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Armour of God (film)

Armour of God ( lit. 'Big Brother Dragon, Little Brother Tiger') is a 1986 Hong Kong action-comedy written and directed by Jackie Chan, who also starred in the film in the lead role. The film co-stars Alan Tam, Lola Forner and Rosamund Kwan.

The film combines Chan's martial arts, comedy and stunts with an Indiana Jones style adventure film theme. It is deemed a cult classic. Chan came the closest he had ever been to death in this film during a relatively routine stunt; he leaped onto a tree from a ledge, but the branch he grabbed snapped, sending Chan plummeting and cracking his skull.

The film was the highest-grossing film in Hong Kong at the time, grossing an estimated US$16,300,000 1986 at the box office in Asia and Europe. It was followed by the sequels Armour of God II: Operation Condor in 1991, and CZ12 in 2012.

Plot
Jackie, a.k.a. "Asian Hawk", is a former musician who becomes an adventurer and treasure hunter. After successfully stealing a sword from an African tribe, he has the weapon auctioned before it is won by May Bannon, the beautiful daughter of Count Bannon.

Jackie is reunited with his former bandmate Alan, who seeks his help as his girlfriend Lorelei has been kidnapped by an evil religious cult as a means of acquiring Jackie's services. The cult possesses two pieces of a legendary armour called the "Armour of God", and they intend to have Jackie bring them the three remaining armour pieces, including the sword. Jackie and Alan strike a deal with Count Bannon, who is in possession of the three armour pieces: they will borrow the armour pieces for their quest to rescue Lorelei with a promise to complete the armour for the Count, on the condition that May accompanies them.

Jackie, Alan and May travel into Yugoslavia to find the cult's monastery. They infiltrate the hideout and secretly rescue Lorelei, unaware that the cult leaders have anticipated their arrival and brainwashed her to do their bidding. At May's rest home, Lorelei drugs Alan and has him steal the three armour pieces. Jackie sneaks back to the monastery and rescues his friends. As Alan and Lorelei make their escape, Jackie fends off against the cult members before discovering the Armour of God in a cave. Before he gets a chance to take the armour, he encounters the Grand Wizard, who unleashes his four female assassins on the adventurer. Exploiting their high-heeled shoes as their weakness, Jackie defeats the assassins in a gruelling fight. Jackie is then surrounded by the rest of the Grand Wizard's men, but he reveals a vest filled with sticks of dynamite under his jacket, threatening to blow himself up with the monastery. After a couple of bluffs, he carelessly lights up the fuse and throws away the sticks of dynamite, running for his life as the monastery quickly begins to cave in, burying the entire cult and the Armour of God. He runs out of a cave and spots a hot-air balloon with Alan, Lorelei, and May aboard. In a daring move, Jackie does a base jump off the cave and lands on top of the balloon, ending the movie.

Cast

 * Jackie Chan as Jackie a.k.a. "Asian Hawk", a common treasure hunter and former member of the pop group "The Losers" (an allusion to '70s Cantopop band The Wynners)
 * Alan Tam as Alan, a former member of The Losers who has moved on to a successful solo career
 * Lola Forner as May Bannon, the daughter of a powerful European Count
 * Rosamund Kwan as Lorelei, Alan's girlfriend and a former member of the Losers who is a prominent fashion designer
 * Božidar Smiljanić as Count Bannon, May's father
 * Ken Boyle as Grand Wizard, the leader of the evil religious cult
 * John Ladalski as Lama
 * Robert O'Brien as the African witch doctor
 * Boris Gregoric as Jackie's representative at the auction
 * Mars (extra) (uncredited)
 * Kenny Bee
 * Carina Lau
 * Anthony Chan

Production
Armour of God was filmed on location in parts of what was then Yugoslavia: Zagreb (Dolac Central Market), Upper town, Trnje (near the then-unfinished building of Croatian Radio Television), Croatia, narrow corridors and the main gate of Motovun castle and Predjama Castle near Postojna, Slovenia. Filming was also undertaken in Graz, Austria, France, Spain and Morocco. During filming of the opening sequence, one scene called for Jackie Chan to jump from a wall to a tree branch. The first take went as planned, but Chan insisted on re-shooting the scene. On his second attempt, the branch broke, and he fell 5 metres to the ground below. His head hit a rock, cracking his skull and forcing a piece of bone up into his brain. Chan was flown to the hospital and was in surgery eight hours later. As a result, he now has a permanent hole in his head filled with a plastic plug and slight hearing loss in his right ear. Actor Eric Tsang filled in as director following the accident. Footage of the accident is shown during the film's ending credits.

While shooting the hot-air balloon jump, Chan skydived out of a plane and landed on top of the balloon instead of jumping off a cliff as is seen in the film. For the shot of him jumping off the cliff, the crew rigged him up to a wire as he had no experience of BASE jumping.

Release
Armour of God was released in Japan in mid-1986, specifically on 16 August 1986. The film was released in Hong Kong on 21 January 1987.

Box office
In Hong Kong, the film grossed HK$35,469,408 (US$). It was the highest-grossing film in Hong Kong at the time. In Japan, the film grossed ¥1.36 billion (US$million). In Taiwan, it grossed (US$472,188). In South Korea, it was the top-grossing foreign film of 1987, with 208,462 ticket sales, equivalent to an estimated 0 (US$).

In Hungary, the film sold 464,200 tickets at the box office in 1988, equivalent to an estimated € (US$) in gross revenue. In France, it sold 88,231 tickets in 1988, equivalent to an estimated € (US$). Combined, the film grossed an estimated US$ 1986 in Asia and Europe.

Critical response
The film received positive reviews, with an approval rating of 70% on Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews.

In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films. Armour of God was listed at 81st place on this list.

Versions
In Asia, some versions of the film had Alan Tam's song "Lorelei" playing during the end credits whereas others had Jackie Chan singing "Flight of the Dragon (aka High upon High)". Tam and Chan recorded both songs in Cantonese and English and their English versions were featured in the export English dubs.

In the United States, Armour of God did not receive a theatrical release. The film's sequel, Armour of God II: Operation Condor (1991), was released under the simplified title Operation Condor. Armour of God was subsequently released direct-to-video by Miramax Films, but the title was changed to Operation Condor 2: The Armor of the Gods; at the time of its release it served as a prequel, despite being the first film. A new musical score was created for this release, and a new English dub (with the participation of Chan).

Nine minutes of cuts were made to the Miramax version, including:
 * The concert scene of Jackie's band The Losers.
 * Jackie's dream sequence.
 * The scene in which May, disguised as a prostitute, encounters a monk who wants to sleep with her.
 * An extended version of the slapstick sequence in which Alan hides in May's room. The scene also includes a brainwashed Lorelei attempting to seduce Jackie.

These same cuts were evident in the Spanish Region 2 release, but DVD releases in Hong Kong, Australia and the rest of Europe are uncut.

Awards and nominations

 * 1988 Hong Kong Film Awards
 * Nomination: Best Action Choreography (Jackie Chan Stunt Team, Lau Kar-wing, Danny Yuen)

title: Armour of God (film)


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ISO/IEC 9529

ISO/IEC 9529 (Information processing systems — Data interchange on 90 mm (3,5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 15 916 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side) is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization which defines the data format used on 3.5 inch floppy disks. It is also known as ECMA-125.

The standard consists of two parts:
 * ISO/IEC 9529-1:1989: Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics
 * ISO/IEC 9529-2:1989: Part 2: Track format

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ISO/IEC 9529


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FOB (shipping)

FOB (free on board) is a term in international commercial law specifying at what point respective obligations, costs, and risk involved in the delivery of goods shift from the seller to the buyer under the Incoterms standard published by the International Chamber of Commerce. FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight or inland waterway transport. As with all Incoterms, FOB does not define the point at which ownership of the goods is transferred.

The term FOB is also used in modern domestic shipping within North America to describe the point at which a seller is no longer responsible for shipping costs.

Ownership of a cargo is independent of Incoterms, which relate to delivery and risk. In international trade, ownership of the cargo is defined by the contract of sale and the bill of lading or waybill.

Historical usage
The term "free on board", or "f.o.b." was used historically in relation to the transfer of risk from seller to buyer as goods are shipped. There appears to have been an assumption that property and risk would pass from the seller to the buyer at the same time. In the case of Browne v Hare, settled in the Court of Exchequer Chamber in 1858, it was noted that a shipper's attempt to reserve title after shipment would have constituted a breach of the contract's f.o.b. terms:""If, at the time the oil was shipped at Rotterdam, the plaintiffs had intended to continue their ownership, and had taken the bill of lading in the terms in which it was made for the purpose of continuing the ownership and exercising dominion over the oil, they would in our opinion have broken their contract to ship the oil 'free on board', and the property would not have passed to the defendants; but if when they shipped the oil they intended to perform their contract and deliver it 'free on board' for the defendants, we think they did perform it, and the property in the oil passed from them to the defendants." Later cases such as Mirabita v Ottoman Imperial Bank allowed that a contract could make the transfer of property subject to payment, so long as the intention behind this reservation was to secure payment and not to prevent transfer of possession.

