text:
Talk:Catechism

Sanskrit etymology?
Is there any reason to keep this fanciful Sanskrit etymology, especially unsourced? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.250.93.152 (talk) 13:32, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
The "improved definition" says the same thing as the old definition, in denser language. It is not an improvement. I've merged the two versions, to stop the competing reverts. I should point out to the anonymous editor, however, that Catechetics is not actually the act of instruction itself, but the science of instruction. Mkmcconn — 16:27, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Unverified claims about Catholic teaching
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (see below) is the catechism that is most widespread use among Catholics today. It is the official Catechism of the Church. (No sources, but it's true!)

For Catholics obedient to the Pope of Rome (are you a catholic otherwise?), all the canonical books of the Bible (including the six books which do not appear in the Hebrew canon), plus the current Catechism of the Catholic Church or an approved compendium, constitute the complete and best resource for fully attaining to God's revelation to mankind. (This is clearly NOT roman catholic teaching; when the CC only accepts three on each other depending sources for understanding of the revelation: The Holy Scripture, The Sacred Tradition and the Magisterum (which is defined in the catechism as: "Bishops, with priests as co-workers... are authentic teachers, of the apostolic faith, endowed with the authority of Christ." pagph. 888) (So this is not the same thing as a catechism!)

Catholics believe that Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are expressed by the Catechism (Not the catechism! "The Magisterium": the communion of the bishops togheter with the people) of the Catholic Church are both necessary for attaining to the fullest understanding of all of God's revelation. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.67.174.43 (talk) 22:00, 23 December 2006 (UTC).

NPOV, unencyclopedic, where do I begin?
The section on the Catechism of the Catholic Church is overlong, filled with non-neutral POV and purple prose, and overall is unencyclopedic. Just a few excerpts that I find somewhere on the scale of "questionable" to "ridiculous":

 * "a work of remarkable organization and breadth, containing articles of elegant reasoning and historical insight"
 * "may construct any lesson needed for the time-tested Socratic Method of posing and answering questions, or for other methods, with complete confidence in the fidelity of the answers"
 * "It also functions admirably for individual study as well"
 * "avoiding any mistaken comparisons to simplified Q&A teaching aids"
 * "the serious catechist quickly realizes that this teaching tool accomplishes its ideal suitability to task through its definitive subject index, intelligent frontmatter tables, strict absence of redundancy, exhaustive footnoting"
 * "writing style that fulfills a seemingly impossible balance between concise definition and transparently readable clarity"
 * "Catechists find that it functions admirably both for individual or group reference and as an on-the-spot teaching aid"
 * "Such an excellently made map to its subject is it, that facility with its contents easily constitutes facility with definitive Catholic teaching"
 * "Its excellence of execution can stand as a best practices model for the 21st century scholar's art"
 * "its' excellent subject index elegantly provides the functionality of a Question and Answer format but with a far greater degree of flexibility"
 * "Because of the excellent index, teachers can easily reference The Catechism of the Catholic Church for answering questions 'on the fly' with the highest confidence in its fidelity to the subject matter"

Let's set aside the sheer frequency of the word "excellent" in a passage that praises "strict absence of redundancy" for now... I've got no problem if the author is a fan of the Catechism, but this does not fit "a best practices model for the 21st century scholar's art." --Kuronekoyama 04:14, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree with you whole-heartedly on this matter and made the appropriate edits along with adding a bit of content. When I have more time I will try to enrich this section. -- A.Augustinus

 * Seconded, and added POV-section before ever seeing the debate here. --Neurophyre(talk) 08:14, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I took a stab at cleaning up the section, but left the POV tag as a pointer to this discussion. --Neurophyre(talk) 08:27, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Catechism of the Catholic Church is addressed to the laity
Fidei depositum does not say that the Catechism is not for the laity. The Apostolic constitution is addressed to all the People of God. It says that the Catechism is presented to the whole Church. This Apostolic constitution appears at the front of the Catechism (Runwiththewind 22:19, 17 July 2007 (UTC))

The Evangelical Free Church Catechism
Can anyone expand/add information about this this entry? I believe this took place in 1898 and was the 'bringing' together of the non-conformist faiths with representations from the Congregationalists, Baptists, Wesleyan Methodists, Primitive Methodists, the Methodist New Connexion, United Methodist Free Church, Presbyterians, and Bible Christians. MBorrill (talk) 06:45, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Doctrinal Catechism
I noticed an older 19th century catechism called the Doctrinal Catechism, which was commonly quoted in Catholic-Protestant polemics in times past, and which is still quoted by a few contemporary authors. It is perhaps notable and would maybe deserve to be included in this page or in a related stub article. ADM (talk) 07:46, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Citation needed for revision of the Westminster Shorter Catechism
I don't have a problem with the use of the "revision of the Westminster Shorter Catechism" as an illustration of the catechetical format of question & answer, but I believe a citation is needed -- especially since the answer to Question #2 is in direct contradiction to the original answer, which is:

"The Word of God, which is contained in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, is the only rule to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy Him."

Evan Donovan (talk) 19:39, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

"Penny Catechism" typo?
Should issued through the century read the centuries?Autarch (talk) 20:42, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Popular catechisms were Luther's idea
It doesn't come across in the article that the 1566 Roman Catholic catechism for everyone was one of the suggestions for church reform made by Luther in his early years, and was a part of the counter-reformation. Probably the one that affected the man in the street most, as he intended.86.42.215.188 (talk) 20:59, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

i.e. to indoctrinate
much I agree with the statement, even an atheist heathen like myself might consider the leap from "sound down" to "indoctrinate" a little POV.

Also, looking back to see when it was added (i.e. whether is was a recent perhaps vandalistic addition) I saw it's been there since... http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catechism&diff=prev&oldid=281047915

April 1. 2009. I think we've been had guys... 88.109.52.217 (talk) 23:06, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Ignorantia sacerdotum be merged into Catechism, under Catholic catechisms. I think that the content in the Ignorantia sacerdotum article can easily be explained in the context of catechisms, and the catechisms article is of a reasonable size in which the merging of Ignorantia sacerdotum will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. JanetteDoe (talk) 20:42, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree... that sounds like a reasonable idea. The alternative might be to merge the Ignorantia sacerdotum article into the John Peckham article, intead. I'll leave it for others, more expert than I, to decide :-) TheAMmollusc (talk) 13:15, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Non-Christian catechisms
This entire section is bullcrap.

No citations, and the Zodiacal catechism quoted is from page 176 of Alice A. Bailey's book "A treatise on the seven rays: Esoteric astrology."

Bailey's work was dictated to her by her spirit guide D.K., a.k.a the Tibetan; she never claimed any physical-world material sources. Hence, utter bullcrap by encyclopedic standards.

I'm not deleting it yet because some of what is stated might be worthwhile info if sourced. Bustter (talk) 23:47, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Get where you're coming from. Do you have a suggested replacement drafted or are you suggesting that whole bit goes? Stalwart 111  03:40, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Vedas
The Vedas have historically been taught to progeny and passed along generations through sound, much before they were written down. I guess I'm going for the literal interpretation of 'catechism' here, when I ask if they should be included in the non-christian catechisms, or, given the staggering history, even discussed in greater detail.

While one argument against considering them as catechisms could be the lack of question answer formats - (the Bhagvad Gita notwithstanding): wouldn't any spiritual corpus play advocatus deus AND advocatus diablo in pondering over and clarifying these matters? How does it matter if done in an active voice or a passive voice? Moreover, any text that deals with philosophically heavy topics surely can't be limited to short and snappy answers. Where do we draw the line between short answers and short questions that make for conversational back-and-forth, and between 'long' answers that may as well be sermons? 220.224.246.97 (talk) 09:18, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I would guess the simple answer is that we draw the line at what we can verify with reliable sources. As in, it doesn't matter what our interpretation might be, only what is available in reliable sources. I think to be included we would probably need a source (or two) that refers to the texts as a "catechism", at least a "catechism of sorts" or something like that. Our interpretation of the texts wouldn't really matter if multiple reliable sources say something like, "these are considered a form of catechism by some" because we would simply include it on that basis - "some believe the Vedas texts to be a form of Catechism because...cite"

 * Beyond interpretation, on the matter of length or depth of coverage, the texts have already been given extensive coverage at their own article (which seems well sourced) so the need for an extensive section in this article probably isn't there, only because we can main template that article from this one anyway. If there is some context around whether or not it is a catechism and who interprets it that way and why, etc, then that would likely be what is covered here - the part that directly relates to the subject of the article. Does that make sense? Stalwart 111  09:50, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

Catholic Catechism links
Several of the links leading from the Catholic catechisms to their online texts lead to a verifiably anti-Catholic (and personal) website. It would perhaps be ideal if alternative, neutral links to the texts of these catechisms be used instead, or at the very least if a page from a Catholic site were to be used. IMHO it's better than the current links we have now. 24.185.252.161 (talk) 20:53, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

Specifically the links for the Douay Catechism and the Catechism of Christian Doctrine. 24.185.252.161 (talk) 20:57, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ Inappropriate links have been removed. Stalwart 111  23:29, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

Eastern Orthodox Catechism
Consideration for an Eastern Orthodoxy section with at least citations referring to The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church (e.g. http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm), would be helpful to improve the article.

