text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/June 2

It says here that Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised. Surely that depends on what part of the occasion was being shown? I know that the cameras weren't in Westminster Abbey for George VI's actual coronation in 1937, but the journey to/from the abbey in the state coach was shown on the BBC television service, which started in 1936. Arwel 10:14, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

"1800 - The first smallpox vaccination was administered in North America." Looking at the article it was administered in Europe before this date. Is the first time it was administered in North America really important? Secretlondon 17:28, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Plus, the linked article doesn't seem to mention this fact.217.154.66.11 12:18, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Stand Watie was the last Confederate general to surrender in the War Between the States, on June 25, 1865.
 * June 23, 1865, Watie's article says. -- 64.229.204.28 13:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

1953 item should be in past tense. -- 64.229.204.28 13:16, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've made some of these changes. BrokenSegue 15:33, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

1774 & 1966 items should be in past tense. --64.229.207.249 15:35, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * yeah got them, thanks. BrokenSegue 15:36, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for fixing. Please consider also the request at Talk:Main Page. --64.229.207.249 15:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Malformated backformation
The word "coronated" on the reference to HM Queen Elizabeth II should be "crowned"; the former is a non-existent back-formation.

--81.178.91.6 15:51, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's already fixed. Empty your cache, please. -- 64.229.207.249 16:04, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Toxoplasma gondii is associated with Alzheimers (and other pathogens)
This information doesn't seem to appear in either the Alzheimers article or Toxoplasma gondii. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.3.161.217 (talk) 01:36, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:15, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Mrkonjić Grad incident (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Quartering Acts; Battle of Diamond Rock; Charles Rolls; 1919 United States anarchist bombings; Air Canada Flight 797; Bhutan Broadcasting Service
 * Included: Prague Slavic Congress, 1848 (4th appearance, last in 2010); Battle of Ridgeway (first appearance); Grover Cleveland/Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston (first appearance for both); Benno Ohnesorg/Movement 2 June (Ohnesorg: 2nd appearance, last in 2010; Movement: first appearance); Cumbria shootings (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:20, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash
 * Omitted: Battle of Ridgeway; Grover Cleveland/Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston; Benno Ohnesorg/Movement 2 June; Bhutan Broadcasting Service; Cumbria shootings
 * Included: Recollects (first appearance); Battle of Diamond Rock (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Charles Rolls (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Air Canada Flight 797 (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 30th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Prague Slavic Congress, 1848 (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:21, 1 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Vandals (date is better suited to Genseric, but that article is ineligible)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Scott O'Grady
 * Omitted: Recollects (ineligible—maintenance); Prague Slavic Congress, 1848; Charles Rolls; Air Canada Flight 797
 * Included: Siege of Antioch (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); 1919 United States anarchist bombings (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Benno Ohnesorg/2 June Movement (Ohnesorg: 3rd appearance, Movement: 2nd appearance, both last in 2012); 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash (first appearance; 20th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Battle of Diamond Rock (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:28, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Quartering Acts (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Indian Citizenship Act
 * Omitted: Battle of Diamond Rock; 1919 United States anarchist bombings; Benno Ohnesorg; 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash
 * Included: Prague Slavic Congress, 1848 (6th appearance, last in 2013); Grover Cleveland/Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston (both: 2nd appearance, last in 2012); Charles Rolls (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Scott O'Grady (first appearance; 20th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Siege of Antioch (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

Comment-2016
howcheng: I checked the lists and I found no changes necessary eligibles and Ineligibles stayed at their place. Mhhossein (talk) 17:20, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:58, 31 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Siege of Antioch; Prague Slavic Congress, 1848; Grover Cleveland; Charles Rolls; Scott O'Grady
 * Included: Battle of Diamond Rock (4th appearance, last in 2014); Battle of Ridgeway (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 150th anniversary); Benno Ohnesorg/2 June Movement (Ohnesorg: 4th appearance; Movement: 3rd appearance; both last in 2014); Bhutan Broadcasting Service (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Cumbria shootings (2nd appearance, last in 2012)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:27, 2 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Siege of Antioch (maintenance); Prague Slavic Congress, 1848 (maintenance); Charles Rolls (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Ridgeway (ineligible—maintenance); Bhutan Broadcasting Service (ineligible—maintenance); Cumbria shootings
 * Included: Indian Citizenship Act (4th appearance, last in 2009); Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (first appearance); 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Thomas Hardy (first appearance); George S. Kaufman (first appearance); Abby Wambach (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Diamond Rock (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Benno Ohnesorg/2 June Movement (both: 2nd consecutive appearance; Ohnesorg: 5 total; Movement: 4 total; 50th anniversary)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:51, 3 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Indian Citizenship Act; Benno Ohnesorg/2 June Movement; 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash; Thomas Hardy (ineligible—maintenance); George S. Kaufman; Abby Wambach
 * Included: Grover Cleveland (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Battle of Santiago (1962 FIFA World Cup) (first appearance); Cumbria shootings (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Rutger von Ascheberg (first appearance); Ogata Kōrin (first appearance); Gilbert Baker (artist) (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Diamond Rock (3rd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:11, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Grover Cleveland; Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II; Battle of Santiago (1962 FIFA World Cup); Cumbria shootings; Rutger von Ascheberg; Ogata Kōrin; Gilbert Baker (artist)
 * Included: Sack of Rome (455) (first appearance); 1919 United States anarchist bombings (3rd appearance, last in 2014; 100th anniversary); Death of Benno Ohnesorg (6th appearance, last in 2017); 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 25th anniversary); Al-Muwaffaq (first appearance); William Salmon (first appearance); Adelaide Casely-Hayford (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Diamond Rock (4th consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:19, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Diamond Rock; 1919 United States anarchist bombings; 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash; Al-Muwaffaq; William Salmon; Adelaide Casely-Hayford
 * Included: Festa della Repubblica (rescued from Ineligible); Grover Cleveland/Frances Cleveland (Grover: 2nd appearance, last in 2018; Frances: 3rd, last in 2015, was previously ineligible); Scott O'Grady (2nd appearance, last in 2015; 25th anniversary); Cumbria shootings (4th appearance, last in 2018; 10th anniversary); Bernard of Wąbrzeźno (first appearance); Daniel Pollen (first appearance); Abby Wambach (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 40th birthday)
 * Repeats: Sack of Rome (455) (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Death of Benno Ohnesorg/2 June Movement (both: 2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:50, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Battle of Santiago (1962 FIFA World Cup) (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Sack of Rome (455); Death of Benno Ohnesorg; Scott O'Grady; Cumbria shootings; Bernard of Wąbrzeźno; Daniel Pollen; Abby Wambach
 * Included: Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793/François Hanriot (both: first appearance); Indian Citizenship Act (5th appearance, last in 2017); Coronation of Elizabeth II (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Air Canada Flight 797 (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Rutger von Ascheberg (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Gilbert Baker (artist) (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 70th birthday); George S. Kaufman (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 60th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Grover Cleveland/Frances Cleveland (both: 2nd consecutive appearance; Grover: 5 total; Frances: 4 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:09, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Siege of Antioch (moved to October 20)
 * Omitted: Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793; Grover Cleveland/Frances Cleveland; Indian Citizenship Act; Coronation of Elizabeth II; Air Canada Flight 797; Rutger von Ascheberg; Gilbert Baker (artist); George S. Kaufman
 * Included: Sack of Rome (455) (3rd appearance, last in 2020); Pemulwuy; 1919 United States anarchist bombings (4th appearance, last in 2019); Killing of Benno Ohnesorg/2 June Movement (Ohnesorg: 8th appearance; Movement: 7th; both last in 2020); 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash (4th appearance, last in 2019); Ogata Kōrin (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Adelaide Casely-Hayford (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (first appearance)


text: Category:Latvian politicians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Latvian politicians


text:
Category:University of Kent

The University of Kent (originally titled University of Kent at Canterbury and still often referred to as UKC) is a plate glass university in the United Kingdom. It was granted its Royal Charter in 1965 and the first students arrived in the October of that year.