Incoterms
Under the Incoterms 2020 standard published by the International Chamber of Commerce, FOB is only used in sea freight and stands for "Free On Board". The term is always used in conjunction with a port of loading. Destination need not be specified and may be left "free".

Indicating "FOB port means that the seller pays for transportation of the goods to the port of shipment, plus loading costs. The buyer pays the cost of marine freight transport, insurance, unloading, and transportation from the arrival port to the final destination. The passing of risks occurs when the goods are loaded on board at the port of shipment. For example, "FOB Vancouver" indicates that the seller will pay for transportation of the goods to the port of Vancouver, and the cost of loading the goods on to the cargo ship (this includes inland haulage, customs clearance, origin documentation charges, demurrage if any, origin port handling charges, in this case Vancouver). The buyer pays for all costs beyond that point, including unloading. Responsibility for the goods is with the seller until the goods are loaded on board the ship. Once the cargo is on board, the buyer assumes the risk.

The use of "FOB" originated in the days of sailing ships. When the ICC first wrote their guidelines for the use of the term in 1936, the ship's rail was still relevant, as goods were often passed over the rail by hand. In 1954, in the case of Pyrene Co. Ltd. v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., Justice Devlin, ruling on a matter relating to liability under an FOB contract, described the situation thus:

"Only the most enthusiastic lawyer could watch with satisfaction the spectacle of liabilities shifting uneasily as the cargo sways at the end of a derrick across a notional perpendicular projecting from the ship's rail."

In the modern era of containerization, the term "ship's rail" is somewhat archaic for trade purposes, as with a sealed shipping container, there is no way of establishing when damage occurred after the container has been sealed. The standards have noted this. Incoterms 1990 stated,

"When the ship's rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the FCA term is more appropriate to use."

Incoterms 2000 adopted the wording,

"If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, the FCA term should be used."

The phrase passing the ship's rail is no longer in use, having been dropped from the FOB Incoterm in the 2010 revision.

Due to potential confusion with domestic North American usage of "FOB", it is recommended that the use of Incoterms be explicitly specified, along with the edition of the standard. For example, "FOB New York (Incoterms 2000)". Incoterms apply to both international trade and domestic trade, as of the 2010 revision.

North America
In North America, FOB is written into a sales agreement to determine where the liability responsibility for the goods transfers from the seller to the buyer. FOB stands for "Free On Board". There is no line item payment by the buyer for the cost of getting the goods onto the transport. There are two possibilities: "FOB origin", or "FOB destination". "FOB origin" means the transfer occurs as soon as the goods are safely on board the transport. "FOB destination" means the transfer occurs the moment the goods are removed from the transport at the destination. "FOB origin" (also sometimes phrased as "FOB shipping" or "FOB shipping point") indicates that the sale is considered complete at the seller's shipping dock, and thus the buyer of the goods is responsible for freight costs and liability during transport. With "FOB destination", the sale is complete at the buyer's doorstep and the seller is responsible for freight costs and liability during transport.

The two terms have a specific meaning in commercial law and cannot be altered. But the FOB terms do not need to be used, and often are not. In this case the specific terms of the agreement can vary widely, in particular which party, buyer or seller, pays for the loading costs and shipment costs, and/or where responsibility for the goods is transferred. The last distinction is important for determining liability or risk of loss for goods lost or damaged in transit from the seller to the buyer.

For example, a person in Miami purchasing equipment from a manufacturer in Chicago could receive a price quote of "$5000 FOB Chicago", which would indicate that the buyer would be responsible for the shipping from Chicago to Miami. If the same seller issued a price quote of "$5000 FOB Miami", then the seller would cover shipping to the buyer's location.

International shipments typically use "FOB" as defined by the Incoterms standards, where it always stands for "Free On Board". Domestic shipments within the United States or Canada often use a different meaning, specific to North America, which is inconsistent with the Incoterms standards.

North American FOB usage corresponds to Incoterms approximately as follows:

A related but separate term "CAP" ("customer-arranged pickup") is used to denote that the buyer will arrange a carrier of their choice to pick the goods up at the seller's premises, and the liability for any damage or loss belongs to the buyer.

Although FOB has long been stated as "Freight On Board" in sales contract terminology, this should be avoided as it does not precisely conform to the meaning of the acronym as specified in the UCC.

Sometimes FOB is used in sales to retain commission by the outside sales representative. It is unclear where this originated.

Accounting and auditing

In the past, the FOB point determined when title transferred for goods. For example, at year- and period-end goods in transit under "FOB destination" (North American usage) appear on the seller's balance sheet but not in the buyer's balance sheet, as the risk and rewards of ownership change to the buyer at the "destination" port.

It is much easier to determine when title transfers by referring to the agreed upon terms and conditions of the transaction; typically, title passes with risk of loss. The transfer of title may occur at a different time (or event) than the FOB shipping term. The transfer of title is the element of revenue that determines who owns the goods and the applicable value.

Import fees when they reach the border of one country to enter the other country under the conditions of FOB destination are due at the customs port of the destination country.

With the advent of e-commerce, most commercial electronic transactions occur under the terms of "FOB shipping point" or "FCA shipping point".

"Freight On Board"
Some sources claim that FOB stands for "Freight On Board". This is not the case. The term "Freight On Board" is not mentioned in any version of Incoterms, and is not defined by the Uniform Commercial Code in the USA. Further to that, it has been found in the US court system that "Freight On Board" is not a recognized industry term. Use of the term "Freight On Board" in contracts is therefore very likely to cause confusion.

title: FOB (shipping)


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User:Sckot

 * Location: Grand Rapids, Michigan
 * Some interests: cycling, cooking, Aikido, and open source programming.

title: User:Sckot


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Armour of God II: Operation Condor

Armour of God II: Operation Condor (also known as Operation Condor in the United States and as Superfly in the Philippines) is a 1991 Hong Kong action-adventure film written and directed by Jackie Chan, who also starred in the film. It is the sequel to 1986's Armour of God.

Compared to its predecessor, this film is more akin to the Indiana Jones film series in that it features Chan's character Jackie / Condor ("Asian Hawk" in the U.S. release) battling against a former Nazi to retrieve gold from an abandoned German base deep in the Sahara Desert.

Armour of God II: Operation Condor is followed by the 2012 film CZ12.

Plot
Hong Kong treasure hunter Jackie aka Asian Hawk, is summoned by Duke Scapio. At Duke's mansion in Madrid, Spain, Jackie is told of a story of German commander Hans von Ketterling and his regiment burying 240 tons of gold at a secret base in Africa's Sahara Desert before the end of World War II. The 18 soldiers involved in the operation disappeared under mysterious circumstances. By request from the United Nations, Scapio gives Jackie an unofficial mission to locate the base and recover the gold. Aside from acquiring the key to the base, he is partnered with Ada, an expert in African geography. Upon discovery of the gold, Jackie is promised one percent of the treasure, or roughly 2.5 tons of gold.

One night, while snooping around the home of one of the base's caretakers, Jackie meets Elsa, a young German woman, after saving her from two Arab men—Amon and Tasza—who also search for the gold. The next day, he goes to a renowned locksmith and learns that the key is intricately designed for use with a special code. After evading an army of black cars chasing him across town, Jackie is asked by Elsa to let her join his expedition, as she is in search of von Ketterling, who was her grandfather. Arriving in the Sahara Desert, the expedition team picks up Momoko, a Japanese woman who is searching for the meaning of death.

Their camp is attacked by black-veiled bandits who kidnap Elsa and Ada. Jackie and Momoko follow the bandits' trail to a slave market, where they save Elsa and Ada from being auctioned off as sex slaves. Meanwhile, the rest of the expedition team is murdered by a group of mercenaries led by a man who uses a wheelchair. After another run-in with Amon and Tasza, Jackie's group returns to their camp to discover their comrades slain, but Momoko recognizes a statue in one of Elsa's grandfather's pictures and leads them to an ancient temple. After bidding Momoko farewell, the trio enters the ruins, where they encounter a band of vicious tribesmen. While running for their lives, they fall through a loose floor of sand into a cavern, which is part of the secret Nazi base.

