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Nelson Lakes National Park

Nelson Lakes National Park is in the South Island of New Zealand, at the northern end of the Southern Alps. It was created in 1956 (one of four created in the 1950s). The park contains beech forests, multiple lakes, snow-covered mountains and valleys created by glaciers during the ice ages.

History
The lands and waters of Nelson Lakes National Park are of significance to many Māori nations partly because the waters of the lakes are important sources for the rivers running through various regions. These nations or iwi include: Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, Ngāti Kuia, Rangitāne o Wairau, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Tama ki Te Tau Ihu, Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui and earlier, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri.

The colonial New Zealand Company claimed to have purchased a large area of the South Island including the area of the Nelson Lakes National Park in 1839, this was disputed and discredited in 1844. The disputed claims were settled in 1856, although the agreements were not honoured on the most part by the Crown and not all the iwi with interests were included in the settlement. The first national park in New Zealand was established in 1887. Pressure from Māori groups to preserve land and support amongst Pākehā advanced the national park movement.

Nelson Lakes National Park was formed after the passing of the National Parks Act (1952) in 1956, also Fiordland (1952), Mount Cook (1953) and Urewera (1954) National Parks were created in the 1950s.

Geography
Nelson Lakes National Park covers some 1,019 km2. The park is centered at two large lakes, Rotoiti and Rotoroa, and is bounded to the west by the Alpine Fault. The park also includes the surrounding valleys (including Travers, Sabine, D'Urville and the upper reaches of the Mātakitaki).

Mountain peaks in the park have elevations ranging from approximately 1800 m to 2300 m. Two permanent snowfields are located on Mt. Ella and Mt. Hopeless, and are the northernmost of this feature on the South Island. Mountain ranges intersecting the park include:
 * the Ella Range, featuring Mount Magadalene reaching 2187 m and Mount Ella 2253 m
 * the Mahanga Range
 * the Spenser Mountains
 * the Travers Range, which includes Mount Hopeless at 2278 m, Angelus Peak at 2075 m and Mount Robert at 1411 m
 * the Saint Arnaud Range, including Mount McKay at 2300 m, the Camel,1889 m, and Mount McRae at 1878 m

To the west of the park lies the Victoria Forest Park, and to the south lies the Lewis Pass Scenic Reserve and the St James Conservation Area. Northeast of the park is the Mount Richmond Forest Park.

The park is a popular area for camping, tramping and fishing. In 1959, The first park ranger was appointed in 1959. George Lyon, in this role, spent much of the 1960s building huts and making improvements to the tracks.

The park is administered by the Department of Conservation, which operates a visitor centre in Saint Arnaud that provides up-to-date and reliable information on all aspects of the National Park.

Ecology
A wide variety of ecosystems exist within the park, in turn supporting many bird, amphibian and insect communities. Landscapes range from alpine scree to wetlands, tussocklands and upland mountain beech forests. Forests of mountain, red, and silver beech provide habitat for threatened kākā and kākāriki. However, birds and insects that relied on the honeydew production of the park's beech forests have been severely negatively impacted by invasive wasps.

Flora
Nelson Lakes National Park is notable for its diversity of alpine flora. The park has few rare species of vegetation, with four currently listed as either threatened (consisting of three species of beech mistletoe) or endangered (Pittosporum patulum).

Kererū
The first record of kererū or New Zealand wood pigeon in the national park is from Charles Heaphy in 1846 who "obtained" six of them in a day and a half. There is a population of kererū at Lake Rotoroa which is considered stable.

Kākāriki
The yellow-crowned parakeet were very common with "hundreds" near Lake Rotoroa around 1900. Although numbers have declined and they are considered rare, they can be spotted in many valleys of the national park. The red-crowned parakeet is considered possibly extinct within the park, while the orange-fronted parakeet (Kākāriki karaka) is considered extinct in the national park.

Kākāpō
Kākāpō were common in the national park in the 1800s. Mary Thornton described "the kokapaw (kakapo)" as "good eating … all feathers really … you need at least a couple each for a good feed" in the 1890s. She then commented that "the kakapo seemed to vanish about the beginning of World War I".

Western weka
The western weka (Gallirallus australis australis) is considered rare in the Nelson Lakes area. They were common when Charles Heaphy visited Lake Rotoroa in 1846. Julius von Haast wrote in 1861 that "no other bird being as numerous as the weka which was everywhere in the grassy plains, forests, as well as near the summits of mountains amongst sub alpine vegetation". Weka were common throughout the Nelson Lakes before a sudden decline in their numbers between March and April 1909.

South Island robin
The South Island robin (Petroica australis australis) can commonly be seen in Nelson Lakes National Park. They are a small bird that lives on a diet of insects, with grey colouring and a white patch on their lower chest area. They are a very inquisitive species and often approach visitors to the national park getting within metres of them. Younger birds have been known to stand on a person's boot. They live in the forest and are often seen foraging on the ground. Their nests are at risk of predation from introduced mammalian species.

South Island kākā
Large populations of kākā existed in the national park in the 1800s with "hundreds" living around Lake Rotoroa by about 1900. The populations declined throughout the 20th century to the point that it was rare to see groups of more than five or six birds by 1991.

South Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis meridionalis) were rarely seen in the park in 2009. They were most abundant around Lakes Rotoiti and Rotoroa and have benefited from the extensive stoat trapping carried out by the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project. Kākā are at risk from predation by stoats and possums.

Blue duck
The blue duck or whio (Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos) was common in the Nelson Lakes region in the 1800s with Julius von Haast noting in 1862 that "It is found in all rivers, and is easily killed". During the Nelson Lakes National Park survey of 1978–1985 blue duck were only recorded in the Travers, Sabine, Glenroy and Matakitaki valleys, with the Matakitaki valley being home to the greatest numbers. By 2009, there were too few birds, especially females remaining in Nelson Lakes National Park, to ensure the continuation of the species without human help.

Cupola gecko
The Cupola gecko is so rare that few live specimens have ever been found. In 1968 one had been observed near Cupola Hut, and a further specimen had been found in 2007. Extensive searches in 2006 and 2019 failed to uncover any further examples of the species. However, in 2021, four examples were found in the Sabine Valley demonstrating that the species is not extinct.

The Cupola gecko is described as looking similar to other forest geckos, with grey-brown colouration and either darker or lighter W- or V-shaped bands across its back. The 2021 discoveries confirm that they live in alpine regions.

Long-tailed bat
The South Island long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) were, in 1900, "a common sight" in the national park. A spot one kilometre to the east of St. Arnaud was known as "bat cutting". They were observed to be declining in numbers by 1930 even though a colony of "more than a hundred bats" was observed. By the early 1990s, the species was classified as "rare" and numbers have declined further in the early 2000s in most valleys of the national park. They are still very occasionally seen by trampers.

Rotoiti Mainland Island
The Rotoiti Mainland Island consists of 5000 hectares of beech forest around Lake Rotoiti. There is a project which aims to eliminate introduced pests such as stoats, possums, wasps and rodents, and allow recovery of the forests and native wildlife populations.

The Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project has been a success in that it has reduced predator numbers on the eastern side of Lake Rotoiti. It is possible to see great spotted kiwi, robins, bellbirds, fantails, rock wrens, keas and paradise ducks as a result.

Access
The main access point to Nelson Lakes National Park is at Lake Rotoiti and the village of Saint Arnaud, on, about 100 kilometres from both Nelson and Blenheim. A secondary access point is at Lake Rotoroa, turning off at Gowanbridge. Shuttle services operate between St Arnaud, Nelson, Blenheim and Picton.

Camping
The main campgrounds are on the shores of Lake Rotoiti; there is a smaller campground at Lake Rotoroa.

Tramping
There is a network of tramping tracks throughout the park. Tracks range from short nature walks at Lake Rotoiti and Lake Rotorua, to multi-day backcountry tramps. Day tramps include the Lake Rotoiti circuit, St. Arnaud Range and Mt. Robert. The most popular long-distance tramping routes are the Travers-Sabine Circuit and other loops through Lake Angelus. The Te Araroa trail also passes through the park over Waiau Pass.

Skiing
Rainbow Ski Area is located on the eastern side of the St Arnaud range, just outside the park on the slopes of Mount McRae. The skifield on Mount Robert is no longer operational. (Mount Robert was named by Julius von Haast after his son). The ski field was first scouted for potential in 1929 and between 1933 and 1934 the Kea hut was built and the ski field established. In 1944, the Nelson Ski Club was established. In the early days, accessing the ski field was a challenge. One had to row across Lake Rotoiti and then hike to the top of Mount Robert while carrying all of one's ski gear. The ski field was closed in 2003. This was due to a lack of consistent snow and changes to when the school holidays fell during the year.

Other activities include mountaineering, boating, fishing and mountain biking.

Huts
Nelson Lakes National Park contains 20 Department of Conservation huts, ranging in quality from 'basic hut/bivvy' to 'serviced hut'.

Mountain safety

Angelus Hut, which lies in an alpine environment at 1650 m above sea level, is one of the most popular huts in the national park. It can be accessed via the Robert Ridge route, amongst a number of others. However, the Robert Ridge route is considered one of the most dangerous routes of the park in bad weather. Between 2010 and 2019, search and rescue teams rescued 45 trampers, and there were two fatalities. This represented an incidence of 1 search and rescue for every 700 trampers making the trip. Snow and poor weather can occur at any time during the year, and the combination with easy access to Robert Ridge from St. Arnaud and the scenic location of Angelus Hut may cause trampers to underestimate the difficulty of accessing the hut. During winter months, Lake Angelus (adjacent to Angelus Hut) is generally frozen over, and each of the four routes to the hut are usually covered in snow and can be very icy.

After a tourist succumbed to hypothermia while tramping alone near Angelus Hut in July 2018, more initiatives were taken to raise awareness of harsh and variable conditions in the park. Inexperienced trampers are encouraged to avoid solo trips in alpine conditions or in winter, to be aware of the weather forecast, and to take an emergency shelter, navigation equipment and an emergency communication device.

title: Nelson Lakes National Park


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Providence Grays

The Providence Grays were a Major League Baseball team based in Providence, Rhode Island who played in the National League from 1878 until 1885. The Grays played at the Messer Street Grounds in the Olneyville neighborhood. The team won the National League title twice, in 1879 and 1884. Following the 1884 season, they won the first World Series over the New York Metropolitans of the American Association. The team folded after the 1885 season.

