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Liquor Control Board of Ontario

The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is a Crown agency that retails and distributes alcoholic beverages throughout the Canadian province of Ontario. It is accountable to the Legislative Assembly through the minister of finance. It was established in 1927 by the government of Premier George Howard Ferguson to sell liquor, wine, and beer. Such sales were banned outright in 1916 as part of prohibition in Canada. The creation of the LCBO marked an easing of the province's temperance regime. By September 2017, the LCBO was operating 651 liquor stores.

The LCBO maintained a quasi-monopoly on the trade in alcoholic beverage sales in Ontario for nearly a century after its creation: for most of this time, LCBO stores were the only retail outlets licensed to sell alcohol in Ontario, with the notable exceptions of beer (The Beer Store had a quasi-monopoly on retailing beer during most of this period) and a number of wine shops, which had once been relatively diverse but had largely consolidated into two major chains by the 2010s: the Wine Shop and Wine Rack. Many of these independent outlets were located on-site at wineries, breweries or distilleries themselves, with Wine Shop and Wine Rack locations often located within grocery stores. Because Ontario is Canada's most populous province, with over 15 million people, or almost 40% of the nation's population, LCBO's quasi-monopoly status made it one of the world's largest purchasers of alcoholic beverages.

In December 2015, the LCBO authorized some supermarkets to sell cider, wine, and beer within their grocery aisles, substantially weakening their and The Beer Store's long near-monopoly statuses. As of December 9, 2016, nearly 130 grocery stores had been licensed to do so; 450 were expected to be licensed by 2020.

The LCBO remains the chief supplier of alcoholic beverages to bars and restaurants in Ontario, which are generally required by law to purchase their alcoholic products through the LCBO, The Beer Store, or directly from Ontario wineries and breweries. Beverages sold at bars and restaurants must be consumed on the establishments' premises. The LCBO was the parent company of the Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation, the only entity licensed to sell cannabis for recreational use in Ontario. This is no longer true following the passage of the Cannabis Statute Law Amendment Act, 2018.

History

The LCBO was created in 1927 with the end of prohibition, which had been introduced in the province in 1916. The Liquor Control Act, 1927 authorized the LCBO to "control the sale, transportation and delivery" of alcoholic beverages in Ontario. Brewers Retail was created to sell beer in a controlled manner while wines and spirits (as well as beer) were sold in LCBO outlets. Wineries and breweries were also allowed to sell from their own stores, which were limited in number.

In the 1924 Ontario prohibition plebiscite, voters chose, narrowly, by a margin of 51.5% to 48.5%, to retain the Ontario Temperance Act as opposed to the government-controlled sales of beverage alcohol. The Conservative government of George Howard Ferguson contested the 1926 provincial election on a platform of easing the temperance law. Upon reelection, it introduced the Liquor Control Act as a compromise between the complete prohibition demanded by the temperance movement and the unregulated sale of alcohol. Premier Ferguson stated that the Liquor Control Act was "... to allow people to exercise a God-given freedom under reasonable restrictions". Ferguson was further quoted as saying the purpose of the LCBO was to "promote temperance sobriety, personal liberty and, above all, to restore respect for the law". To achieve these goals LCBO was mandated by Ferguson's government to employ an oversight mechanism in order to know "exactly who is buying and how much, and what disposition is being made of it".

The first chief commissioner of the LCBO was David Blyth Hanna and the first 18 stores were opened on 1 June 1927, all designed with a clear glass store front to "make the process appear apparent and with a complete absence of mystery", according to an LCBO document. Previously, only wine sales were legal but bootlegged liquor and beer were illegally sold. The business model was a process of "disinterested management"; the product was available but purchases were discouraged and moderation remained key. By the end of 1927, the province had 86 stores and three mail-order facilities.

From 1927–1962 the LCBO required people who wanted to purchase liquor to first obtain a permit (Individual Liquor Permit). The permit was valid for a year. They had to present these permits at the point of purchase, and the clerk at the liquor store would enter information about what, precisely, the individual had purchased.

Residents applied for and received individually-numbered (5 digits) liquor permits. A temporary (or duplicate) permit was a single sheet form with 6 digit number with effective and expiry dates. This was issued until the yearly permit form was received. It was also provided to non-resident visitors.

Between 1927 and 1957, these permits came in the form of passport sized books that consisted of two separate sections, the first which included the permit holder's personal information (place of residence, marital status, occupation/employer, notes change of address) and a second section which kept a record of the individual's purchase history (date, quantity, value, store number and initials). In 1957, Permit books were replaced with permit cards. These cards held the permit holder's name and their permit number and also were needed in order to purchase liquor at the LCBO. When an individual wanted to make a purchase at an LCBO store, he or she had to fill in a purchase order form that included their name, address and permit number as well as the kind and volume of liquor that they wished to purchase. The purchase order form would be handed to an LCBO employee along with the individual's liquor permit and the employee would "examine [the] permit and see to what extent the purchaser has been buying liquor. If a purchaser had exceeded a reasonable quantity per week, the permit number and address would be noted and referred to vendor." Under the Liquor Control Act, the LCBO was to promote temperance through facilitating education and moderation. This meant a store employee could deny a sale to a customer if his intended purchases may be considered too large for one person to reasonably consume.

Purchase order forms were also used by the LCBO as a means of tracking irregularities in liquor purchases and sales and had to be stamped by the employee who had approved the sale and had filled the order. After the liquor permits books were phased out in 1957, purchase order forms were used as a means of establishing individuals' purchase histories in cases of legal investigations and the LCBO's own control processes. Purchase order forms remained in use into the 1970s when the LCBO changed to a self-serve format.

To control what it considered to be excessive purchases or other abuses of the permit privilege, the LCBO employed a list called the interdiction list. Although interdiction was initially a formalized legal process imposed by a judge upon those found in open court to be "drunkards", the board was charged with maintaining the list between 1927 and 1975 and employed its own standards in adding individuals to this list without any involvement of the justice system. The list was circulated to all liquor stores and drinking establishments, and was sent to local and provincial police forces to whom it was explained that it was a crime for listed individuals to possess or be sold any liquor. Between 1927 and 1975, the LCBO conducted its own investigations into over consumption, employing a staff of investigators that visited individuals' homes, work, banks, neighbors and even churches to determine if an individual should be restricted from purchasing liquor. From 1927–1935, the LCBO's investigations resulted in the cancellation of over 33,138 liquor permits and the names of these individuals were added to the circulated interdiction list. In 1929, the LCBO's use of the interdiction list was expanded to include those on social assistance as well as others who the board felt should be prohibited from purchasing liquor permits entirely. Between 1929 and 1951, when the LCBO ceased publishing interdiction data in its annual reports, 125,218 individuals had been added to the interdiction list in this way.

In 1934, the mandate of the LCBO was expanded to include the oversight of by-the-glass sale of alcohol in standard hotels and other drinking establishments. As part of the LCBO's regulations, licensed establishments were required to adhere to a wide variety of regulations including a limitation on singing, the number of patrons allowed to sit together and most importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a "bona fide escort" in a segregated "Ladies and Escorts" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short-lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario (LLBO) in 1947.

The first self-service store was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s, the stores became more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol, and in the 2000s, were renovated and enlarged to hold more product. Most current stores have vintages sections with rotating selections of wines and spirits having low production volumes.

In the 1990s, the LCBO rebranded stores by removing the Ontario coat of arms and wording "Liquor Store" with the more stylized LCBO logo.

George Soleas was appointed president and CEO on June 9, 2016.

As of July 11, 2016, LCBO accepts tap-to-pay technology in each of their 654 stores in the province, allowing contactless payment for all purchases of liquor.

On July 5, 2024, employees went on strike for the first time in the LCBO's history.

Sale of cannabis
After the federal government announced that recreational use of cannabis would be legalized in 2017 or early 2018, then Premier Kathleen Wynne commented that the LCBO stores might be the ideal distribution network for stocking, controlling and selling such products. The Ontario Public Service Employees Union, which represents LCBO staff, also lobbied for the LCBO to have a monopoly on cannabis sales.

