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Bharuch

Bharuch, formerly known as Bharutkutccha, is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India. Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District.

The city of Bharuch and surroundings have been settled since times of antiquity. It was a ship building centre and sea port in the pre-compass coastal trading routes for trading with the Occident and the East, perhaps as far back as the days of earliest trade connections. The route made use of the regular and predictable monsoon winds or galleys. Many goods from the Far East and Far West (the famed Spices and Silk trade) were shipped there during the annual monsoon winds, making it a terminus for several key land-sea trade routes. Bharuch was known to the Greeks, the Parthian Empire, in the Roman Empire, the Chinese, and in other Western and Eastern centres of civilisation through the end of the European Middle Ages and other the middle ages of the world.

In the 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE, the port of Bharuch was mentioned as Barigaza.

During the 8th century CE, the town of Bharuch was ruled by King Mayura giving rise to the Chaudharya Dynasty. The king ruled the city for 50 years and was popularly known as the 'Ace of Bharuch'.

Arab and other foreign traders entered Gujarat via Bharuch to do business. The British, French, Dutch, Portuguese with others later noted Bharuch's importance and established their business centres here.

At the end of the 17th century CE, it was plundered twice, but recovered quickly. Afterwards, a proverb was composed about it, "Bhangyu Bhangyu Toye Bharuch", which translates to "Bish-boshed, ever Bharuch". As a trading depot, the limitations of coastal shipping made it a regular terminus via several mixed trade routes of the fabled spice and silk trading between East and West. During European times it was officially known as Bharuch.

Bharuch has been the home to the Gujarati Bhargava Brahmana community for ages. The community traces its lineage to Bhrigu and Parashurama, who is the sixth avatara of Vishnu. The Bharava community still administers a large number of public trusts in the city. However the present day Bhargava Brahmanas have migrated to Mumbai, Surat, Vadodara, Ahmedabad and other countries such as France, Britain, Australia and New Zealand.

Being close to one of the biggest industrial areas including Ankleshvara GIDC, it is at times referred to as the chemical capital of India. The city has chemical plants, textile mills, long staple cotton, dairy products and much more. Gujarat's biggest liquid cargo terminal is situated 50 km to the west of Bharuch, in Dahej. It also houses many multinational companies, such as Videocon, BASF, ONGC Petro-Additions, Reliance Industries, Adani Ports & SEZ, Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers & Chemicals, MRF Tires, Yokohama Off-Highway Tires, Jubilant, Aditya Birla Hindalco Industries, Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited, ISGEC Hitachi, UPL (company), Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited, Deepak Nitrite, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Petronet LNG, Godrej & Boyce, Piramal Group, Pidilite Industries, SRF Limited, Safari Equipments and Welspun Maxsteel Ltd. The industrial estate of Vilayata houses the companies of Aditya Birla Grasim, Kansai Nerolac Paints etc., Jhagadia houses DCM Sriram Chemicals, Saint-Gobain India Ltd., PepsiCo India Holdings Ltd. among others. Because of the distinctive colour of its soil (which is also ideal for cotton cultivation), Bharuch is sometimes referred to as 'Kanam Pradesham' (black-soil land). Bharuch is also nicknamed as 'Peanut City' for its salty peanuts, locally known as 'Khari Magaphali'.

Etymology
Bharuch was known as in ancient times.

It was known as Barygaza (Βαρύγαζα) (meaning "deep-treasure"), Bargosa etc. for the Greek, and later the Romans adopted the Greek name of this port in Latin as Barigaza in the Latin name of this city.

It was known as 'Bharuch' under Muslim times, 'Bharutkatchha' under Maratha times, and as 'Bharucha' under European times.

Hindu mythology
According to the Skanda Purana, when Bhrigu Rishi came here, Bharuch was the residence of the Goddess Lakshmi.

Bharuch derives its name from the great sage Bhrigu. The original name of Bharuch is 'Bhrigukachchha'. Bhrigu was one of the many children of Brahma and Sarasvati. There is also a story which indicates that Bhrigu along with his kin asked for temporary access to Bharuch which then belonged to Lakshmi since Bharuch is located on the banks of river Narmada also known as Rudra Deha. Chandramaulishvara Shiva is the Kuladevata of Bhargavas of Bharuch. Bhrigu never left the place and the Ashrama of Brighu Rishi is located on the banks of Narmada.

Bharuch was considered to be sacred among sages, and they would come to Bharuch to pray. The priests of Bharuch were famous for their learning in the other regions too. As per the mythological stories, Agnihotri and Samvedi – the learned priests of Bharuch – were famous up to Kashi in the northern Indian Subcontinent and the whole Indian Subcontinent.

Sages like Shukra, Chyavana, Markendeya and Jamadagni were from the lineage of Bhrigu. Parshurama (sixth incarnation of Lord Vishnu) was born in the seventh generation of Bhrigu.

According to the Skanda Purana, there are 55 tirthas located in Bharuch. Many great sages, such as Kashyapa, Kapila, Mandavya, Adi Sankaracharya, have performed penances in Bharuch.

Bharuch finds its mention in major Hindu scriptures, such as Bhagavata Purana, Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, Kurma Purana, Matsya Purana, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Kathasaritsagara and many more other Hindu Scriptures.

The Narmada is one of the Seven Holy Rivers of Hindu Indian Subcontinent; the other six being the Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Sindhu, Godavari and Kaveri and many more other rivers. It is known and said that a dip in any of these seven rivers and other rivers washes away one's sins. According to a legend, the river Ganga is polluted by millions of people bathing in it. To cleanse herself, Ganga acquires the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bath in its holy waters. Legends also mention that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganga.

Mahanubhava Pantha
Bharuch is the Birthplace (Incarnation) of Sarvadnya Sri Chakradhara Svami who is, for some Hindus, the Mortal Incarnation of Vishnu. He established Mahanubhava Pantha (also known as Jai Sri Krishnyi Pantha) in Maharashtra in 1267. Bhagavan Sri Chakradhara Svami propagated a religious movement, as well as social movement, in which all members were accepted irrespective of their castes, and the traditional ritualistic religions was rejected.

Jain mythology
Bharuch is also a sacred tirtha for Jains.

This tirtha is situated in the Bharuch city on the rail and road path, in the Shrimali Pole. Here we see the idol of Munisuvrata Svami; black in complexion and in Padmasana posture. In the history of the Jains, this ancient city is important from many points of view. Guru Gautama Svami eulogised Muni Suvrata Svami, who is installed in Bharuch, in his "Jagachintamani Stotra" composed on the eight tirthas, Bhagavan Muni Suvrata Svami gave sermons to a horse here.

Further, many prominent Acharyas built temples and composed works in this tirtha. In Bharuch, we are shown the Ashvavabodha tirtha of the times of Muni Suvrata Svami, Shakunika Vihara of Princess Sudarshana of Sri Lanka and also the Vihara which was ceremoniously raised by Acharya Hemchandra in which Kumarapala has waved Arati; is now converted into a mosque.

In the opinion of Hindutvadi archaeologists, the Jama Masjid of the present Bharuch is "probably" this ancient temple. Some "believe" that in times of such invasions, the idol of Sri Prabhu was kept at a safe spot, and, as time passed, new temples were constructed and the old idols were installed. Today the idol is found in the new temple. There are here eleven other temples besides this.

Buddhist mythology
Bharuch is mentioned in various Buddhist Jatakas. It was an important Buddhist centre in the 7th century and is considered to be sacred among sages.

History
Bharuch is the oldest city of Gujarat. It is also the second-oldest city of India, having displayed evidence of continuous habitation, the first being Kashi (Varanasi). Chandragupta Vikramaditya and other kings and queens of the Gupta dynasty ruled this city up to the 5th century CE; it was then ruled over by the kings of the Gurjara tribe until the 7th century CE. The time period of 8th century CE to 13th century CE was said to be an important and very well-known part under the rule of Rajput Emperors mad Empresses. Solanki dynasty's great emperor Siddharaja Jaisingha had built up Kota (fortification) and Darvaja (doors) around the whole of Bharuch. The fort has a number of gates, which were later named 'Malbari Darvaja', 'Katopor Darvaja' and 'Zadeshvari Darvaja'. In the first half of the 16th century, Bharuch was ruled over by Changez Khan. Then, the Mughal king Humayun conquered and took over Bharuch as Mughal territory in 1534 CE.

BCE era
By the 6th century BCE, the city was readily accessible to outside trade via land-sea routes reaching the Levant to the Arab and Ethiopian traders feeding goods westwards to the Egyptians, Greeks, Parthians, Western Romans, Carthaginians, and eventually, the Eastern Roman Empires, and the Republic of Venice. It is likely even the Phoenicians knew of it; it has acted since antiquity as a link port to the luxury goods trade from the Far East and the interior of the Indian sub-continent to the civilisations of South-west Asia, the Middle-East, the Mediterranean basin including Northern Africa and Europe.

During the Prarga–Maurya period in Gujarat, King Pradyota Mahavira of the Pradyota dynasty of Ujjain ruled over Bharutkutchha in 550 BCE. He was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha. The Theragatha, part of the Pali Canon written down in Sri Lanka in the 1st century BCE, mentions Vaddha Thera and Malitavamba Thera of Bharukaccha, as contemporaries of the Buddha, while the Therigatha of the same canon mentions Vaddhamta Theri of Bharukaccha. The ancient Sri Lankan chronicle, the Dipavamsa, mentions that the legendary king Vijaya stopped at Bharutkutchha for three months in 500 BCE.

Excavations near the banks of the river Narmada in Bharuch have revealed many archaeological and architectural wonders, mostly temples. Later Bharuch was part of the Mauryan Empire (322 BCE–185 BCE), the Western Satraps, the Guptas and the Gurjara-Pratiharas.

The Maurya period was between 322 BCE and 185 BCE. The post-Maurya period is mentioned between 185 BCE and 23 CE. The Princess of Sri Lanka, Sudarshana had built the Shakunika Vihara in the Bharuch during the rule of Samprati (229 BCE–220 BCE), and a Bharuch trader became responsible for the memories of the princess. This depicts trade relations between Lata (South Gujarat) and Sri Lanka.