Origins and formation
Rhode Island was a hotbed of baseball in the 1870s with several notable amateur clubs along with Brown University's powerhouse collegiate team. In 1875, the semi-pro "Rhode Islands" were formed. After successful seasons (along with excellent paid attendance) in 1875, 1876, and 1877, the team drew the attention of the recently formed National League. When the League elected to drop the Hartford franchise after the 1877 season, Providence was awarded a franchise to replace the Connecticut club.

The new team was officially organized on January 16, 1878 by Benjamin Douglas, who became the team's general manager. Henry Root was hired as the team president‚ and Tom Carey was initially hired to be the on-field captain, whose duties were similar to the modern-day manager. On January 21, 1878, Providence applied for membership in the NL, and was officially approved on February 6.

On April 10, Root took over ownership of the team, fired Douglas for incompetence and insubordination, and hired Tom York to replace Carey as captain. On May 30, the Providence Base Ball Association was incorporated by the Rhode Island General Assembly.

While the team practiced at the Dexter Training Ground in the spring of 1878, preparations were made to provide them with "the best baseball plant in the country". Construction on the Messer Street Grounds began on April 1 and took exactly one month to complete; the final nail was hammered a mere five minutes before the opening game got underway on May 1.

The following season the team installed a screen behind home plate to protect the fans sitting there from injury due to foul balls and wild pitches. They were the first team in baseball history to do this; while some fans protested, complaining that they obstructed their view of the game, by the end of the next decade they were commonplace.

In a break with tradition, the National League's newest addition adopted gray flannel instead of white for their home uniform and the team became known as the Grays.

1879 champions
One of the leading players from the 1879 pennant winner was Hall of Famer John Montgomery Ward.

The Grays may also have the distinction of being the first Major League Baseball team to field an African-American baseball player, William Edward White, a Brown University student who played one game for the Grays on June 21, 1879. While the evidence is strong, it is not conclusive: Peter Morris of the Society for American Baseball Research has researched this issue, as reported by the Wall Street Journal in 2004. Work by the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) suggests that he may have been the first African-American to play major league baseball, predating the longer careers of Moses Fleetwood Walker and his brother Weldy Walker by five years, and Jackie Robinson by 68 years.

1884 champions
The 1884 team was led by ace pitcher Charles "Old Hoss" Radbourn (sometimes spelled Radbourne), who won a record 60 (59, according to some sources) games that year and led the Grays to the pennant. When the team's other star pitcher, Charlie Sweeney, defected to the rival Union Association league in July, it looked like the Grays' season was doomed, but "Old Hoss" offered to pitch the rest of the team's games. The Grays went on a 20-game winning streak and topped the league ahead of their New England rivals, the Boston Red Stockings.

At the close of the season, Providence officials accepted New York Metropolitans (AA) manager Jim Mutrie's challenge to a three-game postseason match. All of the games took place at the Polo Grounds in New York and were played under American Association rules, which forbade overhand pitching.

On October 23, 1884, the Providence Grays (NL) whitewashed the New York Metropolitans (AA), 6–0, behind Radbourn, in what is considered to be the first official postseason interleague game. Radbourn allowed two hits and struck out nine. Tim Keefe was the losing pitcher. The very next day, Radbourn three-hit the Metropolitans and won 3–1 in a game called after seven innings due to darkness. Grays third baseman Jerry Denny hit a three-run homer in the fifth inning. It was the first home run in World Series history. Keefe lost for the second time. On October 25, 1884 the Grays defeated the Metropolitans, 11–2, in the final game of the series. Radbourn won for the third time in three days. Buck Becannon took the loss as Keefe umpired the contest.

Although post-season games prior to 1903 were considered exhibitions, the 1884 World Series is recognized today as the first inter-league postseason championship. This would be Providence's last appearance in a World Series. Due to financial problems, the team folded in 1885.

Other highlights
Other memorable highlights of the Grays' short existence include the second perfect game in MLB history, pitched by John Montgomery Ward on June 17, 1880; a no-hitter by Charles Radbourn on July 25, 1883; and pitcher Charlie Sweeney striking out 19 batters in a nine-inning game on June 7, 1884, a record that would stand until broken by Roger Clemens 102 years later. They also still hold the record for the largest score in a shutout victory, with a 28–0 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies on August 21, 1883.

Notable alumni

 * Lip Pike: Major League Baseball four-time home run champion; first prominent Jewish player
 * Arthur Irwin: used first fielder's mitt; shortstop on 1884 World Series team
 * William Edward White: played his first and only game with the Providence Grays on June 21, 1879. According to SABR, he was the first black player in the history of major-league baseball.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Providence Grays


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John H. Chapman Space Centre

The John H. Chapman Space Centre (Centre Spatial John H. Chapman) is the headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency. It is located in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada, in the borough of Saint-Hubert.

Location and name
The centre has a total surface area of 41 hectares (101 acres) located on the border of the Saint Hubert airport, a general aviation facility. The building is supposed to look somewhat like a space station.

The building was finished in 1992 and named Canadian Space Agency Headquarters, and in 1996, it was renamed the John H. Chapman Space Centre in honour of John Chapman for his accomplishments in the Canadian Space Program and because of his role in the Alouette 1 program.

Programs
The centre houses the Canadian astronaut office and most of the administrative and technical units supporting Canada's programs in space sciences and technology. This includes satellite control rooms, the Protein Crystal Growth Mission Support Centre, and simulators for the Canadarm2, the Mobile Servicing System, and the Advanced Space Vision System. It also houses the Mission Operations Centre (MOC) that includes the Remote Multi-Purpose Support Room (RMPSR) that is used to operate the MSS on-orbit in conjunction with the flight control and mission evaluation rooms at the Johnson Space Center as well as the Operations and Engineering Centre (OEC) which supports the flight controllers at JSC. As the headquarters for the space agency, it also houses many offices for general administrative functions or for specific programs such as exchange activities with NASA, ESA, ISRO and other national space agencies.

title: John H. Chapman Space Centre


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Talk:Act (legislature)

What is the difference between a legislative act and a law? Bensaccount 03:03, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Act (legislature)


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Delta Burke

Delta Burke (born July 30, 1956) is an American actress, producer and author. From 1986 to 1991, she starred as Suzanne Sugarbaker in the CBS sitcom Designing Women, for which she received two Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.

Burke's other television credits include Filthy Rich (1982–83), Delta (1992–93), Women of the House (1995) and DAG (2000–01). She has produced and starred in made-for-TV movies, appeared in the film What Women Want (2000), and had a recurring guest role in the drama series Boston Legal (2006–07). She has also starred in the Broadway productions of Thoroughly Modern Millie (2003) and Steel Magnolias (2005).

Early life and Miss Florida
Burke was born on July 30, 1956, in Orlando, Florida, to a single mother, Jean. Frederick Burke, an Orlando realtor, adopted her after marrying her mother. She has never met her biological father. Burke has two younger siblings: a brother, Jonathan; and a sister, Jennifer.

Burke graduated from Colonial High School in 1974, and won the senior superlative "Most Likely to Succeed." In 1972, she won the Miss Flame crown from the Orlando Fire Department and went on to become State Miss Flame. In her senior year of high school, she won the Miss Florida title for 1974; she was the youngest Miss Florida titleholder in pageant history. Burke won a talent scholarship from the Miss America Organization, allowing her to attend a two-year study program at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Early career
In 1974, as part of winning Miss Florida, Burke appeared on the ABC-TV show Bozo the Clown, filmed in Orlando, Florida. A 2001 episode of Lost Treasures of NFL Films presented film footage, taken by Lewis Bice, of her appearance as Miss Florida at the World Football League's World Bowl that same year.

In 1980, Burke portrayed the role of the second Bonnie Sue Chisholm in the CBS western miniseries, The Chisholms. Burke spent a year on Filthy Rich in 1982 playing the wily young widow, Kathleen Beck. After that, she played football team owner Diane Barrow on 1st & Ten from 1984 to 1986.

Designing Women
In 1986, Burke was cast as Suzanne Sugarbaker in the CBS sitcom Designing Women; she left 1st and Ten in order to appear on the show. Designing Women was created by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, who had previously cast Burke in her show Filthy Rich. The show was set at an interior design firm in Atlanta headed by four women, and Burke was one of the show's four female leads. (Dixie Carter, another of the leads, had been the lead actress on Filthy Rich.) The show struggled in the ratings, and was even briefly cancelled after its first year, but in 1989 began to receive respectable ratings after being paired with the sitcom Murphy Brown. Burke became the show's breakout star, and earned two consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991; she was the only lead female cast member of the show to be nominated. (Alice Ghostley received a nomination for Supporting Actress in a Comedy in 1992, for her recurring role as Bernice Clifton, while Meshach Taylor received one in 1989 for Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.)

In 1990, Burke publicly expressed dissatisfaction with the show on a televised interview with Barbara Walters and other media outlets. She argued on Entertainment Tonight that there was a labor dispute, and actors were often forced to work over 15 hours per day, with executives even blocking the doors to keep actors on set. She also said that Dixie Carter, who had once been her close friend and maid of honor at her wedding to Gerald McRaney, was not speaking to her as Carter sided with her bosses. At the end of the fifth season of Designing Women in 1991, Burke was fired from the show due to her contentious relations with Carter and the Thomasons.

1990s
Burke was given her own vehicle with the sitcom Delta in 1992, in which she portrayed an aspiring country music singer. She dyed her hair blonde for the role. When ratings plummeted, Burke became a brunette again. The series was cancelled after one season. In 1995, she and Linda Bloodworth Thomason reconciled their differences, and Burke returned as Suzanne Sugarbaker in the Designing Women spinoff Women of the House (1995), but that show also met an early demise.

It took more than a decade for Burke and Carter to reconcile, but they did so when Burke guest-starred in an episode of Family Law, on which Carter was a regular cast member.

Weight issues
Since the early 1990s, Burke's weight has been a subject of discussion in the tabloid press. Her struggles with weight, depression, and eating disorders stretch back to her pageant days in the early 1970s. She became a much-parodied figure in the press due to the media's incessant obsession with her weight, including in a skit on Saturday Night Live, wherein Leon Phelps from The Ladies Man has a sexual fixation with her. In 1989, Burke asked Thomason to write an episode addressing her weight. The episode, "They Shoot Fat Women, Don't They?", had Suzanne Sugarbaker going to her 15-year high school reunion and having her feelings hurt after hearing disparaging remarks about her weight. Her performance on this episode is said to have led to her receiving her first Emmy nomination as Best Actress.

