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User talk:HWelles

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 11:49, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:HWelles


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Jamesburg

Jamesburg may refer to:
 * Jamesburg, California
 * Jamesburg, Illinois

 * Jamesburg, New Jersey

Jamesburg

title: Jamesburg


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Shoreditch station

Shoreditch station may refer to:

 * Shoreditch High Street railway station
 * Shoreditch railway station (closed in 1940)
 * Shoreditch tube station (closed in 2006)

title: Shoreditch station


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Jamesport

Jamesport is the name of two places in the United States:

 * Jamesport, Missouri
 * Jamesport, New York

title: Jamesport


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Luis Guzmán

Luis Guzmán (born August 28, 1956) is a Puerto Rican actor. His career spans over 40 years and includes a number of films and television series. He has appeared in Paul Thomas Anderson's films Boogie Nights (1997), Magnolia (1999) and Punch-Drunk Love (2002), and Steven Soderbergh's films Out of Sight (1998), The Limey (1999) and Traffic (2000). His other film credits include Q & A (1990), The Hard Way (1991), Carlito's Way (1993), and Keanu (2016). For his role in The Limey, he received a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male.

On television, he starred as Raoul Hernandez on the HBO prison drama Oz (1998–2000), José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha on Narcos (2015), Jesse "Mama" Salander on the CBS medical drama Code Black (2015–18), Hector Contreras on Perpetual Grace, LTD (2019), and Gomez Addams on Wednesday (2022).

Early life
Guzmán was born in Cayey, Puerto Rico and was raised in New York City's Greenwich Village and the surrounding Lower East Side neighborhood. He went to Seward Park High School on the Lower East Side. His mother, Rosa, was a hospital worker, and his stepfather, Benjamin Cardona, was a TV repairman. Guzmán graduated from The American University, and shortly after began his career as a social worker and moonlighted as an actor, eventually becoming heavily involved in street theater and independent films.

Career
Guzman's numerous movie credits include Carlito's Way, Carlito's Way: Rise to Power, Punch-Drunk Love, Welcome to Collinwood, Stonewall, Waiting..., The Salton Sea, and Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. He has also appeared on the TV shows Homicide: Life on the Street, Frasier, Community (as himself) and Oz and voiced Ricardo Diaz in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and its prequel Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. Guzmán starred in the short-lived 2003 television comedy Luis, and is a commentator on VH1's I Love the '80s, as well as I Love Toys and its sequels, including I Love the '70s and I Love the '90s. He co-starred on the 2007 HBO series John from Cincinnati, which lasted one season.

In early 2008, Guzmán starred in "Naturally Aged Cheddar Hunks" TV ads for Cabot Creamery. He also appeared in the music video "Yes We Can." In 2010, he starred in HBO's How to Make It in America and appeared in a comical series of Snickers commercials that played during that year's Super Bowl.

Personal life
Guzmán resides in Cabot, Vermont.

Guzmán endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

In 2018, Guzmán, along with New York Yankees all-star Bernie Williams, appeared in a season six episode of Jon Taffer's Bar Rescue, offering assistance not only to the El Krajo Tavern in Loiza, but the town's community center, after it was devastated from Hurricane Maria.

During Telegramgate, Guzmán was interviewed by MSNBC for his opinions on the situation in Puerto Rico and he expressed that "Ricky had to go" and that corruption on the island was a major problem that he hoped would be solved.

title: Luis Guzmán


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Luis Guzmán (disambiguation)

Luis Guzmán (born 1956) is a Puerto Rican actor.

Luis Guzmán may also refer to:

 * Luis Guzmán (water polo) (born 1945), Mexican Olympic water polo player
 * Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, 9th Count of Alba de Liste (born c. 1605), viceroy of New Spain and Peru
 * Luis Muñoz de Guzmán (1735–1808), Spanish colonial administrator
 * Luis Roberto Guzmán (born 1966), Puerto Rican actor

title: Luis Guzmán (disambiguation)


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Rusyns

Rusyns (Русины), also known as Carpatho-Rusyns (Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины), Ruthenians, or Rusnaks (Руснакы or Руснаци), are an East Slavic ethnic group from the Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe. They speak Rusyn, an East Slavic language variety, treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language. As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity, the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics, though a minority of Rusyns practice Eastern Orthodoxy. Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia, where they have official minority status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are a branch of the Ukrainian people.

Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, Boykos, Hutsuls and Lemkos.

Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent (c. 2012) national censuses. This is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group.

Ethnonyms
The term Rusyn (Русин, plural Русины) originates from the archaic ethnonym "Rus'". The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been (руськый m., руська f., руське/руськое n.), though  (русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински) has also been used; even more so after 1989.

In interwar Czechoslovakia, Ruthenia was called Rusinsko in Czech; sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American-Rusyn publications.

Regional identifiers
Carpatho-Rusyn or Carpatho-Ruthenian is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia, which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast), Prešov Region (in eastern Slovakia), the Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym Lemko (pl. ) became more common in the twentieth century, along with Lemko-Rusyn since the 1990s.

The variant Rusnak (Руснак; plural: or Pannonian-Rusyn, Rusnatsi) was also (and still is) used as an endonym; particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina, Serbia and Slavonia, Croatia. However, they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns, Bachka-Srem Rusyns , or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns.

Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that the terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes.

Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro-Rusyn in the regions of Eperjes, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia.

Rus'
Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus' during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through the life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Parallel, medieval Latin terms such as Rusi, Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs.

Ruthenian
Since the end of the 11th century, the exonymic term Rutheni (Ruthenes) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine.

After the Partitions of Poland, Rutheni "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the Habsburg monarchy" (and was used as an official designation in the Austrian Empire after 1843). In the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people (rutén or ruszin) of Transcarpathia until 1945. During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States", for whom the terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s.

In some non-Slavic languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians, but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language. Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as a result of varied historical usage.

Carpatho-Russian
In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho-Russians or Carpathian Russians. These terms, however, are generally considered antiquated and now typically refer to ethnic Russians of the Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise Russian ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in the works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church in the U.S. for decades known as the ‘Greek Catholic Union Messenger’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (by the 1960s the term Ruthenian came into vogue). As well, the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese, with over 14,000 members and 78 parishes as of 2006 (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis even today. Finally, as of the early 21st Century, one can still hear Rusyn Americans within the OCA and ROCOR Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian.

Origins
There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins. According to Paul Robert Magocsi, the origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus'. The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between the 5th and 6th centuries, the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec, the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia, and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania. It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths. George Shevelov also considered a connection with East Slavic tribes, more specifically, the Hutsuls, and possibly Boykos, argued to be the descendants of the Ulichs who were not native in the region. As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians, including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia, has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats, in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the Great Russian Encyclopedia, the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats.

