text:
G. William Miller

George William Miller (March 9, 1925 – March 17, 2006) was an American businessman and investment banker who served as the 65th United States secretary of the treasury from 1979 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he also served as the 11th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1978 to 1979. Miller was the first person to hold both of those posts.

President Jimmy Carter nominated him to succeed Arthur F. Burns as chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1978. Miller came from a corporate world, rather than from economics or finance, an unusual background for a central bank chairman. However, shortly after his appointment, Miller left the Board of Governors to take position of treasury secretary in the Carter administration, when W. Michael Blumenthal resigned. New York Fed President Paul Volcker was chosen as his successor at the Fed.

Early life and career
George William Miller was born in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, in 1925. His family soon moved to Borger, the largest city in Hutchinson County, Texas, where Miller spent his childhood and picked up the accent he would use into adulthood. The nascent town experienced an oil boom up until the Great Depression, during which it underwent extensive development under the Work Projects Administration. Miller's father, previously a cab driver, became the town's fire chief. After attending Amarillo College for the 1941–1942 school year, he received an appointment to the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and he graduated from there in 1945 with a B.S. degree in marine engineering. From 1945 to 1949, Miller served as a Coast Guard officer in Asia and on the U.S. West Coast. During his time with the Coast Guard, he met Ariadna Rogojarsky, a Russian emigre; they married in 1946.

After leaving the Coast Guard, Miller enrolled in the Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley and graduated the top of the class of 1952. From there he joined the law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore in New York City.

In 1956, Miller joined the rapidly growing Rhode Island-based conglomerate Textron, Inc as an assistant secretary. He became a vice president of the company in 1957, CFO in 1958, and both the COO and company president in 1960. In the following years, Textron's sales boomed across a range of consumer goods, industrial equipment, and aerospace products. He became Textron's CEO in 1968 and retained that role following his 1974 election as chairman of Textron's board of directors. He held these posts until he joined to the Federal Reserve Board. Despite the economy's weakening state during his time as CEO, Textron's sales grew 65% to $2.8bn as the company operated 180 plants worldwide. This allowed the company's sales and net income to keep pace with the decade's accelerating inflation (albeit with a temporary dip in inflation-adjusted net income during the 1973-75 recession).

In Providence, Miller was active in the Central Congregational Church.

Miller also forayed into politics and public service. From 1963 to 1965, Miller was Chairman of the Industry Advisory Council of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1966 and 1967, he was a member of the National Council on the Humanities. Miller also served in the think tank Club of Rome. In 1968, he aided Hubert Humphrey's presidential campaign as chairman of a Democratic-leaning business group. He also played a minor role in Jimmy Carter's 1976 presidential campaign. After Carter's election, Miller chaired the President's Committee on HIRE, which tried to explore the issues surrounding veteran employment.

At the time he joined the Washington-based Federal Reserve Board of Governors in 1978, Miller had been a Class B director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston for about eight years (Textron's headquarters is in the Boston Fed's district), and he was on the board of several corporations. He was also a member of the Business Council and the Business Roundtable, and he was Chairman of both the Conference Board and the National Alliance of Businessmen. He also served on two bilateral international economic councils: the US-USSR Trade and Economic Council and the Polish-US Economic Council.

Federal Reserve Chairman
When President Jimmy Carter took office, Nixon-appointee Arthur Burns was the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. President Carter recognized Burns's understanding of the business community, but Burns openly criticized the administration, acted against White House objectives, and (contrary to the administration's goals) prioritized fighting the era's accelerating inflation over unemployment. Consequently, the president asked Vice President Walter Mondale to create a list of candidates to replace Burns when his term as chairman expired. The vice president presented a list of four names. Three (Miller, General Electric's Reginald H. Jones, and DuPont's Irving S. Shapiro) were successful CEOs of large corporations. These men were connected to Washington and the Carter Administration and in their own ways bridged policy and business. Within four days of receiving the short list, President Carter had narrowed it to Miller and the fourth suggestion: Bruce MacLaury, a trained economist with experience at the Treasury under Paul Volcker, at the Brookings Institution, and in different branches of the Federal Reserve System. When President Carter looked for a successor to Miller as Federal Reserve Chairman in 1979, MacLaury was on the short list again (the CEOs Jones and Shapiro were not). As the president decided between Miller and MacLaury in 1978, the people he consulted (including Jones and Shapiro) unanimously favored Miller given his potential to provide leadership while learning technical details on-the-job. When the president spoke with Miller about the position, Miller expressed concern that he lacked the necessary background but agreed to serve in the role if the president wished it.

In anticipation of the end of Burns's term as Fed chairman in March 1978, President Carter announced in December 1977 that Miller was his nominee to replace Burns. The announcement received lukewarm reception as US markets slightly worsened, media coverage expressed uncertainty about the relatively unknown nominee's views, and economists' reactions varied. In this context, Miller sat before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs for the first-ever confirmation hearings for a Federal Reserve chairman. Up until this time, the Senate had questioned and voted on the president's nominees to the Board of Governors while the US president selected the chairman and vice chairman. Some senators were reserved about Miller and challenged his qualifications, and the questions covered a host of issues like Miller's views of the Federal Reserve's independence. Miller voiced support for and belief in the Fed's independence, which (based on Miller's different Senate testimonies) is a position he held before and after his time as the Federal Reserve Chair. Allegations against both Textron and Miller's actions as its leader spurred the committee to investigate the company. Following what one senator called the "most detailed nomination hearings" he had ever seen, Miller was vindicated and unanimously approved by the Senate.

Miller succeeded Arthur Burns as Fed Chairman in March 1978. He inherited a high inflation economy, still suffering from the increase in oil prices from OPEC. The change in the Consumer Price Index was 4.9% in 1976 and 6.7% in 1977. In at least one speech, Miller identified inflation as the nation's primary domestic challenge since (in his view) it was the chief obstacle preventing full employment. Even so, he did not favor aggressive interest rate action that would jeopardize growth. For example, he supported the FOMC's continued policy of placing a tight target range around the federal funds rate that underpins much of the financial system. The modest increases in this target range during Miller's tenure did little to rein in inflation. In contrast, Miller's successor (Paul Volcker) supported more aggressive action (e.g. targeting a growth rate of monetary aggregates instead of a range for the federal funds rate, which allowed for larger and more rapid changes to the federal funds rate). In fact, Miller repeatedly argued during his first year in office that a recession and higher unemployment would accelerate inflation further. Miller also described the economy as being in "great shape" despite the headwinds caused by inflation and other factors.

During Miller's tenure (and arguably in large part due to Miller's preferred policies), the dollar's value decreased substantially. In November 1978, only 11 months into his term, the dollar had fallen nearly 34% against the German mark and almost 42% against the Japanese yen, prompting the Carter administration to launch a "dollar rescue package" including emergency sales from the U.S. gold stock, borrowing from the International Monetary Fund, and auctions of Treasury securities denominated in foreign currencies. This proved only a short-term fix; although temporarily steadying the dollar, it soon resumed its fall. The portmanteau stagflation, the combination of stagnation and inflation, was used increasingly during this time to describe the high rate of inflation, which failed to spur the economy. Even as the situation worsened, Miller insisted that contractionary policies like an overly aggressive interest rate increase would not fight inflation but rather encourage it while hurting the economy's growth.

