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Tom Holkenborg

Tom Holkenborg (born 8 December 1967), also known as Junkie XL, is a Dutch composer, multi-instrumentalist, DJ, producer, and engineer. Originally known for his trance productions, he has moved to producing electronica and big beat music and film scores. His remix of Elvis Presley's "A Little Less Conversation" became a worldwide hit in 2002.

In film scores, he has worked with Hans Zimmer and his company Remote Control Productions on Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, as well as composing the scores for Zack Snyder's Justice League, Divergent, Mad Max: Fury Road, Deadpool, Tomb Raider, Alita: Battle Angel, Terminator: Dark Fate, Sonic the Hedgehog (and its sequels), Scoob!, Godzilla vs. Kong, Army of the Dead, and Three Thousand Years of Longing.

Early life
Holkenborg was born in Lichtenvoorde, Gelderland, Netherlands. Classically trained by his mother – herself an accredited music teacher – Holkenborg started playing piano when he was three years old, drums when he was eight, and guitar at 12. Influenced by the psychedelic pop of Pink Floyd and King Crimson, he took up the bass by age 14. After moving to Leeuwarden, at the age of 17, he decided to take a job at a local music store selling keyboards and other digital gear, and began to have an appreciation for the combination of electronic and organic sounds. It was shortly after he discovered synthesizers that he joined the Dutch new wave ensemble Weekend at Waikiki as a multi-instrumentalist and producer, touring extensively with the band, including through Poland and parts of the Soviet Union, from 1988 to 1991. He also produced and played on their 1994 album, Sputnik. In 1993, Holkenborg produced Almost a Dance by Dutch metal band The Gathering, and later that year went on to form the industrial rock band Nerve with Phil Mills. After signing with label Play It Again Sam in 1992 and releasing two LPs – Cancer of Choice (1993) and Blood & Gold (1994) – he continued as a producer, working with hardcore punk and metal bands like Sepultura, Fear Factory, and Dog Eat Dog, while simultaneously licensing some of his instrumental electronic tracks for racing video games like The Need For Speed and Test Drive 5. It was during this time that he also began scoring the Dutch feature film Siberia, which would be released by Warner Bros. Netherlands.

1997–99: Saturday Teenage Kick and Big Sounds of the Drags
In 1997, Holkenborg released Saturday Teenage Kick, his first album under the "Junkie XL" moniker. Featuring singles such as "Billy Club", "Def Beat", and "Dealing with the Roster", the album combined pounding breakbeat rhythms with elements of rock and psychedelia. Much of the album's songs featured lyrics and vocals by Patrick "Rude Boy" Tilon, vocalist for the Dutch rap rock band Urban Dance Squad. After a brief tour with The Prodigy and festival dates at Fuji Rock and Roskilde, Holkenborg made a name for himself in the upcoming U.S. rave scene. His second LP, Big Sounds of the Drags, was released in 1999, once again with Tilon providing vocal work to most of the album's songs, as in "Action Radius", "Power of Big Slacks", "Zerotonine", "Love Like Razorblade", "Legion", and "Next Plateau". "Future in Computer Hell (Part 2)", the last track on the album, was featured prominently on Welsh DJ and producer Sasha's mix album Global Underground 013: Ibiza.

2002: "A Little Less Conversation"
While making inroads as a film composer – contributing to movies like Blade (1998) and The Beach (2000) – Holkenborg was asked to remix Elvis Presley's 1968 single "A Little Less Conversation" (with three different music videos) for a 2002 Nike World Cup commercial, titled "Secret Tournament". The occasion marked the first time Presley's estate had granted permission for any of Presley's material to be remixed. The song reached No. 1 in 24 countries, including the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia and Mexico, and was released as a single under the name "Elvis vs. JXL". The song was also featured as the title song to the NBC TV series Las Vegas, and in feature films like Shark Tale, Next, Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, MegaMind, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.

2003: Radio JXL: A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin
The success of "A Little Less Conversation" set the stage for his 2003 double-disc album, Radio JXL: A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin. The name "Computer Hell" referred to Holkenborg's Amsterdam studio and headquarters. Loosely based around the concept of a fictitious pirate radio station, the album's 3PM side features collaborations with The Cure's Robert Smith, Depeche Mode's Dave Gahan, Peter Tosh, Chuck D from Public Enemy, Gary Numan, Solomon Burke, and Saffron, along with the said Elvis Presley remix. The 3AM side consists mostly of progressive house instrumentals, including "Breezer", a collaboration with Sasha. The album was to be launched simultaneously with a fully functioning internet radio station at www.RadioJXL.com, which was to feature exclusive shows and mixes with top EDM producers and DJs, but the undertaking proved to be too expensive and time-consuming to continue. Subsequently, two downloadable albums were released from the site: 7AM Ambient and 7AM Dance.

2004–08: Today and Booming Back at You
Holkenborg decided to relocate to Los Angeles in 2003, and in April 2006, released his fourth full-length album, Today, an album that reflected the personal and professional changes that were occurring in his life. Today features only one guest vocalist, Nathan Mader, and reverts to the more guitar-based sound of his first two albums. His fifth album, Booming Back at You, saw Holkenborg cultivate a stronger club sound punctuated by tracks like "1967 Poem", featuring Steve Aoki. Many of the lyrics on the album were written in collaboration with Electrocute's Nicole Morier, who appears in "Mad Pursuit", "Not Enough", and "New Toy". The album was released on Artwerk Music, a joint venture between Nettwerk Music and video game company Electronic Arts, and peaked at 11 on Billboard's Top Electronic Album chart. It was the first Junkie XL full-length to chart in the U.S., and featured the hit single, "More", with Lauren Rocket. Rocket also contributed vocals to the Siouxsie and the Banshees' cover "Cities in Dust".

2012: Synthesized
On 27 November 2012, Junkie XL released his sixth full-length album, entitled Synthesized. The album was preceded by a single EP for "Molly's E", which was released on 6 September and features remixes by Azari & III and Canblaster. A second single, "Gloria" (with Fredrik Saroea of Datarock), was released on 23 October. Stylistically, Synthesized strikes a balance between the introspective sound of Today and the club-heavy sound of Booming Back at You, and features collaborations with Isis Salam ("Off The Dancefloor"), Tears for Fears' Curt Smith ("When Enough is Not Enough"), and Tommie Sunshine ("Love Machine"). The album also features a spoken word excerpt from Timothy Leary's The Psychedelic Experience, read by Leary, on the song "Leave Behind Your Ego". A video for "Off the Dancefloor" was created by Japanese electro-pop band Trippple Nippples. The videos for "Gloria" and "Leave Behind Your Ego" were directed by John Christopher Pina for Clean Sweep.

Composing for film
In collaboration with Harry Gregson-Williams, he contributed additional music to the Tony Scott film Domino (2005), and served as the composer for the Dutch film Blind, which was nominated for Best Original Music Score at the Netherlands Film Festival in 2007 and received the Grand Prix award for Best Original Music Score at the 2008 Aubagne International Film Festival. Holkenborg continues to work in the film and television industry, collaborating with composer Hans Zimmer as a sequencer programmer on Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises. The film marks the fourth scoring collaboration between Holkenborg and Zimmer, including Megamind (2010), Inception (2010) and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012). Since moving into Zimmer's Remote Control Productions studio, the two have worked together on many other musical projects, including Man of Steel, the reboot of the Superman franchise, and a remix of that year's Academy Awards theme song. Holkenborg has provided music for the films Kingdom of Heaven, Domino, DOA: Dead or Alive, Shark Tale, The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury, The Animatrix, and Resident Evil, and has had his original music featured in a number of major motion pictures, including Blade ("Dealing with the Roster") and The Beach ("Synaesthesia"). In 2013, he composed the music for the Relativity Media film Paranoia. Shortly after, he was brought in by Zack Snyder, the producer of 300: Rise of an Empire, to create the score for the film. He is credited as the composer for the 2014 film Divergent, with Hans Zimmer credited as "Executive Producer" for the soundtrack. He is a member of the Magnificent Six, a collaborative group of five other musicians, consisting of Hans Zimmer, Pharrell Williams, Johnny Marr (from The Smiths), Michael Einziger (from Incubus), Andrew Kawczynski, and Steve Mazzaro. The "supergroup" of artists ranging from diverse backgrounds teamed up to compose the score for The Amazing Spider-Man 2. He was the primary composer for the 2015 film Mad Max: Fury Road and the 2016 film Deadpool, and was co-composer for the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, along with Zimmer (who still wrote all the main themes, including the music for Wonder Woman which was later used in the film of the same name). Holkenborg was set to compose the music for the Snyder's 2017 film Justice League, but was replaced by Danny Elfman when director Joss Whedon was brought on to finish the film. Holkenborg composed the scores for the 2018 film Mortal Engines, the 2019 films Alita: Battle Angel and Terminator: Dark Fate, the 2020 films Sonic the Hedgehog and Scoob!, the 2021 releases Zack Snyder's Justice League, Godzilla vs. Kong, and Army of the Dead, and the 2022 releases The 355, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and Three Thousand Years of Longing.

