text:
Catamenia (band)

Catamenia was a Finnish black metal band founded in 1995 by Riku Hopeakoski and Mika Tönning in Oulu. They have been signed to Massacre Records since their first full-length release Halls of Frozen North in 1998. As of 2010, they have released nine albums, one EP, and one DVD. They are known for frequent usage of wolves in their album art, but the band is named after a kind of bird. Catamenia also means "menstruation", which the band did not know until a fan pointed it out to them after the release of their debut album.

History
They released their first demo album in their first active year, simply titled Demo '95. Their second demo, Winds released in 1996, led to a four-album contract with Massacre Records in 1997. Their debut full-length album Halls of Frozen North was recorded in Commusication Studios, Beindersheim, Germany, in 1997 with Gerhard Magin (Crematory, Mystic Circle) and was released in 1998. A year later they recorded their second album, Morning Crimson (1999) in Sweden, at Sunlight Studios with Thomas Skogsberg (Katatonia, Dismember). The band's third album Eternal Winter's Prophecy was recorded in their home country in 2000 at Tico-Tico Studios with Ahti Kortelainen (Kalmah, Eternal Tears of Sorrow, Dawn of Relic). Their last album for Massacre Records was entitled Eskhata, released in 2002, recorded in Oulu, Finland at SoundMix Studios with producer Mika Pohjola (The Black League). After the release and promotion of Eskhata, Catamenia renewed their contract with Massacre Records for three more albums, citing good working relations.

Catamenia faced many line-up changes during the rehearsal of their fifth album, but their line-up steadied and again were a six-piece for its release.

Catamenia recorded their fifth album Chaos Born at Neo Studio in Oulu, Finland with Kari Vähäkuopus and Immu Ilmarinen (Burning Point, Embraze, Afterworld, Sentenced). ChaosBorn combines melodics and aggressive metal. After praise from media and their fans for ChaosBorn, Winternight Tragedies was stated as their sixth studio release, again with Mastervox Studios and producers Kakke Vähäkuopus and Immu Ilmarinen.

While working on Winternight Tragedies, the band encountered problems with collaboration, distance and lack of practice. As a result, line-up changes were made. Vocalist Mika and bassist Timo were replaced by new vocalist O.J. Mustonen and bassist Mikko Hepo-oja.

The album features raw, aggressive and angry songs while still keeping the melodious background intact.

In 2006, their seventh album, Location:COLD was released. Later that year, a DVD entitled, Bringing the Cold to Poland, was released featuring live recordings at the Stodola Club in Warsaw, Poland.

Drummer Veikko Jumisko departed from Catamenia in Spring 2007 because he was not able to join the tour anymore.

The US tour was postponed until 2008, because of promotion problems. A short Canadian tour called Brothers of Cold took place in May 2008.

In May 2008, Olli Mustonen left the band for undisclosed reasons. It is believed since he missed the Canadian tour, he was deemed unreliable. Ari Nissilä will take over lead vocals from now on.

In December 2009 Catamenia started the recording of their upcoming album called Cavalcade. It was released via Massacre Records on 26 February 2010.

In September 2010, Ari Nissilä, Toni Kansanoja, Mikko Nevanlahti and Kari Vähäkuopus decided to leave the band, but already in early October, there were new members attached to the band – bassist Mikko Hepo-oja, drummer Tony Qvick and guitarist Sauli Jauhiainen. Later on the band attached new singer Juha-Matti Perttunen and keyboardist Jussi Sauvola to the band.

Their most recent album, The Rewritten Chapters was released on 27 April 2012.

Current

 * Juha-Matti Perttunen – harsh vocals (2010–present)
 * Riku Hopeakoski − lead guitar, backing vocals (1995–present), keyboards (2001–2002)
 * Sauli Jauhiainen – rhythm guitar (2010–present)
 * Mikko Hepo-oja – bass, backing vocals (2005–2006, 2010–present)
 * Jussi Sauvola – keyboards (2011–present)
 * Toni Qvick – drums, clean vocals (2010–present)

Former

 * Ari Nissilä – guitar (2000–2010), harsh vocals (2008–2010), clean vocals (2002)
 * Mikko Nevanlahti – drums (2008–2010)
 * Toni Kansanoja – bass, low grunts (2006–2010)
 * Kakke Vähäkuopus – clean vocals (2006–2010), rhythm guitar (2010)
 * Olli-Jukka Mustonen − harsh vocals (2005–2008)
 * Mika Tönning − harsh vocals (1995–2003)
 * Sampo Ukkola − guitars (1997–1999)
 * Timo Lehtinen − bass (1995–2003) (Kalmah)
 * Heidi Riihinen − keyboards (1995–2000)
 * Tero Nevala − keyboards, backing (2003–2006)
 * Toni Tervo − drums (1995–1999)
 * Kimmo 'Sir' Luttinen – drums (1999–2001) (The Black League, Impaled Nazarene)
 * Veikko Jumisko − drums (2003–2007)
 * Janne Kuzmin – drums (2001–2002)
 * Pietu – drums (2002–2003)
 * Mikko Nevanlahti	- drums (2007–2010)

Guest and session musicians

 * Antti Haapsamo − harsh vocals on Location: COLD
 * Sir Luttinen − drums on Eternal Winter's Prophecy
 * Janne Kusmin − drums on Eskhata

Albums

 * Halls of Frozen North (1998)
 * Morning Crimson (1999)
 * Eternal Winter's Prophecy (2000)
 * Eskhata (2002)
 * Chaos Born (2003)
 * Winternight Tragedies (2005)
 * Location: COLD (2006)
 * VIII – The Time Unchained (2008)
 * Cavalcade (2010)
 * The Rewritten Chapters (2012)

Demos/EPs

 * Demo '95 (1995)
 * Winds (1996)
 * Shape Edition (1999)

Compilations

 * Massacre's Classix Shape Edition (1999)
 * The Best of Catamenia (2013)

Videography

 * "Morning Crimson" (music video) (1999)
 * "Kuolon Tanssi" (music video) (2003)
 * "Tuhat Vuotta" (music video) (2006)
 * Bringing the Cold to Poland (DVD) (2006)
 * "Location: COLD" (music video) (2006)
 * "Cavalcade" (music video) (2010)

Cover songs

 * "Fuel for Hatred" (Satyricon) − on Winternight Tragedies
 * "I Wanna Be Somebody" (W.A.S.P.) − on Location: COLD
 * "From Out of Nowhere" (Faith No More) – on VIII – The Time Unchained
 * "Viivakoodit" (Apulanta) – on VIII – The Time Unchained
 * "Synti Voittaa" (Shitter Limited) – on VIII – The Time Unchained
 * "Angry Again" (Megadeth) – on Cavalcade
 * "Farewell" (Sentenced) – on Cavalcade
 * "Born to Be My Baby" (Bon Jovi) – on The Rewritten Chapters

title: Catamenia (band)


text:
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (SVCE) is an institute in Tamil Nadu, at Pennalur, Sriperumbudur near Chennai. SVCE was founded in 1985. The college was established by the Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation (SPIC) group. SVCE is among the top engineering colleges of Anna University in Tamil Nadu and a Tier-I institution among self-financing colleges.

History

In November 1985, the college was founded and granted permission by Vishnu Vardhan JP to conduct engineering courses in mechanical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, and computer science engineering, which were awarded by the University of Madras.

The college complex at Nazarathpet (near Poonamallee) was inaugurated on 8 April 1985 by the former Governor of Tamil Nadu.

In 1991, the college shifted into its new campus at Pennalur, near the town of Sriperumbudur. Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering received approval from the All India Council for Technical Education the same year. Courses in electrical & electronics engineering and chemical engineering were started in 1994.

SVCE celebrated its decennial in March 1995 in the presence of former Minister of State for Commerce and present home minister of the Government of India. In 1996 it began a course in information technology and became the first college in the country to do so. The college obtained an ISO 9001:2000 certification in 2002. SVCE obtained autonomy from UGC in 2016.

Rankings
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it in the 151-200 band among engineering colleges in 2023.

It also has NAAC grade A+.The institution has autonomous status up to 2032.

Library
SVCE has 1338 m2 library spanning three floors covering major fields of science and engineering, a conference room, study space and seating capacity of over 200. The library is air-conditioned and has conferencing, multimedia, internet, reprography facilities, a CD-ROM collection and a book bank for students. The college subscribes to most major technical journals which includes those by the IEEE, ACM and ASME. Over 1,04,694 volumes and 1725 CDs are available and around 400 print and online journals are subscribed.

Apart from the central library, all departments maintain their own libraries. SVCE is an institutional member of The British Council Library, IIT Madras, American Council Library, DELNET and MALIBNET. The library uses multimedia computers with internet connectivity, computer-based training, CDs, e-books and e-journals to promote e-learning.

A new department of Information Management System (IMS) was started in 2012.

Sports infrastructure

The 15 acre facility has a swimming pool, synthetic and clay tennis courts, turf cricket ground, basketball, football grounds, badminton, volleyball courts, and a 400-meter track.

350 m2 is dedicated to a table tennis hall, gymnasium, and carom and chess rooms.

The college conducts inter-college tournaments in basketball, volleyball, cricket and ball badminton.

Research
Dr R Muthucumaraswamy, Professor and Head, Department of Applied Mathematics and Dean (Research) is coordinating the research activities in Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (SVCE).

