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Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead

The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, England. It includes Gateshead, Rowlands Gill, Whickham, Blaydon, Ryton, Felling, Birtley, Pelaw, Dunston and Low Fell. The borough forms part of the Tyneside conurbation, centred on Newcastle upon Tyne. At the 2021 census, the borough had a population of 196,154.

It is bordered by the local authority areas of Newcastle upon Tyne to the north, Northumberland to the west, County Durham to the south, Sunderland to the south-east, and South Tyneside to the east. The council is a member of the North East Combined Authority.

History
The town of Gateshead was an ancient borough, having been granted a charter in 1164 from Hugh Pudsey, the Bishop of Durham. The borough's functions were relatively limited until 1836, when it was made a municipal borough under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Gateshead was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it was made a county borough, independent from the new Durham County Council, whilst remaining part of the geographical county of Durham.

The modern borough of Gateshead was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, as one of five metropolitan boroughs within the new county of Tyne and Wear. The borough covered the whole area of five former districts and part of a sixth, which were all abolished at the same time: Aside from Gateshead, the other districts had all been lower-tier district authorities subordinate to Durham County Council prior to the 1974 reforms.
 * Blaydon Urban District
 * Chester-le-Street Rural District (parishes of Birtley and Lamesley only)
 * Felling Urban District
 * Gateshead County Borough
 * Ryton Urban District
 * Whickham Urban District

From 1974 until 1986 the borough council was a lower-tier district authority, with Tyne and Wear County Council providing county-level services. The county council was abolished in 1986, since when the borough council has provided both district-level and county-level services, as the old county borough of Gateshead had done prior to 1974. Some functions are provided across Tyne and Wear by joint committees with the other districts. The county of Tyne and Wear continues to exist as a ceremonial county for the purposes of lieutenancy, but has had no administrative functions since 1986.

Governance
Since 1986, Gateshead Council has provided both district-level and county-level functions, with some services being provided through joint arrangements with the other Tyne and Wear councils. In 2024 a combined authority was established covering Gateshead, County Durham, Newcastle upon Tyne, North Tyneside, Northumberland, South Tyneside and Sunderland, called the North East Mayoral Combined Authority. It is chaired by the directly elected Mayor of the North East and oversees the delivery of certain strategic functions across the area.

There is one civil parish in the borough at Lamesley, which forms an additional tier of local government for its area; the rest of the borough is unparished. Birtley was also a civil parish with a town council until it was abolished in 2006.

Political control
The council has been under Labour majority control since the modern borough's creation in 1974.

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Gateshead. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2002 have been:

Composition
Following the 2024 election the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in May 2026.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2004 the council has comprised 66 councillors representing 22 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, with a third of the council (one councillor for each ward) elected each time for a four-year term of office.

The wards are:

 * Birtley
 * Blaydon
 * Bridges (Gateshead town centre)
 * Chopwell and Rowlands Gill
 * Chowdene
 * Crawcrook, Greenside and Clara Vale
 * Deckham
 * Dunston and Teams
 * Dunston Hill and Whickham East
 * Felling
 * Heworth
 * High Fell (includes Sheriff Hill)
 * Lamesley
 * Leam Lane Estate
 * Lobley Hill and Bensham
 * Low Fell
 * Pelaw and Heworth
 * Ryton, Crookhill and Stella
 * Saltwell
 * Wardley and Leam Lane
 * Whickham North
 * Whickham South and Sunniside
 * Windy Nook and Whitehills
 * Winlaton and High Spen

Premises
The council is based at the Civic Centre on Regent Street, which was purpose-built for the council and was completed in 1987.

Prior to 1987 the council had been based at the Town Hall on West Street, which had been completed in 1870 for the old Gateshead Borough Council.

Parliamentary constituencies
In national government the borough contains two parliamentary constituencies, Gateshead and Blaydon. The Gateshead constituency covers the centre and east of the borough. The MP, first elected in 2010, is Ian Mearns (Labour). The Blaydon constituency covers the west of the borough and Birtley to the south, and has been represented since 2017 by Liz Twist, also for Labour. The Jarrow constituency takes in the very eastern tip of the borough, including Pelaw. It is represented by Kate Osborne (Labour).

Political conferences
Gateshead has hosted two major political conferences. The first of these was Labour's spring conference, ahead of the 2005 general election. The Conservatives also held a conference at the Sage Gateshead in March 2008. The Conservatives do not have any councillors in Gateshead and at the time only had one MP in the whole of the north east region. That conference was seen as an attempt to connect to voters in the area.

Education
Gateshead has a number of schools across the borough at both primary and secondary level. Results are well above average, with a number of outstanding schools. Gateshead has amongst the best primary and secondary schools in the country overall. A range of schools are present in Gateshead, including Jewish, Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist, and non-religious state schools. There is one independent school in the borough, Chase school in Whickham. Further independent schools can be found in Newcastle, Sunderland, and Tynedale.

Gateshead town itself has a further education college, Gateshead College, and a leading Jewish higher education institution, Beth Midrash Lemoroth — Jewish Teachers Training College.

Environment
Gateshead has a variety of landscapes, urban and industrial areas include the town itself, Whickham and Blaydon in the west, with more semi-rural and rural locations in the west including Ryton and Rowlands Gill. Overall though, it is a fairly green area with over half of the borough being green belt or countryside. Most of this is located away from built up Tyneside to the south of the borough into Derwentside/Chester-le-Street and to the west into Tynedale.

In total, there are over twenty countryside sites in the borough, from ancient meadows and woodland to local nature reserves.

Notable features of Gateshead's countryside include Ryton Willows, found at Old Ryton Village on the banks of the Tyne at Ryton. Ryton Willows is 43 hectares of locally rare grassland and ponds located near to an affluent village with Georgian and Victorian houses. Because of this it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The Derwent Valley, in the south/south west of the borough, offers panoramic views and pleasant walks. It was in the Derwent Valley, near Rowlands Gill, that the Northern Kites Project re-introduced red kites. This was part of a national project to introduce the birds, that were once so commonplace across the country, back into the wild. This scheme has proven to be a success, with birds being spotted across the west of the borough, from Crawcrook to Rowlands Gill itself.

The borough also contains one National Trust site, the expansive Gibside estate near Rowlands Gill, containing a stately home and a chapel, parts of its grounds have also been given SSSI status.

Even in the more urban areas of the borough, in Gateshead itself and to the east, efforts have been made to maintain green spaces and wildlife sites. One such project is Bill Quay Community Farm, east of the borough. Offering a rural experience within an urban setting, it provides an important educational tool for local schools.

Religion
The 2001 census stated that the borough's predominant religion was 80.25% Christian. Other statistics found 10.94% of no religion, 6.94 unstated, 0.82% Jewish and 0.60% Muslim.

The 2011 census, stated that the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead was 67.0% Christian, 0.9% Muslim, 1.5% Jewish, 23.9% were not religious and 5.7% of the population refused to state their religion.

Economy
The area was once dependent on heavy industry such as steel making in the Derwent Valley and coal mining (across the borough). Shipbuilding on the Tyne was also a major source of employment. However, with the decline of these industries, Gateshead has attempted to re-invent itself. Although there are significant areas of deprivation in the borough, particularly in the centre and east, a number of towns and villages in the borough are popular with commuters and professionals who are employed in the service industry and well paid areas of the secondary sector such as engineering (which remains a major source of employment). Such commuter areas include Ryton, Rowlands Gill, Whickham and Low Fell. The borough is host to Tyne Yard, a major rail freight yard serving the North East.

Gateshead Quayside, once dominated by industry, has benefited from significant investment and gentrification in the past decade. It is now home to the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art and the Sage Gateshead.

The area is also an important retail hub, with the largest shopping centre in the European Union, and second largest in Europe as a whole, the MetroCentre, situated adjacent to the A1 trunk road. Further retail, and a significant number of engineering companies are located in the Team Valley Trading Estate, which at one time was the largest industrial estate in Europe.

Arts and culture
Gateshead is home to the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art and the Sage Gateshead. The Anthony Gormley structure, the Angel of the North (the largest free standing sculpture in the United Kingdom) is in Gateshead. This puts Gateshead at the forefront of the arts both regionally and nationally.

The Shipley Art Gallery, housing outstanding collections of contemporary craft, studio ceramics, paintings and decorative art, is managed by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums on behalf of Gateshead Council. Gateshead is a library authority and within its Central Library is a large venue facility called the Caedmon Hall.

Sports
Gateshead has an association football team, Gateshead F.C., who play in the English. They play at the Gateshead International Stadium, which also hosts athletics.

Freedom of the Borough
The following people have received the Freedom of the Borough of Gateshead:

 * Jonathan Edwards: 24 November 2000.
 * Brendan Foster: 20 November 2004.
 * Mike Neville: 12 October 2006.
 * Baroness Quin of Gateshead: 12 October 2006.
 * Lord Burlison of Rowlands Gill : 12 October 2006.
 * Robert Moncur: 22 January 2009.
 * David Almond: 10 February 2011.
 * David Clelland: 10 February 2011.
 * Sir John Hall: 10 February 2011.
 * Professor Paul Younger: 8 November 2011.
 * Sir Antony Gormley: 24 July 2012.
 * Alan J. Smith: 24 July 2012.
 * Stephen Miller: 25 June 2013.
 * Jill Halfpenny: 7 November 2013
 * Lord Puttnam: 26 March 2015.
 * David Olusoga: 4 December 2023.
 * Mick Henry: 4 December 2023.

