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Bill Belichick

William Stephen Belichick (born April 16, 1952) is an American sports analyst and football coach. Widely regarded as one of the greatest head coaches of all time,  he holds numerous coaching records, including the record of most Super Bowl wins (six) as a head coach, all with the New England Patriots, along with two more during his time as the defensive coordinator of the New York Giants, for a record eight combined total Super Bowl victories as coach and coordinator. A renowned American football historian, Belichick is often referred to as a "student of the game" with a deep knowledge of the intricacies of each player position. During his tenure with the Patriots, Belichick was a central figure as the head coach and de facto general manager during the franchise's dynasty from 2001 to 2019.

Belichick is a descendant of the Bill Parcells coaching tree. He began his coaching career in 1975 as an assistant for the Baltimore Colts and became the defensive coordinator for New York Giants head coach Bill Parcells by 1985. Parcells and Belichick won two Super Bowls together before Belichick left to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns in 1991. He remained in Cleveland for five seasons but was fired following the team's 1995 season. Belichick rejoined Parcells, first in New England where the team lost Super Bowl XXXI, and later with the New York Jets. After being named head coach of the Jets, Belichick resigned after only one day on the job to accept the head coaching job for the Patriots on January 27, 2000. In 24 seasons under Belichick, the Patriots won 17 AFC East division titles, made 13 appearances in the AFC Championship Game, and appeared in nine Super Bowls, with a record six wins. Overall, Belichick has won eight Super Bowl titles (the most of any individual in NFL history) and finished as runner-up four times from his combined time as an assistant and head coach.

At the time Belichick left the Patriots, he was the NFL's longest-tenured active head coach. Belichick has the most playoff coaching wins all-time with 31 and ranks third in regular season coaching wins in the NFL with 302. He is also in second place for combined regular season and postseason wins, and also second place for most regular season coaching wins with one franchise. Belichick is one of only three head coaches who have won six NFL titles. He was named the AP NFL Coach of the Year for the 2003, 2007, and 2010 seasons. Belichick has also been selected to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team, NFL 2010s All-Decade Team, as well as the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team, and is the only active head coach on the latter team.

Early life and education
Belichick was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on April 16, 1952, the son of Jeannette (née Munn) and Steve Belichick.

Belichick was named after College Football Hall of Fame coach Bill Edwards, who was his godfather. He is of Croatian ancestry; his paternal grandparents, Marija Barković and Ivan Biličić, emigrated from Draganić in 1897 and settled in Monessen, Pennsylvania, having changed their names to Mary and John Belichick at the suggestion of immigration officers.

Belichick was raised in Annapolis, Maryland, where his father was an assistant football coach at the United States Naval Academy. Belichick has said his father is one of his most important football mentors, and Belichick often studied football with him. Bill reportedly learned to break down game films at a young age by watching his father and the Navy staff do their jobs. Belichick graduated from Annapolis High School in 1970, where he was a classmate of Sally Brice-O'Hara, who would later become the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard. While there, Belichick played football and lacrosse, with the latter being his favorite sport. Belichick enrolled at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, for a postgraduate year, with the intention of improving his grades and test scores to be admitted into a quality college. The school honored Belichick 40 years later by inducting him into its Athletics Hall of Honor in 2011.

Belichick attended Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, where he played center and tight end. In addition to being a member of the football team, Belichick played lacrosse and squash, serving as the captain of the lacrosse team during his senior season. A member of Chi Psi fraternity, Belichick earned a bachelor's degree in economics in 1975. Eventually, he was part of the inaugural induction class into the university's Athletics Hall of Fame in spring 2008.

Early coaching positions
After graduating, Belichick took a $25-per-week job as an assistant to Baltimore Colts head coach Ted Marchibroda in 1975. In 1976, Belichick joined the Detroit Lions as their assistant special teams coach before adding tight ends and wide receivers to his coaching duties in 1977. Belichick was dismissed along with head coach Tommy Hudspeth and the rest of the coaching staff on January 9, 1978. He spent the 1978 season with the Denver Broncos as their assistant special teams coach and defensive assistant while also serving as director of films.

New York Giants (1979–1990)
In 1979, Belichick began a 12-year stint with the New York Giants alongside head coach Ray Perkins as a defensive assistant and special teams coach. Belichick added linebackers coaching to his duties in 1980 and was named defensive coordinator in 1985 under head coach Bill Parcells, who had replaced Perkins in 1983. The Giants won Super Bowl XXI and Super Bowl XXV following the 1986 and 1990 seasons. Belichick's defensive game plan from the New York Giants' 20–19 upset of the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV has been placed in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Cleveland Browns (1991–1995)
From 1991 until 1995, Belichick was the head coach of the Cleveland Browns. During his tenure in Cleveland, Belichick compiled a 36–44 record, leading the team to the playoffs in 1994, his only winning year with the team. Coincidentally, Belichick's lone playoff victory during his Browns tenure was achieved against the New England Patriots, who were coached by former Giants head coach Bill Parcells, in the Wild Card Round during that postseason. In Belichick's final season in Cleveland, the Browns finished 5–11 despite starting 3–1. One of his most controversial moves was cutting quarterback Bernie Kosar midway through the 1993 season. Kosar was signed by the Dallas Cowboys two days later and won a Super Bowl with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII as a backup. In November 1995, in the middle of the ongoing football season, Browns owner Art Modell had announced he would move his franchise to Baltimore after the season. After first being given assurances that he would coach the new team that would later become the Baltimore Ravens, Belichick was instead fired on February 14, 1996, a week after the shift was officially announced.

New England Patriots (1996)
After his dismissal by the Cleveland Browns, Belichick served under Parcells again as assistant head coach and defensive backs coach with the New England Patriots for the 1996 season. The Patriots finished with an 11–5 record and won the AFC Championship over the Jacksonville Jaguars, but they lost to the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI amid rumors of Parcells's impending defection.

New York Jets (1997–1999)
Belichick had two stints as the head coach of the New York Jets without ever coaching a game.

In February 1997, Belichick, who had been an assistant coach under Bill Parcells with the New York Giants and New England Patriots, was named the Jets interim head coach while the Jets and Patriots continued to negotiate compensation to release Parcells from his contract with the Patriots and allow Parcells to coach the Jets. Six days later, the Patriots and Jets reached an agreement that allowed Parcells to coach the Jets, and Belichick became the team's assistant head coach and defensive coordinator.

When Parcells stepped down as head coach after the 1999 season, he had already arranged with team management to have Belichick succeed him. However, Belichick was the Jets' head coach for only one day. On January 4, 2000, when Belichick was introduced as head coach to the media—the day after his hiring was publicized—he turned it into a surprise resignation announcement. Before taking the podium, Belichick scrawled a resignation note on a napkin that read, in its entirety, "I resign as HC of the NYJ." He then delivered a half-hour speech explaining his resignation to the assembled press corps.

Soon after this bizarre turn of events, Belichick was introduced as the Patriots' 12th full-time head coach, succeeding the recently fired Pete Carroll. The Patriots had inquired to the Jets about permission to interview him for their vacant spot at head coach just prior to Parcells stepping down. Parcells and the Jets claimed that Belichick was still under contract to the Jets, and demanded compensation from the Patriots. NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue agreed, and the Patriots gave the Jets a first-round draft pick in 2000 in exchange for the right to hire Belichick.

Return to New England (2000–2023)
Soon after hiring Belichick, owner Robert Kraft gave him near-complete control over the team's football operations, making him the de facto general manager as well. Until 2009, Belichick split many of the duties normally held by a general manager on other clubs with player personnel director Scott Pioli, though Belichick had the final say on football matters. Pioli left for the Kansas City Chiefs after the 2008 season.

The Patriots went 5–11 in the 2000 regular season and missed the playoffs.

First three Super Bowl wins: 2001–2004
In 2001, the Patriots went 11–5 in the regular season, and in the playoffs defeated the Oakland Raiders (in the "Tuck Rule Game") and Pittsburgh Steelers on the way to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XXXVI, Belichick's defense held the St. Louis Rams' offense, which had averaged 31 points during the season, to 17 points, and the Patriots won on a last-second field goal by Adam Vinatieri. The win was the first Super Bowl championship in Patriots history.

The following season (2002)—the first in Gillette Stadium—the Patriots went 9–7 and missed the playoffs. New England finished with the same record as the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins, but the Jets won the AFC East title as a result of the third tiebreaker (record among common opponents).

The Patriots' 2003 season started with a 31–0 loss to the Buffalo Bills in Week 1, a few days after they released team defensive captain Lawyer Milloy. However, they dominated through the remainder of the season to finish 14–2, setting a new franchise record for wins in a season. In the final week of the regular season, the Patriots avenged their loss to the Bills by the same 31–0 score. They defeated the Tennessee Titans in the divisional round of the playoffs. Playing against the Indianapolis Colts and Co-MVP Peyton Manning in the AFC Championship Game (Steve McNair of the Titans was also Co-MVP), the Patriots recorded four interceptions, and advanced to Super Bowl XXXVIII, where they defeated the Carolina Panthers 32–29 on a late Adam Vinatieri field goal. Belichick was awarded the NFL Coach of the Year Award.