It has campuses at Canterbury, Medway and Tonbridge, all in the county of Kent, and the Brussels School of International Studies, also known as the University of Kent at Brussels.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:University of Kent


text: Category:Latvian people

title: Category:Latvian people


text:
Urinal

A urinal is a sanitary plumbing fixture for urination only. Urinals are often provided in public toilets for male users in Western countries (less so in Muslim countries). They are usually used in a standing position. Urinals can be with manual flushing, automatic flushing, or without flushing, as is the case for waterless urinals. They can be arranged as single sanitary fixtures (with or without privacy walls) or in a trough design without privacy walls. Urinals designed for females ("female urinals") also exist but are rare. It is possible for females to use stand-up urinals using a female urination device.

The term "urinal" may also apply to a small building or other structure containing such fixtures. It can also refer to a small container in which urine can be collected for medical analysis, or for use where access to toilet facilities is not possible, such as in small aircraft, during extended stakeouts, or for the bedridden.

Description
A stand-up urinal can be used conveniently and appropriately by someone who has a penis or other adaptive means with which to urinate from a standing position. There is no age restriction, and urinals are commonly used by men and boys of all ages. Female urinals also exist but are not common.

In busy public toilets, urinals are installed for efficiency. Compared with urination in a general-purpose toilet, usage is faster and more sanitary because at the urinal there are no fecal germs, no additional doors or locks to touch, and no seat to turn up. Consistent use of urinals also keeps the toilet stalls cleaner and more available for persons who need to defecate. A urinal takes less space, is simpler, and consumes less water per flush (or even no water at all) than a flush toilet. Large numbers of them are usually installed along a common supply pipe and drain. Urinals may also come in different heights, to accommodate tall and short users.

Public urinals usually have a plastic mesh guard, which may optionally contain a deodorizing urinal deodorizer block or "urinal cake". The mesh is intended to prevent solid objects (such as cigarette butts, feces, chewing gum, or paper) from being flushed and possibly causing a plumbing stoppage. In some restaurants, bars, and clubs, ice may be put in the urinals, serving some of the same purposes as the deodorizing block without dispensing odorous chemicals.

Arrangement
For purposes of space and economic practicality, urinals are not typically placed inside stalls. Unlike in female public toilets that do not have urinals, optimal resource efficiency in male restrooms therefore requires urinating in full visibility of other users. In recent years, it has become more common in some countries for dividers or partitions to be installed between urinals to eliminate any chance of incidental exposure during the process of urination.

Urinals in high-capacity public toilets are usually arranged in one or more rows directly opposite the door, so that users have their backs to people entering or standing outside. Often, one or two of the urinals, typically at one end of a long row, will be mounted lower than the others; they are meant for the disabled and other users who cannot reach the regular urinals. In facilities where people of various heights are present, such as schools, urinals that extend down to floor level may be used to allow anyone of any height to use any urinal.

Instead of individual fixtures, trough urinals may be installed. These designs can be used by a number of people simultaneously, but they do not allow for much privacy. They are often installed where there is a high peak demand, such as in schools, music festivals, theatrical events, sports stadiums, discos, dance clubs, and convention halls.

Urinals were once installed exclusively in commercial or institutional settings, but are also now available for private homes. They offer the advantages of substantial water savings in residences with many occupants, and reduction of "splash back", making cleaning easier.

Urinals with flushing
Most public urinals incorporate a water flushing system to rinse urine from the bowl of the device, to prevent foul odors. The flush can be triggered by one of several methods:

Manual handles
This type of flush might be regarded as standard in the United States. Each urinal is equipped with a button or short lever to activate the flush, with users expected to operate it as they leave. Such a directly controlled system is the most efficient, provided that patrons remember to use it. This is far from certain, however, often because of fear of touching the handle, which is located too high to kick. Urinals with foot-activated flushing systems are sometimes found in high-traffic areas; these systems have a button set into the floor or a pedal on the wall at ankle height. The Americans with Disabilities Act requires that flush valves be mounted no higher than 44 in AFF (above the finished floor). Additionally, the urinal is to be mounted no higher than 17 in AFF, and to have a rim that is tapered and elongated and protrudes at least 14 in from the wall. This enables users in wheelchairs to straddle the lip of the urinal and urinate without having to "arc" the flow of urine upwards.

Timed flush
In Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong and some parts of Sweden and Finland, manual flush handles are unusual. Instead, the traditional system is a timed flush that operates automatically at regular intervals. Groups of up to ten or more urinals will be connected to a single overhead cistern, which contains the timing mechanism. A constant drip-feed of water slowly fills the cistern until a tipping point is reached, when the valve opens (or a siphon begins to drain the cistern), and all the urinals in the group are flushed. Electronic controllers performing the same function are also used.

This system does not require any action from its users, but it is wasteful of water when toilets are used irregularly. However, in these countries users are so used to the automatic system, that attempts to install manual flushes to save water are generally unsuccessful. Users ignore them not through deliberate laziness or fear of infection, but because activating the flush is not habitual.

To help reduce water usage when public toilets are closed, some public toilets with timed flushing use an electric water valve connected to the room's light switch. When the building is in active use during the day and the lights are on, the timed flush operates normally. At night when the building is closed, the lights are turned off and the flushing action stops.

Door-regulated flush
This is an older method of water-saving automatic flushing, which only operates when the public toilet has been used. A push-button switch is mounted in the door frame, and triggers the flush valve for all urinals every time the door is opened. While it cannot detect the use of individual urinals, it provides reasonable flushing action without wasting excessive amounts of water when the urinals are not being used. This method requires a spring-operated automatic door closer, since the flush mechanism only operates when the door opens.

Alternatively, a flushing system connected to the door can count the number of users, and operate when the number of door opening events reaches a certain value. At night, the door never opens, so flushing never occurs.

Automatic flush
Electronic automatic flushes solve the problems of previous approaches, and are common in new installations. A passive infrared sensor identifies when the urinal has been used, by detecting when someone has stood in front of it and moved away, and then activates the flush. There usually is also a small override button, to allow optional manual flushing.

Automatic flush facilities can be retrofitted to existing systems. The handle-operated valves of a manual system can be replaced with a suitably designed self-contained electronic valve, often battery-powered to avoid the need to add cables. Older timed-flush installations may add a device that regulates the water flow to the cistern according to the overall activity detected in the room. This does not provide true per-fixture automatic flushing, but is simple and cheap to add because only one device is required for the whole system.

To prevent false-triggering of the automatic flush, most infrared detectors require that a presence be detected for at least five seconds, such as when a person is standing in front of it. This prevents a whole line of automatic flush units from triggering in succession if someone just walks past them. The automatic flush mechanism also typically waits for the presence to go out of sensor range before flushing. This reduces water usage, compared to a sensor that would trigger a continuous flushing action the whole time that a presence is detected.

Waterless urinals
Since about the 1990s urinals have been available on the market that use no water at all. These are called waterless urinals or flushless urinals.

The first waterless urinal was developed at the end of the 19th century by the German-Austrian Wilhelm Beetz using an oil-based syphon with a liquid that he called Urinol.