In addition, freedom was granted to 72 Engineer Regiment on 9 July 2011.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead


text:
Pure Guava

Pure Guava is the third studio album and major label debut by American rock band Ween, released on November 10, 1992, by Elektra Records.

Background
The album features one of Ween's most well-known songs, "Push th' Little Daisies". The song was also released as a single on August Records in 1993, including both the album and radio edit versions of the song (the latter replacing the word "shit" with a sample of Prince squealing from "Alphabet St."), as well as the tracks "Ode to Rene", "I Smoke Some Grass (Really Really High)" and "Mango Woman"; "Puerto Rican Power" replaces "I Smoke Some Grass" on some editions.

Many of the songs on this album come from at least two tapes that the band made for friends, including ones titled Springstuff and The Caprice Classic Tape, as stated by Dean Ween on JJJ radio in 1993.

The song "Big Jilm" was inspired by a car dealer named James A. Lemons, who worked at the dealership owned by Dean Ween's father.

The song "Poop Ship Destroyer" would become a live staple for the band, although the live performances traditionally bear little resemblance to the album version and are instead played as a protracted improvised jam, either to punish or reward an audience.

Reception
AllMusic editor Heather Phares called the album "more polished and concise" than their previous albums The Pod and GodWeenSatan: The Oneness and stated that "Considering Elektra released it, it's just as uncompromising as their previous work, but it hints at just how much further they could go with their music." Bill Wyman in Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+, noting that it was "Very, very weird, but I can't stop playing [it]". Robert Christgau was more negative in his Village Voice consumer guide, finding that the band wrote their "fucked-up" songs "without thinking (and how)". He went on to disparagingly call them "the kind of rec-room gigglefritzes who enjoy a good nigger joke when they're sure their audience is sophisticated enough to enjoy it. And to be perfectly honest, I don't hear one of those here."

Legacy
In 1999, Ned Raggett, writing for the website Freaky Trigger, named Pure Guava the 53rd best album of the '90s, hailing it as "the greatest 'major label debut after an indie career' record of the decade. Not least because it was recorded in the same exact conditions and from the same exact sessions as most of said earlier indie career, so that means that Ween hit the big time with a record compiled from the outtakes that weren't good enough for their previous album, and it's still one of the best records ever made." The same year, German magazine Spex included the album on their list of the 100 best albums of the 20th century. Aphex Twin named it one of his 10 favorite albums of all time (making it one of two Ween albums on the list, the other being The Pod).

Track listing
All tracks written by Ween, except "Flies on My Dick," by Ween and Guy Heller.

Personnel
Ween
 * Dean Ween
 * Gene Ween

Additional musicians
 * Mean Ween (Chris Williams) – second vocal on "Little Birdy"
 * Guy Heller – vocals on "Flies on My Dick"
 * Larry Curtin – backing vocals and whistling solo on "I Saw Gener Cryin' in His Sleep"
 * Scott Lowe – second vocal and whistling solo on "Don't Get 2 Close (2 My Fantasy)"

Technical
 * Dean Ween – producer, engineer
 * Gene Ween – producer, engineer
 * Andrew Weiss – mixing
 * Patricia Frey – digital editing
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Tom Nichols – photography
 * Reiner Design Consultants – design
 * Stephan Said – additional instrumentation

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pure Guava


text:
Talk:Yoneda lemma

Commutative diagram
Is there any was of cleaning up the commutative diagram...unfortunately the AMS CD package doesn't work. One could convert to JPEG I suppose (YUCK)

PLEASE o please could we get rid of "Philosophy" as a title head? When somebody says "My philosophy of the matter is.." I usually expect complete garbage to follow. This is not an attack on Philosophy, quite the contrary, it's an attack on the continual devaluation of Philosophy as a subject of intellectual endeavor. To use it as synonym for vagueness is unfortunate. User:CSTAR

Well, philosophy is no more. It's quite an old article by WP standards, and probably needs work. More about representable functors, eg in homotopy theory, would be handy also.

Charles Matthews 20:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I replaced the original ASCII diagram

D --> Fun(Dop,Set) |         |      |          |     |          |     V          V     C --> Fun(Cop,Set)

with the picture

 * [[Image:YonedaLemma-01.png]]

The original seemed backwards to me the way things were stated. Please let me know if I screwed it up (highly possible, as things like covariant functors into categories of contravariant functors really make my head hurt). -- Fropuff 16:55, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

Comment
Someone should probably say in what way the Yoneda lemma is a "vast generalisation of Cayley's theorem from group theory". Also, might be worth including the enriched-category version of the lemma as well. (hinted at at the bottom, but not stated explicitly) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.226.81.3 (talk • contribs) 02:25, 20 January 2006

 * Indeed. Feel free to make the edits yourself if you are so inclined. We always need more contributors -- Fropuff 05:02, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It amounts to the same, but one can rephrase it as As a special case, when the category has only one object, and its morphisms correspond to the elements of a group, one recovers Cayley's theorem on realising a group as a permutation group.Hillgentleman 12:15, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think there should be a hyperlink to the article Nobuo Yoneda — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.217.60.211 (talk • contribs) 13:41, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Natural functor?
Does the term "natural functor" have any technical significance? (That phrase appears in the description of hom-functors.) If so, I would appreciate it if somebody clarified it (or provided a link). If not, it would probably be better to change the language, since newbies (like me) might be confused from the tendency of "natural" to have a technical meaning in category theory. Thanks, 156.56.153.77 (talk) 04:44, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Proof
I think a bit more rigor is needed for the proof. What happens if C(A,x) is empty? How can we talk about an arrow then? I think the proof should like this: We need to show for each object x of C, the arrow Tau(x) is characterized by u=Tau(A)(idA). The set C(A,x) is either empty or it's not. If it's not empty we proceed as in the article. If it was empty, then the arrow Tau(x) must be the empty function from C(A,x) to F(x), and there's only one such empty function. Hence Tau is characterized by u. Empty hom sets occur a lot so this is not just nit picking Money is tight (talk) 04:30, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

 * That doesn't seem to be an issue. The empty set is an initial object in Set.  166.137.141.197 (talk) 11:53, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Right. That's what I meant when I said "and there's only one such empty function". I just think this should be mentioned in the article and I'm not very good with latex. Money is tight (talk) 13:09, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

fully faithful implies embedding?
In the section about the embedding it is said

 * ..."the functor h– is fully faithful, and therefore gives an embedding of Cop in the category of functors to Set."

I don't see this implication. A fully faithful functor and an embedding are two things, aren't they? It is not hard to prove that the Yoneda functor actually is an embedding, but in my opinion it does neither follow from the lemma nor from the functor being fully faithful. Please comment on this. Quiet photon (talk) 06:56, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

The content and the complexity of this article
I believe this article should be 100% rewritten. First, it is formulated in terms of Set category, which is misleading and narrows the discourse. Second, it contains tons of very vaguely related information.

I believe I could rewrite it so that it would take half a page. But I am not sure what are the mores of this segment of wikipedia; can I? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vlad Patryshev (talk • contribs) 09:13, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It is better to proceed in incremental changes, meaning gradual improvement. Tkuvho (talk) 12:47, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * To help beginners, it may be helpful to elaborate a bit on the analogy with Cayley's theorem. Tkuvho (talk) 12:50, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * One can know what the Yoneda lemma is, and still read this article and find it daunting. Something about the way its written, the way it explains things. The Yoneda lemma is not that hard, in the end, but what's written here makes it sound overwhelmingly complicated. I can't quite put my finger on what the core problem is, so can't actually fix it. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 01:29, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Reference needed
It would be nice to have a reference to Yoneda's original publication. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.166.164.77 (talk) 12:39, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * According to Math StackExchange, the origin of the term is in a lecture Yoneda gave. APerson (talk!) 16:59, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Smallness
There is a problem with smallness. The Yoneda lemma doesn't need the category C to be small, but for the Yoneda embedding to be defined one does need it, as the category of functors C->Set is only really a category if C is small. Bruno321 (talk) 11:24, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Too technical?
Not for the intended readership, I think. I have removed the technical tag. Deltahedron (talk) 18:11, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree w/ removal of the tag; however, let me repeat a comment above (viz it really is too technical, in a certain sense): One can know what the Yoneda lemma is, and still read this article and find it daunting. Something about the way its written, the way it explains things. The Yoneda lemma is not that hard, in the end, but what's written here makes it sound overwhelmingly complicated. I can't quite put my finger on what the core problem is, so can't actually fix it.  Perhaps examples taken from common (pre-)sheaves would help?? 67.198.37.16 (talk) 01:32, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

This article absolutely is too technical, so I am readding the "technical" tag. Please remember Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a maths textbook. A reader with a degree in theoretical physics and some familiarity with group theory would not understand even the introduction. I have just read Wikipedia's guidelines on technical articles and would recommend anyone else working on this article do the same. I think work is needed on simplifying this article - the introduction should at least be understandable! Let me elaborate a bit.