In 2004, the Patriots once again finished with a 14–2 record, and they defeated the Indianapolis Colts in the divisional round of the playoffs. They opened the season at 6–0, which combined with the 15 straight wins to end the previous season, gave New England 21 consecutive victories to break the record for most wins in a row formerly held by the Miami Dolphins with 18 straight victories in the 1972 and 1973 seasons. They defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game. In Super Bowl XXXIX, the Patriots beat the Philadelphia Eagles and became only the second team to win three Super Bowls in four years. Belichick is the only coach to accomplish the feat as the Dallas Cowboys had two head coaches in the stretch they won three of four from 1992 to 1995.

Perfect regular season and Brady's injury: 2005–2009
With a new defensive coordinator in Eric Mangini and no named offensive coordinator, the Patriots went 10–6 in the 2005 season and defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round before losing to the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round. Earlier, with a season-opening win over the Oakland Raiders, Belichick notched his 54th win with the Patriots, passing Mike Holovak as the winningest coach in Patriots history.

The Patriots finished with a 12–4 record in the 2006 season and defeated the New York Jets by a score of 37–16 in the Wild Card Round. They then beat the San Diego Chargers the next week in the Divisional Round, before losing to the eventual Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Championship by a score of 38–34. The Patriots led 21–3 midway through the second quarter, but the Colts mounted one of the great comebacks in playoff history.

In 2007, Belichick led the Patriots to the first perfect regular season since the introduction of the 16-game regular season schedule in 1978, only the fourth team to do so in National Football League history after the 1934 and 1942 Chicago Bears and 1972 Miami Dolphins. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, they defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars by a score of 31–20. In the AFC Championship, the Patriots defeated the San Diego Chargers by a score of 21–12. The Patriots were upset in Super Bowl XLII 17–14 by the New York Giants, his former team, due to the defense allowing a famous play to David Tyree near the end of regulation. The Patriots' failure to attain a "perfect season" (undefeated and untied, including playoffs) preserved the Miami Dolphins as the sole team to do so, having finished their 1972 regular season at 14–0 and having won three games in the playoffs. Only two other teams in professional football have recorded a perfect season—the 1948 Cleveland Browns (14–0) of the then All-America Football Conference and the 1948 Calgary Stampeders (12–0) of the Canadian Football League. No team in the former American Football League ever had a perfect season.

During the Patriots' 2008 season-opener against the Kansas City Chiefs, quarterback Tom Brady sustained a season-ending injury in the first quarter. Backup quarterback Matt Cassel was named the starter for the remainder of the season. However, with a win in Week 2, the Patriots broke their own record for regular season wins in a row with 21 (2006–08). After losing over 12 players to the injured reserve list, including Rodney Harrison, Adalius Thomas, and Laurence Maroney, the Patriots still managed their league-leading eighth consecutive season with a winning record, going 11–5. However, the Patriots, who finished second in the AFC East, missed the playoffs for the first time since 2002, losing on tiebreakers to the Miami Dolphins (who won the division on the fourth tiebreaker, better conference record) and the Baltimore Ravens (who beat out the Patriots for the last playoff spot due to a better conference record). The 1985 Denver Broncos are the only other 11-win team to miss the playoffs in a 16-game season.

In 2009, with a fully healthy Tom Brady back as the starting quarterback, Belichick was able to guide the Patriots to yet another AFC East division title with a 10–6 record. However, the Patriots lost to the Baltimore Ravens in the Wild Card Round.

Spygate
In an incident dubbed "Spygate," on September 9, 2007, NFL security caught a Patriots video assistant taping the New York Jets' defensive signals from the sidelines, which is not an approved location. The NFL rules state: "No video recording devices of any kind are permitted to be in use in the coaches' booth, on the field, or in the locker room during the game." Jets coach Eric Mangini, a former Patriots assistant, tipped off league officials that the Patriots might have been filming their signals. After the game, the Jets formally complained to the league.

On September 13, the NFL fined Belichick $500,000—the largest fine ever imposed on a coach in the league's 87-year history, and fined the Patriots $250,000. Additionally, the Patriots forfeited their first-round draft pick in the 2008 NFL draft. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, a former employee of the Jets, said that he fined the Patriots as a team because Belichick exercises so much control over the Patriots' on-field operations that "his actions and decisions are properly attributed to the club." Goodell considered suspending Belichick but decided that taking away draft picks would be more severe in the long run. Gary Myers, a columnist for New York's Daily News columnist, stated Belichick should have been suspended by Goodell for the Patriots' next game against the Jets.

Belichick later issued the following statement:

"I accept full responsibility for the actions that led to tonight's ruling. Once again, I apologize to the Kraft family and every person directly or indirectly associated with the New England Patriots for the embarrassment, distraction and penalty my mistake caused. I also apologize to Patriots fans and would like to thank them for their support during the past few days and throughout my career. [...] As the Commissioner acknowledged, our use of sideline video had no impact on the outcome of last week's game. We have never used sideline video to obtain a competitive advantage while the game was in progress. [...] Part of my job as head coach is to ensure that our football operations are conducted in compliance of the league rules and all accepted interpretations of them. My interpretation of a rule in the Constitution and Bylaws was incorrect. [...] With tonight's resolution, I will not be offering any further comments on this matter. We are moving on with our preparations for Sunday's game."

The sanctions against Belichick were the harshest imposed on a head coach in league history until the New Orleans Saints' Sean Payton was suspended for the entire 2012 season for covering up a scheme in which bounties were paid for deliberately knocking opponents out of games.

Following the incident and its fallout, Belichick led the Patriots to a perfect 16–0 regular season record, and was awarded the 2007 NFL Coach of the Year Award, as voted on by the Associated Press.

Making five Super Bowls and winning three, Gronkowski, and "We're on to Cincinnati": 2010–2019
In the 2010 season, Belichick and the Patriots finished with a 14–2 record for the top seed in the AFC. However, their postseason ended quickly with a 28–21 loss to the New York Jets in the divisional round.

In the 2011 season, the Patriots topped the AFC with a 13–3 record. Following a victory over the Denver Broncos in the divisional round of the playoffs, the Patriots won the AFC Championship game, beating the Baltimore Ravens 23–20 when the Ravens failed to score a touchdown and Baltimore's kicker, Billy Cundiff, missed a routine 32-yard field goal attempt to tie the game and send it into overtime. This sent New England to their fifth Super Bowl under Belichick. In Super Bowl XLVI, the Patriots lost in the Super Bowl XLII rematch to the New York Giants by a score of 21–17.

On September 26, 2012, following a 31–30 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, Belichick was fined $50,000 for grabbing a replacement official's arm while asking for more specific clarity on a ruling after Baltimore had narrowly converted a last-second field goal attempt to secure the win. The Patriots finished the 2012 regular season with a 12–4 record. In the divisional round of the playoffs, they defeated the Houston Texans by a score of 41–28 and made it to the AFC Championship Game, where they lost to the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens by a score of 28–13, ending their season.

The Patriots began the 2013 season with much upheaval on the offensive side of the ball with the injury of Rob Gronkowski, the arrest and subsequent release of Aaron Hernandez, the departures of Wes Welker to the Denver Broncos and Danny Woodhead to the San Diego Chargers in free agency, and the release of Brandon Lloyd. To replace them, the Patriots signed Danny Amendola in free agency, drafted rookies Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce, and signed undrafted rookie free agent Kenbrell Thompkins. The team finished the season with a 12–4 record, winning the AFC East and securing a playoff berth and a first-round bye, seeding second in the AFC standings. In the Divisional Round, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 43–22. They lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship Game by a score of 26–16.

In the 2014 season, Belichick's Patriots started 2–2. At a mid-week press conference following a 41–14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, Belichick famously uttered, "We're on to Cincinnati" (referring to the Patriots' next opponent), several times in response to follow-up questions and criticisms of his team, Brady in particular. Ultimately, they recorded a 12–4 record for the third straight season. In the Divisional Round, they defeated the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 35–31. During the AFC Championship Game, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 45–7. They reached Super Bowl XLIX, where they defeated the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28–24. With his fourth championship as head coach, Belichick tied Chuck Noll for most Super Bowl wins by a head coach.

In the 2015 season, the Patriots recorded a 12–4 record for the fourth straight season. They defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional Round by a score of 27–20. During the AFC Championship Game, the Patriots narrowly lost to the eventual Super Bowl 50 champion Denver Broncos by a score of 20–18.

In the 2016 season, the Patriots recorded a 14–2 record, which earned them the #1 seed for the AFC playoffs. In the Divisional Round, they defeated the Houston Texans by a score of 34–16. During the AFC Championship Game, they defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers by a score of 36–17. They reached Super Bowl LI, where they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in a comeback victory by a score of 34–28 in overtime. The Patriots were down 28–3 at one point in the third quarter. With the victory, Belichick won his record fifth Super Bowl title as a head coach.