Later career
Burke has been a leading actress in a number of television films, and had a supporting role in the Mel Gibson film What Women Want (2000).

In the early 2000s, she co-starred with David Alan Grier on the sitcom DAG; she had lost much of her excess weight for the role after being diagnosed with diabetes.

Burke made her Broadway debut in September 2003, when she starred as Mrs. Meers in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie. She was the third actress to play the role in the production, after Harriet Harris and Terry Burrell. She played the role until February 2004, before being succeeded by her Designing Women co-star Dixie Carter. Burke then played the role of Truvy in the original Broadway production of Steel Magnolias, playing the role for the shows entire four-month run from April 4 - July 31, 2005.

She also played Bella Horowitz during a five-episode arc on Boston Legal as a former flame of William Shatner's character, Denny Crane, in season three.

Burke appeared in a Hallmark Channel film, Bridal Fever, which aired February 2, 2008.

In March 2012, Burke was cast in the ABC comedy pilot Counter Culture. However, after Burke fell on the set, production of the pilot was suspended and it was not picked up to series.

Personal life
Burke has been married to actor Gerald McRaney since May 28, 1989. They have no children together, although McRaney has adult children from his prior marriages. Burke and McRaney's primary residence is in Los Angeles, California; they also own a house in Telluride, Colorado, and one in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Burke has been diagnosed with type-2 diabetes.

Burke is a supporter of gay rights, and has worked with openly gay playwright and screenwriter Del Shores on many occasions, in Sordid Lives and Southern Baptist Sissies. In 2006, Burke and openly gay Tennessean actor Leslie Jordan were uninvited from the Nashville talk show Talk of the Town after the show's managing director decided the subject matter to be discussed would offend conservative viewers. Burke first became supportive of gay people and gay rights through attending acting school in London and also through her sister, Jennifer, who is a lesbian.

Burke is a designer and manager of the clothing company Delta Burke Design, headquartered in New York City.

Burke and McRaney are also the owners of an antique store in Collins, Mississippi.

Burke has compulsive hoarding syndrome, for which she received therapy. "At one time I had 27 storage units. I don't have a big enough house!" she said. "My mom had it, it's my mother's fault. She saved the diaper I came home from the hospital in!"

Nonfiction

 * Delta Style: Eve Wasn't a Size 6 and Neither Am I (1998, St. Martin's Press; ISBN 0-312-15454-2)

title: Delta Burke


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Geoffrey Miller

Geoffrey Miller may refer to:

 * Geoff Miller (born 1952), English cricketer
 * Geoff Miller (diplomat) (born 193?), former Australian public servant and diplomat
 * Geoff Miller (priest) (born 1956), archdeacon of Northumberland
 * Geoff Miller (public servant) (1942–2014), former Australian public servant
 * Geoff Miller (publisher) (1936–2011), American co-founder, editor, and publisher of Los Angeles Magazine
 * Geoffrey Miller (cricketer, born 1937), former English cricketer
 * Geoffrey Miller (psychologist) (born 1965), evolutionary psychologist
 * Geoffrey P. Miller, American professor of law, see List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Geoffrey D. Miller (born 1949), US Army general

title: Geoffrey Miller


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Detroit Wolverines

The  Detroit Wolverines were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit, Michigan. In total, they won 426 games and lost 437, taking their lone pennant (and winning the pre-modern World Series) in 1887. The team was disbanded following the 1888 season.

Franchise history
Founded at the suggestion of Detroit mayor William G. Thompson, the Wolverines played the first game of major league baseball in Detroit on May 2, 1881, in front of 1,286 fans. Their home field was called Recreation Park, and it consisted of a wooden grandstand located between Brady Street and Willis Avenue. This stadium was demolished in 1894, though its location is indicated by a historical marker in what was once left field. The name of the ball club derives from Michigan being known as "The Wolverine State;" although the team name "Wolverines" is now primarily associated with University of Michigan sports, there was no connection between the University and the Detroit baseball team. Though they folded after only eight seasons, the Wolverines occupy an important place in baseball history. On September 6, 1883, they conceded 18 runs in a single inning against the Chicago White Stockings, the most ever in MLB. In 1885, new owner Frederick Kimball Stearns began spending heavily in an attempt to create a 'super-team' by buying high-priced players. Most notably, he purchased the entire Buffalo Bisons franchise that August, to secure the services of its stars: Dan Brouthers, Jack Rowe, Hardy Richardson, and Deacon White, the so-called "Big Four". This strategy quickly met resistance from his fellow owners, who changed the league's rules governing the splitting of gate receipts, reducing the visiting team's maximum share to $125 per game. Detroit was not yet the Motor City, and its population was too small to support a highly paid team. The Wolverines' home gate receipts were not sufficient to sustain their payroll, and Stearns was forced to sell his stars to other clubs and disband the team after the 1888 season. The franchise's place in the National League was taken by the Cleveland Spiders in 1889.

The Wolverines' most successful season came in 1887, when they were crowned as the champion of the National League with a record of 79 wins and 45 losses. After the season, they defeated the St. Louis Browns, champion of the rival American Association, in a series of exhibition matches, winning ten of the fifteen games played. These games were a predecessor to the modern World Series, which did not begin until 1903.

Three Detroit players hit for the cycle: George Wood on June 13, 1885, Mox McQuery on September 28, 1885, and Jack Rowe on August 21, 1886.

Prominent players

 * Charlie Bennett
 * Dan Brouthers
 * Count Campau
 * Fred Dunlap
 * Ned Hanlon
 * Deacon McGuire
 * Hardy Richardson
 * Jack Rowe
 * Billy Shindle
 * Sam Thompson
 * Deacon White
 * Chief Zimmer

title: Detroit Wolverines


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William Whitehead (Canadian writer)

William Frederick (Bill) Whitehead (August 16, 1931 – February 1, 2018) was a Canadian writer, actor and filmmaker. Whitehead is best known as a writer of radio and television documentaries and as the former partner of the late Canadian writer Timothy Findley.

Background
Whitehead was born in Hamilton, Ontario, to Marjorie and Berkeley Kyle Whitehead. His parents had moved there from Saskatchewan, and the family moved back to Regina when Whitehead was a child. His parents subsequently divorced due to his father's epilepsy-related inability to maintain stable employment; Whitehead did not see his father again until his late teens.

His initial career goal was to become an entomologist — by age 12 he was already a member of the Saskatchewan Natural History Society — but he also had a passion for theatre. He studied biology and theatre arts at the University of Saskatchewan, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1953 and a Master of Arts degree in 1955, but decided against pursuing work as a biologist because he found it depended too strongly on having to kill animals.

He moved to Ontario in 1957 to become an actor, having several small roles with the Stratford Festival while serving as a propmaster and stage manager. He met Findley, at the time also a Stratford Festival actor, in 1962, with their lifelong relationship beginning when Findley appeared in a CBC Television production of Jules Feiffer's play Crawling Arnold and Whitehead invited him over to watch it because Findley didn't own a television set.

Career
When Findley left the theatre to concentrate on writing fiction, Whitehead simultaneously took a job writing science documentaries for the CBC Radio documentary series The Learning Stage. He remained an award-winning writer of radio and television documentaries, including the documentary film Fields of Endless Day, over 100 episodes of the CBC Television series The Nature of Things, and many episodes of the CBC Radio series Ideas.

He also co-wrote several works with Findley, including the television documentaries Dieppe 1942 and The National Dream: Building the Impossible Railway. Whitehead and Findley won the ACTRA Award for Best Writing in a Television Documentary at the 4th ACTRA Awards in 1975 for The National Dream.

Following Findley's death in 2002, Whitehead compiled and edited the posthumous collection Journeyman: Travels of a Writer. In March 2004, approximately two years after Findley's death, Whitehead donated a collection of Findley's theatre memorabilia to the University of Guelph. He subsequently began a new relationship, with Trevor Green.

In September 2012, his memoir Words to Live By was published by Cormorant Books. The book was a shortlisted nominee for the Stephen Leacock Award in 2013.

In 2014 he served on the jury of the Dayne Ogilvie Prize for LGBT writers, selecting Tamai Kobayashi as that year's winner.

He died at his home in Toronto on February 1, 2018, having earlier been diagnosed with lung cancer.

title: William Whitehead (Canadian writer)


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Talk:Flag of Iceland

autosigned comment (2012)
The Icelandic flag has NO connection with christianity nor was it modeled after anything related to christianity according to official government websites. This article is a complete lie. Radical christian's strike again. Christians please keep your propaganda at home and stop trying to put christianity on everything or I will personally make sure you get to live hell on earth! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.160.192.226 (talk) 09:35, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It looks like Angry Antichristian was here... Flag of Island is based on Danmark's, right? and the danish flag was made as a memory of a battle won by a christian king fighting against pagan. So, the statement of official website says one thing, and history says another, but no one but you ever claimed that both couldn't be true at the same time. regards.2A01:E0A:298:C920:B87D:D80E:7C98:7F58 (talk) 13:37, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Change of the blue
I remember seeing pictures of the Icelandic flag when the blue was a little more dull. Dose anyone have confirmation about this? It looked prity mutch like the blue on the last flat at flagspot.net. --86.35.243.206 23:22, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

The original version was supposed to have "sky-blue" color as the 1918 laws state. Later in 1944 it was decided to have a darker color. This fact has actully escaped a few flag manufacturers (non-icelandic ones) who continue even now to make Icelandic flags in the 1918 style used by the Kingdom of Iceland, instead of the modern one used by the Republic of Iceland. This has even resulted in the old flag being displayed at meetings between the president of the U.S. and the prime minister of Iceland. --130.208.189.147 22:25, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

When???
Paragraph 1 says the flag was adopted in 1944, but the photo caption says 1915. Which is it. Please explain. --Tagishsimon
 * It was adopted in 1915 but was not official as a national flag until 1944. From 1915-1944 the flag had the same status as the farose flag has now, basically something that defines a state within a state and not and indepentent republic.

