text:
Talk:Crazy Legs (dancer)

Please add a redirect
Lil Crazy Legs as per ~ender 2008-04-06 10:32:AM MST
 * Sad news! The website story is in error on this point though. Lil Crazy Legs was an apprentice of Crazy Legs, the latter clearly being the acclaimed dancer the piece means to refer to (Lil Crazy Legs is mentioned in this article— see "Career" 1st paragraph. You can also see both, briefly, in Style Wars.) 86.44.28.245 (talk) 09:14, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
(moved out of my palk page - Laudak (talk) 23:13, 7 July 2008 (UTC))

Please undo your redirects pending discussion. Your move of Crazy Legs to Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón is in conflict with our "common name" guideline (it's not a mere nickname in this instance), and your redirect of Crazy Legs to a disamb at Crazylegs is also unsupportable without discussion, I feel. Please undo. 86.44.21.238 (talk) 00:16, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry colleague, Richard Colon is not the first and not the most famous "crazy legs" Laudak (talk) 15:56, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Undo your moves pending discussion. 86.44.21.238 (talk) 17:52, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't see any discussion. Laudak (talk) 17:58, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Hence pending. You made your moves. I disagree with them. As I cannot simply move things back, you can consider yourself reverted. Please refrain from insulting me in edit summaries. Undo your moves and redirects at Crazy Legs and open a discussion on that talk page if you wish to continue. Thanks. 86.44.21.238 (talk) 18:01, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagreed as explained. Laudak (talk) 18:05, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It's fine that you disagree. Perhaps other people will also disagree, or we can work something out. The point is that by not undoing your moves, you are now in effect edit-warring. Undo your moves, we can have this discussion, and this will be resolved your way, my way, or some way that pleases us both. 86.44.21.238 (talk) 18:08, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

If you prove that this is his official name, rather than a stage name, then I may agree with you. Otherwise, sorry again, you did not convincingly demonstrate that he has an advantage over other numerous Crazy Legs. By the way, because the redirects were edited, only administrator can undo the move. And you are not allowed to move pages by cut and paste. Laudak (talk) 18:25, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll get an admin to look at it in a while, after we've talked some more. Maybe tomorrow. My point was that "Crazy Legs" is his WP:COMMONNAME, i.e. it is what he is known as. It is not a mere nickname as with Elroy "Crazylegs" Hirsch, for instance. Therefore to me it seems clear he does have a clear "advantage" over them. The current name for our article—Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón— implies that it is a mere nickname in just this way. Have a look at the usage in the NYT article to get a feel for what I mean here. 86.44.21.238 (talk) 19:49, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Crazy Legs" is a nickname / stage name, and Crazylegs Hirsch was "Crazylegs" just as Edison Arantes do Nascimento was Pelé. You felt assaulted when in edit comment I wrote that you know little. You should not be. We all know little. I am sure that you are a hip hop fan and convinced that there is the one and only Crazy Legs. At the same time, football fans will strongly disagree with you. Also it seems that you did not read [WP:COMMONNAME]] completely and carefully. It has section "Do not overdo it". Laudak (talk) 23:22, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I am sure that you are a hip hop fan and convinced that there is the one and only Crazy Legs — The other possibility is that I'm simply trying to do the best thing for the encyclopedia.

 * "Crazylegs" Hirsch was, at a stretch, "Crazylegs" Hirsch. He signed his name as Crazylegs Hirsch. We have a page here called Crazy Legs. We have a person called Crazy Legs. You have already been pointed to an NYT article that mentions his birth name strictly in passing, the very definition of a passing mention. Compare to treatments of Hirsch in the NYT, even given the often informal style of sports journalism. By contrast, the birth name of Crazy Legs, when it is given, is given only out of a sense of journalistic completeness.

 * Consider treatment in the reliable sources below:

 * 1) ^ Sally Banes, "Physical Graffiti: Breaking Is Hard to Do", Village Voice, April 23, 1981. Crazy Legs,  no quote marks around it, no birth name given
 * 2) ^ Barbara Crossette, "A Three-Day Celebration of Bronx Folk Culture", New York Times, May 15, 1981. Crazy Legs,  no quote marks around it, no birth name given
 * 3) ^ David Hershkovits, "London Rocks, Paris Burns and the B-Boys Break a Leg", Sunday News Magazine, April 3, 1983. Crazy Legs,  no quote marks around it, no birth name given
 * 4) ^ Jennifer Dunning, "Street Dance Moves Up to Mainstream", New York Times, November 22, 1991. Both names given, no quote marks
 * 5) Jennifer Dunning, " Nurturing Onstage the Moves Born on the Ghettos' Streets", New York Times, November 26, 1991.  Both names given, no quote marks
 * 6) ^ Stephen Holden, " Festival Featuring Hip-Hop Dancing", New York Times, July 10, 1992.  Both names given, no quote marks
 * 7) Jennifer Dunning, "Mo' Moves, Alice Tully Hall", New York Times, July 13, 1992.  Both names given, no quote marks
 * 8) ^ Jon Pareles, "Hip-Hop in All Forms, But Mainly the Dance", New York Times, November 18, 1995. Crazy Legs,  no quote marks around it, no birth name given
 * 9) ^ Laurel Graeber, "Family Fare", New York Times, July 30, 1999. Crazy Legs,  no quote marks around it, no birth name given
 * 10) ^ Ben Sisario, "Smithsonian's Doors Open to a Hip-Hop Beat", New York Times, March 1, 2006. Crazy Legs,  no quote marks around it, no birth name given

There are also his movie credits (compare Hirsch's)

