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Stephen Root

Stephen Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American actor. He has starred as Jimmy James on the NBC sitcom NewsRadio (1995–1999), as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space (1999), and voiced Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland on the animated series King of the Hill (1997–2010).

Root has appeared in numerous Coen brothers films including O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), The Ladykillers (2004), No Country for Old Men (2007), The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018), and The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021). Other notable film roles include Dave (1993), DodgeBall (2004), Idiocracy (2006), Cedar Rapids (2011), Selma (2014), Trumbo (2015), Get Out (2017), and On the Basis of Sex (2018).

His television roles have included Capt. K'Vada in the Star Trek: The Next Generation two-part episode "Unification" (1991) and Hawthorne Abendsen in seasons 2–4 of the series The Man in the High Castle. He has supporting roles in a variety of HBO series, including Boardwalk Empire, True Blood, Perry Mason, and Succession. He starred as Monroe Fuches in the HBO dark comedy series Barry, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2019.

Early life
Root was born in Sarasota, Florida, on November 17, 1951, the son of Leona Estelle and Rolland Clair Root, a project superintendent and site manager on major civil engineering projects throughout the US and Mexico. Root has likened his childhood to that of an Army brat, as his family frequently relocated while his father finished each construction project.

Root graduated from Vero Beach High School in Vero Beach, Florida. He received his Associate of Arts degree from the University of Florida and trained in the Bachelor in Fine Arts (BFA) acting program. The university recognized him as one of its distinguished alumni in 2008. Subsequently he was granted a BFA after completion of his final semester based on the quality and character of his acting career, having left college to pursue Broadway theater in his final semester.

Career
Root began his career on stage in 1980, He made his Broadway acting debut in the play Journey's End, playing Second Lieutenant Trotter. He also appeared in All My Sons as Frank Lubey, and as Jon in the 2015 play Marjorie Prime.

Root made his feature film debut in the 1988 film Crocodile Dundee II as a DEA agent. That same year, he acted in the psychological horror film Monkey Shines as Dean Burbage. He makes a brief cameo appearance in the 1990 movie Ghost.

Among his most recognized television roles are eccentric billionaire Jimmy James on the sitcom NewsRadio and in a recurring role on the final two seasons of The West Wing as Republican campaign consultant Bob Mayer. He appeared in many comedy films, particularly as the mumbling, quirky Milton Waddams in Office Space; the mild-mannered gym rat Gordon Pibb in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story; Suds, a drunk sportswriter, in Leatherheads; and the dimwitted principal in the 2008 Judd Apatow-produced comedy Drillbit Taylor.

Root is a favorite hire of the Coen brothers. He has appeared in O Brother, Where Art Thou?, The Ladykillers, No Country for Old Men, and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs. Kevin Smith wrote a role in Jersey Girl specifically for Root.

Root reunited with Mike Judge in Idiocracy and has also portrayed NASA flight director Chris Kraft in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. He took on the biographical role of Richard A. Clarke in The Path to 9/11. He has also had many guest appearances in television programs across several genres. He was Klingon Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Unification" in 1991. In the 1993–1994 television season, Root appeared as a series regular as "R.O." on the Beau Bridges/Lloyd Bridges comedy/western series Harts of the West on CBS. Root guest-starred on Seinfeld as a bank manager in the episode "The Invitations", handling Kramer's hello greeting issue. He had a role in Frasier in the episode "Detour" as the father of the family helping Frasier when his car broke down. In the CSI episode "Homebodies" he played the father of a rape victim. He also had a regular role on the short-lived CBS series Ladies Man, which starred Sharon Lawrence soon after she left NYPD Blue. He played Raymond, a hunting store owner involved in illegal gun trading, in the 1993 In the Heat of the Night episode "A Love Lost."

Root has an active career as a voice actor, most notably as the voice of divorced, down-and-out Army barber Bill Dauterive, Hank Hill's hedonistic boss Buck Strickland and various other characters on the Mike Judge animated television series King of the Hill. Root is also heard in animated films such as Ice Age, Finding Nemo, and Rango. In other animated television series, his regular roles include Commander Chode in Tripping the Rift and Homebase in The X's. He has also provided vocal talent in animated television series like Chowder and Teen Titans. In Batman: The Brave and the Bold, he voiced Woozy Winks and The Penguin.

Root has appeared in HBO's series True Blood as Eddie, a vampire. He had a multi-episode arc in the second season of Pushing Daisies on ABC, playing the mysterious Dwight Dixon. He appeared as Johnny Forreals, inventor of the word "boo-yah," on "Cangamangus", an episode of The Sarah Silverman Program on Comedy Central. He appeared in the 2009 comedy film The Men Who Stare at Goats as Gus Lacey. In 2010, he appeared in a multi-episode arc in season 8 of the Fox television series 24 as a probation officer named Bill Prady and in the FX television series Justified as the eccentric Judge Mike "The Hammer" Reardon. In 2011, he appeared in Robert Redford's The Conspirator, playing John Lloyd, a key witness in the trial of alleged Lincoln conspirator Mary Surratt. In 2012, he began playing the role of Gaston Means in season 3 of the acclaimed HBO TV series Boardwalk Empire. He also portrays Lynn Boyle, father of Charles Boyle on the show Brooklyn Nine-Nine. In 2018, Root began starring in the HBO series Barry, for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and four nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.

Personal life
Root married his first wife Laura Joan Hase in 1984, with whom he had a son, Cody. They divorced in August 1997. He married actress Romy Rosemont on December 14, 2008. They co-starred together in several television shows such as Fringe and Masters of Sex. They were due to appear on-screen together in the 2011 horror film Red State, but Rosemont was forced to pull out due to a scheduling conflict with Glee.

title: Stephen Root


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Branciforte

Branciforte, originally named Villa de Branciforte, was the last of only three secular pueblos founded by the Spanish colonial government of Alta California. The pueblo was established in 1797 on the eastern bluff of the San Lorenzo River, facing Mission Santa Cruz on the west side of the river, in modern-day Santa Cruz, California. The pueblo never prospered, and the area was annexed into the city of Santa Cruz, California in 1905.

The present day Branciforte Small Schools Campus (BSSC) building is located at what was the center of the Villa de Branciforte. A California State historical marker, number 469, is located outside of the building, too, at the corner of Water Street and Branciforte Avenue.

History
Villa de Branciforte was founded under the direction of California Governor Diego de Borica in memory  of a Viceroy of New Spain, Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca, 1st Marquis of Branciforte, and was founded as part of Spain's strategy to protect upper California against other European countries such as Russia, England, and France. Its original civilian population was not bound to the church or the military. Unlike the Spanish missions, the villa was secular.

In 1781, Governor Felipe de Neve had issued rules regarding governance of secular pueblos (only two at that time; San José and Los Ángeles), the "Regulations for the Government of the Province of the Californias" (Reglamento para el gobierno de la provincia de Californias). Those rules included locally elected officials (subject to approval by the governor): the alcalde (combined mayor and judge), the ayuntamiento (town council), the juez de paz (justice of the peace), and others.

From its very inception in 1797 the Villa met with great obstacles. The funds were not adequate, and the enterprise failed to attract any retired soldiers. In their stead, a motley group of convicts who were banished from New Spain formed the initial group of colonists, and although the missionaries at Mission Santa Cruz protested bitterly against this pueblo being situated so close to their domain, the town received official backing.

The first eight settlers came from Guadalajara, Jalisco, New Spain (Spanish colonial Mexico). They found nothing of what they had been promised. Expecting to find the town already built to accommodate them, they found they had to build their own rough dwellings with little tools or provisions. In the end the Villa de Branciforte never resembled the neatly laid out plans for streets and buildings its planners envisioned. Furthermore, it never lived up to its expectations, and in 1802, the town itself lost the support of the Crown, and supplies ceased to arrive.

In 1803, about five years after the villa was established the settlers attempted to establish a government by electing an alcalde or municipal magistrate. This election was one of the first elections ever held in Alta California. After this, the citizens of the Villa de Branciforte began to spread over the country.

Ever since the first days, many of its residents, whom the narratives and chronicles denounce as "lazy" and prone to vices and crime, decided to move to other, more prosperous settlements like the Pueblo of San José. There were also constant problems with the missionaries at the adjacent Mission Santa Cruz over grazing rights, and the corrupting influence of the settlers on the neophytes at the Mission. For the first few years the population actually declined.

In 1818, when the pirate Hippolyte de Bouchard threatened to attack the California coast in support of the independence struggles raging in the Americas, the residents of Branciforte were reluctantly called upon to defend the Mission against sacking while the padres and neophytes took flight to other Missions further inland. When Bouchard arrived, he did not sack Santa Cruz but instead it was the residents of Branciforte who looted and stole from the mission even the clothes from the saints adorning the church. The missionaries and neophytes came back to find the whole place ransacked, but it was soon discovered who the culprits had really been. This event deepened the mistrust both the communities held for each other.

By 1831 however, Branciforte had a population of about two hundred people which was mostly made up of merchants, explorers, and retired soldiers.

The Branciforte Adobe is the only remaining building of Branciforte itself. There are three other period adobes in Santa Cruz County.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Branciforte


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Talk:Galton board

Pic
A picture of a bean machine would make this article much clearer. Michael Hardy 02:10, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * (Obviously, pictures have been added since Michael posted his comment. - dcljr (talk) 07:19, 20 October 2015 (UTC))

But how does it work?
Can anyone explain why it aproximates a bell curve or normal distribution? The article doesnt define why it just isnt random. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 159.153.156.60 (talk) 10:30, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Give Binomial distribution a read and see if it answers your question. Essentally, each peg in the bean machine/Galton board presents a left/right binary decision and the resulting bin that the the beans/balls eventually fall into is a result of a series of these left/right binary decisions.