Composing for video games
To go along with his numerous artist albums and EPs, Holkenborg has been creating original music for video games since the mid-1990s. In addition to composing the soundtrack for Xbox racing games Forza Motorsport and Quantum Redshift, Holkenborg is responsible for the SSX Blur soundtrack. He has also licensed a number of his album tracks for video game use. "Future in Computer Hell (Part 2)", "Synasthesia", and "Dance USA"—all taken from his album Big Sounds of the Drags—were licensed to the racing video game TD Overdrive: The Brotherhood of Speed (2002). The title track for Today is featured on the soundtrack for the video games Burnout Legends and Burnout Revenge, while "More"—taken from his fifth album, Booming Back at You—is featured on the soundtrack to EA Games' Need for Speed: ProStreet, which also includes a full score from Holkenborg. His cover of Siouxsie and the Banshees' "Cities in Dust" is featured on Electronic Arts' Burnout Paradise. He has written additional music for and licensed music to The Matrix: Path of Neo, Destroy All Humans!, The Sims 2: Nightlife, The Sims 3, Need for Speed: High Stakes, Need for Speed: Underground, Need for Speed: Carbon, FIFA 08, and FIFA Street 3, among others. He composed the soundtrack for EA's Darkspore.

Remixes
Holkenborg had made remixes—for both A-list pop superstars and lesser known artists. Highlights include work for Scissor Sisters ("Mary", "Land of a Thousand Words"), Depeche Mode ("Enjoy the Silence"), U.N.K.L.E. ("Burn My Shadow"), Justin Timberlake ("What Goes Around"), Fatboy Slim ("Weapon of Choice"), Coldplay ("Talk"), Bloc Party ("Sunday"), Michael Bublé ("Sway"), Avril Lavigne ("Girlfriend"), Daft Punk ("The Grid"), Madonna ("4 Minutes"), Fischerspooner ("Emerge"), and Hans Zimmer ("Inception" and "Bombers Over Ibiza"). His remix for Britney Spears' "Outrageous" was used in the 2004 film Catwoman, and his remix of "And Then We Kiss" was featured on Spears' 2005 remix album B in the Mix: The Remixes. In 2008, he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for his remix of Madonna's "4 Minutes". His remix of Elvis Presley's "A Little Less Conversation" has gone to No. 1 in 24 countries.

Commercial work
Holkenborg's music has also been featured in a number of international ad campaigns for major brands like Nike, Adidas, Heineken, and Cadillac. His remix of Eagles of Death Metal's "Don't Speak" was used in the 2008 Nike "Take it to the Next Level" commercial, which was directed by Guy Ritchie. "Today" was featured on ESPN commercials for Major League Soccer, while "A Little Less Conversation" provided the soundtrack to Nike's 2002 World Cup campaign.

Personal life
Holkenborg is an associate professor at the ArtEZ Conservatorium, one of the major art institutes in the Netherlands, where he teaches producing, remixing, and music composition. He resides in Tarzana, Los Angeles, California.

He uses the name JXL in cases where the term "Junkie" might cause offense. One example of this was with his biggest hit, a remix of the song "A Little Less Conversation" which was performed by Elvis Presley, a singer who toward the end of his life was addicted to prescription drugs and whose death in 1977 at the age of 42 was at least partially caused by them. Holkenborg says of his name: "I called myself Junkie XL from the point of view that once you're completely overworked, you never want to go there again. The 'XL' stands for expanding limits; broadening up your vision."

Studio albums

 * Saturday Teenage Kick (1997)
 * Big Sounds of the Drags (1999)
 * Radio JXL: A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin (2003)
 * Today (2006)
 * Booming Back at You (2008)
 * Synthesized (2012)

title: Tom Holkenborg


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Shining (video game series)

The Shining (シャイニング) series is a brand of role-playing video games published by Sega, who owns the property. The first game, Shining in the Darkness, was a first-person dungeon crawler with randomly encountered, turn-based battles (comparable to Wizardry and Might and Magic). The next game released in the series was Shining Force, which was a turn-based strategy style tactical role-playing game with battle scenes acted out with sprites (comparable to Fire Emblem). Other directions include Shining Soul, a dungeon crawl action role-playing game with roguelike elements, and a number of traditional Japanese role-playing games. Shining Resonance Refrain was released on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Steam PC and Nintendo Switch worldwide across 2018.

Dungeon crawler titles
In the dungeon crawler titles of the series (Shining in the Darkness and Shining the Holy Ark), the player takes control of an adventuring party. Battles work very similarly to those of Dragon Quest, Mother, Shin Megami Tensei, and the fellow Sega RPG series Phantasy Star, in that they are first person and the player is placed in a position where the hero and team mates would be. Shining in the Darkness is the first game in the Shining series, and is a very simple labyrinth exploration game, with a simplified non explorable town and world map, where choices are made through a cursor system. Shining the Holy Ark was released immediately prior to Shining Force III, and while it is also a dungeon crawler, it features a far more expanded gameplay world over the first title.

Strategy titles
For the strategy games of the series (Shining Force, Shining Force Gaiden, Shining Force Gaiden 2, Shining Force II, Shining Force Gaiden: Final Conflict, Shining Force CD, Shining Force III and Shining Force Feather), the player takes charge of a party in large-scale, strategic battles. The games generally limit the number of characters who can enter any one battle at a time to about a dozen. The player controls unique characters with their own stats, as opposed to generic unit types.

Action role-playing titles
The third broad category of Shining games is the action role-playing game set of titles. This incorporates: Shining Wisdom, Shining Soul, Shining Soul II, Shining Force Neo, Shining Tears, Shining Force EXA, Shining Wind, Shining Force Cross and Shining Resonance. The games it incorporates do not necessarily have any noticeable similarity in gameplay. For instance, while Shining Tears uses similar mechanics to Shining Soul II, it has less in common with Shining Wisdom than it does with any of the strategy RPG titles of the series.

On 3 December 2009, Shining Force Cross was released as an arcade game for Sega's RingEdge system board. It is a multiplayer role-playing game with support for up to eight players, both online and offline. Within one month, nearly 2,400 Shining Force Cross machines had been sold to arcade operators by December 31, 2009. A sequel has been released for the RingEdge arcade system in 2012, Shining Force Cross Illusion.

Connections between games
Each game in the series has a standalone story, meaning that it is not required to play its predecessors to better understand its storyline. Nevertheless, most installments of the series prior to Shining Soul I often reference each other or have characters carried over. For example, in Shining Wisdom, the elf-cleric Sarah and elf-mage Kazin from Shining Force II make an important appearance. Shining Force Gaiden: Final Conflict and Shining Force II are two of the most related games, having the largest number of characters and locations in common.

From Shining Soul I onward, installments of the series tend to have less significant connections. For instance, in Shining Tears a character mentions the Klantol Kingdom (the setting for Shining Soul II) and tells its geographic location, but there is no interaction with any of the characters or plot events of Shining Soul II. However, Shining Wind and Shining Tears are some of the most closely connected pair of games in the series, since the former is a direct sequel to the latter and features return appearances by nearly all of the major characters.