The following Eleven departments are recognised as collaborative research centres by Anna University to conduct PhD:

 * Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering (iii) Chemical Engineering
 * Mathematics
 * Physics
 * Chemistry
 * Information Technology
 * Biotechnology
 * Computer Science and Engineering
 * Electronics and Communication Engineering
 * Civil Engineering

R&D is aided by a technology innovation center (TIC), which houses SPIC's research centre. TIC houses an interdisciplinary centre for nanotechnology to carry out research. The centre supported by FIST.

The management of SVCE sanctioned Rs.3,00,000 every year to carry out innovative projects for final year UG (2 Lakhs) and PG (one Lakh) students.

The SVCE students' research day (SVCE Innovates) is conducted in third week of March every year to motivate and nurture innovative ideas among Students.

Faculty research day is also conducted every year in the third week of April to share their research ideas among faculty and research scholars.

More than 79 members of the faculty have received recognised supervisors status from Anna University to guide research scholars. More than 152 faculty members with PhD qualification. More than 207 research scholars, including 30 full time research scholars, are pursuing PhD in SVCE research centers. As of September 2023, 157 scholars (FT/PT (external)/PT (internal)) have completed their PhD through SVCE research centers. Eighteen faculty completed PhD from SVCE and 25 members of faculty of SVCE completed PhD from Anna University/other affiliated colleges of Anna University.

Ten faculty completed PhD from other University (IITM, Bharathiar University, MSU, JNTU)

Management of SVCE encourages the members of the faculty to do research and give incentives for their research output:

 * Performance based research incentive for PhD qualified faculty.

 * Incentive for research publications in a reputed National/ International Journals.

 * The Management of SVCE is also giving additional incentive 2% of the amount received through funded projects. The same sanctioned after the successful completion of funded projects received from external agencies.

 * Special incentive for the consistent performer in research. This is based on the average score earned by the faculty for the three consecutive Academic years. Faculty scored above 50 are eligible to receive 25% from their basic pay. If the score is 40 and above then they are eligible to receive 15% of Incentive from their basic pay. If the score is 30 and above then they are eligible to receive 10% Incentive.

Projects
Latest externally funded projects: 26.

 * The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (Dr P Jothilakshmi, Professor-PI), received a research grant of Rs.4.1 Lakhs from Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology (TNSCST) for the period of two years (2020-2022)

 * The Department of Applied Mathematics (Dr R MUTHUCUMARASWAMY, Dean(Research) Professor and Head-PI)received a research grant of Rs.17.79 Lakhs from National Board of Higher Mathematics (DAE-NBHM) under JRF scheme for the period of three years (2021-2024).
 * The Department of Biotechnology (Dr V Sumitha, Associate Professor and HOD incharge, SVCE and Dr Gugan Jayaraman, Professor, IITM), received a grant of Rs.18.30 Lakhs from DST-SERB under the scheme Teacher Associateship for Research Excellence (TARE) for the period of three years (2021-2024).
 * The Department of Information Technology (Dr C Yaasuwanth, Associate Professor-PI), received a research grant of Rs.17.27 Lakhs from ISRO under RESPOND JRF scheme for the period of three years (2021-2024).
 * The Department of Biotechnology (Dr P K Praveen Kumar, Associate Professor and Dr Michael Gromiha, Professor, IITM ) received a grant of Rs 18.30 lakhs from SERB-DST under the scheme Teacher Associateship for Research Excellence (TARE) for the period of three years (2021-2024).
 * The Department of Civil Engineering (Dr R Kumutha, Professor and Head), received a grant of Rs 18.30 lakhs from SERB-DST under the scheme Teacher Associateship for Research Excellence (TARE) for the period of three years (2022-2025).
 * The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Dr R Kannadasan, Assistant Professor(PI)), received a grant of Rs. 54 Lakhs from SERB under the Scheme EEQ for his project proposal titled "MULTI-LAYER-MULTI-PURPOSE SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)" (2022-2024)
 * The Department of Applied Mathematics (MUTHUCUMARASWAMY, Dean(Research) Professor and Head-PI and Dr A Suba, Assistant Professor)received a research grant of Rs.2.88 Lakhs from Defence Research Developmental Organization (DRDO) under ERIP/IPR scheme for the period of three years (2023-2025).
 * Six TNSCST projects are bagged by SVCE under final year Students Project Scheme for the academic year 2022–2023.

 * Three AIChE projects are bagged by SVCE under final year students project scheme for the Academic year 2022-2023

Patents
47 patents have been granted, and 847 patents have been published by IPR.

Seven patents are granted by Australian government, two patent Granted by Republic of South Africa and one patent granted by Germany.

Fourteen patents are granted by IPR to the following members of the faculty:
 * Year 2020 - (1)
 * Dr M Gajendran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

 * Year 2021 - (2)
 * Dr N Meyappan, Professor and Head, Department of Chemical Engineering.
 * Dr C Gopinath, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

 * Year 2022 -(7)
 * Dr Prem Anand, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering.
 * Dr E Nakkeran, Professor, Department of Biotechnology.
 * Dr Kannadasan, Assistant Professor, and Dr C Gopinath, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 * Dr Jega Jothi and Dr C Yaasuwanth, Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology.
 * Dr P Geetha, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer science and Engineering.
 * Dr N Meiyappan, Professor and Head, Department of Chemical Engineering.
 * Dr C Gopinath, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

 * Year 2023 (5)
 * Dr P Jothilakshmi, Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, has granted a Design patent by IPR.
 * Dr A Bhaskaran, Professor and Head, Department of Applied Physics, has granted a Design patent by IPR.
 * Dr R Gayathri, Professor and Ms Mehzabeen, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, has granted a Design patent by IPR.
 * Mr Raj Vikram and passed out students of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, has granted a patent in the name of SVCE by IPR.
 * Dr K Suresh and Dr C Yaashuwanth, Department of Information technology, has received a grant of Design patent.

Intramural Research Grant (IRG)
SVCE funding in-house research projects to motivate and encourage young faculty into research. The Management announced and sanctioned Rs.8 Lakhs for eight Departments each Rs.1 Lakh for the period of two years. Eight grants (APC/AUT/BIO/CHE/ECE/EEE/INT/MEC) are sanctioned by SVCE in the Academic years 2022-2023 and 2023–2024.

SVCE Research fellowship
This Fellowship for full time research scholars pursuing PhD in research Centres of SVCE. The Management of SVCE sanctioned research fellowships for every year. For the first two years Rs.18000/- fellowship per month and third year the fellowship is Rs.20,000/-. As on date seven research scholars are benefited in this scheme.

Intramural research grant for collaborative research with IITM
The Management was sanctioned Rs.70,000 for intramural research grant to Mr V R Vignesh, final year BTech Chemical Engineering student for his collaborative research with IITM. Management approved full sponsorship for presenting his research papers in USA. He got admit in PhD program with full financial assistance from University of Illinois,USA.

Research Centre of Excellence
The following five research centres are established in SVCE.
 * Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanotechnology
 * Welding Research Cell
 * 3D printing
 * Cybersecurity and Forensic Science
 * Centre for Cloud Computing

iGEM participation
Students from the department of biotechnology have formed teams and participated in the international Genetically Engineered Machines competition in 2015 and 2016, being the only Anna University affiliated college to do so. They were placed in the bronze medal category in 2015 and silver medal category in 2016. In 2015, they worked on finding alternatives to antibiotics and in 2016 worked on developing a system to prolong the shelf life of milk without refrigeration.

Entrepreneurship Development Cell
The Entrepreneurship Development Cell was formed in 1996 and has organized awareness camps to motivate students to become entrepreneurs. An Entrepreneurship Promotion and Incubation Center (EPIC) has been formed with support from Entrepreneurship Development Institute and MSME to incubate start-up companies with innovative ideas.

ally to be suitable to the requirements of the society. The campus is large with sprawling greenery and individual blocks for departments and research and development centres.

The cafeteria functions throughout the day and serves snacks, drinks and packed food items alongside South and North Indian breakfast and lunch choices. The Pennalurish Pupps and Birinji are of Top notch taste and the recipe is maintained for decades without any anomaly.

For an undergraduates at SVCE, there are many subject-based activities, lectures and workshops happening in between exams to keep the students engaged. The college has memorandum of understanding signed with industries and companies, including multinational giants, to enable research options and internship opportunities for professional development.

Housing
The SVCE housing comprises two clusters of seven blocks for men and three blocks for women. For the Marine Engineering students, it is mandatory to live in the hostels. A total of around 380 women and 850 men can stay in the hostel. Hostel area has indoor games, TV, WiFi and laundromats.

Forum For Economic Studies by Engineers
A club where students are taught how to manage finances and economics. Mock placements are conducted by them every year where they bring in real HRs to conduct mock interviews to pre-final years and help them learn on how to face real placements.

Curtain Call SVCE
This is the dramatics club representing the college. It aims to improve the extracurricular participation among students through various activities such as script writing, acting, direction and production. They have performed unique plays to a big audience through partnership with the company Crea Shakthi.