 * Can you now allow that this is not an argument from a position of ignorant partisanship, and that putting this Crazy Legs under our article title Crazy Legs, with a hatnote directing readers to a disamb for other people and things, is best practice? 86.44.27.87 (talk) 15:15, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Your argument is irrelevant. The name "Crazy Legs" is not exclusively assigned to Richard, even though he chose to exclusively use it. It was used by others way before he was born. By the same logic Madonna or Prince fans may demand that the articles titled Madonna and Prince must be about these wildly popular entertainers who go exclusively by Madonna and Prince, and most don't know who the heck Louise Veronica Ciccone Ritchie is. BTW, If anybody, Hirsch proved that he "owns" the name "Crazy Legs" when he successfully sued a women's leg cream company who attempted to use this name for their product! :-) Laudak (talk) 19:12, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you object to an admin moving the article and history back to Crazy Legs until consensus emerges for your move? 86.44.27.87 (talk) 20:26, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Or, here is a compromise for you: make Crazy Legs rather than Crazylegs the disamb page, and title this article Crazy Legs (dancer). I'm sure you don't need me to tell you that for your above analogy to hold true, Madonna (entertainer) would have to presently be at Louise "Madonna" Veronica Ciccone Ritchie (and Hirsch an everyday word or object of the religious veneration of millions). 86.44.27.87 (talk) 20:50, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Last month Crazy Legs, complete with hatnote directing people to Elroy Hirsch, got three times as many hits as Elroy Hirsch did, FYI. 86.44.27.87 (talk) 21:00, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * How do you know that? Laudak (talk) 19:29, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This should have been discussed before it was moved. Crazy Legs most commonly refers to the break-dancer not the football player. I'd prefer this page be moved back to just plain "Crazy Legs" but I would accept the above compromise. ~ Eóin (talk) 03:46, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Most commonly" - not by wide margin. "crazy legs" + football gives 35,000 hits, "crazy legs" + dancer gives 42,000 hits. Although I know that google test is not reliable, but it gives a rough idea. And given the amount of buzz pumped into the breakdancer promo, I'd say that he and Hirsch are on par as to "commonly refers". Laudak (talk) 19:29, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree to go with Crazy Legs (dancer), which is similar to Madonna and Prince cases. Laudak (talk) 19:29, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * WP traffic stats are here:, . "crazy legs" + "hip hop" @ google = 155,000. the amount of buzz pumped into the breakdancer promo is close to insulting both the subject and the article. He's a historic figure and something of a folk hero, live with it. 86.44.27.87 (talk) 22:21, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Like I said, google stats are not reliable for fine distinction and not consistent. Today I have "crazy legs" +"hip hop" 64,000 hits and "crazy legs" +"football" 60,000 hits. It would have made for good judgment if +hip were, like, xx,000 hits, and +football were like 327 hits. As to your "close to insulting" beg to disagree. buzz/promo is an inherent part of artists' life. Without buzz you don't make money. So big amount of buzz is in fact congratulation not insult. As for "folk hero", Hirsch is just the same folk hero, only for other people. Laudak (talk) 21:59, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * In future, discuss your moves, and certainly don't start editing an article directly after moving it. Not impressed with your editing here. 86.44.27.87 (talk) 22:21, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Now, now. Tone down, buddy and get real. I will most certainly do what I see (or legitimately proven) right. Laudak (talk) 21:59, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Today I have "crazy legs" +"hip hop" 64,000 hits I doubt that. In any case, this conversation is over and we now have to wait for an admin to clean it up to a position not even as useful to readers than the original positions. I don't really know how much evidence needs to be presented or or how many editors need to be critical of your actions before you begin to see anything wrong with them. 86.44.27.87 (talk) 00:55, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I find highly arrogant your insistence that I did something bad or wrong and you know better what's good for wikipedia. Usages of hiphop fans are not better than usages of football fans. Laudak (talk) 22:48, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

descent
Crazy Legs is included into Category:Puerto Rican-Americans, which implies that both his parents are puertoricans, unlike Category:Americans of Puerto Rican descent. Is there any reference for this? Per WP:LIVING, all biographic facts must be carefully referenced. `'Míkka>t 23:01, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no information on his parents, except that Tricia Rose says in Black Noise that he was the child of a single mother. It's unlikely to be contentious in terms of the subject whether he is in Category:Puerto Rican-Americans or Category:Americans of Puerto Rican descent, wouldn't you say? He is referred to as Puerto-Rican in the literature and self-identifies as Puerto-Rican. It may be contentious to editors however (there has already been a little edit war over the Nationality portion of the infobox). Personally I don't see it as an urgent BLP issue, or even particularly important, tbh., but if I find out, I'll amend the cat accordingly. Thanks for the moves, btw. 86.44.26.152 (talk) 03:36, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Harassment allegations
Archived discussion of inclusion of the harassment allegations is at Morbidthoughts (talk) 19:44, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crazy Legs (dancer)


text:
Talk:Tambu (album)

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Japanese bonus track
If I see correctly on Discogs, 13 - Blackeye is a Japanese bonus track. Should be noted then imo. Regards, IP 77.13.128.5 (talk) 19:00, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Wormit

Wormit is a village on the south shore of the Firth of Tay in north-east Fife, Scotland. It is located at the southern end of the Tay Rail Bridge and together with Woodhaven and Newport-on-Tay, Wormit is a part of The Burgh of Newport-on-Tay. The name of the village is thought to be derived from the plant wormwood.

Wormit Station
Wormit Railway Station, opened on 1 May 1889 and closed on 5 May 1969, was operated on a closed branch line, The Newport Railway, which left the main line (Edinburgh/Dundee) railway immediately at the south end of the Bridge to serve Wormit/Newport. After closure, Wormit Station was later dismantled and rebuilt at the heritage Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway to the west of Edinburgh.

In 1955, there was a serious train crash in Wormit Station in which three people were killed and forty-one were injured.

Power
Wormit claims to be the first Scottish village to have installed electricity. A windmill located on Wormit Hill generated the power, with a steam engine supplementing this when the wind was low. This was later replaced by a coal-gas engine until the 1930s, when Wormit was connected to the national grid. Alexander Stewart, who built many of Wormit's early houses, owned the windmill and steam engine and offered electrical lighting to homeowners as well as basic street lighting. Consumers paid 10 shillings a quarter and could use as much electricity as they liked. The first houses to have electricity had sun rays painted on the front, and these can still be seen along the highest row of terraced housing in the village.

Norwegian connection
During the Second World War, King Haakon VII of Norway visited a house in Wormit used as a base by officers of the Norwegian Army. The soldiers painted a sea motif for the king on the walls of a bedroom, and it is still present in the house. Norwegian Catalina flying boats of No. 333 Squadron RNoAF were stationed at Woodhaven, Fife, and a Norwegian flag is still flown in the harbour, which has since been changed back into Wormit Boating Club, from where occasional pleasure sailings operate for much of the year upon the River Tay, mainly between the Tay Rail Bridge and Tay Road Bridge.

Reservoir
Wormit water reservoir was built in 1923 in anticipation of the population of the town growing, but war intervened and the reservoir was eventually decommissioned due to costs. Trevor Cox, a professor of acoustic engineering at the University of Salford, identified the reservoir as one of the "strangest sounding places in the UK". It is a large concrete box 60 m long, 30 m wide and 5 m high. In a normal room, sounds die away quickly due to sound waves reflecting in to the walls, losing energy. In Wormit water reservoir, the size of the room means the time between reflections is much greater, coupled with sound waves losing less energy when reflecting off concrete, meaning sounds last for much longer. This was demonstrated by an experiment in which a balloon was popped inside the reservoir.

Amenities and services
Wormit has its own primary school (established in 1896), church, blacksmith, garage, hair dresser, restaurant and local shop. The local secondary school is Madras College, St Andrews.

There are several sports clubs within Wormit, including tennis, bowling and boating clubs. Wormit Bowling Club was established in 1901; its clubhouse was built in 1955.