It was known to the Greeks and Romans as Barygaza, and had a settlement of Greek and Roman traders. As one southern terminus of the Kamboja-Dvaravati Route, it is mentioned extensively as a major trading partner of the Roman and Greek worlds, in the 1st century Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. One of the Periploi describes numerous Greek buildings and fortifications in the area, although mistakenly attributing them to early Greeks who never reached this far south in the Indian Subcontinent as they ruled only lands to the west of the Indian Subcontinent before the Indo-Greeks ruled the western and northern Indian Subcontinent along with the Indian Subcontinental countries, as well as the circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region:
 * "The metropolis of this country is Minnagara, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the visit of Greeks, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells." Periplus, Chapter. 41
 * "To the present day ancient Drachmae are current in Barygaza, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander III of Macedonia, Apollodotus I and Menander I." Periplus Chapter. 47

Kshatrapa era (23 CE–400 CE)
In the 1st century AD, kings of Shaka community established their rule in Gujarat. Nahapana, the king of Bharutakutchha was very prosperous. During the Kshatrapa era, Bharuch port was very prosperous. It was a gateway of trading through land and waters both routes. Like other ancient ports, trading of all commodities also took place at the Bharuch port.

During the decade of 70 CE–80 CE, coins of Greek writing were used in Bharuch. The activity region of Jain priest Arya Khapoota (1st century AD) was in the Aatapata region of Bharuch. He had released the Ashvabodha pilgrims in Bharuch out of the control of the Buddhists.

Seven caves have been discovered from Kadiyadungar near Jajhapura, near Ankleshvara, of the Bharuch district. These caves are known as the Buddhist Viharas. It is believed that they were sculpted in the 1st century CE and 2nd century CE.

Gupta era (415 CE–470 CE)
During this time kings and queens of Trekutaka dynasty ruled the north of the Konkan and south of the Lata. Trekutaka ruled over the Surat district but the border of their state could not be decided. In the lines of Daspur of the weavers of Lata (South Gujarat) it has been mentioned that the Surya and Sanjana Temple was built in 437 CE at Bharuch.

Maitraka era (470 CE–788 CE) and Rashtrakuta era (788 CE–942 CE)
According to historical accounts, the Pratihara Empire with the capital at Bhinmal (or Srimal) was established by the Prathiharas. The kingdom of Bharuch was created by this Empire.

It is known that in 540 CE which dynasty ruled over the Bharuch state in 540 CE, a Mahasamanta named Sangramasingha ruled over Bharuch, But nothing is known about the king. Chinese traveller Xuanzang crossed Narmada river in 640 CE and recorded that Bharutakutchha (Po Lu Ka Che Po) had around 10 Buddhist monasteries with around 300 monks. After this period, in 648 CE, the Rashuddin Caliph Uthman had tried to attack Bharuch but the Maitraka forces killed all the Arab forces and won over them. In 648 AD, King Dhanasena –the fourth king of Vallabhi had put his winning camp in Bharuch with his forces after killing off all Arab forces and defeating them with fully ruling the Maitraka nation. A Muslim traveller Al–Biladuri had written in his notes about this in 713 CE – 714 CE.

The Arab Muslim ruler of Sindhu, Husam bin Amru came to Gandhara port by boat with his forces, trying to attack Bharuch. He and his forces tried to destroy the Hindu deities's idols and the Hindu Temples and to build Mosques in place of them in the time of 760 CE, but the Maitraka forces killed Hussain Bin Amru and all his forces and won over them and the Hindu Temples with their Hindu deities' idols were present without any mosques. In the post Maitraka era, during 788 CE – 942 CE Rashtrakuta kings and queens of south Lata ruled over Bharuch. Their reign was attempted to be stopped by Umayyad incursions and raids, but the Rashtrakutas repelled all the Umayyad incursions and raids and they fully ruled Bharuch and the Prathiharas conquered Sindhu, Baluchistan, Punjab, Kangra, and Gandhara, Kamboja all from the Indian Subcontinental nations and the Umayyad Caliphate, all happening with the collaboration of the Rashtrakutas and other Indian subcontinental nations and near Bharuch itself.

Chalukya era (942 CE–1304 CE)
In 942, Mularaja established the rule of Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty in Anahilvada Patan. Till this time the importance of Bharuch as the trade centre was continued. It was the capital of Lata region at the start of the 11th century CE. It was the centre for the ships coming from China and Sindhu and other regions of the world and the Indian Subcontinent in the 12th century and the Chalukya minister Vastupala had established a library in Bharuch. It was also during the time around from 1008 CE-1030 CE that Mahmud of Ghazni and his forces had made several attempted raids into Gujarat to raid the land and the Indian Subcontinental rulers of Gujarat and other lands with their forces defeated them all and all the forces of Mahmud of Ghazni were killed and defeated by them, and the surviving forces of Mahmud of Ghazni and Mahmud of Ghazni himself fled back to Central Asia each time they tried to sack the Somnath Temple and Gujarat. Later Mahmud of Ghazni himself was killed by Bhoja and Ghazni's forces were killed by the Paramaras and their allies as known in historical sources. The destruction and killing of the Ghaznavid incursions by the Indian Subcontinent occurred in the Gujarat countryside including the area of Bharuch and outside it too.

Chakradhara Svami of Bharuch was during the era of the Chalukya Emperor Bhimadeva II. He established the Mahanubhava community which was spread in Maharashtra. In the 1100 CEs the region was subject to more attempted raids and their destruction by the Indian Subcontinental rulers and their forces by the Ghurids under Muhammad of Ghor and his forces and the Ghurid invasions of Muhammad of Ghor and his forces had all their forces killed by the Indian Subcontinental rulers and their forces and Muhammad of Ghor was killed by Prithviraj Chauhan and Ghori's forces were killed by the Indian Subcontinent rulers and their forces too as said in historical sources.

Middle Ages era (1293 CE–1872 CE)
The middle era history of Bharuch district can be divided into three main parts, out of which, we can say that Delhi Sultanate era (1297 CE–1407 CE), Gujarat Sultanate era (1407 CE–1573 CE) and Mughal era (1573 CE–1736 CE). Bharuch was the centre of a prosperous merchant community and was one of the chief ports of Gujarat from ancient times to the first half of the 16th century.

Portuguese Attacks
Until the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese Catholic Christians had little contact with the city, only in 1536 CE and 1547 CE, when there were attacks on operations from Daman and Diu against the governors of Gujarat for not paying for the Posters (Cartaz) system. After the attacks when Jorge de Menezes plundered Bharuch in 1547 CE, the city fell into insignificance.

In the 17th century CE, the Dutch and British made it a centre of their cotton purchases in Gujarat, and commercial warehouses were established in 1616 CE and 1618 CE by the British and Dutch respectively and others later. After that, in 1675 CE and 1686 CE, it was sacked by the Marathas. During this period, Bharuch was handed over to Kutubuddin. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb demolished the fortification and the fort in 1660 CE by attacking. Later on, he built it again in 1686 CE. In 1772 CE, the British again attacked Bharuch, defeating Nawab Mu'azzaz Khan, allegedly with the help of his treacherous minister, Diwan Lallubhai. The British handed over Bharuch to the Marathas who ruled between 1783 CE and 1802 CE. From 1802 CE, Bharuch was returned to the East India Company under the terms of the Treaty of Salbai.

Bharuch was ruled by Delhi Sultanate for 94 years, The independent Gujarat Sultanate for 181 years, Mughal Empire for 164 years, Independent Nawabs for 36 years and Maratha rule for 19 years. During these times, revenue was collected from Bharuch and hundreds of people, especially the rich people, were killed. Same way in the cities on the banks of river Kavi in Jambusar Taluka there were many big and rich Hindu and Muslim communities. They were mainly formed by foreign and native traders.

As part of the Sultanate of Gujarat, it was subsequently annexed by the Mughals, and finally by the British. It is also situated near a small City called Halderva where two Islamic priests were found performing miracles.

On taking a bird's eye view of the financial structure of the whole era of Gujarat's sultanate, it can be seen that the area was cheaper and prosperous also when Akbar had won over the Bharuch during the Mughal era it had 12 Paraganas. The annual growth of all 559 Cities of Bharuch, Hansot, Olpad, Mandvi, Galaa, Jambusar, Dahej, Koral, Ankleshvara and Tadakeshwar Parganas was Rs. 7.5 million. As given in the Tabaqat-i Akbari, there is a description of severe drought and the spread of a contentious epidemic in Gujarat, which was later fertilized and cured to the end.

Mughal era (1605 CE–1627 CE)
On understanding the importance of the Bharuch district as the trade centre, the British had taken permission from Jahangir to establish the office during this era. Jahangir also permitted trade to the British. A big office building built by the Dutch in the 18th century can be seen in the Kansarvad in Bharuch. This building has a fort around it.

Attacks and sackings by the Marathas (1664 CE to 1685 CE)
Marathas had plundered Bharuch twice while it was under Mughal rule. Six droughts between 1681 CE and 1696 CE ended the ports' prosperity. By the end of the 17th century CE, their place was taken over due to the development of Mumbai port. In 1772 CE, after the control of Bharuch was taken by the British, the Dutch also left their trade centre in Bharuch.

Independent Nawabs of Bharuch (1736 CE to 1772 CE)
When the Mughal subahdar Nizam-ul-Mulk was given the independent control of Bharuch as his fief, the Nizam soon threw off the suzerainty of the Mughals and started acting independent of Mughal rule. He appointed a loyal commander named Abdullah as the administrator of Bharuch with the title 'Nek Alam Khan'. Nek Alam Khan became independent of the Nizam's control in 1736 CE and assumed independent control of Bharuch. This is the start of a short-lived dynasty of the Nawabs of Bharuch. Nek Alam Khan died in 1738 CE and was succeeded by his son Mirza Beg who also assumed the title of Nek Alam Khan. During this period, independent Nawabs ruled over Bharuch. Mirza Baig, Ahmed Baig, Hakim Mirza, Mirza Mohabbat Khan Those who were given poison, due to which they died and their son who was Mirza Moazziz Khan, he took the title of Nawab of Bharuch And then a treaty was signed with the East India Company and the pension was implemented, hence this pension will be given to the future generations of Nawab of Bharuch. He did not get along with the East India Company So he left Bharuch and then started living with his Royal Family in the Jaora State in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh They all were originally from Bharuch but they shifted their residence to Jaora State in Madhya Pradesh in the 18th century CE and it is their current residence, far away from their ancestral residence, which is Bharuch, Gujarat. After they immigrated to Jaora State in Madhya Pradesh, India, Bharuch was ruled by the many royal states of the Indian Subcontinent in Gujarat under many Indian subcontinent rulers and Europeans from many nations in Europe together for many centuries together.