2nd sentence:

"It is an abstract result on functors of the type morphisms into a fixed object."

What does "morphisms into a fixed object" mean? There is no explanation nor any link to another Wikipedia article explaining what this means.

3rd sentence:

"It is a vast generalisation of Cayley's theorem from group theory (viewing a group as a miniature category with just one object and only isomorphisms)."

One would think that putting the part in parentheses: "(viewing a group as a miniature category with just one object and only isomorphisms)" would be providing helpful explanation, but it just makes things more confusing for someone without the necessary background.

4th sentence:

"It allows the embedding of any locally small category into a category of functors (contravariant set-valued functors) defined on that category."

One would again think that putting the part in parentheses: "(contravariant set-valued functors)" would be some helpful additional info. Instead it is just makes things even more confusing. There is no explanation of what "contravariant set-valued functors" are, nor a link to another Wikipedia article.

I would suggest the introduction be reworked like this:

"In mathematics, the Yoneda lemma is arguably the most important result in category theory.[1] It is a vast generalisation of Cayley's theorem from group theory and an important tool underlying several modern developments in algebraic geometry and representation theory. It is named after Nobuo Yoneda."

ideally followed by some explanation in very simple terms, with an example if possible. If this topic really is just too technical that no adequate simplification is possible, then I think the introduction should say so this in order to warn readers.

2A00:23C7:9386:BA00:BFE5:C6FD:704:D813 (talk) 16:07, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

Definition of notation used in the formal statement
I think the notation used in the equation
 * $$h^A \colon f \longmapsto \mathrm{Hom}(A,f) = [\![ \mathrm{Hom}(A,X) \ni g \mapsto f \circ g \in \mathrm{Hom}(A,Y) ]\!] $$

is uncommon. While I'm able to piece together its meaning from the surrounding paragraph, this kind of special notation needs a definition or reference. siddharthist (talk) 05:07, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I just now broke this up into smaller bite-size pieces that should make it a little more readable. However, this entire article remains opaque. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 01:26, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Links into the void
It is tremendously unfortunate not only that the connection between Cayley's theorem and Yoneda's lemma is left unexplained, but I also have to click on Cayley's theorem to find out which theorem is being called Cayley's theorem in this article.

On the other hand, I wish the writer had recognized that the important bit of information is not the name "Cayley" but the content of the theorem. In that case perhaps another 30 seconds of typing could have included a phrase like "the theorem that every finite group is a subgroup of the symmetric group on its elements" and thereby saved every future reader of this article multiple clicks into the void.

Why do I say "into the void"? Because in a large fraction of Wikipedia math articles, it is entirely unclear just how the linked Wikipedia article or section is related to the point that the editor was trying to make. Then one has to spend time hunting for the relevant passage, a hunt that often ends in failure.

And when you realize that every future visitor to the article will be tempted to click into the same void again ... it would be much better if just a few more words were added to the original article instead of a link into the void.2600:1700:E1C0:F340:5548:746F:48A8:5BCC (talk) 22:46, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I wholeheartedly agree but don't have the qualifications to make the edit 80.99.107.132 (talk) 03:49, 17 April 2020 (UTC)A concerned citizen

"Yoneda lambda" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Yoneda lambda and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 23 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 1234qwer1234qwer4 08:27, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoneda lemma


text:
Talk:NS record

Howdy. I notice this has (along with the pages for SOA, PTR and CNAME records) been unstubbed. If this really is all there is to say about these records, I was wondering if they might all be better lumped into a single article - that would provide a nice opportunity to discuss how they related to each other. However a few things that could flesh them out come to mind:

 * Where they live
 * What information and fields they contain
 * How they get created and by whom and why
 * How people locate and fetch them, and why
 * Information on the records provenance: history, designers, standards bodies
 * Associated properties such as entity IDs, TTLs and delegation
 * Innovative applications such as blackhole lists or dial-up pools
 * Examples of each record type perhaps ?

Not of course that I'm volunteering - I'm barely au fait with ping. But I'd love to learn about these things, please flesh the articles out! TB 17:41, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A description of how the Domain Name System works should be in that article, and not divided into pieces or heavily duplicated in the pages for the individual records types. I made articles like MX record to have a way to refer to them from other articles like Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Gdr 10:08, 2004 May 20 (UTC)

title: Talk:NS record


text:
Tricolour Flame

The Social Movement Tricolour Flame (Movimento Sociale Fiamma Tricolore, MSFT), commonly known as Tricolour Flame (Fiamma Tricolore), is a neo-fascist political party in Italy.

History
The party was started by the more radical members of the Fascist Italian Social Movement, led by Pino Rauti, who refused to join the mainstream conservative party National Alliance. Rauti was later succeeded by Luca Romagnoli, who took over leadership.

In the 2004 European Parliamentary Election the party gained enough votes in the Southern constituency to elect Luca Romagnoli to the European Parliament. The party was then a member of the House of Freedoms coalition for the 2006 general election.

In the coming of the 2008 general election, Tricolour Flame formed a joint list called The Right–Tricolour Flame with The Right of Francesco Storace, a splinter group of National Alliance, in support of the candidacy of Daniela Santanchè for Prime Minister.

On 8 November 2013, Luca Romagnoli, secretary of Tricolour Flame, together with the secretary of The Right Francesco Storace, the regent of Future and Freedom Roberto Menia, the leader of I the South Adriana Poli Bortone, Domenico Nania of the association New Alliance, Oreste Tofani of the association Nazione Sovrana, Antonio Buonfiglio of the association Il Popolo della Vita and Roberto Buonasorte, editor of the online newspaper Il Giornale d'Italia, founded the Movement for National Alliance, a federation of right movements inspired to National Alliance. On 9 December 2013 the Central Committee of Tricolour Flame distrusted Luca Romagnoli, because he joined this initiative without having preventively sought the opinion of the same Committee, and Attilio Carelli became regent Secretary of the party. After the expulsion Romagnoli founded instead his new political movement, Social Right.

On 13 and 14 December 2014, the VII National Congress officially appointed Carelli as Secretary of the party.

For the 2018 general election, it formed the Italy for the Italians coalition along with the New Force party. At 2019 European Parliamentary Election the party decides not to participate.

On 12 September 2021 the Central Committee of the party declared the Secretary Carelli officially lapsed due to the failure to present the budget for the year 2020. The same Central Committee, on 6 October 2021 conferred the mandate of Regent Secretary to Giuseppe Manoli.

On 15 and 16 January 2022 the IX National Congress took place entirely on the Zoom platform, on this occasion Daniele Cerbella was elected as National Secretary.

Ideology
Tricolour Flame is the party of the Italian far-right most closely tied to the legacy of Italian Social Republic (RSI). The RSI is usually seen by the party as the example of what Fascism should have been, in particular as an example of true welfare state. As a sign of this legacy, the party, for example, guarantees free membership for ex-RSI military. A press release from the Rome section of the party states: Tricolour Flame is a movement born just to remark its own ideal proximity to the Social Republic and its fighters. A Republic on which side we would surely have fought, if only the fate would have let us born these years. And we should have surely fought to win, because for us the political synthesis originated from the thought of Benito Mussolini is for us the only political, economical and spiritual system able to bring the freedom and social justice that are today denied to Italians and all other world populations.... [We] relaunch our battle for a better tomorrow, embodying the ideals of the Black Shirts of Alessandro Pavolini.

Tricolour Flame maintains a fairly strong anti-capitalist stance, and it can be thought to be the Italian party closest to third positionist ideology along with the New Force and CasaPound parties.

Recently Tricolour Flame has been peculiar, among Italian neo-fascist organizations, in actively trying to attract the young masses and renewing its political practices and communication techniques in a more modern, innovative fashion. Political manifests often tend towards attractive, modern graphics and clear-cut, even humorous slogans. Tricolour Flame is also very close to youth far-right organizations and initiatives, of which the most relevant is CasaPound, a social centre in Rome.

The party is against the regionalism promoted by the Northern League for an independent "Padania", instead favoring a united Italy.

Membership
Among the more controversial members of Tricolur Flame are Pietro Puschiavo and Maurizio Boccacci. In 1985 Puschiavo was a founding member of the Veneto Skinheads Front, a far-right skinhead group based in Veneto and connected to Blood and Honour. Boccacci is the former leader of the Western Political Movement, a far-right skinhead organization based in Rome.

Leadership

 * Secretary: Pino Rauti (1995–2002), Luca Romagnoli (2002–2013), Attilio Carelli (2013–2021), Giuseppe Manoli (2021–2022), Daniele Cerbella (2022–present)
 * President: Romolo Sabatini (1995–2000), Stelvio Dal Piaz (2000–2002), Pino Rauti (2002–2004), Rocco Tauro (2004–2013), Attilio Carelli (2013–2014), Francesco Condorelli Caff (2014–present)
 * Honorary President: Manlio Sargenti (1995–2001), Alessandro Bordoni (2013–2018), Carlo Morganti (2018–present)

title: Tricolour Flame


text:
Chester-le-Street (district)

Chester-le-Street was a local government district in County Durham, England. Its council was based in Chester-le-Street. Other places in the district included Great Lumley and Sacriston.