They discover the mummified remains of Elsa's grandfather and look through his log book, revealing that the 18 soldiers under von Ketterling ingested cyanide pills and died inside the base upon completion of their mission. However, the trio only counts 17 bodies, with one soldier missing. The man who uses the wheelchair—arriving with his mercenaries and holding Momoko hostage—reveals himself as Adolf, the 18th soldier who murdered Elsa's grandfather after the latter made him a paraplegic for refusing to ingest the cyanide. A furious chase ensues between Jackie's group and the mercenaries throughout the base, which ends with the protagonists getting captured. Upon arriving at the vault, Jackie uses the key and a secret code from Elsa's grandfather's dog tag and opens it, revealing the elevator leading to the gold.

Upon their discovery of the gold, the mercenaries turn their backs on Adolf with the intent of keeping the treasure to themselves. Adolf in turn locks in all of the mercenaries, except for two who chase Jackie to an underground wind tunnel. While Jackie battles the two mercenaries, Elsa and Ada flip random switches in the control room, activating the tunnel's turbine fan. As the three men hang on for their lives, Elsa and Ada attempt to switch off the fan, but they accidentally trigger the base's self-destruct sequence. Adolf tells the quartet that they can escape by having the turbine blow them through the ventilation duct, but he decides to stay to atone for his sins. The quartet gathers as much gold as they can, but the wind force only sends their bodies upward to the desert surface above before the base completely caves in.

As the quartet walks across the desert, they once again encounter Amon and Tasza. With their common lack of a water supply, they finally overcome their differences and try to find water in the Sahara desert.

Cast

 * Jackie Chan as Jackie, a.k.a. "Asian Hawk" / "Asian Condor"
 * Carol Cheng (aka Do Do Cheng) as Ada
 * Eva Cobo de Garcia as Elsa
 * Shôko Ikeda (池田昌子) as Momoko
 * Daniel Mintz as Amon
 * Aldo Sambrell as Adolf (as Aldo Brel Sánchez)
 * Božidar Smiljanić as Duke Scapio
 * Jonathan Isgar as Tasza
 * Ken Goodman
 * Steve Tartalia
 * Vincent Lyn
 * Bruce Fontaine

Jackie Chan stunt team

 * Benny Lai
 * Ken Lo
 * Mars

Production
Armour of God II: Operation Condor was filmed primarily in Madrid, Spain, and Morocco. While the opening scenes where Asian Hawk went powered paragliding was shot in Tagaytay over Taal Lake, Cavite, Philippines. The scene where he stole the gem from the cave tribe and escaped by zorbing was shot in Mount Macolod in Cuenca, Batangas.

The hotel scene where Dodo Cheng is in bath towel and other gun fight scenes in Morocco was shot in Hong Kong on a hill overlooking Sha Tin. Four tons of sand was imported from the Middle East and the entire hotel set was set up. Bangladeshi and Indian extras were hired to act as Moroccans.

According to his book I Am Jackie Chan: My Life in Action, while filming the underground base chase scene, Chan was supposed to swing to a platform with a long chain, but he lost balance and fell to the ground face-first, dislocating his sternum.

In a 2013 interview with CBC, Chan said he was impressed being recognized even in remote areas in Africa. While shooting the film in Southern Morocco he said: "When I was in...in Morocco, middle of nowhere in the desert, all the children look at me, just, uh, put the drunken master pose. I said, 'Wow...'"

Release
Armour of God II was released in Hong Kong on 7 February 1991. In the Philippines, the film was released as Superfly by First Films on 4 December. Project A would later be misleadingly re-released by First Films as its sequel Superfly 2 on 17 September 1992.

Box office
Chan said in his biography that the film cost HK$115 million (US$15 million), the most expensive Hong Kong film at the time. In its Hong Kong theatrical release, the film grossed HK$39,048,711. It was Hong Kong's second highest-grossing film of 1991.

It had its North American release in 1997. On 1,523 North American screens on its opening weekend, it grossed US$4,731,751 ($3,088 per screen), on track to a US$10,405,394 final gross. The film grossed US$13,713,829 in territories outside of North America, for a worldwide total of US$24,119,223 (equivalent to US$53,808,838 adjusted for inflation in 2021).

Critical reception
The film has received mostly positive reviews.

It holds a 71% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews with an average rating of 6.5/10.

Awards and nominations

 * 1992 Hong Kong Film Awards
 * Nomination: Best Action Choreography

Versions
The film was originally released in Hong Kong in 1991 with a Cantonese soundtrack and a running time of approximately 106 minutes. An uncut export version of the film was released in the United Kingdom by Entertainment in Video. The VHS was released in 1993, and the DVD in 2001.

In 1992, Dimension Films acquired the U.S. rights, but did not release the film theatrically until 1997 under the title Operation Condor, with a newly commissioned English dub/score and 15 minutes deleted from the final cut. This version was released on LaserDisc and DVD in 1999.

In 2004, Intercontinental Video Limited released an uncut version in Hong Kong. The DVD is anamorphic and includes the Cantonese-language soundtrack with English subtitles.

In 2020, 88 Films Ltd released the original Hong Kong version and the previously unreleased extended 117 minute version on Blu-ray in the UK.

title: Armour of God II: Operation Condor


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Cookie (video game)

Cookie is a cooking-themed shoot 'em up developed and published by Ultimate Play the Game that was released exclusively for the ZX Spectrum in 1983. In the game, Charlie the Chef has to bake a cake, however his five ingredients are sentient and attempt to escape his pantry, enabling his quest to re-capture them. The game was written by Chris Stamper with graphics by Tim Stamper. It received mixed reviews upon release, with critics praising the graphics, but criticising the hard difficulty and its similarities to Pssst.

The game was released as Crazy Kitchen in Italian markets and as Chef, Lo in Croatia.

Gameplay

The game is presented from a 2D perspective, and the main objective involves Charlie the Chef baking a cake from evil, sentient ingredients. The five ingredients vary from Mixed Peel, Chunky Chocolate, Crafty Cheese, Sneaky Sugar and Colonel Custard, who will all jump out of the pantry and try to avoid the player whenever possible.

The player starts the game with three lives. Several ingredients will fly around the screen simultaneously, and if the player touches an ingredient with their body, a life will be deducted. The player's objective is to put the ingredients into the cooking bowl before they either fall into the dustbins on either side or knock the player into the bowl. As a defence, Charlie the Cook can shoot flour sacks, which will push the ingredients further in the direction they are moving in. Bombs may also spawn in the game, which will allow the player to push the ingredients further than conventional flour sacks. The player has to push the right variety of ingredients into the bowl, which changes for each level.

The game is complicated by the presence of a dustbin monster (similar to Oscar the Grouch) who regularly sticks his head out of one or the other of the dustbins and then flings an item of trash into the playfield. These will deduct a life from Charlie if they touch him, but can be knocked away with flour sacks in the same way that the ingredients can be, or they can be directed back into one of the dustbins. If a trash item enters the cooking bowl it will spoil the taste, and more ingredients will be required to be pushed into the bowl in order to fix this problem and complete the level.

When the right amount of ingredients has been put in the bowl, a cake is baked and a new level begins.

Development
A version was also created for the BBC Micro and was scheduled for release in 1984; however, it was never commercially released.

Cookie was one of the few Spectrum games also available in ROM format for use with the Interface 2, allowing "instantaneous" loading of the game (the normal method of cassette loading could take several minutes).

Reception
Matthew Uffindell of Crash praised the game overall, despite thinking it was overshadowed by Ultimate's Tranz Am, which was bundled with Cookie during its initial release. Uffindell stated the gameplay was addictive and challenging, despite thinking it was similar to its predecessor, Pssst. Lloyd Mangram of Crash considered the game to be overlooked and underrated, despite him suggesting that it was the most difficult of all games developed by Ultimate. Mangram praised the graphics as detailed, fast and "amusing", owing to the game's sentient ingredients. Reviewers of Home Computing Weekly similarly praised the graphics and sound, stating that they "are well up to Ultimate's standards".