 * Anyway, thanks for your input, i will try to make this clear in the yet-to-be-made == History == section. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 15:31, 2004 May 14 (UTC)

State flag replacing
If someone wants to make a better version of the state flag. Please refer to the 2.mgr 2.gr of laws nr.34 from 1944 and make sure you get the propery measured cut. The easy illegal version is not only less "beautiful," but illegal, which is of course fairly illegal to do and so on and forth... ---Kjallakr 00:41, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Warships?
This article gives conflicting information: is the state flag used on warships or not?
 * Iceland has no military, hence no warships. The article is however clear that the state flag may be flown by any vessel functioning in an official capacity. I guess that a hypothetical Icelandc navy would use the state flag. --Bjarki 11:46, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no conflicting information is there? The state flag, Tjúgufáninn is used on the ships of the Icelandic Coast Guard. The Icelandic Coast Guard being the Icelandic "Navy." Also, back in the day the customs used ships, they used their special flag with the "T", but then again, their boats were unarmed and not grayskinned. --Kjallakr 16:44, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Meaning of the colors
Beeing Icelandic I remember learning something about what the colors mean. This is what I think it means. Blue: for the ocean, White: for the snow and Red: for the fire in the volcanos. Can some one confirme this. I might be mistaken, maybe it was blue for the sky and so on. Thanks --81.215.81.222 19:06, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

I got told: SKC
 * Blue - strength and resiliance of the Oceans.
 * White - purity of the snow.
 * Red - heated passion like the volcano fires and blood.

Law quoted in intro
Is it possible to reference the law in question here, and is the quotation(/translation) correct to speak of "squares" and not "rectangles" or "polygons"? -- Hestemand 21:48, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The word used is reitur, which means square as far as I know. Rectangles and polygons are called ferhyrningar and fjölhyrningar.--Kjallakr (talk) 17:38, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * A square in geometrical sense is a polygon with four equal sides and corners (ferningur) which is obviously not what is meant by the law, rectangle is the correct term here. --Bjarki (talk) 18:21, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Independence
This article says that Iceland became independent only in 1944, but other articles say that it happened in 1918. What to do with this inconcistency?

As far as I know the country became independent in 1918. From 1918 to 1944 it shared its king with Denmark (just as Queen Elizabeth reigns in 16 independent countries) and used the Danish embassies in other countries (Like e.g. Liechtenstein does with the Swiss embassies) - but that does not mean that the country is not independent.

The status of the flag was not equal to the satus of the Faroese flag since both the Danish and the Icelandic flag were displayed outside the embassies.

From the homepage of the Icelandic foreign ministry: "Iceland finally became independent in 1918. The Kingdom of Iceland shared the same monarch with Denmark. Under a special agreement, Denmark administered Iceland's foreign affairs and operated the coast guard, as decided by Iceland."

--Thathánka Íyotake (talk) 23:07, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * No suggestions or comments? In that case, I will change the year. --Thathánka Íyotake (talk) 22:12, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * 1918 is correct. Most Icelanders would answer 1944 when asked this question though. --Bjarki (talk) 00:20, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Jørgen Jørgensen’s Flag
Shouldn’t the history section mention Jørgen Jørgensen’s flag (the one with three cods on it) as it was briefly the official flag of Iceland during his rebellion, and therefor the first official flag?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_(1809).svg Rúnar Berg (talk) 02:19, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Iceland


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Bloodflowers

Bloodflowers is the eleventh studio album by English rock band The Cure. It was first released in Japan on 2 February 2000, before being released in the UK and Europe on 14 February 2000 and then the day after in the US by Fiction Records and Polydor Records. Initially the album was to be released in 1999, as it had been completed by May that year, the record company wanted it to be released ''“post millennial fever,”. ''

Singer and frontman Robert Smith chose to not release any single from the album, against the will of the record company. However, "Maybe Someday" and "Out of This World" were issued as promotional singles to radio in the UK, US, Canada and numerous territories in Europe.

Background
The album had no commercial songs in mind during recording. Recording sessions were smooth and productive, Robert Smith said "Bloodflowers was the best experience I've had since doing the Kiss Me album. I achieved my goals, which were to make an album, enjoy making it, and end up with something that has real intense, emotional content. And I didn't kill myself in the process." He also said that "at the demo stage" they had more commercial songs in mind for the album but "they just sounded so shallow."

Smith also had a shorter running time in mind, due to their previous release Wild Mood Swings having a run time of over an hour, which he remarked "I find that seventy minutes of one artist is, almost without exception, too much." However, he struggled to reach his initial run time, which was 45 minutes, as he struggled to cut down the song's length, due to his satisfaction with their sound. "'I edited the first track, 'Out of This World', down from 6:30 to 4:45, but I was told that the introduction was still too long for radio. But I like that slow development, and I didn't want to impose the three-and-a-half-minute structure on anything I was writing, because it just felt stupid.”" However, Smith had realised "in hindsight, that it's the songs themselves that probably need trimming back, but I think that they benefit from their length. I've done an edit of 'Watching Me Fall' at home, and I got it down to under six minutes [from eleven minutes, thirteen seconds], but it’s just not the same song."

The only song which was not initially written for the album was "There Is No If..." which was written when Smith was 19, but never made it onto an album due to Smith's initial reluctance to use the song calling it "hippy-like", although he felt that the rendition which he recorded for Bloodflowers was suited for the feel of the album.

Release and promotion
No commercial singles were released from Bloodflowers, but two promotional singles were released to DJs and radio stations: "Out of This World", in January (Europe) and May (US), and "Maybe Someday", in January (US) and April (Europe). "Maybe Someday" managed to peak at No. 10 on the Alternative Airplay chart. Bloodflowers was a moderate success, debuting at number 16 on the US Billboard 200. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2001. In subsequent years, Smith identified it as his favourite Cure album in a 2004 Rolling Stone interview.

The second track on the album, "Watching Me Fall" was featured in the end credits of the 2000 horror film American Psycho.

Reception
Bloodflowers received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly called it "one of the band's most affecting works".

Melody Maker titled their review "Goth-Awful!", rating the album 1.5 out of 5. Rolling Stone criticized the quality of the compositions, saying, "[Smith] can write four bad songs in a row, and Cure albums tend to leak filler like an attic spilling insulation" and concluded, "Bloodflowers, is half dismissible droning, an unforgivable ratio considering it's only nine tracks long." Similarly, Trouser Press stated in their review: "The album sounds completely uninspired, as Smith and company go through the motions of Cure-ness." Les Inrockuptibles wrote that the album featured "endless songs" with "dated sounds". AllMusic noted that although Bloodflowers contained all the Cure's musical trademarks, "morose lyrics, keening vocals, long running times", "the album falls short of the mark, largely because it sounds too self-conscious".

Personnel
The Cure
 * Robert Smith – guitar, keyboard, 6-string bass guitar, vocals
 * Simon Gallup – bass guitar
 * Perry Bamonte – guitar, 6-string bass guitar
 * Jason Cooper – percussion, drums
 * Roger O'Donnell – keyboards

Production
 * Robert Smith – production, mixing
 * Paul Corkett – production, engineer, mixing
 * Sacha Jankovich – engineer
 * Ian Cooper – mastering
 * Daryl Bamonte – project coordinator
 * Perry Bamonte – photography
 * Paul Cox – photography
 * Alex Smith – photography
 * Alexis Yraola – logo

title: Bloodflowers


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Clan Fergusson

Clan Fergusson is a Scottish clan. Known as the Sons of Fergus they have spread across Scotland from as far as Ross-shire in the north to Dumfriesshire in the south.

Origins
The Scottish Gaelic patronymic of Fergusson is MacFhearghuis which can also be translated as son of the angry. There is a tradition that attributes a common ancestry to the various distinct families bearing the name of Fergusson, however there is no evidence to support this and the heraldry of the chief's family is significantly different from that of other Fergusson families.

The Fergussons of Argyll claim descent from Fergus Mór, king of Dál Riata who came from Ireland across Argyll. Most shields of this family include a Boar's head which indicates a connection with the early Scots of Dál Riata.

There is evidence that links the Fergussons of Ayrshire and Dumfries with Fergus of Galloway, who was an important figure during the reigns of David I of Scotland and Malcolm IV of Scotland. Fergus of Galloway restored Whithorn church and also founded Dundrennan Abbey. He died in 1161 at Holyrood Abbey. The Earls of Carrick descend from Fergus of Galloway.

The Fergussons held lands at Kilkerran from probably the 12th century, although the first certain record is that of John Fergusson of Kilkerran in 1464. This John Fergusson may have been descended from John, son of Fergus who was a witness to a charter of Edward Bruce, which was signed in 1314 after the Battle of Bannockburn.

There were Fergussons all over southern Carrick by 1600, who all acknowledged Fergusson of Kilkerran as their clan chief.

17th century and Civil War
The Clan Fergusson allied themselves with the Clan Kennedy chiefs, the Earls of Cassillis in their feud against the Kennedy Lairds of Bargany. The Fergussons were part of John Kennedy, 5th Earl of Cassilis's band in 1601 when a skirmish took place at Maybole where the Kennedy Laird of Bargany was killed.

The Ayrshire Fergussons adopted the Protestant faith during Protestant Reformation whilst Sir John Fergusson of Kilkerran fought for the royalists during the Scottish Civil War.

18th century
Sir John Fergusson, who was born in about 1653 was a distinguished lawyer and a member of the Faculty of Advocates. In 1703 he was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia. In 1735 his son, James Fergusson became a judge of the Supreme Court and was given the title Lord Kilkerran. General Sir Charles Fergusson, the 7th Baronet served in the British Army for almost forty years.

Clan Chief

 * Clan Chief: Sir Adam Fergusson of Kilkerran, 10th Bt., Chief of the Name and Arms of Fergusson.
 * Clan Chief's Arms: Azure a buckle Argent between three boars' heads couped close Or.

Tartans

 * Tartans:
 * Fergusson (of Atholl)
 * Fergusson of Balquhidder
 * Ferguson Dress

title: Clan Fergusson


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Brenda Fassie

Brenda Nokuzola Fassie (3 November 1964 – 9 May 2004) was a South African singer, songwriter, dancer and activist. Affectionately called MaBrrr by her fans, she is also known as the "Queen of African Pop", the "Madonna of The Townships" or simply as The Black Madonna. Her bold stage antics earned a reputation for "outrageousness"; ironically, her Xhosa name, Nokuzola, means "quiet", "calm", or "peace".

Biography
Brenda Nokuzola Fassie was born in Langa, Cape Town on 3 November 1964, the youngest of nine children. She was named after the American singer Brenda Lee. Her father died when she was only two years old; with the help of her mother, a pianist, she soon started earning money by singing for tourists.

When she was 16 years old in 1981, she received a visit by Hendrick "Koloi" Lebona. As a result, she left Cape Town for Soweto, Johannesburg, to seek her fortune as a singer. Fassie first joined the vocal group Joy (filling in for one of the members who was on maternity leave) and later became the lead singer for a township music group called Brenda and the Big Dudes. She had a son, Bongani, in 1985 by a fellow Big Dudes musician. She married Nhlanhla Mbambo in 1989, but the pair divorced in 1991. Around this time she became addicted to cocaine and her career suffered as a result.