Speakers' Forum SVCE
A club where students are trained for their interpersonal skills, public speaking, Group discussion, debate and stand up. This forum is totally concentrated on enhancing students' communication skills and Peer mentoring.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering


text:
Talk:Tony Kanal

Disputed and almost deleted

 * 1) If an article is going to claim someone is "best known ... for his unusual cross-dressing and defensiveness regarding his homosexuality," it had damn well better provide some documentation.
 * 2) It is possible that he has a "significant other [named] Martin Fierro." However:
 * 3) Given the issue just mentioned I have my doubts: I can find no web site linking these names
 * 4) "Martín Fierro" is the name of the most famous work of 19th century Argentine literature and its central character. It's also the name of the sax player who used to play with Doug Sahm, but I doubt he is Tony Kanal's "significant other."
 * 5) I can find no online source connecting Tony Kanal to a band called "Hornitos", and, given the foregoing, would doubt this until it is sourced. -- Jmabel 07:24, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The article has now been pared down to a stub, and the disputed material removed. -- Jmabel 22:50, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Note the archived deletion debate for this article may be found at Talk:Tony Kanal/delete. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:30, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I recently put that Tony Kanal appeared in The Professionals, Discovered in a Graveyard. Information from here http://www.tv.com/discovered-in-a-graveyard/episode/145698/summary.html

Then Ben King deleted it 'incorrect information', I can't contact this user as they don't allow email. I hope if they read this to contact me, as I am not 100% sure if Tony was in it but it says on that website. :) Thanks. Also I have only been editing Tony's page for a few days I do not understand a lot of the above. Missemmat 20:45, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Filography???
Grammy Awards as himself? Behind The Music as himself? Are you serious?

Birthdate
An anon recently changed the birthdate from January 11, 1968) to August 27, 1971. I have no idea which is true, and no reference is given for either. If someone is clueful, please provide a date, with a reference. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:21, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1/11/68 is apparently Tom Dumont's birthday. 8/27 does seem to be Kanal's correct birthday, although the year seems to be either 1970 (most sources) or 1969 (a few). Everyking 11:35, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Then shouldn't the article indicate that sources disagree? -- Jmabel | Talk 18:31, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

Tony was born in 1970 almost a full year younger than Gwen. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1053988/ Missemmat 21:38, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

More weird little stuff
An uncited edit moved his birthplace and childhood from Yorba Linda to Anaheim. I have no idea what is correct. Does someone have a citation? -- Jmabel | Talk 23:20, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * He was born in England. Then later moved to Yorba Linda California at age of 11.

Missemmat 21:08, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the part saying that Yorba Linda is most famous for being the hometown of former President Nixon and that is quiet Southern California town. This has nothing to do with Tony, only if it were a reason to become a bass player, but that is out of the question. --82.93.52.190 14:30, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * A rumor has been going around for years that Kanal has an extremely large penis. http://www.metalsludge.tv/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=54 This site sounds like they exagerate it a bit, though. --98.232.180.37 (talk) 01:30, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

One of three Indian-American musicians that broke into mainstream success?
Does Norah Jones not count in that category then? Robski 20:32, Aug 24 2006 (GMT)

 * That part is too trivial too mention and heavily POV-based. What is breaking trough and what not? I will delete it. If anyone disagrees, please say so and just don't put it back.--82.93.52.190 07:42, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I am going to delete this portion. I don't see how we can calculate exactly how many Indian-American musicians there are in the mainstream rock/pop world, because new musicians are making their debuts every day, and some of them are going to be Indian-American. --Metropolitan90 19:58, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Big clean-up
I deleted, changed and corrected a lot. In my view it is much better now. More accurate and less trivial. Still, I don't know that much about Kanal, so if there is someone who can add information, please do so.--82.93.52.190 08:09, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Name
Is his surname pronouced like 'Canal'? X pure evil x 12:39, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it is pronounced like that. Luxurious.gaurav 09:07, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it's not. It's Kaah-naal. Use long vowels when pronouncing Asian names. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.112.62.254 (talk) 04:08, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Indian-American in Intro
Is it necessary to list his Indian American heritage in the intro section of this page? I haven't come across any other musicians whose ethnic backgrounds are listed in the same manner. Usually it would be something like, i.e., "James Iha is an American rock musician" or "Freddie Mercury was a British musician." While later (and oft-prominent) mention of ethnicity is consistent with other articles, intro mention is not. sæ (talk) 05:14, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

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text:
Kerry Stokes

Kerry Matthew Stokes (born John Patrick Alford on 13 September 1940) is an Australian businessman. He holds business interests in industries including electronic and print media, property, mining and construction equipment. He is most widely known as the chairman of the Seven Network, one of the largest broadcasting corporations in Australia.

Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1995, Stokes was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2006 in recognition of his contributions to Australian business, strategic leadership, promotion of corporate social responsibility, to the arts through philanthropy, and to the community, most especially those services supporting young people.

, Stokes was the twelfth-richest Australian by net worth, according to the 2023 Financial Review Rich List.

Early life
John Patrick Alford was born in Melbourne, Victoria. His unmarried mother was Marie Jean Alford. Stokes was adopted by Matthew and Irene Stokes and grew up in Camp Pell, a slum housing area. He later dropped out of school at age 14. In June 2000, Stokes told the ABC, "My background was very difficult, very hard and I wouldn't wish that on anybody. I had lots of different occupations and obviously lots of different experiences. I had some time on the street, and sometimes, work was very difficult. Australia, in that period of time, wasn't a place where you could actually easily go and get a job, it was difficult, and we went where there was work available".

Career
Stokes' first reported job was to install television antennas in Perth, followed by a sustained period in property development throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He also developed a range of shopping centres in Perth and regional Western Australia with partners Jack Bendat and Kevin Merifield.

His private company, Australian Capital Equity, is the holding company for Stokes' interests in a diverse range of Australian and international businesses and ventures covering property, construction, mining and petroleum exploration.

He invested in the Caterpillar franchise in Western Australia (Wigmores Ltd) in 1988, and the company subsequently called WesTrac has equipment dealer franchises in Western Australia, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, with the total number of employees close to 4,000 people, as well as 500 apprentices in Australia.

In 2007, Stokes' National Hire Group (over 50% owned by WesTrac) formed a joint venture with The Carlyle Group to acquire the equipment hire group Coates Hire.

Stokes has always had a keen interest in the pastoral industry and acquired the 4047 km2 Napier Downs station in the Kimberley, stocked with 20,000 head of Red Brahman cattle, from Peter Leutenegger in 2015 for an estimated A$23 million to A$40 million.

, Seven Group Holdings increased the size of Stokes' privately owned cattle empire in Western Australia to more than 2.47 e6acre.

Media interests
Stokes's commercial interests in the media sector commenced in Western Australia, with the development of the Golden West Network, a regional television network based in Bunbury in partnership with Jack Bendat. In 1979 Stokes acquired Canberra's local TV station Seven Canberra, subsequently acquiring Seven Adelaide from Rupert Murdoch and won the third commercial station licence in Perth, as well as acquiring radio stations in Victoria (including 3DB (Melbourne) and 3GL (Geelong), South Australia and Western Australia, through a vehicle called BDC. These assets were sold to Frank Lowy in 1987.

In 1996 Stokes acquired a strategic 19 per cent stake in the Seven Network (now approximately 43 per cent), a network of commercial free-to-air television stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, as well as regional Queensland and Perth. This was supported by Alan Jackson, who Stokes appointed CEO of the company for a number of years. The platform, as well as a 33 per cent stake in Sky News Australia, reaches 98 per cent of Australians. Seven has also established a major magazine publishing business, Pacific Magazines, which accounts for more than 20 per cent of all magazines sold in Australia.

Also under Stokes's leadership, Seven has established a leading online venture, Yahoo!7, combining Yahoo!'s search and online capabilities with Seven's content and cross marketing. The successful joint venture is driving a range of online and IPTV businesses. Seven built and acquired several broadband businesses, including wireless broadband group Unwired (sold to Optus, and subsequently defunct), VOIP operator Engin (subsequently an independent business) and was the Australian licensee for TiVo, launched in 2008 and abandoned in 2014.

In 2006, Seven Network and KKR created a new joint venture, Seven Media Group, a multi-faceted media company combining a presence in broadcast television, magazine and online applications. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. merged with Seven to form Seven West Media in 2011.

Stokes's private company, in conjunction with Shanghai People's Press, is no longer running a business after five years in Shanghai. and a second joint venture in mobile television with the Oriental Pearl Group in Shanghai. Seven held the Australian broadcasting rights for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and provided the broadcast feeds for the swimming and diving events for the rest of the world. The International Olympic Committee awarded Seven the gold medal for its TV coverage of the Athens Summer Olympics in 2004.

Personal life
Stokes has been married four times. His first marriage was to Dorothy "Dot" Ebert, who is the mother of two of his children, Russell and Raelene. In an interview with The Bulletin, it was implied that Stokes was estranged from his first family. His second marriage was to his receptionist, Denise Bryant, with whom he had two sons. Denise walked out of the marriage and went overseas, and Stokes became a single father. His third marriage was to Australian television actress Peta Toppano in 1992. This marriage lasted for three years. In 1996 he married his fourth wife, Christine Simpson (née Parker), a newsreader for rival station Channel 10 when they first met. Stokes has three grandchildren.

Net worth
, Forbes assessed Stokes' net worth as US$2.90 billion. , the Australian Financial Review assessed Stokes' net worth as A$7.45 billion, the twelfth-richest Australian; and he was one of ten Australians who have appeared in every Financial Review Rich List, or its predecessor, the BRW Rich 200, since it was first published in 1984.