 * Atlant 12:07, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It IS random! A picture of such a board with the probabilities marked on it would be helpful to understanding it. For the first pin, the chances are 50% left, 50% right, right? For the second row, with 2 pins, there's a 25% chance of it falling left off the first peg, then left off the second. A 25% chance of it falling right off the first peg, then right off the second. To go right, then left, is 25%, and left, then right, is 25%. But of the latter two, left then right, or right then left, both will lead to the middle, the same place. So the odds for the middle space are 50%.

 * Then for the next row, it's 25% chance of getting there is split into two for which way it goes next, 12.5%. But then the middle channel had a 50% chance, so the two options below it are 37.5% and 37.5% (50 + 25 / 2), compared to the 12.5% of their outer siblings. Right? Notice 37.5 + 37.5 + 12.5 + 12.5 = 100. At each row, the probabilities add up to 100% since it HAS to be somewhere! Each position's odds are those of it's two parents added together. And from there, it can go two ways, so it's children inherit half the chances of it's leftmost parent, plus half the chances of it's rightmost parent. The pegs on the far left and right, though, only have one parent, so are much less likely. The pegs one row further in, could have gone, say, LLLR, or RLLL, and whichever other paths, to have arrived there.

 * If you draw that, and work out the probabilities for each position (you only need to be able to divide by 2, and add), you'll get numbers that, drawn on a graph, would form the curve.

 * I should point out, though, that it won't always be a perfect bell curve, each run can end up in any state. It's just balls after all. It's just most likely to form a bell curve, or something close to one.

 * I understand that at least but I have a question of my own. I'm not really a mathematician.

 * 84.67.73.190 (talk) 19:10, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

The statement

"According to the central limit theorem the binomial distribution approximates normal distribution provided that n, the number of rows of pins in the machine, is large."

is incorrect. The central limit theorem is freqently misapplied in this fashion. It has to do with the distribution of the SUM of the random variables. This does not mean that if you "sum" enough graphs of the binomial distribution that it will bcome a normal distribution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.25.240.225 (talk) 15:13, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * does that statement really wrong? I do not think so. As I knew, when a ball is falling down from the top of the machine, it will bounce left and right as they hit each pin. And each hit is an binomial experiment. The final position a ball get depends on the SUM of the results of the experiments(hits). Then, the height curve of the balls is the Probability density function curve of binomial distribution. according to CLT, it will be a bell curve.Chaosconst (talk) 06:35, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It's not wrong. Technically, the de Moivre–Laplace theorem gives the result, but since that theorem is a special case of the CLT, saying the CLT gives the result is just as correct. - dcljr (talk) 07:19, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Clarity of machine description
I had not come across Galton's box before. It would have been helpful to point out that balls are fed to the machine centrally at the top.

Tony.payton (talk) 10:41, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, given the wide "bowl" (or "twin ramps") shape at the top of Galton's diagram and then the narrower "bowl" below, you should be able to feed in the bean anywhere at the top, not just in the very center. (Unless you just meant that it's not fed in from the side of the box. In which case, yeah.) But come to think of it, he probably did that so he could pour in lots of beans at once (in which case the beans start interfering with each other's movements, and the motions are no longer independent). Perhaps I'm overthinking this… - dcljr (talk) 07:53, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Distribution of the balls
The article states "If a ball bounces to the right k times on its way down (and to the left on the remaining pins) it ends up in the kth bin counting from the left." Surely this cannot be correct? If the ball bounces right k times and left l times it will end up (k - l) bins to the right of the central bin?

Tony.payton (talk) 10:47, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * In the second picture (photograph), if a ball never goes to the right, you can see it would end up in the "zeroth" (leftmost) bin; if it goes to the right every time, it would end up in the last (rightmost) bin. You don't need to keep track of both left and right movements. The top picture (drawing) suffers from the fact that a ball can actually reach the left or right side of the box and get bounced back towards the center (thus every once in a while, the sequence of random movements is interrupted by a non-random movement towards the center). If the box were made wider, the balls could be prevented from hitting the sides of the box, avoiding that problem. - dcljr (talk) 07:19, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Three dimensional bean machine
I am preparing a paper in which I use the bivariate binomial distribution proposed by Aitken and Gonin (1935), which is based on a fourfold sampling procedure in contrast to the twofold sampling procedure in the ordinary bean machine. For a demonstration one actually needs a three dimensional bean machine. In the traditional bean machine, after the ball has fallen on the first pin, the ball can fall on one of two pins with probabilities p1 and p2 with p1+p2 = 1. In the case of a fourfold sampling procedure according to Aitken and Gonin after the ball has fallen on the first pin, the ball can fall on one of four pins, arranged as the corner points of a square, with probabilities p1, p2, p3, p4 with p1+p2+p3+p4 = 1 and so on. Does one know of such three dimensional bean machine.

Reference

Aitken, A.C. and Gonin, H.T. On fourfold sampling with and without replacement, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 55, 114–125, 1935. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ad van der Ven (talk • contribs) 18:51, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Bean machine, bean made wrong?
I'm somewhat disappointed that the media clip 'ending' has the middle 3 columns all the same size (when the image above shows different) Was there a reason for this? Thanks 92.0.244.195 (talk) 09:00, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The middle column is _slightly_ higher. And it's not an infinitely large machine, nor an ideal one. It came pretty close! It's a real video, not a simulation, plastic beads on a wooden board. So the results are always gonna be random. Might be that he filmed 10 goes, and this is the best one he got. Maybe he tried it 30 times. How much difference would that make, towards getting a more ideal result? How many tries would it take to get a perfect bell curve, with 1000 beads?

 * Nah, I'm not here to set you homework! So yeah this is the difference between stochastic randomness and real, actual, random random.

 * 90.243.234.191 (talk) 21:58, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Why a rectangle of pegs?
It's unclear why the pegs fill a complete rectangular area instead of a triangular, maybe slightly "blown up" to a semi-circular shape. I understand well that the beans "flow" in a high density instead of (more or less) one by one (why?!?), which makes that many (or even most) beans are influenced more by their "neighbors" than by the pegs (obviously a bug in the design, unless intended to be a feature? :frown:), and they are pushed to either of the sides much more and further than they would by the pegs only. Nonetheless, the upper left and upper right pegs are never touched (especially on the design by the inventor which has a "guide" for the beans to focus them to the center of the uppermost row) and so these pegs could be omitted. — MFH:Talk 13:11, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't believe there is any need for it to be rectangular other than it looks nice and is simpler to construct. You can see at least 3 of the photographed examples in the article already diverge from the rectangle design into more triangular shapes, and other ones do as well (like the log-normal one). --Gwern (contribs) 17:53 24 July 2019 (GMT)

 * I suppose it looks "fairer" to the layman. Just a big field of pegs, no suspicious triangles, because a bell curve is sort-of triangular, to cheat the balls into any sneaky formations. It gives a suggestion of an infinite number of identical pegs, which would give a perfect result with an infinite number of balls and time. Each actual run is just a sample of that.

 * It's not like the extra pegs cost a whole lot more.

 * 84.67.73.190 (talk) 18:10, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

Probabilities of 1000 runs of the machine
Imagine you ran a machine like this 1,000 times. Each run, you note how close the distribution is to an actual proper binomial one that the odds predict. Measure this by how many balls are in the "wrong" location compared to a nice graph that's printed on the front of the machine. How many runs of the 1,000, would be out by only 1 ball? How many would be out by 2? Graph that. I've got a funny suspicion what the graph would look like, but I'm not smart enough to figure out how to calculate it, short of writing the code to actually simulate it. But surely there's an equation that could do it. Ta for help, I really don't know the answer to this.

84.67.73.190 (talk) 18:15, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

WP:COMMONNAME
What's the WP:COMMONNAME for this, "bean machine" or "Galton Board?" Firestar464 (talk) 05:19, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Bean machine
Is this usually called a bean machine? And does bean machine usually mean this? Online searches suggest this is more commonly called a Galton board or Galton box or Galton quincunx (though quincunx usually means five points: four in a square and one in the middle). Bean machine usually seems to involve making coffee, or perhaps somebody who eats a large amount of beans.2A00:23C7:7B0E:7400:BC5F:152F:8ACC:7C (talk) 15:16, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Galton board Rumping (talk) 15:27, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galton board


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Learning curve (disambiguation)

A learning curve is a relationship of the duration or the degree of effort invested in learning and experience with the resulting progress, considered as an exploratory discovery process.

Learning Curve may also refer to:

 * Experience curve effects, regularly observed reduction in costs of manufacturing and delivery with increased experience. Associated mathematical models
 * "Learning Curve" (Babylon 5), an episode of the science fiction television series Babylon 5
 * "Learning Curve" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1
 * "Learning Curve" (Voyager episode), an episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager
 * The Learning Curve, a 2001 thriller film
 * Learning Curve (1998 film), a 1998 film about a substitute teacher in a public school, also goes by the name 'Detention 1998'
 * Learning Curve, an album by British DJ DJ Rap
 * Learning Curve Brands, a designer and manufacturer of products for infants and children of all ages, a subsidiary of RC2 Corporation, acquired by Takara Tomy in 2011
 * Learning curve (machine learning), a tool to find out how much a machine learning model benefits from adding more training data or epochs

title: Learning curve (disambiguation)


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San Lorenzo River

The San Lorenzo River (Río de San Lorenzo) is a 29.3 mi river in the U.S. state of California. The name San Lorenzo derives from the Spanish language for "Saint Lawrence" due to its reported sighting on that saint's feast day by Spanish explorers. Its headwaters originate in Castle Rock State Park in the Santa Cruz Mountains and flow south by southeast through the San Lorenzo Valley before passing through Santa Cruz and emptying into Monterey Bay and the Pacific Ocean.

