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Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions.

Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico
In the United States and Canada, ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits, called cultural areas. Greenland is part of the Arctic region. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.

Arctic

 * Paleo-Eskimo, prehistoric cultures, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 2500 BCE–1500 CE
 * Arctic small tool tradition, prehistoric culture, 2500 BCE, Bering Strait
 * Pre-Dorset, eastern Arctic, 2500–500 BCE
 * Saqqaq culture, Greenland, 2500–800 BCE
 * Independence I, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 2400–1800 BCE
 * Independence II culture, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 800–1 BCE)
 * Groswater, Labrador and Nunavik, Canada
 * Dorset culture, 500 BCE–1500 CE, Alaska, Canada
 * Aleut (Unangan), Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and Kamchatka Krai, Russia
 * Inuit, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland
 * Thule, proto-Inuit, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 900–1500 CE
 * Birnirk culture, prehistoric Inuit culture, Alaska, 500 CE–900 CE
 * Greenlandic Inuit, Greenland
 * Kalaallit, west Greenland
 * Avanersuarmiut (Inughuit), north Greenland
 * Tunumiit, east Greenland
 * Inuvialuit, western Canadian Arctic
 * Iñupiat, north and northwest Alaska
 * Yupik peoples (Yup'ik), Alaska and Russia
 * Alutiiq (Sugpiaq, Pacific Yupik), Alaska Peninsula, coastal and island areas of south central Alaska
 * Central Alaskan Yup'ik people, west central Alaska
 * Cup'ik, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Alaska
 * Nunivak Cup'ig people (Cup'ig), Nunivak Island, Alaska
 * Siberian Yupik, Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
 * Chaplino
 * Naukan
 * Sirenik, Siberia

Subarctic

 * Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna)
 * Anishinaabe – see also Northeastern Woodlands
 * Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba
 * Ojibwa (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota
 * Atikamekw, Quebec
 * Chipewyan, Alaskan interior, Western Canada
 * Cree, Central and Eastern Canada, North Dakota
 * Dakelh (Carrier), British Columbia
 * Babine, British Columbia
 * Wet'suwet'en, British Columbia
 * Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska
 * Dena’ina (Tanaina), Alaska
 * Dane-zaa (Beaver, Dunneza), Alberta, British Columbia
 * Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheaux), Alaska, Yukon
 * Hän, Alaska, Yukon
 * Holikachuk, Alaska
 * Innu (Montagnais), Labrador, Quebec
 * Kaska (Nahane)
 * Kolchan (Upper Kuskokwim)
 * Koyukon, Alaska
 * Naskapi
 * Sekani
 * Sahtú (North Slavey, Bearlake, Hare, Mountain), Northwest Territories
 * Slavey (Awokanak, Slave, Deh Gah Got'ine, Deh Cho), Alberta, British Columbia
 * Tagish
 * Tahltan
 * Lower Tanana
 * Middle Tanana
 * Upper Tanana
 * Tanacross
 * Tasttine (Beaver)
 * Tli Cho
 * Inland Tlingit
 * Tsetsaut (extinct)
 * Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)
 * Northern Tutchone
 * Southern Tutchone
 * Yellowknives

Pacific Northwest coast

 * Alsea, Oregon
 * Heiltsuk
 * Nuxalk
 * Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
 * Chehalis (Upper and Lower), Washington
 * Chehalis (BC), Fraser Valley
 * Chemakum, Washington (extinct)
 * Chetco – see Tolowa
 * Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco)
 * Clallam – see Klallam
 * Clatsop
 * Comox, Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait
 * Coos, Hanis, Oregon
 * Lower Coquille (Miluk), Oregon
 * Upper Coquille
 * Cowichan, Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait
 * Quwutsun
 * Somena
 * Quamichan
 * Lower Cowlitz, Washington
 * Duwamish, Washington
 * Eyak, Alaska
 * Galice
 * Gitxsan, British Columbia
 * Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset), BC & Alaska
 * Haisla BC North/Central Coast
 * Haihai
 * Kimsquit
 * Kitimaat
 * Heiltsuk BC Central Coast
 * Hoh Washington
 * Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya, Tfalatim, Yamel, Yaquina, Yoncalla), Oregon
 * Central Kalapuya, Oregon
 * Ahantchuyuk
 * Mary's River
 * Lakmiut
 * Mohawk, Oregon
 * Santiam
 * North Kalapuya, Oregon
 * Tfalati (Atfalati)
 * Tualatin
 * Yamhill (Yamel)
 * South Kalapuya (Yonkalla, Yoncalla), Oregon
 * Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown), S'Klallam (Port Gamble))
 * Klickitat
 * Kwalhioqua
 * Kwakwaka'wakw, British Columbia
 * Koskimo
 * 'Namgis
 * Laich-kwil-tach (Euclataws or Yuculta)
 * Lummi, Washington
 * Makah, Washington
 * Muckleshoot, Washington
 * Musqueam, BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver)
 * Nisga'a, British Columbia
 * Nisqually, Washington
 * Nooksack, Washington
 * Nuu-chah-nulth West Coast of Vancouver Island
 * Nuxalk (Bella Coola) – BC Central Coast
 * Oowekeno – see Wuikinuxv
 * Pentlatch, Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait
 * Puyallup, Washington
 * Quileute, Washington
 * Quinault, Washington
 * Rivers Inlet – see Wuikinuxv
 * Rogue River or Upper Illinois (Chasta Costa), Oregon, California
 * Saanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait
 * Samish, Washington
 * Sauk-Suiattle, Washington
 * Sechelt, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh)
 * Shoalwater Bay Tribe, Washington
 * Siletz, Oregon
 * Siuslaw, Oregon
 * Skagit
 * Skokomish, Washington
 * Sliammon, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox)
 * Snohomish
 * Snoqualmie
 * Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo), Vancouver Island
 * Songhees (Songish), Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
 * Sooke, Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
 * Squamish (Skwxwu7mesh), British Columbia
 * Squaxin Island Tribe Washington
 * Spokane Washington
 * Stillaguamish Washington
 * Sto:lo, BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley
 * Kwantlen
 * Katzie
 * Steilacoom, Coast Salish, Puget Sound, Washington (extinct)
 * Suquamish, Washington
 * Swinomish, Washington
 * Tait
 * Takelma Oregon
 * Talio
 * Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon
 * Tlatlasikoala
 * Tlingit, Alaska
 * Tolowa-Tututni, Northern California
 * Tsimshian
 * Tsleil-waututh (Burrard), British Columbia
 * Tulalip, Washington
 * Twana, Washington
 * Tzouk-e (Sooke), Vancouver Island
 * Lower Umpqua, Oregon
 * Upper Umpqua, Oregon
 * Upper Skagit Washington
 * Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno), BC Central Coast

Chinook peoples

 * Clackamas, OR
 * Clatsop, OR
 * Kathlamet (Cathlamet), Washington
 * Multnomah
 * Wasco-Wishram, OR and WA
 * Watlata, WA

Interior Salish

 * Chelan
 * Coeur d'Alene Tribe, ID, MT, WA
 * Entiat, WA
 * Flathead (Selisch or Salish), ID, MT
 * Bitterroot Salish
 * Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles), MT, WA
 * Lower Kalispel, WA
 * Upper Kalispel, MT
 * In-SHUCK-ch, BC (Lower Lillooet)
 * Lil'wat, BC (Lower Lillooet)
 * Methow, WA
 * Nespelem, WA
 * Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BC
 * Nicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy)
 * Sanpoil, WA
 * Secwepemc, BC (Shuswap people)
 * Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WA
 * Sinkayuse (Sinkiuse-Columbia), WA (extinct)
 * Spokane people, WA
 * Syilx (Okanagan), BC, WA
 * St'at'imc, BC (Upper Lillooet)
 * Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WA

Sahaptin people

 * Cowlitz, (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), Washington
 * Klickitat, Washington
 * Nez Perce, Idaho
 * Tenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), Oregon
 * Umatilla, Idaho, Oregon
 * Walla Walla, WA
 * Wanapum, WA
 * Wauyukma
 * Wyam (Lower Deschutes)
 * Yakama, WA

Other or both

 * Cayuse, Oregon, Washington
 * Celilo (Wayampam), Oregon
 * Cowlitz, Washington
 * Kalapuya, northwest Oregon
 * Atfalati (Tualatin, northwest OregonR
 * Mohawk River, northwest Oregon
 * Santiam, northwest Oregon
 * Yaquina, northwest Oregon
 * Klamath, Oregon
 * Kutenai (Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, ID, and MT
 * Lower Snake people: Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam
 * Modoc, formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon
 * Molala (Molale), Oregon
 * Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia
 * Palus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
 * Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan), Washington

Great Plains
Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.

 * Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Northeastern Woodlands)
 * Saulteaux (Nakawē), Manitoba, Minnesota and Ontario; later Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Saskatchewan
 * Odawa people (Ottawa), Ontario, Michigan, later Oklahoma
 * Potawatomi, Michigan, Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later Oklahoma
 * Apache (see also Southwest)
 * Lipan Apache, New Mexico, Texas
 * Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache), Oklahoma
 * Querecho Apache, Texas
 * Arapaho (Arapahoe), formerly Colorado, currently Oklahoma and Wyoming
 * Besawunena
 * Nawathinehena
 * Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North Dakota
 * Atsina (Gros Ventre), Montana
 * Blackfoot
 * Kainai Nation (Káínaa, Blood), Alberta
 * Northern Peigan (Aapátohsipikáni), Alberta
 * Blackfeet, Southern Piegan (Aamsskáápipikani), Montana
 * Siksika (Siksikáwa), Alberta
 * Cheyenne, Montana, Oklahoma
 * Suhtai, Montana, Oklahoma
 * Comanche, Oklahoma, Texas
 * Plains Cree, Montana
 * Crow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana
 * Escanjaques, Oklahoma
 * Hidatsa, North Dakota
 * Iowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
 * Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma
 * Kiowa, Oklahoma
 * Mandan, North Dakota
 * Métis people (Canada), North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
 * Missouri (Missouria), Oklahoma
 * Omaha, Nebraska
 * Osage, Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas, Missouri
 * Otoe (Oto), Oklahoma
 * Pawnee, Oklahoma
 * Chaui, Oklahoma
 * Kitkehakhi, Oklahoma
 * Pitahawirata, Oklahoma
 * Skidi, Oklahoma
 * Ponca, Nebraska, Oklahoma
 * Quapaw, formerly Arkansas, Oklahoma
 * Sioux
 * Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
 * Santee, Nebraska
 * Yankton, South Dakota
 * Yanktonai, formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota
 * Lakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan
 * Sičháŋǧu (Brulé, Burned Thighs)
 * Oglála (Scatters Their Own)
 * Itázipčho (Sans Arc, No Bows)
 * Húŋkpapȟa (Hunkpapa)
 * Mnikȟówožu (Miniconjou)
 * Sihásapa (Blackfoot Sioux)
 * Oóhenuŋpa (Two Kettles)
 * Nakoda (Stoney), Alberta
 * Nakota, Assiniboine (Assiniboin), Montana, Saskatchewan
 * Teyas, Texas
 * Tonkawa, Oklahoma
 * Tsuu T’ina, (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), Alberta
 * Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Kitikiti'sh), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
 * Kichai (also related to the Caddo), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
 * Taovayas (Tawehash), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
 * Tawakoni, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
 * Waco (Iscani, Yscani), Oklahoma, formerly Texas
 * Wichita proper, Guichita, Rayados, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas

Northeastern Woodlands

 * Abenaki (Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and Vermont
 * Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire
 * Kennebec (Caniba), Maine
 * Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont
 * Annamessex, Annemessex, formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland
 * Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Plains)
 * Algonquin, Quebec, Ontario
 * Nipissing, Ontario
 * Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Dakota
 * Mississaugas, Ontario
 * Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario
 * Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario; later Oklahoma
 * Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, Wisconsin; later Kansas and Oklahoma
 * Accomac people, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia
 * Accohannock, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia
 * Gingaskin, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia

 * Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
 * Assateague, formerly Maryland
 * Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy), formerly Ontario
 * Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland
 * Chowanoc, Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina
 * Choptank people, formerly Maryland
 * Conoy, Virginia, Maryland
 * Fort Ancient culture (1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia
 * Erie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York
 * Etchemin, formerly Maine
 * Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska
 * Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia
 * Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CE
 * Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts and New York
 * Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri
 * Cahokia, formerly Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, currently Oklahoma
 * Kaskaskia, formerly Wisconsin, currently Oklahoma
 * Miami, formerly Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, currently Oklahoma
 * Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), currently Ontario, Quebec, and New York
 * Cayuga, currently New York, Ontario, and Oklahoma
 * Mohawk, New York, Ontario, and Quebec
 * Oneida, New York, Ontario, and Wisconsin
 * Onondaga, New York, Ontario
 * Seneca, New York, Ontario, and Oklahoma
 * Mingo, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
 * Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, currently New York and Ontario
 * Kickapoo, formerly Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri; currently Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico
 * Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CE
 * Lenni Lenape (Delaware), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; currently Ontario, Wisconsin and Oklahoma
 * Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York; currently Wisconsin
 * Canarsie (Canarsee), formerly Long Island New York
 * Esopus, formerly New York, later Ontario and Wisconsin
 * Hackensack, formerly New York
 * Haverstraw (Rumachenanck), New York
 * Kitchawank (Kichtawanks, Kichtawank), New York
 * Minisink, formerly New York
 * Navasink, formerly north shore of New Jersey
 * Sanhican (Raritan), formerly Monmouth County, New Jersey
 * Sinsink (Sintsink), formerly Westchester County, New York
 * Siwanoy, formerly New York and Connecticut
 * Tappan, formerly New York
 * Waoranecks
 * Wappinger (Wecquaesgeek, Nochpeem), formerly New York
 * Warranawankongs
 * Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York
 * Wisquaskeck (Raritan), formerly Westchester County, New York
 * Unami-speaking subgroups
 * Acquackanonk, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey
 * Okehocking, formerly southeast Pennsylvania
 * Unalachtigo, formerly Delaware, New Jersey
 * Mahican (Stockbridge Mahican) formerly Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont
 * Manahoac, Virginia
 * Mascouten, formerly Michigan
 * Massachusett, formerly Massachusetts
 * Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts
 * Meherrin, Virginia, North Carolina
 * Menominee, Wisconsin
 * Meskwaki (Fox), formerly Michigan, currently Iowa
 * Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine
 * Mohegan, Connecticut
 * Monacan, Virginia
 * Montaukett (Montauk), New York
 * Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
 * Nansemond, Virginia
 * Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland
 * Narragansett, Rhode Island
 * Niantic, coastal Connecticut
 * Nipmuc (Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island
 * Nottaway, Virginia
 * Occaneechi (Occaneechee), Virginia,
 * Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, and Maine
 * Patuxent, Maryland
 * Paugussett, Connecticut
 * Potatuck, New York
 * Peoria, Illinois, currently Oklahoma
 * Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
 * Moingona, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
 * Tamaroa, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
 * Wea, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma
 * Pennacook tribe, formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire
 * Penobscot, Maine
 * Pequot, Connecticut
 * Petun (Tionontate), Ontario
 * Piscataway, Maryland
 * Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts
 * Podunk, formerly New York, eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
 * Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia
 * Appomattoc, Virginia
 * Arrohateck, Virginia
 * Chesapeake, Virginia
 * Chesepian, Virginia
 * Chickahominy, Virginia
 * Kiskiack, Virginia
 * Mattaponi, Virginia
 * Nansemond, Virginia
 * Paspahegh, Virginia
 * Potomac (Patawomeck), Virginia
 * Powhatan, Virginia
 * Pamunkey, Virginia

 * Quinnipiac, Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey
 * Rappahannock, Virginia
 * Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario
 * Sauk (Sac), formerly Michigan, currently Iowa, Oklahoma
 * Schaghticoke, western Connecticut
 * Shawnee, formerly Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, currently Oklahoma
 * Shinnecock, Long Island, New York
 * Stegarake, formerly Virginia
 * Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia
 * Conestoga (Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia
 * Tauxenent (Doeg), Virginia
 * Tunxis (Massaco), Connecticut
 * Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
 * Tutelo (Nahyssan), Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario
 * Unquachog (Poospatuck), Long Island, New York
 * Wabanaki, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec
 * Wampanoag, Massachusetts
 * Nauset, Massachusetts
 * Patuxet, Massachusetts
 * Pokanoket, formerly Massachusetts, Rhode Island
 * Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut
 * Wawyachtonoc, formerly Connecticut, New York
 * Weapemeoc, formerly northern North Carolina
 * Wenro, formerly New York
 * Wicocomico, formerly Maryland, Virginia
 * Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec
 * Wyandot (Huron), Ontario south of Georgian Bay, later Kansas and Michigan, and currently Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec

Southeastern Woodlands
Most of these no longer exist as tribes.

 * Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi
 * Ais, eastern coastal Florida
 * Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida
 * Amacano, Florida west coast
 * Apalachee, northwestern Florida
 * Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast
 * Akokisa, Texas southeast coast
 * Bidai, Texas southeast coast
 * Deadose, eastern Texas
 * Eastern Atakapa, western coastal Louisiana
 * Orcoquiza, southeast Texas
 * Patiri, eastern Texas
 * Tlacopsel, southeast Texas
 * Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana
 * Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana
 * Biloxi, formerly Mississippi, currently Louisiana
 * Caddo Confederacy, formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, currently Oklahoma
 * Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas
 * Cahinnio, southern Arkansas
 * Doustioni, north central Louisiana
 * Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas
 * Hainai, eastern Texas
 * Hasinai, eastern Texas
 * Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana
 * Nabedache, eastern Texas
 * Nabiti, eastern Texas
 * Nacogdoche, eastern Texas
 * Nacono, eastern Texas
 * Nadaco, eastern Texas
 * Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas
 * Nasoni, eastern Texas
 * Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas
 * Neche, eastern Texas
 * Nechaui, eastern Texas
 * Ouachita, northern Louisiana
 * Tula, western Arkansas
 * Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana
 * Calusa, southwestern Florida
 * Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast
 * Capinan (Capina, Moctobi), Mississippi
 * Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa), North Carolina, currently South Carolina
 * Chacato (Chatot, Chactoo), Florida panhandle, later southern Alabama and Mississippi, then Louisiana
 * Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi, merged into Chickasaw, currently Oklahoma
 * Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana
 * Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
 * Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma
 * Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
 * Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi, currently Oklahoma
 * Chicora, coastal South Carolina
 * Chine, Florida
 * Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia later in Florida
 * Chitimacha, currently Louisiana
 * Choctaw, formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi, Louisiana, and Oklahoma
 * Chowanoc (Chowanoke), North Carolina
 * Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina
 * Coree, North Carolina
 * Croatan, North Carolina
 * Cusabo, coastal South Carolina
 * Eno, North Carolina
 * Grigra (Gris), Mississippi
 * Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida
 * Guacozo, Florida
 * Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia
 * Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast
 * Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi
 * Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida
 * Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
 * Jororo, Florida interior
 * Keyauwee, North Carolina
 * Koasati (Coushatta), formerly eastern Tennessee, currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
 * Koroa, Mississippi
 * Luca, southwestern Florida coast
 * Lumbee, currently North Carolina
 * Machapunga, North Carolina
 * Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys
 * Mayaca, Florida
 * Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida
 * Mayajuaca, Florida
 * Mikasuki (Miccosukee), currently Florida
 * Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
 * Mocoso, western Florida
 * Mougoulacha, Mississippi
 * Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and Alabama
 * Abihka, Alabama, currently Oklahoma
 * Alabama, formerly Alabama, southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi, currently Oklahoma and Texas
 * Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama, later Texas
 * Apalachicola Province, (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia
 * Apalachicola (town), Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina
 * Hitchiti, Alabama and Georgia
 * Oconee, Alabama and Georgia
 * Sabacola (Sawakola, Sabacôla, Savacola, Sawokli), Alabama and Georgia
 * Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama
 * Eufaula tribe, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
 * Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, currently Oklahoma
 * Osochee (Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama
 * Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama
 * Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
 * Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama
 * Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
 * Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi currently Oklahoma
 * Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina
 * Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE
 * Mosopelea (Ofo), Arkansas and Mississippi, eastern Tennessee, currently Louisiana
 * Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama
 * Okelousa, Louisiana
 * Opelousas, Louisiana
 * Pacara, Florida
 * Pamlico, North Carolina
 * Pascagoula, Mississippi coast
 * Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina and North Carolina
 * Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama
 * Potoskeet, North Carolina
 * Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi
 * Roanoke, North Carolina
 * Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina
 * Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina
 * Santa Luces, Florida
 * Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario
 * Saura, North Carolina
 * Saxapahaw (Sissipahaw, Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina
 * Secotan, North Carolina
 * Seminole, currently Florida and Oklahoma
 * Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast
 * Shakori, North Carolina
 * Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina, possibly Virginia
 * Sissipahaw, North Carolina
 * Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina
 * Surruque, east-central Florida
 * Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
 * Taensa, Mississippi
 * Taposa, Mississippi
 * Tawasa, Alabama
 * Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida
 * Timucua, Florida and Georgia
 * Acuera, central Florida
 * Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida
 * Arapaha, north-central Florida and south-central Georgia?
 * Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia
 * Icafui (Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia
 * Mocama (Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia
 * Northern Utina north-central Florida
 * Ocale, central Florida
 * Oconi, interior southeast Georgia
 * Potano, north-central Florida
 * Saturiwa, northeast Florida
 * Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia
 * Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida
 * Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast-central Florida
 * Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia
 * Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia
 * Yustaga, north-central Florida
 * Taposa, Mississippi
 * Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi
 * Tocaste, Florida
 * Tocobaga, Florida
 * Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
 * Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
 * Topachula, Florida
 * Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi, currently Louisiana
 * Utiza, Florida
 * Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida
 * Vicela, Florida
 * Viscaynos, Florida
 * Waccamaw, North Carolina, South Carolina
 * Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina
 * Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina
 * Westo, Virginia and South Carolina, extinct
 * Winyaw, South Carolina coast
 * Woccon, North Carolina
 * Yamasee, Florida, Georgia
 * Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi
 * Yuchi (Euchee), central Tennessee, later northwest Georgia, currently Oklahoma