Miller's restraint in fighting inflation caused distress among members of the Carter Administration itself. Treasury Secretary Blumenthal, Inflation Adviser Alfred Kahn, and Chief Presidential Economist Charles Schultze all advocated for increasing the interest rate prior to the April FOMC 1979 meeting, where Miller opposed such measures. Carter had to admonish his own staff over the press leaks used to carry on the dispute.

Miller's manner of running the Fed did not endear him to his peers or outside observers. Miller was not perceived as having great prestige; not coming from an economics or Wall Street background, he was seen as an "outsider." A 2003 article in The Economist said that "America's central bankers have all made their weight felt across the political sphere, with the possible exception of William Miller, whose brief tenure in 1978-79 was notable for his attempts to ban smoking at the board.". FOMC members who had historically smoked during meetings disregarded Miller's ban. To some extent Miller's outsider status was intentional. Miller tried to "run the Fed as if he were still in charge of a corporation," and he was "much less inclined [than others chairs] to act on his own initiative." It is rare for the influential chair's opinion to not carry the vote at Board of Governors and FOMC meetings, but Miller was outvoted by the Board of Governors at a meeting in 1979 where he opposed an increase in the discount rate, the rate at which the Federal Reserve lends to banks.

Economic historians have generally considered Miller's short tenure unsuccessful. The high inflation that Miller did not rein in required harsh "shock therapy" treatment by his successor, Paul Volcker, to bring inflation under control. That action sent the U.S. economy into recession from 1980 to 1982. Steven Beckner, a Federal Reserve analyst, offered a particularly harsh assessment:

"Under Arthur Burns, who chaired the Fed from 1970 to 1978, and under G. William Miller, who was chairman from January 1978 [Note: obviously an error from Beckner since Miller began in March] to August 1979, the Fed provided the monetary fuel for an inflation that began as a flicker and grew into a fearsome blaze... If Nixon appointee Burns lit the fire, Miller poured gasoline on it during the administration of President Jimmy Carter. Without question the most partisan and least respected chairman in the Fed's history, this former Textron executive worked in tandem with fellow Carter appointee, Treasury Secretary W. Michael Blumenthal, in pursuit of monetary policies that were expansionist domestically and devaluationist internationally.  The goals were to spur employment and exports, with little thought to the dollar's value.  By early 1980, inflation was running at 14 percent per year."

- Steven Beckner

Treasury Secretary
Miller was Fed chairman for just over a year when Carter appointed him Secretary of the Treasury in August 1979, replacing Michael Blumenthal as part of a major cabinet shuffle in which five Cabinet members were replaced. Carter appointed Paul Volcker to replace Miller. He thus became the first person in history to serve as both Treasury Secretary and Chairman of the Federal Reserve. As Treasury Secretary, Miller is best known for his role on the Chrysler Loan Guarantee Board, which oversaw management of a $1.5 billion loan to rescue the carmaker from bankruptcy. This attracted some controversy as the bailout was thought to reward mismanagement and impede fair trade relations between the United States and Japan. Miller agreed that "The administration does not favor, as a general proposition, government aid to private corporations," but thought an exception should be made in Chrysler's case. Chrysler recovered in the early 1980s and paid off the loan early.

Miller is also known for managing the freezing and partial unfreezing of $12 billion in Iranian funds held in the United States during the Iranian hostage crisis. He also pushed through an accord with labor unions on wage-price guidelines that had been "stalemated for months."

Miller's economic policies failed to contain inflation and had little impact on rising unemployment rates. The poor state of the economy was a major factor in Carter's 1980 defeat by Ronald Reagan.

Later years
After Carter's administration ended, Miller founded G. William Miller & Co., a Washington private investment company that he likened to a discreet, Swiss-style merchant bank. He also served positions on a number of charitable and nonprofit organizations. These included treasurer of the American Red Cross, a trustee and director of the Washington Opera, and chairman of the Washington-based H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment. He also was chairman and chief executive of Federated Stores Inc. (now Macy's, Inc.) from 1990 to 1992.

George William Miller died on March 17, 2006, from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a lung condition, at the age of 81.

title: G. William Miller


text:
Srečko Katanec

Srečko Katanec (born 16 July 1963) is a Slovenian football manager and former player who is the head coach of the Uzbekistan national team. At international level, he was capped for both the Yugoslavia and Slovenia national teams.

A former midfielder, who was also capable of playing as a defender, Katanec is regarded as one of the greatest Slovenian footballers of all time, having represented Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics, UEFA Euro 1984 and the 1990 FIFA World Cup. After Slovenian independence, Katanec made five appearances for the newly formed Slovenia national team before retiring from professional football.

During his club career, Katanec won a Yugoslav League championship with FK Partizan and was a runner-up of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup with VfB Stuttgart. In his five-year spell with Sampdoria, he won the Serie A championship, the Coppa Italia and the European Cup Winners' Cup, as well as finishing as a runner-up in the 1992 European Cup final, losing to Barcelona.

As manager of Slovenia, Katanec led the country to its first major tournament in history after qualifying for the 2000 European Championship and the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Club
Katanec began playing football at the age of seven with NK Ljubljana. In 1981, he joined Olimpija; in 1985, he joined Dinamo Zagreb; while the next year, he signed with Partizan and was a Yugoslav champion in 1987.

In 1988, Katanec joined VfB Stuttgart in the German Bundesliga. The club reached the 1989 UEFA Cup final, but lost to Diego Maradona's Napoli. Katanec played just one season for Stuttgart. In 1989, he signed for Italian Serie A side Sampdoria, where he won the European Cup Winners' Cup in his first season. In 1991, Sampdoria won the Scudetto as Serie A champions, while the next year, the club reached the 1992 European Cup final, losing to Barcelona. In 1994, he also won the Coppa Italia with Sampdoria under manager Sven-Göran Eriksson.

International
Katanec was a member of the Yugoslavia national team for the 1984 European Championship in France, but he has fonder memories of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, where Yugoslavia team won a bronze medal. He was playing successfully in the qualifying round for 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy so he became the third Slovenian to play at a World Cup, where he appeared in three of Yugoslavia's five matches. These would be his last three caps for Yugoslavia. Altogether, he appeared in 31 matches and scored 5 goals.

Katanec played five more matches (and scored a goal) for the independent Slovenia national team, but appeared in only one official match. That was a qualifying round for the 1996 European Championship, on 7 September 1994 in Maribor against Italy. Soon after, his contract with Sampdoria expired and he retired from professional football.

Managerial career
Between 1996 and 1997, Katanec was an assistant manager of Drago Kostanjšek at the Slovenia under-21 team. In December 1997, he became a head coach of Gorica, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract. In July 1998, he was announced as the Slovenian national team manager.

With Slovenia, he qualified for the 2000 UEFA European Championship after eliminating Ukraine in the qualifying play-offs, which was the country's first-ever appearance at the major tournament. At the tournament, Slovenia earned draws against FR Yugoslavia and Norway, and lost to Spain. Slovenia also managed to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, where they lost all three matches against Spain, South Africa and Paraguay. After the first game, Katanec had a huge argument with the team's star player Zlatko Zahovič, who was sent home. He resigned immediately after the World Cup. On 2 November 2002, he became the new manager of Olympiacos. Under Katanec's command, Olympiacos played worse than expected, and on 7 February 2003 the club terminated his contract with immediate effect due to poor performances and a bad atmosphere in the team.