Formation
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 as part of a general reorganisation of local administration throughout England and Wales carried out under the Local Government Act 1972. Chester-le-Street was one of eight non-metropolitan districts into which County Durham was divided, and was formed from the areas of the abolished urban district of Chester-le-Street along with the bulk of Chester-le-Street Rural District, namely the parishes of Bournmoor, Birtley (reduced in size), Edmondsley, Great Lumley, Lambton, Little Lumley, North Lodge (created from the part of Harraton outside Washington New Town), Ouston, Pelton, Plawsworth, Sacriston, South Biddick (reduced in size), Urpeth and Waldridge. The remainder of the rural district was transferred to the metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead and Sunderland, in the new county of Tyne and Wear.

Insignia
The district council did not have a coat of arms, but instead used the design of the chairman's badge of office as its logo. the design consisted of a circle divided by a curved cross into four quarters.
 * In the centre of the cross was a lion, taken from the arms of the Lambton family of Lambton Castle.
 * In the top left quarter was a cross of Saint Cuthbert. The saint's remains lay in Chester for more than a century, and the town was the see of a bishop. The saint's relics and the bishopric were subsequently transferred to Durham. The River Wear formed the background.
 * In the top right quarter was a depiction of the pithead gear of a coal mine, illustrating the area's traditional source of wealth. Behind this was shown the Chester-le-Street Viaduct
 * In the bottom left quarter was a falcon, with Lumley Castle in the background.
 * In the bottom right quarter was a depiction of the legendary Lambton Worm.

The emblems in the upper left and lower left quarters were subsequently altered to a bishop's mitre and a Roman eagle standard.

Abolition
The district was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England being replaced by a new unitary authority called Durham County Council.

Electoral divisions

 * Chester-le-Street North and East 	Chester East ward; Chester North ward
 * Chester-le-Street South 	Chester South ward; Edmondsley and Waldridge ward
 * Chester-le-Street West Central 	Chester Central ward; Chester West ward; Pelton Fell ward
 * Lumley 	Bournmoor ward; Lumley ward
 * Ouston and Urpeth 	Grange Villa and West Pelton ward; Ouston ward; Urpeth ward
 * Pelton	North Lodge ward; Pelton ward
 * Sacriston 	Kimblesworth and Plawsworth ward; Sacriston ward

Villages in Chester-le-Street district

 * Beamish
 * Great Lumley
 * Pelton
 * Pelton Fell
 * Perkinsville
 * Picktree
 * Sacriston
 * Ouston

title: Chester-le-Street (district)


text:
Talk:New Force (Italy)

First discussion
Forza Nuova is an extreme right wing Italian party led by Roberto Fiore.

Roberto Fiore is controversial as he has terrorist convictions. He was closely linked to the British National Front in the 1980s. It is seen as third positionist and ultra-Catholic.

"Roberto Fiore is controversial as he has terrorist convictions". Would someone KINDLY present any evidence to this allegations?!

This sentence: ''Freemason lodges have historically been perceived as an enemy of fascism because they are not easily controlled, even though lodges such as Propaganda Due did serve right-wing purposes. The point about usury is a not-so-well-hidden cue to antisemitism (the stereotype of the Jewish loan shark). ''; reeks of POV and seems to have no factual basis.

"Freemason lodges have historically been perceived as an enemy of fascism because they are not easily controlled" - are there any sources to verify this? My knowledge of Southern-European fascist momvements suggests that their opposition towards freemasonry stems from their traditionalist catholic ideals and not from their fear of control. This is further validated by the host of other traditionalist catholic views held by the Forza Nuova.

"even though lodges such as Propaganda Due did serve right-wing purposes" - this section does not add anything to the article and is a typical ploy used by certain political groups to lump all fascists, nationalists, conservatives, free-market liberals etc. as 'right-wingers'.

"The point about usury is a not-so-well-hidden cue to antisemitism (the stereotype of the Jewish loan shark)." - why is this a not-so-well hidden cue to antisemitism? Usury has always been considered one of the cardinal offences for traditionalist catholics and this is a more likely root of this claim. --Chelman 09:33, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Given the origins of Fiore (NF secretary) as an evolian third positionist that only later converted to traditional Catholicism, I personally think the article interpretation makes more sense. However, you can add this possibility to the article, IMHO. --Cyclopia 20:14, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The logo of FN is wrong, in fact it is out of date, but I cannot change it. Please check the offficial FN website to paste the new logo!!

 * I've updated the page with the current logo. I still prefer the old one, though.  --NEMT 12:17, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The new logo looks somewhat like those Andre the Giant "OBEY" stickers. Argyriou (talk) 16:31, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * 5'6  160lbs   Julius Evola has a posse. --NEMT 20:36, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Forza Nuova.gif
Image:Forza Nuova.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 17:34, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what your gripe with the fair usage of the image is. Low resolution logos are very clearly covered, and the rationale has always been attached to the image.  I've updated it slightly just in case. --NEMT 21:53, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Usury
"The point about usury is often taken as a cue to antisemitism (the stereotype of the Jewish loan shark)..."

This is a ridiculous, politically-motivated generalisation and should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.45.216.51 (talk) 02:36, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That whole paragraph is biased and unsourced. The reader is better off w/o it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.184.14.94 (talk) 19:11, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

You're both welcome to remove or rewrite anything there that's unsourced. --NEMT (talk) 18:46, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

March 5, 2008 edits
I reverted several uncited POV-pushing edits by Spitzer19. My explanations for my corrections are as follows:
 * 1) I reverted the fact that it is a neo-fascist group because it is from the post-World War II era.
 * 2) I removed the list about the party's specific program points because it was not backed up by any references, and because that list can be altered to promote individual editors' personal opinions. Spylab (talk) 22:10, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Roots in Catholicism?
Roberto Fiore is not a catholic, he is a good father catholica with ten boys only on his site. Fascism is historically antithetic to catholicism. Fiore only wants catholic righ mass approval, obviously --Borgolibero (talk) 12:14, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Forza Nuova is a strongly Christian movement. Adherents are known to attend Masses. Their first inspiration is not Benito Mussolini, but Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's Iron Guard, a strongly Orthodox Christian movement. --Cyclopia (talk) 13:06, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

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Italian neo-fascists can't into grammar
There are at least three nonsensical parts left. I don't know what to do with them. 1. "to hold together the conservative right-wing traditionalist with the social channel blocker." 2. "It has not been elected a parliamentary presented himself in the lists of the party" 3. "failing to elect any candidate but becoming, for number of votes for and presentation of the lists in the various constituencies, the first party of the Italian far-right."

Also, this one is suspicious. "two well-known names from the years of militancy in the lead for the movements of the Roman radical right."

And this is totally unencyclopedic (I've corrected the tenses). "In the episode, the members went out to eat with Eddie Huang, the host, and an apparent local Sicilian walked by and happened to recognize the politicians and yelled at them for their far-right views."--Adûnâi (talk) 09:48, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:New Force (Italy)


text:
Bolsover District

Bolsover District is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. It is named after the town of Bolsover, which is near the geographic centre of the district, but the council is based in the large village of Clowne to the north. The district also includes the town of Shirebrook and several villages and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Amber Valley, North East Derbyshire, Chesterfield, Rotherham, Bassetlaw, Mansfield, and Ashfield.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the area of three former districts, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named Bolsover, after its largest town.
 * Bolsover Urban District
 * Blackwell Rural District
 * Clowne Rural District

Governance
Bolsover District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Derbyshire County Council. The district is also entirely covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Since 2014 the district has been a non-constituent member of the South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority (formerly known as the Sheffield City Region); the council sends representatives to meetings of the combined authority, but the electorate of Bolsover District do not vote in elections for the Mayor of South Yorkshire.

Political control
The council has been under Labour majority control since 2021.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 2003 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2019, the council has comprised 37 councillors, elected from 17 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Premises
The council is based at The Arc in Clowne, which is a combined leisure centre and council headquarters. The building was purpose-built for the council and opened in 2013. When first created the council used the former Blackwell Rural District Council's offices in Mansfield (outside the district) as its main offices. In 1994 it moved to Sherwood Lodge on Oxcroft Lane in Bolsover, comprising a large Victorian house and modern office extensions. After the move to Clowne in 2013 Sherwood Lodge was sold. A retail development has since been built on the site.

Media
In terms of television, the district receives better TV signals from the Emley Moor transmitter which broadcast BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire. However, southern parts of the district can still receive TV signals from the Waltham transmitter which broadcast BBC East Midlands and ITV Central.

Radio stations for the area are:

BBC Local Radio

 * BBC Radio Sheffield (covering Bolsover)
 * BBC Radio Derby
 * BBC Radio Nottingham can also be heard

Independent Radio

 * Greatest Hits Radio North Derbyshire
 * Capital East Midlands
 * Hits Radio South Yorkshire

Community Radio

 * Mansfield Radio
 * Elastic Radio

The Derbyshire Times is the weekly local newspaper that serves the district.