Pre-independence era and Post-independence era
It is known that the movement for freedom struggle against foreign rulers in Bharuch started in 1905 CE. But before that in the battle of 1857 CE the Bharuch district had played an important role. Bharuch had contributed to the Swadeshi and Home Rule movements also. In which Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi of Bharuch also joined the national struggle.

In 1930 CE, the movement of Satyagraha had spread in Gujarat which had affected Jambusar also. On 12 March 1930 CE when Gandhi started the Dandi March with some of his supporters, the route of Dandi Kuch in Bharuch district was from Devata City of Borsad taluka via Jambusar Amod on the other side of the river Mahi via Bharuch and Ankleshvara on the other side of the river Narmada and reaching Dandi via Surat. The Dandi Kuch arrived in Kareli City on 20 and 22 March 1930 CE and became a memorial day in Jambusar, proving the history of the freedom struggle.

Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi a Gujarati Bhargava Brahmana of Bharuch district had participated in the Home Rule movement. He was imprisoned and released by the government for participating in struggles of the Bardoli movement in 1938 CE, "Savinay Kanoon Bhang" in 1930 CE and a personal movement in 1940 CE and India with Pakistan and the Indian Subcontinent eradicated British rule in 1947 CE and became independent countries. Bharuch, Gujarat became the territory of India. Chunilal Shivlal Modi, born in 1913 CE in Bharuch, participated in the "Savinaya Kaanoon Bhang" struggle in 1930 CE at 18 years old. Chandrashankar Manishankar Bhatt of Amod played a leading role in spreading the "Hind Chhodo" movement.

Dinkar Rao Nabheram Desai of Bharuch participated in all the movements of freedom struggle and was imprisoned five times. Tribhuvandas Chhaganlal Paalejwala of Palej City had played a leading role in picketing the foreign cloth shops in Bharuch in 1930 CE. Manishankar Bhatt of Panjareli City had motivated the district youth to participate in the freedom struggle. Maganbhai Rugnathdas Patel of Bhadaam City played a leading role in the Dholera movement in 1930 CE.

Manishankar Ranchhoddas Sukawala of Bharuch played an active role in the non-cooperation movement in 1920–1921 CE.

Ratuprasada Nathalal Bhatt of Bharuch participated in all freedom movements and was imprisoned, Vinodchandra Chunilal Shah, "Savinaya Kaanoon Bhang" movement, Chunilal Dharamlal Shah of Amod and Chhotubhai Mitilal Patel of Tegava village had devotedly served the freedom fighters, Tribhuvandas Purushottamdas Luhaar (Sundaram) of Matar village, non-co-operation movement in 1920 CE, Desaibhai Bakorbhai Patel of Kahanava village, historical Dandi Kuch, Nathuram Kashiram Bhatt of Raima village, Yashvantray Rajaram Joshi of Malanpore village of Hansot district, Shanabhai Jhaverbhai Patel of Uber village, Vitthalbhai Ranchhodabhai Patel of Sarbhan village, Raysangh Dabhai Parmar and Vishnu Dattatrey Bhoder of Bajodara village had participated in all the freedom movements in the district along with Chhotubhai Purani.

Surajben Haradeva Banarasi of Aasta village of Hansot Taluka, born in 1905 CE and widowed at a young age, was renowned as the leading lady freedom fighter and female worker. She was imprisoned for participating in the freedom movement, contributed significantly to the activities related to the uplift of women and activities of creative programs and was released later during independence. Like the other districts of Gujarat Bharuch district also had participated actively in various freedom struggles and had suffered loss of property and lives of their citizens. Almost all the talukas of Bharuch district had enlightened their people about political and national spirit by participating in freedom struggle through local leadership and history is the proof of the activities of the uplift of the people by implementing the creative programs instructed by Gandhi. Later, the Indian Subcontinent eradicated British rule in 1947 CE, became independent countries, and eradicated other European rules. At that time, Bharuch, Gujarat became a territory of India in the Indian Subcontinent and it is to this day.

Geography and climate
Bharuch is located at 21.7°N, 72.97°W. It has an average elevation of 15 metres (49 feet). Bharuch is a port city situated on the banks of the Narmada River. The damming of the Narmada caused the original port facilities to close, the nearest port is now in Dahej. The Bharuch district is surrounded by Vadodara (North), Narmada (East) and Surat (South) districts. To the west is the Gulf of Khambhat.

Bharuch has a tropical savanna climate (under Köppen's Climate classification), moderated strongly by the Arabian Sea. The summer begins in early March and lasts until June. April and May are the hottest months, the average maximum temperature being 40 C. Monsoon begins in late June and the Village receives about 800 mm of rain by the end of September, with the average maximum being 32 C during those months. October and November see the retreat of the monsoon and a return of high temperatures until late November. Winter starts in December and ends in late February, with average temperatures of around 23 C.

Very often heavy monsoon rain brings floods in the Narmada basin area. The Village had witnessed major floods in the past, but now the floods have been controlled after the damming of the Narmada.

Economy, commerce and industry
Bharuch has always been prosperous because of its location on the Narmada River. Although water tends to be scarce in Gujarat, one never finds difficulty in getting water in Bharuch. As a result of this, agriculture and other linked commercial activities have flourished in Bharuch. Bharuch is also a central stopping point for many villages spread around its boundaries. People from these small villages come to Bharuch when they want to shop for new clothes or make a major purchase. Lately, a lot of retiring expatriates have been returning to Bharuch and building new houses giving the economy a boost.

Traditionally, Bharuch has been the centre of the peanut processing and marketing industry with a well-established brand name around the country. Almost none of the peanuts are grown in Bharuch itself but the best of the crops from neighbouring regions are brought here for processing. Bharuch is also the home of the Bandhni method of clothing design and is well known for this traditional art form.

At present, this heavily industrialised area is renowned for its textile mills, chemical plants, long-staple cotton, dairy products, and much more. Gujarat's biggest liquid cargo terminal is situated here. It also houses many reputed multinational companies like Videocon, BASF, Reliance, Welspun Stahl, etc. Bharuch is a shopping centre well known for its salty peanuts. Because of the distinctive colour of the soil here that is ideal for cotton cultivation, Bharuch is sometimes referred to as 'Kanam Pradesh' (black soil land).

Over the past 60 years, a major part of the population has moved to countries like the UK, USA, the African continent, and other parts of Europe. This brings some economical boost to the local businesses as people come back for vacations and spend their earnings here.

Trade
Bharuch was a major sea port in the important pre-compass coastal trading routes to points West, perhaps as far back as the days of the Pharaohs, which utilised the regular and predictable Monsoon winds or galleys. Many goods from the Far East were trans-shipped there for the annual monsoon winds making it a terminus for several key land-sea trade routes and Bharuch was definitely known to the Greeks, the various Persian Empires and in the Roman Republic and Empire and other Western centres of civilisation, through the end of the European Middle Ages.

In the 1st century AD, Bharuch port has been mentioned as Barigaza. Bharuch which was a prosperous and powerful port was an important part of Gujarat until the 16th century. Arab traders used to enter Gujarat via Bharuch. British, Valandas, and others accepted the importance of Bharuch and established premises and local staff here. At the end of the 17th century, the city was plundered twice but resurged quickly after the plunder and a proverb/refrain arose, "Bhangyu Bhangyu Toye Bharuch".

As a trading depot, the limitations of coastal shipping made it a regular terminus via several mixed trade routes of the fabled spice and silk trading between East and West.

Narmada River's inland access to central and northern India and with a location in the sheltered Gulf of Khambhat in the era of coastal sea travel grew and prospered as a trading transshipment centre and shipbuilding port. Until very modern times the only effective way to move goods was by water transport, and Bharuch had sheltered waters in an era without weather forecasting, compasses, and when shipping was necessarily limited to coastal navigation, and the general east–west course of the Narmada gave access to the rich inland empires at the upper reaches of the Narmada, including easy caravan access to the Ganges valley and the plains of Delhi.

Broach then (1500-1700) was a major textile manufacturing hub. The Broach city was famous for its bafta in the West and Southeast Asian markets. Bafta cloth was among the leading textile products exported to Europe and other parts of the world.

Present industrial city
Modern Bharuch is one of the most heavily industrialised areas, not only in Gujarat but in India as a whole, with many large chemical plants producing fertilisers, paints, dyes, cotton, textiles, and dairy products.

Bharuch has also the advantage of Gujarat's biggest liquid cargo terminal. A very large fertiliser, chemical companies, like GNFC Ltd. is also located in Narmadanagar (a suburb of Bharuch) since 1976.

Large Indian and multinational companies, like the Torrent Group, PepsiCo International, Guardian Corporation, Hitachi, Heubach Colors, Zydus Cadila, Cadila Health Care, Survival Technologies, Videocon, China Light and Power, BASF, Reliance, Tata Group, Aditya Birla Group, Welspun Stahl, Aventis, Gulbrandsen Technologies, Wockhardt, Rallis, Pfizer, Ciba, L&T, Bayer, Glenmark, UPL, Lupin, J B Chemicals, Gujarat Fluorochemicals, NTPC, ONGC, GAIL, OPaL SOlvay, Breeze Intermediates For Flavor & Fragrance Intermediates, Alliance Tyre Group, Fireminich, Astra Specialty Compounds, Dahej and GPEC, have set up manufacturing units in and around Bharuch and Ankleshwar.

Petronet LNG Ltd, one of the fastest-growing companies in the Indian energy sector, has set up the country's first LNG receiving and regasification terminal at Dahej. Dahej nowadays is considered to be fastest-growing industrial area with companies like ONGC, GNFC, Alliance Tyre Group, ABG Shipyard, First carbon, Indofil, Birla copper, Adani, Reliance,

Demographics
India census, Bharuch had a population of 148,391. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bharuch has an average literacy rate of 97.06%, much higher than the national average of 74%; with male literacy of 98.5% and female literacy of 95.5%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Civic administration
Bharuch is administered by the Bharuch Nagar Seva Sadan (Bharuch Nagar Palika). Bharuch is also the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District.