Anthropology
According to anthropological studies, the Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to S. P. Segeda, V. Dyachenko and T. I. Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in the Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut-Dniester rivers, possibly with some Thracian component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs, while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks, Gorals of Poland, Romanians, some groups of Czechs and Hungarians, Northwestern Bulgarians, Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians.

Population genetics
The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – Boykos, Hutsuls and Lemkos people – showed a common ancestry with other modern Europeans. A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for a European population, while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population.

The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a (43%), I2 (20%), E-V13 (12.5%), and R1b (8.5%), while I1, G2a, J2b, N1 between 2.5 and 4.5%, and J1, T, and H only in traces of less than 1%. They cluster closest to the Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population". The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (>30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans. It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations, the Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region.

Early history
The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus', which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of the Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples.

Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by the 17th century. The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians (Little Russians). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term "Ukrainian" to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains.

Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well. Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary.

In 1241, the Carpathians fell to Mongol invasions led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, with populations exterminated and villages torched. The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass, just to the north of Mukachevo.

In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince Feodor Koriatovich, son of the Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects. This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons, a moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River.

Modern history
The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest, while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination.

The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in the 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language. During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council (Головна Руська Рада, Holovna Ruska Rada). The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita).

The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on the rising national consciousness of that time. Aleksander Dukhnovich (1803–1865), who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy".

A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in the late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in the early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants. Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina.

Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I: the Lemko-Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic. Prior to this time, some of the founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky (Кость Леви́цький), future president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. In the interwar period, the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania). Hutsul Stepan Klochurak was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho-Ukraine.

After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor.

During the Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine.

In the 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns. In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' (Підкарпатьска Русь). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn, adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from Subcarpathian Rus' to Carpathian Ukraine.

That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of the Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', officially reaffirming the right of self-determination of Rusyn people (preamble), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine.

The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kiev. The Republic's president, Avgustyn Voloshyn, was an advocate of writing in Rusyn. The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity.

Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews. In September 1944, while retreating from a Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century.

On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine.

The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while the eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia. After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia.

In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by the Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia.

In 1947, under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In the same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s.

These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state".

In former Yugoslavia, Rusyns were officially recognized as a distinct national minority, and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia. In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82), and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of Vojvodina (an autonomous province in Serbia) that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on, the Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67).

Recent history
After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1990, new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy. But with the Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum.

In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the United Nations. Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only a sub-group of the Ukrainian people. In spite of this, Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly.

By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007 the Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Prešov, Slovakia.

In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh. They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of the region.

There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language. In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014.

In 2021 while discussing the borders of modern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin specifically referred to the people in the Carpathian Mountains of modern-day Ukraine as Rusyns, rather than Ukrainians. In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using the pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus", also known as Podkarpatska Rus (Подкарпатскa Рус) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic.

Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe and a healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in service of the expansionist aims of modern Russia.

Autonomist and separatist movements
According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital. The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in a 2:1:1 ratio. Ukrainian academician, doctor of historical sciences, head of department of National Minorities of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Institute of Political and Ethno-national research, May Panchuk explained that soon after dissolution of the Soviet Union and during the 1991 Ukrainian referendum, there was provided additional question for Zakarpattia residents only whether they wish to obtain a self-governed territory within Ukraine. It triggered Rusyns to create their own political parties and movements. Already in March 1992 the recently created "Subcarpathian republican party" published its program with first elements of separatism: create independent, neutral "Republic Subcarpathian Ruthenia" just as Switzerland; receive full political and economic independence; recognize Rusyn people as a full-scale nationality among other nations. The party contained a well expressed Kremlin orientation and did not hide its connections with pro-Russians elements. In 1993 in Bratislava there was presented the "government of Subcarpathian Ruthenia" with an emphasized change – as "separate subject of the Commonwealth of Independent States". The activity of the "government" was openly supported by "Russkiy dom", "Russkiy Mir Foundation", Association of Zakarpattia democrats, and other pro-Russian organizations. In December 1994 so called "minister of foreign affairs" T. Ondyk appealed to the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin to cancel the 1945 treaty between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia about Zakarpattia Ukraine. At that same time, Ondyk appealed to the presidents of the United States and Hungary accusing the Ukrainian government in the policy of extermination of Rusyns and Hungarians.

A considerable controversy has arisen regarding the Rusyn separatist movement led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)), his relationship with the Russian Orthodox Church and funding for his activities. Russia has, as a result of the Russian census of 2002, recognized the Rusyns as a separate ethnic group in 2004, and has been accused by the Ukrainian government of fueling ethnic tensions and separatism among Rusyns and Ukrainians.

A criminal case under Part 2, Art. 110 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code was initiated after the 1st European Congress of Rusyns took place in Mukachevo on June 7, 2008. At that particular congress the reinstatement of the Zakarpattia's status as special "territory of Rusyns to the south of the Carpathians" with self-government under the constitutional name Subcarpathian Rus was recognized. On October 29, at the 2nd congress in Mukachevo, a memorandum was signed calling for the authorities to recognize the Subcarpathian Rus autonomy (by December 1). That same day, according to the Kommersant-Ukraine (Ukrainian edition) agents of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) questioned Dmytro Sydor and Yevgeniy Zhupan. They were summoned to SBU as witnesses in a criminal case "on the infringement on territorial integrity of Ukraine" initiated in June 2008. According to internet publisher "Newsru", earlier in 2008 the Zakarpattia Rusyns appealed to Russia to recognize independence of Subcarpathian Ruthenia from Ukraine. In 2014 with the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, an activist of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement named Petro Hetsko, who claims to be prime minister of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia, asked the President of Russia to intervene and help "neutralize Galician Nazism in Zakarpattia".

Research conducted by the University of Cambridge during the height of political Rusynism in the mid-1990s that focused on five specific regions within the Zakarpattia Oblast having the strongest pro-Rusyn cultural and political activism, found that only nine percent of the population of these areas claimed Rusyn ethnicity. In the present day, according to the Ukrainian census, most – over 99% – of the local inhabitants consider themselves to be Ukrainians. (Ukrainian census numbers inflated since 1991 refer to local ones for accuracy).

Early history
Religion and Rusyn history are deeply intertwined, often resulting in controversy. Many believe that when Rusyns first came to Christianity it was through the Orthodox faith, although this has been challenged by many others who assert the initial Christian influence actually came from Catholic Moravia. One of the earliest saints of the (Orthodox) Monastery of the Caves at Kiev was the Rusyn Moses Uhrin (died 1043), who prior to becoming a monk served Boris, the prince of Ancient Rus'. Moses and his brothers Efrem and Georgii stories are recorded in the noted Primary Chronicle. Also originating from this time is the unique Carpathian church Prostopinije (Plain Chant), which is closely related to the ancient chant of Kievan Rus' and has even preserved elements of it.