Building developments
Following the September, 2022 commercial failure of Woodhead Construction Ltd, an Edwinstowe-based business contracting to the council since 2016, and mid-way into delivering a Bolsover Homes scheme, Bolsover District Council created their own development business, Dragonfly Development Limited based at The Arc in Clowne, with the intention of fullfilling ongoing contracts and having potential to undertake entirely new construction and development works outside of the council's normal remit.

Councillor Fritchley stated the only risks involved were "calculated risks".

Parishes
The district is divided into 16 civil parishes. The parish councils for Old Bolsover (which covers the town of Bolsover) and Shirebrook take the style "town council".

 * Ault Hucknall
 * Barlborough
 * Blackwell (includes Hilcote, Newton and Westhouses)
 * Clowne
 * Elmton with Creswell
 * Glapwell
 * Hodthorpe and Belph
 * Langwith
 * Old Bolsover (town)
 * Pinxton
 * Pleasley
 * Scarcliffe
 * Shirebrook (town)
 * South Normanton
 * Tibshelf
 * Whitwell

title: Bolsover District


text:
Guna people

The Guna (also spelled Kuna or Cuna) are an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. Guna people live in three politically autonomous comarcas or autonomous reservations in Panama, and in a few small villages in Colombia. There are also communities of Guna people in Panama City, Colón, and other cities. Most Guna live on small islands off the coast of the comarca of Guna Yala known as the San Blas Islands. The other two Guna comarcas in Panama are Kuna de Madugandí and Kuna de Wargandí. They are Guna-speaking people who once occupied the central region of what is now Panama and the neighboring San Blas Islands and still survive in marginal areas.

In the Guna language, they call themselves Dule or Tule, meaning "people", and the name of the language is Dulegaya, literally "people-mouth". The term was in the language itself spelled Kuna prior to a 2010 orthographic reform, but the Congreso General de la Nación Gunadule since 2010 has promoted the spelling Guna.

Political and social organization
In Guna Yala, each community has its own political organization, led by a saila (pronounced "sigh-lah"). The saila is customarily both the political and religious leader of the community; he memorizes songs which relate the sacred history of the people, and in turn transmits them to the people. Decisions are made in meetings held in the Onmaked Nega, or Ibeorgun Nega (Congress House or Casa de Congreso), a structure which likewise serves both political and spiritual purposes. In the Onmaked Nega, the saila sings the history, legends, and laws of the Guna, as well as administering the day-to-day political and social affairs. The saila is usually accompanied by one or more voceros who function as interpreters and counselors for the saila. Because the songs and oral history of the Guna are in a higher linguistic register with specialized vocabulary, the saila's recitation will frequently be followed by an explanation and interpretation from one of the voceros in informal Guna language.

Guna families are matrilinear and matrilocal, with the groom moving to become part of the bride's family. The groom also takes the last name of the bride.

Today there are 49 communities in Guna Yala. The region as a whole is governed by the Guna General Congress, which is led by three Saila Dummagan ("Great Sailas").

Flag
The Guna flag was adopted after the 1925 rebellion against Panamanian suppression. Horizontal stripes have a proportion of 1:2:1 and the central swastika is an ancestral symbol called Naa Ukuryaa. According to one explanation, it symbolizes the four sides of the world or the origin from which peoples of the world emerged. In another explanation, it symbolises the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal points. Also known as the flag of Guna Yala island today, the flag was used for the province of San Blas until 2010 and also is used as the Guna ethnic flag. The central stripe, meaning peace and purity, is white on the official flag of the reservation, officially adopted by Guna National Congress, while yellow stripe is used on the ethnic flag (it was introduced on the flag at about 1940). In 1942, the flag was modified with a red ring (representing the traditional Kuna nose-ring) encompassing the center of the swastika because of Nazi associations; the ring was later abandoned.

Culture
The Guna are famous for their bright molas, a colorful textile art form made with the techniques of appliqué and reverse appliqué. Mola panels are used to make the blouses of the Guna women's national dress, which is worn daily by many Guna women. Mola means "clothing" in the Guna language. The Guna word for a mola blouse is Tulemola, (or "dulemola") "Guna people's clothing."

Economy
The economy of Guna Yala is based on agriculture, fishing and the manufacture of clothing with a long tradition of international trade. Plantains, coconuts, and fish form the core of the Guna diet, supplemented with imported foods, a few domestic animals, and wild game. Coconuts, called ogob [IPA: okˑɔβ] in the Guna language, and lobsters skungit [skuŋkˑit] are the most important export products. Migrant labor and the sale of molas provide other sources of income.

The Guna have a long deep rooted history of mercantilism and a longstanding tradition of selling goods through family owned venues. Most imported goods originate from Colombian, Mexican or Chinese ships and are sold in small retail stores owned by Guna people. The Guna have not excised tax when trading goods and place strong emphasis on economic success. This tradition of trade and self-determination has been credited by many as a chief reason the Guna have been able to successfully function independently compared to other indigenous groups.

Guna communities in Panama City are typically made up of migrant laborers and small business owners, although many Guna also migrate to Panama City to sell fish and agricultural products produced by their respective communities. The sale of Mola and other forms of Guna art has become a large part of the Guna peoples economy in recent years and mola vendors can be found in most cities in Panama where they are marketed to both foreigners and Hispano Panamanians. Tourism is now an important part of the economy in the Carti region, and abandoned goods from the drug trade provide occasional windfalls.

History
Guna people were living in what is now Northern Colombia and the Darién Province of Panama at the time of the Spanish invasion, and only later began to move westward towards what is now Guna Yala due to a conflict with the Spanish and other indigenous groups. Centuries before the conquest, the Gunas arrived in South America as part of a Chibchan migration moving east from Central America. At the time of the Spanish invasion, they were living in the region of Uraba and near the borders of what are now Antioquia and Caldas. Alonso de Ojeda and Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored the coast of Colombia in 1500 and 1501. They spent the most time in the Gulf of Urabá, where they made contact with the Gunas.

In far-eastern Guna Yala, the community of New Caledonia is near the site where Scottish explorers tried, unsuccessfully, to establish a colony in the "New World". The bankruptcy of the expedition has been cited as one of the motivations of the 1707 Acts of Union.

There is a wide consensus regarding the migrations of Gunas from Colombia and the Darien towards what is now Guna Yala. These migrations were caused partly by wars with the Catio people, but some sources contend that they were mostly due to bad treatment by the Spanish invaders. The Guna themselves attribute their migration to Guna Yala to conflicts with the aboriginal peoples, and their migration to the islands to the excessive mosquito populations on the mainland.

During the first decades of the twentieth century, the Panamanian government attempted to suppress many of the traditional customs. This was bitterly resisted, culminating in a short-lived yet successful revolt in 1925 known as the Dule Revolution (or "people revolution") – led by Iguaibilikinya Nele Kantule of Ustupu and supported by American adventurer and part-time diplomat Richard Oglesby Marsh – and a treaty in which the Panamanians agreed to give the Guna some degree of cultural autonomy.

The San Blas Islands could be rendered uninhabitable by sea level rise in the late 21st century.

Language
The Guna language is an aboriginal American language of the Chibchan family spoken by 50,000 to 70,000 people. Dulegaya is the primary language of daily life in the comarcas, and the majority of Guna children speak the language. Although it is relatively viable, Guna is considered an endangered language.

Spanish is also widely used, especially in education and written documents.

Health
The Guna have been shown to have a low average blood pressure (B.P., 110/70 mm Hg), and, do not experience the age-related increase in blood pressure that is common in Western society. Death rates from cardiovascular disease (C.V.D.) and cancer – the #1 and #2 causes of death in the U.S. – are low in the Guna. Between 2000 and 2004 on the mainland of Panama, for every 100,000 residents, 119 died from C.V.D. and 74 died from cancer; in contrast, per 100,000 Guna, these death rates were 8 for C.V.D. and 4 for cancer.

Albinism
Guna people have a high incidence rate of albinism, which led to their nickname of "White Indians" in the early 1900s. In Guna philosophy, the albinistic people (or "sipu") were given a special place and are considered a special race of people. They have the specific duty of defending the moon against a dragon which tries to eat it on occasion during a lunar eclipse, and only they are allowed to go outside on the night of a lunar eclipse and to use specially made bows and arrows to shoot down the dragon.

title: Guna people


text:
Chocolate and Cheese

Chocolate and Cheese is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Ween, originally released by Elektra Records in 1994. It was the first Ween album to be recorded in a professional studio, in contrast to the four-track home recordings of The Pod and Pure Guava. However, most of the instruments were still played by Dean and Gene Ween, including their drum machine.

Background
Ween's previous three albums, GodWeenSatan: The Oneness, The Pod, and Pure Guava had been recorded in a very lo-fi setting – the band only had access to their guitars and a digital audio tape recorder; the albums were recorded in their apartment (nicknamed "The Pod," hence the name of their second album). Having signed to major label Elektra, they now had access to better resources to record. In addition, drummer Claude Coleman joined the band, meaning they had live instrumentation as opposed to relying on a drum machine.

