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Ariovistus

Ariovistus was a leader of the Suebi and other allied Germanic peoples in the second quarter of the 1st century BC. He and his followers took part in a war in Gaul, assisting the Arverni and Sequani in defeating their rivals, the Aedui. They then settled in large numbers into conquered Gallic territory, in the Alsace region. They were defeated, however, in the Battle of Vosges and driven back over the Rhine in 58 BC by Julius Caesar.

Role and status
Ariovistus was a native of the Suebi. He spoke Gaulish fluently. He had two wives, one of whom he had brought from home. The second, who was the sister of King Voccio of Noricum, he acquired in an arranged political marriage.

Ariovistus is described by Caesar as rex Germanorum. That is often translated as "king of the Germans", but as Latin had no definite article, it could equally be translated as "king of Germans", with no implication that he ruled all Germans. Indeed, Germania is known to have been divided into many tribal and political groups, many of which were ruled by kings. It is likely that Ariovistus's authority extended only over those Germans who had settled in Gaul.

He was recognised as a king by the Roman Senate, but how closely the Roman title matched Ariovistus's social status among the Germans remains unknown. Similarly, what the senate meant by rex at that moment in the history of the Roman Republic is not clear. The word "king" can have many meanings and did so throughout Rome's centuries of history. Tacitus says that the Germans made a distinction between kings, who were chosen by birth, and military leaders, who were chosen by ability, and that kings did not have absolute power.

Intervention in Gaul
Some time before Caesar's governorship of Gaul (which began in 58 BC), the Gaulish Arverni and Sequani enlisted Ariovistus's aid in their war against the Aedui. The latter were a numerous Celtic people occupying the area of the upper Loire river in France. Their territory lay between their neighbors to the northeast, the Sequani, who occupied the Doubs river valley, and the Arverni in the Massif Central.

Caesar does not say what the cause of the conflict was, but the Sequani controlled access to the Rhine river along the valley of the Doubs. To that end, they had gradually built up an oppidum, or fortified town, at Vesontio. Tradesmen headed up the Rhone and its tributary the Saône (the ancient Arar) could not pass the Doubs at Vesontio without coming to terms with the Sequani, and no one could pass from the Rhine to the Rhone but on similar terms. The east of the entire great channel is bordered by the Jura mountains and the west by the Massif Central. Vesontio is 120 km from that stretch of the Rhine between Mulhouse and Basel.

The Arar formed part of the border between the Aedui and the Sequani. Strabo, who lived a generation after Caesar in the late republic and early empire, does make a statement concerning the cause of the conflict between the Sequani and Aedui, and it was in fact commercial, at least in Strabo's view. Each tribe claimed the Arar and the transportation tolls from traffic along it, "but now", says Strabo, "everything is to the Romans." The Sequani also habitually supported the Germans in their previous frequent expeditions across the river, which shows that Ariovistus's subsequent devastation of Sequani lands represented a new policy.

The location of the final battle between the Aedui and their enemies, which Caesar names as the Battle of Magetobriga, remains unknown, but Ariovistus's 15,000 men turned the tide, and the Aedui became tributary to the Sequani. Cicero writes in 60 BC of a defeat sustained by the Aedui, perhaps in reference to this battle. Ariovistus seized a third of the Aeduan territory, settling 120,000 Germans there. To avoid infringing on his allies for the moment, Ariovistus must have passed over the low divide between the Rhine and the Doubs in the vicinity of Belfort and then have approached the Aedui along the Ognon river valley. That move left the Sequani between him and the Jura mountains, not a tolerable situation for either if they were not going to be allies.

Ariovistus made the decision to clear out the Sequani from the strategic Doubs valley and to repopulate it with Germanic settlers. He demanded a further third of Celtic land for his allies the Harudes. Caesar makes it clear that Germanic tribes were actually in the land of the Sequani and terrorising them. They are said to have controlled all the oppida, but that is not entirely true, as Vesontio was not under Germanic control. However, the country to the north of there was presumably under Germanic control.

Confrontation with Caesar
In 59 BC, while Julius Caesar was consul, Ariovistus had been recognised as "king and friend" by the Roman Senate. He had likely already crossed the Rhine at this point. Cicero indicates that the Aedui's defeat took place in or before 60 BC. Pliny the Elder mentions a meeting between Caesar's predecessor as proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, and a king of the Suebi; which took place during Celer's proconsulship in 62 BC. The sequence of events given by Caesar also seems to indicate that, when his governorship began in 58 BC, the Germans had been settled in Gaul for longer than one year. However, without the status of friend, Ariovistus never could have secured Roman tolerance of his Rhine crossing, whenever it was, but would have been treated as hostile.

However, the Aedui were also allies of Rome, and in 58 BC Diviciacus, one of their senior magistrates, complained of Ariovistus's cruelty and pleaded with Caesar to intervene on their behalf. Caesar sent ambassadors to summon Ariovistus to a conference. Ariovistus refused the summons on the grounds that if Caesar wanted to speak to him, he should come to him; besides, he was not prepared to enter Caesar's territory without his army, which it would be impractical and expensive to gather.

Caesar, therefore, sent his ambassadors back to Ariovistus with his demands: that he bring no more of his people across the Rhine, and that he and his allies restore the hostages they had taken from the Aedui and undertake not to make war against them. He pointed out that Ariovistus was a friend to Rome and that the Romans had a prior interest, which they certainly would enforce. Ariovistus was welcome to keep the friendship of Rome if he would comply. Otherwise he, Caesar, acting in accordance with the decrees of the senate, could not let the harassment of the Aedui go unpunished.

Ariovistus refused to comply, asserting the right of conquest and the right of the conqueror to exact tribute from the conquered. Ridiculing Rome's ability to protect its friends and boasting of Germanic invincibility, Ariovistus invited Caesar to attack him if he wished.

Caesar presents himself as attempting to act as an honest broker in the conflict, offering reasonable terms to settle the matter; however, as Caesar himself relates, Ariovistus later accused him of intending to lead an army against him right from the outset. Cassius Dio, writing more than two centuries later, agrees, characterising Caesar as attempting to provoke a war to win glory and power while he took pains not to look like the aggressor.

Whatever the motivation, Ariovistus overestimated the strength of his position. He apparently believed his official relationship to Rome was one of equals, but the Romans accepted no equals and saw the relationship as one between patron and client. He also appears to have believed the Romans would not attack him.

At the same time that Caesar received Ariovistus's message, he heard from his Celtic allies that the Harudes were devastating the country of the Aedui and that 100 units of Suebi under the brothers Nasua and Cimberius were about to cross the Rhine. In response to such provocative acts, Caesar mobilized his troops.

Battle
Caesar was not far away, probably at or near Bibracte, where he had just won a major victory over the Helvetii and other Celtic tribes, and had disposed of the remaining Boii, allowing them to settle in Aeduan land. As only small numbers of Boii were left after the battle, the Aedui were obliging. Caesar must have immediately begun marching up the Saône valley.

Ariovistus, being a skilled general in his own right, identified Vesontio as the key to the strategic Doubs valley and marched for it, but Caesar, probably relying on intelligence from the Gauls, arrived there first and established a main base. He had to combat a panic among his own men, who had heard that the Germans were some sort of superior warriors. Caesar called a meeting and then berated the centurions for making that necessary instead of just following orders. In one of his noted speeches he recalled them to duty and ended by threatening to march the next morning early with only the 10th legion, about whose valour he said he had no doubts at all. The speech had the intended effect of arousing fanatical loyalty in the 10th and shame and rivalry in the others.

Vesontio is about 75 mi from the Rhine. Apparently Ariovistus had learned of the Roman presence there because he stopped marching and waited. Using Diviciacus as a guide, Caesar's troops marched 50 mi in 7 days, arriving probably in the vicinity of Belfort. The army was moving only 7 miles per day and was relying on Diviciacus to lead them through open country; thus, it is probably safe to assume there were no Roman roads between Besançon and Belfort at that time. Caesar says that he took a detour to stay in open country, most likely west of the Doubs, through the lands of his Celtic allies.

Ariovistus sent ambassadors to Caesar agreeing, because Caesar had come to him, to a conference. Caesar, known for giving his potential enemies every last chance, entertained the idea that Ariovistus was coming to his senses. It was agreed that they should meet on horseback, accompanied only by cavalry. Caesar brought mounted soldiers of the 10th legion, who joked that they had been promoted to knights, which was the origin of the 10th legion's nickname Equestris.

The meeting of the two on a high mound between the camps with the bodyguards a few hundred yards away is surely a rare event in the history of parlays. They both got a chance to present and defend their points of view, face to face, with no filtering or interference from others. Caesar concentrated on Roman policy. Ariovistus now took the tack of claiming the Aedui had attacked him rather than vice versa.

Caesar reports that Ariovistus stated that "he was not so uncivilized nor so ignorant of affairs, as not to know that the Aedui in the very last war with the Allobroges had neither rendered assistance to the Romans, nor received any from the Roman people in the struggles which the Aedui had been maintaining with him and with the Sequani."

The word rendered above as "uncivilized" (McDevitte & Bohn's translation) is barbarus. The classical civilizations throughout their long literary periods consistently characterized the peoples of the north and east as barbari, usually rendered in English as "barbarians". The word reflected the mixture of condescension, contempt and fear the Greeks and Romans had for those who did not share their civilisation or values. Only rarely did such barbarians manage to make known their feelings about such use of the concept, as did Ariovistus on that occasion.

Ariovistus described official Roman friendship as a sham, and he uttered another uncanny prophecy: that he could gain the real friendship of many leading men at Rome by killing Caesar. Moreover, the senate, he said, had determined that Gaul should be governed by its own laws and so ought to be free. By then, Caesar had to escape to his bodyguards, as the Germanic cavalry was beginning to hurl missiles.