Great Basin

 * Ahwahnechee, Yosemite Valley, California
 * Bannock, Idaho
 * Southern Paiute, Arizona, Nevada, Utah
 * Chemehuevi, southeastern California
 * Kaibab, northwestern Arizona
 * Kaiparowtis, southwestern Utah
 * Moapa, southern Nevada
 * Panaca
 * Panguitch, Utah
 * Paranigets, southern Nevada
 * Shivwits, southwestern Utah
 * Coso People, of Coso Rock Art District in the Coso Range, Mojave Desert California
 * Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah
 * Kawaiisu, southern inland California
 * Mono, southeastern California
 * Eastern Mono, southeastern California
 * Western Mono or Owens Valley Paiute, eastern California and Nevada
 * Northern Paiute, eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho
 * Kucadikadi, Mono Lake Paiute, Mono Lake, California

 * Shoshone (Shoshoni), California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming
 * Eastern Shoshone people:
 * Guchundeka', Kuccuntikka, Buffalo Eaters
 * Tukkutikka, Tukudeka, Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone
 * Boho'inee', Pohoini, Pohogwe, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People
 * Northern Shoshone, Idaho
 * Agaideka, Salmon Eaters, Lemhi, Snake River and Lemhi River Valley
 * Doyahinee', Mountain people
 * Kammedeka, Kammitikka, Jack Rabbit Eaters, Snake River, Great Salt Lake
 * Hukundüka, Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters, Wild Wheat Eaters, possibly synonymous with Kammitikka
 * Tukudeka, Dukundeka', Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters), Sawtooth Range, Idaho
 * Yahandeka, Yakandika, Groundhog Eaters, lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser Rivers
 * Western Shoshone people:
 * Kusiutta, Goshute (Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah
 * Cedar Valley Goshute
 * Deep Creek Goshute
 * Rush Valley Goshute
 * Skull Valley Goshute, Wipayutta, Weber Ute
 * Tooele Valley Goshute
 * Trout Creek Goshute
 * Kuyatikka, Kuyudikka, Bitterroot Eaters, Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada
 * Mahaguadüka, Mentzelia Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada
 * Painkwitikka, Penkwitikka, Fish Eaters, Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah
 * Pasiatikka, Redtop Grass Eaters, Deep Creek Gosiute, Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley
 * Tipatikka, Pinenut Eaters, northernmost band
 * Tsaiduka, Tule Eaters, Railroad Valley, Nevada
 * Tsogwiyuyugi, Elko, Nevada
 * Waitikka, Ricegrass Eaters, Ione Valley, Nevada
 * Watatikka, Ryegrass Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada
 * Wiyimpihtikka, Buffalo Berry Eaters

 * Timbisha, aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern California
 * Ute, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico
 * Capote, southeastern Colorado and New Mexico
 * Moanunts, Salina, Utah
 * Muache, south and central Colorado
 * Pahvant, western Utah
 * Sanpits, central Utah
 * Timpanogots, north central Utah
 * Uintah, Utah
 * Uncompahgre or Taviwach, central and northern Colorado
 * Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico
 * White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah
 * Washo, Nevada and California
 * Palagewan
 * Pahkanapil

California
Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.

 * Achomawi, Achumawi, Pit River tribe, northeastern California
 * Atsugewi, northeastern California
 * Cahuilla, southern California
 * Chumash, coastal southern California
 * Barbareño
 * Cruzeño, Island Chumash
 * Inezeño, Ineseño
 * Obispeño, Northern Chumash
 * Purisimeño
 * Ventureño
 * Chilula, northwestern California
 * Chimariko, extinct, northwestern California
 * Cupeño, southern California
 * Eel River Athapaskan peoples
 * Lassik, northwestern California
 * Mattole (Bear River), northwestern California
 * Nongatl, northwestern California
 * Sinkyone, northwestern California
 * Wailaki, Wai-lakki, northwestern California
 * Esselen, west-central California
 * Hupa, northwestern California
 * Tsnungwe
 * Juaneño, Acjachemem, southwestern California
 * Karok, northwestern California
 * Kato, Cahto, northwestern California
 * Kitanemuk, south-central California
 * Konkow, northern-central California
 * Kumeyaay, Diegueño, Kumiai
 * Ipai, southwestern California
 * Jamul, southwestern California
 * Tipai, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico
 * La Jolla complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE
 * Luiseño, southwestern California
 * Maidu, northeastern California
 * Konkow, northern California
 * Mechoopda, northern California
 * Nisenan, Southern Maidu, northern California
 * Miwok, Me-wuk, central California
 * Coast Miwok, west-central California
 * Lake Miwok, west-central California
 * Valley and Sierra Miwok
 * Monache, Western Mono, central California
 * Nisenan, eastern-central California
 * Nomlaki, northwestern California
 * Ohlone, Costanoan, west-central California
 * Awaswas
 * Chalon
 * Chochenyo
 * Karkin
 * Mutsun
 * Ramaytush
 * Rumsen
 * Tamyen
 * Yelamu
 * Patwin, central California
 * Suisun, Southern Patwin, central California
 * Pauma Complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE
 * Pomo, northwestern and central-western California
 * Salinan, coastal central California
 * Antoniaño
 * Migueleño
 * Serrano, southern California
 * Shasta northwestern California
 * Konomihu, northwestern California
 * Okwanuchu, northwestern California
 * Tataviam, Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California
 * Tolowa, northwestern California
 * Tongva, Gabrieleño, Fernandeño, San Clemente tribe, coastal southern California
 * Tubatulabal, south-central California
 * Wappo, north-central California
 * Whilkut, northwestern California
 * Wintu, northwestern California
 * Wiyot, northwestern California
 * Yana, northern-central California
 * Yahi
 * Yokuts, central and southern California
 * Chukchansi, Foothill Yokuts, central California
 * Northern Valley Yokuts, central California
 * Tachi tribe, Southern Valley Yokuts, south-central California
 * Yuki, Ukomno'm, northwestern California
 * Huchnom, northwestern California
 * Yurok, northwestern California

Southwest
This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua, and Sonora

 * Southern Athabaskan
 * Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma
 * Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico
 * Lipan Apache, New Mexico, formerly Texas
 * Mescalero Apache, New Mexico
 * Navajo (Diné), Arizona and New Mexico
 * San Carlos Apache, Arizona
 * Tonto Apache, Arizona
 * Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona
 * White Mountain Apache, Arizona
 * Comecrudo, Tamaulipas
 * Cotoname (Carrizo de Camargo)
 * Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New Mexico
 * Halchidhoma, Arizona and California
 * Hualapai, Arizona
 * Havasupai, Arizona
 * Hohokam, formerly Arizona
 * Karankawa, formerly Texas
 * Copano, formerly Texas
 * La Junta, Texas, Chihuahua
 * Mamulique, Texas, Nuevo León
 * Manso, Texas, Chihuahua
 * Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada
 * O'odham, Arizona, Sonora
 * Ak Chin, Arizona
 * Akimel O'odham (formerly Pima), Arizona
 * Tohono O'odham, Arizona and Mexico
 * Qahatika, Arizona
 * Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham, Arizona and Mexico
 * Piipaash (Maricopa), Arizona
 * Pima Bajo
 * Pueblo peoples, Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas
 * Ancestral Pueblo, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah
 * Hopi-Tewa (Arizona Tewa, Hano), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt
 * Hopi, Arizona
 * Keres people, New Mexico
 * Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Kewa Pueblo (formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo), New Mexico
 * Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico
 * San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Zia Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Tewa people, New Mexico
 * Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo), New Mexico
 * Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico
 * San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Tiwa people, New Mexico
 * Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo), Texas
 * Piro Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Tompiro, formerly New Mexico
 * Towa people
 * Jemez Pueblo (Walatowa), New Mexico
 * Pecos (Ciquique) Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Zuni people (Ashiwi), New Mexico
 * Quechan (Yuma), Arizona and California
 * Quems, formerly Coahuila and Texas
 * Solano, Coahuila, Texas
 * Tamique (Aranama), formerly Texas
 * Toboso, Chihuahua and Coahuila
 * Walapai, Arizona
 * Yaqui (Yoreme), Arizona, Sonora
 * Yavapai, Arizona
 * Tolkapaya (Western Yavapai), Arizona
 * Yavapé (Northwestern Yavapai), Arizona
 * Kwevkapaya (Southeastern Yavapai), Arizona
 * Wipukpa (Northeastern Yavapai), Arizona

Mexico and Mesoamerica
The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.