Notable residents

 * John Meadows Jackson, FRSE (1907–1998), mathematician and physicist, lived here in the 1940s and 50s.
 * Thomas Symington Halliday, MBE, FRSA (1902–1998), artist and sculptor, lived in Wormit for many years.
 * Richard Gadd (1989-), actor, writer and comedian, born in Wormit.

title: Wormit


text:
Talk:Neutral country

Why isn't Bhutan on here?
Why isn't Bhutan on here?--Hipposcrashed (talk) 03:32, 18 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, it would seem Bhutan is a neutral. Perhaps that fact can be added-in in the coming upgrade.
 * Scott P. (talk) 19:40, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

United States?
How can the US be described as neutral in 1914-17 and 1939-41? It did everything possible to help the British Empire from the very beginning of both world wars, without actually declaring war on Germany. (MarekValenti (talk) 21:18, 13 February 2017 (UTC))
 * During those years, both sides recognized the US as neutral. While you are certainly correct in this, I'd say if even the Germans officially recognized our neutrality then, so should WP. Scott P. (talk) 19:43, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

The map should be changed
Ireland's neutrality is long disputed. (MarekValenti (talk) 21:37, 13 February 2017 (UTC))
 * Hopefully in the upcoming upgrade. Scott P. (talk) 19:44, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

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 * Thanks kindly for the "link-rot-fix". Scott P. (talk) 19:49, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

EU countries really neutral?
According to Military operations of the European Union, the EU has engaged in foreign military interventions at least 30 times since 2002. Isn't that the textbook definition of non-neutrality? Why are we seeming to give the EU and its members a "pass" on this here, allowing them to still claim to be fully neutral while their forces are making foreign military interventions? I would recommend that all EU countries be moved to the "disputed or 'uncertain' neutrality" category, both on our map, and in our categorzation of them. How can they be sending out their troops to foreign military interventions while claiming to still be "neutral"? Scott P. (talk) 06:31, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * PS: I would also recommend unifying/ merging the confusing "Disputed neutral countries" category and the "Claim to be neutral" category into a single, "Uncertain neutrality" category, thus clearly matching the map categories to the text categories.  I'd also suggest using specific well cited explanations for each country as to why each claim to be neutral is considered to be "uncertain."
 * Scott P. (talk) 18:55, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Discussion on the page about whether the EU compromises a member state's neutrality is of course needed - with full citation - but where is anything to back up the other countries? Being neutral does not preclude being part of a multilateral organization. It can be that state's choice, it is the reason Switzerland did not join the UN until really late, but it isn't a requirement and if we are taking that then every neutral country listed is questioned.
 * We can't make the judgement of which country is more compromised than another without reflecting a reliable source doing so. The EU section for example leads on the Prime Minister of Finland questioning Finland's neutrality. Do you have anything for Ghana, Japan, Mexico, Mongolia, Moldova, Rwanda and Serbia?
 * I'd suggest, rather than splitting the list even on the basis of a citation, the discussion about a said country is simply made in the notes section, or a note leading to points of debate if it is a common topic. But no country should be flagged as uncertain without some relevant citation.- J.Logan`t : 10:31, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

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I think the color of the map is too bright
I think that the light yellow and cyan colors on this world map are too bright, which makes the map less readable. I can recreate a colored world map. Everyone's opinion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.34.23.1 (talk) 06:53, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

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SFR Yugoslavia
Why is SFR Yugoslavia totally ignored in the article? SFR Yugoslavia after 1949 after the Stalin-Tito split initiated a foreign and military policy of neutrality, so much that it became the leading force of the Non-Alligned Movement, a movement which laid its foundations in neutrality and which was of high importance during most of the Cold War era. Besides cases such as Sweden or Switzerland, the Non-Alligned countries in which Yugoslavia had a leading role was basically the definition of neutrality. Some even considering it a Third Way, or Third Power, with other two being the Unites States and Soviet Union with its allies. Its a fact that Non-Alliegned movement is much neglected in present time, but totally ommiting Yugoslavia from this article becomes a major flaw. FkpCascais (talk) 12:29, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

Iceland
If i am not mistaken iceland is missing as Like the rest of the nordics iceland was nautral til it was invaded by the uk Andri12 (talk) 04:31, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Not enough detail for map/irrelevancy
I feel like the map displayed on the article needs more explanation or should be deleted. The article states, "A neutral country is a state that is neutral towards belligerents in a specific war or holds itself as permanently neutral". The map merely states which color corresponds to which degree of neutrality for a country. Which specific war does the map show? Who are the belligerents? Why are some countries not colored? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Darer101 (talk • contribs) 18:39, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Portugal note w r t sales

 * "Portugal officially stayed neutral, but actively supported both the Allies by providing overseas naval bases, and Germany by selling tungsten."

There is no regulation of trade in terms of neutrality, no article in the Hague convention speaks to trade. If Portugal engaged in trade, it would actually not affect status of neutrality. From a "feeling" understanding of neutrality, this may be relevant, but from an actual definition, it is not. I think this should be removed or moved to some discussion section, if that is a thing. 78.72.87.250 (talk) 13:13, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

2 websites I am unsure on
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/neutral-countries https://www.adducation.info/general-knowledge-politics-religion/all-neutral-countries/ 81.101.7.190 (talk) 13:02, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

wheres indonesia?
why indonesia doesnt mention it in this article? despite indonesia has recently transformed into a neutral country. especially in the wake of fall of suharto. is indonesia a neutral country or not? 2404:8000:1027:85F6:9CE4:D84C:8192:D6F8 (talk) 06:43, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

Removal of statement not supported by cited source, historically inaccurate
I have removed this sentence from the lead section:

"Adopting a policy of neutrality is generally a strong security guarantee; credible neutrality has only been violated during the First and Second World Wars, as in the case of Belgium."

At best a matter of opinion presented as an uncontroversial fact, it is not even supported by the cited source, and is historically inaccurate. It is easy to find violations of credible neutrality long before the 1st and 2nd World Wars.

If someone wants to start a new section on the objective security value of neutrality - a highly debated topic - they can do so, adhering to Wikipedia's guidelines about neutrality and reliable sources.Ttocserp 12:41, 26 December 2023 (UTC) Ttocserp 12:41, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

India?
india is also neutral? 91.129.100.53 (talk) 10:01, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neutral country


text:
Dübs and Company

Dübs & Co. was a locomotive manufacturer in Glasgow, Scotland, founded by Henry Dübs in 1863 and based at the Queens Park Works in Polmadie. In 1903 it amalgamated with two other Glasgow locomotive manufacturers to create the North British Locomotive Company.

Preserved locomotives
Eleven locomotives built for the New Zealand Railways Department, numerous others in South Africa and the Isle of Man.

Preserved locomotives in New Zealand
Four members of the 0-4-0 A class built in 1873 have been preserved. A 64 and A 67 are in full operational condition on vintage railways; A 64 resides at The Plains Vintage Railway & Historical Museum in Ashburton. A 67 is owned and operated by the Ocean Beach Railway / Otago Railway & Locomotive Society Inc, while A 62 is in private ownership and it is understood that the smokebox has been snapped from the boiler. A 66 (also owned by the Ocean Beach Railway) was damaged by fire when the building in which it was kept on static display was burnt down, it is now on long term lease to a Southland preservation railway.

Two members of the C class have survived (only five of the 16 locomotives were built by Dübs). Currently in operation at the Silver Stream Railway is an example from 1875 that originally had the wheel arrangement of 0-4-0 but was converted soon after purchase to 0-4-2 and is preserved with that wheel arrangement. Another member of the C class, 803, was recovered by the Westport Railway Preservation Society in 1993 from where it had been dumped in the Buller Gorge, West Coast, and was under restoration with the goal of returning it to a fully operational state. It was moved from Westport to the National Railway Museum of New Zealand in 2024.