With very outspoken views and frequent visits to the poorer townships of Johannesburg, as well as songs about life in the townships, Fassie enjoyed tremendous popularity. She also used her music to oppose the apartheid regime in South Africa. In 1990, she released the song "Black President" as a tribute to Nelson Mandela, a political prisoner and later the first Black president of South Africa. Known best for her songs "Weekend Special" and "Too Late for Mama", Fassie was dubbed "The Madonna of the Townships" by Time magazine in 2001.

In 1995, she was discovered in a hotel with the body of her female lover, Poppie Sihlahla, who had died of an apparent overdose. Fassie underwent rehabilitation and got her career back on track. However, she still had drug problems, and returned to drug rehabilitation clinics about 30 times in her life. From 1996 on she released several solo albums, including Now Is the Time (1996), Paparazzi (1997), Memeza (1998) and Nomakanjani (1999). Most of her albums became multi-platinum sellers in South Africa, of which Memeza was the best-selling album in South Africa in 1998.

Death
On the morning of 26 April 2004, Fassie collapsed at her home in Buccleuch, Gauteng, and was admitted into a hospital in Sunninghill. The press were initially told that she had suffered cardiac arrest, but later reported that she had slipped into a coma as a result an asthma attack. The post-mortem report revealed that Fassie had taken an overdose of cocaine on the night of her collapse, and this was the cause of her coma. She stopped breathing and suffered brain damage from lack of oxygen. Fassie was visited in the hospital by Nelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, and Thabo Mbeki, and her condition was front-page news in South African papers. She died aged 39 on 9 May 2004 in hospital, without regaining consciousness, after her life support machines were turned off. Her family (including her son, Bongani Fassie; and her long-term partner) were at her side when she died.

Recognition
Fassie won five South African Music Awards: Best Female Artist and Song of the Year in 1999, Best-Selling Release of the Decade and Best Song of the Decade in 2004, and Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. She also won three Kora Awards: Most Promising Female Artist of Africa and Best Female Artist of Africa in 1996, and the Jury Special Award in 2001. She was voted 17th in the Top 100 Great South Africans.

Her son Bongani "Bongz" Fassie performed "I'm So Sorry", a song dedicated to his mother, on the soundtrack to the 2005 Academy Award-winning movie Tsotsi. In March 2006 a life-size bronze sculpture of Fassie by artist Angus Taylor was installed outside Bassline, a music venue in Johannesburg.

Discography0-0+2
Most of Fassie's records were issued by the EMI-owned CCP Records.

With The Big Dudes:
 * 1983: Weekend Special
 * 1984: Cool Spot (EP)
 * 1984: Let's Stick Together
 * 1984: Someone To Love (Maxi)
 * 1985: Higher and Higher
 * 1985: Touch Somebody (EP)
 * 1986: No No Señor

Solo albums:

 * 1987: Brenda
 * 1987: Ag Shame Lovey
 * 1988: Umuntu Ngumuntu Ngabantu
 * 1989: Too Late for Mama
 * 1990: Black President
 * 1991: I Am Not a Bad Girl
 * 1992: Yo Baby
 * 1993: Mama
 * 1994: Abantu Bayakhuluma
 * 1995: Umuntu Uyashintsha
 * 1996: Now Is the Time
 * 1997: Paparazzi
 * 1998: Memeza
 * 1999: Nomakanjani
 * 2000: Thola Amadlozi
 * 2001: Myekeleni
 * 2002: Mina Nawe: Ngohlala Ngi Nje
 * 2003: Mali
 * 2004: Gimme Some Volume
 * 2004: Greatest Hits: The Queen of African Pop (1964–2004)

Fassie also contributed to Mandoza's album Tornado (2002), Miriam Makeba's album Sangoma (1988), and Harry Belafonte's anti-apartheid album Paradise in Gazankulu (1988). She sang on two of the soundtrack albums for Yizo Yizo (both released in 2004).

title: Brenda Fassie


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Highland Rim

The Highland Rim is a geographic term for the area in Tennessee, North Alabama, and Kentucky which surrounds the Central Basin. Geologically, the Central Basin is a dome. The Highland Rim is a cuesta surrounding the basin, and the border where the difference in elevation is sharply pronounced is an escarpment.

Geology and Physiography
The Highland Rim is a physiographic section of the larger Interior Low Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the larger Interior Plains physiographic division. Most of the Highland Rim is located in U.S. EPA Ecoregion 71, Interior Plateau, which is a part of the Eastern Temperate Forest.

The sections of the Highland Rim are referred to the four cardinal directions, e.g., "Northern Highland Rim", etc. The Highland Rim is rather continuous and any division of it, including the ones made below, are somewhat arbitrary. The term "highland" here is relative: it is certainly higher than the basin it surrounds, but it nonetheless is seldom at an elevation above 1100 ft above sea level and never more than about 1400 ft above sea level except where interrupted, primarily to the southeast, by outliers of the Cumberland Plateau. With the exception of a few broad stream bottoms, the land is characterized by ridges and valleys with a few fairly low hills. The entire region is well watered with many perennial streams. There are occasional waterfalls which sometimes delineate the Highland Rim from the Central Basin which it surrounds.

Western Highland Rim
The Western Highland Rim is encountered a few miles west of Nashville and extends to the western valley of the Tennessee River. The area is a hilly area that is bisected by the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River valleys. Underlying bedrock of the region is chiefly Mississippian limestone, chert, shale, and sandstone with exposures of Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian limestone, chert, and shale. In the northern part of the Western Highland Rim, sinkholes readily occur in an area with a southern extension of the Pennyroyal plateau of Kentucky, where the karst is best developed on the Mississippian St. Louis Limestone and the Ste. Genevieve Limestone.

Eastern Highland Rim
The Eastern Rim rises approximately fifty miles east of Nashville and is bordered to its east by even higher terrain, the Cumberland Plateau. Erosion has exposed carbonate bedrock of Late Paleozoic age. These carbonate rocks contain variable amounts of chert and are often interbedded with fine grained clastic rocks. As a result, these rocks are more resistant to erosion than the underlying purer limestones of the Lower (Early) Paleozoic. The geology is diverse and is typically limestone at valley floors (around 500 ft elevation) and sandstone on ridges (to around 1,000 feet). The constituent bedrock is composed primarily of Mississippian aged St. Louis, and Warsaw limestones with Fort Payne chert underlain by Chattanooga Shale that forms a large part of the escarpment. This area is mostly undulating plains, hills, and karst.

Northern Highland Rim
The Northern Highland Rim is encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border, and the region of Kentucky adjacent to it called the Pennyroyal is largely a continuation of it under another name.

Southern Highland Rim
For the most part the Southern Rim is the farthest from Nashville, rising at some points just a few miles north of the border with Alabama. The landforms are continuous with those in adjacent portions of Alabama, although perhaps the most spectacular landforms of any portion of the Rim are to be found there.

The stratigraphy of the Southern Highland Rim is primarily composed of flat-lying limestones, dolomites, and shales, and to a much lesser extent, of cherts, siltstones, mudstones, and very fine grained to conglomeratic sandstones.

title: Highland Rim


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Acid-free paper

Acid-free paper is paper that, if infused in water, yields a neutral or basic pH (7 or slightly greater). It can be made from any cellulose fiber as long as the active acid pulp is eliminated during processing. It is also lignin- and sulfur-free. Acid-free paper addresses the problem of preserving documents and preserving artwork for long periods.

Overview
Paper made from wood-based pulp that has not had its lignin removed turns yellow, becomes brittle and deteriorates. When exposed to light and/or heat, the molecules in the acidic paper will break down faster. Acidic wood-pulp paper became commonplace in the late 19th century, and in the 1930s William Barrow (a chemist and librarian) published a report about the deterioration of acidic paper in the libraries. For fear of the gradual disintegration of written materials, measures have since been taken to improve the quality of paper.

During production, acid-free paper may be treated with a mild base (usually calcium or magnesium bicarbonate) to neutralize the natural acids occurring in wood pulp, and it may also be buffered to prevent the formation of additional acids (as may develop from the application of sizing).

The bicarbonate is added in excess, to supply the paper with an alkaline reserve to provide protection from further attack by acids remaining in the paper or supplied by the environment (e.g. atmospheric sulfur dioxide). The bicarbonate during drying loses carbon dioxide and water and is converted to calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate. For paper to last at least 100 years it must have an alkaline reserve of 2 percent or more.

Much commercially produced paper is acid-free but this is largely the result of a shift from kaolin clay to precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as the main filler material in the pulp. PCC reacts with acids and requires the pulp to be chemically neutral or alkaline. The sizing additives mixed into the pulp and/or applied to the surface of the paper must also be acid-free.

Alkaline paper has a life expectancy of over 1,000 years for the best paper and 500 years for average grades. The making of alkaline paper has several other advantages in addition to the preservation benefits afforded to the publications and documents printed on it. Because there are fewer corrosive chemicals used in making alkaline paper, the process is much easier on the machinery, reducing downtime and maintenance and extending machines' useful life. The process is also significantly more environmentally friendly. Waste water and byproducts of the paper making process can be recycled; energy can be saved in the drying and refining process; and alkaline paper can be more easily recycled.

Permanent paper
The company Hercules Incorporated developed the first alkaline sizing in the 1950s that made acid-free paper possible. Despite the advances in paper making and the identification of and concern around the brittle book problem, it took decades before the adoption of ANSI NISO Standard Z39.48-1984 - Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries in 1984. This voluntary standard covered pH value, tear resistance, alkaline reserve, and lignin thresholds for paper to last thousands of years and was developed to encourage the use of acid-free paper in library materials. The development of the initial standard was a result of the work of the Council on Library Resources, which effectively lobbied ANSI to adopt the guidelines.

In 1986, Standards Committee II of NISO was established to expand Z39.48-1984 to develop standards for coated paper, and was again called upon in 1988 to review and revise the standards for uncoated paper.

There are various standards for "acid-free" paper, with differing requirements. In some quarters, slightly-acidic paper having a pH between 6 and 7 is often also considered "acid-free". Acid-free (alkaline) paper that additionally is uncoated and meets certain standards for folding and tearing is authorized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to carry the following notice: "The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992."