Watershed and course
The San Lorenzo begins as an intermittent stream around the precipitous slopes of Castle Rock Ridge, a major divide separating drainages of the San Francisco Bay area and the Pacific Ocean, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Its headwaters is about 1 mile upstream of Castle Rock State Park on private property just south of the Saratoga Gap. Once inside the park's boundary, the perennial river flows approximately 1.5 miles before leaving the unit. Within state park boundaries, Craig Springs Creek, Tin Can Creek, and several small unnamed tributaries empty into the river.

With its headwaters at an elevation of approximately 2,900 ft above sea level, the San Lorenzo River drops 2,000 ft in the first 3 miles. Starting just south of the Saratoga Toll Road Trail, the river is roughly paralleled by State Route 9 until it enters downtown Boulder Creek. The San Lorenzo reaches 500 ft about 2 mi above Boulder Creek and about 16 mi from the mouth of the river. At this elevation, it is joined by Kings Creek from the left in the neighborhood of Redwood Grove, and Spring Creek from the right shortly thereafter. Small, steep tributaries feed the river from the west at Ben Lomond Mountain, while wider, more gently sloping tributaries feed the river from the east and northwest.

The San Lorenzo River watershed drains 138 sqmi. The Branciforte Creek watershed is a major sub-basin of the San Lorenzo catchment-basin. The Newell Creek tributary was dammed to create Loch Lomond, a reservoir which supplies drinking water to Santa Cruz, California.

Discharge
The upper San Lorenzo generally receives more rainfall during the winter and early spring compared to the lower basin, discharging a higher than usual flow into the river mouth in Santa Cruz. Tributaries in the lower San Lorenzo are prone to atmospheric-river-caused floods, with these storms contributing to large volumes of run-off.

Geology
As recently as the Paleogene period about 65 million years ago, much of California was still part of the Pacific Ocean. The San Lorenzo Valley was at the bottom of a shallow, tropical sea. Tectonic forces and faulting processes pushed up this flat ocean bottom into an ancient mountain range between 50 and 35 million years ago before sinking back into the shallow sea where it was covered with more sediments. About 30 to 25 million years ago, the Pacific Plate and North American Plate changed course and began moving sideways, creating a fault block called the Salinian Block. A second ancient mountain range began to rise during the Miocene, between 15 and 5 million years ago, which eroded and dropped back into the ocean, compressing sand and creating the Santa Margarita sandstone formation. Sediment deposits were laid during this event and epoch, about 10 million years ago, to create the three main rock types found within the San Lorenzo River basin: silt and clay became the layer of Monterey shale; the Santa Margarita sandstone; and as the sea deepened, the deposits became mud, forming the Santa Cruz mudstone layer.

Tectonic forces from the convergence of the Pacific Plate with the North American Plate uplifted the land for a third time along the San Andreas Fault, pushing up the Santa Cruz Mountains between 3 and 4 million years ago. This tectonic compression caused uplift exposing older, predominately marine, Cenozoic sedimentary rocks to weathering, surface erosion, mass wasting, and landslides. The stream valleys and drainage networks of the San Lorenzo River watershed formed through the surface erosion and mass wasting of these sedimentary rocks during the end of the last Ice Age. Geologic erosion from these natural processes line most of the watershed's stream valleys.

The Ben Lomond Fault is a 11 mi subsidiary bedrock fracture within the San Andreas fault system, which had significant east–west vertical movement. The fault skirts the east and north sides of Ben Lomond Mountain, and is the fracture along which the Ben Lomond Mountain block was tilted up. Uplift of the southwestern block, which began about 40 million years ago, caused a vertical separation of approximately 600 ft within the past 12 million years. Deformed rocks of late Cenozoic age indicate a continuation of faulting until about 85,000 years ago. As the Santa Cruz Mountains continued to rise, the San Lorenzo took advantage of rock that was fractured and weakened by faulting processes and began to cut the deeply incised San Lorenzo Valley. The river runs in or near the western edge, and sub-parallel, to the fault.

Underlying rock strata in the San Lorenzo River basin include Lompico Sandstone and Vaqueros Sandstone.

History
The first humans of the San Lorenzo River basin were the Ohlone, who first arrived in the Santa Cruz area about 10,000 years ago. These inhabitants led a generally nomadic lifestyle, gathering plants and hunting small animals. The Achistaca, an Awaswas Ohlone people, were located near present-day Boulder Creek and Riverside Grove of the upper San Lorenzo River area.

During the 16th century, the Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America. It is possible that Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was the first European to see the San Lorenzo River when in 1542 he sailed the coast of California and stopped in Monterey Bay. Sebastian Vizcaino's 1602-1604 expedition was to further explore the coast and resulted in several detailed maps of the coast, with potential ports for Spain to develop. Beginning in the 18th century, contact with Europeans brought significant changes to the lifestyles of Native Americans in the San Lorenzo River basin. Missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity.

The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition, gave the river its name when it passed through the area on its way north, camping near the west bank on October 17, 1769. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi, traveling with the expedition, noted in his diary that, "Not far from the sea we came to a large river...It is one of the largest that we have met with on the journey...This river was named San Lorenzo." "Not far from the sea" indicates that the party probably crossed the river at one of what later became the commonly used fords. The fords, in turn, became the locations for the first two bridges across the river – at today's Water Street and Soquel Avenue.

In 1863, the California Powder Works was built adjacent to the river three miles upstream from Santa Cruz. The powder works made gunpowder for California mining after normal supplies had been interrupted by the American Civil War. Upstream from the works, a dam was constructed (in what is now Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park) to raise the water level enough to flow into a 1200-foot-long tunnel, dug through a granite ridge to convey water to a raised flume that, with a 60-foot drop, provided water power for the powder mill machinery. During dry summer weather when the river was low, the total river flow might be diverted into the flume from below the dam. The powder mill was closed in 1914 and the dam demolished.

Ecology
The basin is an international hotspot of biodiversity because of the unique habitats and ecosystems of the Santa Cruz Mountains.

The San Lorenzo River and its tributaries nourish corridors of riparian growth as they traverse the mountainous regions of the watershed. The plant community of white alder riparian forest intergrades with upland redwood forest in moister locations and mixed evergreen forest in drier situations. Large western sycamore, black cottonwood, white alder, and California box-elder trees dominate the canopy and offer cooling shade for river inhabitants. The arroyo willow forms a subcanopy and stabilizes the river's banks. Common understory species include five-finger fern, coastal wood fern, small-leaved montia, scarlet monkey flower, and skunkweed.

Fish migration
The San Lorenzo supports several species of anadromous fish that migrate between the Pacific Ocean and freshwater tributaries of the river. Coho and Chinook salmon, "humpback" (pink salmon), "dog" (chum salmon), and steelhead trout, all of the genus Oncorhynchus, are ocean fish that migrate up the rivers at the end of their life cycles to spawn. Pacific lamprey, a semelparous fish, migrates between the ocean and the upstream habitat to breed.

Salmon and other fish populations declined dramatically after the establishment of water diversions, channelization, and dams that affect migration and rearing conditions. In 1960, it was estimated that there were more than 30,000 fish living in this river, but a decade later the population had been reduced to 1,000. Fishing regulations were changed in 1998 in order to protect wild stocks versus hatchery stocks. The changes in regulations have been minimally effective and additional conservation efforts are still needed.

Dams interrupt the migration of anadromous fish. Salmon and steelhead return to the streams in which they were born to spawn; where dams prevent their return, entire populations of fish die. Some of the San Lorenzo River dams employ fish ladders, which are effective to varying degrees at allowing these fish to travel upstream. Another problem exists for the juvenile salmon headed downstream to the ocean. With river currents slowed by the dams, the journey takes longer, which increases the mortality rate.

The San Lorenzo River was once one of the most popular steelhead trout and coho salmon rivers on the Central Coast of California. Approximately 26 mi of the San Lorenzo River, and at least nine of its major tributaries, support steelhead. Historically, the San Lorenzo River supported the largest coho salmon and steelhead fishery south of San Francisco Bay, and the fourth largest steelhead fishery in the State of California.

In 1995, a survey of coho salmon south of San Francisco Bay found coho restricted to only one remnant population in Waddell Creek, one small naturalized (hatchery-influenced) population in Scott Creek and a small hatchery-maintained, non-native run in the San Lorenzo River, all in Santa Cruz County. Historically, coho were found in approximately 50 coastal drainages in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties, but by the 1960s spawning runs were limited to 11 stream systems. The 1995 combined average annual spawning population of native and naturalized coho salmon in Waddell and Scott Creeks was estimated at only 50-60 adults, and none in the San Lorenzo River, comprising only 1.5% of the estimated abundance of coho salmon south of San Francisco Bay in the early 1960s. Coho have returned as a result of stocking efforts at the Kingfisher Flat Hatchery on Scott Creek's Big Creek tributary. Coho salmon had not been recorded in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the early 1980s, until 2005, when at least a dozen adult coho were observed at the city of Santa Cruz Felton diversion fish ladder. In recent decades, continued growth has raised demand for water from the entire watershed system bringing attention to the need for further preservation of stream flows in order to protect young salmon, steelhead, and lamprey. In 2014, coho captured from the lower river were transferred to the Big Creek hatchery to enable local genetics to be used for stocking.