For over 600 years, the Orthodox Church was the only Rusyn church in the Carpathians. But under the growing influence of the then ruling Austro-Hungarian Empire, Orthodox clergy were reduced over time to the legal status of peasant-serfs, and even the bishop of Mukachevo was at the mercy of the Hungarian lords. To improve their condition, some Orthodox priests attempted to form a new church under the Catholics. In 1614, 50 priests convened at the Krasni Brid Monastery with this intent, but a crowd of Orthodox protested and dispersed the group. A second attempt in the 1630s under Bishop Vasyl Tarasovych also failed. Finally in April 1646, Bishop Parfenii Petrovich was able to convene a meeting of 63 (out of a few hundred) priests who pledged their allegiance to the Pope of Rome. Their signed document became known as the Union of Uzhhorod, resulting in the formation of the Greek Catholic Church. This new Church was given greater material assistance from the Austro-Hungarian Empire while being allowed to maintain their Eastern Rite traditions, including married priests. From that time, the Rusyns had two bishops, one Greek Catholic and one Orthodox, until 1721 when the last remaining Orthodox priests in the western counties accepted the Union. Some priests in the eastern counties of Bereg and Maramaros remained Orthodox until 1745.

Recent history
In the 1890s, 145 years after Orthodoxy had ceased to exist in the Carpathians, a so-called 'return to Orthodoxy' movement began, reaching a high point in the 1920s. Many Greek Catholics who became Orthodox were arrested for treason and a few were even executed by the government, with the Thalerhof internment camp and martyrdom (by firing squad) of the Orthodox priest Maxim Sandovich in 1914 being the best known incidents. Meanwhile, the Russian Bolshevik Revolution was forcing Russians of the nobility and middle class to flee, and many settled in the US. These Russians arrived and began joining the American Russian Orthodox Church (then called the Metropolia) at precisely the same time Carpatho-Russians in America were also 'returning' to the Orthodox faith. This mixing furthered Russophile leanings among many Rusyns. Leading the charge was Fr. Alexis Toth, a former Greek Catholic priest who led as many as 20,000 Rusyn Americans to Orthodoxy, for which he was canonized by the Orthodox Church (due to his efforts, perhaps 1/3rd of American Rusyns are Orthodox today). This American mixing further influenced events and persecutions back in the Carpathian homeland, where thousands of fleeing Orthodox Russians also settled, including monks who founded the Ladomirova Monastery. Indeed, Laurus Škurla who was born in Ladomirova (now in Slovakia) rose to become Metropolitan Laurus, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.

Conversely, it was Greek Catholics of the Carpathians who suffered in the 1940s. By force, the Soviet government annulled the Union of Uzhhorod in 1946, and the Greek Catholic Church was liquidated exactly 300 years after its formation. The Greek Catholic Cathedral, Uzhhorod was transferred to the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church in 1948, and priests who refused to convert to Orthodoxy were sent to the Siberian and Arctic labor camps, where many died. Others were simply murdered in their home villages. A horrific example of this was the martyrdom (by assassination) of Greek Catholic Bishop Theodore Romzha. To add salt to the wound, in 1971 the Russian Orthodox Synod of Zagorsk, U.S.S.R. indirectly justified this violence by officially ratifying the annulment.

And while no longer the case, from the early and even until the mid-1900s in America, religious and nationalist causes went together. Aside from Russian Orthodox/Greek Catholic struggle, the dislike of Ukrainians by Rusyn religious leaders was strong and expressed often, as Ukrainian nationalism was deemed a destructive force to Rusyn culture. The influential newspaper of the American Greek Catholic Church, the 'GCU Messenger', wrote in 1954: "To us Carpatho-Russian people here and in our native country under the green Carpathians, there can be no greater insult and offense then when someone calls us Ukrainians. We know not such people on the world's map."

Europe Today

In Europe today, some tensions still exist. As an example, the aforementioned Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Cross in Uzhorod belonged to the Greek Catholics but after WWII had been given to the Russian Orthodox Church by the Communist government. With the pending fall of communism, a well-meaning visit to this cathedral in February 1990 by American Byzantine Catholic (Greek Catholic) Archbishop Stephen Kocisko, whose own Rusyn parents were born in the Carpathians, led to confrontation from Rusyn Orthodox protestors. Later in 1991, there were major protests, including physical attacks and hunger strikes when it was decided to transfer the cathedral back to the Greek Catholics. The Orthodox immediately set about to build a new Uzhhorod Orthodox Cathedral, under the guidance of the Rusyn Fr. Dimitry Sydor, a Moscow Patriarchate priest, who is perhaps the most controversial cleric in today's Carpathians. In a nod to Moscow, the architecture of the new cathedral is based on the design of the famous and newly rebuilt Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, which is the largest church in all of Russia.

At the parish level, numerous churches which had been forcibly Orthodox for decades switched back to the Greek Catholic jurisdiction, and new ones were also constructed. As well, in spite of continued pressure, the region's Greek Catholic Church steadfastly refuses to be included under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian oriented Lvov/Lviv Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy. Notably and in another example of Rusyns going against the tide and seen as a pushback against Ukrainianism, an estimated 542 of the existing 550 Transcarpathian Orthodox churches chose to remain under the (Russian) Moscow Patriarchate rather than join the (Ukrainian) Kiev/Kyiv Patriarchate. And as of 2021 according to the Ukrainian government itself, Transcarpathia had one of the highest adherence levels in Ukraine to the Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate rather than the Kyiv Orthodox Patriarchate.

Greek Catholics
Many Rusyns are Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite, who since the Union of Uzhhorod in 1646 have been in communion with the See of Rome. This church, the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, is distinct from the Latin Catholic Church. It has retained the Byzantine Rite liturgy, sometimes including the Church Slavonic language, the liturgical forms of Byzantine or Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and married priests.

The Pannonian Rusyns of Croatia are organized under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci, and those in the region of Vojvodina (northern Serbia), are organized under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur, headed by bishop Đura Džudžar, who is an ethnic Rusyn. Those in the diaspora in the United States established the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh.

Eastern Orthodox
Although originally associated with the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo, that diocese was suppressed after the Union of Uzhhorod. New Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov was created in 1931 under the auspices of the Serbian Orthodox Church. That eparchy was divided in 1945, eastern part joining Russian Orthodox Church as the Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod, while western part was reorganized as Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Prešov of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church.

Many Rusyn Americans left Catholicism for Eastern Orthodoxy in the 19th century due to disputes with the Latin Church bishops, who viewed different practices in the Byzantine Rite (such as married clergy) with suspicion. Another large segment of Rusyn Americans belong to the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese, which is headquartered in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. From its early days, this group was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as a self-governing diocese.

