text:
Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)

Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, Op. 29 (Леди Макбет Мценского уезда) is an opera in four acts and nine scenes by Dmitri Shostakovich. The libretto, jointly written by Alexander Preys and the composer, is based on the novella Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District by Nikolai Leskov.

Dedicated by Shostakovich to his first wife, physicist Nina Varzar, the roughly 160-minute opera was first performed on 22 January 1934 at the Leningrad Maly Operny, and two days later in Moscow. It incorporates elements of expressionism and verismo, telling the story of a lonely woman in 19th-century Russia who falls in love with one of her husband's workers and is driven to murder.

Performance history
Despite early success on popular and official levels, Lady Macbeth became the vehicle for a general denunciation of Shostakovich's music by the CPSU in early 1936: after being condemned in an anonymous article (sometimes attributed to Joseph Stalin but actually authored by David Zaslavsky ) in Pravda, titled "Muddle Instead of Music", it was banned in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years, until 1961.

The composer in 1962 revised Lady Macbeth, renaming it Katerina Izmailova (Катерина Измайлова) and assigning his Opus 114. He replaced two of its intermezzos, adjusted act 1, scene 3, and made smaller changes elsewhere. Katerina Izmailova was first performed on 26 December 1962 in Moscow at the Stanislavski-Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theatre, and first given a studio recording in 1964. But since Shostakovich's death the original version has been more often performed. The original uncensored version was not performed again in Russia until 2000.

Synopsis
Although the opera shares the basic characters and outline of the play, it has a number of differences from the original story in terms of plot and emphasis. One example is in the convoy after Katerina gives Sergei her stockings: in the opera, all the women mock Katerina, whereas in the story, Sergei and Sonya mock her while Fiona and Gordyushka shame them in response to their cruelty toward her.

Act 1
Scene 1: Katerina's room

Katerina is unhappily married to Zinovy, a provincial flour-merchant. She complains to herself of her loneliness. Her father-in-law, Boris, angered at her response to his saying that mushrooms are his favourite dish, says that her loneliness is her fault due to her not producing an heir. She replies that Zinovy cannot give her a child – which Boris disdains; he then threatens her if she decides to accept some youthful lover. Zinovy is called away on business, and Boris – against his son's inclinations – makes Katerina swear before an icon to be faithful. A servant, Aksinya, tells Katerina about the womanising new clerk, Sergei.

Scene 2: The Izmailovs' yard

Sergei and his comrades are sexually harassing Aksinya. Katerina intervenes. She berates him for his machismo and asserts that women are as brave and capable as men. Sergei is willing to prove her wrong and they wrestle; she is thrown down and Sergei falls on top of her. Boris appears. She says that she tripped and Sergei, in trying to help her, fell down also. The other peasants back her up. Boris however is suspicious and roars at the peasants, telling them to get back to work, before ordering Katerina to fry some mushrooms for him and threatening to tell Zinovy about her behaviour.

Scene 3: Katerina's room

Katerina prepares to go to bed. Sergei knocks on her door with the excuse that he wants to borrow a book because he cannot sleep, but Katerina has none; she cannot read. As she is about to close the door, he attempts to seduce her by remembering their wrestling match earlier that day. He gets into the room and forces himself on her. Afterwards, she tells him to leave, but he refuses and she agrees to embark on an affair with him. Boris knocks on the door and confirms that Katerina is in bed and locks her in. Sergei is trapped in the room, and the two make love again.

Act 2
Scene 4: The yard

One night a week later. Boris, unable to sleep due to unease about thieves, is walking in the courtyard in the pre-dawn darkness. He, remembering his days as a young rake and knowing Zinovy's low libido, is considering seducing Katerina himself to fulfill his son's marital duties. He spots Sergei climbing out of Katerina's window. He catches him and publicly whips him as a burglar, then has him locked up. Katerina witnesses this but cannot stop this because she remains locked in her room. When she eventually manages to climb down the eavestrough-drainpipe, the other servants restrain her on Boris' order. After being exhausted by beating Sergei, Boris demands a meal, saying that he will whip Sergei again the next day and dispatches a servant to recall Zinovy, saying that Zinovy is to be told that there's trouble at home. Katerina adds rat-poison to some mushrooms and gives them to him. As he is dying, calling for a priest, she retrieves the keys to free Sergei. The priest, called by the arriving morning shift of workers who find Boris in agony, arrives: Boris vainly tries to tell him that he was poisoned and falls back dead pointing at Katerina. Katerina, weeping crocodile tears, convinces the priest that Boris has accidentally eaten poisonous mushrooms and he says a prayer over Boris' body.

Scene 5: Katerina's room

Katerina and Sergei are together. Sergei querulously says that their affair will have to end due to Zinovy's impending return and that he wishes that he and Katerina could marry – Katerina assures him that they'll marry but refuses to tell him how she'll arrange it. Sergei then falls asleep; Katerina is then tormented by Boris' ghost and cannot sleep. Later, she hears Zinovy returning. He has been called back by one of the servants with the news of his father's death. Although Sergei hides, Zinovy sees his trousers and belt and guesses the truth. As he and Katerina quarrel, he whips her with the belt. Hearing Katerina's cries, Sergei emerges and confronts Zinovy, who then tries to escape to call the servants. Katerina stops Zinovy: she and Sergei then proceed to strangle him; he is finally finished off by Sergei with a blow on the head with a heavy candlestick. The lovers hide the corpse in the wine-cellar.

Act 3
Scene 6: Near the cellar

Following Zinovy's disappearance, he has been presumed dead. Katerina and Sergei prepare to get married, but she is tormented by the fact that Zinovy's corpse is hidden in the wine cellar. Sergei reassures her and they leave for the wedding ceremony. A drunken peasant breaks into the cellar, finds Zinovy's body and goes to fetch the police.

Scene 7: The police station

The police are complaining about not being invited to the wedding and vainly try to distract themselves by tormenting a socialist schoolteacher because of his alleged atheism when the peasant arrives and gives them the opportunity for revenge.

Scene 8: The Izmailov garden

Everyone is drunk at the wedding. Katerina sees that the cellar door is open, but the police arrive as she and Sergei are trying to escape.

Act 4
''Scene 9. A temporary convict camp near a bridge''

On the way to katorga in Siberia, Katerina bribes a guard to allow her to meet Sergei. He blames her for everything. After she leaves, Sergei tries to seduce another convict, Sonyetka. She demands a pair of stockings as her price. Sergei tricks Katerina into giving him hers, whereupon he gives them to Sonyetka. Sonyetka and the other convicts taunt Katerina, who pushes Sonyetka into an icy river – also, herself, falling in. They are swept away and the convict train moves on.

Critical reactions
One criticism of the work focused on its sexual content, particularly the way in which the action is depicted in the music. A 1935 review in the New York Sun called it "pornophony", referring to the lurid descriptive music in the sex scenes. Stravinsky described the opera as "lamentably provincial", considering the musical portrayal primitively realistic.

The thrust of the Pravda criticism was in terms of morality; it condemned the opera's sympathetic portrayal of the eponymous character, an adulteress and murderess. At the time, the composer justified the sympathetic portrayal of Katerina in Soviet terms, saying she was a victim of the circumstances of oppressive, pre-revolutionary Russia.

This criticism was revived in a different way by Richard Taruskin in a 1989 article, where he interprets the work in the context of Stalin's campaign against the kulaks in 1930, considering its portrayal of the killings of Katerina's kulak in-laws as "a justification of genocide". Daniel Zhitomirsky accused the work of "primitive satire" in its treatment of the priest and police, but acknowledges the "incredible force" of the last scene.

Adaptations

 * 1966 Katerina Izmailova – the opera was adapted into a film directed by Mikhail Shapiro, starring Galina Vishnevskaya as Katerina, produced by Lenfilm and filmed in the Sovscope 70mm film process.
 * 1992 Lady Macbeth von Mzensk – by Czech director Petr Weigl, starring Markéta Hrubešová as Katerina, the film used the 1979 Mstislav Rostropovich recording with Galina Vishnevskaya dubbing over Hrubesová as Katerina.