Philanthropy
In 1995 Stokes was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to business and commerce to the arts and to the community. In 2008 Stokes was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for service to business and commerce through strategic leadership and promotion of corporate social responsibility, to the arts through executive roles and philanthropy, and to the community, particularly through contributions to organisations supporting youth. His passionate interest in art coincides with his long association with the National Gallery of Australia, where he served as chairman for several years and has made multimillion-dollar donations.

He has also been awarded the Rotary Paul Harris Fellow Award by Rotary International and holds a life membership of the Returned and Services League of Australia, on whose behalf Stokes has acquired three Victoria Crosses, as well as other medals. These medals have been added to the collection of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. He now sits on the council of the War Memorial.

In November 2012, Stokes was named Western Australia's Australian of the Year for his extensive philanthropic contributions to Australian society. In 1994, Stokes delivered the Boyer Lectures, a series of five lectures broadcast annually on ABC radio. His series was entitled "Advance Australia Where?" on the topic of the Information Superhighway. He delivered the Andrew Olle Media Lecture in October 2001.

Victoria Cross
Stokes has taken an active role in preserving Australian ownership of significant military heritage; he has now purchased three Australian Victoria Cross medal sets, and a George Cross medal set. Stokes has purchased all four sets via auction from Bonhams & Goodman of Sydney, Australia. The first was the VC medal set of Captain Alfred John Shout, paying a world record price of A$1.2 million on 24 July 2006. In the same auction, he purchased the GC medal set of Lieutenant Commander George Gosse for A$180,000. On 28 November of the same year, Stokes purchased the VC set of Lance Corporal Bernard Gordon for A$478,000. He donated all three sets to the Australian War Memorial.

On 20 May 2008, Stokes, in conjunction with the South Australian Government, purchased the Victoria Cross medal set of Major Peter Badcoe for A$480,000. The Badcoe medals were on public display in the South Australian Museum in Adelaide, and on tour in South Australia, for twelve months before going on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.

Controversy
On 23 April 2020, during the global COVID-19 pandemic, Stokes and his wife, Christine Simpson, were granted quarantine within their own home after returning from a skiing trip in Colorado instead of in a hotel on medical grounds. However, it was unclear why Simpson was also given an exemption to strict State and Federal laws at the time.

After Seven Network employee and former soldier Ben Roberts-Smith sued the publishers of The Age, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Canberra Times for defamation, it was reported in 2020 that Stokes’ private investment company, Australian Capital Equity, had extended a line of credit to Roberts-Smith of around A$2 million to help fund his legal case. Roberts-Smith reportedly offered his Victoria Cross medal as collateral for the loan. On 1 June 2023 Australian federal court Judge Anthony Besanko dismissed the case, ruling that, on the balance of probabilities, the papers had established substantial or contextual truth of allegations of war crimes committed by Roberts-Smith.

title: Kerry Stokes


text:
User:Justinwhite

Tin is Justin. Justin is me.

Origin
Born on 9 June 1979 in Portland, Maine, USA.

Location
Living in my parents' home in Attleboro, Massachusetts, USA, but will be moving to a place closer to campus shortly.

Education
Graduated from Attleboro High School in 1998. I'm currently majoring in CompSci at Bridgewater State College.

Work
Current source of income is cooking at a family restaurant in Attleboro, Wetherlaine's (the name is a combination of the owners' last names).

Interests
Almost anything at all interests me, especially if it is cerebrally stimulating. This includes programming, reading (science fiction mostly), mountain biking, video games (Nintendo systems being my favorite), movies, any kind of mechanical tinkering.

I recently revived an interest in navigation, specifically celestial navigation, while browsing around here at Wikipedia, and plan to buy a moderate quality sextant someday, as well as fashioning a Bris sextant. It's always good to know where you stand in the world.

Languages
I like languages and learning new ones. Communication is intergral to human society, and communication with the machines society creates is becoming more and more important. Here are some languages I know how to read & write and/or speak & listen):

Natural

 * English (natively)
 * Spanish (Guatemalan coworkers would say "bastante", "enough" to get by fairly well)

Computer

 * Python
 * C++
 * C
 * Perl
 * Ruby
 * Java
 * Smalltalk/Squeak (although I've never used it for anything, I can understand it somewhat)

Web
My personal site contains some more info, my movie, music, and book collections, and some simple little software I've written. It may or may not be accessible, depending on the internet connection to my parent's house and the state of the old machine running it.

title: User:Justinwhite


text:
Talk:Ostmark

 * 1) Shouldn't this be "Östmark"?
 * 2) Isn't the Nazi-era use of this the best-known use, so it should be mentioned in the lead paragraph?
 * 3) Should this be merged into the History of Austria rather than have a separate article? -- Jmabel 07:33, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The entire contribution list of edits for the person who originally wrote this article is...

19:31, Jun 1, 2004 (hist) Eastern March 19:30, Jun 1, 2004 (hist) Ostmark 19:29, Jun 1, 2004 (hist) East German mark

... so it would be nice if someone else took this under wing and worked on it. -- Jmabel 00:00, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

I do not believe that it should be Östmark, since the German adjective form of East is "Ost", with no umlaut. -Antman

 * The umlaut confusion stems from Österreich the Austrian word for Austria.-Wetman 14:08, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * However, in German (at least Hochdeutsch, or High German), the word is Ostmark, with no Umlaut. -Antman = PS, how do you automatically make a timestamp?

 * With four tildes, like ~ :) --Wetman 00:49, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Vielen Dank:) Antman 03:20, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I'm wondering about the translation to the English word march, as in two marches. Should it be two marks? Redfoxtx (talk) 13:54, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Interlanguage
Though this article says that "Ostmark is a modern German term to translate the term "Ostarrîchi"" and "for the core territory of Austria, more or less modern Lower Austria.", this links to de:Sächsische Ostmark. It should be wrong. Additonally, There is another article for "Ostarrîchi" for the same contents. This is very confusing. These must be combined.--QBay 04:46, 12 September 2006 (UTC) Sorry, misunderstand.

There were actually two Ostmarks in modern times. The parts of West Prussia and Posen not ceded to Poland in 1919 were known as Ostmark during the 1920s and 30s. Wilhelm Kube was Gauleiter of Ostmark. Then after 1938 the term was applied to Austria. Adam 04:21, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Then they changed it again in '42. PMA 09:54, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

OK, I don't get it. Why should this article be interwikied to de:Sächsische Ostmark, an area that is in today's Saxony? There is no mention of this area in the article. This article is about a name for Austria. Chl 18:27, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ostmark


text:
Sinn Sisamouth

Sinn Sisamouth (c. 1932 – c. 1976) was a Cambodian singer-songwriter active from the 1950s to the 1970s. Widely considered the "King of Khmer Music", Sisamouth, along with Ros Serey Sothea, Pen Ran, Mao Sareth, and other Cambodian artists, was part of a thriving pop music scene in Phnom Penh that blended elements of Khmer traditional music with the sounds of rhythm and blues and rock and roll to develop a Cambodian rock sound. Sisamouth died during the Khmer Rouge regime under circumstances that are unclear.

Early life
Sinn Sisamouth was born in Stung Treng Province, the son of Sinn Leang and mother Seb Bunlei. One or both of Sisamouth's parents were partially Lao. Most sources list his year of birth as 1935, though some list 1932 or 1933. 23 August 1933 is generally accepted as his date of birth. Some people that had been alive during Sisamouth's era state that he was born during the Rooster zodiac, which includes the year 1933. Sisamouth's father was a soldier during the Colonial Cambodia period and also served as prison warden in Battambang Province. His father died when he was a child and his mother then remarried.

Sisamouth learned to play stringed instruments at the age of six or seven, and showed a natural singing talent. He was often invited to perform music at school functions. At about age 16 he graduated from primary school and moved to Phnom Penh to study medicine; this plan was apparently meant to please his parents when his true goal was to become a musician. He began composing his own songs around this time.

Sisamouth graduated from medical school around the time that Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953. He initially worked in a Phnom Penh hospital as a nurse, but was soon hired by the Cambodian national radio station as a singer with its band. Around this time, Sisamouth married his cousin Keo Thorng Gnu in an arranged marriage, and they eventually had four children.

Music career
While performing with the Cambodian national radio station, Sisamouth became a protege of Queen Sisowath Kossamak, mother of Head of State Norodom Sihanouk. The Queen invited Sisamouth to join the Vong Phleng Preah Reach Troap (the classical ensemble of the Royal Treasury) with which he performed at royal receptions and state functions. He also achieved hit songs on national radio around this time, first writing and performing songs based on traditional Khmer music. In the mid-1950s, the romantic ballad "Violon Sneha", composed by violinist Hass Salan, catapulted Sisamouth into stardom across Cambodia.

Sisamouth became known for his crooning voice, which has been likened to that of Nat King Cole, while his stage presence has been compared to that of Frank Sinatra. By the late 1950s, Sisamouth had established himself as the leading figure in an expanding Cambodian pop music scene. Norodom Sihanouk, a musician himself, encouraged the development of popular music in Cambodia. Initially, pop records from France and Latin America were imported into the country and became popular, inspiring a flourishing music scene based in Phnom Penh.