Waterless urinals can save between 15000 and 45,000 gal of water per urinal per year, depending on the amount of water used in the water-flushed urinal for comparison purposes, and the number of uses per day. For example, these numbers assume that the urinal would be used between 40 and 120 times per business day.

Waterless urinals allow the collection of undiluted pure urine which can be used as a fertilizer.

Odor control
Models of waterless urinals introduced by the Waterless Company in 1991 and others in 2001 by Falcon Waterfree Technologies and Sloan Valve Company, as well as Duravit, use a trap insert filled with a sealant liquid instead of water. The lighter-than-water sealant floats on top of the urine collected in the U-bend, preventing odors from being released into the air. The cartridge and sealant must be periodically replaced.

Waterless urinals may also use an outlet system that traps the odor, preventing the smell often present in toilet blocks. Another method to eliminate odor was introduced by Caroma, which installed a deodorizing block in their waterless urinal that was activated during use.

Odor control in waterless urinals is also achieved with simple one-way valves which are manufactured as a flat rubber tube (the tube opens when urine flows through) or with two silicone "curtain" pieces. The former is used in the waterless urinals by the company Keramag in Germany (model Centaurus) and the latter is marketed by the company Addicom in South Africa who called it the EcoSmellStop device.

Applications
Waterless urinals can be installed in high-traffic facilities, and in situations where providing a water supply may be difficult or where water conservation is desired.

Waterless urinals have become rather common in Germany since about 2009 and can be found at restaurants, cinemas, highway rest stops, train stations and so forth. It was estimated in 2009 that there are about 6 million urinals in Germany, and about 100,000 of those were of the waterless type in that year.

Due to high-level water restrictions during about 2005-2008 the city council of Brisbane, Australia mandated conversion to waterless urinals. Flush urinals are nowadays rarely seen in Brisbane.

Installation and maintenance
The drain pipes from waterless urinals need to be installed correctly in terms of diameter, slope and pipe materials in order to prevent buildup of struvite ("urine stone") and calcium phosphate precipitates in the pipes, which would cause blockages and could require expensive repairs. Also, the undiluted urine is corrosive to metals (except for stainless steel), which is why plastic pipes are generally preferred for urine drain pipes.

Most waterless urinals do not prevent odorous staining on the surface of the urinals, and periodic cleaning of the fixture and its surrounds is still required. When maintained according to manufacturers' recommendations, well-designed waterless urinals do not emit any more odors than flushed urinals do. However, some odor-trapping devices work better than others in the longer term. Regular, thorough maintenance of the respective odor control device is needed for all types of waterless urinals, as per the manufacturer's recommendation.

Situation in the United States
US federal law has mandated no more than one gallon per flush since 1994, and the EPA estimates that the average urinal is flushed 20 times per day, which gives an average water use of 7300 gal per year. Mechanical traps are not allowed by US building codes but are allowed in many other countries.

Plumbers' unions initially opposed waterless urinals, citing concerns about health and safety, which have been debunked by scientists who have studied the devices. Facing opposition to their attempts to have the devices allowed in plumbing codes, manufacturers devised a compromise. The Uniform Plumbing Code was modified to allow waterless urinals to be installed, provided that unneeded water lines were nevertheless run to the back of the urinals. This allows conventional water-flushing urinals to be retrofitted later, if waterless models were judged to be unsatisfactory over time.

In March 2006, the Associated Press reported that the plumbers' union in Philadelphia had become upset because developer Liberty Property Trust had decided to use waterless urinals in the Comcast Center. Many in the union believed that this would lead to less work for them. The developer cited saving the city 1600000 gal of water per year as its deciding factor.

In February 2010, the headquarters of the California EPA removed waterless urinals that were installed in 2003 due to "hundreds of complaints", including odors and splashed urine on the floors. Officials blamed the failure of the project on incompatibility with the building's existing plumbing systems.

Street urinals
In some localities, urinals may be located on public sidewalks or in public areas such as parks. These urinals are often equipped with partitions for the sake of privacy, and some are fully enclosed structures. They may or may not be equipped with water flushing mechanisms.

The first 'pissoirs' were installed in Paris in the 1830s, and the idea gradually gained popularity in other European cities. From a peak in the 1930s when there were over 1,000 in Paris alone, historic urinals have gradually disappeared, in favour of facilities for both sexes. In the 21st century, public urination by men in some locations was again seen as a nuisance, and modern versions of street urinals have been installed.

The Netherlands has a number of strategically placed street urinals in various cities, intended to reduce public urination by drunken men. Amsterdam has the largest collection of historic urinals, with about 30 'Plaskrul' ('pisscurl'), a flushless urinal with a curved privacy screen, in the central city. In recent years, urinals that can be retracted into the ground during the day or between special events have been installed, in order to save space when they are not expected to be needed. When closed they look like a large manhole in a sidewalk. Similar retractable models, such as the model by the Dutch company Urilift, are also seen in the UK and other countries. At night when bars are open they rise out of the sidewalk; some time after the bars close, the urinals return to their manhole configuration so that they are unseen by people during the day. In the Philippines, Marikina was the first city to install street urinals in the late 1990s. When Marikina Mayor Bayani Fernando was appointed chair of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, he installed street urinals in the rest of Metro Manila as well.

Urinals designed for females
In the Western world, females are generally taught to sit or squat while urinating. Many therefore do not know how – or even that it is possible – for a female to aim her urine stream as would be required to use a stand-up urinal. Thus, several different types of urinals have been designed for females that do not require the user to aim their urine stream. A typical user could thus theoretically approach such a urinal squatting backwards over it without necessarily trying to aim their stream.

Arts and interactive urinals
Kisses! is a controversial urinal designed by the female Dutch designer Meike van Schijndel. It is shaped like an open pair of red lips. In early March 2004, the National Organization for Women (NOW) took offense to the new urinals that Virgin Atlantic decided to install in the Virgin Atlantic clubhouse at John F Kennedy International Airport in New York City. After receiving many angry phone calls from female customers, Virgin Atlantic Vice President John Riordan called NOW to apologize. Protestors surmised a connection to oral sex or urolagnia, and based their complaints on the urinals being sexist. A McDonald's restaurant in the Netherlands removed them after a customer complained to the head office in the United States.

Interactive urinals have been developed in a number of countries, allowing users to entertain themselves during urination. One example is the Toylet, a video game system produced by the Japanese company Sega that allows users to play video games using their urine to control the on-screen action.

Makeshift urinals
During military operations, such as the Korean War, Vietnam War, or Operation Desert Storm, "piss tubes" were used as makeshift urinals. To make one, soldiers would affix an inverted disposable water bottle on one end of a rigid tube, burying the other end. Removing the base of the bottle made a funnel which would be left at the proper height. Deposited urine simply soaked into the ground; when the area became saturated, the device was relocated.

In vehicles
, the aircraft manufacturer Airbus offered its customers the option of installing urinals in its A380 aircraft.

History

In the spring of 1830, the city government of Paris decided to install the first public urinals on the major boulevards. They were put in place by the summer, but in July of the same year, many were destroyed through their use as materials for street barricades during the French Revolution of 1830.

The urinals were re-introduced in Paris after 1834, when over 400 were installed by Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau, the Préfet of the Department of the Seine. Having a simple cylindrical shape, built of masonry, open on the street side, and ornately decorated on the other side as well as the cap, they were popularly known as 'colonnes Rambuteau' ('Rambuteau columns'). In response, Rambuteau suggested the name 'vespasiennes', in reference to the 1st century Roman emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus, who placed a tax on urine collected from public toilets for use in tanning. This is the usual term by which street urinals are known in the French speaking world, although 'pissoir' and 'pissotière' are also in common use.