Recordings

 * 1979 Mstislav Rostropovich (conductor), London Philharmonic Orchestra, Galina Vishnevskaya (Katerina Lvovna Izmailova); Nicolai Gedda (Sergey); Taru Valjakka (Aksinya); Dimiter Petkov (Boris Timofeyevich Izmailov); Birgit Finnilä (Sonyetka); Werner Krenn (Zinovy Borisovich Izmailov); (Label: EMI).
 * 1992 Myung-whun Chung (conductor); Opéra Bastille; Maria Ewing (Katerina); Philip Langridge (Zinovi) Aage Haugland (Boris); Sergej Larin (Sergey); Kristine Ciesinski (Aksinya); Elena Zaremba (Sonyetka); Kurt Moll (Old Convict); (Label: Deutsche Grammophon).
 * 2006 Mariss Jansons (conductor); Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra; Eva-Maria Westbroek (Katerina Lvovna Izmailova); Christopher Ventris (Sergey); Carole Wilson (Aksinya); Vladimir Vaneev (Boris Timofeyevich Izmailov); Lani Poulson (Sonyetka); Ludovít Ludha (Zinovy Borisovich Izmailov); Stage Director: Martin Kušej, Muziektheater (Label: Opus Arte).
 * A 1964 recording exists of the Katerina Izmailova version with the following forces: Eleonora Andreyeva, Eduard Bulavin, V. Radziyevsky, Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra and State Moscow Choir, Gennady Provatorov (conductor).

title: Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)


text:
Talk:Raw foodism

"Claims made by raw food proponents are pseudoscientific."
Does anyone else find this statement reductive and dismissive? How about something like: "Many claims made by raw food proponents could be categorized as pseudoscientific." It just doesn't make sense to insinuate that every claim made by a raw food proponent is pseudoscientific. Wowisaac (talk) 06:09, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

 * @Wowisaac This article is not written with a neutral point of view. 143.55.89.242 (talk) 18:59, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

"A Hovannessian" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Hovannessian&redirect=no A Hovannessian] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Dsuke1998AEOS (talk) 15:00, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

"Living foods diet" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_foods_diet&redirect=no Living foods diet] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 05:17, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Raw foodism


text:
Hardball

Hardball, in English, more specifically American English, generally refers to baseball (as opposed to its variant softball), especially when played very competitively. Metaphorically, it refers to uncompromising and ruthless methods or dealings, especially in politics and business negotiations: see Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball.

Computers

 * Hardball, a computer game made for the Palm OS and similar to Breakout
 * HardBall!, a series of computer games about baseball

Films

 * Hardball (film), a 2001 film with Keanu Reeves and Diane Lane
 * Hardball (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the film
 * Hardball, a 1997 film with Tony Curtis

Food

 * Hardball, a sugar stage in the making of candy and other confectionery

Literature

 * Hardball — How Politics is Played Told By One Who Knows the Game, a book by Chris Matthews, a political talk-show host
 * Hardball (comics), a superhero in the Avengers: The Initiative series from Marvel Comics
 * Hardball, a comic book series written by Chuck Austen
 * Hardball (novel), 2009 detective novel by Sara Paretsky, part of the V. I. Warshawski series

Sports

 * Hardball squash, a racquet sport
 * Hardball, a type of handball used in Gaelic handball
 * , an extreme shooting game utilizing BB guns which fire metal projectiles

Television

 * Hardball with Chris Matthews, a talk show on MSNBC hosted by Chris Matthews
 * "Hard Ball", an episode of the television series 30 Rock
 * Hardball (1989 TV series), a one-season 1989 crime drama television series that aired on NBC
 * Hardball (1994 TV series), a 1994 television series, unrelated to the 1989 series, that aired on FOX
 * Hardball (2019 TV series), an Australian children's TV series
 * Hardball, a BBC One game show hosted by Ore Oduba

Fictional characters

 * Hardball, of the alien Bounty Hunters working for Damocles and the Sword in the Gen13 comics and the Fire from Heaven crossover.

Other uses

 * Hardball (company), a Norwegian investment company.
 * Hardball, a slang term used for full metal jacket bullet pistol ammunition, particularly in .45 ACP caliber
 * Hardball (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe

title: Hardball


text:
Bowmore distillery

Bowmore distillery (, Taigh-staile Bogh Mòr) is a Islay single malt Scotch whisky distillery located on the Isle of Islay, an island of the Inner Hebrides.

The distillery, which lies on the South Eastern shore of Loch Indaal, is one of the oldest in Scotland. It is said to have been established in 1779 and is the oldest running distillery on Islay. The distillery is owned by Morrison Bowmore Distillers Ltd, a holding company owned by Suntory Global Spirits, an subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. Morrison Bowmore also own the Auchentoshan and Glen Garioch distilleries and produce the McClelland's Single Malt range of bottlings.

History
The Bowmore Distillery was established in 1779 by a local merchant, John P. Simson, before passing into the ownership of the Mutter family, a family of German descent. James Mutter, head of the family, also had farming interests and was Vice Consul representing the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Brazil through their Glasgow consulates. There are no records that pinpoint the date Mutter acquired the distillery from Simpson. Mutter would introduce a number of innovative processes to the distillery during his tenure and even had a small iron steam ship built to import barley and coal from the mainland and to export the whisky to Glasgow. A bottle of 1850 Bowmore Single Malt was sold at an auction in September 2007 for £29,400.

The distillery was closed in 1915 until it was bought from the Mutter family in 1925 by J.B. Sheriff & Co. and remained under their ownership until being purchased by Inverness-based William Grigor & Son, Ltd. in 1950.

During the World Wars the Bowmore Distillery halted production, and hosted the RAF Coastal Command for much of World War II, Coastal Command operated flying boats from Loch Indaal on anti-submarine warfare missions.

Stanley P. Morrison and James Howat formed Stanley P. Morrison Ltd. in 1951, and this company formed Morrison's Bowmore Distillery, Ltd. in 1963 in order to take over the Bowmore Distillery. Stanley P. Morrison died in 1971, and control of the companies passed to Brian Morrison. The company name has changed slightly, and, following minor restructuring, the distillery is now owned by Morrison Bowmore Distillers Ltd., which is ultimately owned by the Japanese distiller Suntory, following their takeover of Morrison Bowmore Distillers Ltd. during 1994. Suntory had previously been a shareholder in Morrison Bowmore for several years.

Production
Bowmore Distillery sources as much barley as possible from on the island of Islay, but there are insufficient quantities produced to satisfy the distillery's demand, so barley is also imported from the mainland. The distillery retains a traditional floor malting, but this also lacks sufficient capacity; the barley imported from the mainland is normally already malted.

The distillery has an annual capacity of two million litres, with fermentation undertaken in traditional wooden washbacks before the liquid is passed through two wash stills and then through two spirit stills.

The waste heat from the distillation process goes to heat a nearby public swimming pool that was built in one of the distillery's former warehouses.

Morrison Bowmore bottles all whisky produced at Bowmore Distillery and their other distilleries at a facility in Springburn, Glasgow.

Products
Standard Range

 * Bowmore No. 1
 * Bowmore Legend (discontinued)
 * Bowmore Small Batch (discontinued)
 * Bowmore 12 Year Old
 * Bowmore 15 Year Old Darkest
 * Bowmore 18 Year Old
 * Bowmore 25 Year Old

Limited Edition

 * Bowmore 18 Year Manzanilla Cask
 * Bowmore 19 Year French Oak Barrique (exclusive to Amazon)
 * Bowmore 26 Year French Oak Barrique
 * Bowmore 1964
 * Bowmore Vault Edition Atlantic Sea Salt
 * Bowmore Mizunara Cask
 * Bowmore 1957
 * Bowmore The 50 Year Old
 * Bowmore Arc-52, 52 Years Old (together with Aston Martin)

Travel Retail

 * Bowmore 10 Year Old Dark & Intense
 * Bowmore 15 Year Old Golden & Elegant
 * Bowmore 18 Year Old Deep & Complex
 * Bowmore Black Rock (discontinued)
 * Bowmore Gold Reef (discontinued)
 * Bowmore 17 Year Old White Sands (discontinued)
 * Bowmore Springtide (discontinued)
 * Bowmore 1984 (500 btls)

Bowmore also produce a number of special edition bottlings and market-specific bottlings. Independent bottlings are also readily available.

title: Bowmore distillery


text:
Talk:Hardball

 * Solid article! This makes me want to play hardball again, just like I did back in the 70's. --205.188.116.77 03:36, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

What is this garbage?--172.143.90.203 04:03, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's some garbage that I have just listed on Votes for deletion! --Stormie 05:10, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hardball


text:
Midland Highway (Tasmania)

The Midland Highway (also known as the Midlands Highway) is one of Tasmania's major inter-city highways, running for 176 km between Hobart and Launceston. It is part of the AusLink National Network and is a vital link for road freight to transport goods to and from the two cities. It represents a major north–south transportation corridor in Tasmania and has the route 1 designation as part of the National Highway. The highway consists of various traffic lane arrangements, the most common being two lanes – one in each direction, with overtaking options and at-grade intersections. At both the Launceston and Hobart sections of the highway there are small portions of grade-separated dual carriageway.

History
Surveyor Grimes marked out the track from Hobart to Launceston in 1807, and Governor Macquarie followed the route in 1811 when he visited the colony accompanied by his wife. The party took five and a half days to complete the journey.

Macquarie again visited the colony in 1821, when the road was fit for a carriage, but his journal records many different sections, and it was not until 1831 that the first regular coach service was operated by J. E. Cox.

The first mailman, Robert Taylor, was appointed in 1816, he walked, leaving Hobart and Launceston on alternate Sundays and carrying the mail in a pack.

The first record of movement between the two centres was in 1821 when then Governor Lachlan Macquarie selected sites for towns on the highway.

It was known as the "Main Road" or "Hobart Road" for most of its history. In the 1930s it became known as the Midland Highway, and in the 2000s - it also had "The Heritage Highway" label applied to it.

The route of the highway originally ran between Hobart and Launceston, and passed through the localities which are now known as: Bridgewater, Brighton, Pontville, Mangalore, Bagdad, Dysart, Kempton, Melton Mowbray, Jericho, Oatlands, Antill Ponds, Woodbury, Tunbridge, Ross, Campbell Town, Conara Junction, Cleveland, Epping Forest, Perth, Breadalbane and Kings Meadows.