The next day, Ariovistus invited Caesar to another parlay. Making a point to emphasize that he could not trust the Germans, Caesar sent two junior officers, Gaius Valerius Procillus and Marcus Mettius. They found Ariovistus in the process of moving his army up and were put in chains.

Over the next few days, Ariovistus moved his camp to within two miles of Caesar's, covering the move with cavalry skirmishes. The Germanic tribes had developed a special force consisting of cavalry mixed with equal numbers of light infantry whose only function was to support cavalrymen, individually or in units, who had become enmeshed in combat. Caesar's men stood in battle formation outside the walls of his camp each day, but only skirmishes were offered. Finally, from a distance of two miles, Ariovistus cut Caesar's supply line, isolating his garrison.

Caesar claims the Germanic side did not attack in force because their wise women had pronounced from their divinations that they should not engage in battle before the new moon. However, it is evident that there was a more mundane reason for Ariovistus declining battle: he had Caesar surrounded. Dio Cassius notes the presence of Germans on the slope of the hill behind the camp, where the Porta Quaestoria, the gate where provisions were brought in, would have been. Ariovistus had Caesar under siege and hoped to starve him out.

Under its best general, the Roman army now demonstrated the classic tactics that had made Rome master of the entire Mediterranean region to such an extent that the Romans were able to call it "our sea". It is unlikely that Ariovistus suspected what was coming. Caesar knew that the Germans outnumbered him and that his best and only defense was an attack. He had to force the Germans to battle or be starved into surrender.

Leaving a light defense in camp Caesar advanced in acies triplex to within 600 yd of the German camp. Under guard of the first two lines, the third built another castra (camp) in which Caesar placed two legions and the auxiliaries while the other four legions returned to the main camp. It is easy to say in retrospect that Ariovistus should have thrown his entire force against the two lines of battle while the third (the reserve) was preoccupied or that he should have attacked the four legions while they were divided from the two, but the tides of battle are never predictable, no matter what the odds.

The next day Caesar used the auxiliaries from the forward camp as cover while he brought all six rested and fed legions to a starting line before it in acies triplex formation. Each tribune conspicuously took personal charge of one legion, and the quaestor took the 6th. Caesar wanted the men to see that they were under the eyes of the entire senior command, which would certainly share their fate. They then began an advance on the weakest feature of the Germanic force, its open camp.

Caesar says that the enemy camp was defended by a wagon train, drawn up behind the German forces, which had now either to fight or to run. The usual chorus of wailing women was placed on the wagons. The effect that it really had on the Germanic soldiers is unclear. The idea was to place the tribe in a situation where they must be victorious or be annihilated with their women and children.

The Germans formed by ethnic group before the Romans: Harudes, Marcomanni, Triboci, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusii and Suebi. Apparently, they lacked a reserve, and the Romans followed their established practice of two units forward to one back. Caesar opened the battle with a charge against the Germanic left, which seemed the weakest part of the line. The Germanic forces responded by charging with such speed that the Romans were unable to cast pila and the fight entered the swordplay stage immediately. The Roman open line of battle, in which each man was left room to fight, prevailed. The Germans crowded into a phalanx and began to push the Romans backward, even though the latter jumped up on the shields of the enemy to thrust them downward.

A cavalry officer, Publius Licinius Crassus, from his advantageous position on his horse, grasped what was happening and on his own initiative ordered the third line of battle (the infantry reserve) into action in support of the Roman left. The Romans were momentarily victorious on their left. That decision was usually reserved to senior officers but Crassus won high praise for it after the battle and was probably slated for rapid advancement. The enemy line broke and ran for the Rhine, which was 15 mi away, women and all, with the Roman cavalry in hot pursuit.

Some, including Ariovistus himself, managed to cross the river in boats or by swimming. The rest were cut down by Roman cavalry, including both of Ariovistus's wives and one of his daughters; another daughter was taken prisoner. Both Caesar's emissaries were rescued unharmed, to relate their harrowing adventures as the Germans debated (in their presence) whether they should be burned then or later. Caesar said that encountering Procillus and freeing him from his chains gave him as much pleasure as the victory, which offers some insight into the emotional climate of Caesar's forces.

Aftermath
If Caesar named the units in the Germanic army from left to right, the Suebi were on Caesar's right, suffered the brunt of the losses, and they were most pursued by Roman cavalry. The Suebi, who had planned to cross the Rhine, turned back. The Germanic tribes that had joined the Suebi in their foray now bought peace by turning against them and attacking them in retreat. In just a few days, the capability had been removed from the Suebi of mounting any offensive over or on the Rhine, which they assiduously avoided for some time to come, taking refuge in the Black Forest as the future Alamanni.

Ariovistus may have escaped, but it is unlikely that he retained any position in the citizen-army of the Suebi. When the Usipetes and Tencteri were driven from their lands by the Suebi in 55 BC, he was not mentioned. He was dead by late 54 BC, when his death is said to have been a cause of indignation among the Germans.

Caesar was left a free hand on the left bank of the Rhine. He immediately went on to a campaign against the Belgae, and the disposition of the lands on the Rhine is missing from his account. The question of who held Alsace is historically significant. The place names in it are Celtic, but where were the Celts? They do not appear in Caesar's campaign against Ariovistus. Very likely, they had been in part the Boii, who were a strong force on the Danube until they encountered the Marcomanni and Quadi. Fear of the Germani forced them out of the region, only to be mainly destroyed by their opposition to Caesar. Caesar had just settled the last of them among the Aedui when the campaign against Ariovistus began.

In the early Empire, the same Germanic tribes that had fought for Ariovistus appeared on both sides of the Rhine in Alsace. Then, they were of mixed ethnicity and perhaps no longer spoke Germanic. It seems clear that the Romans had allowed them to take the former lands of the now missing Boii, in exchange for serving as a buffer against the Suebi. They did serve long and faithfully. The province of Germania Superior was formed from them. As for the Germans who had already settled among the Celts, it is not clear what happened to them; however, there is no record of any ethnic cleansing. It is more likely that they integrated into the new Romano-Celtic population.

Etymology
Most scholars consider Ariovistus to be derived from the Gaulish ario ("noble, free, advanced") and uid-, uidi-, uissu- ("perception, knowledge"). Ariovistus thus would mean "Noble Sage" or "He Who Knows in Advance." Ariovistus can be found listed in Celtic etymological dictionaries among similar Gaulish names, such as Ariomanus ("Good Leader"), Ariogaisus ("Spear Leader"), and Ariobindus ("White Leader").

Another possibility is that it's a combination of Proto-Germanic *harjaz ("army, host") and *fristaz ("lord, ruler"). In other words, he would've been known by his kinsmen as *Harjafristaz. Similar reconstructed Germanic names are *Harjawaldaz (En. Harold) and *Waldaharjaz (En. Walther), both also translating to army-ruler.

The segmentation of the name into Ario- and -vistus is well established. A 19th-century connection between Ehre, "honor", and Ario- turned out to be invalid. There is currently no complete agreement on how the word should be derived. Most etymological dictionaries are silent about it.

William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and, under Ariovistus, suggests another derivation of the first element that seems to fit runic inscriptions known today. He translates Ario- by German Heer, "a host" and -vistus by German Fürst, "a prince".

If Ario- is a Roman representation of a Germanic ancestor of Heer, the ancestor is West Germanic *harja- from Germanic *harjaz appearing in such constructs as *harja-waldaz and *harja-bergaz. The Indo-European root is *koro-. The Indo-European linguist, Julius Pokorny, in Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (which is available on the Internet) simply states on Page 67 under ario-? that the Celto-Germanic personal name, Ariovistus, proves nothing (with regard to "Aryan") because it can come from *Hario-.

The reconstructed *harja is actually attested in Runic inscriptions as Harja and Harijaz standing alone (possibly meaning a man of the Harii) Harijaz Leugaz (Lugii?) and Swaba-harjaz (Suebi?) in combination, as well as being a prefix in Hari-uha "first warrior" and Hariwolafz "battle wolf".

Following Smith, Ariovistus translates more directly to "general", raising the possibility that the name is a title granted to the man by the Suebi, his real name subsequently eclipsed by it. Caesar relates that the Suebi maintained a citizen army of 100,000 men picked yearly, and Tacitus that the Suebi were not one tribe. Ariovistus was probably picked from among the generals to lead an army group into Gaul, as seers were generally used for that purpose.

title: Ariovistus


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John Kruk

John Martin Kruk (born February 9, 1961) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. Kruk played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago White Sox from 1986 through 1995. During his career, he was a three-time MLB All-Star. After retiring as a player, Kruk became a baseball analyst for ESPN. He is now a color commentator for Phillies' games on NBC Sports Philadelphia.

Early life
Kruk was raised in Keyser, West Virginia. He is of Polish descent and has three siblings. He played baseball at Keyser High School, at Potomac State College, and at Allegany Community College, where Kruk played for Junior College Hall of Fame Coach Steve Bazarnic. Kruk was the first Major Leaguer to come out of Allegany and has been followed by four others (Stan Belinda, Steve Kline, Joe Beimel, and Scott Seabol).

San Diego Padres
Kruk was signed as the third overall selection in the Special Draft selection on June 13, 1981. He began his professional career with the San Diego Padres after being drafted in 1981. He played in such outposts as Walla Walla, Reno, Beaumont, and Las Vegas, before making his debut with the Padres in 1986. In this same year he played for the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League for the 1986–87 season. Kruk helped Mexicali win both the League championship and Caribbean Series title.

Kruk's breakout year was 1987 with the Padres. He hit .313 with 20 home runs and 91 RBI, and stole 18 bases, showing surprising speed for someone of his build, although he was caught ten times. He was featured as a backup on the National League All-Star Team in the Nintendo game R.B.I. Baseball. On April 13, 1987, Marvell Wynne, Tony Gwynn, and Kruk became the first players in major league history to open their half of the 1st inning with three consecutive solo home runs in a 13–6 loss to the San Francisco Giants.