In Paris, the next version was a masonry column that allowed for the pasting of posters on the side facing the footpath, creating a tradition that continues to this day (as a Morris column, a column with an elaborate roof and without the urinal).

Cast iron urinals were developed in the United Kingdom, with the Scottish firm of Walter McFarlane and Company casting urinals at their Saracen Foundry and erecting the first at Paisley Road, Glasgow in October 1850. By the end of 1852, nearly 50 cast iron urinals had been installed in Glasgow, including designs with more than one stall. Unlike Rambuteau's columns, which were entirely open at the front, McFarlane's one-man urinals were designed with spiral cast iron screens that allowed the user to be hidden from sight, and his multi-stall urinals were completely hidden within ornate, modular cast iron panels. Three manufacturers in Glasgow, Walter Macfarlane & Co., George Smith (Sun Foundry) and James Allan Snr & Son (Elmbank Foundry), supplied the majority of cast iron urinals across Britain and exported them around the world, including Australia and Argentina.

Back in Paris, cast iron urinals were introduced as part of Baron Haussmann's remodelling of the city. A large variety of designs were produced in subsequent decades, housing two to 8 stalls, typically only screening the central portion of the user from public view, with the head and feet still visible. Screens were also added to Rambuteau columns. At the peak of their spread in the 1930s there were 1,230 pissoirs in Paris, but by 1966 their number had decreased to 329. From 1980 they were replaced systematically with new technology, a unisex, enclosed, automatically self-cleaning unit called the Sanisette.

In Berlin, the first pissoirs, in wood, were erected in 1863. In order to provide a design as distinguished as in other cities, several architectural design competitions were organised in 1847, 1865 and 1877. The last design, proposed by a city councillor, was the one adopted in 1878, a cast-iron octagonal structure with seven stalls and a peaked roof, known locally as a Café Achteck ('Octagon Cafe'). In common with British designs, they provided complete enclosure, and were provided with interior lighting. Their number increased to 142 by 1920, but there are now only about a dozen remaining in use.

A similar design was adopted in Vienna, though simpler, smaller and hexagonal. They were equipped with a novel "oil system", patented by Wilhelm Beetz in 1882, where a type of oil was used to neutralise odours, dispensing with the necessity for plumbing. About 15 are still in use, and one has been restored and set up as a display in the Vienna Technical Museum.

In central Amsterdam, there are about 35 pee curls, which consist of a raised metal screen that curls in a spiral enclosing a single urinal stall, including some two-person examples with the same details but a simpler shape. Though the design first emerged in the 1870s, an updated design by Joan van der Mey dates from 1916. All the remaining examples were restored in 2008.

Pissoirs of various sizes and designs, but mostly in patterned cast-iron, can still be found dotted across the UK, with a few in London, but especially in Birmingham and Bristol. A solitary example of Walter McFarlane's one-man spiral urinal remains in Thorn Park, Plymouth. A number have been restored and relocated to the grounds of various open-air museums and heritage railway lines.

Rectangular pissoirs, with elaborate patterned cast-iron panels, similar in design to some of the UK ones, were installed in the city of Sydney, Australia, in 1880 and Melbourne, Australia, in the period 1903–1918. Of at least 40 that were made, nine remain in place and in use on the streets in and around central Melbourne, and have been classified by the National Trust since 1998.

In recent years, temporary pissoirs with multiple unscreened urinals around a central column have been introduced in the UK. A temporary pissoir for women called the 'Peeasy' is used in Switzerland.

Until the 1990s, street urinals were a common sight in Paris (France), and in the 1930s more than 1200 were in service. They were famous among foreign tourists. Parisians referred to them as vespasiennes, the name being derived from that of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, who, according to an anecdote, imposed a tax on urine. Beginning in the 1990s, the vespasiennes (renowned for their smell and lack of hygiene) were gradually replaced by Sanisettes. Today only one vespasienne remains in the city (on Boulevard Arago), and it is still regularly used. They still exist in other French cities and in other countries.

Society and culture
Examples of urinals in popular culture include:
 * Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (1917), which some have called the most influential modern artwork, is a urinal which Duchamp signed "R. Mutt".
 * Police in Nassau County, New York adopted talking urinals in an anti-drunk driving initiative. Using Wizmark, a talking urinal display screen, police can provide bars with free pre-programmed urinal messages urging patrons not to drink and drive.
 * Ernest Hemingway converted a urinal from Sloppy Joe's bar into a water fountain for his cats. The fountain remains a prominent feature at his former home in Key West, Florida, a popular tourist destination in the town.
 * Pissoir, retitled Urinal in some countries, was the first feature film directed by John Greyson. It was released in 1980 and takes place in a toilet.
 * Gabriel Chevallier's 1934 satirical novel Clochemerle deals with the ramifications of plans to install a new urinal in a French village.
 * Indiana Urinalysis (1988) is a documentary on the subject of urinals. Topics include "types of urinals, urinal etiquette, usage of urinal cakes, why urinals are always white, preference of urinal vs. toilet, and urinals for women, as well as a collection of urinal anecdotes." It received a Citation Award from the Indiana Film Society in 1990.
 * "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce" is an episode of the American adult animated sitcom South Park, in which the plot revolves around the elementary school's efforts to establish the identity of a person who defecated in a urinal.

title: Urinal


text:
Talk:Trajan's Column

Untitled
I wasn't certain about the precise height. Indeed this source agrees with the 38-metre number: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=75072&tocid=0&query=trajan (I didn't have any authoritative sources to check with when I wrote that bit.) :-)

Btw, other results in a brief Google search seem to yield only approximate numbers in the order of 30 metres or 100 feet.

--abhi 10:20, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Edited for readability
I've moved the translation up a little, block-formatted the inscription text and added some whitespace. I don't know how much better it is now. Does it work? --abhi 13:44, 2005 Jan 19 (UTC)

It looks better if you take the image from the left but i have left it to the page creator to do. --Gabor 14:35, 2006 Apr 10 (GMT)

Possible links to further online images
I recently had an email exchange with someone who was looking for the best available photographic representation of the column (print or online). It looks like the most comprehensive online photos are at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/Trajans_Column/home.html. Possibly should be added to the external links, although (as my correspondent wrote) the photos are a bit dark.

He also writes:

"There is a book for sale by Radu Vulpe and a forthcoming CD both published by CIMEC, but when you go to their website there is no mention of the CD and the book doesn't seem to have sufficient photographic images to cover the entire column, even though he is credited as having taken a complete photographic record of the castings in one of the Romanian museums."

"http://www.cimec.ro/DespreCIMEC/e_OfertaPublicatii.htm"

There is also a great site at http://www.stoa.org/trajan/, but with drawings rather than photos, which we should certainly link; I will do so. - Jmabel | Talk 18:33, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Aha! These are already linked, this person was writing me about precisely what we already link to. - Jmabel | Talk 18:36, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There's an excellent photograph already on Wikipedia, which I added today to the "Inscriptions" section. Might someone help me with the formatting? It's appearing in between sections, and looks messy.
 * File:Trajan inscription duotone.jpg Noboswell (talk) 19:52, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

AD or BC?
You might want to clairfy if this Is B.C.  or  A.D.    just listing the year doesn't help for the casual reader. -  el question
 * Clicking on the link directs to the AD year. If the year is not given, then it is assumed to be AD. I may clarify this, though. --Grimhelm 15:01, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Monument to genocide?
I've heard that the column itself shows Trajan's victory as the 'extermination' of the Dacians, making it the worlds only monument celebrating a self-proclaimed genocide. Is this true? If so, it ought to be recognised in the article. M-Henry (talk) 11:19, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

Location Dot on Map
I just noticed today that the little blue dot showing where Trajan's column is (on the mini map of Rome) is showing the wrong location. The column is located at the North end of Trajan's forum, well to the right of where the dot currently is. A quick search for "trajan's column" on Google maps will show exactly where it should be.