Recent upgrades
A number of two lane bypasses of towns and villages have been constructed since the early 1980s, including the Jericho bypass, which was opened to traffic in January 1982.

Construction of grade separated dual carriageways leading south of Launceston and north of Hobart provided new superior facilities for Midland Highway traffic and shortened the route officially designated the Midland Highway.

On 21 June 1983, what was then referred to as the "Hobart Northern Outlet Road" was opened to traffic. Now called the Brooker Highway, this completed a grade-separated dual carriageway between Claremont Interchange and Granton in the northern suburbs of Hobart.

Construction of the first stage of the Launceston Southern Outlet between Glen Dhu and Strathroy commenced in February 1981 and comprised the construction of 7.4 km of dual carriageway and included three major bridges, namely the Mt Pleasant Interchange, the Westbury Road Overpass and the Glen Dhu Overpass. The highway opened to traffic between the Glen Dhu interchange and the temporary connection onto the old Midland Highway at Jinglers Creek, Strathroy. The extension of the Launceston Southern Outlet Road between Breadalbane and Strathroy opened to traffic on 28 August 1987. This extension included the construction of 3.7 km of dual carriageway and a roundabout, linking the Outlet Road with the Midland Highway and Evandale Main Road. The third and final section of the Launceston Southern Outlet opened to traffic on 24 May 1988. The road works involved construction of 1 km of dual carriageway between Glen Dhu Overpass and the Frankland Street/Wellington Street intersection.

In October 2012, the Brighton Bypass was officially opened, six months ahead of schedule. This bypass is a grade separated dual carriageway of the towns of Brighton and Pontville, just beyond Hobart’s northern suburbs. The total cost of the bypass was A$191 million.

On 16 April 2020, the second and final stage of the Perth Link Roads project was officially completed over 3 years ahead of schedule, including the opening of the long-overdue bypass of Perth. The bypass consists of 4.5 km of dual carriageway, including a grade separated interchange with Illawarra Road, an interchange consisting of two roundabouts north of the Perth, and a roundabout south of the town centre, near the South Esk River bridge. Stage 1 of the project was completed in April 2018, including a new grade separated interchange at Breadalbane to bypass the existing roundabout which provides connections with Launceston Airport, Evandale and the old Midland Highway alignment to Youngtown and Kings Meadows. A new dual carriageway alignment was also constructed alongside the existing highway to connect the new Breadalbane interchange with the Perth bypass.

In 2002, a railway line underpass was constructed near Symmons Plains, south of Perth, to create a grade separated rail crossing on the highway itself. Significant numbers of overtaking lanes have also been extended or created.

Future
There has been mounting pressure for the Highway to be upgraded to a four-lane carriageway for 20 years to fall in line with the Auslink network of highways such as the Hume and Pacific as it is Tasmania's most heavily travelled stretch of long highway.

The State and federal Liberal Parties have pledged $400 million to the funding of a dual-carriageway highway between Hobart and Launceston. The Liberal Party's claim is that when taking into account the Brighton Bypass, the Southern Outlet and the 34 km of overtaking lanes, there are 120 km of single-carriageway road on the Midland Highway. The Australian Labor Party stated that the 400 million-dollar budget is grossly underfunded, and could not possibly be constructed for that price.

The Liberal Party defended the accusations that the $3 million/km budget is too low by stating that they are not planning any new road alignments or bypasses, just adding new lanes to the existing alignment. They have not stated if they plan to include grade separation or T-junctions and roundabouts. Should both the federal and state Liberal Parties win the next elections, they plan to upgrade this remaining stretch of road from 2014 progressively.

Currently, there are several projects/proposals;

Brighton
The 9.5 km bypass on the southern stretch of the Highway was recently opened as part of the Southern Transport Investment Program, A transport masterplan for the southern part of the Highway. The transport study also caters for the Bagdad Bypass and the replacement of the ageing Bridgewater Bridge

Perth
The Perth Bypass is proposed to be constructed in 2 stages starting with the South Perth bypass which will result in a direct route to Illawarra Main Road - a vital link road to the Bass Highway. There are also plans to duplicate the Midland Highway Between Perth and Launceston.

title: Midland Highway (Tasmania)


text:
Talk:Chinese Cubans

Untitled
Most of this article appears to be a cut and paste from http://www.chcp.org/BarrioChino.html

http://www.chcp.org/copyright.html -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by Niteowlneils (talk • contribs) at 23:42, 7 May 2004

The claim that there are "only about 500" Chinese-Cubans appears to be grossly inaccurate. For example, the 2006 World Almanac says that Chinese-Cubans account for 1% of Cuba's population of over 11 million. Even if the Almanac is off by a factor of 10, this still means more than 20 times as many Chinese-Cubans as the article states. -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.145.98.94 (talk • contribs) 04:12, 20 November 2006

 * Maybe they are trying to distinguish between pure-blooded Chinese, and those more mixed. -- Beardo 17:58, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Photo of girl
I know that the photo source describes her as Chinese, but do you think he actually asked her ? Does she look Chinese to you ?

The Cubans describe anyone with even a slight asian look to their features as "chino" or "china" - that doesn't make them chinese, though. -- Beardo 17:58, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, you can't really speak for all Cubans, you know? The girl does look and seem to have Chinese background from her looks alone. On the description of the picture in the website he wrote "A Cuban girl of African and Chinese heritage takes a break from her work at a Chinese restaurant in Barrio Chino."

 * Another thing, i don't doubt the photographer asked her. I checked out his page, he has a section on Barrio China in Havana. .  LaNicoya    •TALK•  18:32, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Chinese Cuban. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120129093427/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/idis/violence-center/documents/LAP_essay_on_sino-cubans__.race_gender__sexuality_as_discour.pdf to http://www.cla.purdue.edu/idis/violence-center/documents/LAP_essay_on_sino-cubans__.race_gender__sexuality_as_discour.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:17, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Chinese Cuban. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120129093427/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/idis/violence-center/documents/LAP_essay_on_sino-cubans__.race_gender__sexuality_as_discour.pdf to http://www.cla.purdue.edu/idis/violence-center/documents/LAP_essay_on_sino-cubans__.race_gender__sexuality_as_discour.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:07, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Copy
ovA_165443 (talk) 15:01, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese Cubans


text:
Pork roll

Pork roll is a processed meat commonly available in New Jersey and neighboring states. It was developed in 1856 by John Taylor of Trenton, and sold as "Taylor's Prepared Ham" until 1906. Though since then food labeling regulations require Taylor and all other manufacturers to label it "pork roll", people in northern New Jersey still refer to it as "Taylor ham". The "Is it pork roll or Taylor ham?" question is a notable element of New Jersey culture, and the division over what name one uses divides the state along roughly north–south geographic lines. A 2016 reader poll including more than 70,000 respondents from all 565 municipalities across New Jersey found that the dividing line straddled the Union–Middlesex county border in the east and followed Interstate 78 through the middle of Somerset and Hunterdon counties in the west.

Origin

Food preservation techniques, such as salting and smoking meat, have been practiced for millennia. Evidence of traditional ham and sausage production dates back more than 2,000 years. An item resembling pork roll, packed minced ham, may have been locally produced in the later 1700s.

John Taylor is credited with creating his secret recipe for the product in 1856. George Washington Case, a farmer and butcher from nearby Belle Mead, created his own recipe for hickory-smoked pork roll in 1870. Case's was reportedly packaged in corn husks.

Following the Civil War, in the later 1800s, the American meat-packing industry experienced dramatic growth, bringing meat products like pork roll to rapidly growing urban areas.

Description
Being both a regional specialty and a processed meat with a unique taste, pork roll has resisted accurate description and is sometimes referred to as a mystery meat. It contains lightly smoked pork, salt, preservative, and spices. The exact recipes, both Taylor's and Case's, have remained trade secrets.

The 1910 legal opinion which established "pork roll" as a generic term described the product as: "a food article made of pork, packed in a cylindrical cotton sack or bag in such form that it could be quickly prepared for cooking by slicing without removal from the bag." Both the "cylindrical cotton sack" and vacuum-sealed sliced forms are widely available in the region. Loeffler's Gourmet sold a "Pork Roll Links" product under its Mercer Meats brand, which was in essence a hot dog made of pork roll. For some time, Taylor also made "Taystrips", which was the same kind of meat, but shaped into rectangular strips, similar to bacon or sizzlean.

Larry Olmsted of USA Today has described the taste of the meat as "a cross between Canadian bacon and bacon, less hammy and smoky than Canadian, fattier and saltier than bacon, with a unique texture, both crispy and slightly mushy." Bryson and Haynie wrote "Think Spam, but pork roll is leaner, has a hint of smoke, subtly different spices — and it doesn't have the goo or come in a can."

Preparation
Pork roll is prepared by slicing it, if it is not already sliced, and then frying, searing, or griddling the slices.

Slices of pork roll naturally curl up into a cup shape as they are heated. To make the slices lay flat, a single radial cut (Pac-Man style) or four inward cuts (fireman's badge style) are commonly made, leading to distinctive shapes once cooked.