Environmental impacts
Reduction in flow caused by dams, diversions (Felton and Tait), and evaporation losses from Loch Lomond Reservoir has had ecological consequences in the San Lorenzo River watershed and overall Santa Margarita Basin. Historically, the delta with its large freshwater outflow and salt marshes provided an important breeding ground for aquatic species in the Bay. Today's desiccated delta no longer provides suitable habitat, and populations of fish in the bay have seen a dramatic decline.

Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted surface water quality. Nitrate impact from the more than 13,000 septic systems in the San Lorenzo River watershed is one of the major issues. The watershed has the highest septic system density of any comparable area in the state of California. Bacteria levels were dangerously high in the 1980s with 3% to 6% of the septic systems failing, discharging untreated sewage to the ground surface and another 7% to 9% of households illegally discharging greywater, which also had a high bacteria and pathogen level.

Groundwater use impacts on surface water baseflow supporting anadromous fisheries for coho salmon and steelhead, particularly in Bean and Zayante Creeks, is another issue. A habitat restoration project has been underway since 1985. Recent counts of fish show the population is slowly rising to approximately 3000. Tidal influence wanes between the Broadway and Soquel Avenue bridges in the city of Santa Cruz, where some sand bars are visible.

Following devastating floods in December 1955, the Army Corps of Engineers built flood control measures along the San Lorenzo River and Branciforte Creek through downtown Santa Cruz. No flooding from the San Lorenzo River was reported when a flow event of nearly equal magnitude occurred in January 1982, but the water levels were much higher than one would expect, based on the original design. That was because a large amount of sediment had re-deposited in the channel after it was built. The original project design (1956) required periodic dredging of the bed sediment, which is both expensive and destructive to aquatic and riparian habitat. The flood control channel was not maintained regularly, presumably for those reasons. The levees and floodwalls were rebuilt in 2004, but the design for those changes still assumed that the channel bed would be maintained by dredging. Although the latest project calls for less dredging the original project, any dredging at all is economically and environmentally unfeasible for the City of Santa Cruz, the local sponsor of the federal project. The current and likely future levels of flood protection provided by the project, without dredging, was being studied by the Army Corps of Engineers as of August 2011.

As early as the 1970s Santa Cruz County began to create a hydrology transport model of the San Lorenzo River, retaining a group of scientists and engineers from Earth Metrics Inc., who were to create the first mathematical model of the river, with the objective of analyzing bedload transport and downstream sedimentation. The model was also used to predict transport of nitrates and other water pollution, and would be eventually used to study a variety of different land management and flood control strategies.

Scenic elements
Much of the upper reaches of this watershed are quite beautiful in their natural forest setting, while the lower reach is accessible to the large population of Santa Cruz. In 1987 the city of Santa Cruz retained ROMA, a San Francisco design firm, to develop a design concept plan for incorporating the natural elements of the river into the urban design fabric of the city. The plan led to creation of pedestrian walkways, picnic areas and view opportunities along the lower populated stretch of the river. The plan called for creation of a continuous forest to be established on the upper banks of Valley Oak, Buckeye, Willow and other trees with seasonal foliage.

One notably scenic reach between the Riverside Avenue and Broadway bridges may be the most visually prominent and attractive parts of the river. Here the river bends skirting the base of Beach Hill, a historic neighborhood and noteworthy topographic element of the city of Santa Cruz. This reach is visible from many parts of the city and gives a sense of steepness and enclosure within the channel. The west bank had been the site of a wooden boardwalk, now washed away by erosion.

title: San Lorenzo River


text:
Tom Friedman (artist)

Tom Friedman (born 1965) is an American conceptual sculptor. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri and received a BFA in graphic illustration from Washington University in St. Louis (1988) and an MFA in sculpture from the University of Illinois at Chicago (1990.). As a conceptual artist he works in diverse media including sculpture, painting, drawing, video, and installation.

For over twenty years, Friedman has been investigating the viewer/object relationship, and "the space in between." He has held solo exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art, New York], Yerba Buena Museum of Art, San Francisco, Magasin 3 in Stockholm, Sweden, The New Museum in New York, the Tel Aviv Art Museum, and others. His work can be found in the museum collections of MoMA, Los Angeles Contemporary Art Museum, the Broad Art Museum, the Solomon Guggenheim Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo. Friedman lives and works in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Work
Friedman's sculpture is recognizable for its highly inventive and idiosyncratic use of materials like Styrofoam, foil, paper, clay, wire, plastic, hair, and fuzz. Working autobiographically, he uses painstaking, labor-intensive methods to recreate seemingly random elements from his life. In each piece, he pays obsessive attention to detail, particularly in the replication of the objects that surround him.

Friedman brings humour and childlike wonder as well as grave philosophical issues to each work. With the art object as departure, he uses everyday, easily understood found materials. He says it's "enticing and seductive to start with the simple humble object that we all 'think' we know." His intent is to draw the viewer into the simple beauty and familiarity of a piece, and then invite them to investigate it further.

Although much of the published work on Friedman's art focuses on the materials, it is ultimately about the tension produced through the phenomenological experience of observer, artwork, and space in between. He often refers to his process as "orchestrating an experience." He uses the art experience as a context for opening people's minds to new ways of seeing, and thinking. To do so, he has developed a circular logic: a way of investigating the object and whittling it down to a core understanding of its metaphor and how it connects to the viewer, in their everyday life, and within societal and philosophical constructs, and then back to the object again.

Career
Friedman worked closely with Feature Inc. for over 15 years. Feature was started in Chicago by Hudson. Friedman eulogized Hudson, saying, "He understood the development of an artist and their vision. He could see so clearly the evolution of consciousness of an artist, and he knew how to push the work to the next level."

Friedman held his first solo exhibition in 1991 at Feature in New York. Three years later, he made his international debut in an exhibition at the Galleria Rauicci/Santamaria in Naples, Italy and the Galerie Analix in Geneva, Switzerland. His affiliation with Feature at this time led to a relationship with curator Robert Storr, which led to an exhibition in the Elaine Danhessier Project Series at MoMa in the spring of 1995 in tandem with Bruce Nauman's "Retrospective." Friedman was the 50th artist in the series, which focuses on emerging artists. An interview with Storr at this time yielded important information about Friedman's process and circular logic.

In 1996 Friedman exhibited with Chuck Close ("Affinities: Chuck Close and Tom Friedman") at the Art Institute of Chicago, curated by Madeleine Grynsztejn. In that same year, Friedman participated in exhibitions in France and Italy, also working with curator Paul Schimmel in Brazil for the Sao Paulo Biennale. Notable works from this time period include, Everything (1992–1995), 1000 Hours of Staring (1992–1997), Untitled (Curse) (1992), Untitled (Aspirin Head) (1994) and Untitled (Toothpicks) (1995).

In 1999 Friedman was one of five resident artists (including Byron Kim, Pauli Apfelbaum, Suzanne McClelland, Lorraine O'Grady) teaching at Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine. Friedman met John Waters, the visiting artist of that year, who later interviewed him for Parkett Magazine. In the interview Friedman spoke of his evolution as an artist over time, as well as the significance behind his art. On the humor of his work, Friedman said, "there's this misconception that playful thinking is not serious and it's not important."

Between 2000 and 2002 a major exhibition of his work entitled, "Tom Friedman: The Epic in the Everyday", was organized by the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA). The show was exhibited there, and traveled also to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, the Aspen Art Museum, and the New Museum, New York. At this time Friedman was a finalist for the Hugo Boss Prize at the Guggenheim, an honor given to artists deemed the most innovative and influential of the time. In 2002 Friedman was invited to have a solo exhibition at the Fonadzione Prada, Milan, Italy, curated by Germano Celant. A two volume catalogue was produced for the exhibition.

Friedman held two solo exhibitions at Gagosian Gallery: "New Work" at the Beverly Hills gallery and "Monsters and Stuff" in London. Both shows yielded extensive monographs.

In recent years, Friedman has built a portfolio of large-scale outdoor installations, beginning with Open Box (2007) and Circle Dance (2011), the latter being permanently installed on Brown University campus in 2012. In 2015, Friedman's Looking Up (2015) was installed on Park Avenue in New York. Another rendition of the 33.3' figure is permanently installed at the Laguna Gloria campus of The Contemporary Austin Texas. Up in the Air, which debuted in 2010 at the Magasin III gallery in Stockholm, marked his first solo exhibition in a Scandinavian country. The installation, consisting of roughly 900 suspended sculptures, continued onto the Tel Aviv Museum of Art between 2014 and 2015. In 2016, Friedman exhibited works for a group exhibition co-curated by Denise Markonish and Sean Foley entitled "Explode Every Day" at Mass MoCA, North Adams, Massachusetts.

Throughout 2016 and 2017 Friedman focused largely on standalone sculptures. Once standing on Park Avenue, Looking Up (2015) was moved to Chicago's lakefront where it will permanently remain. In addition, a third edition of the piece was installed at the James S. McDonnell Planetarium in St. Louis, Missouri. Friedman continued to work in a public forum, unveiling Huddle (2017), a 10x18 foot piece designed for the Dallas Cowboys installed at their training grounds. In late 2017, Friedman had a solo exhibition at Luhring Augustine entitled "Ghosts and UFOs: Projections for Well-Lit Spaces." The show, which consisted solely of projections, was a very dramatic shift from Friedman's previous chronology. While a departure from Friedman's past works, The New York Times praised it as, "effortlessly brilliant." In 2018, Friedman produced a large body of drawings for a solo exhibition at Stephen Friedman Gallery entitled, "Always The Beginning." The show was a reproduction and rendering of notebook pages from Friedman's sketchbooks spanning 30 years prior. In addition, Friedman released a new book of selected notes and sketches to accompany the work.