Five members of the 0-6-0 F class built between 1878 and 1880 have been preserved. Currently in operational condition are F 163 and F 185. F 111 had its boiler condemned in 1980 and its owners, the Ocean Beach Railway, have yet to replace it; the Ocean Beach Railway also owns F 150 but it was leased to the Plains Vintage Railway of Ashburton in 1986 where it was unrestored and partially dismantled. In July 2019 it was transported to Invercargill where the Southern Steam Train Charitable Trust is having it restored for occasional use. This is expected to be completed by 2026. F 230 was converted to a wheel arrangement of 0-4-2 on a private industrial line and is on static display at Hamilton Lake Park in a somewhat rundown condition. Other members of the 88-total F class that still exist were built by other manufacturers.

Preserved locomotives in Australia
The oldest steam locomotive in Tasmania is Dübs No.1415 of 1880. It is a Queensland 4D9 class locomotive and was built to run on Queensland Railways' gauge. In 1917 the locomotive was sold to the Strahan Marine Board on Tasmania's West Coast, where it was employed in the construction of the breakwater at Hells Gates at the entrance to Macquarie Harbour. The locomotive is now on display (minus cab) at the Don River Railway.

On Sunday, 30 December 1900, the Emu Bay Railway (EBR) took delivery of three Dübs 4-8-0 locomotives to run on the Melba line from Burnie to Zeehan. The locomotives were EBR Nos. 6 (3854/1900), 7 (3856/1900) and 8 (3855/1900). No.7 was taken out of service in 1959 and scrapped in 1963. In 1960 No.6 was named Murchsion and No.8 was named Heemskirk and both locomotives were repainted from drab black to a striking two tone blue livery to haul the new Westcoaster train, which transported buses and cars (and their occupants) from Burnie to Rosebery. No.6 is now on display at the West Coast Pioneers Museum at Zeehan, where its drab black (2006) has recently (2013) been replaced by the striking blue livery mentioned above. No.8 is preserved (in black) in running order at the Don River Railway preservation society at Devonport, Tasmania.

Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company purchased five 0-4-2RT (rack tank) locomotives to run on their gauge railway from Queenstown, Tasmania to Strahan, Tasmania, Australia, using the Abt Rack railway system. The first four of these were built by Dübs and the first three are still in existence. Mount Lyell No.1 (3369/1896) and Mount Lyell No.3 (3730/1898) operate on the West Coast Wilderness Railway. The third example, Mount Lyell No.2 (3594/1898) has now also been restored and operates on the West Coast Wilderness Railway.

No. 3730, built in 1898, is used by the West Coast Wilderness Railway between Strahan and Queenstown. It was locally fitted for the Abt Rack railway system.

Victorian Railways No. 2 steam crane, built 1890 by Dubs, works number 2711, is on display at the Newport Railway Museum, Melbourne.

Preserved locomotives elsewhere
In the United Kingdom, 1901-built Dübs crane tank No. 4101 is preserved at the Foxfield Light Railway, Stoke-on-Trent. It was operational and saw frequent use by late 2012.

In Ireland,	5 Slieve Callan is preserved at the West Clare Railway.

Natal Government Railways 'A' Class 4-8-2 tank locomotive No. 196 (Works Number 3819 of 1899) returned to the UK for preservation by the NBL Preservation Group on 12 May 2011. It is on display at the Mizens Railway near Woking in Surrey. Full details can be found on www.nbloco.net

On the Isle of Man Railway, Manx Northern Railway 0-6-0 no. 4 Caledonia was built in 1885 (works no. 2178), renumbered 15 when brought into IoMR stock in 1904 (Boyd 1996; p. 188-192). Cale returned to service to commemorate its part in building the Snaefell Railway when a third rail to 3' gauge was laid to facilitate a return to Snaefell, and 15 has just undergone a major overhaul and returned to service after a brief absence.

Nos. 1 and 2 of NSB class XXI, built 1894, are preserved at the Setesdal Line museum railway, Norway. No. 1 has been out of service since the closure of ordinary activities at the Setesdal Line in 1962; no. 2 has been in regular use on the Setesdal Line since 1894 and until recently, both during ordinary activities and, since 1964, at the museum railway. It was undergoing a general service in August 2005.

Locomotive No.3 built for the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1882 is owned by the Prairie Dog Central enthusiast railway of Winnipeg, Manitoba. It underwent a thorough restoration, completed in early 2009.

Built in 1882 for Natal Government Railways (NGR), a predecessor to South African Railways, is Class-A No.88, restored and preserved by Umgeni Steam Railway (Durban, South Africa). It is used on the 3.2 km (2 mile) route from Durban to Point Road and later on the 23-hour trip from Durban to Johannesburg.

Built in 1888 for former Brazilian CP (unknown numbering) and later having been an industrial locomotive at Frigorífico Bordon is Dubs #2351, a 2-6-4T of gauge, completely restored for static exhibition at Museu de Tecnologia de São Paulo (São Paulo Technology Museum in São Paulo, SP.

The 0-6-2T locomotive No. 17 Urdaneta, part of the Manila Railway Dagupan class was built in 1888 was built for the Manila Railway Company. It entered service in 1890 and was retired in 1927. Urdaneta was one of the only four steam locomotives to be preserved by the Philippine National Railways, its modern-day successor. This locomotive is now on display in Dagupan.

title: Dübs and Company


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Wormleighton

Wormleighton is a village in Warwickshire on top of Wormleighton Hill overlooking the River Cherwell, England. The population taken at the 2011 census was 183.

The original village was by the banks of the Cherwell and can still be seen as a series of humps and hollows on the East bank of the Oxford Canal. The present village sits on the crest of the hill. At one end is St Peter's Church, which has a Norman tower and nave, made of local ironstone, with small added Gothic aisles. It has a graveyard around it, accessible to local sheep, and hints of a circular enclosure. A path from the church takes the visitor directly to the remains of the old 16th-century Manor house, of which the first view is a fine old chimney, then the great hall can be seen, part made of stone, part of brick. The gatehouse is Jacobean, and has a date of 1613 upon it.

The manor house was slighted by the Parliamentarians as it was a Royalist stronghold. The village was abandoned after the English Civil War when the Spencer family home Wormleighton Manor was burned down in 1645. The village, however, was refounded in the 19th century, and there is a very fine Arts and Crafts group of buildings, as well as a number of thatched cottages.

The first mention of a post office in the village is in September 1853, when a type of postmark known as an undated circle was issued. The post office closed in 1971. The historic family of Wormleighton is based in the North West of England. During the Second World War, Captain Ronald fought with distinction and was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1944. The Spencer family fortune derived from Sir John Spencer of Wormleighton, Warwickshire, who bought Althorp in 1508 with the huge profits from his sheep-rearing business. In 1498 an inquest jury recorded that 60 villagers had been evicted from the Wormleighton Estate "weeping, to wander in idleness ... perished of hunger".

The Church has remaining box pews, a Norman font, and an interesting tomb to Robert Spencer which gives his death date in 1610 (he died in France) both in the new Gregorian calendar (used in France from 1582) and in the old Julian calendar which was still used in Britain until 1752.

Notable people from Wormleighton

 * John Peche
 * Spencer family

title: Wormleighton


text:
Lofoten

Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Lofoten has distinctive scenery with dramatic mountains and peaks, open sea and sheltered bays, beaches and untouched lands. There are two towns, Svolvær and Leknes – the latter is approximately 169 km north of the Arctic Circle and approximately 2,420 km away from the North Pole. The archipelago experiences one of the world's largest elevated temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.