Sorry I can't fix this myself, but I'm submitting this with my phone and there's only so much wiki editing I can do on a tiny screen! 87.18.215.9 (talk) 22:44, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Unsure about the wording of this sentence!
"Ancient coins indicate preliminary plans to top the column with a statue of a bird, probably an eagle,[3] but after construction, a statue of Trajan was put in place; this statue disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned by Pope Sixtus V with a bronze figure of St. Peter, which remains to this day.[4]"

I am concerned by these words from the above; "...;this statue disappeared in the Middle Ages." Just how would anything of this size "disappear?" Did the author of this sentence really mean to say that to the best of his/her knowledge that there appears to be no mention of it during this period? Just maybe it did not exist then? Perhaps it is a product of the 16th century C.E.?96.19.147.40 (talk) 17:36, 24 April 2013 (UTC)Ronald L. Hughes

Weird mock sociology?
What is the purpose of the strange statement "In the male discourse of warfare, women are a visual trope that develops further the idea of subjugation by feminizing the foreign conquered"? This sounds like a weird form of feminist pseudo-sociology. It is not encyclopaedic, and should be deleted. Furthermore the women are traditionally interpreted as Dacian women torturing Roman soldiers. There are other women on the column - study indicates the "the figures are holding sacrificial offerings at a religious military ceremony – roles normally undertaken by boys. The six figures are clearly women or girls and Greene believes they depict the wives or daughters of senior officers."- New Scientist, ref http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/trajans-column-sheds-light-womens-role-ancient-roman-army-1484082Royalcourtier (talk) 21:07, 16 May 2015 (UTC)

Scrutiny and re-write
Planning to take this on very soon. Just for now, posting link here to University of St. Andrews website on subject. Not intending this a inline source, as it's an in-house development which though seemingly intended to assist graduate (and possibly postgraduate) study/research/project development is probably on the margins of being an acceptable source because it's not been peer reviewed. BUT... it's an exepert, in-depth project of very wide scope, a pretty damn good resource & has an amazing photo collection, with well-referenced analysis of images and their sundry dimensions - meanings, rather. Here's the link. Haploidavey (talk) 00:08, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Piece
If the piece was lost, how do we know that the text reads TANTIBVS and not TANTIBVS or TANTIBVS? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.142.57.33 (talk) 13:11, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

External Links Not Working
It seems there are some external links to pages which are down:

https://www.rome-roma.net/it/colonna-traiana/progetto-traiano/integrale-de-la-colonne-trajane/ - doesn't reproduce pictures

https://sws.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~trajan/ - doesn't exist anymore

I'll try to add some newer high-quality sites. WorldCrusher (talk) 11:42, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:22, 18 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Trajan's Column HD.jpg

title: Talk:Trajan's Column


text:
Talk:Zebra Puzzle

Copyright problems
Copyright problems
 * Einstein's Puzzle
 * Has now been rephrased. May have been public domain, anyway. Kevin Saff 14:56, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * List of SAT Words starting with C
 * And many more lists of SAT words.
 * Claim of public domain. (Still a question of whether these belong here.) Kevin Saff 14:56, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * The part of Calculating the day of the week by User:147.252.229.65 was copied from http://www.terra.es/personal2/grimmer/.
 * This has now been rephrased. Kevin Saff 14:56, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I can most certainly say that that Einstein's Puzzle did not come from that page, it is much older ( in fact, i remember solving it in 12 minutes at the age of 14 ), i cannot speak for the other pages but that page most certainly did not originally come from that url, he may have copied it from there but that is not it's original origin. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 21:03, 2004 Apr 27 (UTC)
 * You're probably right. I guess I don't know the copyright status of things like this, and became overzealous when I saw that all of this user's edits were copy/pastes from other websites. Kevin Saff 14:56, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Since it's been more than a month and nobody else cares, I've reinstated the text, with some tweaking ... DavidWBrooks 18:31, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Missing step in "A different method of solving the puzzle"
In the chapter "A different method of solving the puzzle" it is said, that Chesterfields are smoked in house two and because Chesterfields ars smoked next to the fox, the fox must be in house one. In my opinion you can't exclude house three for the fox at this situation; so the fox could also be in house three!? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.18.29.130 (talk) 13:56, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

The Solution
How about putting the solution on another page? For example, Einstein's puzzle/Solution. Jimp 27Nov05

The ((solution)) warning seems to be the preferred way to handle this. See. Canon 21:00, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Fair point. Okay, let's leave it as it is. Jimp 30Nov05

What about making the Solution expendable like in the German Wikipedia (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrar%C3%A4tsel). That way it would still be on the same page but it would not be visible for people who want to read the rest of the Article and solve the Puzzle at a later time. Furthermore I think the Spoiler policy does not apply here since it states that "A spoiler is a piece of information in an article about a narrative work (such as a book, feature film, television show or video game) that reveals plot events or twists." which is not the case here. Stipa (talk) 05:26, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Ordered from left to right
"One other thing: In Statement 6, right means your right." says the article. The fact is that it doesn't matter whose right it is. What matters is that the houses are in a row and ordered from left to right. I'll adjust the wording accordingly. Jimp 29Nov05

 * What does matter is that the "first" house is on the "left".Badmuthahubbard 05:38, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The first house on the left is a house on one end of the row. It doesn't matter which end as long as you are consistent in deciding which end is left. Canon 14:03, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * So why mention that it's on the left? I took that out, but I'm not dogmatic about it - can you explain to those of us who are a bit slow why it needs to be mentioned? - DavidWBrooks 14:48, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If you look at the clues, the only ones that mention direction are 6 (which mentions "right") and 10 (which mentions "first"). Looking at the solution logic, you find that clue 6 is used in step 1 only to deduce that the green and ivory houses are next to one another.  The sense of direction is an inessential detail.  Nonetheless, it serves to establish that the first house is on the left end.  Therefore I agree it does not need to be stated as an assumption since it can be deduced from the clues. Canon 15:22, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I don't think that the fact that the first house is on the left can be deduced from the clues.

 * If you make the assumption that the first house is the rightmost one, you'll find that you get a solution and that the Norwegian still drinks water, and the Japanese still owns the zebra, but who lives where will change slightly.

 * Under this assumption, the solution looks like a left-right reversal of the solution given in the article, except that the [green, Spaniard, orange juice, Lucky Strike, dog] house is at the (leftmost) end of the street, swapping positions with the [ivory, Japanese, coffee, Parliament, zebra] house. --Rick 15:11, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting. So it is not the case that the puzzle requires that "first" mean "leftmost."  Is it worth stating that the specific solution given in the article is one of two possibilities depending upon whether "first" means "leftmost" or "rightmost"? Canon 17:10, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have added this "right-to-left" solution. --Aleph4 16:51, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Spelling
The version that was here was the version originally published in Life International, which reportedly circulated in mimeographed form widely in the early 1960s. I do not know who originated this puzzle but the Life International version predates all published versions of which I am aware. As is common with popular puzzles, people feel free to adapt the puzzle to their local culture. Thus there are versions with British and American cigarette brands, different pets and nationalities, and so on. I believe the original puzzle was American and thus the original spelling was "color." Do you have evidence to the contrary? Canon 21:00, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No, no evidence to the contrary, however this was not the basis for my reversion. Yes, people quite naturally will adapt such puzzles to their taste.  The version which first appeared in this encyclopædia used the spelling colour.  It also used British brands of cigarettes.  The solution was then added with the American spelling, color.

