text:
Talk:Warsaw Chopin Airport

Polish version?
Just created - tons more can get added to what's there so far. Is there perhaps a Polish version that already exists? How would I find it? --Krupo 05:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Flights destinations section
I have reverted the last edits to the flight destinations section. This article is about Warsaw airport so the information about international low-cost service from Gdańsk, Wrocław etc is irrelevant. The subtitle Domestic, which was replaced with Domestic or International Airports, was a continuation of the flight destinations title and did not mean those airports have only domestic service, so I'm bringing it back too. I actually also feel that the links to the airport websites belong to List of airports in Poland as well, and not here, but will leave them for now. Gdabski 22:31, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

People somone is saying that qatar airways and tarom arent going to fly to warsaw. um yes they are even air china will be. Just to tell you qatar airways is planing to fly here and when i read a magazine from romanian avintion it said Tarom will be restarting the warsaw Route! thanks

However there is no official confirmation of any of those routes... so there is no logical explanation for listing these carriers and the new destinations nowadays.

I've just noticed that not only did 193.10.249.136 change the section title and add the LC tag, but he also added a copule of airports to the Domestic list. Since there are no flights from Warsaw to Łódź, Szczytno, Zielona Góra or Warsaw (sic!) that was factually wrong and is now corrected. The above, and especially adding Warsaw as a destination from Warsaw Airport, leads me to believe that 193.10.249.136 mistakenly treated this list as if it was a List of airports in Poland and not a list of destinations from a particular airport. Gdabski 23:00, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

"Used since 1910"
The land was used for airplanes since 1910 I'm not sure about this. Pole Mokotowskie started being used for aviation around that time. Chopin Airport's website suggests that it was only in 1924 that the land was bought out by the government, though this does not prove it wasn't used for aviation before that date. Gdabski 19:36, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Norwegian Air Shuttle - destinations?
Does Norwegian operate to all the destinations listed directs from WAW or are these all operated through Oslo? From what I can gather from the Norwegian website, it looks like these are all connecting flights. I think most of these destinations should be deleted (see: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports) -- Adz|talk 09:13, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It appears that Norwegian has created a hub at Warsaw. I found the following text on the Polish version of Warsaw Airport's web page, here: Nowe kierunki i rozwój bazy Norwegian Air Shuttle na warszawskim lotnisku

 * Norwegian planuje rozwój swojej bazy na stołecznym lotnisku i prowadzi już rekrutację polskich pracowników. Bjorn Kjos, dyrektor generalny linii zapowiada, że zatrudnienie w bazie znajdzie 100 osób, a w 2007 w Warszawie będzie bazowało 7 maszyn przewoźnika.

 * (my translation: Norwegian plans the development of its hub at [our] capital's airport, and is actively recruiting Polish employees. Bjorn Kjos, the general director of the airline said that 100 people will find employment at the hub, and that in 2007 the carrier will have 7 airplanes based in Warsaw.) --Mareklug  talk  12:54, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * P.s. In the article Norwegian Air Shuttle it says: Lately the airline has opened a second hub, at Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport in Poland, flying to Central European destinations. There are 2 Boeing 737 operating from Warsaw. --Mareklug talk  13:02, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Jet2 MANWAW
Jet2 will not open regular flights between Manchester and Warsaw in the coming summer season as it was announced before. See Jet2.com timetable.

Date of name change
Does anyone know exactly when the name changed from Okecie? If so, it would be good to add that date. Thomas.Hedden (talk) 14:13, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Name
The official website says its English name is Warsaw Fryderyk Chopin Airport.

Yet, we're rendering the Fryderyk as Frederic.
 * At best, it's a misspelling of the French version, Frédéric, the name he used after leaving Poland.
 * At worst, it seems to have no authority at all, because we cannot just respell the official name of an establishment because we think it looks better, or whatever. --   Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   00:12, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

 * In the absence of responses, I've taken action. We've now got at least a defensible spelling of Frédéric.  --   Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   12:07, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

I'll be removing Frederic. It should not have been so named here without English sources, but in any case, in January 2010 apparently, "Fryderyk" was removed from both the official Polish and English names. – RVJ (talk) 10:47, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Edits by IP 89.76.....
Please stop needlessly making inconsistent or incorrect entries to this article. Eg: Your edits have had to be undone, yet again. Please familiarise yourself with the format that is followed across airport articles by looking at other airport articles (Heathrow, CDG, O'Hare, Bombay, Cape Town, etc etc) and by understanding the guidelines at WP:Airports. Thanks Jasepl (talk) 09:34, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It is Czech Airlines and not CSA Czech Airlines
 * It is Swiss International Air Lines and not SWISS
 * It is Norwegian Air Shuttle and not just Norwegian
 * All Austrian Airlines regional flights are operated by Tyrolean Airways; Austrian Arrows as an entity no longer serves this purpose
 * We Wikilink only once per table
 * etc

New name
The new name is / will be just Lotnisko Chopina (PL) / Chopin Airport (EN). Profsowa (talk) 07:26, 20 March 2010 (UTC).
 * Moved to proper name.--Verwolff (talk) 08:52, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Disambig required?
Just wondering, should we put a disambig page in place with Warsaw-Modlin opeing in July? Number10a (talk) 19:17, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

home improvements only
 * The coordinates in the article are correct. Deor (talk) 16:01, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 April 2024
Add new destination served by Lot. Lot launches flights between Warsaw and Oradea on June 3 2024. Futryna (talk) 14:53, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * done. Martin  23:47, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warsaw Chopin Airport


text:
User:Joseph Dwayne

I have edited under the usernames of User:Maio and User:JohnCrawford in the past, and I will probably edit under different usernames in the future.

I'm still a lesbian trapped in a man's body and it still makes me sad. :*(

I wish someone could invent a cure for PMS. =/

To do

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 * Government of Puerto Rico - really need help here, ramifications are huge.
 * List of universities and colleges in Puerto Rico - [ Related changes ]

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Joseph Dwayne


text:
Raoul Naroll

Raoul Naroll (September 10, 1920 – June 25, 1985) was a Canadian-born American anthropologist who did much to promote the methodology of cross-cultural studies.

Early life and education
Naroll was born in Toronto, Ontario but was raised in Los Angeles and attended UCLA at the age of 16, dropping out in his junior year to join the military.

In 1939, he joined the army serving in Infantry, as an Officer in the Army Finance Department and in the Military Intelligence Service, screening officials and prisoners of war in Germany.

After the war, Naroll returned to UCLA, receiving an A.B. in 1950, a Master's in 1952, and his Ph.D. in history in 1953. He did fieldwork in Austria (1956) and in Greece, Switzerland and Belgium (1965–1966).

Career
From 1954 to 1955, Naroll was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. After, he moved to the Washington, D.C. branch of the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) working as a research associate where he wrote country background studies.

Naroll was a member of the faculty of the San Fernando Valley State College (later renamed California State University, Northridge) (1957–1962), Northwestern University (1962–1967), the University at Buffalo (1967–1984), and was a past president of the Human Relations Area Files.

The author of eight books, several articles and book reviews, Naroll did research in many disciplines. His first book, Data Quality Control, a new research technique; prolegomena to a cross-cultural study of culture stress, concerns the issue of trustworthiness of data and methodology used in studying cultures. Much of his later research was concerned with the application of cross-cultural anthropological theory to historical data. Texts such as Imperial Cycles and World Order (1966) and Military Deterrence in History (1974) point to Naroll's concerns and scholarship on war and military studies. The Moral Order: An Introduction to the Human Situation (1983) is a broad, evolutionary study of ten factors of social life, from a cross-cultural perspective.

Publications

 * Data Quality Control (1962)
 * Imperial Cycles and World Order (1966)
 * Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology (1970)
 * Main Currents in Cultural Anthropology (1973)
 * Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross Historical Survey (1974)
 * HRAFLIB (HRAF Hologeistic Computer Program Library) (1975)
 * Worldwide Theory Testing (1976)
 * The Moral Order: An Introduction to the Human Situation (1983)

title: Raoul Naroll


text:
Talk:Lenin Peak

Article name
I'm confused too - doesn't the Tajik text of the Decree below (Source: http://www.president.tj/qaror04_297htm.htm) say that

Qullai Lenin becomes - Qullai Abūalī ibni Sino

Qullai Revolyutsiya - Qullai Istiqlol

a third peak of 6910 m height - Qullai Abūabdulloi Rūdakī  ?