In response, the federal Task Force on Marijuana Legalization and Regulation recommended against selling cannabis in conjunction with alcohol. In September 2017, the Government of Ontario announced that the LCBO alone would sell recreational marijuana to the public in the province, except in the 651 stores that sell alcoholic beverages. A new Crown corporation, the Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation (OCRC), was established as a subsidiary of the LCBO with a mandate to initially open 40 stores before legalization took effect in October 2018. OCRC also entered a partnership with Shopify to use the company's platform for operating the province's online cannabis sales. In March 2018, OCRC adopted the trading name Ontario Cannabis Store for its retail services. The OCS logo, designed by a Canadian subsidiary of Leo Burnett Worldwide as part of a $650,000 marketing and branding contract, was derided as "boring" and "underwhelming."

Following the 2018 provincial election, the new provincial government led by Premier Doug Ford announced that OCRC would not open physical stores and that private stores would instead sell cannabis in Ontario. Under this new model OCRC will continue to operate the provincial online cannabis sales service and will serve as the wholesale supplier for private stores in Ontario. The Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario's mandate will be widened to include regulation and licensing of private cannabis stores in Ontario. The OCRC would also be moved under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, would no longer be a subsidiary of the LCBO, and would no longer use the Ontario Cannabis Store branding.

Mandate and accountability
The mandate of the board is to supervise the business affairs of the LCBO. Among its responsibilities are:
 * ensuring that the LCBO provides high-quality service to the public
 * developing and approving the strategic plan and monitoring management's success in meeting its business plans
 * approving annual financial plans
 * ensuring that the organization remains financially sound
 * assessing the management of business risks
 * submitting an annual financial plan to the minister of finance
 * ensuring the organization has communications programs to inform stakeholders of significant business developments
 * ensuring that the LCBO performs its regulatory role in a fair and impartial manner

The LCBO is accountable to its stakeholders in a number of ways, including:
 * its annual report, required to be tabled in the Legislative Assembly and available for review, either in print or online
 * annual audits of LCBO financial statements by the Office of the Provincial Auditor, as well as internal value-for-money audits of specific LCBO programs, including store planning
 * public access to records under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act
 * board members appointed by the lieutenant governor, through Orders in Council, on the recommendation of the premier and the minister of finance.
 * various statutory reporting requirements under the Liquor Control Act to the minister of finance.
 * compliance with Management Board's Agency Accountability Directives.

Signage
The board's policy states that "In Ontario's 25 designated areas, the operational signage in every LCBO store must be bilingual" ... "This type of signage includes stores' permanent signs and general notices, such as those in the aisles and for customer service."

Pricing
While it is impossible to generalize comparative pricing for the thousands of different alcoholic beverages available through LCBO, the stores have acquired a reputation for high prices. Online price comparisons with independent wine retailers such as Sherry-Lehman in neighbouring New York can indicate price differences ranging from 10% (in LCBO's favour) to 30% (in the independent retailers' favour). Wines and spirits sold in Canada are subject to the Excise Act, 2001, which contributes greatly to the cost of beverage alcohol, although most liquor tax is provincial. Wine Access, a Canadian food and wine magazine, has claimed that high-end luxury brands sell in Ontario for up to 60% more than in New York. Excise duties on beer and malt liquor are taxed under the Excise Act.

The LCBO pricing policies are designed to control alcohol consumption, generate revenue for the provincial and federal governments, and to support the domestic alcohol beverage industry, especially by providing incentive to purchase Ontario wine. Within this framework, the prices of LCBO products are subject to three policy constraints:

 * All prices are uniform throughout the province, despite inevitable differential costs incurred by transportation and distribution. This policy effectively subsidizes the transportation of goods into the rural parts of the province. Store managers have the right to reduce prices of 'bin-end' items at their discretion.
 * Less-intoxicating beverages such as light wines and beer are in effect sold by the LCBO at reduced prices, again with the stated object of influencing consumption patterns as part of the board's social responsibility mandate.

Profits
The LCBO transferred a dividend of $2.3 billion to the provincial government in 2019.

Debate over privatization
There have been numerous discussions about whether the province should sell, or privatize, the LCBO. It has been argued that the main benefit would be the billions of dollars that would be the immediate windfall from any sale. This sale would only deliver a one-time profit, and the province would lose out on a source of steady yearly income. It has also been argued by the C. D. Howe Institute that the government could actually earn more money by dismantling the high-margin retail stores while keeping the lucrative wholesale business as Alberta's privatization of the liquor business suggests. The LCBO's 2006-07 net income was $1.3 billion Canadian dollars (excluding tax revenues generated by Brewers Retail and the independent wine stores), and a sale has been estimated to reap about six billion dollars. Former Premier Ernie Eves stated that when he investigated this possibility, he found that a 100 per cent sale through an income trust would generate 16 billion dollars.

In an attempt to find more revenue for the government within the current system, former Ontario Finance Minister Greg Sorbara ordered a review of the province's liquor distribution methods, under the supervision of John Lacey, a former LCBO board member and grocery executive. Sorbara had stated that any option, other than the complete privatization of the LCBO, would be open for discussion. Subsequent to the release of the report, known as the Beverage Alcohol System Review (BASR), Sorbara rejected the report's recommendations and argued for the continued public ownership of the LCBO. Rejection of the findings notwithstanding, the 2005 report defined the potential benefits of privatization alternatives as greater consumer convenience and choice via a competitive retail environment, a reduction in government-held investment risk while simultaneously increasing its annual revenues.

An earlier 1994 report from York University, created on behalf of the Ontario Liquor Boards Employees' Union, concluded there to be little governmental or public support for privatization. There may be political motivations to keep alcohol sales public as well, as the LCBO is an excellent source of sinecures for the sitting government. The current LCBO board chair is Carmine Nigro. Philip J. Olsson, a long-time Liberal supporter, was the former chair appointed by the Liberal government shortly after they took power. Prior to Olsson was Andy Brandt, who was appointed by New Democratic Premier Bob Rae in 1991, even though Brandt had been a Progressive Conservative member of Provincial Parliament for a number of years. In 2007, LCBO separated the board chair and president/CEO functions, making the board chair position part-time. Olsson receives a per-diem for his work as board chair, which he donates to the United Way.

Recycling program
The LCBO has phased out its plastic shopping bags, as part of its efforts to become a greener organization. LCBO customers are encouraged to bring their own reusable bags, but can also request handle-less LCBO paper bags or buy reusable bags at the store. Cardboard carrying boxes for individual cans of beer were phased out, with a limited reintroduction during the fall of 2017. As of 2020, 8 pack beer carriers are available at all LCBO locations again. The LCBO says the new limited options are expected to eliminate approximately 80 million plastic bags a year from landfill.

In September 2006, the Government of Ontario announced the Ontario Deposit Return Program, a recycling program for LCBO and winery store beverage alcohol containers. The program, which commenced operations on 5 February 2007, is administered and operated by Brewers Retail Inc. Under the program, consumers may return empty bottles, tetra paks, PET plastic and bag-in-box containers, to The Beer Store outlets. This program has been highly criticized by members of the public and employees of The Beer Store. Beer Stores were seeing upward of 50,000 LCBO containers per week while the unprofitable nature of the program forced wage cuts and staff reductions across Ontario's primary beer distributor.

The deposit rates for the bottles are as follows:
 * Large bottles (greater than 630 ml) – $0.20 each
 * Small containers (equal to or less than 630 ml) – $0.10 each

Through its Natural Heritage Fund, LCBO and its suppliers have raised almost $2 million for projects to restore and rehabilitate Ontario wildlife habitat. This includes Bring Back the Salmon, which helps the return of Atlantic salmon to Lake Ontario after its local extinction over 100 years ago.

Agencies

An LCBO Agency is a legally licensed outlet of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Such agencies are placed in small towns and areas far from a full-service LCBO location. Agency locations are operated by private businesses and allocated through a competitive process.

Cellared in Canada
In late 2009, local and international criticism of the "Cellared in Canada" practice and the LCBO emerged. Under the "Cellared in Canada" label, which is now officially known as "International - Canadian blends", Canadian wine producers are allowed to import pre-fermented grape must from grapes grown in other countries to produce wines under their own wine label, although in practice, it is usually finished wine which is imported to be included in International - Canadian blends. In Ontario, producers are allowed to designate these wines as "cellared" in Canada if they contain a portion of local Ontario grapes. As of April 1, 2014, this percentage is 25% Ontario wine, which may be from labrusca varieties. Historically, this percentage has fluctuated wildly, due to periodic shortages and surpluses of Ontario grapes, and heavy lobbying by large producers and some grape growers.

