text:
Guadalupe River

Guadalupe River may refer to:

United States

 * Guadalupe River (California), a tributary of the San Francisco Bay
 * Guadalupe River (Texas), a tributary of the San Antonio Bay of the Gulf of Mexico
 * Guadalupe River State Park, a state park located on a section of the Guadalupe River in Kendall and Comal counties in Texas United States, northwest of Bulverde
 * Rio Guadalupe (New Mexico), a tributary of the Jemez River

Other

 * Guadalupe (Spain), a tributary of the Guadiana in southern Spain

title: Guadalupe River


text:
PAM

Pam or PAM may refer to:

Geography

 * Pam, Iran, a village in Markazi Province
 * Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion (PAM), United States
 * Pam Islands, Papua New Guinea

People and fictional characters

 * Pam (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Pam (surname), a list of people
 * Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865), nicknamed Pam

Arts and entertainment

 * "Pam" (song), by Justin Quiles, Daddy Yankee and El Alfa
 * Progressive Art Movement, a 1970s art movement in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon, United States
 * Performing Arts Museum, former name of the Australian Performing Arts Collection, Melbourne, Australia
 * Pam, a name for the jack of clubs in the card game Lanterloo or Loo

Military

 * P.A.M. 1 & P.A.M. 2 (Pistola Ametrelladora Modelo), an Argentine submachine gun based on the US M3 "Grease Gun"
 * Permanent Active Militia, predecessor of the Canadian Army
 * Policy Analysis Market, an abandoned DARPA program
 * Precision Attack Munition, an abandoned artillery missile project
 * M150 Penetration Augmented Munition, an explosive device developed for the US Air Force
 * Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, Florida, US (IATA code PAM)

Political parties

 * Agrarian Party of Moldova, or Partidul Agrar din Moldova
 * Authenticity and Modernity Party, or Parti Authenticité et Modernité, a political party in Morocco
 * Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia, known in Aromanian as Partia Armãnjilor ditu Machidunie
 * People's Action Movement, a political party in Saint Kitts and Nevis

Other organizations

 * Pharmaceutical Association of Mauritius
 * Service Union United (Palvelualojen ammattiliitto), a trade union in Finland
 * World Food Programme, also known as Programme alimentaire mondial, a United Nations organization

Biology and healthcare

 * PAM (gene), human gene that encodes peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase
 * Pancreatic acinar metaplasia, in gastroenterology
 * Photoacoustic microscopy, a type of photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine
 * Pneumatic artificial muscles, used in artificial limbs
 * Point accepted mutation, a type of similarity matrix in computational biology
 * Positive allosteric modulator, in pharmacology
 * Pralidoxime, 2-PAM, or pyridine aldoximine methiodide; an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
 * Pregnancy-associated malaria
 * Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
 * Protospacer adjacent motif, a genetic DNA recognition sequence

Computing

 * PAM graphics format, used by Netpbm
 * PAM library, Parallel Augmented Map, a parallel library for ordered sets and maps using balanced binary trees
 * Pluggable authentication modules (also known as X/Open Single Sign-on), a Unix authentication framework
 * OpenPAM
 * Linux PAM
 * Privileged access management, a type of cybersecurity tool

Other uses in science and technology

 * Partitioning Around Medoids, in statistics, a data clustering algorithm
 * Payload Assist Module, a small rocket engine, also referred to as a PAM-D
 * Phone-as-Modem, sharing a phone's internet connection with other devices
 * Polyacrylamide, a polymer
 * Positive electrode Active Material, the surface layer of the positive electrode of a rechargeable battery
 * Pulse-amplitude modulation, a technique for encoding information onto a series of signal pulses

Storms

 * Cyclone Pam (1974)
 * Cyclone Pam (1997)
 * Cyclone Pam, a tropical cyclone from the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season

Other uses

 * PAM (cooking oil), a brand of cooking spray, acronym of "Product of Arthur Meyerhoff"
 * PAM Transport, a trucking company in Arkansas
 * Pittsburgh, Allegheny and McKees Rocks Railroad, reporting mark PAM
 * Kapampangan language (ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code pam)
 * Pam language, a nearly extinct language of northern Cameroon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: PAM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Studying

Delete Dict def. Burgundavia 22:59, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup. Dicdef. - Lucky 6.9 23:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Beelzebubs 23:14, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Look how many pages link to it.
 * What is a "dict def."? A specific type of definition that is only found in a dictionary? What would be a non-dictionary definition? Just say "definition".
 * A definition is an association. How can you attempt to create an article without making any associations? You can't.
 * Is it decided that this article will never be long enough? Why should length be the determining factor? The reason for the length is how precisely the subject can be defined. Is not a precise article shorter than a vague one? Does this mean that only vague subjects should be included?
 * Anyways there is a lot that can be added to this article.
 * Is it because it's traditional to have a dictionary separate from an encyclopedia? Traditionalism is at its best a desire to protect useful and hard-won practices, and at worst a form of chauvinism for the past based on nostalgia. Is this a useful and hard-won practice? How so? Bensaccount 23:27, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: While a good encyclopedia article may begin with a definition, the community decided a long time back that it must eventually have something more. We have a dictionary and an encyclopedia with different rules, goals and usage. If you want to revisit the decision, the right place to bring it up is on the Village Pump, not here. Rossami 02:01, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Already in Move to Wiktionary and delete. Also delete the redirects study and studies. Of the 11 pages linking to these 3, almost all refer to definitions not in the article.  (2 refer to a mathematician with the last name of Study, 3 use "studies" to describe an academic discipline, not the act of studying, 1 "study" as a room, 1 "study" as a research effort, 1 "study" as a drawing, 1 yoga principle which I didn't really understand and 1 explicit discussion of the ambiguity of the term)  With the exception of the mathematician, these links can be safely pointed to the Wiktionary definition. Rossami 02:01, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As it stands now this is just a dicdef.  If you want to resubmit when you have a propper stub written up then go ahead. --Starx 03:41, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a valid stub. - SimonP 17:02, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * There is scope for a valid article on the musical study, which is a notable musical form. Quite happy to write it but not shure where... The Land 17:34, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Study (music)? Rossami
 * The present form should be deleted, made a redirect to study which will probably be its own disambig. JFW | T@lk  23:28, 18 May 2004 (UTC)


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John Sheppard (composer)

John Sheppard (also Shepherd, c. 1515 – December 1558) was an English composer of the Renaissance.

Biography
Sheppard was probably born around 1515, judging from his statement in 1554 that he had been composing music for twenty years. Nothing certain is known about his early life. The first sighting of him occurs at Thaxted in June 1541 when he married the recently widowed Jane Ewen or Evan. He was then probably in his mid twenties. It is not known whether he served in a musical position in the church of St John the Baptist, Thaxted. He then served as informator choristarum at Magdalen College, Oxford continuously from Michaelmas 1543 to sometime between March and Michaelmas 1548.

Sheppard next appears in a list of the Gentleman of the Chapel Royal who sang at the funeral of King Edward VI in August 1553; he may have joined the chapel directly after his departure from Oxford, but, because of a gap in Chapel Royal records from 1547, this is not certain. He appears to have remained active at the chapel up to the year of his death since he was awarded liveries for both the funeral of Queen Mary and the coronation of Elizabeth I.

In 1554 he supplicated, apparently unsuccessfully, for the degree of Doctor of Music at Oxford University, stating that he had studied music for twenty years and had "composed many songs". In March 1556 he witnessed the will of a fellow Gentleman of the chapel, Luke Caustell, and on New Year's Day 1557 he presented three rolls of songs to Mary Tudor. In July 1558 he and his Chapel Royal colleague Richard Edwards were granted the reversion of a lease of a manor in Kent.

Sheppard died in December 1558 during an influenza epidemic. He made his will on 1 December and was buried at St Margaret's, Westminster on 21 December.

Masses
Of Sheppard's five surviving Mass ordinary cycles, the six-part Cantate is a full-length, sumptuous festal setting in the tradition of John Taverner, constructed in units of six-part polyphony alternating with a mosaic of semi-choir sections. The principal unifying device, apart from the head-motive passages at the beginning of each movement, is the eight-note figure F-E-F-G-A-Bb-G-F, which occurs at various points in the tenor.

Of the four-part Mass cycles, Western Wynde is based on a pre-existing popular melody, also forming the basis of Mass cycles by Taverner and Christopher Tye. In Sheppard's setting the melody migrates between the treble and the tenor. Two other cycles, Be not afraid and The Frences Mass are both elaborately contrapuntal and freely constructed, with the former scored exclusively for men's voices.

Playnsong Masse for a Mene (also for four voices) is a much simpler work. Written in a simplified notation known as 'strene,' which resembles the symbols of plainsong, it utilises a technique occasionally employed to allow those able to read plainsong, but not mensural notation, to sing simple polyphony. This 'plainsong' style, which was rhythmically uncomplicated and admitted no dissonance more complicated than a cadential suspension (although there is a notable exception in Sheppard's Agnus Dei), is also to be found in Taverner's Plainsong Mass – although this now survives only in conventional, mensural notation. Sheppard's mass includes a Kyrie (unlike most Sarum Mass cycles) and is an alternatim setting with alternating sections of chant and polyphony.

Other Latin music
On her accession in 1553, Mary Tudor determined to restore England to the Catholic faith after the Protestant years of Edward VI. This entailed restoring the Latin-language services of the Sarum Rite. A new, up-to-date repertoire of music was required for her chapel, and Sheppard was instrumental in supplying it with suitable compositions.

Responsories
There are 20 responsories, elaborate liturgical units sung in their most expansive form at Vespers on the more important feasts and at Matins. In this form the complete responsory is sung and then followed by, first, a verse and, secondly, a doxology, each of which is followed by (often progressively) shortened repeats of the responsory. Sheppard often set the responsory to five or six-part polyphony with the chant sung as a cantus firmus in the tenor (less commonly in the treble or mean), leaving the sections that were sung by soloists (the incipit, verse and doxology) to be chanted.

A good example of Sheppard's technique is his six-part setting of Verbum caro, the ninth responsory at Matins on Christmas Day. One of the most grandiose of Sheppard's responsories is Gaude, gaude, gaude Maria; a setting of the responsory and interpolated 'prosa' for Second Vespers for the Feast of the Purification. In a few settings, for All Saints' Day, Christmas and Lent, he employs the reverse procedure, providing polyphony for the soloists' sections of the chant, but leaving the choral section of the responsory to be sung to plainsong (e.g. In pace in idipsum).