In 2004, Katanec was a candidate to become the national team manager of Croatia; however, Zlatko Kranjčar was chosen instead of him.

On 17 February 2006, Katanec was appointed as Macedonia's head coach for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers. Following a mixed set of results in the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, including a 1–0 win against Scotland and a 4–0 loss to the Netherlands, Katanec resigned from the position on 6 April 2009. On 23 June 2009, he was presented as a new head coach of the United Arab Emirates national team. He was sacked on 6 September 2011 after two successive defeats in the third round of qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

On 31 December 2012, he accepted the offer from the Football Association of Slovenia to become the manager of Slovenia for the second time, and was officially appointed on 4 January 2013. He resigned in October 2017 after failing to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

On 4 September 2018, Katanec was appointed as head coach of the Iraq on a three-year contract. His first major competition was the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, where he managed to achieve what he had failed with Slovenia and the United Arab Emirates, by reaching the knockout stages in a major tournament for the first time, as his Iraq reached the round of 16 before losing to the eventual champions Qatar 1–0. Under his management, Iraq also achieved a notable 2–1 win over neighbour Iran in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, as well as guiding Iraq to the third round of AFC qualifiers, but due to conflict with the federation over unpaid salaries, Katanec departed as coach in July 2021.

On 27 August 2021, Katanec was appointed as head coach of Uzbekistan on a four-year contract.

Personal life
Katanec was born in Ljubljana to Croat parents from Međimurje. He has two sons, Svit Oliver and Ian Oskar.

Honours
Partizan
 * Yugoslav First League: 1986–87

VfB Stuttgart
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 1988–89

Sampdoria
 * Serie A: 1990–91
 * Coppa Italia: 1993–94
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1991
 * Cup Winners' Cup: 1989–90
 * European Cup runner-up: 1991–92

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Srečko Katanec


text:
User talk:Avihu

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! IZAK 08:54, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Welcome and open tasks
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here. 172 10:34, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Hi Avihu, do you have an Email address, why don't you add it to your "toolbox"? Could you let me know if possible? IZAK 08:51, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I just added my e-mail adddress as requetsed, but I do not look at my e-mail box regularly. Avihu 20:30, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! IZAK 03:49, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Crazy changes by Gilgamesh
Unfortunately, User:Gilgamesh is now imposing his own views by changing the transliterated Hebrew names of articles with redirects to unreadable Hebrew names and fonts, as if his criteria are the only ones to reckon with, when there are in fact several. My computer, as I am sure many others' as well, does not pick up his type of fonts, and thus he is messing up articles such as Safed, Hadera, Holon, Afula, Arad, Israel and many others defacing them and making them unreadable on the web. He is going to DESTROY the normal usage of Wikipedia's Hebrew transliterations to satisfy his own needs without there being any consensus. Common usages are being thrown out in favor of obscure and pedantic academic usages familiar to only a handful of unkown academics. He should be called upon to stop BEFORE he rushes to do further damage without any consensus being reached. All his changes should therefore be reverted. See all his recent contributions via: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Gilgamesh I thank you for your interest, and urge all readers here to act. IZAK 03:49, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Hebrew naming conventions
At the present time there is a serious discussion taking place, aiming at some consensus that will result in "official" Wikipedia guidelines about how Hebrew should be used and written in Wikipedia articles. Because of your past or ongoing interest in these type of articles with Hebrew words in them, your attention is called to Naming conventions (Hebrew) TO  MAKE  YOUR  VIEWS  KNOWN  AND  TO  ADD  TO  THE  DISCUSSION  BEFORE  THE  "DOORS  ARE  SHUT"  PLEASE  SEE  THE  RELATED  DISCUSSION  PAGE  AT Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Hebrew)  Thank you! IZAK 03:49, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Your contact info
Hi Avihu: Hope all is well. You have not enabled your Wikipedia Email feature in your "tool box" on the left hand side of your user page. Sometimes editors overlook that when it's a useful way of staying in touch with other editors. Best wishes. Shabbat Shalom. IZAK 12:51, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi IZAK, thank you for reminding me about the e-mail account, but I have my reservations about users sending me e-mail from wikipedia and for the time being I will not activate it Avihu 12:41, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Avihu: Could you please Email me via my user page at Email User:IZAK. Thank you so much. IZAK 08:53, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Hi IZAK, Sorry to disappoint you, but in your previous e-mails you asked me to intervene with various edit wars. I am here for fun and edit wars are far from it. Regards, Avihu 17:29, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Forbidden City walls
I've posted on Talk:Forbidden City. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 06:58, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I will fix it also in my native Wikipedia. Avihu (talk) 18:15, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Mongol raids into Palestine
Thanks for all the great comments! There are definitely several Mongol-related articles that need another pair of eyes! If you'd like to help, see the list at Talk:Franco-Mongol alliance. Any help would be appreciated! --Elonka 17:39, 25 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Hello Elonka,
 * Thanks for the invitation, but all my spare time goes to the Hebrew Wikipedia which has a lot less editors. The reason I wrote about possible errors in Mongol raids into Palestine was because I was doing the Hebrew translation as part of the Translation of the week project, which mean that I read the article thoroughly. I have no further knowledge about Mongol-related subjects. I do have knowledge about the city of Acre (I lived there for 15 years) and if I would have the time I would have worked on the poor (and sometimes biased) article about it. Regards, Avihu (talk) 18:18, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

The Greatwall pic
I am very ok to offer you the pics,but I have to find the pics.--Ksyrie(Talkie talkie) 10:26, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I will try my colleagues at the Hebrew Graphic Lab. Regards, Avihu (talk) 17:07, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being minor in the usual way.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. With the script in place, you can continue with this functionality indefinitely (its use is governed by WP:MINOR). If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:25, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Felix Lupa

A tag has been placed on Felix Lupa requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. JoelWhy (talk) 12:50, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of User:Avihu/Felix Lupa

A tag has been placed on User:Avihu/Felix Lupa requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Legacypac (talk) 21:28, 18 November 2018 (UTC)

AfC notification: User:Avihu/Felix Lupa has a new comment
 I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at User:Avihu/Felix Lupa. Thanks! Legacypac (talk) 21:29, 18 November 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Avihu


text:
Polygon triangulation

In computational geometry, polygon triangulation is the partition of a polygonal area (simple polygon) $P$ into a set of triangles, i.e., finding a set of triangles with pairwise non-intersecting interiors whose union is $P$.

Triangulations may be viewed as special cases of planar straight-line graphs. When there are no holes or added points, triangulations form maximal outerplanar graphs.

Polygon triangulation without extra vertices
Over time, a number of algorithms have been proposed to triangulate a polygon.

Special cases
It is trivial to triangulate any convex polygon in linear time into a fan triangulation, by adding diagonals from one vertex to all other non-nearest neighbor vertices.

The total number of ways to triangulate a convex n-gon by non-intersecting diagonals is the (n−2)nd Catalan number, which equals
 * $$\frac{n(n+1)...(2n-4)}{(n-2)!}$$,

a formula found by Leonhard Euler.

A monotone polygon can be triangulated in linear time with either the algorithm of A. Fournier and D.Y. Montuno, or the algorithm of Godfried Toussaint.