In October 1987, Kruk rented a house in San Diego with two other men: Roy Plummer, a high school friend, and Vernon (Jay) Hafer, an acquaintance of Plummer's. They socialized and partied together, with Plummer almost always picking up the check. Unbeknownst to Kruk, who moved out in November to play winter ball in Mexico, Plummer was funding the group's lifestyle by moonlighting as an armed robber, with Hafer serving as his getaway driver. The FBI informed Kruk of his roommates' criminal activities during spring training in February 1988, approaching him before batting practice with a photo of Plummer taken during a bank robbery. According to the FBI, Plummer believed that Kruk had turned him in to the police, and Kruk lived in fear of reprisal until Plummer was apprehended on September 19, 1988. Kruk has stated that the ongoing stress from the episode negatively affected his on-field performance that season.

Philadelphia Phillies
On June 2, 1989, the Padres dealt Kruk, along with Randy Ready, to the Philadelphia Phillies for Chris James.

After the trade, Kruk blossomed into an All-Star as the team used him primarily at first base. Kruk played in the All-Star Game in 1991, 1992, and 1993. In his 1993 appearance at the Midsummer Classic, he had a memorable at bat when he flailed wildly at 98 mile per hour fastballs from Seattle Mariners pitcher Randy Johnson. Johnson's first pitch flew over Kruk's head to the backstop, leading Kruk to feign heart palpitations and remark "That boy throws too hard and he's too wild. He could kill someone."

Kruk, who batted .316/.430/.475 in 1993, was also a member of the Phillies' "Macho Row" which led the team to the World Series against the Toronto Blue Jays; in the losing effort, Kruk batted .348/.500/.391 in the Series.

During spring training in 1994, Kruk was diagnosed with testicular cancer (ultimately resulting in the removal of one testicle) after an errant pickoff throw from teammate Mitch Williams hit him in the groin and broke his protective cup. Additionally, weight gain and the astroturf at Veterans Stadium exacerbated his knee problems. After the 1994 season, Kruk was granted free agency.

Chicago White Sox
Moving to the American League to serve as a designated hitter, Kruk signed with the Chicago White Sox on May 12, 1995, batting .308/.399/.390 in his only season with the ballclub. In the first inning of the White Sox's 8–3 loss to the Baltimore Orioles at Camden Yards on July 30, he singled off Scott Erickson, advanced to and was stranded on third base, removed himself from the game and promptly retired as an active player due to chronic knee soreness. He had made the decision two days earlier and informed his teammates on the eve of his retirement. The parting statement he issued to the media simply read, "The desire to compete at this level is gone. When that happens, it's time to go." Kruk finished his 10-year career with a .300 batting average, 100 home runs and 592 runs batted in.

Post-baseball activities
A quotable character throughout his career who had written a book called I Ain't an Athlete, Lady published in 1994, Kruk turned to broadcasting and commenting on the game. He has since worked for Major League Baseball on Fox, The Best Damn Sports Show Period, and local telecasts in Philadelphia. Kruk has been a resident of Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey.

Kruk coached for a year within the Phillies organization. He coached the Reading Phillies of the Class AA Eastern League during the 2001 season.

Kruk had acting roles in film and television, including the 1996 film The Fan, The Sandlot: Heading Home, and American Pastime. In a 2008 episode of Adult Swim's adult cartoon Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Sirens, Kruk guest starred, voicing the role of himself. Kruk also appeared in the Sawyer Brown music video "Round Here".

In 2004, ESPN hired Kruk as an analyst on Baseball Tonight. He also wrote a column called Chewing the Fat on ESPN.com.

Kruk coached the National League team in the Taco Bell All-Star Legends & Celebrity Softball Game in Anaheim, California, on July 12, 2010.

Kruk appeared in MLB on ESPN commercials, playing himself as part of moments in baseball history; for example, an old briefcase belonging to Kruk buried in the infield dirt containing a rotten sandwich caused the bugs to attack Karl Ravech dressed up as Yankees pitcher Joba Chamberlain, mocking game 2 of the 2007 ALDS between the Yankees and the Indians. He, along with Steve Phillips and Gary Thorne, was a commentator on the video games MLB 2K10, MLB 2K11, MLB 2K12 and MLB 2K13.

In 2012, ESPN hired Kruk to be the color commentator for Sunday Night Baseball alongside Dan Shulman. Also in 2012, fellow West Virginians, the Davisson Brothers Band, were approached by Kruk to write a new theme song for Baseball Tonight. In 2015, once again, Kruk, asked the Davisson Brothers Band to record a special track, titled "Right Here on ESPN", for the ESPN bumpers during the July 4 weekend.

Following the 2016 baseball season in October, Kruk and ESPN mutually agreed to part ways. In February 2017, Comcast SportsNet announced that they hired Kruk to join the Philadelphia Phillies broadcast team, replacing Matt Stairs, who was hired as the Phillies' hitting coach.

After moving to Naples, Florida, six years prior, Kruk took over the Seacrest Country Day School softball team as the head coach in 2016. He was named the Florida Athletic Coaches Association Class 2A Coach of the Year for the district in his first year with the Stingrays.

Honors and awards

 * In 2003—the final year of Veterans Stadium—Philadelphia Phillies fans voted Kruk as the first baseman on the Phillies All-Vet Team (1971–2003).
 * On August 12, 2011, Kruk was inducted into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Kruk


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Talk:Tile

Comments
This is an interesting place where anyone can be an editor or a writer. However, I encounter the word "tile' in my studnts' homework when we are studying Kinship (family relatives). Accordingly the assignments, my students are asked to "fill in relative Tile" which was family tree grown evenly on both sided (mom and dad)... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.128.51.138 (talk) 23:21, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Can this ever be more than an elaborated definition? How can it be an article?

Yes, I was wondering that myself, before I decided to try and expand it. Now, apparently there is *way* more information on tiles on the web than, really, there should be. The question is not "*can* the article be expanded", but "isn't there somthing more useful I *should* be doing with my life?" --24.70.95.203 07:56, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Merge from Tiling
That article has some useful information on the methods of laying tile. I think it should become a disambig between this article and tessellation. --Smack (talk) 17:49, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Glass mosaic tile installation
I added an external link about installing glass mosaic tile. However, I've hidden it because I am the author. If someone happens across it and thinks it is of use, please un-hide it. uriah923(talk) 19:57, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Roof tiles
Does anyone else feel that roof tiles should be separated, after all they are a different type of tile? Max naylor 14:23, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to see a better photo of the 'beaver tail' style of roof tile. While a nice shot of the town, the photo provided does not show the detail of the tile's layout. Karanne (talk) 01:45, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I rather agree it does not show the shape of the 'beaver tail' tile or the layout. I have looked on Commons and the image

seems to illustrate the shape of individual complete tiles and their layout rather well. I propose it should be used to replace the current image on the page. SovalValtos (talk) 22:05, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I think the article should be split into Tile and Roof tile (fr:Tuile). The Spanish interwiki of Tile — es:Baldosa refer to non-roof tiles, especially to the floor tiles. —  Ark25  (talk) 16:17, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Travertine
This looks like a commercial link. Has anyone any thoughts about removal? Regards, Andy

Classification of tiles
Can tiles be generally classifed as hardware - is there a website that can confirm this.

Urgently needed

196.25.255.246 12:34, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Curbside recycled
Hello all. A couple of points aboit "Some plastic tiles can be 100% curbside recycled." ThanxTheriac 19:10, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * What does it mean? I'm sure I am not the only one who doesn't understand it.
 * Shouldn't it have a suporting citation.

Mathematical Tiles
This article makes no mention of mathematical tiles. This should be added Robat (talk) Robat —Preceding comment was added at 12:24, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The question is, should mathematical tiles be included here, or should it have its own page? Perhaps it already have - under the name "polygon", but to me it's not really the same; a tile implies to be tessellated, while polygon don't.
 * This will have implications on other pages, like Tile art. Creating art using "mathematical tiles" is very much a established method. In Photoshop there is a basic pattern making tool, and the Internet offers a variety of pattern tools using tiles. But most artwork or patterns using the tiling method is done without a specific tool, just vector-based illustration or construction software.
 * In the Tile art article they only talk about physical tiles, where mosaic is said to be single colored, and other tile art can be pre-decorated. Nowhere it is mentioned that tiles can have connected art work, like lines crossing over to other tiles which build a whole pattern, like in Girih tiles. The edges share a common edge rule that allows different shapes of tiles to interact. This should be mentioned in an article somewhere, but not in the Girih tiles page, as that is just an example of this technique. It was Hankin who came up with the concept in his "polygons in contact" technique. Jay Bonner evolved this in his book "Islamic Geometrical Pattern" from 2017 where he renamed it "the polygonal technique".
 * As you can see there is a lot more that should have its place in a Wikipedia article. It is a whole field that cannot be told since it doesn't fit any of the existing articles. Even the Hankin page doesn't mention his break-through for this field.
 * I'd like to hear other's input on this matter? Rixn99 (talk) 08:29, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

Spam
I just reverted an edit which added an ad for "maerimceramic.com" to external links. Then I thought I'd check the other external links. As far as I can see, while all but the link for "Historic Review of Housing Tile" (which, btw, I think should be re-titled to "Ceramic Tile History", this being the title of the linked page) are also ads, two of the links no longer work, and one is to an Italian language page. I would've gone right ahead and deleted all but the one worthwhile link identified above, but felt that reducing the number of external links from 8 down to 1 would raise some eyebrows, so I'm raising it here first. Having said that, I am talking about advertising within WP, so I think I might only wait a few hours for a response or alternative view here. Cheers. Nortonius (talk) 09:31, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * looks like spam to me too... go ahead. Teapotgeorge (talk) 12:31, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Under the circumstances, I think one response in agreement is enough, so thanks! I'll delete 7 of the 8 external links now, and change the title of the remaining one. Nortonius (talk) 12:43, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Shortening of Lead
I removed the below text as it is way too specific for the lead, and probably is more detail than required for the article as a whole. Anyone who disagrees can incorporate some of the text to the article, but please don't just paste it back into the lead as it does not belong there. The  Seeker 4   Talk  18:46, 3 June 2009 (UTC) In the past twenty years, the technology surrounding porcelain tile and glass tiles has become more efficient, allowing more mass production. Similarly, the invention of automated tile lines that use diamonds to cut and finish stone slabs into tiles has made stone tiles more available. This has allowed these tiles to move from being niche items into broader markets. The DSAN U.S. Ceramic Tile Demand Index has shown a growth of 600.0% annually for the 2000-2006 period, compared to 800.0% annually for the 2000-2005 period. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Granite Index has shown a growth of 0% annually for the 2000-2006 period, compared to .00001% annually for the 2000-2005 period, The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000-2006 period, compared to 10.5% annually for the 2000-2005 period. The U.S. market for ceramic tile is over $3 billion.