Aridoamerica

 * Acaxee
 * Aranama (Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Chariname, Xaraname, Taraname), southeast Texas
 * Coahuiltecan, Texas, northern Mexico
 * Chichimeca
 * Caxcan (Caxcane)
 * Guachichil
 * Guamare
 * Pame
 * Tecuexe
 * Zacatec
 * Cochimí, Baja California
 * Cocopa, Arizona, northern Mexico
 * Garza, Texas, northern Mexico
 * Guachimontone
 * Guamare
 * Guaycura, Baja California
 * Guarijío, Huarijío, Chihuahua, Sonora
 * Huichol (Wixáritari), Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango
 * Kiliwa, Baja California
 * Mayo, Sonora and Sinaloa
 * Monqui, Baja California
 * Paipai, Akwa'ala, Kw'al, Baja California
 * Opata
 * Otomi, central Mexico
 * Patiri, southeastern Texas
 * Pericúe, Baja California
 * Pima Bajo
 * Seri
 * Tarahumara
 * Tepecano
 * Tepehuán
 * Terocodame, Texas and Mexico
 * Codam
 * Hieroquodame
 * Oodame
 * Perocodame
 * Teroodame
 * Teuchitlan tradition
 * Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition
 * Yaqui, Sonora and now southern Arizona
 * Zacateco

Mesoamerica

 * Nahua, Guatemala and Mexico
 * Alaguilac, Guatemala
 * Cora people
 * Huastec
 * Huave (Wabi), Juchitán District, Oaxaca
 * Lenca
 * Maya, Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico
 * Itzá, Petén Department, Guatemala
 * Lacandon
 * Mopan, Belize, Guatemala
 * Yucatec (Maya proper)
 * Achi, Guatemala
 * Akatek, Guatemala
 * Ch'ol
 * Ch'orti', southeastern Guatemala, northwestern Honduras, and northern El Salvador
 * Ixil, El Quiché, Guatemala
 * Jacaltec (Jakaltek), northwestern Guatemala
 * K'iche' (Quiché), El Salvador and Guatemala
 * Kaqchikel
 * Kekchi
 * Mam
 * Poqomam
 * Tojolabales
 * Tzotzil
 * Tzeltal
 * Tz'utujil
 * Mazatec
 * Mixtec
 * Olmec
 * Otomi
 * Pipil
 * Purépecha, also known as Tarascan
 * Tlapanec
 * Xinca
 * Zapotec
 * Toltec (900–1168 CE), Tula, Hildago

Circum-Caribbean
Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians.

Caribbean
Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago.

 * Arawak
 * Taino, Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles
 * Lucayan, Bahamas
 * Igneri, Lesser Antilles, 400–1000 CE
 * Nepoya, Trinidad
 * Suppoya, Trinidad
 * Caquetio, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Venezuela
 * Carib, Lesser Antilles
 * Kalinago, Dominica
 * Garifuna ("Black Carib"), Originally Dominica and Saint Vincent, currently Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua
 * Ciboney, Greater Antilles, c. 1000–300 BCE
 * Guanahatabey (Guanajatabey), Cuba, 1000 BCE
 * Ciguayo, Hispaniola
 * Ortoiroid, c. 5500–200 BCE
 * Coroso culture, Puerto Rico, 1000 BCE–200 CE
 * Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500–200 BCE
 * Saladoid culture, 500 BCE–545 CE

Central America
The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador.

 * Bagaces, Costa Rica
 * Bokota, Panama
 * Boruca, Costa Rica
 * Bribri, Costa Rica
 * Cabécar, Costa Rica
 * Cacaopera (Matagalpa, Ulua), formerly El Salvador
 * Cayada, Ecuador
 * Changuena, Panama
 * Embera-Wounaan (Chocó, Wounaan), Colombia, Panama
 * Choluteca, Honduras
 * Coiba, Costa Rica
 * Coito, Costa Rica
 * Corobici, Costa Rica
 * Desaguadero, Costa Rica
 * Dorasque, Panama
 * Guatuso, Costa Rica
 * Guaymí, Panama
 * Movere, Panama
 * Murire, Panama
 * Guetar, Costa Rica
 * Kuna (Guna), Panama and Colombia
 * Lenca, Honduras and El Salvador
 * Mangue, Nicaragua
 * Maribichocoa, Honduras and Nicaragua
 * Miskito, Hondrus, Nicaragua
 * Miskito Sambu
 * Tawira Miskito
 * Nagrandah, Nicaragua
 * Ngöbe Buglé, Bocas del Toro, Panama
 * Nicarao, Nicaragua
 * Nicoya, Costa Rica
 * Orotiña, Costa Rica
 * Paparo, Panama
 * Paya, Honduras
 * Pech, northeastern Honduras
 * Piria, Nicaragua
 * Poton, Honduras and El Salvador
 * Quepo, Costa Rica
 * Rama, Nicaragua
 * Sigua, Panama
 * Subtiaba, Nicaragua
 * Suerre, Costa Rica
 * Sumo (Mayagna), Honduras and Nicaragua
 * Terraba (Naso, Teribe, Tjër Di), Panama
 * Tojar, Panama
 * Tolupan (Jicaque), Honduras
 * Ulva, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua
 * Voto, Costa Rica
 * Yasika, Nicaragua

Colombia and Venezuela
The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.

 * Abibe, northwestern Colombia
 * Aburrá, central Colombia
 * Achagua (Axagua), eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
 * Agual, western Colombia
 * Amaní, central Colombia
 * Ancerma, western Colombia
 * Andaqui (Andaki), Huila Department, Colombia
 * Andoque, Andoke, southeastern Colombia
 * Antiochia, Colombia
 * Arbi, western Colombia
 * Arma, western Colombia
 * Atunceta, western Colombia
 * Auracana, northeastern Colombia
 * Buriticá, western Colombia
 * Caquetio, western Venezuela
 * Calamari, northwestern Colombia
 * Calima culture, western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE
 * Caramanta, western Columbia
 * Carate, northeastern Colombia
 * Carare, northeastern Colombia
 * Carex, northwestern Colombia
 * Cari, western Colombia
 * Carrapa, western Colombia
 * Cartama, western Colombia
 * Cauca, western Colombia
 * Corbago, northeastern Colombia
 * Cosina, northeastern Colombia
 * Catio, northwestern Colombia
 * Cenú, northwestern Colombia
 * Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia
 * Chanco, western Colombia
 * Coanoa, northeastern Colombia
 * Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela
 * Cuica, western Venezuela
 * Cumanagoto, eastern Venezuela
 * Evéjito, western Colombia
 * Fincenú, northwestern Colombia
 * Gorrón, western Colombia
 * Guahibo (Guajibo), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela
 * Guambía, western Colombia
 * Guanes, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture
 * Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia
 * Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia
 * Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela
 * Jamundí, western Colombia
 * Kari'ña, eastern Venezuela
 * Kogi, northern Colombia
 * Lile, western Colombia
 * Lache, central Colombia
 * Mariche, central Venezuela
 * Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
 * Mompox, northwestern Colombia
 * Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
 * Naura, central Colombia
 * Nauracota, central Colombia
 * Noanamá (Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama
 * Nutabé, northwestern Colombia
 * Opón, northeastern Colombia
 * Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia
 * Pancenú, northwestern Colombia
 * Patángoro, central Colombia
 * Paucura, western Colombia
 * Pemed, northwestern Colombia
 * Pequi people, western Colombia
 * Picara, western Colombia
 * Pozo, western Colombia
 * Pumé (Yaruro), Venezuela
 * Quimbaya, central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE
 * Quinchia, western Colombia
 * Sutagao, central Colombian
 * Tahamí, northwestern Colombia
 * Tairona, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE
 * Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia
 * Mariche, central Venezuela
 * Timba, western Colombia
 * Timote, western Venezuela
 * Tinigua, Caquetá Department, Colombia
 * Tolú, northwestern Colombia
 * Toro, western Colombia
 * Tupe, northeastern Colombia
 * Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia
 * Urabá, northwestern Colombia
 * Urezo, northwestern Colombia
 * U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
 * Waikerí, eastern Venezuela
 * Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
 * Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia
 * Yamicí, northwestern Colombia
 * Yapel, northwestern Colombia
 * Yarigui, northeastern Colombia
 * Yukpa, Yuko, northeastern Colombia
 * Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia
 * Zendagua, northwestern Colombia
 * Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE
 * Zopia, western Colombia

Guianas
This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil.