Other liturgical works
Like Tallis, Sheppard also composed 'alternatim' hymns, setting the even-numbered verses in polyphony and leaving the odd-numbered verses to be chanted or, more probably, replaced by (perhaps improvised) organ settings of the chant. Whilst the cantus firmus in Sheppard's responds is normally in the tenor, in his hymns it is usually placed in the treble.

Sheppard also composed a number of additional items for particularly solemn feasts of the Church calendar, including settings of the Kyrie and Gradual Haec dies for Second Vespers (not, in this case, the mass) on Easter Day. Of his 'alternatim' settings of the processional psalms for the procession to the font after Second Vespers on Easter Day, he completed Laudate pueri Dominum, but only part of In exitu Israel, leaving its completion to William Mundy and the young William Byrd.

Media vita
Arguably supreme amongst all of Sheppard's compositions is his cantus firmus setting of the Lenten Nunc dimittis antiphon Media vita in morte sumus. Here his innovative use of the cantus firmus in breves allows for an expansive canvas and a leisurely harmonic rhythm that effectively complement his solemn treatment of the text.

The date and circumstances of the work's creation remain unclear because the original manuscript is lost. The work might have been written for the funeral of Nicholas Ludford, a fellow composer who died in the 1557 influenza epidemic. The work survives only in the partbooks copied by John Baldwin in the late 1570s. Baldwin's copy now lacks one of the six vocal parts, the tenor, but, since this part bore the plainsong cantus firmus, it can be readily restored from contemporary chant books, except, possibly, in the first two verses where a reconstructed tenor part may or may not be needed (the music sounds complete without it). Recent research has shown that the form of the work as usually performed is incorrect. In particular the chanted Nunc dimittis precedes the antiphon and the scheme of the polyphonic repeats is not as extensive as previously thought. Sheppard's bold counterpoint has led some to question whether the surviving text contains copying errors that make the work sound more modern than it should do.

Regardless, Sheppard's Media vita has remained enduringly popular, with at least nine modern commercial recordings.

English music
Sheppard's vernacular music has suffered seriously from the loss of manuscript sources. Since he died only a month after Queen Mary, his settings for the Protestant services must have been composed during the reign of Edward VI, who, after some experimental services in 1548, established the first Book of Common Prayer in 1549. Some of Sheppard's English-texted music, such as his setting of the Lord's Prayer and his cycle of metrical psalms by Thomas Sternhold (in GB-Lbl Add. MS 15166) may have been composed for domestic recreation rather than for church use.

As many as ten services (settings of canticles and other items for the new English Morning Prayer, Evening Prayer and Communion services) have been identified, all surviving in varying degrees of incompleteness. The Second Service is noteworthy for having influenced the design of Byrd's Great Service. Stefan Scot has observed that the Creed of the First Service is virtually identical musically to the Creed of Tallis's untitled four-part Mass in the Gyffard Partbooks. Sheppard's fifteen English anthems, most of which are à 4, comply with the demands of the Protestant reformers for simplicity, clear, audible words and largely syllabic text-underlay.

The part-songs O happy dames and Vain, vain, all our life we spend in vain (both à 4) are Sheppard's only known works to non-sacred texts.

Editions

 * Chadd, David, ed. John Sheppard: I: Responsorial Music. London: Stainer & Bell, 1977. Print. Early English Church Music. 17.
 * Sandon, Nicholas, ed. John Sheppard: II: Masses. London: Stainer & Bell, 1976. Print. Early English Church Music. 18.
 * Mateer, David, ed. The Gyffard Partbooks, I. London: Stainer & Bell, 2007. Print. Early English Church Music. 48 / 33, 40, 41.
 * Mateer, David, ed. The Gyffard Partbooks, II. London: Stainer & Bell, 2009. Print. Early English Church Music. 51 / 7, 15.
 * Williamson, Magnus, ed. John Sheppard: III: Hymns, Psalms, Antiphons, and other Latin Polyphony. London: Stainer & Bell, 2012. Print. Early English Church Music. 54.

Recordings

 * John Sheppard: Gaude, gaude, gaude Maria, Choir of St. John's College, Cambridge, Andrew Nethsingha, Chandos Records
 * John Sheppard: Sacred Choral Music, Choir of St. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Duncan Ferguson, Delphian Records
 * John Sheppard, Christopher Tye, The Clerkes of Oxenford, David Wulstan, Proudsound Records
 * Church Music by John Sheppard, Vol. 1, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 * Church Music by John Sheppard, Vol. 2, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 * Church Music by John Sheppard, Vol. 3, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 * Church Music by John Sheppard, Vol. 4, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 * Ceremony and Devotion, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, CORO
 * Media vita, Stile Antico, Harmonia Mundi
 * Music for Compline, Stile Antico, Harmonia Mundi
 * John Sheppard: Media vita, The Tallis Scholars, Peter Phillips, Gimell Records
 * The Tallis Scholars sing Tudor Church Music, Volume Two, The Tallis Scholars, Peter Phillips, Gimell Records
 * Western Wind Masses, The Tallis Scholars, Peter Phillips, Gimell Records
 * Audivi Vocem, The Hilliard Ensemble, ECM Records
 * John Sheppard: Media vita & other sacred music, Westminster Cathedral Choir, Martin Baker, Hyperion Records

title: John Sheppard (composer)


text:
Floyd James Thompson

Floyd James "Jim" Thompson (July 8, 1933 – July 16, 2002) was a United States Army colonel. He was one of the longest-held American prisoners of war, spending nearly nine years in captivity in the forests and mountains of South Vietnam, Laos, and North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

Early life
Jim Thompson was born July 8, 1933, in Bergenfield, New Jersey, as the son of a bus driver. He graduated from Bergenfield High School in 1951. Thompson worked for the A&P supermarket, before he was drafted by the United States Army on June 14, 1956. He was at first a very truculent, rebellious soldier, but then decided that he liked the military. After basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, he decided to make the military his career.

Military career
After completing Officer Candidate School (OCS), Thompson served stateside and also spent a year in Korea. He was stationed at Fort Bragg when he was recruited into the Army Special Forces as a Green Beret. After completing Ranger School and United States Army Airborne School, he served as an instructor with the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, from August 1958 to June 1960. His next assignment was as a platoon commander in the 2nd Brigade of the 34th Infantry Regiment, stationed in South Korea from June 1960 to July 1961. Thompson then served as a reenlistment officer with Headquarters XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, from September 1961 to September 1962, and then as a staff officer with 1st Special Forces at Fort Bragg, from September 1962 to December 1963.

Vietnam War
Captain Thompson went to Vietnam in December 1963. Prior to his deployment, he hadn't heard of the country. He was to serve only a six-month tour of duty but was captured on March 26, 1964. He was released on March 16, 1973, ten days short of nine years.

Capture
On March 26, 1964, Thompson was a passenger on an observation plane (an L-19/O-1 Bird Dog) flown by Captain Richard L. Whitesides when it was downed by enemy small arms fire at 16.65333°N, 106.7725°W, about 20 kilometers from Thompson's Special Forces Camp near Quảng Trị, South Vietnam. Thompson survived the crash with burns, a bullet wound across the cheek, and a broken back. Whitesides was killed in the crash. Thompson was quickly captured by the Viet Cong.

Aerial search and ground patrols failed to find any trace of the aircraft. On March 27, 1964, an Army officer visited Thompson's home and told his pregnant wife Alyce that he was missing. The trauma sent her into labor and their son was born that evening.

Prisoner of war
Thompson spent the next nine years (3,278 days) as a prisoner of war, first at the hands of the Viet Cong in the South Vietnam forests, until he was moved in 1967 to the Hanoi prison system. During his captivity, he was tortured, starved, and isolated from other American POWs. His captors pressured him to sign statements proving that the United States' involvement in Vietnam was criminal. He refused and was beaten, choked and hanged by his thumbs. They also tied his elbows behind his back and hung him from a rafter until he passed out. At night he was tossed into a tiny wooden cage, where he was handcuffed and shackled in leg irons. At one point, Thompson did not speak to another American for over five years. In January 1973, Thompson was transferred to Hỏa Lò Prison. He was released with the other POWs in mid-March 1973 in Operation Homecoming.

Return to the United States
The years following Thompson's release were not happy ones. His troubled life was chronicled in an oral biography called Glory Denied by Tom Philpott. Although Thompson was promoted to lieutenant colonel upon release and then to full colonel, he had missed the most important years of his military career while in prison. He had no formal military education beyond OCS and lacked even a college degree or experience as a company commander.

He had difficulty adjusting to a vastly changed peacetime Army. In addition, Thompson's marriage had been troubled even before his captivity, and his wife Alyce, believing him dead, was living with another man at the time he was repatriated. He and his wife divorced in 1975. Alyce told author Tom Philpott that she believed prison had affected her husband's mind. She said he suffered from nightmares and was abusive towards both her and the children. Thompson later remarried but divorced soon afterwards. Thompson never formed any kind of a relationship with his children. His daughters were 6, 5 and 4 when he left, and his son was born the day of his capture. Only his eldest child barely remembered him. He eventually became completely estranged from all of them. Thompson said that one of the things that helped him cope with his brutal imprisonment was thinking of the fine family that awaited his return. He developed a very serious drinking problem and was in several military hospitals for treatment.

In 1977, Thompson attempted suicide with an overdose of pills and alcohol. His superiors told author Philpott that had it not been for Thompson's status as a hero, he would have been dismissed from service because of his alcoholism. In 1981, while still on active duty, Thompson suffered a massive heart attack and a severe stroke. He was in a coma for months and was left seriously disabled. He was paralyzed on one side and could speak only in brief phrases for the rest of his life.

Retirement
The stroke that left Thompson's left side paralyzed and his age contributed to his forced retirement from active duty in the Army. A ceremony was held for him in The Pentagon on January 28, 1982. Thompson received the Distinguished Service Medal in appreciation for his 25 years of service to his country as an Army officer. Because of his recent stroke, he had a hard time speaking, so Michael Chamowitz, his close friend and lawyer, read his retirement speech.

"I am honored to receive this award (the Distinguished Service Medal) today but at the same time I am saddened to be leaving active military service. The Army has been my life and I am proud of each of my twenty-five years of service.

