text:
User talk:Pm215

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

Manual Transmission edit.
Thanks for taking out that text that was both in Advantages and Disadvantages. I dug back in the history and found that the goofy duplication was produced by 69.18.0.32. --KazKylheku 17:03, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pm215


text: User talk:129.132.210.126

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:129.132.210.126


text:
Roller Hockey International

Roller Hockey International was a professional inline hockey league that operated in North America from 1993 to 1999. It was the first major professional league for inline hockey.

History
League president Dennis Murphy had been involved in the establishment of the American Basketball Association, World Hockey Association and World TeamTennis. RHI hoped to capitalize on the inline skating boom of the early 1990s. Key parts of its success were its stance on no guaranteed contracts, instead teams would all split prize money.

Teams were generally made up of minor league ice hockey players playing on inline skates during the summer months between ice seasons.

Murphy saw big potential for the sport and believed that inline hockey could become the number one hockey sport in the US. The league had plans to expand to up to 24 teams, including some from Europe, by 1997. However, RHI became known for its unstable franchises, instability in the league's front office itself, little media coverage and many teams struggling to attract crowds - while the Anaheim Bullfrogs led in attendance with an average of 9,800 per game, seven teams attracted less than 4,000 per game on average, while the whole league's attendance averaged around 5,000 by 1996.

Ultimately, after five seasons of play and a fading in the inline skating boom, RHI folded in 1998 with two of its franchises joining Major League Roller Hockey: the Buffalo Wings and its premier club, the Anaheim Bullfrogs. RHI was revived in 1999, with a 10-team roster that included five holdovers that had played in RHI in 1997: the Anaheim Bullfrogs, Buffalo Wings, Minnesota Blue Ox, San Jose Rhinos and St. Louis Vipers.

The league cancelled the 2000 season and the league finally ceased operations in 2001 when their sites were limited to arenas in California.

The St. Louis Vipers were resurrected in 2020 as an expansion team of the National Roller Hockey League.

Rules
The rules in the RHI were similar to but not identical to those of ice hockey. Besides the obvious difference of playing on a floor instead of ice, the RHI had four players and a goalie at a time on the playing surface opposed to ice hockey's five and a goalie. Minor penalties were only a minute and a half as opposed to two minutes and major penalties were four minutes instead of five.

There were no blue lines and therefore no offside; however, there was still illegal clearing (icing) and a different version of offside—a player could skate over the red line before the puck; however, the player couldn't receive a pass over the line. The puck itself was lighter, at 3$1/2$ oz. and made of red plastic as opposed to a 5$1/2$ oz. black rubber ice hockey puck. There were four 12-minute quarters opposed to the NHL's three 20-minute periods. A tied score at the end of regulation time in the regular season would go straight to a shootout instead of overtime.

The playoffs followed a best-of-three series format; however, the third game was not a full 48 minute game. Instead it was just a regular 12-minute quarter called "the mini game". If the teams were tied at the end of the quarter a sudden-death overtime period would follow.

Teams
Note: RHI 1993-97, revived RHI 1999

 * Anaheim Bullfrogs (1993–1997; 1999)
 * Calgary Rad'z (1993–1994)
 * Connecticut Coasters (1993) / Sacramento River Rats (1994–1997)
 * Florida Hammerheads (1993–1994)
 * Los Angeles Blades (1993–1997; 1999)
 * Oakland Skates (1993–1996)
 * Portland Rage (1993–1994)
 * San Diego Barracudas (1993–1996) / Ontario Barracudas (1998–99)
 * St. Louis Vipers (1993–1997; 1999)
 * Toronto Planets (1993)
 * Utah Rollerbees (1993) / Las Vegas Flash (1994)
 * Vancouver Voodoo (1993–1996)
 * Atlanta Fire Ants (1994) / Oklahoma Coyotes (1995–1996) / Las Vegas Coyotes (1999)
 * Buffalo Stampede (1994–1995)
 * Chicago Cheetahs (1994–1995)
 * Edmonton Sled Dogs (1994) / Orlando Rollergators (1995, renamed Orlando Jackals 1996–1997)
 * Minnesota Arctic Blast (1994; 1996)
 * Montreal Roadrunners (1994–1997)
 * New England Stingers (1994) / Ottawa Loggers (1995–1996, renamed Ottawa Wheels in 1997)
 * New Jersey Rockin' Rollers (1994–1997)
 * Philadelphia Bulldogs (1994–1996)
 * Phoenix Cobras (1994–1995) / Empire State Cobras (1996) / Buffalo Wings (1997; 1999)
 * Pittsburgh Phantoms (1994)
 * San Jose Rhinos (1994–1997; 1999)
 * Tampa Bay Tritons (1994)
 * Minnesota Blue Ox (1995; 1999)
 * Detroit Motor City Mustangs (1995)
 * Denver Daredevils (1996–1997)
 * Long Island Jawz (1996–1997)
 * Chicago Bluesmen (1999)
 * Dallas Stallions (1999)

Conferences
The Eastern Conference and Western Conference were created when RHI doubled in size to 24 teams in 1994 after its first series of expansion and realigned its teams into two conferences and four divisions. Prior to the 1994 realignment, Roller Hockey International divided its teams into only three divisions and no conferences.

From 1994 through 1996, the Eastern Conference was divided into the Atlantic Division and the Central Division, which were both successors to the Murphy Division. Starting in 1997, the conferences had no divisions.

From 1994 through 1996, the Western Conference comprised teams divided into two divisions: Northwest Division and Pacific Division. Starting in 1997 the conferences had no divisions.

Eastern Conference champions

 * 1994 - Buffalo Stampede (won Cup)
 * 1995 - Montreal Roadrunners
 * 1996 - Orlando Jackals (won Cup)
 * 1997 - New Jersey Rockin' Rollers
 * 1998 - No Season
 * 1999 - St. Louis Vipers (won Cup)

Western Conference champions

 * 1994 - Portland Rage
 * 1995 - San Jose Rhinos (won Cup)
 * 1996 - Anaheim Bullfrogs
 * 1997 - Anaheim Bullfrogs (won Cup)
 * 1998 - No Season
 * 1999 - Anaheim Bullfrogs

Murphy Cup championship winners

 * 1993 - Anaheim Bullfrogs def. Oakland Skates
 * 1994 - Buffalo Stampede def. Portland Rage
 * 1995 - San Jose Rhinos def. Montreal Roadrunners
 * 1996 - Orlando Jackals def. Anaheim Bullfrogs
 * 1997 - Anaheim Bullfrogs def. New Jersey Rockin' Rollers
 * 1998 - No season (MLRH Champion: Anaheim Bullfrogs)
 * 1999 - St. Louis Vipers def. Anaheim Bullfrogs

Licensing
The league inspired at least one video game, Super Nintendo's RHI Roller Hockey '95, although the game was never released.

There was also a call-in style stats, scores and interview hotline where fans could call in following games. The phone number was 1-800-741-4RHI. This line was updated nightly following each game.

Media coverage
In the 1994 and '95 seasons, there was a regular schedule of games on ESPN2. Craig Minervini was the lead play-by-play man for ESPN2 coverage and also hosted the recap show RHI Rewind on the network.

In addition, several teams had their own radio or TV contracts. For example, a number of Blades home games were seen on Prime Sports and the Bullfrogs had radio broadcasts from 1994 to '96.

NHL alumni

 * Ralph Barahona
 * Daniel Berthiaume
 * Francis Bouillon
 * Darren Banks
 * Frank Caprice
 * Jose Charbonneau
 * Ross Earl
 * Nick Fotiu
 * Victor Gerves
 * Stefan Grogg NLA and (National Team, Switzerland)
 * Radek Hamr
 * Mike Kennedy
 * Sasha Lakovic
 * Darren Langdon
 * Manny Legace
 * Alain Lemieux
 * Glen Metropolit
 * Tyler Moss
 * Steve Poapst
 * Walt Poddubny
 * Al Secord
 * Paul Skidmore
 * Peter Skudra
 * Bryan Trottier
 * Perry Turnbull
 * Dave "Tiger" Williams
 * Rick Wilson
 * Bob Woods
 * Harry York

title: Roller Hockey International


text:
Pep Boys

Pep Boys is an American automotive aftermarket service chain. Originally named Pep Auto Supply, the company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1921 by Emanuel "Manny" Rosenfeld, Maurice "Moe" Strauss, W. Graham "Jack" Jackson, and Moe Radavitz. Pep Boys is headquartered in the Philadelphia suburb of Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

The company provides name-brand tires, automotive maintenance and repair, and fleet maintenance and repair to customers across the United States. As of 2016, the company operated more than 9,000 service bays in 35 states and Puerto Rico and the Pep Boys Mobile Crew service trailer, which offers automotive maintenance on location.

Early history
The original "Pep Boys" were Emmanuel "Manny" Rosenfeld, Maurice "Moe" Strauss, Graham "Jack" Jackson, and Moe Radavitz, four friends who, in August 1921, chipped in $200 apiece to open a single auto parts store. They dubbed it Pep Auto Supply Company after noticing a shipment of Pep Valve grinding compound on the shelves.

The name of the company emerged in pieces. "The Pep Boys" came from a policeman who worked near the store: Every time the officer stopped a car for driving without lights during nighttime hours, he would tell the driver, "Go see the boys at Pep" for a replacement oil wick, which was what was used as automotive headlights before the switch to electrical headlamps.

A few years later, while on a trip to California, Moe Strauss noticed that many successful West Coast businesses used their owners' first names. One he particularly liked was a dress shop called "Minnie, Maude and Mabel's". As soon as Strauss returned to Philadelphia, the company's name was officially changed to "The Pep Boys – Manny, Moe & Jack". Radavitz had cashed out the previous year and was no longer a partner.

Shortly after, the partners commissioned the Manny, Moe and Jack caricatures that still serve as the company's logo. When Jackson left in 1927, his caricature was replaced with that of Moe's brother, Isadore (Izzy) Strauss. In 1929, Izzy Strauss left to form his own auto supply business in Brooklyn, Strauss Stores, which later merged with Roth & Schlenger Home and Auto to form R&S Strauss, the predecessor of Strauss Discount Auto, later known as Strauss Auto, which closed its doors on June 4, 2012. The company name's reference to "Jack" remained unchanged. No further changes were made to the logo until 1990, when Manny's cigar was removed.