Dr.khatmando (talk) 01:50, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Catechism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steven Jones

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Steven Jones.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Reads like a school paper on cold fusion; we have better at cold fusion. UninvitedCompany 16:26, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - nothing that isn't covered better in cold fusion. - Tεx τ urε 17:41, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inappropriate for the title, reads like a school paper. Average Earthman 20:03, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 20:18, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inappropriate for title. Looks like it mostly falls under "original research" and is presenting the article author's opinions on cold fusion. Dpbsmith 22:37, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Might be a copyvio, too. There's credit given to another author at the bottom of the page.  Besides, who in heck would type in "Steven Jones" when looking for an article about cold fusion?  Besides Steven Jones, that is. - Lucky 6.9 23:03, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Clonorchis sinensis

Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile. It was discovered by British physician James McConnell at the Medical College Hospital in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1874. The first description was given by Thomas Spencer Cobbold, who named it Distoma sinense. The fluke passes its lifecycle in three different hosts, namely freshwater snail as first intermediate hosts, freshwater fish as second intermediate host, and mammals as definitive hosts.

Endemic to Asia and Russia, C. sinensis is the most prevalent human fluke in Asia and third-most in the world. It is still actively transmitted in Korea, China, Vietnam, and Russia. Most infections (about 85%) occur in China. The infection, called clonorchiasis, generally appears as jaundice, indigestion, biliary inflammation, bile duct obstruction, and even liver cirrhosis, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic carcinoma.

As a major causative agent of bile duct cancer, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified C. sinensis as a group 1 biological carcinogen in 2009.

Discovery
The symptoms of C. sinensis infection (clonorchiasis) have been known from ancient times in China. The earliest record is from corpses buried in 278 BC at Jiangling County of Hubei Province and the Warring States tomb of the western Han Dynasty. The parasite was discovered only in 1874, though, by James McConnell, a professor of pathology and resident physician at the Medical College Hospital in Calcutta. He recovered the fluke from a 20-year-old Chinese carpenter who died on 8 September 1874. On autopsy, he observed that the corpse had a swollen liver (hepatomegaly) and distended bile ducts, which he noted were blocked by "small, dark, vermicular-looking bodies." He recovered the vermicules (worms) and compared them with known flukes Fasciola hepatica and Distoma lanceolatum. He concluded that the new fluke was significantly different. He published his observations in the 21 August 1875 issue of The Lancet.

The formal scientific description was published in 1875 by Thomas Spencer Cobbold, who named it Distoma sinense. In 1876, Rudolf Leuckart named it Distomum spithulatum. Kenso Ishisaka recorded the first case of clonorchiasis in Japan in 1877. McConnell identified another infection in a Chinese cook from Hong Kong in 1878. Erwin von Baelz reported the presence of similar flukes from an autopsy of a Japanese patient at Tokyo University in 1883. He recorded two different forms, naming the smaller, more pathogenic form as Distoma hepatis endemicum sive perniciosum, and the larger, less pathogenic form as D.h.e.s. innocuum. Isao Ijima correctly redescribed them as the same species, but still wrongly renamed it Distoma endemicum in 1886. When a new genus Opisthorchis was created by Émile Blanchard in 1895, Cobbold's species name D. sinense was moved to the new genus because of close similarities with the other members. Further analyses by Arthur Looss, though, showed significant differences from the general features of Opisthorchis, particularly on the highly branched testes. He created a new genus Clonorchis (from Greek klon meaning "twig/branch", orkhis meaning "testis") in 1907. Similar to Baelz, he differentiated the larger species as Clonorchis sinensis, which is mostly found in China, and the smaller species as C. endemicum, found mostly in Japan. In 1912, Harujiro Kobayashi corrected the classification that the differences in sizes were due to the nature of the host and intensity of infection, and had nothing to do with the biology. Hence, he supported only C. sinensis. Kobayashi was also the first to discover fish as the second intermediate host in 1911. Masatomo Muto discovered snails as the first intermediate host in 1918.

Description
An adult C. sinensis is a flattened (dorsoventrally) and leaf-shaped fluke. The body is slightly elongated and slender, measuring 15–20 mm in length and 3–4 mm in width. It narrows at the anterior region into a small opening called the oral sucker, which act as the mouth. From the mouth, two tubes called caeca run the length of body. They are the digestive and excretory tracts. The posterior end is broad and blunt. A poorly developed ventral sucker lies behind the oral sucker, at about one-fourth of the body length from the anterior end. A common genital pore opens just in front of it. As a hermaphrodite, it has both male and female reproductive organs. A single rounded ovary is at the centre of the body, and two testes are towards the posterior end. The uterus from the ovary, and seminal ducts from the testes, meet and open at the genital pore. The testes are highly branched. Other highly branched organs called vitellaria (or vitelline glands) are distributed on either side of the body.

The eggs are similar to those of other related flukes such as Opisthorchis viverrini and O. felineus, and are often confused during diagnosis. They small and oval in shape, measuring about 30 x 15 μm in diameter. They are sharply curved and with a clear convex operculum towards the narrower end. At the broader end is a stem-shaped knob. The miracidium can be seen inside the fertilised egg.

Production of eggs
The eggs of a C. sinensis are released through the biliary tract, and excreted out along with the faeces. The eggs are embryonated and contain the larvae called miracidia. Unlike most other flukes in which the miracidia undergo development and swim in water to infect suitable host, the eggs of C. sinensis are simply deposited in water. The eggs are then eaten by snails.

First intermediate host
Freshwater snail Parafossarulus manchouricus often serves as a first intermediate host for C. sinensis in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Other snail hosts include Alocinma longicornis Bithynia longicornis, Bithynia fuchsiana, Bithynia misella, Parafossarulus anomalospiralis, Melanoides tuberculata, Semisulcospira cancellata, Koreoleptoxis amurensis, Semisulcospira libertina, and Assiminea lutea in China; and Melanoides tuberculata in Vietnam.

Once inside of the snail body, the embryonic membrane is dissolved by the snail's digestive enzymes, so the miracidium hatches from the egg. The ciliated miracidium can move about, penetrating the intestine, and enters the haemocoel and digestive gland. Here, it undergoes metamorphosis into a sporocyst. The sporocyst gives rise to small larvae called rediae. The rediae burst out from the sporocyst to become the next-stage larvae called cercaria. This system of asexual reproduction allows for an exponential multiplication of cercaria individuals from one miracidium. This aids the fluke in reproduction, because it enables the miracidium to capitalize on one-chance occasion of passively being eaten by a snail before the egg dies. The mature cercariae bore out of the snail body into the freshwater environment. However, they are nonfeeding and must find a fish host within 2–3 days, otherwise they die.

The cercariae of C. sinensis are different from those of other flukes in that they do not swim. Instead, they initially hang upside down in the water, and then sink to the bottom. They rise to the water surface to resume their initial position, and the movement is repeated again. They attack fish when they feel any disturbance.

Second intermediate host
When they detect fish, they attach themselves on the scales using their suckers. Boring their way into the fish's body, they penetrate into the fish muscle within 6 to 13 minutes. Within an hour of penetration, they develop hard coverings called cysts and become metacercariae. This protective cyst is useful when the fish muscle is consumed. The metacercariae gradually develop and become infective to their next hosts after 3 to 4 weeks.

The common second intermediate hosts are freshwater fish such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), goldfish (Carassius auratus), Pseudorasbora parva, Abbottina rivularis, Hemiculter spp., Opsariichthys spp., Rhodeus spp., Sarcocheilichthys spp., Zacco platypus, Nipponocypris temminckii, and pond smelt (Hypomesus olidus). In China, 102 species of fish and four species of shrimp are known to be the intermediate hosts. In Korea, 40 species of freshwater fish are recorded as hosts. Seven species of fish are known as hosts in Russia.

Definitive host
Humans are the major definitive hosts. Infection occurs when raw or undercooked fish contaminated with the metacercariae is eaten. The cysts of the metacercariae are gradually digested by the human gastric acids, and upon reaching the small intestines, the entire cyst is lost. The free metacercariae penetrate the intestinal mucosa and enter the bile ducts. Migration into the bile ducts takes 1–2 days. They start feeding on the bile secreted from the liver, and gradually grow. They become adults in about a month, and start laying eggs. The average lifespan of an adult fluke is 30 years. An individual fluke can produce 4,000 eggs in a day.

Other definitive hosts are fish-eating mammals such as dogs, cats, rats, pigs, badgers, weasels, camels, and buffaloes.

Prevalence
C. sinensis is estimated to be the third-most prevalent worm parasite in the world. It is endemic to Russia, Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam. In Asia it is the most prevalent human trematode, with over 15 million people estimated to be infected and 200 million people at constant risk of infection. China has the highest incidence with about 13 million infections, accounting for 85% of the total cases. Infection rates are generally higher in men, fishermen, farmers, businessmen, and catering staff. The infection is more serious in adults aged 40–60 and the elderly. More cases occur in low- or middle-class countries, increasing the disease burden and creating economic problems. Clonorchiasis causes 275,370 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) globally. The calculated economic burden for treating clonorchiasis-related ailments in the Guangdong Province of China alone was $200 million by 2010.

The type of freshwater fishes and shrimp that are infected by C. sinensis contributes to the prevalence of infection. Commonly eaten fishes (e.g. C. idellus, C. auratus, H. nobilis, C. carpio, H. molitrix, and M. anguillicaudatus) were found to have the metacercariae when sampled from lakes, rivers, and markets. In total, almost 31 types of freshwater fish and shrimp were found to carry the parasite.

Effects on human health
Dwelling in the bile ducts, C. sinensis induces an inflammatory reaction, epithelial hyperplasia, and sometimes even cholangiocarcinoma, the incidence of which is raised in fluke-infested areas.