The affiliation of Eastern Orthodox Rusyns was adversely affected by the Communist revolution in the Russian Empire and the subsequent Iron Curtain which split the Orthodox diaspora from the Eastern Orthodox believers living in the ancestral homelands. A number of émigré communities have claimed to continue the Orthodox Tradition of the pre-revolution church while either denying or minimizing the validity of the church organization operating under Communist authority.

For example, the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) was granted autocephalous (self-governing) status by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1970. Although approximately 25% of the OCA was Rusyn in the early 1980s, an influx of Eastern Orthodox émigrés from other nations and new converts wanting to connect with the Eastern Church have lessened the impact of a particular Rusyn emphasis in favor of a new American Orthodoxy.

In 1994, the historian Paul Robert Magocsi stated that there were approximately 690,000 Carpatho-Rusyn church members in the United States, with 320,000 belonging to the largest Greek Catholic affiliations, 270,000 to the largest Eastern Orthodox affiliations, and 100,000 to various Protestant and other denominations.

Location
The traditional homeland of the Rusyn people, Carpathian Rus', lies at the heart of the Carpathian mountains, on the borders of modern-day Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia. Today, approximately three-quarters of Rusyns reside within Ukraine, specifically the geographic region known as Transcarpathia (historic Subcarpathian Rus').

There also exists a multitude of Rusyn diaspora communities throughout neighboring countries in Europe and North America. The oldest of these diaspora communities is located in the Pannonian Plain. Since the mid-18th century, the resettled communities of Pannonia have existed in parts of present-day Serbia (particularly, Vojvodina, known historically as Bachka) and Croatia (in Vukovar-Srijem County). The United States holds the largest population of Rusyns outside of Carpathian Rus', mostly within the former industrial centers of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, approximately 225,000 Rusyns emigrated here. Within Europe, Rusyns also migrated and settled in Prnjavor, a town in the northern region of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The community in the Czech Republic is located in northern Moravia and the capital of Prague. Populations of Rusyns also migrated to Canada and Argentina in the 1920s and Canada, Australia, and Germany in the 1970s and 1980s.

Demography
Of the estimated 1.2 to 1.6 million people of Rusyn origins, only around 90,000 individuals have been officially identified as such in recent national censuses (see infobox above). This is due, in part, to the refusal of some governments to count Rusyns and/or allow them to self-identify on census forms, especially in Ukraine. The ethnic classification of Rusyns as a separate East Slavic ethnicity distinct from Russians, Ukrainians, or Belarusians is, consequently, politically controversial. The claim that Rusyns are Ukrainian subgroup is disputed by some non-mainstream scholars, as well as other scholars from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Canada, and the United States. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, thirty percent of Rusyns in Ukraine identified Ukrainian as their native language, while two thirds named the Rusyn language. However, about 10 thousand people, or 0.8%, of Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast (Province) identified themselves as Rusyns; by contrast, over 1 million considered themselves Ukrainians. According to the 2022 Romanian census, there were 834 people (0.004% of the population) who identified themselves officially as Rusyns, and 594 who declared that their language was Rusyn.

The endonym Rusyn has frequently gone unrecognised by various governments, and has in other cases been prohibited. Today, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia officially recognize contemporary Rusyns as an ethnic minority. In 2007, Carpatho-Rusyns were recognized as a separate ethnicity in Ukraine by the Zakarpattia Oblast Council on a regional level, and in 2012 the Rusyn language gained official regional status in certain areas of the province, as well as nationwide based on the 2012 Law of Ukraine, "On the principles of the state language policy". However, most contemporary self-identified ethnic Rusyns live outside of Ukraine.

Ethnic subgroups
Rusyns may be divided into two significant subgroups: Carpathian Rusyns and Pannonian Rusyns. While both groups are descendants of Rusyn populations from Carpathian Rus', Pannonian Rusyns migrated from the Carpathian to parts of modern-day Croatia and Serbia (Vojvodina) in the 19th century. Additionally, the two groups speak different dialects (or languages, depending on the author): the former group speaking Carpathian Rusyn and the latter speaking Pannonian Rusyn.

Other more specific, regional subgroups (debatably) include Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls, and Dolinyans (lit. "lowlanders"). However, the Lemko-Boyko-Hutsul subdivision popular with Ukrainian scholars was only first promoted in the 1920s by the Lemko Committee and other contemporary Ukrainian scholars. Furthermore, while Lemkos and Rusyns are recognized as distinct ethnic minorities in Poland and Slovakia (respectively), neither Boykos nor Hutsuls are formally recognized in any country; nor are any Rusyns for that matter recognized as such in Ukraine.

Regarding these common ethnographic divisions, prominent Rusyn scholar, Paul Robert Magocsi, has said the following: "The tripartite Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema […] does not, however, respond to reality on the ground. For example, Carpatho-Rusyns on the southern slopes of the mountains have never referred to themselves as either Lemkos or Boikos, while the area inhabited by self-designated Hutsuls is for the most part outside Carpathian Rus'. Only 17 villages […] (a mere 3 percent of the total number of villages in historic Carpathian Rus') are inhabited by persons who may use Hutsul as a self-identifier. On the other hand, the name Hutsul has taken on a broader and vaguer meaning. Especially in today's Ukraine it is used as a kind of term of endearment to describe all the inhabitants of Ukraine's Transcarpathian oblast, who are viewed with nostalgia as pristine mountaineers […]"

title: Rusyns


text:
Talk:The Number Painter

Untitled
If this is a complete list of sketches, as was originally stated in the article, why is there no #1? Is that explained within the show, or is this an error in the original article? -- Jeff Q 11:57, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Now explained. --  user:zanimum

Is 'esoteric neighbor' supposed to be 'eccentric neighbor'? I grant you the character wasn't understood by many people but... Ksparent 07:29, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

What is "beh-gronts" in the entry regarding "Number 6"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.151.174.253 (talk) 19:16, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Number Painter


text:
Arawhata River

The Arawhata River (often spelt with the Ngāi Tahu Māori dialect spelling Arawata River) is in the West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand.

The river has its headwaters in the Mount Aspiring National Park. It drains the western side of the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana and heads in a northerly direction for 60 km, flowing into Jackson Bay / Okahu. A small lake, Lake Ellery, drains into the river near its mouth, via a short tributary, the Jackson River.

Access is possible up the river by jetboat. Access to the glaciers, forests and flats of the upper reaches of the valley is restricted by Ten Hour Gorge. Glacial silt in the river imparts an opaque green to greyish coloration to the water. The lower valley is grazed by cattle by the local farmers under a grazing licence. The majority of the land in the area is publicly owned and administered by the Department of Conservation.

Owing to the high rainfall on the western side of the Southern Alps, the river level can rapidly rise.

title: Arawhata River


text:
Dubai Classic

The Dubai Classic (also known as the Dubai Duty Free Classic for sponsorship and marketing purposes) was a professional ranking snooker tournament. The last champion was Ronnie O'Sullivan.