The Great Depression struck in 1929, but Manny and Moe had not incurred business debts other than reasonable mortgages on store properties. Pep Boys was thereby insulated from the severe downturn that destroyed so many other businesses. Although unemployment rates reached 40 percent in some areas, Manny and Moe did not lay off employees or cut salaries during the Depression. In 1933, Manny's brother, Murray Rosenfeld, opened the first West Coast Pep Boys store as part of a separate company named The Pep Boys - Manny, Moe & Jack of California and managed the Western operations. Within three years, Pep Boys of California had opened 11 stores.

In 1945, Pep Boys went public, and Manny Rosenfeld became the company's first corporate president, a position he held until his death in 1959. Shortly after Manny's death, Moe Strauss took over and served as president from 1960 to 1966 and remained chairman of the board of directors until his death in 1982. In 1986, Mitch Leibovitz became the first non-founding family member to be named company president. Manny's grandson, Stuart Rosenfeld, Pep Boys' vice president of distribution, is the only founding family member currently in company management. The Strauss and Rosenfeld families continued to control approximately one-fifth of the company's stock until the early 1990s.

By 1969, the number of Pep Boys stores grew to 1249 Service bays and service managers were added to each store. In the 1970s, all stores had self-serviced merchandising and a computerized inventory system was in use.

In the 1980s, came aggressive growth. Pep Boys moved to the New York Stock Exchange and enjoyed rapid expansion with the introduction of the "supercenter." The store count grew to more than 7009 and the company had more than 3,000 service bays. It generated more than $2 billion in annual sales.

In the 1990s, growth continued with the opening of stores in Puerto Rico.

2000-present
In January 2003, Mitch Leibovitz announced his retirement. Larry Stevenson, from the Canadian book retailer Chapters, was named CEO later that year and served until pressured by the company's two largest shareholders to resign in July 2006. In March 2007, Jeffrey C. Rachor was named CEO.

The following year, Pep Boys Chief Operating Officer Michael "Mike" R. Odell became Interim CEO with the resignation of Jeff Rachor. In September 2008, Odell was named CEO.

In October 2009, Pep Boys acquired tire retailer Florida Tire. The acquisition gave Pep Boys ten service and tire centers in the Orlando market.

In March 2011, Pep Boys acquired seven stores from tire retailer Big O Tires. The acquisition gave Pep Boys service and tire centers in Washington state, in the Pacific Northwest. In May 2011, Pep Boys acquired tire retailer Big 10 Tires. The acquisition gave Pep Boys an additional 84 service and tire centers in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, including concentrations around Atlanta and Orlando. In June 2011, Pep Boys acquired seven locations from automotive repair company My Mechanic. The acquisition gave Pep Boys additional locations in the Houston, Texas metropolitan area.

In January 2012, Pep Boys announced that it had agreed to be acquired by The Gores Group, a Los Angeles-based private equity investment company, for $15 per share, or approximately $1 billion. But four months later, in May 2012, it was announced that the deal had fallen through. In September 2013, Pep Boys acquired 18 Discount Tire Centers in Southern California, enabling the company to boast, "Seventy-five percent of Los Angeles-area residents now live within three miles of Pep Boys." In September 2014, Mike Odell resigned as president and CEO and John Sweetwood became Interim CEO.

In June 2015, Scott P. Sider, group president of Hertz Corporation's Rent A Car Americas, became the company's new CEO. In October 2015, Bridgestone Retail Operations, a wholly owned subsidiary of Bridgestone Americas, Inc., agreed to purchase the company for $835,000,000.

However, in December 2015, Pep Boys terminated the previously announced acquisition deal with Bridgestone and signed a merger agreement with Icahn Automotive Group, a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises. In February 2016, Icahn announced that it completed its acquisition of Pep Boys in an all-cash transaction for $18.50 per share or approximately $1.03 billion.

In January 2017, Pep Boys acquired Just Brakes, a 134-store automotive repair and maintenance chain, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Pep Boys. In March 2017, Dan A. Ninivaggi, Co-Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors of Federal-Mogul LLC and Chief Executive Officer of Federal-Mogul Motorparts, became the company's new CEO.

In April 2019, Icahn Enterprises, which owns and operates Pep Boys, announced new fleet-specific Pep Boys Mobile Crew vehicles to provide on-location maintenance and repair. The move adds smaller-format fleet vans to the Pep Boys Mobile Crew equipped with repair supplies and staffed by trained technicians to complete common fleet maintenance and repair needs on-location.

In September 2019, Pep Boys agreed to pay $3.7 million to settle a lawsuit alleging the company violated California laws by illegally dumping hazardous waste. Inspectors from the Alameda County District Attorney's office allegedly found numerous instances of unlawful disposal of hazardous waste by the company, including automotive fluids, batteries, aerosol cans, electronic devices, used oil, and other regulated wastes.

Beginning in early 2021, Pep Boys began to split parts and service into two separate companies. While service would remain with Pep Boys, parts would be operated by Auto Plus Auto Parts. Each company would operate under separate leadership. Auto Plus operated multiple independent and branded building, but also operates parts inside of Pep Boys locations. As of 2022, all buildings remain branded Pep Boys despite Auto Plus operating inside. Auto Plus is led by President Joe Ferrer. On January 31, 2023, Auto Plus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and Pep Boys would be spun off by the bankruptcy into its own separate company.

In February 2023, Scott Collette was appointed as the new CEO of Pep Boys.

In February 2024, David Willetts was appointed to CEO and Scott Collette transitioned to COO.

title: Pep Boys


text:
Max Neuhaus

Max Neuhaus (August 9, 1939 – February 3, 2009) was an American musician, composer and artist who was a noted interpreter of contemporary and experimental percussion music in the 1960s. He went on to create numerous permanent and short-term sound installations in the four decades that followed.

Biography
Neuhaus was born on August 9, 1939, in Beaumont, Texas, and attended high school in Houston. He studied percussion with Paul Price at the Manhattan School of Music, graduating with a master of music degree in 1962. He performed as a percussion soloist on concert tours throughout the United States with Pierre Boulez (1962-1963) and Karlheinz Stockhausen (1963-1964). In 1964 and 1965, he presented solo recitals in Carnegie Hall in New York City and in fifteen major European cities. In 1966, he published on Mass Art Inc. four live realizations of John Cage's Fontana Mix (1958), an indeterminate graphic score originally intended for a tape piece, with or without additional instruments. Entitled Fontana Mix-Feed, Neuhaus' realizations employed controlled feedback generated by placing contact microphones on percussive instruments and hooking the microphones up to loudspeakers positioned directly opposite the instruments.

His work as a percussionist culminated in an album of contemporary solo percussion work, Electronics & Percussion - Five Realizations By Max Neuhaus, which he recorded for Columbia Masterworks in 1968, and was produced by David Behrman.

In 1968, he pursued a career as a contemporary artist by developing sound installations, using electronic or electroacoustic sounds which would emanate from a source within a particular space or location. He coined the term "sound installation" to describe his sound works which were neither music nor events.

Neuhaus' first work as an independent artist was a series of walks called Listen (1966-1976). He invited audiences to walk with him through the streets of New York City, with the word listen stamped on their hand. As the work progressed, Neuhaus stopped leading the walks, instead sending postcards/stickers to audience members, that they can leave in their city.

Neuhaus' first permanent installation was Times Square in New York City. It is situated beneath a grate on a traffic island in Manhattan pedestrians are "enveloped by a deeply resonant and mildly undulating drone, its tone suggestive of low-pitched chimes or church bells." Originally installed from 1977 to 1992, it was restored in 2002 by the Dia Art Foundation.

Other works included penny whistles heard underwater in swimming pools, electronic sounds within an arboretum and the modified sounds of listeners whistling tunes over public radio. Nehaus' permanent sound installations are found in these locations:
 * The Menil Collection, Houston, US
 * Synagogue Stommeln, Stommeln, Germany
 * Promenade du Pin, Geneva, Switzerland
 * Gewerbeschule Bern (gibb - Berufsfachschule), Bern, Switzerland
 * Times Square, New York City, US
 * The Dia Art Foundation, Beacon, New York, US
 * CAPC, musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
 * AOK Hessen – Beratungscenter Kassel-City, Kassel, Germany
 * Castello di Rivoli, Torino, Italy
 * Kunsthaus Graz, Graz, Austria

Personal life
Neuhaus was married with Silvia Cecere in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Claudia. Neuhaus died of cancer in his home of Maratea, Italy on February 3, 2009.

title: Max Neuhaus


text:
A Separate Peace

A Separate Peace is a coming-of-age novel by John Knowles, published in 1958. Based on his earlier short story "Phineas", published in the May 1956 issue of Cosmopolitan, it was Knowles's first published novel and became his best-known work. Set against the backdrop of World War II, A Separate Peace explores morality, patriotism, and loss of innocence through its narrator, Gene Forrester, in his relationship with classmate and friend Phineas.

Plot summary
Gene Forrester returns to his old prep school, Devon (a potential reflection of Knowles's real life alma mater, Phillips Exeter Academy), 15 years after he graduated, to visit two places he regards as "fearful sites": a flight of marble stairs, and a big tree by the river. He first examines the stairs, noticing they are made of marble. When he examines the tree, he begins to reflect upon memories of his time as a student at Devon. This exposition opens the reader into the rest of the novel, which follows Gene's life from the summer of 1942 to the summer of 1943. In 1942, he is 16 and living at Devon with his best friend and roommate, Phineas (nicknamed Finny). World War II is raging and has a prominent effect on the story's plot and characters.

Despite being opposites in personality, Gene and Finny are surprisingly close friends. Gene's quiet, introverted, intellectual personality is a character foil for Finny's extroverted, carefree athleticism. One of Finny's ideas during their "gypsy summer" of 1942 is to create a "Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session," with Gene and himself as charter members. Finny creates a rite of initiation by having members jump into the Devon River from a large tall tree.

Gene and Finny's friendship goes through a period of one-sided rivalry during which Gene strives to outdo Finny scholastically as he believes that Finny is trying to outdo him athletically. The rivalry begins with Gene's envy toward Finny. It climaxes and ends when as Finny and Gene are about to jump off the tree, Gene impulsively jounces the limb that they're on, causing Finny to fall and shatter his leg, which permanently cripples him. Because of his accident, Finny learns that he will never again be able to compete in sports, which are most dear to him.