 * Acawai (6N 60W)
 * Acokwa (3N 53W)
 * Acuria (Akurio, Akuriyo), 5N 55W, Suriname
 * Akawaio, Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
 * Amariba (2N 60W)
 * Amicuana (2N 53W)
 * Apalaí (Apalai), Amapá, Brazil
 * Apirua (3N 53W)
 * Apurui (3N 53W)
 * Aracaret (4N 53W)
 * Aramagoto (2N 54W)
 * Aramisho (2N 54W)
 * Arebato (7N 65W)
 * Arekena (2N 67W)
 * Arhuaco, northeastern Colombia
 * Arigua
 * Arinagoto (4N 63W)
 * Arua (1N 50W)
 * Aruacay, Venezuela
 * Atorai (2N 59W)
 * Atroahy (1S 62W)
 * Auaké, Brazil and Guyana
 * Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
 * Baraüana (1N 65W)
 * Bonari (3S 58W)
 * Baré (3N 67W)
 * Caberre (4N 71 W)
 * Cadupinago
 * Cariaya (1S 63 W)
 * Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela
 * Carinepagoto, Trinidad
 * Chaguan, Venezuela
 * Chaima, Venezuela
 * Cuaga, Venezuela
 * Cuacua, Venezuela
 * Cumanagoto, Venezuela
 * Guayano, Venezuela
 * Guinau (4N 65W)
 * Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil
 * Hodï, Venezuela
 * Inao (4N 65W)
 * Ingarikó, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
 * Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
 * Kali'na, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela
 * Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela
 * Macapa (2N 59W)
 * Macushi, Brazil and Guyana
 * Maipure (4N 67W)
 * Maopityan (2N 59W)
 * Mapoyo (Mapoye), Venezuela
 * Marawan (3N 52W)
 * Mariusa, Venezuela
 * Marourioux (3N 53W)
 * Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
 * Orealla, Guyana
 * Palengue, Venezuela
 * Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana
 * Parauana (2N 63W)
 * Parauien (3S 60W)
 * Pareco, Venezuela
 * Paria, Venezuela
 * Patamona, Roraima, Brazil
 * Pauishana (2N 62W)
 * Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
 * Piapoco (3N 70W)
 * Piaroa, Venezuela
 * Pino (3N 54W)
 * Piritú, Venezuela
 * Purui (2N 52W)
 * Saliba (Sáliva), Venezuela
 * Sanumá, Venezuela, Brazil
 * Shebayo, Trinidad
 * Sikiana (Chikena, Xikiyana), Brazil, Suriname
 * Tagare, Venezuela
 * Tamanaco, Venezuela
 * Tarumá (3S 60W)
 * Tibitibi, Venezuela
 * Tiriyó (Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname
 * Tocoyen (3N 53W)
 * Tumuza, Venezuela
 * Wai-Wai, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana
 * Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana
 * Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela
 * Wayana (Oyana), Pará, Brazil
 * Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil
 * Ye'kuana, Venezuela, Brazil

Eastern Brazil
This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil

 * Apinajé (Apinaye Caroyo), Rio Araguiaia
 * Arara, Pará
 * Atikum, Bahia and Pernambuco
 * Bororo, Mato Grosso
 * Botocudo (Lakiãnõ)
 * Carijo Guaraní
 * East Brazilian tradition, Precolumbian culture
 * Guató (Guato), Mato Grosso
 * Kadiwéu (Guaicuru), Mato Grosso do Sul
 * Kaingang
 * Karajá (Iny, Javaé), Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins
 * Kaxixó, Minas Gerais
 * Kayapo (Cayapo, Mebêngôkre), Mato Grosso and Pará
 * Laklãnõ, Santa Catarina
 * Mehim (Krahô, Crahao), Rio Tocantins
 * Ofayé, Mato Grosso do Sul
 * Parakatêjê (Gavião), Pará
 * Pataxó, Bahia
 * Potiguara (Pitigoares), Ceará
 * Tabajara, Ceará
 * Tapirapé (Tapirape)
 * Terena, Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
 * Tupiniquim, Espírito Santo
 * Umutina (Barbados)
 * Xakriabá (Chakriaba, Chikriaba, or Shacriaba), Minas Gerais
 * Xavánte (Shavante), Mato Grosso
 * Xerénte (Sherente), Goiás
 * Xucuru, Pernambuco

Andes

 * Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition, Argentina, 11,000–4,000 CE
 * Awa-Kwaiker, northern Ecuador, southern Colombia
 * Aymara, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
 * Callawalla (Callahuaya), Bolivia
 * Cañari, Ecuador
 * Capulí culture, Ecuador, 800–1500 CE
 * Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture)
 * Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
 * Chachilla (Cayapas)
 * Chanka (Chanca), Peru
 * Chavín, northern Peru, 900–200 BCE
 * Chincha people, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
 * Chipaya, Oruro Department, Bolivia
 * Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture)
 * Conchucos
 * Diaguita
 * Amaicha, Argentina
 * Calchaquí, Argentina
 * Chicoana, Salta, Argentina
 * Quilmes (Precolumbian culture), Argentina
 * Guangaia (Precolumbian culture)
 * Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture)
 * Inca Empire (Inka), based in Peru
 * Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture)
 * Killke culture, Peru, 900–1200 CE
 * Kogi
 * Kolla (Colla), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile
 * La Tolita (Precolumbian culture)
 * Las Vegas culture, coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCE
 * Lauricocha culture, Peru, 8000–2500 BCE
 * Lima culture, Peru, 100–650 CE
 * Maina, Ecuador, Peru
 * Manteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture)
 * Milagro (Precolumbian culture)
 * Mollo culture, Bolivia, 1000–1500 CE
 * Muisca, Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
 * Pachacama (Precolumbian culture)
 * Paez (Nasa culture), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
 * Panzaleo (Precolumbian culture)
 * Pasto
 * Pijao, Colombia
 * Quechua (Kichua, Kichwa), Bolivia
 * Chankas
 * Huancas
 * Quitu culture, 2000 BCE–1550 CE
 * Salinar (Precolumbian culture)
 * Saraguro
 * Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco), 400–1000 CE, Bolivia
 * Tsáchila (Colorado), Ecuador
 * Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture)
 * Uru, Bolivia, Peru
 * Uru-Murato, Bolivia
 * Wari culture, central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE
 * Pocra culture, Ayacucho Province, Peru, 500–1000 CE

Pacific lowlands

 * Amotape complex, northern coastal Peru, 9,000–7,100 BCE
 * Atacameño (Atacama, Likan Antaí), Chile
 * Awá, Colombia and Ecuador
 * Bara, Colombia
 * Cara culture, coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE–1550 CE
 * Bahía, Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CE
 * Casma culture, coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE
 * Chancay, central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE
 * Chango, coastal Peru, northern Chile
 * Chimú, north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE
 * Cupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000–200 BCE, coastal Peru
 * Lambayeque (Sican culture), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CE
 * Machalilla culture, coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCE
 * Manteño civilization, western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE
 * Moche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CE
 * Nazca culture (Nasca), south coastal Peru, 1–700 CE
 * Norte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru
 * Paiján culture, northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCE
 * Paracas, south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCE
 * Recuay culture, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
 * Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru
 * Valdivia culture, Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCE
 * Virú culture, Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CE
 * Wari culture (Huari culture), Peru, 500–1000 CE
 * Yukpa (Yuko), Colombia
 * Yurutí, Colombia

Northwestern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru.

 * Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Baniwa
 * Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Bora, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru
 * Carútana (Arara), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru
 * Cocama, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Cofán (Cofan), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador
 * Cubeo (Kobeua), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia
 * Dâw, Rio Negro, Brazil
 * Flecheiro
 * Huaorani (Waorani, Waodani, Waos), Ecuador
 * Hupda (Hup), Brazil, Colombia
 * Jibito, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Jivaroan peoples, Ecuador and Peru
 * Achuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru
 * Aguaruna (Aguarana), Ecuador, Peru
 * Huambisa, Peru
 * Shuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru
 * Kachá (Shimaco, Urarina), Loreto Region, Peru
 * Kamsá (Sebondoy), Putumayo Department, Colombia
 * Kanamarí, Amazonas, Brazil
 * Kichua (Quichua)
 * Cañari Kichua (Canari)
 * Canelo Kichua (Canelos-Quichua), Pataza Province, Ecuador
 * Chimborazo Kichua
 * Cholos cuencanos
 * Napo Runa (Napo Kichua, Quijos-Quichua, Napo-Quichua), Ecuador and Peru
 * Saraguro
 * Sarayacu Kichua, Pastaza Province, Ecuador
 * Korubu, Amazonas, Brazil
 * Kugapakori-Nahua
 * Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia
 * Machiguenga, Peru
 * Marubo
 * Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil and Peru
 * Mayoruna (Maxuruna)
 * Miriti, Amazonas Department, Colombia
 * Murato, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Mura, Amazonas, Brazil
 * Pirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Nukak (Nukak-Makú), eastern Colombia
 * Ocaina, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Omagua (Cambeba, Kambeba, Umana), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Orejón (Orejon), Napo Province, Ecuador
 * Panoan, western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
 * Sharpas
 * Siona (Sioni), Amazonas Department, Colombia
 * Siriano, Brazil, Colombia
 * Siusi, Amazonas, Brazil
 * Tariano (Tariana), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Tsohom Djapá
 * Tukano (Tucano), Brazil, Colombia
 * Barasana (Pareroa, Taiwano), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
 * Eastern Tukanoan (Tucanoan)
 * Makuna (Buhagana, Macuna), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
 * Waikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Waimiri-Atroari (Kinja, Uaimiri-Atroari), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil
 * Wanano (Unana, Vanana), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Witoto
 * Murui Witoto, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Yagua (Yahua), Loreta Region, Peru
 * Yaminahua (Jaminawa, Yamanawa, Yaminawá), Pando Department, Bolivia
 * Yora
 * Záparo (Zaparo), Pastaza Province, Ecuador
 * Zuruahã (Suruahá, Suruwaha), Amazonas, Brazil

Eastern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil.