History
It began life as the Dubai Masters in 1988, the first major tournament in the Middle East. The following year it was renamed to Dubai Classic, and it became the first ranking event in the Middle East. During its tenure in Dubai, the tournament was played at the multi-purpose stadium of the Al-Nasr Sports Club.

Later the event was moved to Thailand and renamed to Thailand Classic for 1995/96 and Asian Classic for 1996/97, before being dropped from the calendar.

title: Dubai Classic


text:
Michael Hardie Boys

Sir Michael Hardie Boys, (6 October 1931 – 29 December 2023) was a New Zealand lawyer, judge and jurist who served as the 17th Governor-General of New Zealand, in office from 1996 to 2001.

Early life and family
Hardie Boys was born in 1931 in Wellington, the son of Edith May (née Bennett) and Reginald Hardie Boys (1903–1970), a lawyer and later judge of the Supreme Court. After his schooling at Hataitai School and Wellington College, Hardie Boys gained a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws from Victoria University College in 1954. Hardie Boys married Mary Zohrab, a great-granddaughter of Octavius Hadfield, in 1957. They had two sons and two daughters.

Legal career
A lawyer by profession, Hardie Boys was a partner in his father's law firm; this became Scott Hardie Boys & Morrison. He was on the council of the Wellington District Court Law Society (1973–1979) before he became its president in 1979. He was on the council of the New Zealand Law Society (1976–1979). For the New Zealand Law Society, he served on the Legal Aid Board before appointed its chairman in 1978.

Hardie Boys became a judge of the High Court of New Zealand in 1980 (prior to 1980, the name was Supreme Court, i.e. he sat in the same court that his father had). In 1989, he was elevated to the Court of Appeal, and was appointed a Privy Counsellor. In 1994, he was elected as an Honorary Bencher at Gray's Inn, and in 1995 became an Honorary Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge. He was also a visiting fellow at Wolfson. In the 1996 New Year Honours, Hardie Boys was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.

Governor-General

On 21 March 1996, Hardie Boys was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand on the advice of Prime Minister Jim Bolger, as the Governor-General of New Zealand. As the 1996 New Zealand general election would be the first mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) election, the appointment of a lawyer with an understanding of constitutional law was desirable. Bolger had notified all leaders of parties then represented in parliament, to ensure broad cross-party support. At subsequent appointments, other party leaders are only notified very shortly before the announcement is made, if at all.

In the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hardie Boys was the first person appointed a Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. He was also appointed a Knight of the Order of St John of Jerusalem in April 1996.

As governor-general, Hardie Boys had constitutional, ceremonial and community functions as per New Zealand's conventions. The constitutional duties involved summoning parliament at the beginning of each parliamentary session, delivering the prime minister's speech from the throne as part of these openings, the signing of bills that had been passed by parliament into law. Ceremonial duties included bestowing royal honours, and to prorogue parliament at the end of its term. Ceremonial duties included acting as patron for many of the country's societies.

Upon the completion of his term on 21 March 2001, Sir Michael and Lady Hardie Boys were both appointed additional Companions of the Queen's Service Order.

During Hardie Boys' term, controversy ensued in 1996 when he stated his opposition to Minister of Youth Affairs Deborah Morris's suggestion that young people have access to contraceptives. Later, in 2001, further controversy arose when he made an implied attack on the Clark Labour Government's scrapping of the air defence wing of the Royal New Zealand Air Force.

Retirement and death
After his retirement as Governor-General of New Zealand, Hardie Boys served as a judge of the Kiribati Court of Appeal. He lived in retirement at Waikanae, where he helped out at Kapanui School's literacy programme.

In 2004, Hardie Boys stated his opposition to New Zealand becoming a republic, stating in an interview: "If it ain't broke, don't fix it."

Hardie Boys died in Waikanae on 29 December 2023, at the age of 92. His wife, Mary, Lady Hardie Boys, died on 26 June 2024, also at Waikanae.

title: Michael Hardie Boys


text:
Jansen

Jansen may refer to:

People

 * Jansen (surname), a Dutch surname, cognate of Johnson

Places

 * Jansen, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Jansen, Colorado, United States
 * Jansen, Nebraska, United States

Other uses

 * Jansen AG, Swiss steel and plastic company, founded by Josef Jansen of Aachen
 * Jansen (crater), lunar crater named after Dutch inventor of the telescope Sacharias Jansen
 * Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, rare disease discovered by the orthopedic surgeon Murk Jansen
 * Jansenism, Catholic theological movement named after the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen

title: Jansen


text:
Lądek-Zdrój

Lądek-Zdrój (Landek; Bad Landeck), known in English as Landek, is a spa town situated in Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, southwestern Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Lądek-Zdrój, close to the Czech border.

History and culture
It lies in the Sudetes in two mountain ranges - the Golden Mountains and the Śnieżnik Massif, approximately 20 km south-east of Kłodzko, and 88 km south of the regional capital Wrocław. As of 2019, the town has a population of 5,572.

A picturesque spa town with rich historical architecture ranging from Gothic to Renaissance and Baroque, numerous sanatoriums, parks and gardens, including an arboretum, considered one of the oldest spa towns in Poland. Located within the historic Kłodzko Land, it was granted town rights in 1282 by Duke of Wrocław and future High Duke of Poland Henryk IV Probus of the Piast dynasty.

Lądek-Zdrój became famous in Poland because of Stanisław Bareja's cult film Teddy Bear (Miś).

In 1949–1950 Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, were temporarily admitted in Lądek-Zdrój, before new homes were found for them in other towns.

Each year, the town is host to the Andrzej Zawada mountain film festival.

Twin towns – sister cities
See twin towns of Gmina Lądek-Zdrój.

title: Lądek-Zdrój


text:
Talk:Žumberak Mountains

Moving
Moved this back because 'Ž' isn't in ISO-8859-1. Morwen 12:12, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

If the Slovenians call it Gorjanci more often than Žumberak, perhaps we should move it altogether? IIRC, a bit more of the mountain is in Slovenia than it is in Croatia. --Joy [shallot]   20:39, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and moved it to a compromise title, seeing how the names are really equivalent. I kept Žumberak in the first place primarily for backwards compatibility. --Joy [shallot]   14:59, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

No problem. If I recall correctly, IIRC stay for If I recall correctly :)? --andrejj 15:32, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes :) --Joy [shallot]

I think that actual name of mountain is Žumberačka gora not Žumberak (according to my map)?