Grape growers in Ontario have deemed this practice a threat to their livelihood, asserting that thousands of tons of Canadian grapes are left rotting on the vine, while large producers use imported grapes to make wine labelled as "Canadian". Growers and producers have criticized this practice as tarnishing the reputation of Canadian wines and misleading consumers. They have also petitioned the government for several changes in the practices, such as making the origin of grapes clearer on the wine label, and increasing the visibility of 100% Canadian Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA) wines in province-run liquor stores. As of August 2009, the stores of the LCBO featured less than 2.5% Canadian wine produced by VQA members, with the vast majority of its wines produced under the "International - Canadian blend" designation with up to 75% foreign wine. Bottles generally say "Cellared in Canada from International and Domestic Content".

Age verification
In May 2011, a study was conducted by Statopex Field Marketing on behalf of the Ontario Convenience Stores Association and found that the LCBO fared poorly when checking for age of minors. Minors between the age of 15 and 18 were used to determine how often LCBO store staff would check for ID before selling alcohol. Minors in the test were accompanied by an adult at a distance to verify any sales that occurred. The test determined that 1 in 4 minors were able to purchase beer at the LCBO without ID. This was poorer than the results shown for The Beer Store, where 1 in 5 minors could purchase beer, or chain convenience stores in Ontario where as few as 1 in 8 could purchase tobacco. The LCBO countered by stating its "retail staff challenged 3.6 million people who appeared underage or intoxicated in 2010 and refused to serve more than 190,000 customers."

Cannabis sale monopoly
Some have questioned the methodical suitability of the OCRC monopoly on cannabis sales. The Cannabis Canada Association, a lobby group representing licensed medical marijuana growers, stated that "a competitive market model would provide the Province with a predictable, low-risk revenue stream without the taxpayer burdens of upfront capital expenditure exposure and operational risk".

The debate proved to be merely of academic interest, since the newly-elected PC government decided in August 2018 that retail sales would be provided by private enterprise companies instead. Finance Minister Vic Fedeli stated: "we will work with private sector businesses to build a safe, reliable retail system that will divert sales away from the illegal market."

High theft incidence
In late 2018, two articles published by the Toronto Star indicated that theft from the LCBO retail stores was a significant problem, and effectively mishandled. There had been some 9,000 thefts at LCBO outlets in Toronto alone since early 2014, according to data provided by the Toronto Police Service. In fiscal year 2018–2019, the LCBO saw more than $5.1 million in theft of alcohol. For reasons of personal safety, LCBO staff are discouraged from confronting shoplifters. "The LCBO doesn’t want their staff getting into tussles with thieves inside the store, and I understand that. But when you couple that with a policing decision that says we just don’t have the resources to respond unless the thief is on the scene, you lose a lot of the deterrent," said Mike McCormack, president of the Toronto Police Association. As a result, thefts were likely to continue, leading to frustration by staff and the public.

title: Liquor Control Board of Ontario


text:
Talk:Just Push Play

Untitled
I'm missing Tom Hamilton (musician) on Personnel?! Is it correct, he didn't work on that album??

Song credits for Jaded
This page says Hamilton/Tyler, but the Jaded page says Frederiksen/Tyler. Which one is correct? --LodeRunner 22:25, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

i beivle it was Tyler and Frederiksen, since he helped on most of the abum, and the CD manul says the same. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.52.10 (talk) 00:51, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Limited edition / Best Buy edition
I found a used copy of what appears to be the limited/Best Buy edition, as it has the bonus track, "Face". Face is listed on the back liner, but not in the liner notes. I can't find any mention of a video, but I've listened to the disc, and it DOES have Face on it. Also, my computer only sees a standard audio disc, with no indication of a video. Can anyone confirm that there is a version with the bonus track and a video, and that you actually either have it, or have seen it? If not, the mention of a video on this page may need to be removed. -- K1darkknight (talk) 18:47, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Just Push Play
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Just Push Play's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "NLD": From Aerosmith albums discography:  From Aerosmith singles discography: Dutch peaks

Reference named "AUS": From Hard rock:  From Aerosmith albums discography:  From Aerosmith singles discography: Australian peaks

Reference named "allmusic": From Honkin' on Bobo: http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:dnfyxqqaldte

From Mick Jagger:

From Classic Aerosmith: The Universal Masters Collection:

From Joe Perry (musician):

From Aerosmith singles discography:

From Aerosmith:

From Diane Warren:

From Lord of the Thighs:

Reference named "British Hit Singles & Albums":

From Aerosmith singles discography:

From Mick Jagger:

Reference named "GER":

From Aerosmith singles discography: German peaks

From Aerosmith albums discography:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 20:51, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Just Push Play


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User talk:Shturmovik

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title: User talk:Shturmovik


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Talk:Space burial

older entries
(Copy from Featured article candidates)

 * Stumbled across this one, and I think it's pretty well put together. Thoughts? -Litefantastic 22:08, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Object.  The article rather messily conflates three things: the rather silly "lipstick-sized container of ashes" affair, which hardly qualifies for the word burial; dead people in space generally; and science-fiction space burial.   Someone needs to decide exactly what this article is meant to be about.  Also, the lipstick business is taken too much at face value: it's not true that "about 150 people have been buried in space"; they were buried somewhere on the ground and had a small part of their ashes sent into space.  Markalexander100 10:28, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I would tent to support. (Disclaimer: I wrote most of the article) Burial does not need a complete body to be buried. 1g or 7g is not much, i agree, but the people involved consider it a burial. Full body space burial is currently not practical. The science fiction mentioning fits well, I think. Burial at sea also mentions some fictious characters buried at sea (Note: the article burial at sea also originated from me). The section about space accidents can be removed, but that is only a "see also" section, and not really part of the article. I think the above objections can be overcome. -- Chris 73 | Talk 07:47, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * the people involved consider it a burial What, the dead ones? Anyway, astrologers probably consider astrology to be the height of rationality.   We need to be a bit more objective. Markalexander100 05:05, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, the dead ones. After all they probably arranged for the procedure before death. I also assume that many of their friends and relatives consider it a burial. Remains of deceased may also be buried in different locations on earth. There are also some cases of empty coffin burials, where no body was recovered. I also know one case where a worker fell in a steel furnace and got completely burned up, and they ended up burying a sample of the steel. I think the quantity of the remains does not decide if it is a burial or not. Using a strict definition of burial, burial in space is probably not a burial, because the remains are not covered with earth (i.e. buried). Same holds for burial at sea. Yet, it is usually called a "burial in space/at sea", so I think the title here is appropriate and objective. I cannot change the burial procedure described by the article, but I am willing to adjust the article if you have specific complaints about the article itself. -- Chris 73 | Talk 06:07, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * (Adjourning to talk page.)Markalexander100 07:13, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

(end of copy)

I have two main issues with the article as it stands.
 * 1) Space burial is not burial, even in the broader sense used in burial at sea.  If I am cremated and a small part of my ashes is scatted in the sea, I have not been buried at sea.   The same applies to "space burial".  The fact that the people who sell this call it burial doesn't mean that we have to accept their terminology at face value.
 * 2) It's not clear what this article is meant to be about.  Is it about space burial (as the title says) or is it about the lipstick and ashes business (as the lead says)?   If the latter, the sci-fi stuff does not belong in the article.  Markalexander100 07:19, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Judging from what the article says actually happens, maybe it should be "partial mesospheric cremation"? Just kidding. Securiger 07:27, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If, then it should be "partial mesospheric re-cremation", as they are already cremated ;-) -- Chris 73 | Talk 08:04, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, I agree that shooting 5g of ashes into space is pretty weird. About your points, I think that thematically the topic belongs together with the Sci-Fi burials. The Sci-Fi section is also only minor compared to the rest of the article. I would also still consider the lipstick and ashes business a burial in a broader sense. The procedure is also referred to as "space burial" by the news, and people looking for information for this topic would probably use similar keywords. The quantity of the remains is not essential for a burial, and people's remains have been buried in more than one grave before, as for example often done in Japan. BTW I have changed the article to emphasize that only a small sample of the ashes is shot into space.
 * How would you call the procedure? -- Chris 73 | Talk 08:04, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * One more question: Do you think the article merely fails the well-written requirement for featured articles, or do you object the article in generally and feel the need to change the article? If its only not "feature" material in your opinion, then we just wait until the article gets accepted or rejected, and the problem disappears. However, if you think the article has to be changed (i.e. not a burial), then we have a dispute that needs to be solved. Lets hope for the first case ;-) -- Chris 73 | Talk 08:26, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