Finny's "accident" inspires Gene to think more like his friend to become a better person, free of envy. The remainder of the story revolves around Gene's attempts to come to grips with who he is, why he shook the branch, and how he will proceed. Gene feels so guilty that he eventually tells Finny that he caused the fall. At first, Finny does not believe him, but then comes to feel extremely hurt.

World War II soon occupies the boys' time, with fellow student Brinker Hadley rallying the boys to help the war effort and Gene's quiet friend Leper Lepellier joining the Ski Troops, which leads to him getting discharged from the military under Section 8 due to being unable to sleep during basic training.

During a meeting of the Golden Fleece Debating Society, Brinker sets up a show trial of sorts and, based upon his shaking of the branch, accuses Gene of trying to kill Finny. Faced with the evidence, Finny leaves shamefully before Gene's deed is confirmed. On his way out, Finny falls down a flight of stairs, the same ones that Gene visited at the beginning of the novel, and again breaks the leg that he had shattered before. Finny at first dismisses Gene's attempts to apologize, but he soon realizes that the "accident" was impulsive and not premeditated or based on anger. The two forgive each other.

The next day, Finny dies during the operation to set the bone when bone marrow enters his bloodstream during the surgery.

After they graduate, Gene and Brinker enlist in the Navy and the Coast Guard. Gene observes that many people lash out at others to protect themselves from their own insecurities. The only person he knew who did not do that was Finny, the only person Gene knew to be truly honest, and the only person he knew never to have an internal war to fight. Back in the present, an older Gene muses on peace, war, and enemies.

Characters

 * Gene Forrester: A Separate Peace is told from Gene's point of view. He focuses on and succeeds at academics. He envies his roommate and best friend Finny's graceful, easy athleticism and social prowess but also admires these very features. Gene is from "three states from Texas;” being somewhat unaccustomed to Northeastern culture, he is an outsider of sorts at Devon. Gene shakes a branch which causes his best friend, Finny, to fall from a tree and break his leg, but it is ambiguous whether the move is deliberate or not.
 * Phineas (Finny): Gene's friend and roommate; an incorrigible, good-natured, carefree, athletic, daredevil type. In Gene's opinion, Finny can never leave anything well enough alone and can always get away with anything. He always sees the best in others, seeks internal fulfilment free of accolades, and shapes the world around himself to fit his desires. He is a prodigious athlete, who succeeds in every sport until his leg is shattered in his fall from the tree.
 * Brinker Hadley: Brinker is a classmate and friend of Gene and Finny. He ceaselessly strives for order during the Winter Session at Devon. Brinker wants to get to the bottom of Finny's accident, but it is unclear if he intended for the investigation to be a practical joke. He organizes the "midnight trial" to confront and to accuse Gene of causing Finny's accident. During the questioning of Finny by Brinker, Finny changes the story to make Gene appear innocent of his actions in the tree. Finny cites Lepellier as an unreachable witness. Brinker ultimately reconciles with Gene, who appears to forgive him both for his part in Finny's injury and for the trial. Brinker was based on Knowles' Phillips Exeter Academy classmate and friend Gore Vidal.
 * Elwin "Leper" Lepellier: Leper is Finny and Gene's friend and a key member of the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session. He is the first student in his class to enlist in the military. Late in the novel, Leper enlists in the Ski Troops, but is discharged due to being unable to sleep during basic training. He is a witness at Gene's "trial" and testifies that he saw someone jounce the limb when Finny fell but does not state who did it because he hates Brinker and thinks it is a trap.

Themes, motifs and symbols
A Separate Peace contains many themes, motifs and symbols, which occur throughout the book. Some of them are present throughout the book, like the tree Finny falls off and the presence and significance of sport. Other themes exist as part of Gene's consciousness and his relationship with Finny, such as the threat of codependency and the creation of inner enemies. In addition, there are many ambiguous factors that remain unresolved, such as the reliability of Gene as a narrator and whether Gene was responsible for the fall.

Co-dependency and identity
The central relationship between Gene and Finny is a model of codependency. After the fall, the two become reliant on each other for fulfilment. Gene's submissive nature leads to his lacking a strong identity without Finny. Finny, with his free, sport-loving spirit, can only be fulfilled by experiencing the sport through Gene after the fall. That is furthered by the characters' notion that World War II is merely a conspiracy, which creates a private illusion in which both Finny and Gene can exist together. Towards the end of the book, after Finny's death, Gene notes that he feels Finny's funeral is his own, as so much of his identity rests upon Finny.

Athletics and blitzball
Athletics comprise a key part of Finny's personality. He views them as an expression of achievement and believes there are no winners or losers. That is epitomized by Finny's breaking of the school swimming record, which he does not feel the need to publicise, and Blitzball, a game that Finny spontaneously invents that has no winners or losers, which Finny excels at as it requires pure athleticism rather than focusing on defeat of opponents.

Summer and Winter Sessions
The Summer Session at Devon School is defined by freedom, lack of rules and little academic study. This symbolises innocence and youth, which is "lost" when Finny falls from the tree, giving lead to the Winter Session. The Winter Session is defined as the polar opposite of the Summer Session: tight rules, rigorous study, little freedom and a cold and unforgiving atmosphere. The Sessions represent the shift from carefree youth to adulthood and maturity, which occurs throughout the novel.

Finny's fall
Finny's fall from the tree marks the climax of the novel. It is both a literal and a symbolic fall. The literal fall has a knock-on effect of no sports for Finny, which leads to a loss of independence and identity. The symbolic fall represents a fall from innocence and from youth, and the beginning of the end of Finny and Gene's friendship. The fall can be interpreted as having biblical allusions; like Adam and Eve, Finny and Gene existed in a carefree, idyllic setting, epitomized by innocence (like Eden), which is tainted by a force of darkness (the snake or Gene's growing resentment) and then is shattered by a fall from innocence (the fall from the tree).

Implied homoerotic undertones
Various parties have asserted that the novel implies homoeroticism between Gene and Finny, including those who endorse a queer reading of the novel and those who condemn homosexuality as immoral. For example, the book was challenged in the Vernon-Verona-Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a "filthy, trashy sex novel" despite having no substantial female characters and describing no sexual activity.

Though frequently taught in US high schools, curricula related to A Separate Peace typically ignore a possible homoerotic reading in favor of engaging with the book as a historical novel or coming-of-age story. Knowles denied any such intentions, stating in a 1987 newspaper interview:"Freud said any strong relationship between two men contains a homoerotic element... If so, in this case, both characters are totally unaware of it. It would have changed everything, it wouldn't have been the same story. In that time and place, my characters would have behaved totally differently... If there had been homoeroticism between Phineas and Gene, I would have put it in the book, I assure you. It simply wasn't there."

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted into two films of the same name. The first, starring Parker Stevenson as Gene and John Heyl as Finny, with a screenplay by Fred Segal and John Knowles, was released in 1972. The second, directed by Peter Yates, with a screenplay by Wendy Kesselman, was released in 2004.

Awards and honors

 * 1960 New York Times bestseller (Fiction)
 * 1961 William Faulkner Foundation Award, inaugural winner
 * 1961 National Book Award finalist (Fiction)

title: A Separate Peace


text:
Talk:A Separate Peace

Theory
In all actuality, John Knowles was gay. One theory is that this novel was written as a way to express repressed homosexual tendencies to a society where homosexuality was not prevalent at the time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.227.44.148

 * While I feel the section on the homoerotic tones is well written, it violates NPOV and doesn't sound encyclopedic. A rewrite is desirable. --Hench 04:16, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * ^There is, as yet, no authoritative text available to the public indicating that Knowles was gay. . . or that he was straight. In John Ibson's The Mourning After: Loss and Longing among Midcentury American Men, Knowles' sister is asked point-blank if she believes her brother was gay, and she replies that had no idea why her brother never married. In the absence of a lover producing some verifiable love letters or the like, the question of Knowles' sexuality died with him. What we do know is that there were many gay men in his social world, Capote and Vidal among them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.98.30.221 (talk) 19:38, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

I want to point out that John Knowles did in fact have a wife, Beth Anne Dyment Hughes, whom he married in 1945. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/38.103.168.4/38.103.168.4
 * ^This is incorrect. Anne Dyment Hughes was married to a different John Knowles. No spouse was named in this John Knowles' obit, and as I have noted above, his sister acknowledged that he never married. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.98.30.221 (talk) 19:38, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

Knowles wanted ASP to concern the human condition and not be reduced to some kind of homoerotic thriller. I knew him personally for 20 years..I never saw him with any 'wife'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:AB88:81:D800:84EC:64CA:EE7F:5162 (talk) 20:34, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The evidence to date does not suggest John Knowles was "In all actuality" gay. The novel may have been written, as effused by the author John Knowles himself, as a story of fraternal connection. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmaioran

transwiki to wikibooks maybe
I agree that this section is not formated like an article in an encyclopedia. It's not an informative encyclopedic article as much as it is a thesis or a book report. Wikibooks has summaries like this, I think?

there should be something on the gay themes in the book
I just finished reading the book for the first time and the theme of homosexuality can not be avoided. It is evident that there is some sort of thing going on from even a cursory reading. Not to mention that all boy prep schools are known to have a certain level of homosexuality among them either in fact or in lore. There teall should be something about the gay themes in the book since they are almost rampant in the work.

I will point out that in the books I have read explaining the hiddden meanings and themes in the book, that it always described Phineas and Gene as "doubles" who were codependent on each other.