In the 2017 season, the Patriots went 13–3, setting an NFL record eighth consecutive 12-or-more-win seasons, capturing their ninth consecutive AFC East title and their 15th of the last 17 seasons. They defeated the Tennessee Titans in the Divisional Round by a score of 35–14 and the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game by a score of 24–20, claiming their second consecutive AFC title, while also extending their record of consecutive AFC Championship Game appearances with seven. Super Bowl LII was Belichick's eighth title game as head coach and his eleventh overall in any capacity, which was also the Patriots' tenth appearance, all extending NFL records. The Ringer wrote that Belichick's "team is different from many of New England's famous teams from the previous decade: The first iteration of the Patriots dynasty relied on defense. This year, they are 29th in yards allowed (though fifth in points allowed) and instead have perfected the art of situational football." The latter Patriots teams were noted for mounting late comebacks in playoff games. However, the Patriots fell to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, 41–33, as Eagles quarterback Nick Foles repeated his dominant NFC Championship Game performance and led Philadelphia to victory in a high-scoring game. The Patriots were down early, as they had been in most of their Super Bowl wins. However, they could not make a comeback this time, although they came very close. Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham strip-sacked Tom Brady to get the ball back with about two minutes to go in the fourth quarter. The Patriots did get the ball again before the end of the game, but they ran out of time to score.

In the 2018 season, the Patriots went 11–5, failing to win 12 or more games for the first time since 2009. Despite this, they still captured their 10th consecutive AFC East title and their 16th of the last 18 years. They defeated the Los Angeles Chargers in the Divisional Round by a score of 41–28 and the Kansas City Chiefs during the AFC Championship Game 37–31 in a tough overtime game in Kansas City to advance to their third straight Super Bowl. In Super Bowl LIII, the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams 13–3 to give Belichick his sixth Super Bowl championship as a head coach and his eighth overall to have the most Super Bowl rings in NFL history. His six championships matched both George Halas and Curly Lambeau for most championships as a head coach. The Patriots' defense held the high-scoring Rams offense to only 260 total yards.

On May 13, 2019, Belichick announced that he would assume another role as the Patriots' defensive coordinator starting the 2019 season. On October 27, 2019, with the Patriots' win over the Cleveland Browns, Belichick obtained his 300th win, regular and postseason combined, as a head coach. The Patriots finished the 2019 regular season with a 12–4 record, winning their 11th consecutive AFC East title. However, the Patriots were defeated in the Wild Card Round of the playoffs by the Tennessee Titans, led by former Patriots linebacker Mike Vrabel, by a score of 20–13.

Brady goes to Tampa Bay, Cam Newton, Mac Jones, and final years in New England: 2020–2023
Following the departure of Tom Brady to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Belichick and the Patriots were faced with an uncertain quarterback situation for the first time in nearly two decades. During the offseason, the Patriots signed former Carolina Panthers starter Cam Newton for the 2020 NFL season. The off-season routines and schedules, as well as the normal processes of regular season were severely disrupted by the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the unanticipated difficulties and challenges of the pandemic, the Patriots were in the hunt for a playoff spot until late in the season, ultimately finishing 7–9. The 2020 season was Belichick's first losing season since his first year in New England.

In the 2021 NFL draft, the Patriots selected quarterback Mac Jones with the 15th overall pick. After Jones and Newton competed for the starting job during the preseason, Belichick made the decision to release Newton and name Jones the starter for the upcoming season. During Week 4, Brady's Tampa Bay Buccaneers visited the Patriots in his first trip to Gillette Stadium since signing with the Buccaneers. A missed 56-yard field goal by Patriots kicker Nick Folk allowed Tampa Bay to narrowly escape with a 19–17 victory. Immediately after the game, Brady and Belichick shared a quick embrace on the field before Brady greeted his former teammates and other members of the Patriots organization. Though fans criticized Belichick for his lack of warmth displayed towards his former quarterback, the two privately spoke at length in the Buccaneers locker room following the match. Belichick helped lead the Patriots to a 10–7 record in 2021. The team fell to the Buffalo Bills in the Wild Card Round by a score of 47–17.

In the 2022 season, despite starting quarterback Mac Jones being injured in Week 3 and subsequently missing three more weeks, the Patriots remained in the hunt for a playoff spot until the last week, finishing with a record of 8–9.

During Week 4 of the 2023 season, the Patriots lost to the Dallas Cowboys by a score of 38–3. In doing so, Belichick suffered the worst loss of his coaching career (35 points). The following week, the Patriots lost to the Saints by a score of 34–0, giving Belichick his worst home loss of his career. Two weeks later, New England upset the Buffalo Bills 29–25 to earn Belichick his 300th career regular season win as an NFL head coach. After a Week 10 10–6 loss to the Indianapolis Colts in Germany and subsequent bye week, Belichick named Bailey Zappe the team's starting quarterback. In Belichick's final game with New England, the Patriots lost to the New York Jets 17–3, snapping the team's 15-game winning streak over the Jets. The Patriots finished the season with a 4–13 record, the team's worst in Belichick's 24 seasons as head coach.

On January 11, 2024, Belichick and the Patriots mutually agreed to part ways. On January 15, Belichick was interviewed by the Atlanta Falcons for their head coaching position, but ultimately did not get the job as the Falcons hired Raheem Morris instead.

Overall record in New England
Under Belichick, the Patriots had a regular-season record of 266–121–0 over 24 seasons. Belichick is the most successful coach in Patriots history; his 266 wins with the franchise are more than quadruple those of runner-up Mike Holovak. Belichick also compiled a 30–12 record in the playoffs with New England, including a 6–3 record in Super Bowls. He led the Patriots to 17 divisional titles, including five consecutive titles from 2003 to 2007 and eleven consecutive titles from 2009 to 2019. This streak of 11 consecutive playoff appearances is the most in NFL history for any team.

Media career
While still serving as head coach for the Patriots in 2019, Belichick appeared as one of three main analysts, alongside host Rich Eisen and Cris Collinsworth, for the NFL 100 All-Time Team series on NFL Network, serving as a voter, in addition to providing his analysis of each member's significance and breaking down tape of highlight plays. Belichick was chosen in these roles due to his exceptional knowledge of American football, to the extent that he and fellow former head coach John Madden were specifically assigned to look over film of the earliest players selected to the team. Belichick was awarded a Sports Emmy in 2021 for his contributions to the series.

After mutually parting ways with the Patriots in 2024, Belichick, while still declaring himself an active head coach, officially agreed to appear every Monday afternoon during the 2024 NFL season with ESPN's The Pat McAfee Show, first appearing as an analyst on the show during its "5th Annual Draft Spectacular", covering the 2024 NFL draft, following a guest appearance weeks prior.

Peyton Manning revealed during the Netflix special The Roast of Tom Brady that Belichick would join another ESPN program, joining the Manning brothers (Peyton and Eli) in the Manningcast, an alternate live television broadcast of Monday Night Football. A week afterward, Manning stated during an appearance on The Pat McAfee Show that Belichick would appear on every Manningcast broadcast during the 2024 season.

Head coaching record
Coaching record accurate as of final week of the 2023 NFL season.

Coaching tree
Bill Belichick has worked under six head coaches:
 * Ted Marchibroda, Baltimore Colts (1975)
 * Rick Forzano, Detroit Lions (1976)
 * Tommy Hudspeth, Detroit Lions (1976–1977)
 * Red Miller, Denver Broncos (1978)
 * Ray Perkins, New York Giants (1979–1982)
 * Bill Parcells, New York Giants (1983–1990), New England Patriots (1996), New York Jets (1997–1999)

Twenty of Belichick's assistant coaches have become NFL or NCAA head coaches (not including interim tenures):
 * Rod Dowhower, Vanderbilt (1995–1996)
 * Nick Saban, Michigan State (1995–1999), LSU (2001–2004), Miami Dolphins (2005–2006), Alabama (2007–2023)
 * Pat Hill, Fresno State (1997–2011)
 * Woody Widenhofer, Vanderbilt (1997–2001)
 * Kirk Ferentz, Iowa (1999–present)
 * Al Groh, New York Jets (2000), Virginia (2001–2009)
 * Romeo Crennel, Cleveland Browns (2005–2008), Kansas City Chiefs (2011–2012)
 * Charlie Weis, Notre Dame (2005–2009), Kansas (2012–2014)
 * Eric Mangini, New York Jets (2006–2008), Cleveland Browns (2009–2010)
 * Josh McDaniels, Denver Broncos (2009–2010), Las Vegas Raiders (2022–2023)
 * Jim Schwartz, Detroit Lions (2009–2013)
 * Dewayne Walker, New Mexico State (2009–2013)
 * Pete Mangurian, Columbia (2012–2014)
 * Bill O'Brien, Penn State (2012–2013), Houston Texans (2014–2020), Boston College (2024-present)
 * Matt Patricia, Detroit Lions (2018–2020)
 * Brian Flores, Miami Dolphins (2019–2021)
 * Joe Judge, New York Giants, (2020–2021)
 * Bret Bielema, Illinois (2021–present)
 * Jedd Fisch, Arizona (2021–present), Washington (2024–present)
 * Brian Daboll, New York Giants (2022–present)
 * Jerod Mayo, New England Patriots (2024–present)

During the offseason, Belichick visits other football programs to learn from their experiences. For example, he has studied the Navy run offense, sought Bill Walsh (in past years) to understand more about the San Francisco 49ers as an organization and the West Coast offense as a system, and spent time with Jimmy Johnson to learn about drafting and contract negotiations.