The music produced by Sisamouth and his contemporaries had become popular throughout the country; in 1965, Sisamouth's song "Champa Battambang" was the first content played on Khmer Republic Television. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Cambodian music scene was further influenced by Western rock and roll and soul music via U.S. armed forces radio that had been broadcast into nearby South Vietnam. This resulted in a unique sound in which Western pop and rock were combined with Khmer vocal techniques. Sisamouth was a leader of these trends, moving from traditional Khmer music and romantic ballads to Latin jazz, cha cha cha, agogo, and eventually psychedelic rock in which he employed younger rock musicians. Sisamouth also made use of bossa nova and doo-wop influences.

Sisamouth had become established as Cambodia's most popular singer and songwriter. Nevertheless, his popularity did not eclipse that of other recording artists such as Eum Song Seurm and Huoy Meas. He collaborated directly with Mao Sareth and Chounn Malay, among others. He also wrote songs for, and duetted with, other popular Cambodian singers to nurture their careers. For example, starting in the mid-1960s he recorded many popular duets with Pen Ran.

Sisamouth is credited with launching the career of Ros Serey Sothea, who had been singing at weddings and later became the leading female singer in the Cambodian rock scene. Sisamouth and Sothea recorded many very popular duets from the mid-1960s into the early 1970s. In later years, Sisamouth contributed songs to the soundtracks for a number of popular Cambodian films, such as Orn Euy Srey Orn, Tep Sodachan, and Thavory Meas Bong.

Sisamouth's highly prolific songwriting became well known during this period; he is confirmed to have written more than one thousand songs for himself and others (see Sinn Sisamouth discography), and the true total may be considerably higher. His son Sinn Chanchhaya believed that Sisamouth wrote roughly one song for every day that he was a professional musician, a period of nearly 20 years. In 1973 the music publisher Kruorch Bunlyhe issued A Collection of Sentimental Songs, which contained 500 of Sinn Sisamouth's songs.

He was also known to adapt popular Western pop and rock songs with new Khmer lyrics, such as a song based on Santana's "Black Magic Woman" called "Srolanh Srey Touch" (translated as "I Love Petite Girls" in English-language compilations); plus covers of "Hey Jude" by The Beatles (titled "Always Will Hope"), "A Whiter Shade of Pale" by Procol Harum (titled "Apart from Love"), and "Love Potion No. 9" by The Searchers (titled "Other Than You"). By the 1970s he was working regularly with lyricist Voy Ho, and had adapted some traditional and popular Thai songs into his repertoire (for example, "Promden Jet" with Ros Serey Sothea).

During the Cambodian Civil War in the early 1970s, Sisamouth was a supporter of the Khmer Republic military and recorded patriotic songs supporting the Republic's stance against the Khmer Rouge insurgents. His career would continue until the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in April 1975.

Disappearance and death
Sinn Sisamouth disappeared during the Khmer Rouge genocide and his exact fate has never been confirmed, with multiple sources making contradictory claims. Due to his ongoing popularity with the Cambodian people, there has been a great amount of speculation about his whereabouts after the Khmer Rouge forced the evacuation of all residents from Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975, and his apparent death at the hands of the new regime. In the film Don't Think I've Forgotten, an interview subject speculates that Sisamouth was originally evacuated to a small village but was then ordered to return to the city to work for the Khmer Rouge in some capacity, but it is unknown if he in fact followed this plan.

Also in Don't Think I've Forgotten, Sisamouth's son states that many different people have given him contradictory stories of his father's death. Like many of his contemporaries, as a popular musician with Western influences, qualities widely known to be disdained by the Khmer Rouge, Sisamouth was likely to have been targeted for imprisonment or execution immediately.

A popular but apocryphal story claims that Sisamouth was about to be executed by a Khmer Rouge firing squad but requested the opportunity to sing one last song in an attempt to appeal to the soldiers' emotions, but they executed him anyhow. In 2006, Khmer Apsara magazine granted a long interview to a man named Keo Chamnab who claims to have seen Sisamouth's execution at a jail in Prek Ta Duong village in 1976.

"Sisamouth looking very sad, told me that he was sent from Prek Eng, Kien Svay district, Kandal province, and he was jailed there for three days already. He did not commit any fault but he was accused by the Khmer Rouge as being an imperialist. It was difficult for Sin Sisamouth to hide his identity and his face because he was a very famous singer dubbed the emperor (singer) of the country since long ago. Even if the Khmer Rouge did not accuse him of being a singer serving a regime which was a sworn enemy to that of the Khmer Rouge, he was also a soldier serving the former regime." In 2009, Sisamouth's son claimed to know the name of his father's executioner and that the person was still alive. Whatever the cause, Sisamouth almost certainly died during the Khmer Rouge regime but his remains have never been discovered.

Legacy
Many of Sinn Sisamouth's master recordings were either destroyed by the Khmer Rouge regime in its efforts to eliminate foreign influences from Cambodian society, or were lost due to decay. However, collectors and entrepreneurs located and reproduced copies of some of his recordings after the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979. Some of his songs have been covered by modern Cambodian singers, such as "Srey Sros Khmeng" by Suong Chantha in 2002. Western listeners were introduced to his work starting in the late 1990s with the release of the Cambodian Rocks bootleg album, followed by the soundtrack to the film City of Ghosts.

Because his influence on Cambodian music was so great, Sisamouth is still a household name in Cambodia and remains popular to this day. He is extensively profiled in the 2015 documentary film on the history of Cambodian popular music, Don't Think I've Forgotten, in which several interview subjects describe Sisamouth as the most important Cambodian musician of all time. The film takes its title from a Sisamouth song. Often called the "King of Khmer music," "the Cambodian Elvis," or the "golden voice," his lasting cultural impact is difficult to overstate.

While Sisamouth is believed to have written well over one thousand songs, most have been lost while others that survived were copied and sold without any benefits going to his family. Cambodia passed its first copyright law in 2003, allowing families to claim the artists' intellectual property for the first time. In 2014, Sisamouth's family provided proof of composition and was awarded copyright ownership for over 180 songs. The event was commemorated with a celebration and tribute concert. However, the nation of Cambodia has also claimed Sisamouth's songs as state property, in another indication of his popularity and influence.

Sisamouth's son Sinn Chanchhaya became a singer for the Cambodian Radio, though he admitted he could not be compared to his father. Chanchhaya died in 2015. A tribute concert titled "It's Time to Give Back: A Tribute to the Golden Voice of Cambodia," promoting Sisamouth's music and the need for intellectual property benefits for his family and the families of his contemporaries, was held in Phnom Penh in November 2015. In 2023, former Kun Khmer boxer Bout Samrech claimed he is Sisamouth's son. According to Samrech, Sisamouth had taken his mother as a secret mistress, and he learned that Sisamouth was his "father" at the age of 14 when informed about it by his foster mother.

Documentary filmmakers Chris G. Parkhurst and Stephanie Vincenti are currently in post-production on a feature-length documentary about Sinn Sisamouth called Elvis of Cambodia. The film will make use of rare archival footage and interviews with Sisamouth's surviving contemporaries, while exploring his continuing popularity with the people of Cambodia. As of 2019, the filmmakers are seeking funding to complete the production.

title: Sinn Sisamouth


text:
Architectural design competition

An architectural design competition is a type of design competition in which an organization that intends on constructing a new building invites architects to submit design proposals. The winning design is usually chosen by an independent panel of design professionals and stakeholders (such as government and local representatives). This procedure is often used to generate new ideas for building design, to stimulate public debate, generate publicity for the project, and allow emerging designers the opportunity to gain exposure. Architecture competitions are often used to award commissions for public buildings: in some countries rules for tendering public building contracts stipulate some form of mandatory open architectural competition.

Winning first prize in a competition is not a guarantee that the project will be constructed. The commissioning body often has the right to veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change, thwarting the original intention. The 2002 World Trade Center site design competition is an example of a highly publicized competition where only the basic elements of the winning design by Daniel Libeskind appeared in the finished project.

History
Architecture competitions have a more than 2,500-year-old history. The Acropolis in Athens was a result of an architectural competition in 448 B.C., as were several cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, many projects initiated by the Church have been decided through design competition. Examples are the Spanish Steps in Rome or in 1419, a competition was held to design the dome of the Florence Cathedral, which was won by Filippo Brunelleschi. Open competitions were held in the late 18th century in several countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France and Sweden.

In 19th century England and Ireland there have been over 2,500 competitions in five decades, with 362 in London alone. The Royal Institute of British Architects drafted a first set of rules in 1839 and a set of formal regulations in 1872. The German Regulations were introduced in 1867. In the same period in the Netherlands, an association for the advancement of architecture (Maatschappij tot Bevordering van de Bouwkunst), started organising conceptual competitions with the aim of stimulating architects' creativity.

Competition types
There are a variety of competition types resulting from the combination of following options:
 * Open competitions (international, national or regional) or limited, selected, non-open competitions, depending on who is allowed to participate.
 * Project competitions or ideas competitions: depending on the intention of building the project or generating new ideas.
 * Single-stage or two-stage competitions: depending on the scale and complexity of the competition.
 * Anonymous or cooperative procedures: anonymity supports greater objectivity during the evaluation and award-granting deliberations. In cooperative procedures, the authors are invited to make in-person presentations to the jury in order to explain their design strategies and allow individual discussion.
 * Seasonal competitions, with periodical calls, such as Europan.
 * Student design competitions.