Ear clipping method
One way to triangulate a simple polygon is based on the two ears theorem, as the fact that any simple polygon with at least 4 vertices without holes has at least two "ears", which are triangles with two sides being the edges of the polygon and the third one completely inside it. The algorithm then consists of finding such an ear, removing it from the polygon (which results in a new polygon that still meets the conditions) and repeating until there is only one triangle left.

This algorithm is easy to implement, but slower than some other algorithms, and it only works on polygons without holes. An implementation that keeps separate lists of convex and concave vertices will run in $O( n ^{2})$ time. This method is known as ear clipping and sometimes ear trimming. An efficient algorithm for cutting off ears was discovered by Hossam ElGindy, Hazel Everett, and Godfried Toussaint.

Monotone polygon triangulation

A simple polygon is monotone with respect to a line $L$, if any line orthogonal to $L$ intersects the polygon at most twice. A monotone polygon can be split into two monotone chains. A polygon that is monotone with respect to the y-axis is called y-monotone. A monotone polygon with $n$ vertices can be triangulated in $O( n )$ time. Assuming a given polygon is y-monotone, the greedy algorithm begins by walking on one chain of the polygon from top to bottom while adding diagonals whenever it is possible. It is easy to see that the algorithm can be applied to any monotone polygon.

Triangulating a non-monotone polygon
If a polygon is not monotone, it can be partitioned into monotone subpolygons in $O( n log n )$ time using a sweep-line approach. The algorithm does not require the polygon to be simple, thus it can be applied to polygons with holes. Generally, this algorithm can triangulate a planar subdivision with $n$ vertices in $O( n log n )$ time using $O( n )$ space.

Dual graph of a triangulation
A useful graph that is often associated with a triangulation of a polygon $P$ is the dual graph. Given a triangulation $T_{P}$ of $P$, one defines the graph $G ( T_{P} )$ as the graph whose vertex set are the triangles of $T_{P}$, two vertices (triangles) being adjacent if and only if they share a diagonal. It is easy to observe that $G ( T_{P} )$ is a tree with maximum degree 3.

Computational complexity
Until 1988, whether a simple polygon can be triangulated faster than $O( n log n )$ time was an open problem in computational geometry. Then, discovered an $O( n log log n )$-time algorithm for triangulation, later simplified by. Several improved methods with complexity $O( n log^{*} n )$ (in practice, indistinguishable from linear time) followed.

Bernard Chazelle showed in 1991 that any simple polygon can be triangulated in linear time, though the proposed algorithm is very complex. A simpler randomized algorithm with linear expected time is also known.

Seidel's decomposition algorithm and Chazelle's triangulation method are discussed in detail in.

The time complexity of triangulation of an $n$-vertex polygon with holes has an $Ω( n log n )$ lower bound, in algebraic computation tree models of computation. It is possible to compute the number of distinct triangulations of a simple polygon in polynomial time using dynamic programming, and (based on this counting algorithm) to generate uniformly random triangulations in polynomial time. However, counting the triangulations of a polygon with holes is #P-complete, making it unlikely that it can be done in polynomial time.

Related objects and problems

 * Both triangulation problems are a special case of triangulation (geometry) and a special case of polygon partition.
 * Minimum-weight triangulation is a triangulation in which the goal is to minimize the total edge length.
 * A point-set triangulation is a polygon triangulation of the convex hull of a set of points. A Delaunay triangulation is another way to create a triangulation based on a set of points.
 * The associahedron is a polytope whose vertices correspond to the triangulations of a convex polygon.
 * Polygon triangle covering, in which the triangles may overlap.
 * Tiling by polygons, where the goal is to cover the entire plane with polygons of pre-specified shapes.

title: Polygon triangulation


text:
Faxaflói

Faxaflói, sometimes Faxa Bay,  Faxe Bay  or Faxi Bay,  is a bay in southwest Iceland, between the peninsulas of Snæfellsnes and Reykjanes.

Name
The name Faxaflói means 'Faxi's Bay' or 'Faxe's Bay'. The first part, Faxa, is the genitive of the name Faxi or Faxe, referring to a man on one of the first Norse boat trips to the island.

Geography
The capital of the island, Reykjavík, is situated on its southern shore within the minor fjord Kollafjörður. From Reykjavik it is possible to see the peninsula of Akranes in the northeast and even the Snæfellsjökull at a distance of about 120 km. This bay has few islands and the ones it does have are close to land, in particular contrast to the bay directly north of it, Breiðafjörður, which has the most islands of any bay in Iceland.

Islands in Faxaflói Bay near Reykjavík
• Akurey

• Engey

• Hólmar

• Lundey

• Viðey

• Þerney

History
Faxa Bay has always been a source of nourishment of the people living on its shore. In former times, fishermen went out in small boats to fish near the shore. Today the ships are much bigger, but have to go farther out to sea if they wish to catch fish. Just north of Reykjavík in Kollafjörður is the small island Viðey. In modern times, it has been uninhabited since 1943 but a former settlement has been proven from the 10th century onward. During the 12th century a chapel was constructed, and a monastery was founded in 1225, existing until the Protestant Reformation at the end of the 16th century. The island and the remains of the settlement can be visited by taking a ferry from Reykjavík harbour.

title: Faxaflói


text:
Talk:Book

subsections the contemporary publishing section should have
making a list to keep things straight that might get updated over time

- editing, possibly some description of the writing process

- broad overview of the largest publishing companies? contrast with self-publishing and other alternative means

- marketing

- bookselling, both physical and online e.g. amazon

- distribution

the international encyclopedia of information and library science's entry on the book trade seems like an excellent place to start for all of these. LarstonMarston (talk) 06:24, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

uses
i'm deleting the "uses" section because it's unsourced and the information covered would probably be better organized elsewhere but i'm copying it here because it touches on a few important things we should mention.

Aside from the primary purpose of reading them, books are also used for other ends:

 * A book may be created as an artistic artifact or "artist's book".
 * A reader or literary critic may analyze it in a book review.
 * A book may be read by a group of people to use as a spark for social or academic discussion, as in a book club.
 * A book may be studied by students to create a book report.
 * A book may be used for its exterior appearance in order to decorate a room.

LarstonMarston (talk) 06:38, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

libraries
i think there should still be a separate "libraries" section but i'm wondering where it should be put and what should be covered because currently it currently talks mostly about history rather than the current state of libraries. LarstonMarston (talk) 06:42, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

history of books
the 2 major things needed for the history of books section are better and more consistent sources and reducing it to a broad overview while keeping dense history on the main article. the division should probably focus on listing the major technologies developed and the general use/purpose of books over time (religion etc.) LarstonMarston (talk) 21:51, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

potential sources
glossaries/reference books
 * International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science, second edition (already cited on "book" and "book trade", PDF available here)

 * Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, fourth edition (distinct from previous)

 * ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, fourth edition

historical LarstonMarston (talk) 23:04, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The Oxford History of the Book

dummy books
should "dummy books" even be a labeled subsection? it seems like a strange thing to give equal time to as ebooks or audiobooks. LarstonMarston (talk) 18:13, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