Artistry
In an interview with Los Angeles-based writer Dennis Cooper, Friedman spoke in depth on the process and thinking behind much of his art. He revealed to Cooper a disdain for much of his graduate work, which led him to reconsider his image as an artist. “At this point I sort of dropped the idea of making art; it was more about "discovering a beginning." Friedman remarked. During this time period he completely emptied his studio and created an all white isolation chamber in which he would meditate on objects he brought in from his home. Friedman began at this point to move towards self described radical stages of simplification focusing on the process of his work. In pieces like Untitled (1990), eraser shaving formed into a circle, Friedman focused on repetitive actions which became for him "almost like a mantra." This study of object is also evident in his 1990 writing, Ingredients, a list of all the questions one can ask about an object, organized into three main categories. The object, the location of the object, and the viewer. The questionnaire ended up being twenty pages long.

In a 1997 interview with Hudson, Friedman elaborated on his creative process, "I play both the scientist and the experimental subject...it began as an intellectual process, but is evolving into an emotional understanding." Friedman also went on to say, "In my past work my ideas about change have been more about transformation: the material's transformation from what it is into something different. The ideas surrounding mutation and deviation are interesting to me not only in that they inform the transformation of materials, but also in how they evolve, and depart from each different branch of my investigation… the different ideas that I explore within a body of work range from ideas that opened things up for me, to unifying ideas that connect my separate branches of investigation." Friedman further elaborated on this claim in Irvine Fine Arts Center's, "Ideas in Things" in 1999, stating, "I'm involved in constructing this phenomenon of myself being absorbed by the work in such a way that one or the other of us is going to disappear - it into me or me into it."

Awards and recognition
Throughout his career, Friedman has received numerous awards. In 1993 he received both the Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award and the Academy Award in Art from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Friedman also received a grant from The Joan Mitchell Foundation in 2001. Between 1993 and 1995 he was the Luther Greg Sullivan Visiting Artist at Wesleyan University and in 1999 he had a residency at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpting in Skowhegan, ME. In 2013 Friedman received an Honorary Doctorate Degree in the Arts from the Montserrat College of Art.

Friedman's work has also been the subject of several books, including a feature in an eponymous Phaidon book. Charlotte Eyerman's Friedman: Up in the Air studies the solo exhibition of the same name indepth. Friedman himself has released two books, featuring commentary by Arthur C. Danto, Ralph Rugoff, and Robert Storr, among others. Friedman has been featured extensively in magazines such as Artforum and Frieze.

title: Tom Friedman (artist)


text:
Toy Dolls

Toy Dolls are an English punk rock band formed in 1979. Departing from the angry lyrics and music often associated with punk rock, the Toy Dolls worked within the aesthetics of punk to express a sense of fun, with songs such as "Yul Brynner Was a Skinhead", "My Girlfriend's Dad's a Vicar" and "James Bond Lives Down Our Street". There is often alliteration in their song titles (e.g., "Peter Practice's Practice Place", "Fisticuffs in Frederick Street", "Neville Is a Nerd", “Quick to Quit the Quentin”). They are probably best known however for their sole UK hit, a punk-rock cover of "Nellie the Elephant".

Their albums usually include a cover version of a well-known hit song, usually sped up to the usual punk rock tempo. Covers have included "Blue Suede Shoes", "Toccata in Dm", "No Particular Place to Go", "Sabre Dance", "Livin' La Vida Loca", "Lazy Sunday", "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)", "She's So Modern" and "The Final Countdown". They have also recorded parodies of popular songs, such as "The Kids in Tyne and Wear (Kids in America)" and "The Devil Went Down to Scunthorpe (The Devil Went Down to Georgia)". Their albums often start with a short intro with a catchy guitar riff, and end with an outro, which is usually a slightly longer variation of the intro riff. Kazoos are also prominent in many of their songs.

Most of the band members have nicknames, and are rarely seen without their cartoonish rectangular sunglasses (although they appeared bare-eyed on the One More Megabyte album cover).

Career
The Toy Dolls formed as a quartet featuring vocalist Pete "Zulu" Robson; guitarist Michael "Olga" Algar (born 21 September 1962, South Shields, England); drummer Colin "Mr. Scott" Scott; and bassist Phillip "Flip" Dugdale. After just a few gigs, Zulu left to form his own band and was replaced by Paul "Hud" Hudson on vocals for one concert. After Hud's departure, the Toy Dolls became a trio, with guitarist Olga assuming permanent vocal duties.

Scott left the band in 1980 and was replaced by Dean James for four months over the summer of 1980. James later returned to the band from 1985 to 1988 as bassist. Flip left in 1983, marking the beginning of a revolving door of drummers and bassists that would characterise the Toy Dolls line-up over the years (with Olga as the mainstay and only original member). In 1984, Zulu returned to the line-up as bassist/backing vocalist, but departed again less than a year later.

They were initially grouped with the Oi! scene, and have also been classified as punk pathetique. One reason they are associated with Oi! is that they were championed by Garry Bushell, who was very involved with Oi! bands such as Angelic Upstarts (whom The Toy Dolls later supported on their first national tour). In 1980, a Sunderland businessman financed the Toy Dolls' debut single, "Tommy Kowey's Car" with "She Goes To Fino's" on the B-side. The single quickly sold out its initial pressing of 500 copies, but the band could not afford to press any more, making the single a collectors' item. Around the time the band signed to Volume, Olga moved to Newton Hall, in north Durham, which led to the song "Livin' on Newton Hall".

For Christmas 1982, they released their punk rendition of "Nellie the Elephant", a classic children's song, which hit No. 1 in the UK Indie Chart. In 1983, they released their debut album Dig That Groove Baby. In 1984, their re-issue of "Nellie the Elephant" reached No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart and stayed in the chart for 14 weeks. Their 1985 album, A Far Out Disc, reached No. 71 in the UK Albums Chart.

Since then, the band has continued to release albums and to tour widely, mainly across continental Europe, South America and Japan. After a gap of fourteen years since their last gig in Britain, 2007 saw a string of UK dates taking in cities from Glasgow to London, including a "homecoming" for a show at Durham University.

The band released a best-of album, Ten Years of Toys. 1993 saw the popular live song "I'm a Telly Addict" on the album Absurd-Ditties. In 1997, the band released One More Megabyte, which featured references to computers, mainly in the lyrics of its title track, and in tracks like the outro track. A popular cover of Ricky Martin's "Livin' La Vida Loca" made its way onto Anniversary Anthems in 2000. The band's 2004 album Our Last Album? fooled fans in the anticipation up to its release that it was the band's last album. The outro track on the album stated that it was not.

To celebrate the band's twenty-fifth anniversary in 2004, the official biography, The Toy Dolls: From Fulwell to Fukuoka, was published by Ardra Press.

In 2006, The Toy Dolls contributed their cover version of "Toccata in Dm" to the album project Artists for Charity – Guitarists 4 the Kids, produced by Slang Productions, to assist World Vision Canada in helping underprivileged kids in need.

For their thirtieth anniversary in October 2009, the band received congratulatory messages from a selection of musicians, including Baz Warne from The Stranglers, TV Smith from The Adverts, Jake Burns from Stiff Little Fingers, and NOFX manager Kent Jamieson.

The Toy Dolls live shows consist of synchronized choreography, timed moves, dances, jumps, and spinning guitars.

The band's song "Nellie the Elephant" was used by Tesco in their toy advertisement in October 2014.

The Album After the Last One was released in 2012. The band has been on a "The Tour After the Last One" and started a range of Toy Dolls-themed real ales under the label "The Beer After the Last One".

In 2018, the band played one show in Montebello, Quebec, for the city's annual Rockfest music festival, marking the first time in the band's 38-year history that they played a show in Canada.

Members
As of 2007, the band has had fourteen different drummers and twelve different bassists. Olga is the only remaining original member of the band. After Olga, drummer Martin Yule had the longest tenure in the band (1987–2000). Yule currently owns a shop in Sunderland called "Hotrats." Former drummer Dave "the Nut" Nuttall owns Jalapeño Drums, a custom drum company based in Lancaster, Lancashire. The current lead singer/guitarist with The Stranglers, Baz Warne, also had a stint with the band. Olga has played bass on tours with the US punk band The Dickies, and also with The Adicts. Gary Dunn, former bassist of The Toy Dolls (1997–1999), teaches music at Harton Academy, and former drummer, Trevor "The Frog" Brewis, teaches music at Middlesbrough College, though Olga moved away from the northeast of England a number of years ago, and now lives in London.

It has become a tradition to give a special nickname to every Toy Dolls member.