As a result, this album ended up sounding more hi-fi than their prior works. The sound is clearer due to having been recorded digitally as opposed to the tapes that the first three albums were done on, and the resources the band now had meant they could experiment more than they did in the previous lo-fi set up.

The album is dedicated to comedian John Candy, who died while Ween was putting the album together. "A Tear for Eddie" was dedicated to the funk/psychedelic guitar pioneer Eddie Hazel, who died December 23, 1992. In a 2011 interview, Gene Ween credited a Spanish lesson on Sesame Street with inspiring "Buenas Tardes Amigo". The album's title is phonetically similar to the British saying "chalk and cheese," a way of saying that two items have nothing in common.

The first music video for the album was 'I Can't Put My Finger On It,' followed by 'Voodoo Lady,' and 'Freedom of '76,' filmed circa March 1995.

Album cover
In an interview with Hank Shteamer during the writing of the 33 1/3 book about the album, Dean Ween said that the original idea for the album art was to "get a sailor, like a gay sailor, in red, white and blue wearing the belt", but the studio rejected this idea, thinking it was inappropriate.

Gene Ween claims to have come up with the idea for the album art that ended up being made, saying "I had it sketched out... I remember telling Mickey how the top of the [shirt] would cut out right below the nipple line and so it was very important to have big breasts with a large 'under portion'". The creative director of Reiner Design Consultants, Roger Gorman, stated that they were given the direction to make it look like an album cover by the Ohio Players.

The model for the album art was Ashley Savage, and photography was done by John Kuczala.

Reception and legacy
In July 2014, Guitar World placed Chocolate and Cheese at #45 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list. The entire album was played live as part of the group's setlist at the Desert Daze festival in California on October 12, 2019.

Related releases and covers
"I Can't Put My Finger on It" is an EP released by Elektra Records in 1994, and including the tracks "I Can't Put My Finger on It", "A Tear for Eddie", "Now I'm Freaking Out" and "Bakersfield".

"Voodoo Lady EP" was released by Flying Nun Records (as a 7") and White Records (as a CD) in 1994, and included the tracks "Buenas Tardes Amigo", "There's a Pig" (CD version only), and "Vallejo" (CD version only). The EP's title track can be heard in the films Road Trip and Dude, Where's My Car?, as well as the original version of "In The Bathroom," a skit from the sketch comedy show The State, while the album track "Buenas Tardes Amigo" was featured in the German films Lammbock and Herr Lehmann.

"Freedom of '76" is an EP released by Flying Nun Records in 1995, and included two versions of the title track plus "Now I'm Freaking Out" and "Pollo Asado". CKY guitarist (and dedicated Ween fan) Chad Ginsburg appeared in the "Freedom of '76" promo video as an extra shouting at Gene and Dean after they stole the Liberty Bell.

Original Vinyl Pressings: On top of the Elektra Records release (Elektra 61639-2 US 1994), it was pressed and distributed by Grand Royal Records in the US in 1994 with a 2 LP non-gatefold version (Grand Royal GR 010 US 1994). Flying Nun Records from New Zealand released two different versions in 1994, one of which came with a bonus 7" single (Flying Nun Records FN314 Europe 1994, no 7") and (Flying Nun Records FNSP314 UK 1994, with 7").

Note that there is a catalog number for the vinyl issue by Elektra Records, but there is no confirmation it was pressed on vinyl at this time, possibly only in promo edition.

Cover versions:
 * "Roses Are Free" has been covered by the band Phish 51 times between 12-11-1997 and 7-16-2022. Official releases of their version appear on Phish's live concert albums Hampton Comes Alive (1999) and Live Phish 04.03.98 (2005). The 2000 documentary Bittersweet Motel features the band learning the track backstage at the Rochester War Memorial in Rochester, NY and then transitions into their first onstage interpretation. In an interview from 2015, Melchiondo observed that Ween began playing "Roses Are Free" regularly in concert after Phish began covering it, and credited Phish for boosting the song's popularity. Phish's guitarist, Trey Anastasio, commented to the crowd after their 8-7-2015 cover, suggesting that Mickey and Aaron should play together again, which was followed by Ween's first comeback show at the 1stBank Center in Broomfield, CO on 2-12-2016 where the song was played among 32 others.
 * Ash recorded a version of "What Deaner Was Talkin' About", released as a B-side on their 1997 single "A Life Less Ordinary". This track also features on their limited edition live album, Live at the Wireless.
 * Amos Lee performed "Buenas Tardes Amigo" on an iTunes exclusive live album entitled "iTunes Live From SoHo".
 * Jon Auer (The Posies, Big Star) covered "Baby Bitch" on his solo EP "6 1/2."
 * Folk Punk musician Sunny War covered "Baby Bitch" on his 2023 album "Anarchist Gospel."

Deluxe Edition
On June 7th, 2024, Ween announced they would be releasing a deluxe edition of Chocolate and Cheese to commemorate the album's 30th anniversary, with a release date of August 2nd, 2024. The deluxe edition will feature both remasters of the original tracks done by Bernie Grundman, as well as 15 previously unreleased tracks. One of these tracks, "Junkie Boy", was released as a single the same day as the announcement. On July 19th, a second single was released for the 30th anniversary edition, a demo version of Voodoo Lady.

Track listing
All tracks written by Ween, except "Freedom of '76", written by Ween and Ed Wilson.

30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition track listing

Personnel
The band
 * Dean Ween – guitar, vocals, drums
 * Gene Ween – vocals
 * Claude Coleman Jr. – drums

Additional personnel
 * Mean Ween – bass
 * Greg Frey – engineer
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Andrew Weiss – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Kirk Miller – live sound
 * Ashley Savage – model
 * Danny Clinch – photography
 * John Kuczala – photography
 * Reiner Design Consultants – design
 * Patricia Frey – drums
 * Scott Lowe – programming
 * Stephan Said – Spanish guitar

title: Chocolate and Cheese


text:
Croatian kuna

The kuna (sign: kn; code: HRK) was the currency of Croatia from 1994 until 2023, when it was replaced by the euro. The kuna was subdivided into 100 lipa. It was issued by the Croatian National Bank and the coins were minted by the Croatian Mint.

In the Croatian language, the word kuna means "marten" and lipa means "linden tree", both references to their historical use in medieval trading.

History and etymology
Records exist from the Middle Ages of a tax and/or a currency in the then highly valued marten skins, which were recorded as marturina ("marten tax") or kunovina, in Lower Pannonia, modern day Hungary and Slavonia. Slavonia's first minted currency was the frizatik, but in the 13th century the Ban of Slavonia issued a marten-adorned silver coin called the banovac.

The idea of a kuna currency reappeared in 1939 when the Banovina of Croatia, an autonomous province established within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, planned to issue its own money, along with the Yugoslav dinar. In 1941, when the Ustaše regime formed the Independent State of Croatia, they used the kuna as its currency. It remained in circulation until 1945, when Croatia became part of SFR Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav dinar became the official currency.

The plural form of kuna in Croatian is kune. It can vary because of different number declension rules (e.g. 2 kune, 10 kuna).

It has no relation to the various Slavic currencies named "koruna" (translated as kruna in Croatian), which means "crown".

Modern currency
The modern kuna was introduced on 30 May 1994, starting a period of transition from the Croatian dinar, introduced in 1991, which ended on 31 December 1994. One kuna was equivalent to 1,000 dinars at a fixed exchange rate. The kuna was pegged to the Deutsche Mark from the start. With the replacement of the mark by the euro, the kuna's peg effectively switched to the euro.

The choice of the name kuna was controversial because the same currency name had been used by the Independent State of Croatia, but this was dismissed as a red herring, since the same name was also in use during the Banovina of Croatia and by the State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH). An alternative proposal for the name of the new currency was kruna (crown), divided into 100 banica (viceroy's wife), but this was deemed too similar to the Austro-Hungarian krone and found inappropriate for the country which is a republic, even though Czechia and (until 2008) Slovakia have used currencies whose names translate to "crown".

A long-time policy of the Croatian National Bank was to keep the fluctuations of the kuna's exchange rate against the euro (or, previously, the mark) within a relatively stable range. Since the introduction of the euro in 1999, the exchange rate between the two currencies rarely fluctuated to a substantial degree, remaining at a near constant 7.5:1 (HRK to EUR) rate. Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 and the Exchange Rate Mechanism on 10 July 2020 at a rate of 7.53450 HRK to €1.

The kuna was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2023 after satisfying prerequisites as the initial time estimate of standard four years after joining the European Union proved too short.

A two-week transition period during which kuna cash remained as legal tender in circulation alongside the euro ended on 14 January. Cash could be exchanged at any eurozone national central banks until 28 February and at any bank (Fina and Hrvatska pošta in Croatia) until the end of 2023 at no charge. The Croatian National Bank will do the same for notes indefinitely and for coins until the end of 2025.

Coins
In 1994, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 lipa, 1, 2, 5 and 25 kuna. The coins are issued in two versions: one with the name of the plant or animal in Croatian (issued in odd years), the other with the name in Latin (issued in even years). Overall more coins have been minted with Croatian names than with names in Latin.