 * i removed it and moved it to the outline of books for now. LarstonMarston (talk) 01:00, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Why was it removed altogether? it makes no sense not to include it Hogyncymru (talk) 04:58, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

using excerpts for technologies
should the historical technological developments mentioned use excerpts? it seems like some of them would be better served by it e.g. codex but i don't want to turn the whole article into excerpts. LarstonMarston (talk) 15:08, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Book illustration
That concept is not even linked from the article. This needs a dedicated section here. Just a note as I read at Vital articles discussion recently this is being improved with aim for GA. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 00:06, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Who is aiming to improve this towards GA? It's always good to have the standard raised on Vital articles. I noticed recently that there are several blocks of text in the article without citations, considered working to find sources, and checked the talk page to see if anyone had already started, Rjjiii  (talk) 21:31, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I meant the comment at Wikipedia_talk:Vital_articles. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:45, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
 * And yes, book illustration should be at minimum mentioned and linked in the article, Rjjiii  (talk) 21:32, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * now added as an excerpt. LarstonMarston (talk) 13:23, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What are your plans as far pushing this towards Good Article status? I am considering trying to fill out the sources soon. I want to make sure that I'm not hunting for sources for a section you intend to rewrite. Also are there any solid sources that you are already planning to use? Rjjiii  (talk) 05:15, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Rjjiii a safe place to start would be improving the references on the sections that are being excerpted, since you would be improving two pages at once. and watching @LarstonMarston editing so far -- most of it has been around cleanup, rather than adding more references, Sadads (talk) 12:04, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Why does the page use 12 excerpts? That seems pretty unusual and difficult to maintain, Rjjiii  (talk) 16:10, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Right, excerpts are generally a bad idea. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:30, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I disagree that is either "pretty unusual and difficult to maintain" or "generally a bad idea". What is very unusual is this "excerpt" header; I don't believe I've ever seen it before. Normally they are given a "main article", which I think should be done here. Of course the edit summary should mention the source - that could be kept as a hidden comment. And if the source article changes they may well not be "maintained", but if a few lines from the lead are copied, that will (as here) generally not cause big problems. Johnbod (talk) 16:22, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * At first I thought we have transclusions here, which are generally a very bad ideas. Now I see we have regular text, just with the unusual template "excerpt", which I have never seen before (or almost never). Usually main/see also/further or such are more common and I'd recomment to use them. Might also be worth checking what MoS recommends. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:58, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is it not transclusion? The "History of books" section seems to begin with the transcluded lead section of History of books. Rjjiii  (talk) 04:15, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see now they are templated/transcluded excerpts - only when you edit the full section does the template show. How wierd. They should be changed I think. Johnbod (talk) 04:57, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * For survey articles which travel across many different subtopics that have their own pages, its very common to use excerpts -- for example, we have a very complex system of excerpts going around Climate change content because there is so much overlap across the topics -- unless you are going to actively maintain the sourcing and descriptions across dozens of pages, maintaining sections or leads across multiple pages with basically the same reader impact is much easier with the template: . The template allows you to be selective as well, incrementally excluding or including content from those subtopics, Sadads (talk) 16:39, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I beg to disagree. Relying on other articles, which can be rewritten, deleted, merged, etc. is asking for trouble down the road. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  03:00, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Johnbod (talk) 04:16, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * i was planning on using the oxford history of the book to rewrite parts of the "history" section. LarstonMarston (talk) 01:46, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Johnbod (talk) 01:49, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Community Economic and Social Development II
— Assignment last updated by SINGH KHUSHWINDER (talk) 02:29, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

Labrary and information science
What is a book 102.91.92.122 (talk) 16:53, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Book


text:
Hypoglossal nucleus

The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, found within the medulla. Being a motor nucleus, it is close to the midline. In the open medulla, it is visible as what is known as the hypoglossal trigone, a raised area (medial to the vagal trigone) protruding slightly into the fourth ventricle.

The hypoglossal nucleus is located between the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the midline of the medulla. Axons from the hypoglossal nucleus pass anteriorly through the medulla forming the hypoglossal nerve which exits between the pyramid and olive in a groove called the anterolateral sulcus.

title: Hypoglossal nucleus


text:
Query

In general, a query is a form of questioning, in a line of inquiry.

Query may also refer to:

Computing and technology

 * Query, a precise request for information retrieval made to a database, data structure or information system
 * Query language, a computer language used to make queries into databases and information systems
 * Query string, in the World Wide Web, is an optional part of a URL
 * Web search query, a query entered by users into web search engines
 * Command-query separation (CQS), a concept in object-oriented programming, especially in the Eiffel programming language
 * jQuery, a lightweight JavaScript library that emphasizes interaction between JavaScript and HTML

People with the name

 * Jeff Query (born 1967), an American football player
 * Nate Query, a musician

Other uses

 * Query (complexity), a mapping from structures of one vocabulary to structures of another vocabulary
 * Query (Quaker), a question used for reflection and spiritual exercises among members of the Society of Friends
 * The Queries, a set of 31 questions outlined by Isaac Newton beginning in 1704

title: Query


text:
Lethbridge (band)

Lethbridge is an Australian R&B group from Brisbane, Queensland. It consists of the four Kereama brothers namely Levi Kereama, Jules Kereama, Ezra Kereama and Lane Kereama. The group formed in 1997 and earned a support slot for Boyz II Men on an Australian tour.

However, it was when Levi Kereama was a finalist on Australian Idol in 2003 that their career took off. The group's debut single, "In My Room", debuted in the ARIA Australian Top 40 singles charts in May 2004.

On 4 October 2008, Levi Kereama was found dead after falling from a Brisbane hotel building, where he had been staying after performing at the Parklife Festival earlier that day. It has been reported that he had depression, though denied by his family. Queensland Police treated the death as non-suspicious.

Album

 * Destiny (2004)

title: Lethbridge (band)


text:
Talk:Gerhard Klopfer

Untitled
Didn't he die in 1987, rather than 1982?

I have a question for the author of this article. It says "He was captured and imprisoned and was charged with war crimes but was released for lack of evidence". If this is true, how can you say " In 1938, he became responsible for the seizing of Jewish businesses for questions about mixed marriages between Gentile and Jewish Germans and general questions about occupation of foreign states". It doesn't make any sense. ^^^

Someone posted this on the Article page. Moving it here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lasati (talk • contribs) 12:06, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Because seizing businesses within Germany is not a 'war crime' - and due to the strict guidelines imposed on the Nuremberg trials, documents against him were lacking for such. He should have been tried and convicted for his wrongdoings in German post-war courts, but like so many others, he escaped justice (although thousands did not.) Personally, I think he should have got life at least for Wannsee participation, but the Allied Council had not thought that through well at the time.

Dienstleiter is wrong
The title of the image says the the insignia is Dienstleiter, but in fact it is Befehlsleiter! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.48.228.157 (talk) 18:54, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gerhard Klopfer


text:
Raimond Gaita

Raimond "Rai" Gaita (born Raimund Joseph Gaita; 14 May 1946) is a German-born Australian philosopher and writer, best known for his 1998 biography about his early life, titled Romulus, My Father. He was foundation professor of philosophy at the Australian Catholic University, and professor of moral philosophy at King's College London.

Early life and education
Raimond Joseph Gaita (born Raimund) was born in Dortmund, Westphalia, Germany, on 14 May 1946, to a Yugoslav-born Romanian father, Romulus Gaiță (28 December 1922 – May 1996) and a German mother, Christine ("Christel") Anna Dörr (16 November 1928 – 1958). In Germany, from 1942 to 1945, Romulus was employed as a smith and metal worker. The Gaita family migrated to Australia from Yugoslavia in April 1950, just before Raimond turned four.