Rules and guidelines
The rules of each competition are defined by the organiser; however, these often follow the guidelines provided by the International Union of Architects, respectively the relevant national or regional architecture organisation. Competition guidelines define roles, responsibilities, processes, and procedures within a competition and provide guidance on possible competition types, eligibility criteria, jury composition, participation conditions, payments, prizes, publication of results and other aspects.

In France and Germany design competitions are compulsory for all public buildings exceeding a certain cost.

Major international architectural design competitions
Most significant among architectural competitions are the ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design submissions, and the winning design is built.

title: Architectural design competition


text:
Varginha UFO incident

The Varginha UFO incident involves a series of events in 1996 when residents of Varginha, Brazil claimed seeing one or more strange creatures and at least one unidentified flying object (UFO). The reports garnered extensive media coverage. Other associated claims include the capture of one or more extraterrestrial beings by the Brazilian authorities, animal fatalities at a zoo, and a woman impregnated by an extraterrestrial. An investigation by the Brazilian Army concluded that a city resident was mistaken for an alien creature and the movement of military personnel in the region was routine.

Overview
According to media reports, a creature was sighted on the afternoon of 20 January 1996, by three women ranging from 14 to 22 years old. The women described the creature as a large headed biped with "spots like veins on the skin and some bumps on the head [...] eyes were two red balls." The creature (later termed the "ET de Varginha") seemed to be wobbly or unsteady, and the girls assumed it was injured or sick. They said that they fled and told their mother that they had seen the "devil".

Rumors afterward began to spread through the area, with some people claiming to have observed UFOs in the days prior. Later, claims were made of additional unidentified creatures/extraterrestrials being collected and observed at a hospital, military/police/government trucks and personnel being active in the area, an unidentified animal "prowling" a local forest, the death of a police officer, and unexplained animal deaths occurring in the local zoo. Ufologists would later allege links between these and other claims, including the claim that one of the initial creature witnesses was impregnated by the creature.

Inquiry
An official inquiry led by the Brazilian military concluded in 2010 that the young women had encountered a homeless, mentally unstable man nicknamed "Mudinho." The Commander of 24th Police Battalion Military "presented photographs (...) a citizen known as Mudinho, who probably has some mental disability and whose physical characteristics matched the description (...) make it likely that the hypothesis that this citizen, probably being dirty, due to the heavy rains and seen crouching by a wall, was mistaken by the three terrified girls as a space creature." The head of the official inquiry also reported that the military trucks and personnel were performing routine duties on the night they were observed, stating, "the presence of the Firefighters in Jardim Andere, the parking of Army trucks in the vicinity of the concessionaire where their periodic maintenance would be carried out ... and the departure of EsSA vehicles ... were real facts ... incorrectly interpreted as Firefighters and the Military participating in the capture and later the transport of the alleged creature to Campinas."

Skeptic Brian Dunning criticized sensational media accounts and ufologists' claims. According to Dunning, "It is the most compelling example of a case where literally nothing at all happened that was remotely unusual, and was magnified into a case considered unassailable proof of alien visitation by many. To those believers, I would suggest recalibrating where you set the bar for quality of evidence."

Notoriety
These claims have markedly affected tourism to the city of Varginha. Grey alien dolls with football uniforms are sold at the location of the incident. Grey alien designs were used in advertising campaigns for the municipality. Bus stops were built in the form of spaceships and a 20 metres tall water tower with a disc-shaped water reservoir was erected in the town center called the Nave Espacial de Varginha.

Media

 * 1996, a 2020 short film by director Rodrigo Brandão, revisits the event in a horror story made along the lines of a documentary (in the style of The Blair Witch Project). The story involves two teenagers going to the city of Varginha on 20 January 1996, who get lost in the woods at night and are found by an extraterrestrial.
 * Incidente em Varginha, a video game inspired by these events.
 * Moment of Contact, a 2022 documentary film by director James Fox.
 * O.V.N.I L'affaire Varginha, a comic book in French by author Philippe Auger.

title: Varginha UFO incident


text:
Category:United States National Security Advisors

The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor, serves as the chief advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. They serve on the National Security Council within the Executive Office of the President.


text:
Nick Zedd

Nick Zedd ( James Franklyn Harding III; January 25, 1956 – February 27, 2022) was an American filmmaker, author, and painter based in Mexico City. He coined the term Cinema of Transgression in 1985 to describe a loose-knit group of like-minded filmmakers and artists using shock value and black humor in their work. These filmmakers and artistic collaborators included Richard Kern, Tessa Hughes Freeland, Lung Leg, Kembra Pfahler, and Lydia Lunch. Under numerous pen names, Zedd edited and wrote the Underground Film Bulletin (1984–1990) which publicized the work of these filmmakers. The Cinema of Transgression was explored in Jack Sargeant's book Deathtripping.

Early life
Zedd was born in Takoma Park, Maryland, on January 25, 1956. Zedd moved to New York in 1976 to study at Brooklyn's Pratt Institute and the School of Visual Arts.

Career
Zedd directed several super-low-budget feature-length movies, including They Eat Scum, Geek Maggot Bingo, War Is Menstrual Envy and numerous short films. With Jen Miller, he was a co-creator of the public access series Electra Elf (2004-08), featuring New York artists and performers including Miller, Faceboy and Andrew J. Lederer. He served as director of photography on another TV series called Chop Chop (2007), produced by Nate Hill.

Additionally, Zedd acted in such low-budget movies as the Super 8 film The Manhattan Love Suicides (1985), What About Me (1993), Bubblegum (1995), Jonas in the Desert (1997), Terror Firmer (1999), and Thus Spake Zarathustra (2001). He also appeared in the documentaries Llik Your Idols (2007) and Blank City (2010).

Zedd is the author of two autobiographical books, Bleed: Part One (1992) and Totem of the Depraved (1997), as well as the self-published novel From Entropy to Ecstasy (1996). He also contributed to the anthologies Up Is Up But So Is Down, Captured and Low Rent. In the 1980s Zedd published ten issues of the Underground Film Bulletin, a zine intended to promote the Cinema of Transgression. Issue 4 contained the Cinema of Transgression Manifesto, which was also published in The Theory of Xenomorphosis (1998).

In the early 1990s, Zedd toured with Lisa Crystal Carver's Suckdog Circus, exhibiting his films. Performing with experimental noise music band Zyklon Beatles, Zedd released the "Consume and Die" 7-inch single on Rubric Records in 2000.

After exhibiting oil paintings in 2010 at the ADA and Pendu galleries, Zedd presented a major retrospective of films, videos, and paintings at the Microscope Gallery in Brooklyn.

In 2012, he attended a retrospective of his films at the eighth Berlin International Directors Lounge and exhibited work at the KW Institute for Contemporary Art in the same city.

In 2013, Zedd published The Extremist Manifesto, an essay denouncing contemporary art and the class structure that promotes it while announcing the emergence of the Extremist Art movement in Mexico City, which sought to subvert the edicts of established art institutions and curatorial ideologues. This manifesto, first released online, then in a self-published Hatred of Capitalism magazine issued in Mexico City (in English and Spanish) was reprinted a year later by the Museo Universitario del Chopo, along with two more issues as part of the Fanzinoteka exhibition. At a screening at the New Museum in New York, Zedd was presented with the Acker Award for Lifetime Achievement, a tribute given to "members of the avant garde arts community who have made outstanding contributions in their discipline in defiance of convention, or else served their fellow writers and artists in outstanding ways".

In 2014, Zedd exhibited three motion pictures at the Museum of Modern Art in New York as part of a posthumous retrospective of films by Christoph Schlingensief, who had cited Zedd as a major influence on his work. Later in 2014, Zedd presented his first public exhibition of paintings in Mexico City, in a group show curated by Aldo Flores at Salon des Aztecas Gallery in Coyoacán. In 2015, Zedd presented his first one-man show of paintings at the V&S Gallery in Mexico City. Zedd also shot an 8mm short entitled Paradise Lost.

Personal life and death
Zedd died from complications from cirrhosis of the liver, cancer, and hepatitis C, in Mexico City, on February 27, 2022, at the age of 63. He was survived by his partner of 15 years, Monica Casanova, as well as two sons and a step-daughter.