Accompanying the growth in tile demand has been some shifts in the world ceramic tile industry. In 1990, Europe accounted for 54% of world ceramic tile production. By 2002, Europe was down to 25% of world ceramic tile production. In 2005, world ceramic tile production was about 7 billion sq. meters, of which China produced 35%, and Spain, Italy, and Brazil shared the next 25%, with their productions spaced neck and neck. Except for Spain, European ceramic tile production in the same period has dropped a little absolutely. Asia now has state-of-the-art equipment in its ceramic tile plants, which means much lower costs. The Europeans still do well with higher-priced ceramic tile with sophisticated and fashionable designs, and with porcellanato (high-quality porcelain) tiles. Beginning in 2004, the stronger Euro made it much cheaper to manufacture ceramic tile in the U.S. and distribute them from such a plant. The U.S. is the world's largest market for ceramic tile. A number of European (mostly Italian) ceramic tile manufacturers built or expanded their U.S. plants, or bought out domestic ceramic tile firms. The European tile firms not only benefitted from lower manufacturing costs but also from distributing at a lower cost and faster; of course, less inventory was required.

Things have been different in the dimension stone tile industry. By the beginning of the 1980s, automated stone tile plants were busy in Italy, the world leader that had close to a monopoly. The plants were not quite equivalent to those today, since additional innovations have crept in. Italy is now one among many; China has many plants with automated stone tile lines, as does Spain, Turkey, Brazil, and other countries. The three U.S. automated tile lines that were short-time producers of granite tile from the mid1980s to the mid1990s closed one by one; the last one actually closed in mid2002. Marble tile is still produced to a limited extent, but most American marble tile comes from tile plants in Carrara, Italy that make it from rough blocks of Vermont (Danby) marble. The amount of slate flooring tile has dwindled a little since 2000.

Ceiling tiles & the "GreenGuard Institute"
I notice clarification and citation tags have been added to a part of the article that I had never looked at before, i.e. the section on "Ceiling tiles".

Looking into it, I found that the bulk of this section was added from 01:42 to 20:06 on 6 August 2006, and, of eight edits made that day, six were made by editors "Ed@empirewest.com" and "Empirewest". Then I found the "GreenGuard Institute" via a web search: while it presents itself as a certifying body for products which are designed to improve the quality of "indoor air", it also acts as a market-place for certified products. Looking there, I saw that "Empire West" just happens to be the manufacturer of the tile in the image which I have copied below from the "Ceiling tiles" section of the article, marketed under the "Ceilume" brand, and the image was created and added by none other than the editor "Empirewest": the same image appears on this GreenGuard page, which is essentially an advertisement for an Empire West product.

Looking at the user contributions for Ed@empirewest.com and Empirewest, they have all been concerned with this and related items. Ed@empirewest.com's contributions are solely most of the text in the "Ceiling tiles" section here, added in 2006, and the addition in January 2010 of external links to videos on YouTube, mostly in the "Dropped ceiling" article, but also in the "Faux ceiling tiles" article: these are advertisements for "Ceilume" ceiling tiles, in the form of "how to" videos, and were all promptly removed - though the one which was added first seems no longer to exist. Empirewest's contributions were concerned solely with the creation, addition and positioning of the image mentioned earlier, until their last edit, when they went so far as to bump the section up the page.

So, it looks pretty clear to me that the Tile article has been carrying advertising for Empire West/Ceilume products since 2006, in the "Ceiling tiles" section. Indeed, as far as I can see, the whole "Ceiling tiles" section is virtually unchanged since this advertising was added. Therefore I have taken the drastic step of reverting that section to essentially how it stood nearly four years ago, prior to Ed@empirewest.com and Empirewest's contributions. If you feel that anything is lost thereby, then by all means, add it back in an appropriate form. Nortonius (talk) 11:18, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Architecture|class=start|importance=low and WikiProject Home living|class=start|importance=low
The two templates and seem to be appropiate to me, but other editors may have some advice.--DThomsen8 (talk) 21:28, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Broad article
It seems to me that this article should mention all aspects relating to the word tile (two that are missing at this time are flue and drain tiles) and substantial subjects, possibly by material such as ceramic tile, porcelain tile, or by use such as roof, wall and floor tile, could have there own articles. Currently this article touches on some and goes into detail on others. Jim Derby (talk) 18:15, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * A further application not touched on, is the use of heat resistant tiles for spacecraft re-entry vehicles. Should a small section be added to the page?SovalValtos (talk) 18:48, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree that this article is overbroad. I would like to see it split up according to the various functions to which tiles are put.  The head article (which should be renamed "Ceramic tile") could treat of the common features of all ceramic tile, then have brief treatments of specific uses, with wikilinks to main articles such as "Roofing tile", "Ceiling tile", "Decorative tile", "Mosaic", etc.  Non-ceramic tile (all I can think of is parquet flooring, if that counts as a kind of tile--porcelain is a kind of ceramic) should have one or more separate articles.  I'm not knowledgeable enough to undertake the job myself, but I support the proposal.  J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 20:05, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

Proposal: Merge "Glazed tile" with this article
"Glazed tile" deals with a Chinese variety of roofing tiles, which I don't think are so distinctive as to require their own separate article. This present article has a section on roofing tiles with which "Glazed tile" should be merged. The section on roofing tiles should then be split out into its own article. J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 20:20, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support --Der Golem (talk) 06:44, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support- Tiles are just that, coatings or coverings, regardless of what they're made of. Without some real distinction as to usage, all can be merged into this article... Veryproicelandic (talk) 06:58, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support on the whole. Or Oppose Move to Chinese glazed roof tile instead. Johnbod (talk) 19:16, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Move to Chinese glazed roof tile instead. "Tile" is a huge topic. I'm sure Chinese exterior glazed tiles are pretty substantial in their own right. Glazed tile though should be simply that: tiles with glazes. Most will be indoor and decorative. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:51, 5 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't that be taken care of by my suggestion that, after merger, the section on roofing tiles be split out into its own article? The Chinese sort is only one type of roofing tile.  Is it so different from other roofing tile as to require a separate article?  J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 14:43, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is actually. Note that other types of roof tile have their own articles. Imbrex and tegula, Pantile, Dutch roof tiles Shibi (roof tile) and antefix for example. The Chinese style is very distinctive and significant, not least because of the elaborate Shibi-like decorative features at the edges. You are making very heavy weather of this I think. But non-Western material should certainly be added to this article, which at the moment is Tiles in the Western world. Roof shingle is a questionable article I think. Johnbod (talk) 14:54, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Support- Sorry, I may have jumped the gun a little by copying the information across - I accidentally checked the blank Glazed tile talk page instead of this one. Lithium (talk) 13:48, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * It should go to the "roof" section, not a "glazed" one, as the nom suggested. Johnbod (talk) 16:41, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I've now set up Category:Roof tiles, which has no fewer than 17 members, many not linked here. In practice much of the "main article" we have is at the dubious US-centric Roof shingle. But the main proposition of the nom, which was "which I don't think are so distinctive as to require their own separate article" is clearly, with respect, completely wrong. Johnbod (talk) 16:39, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Move to Chinese glazed roof tile. Merging would give undue weight on chinese glazed roof tile to the section Roof tiles. Since this merge proposal has been open for seven months, my suggestion would be to close with no consensus.  Unless there is any objection, I will do so. Gmcbjames (talk) 17:45, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * As a separate issue aside from merging, a summary style article on Roof tiles would be appropriate. Since Roof tiles exists as a redirect here, all that is needed is to create the article.  As a summary style article, instead of merging articles such as Glazed tile into the Roof tiles article, using a summary style would incorporate the information into the article. Moving the text from the section Roof tile to the new article and adding a see main article hatnote and a short paragraph in the summary style in the article Tile would be appropriate.  There is no need to go through the merge process or seek consensus to do this, any editor can create a new article.  See WP:SPLIT.  If you would like assistance to do this, feel free to ask.  Cheers Gmcbjames (talk) 18:02, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

5 March 2015
Is it not about time there was some discussion on talk concerning the recent reverts? SovalValtos (talk) 14:41, 5 March 2015 (UTC)
 * No, per WP:RBI. See Sockpuppet_investigations/David_Beals. --Neil N  talk to me 14:44, 5 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry. I just could not understand why one editor was doing so many reverts in such a short time. I might have some edits if things stabilize.SovalValtos (talk) 14:56, 5 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I completely understand. The first time I encountered one of Beals' sockupuppets he just seemed like a clueless editor. Then someone pointed me towards the sockpuppet report and it became obvious that cluelessness was actually trolling. --Neil N  talk to me 19:41, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Roof tiles section moved to article Roof tiles
Moved section Tile to article Roof tiles, created summary in summary style, and added Main article hatnote. Moving the section to its own article has been based on prior discussions between multiple editors, size of the section (it supports its own article), and subject matter. Cheers Gmcbjames (talk) 23:34, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:07, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * 100% Handmade Terracotta Tiles.png

Tiles art?
Hi - welcome to Wikipedia. You've added "tiles Art" to the list of patterns that tiles can be arranged in - can you explain what you mean by that? (I also don't think that Art should be capitalised, unless I'm missing something?) Thanks Girth Summit  (blether)  11:53, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

"Porcelain tiles" as a US term
I wanted to get more information as to why you reverted my recent change. I see it marked as "unsourced"; however, there are two sources in the change to the ISO and ANSI definitions of "Porcelain tiles" to substantiate the claim that the term is now used more globally. Please let me know what additional information would be needed in order to re-add my prior text. cancan101 (talk) 17:31, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I can't find any evidence that it is a US term. Certainly the term is used more globally as they are, and have been, made in many parts of the world. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 18:38, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "I can't find any evidence that it is a US term." Right, so why did you revert my change, which I thought fixed this claim? The current article states "This is a US term" and I had updated the article to no longer state that including references to the ISO's (international standards body) definition of "Porcelain tiles". cancan101 (talk) 20:41, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tile


text:
Geological Survey of Canada

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC; Commission géologique du Canada, CGC) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing geological surveys of the country developing Canada's natural resources and protecting the environment. A branch of the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada, the GSC is the country's oldest scientific agency and was one of its first government organizations.