The family lived in an isolated shack in the Victorian countryside. His father, along with his father's best friend Pantelimon Hora, were strong moral influences during his childhood. His mother suffered from an undiagnosed mental illness, which caused her to be promiscuous, and she started a relationship with Hora's brother. Raimund was exposed to several traumas as a child, including the suicide of his mother in 1958.

He attended Baringhup Primary School, St. Patrick's College, Ballarat and Melbourne High School in Melbourne, graduating in 1963. In 1968 he graduated from the University of Melbourne (BA Hons, Philosophy), before earning an MA (First Class Honours) there in 1972.

In 1983 he received a PhD from the University of Leeds in England.

Academia
From 1970 to 1972 Gaita lectured in philosophy, Melbourne Teachers' College, and the following year moved to England and started work as a tutor at Leeds University, which he did until 1975. From 1976 he lectured at the University of Kent at Canterbury, before being appointed to King's College London in 1977, a position he maintained for 12 years until 1999.

During this time, he was appointed Foundation Research Professor of Philosophy at the Institute of Advanced Research at the Australian Catholic University (ACU) in 1993, a title he retained 1998, becoming Foundation Professor of Philosophy, at ACU from 1999 until 2011. Also from 1999 to 2011, he was Professor of Moral Philosophy at King's College London London.

In 2012 he was appointed emeritus professor of moral philosophy at King's College London, as well as professorial fellow in the Melbourne Law School and at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Melbourne. TFrom 2019, he has been Honorary Professorial Fellow at Melbourne Law School.

He regards philosophy as a vocation rather than a career.

Writing
The story of his childhood and the lives of Gaita's family members and close friends is told in his memoir Romulus, My Father. He wrote it over a few weeks after Gaita gave the eulogy at his father's funeral, and after its publication in 1998 it became an instant bestseller.

He has also written many books and articles on moral philosophy.

In November 2023, he published Justice And Hope: Essays, Lectures and Other Writings, in which he covers topics from Donald Trump to asylum seekers in Australia to reconciliation, Edited by Scott Stephens, some of the writings in this collection date from the 1990s, but all are relevant to today's world. With this book he hoped to reach the younger generation and show that "the world is good despite all the suffering in it". He dedicated the book to his grandchildren.

Other activities
As a public intellectual, Gaita has contributed to public debate about reconciliation, collective responsibility, the role of morality in politics, the Holocaust, genocide, crimes against humanity, and educational topics.

Until around 2015, Gaita hosted a series of public lectures given by other philosophers, first at Australian Catholic University and then at the University of Melbourne, called "The Wednesday Lectures". He has a strong belief in having conversations with others "not when you've done your thinking, but in order to think".

In 2018, he held a seminar for Year 11 and 12 philosophy students at Melbourne Grammar School, following an earlier visit during which he discussed Romulus, My Father with Year 9 students.

In May 2024 The Conversation published an essay based on the recent Jim Carlton Integrity Lecture delivered by Gaita at the Melbourne Law School, about the moral and philosophical elements pertaining to the Israeli-Palestine War.

Books
Romulus My Father won the Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-Fiction in the Victorian Premier's Literary Award, and was shortlisted for the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards for Contribution to Public Debate, the Braille Book of the Year, and the National Biography Award. It was nominated by the New Statesman, London, as one of the best books of 1999 and, in 2000, by The Australian Financial Review as one of the ten best books of the decade. It was published by Text Publishing in its Text Classics series in 2017.

After a lot of persistence on the part of Roxburgh, the story was made into a a feature film of the same name in 2007 by Richard Roxburgh. Robert Connolly and John Maynard produced the film, Eric Bana played Romulus, and Kodi Smit-McPhee, then aged nine, was selected to play the young Raimund – a role for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Young Actor.

A Common Humanity: Thinking about Love and Truth and Justice was nominated by The Economist as one of the best books of 2000.

The Philosopher's Dog was shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, 2003 and The Age Book of the Year, 2003. It was nominated by the Kansas City Star as one of the ten best books of 2005.

Personal honours

 * 2002: Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
 * 2009: Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Antwerp, Belgium, "for his exceptional contribution to contemporary moral philosophy and for his singular contribution the role of the intellectual in today's academic world".
 * 2011: Festschrift, edited by Christopher Cordner of the University of Melbourne: Philosophy, Ethics, and a Common Humanity: Essays in Honour of Raimond Gaita (Routledge)
 * 2011: International conference held by Flinders University, Adelaide: A Sense for Humanity: The Ethical Thought of Raimond Gaita
 * 2014: Festschrift, edited by Craig Taylor and Melinda Graefe ,Sense for Humanity: The Ethical Thought of Raimond Gaita (Monash University Press); with contributions from conference delegates JM Coetzee, Robert Manne, Barry Hill, English poet and playwright Nick Drake (who wrote the screenplay for Romulus, My Father ), and others.

Personal life
Rai is married to Yael Gaita, and each of them have two daughters from prior marriages. One of his step-daughters is step-daughter Michelle Lesh, and one of his daughters is Katerina. In 2004 Rai and Yael bought land in central Victoria, not far from where he lived as a child, and Raimund found that the move brought back memories of the pain he suffered as a child. Yael is Jewish and Israeli.

Gaita was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in late 2021, but continues to live a life governed by his moral convictions. He has been on climate change rallies in Melbourne with Katerina, despite the discomfort of pouring rain, in an act of civil disobedience with Extinction Rebellion.

Quote
Gaita said in 2024: "For me to be a moral philosopher is basically to try to understand what this strange thing we call morality is. Ours is a society in which we discuss things. And I think of that as the deepest form of hope."

Books

 * A Common Humanity: Thinking about Love and Truth and Justice, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 1999; London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
 * The Philosopher's Dog, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2002.
 * Why the War Was Wrong (ed.), Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2003.
 * Breach of Trust: Truth, Morality and Politics, Melbourne: Black Inc., 2004.
 * Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception, Revised edition, London & New York: Routledge 2004.
 * Gaza: Morality, Law and Politics (ed.), Perth: University of Western Australia Press, 2010.
 * Essays on Muslims and Multiculturalism (ed.), Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2011.
 * Singing For All He's Worth: Essays in Honour of J. G. Rosenberg, Alex Skovron, Raimond Gaita and Alex Miller (eds.), Sydney: Picador, 2011.
 * After Romulus, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2011.
 * Who's Afraid of International Law (ed. with Gerry Simpson), Monash University Publishing, 2017
 * Justice And Hope: Essays, Lectures and Other Writings (Melbourne University Press, November 2023)
 * After Romulus, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2011.
 * Who's Afraid of International Law (ed. with Gerry Simpson), Monash University Publishing, 2017
 * Justice And Hope: Essays, Lectures and Other Writings (Melbourne University Press, November 2023)

Many translations of The Philosopher's Dog were published, including in Dutch, Korean, Chinese, Turkish, and Portuguese.

title: Raimond Gaita


text:
Giuseppe Grisoni

Giuseppe Pierre Joseph Grisoni (bapt. 24 October 1699–1769), also known as Grifoni or Grison, was an Italian painter and sculptor, noted for his landscapes and historical tableaux.