I think that all our articles should be well-written and NPOV. However, there are one or two others that also aren't.  This one wouldn't be top of my list for worrying about if it weren't a featured article candidate. Markalexander100 02:08, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

I would be thrilled if this article becomes a featured one, but if not ... oh well ... doesn't matter. I'll just wait and see. Happy editing -- Chris 73 | Talk 02:22, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

The idea that THIS article should be featured is quite wicked. It is not well written, it does not contain background etcetc. It is just an add for Celestis. I am sorry for the bytes wasted.--80.133.98.142 01:56, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wasn't it Phillip J. Fry's brother who was burried in space? Alvis 02:15, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Uh uh, apparently Phillip J. Fry's brother had named his son after Phillip J. Fry. That is, Phillip J. Fry's nephew is named after him. But since his brother and nephew looked alike, he didn't realise that until the very end of the episode. Sorry if I spoiled the episode. >_>; 70.106.96.40 03:21, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Not that I support one side or the other of what this article is supposed to be, but, How do we feel about counting Battlestar Galactica's "Airlocking" as Space Burial? Adm. Cain's funeral was also reminiscent of some of the "space burial" scenes from Star Trek.24.252.61.160 18:26, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Futurama's Fry in "The Sting"
In the episode "The Sting", Fry's death and burial is part of a dream sequence. Is it not then a stretch to include that without comment in a list of space burials? Yes, the episode includes a depiction of a space burial, but I don't think the final disposition of Fry's body is part of the canon. -- Ventura 22:47, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Full Body Burial section
This brief section currently seems like original research. Making predictions (not back by sources) about what may happen "if humans colonize space" runs counter to the idea that Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. -Phoenixrod 04:37, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Fiction section
Seems a reasonable section to me. The Heinlein story is definately worth mentioning. Artw 06:39, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It looks very much like the Heinlein story might be the first mention of the concept - I've not been able to find any references that establish that in as many words, but if someone does and can add it it will help beef up the section considerably. Artw 07:59, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds interesting. That's precisely the kind of information such a section should contain. --Eyrian 08:09, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Trivia removal
The problem with the fictional characters section is that it is an immensely common trope in fiction, and the burial is generally only a peripheral part of the work. As the burials are generally not important to the work in question, and not important to the subject of the article beyond "Space burial is seen in science fiction", they need to stay out. --Eyrian 06:40, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't share your reasoning, on this or on the articles where you've applied similar rationals for removing material. See above. I've reverted your change until you get some kind of consensus for it or can show that it is unambiguously backed by some kind of policy. Artw 06:42, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a trivia collection. Entries that are neither important to the work, and cannot be shown to be generally relevant, are unquestionably trivial. --Eyrian 06:46, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, Eyrian does not seem to realize that Wikipedia is a unique encyclopedia that greatly differs from other online encyclopedias in that anyone can contribute to Wikipedia and everyone is a volunteer. The only reason other encyclopedias aren't as large as Wikipedia is because they don't have enough resources to make it as large, and they only want hired professionals writing their articles.--ElminsterAumar 06:50, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Eyrian is correct in that Wikipeida has content guidelines and policiesthat are there for a reason, and they should be stuck to. Claiming otherwise is not particularly helpfull, and in this case not really the issue since the policies do not support his position. Artw 07:17, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't mind him; just another one of my ever-growing retinue of admirers. --Eyrian 07:29, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The policy you linked to is pretty clear on Trivia lists: "Large sections of indirectly-related details should be avoided as they diminish articles' overall readability and utility." - I do noty believe the fiction section represents such a thing, no that if it did represent such a thing removing the entire section would be an appropriate response. Artw 07:17, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The bold text stands alone as well as with the rest. Wikipedia is not a trivia collection. This excessive list did distract from the main article topic. Again, the significance of these things needs to be verified, otherwise they're not significant. Why would we include insignificant details? --Eyrian 07:29, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth your last edit, which removes some items that clearly didn't belong there while leaving the rest of section intact, is much better. I'd have no problem with your edits to fiction and popular culture sections if they were all of that nature. Artw 07:31, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Most certainly not. However, please address my last comment. --Eyrian 07:36, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * In reference to you last point I'd say that when you slow down and take the time and energy to do a good job of it you are capable of making some good judgement calls on what is and isn't significant, but that most of the time you rush it. Also that on judgement calls of that kind it is better to take a collaborative approach and build consensus than to rush in half cokced, point at a few policies that kind-of-sort-of support you and expect everyone to go along with it Artw 07:49, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Very well, I feel we've slowed down. Let's talk about this. Seriously, that list is pretty long, and the entries there aren't really significant to the understanding of space burial. It's nice to note that it's a fictional concept, as well, but they're all pretty straightforward instances of someone's remains to the black deep rather than the blue. Listing them all is just... silly. If there are any that have verifiable cultural impact, include them. Otherwise, they just get in the way. --Eyrian 07:53, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

The Graham Chapman rumor
For many years, I had read that his boyfriend, lauched his ashes into space at the turn of the millenuim, but they were acutally spread on Earth.--Hailey 18:40, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Space disasters
Why is the "Space disasters" section part of the "Space burial" article and not a separate one? The place of a person's burial is NOT usually the same as the place of death. ViennaUK (talk) 08:45, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

How?
The article doesn't completely describe the method of delivery. A rocket with cremated remains is delivered to orbit, circles the earth, and re-enters. At what point are the remains "buried in space", and how? Readers can come up with some plausible explanations on their own, but they shouldn't have to. Boneyard90 (talk) 09:36, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Symbolic burial
'It may thus be described as a symbolic act rather than actual burial.' I find this an odd sentence. Aren't all burials (as opposed to a simple disposing of a body) symbolic acts? In my opinion, this sentence needs fleshing out. 84.192.118.77 (talk) 23:19, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Orbit Burial Is Not Space Burial
Actually hoisting ashes into space would not be a burial at all, but the opposite. Bury means put under ground. Actually it appears that all or most of what this article refers to is putting ashes in an orbit over the earth from which orbit eventually the ashes fall back to earth -- not space burial at all. Methinks all the references to orbit burial should be removed or put in a subcategory. If there have been successful launching of ashes into outer space (beyond the earth & the sun's gravity grasp), that should be treated specifically, or it should be noted that this has never happened. Also, the taking of a small sample of ashes is quite a different concept from launching an entire physical remains of a man into outer space. And really there is nothing all that special about orbiting ashes that fall back, as this is really much like tossing them in the air. (EnochBethany (talk) 03:26, 16 October 2013 (UTC))

Sunjammer
The article lists several people whose remains are scheduled to be aboard the Sunjammer, but the article says "Citing a lack of confidence in its contractor’s ability to deliver, the mission was cancelled in October 2014." I'll try to revise this article when I have time, but feel free to beat me to it.

* Septegram * Talk * Contributions * 17:15, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space burial


text:
311 (album)

311 (commonly known as the Blue Album) is the third studio album by American rock band 311, released on July 11, 1995, by Capricorn Records. The album contains the successful singles "Don't Stay Home", "All Mixed Up", and "Down", and was certified triple platinum with sales of over three million copies.

Reception
AllMusic's Peter Stepek was positive towards the album, saying "These riff-heavy and radio-ready songs are underscored by a tight drum sound (often with a piccolo snare), the scratching of turntables, and the crunch of heavy guitars: a formidable backdrop for this surprisingly melodic effort. The rhythms of reggae and ska percolate through this mix, and the harmonies of Nick Hexum and S.A. Martinez lend the band an edge not found in the majority of bands that feature rapping over rock beats." Rolling Stone says the album has "ear candy with good beats" and "remarkably adept at genre juggling". They also describe the album as "Beasties-cum-Chili Peppers traits has a potent reggae undertow".

Track listing
"Misdirected Hostility" was written in reference to the violence between the Phunk Junkeez and their back-up vocalist K-Tel Disco.

”Jackolantern’s Weather” was going to have a music video, released around Halloween, but the band declined because “they said they were tired.”

The initial pressing of the album was distributed by "RED" and later re-pressed and distributed by Mercury Records in 1996 (note the tray card and disk updated with Mercury contact information and slightly washed out color on the disk front).