 * It seems that the rename "Pik Lenina" to "Independence Peak" was incorrect. I tried to restore Pik Lenina pending clarification but I am unable to do so. I have requested admin assistance. Viewfinder 17:45, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have moved the article back to Lenin Peak until the name is clarified. According to my contact in Moscow, all Russian news about renaming was the same as at . We do not know why the Tajik presidential source is contrary. Maybe the Tajik factions cannot agree, and the Russian media and Tajik president are on opposing sides... Viewfinder 18:00, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Now the Russian text of the presidential decree No. 297 of July 4, 2006 is in under http://www.president.tj/rus/novostee_050706a.htm, also clearly stating that Lenin Peak becomes Avicenna Peak and Revolution Peak becomes Independence Peak. --Holger Finken 06:11, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

---

Decree of July 4, 2006, in Tajik:

ҚАРОРИ ҲУКУМАТИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН / ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН

аз 4 июли соли 2006 шаҳри Душанбе № 297

Дар бораи номивазкунӣ ва номгузории қуллаҳо

"... 1. Номи қуллаи ба номи Ленин, баландиаш 7134,3 м, иваз карда шуда, он қуллаи ба номи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино, номи қуллаи "Револютсия", баландиаш 6940,0 м, иваз карда шуда он қуллаи "Истиқлол", қуллаи беноми баландиаш 6910,0 м, ки 20 км дуртар аз деҳаи Рухчи ноҳияи Рӯшони Вилояти Мухтори Кӯҳистони Бадахшон ҷойгир аст, қуллаи ба номи Абӯабдуллои Рӯдакӣ номгузорӣ карда шаванд."

--Holger Finken 15:08, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

I am confused. What is the status of the name Pik Achiktash, mentioned lower down the article? This was believed by some to be the new name for Pik Lenina. Viewfinder 14:34, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

no move. --  tariq abjotu  (joturner) 22:50, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Requested move back to Pik Lenina
It is unclear that Independence Peak is the correct name of the peak, see a Tajik presidential web page for evidence to the contrary. Despite reports from the Russian media, I do not think we should support that name unless or until it is supported by an official Tajik source. Viewfinder 01:49, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Oppose. Move to Lenin Peak until second confirmation (see next section); although official tajjik page has total precedence, but the possibility of typo is not excluded. `'mikka (t) 19:47, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Name selection

 * 1) This is English wikipedia, and the name is Lenin Peak, not "Pik Lenina".
 * 2) In nacy case, the official Tajik page has precendence over all other sources.

The true problem is Avicenna here. IMO Avicenna Peak would be wrong. It is the modern proper name of the peak, and should not be latinized: Abu Ali ibn Sina Peak or Ibn Sina Peak. Also, I don't understand the reason of hurry in the renaming of the article. THe old title may live for some time until the smoke dissolves. After all, "Lenin Peak" is the preferred English name so far.

And by the way, a quite notable Independence Peak (1,742') is already known in California for quite some time. `'mikka (t) 19:45, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Mikka, thank you for your comments. In fact, English speakers usually prefer to use native names, although there are exceptions. We talk about Mont Blanc, or occasionally the Italian Monte Bianco but never Mount Blanc or White mountain. Still, this is unclear in this case and hopefully the name will be clarified soon. Re the proper name according to the Tajik site, if this is upheld, I suspect that English speakers will find "Abu Ali ibn Sina" a mouthful and difficult to remember, and that they will tend to "anglicize" it to Avicenna, which may become accepted as its correct name in English (like the English "Moscow", not "Moskva"). One way or another, a page "Independence Peak" will likely be upheld, even it refers to the old Pik Revolyutsii, and disambiguation will be necessary. Viewfinder 20:34, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

I've sent an e-mail to Tajik Presindent's press office, although I have little hope for reply, but who knows... `'mikka (t) 21:20, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * According to an e-mail I have just received from the author of the summitpost page, who has just summited Pik Lenin (as he still calls it), there are many names in circulation, and anyway the new Tajik names, whatever they are, will not be used by the Kyrgyz authorities. He tells me that climbers even still use the name Pik Kommunizma for the Tajik (and former USSR) HP Ismail Samani Peak. It is, after all, easier to say and remember. So I think we will be sticking with the name Lenin Peak for some time. Viewfinder 22:47, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Dead link
The link to the Tajikistan's President web page does not produce the referenced Presidential decrees -- either in Tajik or in Russian. They must have been removed from the database during one of the updates. Can you find a "live" reference for these important facts about peak names? --Zlerman (talk) 02:56, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The links http://www.president.tj/qaror04_297htm.htm and http://www.president.tj/rus/novostee_050706a.htm appeared to be OK when I accessed them a moment ago.--Holger Finken (talk) 16:12, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I can now see the resolution clearly (in both Taijk and Russian). It was either a false alarm on my part, or they have meanwhile fixed the links. --Zlerman (talk) 06:43, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Naming controversy
According to the Statistical Yearbook of Tajikistan (2006 edition), Avicenna Peak (Qullai Abuali ibni Sino) is 7134 m high and Independence Peak (Qullai Istiklol) is 6974 m high. Comparison with the 1993 yearbook (published in 1995), where the Soviet names are still given, shows that Avicenna Peak (7134 m) is in fact Lenin Peak (7134 m), and that Independence Peak (6974 m) is what used to be called Revolution Peak (Qullai Inkilob, 6974 m). Since the Presidential decrees that deal with renaming are not immediately accessible on the web (see "Dead links" above), I will try to use this information from authoritative Tajik sources in order to update the relevant articles on Tajikistan mountains. --Zlerman (talk) 06:47, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Here is the official notice (http://www.president.tj/qaror04_297htm.htm):

"Номи қуллаи ба номи Ленин, баландиаш 7134,3 м, иваз карда шуда, он қуллаи ба номи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино, номи қуллаи "Револютсия", баландиаш 6940,0 м, иваз карда шуда он қуллаи "Истиқлол", қуллаи беноми баландиаш 6910,0 м, ки 20 км дуртар аз деҳаи Рухчи ноҳияи Рӯшони Вилояти Мухтори Кӯҳистони Бадахшон ҷойгир аст, қуллаи ба номи Абӯабдуллои Рӯдакӣ номгузорӣ карда шаванд. "

 * Translation: The name of the Lenin peak, 7134.3 m height, is changed to Abuali ibni Sina. The name of "Revolution Peak", 6940 m height, is changed to "Istiqlol". The noname Peak with 6910 m height which is 20 Km far from Rukhj village in Rushon district in Kohistoni Badakhshon, is named after "Abuabdulloh Rodaki".

Alefbe (talk) 16:44, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Lenin Peak=Avicenna Peak
We have agreed after long debates that the name of the article stays as "Lenin Peak" from considerations of accepted usage in English, although the official name of the peak as of July 4, 2006 is Avicenna Peak (or preferably Ibn Sina Peak as some have argued -- see this talk page above). Alefbe on May 15 changed the opening sentence of the article so that we now have an article called "Lenin Peak" that starts with "Avicenna Peak (...), formerly known as Lenin Peak...". This does not look logical to me: I prefer the first sentence to start with the words "Lenin Peak" -- as in the article title -- and introduce Avicenna (or Ibn Sina) later -- as in the earlier version.