Bharuch Nagar Seva Sadan comprises 11 election wards and 44 seats (corporators). In the 2015, Bharuch Municipality elections, BJP won 31 seats, Congress won 12 and one seat went to Independent. R. V. Patel of Bharatiya Janata Party is the present mayor. Amit Chavda of Bhartiya Janata Party is the present President (Mayor) of Bharuch Nagar Palika.

The city elects one member to the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha, and the district elects one member to the Lok Sabha. Dushyant Patel (BJP) is the representative to the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. Mansukh Vasava (BJP) is the representative to the Lok Sabha.

Bharuch is considered to be a stronghold of BJP, and since past 25 years BJP has been winning in Bharuch Vidhan Sabha, Bharuch Lok Sabha and Bharuch Municipality. Bharuch City would be soon getting a municipal co-operation.

Culture
There are many religions being followed by the people of this city. Usually there is a sense of harmony and co-existence without incident. However, there have been situations in the past in which this delicate social fabric has broken down. Today the city is considered to be a great example of communal equality. The majority are followers of Hinduism with a large Muslim minority.

As Bharuch is a renowned tirtha, also known as Bhrigu Tirtha, in many of the Hindu Puranas, it is a host of huge number of temples along the river side. There exists also a number of mosques in this city many of them having been built in the medieval area and the most famous one is known as Jamia Masjid Bharuch built in 1644 during reign of Shah Jahan.

Art and literature
Bharuch is renowned because of the internationally famous Pt. Omkarnath Thakur in the field of music. Writers such as like Dr. Kanaiyalal Munshi, Balwantray Thakore and Sundaram has bestowed Bharuch unique pride.

Raichand Deepchand Library was established in 1858. It is one of the oldest libraries in Western India. It has a collection of about 200,000 books including some rare manuscripts.

Ganpatram Desai of the Bhargav Brahmin caste of Bharuch wrote the famous book Bharuch Shaher No Itihaas in 1900. This classic piece of history is an excellent reference even today. He wrote another historical novel called Alexander Na Samay Nu Hind or India at the Time of Alexander.

Festivals
All major Indian festivals are celebrated in Bharuch. Bharuch enjoys a thriving cultural tradition and diverse traditions of different ethnic and religious communities. Popular celebrations and observances include Uttarayan—an annual kite-flying day on 14 January. The nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba—the folk dance of Gujarat—at venues across the city. The festival of lights—Deepavali is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, the decorating the floors with the rangoli and the bursting of firecrackers. Other festivals such as Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi, Eid ul-Fitr and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are integral parts of the city's culture. It is also well known for the celebration of Chandi Padvo which usually occurs around October. This day comes after one of the two biggest full moon days of the Hindu calendar year, "Sharad Purnima". On this day, people buy tons of Ghari.

The rain (Meghraja) festival celebrated in Bharuch during monsoon season is unique in the whole of India. In the whole country, the festival depicting the importance of ancient agricultural traditions is celebrated only here. Meghraja Festival is celebrated in the month of Shravan. A 5.5 feet idol of Meghraj (Lord Indra) is prepared from the soil of Narmada river and is worshiped for 25 days. A fair (mela) is organised during the last four days of this festival. Within India, this festival is only celebrated in Bharuch.

Cuisine
Bharuch cuisine is similar to that of Surati cuisine. The most popular form of meal — a typical Gujarati thali — consists of roti, dal, rice and shaak (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Bharuch cuisine also includes perennial favourites such as "Mawa Ghari" (a type of sweet pastry made from a laminated dough and filled with Khoa, different than Surati Ghari), "Malai Ghari" (filled with sweetened clotted cream, a unique sweet of Bharuch), Khichu, Undhiyu, Khaman, Nylon Khaman, Phaphada and Jalebi. Unlike cuisines in other parts of Gujarat, Bharuch cuisine is quite spicy. In the cooler winter months, people eat Ponk, a roasted cereal. The roasted salty peanuts of Bharuch are famous worldwide.

Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities. Roadside kiosks, called "laaris" or "rekdis", are quite popular.

Non-vegetarian food is also available in some Muslim-dominated areas. Novel dishes made from eggs (ghotala, kheema, half fry) are specialties which are savoured with much gusto. Apart from this the traditional mutton preparation of tapela, fish (patra macchi), and lemon chicken can also be relished.

Transport
Bharuch is well connected to the rest of India by Indian National Highway 48 (Mumbai to New Delhi) and by the Western Railway Division of Indian Railways.

The 132-year-old Golden Bridge connects Bharuch to Ankleshwar across the Narmada, which connects Bharuch and Ankleshwar towns, has turned golden literally. This is the first time since independence that the bridge has been painted golden. Bharuch roads and buildings department has painted the bridge golden. Golden Bridge is a part of Bharuch's rich history. The British, who needed a bridge across Narmada to enable easier access for trade and administration officials in Mumbai, built the Golden Bridge, or Narmada Bridge as it is named, in 1881.

The bridge got its name due to the massive expenditure incurred in its construction. It was constructed seven times after being damaged several times due to strong currents of Narmada water. It was said that the cost incurred was so high that with the amount spent the bridge could be constructed in gold. The bridge has withstood many floods and natural disasters like earthquakes and provides daily transportation to the people of Ankleshwar and Bharuch.

A new bridge connects to the national highway.

Local transport is provided mainly by auto rickshaws (3-wheeled passenger taxis running on petrol or diesel). Intra-district and Inter-state buses also serve Bharuch frequently, and services are available to most nearby cities within and outside Gujarat. Private bus operators also offer local services in and around Bharuch.

Air: The nearest airports to Bharuch are Surat and Vadodara, at a distance of about 72 km respectively.

Indian Airlines and other private airlines connect Surat and Vadodara to Delhi and Mumbai, with onward connections to major cities throughout India and abroad.

Rail: Bharuch Junction railway station is a very busy junction, handling over 40 pairs of trains on the Mumbai-Delhi line via Ahmedabad.

The main trains which pass through the station are Mumbai-Ahmadabad Shatabdi Express, August Kranti Rajdhani Express, Mumbai-Vadodara Express, Jammu Tawi-Mumbai Central Swaraj Express and Bandra-Dehradun Express.

Daily or multiple daily trains connect Bharuch to all major cities in Gujarat. Daily or multiple daily trains also connect to many smaller towns as well.

Long-distance connections are available to virtually all major cities in India with multiple daily services to Mumbai and Delhi.

There are also daily (or multiple-daily) trains to Jaipur, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Kota, Ajmer, Indore, Kolkata, Nagpur, Solapur, Raipur, Bilaspur, Rourkela, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozepur, Bhatinda, Ambala, Panipat, Rohtak, Faridabad, Mathura, Dehradun, Pune, Goa, Mangalore, Kozhikode and Kochi (Ernakulam)- (and to several other stations en route).

Weekly (or multiple-weekly) trains are available for Udaipur, Lucknow, Bhubaneswar, Pury, Hyderabad, Mysore, Bangalore, Coimbatore and Tuticorin among others.

The major railhead to the north of Bharuch is Vadodara (71 km) and to the south is Surat (68 km).

Indian railways also runs narrow gauge train services to Dahej and Jambusar.

Bus: National Highway 8 passes through Bharuch and has a good road network. The bus station in the heart of the city is one of the busiest in Western India. State transport buses and private luxury coaches connect Bharuch with various centres of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Rajasthan.

Education
There are a number of schools and colleges in Bharuch which provide education in English and Gujarati mediums. Schools here are either affiliated to Gujarat Board, CBSE Board or the ICSE Board to name few Sabari Vidya Peedom, Aditya Birla Public School, AMICUS, Queen of Angels' Convent School, Holy Angels Convent School, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans' Narmada Vidyalya, DPS, Sanskar Vidya Bhavan, Faith Calivary, J.B.Mody Vidyalaya.

Several colleges provide education in various undergraduate and postgraduate streams including commerce and science, Narmada College of Science & Commerce is the prominent known college since last many decades. Narmada College of Computer Application (NCCA) in its campus is the only college in Bharuch District providing Master of Computer Application (MCA) course since 1999.

There are also several engineering colleges affiliated to the Gujarat Technical University including Government Engineering College, Bharuch which is centrally monitored, and SVM( Sa'd Vidya Mandal) Institute of Technology which offers graduate and post-graduate courses.

There are also several pharmacy colleges, a medical college, Agriculture College.

Shree Narmada Sanskrit Ved Pathashala is a 115-year-old institute that imparts education in Sanskrit at school, graduate and post-graduate levels. It imparts education in the fields of vedas, jyotisha, vyakrana, nyaya, and mimansa.

Sports
GNFC Sports Complex has a number of modern sport facilities, which includes Cricket Stadium (Ranji Trophy matches were also held here), golf course, tennis, table tennis, badminton, skating, swimming pool, gym, community science centre, snookers, pool, billiards, chess, cards, volleyball, and basketball.

Rotary Club also has facilities for sports like table tennis, swimming pool, skating, badminton and other indoor games.

Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Munaf Patel and Rashid patel both played for Indian cricket team.

Shri Batuknath Vyayam Shala was established in 1913 by Chhotubhai Purani and Ambubhai Purani (propagators of Indian gymnastics/vyayam in Gujarat).

Shopping and recreation
There are various avenues for leisure time activities in Bharuch, and there are a few parks maintained by the municipal commission such as Narmada River Front. The city also has numerous privately owned parks; among them, J. B. Modi Park and Vasu Van Nisarg Udyan are the most popular and well-known. The river banks in the city provide places for walking and leisure activities, together with a couple of libraries and a few auditoriums. Bharuch is well known for its textile products. Salted peanuts and sweets of Bharuch are renowned worldwide. Jabsons, a well known export brand for peanuts is a notable shop in the Peanut Market. Of late there has been a boom in the retail sector in the city and there are new shopping malls and multiplexes opening up all over the place. There are now shopping centers including Reliance Smart Bazaar, Reliance Super Market and D-Mart and places like Pantaloons, Croma and Zudio. Bharuch City Center is where most of the famous brands can be found.