Current members

 * Mike "Olga" Algar – lead vocals, guitar
 * Duncan "The Amazing Mr. Duncan" Redmonds – drums, vocals
 * Thomas Woodford "Tommy Goober" Blyth – bass, vocals

Toy Dolls alumni

 * Peter "Pete Zulu" Robson – bass, guitar
 * Phillip "Flip" Dugdale – bass
 * Colin "Mr. Scott" Scott – drums
 * Paul "Hud" Hudson – vocals
 * Dean "Dean James" Robson – drums 1980, bass guitar 1985/88
 * Trevor "Trevor the Frog" Brewis – drums
 * Graham "Teddy Toy Doll" Edmundson – drums
 * Robert "Happy Bob" Kent – drums
 * Steve "Rubiboy" Mallinson- bass
 * Frederick "Freddie Hotrock" Robertson – bass
 * Nick Buck – drums
 * Barry "Bonny Baz" Warne – bass
 * Alan "Dirty Dicka" Nixon – drums
 * Malcolm "Dicky" Dick – drums
 * Paul "Little Paul" Smith – drums
 * Ernest "Ernie" Algar – bass
 * Kevin "Canny Kev" Scott – drums
 * Martin "Marty" Yule – drums
 * John "K'Cee" Casey – bass
 * Richard "Dicky Hammond" Hammond – bass
 * Gary "Gary Fun" Dunn – bass
 * Suba – drums
 * Kevin Appleton - Drums
 * Michael "Reb" Rebbig – bass
 * David "Dave the Nut" Nuttall – drums

Singles and EPs

 * 1980: "Tommy Kowey's Car"
 * 1981: Toy Dolls EP ("Tommy Koway's Car" [new version], "She's a Worky Ticket", "Everybody Jitterbug, "Teenager in Love" [excerpt], "I've Got Asthma")
 * 1981: "Everybody Jitterbug"
 * 1982: "Nellie the Elephant" – identical to the version on their first album, Dig That Groove Baby
 * 1983: "Cheerio & Toodle Pip"
 * 1983: "Alfie from the Bronx"
 * 1984: "We're Mad" / "Deirdre's a Slag" (n.b.: 12-inch version was a triple A-side with "Rupert the Bear")
 * 1984: "Nellie the Elephant" [re-recording] – No. 4 in the UK (14 weeks in chart); No. 39 in Germany (8 weeks in chart); No. 97 in Australia. No. 1 on the UK Independent Singles Chart (7 weeks at No. 1)
 * 1985: "She Goes to Finos" / "Spiders in the Dressing Room" " – No. 93 in the UK (2 weeks in chart)
 * 1985: "James Bond Lives Down Our Street"
 * 1986: "Geordie's Gone to Jail"
 * 1987: "Wipe Out" [Live]
 * 1990: "Turtle Crazy"
 * 1995: "Lazy Sunday Afternoon"
 * 2000: "Livin' la Vida Loca"

title: Toy Dolls


text:
Smurf (disambiguation)

A smurf is a fictional, tiny, blue humanoid from The Smurfs, created by Belgian cartoonist Peyo in 1958.

Smurf, SMURF or smurfing may also refer to:

The Smurfs franchise

 * Smurf (Smurf language), an undefinable word and derivatives (including "smurfing") used as both verb and noun within the fictional Smurfs franchise
 * Smurfette, a female character from The Smurfs
 * The Smurfs (comics), Belgian comic series, created by Peyo
 * The Smurfs (film), a 2011 film directed by Raja Gosnell, based on the comic franchise
 * The Smurfs (1961 TV series), a 1961 Belgian animated TV series, based on the comic franchise
 * The Smurfs (1981 TV series), a 1981–1989 American-Belgian animated TV series that aired on NBC, based on the comic franchise
 * The Smurfs (2021 TV series), a 2021 animated television series, based on the comic franchise
 * The Smurfs (video game), a 2011 video game
 * The Smurfs merchandising
 * The Smurfs music
 * Les Aventures des Schtroumpfs

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Janine "Smurf" Cody, a fictional character played by Jacki Weaver in the 2010 Australian film Animal Kingdom and by Ellen Barkin in the USA TV series
 * Smurfing, or twinking, a deceptive player practice in online video gaming
 * The Smurf (dance), a 1980s dance fad
 * "The Smurf", a single by Tyrone Brunson
 * The Smurfs, a rap band with Bernard Fowler

Science and technology

 * Smurf attack, a type of denial of service (DoS) attack on computer networks
 * SMURF1, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMURF1 gene
 * SMURF2, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMURF2 gene
 * SMURFs, smartphone spyware by GCHQ and the NSA in their WARRIOR PRIDE kit
 * Stepped-frequency microwave radiometer, a microwave radiometer known as "smurf" from its abbreviation SFMR

Other uses

 * Smurfing (financial crime) or "structuring", a term related to money laundering
 * Smurfing (methamphetamine production), the hiring of multiple individuals to exceed legal limits for purchase of pseudoephedrine for methamphetamine production
 * Smurfs another name for the Australian Association Football team Sydney FC given by rival supporters due to the teams sky blue and white colour scheme.

title: Smurf (disambiguation)


text:
Progressions of Power

Progressions of Power is the fourth studio album by Canadian hard rock band Triumph, released in 1980. The album reached number 32 on the Billboard 200 and the single "I Can Survive" hit number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1980. The single "I Live for the Weekend", though not a success in the band's home country, gave them their only charting single in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 59. The album was re-released in 1985 on MCA Records, then on TRC Records in 1995, and remastered in 2005 and re-issued on the band's own label TML Entertainment (formerly known as TRC Records).

Personnel

 * Rik Emmett – guitars, Prophet 5 synthesizer, vocals
 * Gil Moore – drums, percussion, vocals
 * Mike Levine – bass, keyboards

 * Production
 * Robin Brouwers – assistant engineer
 * Jeff Stobbs – assistant engineer
 * Mick Walsh – assistant engineer
 * John Golden – mastering
 * Bob Ludwig – remastering on 1985 and 1995 re-issues
 * Brett Zilahi – remastering on 2005 re-issue
 * John Rowlands – photography
 * Nick Sangiamo – photography

title: Progressions of Power


text:
Structuring

Structuring, also known as smurfing in banking jargon, is the practice of executing financial transactions such as making bank deposits in a specific pattern, calculated to avoid triggering financial institutions to file reports required by law, such as the United States' Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and Internal Revenue Code section 6050I (relating to the requirement to file Form 8300). Structuring may be done in the context of money laundering, fraud, and other financial crimes. Legal restrictions on structuring are concerned with limiting the size of domestic transactions for individuals.

Definition
Structuring is the act of parceling what would otherwise be a large financial transaction into a series of smaller transactions to avoid scrutiny by regulators and law enforcement. Typically each of the smaller transactions is executed in an amount below some statutory limit that normally does not require a financial institution to file a report with a government agency. Criminal enterprises may employ several agents ("smurfs") to make the transaction. Structuring appears in federal indictments related to money laundering, fraud, and other financial crimes.

The term "smurfing" is derived from the image of the comic book characters, the Smurfs, having a large group of many small entities. Miami-based lawyer Gregory Baldwin is said to have coined the term in the 1980s.

United States
In the United States, the Bank Secrecy Act requires currency transaction reports (CTRs) to be filed for cash transactions involving coin or paper money valued at more than $10,000; it applies to both U.S. and foreign currencies. Contrary to popular misunderstanding, it does not apply to checks or electronic transactions. Financial institutions suspecting deposit structuring with intent to avoid the law are required to file a suspicious activity report (SAR). In 1986, the U.S. Congress enacted section 5324 of Title 31 of the United States Code, which provides (in part):

No person shall, for the purpose of evading the reporting requirements of section 5313 (a) or 5325 or any regulation prescribed under any such section, the reporting or record keeping requirements imposed by any order issued under section 5326, or the record keeping requirements imposed by any regulation prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or section 123 of Public Law 91–508—[...]

(3) structure or assist in structuring, or attempt to structure or assist in structuring, any transaction with one or more domestic financial institutions.

Section 5324 further provides that a violation of this provision may be punished by a fine or up to five years in prison, or both. The filing of Form 8300 is required under Internal Revenue Code section 6050I.

Sums of money resulting from deposits of less than $10,000 may be seized after a warrant is issued based on a suspicious activity report. Legal proceedings, which may cost in the vicinity of $20,000 or more, may be required for an innocent party to retrieve his or her money. Reports in October 2014 by The New York Times of arbitrary seizures resulted in modification of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) practice to focus on investigations that "closely align" with IRS "mission and key priorities". Banks are not permitted to warn or advise customers unless the customer asks, but sometimes bank tellers will informally warn customers.

Other uses
The term "smurfing" is also applied to activity associated with controlled substances such as pseudoephedrine. In this context, the agent will make purchases of small, legal amounts from several drug and grocery stores, with the intent to aggregate the lot for use in the illegal production of methamphetamine. Also, since the monthly pseudoephedrine purchase limits in US are too low for mass meth production, this practice often involves using multiple "smurfs".

As Robert Pennal of the Fresno Meth Task Force explains:

"Then we started seeing 'smurfing.' Remember how the smurfs were little gatherers? We started getting calls from different retail stores that people were buying two or three packs—that's the most you can buy—and they went to one store, they bought three, they went to another store, bought three. We're seeing blister packs everywhere because they're sitting in the car, they're punching the pills out of the blister packs, they're putting them in the freezer bags and they're turning them over to chemical brokers."

title: Structuring


text:
Talk:Progressions of Power

Fingertalkin'
Can someone who has this album please check the writing credits for the song Fingertalkin'? Considering it's an acoustic guitar piece, it would seem unlikely that it was written by Moore/Levine. I could possibly see Emmett/Moore/Levine (if they had some kind of deal where they all get credit for any song written by any of them), but there's no way Rik Emmett was not involved in the writing of this song. --MrBoo (talk, contribs) 02:49, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Progressions of Power


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American Le Mans Series

The American Le Mans Series (ALMS) was a sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada. It consisted of a series of endurance and sprint races, and was created in the spirit of the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

The American Le Mans' headquarters was in Braselton, Georgia, adjacent to Road Atlanta.

In 2014, the series merged with the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series to form the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.

History
The series was created by Braselton, Georgia-based businessman Don Panoz and ran its first season in 1999. Panoz created a partnership with the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), the organizers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, to begin a 10-hour race in the spirit of Le Mans, dubbed the Petit Le Mans. The inaugural Petit Le Mans took place in 1998 as a part of the Professional SportsCar Racing series, in which Panoz was an investor. For 1999, the series changed its name to the American Le Mans Series, and adopted the ACO's rulebook.