Outtakes

 * "Tribute", "Let the Cards Fall", "Gap" and "Firewater (Slo-mo)" (available on the "Enlarged to Show Detail" EP)
 * "Who's Got the Herb?" (studio version available on the "Hempilation: Freedom Is NORML" compilation, live version available on the "Live" album)
 * "Outside" (available on the "National Lampoon's Senior Trip" soundtrack)
 * "Juan Bond", "Next (Instrumental)", "Sweet (Demo)" without SA's vocal and "Firewater" at its normal speed (leaked on the internet around '96). "Juan Bond", "Next", and "Firewater (Normal Speed)" were later officially released in 2015 on the 311 ARCHIVE box set.

Personnel

 * Nick Hexum – vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Chad Sexton – drums, percussion
 * Tim Mahoney – lead guitar
 * P-Nut – bass
 * S. A. Martinez – vocals, scratches (Credited as Count S.A.)

Production

 * Ron Saint Germain – producer, recording, mixing
 * 311 – producers
 * Scott Ralston – recording, mixing
 * John Ewing Jr. – assistant engineer
 * Joe Gastwirt – mastering
 * Mastered at Oceanview Studios
 * Diane Painter – art direction
 * Terry Robertson – design
 * Catherine Wessel – photography

title: 311 (album)


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Hawker Hart

The Hawker Hart is a British two-seater biplane light bomber aircraft that saw service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was designed during the 1920s by Sydney Camm and manufactured by Hawker Aircraft. The Hart was a prominent British aircraft in the inter-war period, but was obsolete and already side-lined for newer monoplane aircraft designs by the start of the Second World War, playing only minor roles in the conflict before being retired.

Several major variants of the Hart were developed, including a navalised version for the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers. Beyond Britain, the Hart would be operated by a number of foreign nations, including Sweden, Yugoslavia, Estonia, South Africa, and Canada.

Design and development
In 1926, the Air Ministry stated a requirement for a two-seat high-performance light day-bomber, to be of all-metal construction and with a maximum speed of 160 mph (258 km/h). Designs were tendered by Hawker, Avro and de Havilland. Fairey, who had sold a squadron's worth of its wooden Fox bomber in 1925, was not at first invited to tender to the specification, and was sent a copy of the specification only after protesting to the Chief of the Air Staff, Hugh Trenchard.

Hawker's design was a single-bay biplane powered by a Rolls-Royce F.XI water-cooled V12 engine (the engine that later became known as the Rolls-Royce Kestrel). It had, as the specification required, a metal structure, with a fuselage structure of steel-tube covered by aluminium panels and fabric, with the wings having steel spars and duralumin ribs, covered in fabric. The crew of two sat in individual tandem cockpits, with the pilot sitting under the wing trailing edge, and operating a single .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun mounted on the port side of the cockpit. The observer sat behind the pilot, and was armed with a single Lewis gun on a ring mount, while for bomb-aiming, he lay prone under the pilot's seat. Up to 520 pounds (240 kg) of bombs could be carried under the aircraft's wings.

The prototype Hart, serial J9052, first flew in June 1928, being delivered to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at RAF Martlesham Heath on 8 September. It demonstrated good performance and handling, reaching 176 mph (283 km/h) in level flight and 282 mph in a vertical dive. The competition culminated in the choice of the Hawker Hart in April 1929. The de Havilland Hound was rejected due to handling problems during landing and because of its part-wooden primary structure. While the Avro Antelope demonstrated similar performance and good handling, the Hart was preferred as it was far cheaper to maintain, a vital aspect to a programme during defence budget constraints that the British armed forces faced during the 1920s. The Fairey Fox IIM (which despite the name was a new aircraft), delayed by Fairey's late start on the design compared to the other competitors, only flew for the first time on 25 October 1929, long after the Hart had been selected.

A total of 992 aircraft were built as Harts. It became the most widely used light bomber of its time and the design would prove to be a successful one with a number of derivatives, including the Hawker Hind and Hector. There were a number of Hart variants, though only slight alterations were made to the design. The Hart India was a tropical version, the Hart Special was a tropical Hawker Audax, a Hart variant with desert equipment; a specialised Hart Trainer was also built which dispensed with the gunner's ring. Vickers built 114 of the latter model at Weybridge between 1931 and June 1936.

The production Hart day bomber had a 525 hp (390 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB 12-cylinder V-type engine; a speed of 184 mph (296 km/h) and a range of 470 mi (757 km). It was faster than most contemporary fighters, an astonishing achievement considering it was a light bomber. It also enjoyed excellent manoeuvrability, making the Hart one of the most effective biplane bombers ever produced for the Royal Air Force. In particular, it was faster than the Bristol Bulldog, which had recently entered service as the RAF's front line fighter. This disparity in performance led the RAF to gradually replace the Bulldog with the Hawker Fury.

Demand was such that production was spread out among a wide selection of aircraft companies. Of the 962 built in the United Kingdom, Hawker produced 234, Armstrong Whitworth 456, Gloster 46, Vickers 226 and 42 were produced in Sweden under licence by ASJA who built 18, Götaverken who built three and the Central Workshops of the Air Force (CVM) who built 21. 1004 Harts were produced.

Operational history
The Hart entered service with No. 33 Squadron RAF in February 1930, replacing the larger and slower Hawker Horsley. No. 12 Squadron replaced its Foxes with Harts in January 1931, with a further two British-based Hart light bomber squadrons forming during 1931.

Harts were deployed to the Middle East during the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935–1936. The Hart saw extensive and successful service on the North-West Frontier, British India during the inter-war period. Four Hawker Harts from the Swedish Air Force saw action as dive bombers during the 1939–1940 Winter War as part of a Swedish volunteer squadron, designated F19, fighting on the Finnish side. Though obsolete compared to the United Kingdom's opposition at the start of the Second World War, the Hart continued in service, mainly performing in the communications and training roles until being declared obsolete in 1943.

The Hart proved to be a successful export, seeing service with the Royal Egyptian Air Force, Royal Indian Air Force, South African Air Force, Estonian Air Force, Southern Rhodesia, Sweden (where it was designated B4) and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Rhodesian Hardys saw service on the Allied side during the opening moves of the East African theatre of World War II.

Swedish Air Force General Björn Bjuggren wrote in his memoirs how his squadron developed dive-bombing techniques in the mid-1930s for their B4s. When the Hawker engineers found out, they issued a formal objection, saying that the aircraft had not been designed for that purpose. However, the Swedish pilots proved that the aircraft was up to the task and dispelled their concerns.

Hart

 * Hart I
 * Two-seat light bomber aircraft for the RAF. 525 hp Kestrel IB engine.

 * Hart SEDB
 * Two-seat single-engined light bomber aircraft for the RAF, powered by a 525 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB, or a 510 hp Kestrel X (DR) piston engine.

 * Hart (India)
 * Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by RAF in the North West Frontier of India, with larger radiator and extra equipment.

 * Hart (C)
 * Two-seat unarmed communications aircraft for the RAF, a small number were used by No. 24 Squadron RAF; eight built.

 * Hart Trainer (Interim)
 * Hart light bombers converted into training aircraft. Two built.

 * Hart Trainer
 * Two-seat dual-control trainer aircraft, with reduced sweepback on top wings to compensate for movement in center of gravity caused by removal of military equipment.

 * Hart Fighter
 * Two-seat fighter version for the RAF used by No. 23 Squadron RAF, with Kestrel IIS. Later redesignated as the Demon; six built.

 * Hart (Special)
 * Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by the RAF in the Middle East. Based on Audax airframe with desert equipment, and de-rated Kestrel X engine.

 * Hart (Testbeds)
 * Several Harts were used as engine testbeds, including G-ABMR and G-ABTN which were used to test several variants of Kestrel engines. K2434 was used by Napier to test the Napier Dagger I, II and III. K3036 was used by Rolls-Royce to test the Merlin C and E, complete with a ventral radiator.

 * Estonian Hart
 * Export version for Estonia, equipped with an interchangeable wheel or float undercarriage; eight built.

 * Swedish Hart
 * Light bomber for Swedish Air Force. Four Hawker-built pattern aircraft, powered by a Bristol Pegasus IM2 radial piston engine were delivered in 1934. Following successful evaluation, 42 were built under licence in Sweden by AB Götaverken of Göteborg, powered by a Swedish-built NOHAB Pegasus IU2.

Audax
The Hawker Audax was a Hart variant, designed for army cooperation, seeing much service in the British Empire. The first Audax flew in late 1931 and over 700 Audaxes were produced (including export). The Audax was similar to the Hart, though had some modifications, including a hook to pick up messages. It was armed with a single Scarff ring-mounted .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun and a fixed forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and was powered by a version of the Kestrel engine and had a maximum speed of 170 mph. A number of variants of the Audax were produced, including the Audax India, a tropicalised version of the Audax for service in India and the Audax Singapore for service there.