One adverse effect of Clonorchis spp. is the possibility for the adult metacercaria to consume all bile created in the liver, which would inhibit the host human from digesting food, especially fats. Another possibility is obstruction of the bile duct by the parasite or its eggs, leading to biliary obstruction and cholangitis (specifically oriental cholangitis).

Unusual cases of liver abscesses due to clonorchiasis have been reported. Liver abscesses may be seen even without dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts.

Symptoms
While normally asymptomatic, most pathological manifestations result from inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts. The acute phase consists of abdominal pain with associated nausea and diarrhea. Long-standing infections consist of fatigue, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and jaundice. The pathology of long-standing infections consist of bile stasis, obstruction, bacterial infections, inflammation, periductal fibrosis, and hyperplasia. Development of cholangiocarcinoma is progressive.

Diagnosis and treatment
Infection is detected mainly on identification of eggs by microscopic demonstration in faeces or in duodenal aspirate, but other sophisticated methods have been developed, such as ELISA, which has become the most important clinical technique. Diagnosis by detecting DNAs from eggs in faeces are also developed using PCR, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, which are highly sensitive and specific.

Typical imaging features center around imaging of the liver with CT, ultrasound, or MRI for detection of primary biliary cirrhosis. Traits that raise suspicion for the infection include intra- and extrahepatic dilatation and structures with intraductal pigmented stones, usually in the absence of gallstones and with regions of segmental liver atrophy, particularly the lateral aspect of the left hepatic lobe. Also, reduced arborization of peripheral ducts is seen. A full 5% of chronic infections go on to develop cholangiocarcinoma.

Drugs used to treat infestation include triclabendazole, praziquantel, bithionol, albendazole, levamisole, and mebendazole. However, benzimidazoles are very weak as a vermicide. As with other trematodes, praziquantel is the drug of choice. Lately, tribendimidine has been acknowledged as an effective and safe drug.

Genetics
C. sinensis has 28 pairs of chromosomes (2n=56) in a cell. The chromosome pairs are groups in two: 8 large group and 20 small group. Structural variations are seen between those from different countries. The draft genome sequence was published in 2011. The total genome size is estimated to be 580 MB, and the GC content was calculated as about 43.85%. About 16,000 genes are predicted, out of which 13,634 genes have been identified.

title: Clonorchis sinensis


text:
Talk:Humvee

"Hummer H0" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Hummer H0. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 September 15 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 07:58, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Independent suspension, safety, M151
I am kind of surprised that there is nothing about the safety factor. My understanding is that the primary concern that dictated the ultimate layout of the HMMWV was decreasing vehicle fatalities in the US military, which were some ridiculous number like 25% of all casualties in the ETO during WW2, especially jeep accidents. This was one of the primary reasons the military determined to go to all independently-sprung vehicles after WW2, in spite of the common consensus among off-road enthusiasts that solid axles are far stronger and generally more capable off road (for a given level of strength). The M151 was their first attempt at an IS jeep-type vehicle, but it was a failure because of the deDion axles, which could cause loss of control, and the fact that the vehicle was still short, narrow and tall. This is why they went the totally extreme opposite direction with the HMMWV, making it all IS, and incredibly wide, long and as low slung as possible. This is why you have a vehicle that takes up as much room as a 2.5 ton truck, but still only carries 4 personnel, why they sunk the frame right down so the troops are separated by the transmission and driveshaft. They decided they were sick of troops rolling their jeeps constantly, so they made the next vehicle impossible to roll over no matter how recklessly it was driven by unsupervised young males in a combat zone. They say "the lower center of gravity and wide stance increase stability offroad", but that's just to put a better shine on the relatively enormous bulk and weight being NOT as good offroad as a smaller, lighter vehicle. So concern with traffic fatalities basically dictated the form of the vehicle we now call the Humvee, yet this doesn't even mention anything about it. While I'm here, yes, the HMMWV is obviously a truck more than a car. There are not cut and dried, perfectly defined categories, but the general mode of construction, the utilitarian employment, all lead most people to think "truck" before they think "car". In fact, it's neither or it's both. It's a utility vehicle. A Sport-Utility Vehicle minus the Sport. A generally truck-based people carrier intended to have more offroad and cargo carrying ability than a car, and for more personnel carrying capability than a truck. I also agree that this article should be called "High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle". No other military equipment pages are titled after the colloquial slang name for the equipment.

Idumea47b (talk) 05:45, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

Produced/service dates don't match
Produced says 1984, service says 1983. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 16:18, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

in Belgorod Oblast
News-like https://www.mk.ru/politics/2023/05/23/poyavilos-video-unichtozhennoy-v-belgorodskoy-oblasti-tekhniki-ukrainskikh-diversantov.html with small video. Halfcookie (talk) 17:57, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Should use the proper name
This article should be “HMMWV” and Humvee should redirect here.

It’s inappropriate to have the real name redirect to a slang term 2601:1C2:5000:8CC7:51EB:250F:3C8:87C2 (talk) 22:57, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has rules for article titles, such as WP:COMMONNAME. An Official name may not be the most appropriate name. -Fnlayson (talk) 02:44, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Humvee


text:
Spanker

Spanker can refer to:

 * One who administers a spanking
 * Spanker (horse), a famous 18th-century thoroughbred race horse
 * Spanker, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * SS-17 Spanker, the NATO reporting name for the MR-UR-100 Sotka intercontinental ballistic missile
 * Spanker (sail), a sail.

title: Spanker


text:
Iron Mountain

Iron Mountain may refer to:

Czech Republic
Ranges
 * Iron Mountains (Czech Republic) / Železné hory, a mountain ridge in Chrudim District in the middle of Czech Republic

United States
Communities
 * Iron Mountain, Michigan, a city
 * Iron Mountain, Missouri, a community and historic mining area in St. Francois County
 * Farthing, Wyoming, also known as Iron Mountain
 * Iron Mountains (California)
 * Camp Iron Mountain California

Mines
 * Iron Mountain Mine, a toxic mine and Superfund site near Redding, California
 * Iron Mountain District, a series of magnetite and hematite deposits in southwestern Utah

Summits
 * Iron Mountain (Los Angeles County), California
 * Iron Mountain (Madera County, California)
 * Iron Mountain (Napa County, California)
 * Iron Mountain (Sangre de Cristo Range), southern Colorado
 * Iron Mountain (Never Summer Mountains), northern Colorado
 * Iron Mountain (Florida)
 * Iron Mountain (Idaho)
 * Iron Mountain (Oregon)
 * Iron Mountain (South Dakota)
 * Iron Mountain (Utah)
 * Iron Mountain (Jefferson County, Washington), Olympic Mountains
 * Iron Mountain (Pierce County, Washington), Mount Rainier National Park

Ranges
 * Iron Mountains, a sub-range of the Appalachian Mountains in Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina
 * Iron Mountains (California), in the Mojave Desert

Other uses

 * Iron Mountain (company), specializing in records management
 * Iron Mountain (riverboat), a Mississippi riverboat
 * The Report from Iron Mountain, an alleged hoax on think tanks and war planning
 * Pine Mountain Jump, site of the Iron Mountain leg of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup

title: Iron Mountain


text:
Jane Swinnerton

Jane Swinnerton (born 7 May 1954) is a former British field hockey player who won over 100 caps for England between 1977 and 1987. Swinnerton tied for the most goals scored in the 1991/92 season. She played most of her career with Sutton Coldfield Hockey Club. Arguably the greatest highlight of her club career was part of the Sutton Coldfield team that won the European championships in Vught, Holland in 1992. She was selected for two Olympic squads '80 & '84 but never made it as political reasons meant certain teams were not allowed to travel in those years.

She has a long spell as England Ladies Manager, until she retired from that in 1997 for the birth of her first son Callum.

In 2010, Swinnerton was invited to take part in a Legends match prior to the national hockey championship. This was a 'Wembley Legends' match for all ex England ladies players to celebrate the times they had playing on the grass at the old Wembley.

She played her last Hockey at Cannock, where she helped win promotion to the National League. She worked as a PE teacher in the south Staffordshire school "Cannock Chase High School" until 2012, when she retired.

title: Jane Swinnerton


text:
Mac Cuilinn

MacCuillinn or Mac Cuillann is an Irish surname. The name is the patronymic form of a personal name derived from cuileann (translation from Irish Gaelic: holly). The name has become Anglicised as MacCullen & McCullen, and MacQuillan & McQuillan. The name appears in Irish mythology. The family are thought to have been Celtic Kings between the 5th and 12th century.

Saint Macculind (or Macallan, MacCuilinn, Macculin Dus, Maculinus; died c. 497) was an early Irish saint who was abbot or bishop of Lusk.

title: Mac Cuilinn


text:
Iron River

Iron River may refer to:

Communities

 * Iron River Township, Michigan, United States
 * Iron River, Michigan, a city in the township
 * Iron River, Wisconsin, United States, a town
 * Iron River (CDP), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community and census-designated place within the town
 * Iron River, Alberta, Canada, a hamlet

Waterways in the United States

 * Iron River (Iron County, Michigan)
 * Iron River (Marquette County, Michigan)

title: Iron River


text:
Josip Jelačić

Count Josip Jelačić von Bužim (16 October 1801 – 20 May 1859; also spelled Jellachich, Jellačić or Jellasics; Josip grof Jelačić Bužimski; Jelasics József) was a Croatian lieutenant field marshal in the Imperial Austrian Army and politician. He was the Ban of Croatia between 23 March 1848 and 19 April 1859. He was a member of the House of Jelačić and a noted army general, remembered for his military campaigns during the Revolutions of 1848 and for his abolition of serfdom in Croatia.