Filmography

 * They Eat Scum (1979)
 * The Bogus Man (1980)
 * Geek Maggot Bingo (1983)
 * The Wild World of Lydia Lunch (1983)
 * Thrust in Me (1984)
 * School of Shame (1984)
 * Kiss Me Goodbye (1986)
 * Go to Hell (1986)
 * Police State (1987)
 * Whoregasm (1988)
 * War Is Menstrual Envy (1992)
 * Smiling Faces Tell Lies (1995)
 * Why Do You Exist (1998)
 * Tom Thumb in the Land of the Giants (1999)
 * Ecstasy in Entropy (1999)
 * I of K9 (2001)
 * Elf Panties: The Movie (2001)
 * Lord of the Cockrings (2001)
 * Thus Spake Zarathustra (2001)
 * I Was a Quality of Life Violation (2002)
 * Electra Elf: Dance With the Devil (2003)
 * Electra Elf: Maggot on a Hot Tin Roof (2003)
 * Electra Elf: Old Man & the Sea Monkey (2003)
 * Electra Elf: Great Shrunken Expectations (2004)
 * Electra Elf: Roof Party (2004)
 * Electra Elf: I, Nauseous (2004)
 * Electra Elf: Hellbound Heiresses (2004)
 * Electra Elf: Deadly Little Trees (2005)
 * Electra Elf: Triumph of the Ill (2005)
 * Electra Elf: Of Lice and Men (2005)
 * Electra Elf: The Beginning Parts One & Two (2005)
 * Electra Elf: Don't Worry Bee Happy (2006)
 * Electra Elf: Vile Buddies (2006)
 * Electra Elf: Battle of the Bands (2006)
 * Electra Elf: No Plague Like Home (2007)
 * Filthy Rich (2007)
 * Electra Elf: We All Scream for Ice Cream (2007)
 * Electra Elf: Behind the Scenes (2007)
 * Mistakes Hapen (2007)
 * Electra Elf: Hollow Be Thy Name (2007)
 * Electra Elf: Goin to the Chapel (2007)
 * Electra Elf: Gone with the Mind (2008)
 * NYC/MEXICO (2011)
 * The Birth of Zerak (2011)
 * Paintings 2009-11 (2011)
 * Frustration/Dr. Shinto (2011)
 * Cockfight (2012)
 * El Manifiesto Extremista (2013)
 * Demonic Sweaters: Love Always Love (2014)
 * Paradise Lost (2015)
 * The Death of Muffinhead (2016)
 * Attack of the Particle Disruptors (2016)
 * Demonica (2017)
 * Eclipse of the Ectoparasite (2017)
 * The Reckoning (2019)

title: Nick Zedd


text:
Alan Bond

Alan Bond (22 April 1938 – 5 June 2015) was an Australian businessman noted for his high-profile and often corrupt business dealings. These included his central role in the WA Inc scandals of the 1980s; the biggest corporate collapse in Australian history; and also his criminal conviction that saw him serve four years in prison. He is also remembered for bankrolling the successful challenge for the 1983 America's Cup, the first time the New York Yacht Club had lost it in its 132-year history. He is also the founder of Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.

Early life
Alan Bond was born on 22 April 1938, the son of Frank and Kathleen Bond in the Hammersmith district of London, England. In 1950, aged 12, he emigrated to Australia with his parents and his elder sister Geraldine, living in Fremantle, near Perth. At the age of 14, he was charged with stealing and being unlawfully on premises. Aged 18, he was arrested for being unlawfully on premises, and reportedly admitted planning a robbery.

Career
Bond began his career as a signwriter under the name 'Nu-Signs' after terminating his apprenticeship 18 months before it was due to end. In 1956 he was charged with attempted burglary, having been found by police roaming the streets of Fremantle dressed in State Electricity Commission overalls and carrying tools. Nu-Signs changed its name to Lesmurdie Heights – after the name of Bond's biggest estate – and changed the name again to Bond Corporation in 1959. In the 1960s, as a property developer in an expanding market, he was one of WA's largest borrowers from finance companies eager to lend to developers and uncritical of the valuations Bond put on his estates. Some of his developments included apartments along the Swan River and Lesmurdie Heights.

In his heyday the Perth-based Bond was one of Australia's most prominent businesspeople. He extended his business interests into fields outside property development including brewing (he controlled Castlemaine Tooheys in Australia, leading the business to legal success in the landmark constitutional law case of Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia, and G. Heileman Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, US ), gold mining, television, and airships. Australia's first private university, Bond University, was founded by the Bond Corporation in 1987. He purchased QTQ-9 Brisbane and settled an outstanding defamation dispute the station had with the Queensland premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen by paying out A$400,000. He said in a television interview several years later that he paid because "Sir Joh left no doubt that if we were going to continue to do business successfully in Queensland then he expected the matter to be resolved".

In 1987, Bond purchased Vincent van Gogh's renowned painting Irises for $54 million—the highest price ever paid for a single painting at the time. However, the purchase was funded by a substantial loan from the auctioneer Sotheby's, which Bond failed to repay. The transaction was criticised by art dealers as possibly a manipulated sale designed to artificially inflate values generally (which it seems to have done). The painting was subsequently re-sold in 1990 to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles.

That same year, Bond also organised the establishment of the Bond Centre in Hong Kong, which was located in a twin tower skyscraper complex. The property was later bought by the Lippo Group of Indonesia, and is now known as the Lippo Centre.

The America's Cup
Bond became a public hero in his adopted country when he bankrolled challenges for the America's Cup, which resulted in his selection in 1978 as Australian of the Year (awarded jointly with Galarrwuy Yunupingu). His Australia II syndicate won the 1983 America's Cup, which had been held by the New York Yacht Club since 1851, thus breaking the longest winning streak in the history of sport. That victory, widely regarded as one of Australia's greatest international sporting achievements, resulted in Bond's receipt of the Order of Australia, in the grade of Officer.

Purchasing the Nine Network
In 1987, Bond paid $1 billion to purchase the Australia-wide Channel Nine television network from Kerry Packer's PBL. In a 2003 interview with Andrew Denton, Bond described the negotiations as follows:

"...when we first sat down, we said, 'We're either going to sell our stations to you for $400 million, or you're going to sell your stations to us.' And [Kerry Packer] said, 'Well, I don't really want to sell my stations.' And I said, 'Oh, is that right?' So, anyway, after much discussion, Kerry thumped the table and said, 'Listen, if you can pay me $1 billion, I'll sell them to you, otherwise bugger off'. ... [T]hen I rang the National Australia Bank. I said, 'Look, I'm in discussions here to buy these television stations. Kerry will sell to me, and what I want to do is put our stations together and then, with Sky Channel, I'm going to float it off as a separate entity and raise the capital to pay for it... [Packer] said $1 billion [was his asking price], but I think I'll get it for $800 million.' ... [The bank manager] duly rang back and said yes. I said, 'Thank God. I'll go and have some further negotiations with Kerry,' which I did. And true to his word, he never budged one penny off it. So I settled the deal with $800 million and a $200 million note. So he put his own $200 million in. So I had $1 billion. And we put our other two stations up as collateral, which were worth probably $400 million."

In fact, the agreed price was $1.05 billion. Packer took $800 million in cash and $250 million in subordinated debt in Bond Media. When Bond went bankrupt, Packer was able to turn the debt into a 37% equity in Bond Media, which now included Channel 9 in Brisbane, and was worth about $500 million. It was valued at $1 billion, but had $500 million in debt on the books. Packer was quoted as saying "You only get one Alan Bond in your lifetime, and I've had mine".

Bankruptcy and conviction for fraud
In 1992, Bond was declared bankrupt after failing to repay a $194 million personal guarantee on a loan for a nickel-mining project. His debts reportedly totalled $1.8 billion at the time. He feigned brain damage to avoid answering questions during bankruptcy trials, a charade he saw no need to keep up afterwards. He was forced to sell Glympton Park in England.

In 1995, his family bought him out of bankruptcy, with creditors accepting a payment of A$12 million, a little over half a cent per dollar.

In 1997, Bond was sentenced to seven years in prison after pleading guilty to using his controlling interest in Bell Resources to deceptively siphon off A$1.2 billion into the coffers of the Bond Corporation. The funds were used to shore up the cash resources of the ailing Bond Corporation, which spectacularly collapsed, leaving Bell Resources in a precarious and uncertain position. He was stripped of his 1984 honour as an Officer of the Order of Australia.

Bond was released from Karnet Prison Farm in 2000, having served four years in various Western Australian prisons.

Return to investment activities
Following release, he became active in various mining investments, predominately in Africa, including Madagascar Oil PLC and Global Diamond Resources, of Lesotho and was included in Business Review Weekly's "Rich 200 List" in 2008.

In 2003, Bond was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame. Since 2003, Bond had worked closely with his son Craig and longtime business partner Robert Quinn through Strategic Investments Ltd.

Interests related to the Bond family also control Global Diamond Resources plc (formerly Lesotho Diamond Corporation) which is developing the Kao diamond pipe in the Kingdom of Lesotho. In 2007, the Federal Court rejected an attempt by Bond to sue freelance journalist Paul Barry over an article Barry wrote about his dealings in Africa with the Lesotho Diamond Company. Bond had claimed that the article had several false statements. In 2008 Bond appealed but this, too, was rejected by the same court which found Bond's claims had no reasonable prospects of success.

Bond was involved in a long-running defamation case against The West Australian newspaper and journalists Mark Drummond and Sean Cowan over a series of articles published in December 2005, in which it was alleged that Bond's friend and business partner Robert Leslie Nelson was moving to hide Bond's involvement in Lesotho Diamond Corporation, Madagascar Oil and a gold company. During that case, Bond tried to have the journalists convicted of contempt of court after some electronic documents disappeared.

In 2008, Bond made a return to the Business Review Weekly's "Rich 200 List", in 157th spot, with an estimated wealth of $265 million—thanks primarily to his stakes in Madagascar Oil and Global Diamond Resources.

Family
In 1955, Bond married Eileen Hughes, a member of a prominent Catholic family in Fremantle (she is a cousin of car dealer John Hughes). She and Bond were both 17, and she was pregnant at the time. Bond, who had been raised Protestant, converted to Catholicism for the marriage. The couple had four children: John, Craig, Susanne and Jody. Bond and Eileen divorced in 1992. Susanne, an equestrian showjumper who had been a member of the Australian showjumping team for seven years, died in 2000 from a suspected accidental overdose of prescription medication.