It is aj ;) --andrejj 20:04, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that's used interchangeably. --Joy [shallot]   20:32, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Žumberačka gora
This should be on Žumberačka gora/Gorjanci? What about splitting on two articles Žumberačka gora and Gorjanci? --AndrejJ (talk) 05:53, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Why should we split? Is this not the same geographic entity? --Eleassar my talk 09:01, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

German name
It is irrelevant IMHO. After all Zagreb was Zágráb, Agram or Zagrabia in history, but none of them mentioned ;-) --AndrejJ (talk) 05:36, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Rifleman 82 (talk) 22:53, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Žumberak/Gorjanci → Žumberak — Per WP:Naming conventions (landforms). The name Žumberak is simply more prevalent in English sources.,, Eleassar my talk 09:09, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Mild support - it's not really ideal, as the usage is not overwhelmingly one or the other - both seem to be common in English. However, the present article title does not meet naming conventions (just as we don't have an article called Colour/Color, so we shouldn't have a slashed title here either). So we may as well go with the slightly more used name, but making sure all else is neutral - in Slovenian articles refer to it as Gorjanci, in Croatian as Žumberak and make sure both titles are mentioned in the lede. — Amakuru (talk) 12:14, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I just don't see a compelling argument. The cited guideline does not actually proscribe the current solution and I don't see anyone complaining about the ordering (asking to put Gorjanci first). A general Google search for English-only results for "Zumberak -Gorjanci" and then one for "Gorjanci -Zumberak" is inconclusive. A Google Books search - ditto. Just leave it be unless someone actually has a real argument against the current title form. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 12:24, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. Get rid of the slash for aesthetic and naming convention reasons.  Either name is fine with me.  —   AjaxSmack   17:09, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Support, per Alex. This sort of situation arises with many articles, and Wikipedia's solution is to pick just one of the names as the article title. I don't see any reason to do differently here.--Kotniski (talk) 14:20, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Who's Alex? Jafeluv (talk) 17:42, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Good question (another one for Gompie to ask, perhaps?) Sorry, per Ajax (and others).--Kotniski (talk) 21:05, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Support move to either Žumberak or Gorjanci. It's an unfortunate situation when we have to choose between two common variants of a name, but I don't think trying to use both names is a solution. As Amakuru said above, we should pick one form as the article title (ideally the one that's most common in English), make a redirect from the other name, and encourage editors to use the correct variant in different contexts. Jafeluv (talk) 17:42, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 20 May 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved  Kharkiv07  ( T ) 14:05, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Žumberak → Žumberak Highlands – Per WP:ENGLISH: this is an established English name of the entire highlands, Žumberak being only a part of it. Eleassar my talk 23:00, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Žumberak Mountains


text: User talk:24.104.26.129

title: User talk:24.104.26.129


text:
Lewis Nash

Lewis Nash (born December 30, 1958) is an American jazz drummer. According to Modern Drummer magazine, Nash has one of the longest discographies in jazz and has played on over 400 records, earning him the honor of Jazz's Most Valuable Player by the magazine in its May 2009 issue.

In 2012, The Nash Jazz Club,] opened in Phoenix, AZ. Named after Lewis Nash by Jazz in AZ 501(c)(3), The Nash Jazz Club is dedicated to performances and educational programs that promote jazz education.

In 2017, Nash joined the jazz studies faculty at Arizona State University, where he was named the Bob and Gretchen Ravenscroft Professor of Practice in Jazz. In early 2021, the Lewis Nash Scholarship Endowment was created by the university to be awarded annually to a deserving ASU undergraduate or graduate jazz performance student.

Nash is noted for his adaptability to a vast array of genres, as evidenced by his performances with such different musicians as Tommy Flanagan and Don Pullen. Nash has made 5 recordings as bandleader: Rhythm is My Business (1989), It Don't Mean a Thing (2003 Japanese import) and Stompin' at the Savoy (2005 Japanese import), Lewis Nash and the Bebop All-Stars featuring Frank Wess (2008 Japanese Import), and The Highest Mountain (2012). In 2008, Nash became part of The Blue Note 7, a septet formed that year in honor of the 70th anniversary of Blue Note Records.

As leader

 * Rhythm Is My Business (Evidence, 1989)
 * It Don't Mean a Thing (Pony Canyon, 2003) Japanese import
 * Stompin' at the Savoy (Pony Canyon, 2005) Japanese import
 * The Highest Mountain (Cellar Live/Planetworks, 2012)
 * Duologue with Steve Wilson (MCG Jazz, 2014)

As a member

 * The Blue Note 7, Mosaic: A Celebration of Blue Note Records (Blue Note/EMI, 2009)

As sideman
With Toshiko Akiyoshi
 * Four Seasons (1990)
 * Remembering Bud: Cleopatra's Dream (1990)
 * Chic Lady (1991)
 * Hope (2005)

With Ron Carter
 * Eight Plus (Victor (Japan), 1990)
 * Mr. Bow-tie (Somethin' Else, 1995)
 * The Bass and I (Somethin' Else, 1997)
 * So What? (Somethin' Else, 1998)

With Classical Jazz Quartet
 * Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker (Vertical, 2001)
 * The Classical Jazz Quartet Plays Bach (Vertical, 2002)
 * The Classical Jazz Quartet Play Rachmaninov (Kind of Blue, 2006)
 * The Classical Jazz Quartet Play Tchaikovsky (Vertical, 2006)
 * Christmas (Kind of Blue, 2006)

With Tommy Flanagan
 * Beyond the Blue Bird (Timeless, 1990)
 * Flanagan's Shenanigans (Storyville, 1993)
 * Let's Play the Music of Thad Jones (Enja, 1993)
 * Lady Be Good ... For Ella (Groovin' High, 1993)
 * Sea Changes (Alfa, 1996)
 * Sunset and the Mockingbird (Blue Note, 1997)

With Don Friedman
 * Waltz for Debby (Eighty-Eight's, 2003)
 * My Favorite Things (Eighty-Eight's, 2004)
 * Circle Waltz 21C (Eighty-Eight's, 2010)

With Dizzy Gillespie
 * Bird Songs: The Final Recordings (Telarc, 1992)
 * To Bird with Love (Telarc, 1992)

With Joe Lovano
 * Tenor Legacy (Blue Note, 1993)
 * Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard (Blue Note, 1995)
 * 52nd Street Themes (Blue Note, 2000)
 * Classic! Live at Newport (Blue Note, 2016)

With Houston Person
 * Mellow (HighNote, 2009)
 * So Nice (HighNote, 2011)
 * Naturally (HighNote, 2012)
 * Nice 'n' Easy (HighNote, 2013)
 * The Melody Lingers On (HighNote, 2014)
 * Something Personal (HighNote, 2015)

With Gerald Wilson
 * New York, New Sound (Mack Avenue, 2003)
 * In My Time (Mack Avenue, 2005)
 * Monterey Moods (Mack Avenue, 2007)
 * Detroit (Mack Avenue, 2009)
 * Legacy (Mack Avenue, 2011)