Other air forces which also used the Audax included the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Indian Air Force, the South African Air Force, the Royal Egyptian Air Force, the Royal Iraqi Air Force, the Imperial Iranian Air Force, the Straits Settlements and the Southern Rhodesian Air Force. During the Second World War the Audax saw limited service in Africa on the Kenya–Abyssinia border during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The Audax also saw service in Iraq, at RAF Habbaniya, west of Baghdad, after the uprising there, during the Anglo-Iraqi War. In the days leading up to that battle crews began to upgrade the Audaxes stationed there, despite having received orders forbidding such actions. They fitted some to carry 250 lb bombs instead of 20 lb bombs.

The Audax ended its service by 1945. A derivative of the Audax, the Hawker Hartebeest, a light bomber, was built for the South African Air Force with modifications made from the Audax. Sixty-nine of these aircraft were built, the majority in South Africa. The aircraft saw action in East Africa during clashes against Italy who occupied Abyssinia.

A.V. Roe built 287 Audaxes as part of the RAF expansion scheme during 1935–1937. These did not warrant an Avro type number but between 1937 and 1938, Avro built 24 modernised Audaxes for the Egyptian government, powered by 750 hp Armstrong Siddeley Panther VIA radials. Acknowledging the amount of redesign work done, these were designated the Avro Type 674.

Audax I
 * Two-seat army cooperation aircraft for the RAF, powered by a 530 hp (395 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB, or 580 hp Kestrel X piston engine.

Audax (India)
 * Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by the RAF in India.

Audax (Singapore)
 * Tropicalised version for the RAF, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V piston engine, used by the RAF in Singapore and British Malaya.

Canadian Audax
 * Modified version of the Audax I for the RCAF; one built for Canada.

Egyptian Audax
 * Six aircraft fitted with the 750 hp Armstrong Siddeley Panther radial piston engine, plus 18 aircraft fitted with the Panther X radial piston engine; 34 built for Egypt.

Iraqi Audax (Nisr)
 * 24 aircraft fitted with the Bristol Pegasus IIM2 radial piston engine, plus ten aircraft fitted with the Pegasus VIP8 radial piston engine; 34 built for Iraq.

Persian Audax
 * 30 aircraft fitted with the Pratt & Whitney Hornet S2B radial piston engine, plus 26 aircraft fitted with the Bristol Pegasus IIM or IIM2 radial piston engine; 56 built for Persia.

Hartebeest
 * Hawker-built pattern aircraft; 4 built and exported to South Africa.

Hartebeest I
 * Two-seat general-purpose, ground support aircraft for the South African Air Force, powered by a 608 hp (453 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel VFP piston engine; 4 aircraft built by Hawker Aircraft in the UK, 65 aircraft built under licence by SAAF Roberts Heights Depot, Pretoria, in South Africa.

Demon
The Hawker Demon was a fighter variant of the Hart light bomber. During air defence exercises the RAF's Siskins and Bulldogs were often unable to intercept the new Hart bombers, which were sometimes instructed to restrict their height and speed in order to give the fighters a chance, which prompted the development of a fighter variant of the Hart.

While the Hawker Fury offered better performance, lower production volumes made it more expensive and therefore it remained available only in small numbers, so when a fighter version of the Hart was suggested, the Air Ministry selected the type as an interim fighter until higher-performance fighters could be bought in larger numbers. The new fighter variant added a second Vickers machine gun, while the coaming of the rear cockpit was angled to give a better field of fire, and a supercharged Kestrel IS engine was fitted. Evaluation of an initial batch of six aircraft, known as Hart Fighters by one flight of 23 Squadron during 1931 was successful, and larger orders followed for the fighter Hart, now known as the Hawker Demon. The production Demon's first flight was on 10 February 1933.

305 Hawker Demons were built, including 232 for the RAF. The Demon was powered by versions of the Kestrel engine. It had an armament of a single rear .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun with two fixed .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns in the nose. Many were fitted with a hydraulically-powered turret in the rear gunner's position, which had been tested on the Hawker Hart. Demons were also sold to the Royal Australian Air Force. It saw only second-line operations during the Second World War.

Production of the Demon was undertaken by Hawker and by Boulton Paul Aircraft at their Wolverhampton factory, where their last example of 106 to be completed was delivered to the RAF in December 1937.

 * Hart two-seat fighter
 * Two-seat fighter version of the Hart for the RAF. Later redesignated as the Hart Fighter.

 * Demon I
 * Two-seat fighter aircraft for the RAF.

 * Australian Demon I
 * Two-seat fighter aircraft for the RAAF, similar to RAF version but fitted with a 600 hp (447 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel V engine; 54 built (the first 18 delivered as general-purpose fighters in 1935 and an additional 36 for army co-operation duties delivered in 1936).

 * Australian Demon II
 * Two-seat training version for the RAAF, standard Demon fitted with dual controls and provision for target towing, 10 built

 * Turret Demon
 * Two-seat fighter version, fitted with a Frazer-Nash gun turret in the rear cockpit.

Hardy
The Hawker Hardy was a general-purpose variant of the Hawker Hart tropicalised to meet Air Ministry Specification G.23/33 as a Wapiti replacement in Iraq. The prototype was a production Hart which was modified with a modified radiator, a message pick-up hook, water containers and a desert survival kit. The prototype first flew on 7 September 1934, and the first production aircraft were delivered to 30 Squadron in January 1935. The Hardy saw some service during the Second World War, in Africa and the Middle East; the Hardys performing a number of operations against Italian-occupied Abyssinia as well as other areas of Africa. The Hardy also saw service with Southern Rhodesia. The last operational sortie by a Hardy was on 9 May 1941 and most of the survivors were scrapped, although some continued in service as communications aircraft. On 14 May 1941, the Belgian Colonial authorities obtained a Hawker Hardy from the South African Air Force. Painted in Belgian colours, the machine was used for observation missions, but unfortunately overturned while landing at Gambela airfield on 26 May 1941, effectively writing off the aircraft.

 * Hardy I
 * Two-seat general-purpose aircraft for the RAF, 47 built excluding one prototype modified from a Hart

Hind

The Hawker Hind was a derivative of the Hart and was intended to replace it. The Hawker Hector was a variant of the Hind and was used in the army co-operation role. It saw only limited service during the Second World War with the Royal Air Force. Hectors were also sold to Ireland.

Osprey

The Hawker Osprey was the navalised carrier-borne version of the Hart, performing in the fighter and reconnaissance roles. The Osprey had a single Rolls-Royce Kestrel II engine, and had a max speed of 168 mph (270 km/h). Its armament consisted of a single forward .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and one .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun. The Osprey joined the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in 1932, with 103 being built, and ended its career in 1944 after serving as a trainer for FAA pilots during the Second World War. By December 1936, Ospreys were being deployed by 701 Squadron based at RAF Kalafrana in the anti-submarine and anti-piracy role. The Osprey was also sold to the Swedish Air Force being used on the seaplane cruiser HSWMS Gotland (1933), which carried six Ospreys. Ospreys were also sold to the Portuguese Naval Aviation and the Spanish Republican Air Force.

 * Osprey I
 * Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS inline piston engine; 37 built.

 * Osprey II
 * Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS piston engine, equipped with redesigned floats; 14 built.

 * Osprey III
 * Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS piston engine, equipped with a dinghy stowed away in the starboard upper wing; 26 built.

 * Osprey IV
 * Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 640 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel V. Twenty-six built in 1935.

 * Portuguese Osprey
 * Two aircraft equivalent to Osprey III built for Portugal and powered by Kestrel IIMS piston engine. Delivered in 1935. Six aircraft more in 1939.

 * Spanish Osprey
 * One aircraft fitted with a Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs engine; one built for the Spanish Republican Air Force.

 * Swedish Osprey
 * Version for Sweden fitted with a 600 hp Swedish-built NOHAB Bristol Mercury radial piston engine and interchangeable wheel and float landing gear. Six built. Given the designation S 9 by the Swedish Air Force.