Early life and military
The son of Croatian Baron Franjo Jelačić Bužimski (or in other documents, Franz Freiherr Jelačić von Bužim) (1746–1810), a Feldmarschall-Leutnant (Lieutenant Field Marshal), and his wife, Baroness Anna Portner von Höflein, the honorific Bužimski refers to Bužim, a location in the Cazin region, that was used by the Jelačić family.

Jelačić was born in the town of Petrovaradin which was a part of the Slavonian Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy and today it is part of Vojvodina, Serbia. Josip Jelačić was educated in Vienna at the Theresian Military Academy, where he received a versatile education, showing particular interest in history and foreign languages. He was fluent in all South-Slavic languages, as well as German, Italian, French, and Hungarian. On the 11th of March 1819 Jelačić joined the Austrian army with the rank of lieutenant in the Vinko Freiherr von Knežević Regiment, named for his uncle.

In 1819, he served as a second lieutenant in the 3rd Cavalry Regiment in Galicia. In 1822, he fell ill and stayed in his parents' house in Zagreb. In 1825 he returned to his regiment in Vienna, where he was appointed first lieutenant and aide to the brigade commander. In 1830, he became a lieutenant captain in the Ogulin regiment.

On 17 October 1835, he led a military campaign against Bosnian Ottoman troops in Velika Kladuša for which he received a medal. He was promoted to major on 20 February 1837 in the Freiherr von Gollner regiment. In May 1841 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel in the 1st Croatian Frontier Guard Regiment in Glina, Croatia. On October 18, he was promoted to colonel.

On 22 March 1848, Jelačić was promoted to major-general, and simultaneously the Sabor (the National Assembly of Croatia) elected him as Ban of Croatia. The Sabor also declared that the first elections or representatives to the assembly would be held in May 1848. Shortly after, he was promoted to lieutenant field-marshal, becoming the commander of all Habsburg troops in Croatia.

During this time, Jelačić was a proponent of the Illyrian movement.

Hungarian Revolution of 1848

Jelačić supported independence for Croatia from the Austrian throne. However, in pursuit of this goal Jelačić sought to support this goal by ingratiating himself with the Austrian throne by actively supporting Austrian interests in putting down revolutionary movements in northern Italy in 1848 and in actively opposing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849. Consequently, Jelačić's reputation differs in Austria where he was looked upon as a rebel seeking to break up the Austrian Empire, while in Croatia he is deemed a national hero.

He travelled to Vienna to take oaths to become counsel of Austrian Emperor, Ferdinand I, but refused to take the oath as Ban of Croatia, because it was a Hungarian dependent territory. The relations between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian government deteriorated after the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution on 15 March 1848. But Jelačić later took the oath as Ban of Croatia on 5 June 1848. Because of the absence of Juraj Haulik, the Catholic Archbishop of Zagreb, he took the oath before the Josif Rajačić, the Orthodox Archbishop of Karlovci and Serbian Patriarch.

Jelačić, now Ban, supported the Croatian aim to maintain autonomy from the Kingdom of Hungary. Jelačić proceeded to sever all official ties of Croatia from Hungary. The Austrian Imperial Court initially opposed this act as one of disobedience and separatism, declaring him to be a rebel and the Sabor to be illegitimate. But the court soon realized Jelačić and his Croatian army were an ally against the newly formed Batthyány Government. Travelling back to Zagreb in April, Jelačić refused to cede to this new government, refused any cooperation, and called for elections to the Sabor on 25 March 1848.

Croatian Parliament, the Sabor
The Sabor – now acting as the National Assembly – declared the following demands to the Habsburg emperor:

 * 1) The union of all Croatian provinces (Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom, Istria and Dalmatia).
 * 2) Separation from the Kingdom of Hungary.
 * 3) Abolition of serfdom.
 * 4) Full civil rights.
 * 5) Affirmation of the equality of nations.

Many of his points about civil rights were part of the Hungarian twelve points, and were already enacted by the Batthyány Government.

The Sabor strongly opposed the "massive nationalist Magyarization politics of the Kingdom of Hungary from the Carpathians to Adria, which the newly formed government represents, especially Lajos Kossuth."

On 8 April Jelačić took his oath as ban and was appointed a field-marshal-lieutenant and made commander of the Military Frontier. On 19 April 1848 Jelačić proclaimed the union of Croatian provinces, and the separation from the Kingdom of Hungary. At the same time, he proclaimed unconditional loyalty to the Habsburg monarchy. The Croatian Constitution of 24 April 1848 declared "languages of all ethnicities should be inviolable".

On serfdom, it was apparent that changing the status of the Croatian peasantry would have to wait until the end of the revolution. Jelačić kept up the institution of the Military Frontier so he could draft more soldiers. The people in the region protested to this, but Ban Jelačić quashed the dissent by summary courts martial and by executing many dissenters.

In May, Jelačić established the Bansko Vijeće ("Ban Council"). Its scope of authority covered ministerial tasks including Internal Affairs, Justice, Schools and Education, Religion, Finance, and Defense, so this council was acting as a governing body in Croatia. The new Sabor was summoned on 5 June.

Intermediary discussions
The Austrian emperor called Jelačić to Innsbruck, to which the Imperial Court had fled, and the Emperor there told him that the Croatian and Slavonian troops in the Italian provinces wanted to join forces with those in Croatia, but that this would weaken the forces in Italy. So Jelačić called on all troops stationed in the Italian provinces to remain calm and to stay put.

The Austrian court did not grant the separation of Croatia from Hungary. During his travels back to Zagreb, Jelačić read in the Lienz railway station that on 10 June the Emperor had relieved him of all his positions. But Jelačić was still loyal to the Emperor, and kept relations with the Imperial Court, especially with Archduchess Sophia, the mother of Franz Joseph I of Austria.

Immediately after arriving at Zagreb, Jelačić got the order to join the discussions with the Hungarian government in Vienna. During these, Jelačić stated that his position was derived from the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, while Lajos Batthyány called him "a separatist" seeking to break away from the Habsburg Monarchy. Jelačić called this a "rebellion". Batthyány warned Jelačić that this could mean war. Jelačić stopped the discussions, saying that "civil war is the worst that could happen" – but that he "would not be intimidated by this, however shocking it might be to hear". Negotiations were closed with Batthyány saying "see you (on the river) Drava" and with Jelačić responding "say rather on the Danube."

Jelačić returned to Croatia. Hungarian troops had gathered on the border and hostile proclamations were made against him.

War against the Kingdom of Hungary
In August, Jelačić proclaimed a decree for the Croatians, where he denied accusations of separating Croatia in the name of Panslavism. In the decree he said "Being a son of the [Croatian] nation, being the supporter of liberty, and being subject to Austria, I am faithfully committed to the constitutional Emperor of the Empire and its Kings, and I long for a great, free Austria"

His closing words were:

"The Hungarian Government, as it is evident, would not like to agree on this; they insist on their separatist moves, which means they struggle to dismantle our Empire. It is the command of our duty and honour to go till the ultimate and to call for arms against them. And we, not sparing our wealth, blood and life, will stand for our rightful demands and sacred deeds."

Jelačić felt disorder growing in the Austrian Empire, and decided on immediate action. On 11 September at Varaždin he crossed the River Drava. His fighting force was limited, due to many of his soldiers fighting in Northern Italy.

Jelačić occupied Međimurje (Muraköz), which was mostly Croatian. The two forces were poorly armed because of the rapid engagement. Materiel was not well organised, so the advance into Hungarian territory was difficult. Supplies were taken from the local population.

The enthusiasm of the Croatian troops grew when at Siófok the Ban received a letter from Ferdinand I cancelling the decree removing him from all positions, also promoting him to be general commander of all troops in Hungary.

During his march toward Pest and Buda (now conjoined as the towns of Budapest), Jelačić got a message from Archduke Stephen, situated in Veszprém, to inform him of the decision of the Emperor that Lajos Batthyány was approved to set up a new government, and calling him to stop the troops, and to discuss further actions at his office. Jelačić replied he could not stop his army then, but was prepared for discussions with the archduke at the port of Balatonszemes. The meeting did not take place. According to Austrian sources, advisors to Jelačić persuaded him not to attend, because of a threat of assassination by agents of the Hungarian Government. After this fiasco, Palatine Stephen resigned and left Hungary, under the Emperor's orders.

Battle of Pákozd

Jelačić's army occupied Székesfehérvár on 26 September 1848. The same day the Emperor appointed lieutenant-general Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg as general commanding all troops in Hungary, but this was annulled by the Hungarian Parliament. Lajos Kossuth called the Hungarians for resistance, and the Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány (National Homeguarding Committee) was given the power of execution. Lamberg, trying to take over the command of the Hungarian troops was identified and killed.

Jelačić advanced onward, reached Lake Velence on 29 September, where he met Hungarian troops. After the first strikes, lieutenant-general János Móga withdrew to north to Sukoró. Jelačić demanded Móga stand against the rebels, and "get back to the road of honour and duty", but Móga refused, and his army attacked Jelačić between his position and Pákozd.

After his defeat at the Battle of Pákozd, on 30 September Jelačić asked for a three-day ceasefire; he wanted to use these days to wait for Roth's army. He assessed the greater numbers of the Hungarian troops and the poor armaments and tiredness of his own troops. On 1 October the supply routes to Croatia were cut by rebels, so he advanced toward Vienna. On 3 October Móga was pursuing after Jelačić, but did not want to make an attack.

On 4 October, Ferdinand I of Austria reappointed Jelačić as the general commander of all troops in Hungary, and dissolved the Hungarian Diet.