Etymology
Lofoten (Lófótr) was the original name of the island Vestvågøya. The first element is ló (i.e., "lynx") and the last element is derived from Norse fótr (i.e., "foot"), as the shape of the island must have been compared with that of a lynx's foot. (The old name of the neighbouring island Flakstadøya was Vargfót, "wolf's foot", from vargr "wolf".) Alternatively it could derive from the word for light in reference to the presence of Aurora Borealis as the word for light itself is the root of the Old Norse word for lynx lóa, although the earliest evidence suggests Lófótr was first the name of the island of Vestvågøy and only later becoming the name of the chain of islands. Most parsimonious is the analogy with Aurora Borealis, as the word fótr is typically not used to describe the feet of beasts of prey, instead using the word hrammr (paw) or löpp (also paw) for animals such as cats or dogs. Fótr can be used to describe legs, and as such, light leg represents the most plausible etymology taking into account the geography of the archipelago, eventually morphing to describe only the island of Vestvågøy before once again describing the island chain from its main island.

Another name one might come across, is "Lofotveggen" or the Lofoten wall. The archipelago looks like a closed wall when seen from elevated points around Bodø or when arriving from the sea, some 100 km long, and 800 - 1,000 m high.

History
According to Robert M. D'Anjou and others: "There is evidence of human settlement extending back at least 11,000 years in Lofoten, and the earliest archaeological sites ... are only about 5,500 years old, at the transition from the early to late Stone Age". Iron Age agriculture, livestock, and significant human habitation can be traced back to c. 250 BC.

The town of Vågan (Norse Vágar) is the first known town formation in northern Norway. It existed in the early Viking Age, maybe earlier, and was located on the southern coast on eastern Lofoten, near today's village Kabelvåg in Vågan municipality. The Lofotr Viking Museum with the reconstructed 83 m longhouse (the largest known) is located near Borg on Vestvågøy, which has many archeological finds from the Iron Age and Viking Age.

The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. Bergen in southwestern Norway was for a long time the hub for further export of cod south to different parts of Europe, particularly so when trade was controlled by the Hanseatic League. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture plays a significant role, as it has done since the Bronze Age.

In March 1941 the islands were raided by British Commandos during Operation Claymore, and in a subsequent diversionary attack to support the Vaagso raid in December.

As of 2017, the islands attract one million tourists a year.

Geography
Lofoten is located at the 68th and 69th parallels north of the Arctic Circle in North Norway. Lofoten encompasses the municipalities of Vågan, Vestvågøy, Flakstad, Moskenes, Værøy, and Røst. The principal islands, running from north to south are:

 * Southern tip of Hinnøya.
 * Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøy (526.7 km2 in total 68.33333°N, 14.66667°W)
 * Gimsøya (46.4 km2 68.3°N, 14.18333°W)
 * Vestvågøy (411.1 km2 68.16667°N, 13.75°W)
 * Flakstadøya (109.8 km2 68.08333°N, 13.33333°W)
 * Moskenesøya (185.9 km2 67.91667°N, 13°W)
 * Hamnoy.jpg

Further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy (67.66667°N, 12.66667°W) and Røst (67.61667°N, 12.11667°W). The total land area amounts to 1,227 km2, and the population totals 24,500. Many will argue that Hinnøya, the northern part of Austvågøy and several hundred smaller islands, skerries and rocks to the east of Austvågøy are also part of the Lofoten complex. Historically, the territorial definition of Lofoten has changed significantly. Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago lies the vast, open Vestfjorden, and to the north is Vesterålen. The principal towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan. The main islands are joined to each other and the mainland by road bridges.

The Lofoten Islands are characterised by their mountains and peaks, sheltered inlets, stretches of seashore and large virgin areas. The highest mountain in Lofoten is Higravstinden (1,161 m) in Austvågøy; the Møysalen National Park just northeast of Lofoten has mountains reaching 1,262 m. The famous Moskstraumen (Malstrøm) system of tidal eddies is located in western Lofoten, and is indeed the root of the term maelstrom.

Geology

Lofoten is a horst ridge of bedrock. The rocks of Lofoten belong to the wider Western Gneiss Region of Norway. Some of the high relief and irregular surfaces of Lofoten has been attributed to etching that took place during the Mesozoic Era. Evidence of this would be the kaolinite found at some locations. To the northwest the Lofoten archipelago is bounded by the NE–SW-trending West Lofoten Border Fault. This is a normal fault whose fault scarp has been eroded forming a strandflat.

In Vestvågøya mountains have steep slopes towards the open sea in the northwest and southeast while slopes pointing towards the interior of the island are more gentle. This is the result of erosion acting on a landscape that has been uplifted along NE–SW-trending faults in the margins of Lofoten while the interior axis has remained more stable. In tectonic terms mountains are half-grabens and faults are of the dip-slip type.

The sea around Lofoten is known to host significant oil reserves: 1.3 bn barrels. Oil extraction in the Lofoten area is prohibited.

Wildlife
The sea is rich with life, and the world's largest deep water coral reef, called the Røst Reef, is located west of Røst. Approximately 70% of all fish caught in the Norwegian and Barents seas use its islands' waters as a breeding ground. Otters are common, and there are elk on the largest islands. There are some woodlands with downy birch and rowan. There are no native conifer forests in Lofoten, but some small areas with private spruce plantations. Hedlundia hybrida and Malus sylvestris occur in Lofoten, but not further north.

Birds
Some 27,000 ha of marine waters along the north-western coasts and fjords of the Lofoten Islands has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International (BLI) because it supports overwintering populations of common eiders and yellow-billed loons. The IBA contains or overlaps with the Seløya, Morfjorden, Laukvikøyene, Eggum and Borgværet nature reserves, as well as the Laukvikøyene Ramsar site. Lofoten has a high density of sea eagles and cormorants, and millions of other sea birds, among them the colourful puffin. It has mainland Europe's largest seabird colony. The birds once mistaken for the extinct great auk turned out to be some of the nine king penguins released around Norway's Lofoten Islands in August 1936, there until at least 1944.

Climate
Lofoten features a mostly subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) under the Köppen climate classification, although some parts like Skrova feature a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). Winter temperatures in Lofoten are extremely mild considering its location north of the Arctic Circle – possibly the largest positive temperature anomaly in the world relative to latitude. The mild winters are a result of the temperate waters of the Norwegian Sea, which is warmed by the North Atlantic Current and the Norwegian Current. The mild air (Lows) from the Atlantic having a free path northwards even in winter is also very significant.

Strong winds can occur in late autumn and winter. Snow and sleet are not uncommon in winter. The mountains can have substantial amounts of snow, and avalanches may come down from the steep slopes.

In Svolvær, the sun is above the horizon continuously ("midnight sun") from 25 May to 17 July, and in winter the sun does not rise from 4 December to 7 January. In Leknes, the sun is above the horizon from 26 May to 17 July, and in winter the sun does not rise from 9 December to 4 January.