Of those 25 years, I spent nine as prisoner of war. Those days were grim, and survival was a struggle. I was able to withstand that long agony because I never lost my determination to live—no matter how painful that became—because I love my country and never lost faith in her, and because I had dreams of what my life would be like upon my return to America. Those dreams were always, unquestionably, of a life that was Army. I found that the dream of continued service gave me a goal that helped me survive my years as a POW.

After my return from Vietnam, the opportunity to serve became the motivating force in my life. Military service has given me my greatest challenges and my greatest rewards. I have worked hard for sound leadership development in the Army and for realistic training. The greatest problem faced by POWs was fear of the unknown. This fear can be reduced, not only for the potential POW but across the awesome environment of the battlefield, by training which is honest enough to address the real issue of combat and which is tough enough to approximate battlefield conditions.

No, I do not now retire freely—there was much I still wanted to do—but circumstances present me no alternative. I leave active military service because I must. But for the rest of my life, the Army will be no less a part of me, and of what I am, than what it has always been.

Colonel Floyd James Thompson

January 29, 1982"

Later years and death
In 1981, Thompson moved to Key West, where he remained active in the community, according to the Monroe County Office of Veterans Affairs. In 1988, Thompson and a number of other former prisoners of war were awarded medals by President Ronald Reagan.

In 1990, Thompson's son Jim was convicted of murder and imprisoned for sixteen years.

On July 8, 2002, the staff of JIATF (Joint Interagency Task Force) East and some of his close friends threw Thompson a birthday party. He was described as being in high spirits and full of excitement. During the celebration, he quoted General Douglas MacArthur: "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away."

Eight days later, on July 16, 2002, Thompson was found dead in his Key West By the Sea condominium, at the age of 69. His body was cremated, and his ashes scattered at sea off the coast of Florida. There is a memorial marker for him at Andersonville National Cemetery.

In an update to Glory Denied, Tom Philpott reported that Alyce Thompson died of cancer in 2009. He also mentioned that Thompson's daughter Ruth had suffered three disabling heart attacks and had lost a son to suicide. Philpott reported that Ruth had told him the strength of character that she inherited from both her parents had helped her though the difficult times. Glory Denied was later turned into an opera written by Tom Cipullo.

Military awards
In October 1974, Thompson started to receive medals and awards in recognition for his service in Vietnam. South Vietnam gave him the country's highest award to Allied enlisted military personnel for valor, the Republic of Vietnam Military Merit Medal.

In recognition of his escape from Viet Cong POW camp for two days in October 1971, Thompson received the Silver Star. For his nine years in captivity, Thompson received the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and Legion of Merit. The Bronze Star recognized his continuous resistance to the enemy. The Legion of Merit recognized his suffering for his nine years in captivity.

A ceremony was held on June 24, 1988, in the White House honoring POWs from World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Two representatives were picked from each war to receive the Prisoner of War Medal. Thompson and Everett Alvarez were chosen to represent POWs from Vietnam.

His military decorations and awards include:

title: Floyd James Thompson


text:
S/KEY

S/KEY is a one-time password system developed for authentication to Unix-like operating systems, especially from dumb terminals or untrusted public computers on which one does not want to type a long-term password. A user's real password is combined in an offline device with a short set of characters and a decrementing counter to form a single-use password. Because each password is only used once, they are useless to password sniffers.

Because the short set of characters does not change until the counter reaches zero, it is possible to prepare a list of single-use passwords, in order, that can be carried by the user. Alternatively, the user can present the password, characters, and desired counter value to a local calculator to generate the appropriate one-time password that can then be transmitted over the network in the clear. The latter form is more common and practically amounts to challenge–response authentication.

S/KEY is supported in Linux (via pluggable authentication modules), OpenBSD, NetBSD, and FreeBSD, and a generic open-source implementation can be used to enable its use on other systems. OpenSSH also implements S/KEY since version OpenSSH 1.2.2 was released on December 1, 1999. One common implementation is called OPIE. S/KEY is a trademark of Telcordia Technologies, formerly known as Bell Communications Research (Bellcore).

S/KEY is also sometimes referred to as Lamport's scheme, after its author, Leslie Lamport. It was developed by Neil Haller, Phil Karn and John Walden at Bellcore in the late 1980s. With the expiration of the basic patents on public-key cryptography and the widespread use of laptop computers running SSH and other cryptographic protocols that can secure an entire session, not just the password, S/KEY is falling into disuse. Schemes that implement two-factor authentication, by comparison, are growing in use.

Password generation
The server is the computer that will perform the authentication.

 * 1) This step begins with a secret key W. This secret can either be provided by the user, or can be generated by a computer. Either way, if this secret is disclosed, then the security of S/KEY is compromised.
 * 2) A cryptographic hash function H is applied n times to W, thereby producing a hash chain of n one-time passwords. The passwords are the results of the application of the cryptographic hash function:
 * H(W), H(H(W)), ..., Hn(W).
 * 1) The initial secret W is discarded.
 * 2) The user is provided with the n passwords, printed out in reverse order:
 * Hn(W), Hn−1(W), ..., H(H(W)), H(W).
 * 1) The passwords H(W), H(H(W)), ..., Hn−1(W) are discarded from the server. Only the password Hn(W), the one at the top of the user's list, is stored on the server.

Authentication
After password generation, the user has a sheet of paper with n passwords on it. If n is very large, either storing all n passwords or calculate the given password from H(W) become inefficient. There are methods to efficiently calculate the passwords in the required order, using only $$\left\lceil\frac{\log n}{2}\right\rceil$$ hash calculations per step and storing $$\lceil\log n\rceil$$ passwords.

More ideally, though perhaps less commonly in practice, the user may carry a small, portable, secure, non-networked computing device capable of regenerating any needed password given the secret passphrase, the salt, and the number of iterations of the hash required, the latter two of which are conveniently provided by the server requesting authentication for login.

In any case, the first password will be the same password that the server has stored. This first password will not be used for authentication (the user should scratch this password on the sheet of paper), the second one will be used instead:
 * The user provides the server with the second password pwd on the list and scratches that password.
 * The server attempts to compute H, where is the password supplied. If H produces the first password (the one the server has stored), then the authentication is successful. The server will then store  as the current reference.

For subsequent authentications, the user will provide passwordi. (The last password on the printed list, n, is the first password generated by the server, H(W), where W is the initial secret). The server will compute H(i) and will compare the result to i−1, which is stored as reference on the server.

Security
The security of S/KEY relies on the difficulty of reversing cryptographic hash functions. Assume an attacker manages to get hold of a password that was used for a successful authentication. Supposing this is i, this password is already useless for subsequent authentications, because each password can only be used once. It would be interesting for the attacker to find out i−1, because this password is the one that will be used for the next authentication.

However, this would require inverting the hash function that produced i−1 using i (H(i−1) = i), which is extremely difficult to do with current cryptographic hash functions.

Nevertheless, S/KEY is vulnerable to a man in the middle attack if used by itself. It is also vulnerable to certain race conditions, such as where an attacker's software sniffs the network to learn the first N − 1 characters in the password (where N equals the password length), establishes its own TCP session to the server, and in rapid succession tries all valid characters in the N-th position until one succeeds. These types of vulnerabilities can be avoided by using ssh, SSL, SPKM, or other encrypted transport layer.

Since each iteration of S/KEY doesn't include the salt or count, it is feasible to find collisions directly without breaking the initial password. This has a complexity of 264, which can be pre-calculated with the same amount of space. The space complexity can be optimized by storing chains of values, although collisions might reduce the coverage of this method, especially for long chains.

Someone with access to an S/KEY database can break all of them in parallel with a complexity of 264. While they wouldn't get the original password, they would be able to find valid credentials for each user. In this regard, it is similar to storing unsalted 64-bit hashes of strong, unique passwords.

The S/KEY protocol can loop. If such a loop were created in the S/KEY chain, an attacker could use user's key without finding the original value, and possibly without tipping off the valid user. The pathological case of this would be an OTP that hashes to itself.

Usability
Internally, S/KEY uses 64-bit numbers. For human usability purposes, each number is mapped to six short words, of one to four characters each, from a publicly accessible 2048-word dictionary. For example, one 64-bit number maps to "ROY HURT SKI FAIL GRIM KNEE".

title: S/KEY


text:
Talk:Tyne and Wear

Evidence
MPF, can we have some kind of evidence for how many inhabitants want a return to the old counties? I imagine there must be a poll or a newspaper article or something. You're probably quite right, but "many" makes me nervous -- "some" I can live with assuming several Wikipedians agree (they could be the "some") but "many" requires, for me, a little higher standard. I hope you don't mind. Jwrosenzweig 23:03, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Yeah I wouldn't say it's many. I've never actually heard of anyone here (I live here) saying they want the old borders back. It's usually said by people on the Internet who are into the whole historical counties niche, and don't live in Tyne or Wearside. I would say most support the status quo from my experience and just wish for more democratic accountability and funding in our Councils. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EmilePersaud 07:13, 13 April 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by EmilePersaud (talk • contribs)

Boundaries
Perhaps I was a bit hasty in calling it "propaganda", but as a resident of Newcastle I feel that the Tyne is not regarded as that much of a boundary. Newcastle, North Tyneside and Gateshead people tend to think of themselves as Tynesiders or Geordies, whilst Sunderland people are Mackem/Wearsiders (South Tynesiders don't seem to know what they are!) I really don't get the sense of any desire to re-instate a boundary that hasn't existed for thirty years. This contrasts with situations like the Yorkshire East Riding or Rutland, where there undoubtedly were (ultimately succesful) campaigns to see the old counties re-instated.