 * Amanayé (Ararandeura), Brazil
 * Araweté (Araueté, Bïde), Pará, Brazil
 * Awá (Guajá), Brazil
 * Ch'unchu, Peru
 * Ge
 * Guajajára (Guajajara), Maranhão, Brazil
 * Guaraní, Paraguay
 * Ka'apor, Maranhão, Brazil
 * Kuruaya, Pará, Brazil
 * Marajoara, Precolumbian culture, Pará, Brazil
 * Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
 * Parakanã (Paracana)
 * Suruí do Pará, Pará, Brazil
 * Tembé
 * Turiwára
 * Wayampi
 * Zo'é people, Pará, Brazil

Southern Amazon
This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department).

 * Aikanã, Rondônia, Brazil
 * Akuntsu, Rondônia, Brazil
 * Apiacá (Apiaká), Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
 * Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantins)
 * Aweti (Aueto), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Bakairí (Bakairi)
 * Chácobo (Chacobo), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia
 * Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), Brazil and Santa Cruz, Bolivia
 * Cinta Larga, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Enawene Nawe, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Gavião of Rondônia
 * Guarayu (Guarayo), Bolivia
 * Ikpeng (Xicao), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Itene, Beni Department, Bolivia
 * Irántxe (Iranche)
 * Juma (Kagwahiva), Rondônia, Brazil
 * Jurúna (Yaruna, Juruna, Yudjá), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Kaiabi (Caiabi, Cajabi, Kajabi, Kayabi), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Kalapálo (Kalapalo), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Kamayurá (Camayura), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Kanoê (Kapixaná), Rondônia, Brazil
 * Karipuná (Caripuna)
 * Karitiâna (Caritiana), Brazil
 * Kayapo, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Kuikuro, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Matipu, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Mehináku (Mehinacu, Mehinako), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Moxo (Mojo), Bolivia
 * Nahukuá (Nahuqua), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Nambikuára (Nambicuara, Nambikwara), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Pacahuara (Pacaguara, Pacawara), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia
 * Pacajá (Pacaja)
 * Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
 * Parecís (Paressi)
 * Rikbaktsa (Erikbaksa), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Rio Pardo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Sateré-Mawé (Maue), Brazil
 * Suyá (Kisedje), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Tacana (Takana), Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, Bolivia
 * Tapajó (Tapajo)
 * Tenharim
 * Trumai, Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Tsimané (Chimané, Mosetén, Pano), Beni Department, Bolivia
 * Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Rondônia, Brazil
 * Wari' (Pacanawa, Waricaca'), Rondônia, Brazil
 * Wauja (Waurá, Waura), Mato Grosso, Brazil
 * Wuy jugu (Mundurucu, Munduruku)
 * Yawalapiti (Iaualapiti), Mato Grosso, Brazil

Southwestern Amazon
This region includes the Cuzco, Huánuco Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia.

 * Aguano (Santacrucino, Uguano), Peru
 * Amahuaca, Brazil, Peru
 * Apurinã (Popũkare), Amazonas and Acre
 * Asháninka (Campa, Chuncha), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru
 * Banawá (Jafí, Kitiya), Amazonas, Brazil
 * Cashibo (Carapache), Huánuco Region, Peru
 * Conibo (Shipibo-Conibo), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil
 * Ese Ejja (Chama), Beni Department, Bolivia
 * Harakmbut, Madre de Dios, Peru
 * Amarakaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Kareneri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Huachipaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Arasairi, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Manuquiari, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Puikiri (Puncuri), Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Sapiteri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Toyeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
 * Hi-Merimã, Himarimã, Amazonas, Brazil
 * Jamamadi, Acre and Amazonas, Brazil
 * Kaxinawá (Cashinahua, Huni Kuin), Peru and Acre, Brazil
 * Kulina (Culina), Peru
 * Kwaza (Coaiá, Koaiá), Rondônia, Brazil
 * Latundê, Rondônia, Brazil
 * Machinere, Bolivia and Peru
 * Mashco-Piro, Peru
 * Matís (Matis), Brazil
 * Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil, Peru
 * Parintintin (Kagwahiva’nga), Brazil
 * Shipibo, Loreto Region, Peru
 * Sirionó (Chori, Miá), Beni and Santa Cruz Departments, Bolivia
 * Ticuna (Tucuna), Brazil, Colombia, Peru
 * Toromono (Toromona), La Paz Department, Bolivia
 * Yanesha' (Amuesha), Cusco Region, Peru
 * Yawanawa (Jaminawá, Marinawá, Xixinawá), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia
 * Yine (Contaquiro, Simiranch, Simirinche), Cuzco Region, Peru
 * Yuqui (Bia, Yuki), Cochabamba Department, Bolivia
 * Yuracaré (Yura), Beni and Cochabamba Departments, Bolivia

Gran Chaco

 * Abipón, Argentina, historic group
 * Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay
 * Ayoreo (Ayoré, Moro, Morotoco, Pyeta, Yovia, Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay
 * Chamacoco (Zamuko), Paraguay
 * Chané, Argentina and Bolivia
 * Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia
 * Chorote (Choroti, Iyo'wujwa, Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
 * Guana (Kaskihá), Paraguay
 * Guaraní, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
 * Bolivian Guaraní
 * Chiriguano, Bolivia
 * Guarayo (East Bolivian Guaraní)
 * Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia
 * Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia
 * Tapieté (Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua), eastern Bolivia
 * Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia
 * Guaycuru peoples, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
 * Mbayá (Caduveo), historic
 * Kadiweu, Brazil
 * Mocoví (Mocobí), Argentina
 * Pilagá (Pilage Toba)
 * Toba (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
 * Kaiwá, Argentina and Brazil
 * Lengua people (Enxet), Paraguay
 * North Lengua (Eenthlit, Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay
 * South Lengua, Paraguay
 * Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina
 * Maká (Towolhi), Paraguay
 * Nivaclé (Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and Paraguay
 * Sanapaná (Quiativis), Paraguay
 * Vilela, Argentina
 * Wichí (Mataco), Argentina and Tarija Department, Bolivia

Southern Cone

 * Aché, southeastern Paraguay
 * Chaná (extinct), formerly Uruguay
 * Chandule (Chandri)
 * Charrúa, southern Brazil and Uruguay
 * Comechingon (Henia-Camiare), Argentina
 * Haush (Manek'enk, Mánekenk, Aush), Tierra del Fuego
 * Het (Querandí) (extinct), formerly Argentinian Pampas
 * Chechehet
 * Didiuhet
 * Taluhet
 * Huarpe (Warpes), Argentina, Chile
 * Allentiac (Alyentiyak)
 * Millcayac (Milykayak)
 * Oico
 * Chiquillanes
 * Pehuenche (later Araucanized)
 * Mapuche (Araucanian), southwestern Argentina and Chile
 * Huilliche (Huillice, Hulliche, Güilliche), Chile
 * Cunco
 * Veliche
 * Lafquenche
 * Mapuche, southwestern Argentina and Chile
 * Pehuenche, south central Chile and Argentina
 * Picunche, formerly Chile
 * Promaucae, formerly Chile
 * Mbeguá (extinct), formerly Paraná River, Argentina
 * Minuane (extinct), formerly Uruguay
 * Puelche (Guennaken, Pamba) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes
 * Tehuelche, Patagonia
 * Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken)
 * Küwach-a-Güna
 * Mecharnúekenk
 * Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche)
 * Teushen (Tehues), extinct, formerly Tierra del Fuego
 * Selk'nam (Ona), Tierra del Fuego
 * Yaro (Jaro)

Fjords and channels of Patagonia

 * Alacaluf (Kaweshkar, Halakwulup), Chile
 * Chono (Guaiteco), formerly Chiloé Archipelago, Chile
 * Yaghan (Yamana), Tierra del Fuego
 * Caucahue (poorly known, possibly a partiality of Kaweshkar or Chono)

Languages
Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.

Genetic classification
The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA). Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied. The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas. The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations.

Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.


text:
Talk:Ethnic Swedes

to revert or to edit
All in all, I think the edit of May 16th was an improvement to this article, and it being reverted instead of being edited on makes me concerned. It doesn't exactly motivate to participating in the editing, if one has reason to suspect that one's work is at danger for getting hastily wiped out. Which is bad, since as the article stands now, I think it's in need of some improvements. Please consider the discussions at Wikipedia talk:How to revert a page to an earlier version and Wikipedia talk:How to revert a page to an earlier version/Poll: Revert wars considered harmful! --Ruhrjung 10:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This in not an NPOV article as it is now, it represents a Finnish nationalist viewpoint (note that only the parts regarding Finland are changed, not the parts regarding Estonia and Ukraine). Please make additions to the article instead of censoring it. I started this article, and now some Finnish nationalists are trying to change this to a Finnish nationalist viewpoint. Of course could this Finnish nationalist viewpoint be represented in the article, but not on the expense of removing the other viewpoints! That is, add the Finnish nationalist viewpoint if you want to, but don't censor the other viewpoint. Den fjättrade ankan 15:39, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's rather pointless to blame me for nationalism at all - particularly of Finnish nationalism, as I've never lived in Finland (although I've visited Helsinki, Turku and surroundings many times). I contributed with what I consider to be my knowledge and experience, based mainly on first-hand impressions from having worked in Denmark (with both "ethnically Swedish" collegues and such with experience of being immigrants in Sweden) and having lived myself a couple of years in Sweden.

 * In addition, I tried to integrate those parts of the reverted article that as far as I know were correct — or likely to be correct. The issue on Finland-Swedes and their self-designation of ethnicity is no simple question, and I fear one has to stick to weasel phrases there. When it comes to the number of the Finland-Swedes, it's of course nice of you to inflate their number, but I really can not see the point. They have diminished in relative size since the early 19th century, and that's not changed by clinging on to old figures.