History
In September 1841, the Province of Canada legislature passed a resolution that authorized the sum of £1,500 sterling be granted to the government for the estimated expense of performing a geological survey of the province. In 1842, the Geological Survey of Canada was formed to fulfill this request.

William Edmond Logan was in Montreal at the time and made it known that he was interested in participating in this survey. Gaining recommendations from prominent British scientists, Logan was appointed the first GSC director on April 14, 1842. Four months later, Logan arrived in Kingston, Ontario, to compile the existing body of knowledge of Canada's geology. In the spring of 1843, Logan established the GSC's headquarters in Montreal (in his brother's warehouse and then in a rented house on Great St. James Street (now Saint Jacques Street). One of the prominent cartographers and the chief topographical draughtsman was Robert Barlow, who began his work in 1855. Chemist T. Sterry Hunt joined in the early days and the Survey added paleontological capability in 1856 with the arrival of Elkanah Billings. After Aylesworth Perry was appointed as acting librarian in 1881 he prepared the catalogue of reference works on geology, mineralogy, metallurgy, chemistry and natural history. George Mercer Dawson became a staff member in 1875, progressed to assistant director in 1883 and finally to director of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1895. The Geological Survey of Canada first began allowing women to conduct fieldwork in the early 1950s. Dr. Alice Wilson, the first of these women, lobbied for the inclusion of paleontologist Frances Wagner shortly afterward. Around this same time, the GSC employed a third woman Dr. Helen Belyea.

1. Geoscience for mineral and Northern Development
Canada has the geoscience required to attract mineral investment across Canada, to inform sustainable development of the North, and to work with allied countries to become a leading supplier of responsibly developed minerals.

2. Geoscience for land management
Canada has the geoscience required to inform responsible resource development and environmental stewardship in both terrestrial and marine environments, and to support its extended continental shelf submissions to the United Nations.

3. Geoscience for climate and disaster resilience
Decision makers and communities have access to the geoscience that they need to make Canada more resilient to natural hazards and climate change, and to achieve a net-zero future.

title: Geological Survey of Canada


text:
ESPN2

ESPN2 is an American multinational pay television network owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company (which owns a controlling 80% stake) and Hearst Communications (which owns the remaining 20%).

ESPN2 was initially formatted as a younger-skewing counterpart to its parent network ESPN, with a focus on sports popular among young adult audiences (ranging from mainstream events to other unconventional sports), and carrying a more informal and youthful presentation than the main network. By the late 1990s, this mandate was phased out, as the channel increasingly became a second outlet for ESPN's mainstream sports coverage.

, ESPN2 is available to approximately 70,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its 2011 peak of 100,000,000 households.

History
ESPN2 launched on October 1, 1993, at 7:30 p.m. ET. Its inaugural program was the premiere of SportsNight, a sports news program originally hosted by Keith Olbermann and Suzy Kolber; Olbermann opened the show and the channel by jokingly welcoming viewers to "the end of our careers." Launching with an estimated carriage of about 10 million homes, and nicknamed "The Deuce", ESPN2 aimed to be a more informal and youth-oriented channel than parent network ESPN. The youthful image was also reflected in its overall presentation, which featured a graffiti-themed logo and on-air graphics.

Its initial lineup featured studio programs such as SportsNight—which host Keith Olbermann characterized as a "lighter" parallel to ESPN's SportsCenter that would still be "comprehensive, thorough and extremely skeptical", Talk2—a nightly talk show hosted by Jim Rome that was billed as an equivalent to CNN's Larry King Live, Max Out—an extreme sports anthology series carried over from ESPN, and SportsSmash—a five-minute recap of sports headlines which aired every half-hour. ESPN2 also carried several half-hour, sport-specific studio programs under the 2Night banner, such as NFL 2Night, NHL 2Night, and RPM 2Night. Event coverage would focus on coverage of mainstream sports popular within the 18–34 age demographic, such as auto racing, college basketball and NHL hockey (where, beginning in the 1993–94 season, it aired up to five games per-week under the title NHL Fire on Ice), while also covering atypical sports such as BMX and other extreme sports.

ESPN2 would also be used to showcase new technology and experimental means of broadcasting events: on September 18, 1994, ESPN2 simulcast CART's Bosch Spark Plug Grand Prix using only onboard camera feeds. In 1995, ESPN2 introduced the "BottomLine", a persistent news ticker which displayed sports news and scores. The BottomLine would later be adopted by ESPN itself and all of its future properties.

In the late 1990s, ESPN2 began to phase out its youth-oriented format, and transitioned to becoming a secondary outlet for ESPN's mainstream sports programming; telecasts began to adopt a more conventional style, and the "graffiti 2" logo was dropped in 2001 in favor of a version of ESPN's main logo. On-screen graphics (such as the BottomLine) used a blue color scheme instead of red to differentiate them from ESPN. Since February 12, 2007, the ESPN2 brand has been used for station identification only, with all programming using the same on-air presentation and ESPN branding as those on the main network.

Programming
Sports events presented on ESPN2 originally tended to be alternative sports such as poker, billiards, lumberjacking, extreme sports and, more recently, drum and bugle corps. However, in recent years ESPN2 has broadcast increasingly more mainstream sporting events, including Major League Baseball games, the East–West Shrine Game, much of the 2006 World Baseball Classic, many Major League Soccer games, NCAA football games, NCAA basketball games, the WNBA, the Arena Football League, regular season KHL games, and Saturday afternoon NASCAR Nationwide Series races. In 2011, ESPN2 also acquired broadcast rights to delayed coverage for some American Le Mans Series events, with series' major events airing on ABC. ESPN2 College Football Primetime is a live game presentation of college football on ESPN2. The channel airs the Canadian Football League playoffs, including the season-ending Grey Cup, simulcasting from their Canadian partner TSN.

The channel has also become ESPN's home for tennis coverage. The showpieces are all four of the "Grand Slam" tournaments: the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. U.S.-based tournaments, including the ATP Masters 1000 events at Indian Wells and Miami, as well as the US Open Series, are also broadcast on the channel.

Most of ESPN's soccer output has been broadcast on ESPN2, including Major League Soccer, Premier League and La Liga matches; the channel also broadcast the United States' FIFA World Cup qualifiers in 2009. ESPN2 formerly broadcast matches of the UEFA Champions League, until rights for that tournament moved to Fox Soccer and its sister networks. In 2003, ESPN2 began broadcasting Major League Lacrosse games. In March 2007, ESPN2 and the league agreed on a new broadcast contract that ran until the 2016 season.

On October 4, 2017, ESPN announced that it had acquired rights to the Formula One World Championship; the majority of the races are carried by ESPN2.

The NHL returned to ESPN in the 2021–22 season; ESPN2 primarily serves as a secondary broadcaster during the Stanley Cup Playoffs.

ESPN2's former flagship show, the morning sports/entertainment program Cold Pizza, achieved minimal success and saw several format and host changes. In January 2006, it was supplanted by the television simulcast of ESPN Radio's Mike and Mike in the Morning (which moved from ESPNews) and moved to a later time slot (10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time). In May 2007, Cold Pizza moved from New York City to the ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut and was renamed ESPN First Take. After ESPN became part of a new broadcast contract with the association, ESPN2 also premiered the new daily show NASCAR Now (similar to the previous RPM 2Night, except only focusing on NASCAR) in February 2007. Quite Frankly with Stephen A. Smith, a program that featured interviews with popular sports figures, had averaged extremely low ratings, and had also faced several timeslot changes, until it was finally canceled in January 2007.

On August 8, 2018, ESPN2 stunted as "ESPN8: The Ocho"—an homage to a fictitious eighth ESPN channel portrayed in the 2004 film DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story, dedicated to unconventional and obscure sporting events. The event—which also included airings of the original film— was a follow-up to a similar marathon aired by ESPNU the previous year.

Simulcasting and alternative telecasts
ESPN2 has also simulcast many game telecasts with ESPN, usually as a part of a "Full Circle" or "Megacast" broadcast, which covers a single event across ESPN platforms with different forms of coverage (such as different camera angles and features). ESPN2 also simulcasts some programming from ESPNews, often during local blackouts of scheduled national game telecasts, and for a while provided a simulcast of ESPN Deportes' edition of SportsCenter on Sundays. In return, ESPN2 programming is often seen on ESPN during blackouts of games in certain markets.

ESPN2 also often carries SportsCenter at times when the broadcast on ESPN is delayed by a sporting event that overruns into one of the program's scheduled timeslots. ESPN and ESPN2 also jointly aired two episodes of a documentary special called This is SportsCenter, in which ESPN showed a documentary showing the production of an edition of SportsCenter, while the finished product aired on ESPN2. The documentary would usually air for two hours, where the first hour would cover the preliminary production of the night's show on ESPN, while ESPN2 aired ESPN's regular programming. The second hour usually spent time at production control while covering reaction to the night's developments.