A reviewer from Sinclair User stated that the graphics were of "arcade and cartoon" quality, and criticised the game's concept, suggesting that the player would lose interest after completing a few levels. Mangham, however, praised its playability, heralding that it was "great fun" to play and easy to adapt to. Sinclair User opined that first impressions of the game were important to the customer, and stated that the player may feel cheated due to the game's similarities to Pssst.

title: Cookie (video game)


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Talk:Sarabande

Poorly worded and anonymous entry
Normally it is always asked when making a link to only a file from someone else his page but here the midi is just grabbed witout any context. This is against all netiquette, Paul Gabler, webadministrator of La Folia, a musical cathedral — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.57.195.153 (talk) 20:05, 13 May 2004
 * I removed the link. --58.233.242.63 00:36, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Most Famous?
I think Debussy L. 95 Pour Le Piano No II is the most famous work at this time but didn't want to spoil the article with a silly fact check. Lycurgus 06:28, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Handel's sarabande could also lay claim. Maybe the "famous" sentence should be removed as it will always be non-objective. Perhaps we could add a "Notable sarabandes" section? HWV258 . 03:16, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Another Spanish Beduin-Arab import??
That is, supposedly a very traditional Beduin rythm plus style of intonation, dance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.91.180.13 (talk) 00:48, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Catalan-language article
The Catalan-language article appears to be considerably better-structured and more comprehensive. Are there any objections to simply replacing the current article with an English translation? --Dan131m (talk) 23:47, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It does look like a much better article, in terms of both writing and content. However, it is not very well sourced, and the only two cited references in Castellano and Calalan should be replaced by English-language sources. I find it ironic that the New Grove article is listed there under "Further reading" (Bibliografia). With those reservations, I would say that, if you are willing to take it on, go for it.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 03:16, 20 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Never mind, it looks like the Catalan article is a word-for-word translation of the Grove Music Online article. --Dan131m (talk) 05:50, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oops! Copyvio alert, over on ca.wikipedia?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 06:09, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Evolution of dance
AHD4 gives these definitions: It would be useful for the article to address how a fast, erotic dance was transformed into a stately ... slow court dance with the same name, if anyone can provide that information. Milkunderwood (talk) 02:58, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * 1. A fast, erotic dance of the 16th century of Mexico and Spain.
 * 2. A stately court dance of the 17th and 18th centuries, in slow triple time.
 * 3. The music for either of these dances.
 * According to that dictionary entry, it is equally probable that there is no relation at all between those two dances. The name similarity could be a complete coincidence. There is also the fact, not covered by that dictionary, that the fast sarabande was also found in mid-17th-century Austria (e.g., the keyboard suites of Froberger) and England (e.g., ensemble suites of Locke). So, if it is correct about the slow court dance being in place already in the 17th century, these two types of sarabande must have existed simultaneously.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 03:48, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Jerome. I had assumed that they might be related by this:
 * "... dance in triple metre. The second and third beats of each measure are often tied, giving the dance a distinctive rhythm of quarter notes and eighth notes in alternation. The quarter notes are said to correspond with the dragging steps in the dance."
 * Milkunderwood (talk) 04:20, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * "Coincidence", taken literally, seems awfully unlikely for a word like "sarabande". Milkunderwood (talk) 04:25, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course, it is almost universally accepted that the dance somehow changed from faster to slower. I was merely pointing out the weakness of the source, and some problems with the chronology. To explain how this happened is another matter, but similar slowing processes happened to the Galliard and Courante, amongst others. I can't think of any examples of dances becoming faster over time, so maybe they just get old and tired.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 04:50, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. It would seem that some of this ought to be at least mentioned in the article. I'm looking at Jacqueline du Pré playing the "Haendel Sonate pour violoncello et piano en sol mineur, (arrgt. J. W. Slatter)", which titles the 3rd movement as "Sarabande". Trying to figure out what this piece actually is by rummaging at length through List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel, I finally stumble upon Oboe_concerto_No._3_(Handel). This in turn lists the 3rd movement as "Largo - A sarabande". This Sarabande article doesn't address the question of tempo, only that it was "banned in Spain in 1583 for its obscenity"; so I go to IMSLP, which doesn't list the piece. It didn't sound right to me that a sarabande might be played at Largo, so I tried looking for a definition in a dictionary. And thus my question. Milkunderwood (talk) 05:34, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Not to mention that one of du Pré's accompanists happens to be Stephen Bishop, about whom I have also left a new question at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Classical_music. (And another at the talkpage for his article, if anyone can find it.) Milkunderwood (talk) 05:46, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Do you need New Grove? Here's the first 2 paragraphs:

-- kosboot (talk) 19:11, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I did a google book search and found the following:
 * History of Dance
 * Dance and the Music of Bach
 * I don't know how fast the "fast" version was, but it was originally faster at least. When it was Spain in the 1500s, it often featured castanets.  The French slowed it down a lot in the 1600s.  One source said the slow-down was for aesthetics and not function -- its easier to do the dance when its not so slow.  Probably other reference books you could check.DavidRF (talk) 01:35, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * If I understand the question correctly, it is "how did the transformation from fast to slow come about?" I don't really see how this answers the question, but at least it is a start. Did the choreography remain the same in all cases (I doubt it, but have no information)?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 06:32, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * My own feeling is that even if we do not know how such transformation came about, the text of the article still contains no mention of meter; and I think this text as it presently stands, without any further comment or explanation, is confusing to the reader:
 * "While it was banned in Spain in 1583 for its obscenity, it was frequently cited in literature of the period (for instance in works by Cervantes and Lope de Vega).
 * In the Baroque era the suite typically included a sarabande, as the third of four movements in the standard 18th-century form..."
 * This is an eye-popping non sequitur. Why might it have been banned for "obscenity"? If it was obscene, why did it become typically included in a Baroque suite? This is the problem I have with the article. There is no mention that the dance, or music, underwent a fundamental change. What did change, and what if anything remained a common element, such that the name continued to be used? And how might it have been described by either Cervantes or Lope de Vega - as "obscene"? Fast? Slow and stately? Milkunderwood (talk) 19:21, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The entire New Grove article on Sarabande available (in Word format) with this link: https://dl.dropbox.com/u/16281615/Saraband.doc -- kosboot (talk) 20:21, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, kosboot. That ought to be helpful. I am not a musician, and I'm not about to try editing the article myself. (Above where I said "meter" I think I meant "tempo" - if there's a difference.) [See my userpage.] Milkunderwood (talk) 20:43, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I've also found a book-length study on just the sarabande - but it's in Spanish. Anyone interested? -- kosboot (talk) 21:12, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Is it available online, or in my local library? Hablo el español un poco, y puedo leerlo bastante bien.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 21:31, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The title/author are: La zarabanda: pluralidad y controversia de un género musical by Mara Lioba Juan Carvaja. -- kosboot (talk) 21:50, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Aha. Recent book (2007), which is promising. Unfortunately, my institution's music collection is not strong in Spanish-language titles, and this book is not held by the library here. It should nevertheless be worth putting into the "Further reading" section of this article, and perhaps I can see about getting it through inter-library borrowing. It looks interesting.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 22:25, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Quoting from the article on Triple metre: (This information is unsourced there.) Milkunderwood (talk) 01:55, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * "Movements in triple time characterized the more adventurous approach of 17th and 18th Century music, for example the Sarabande, which originated in Latin America and appeared in Spain early in the 16th Century, became a standard movement in the suite during the baroque period. The baroque sarabande is commonly a slow triple rather than the much faster Spanish original, consistent with the courtly European interpretations of many Latin dances. The sarabande form was revived in the 20th Century by composers such as Debussy, Satie and, in a different style, Vaughan Williams (in Job) and Benjamin Britten (in Simple Symphony)"
 * Interesting that the last sentence is identical to one in the present article, up until earlier today, when it was expanded first to include Howells, and then Grieg. It still is unsourced.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 05:28, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I noticed at least the similarity, if not the exactitude. But the preceding explanation would be very helpful to add to the Sarabande article if it can be sourced. Milkunderwood (talk) 05:35, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * It shouldn't be at all difficult to find a source for that. It's probably in the Idiot's Guide to Baroque Music or something. From the way things are shaping up, however, it will likely prove to be the sort of gross oversimplification we might expect if we let ourselves be guided by idiots. Watch this space.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 05:41, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Zarabanda be merged into Sarabande. I think these pages refer to the same thing with a different name. LazyStarryNights (talk) 06:55, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Concur. I was unaware of the existence of that article but, now that I have looked at it, the only viable alternative to merger appears to be euthanasia. It is truly embarrassing, and whoever created it ought to be prosecuted.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 16:23, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I see some possible redundancy in euthanasia and prosecution, but I'll keep it to just the merger for now :). Do you think I can merge it right away or give some time to potential reply of others? LazyStarryNights (talk) 07:45, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The guideline at WP:Merging says "After a period of time when discussion has ceased, a rough consensus to proceed with the merger may emerge. If enough time (normally one week or more) has elapsed and there has been no discussion or is unanimous consent to merge, any user may close the discussion and move forward with the merger." It has not yet been a week, though it cannot be said that this proposal has generated much heat. I presume you notified User:MuDavid, who, as the creator of this article, might be expected to have an opinion on this matter. He also made the most recent edit to it, on the same day you made the proposal to merge. If he really can't be bothered, then I would say you have got a landslide consensus. Perhaps you should wait out the full seven days, though, just to be sure there can be no misunderstanding.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 18:51, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That makes sense Jerome. I notified User:MuDavid now and will give it at least another week. No hurries. LazyStarryNights (talk) 20:08, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If you don't prosecute me, I'll accept a merger/euthanasia. I hardly even remember having created that article. I must've been under the impression that it was a different thing from the sarabande, and in those barbaric days Wikipedia was not yet sufficiently developed to enlighten me... MuDavid (talk) 16:57, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You are a gentleman and a scholar, and I retract all threats of prosecution. Well said, sir!—Jerome Kohl (talk) 05:29, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Confusing or vague?
I don't find it so and I'm not technically-knowledgeable about music. The comment under the description of metre is a technical point needing the attention of an expert - why didn't the editor who flagged it fix it up? Chrismorey (talk) 06:15, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Assuming this refers to the comment in the lede section: "The second and third beats of each measure are often tied, giving the dance a distinctive rhythm of alternating quarter notes and eighth notes. ", I was the editor who placed that remark. I did not "fix it up" because I cannot understand what it is meant to say. As my comment points out (or was intended to point out), alternating quarter and eighth notes makes little or no sense. In 3/2 time this would mean either q-e-q-e-q-e-q-e or the reverse, e-q-e-q-e-q-e-q. The result would be de facto a 12/8 bar. In 3/4 time such alternation would result effectively in a 6/8 rhythm. If "alternating" does not necessarily mean one of each, then a 3/2 bar (for example) could mean alternating one quarter with a pair of eighths: q-e-e-q-e-e-q-e-e. Any of these patterns might be regarded as "distinctive", but unfortunately none are characteristic of the sarabande, the characteristic rhythm of which is quarter–dotted quarter–eighth in 3/4 time, starting on a downbeat. And FWIW, I do regard myself as relatively expert in these matters.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 00:51, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