Can we have some discussion on this? --Zlerman (talk) 02:07, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm in favor of moving the page to "Avicenna Peak". In naming peaks, montains, cities, ..., the common tradition of encyclopedias (as well as news agencies) is to follow the official name. That's why we use "Chennai" and "Mumbai" for the two Indian cities (while "Madras" and "Bombai" are still more common in English books). About the old discussion, not many users have participated in that discussion (there is only one vote). I'll request the move again. I think we should be consistent with the common tradition of encyclopedias and news agencies. Alefbe (talk) 02:45, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I strongly oppose yet another move from Lenin Peak to Avicenna Peak. We have enough confusion in en:wiki and in all the interwikis as it is. Also note the argument raised above in favor of using Ibn Sina Peak instead of Avicenna Peak. But this is not what I have put up for discussion. The question is simply one of style: is it logical to have the first sentence in an article named "Lenin Peak" start with "Avicenna Peak", as Alefbe changed on May 15? Both Avicenna Peak and Ibn Sina Peak should be mentioned in the article (and in fact they are), but what do we put for the first two words in an article named "Lenin Peak"? Lenin Peak or Avicenna Peak? Could we have some opinions on this, not just from Zlerman and Alefbe, but from other editors as well?--Zlerman (talk) 03:06, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Both the names are included at the beginning. For a more concise enyclopaedic view the official name should be given as the title. The redirect also for Lenin Peak comes here. I wouldn't say it is logical to have Lenin Peak as the title. LOTRrules (talk) 17:00, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Picture: trail Irkeshtam–Sary Tash (Tajikistan)
The picture "Lenin Peak from the trail Irkeshtam–Sary Tash (Tajikistan)" is take in Kyrgyzstan. The Sary Tash village is in Kyrgyzstan, on the way Osh-Irkhestam.(..I'm italian) --Betta27 (talk) 07:04, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Ibn Sina Peak or Lenin Peak?
The article was moved from Lenin Peak to Ibn Sina Peak without any discussion on 16:59, 21 September 2008 by a user who has since been banned indefinitely. There is no question that Lenin Peak is the more widely accepted name in English. Moreover, on a recent trip to Kyrgyzstan, I discovered that the Kyrgyz continue to refer to it as Lenin Peak (actually claiming it as theirs) and latest official maps of Kyrgyzstan show the mountain as Lenin Peak. Since the name Ibn Sina Peak comes unilaterally from Tajik legislation and reflects neither Kyrgyz views nor common English usage, I propose to move the article back from Ibn Sina Peak to Lenin Peak (with a redirect from Ibn Sina Peak to Lenin Peak).

Please discuss below (Support/Oppose): Lenin Peak is official name used in Kyrgystan, and this name is well known in World. So, there're no condition for change article' name to Ibn Sina Peak. Aotearoa (talk) 07:01, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Support. The Lenin peak belongs to both countries, and in Kyrgyz side it is still Lenin peak, İ'm gonna change the name from

ibn sina peak to lenin peak. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.187.171.152 (talk) 10:07, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 07:45, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Ibn Sina Peak → Lenin Peak — The name of the peak has been Lenin Peak for decades, and is still the most used name in English. The official name of the peak in Kyrgyzstan is still Lenin Peak (peak lies on the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan). "Ibn Sina Peak" name is only used in Tajikistan. Vanjagenije (talk) 00:24, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Support If the peak is on the border between 2 countries then I'm not sure how we decide which one is the "official" name, but if one of the 2 countries still uses the name by which it was normally known in English over the past few decades then we should go for this name. PatGallacher (talk) 00:38, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Support After reading all past discussions on this issue, I support the rename for these reasons:
 * 1) the rename done back in Sept 2008 was without consensus. The fact that it was performed by a now banned user gives an impression of a POV edit.
 * 2) Lenin Peak is the more widely known English name of the peak and is apparently still in use by one of the two countries. It would be interesting to see what various official maps of the area have on them for the name of this peak.

The other names can of course be mentioned in the opening paragraph and perhaps we use Ibn Sina Peak as the other name for the infobox. RedWolf (talk) 06:50, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Lenin Peak


text:
Priesthood Correlation Program

In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the Priesthood Correlation Program (also called the Correlation Program or simply Correlation) began in 1908 as a program to reform the instruction manuals and curriculum of the different organizations of the church. Its scope quickly widened, and Correlation came to affect almost every aspect of the church, including doctrines, organizations, finances, and ordinances. A significant consequence was to centralize decision-making power in the priesthood, particularly the Quorum of the 12 Apostles. More recently, the function of the correlation department has shifted to planning and approving church publications and curriculum and keeping unorthodox information, doctrines, and other undesired concepts from being introduced or revived.

Background and history
In the LDS Church, all organizations and activities are intended to complement the mission of the church and are considered subject to the priesthood, helping to complete its responsibilities.

Before the correlation movement, the various organizations and auxiliaries of the church, including the Relief Society, Primary, Sunday School, welfare program, genealogy programs, and the Young Men and Young Women organizations, were largely under the direction of the stake or ward, and curriculum could vary from ward to ward. Formal organization of a Correlation Committee occurred in 1908. Starting in 1944, the Church Publications Committee approved the content and wording of the lesson materials from each of the auxiliaries, ensuring that everything published conformed to official church doctrine.

By the early 1960s, the rapid growth of the church had created administrative difficulties that needed to be addressed. Marion G. Romney gave an example of a 14-year-old boy who was invited to four swimming parties in the same week, each organized by an independent church organization. David O. McKay charged the General Priesthood Committee, led by Harold B. Lee, to form committees "to correlate the instruction and curriculum of all priesthood and auxiliary organizations of the church." Under Lee, correlation quickly took on a much wider scope than just the church curriculum. For example, to bring priesthood correlation to the local level, Priesthood Home Teaching was introduced, replacing the role formerly occupied by ward teachers. Family Home Evening was also introduced. Other innovations included the calling of regional representatives, a uniform annual report from each ward starting in 1967, and further centralization and standardization of tithing in 1970. The Sunday School underwent a reorganization as well.

The changes made by Lee brought the auxiliary organizations more directly under the control of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Privately, McKay had concerns about the overreach of church correlation, referring to it as the "Super Priesthood Committee". McKay's counselors, Hugh B. Brown and N. Eldon Tanner, were worried about the correlation committee taking decision-making power away from the church's First Presidency. However, no action was taken by McKay to change the way that Lee was running correlation.

In 1970, the process of correlation resulted in the discontinuation of the Relief Society Magazine and the Improvement Era in favor of the correlated Ensign magazine for adults and the New Era for youth. The Millennial Star, a publication for British members, and The Instructor, a Sunday School publication, were also discontinued at this time.

The present Priesthood Correlation Department was created by the direction of the First Presidency in 1972 and originally named the Internal Communications Department.

Doctrines and structure
Between the 1920s and early 1960s, there was an increase in printed material available to LDS Church members, much of which contained opinions or quotes of church leaders that contradicted the evolving official positions and doctrines of the church. Additionally, historical documents surfaced, were made available, or printed from early members' diaries, which did not support the official church history. To counter this, the Correlation Committee, under the direction of the First Presidency, began to print materials and other curriculum to clarify and standardize what the church hierarchy considered to be official doctrine and history.

Another result is the block program, which standardized Sunday as the official day to hold most public church meetings. Prior to the 1980s, meetings were held throughout the week. For example, in a local ward, the Relief Society may have met on Monday mornings, Primary and choir practice on Tuesday, Young Women and Young Men on Thursday, ward activities and events on Friday, and service projects on Saturday. Because of the church's focus on families, the Correlation Committee recommended a three-hour block of meetings on Sunday that would include a sacrament meeting, Sunday School, priesthood and Relief Society meetings, and Primary, Young Men, and Young Women classes. This would allow families to spend more time together and for parents and children to be more involved with their communities.

Additionally, due to a more centralized structure, local building funds and ward budgets were centralized by the church, easing the contributions of local members for such funds and allowing for a more equitable distribution of funds. Before this, church areas with more wealthy members tended to have better-funded buildings and activities than poorer areas.

Results and curriculum
Because of the correlation program, the church generally operates the same in structure, practice, and doctrine globally. For example, members in Germany, Kenya, and Utah all generally study the same lessons and attend the same type of meetings in any given week. According to Carlos E. Asay, who served as an executive director of the Church Curriculum Department, employees use planning charts to ensure that important gospel topics are properly covered and taught at regular intervals.

Currently, there are two curriculum tracks for members: one for areas where the church is fully established in wards and stakes, and another for areas where the church is growing and smaller in number. The doctrines taught are the same; however, the emphasis on principles, church structure, and church culture is more emphasized in fledgling areas, while emphasis in established areas focuses more on the application of the principles taught.

title: Priesthood Correlation Program


text:
Golets

Golets may refer to:

 * Golets (geography), a type of mountain summit
 * Golets, Bulgaria, a village in Bulgaria
 * Arctic char

title: Golets


text:
Hebrew name

A Hebrew name is a name of Hebrew origin. In a more narrow meaning, it is a name used by Jews only in a religious context and different from an individual's secular name for everyday use.

Names with Hebrew origins, especially those from the Hebrew Bible, are commonly used by Jews and Christians. Many are also used by Muslims, particularly those names mentioned in the Qur'an (for example, Ibrahim is a common Arabic name from the Hebrew Avraham). A typical Hebrew name can have many different forms, having been adapted to the phonologies and orthographies of many different languages.