On March 16, 2008, ESPN2 aired CBS-produced coverage of the SEC men's basketball championship game in most of the country. A tornado had damaged the original game site, the Georgia Dome, causing the remainder of the tournament to be rescheduled and re-located to the smaller Alexander Memorial Coliseum. However, the new, later tip-off time for the SEC championship created a scheduling conflict with CBS's coverage of the Big Ten championship game. As a result, CBS aired the SEC championship on its affiliates in the markets of the teams involved, while ESPN2 aired a simulcast of the game in the rest of the country.

ESPN2 has occasionally been used to carry simulcasts of ESPN Deportes' Spanish-language coverage of events, in an effort to promote the channel and improve the availability of the telecasts (as ESPN2 is available in a significantly larger number of homes than ESPN Deportes), while also reducing the need to counterprogram with lesser-viewed programs. Examples since 2016 have included NBA Christmas Day games, the 2017 World Baseball Classic (whose English rights were exclusively held by MLB Network), and an International Champions Cup game between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. From the 2017 NFL season through 2020, ESPN2 simulcast ESPN Deportes' Spanish-language broadcasts of Monday Night Football during the first nine weeks of the season, including its pre-game show NFL Esta Noche, and ESPN Latin America's SportsCenter from Mexico City after the game. ESPN2 had largely scheduled filler programming against MNF until November, when it begins its Monday-night college basketball coverage.

In the 2021 season, the Spanish simulcast of MNF was replaced with Monday Night Football with Peyton and Eli (colloquially known as the "Manningcast"), which is hosted by Eli and Peyton Manning, and features appearances by other celebrity guests.

High definition
ESPN2 broadcasts in high definition in the 720p resolution format, which was launched in January 2005. In January 2011, the separate ESPN2HD branding began to be phased out, as in May of that year, the channel would shift to using the AFD #10 flag to transmit the channel's standard definition feed in letterboxed widescreen, mirroring the display of the high definition feed, with the SD feed eventually phased out to allow downscaling of the HD feed for the standard definition channel.

title: ESPN2


text:
Nondelegation doctrine

The doctrine of nondelegation (or non-delegation principle) is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is explicit or implicit in all written constitutions that impose a strict structural separation of powers. It is usually applied in questions of constitutionally improper delegations of powers of any of the three branches of government to either of the other, to the administrative state, or to private entities. Although it is usually constitutional for executive officials to delegate executive powers to executive branch subordinates, there can also be improper delegations of powers within an executive branch.

In the United Kingdom, the non-delegation principle refers to the prima facie presumption that statutory powers granted to public bodies by Parliament can not be delegated to other people or bodies.

Australia
Australian federalism does not permit the federal Parliament or government to delegate its powers to state or territorial parliaments or governments, nor territorial parliaments or governments to delegate their powers to the federal Parliament or government, but does permit a state parliaments delegate its powers to the federal parliament by means of section 51 subsection (xxxvii) of the Constitution Act 1901.

Canada
Canadian federalism does not permit Parliament or the provincial legislatures to delegate their powers to each other. See: Attorney General of Nova Scotia v. Attorney General of Canada, [1951] S.C.R. 31

United States
In the Federal Government of the United States, the nondelegation doctrine is the theory that the Congress of the United States, being vested with "all legislative powers" by Article One, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, cannot delegate that power to anyone else. The scope of this restriction has been the subject of dispute. The Supreme Court ruled in J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States (1928) that congressional delegation of legislative authority is an implied power of Congress that is constitutional so long as Congress provides an "intelligible principle" to guide the executive branch: "In determining what Congress may do in seeking assistance from another branch, the extent and character of that assistance must be fixed according to common sense and the inherent necessities of the government co-ordination.' So long as Congress 'shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to [exercise the delegated authority] is directed to conform, such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power." Posner and Vermeule in 2002 further argued that the restriction is only that the legislature cannot delegate the authority to vote on legislation or execute other de jure powers of the legislature. Further, they argue that the grant of power to the executive branch is never a transfer of legislative power but rather an exercise of legislative power.

For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency in the executive branch created by Congress with the power to regulate food and drugs in the United States. Congress has given the FDA a broad mandate to ensure the safety of the public and prevent false advertising, but it is up to the agency to assess risks and announce prohibitions on harmful additives, and to determine the process by which actions will be brought based on the same. Similarly, the Internal Revenue Service has been given the responsibility of collecting taxes that are assessed under the Internal Revenue Code. Although Congress has determined the amount of the tax to be assessed, it has delegated to the IRS the authority to determine how such taxes are to be collected. The nondelegation doctrine has been used in such cases to argue against the constitutionality of expanding bureaucratic power. Some scholars argue the nondelegation doctrine has proven popular in state courts, but with two exceptions in 1935, legal scholars argue that the doctrine is not evident in federal courts. This trend began to reverse due to the views of Chief Justice John Roberts, who joined Justice Gorsuch's dissenting opinion in Gundy v. United States. In Gundy, the Court upheld a provision of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, authorizing the attorney general “to prescribe rules” concerning offenders who would have to register as sex offenders. However, Gorsuch argued that the statutory provision violated the nondelegation doctrine because it was not one of three exceptions to the nondelegation doctrine.

Pre-1935
The origins of the nondelegation doctrine, as interpreted in U.S., can be traced back to at least 1690, when John Locke wrote: The Legislative cannot transfer the Power of Making Laws to any other hands. For it being but a delegated Power from the People, they, who have it, cannot pass it over to others. ... And when the people have said, We will submit to rules, and be govern'd by Laws made by such Men, and in such Forms, no Body else can say other Men shall make Laws for them; nor can the people be bound by any Laws but such as are Enacted by those, whom they have Chosen, and Authorised to make Laws for them. The power of the Legislative being derived from the People by a positive voluntary Grant and Institution, can be no other, than what the positive Grant conveyed, which being only to make Laws, and not to make Legislators, the Legislative can have no power to transfer their Authority of making laws, and place it in other hands.

One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of nondelegation was Wayman v. Southard (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." In 1892, the Court in Field v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, noted "That congress cannot delegate legislative power to the president is a principle universally recognized as vital to the integrity and maintenance of the system of government ordained by the constitution" while holding that the tariff-setting authority delegated in the McKinley Act "was not the making of law," but rather empowered the executive branch to serve as a "mere agent" of Congress.

1935
During the 1930s, Congress provided the executive branch with wide powers to combat the Great Depression. The Supreme Court case of Panama Refining v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935) involved the National Industrial Recovery Act, which included a provision granting the President the authority to prohibit the interstate shipment of petroleum in excess of certain quotas. In the Panama Refining case, however, the Court struck down the provision on the ground that Congress had set "no criterion to govern the President's course."

Other provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act were also challenged. In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court considered a provision which permitted the President to approve trade codes, drafted by the businesses themselves, so as to ensure "fair competition." The Supreme Court found that, since the law sets no explicit guidelines, businesses "may roam at will and the President may approve or disapprove their proposal as he may see fit." Thus, they struck down the relevant provisions of the Recovery Act.

Post-1935
In the 1989 case Mistretta v. United States, the Court stated that:

"Applying this 'intelligible principle' test to congressional delegations, our jurisprudence has been driven by a practical understanding that in our increasingly complex society, replete with ever changing and more technical problems, Congress simply cannot do its job absent an ability to delegate power under broad general directives. Accordingly, this Court has deemed it 'constitutionally sufficient' if Congress clearly delineates the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and the boundaries of this delegated authority."

The Supreme Court has never found a violation of the nondelegation doctrine outside of Panama Refining and Schechter Poultry in 1935. Exemplifying the Court's legal reasoning on this matter, it ruled in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, which authorized the President to selectively void portions of appropriation bills, was a violation of the Presentment Clause, which sets forth the formalities governing the passage of legislation. Although the Court noted that the attorneys prosecuting the case had extensively discussed the nondelegation doctrine, the Court declined to consider that question. However, Justice Kennedy, in a concurring opinion, wrote that he would have found the statute to violate the exclusive responsibility for laws to be made by Congress.

Important cases

 * Cargo of the Brig Aurora v. United States,
 * Wayman v. Southard,
 * Field v. Clark,
 * Buttfield v. Stranahan,
 * United States v. Grimaud,
 * Mahler v. Eby,
 * J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States,
 * New York Central Securities Corp. v. United States,
 * Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan,
 * A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States,
 * Carter v. Carter Coal Co.,
 * United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.,
 * Currin v. Wallace,
 * Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins,
 * OPP Cotton Mills, Inc. v. Administrator of Wage and Hour Div., Dept. of Labor,
 * National Broadcasting Co. v. United States,
 * Yakus v. United States,
 * Lichter v. United States,
 * U.S. ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy,
 * National Cable Television Assn. v. United States,
 * FPC v. New England Power Co.,
 * Federal Energy Administration v. Algonquin SNG, Inc.,
 * United States v. Batchelder,
 * Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute,
 * American Textile Mfrs. Inst., Inc. v. Donovan,
 * Mistretta v. United States,
 * Skinner v. Mid-America Pipeline Co.,
 * Touby v. United States,
 * Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.,
 * Loving v. United States,
 * Clinton v. City of New York,
 * Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.,
 * Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads,
 * Coventry Health Care of Mo., Inc. v. Nevils,
 * Gundy v. United States,
 * Paul v. United States,
 * Haaland v. Brackeen,
 * SEC v. Jarkesy,

Major questions doctrine
The major questions doctrine is another doctrine that restricts Congressional delegation of legislative authority to agencies. It says that when a government agency seeks to decide an issue of "vast economic or political significance," a vague or general delegation of authority from Congress is not enough. Rather, the agency must have clear statutory authorization to decide the issue.