Early history
Game producer Hiroyuki Takahashi left Enix with fellow Dragon Quest developer Kan Naito in April 1990 to found the game development studio Climax Entertainment. Under a production contract with Sega, Climax developed Shining in the Darkness, which was released for the Mega Drive in March 1991. With funding from Sega to continue work on the Shining series, Takahashi would register the studio Sonic! Software Planning as a subsidiary of Sega. Sonic supported Climax in the development of Shining Force and afterward become the primary developer of the series with credits for Shining Force II, Shining Force CD, and the Game Gear games Shining Force Gaiden, Shining Force Gaiden II, and Shining Force Gaiden: Final Conflict.

Hiroyuki Takahashi's brother, Shugo Takahashi, founded Camelot Software Planning as an independent studio in April 1994 in order to develop games for Sony's PlayStation, but Camelot would also provide development support to Sonic for Shining Wisdom, Shining the Holy Ark, and Shining Force III. By 1998, Sonic had ceased operations, and Sega's Shining brand would not be used for any new games until 2002.

Reboot by Sega
After Sega quit the hardware market, it was decided to reboot the Shining franchise. In charge of the so called "Shining Project" was Sega employee Tadashi Takezaki who joined marketing in 1993 and in 2004 was not only in charge of the Shining series, but also the Sakura Wars franchise and the official Japanese Sega website. According to Takezaki, when you think of Sega RPG's, you think of Phantasy Star and Shining. While Phantasy Star never strictly had a V entry, it was rebooted in the form of Phantasy Star Online. The Shining series never had an entry on the Dreamcast, due to various developers being busy with other projects and it being thought that it would be better to launch a new RPG instead, among other reasons. However, looking at the Japanese video game market, RPG's have the largest marketshare, so Sega decided to go ahead and restart the franchise, with a long-term plan, which included providing one game a year. This was new for Sega, people across different departments came together in 2001 to form what was called the "Shining Committee". The Committee included Takezaki himself, but also Youichi Shimosato who produced Shining Force: Resurrection of the Dark Dragon and Shining Force Neo, and also Tsuyoshi Sawada who produced Shining Tears. While the "Force" games were meant to harken back to the earlier titles, Tears was made from a completely blank slate for a modern audience, and looked at the Shining series from a new angle, much like Phantasy Star Online did.

Reception
The Shining Force installments of the series were the first tactical role-playing games to have significant success in the U.S.

In 1996, Next Generation listed the Genesis and Sega CD entries of the series (but not Shining Wisdom or any of the Game Gear installments) collectively as number 77 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time". They lauded the series for replacing the then-standard generic RPG encounters with story-based battles, using an exciting character class system, and having brilliant pacing that keeps the games from ever dragging.

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Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia

The Principality or, from 1253, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia, was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine, with parts in Belarus, Poland, Moldova, and Lithuania. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'.

Roman the Great united the principalities of Galicia and Volhynia at the turn of the 13th century. Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and the other princes of Rus' pledged allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246. The Polish conquest of the kingdom in 1349 led to it being fully absorbed by Catholic Poland. Upon annexing it, Polish king Casimir III the Great adopted the title of King of Poland and Ruthenia, and the territory was transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship (Palatinatus Russiae) in 1434.

Origins
The Principality of Volhynia may have emerged as early as the late 10th century, with Vsevolod, a son of Vladimir I of Kiev, mentioned as a prince of the city of Volodymyr-in-Volhynia (modern Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast). Igor Yaroslavich reportedly briefly reigned as the prince of Volodymyr-in-Volhynia in the 1050s. Iaroslav Sviatopolkovich ((r. 1100 – 1118)) was the only prince in Kievan Rus' to oppose Vladimir II Monomakh's reign on the grounds of agnatic seniority, but after Vladimir ousted him in 1118, his Monomakhovichi descendants established a local dynastic branch. Roman Mstislavich, the great-great-grandson of Monomakh, inherited the throne of Volhynia in 1170.

The Principality of Galicia was formed in the years 1124–1144 by Vladimirko Volodarovich's unification of the principalities of Zvenyhorod, Peremyshl, and Terebovlia. Since the 1080s or 1090s, all three had been ruled by sons of prince Rostislav of Tmutarakan, who may or may not also have been a prince in Volhynia and Galicia c. 1054/1060 to 1067.

Both Volhynia and Galicia had experienced a remarkable economic development in the 12th century due to their commercial advantages. In part, this was because land trade routes in Asia Minor were severely disrupted due to the Byzantine–Seljuk wars (1046–1243), diverting numerous merchants coming from the east heading for Constantinople via Alexandria in Egypt, while others circumvented Anatolia via the port of Sudak (Sougdaia) in Crimea. The flourishing of the latter commercial hub soon attracted Kievan Rus' traders, who rerouted some of the would-be Byzantine goods (occasionally through itinerant Jewish merchants) to Poland, Hungary, Bohemia and Germany, via the towns of Volhynia and Galicia.

Their new status as transit hubs for commerce between the northern Black Sea ports and central Europe brought Galicia and Volodimer-in-Volhynia tremendous wealth and increasing political power in the late 12th century. Trade and salt mining in particular empowered the boyar class of Galicia, who were able to challenge and undermine the authority of the Rostislavichi princes. Galicia and Volhynia merged around 1198 or 1199 into the principality of Galicia–Volhynia. This happened when the local Galician branch of the Rostislavichi clan died out, and Roman Mstislavich of Volhynia also took possession of Galicia, establishing a dynastic union.

Reign of Roman the Great (1199–1205)
Galicia–Volhynia was created following the death in 1198 or 1199 (and without a recognized heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich. Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. He did so upon the invitation of the boyars of Galician boyars, who expected that Roman would be an "absentee" Volhynian prince ruling from afar so that they could increase their own power. On the contrary, Roman curbed their power, expelled any boyar who opposed him, and increased the influence of the urban and rural populace.

In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. Roman was allied with Poland, signed a peace treaty with Hungary and developed diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire. The grand prince of Kiev, Rurik Rostislavich (Rurik II), forged a coalition of Rus' princes and attacked Galicia-Volhynia, but Roman defeated them and captured Kiev in 1200. However, because the old capital of Kievan Rus' was no longer a strong power centre by that time, Roman kept the prosperous Halych as his capital and appointed subordinates to administer Kiev in his name. He then mounted two successful campaigns against the Cumans, in 1201–2 and 1203–4. In 1203 Roman also extended his rule to the Principality of Pereyaslavl. During his absence, Rurik II retook and heavily sacked Kiev in 1203 with the help of Polovtsians and Chernihivians. In 1204 Roman recaptured Kiev once more, marking the height of his reign: he briefly became the most powerful of the Rus' princes. He married the niece of the Byzantine emperor Alexios III, for whom Galicia was the main military ally against the Cumans. The relation with Byzantium helped to stabilize Galicia's relations with the Rus' population of the Lower Dniester and the Lower Danube.

War of succession (1205–1245)
In 1205, Roman's alliance with the Poles broke down, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia. Roman was subsequently killed by Polish forces in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), triggering a war of succession, while his dominion entered a period of rebellion and chaos that lasted almost 40 years. In this time, the Galician boyars made efforts to prevent the establishment of a hereditary princely dynasty, especially by Roman's son Daniel, and instead put all sorts of puppets on the throne which they could easily control. Thus weakened by war between Galician boyars and some appanage princes, Galicia–Volhynia also became an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary, which intervened in the region several times. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ, Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]", a title that was later adopted by the House of Habsburg.

After Roman's death, the Galician boyars first drove Roman's widow Anna-Euphrosyne and two sons Daniel and Vasylko from the region. From 1206 to 1212, the Principality of Galicia was controlled by the three sons of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich: Vladimir III Igorevich, Svyatoslav III Igorevich, and Roman II Igorevich. They were defeated by Galician boyars, and the boyar Volodyslav Kormylchych assumed the throne of Galicia in 1213 or 1214, the only non-Rurikid ever to rule any of the Rus' principalities. After he was removed, a compromise agreement was concluded in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, who partitioned the Galician lands. The throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria, who had married Leszek the White's daughter, Salomea.