Replacement of citation
I replaced the IMDb source with the review by Thom Jurek from allmusic.com. Hopefully this fulfills the reliability criteria. smrgeog (talk) 08:01, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sarabande


text:
Talk:Credit card

Editing, Adding & Correct Dates, Months & Years Of 8 Companies In Wikipedia.
At the credit card page in the Wikipedia, I want to edit from 1934 to January 1, 1936. Of when the Air Travel Card (UATP) charge card was established. I want to even add October 1, 1948 of when the valid Air Travel Card charge card became the very first international charge card. I want to add September 18, 1958 for when the Bankamericard credit cards became launched. That was when the very first credit card became released after the charge cards. For the 3 domain registrars, I want to add October 15, 2000 for Namecheap,  Febraury 8, 1997 for Godaddy, January 1, 1979 for Network Solutions, November 7, 2004 for when the idea of iPhones started and May 21, 2001 of when did Braz became launched. Now, here are the links and evience of where I've found these informations for.

First Charge Card (UATP). "The Air Travel Card Plan provides a means whereby certain persons who have occasion to use air transportation exceeding a specified amount in the course of a year may obtain a discount amounting to 15 percent of the standard one-way fares. The plan is the result of an agreement between a number of the air carriers, which first became effective on January 1, 1936." It was from this on-line book (file:///C:/Users/My%20PC/Documents/1981_glasser.pdf).

First Internation Air Travel Charge Card. "Begun in 1936, the Universal Air Travel Plan (UATP) card is one of the world's oldest credit cards. During the early years, the UATP card covered only U.S. domestic airlines. It gained worldwide applicability on October 1, 1948, when international routes were brought into the plan." It was from this on-line book (https://books.google.com.kw/books?id=Ej8Qslt1nfsC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=uatp+charge+card+launched+October+1+1948&source=bl&ots=EMztGTeW6h&sig=ACfU3U0gXMSA2AOPLztAwjwHHMfjC5KTew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK4J_ivYjsAhVNxIUKHeuOA4sQ6AEwAnoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=uatp%20charge%20card%20launched%20October%201%201948&f=false).

First Credit Card. "In 1958, Bank of America launched the BankAmericard in Fresno, California, which would become the first successful recognizably modern credit card." That means that it was a Visa credit card and Visa logo was launched at September 18, 1958. Here's the information (Founded	September 18, 1958; 62 years ago as BankAmericard Fresno, California, United States at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc).

Namecheap Domain Registrar. I have live chatted with the agent and he/she asked the teams and they said that it was launched at 15th of October, 2000.

Godaddy Domain Registrar. I have found it in the who-is search results of their first root domain which is jomax.com was established at 8th of February, 1997. Then, at 2nd of March, 1999 they changed it to Godaddy. (Domain Name: JOMAX.COM Registry Domain ID: 875302_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.godaddy.com Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com Updated Date: 2011-11-01T21:32:13Z Creation Date: 1997-02-08T05:00:00Z Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2021-11-01T11:59:59Z).

Network Solutions Domain Registrar.

I have live chatted with the agent and he/she told me that it was estabished at 1st of January, 1979.

iPhones Was Conceievd. "It was at November 7, 2004." Here's the link that I've found on-line. (https://www.cio.com/article/3236171/is-the-iphone-the-best-project-in-history.html ).

Bratz was established.

"It was launched at May 21, 2001. In the Bratz Wikipedia page. (On May 21, 2017, the 16th anniversary of Bratz, Larian took to Twitter once more to announce that the Bratz would be returning Fall of 2018). That means that it was released at May 21st of 2001.

So, can I or you add these missing and wrong details to these Wikipedia pages? Please reply. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.175.85.38 (talk) 05:20, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

Edward Bellamy's Book.
I have checked at the Credit Card page in Wikipedia is written that it was established at 1887. When it should be at 1888. Here's my evidence.

Looking Backward: 2000–1887 is a utopian novel by Edward Bellamy, a journalist and writer from Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts; it was first published in 1888.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Backward)

So, can you or I edit it in the Credot Card Wikipedia page? Please reply. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.175.85.38 (talk) 05:28, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

With the Gemological Instritute of Ameirca Wikipedia page, it was estabished at 15th of February, 1931. So, don't remove it again. Here's the evidence https://gregaorg2.weebly.com/education.html. Please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.175.85.38 (talk) 06:20, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

Visa, MasterCard & JCB Card Logos.
About Visa cards logo, it was established at September 18, 1958. So, I want to add it in the Visa page. Here's the evidence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc.

About MasterCard cards logo, it was launched at December 16, 1966. So, I want to add it in the MasterCard page. Here's the evidence. Just type in MasterCard founded, it will show you the date, month and year of when it was founded.

About JCB cards logo, it was founded at January 25, 1961. So, I want to even add this information in it's Wikipedia page. Here's the proof. http://ph.jcb/about/overview.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.175.85.38 (talk) 06:26, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

With the Gemological Instritute of Ameirca Wikipedia page, it was estabished at 15th of February, 1931. So, don't remove it again. Here's the evidence https://gregaorg2.weebly.com/education.html. Please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.175.85.38 (talk) 06:59, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

Arguably political content in section "Development outside North America"
"The fractured nature of the U.S. banking system under the Glass–Steagall Act meant . . ." In the first place, Glass-Steagall dealt primarily with separation of commerical and investment banking. In the second place, the word "fractured" implies that this separation, along with laws and regulations limiting the size and geographic territories of banks (in order to prevent banks from becoming "too big to fail," i.e., so big and so pervasive that permitting a single such large bank to fail would have a catastrophic economic impact) was a pathological or harmful condition, rather than a condition imposed to protect the national economic welfare. Thus, it carries an implicitly deregulationist political bias. --Hbquikcomjamesl (talk) 17:55, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

"Debt card" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debt_card&redirect=no Debt card] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 2NumForIce (speak  | edits) 20:40, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - SU23 - Sect 200 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by ZhegeID (talk) 09:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Can we add following reference on this pages?
Can we add 1 on this page? Eric Cardinal (talk) 04:41, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it appears to be a promotional website with a narrow focus. GoingBatty (talk) 05:09, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * As an external link, no, it would be considered spam. If you think there's a way to use that page as a reference, you might possibly have a case, but it seems unlikely. What fact or statement do you think could be added to the article based on what appears at that link?  — jmcgnh (talk) (contribs) 05:12, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello, thats was our intent, since the page talks about Prepaid credit card, which is one of the best way new immigrant can build credit score in canada, we wanted to link to this page since its one of the best article and recent information about ways this subject. thanks for you help it'S always appreciated ! 209.226.127.190 (talk) 18:36, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This page gives an informative overviewand leads directly from that into a sales pitch for two prepaid cards that can be bought through other pages on the same website. It's a commercial site and not an appropriate source. Largoplazo (talk) 23:09, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Credit card


text:
Art Eggleton

Arthur C. Eggleton (born September 29, 1943) is a retired Canadian politician who served as the 59th and longest-serving mayor of Toronto from 1980 to 1991. He was elected to Parliament in 1993, running as a Liberal in York Centre and served as a member of Parliament (MP) until 2004 when he declined to seek re-election. Eggleton held a number of cabinet positions from 1993 to 2002 including Treasury Board president, minister of infrastructure, minister of international trade, and minister of national defence. He was appointed to the Senate in 2005, serving until he reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 in 2018.