Grinner 09:23, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Some" people may want a return to old counties, but more don't, work and lifestyle showed the Tyne was an artificial boundary, one reason for the change of 1974, and the recent Newcastle/Gateshead city of culture bid is probably the most public expression of this. Sunderland never really bothered much with County Durham since the fifties And recent referenda showed parts of East Durham wanting to join Sunderland, more opinion polls show Sunderland wanting to join Durham. Perhaps a regional assembly will end the debate the boundary and  on cultural and historical ties – or maybe just transfer it to an administrative versus a traditional Kingdom of Northumbria--garryq 10:09, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm in Newcastle too, and in the circles I move in (particularly birding), there's a very strong desire to want rid of T&W; e.g. Newcastle birders do almost all their birding in Northumbs (inc Newcastle & N Tyneside), and don't cross the river very much at all (just to twitch the occasional foreign rarity, and if they do, are as likely to be heading for Yorks or Norfolk, as Durham). This obviously ties in with Northumberland & Durham being the official ornithological recording areas. In using 'many', I didn't use 'most': 'many' just means a substantial number, not necessarily a majority. I think 'some' is too weak for what I see. It is fair to say 'many do, many don't'. The very fact that the City of Culture bid was rejected is also noteworthy - I remember lack of popular support (apparently much greater in Liverpool) was one of the reasons cited for its failure; local politicians and media wanted it, but the public didn't pay it much more than lip-service. I also remember some survey results from when the Metro Centre was commissioned - in Walker & Byker, over 60% of older women had never once crossed the Tyne in their lives. Finally, remember the furore when it was suggested building a new stadium for NUFC in Gateshead? Comments like "and Manchester United are going to build a new stadium in Liverpool?" were widespread - MPF 00:29, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Man U play in Salford not Manchester.94.194.21.227 (talk) 11:39, 15 March 2013 (UTC)
 * My circles seem different. Moreover, the insularity of birdwatchers is hardly and argument. Nor is the idea that they are as likely travel to Yorkshire as much as Durham.  I assumed the reason for the travel was the bird, not the existence of any county boundary, watsonian or otherwise.

 * Unless you mean to say that foreign birds are more likely to be seen outside Northumbria, thus acknowledging that the Tyne as a boundary is an artificial creation because the kings could not trust the earls north of the river,. That of course means that Tyne and Wear is the beginnings of the return of the region to its traditional boundaries  ---garryq 14:51, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, there are many Mackems who want to re-instate County Durham, and there was even a movement (albeit small) to create a City County of Wearside which included several east Durham mining towns as well as Durham City and the adjacent areas along the Wear, with the exception of Durham City there support was actually quite high.

 * Mackems have a stronger affinity to Wearside as opposed to County Durham, but the majority would switch back given the choice, you just have to see where Wearside tax has been spent since the County switch, it pisses alot of Mackems off. Gazh 09:13, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

I'd support parts of Durham such as in the east joining Sunderland and thus the county. I think that would be nice and the way forward for this undoubtly distinct region. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EmilePersaud 07:16, 13 April 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by EmilePersaud (talk • contribs)

Reorganisation
Good point re. the City of Culture bid. I think this is very relevant in proving that the Tyne is more a linking factor than a boundary. I'm interested in the polls you speak of in East Durham. I can certainly see that places like Peterlee would feel a loyalty to Sunderland. Is such a move on the cards with the re-organisation of the current two-tier councils that would come about if we voted for a regional assembly? 128.240.229.7 10:50, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I made a summary of the draft options recommended by the boundary committee at the bottom of Administrative counties of England. There are no plans to change any of the Tyne and Wear boroughs...  However, the final options will be released next week, and who knows what might be in those?  Morwen 10:53, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * After the consultations I wrote about the 2 recommendations are to leave the Tyne and Wear districts as they are and create similar districts in Durham, or to get rid of Durham's districts,and leave Tyne and Wear as is. --garryq 14:51, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

The Map
Please leave the north-to-south order of the boroughs! - MPF 01:42, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Fair enough, I've just looked through the other Wikipedia entries for the Metropolitan Counties, and numbering them by geographic (eg. north-south or west-east) rather than alphabetically does seem to be the norm

Grinner 09:03, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Grinner, I've just checked the map of Greater Manchester is simply an anti clockwise list. Tyne and Wear's is clockwise, but by changing Newcastle from 1 to 2 and Gateshead from 5 to 1 the list is alphabetic, which links with a sensible listing of the boroughs in the body of the article - and there is no such list in Greater  Manchester, that was my reasoning.--garryq 15:03, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Why stick to north south? it throws out the list of places in the main article.
 * and the "North south" order is east from Newcastle, south to sunderland and north to Gateshead. Not logical. North south would be Newcastle to Gateshaed and then back to NorthTyneside south to Sunderland.  Is it just co-incidence that MPF's strange order seperates the former Northumberland from the former Durham districts?  If anybody wants to adopt the old map, which is also clockwise in numbering, then they should also change the lists of towns and of places of interest so that these are purely alphabetical within the county, as happens on other metro county pages. --garryq 15:37, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Bits and Pieces
Long standing loyalty is not an indicator of football association's presence in Newcastle. They are private organisations, not required to follow any boundary – hence Berwick upon Tweed play in the Scottish Football League and Cardiff City in the English. The map and lists were inconsistent. No need for the other lists on the page to be alphabetical, but not towns & places of interest. Indeed positive disadvantage to those trying to locate a borough. The link between Newcastle and Gateshead goes back several centuries when Newcastle first tried to annex the borough. The "traditional boundary" is financial, not cultural. The king's income from a royal monopoly in Newcastle and the Bishop's from the Palatinate – which was also an administrative convenience and financial saving for the Royal treasury. Tyne and wear is one of those counties which have no overall name for its inhabitants, rather like County Durham, equally hundreds of thousands of "Middlesexonians" or Midsaxons are Londoners, the so called traditional county was ignored long ago. --garryq 14:26, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree strongly; there is a marked loyalty among many in Newcastle & North Tyneside to Northumberland (and to Durham south of the Tyne). Organisations are not required to follow boundaries, but they choose to do so following the desire of their membership. And there is a cultural boundary along the Tyne, whatever you may say, as witness the outrage at the suggestion of siting a new NUFC stadium in Gateshead.

 * Listing North to south is also very helpful in indicating the historical situation.

 * I would be grateful if you would restore my edits at least in part, at the moment the page is now strongly POV pro-Tyneandwearian and should show the other side equally as well. I admit I was a bit too strongly POV the other way at times, but now the balance has swung too far in the opposite direction - MPF 16:41, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think its valid to infer opposal to Tyne and Wear as an entity from sports boundaries etc. It is quite possible to not feel particularly bothered about Tyne and Wear, or even to regret the abolition of the county council, yet still think there's no point altering the boundaries your cricket team plays in.  Nobody advocates changing the cricket teams to match the administrative counties.  Morwen 17:32, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * County loyalty to NL and D'ham most certainly does exist in the birding community in the area, and is strong, particularly among the more active members of the community. I see no reason at all why cricketers would be any different. I'm curious why you are so keen to deny that dislike of T&W as an entity exists. - MPF 19:26, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Not at all, I am happy to agree that dislike exists. But I'm concerned you may be counting apathy as dislike.  Morwen 20:20, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've tried rewriting a bit, which I hope is going to satisfy your neutrality dispute. I don't think we should throw words like 'many' around unless we have numbers to back it up; on either side. Morwen 20:33, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks; it looks better now, though I still think 'many' is OK to use, as it just means 'a goodly number', not a majority. I think it would be fair to use 'many' for both sides of the debate: even if it is just 5% pro, 5% agin, and 90% couldn't give a toss, 5% of the population is still 'many' people to my mind. 'Some' to me belittles the number a bit too much. Garryq mentioned a poll higher up this page showing Sunderland wanting to join Durham as well as the vice versa example on the article; does anyone have any details of it? - though polls like this can be misleading either way, as people often vote on perceived benefits (better services or lower taxes) on the other side, rather than the principle of to what people they consider themselves. I also think that the lack of grassroots public support for the culture bid being a reason the judges turned the bid down is worth mentioning (can anyone find the exact details?) - MPF 00:05, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * MPF As I said above the original listing was not north south anyway, and as far as outrage at moving NUFC to Gateshead. Irrelevant  There was outrage at moving Ayresome Park to the Riverside, a new Wembley and, to stick to Tyne and Wear, at moving from Roker Park a few minutes west to the Stadium of Light.  I do not take the latter as proof of a desire to abandon Sunderland as a single authority.  --garryq 18:45, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't deny dislike of Tyne and Wear exists. Election canvassing has shown me that, but also shown it to be much less than imagined.  and as far as cricketers loyalty to NL and Durham is concerned.  NLs 4 grounds are in Newcastle, not to deny the existence of T&W but because that is where the supporters have always been.  to be NPOV I mentioned the opinion, although the Durham to Sunderland was actually part of the electoral commission studies.  I'll get the formal details.  --garryq 00:39, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I remeber the outrage about suggestions that NUFC move to Gateshead, also more recently we have seen Newcastle Brown Ale's impending move to Gateshead, again much outrage. The question is would the the outrage of been any less have the move had these move been to say, North Shields? I reckon not - the thing that caused the problem is the movement out of Newcastle, not the side of the river.-- Grinner 09:13, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, if the birding community is so wedded to the traditional counties are observations made on Holy Island included within Durham, being as this a "detached part" of that county? Or is loyalty to the traditional counties only partial?-- Grinner 09:13, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * If I can resurrect this ancient discussion, it occurs to me that part of any dislike for Tyne & Wear (and probably moreso for North/South Tyneside) may stem from the possibility that it may sound a little unimaginitive and municipal to some people; if the planners had dredged up some historical (or at least historical-sounding) names to use instead, I'd guess people may feel more affinity. Okay, "some people" might just be me, but I thought it was worth mentioning! — Chris  (blather • contribs •  e ) [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|20px]] 12:10, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean like the unpopular former counties of Cleveland and Avon? Joe D (t) 12:26, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Er, yeah, just like them! :D Well, it was a thought: I don't like their overly functional-sounding names, and probably never will; but now that you mention it, I suppose it might be seen as an attempt to endow them with more legitimacy with potentially rather contrived naming, which might not be quite such a good alternative after all. — Chris  (blather • contribs •  e ) [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|20px]] 12:40, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Category: Wikipedians in Tyne and Wear
Thought I'd mention this - there's a category,, and so far I'm the only one in it. This can't be right (I live in Berlin as it is), so please add yourself to it if it applies to you. ProhibitOnions 23:38, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject
I have proposed a new wikiproject called WikiProject Tyne and Wear. A project needs at least 5 willing members to go ahead and there are already four but anyone who is interested is free to put there name down as there is no limit to the amount of members there can be, for links and more info please contact me on my talk page. Telly   addict Editor review! 20:54, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Electoral Map
Anybody have the current electoral strengths to amend the TyneWearpoll.PNG image. Maybe Conservatives could be spelled properly too this time. Bless 'em there aren't many in the county, we could at least get there name right. --82.22.139.25 11:05, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Parts of the region
I am starting a discussion on sorting parts of the whole region at talk:North East England Chocolateediter (talk) 18:56, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

Business
I’ve moved business information from North East England to Tyne and Wear. Chocolateediter (talk) 13:35, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tyne and Wear


text:
Pog (drink)

POG, or Passion Orange Guava, is a tropical juice drink created in 1971 by a food product consultant named Mary Soon, who worked for Haleakala Dairy on Maui, Hawaii. The name POG is an acronym for three fruits from which it is made: passionfruit, orange, and guava.