A common practice among the Jewish diaspora is to give a Hebrew name to a child that is used in religious contexts throughout that person's lifetime.

Not all Hebrew names are strictly Hebrew in origin; some names may have been borrowed from other ancient languages, including from Egyptian, Aramaic, Phoenician, or Canaanite.

Names of Hebrew origin
Hebrew names used by Jews (along with many Hebrew names used in Christendom) often come from the Tanakh, also known as the Hebrew Bible (the Christianized version of which is called the Old Testament).

Many of these names are thought to have been adapted from Hebrew phrases and expressions, bestowing special meaning or the unique circumstances of birth to the one who receives that name.

Theophoric names are those which include a form of a divine name, such by adding the suffix אל -el, meaning "God", forming names such as מיכאל Michael ("who is like God?") and גבריאל Gabriel ("man of God"). Another common form of theophory is the use of the Tetragrammaton YHWH as the basis for a suffix; the most common abbreviations used by Jews are יה -yāh/-iyyāh and יהו -yāhû/-iyyāhû/-ayhû, forming names such as ישׁעיהו Yəšaʻªyāhû (Isaiah), צדקיהו Ṣiḏqiyyāhû (Zedekiah) and שׂריה Śərāyāh (Seraiah). Most Christian usage is of the shorter suffix preferred in translations of the Bible to European languages: Greek -ιας -ias and English -iah, producing names such as Τωβιας Tōbias (Tobias, Toby) instead of Tobiyyahu and Ιερεμίας Ieremias (Jeremiah, Jeremy) instead of Yirmeyahu.

In addition to devotion to Elohim and Yahweh, names could also be sentences of praise in their own right. The name טוביהו Ṭôḇiyyāhû means "Good of/is the LORD".

Names of Aramaic origin
Scholars of a century ago speculated that Judæo-Aramaic was the vernacular language of Israel at the time of Jesus. Archaeology is calling that into question. Aramaic does survive on a minority of first-century funeral inscriptions, and it was also the language used to write parts of the Book of Daniel, the Book of Ezra, and the entire Jewish Babylonian Talmud. Aramaic remained the lingua franca of the Middle East until the time of Islam.

Judæo-Aramaic names include עבד־נגו ʻĂḇēḏ-nəḡô, בר־תלמי Bar-Talmay and תום Tôm, as well as Bar Kochba.

Hebrew-Greek names
Due to the Hellenisation of the Eastern Mediterranean and the movement of Jews around the area, many Hebrew names were adapted to Greek, reinforced by the translation of the Tanakh in the Septuagint with many Hellenized names.

Many of the names in the New Testament are of Hebrew and Aramaic origin, but were adapted to the Greek by Hellenistic Christian writers such as Paul of Tarsus.

Such Hebræo-Greek names include Ἰησοῦς Iēsous (originally from ישׁוע Yēšûªʻ), Νῶε Nōē (originally from נח Nōªḥ), Ἰσαΐας Isaias (originally from ישׁעיהו Yəšaʻªyāhû), Ἰσραήλ Israēl (originally from ישראל Yiśrā’ēl).

Furthermore, some Jews of the time had Greek Gentile names themselves, such as the Christian Luke (Greek Λουκᾶς Loukas). Though used by some Jews at the time, these names are generally not associated with Jews today, and are considered characteristically Greek and largely confined to use by Christians. Hebrew forms of the names exist, but they are extremely rare.

Hebrew-Latin names
Many Hebrew names were adapted into Latin, some via Greek. Such names include Jesus (from Greek Ιησους Iēsous) and Maria (from Greek Μαριαμ Mariam, originally from Hebrew מרים Miryām).

Also, some Jews during Roman times also had Latin names for themselves, such as the Christian evangelist Mark (Latin Marcus). As was the case with contemporary Jewish names of Greek origin, most of those Latin names are generally not associated with Jews today and have retained a Roman and Christian character.

Hebrew-Arabic names
With the rise of Islam and the establishment of an Arab Caliphate, the Arabic language became the lingua franca of the Middle East and some parts of Berber North Africa. Islamic scripture such as the Qurʼan, however, contains many names of Hebrew origin (often via Aramaic), and there were Jewish and Christian minorities living under Arab Islamic rule. As such, many Hebrew names had been adapted to Arabic and could be found in the Arab world. Jews and Christians generally used the Arabic adaptations of those names, just as English-speaking Jews and sometimes Muslims often use anglicized versions like Joshua, rather than Yəhôšúªʼ,

While most such names are common to traditional Arabic translations of the Bible, a few differ; for instance, Arabic-speaking Christians use Yasūʻ instead of ʻĪsā for "Jesus".

Such Hebræo-Arabic names include:

 * ʼAyyūb أيّوب (from Hebrew איוב ʼIyyôḇ) (Job)
 * Yūsuf يوسف (from Hebrew יוסף Yôsēp̄) (Joseph)
 * Dāʼūd داۇد (from Hebrew דוד Dāwiḏ) (David)
 * ʼIsmāʻīl اسماعيل (from Hebrew ישׁמעאל Yišmāʻêl) (Ishmael)
 * ʼIsḥāq إسحاق (from Hebrew יצחק Yiṣḥāq) (Isaac)
 * Yaʻqūb يعقوب (from Hebrew יעקב Yaʻªqōḇ) (Jacob)
 * ʼĀdam آدم (from Hebrew אדם ʼĀḏām) (Adam)
 * Ḥawwāʼ حواء (from Hebrew חוה Ḥawwāh) (Eve)

The influence of Aramaic is observable in several names, notably ʼIsḥāq (Isaac), where the Syriac form is simply Îsḥāq, contrasting with more Hebraic forms such as Yaʻqūb (Jacob).

Some of these Arabic names preserve original Hebrew pronunciations that were later changed by regular sound shifts; migdal, recorded in the New Testament as Magdalene and in Palestinian Arabic as Majdala, which turned a in unstressed closed syllables into i.

Typically, Hebrew אל -ʼēl was adapted as ـايل -īl, and Hebrew יה -yāh as ـيا -yāʼ.

Hebrew-English names
James I of England commissioned a translation of the Christian Bible from the original languages, including a translation of the Tanakh, or Old Testament, from Hebrew into English, which became known as the King James Version of the Bible and is often referred to today by the abbreviation "KJV".

Even so, many KJV Old Testament names were not entirely without New Testament Greek influence. The influence mostly reflected the vowels of names and left most of the consonants largely intact and only modestly filtered to consonants of contemporary English phonology. However, all KJV names followed the Greek convention of not distinguishing between soft and dāḡeš forms of ב bêṯ. The habits resulted in multilingually-fused Hebrew-Helleno-English names, such as Judah, Isaiah and Jeremiah. Additionally, a handful of names were adapted directly from Greek without even partial translations from Hebrew, including names such as Isaac, Moses and Jesse.

Along with names from the KJV edition of the New Testament, these names constitute the large part of Hebrew names as they exist in the English-speaking world.

Jewish usage
A Hebrew name is used in a religious context during prayer. When deceased relatives are remembered during the Yizkor memorial service or during the El-Malei Blessing, the Hebrew name of the deceased is used along with the Hebrew name of the father. When the Misheberach (prayer for the sick) is recited, the ill person's Hebrew name is said along with the Hebrew name of the mother. When an adult Jew is called to receive an aliyah to the Torah, they are identified with their Hebrew personal name along with their father's Hebrew name; for example, Ya'akov ben Chaim. (In some communities, especially those who allow women the honour of receiving an aliyah, the practice is to include both parents' names in the context of an aliyah; for example, Elisheva bat Moshe v'Sarah.)

While, strictly speaking, a "Hebrew name" for ritual use is in the Hebrew language, it is not uncommon in some Ashkenazi communities for people to have names of Yiddish origin, or a mixed Hebrew-Yiddish name; for example, the name Simhah Bunim, where simhah means "happiness" in Hebrew, and Bunim is a Yiddish-language name possibly derived from the French bon nom ("good name").

Converts to Judaism may choose whatever Hebrew name they like as a personal name. However, the parental names in their case are not the names of their actual parents, but rather Avraham v'Sarah, who are (as the first matriarch and patriarch of Jewish tradition) the prototypical "parents" in Judaism.

title: Hebrew name


text:
Talk:Ismoil Somoni Peak

Samani or Somoni
The name of the peak is Ismail Samani or Ismail Somoni?