Evidence of Homosexuality in A Separate Peace
--	"Nothing endures, not a tree, not love, not a death by violence." As one reads the first chapter, this statement feels like it is meant to be the novel's thesis. Let's break it down. "Not a tree." The narrator feels that the mighty tree which in a way took his best friend's life has perished. "Not a death by violence." He seems to feel that he's finally gotten over Finny's death. But what about that phrase between the two? "Not love." Obviously, Gene is telling us that his beloved, the one thing he cherished above all else, is gone. What could that be? Or, more appropriately, who could that be? It's quite plain that it could definitely be, and in fact probably is, Finny. Just how Gene loved him is not explicitly stated, but as with all works of literature or anything else, for that matter, we must infer from what is given and reach a logical conclusion. -- 	"Gene is a lonely, introverted intellectual. Phineas is a handsome, taunting, daredevil athlete. What happens between the two one summer, like the war itself, banishes the innocence of them and their world." That sounds like the back of a typical romance novel, doesn't it? But no, it is the summary found on the back of almost any copy of any edition of "A Separate Peace". On a similar note, the motion picture adaptation has been published in a list of the 50 greatest romance films of the 20th century. Clearly more people than one have seen in this story the possibility of a couple. -- 	The wrestling scene in an early chapter of the book has often been criticized as having homoerotic undertones, such slight hints that one could easily simply ignore or say "boys will be boys", the only things possible for Knowles to include without his entire novel being ignored. "I threw my hip against his, catching him by surprise, and he was instantly down, definitely pleased. This was why he liked me so much. When I jumped on top of him, my knees on his chest, he couldn't ask for anything better." Even with the words "my knees on his chest" which are generally omitted in arguments using this quote, one has to admit that the lines still sound suspicious. The narrator at this point in the story is a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, the likes of which as a group are notorious for thinking only of sex. Construe from this information what you will. -- 	The whole situation with the pink shirt could easily have been left out without taking anything from the story. Knowles could simply have made Finny's emblem the wearing of the school tie as a belt. But perhaps it was included to make the reader aware of homosexuality as he read, to subliminally introduce it as a possible undercurrent storyline. Finny doesn't care if Gene or others think he looks like "a fairy", and he even suggests of the other male students that "suitors may begin clamoring at the door" without the least discomfort. While these may have been used to indicate his general nonchalance, it could also easily be construed that Phineas has thought about this concept before, so much as to become comfortable with the idea. (I'm adding onto this as I feel this is an important sidenote on the pink shirt that makes it all the more prominent example of homosexuality within 'A Separate Peace': In 1930-40s a pink triangle became a Nazi concentration camp badge, distinguishing those imprisoned who had were found out to be gay men. It has since been reconsidered and taken by the community as sign of pride, but the fact that the shirt was specifically pink in a war which marked gay men with badges of such color cannot easily be a coincidence.) -- 	The night at the beach is one of the biggest indications that Finny might also have feelings for Gene. He convinces his friend to go on a three-hour- long bike ride just to get there, then they go swimming together in the ocean. Finally, they both have a glass of beer and settle down to rest, side by side as they watch the sunset. Phineas begins his "usual nighttime monologue", making sure Gene had a good time and finally explaining that the only proper person for a teenaged boy to bring to the beach with him was his best friend. A hesitant pause follows, before "Which is what you are." Here is the same young man, always rash and bold, unashamed to be thought of as gay; and yet totally unconfident when it comes to telling his best friend how he feels. We are not truly sure if he even succeeds. There is also the time when Dr. Stanpole informs Gene before he goes to see Finny after his fall, "He wanted especially to see you. You were the one person he asked for." Gene is the one person at school Phineas cares about most. -- 	One of the things Gene struggles with so much about himself are his feelings towards his best friend. He doesn't quite seem to know what they are, but he certainly doesn't feel comfortable with them, and he definitely doesn't like them. It is arguable throughout the novel that this is partly because his feelings are more than friendship. Though we never learn for certain what Finny feels, through quotes like "I was used to finding something deadly in things that attracted me; there was always something deadly lurking in anything I wanted, anything I loved. And if it wasn't there, as for example with Phineas, then I put it there myself." Knowles makes obvious to the reader the kind of feelings hidden within Gene, who carefully covers them except in such moments as these when he unwittingly lets his guard down. Completely unawares, he outright tells his listener that he is indeed attracted to Phineas; not only that, but Gene wants him, Gene loves him. -- 	In fact, Gene often inadvertently puts more than he realizes of his opinion into his comments about Finny. He seems to think that he's just being objective, that anyone who saw or was aquainted with Finny would think these things. Yet we are never, throughout the entire novel, given any indication that this is the case. Gene's thoughts are consistently colored by his feelings; take for example the following quotes. When he goes to take a call in the dean's building and realizes that the number he's given is an operator in Finny's hometown: "I saw on the pad an operator's number... which seemed to interrupt the beating of my heart." When Brinker first tells Finny about their plans to enlist: "Phineas was shocked at the idea of my leaving. In some way he needed me. He needed me. I was the least trustworthy person he had ever met... but there was no mistaking...he wanted me around." Notice the desperate repetition of "He needs me," as if Gene is trying to convince himself. After this Gene deflects Brinker's comments and Brinker responds. Phineas doesn't notice Brinker, and Gene describes the scene: "But Finny hadn't heard that. His face had broken into a wide and dazzling smile at what I had said, lighting up his whole face. This drove me on." Gene continues to denounce Brinker's idea, and has some realization of what he means to Phineas: "I didn't know why he had chosen me. I didn't care." There are even more quotes in which Gene's feelings for Finny show through, as does the obvious mental state of being somehow in love. The ways in which he describes his friend always imply deep affection and adoration for the boy (except when he is deluded that Finny hates him). There are also many quotes that are more subtle hints at Gene's feelings, such as when he describes the odor of the gym: "I thought it anything but a bad smell. It was preeminently the smell of the human body after it had been used to the limit, such a smell as has meaning and poignance for any athlete, as it has for any lover." Such a strange connection is almost a conceit, unless one takes into account that the athlete and the lover are one in the same. -- 	It's worth noting that no one is a more practiced connoisseur of Phineas's beauty than is Gene. He often reflects on his friend's body, sometimes taking several paragraphs to compliment its supple beauty and grace. He's very impressed with his friend, pondering the "reddish copper glow of his tan" and the way it "made his eyes shine with a cool blue-green fire" as they walk together along the beach. He seems, throughout the book, to be especially taken with Phineas's eyes. And while he notices the bodies of other boys, such as Brinker's only incongruity, his overly large buttocks (Who but a gay guy would even think about that anyway?), he never compliments them as he profusely does for his friend. In short, he feels Finny is "too good to be true," and even tells the boy so himself.

--     One of the major complaints about this novel is that the character Phineas is described as almost perfect. For some, it almost ruins the novel. Why does Phineas seem so perfect? It's almost impossible. It probably is impossible, which seems to devalue the worth of this piece of literature, of this American classic. But when we look at the point of view from which the book is told, and thus at the character and motivations of the narrator, this "complaint" is really a great literary achievement and only proves Knowles's incredible talent. The answer to the question, "Why is Finny so wonderful?" is actually very simple. The reason we see such a perfect picture of Phineas is that the novel is told from the perspective of the boy Gene, and Gene thinks of his friend as perfect. It's because to Gene, as to any one of us, his beloved IS perfect.

-- 	No matter how you look at it, this novel is a beautiful and compelling statement about war, peace, and, yes, love. Call it what you will, there is love between the main characters of the story, Phineas and Gene. Knowles himself admitted this in an interview about the book. What kind of love is to be decided by the reader, as is the question of whether or not Gene intentionally jounced the limb that night. For those of us who are perhaps a bit more liberal, there is nothing wrong with conceding that the relationship between Gene and Finny may be a romantic one, or possibly had that potential. It was never realized that way in the book because it was never given a chance to, and because Knowles wanted the novel to be taken seriously; and yet, it's still obvious that Gene and Phineas were each the most important thing in the world to the other and cared for each other deeply. The beauty of such friendship, however it is interpreted, is probably the most deeply moving theme in the novel and one of the reasons that, even 45 years after it was written, it is still cherished.

--    There is also the fact that Gene's resentment of Finny could have been caused by his feelings for him. In the 1940s, homosexuality was taboo, and Gene having homosexual feelings towards Finny would be a cause of his resentment. He was in denial that he could have this feelings because they are "wrong", and blames Finny for making him feel this way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.64.122 (talk) 03:48, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

lol Wasn't there a quote that said that Gene noticed Brinker had a nice-looking butt? I guess that's probably homosexual. Occamsrazorwit (talk) 12:00, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * So was Robert Graves a homosexual? Was _Goodbye to All That_ a book about being homosexual?  Because he wrote about school boys "in love".  Said he was "in love" with his friend Dick.  Really now, if you're willing to cherry pick, any book can contain homosexuality.  So what?  What does it amount to?  Assuming the characters *are* homosexual, how does that change anything?  Does that change their friendship?  I doubt any serious critic would read this book and say simply, "this was about two gay kids!"  or even "the fact that they were gay was an extremely important element to the story, theme(s), and or message of the book".  Suffice to say, I am of the opinion the article does *not* need a section exploring the homosexual possibilities of certain passages in the book.  I think your observations are very subjective, and your conclusions ethereal.--122.26.57.223 (talk) 12:10, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

-Um, Robert Graves WAS a homosexual, a fact that was surely as relevant to the form of his writing as Hemingway's aggressively masculine form of heterosexuality. You can't divorce biography from authorship quite so easily as that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Poupartca (talk • contribs) 01:51, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

- Perhaps the most poignant - and revealing - scene of all is the last meeting between Gene and Finny, after Finny has fallen and broken his leg for the second time, on the white marble stairs. At the beginning of this encounter, in the infirmary, both act nervously, and won't look each other in the eye until Gene notices that Finny's hands are shaking: they act like estranged lovers who are unsure what to say or do next. When Gene finally breaks the silence, Finny asks why he 'came around here last night' - the occasion when Finny tried to attack Gene as he balanced at the window. After some prevarication, Gene admits, 'I had to ... I thought I belonged here.' The effect on Finny is dramatic, 'He had a particular expression which his face assumed when he didn't think he should show it, a settled, enlightened look ... the first decent thing I had seen in a long time.' 'I thought I belonged here' is the missing answer Finny has been waiting for all this time - the one Gene failed to give on the beach back in the Summer Session. The 'settled, enlightened' look on Finny's face represents his realization that, despite all, Gene loves him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Michael Asher 154.122.43.170 (talk) 18:11, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Well, this is a whole lot of original research... DonIago (talk) 20:48, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Yep. If anyone wants to explore this question, and present their thoughts and analysis to the world, you're in the wrong place. Try here: WordPress.com -Jason A. Quest (talk) 23:20, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

A real homosexuality section
Unless there's some other reason, a section describing why this book was banned and where would cover a homosexual themes section. It's on wikipedias list of banned books, but there is no explanation there. This article mentions that Knowles said that Finny and Gene were in love on page 2. http://www.looksmartjrhigh.com/p/articles/mi_qa4063/is_200401/ai_n9385166/pg_2?pi=gdw Then again, that guy used the word love like nobody's business. The article cites a source I am currently to lazy to look up. I think it's probable that the writer of the article didn't intentionally take Knowles out of context, though. 66.41.66.213 14:32, 28 April 2006 (UTC) actually finny never died he cam back to life — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.91.98.81 (talk) 01:12, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

Devon's Location
Where is the school of Devon located? In the text it states the location as New Hampshire, while the back cover of the Shown Edition states it as New England. Liraoq 03:18, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably both, as New Hampshire is one of the New England states. StuRat 06:12, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's pretty clearly based on Exeter, New Hampshire, based on the distance to the ocean. Ken Gallager 18:11, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It is actually based on Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, NH, the author's alma mater. When I read the book, shortly after its publication, in English class at Exeter, I recognized every physical landmark, with the sole exception of The Tree, which was evidently imagined.  I recognized a few faculty members as well (although their names had been changed), including my Latin teacher, who had indeed been teaching at Exeter during the War.Ccerf (talk) 02:29, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Major characters, Finny and Gene
It might be good to give a section each to the two main characters in the book,   Gene  and Finny,  and then have a section for minor characters and incorporate the text  we have now into that section.