The temperature in the sea has been recorded since 1935. At 1 m depth in the sea near Skrova, water temperatures vary from a low of 3 °C in March to 14 °C in August, some years peaking above 17 °C. November is around 7 - 8 C. At a depth of 200 m, the temperature is near 8 °C all year. Skrova lighthouse on an island near Svolvær has the longest recording of air temperature in Lofoten. The warmest temperature recorded is 30.4 °C in June 1972. The coldest temperature recorded is -15.1 °C in February 1966. Last overnight freeze in June was in 1962, and last freeze in September was in 1986. Skrova and nearby Svolvær are among those places in North Norway which can record what Norwegians know as "tropical nights" when the overnight low does not go below 20 °C. The warmest night recorded in Lofoten was July 1 1972 at Skrova with low 23.8 °C, and the earliest in summer was June 10th 2011 with low 21.5 °C. The wettest month recorded is December 1936 with 227 mm, and the driest is January 2014 with 0.9 mm.

Even if the islands are not that large, there are climatic differences. Værøy and Røst furthest west have the warmest winters, but summer highs are cooler. Vestvågøy with the town Leknes has lowland in the interior of the island with mountains nearby; winters here are slightly colder and much wetter than at Skrova, while summers are drier and comparable.

Mountaineering and rock climbing

Lofoten offers many rock climbing and mountaineering opportunities. It has 24 hours of daylight in the summer and has Alpine-style ridges, summits and glaciers, but at a height of less than 1,200 m. The main centre for rock climbing is Henningsvær on Austvågøya.

The main areas for mountaineering and climbing are on Austvågøy and Moskenesøya. Moskenesøya features remote and serious mountaineering whereas Austvågøy is very popular area for rock climbing.

Football
Lofoten has one of the world's most noteworthy football pitches. Located in the village of Henningsvaer, the pitch at Henningsvaer Stadium rests on a rocky islet and has no actual seats.

Surfing
Unstad is one of its better known locations for surfing. Every September surfers from around the world visit to compete in the Lofoten Masters.

Cycling

There is a well-marked cycling route that goes from Å in the south and continues past Fiskebøl in the north. The route is part public road, part cycle-path with the option to bypass all of the tunnels by either cycle-path (tunnels through mountains) or boat. Traffic is generally light, although in July there may be a lot of campervans. Some of the more remote sections are on gravel roads. There is a dedicated cycling ferry which sails between Ballstad and Nusfjord, allowing cyclists to avoid the long, steep Nappstraum tunnel. The route hugs the coastline for most of its length where it is generally flat. As it turns inland through the mountain passes there are a couple of 300 - 400 m climbs.

The Lofoten Insomnia Cycling Race takes place every year around midsummer, possible in the midnight sun, but certainly in 24-hour daylight, along the whole Lofoten archipelago.

The Arctic Race of Norway, the world's northernmost professional stage race on road bike which takes place every year in Northern Norway, crossed the Lofoten islands during its first edition in August 2013. , the race was planned to be back in 2019 from Thursday 15 August to Sunday 18 August. The first two stages will cross the Lofoten archipelago from west to east.

Transportation

The European road E10 connects the larger islands of Lofoten with bridges and undersea tunnels. The E10 road also connects Lofoten to the mainland of Norway through the Lofast road connection, which was officially opened on 1 December 2007. There are several daily bus services between the islands of Lofoten and between Lofoten and the mainland along E10. The Lofoten Islands are not serviced by any trains. However, the city of Narvik is connected to Stockholm and Oslo by train, and connects directly to the Lofoten bus line.

Bodø is often used as a hub for travel to Lofoten. In addition to air travel there is a ferry connecting Bodø to Moskenes, and a speedboat connection to Svolvær. Bodø is connected by train to Trondheim and Oslo. There is also a ferry connecting Svolvær to Skutvik in Hamarøy, with road connection east to E6. Hurtigruten calls at Stamsund and Svolvær.

Lofoten is also served by a number of small airports:
 * Leknes Airport (101,757 passengers in 2014)
 * Svolvær Airport, Helle (74,496 passengers in 2014)
 * Røst Airport (9,889 passengers in 2014), which mainly offers flights to Bodø.
 * A heliport at Værøy (9,420 passengers in 2014)
 * Stokmarknes Airport, Skagen (93,782 passengers in 2016) is located in Vesterålen.
 * Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes has direct flights to Oslo and Trondheim.

Visual arts
Lofoten International Art Festival (Lofoten internasjonale kunstfestival, LIAF) is a contemporary art biennale with no set venue or location on the archipelago. Artists who have participated include Kjersti Andvig, Michel Auder, A K Dolven, Ida Ekblad, Elmgreen & Dragset, and Lawrence Weiner.

The North Norwegian Art Centre (Nordnorsk Kunstnersenter, NNKS) was established in Svolvær in 1979.

KaviarFactory is a privately-owned contemporary art space in Henningsvær.

The Nordland School of Art and Film (Nordland kunst- og filmhøgskole, NKFS) was established in Kabelvåg in 1997.

Literature

 * Edgar Allan Poe's short story "A Descent into the Maelström" tells the story of a man who survived his ship being drawn into and swallowed by Moskstraumen.
 * Many of the novels of Knut Hamsun are situated in the Lofoten.
 * Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870) concludes with the Nautilus having fallen into the Maelström, and Prof. Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land, who had been attempting to escape when the Nautilus began its fall, washed up on an island in the Lofotens.
 * Johan Bojer's novel The Last of the Vikings (1922) tells the story of the Lofoten cod fishermen.
 * In Ole Edvart Rølvaag's novel Giants in the Earth, the Norwegian protagonists settling in Dakota Territory are immigrants from Lofoten.
 * The poem "Pilot Nagel" from the Greek sailor-poet Nikos Kavvadias tells the story of the Norwegian sailor Nagel Harbor, who dies at the port of Colombo, while escorting a steamer tank on its way to his homeland, the Lofoten islands.

Films

 * In the film Maelström, Lofoten is where the ashes of Annstein Karson are distributed.
 * In the film The Sunlit Night, Lofoten is where the protagonist Frances decides to aid a fellow critically reviled artist.

Television

 * The Norwegian television crime drama series Twin, which premiered on 27 October 2019 on NRK, is set in the Lofoten Islands.

 * The Grand Tour: A Scandi Flick special was filmed in Lofoten in 2022.

Paintings
Norwegian painter Gunnar Berg was known for his paintings of his native Lofoten. He principally painted scenes of the everyday life of the local fishermen. Other artists whose work has been associated with Lofoten include Adelsteen Normann, Otto Sinding, Christian Krohg, Theodor Kittelsen, Lev Lagorio, Ernst Wilhelm Nay and Ingo Kühl.

Music
In 2004, Nurse with Wound broadcast 24 unexpected radio transmissions from the Lofoten Islands, whose sounds were sourced from the environment and objects found in Lofoten. These recordings are included on their three releases entitled Shipwreck Radio.

title: Lofoten


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User:Redbird294

I'm the Redbird. I enjoy reading the articles on Wikipedia, and I'll add new ones for the folks to add stuff to as I go along. I try to add information on the stuff I actually know something about.

My interests, as they pertain to Wikipedia, are mathematics, sports, and computer science. These also happen to be some of my actual interests :)

I also enjoy watching Rudi Bakhtiar of Headline News. I think she's gorgeous. From the size of the Yahoo group devoted to Rudi, I'm not the only one!

I'm currently in graduate school at ISU, studying mathematics, primarily statistics, number theory, and mathematical computer science. My undergraduate minors were in english and philosophy. As you can see, I like working both sides of my brain.