The objective of ANSI Z39.48-1992 "is to establish criteria for coated and uncoated paper to last several hundred years" under optimal conditions in libraries and archives. The desired outcome of the standard is to reduce future preservation problems.

The scope of the standard is to cover publications and documents bought and maintained by libraries and archives. Such works include scholarly journals, periodicals, monographs, government documents, original documents, and significant works in fiction and non-fiction.

An equivalent international standard, ISO 9706, was published in 1994.

Manufacturers of acid-free paper can indicate the compliance of their product with the test requirements of the ISO 9706 or ANSI Z39.48-1992 standards using a circled infinity symbol (Unicode code point 267E, ♾).

Archival paper
Archival paper is an especially permanent, durable acid-free paper. Archival paper is meant to be used for publications of high legal, historical, or significant value. In the USA, such paper must also be approved in accordance with the ANSI standards. The international standard for "permanent" paper is ISO 9706 and for "archival" paper, the standard is ISO 11108.

Often, cotton rag paper is used for archival purposes, as it is not made from wood-based pulp. Thus, "archival paper" is sometimes broken down into two categories:
 * Conservation-grade—acid-free, buffered paper made from wood-based pulp.
 * Archival-grade (also Museum-grade)—cotton rag paper made from cotton pulp.

title: Acid-free paper


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SS River Clyde

SS River Clyde was a British collier built by Russell & Co of Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde and completed in March 1905. In the First World War the Admiralty requisitioned her for the Royal Navy and in 1915 she took part in the Gallipoli landings. After the war she was repaired and sold to Spanish owners, with whom she spent a long civilian career trading in the Mediterranean before being scrapped in 1966.

Propulsion
River Clyde had nine corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of 169 sqft that heated three 180 lbf/in2 single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of 6150 sqft to raise steam for her three-cylinder triple expansion engine. The engine was built by J. G. Kincaid & Co. of Greenock and was rated at 374 NHP.

Pre-war service
In February 1909, the River Clyde was towed into Moreton Bay by the Falls of Orchy. The River Clyde had been carrying coal from Newcastle, N.S.W. to Manila. She was on her way back to Newcastle, when she ran out of bunker coal after encountering adverse weather. She had been adrift for 25 hours, after first having used wood from her hold ceiling and bulkheads to fuel her boilers to divert to Moreton Bay and recoal.

A Trojan Horse
During the planning of landings at Gallipoli, Commander Edward Unwin, formerly of the Dryad-class torpedo gunboat HMS Hussar (1894) proposed the use of an anonymous-looking collier as a Trojan Horse, carrying about 2,000 troops, to be run onto V Beach just after the first wave of about 2,000 troops had landed, doubling the number of troops in the first wave. On 12 April 1915 River Clyde was purchased by the Admiralty to be adapted to a landing ship for the joint French and British invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula. She retained her name. Openings were cut in her steel hull as sally ports from which troops would emerge onto broad gangways and then to a steam hopper (a flat-bottomed, shallow-draft boat used to collect spoil from a dredger).

A bridge of three lighters with special covered decks to make a pontoon bridge from the ship to the beach in case the gap between the ship and the lighter was too great, a survey of the beach being impractical. Number 3 Armoured Car Squadron Royal Naval Air Service (Lieutenant-Commander Josiah Wedgwood) was ordered to use 11 of his Maxim guns on the ship. Boiler plate and sandbags were mounted on the fo'c'sle, the upper deck and bridge for the guns. Work began on painting River Clyde's hull sandy yellow as camouflage, but this was incomplete by the time of the landing.

Mudros harbour
By 11 April 1915 River Clyde was in the natural harbour of Mudros on the Aegean island of Lemnos, where French and British ships were assembling in final preparation for the landings. The troops on River Clyde took the opportunity to practise quick disembarkation in full marching order and were issued with a pamphlet containing excerpts from textbooks on landings and combined operations with the Navy. The troop ship HMT Aragon reached Mudros from the Port of Alexandria in Egypt and transferred the 1st Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers and a company of the 1st Royal Dublin Fusiliers (86th Brigade), two companies of the 2nd Battalion, the Hampshire Regiment,, a platoon of the Anson Battalion, the GHQ Signals Section, the Worcestershire Regiment Field Company RE and other detachments of the 88th Brigade, 29th Division to River Clyde.

V Beach
On 25 April 1915 River Clyde sailed to take part in the landing at Cape Helles. She was carrying 2,000 soldiers; mostly from 86th Brigade, units of the 29th Division, the 1st Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers and men from the 2nd Battalion, the Hampshire Regiment, the 1st Battalion, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Unwin beached River Clyde at V Beach beneath the Sedd el Bahr castle, on the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula. The plan failed and the River Clyde, beached under the guns of the Ottoman defenders, became a death trap. Three attempts to land made by companies of Munsters, Royal Dublins and Hampshires were costly failures. Further landing attempts were abandoned and the surviving soldiers waited until nightfall before trying again. Members of River Clyde's crew maintained the footways from the ship to the beach and recovered the wounded.

Subsequent events
After the Helles beach-head was established, V Beach became the base for the French contingent and River Clyde remained beached as a quay and breakwater. Her condensers provided fresh water and her holds became a field dressing station. She remained a constant target for Turkish gunners ashore.

Victoria Cross
Six Victoria Crosses were awarded at V Beach to sailors or men from the Royal Naval Division who had attempted to maintain the bridge of lighters and recover the wounded, including Commander Unwin, Sub-Lieutenant Arthur Tisdall, Able Seaman William Williams, Seaman George Samson and Midshipmen George Drewry and Wilfred Malleson. Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie was awarded a posthumous VC, for leading the attack finally to capture Sedd el Bahr on the morning 26 April, during which William Cosgrove of the 1st Royal Munster Fusiliers was also awarded a VC.

Civilian service
In 1919, River Clyde was refloated by the Ocean Salvage Co. and taken to Malta. The British Government refused a proposal to purchase her to return to the UK for mooring in the River Thames as a monument to the landings because of the cost. She was repaired at Malta and sold in February 1920 to civilian Spanish owners. She operated as a tramp steamer in the Mediterranean, first as Angela and then Maruja y Aurora. Maruja and Aurora were the names of the eldest child of each of the two partners in the company, Gumersindo Junquera Blanco and Vicente Figaredo Herrero. She was seized by Spanish Nationalist forces at Santander in August 1937 and used by the Nationalist navy, during which time she captured the steamship Margarita. She made trips between Santander and Ferrol and carried troops between Gijón and Bilbao. Returned to her former owners 18 months later, she resumed her commercial role; she rescued three British airmen during the Second World War. In 1965 there was an attempt to buy and preserve River Clyde but the British Government were unwilling to purchase her. In 1966 she was sold to Desguaces y Salvamentos S.A. for £42,000; scrapping at Avilés, Spain, commenced on 15 March 1966.

title: SS River Clyde


text:
Pennyrile

Pennyrile may refer to any of the following:
 * the pennyroyal, or European pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium
 * the false or American pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides
 * most commonly, the geographic area of Kentucky named for the plant, and otherwise known as the Pennyroyal Plateau.
 * the Pennyrile Parkway, a Kentucky highway, formerly a toll road, that traverses parts of the plateau and the state's adjacent Western Coal Fields.

title: Pennyrile


text:
Talk:Pulse-density modulation

Unsorted text
I'm not sure if the Perl code belongs in the article. I think it adds a greater understanding of the algorithm that creates pdm so I put it in their. If consensus is that it doesn't belong in the article I would be fine with moving it to the talk page so it would still be accessable to those interested. --Starx 03:22, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The Perl code was very helpful for me.
 * Yet shouldn't the qe be clamped between -1 and 1?
 * I implemented a version in scala which supports higher orders. Perhaps it can be added.
 * def toPdmNew(input: IndexedSeq[Double], oversample_rate: Int, order: Int) = {
 * input.map(sample => (0 until oversample_rate).map(_ => sample)).flatten
 * .scanLeft((0 until order).map(_ => 0.0)){ (acc_prev, x_n) =>
 * val y = ((acc_prev.last >= 0).toInt * 2 - 1)
 * val e = y - acc_prev.last
 * acc_prev.scanLeft(x_n)((n_1, n) => (n_1 + n - y).clamp(-1, 1)).tail
 * }.map(x => (x.last>=0, x.last))
 * }
 * Jaspervb (talk) 22:53, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Jaspervb (talk) 22:53, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Starx asked me to roll back the page history so that it would not contain edit summaries by a vandal which appeared to be hostile and obscene. I couldn't figure out how to do that, so I moved the page elsewhere, then deleted it, then re-created it with the same content. I'm going to research this further, but for now I think this is acceptable for this page. All of the relevant page history consisted of creation and edits by Starx, followed by several cycles of vandalism and reversion. Advice welcome. Dpbsmith 22:14, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and history merged the first few edits back into the page; they were at the title User:Dpbsmith/foo. The actual vandalism seems to have been deleted, but I can find no mention of that operation being carried out at the relevant village pump discussion. It's nowhere near as important as the first few edits of the article, though. Graham 87 15:03, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Does human hearing (or perhaps the nervous system generally?) work this way? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.8.82.204 (talk) 22:30, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * What "way" are you refering to? --Starx 03:53, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Relation with other modulations
Why cannot the PDM be considered as a 1-bit PCM? PCM is also amplitude-proportional (the higher pulses correspond to higher input). Both are lowpass-filtered for restavration. Afterall, the PDM is called a SDM by some and the feature of being proportional to the input is not inherent to DMs. --Javalenok 19:03, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

The article claims that the PDM is a ∑∆ modulation. What is the difference between them? --Javalenok 08:26, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I see no difference between them, and I found a reference that claims that they are the same. --TedPavlic | talk 13:46, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes it is identical to the output of a 1-bit DAC. I added a sentence in the introduction to this effect.86.142.20.148 (talk) 21:23, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

What about PFM modulation (with discrete f steps), I implemented modulation and can not decide which one it is. Maybe page comparing this types of modulation would help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.67.27.58 (talk) 09:45, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

merge
I suggest merging delta-sigma modulation into pulse-density modulation. As far as I can tell, they are exact synonyms. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 15:18, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree that the two names are exact synonyms. My concern is that someone with an interest in delta-sigma analog to digital conversion would no longer find section 1 of the DSM article using a search engine. It may be appropriate to merge the two articles if section 1 is split off as an article on delta-sigma analog to digital conversion with a reference to the pulse density article. The theoretical treatments are sufficiently different that this separation may be in the best interest of the non-specialist enquirer but the breakdown of circuit waveforms given in section 1 may also be of interest to those only interested in the modulation case since the technology is very similar. I say this because none of the treatments for the modulation case I have seen give explicit circuit diagrams with corresponding timing diagrams. This limits the accessability of the discussion to those already familiar with the jargon which somewhat misses the point of an encyclopedia article. Even so I leave that to the people most concerned with discussing modulation techniques.Puffingbilly (talk) 05:52, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

merge

1) PCM refers to pulse-code-modulation and as such is not a modulation scheme. As described above, PCM is amplitude shift keying (though they called it PCM in the early days to keep it similar to AM, FM).