City council
Eggleton, an accountant by profession, was first elected to Toronto City Council in the 1969 municipal election as the junior alderman for Ward 4. He served as budget chief in the council elected in 1973 under David Crombie. He was the Liberal Party candidate in the October 16, 1978, federal by-election held in Toronto's west-end Parkdale electoral district in which he was defeated by Progressive Conservative candidate Yuri Shymko. He ran for re-election to Toronto City Council in Ward 4. finishing first in a field of 10 candidates to become Ward 4's senior alderman on council (at the time, two alderman were elected from each ward).

Mayor of Toronto
Eggleton was a member of Toronto City Council and the Metropolitan Toronto Council for 22 years. He was Mayor of Toronto from 1980 to 1991, when he retired from municipal politics as the longest-serving mayor in Toronto history.

In 1980, he was elected Mayor of Toronto, defeating incumbent John Sewell. The city moved forward on implementing its new official plan, which resulted in several new significant buildings in the downtown west, or the railway lands area, including the Convention Centre, the SkyDome, and the CBC Broadcast Centre. During Eggleton's time as mayor, he prioritized social and economic development, and the City of Toronto produced a record level of social housing projects for low-income people; 50 acre of new parks; and innovative new responses to the problems of the homeless and emotionally-troubled with projects like Street City, the Singles Housing Opportunities Program, and the Gernsteins Centre.

As Canada's economic centre moved from Montreal to Toronto in response to the then-separatist government of Quebec, Toronto saw a significant increase in economic growth during his time as Mayor, with steadily decreasing unemployment through the 1980s and into the early 1990s.

Eggleton established the Mayor's Committee on Community and Race Relations to help bring about the successful integration of people from different cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds.

Eggleton supported the expansion and improvement of Toronto's parks and green spaces, including the creation of new parks and the development of existing ones. In 1984, Eggleton assisted the Minister of Environment in opening the Martin Goodman Trail, named for the president and editor-in-chief of the Toronto Star, who died three years previously.

In the 1980s Mayor Eggleton was instrumental in the creation of "FoodShare", an organization that advocates for the right to food, in a bid to prevent dependence on food charity from becoming embedded in the city. In June 2018 Eggleton introduced a bill to the Senate to create Canada's first National Food Program, which received support from the Government of Canada in 2019.

During his tenure as mayor, Eggleton faced criticism for steps he took in addressing the concerns of Torontonians in the LGBTQ community. After Operation Soap in 1981, where there were mass arrests of men in the city's gay bathhouses, despite stating he had no foreknowledge that the raids would take place, Eggleton and Toronto City Council commissioned law student and journalist Arnold Bruner to conduct an inquiry into the relationship between the gay community and the police. Bruner's report Out of the Closet: Study of Relations Between Homosexual Community and Police, was released in 1981. It recognized the gay community as a legitimate community and called for a permanent dialogue between the LGBTQ community and the Toronto Police. The report contained 16 recommendations, although many were only implemented decades later.

In Eggleton's first term as mayor, Pride Toronto was created partly as a response to Operation Soap. During this time, Eggleton faced some criticism for choosing not to designate a recognized City of Toronto day for the Pride Parade, and not attending Pride Parades. In 1990, Toronto Pride organizers filed a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission after Eggleton did not officially declare the day. Eggleton later acknowledged these concerns and stated that "I did not at the time see the parade as being the usual kind of event for a mayor’s declaration", that he had "come to see it differently and in more recent times…participated in the parade. I see it as part of celebrating an inclusionary society and the contributions of the LGBTQ community in Toronto".

As mayor, Eggleton appeared before a committee of the provincial legislature advocating for an amendment to the Human Rights Code to include sexual orientation in the anti-discrimination clause. Eggleton also voted in favour of Bill C-38 also known as the Civil Marriage Act which legalized same-sex marriage in Canada.

Eggleton's only serious re-election challenge occurred at the 1985 Toronto municipal election when city councillor Anne Johnston, a fellow Liberal, ran against Eggleton for the mayoralty. Eggleton won by a significant margin, receiving 92,994 votes to Johnston's 59,817.

In recognition of his service to the city, Eggleton received Toronto's highest honour, the Civic Award of Merit in 1992.

Member of Parliament and Cabinet Minister
Eggleton ran in the 1993 election in the suburban Toronto riding of York Centre, again as a Liberal, and won election. He was appointed to the position of President of the Treasury Board and Minister for Infrastructure in the new cabinet.

From January 1996 to June 1997, he served as Minister for International Trade. Eggleton retained his seat in the 1997 election, and was appointed Minister of National Defence. In 1999, Eggleton supported Canada's involvement in NATO's campaign in Kosovo.

He was re-elected again in the 2000 election, and continued as Minister of Defence, focusing on sweeping changes to the National Defence Act which implemented changes to the military justice system, including the set up of several oversight entities including the nation's first ever Military Ombudsman and a Military Police Complaints Commission. These entities would provide another level of conflict resolution for military members and civilian employees. He also improved compensation and benefits for Canadian Forces personnel and their families dedicating roughly $700 million in funding to provide housing and pay under the quality of life program. In November 1999, Eggleton established a new ministerial advisory board focused on gender integration and employment equity in the Canadian Armed Forces.

During his tenure, Canada continued to contribute to international peacekeeping ventures in the Balkans, the Central African Republic, and the Persian Gulf. Eggleton led Canadian participation in the NATO intervention in Kosovo pushing Serbian troops out of the region. Eggleton at the time defended Canadian participation in the NATO air campaign stating he was convinced it was the right thing to do, citing the effects of the Serb military assault, and the mass graves containing the bodies of ethnic Albanians. Eggleton toured Canadian peacekeeping forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Kosovo and the Central African Republic.

The Canadian Forces Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) was also deployed to Honduras for the first time to aid Hurricane Mitch relief efforts. In addition to peacekeeping, Eggleton continued Canadian participation within the United Nations, NORAD and NATO.

Eggleton pushed for increased procurement of equipment and the continued modernization of the Canadian Armed Forces during his time as Minister for National Defence.

In January 2002, Chrétien and Eggleton were accused of misleading Parliament. Both Chrétien and Eggleton when asked in Question Period if Canadian troops had handed over captured Taliban and al-Qaeda members in Afghanistan to the American forces amid concerns about the treatment of POWs at Guantanamo Bay, replied that was in Chrétien's words only a "hypothetical question" and that the Canadians had taken no POWs. Critics of the government such as Joe Clark then proceeded to point out that in the previous week, the Toronto newspaper the Globe & Mail had run on its frontpage a photo of Canadian soldiers turning over POWs to American troops. Eggleton maintained that he and the rest of the Cabinet had been kept unaware that the Canadian Forces were taking POWs in Afghanistan and turning them over to the Americans, claiming that he had only learned of the policy of handing over POWs several days after the photo had appeared in the Globe & Mail.

Eggleton stepped down from cabinet in May 2002, amid allegations of a breach of cabinet minister conflict guidelines by hiring a former girlfriend for a research contract and after ethics counsellor, Howard Wilson, concluded Eggleton breached conflict guidelines for cabinet ministers. Conservative Leader Joe Clark criticized Jean Chrétien's decision to move Eggleton to the backbenches, citing similar accusations towards another Liberal MP Don Boudria and their continued membership in Chrétien's cabinet. Stephen Harper also criticized Chrétien's decision stating "He's sending the message that he defends his friends, and he sticks by his own positions." This happened during the growing leadership turmoil between Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin, who left the cabinet the following week in disputed circumstances. Increased scrutiny on Chrétien's government and cabinet may have contributed to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien pressuring him to resign.

Eggleton then became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Trade. On May 13, 2004, Eggleton announced he would not be a candidate in the 2004 federal election, making way for the nomination of Ken Dryden as the Liberal candidate in York Centre.

Senator for Ontario
He was appointed to the Senate by Paul Martin on March 24, 2005. He served as both chair and Deputy Chair of the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science, and Technology for 12 years in which his focus was on social justice and health care issues. He served on the Bureau of Liberal International, representing the Liberal Party of Canada, as a vice-president for two years and treasurer for one year. He was co-opted to the Bureau of Liberal International as a vice president at the 185th Executive Committee in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2010. Art Eggleton also served on the Senate Modernization Committee, and at different times on the National Finance, Transportation and Communications committees.