Pork roll is typically eaten as part of a sandwich and frequently paired with egg and/or cheese. A popular breakfast sandwich in the region is the "Taylor ham, egg and cheese" a.k.a. "pork roll, egg and cheese" in which fried pork roll is joined with a fried (or scrambled) egg and American cheese and served on a hard roll, bagel, or English muffin.

It is also eaten in many other ways, such as Taylor ham burgers (pork roll with beef on a burger bun), Taylor ham pancakes, and local items such as the "Shamewich" sold by a retailer in Montclair which is a pork roll, egg, and cheese sandwich with the bread replaced by buttermilk pancakes.

Other recipes that it is incorporated into include the "Jersey Burger", a pork roll Monte Cristo, or a variation on deviled eggs.

Names of the product
Taylor originally called his product "Taylor's Prepared Ham", but was forced to change the name after it failed to meet the new legal definition of "ham" established by the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.

Marketed as both "Taylor's Pork Roll" and "Trenton Pork Roll", it saw competition from products with similar names like "Rolled Pork" and "Trenton style Pork Roll". Adolph Gobel, the "Sausage King" of Brooklyn, was sued by Taylor in 1910 for calling his competing product "Roll of Pork", but the court ruled that the words "Pork Roll" and "Roll of Pork" could not be trademarked.

New Jersey split over the name
Although it says "John Taylor's Pork Roll" on the wrapper of the product of the Taylor Provisions Company, a century later, many in North Jersey continue to use the term "Taylor ham". The debate over the name, which splits New Jersey along a line between the north and the south, is a perennial one in the state. It has become a shibboleth for identity within the state.

In the words of Lew Bryson and Mark Haynie, magazine editor and magazine writer, "The north calls it 'Taylor ham' and eats it with mustard; the south calls it 'pork roll' and eats it with ketchup." going on to observe for their home state that "[o]ver here in Philadelphia [...] it's pork roll; hey, Trenton's right across the river and that's what it says on the wrap!".

On May 15, 2016, President Barack Obama gave a commencement speech at Rutgers University's 250th graduation ceremony in which he referenced the "Taylor Ham vs. pork roll debate", saying, "I come here for a simple reason – to finally settle this pork roll vs. Taylor Ham question...I'm just kidding...There's not much I'm afraid to take on in my final year of office, but I know better than to get in the middle of that debate."

A 2014 survey of restaurant menus by documentary filmmaker Steve Chernoski found that the north–south dividing line was not quite as characterized, with restaurants in Monmouth County using the name "Taylor ham", which Chernoski hypothesized was the result of either northerners moving to beachfront properties, or restaurants catering to their tourist markets; a "Down the Shore Taylor Ham" product being sold south of Driscoll Bridge; and the main split being further south than Chernoski expected it to be, in Somerset and Middlesex Counties around the Raritan River.

Further confounding the debate is the fact that items sold in restaurants as "Taylor ham" are not necessarily the Taylor product, because it has suffered from a degree of genericization, and even in northern New Jersey are likely to be in fact a pork roll product of Case or another company. For example, any pork roll sandwich bought in any Wawa store is made from pork roll manufactured by Alderfer.

Producers
The main producers of pork roll in New Jersey are Taylor Provisions (USDA EST 256), branded as Taylor and Trenton, and Case Pork Roll (USDA EST 184), branded as Case's. Both these two have their headquarters in Trenton.

Other smaller producers include Spolem Provisions (USDA EST 5421) branded as Loeffler's Gourmet and Mercer Meats, Clemens Food Group (USDA EST 791) as Hatfield, Leidys (USDA EST 9520) as Leidy's and Alderfer, and Rob-Dave Distributors (USDA EST 2159) as Johnston.

Both Loeffler/Spoelm and Johnston House/Rob-Dave are produced in Hamilton Township, which borders Trenton. Loeffler Gourmet is a small business that got into selling pork roll in 2003, after its manager Robert Trofimowicz, a Polish immigrant, and his parents had been running a Polish delicatessen named Henry's Deli in Hamilton. Originally one of the delicatessen's suppliers, Trofimowicz bought the business and started marketing its pork roll. As of 2012, it was contracting with 300 of New Jersey's school districts for supply of pork roll. Johnston House Brand Pork Roll is produced from a family butcher's shop near Allentown, New Jersey, and is named for the avenue in Hamilton where the owners' family previously ran a butcher shop.

Clemens/Hatfield and Leidy/Alderfelder are based in nearby Pennsylvania, approximately 30 miles west of Trenton. Their products are named specifically a "Pork Roll Sausage", adding the word "sausage", because of food labeling laws.

There is an industry of delivering pork roll by mail order from New Jersey to the rest of the United States, as it is little known and otherwise not readily obtainable outside New Jersey and neighboring Pennsylvania, with companies ranging from "The Taylor Ham Man" through "Jersey Pork Roll" to "Case's Pork Roll Store". Conflating the names, the Jersey Pork Roll company sells a product named "Original Taylor Ham Pork Roll".

In popular culture
Many people from New Jersey have strong feelings for the product. It rivals their feelings about pizza or bagels, but unlike those foods, pork roll is a food that is highly specific to the state. When food writer Peter Genovese wrote an article entitled the 10 Most Overrated Things about New Jersey and put pork roll on the list, saying merely that it was overrated, he received a large amount of negative feedback from readers.

Festivals
There are three festivals of pork rolls in Trenton. The first of several Pork Roll Festivals was held on May 24, 2014. At the festival, held at Trenton Social bar and restaurant, hundreds of pounds of pork roll were served to over 4,000 visitors and a Miss Pork Roll Queen was crowned.

Pre-ordered supplies for sandwich making ran out partway through the event, and Tom Dolan, the president of Case Pork Roll, personally delivered a further 20 cases of pork roll to keep vendors supplied. The organizers had spent a total of $50 on advertising, the publicity being mainly through Facebook posts and word of mouth.

The following year, the organizers split up over a disagreement as to where the festival was to be held and whether Trenton Social was large enough to accommodate the expected visitor numbers, and held competing festivals. The renamed Trenton Pork Roll Festival remained at Trenton Social, whilst the originally named Pork Roll Festival was held in Mill Hill Park. Both rivals were still going in 2016.

The 7th annual Pork Roll festival was scheduled for 2020, but was delayed and ultimately cancelled due to the COVID pandemic.

A Vegan Pork Roll Festival was held in 2015, on the same day as the other two, in Gandhi Garden on Trenton's East Hanover Street.

State sandwich
Unofficially, many residents of New Jersey regard the "Taylor ham/pork roll, egg, and cheese" as the state sandwich.

On April 14, 2016, Assemblyman Tim Eustace introduced two bills in the New Jersey State Legislature seeking to make this official, designating it the New Jersey State Sandwich. One bill was for pork roll and one for Taylor Ham. Neither bill made it out of committee.

On May 25, 2023, New Jersey governor Phil Murphy declared the official sandwich of New Jersey to be the "Taylor Swift Ham, Egg, and Cheese" in honor of Taylor Swift's Eras Tour coming to East Rutherford's Metlife Stadium in the following weekend.

Others
The Trenton Thunder minor league baseball team hosted their inaugural "Trenton Thunder World Famous Case's Pork Roll Eating Championship" on September 26, 2015. Joey Chestnut won the contest by eating 32 pork roll sandwiches in 10 minutes. On Fridays in 2018, the team rebranded itself as "Thunder Pork Roll" with pork roll themed uniforms and merchandise.

The Jersey Shore BlueClaws minor league baseball team holds a Pork Roll, Egg, and Cheese Race at the end of the fourth inning of every home game.

Several songs by the band Ween contain references to pork roll, including "Frank" and "Pork Roll Egg and Cheese" from their 1991 album The Pod. The band is from nearby New Hope, Pennsylvania.

Episode 9 from Season 7 of the television program Bizarre Foods Delicious Destinations featured pork roll as a Jersey Shore specialty.

On October 28, 2020, Montana gubernatorial candidate Mike Cooney released a video of former New Jersey governor Chris Christie on the app Cameo. Christie, who had been tricked into recording the video by a Cooney aide, invoked "Taylor ham" in an attempt to lure Cooney's opponent, Greg Gianforte, back to New Jersey.

title: Pork roll


text:
Talk:Ring of Kerry

Numberous
In case anyone wonders, 'numberous' is a real word. --Brian Rock 03:50, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * But so is 'numerous' =) --Ricky81682 (talk) 06:55, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Trimmed spam external links.
I've taken out most of the external links.  There is no "official" Ring of Kerry website, the one that claimed to be is only a well-known internet travel company based near Killarney. The Kerry Way site belongs on that page. The photo gallery seems legit for the page. "My Ring of Kerry" is spam only, and added nothing to the article. The 2 remaining sites have some text of interest and have been left there.--Dmol (talk) 18:41, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ring of Kerry


text:
D12 World

D12 World is the second and final studio album by American hip-hop group D12, released on April 27, 2004. The album sold 544,000 copies in its first week on the U.S. Billboard 200. The album is also the last D12 release to feature Proof before his death in 2006, and the second D12 album to feature Bugz on a track.