In 1221, Mstislav Mstislavich, son of Mstislav Rostislavich (descendant of the princes of Novgorod), liberated Galicia–Volhynia from the Hungarians and Poles. During Mstislav's 1221–1228 reign, the Galician and Volhynian armies participated in the Battle of the Kalka River (1223) against the Mongols, but in 1228 the boyars expelled him and transferred the Principality of Galicia to the king of Hungary. It was Daniel of Galicia, son of Roman, who formed a real union of Volhynia and Galicia. Daniel first established himself in Volhynia. After failing to retake his father's other throne in 1230–1232 and 1233–1235, Daniel succeeded upon his third attempt and conquered Galicia in 1238, reunited Galician and Volhynia, and ruled for a quarter century. In March 1238, he defeated the Teutonic Knights of the Order of Dobrzyń in the Battle of Dorohychyn. Daniel captured Kiev in 1239, just before the Mongols besieged, conquered and sacked the city in late 1240. On 17 August 1245, Daniel and his brother Vasylko defeated the Polish and Hungarian forces (weakened by the first Mongol invasion of Poland and the first Mongol invasion of Hungary in early 1241) in the Battle of Yaroslav (Jarosław), taking full control of Galicia–Volhynia. The brothers also crushed their ally Rostislav Mikhailovich, son of the prince of Chernigov.

Reign of Daniel (1245–1264)
Daniel strengthened his relations with Batu Khan by traveling to his capital Sarai and acknowledging, at least nominally, the supremacy of the Mongol Golden Horde. After meeting with Batu Khan in 1246, Daniel reorganized his army along Mongol lines and equipped it with Mongolian weapons, although Daniel himself maintained the traditional attire of a Rus' prince. According to Vernadsky (1970), Daniel's alliance with the Mongols was merely tactical; he pursued a long-term strategy of resistance to the Mongols. On the other hand, Magocsi (2010) argued that Daniel submitted to the Mongols, citing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, which decried Daniel 'is now on his knees and is called a slave' and called this event 'the greatest disgrace'. Magocsi stated that, 'although he never acknowledged it', Daniel was a Mongol vassal, who collected the Mongol tribute, and generally helped 'establishing Mongol administrative control over eastern Europe in cooperation with those Rus' princes who could be made to see the advantages of the new Pax Mongolica.' According to Magocsi, Daniel's submission to the Mongols ensured the strength and prosperity of Galicia–Volhynia. He did renew his alliances with Hungary, Poland and Lithuania, making plans to forge an anti-Mongol coalition with them to wage a crusade against the Khan; although these were never carried out, it would eventually lead to Daniel's royal coronation by papal legate in 1253. This brought Galicia–Volhynia into the orbit of the western European feudal order, and the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1245, Pope Innocent IV allowed Daniel to be crowned king. Daniel wanted more than recognition, commenting bitterly that he expected an army when he received the crown. Although Daniel promised to promote recognition of the Pope to his people, his realm continued to be ecclesiastically independent from Rome. Thus, Daniel was the only member of the Rurik dynasty to have been crowned king. Daniel was crowned by the papal legate Opizo de Mezzano in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of Ruthenia (Rex Russiae; 1253–1264). In 1256, Daniel succeeded in driving the Mongols out of Volhynia, and a year later he defeated their attempts to capture the cities of Lutsk and Volodymyr. Upon the approach of a large army under the Mongolian general Boroldai in 1260; however, Daniel was forced to accept their authority and to raze the fortifications he had built against them.

Under Daniel's reign, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe, and it has been described as a 'golden age' for Galicia–Volhynia. Literature flourished, producing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. Demographic growth was enhanced by immigration from the west and the south, including Germans and Armenians. Commerce developed due to trade routes linking the Black Sea with Poland, Germany, and the Baltic basin. Major cities, which served as important economic and cultural centers, included Lviv (where the royal seat would later be moved by Daniel's son), Volodymyr, Halych, Kholm (Daniel's capital), Peremyshl, Dorohychyn, and Terebovlya. Galicia–Volhynia was important enough that in 1252, Daniel was able to marry his son Roman to Gertrude of Babenberg, heiress of the Duchy of Austria, in the vain hope of securing the latter for his family. Another son, Shvarn, married a daughter of Mindaugas, Lithuania's first king, and briefly ruled that land from 1267 to 1269. At the peak of its expansion, the Galician–Volhynian state contained not only south-western Rus lands, including Red Ruthenia and Black Ruthenia, but also briefly controlled the Brodnici on the Black Sea.

Reign of Leo I (1264–1301)
After Daniel's death in 1264, he was succeeded by his son Leo, who moved the capital from Chełm to Lviv in 1272 and for a time maintained the strength of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Unlike his father, who pursued a Western political course, Leo worked closely with the Mongols, in particular cultivating a close alliance with the Tatar Khan Nogai. Together with his Mongol allies, he invaded Poland. However, although his troops plundered territory as far west as Racibórz, sending many captives and much booty back to Galicia, Leo did not ultimately gain much territory from Poland. Leo also attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish his family's rule over Lithuania. Soon after his brother Shvarn ascended to the Lithuanian throne in 1267, he had the former Lithuanian ruler Vaišvilkas killed. Following Shvarn's loss of the throne in 1269, Leo entered into conflict with Lithuania. From 1274 to 1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler Traidenis but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city Navahrudak. In 1279, Leo allied himself with king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and invaded Poland, although his attempt to capture Kraków in 1280 ended in failure. That same year, Leo defeated Hungary and annexed part of Transcarpathia, including the city of Mukachevo. In 1292, he defeated fragmented Poland and added Lublin with surrounding areas to the territory of his kingdom.

Decline (1301–1340)
After Leo's death in 1301, a period of decline ensued. Leo was succeeded by his son Yuri I, who ruled for only seven years. Although his reign was largely peaceful and the Galicia–Volhynia flourished economically, Yuri I lost Lublin to the Poles in 1302. From 1308 to 1323, Galicia–Volhynia was jointly ruled by Yuri I's sons Andrew and Leo II, who proclaimed themselves to be the kings of Galicia–Volhynia. The brothers forged alliances with King Władysław I of Poland and the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and the Mongols, but the Kingdom was still tributary to the Mongols and joined the Mongol military expeditions of Uzbeg Khan and his successor, Janibeg Khan. The brothers died together in 1323, in battle, fighting against the Mongols, and left no heirs.

After the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in Galicia–Volhynia in 1323, Volhynia passed into the control of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas, while the boyars took control over Galicia. They invited the Polish prince Yuri II Boleslav, a grandson of Yuri I, to assume the Galician throne. Boleslaw converted to Orthodoxy and assumed the name Yuri II. Nevertheless, suspecting him of harboring Catholic feelings, the boyars poisoned him in 1340 and elected one of their own, Dmitry Detko, to lead the Galician state. In Winter 1341 Tatars, Ruthenians led by Detko, and Lithuanians led by Liubartas were able to defeat the Poles, although they were not so successful in Summer 1341. Finally, Detko was forced to accept Polish overlordship, as a starost of Galicia. After Detko's death, Poland's King Casimir III mounted a successful invasion, capturing and annexing Galicia in 1349. Galicia–Volhynia ceased to exist as an independent state.

Daniel's dynasty attempted to gain support from Pope Benedict XII and broader European powers for an alliance against the Mongols, but ultimately proved unable to compete with the rising powers of the centralised Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Only in 1349, after the occupation of Galicia–Volhynia by an allied Polish-Hungarian force, was Galicia–Volhynia finally conquered and incorporated in Poland. This ended the vassalage of Galicia–Volhynia to the Golden Horde.