 * Yes, I agree with that. That we have sections for Leper and Brinker and not Gene and Finny struck me as odd.  We should probably get to work on that.  Also, there is no explanation of how Finny is Phineas's nickname, so that might confuse people not familiar with the book. I'm not sure what exactly is supposed to be in here, (Deep and speculative character analysis is best left to English teachers and SparkNotes, but probably not appropriate for here due to its subjective nature) but I think we need some of the basics (the objective and more explicit), as two lesser characters have their own sections, and the two most important characters aren't given due importance. There is a lot about Gene and Finny embedded in the other sections, but they probably deserve their own sections, if Brinker and Leper got their own.  --Cartoonmaster 04:32, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Why not point out the well-known fact that the character of Brinker was based on Knowles classmate at Phillips Exeter, the writer Gore Vidal? The information is even contained on John Knowles wiki entry. And Vidal refers to this fact in his memoir Palimpsest. S.Smith —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.68.15.79 (talk) 23:26, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Asp.jpg
Image:Asp.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:39, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Redirects?
Should we have a redirect here for the misspelling "A Separate Piece"? Apparently, I didn't notice they meant the other "peace" this whole time we were working on it at school, or I just forgot, and it didn't turn up when I searched the mispelled title on Wikipedia. ^_^; --Cartoonmaster 04:32, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Same here too lol... but unfortunatly we can't redirect a general phrase such as "a seperate piece" because that could probably mean pizza (sarcasm). Perhaps we could but I wouldn't do it yet until we got more support for your redirect proposal. -- ☯µWiki☯  Talk / Contributions  (YouWiki''') 22:53, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Pop Culture
At my high school, it was sort of a tradition to write "Finny dies." in textbooks and whatnot. I thought about changing the "Allusions" section to "In Popular Culture" and adding this info, but I'm not really sure if it belongs or if it is even prevalent outside of my old school district. Dancemotron 09:54, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Probably not. I've never heard of that, and it doesn't seem notable enough to be widespread (Google?), so I don't think it's relevant for the article...although that's an intersting school tradition...  :) We've got Mooseman.  Don't ask. --Cartoonmaster 03:05, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It was done at my high school in Berkley, MI. Assuming Dancemotron isn't a neighbor of mine, then that's 2 places. It's definitely tradition at my old high school. Incoming freshmen were greeted "Welcome to Berkley, Finny dies." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.138.181 (talk) 16:55, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

In the movie "Sideways" (2005?), Paul Giamatti's character is an 8th-grade English teacher. One of the final scenes in the movie shows one of Giamatti's students reading the final paragraph. S.Smith —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.68.15.79 (talk) 23:24, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Spoiler
I already added the tag, but is it widely known about the ending to this piece? I did not know it, but it may be different. I have not heard of it anywhere. --Μ79_Šp€çíá∫íš† tell me about it 00:53, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * We usually don't tag plot sections for spoilers. It's assumed nowadays that the words "Plot summary" and the like tell the reader that he's about to read about the plot.  --Tony Sidaway 02:10, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, the policy still exists. Just saying that one of two things needs to happen: change the policy or change the article. I am going with policy. Need some more opinions on this, although. --Μ79_Šp€çíá∫íš† tell me about it 03:54, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * If you're going with the policy (actually it's a guideline), then we shouldn't have any tag in the plot summary, because the plot summary section heading can (according to the guideline Spoiler), "be considered a de facto spoiler notice." --Tony Sidaway 07:02, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

I wanted to find out the whole plot anyways, but was disturbed that there was no spoiler warning b/c I have always expected it. Calvin199 (talk) 20:54, 24 December 2007 (UTC)Calvin199

It's important to note that the title is taken from Hemingway's "A Farewell to Arms". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.9.84.51 (talk) 22:10, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Attribution of title to Hemingway?
The phrase "a separate peace" has a history that long predates Hemingway. Is there a reason to believe Knowles took the title specifically from A Farewell to Arms? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.239.134.12 (talk) 17:36, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Mention of alleged homosexual overtones blocked on Wiki? If so, why?
There has apparently been some controversy—even perhaps engendering past edit warring—over the years since this article has been written on Wikipedia about whether some mention of the alleged homosexual implications within the book at least be made. Because that is in realty the perception of many readers and, as I understand it, the novel has even been included in a list of best gay fiction, then I certainly think a mention of this should be in the article; just like there is a mention of the fact that many allege that the folk song “Puff the Magic Dragon” is a thinly-veiled song about drug usage in the song’s Wiki article. I fail to see the distinction.

Additionally, the book was banned by several school districts for the following reasons:

“Challenged in Vernon-Verona-Sherill, NY School District (1980) as a "filthy, trashy sex novel." Challenged at the Fannett-Metal High School in Shippensburg, Pa. (1985) because of its allegedly offensive language. Challenged as appropriate for high school reading lists in the Shelby County, Tenn. school system (1989) because the novel contained "offensive language." Challenged at the McDowell County, N.C. schools (1996) because of "graphic language." Source: Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom, May 1980, p. 62; Nov. 1985, p. 204; Jan, 1990, pp 11-12; Jan. 1997, p. 11.”

http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=bbwlinks&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=136590

It’s been many years since I last read A Separate Peace, but I don’t recall it as having been particularly lurid, especially in light of when it was written. Was an 80’s characterization such as “a filthy, trashy sex novel” a veiled referenced to the alleged homoerotic overtones of the work? Knowles wrote that he was surprised that he had more girls than boys write him about the book as the novel has no girls in it (see the below link).

Now, having said that, it should also be mentioned that just as both the lyricist for Puff (Lenny Lipton) and the composer (Peter Yarrow) have categorically denied the song's linkage to drugs, it should be stated that John Knowles in a like fashion stated that he intended no homoerotic theme at all. Here is my source for this contention:

http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-03-15/features/8701160400_1_autobiography-readers-fiction/2

Also, while I’m writing on the subject, the Wiki article on John Knowles provides very little biographical information about him. It is virtually a second article about A Separate Peace. Is there some reason why there is so little information about his life in the article? I’m not being critical as I can’t provide any additional material at the moment. It just seems, well, odd. Is there any other author of such a best-selling novel with so little personal information available?

Anyway, I don’t know who has apparently ardently blocked any reference to mentioning the allegations of the book being gay-themed, but I feel strongly that in being consistent with Puff that at least a brief mention of this should be included within the article along with Mr. Knowles’s denial of any such intention. Please advise if anyone objects and, if so, why. Thank you.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 20:16, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * As long as it's properly sourced I don't see why including such material would be an issue. Of course, care should be taken to avoid saying anything or making interpretations that are not explicitly supported by the sources. DonIago (talk) 20:39, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay, thank you. I shall add a small section when I get some time and tread carefully per your admonition.  If anyone removes it without stating a valid reason for doing so, then I shall appeal to a Wiki administrator that I have encountered.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 20:55, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I think going to an admin would be hasty in such a case; it would be more politic to encourage the removing editor to discuss their reasoning here, noting that there is already a discussion on the matter. Assume good faith and all. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 14:38, 10 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, you’re right, of course. Thanks for the sage advice and maybe it will be a moot point.  I hope to get to this next weekend and add to John Knowles’s article as well from a source I recently found.  Thanks again and best regards.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 16:47, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Donlago or anyone, if you appreciate the new section I just added regarding the assertions of homosexual overtones within A Separate Peace, perhaps you will be so kind as to correctly add the two links I intended to. They are (per above):

 * (1)

 * http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=bbwlinks&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=136590

 * (2)

 * http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-03-15/features/8701160400_1_autobiography-readers-fiction/2

 * Although I think I have strong writing and research abilities, I often have difficulty adding links properly (if at all). Sometimes copying what other people have done and then merely changing the particulars works, while other times it doesn’t seem to.  I was born too early to become a full-fledged member of the tech generation, I’m afraid.  Thank you for any generous assistance you can render in properly adding these links.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 19:05, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Took a stab at cleaning up the refs using this tool. Cheers! DonIago (talk) 15:08, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Doniago, thanks much and I have left a note on your talk page.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 17:55, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Clarity of Gene's Motivation
I read Sep. Peace twice and never felt that it made it clear that Gene knowingly, "with malice aforethought," "jounced" the branch to knock Finny out of the tree. I think he did some impulsive, rather unknowing, typical boyish wiggle-type action that the author then used to lead to the worst possible damage to both Finny's body at the moment and to his life as the book goes on. Gene did something--we have no idea just what or just how much--to wiggle the branch. To directly conclude from that, that "I knocked you out of the tree" seems to jump to a plausible but not clear conclusion. The point of view as the Wikipedia article now reads can counter, "Would Finny have fallen had Gene not moved the branch?" and the answer is probably not. I still think it was an act so subtle that when Lepelier says Gene knocked him out, he verges on pretending to know what only "God" can know, which is something teenage boys do all day long--jump to conclusions in the midst of life's ambiguities. I extend this further: if Finny does decide Gene has harmed him, he's jumping to the same conclusion on flimsy evidence. With these thoughts in mind, I may insert an "apparently" some place in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.144.161.166 (talk) 18:48, 27 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Please note that new Talk threads should generally be placed at the bottom of the page, and posts should be signed by adding four tildes (~) to the end. That said, thank you for explaining your insertion into the article.
 * Without providing any sources to back up your claim that "some readers" feel a certain way, what you are inserting is original research. In any case, this information would not belong in the Plot summary, as the goal of that section is to state what occurs in the text, not interpret it. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 19:45, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Separate Peace


text:
Change of Habit

Change of Habit is a 1969 American crime drama musical film directed by William A. Graham, and starring Elvis Presley and Mary Tyler Moore. Written by James Lee, S.S. Schweitzer, and Eric Bercovici, based on a story by John Joseph and Richard Morris, the film is about three Catholic nuns, preparing for their final vows, who are sent to a rough inner city neighborhood dressed as lay missionaries to work at a clinic run by a young doctor. Their lives become complicated by the realities they face in the inner city, and by the doctor who falls in love with one of the nuns.