Hawker Hart

 * Kingdom of Afghanistan
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * British India
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * Southern Rhodesia
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Hawker Audax

 * British India
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq - No. 3 Squadron IqAF
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * Southern Rhodesia
 * Straits Settlements

Hawker Hardy

 * Southern Rhodesia
 * 🇧🇪 (one aircraft, ex-RAF K4316)
 * Belgian Congo
 * Belgian Congo

Hawker Hartebeest

 * 🇿🇦 South Africa

Hawker Osprey

 * Spanish Republic
 * Spanish Republic

Surviving aircraft

 * Australia
 * A1-8 – Demon I on static display at the RAAF Museum in Point Cook, Victoria. Delivered 1935, served with No. 3 Squadron RAAF until 1937 when it was wrecked in Tasmania and reduced to components. Restored 1987 by 2AD in Richmond, New South Wales.

 * Sweden
 * 714 – B 4 on static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum near Linköping, Östergötland.

 * United Kingdom
 * G-ABMR – Hart II on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. The 13th off the production line, it first flew in 1931 but never saw military use. Under the civilian registration G-ABMR, it was used by Hawker in various roles, including testbed, demonstration aircraft and a camera aircraft. It flew throughout the Second World War and continued flying until 1971. Still airworthy, it was then transferred to the RAF Museum, on loan from Hawker Siddeley, Hawker Aircraft's successor company. It remains there, painted to represent RAF Hart serial number J9941.
 * K4972 – Hart Trainer on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Cosford, Shropshire. Built in 1935 by Armstrong Whitworth, it flew as a training aircraft before being used as an instructional airframe. In 1943, it passed on to the Air Training Corps unit at Nelson Tomlinson School, Wigton, where it remained until recovered in 1962 by a group of aviation enthusiasts. They passed it on to the RAF Museum in 1962.

 * United States
 * K8203 – Demon airworthy Previously Recently Sold From the Shuttleworth Collection in Old Warden, Bedfordshire.

title: Hawker Hart


text:
Talk:Petersfield

Untitled
Noticed this page was very short (just 1 paragraph) so I did some research and expanded it quite a bit. It's my home town, so its all correct, and i'm quite pleased with the result. Anything I've missed? Grunners 00:30, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Cricketers and Cricket
The Cricketers is not where the rules of cricket were written down. That is The Bat and Ball, Hambledon. See http://www.visitwinchester.co.uk/hambledon.shtml and many others!

I was a regular in The Cricketers a few years back :-).

Council
'EHDC has recently been beset by corruption scandals, with at least one high level officer resignation (Head of Planning, caught falsifying figures to obtain grants) and others to follow.'

I vaguely remember something about that. Must be several months ago now. Please don't use words like 'recently' - use dates instead. unsigned comment by 212.56.114.4 on 2nd October 2005

 * Having a parent who works at the council, and also knowing personally the guy involved, I'd say it was an isolated incident, there is certainly no suggestion that the council is ridden with corruption. I'd also raise the point as to whether one small incident of fraud on a county council is worthy of entry in the article? Grunners 14:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

External links cleanup
This article has got a lot of external links and more are been added at a very rapid pace - hence I am nominating this article for external link cleanup. I think we should only have links for important websites directly about Petersfield. For example, school websites should be linked in a school article about them and not in a town article. I will be removing excessive external links in the near future if there are no objections raised here. Camaron1 | Chris 18:46, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have gone ahead and cleaned the links - I think those remaining are reasonably relevant to the article. I have removed church and school links as they are not really important enough to the article and can be placed on more relevant articles such as The Petersfield School. I have removed the link to a personal blog as these should be avoided per WP:EL and boarders advertising. Finally, I have removed the link to the Petersfield Town Design Statement Wiki as this is related to the Petersfield Tomorrow project and is already linked - links should be kept to a minimum per WP:EL so one per large multi domain websites will do. Camaron1 | Chris 15:29, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

What is this intended to mean, and what are the refs?
As a prime location for habitation the heath (and Petersfield area in general) has always been occupied with frequent finds of flint axe and tool remnants from the Mesolithic period (up to 10,000 years ago). SovalValtos (talk) 18:30, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

 * It is a confusing statement. While it's probably true, a good source needs to be found and written into the article in a simpler way. I'm sure there will be reliable sources as the heath is an important prehistoric area.
 * Having said that, the whole article is badly in need of a complete rewrite as it doesn't flow well at all. Don't hold back! Tony Holkham (talk) 18:58, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

 * A few reliable refs that may help (I just 'Googled' Petersfield archaeology)

 * http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/south-downs/explore/petersfield-heath/
 * http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=243051
 * http://southdowns.gov.uk/enjoying/events/public-events/the-heath-barrows-a-window-on-petersfields-prehistoric-past?SQ_CALENDAR_DATE=2013-09-19
 * http://www.petersfieldmuseum.co.uk/documents/Heathbarrowsinformation.pdf
 * http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41939
 * http://www.tvas.co.uk/reports/pdf/SPP06-107dsk.pdf
 * Tony Holkham (talk) 20:36, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Weather and climate
I suggest taking the whole (unsourced) section out - Petersfield's weather and climate is not exceptional. Tony Holkham (talk) 10:35, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * When I first read the above I thought User:Tony Holkham was referring to the recently added info box which did have a ref. I see that User:Charlesdrakew has removed that weather box. I agree with that although I have so far failed to get to the Met Office page concerned from which it was derived. The data may well have been interpolated from nearby stations anyway. A wikilink to a suitable county or district climate page would suffice in the text.
 * Regarding the text, I think the first three sentences could go and if a cit can be found for the last it could be retained.SovalValtos (talk) 12:09, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I have not been able to establish a suitable wikilink for climate. Please help.SovalValtos (talk) 03:37, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Unless there is an official weather recording station within the settlement we do not have any reliable source for the town's climate in particular. Data for various places in Hampshire is on the Hampshire article. I think that is better than having a waether section for every settlement.Charles (talk) 19:31, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Pub Numbers
I thought this ( https://licensing.easthants.gov.uk/PAforLalpacEastHantsLIVE/1/LicensingActPremise/Search?SYS_ID=1&SearchLicenceNumber=&SearchClientSearchName=&SearchOperatorName=savoy&SearchPremisesAddress=Petersfield&SearchPremisesPostcode=&SearchWardId=&SearchPremisesWithRepresentationsOnly=false ) and similar links for other areas might be useful for checking Pub numbers in a town. Hoever it gives too many results for a quick search. It might however be useful for confirming that a premises is licenced. SovalValtos (talk) 14:27, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Distances
I wasn't aware that there was a preferred style of expressing distance between two places, and wasn't able to find anything in WP:MOS. Still learning.  Tony Holkham   (Talk)  10:52, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Paper on the rubber industry
Page 8 onwards:

https://www.hias.org.uk/Journal%20scans/HIAS%20Journal%201997.pdf

©Geni (talk) 12:20, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Coordinates
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

—43.224.36.101 (talk) 19:02, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment: I think (51.0038 -0.9374) gives the centre of the market square, which may be a reasonable choice. Less precision gives a more imprecise location.  The current location (51.00377 -0.93453) is where the Chichester Road joins the old A3 I which I personally would never have regarded that as the centre.  Djm-leighpark (talk) 21:31, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

 * The OP hasn't said what he or she thinks is wrong with the coordinates in the article, but the market square also seems reasonable to me. I've emended the coordinates accordingly and reduced their precision to four decimal places per WP:OPCOORD. If the OP still thinks that there is an error, he or she will need to give a clear explanation of what it is. Deor (talk) 17:02, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petersfield


text: User talk:68.59.35.79

title: User talk:68.59.35.79


text: User talk:24.165.226.8

title: User talk:24.165.226.8


text:
Provinces of Burkina Faso

The regions of Burkina Faso are divided into 45 administrative provinces. These 45 provinces are currently sub-divided into 351 departments or communes.