Biography
Born in Mons, he studied in Florence under Tommaso Redi, abandoning his Flemish influences for the Italian tradition. In 1715 he travelled to London with John Talman and tried to establish himself as a portrait painter. He did not achieve enough success to stay, however, and returned to Florence in 1728 to teach at the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1740, he briefly relocated to Pisa before settling in Rome where he died.

One of his pupils was William Hoare (1707–1792).

Works

 * Family of William Talman (National Portrait Gallery)
 * Self-portrait (Uffizi)
 * Death of St Romuald (Uffizi)
 * Statue of St Joseph (Florence, Church of Santissima Anunziata)
 * Rape of Proserpina (Uffizi)

title: Giuseppe Grisoni


text:
Hvalfjörður

Hvalfjörður (, "whale fjord") is situated in the west of Iceland between Mosfellsbær and Akranes. The fjord is approximately 30 km long and 5 km wide. The origin of the name Hvalfjörður is uncertain. Certainly today there is no presence of whales in the fjord; while there is a whaling station in the fjord, whaling is conducted in the open ocean outside the fjord; likewise, it is modern and postdates the naming of the fjord. One theory as to the naming of the fjord is that early settlers encountered a pod of whales trapped in the fjord who ended up beached; the stranding of whales was in early Iceland a godsend in the meat that it provided, to the point that the word hvalreki means both "whale beaching" and "windfall or godsend". However, there is no direct evidence to support this theory. Another theory is that the fjord is named after Hvalfjall ("Whale Mountain", a mountain at the bottom of the fjord), which would have been in turn named after its visual appearance. A common folk story of unknown age also is sometimes presented as the origin of the name, involving an elf woman who transformed her human lover into an angry red-headed whale ("Rauðhöfði"), who subsequently lived in the fjord wrecking ships, as revenge for his refusal to acknowledge their child.

The only whaling station in Iceland is still located in this fjord. In the past the fjord also contained many herring fisheries.

During World War II, a naval base of the British and American navies could be found in this fjord. The British base, HMS Baldur, was at Hvitanes, on a small point of land jutting into the fjord. The base was the headquarters of the Flag Officer Commanding, Iceland (C). One of the piers built by the United States Navy is today used by the Hvalur whaling company for the processing of fin whales, partially for the domestic market, and mostly for export to Japan.

Until the late 1990s, those travelling by car had to make a long detour of 62 km around the fjord on the hringvegur (road no. 1), in order to get from the city of Reykjavík to the town of Borgarnes. In 1998, the tunnel Hvalfjarðargöngin, which shortens the trip considerably, was opened to public traffic. The tunnel is approximately 5,762 m in length, and cuts travel by car around the fjord by about an hour. The tunnel runs to a depth of 165 m below sea level.

The south side of the fjord runs through the municipality of Kjós. Two different rivers named Fossá (Waterfall River) cross the road, each having a number of cascades, although the western one is easy to miss from the road, as its main fall tumbles from beneath the road into a lower forest. The sizeable Laxá (Salmon River) crosses the road near the heart of Kjós; south of it lies the lake Meðalfellsvatn, home to many summer houses. The large sandbar Hvalfjarðareyri is a popular place to see birds.

The innermost part of the fjord shows a mixture of volcanic mountains and green vegetation in summertime. At Botnsá, Nootka lupine is common, along with other flowers and moss, as well as small forests of birch and conifers. The area displays a good example of the planting of forests, a project that has been going on in Iceland for some years.

A hiking trail to the formerly-highest waterfall in Iceland, Glymur, has its origin at the innermost end of the fjord. The somewhat steep trail up the rim of the deep river gorge is called Leggjabrjótur, meaning "Broken Leg". Before the ascent it passes through a short cave and across a thin improvised bridge. While it is possible to reach the bottom of the falls, it is not recommended; one has to wade through the cold river into the canyon, which is dim and at constant risk of falling rocks.

In the northwestern part of the fjord lies a tiny steep-sided island called Geirshólmi, which was for a time during the Age of the Sturlungs home to a band of outlaws led by Svarthöfði Dufgusson who regularly raided the farms on the mainland.

In the northwestern side of the fjord is Grundartangi, where a large aluminum smelter and silicon plant are located.

Hvalfjörður is also referenced in the novella The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Icelandic Flock; as they pull to a stop at the toll before Hvalfjörður Tunnel, Alex begins to draw an important secret from an intoxicated Snorri.

title: Hvalfjörður


text:
Zoe Karbonopsina

Zoe Karbonopsina, also Karvounopsina or Carbonopsina, lit. 'with the Coal-Black Eyes' (Ζωὴ Καρβωνοψίνα), was an empress and regent of the Byzantine Empire. She was the fourth spouse of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise and the mother of Constantine VII, serving as his regent from 913 until 919.

Early life
Zoe Karbonopsina was born into a Greek family. She was a relative of the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor and a niece of the admiral Himerios.

Empress
Zoe was a mistress of Leo VI; they married on 9 January 906, after she had given birth to the future Constantine VII at the end of 905. Some have speculated that this marriage may have been influenced by Leo VI's desire for a son, while others have suggested he may have been driven to marry due to religious feelings of guilt after he had made laws promoting marriage as an important institution.

In any case, this was Leo VI's fourth marriage and was therefore un-canonical in the eyes of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which had already been reluctant to accept his third marriage to Eudokia Baïana, who died in childbirth in 901.

Although the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos reluctantly baptized Constantine, he forbade the emperor from marrying for the fourth time. Leo VI married Zoe with the assistance of a cooperative priest, Thomas, but Nicholas' continued opposition to the marriage led to his removal from office and replacement by Euthymios in 907. The new patriarch attempted a compromise by defrocking the offending priest but recognizing the marriage.

Regency
When Leo died in 912, he was succeeded by his younger brother Alexander, who recalled Nicholas Mystikos and expelled Zoe from the palace. Shortly before his death, Alexander provoked a war with Bulgaria. Zoe returned upon Alexander's death in 913, but Nicholas forced her to enter the convent of St. Euphemia in Constantinople after obtaining the promise of the senate and the clergy not to accept her as empress. However, Nicholas' unpopular concessions to the Bulgarians later in the same year weakened his position and in 914 Zoe was able to overthrow Nicholas and replace him as regent. Nicholas was allowed to remain patriarch after reluctantly recognizing her as empress. Zoe governed with the support of imperial bureaucrats and the influential general Leo Phokas the Elder, who was her favorite. Zoe's first order of business was to revoke the concessions to Simeon I of Bulgaria, including the recognition of his imperial title and the arranged marriage between his daughter and Constantine VII. This renewed the war with Bulgaria, which began badly for the Byzantines who were distracted by military operations in Southern Italy and on the eastern frontier. In 915 Zoe's troops defeated an Arab invasion of Armenia, and made peace with the Arabs. This freed her hands to organize a major expedition against the Bulgarians, who had raided deep into Byzantine Thrace and captured Adrianople. The campaign was planned on a grand scale and intended the bribing and transportation of Pechenegs into Bulgaria by the imperial fleet from the north.

However, the Pecheneg alliance failed, and Leo Phokas was crushingly defeated in the Battle of Anchialus and again at the Battle of Katasyrtai, both in 917. Zoe tried to ally with Serbia and the Magyars against Simeon. This also failed to produce any concrete results, and the Arabs, encouraged by the empire's weakness, renewed their raids. A humiliating treaty with the Emirate of Sicily, who were asked to help subdue revolts in Italy, did little to improve the position of Zoe and her supporters.

