and available four-door bodywork. The Del Rey also had a reworked, more square front design. A station wagon version of the Del Rey (called the Ford Scala until 1986) differed from the Belina only in trim and in the front design. The traditional Ford name Victoria was to be used on this version but was dropped at the last minute. The Ford Corcel II also provided the basis for a pick-up version called the Ford Pampa in 1982, although this used the shorter front doors of the four-door Ford Del Rey since there was no need to access the back seat. The Pampa would eventually also be available with four-wheel drive.

As of 1982, the engine was a CHT, an improved version of the "Cléon" engine used in the first Corcel of 1968. It had already been bored and stroked to 1555 cc years earlier, but with a redesigned cylinder head, a rotating valve design and many other peripheral improvements it received a new name and a new lease on life. On 30 October 1981, Venezuelan assembly of the Corcel II commenced. In 1986, Ford Motor de Venezuela produced 2244 Corcel IIs and 2439 Corcel Ghias (all two-door sedans), although by then, it was concentrating on production of the European-sourced Ford Sierra.

Facelift
All had a slight face lift for the 1985 model year. The Corcel II became known again simply as the Corcel. The interior was now the same for all four models. Externally, the Corcel and the Del Rey differed at the rear; the Corcel received fastback-style bodywork while the Del Rey was of a more traditional sedan design. The Belina and the Scala, however, had by now lost nearly all of their interior/exterior differences and became near identical: only a few details, such as the taillamps, differentiated these two models. Between 1985 and 1987 the Belina was made available with the same four-wheel-drive system used in the Pampa. This system seemed to have questionable reliability; Quatro Rodas magazine did a long-term test of a Belina 4x4 (50,000 km) in which breakdowns were very frequent - the resulting bad reputation led to Belina 4x4 production ending after only a few model years, while the Pampa 4x4 continued to be available.

1986 was the last year for the Corcel. The Belina was also discontinued in 1986, but its name was from then on applied to what had been the Scala (a name that had never really caught on) as the "Del Rey Belina". In 1989, as a result of the Autolatina joint-venture, the higher output Volkswagen AP-1800 engine replaced the 1.6-litre unit in all models of the Del Rey and Belina, and was made available in all models of the Pampa except for the ones with four-wheel drive.

The Del Rey and the "new" Belina were discontinued in 1991, being replaced by the Volkswagen Santana-derived Ford Versailles and Royale respectively. The Pampa continued to be sold on until 1997, when Ford introduced the smaller, Fiesta-based Ford Courier a year later.

title: Ford Corcel


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Kanton

Kanton may refer to:
 * The German name used for the Cantons of Switzerland or the Cantons of Prussia
 * The Bosnian name used for the Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * A variation of Canton, the old English name for Guangzhou in China
 * Kanton Island in Kiribati, Pacific Ocean
 * Historical divisions of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia

title: Kanton