 * Now, the Wikipedia manual of style recommends that we "consider following the spelling style preferred by the first major contributor (that is, not a stub) to the article" (where the article is not specific to any particular country). This is a reasonable approach.

 * Why, I wonder, wasn't this advice followed when the solution was added. Perhaps it was overlooked.  The article then continued to have two different spellings for a while.  Eventually the two occurrences of the word were brought in line, however, the American spelling was kept.

 * I'm sure that this was all done quite innocently however, in the spirit of Wikipedia's approach to variant spelling I reverted color back to colour.

 * On the other hand, you do bring up an interesting point about how the spelling appeared in the first published version. The manual of style hasn't mentioned this.  It probably should but the place to discuss it would be at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style.

 * Of course, the puzzle probably existed long before it was published and so who's to say how the original author would prefer us to spell colour? If, though, the author is Einstein, then it would be a translation from German and thus either spelling would be equally valid.

 * Jimp 30Nov05

 * As a minor point, Einstein almost certainly was not the author of this puzzle. The claim that he was seems to have originated in the 1980s, long after the puzzle was in wide circulation.  I think this was a form of advertising for the puzzle since the earliest attributions to Einstein are all in the form "Einstein said that only 2% of the people in the world can solve this puzzle."  I very much doubt that this is the kind of thing Einstein would have said, even if the dates were right.

 * Popular puzzles like this can succumb to version wars, in which people with more enthusiasm than sophistication continuously edit the puzzle to conform to the *one true version* which usually is the version they first heard. I've been editing the rec.puzzles archive for 25 years and I've seen that many times.  Take a look at the Gry entry for an example of how bad it can get.  I've extensively researched the history of this puzzle. I have reason to believe that the Life International version was the original wording (the puzzle does not date back before the 1960s or late 1950s).  Since this wording has historical precedence, I believe that by sticking strictly to it we can avoid the version wars.  Canon 13:33, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You present a good argument, Canon. I'll revert my edits.  However, the point I made above that it doesn't matter whose right it is still stands.  This may not matter but let's leave sentence as it was though with the additional note that the houses are in a row and ordered from left to right.

 * Jimp 1Dec05

 * Thanks very much for your graciousness. I agree that the clarifying sentence separate from the original problem statement is just right.  This is an example of Wikipedia at its best.   Canon 03:46, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Puzzle Version ?
I have found this version of puzzle:

1. The British person lives in the red house

2. The Swede keeps dogs as pets

3. The Dane drinks tea

4. The green house is adjacent on the left of the white house

5. The green house owner drinks coffee

6. The person who smokes Pall Mall raises birds

7. The owner of the yellow house smokes Dunhill

8. The man living in the house right in the center drinks milk

9. The Norwegian lives in the first house

10. The man who smokes Blends lives next to the one who keeps cats

11. The man who keeps horses lives next to the one who smokes Dunhill

12. The owner who smokes Bluemaster drinks juice

13. The German smokes Prince

14. The Norwegian lives next to the blue house

15. The man who smokes Blend has a neighbor who drinks water

This version is solvable, but for version in article i am not sure. In article version exist hint "There are five houses.". Maybe some hints is missed in article version. Any suggestion ?

 * Since the original publication, there have been many versions of this puzzle with various changes made, such as the types of pets, the nationalities, the brands of cigarettes or whether cigarettes are mentioned at all, and so on. This is common in popular puzzles (see the Gry entry for an even more evolved puzzle).  However, the original version certainly was solvable, and was in fact solved within a month of the original publication in 1962 by several hundred people from around the world whose names were published in a follow-up article. Canon 12:57, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

After small analyses i have found hint "The man who smokes Blend has a neighbor who drinks water" in this puzzle. Puzzle from article not include any form of this hint.

 * Do you somebody have solving process for article version ? Chupcko 16:33, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * If you send me your email address I will send you the shortest solution that was sent in to Life International in 1962. Canon 23:22, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have (tanks Canon) progress of solving "article puzzle" with two backtracking. Its good idea to added this progress in article ? Maybe in section "Solving method" ? Chupcko 00:50, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Even the short solution I sent Chupcko is too long to put in an article, it seems to me. That is why the external links point to programs that can solve any version of the problem.  By examining the source code of these programs, you can see various approaches to solving this kind of problem. What this leaves out is anyone who cannot read source code, so perhaps a general explanation of how to solve them is needed. Canon 03:32, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments at end of original puzzle
The comment at the end of the original puzzle (ending with the statement about which direction "right" refers to) are part of the original puzzle, as can be seen here [[Media:Zerba.pdf|first known publication]]. Since the article is claiming that it is presenting the original puzzle, we shouldn't alter this text. The next section of the article contains commentary on the puzzle, and this is where people have been adding clarifying comments, criticisms, and so forth. Canon 12:13, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * My error - I am the one who removed it. Is there some way we can mark it up to make it clear that this wording was part of the original puzzle? Particularly with the following paragraph, which is clearly not from the original puzzle, it reads as if it's an addition by a wiki editor (as I mistakenly thought it was). - DavidWBrooks 14:29, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I tried something - indenting the entire original puzzle and putting a solid line at the bottom. Not the handsomest, perhaps; better alternatives are welcome. - DavidWBrooks 14:35, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I like that a lot. This inspired me to collect all the commentary in one place and add pointers to solution techniques. I also made the text of the original version section conform exactly to the original text except for the obsolete spelling of "cigaret".  Canon 23:52, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * We have on the table a request for an explanation of how to solve the puzzle. Plus we have people who have objected to giving the solution in the article.  So perhaps everyone would be a bit happier if we inserted a section between the original puzzle and the solution (putting a bit of distance between them) that contained commentary on the puzzle and a short discussion of how to solve this kind of puzzle. Canon 12:13, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Misattributions
Now that someone has brought up the Lewis Carroll misattribution, should we add the Lewis Carrol category or delete the Albert Einstein category? I've checked with several Lewis Carroll experts, and none of them think this is the type of puzzle that Lewis Carroll would have invented (nearly all of his puzzles involved logic with quantifiers - logic with "for all" and "there exists"). None of them can find this puzzle or anything like it in his work.

Speaking of misattribution, I just deleted a link to a Web site that repeats nearly every wrong thing ever said about this puzzle. Does anyone think I should have left it there? Canon 21:46, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You done good. - DavidWBrooks 23:34, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Do you think we should delete the Einstein category?  For some reason I find it mildly insulting. Canon 23:52, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think categories are kind of stupid; I don't think people really use them - they just suck away editing energy, IMHO. So delete it, if you wish. - DavidWBrooks 00:00, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, how about this then: We create a new article "Zebra Puzzle", copy the contents of this article to it, and have this article redirect to it? Is that going too far? Canon 00:16, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have sent the creators of the "Einstein's Riddle" page er.myhomy.com an email complimenting them on their site but asking them to remove the misattribution to Einstein that is at the top of the page. So far there has not been a response.  I will try again.  In the meantime, it seems to me that it might be advisable to move the content of this page (as I mention above) to some less confusing place, e.g., "Zebra Puzzle."  This page would be changed to a redirect.  Any objections? Canon 14:03, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yea, Zebra Puzzle is a better name. Those who know it as Einstein's puzzle/riddle will still find it.  As for categories, though, I find them useful.  I have used them in the past.  They are good when you're taking a category wide approach to editing, for example, gathering up a whole bunch of related stubs which on their own have no potential for growth but together would make a decent article. Jimp 01:47, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Solutions
I did the 'fish' one in about an hour, but this one has me stuck at proving the red house is in the middle and who the occupant of the blue house is. Was going to try some of the source code to see if it is solvable, but the C# link no longer works, and the other one is in LISP which is just downright unreadable. The english PDF that's up there doesn't seem to have a solution, just a worksheet for solving the problem, and even if it did it's the fish puzzle and not the zebra one. Can someone post an English solution, step-by-step, that doesn't make any leaps in logic? Can someone else fix the links, and find ones applicable to the Zebra puzzle and not the fish puzzle? It's safe to say they're 2 different puzzles, since the number of clues differs (not counting 'there are five houses' as a clue, that should be a given, the extra clue increasing the easiness factor by 16%).