Final years and aftermath (1340–1392)

From 1340 to 1392, the civil war in the region transitioned into a power struggle between Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary. The first stage of conflict led to the signing of a treaty in 1344 that secured the Principality of Peremyshl for the Crown of Poland, while the rest of the territory belonged to a member of the Gediminis family, Liubartas. Eventually by the mid-14th century, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided up the region between them: King Casimir III took Galicia and Western Volhynia, while the sister state of Eastern Volhynia together with Kiev came under Lithuanian control, 1352–66.

Following the death of Casimir the Great, in 1372—1379 and 1385—1387, Galicia–Volhynia was ruled by Vladislaus II of Opole, as Lord of Ruthenia (Terre Russie Domin), being a descendant of princes of Belz and a subject of King Louis I of Hungary. Vladislaus strongly contributed to the establishment of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv as part of Polish Catholicisation.

Geography
Geographically, western Galicia–Volhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland, while its eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes (now in Belarus) and the upper reaches of the Southern Bug river in modern-day Ukraine. During its history, Galicia-Volhynia was bordered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Principality of Turov-Pinsk, the Principality of Kiev, the Golden Horde, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Poland, Moldavia and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

Historical role
The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle reflected the political programme of the Romanovich dynasty ruling Galicia–Volhynia. Galicia–Volhynia competed with other successor states of Kievan Rus' (notably Vladimir-Suzdal) to claim the Kievan inheritance. According to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, King Daniel was the last ruler of Kiev preceding the Mongolian invasion and thus Galicia–Volhynia's rulers were the only legitimate successors to the Kievan throne. Until the end of Galician-Volhynian state, its rulers advanced claims upon "all the land of Rus'." The seal of King Yuri I contained the Latin inscription domini georgi regis rusie.

In contrast to their consistent secular or political claims to the Kievan inheritance, Galicia's rulers were not concerned by religious succession. This differentiated them from their rivals in Vladimir-Suzdal, who sought to, and attained, control over the Kievan Church. Rather than contest Vladimir-Suzdal's dominance of the Kievan Church, the Ruthenian rulers merely asked for and obtained a separate Church from Byzantium.

Galicia–Volhynia also differed from the northern and eastern principalities of the former Kievan Rus' in terms of its relationship with its western neighbors. King Danylo was alternatively an ally or a rival with neighboring Slavic Poland and partially Slavic Hungary. According to historian George Vernadsky (1970), the kingdoms of Ruthenia, Poland and Hungary belonged to the same psychological and cultural world. The Roman Catholic Church was seen as a neighbor and there was much intermarriage between the princely houses of Galicia and those of neighboring Catholic countries. In contrast, the Westerners faced by Alexander, prince of Novgorod, were the Teutonic Knights, and the northeastern Rus experience of the West was that of hostile crusaders rather than peers.

In Ukrainian historiography, the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia played an important role, uniting the western and southern branches of East Slavs and consolidating their identity, and becoming a new center of political and economic life after the decline of Kiev.

Administrative structure
The principality was divided into several appanage duchies and lands:
 * Principality of Galicia
 * Principality of Peremyshl
 * Principality of Zvenyhorod
 * Principality of Terebovlia
 * Principality of Volhynia
 * Principality of Lutsk
 * Principality of Dorohobuzh
 * Principality of Peresopnytsia
 * Principality of Belz
 * Land of Chełm (Lublin 1289–1302)
 * Land of Berestia
 * Black Ruthenia, a fief of Grand Duchy of Lithuania after a treaty between Daniel of Galicia and Vaišvilkas

Temporary divisions

 * Principality of Kiev (1230–1240)
 * Principality of Turow (1230s)
 * Zakarpattia (1280–1320) ???

Princes and kings

 * 1199–1205 Roman the Great (in Volhynia since 1197, in Galicia since 1199)
 * 1205–1214 political crisis
 * 1205–1206 Euphrosine Angelina (daughter of Isaac II Angelos) as a regent for Danylo/Daniel of Galicia
 * 1206–1212: the three sons of Ihor Svyatoslavych: Volodymyr Ihorevych, Svyatoslav Ihorevych, and Roman Ihorevych.
 * 1210 Rostislav II of Kiev (short stint)
 * 1211–1212 Mstislav the Mute as a regent for Danylo/Daniel of Galicia
 * 1212–1214 Uprising led by a boyar Volodyslav Kormylchych
 * 1214–1232 Hungarian occupation, sons of Andrew II of Hungary
 * 1214–1220 Coloman, son of Andrew (King of Galicia and Lodomeria)
 * 1220–1221 Uprising led by Mstyslav the Able, who ruled in Galicia from 1221 to 1228
 * 1220–1232 Andrew, son of Andrew
 * 1232–1235 Danylo/Daniel of Galicia
 * 1235–1238 children of Michael of Chernigov
 * 1238–1264 Danylo/Daniel of Galicia
 * 1264–1269 Dual power descendants of Daniel
 * 1264–1269 Shvarn
 * 1264–1301 Lev I of Galicia
 * 1301–1308 Yuri I of Galicia
 * 1308–1323 Dual power descendants of Yuri
 * 1308–1323 Lev II of Galicia
 * 1308–1323 Andrew of Galicia

Notes: The senior branch of Rurikid dynasty, in the 14th century Galician rulers came in close relations with Mazovian Piasts (Duke of Mazovia) and rising Gediminids which established the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
 * 1323–1349 political crisis, de facto ruled by a boyar Dmytro Dedko
 * 1323–1325 Galicia:, Volhynia: Liubartas
 * 1325–1340 Yuri II Boleslav (united as compromise)
 * 1340 takeover of Galicia by Casimir III the Great
 * 1341–1349 Liubartas
 * 1349 Galicia annexed (patrimonial) by Poland and Hungary, Volhynia – Lithuania

Cyrillic

 * Андрияшев А. М. Очерки истории Волынской земли до конца XIV ст. Киев, 1887.
 * Болеслав-Юрий II, князь всей Малой Руси: Сборник материалов и исследований. — Санкт-Петербург, 1907.
 * Галицкий исторический сборник, 1854, вып. 2.
 * Греков Б. Д. Древнейшие судьбы славянства в Прикарпатских. областях // Вестник АН СССР. 1940. No. 11–12.
 * Греков Б. Д. Крестьяне на Руси. — Москва,1952.
 * Иванов П. А., Исторические судьбы Волынской земли с древнейших времен до конца XIV века, Одесса, 1895.
 * Крип'якевич І. Галицько-волинське князівство. Київ, 1984.
 * Коваленко В. Чернігів і Галич у ХІІ — ХІІІ ст. // Галичина та Волинь у добу Середньовіччя. — Львів, 2001. — С.154–165.
 * Котляр М. Ф. Данило Галицький. — Київ, 1979.
 * Материалы для истории и этнографии края. — Волынския губернския ведомости, 1854.
 * Пашуто В. Т., Очерки по истории Галицко-ВольІнской Руси. — Москва, 1950.
 * Руссов С. Волынские записки сочинінные Степаном Руссовым в Житомире. — Санкт-Петербург, 1809.
 * Шабульдо Ф. М. Земли Юго-Западной Руси в составе Великого княжества Литовского. Киев, "Наукова думка", 1987.