Background
In memory of Bugz, who was killed prior to a concert on May 21, 1999, the group recorded the track "Good Die Young" in memory of him. The album also includes a skit entitled "Bugz '97", which is a 1997 recording of Bugz, originally taken from the song "Desperados". The group was often overshadowed by Eminem's massive success, and as such, the group toured without him for promotion of the album (but the album still reached the top of the US Billboard chart). At the time, Eminem was busy recording Encore. Although shadowed by Eminem's success, members Bizarre and Proof managed to prevail with mildly successful solo careers following D12 World, with the releases of Hannicap Circus and Searching for Jerry Garcia, respectively, in 2005. Before the album's release, "6 in the Morning" was featured on Eminem's 2003 mixtape Straight from the Lab and was entitled "Come On In". Group member Kuniva stated in a podcast that most of Denaun's verses were recorded in his home studio as opposed to with the rest of the group, due to frequent arguments with Proof.

Singles
The album produced two singles, My Band and How Come, which were released in March 2004 and June 2004, respectively.

Production
The album was executively produced by Eminem, who also handled most of the audio production for the album along with Denaun Porter, Dr. Dre, Essman, Hi-Tek, Kanye West, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo, Night & Day, Red Spyda, Trackboyz and Witt & Pep. Guest appearances on the album included Obie Trice, Dina Rae, Young Zee and B-Real.

Commercial performance
D12 World debuted at the top of the US, UK, Irish, Canadian, Australian and NZ albums charts. It debuted at number 2 in Germany and also in the top 5 in Switzerland and Norway. It debuted in the top 10 in Sweden, Denmark, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

It sold about 544,000 records in its first week of release in the United States alone. Debuting at number one on the Billboard 200, the album ended the first five-week run of singer Usher's best-selling album, Confessions. On the week of May 22, 2004, Usher's Confessions regained the Billboard 200's number-one spot, sending D12 World to number two. The album went on to have the best performing first-week sales for a hip hop release of that year until the release of Eminem's Encore that November. Ultimately the album was certified double platinum, having a twenty-eight week stay on the chart overall.

The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with approximately 76,666 copies sold during the first week of release. Ultimately the album was certified platinum; total sales of the album stand at 323,649 as of December 2017.

"My Band", the first single, was also successful, reaching number one in Australia and on the US Rhythmic Top 40, the Top 5 in the UK and Germany, and Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Critical reception
Upon release, D12 World received mixed reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 58, based on 13 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer.
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.
 * The skit "Bugz" is taken from the song "Desperados", performed by DJ Butter, Eminem, Proof, Bugz & the Almighty Dreadnaughtz.
 * The song "Just Like U" does not appear on the clean version of the album.
 * The song "Get My Gun" is an unlockable song in the 2006 open-world game Scarface: The World Is Yours.
 * The song "Barbershop" can be found on the Barbershop 2: Back in Business soundtrack.
 * The clean version of the album allows "ass" to be uncensored but few uses of the word "hell", some references to alcohol use, most references to drugs, sexual content, and violence are edited out, although all sound effects remain intact.
 * The song "6 In The Morning (Come On In)" was leaked in the bootleg mixtape Straight From The Lab

Sample credits
 * The song "Git Up" contains a sample from "The Name Game" by Shirley Ellis
 * The song "Just Like U" contains a sample from "Sir Galahad" by Rick Wakeman.
 * The song "U R the One" contains a sample from "Girl Callin'" by Chocolate Milk
 * The song "Good Die Young" contains a sample from "Screen Kiss" by Thomas Dolby
 * The song "Keep Talkin'" contains samples from "Tortuga" by Starwood and "Halftime" by Nas

Personnel

 * B-Real – Guest Appearance
 * Steve Baughman – Mixing
 * Rondell Beene – Skit
 * Bizarre – Skit
 * Joe Borges – Assistant
 * Bugz – Skit
 * Tony Campana – Engineer
 * Richard Castro – Skit
 * Larry Chatman – Project Coordinator
 * Mike "Chav" Chavarria – Engineer
 * D12 – Group
 * Dr. Dre – Producer, Mixing
 * Mike Elizondo – Keyboards
 * Eminem – Producer, Executive Producer, Mixing, Skit
 * Essman – Producer
 * 50 Cent – Skit
 * Brian "Big Bass" Gardener – Mastering
 * Marcus Heisser – A&R
 * Richard Hunt – Engineer
 * Steven King – Bass, Guitar, Engineer, Mixing, Skit
 * Kuniva – Skit
 * Marc Labelle – A&R
 * Tracy McNew – A&R
 * Riggs Morales – A&R
 * Night and Day – Producer
 * Red Spyda – Keyboards, Producer
 * Luis Resto – Keyboards, Producer
 * Michael Strange – Engineer
 * Obie Trice – Guest Appearance
 * Sacha Waldman – Photography
 * Young Zee – Skit
 * Kanye West – Producer
 * Paul Williams - Songwriter
 * J.R. Rotem - Keyboards, Songwriter

title: D12 World


text:
Trenton Thunder Ballpark

Trenton Thunder Ballpark, formerly known as Mercer County Waterfront Park and Arm & Hammer Park, is a ballpark in Trenton, New Jersey. It is the home park for the Trenton Thunder, a collegiate summer baseball team of the MLB Draft League. They were previously a Double-A level Minor League Baseball team of the Eastern League (1994–2020). For 2021, it served as temporary home of Triple-A East's Buffalo Bisons, as their regular stadium, Sahlen Field, was being used by the Toronto Blue Jays due to travel restrictions brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The official seating capacity is 6,440.

History
The park was built for the 1994 season, although it opened several weeks late due to a rough winter that hampered construction. The sod also was unable to take properly that season, and the field did not properly drain, leading to rainouts on evenings where the sun had been out since noon. The drainage problem was fixed in 1995.

The stadium's original name was "Mercer County Waterfront Park" when it opened in 1994. "Samuel J. Plumeri Sr. Field" was added to the original name in 1999 by Trenton Thunder owner, Joe Plumeri (Chairman and CEO of Willis Group Holdings). Samuel J. Plumeri Sr. was Joe Plumeri's father. In November 2012, the New Jersey-based Church and Dwight company / Arm & Hammer purchased the ballpark's naming rights. Following the 2020 season the sponsorship was discontinued as the professional minor league Thunder lost their affiliation as part of the 2021 reorganization of Minor League Baseball.

On July 8, 1996, the ballpark hosted the Double-A All-Star Game in which a team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars, 6–2, before 8,369 people in attendance.

In June 2014, the park hosted the first-ever, gold- and bronze-medal games in baseball for the Special Olympics USA National Games. In 2018, it hosted the Eastern League All-Star Game.

Attendance records
The ballpark set a record for game attendance on July 3, 2011, when the Thunder played the Altoona Curve. The game had the fortune of falling on the Independence Day holiday weekend, as well as featuring an injury rehabilitation appearance by Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees, the Thunder's major league affiliate at the time. The official attendance for the game was 9,212.

When Alex Rodriguez played two games on back-to-back nights in August 2013, the official attendance was reported at 8,080 and 8,113, respectively.

Features
While the outfield in left and center field is covered with advertising signs that obscure views of Route 29 and nearby houses, the right field fence was kept as a short structure so that fans could see the Delaware River and Pennsylvania beyond. The river is also an inviting target for left-handed sluggers, several of whom have deposited baseballs into the water. Similar to Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio and its river border with Kentucky, the ballpark also holds the possibility of having someone "hit one out of the state" since the middle of the Delaware River is the border with Pennsylvania.

On June 7, 1994, Tony Clark became the first player to hit a fair ball into the Delaware.

The stadium anchors an area of rejuvenation in Trenton that also includes office buildings, nightclubs, and the CURE Insurance Arena, several blocks away, for ice hockey, basketball and arena football.

title: Trenton Thunder Ballpark


text:
Bay at the Back of the Ocean

The Bay at the Back of the Ocean (Scottish Gaelic: Camas Cuil an t-Saimh) is a wide, west facing bay on the island of Iona, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, and is so named because the next westward stop is North America.

Behind the beach is the machair, a wide grassed area that houses communal sheep grazing for the island, and the local golf course. It is the half-way point of the most popular walk on the island.

title: Bay at the Back of the Ocean


text:
Hawaiian kinship

Hawaiian kinship, also referred to as the generational system, is a kinship terminology system used to define family within languages. Identified by Lewis H. Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Hawaiian system is one of the six major kinship systems (Inuit, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese).

Kinship system
Within common typologies, the Hawaiian system is the simplest classificatory system of kinship. Relatives are distinguished only by generation and by gender. There is a parental generation and a generation of children. In this system, a person (called Ego in anthropology) refers to all females of his parents' generation (mother, aunts, and the wives of men in this generation) as "Mother" and all of the males (father, uncles, and husbands of the women in this generation) as "Father". In the generation of children, all brothers and male cousins are referred to as "Brother", and all sisters and female cousins as "Sister".

In this way, a cross-cousin will be referred to as a "sibling". A correlation was found between the Hawaiian system and the prohibition of cross‐cousin marriage, as the incest taboo is reflected in the semantics.