The partnership with the ACO allowed ALMS teams to earn automatic entries in the Le Mans 24 Hours. This was a practice that began with the inaugural Petit Le Mans, a practice that continues today, where 1st and 2nd place teams in each class earn entries to the next year's 24 Hours. The ALMS race at Adelaide in 2000 also received automatic entries. Invitations were extended to the series champions beginning in 2003, for the 2004 race. The ACO has always given high consideration to teams competing in ALMS races, and many ALMS teams have seen success in the 24 Hours.

The series began with eight races in 1999, beginning with the 12 Hours of Sebring, and ending at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. The schedule expanded to 12 races in 2000, including two races in Europe, and one in Australia. In subsequent years, the European races disappeared, with the creation of the short-lived European Le Mans Series, and later the Le Mans Series. The series also began to move away from the rovals, road courses in the infield of large superspeedways, at Charlotte Motor Speedway, Las Vegas, and Texas Motor Speedway. In its later years, the series visited more temporary street courses, many in conjunction with the Indy Racing League, at cities such as St. Petersburg, Florida and Long Beach, California. The series raced at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Mosport, Road Atlanta and Sebring in every year of its existence. From 2011 until the series folded, ALMS competed on a street circuit through the Inner Harbor coinciding with the Grand Prix of Baltimore, Maryland over the US Labor Day weekend.

The series was the first motorsport racing series in North America to be recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (the EPA), the United States Department of Energy and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) as a "Green Racing Series", and held an all-new series implemented on series races dedicated to the environment by holding their first-ever Green Challenge during the 2008 Petit Le Mans and would continue this at least up to the entire 2009 season.

In 2010 the American Le Mans Series signed its first title sponsorship agreement, with Tequila Patrón becoming a presenting sponsor for three seasons.

On September 5, 2012, the series announced that they would fully merge in 2014 with Grand-Am Road Racing under the banner of the TUDOR United SportsCar Championship, with the International Motor Sports Association.

Overview
The American Le Mans Series used essentially the same rules as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Like the 24 Hours of Le Mans, there were three primary classes, though there were two extra "Challenge classes" using standardized cars. Purpose-built race cars with closed fenders competed in the Prototype classes P1, P2, and PC (Prototype-Challenge) and modified production sports cars competed in the Grand Touring classes GT (GTE-Pro and GTE-Am combined, formerly GT2) along with GT-Challenge or GTC. The former GT1 category was abandoned after 2009 season. In 2012, the "Le Mans" (LM) was dropped from the names of the prototype categories.

Each car is driven by multiple drivers (2 or 3, depending on the length of the race), and all cars compete together simultaneously. P1 generally contains factory teams while P2 contains privateer teams. In ACO-sanctioned racing all of the drivers are professional in GTE-PRO, while in GTE-Am, 1 or 2 amateurs are allowed to race with a professional driver in support. However, since ALMS uses only one GTE category and combines the PRO/AM classes, there are no limitations for drivers.

The two "Challenge" classes were formula-based, and were designed for privateers or rookies to have an easier time entering the series. The Challenge classes used the Oreca FLM09 (P) and the Porsche 911 GT3 Cup (GT), though there were reports that the ACO would open the Challenge class to other manufacturers in 2013 or later. The team points champions and runners-up in each class at the end of the season received an automatic invitation to the next year's 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Michelin Green X Challenge
In January 2008, the American Le Mans Series announced it would hold its first "Green Challenge" competition during Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta in October, ahead of the Challenge being implemented at all ALMS races during the 2009 season. In conjunction with the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, Environment Canada and SAE International, the Series unveiled the Green Challenge's rules and regulations. Two class leading vehicles ran low Carbon dioxide or green engines during the 2008 season – the GT1 Chevrolet Corvette C6.R with an E85 cellulosic ethanol powered 7.0 litre V8 and the LMP1 Audi R10 TDI with a 5.5 litre turbodiesel V12. Currently, the Michelin Green X Challenge awards invitations to the 24 Hours of Le Mans for the 1st and 2nd-place winners in the Prototype and GT categories for the entire season.

The Challenge measures "Green" (based on fuel-type and other factors influencing emissions), "Speed" (overall speed), and "Efficiency" (based on fuel-economy). A formula is used to produce a score based on the three categories. The car with the lowest score at the end of the race wins the Challenge for that race.

Television
The series' first season in 1999 was covered by NBC and CNBC. Since 2000 Speed Channel broadcast the majority of ALMS races, including the 12 Hours of Sebring and Petit Le Mans, while some of the series' other races were broadcast on ABC, NBC and CBS. For the 2012 season, all races were webcast on ESPN3.com. The Long Beach Grand Prix, Northeast Grand Prix at Lime Rock, and Grand Prix of Mosport were broadcast live on ESPN2, while the ALMS at Monterey, Road Race Showcase at Road America and ALMS at VIR had delayed highlights on the same channel. The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Challenge was broadcast live on ABC, while the 12 Hours of Sebring, Baltimore Grand Prix, and Petit Le Mans had delayed highlights on the same network.

In 2013, Speed Channel reacquired broadcasting right to 12 Hours of Sebring and Petit Le Mans; the rest of the races were broadcast on ESPN2 and ABC with webcast on ESPN3.com.

title: American Le Mans Series


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User talk:Spunkybart

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Triangle (1981 TV series)

Triangle is a BBC Television soap opera broadcast in the early 1980s, set aboard a North Sea ferry that sailed from Felixstowe to Gothenburg and Gothenburg to Amsterdam. A third imaginary leg existed between Amsterdam and Felixstowe to justify the programme's title, but this was not operated by the ferry company. The show ran for three series before being cancelled, but is still generally remembered as "some of the most mockable British television ever produced". The scripts involved clichéd relationships and stilted dialogue, making the show the butt of several jokes—particularly on Terry Wogan's morning Radio 2 programme—which caused some embarrassment to the BBC. (BBC Classic sitcom Are You Being Served? in Season 8, Episode 1 "Is It Catching?", hinted at the show being nausea-inducing for more reasons than just its setting. Even the anarchic BBC sitcom The Young Ones poked fun at the series, when one character says, "Even Triangle has better furniture than this!")

In 1992, the BBC screened TV Hell, an evening of programming devoted to the worst television had to offer, and the first episode of Triangle was broadcast as part of the line-up.

The ferry used in the first series was the Tor Line's MS Tor Scandinavia. This was replaced in the second and third series by the DFDS vessel Dana Anglia (DFDS having acquired Tor Line by this time), probably because she had a less intensive schedule, and the longer time she spent in port made on-board filming easier.

Production limitations
Interviewed for a TV Hell segment in 1992, the show's producer, Bill Sellars, and the leading actor, Larry Lamb, spoke of several problems with the show's production.

Using a ferry as the setting for a television series had originally looked like a promising idea. The regular cast, playing the crew, could be joined by a constantly changing guest cast playing the passengers as the ship sailed to interesting European locations (a format used in the American series The Love Boat). Advances in portable video cameras and recording equipment meant that the show could be videotaped on board a real ferry with more realism than using studio sets and more cheaply than using the 16mm film that was normal for location television drama at the time.

Unfortunately, the plan was revealed to be flawed almost as soon as location shooting—largely conducted in the North Sea—began. The inclement weather made the exterior scenes appear gloomy and dull, and far from glamorous. In making the first episode, Kate O'Mara had to endure a scene in which she sunbathes topless on a clearly freezing deck.

Another problem involved lighting. The cameras were perfectly comfortable with either natural or artificial lighting conditions, but a mixture of the two always produced unnatural-looking colour. The video cameras of the day did not cope well with contrasting light levels between inside and outside, so interior scenes often had to be shot with the windows or portholes curtained—so that as far as the audience was concerned they might as well have been shot in a studio anyway.

The relatively new "electronic field production" portable video technology (used for location footage in place of the traditional 16mm film) also exhibited serious problems—owing to, amongst other things, the movement of the ship which disrupted the stability of the video recorders. Rough seas also induced seasickness in many of the production crew, making shooting an uncomfortable experience.

Broadcasts
The programme was broadcast every Monday and Wednesday.

 * Series 1: 5 January – 1 April 1981: 26 episodes.
 * Series 2: 26 April – 20 July 1982: 26 episodes.
 * Series 3: 5 April – 6 July 1983: 26 episodes

Cast
Michael Craig and Larry Lamb were the only cast members to appear in all 78 episodes of Triangle. Kate O'Mara left at the beginning of the second series.