Lipa is the Croatian word for linden or tilia tree, a species that was traditionally planted around marketplaces in Croatia and other lands under Habsburg monarchy rule during the early modern period.

Due to their low value, 1 and 2 lipa coins were rarely used. Since 2009, these coins were no longer minted, but the Croatian National Bank stated that it had no plans for withdrawing them, and the 1 and 2 lipa coins were still minted as non-circulating, mainly for numismatic collections.

Commemorative coins
Commemorative coins of the Croatian were issued between 1995 and 2022.

Banknotes
The notes were designed by Miroslav Šutej and Vilko Žiljak, and all feature prominent Croatians on front and architectural motifs on back. The geometric figures at lower left on front (except the 5-kuna note) are intaglio printed for recognition by the blind people. To the right of the coat of arms on front is a microprinted version of the Croatian national anthem, Lijepa naša domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland). The overall design is reminiscent of Deutsche Mark banknotes of the fourth series.

The first series of notes was dated 31 October 1993. The 5, 10 and 20 kuna notes from this series were withdrawn on 1 April 2007, and the 50, 100 and 200 kuna notes were withdrawn on 1 January 2010, but remain exchangeable at the HNB in Zagreb.

New series of notes with tweaked, but similar designs and improved security features were released in 2001, 2004, 2012 and 2014.

title: Croatian kuna


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Lovastatin

Lovastatin, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Its use is recommended together with lifestyle changes. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, muscles pains, rash, and trouble sleeping. Serious side effects may include liver problems, muscle breakdown, and kidney failure. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby and use during breastfeeding is not recommended. It works by decreasing the liver's ability to produce cholesterol by blocking the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.

Lovastatin was patented in 1979 and approved for medical use in 1987. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 100th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6million prescriptions.

Medical uses
The primary uses of lovastatin is for the treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It is recommended to be used only after other measures, such as diet, exercise, and weight reduction, have not improved cholesterol levels.

Side effects
Lovastatin is usually well tolerated, with the most common side effects being, in approximately descending order of frequency: creatine phosphokinase elevation, flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, muscle aches or pains, nausea, indigestion, weakness, blurred vision, rash, dizziness and muscle cramps. As with all statin drugs, it can occasionally cause myopathy, hepatotoxicity (liver damage), dermatomyositis or rhabdomyolysis. This can be life-threatening if not recognised and treated in time, so any unexplained muscle pain or weakness whilst on lovastatin should be promptly mentioned to the prescribing doctor. Other uncommon side effects that should be promptly mentioned to either the prescribing doctor or an emergency medical service include:

• muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness

• lack of energy

• weakness

• fever

• dark colored urine

• jaundice: yellowing of the skin or eyes

• pain in the upper right part of the stomach

• nausea

• unusual bleeding or bruising

• loss of appetite

• flu-like symptoms

• rash

• hives

• itching

• difficulty breathing or swallowing

• swelling of the face, throat, tongue, lips, eyes, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs

• hoarseness

These less serious side effects should still be reported if they persist or increase in severity: • constipation

• memory loss or forgetfulness

• confusion

Contraindications
Contraindications, conditions that warrant withholding treatment with lovastatin, include pregnancy, breast feeding, and liver disease. Lovastatin is contraindicated during pregnancy (Pregnancy Category X); it may cause birth defects such as skeletal deformities or learning disabilities. Owing to its potential to disrupt infant lipid metabolism, lovastatin should not be taken while breastfeeding. Patients with liver disease should not take lovastatin.

Interactions
As with atorvastatin, simvastatin, and other statin drugs metabolized via CYP3A4, drinking grapefruit juice during lovastatin therapy may increase the risk of side effects. Components of grapefruit juice, the flavonoid naringin, or the furanocoumarin bergamottin inhibit CYP3A4 in vitro, and may account for the in vivo effect of grapefruit juice concentrate decreasing the metabolic clearance of lovastatin, and increasing its plasma concentrations.

Mechanism of action
Lovastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Mevalonate is a required building block for cholesterol biosynthesis and lovastatin interferes with its production by acting as a reversible competitive inhibitor for HMG-CoA, which binds to the HMG-CoA reductase. Lovastatin is a prodrug, an inactive lactone in its native form, the gamma-lactone closed ring form in which it is administered, is hydrolysed in vivo to the β-hydroxy acid open ring form; which is the active form.

Lovastatin and other statins have been studied for their chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects. No such effects were seen in the early studies. More recent investigations revealed some chemopreventive and therapeutic effects, for certain types of cancer, especially in combination of statins with other anticancer drugs. It is likely that these effect are mediated by the properties of statins to reduce proteasome activity, leading to an accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, and to subsequent G1-phase arrest, as seen in cells of different cancer lines.

History
Compactin and lovastatin, natural products with a powerful inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase, were discovered in the 1970s, and taken into clinical development as potential drugs for lowering LDL cholesterol.

In 1982, some small-scale clinical investigations of lovastatin, a polyketide-derived natural product isolated from Aspergillus terreus, in very high-risk patients were undertaken, in which dramatic reductions in LDL cholesterol were observed, with very few adverse effects. After the additional animal safety studies with lovastatin revealed no toxicity of the type thought to be associated with compactin, clinical studies continued.

Large-scale trials confirmed the effectiveness of lovastatin. Observed tolerability continued to be excellent, and lovastatin was approved by the US FDA in 1987. It was the first statin approved by the FDA.

Lovastatin is also naturally produced by certain higher fungi, such as Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) and closely related Pleurotus spp. Research into the effect of oyster mushroom and its extracts on the cholesterol levels of laboratory animals has been extensive,          although the effect has been demonstrated in a very limited number of human subjects.

In 1998, the FDA placed a ban on the sale of dietary supplements derived from red yeast rice, which naturally contains lovastatin, arguing that products containing prescription agents require drug approval. Judge Dale A. Kimball of the United States District Court for the District of Utah, granted a motion by Cholestin's manufacturer, Pharmanex, that the agency's ban was illegal under the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act because the product was marketed as a dietary supplement, not a drug.

The objective is to decrease excess levels of cholesterol to an amount consistent with maintenance of normal body function. Cholesterol is biosynthesized in a series of more than 25 separate enzymatic reactions that initially involves three successive condensations of acetyl-CoA units to form the six-carbon compound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA). This is reduced to mevalonate and then converted in a series of reactions to the isoprenes that are building-blocks of squalene, the immediate precursor to sterols, which cyclizes to lanosterol (a methylated sterol) and further metabolized to cholesterol. A number of early attempts to block the synthesis of cholesterol resulted in agents that inhibited late in the biosynthetic pathway between lanosterol and cholesterol. A major rate-limiting step in the pathway is at the level of the microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonic acid, and that has been considered to be a prime target for pharmacologic intervention for several years.

HMG CoA reductase occurs early in the biosynthetic pathway and is among the first committed steps to cholesterol formulation. Inhibition of this enzyme could lead to accumulation of HMG CoA, a water-soluble intermediate that is, then, capable of being readily metabolized to simpler molecules. This inhibition of reductase would lead to accumulation of lipophylic intermediates with a formal sterol ring.

Lovastatin was the first specific inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase to receive approval for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The first breakthrough in efforts to find a potent, specific, competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase occurred in 1976, when Endo et al. reported the discovery of mevastatin, a highly functionalized fungal metabolite, isolated from cultures of Penicillium citrium.

Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of lovastatin occurs via an iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. The six genes that encode enzymes that are essential for the biosynthesis of lovastatin are lovB, lovC, lovA, lovD, lovG, and lovF. The synthesis of dihydromonacolin L requires a total of 9-malonyl Coa. It proceeds in the PKS pathway until it reaches (E) a hexaketide, where it undergoes a Diels-Alder cycloaddition to form the fused rings. After cyclization it continues through the PKS pathway until it reaches (I) a nonaketide, which then undergoes release from LovB through the thioesterase encoded by LovG. Dihydromonacolin L, (J), then undergoes oxidation and dehydration via a cytochrome P450 oxygenase encoded by LovA to obtain monacolin J, (L).

The MT domain from lovB is active in the conversion of (B) to (C) when it transfers a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the tetraketide (C). Owing to the fact that LovB contains an inactive ER domain, LovC is required at specific steps to obtain fully reduced products. The domain organization of LovB, LovC, LovG and LovF is shown in Figure 2. The inactive ER domain of lovB is shown with an oval and where LovC acts in trans to LovB is shown with a red box.

In a parallel pathway, the diketide side chain of lovastatin is synthesized by another highly reducing type I polyketide synthase enzyme encoded by LovF. Lastly, the side chain, 2-methylbutyrate (M) is covalently attached to C-8 hydroxy group of monacolin J (L) by a transesterase encoded by LovD to form lovastatin.