POG is produced by Meadow Gold Dairy, a subsidiary of Dean Foods. Similar blends of passionfruit, orange and guava juices are also produced by other companies.

The game of milk caps
The caps used to seal milk bottles inspired the fad game Pogs (or "milk caps"), which became popular during the early- to mid-1990s. The game of pogs possibly originated in Maui, Hawaii, in the 1920s or 1930s.

Although POG juice was never sold in bottles with cardboard milk caps, the two became associated after Haleakala Dairy gave away caps printed with the POG logo as a marketing promotion in the 1970s. The 1990s craze using these milk caps was initiated by Blossom Galbiso, a teacher in Hawaii in 1991. She started using the milk caps in her classroom and told her students about an old game she used to play: flipping milk caps to be the first one to get the cream off the bottom of the cap. Her students began flipping the milk caps and the resurgence of the game called Pogs began.

Mascot
The POG drink features its mascot on the juice carton cover, known as a "Poglodyte". Poglodytes are fuzzy yellow creatures who were often depicted with surfboards. The side of the juice carton describes them as the creatures from the magical village that makes POG juice.

title: Pog (drink)


text:
Marcel Proulx

Marcel Proulx (born 6 March 1946 in L'Orignal, Ontario) is a retired Canadian politician.

Proulx is a former member of the Liberal Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, having represented the riding of Hull—Aylmer from 1999 to 2011. Proulx is a former administrator, businessman, claim adjuster, and executive assistant. He is a former Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Transport and is the current Chair of the Sub-Committee on Private Members' Business of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs and Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole, frequently being the Acting Speaker.

Proulx ran for Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada in the 39th Canadian Parliament. Fellow Liberal Peter Milliken won on the first ballot.

Marcel Proulx was a supporter of Michael Ignatieff during the last leadership campaign of the Liberal Party of Canada. However, he served as Quebec lieutenant for Stéphane Dion in 2007. On 16 October 2007, after much speculation, Proulx announced his resignation as Quebec lieutenant. The position of Quebec Lieutenant was offered to Pablo Rodriguez and Denis Coderre but both refused. The position was later given to Senator Céline Hervieux-Payette.

He was defeated by NDP candidate Nycole Turmel in the 2011 Canadian election in a landslide. Turmel would also succeed him as the Chief Opposition Whip in the 41st Canadian Parliament.

He is the first Liberal candidate ever defeated in Hull-Aylmer's 94-year history. Proulx became a real estate agent a few months after his defeat.

Electoral record
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in the 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1999 by-election.

title: Marcel Proulx


text:
Grilled cheese

The grilled cheese (sometimes known as a toasted sandwich or cheese toastie) is a hot cheese sandwich typically prepared by heating slices of cheese between slices of bread with a cooking fat such as butter or mayonnaise on a frying pan, griddle, or sandwich toaster, until the bread browns and the cheese melts.

History
The 1861 English recipe book Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management includes a recipe for placing sandwiches of bread and butter with 1/2 in slices of "a nice fat Cheshire or any good rich cheese" into an oven, and serving when the bread becomes toasted.

The cheese dream, an open-faced grilled cheese sandwich, became popular in the U.S. during the Great Depression. U.S. government cookbooks describe Navy cooks broiling "American cheese filling sandwiches" during World War II.

Preparation

A grilled cheese sandwich is made by placing a cheese filling, often cheddar or American cheese, between two slices of bread, which is then heated until the bread browns and the cheese melts. A layer of butter or mayonnaise may be added to the outside of the bread for additional flavor and texture. Alternatives may include additional ingredients, such as meat, peppers, tomatoes, or onions.

A grilled cheese may also be made in a sandwich toaster, particularly in the United Kingdom where the dish is normally called a toasted cheese sandwich or cheese toastie.

Retail
Some restaurants, food carts and food trucks in the United States specialize in the grilled cheese sandwich. The Grilled Cheese Grill restaurants were a combination of reclaimed vehicle and food cart restaurants that focused on gourmet grilled cheese sandwiches in Portland, Oregon. The Grilled Cheese Truck is an American food truck company serving gourmet "chef driven" grilled cheese sandwiches.

Microwavable frozen toasted sandwiches are available in supermarkets in a variety of locations. One example is the McCain Micro Toastie, which was launched in supermarkets in the UK in 2002.

title: Grilled cheese


text:
Talk:Pluggable authentication module

How does PAM relate to SASL, GSS API, JAAS? Yaron 23:03, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * JAAS is a Java implementation of PAM. PAM provides low-level authentication functions and wouldn't be used on the protocol level like SASL, although some SASL libraries (Cyrus) use PAM for the underlying authentication.  ElBenevolente 00:47, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

=Requested Additional Info= Can some more information on the individual PAM modules be presented? Or should a sub page be created for the Linux PAM Modules?

Personally I would love to see more discussion about stacking modules, as in explanations for the use_authtok, and other similar stacking friendly directives. As well as a sufficient/required/optional discussion.

Requested move

 * Oppose. Unless a term is only used as a plural (i.e. you would never have just one Christmas light, it's always Christmas lights), then it should always have a singular article title.   –radiojon 01:45, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * You never have just one Pluggable Authentication Module either, you always have a set of them... just as a single christmas light isn't remotely useful, neither is a single PAM module; your system wouldn't function at all. Also, PAM literally refers to the plural form, it's never referred to in the singular. Biot 13:52, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, if there is an actual protocol named "Pluggable Authentication Modules" then it needs to be moved to that properly-capitalized name instead. If it is just a concept of how something works, then it should remain at pluggable authentication module.   –radiojon 17:10, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * If you have no idea what PAM is, what possesses you to spout opinions on it? Biot 17:55, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The terms "pluggable authentication module framework" and "pluggable authentication module library" are acceptable, and thus I don't see the need to go against the usual "singular" convention. violet/riga (t) 20:44, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For. The convention is always the plural, 'Pluggable Authentication Modules'. The standard Sun submitted to X/Open is 'Pluggable Authentication Modules' (plural).  All of the major documentation refers to it in plural.  Why is this such a big deal?  This entry is obviously about the UNIX standard, so change the name. Alexander Guy 00:30, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. violet/riga (t) 20:44, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article is about the family of modules, not the singular. silsor 15:39, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry but I still don't see why that makes a difference. The term can be (and frequently is) used as a singular and it's standard naming convention to have the article at such a name. violet/riga (t) 18:51, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For the same reason it's not "Microsoft Window." That isn't the name of the piece of software under discussion (though now I review this it should be "Pluggable Authentication Modules" (capitalized). Demi T/C 19:03, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * I understand what you're saying, but the term is also commonly used as a singular – even in the external links of the article. My argument is that it should not be at Pluggable Authentication Modules when people may wish to use the singular (as in "the Pluggable Authentication Module framework").  However, there is clearly support for the plural naming, so I've moved it. violet/riga (t) 19:43, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand the confusion, but it is not just a difference between singular and plural. "Pluggable Authentication Modules" can be used as the plural of "Pluggable Authentication Module", but it is also the name of a system of which those modules are a component.  This article is about the system. silsor 01:25, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

Criticisms of Pam section needs to be re-written
This section is not structured well. One sentence comprises the first paragraph. The second paragraph is comprised of multiple facts that are not well-explained in the current run-on sentences. The meaning of each is obscured. On my fourth read, I noticed that the second paragraph is comprised of three sentences, not two. The second sentence begins with a lower case letter -- a grammatical nuance that I'd been missing.

I came to this article to obtain a basic understanding of PAM. I may not be the best person to edit this paragraph. But I will if nobody else has fixed it, when I visit it later. 97.122.93.97 (talk) 22:14, 16 May 2009 (UTC) Kernel.package (talk) 22:16, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Kerberos
The article says: "Despite PAM being part of the X/Open Single Sign-on (XSSO) standard, PAM on its own cannot implement Kerberos, the most common type of SSO used in Unix environments."

I'm not sure what they mean by this, and there's no footnote. Also, the FAQ says: "Currently ldap, ssh, CIFS9000 (samba) and kerberos are all known to work with HP-UX PAM". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.232.11.50 (talk) 16:08, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pluggable authentication module


text: User talk:129.188.33.221

title: User talk:129.188.33.221


text:
User:38~enwiki

Hi. I'm a theater student in California.

I'm not 38 years old, 24 actually.

title: User:38~enwiki


text:
Catholic Theological Society of America

The Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA) is a professional association of Catholic theologians founded in 1946 to promote studies and research in theology within the Catholic tradition. Its members are primarily in the United States and Canada.

Role and activities
The CTSA provides a forum for the exchange of ideas relating to theology, problems, and how to develop a more effective educational approach. The society also tries to foster within the Christian community a better understanding of their faith. It advances its work through annual June conventions, scholarly publications and committees that work throughout the year. The John Courtney Murray Award is the highest honour bestowed by the Catholic Theological Society of America, named after a theologian known for his work on religious liberty.

Several members of the society have been criticized by the Holy See's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith or US Bishops' Conference Committee on Doctrine, including Roger Haight, Richard McBrien, Elizabeth Johnson, Peter Phan, Margaret Farley. and Charles Curran.

An internal report of the society, dated May 15, 2013, and released in October of that year, stated:

"The self-conception of many members that the CTSA is open to all Catholic theologians is faulty and self-deceptive. As one of our members put it, the CTSA is a group of liberal theologians and 'this permeates virtually everything'. Because the CTSA does not aspire to be a partisan group, both attitudes and practices will have to shift if the CTSA is to become the place where all perspectives within Catholic theology in North America are welcome."

Women's ordination
In response to Ordinatio sacerdotalis, the Catholic Theological Society of America set up a task force to study the question. The task force produced a report, "Tradition and the Ordination of Women", which said that Ordinatio sacerdotalis is mistaken with regard to its claims on the authority of this teaching and its grounds in Tradition.