Healthcare
Bharuch has provided health care through hospitals and clinics. There are hospitals run by the government, private entities as well as charitable trusts.

It also has several clinics owned and operated by individual doctors and medical professionals. Pharmacies are also operated and run by individual people.

Notable people
Mythological figures related to Bharuch include Bhrigu Rishi, Shukra, Chyavana, Chandra, Dattatreya, Durvasa, Vamana, Mahabali, Jamadagni and Parshurama. Notable historical figures include King Nahapana.

Notable people from recent times include:

 * Ahmed Patel (1949–2020), senior leader of the Indian National Congress
 * Cyrus Broacha (born 1971), Indian television personality, ancestors were from Bharuch
 * Feroze Gandhi (1912–1960), was an Indian politician and journalist, husband of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
 * Godrej family, including Ardeshir Godrej and Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej, co-founders of the Godrej Group
 * Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (1887–1971), Indian independence movement activist, politician, writer and educationist
 * Omkarnath Thakur (1897–1967) Indian educator, musicologist, and Hindustani classical singer
 * Premchand Roychand (1831–1906), Indian businessman and merchant, founder of the Bombay Stock Exchange
 * Tribhuvandas Luhar (1908–1991), Gujarati writer
 * Shapurji Broacha (1845–1920), Indian industrialist and philanthropist, Sheriff of Bombay during George V's coronation in India
 * Ibrahim Ali Patel Belongs to The Patel Family of Ikhar, The Political and Royal Family of Bharuch Gujarat

Broacha and Bharucha are common surnames among Parsis and Dawoodi Bohras originally from Bharuch.

Bharuch City

 * Bhrigu Rishi Temple. The temple of Bhrigu Rishi, one of the famous and sacred temples of Gujarat, is situated on the east of the city in Dandia Bazar area on the banks of the holy river Narmada. This temple, being visited by a number of pilgrims, has great religious importance to the people of Bharuch. Bharuch which was originally called 'Bhrigukachchha' derived its name from this temple. The temple was built in honour of the great saint Maharishi Bhrigu who was able to attain sainthood by reaching the perfect balance between wisdom and activity. It was here that Bhrigu Rishi wrote first Indian Astrological work, Bhrigu Samhita. He is said to have documented five million horoscopes, in which he wrote down the fate of every being in the universe.
 * Nav Nathas. There are nine Swayambhu (self menifested) Shivalingas located at different places in old Bharuch city. These Shivalingas are known as Nav Naths in Bharuch. They are Kamnath, Jwalnath, Somnath, Bhimnath, Gangnath, Bhootnath, Pingalnath, Siddhnath and Kashi Vishwanath. These nine shivlingas are said to be exist since time immemorial. It was due to these shivlingas that Bhrigu Rishi choose Bharuch for his ashram.
 * Dashashwamedh Ghat is situated on the bank of river Narmada near Dandia Bazar. This is the place where King Mahabali performed ten ashwamedha sacrifices. It is at this place where Lord Vishnu came in the disguise of Vamana and measured the whole universe with his three steps. There are many old temples constructed on this ghat which includes Ambaji Mata Temple, Umiya Mata Temple, Narmada Mata Temple, Kotirudreshwar Mahadev, Vamana Temple and many others. One must not forget to visit this ghat at early morning hours to enjoy the spiritual peace of this place.
 * River Narmada. Many ghats are situated on the banks of the River Narmada in Bharuch, which hosts a number of temples. The Narmada happens to be one of the most sacred river of India. It is believed that a dip in the Narmada river washes ones sins away, and that her divine sight alone makes one pure. According to a legend, the river Ganges is polluted by millions of people bathing in it. To cleanse herself, Ganges acquires the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe in its holy waters. Legends also mention that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges.
 * Temples swarm the city and each holds its own religious significance. The Swaminarayan Temple in Dandia Bazar area of city is 175 years old and hosts a palette of colour on its walls. Narmada Mata Temple, also in Dandia Bazar, is 150 years old and dedicated to Goddess Narmada. The Vaishnav Haveli enshrines an idol of Bal Krishna said to have come from Mathura in 1725. Behind the old Civil Hospital, the Khodiyar Mata Temple overlooks the low-lying area of furja and offers one of the best views of sunset in the city.
 * Other temples in old Bharuch city include Bahuchara Mata Temple, Sindhvai Mata Temple, Santoshi Mata Temple, Nilkanth Mahadev, Doodheshwar Madhavev, Nav Graha Temple, Kala Raam Temple, Dwarkadhish Temple, Dattatreya Temple, Shree Sheshaiji Mandir, Bhrigvishwar Mahadev, seat of Vallabhacharya, Gyaneshwar Hanuman, Rokadiya Hanuman, Bhid Bhanjan Hanuman, Ganapati Temple and many others.
 * There are many ashramas along the river side. Some of these ashrams also runs meditation centres, adhyatama discourses, etc. A few prominent ashramas to name are Ashoka Ashrama, Swami Omkarnath's Narmada Ashrama, Kusuma Pagala Ashrama, Swami Swyamjyotitirtha's Gyan Sadhan Ashrama, Vishwa Gayatri Alakha Dham, Brahmakumari's Anubhuti Dham, Swami Tadrupananda's Manan Ashrama, Hansdevji's Hans Ashramas, etc.
 * Shree Vishnu Ayyapa Temple lies on the Zadeshwar Road and is managed by the Hindu Kerala Community residing in Bharuch. Every Year during the end of December a beautiful procession is carried out to commensurate the pious "Mandalamaasam" where devotees across the district and vicinity participate and celebrate.
 * The Golden Bridge was built by the British in 1881 across the Narmada River to improve access to traders and administrators to Bombay. The structure was built with rust-resistant iron, and therefore, more expensive than modern steel, lending to the name Golden Bridge. This bridge connects Bharuch and Ankleshwar.
 * Sona no Patthar (Golden Stone)
 * Soneri Mahel (Golden Palace)
 * A fort which is around 1000 years old was built by Siddhraj Jaysinh, the then king of Gujarat. The fort is situated on a hill top which overlooks the Narmada river. Within the fort are the Collector's office, Civil Courts, the Old Dutch factory, a church, the Victoria Clock tower and other buildings. Around 3 km from the fort there are some early Dutch tombs, overlooked by some Parsee Towers of Silence. Also there are many historical monuments built by the Dutch, Portuguese and British.
 * Gurudwara Chadar Saheb. In the 15th century Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, visited Bharuch. It is believed that when a boatman refuses to take him across the Narmadda, he crosses over on a cloth sheet or chadar. The Gurudwara was later constructed in Kasak area, on the site where he landed in Bharuch.
 * Some important temples in new Bharuch city includes Shaktinath Mahadev, Chandramaulishwar Mahadev (this shivalinga is made from mercury), Sai Baba temple, Gayatri Mata temple, Amba Mata temple and many others.
 * A unique feature of Bharuch is the Meghraja festival celebrated in the month of Shravan (August–Sept) for 25 days. A 5.5 feet idol if Meghraj (Lord Indra) is prepared from the soil of Narmada river and is worshiped for 25 days. A fair (mela) is organised during the last 4 days of this festival. The unique feature is that this festival is celebrated only in Bharuch in whole of India.
 * Jainism and Buddhism had also a significant role in history of Bharuch and there are many Jain temples with architectural excellence.
 * Islamic buildings like Eidgah (built in 1326), Jama Masjid and Madresa Mosque
 * The crowded but fascinating bazaar known as Katopore Bazar.
 * Swaminarayan Mandir in Zadeshwar lies on the NH-8 and attracts a huge number of devotees from Bharuch and nearby areas.
 * Bharuch hosts one of the oldest libraries of Gujarat – Raichand Deepchand Library, started in 1858. It has a collection of around Two Lacs (200,000) books. There are many other libraries in the city.

Surrounding area

 * Shuklatirth is situated at a distance of about 12 km east of Bharuch is a host of many old temples. The most famous of them is Shukleshwar Mahadev Temple. Legend says that Shiva was pleased with the devout Chanakya and guided him to salvation. He instructed Chanakya to start his journey in a black boat at the mouth of the Narmada dress in black and accompanied by a black cow. The place where black would transform into white would mark the location of his liberation. The transformation occurred in Shuklatirth. Shiva stayed with Chanakya at this site in the form of a linga. It is believed that this temple houses that same linga, and that by praying here all sins are purged and desires fulfilled. The Omkarnath Vishnu Mandir has a tall white idol of Vishnu said to have emerged from the Narmada. This idol is made up of sand (it is a self manifested idol), but it appears as if it is made from marble.
 * Kabirvad is the island of Banyan trees. Kabirvad is an island on the river Narmada at a distance of about 16 km east of Bharuch city. The main attraction here is a gigantic banyan tree covering an area of more than 2.5 acres. According to legend, it is at this place that saint Kabirdas meditated and the tree grew from a meswak stick (used for brushing the teeth) that was thrown here by the saint. A single tree has over years proliferated into a tree with several trunks and spread in over 2.5 acres of land. Other added attractions here are the lotus shaped marble temple, Kabir museum and boat ride on Narmada river.
 * Kukarwada situated at a distance of 5 km west of Bharuch hosts Panchmukhi Hanuman temple.
 * Osara located about 17 km north-east Bharuch has a temple of Kali. This temple opens only on Tuesdays attracting a huge number of devotees.
 * Gumandev (near Jhagadia) at a distance of about 20 km south of Bharuch, is a temple of Lord Hanumanji. It is said that temple is very old. Large number of people from different parts of the world visit this temple is the testimony of people faith in the divine power of this grand old deity. A fair is organised at this place on every Saturday in the month of Shravan. At this time, deevotees from Bharuch, Ankleshwar and other places go to this place walking.
 * Hathila Hanuman, at a distance of about 30 km north of Bharuch towards Amod, is another place of Hanuman temple.
 * Nareshwar at a distance of 25 km north-east of Bharuch is the place of hermitage of Rang Avadhoot Maharaj.
 * Ankleshwar situated at a distance of 12 km south of Bharuch is also an ancient city. Important places here include Antarnath Mahadev and Ram Kund. Today Ankleshwar is a highly industralised city and it has the honour of being the biggest Industrial Complex in whole of Asia.
 * Kadia Dungar situated at a distance of 40 km south of Bharuch is a Buddhist cave, believed to have been occupied by Pandavas.
 * Other important places on the banks of Narmada include Angareshwar, Mangleshwar, Nikora, Janor, Sajod (hermitage of sage Chyavana), Hansot, Jageshwar, and Dahej.