Usage
The Hawaiian system is named for the pre-contact kinship system of Native Hawaiian people in the Hawaiian Islands. Today, the Hawaiian system is most common among Malayo-Polynesian-speaking cultures; the Hawaiian language itself is Malayo-Polynesian.

This system is usually associated with ambilineal descent groups, where economic production and child-rearing are shared between the genders. The Hawaiian system is found in approximately one-third of the world's societies, although usually small societies.

title: Hawaiian kinship


text:
GLX

GLX (initialism for "OpenGL Extension to the X Window System") is an extension to the X Window System core protocol providing an interface between OpenGL and the X Window System as well as extensions to OpenGL itself. It enables programs wishing to use OpenGL to do so within a window provided by the X Window System. GLX distinguishes two "states": indirect state and direct state.

History
Silicon Graphics developed GLX as part of their effort to support OpenGL in the X Window System. In 1999 SGI released GLX under an open-source license, letting it be incorporated in XFree86 source code version 4.0 in 2000. From there, the code was inherited by the forked X.Org Foundation version of the X Window System X11R6.7.0. On September 19, 2008, SGI created a new SGI FreeB License Version 2.0, which "now mirrors the free X11 license used by X.Org" and "meets the free and open source software community's widely accepted definition of 'free'". In 2009 the Free Software Foundation endorsed the SGI Free License B to be a free-software license, and GLX to be an important free-software graphics project. As of 2011, GLX has reached version 1.4.

The first internal implementation of GLX API, called GLcore, loaded a version of the software renderer of Mesa inside the X server and rendered the OpenGL commands in a window or pixmap. With the development of DRI, the ability to use hardware accelerated OpenGL through direct contexts was added (primarily used by videogames). In 2006, the popularization of the nested Xgl X server and Compiz compositing window manager lead to the development of Accelerated Indirect GLX (AIGLX). AIGLX brings hardware acceleration to the GLX (indirect context) applications by loading the Mesa DRI driver inside the X server. This method enables the sharing of GL objects between X clients using indirect contexts (they all are in the same address space in the X server) and also between a X client and the compositing window manager, thus accelerating composition. In 2008 the binding in GLcore to the Mesa software renderer was rewritten as a DRI interface module, called, improving the coupling of Mesa and the X server. Also in the year 2008 the new DRI2 was introduced to replace DRI, and with it a new model based in the Kernel mode-setting. In 2011, the Glamor project started, aiming to add a generic hardware-accelerated 2D X driver based in OpenGL. In 2013 Adam Jackson did a major rewrite of GLX code to consolidate the diverse paths from Glamor, indirect rendering, ... to one unique path to OpenGL's library libGL.

Features
GLX consists of three parts:
 * 1) An API that provides OpenGL functions to an X Window System application.
 * 2) An extension of the X protocol, which allows the client (the OpenGL application) to send 3D rendering commands to the X server (the software responsible for the display). The client and server software may run on different computers.
 * 3) An extension of the X server that receives the rendering commands from the client and passes them on to the installed OpenGL library

If client and server are running on the same computer and an accelerated 3D graphics card using a suitable driver is available, the former two components can be bypassed by DRI. In this case, the client application is then allowed to directly access the video hardware through several API layers.

Implementations

 * Mesa 3D – a free and open-source library which implements a couple of graphical APIs and also the available Free and open-source device drivers: graphics; for a last resort Mesa 3D also offers fallback software rendering.
 * The proprietary device drivers for graphics chips also include an implementation of GLX.

title: GLX


text:
Storm of the Century

Storm of the Century, alternatively known as Stephen King's Storm of the Century, is a 1999 American horror television miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R. Baxley. Unlike many other television adaptations of King's work, Storm of the Century was not based on a novel but was an original screenplay written by the author and directly produced for television. King described the screenplay as a "novel for television." The screenplay was published as a mass-market book in February 1999 prior to the TV broadcast of the mini-series.

King has called Storm of the Century his personal favorite of all the TV productions related to his works.

Plot
As the people of Little Tall Island, Maine prepare for a powerful blizzard in 1989, elderly resident Martha Clarendon is brutally murdered by a menacing stranger. Town manager Robbie Beals investigates, and the stranger terrifies him by relating shameful secrets from his past. Mike Anderson, a supermarket manager and part-time constable, arrests the stranger, who identifies himself as André Linoge. Linoge seems to know the names and morbid secrets of all the island's residents, and is particularly interested in Mike's son Ralphie, who has a birthmark on his nose. Yet he gives no hint of his own background, saying only, "Give me what I want, and I'll go away." While sitting in a jail cell, Linoge possesses the minds of several townspeople, causing suicides and a murder. He then escapes the jail in the form of a wizened old man and repeats his demand before disappearing into the storm.

The residents take shelter from the storm in the town hall. As they sleep, Linoge appears on the televisions as a televangelist and lectures them on the consequences of refusing to accommodate a stranger. The residents have the same dream in which authorities find the island deserted after the storm and the word "Croaton" carved on a tree. A news reporter connects the disappearance to the lost Roanoke colony. Meanwhile Mike dreams that the townspeople walk into the ocean and drown. The next day, Linoge causes three residents to vanish while everyone is watching the lighthouse collapse. Two die and the third, Angie Carver, is discovered alive but visibly aged. Ralphie goes missing and, when found in a closet, says that he was with Linoge. With each death and abduction, Linoge sends his demand again.

The town's children fall under a spell and go to sleep, dreaming that they are flying through the clouds with Linoge. That evening Mike finds Linoge inside the town hall holding a resident hostage. Amused by Mike's sympathy for the townspeople, Linoge says that they are all sinners and criminals who merely pretend to be decent. He tells Mike to arrange a town meeting at 9:00 that night and escapes again. When the meeting gathers, Linoge tells the residents that he has lived thousands of years and, having grown old, he wants a child whom he can raise to be a sorcerer like him. He cannot take a child by force, but the dream that the residents had will come true if they refuse. He leaves them to debate for half an hour. Mike urges the people to stand up to Linoge and is horrified when all of them, even his wife Molly, decide to give in. Linoge returns and presides over a lottery in which Ralphie is chosen. Taking his natural elderly form once more, Linoge contemptuously thanks the residents and warns them never to speak about what has happened. He then walks out of the town hall with Ralphie in his arms and flies into the night sky. Mike rushes outside and falls to his knees in the snow, ignoring the people who sacrificed his child for their own sakes.

In an epilogue, Mike divorces Molly, leaves Little Tall and severs ties with the people he once swore to protect and those he once called friends; he moves to California and becomes a U.S. Marshal in San Francisco. Having lost the last thing she ever loved, a thoroughly depressed Molly eventually gets remarried to Alton "Hatch" Hatcher, Mike's deputy constable whose wife died a year and a half after the Storm of the Century. After unsuccessfully attempting to convince Mike to stay in Little Tall, several other residents succumb to their guilt and commit suicide (including Robbie Beals' wife Sandra and Angie's husband Jack) over the course of nine years. Years later, Linoge and Ralphie walk past Mike in Chinatown, Ralphie having become corrupted and evil. Mike considers telling Molly what he saw, but ultimately decides it's better to stay quiet and move on.

Production
The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television. The screenplay was published as a mass-market book by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC. The book included photographs of the TV mini-series. The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996. Beginning to write it in December 1996, he initially debated if the story should be either a novel or a screenplay. He described the result as a "novel for television." A hardcover edition, written as a screenplay rather than "prose", was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club.

Storm of the Century was filmed in Southwest Harbor, Maine and Toronto in 1998.

Release and reception
Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14–18, 1999. It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.33/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Chilling performances and an even darker moral dilemma shelter Storm of the Century 's somewhat long-winded tale from ever being anything less than watchable."

Director Mike Flanagan has cited Storm of the Century as a major influence on his 2021 Netflix miniseries Midnight Mass.

U.S. Television Ratings:

title: Storm of the Century


text:
Town Clock (Dubuque)

The Town Clock is a large clock that stands in downtown Dubuque, Iowa. The clock has stood over the city for over 140 years. The present clock is the second "Town Clock"; the first collapsed in the 1870s, killing three people. The building on which it originally stood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, but the clock tower itself is not.

The First Town Clock
Dr. Asa Horr began the fundraising effort to build a town clock in Dubuque, Iowa in 1864. The clock was built by New York City's Naylor & Co. and its frame was designed by architect William Longhurst. George D. Wood gave a ten-year lease to the city for the clock to be placed on the John Bell and Company Store building which they owned. The building had originally housed a Congregational church and then "The Odeon", a German theater. That was followed by the post office, and then a concert hall before it became the home of the John Bell Company. This first clock was placed on a tower of the building at a cost of $3,000. All men who had pledged at least $25 formed the Dubuque Town Clock Company to oversee its maintenance.

On May 25, 1872, several people noticed cracks forming in the walls of the store building. Workers attempted to clear the location where they expected the clock to fall. At 5:16 PM, both the clock and the John Bell store collapsed, killing a child and two women who were inside the store at the time. An investigation into the matter reported that the foundation of the Bell Store was not sufficient to handle the clock's weight. It was also reported that construction next door was the primary cause of the accident. Losses from the disaster were estimated to be between $15,000 and $20,000.