 * It depends how you transliterate Tajik 'o', typically it is transliterated 'o' in English, while the Iranian Persian name would be Ismail Samani or perhaps Ismāil Sāmāni - Francis Tyers · 15:56, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus, page not moved  Ron h jones (Talk) 00:55, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Ismoil Somoni Peak → Ismail Samani Peak — The peak is named after Ismail Samani, and the article on him uses the Ismail Samani spelling, so why would the article on the peak use different spelling. Vanjagenije (talk) 10:21, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Many mountain names named after famous people are not translated into English (cf. Pico Cristóbal Colón, not Christopher Columbus Peak, Cerro San Miguel, not St Michael's Hill, and, also in Tajikistan, Ibn Sina Peak, not Avicenna Peak). The transliteration "Ismoil Somoni" is from Tajik, where "o" is used for /ɔ/ instead of the "a" used when transliterating Persian.  What is the usual English usage for the mountain itself?  —   AjaxSmack   04:18, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, yes, but in the case of Pico Cristóbal Colón, the whole name is untranslated, while in Ismoil Somoni Peak, the word peak is translated to English. I don't say that we should translate the name to English, I just say that we should use the consistent spelling. If You think the name of the summit should be totally untranslated, than maybe we should move the article to Qullai Ismoili Somonī. And, by the way, Ibn Sina Peak is now moved to Lenin Peak. Vanjagenije (talk) 09:50, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * My argument is that we should follow general English usage. Typically, Tajik toponyms have been transliterated from Tajik of late.  If there is a reason to use Persian/Arabic, it should be demonstrable.  Changing a title merely for consistency with another Wikipedia article is original research.

 * A cursory look at Google (which should not be the only deciding factor but the article cites no reliable sources) show the current title used a bit more than the proposed location. —   AjaxSmack   16:01, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Ismoil Somoni Peak


text:
Rubrication

Rubrication is the addition of text in red ink to a manuscript for emphasis. Practitioners of rubrication, so-called rubricators or rubrishers, were specialized scribes who received text from the original scribe. Rubrication was one of several steps in the medieval process of manuscript making. The term comes from the Latin rubrīcāre, "to color red", the base word being ruber, "red". The practice began in pharaonic Egypt with scribes emphasizing important text, such as headings, new parts of a narrative, etc., on papyri with red ink.

History
The practice of rubrication usually entailed the addition of red headings to mark the end of one section of text and the beginning of another. Such headings were sometimes used to introduce the subject of the following section or to declare its purpose and function. Rubrication was used so often in this regard that the term rubric was commonly used as a generic term for headers of any type or color, though it technically referred only to headers to which red ink had been added. In liturgical books such as missals, red may also be used to give the actions to be performed by the celebrant or others, leaving the texts to be read in black. Important feasts in liturgical calendars were also often rubricated, and rubrication can indicate how scribes viewed the importance of different parts of their text.

Rubrication may also be used to emphasize the starting character of a canto or other division of text; this was often important because manuscripts often consist of multiple works in a single bound volume. This particular type of rubrication is similar to flourishing, wherein red ink is used to style a leading character with artistic loops and swirls. However, this process is far less elaborate than illumination, in which detailed pictures are incorporated into the manuscript often set in thin sheets of gold to give the appearance of light within the text.

Quite commonly the manuscript's initial scribe would provide notes to the rubricator in the form of annotations made in the margins of the text. Such notes were effectively indications to "rubricate here" or "add rubric". In many other cases, the initial scribe also held the position of rubricator, and so he applied rubrication as needed without the use of annotations. This is important, as a scribe's annotations to the rubricator can be used along with codicology to establish a manuscript's history, or provenance.

Later medieval practitioners extended the practice of rubrication to include the use of other colors of ink besides red. Most often, alternative colors included blue and green. After the introduction of movable type printing, readers continued to expect rubrication, which might be done by hand, if there were few rubrics to add, or by a separate print using a red-ink form, later the normal method. The "great majority of incunables did not issue from the press in a finished state... hardly any incunable was considered 'finished' by its printer...", suggesting that hand rubrication provided a sense of legitimacy to the efforts of early printers and their works. This fact, the notion that something about hand written rubrication completes a printed work by attributing to it a sense of legitimacy and finality, is further supported by the fact that red ink "was not merely decorative... red's original function was to articulate the text by indicating such parts as headings that were so essential to the function of manuscripts that the printers had to deal with them in some way".

(With the introduction of the printing press from the late medieval period on, space before paragraphs was still left for rubricators to add a pilcrow by hand. However in some circumstances, rubricators could not draw fast enough for publishers' deadlines and books would often be sold with the beginnings of the paragraphs left blank. This is how the practice of indention before paragraphs was created. )

Uses
The title "generally was written in one or more lines that the scribe of the text had left blank to receive the title", showing both the importance of the section and the knowledge one may gain from this process. As mentioned above, the initial scribe of a text often left notes for the rubricator of where rubrication would be necessary, a fact that helps the modern historian learn of the provenance of the manuscript. Rubrication affected how later generations read and interpreted a text, and this process helped ensure editorial standardization throughout Western Europe.

Ink
The recipe for the red ink is given in Theophilus' De diversis artibus: "To prepare white-flake, get some sheets of lead beaten out thin, place them dry in a hollow piece of wood and pour in some warm vinegar or urine to cover them. Then, after a month, take off the cover and remove whatever white there is, and again replace it as at first. When you have a sufficient amount and you wish to make red lead from it, grind this flake-white on a stone without water, then put it in two or three new pots and place it over a burning fire. You have a slender curved iron rod, fitted at one end in a wooden handle and broad at the top, and with this you can stir and mix this flake-white from time to time. You do this for a long time until the red lead becomes visible."

The process took a long time to complete, but was cheap and used common materials. The white material is lead carbonate and the red material is.

title: Rubrication


text:
Talk:Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel

List of Children
I've substantially changed the list of his children, based on the info in the new edition of Burke's Peerage. In particular, I don't think he had any children by Philippa Mortimer. Loren Rosen 06:13, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * According to Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, Alice FitzAlan married him. Charles Matthews (talk) 16:26, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * agrees. "Charleton" is presumably Cherleton? Charles Matthews (talk) 16:31, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, light dawns. It doesn't help that the numbering of the Earls isn't standard. Alice FitzAlan daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel married Thomas Holland. Alice FitzAlan daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel married John Cherleton, 4th Lord Cherleton, according to. So I'll amplify what's here. Charles Matthews (talk) 16:38, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Earl of Arundel
If he was the 11th Earl of Arundel was he also the 4th as it says in the text? This needs an explanation or a correction.

Mellie107 (talk) 21:46, 7 March 2012 (UTC)


text:
Csikszentmihalyi

Csikszentmihalyi may refer to:

People

 * Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a social psychologist known for his work on happiness, creativity, and flow theory
 * Christopher Csíkszentmihályi, an artist and technologist

title: Csikszentmihalyi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Black swallowtail

This placeholder used to have an image, but it turned out to be of a different bird and so it was removed. Doesn't seem to have anything of note left. Bryan 06:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It gives the Latin name of the butterfly.  This inadequate info is not useless if and when someone chooses to finish the page. (I learned from following the link to the deleted image that it was a butterfly, not a bird.  So I did in fact learn something from what's there.)  Smerdis of Tlön 14:01, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've added some more info from a USGS web site. Hopefully it's a useful stub now. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:56, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's times like this I wish I was a heavy drinker, so that I could have an excuse for why I didn't think to put this on Cleanup instead of here (and also why I didn't even remember to put the vfd boilerplate at the top). Sorry about that. :) Bryan 02:30, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Bryan can redeem his admitted error by counseling other heavy handed old-hat deletionists on the value of contributing rather than removing content, and considering rather than attacking other contributors. Is it really that much easier to spend several ours attacking others and their contributions than it is to research, correct or add content? SimBot2 17:30, 10 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tadatoshi Akiba

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title: Talk:Tadatoshi Akiba


text:
Bernard Loomer

Bernard MacDougall Loomer (March 5, 1912 – August 15, 1985) was an American professor and theologian. Loomer was longtime Dean of the University of Chicago Divinity School and a leading proponent of Process Theology.

Biography
Loomer is principally known as contributor to the study of process theology, though Loomer's pantheism is rather at odds with the panentheism that is commonly associated with process theology. Loomer wrote “The world is God because it is the source and preserver of meaning; because the creative advance of the world in its adventure is the supreme cause to be served; because even in our desecration of our space and time within it, the world is holy ground; and because it contains and yet enshrouds the ultimate mystery inherent within existence itself. . . . The world in all the dimensions of its being is the basis for all our wonder, awe, and inquiry.” Loomer decried theological certainty and delighted in the wonder of existence: “Final answers are not to be trusted. We are born in mystery, we live in mystery, and we die in mystery."

The thinkers that perhaps had the largest influence on Loomer were Henry Nelson Wieman and Alfred North Whitehead, and yet Loomer came to believe that even these two sometimes fell into the trap of "misplaced concreteness" in their respective versions of theism. According to Nancy Frankenberry, Loomer's contributions were "as much by way of the art of concentrated teaching and contagious conversation as by way of his intermittent publications." Former students of Loomer include Nancy Frankenberry, John B. Cobb Jr., Catherine Keller, and Bruce Epperly.

Epperly recalls his time in Loomer's classroom: "Always wearing a white turtleneck with a pipe in his pocket, Loomer held forth. There was no telling where the class might go on any particular day. Our conversations were wide-ranging and unscripted, and we learned as much about Loomer as the “orthodoxies” of process thought."

Charles Hartshorne credited Loomer as being the originator of the term "process thought" as a designation for the philosophy espoused by Alfred North Whitehead and his followers. Later in life, Loomer stated that he disliked the term. "If I am guilty, it was a sin of my youth, and I have spent my latter days repenting!" Loomer preferred the term "process/relational thought." He wrote that "...the distinctive aroma of this outlook occurs when you combine the ultimacy of process with the primacy of relationships. It is really relationships that process is all about."

As Loomer continued focus on the relational aspect of his thought, he also brought repeated emphasis to what he called "S-I-Z-E" (always written with capital letters with dashes in between). His essay "S-I-Z-E" contains Loomer's most often quoted passage: "By S-I-Z-E I mean the stature of a person's soul, the range and depth of his love, his capacity for relationships. I mean the volume of life you can take into your being and still maintain your integrity and individuality, the intensity and variety of outlook you can entertain in the unity of your being without feeling defensive or insecure.  I mean the strength of your spirit to encourage others to become freer in the development of their diversity and uniqueness.  I mean the power to sustain more complex and enriching tensions.  I mean the magnanimity of concern to provide conditions that enable others to increase in stature."

Another important essay was "The Size of the Everlasting God," written in 1975, but published in 2013. A different essay with a similar title, "The Size of God," was presented at two separate sessions (annual meetings) of the American Academy of Religion in 1978 and 1979. "The Size of God," has been characterized by Frankenberry as "a long, dense, and disturbing document... in which Loomer's prose, as one commentator noted, 'leans into the wind.'" This essay was originally published by the American Journal of Theology and Philosophy, and later reprinted in "The Size of God: The Theology of Bernard Loomer in Context," with lively responses and commentary (not all entirely supportive) from William Dean, Larry E. Axel, John Cobb, Delwin Brown, Bernard Lee, and Nancy Frankenberry. Referring to the meetings where Loomer originally presented this material, the preface to this book states, "These public meetings were controversial, a condition stimulated not only by the distinctiveness of Loomer's argument but by the way his prose leans into the wind."

In the essay, Loomer provided critical analysis of process oriented thinkers, such as Hartshorne, Whitehead, and Wieman. Frankenberry summarizes, quoting Loomer: "God is to be identified with the totality of the world, with whatever unity the totality possesses...More concretely, God is expressed as the organic restlessness of the whole body of creation, as this drive is unequally exemplified in the several parts of this societal web." Frankenberry points out that Loomer is "advancing the thesis that 'an ambiguous God is of greater stature than an unambiguous God,'" and in so doing is cutting against not only traditional Western religious thought, but also against much modern thought, from Kant to Niebuhr.

Reception
Religious historian Jerome A. Stone credits Loomer with contributing to the early thinking in the development of Religious Naturalism. Stone also notes that Loomer's essay on "Two Conceptions of Power" might have been the first to distinguish between 'power-over' and 'power-with.' Loomer's terms were unilateral power vs. relational power.

title: Bernard Loomer


text:
Goatsbeard

Goatsbeard or Goat's beard is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

 * Aruncus, in the family Rosaceae
 * Tragopogon, in the family Asteraceae
 * Astilbe, some species of which are known as "False Goat's Beard"

title: Goatsbeard


text:
Mathew Valencia

Mathew Valencia (born December 12, 1983) is an American former actor.

Career
Valencia is best known as the voice of Tim Drake in a starring role in The New Batman Adventures (1997-1999) a guest appearance in Superman: The Animated Series (1996-2000) as well as the younger version of the character in Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000), all set in the DC Animated Universe.

title: Mathew Valencia


text:
Ideation (creative process)

Ideation is the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas, where an idea is understood as a basic element of thought that can be either visual, concrete, or abstract. Ideation comprises all stages of a thought cycle, from innovation, to development, to actualization. Ideation can be conducted by individuals, organizations, or crowds. As such, it is an essential part of the design process, both in education and practice.

Criticism
The word "ideation" has come under informal criticism as being a term of meaningless jargon, as well as being inappropriately similar to the psychiatric term for suicidal ideation.

Methods and approaches
There are many methods and approaches for ideation. A list of common ideation techniques is as follows:

 * Brainstorming: A technique where the basic premise is to get a group together and have them share their ideas freely, without judgement. The goal is to generate as many ideas as possible, regardless of whether they are good or bad. Once the brainstorming session is over, the group can evaluate the ideas and narrow them down to the best ones.
 * Idea mapping: This process begins with brainstorming a central idea and then developing said idea by adding related concepts and details. The result is a map or diagram that visually captures the relationships between ideas. This technique can be used individually and in groups, and it is an effective way to generate a large volume of ideas quickly. Idea mapping is often used in business, engineering, and design, where creativity is essential for success.
 * SCAMPER: SCAMPER is an acronym for the seven different aspects of ideation around which this idea revolves: Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to other uses, Eliminate, and Reverse. By considering each of these elements, in turn, it is possible to develop new ways to approach a problem or challenge and obtain a wide range of ideas suitable for further development.
 * The 5 Whys technique: The 5 Whys technique is a simple yet powerful tool for driving to the root cause of a problem. The basis of the technique is to ask "why" five times to identify the primary causal factor behind a particular issue. It is suitable for a range of problem complexities and is often used in conjunction with other root cause analysis tools, such as fishbone diagrams and cause-and-effect tables. Although it may seem simplistic, the 5 Whys can be an invaluable tool for uncovering hidden problems and generating new ideas.
 * Pugh matrix
 * Morphological analysis
 * 6 thinking hats
 * The method of loci: The method of loci is a strategy for memorizing new information. It is a mnemonic device that involves the visualization of placing pieces of information around a room and then visualizing yourself "picking the information up". This method is known as memory palace. The word loci is the plural of "locus", which means location.
 * Bodystorming: Bodystorming is a creative process that involves using the body to simulate various actions and explore different solutions to a problem. The term was coined by Gijs van Wulfen, who developed the process as a way to overcome the limits of traditional brainstorming. With bodystorming, participants are encouraged to physically act out possible solutions to a problem, allowing for a more immersive and realistic exploration of potential solutions. The process can be used alone or in groups, and is often used in conjunction with other ideation techniques such as role-playing and mind mapping. Bodystorming is an effective way to generate new ideas, and has been used in a variety of fields including product design, architecture, and marketing.
 * Brainwriting

title: Ideation (creative process)


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Oriole warbler

The oriole warbler (Hypergerus atriceps) is a large warbler in the family Cisticolidae, and the only member of the genus Hypergerus. This bird is a resident breeder in west Africa from southern Senegal to Cameroon.

This skulking passerine is typically found in dense thickets usually near water. The oriole warbler builds a large untidy nest suspended from palm leaves.

These 20-cm long warblers have a long tail, strong legs and a long black bill. At a weight of around 30 g the oriole warbler may be the largest of the species-rich Cisticolidae family. Adults are light olive above, yellow below and have a black hood. The species' name refers to their resemblance to the unrelated but similarly black and yellow orioles. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller.

Like most warblers, the oriole warbler is insectivorous. The song is a loud whistled duetted toooo-ooo-eee-oooo, oooo-ooo-eee-oooo. The male always leads the duet and the female answers, though this is done in a manner that is temporally rather loose.

title: Oriole warbler


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Archdruid

Archdruid (Archdderwydd) is the title used by the presiding official of the Gorsedd. The Archdruid presides over the most important ceremonies at the National Eisteddfod of Wales including the Crowning of the Bard, the award of the and the Chairing of the Bard. Although Iolo Morganwg was the first to preside over the Gorsedd when the National Eisteddfod came into being, his successor David Griffith, under the bardic name "Clwydfardd", was the first to be known by the official title "Archdruid".

The Archdruid's regalia, devised by the early revivers of the eisteddfod during the early 19th century, includes a crown, a sceptre, and a breastplate in the form of a torc. These were redesigned in 1896 by Hubert von Herkomer, to be made of gold and decorated with oak leaves, symbolising the sacred groves associated with druidry. (The Welsh word for "oak" is "derw" from which "druid" is thought to be derived.) A special ring of office was also introduced. The current sceptre has been in use since 1910, and a stola or cape was first worn in 1911 by the Archdruid "Dyfed".

Since 1932, only former winners of the Eisteddfod Crown or Chair have been qualified to become Archdruid. By the beginning of the twenty-first century Prose Medal winners were included in this elite band and the first to be elected under this ruling was Robyn Llŷn (Robyn Léwis) (2002–05). Christine James, who became Archdruid in 2013, is both the first woman and the first Welsh learner (i.e. a person not brought up with Welsh as their first language) to have held the title.

Since the Second World War, only one Archdruid has served more than one three-year term. Albert Evans-Jones ("Cynan"), a World War I veteran and a significant war poet, was elected in 1950 and again in 1963, and was regarded as a reforming influence on the festival; he publicly accepted that the eisteddfod and the gorsedd have no direct descent from Welsh mythology or from the druids. He was knighted in 1969 for his services to Welsh culture, the only Archdruid to have been so honoured.

List of Archdruids of Wales
The following is a list of Archdruids.

title: Archdruid


text: User talk:67.70.119.226

title: User talk:67.70.119.226


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David of Dinant

David of Dinant (c. 1160 – c. 1217) was a pantheistic philosopher. He may have been a member of, or at least been influenced by, a pantheistic sect known as the Amalricians. David was condemned by the Church in 1210 for his writing of the "Quaternuli" (Little Notebooks), which forced him to flee Paris. When and where he died is unknown; all that can be ascertained is that he died after the year 1215, as he was condemned again in the council of 1215.

Since David's works were banned, most of what is known of him is from the writings of his contemporaries and opponents, chiefly Albert the Great and St. Thomas Aquinas. David's philosophy was that everything could be divided among bodies, minds, and eternal substances. The indivisible substrate or constituent of bodies is matter (hyle); of minds or souls, intellect (nous); and of eternal substances, God (Deus). These three, matter, intellect, and God, are actually one and the same. Consequently, all things, material, intellectual, and spiritual, have one and the same essence — God.

Life and work
Little is known about the details of his life. It is not certain whether he was born at Dinant in Wallonia, or at Dinan in Brittany. He is believed to have lived for some time at the Roman Court under Pope Innocent III. He was a magister, or teacher, most likely at the University of Paris, and he studied the classical works of Aristotle which had been reintroduced to Europe after the Crusades. It seems likely he was especially influenced by Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics. It was in Paris that his work, entitled Quaternuli (Little Notebooks), was condemned by a provincial council in 1210. The Council was headed by Peter of Corbeil, the Bishop of Sens, and ordered the body of Amalric of Chartres to be disinterred and burned, David's writings to be burned, and forbade reading Aristotle's works on natural philosophy. Anyone in the possession of David's writings after Christmas was declared a heretic. This condemnation of both David and Aristotle was repeated in 1215 by a letter of Cardinal Robert Courçon, papal legate. From a work ascribed to Albert the Great, "Compilatio de Novo Spiritu", in the Munich Library, we learn further that in consequence of the condemnation, David fled from France, and so escaped punishment. Besides the "Quaternuli", another work entitled "De Tomis, seu Divisionibus" is mentioned. It is not improbable, however, that this was merely another title for the "Quaternuli". The effect of the order issued by the council was to cause all the writing of David to disappear. Thus, his doctrines are derived from the assertions of his contemporaries and opponents, notably Albert the Great and St. Thomas as mentioned above.

Theology
From these sources we learn that David was a Pantheist. He identified God with the material substratum of all things, materia prima (prime matter). He reduced all reality to three categories, namely bodies, minds, and eternal substances. The indivisible substrate or constituent of bodies is matter (hyle); of minds, or souls, intellect (nous); and of eternal substances, God (Deus). These three, matter, intellect, and God, are one and the same. Consequently, all things, material, intellectual, and spiritual, have one and the same essence — God. The phraseology, which must be David's own, as well as the title above mentioned, "De Tomis", suggests the influence of Johannes Scotus Eriugena. Eriugena's work must have been widely known and read in the first decades of the thirteenth century, as is evident from many undeniable facts. Whether David was influenced also by Amalric of Chartres is a matter of debate. Albert, who was a contemporary of David, says that David merely renewed the heresy of someone known as Alexander, "who taught that God and intellect and matter are one substance". It is impossible to determine whom Albert means by Alexander, "a disciple of Xenophanes"; probably the reference is to some Arabian work that went under the name of a Greek philosopher. There were several works of that kind current in the early part of the thirteenth century. Some critics, however, put forward the surmise that David's immediate source was Avicebron's "Fons Vitæ", or the work "De Unitate", written by Archdeacon Gundisalvi of Segovia, who was well versed in Arabian philosophical literature. Whatever the source, the doctrines were pantheistic, as all authorities concur in describing them.

The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia takes a rather dim view of David's philosophy, and considers the harsh response understandable. It says:

 * ((This pantheism)) of itself would justify the drastic measures to which the Council of Paris had recourse. There were, moreover, circumstances which rendered summary condemnation necessary. On the one hand the University of Paris was being made the scene of an organized attempt to foist the Arabian pantheistic interpretation of Greek philosophy on the schools of Latin Christendom. Texts, translations, and commentaries were introduced every day from Spain, in which doctrines incompatible with Christian dogma were openly taught. On the other hand, there was the popular movement in the South of France which found its principal expression in the Albigensian heresy, while in learned and ascetic communities in the North, the anti-hierarchical mysticism of the Calabrian Joachim of Floris was being combined with the more speculative pantheistic mysticism of Johannes Scotus Eriugena. In view of these conditions the condemnation of the errors of David of Dinant, the complete extirpation of the sect of Amalricians to which he apparently belonged, and the unwonted harshness of St. Thomas's reference to him cannot be judged untimely or intemperate.

Historians have thought that the reason St. Albert and St. Thomas responded to David at all was not so much out of fear of David's pantheism, but rather to defend Aristotle. David strongly drew on Aristotle's thoughts on prime matter and form, and Albert and Thomas – both of whom respected Aristotle – wanted to show that Aristotle's writings need not imply pantheism. To do this, they had to dispute David, lest the banning of Aristotle's writings spread outside Paris.

title: David of Dinant


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Oracle Forms

Oracle Forms is a software product for creating screens that interact with an Oracle database. It has an IDE that includes an object navigator, property sheet, and code editor that uses PL/SQL. It was originally developed to run server-side in character-mode terminal sessions. It was ported to other platforms, including Windows, to function in a client–server environment. Later versions were ported to Java where it runs in a Java EE container and can integrate with Java, and web services that can be launched from a URL. Recent versions provide a means to run the forms from a desktop computer without requiring a browser.

The primary focus of Forms is to create data entry systems that access an Oracle database.

How it works
Oracle Forms accesses the Oracle database and generates a screen that presents the data. The source form (*.fmb) is compiled into a platform-specific "executable" (*.fmx), that is run (interpreted) by the forms runtime module. The form is used to view and edit data in database-driven applications. Various GUI elements, such as buttons, menus, scrollbars, and graphics can be placed on the form. Source code may also be placed in library files (*.pll) which are compiled into library executables (*.plx) used at runtime.

The environment supplies built-in record creation, query, and update modes, each with its own default data manipulations. This minimizes the need to program common, and tedious operations, such as creating dynamic SQL, sensing changed fields, and locking rows.

As is normal with event driven interfaces, the software implements event-handling functions called triggers which are automatically invoked at critical steps in the processing of records, the receipt of keyboard strokes, and the receipt of mouse movements. Different triggers may be called before, during, and after each critical step.