The film was produced by Joe Connelly for NBC Productions and distributed by Universal Pictures. Filmed on location in the Los Angeles area and at Universal Studios during March and April 1969, Change of Habit was released in the United States on November 10, 1969. It spent four weeks on the Variety Box Office Survey, peaking at #17.

Change of Habit was Elvis Presley's 31st and final film acting role and stars as a professional man for the only time in his career. His remaining film appearances were in concert documentaries. The film was Moore's fourth and final film under her brief Universal Pictures contract; she did not appear in another theatrical movie until Ordinary People in 1980. Moore and Edward Asner, who also appears in the film, went on to star in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, which premiered in September of the following year. In this film, however, Moore and Asner shared no scenes.

Plot
Dr. John Carpenter is a physician in a ghetto clinic who falls for a co-worker, Michelle Gallagher, unaware that she is a nun.

Dr. Carpenter heads a clinic serving an underprivileged community in a major metropolis with an ethnic Puerto Rican population. He is surprised to be offered assistance by three women. Unknown to him, the three are nuns in street clothing who want to aid the community but are afraid the local residents might be reluctant to seek help if their true identities were known. The nuns are also facing opposition from the rude and arrogant priest from the local parish. Dr. Carpenter and the nuns are shown dealing with a non-verbal, angry autistic girl named Amanda, a boy with a severe speech impediment, and a man beaten by loan shark enforcers. The nuns at times are sexually harassed by loiterers as well as an attempted rape scene.

Carpenter falls for Sister Michelle Gallagher, played by wholesome Mary Tyler Moore, but Sister Michelle's true vocation remains unknown to Dr. Carpenter. She also has feelings for the doctor but is reluctant to leave the order. The film concludes with Sister Michelle and Sister Irene entering a church where Dr. Carpenter is singing to pray for guidance to make her choice.

Autism
In the film, the character of Amanda, a young autistic child, is believed to be the first portrayal of autism in a film by name. It accurately portrays the common misdiagnosis of deafness and once Amanda's autism is defined, she is treated with a therapy that was then quite common: Rage Reduction therapy, also known as Attachment therapy. This treatment has since fallen out of favor, now considered pseudoscientific. Indeed, the scene was supervised by Robert Zaslow, known as the father of rage reduction therapy. Zaslow is credited as an additional member of the film's crew as "(supervisor: rage reduction scene - as Dr. Robert W. Zaslow)"

Folk music at Mass
In an era when Folk Mass was just catching on, Elvis' character is seen playing guitar and singing "Let Us Pray" in an early depiction of folk music at Mass.

Cast
(in credits order)

 * Elvis Presley as Dr. John Carpenter
 * Mary Tyler Moore as Sister Michelle
 * Barbara McNair as Sister Irene
 * Jane Elliot as Sister Barbara
 * Leora Dana as Mother Joseph
 * Edward Asner as Lt. Moretti
 * Robert Emhardt as The Banker
 * Regis Toomey as Father Gibbons
 * Doro Merande as Rose
 * Ruth McDevitt as Lily
 * Richard Carlson as Bishop Finley
 * Nefti Millet as Julio Hernandez
 * Laura Figueroa as Desiree
 * Lorena Kirk as Amanda
 * Virginia Vincent as Miss Parker
 * David Renard as Colombians
 * William Elliott as Robbie (as Bill Elliott)
 * Rodolfo Hoyos Jr. as Mr. Hernandez (as Rodolfo Hoyos)
 * Kay Koury as on carousel
 * Charlie Hodge as patient

Uncredited Cast:

 * Mario Aniov as 1st Young Man
 * Ray Ballard as Ice Cream Clerk
 * Jim Beach as Father Witkowski
 * Timothy Carey as Ajax Market Manager
 * Rita Conde as Woman in Market
 * Steve Conte as Man in Scene 166
 * Frank Corsentino as 2nd Man
 * John Daheim as 1st Underling
 * Robert De Anda as Teammate
 * Tony De Costa as Chino
 * Paul Factor as 3rd Man
 * Linda Garay as Expectant Mother
 * Stella Garcia as Maria
 * Pepe Hern as Man in Scene 93
 * Fanita James as Backup Singer
 * Jean King as Backup Singer
 * Ji-Tu Cumbuka as ghetto apartment resident
 * Darlene Love as Backup Singer
 * A Martinez as Second Teen
 * Troy Melton as 2nd Underling
 * Lilith Miles as 1st Stiletto Deb
 * Lenny Montana as Grocer
 * Araceli Rey as Senora Gavilan
 * Ruben Rodriguez as Church Drummer
 * Stanley Schneider as Traffic Cop
 * Harry Swoger as Fat Man
 * Alex Tinne as Tony
 * Alex Val as Tomas
 * Roberto Vargas as Cuban Mainliner
 * Len Wayland as Police Sergeant
 * Caitlin Wyles as 2nd Stiletto Deb

Production
By 1969, Presley's future in Hollywood was under threat. Although still financially successful, mainly due to the "make 'em quick, make 'em cheap" attitude of Presley's manager Colonel Tom Parker, Presley's films had been making less profit in recent years. When Parker had struggled to find any studio willing to pay Presley's usual $1 million fee, he struck a deal with NBC to produce one feature film, and a TV special entitled Elvis. NBC would pay Presley $1.25 million for both features, and Parker was happy in the knowledge that he was still able to earn $1 million for his client.

The film Change of Habit had been announced in 1967, with Mary Tyler Moore signing up in October 1968. It was considered a Moore vehicle until January 1969 when Presley signed on to take the lead role.

Although set in New York City, the film was shot in the Los Angeles area and at the Universal Studios lot during March and April 1969. It was released nationwide in the United States on November 10, 1969, and spent four weeks on the Variety Box Office Survey, peaking at #17.

Mary Tyler Moore and Edward Asner would soon become co-stars of her self-named The Mary Tyler Moore Show, one of television's enduring hits from 1970 to 77. In Change of Habit, however, they shared no scenes.

Reception
A. H. Weiler of The New York Times reviewed the film on a double bill with House of Cards and noted that both were "merely exemplary of professional technique and dialogue rather than memorable characterization and emotion." Variety wrote that "its intriguing idea has a well-enough-constructed plotline to flesh out its premise for good family fare ... Presley displays his customary easy presence." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Today we're simply too much aware how agonizing social injustices can be for them to be treated with the breezy, jaunty touch of simple-minded light comedy ... to watch all this frantically bouncy, thoroughly bogus business is as discomforting as listening to chalk screech across a blackboard."

Change of Habit holds a 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews, making it Presley's worst-received film on Rotten Tomatoes.

Soundtrack
When Presley entered Decca Universal Studio on March 5, 1969, for two days to record his final dramatic motion picture soundtrack, what would come to be known as the comeback television special had already been broadcast, its attendant album had been his first top ten LP in four years, and he had just finished the sessions at American Sound Studio yielding From Elvis in Memphis and the top ten singles "In the Ghetto" and "Suspicious Minds" that would cement his resurgence as a force in American popular music. He had a month-long engagement at the International Hotel in Paradise, Nevada lined up in August, his first live performances in eight years, and clearly now had turned his career around.

A song recorded at American, "Rubberneckin'", would be used in the film and subsequently issued as the b-side of RCA single 47-9768 "Don't Cry Daddy" in conjunction with the movie premiere. Four songs would be recorded at the soundtrack sessions, of which "Let's Be Friends" would not be used in the film. The four songs would be released commercially on budget albums, "Let's Be Friends," the title track "Change of Habit," and "Have A Happy" on Let's Be Friends the following year, with "Let Us Pray" issued on the 1971 album You'll Never Walk Alone.

Some reference sources erroneously list an outtake from the earlier Presley film, Charro!, "Let's Forget About the Stars" (a song also released on the Let's Be Friends album), as being a song recorded for Change of Habit.

Personnel

 * Elvis Presley - vocals / piano (played live)
 * The Blossoms - backing vocals
 * B.J. Baker, Sally Stevens, Jackie Ward - backing vocals
 * Howard Roberts, Dennis Budimir, Mike Deasy, Robert Bain - electric guitar
 * Roger Kellaway - piano
 * Joe Mondragon, Lyle Ritz, Max Bennett - double bass
 * Carol Kaye - electric bass
 * Carl O'Brien - drums

Film music track listing

 * 1) "Change of Habit" (Buddy Kaye and Ben Weisman)
 * 2) "Let's Be Friends" (Chris Arnold, David Martin, Geoffrey Morrow) (not used in film)
 * 3) "Let Us Pray" (Buddy Kaye and Ben Weisman)
 * 4) "Have A Happy" (Buddy Kaye, Dolores Fuller, Ben Weisman)
 * 5) "Rubberneckin'" (Dory Jones and Bunny Warren) (Not initially recorded for the film, but added to the soundtrack and performed by Elvis on camera)

title: Change of Habit


text:
Code on demand

In distributed computing, code on demand is any technology that sends executable software code from a server computer to a client computer upon request from the client's software. Some well-known examples of the code on demand paradigm on the web are Java applets, Adobe's ActionScript language for the Flash Player, and JavaScript.