Presidents
The following have served as President of the Catholic Theological Society of America:

 * 1) Francis J. Connell (1946–1947)
 * 2) James E. O'Connell (1947–1948)
 * 3) Eugene M. Burke (1948–1949)
 * 4) Gerard Kelly (1949–1950)
 * 5) John J. Galvin (1950–1951)
 * 6) Edmond D. Bernard (1951–1952)
 * 7) John M. A. Fearns (1952–1953)
 * 8) Gerard Yelle (1953–1954)
 * 9) William R. O'Connor (1954–1955)
 * 10) Augustine P. Hennessy (1955–1956)
 * 11) George W. Shea (1956–1957)
 * 12) John F. X. Sweeney (1957–1958)
 * 13) Michael J. Murphy (1958–1959)
 * 14) Lawrence J. Riley (1959–1960)
 * 15) Thomas W. Coyle 1960–1961)
 * 16) Aloysius McDonough (1961–1962)
 * 17) Ferrer Smith (1962–1963)
 * 18) Richard T. Doherty (1963–1964)
 * 19) Gerald Van Ackeren (1964–1965)
 * 20) Eamon R. Carroll (1965–1966)
 * 21) Paul E. McKeever (1966–1967)
 * 22) Walter J. Burghardt (1967–1968)
 * 23) Austin B. Vaughan (1968–1969)
 * 24) Charles E. Curran (1969–1970)
 * 25) Richard A. McCormick (1970–1971)
 * 26) Carl J. Peter (1971–1972)
 * 27) John H. Wright (1972–1973)
 * 28) Richard P. McBrien (1973–1974)
 * 29) Luke Salm (1974–1975)
 * 30) Avery Dulles (1975–1976)
 * 31) David W. Tracy (1976–1977)
 * 32) Agnes Cunningham (1977–1978)
 * 33) Kenan B. Osborne (1978–1979)
 * 34) William J. Hill (1979–1980)
 * 35) Thomas F. O'Meara (1980–1981)
 * 36) Leo J. O'Donovan (1981–1982)
 * 37) Bernard J. Cooke (1982–1983)
 * 38) Michael Fahey (1983–1984)
 * 39) Patrick Granfield (1984–1985)
 * 40) Francis Schüssler Fiorenza (1985–1986)
 * 41) Monika Hellwig (1986–1987)
 * 42) Michael J. Scanlon (1987–1988)
 * 43) John P. Boyle (1988–1989)
 * 44) Anne E. Patrick (1989–1990)
 * 45) Walter H. Principe (1990–1991)
 * 46) Michael J. Buckley (1991–1992)
 * 47) Lisa Sowle Cahill (1992–1993)
 * 48) Gerard S. Sloyan (1993–1994)
 * 49) Roger Haight (1994–1995)
 * 50) Elizabeth Johnson (1995–1996)
 * 51) William Thompson-Uberuaga (1996–1997)
 * 52) Mary Ann Donovan (1997–1998)
 * 53) Robert Schreiter (1998–1999)
 * 54) Margaret Farley (1999–2000)
 * 55) Kenneth R. Himes (2000–2001)
 * 56) Peter Phan (2001–2002)
 * 57) Jon Nilson (2002–2003)
 * 58) M. Shawn Copeland (2003–2004)
 * 59) Roberto S. Goizueta (2004–2005)
 * 60) Mary Catherine Hilkert, O.P. (2005–2006)
 * 61) Daniel Finn (2006–2007)
 * 62) Margaret O'Gara (2007–2008)
 * 63) Terrence W. Tilley (2008–2009)
 * 64) Bryan N. Massingale (2009–2010)
 * 65) Mary Ann Hinsdale (2010–2011)
 * 66) John E. Thiel (2011–2012)
 * 67) Susan A. Ross (2012–2013)
 * 68) Richard Gaillardetz (2013–2014)
 * 69) Susan K. Wood (2014–2015)
 * 70) Bradford E. Hinze (2015–2016)
 * 71) David Hollenbach (2016–2017)
 * 72) Mary E. Hines (2017–2018)
 * 73) Paul Lakeland (2018–2019)
 * 74) Maria Pilar Aquino (2019–2020 & 2020-2021)
 * 75) Christine Firer Hinze (2021–2022)
 * 76) Francis Xavier Clooney, S.J. (2022-2023)
 * 77) Kristin E. Heyer (2023-2024)

title: Catholic Theological Society of America


text:
Alfredo Chaves

Alfredo Chaves is a municipality in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It is 60 km southwest of the state capital, Vitória. Its population was 14,636 (2020) and its area is 615.79 km².

Geography
Located in the southeast of the state, it borders (east) Anchieta and Guarapari, (north) Marechal Floriano and Domingos Martins, (west) Vargem Alta, (south) Iconha and Rio Novo do Sul.

The municipality is mountainous, though not very high in general. Its highest peak is Trancenco Peak at 1,050 m above sea level. The town of Alfredo Chaves lies at 10 m above sea level.

Economy
The economy is mainly based on livestock, including cows (for milk) and chickens. In agriculture, coffee and banana plantations play an important role.

title: Alfredo Chaves


text:
Philadelphia Bell

The Philadelphia Bell was a franchise in the World Football League, which operated in 1974 and a portion of a season in 1975. The Bell played their home games in 1974 at JFK Stadium in South Philadelphia. The team logo was a representation of the Liberty Bell. In 1975 the team decided to stop playing at JFK and moved its games to Franklin Field.

Formation
The Bell was one of just two WFL teams that maintained the same ownership in both 1974 and 1975 (the other being Canadian millionaire John Bassett's Memphis Southmen). The group was headed by John B. Kelly Jr., a respected business and sportsman in Philadelphia and part of the well-known Kelly family, which included his sister Grace Kelly, movie star-turned-Princess of Monaco. The major money contributor behind the ownership group was John Bosacco, who came forward during the first season and took over the operations of the franchise. Bosacco believed that the WFL could survive and was instrumental in the removal of Gary Davidson as commissioner following the 1974 season.

1974 season
Led by head coach Ron Waller, the Bell appeared to be the most popular team in the fledgling league, announcing crowds of 55,534 for the home opener and 64,719 for the second home game (which was nationally televised as syndicated programming by TVS). These figures meant that, at least on the surface, the Bell were outdrawing the NFL's Eagles, who averaged 59,206 fans for their seven home games the previous autumn.

However, when the Bell paid city taxes on the ticket sales two weeks later, it emerged that they had inflated the gate on a scale previously unprecedented in professional sports. The story was broken in the Philadelphia Inquirer on August 4, 1974, by columnist Frank Dolson. In an apparent attempt to pique interest, the Bell had sold block tickets to several area businesses at a discount, and in turn, many of these businesses had given away the tickets for free or at reduced prices. The actual paid attendance for the home opener had been only 13,855 (rather than 55,534); and for the second game a mere 6,200 (less than 10% of the announced "64,719"). Even worse, the WFL's administrative vice president. Ted Palmquist, admitted to the Philadelphia Daily News that the league was aware of the inflating of attendance. "Papergate" (as it was dubbed by the press) made both the Bell and the WFL look foolish, and proved to be a debacle from which neither recovered.

After the scandal broke, attendance fell through the floor and never recovered. The Bell drew a total of only 62,126 fans— less than the supposed crowd for their second home game— for their last seven home games combined; if only paid fans for their first two games are included, the Bell drew a paltry average of 9,131 fans per game for the season. The nadir came on October 16, 1974, when only 750 fans found their way to JFK for a Wednesday night game played in a torrential downpour.

On the field, the Bell were mediocre: they were led by flashy quarterback King Corcoran, who had spent most of his career in the minor leagues due to his refusal to accept a backup QB slot (Corcoran had even played under Coach Waller with the Pottstown Firebirds of the recently closed Atlantic Coast Football League). Philadelphia managed only a 9–11 mark in 1974, one game behind the Charlotte Hornets for the final playoff spot - the Bell were actually 8–11 on the field, but were awarded a win by forfeit when the Chicago Fire dissolved before they could travel to Philadelphia for the season finale.

However, at the request of WFL officials, they advanced to the playoffs anyway in place of Charlotte as the Florida Blazers could sell only 1,000 advance tickets for the first round matchup in Orlando, which was nowhere near enough for the financially troubled Hornets (who had moved from New York City in mid-season) to cover their hotel and travel expenses. The Bell, in contrast, were somewhat better financed, and could cover these expenses. They traveled to Orlando, where they lost to the Blazers, 18-3, in front of less than 10,000 fans.

1975 season
Despite the Papergate fiasco, the Bell were reckoned as one of the WFL's stronger franchises and at least had the potential to have been successful had the league been better run. Bosacco was one of only three owners, along with the Memphis Southmen's John F. Bassett and The Hawaiians' Sam Battisone, thought to be capable of fielding a team in 1975; those three teams had been the only ones to meet payroll every week of the 1974 season.

As the 1975 season got underway, Coach Waller was replaced during training camp at Glassboro State University by future NFL Hall of Famer Willie Wood, making him the first African-American head coach of a modern pro football team.

Even on TV, the Bell couldn't get any respect. On August 29, 1975, WTAF aired a sports doubleheader, featuring a Philadelphia Wings lacrosse match followed by the Bell's game against the Southern California Sun in Anaheim. The football game was scheduled for 10:30 pm EDT, but since the Wings game ran long, viewers missed the beginning. Bell fans would miss the end of the contest, too: WTAF abruptly cut the broadcast off with six minutes remaining in the fourth quarter, pleading a "prior commitment". The station then signed off for the night at 1:30 am; the game (won by the Sun, 58-39) didn't end until 2:06 am. (According to a Philadelphia Daily News story, "keeping the final six minutes of the game on TV could have cost the Bell an estimated $5,000 in telephone line charges," so the broadcast, which the club was evidently paying for, was cut off at the three-hour mark.)

The Bell had a record of 4–7 in 1975 at the time of the league's dissolution. Attendance remained anemic, with the team's best-attended game at Franklin Field drawing barely 5,000 fans. After only 1,293 fans attended the Bell's October 18 contest, both the team and the WFL folded for good.