On January 29, 2014, Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau announced all Liberal Senators, including Eggleton, were removed from the Liberal caucus, and would continue sitting as Independents. The Senators will refer to themselves as the Senate Liberal Caucus even though they are no longer members of the parliamentary Liberal caucus.

Eggleton's recent focus has been Toronto's community housing. On the Social Affairs Committee he has been instrumental in studies and reports on such matters as poverty, housing, and homelessness; early learning and child care; autism; the Health Accord; prescription pharmaceuticals; obesity; and dementia. In 2012, he founded the All-Party, Anti-Poverty Caucus.

He also started and convened the Open Caucus a non-partisan discussion open to all Senators and MPs on major issues of the day bringing together expert panelists to dialogue with parliamentarians.

In 2015–16, in addition to his Senate work, he served as the volunteer chair of the Toronto Mayor's Task force on Toronto Community Housing which recommended substantive reforms for the largest social housing provider in Canada. Many of the recommendations are now in different stages of implementation.

Eggleton retired from the Senate on September 29, 2018, upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.

Notable Work
In July 2018, Eggleton wrote, with fellow Canadian Senator Raymonde Saint-Germain, calling for an update to Canadian privacy legislation, adapting it to protect people's data given the rise of new technologies.

Eggleton was the Chair of the World Council on City Data's advisory board. The World Council on City Data is an organization that tracks standardized city data across the world to help achieve sustainable development goals.

In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020, Eggleton wrote with Canadian political commentator Hugh Segal arguing for a basic income program in Canada, both supporting efforts in the Canadian Senate to establish such a policy.

In November 2021, Eggleton, with a human rights activist Rabia Khedr, called for Canada to fast track the Canada Disability Benefit and follow through with legislation to reduce disability poverty tabled by the Canadian government. Eggleton also published an e-book with four other authors make the case for basic income in Canada.

Eggleton serves on the board of directors of Toronto Kiwanis Boys and Girls Club, a charity that offers social service to youth in Toronto. As a boy in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Eggleton attended and is now a member of the Kiwanis Club of Toronto.

He is also a vice-president of Liberal International, an international consortium of liberal and progressive democratic political parties and citizen groups headquartered in London, England and promoting liberal democracy and liberal values as well as being president of the Canadian Group of Liberal International.

title: Art Eggleton


text:
Danebury

Danebury is an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, England, about 19 km north-west of Winchester. The site, covering 5 ha, was excavated by Barry Cunliffe in the 1970s. Danebury is considered a type-site for hill forts, and was important in developing the understanding of hillforts, as very few others have been so intensively excavated.

Built in the 6th century BC, the fort was used for almost 500 years, during a period when the number of hill forts in Wessex greatly increased. Danebury was remodelled several times, making it more complex and resulting in it becoming a "developed" hill fort. It is a Scheduled Monument and a Local Nature Reserve called Danebury Hillfort. The Scheduled Monument is surrounded by a Site of Special Scientific Interest, designated as Danebury Hill.

Investigation
Until the 19th century very little was known about hillforts, as none had been excavated and their original purpose had been long forgotten. In the medieval period, their construction was attributed variously to iconic figures such as King Arthur, King Alfred, the Danes, Julius Caesar, and even giants. By the 18th century, it was widely thought that hill forts were Roman in origin.

Interest in hill forts was roused by the investigation of a hillfort at Worlebury Hill in the early-19th century. The first excavation at Danebury was carried out in November 1859, under antiquarian Augustus Wollaston Franks. His workers cleared out an Iron Age pit that was 2 m deep and 1.5 m in diameter, although they were not able to ascertain its purpose.

The first widespread investigation of hill forts was carried out in the second half of the 19th century under Augustus Pitt-Rivers. Pitt-Rivers' work on the hill forts of Sussex led him to the conclusion that most hill forts were built in the Iron Age, and it paved the way for future work on hillforts. In the 1920s and 1930s, there was "hill fort mania" in British archaeology; by 1940, about 80 had been archaeologically excavated.

In the late 1960s, Barry Cunliffe decided to examine a single hillfort and its surrounding territory in an attempt to shed light on Iron Age society, its politics, and population. With the permission of the site's owner, Hampshire County Council, archaeological excavations began in 1969 and continued until 1988. Over the twenty seasons archaeologists spent examining the site, they looked at the defences and the gateway, and excavated 57% of the interior, where the remains of wattle and timber houses were discovered. It was the lengthiest investigation of any hill fort in western Europe.

A further non-invasive survey was carried out in 1997, as part of the Wessex Hillforts Project, using a magnetometer.

History
There is no historical record of events in Iron Age Britain, so archaeological investigation is the only way to reconstruct the history of Danebury, and other forts. It is impossible to state with certainty every significant event in the hillfort’s history, but where an event leaves an archaeologically identifiable trace, a general chronology can be established, although dates are much less easy to establish. The hillfort was occupied from the mid-6th century BC until around 100 BC, and the defences were remodelled numerous times.

Early in its life the site consisted of a single ditch encompassing an area of about 5 ha, with two gateways, one in the south-west and another in the east; two more rings of ditches were added later. The north part of the fort was occupied by four-post structures, probably granaries, which were later replaced by storage pits, and in the south part, there were roundhouses in between granaries and storage pits. When Danebury was built in the 6th century BC, it coincided with the construction of several other hillforts in the Wessex region, all of a similar size and layout.

The first phase of defences dates from around 550 BC, and consists of a rampart behind a ditch. When the ditch was cut, the chalk rubble fill was used to build the rampart, along with some of the local clay soil. The material was contained by timber, making it a box rampart with a vertical face. The east gateway was a simple 4 m wide gap in the defences with a timber gatehouse (the south-west gateway has not been excavated).

At least 50 years after the rampart was first built, it was raised with the addition of more chalk material; this has been interpreted as maintenance work due to the ramparts beginning to collapse as the timber box started to rot. Around the same time the ramparts were altered, the east gateway was widened to 9 m. The gates were burnt down not long after the east gateway was altered. For a short time the hill fort was gateless, when the east gateway was repaired the passage from the entrance was lengthened.

In around 400 BC the third phase heightened the rampart and at the same time the ditch was re-dug. The V-shaped ditch was 6 m deep and between 11 m and 12 m wide; the size of the previous ditch is unknown as re-cutting the ditch has made it hard to ascertain. The wooden box was abandoned in favour of allowing the rampart to slope down to the ditch, but to provide protection the rampart would probably have been surmounted by a dry stone wall made from flint. From the top of the ramparts to the bottom of the ditch is about 16 m.

Although the rampart and ditch were in use for a long time, during this period the east gateway was remodelled twice, making it longer, and creating earthworks on each side of the approach. The southwest gateway was given extra defences in the form of earthworks before being abandoned and filled in. Also in this period, the southern part of the fort became populated with four- and six-post structures, probably granaries, replacing the earlier roundhouses. The fort's centre was probably used for shrines while houses were mainly built close to the ramparts. A new series of earthworks was created beyond the already existing ring, turning Danebury into a complex multivallate (more than one series of earthworks) fort. They added 5.3 ha to the fort and probably were used to protect livestock. Danebury was abandoned around 100 BC, in common with the trend across Britain for hill forts to fall out of use around that time. Once again, the east gate was burnt down, although this time it was not replaced. Most of the inhabitants deserted Danebury, and groups of bodies were disposed of in charnel pits. The site continued in use, but on a much smaller scale than before. Buildings were left to decay and the interior of the fort became used for grazing. By the start of the 1st century AD, the settlement of Danebury was probably nothing more than a single farm.

Hillfort
Danebury Hill, on top of which the hillfort sits, rises to 143 m. The hillfort dominates the local landscape, which rarely rises above 100 m, and has commanding views of the area. The surrounding country has light soil that would have been easily cultivated. Territory commanded by Danebury included areas of forest, pasture in the uplands, and access to water sources in the form of the River Test. To the west runs Wallop Brook which flows south east into the River Test.

The nearby hill forts of Figsbury Ring, Quarley Hill, and Bury Hill were probably established around the same time as Danebury. All of a similar size, the hillforts were generally equally spaced, commanding similar sized territories and resources. There is some debate whether hill forts were purely defensive structures, and to what extent they were occupied. Cunliffe interprets the ramparts as essentially defensive, although he concedes that they may have been a means of displaying wealth and power, as Danebury would have been visible for miles around.