Bond married Diana Bliss, a public relations consultant and theatre producer, in 1995. On 28 January 2012, Bliss was found dead in the couple's swimming pool. Police said the circumstances of her death were not suspicious and concluded that Bliss, a long-time sufferer of depression, had committed suicide.

Illness and death
On 2 June 2015, Bond underwent open-heart surgery at a private hospital in Perth to replace and repair his heart valves. Following complications, he was transferred to Fiona Stanley Hospital in Perth and placed on life support in an induced coma. He died on the morning of 5 June 2015.

In popular culture
John Wood portrayed Bond in the miniseries The Challenge (1986), which depicted Australia's famous victory of the 1983 America's Cup.

In the Australian TV miniseries Killing Time (2011), he was again played by John Wood.

The Australian TV miniseries House of Bond (2017) is a heavily fictionalised account of Bond's life. Bond was portrayed by Ben Mingay. It was aired on the Nine Network on 24–25 April 2017.

In real life, Bond was represented by criminal lawyer Andrew Fraser, notable for representing Australian underworld figures and other unsavoury elements. Fraser himself would later become imprisoned.

Western Australia

 * Observation City in Scarborough, WA
 * Yanchep Sun City in Yanchep, WA
 * 9 Parker Street in South Perth, WA
 * Lesmurdie Heights in Lesmurdie, WA
 * South32 Tower (formerly known as the Bankwest Tower, the Bond Tower and the R&I Tower) in Perth, WA
 * Bunbury Tower in Bunbury, WA
 * Kalgoorlie Super Pit in Kalgoorlie, WA

Elsewhere in Australia

 * Bond University in Robina in the City of Gold Coast, QLD

Overseas

 * Bond Centre in Hong Kong (now known as the Lippo Tower)

title: Alan Bond


text:
Scintillometer

A scintillometer is a scientific device used to measure turbulent fluctuations of the refractive index of air caused by variations in temperature, humidity, and pressure. It consists of an optical or radio wave transmitter and a receiver at opposite ends of an atmospheric propagation path. The receiver detects and evaluates the intensity fluctuations of the transmitted signal, called scintillation.

The magnitude of the refractive index fluctuations is usually measured in terms of $$C_n^2$$, the structure constant of refractive index fluctuations, which is the spectral amplitude of refractive index fluctuations in the inertial subrange of turbulence. Some types of scintillometers, such as displaced-beam scintillometers, can also measure the inner scale of refractive index fluctuations, which is the smallest size of eddies in the inertial subrange.

Scintillometers also allow measurements of the transfer of heat between the Earth's surface and the air above, called the sensible heat flux. Inner-scale scintillometers can also measure the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy and the momentum flux.

title: Scintillometer


text: Talk:Scintillometer

title: Talk:Scintillometer


text:
Phycoerythrin

Phycoerythrin (PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in cyanobacteria, red algae and cryptophytes, accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis.The red pigment is due to the prosthetic group, phycoerythrobilin, which gives phycoerythrin its red color.

Like all phycobiliproteins, it is composed of a protein part covalently binding chromophores called phycobilins. In the phycoerythrin family, the most known phycobilins are: phycoerythrobilin, the typical phycoerythrin acceptor chromophore. Phycoerythrobilin is a linear tetrapyrrole molecule found in cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptomonads. Together with other bilins such as phycocyanobilin it serves as a light-harvesting pigment in the photosynthetic light-harvesting structures of cyanobacteria called phycobilisomes. Phycoerythrins are composed of (αβ) monomers, usually organised in a disk-shaped trimer (αβ)3 or hexamer (αβ)6 (second one is the functional unit of the antenna rods). These typical complexes also contain a third type of subunit, the γ chain.

Phycobilisomes
Phycobiliproteins are part of huge light harvesting antennae protein complexes called phycobilisomes. In red algae they are anchored to the stromal side of thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, whereas in cryptophytes phycobilisomes are reduced and (phycobiliprotein 545 PE545 molecules here) are densely packed inside the lumen of thylakoides.

Phycobiliproteins have many practical application to them including imperative properties like hepato-protective, anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activity of PBPs enable their use in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. PBPs have been also noted to show beneficial effect in therapeutics of some disease like Alzheimer and cancer.

Phycoerythrin is an accessory pigment to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis. The light energy is captured by phycoerythrin and is then passed on to the reaction centre chlorophyll pair, most of the time via the phycobiliproteins phycocyanin and allophycocyanin.

Structural characteristics
Phycoerythrins except phycoerythrin 545 (PE545) are composed of (αβ) monomers assembled into disc-shaped (αβ)6 hexamers or (αβ)3 trimers with 32 or 3 symmetry and enclosing central channel. In phycobilisomes (PBS) each trimer or hexamer contains at least one linker protein located in central channel. B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) and R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) from red algae in addition to α and β chains have a third, γ subunit contributing both linker and light-harvesting functions, because it bears chromophores.

R-phycoerythrin is predominantly produced by red algae. The protein is made up of at least three different subunits and varies according to the species of algae that produces it. The subunit structure of the most common R-PE is (αβ)6γ. The α subunit has two phycoerythrobilins (PEB), the β subunit has 2 or 3 PEBs and one phycourobilin (PUB), while the different gamma subunits are reported to have 3 PEB and 2 PUB (γ1) or 1 or 2 PEB and 1 PUB (γ2). The molecular weight of R-PE is 250,000 daltons.

Crystal structures available in the Protein Data Bank contain in one (αβ)2 or (αβγ)2 asymmetric unit of different phycoerythrins:

The assumed biological molecule of phycoerythrin 545 (PE545) is (αβ)2 or rather (α3β)(α2β). The numbers 2 and 3 after the α letters in second formula are part of chain names here, not their counts. The synonym cryptophytan name of α3 chain is α1 chain.

The largest assembly of B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) is (αβ)3 trimer. However, preparations from red algae yield also (αβ)6 hexamer. In case of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) the largest assumed biological molecule here is (αβγ)6, (αβγ)3(αβ)3 or (αβ)6 dependently on publication, for other phycoerythrin types (αβ)6. These γ chains from the Protein Data Bank are very small and consist only of three or six recognizable amino acids, whereas described at the beginning of this section linker γ chain is large (for example 277 amino acid long 33 kDa in case of γ33 from red algae Aglaothamnion neglectum). This is because the electron density of the gamma-polypeptide is mostly averaged out by its threefold crystallographic symmetry and only a few amino acids can be modeled.

For (αβγ)6, (αβ)6 or (αβγ)3(αβ)3 the values from the table should be simply multiplied by 3, (αβ)3 contain intermediate numbers of non-protein molecules. (this non sequitur needs to be corrected)

In phycoerythrin PE545 above, one α chain (-2 or -3) binds one molecule of billin, in other examples it binds two molecules. The β chain always binds to three molecules. The small γ chain binds to none.

Two molecules of N-methyl asparagine are bound to the β chain, one 5-hydroxylysine to α (-3 or -2), one Mg2+ to α-3 and β, one Cl− to β, 1–2 molecules of to α or β.

Below is sample crystal structure of R-phycoerythrin from Protein Data Bank:

Spectral characteristics
Absorption peaks in the visible light spectrum are measured at 495 and 545/566 nm, depending on the chromophores bound and the considered organism. A strong emission peak exists at 575 ± 10 nm. (Phycoerythrin absorbs slightly blue-green/yellowish light and emits slightly orange-yellow light.)

PEB and DBV bilins in PE545 absorb in the green spectral region too, with maxima at 545 and 569 nm respectively. The fluorescence emission maximum is at 580 nm.

R-Phycoerythrin variations
As mentioned above, phycoerythrin can be found in a variety of algal species. As such, there can be variation in the efficiency of absorbance and emission of light required for facilitation of photosynthesis. This could be a result of the depth in the water column that a specific alga typically resides and a consequent need for greater or less efficiency of the accessory pigments.

With advances in imaging and detection technology which can avoid rapid photobleaching, protein fluorophores have become a viable and powerful tool for researchers in fields such as microscopy, microarray analysis and Western blotting. In light of this, it may be beneficial for researchers to screen these variable R-phycoerythrins to determine which one is most appropriate for their particular application. Even a small increase in fluorescent efficiency could reduce background noise and lower the rate of false-negative results.

Practical applications
R-Phycoerythrin (also known as PE or R-PE) is useful in the laboratory as a fluorescence-based indicator for the presence of cyanobacteria and for labeling antibodies, most often for flow cytometry. Its also used in microarray assays, ELISAs, and other applications that require high sensitivity but not photostability. Its use is limited in immunofluorescence microscopy due to its rapid photobleaching characteristics. There are also other types of phycoerythrins, such as B-phycoerythrin, which have slightly different spectral properties. B-Phycoerythrin absorbs strongly at about 545 nm (slightly yellowish green) and emits strongly at 572 nm (yellow) instead and could be better suited for some instruments. B-Phycoerythrin may also be less "sticky" than R-phycoerythrin and contributes less to background signal due to nonspecific binding in certain applications. However, R-PE is much more commonly available as an antibody conjugate. Phycoerythrin (PE, λA max = 540–570 nm; λF max = 575–590 nm)

R-Phycoerythrin and B-phycoerythrin are among the brightest fluorescent dyes ever identified.

title: Phycoerythrin