 * If you send me your email address I will send you the shortest solution that was sent in to Life International in 1962. Canon 04:38, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Move/Redirect
I noticed that the talk page for Zebra Puzzle wasn't moved from this location (talk:Einstein's Puzzle) when the article was moved/renamed on March 25. There isn't a redirect either, though that may be an option. Is there a reason for this, or should the talk page be moved as well? -- Jared 16:19, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Fish versus Zebra
Why is it redundant to note that there are versions of the puzzle that ask "Who owns the fish?" instead of "Who owns the zebra?" Canon 04:22, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * "Redundant" was the wrong word - "unnecessary" is better, since there's no fish mentioned anywhere else. There's probably a version somewhere that asks about an armadillo instead of a zebra, but mentioning that wouldn't be terribly helpful either. - DavidWBrooks 10:22, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a good logical point, but if you google "who owns the fish" you'll find many times more hits than for "who owns the zebra" so since we're doing an encyclopedia article we need to document that fact. Canon 15:42, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * We need to explain that in the article, not just drop in a sentence that left me scratching my head and saying "fish - huh?" - DavidWBrooks 18:17, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That would be great. Do you want me to take a crack at it? Canon 19:31, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, because I've never seen a fish. I mean, I've seen a fish but ... well, anyway, you get my drift. - DavidWBrooks 19:33, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

er.myhomy.com
I previously removed a link to this page because it contains many incorrect statements about this puzzle, and in the interests of clearing up the misconceptions about this puzzle I will continue to do so until the misstatements on the page are corrected. Canon 23:37, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Life International?
What's Life International magazine - is it just Life (magazine)'s international edition, or something different? - DavidWBrooks 23:04, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * From the magazine: "LIFE International is published by Time-Life International (Nederland) nv, at 590 Keizersgracht, Amsterdam-C., Netherlands." There was an editorial and advertising staff separate from the US staff. Canon 01:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you have a copy in front of you? Does the masthead say "Life International", or just "Life", with "international edition" or something down below - like this photo []. If that's what we're dealing with here, I think we could link to Life (magazine), which was the point of my long-winded query. - DavidWBrooks 02:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I have a copy. The masthead says "Life International", actually, "LIFE International". Canon 12:55, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * So the red link stays! -DavidWBrooks 15:41, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Alternatively, someone who knows something about magazines, who, say, is in the publishing business, maybe a reporter or some such, might create an article. Know anyone like that? ;^) Canon 18:40, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Corrected poor wording
Two of the rules (11 and 12) used to read "X is in the house next to the house where Y." We have corrected these to read more like "X is in one of the houses next to the house where Y." The former wording led to a contradiction. The new wording allows for a solution.

--Two random passers by.

And the "corrections" have been reverted, and I (one of the two aforementioned random passersby) approve, as I have just realized the article is supposed to be giving the original form of the puzzle. My apologies.

I think the concern I've expressed here could be included in a comment in the article, though. But I guess that's "original research?" I dunno.

 * There is not enough information to determine which house "the house" is, and as it is only talking about one house, regardless of whether there are multiple options, the original grammar is correct. Furthermore, there is no mention that all of the houses are next to eachother.  Two houses could simply be next to eachother whilst the others locations are unknown; the puzzle does not specify.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.148.4.17 (talk) 21:42, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

The one that i heard didn't have "smokes". It had Flowers; Roses, Marigolds, Geraniums, Lilies, and Gardenias

The statement "Rule 11 suffers from a similar problem as that just described regarding rule 12." is incorrect as there is only one house next to House 1. Though, it is confusing due to rule 12's error. *Fixes*