Vienna Revolt
Austrian Minister of War Theodor Baillet von Latour called the guards in Vienna to join the troops of Jelačić, but this caused an uprising in Vienna on 6 October in which Latour was killed.

On 7 October Hungarian General Mór Perczel defeated the armies of General Roth and Josip Filipović, and took them prisoner. The Hungarian Parliament annulled the Emperor's decree of October 4.

Jelačić moved onward to Vienna to join the troops around the city. Under Lieutenant-General Kuzman Todorović, he organised a body of 14,000 soldiers to move south to Styria to protect Croatia.

The Viennese revolution committee called for aid from the Hungarian Government. On 10 October at Laaer Berg near Vienna, Jelačić joined Austrian troops led by Auersperg, and the army was strengthened with troops from Bratislava, a regiment of Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn and Franz Joseph I of Austria's regiment. Jelačić's forces were soon under Field Marshal Windisch-Grätz. On 21 October, seeing trouble ahead, Móga stopped at the Austrian border, and the revolution in Vienna was suppressed. Jelačić's forces were fighting in the Landstrasse, Erdberg and Weissgerber suburbs.

The winter campaign of Windisch-Grätz

On 21 October – too late – Lajos Kossuth ordered Móga to turn back to Vienna, they met forces of Jelačić at Schwechat on 30 October. A day of artillery fighting broke out, and Jelačić initiated a counterattack in the evening. Led by General Karl von Zeisberg, the attack pushed back the Hungarian forces and defeated them. After this defeat, Móga stepped down as general commander, and Kossuth nominated general Artúr Görgey in his place.

On 2 December 1848 Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated, and Franz Joseph I of Austria was installed as Emperor. On 13 December Windisch-Grätz crossed the Hungarian border. On 16 December, Jelačić also crossed the border and defeated Hungarian troops at Parndorf, later occupying Mosonmagyaróvár and Győr. Being informed that Mór Perczel was stationed at Mór, Jelačić made a detour toward this city and defeated the Hungarian troops there, taking into custody 23 officers and 2,000 honvéd. With this battle, Pest-Buda became vulnerable, so the Hungarian government fled to Debrecen. Görgey could resist the march of Jelačić at Tétény for some time, but on 5 January Windisch-Grätz, together with Jelačić occupied Pest-Buda.

Later military campaigns
After the occupation of Pest and Buda the larger campaigns were over. Windisch-Grätz declared a military dictatorship, caught the Hungarian leader Lajos Batthyány and asked for surrender. He moved to Debrecen but was stopped by Perczel at Szolnok and Abony. Kossuth nominated Henryk Dembiński to replace Artúr Görgey, and started a strategic counterattack but was defeated near Kápolna.

Windisch-Grätz ordered Jelačić to quick march to Jászfényszaru. On 4 April Klapka attacked him but at Tápióbicske the bayonets of Jelačić pushed them back. On 5 March Damjanich reoccupied Szolnok. Jelačić now got a new order to turn from Jászfényszaru and head to Gödöllő. On 4 April Jelačić met János Damjanich at Tápióbicske and was defeated. On 6 April Windisch-Grätz and Jelačić, were defeated in the Battle of Isaszeg and retreated.

After the defeat, Windisch-Grätz was relieved of general command, and was replaced by General Welden and later Julius Jacob von Haynau. Jelačić was ordered to gather the scattered troops in southern Hungary and to organise an army. This consisted of 15,800 infantry, 5,100 cavalry and 74 cannon, and moved to Osijek immediately. During his march south, Jelačić had to suppress rebellions, especially in Pécs. After a series of wrong decisions, Jelačić's army could not join up with the Emperor's, so it was put to defensive fights.

Battles in Slavonia
In May, 1849 Jelačić moved from Osijek to Vukovar, Ilok, Sremski Karlovci, Tovarnik and Irig. He set up base at Ruma.

He was in a bad situation, as the Austrians were calling for the help of Russian Empire to suppress the Hungarians and the support from Vienna dissolved. Jelačić was lacking proper materiel, and many of his troops died of cholera.

The Serbian troops, led by Kuzman Todorović, had to surrender strategic points to the Honvédség (Hungarian Army). The Hungarians occupied and fortified Petrovaradin, where the troops received supplies because the population supported the Hungarian revolution. In April, Mór Perczel occupied Srbobran and broke up the encirclement of Petrovaradin, defeated Todorović so he could occupy Pančevo and finally, together with Józef Bem, occupied Temes County (now Timiș County, Romania).

Jelačić, cut off from all supplies, fortified his armies for defence and fought small battles in Slavonia. The supplies from the Austrian Empire were stuck at Stari Slankamen. In June he decided to break out and advance to Sombor – Dunaföldvár. During his march, on 6 June, Perczel attacked him near Kać and Žabalj. He defeated Perczel, and marched forward, but could not occupy Novi Sad.

On 24 June he successfully occupied Óbecse, but was retaken by Hungarians on 28th. This way Jelačić could not dislodge the Hungarian forces from Bačka. On 6 July Richard Guyon drove out the Croatian troops at Mali Iđoš. On 14 July Hungarians took control over Feketić and Lovćenac, defeating Jelačić in the Battle of Hegyes and forcing him to retreat. This was the last battle in the region.

After Timișoara fell, Jelačić joined Haynau's troops, and after the end of the revolution, he travelled to Vienna to take part in discussions of reorganising Croatia, Slavonia and the frontier regions.

After the Revolution
When peace was restored, Jelačić returned to Croatia where he was treated as national hero, the saviour of the homeland.

After the war the Empire's new constitution stripped the local authorities in Hungary of their political power, but this punishment also affected Croatia despite its assistance to the imperial cause during the revolution. Nevertheless, Jelačić implemented the new Constitution (published 4 March 1849), and proceeded to outlaw various newspapers that published anti-Austrian opinions. In 1851, when Baron Alexander von Bach came to power in the Kingdom of Hungary, Jelačić worked under him and made no objections to the Germanization of Croatia. He remained in office until his death.

Death and legacy
Jelačić died on 20 May 1859 in Zagreb, after an illness. He is buried in Zaprešić, in a grave near his castle.

In his time and shortly after, Jelačić was a fairly unpopular figure among the Croatian political elite, including Ante Starčević and others, and especially among the people who suffered losses due to his military campaigns and had little benefit from his economic measures.

Today, Jelačić is considered an important and admirable figure in Croatian history, alongside Ante Starčević, and Stjepan Radić, the Croatian political leader until 1928. The central square of the city of Zagreb was named Ban Jelačić Square in 1848, and a statue of him by Anton Dominik Fernkorn was erected in the square in 1866, removed under Communist rule in 1947, and reinstalled in 1990, after the fall of Communism.

In 2020, the home in which Jelačić was born was returned to the Croatian minority to be used as a cultural centre after being purchased by the Serbian government. It was officially opened on the 219th anniversary of Jelačić's birth in a ceremony attended by the President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić and Croatia's Minister of Foreign Affairs Gordan Grlić Radman.

The patriotic song "Ustani bane" (Rise, Ban) was written to glorify Jelačić.

In Hungary, he is a very unpopular historical figure. He is often referred to as "Jelasics the coward," who "runs back to Vienna with his army beaten", quote from Sándor Petőfi's poem A vén zászlótartó.

Jelačić's portrait was depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 20 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2001.

In 2008, a total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Josip Jelačić, making him the fourth most common person eponym of streets in the country.

Marriage and issue
In 1850, in Napajedla, he married young Countess Sophie von Stockau (1834-1877), daughter of Count Georg Adolf von Stockau (1806-1865) and his wife, Countess Franziska von Fünfkirchen (1801-1870). Her father was an illegitimate son of Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and her lover, Count Maximilian von Lerchenfeld-Köfering-Schönberg (1772-1809), which made him related to almost all European reigning families. Josip and Sophie had one daughter:
 * Countess Anna Josipa Franziska Seraphina Jelačić of Bužim (20 December 1854 - 09 September 1855); died of cholera

After becoming a widow, Sophie married on 16 May 1863 Count Adolf Dubsky von Trzebomislitz (1833-1911). Together, they had one daughter, Countess Maria Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (1864-1926).

Titles and honours

 * Granted the title of Count, 24 April 1854 (as Jelačić von Bužim)

Orders and decorations
• Austrian Empire:

• * Commander of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1849

• * Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold

• * Military Merit Cross

•  Duchy of Parma: Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George

•  Kingdom of Hanover: Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1849

•  Holy See: Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great

•  Kingdom of Saxony:

• * Commander of the Order of Merit, 2nd Class, 1845

• * Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Henry, 1849

•  Russian Empire:

• * Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky

• * Knight of St. Vladimir, 1st Class

• * Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class

• * Knight of the White Eagle

title: Josip Jelačić


text:
Function problem

In computational complexity theory, a function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem. For function problems, the output is not simply 'yes' or 'no'.

Formal definition
A functional problem $$P$$ is defined by a relation $$R$$ over strings of an arbitrary alphabet $$\Sigma$$:

 * $$R \subseteq \Sigma^* \times \Sigma^*.$$

An algorithm solves $$P$$ if for every input $$x$$ such that there exists a $$y$$ satisfying $$(x, y) \in R$$, the algorithm produces one such $$y$$, and if there are no such $$y$$, it rejects.

A promise function problem is allowed to do anything (thus may not terminate) if no such $$y$$ exists.

Examples
A well-known function problem is given by the Functional Boolean Satisfiability Problem, FSAT for short. The problem, which is closely related to the SAT decision problem, can be formulated as follows:

 * Given a boolean formula $$\varphi$$ with variables $$x_1, \ldots, x_n$$, find an assignment $$x_i \rightarrow \{ \text{TRUE}, \text{FALSE} \}$$ such that $$\varphi$$ evaluates to $$\text{TRUE}$$ or decide that no such assignment exists.