2) after reading the article on sigma-delta modulation (more common terminology than delta-sigma but that's a personal preference thing), the article on DSM is inaccurate as sigma-delta modulation is not an ADC/DAC technology but is used much more widely than that (I recently made a modification to suggest this). SDM produces a PDM output.  A first order PDM signal is spectrally no different that pulse-width modulation (though with a possible variable period).  The sigma-delta modulation page should include this content.  Most of the other page includes implementations which is fine, but that knowledge is missing from the other page.

So conclusion lots of similarity, this page would compact significantly if merged with the other page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rjf ie (talk • contribs) 18:22, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

merge the other way

I also agree that a merge should be made, but I think that it is the pulse-density modulation that should be merged into the delta-sigma modulation article. In the recent research literature (IEEE etc.), the terms sigma-delta or delta-sigma appear much more often than the term pulse-density modulations. Hanspi (talk) 06:34, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Hanspi. Don't merge the more important search topics--sigma-delta and delta-sigma--into a more obscure, roll-up category. Jdonovan43 (talk) 12:26, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

multiplexing of stereo onto a single data wire
Hi Came here trying to understand Akustica Products -
 * pulse density modulation (PDM), a single-bit digital output stream which enables the multiplexing of stereo microphone data onto a single data wire

How? --195.137.93.171 (talk) 07:27, 21 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Interleaved pulses LRLRLRLRLRLRLR
 * Positive and negative pulses ? ie Tri-state bus ?

I added a few words to the article about transmitting PDM stereo audio over a single data wire. Does that answer your question? I also added links to references that go into more detail -- feel free to add more details to this article, if you think it will help our readers.

It's interleaved LRLRLRLRLRLRLR..., just as you suspected.

I worry that the phrase "single data wire" is a little misleading unless the article mentions the other wires -- the master clock wire and the return wire(s).

p.s.: In general, when you want to find out details about a chip, it is often enlightening to read that chip's datasheet. --DavidCary (talk) 04:30, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

Diagram
The modulation diagram is great, perhaps it would be more helpful if the bitstream above it was exactly aligned?

I think it needs to be part of the actual image to avoid scaling mismatches, but that is beyond my ability. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.81.124.137 (talk) 02:55, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pulse-density modulation


text:
User:Rlquall

Please note that this is a Wikipedia user page; if you are viewing it in any other context, you may be connected to an unauthorized "mirror" site which may have been set up for nefarious purposes, such as depositing cookies, spyware, adware, etc., onto your machine.

Intellectual property agreement
I agree to multilicense all my contributions to any state, county, or city article as described below: Rlquall

Basic information
Rlquall is a forty-nine year old (as of this writing) insurance agent and security guard located in Middle Tennessee, who finds working on Wikipedia and learning from it more intellectually stimulating in many ways than he finds selling insurance to be, but, sadly, less remunerative. Major interests include articles relating to sports (particularly former teams and leagues) and religion, but also politics and history.

 * I have now been voted admin "powers", which I did not seek and intend to use very judiciously. (So far they have been used mainly to revert vandalism, an inherent problem in a project of this nature, but something of a necessary evil — if everyone had to be "prequalified" to contribute or edit, we would have missed out on some of the best material in Wikipedia.)  I see adminship as being something of a recognition that Wikipedia is now my main hobby.

title: User:Rlquall


text:
Otisco Lake

Otisco Lake is the easternmost of New York's eleven Finger Lakes. The 2048 acres lake is located in Onondaga County, southwest of the city of Syracuse.

History
Otisco Lake's name may have been derived from the Iroquois name for the lake's outlet, Nine Mile Creek, Us-te-ke, meaning "bitter-nut-hickory". At least one older map, published in 1825, has the name spelled as "Ostisco". The name may also have been derived from the word ostickney, meaning "waters much dried away", or from the Onondaga word ostick, meaning "the water is low".

Prior to European settlement, the lake was used by the Onondaga people for seasonal fishing and hunting, however no permanent settlements were known to exist. After the Revolutionary War, lands surrounding Otisco Lake were given to soldiers as payment for their service in the war. The first house was erected near the head of Otisco Lake by Oliver Tuttle in 1804, in what is today the Town of Otisco.

In 1869, Otisco Lake was made larger with the construction of a dam near the lake's outlet, which enabled the lake to be used as a reservoir for the Erie Canal. The dam's construction raised lake levels by 9 ft, and flooded a road at the southern end of the lake. To re-build the road, a causeway was built out of hemlock logs. The causeway was damaged by storms and allowed to deteriorate before being reconstructed in 1983.

Otisco Lake has been used as a source for public drinking water for residents in the southern and western half of Onondaga County since 1908. In 1909, lake levels were increased by an additional 4 ft when the dam was raised to increase the lake's capacity. Today, the lake's use as a public water supply is managed by the Onondaga County Water Authority. In 2011, Otisco Lake provided 17280000 USgal of water per day.

Description
Otisco Lake is approximately 5.4 mi long and 0.75 mi wide at its widest point. The lake has an average depth of 33 ft and reaches a maximum depth of 66 ft. It has a surface area of 2048 acres and can hold 21 e9USgal of water. The lake's outflow enters first Onondaga Lake via Ninemile Creek and then Lake Ontario via the Seneca and Oswego rivers.

Otisco Lake is located entirely within Onondaga County and is bordered by the towns of Marcellus, Otisco, and Spafford. Its watershed covers 38.7 sqmi of primarily rural land. Forty-two percent of the watershed is agricultural, 33% is forested and 9% is shrubland. Wetlands and open water account for approximately 13% of the watershed. Nearly half of the homes within the lake's watershed are located on or near the lake's shore.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Otisco Lake is affected by nonpoint source pollution from agriculture, residential land use and streambank erosion. Pollution from these sources includes pesticides and fertilizers, sedimentation from erosion and poor tillage practices, and runoff from septic systems, lawns and construction sites. Currently the lake is experiencing severe problems brought on by zebra mussels which were introduced to the lake water via boaters.

Recreation
Closest of the Finger Lakes to the City of Syracuse, the lake is a popular recreational destination in the summer. On the first day of bass season, usually around the end of the second week in June, an annual fishing derby is held.

A county park and a public boat launch are available for public use, and two private boat launches are located along the southeastern portion of the lake.

title: Otisco Lake


text:
Lake Rotoiti

Lake Rotoiti is the name of two lakes in New Zealand:

 * Lake Rotoiti (Bay of Plenty), in the North Island
 * Lake Rotoiti (Tasman), in the South Island

title: Lake Rotoiti


text:
Owasco Lake

Owasco Lake is the sixth largest and third easternmost of the Finger Lakes of New York in the United States.

History
Owasco Lake's name may have been derived from the Iroquois word dwas-co, meaning bridge on the water. The name may also have been derived from the word was-co, meaning floating bridge. Cayuga territory was found between the territory of the Onondaga and Seneca. Jesuits founded missions among the Cayuga in the mid-17th century. In 1660, there were approximately 1,500 Cayuga.

In the nineteenth century, Owasco Lake was a popular vacation spot for the well-to-do. A casino located just north of Cascade hosted guests traveling by rail along the western length of the lake. Vestiges of the railway remain in the swampy waters, but the casino burned down in the early years of the twentieth century. The "indianist" composer Arthur Farwell camped on the east shore in 1899, before assuming his teaching duties at Cornell University, and wrote a set of piano pieces depicting his experience, entitled "Owasco Memories." He included a representation of "The Casino Across the Lake."

Description
Owasco Lake is 11.1 mi long, with a maximum width of 1.3 mi. The lake reaches a maximum depth of 177 ft and has a surface elevation of 712 ft above sea level, controlled by a dam on the lake's outlet. The lake has a volume of 212 e9USgal, and drains a watershed of 208 sqmi.

The city of Auburn is located at the northern end and takes its drinking water from the lake. The lake lies entirely within the boundaries of Cayuga County, and the watershed boundary includes portions of Onondaga County and Tompkins County. Located at the south end of the lake is the hamlet of Cascade, which consists of a community of cottages, a marina, and a restaurant.

Owasco has the largest catchment area, or watershed, of all the Finger Lakes. This means that the land use has a large impact on water quality, and the lake especially vulnerable to nutrient loading from stormwater run-off. It is also downstream from the villages of Moravia and Groton. Sewage treatment effluent from two communities flows into the lake, which is regulated and permitted by the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation.

Owasco Lake and Skaneateles Lake are the only Finger Lakes that have rules and regulations to conserve water quality. The Owasco Lake Watershed Inspection and Protection Division (OLWIPD) enforces the 1984 Owasco Lake Watershed Rules and Regulations and inspects various types of land use to determine compliance. Owasco Lake is in the process of updating their rules and regulations which will provide protections comparable to Skaneateles Lake if passed.

Recreation
Owasco Lake is an excellent recreation spot. Because it is smaller and shallower than many other Finger Lakes, its waters warm up much more quickly, so swimming, water-skiing, and boating are popular. At the lake's northern end is Emerson Park, a county park featuring a beach and boat launch. The lake's northeastern corner is home to the private Owasco Yacht Club, founded in 1889.

Fishing
Fish species present in the lake include lake trout, brown trout, rainbow trout, landlocked salmon, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, northern pike, yellow perch, bluegill, pumpkinseed sunfish, rock bass, black bullhead, pickerel, and walleye. There is access via county owned hard surface boat launch in the park on the north shore for a fee.

title: Owasco Lake


text:
D'Urville River

The D'Urville River is in the South Island of New Zealand.

It lies within the Nelson Lakes National Park and flows north for 26 km between the Ella and Mahanga ranges into Lake Rotoroa. It is one of the smaller rivers in the Buller River system. The river was named after the French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville by Julius von Haast.

Brown and rainbow trout can be fished in the D'Urville River.