With others
 * Kenny Barron, Invitation (Criss Cross Jazz, 1991)
 * Kenny Burrell, Sunup to Sundown (Contemporary, 1991)
 * Benny Carter, Legends (MusicMasters, 1993)
 * Roni Ben-Hur, Fortuna (2008)
 * Frank Foster, Leo Rising (Arabesque, 1997)
 * Sir Roland Hanna, Milano, Paris, New York: Finding John Lewis (Venus, 2002)
 * Jimmy Heath, Little Man Big Band (Verve, 1992)
 * Eddie Henderson, Inspiration (Milestone, 1994)
 * Branford Marsalis, Random Abstract (Columbia, 1987)
 * Pat Martino, Think Tank (Blue Note, 2003)
 * Charles McPherson, Come Play with Me (Arabesque, 1995)
 * Mulgrew Miller, Hand in Hand (1992)
 * Tete Montoliu, The Man from Barcelona (Timeless, 1990)
 * Frank Morgan, A Lovesome Thing (Antilles, 1991)
 * David "Fathead" Newman, Mr. Gentle Mr. Cool (Kokopelli, 1994)
 * Chris Potter,Presenting Chris Potter (Criss Cross Jazz, 1993)
 * Don Pullen, Random Thoughts (Blue Note, 1990)
 * Renee Rosnes, Black Narcissus (M&I Music, 2009)
 * Clark Terry, Portraits with Don Friedman, Victor Gaskin (1989)
 * Toots Thielemans, Footprints (EmArcy, 1989)
 * McCoy Tyner, Illuminations (Telarc, 2004)
 * Cedar Walton, Roots (Astor Place, 1997)
 * Larry Willis, How Do You Keep the Music Playing? (SteepleChase, 1992)
 * Saori Yano, Little Tiny (Nippon Columbia, 2007)
 * Dee Dee Bridgewater, Eleanora Fagan (1915–1959): To Billie with Love from Dee Dee Bridgewater (EmArcy, 2010)
 * Jane Monheit, Taking a Chance on Love (Sony Music Entertainment, 2004)

title: Lewis Nash


text:
Talk:Novindus

Needs accuracy of page checking - last paragraph especially. Do we need it? Can anybody make it more clear? I've done the best I can wikifying it, no experience with the series or author however. I haven't marked it for accuracy dispute as I don't think it's worth it. --DomCleal 12:27, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

The page makes sense when linked from the main page of "Midkemia" -Alpott87

title: Talk:Novindus


text:
Hatfield Swamp

Hatfield Swamp is a fresh water wetland area in the U.S. state of New Jersey, forming what might be considered the "second bank" of the Passaic River between Morris and Essex counties.

Geology
During the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods, when the North American plate separated from the African plate, an aborted rift system was created. The resulting rift valley, known as the Newark Basin, was filled with alternating layers of red bed sediment and flood basalts. Over millions of years, the rift valley was faulted, tilted, and eroded, until the edges of the hard flood basalt layers formed ridges. Prior to 20,000 years before the present, an ancestral Passaic River flowed through a gap in these ridges. This changed when the Wisconsin Glacier, a massive continental ice sheet which formed during the last ice age, advanced on the region and permanently plugged the gap with glacial rubble. As the glacier eventually melted back, water pooled behind the ridges (known today as the Watchung Mountains), forming Glacial Lake Passaic. After thousands of years, the lake drained leaving behind many swamps with various hardwood trees struggling to take hold, including the Hatfield Swamp.

Geography
The Whippany River flows into the Rockaway River, at the western end of the swamp. The Rockaway River travels a short distance and then flows into the Passaic River near the center of the swamp. The USGS gaging station is 1.3 mi downstream of the Rockaway River confluence. At this point the Passaic River drainage is three hundred forty nine square miles. This includes the Rockaway River drainage of one hundred twenty five square miles and the Whippany River drainage of sixty nine square miles.

The area is from 180 ft above sea level to 160 ft. Latitude 40.85 N and Longitude 74.32 W

The area of Hatfield Swamp is approximately 2500 acre, located in northern New Jersey.

History
The swamp is named for Cornelius Hetfield who owned and operated a mill sometime before the American Revolution. During the struggle, the properties of Hetfield, an acknowledged Loyalist, were confiscated and sold to Cyrus Crane, who operated a mill on the edge of the swamp in what is now West Caldwell. After the death of family member Herbert Crane in the 1960s, the mill was dismantled and moved to Allaire State Park in Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Flora and fauna
The Hatfield Swamp floods several times a year, from heavy rain, snow melt in spring, or the remnants of storms that originated in the tropics. The area is the joining point of three rivers. The frequent flooding makes the swamp a difficult place to live for mammals, such as deer, raccoons, possums, skunks and fox. Most of these animals live on the fringes of the swamp, where the ground is higher.

Muskrats are low in population in the swamp due to several factors. The first is the flooding of the area, which fills bank dens with water. The second is the lack of plant foods that the muskrats eat. The third is water pollution. While efforts to clean the rivers of pollution have proven successful so far, pollutants remain in the soil and water.

Waterfowl that pass through the area in the autumn stop and rest in the swamp before proceeding south.

Fish that inhabit the Rockaway River and Whippany River are carp and catfish.

The area has a northern deciduous forest consisting of various oaks, maples, sweet gum, and elm. Most trees are from six to ten inches (254 mm), with some going to twenty inches. Due to the constant flooding makes it difficult for hardwood trees to grow.

Hiking
The wetlands, which help facilitate hiking through their flatness, are a part of West Essex Park, and there are a number of trails open for public hiking. Both the Essex County Chapter of the Sierra Club and the New Jersey Audubon Society lead trips within the swamp throughout the year, while the Essex County Environmental Center provides information regarding such trips.

title: Hatfield Swamp


text:
Talk:Spatial file manager

Untitled
Yes, Windows is spatial if you set it to behave this way, that is: set it to open each folder in a new window AND set it to save folder specific changes (which does include the window position and icon layout). When set that way Windows does take care that every folder is represented by exactly one window or close that window when the folder is being deleted. And Window 95 up to version C (don't know about Windows NT 4) had the above two options set by default, which does indeed make it spatial by this pages definition. So either keep including Windows 95 or define and apply the concept of spatial more detailed. 22:29, 21 May 2004 (GMT+2)
 * The fact remains that Windows 95 is not spatial. The page does a poor job of defining "spatial" right now.  If you want something more comprehensive before this page gets improved, see the articles linked at the bottom of the page.
 * (The fact that this page is incomplete or misleading right now doesn't change the fact that Windows 95 isn't spatial. If Windows 95 was added as an example of a spatial file manager, it would be less correct, not more.)