In this case the relation $$R$$ is given by tuples of suitably encoded boolean formulas and satisfying assignments. While a SAT algorithm, fed with a formula $$\varphi$$, only needs to return "unsatisfiable" or "satisfiable", an FSAT algorithm needs to return some satisfying assignment in the latter case.

Other notable examples include the travelling salesman problem, which asks for the route taken by the salesman, and the integer factorization problem, which asks for the list of factors.

Relationship to other complexity classes
Consider an arbitrary decision problem $$L$$ in the class NP. By the definition of NP, each problem instance $$x$$ that is answered 'yes' has a polynomial-size certificate $$y$$ which serves as a proof for the 'yes' answer. Thus, the set of these tuples $$(x,y)$$ forms a relation, representing the function problem "given $$x$$ in $$L$$, find a certificate $$y$$ for $$x$$". This function problem is called the function variant of $$L$$; it belongs to the class FNP.

FNP can be thought of as the function class analogue of NP, in that solutions of FNP problems can be efficiently (i.e., in polynomial time in terms of the length of the input) verified, but not necessarily efficiently found. In contrast, the class FP, which can be thought of as the function class analogue of P, consists of function problems whose solutions can be found in polynomial time.

Self-reducibility
Observe that the problem FSAT introduced above can be solved using only polynomially many calls to a subroutine which decides the SAT problem: An algorithm can first ask whether the formula $$\varphi$$ is satisfiable. After that the algorithm can fix variable $$x_1$$ to TRUE and ask again. If the resulting formula is still satisfiable the algorithm keeps $$x_1$$ fixed to TRUE and continues to fix $$x_2$$, otherwise it decides that $$x_1$$ has to be FALSE and continues. Thus, FSAT is solvable in polynomial time using an oracle deciding SAT. In general, a problem in NP is called self-reducible if its function variant can be solved in polynomial time using an oracle deciding the original problem. Every NP-complete problem is self-reducible. It is conjectured that the integer factorization problem is not self-reducible, because deciding whether an integer is prime is in P (easy), while the integer factorization problem is believed to be hard for a classical computer. There are several (slightly different) notions of self-reducibility.

Reductions and complete problems
Function problems can be reduced much like decision problems: Given function problems $$\Pi_R$$ and $$\Pi_S$$ we say that $$\Pi_R$$ reduces to $$\Pi_S$$ if there exists polynomially-time computable functions $$f$$ and $$g$$ such that for all instances $$x$$ of $$R$$ and possible solutions $$y$$ of $$S$$, it holds that

 * If $$x$$ has an $$R$$-solution, then $$f(x)$$ has an $$S$$-solution.
 * $$(f(x), y) \in S \implies (x, g(x,y)) \in R.$$

It is therefore possible to define FNP-complete problems analogous to the NP-complete problem:

A problem $$\Pi_R$$ is FNP-complete if every problem in FNP can be reduced to $$\Pi_R$$. The complexity class of FNP-complete problems is denoted by FNP-C or FNPC. Hence the problem FSAT is also an FNP-complete problem, and it holds that $$\mathbf{P} = \mathbf{NP}$$ if and only if $$\mathbf{FP} = \mathbf{FNP}$$.

Total function problems
The relation $$R(x, y)$$ used to define function problems has the drawback of being incomplete: Not every input $$x$$ has a counterpart $$y$$ such that $$(x, y) \in R$$. Therefore the question of computability of proofs is not separated from the question of their existence. To overcome this problem it is convenient to consider the restriction of function problems to total relations yielding the class TFNP as a subclass of FNP. This class contains problems such as the computation of pure Nash equilibria in certain strategic games where a solution is guaranteed to exist. In addition, if TFNP contains any FNP-complete problem it follows that $$\mathbf{NP} = \textbf{co-NP}$$.

title: Function problem


text:
Talk:Leonel Fernández

(Text from duplicate article Leonel Fernandez)

NPOV?
This article reads like it was written by the criminal Fernandez himself. How about some NPOV? 66.108.210.88 02:52, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Leonel Fernandez has been elected twice as the President of the Dominican Republic once in 1996 and again in 2004.

In 1996, Fernandez won a narrow victory as the candidate of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), over Jose Francisco Pena Gomez of the leftwing Revolutionary Democratic Party(PRD) affiliated to the Socialist International by 1.5%. He succeeded incumbent president President Joaquin Balaguer of the PRSC a Christian Democratic Party.

During his term, Fernandez' political agenda was one of economic and judicial reform. He helped enhance Dominican participation in hemispheric affairs, such as the Organization of American States and the follow up to the Miami Summit. During Fernadez's first term, the Dominican Republic enjoyed an average growth rate of seven per cent.

He was succeeded by Hipólito Mejía, the Revolutionary Democratic Party candidate who became President in 2000. During Mejía's term, the Dominican Republic suffered an economic slump with price rises, job losses and the collapse of one of the country's biggest banks leadong to the intervention of the International Monetary Fund. Fernandez stood against Mejia promising to stabilise the economy and won a convincing victory in elections held on May 16, 2004 with polls predicting that he would win 54 per cent of the vote as opposed to Mejía's vote of 36 per cent.

Links

 * News Story

Fernandez did it again
For the May 16th 2008 general presidential elections. Early ballot reports of 25% of the voting reports that Fernandez wins with a 54% over the 41% of the 2nd place candidate Miguel Vargas Maldonado.

This means:

EdwinCasadoBaez (talk) 04:33, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * A Second straight term 2004-2012
 * Three terms overall. 1996-2000, 2004-2012

BLP issues
The following paragraph is unsourced and editorial in tone: "Many argue that his tight focus on technological development is often at the expense of basic needs such as food, health, and education and judicial reforms. Perhaps Fernández's biggest issue during both terms in office is his inability to resolve the country's chronic energy problems, as well as his unwillingness to contend with governmental clientelism and corruption. His position as legal counsel for the failed Banco Intercontinental during its spectacular collapse suggests his possible participation in the bank's alleged government influence peddling."

In particular the suggestion of corruption is not acceptable in a biography.

I will raise this issue as well as WP:BLPN. I prefer not to make any edits myself due to a possible conflict of interest, and so merely raise the issue for the community to resolve.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 13:54, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The language is unacceptable. The cited source just above it, however, does allude to some of the issues raised in the paragraph, including corruption, but if we wanted to cite to that piece again, we'd still have to substantially reword it. One problem with the source is, although it's reliable, it's more an opinion piece than anything else, so we'd have to tread carefully given the BLP issues. For the moment, I'm going to remove the paragraph. If someone wants to discuss rewriting it, they can raise that here.--Bbb23 (talk) 15:17, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I added some External links both for themselves and to provide some additional sources of reference. I believe the Foundation link is worth keeping, even though it's in Spanish. Google translate is in general use, and most articles I've seen in which the topic is about someone in a non-English language county include major sources even if they're only in the local language. I believe there's a template used to denote the language, but I can't remember what it is. Something with "icon" I think. Searching for "language icon" worked and I added them. 99.50.191.169 (talk) 19:42, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

 * You found one of the templates (thanks) - there are others. I don't know about the Google translate part, but I decided to leave it in because WP:NONENGEL sort of permits it, although it's strangely worded.--Bbb23 (talk) 19:50, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Corruption
Nothing is said about this issue, which is pivotal, as Fernandez and his administration are constantly accused of corruption. I started a subsection on this, with sources. Is it incompatible with WP policies? --Artery Stenosis (talk) 02:12, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Corruption? Are you asserting this person is corrupt? In my opinion using such low quality externals as these diff - [http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias_det.php?id=265537&l=1 diff, - if you feel there is something controversial and noteworthy for inclusion please present high quality support as possible, thanks - Off2riorob (talk) 02:21, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * In addition, two things I alluded to in my edit summary. First, the assertions themselves were misleading because the cited sources involve commentary from specific people, not generalized accusations as if it's fact and assumed by everyone. Here's the reverted text:"Accusations of political corruption have plagued Fernández's terms since 1996. It's been noted that it's corruption and the social exclusion of most Dominicans which keeps the country at its knees."

 * That doesn't even conform to the sources. Second, we are not going to give it the weight of its own section. It unduly emphasizes the material. It needs rewording and balance and should be integrated into the article IF it's worth inclusion at all.--Bbb23 (talk) 03:58, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Oh God. I don't even know why I keep making the same mistake: entering this game only to argue and argue with Bob from Idaho and John from Timbuktu, 'til they are pleased. Maybe next week, or next month. --Artery Stenosis (talk) 23:02, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know why you do it, either.--Bbb23 (talk) 23:48, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Mmm... touched a nerve, didn't I? Anyway, how many people are necessary to converge a "generalized accusation", since you mention it as if it's a prerequisite? And the information *did* conform to the sources. Do not mislead us. --Artery Stenosis (talk) 00:08, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

No honorary degree from Harvard
Mr. Fernandez is not on any of Harvard's published lists of honorary degree recipients. There is no public record of him ever receiving this degree. Shouldn't there be some burden of proof for claims of honors and degrees awarded other than the recipient's say so?
 * Yes, there should be sources for all of the awards, etc. I've removed the entire section as only ONE entry was sourced, and it was unreliably sourced (a blog and an organization Fernandez himself belongs to).--Bbb23 (talk) 18:55, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Leonel Fernández


text:
FP (complexity)

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class FP is the set of function problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time. It is the function problem version of the decision problem class P. Roughly speaking, it is the class of functions that can be efficiently computed on classical computers without randomization.