A tramping track runs along the river.

title: D'Urville River


text:
Wallet

A wallet is a flat case or pouch, often used to carry small personal items such as physical currency, debit cards, and credit cards; identification documents such as driving licence, identification card, club card; photographs, transit pass, business cards and other paper or laminated cards. Wallets are generally made of fabric or leather, and they are usually pocket-sized and foldable.

Wallets may include a money clip, coin purse, chain fastener, strap, snap, rein, or zipper. There are specialized wallets for holding passports, wearable ID cards, and checkbooks. Some unusual wallets are worn on the wrist or shoe. Wallets may be used as a fashion accessory, or to demonstrate the style, wealth, or social status of the owner.

Etymology
The word originated in the late 14th century, meaning "bag" or "knapsack", from uncertain origin (Norman-French golette (little snout)?), or from similar Germanic word, from the Proto-Germanic term "wall", which means "roll" (from the root "wel", meaning "to turn or revolve." (see for example "knapzak" in Dutch and Frisian). The early usage by Shakespeare described something that we would recognise as more like a backpack today. The modern meaning of "flat case for carrying paper money" is first recorded in 1834 in American English.

The ancient Greek word kibisis, said to describe the pouch carried the god Hermes and the sack in which the mythical hero Perseus carried the severed head of the monster Medusa, has been typically translated as "wallet".

Ancient Greece
The classicist A. Y. Campbell set out to answer the question, "What...in ancient literature, are the uses of a wallet?" He deduced, as a Theocritean scholar, that "the wallet was the poor man's portable larder; or, poverty apart, it was a thing that you stocked with provisions." He found that sometimes a man may be eating out of it directly but the most characteristic references allude to its being "replenished as a store", not in the manner of a lunch basket but more as a survival pack.

Renaissance
Wallets were developed after the introduction of paper currency to the West in the 1600s. (The first paper currency was introduced in the New World by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690.) Prior to the introduction of paper currency, coin purses (usually simple drawstring leather pouches) were used for storing coins. Early wallets were made primarily of cow or horse leather and included a small pouch for printed calling cards.

In recounting the life of the Elizabethan merchant, John Frampton, Lawrence C. Wroth describes the merchant as, "a young English-man of twenty-five years, decently dressed, ..., wearing a sword, and carrying fixed to his belt something he called a 'bowgett' (or budget), that is, a leathern pouch or wallet in which he carried his cash, his book of accounts, and small articles of daily necessity".

19th century
In addition to money or currency, a wallet would also be used for carrying dried meat, victuals, "treasures", and "things not to be exposed". Wallets originally were used by early Industrial Americans. It was considered "semi-civilized" in 19th century America to carry one's wallet on one's belt. At this time, carrying goods or a wallet in one's pocket was considered uncivilized and uncommon.

In Spain, a wallet was a case for smoking paraphernalia: "Every man would carry a small sheaf of white paper in addition to a small leather wallet which would contain a flint and steel along with a small quantity of so-called yesca, being a dried vegetable fibre which a spark would instantly ignite."

20th century–present
The modern bi-fold wallet with multiple "card slots" became standardized in the early 1950s with the introduction of the first credit cards. Some innovations include the introduction of the velcro-closure wallet in the 1970s. Pocket-sized wallets remain popular to this day.

For cryptocurrencies that only exist in cyberspace as entries in some online ledger, a "cryptocurrency wallet" is a computing tool whose purpose is to securely keep the owner’s secret key, to authenticate the owner, and to let the owner sign transactions securely. A "hardware wallet" is a single purpose computer to do this even more safely.

Contemporary examples
Wallets are usually designed to hold banknotes and credit cards and fit into a pocket or handbag. Small cases for securing banknotes which do not have space for credit cards or identification cards may be classified as money clips: this may also be used to describe small cases designed to hold ISO/IEC 7810 cards alone.
 * Breast wallet: Also called a "secretary wallet", this is a wallet in which banknotes are not folded. They are intended for men's breast pocket in a jacket, or for a handbag. Breast wallets will often hold cheques and other monetary documents as they are too large for storage in a pants pocket.
 * Bi-fold wallet: a type of wallet in which the banknotes are folded over once. Credit cards and identification cards may be stored horizontally or vertically.
 * Tri-fold wallet: a wallet with two folds, in which credit cards are generally stored vertically.
 * Front pocket wallet: a case with no currency compartment and very few pockets for cards. Usually banknotes are folded and held in a wallet compartment.
 * Money clip wallet: similar to a front pocket wallet in terms of size, with banknotes usually held in by a clip secured by a strong magnet.
 * Long wallet: a larger wallet typically worn with jeans, fastened by a chain, strap, or leather band. Bills are held flat, and long wallets typically have a coin purse. Popularized by bikers to secure their wallets while riding a motorcycle, smaller chained wallets became popular in 1970s−'80s punk fashion and in the early 1990s with the grunge fashion movement as well as heavy metal fashion. Long wallets are popular with men in cash-based countries like Japan and may reflect Native American aesthetic influence.
 * Wallet band: a type of wallet that uses a continuous elastic band, made of fabric or rubber, to secure cards and/or cash. Wallet bands reduce the bulk of a traditional wallet.
 * Wristlet: a type of wallet that can be secured to the wrist, to keep one's hands free.
 * Travel wallet: used by travelers to hold essential documentation together, such as passports, tickets, boarding passes, foreign currency, traveler's cheques, itinerary, travel insurance, hotel booking information, and other similar items.
 * ID case/neck pouch: thin nylon or leather cases with plastic see-through compartments designed to hold an ID card. Usually worn around the neck, many have extra pockets for holding small items, hence they also function as wallets.
 * Shoewallet: a small pouch attached to a shoe to be used as a wallet. Designed primarily to be worn during exercise.
 * Digital wallet: a computer file for maintaining digital currency.
 * Cryptocurrency wallet: a digital wallet where private keys are stored for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
 * Hardware wallet: a cryptocurrency wallet built as a separate physical device which identifies the owner, and lets the owner sign online transactions in a secure manner.
 * Side by side wallet: divides the contents into two stacks instead of one, so it is half as thick. May be made of very thin fabric. Patented.
 * L-Zip wallet: a rectangular shaped wallet with a zipper that runs along 2 sides of the wallet.
 * Metal wallet: a slim wallet made from metal, usually aluminum or titanium. Can be found combined with other materials such as wood or leather.
 * Credit card holder: a rectangular shaped wallet for holding credit cards.
 * Cardholder zip wallet: a rectangular shaped wallet with a zipper for coins and credit cardholder.
 * Checkbook: a wallet that can hold standard-sized cheques
 * Envelope: a long wallet that has features similar to an envelope with a covering flap.
 * Automatic wallet: a wallet with a mechanism that ejects inserted cards with a button to display them for use. Also known as a pop-up or cascading wallet.
 * Tactical wallet: a functional wallet that incorporates a ruler, small saw, knife, bottle opener, or other tools. It is a thin, wallet-sized multitool, with similarities to a Swiss army knife.
 * RFID blocking wallet: a wallet acting as a faraday cage around proximity-sensing enabled cards. Can block NFC & RFID signals, preventing portable RFID readers from reading sensitive data.

Materials
The traditional material for wallets is leather or fabric, but many other flexible flat sheet materials can be used in their fabrication. Non-woven textiles such as Tyvek are used, sometimes including reuse of waterproof maps printed on that material. Woven metals, such as fine mesh made of copper or stainless steel have been incorporated into wallets that are promoted as having electromagnetic shielding properties to protect against unauthorized scanning of embedded NFC & RFID tags. Do-it-yourself websites such as Instructables feature many projects for making wallets out of materials such as denim, Kevlar, or duct tape.

Regional differences
Some wallets, particularly in Europe where larger value coins are prevalent, contain a coin purse compartment. Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed. As European banknotes, such as euros and pounds, are typically larger than American banknotes in size, they do not fit in some smaller American wallets.

Metaphorical usage

The term wallet is also used as a synecdoche to refer to an individual's overall personal budget. One of the definitions of "syndecdoche", by Sasse, uses a wallet reference as an example of the meaning of the term ("an abbreviated speech in which the containing vessel is mentioned instead of its contents"), such as when a person holds up their wallet to a person asking for money, while saying "here is $100". A wallet is also used as an example in a definition for the related rhetorical device of metonymy: "If we cannot strike offenders in the heart, let us strike them in the wallet."

title: Wallet


text:
Conesus Lake

Conesus Lake is located in Livingston County, New York. Conesus Lake is the westernmost of New York's eleven Finger Lakes. It is located off Interstate 390 about 15 mi south of Interstate 90.

Description
Conesus Lake is 8 mi long, with a maximum depth of 66 ft. It flows south to north, from its inlet in the Town of Conesus to its outlet, Conesus Creek, in Lakeville, a hamlet in the Town of Livonia in Livingston County. Conesus Creek in turn flows into the Genesee River near Avon.

The first steamboat on Conesus Lake was named the "Jessie" launched July 1, 1874, after the Civil War.

In August 2006, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation confirmed that the lake was the first outside the contiguous Great Lakes waterways to be stricken with a new strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), an infectious fish disease responsible for mass die-offs of many species, but not linked to any human health concerns. The disease is spread between waterways through live or frozen bait fish, roe, contaminated fishing equipment or live water wells in boats.

Recreation

On July 3 of each year, the residents of the lake participate in a tradition called the "Ring of Fire", sponsored by the Conesus Lake Association. Participants light road flares around the lake and shoot off fireworks. The festivities typically start at dusk, with approximately 10,000 flares lit at 10:00 PM.

When frozen over in the winter, Conesus Lake is used for snowmobiling and ice fishing.

Fishing
Fish species present in the lake include walleye, northern pike, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, and tiger muskie. To access there is state owned hard surface ramp off East Lake Road, a state owned hand launch access on Pebble Beach Road in the hamlet of Lakeville, a state owned hand launch access on US-20A in the hamlet of Lakeville, or at a car top launch access on the south shore off NY-256.

title: Conesus Lake


text:
Ibn Ezra

Ibn Ezra was the name of a prominent Jewish family from Spain spanning many centuries.

The name ibn Ezra may refer to:
 * Abraham ibn Ezra (1089–1167), Spanish rabbi, man of letters and writer
 * Joseph ibn Ezra (16th–17th centuries), oriental rabbi and Talmudist
 * Judah ben Joseph ibn Ezra (12th century), Spanish chamberlain of the king's court
 * Moses ibn Ezra (11th-century–12th-century), Spanish rabbi, philosopher, linguist, and poet

title: Ibn Ezra