The track record of Belichick's coaching tree has been characterized as poor. Former assistant coaches under Belichick had a combined 208–296–1 (.410) record as head coaches of their own teams through November 28, 2020, and a number of them ended their brief tenures as head coaches by being fired midseason. As of the end of the 2020 season, the only members of this coaching tree to have career NFL head coaching records above .500 were former coaches Groh (9–7) and O'Brien (52–48 during season, 2–4 in playoffs).

Personal life
Nick Saban and Belichick are good friends. In 2007, when Belichick spoke about their relationship, he said: "Two successful Croats in the same division of NFL. You must admit, you don't see that every day." In May 2018, President Donald Trump appointed Belichick to be a member of his Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition.

In June 2024 it was reported that Belichick was in a relationship with Jordon Hudson, who is a 24-year-old former cheerleader.

Belichick has an Alaskan Klee Kai dog named Nike. Interest in the breed surged after Nike made an appearance on camera during the 2020 NFL draft.

Belichick has dual Croatian/American citizenship. He received Croatian citizenship on June 3, 2024, in Banski dvori in Zagreb from the Croatian prime minister Andrej Plenković. He was also special guest of the association football friendly match on Stadion Rujevica between Croatia and North Macedonia.

Family
Belichick was married to Debby Clarke from 1977 to 2006. They have three children. Daughter Amanda played lacrosse at Wesleyan University. She is the head women's lacrosse coach at the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts in July 2015. Son Stephen played lacrosse and football at Rutgers University and was an assistant coach with the Patriots. Son Brian is an assistant coach with the Patriots.

Starting in 2007, Belichick was in a relationship with Linda Holliday, the executive director of the Bill Belichick Foundation. The relationship ended in 2023.

Declined Presidential Medal of Freedom
On January 10, 2021, Politico reported then-President Donald Trump planned to award Belichick the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Belichick indicated that he was flattered to be considered for the honor, but declined the award in a statement issued the next day. His statement referenced the January 6 United States Capitol attack, which the House of Representatives had accused Trump of provoking when it impeached for the second time of his presidency, and cited Belichick's "great reverence for our nation's values, freedom and democracy" in light of that event. A number of Massachusetts politicians, including Senator Ed Markey and Representative Jim McGovern, had previously called on him to decline after news of the award became public.

In popular culture

 * The Belichick Plaza at Wesleyan University (formerly Warren Street lobby) was dedicated in recognition of the leadership and generosity of Belichick.
 * A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin has mentioned Belichick and the Patriots in his interviews and in his work.
 * In the Madden NFL video game series, his name is not used because he is not a member of the NFL Coaches Association, which licenses the game. Belichick is the only NFL head coach who has chosen not to join the association.
 * Belichick is well known as a fan of the rock band Bon Jovi, who visited Patriots training camp on August 14, 2006, and in 2019.  Their 2002 song "Bounce" is dedicated to Belichick.
 * Belichick had a cameo appearance in an episode of the Denis Leary drama Rescue Me as a mourner at a funeral, alongside former Boston Bruin Phil Esposito.
 * The 2008 South Park episode "Eek, a Penis!" deals with fallout from the 2007 National Football League videotaping controversy.
 * In September 2011, a two-hour documentary following Belichick through the entire 2009 season was aired as the first two episodes of the NFL Network documentary series A Football Life. According to NFL Network, the premiere was the most-watched documentary in the history of the NFL Network, and the second-most watched broadcast in the Boston media market, beating all the broadcast networks, and finishing second only to a Boston Red Sox game.
 * In the Family Guy episode "3 Acts of God" it is revealed that God won't let the New England Patriots win games because Belichick never smiles.
 * Belichick's "We're on to Cincinnati" press conference during the 2014 season is spoofed by comedian Frank Caliendo.
 * A glowering Belichick is featured in the third episode of the twenty-eighth season of The Simpsons, entitled "The Town".
 * Episode 96 of ESPN's 30 for 30 series is entitled "The Two Bills", and covers the history between Belichick and Bill Parcells.
 * In 2021, Belichick received a Sports Emmy for his work as an analyst on NFL Network's "NFL 100 All-Time Team" series in 2019.
 * In 2024, Belichick is reportedly planning on writing a football leadership guide modelled after Finding the Winning Edge (1998) written by Bill Walsh.
 * In 2024, Belichick will join as a regular guest on ESPN's The Pat McAfee Show every Monday during the NFL season to provide commentary and analysis. He first appeared as an analyst on the show during its "5th Annual Draft Spectacular", covering the 2024 NFL draft, following a guest appearance weeks prior.
 * In 2024, Belichick appeared as surprise guest participant on the Netflix special The Roast of Tom Brady, appearing alongside many former Patriots alumni.
 * In 2024, Peyton Manning revealed during The Roast of Tom Brady that Belichick would join the Manning brothers (Peyton and Eli) in making appearances for ESPN's Manningcast, an alternate live television broadcast of Monday Night Football.
 * In March 2024, Belichick, Brady and owner Robert Kraft's 20-year journey was examined in the Apple TV+ 10-part documentary series "The Dynasty: New England Patriots," whose aim was to "reveal the cost of greatness."

title: Bill Belichick


text:
Talk:Sathya Sai Baba movement/Archive 1

User:BostonMA/Mediation The article Sathya Sai Baba is the subject of mediation by user:BostonMA and some discussion about this article is going on there too. Partipants in the mediation are user:Andries versus user:Thaumaturgic and user:SSS108

Untitled
TOC

Andries
 * to be added
 * Golden age
 * Shirdi Sai Baba
 * Youth "mythology", biography by Kasturi

Alan, could you please provide references for the follwing
 * "Indian community there shortly before Idi Amin came to power and launched his persecution against them."

Thanks Andries 00:35, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * hi Andries

 * I was told this about 24 years ago when i was involved in the SSB community; i don't remeber the details, but the gist of it - whether it was a myth or whether SSB had actually said it, i don't know, but it was told in a way that this was a reliably reported thing - was that when SSB was in Uganda he warned the Indian community that there'd be trouble and they should make preparatioons to move their finances or whatever, but they mostly ignored him and of course Amin came to power and duely stomped down on the "Asians" (Indians)

 * Significantly, Uganda, as you wrote, is the only country SSB travelled to outside India (i remeber being told this when i was just finding out about SSB), and the timing was right... But like i said, so long ago, and i don't recall the details  M Alan Kazlev 05:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)\
 * There are so many rumors around SSB that everything has to be referenced very well. So please provide better references or I will delete it. Thanks. Andries 06:29, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't have references apart from my own memory. I am sure there are people in the  SSB community would know about this.  I suggest keeping it because it is important, even if it may be part of the mythology.  You can always add a word like "reportedly" or "supposedly", until we can get proper references  M Alan Kazlev 05:35, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * well, I could add something like "many people believe" if you provide references for the warning in a book, not just personal memory. Andries 06:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Okay, i did a google and turned up what seems to be an old wiki edit of the main SSB page
 * "Sai Baba has left India only once for a visit to Uganda in 1968. It was reported by two devotees, Dr. Patel and Dr. Gadhia, who lived there at the time that Sai Baba warned them to sell their belongings and leave the country. A few years later, Idi Amin pulled his coup and began his murderous rampage telling Asians they must leave the country. Dr. Gadhia, who had heeded Sai Baba's warning, sold all his belongings and escaped to London where he was able to start a new practise. Dr. Patel lost his property but was able to escape."
 * This confirms that it wasn't just my memory. I don't know the author of the above paragraph though
 * According to the above quoted passage, Gadhia moved to London. I was able to find an account he gave (narrated to B.Parvatala Rao on March 1, 2004 at Prasanthi Nilayam), in which he confirms the Ugandan incident
 * http://www.vedamu.org/forum/ExperienceoftheDivinityofBhagavan/DrKishanGadhia.asp
 * So this (for some reason deleted) paragraph can go either on this page, or, alternatively, on the main Sai Baba page (perhaps that might be a better place for it), along with the above link as a reference M Alan Kazlev 02:02, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