The difference between FP and P is that problems in P have one-bit, yes/no answers, while problems in FP can have any output that can be computed in polynomial time. For example, adding two numbers is an FP problem, while determining if their sum is odd is in P.

Polynomial-time function problems are fundamental in defining polynomial-time reductions, which are used in turn to define the class of NP-complete problems.

Formal definition
FP is formally defined as follows:

 * A binary relation $$P(x,y)$$ is in FP if and only if there is a deterministic polynomial time algorithm that, given $$x$$, either finds some $$y$$ such that $$P(x,y)$$ holds, or signals that no such $$y$$ exists.

Related complexity classes

 * FNP is the set of binary relations for which there is a polynomial time algorithm that, given x and y, checks whether P(x,y) holds. Just as P and FP are closely related, NP is closely related to FNP. FP = FNP if and only if P = NP.
 * Because a machine that uses logarithmic space has at most polynomially many configurations, FL, the set of function problems which can be calculated in logspace, is contained in FP. It is not known whether FL = FP; this is analogous to the problem of determining whether the decision classes P and L are equal.

title: FP (complexity)


text:
Western tradition

Western tradition can refer to:

 * Western culture
 * Western mystery tradition
 * The Western Tradition, a 1989 television series of lectures by Eugen Weber
 * American Tradition Partnership, a political organization also known as Western Tradition Partnership
 * Western Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Attorney General of Montana, a United States Supreme Court case regarding campaign finance

title: Western tradition


text:
FNP (complexity)

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class FNP is the function problem extension of the decision problem class NP. The name is somewhat of a misnomer, since technically it is a class of binary relations, not functions, as the following formal definition explains:

 * A binary relation P(x,y), where y is at most polynomially longer than x, is in FNP if and only if there is a deterministic polynomial time algorithm that can determine whether P(x,y) holds given both x and y.

This definition does not involve nondeterminism and is analogous to the verifier definition of NP.

There is an NP language directly corresponding to every FNP relation, sometimes called the decision problem induced by or corresponding to said FNP relation. It is the language formed by taking all the x for which P(x,y) holds given some y; however, there may be more than one FNP relation for a particular decision problem.

Many problems in NP, including many NP-complete problems, ask whether a particular object exists, such as a satisfying assignment, a graph coloring, or a clique of a certain size. The FNP versions of these problems ask not only if it exists but what its value is if it does. This means that the FNP version of every NP-complete problem is NP-hard. Bellare and Goldwasser showed in 1994 using some standard assumptions that there exist problems in NP such that their FNP versions are not self-reducible, implying that they are harder than their corresponding decision problem.

For each P(x,y) in FNP, the search problem associated with P(x,y) is: given x, find a y such that P(x,y) holds, or state that no such y exists. The search problem for every relation in FNP can be solved in polynomial time if and only if P = NP. This result is usually stated as "FP = FNP if and only if P = NP"; however, for this statement to be true, it is necessary to redefine FP and FNP so that the members of FP and FNP are not relations, but are instead search problems associated with relations.

Reductions
Let P1 and P2 be two problems in FNP, with associated verification algorithms A1, A2. A reduction P1 and P2 is defined as two efficiently-computable functions, f and g, such that

 * f maps inputs x to P1 to inputs f(x) to P2 ;
 * g maps outputs y to P2 to outputs g(y) to P1 ;
 * For all x and y: if A2(f(x),y) returns true, then A1(x, g(y)) returns true;
 * For all x: if A2(f(x),y) returns false for all y, then A1(x, g(y)) returns false for all y.

Related complexity classes

 * FP is the set of binary relations for which there is a polynomial time algorithm that, given x, finds some y for which P(x,y) holds. The relation between FNP and FP is analogous to the relation between NP and P.
 * TFNP is a subset of FNP: it contains those relations in FNP for which, for every x, there exists at least one y for which P(x,y) holds.

title: FNP (complexity)


text:
Talk:International adoption of South Korean children

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2019 and 28 February 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): K9fine.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Other countries
I am a Korean adoptee living in the United States. I find this page very intersting and helpful. I would like to know what the "other countries" are that are on the list. I am wondering if Portugal, Greece, and Austria are some of the unnamed countries. I am pleasantly surprised to see: India, Paraguay, Turkey, and Tunisia on the list. In defending this article, I want to say to the person below that is wondering why "Korean adoptees" and not Nigerian or whatever, it is because Korean adoptees are among the more prevalent nationalities that have been adopted around the world. Nigerian adoptees are relatively new. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.65.109.102 (talk) 18:21, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

I am the creator of http://www.geocities.com/sunny_jo888/kadfacts.html where the content of the article was taken from.

Sunny Jo midnight.sun@canada.com sunny_jo888@yahoo.com

creator of external pages
I am also the creator/author of http://www.geocities.com/kadnation/kadnation.html

Sunny Jo

No longer copyvio
Having communicated with Sunny Jo and verified that she is the author of and of the article, I've replaced the copyvio message with the original, non-copyvio text. I've also listed it on Cleanup. --Diberri | Talk 18:52, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)

This should probably be merged with Korean adoptee. Saforrest 16:23, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Guarantee a steady supply?
It seems terribly cynical to say that adoption agencies set up their systems to guarantee a steady supply of healthy children. Isn't it more accurate to say that the adoption agencies created a system to care for children whose parents can't care for them?

I say this because the agency that runs its own hospital ESWS (, in Seoul) also runs homes for sick and mentally challenged children. They also care for sick children. Most of the money adoptive parents pay goes toward this care.

If no one objects, I will work to make this article more neutral. Danlovejoy 21:26, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

-

Well, whether or not it is 'cynical' to point out some of the things which have happened in the history of Korean adoption, I leave up to the reader to decide. This entry was written from the POV of Korean adoptees, and many of us can testify that adoption agencies have NOT always behaved in a way which could be classified as 'care for children whose parents can't care for them!' In fact, some of us can prove that the adoption agencies have NOT acted in our best interests, but instead have been feeding into their own overriding agendas and for their own profit. I do not deny that some agencies also do some worthy welfare work, like running hospitals etc, but this does not mean that everything the agencies have done through the 50 yrs of Korean adoption, has been ethical, hence the reason for pointing out the financial interests which has come as a result of the 'industrialization' of international adoption from Korea. As an adult adoptee, I believe that WE, the adoptees, 'own' our own history and are entitled to tell it from our own POV, instead of conflicting agendas interfering with how it is being portrayed. I therefore do NOT believe that anyone else is entitled to appropriate (a.k.a. KADpropriate) our history by changing it to fit their own image.

Wikipedia moderator, how do I protect this page from being KADpropriated and edited by someone else than the ones history actually belongs to (adult adoptees)????

NPOV
History belongs to everyone, so the Wikipedia is a place for a "Neutral point of view (NPOV)." Quoting from the NPOV article:

According to Wikipedia founder Jimbo Wales, NPOV is "absolute and non-negotiable".

You are free to share your point of view on your own site, as you have done. Wikipedia is deliberately NPOV, telling all sides of the story. You can't dictate who can or can't edit a story - that is contrary to the spirit of the Wikipedia project. If you don't wish to have your work edited on Wikipedia, then you should not have released it to Wikipedia.

I don't know how to rescind permission, but it's probably possible to do so. But I would discourage that, because the article is excellent and 95% NPOV anyway. I just moderated the language a little bit. See what you think. Danlovejoy 21:59, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move against merging this with Korean adoptee
The two articles, International adoption of South Korean children and Korean adoptee need non-overlapping work, but I believe the two articles should be kept separate. International adoption is a historical process with social and economic impacts. The article should describe the historical process and break down periods (if any) and assess social and economic background. Then the article should refer the reader to the Korean adoptee article, which can talk about nationalism in South Korea, identities, and other delicate POV work.

Arguably, it's a lot easier to make the International Adoption article NPOV than making the Korean adoptee article NPOV. Keep the two articles separate. --Yonghokim 23:37, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I defer to your preference and will remove the complementary {merge} tag on Korean adoptee. I hope that you and other editors knowledgeable in the field can pursue the edits you suggest. Cheers, -Willmcw 10:01, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