The major questions doctrine serves as an exception to the Chevron doctrine, which ordinarily requires courts to defer to an agency's interpretation of a statute it enforces, so long as the statute is ambiguous and the agency's interpretation is reasonable. However, it goes further than just negating deference to the agency. Even if the most reasonable interpretation of the statute allows the agency to take an action, it will not be enough unless that delegation of authority is clearly stated.

In explaining the major questions doctrine in UARG v. EPA (2014), the Supreme Court explained that "We expect Congress to speak clearly if it wishes to assign to an agency decisions of vast 'economic and political significance.'" Similarly, in Whitman v. American Trucking Associations (2001), the Court stated that Congress "does not alter the fundamental details of a regulatory scheme in vague terms or ancillary provisions—it does not, one might say, hide elephants in mouseholes.”

The Supreme Court first explicitly embraced the phrase "major questions doctrine" in West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency (2022), the decision which held that the EPA's Clean Power Plan, requiring energy producers to shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources, was not authorized by the Clean Air Act.

With the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, some commentators argued that Congress overruled the Court by clarifying that carbon dioxide is one of the pollutants covered by the 1970 Clean Air Act. However, the Supreme Court had already held that greenhouse gasses are pollutants in Massachusetts v. EPA (2007), and the Supreme Court did not overrule that holding in West Virginia v. EPA.

Important cases

 * MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. AT&T Co.,
 * FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.,
 * Gonzales v. Oregon,
 * Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency,
 * King v. Burwell,
 * Gundy v. United States, (Gorsuch, dissenting) (dicta)
 * Alabama Assn. of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Servs.,
 * Biden v. Missouri,
 * National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
 * West Virginia v. EPA,
 * Biden v. Nebraska,

United Kingdom
In general, powers granted by Parliament are presumed to only be exercisable by the body which is given those powers and can not be delegated. This is known as the "non-delegation principle" or the "presumption against delegation".

For example, in Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18, the Court of Appeal held that the delegation of disciplinary powers originally granted to the London Dock Labour Board to the port manager was unlawful. In his judgment, Lord Denning argued that the power of suspension was a judicial function. The dock labour board had to receive reports from employers and investigate them, they had to inquire whether the accused was guilty of misconduct, and they had to decide the appropriate disciplinary action to take. And as "[n]o judicial tribunal can delegate its functions unless it is enabled to do so expressly or by necessary implication", the delegation of the disciplinary powers was held to be unlawful.

Consultation as opposed to delegation
English courts have made a distinction between seeking consultation and the delegation of powers, the former of which is deemed to be permissible as decision making does not happen within an "institutional bubble". The important factor in deciding whether a public body is seeking consultation or whether they have delegated those powers is examining whether the powers are ultimately at the hands of the decision-maker in practice, as opposed to de jure.

In R (New London College) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] UKSC 51, the Supreme Court held that the Home Secretary did not unlawfully delegate her powers to control entry into the UK to sponsoring institutions. Immigration rules dictated that all student visa applicants had to produce a "Confirmation of Studies" (CAS) which is produced by sponsoring institutions like universities. As part of the application process, institutions must make judgements whether they had an intention to study there. The Supreme Court rejected arguments that this was tantamount to the delegation of powers to sponsoring institutions. Lord Sumption, in his judgment, noted that "a significant number of Tier 4 (General) migrants with a CAS are in fact refused leave to enter or remain on these grounds". This, according to the Supreme Court, showed that the Home Secretary de facto exercised powers of final decision and therefore was merely consulting sponsoring institutions, not delegating her powers.

The Carltona doctrine
The Carltona doctrine (or Carltona principle) is the idea that when powers are granted to departmental officials, they can be lawfully delegated to their civil servants.

title: Nondelegation doctrine


text:
Della Reese

Delloreese Patricia Early (July 6, 1931 – November 19, 2017), known professionally as Della Reese, was an American jazz and gospel singer, actress, and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades. She began her long career as a singer, scoring a hit with her 1959 single "Don't You Know?". In the late 1960s she hosted her own talk show, Della, which ran for 197 episodes. From 1975 she also starred in films, playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights (1989), Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate (1996) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary (2010). Reese achieved continued success in the religious television drama Touched by an Angel (1994–2003), in which she played the leading role of Tess.

Early years
Della Reese was born Delloreese Patricia Early on July 6, 1931, in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan, to Richard Thaddeus Early, an African-American steelworker, and Nellie (Mitchelle), a cook with alleged Cherokee ancestry. Her mother had had several children before Reese's birth, none of whom lived with her; hence, Reese grew up as an only child. At six years old, Reese began singing in church; from this experience she became an avid gospel singer. On weekends in the 1940s, she and her mother would go to the movies independently to watch the likes of Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Lena Horne portray glamorous lives on screen. Afterward, Reese would act out scenes from the films. In 1944, she began her career directing the young people's choir, after she had nurtured acting plus her obvious musical talent. She was often chosen, on radio, as a regular singer. At the age of 13, she was hired to sing with Mahalia Jackson's gospel group. Reese entered Detroit's Cass Technical High School (where she attended the same year as Edna Rae Gillooly, later known as Ellen Burstyn). She also continued with her touring with Jackson. With higher grades, she became in 1947 the first in her family to graduate from high school, aged 15.

After this she formed her own gospel group, the Meditation Singers. However, due in part to her father's serious illness and the death of her mother, Reese had to interrupt her schooling at Wayne State University to help support her family. Faithful to the memory of her mother, Delloreese moved out of her father's house when she disapproved of him taking up with a new girlfriend. She then took on odd jobs, such as truck driver, dental receptionist, and elevator operator, after 1949. Performing in clubs, Early soon decided to shorten her name from "Delloreese Early" to "Della Reese".

Musical career
Reese was discovered by the gospel singer Mahalia Jackson, and her big break came when she won a contest, which gave her a week to sing at Detroit's well-known Flame Show Bar. Reese remained there for eight weeks. Although her roots were in gospel music, she now was being exposed to and influenced by such jazz artists as Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan and Billie Holiday. In 1953, she signed a recording contract with Jubilee Records, for which she recorded six albums. Later that year, she also joined the Hawkins Orchestra. Her first recordings for Jubilee were songs such as "In the Still of the Night" (originally published in 1937), "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" and "Time After Time" (1947). The songs were later included on the album And That Reminds Me (1959).

In 1957, Reese released a single called "And That Reminds Me". After years of performing, she gained chart success with this song. It became a Top Twenty pop hit and a million-seller record. That year, Reese was voted by Billboard, Cashbox and various other magazines, as "The Most Promising Singer". In 1959, Reese moved to RCA Records and released her first RCA single, called "Don't You Know?", which was adapted from Giacomo Puccini's music for La bohème, specifically the aria "Quando m'en vo'" (Musetta's Waltz). It became her biggest hit to date, reaching the number 2 spot on the pop charts and topping the R&B charts (then called the "Hot R&B Sides") that year. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Eventually, the song came to be widely considered the signature song of her early career. She then released a successful follow-up single called "Not One Minute More" (number 16). She remained on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with "And Now" (number 69). In 1960 she released "Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)" (number 56), which was drawn from her Grammy-nominated album Della – a big band outing arranged by Neal Hefti who incorporated some arrangement ideas conceived by Reese, who was not credited as co-arranger.

In November 1960, Reese appeared in advertisements in Ebony magazine for the newly launched AMI Continental jukebox. Reese recorded regularly throughout the 1960s, releasing singles and several albums. Two of the most significant were The Classic Della (1962) and Waltz with Me, Della (1963), which broadened her fan base internationally. She recorded several jazz-focused albums, including Della Reese Live (1966), On Strings of Blue (1967) and One of a Kind (1978). Live hit number 21 on the R&B charts. She also performed in Las Vegas for nine years, and toured across the country. She signed with Avco Embassy Records and released the soul-pop album Black is Beautiful in 1970, charting at number 44 on the R&B chart.

In 1986, Reese formed the gospel group Brilliance with fellow singers O.C. Smith, Mary Clayton, Vermettya Royster, and Eric Strom. They released an album that earned Reese a Grammy nomination in the gospel category for the song "You Gave Me Love" (1987). She later earned another nomination for the album ''Live! My Soul Feels Better Right Now'' (1998).

Motown singer Martha Reeves cites Reese as a major influence, and says she named her group the Vandellas after Van Dyke Street in Detroit and Della Reese. In 2017, Reese was inducted into the Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame.

Television and film career
In 1969, Reese began a transition into acting work, which would eventually lead to her highest profile. Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series, Della, which was cancelled after 197 episodes (June 9, 1969 – March 13, 1970). In 1970, Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries, was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B. A. Baracus in The A-Team episode "Lease with an Option to Die". In 1991, she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom, The Royal Family, but his death halted production of the series for several months. Reese also did voice-over for the late 1980s Hanna-Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby-Doo on ABC. In 1989, she starred alongside Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights, in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy. Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the television game show Match Game.

Television guest appearances
Reese had a wide variety of guest-starring roles, beginning with an episode of The Mod Squad. This led to other roles in such series as: The A Team, The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, Getting Together, Police Woman, Petrocelli, Joe Forrester, Police Story, The Rookies, McCloud, Sanford and Son (with Redd Foxx), Vega$, and Insight. She featured in two episodes of The Love Boat, three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox, four episodes of Charlie & Co. (opposite Flip Wilson), 227 (with best friend Marla Gibbs), MacGyver, Night Court, Dream On, Designing Women, Picket Fences, Disney Channel's That's So Raven, and The Young and the Restless. She also had a recurring role in It Takes Two opposite Richard Crenna and Patty Duke.