Other places of interest

 * The Statue of Unity
 * Stambheshwar Mahadev – Kavi Kamboi (45 km from Bharuch) at the estuary of the Mahi River. This Shivalinga is flooded at high tides; not during low tides.
 * Rajpipla (65 km)
 * Garudeshwar – Samadhi of Vasudevanand Saraswati (60 km)
 * Sardar Sarovar Dam (90 km)
 * Chandod (40 km)
 * Anasuya (near Chandod) – birthplace of Dattatreya, Chandra and Durvasa
 * Kayavarohan (50 km)
 * Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (95 km)

title: Bharuch


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Talk:Heavy Weather (album)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 22:14, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

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Talk:Bronze

Why have a category box for jewelry but not for alloys/metallurgy?
Why is there a category bot thing at the bottom for jewelry but not for alloys or metallurgy? I don't know the right way to add it yet but it seems strange. DaveShack (talk) 22:29, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

Genesis 4:22
In the article's History section, should there be a mention of the passage, "And as for Zillah, she also bore Tubal-Cain, an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron." Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 21:52, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Only if we also include, in the History section, the third Age of Man, which was the Bronze Age (following the Silver Age and preceding the Heroic Age), of which age the humans thereof were made by Zeus from ash trees, and had bronze armour. :P Firejuggler86 (talk) 01:14, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure why the inclusion of one would necessitate the inclusion of the other, but TBH I don't see why we couldn't mention both that it appears in a biblical account and that it is mentioned in Greek mythos. That many ancient peoples found bronze to be important enough to include in their own narratives about the world seems relevant to the history section. It's not like by saying that it appears in Genesis, we have to be saying with Wikipedia's voice that the Genesis narrative is true. JMM12345 (talk) 15:44, 5 April 2021 (UTC)JMM12345

"the largest ancient bronze ever found"
Under the Etymology section, there's a picture of an ancient Chinese bronze artifact and the caption has a section that reads like "the largest ancient bronze ever found". The largest ancient bronze what? Artifact? Just reads a little funny is all. Cornellbob (talk) 00:21, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * An artwork made of bronze is "a bronze". However, as stated the claim was nowhere near true & I have changed it. Johnbod (talk) 00:32, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * See my edit today. Is that what you intended? Paul August ☎ 23:11, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, not really. It appears to be the heaviest Chinese ritual bronze, per a reference at the article on the piece. Johnbod (talk) 03:15, 2 June 2021 (UTC)
 * OK, I've reverted myself, but the way you had left here it read "the Chinese ritual bronze ever found" Paul August ☎ 10:44, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Should mention Bronze as intermetallics.
Tin is not "dissolved in Copper." Intermetallic compounds Cu5Sn6 and Cu3Sn dissolved in Copper. In fact the hardest Bronze, Bell metal, corresponds to Cu3Sn proportion. TaylorLeem (talk) 18:11, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Ambiguity regarding percentages
The article mentions percentages several times. Do those percentages refer to % in mass or % in volume? Being copper and tin solids at ambient temperature, with a well defined density, it seems to me that the proportions are not completely clear and this could lead to some confusions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.5.3.135 (talk) 00:09, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bronze


text:
Zerbe

Zerbe may refer to:

Surname
The name Zerbe may come from the German town of Zerben.
 * Anthony Zerbe (born 1936), American actor
 * Chad Zerbe (born 1972), American MLB player
 * Christina Zerbe (born 1980), German footballer
 * Farran Zerbe (1871–1949), American numismatist
 * Hannes Zerbe (born 1941), German jazz musician
 * Jerome Zerbe (1904-1988), American photographer
 * Karl Zerbe (1903–1972), German-American painter
 * Volker Zerbe (born 1968), German handball player and manager

Places

 * Zerbe Township, Pennsylvania, town in central Pennsylvania
 * Zerbe Run, stream in central Pennsylvania

Other

 * Zerbe Air Sedan, passenger aircraft project
 * Zerbe Sextuplane, an early aircraft design
 * The ANA Distinguished Service Award, formerly called the Farran Zerbe Memorial Award

title: Zerbe


text:
Zeigler

Zeigler may refer to:

Places

 * Zeigler, Illinois, United States
 * Zeigler, Indiana, United States
 * Zeigler House (disambiguation), several places
 * Mount Zeigler, in Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica

People with the surname

 * Barbara Zeigler (born 1949), American artist
 * Bernard P. Zeigler (born 1940), Canadian engineer and emeritus professor at the University of Arizona
 * Cyd Zeigler (born 1973), American commentator and author in the field of sexuality and sports
 * Dominique Zeigler (born 1984), former American football player
 * Dusty Zeigler (born 1973), American football player
 * Earle F. Zeigler (1919–2018), American and Canadian citizen, one of the founders of modern American Sport Studies
 * Ernie Zeigler (born 1966), American college men's basketball coach
 * Heidi Zeigler (born 1979), American actress
 * Jim Zeigler (born 1948), American lawyer and politician
 * Lee Woodward Zeigler (1868–1952), American illustrator and muralist
 * Stanley Zeigler, American politician
 * Wilbur G. Zeigler (1857–1935), American lawyer, writer, and Marlovian theory founder

title: Zeigler


text:
Zenda

Zenda may refer to:

Places

 * Zenda, Ontario, a small village in Ontario, Canada
 * Zenda, Kansas, a small town in Kansas, United States
 * Zenda, Wisconsin, a small community in Wisconsin, United States
 * Zenda, Virginia, a small community in the Shenandoah Valley, founded by newly freed slaves

Arts

 * Zenda (film), a film
 * Zenda (musical), a musical

Other uses

 * Zenda (horse), a racehorse
 * USS Zenda (SP-688), a patrol vessel that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919

title: Zenda


text:
Sun Bowl (stadium)

The Sun Bowl is an outdoor football stadium in the southwestern United States, on the campus of the University of Texas at El Paso. It is home to the UTEP Miners of Conference USA, and the late December college football bowl game, the Sun Bowl. The stadium opened in 1963 and has a nominal seating capacity of 51,500, although UTEP currently lists the capacity as 46,670.

History
The stadium, named for the game it hosts, was opened 61.61934722647134 years ago in 1963 with a Texas Western win over North Texas State on September 21. The opening play was a 54-yard touchdown run by Larry Durham of the Miners.

The land on which the stadium sits was originally donated by the university to El Paso County, who built the stadium for the school and the Sun Bowl game. Both had previously used Kidd Field, the current track and field venue, which seats 15,000. The city had realized that the game could not expand its audience or the list of teams that it could invite without a bigger stadium, so the Sun Bowl was built in a natural bowl adjacent to the west. It originally sat 30,000, with only the sideline grandstands. The playing field runs nearly north–south (tilted about 10° NW–SE) at an elevation of 3910 ft above sea level.

Renovations
The current press box was added in 1969, and the stadium reached the capacity of 52,000 in 1982 with the addition of the north end zone stands and the expansion of the east stands. (The south end zone is still vacant, with the ground of the bowl covered with the school's logos.)

The school retook control of the land and stadium in 2001, when hundreds of seats were removed as part of a re–configuration of the seating bowl to accommodate soccer, which lowered capacity to its current figure of 51,500.

The school's Athletics Director, Jim Senter, announced on April 13, 2018 plans to renovate the Sun Bowl stadium. The $15 million project would include luxury boxes installed in a new press facility, renovation of the concourses and premium seating added on the west side of the stadium. The renovations were completed in time for the 2021 season.

Sun Bowl
The college football bowl game began in January 1936 and moved to the new stadium in December 1963. All games have been played in El Paso.

All-star game
On February 2, 2007, the stadium hosted the inaugural Texas vs. The Nation all-star college football game; the Nation defeated Texas 24–20.

Concerts
Since the 1990s, the Sun Bowl has hosted several concerts such as The Rolling Stones, U2, Pink Floyd, Ricky Martin, NSYNC, One Direction (a sellout), Guns 'n' Roses, and a co-headlining performance by Mötley Crüe, Def Leppard, and Alice Cooper. Notably, the Mexican pop sensation RBD kicked off their Soy Rebelde Tour with their first live performance in nearly 15 years at the Sun Bowl.

Other events
On February 17, 2016, the stadium hosted festivities and a simulcast of the Mass held by Pope Francis during the pontiff's visit to Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, several miles away across the Rio Grande.

Other tenants
For a short time before moving to Dudley Field, the El Paso Patriots soccer team in the Premier Development League (now known as USL League Two) made its home at the Sun Bowl. The Patriots played their final seasons at Patriot Stadium.

title: Sun Bowl (stadium)


text:
Geologic map

A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show various geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give three-dimensional orientations features.

Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the surface of a selected stratum illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of the strata. Isopach maps detail the variations in thickness of stratigraphic units. It is not always possible to properly show this when the strata are extremely fractured, mixed, in some discontinuities, or where they are otherwise disturbed.

Lithologies
Rock units are typically represented by colors. Instead of (or in addition to) colors, certain symbols can be used. Different geologic mapping agencies and authorities have different standards for the colors and symbols to be used for rocks of differing types and ages.

Orientations

Geologists take two major types of orientation measurements (using a hand compass like a Brunton compass): orientations of planes and orientations of lines. Orientations of planes are measured as a "strike" and "dip", while orientations of lines are measured as a "trend" and "plunge".

Strike and dip symbols consist of a long "strike" line, which is perpendicular to the direction of greatest slope along the surface of the bed, and a shorter "dip" line on side of the strike line where the bed is going downwards. The angle that the bed makes with the horizontal, along the dip direction, is written next to the dip line. In the azimuthal system, strike and dip are often given as "strike/dip" (for example: 270/15, for a strike of west and a dip of 15 degrees below the horizontal).

Trend and plunge are used for linear features, and their symbol is a single arrow on the map. The arrow is oriented in the downgoing direction of the linear feature (the "trend") and at the end of the arrow, the number of degrees that the feature lies below the horizontal (the "plunge") is noted. Trend and plunge are often notated as PLUNGE → TREND (for example: 34 → 86 indicates a feature that is angled at 34 degrees below the horizontal at an angle that is just east of true south).