 * I motivated my actions clearly above, and the impression you make would most likely gain from a repetition of the advices at Civility.
 * Ruhrjung 17:12, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by "Finnish nationalist point of view"? Maybe a "Finland-Swedish nationalist point of view"? In any case, hardly a Fennoman point of view, since they would be happy to send all the impure Swedophones back to the (Southern half of the) Scandinavian peninsula where, in their opinions, whimps as they belong. ;-))

 * May I focus your attention on the matter of size? The Rikssvenskar are about 30 times as many as the Finland-Swedes, who in turn are about ten times as many as the Ålänningar. Can we maybe see the arrogance of the larger groups represented here, when the smaller groups' self-designation seemingly are considered irrelevant. /Tuomas 07:06, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

English language context
This part should be revised by some with English as their native language. I don't agree with this, especially distingusihing between the inhabitants of Åland and the Finland-Swedes in Mainland Finland. In Sweden both the inhabitants of Åland and the Swedish speaking minority in Mainland Finland are considered Finland-Swedes.
 * In the 1920s the tone from Stockholm was quite another. At that time you went to the League of Nations to demand the Åland islands (that you had occupied for a few weeks in 1918) back from Finland. At that time you did what you could to emphasize Åland's closeness to Sweden - contrary to Nyland, Åbolands skärgård and Österbotten. Have you realized your wrongdoing, or has you appetite grown? /Tuomas 07:23, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

It's the Finns that make this distincten.
 * Out of courtesy rather than out of conviction. Many Ålänningar tend to become berserks if you call them Finns or Finland-Swedes. But among the younger ones, "Finns" and occasionally "Swedish speaking Finns" get more and more common. /Tuomas 07:23, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

I think a person with English as their native language would resolve this conflict about the English language context, not persons with Swedish or finnish as their native language. Den fjättrade ankan 16:14, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In an English language context, the concept of Ethnic Swedes may be used for:
 * People of Swedish heritage, typically immigrants to the Americas
 * Minorities outside of Sweden with Swedish mother tongue, who however might not designate themselves as "ethnically Swedish"
 * the inhabitants of the culturally and linguistically Swedish Åland
 * the Swedes living in the Estonian islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa (Estonia-Swedes)
 * the Swedes living in Gammalsvenskby (Old Swedish Village) in Ukraine.
 * The 265,000 Finland-Swedes in Mainland Finland.

Also need comments about English language context for the article Swedes. Den fjättrade ankan 16:24, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

As this is the English wikipedia, the usage in Sweden and or Swedish is of no other interest than as to explain why the English usage might seem somewhat confusing and inconsistent. It's English usage that is at the center of interest — or at least ought to be! --Ruhrjung 17:15, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

msg:npov
According to NPOV dispute: If you add the above code to an article which seems to you to be biased, but there is no prior discussion of the bias, you need to at least leave a note on the article's talk page describing what you consider unacceptable about the article.

It would be nice to see what you consider to motivate the NPOV-dispute lable! --Ruhrjung 16:39, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You find the answer to that question if you read my comments above. Please read the other comments on a talk page beforeyou make comments yourself. Den fjättrade ankan 17:16, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Here you've misunderstood me completely. It is your writings above which I don't understand as sufficient for showing the conflict-flag in the top of the article. You could have been far more exact in your critic and your proposals. Who knows, maybe you would have gained support for your modified wordings?

 * Unless you go into some detail on which sentences are harming Wikipedia's NPOV-guidelines, I prepar to take away the dispute-warning.
 * Ruhrjung 08:53, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Merge with Swedes
This article contains significant overlap with Swedes and I'm not convinced regarding the merit of an indepth and separate article for Ethnic Swedes. In one sense it seems to up hold a distinction of the Ethnic Swedes from the New Swedes as the reason for its existence. The relevant issues handled in the article could well be dealt within a single article covering the Swedes. The same need of separating Finns and Ethinic Finns, does not really exist for Swedes. Ethnic Swedes is still a relevant term but it should be merged and developed with the Swedes article. -- Mic 20:54, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I can't see the point in promoting this nominal distinction between people in Sweden and in diaspora that is apparently made in Swedish into article names in the English Wikipedia. The article Swedes should list and describe everything. --Shallot 22:08, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I think I've to carry the responsibility for giving the advice to write an article on Ethnic Swedes. I'm not sure if that was so much of an mistake, as you hold it to be, but if so, I offer my sincerest apologies. /Tuomas 06:52, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I still think that Ethnic Swedes is relevant term and substantially it would compose the bulk of the Swedes article. In this sense it seems a bit ridiculous to develop it as a separate article. It would be somewhat similar to developing an extensive and indepth article on Proper Swedish (Rikssvenska) only to keep it separate from a poorly developed article on the Swedish language. In some sense it is about structure, but it is also creating an environment able to reach a more exhaustive perspective. -- Mic 10:28, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

--

Just as a note. I know nothing at all about Swedes, but I've written a lot about Chinese identity on Taiwan, and its nice to know that things are just a complex and messy in another part of the world.

My advice is this

 * Focus your article on explaining why people are screaming at each other. One thing that I've learned is that identity disputes are very heated among people involved in them, but they are totally often incomprehesible to outsiders.

 * Explain naming and categorization controversies. Why does group A hate to be called B or lumped in with group C?

 * Quantify things, what are the sizes of the groups? What is the approximate support for the views.  Do most people in group A think B?  Some people?  Only the extremists?

 * Don't assume that outsiders know what you know. There are things about these disputes that "everyone knows" that outsiders don't.

 * Explain the history.

 * Focus on the unexpected and the complex. For example, there is a tendency to try to classify people into distinct groups, but I've found that this tends to far oversimplify a situation.

 * Try to avoid going into nitpick mode (i.e by the Treaty of X signed in 1685, shows clearly that Ebonian land was originally occupied by Batislavans). The trouble with these arguments is that you aren't going to convince insiders, and they are totally imcomprehenisble to outsiders.

One thing that I found is that I learned a lot about issues of Taiwanese identity by studying the Hungarians and the Romanians scream at each other. The main thing that I learned was how silly these disputes sometimes look to someone who isn't emotionally involved in them.

Roadrunner 07:07, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ethnic Swedes


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User:Donald j axel

Donald Axel, Danish computer consultant, 20-odd years with computer programming, system administration and teaching computer science. Masters degree in musicology and English.

Interested in any knowledge as long as it adds to our understanding of man and the Universe.

I believe this Wikipedia will change the attitude towards knowledge and how to get it. I follow the Open Courseware Initiative from MIT and I hope that others will follow this path of hope for mankind.

There's nothing mysterious about this: Our Sun is a star like the other stars! as long as you explain what you see on the sky.

That could be my motto, but somehow it is too long.

You can reach me through https://dax2.wordpress.com/ or mail donald axel commercial at-sign gmail or use mail: donald_j_axel@yahoo.com which I only check monthly.

I live in Denmark. Phone +45 2250 7842, unfortunately no fixed IP at the moment, address:

 * Donald Axel
 * Saxenkolvej 20
 * DK-3210 Vejby
 * Denmark

title: User:Donald j axel


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User:People

Taiwan people.

title: User:People


text:
List of glaciers

A glacier or  is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climate changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change. There are about 198,000 to 200,000 glaciers in the world.

Africa

Africa, specifically East Africa, has contained glacial regions, possibly as far back as the last glacier maximum 10 to 15 thousand years ago. Seasonal snow does exist on the highest peaks of East Africa as well as in the Drakensberg Range of South Africa, the Stormberg Mountains, and the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Currently, the only remaining glaciers on the continent exist on Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, and the Rwenzori.

Antarctica

There are many glaciers in the Antarctic. This set of lists does not include ice sheets, ice caps or ice fields, such as the Antarctic ice sheet, but includes glacial features that are defined by their flow, rather than general bodies of ice. The lists include outlet glaciers, valley glaciers, cirque glaciers, tidewater glaciers and ice streams. Ice streams are a type of glacier and many of them have "glacier" in their name, e.g. Pine Island Glacier. Ice shelves are listed separately in the List of Antarctic ice shelves. For the purposes of these lists, the Antarctic is defined as any latitude further south than 60° (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty System).

There are also glaciers in the subantarctic. This includes one snow field (Murray Snowfield). Snow fields are not glaciers in the strict sense of the word, but they are commonly found at the accumulation zone or head of a glacier. For the purposes of this list, Antarctica is defined as any latitude further south than 60° (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty).

Asia

 * List of glaciers in Bhutan
 * List of glaciers in India
 * List of glaciers in Nepal
 * List of glaciers in Pakistan

Europe
The majority of Europe's glaciers are found in the Alps, Caucasus and the Scandinavian Mountains (mostly Norway) as well as in Iceland. Iceland has the largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull Glacier, that covers between 8,100 and 8,300 km2 in area and 3,100 km3 in volume. Norway alone has more than 2500 glaciers (including very small ones) covering an estimated 1% of mainland Norway's surface area. Several of mainland Europe's biggest glaciers are found here including; Jostedalsbreen (the largest in mainland Europe at 487 km2), Vestre Svartisen (221 km2), Søndre Folgefonna (168 km2) and Østre Svartisen (148 km2). The two Svartisen glaciers used to be one connected entity during the Little Ice Age but has since separated.

 * List of glaciers in Iceland
 * List of glaciers in Norway
 * List of glaciers in Svalbard
 * List of glaciers in Russia
 * List of glaciers in Switzerland
 * Southernmost glacial mass in Europe

North America

There are a number of glaciers existing in North America, currently or in recent centuries. In the United States, these glaciers are located in nine states, all in the Rocky Mountains or further west. The southernmost named glacier among them is the Lilliput Glacier in Tulare County, east of the Central Valley of California.

Mexico has about two dozen glaciers, all of which are located on Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl), Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, the three tallest mountains in the country.