Latin

 * Bielowski A. Halickowlodzimierskie księstwo. — Biblioteka Ossolińskich., t. 4.
 * Bielowski A. Królewstwo Galicji (o starem księstwie Halickiem). — Biblioteka Ossolińskich, 1860, t. 1
 * Gebhard L. A. Geschichte des Konigreiches Galizien, Lodomerien und Rotreussen. — Pest, 1778;
 * Engel J. Ch. Geschichte von Halitsch und Vlodimir. — Wien, 1792.
 * Harasiewicz M. Berichtigung der Umrisse zu einer Geschichte der Ruthenen. — Wien, 1835.
 * Harasiewicz M. Annales ecclesiae Ruthenae. — Leopoli, 1862.
 * Hoppe L A. Geschichte des Konigreiches Galizien und Lodomerien. — Wien, 1792.
 * Lewicki A. Ruthenische Teilfürstentümer. — In: Österreichische Monarchie im Wort und Bild Galizien. Wien, 1894.
 * Siarczyński F. Dzieje księstwa niegdyś Przemyślskiego. — Czasopism naukowy Biblioteki im. Ossolińskich, 1828, N 2/3;
 * Siarczyński F. Dzieje niegdyś księstwa Belzkiego i miasta Belza. — Czasopism naukowy Biblioteki im. Ossolińskich, 1829, N 2.
 * Stecki J. T. Wołyń pod względem statystycznym, historycznym i archeologicznym. — Lwów, 1864
 * Zubrzycki D. Rys do historii narodu ruskiego w Galicji i hierarchii cerkiewnej w temże królewstwie. — Lwów, 1837.
 * Zubrzycki D. Kronika miasta Lwowa. — Lwów, 1844.

title: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia


text:
Ages of Man

The Ages of Man are the historical stages of human existence according to Greek mythology and its subsequent Roman interpretation.

Both Hesiod and Ovid offered accounts of the successive ages of humanity, which tend to progress from an original, long-gone age in which humans enjoyed a nearly divine existence to the current age of the writer, in which humans are beset by innumerable pains and evils. In the two accounts that survive from Ancient Greece and Rome, this degradation of the human condition over time is indicated symbolically with metals of successively decreasing value (but increasing hardness).

Hesiod's Five Ages

The Greek poet Hesiod (between 750 and 650 BC) outlined his Five Ages in his poem Works and Days (lines 109–201). His list is:
 * Golden Age – The Golden Age is the only age that falls within the rule of Cronus. Created by the immortals who live on Olympus, these humans were said to live among the gods and freely mingled with them. Peace and harmony prevailed during this age. Humans did not have to work to feed themselves, for the earth provided food in abundance. They lived to very old age but with a youthful appearance and eventually died peacefully. Their spirits live on as "guardians". Plato in Cratylus (397e) recounts the golden race of men who came first. He clarifies that Hesiod did not mean men literally made of gold, but good and noble. He describes these men as daemons upon the Earth. Since δαίμονες (daimones) is derived from δαήμονες (daēmones, meaning knowing or wise), they are beneficent, preventing ills, and guardians of mortals.
 * Silver Age – The Silver Age and every age that follows fall within the rule of Cronus's successor and son, Zeus. Men in the Silver Age lived for one hundred years under the dominion of their mothers. They lived only a short time as grown adults, and spent that time in strife with one another. During this Age, men refused to worship the gods and Zeus destroyed them for their impiety. After death, humans of this age became "blessed spirits" of the underworld.
 * Bronze Age – Men of the Bronze Age were hardened and tough, as war was their purpose and passion. Zeus created these humans out of the ash tree. Their armor was forged of bronze, as were their homes and tools. The men of this Age were undone by their own violent ways and left no named spirits; instead, they dwell in the "dark house of Hades". This Age came to an end with the flood of Deucalion.
 * Heroic Age – The Heroic Age is the one age that does not correspond with any metal. It is also the only age that improves upon the age it follows. It was the heroes of this Age who fought at Thebes and Troy. This race of humans died and went to Elysium.
 * Iron Age – Hesiod finds himself in the Iron Age. During this age, humans live an existence of toil and misery. Children dishonor their parents, brother fights with brother, and the social contract between guest and host (xenia) is forgotten. During this age, might makes right, and bad men use lies to be thought good. At the height of this age, humans no longer feel shame or indignation at wrongdoing; babies will be born with gray hair and the gods will have completely forsaken humanity: "there will be no help against evil."

Ovid's Four Ages
The Roman poet Ovid (1st century BC – 1st century AD) tells a similar myth of Four Ages in Book 1.89–150 of the Metamorphoses. His account is similar to Hesiod's, with the exception that he omits the Heroic Age. Ovid emphasizes that justice and peace defined the Golden Age. He adds that in this age, men did not yet know the art of navigation and therefore did not explore the larger world. Further, no man had knowledge of any arts but primitive agriculture. In the Silver Age, Jupiter introduces the seasons, and men consequently learn the art of agriculture and architecture. In the Bronze Age, Ovid writes, men were prone to warfare, but not impiety. Finally, in the Iron Age, men demarcate nations with boundaries; they learn the arts of navigation and mining; they are warlike, greedy, and impious. Truth, modesty, and loyalty are nowhere to be found.

Related usage
These mythological ages are sometimes associated with historical timelines. In the chronology of Saint Jerome, the Golden Age lasts c. 1710 to 1674 BC, the Silver Age 1674 to 1628 BC, the Bronze Age 1628 to 1472 BC, the Heroic Age 1460 to 1103 BC, while Hesiod's Iron Age was considered as still ongoing by Saint Jerome in the fourth century AD.

Modern historical periodisation such as the Three-age system has reappropriated the terms Bronze Age and Iron Age to describe archaeological periods following the Stone Age based on predominant metallurgical practices. Congruently, the term Golden Age is used to describe a civilization during a historical highpoint, for example the Golden Age of India, Islamic Golden Age and the Han and Tang dynasties of China.

title: Ages of Man


text:
Talk:Learning theory (education)

Sources?
many have split off from the mainstream holding that learning is a primarily self taught thing, and that the ideal learning situation is one that is self taught. According to this dogma, learning at its basic level is all self taught, and class rooms should be eliminated since they do not fit the perfect model of self learning. However, real world results indicate that isolated students fail. Social support seems crucial for sustained learning.

I've made bold the items in question. Are there sources to back this up or is this the opinion of the contributior? As far as using the term "real world results", that's vague and subjective. "Isolated students fail"? According to whom? There is no mention of nor link to autodidactism, whose very definition proves otherwise.

Information Processing Learning Theory
citation

To Do List
It is good to be inclusive when brainstorming, but I have a few objections to the suggested list. I suggest that the "paradigms" be behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, developmental, and social. Constructivism is just not of the same type as these categories. Constructivism, in my opinion, should be viewed as an instructional theory grounded in cognitive learning theory. GOMS seems to me to be neither a learning theory nor particularly behaviorist. Things like problem-based learning and communities of practice are instructional theories or methods which need only be listed as founded on, e.g., cognitive or behavioral theory, without elaboration (people can go to those pages if they want more). The list, I think, omits Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which textbooks often put under behaviorism, but may be better labeled a social theory. Design theories have no place on this page in my opinion as they are neither learning theories nor instructional theories. Descriptive and meta theories have no place on this page in my opinion. Bloom's taxonomy, for example, should be mentioned as part of cognitive theory (if at all). Identity, moral, and personality theories are questionable on a page about learning theory, which is not to say they have no relevance to education. Multiple intelligences is simply a taxonomy, not a theory, and like Bloom's taxonomy should be linked to a learning theory (if if can be so linked). Robotczar (talk) 20:32, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

A scholarly literature search would show development as part of Cognitive philosophy, social as part of Humanist philosophy, and Constructivism as a distinct philosophy of education Stmullin (talk) 18:42, 12 January 2014 (UTC) Where would you suggest that the taxonomies be placed?Stmullin (talk) 20:25, 12 January 2014 (UTC)Just added the taxonomies to Cognitive perspective on the to do list.Stmullin (talk) 20:22, 13 January 2014 (UTC)Direct Instruction and Waldorf education are instructional theories but those links also have information relevant to learning theories which need to be tied into this page. Stmullin (talk) 21:14, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

from theory to philosophy
To be viable, a philosophy of education needs to include a theory of knowledge, a theory of ethics, and a theory of human nature. It should also "propound views about what education should be, what dispositions it should cultivate, why it ought to cultivate them, how and in whom it should do so, and what forms it should take," which would include a psychology of learning and teaching methodologies.