History
The oldest preserved geologic map is the Turin papyrus (1150 BCE), which shows the location of building stone and gold deposits in Egypt.

The earliest geologic map of the modern era is the 1771 "Map of Part of Auvergne, or figures of, The Current of Lava in which Prisms, Balls, Etc. are Made from Basalt. To be used with Mr. Demarest's theories of this hard basalt.  Engraved by Messr. Pasumot and Daily, Geological Engineers of the King." This map is based on Nicolas Desmarest's 1768 detailed study of the geology and eruptive history of the Auvergne volcanoes and a comparison with the columns of the Giant's Causeway of Ireland. He identified both landmarks as features of extinct volcanoes. The 1768 report was incorporated in the 1771 (French) Royal Academy of Science compendium.

The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure undertook the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. He traversed and mapped nearly every state in the Union. During the rigorous two-year period of his survey, he crossed and recrossed the Allegheny Mountains some 50 times. Maclure's map shows the distribution of five classes of rock in what are now only the eastern states of the present-day US.

The first geologic map of Great Britain was created by William Smith in 1815 using principles (Smith's laws) first formulated by Smith.

Singapore
The first geological map of Singapore was produced in 1974, produced by the then Public Work Department. The publication includes a locality map, 8 map sheets detailing the topography and geological units, and a sheet containing cross sections of the island.

Since 1974, for 30 years, there were many findings reported in various technical conferences on newfound geology islandwide, but no new publication was produced. In 2006, Defence Science & Technology Agency, with their developments in underground space promptly started a re-publication of the Geology of Singapore, second edition. The new edition that was published in 2009, contains a 1:75,000 geology map of the island, 6 maps (1:25,000) containing topography, street directory and geology, a sheet of cross section and a locality map.

The difference found between the 1976 Geology of Singapore report include numerous formations found in literature between 1976 and 2009. These include the Fort Canning Boulder Beds and stretches of limestone.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the term geological map is used. The UK and Isle of Man have been extensively mapped by the British Geological Survey (BGS) since 1835; a separate Geological Survey of Northern Ireland (drawing on BGS staff) has operated since 1947.

Two 1:625,000 scale maps cover the basic geology for the UK. More detailed sheets are available at scales of 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:10,000. The 1:625,000 and 1:250,000 scales show both onshore and offshore geology (the 1:250,000 series covers the entire UK continental shelf), whilst other scales generally cover exposures on land only.

Sheets of all scales (though not for all areas) fall into two categories:

 * 1) Superficial deposit maps (previously known as solid and drift maps) show both bedrock and the deposits on top of it.
 * 2) Bedrock maps (previously known as solid maps) show the underlying rock, without superficial deposits.

The maps are superimposed over a topographic map base produced by Ordnance Survey (OS), and use symbols to represent fault lines, strike and dip or geological units, boreholes etc. Colors are used to represent different geological units. Explanatory booklets (memoirs) are produced for many sheets at the 1:50,000 scale.

Small scale thematic maps (1:1,000,000 to 1:100,000) are also produced covering geochemistry, gravity anomaly, magnetic anomaly, groundwater, etc.

Although BGS maps show the British national grid reference system and employ an OS base map, sheet boundaries are not based on the grid. The 1:50,000 sheets originate from earlier 'one inch to the mile' (1:63,360) coverage utilising the pre-grid Ordnance Survey One Inch Third Edition as the base map. Current sheets are a mixture of modern field mapping at 1:10,000 redrawn at the 1:50,000 scale and older 1:63,360 maps reproduced on a modern base map at 1:50,000. In both cases the original OS Third Edition sheet margins and numbers are retained. The 1:250,000 sheets are defined using lines of latitude and longitude, each extending 1° north-south and 2° east-west.

United States

In the United States, geologic maps are usually superimposed over a topographic map (and at times over other base maps) with the addition of a color mask with letter symbols to represent the kind of geologic unit. The color mask denotes the exposure of the immediate bedrock, even if obscured by soil or other cover. Each area of color denotes a geologic unit or particular rock formation (as more information is gathered new geologic units may be defined). However, in areas where the bedrock is overlain by a significantly thick unconsolidated burden of till, terrace sediments, loess deposits, or other important feature, these are shown instead. Stratigraphic contour lines, fault lines, strike and dip symbols, are represented with various symbols as indicated by the map key. Whereas topographic maps are produced by the United States Geological Survey in conjunction with the states, geologic maps are usually produced by the individual states. There are almost no geologic map resources for some states, while a few states, such as Kentucky and Georgia, are extensively mapped geologically.

title: Geologic map


text:
TPA

TPA may refer to:

Business and finance

 * Third-party access, a competition principle regarding natural resources
 * Third-party administrator for processing insurance claims and retirement plans
 * Tonnes per annum
 * Tons per acre, wine grape production term for estimating yield

Law

 * Trade Practices Act 1974, Australian competition law legislation
 * Trade Promotion Authority, a power of the US president

Organisations

 * Political Union of Economists (Tautsaimnieku Politiskā Apvienība), former Latvian political party
 * TaxPayers' Alliance, a British free-market lobby group
 * Tempe Preparatory Academy, a preparatory secondary school in Arizona, U.S.
 * Texas Pharmacy Association, U.S.
 * Theta Phi Alpha a collegiate women's fraternity. Formerly known as TPA, now Theta Phi Alpha.
 * Toronto Paramedic Association, Canada
 * Travelers Protective Association

Science and medicine

 * Terephthalic acid, an aromatic acid and monomer for Aramid
 * Tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), a tumor promoter drug
 * Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a fibrinolytic enzyme in biochemistry and medicine
 * Transpalatal arch, an orthodontic device
 * Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine
 * Two-photon absorption

Television

 * Televisão Pública de Angola, the state-owned TV station in Angola
 * Televisión Pública Argentina, a television network in Argentina
 * Television Programs of America, a television production company of the 1950s
 * Televisión del Principado de Asturias, broadcaster in Asturias, Spain

Transport

 * Tampa International Airport, by IATA code
 * Tanzania Ports Authority
 * Toronto Parking Authority, Canada
 * Toronto Port Authority, Canada

Other

 * Taipei Assassins, a Taiwanese esports team
 * Terapascal (TPa), a unit of pressure or stiffness
 * Terminal Portuario de Arica, an important port in northern Chile
 * The Pinball Arcade, a pinball video game developed by FarSight Studios
 * Thermal Protective Aid, an aluminized polyethylene suit
 * Thickened pyrophoric agent, triethylaluminium used as an incendiary weapon
 * Third-party authentication, term usually applied to an app which enables a type of multi-factor authentication
 * TPA Tour, name for the US golf PGA Tour for a few months in 1981-2
 * Trade Practices Act 1974, the predecessor to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, Australian legislation
 * Transient program area, in a CP/M computer system

title: TPA


text:
Zoar

Zoar may refer to:

 * Zoara, a city mentioned in Genesis as part of the Biblical Pentapolis

Places

 * Canada
 * Zoar, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * England
 * Zoar, Cornwall
 * South Africa
 * Zoar, Western Cape
 * United States
 * Zoar, Delaware
 * Zoar, Indiana
 * Zoar, Massachusetts
 * Zoar, New York
 * Zoar, Ohio, a village in Tuscarawas County, Ohio
 * Zoar, Warren County, Ohio
 * Zoar, Wisconsin

Other

 * Zoar (band), an experimental, gothic, ambient and classical group
 * Zoar (Aylett, Virginia), Virginia state forest named for a historic former plantation and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in King William County
 * Zoar (Masters of the Universe), a fictional character in the Masters of the Universe franchise

title: Zoar


text:
Talk:How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

Why this is not a case for a redirect page
Hi-- Redirect pages are usually used for completely different topics that happen to have the same name. But the Grinch TV show and movies are adaptations of the original book, and really belong in the same article.

I've altered this article so that people who only bother to read the beginning of it will have it made clear to them that the article covers the TV show and film as well as the book.

Maybe people who have seen and know about the movie might like to add some discussion of it.

I hope this seems reasonable. Opus33 00:14, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

So this is the title?
I've always known the book as "The Grinch who stole Christmas", not "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Not really sure why and I don't know where my copy of the book is and Google doesn't seem to be helping me at the moment. Also the film was known as "The Grinch" in the UK as far as I know. violet/riga 21:10, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is definitely the title of the book -- including the exclamation point. --Modemac 00:47, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * You know, ever since the time I first read the book and understood the meanings of all the words, I always thought the book should be corrected to read "How the Grinch borrowed Christmas!". Since he gave it back, he only borrowed it even if his original intent was to not return it.71.72.17.111 (talk) 20:40, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

Electro-Who-Cardio-Shnoox
Quote: "The purity of the verse is increased by the fact that Seuss avoided introducing made-up words intended to fit the meter (for example, "Jill-ikka-Jast" or "Sala-ma-goox", both from Scrambled Eggs Super)." Well, Seuss did make up at least one word to fit the rhymes: the Great Big Electro-Who-Cardio-Shnoox. But this is just quibbling. --Modemac 00:47, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Modemac, Your remark filled me with scholarly alarm, so I rechecked my copy. A great relief--no "Electro-Who-Cardio-Shnoox" anywhere.  Is this perhaps from the TV or movie version?  Thanks, Opus33 02:58, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's the TV special. In the very beginning, the Grinch describes the young Whos playing with their toys: "...There's one thing I hate all the noise, noise, noise.  And they'll make shrieks and squeels racing round on their wheels, they'll dance with ting-tinglers tied on to their heels.  They'll blow their blue-toopers, they'll bang their ta-tinkers.  They'll blow their Who-whoopers, they'll bang their gar-dinkers.  They'll beat their drum-dinkers, they'll slam their slew-slumpers.  They'll beat their flung-floopers, they'll slam their who-wunkers.   And they'll play noisy games like zoo-zinger-car-zay -- a roller skate kind of lacrosse and croquet.  Then they'll make ear splitting noises galooks on their great big electro-who-cardio-shnoox."  I was of the impression that the TV special recited the words of the book, word for word, so I always thought this passage was there in the book. --Modemac 09:23, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Modemac. Opus33 15:46, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Latin Translation
Is the Latin Translation really so important or relevant? I'm thinking about deleting. Charles (Kznf) 02:48, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Since it is one of the only translations of the book, and one that has been highly praised by classicists, it would appear to be noteworthy.Benami 15:34, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Professor Tunberg (both of them, really) are hot in the world of classics (as hot as Latinists can be, I suppose). It, Catus Petasatus and Winni ille Pu are I think the only three books ever to make the Times bestseller list. Definitely worth keeping. Of more questionable relevance is under the film part, the sentence about the word "Grinch" being in much larger letters than the rest of the movie title.--Josh Rocchio 05:50, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Whoville
My inquiry is what town did Dr Suess base "Whoville" on. My understanding in many of the Suess stories - Springield street names are used.

Is there any history of what town "Whoville" is based on. --207.194.239.145, 21:55, 3 April 2006

No. Sorry.--Planetary 05:53, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

It appears to be more likely that Whoville is based on La Jolla CA, and not Easthampton MA, according to research done by The Daily Hampshire Gazette. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.119.165.169 (talk) 18:44, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Easthampton, Ma is NOT Whoville. Everyone stop saying it is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.116.161.100 (talk) 17:54, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

In Dr. Seuss's history, Easthampton IS the town he based Whoville on, AND Mt. Tom IS Mt. Crumpit. Sorry Californians..... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.179.119.99 (talk) 22:37, 1 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Without a reliable source, there is nothing to discuss here. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 00:16, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Welcome Christmas (Fah Who) song
I am surprised that there is no information on this song (With the first line going Fah who foraze, Da who doraze), other than a passing mention. I'm sure many people would like to know more about its origins. I found an interesting site (|Welcome Christmas! The Story of a Holiday Hymn), but I have no idea whether it's true or not. Does anybody know more? Canadian Joeldude 23:51, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Character Page Creation
I'm about to create a character page for the Grinch. My many, reasonable reasons for this include:

 * The Grinch character has been featured in far more than just this story. He is in Grinch Night, The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat, and a series of books by Random House.
 * A culturally significant character, he is on several T-Shirts, and the character himself is parodied several more times than included in this article.
 * There are almost no character descriptions. The few references to his character ONLY show the Christmas stand point. We're talking two official, Dr. Seuss-written Sing-Alongs that are completely ignored.
 * The Grinch is a far more superior culturally than his story. If anything, this article should be redirected to a page about the Grinch.
 * With tons of fan-sites (for reasons I don't understand), I felt that it would be a nescessary article.

You can reply with your opinions, but unless you have SPECIFIC Wikipedia rules to deny creation of such an culturally important article, please don't expect me to stop production. --Dmurawski, 04:18, 15 November 2006

40th Anniversary Special ripoff?
At first viewing, the featurette at the end of the 40th Anniversary airing last night was nothing more than the 1994 version with Tom Bergeron pasted in in place of Phil Hartman. Shot for shot and line for line. They even did the 'other voices' bit. DarkAudit 16:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This really isn't the place for discussing this but, I thought all that stuff was boring and pointless. Smiley4000 16:53, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

No "Controversy" Section?
There's no mention of the controversy in the tv adaptation where the Whos in Whoville are singing a line that sounds like "Join the Ku Klux Klan." I'm serious. I seem to remember a big deal being made about it. On other pages with similar "sounds like" controversies, they at least mention it. I know that that's not what they are *actually* singing, but it's place in pop culture at least warrants a mention. -- 12.116.162.162 16:38, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 13:39, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Grinch.jpg
Image:The Grinch.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:27, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Cartoon Adaptation
Forgive me. I'm not to this Wiki project. I should have read the protocol pages before making edits.

I believe that the following link is a justifiable reference for this article.

Adaptation The Grinch and Mr. Who

It is a clear adaptation of the original story and extends it meaning in a constructive way. The link is not to a commercial site and it not being included for advertising purposes. There are many articles with such links and I value them enormously as to many others.

Dbschell (talk) 23:11, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

grinch is an english word
grinch is an english word originating from the title of this book. maybe that is notable for the article? 70.80.57.57 (talk) 23:23, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

opening
It looks ike someone messed up the opening paragraphs of the article. It says something abot a fear of children. Was that deliberate?

76.226.44.95 (talk) 16:27, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

First appearance of the Grinch
Sorry I don't have any proof, but I distinctly remember seeing what later became the book, in weekly pre-Christmas installments in the Washingtom Post. (I was about 8 years old at the time.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.54.169.90 (talk) 09:25, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Semi-autobiographical?
I remember reading that Seuss was writing about his own feelings about Christmas when he wrote the book. Part of the argument was that it wasn't just a coincidence that he used the line "for fifty-three years I've put up with it now", and the book was published when he was 53 years old. 24.114.215.201 (talk) 15:42, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Plot
The plot description here might belong to the Chuck Jones TV special and not the book, according to the version of the text here: http://web.mit.edu/tere/www/text/grinch.txt But the illustrations may fill in some elements that are missing in the words. I don't have the book here, so maybe someone else who has it can check? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Belmontian (talk • contribs) 18:36, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:How the Grinch Stole Christmas!


text:
Joseph Hofmann

Joseph Hofmann or Josef Hofmann (the surname spelled with a single f) may refer to:

 * Josef Hofmann (1876–1957), Polish-American pianist and composer
 * Josef Anton Hofmann (1924–2010), London-born American loudspeaker designer, son of Josef Hofmann
 * Joseph Ehrenfried Hofmann (1900–1973), German historian of mathematics

title: Joseph Hofmann


text:
Cai Yan

Cai Yan (c. 178 – post 206; or c.  170–215; or died c.  249), courtesy name Wenji, was a Chinese composer, poet, and writer who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. She was a daughter of Cai Yong. Her courtesy name was originally Zhaoji, but was changed to Wenji during the Jin dynasty to avoid naming taboo because the Chinese character for zhao in her courtesy name is the same as that in the name of Sima Zhao, the father of the Jin dynasty's founding emperor, Sima Yan. She spent part of her life as the concubine of the powerful Xiongnu tribesman Liu Bao until 207, when the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government in the final years of the Eastern Han dynasty, paid a heavy ransom to bring her back to Han territory.

Cai Yan was celebrated for being "erudite, eloquent and brilliant in rhythm"; her biography was recorded in Book of the Later Han, volume 84: Biographies of Exemplary Women (卷八十四 列女傳 第七十四).

Life
Cai Yan was a daughter of Cai Yong, a famous Eastern Han dynasty scholar from Yu County (圉縣), Chenliu Commandery (陳留郡), which is around present-day Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan. She was married to Wei Zhongdao (衛仲道) in 192 but her husband died shortly after their marriage and they did not have any children. Between 194 and 195, when China entered a period of chaos, the Xiongnu nomads intruded into Han territory, captured Cai, and took her back as a prisoner to the northern lands. During her captivity, she married the Xiongnu chieftain Liu Bao (the "Wise Prince of the Left") and bore him two sons. 12 years later, the Han Chancellor, Cao Cao, paid a heavy ransom in the name of Cai's father for her release. After Cai was freed, she returned to her homeland but left her children behind in Xiongnu territory. The reason Cao Cao wanted her back was that she was the sole surviving member of her clan and he needed her to placate the spirits of her ancestors.

After that, Cai married again, this time to Dong Si (董祀), a local government official from her hometown. However, when Dong Si committed a capital crime later, Cai pleaded with Cao Cao for her husband's acquittal. At the time, Cao Cao was hosting a banquet to entertain guests, who were stirred by Cai's distressed appearance and behaviour. She asked him if he could provide her with yet another husband. He pardoned Dong Si.

Later in her life, she wrote two poems describing her turbulent years.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Cai Yan briefly appears in chapter 71 of the novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a historical novel of 14th century which romanticizes events prior to and during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Cao Cao was on a march to battle with Liu Bei during the Hanzhong Campaign when he passed by Cai Yan's residence.

Cao Cao came to the gates with a few attendants. Upon hearing who the guest was, Cai Yan hurriedly raced to meet them, and after Cao Cao took a seat in the household, he noticed a tablet which contained mix-matched eight words that he couldn't interpret. Cai Yan pointed out that her father wrote it after hearing a specific tale. Yang Xiu, one of the men whom Cao Cao brought along, declared he knew the riddle on the tablet.

Cao Cao and his subordinates later left the house and Yang Xiu mentioned what the eight words meant using wordplay.

Legacy

Like her father, Cai Wenji was an established calligrapher of her time, and her works were often praised along with her father's. Her poems were noted for their sorrowful tone, which paralleled her hard life. The famous guqin piece Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute is traditionally attributed to her, although the authorship is a perennial issue for scholarly debate. The other two poems, both named "Poem of Sorrow and Anger" (悲憤詩), were known to be written by her.

The following is an excerpt from the "Poem of Sorrow and Anger" in five-character form (五言):

In addition to her surviving poems, a volume of Collective Works of Cai Wenji was known to have survived until as late as the Sui dynasty but had been lost by the Tang dynasty.

Cai Wenji inherited some 4,000 volumes of ancient books from her father's vast collection. However, they were destroyed in the ravages of war. At Cao Cao's request, Cai recited 400 of them from memory and wrote them on paper.

Literary and artistic tributes
The stories of Cai reverberate primarily with feelings of sorrow, and inspired later artists to keep portraying her past. Her return to Han territory has been the subject of numerous paintings titled Cai Wenji Returns to Her Homeland (文姬歸漢圖) by various painters since the Tang dynasty, as well as renderings in traditional Beijing opera.

In popular culture
Guo Moruo wrote a play on her life in 1959. In 1976, a crater on Mercury was named Ts'ai Wen-Chi after Cai Wenji, citing her as "Chinese poet and composer". In 1994, a crater on Venus was named Caiwenji after Cai Wenji, citing her as "Chinese poet".

Cai Wenji appears as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce 2 and Dynasty Warriors 7 (her debut as a playable character in North American and European ports). She also appears in Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms video game series and in Dynasty Warriors 6: Empires as a non-playable character. She is also a playable character in Warriors Orochi 3 and Warriors Orochi 4. Her fighting style relies on casting energy balls and shock waves by strumming her harp.

title: Cai Yan