Each trigger function is initially a stub, containing a default action or nothing. Programming Oracle Forms therefore generally consists of modifying the contents of these triggers in order to alter the default behavior. Some triggers, if provided by the programmer, replace the default action while others augment it.

As a result of this strategy, it is possible to create a number of default form layouts which possess complete database functionality yet contain no programmer-written code at all.

History
Oracle Forms is sold, and released separately from the Oracle Database. However, major releases of an Oracle database usually result in a new major version of Oracle Forms to support new features in the database.

Interactive Application Facility (IAF)
Oracle Forms started as Interactive Application Facility (IAF), which had two main components: the compiler (Interactive Application Generator - IAG) and the runtime interpreter (Interactive Application Processor - IAP). Released with the first Oracle Database version 2 (there was no version 1), IAF provided a character mode interface to allow users to enter and query data from an Oracle database.

It was renamed to Fast Forms with Oracle Database version 4 and added an additional tool to help generate a default form to edit with IAG, the form editor.

It was renamed a third time to SQL*Forms version 2 along with the Oracle 5 database version.

Forms 2.x
Forms 2.0 included a forms design editor that included a screen painter.

This release was character-based (rather than GUI) so forms were developed and runtime typically in a terminal. The source file was an *.INP ASCII file and was edited using the screen painter, however the file was an ASCII file and editing this file directly in a text editor was a common practice due to the limitations of the form editor.

This version of Forms did not include the PL/SQL language and instead it used its own custom language based on trigger steps. The language was more primitive than the PL/SQL language that was available in SQL*Plus. The limited language was augmented by user exits that compiled language code linked to the binary of the Oracle-provided run-time.

Forms 2.3 was used as the basis for the Oracle Financials accounting package. As a result, 2.3 remained in use long after Forms 3 and 4 became available in order to support customer forms that were created to integrate with Oracle Financials.

Forms 3.x
Oracle Forms 3 was the first version to allow PL/SQL to be used within Forms triggers and procedures/SQL Functions could also be used as an undocumented feature.

Forms 3 was a character mode application and was primarily used in terminals such as Digital VT220 and PCs running Microsoft DOS. It could run under X but did not support any X interface-specific features such as checkboxes, so it was basically a character mode application running in a GUI window.

Although a mouse could be used to click on fields, there were no mouse specific triggers (such as when-mouse-double click) available in this release.

The source file was an *.INP ASCII file. The runtime file was an *.FRM binary file.

The IDE was greatly improved to allow editing of PL/SQL code, and this reduced the common practice of editing the INP source file directly.

Forms 3 automatically generated Forms triggers and code to support some database constraints such as primary keys and foreign keys. Constraints could be defined, but not enforced in the Oracle 6 database at this time, so Oracle used Forms 3 to claim that it supported constraints in its technology stack.

Forms 4.0
Oracle Forms version 4.0 was the first true GUI based version of the product that supported GUI elements such as checkboxes and radio groups in the Forms editor and at runtime.

Although not publicly advertised, a character-based runtime was still available for certain customers on request.

The arrival of Microsoft Windows 3 and competitive products running under Windows forced Oracle to release this GUI version of Forms for commercial reasons. Forms 4.0 accompanied Oracle database version 6 with support for Microsoft Windows and X Windows.

A new IDE was introduced in this version. Each type of object had an editor window that was optimized for it, so the field editor looked quite different to the window editor. These would be abandoned in the next release and replaced with property sheets that were made popular with Visual Basic.

The 4.0 source files were *.FMB for forms, *.PLL for libraries and *.OLB for object libraries the 4.0 runtime files were *.FMX for forms, *.PLX for libraries. *.OLB files were compiled into the FMX.

The Oracle Financials software suite did not use this version of Forms and instead continued to use Forms 2.3.

Forms 4.5
Oracle Forms version 4.5 was really a major release rather than a "point release" of 4.0 despite its ".5" version number. It was named 4.5 in order to meet contractual obligations to support Forms 4 for a period of time for certain clients so it could market 4.5 as being a patch to 4.0, even though a full install was required, rather than upgrading 4.0 to 4.5 with a patch.

This version contained significant functional changes and a brand-new IDE, replacing the IDE that was introduced in 4.0. It added GUI-based triggers, and provided a modern IDE with an object navigator, property sheets and code editor. This design had become popular at the time due to its use by Microsoft Visual Basic.

The development environment has changed very little since this release, so a software developer that is experienced with Forms 4.5 can easily work on any version of Forms up to the latest version.

Forms 5.x
Oracle Forms version 5 accompanied Oracle database version 7.

Forms 6.x
Forms 6 was released with Oracle 8.0 database and was re-released as Forms 6i with Oracle 8i. This version was basically Forms 4.5 with some extra wizards and bug-fixes. It included the facility to run inside a web server. A Forms Server was supplied to solve the problem of adapting Oracle Forms to a three-tier, browser-based delivery, without incurring major changes in its programmatic interface. The complex, highly interactive form interface was provided by a Java applet which communicated directly with the Forms server. However the web version did not work very well over HTTP. A fix from Forms 9i was retrofitted to later versions of 6i to address this.

The naming and numbering system applied to Oracle Forms underwent several changes due to marketing factors, without altering the essential nature of the product. The ability to code in Java, as well as PL/SQL, was added in this period.

Forms 9.x
The version number jumped straight from 6 to 9 in order to keep the number the same as the Oracle database version released at a similar time.

Forms 9i included many bug fixes to 6i and was known as a good stable version. Support was removed for Windows client-server runtime, character-based interfaces and instead the three-tier, web browser-based user interface is the only deployment option. The ability to import java classes means that it can act as a web service client.

Starting with this release the version number of Oracle Forms moving forward would keep in sync with the Oracle database version. As a result, version 8 as skipped, and the version number jumped to 9.

After this release, there were very few product changes made besides keeping the version number in sync with the Oracle database.

Forms 10.x
Forms 10g is actually Forms version 9.0.4, so is merely a rebadged Forms 9i.

Forms 11.x
Forms 11 introduced advancements such as external events, JavaScript support in Release 1, and Access Manager, Real User Experience Interaction (RUEI), and performance monitoring in Release 2. These improvements expanded functionality and interaction capabilities, utilizing Oracle AQ to enable seamless interaction with JMS.

Forms 12.x
Java Web Start allows users to run Oracle Forms applications without having a parent web browser. Although a browser may be used to initially obtain the application's Java Web Start launcher file (.Jalp), the browser is not responsible for hosting the application and can be closed after the application has been started. JWS supports Internet Explorer, Firefox ESR, Chrome, Edge.

Version Summary
(*1) Each version of Oracle Forms can connect to numerous versions of the ORACLE database and is sold and released separately from the ORACLE Database. Oracle Forms is generally forward and backward compatible with the Oracle database - for example: Oracle Forms 9 can connect to at least Oracle 8,9, 10 and 11. The database versions listed here are the primary version that was available at the time of the Form release.

(*2) Oracle products have historically followed their own release-numbering and naming conventions. This changed with Oracle RDBMS 9i release when Oracle Corporation started to standardize Oracle Forms (and Reports and Developer) to use the same major version number as the database. This explains the jump in Oracle Forms versions from 6i to 9i (there was no v7 or v8)

Integration with Oracle Designer CASE Tool
Oracle Designer is a Computer aided software engineering (CASE) tool that was sold by Oracle. It was able to generate various software modules including Oracle Forms and Oracle Reports. The last release of Oracle Designer was in 2010 and it has since been discontinued.

Current status
Whilst Oracle's preferred approach for new development is its Java based Oracle Application Development Framework or Oracle Application Express, Oracle's development tools statement of direction is quite clear in its commitment to continuing to support Oracle Forms and continue to develop and enhance it in the following areas:

 * Making the upgrade to the web and to new releases as smooth as possible
 * Allowing Forms and Reports applications to take full advantage of the application server services and inter-operate with Java EE applications.

However, starting from January 2023, in line with the Oracle Lifetime Support Policy, Premier Support for Fusion Middleware 12c (including Oracle Forms 12c) will end in December 2026 (with Extended Support following, ending in December 2027). An alternative to Oracle Application Development Framework is also Oracle Application Express. One of the advantages of Oracle Application Express is that it is more closely related to Forms as it also relies heavily on PL/SQL.

title: Oracle Forms