Total synthesis
A major bulk of work in the synthesis of lovastatin was done by M. Hirama in the 1980s. Hirama synthesized compactin and used one of the intermediates to follow a different path to get to lovastatin. The synthetic sequence is shown in the schemes below. The γ-lactone was synthesized using Yamada methodology starting with glutamic acid. Lactone opening was done using lithium methoxide in methanol and then silylation to give a separable mixture of the starting lactone and the silyl ether. The silyl ether on hydrogenolysis followed by Collins oxidation gave the aldehyde. Stereoselective preparation of (E,E)-diene was accomplished by addition of trans-crotyl phenyl sulfone anion, followed by quenching with Ac2O and subsequent reductive elimination of sulfone acetate. Condensation of this with lithium anion of dimethyl methylphosphonate gave compound 1. Compound 2 was synthesized as shown in the scheme in the synthetic procedure. Compounds 1 and 2 were then combined using 1.3 eq sodium hydride in THF followed by reflux in chlorobenzene for 82 hr under nitrogen to get the enone 3.

Simple organic reactions were used to get to lovastatin as shown in the scheme.

Natural sources
Lovastatin is a naturally occurring compound found in low concentrations in food such as oyster mushrooms, red yeast rice, and Pu-erh.

Brand names
Mevacor, Advicor (as a combination with niacin), Altocor, Altoprev

Other applications
In plant physiology, lovastatin has occasionally been used as inhibitor of cytokinin biosynthesis.

authors: حسن علي البط

title: Lovastatin


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Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum

Thinktank, Birmingham  (formerly known as simply Thinktank) is a science museum in Birmingham, England. Opened in 2001, it is part of Birmingham Museums Trust and is located within the Millennium Point complex on Curzon Street, Digbeth.

History
The Birmingham Collection of Science & Industry was started in the mid-19th century, initially consisting of collections of weapons from the gun trade and the Birmingham Proof House. The Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery opened in 1885, including science collections. In 1951, the Museum of Science and Industry opened at Elkington Silver Electroplating Works, Newhall Street. Over the following years, the museum acquired individual artefacts, as well as entire collections, that were related to local industry and the history of science and technology.

Birmingham City Council decided in 1995 to relocate the museum when it was given an opportunity by the Millennium Commission to construct a new building. The former museum closed in 1997, and Thinktank opened on 29 September 2001 as part of the £114-million Millennium Point complex. It was funded by Birmingham City Council, supported by the Millennium Commission. The area adjacent to the building is designated Eastside City Park. While many objects were put on display at Thinktank, others were stored at the Birmingham Museum Collection Centre, and some were brought out of storage.

Although the previous science museum was free to enter, Thinktank charges an entrance fee. In 2005 the museum underwent a £2 million upgrade, including the installation of a planetarium. By 2007 it had received over 1 million visitors. In April 2012, Birmingham Museums Trust took over governance and management responsibility for Thinktank, along with eight other sites.

In March 2015, a new "Spitfire gallery" opened, relating the displayed aircraft to their production, locally. Among the new exhibits are a leather flying helmet previously belonging to Helen Kerly, one of only two British civilian women commended for flying during the Second World War.

Stationary steam engines
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum has a big collection of stationary steam engines. The following are some examples of them:

Displays
Thinktank has four floors of over 200 hands-on exhibits and artefacts. Each floor has a theme, in general going from the past, in The Past (Level 0), through The Balcony (Level 1) and The Present (Level 2), to the future, in The Future gallery (Level 3). It has lost its theme as new items have been added.

Surroundings
The museum shares the Millennium Point building with Birmingham City University, and is situated in the Eastside district. It lies near Aston University and the Gun Quarter – which was for many years the centre of world's gun-manufacturing industry. Immediately opposite are The Woodman, a public house, and Curzon Street railway station - both listed buildings.

title: Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum


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Matthiola

Matthiola is a genus of flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae. It is named after Italian naturalist Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577). The genus contains about 50 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants and subshrubs. Many are cultivated for their heavily scented, colorful flowers. The common name stock may be applied to the whole genus, more specifically to varieties and cultivars of Matthiola incana. The common names evening stock and night-scented stock are applied to varieties of Matthiola longipetala (syn. M. bicornis). The common name Virginia stock refers to a separate genus of the same family (Malcolmia maritima).

Species
The following species are accepted:

 * Matthiola afghanica Rech.f. & Köie
 * Matthiola anchoniifolia Hub.-Mor.
 * Matthiola arabica Boiss.
 * Matthiola aspera Boiss.
 * Matthiola boissieri Grossh.
 * Matthiola bolleana Webb ex Christ
 * Matthiola bucharica Czerniak.
 * Matthiola caspica (N.Busch) Grossh.
 * Matthiola chenopodiifolia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 * Matthiola chorassanica Bunge ex Boiss.
 * Matthiola codringtonii Rech.f.
 * Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. & Gaill.
 * Matthiola czerniakowskae Botsch. & Vved.
 * Matthiola daghestanica (Conti) N.Busch
 * Matthiola damascena Boiss.
 * Matthiola dumulosa Boiss. & Buhse
 * Matthiola erlangeriana Engl.
 * Matthiola farinosa Bunge ex Boiss.
 * Matthiola flavida Boiss.
 * Matthiola fragrans (Fisch.) Bunge
 * Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire – sad stock
 * Matthiola ghorana Rech.f.
 * Matthiola glutinosa Jafri
 * Matthiola graminea Rech.f.
 * Matthiola incana (L.) W.T.Aiton – stock, hoary stock, gilly-flower
 * Matthiola integrifolia Kom.
 * Matthiola kralikii Pomel
 * Matthiola livida (Delile) DC. – desert stock
 * Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. – night-scented stock
 * Matthiola lunata DC.
 * Matthiola macranica Rech.f.
 * Matthiola maderensis Lowe
 * Matthiola maroccana Coss.
 * Matthiola montana Boiss.
 * Matthiola obovata Bunge
 * Matthiola odoratissima (M.Bieb.) W.T.Aiton
 * Matthiola parviflora (Schousb.) W.T.Aiton
 * Matthiola perennis Conti
 * Matthiola perpusilla Rech.f.
 * Matthiola puntensis Hedge & A.G.Mill.
 * Matthiola revoluta Bunge ex Boiss.
 * Matthiola robusta Bunge
 * Matthiola scapifera Humbert
 * Matthiola shehbazii Ranjbar & Karami
 * Matthiola shiraziana Zeraatkar, Khosravi, F.Ghahrem., Al-Shehbaz & Assadi
 * Matthiola sinuata (L.) W.T.Aiton – sea stock
 * Matthiola spathulata Conti
 * Matthiola stoddartii Bunge
 * Matthiola superba Conti
 * Matthiola tatarica (Pall.) DC.
 * Matthiola taurica (Conti) Grossh.
 * Matthiola tianschanica Sarkisova
 * Matthiola tomentosa Bél.
 * Matthiola torulosa (Thunb.) DC.
 * Matthiola tricuspidata (L.) W.T.Aiton – three-horned stock
 * Matthiola trojana Dirmenci, Satil & Tümen

title: Matthiola


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Herbert Seifert

Herbert Karl Johannes Seifert (27 May 1907, Bernstadt – 1 October 1996, Heidelberg) was a German mathematician known for his work in topology.

Biography
Seifert was born in Bernstadt auf dem Eigen, but soon moved to Bautzen, where he attended primary school at the Knabenbürgerschule, and secondary school at the Oberrealschule.

In 1926 Seifert entered the Dresden University of Technology. The next year he attended a course on topology given by William Threlfall. This would be the beginning both of his lifelong work in the subject and his friendship with Threlfall. In the year 1928–29 he visited the University of Göttingen, where topologists such as Pavel Sergeevich Alexandrov and Heinz Hopf were working.

In 1930 he received his doctorate with his work on three-dimensional closed manifolds (which contains the Seifert–van Kampen theorem). He then moved to the University of Leipzig, where he received his second doctorate in 1932. It was here that Seifert submitted his dissertation, Topologie 3-dimensionaler gefaserter Räume (“Topology of 3-dimensional fibred spaces”), on 1 February 1932, and he was awarded with this doctorate of philosophy after his oral examination on March 3. The manifolds he studied in his thesis were afterwards named Seifert fiber spaces.

Seifert continued to collaborate with Threlfall, and in 1934 (the year Seifert received his habilitation) they published their Lehrbuch der Topologie. In 1938 they published Variationsrechnung im Grossen.

In 1935, Seifert was summoned to a post at the University of Heidelberg, where he took a position vacated by the dismissal of a Jewish professor. During World War II he volunteered for a position at a Luftwaffe research center, the Institut für Gasdynamik. After the war, Seifert was one of the few German professors whom the Allies trusted during the period of denazification.

In the year 1948–49 Seifert visited the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. On 13 September 1949, soon after returning to Germany, he married Katharina Korn.

Seifert retired in 1975. His students include Albrecht Dold, Dieter Puppe, and Horst Schubert.

title: Herbert Seifert


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Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics

At the 1924 Winter Olympics, only one bobsleigh event was contested, the four man event. However, rules at the time also allowed a fifth sledder to compete. The event was held on Saturday and Sunday, 2 and 3 February 1924.

Participating nations
A total of 39 bobsledders from five nations competed at the Chamonix Games:

title: Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics