text:
Makua people

The Makua people, also known as Makhuwa or Wamakua, are a Bantu ethnic group found in northern Mozambique and the southern border provinces of Tanzania such as the Mtwara Region. They are the largest ethnic group in Mozambique, and primarily concentrated in a large region to the north of the Zambezi River.

They are studied by sociologists in four geographical and linguistic sub-divisions: the lower or Lolo Makua, the upper or Lomwe Makua, the Maua and the Niassa Makua or Medo. They speak variants of the Makua language, also called Emakua, and this is a Bantu-group language. The total Makua population is estimated to be about 3.5 million of which over 1 million speak the lower (southern) dialect and about 2 million the upper (northern, Lomwe) version; given the large region and population, several ethnic groups that share the region with the Makua people also speak the Emakua.

History
A mythical legend, in the oral tradition of the Makua people, tells that their ancestor were the first man and woman born of Namuli which is their original home, while other living creatures came from nearby mountains. Scholars are uncertain whether their origins are in the mountains, or west of Lake Malawi, or northern lands such as in Tanzania or the south. However they concur that they likely have been an established ethnic group in northern Mozambique region by the 1st millennium CE. The Makua people are closely related to the Animist Maravi people. They have had a history of conflict with the Muslim Yao people in the north involved in slave raids and slave trading.

Metals, manufacturing and trade
The Makua people have a documented history of metal ore processing and tools manufacturing. The colonial era Portuguese naturalist, Manuel Galvao da Silva for example, described iron mines of the Makua people. Similarly, the French explorer Eugene de Froberville summarized the indigenous Makua iron manufacturing methods from iron ore, where the Makua people extracted the metal by processing the ore in a wood-burning hearth as a community. The extracted metal was then worked into axes, knives, spear, rings and other items.

The Makua people have traditionally been dedicated to agriculture and hunting, yet medieval era documents suggest that the Makua people were also successful traders that controlled the trade routes between Lake Malawi and the Atlantic coast doing brisk business with the Swahili (East Africa) and Gujarati (India) merchants before the start of the colonial era. However, prior to the 18th-century, the Makua population was primarily exchanging food, ivory tusks and metal products for textiles, salt and other products, but they were not involved in the trade of ivory or gold. In the 18th century there was a dramatic increase in the ivory trade which required large scale killing of elephants.

Colonialism and slavery
The Portuguese who arrived in Mozambique in early 16th-century describe them for their trading relationships and expertise. The colonial settlers contacted the Makua people in early 16th century. The Makua people were generally peaceful with the colonial Portuguese in 17th century and throughout the mid 18th century. The Makua people encountered slave raids and capture from their northern neighbors, specifically the Yao people, an African ethnic group who targeted them to meet the slave demand of Swahili Arabs centered around Zanzibar. The Makua people retaliated with a war of attrition from 1749 onwards, against the Arabic Sultans of the African coast bordering the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese and the other African ethnic groups that supported colonial interests.

In early 18th-century, states Edward Alpers, the primary demand for slaves out of Makua people, and Mozambique in general, came not from Portugal or its Indian Ocean colonies such as Goa because labor was readily available in South Asia and Portuguese colonial empire in Asia was small. The largest demand came from the 'Umani Arabs seeking slaves for domestic labor and the French who lacked plantation workers but controlled nearby island colonies such as Comoros, Réunion, Madagascar, Seychelles, Isle de France (now Mauritius) and others. With the growth of Portuguese interests in Brazil and of plantation owners from other colonial empires in the Caribbean, North and South America, the demand for slaves grew dramatically. The Makua people were one of the major victims of this demand, slave capture and export that attempted to satisfy this demand.

In the 19th century, the Makua chiefs joined the lucrative trading by becoming a supplier of slaves and raiding ethnic groups near them, selling the captured people to the same merchants and exporters. The exports of Makua people has led to this ethnic group's presence in many islands of the Indian Ocean such as Madagascar, the Caribbean, the United States and elsewhere.

According to Palmer and Newitt, one of the strategies deployed by Africans and Arab slave raiders and traders was to dehumanize the Makua and Lomwe communities, by publicly stereotyping them as "barbarous and savage tribes", which made slave buyers between 1800 and 1880 feel justified and righteous in "exploiting, civilizing" them from their barbarous ways. In truth, state modern era scholars, the historical evidence and economic success of Makua people suggest that they were peaceful and industrious.

Religion
In the traditional religion of the Makua people, the principal deity is named Muluku; he is opposed by an evil spirit named Minepa. According to legend, Muluku created the first man and the first woman from two holes in the ground, and gave them the art of using tools. The humans were disobedient, so Muluku summoned two monkeys and gave them the same tools and instruction. Seeing that the monkeys made good use of the tools, Muluku cut off their tails and fastened them to the man and the woman, telling the monkeys to be human and the humans to be monkeys.

The Makua people have predominantly held on to this traditional religion (66 to 70% ), which reveres ancestors and nature spirits. The exception is the coastal population, where the Makua traders (under the influence of their Swahili-Arab customers) converted to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam. According to 19th-century records made by the Portuguese, there was at that time hardly any Islamic presence among the Makua people beyond the coastal settlements.

The Makua people refer to the coastal Muslim people as the Maka, which may be derived from Mecca, or from the words "salt" or "coast", both of which in the Makua language translate to Maka.

The Makua Diaspora
The Makua people were widely distributed around the world during the colonial era. One of the oft studied ethnography of Makua people was published in 1847 by Eugene de Froberville, after he interviewed and learnt the Makua traditions and culture from over three hundred Makua people in Mauritius plantations.

Makua people once lived in the country of South Africa in an area near Durban called Bluff. However, due to the Apartheid era Group Areas Act, they were forcibly removed from Bluff and settled in Bayview, Chatsworth, Durban in 1960. Some Makua settled in Wentworth, Mariannhill, Mariannridge, Umlazi, Newlands East and West, Pietermaritzburg, Cape Town and Johannesburg.

The Makua language, a Bantu language, is still predominantly spoken among the people, alongside Afrikaans and Zulu (in South Africa), Portuguese in Mozambique, some Swahili by the elders of the community but still spoken by many on the Tanzania-Mozambican border, and English in South Africa and Tanzania.

title: Makua people


text:
Maria Schicklgruber

Maria Anna Schicklgruber (15 April 1795 – 6 January 1847) was the mother of Alois Hitler, and the paternal grandmother of Adolf Hitler.

Family
Maria was born in the village of Strones in the Waldviertel region of the Archduchy of Austria. She was the daughter of farmer Johannes Schicklgruber (29 May 1764 – 12 November 1847) and Theresia Pfeisinger (7 September 1769 – 11 November 1821). Maria was a Catholic; what is known about her is based on church and other public records.

Maria was one of eleven children, only six of whom survived infancy. Her early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural and largely forested area in the northwest part of Lower Austria, northwest of Vienna.

In 1821, Maria's mother died when Maria was 26 years old. She received an inheritance of 74.25 gulden, which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10–12 gulden and an entire inn perhaps 500 gulden. Werner Maser wrote she was a "thrifty, reserved, and exceptionally shrewd peasant woman."

The birth of Alois
In 1837, when she was 42 years old and still unmarried, her only child, Alois, was born. Maser notes that she refused to reveal who the boy's father was, so the priest baptized the baby Alois Schicklgruber and entered "illegitimate" in place of the father's name on the baptismal register. Historians have discussed various candidates for the father of Alois:
 * Johann Georg Hiedler, who later married Maria, whose name was added to the birth certificate later in Alois's life, and who was accepted officially by Nazi Germany as Alois's father (i.e., as the paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler).
 * Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, Johann Georg's brother and Alois's step-uncle, who raised Alois through adolescence and later willed him a considerable portion of his life savings, but who, if he were the real father of Alois, never found it expedient to admit it publicly.
 * A Jewish man named Leopold Frankenberger, as reported by ex-Nazi Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials. Prominent historians dismiss the Frankenberger hypothesis (which had only Frank's speculation as evidence) as baseless, as there were no Jewish families in Graz at the time Maria became pregnant.

At the time of the birth of Alois, Maria was living with a Strones village family by the name of Trummelschlager. Mr and Mrs Trummelschlager were listed as Alois's godparents.

Maria soon began residence with her father at house number 22 in Strones. After an unknown period, the three Schicklgrubers were joined by Johann Georg Hiedler, an itinerant journeyman miller. On 10 May 1842, five years after Alois was born, Maria Anna Schicklgruber married Johann Georg Hiedler in the nearby village of Döllersheim. Maria was 47 years old, and her new husband was 50.

Whether or not Johann Georg Hiedler was actually the biological paternal grandfather of Hitler may remain unknown as he was not recorded originally as the father on Alois's birth certificate. Illegitimacy was common in lower Austria; in some areas, it reached as many as forty percent of births, and as late as 1903 the rate was twenty-four percent, with the children normally legitimized at a later date. Hitler's ancestry was questioned when his opponents began spreading rumours that his paternal grandfather was Jewish, since one of Nazism's major principles was that to be considered a pure "Aryan" one had to have a documented ancestry certificate (Ahnenpass).

In 1931, Hitler ordered the Schutzstaffel (SS) to investigate the alleged rumours regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors. He then ordered a genealogist by the name of Rudolf Koppensteiner to publish a large illustrated genealogical tree showing his ancestry. This was published in the book Die Ahnentafel des Führers ("The pedigree of the Leader") in 1937, which concluded that Hitler's family were all Austrian Germans with no Jewish ancestry and that Hitler had an unblemished "Aryan" pedigree. As Alois himself legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his biological father (with three witnesses affirming and watching this) and the priest changed the father's blank space on the birth certificate in 1876, this was considered certified proof for Hitler's ancestry, and thus Hitler was considered an "Aryan".

Death and gravesite
Maria died during the sixth year of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten where she was living with her husband in the home of kin, the Sillip family. She died of "consumption resulting from pectoral (thoracic) dropsy" in 1847. She was buried in the parish church cemetery in Döllersheim.

After the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, a search failed to find her grave so she was given an "honour grave" next to the church wall. This grave was tended by local Hitler Youth groups whilst Döllersheim and the surrounding areas were made proving ground areas. In 1942, this area became part of an artillery training area and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued during the Soviet occupation after the war, and also by the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Döllersheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker remaining for Maria Schicklgruber.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maria Schicklgruber


text:
User:Jahalme

I'm a new user from Finland - hello to whoever wandered to my infopage. :) Maybe I'll write something a bit more coherent here sometime later.

My contributions are so far limited to one article;

Toyota MR2 - Being the car nut I am, I'll probably try to write a bit more on automotive subjects but being an owner of a 1991 MR2 and a rather enthusiastic one, I decided to write my first article about the MR2. I wrote the article originally in finnish during the winter 2003-2004 but translated it to english for Wikipedia. I've also included two photos of my car but would like someone to contribute photos of AW11 and ZZW30 models as well because I didn't have any decent ones - most of mine are taken in meets etc. where there's too much background stuff interfering.

title: User:Jahalme


text:
United States National Chemistry Olympiad

The United States National Chemistry Olympiad (or USNCO) is a contest held by the American Chemical Society (ACS) used to select the four-student team that represents the United States at the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO).

Each local ACS section selects 10 students (or more for larger ACS sections) to take the USNCO National Exam. To qualify for the national exam, students must first take the local exam. Approximately 10,000 U.S. students sit for the local exam each year. More than 1000 students qualify to take the National Exam annually.

Exam format
The National Exam consists of three parts.

Multiple choice
The first part contains 60 multiple-choice questions. Each question has four answer choices. The questions are loosely grouped into 10 sets of 6 items; each set corresponds to a different chemistry topic. Typically, the topics are, in order, descriptive chemistry/laboratory techniques, stoichiometry, gases/liquids/solids, thermodynamics, kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, electronic structure/periodic trends, bonding theories, and organic chemistry. There is no penalty for guessing; a student's score is equal to the number of questions answered correctly. One and a half hours (90 minutes) are allotted for this first part.

Free response
The second part contains 8 free response questions. Complete written explanations and calculations are required for full credit on a question, and partial credit is awarded. More thorough knowledge of basic theories is required, and often there are questions on less-emphasized portions of normal high school chemistry curricula, such as organic chemistry and coordination chemistry. One hour and 45 minutes (105 minutes) are allowed for this section. The topics of each question in the recent part II’s of USNCO usually follows the following format:

Question 1: Stoichiometry

Question 2: Equilibrium

Q3. Assorted (typically either thermodynamics, electrochemistry, or kinetics)

Q4. Assorted (typically either thermodynamics, electrochemistry, or kinetics)

Q5. Prediction of chemical reaction products. Includes acid-base reactions as well as redox reactions. Part F is usually on radioisotope decay.

Q6. Assorted (could be any topic that is not anywhere else)

Q7. Bonding

Q8. Organic Chemistry

However this is a loose outline, as each question usually requires knowledge from multiple topics. For example, the questions in the 2024 Part II exam were as followed.

Question 1: Finding the molecular formula of a group 2 medal halide through quantitative and qualitative clues.

Question 2: Relating pH and solubility

Question 3: Using kinetic data to find thermodynamic (and additional kinetic) properties

Question 4: Using potentiometric titration to find the concentration of a metal complex

Question 5: Reaction predicting

Question 6: This question primarily focused on the periodicity of group I in the periodic table but also included nuclear chemistry, solid state chemistry, and bonding.

Question 7: Effect of ring strain on bond strength (partially an organic chemistry topic)

Question 8: Nitrogen compounds in organic chemistry (amines, amides, imidazoles, etc.)

Lab practical
Beginning in 1994, the lab practical was added to the National Exam. It contains two tasks to be performed by each student with only the specified materials, and students are expected to describe their procedures and organize their findings. Past tasks have included chromatography, titration and qualitative analysis, and 90 minutes are allotted to complete the two experiments.

USNCO Study Camp and other recognition
The top 20 scorers on the USNCO National Exam are invited to participate in the two-week USNCO Study Camp at the University of Maryland, College Park in College Park, Maryland. At the camp, the students are tested (both free response and lab testing), and the top four students are selected to comprise the U.S. IChO team. Two alternates are also selected, although no alternate has ever actually been called up for duty.

In addition, the top 50 students are recognized as achieving "High Honors" or "t50", and the next 100 students earn the "Honors" or "t150" designation.

Scope of the test as compared to the IChO
The purpose of the USNCO is to stimulate all young people to achieve excellence in chemistry. Therefore, the focus of the exam is not necessarily to select the top twenty students, and instead to present a wide selection of basic questions. Therefore, the scope of the USNCO is different than the scope of what would be expected at the training camp or IChO.


text:
Giovanni Lajolo

Giovanni Lajolo (born 3 January 1935) is an Italian cardinal and former president of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and president of the Governatorate of Vatican City State.

Early life and ordination
Giovanni Lajolo was born on 3 January 1935 in Novara, Italy. He studied at the Seminary of Novara, the Pontifical Roman Seminary, and the Pontifical Gregorian University where he earned a licentiate in philosophy in 1955 and a licentiate in theology in 1959. He was ordained a priest on 29 April 1960. He entered the University of Munich where he studied for a doctorate in canon law which he was awarded in 1965. Then in 1965 he entered the elite Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy to study diplomacy, leaving in 1968.

Secretariat of State
He entered the service of the Secretariat of State in 1970. He worked in the nunciature in Germany collaborating with Corrado Bafile, future cardinal, from 1970 to November 1974. He was a staff member of the Council for Public Affairs of the Church from November 1974. He was named counselor of nunciature on 1 January 1983. He closely followed the negotiations that led to the signing, in 1984, of the revision of the concordat between Italy and Holy See.

Bishop
On 3 October 1988, Lajolo was appointed Secretary of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and Titular Archbishop of Caesariana by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1989 from John Paul, with archbishops Edward Idris Cassidy and José Tomás Sánchez serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica. Lajolo was named Nuncio to Germany on 7 December 1995, and Secretary for Relations with States on 7 October 2003. As Secretary, he served as the foreign minister of the Vatican.

Secretary for Relations with States
He served as the Secretary for Relations with States in the Secretariat of State, or foreign minister of the Holy See, from 2003 until his appointment as president in 2006. He speaks Italian, German, English and French.

At a 2004 conference Lajolo said that perfect religious freedom does not exist in any country in the world: "Even in states in which the right to religious freedom is taken very seriously, perfection is missing, often because a concern for church-state separation leads to penalising religious activity in the public sphere." He went on to say that "government and taxation policies may limit the rights of parents to choose a religious education for their children or may penalise the charitable work of the church by not recognising its nonprofit status. Attempts to ban religiously motivated positions from public policy debates are also infringements on religious freedom." Lajolo and other speakers at the conference also voiced concern about the increasing threats to Christians in Iraq and in other countries with a Muslim majority following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.

In 2005 Lajolo was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
On 22 June 2006, Lajolo was appointed President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and of the Governorate of Vatican City State by Pope Benedict XVI. In virtue of these two posts, he is delegated legislative and executive authority over the Vatican City by the pope. He was made Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria Liberatrice a Monte Testaccio in the consistory of 24 November 2007.

He submitted his resignation to Pope Benedict when he turned 75 in January 2010. His resignation was accepted on 3 September 2011, with Archbishop Giuseppe Bertello appointed as his successor as of 1 October 2011.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

Curial work
He was made a member of the Congregation for Bishops, Pontifical Council for Culture, and Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (of which he had once been Secretary) on 12 June 2008. On 25 January 2010 he was appointed a member of the Apostolic Signatura, the Church's highest court. He remained as a member of these bodies until his 80th birthday in 2015.

title: Giovanni Lajolo


text:
Somnolence

Somnolence (alternatively sleepiness or drowsiness) is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia). It has distinct meanings and causes. It can refer to the usual state preceding falling asleep, the condition of being in a drowsy state due to circadian rhythm disorders, or a symptom of other health problems. It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness and lack of mental agility.

Somnolence is often viewed as a symptom rather than a disorder by itself. However, the concept of somnolence recurring at certain times for certain reasons constitutes various disorders, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, shift work sleep disorder, and others; and there are medical codes for somnolence as viewed as a disorder.

Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, microsleeps may be experienced. In individuals deprived of sleep, somnolence may spontaneously dissipate for short periods of time; this phenomenon is the second wind, and results from the normal cycling of the circadian rhythm interfering with the processes the body carries out to prepare itself to rest.

The word "somnolence" is derived from the Latin "somnus" meaning "sleep".

Circadian rhythm disorders
Circadian rhythm ("biological clock") disorders are a common cause of drowsiness as are a number of other conditions such as sleep apnea, insomnia and narcolepsy. The body clock disorders are classified as extrinsic (externally caused) or intrinsic. The former type is, for example, shift work sleep disorder, which affects people who work nights or rotating shifts. The intrinsic types include:
 * Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD) – A condition in which patients feel very sleepy and go to bed early in the evening and wake up very early in the morning
 * Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) – Faulty timing of sleep, peak period of alertness, the core body temperature rhythm, hormonal and other daily cycles such that they occur a number of hours late compared to the norm, often misdiagnosed as insomnia
 * Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder – A faulty body clock and sleep-wake cycle that usually is longer than (rarely shorter than) the normal 24-hour period causing complaints of insomnia and excessive sleepiness
 * Irregular sleep–wake rhythm – Numerous naps throughout the 24-hour period, no main nighttime sleep episode and irregularity from day to day

Physical illness
Sleepiness can also be a response to infection. Such somnolence is one of several sickness behaviors or reactions to infection that some theorize evolved to promote recovery by conserving energy while the body fights the infection using fever and other means. Other causes include:
 * Anxiety
 * Brain tumor
 * Chronic pains
 * Concussion – a mild traumatic brain injury
 * Diabetes
 * Fibromyalgia
 * Head injury
 * Hypercalcemia – too much calcium in the blood
 * Hypermagnesemia
 * Hyponatremia – low blood sodium
 * Hypothyroidism – the body doesn't produce enough hormones that control how cells use energy
 * Meningitis
 * Mood disorders – depression
 * Multiple sclerosis
 * Narcolepsy – disorder of the nervous system
 * Skull fractures
 * Sleeping sickness – caused by a specific parasite
 * Stress

Medicine

 * Analgesics – mostly prescribed or illicit opiates such as OxyContin or heroin
 * Anticonvulsants / antiepileptics – such as phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), Pregabalin (Lyrica) and Gabapentin (Neurontin)
 * Antidepressants – for instance, sedating tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline and mirtazapine. Somnolence is less common with SSRIs and SNRIs as well as MAOIs.
 * Antihistamines – for instance, diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Nytol), doxylamine (Unisom-2), hydroxyzine (Atarax) and promethazine (Phenergan)
 * Antipsychotics – for example, Lurasidone (Latuda), thioridazine, quetiapine (Seroquel), olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone and ziprasidone (Geodon) but not haloperidol
 * Dopamine agonists used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease – e.g. pergolide, ropinirole and pramipexole.
 * HIV medications – such as efavirenz
 * Hypertension medications – such as amlodipine
 * Hypnotics, or soporific drugs, commonly known as sleeping pills.
 * Tranquilizers – such as zopiclone (Zimovane), or the benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) or nitrazepam (Mogadon) and the barbiturates, such as amobarbital (Amytal) or secobarbital (Seconal)
 * Other agents impacting the central nervous system in sufficient or toxic doses

Assessment
Quantifying sleepiness requires a careful assessment. The diagnosis depends on two factors, namely chronicity and reversibility. Chronicity signifies that the patient, unlike healthy people, experiences persistent sleepiness, which does not pass. Reversibility stands for the fact that even if the individual goes to sleep, the sleepiness may not be completely gone after waking up. The problem with the assessment is that patients may only report the consequences of sleepiness: loss of energy, fatigue, weariness, difficulty remembering or concentrating, etc. It is crucial to aim for objective measures to quantify the sleepiness. A good measurement tool is the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). It assesses the sleep onset latency during the course of one day—often from 8:00 to 16:00. An average sleep onset latency of less than 5 minutes is an indication of pathological sleepiness.

Severity
A number of diagnostic tests, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, are available to help ascertain the seriousness and likely causes of abnormal somnolence.

title: Somnolence


text:
TurboSilver

TurboSilver was one of the original 3D raytracing software packages available for the Amiga and for personal computers in general.

It was first revealed by its creator Impulse at the October 1986 AmiEXPO. November 1987 saw the release of version 2.0. Version 3.0 was released in January 1988.

Impulse created a replacement for it, named Imagine in 1990.

title: TurboSilver


text:
Talk:German name

Change
I don't think that "There are only five circumstances in which one is allowed to change one's name". Or maybe this is different in Austria, because a friend of mine change her name (both her Vorname and her Nachname) for none of the listed reasons (she just wanted a different name). She just needed to show proof that she isn't naming herself after a celebrity etc. 13:52, May 12, 2008 (GMT+1) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.121.51.79 (talk) 11:53, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

To my knowledge, there are at least four more cases allowing a change of name:

- You can take your former name when you get divorced.

- You can change your name when you are adopted.

- A child may take the new name of the mother (or father?) when that changes, e.g. after a divorce or when the mother is adopted and takes the name of the adopting family.

- A name can be changed with an important reason, e.g. offending names — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.135.254.161 (talk) 09:14, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

old
Is there a law or authority that establishes allowable names or forms of names? Rmhermen 17:55, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, it is within the power of the Standesbeamter (officer of the authority registring births and marriages) to judge whether a name is appropiate and legal. So if you want to give your child un unsual name, you just have to convince this officer that this name is common (or at least used) in some country and that it tells the sex. Sometimes, the Standesbeamte might also refuse a name because it can be regarded as offensive or derogative and become a problem for the child. Of course, you can appeal against a decision at a court (which will usually bring you a satiric report in your local newspaper about the strange names some people insist on giving their poor children). Sanders muc 18:29, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Could you add some of that to the article? Rmhermen 20:27, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * However, one of the heaviest burdens for a child is actually a regular Christian name and can thus legitimately be used; I'm speaking, of course, of Adolf. - Interesting would be what the officer would say a) to an Italian b) to an Italian-descended German who wants to name his son Andrea, which is a male Italian but a female German name. A problem, of course, is that the song A boy named Sue couldn't probably have come into a German mind. --131.159.0.7 (talk) 11:47, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Triple surnames
"More commonly, the spouses combine their Nachnamen by a hyphen, and so one of them (or both) then bears a double name (Doppelname). (There is a limit of only one hyphen in a name.)" -- This is not totally correct. There are also so called "old double names", which already existed for a long time (one example that just comes to my mind is "Müller-Lüdenscheid"). In these cases, a new double name may have three components and two hyphens. Because those old double names are rare, though, there are very few cases (although I happen to know one person - only one, and most people, probably none at all, just to show how rare they are). I'm not sure whether, and if, how, to put this information into the article, because it will complicate matters for only very rare exeptions, so I haven't changed the article. --222.13.236.80 09:50, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Fräulein
Are girls up to say, 16 or 18 addressed that way socially? Or are they only addressed by first name? In many English speaking countries, you would never call a teenage girl "Ms. Angela Smith" in an invitation. She's either plain Angela Smith or Miss Angela Smith. Writerchick 13:18, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * At 18 an unmarried woman would most certainly be a "Ms.", but at that point "Miss" would likely be interchangabe. 112.198.90.188 (talk) 05:04, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

- In spoken language, teenagers are usually addressed with their first name and using du. At school, teachers typically start using Sie at age 16 but usually stick to the first name. Parents call their children's teenage friends the same they: always with first name (and using Sie if the tennager is older than, say, 16 or 18, and they have not known him/her from earlier time). For written letters the general rule is (independent of age) that you start with "Liebe(r) " if du is used and "Sehr geehrte(r) Herr/Frau " if Sie is used. In the latter case, the address on the envelope should be preceded by Herr/Frau, in the former case this is optional. Oh, and written invitations printed on neat cards are not as common as in Britain, anyway. Simon A. 16:29, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

--> So in other words, even 14 year old girls are addressed as "Frau" on an envelope? In English, most people would never dream of addressing a 14 or even 17 year old girl as "Ms. Lastname." Writerchick 20:50, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Both "Ms." and "Miss" are used in every English speaking nation I have lived in. That is, the USA, UK, Australia, and Philippines.112.198.90.188 (talk) 05:04, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

 * No. In virtually all contexts, one would simply write the first and last names, e.g., "Julia Schmidt." Except in very formal situations, it is now quite common to address correspondence to anyone (regardless of age) that way anyway, i.e., leaving out the Herr/Frau/Fräulein is virtually always safe. --ThorstenNY 19:25, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

And what about boys? Let's see: How would a maybe old-fashioned English grammar school teacher address his pupils? As "Mr. Potter", "Mr Weasley" and "Miss Granger", I suppose. Granted, not as "Ms Granger" (and I still wonder how "Ms" is pronounced). But, of course, English has less a problem with "Miss" than German. The English "Miss" used to imply that the adressed woman is unmarried, and now, it implies that she is not mature yet. The German "Fraeulein", however, is gramatically a diminuitive of "Frau". This renders the old style of adressing a, say, middle-aged unmarried woman as Fraeulein (literally "little-Missis") unbearbly derogatory, and a woman would hence take it today as an insult. This fact tainted the use of "Fraeulein" sufficiently to see any use of it as faux-pas, and so it is also no longer used even for young girls.

 * Not sure about old-fashioned English grammar school teachers, but in standard English, you would address young students as either "Mistress" or "Master".112.198.90.188 (talk) 05:04, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

After all, one argues, for boys there never was a problem: If they are young, you address them by first name, and if they are old enough to be considered mature, you use "Herr" and the last name. Of course, there is this age region of roughly around 16, there everybody feels uncomfortable with both options (You can't call him by first name and with "du" as he's no longer a child, but for being adressed as "Herr" he is not enough of a man yet either.), and so people use the first name and "Sie" in spoken language, if they don't know the adressee well.

In letters, it may depend: If it is official mail, from some administration or company, it's probably some standard text anyway and not matched to the adressee's young age, and hence its To "Frau Lisa Meier". If it is a birthday card from a kid's uncle or grand-parent, it may have a Herr or Frau in front for "You have grown so much and are a big child now.", but that is slightly jocular. An official invitation for the wedding goes to the parents anyway, etc. If I think about it I haven't got enough mail as a child to really know what people would write on envelopes.

Any clearer now? Simon A. 16:46, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

In proper address, a young boy is addressed as "Master So-and-so" Traditionally, a boy is "Master" until he is 12 or 13, then plain Firstname until he is of age. I have heard, in some cases, of boys being addressed as "Master" until they are 16. Of course, I have also heard of teenaged boys being addressed as "Mr." As for "Ms." it is pronounced "Miz" Writerchick 23:28, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Even for Germans, this sounds incredibly bureaucratic and restrictive. I'm actually shocked. --Q4 15:58, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And I do wonder how women can take Fräulein as an insult if what they really do is take an allusion to their higher age as an insult. Anyway, I'm German and have never met a fräulein who has taken the address as an insult, except maybe those with whom you don't even think of trying. You know, there are those who reason: A woman is Frau, i. e. more, when she has a husband, thus this is utter reactionary stuff concerned with marriage and husbands... I rather feel that the problem is we have no similiar title for men. Since as much as Fräulein Schmidt of 18 years is not a Frau Schmidt, a Fritz Müller of 19 years is not a Herr Müller, only there's no other word for what he is. Fritz Müller may be a Herr Gefreiter on joining the army, or you might try "Herr Geselle" or "Herr Kfz-Mechatroniker" (I don't say that's common as address, but that's what he is); he is only really a Herr Müller when "settling". No this is for me the difference between a Frau and a Fräulein. But you'd better call them with first names, anyway, at least in sufficiently familiar scenery. However, on, say, a postcard - in the postal address (Adresse in German), not the personal address (Anrede in German) - why not. --131.159.0.7 (talk) 12:08, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Same Name As Parent
"If a son bears the same Vorname as his father (which is quite uncommon in most areas of Germany)..."

As a genealogist, I know this for a fact to be untrue. However, I would like to know the source of this from the author, in case his experience may be a regional phenomenon.--KYJustin 20:27, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * agree, in some areas its even common that a son is named after his father (Vorname) and uses Jun. in his name (Alexander Schmid and his son Alexander Schmid jun.)

 * Not unlike other Western countries it was quite common to give kids a parent's name, but as of 2007 I find it unthinkable that people would still do this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hanszarkow (talk • contribs) 02:51, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, my parentsd did^^. I actually have the same name as my father and my grandfather and the father of my grandfather, 'Hermann'. We are no aristocrats at all, we just got used to it, and it is something really original if you consider that no other family is doing that. I don't know anyone else in Germany with this tradition. I will name my son Hermann too (if I will ever have one), just to leave everyone flabbergasted...

Paris, 21.03.2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.44.70.35 (talk) 15:40, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Anyway, if describing common things, it's common to write about what was common some decades ago... That it's an aristocratic code-sign is just wrong; except in the fact that aristocrats have a habit of sticking to traditions. What really is an aristocratic code-sign is a whole lot of names.--131.159.0.7 (talk) 12:16, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Unthinkable? Hanzarkow needs to be exposed to more families, this is not at all a remarkable practice and really has little indication of a person's social status.  I have the same first name (and last name) as my father, but we have different middle names, so we're not Jr/Sr. I do know people my age who are, however.  It does make genealogy more difficult, I wouldn't recommend it just for that fact. Nerfer (talk) 20:58, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Fröken
Does anyone know where the "Fröken" example comes from? I'm just wondering because "Fröken" actually means "Miss" (i.e., "Fräulein") in Icelandic. -- Schneelocke 08:52, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Rachel
I deleted "RACHEL is a bad name". I wonder who added this and why. Sanders muc 17:10, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose it's because it just doesn't sound good in German.

 * Rachel isn't very common in Germany but i know several girls with this name. I think that this comment was antisemitic... (there's a nazi song (Rachel, weisst du überhaupt was ein Rabbi ist?).
 * The german version of the name is Rahel. "Rachel" is the english version of the name, and this is uncommon in german.195.128.251.145 (talk) 22:53, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Crenshaw??
Is that really one of the most common names? never heard it...
 * It was vandalism. Fixed now. Rmhermen 03:23, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * And using the V word is highly racist! Especially on a German wiki. Show some respect. 112.198.90.188 (talk) 05:36, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

shortened names
> It is fairly uncommon to use shortened names officially (like "Bill Gates" instead of "William H. Gates, III"). So even if all of Benjamin's friends call him "Benni" (German short for Benjamin), he will always write his name as "Benjamin".

That is by no means true. There are loads of people whose official names are Bernhard or Heinrich and who will call themselves Bernd and Heinz when writing their name. --85.181.237.17 (talk) 16:28, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

lie
"It is strictly forbidden to give children Doppelnamen." This is not completely true. I'm German and I know German children with Doppelnamen. I don't know the law, though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.227.219.235 (talk) 23:16, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

it's not a lie; details
You can talk about “Doppelnamen” with first names and as well with family names. Examples: Here we discuss family names (Nachnamen), I guess (the author of ‘lie’ gave no example.) With Vornamen, there is no problem to call a boy either “Hans Peter” or Hans-Peter (using “Bindestrichfügung”; attachment with hyphen) or even Hanspeter (“Verschmelzung”; melting).
 * Vornamen: Anne-Sophie Mutter or Hans-Dietrich Genscher
 * Nachnamen: Lena Meyer-Landrut or Dr. Müller-Wohlfahrt

Herr Weiß and Frau Schwarz are today not allowed to call their daughter Melissa Schwarz-Weiß. --Schwab7000 (talk) 16:41, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

This is what was said in the article: *) decision of the Federal Constitutional Court.
 * It is strictly forbidden to give children Doppelnamen.[3] → This link goes to an “Urteil*) des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 30. Januar 2002” on “§ 1617 BGB”. Since 2002, it is settled!

 * B U T: → What if the mother already carries the name Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, just an example? (Then this can become the child's name.)

--Schwab7000 10:19, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

At en.wiki's BGB, I just found the ‘External links’: There you can find:
 * English translation of “Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch”
 * Title 4 : Legal relationship between the parents and the child in general
 * Section 1616 Birth name in the case of parents with family name
 * Section 1617 Birth name in the case of parents without family name and with joint parental custody
 * then Section 1617a & b & c
 * Section 1618 Bringing child under family name (...)

(Section is in German “§” = Paragraph)--Schwab7000 (talk) 10:44, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Hofname
I'd like to see a reference for this one. I've never heard of it before and no reference was given. CsikosLo (talk) 17:25, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

A longer explanation is at Hausname, unfortunately in german :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.160.99.106 (talk) 18:23, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

German Headings
While, of course, I am aware that this is an article about German names. I don't see why the title headings themselves need to be in German. This is not a German language article and it seems as if some of the the more arbitrary changes, direct translations such as vorname instead of forename only complicate matters for English-only speakers/readers and should be changed. Does anyone agree? Disagree? EttaLove (talk) 17:38, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Today, I added this last section on “gender” with the German words “eindeutig beim Geschlecht”, where Geschlecht = gender(here) and “eindeutig” is explained at the start. The idea might have been some sort of “eyecatcher”. (That's almost a German word to some Germans). I think a section could have a “German” title, as Doppelname, if this term is used in the article. Perhaps that's better than ‘lie’. But perhaps too many German words make the reading too tough work. I'm sorry I didn't read your comment before I started writing those other sections. But I'm happy to find this good article in "en.wiki". --Schwab7000 (talk) 18:52, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Call name
“It is not uncommon to give a child several Vornamen, particularly for girls and among Catholics. Usually, one of them is meant to be normally used and called the Rufname (call name). This is often underlined on official documents, as it is often the second or third name in a list, even though it is the person's main name: the idea of first names being more important than middle names, as is usually the case in Anglo-Saxon cultures, is unknown.” I think this section is quite dated. My grandfather (born in 1904) had a Rufname, which was actually his second Vorname, but nowadays this is rather uncommon in Germany. Legally, one can use any of the Vornamen one was given as one's preferred Rufname and even change it without any prerequisite, so if the current German minister for economics Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg wanted to, he could use any of his 10 Vornamen as the name to be called with (except for the Maria, I guess :-)). But in reality, such things rarely happen. Btw, the example shows not only girls can have many Vornamen, though 10 is a bit excessive, such large numbers of names are mostly confined to former nobility. There are even court decisions limiting the number of Vornamen, a mother wasn't allowed to give her child 12 Vornamen, but only 5. --Rosenzweig (talk) 22:07, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

I've deleted the "particularly for girls and among Catholics" part. Unless someone can come up with some proof for that, I consider it wrong. Most of my Protestant ancestors have several "Vornamen" (typically about three); both males and females. --Kobraton (talk) 19:21, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I was curious about this part. Several of my ancestors have the first name Johann (if just one name) or Johannes (if two names) for males, and Maria for the first name for girls.  They would then usually be referred to by their second name. I was told this was a religious thing, to name your kids after John the Baptist, and Mary the mother of Jesus.  This would seem to indicate a Catholic faith, but they were not Catholics, so I'm wondering if there was any particular religion/locality tied to this practice?  Nerfer (talk) 21:05, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Protestants are not forbidden to name their children after John the Baptist and Mary (which are both acknowlegded as important figures by the Protestants as well), so bearers of those names don't have to be Catholic. Staunch Protestants sometimes named their sons "Gustav Adolf", after the Swedish king who faught for the Protestant cause in the Thirty Years' War. But since Adolf is now mostly associated with Hitler and Gustav is quite old-fashioned, this is mostly historical nowadays. --Rosenzweig (talk) 19:06, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * All the same, if you hear a girl named "Maria" you'll think "she's Catholic" (though that's not as sure as, say, Philomena or also the combination Eva-Maria, or names like Vitus/Veit or Franz Xaver for boys), and to name boys Maria (with second name only) is a particularly Catholic thing (though even that is not 100% sure, I personally know a Protestant who has Maria among his names).
 * On the other hand, while it is indeed a somewhat general for nuns to name themselves Mary, plus a second name, to the point that "Mary" is abbreviated M. and generally understood (so that, say, Franziska Breitenbacher upon entering religion may rename herself M. Philomena Breitenbacher OSB and will be addressed "Sister Philomena"), I'm not aware of any such custom regarding Catholics in general. It may be a family practice, though. I also know of a family practice to always name the eldest son after his father, but as the name in question was "Johannes", to get some distinction (perhaps), they would alternate between "Johann Baptist" and "Johann Evangelist".--131.159.0.47 (talk) 13:01, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Most popular names between 1957 and 2006
I really find it hard to believe that some of these names made it on this list - especially considering the timespan. Some of the names only gained popularity rather recently. I would be very interested to see a source for this information. Reckham (talk) 14:09, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That was added by an IP user on 8 May 2007 . Probably from here. --Rosenzweig (talk) 22:55, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

name change
I know that German law allows name changes for nobility on inheriting titles. 71.194.44.209 (talk) 04:40, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Is there an explicit provision to that effect? A bit odd, if the law does not recognize titles (but does not forbid them either as in Austria). —Tamfang (talk) 17:00, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

lack of freedom
surely the most important fact about german names is that you don't have a free choice like in usa, uk etc.? same in norway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.41.193.239 (talk) 12:18, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Seems like it's the same in a lot of European countries. Something like that should definitely be covered in the article. We need a reference to back it up though. Do you know a good webpage/book/something that describes how Germans are limited to certain names?--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 08:48, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Well, this is actually a quite complicated topic. I guess Germany is more restrictive compared to the US. For example naming a girl "Hope" or "Cheyenne Blue" is rather impossible in Germany. The authorities are supposed to consider the well-being of the child ('Kindeswohl' in German) when the name is registered. This means that e.g. 'Ferrari' would not be possible or a name that is not clear about the gender. Still, I'd say the naming policy has become more and more relaxed in the last years with the advent of the Internet and the intrusion of international pop-culture into the German society. Problem with citations is that there is no law for this. There are just some verdict by the courts (even as high as the German Supreme Court), the article at the German Wikipedia is quite comprehensive.--31.16.160.227 (talk) 13:12, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

There is a phrase in the article: "not registered as legal names in German-speaking countries" which I think relates to this topic. I had heard that names have to be approved by authorities (?when the birth certificate is applied for?). For an english speaker, this is a rather unusual/interesting point, and I would like to see it included in the article. Feldercarb (talk) 15:30, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Gender: "eindeutig beim Geschlecht"
Given names have to be "eindeutig beim Geschlecht" (that is unambiguous, distinct). At the Standesamt*) - it had been mentioned - and in your Personalausweis**, there is no ‘tag’ that would say male/female. So this has to be unambiguous from your Vorname(n). But there are some names like Kai, Kim, Toni for boys and girls. Then another names has to be added, like Peter (boy) or Anna (girl). And a ‘well-known’ exeption: Rainer Maria Rilke. Maria is allowed to be a 2nd given name for a boy.
 * The Vorname is usually gender-specific.

says the article. It's a bit more than usually. --Schwab7000 (talk) 16:18, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

*) Civil registration (bureau) **ID card
 * While I of course would hold Kai to be a male and Kim to be a female name (I know there are strange exceptions to the first). Toni would in all probability be written down as either Anton or Antonia and then that's settled. --91.34.207.168 (talk) 21:22, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Usage of family name without Herr/Frau
I think, it should be added, that politicians and celebrities are generally referenced by their last name only. So a news headline would very likely be “Merkel wird Kanzler” or “Klinsmann neuer Bundestrainer”, while this usage is not restricted to the news headlines but may appear in any news text as well as when talking about celebrities in general. --Schmidtwisser (talk) 15:47, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Angela M. and Jürgen K.
Yes. In a German newstext, those persons are referred to by their full name (Angela Merkel or Jürgen Klinsmann) or just by their family name or by “Kanzlerin Merkel”, “Ex-Kanzler Schröder”. --Schwab7000 (talk) 13:00, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

There is hesitation to use the family name only in case of women; Merkel, only, is quite general by now (exception: the FAZ consistently writes Frau Merkel). Franziska van Almsick was soon Franzi but never Almsick; and Kristina Schröder most certainly isn't "Schröder".--91.34.207.168 (talk) 21:27, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * oh but the media called her Van Almsick as well, and Kristina Schroder is not calld Schroder standing alone because there are to many Schröders78.42.252.102 (talk) 13:49, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Western order and alphabetized list of surnames.
The example in the passage "e.g. "Johann Sebastian Bach"." should actually be: "Bach, Johann Sebastian" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.91.255.177 (talk) 14:49, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

That's how I understand the passage, I'll change it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mardhil (talk • contribs) 13:03, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

German names are not German?
I understand that German names are no longer popular in Germany, but should the article about "German name" be about so many non-German names? Seems confusing. A lot of people may be led to think "Sofia" and "Ben" are German names. A distinction should be made between "German names" and "Names that occur in the nation of Germany"...112.198.90.188 (talk) 06:02, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

Indeed, an article named German name should only be about German names. Also shouldn't be restricted by "names in German speaking areas". Plenty of German names in places where German isn't the first language(anymore). The state this article is in is bizarre, sadly as to be expected by pretty much anything prentending to reference anything about German Language and/or culture on wikipedia at this point. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8108:9C0:1B5D:E581:9CC7:C2D8:B1C4 (talk) 16:28, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

More info needed in the Nobility section
In the section Nobility (which is awfully short) there isn't much said about the placement of noble titles as part of the name. For example, here are the names of some German generals and the translation of their titles:

Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Josef Franz Ritter von Leeb       Ritter = Knight

Generalfeldmarschall Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli          Freiherr = Baron

Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth James Graf von Moltke             Graf = Count

I've also seen "Reichsfreiherr" used, but I'm not sure how it differs from just Freiherr.

It used to be a requirement in German society to include the title as part of the given name just before the family name. This requirement was abolished after WW II. (Is a German parent legally allowed to give a child such a name?)

It seems like I once read an article on Wikipedia about this very topic but i can't find it to now. If anyone knows it they should add it as a "Main article" heading for this section. __209.179.36.56 (talk) 14:59, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

Wrong name slipped into Names by Decades section
The name 'Ashkan' never appeared in any top ten name list in Germany. Whoever made that edit probably wanted to see his/her name in Wikipedia, but didn't intend to give accurate info. Could someone who is more acquainted with the system here revert those edits? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.181.29.225 (talk) 02:52, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

Amann gen. Behmann
The name Amann gen. Behmann sounds like an artificial example, using A and B as placeholders, rather than tje name of a real person. While Amann and Behmann are both real names, it does not appear that there is any (notable) person with that combination of names. 89.204.135.68 (talk) 07:34, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on German name. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20141229173356/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/geburten/haeufigste_vornamen/ to http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/geburten/haeufigste_vornamen/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080513015452/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/pressemitteilungen/bvg10-02.html to http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/pressemitteilungen/bvg10-02.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:43, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Austrian surnames?
Some surnames are probably regional, especially Austrian ones. Xx236 (talk) 12:37, 9 April 2021 (UTC)List_of_most_common_surnames_in_Europe Xx236 (talk) 08:01, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

German surnames
This page is not interlinked with German Wikipedia, so a divsion between surnames and given names may be useful. Xx236 (talk) 12:39, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

Distribution of surnames
Two maps show contemporary Germany. This article is about several countries.Xx236 (talk) 08:43, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Very little about Swiss-German surnames
Category:Swiss-German surnames Xx236 (talk) 07:31, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Slavic nitpicking

 * Traditionally, there was a differentiation of surnames of women from those of their male siblings (as is still a rule in Eastern Slavic names; see Czech or Polish examples), widespread in Germany until the 18th century.

Er, Czech and Polish are West Slavic languages. —Tamfang (talk) 21:26, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:German name


text:
List of speeches

This list of speeches includes those that have gained notability in English or in English translation. The earliest listings may be approximate dates.

Before the 1st century

 * c.570 BC : The Buddha gives his first sermon, Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, at Sarnath
 * 431 BC: "Pericles's Funeral Oration" by the Greek statesman Pericles, significant because it departed from the typical formula of Athenian funeral speeches and was a glorification of Athens' achievements, designed to stir the spirits of a nation at war
 * 399 BC: "The Apology of Socrates", Plato's version of the speech given by the philosopher Socrates, defending himself against charges of being a man "who corrupted the young, refused to worship the gods, and created new deities."
 * 330 BC: "On the Crown" by the Greek orator Demosthenes, which illustrated the last great phase of political life in Athens
 * 63 BC: "Catiline Orations", given by Marcus Tullius Cicero, the consul of Rome, exposing to the Roman Senate the plot of Lucius Sergius Catilina and his friends to overthrow the Roman government
 * 44 BC: "The Funeral Oration of Roman Dictator", Julius Caesar, delivered by Mark Antony after his assassination, rephrased by William Shakespeare in Julius Caesar

Pre-19th century

 * 30: The Sermon on the Mount, a compilation of the sayings of Jesus, epitomizing his moral teaching.
 * 632: The Farewell Sermon, delivered by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad some weeks before his death.
 * 1095: Beginning of the Christian Crusades by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont.
 * 1203: The Baljuna Covenant, an oath sworn by Temüjin, the future Genghis Khan, at his lowest point.
 * 1521: The Here I Stand speech of Martin Luther, defending himself at the Diet of Worms.
 * 1588: Speech to the Troops at Tilbury by Elizabeth I of England, in preparation for repelling an expected invasion by the Spanish Armada.
 * 1599: St Crispin's Day Speech by William Shakespeare as part of his history play Henry V has been famously portrayed by Laurence Olivier to raise British spirits during the Second World War, and by Kenneth Branagh in the 1989 film Henry V, and it made famous the phrase "band of brothers".
 * 1601: The Golden Speech by Elizabeth I of England, in which she revealed that it would be her final Parliament and spoke of the respect she had for the country, her position, and the parliamentarians themselves.
 * 1630: A Model of Christian Charity by Puritan leader and Massachusetts Governor John Winthrop, in which the phrase "City Upon a Hill" was used and became popular in the North American colonies.
 * 1681–1704: The sermons and funeral orations of French bishop and theologian Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet during his tenure as the bishop of Meaux Cathedral, whose sermons preached the divine right of kings during the reign of Louis XIV, and who delivered memorable orations across Europe.
 * 1741: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a sermon by theologian Jonathan Edwards, noted for the glimpse it provides into the ideas of the religious Great Awakening of 1730–1755 in the United States.
 * 1775: Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death by U.S. colonial patriot Patrick Henry to the Second Virginia Convention.
 * 1791: Abolish the Slave Trade, British Parliamentarian William Wilberforce's four-hour speech to the House of Commons.
 * 1792: The Deathless Sermon, given by William Carey during the decline of Hyper-Calvinism in England.

Nineteenth century

 * 1803: Speech From the Dock by the Irish nationalist Robert Emmet.
 * 1805: Red Jacket's speech defending Native American religion.
 * 1823: President James Monroe's State of the Union Address to Congress in which he first stated the Monroe Doctrine.
 * 1837: The American Scholar speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at the First Parish in Cambridge in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 * 1838: Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address, delivered to the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois on January 27, 1838, discusses citizenship in a democratic republic and internal threats to its institutions.
 * 1838: The "Divinity School Address", a speech Ralph Waldo Emerson gave to the graduating class of Harvard Divinity School.
 * 1851: Ain't I A Woman?, extemporaneously delivered by abolitionist Sojourner Truth at a Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio.
 * 1854: The Peoria speech, made in Peoria, Illinois on October 16, 1854, was with its specific arguments against slavery, an important step in Abraham Lincoln's political ascension.
 * 1856: The Crime against Kansas speech was delivered on the US Senate floor on May 19–20, 1856 by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, a radical Republican, about the conflicts in "bleeding Kansas."
 * 1858: A House Divided, in which candidate for the U.S. Senate Abraham Lincoln, speaking of the pre-Civil War United States, quoted Matthew 12:25 and said, "A house divided against itself cannot stand."
 * 1858: American Infidelity, an anti-slavery speech delivered in the United States Congress by Joshua Giddings
 * 1859: Abolitionist John Brown's last speech.
 * 1860: Cooper Union Address by candidate for U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, in which Lincoln elaborated his views on slavery, affirming that he did not wish it to be expanded into the western territories and claiming that the Founding Fathers would agree with this position.
 * 1861: The Cornerstone speech by Alexander Stephens, vice president of the Confederate States of America, in which he set forth the differences between the constitution of the Confederacy and that of the United States, laid out causes for the American Civil War, and defended slavery.
 * 1861: Abraham Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, on the eve of the American Civil War.
 * 1861: Abraham Lincoln's Fourth of July Address, a written statement sent to the U.S. Congress, recounts the initial stages of the American Civil War and sets out Abraham Lincoln's analysis of the southern slave states rebellion as well as Lincoln's thoughts on the war and American society.
 * 1862: The Blood and Iron speech by Prussian Minister-President Otto von Bismarck on the unification of Germany.
 * 1863: The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln, resolving that government "of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
 * 1865: Lincoln's Second Inaugural, in which the President sought to avoid harsh treatment of the defeated South.
 * 1873: The "Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?" speech by Susan B. Anthony, who in her effort to introduce women's suffrage into the United States asked her fellow citizens "how can the “consent of the governed” be given if the right to vote be denied?"
 * 1877: The Surrender of Nez Perce Chief Joseph, pledging to "fight no more forever."
 * 1880: Dostoyevsky's Pushkin Speech, a speech delivered by Fyodor Dostoyevsky in honour of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin.
 * 1890–1900s: Acres of Diamonds speeches by Temple University President Russell Conwell, the central idea of which was that the resources to achieve all good things were present in one's own community.
 * 1893: Swami Vivekananda's address at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago, in which the Indian sage introduced Hinduism to North America.
 * 1895: The Atlanta Exposition Speech, an address on the topic of race relations given by Booker T. Washington.
 * 1896: Cross of Gold by U.S. presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, advocating bimetallism.

Pre-World War I and World War I

 * 1900: Hun Speech by Wilhelm II, the emperor's reaction to the Boxer Rebellion in which he demands to counter the insurgency with brutal force (like the Huns).
 * 1901: Votes for Women, by the American writer Mark Twain.
 * 1906: I warn the Government, by Conservative member F.E. Smith in the British House of Commons.
 * 1910: The Man in the Arena, by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, quoted by President Richard Nixon and cited by South Africa President Nelson Mandela.
 * 1915: Ireland Unfree Shall Never Be at Peace, by Irish Nationalist Patrick Pearse, significant in the lead-up to the Easter Rising of 1916.
 * 1917: War Message to Congress by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.
 * 1917: The April Theses, a series of ten directives issued by Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland
 * 1918: Fourteen Points by Woodrow Wilson, laying out the terms for the end of World War I.

Inter-war years and World War II

 * 1930: Allahabad Address by Muhammad Iqbal. Presented the idea of a separate homeland for Indian Muslims which was ultimately realized in the form of Pakistan.
 * 1932: The Bomber Will Always Get Through. a phrase used by English statesman Stanley Baldwin in a House of Commons speech, "A Fear For The Future."
 * 1933: You Cannot Take Our Honour by Otto Wels, the only German Parliamentarian to speak against the Enabling Act, which took the power of legislation away from the Parliament and handed it to Adolf Hitler's cabinet.
 * 1933: The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself, from the first inaugural address of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
 * 1933: Atatürk's Tenth Year Speech, given by the President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara Hippodrome.
 * 1934: Every Man A King, a phrase used in many speeches by Louisiana Governor Huey Long.
 * 1934: Speech of Gallipoli by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
 * 1936: Address to the League of Nations by the Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia on the invasion of his country by Benito Mussolini of Italy.
 * 1936: Unamuno's Last Lecture by Miguel de Unamuno, in which he criticized the Spanish Nationalists.
 * 1939: The Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth, by baseball player Lou Gehrig upon his retirement from the New York Yankees.
 * 1939: King George VI of the United Kingdom delivers a radio address at the outbreak of World War II calling for his subjects in Britain and the Empire to stand firm in the dark days ahead.
 * 1939: Reichstag Speech, also known as Hitler's prophecy speech. Amid rising international tensions Adolf Hitler tells the German public and the world that the outbreak of war would mean the end of European Jewry.
 * 1940: The Presidential address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the All India Muslim League's session in Lahore, 1940 on passing of Lahore Resolution also known as Pakistan Resolution.(Transcript.)
 * 1940: The Norway Debate speeches, where Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill defended the Chamberlain government's war policies Clement Attlee, Archibald Sinclair, Roger Keyes, Leo Amery, Arthur Greenwood, Herbert Morrison, David Lloyd George, and others.
 * 1940: The Appeal of 18 June, French leader Charles de Gaulle's radio broadcast from London, the beginning of the Resistance to German occupation during World War II.
 * 1940: Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat, a phrase used by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1897 but popularized by Winston Churchill in the first of three inspirational radio addresses during the opening months of World War II.
 * 1940: We Shall Fight on the Beaches, from the second radio talk by Winston Churchill, promising to never surrender.
 * 1940: This Was Their Finest Hour, the third address by Winston Churchill, giving a confident view of the military situation and rallying the British people.
 * 1940: Never Was So Much Owed by So Many to So Few by Winston Churchill, speaking in another radio talk about the air and naval defenders of Great Britain.
 * 1940: The final speech in The Great Dictator by Charlie Chaplin in the role of a Jewish barber, in which he demanded solidarity between all people and a return to values like peace, empathy and freedom.
 * 1940: Arsenal of Democracy, a radio address by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who warned against a sense of complacency if Britain were to fall to the Axis powers.
 * 1941: Three Sermons in Defiance of the Nazis, in which German Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen issued forceful, public denunciations of Nazi Germany's euthanasia programs and persecution of the Catholic Church.
 * 1941: Four Freedoms, in which Franklin Delano Roosevelt outlined goals for peace but called for a massive build-up of U.S. arms production.
 * 1941: A Date Which Will Live in Infamy, post-Pearl Harbor speech to the U.S. Congress in which Franklin Delano Roosevelt called for a declaration of war against Japan.
 * 1941: Declaration of war against United States by the German Führer, German Chancellor, and Führer of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler, in which he announced Germany has declared war on the United States.
 * 1942: Quit India by Mohandas K. Gandhi also known as Mahatma Gandhi, calling for determined, but nonviolent, resistance against British colonial rule.
 * 1942: The Forgotten People by the Australian Liberal Party leader Sir Robert Menzies, defining and exalting the nation's middle class.
 * 1942: Slovak, cast off your parasite! by Jozef Tiso, president of the Slovak State, defending Slovakia's role in the Holocaust.
 * 1942: Hitler's Stalingrad speech by the German Führer, German Chancellor, and Führer of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler, talking about the ongoing Battle of Stalingrad.
 * 1943: Do You Want Total War? by Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, who exhorted the Germans to continue the war even though it would be long and difficult.
 * 1943: A page of glory...never to be written were two secret speeches made by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in which for the first time a high-ranking member of the Nazi government spoke openly of the ongoing extermination of the European Jews.
 * 1944: The First Bayeux speech, delivered by General Charles de Gaulle of France in the context of liberation after the Normandy landings.
 * 1944: Patton's Speech, a profanity-laden speech to the United States Third Army by United States General George S. Patton, calling for the troops' bravery in spite of their fears. It was given prior to the Normandy landings.
 * 1944: Paris Liberated by Charles de Gaulle on the day he took up governmental duties at the War Ministry in Paris.
 * 1945: Hirohito surrender broadcast (Gyokuon-hōsō), recorded by Japanese Emperor Hirohito and broadcast as an unconditional capitulation to the Allies.

1945–1991 Cold War years

 * 1946: Sinews of Peace by Winston Churchill, introducing the phrase Iron Curtain to describe the division between eastern and western Europe.
 * 1946: The Second Bayeux speech, delivered by General Charles de Gaulle describing the postwar constitution of France.
 * 1947: A speech to the Commonwealth by the then Princess Elizabeth on her 21st Birthday, broadcast from South Africa.
 * 1947: The Marshall Plan speech given at Harvard University by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall, introducing an effort to offer financial assistance to rebuild Europe after World War II.
 * 1947: Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11 August Speech on the eve of independence from Britain about the struggle for Pakistan, injustices in partition, future road map for running the country, justice, equality and religious freedom for all.
 * 1947: Tryst with Destiny by Jawaharlal Nehru, given on the eve of Indian independence and concerning the country's history.
 * 1948: The Light Has Gone Out of Our Lives by Jawaharlal Nehru, about the assassination of Mohandas K. Gandhi also known as Mahatma Gandhi.
 * 1949: Four Points by U.S. President Harry Truman, setting his postwar goals.
 * 1949: The Light on the Hill by Australia Prime Minister Ben Chifley, paying tribute to the country's labour movement.
 * 1950: The Declaration of Conscience, a speech made by U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith calling for the country to re-examine the tactics used by the House Un-American Activities Committee.
 * 1951: Old Soldiers Never Die by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur in an appearance before Congress after being fired by President Truman as Supreme Commander in the Korean War
 * 1952: The political Checkers speech by U.S. vice-presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon, in which he mentioned his family's pet dog of that name.
 * 1953: The Chance for Peace was an address by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower shortly after the death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that highlighted the cost of the US–Soviet rivalry to both nations.
 * 1953: History Will Absolve Me, a four-hour judicial defense by revolutionary Fidel Castro on charges of leading an attack on Cuban Army barracks.
 * 1953: Atoms for Peace, an address by Eisenhower on the creation of an international body to both regulate and promote the peaceful use of atomic power.
 * 1956: On the Personality Cult and its Consequences by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, castigating actions taken by the regime of deceased Communist Party secretary Joseph Stalin. Widely known as the "Secret Speech" because it was delivered at a closed session of that year's Communist Party Congress.
 * 1956: We Will Bury You by Nikita Khrushchev, addressing Western ambassadors at a reception in the Polish embassy in Moscow.
 * 1957: Longest Speech in the United Nations by Indian delegate V.K. Krishna Menon.
 * 1957: Give Us the Ballot by Martin Luther King Jr., an appeal for voting rights made at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom at the Lincoln Memorial
 * 1959: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom by physicist Richard Feynman, on the possibility of direct manipulation of individual atoms as a new form of chemical synthesis.
 * 1960: Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association" by then-candidate John F. Kennedy in Houston, Texas, to address fears that his being a member of the Catholic Church would impact his decision-making as President.
 * 1960: Wind of Change speech by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in South Africa, in which Macmillan reiterated his support for the decolonization of Africa.
 * 1960: Congolese Independence speech by Congolese independence leader and its first democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba in South Africa, in which he described the suffering of the Congolese under Belgian colonialism and the negatives that lay behind the pageantry and paternalism of the Belgian "civilising mission" begun by Leopold II in the Congo Free State.
 * 1961: Eisenhower's farewell address, a speech at the end of the term of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in which he warned of the rise of the "military–industrial complex" in the United States.
 * 1961: Ask Not What Your Country Can Do For You, the inaugural address of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in which he advised his "fellow Americans" to "ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country."
 * 1961: The Vast Wasteland speech by Newton Minow, chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, in which he asserted that "when television is bad, nothing is worse."
 * 1962: Richard Nixon turned his concession speech in the California gubernatorial election into a 15-minute monologue aimed mainly at the press, famously (though as it turned out, prematurely) stating "...you don't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."
 * 1962: The "We choose to go to the Moon" speech by U.S President John F. Kennedy to drum up public support for the Apollo Program at Rice University, where he reiterated his commitment to reaching the Moon by the end of the decade.
 * 1963: Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever by Alabama Governor George Wallace, which became a rallying cry for those opposed to racial integration and the U.S. civil rights movement.
 * 1963: I Am Prepared To Die by South African leader Nelson Mandela at his trial in which he laid out the reasoning for using violence as a tactic against apartheid.
 * 1963: American University Speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy to construct a better relationship with the Soviet Union and to prevent another threat of nuclear war after the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962.
 * 1963: Report to the American People on Civil Rights by John F. Kennedy speaking from the Oval Office.
 * 1963: Ich Bin Ein Berliner ("I am a Berliner") by U.S. President John F. Kennedy, voicing support for the people of West Berlin.
 * 1963: I Have a Dream, Lincoln Memorial speech by Martin Luther King Jr. in which the civil rights leader called for racial equality and an end to discrimination.
 * 1964: The Ballot or the Bullet by Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X, urging African-Americans to exercise their right to vote but warning that if they were prevented from attaining equality, it might be necessary to take up arms.
 * 1964: A Time for Choosing, the stock campaign speech that Ronald Reagan made on behalf of Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater.
 * 1964: Speech at the United Nations in 1964 by Cuban revolutionary leader Ernesto "Che" Guevara.
 * 1964: "Bodies upon the gears" speech by American activist and a key member in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement, Mario Savio.
 * 1965: The American Promise by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, urging the United States Congress to pass a voting rights act prohibiting discrimination in voting on account of race and color in wake of the Bloody Sunday.
 * 1965: How Long, Not Long by Martin Luther King Jr. at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery march.
 * 1966: Day of Affirmation by U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, speaking to South African students about individual liberty, apartheid, and the need for civil rights in the United States.
 * 1967: Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence, Martin Luther King Jr.'s anti-Vietnam War speech at Riverside Church in New York City.
 * 1967: Vive le Québec libre ("Long live free Quebec"), a phrase ending a speech by French President Charles de Gaulle in Montreal, Canada. The slogan became popular among those wishing to show their support for Quebec sovereignty.
 * 1968: I've Been to the Mountaintop, the last speech delivered by civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
 * 1968: The death of Martin Luther King Jr. by U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
 * 1968: Robert F. Kennedy's speech, On the Mindless Menace of Violence.
 * 1968: A Good and Decent Man, the funeral eulogy for Robert F. Kennedy by his younger brother, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy.
 * 1968: Rivers of Blood by United Kingdom Conservative Enoch Powell about immigration.
 * 1971: This Time the Struggle Is for Our Freedom by Bengali nationalist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, regarded by many in Bangladesh as a de facto declaration of independence.

 * 1971: Address to the Women of America by feminist leader Gloria Steinem. Not only did the speech address the issues of sexism and misogyny, but also those of racism and social class.
 * 1973: Salvador Allende's last speech addressing the country before his death during the September 11th, 1973 CIA-backed coup d'état in Chile.
 * 1974: I Have Never Been a Quitter, the resignation speech of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon.
 * 1974: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's speech at the United Nations after Bangladesh got full membership of the United Nations.
 * 1975: No More Than a Piece of Paper, the Israeli response to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, that Zionism is "a form of racism and racial discrimination," delivered by Ambassador Chaim Herzog.
 * 1975: Nothing will save the governor-general, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam's reaction to the dissolution of parliament following his dismissal by the Governor-General of Australia John Kerr.
 * 1979: A speech on U.S. energy policy by President Jimmy Carter speaks of a "crisis of confidence" among the country's public, and comes to be known as the "malaise" speech, despite Carter not using that word in the address.
 * 1983: Evil Empire, a phrase used in speeches by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to refer to the Soviet Union.
 * 1987: Tear Down This Wall, the challenge made at the Brandenburg Gate by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the Berlin Wall.
 * 1987: Today and Forever, Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa's reaction to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord on the Canadian Constitution.
 * 1988: Sermon on the Mound, in which British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher offered a theological justification for her ideas on capitalism.
 * 1989: The Gazimestan speech, in which Serbian President Slobodan Milošević warned of "armed battles" in the future of Yugoslavia.
 * 1989: Deng Xiaoping delivered "Speech Made While Receiving Cadres of the Martial Law Units in the Capitol at and Above the Army Level" in response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
 * 1990: Their Bats Have Been Broken, the resignation speech of Geoffrey Howe as deputy prime minister in the Margaret Thatcher government of the United Kingdom.
 * 1991: A speech by U.S. President George Bush to the Ukrainian parliament, encouraging Ukraine to remain in the then-disintegrating Soviet Union, caused an uproar among Ukrainian nationalists and American conservatives, with commentator William Safire dubbing it the Chicken Kiev speech.

1992–2000 Post Cold War years

 * 1992: Culture War speech by U.S. conservative Presidential candidate Pat Buchanan, in which he described "a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America."
 * 1992: The Redfern Park speech delivered by then Prime Minister of Australia, Paul Keating; the first public acknowledgement by an Australian prime minister of the prejudice and discrimination practised by Europeans against Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the Indigenous peoples of Australia.
 * 1995: The concession speech of Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau after the narrow defeat of the 1995 Quebec independence referendum, in which he blamed the loss on "money and ethnic votes," mistranslated into English as "money and the ethnic vote."
 * 1996: I Am an African by South African Vice-President Thabo Mbeki on the adoption of a new Constitution for the country.
 * 1996: Clinton's renomination speech at the 1996 Democratic National Convention by United States President Bill Clinton, in which he became the first president to use the word "gay" in a Democratic National Convention.
 * 1999: State of the Union Address by United States President Bill Clinton, in which he became the first president to use the words "sexual orientation" in a State of the Union Address.
 * 1999: Elie Wiesel's: "The Perils of Indifference" Speech, which he gave in front of President of the United States Bill Clinton.

Twenty-first century

 * 2001: U.S. President George W. Bush's Address to the Nation on September 11, 2001. (Transcript.)
 * 2002: State of the Union Address by United States President George W. Bush, in which he declared that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Iraqi Republic were part of an "Axis of evil".
 * 2003: Iraq War Eve-of-Battle speech by British Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins.
 * 2003: Mission Accomplished speech by United States President George W. Bush, in which he declared the end to major combat operations in Iraq.
 * 2004: U.S. Democratic National Convention Keynote address by Illinois State Senator Barack Obama, which helped him become nationally known.
 * 2004: Pound Cake speech by African American entertainer Bill Cosby, in which he criticized several significant aspects of modern African American culture.
 * 2005: Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs Stanford Commencement Address. (Transcript / Video.)
 * 2005: The Art, Truth and Politics Nobel Lecture delivered on video by the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature Harold Pinter
 * 2006: The Őszöd speech, a strident and obscenity-laden speech made by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány to fellow members of the Hungarian Socialist Party in Balatonőszöd. The speech, intended to be confidential, was leaked to the media and led to mass protests.
 * 2006: Chocolate City speech by New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, concerning race politics in the city several months after Hurricane Katrina.
 * 2007: The Last Lecture, delivered by Randy Pausch, a terminally ill computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, which became an Internet sensation and gained major media coverage.
 * 2008: The "Sorry" speech, delivered by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, regarding the Stolen Generations – children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments, in the 1860s through to the 1960s. (Transcript / Video.)
 * 2008: A More Perfect Union, in which U.S. Presidential candidate Barack Obama responded to controversial remarks made by the Reverend Jeremiah Wright, his former pastor.
 * 2008: Barack Obama's Election Victory speech in Grant Park, Chicago, Illinois.
 * 2009: A New Beginning, a speech made by U.S. President Barack Obama which was designed to reframe relations between the Islamic world and the United States after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and the U.S.-led war in Iraq. The President gave this speech in Cairo, Egypt, outlining his personal commitment to engagement with the Muslim world, based upon mutual interests and mutual respect, and discusses how the United States and Muslim communities around the world can bridge some of the differences that have divided them.
 * 2011: Death of Osama Bin Laden speech by U.S. President Barack Obama.
 * 2012: Clint Eastwood's Empty Chair Speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention.
 * 2012: Misogyny speech made by Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard on October 9, 2012 in reaction to alleged sexism from opposition leader Tony Abbott. (Transcript / Video.)
 * 2015: State of the Union Address by United States President Barack Obama, in which he became the first president to use the words "lesbian", "gay", "bisexual", and "transgender" in a State of the Union Address.
 * 2015: Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech, honoring the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.
 * 2015: Shashi Tharoor Oxford Union speech, Indian Diplomat, Writer and MP Shashi Tharoor delivered a speech "Britain owes reparations to her former colonies". Tharoor began his speech by arguing that the economic progress of Britain from the 18th-century onwards was financed by the economic exploitation and deindustrialisation of British India. He cited other negative effects of colonial rule on India, such as famines and the mandatory contribution of Indians toward the British war effort during the First and Second World Wars. Scholar Alyssa Ayres, who served on the Council on Foreign Relations, reasoned that Tharoor's quantification of the colonial exploitation of India formed the most important part of his speech. British Labour MP Keith Vaz praised the speech, calling for the return of the Kohinoor diamond to India.
 * 2017: On the Removal of Four Confederate Monuments by New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu, which defended the ongoing removal of Confederate States of America monuments in the city of New Orleans. (Transcript)
 * 2022: Speeches by Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (at the House Of Commons, the United Nations Security Council)

title: List of speeches


text:
Gorno-Altaysk

Gorno-Altaysk (Го́рно-Алта́йск; Улалу; historically, pre-1932: Ulala) is the capital town of the Altai Republic, Russia.

The population stands at around 64,000 people as of 2020 with steady growth over the recent years. In the past, the town was known as Ulala (up until June 23, 1932) and then Oyrot-Tura (June 23, 1932 - January 7, 1948).

History
The selo of Ulala (Улала) was established in 1824 when migrants moved to this area from Biysk. When Oirot Autonomous Oblast was established on June 1, 1922, Ulala became its administrative center. On February 27, 1928, Ulala was granted town status and on June 23, 1932, it was renamed Oyrot-Tura (Ойрот-Тура). The present name was given to the town on January 7, 1948.

Climate
Gorno-Altaysk has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterised by frigid winters and warm to very warm summers. Precipitation is moderate and is much higher in the hotter summer months than in the frigid winter season, when it falls entirely as low-water-content snow.

Administrative and municipal status
Gorno-Altaysk is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Gorno-Altaysk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.

Transportation
The town is served by the Gorno-Altaysk Airport, with regular flights to the city of Moscow and a few other major Russian cities.

Highway M52 passes through Gorno-Altaysk, connecting it with Novosibirsk in the north and the Mongolian border in the south.

The closest railway station is 96 km from Gorno-Altaysk. It is located in the city of Biysk.

Culture, sports and education
The town hosts a theater as well as several cinemas, the Gorno-Altaisk State University, and the Anokhin Museum. The mountains located within the town's boundaries are a magnet for skiing as well as backpacking. Several football fields with artificial grass are available to the public for free.

Infrastructure condition
Only the most vital streets in Gorno-Altaysk are kept in good condition as of 2020. The rivers are safe to swim in and the tap water is safe to drink. Most of the buildings have central heating, usually powered by a gas burning station serving either one or several buildings.

title: Gorno-Altaysk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Consciousness Singularity

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Consciousness Singularity.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Original research based on by Shawn Mikula (whose personal page is on Vfd). Andris 17:16, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd vote we delete it. Private speculations. Martijn faassen 17:18, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Please, sign your opinions with ~ . Andris 17:16, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Done now, I forgot. My apologies. Martijn faassen 17:18, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

If you talk with ppl in the Transhumanist movement, many of them should be familiar with this alternative notion of the Singularity. This notion of Consciousness Singularity is not the same as Vernor Vinge's Technological Singularity, which most ppl associate with the term 'Singularity'. Note that Vernor Vinge's definition and work over the technological singularity can also be regarded as speculative, albeit not private since he shared his speculations with others. In a similar manner, the consciousness singularity should not be regarded as private speculations because many ppl are already familiar with it, though admittedly, not as many as are familiar with Vinge's definition. But this fact does not undermine the importance of the concept and definition, nor does it undermine it encyclopedic relevance, in my opinion. Try google searching for consciousness singularity and see what you come up with. Regardless, I do know for a fact that many ppl in the Transhumanist movement are aware of the concept, in part because I have given talks over it to them and am aware of much that goes on in that community. 128.220.29.140 17:23, 19 May 2004 (UTC).
 * An excellent argument, but the fact remains that Wikipedia is not a repository for original research. - Lucky 6.9 18:02, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not clear to me how the consciousness singularity article is different from the vernor vinge technological singularity article, why one merits inclusion but the other doesn't. If it's a question of original research, I think the same could be said about vinge's singularity.  Is there no other original research that's included in the wikipedia?  I would think that all scientific discoveries are original research and would be surprised if none of them were listed in the wikipedia.  Are you applying a criterion for widespread acceptance of an idea? 128.220.29.140 18:06, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. To be precise, the criterion is that ideas must be widely known. Andris 18:18, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok.  I don't have much else to add. I have slightly modified the article to make it more readable. I understand the article and concept is not as widely known as the technological singularity, but I also understand that individual perception plays a large role in it (determining how important one concept is relative to another) as does the extent of the public awareness.  I guess all we can do is wait for the votes to come in and hear other ppl's opinions.  128.220.29.140 18:34, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is not a research, rather a speculation. Unlike Technological singularity (which is also a prognostical speculation), this one cites no facts that may be interpreted as an evidence that this may happen, only describes what may happen if it happens. Mikkalai 20:13, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool idea, but not encyclopedic yet, speculation. As has been mentioned wiki is not the place for one persons personal reaserch.  Plus the article isn't written particularly well. --Starx 21:52, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - original work - Tεx τ urε 22:06, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: personal research, speculation. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:20, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Research/speculation. Andrewa 01:47, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Yobi

Yobi may refer to the following:

 * Yobi (binary prefix), an ISO/IEC standard binary unit prefix.
 * Yobi, the Five Tailed Fox
 * The main character of the educational game Yobi's Basic Spelling Tricks.

title: Yobi