The ramparts were the strongest part of the fort, with the entrances the weakest. The complex gateways support the view that the site was militaristic; the long, curving east entrance maximised the time it would have taken for attackers to enter the fort and would have allowed defenders on the ramparts more time to hurl missiles, while the southwest entrance narrowed forcing attackers together and causing disarray. Iron Age society was, in Cunliffe's view, "effervescent ... essentially unstable, and prone to conflict", and he uses the possible military nature of hill forts to support this view. The burning of the gates was probably the result of an attack, and the charnel pits dating from the end of the intense period of Danebury's occupation contain about 100 bodies, many with injuries that appear to have been inflicted by weapons such as spears and swords.

Surrounding Danebury hillfort are many smaller farmsteads, between 1 ha and 2 ha in size. The fort was supplied with grain from the surrounding farmsteads, and could hold 20 times more food than the average farmstead, indicating Danebury had a higher status than local farmsteads. This is further supported by the fact that the hillfort was used as a "central place" where people could gather to trade and store commodities. Periods of intensified activity in hill forts such as Danebury coinciding with depopulation of the surrounding landscape could indicate the increasing importance of hill forts in society, or that there were times of unrest when people would retreat to the relative safety of a hill fort's ramparts.

While other hill forts were abandoned in the 4th century BC, in about 400 BC Danebury grew into what is known as a "developed hill fort". Danebury's importance in the landscape increased over time, as demonstrated by its continued use until around 100 AD. It was possibly inhabited by a king or chieftain and his family, retinue, and craftsmen, and may have housed a population of 200–350. There are traces of craft and industry on a large scale, and use of the site by a social elite is indicated by the presence of shrines in the centre of the fort.

Meteorite
The Danebury meteorite is an H5 ordinary chondrite meteorite found in 1974 during the excavation of a grain pit at the hill fort. Originally classified as a lump of slag it was identified as a meteorite about a decade later. It was found in a grain pit between two layers of infill with no particular evidence of it having been placed there, so it may have fallen directly into the pit. Carbon dating produced a date of 748–230 BC.

The meteorite was originally held by Oxford University but in 2014 was transferred to the Hampshire County Council Arts and Museums Service.

title: Danebury


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Lyonnais

The Lyonnais (, Liyonês) is a historical province of France which owes its name to the city of Lyon.

The geographical area known as the Lyonnais became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy after the division of the Carolingian Empire. The disintegration of Imperial control, especially after the fall of the Hohenstaufens in 1254, led to French encroachment and eventual acquisition by King Philip IV of France in 1313. Lyonnais now often simply refers to the area around the city of Lyon.

The local speech-form known as Lyonnais is a dialect of the Francoprovençal language that is spoken in the region, but its use is marginal.

title: Lyonnais


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Hypertriglyceridemia

Hypertriglyceridemia is the presence of high amounts of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are the most abundant fatty molecule in most organisms. Hypertriglyceridemia occurs in various physiologic conditions and in various diseases, and high triglyceride levels are associated with atherosclerosis, even in the absence of hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels) and predispose to cardiovascular disease.

Chronically elevated serum triglyceride levels are a component of metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, both of which typically involve obesity and contribute significantly to cardiovascular mortality in industrialised countries as of 2021. Extreme triglyceride levels also increase the risk of acute pancreatitis.

Hypertriglyceridemia itself is usually symptomless, although high levels may be associated with skin lesions known as xanthomas.

Signs and symptoms
Most people with elevated triglycerides experience no symptoms. Some forms of primary hypertriglyceridemia can lead to specific symptoms: both familial chylomicronemia and primary mixed hyperlipidemia include skin symptoms (eruptive xanthoma), eye abnormalities (lipemia retinalis), hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen), and neurological symptoms. Some experience attacks of abdominal pain that may be mild episodes of pancreatitis. Eruptive xanthomas are 2–5 mm papules, often with a red ring around them, that occur in clusters on the skin of the trunk, buttocks and extremities. Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia causes larger, tuberous xanthomas; these are red or orange and occur on the elbows and knees. Palmar crease xanthomas may also occur.

The diagnosis is made on blood tests, often performed as part of screening. Once diagnosed, other blood tests are usually required to determine whether the raised triglyceride level is caused by other underlying disorders ("secondary hypertriglyceridemia") or whether no such underlying cause exists ("primary hypertriglyceridemia"). There is a hereditary predisposition to both primary and secondary hypertriglyceridemia.

Acute pancreatitis may occur in people whose triglyceride levels are above 1000 mg/dL (11.3 mmol/L). Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with 1–4% of all cases of pancreatitis. The symptoms are similar to pancreatitis secondary to other causes, although the presence of xanthomas or risk factors for hypertriglyceridemia may offer clues.

Causes

 * Overeating
 * Obesity
 * Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance - it is one of the defined components of metabolic syndrome (along with central obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia)
 * Excess alcohol consumption
 * Kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome
 * Genetic predisposition; some forms of familial hyperlipidemia such as familial combined hyperlipidemia i.e. Type II hyperlipidemia
 * Lipoprotein lipase deficiency - Deficiency of this water-soluble enzyme, that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, leads to elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood.
 * Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency or Cholesteryl ester storage disease
 * Certain medications e.g. isotretinoin, hydrochlorothiazide diuretics, beta blockers, protease inhibitors
 * Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
 * Lupus and associated autoimmune responses
 * Glycogen storage disease type 1.
 * Propofol
 * HIV medications

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made on blood tests, often performed as part of screening. The normal triglyceride level is less than 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L). Once diagnosed, other blood tests are usually required to determine whether the raised triglyceride level is caused by other underlying disorders ("secondary hypertriglyceridemia") or whether no such underlying cause exists ("primary hypertriglyceridaemia"). There is a hereditary predisposition to both primary and secondary hypertriglyceridemia.

Screening
In 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force concluded that testing the general population under the age of 40 without symptoms is of unclear benefit.

Treatment
Lifestyle changes including weight loss, exercise and dietary modification may improve hypertriglyceridemia. This may include dietary changes such as restriction of fat and carbohydrates (specifically fructose), and increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids from algae, nuts, and seeds.

The decision to treat hypertriglyceridemia with medication depends on the levels and on the presence of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Very high levels that would increase the risk of pancreatitis is treated with a drug from the fibrate class. Niacin and omega-3 fatty acids as well as drugs from the statin class may be used in conjunction, with statins being the main drug treatment for moderate hypertriglyceridemia where reduction of cardiovascular risk is required. Medications are recommended in those with high levels of triglycerides that are not corrected with lifestyle modifications, with fibrates being recommended first. Epanova (omega-3-carboxylic acids) is another prescription drug used to treat very high levels of blood triglycerides.

Epidemiology
As of 2006, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in the United States was 30%.

Research
Analysis of the genes in depression and anxiety showed those linked solely to depression were also linked to hypertriglyceridemia.

Etymology
The word hypertriglyceridemia uses combining forms of hyper- + triglyceride + -emia, thus corresponding to "high triglyceride levels in the blood" or "too many triglycerides in the blood".

title: Hypertriglyceridemia


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Sarsen

Sarsen stones are silicified sandstone blocks found extensively across southern England on the Salisbury Plain and the Marlborough Downs in Wiltshire; in Kent; and in smaller quantities in Berkshire, Essex, Oxfordshire, Dorset, and Hampshire.

Geology
Sarsen stones are the post-glacial remains of a cap of Cenozoic silcrete that once covered much of southern England. This is thought to have formed during Neogene to Quaternary weathering by the silicification of Upper Paleocene Lambeth Group sediments, resulting from acid leaching.

Etymology
There are several potential sources for the word "sarsen."

The first is that word "sarsen" is a shortening of "Saracen stone" which arose in the Wiltshire dialect. In the Middle Ages, "Saracen" was a common name for Muslims, and came by extension to be used for anything regarded as non-Christian, whether Muslim or pagan in contrast to Christianity.

The second is that "sarsen" is vernacular variation of the Indo-European "sasan," name given to the prehistoric vaults of the Chotanagpur plateau of Northern India.

The third possibility is that "sarsen" comes from the hybrid Anglo-Saxon "sar-stan" or 'troublesome stone.' "Sar" has the meaning of 'grievous.'

Human uses
The builders of Stonehenge used these stones for the Heel Stone and sarsen circle uprights. Avebury and many other megalithic monuments in southern England are also built with sarsen stones.

While sarsen stones are not an ideal building material, fire and in later times explosives were sometimes employed to break the stone into pieces of a suitable size for use in construction. William Stukeley wrote that sarsen is "always moist and dewy in winter which proves damp and unwholesome, and rots the furniture". In the case of Avebury, the investors who backed a scheme to recycle the stone were bankrupted when the houses they built proved to be unsaleable and also prone to burning down. However, despite these problems, sarsen remained highly prized for its durability, being a favoured material for steps and kerb stones.

title: Sarsen