-

Also why did your remove the external links? I think they belong here too. Though this is part of a series, I think it is must be a complete article. Thanks. Andries 00:35, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Those links included a large number of critical links, along with links to sites by devotees, and supporters like Joe (who is not a devotee btw). Because the subject of this wikipage is the beliefs and practices of SSB and his organisation, not the controversy (which is very well dealt with on the Allegations page), and because you already have an excellent bibliography on this page, i don't see whyt a long list of links, pro and contra, are necessary on this page.  I only retained the official website because that would be a further source of the organisations official teachings, otherwise i'd've scrapped that link too.  I guess you can put a small link somewhere in the body of the article to the Allegations page, and hence people can get the links there, but i don't think the Allegations page should have a big "See Also" link or say "main page" or whatever; as these allegations - important and interesting as they may be in themselves - are not pertinant to the beliefs (very well presented on this page) of the organisation itself  M Alan Kazlev 05:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not agree. The critical websites also contain a lot of information about the beliefs and practices. Andries 06:29, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, reference the relevant critical link in the main body of the essay with a number and add it to the References section.  Personally though, i find it strange that you should have to use a hostile reference for information on the Official teachings of the SSB organisation.  At best they would be just repeating 2nd hand the official teaching, at worst they would be distorting it.  It is like writing an article on evolution by using creationist books as a reference.
 * There is plenty of opportunity to use your critical and hostile references in the allegations page. But this page, if it is about the official teachings, should use official references.  Hmm, i just read over your references section here, and unlike the bibliography section, more than half the numbered  references are from anti-Sai sources.  This indicates to me a POV issue, since we are not supposed to be addressing allegations and criticisms in this particular wiki page.  M Alan Kazlev 05:35, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not think that the official SSB webpages are reliable and put their own teachings in context. Andries 06:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So you are saying the official teachings don't even know or understand their own teachings, only the critics do?????? M Alan Kazlev 02:02, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * oops, I meant "the official organisation doesn't even-" (etc) M Alan Kazlev 03:13, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The critical websites maintained by ex-followers contain a lot of information written by authors from various backgrounds. They are not necessarily unreliable become they are posted on a critical website.
 * I condede this point
 * Besides they try to put the beliefs and practices in context, unlike the website of the Sathya Sai Org that tries to put the beliefs and practices in the best light as possible, like an advertisement.
 * While the critics present the opposite POV. It is in their interests to demolish and discredit the SSB organisation; they are hardly unbiased!
 * And besides, this article hardly voices criticism, as could be expected from the title. Andries 10:18, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * While i agree most of the article is written very well from a NPOV perspective, you have a chapter heading (with link) titled "Youth mythology". In what way does controversy over SSB's date of birth pertain to the official "Beliefs and practices in the Sathya Sai Organisation"?  As far as the organisation goes, he was born on November 23, 1926, and that's all there is to it.  Even if this wasn't his actual birthdate, that's what the organisation believes and teaches.  Since the purpose of this page is surely to report the Beliefs of the Organisation itself, not the findings of critics (which belong to the other pages) this heading (and the link) is irrelevant. M Alan Kazlev 02:02, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Alan, okay, you are right that the section "Youth Mythology" and the link to "history and origins of the Sathya Sai Baba movement in the section was inappropriate in this article. I changed it. Andries 07:37, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * cool :-)  M Alan Kazlev 03:13, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

- I am not sure about the 93 years. I thought I had researched it well at the time when I wrote it, but now I can't remember exactly where I found it on Rriddy's website. Why the change? Do you have any references? Thanks. Andries 00:35, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The article already had "93 years old" and i just reworded it to make it read better stylistically. But like you i have never heard of this 93 years thing, i always thought it was 95 years.  So unless you have references it might be better to scrap it M Alan Kazlev 05:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You changed the meaning. I had written after 93 years. You changed it in at 93 years. Yes, I know the 93 years is strange but I had researched it well, I thought, at the moment that I wrote it. Will provide references. Andries 06:29, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh the 93 years are in the references. See nr. 7 Please be more careful next time in changing referenced information. Andries 06:32, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * right, sorry, my bad M Alan Kazlev 05:35, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

References On The Page
Although references are cited on this page, they are not referenced in the body of the text. Andries stated that there is no Anti-Sai POV in this article. If that is the case, why are there links to Anti-Sai Sites?

SSS108 03:13, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you please replace references, not remove them. References are an essential part of a Wikipedia article and it took me a lot of time to collect them. The article contains not a single word of criticm in the main body of text. Andries 06:18, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

The references are there Andries. I removed the links. Can you tell us how the links to Anti/Pro sites are relevant to SSB's teachings? They are not. You are simply trying to add links to Anti-Sai sites. Since you already conceded there are no Anti viewpoints in the article, I want to know why you keep trying to keep the Anti links on the page? What is your reason?

SSS108 03:04, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

SSS108, Please respond to the section "Links in Beliefs and practices article" on the mediation page. Thank you. --BostonMA 03:11, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I did already respond. Andries 02:38, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I also removed a link to Moreno's webpage "rebutting critics" that is off-topic here. Andries 02:42, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

No, you did not respond and there has not been a consensus with BostonMA either. The links you cite are not relevant to Beliefs and Practices. For those who want to see the link to the page Andries removed (about "rebutting critics"), Click Here

SSS108 02:53, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I did reply. Andries 02:59, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

See: Discussion About Links Andries discusses Robert Priddy (whose material comprises original research). Andries fails to explain why he want to link to ALL Anti-Sai Sites when all the other sites simply duplicated Priddy's articles on theirs. None of the other sites have separate and original material of their own. So why is Andries trying to cite all the sites instead of the one he thinks is relevant?

SSS108 03:13, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * SSS108, of course exbaba describes the beliefs and practices. Check e.g. the articles by Nagel. I do not understand the problem. All the external links describe the beliefs and practices. Andries 03:15, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * How can anyone who has read the website seriously doubt that they describe the beliefs and practices. They do describe the beliefs and practices and that is why their presence is justified. Do you try to be reasonable, Joe or do you just try your push your POV to the maximum? Andries 03:18, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I made a Requests_for_comment/Religion_and_philosophy about the dispute regarding the external links section. Andries 13:06, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Many of the links are irrelevant to the teachings section. I also added the pro Sathya Sai Baba sites since they all deal, to some extent, with the teachings of Sathya Sai Baba. If new links are added, I hope you explain their relevance on this page. Thaumaturgic 18:50, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you please explain the relevance of the pro-SSB rebuttals websites for this article? I plan to remove them unless the relevance is explained. I mean the following websites
 * SaiSathyaSai.com A comprehensive, Pro-Sai website by Gerald Joe Moreno that examines the allegations made by ex-followers, skeptics and critics of Sathya Sai Baba, with extensive links to Pro/Anti Sai Sites.
 * A Clear View A Pro-Sai website by Ram Das Awle that gives a devotee's interpretation to the allegations made against Sathya Sai Baba.
 * The Sai Critic A Pro-Sai website that discusses the controversy surrounding Sathya Sai Baba.
 * Thanks in advance.Andries 18:21, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

I disagree with the re-direct to Sathya Sai Organisation because the movement is more than organisation. 12:56, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:02, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sathya Sai Baba movement/Archive 1


text:
User talk:Nobody.de~enwiki

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title: User talk:Nobody.de~enwiki


text:
Valdecoxib

Valdecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms. It is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. It was patented in 1995.

Valdecoxib was manufactured and marketed under the brand name Bextra by G. D. Searle & Company as an anti-inflammatory arthritis drug. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on November 20, 2001, to treat arthritis and menstrual cramps. and was available by prescription in tablet form until 2005 when the FDA requested that Pfizer withdraw Bextra from the American market. The FDA cited "potential increased risk for serious cardiovascular (CV) adverse events," an "increased risk of serious skin reactions" and the "fact that Bextra has not been shown to offer any unique advantages over the other available NSAIDs."

In 2009, Bextra was at the center of the "largest health-care fraud settlement and the largest criminal fine of any kind ever." Pfizer paid a $2.3 billion civil and criminal fine. Pharmacia & Upjohn, a Pfizer subsidiary, violated the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for misbranding Bextra "with the intent to defraud or mislead."

A water-soluble and injectable prodrug of valdecoxib, parecoxib, is marketed in the European Union under the tradename Dynastat.

Uses until 2005
In the United States, the FDA approved valdecoxib for the treatment of osteoarthritis, adult rheumatoid arthritis, and primary dysmenorrhea.

Valdecoxib was also used off-label for controlling acute pain and various types of surgical pain.

Side effects and withdrawal from market
On April 7, 2005, Pfizer withdrew Bextra from the U.S. market on recommendation by the FDA, citing an increased risk of heart attack and stroke and also the risk of a serious, sometimes fatal, skin reaction. This was a result of recent attention to prescription NSAIDs, such as Merck's Vioxx. Other reported side effects were angina and Stevens–Johnson syndrome.

Pfizer first acknowledged cardiovascular risks associated with Bextra in October 2004. The American Heart Association soon after was presented with a report indicating patients using Bextra while recovering from heart surgery were 2.19 times more likely to suffer a stroke or heart attack than those taking placebos.

In a large study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2006, valdecoxib appeared less adverse for renal (kidney) disease and heart arrhythmia compared to Vioxx, but elevated renal risks were slightly suggested.

2009 settlement for off-label uses promotions
On September 2, 2009, the United States Department of Justice fined Pfizer $2.3 billion after one of its subsidiaries, Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, pleaded guilty to marketing four drugs, including Bextra, "with the intent to defraud or mislead." Pharmacia & Upjohn admitted to criminal conduct in the promotion of Bextra, and agreed to pay the largest criminal fine ever imposed in the United States for any matter, $1.195 billion. A former Pfizer district sales manager was indicted and sentenced to home confinement for destroying documents regarding the illegal promotion of Bextra. In addition, a regional manager pleaded guilty to distribution of a misbranded product, and was fined $75,000 and 24 months on probation.