Starring

 * Michael Craig – Captain John Anderson
 * Larry Lamb – Matt Taylor
 * Kate O'Mara – Katherine Laker
 * Paul Jerricho – Charles Woodhouse

Recurring cast listed alphabetically:

 * Dawn Addams – Mrs. Landers
 * Tony Anholt – Nick Stevens
 * David Arlen – Joe Francis
 * Peter Arne – Kevin Warrender
 * George Baker – David West
 * Helena Breck – Sandy McCormick
 * Dennis Burgess – George Terson
 * Julia Chambers – Barbara Carter
 * Diana Coupland – Marion Terson
 * Sandra Dickinson – Penny Warrender
 * Scott Fredericks – Tom Kelly
 * Joan Greenwood – Judith Harper
 * Philip Hatton – Tony Grant
 * Penelope Horner – Sarah Hallam

 * Elizabeth Larner – Jo Bailey
 * Nicolette McKenzie – Maya Anderson
 * Wanda Moore – Susan Porter
 * Jonathan Newth – Roger Powell
 * Cindy O'Callaghan – Linda Kennedy
 * Jonathan Owen – Peter Nuttall
 * Marion Owen Smith – Lisa Watkins
 * Sandra Payne – Christine Harris
 * Jamie Roberts – Bill Ryan
 * Christopher Saul – Douglas Evans
 * Jonathan Scott-Taylor – Ted Anderson
 * Doug Sheldon – Arthur Parker
 * Nigel Stock – Wally James

title: Triangle (1981 TV series)


text: User talk:68.193.176.176

title: User talk:68.193.176.176


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User:Jsf27

Not without danger

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text: File:Triumph Allied Forces.jpg

title: File:Triumph Allied Forces.jpg


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User talk:Edp~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Edp. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Edp~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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John Bertrand (sailor, born 1946)

John Edwin Bertrand AO (born 20 December 1946) is a yachtsman from Australia, who skippered Australia II to victory in the 1983 America's Cup, ending 132 years of American supremacy, and the only time Australia has won. Bertrand won the bronze medal in the Finn competition at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. In 2010 and 2016, he won the world Etchells class sailing championships. He is a life member of both the Royal Brighton Yacht Club in Melbourne, and the Sorrento Sailing Couta Boat Club.

Biography
John Bertrand was born in Melbourne, Victoria.

He wrote Born to Win, The Power of a Vision, about the 1983 America's Cup victory, including insightful observations on the strategy for an unfavoured team against very long odds. During the 1983 competition, Bertrand and his crew deliberately employed their own psychological strategy ahead of the America's Cup breakthrough in refusing to refer to the all-conquering American team by their names and instead calling their opposition simply "the red boat" in order to mislead the rival. In the 2016 Rio Olympics, Mack Horton, an Australian freestyle swimming champion, admitted the criticism towards another swimmer Sun Yang was a deliberate strategy to try and gain a mental edge on his rival, borrowing from the tactics employed by Bertrand in the lead-up to Australia II's famous triumph in 1983.

Bertrand is the chairman of the Sport Australia Hall of Fame (2005+) and The Alannah and Madeline Foundation (2001+).

He is also the President of Swimming Australia (Oct 2013+).

Honours

 * 26 January 1984: Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in recognition of service to yachting, particularly as skipper of the Australia II in the America's Cup challenge 1983.
 * 10 December 1985: Induction into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame
 * 18 September 1993: Member of the America's Cup Hall of Fame for outstanding achievement in the America's Cup.
 * 14 July 2000: Australian Sports Medal for outstanding achievement in the America's Cup and general contribution
 * 1 January 2001: Centenary Medal for service to Australian society through the sport of Sailing.
 * 2008 Melburnian of the Year for community leadership.
 * 25 October 2013: Awarded an Honorary Doctorate, Victoria University.
 * 10 October 2014: Elevated to Legend of The Sport Australia Hall of Fame.
 * 2014: Bertrand was made a Monash University Vice Chancellor Professorial Fellow.
 * 2016: Upgraded to Officer of the Order of Australia (AO), the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours list. In recognition for sporting administration, in particular swimming and sailing, children's welfare, higher education and mentoring of young people.

Personal

 * Bertrand has a Bachelor of Engineering (Monash University 1970) and a Master of Science (Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1972).
 * He has been married, since 1969, to Rasa Bertrand, whom he met as a student.

title: John Bertrand (sailor, born 1946)


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William Daniels

William David Daniels (born March 31, 1927) is an American actor who is known for his television roles, notably as Mark Craig on the drama series St. Elsewhere, for which he won two Primetime Emmy Awards; the voice of KITT on the television series Knight Rider; and George Feeny on the sitcom Boy Meets World, which earned him four People's Choice Award nominations. He reprised his Knight Rider role in the sequel TV movie Knight Rider 2000 and his Boy Meets World role in the sequel series Girl Meets World. He also portrayed Carter Nash (the actual identity of the eponymous comedic superhero) in Captain Nice.

Daniels's film roles include Mr. Braddock (Benjamin Braddock's father) in The Graduate, Howard Maxwell-Manchester in Two for the Road, and John Adams in the musical film 1776. He was president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1999 to 2001 and led the union's efforts during the 2000 commercial actors strike.

Daniels is also noted for having portrayed in film or on television the three most prominent members of the Adams political family: John Adams, his cousin and fellow founding father, Samuel Adams, and John Adams's son John Quincy Adams.

Early life
William David Daniels was born on March 31, 1927, in Brooklyn, New York, to Irene and David Daniels. His father was a bricklayer, and his mother was a telephone operator. He has two sisters, Jacqueline and Carol. He grew up in East New York, Brooklyn.

Daniels was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1945 and stationed in Italy, where he served as a disc jockey at an Army radio station. At the suggestion of Howard Lindsay, co-author of Life with Father, who recommended he use the GI Bill to attend a college with a good drama department, Daniels enrolled at Northwestern University. He graduated from Northwestern in 1949, and is a member of Sigma Nu fraternity.

Career

Daniels began his career as a member of the singing Daniels family in Brooklyn. He made his television debut as part of a variety act (along with other members of his family) in 1943, on NBC, then a single station in New York. He made his Broadway debut in 1943 in Life with Father, and remained a busy Broadway actor for decades afterwards. His Broadway credits include roles in 1776, A Thousand Clowns, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, and A Little Night Music. He received an Obie Award for The Zoo Story (1960).

Daniels's motion picture debut was as a school principal in the 1963 anti-war drama film Ladybug Ladybug. In 1965, he reprised his Broadway role as a child welfare worker in the screen version of A Thousand Clowns. In 1967 he appeared in The Graduate as the father of Dustin Hoffman's character. In 1969, Daniels starred as John Adams in the Broadway musical 1776; he also appeared in the film version in 1972. Two years later, he co-starred in Richard Donner's telefilm Sarah T. - Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic. in 1979 he again reprised his role as the outspoken John Adams in the film Rebels, again about the American revolution, without seeming to ever break character. He is known as the quintessential John Adams.

Daniels's first network television appearance came in 1952 when he portrayed the young John Quincy Adams, eldest son of John and Abigail Adams in the Hallmark Hall of Fame drama A Woman for the Ages. In 1976, he reprised the role as the middle-aged and elder John Quincy Adams in the acclaimed PBS miniseries The Adams Chronicles. He starred in the short-lived series Captain Nice as police chemist Carter Nash. He appeared as acid-tongued Dr. Mark Craig in St. Elsewhere from 1982 to 1988, for which he won two Emmy awards. Concurrently, he provided the voice of KITT in Knight Rider from 1982 to 1986. Daniels said in 1982, "My duties on Knight Rider are very simple. I do it in about an hour and a half. I've never met the cast. I haven't even met the producer."

Daniels reprised the voice-only role of KITT in 1991 for the television movie Knight Rider 2000, and again in the theatrical comedy movie The Benchwarmers. He performed the role in AT&T and GE commercials about talking machines, and twice in The Simpsons as well as at the Comedy Central Roast of his co-star David Hasselhoff. He reprised the role of KITT in the 2015 Lego-themed action-adventure video game Lego Dimensions.

Daniels portrayed strict but loving educator George Feeny at John Adams High School in Boy Meets World from 1993 to 2000. In addition to the previously mentioned 1967 superhero sitcom Captain Nice, he was a regular on the 1970s TV series Freebie and the Bean and The Nancy Walker Show.

A familiar character actor, he has appeared as a guest star on numerous TV comedies and dramas, including Soap, The Rockford Files, Quincy, M.E., Kolchak: The Night Stalker, and many others. In 2012, Daniels appeared in the ninth season of Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Craig Thomas, an unlikely mentor to the character of Dr. Cristina Yang played by actress Sandra Oh. His character, Dr. Thomas, died in the operating room while performing a procedure to repair a heart defect midway through the season, which forced Yang to move back to Seattle.

In 2014, Daniels reprised his role as Mr. Feeny in the pilot episode of the Boy Meets World spinoff, Girl Meets World. He cameoed in the final scene, praising the adult Cory Matthews for his parenting. He made additional appearances in the second and third seasons.

In early 2023, he completed filming of the role of King Henry VI in the upcoming "Richard III".

Personal life
Daniels has been married to actress and fellow Emmy Award winner Bonnie Bartlett since June 30, 1951; at 73 years, it is the longest active Hollywood marriage as of July 2024. In 1961, Bartlett gave birth to a son, who died 24 hours later. They adopted two sons: Michael, who became an assistant director and stage manager in Los Angeles, and Robert, who became an artist and computer graphics designer based in New York City.

Bartlett and Daniels both served on the Screen Actors Guild's board of directors.

Awards and honors
Daniels refused the 1969 Tony Award nomination for Featured Actor in a Musical in 1776 due to his insistence that the part of John Adams was a leading role rather than supporting. He was ruled to be ineligible for the Best Actor nomination because of the technicality that his name was not billed above the title of the show.

From 1983 to 1987, Daniels' work in St. Elsewhere earned him five consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, winning in 1985 and 1986. In 1986, Daniels and Bartlett, who played his fictional wife on St. Elsewhere, won Emmy Awards on the same night (Bartlett for Supporting Actress in a Drama Series), becoming the first married couple to accomplish the feat since Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne in 1965 for a production of The Magnificent Yankee for the Hallmark Hall of Fame.

Broadway
Source:

Books

 * Daniels, William (2017). There I Go Again: How I Came to Be Mr. Feeny, John Adams, Dr. Craig, KITT, and Many Others. Potomac Books, Inc.

title: William Daniels