This page should be VFd - wikipedia is not a soapbox
I've never seen such a mistake of a page before. The whole article praises the adoption of south korean children as if it was the best thing that ever happened to South Korea. What's the point of that. Wikipedia is not a soapbox The only thing it doesn't claim is that the adoption of south korean children cures cancer, but we're getting there soon. The article has no relevance whatsoever - why a page about adopting south korean children in particular? Why praise it in the first place? Why would adopting south korean children be better than adopting say, nigerian or polish children? I'll request a VFd if it's not made more NPOV or relevant soon. Adidas 08:43, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with someone cleaning up the page, but I don't think it's nearly as bad as you think, Adidas. It's ironic that it's so offensive to you, because the original author is a KAD and quite skeptical of the process.
 * Why a page about adopting South Korean children? Because many, many children are adopted from South Korea every year. One could say that there is an "Adoption industry" in South Korea.
 * Very few, if any children are adopted form Nigeria or Poland. Korean adoptees, their parents, and natural (birth) parents all face a particular set of challenges that are unique to Korea. But there are so many of us that our shared experience is rather common. This justifies an article, I think. Perhaps a much better article, but an article nonetheless. Danlovejoy 12:16, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Dan, thanks for your reply. I'd say the original article is not making it clear at all that there is a set of specific challenges unique to Korea. Or to be more accurate, it may well be listing some of those, but does not effectively highlight that those issues are specific to Korean children.
 * If there indeed an 'Adoption industry' in Korea, then surely not everyone thinks that it's the best thing since sliced bread like the article suggests. I'll give you an example: in the Philippines they have an OFW program (overseas filipino worker). I didn't check the wiki, but say there was no page documenting it, I would first have to think Are overseas worker programs unique to the Philippines? If so, then in what way? Or was it implemented in such a way that makes it stand out?
 * Finally, I could write the article as such: "The Filipino OFW is the best thing ever, because it brings millions of much needed cash to an impoverished country". Problem is, while yes it does bring millions in cash, and the country does need it, that doesn't make it the best thing since sliced bread either. Because most of those workers end up as near-slaves in Dubai, for example. And when they aren't slaves, they are most of the time underpaid and treated unfairly compared to the rest of the general population. Yet, no one can contest the program does bring cash to the country, and has a myriad of other advantages - see my point?
 * Now let's put that in context of the article in question. It states (without even trying to specify that this is, in fact, POV:
 * "Korean adoptees bring in needed hard currency for Korea — roughly $15 to $20 million a year": this number is tiny and has no impart on the south korean economy. Check out the CIA factbook for their GNP.
 * "They relieve the government of the costs of caring for the children, which could be a drain on the budget": again, the strain is minimum if existent
 * "And they help with population control, an obsession of the Korean government": i don't think that the small minority of abandonned children that eventually get adopted has any impact on pop control, again I could/should get some numbers but you get my point.
 * Also, they solve a difficult social problem: What to do with orphans and abandoned children?: again, in what way is that specific to SKorea? Do they have a scourge of abandonned toddlers roaming the streets? Are they running the risk of being overrun by orphans? It make it sounds like a plague.
 * This situation is quite desperate. Koreans just don't adopt many children, and the abortion rate is relatively low, at least compared to that of Japan. (I think that's a GOOD thing, btw) Regardless, there are lots and lots of orphans that need care. International Adoption is not the best solution for the kiddos, but it's the only workable solution at this point. I have to say I'm very, VERY close to this situation, so my judgment is certainly clouded. Your input is welcome. Danlovejoy 14:29, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Overall, this sounds an awful lot like it was written by someone who almost 'feel bad' about adopting in South Korea, and desperatly tries to find a justification to their actions (whether they need to or not, I don't know). In any case, I don't see how or why this would motivate people to adopt in SKorea, if anything reading the article I felt slighlty disgusted by how the children are viewed as a commodity. Adidas 12:39, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It was written by an adult adoptee who took umbrage at my editing it. As a result, I was very timid and left in some of the commodity language that disgusted you.
 * Over the next few days, I will take a look at this and Adoption and see if I can improve them. Since the situation in S. Korea is indeed unique, I believe this article should stay.
 * Thank you, Adidas, for pointing out problems here, and even more so on the Adoption page. I appreciate your input. Danlovejoy 14:29, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What's with the comparison between Philippines and this article's talk page? Please explain. Zollerriia63 (talk) 07:21, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Criticism from Koreans
I'm not sure I'm the person to write this section, but I this article needs to include the native Korean perspective on the industry. My understanding is that while Koreans are resistant to adoption they are also embarassed that so many of their kids are adopted by foreigners, and South Korea is today the only country with a per-capita income over $10,000 that has more international than domestic adoptions. I'd like to hear some thoughts of others before putting in this section though. ThreeAnswers 20:49, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Praise????
"The whole article praises the adoption of South Korean children as if it was the best thing that ever happened to South Korea."

Forgive me for ROFLMAO, but that is the most hilarious comment I have ever heard! The article has previously been edited because some of the issues mentioned were too cynical! If you read the article as a praise of int'l adoption from Korea, you have totally missed the entire content.

And before claiming that the $$ involved in adoptions are insignificant to S-Korea, take a look at how much (little) this gigantic industrial economy is spending on social welfare.

Korea is unique in the way that it is the only country which in certain years sent out over 1% of its live births. Also, large scale international adoption started in S-Korea, meaning the situation there is important in order to understand international adoption in general (and act as a warning of how a well-meaning program can turn into a horror story of a wealthy country using foreign adoption to solve its own domestic problems, see e.g. research done by P. Selman, or Sarri, Baik and Bombyk).

Sunny Jo

England
England is given as one of the countries in the list, but England is rarely ever counted seperately from either Wales alone, or Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland (the rest of the United Kingdom). --Bearbear 19:05, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

The Statistics come from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, and they listed England, not UK. OTOH, less than 100 children were sent to this part of the world, so whether or not the rest of the UK is included, does not really make a difference in terms of KAD demographics, as opposed to the large receiving countries such as the USA with over 100 000 KADs, or the three Scandinavian countries with 25-30 000 in total.

Sunny Jo

The assumption would be that only English familes adopted the 72 (no Scots, Welsh, or Ulstermen).66.27.215.103 (talk) 04:31, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Buland doesn't exist. Poland- how?
What is Buland? Poland? --84.20.17.84 09:07, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

" *Please revise- what is Buland? South Korea had no diplomatic relations with Communist Poland back then, so how were the 7 adopted?" The text above in quotes were typed into the article. I've removed it and put it here. There does seem to be a mistake. Anyone know where these statistics came from? -=mini=- (talk) 18:22, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

This article

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915782/#R41

quotes this oaks.korean.net now http://eng.korean.net/portal/PortalView.do

which also contains

http://eng.korean.net/download/oaks/06_Statistics.pdf

202.127.210.2 (talk) 09:13, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Agreed with last post. Buland- no such country exists. Maybe it's a result of mispronunciation or clerical error in Korea. Regarding Poland, maybe the South Korean government knew about the 7 North Korean kids and mistakenly included them. Such temporary adoptins occured in other nations of the Iron Curtain. 66.27.215.103 (talk) 18:44, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Abortion
Say something about the status of abortion in South Korea. --84.20.17.84 09:08, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

It has nothing to do with adoption, as adoptees are alive & well.66.27.215.103 (talk) 04:32, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Harry Holt?
Correct me if I'm wrong, but the "Harry Holt" link in the Historical Context section leads to a football player, whom I don't think is the same Harry Holt associated with Holt International Children's Services. Eellee (talk) 23:00, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

You're absolutely right. Harry Holt the football player was born in 1957- 2 years after the Korean War ended. How will this be corrected?66.27.215.103 (talk) 04:35, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

sex ratio?
this could of course be purely due to chance, but all of the Korean adoptees that I have met or know of are female. If this in fact indicates a real gender bias, then shouldn't this be mentioned in the article? 115.128.11.35 (talk) 07:24, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
 * as of 2013-14, 80% of Korean children that reached availability for international adoption were boys.  VT  hawkeye talk to me 16:55, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

Outdated data
Some of the information in this article is severely outdated. For instance, there is a reference to a 1988 article, and cost's of social spending. A lot has happende in a quarter of century.

132.150.8.6 (talk) 10:52, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I flagged the article as outdated. Hopefully that will attract some attention.  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)  22:44, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Revisions I'd recommend
This is honestly a pretty questionable article in general (researched and referenced, but not encyclopedic), but if it's going to be here, things to work on:

 * style is personal essay in places, some soapboxing (from various POVs)
 * prospective adoptive parents have had to travel to Korea since at least 2008, and definitely since 2013 Special Adoption Law court process implementation -- kids landing in the US with an escort and meeting their new parents at the airport is long gone
 * says nothing of the 2013 Special Adoption Law that changed children's birth registration and legal process of adoption drastically
 * hints at hoju/family register system, but doesn't talk about its revocation in 2008 (social aspects may still exist though)
 * gender ratios: as of 2013-14, 80% of children who reached the stage of being permitted for international adoption were boys

I'm not editing because I'm pretty much the opposite of WP:NPOV on this subject, but it needs attention badly.  VT  hawkeye talk to me 16:54, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

Should be merged with Korean Adoptee
I'd highly recommend it since the content is pretty much the same and the Korean Adoptee article is more up to date.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 06:50, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

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Heritage Camp For Adoptive Families
I would like to add a brief blurb about Heritage Camps For Adoptive Families as I noticed there are a few adoptee camps listed but not this one; as an adoptee, I used to attend it every year with my family. It is not exactly historic, but part of Korean adoptees' resources. This is also for a class, so I am new to editing on Wikipedia. I never knew this page for adoption was here, even though I have done some research on my own, so it is really interesting to read over.

Blurb would be something along the lines of:

Heritage Camp For Adoptive Families was founded in 1991. Four years later, HCAF became a nonprofit organization. There are currently nine camps for international adoptees, hosted in Fraser, Estes Park, and Denver, Colorado. Korean Heritage Camp is hosted for four days at Snow Mountain Ranch in Fraser. K9fine (talk) 08:13, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Invisible comments
Hi, the invisible comments on the page, while well-intentioned and thorough, are a bit unusually formatted and maybe excessively precise. If anything, the information can/should be put inside the references themselves where possible, but this is only needed if the explanation is non-obvious. But having every statement precisely located, especially if a source is in English, a link is still alive and it's a short article, or if a page number is given in a book, is a bit much. toobigtokale (talk) 00:43, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Korean Adoption Scandal
Has this been missed out? I can’t see it on this page. https://koreapro.org/2024/02/south-koreas-adoption-scandal-unveils-harrowing-realities/ https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/korea-is-hiding-our-past-the-adoptees-searching-for-their-families-and-the-truth Bigbotnot2 (talk) 20:43, 14 June 2024 (UTC)