The program code lies inactive on a web server until a user (client) requests a web page that contains a link to the code using the client's web browser. Upon this request, the web page and the program are transported to the user's machine using HTTP. When the page is displayed, the code is started in the browser and executes locally, inside the user's computer until it is stopped (e.g., by the user leaving the web page).

Code on demand is a specific use of mobile code, within the field of code mobility.

Client-server
The first constraint is that the system must be made up of clients and servers.

Servers have resources that clients want to use. For example, a server has a list of stock prices (i.e. a resource) and the client would like to display these prices in some nice graphs.

There is a clear separation of concerns between the two. The server takes care of the back-end stuff (data storage, business rules, etc.) and the client handles the front-end stuff (user interfaces).

Stateless
To further simplify interactions between clients and servers, the second constraint is that the communication between them must be stateless.

This means that all information about the client’s session is kept on the client, and the server is completely unaware. The consequence is that each request must contain all information necessary to perform the request (i.e. it cannot rely on any context information).

Cache
The last constraint on the client-server communication is that responses from servers must be marked as cacheable or non-cacheable.

An effective cache can reduce the number of client-server interactions, which contributes positively to the performance of the system. At least, from a user’s point of view.

Code on demand
Code on demand (COD) is the only optional constraint in REST. It allows clients to improve their flexibility because it is the server which decides how certain things will be done. For instance, with code on demand, a client can download a Javascript, Java applet or even a Flash application in order to encrypt communication so servers are not aware of any encryption routines / keys used in this process.

However, using COD reduces visibility, hence the optionality. Also, not every API needs this kind of flexibility.

title: Code on demand


text:
Alisa Reyes

Alisa Reyes is an American actress, best known for three seasons that she appeared on Nickelodeon's All That (1994–97) and providing the voice of LaCienega Boulevardez in the Disney Channel's, The Proud Family (2001–05) and its 2022 revival.

Career
Reyes started modeling at the age of eight, and attended The Professional Performing Arts School, where she focused on musical theatre. In 1992, she appeared in Mariah Carey's music video for her single "Make It Happen." In 1993, Reyes became one of the original cast members of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy show All That.

After All That, Reyes was then cast in the NBC Saturday morning sitcom One World. For her role in One World she was nominated for "Best Young Actress/Performance in a Saturday Morning TV Program" at both the 1999 and 2000 YoungStar Award awards.

Reyes has also made guest appearances on HBO's Six Feet Under, Lifetime's Strong Medicine, PBS' The American Family, NYPD Blue, and Boston Public.

Reyes also provided the voice of LaCienega Boulevardez in the Disney Channel animated series The Proud Family from 2001 to 2005. She reprised the role in the series continuation The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder on Disney+.

Reyes also worked as a DJ for Playboy Radio on Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio (Channel 99) and as a host for PlayboyU online and on air shows.

Filmography

 * Da Jammies (2015) ... MoMo (voice, season 1)
 * My Trip Back to the Dark Side (2012) Misty Rae
 * My Trip to the Dark Side (2011) Misty Rae
 * DaZe: Vol. Too (2009) (post-production) as Amy
 * Players (formerly Pledge of Allegiance) (2002)
 * Contradictions of the Heart (2006) (completed) .... Ellen
 * 4-Bidden (2007) Sydney
 * "The Doorman" (2007) (TV, Seinfeld episode) Girl at Yoga Class
 * Without a Trace Angelina Torres (1 episode, 2006)
 * Freezerburn (2005) Angie
 * Cuts Monica (1 episode, 2005)
 * The Proud Family Movie (2005) (TV) (voice) LaCienega Boulevardez
 * The Proud Family LaCienega Boulevardez (45 episodes, 2001–2005)
 * Pledge of Allegiance (aka Red Zone) (2003) Rachel
 * Six Feet Under Julie (1 episode, 2004)
 * A Sight for Sore Eyes (2004) Laura Sanchez
 * ER (1 episode, 2003)
 * Boston Public Trina Sanchez (3 episodes, 2002)
 * NYPD Blue Luisa Salazar (1 episode, 2002)
 * American Family Young Vangie Gonzalez / ... (5 episodes, 2002)
 * Passions Syd Valentine (10 episodes, 2002–2003)
 * V.I.P. (1 episode, 2001)
 * The Bold and the Beautiful Ginger (1 episode, 2001)
 * Spyder Games (2001) Rocio Conejo (unknown episodes)
 * One World Marci Blake (39 episodes, 1998–2001)
 * Strong Medicine Sonia (1 episode, 2000)
 * All That (1994–1997, 2019–2020) Regular Performer (1994–1997), guest (2019–2020)
 * The Proud Family Movie (2005) (TV) (performer: "Together Makes it Better")
 * The John Kerwin Show Herself (1 episode, 2005) Herself
 * The Making of A Sight for Sore Eyes (2003) Herself
 * Search Party Celebrity Contestant (2 episodes, 2000)
 * Figure It Out (1997) TV Series Herself/panelist (1997)
 * Reading Rainbow Herself (1 episode, 1991)

title: Alisa Reyes


text:
Murali

Murali may refer to:

Mononyms

 * Murali (Malayalam actor) (1954–2009), name of Malayalam film actor Muraleedharan Pillai, who appeared in Neythukaran and Aadhaaram
 * Murali (Tamil actor) (1964–2010), Tamil actor who appeared in films such as Pagal Nilavu and Vetri Kodi Kattu
 * Sriimurali, Kannada actor previously credited as Murali
 * Karthik (actor) (1960–), Tamil actor who is credited in Telugu as Murali

Given name

 * Murali Chemuturi (born 1950), Indian software development expert
 * Murali Coryell (born 1969), American blues guitarist and singer
 * Murali Gopy (born 1972), Indian screenwriter, actor, author, singer, and journalist
 * Murali Kartik (born 1976), Indian cricketer
 * Murali Krishna (director), Indian film director
 * Murali Kumar Gavit (born 1997), Indian long-distance runner
 * Murali Kuttan (1953–2010), Indian track and field athlete
 * Murali Mohan (born 1940), Indian film actor, producer, politician and business executive
 * Murali Nair (born 1966), Indian director and screenwriter
 * Murali Perunelly (born 1950), politician
 * Murali Pillai (born 1967), Singaporean politician
 * Murali Sastry (born 1959), Indian scientist
 * Murali Sharma, Indian character actor
 * Murali K. Thalluri (born 1984), Australian film director, writer, and producer
 * Murali Vijay (born 1984), Indian cricketer

Surname

 * Anil Murali, Indian film actor
 * B. Murali (born 1971), Malayalam author
 * Bala Murali (born 1969), Indian cricket umpire
 * Chithrakaran Murali, artist from Kerala
 * D. K. Murali, politician
 * Kadambari Murali (born 1975), sports journalist
 * Karthikeyan Murali (born 1999), Indian chess player
 * Kaviyoor Murali (1931–2001), dalit activist and researcher
 * Khushi Murali (1963–2013), Indian playback singer
 * Mithun Murali (born 1992), Indian actor
 * Mrudula Murali (born 1990), Indian film actress, model, anchor, and classical dancer
 * Muttiah Muralitharan (born 1972), often referred to as "Murali", Sri Lankan cricketer
 * N. Murali (born 1946), publisher of the Hindu Group
 * Posani Krishna Murali (born 1958), Indian screenwriter, actor, director, and producer
 * Ramisetti Murali (born 1963), Indian social worker and activist
 * Sabesh–Murali, Indian musical duo
 * Suchitra Murali, Indian actress
 * U. K. Murali, Indian singer and music composer

Places

 * Murali, Arsky District, Republic of Tatarstan
 * Murali, Kaybitsky District, Republic of Tatarstan

Other

 * Murali, another name for Bansuri, the flute played by Lord Krishna
 * Murali, another name for the matrimony vine, Lycium barbarum

title: Murali


text:
Les insolences du Frère Untel

Les insolences du Frère Untel is a book first published in Montreal by Les Éditions de l'Homme in 1960. In a very short time it sold more than 100,000 copies, in a society where a book with a 10,000 copy print run was considered a best seller. The anonymous author was Jean-Paul Desbiens, a Marist Brother, who attacked the church-controlled education system in Quebec.

The book had an important impact on the Quiet Revolution in Quebec and on the educational reforms that eventually shaped the present Quebec education system.

Desbiens was scathing in his attack of the existing system of classical colleges, where Latin reigned supreme. He also criticized the poor quality of the French language in Quebec, which he called joual. He called for massive reforms in all aspects of the system. Later, he was also very critical of the way the reforms were carried out.

The book was translated as The Impertinences of Brother Anonymous and published by the Montreal-based publisher Harvest House in 1962.

There is a more recent French edition which is still kept in print by les Editions de l'homme and dated 1988. (ISBN 2761915844)

title: Les insolences du Frère Untel


text:
Richard Diamond, Private Detective

Richard Diamond, Private Detective is an American detective drama, created by Blake Edwards, which aired on radio from 1949 to 1953, and on television from 1957 to 1960.

Radio
Dick Powell starred in the Richard Diamond, Private Detective radio series as a wisecracking former police officer turned private detective. Episodes typically open with a client visiting or calling cash-strapped Diamond's office and agreeing to his fee of $100 a day plus expenses, or Diamond taking on a case at the behest of his friend and former partner, Lt. Walter Levinson. Diamond often suffers a blow to the head in his sleuthing pursuits. Most episodes end with Diamond at the piano, singing a standard, popular song, or showtune from Powell's repertoire to Helen Asher (his girlfriend) in her penthouse at 975 Park Avenue.

Levinson was played variously by Ed Begley, Arthur Q. Bryan, Ted DeCorsia and Alan Reed. Helen was played by Virginia Gregg and others. Another regular cast member was Wilms Herbert as Walt's bumbling sergeant, Otis, who also "doubled" on the show as Helen's butler, Francis.

Many of the shows were either written or directed by Edwards. Its theme, "Leave It to Love", was whistled by Powell at the beginning of each episode.

It began airing on NBC Radio on April 24, 1949, picked up Rexall as a sponsor on April 5, 1950, and continued until December 6, 1950. With Camel cigarettes as a sponsor, it moved to ABC from January 5, 1951, to June 29, 1951, with Rexall returning for a run from October 5, 1951, until June 27, 1952. Substituting for Amos 'n' Andy, it aired Sunday evenings on CBS (again, for Rexall) from May 31, 1953 until September 20, 1953.