Later life
In 919, there was a coup involving various factions, but the opposition to Zoe and Leo Phokas prevailed; in the end the admiral Romanos Lekapenos took power, married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine VII, and forced Zoe back into the convent of Euphemia.

title: Zoe Karbonopsina


text:
Nicholas Sparks

Nicholas Charles Sparks (born December 31, 1965) is an American novelist, screenwriter, and film producer. He has published twenty-three novels, all New York Times bestsellers, and two works of nonfiction, with over 115 million copies sold worldwide in more than 50 languages. Among his works are The Notebook, A Walk to Remember, and Message in a Bottle all of which, along with eight other books, have been adapted as feature films.

Sparks lives in North Carolina, where many of his novels are set.

Early life and education
Nicholas Sparks was born on December 31, 1965, in Omaha, Nebraska. His father, Patrick Michael Sparks, was a business professor and his mother, Jill Emma Marie Sparks (née Thoene), was a homemaker and an optometrist's assistant. Sparks is of German, Czech, English, and Irish ancestry. He was the middle of three children, with an older brother, Michael Earl "Micah" Sparks (born 1964), and a younger sister, Danielle "Dana" Sparks Lewis (1966–2000), who died at the age of 33 from a brain tumor, an event that inspired his novel A Walk to Remember. As a child, Sparks lived in Watertown, Minnesota; Inglewood, California; Playa Del Rey, California; and Grand Island, Nebraska, before the family settled in Fair Oaks, California in 1974.

In 1984, Sparks graduated valedictorian of Bella Vista High School. He began writing while attending the University of Notre Dame on a track and field scholarship, majoring in business finance and graduating magna cum laude. Sparks wrote his first, never published, novel, The Passing in 1985 and a second unpublished novel called The Royal Murders in 1989. He married Cathy Cote in 1989 and moved to New Bern, North Carolina.

Literary career
Sparks' first published book was Wokini: A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self-Understanding, a nonfiction book co-written by Billy Mills about Lakota spiritual beliefs and practices, published by Feather Publishing. The book sold 50,000 copies in its first year after release.

In 1995, literary agent Theresa Park secured a $1 million advance for The Notebook from Time Warner Book Group, the book that became Spark's breakthrough novel. Published in October 1996, the novel made The New York Times bestseller list in its first week of release and eventually spent fifty-six weeks there.

In 1998, after the publication of The Notebook, Sparks wrote Message in a Bottle which, in 1999, became the first of his novels to be adapted for film in 1999. In total, eleven of his novels have been adapted as films: Message in a Bottle (1999), A Walk to Remember (2002), The Notebook (2004), Nights in Rodanthe (2008),  Dear John (2010), The Last Song (2010), The Lucky One (2012), Safe Haven (2013), The Best of Me (2014), The Longest Ride (2015), and The Choice (2016). He has also sold the screenplay adaptations of True Believer and At First Sight.

Including The Notebook, fifteen of Sparks's novels have been No. 1 New York Times Best Sellers, and all of his novels have been both New York Times and international bestsellers. Sparks has also often been listed on Forbes annual highest-paid authors lists.

In September 2020, Sparks published his twenty-first novel The Return and followed that up with The Wish in 2021 and Dreamland in 2022, each of which were optioned as films.

Personal life
Sparks lives in New Bern, North Carolina. He has three sons and twin daughters. In 2015, he divorced Cathy Cote, his wife of 25 years.

Philanthropy
In 2008, Sparks donated nearly $900,000 for a new, all-weather tartan track to New Bern High School, where he has also volunteered to coach. The same year, he also donated "close to $10 million" to start a private school, The Epiphany School of Global Studies. Sparks has also funded scholarships, internships, and annual fellowships at the University of Notre Dame Creative Writing Program. In 2012, he founded The Nicholas Sparks Foundation, a nonprofit that funds global education experiences for students, which has donated more than $15 million to charities, scholarship programs, and other projects.

Novels

 * The Notebook series:
 * The Notebook (October 1996) ISBN 978-0-446-52080-5
 * The Wedding (September 2003) ISBN 978-0-446-61586-0
 * Message in a Bottle (April 1998) ISBN 978-1-57042-605-6
 * A Walk to Remember (October 1999) ISBN 978-0-446-52553-4
 * The Rescue (September 2000) ISBN 978-0-446-52550-3
 * A Bend in the Road (September 2001) ISBN 978-1-58621-177-6
 * Nights in Rodanthe (September 2002) ISBN 978-1-58621-440-1
 * The Guardian (April 2003) ISBN 978-1-58621-393-0
 * Jeremy Marsh & Lexie Darnell series:
 * True Believer (April 2005) ISBN 978-0-446-53243-3
 * At First Sight (October 2005) ISBN 978-1-58621-698-6
 * Dear John (October 2006) ISBN 978-0-446-52805-4
 * The Choice (September 2007) ISBN 978-0-446-57992-6
 * The Lucky One (September 2008) ISBN 978-0-446-57993-3
 * The Last Song (September 2009) ISBN 978-1-60024-638-8
 * Safe Haven (September 2010) ISBN 978-1-60788-619-8
 * The Best of Me (October 2011) ISBN 978-0-446-54765-9
 * The Longest Ride (September 2013) ISBN 978-1-61969-138-4
 * See Me (October 2015) ISBN 978-1-61969-135-3
 * Two by Two (October 2016) ISBN 978-1-4555-2069-5
 * Every Breath (October 2018) ISBN 978-1-5491-9469-6
 * The Return (September 2020) ISBN 978-1-5491-0221-9
 * The Wish (September 2021) ISBN 978-1-5387-2862-8
 * Dreamland (September 2022) ISBN 978-0593449554
 * Counting Miracles (September 2024)

Nonfiction

 * Wokini: A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self-Understanding (1990), Nicholas Sparks and Billy Mills. ISBN 978-0-9627943-0-8
 * Three Weeks with My Brother (April 2004), Nicholas Sparks and Micah Sparks. ISBN 978-1-58621-643-6

Adaptations
Eleven of Sparks's books have been turned into films, four of which he produced, including The Choice, The Longest Ride, The Best of Me, and Safe Haven. Seven other of his books have also adapted for film: The Lucky One, Message in a Bottle, A Walk to Remember, Nights in Rodanthe, Dear John, The Last Song, and The Notebook. Films based on his novels have grossed $889,615,166 worldwide, while the Rotten Tomatoes scores range from 11% for The Choice to 53% for The Notebook, the most critically acclaimed film based on his work.

In April 2021, it was announced that a film adaptation of The Return was in development. Tom Dean joined the production as director, with the project developed by Bisous Pictures, and MRC Films, while MRC will serve as distributing company. Sparks will serve as a producer alongside Elizabeth Cantillon, and Theresa Park. In May of the same year, it was announced that three additional films based on novels by the author were in development for distribution by Universal Pictures. The company signed a first-look deal with Sparks, with intentions being that a long-term working relationship follow; the three movies will be joint-venture productions between Universal Pictures and Anonymous Content. The Wish will be the first book to be developed by the studio, followed by Dreamland, and an as-of-yet unspecified third adaptation. The Wish will see Sparks serve as producer, alongside Park, and Zack Hayden.

title: Nicholas Sparks