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 12:10, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Class project?
It appears that this article is subject of a class project. I have posted at Education_noticeboard/

,, , , , , , , , are you working on this as part of a class? Some of you are also working on Learning styles. Thanks. Jytdog (talk) 00:50, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi all. I'm Ryan with the Wikipedia Education Foundation. We provide support and tools to instructors and students working on Wikipedia class assignments. Could one of you please connect me to your instructor? He or she can leave a message on my Wikipedia talk page or email ryan [at] wikiedu [dot] org. Thanks! --Ryan (Wiki Ed) (talk) 15:15, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I was asked at the board i linked to above, to say what is going wrong.  Students are adding unsourced content, too closely paraphrased content, nonencyclopedic content (long, chatty, too much quotation), not considering UNDUE, and are adding the same content to the two different articles, obliterating the difference between them.  typical student errors. Jytdog (talk) 16:13, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

 * i quit. this article is getting meat puppeted by edit warring students acting without guidance. disaster. unwatching. Jytdog (talk) 01:24, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I've reached out to the professor by email, but the students seem mostly unresponsive on-wiki. Do you think it's worth RPP? That there are at least sources and the quotes I grabbed to look for blatant copyright issues did not return other ghits makes me think no, but you two would know better. I certainly understand the feeling of futility when trying to respond to problematic edits when more just keep coming. --Ryan (Wiki Ed) (talk) 03:55, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

 * It seems that no one else is watching this page... or no one else finds the edits problematic. I will just let this be. Jytdog (talk) 10:20, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The edits are a real mixed bag. Some are obviously student-written with an overreliance on one source (presumably their textbook).  Others are a bit better.  But many suffer from style problems and technical issues.  And all of this uncoordinated work by editors who are making no effort whatsoever to work with or even consider how their work and behavior impacts the larger project and other Wikipedia editors is extremely frustrating because it's damn disrespectful and in the end will cause us a significant amount of extra work.
 * Temporary semi-protection may be the only way to get their attention since these editors are otherwise ignoring all other efforts to communicate and work with other editors., is this something you can facilitate or should Jytdog or I head to WP:RFPP? ElKevbo (talk) 11:29, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for taking a look. I'm not an admin, so can't spp, but if you feel that would be the best move then yes, I would urge you to head to WP:RFPP. Realistically, even if I were an admin, I'd shy away from taking article-level admin actions in my WikiEdu staff capacity for all but the most urgent situations, but that's a separate conversation. Here's hoping the instructor gets back to me soon :/ --Ryan (Wiki Ed) (talk) 14:46, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

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Level of teaching theory - there are three type of teaching theory ? 1 - memory level of teaching ( MLT) 2 - understanding level of teaching (ULT) 3 - reflecting level to teaching (RLT)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.143.155.194 (talk) 11:28, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

Criteria for including external links?
A new editor with an apparent conflict of interest is edit warring to include a new link in the "External links" section of this article. Setting aside the behavioral issues, this raises the question of what criteria should be used to determine what belongs in the EL section of this article. Right now, there are five links (including the one being shoved into the article via an edit war):

 * Social Science Research Network. How to Become an Expert Law Teacher by Understanding the Neurobiology of Learning
 * ERIC Digest. How People Learn (and What Technology Might Have To Do with It)
 * Instructional Design Learning theories
 * Learning theories Wiki Learning theories
 * Discourses on Learning in Education

Until we can figure out a consensus on inclusion criteria, here's my opinion on these specific links:

 * 1) The first link should be removed; the link doesn't work and from the title of the article it's way too limited in scope to be applicable in this article.
 * 2) The second link should be removed; it's also too limited in scope to really be helpful to readers. It's also of unclear provenance: Was this ever published anywhere? Was it peer reviewed? Did it have a meaningful impact?
 * 3) The third link is okay. It's a decent list of resources and the authors are credible experts in this field. It certainly is on-topic and provides information beyond what we can include in this article.
 * 4) The fourth link should be removed. It's an okay list of resources but the expertise of the authors is unclear.
 * 5) The fifth link should be removed. It's an interesting resource and the authors are credible experts in the field. But the resource is quite limited as it seems to only draw upon publications from authors. Additionally, it appears that one of the authors has begun editing this article and is engaged in an edit war to add this link; that is a clear conflict of interest that must be discouraged.

ElKevbo (talk) 22:25, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

Criticism section
The two links in the criticism section (74 and 75) link to books that are supportive of a constructivist school, they definitely don't advocate for sticking to 'traditional methods' as the section claims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.180.92.37 (talk) 11:23, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

"Theory of education" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Theory of education and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 19:49, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Plato section
The end few sentences for Plato's section seem speculative/normative 137.99.223.44 (talk) 01:49, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Learning theory (education)


text:
User:Watcher

Articles to work on: Learning theory (education), Activism, Education in America, Paul of Tarsus and related scripture issues Also, add articles about Math Wars and more balanced material on Reading Wars, i.e. directed phonics vs. whole language

the following page is in real need for improvement Cut and paste programming.

update Memory management, Memory leak and Purify

title: User:Watcher


text:
User:Pengryphon

Hi, I'm John Antoni, aka. pengryphon. I live in Alaska, and enjoy reading, knife throwing, and playing on my clarinet. I also like reading about bladesmithing, and damascus, which is why I added to the Damascus article with types of damascus, Forging Damask, and the article I wrote on Mokume-gane.
 * Finally I'm back writing, after about a two year absence. Hopefully more articles will come

Articles I've written(Origionally at least)

 * Sword breaker
 * Mokume-gane
 * The Gryphon Guild
 * Stone of Tears Warning: Contains spoilers.
 * Lark in the Morning
 * First paragraph credit to DavidWBrooks
 * List of characters in the Oz books A couple of gost links.
 * Cowardly Lion Rewritten by Woggly
 * Sir Hokus of Pokes Rewritten by Woggly
 * Professor H.M. Wogglebug T.E. Rewritten by Woggly
 * Making Basic Medieval Style Armor (moved to Wikibooks)
 * vambraces
 * Making Period Leather Armor (moved to Wikibooks)
 * Making Period Mail (moved to Wikibooks)
 * False edge Just a short blurb but I wrote it all.(At least, right now)

Articles I've significantly contributed to

 * Damascus steel
 * Types of Damascus
 * Making of Damask Steel

Minor Contributions

 * Chalumeau {source for buying the chalumeau}
 * Theremin {source for buying a Theremin}
 * Chainmail {added to manufacture}

Very Minor Contributions

 * Tarzan
 * Chainmail
 * Making Period Mail (WikiBooks)

Next projects:
None Currently

title: User:Pengryphon


text:
Talk:Phrasing (DJ)

Moved from phrasing. The original article talked about phasing, this now talks about phrasing as it applies to DJing. Starx

phrasing as djing, ive never heard that and I been doing it for 15 years ((aforyea@gmail.com))

title: Talk:Phrasing (DJ)


text:
AWM

AWM may refer to:
 * Academies of West Memphis, a public high school in West Memphis, Arkansas
 * Appliance Wiring Material, covered by UL standard 758
 * Apostolic Women's Ministries, an organization that serves the women of the Apostolic Church of Pentecost
 * Arctic Warfare Magnum or Accuracy International AWM, a British-made sniper rifle
 * Ardent Window Manager, an early window manager for the X Window System
 * Ashwell & Morden railway station, United Kingdom National Rail code AWM
 * Association for Women in Mathematics, a professional society to support women in mathematics
 * Atlantis World Media, parent company of the Atlantis Cable News (ACN) fictional news channel on the American TV series The Newsroom
 * Australian War Memorial, a memorial to Australian soldiers in Canberra
 * West Memphis Municipal Airport (IATA code AWM)

title: AWM


text:
Goseck Circle

The Goseck Circle (German: Sonnenobservatorium Goseck) is a Neolithic structure in Goseck in the Burgenlandkreis district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

Its construction is dated to approximately 4900 B.C., and appears to have remained in use until about 4700 B.C. Thus, it may be the oldest and best known of the circular enclosures associated with the Central European Neolithic. Currently, the site is presented officially by the state archaeologists and the local association that looks after it as a ritual or cult structure.