The remaining $1 billion of the fine were paid to resolve allegations under the civil False Claims Act case and is the largest civil fraud settlement against a pharmaceutical company. Six whistleblowers were awarded more than $102 million for their role in the investigation. Former Pfizer sales representative John Kopchinski acted as a qui tam relator and filed a complaint in 2004 outlining the illegal conduct in the marketing of Bextra. Kopchinski was awarded $51.5 million for his role in the case because the improper marketing of Bextra was the largest piece of the settlement at $1.8 billion.

Analytical methods
Several HPLC-UV methods have been reported for valdecoxib estimation in biological samples like human urine. Valdecoxib has analytical methods for bioequivalence studies, metabolite determination,  estimation of formulation, and an HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation in tablet dosage form.

title: Valdecoxib


text:
Aleksander Arendt

Aleksander Arendt (6 December 1912, in Będargowo – 1 January 2002) was an activist of the Kashubians and Pomeranians (ethnic groups in northern Poland). He was the president of Kashubian-Pomeranian Association from 1956, until 1959.

title: Aleksander Arendt


text:
Bernard Szczęsny

Bernard Szczęsny (27 October 1919 – 19 December 1993), was an activist of the Kashubians and Pomeranians (ethnic groups in northern Poland). He was born in Berlin and was the president of Kashubian-Pomeranian Association in years 1959–1971.

title: Bernard Szczęsny


text:
Banjo ukulele

The banjo ukulele, also known as the banjolele or banjo uke, is a four-stringed musical instrument with a small banjo-type body and a fretted ukulele neck. The earliest known banjoleles were built by John A. Bolander and by Alvin D. Keech, both in 1917.

The instrument achieved its greatest popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, and combines the small scale, tuning, and playing style of a ukulele with the construction and distinctive tone of a banjo, hence the name. Its development was pushed by the need for vaudeville performers to have an instrument that could be played with the ease of the ukulele, but with more volume.

Construction and tuning
In terms of overall construction, banjo ukuleles parallel banjos, though on a smaller scale. They are always fretted. Most are built of wood with metal accoutrements, although the mid-century "Dixie" brand featured banjo ukuleles made from solid metal.

The banjo ukulele neck typically has sixteen frets, and is the same scale length as a soprano or, less commonly, concert or tenor-sized ukulele. Banjo ukuleles may be open-backed, or may incorporate a resonator.

Banjo ukulele heads were traditionally made of calf skin, but most modern instruments are fitted with synthetic heads. Some players prefer the natural skin heads for a more traditional tone. Tightening or loosening the drum head, through adjusting the tension hooks fitted around the outside of the drum, results in a change in tone. The head typically has a firm tension. Tightening it so that it is rock hard to the touch gives a bright sound with good note distinction, but less bass response. Loosening it so it is softer, yet still tight enough to keep the bridge in place with the tension of the strings, results in a warmer, less bright sound. The bridge floats on the head and is held in place by the tension of the strings.

Like standard ukuleles, banjo ukuleles were originally outfitted with gut strings. Nylon strings are now typically used, sometimes with a wound third string.

The banjolele is commonly tuned G–C–E–A ("C Tuning") or A–D–F♯–B ("D Tuning"), with a re-entrant 4th string. The A–D–F♯–B tuning often produces a more strident tone, and is used for this reason. Both of these tunings are known as "my dog has fleas" tunings (fifth, tonic, major third, major sixth).

Popular culture

The banjo ukulele was the instrument played by British comedian George Formby (1904–1961), who developed his own style of playing in accompaniment to his comic songs. His name is associated with the instrument more than that of any other musician.

Other artists to make eminent use of the banjolele were Wendell Hall and Roy Smeck in the United States, and Billy "Uke" Scott in Great Britain.

In P.G. Wodehouse's 1934 novel Thank You, Jeeves, valet Jeeves is driven to resign over his employer Bertie Wooster's decision to take up the banjo ukulele.

In Season 2 of Orange Is the New Black, prison guard O'Neill excitedly tells Caputo about his purchase of a banjo ukulele. He later plays it for a group of nuns.

British comedian Peter Sellers was a banjo ukulele player and recorded "New York Girls" with Steeleye Span

Queen member Brian May used a banjo ukulele in the song "Bring Back That Leroy Brown", which appeared on their third album Sheer Heart Attack. He also used one to compose "Good Company" for their album A Night at the Opera, although on the recording he used a regular ukulele.

George Harrison favored the instrument in his later years, using it in several recordings. For example, he played it on his song "Any Road".

Recent users of the banjo ukulele have included Jeff Claus of The Horse Flies, Alan Randall, Andy Eastwood, comedian Frank Skinner,  Mr. B The Gentleman Rhymer, and Steven Universe creator Rebecca Sugar. The instrument can be heard in the theme song to the television show Arrested Development.

In the 1959 hotrod-monster movie The Giant Gila Monster, protagonist Chase Winstead (Don Sullivan) plays the banjolele and sings, first to his little sister who has a disability, and later in front of a bunch of kids at a sock hop shortly before a monster attacks the hall.

Notable manufacturers
Historical manufacturers

 * Gibson Guitar Corporation
 * John Grey & Sons
 * Kay/Stromberg-Voisinet
 * Ludwig
 * Slingerland Drum Company

Current manufacturers

 * Deering Banjo Company
 * Harley Benton
 * Luna Guitars
 * The Magic Fluke Company
 * Oscar Schmidt Inc.
 * Recording King

title: Banjo ukulele


text:
Stanisław Pestka

Stanisław Pestka (8 April 1929 – 2 April 2015) was a Kashubian poet. He was born in Rolbik. Pestka was also a translator of Russian texts into Kashubian language. He was the chairman of Kashubian-Pomeranian Association from 1976 to 1980 and again from 1992 to 1994. He was a Kashubian activist. He died in 2015.

Publications
In 1950 he graduated from the Jozef Wybicki High School in Kościerzyna, and in 1953 he studied Polish Studies at the University of Poznan. After graduation, he worked as a teacher. In 1958 he settled in Gdańsk, cooperated with the magazine Kaszëbë until its liquidation in 1961, in 1961-1965 headed the cultural department of the Ilustrowany Kurier Polski (Illustrated Polish Courier), in 1965-1967 worked at the Polish Radio Broadcasting Station in Szczecin, in 1967-1968 at the magazine Fakty i Myśli (Facts and Thoughts). From 1968 he lived in Gdańsk again, and was a member of the editorial board of the magazine Litery (1968-1974), the weekly Czas (1975-1981). At the same time he was editor-in-chief of the Pomerania monthly (1969-1972). In the 1980s he worked at the Provincial Cultural Center in Gdańsk, and was again editor-in-chief of Pomerania from 1990-1994.

He published poetry under the pen name Jan Zbrzyca, and his articles and feuilletons  were signed Krëban z Milachòwa. (The word krëban or kùrban literally denoting a jar for storing animal fat, while Krëbans also refers to an ethnic subgroup of Kashubians. )

 * Południca, Gdańsk 1976
 * Wizrë ë duchë, Gdańsk 1986; ISBN 83-85011-09-9
 *  Wieczòrny widnik, 2002
 * W krainie chmurników, 2011, collection of prose

title: Stanisław Pestka


text:
Szczepan Lewna

Szczepan Lewna is a politician and Kashubian activist. He was the chairman of Kashubian-Pomeranian Association in the period 1983–1986.

title: Szczepan Lewna


text:
Józef Borzyszkowski

Józef Borzyszkowski (born 6 February 1946, Karsin) is a prolific Polish historian, professor of history at Gdańsk University, and Kashubian activist, who served as chairman of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association from 1986 to 1992.

He was a senator of the Senate of Poland from 1991 to 1993.

title: Józef Borzyszkowski


text:
Picris

Picris (oxtongues) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.

Picris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the grass moth Diasemia reticularis. Schinia cardui feeds exclusively on P. hieracioides.

The genus is widespread across Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Description
Erect annual to perennial taprooted herbs, mostly branching, stem and leaves bearing stiff bristly hairs, with rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers.

Taxonomic history
The genus Picris was first validly described by Linnaeus in 1753 with the genus being accepted by a number of secondary sources including Plants of the World Online. Linnaeus initially described four species with P. hieracioides, P. echioides, P. pyrenaica and P. asplenioides. In 1913, Britton and Brown proposed P. asplenioides as the type species for the genus. Subsequently, in 1930, Hitchcock and Green alternatively proposed P. hieracioides as the type species. The Hitchcock and Green proposal was adopted by Lack in 1975 and accepted by Jarvis in 1992. Lack argued that Linnaeus never saw P. asplenioides which Linnaeus regarded as an obscure species and no specimen could be found in the Linnean Herbarium. For this reason Lack concluded that P. hieracioides should be designated as the type species.

In 1794, the German botanist Conrad Moench described the genus Medicusia and the species M. aspera. This genus has not been accepted and is considered a synonym of Picris. M. aspera has also been determined to be a synonym of P. rhagadioloides.