 * List of glaciers in Canada
 * List of glaciers in Greenland
 * List of glaciers in Mexico
 * List of glaciers in the United States

Oceania

No glaciers remain on the Australia mainland or Tasmania. A few, like the Heard Island glaciers are located in the territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the southern Indian Ocean.

New Guinea has the Puncak Jaya glacier.

New Zealand contains many glaciers, mostly located near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps in the South Island. They are classed as mid-latitude mountain glaciers. There are eighteen small glaciers in the North Island on Mount Ruapehu.

An inventory of South Island glaciers compiled in the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres). Approximately one sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares. These include:
 * Fox Glacier
 * Franz Josef Glacier
 * Hooker Glacier
 * Mueller Glacier
 * Murchison Glacier
 * Tasman Glacier
 * Volta Glacier

South America

Glaciers in South America develop exclusively on the Andes and are subject of the Andes various climatic regimes namely the Tropical Andes, Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Apart from this there is a wide range of latitudes on which glaciers develop from 5000 m in the Altiplano mountains and volcanoes to reaching sealevel as tidewater glaciers from San Rafael Lagoon (45° S) and southwards. South America hosts two large ice fields, the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields, of which the latter is the second largest contiguous body of glaciers in extrapolar regions.

The glaciers of Venezuela are located in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida. In 1910, maps made by the explorer Alfredo Jahn showed the Sierra Nevada glaciers covering about 2500 acre. An ice trade at that time saw ice men or hieleros transporting glacier ice by mule or on foot to Mérida for sale, a six hour journey.

Venezuela's glacier coverage shrank to about 700 acre in 1952, and 200 acre in 1985.

The last remaining glacier, located on Pico Humboldt, was estimated to cover 25 acre in 2011.

Remote islands

 * Christensen Glacier – Bouvet Island, Atlantic Ocean
 * Cook Glacier – Kerguelen Islands, Indian Ocean
 * Fortuna Glacier – South Georgia Island, Atlantic Ocean
 * Jacka Glacier – Anzac Peak, Heard Island, Indian Ocean
 * Mawson Peak – Heard Island, Indian Ocean
 * Posadowsky Glacier – Bouvet Island, Atlantic Ocean

List of longest glaciers on Earth in non-polar regions
The following is the list of longest glaciers in the non-polar regions, generally regarded as between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south latitude, though some definitions expand it slightly.

 * 1)  Vanch-Yakh Glacier, Tajikistan – 77 km
 * 2) Siachen Glacier, India–Pakistan border, India  – 70 km when measuring from Indira Col. or 76 km (47 mi) using the longest route as is done when determining river lengths
 * 3) Biafo Glacier, Pakistan – 67 km
 * 4) Brüg Glacier, Chile – 66 km
 * 5) Baltoro Glacier, Pakistan – 63 km
 * 6) South Inylchek Glacier, China and Kyrgyzstan – 60.5 km
 * 7) Batura Glacier, Pakistan – 57 km

title: List of glaciers


text:
Notitia Dignitatum

The Notitia dignitatum et administrationum omnium tam civilium quam militarium (Latin for 'List of all dignities and administrations both civil and military') is a document of the Late Roman Empire that details the administrative organization of the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. It is unique as one of very few surviving documents of Roman government, and describes several thousand offices from the imperial court to provincial governments, diplomatic missions, and army units. It is usually considered to be accurate for the Western Roman Empire in the 420s AD and for the Eastern or Byzantine Empire in the 390s AD. However, the text itself is not dated (nor is its author named), and omissions complicate ascertaining its date from its content.

Copies of the manuscript
There are several extant 15th- and 16th-century copies of the document, plus a colour-illuminated iteration of 1542. All the known, extant copies are derived, either directly or indirectly, from Codex Spirensis, a codex known to have existed in the library of the Chapter of Speyer Cathedral in 1542, but which was lost before 1672 and has not been rediscovered. The Codex Spirensis was a collection of documents, of which the Notitia was the final and largest, occupying 164 pages, that brought together several previous documents of which one was of the 9th century. The heraldry in illuminated manuscript copies of the Notitia is thought to copy or imitate only that illustrated in the lost Codex Spirensis.

The iteration of 1542 made for Otto Henry, Elector Palatine, was revised with "illustrations more faithful to the originals added at a later date", and is preserved by the Bavarian State Library.

The most important copy of the Codex is that made for Pietro Donato in 1436 and illuminated by Peronet Lamy, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Contents
For each half of the Empire, the Notitia enumerates all the major "dignities", i. e., offices, that it could bestow, often with the location and specific officium ("staff") enumerated, except for the most junior members, for each. The dignities are ordered by:

 * Court officials, including the most senior dignitaries such as praetorian prefects;
 * Vicars and provincial governors, arranged by praetorian prefecture and diocese; and
 * Martial commanders, Comites Rei Militaris, and Duces, providing the full titles and stations of their regiments.

Interpretation
The Notitia presents four primary problems as a source for the Empire's army:

 * 1) The Notitia depicts the Roman army at the end of the 4th century AD. Therefore, its development from the structure of the Principate is largely conjectural because of the lack of other evidence.
 * 2) It was compiled at two different times. The section for the Eastern Empire apparently dates from c. 395 AD and that for the Western Empire from circa 420 AD. Further, each section is probably not a contemporaneous "snapshot", but relies on data pre-dating it by as many as 20 years. The Eastern section may contain data from as early as 379 AD, the beginning of the reign of Emperor Theodosius I. The Western section contains data from as early as c. 400 AD: for example, it shows units deployed in Britannia, which must date from before 410 AD, when the Empire lost the island. In consequence, there is substantial duplication, with the same unit often listed under different commands. It is impossible to ascertain whether these were detachments of the same unit in different places simultaneously, or the same whole unit at different times. Also, it is likely that some units were merely nominal or minimally staffed. According to Roger Collins, "the Notitia Dignitatum was an archaising text written c. 425 AD, whose unreliability is demonstrated by "the supposed existence of traditional (Roman military) units in Britain and Spain at a time when other evidence shows they were not there."
 * 3) The Notitia has many sections missing and lacunae within sections. This is doubtless due to accumulated textual losses and copying errors, because it was repeatedly copied over the centuries: the earliest manuscript possessed today dates from the 15th century. The Notitia cannot therefore provide a comprehensive list of all units that existed.
 * 4) The Notitia does not record the number of personnel. Given that and the paucity of other evidence of unit sizes at that time, the size of individual units and the various commands cannot be ascertained. In turn, this makes it impossible to assess accurately the total size of the army. Depending on the strength of units, the late 4th century AD army may, at one extreme, have equalled the size of the 2nd century AD force, i. e., over 400,000 men; and at the other extreme, it may have been far smaller. For example, the forces deployed in Britain circa 400 AD may have been merely 18,000 against circa 55,000 in the 2nd century AD.

Depictions
The Notitia contains symbols similar to the diagram which later came to be known as yin and yang symbol. The infantry units armigeri defensores seniores ("shield-bearers") and Mauri Osismiaci had a shield design which corresponds to the dynamic, clockwise version of the symbol, albeit with red dots, instead of dots of the opposite colour. The emblem of the Thebaei, another Western Roman infantry regiment, featured a pattern of concentric circles comparable to its static version. The Roman patterns predate the earliest Taoist versions by almost seven hundred years, but there is no evidence for a relation between the two.

Sources and references

 * Notitia Dignitatum, edited by Robert Ireland, in British Archaeological Reports, International Series 63.2.
 * Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte contains many precise maps.
 * Klaus-Peter Johne, 'Notitia dignitatum', in: Der Neue Pauly 8 (2000), 1011–1013.
 * A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8018-3285-3.

Manuscripts

 * Bodleian Library: full scan of 1436 edition
 * Bavarian State Library: Notitia Dignitatum Clm 10291 − full online scan of the 1542 manuscript with its modernised illustrations

Latin, web versions

 * Notitia Dignitatum, with pictures, from bibliotheca Augustana
 * Notitia Dignitatum, with pictures, from bibliotheca Augustana

Editions

 * [Notitia dignitatum; accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi prouinciarum], Latin with notes by Otto Seeck (1876): Internet Archive, HathiTrust, Europeana
 * Medieval Sourcebook Partial English translation by William Fairley, 1899

title: Notitia Dignitatum


text:
Talk:Glossary of cricket terms

Cloth – a verb
A relatively recent slang term in cricket is to "cloth" the ball, for a mistimed lofted shot. I'm having much difficulty trying to find the origin, which I presume is from another sport but I'm blowed if I can imagine which. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peter Gabriel Calder (talk • contribs) 06:11, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

England cap
The photo illustrating an England cap seems actually to be of the baseball-cap type used in derivative games like T20 the hundred. Bibliosporias (talk) 19:25, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Drop
Can someone please add definition no.4 to "Drop" as - the position of a batsman in the lineup after the 2 openers. 1st drop is batsman #3 (immediately next to take his place at the crease), 2nd drop batsman #4 and so-on down the lineup.

I cant seem to be able to edit the entry. 2001:8003:E11D:600:9582:8395:AC8F:9621 (talk) 10:52, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

 * That usage is already covered in definition 2 of 'drop'. Modest Genius talk 14:47, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of cricket terms


text:
Talk:2000 London mayoral election

Untitled
How do the totals for Livingstone and Norris work? Because they're less than the combined total of the 1st and 2nd preference votes for those candidates.

====

Try Keesings Contemporary Archives for more information on the backstory to the elections Jackiespeel 14:03, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Basically, your vote only counts once - so if you voted Livingstone 1, Norris 2 your vote would stay with Livingstone in the second round and your second preference wouldn't be counted. Some people obviously voted that way (or Norris 1, Livingstone 2) so they are listed as having voted but their preference did not transfer to the second round. 81.86.52.239 11:52, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:2000 London mayoral election