The circle consists of a concentric ditch 75 metres (246 feet) across and two palisade rings containing entrances in places aligned with sunrise and sunset on the winter solstice days and smaller entrances aligned with the summer solstice. Marketing materials have described the site as one of the oldest "Solar observatories" in the world, but sunrise and sunset during winter and summer solstices are the only evident astronomical alignments emphasized in the remains of the structure.

The existence of the site was made public in August 2003. It was opened for visitors in December 2005.

Location
The site is located on farmland near Goseck, in the Burgenlandkreis of Saxony-Anhalt, between Naumburg and Weißenfels. The circle sits on a piece of land that gradually rises toward the south, not far from where the Unstrut flows into the Saale, at the border of the region known as Leipzig Bay.

Discovery and excavation
The circle was discovered in 1991 by Otto Braasch on an aerial survey photograph that showed circular ridges under a wheat field. The cropmarks were easy to see in a season of drought. The structure's visibility also indicated an advanced state of erosion.

To preserve the endangered remains, the Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt decided to conduct an excavation. It cooperated with the Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology of the University of Halle-Wittenberg.

François Bertemes and Peter Biehl began a major excavation of the site in 2002. When archaeologists combined the evidence with GPS observations, they noticed that the two southern openings marked the sunrise and sunset of the winter and summer solstices.

Radiocarbon dating places the construction of the site close to 4900 B.C., while the style of the pottery shards associate it with the stroke-ornamented ware culture of ca. 4700 B.C., suggesting that the site remained in use throughout two or three centuries.

Excavators also found the remains of what may have been ritual fires, animal and human bones, and a headless skeleton near the southeastern gate, that could be interpreted as evidence of a specific burial ritual or of human sacrifice.

Bertemes and Biehl continued the excavation for a few weeks each year. In 2004, a group from the University of California, Berkeley joined the ongoing dig.

Since the end of the excavation, the site has been reconstructed. Archaeologists and state officials have rebuilt the wooden palisade of the circle using 1,675 oak poles with a height of 2.5 m. Woodworkers worked with hand tools so that the wooden posts would look authentic. The site was opened to the public on 21 December 2005, the day of the winter solstice.

Description
The site is surrounded by a circular v-shaped moat of up to 1.8 m depth. The soil was used to create a rampart on the outside. The diameter of the moat is 75 m, measured from its external border. A double wooden palisade stood inside the moat. No traces of internal buildings were found. Entry to the site was via three symmetrical main entrances to the north, southwest, and southeast. In addition there were small gaps in the palisades allowing access. The moat followed the three main entries outward (see diagram). The entrances in the inner palisade were narrower than those in the outer, which in turn, were narrower than the gap in the moat.

The southwestern and southeastern entrances face the direction of sunset and sunrise around the date of the winter solstice. Two of the smaller breaks in the wall face toward the equivalent direction on the summer solstice.

There is no sign of fire or of other destruction. Why the site was abandoned is unknown. Later villagers built a defensive moat following the ditches of the old enclosure.

Astronomical alignment and interpretation
The Goseck ring is one of the best preserved and extensively investigated of the many similar structures built around the same time. Approximately 140 of these structures, known as circular enclosures, have been found. Although they all have unique features, they follow a basic architectural principle. Few of them have been excavated.

During a ceremony at the first opening of this site to the public, state archaeologist Harald Meller called it "a milestone in archaeological research".

Its construction is dated to approximately 4900 B.C., and it seems to have remained in use until about 4700 B.C. This corresponds to the transitional phase between the Neolithic Linear Pottery and Stroke-ornamented ware cultures. The site is one of a larger group of circular enclosures in the Elbe and Danube region, most of which show similar solstice alignments.

There has been some debate about whether the site was used to monitor the sun throughout the year or only on specific notable days, and thus about whether calling the site a "solar observatory" is appropriate. It has been suggested that the inaccurate name was adopted primarily for marketing purposes. Archaeologist Ralf Schwarz suggests the structures at the site allowed coordinating an easily judged lunar calendar with the more demanding measurements of a solar calendar through calendar calculations.

Today
The reconstructed site is open to the public. An information point has been opened at nearby Schloss Goseck, featuring an exhibit and information on the excavations. The site is maintained by the Verein Gosecker Sonnenobservatorium e.V..

Goseck is a stop on the tourist route, Himmelswege, linking archaeological sites in Saxony-Anhalt.

title: Goseck Circle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zompist.com

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Zompist.com.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep.

Obscure website. --Wik 20:21, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This website is not obscure. The Language Construction Kit, for example, is a very important and popular document in the conlanging community. -Branddobbe 20:57, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Does the writer of the article get a vote? The above user wrote it, anyway. I feel this needs to be said. --bodnotbod 21:18, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why wouldn't I? I don't get a chance to defend it? -Branddobbe 21:57, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I see no problem for the writer to add his vote or comment here. About the page: I haven't made up my mind yet -- Chris 73 | Talk 22:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That's OK. I wasn't saying it shouldn't happen.  Just wanted to know what the rule was. --bodnotbod 23:07, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Should be fine, after all, it isn't 'their' article anyway. Mark Richards 23:09, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I tried to find value in the site, but until Mr. Rosenfelder becomes a famous creator of conlangs, a nationally syndicated columnist, or president of his own micronation, this is vanity. Delete. Alcarillo 20:59, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Probably uneccessary to post, that seems to be the majority position already.  But I just wanted say, Dude!  Mr. Rosenfelder is a famous creator of conlangs.  His languages stand as some of the very best known fictional languages other than those that have been commercially published by major publishers.  The most straight forward quantification of this is at LangMaker's Top 100.  I vote for artistic accomplishment over delusions of grandeur (micronations) any day of the week. :Aidan 00:23, 2004 May 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. If you'll notice Zompist's hit-count page, the front page had 132,216 in 2002 and the Language Construction Kit had 68,631. Admittedly, you're probably not going to see it on Alexa.com, but I'd call that a significant figure, especially when you consider that the content isn't really aiming for a very wide audience. In addition, the data available is only from 2000 to 2002; judging from the upward trend, the hit-counts likely have been and are on the rise. Also, as Branddobbe said, the Language Construction Kit, written by Rosenfelder and hosted at Zompist, is a very well-known and respected guide to constructing languages among the Internet conlanging community. -- Djinn112 22:46, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: A mention in Britain's Sunday Times - last para. --bodnotbod 23:15, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems fairly significant. Everyking 23:24, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's probably the largest number collection on earth. - Mustafaa 00:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Sean 01:03, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Rhymeless 01:04, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Hosts the Language Construction Kit, which is notable.  Besides, the dude who runs Zompist actually has a grip on reality, instead of claiming his living room as a micronation. ;) --Wirehead 19:08, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no point on having articles on web pages when we can simply link to them. silsor 20:14, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * We have articles on dozens of webpages already. -Branddobbe 20:20, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Seth Mahoney 22:01, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * We could also redirect to an article on Mark Rosenfelder. -Seth Mahoney 17:54, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, obscure. Andris 16:29, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it, I guess. DS 02:38, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:1849

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 21:02, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

[A better organization]
Wouldn't it be better to organize by event type rather than just the lists of "events", "births", and "deaths"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.33.74.163 (talk) 22:31, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:1849


text:
Republican Party (Canada)

The Parti républicain/Republican Party was a Quebec-based Canadian political party that nominated two candidates in federal by-elections in 1971. None were elected.

The party nominated two candidates in by-elections held on 31 May 1971. In Chambly riding, leader Claude Longtin won 396 votes, (1.6% of the total), and in Trois-Rivières, Joseph Thibodeau won 170 votes (0.6%).

In June 1971, the party merged with the Parti de la Démocratisation Économique. Longtin later ran as an independent in the 1972 federal election in the riding of Chambly, receiving 474 votes (0.9%).

In 2021, Rob Carbone adopted the name for his own unregistered political party during the 2019 federal election, a group previously known as the Progressive Party.

title: Republican Party (Canada)


text:
Talk:1848

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 21:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

title: Talk:1848


text:
Talk:1847

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 21:05, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

External links modified
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title: Talk:1847