List of provinces by region
Here is a list of the provinces, with their capitals in parentheses:

Centre Region

 * Kadiogo (Ouagadougou) (#14 in map)

Centre-Nord Region

 * Bam (Kongoussi) (#2 in map)
 * Namentenga (Boulsa) (#26 in map)
 * Sanmatenga (Kaya) (#34 in map)

Centre-Sud Region

 * Bazèga (Kombissiri) (#4 in map)
 * Nahouri (Pô) (#25 in map)
 * Zoundwéogo (Manga) (#45 in map)

Plateau-Central Region

 * Ganzourgou (Zorgho) (#9 in map)
 * Kourwéogo (Boussé) (#21 in map)
 * Oubritenga (Ziniaré) (#29 in map)

Centre-Est Region

 * Boulgou (Tenkodogo) (#6 in map)
 * Koulpélogo (Ouargaye) (#19 in map)
 * Kouritenga (Koupéla) (#20 in map)

Est Region

 * Gnagna (Bogandé) (#10 in map)
 * Gourma (Fada N'gourma) (#11 in map)
 * Komondjari (Gayéri) (#16 in map)
 * Kompienga (Pama) (#17 in map)
 * Tapoa (Diapaga) (#39 in map)

Nord Region

 * Loroum (Titao) (#23 in map)
 * Passoré (Yako) (#31 in map)
 * Yatenga (Ouahigouya) (#42 in map)
 * Zondoma (Gourcy) (#44 in map)

Sahel Region

 * Oudalan (Gorom-Gorom) (#30 in map)
 * Séno (Dori) (#35 in map)
 * Soum (Djibo) (#37 in map)
 * Yagha (Sebba) (#41 in map)

Cascades Region

 * Comoé (Banfora) (#8 in map)
 * Léraba (Sindou) (#22 in map)

Hauts-Bassins Region

 * Houet (Bobo-Dioulasso) (#12 in map)
 * Kénédougou (Orodara) (#15 in map)
 * Tuy (Houndé) (#40 in map)

Sud-Ouest Region

 * Bougouriba (Diébougou) (#5 in map)
 * Ioba (Dano) (#13 in map)
 * Noumbiel (Batié) (#28 in map)
 * Poni (Gaoua) (#32 in map)

Boucle du Mouhoun Region

 * Balé (Boromo) (#1 in map)
 * Banwa (Solenzo) (#3 in map)
 * Kossi (Nouna) (#18 in map)
 * Mouhoun (Dédougou) (#24 in map)
 * Nayala (Toma) (#27 in map)
 * Sourou (Tougan) (#38 in map)

Centre-Ouest Region

 * Boulkiemdé (Koudougou) (#7 in map)
 * Sanguié (Réo) (#33 in map)
 * Sissili (Léo) (#36 in map)
 * Ziro (Sapouy) (#43 in map)

title: Provinces of Burkina Faso


text: User talk:67.101.46.192

title: User talk:67.101.46.192


text:
Local government in the Bahamas

Local government in The Bahamas exists at two levels: 32 districts and 41 towns. The boundaries of districts are defined by the First Schedule of The Bahamas Local Government Act 1996 (as amended by law and declarations of the Minister responsible for Family Island Affairs), defined with reference to parliamentary constituency boundaries. The Second Schedule lists 13 districts which are divided into town areas. Towns are governed by directly elected town committees. Second Schedule districts are governed by nine-person district councils composed of the chairs of the town committees, and if numerically required, additional people elected by the town committees. The 19 Third Schedule districts are unitary authorities which cannot be divided into towns. They are governed by nine-person district councils which are directly elected by voters. The powers of Second Schedule and Third Schedule councils are slightly different, and the Third Schedule district known as the City of Freeport has a slightly different list of enumerated powers.

At the national level, local government policy is formulated and administered by the Department of Lands and Local Government through the Office of the Prime Minister. The day-to-day policy handling of the portfolio falls to the Minister of Local Government who also is empowered to modify the list and boundaries of districts. Administrative and financial management of local government is overseen by the ministry's permanent secretary.

History
Local government previously existed in The Bahamas in the form of appointed "Board of Works". Here towns and villages held their influence over these Board of Works, but almost all final decisions were made by the central government through that islands' Commissioner. The modern system of local government that is in use today was created by the 8 March 1996. The Out Islands of the country could now enjoy a somewhat greater degree of autonomy, but New Providence Island, in which the capital city Nassau is located, was to be directly governed by the central government. The Act defines the form of government in each district by listing it on either its Second Schedule or its Third Schedule.

Districts
The Districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere in The Bahamas except New Providence (where Nassau the capital is located, whose affairs are handled directly by the central government). The current system dates from 1996 when 23 districts were created by The Bahamas Local Government Act of 1996; a further 9 have been added since 1999.

Since the creation of the system, the question of local government for New Providence has been debated. The Minister responsible for Family Island Affairs has the power to create one or more districts for all or part of New Providence by decree.

As of the 1999 updates, the Second Schedule districts are:
 * Cat Island
 * Central Abaco
 * Central Andros
 * Central Eleuthera
 * East Grand Bahama
 * Exuma
 * Long Island
 * North Abaco
 * North Andros
 * South Abaco
 * South Andros
 * South Eleuthera
 * West Grand Bahama

As of the 1999 updates, the Third Schedule districts are:
 * Acklins
 * Berry Islands
 * Bimini
 * Black Point
 * City of Freeport
 * Crooked Island
 * Grand Cay
 * Harbour Island
 * Hope Town
 * Inagua
 * Long Cay
 * Mangrove Cay
 * Mayaguana
 * Moore's Island
 * North Eleuthera
 * Ragged Island
 * Rum Cay
 * San Salvador
 * Spanish Wells

New Providence
There are 24 Supervisory Districts.

Towns
As of the 2022 local elections, the town areas of the Bahamas include:
 * Cat Island District
 * Arthur's Town
 * The Bight
 * Central Abaco District
 * Marsh Harbour and Spring City
 * Murphy Town
 * Dundas Town
 * Central Andros District
 * Behring Point and Cargill Creek
 * Fresh Creek
 * Staniard Creek
 * Central Eleuthera District
 * Gregory Town
 * Savannah Sound
 * James Cistern Town
 * Hatchet Bay
 * East Grand Bahama District
 * McCleans Town and Pelican Point
 * Freetown
 * Exuma District
 * East Exuma
 * West Exuma
 * Long Island District
 * North End
 * North Abaco District
 * Little Abaco
 * Cooper's Town
 * Treasure Cay
 * North Andros District
 * Lowe Sound
 * Nicholls Town
 * Mastic Point
 * South Abaco District
 * Crossing Rock
 * Sandy Point
 * South Andros District
 * Deep Creek
 * Kemp's Bay
 * The Bluff
 * Long Bay Cays
 * South Eleuthera District
 * Wemyss Bight
 * West Grand Bahama District
 * Eight Mile Rock West
 * Pinder's Point

Types of councils
Every district in the Bahamas, with the exception of New Providence, has a district council. A district council is a corporate body with perpetual succession; capable of entering into contracts, of suing and being sued, of acquiring, holding, leasing and disposing of property of any description, and of doing all such things and entering into such transactions that are within the scope of the Local Government Act. District Councillors are elected by the population of that district in accordance with Local Government Act. As stated in The Bahamas Local Government Act 1996, Districts councillors shall within two weeks of their election, elect from among themselves a Chief Councillor. The Chief Councillor is the representative of a Districts Council for all affairs and presides over all meetings and also themselves co-ordinate these meetings.

All districts councils are classed as first-schedule councils. The first-schedule is further sub-divided into two types of councils: two tier second-schedule district councils that have town committees within their jurisdiction, and unitary third-tier district councils. Second-schedule districts have the following statutory boards and committees:

 * Road Traffic Licensing Authority
 * Port and Harbour Authority
 * Hotel Licensing Board
 * Liquor and Shop Licensing
 * Town Planning Committee

Town committees are sub-structures of the second-schedule district councils, but are also corporate bodies themselves. They share responsibility with second-schedule district councils for a number of the schedule local government functions. They also have statutory responsibility for local regulation and licensing within their jurisdiction. Third-schedule districts councils are unique within the Bahamas because they combine the responsibilities of the second-schedule districts and of the town committees. Both second- and third-schedule district councils carry out a building control function.

Elections
Local government elections take place once every three years in the Bahamas with the most recent elections taking place on 27 January 2022. The 2020 elections were postponed due to COVID-19 until Emergency Power Orders were lifted. The voting system used in local government elections is the first-past-the-post system. Both councillors of third-schedule district councils and members of town committees are directly elected, while members of second-schedule councils are indirectly elected from town committees. Third schedule district councils have between five and nine members, whereas the size of councils in both second-schedule councils and town committees varies according to population size. By elections are held whenever the need arises. A councillor is deemed to have resigned if they are absent for three consecutive meetings.

For both types of district councils the Chief Councillors and their deputies are indirectly elected from amongst the elected officials. They serve for the lifetime of the council and the Minister of Local Government determines their stipend. Second-schedule district councils' statutory boards also elect chairpersons and their deputies from amongst their members.

title: Local government in the Bahamas