Etymology
Picris is from the Greek picros meaning 'bitter', in reference to the bitter taste of some species in the genus.

Species
• Picris albida
 * Species

• Picris altissima

• Picris amalecitana

• Picris angustifolia

• Picris aspera

• Picris asplenioides

• Picris atlantica

• Picris babylonica

• Picris barbarorum

• Picris bracteatus

• Picris burbidgeae

• Picris campylocarpa

• Picris comosa

• Picris compacta

• Picris conyzoides

• Picris cupuligera

• Picris cyanocarpa

• Picris cyprica

• Picris cyrenaica

• Picris davurica

• Picris divaricata

• Picris drummondii

• Picris eichleri

• Picris evae

• Picris flexuosa

• Picris galilaea

• Picris helminthioides

• Picris hieracioides

• Picris hispanica

• Picris hispidissima

• Picris humilis

• Picris japonica

• Picris junnanensis

• Picris kotschyi

• Picris littoralis

• Picris longifolia

• Picris longirostris

• Picris macloviana

• Picris macrantha

• Picris macrorhiza

• Picris manginiana

• Picris morrisonensis

• Picris nigricans

• Picris nuristanica

• Picris ohwiana

• Picris olympica

• Picris pauciflora

• Picris pygmaea

• Picris racemosa

• Picris rhagadioloides

• Picris rivularis

• Picris sancta

• Picris scaberrima

• Picris scabra

• Picris senecioides

• Picris sinuata

• Picris spinosissima

• Picris squarrosa

• Picris strigosa

• Picris sulphurea

• Picris wagenitzii

• Picris willkommii

• Picris xylopoda

title: Picris


text:
Brunon Synak

Brunon Synak (23 October 1943 – 18 December 2013) was a Kashubian sociologist, politician and local government activist. He was Chairman of the Main Board of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association.

Childhood and education
Brunon Synak was born on 23 October 1943 in Podjazy in the Sulęczyno commune. His father, Ambroży Synak, was the director of a local mill, and his mother, Helena née Kotłowska, took care of the children and the household. Having finished his education at the primary school of Podjazy, in 1957 Brunon Synak was admitted to the Pedagogical High School in Kościerzyna, where he passed the Polish end-of-school examination (matura) in 1962. Then he undertook work as a teacher in the primary school of Borek Kamienny. In 1963, he continued his education in the Teacher's School of Physical Education in Gdańsk (which was later transformed into the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk). During his stay at the School, he began studying pedagogy at the Higher Pedagogical School in Gdańsk and was actively involved in the Scientific Sociological Circle of the Department of Sociology. Having obtained the vocational title of the Master, in 1969 he was employed as the factory's sociologist in the Radio Factory "Radmor" of Gdynia. After a year's work at the enterprise, he undertook PhD studies at the Institute of Sociology of the University of Warsaw. Under the supervision of professor Stefan Nowakowski, he wrote his doctoral dissertation focusing on the life and financial situation of the elderly in the country. In 1973, he defended his PhD dissertation.

Scientific work
Having obtained the doctoral degree, he was employed at the Department of Sociology of the University of Gdańsk, the Director of which was then professor Bolesław Maroszek. Synak many times stayed at the University in Turk which had signed a contract of cooperation with his University. In 1983, he participated in a trip of the members of the Scientific Sociological Circle to the University of Tromsø. Apart from that, he cooperated with and was a scientific intern of the University of Aberdeen, the University of Cambridge, and the Free University of Berlin. At the same time, in 1983, he obtained the degree of assistant professor. In 1989, as a result of a division of the Department of Sociology, he became the Director of the Department of General Sociology. He held this position for many years. On 27 December 1993, he obtained the degree of professor of humanities. In the years 1988–1989, Brunon Synak presided over the Gdańsk branch of the Polish Sociological Society. In his scientific work, he focused mainly on concepts related to social gerontology, which touched upon, inter alia, the situation of the elderly in the countryside environments and the influences of the transformation processes. He researched the countryside environment in the Gdańsk Pomerania, where he focused mainly on the changes on the countryside areas under the influence of the processes of migration, urbanization, the situation of elderly farmers, generation conflicts, the social advancement of the youth. In 1986, he joined the research team (including Marek Latoszek and Olgierd Sochacki) conducting, for the first time as wide in range, field research in Kashubia under a draft title "Ethnicity as a structural factor of local communities" ("Etniczność jako czynnik strukturalny społeczności lokalnych"). The results led to publishing, in 1990, the sociological monograph "Kashubians" ("Kaszubi"). In 1991, Brunon Synak and other researchers were awarded the Stolem Medal for this monograph by "Pomorania" Student Organization. In 2012, his contribution in this area was appreciated again - he was awarded the Jan Heweliusz Scientific Prize of the City of Gdańsk (Nagroda Naukowa Miasta Gdańska im. Jana Heweliusza). Brunon Synak held also administrative positions at the University of Gdańsk; he was a member of the rectorial council for many years. In 1984, he was appointed to the position of the Pro-rector for Student Affairs, from which he resigned, together with other representatives of the University authorities, in the name of solidarity with Rector Karol Taylor. Taylor was dismissed from his position after he, together with his co-employees, participated in the funeral of the student Marcin Antonowicz who had been fatally beaten by the Citizen's Militia of the Polish People's Republic. He became a member of the rectorial council again in 1990, when he was appointed to the position of the Pro-rector for Teaching Affairs (later the name of the position was changed into Pro-rector for Educational Affairs). Under the supervision of Rector Zbigniew Grzonka, he prepared a programme of a reform of the previous manner of teaching at the University of Gdańsk. Although the programme was accepted, it was not fully implemented. He continued holding the position of Pro-rector in the next term (his candidature was passed with one vote). During the presidential campaign in 1995, with regard to journalists' questions as to the authenticity of Aleksander Kwaśniewski's declaration of having a degree of higher education, he stated that in the light of the documents of the University, the politician had not graduated from higher education studies. Brunon Synak was also a lecturer at the Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management (Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Hotelarstwa) in Gdańsk.

Political and local-governmental activity
In 1969, he was admitted to the then-ruling Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR). Later he justified the decision with conformism. After the events of August 1980, he became a member of the University branch of the Solidarity Trade Union (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"), whom he was up to 2006. He resigned from membership in the PZPR after the declaration of martial law in 1981.

In the elections of 1998, he was elected from the Electoral Action Solidarity list for the freshly established Pomeranian local government (sejmik). In 2002, he was reelected for the second term from a joint list of the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO) and Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) (as a candidate of the Civic Platform). He was then appointed the Chairman of sejmik. He became the initiator of actions stressing the heritage and diversity of the Pomeranian province (województwo) - devoting subsequent years to particular cultural subregions of the province. In 2006, from the list of the Civic Platform, he was elected for the third term and again became the Chairman. In 2010 he decided to pull back political activity, mainly on account of his progressive illness. As part of over-regional activity, in the years 2000–2004, Brunon Synak presided over the Baltic Sea States Subregional Co-operation Conference. He also participated in the works of the Committee of Regions of the European Union, was a Deputy Chairman of a fraction of the European People's Party in the RC. In 2004, he was a candidate for the European Parliament and gained almost 34 thousand votes.

Activity in the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association
In 1985, he became a member of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association. Soon, he was elected a member of the Main Board of the organisation. He was there responsible for cooperation with and taking care of "Pomorania" Student Organisation, for which the Association is an umbrella organisation. On 5 December 1998, he was elected the Chairman of the Main Board of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association (in 2000, the position was renamed as the Chairman of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association). He held this position for the next two terms until December 2004. During his management, field structures of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association in Kashubia developed but at the same time, branches in Kociewie and Bory Tucholskie went into decline. As a result of his actions, the buildings of the Kashubian People's University (Kaszubski Uniwersytet Ludowy) in Wieżyca and Starbienino became the Association's ownership. In February 2004, it was decided to establish the "Kashubian People's University" Foundation, and on 8 May that year, Brunon Synak became the first Chairman of the Council of the Foundation. When he presided over the Association, Brunon Synak strived for elements of Kashubian culture and language to be present during the service and liturgy. In October 2004, he initiated the Kashubian trip to Rome to pray for the beatification of bishop Konstantyn Dominik. For the first time in the history of St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, a mass was said with elements of the liturgy in the Kashubian language. During his presiding over the Association, in June 1999, the first Convention of Kashubians took place in Chojnice. At that time, works on the Act of 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Languages were in progress.

Publications
Brunon Synak has published ca. 250 scientific works. His first book, a changed version of his doctoral dissertation, was "Problems of Old Farmers" ("Problemy starych rolników"), published in 1976. In 2010, he published a book "My Kashubian Path" ("Moja kaszubska stegna"), in which autobiographical threads are included with reference to his own thoughts on the fate of Kashubians from the end of WW II to the current times. Selected publications:

 * "The Image of Kashubian Community - Introductory Sociological Diagnosis" ("Obraz społeczności kaszubskiej – wstępne rozpoznanie socjologiczne") (1990),
 * "Subjective Aspects of Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the People of Kashubia" ("Subiektywne aspekty tożsamości kulturowo-etnicznej ludności Kaszub") (1990),
 * "Kashubian Identity - Consciousness Aspects" ("Kaszubska tożsamość – aspekty świadomościowe") (1991),
 * "Kashubian Identity Today - Dangers and Prospects" ("Tożsamość kaszubska dziś – jej zagrożenia i perspektywy rozwoju") (1991),
 * "Kashubian Identity. Continuity and Change" ("Kaszubska tożsamość. Ciągłość i zmiana") (1998),
 * "My Kashubian Path" ("Moja kaszubska Stegna") (2010).