Vince Papale, the inspiration for the 2006 film Invincible, played wide receiver for the Bell for two seasons prior to his three years with the Philadelphia Eagles. Both Papale and King Corcoran had recently played in the Seaboard Football League, the minor league that was active at the time in the area.

title: Philadelphia Bell


text:
Business Dynamics

Business Dynamics is a book by John Sterman that applies system dynamics to business.

The book introduces systems dynamics modeling for the analysis of policy and strategy, with an emphasis on business and public policy applications. System dynamics is both a conceptual tool and a powerful modeling method. This allows the building of computer simulations of complex systems. These simulations can then be used to test the effectiveness of different policies on business outcomes.

title: Business Dynamics


text:
User talk:38~enwiki

Welcome to Wikipedia! I saw your edits to George W. Bush. You might want to read our policy of neutrality, to make sure that your text fits in here. If you have any questions, you can contact me at my talk page. Happy editing! Meelar 23:07, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Leave my comments on VfD alone. --Tagishsimon

February 2013
Please do not attack other contributors, as you did with this edit to User talk:Widr. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Skamecrazy123 (talk) 16:19, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called 38. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name 38~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:31, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:06, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:38~enwiki


text:
Mobile agent

In computer science, a mobile agent is a piece of software agent combined with data that is able to migrate from one computer to another autonomously and continue its execution on the destination with the ability to interact with other agents there. Rather than a client requesting data and performing actions, a mobile agent is sent to a server to perform those tasks. This paradigm delegates the work from the client and onto the server.

Definition and overview
A mobile agent is a type of software agent, with the feature of autonomy, social ability, learning, and most significantly, mobility.

More specifically, a mobile agent is a process that can transport its state from one environment to another, with its data intact, and be capable of performing appropriately in the new environment. Mobile agents decide when and where to move. Movement is often evolved from RPC methods. Just as a user directs an Internet browser to "visit" a website (the browser merely downloads a copy of the site, or one version of it in the case of dynamic web sites), a mobile agent accomplishes a move through data duplication. When a mobile agent decides to move, it saves its own state (process image), transports this saved state to the new host and resumes execution from the saved state.

A mobile agent is a specific form of mobile code, within the field of code mobility. However, in contrast to the remote evaluation and code on demand programming paradigms, mobile agents are active in that they can choose to migrate between computers at any time during their execution. This makes them a powerful tool for implementing distributed applications in a computer network.

There are two types of mobile agents. The classification is based on their migration path.

 * 1) Mobile agents with predefined path: these have a static migration path.
 * 2) Free roaming mobile agent: these have a dynamic migration path. Depending on the present network condition, the mobile agent chooses its path.

An open multi-agent system (MAS) is a system in which agents, that are owned by a variety of stakeholders, continuously enter and leave the system.

History and Evolution
In the early 1990s, General Magic created the Telescript language and environment for writing and executing mobile agents, and described it with the now-popular "cloud" metaphor; as described by Andy Hertzfeld: ""The beauty of Telescript," says Andy, "is that now, instead of just having a device to program, we now have the entire Cloud out there, where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create a sort of a virtual service."

The company was unsuccessful, however.

Advantages
Some advantages which mobile agents have over conventional agents are: One particular advantage for remote deployment of software includes increased portability thereby making system requirements less influential.
 * Computation bundles - converts computational client/server round trips to relocatable data bundles, reducing network load.
 * Parallel processing -asynchronous execution on multiple heterogeneous network hosts
 * Dynamic adaptation - actions are dependent on the state of the host environment
 * Tolerant to network faults - able to operate without an active connection between client and server
 * Flexible maintenance - to change an agent's actions, only the source (rather than the computation hosts) must be updated
 * Bandwidth conversion which is conversion the bandwidth one host to another host.
 * Reduces compilation time.

title: Mobile agent


text:
Talk:Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts

Archive
I archived earlier discussions today because they were long out of date (including some as old as 2004), none were active, and the entry has been fully overhauled. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 18:28, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

marriage codification
Is there still an explicit prohibition on same-sex marriage in Massachusetts law? Or did it exist and was repealed by the state congress? Juanjose21 (talk) 00:55, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts


text:
Jacques Lemaire

Jacques Gerard Lemaire (born September 7, 1945) is a Canadian former ice hockey forward and head coach who was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1984. He spent his entire twelve-year National Hockey League (NHL) playing career with the Montreal Canadiens (1967–1979) and was a part of eight Stanley Cup championship teams in 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1979. In 2017, Lemaire was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players".

Lemaire was an NHL head coach for seventeen seasons with the Canadiens (1983–1985), New Jersey Devils (1993–1998, 2009–2011) and Minnesota Wild (2000–2009). One of 22 coaches with 600 wins, Lemaire led the Devils to their first Stanley Cup in the 1994–95 season.

After retiring at the end of the 2010–11 NHL season, Lemaire accepted a position as special assignment coach for the Devils. He currently works as a special assignment coach for the New York Islanders, a position he previously held with the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Playing career
Lemaire is one of only six NHL players to have scored two Stanley Cup-winning goals, achieving the feat in both 1977 and 1979 (The five other players are Mike Bossy in 1982 and 1983, Bobby Orr in 1970 and 1972, Henri Richard in 1966 and 1971, Jean Béliveau in 1960 and 1965 and Toe Blake in 1944 and 1946). One of the two Cup-winners scored by Lemaire came at the 4:32 mark of the first overtime of Game Four in the 1977 Stanley Cup Finals. A model of consistency, Lemaire scored at least 20 goals in each of his 12 seasons. He retired from the NHL after the 1978–79 season to become a playing coach in Switzerland. In 853 career NHL games, he recorded 366 goals and 469 assists for a total of 835 points. Lemaire learned to execute his slapshot when he was young using a heavy steel puck, making his shot second only to that of Bobby Hull for speed and accuracy. In his bestselling book The Game former Montreal goalie Ken Dryden described a magical relationship on ice that was developing between Lemaire and Guy Lafleur, who complemented each other's speed and shooting ability.

Lemaire's NHL playing career ended following the 1978–79 season when he surprisingly rejected the Canadiens' contract extension offer of $225,000 for each of five years.

Coaching career
Lemaire signed a three-year contract as player, coach and general manager of HC Sierre on June 15, 1979. He was paid $75,000 tax-free annually and had absolute control over his contract. "I always wanted to do something reckless, have an adventure, see how other people live, discover something new. Well, that time is now. I've always been interested in coaching, and when this opportunity presented itself, it seemed like the perfect thing," he explained.

He made his North American coaching debut in 1981, serving as an assistant coach at SUNY Plattsburgh to future NHL scout Herb Hammond at the NCAA Division III level. Lemaire was head coach of the Canadiens from 1983–1985 and the New Jersey Devils from 1993 to 1998, winning the Stanley Cup in 1995 for the 11th time, and the Jack Adams Award in 1994 and 2003. Lemaire was head coach of the Minnesota Wild from June 19, 2000 until April 11, 2009, the first head coach of the organization. He also won two more Stanley Cups as assistant general manager with Montreal in 1986 and 1993.

Lemaire is known for his unorthodox coaching style for several reasons: first, he prefers a defensive-minded system, often using a strategy called the neutral zone trap. Second, Lemaire rarely uses permanent lines preferring to use mixed line combinations during games. Third, Lemaire never employed a permanent team captain during his tenure with the Wild, opting to rotate it on a monthly basis amongst the players. Lemaire is also regarded as one of the best teaching coaches – developing young players while working well with veterans. However his emphasis on "defense first" has often been controversial, both inside and outside the dressing room. This, perhaps, has led to some conflict with star players like Marian Gaborik (formerly with the Wild) and media criticism. An example was provided by Terry Frei of ESPN.com in an article posted on August 4, 2008:

"He [Lemaire] helped drag down the entertainment quotient in this league, and despite all the talk about the Wild being a skating team that uses speed and pounces on turnovers, not all the elements of the trap have disappeared from Minnesota's game. You'd think the State of Hockey is going to tire of that at some point, especially if the Wild slide this season and it drives Marian Gaborik away next summer."

On one occasion, Lemaire's team was among the top two scoring teams in the NHL. In 1993–1994, the New Jersey Devils team scored the second most goals in the league (306).

In June 2009, Lemaire was named assistant coach of Team Canada for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia. He joined Lindy Ruff and Ken Hitchcock as assistants to head coach Mike Babcock and helped Team Canada to the gold medal.

On July 13, 2009, exactly two years after Brent Sutter had been introduced as coach of the Devils, Lemaire returned to the head coaching position for the Devils.

On October 8, 2009, Lemaire got his 200th win with the New Jersey Devils and first of the 2009–10 NHL season.

Lemaire announced his retirement as a head coach in the NHL on April 26, 2010. However, on December 23, 2010, after Devils head coach John MacLean was fired after 33 games, Lemaire came out of retirement to coach once again for the Devils and led a charge that took the team from the bottom of league standings into contention for a playoff position before fading in the final few weeks.

On February 10, 2011, Lemaire achieved his 600th regular-season win after Ilya Kovalchuk scored in overtime to win the game for New Jersey against Toronto 2 – 1. Lemaire became only the eighth coach in NHL history to achieve this feat.

On April 10, 2011 Lemaire announced his permanent retirement from the Devils.

On August 14, 2015, the Toronto Maple Leafs announced they had hired Lemaire as a special assignment coach.

On September 14, 2018, Lemaire would follow Lou Lamoriello to the New York Islanders, assuming the role of Special Assignment Coach.

Trivia
Lemaire is the uncle of former Stars, Wild, and Bruins goaltender Manny Fernandez.

There is a hockey arena in LaSalle, Quebec named after Lemaire.

title: Jacques Lemaire


text:
CrossGen

Cross Generation Comics or CrossGen was an American comic book publisher and entertainment company that operated from 1998 to 2004. The company's assets were acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2004, and designated to Disney Publishing Worldwide. In July 2010, Disney re-established the brand through Marvel Comics, who announced plans to revive CrossGen titles.

History
CrossGen Comics, Inc., was founded in 1998, in Tampa, Florida, by entrepreneur Mark Alessi.

In 1999, the company acquired the Orlando-based multi-genre fan convention MegaCon, from founder James Breitbiel. Breitbiel became CrossGen's Marketing and Distribution Director.