Television series
General Foods bought the program from Powell as a summer replacement for December Bride in 1957.

The television debut of Richard Diamond occurred on November 22, 1956, when Don Taylor portrayed the character in the "Double Cross" episode on Chevron Hall of Stars.

Powell's company, Four Star Television, produced the television version of Richard Diamond, Private Detective, which premiered in the summer of 1957 on CBS. It returned to CBS in January 1958 for the second season and in February 1959 for the third season, again on CBS. In the fall of 1959, the fourth and final season aired on NBC.

David Janssen, before The Fugitive, starred as Diamond, a former officer of the New York Police Department and a hard-boiled private detective in the film noir tradition. Don Taylor played the title role in a 1956 television pilot, broadcast as an episode of the anthology series Chevron Hall of Stars. The first two television seasons followed radio's characterization the most closely (several episodes were adapted from the radio series). Diamond, known for his charm and wisecracks as much as his virility, was still based in New York, though Janssen never sat at a piano and sang, as Powell had typically ended most of the radio episodes. In the noirish opening sequence, clad in hat, suit, and tie, he walks down a dimly lit street toward the camera and lights up a cigarette, the light revealing his face. After the first season when the sponsor was Maxwell House, the show was sponsored by Kent cigarettes, and Frank DeVol’s playfully mysterious theme was heard underneath an announcer hawking either "Maxwell House – Good to the Last Drop" or “Kent with the Micronite filter.” In syndicated rebroadcasts of the series, the revised title, Call Mr. D., flashes on the screen, and DeVol's music is replaced by Pete Rugolo’s far more recognizable theme—although that did not appear until Season 3.

Following the second season, the setting was switched from New York City to Los Angeles, and the production was entirely redesigned. The 18 episodes comprising Season 3 aired from February to mid-June of 1959, and Diamond’s character now bore only slight resemblance to his California-based noirish predecessors Sam Spade and Philip Marlowe. By the late 1950s, the glamour of Hollywood was becoming an irresistible fantasy for millions of viewers, and the popularity of Warner Brothers’ 77 Sunset Strip—which involved a good deal of location shooting and began airing four months before Diamond's third season—undoubtedly influenced a newer P. I. image that often seemed more inspired by Hugh Hefner than by Dashiell Hammett. Diamond no longer occupied a low-rent, cloistered office, but now operated from a modern, beautifully appointed ranch house—complete with a swimming pool—in the Hollywood Hills. With panoramic sliding glass doors providing views of the mountains and the city, his sunken living room featured a bar and a loveseat, where he could be found many evenings entertaining young women before a fire. Following the lead of the Sunset Strip private eyes, he also drove a convertible—in this case a 1959 DeSoto Fireflite. The Hefner-like fantasy was enhanced by gadgets, especially Diamond's car phone, which connected him directly to an answering service overseen by the shapely, enigmatic “Sam.” Season 3's modern, more youthful ambience was complemented by a jazz score by composer/arranger Pete Rugolo, who created a set of big-band, Stan Kenton-esque cues for each of the episodes. In the highly stylized opening sequence, Rugolo's robust theme is preceded by tense melodic fragments underscoring a series of frenetic, silhouette images of Diamond running, before walking forward—again in hat, suit, and tie—to light a cigarette, suggesting a re-boot of the original noirish conception. (Rugolo's score soon became so popular that in 1959 a full album of his Diamond cues, The Music from Richard Diamond, was released on the Mercury label.)

In the fourth season, which aired on NBC, the writers retained Los Angeles as the setting, but the Hefner-esque fantasy elements were considerably toned down. Now Diamond again operated from an office reminiscent of what he had known in New York, and his beautiful ranch house was replaced by an attractive—though more conventional—apartment. His car phone still connected him to Sam, but he now drove a 1959 Ford Galaxie convertible—absent the impressive tail fins of his DeSoto. Though the opening titles remained, Rugolo's score was replaced by a more sedate theme, "Nervous" by Richard Shores, later to be used during the highlight sequence that began every episode of The Dick Powell Show. The CBS Season 3 re-boot had aired on Sunday nights at 10 pm, but NBC moved the time slot to 7:30 pm Monday, and Season 4 began airing on October 5, 1959, with a 17-episode run that concluded late in January. Because its numbers were no longer strong, the season's nine additional episodes were delayed, resuming only as a summer replacement on Tuesday, July 5, 1960, and concluding in early September. Though the old noirish elements were more prominent, the final season's look seems inspired more by cost-cutting than aesthetics, and the production values appear far less glamorous than Season 3.

In addition to Janssen, the series had other recurring characters. Mirroring Diamond's history with the New York Police Department, the radio version featured his friend, police Lt. Walt Levinson (often played by Ed Begley, Sr.), and on TV, veteran actor Regis Toomey, portraying Diamond's former superior, Lt. Dennis "Mac" McGough, came aboard in the first episode, which aired in July 1957. Toomey then appeared intermittently in seven more, including “Snow Queen,” the final episode of Season 2, which aired on June 26, 1958. Radio's version also gave Diamond a steady girl friend, wealthy socialite Helen Asher (played by Virginia Gregg), a story arc that was neglected by television until the first episode of Season 3, when Diamond meets fashion designer Karen Wells, played by Barbara Bain. But this may have created a conundrum for the producers, since radio's Diamond was also an unrestrained flirt, and Powell's character often shamelessly ogled his beautiful clients before returning to Helen each week. In one TV episode, “Soft Touch,” Karen catches Diamond about to two-time her, and after five episodes, the “steady-girl-friend” arc had disappeared, with Diamond once again playing the field. When he first reached Los Angeles, Diamond had no history with the local police, and his encounters with them are often contentious. In Season 4, Russ Conway was cast as Lieutenant Pete Kile for five episodes, and their relationship soon turns to one of mutual respect, if not always warmth. The omnipresent Sam entered the picture (at least partially—viewers never saw much of her face) in Season 3 and remained for the duration of the series. She was played for most of Season 3 by Mary Tyler Moore in her first regular series role, and later replaced by Roxane Brooks.

Cast

 * David Janssen as Richard Diamond
 * Regis Toomey as Lt. Dennis "Mac" McGough (seasons 1–2)
 * Russ Conway as Lt. Pete Kile (season 4)
 * Barbara Bain as Karen Wells (season 3)
 * Mary Tyler Moore as Sam (season 3)
 * Roxane Brooks as Sam (seasons 3–4)

Television guest stars

 * Nick Adams
 * Philip Ahn
 * Charles Aidman
 * Claude Akins
 * Frank Albertson
 * Jack Albertson
 * Chris Alcaide
 * Merry Anders
 * John Anderson
 * Eleanor Audley
 * Phyllis Avery
 * Joanna Barnes
 * Patricia Barry
 * Harry Bartell
 * Arthur Batanides
 * Barbara Baxley
 * Don Beddoe
 * Ed Begley
 * Harry Bellaver
 * John Beradino
 * James Best
 * Edward Binns
 * Joey Bishop
 * Patricia Blair
 * Whitney Blake
 * Dan Blocker
 * Willis Bouchey
 * Lane Bradford
 * Jocelyn Brando
 * Steve Brodie
 * Charles Bronson
 * Hillary Brooke
 * Geraldine Brooks
 * Richard Carlyle
 * Jack Cassidy
 * Phyllis Coates
 * Joe Conley
 * Ellen Corby
 * Jerome Cowan
 * Christopher Dark
 * Ted de Corsia
 * Francis De Sales
 * King Donovan
 * Richard Devon
 * Brad Dexter
 * Lawrence Dobkin
 * James Drury
 * Don Durant
 * Jack Elam
 * Ross Elliott
 * Tommy Farrell
 * James Flavin
 * Dick Foran
 * Robert Foulk
 * Douglas Fowley
 * Robert Gist
 * Ned Glass
 * Barry Gordon
 * Tom Greenway
 * Dabbs Greer
 * Virginia Gregg
 * Don Haggerty
 * Kipp Hamilton
 * Peter Hansen
 * Stacy Harris
 * Irene Hervey
 * Jonathan Hole
 * James Hong
 * Clegg Hoyt
 * John Hoyt
 * Robert Karnes
 * Don Keefer
 * DeForest Kelley
 * Sandy Kenyon
 * Gail Kobe
 * Charles Lane
 * Joi Lansing
 * Harry Lauter
 * Ruta Lee
 * Peter Leeds
 * Bethel Leslie
 * Nan Leslie
 * Lisa Lu
 * Keye Luke
 * John Lupton
 * Ross Martin
 * Sean McClory
 * Howard McNear
 * Carole Mathews
 * Joyce Meadows
 * Eve Miller
 * John Mitchum
 * Rita Moreno
 * Vic Morrow
 * Jeanette Nolan
 * Jay Novello
 * Alan Reed
 * Richard Reeves
 * Stafford Repp
 * Addison Richards
 * Mark Roberts
 * Carlos Romero
 * Hayden Rorke
 * Mort Sahl
 * Walter Sande
 * Gloria Saunders
 * William Schallert
 * Jacqueline Scott
 * Karen Sharpe
 * Doris Singleton
 * Lyle Talbot
 * Gloria Talbott
 * Vaughn Taylor
 * Lee Van Cleef
 * Herb Vigran
 * June Vincent
 * James Westerfield
 * Jesse White
 * Jean Willes
 * Gloria Winters

Adaptations
In 1968, Four Star president David Charnay announced a feature film revival starring David Janssen, but nothing came of the plans. A pair of unauthorized Richard Diamond short stories set in 1948 were published in book form in 2016.

title: Richard Diamond, Private Detective


text:
Raquel Lee

Raquel Yvette Lee (born October 13, 1986) is an American former actress who appeared on Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show during the show's first season.

Career
From 2001 to 2005, she also provided the voice of Nubia Gross on The Proud Family, and does so again on its revival series The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder in 2022. She also co-starred with Tahj Mowry, Mark Curry, and Dawnn Lewis in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Poof Point.

Personal life
Lee married her husband Edouard Bolleau in 2016. Together, they have three children.

title: Raquel Lee