Awards and distinctions
Under President Bronisław Komorowski's decision of 8 November 2010, Brunon Synak was appointed a Knight of the Order of Polonia Restituta "for outstanding contribution to the development of territorial government in Poland, for achievements in scientific and didactic work". In 2011, he was a laureate of the honourable distinction "For Contribution to the Pomeranian Voivodeship" ("Za Zasługi dla Województwa Pomorskiego"). For his activity in support of the development and upgrading of the Kashubian identity, in 2008, he was awarded the Florian Ceynowa Medal "Awakener of Kashubians" ("Budziciel Kaszubów").

title: Brunon Synak


text:
Jan Wyrowiński

Jan Alfons Wyrowiński (born 27 August 1947, Brusy) is a Polish politician and Kashubian activist. He was the chairman of Kashubian-Pomeranian Association in the period 1994–1999.

title: Jan Wyrowiński


text:
Talk:Tonicization

Context
What is the context? Is this about tones in music? Andris 22:01, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * As the article said when you posted this, "In music". Hyacinth 23:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

In-line edits
Here are a few thoughts about the disputed materials:

--No, chord V OR chord vii or, in a melody in which harmony is not explicit, a leading tone to tonic movement.--

I tried to retain as much wording as possible from the original article. I agree this could be made clearer.

--I'm not happy with this: tonality is based on a central TRIAD, not a central note.--

I don't agree with either definition. Tonality is based on a collection of pitches that display certain relationships and tendencies (some of those relationships involve forming certain functional chords). One of these pitches, and the triad built on it, is assigned a place of rest or greater stability or whatever you want to call it, and we call that "tonic." However, the tonic triad doesn't define the key alone--the various pitches and chords around it do. Change the scale, and you change the tonal space. Of course, to achieve tonicization, the scale has to changed in particular systematic ways. I tried to articulate some of those ways in the article in a somewhat basic fashion. I don't actually think the idea of changing the scale is the best model to think about subtle tonicizations, but since this article is probably meant to be read by people taking a course in basic harmony, that's the simplest explanation I could come up with. And I think it's more-or-less a good way of thinking about it.

--leading tones do NOT push down--

The people at the leading tone article disagree, as do most theorists, I would think. Yes, *the* leading tone (i.e., scale degree 7) in a key may push upward, but notes that generally have a tendency to push up OR down (particularly by semitone) can be called leading tones. If you have a piece in C major, and a Bb is introduced that tends to push toward A (and starts leading toward an F tonic), what do you call that note? If you want to call it something other than a "leading tone," that's fine (although you may want to quibble with the leading tone article authors), but you have to admit that in a dominant seventh chord, the 7th generally pushes to resolve downward. That's all I mean. If you want to use a more neutral term (like "tendency tone" or something), I have no objection. I just used it here to link up with the leading tone article's definition.
 * but surely in that context the Bb has a subdominant function, not a leading note function.

--for what?--

Sufficient for tonicization -- in the appropriate context (hence "*may* be sufficient..."). Cf. the beginning of the article in the Harvard Dictionary of Music on this topic: "The momentary treatment of a pitch other than the tonic as if it were the tonic, most often by the introduction of its own leading tone or fourth scale degree or both." I didn't base my article on the Harvard Dictionary, but clearly I'm not out in left field.

--Not necessarily--

You have a point here. However, I felt this was a good simplification of what is going on. Generally speaking, I think most times you get a strong feeling of tonicization, there is at least a general sense of harmonic support. I agree that there are contexts where an incessant melodic leading tone motion (without any harmonic support) may, if repeated again and again and again, give a strong push toward another tonic, and perhaps stronger than a weak secondary dominant. But I think that's probably the exception... even if not triads, usually some sort of other harmonic components (augmented sixths, tritones) are necessary to make a strong tonicization. Lacking any of these, I think it's really quite rare for a purely melodic tonicization without harmonic support to be stronger than one supported harmonically.

--I don't agree--

This one depends on the brand of theory you're using. This statement was brought over from a previous editor, so I'm not wedded to having it in the article. The kind of harmonic theory I believe in has things like "dominant function" triads and chords, which include things like V, V7, vii0, etc. It has things like "predominant (or subdominant) function" triads and chords, which include things like IV, ii, ii6, ii6/5, etc. In such a theory, a vii0 chord has a similar broad function to a V7 chord in many ways, although of course there are nuances to this. I don't believe the chords are equivalent, but they do have a lot of functions in common. However, as I said, I don't really care about this subtlety, so if you want to throw it out, I don't think anything is lost.

Anyhow, I hope it is okay that I posted these reactions here. I just may not be editing anything on Wikipedia again for a week or more, so I wanted to give you my feedback before you made any decisions. Thanks for the comments; if you have further thoughts, I'd be interested. Jzmckay 11:36, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if I understand the above comments (fairly old as they are), for example, "--I don't agree--" is followed by "This one depends on the brand of theory..." but I am unable to tell what you don't agree with and what it is that depends upon the theory (presumably this is one thing). Hyacinth (talk) 02:03, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Missing text
There was extensive discussion between me and another contributor some months ago, which appears to be missing. Does anyone know what happened to it? Tony 14:34, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You can click "Page history" and check the list of edits made to this page. Having done so it doesn't appear that it was on this talk page. Hyacinth (talk) 00:08, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

sub and superscript together?
Anyone know whether you can format for figured bass notation here? Tony 04:48, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Superscript is the best I can find. Hyacinth (talk) 23:38, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Niether are Template:Frac nor $$\tfrac{numberator}{denominator}$$ satisfactory. Hyacinth (talk) 00:02, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Aha! I knew I had it somewhere at sometime "Superscript and subscript may be combined, as in figured bass, in math markup, $$C_6^4$$ = $$C_6^4$$, see TeX markup or m:Help:Formula." Hyacinth (talk) 02:47, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Somebody who knows, please indicate whether it is pronounced "tonikization" or "tonisization." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.204.150.1 (talk) 18:20, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The latter. Hyacinth (talk) 00:09, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Big Quibble
I know many are using the term "tonicization" but it is really a poor signifier. It is a very awkward word to say and has poor declensions. I first came across it in Adwells 'Harmony and Voiceleading': I really like the book but the term is very annoying. The term I learnt from older books was 'tonification', 'tonify', etc. say them aloud and think of the root terms.Wblakesx (talk) 23:28, 27 February 2012 (UTC)wblakesx

 * (See declension) Feel free to cite those books. Hyacinth (talk) 02:25, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tonicization


text:
Talk:Competition

"соревнование", "конкуренция" ..
"С тобой хоть говно жрать - всё равно ты будеш первым .. ))) Просто Мир не Совершенен .. 🤔 85.140.118.247 (talk) 04:29, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Competition


text:
Carom

Carom may refer to:

 * Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), an herb in Indian cuisine
 * Carom billiards (also known as Carambole)
 * Ricochet, a rebound, bounce or skip off a surface, particularly in the case of a projectile
 * Carrom, a family of South Asian tabletop games

title: Carom


text:
Talk:Market share

market share as objective
In the totality of business is market share really that common a business objective? I would have said that in 95% of commerce market share is unknown and other measures are used. Its ok for the SP100 businesses maybe but not for SMEs. --(talk)BozMo 22:08, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You are right that it is very difficult to calculate market share with certainty. However all but the smallest business do it. It usually involves obtaining industry sales figures from trade associations or commercial data suppliers, then dividing your own sales figures by this number. To get an idea how ubiquitous it is look at all the media and advertising ratings calculations. These are all variants of market share calculations. Or talk to any stock analyst: They will know the SOM of all the companies they track. You are correct that there are many other objectives being used. A while back I saw a textbook that listed two and a half pages of them. And we have to keep in mind that companies typically use multiple objectives. This is because there are several types of objectives each applicable in its own area. For example, there are financial objectives, tactical objectives, strategic objectives (of which market share is one of the most important), short term objectives, long-term objectives, corporate level objectives, business level objectives, operational level objectives, etc. mydogategodshat 08:01, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Market share


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/White Patriot Party

Minimal content. Mostly just a quote from the party's press release. Don't see any prospect of this becoming a real article.AndyL 22:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Depends. Did they ever do more than a press release? If so, link from Neo-Nazism or White supremacy and mark as a stub rather than delete. - David Gerard 22:20, May 11, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Miloš Zahradník

Miloš Zahradník is a Czech mathematician who works on statistical mechanics in Charles University in Prague. He is also known for the book We Grow Linear Algebra (in Czech) that he wrote with Luboš Motl.

title: Miloš Zahradník


text: Template:Non-Aligned Movement

title: Template:Non-Aligned Movement