Touched by an Angel
After coping with the death of one of her best friends, Redd Foxx, in 1991, she was reluctant to play the older female lead in inspirational television drama Touched by an Angel, but went ahead and auditioned for the role of Tess. She wanted to have a one-shot agreement between CBS and producer Martha Williamson, but the network ordered more episodes. Reese was widely seen as a key component of the show's success. Already starring on Touched by an Angel was the lesser-known Irish actress Roma Downey, who played the role of case worker Tess's angel/employee, Monica. In numerous interviews, there was an on- and off-screen chemistry between both Reese and Downey. The character of Tess was the angelic supervisor who sent the other angels out on missions to help people redeem their lives and show them God's love, while at the same time, she was sassy and had a no-nonsense attitude. The show often featured a climactic monologue delivered by the angel Monica in which she reveals herself as an angel to a human with the words: "I am an angel sent by God to tell you that He loves you." The character of Tess was portrayed by Reese as down-to-earth, experienced and direct. Reese also sang the show's theme song, "Walk with You", and was featured prominently on the soundtrack album produced in conjunction with the show.

During its first season in 1994, many critics were skeptical about the show, it being the second overtly religious prime-time fantasy series, after Highway to Heaven. The show had a rocky start, low ratings and was cancelled 11 episodes into the first season. However, with the help of a massive letter-writing campaign, the show was resuscitated the following season and became a huge ratings winner for the next seven seasons. At the beginning of the fourth season in 1997, Reese threatened to leave the show because she was making less than her co-stars; CBS ended up raising her salary. In 2000, her health problems became obvious when she collapsed on the set and was hospitalized. Touched by an Angel was cancelled in 2003, but it continued re-running heavily in syndication and on Ion Television (formerly PAX-TV), The Hallmark Channel, Up, and later MeTV. Downey said of her on- and off-screen relationship with Reese:

"She's very wise. She's very loving. She can be a little gruff at times, but she's always adoring and adorable. I lost my mother when I was very young, and during my whole adolescence and into my twenties, I'd been looking for a mother figure, and I really think I can say with absolute truth and sincerity that I feel that I finally found her in Della Reese."

Downey also said:

"I think I'll just always remember the feel of her neck against my cheek when she hugs me and the love I know that she has for me and the love that I feel for her and the love that she has for God. To know Della is to know that she loves God."

Family
Reese's mother, Nellie Mitchelle Early, died in 1949 of an intracerebral hemorrhage. Reese's father, Richard Early, died ten years later. Reese had an adoptive daughter from a family member unable to care for her, named Delorese Daniels Owens, born in 1961. Owens died on March 14, 2002, of complications stemming from pituitary disease. Sharing her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary disorders, Reese said:

"When it happened, I thought, 'It's such an odd thing to die from,' because pituitary problems aren't something you hear about. It makes it harder because you don't understand what happened. It seemed so strange and hard to explain. It still is, to be honest."

Marriages
In 1952, Reese married auto factory worker Vermont Adolphus Bon Taliaferro, nineteen years her senior. She adopted the stage name Pat Ferro for a week, before introducing the stage name she used for the rest of her life—though sources differ as to whether this name change was after the failure of the marriage, or simply a show-business decision. A second marriage ceremony, on December 28, 1959, to accountant Leroy Basil Gray, who had two children by a previous marriage, was kept secret for some time. This marriage either ended in divorce or was annulled on the basis that Gray's previous divorce was invalid. In 1961, Reese was briefly married to bandleader Mercer Ellington (who was then her manager), before their union was annulled later that year due to Ellington's Mexican divorce from his wife Evelyn Walker being ruled invalid. In 1983, Reese married Franklin Thomas Lett, Jr., a concert producer and writer.

Friends
Reese had a long time friendship with Redd Foxx that extended thorough multiple movies and shows and personally. Reese was the godmother of Roma Downey's daughter Reilly Marie. She also officiated at the marriage ceremony of Downey and Mark Burnett in the absence of Downey's late mother.

Ministry
In the 1980s, Reese was ordained a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity after serving as the senior minister and founder of her own church, Understanding Principles for Better Living. The "Up Church" is under Universal Foundation for Better Living, a denomination of Christian New Thought founded by Rev. Johnnie Colemon, a close friend of Reese. In her ministerial work, she was known as the Rev. Dr. Della Reese Lett.

Health and death
In 1979, during taping for a guest spot on The Tonight Show, Reese suffered a near-fatal brain aneurysm, but made a full recovery after two surgeries by neurosurgeon Charles Drake at University Hospital in London, Ontario. In 2016, shortly after her 85th birthday, Reese was said to be in poor health, and had undergone multiple surgeries. She stated that she had neglected her health for years, which had contributed to her developing type 2 diabetes. After her last appearance in Signed, Sealed, Delivered, she retired from acting. While Reese sometimes used a wheelchair, she avoided using one often, out of concern it would make her condition worse.

Reese died at her home in the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles on November 19, 2017, at the age of 86.

Awards and nominations
Awards

title: Della Reese


text:
GSC

GSC may refer to:

Business

 * Global Security Challenge, a business competition
 * Golden Screen Cinemas, in Malaysia
 * Golden Star Resources, a Canadian gold mining company
 * Good Smile Company, a Japanese manufacturer of hobby products
 * GSC Enterprises, Inc., an American retailer and financial services company
 * GSC Systems, a Canadian propeller manufacturer

Education

 * Gainesville State College, now a campus of the University of North Georgia, in Oakwood, Georgia, United States
 * Glasgow Science Centre, in Scotland
 * Glassboro State College, now Rowan University, in Glassboro, New Jersey, United States
 * Glenville State College, in Glenville, West Virginia, United States
 * Global Studies Consortium, an international academic association
 * Government Saadat College, in Karatia, Tangail, Bangladesh
 * Government Science College (disambiguation)
 * Granite State College, in New Hampshire, United States
 * Greensboro Science Center, in North Carolina, United States

Entertainment

 * Game Show Congress, a conference series
 * Granite State Challenge, an American quizbowl television show
 * The Great Space Coaster, an American children's television show
 * Gunsmith Cats, a Japanese seinen manga
 * GSC Game World, a Ukrainian video game developer
 * Pokémon Gold, Silver and Pokémon Crystal

Government and military

 * Air Force Global Strike Command, a major command of the United States Air Force
 * General Service Corps, of the British Army
 * Geological Survey of Canada

Science and technology

 * GSC (gene), encoding the goosecoid protein
 * Global Standards Collaboration
 * Genomic Standards Consortium
 * Group switching centre, a former British telephone exchange
 * GSC bus, a computer bus
 * Guangzhou Science City, in Guangdong, China
 * Guiana Space Centre, in French Guiana
 * Guide Star Catalog, an astronomical catalogue
 * Google Search Console, a webmasters' tool

Sports

 * Game score, a baseball statistic
 * Gezira Sporting Club, largest multi-sport facility in Egypt
 * Ghana Super Cup, a football competition
 * Girls' Sports Club, a women's sports club in Singapore 1929-1996
 * Glenmore Sailing Club, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Goslarer SC 08, a German football club
 * Gulf South Conference, a college athletic conference in the southeastern United States

Other uses

 * Gascon language, spoken in France
 * General Santos City, a city in the Philippines
 * Glenwood Springs station, a railway station in Colorado, United States
 * Greater Sylhet Development and Welfare Council in UK, a British charity
 * Green Schools Campaign, a renewable energy campaign in Malaysia
 * Guided Self-Change
 * Girl Scout Cookies
 * Gulf Stream Council, of the Boy Scouts of America

title: GSC


text:
Talk:54-46 That's My Number

Untitled
Talk moved from Wikipedia:Votes for deletion

A song, apparently, not notable. sjorford 18:18, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. While the article is poor at present, the song could probably rank among the 10 defining works of the Reggae genre.  It was recorded by Toots & the Maytals and is still in print.  We mention the song in 1967 in music.  It seems like I've stumbled across the article before, but it must be deja vu as it appears to be new.  UninvitedCompany 18:21, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * The subject may be noteworthy, but the current article isn't worth keeping around until a real one is written. Delete unless rewritten . -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:38, Apr 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I just did. By the way, the song title gives me 705 hits on Google. UninvitedCompany
 * I'm going to take your word that it's noteworthy because I'm unfamiliar with the genre. Now a good little article. Keep. -- Cyrius|&#9998 19:04, Apr 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now, the new article is fine. sjorford 20:22, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I concur. It looks completely reasonable. DS 03:27, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

consensus to keep

54/46 was my number / Jail guitar doors / Right now someone else has that number Is this worth mentioning? Lizz612 04:18, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Its also referenced in the Clash song "Jail Guitar Doors"
 * Not unless it has an impact on something, or is otherwise a verifiably notable fact. Tuf-Kat 11:01, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

1968 original and all subsequent versions reggae, not "ska." --Pete Scholtes —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.182.157 (talk) 19:03, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Mentions that the song is used for the bass line of Dub Be Good To Me which doesn't seem right to me, that's Guns of Brixton pretty much note for note. Could possibly do with checking by someone knowledgeable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.105.207.152 (talk) 11:53, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

(2020) incorrect song name, definitely NOT 54-46
Listen the original song. The individually pronounced numbers are (fifty)-four-five-six.

A lie still remains a lie even if repeated one million times.

The first number heard in the song is cut (by the song mixer?) to 4-5-6 aka four-five-six. The second number heard in the song is barely audible as a (50)-4-5-6 aka 54-5-6 (fifty)-four-five-six.

54-46 Seems to be a typical phone or sinsemilla misunderstanding.--87.180.12.208 (talk) 06:47, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:54-46 That's My Number


text:
Mr. Death

Mr. Death or Mr Death may refer to:

 * Death (personification)
 * Mr. Death (Band)
 * Fred A. Leuchter (born 1943), an author of forensic Holocaust denial material
 * Dennis Allen (criminal) (1951–1987), Australian drug dealer
 * Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.
 * "Mr. Death", a Hugo Award-nominated short story by Alix E. Harrow

title: Mr. Death