Town Clock Building
Dubuque residents soon decided to replace the collapsed Town Clock. George Wood, who had owned the collapsed building, wanted the new town clock on his property, but John Bell was not interested in being a part of the project. Wood decided to build the new building on his own, while the tower was paid for through subscriptions. He cleared the remainder of the collapsed building and the neighboring Dr. Lay residence. A partnership between architects Fridolin Heer, Sr. and Edward Naescher designed the new building, as well as plans for a new three-story tower. A three-story brick Italianate building was designed to support the tower, which rose 58 ft above the building.

The city paid the $5,309.46 cost for the new clock, which began operating on April 17, 1873. The bell, which weighs over 4200 lb, was cast by Naylor & Co. and the clock was built by Boston firm Howard & Co. Time was recorded via a subterranean transit instrument which was used to observe the passage of stars. This provided accurate time readings to within half of a second and was always kept accurate within two seconds.

For a number of years, the clock had a mechanical movement. Two employees spent an hour and a half winding cranks that were attached to the weights, which would allow the clock to operate for one week. In 1923, the Town Clock was almost dismantled when the financial cost of repairs led the city council to decide to remove the clock. However, the council changed their minds when a poll found that a majority of citizens favored keeping and maintaining it. In 1927, the clock was electrified by Interstate Power Company when a new Seth Thomas movement was placed in the clock. Western Union then synchronized the clock.

Urban Renewal
With the urban renewal trend in the 1970s, the "Your Town Clock Committee" was organized. Their goal was to have the clock moved from its location at 825 Main Street to the new Town Clock Plaza, which the city council approved. The cost for the move was $70,000, which was raised through donations raised over a 14-month period.

The Durrant Architecture firm of Dubuque designed a pre-caast four-column pedestal that was then placed in the plaza. The actual tower was brought to the site on Feb 12, 1971, and bolted to the pedestal. The faces of the clock were placed at the new location on Feb 16, 1971. Afterwards the cupola was placed at the new site, which completed the move. After the reassembly was complete, the clock stood about 108 feet above the street, which was about two feet taller than at its previous location.

The move helped increase the visibility of the Town Clock, where it now served as the centerpiece at special events held at Town Clock Plaza. Otherwise, most of the traffic had moved out to the west end of the city. Main street had become an office park. In 1989, concerns were voiced about vibrations made by loud music and dancers possibly causing damage to the pedestal or the clock. The city studied the problem and stated its confidence that the Town Clock was structurally sound.

Recent events
In recent years, Main Street from Fifth street to Ninth street was reopened to automobile traffic after it was determined that the pedestrian plaza no longer was an effective option for the downtown area. This would have left the Town Clock standing in the middle of Main Street, but a small traffic circle was built around the clock. The clock continues to stand as a distinctive Dubuque landmark. Due to the cold it was frozen at 7:33, however it has been operational year round for several years.

title: Town Clock (Dubuque)


text:
Talk:Crawdaddy

 * I have never heard of this game, and it should be considered for deletion.--172.143.90.203 04:11, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If you feel that way, you should list it on Votes for deletion and see what the public opinion is, rather than just blanking it. I have restored it, with a link to Crawfish at the top. --Stormie 05:07, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * WTF don't get so deletion happy just because you have never heard of it, it is obviously a made up game as is all games and should be given a chance--StevenSaladshooter 21:03, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crawdaddy


text:
Tidal island

A tidal island is a raised area of land within a waterbody, which is connected to the larger mainland by a natural isthmus or man-made causeway that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide, causing the land to switch between being a promontory/peninsula and an island depending on tidal conditions.

Because of the mystique surrounding tidal islands, many of them have been sites of religious worship, such as Mont-Saint-Michel with its Benedictine abbey. Tidal islands are also commonly the sites of fortresses because of the natural barrier created by the tidal channel.

Hong Kong

 * Ma Shi Chau in Tai Po District, northeastern New Territories, within the Tolo Harbour
 * Kiu Tau Island in Sai Kung

Iran

 * Naaz islands in the Persian Gulf, southern seashore of Qeshm island

Japan

 * Enoshima, in Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture

Taiwan

 * Kueibishan in Penghu
 * Jiangong Islet in Kinmen

South Korea

 * Jindo Island and Modo Island in southwest South Korea
 * Jebudo in the west

Denmark

 * Mandø Island – on Denmark's western coast
 * Knudshoved Island – north of Vordingborg on southern Zealand, Denmark

Denmark/Germany

 * The Halligen in the North Frisian Islands, Denmark/Germany

France

 * Île Aganton in Brittany
 * Île Madame in Charente-Maritime
 * Île de Noirmoutier in Vendée
 * Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy
 * Tombelaine in Normandy
 * Grand Bé, Petit Bé and Fort National in Saint-Malo

Germany

 * The Neuwerk in the Wadden Sea

Guernsey

 * Lihou in Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands

Iceland
Grótta in Seltjarnarnes, the Capital Region

Ireland

 * Coney Island near Rosses Point, County Sligo
 * Omey Island in Connemara, County Galway
 * Inishkeel, County Donegal

Italy

 * Isola Grande, Sicily

Jersey

 * Elizabeth Castle in Jersey, a castle off the south coast accessible on foot at low tide
 * Saint Aubin's Fort
 * La Corbière Lighthouse
 * La Motte, Jersey, alias Green Island
 * L'Avarison, which hosts Seymour Tower
 * Archirondel Tower, now connected via permanent causeway
 * Icho Tower
 * Portelet Tower

Spain

 * Cortegada Island in Pontevedra coast, Galicia.
 * San Nikolas Island in Lekeitio, Bizkaia

England

 * Asparagus Island, Mount's Bay, Cornwall
 * Burgh Island, Devon
 * Burrow Island, Portsmouth Harbour
 * Chapel Island, Cumbria
 * Chiswick Eyot in the River Thames in London
 * Gugh in the Isles of Scilly (joined to St Agnes at low tide)
 * Hilbre Island, Middle Eye and Little Eye in the River Dee estuary, between North Wales and the English Wirral, but administratively in England.
 * Horsey Island, Essex
 * Lindisfarne, Northumberland, also known as Holy Island
 * Mersea Island, Essex (accessible to road traffic via the Strood)
 * Northey Island, Essex
 * Osea Island, Essex
 * Piel Island, Cumbria
 * Scolt Head Island, Norfolk
 * Sheep Island, Cumbria (joined at low tide to Piel Island and to Walney Island)
 * St Mary's Island, North Tyneside
 * St Michael's Mount, Cornwall
 * White Island, Isles of Scilly and St Martin's, Isles of Scilly

Northern Ireland

 * Nendrum Monastery on Mahee Island, Strangford Lough
 * Guns Island, near Ballyhornan
 * Isle of Muck, Portmuck

Scotland

 * Baleshare in the Outer Hebrides, joined to North Uist
 * Bernera Island, joined to Lismore
 * Brough of Birsay in Orkney, joined to Orkney Mainland
 * Castle Stalker on Loch Laich in Argyll
 * Cramond Island in the Firth of Forth
 * Island Davaar near Campbeltown, off the Kintyre peninsula
 * Eilean Donan in the western Highlands of Scotland
 * Eilean Fladday and Eilean Tigh off the Isle of Raasay
 * Eilean Shona in Loch Moidart, Lochaber, Highland
 * Eilean Tioram, in Loch Moidart
 * Erraid off the Isle of Mull
 * Hestan Island near Rough Island in Auchencairn Bay
 * Islands of Fleet: Ardwall Isle and Barlocco Isle in Galloway
 * Isle Ristol, the innermost of the Summer Isles
 * Kili Holm in Orkney, joined to Egilsay
 * Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides, joined to Colonsay
 * Oronsay in Loch Bracadale, joined to Skye
 * Orosay in the Outer Hebrides, joined to Barra
 * Rough Island opposite Rockcliffe, Dumfries & Galloway
 * Vallay (Bhàlaigh), joined to North Uist in the Outer Hebrides

Wales

 * Burry Holms off the Gower
 * Cribinau off Anglesey
 * Gateholm off the south west coast of Pembrokeshire
 * Ynys Llanddwyn off Anglesey
 * Mumbles Lighthouse located in Mumbles, near Swansea
 * St Catherine's Island in Pembrokeshire
 * Sully Island in the Vale of Glamorgan
 * Worm's Head at the end of the Gower
 * Ynys Cantwr off Ramsey Island, Pembrokeshire
 * Ynys Feurig off Anglesey
 * Ynys Gifftan in Gwynedd
 * Ynys Gwelltog off Ramsey Island, Pembrokeshire
 * Ynys Lochtyn on the coast of Cardigan Bay

43 (unbridged) tidal islands can be walked to from the UK mainland.