In January 2000, CrossGen Comics, Inc. debuted with CrossGenesis, a sneak-peek at the CrossGen universe. It provided an outline of the universe, worlds, and characters of CrossGen's flagship titles that would be released six months later. Gina M. Villa, head of creative departments, and Mark Alessi wrote a history of the Sigilverse before any comics were written. The head creative team consisted of Barbara Kesel, Mark Waid and Ron Marz. Unlike other comics publishers such as DC Comics and Marvel Comics, which rely mainly on freelance writers and artists, most of CrossGen's talent were salaried employees of the company and worked out of its headquarters in Oldsmar, Florida. Later creators such as J.M. DeMatteis worked freelance, with CrossGen publishing finished properties. The company's publications covered a variety of genres with characters inhabiting a single shared universe.

First wave
The first wave of CrossGen titles included: Sigil, a military science fiction space opera; Mystic, a magical fantasy; Meridian, flavored by traditional folklore; 'Scion', an adventure series inspired by tales of King Arthur; and CrossGen Chronicles, a series detailing the "untold" history of the CrossGen universe.

The protagonists of the first wave of CrossGen comics were linked in commonality by the Sigil each character had received. It was a branding on their body, a marking that granted them unusual powers. The Sigil, and the story of the Sigil-Bearers, was a prominent aspect of the narrative.

Following titles
In November 2000, the Homeric myth The First was released and, steadily over the next three years, CrossGen released many more titles.

The following were released in 2001: Crux (based on the Atlantean myth); Sojourn (an epic fantasy in the style of The Lord of the Rings); Ruse (a Victorian detective story); and Negation.

In the following year, these titles were released: the horror story Route 666; the wuxia comedy Way of the Rat; and the samurai drama The Path.

The company enjoyed great initial success, with fifteen Harvey Award nominations in 2002.

In 2003, other titles were released expanding the fictional universe: the sword and sorcery epic Brath; Chimera, a limited series about a Sigil-bearer on the far reaches of the Universe; the pirate adventure El Cazador; and two other titles that explain the origin of the Sigil-bearers, Solus and Mark of Charon.

Titles such as Negation and Crux blended genres. Although most CrossGen titles shared common elements (such as a Sigil, the presence of a Mentor and a member of the god-like First), the titles rarely crossed over with each other. The major example of crossing over was Sam of Sigil, who spent four issues in the world of Brath and part of one issue in the world of Meridan, with the latter period also being told from Sephie's perspective in issue #20 of Meridan. There was one company-crossover event, the Negation War, but was never concluded.

CrossGen Entertainment, Inc. (CGE)
In 2003, CrossGen Comics, Inc. changed its name to CrossGen Entertainment, Inc. (CGE), and formed eleven wholly owned subsidiary companies, which represented its broad-based entertainment products and offerings. These companies were to act independently of CGE, functioning as interior business units while all working towards CGE's overall goals. With this arrangement, all current and future projects would be managed and guided by Crossgen's founding principles. These projects consisted of:

 * CrossGen Intellectual Property, LLC: CGIP held all CGE content intellectual property (IP).
 * CrossGen Technologies, LLC: CGT held all CGE technology IP and managed technology IP creation, development, production, and application.
 * CrossGen Publishing, LLC: CGPub published all print projects, including CGE Ancillary, Code 6, CrossGen Universe, and foreign publishing.
 * Code 6 Comics, LLC: A subsidiary of CGPub, C6C published Code 6 publications.
 * CrossGen Comics, LLC: A subsidiary of CGPub, CGC published CGU print publications.
 * CrossGen Media, LLC: CGM was responsible for feature films, television programs, video games, websites, merchandise, and additional interactive products.
 * CrossGen Productions, LLC: A subsidiary of CGM, CGP was to produce feature films and television programs.
 * CrossGen Interactive, LLC: A subsidiary of CGM, CGI was responsible for interactive publishing, video games, and role-playing games.
 * MegaCon, LLC: MGC managed the MegaCon convention.
 * CrossGen Education, LLC: CGEd published educational materials.
 * Comics On The Web, LLC: COW was responsible for Internet publishing, including Comics On The Web.

CrossGen Comics Entertainment, Inc.(CGE) was set up to take over the publishing of all existing comics properties. Its logo would appear on anything that came from CrossGen. CGE acted as a publisher for affiliated companies that would retain full ownership and control of their property and would reap the benefits of joining with a larger company.

Code6
Code6 was another imprint of CrossGen Entertainment created to publish titles set outside of the Sigilverse, such as The Red Star, Demonwars, and The Crossovers. All titles published with the Code6 logo would be owned by both the creator and CrossGen Entertainment, Inc. with the majority of ownership resting with CGE. CrossGen would pay an upfront page rate and then split all rights and revenues 75%-25%.

Code6 is the Florida Police signal code for an escaped prisoner. It was used to describe the attitude of the creators working at Code6.

Comics on the Web (COW)
One of Crossgen's innovations was the sale of comic subscriptions via the Internet. Subscribers could view all of Crossgen's titles through a web browser. The web comics reproduced the fine color of the original, but the lettering was sometimes not quite legible; hovering over the word or thought bubble caused it to enlarge to a readable size, a feature developed in Flash by Gabo Mendoza of Gabocorp Studios. The online library was estimated to contain 160 issues and 4,400 pages by the end of 2002. CrossGen was among the first comics companies to publish online.

Bankruptcy
In 2003, CrossGen found itself in a scandal over freelancer payments, exposing systemic financial problems. As the news reached comics fans, sales were affected and creative staff, such as Gina Villa, Brandon Peterson, and Ron Marz, began to abandon the company.

Some industry observers noted that the company's difficulties became apparent shortly after the Borders and Barnes & Noble bookstore chains discontinued stocking CrossGen's trade paperback collections, and returned huge numbers of unsold books for credit/refund, more than wiping out the publisher's optimistically low reserves against returns. In an interview with Marc Alessi on the Dollar Bin podcast, the root cause of CrossGen's financial collapse was said to be the result of a large decrease in the value of Perot Systems stock that was largely backing the company's financing. The financial plan was to lose money in the first six years before earning profits in the seventh year through movie and television deals.

In late 2003 the company restructured, selling MegaCon to show organizer Elizabeth Widera.

CrossGen filed for bankruptcy in June 2004 and ceased publishing, leaving titles such as Sojourn, Negation War, Brath, and many others cancelled mid-story.

In July 2004, Disney Publishing was interested in licensing CrossGen content but, upon discovering the company's bankruptcy, began seeking to acquire its assets instead. Founder Alessi loaned the company $75,000, but was unable to prevent the company's takeover. On November 15, Disney purchased CrossGen's assets for $1 million with plans to publish four prose hardcover novels based on writer J.M. DeMatteis and artist Mike Ploog's Abadazad.

CGCreators.net was created to attempt to track the subsequent doings of various staff associated with the company. It has since ceased operations.

As of 2008, various CrossGen domain names and URLs were held by cybersquatters.

Checker Books
In 2006, Checker Books obtained the rights to publish trade collections of various CrossGen series, starting with Sojourn. A total of nine collected editions were part of the agreement: two each for Sojourn, Negation, and Scion, and single volumes for The Way of the Rat, Sigil, and The Path. There are no plans by Checker Books for more traveler-sized collections.

Mark Thompson, the publisher of Checker Books, traveled to New York in 2007 and spoke with Disney representatives about reprinting further collections. No agreement has been made at the time, but according to Mark Thompson, he indicated that this would happen. In a quick follow-up interview he expanded on things, explaining how difficult it has been to pin down what is considered 'full distributed' and to solve this they are: "planning to propose to Disney that we 'catch up' by putting out omnibus collections".

In 2008, Checker Books published three CrossGen titles. These were:

 * Negation Hounded, Vol. 3 (writer Tony Bedard, illustrator Paul Pelletier, ISBN 978-1-933160-63-4, 172 pages)
 * Sigil V. 6 Planetary Union (writer Chuck Dixon illustrator Scott Eaton, ISBN 978-1-933160-67-2, 172 pages)
 * Sojourn Volume 6 - The Berzerker's Tale (writer Ian Edginton, illustrator Greg Land, ISBN 978-1-933160-72-6, 172 pages)

Revival
In July 2010, Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Joe Quesada announced at the San Diego Comic-Con that Marvel (also a Disney-owned company) would revive a number of CrossGen titles.

Marvel began to publish Ruse and Sigil in March 2011 as four-issue miniseries. Both completed their run, and a third Crossgen title, Mystic, premiered in August 2011. Two more books, Route 666 and Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, were announced during Fan Expo Canada in late August, and were set to start in February 2012, but were never published due to low interest in the previously released series.

In August 2022, Marvel Comics announced CrossGen Tales #1, a trade paperback collection that contains the reprinted original first issues of Mystic, Sigil, Ruse, and Soujourn. This was the first time that CrossGen titles would be available in a digital format. An omnibus collection of the original Sigil series was released in 2023.

Sigilverse
The majority of CrossGen's titles took place within a shared universe, informally dubbed the Sigilverse by CrossGen fans. CrossGen published the following titles in the Sigilverse. Most titles are listed in order of appearance. Mini-series and one-shots associated with an ongoing title are listed thereunder.

CrossGen collected several of the above titles in trade paperback format.

Compendia
CrossGen published two monthly anthologies, referred to as compendia, that reprinted several titles from the main shared continuity. Each issue contained between 6 and 11 issues. After 12 issues, Edge was renamed Vector due to a trademark conflict with another company. A third compendium called Caravan was never released.
 * Forge (13 issues, reprints of Crux, Meridian, Negation, Sojourn, The Path, Route 666)
 * Edge/Vector (13 issues, reprints of The First, Mystic, Ruse, Scion, Sigil, Way of the Rat, and Solus)

Roughly halfway through the run of the compendia, their format changed from standard comic size to a half-page sized digest format, usually with a higher page count. CrossGen later used this compendium format to collect runs of single titles, such as Meridian and The Path, to reported success.

Promotional and related titles

 * CrossGen Sampler (a free promotional comic which included several pages from each of CrossGen's first five titles)
 * CrossGen Primer (a promotional comic bundled with an issue of Wizard magazine)
 * Wizard CrossGen Special (a later promotional comic bundled with Wizard magazine)
 * CrossGen Illustrated (softcover book with art and information on several Sigilverse titles)
 * Pre-release Reader review copies of the first issue of several series, some in black and white.

Additional titles
In addition to its Sigilverse comics, CrossGen published a number of additional titles:

title: CrossGen