Stuff I specialize in:

 * Cable news networks: I don't necessarily watch it for the news, although it's great to be informed about the happenings of the world....as long as Kiran Chetry is informing me.
 * Sports: The majority of my edits and contributions have been in baseball, basketball,  and football...not that I'm limiting myself.
 * College football rivalries: It's part of what makes college football great.  The BCS, however, is not.  It's time for a playoff, folks.  NOW.
 * Theoretical computer science, discrete mathematics: For those a bit more mathematically inclined, check out the great sections on computational complexity and Big-O notation.
 * South Suburbs of Chicago: I'm very familiar with the area, and I try to lend my expertise here when I can.
 * The Run and Shoot offense: It hasn't been seen in the NFL since Atlanta and Detroit got rid of it, but it's one of the best offensive systems ever created--right up there with the wishbone offense, the flexbone offense, and the West Coast offense.

Stuff I have an interest in, and may soon add to my specialization:

 * Television shows
 * comedy movies
 * porn (hey, at least I'm honest)
 * chemistry and physics
 * boolean algebra and logic

Why Redbird294?
It's simple. I'm a student at Illinois State University, and its mascot is a Redbird, which is another name for Cardinal, like the St. Louis Cardinals, my favorite baseball team. The 294 part comes from Interstate 294, which runs close to my home in the south suburbs of Chicago.

My infatuation with Cable News
I watch quite a bit of cable news. In fact, maybe I watch too much. When I'm at home, I usually watch Fox News Channel, and maybe a bit of CNN. I consider myself a hardcore FNC watcher, though. On occasion, I've been known to watch MSNBC, but primarily just to stare at Amy Robach. I'm currently writing a parody of cable news networks, and I'm about halfway finished with it. More on this as it gets completed.

What I think of the cable news networks
MSNBC: The network that needs the most help. They don't have an identity. No sizzle, no "wow factor." Yes, they've got pretty faces (Amy Robach, Contessa Brewer, etc.) but no real reason for anyone to watch them over their competitors. Right now, I tune in to see Amy, then watch Hardball....that's about it. It's a shame they got rid of Bianca Solorzano, and Laurie Jennings went back to Miami to do network news again. I'll miss both of them....but at least Amy's still there!

CNN: Although they don't want to say it, CNN is in the same boat as MSNBC. They had an identity, then lost it. Now, they've revamped themselves and came up with a new slogan--"More Americans Trust CNN." Yes, that's true--more people do watch CNN, but people watch Fox News for longer periods of time. Once again, some nice looking ladies, but not as many as MSNBC.

Fox News: Yes, they've got a certain conservative slant to their news, but they've got the market cornered when it comes to lip-glossed newsbabes. Their roster is deep, and when you've got Page Hopkins on the second string, the bench is pretty loaded. So many blondes, not enough air time. They plucked Martha MacCallum from CNBC and turned her into an infobabe too. Why do I get the feeling that if given the chance, Rudi Bakhtiar would jump ship to Fox News? Come on, they've got Kiran Chetry! This isn't fair, folks. Fox News is so loaded with hot news women, Kiran Chetry is on the bench, albeit the first one off the bench.

My infatuation with Rudi Bakhtiar
There's not much to this. I just think she's absolutely gorgeous. I watch her every evening without fail on CNN Headline News. But she's 37, and I'm 23. Not much hope in pursuing that. :(

My Favorite Newswomen
Rudi Bakhtiar: I can go on and on about this woman. What can I say? I doesn't matter what she wears, she looks good. I saw her the other day in her glasses, and....oh boy!

Kiran Chetry: My other favorite. She single-handedly turned leg crossing into an Olympic sport. It's too bad she's married already, 'cause she would probably have a line of guys around the corner, just waiting for a shot to be with her. She's extremely hot--I mean supermodel hot.

Juliet Huddy: She's hot, and she knows it. I can watch her all day with the sound down; it doesn't really matter what she says.

Amy Robach: Where the heck did MSNBC find her? Where can I get one?

Why I like the Designated Hitter rule
Every baseball fan has an opinion on whether or not to keep the designated hitter rule. Although my favorite team is in the National League, I like the DH. In fact, I think it should be used throughout baseball, not just in the American League. Pitchers batting is generally a waste of an out and my time as a fan in the stands. The guy is almost always batting 9th, and he usually does one of two things--strike out or sacrifice bunt. Opponents of the DH say it dilutes the game and lets pitchers throw inside with no retaliation. I think that since AL pitchers have to face 9 legitimate batters in a lineup and not 8, they have to work harder. They're only pitching once every five days--why give them a free out every time through the batting order? Edgar Martinez has made a career out of being a DH, and he's a great hitter. Take the DH out, and he has to sit the bench or retire, because he just can't play the field anymore. This is why I like the DH--take an easy out away from the lineup and put in a guy who can focus solely on hitting, just like a pitcher can focus solely on pitching. The first baseman isn't suddenly going to take the mound, is he? Then why have the ace pick up a bat? Anyway, that's my seventeen cents on the matter.

title: User:Redbird294


text:
Urf

ʿUrf (العرف) is an Arabic Islamic term referring to the custom, or 'knowledge', of a given society. To be recognized in an Islamic society, ʿurf must be compatible with Sharia. When applied, it can lead to the deprecation or inoperability of a certain aspect of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).

ʿUrf is a source of Islamic legal rulings where there are not explicit primary texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah specifying the ruling. ʿUrf can also specify something generally established in the primary texts.

Overview
The term 'ʿurf', meaning "to know", refers to the customs and practices of a given society.
 * Terminology

ʿUrf was first recognized by Abū Yūsuf (d. 182/798), an early leader of the Ḥanafī school, though it was considered part of the sunnah, and not as formal source. Later al-Sarak̲h̲sī (d. 483/1090) opposed it, holding that custom cannot prevail over a written text.
 * History

The "maxim" that custom is an authoritative source for Islamic law "appears in the Quran and Hadith". One hadith narrated by Ibn Mas'ud stated 'Whatever the Muslim saw as good is [considered] good by God, and whatever the Muslim saw as evil is evil according to God.'"
 * Scriptural basis

Sharia
Although this was not formally included in Islamic law, the Sharia recognizes customs that prevailed at the time of Muhammad but were not abrogated by the Qur'an or the Sunnah (called "Divine silence" ***sunnah is not "divine silence"). Practices later innovated are also justified, since Islamic tradition says what the people, in general, consider good is also considered as such by Allah (see God in Islam). According to some sources, ʿurf holds as much authority as 'ijma (consensus), and more than qiyas (legal reasoning by analogy). ʿUrf is the Islamic equivalent of "common law".

In the application of ʿurf, custom that is accepted into law should be commonly prevalent in the region, not merely in an isolated locality. If it is in absolute opposition to Islamic texts, custom is disregarded. However, if it is in opposition to qiyas, custom is given preference. Jurists also tend to, with caution, give precedence to custom over doctoral opinions of highly esteemed scholars.