Canada

 * Finisterre Island off of Bowen Island, British Columbia, Canada
 * Francis Peninsula off of Sunshine Coast (British Columbia), British Columbia, Canada
 * Micou's Island in St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Minister's Island in New Brunswick, Canada
 * Ross Island and Cheney Island in Grand Manan, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Wedge Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Whyte Islet in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Bird Islet in Neck Point Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada

United States

 * Bar Island in Maine
 * Battery Point Light in California
 * Bumpkin Island in Massachusetts
 * Camano Island in Puget Sound of Washington state, since earth filled
 * Charles Island, in Connecticut
 * Douglas Island in Alaska
 * High Island, New York
 * Long Point Island, Harpswell, Maine
 * Tskawahyah Island of Cape Alava, Washington

Australia

 * The Point Walter Sandbar in Perth, Western Australia has slowly formed into a tidal island and is only connected to the mainland in extreme low tides.
 * Penguin Island (Western Australia) in the Shoalwater Islands Marine Park
 * Former tidal island Bennelong Island in Sydney, Australia was developed into Bennelong Point and is now the location of the Sydney Opera House.

New Zealand

 * Matakana Island in Tauranga Harbour
 * Opahekeheke Island in the Kaipara Harbour
 * Puddingstone Island in Otago Harbour
 * Rabbit Island, Bells Island, and Bests Island in Tasman Bay
 * The Hauraki Gulf islands of Motutapu Island and Rangitoto Island are connected at low tide
 * The Okatakata Islands in Rangaunu Harbour

title: Tidal island


text:
Suzy Rice

Susan "Suzy" Elizabeth Rice is a screenwriter, author of fiction, painter and designer. Rice is noted as the designer of the logo for the series of Star Wars films, as well as many other film logo designs for print advertising and some filmed applications.

Life
Rice was educated at Western Illinois University, the University of Florida and the University of California, Irvine.

Whilst studying at Florida, Rice married the screenwriter and novelist Daniel H. Vining. She and Vining divorced, and she later married the designer and Rolling Stone art director Anthony S. "Tony" Lane and worked under the name of Suzy Rice-Lane.

Rice lived and worked in Maui, Hawaii, for eight years where she worked as a painter before returning to California.

Work

Early in her career, Rice designed Dancing Madness (1976), a book written by Abe Peck, who was at the time an associate editor at Rolling Stone magazine. This led Rice to work as assistant art director and designer for the magazine under her then-married name of Suzy Vining.

At the age of 22, she took up the position of art director at the Los Angeles advertising agency Seiniger Advertising. In late 1976, the agency was approached by the film distributor Twentieth Century Fox which needed to promote a new epic space opera, Star Wars, in post-production at the time. Fox commissioned a brochure which they would send out to cinema theater owners, and Rice was given the job of designing it.

Rice liaised with Lucasfilm, Ltd. and on a visit to their visual effects production company, Industrial Light & Magic in Van Nuys, she met with the director, George Lucas. Lucas instructed Rice to produce a logo that would intimidate the viewer, and he reportedly asked for the logo to appear "very fascist" in style. Rice took a keen interest in typography and studied German font design for this task. Her response to her brief was to produce a bold logotype using an outlined, modified Helvetica Black. After some feedback from Lucas, Rice decided to join the S and T of STAR and the R and S of WARS. In the version approved by Lucas, the letter W had sharp, pointed tips. Lucas signed off the brochure in between takes while involved in second unit filming.

The logo designed by Rice was not the original logo; Dan Perri, a seasoned Hollywood title sequence designer who developed the film's now-famous opening crawl, had produced an earlier logotype consisting of block-capital letters filled with stars and skewed towards a vanishing point. Perri's logo design was originally conceived to follow the same perspective as the opening crawl, and while it did not appear on-screen, it was used widely on pre-release print advertising and on cinema marquees. The producer of Star Wars, Gary Kurtz, was impressed with Rice's logo and selected it over Perri's design for the film's opening titles, after modifying the letter W to flatten the pointed tips originally designed by Rice. This finalised the design of one of the most recognisable logos in cinema design, although Rice's contribution was not credited in the film.

Rice designed a poster in 1978 advertising a series of concerts of the Star Wars symphonic suite by John Williams. It features Rice's logo and an illustration by John Alvin of C-3PO and R2-D2 carrying one-man band kits of musical instruments.

While employed at Seiniger Advertising, Rice was responsible for title design work and print advertising campaigns for a number of other films. She also designed a number of record album covers and various logos, posters and print advertising for the entertainment and healthcare industries. Years after her work for Seiniger Advertising and Lucasfilm, Rice returned to full-time education at the University of California, Irvine.

title: Suzy Rice


text:
User:Howay

A Java programmer.

title: User:Howay


text:
Lobengula

Lobengula Khumalo (c. 1835 – c. 1894) was the second and last official king of the Northern Ndebele people (historically called Matabele in English). Both names in the Ndebele language mean "the men of the long shields", a reference to the Ndebele warriors' use of the Nguni shield.

Background
The Matabele were descendants of a faction of the Zulu people who fled north during the reign of Shaka following the mfecane ("the crushing") or difaqane ("the scattering"). Shaka's general, Mzilikazi led his followers away from Zulu territory after a falling-out. In the late 1830s, they settled in what is now called Matabeleland in western Zimbabwe, but they claimed sovereignty over a much wider area.

Members of the tribe had a privileged position against outsiders whose lives were subject to the will of the king. In return for their privileges, however, the Ndebele people both men and women had to submit to a strict discipline and status within the hierarchy. That set out their duties and responsibilities to the rest of society. Infringements of any social responsibility were punished with death, subject to the king's seldom-awarded reprieve. This tight discipline and loyalty were the secret of the Ndebele's success in dominating their neighbours.

Birthright
After the death of Mzilikazi, the first king of the Ndebele nation, in 1868, the izinduna, or chiefs, offered the crown to Lobengula, one of Mzilikazi's sons from an inferior wife. Several impis (regiments) led by Chief Mbiko Masuku disputed Lobengula's ascent, and the question was ultimately decided by the arbitration of the assegai, with Lobengula and his impis crushing the rebels. Lobengula's courage in the battle led to his unanimous selection as king.

Coronation
The coronation of Lobengula took place at Mhlahlandlela, one of the principal military towns. The Ndebele nation assembled in the form of a large semicircle, performed a war dance, and declared their willingness to fight and die for Lobengula. A great number of cattle were slaughtered, and the choicest meats were offered to Mlimo, the Ndebele spiritual leader, and to the dead Mzilikazi. Great quantities of millet beer were also consumed.

About 10,000 Matabele warriors in full war costume attended the crowning of Lobengula. Their costumes consisted of a headdress and short cape made of black ostrich feathers, a kilt made of leopard or other skins and ornamented with the tails of white cattle. Around their arms they wore similar tails and around their ankles they wore rings of brass and other metals. Their weapons consisted of one or more long spears for throwing and a short stabbing-spear or assegai (also the principal weapon of the Zulu people). For defence, they carried large oval shields of ox-hide, either black, white, red, or speckled according to the impi (regiment) they belonged to.

The Ndebele maintained their position due to the greater size and tight discipline in the army, to which every able-bodied man in the tribe owed service. "The Ndebele army, consisting of 15,000 men in 40 regiments [was] based around Lobengula's capital of Bulawayo."

Rule
In 1870 King Lobengula granted Sir John Swinburne's London and Limpopo Mining Company the right to search for gold and other minerals on a tract of land in the extreme southwest of Matabeleland along the Tati River between the Shashe and Ramaquabane rivers, in what became known as the Tati Concession. However, it was not until about 1890 that any significant mining in the area commenced.

Lobengula had been tolerant of the white hunters who came to Matabeleland; he would even go so far as to punish those of his tribe who threatened the whites. However, when a British team (Francis Thompson, Charles Rudd and Rochfort Maguire) came in 1888 to try to persuade him to grant them the right to dig for minerals in additional parts of his territory, he was wary about entering into negotiations. Lobengula gave his agreement only when his friend, Leander Starr Jameson, a qualified medical doctor who had once treated Lobengula for gout, proposed to secure money and weaponry for the Matabele in addition to a pledge that any people who came to dig would be considered as living in his kingdom. As part of this agreement, and at the insistence of the British, neither the Boers nor the Portuguese would be permitted to settle or gain concessions in Matabeleland. Although, Lobengula was illiterate and was not aware of how damaging this contract was to his country, only found out the real terms of the contract he signed as his subjects found out. After going to friendly English missionaries to confirm this rumor, Lobengula sent two emissaries to the British queen,Victoria, but this proved futile. They were delayed by Alfred Beit's associates at the port. As a last resort, Lobengula formally protested the contract to the queen on 23 April 1889. As a response from the queen's advisor, Lobengula was told it was "impossible for them to exclude white men". Lobengula informed Queen Victoria he and his Indunas would recognize the contract as they believe he was tricked. The 25-year Rudd Concession was signed by Lobengula on 30 October 1888.

Matabele War
The First Matabele War began in October 1893, and the British South Africa Company's overwhelming military force led to devastating losses for the Ndebele warriors, notably at the Battle of the Shangani. As early as December 1893, it was reported that Lobengula had been very sick, but his death sometime in early 1894 was kept a secret for many months, and the cause of his death remains uncertain.

By October 1897, the white colonists had successfully settled in much of the territory known later as Rhodesia.

Personal life
He had well over 20 wives, possibly many more; among them were Xwalile, daughter of king Mzila of the Gaza Empire, and Lozikeyi.

title: Lobengula