Windows 95/NT is NOT spatial. It may do some of the concepts, like open folders in new windows thats why some people mistakleny think it is, It dosen't implement a lot of others. You can tweak Windows XP to make it closer, but it still isn't truely spatial. I have updated the article to reflect this common misconception. Ask anybody that uses a spatial file manager, and you will soon find out why Windows 95/NT/XP is not spatial. Krik 12:35, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * IMO that explanation is not full enough. From the article,
 * # A Window represents an opened folder.
 * # Multiple Folders can be opened at the same time, allowing files to be moved around.
 * Windows' file manager (not opened through Windows Explorer explicitly) does both of these.
 * Perhaps you could fix the article to explicitly state the criteria for a file manager to be considered spatial, or expand a little more on why Windows is not spatial? Dysprosia 13:22, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Reasons you could argue that Windows 95 isn't Spatial: doesn't use a different icon for an open folder, sometimes a folder will open in a different place that it did before. Are these two required?
 * Edward 14:38, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it has to open in the same space. That's why it's called "spatial".

"Traditional" GUI file managers were spatial. It just seems that most people are too young or too intel-centric to know that.

 * Care to name some? The only spatial file managers I can think of (that predate Gnome Nautilus) are the Apple Finder, and possibly the Amiga Workbench (it's been too many years for me to remember for sure).  I would call Apple and Amiga "innovative", not "traditional".

More about spatial in Windows 95 usability testing: http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Sullivan/kds_txt.htm

"Users of every type were confused by the Programs folder. We thought that having a folder on the desktop with other folders and links to programs inside it would be a natural transition for Windows 3.1 users accustomed to Program Manager, while being relatively easy to learn for beginners. We were wrong! Beginners quickly got lost in all of the folders (unlike File Cabinet, each folder opened into a different window) and other users had a lot of trouble deciding whether they were looking at the actual file system and its files or just links to actual files."

 * That doesn't appear to have anything to do with spatial. Windows 95 isn't spatial, and there's nothing in that paper to suggest that they tried it in testing and removed it for the release.  It's easy to spot 3 or 4 different problems with their file browser -- bugs in their implementation of spatial, if that was their goal -- but nothing against spatial itself.  (The "Programs" folder is notorious for having lots of poorly-named, deeply-nested folders.  There's no visual clue to separate files from links-to-files.  The "Programs" folder can probably be opened twice.)

 * It doesn't look like they ever had a working spatial system. The paper never mentions "spatial", "stability", or "coherency", or anything like that.

 * Agreed. In fact, the text
 * "...users had a lot of trouble deciding whether they were looking at the actual file system and its files or just links to actual files."
 * is entirely contradictory to the idea of a spatial file system.Exia 02:03, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

This "Windows is/is not spatial" argument is a false dichotomy. All file managers have degrees of spatiality and in the Mac vs. Windows debate all that can reasonably be said is that the former is "more spatial" than the latter. If the argument is that "Windows 95 isn't spatial" because, for example, it doesn't indicate that a folder is open with a different icon, then equally one can say, "Mac OS 9 isn't spatial", on the basis that the expandable list view breaks the spatial rule of having every folder open in its own window.

Also, the "Advantages and disadvantages" section could do with a NPOV overhaul - right now it seems written from a distinctly, "spatial is better", viewpoint. I think there needs to some kind of referencing to back up the implied argument that a spatial system is better because it mirrors the way people interact with the physical world. Also, the apologism in "disadvantages" section is rather obvious. -- Hux 14:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Oops, looks like you don't actually remember how classic's Finder worked. Allow me to refresh your memory, let's say you've got the following hierarchy:
 * Folder A (list view)
 * Folder B
 * Now this is what actually happens in the classic finder:
 * User double clicks on Folder A
 * Finder opens window displaying contents of Folder A
 * User double clicks on Folder B
 * Finder opens window displaying contents of Folder B
 * User clicks on disclosure triangle for Folder B inside of the window belonging to Folder A
 * Finder closes the window belonging to Folder B
 * Finder rotates the disclosure triangle widget and displays the contents of Folder B inside of the window belonging to Folder A
 * I think it was pretty clever of Apple to be so careful about never displaying anything in two windows at once, maybe somebody'll write a really awesome Finder-replacement for OSuX ('shame about PathFinder stopping at version 4).207.177.231.9 10:02, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it was pretty clever of Apple to be so careful about never displaying anything in two windows at once, maybe somebody'll write a really awesome Finder-replacement for OSuX ('shame about PathFinder stopping at version 4).207.177.231.9 10:02, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it was pretty clever of Apple to be so careful about never displaying anything in two windows at once, maybe somebody'll write a really awesome Finder-replacement for OSuX ('shame about PathFinder stopping at version 4).207.177.231.9 10:02, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --14:33, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

What's going on here?
It's really not very clear what the article is about, and there's a real lack of material written about this elsewhere. Is there a different term, or is there some notable use of this term that should make it the standard? The top description on the page is:

"In computing, a spatial file manager is a file manager that uses a spatial metaphor to represent files and folders as if they are real physical objects."

Now, that's open to quite a lot of interpretation. It seems from this description, and from some other remarks on the page, that a Spatial File Manager is one which shows files and folders as icons, as opposed to the "List View" or "Details View", where the folder is a list of files.

Then in the first paragraph, we see these four apparent requirements for a Spatial File Manager. They sort of seem to be gushing about spatial file managers, but they don't explain what they are very well.

1. Each folder is represented by a single window. 2. Each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular folder. 3. Stability: files, folders, and windows go where the user moves them, stay where the user puts them ("preserve their spatial state"), and retain all their other "physical" characteristics (like size, shape, color and location). 4. The same item can only be viewed in one window at a time.

So what I gather from this is that it's a icon-based file manager where you double-click a folder, and it (always) opens that as a new window, except where the folder has already been opened, and then its window is raised/focused. The 3rd point is not so clear: it's about dragging icons around within the window, and adding other (aesthetic) properties to the files, which are preserved when the window is closed and re-opened?

Why are all of these properties needed? If the author had some particular file manager in mind, it should be mentioned. What is the origin of this term? It seems from Googling 'spatial file manager' to be a term that arose around the Gnome DE, and spread somewhat in Linux circles, but it seems to refer to earlier file managers. There's a good list of examples of them on the page. There are essentially no citations in the article, too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vanhedrarn (talk • contribs) 14:03, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spatial file manager


text:
Clustering (demographics)

In demographics, clustering is the gathering of various populations based on ethnicity, economics, or religion.

In countries that hold equality important, clustering occurs between groups because of polarizing factors such as religion, wealth or ethnocentrism. Clustering is often considered an enriching part of free cultures in which one can visit a Chinatown or a French quarter for restaurant choices. Other sociologists assert that clustering of like minded individuals leads to political polarity and intolerance of contrary opinions, as the United States has allegedly been trending since the 1950s.

title: Clustering (demographics)