In some countries such as Egypt, marriage, the ʿurfi way, refers to a form of common law marriage that does not involve obtaining official papers issued by the state (زواج عرفي Zawāj ʿUrfi). The validity of that type of marriage is still under debate, and women may have fewer rights than under an officially-registered marriage.

title: Urf


text:
NSB Class XXI

NSB Class XXI is a steam locomotive class designed by the Norwegian State Railways exclusively for use on the Setesdal Line.

title: NSB Class XXI


text:
Sasser (computer worm)

Sasser is a computer worm that affects computers running vulnerable versions of the Microsoft operating systems Windows XP and Windows 2000. Sasser spreads by exploiting the system through a vulnerable port. Thus it is particularly virulent in that it can spread without user intervention, but it is also easily stopped by a properly configured firewall or by downloading system updates from Windows Update. The specific hole Sasser exploits is documented by Microsoft in its MS04-011 bulletin, for which a patch had been released seventeen days earlier. The most characteristic experience of the worm is the shutdown timer that appears due to the worm crashing LSASS.

History and effects
Sasser was created on April 30, 2004. This worm was named Sasser because it spreads by exploiting a buffer overflow in the component known as LSASS (Local Security Authority Subsystem Service) on the affected operating systems. According to a report by eEye Digital Security published on April 13, 2004, this buffer overflow relies on an apparently deprecated API call to Microsoft Active Directory, which both allows for unchecked remote queries and crashes LSASS.exe if given a long string. Once on a machine, the worm scans different ranges of IP addresses and connects to victims' computers primarily through TCP port 445. If a vulnerable installation of XP or 2000 is found, the worm utilizes its own FTP server hosted on previously infected machines to download itself onto the newly compromised host. Microsoft's analysis of the worm indicates that it may also spread through port 139. Several variants called Sasser.B, Sasser.C, and Sasser.D appeared within days (with the original named Sasser.A). The LSASS vulnerability was patched by Microsoft in the April 2004 installment of its monthly security packages, prior to the release of the worm. Some technology specialists have speculated that the worm writer reverse-engineered the patch to discover the vulnerability, which would open millions of computers whose operating system had not been upgraded with the security update.

The effects of Sasser included the news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP) having all its satellite communications blocked for hours and the U.S. flight company Delta Air Lines having to cancel several trans-atlantic flights because its computer systems had been swamped by the worm. The Nordic insurance company If and their Finnish owners Sampo Bank came to a complete halt and had to close their 130 offices in Finland. The British Coastguard had its electronic mapping service disabled for a few hours, and Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Post, and the European Commission also had issues with the worm. The X-ray department at Lund University Hospital had all their four layer X-ray machines disabled for several hours and had to redirect emergency X-ray patients to a nearby hospital.

Author
On 7 May 2004, an 18-year-old German named Sven Jaschan from Rotenburg, Lower Saxony, then student at a technical college, was arrested for writing the worm. German authorities were led to Jaschan partly because of information obtained in response to a bounty offer by Microsoft of US$250,000.

One of Jaschan's friends had informed Microsoft that his friend had created the worm. He further revealed that not only Sasser, but also Netsky.AC, a variant of the Netsky worm, was his creation. Another variation of Sasser, Sasser.E, was found to be circulating shortly after the arrest. It was the only variation that attempted to remove other worms from the infected computer, much in the way Netsky does.

Jaschan was tried as a minor because the German courts determined that he created the worm before he was 18. The worm itself had been released on his 18th birthday (29 April 2004). Sven Jaschan was found guilty of computer sabotage and illegally altering data. On Friday, 8 July 2005, he received a 21-month suspended sentence.

Side effects
An indication of the worm's infection of a given PC is the existence of the files,   or   on the PC's hard disk, the   running randomly and 100% CPU usage, as well as seemingly random crashes with LSA Shell (Export Version) caused by faulty code used in the worm. The most characteristic symptom of the worm is the shutdown timer that appears due to the worm crashing LSASS.exe.

Workarounds
The shutdown sequence can be aborted by pressing start and using the Run command to enter. This aborts the system shutdown so the user may continue what they were doing. The shutdown.exe file is not available by default within Windows 2000, but can be installed from the Windows 2000 resource kit. It is available in Windows XP. A second option to stop the worm from shutting down a computer is to change the time and/or date on its clock to earlier; the shutdown time will move as far into the future as the clock was set back.

Removal
The Sasser worm can be removed by pressing start and using the Run command to enter. This will abort the shutdown caused by the termination of lsass.exe, allowing the user more time to remove the worm. The worm may be removed by running  and navigating to. There, the user must remove the  string. Next, the user must terminate  in task manager. Next, the user must navigate to  and delete. Finally, the user must navigate to  and delete   and reboot. After a reboot, the user's PC will no longer be infected with Sasser.

title: Sasser (computer worm)


text:
NSB Class XXII

NSB Class XXII is a steam locomotive class designed by the Norwegian State Railways exclusively for use on the Setesdal Line.

title: NSB Class XXII


text:
Wu Daozi

Wu Daozi (c. 685 or c. 689), also known as Daoxuan and Wu Tao Tzu, was a Chinese painter of the Tang dynasty. The British art historian Michael Sullivan considers him one of "the masters of the seventh century," Some of his works survive; many, mostly murals, have been lost.

Wu lost his father at an early age and lived in poverty. He learned calligraphy from Zhang Xu and He Zhizhang, before specialising in painting. He pioneered realistic techniques, the formal establishment of brushwork, and landscape painting. He painted figures with round strokes so as to show their flowing clothes.

Works

He traveled widely and created murals in Buddhist and Daoist temples. Wu also drew mountains, rivers, flowers, birds. No authentic originals are extant, though some exist in later copies or stone carvings. Wu's famous painting of Confucius was preserved through being copied in a stone engraving.

Legends
Numerous legends gathered around Wu Daozi, often concerning commissions by Emperor Xuanzong.

In one, Emperor Xuanzong called him to paint a wall of his palace. He painted a wall mural displaying a rich nature-scene set in a valley, containing a stunning array of flora and fauna and including a cave at the foot of a mountain. The story goes that he informed the emperor that it's not just what the emperor is able to see, Wu Daozi has made this painting in such a way, that a spirit dwells in the cave. Next, he clapped his hands and entered the cave, inviting the emperor to follow. The painter entered the cave but the entrance closed behind him and, before the astonished emperor could move or utter a word, the painting vanished from the wall. This story depicts the spirituality of art. The contemporary Swedish writer Sven Lindqvist meditates on this legend and the challenge that it poses to modern aesthetics in his book, The Myth of Wu Tao-Tzu.

Another legend states that Emperor Xuanzong sent Wu Daozi to Sichuan to study the green waters of the Jialing River in order to complete a mural of its entire course. Supposedly, Wu returned without sketches and rapidly painted the entire river from memory, completing the 300-li account within a single day. It is sometimes added that his technique was foiled by Li Sixun, who accompanied him and followed the traditional practice of working slowly from numerous prepared sketches. To the extent that it is grounded in a real event, however, it probably only reflects Wu's speed of execution and not a lack of reliance on sketches.

Another has it that a painter found one of the last surviving murals of Wu Daozi and learned to imitate the style. He then destroyed the wall, possibly by pushing it into a river, to ensure that no one else could learn the same secrets.

Legacy
The Presentation of Buddha was featured in 2004-5 television presentations in China.

title: Wu Daozi