Reasoning for the [Sic] Tag
The sic was placed there because that line leads to a contradiction. If you read in the Discussion section below the puzzle it reads:  Rule 12 leads to a contradiction. It should have read "Kools are smoked in a house next to the house where the horse is kept." (Note "a" instead of "the.") The text above has been kept as it is, as it is meant to be a presentation of the text of the puzzle as originally published. And thus the usage of the [Sic] tag. The usage of the [Sic] tag is quoted below:  Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus", "so", "as such", or "in such a manner". In writing, it is placed within square brackets and usually italicized – [sic] – to indicate that an incorrect or unusual spelling, phrase, punctuation, and/or other preceding quoted material has been reproduced verbatim from the quoted original and is not a transcription error Thanks!  Dillard421♂♂ (talk to me)  20:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The idea that "the" implies exactly one house satisfying the condition whereas "a" implies one or more such houses is missed by the people who successfully solve the puzzle. It is included in the discussion section, where several such clarifications are made.  The "[sic]" in clue 12 is confusing because it is not clear that it is meant to refer to the immediately preceding word, nor is it clear that it is meant to call attention to this aspect of that word. Canon (talk) 00:10, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and if you look at the answer, there is exactly one house that satisfies the condition. So where's the contradiction?
 * The usage of the [Sic] is to be placed just after the word that it is referring to. For a reader to know what that tag is, they would also know the usage. Furthermore, if they were reading the article, they would read the reasoning later on in the Discussion Section. Please see the following page for reference as to the use of the [Sic] Tag: Sic. Thanks.  Dillard421♂♂ (talk to me)  04:44, 6 September 2009 (UTC)
 * This addresses the placement of "[sic]" but not the meaning of it. I have changed the text to be clearer.Canon (talk) 18:52, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Reasoning for citation and wikilinks tags
What in this article needs a citation? Canon (talk) 00:13, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * How about this: "The March 25, 1963, issue contained the solution given below and the names of several hundred solvers from around the world." I'd love to see a cite for that. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 11:59, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You mean you want to see a scan of the article? I ran into copyright trouble when I did that for the original puzzle, and only passed muster because the article itself states that Life did not originate the puzzle.  That argument won't hold for the solutions.  If you like I can send you a scan via email. Canon (talk) 14:36, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * *I* don't need to see it - readers of the article should be able to see it or, more likely, be given a link to a reputable source which backs up the existence and date of its appearance in the magazine. The point is to show that we haven't just made this darn thing up! - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:42, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, readers can do what I did, locate a copy of the magazine and check for themselves. After all, we went to considerable trouble to include an (abridged) scan of the original puzzle.  Isn't that sufficient? Canon (talk) 15:02, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I'm being dense, but where's the abridged scan? Is it linked in the article? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:17, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It is linked to the text "first known publication" -- which sounds like it might be too clever by half. Canon (talk) 15:50, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I was the one who placed the tag, and this is my reasoning: This article has one reference. One reference is simply not enough for an entire article. This article needs to have inline citations so that the reader may know where the information was sourced from. Even if these citations are from a magazine, it needs to be included. Not all references need to be online, they just need to be mentioned after the line where the citation is referencing to. There are few articles that would be handy for future reference to help you with citation: Citing sources and Inline Citations. This page talks about why we need citation and why it is critical we do so: Citing Wikipedia. One very handy tool that I personally use for references, and maybe it can help you, is called Wikicite. This small program is a sort of "fill in the blanks" type of program. Once you add the information, one then clicks on "create reference" and it pastes it to your clipboard so you may simply paste it where it needs to go. Very handy, and it also ensures you get the proper format for the citation. Hope this helps.  Dillard421♂♂ (talk to me)  15:39, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph contains an inline citation that verifies the Einstein information. I'll track down a citation for the Carroll information and add it.  It seems redundant to add footnotes to the second paragraph.  Next is the puzzle, copied from the first citation, and a discussion of the puzzle, which doesn't need a citation since it is discussing the text itself.  Then there is the solution, which is again self-evident and not stating any facts that need citations.  Finally, there are alternate versions, which have been added by people who did not provide citations, but all of these versions and many more are readily available on the Web.  Some of the Web locations are given in the external links section. Canon (talk) 16:03, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The article still requires inline citation. Those first inline citations are a great start; however, the rest of the article lacks them. How am I to know, as a reader, that it is the true solution to the article? If you say, oh well thats what I came up with, thats original research. How am I to know those are other versions? Its not hard to reference where you got your information. Use Wikicite, it makes it very quick and painless. We are all just trying to improve the article, not personally attack you...  Dillard421♂♂ (talk to me)  16:15, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't feel like I am being attacked, so no worries there. We are all working for the best article we can write (for example, see the concern expressed above about the confusion caused by the "[sic]" annotation).  The way we know that the solution is correct is either by (1) following it, which requires only the ability to think logically, which is required of the reader, or (2) relying on the Life International editors, from which the solution is copied, as stated in the second paragraph of the article.  The fact that there are alternative versions is demonstrated by the External Links sections, which lists several.  Does one need to find a printed source in which it states that there are alternative versions?  Is a citation needed for something that can be directly demonstrated?  For example, if one states that the letters in the word "aegilops" are in alphabetical order, does that require a citation?  On a separate note, there are wikilinks currently for "logic puzzle," "Albert Einstein," and "Lewis Carroll."  What additional links are required?  Finally, does a well-written article always have a density of citations and wikilinks within a certain range?  Canon (talk) 19:41, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Most importantly, how does a reader know that this solution is the solution given in Life magazine at that time? Is it possible to reference that fact specifically? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:57, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The most direct way to "prove" that Life printed this solution in 1962 would be to include a link to it, but copyright prohibits this. Another way would be to include a reference to a book that says so, but that just pushes the trust issue back one level.  How do we know the book really says that?  Isn't this true of citation in Wikipedia in general?  Nothing prevents an editor from making up a fact and then providing a spurious citation for it.  I'll bet that happens all the time.  An editor wishing to dispute the fact has to go to the effort of following the citation to its source, and then get an administrator involved to remove the bogus information.  There really is no other way to proceed.  This extends beyond Wikipedia to all forms of information media. Canon (talk) 20:23, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Yes, but the world of information seems to function fine despite that - so we participate, too. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 20:35, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I have made several edits to the article to address the issues raised in this discussion.  If there are no others I will remove the citation and wikilinks tags. Canon (talk) 18:52, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It's been two weeks now, having made some improvements and hearing no further objections, I propose to remove the citations and wikilinks tags. Canon (talk) 23:06, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Massive "Manual of Style" edit by anonymous user
The IP 87.254.92.202 today changed quite a few things in the article, giving as reason WP:MOS. It seems a bit odd that a person claiming to be an expert in the Manual of Style would use an anonymous account, but be that as it may, the one specific problem is that the edit undid a recent change intended to make the article less confusing, namely, replacing the linked text "first known publication" with the text "(click here to view copy)". What is the reason for this? Canon (talk) 19:36, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The guideline Click here specifically says not to link text such as "(click here to view copy)". The original and current link to "first known publication" is the canonical (no pun intended) practice, and if this confuses some people, then those people are going to be confused frequently within WP.  Canon (talk) 02:46, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Odd part in the article?
Near the end of the article it says "When given to children, the cigarette brands are often replaced by snacks eaten in each house."

After this it is followed by an example of a version WITH cigarette brands, which is followed by a version with cars instead of cigarettes. Wouldn't it be better to find a snack version and put it after that statement, or possibly rephrase it to "When given to children, the cigarette brands are often replaced by car driven in each house."

DarkLightA (talk) 07:57, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Solution Method
It doesn't make sense to me to have the first solution method listed being the one which includes trial and error. As this is a logical puzzle, wouldn't it be logical to list the step by step methods first?

"Some claim that only 2% of the population can solve it"
This is weasel-wording. I know there are two references to support this statement. If we trust those references, we should simply say "only 2% of the population can solve it". If we don't trust those references, we shouldn't include the sentence. If we want to include a doubtful statement about those references, like "some claim that", we should use another reference that does that meta-analysis. Sancho 21:03, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

This puzzle's claimed association with Einstein and Carroll, and the 2% claim, are of interest to puzzle historians. Aside from historians, people consulting this article will be interested in the quality of evidence for these claims. These claims are part of the popularization of the puzzle, which is a different issue from its solvability. Canon (talk) 03:48, 10 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The provided sources only say "2% of people can solve it". They don't use the more doubtful phrasing, "some claim that 2% of the population can solve it". If we are going to inject doubt, it shouldn't come from us (by use of weasel words like "some claim that"), but by reference to a source that provides that doubt. Sancho 22:03, 10 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The wording has been changed to state two facts: (1) the claim is made that only 2% of the population can solve the puzzle and (2) no evidence is given for this claim. Canon (talk) 08:36, 1 November 2014 (UTC)
 * What Sancho says is exactly right. If we want to say that "the claim that only 2% of the population can solve it is commonly made although no evidence for this claim is given", we need to find a reliable source that says this. An unreliable source that actually makes the claim is not sufficient. (See WP:Primary sources for relevant policy.) Therefore, I'm removing the Yahoo Answers source again. —Granger (talk · contribs) 13:19, 1 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I managed to find two secondary sources that support a modified version of the statement, one by a Stanford linguistics professor and the other seemingly by a New York Times columnist. I've added them to the article—hopefully that will solve the problem. —Granger (talk · contribs) 13:37, 1 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think that resolves the problem sufficiently. The two sources say "it is claimed that 98% of the people are incapable of solving it" and "accompanied by a claim that only 2 percent of the world’s population can solve it" The sources doesn't make the claim that only 2% of the worlds population can solve the puzzle. So the correct wording for the sentence in question would be "It is claimed that it is claimed that only 2% of the population can solve it." So I'll change the sentence, but would be in favor of removing it completely since the 2% figure is an example of citogenesis. ImTheIP (talk) 15:38, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

First Version
In the current version of the article, the Life international version is mentioned several times and also, that it contains cigarette types which didn't exsist at Einsteins or Carrolls times. The relevance of this information has become unclear as Trystan did remove the information that the Life international version is the first known version with revision from Dec 17, 2015. So either the Life international version is not the first known version or it should be made clear again that the Life version is the first one known. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.120.84.9 (talk) 06:47, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that it would be good to establish that the Life version is the original, but we would need a source saying so. The way the article is written, the Life version is both the first presented and the earliest described. The implication is that it is the earliest version that we, the editors of the article, are aware of, without making the strong claim that it is the original. The relevance of the reference to the cigarettes seems clear to me, given that implication.--Trystan (talk) 12:51, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

I've established that the Life version is not the earliest known publication of this puzzle, it was published in the Chicago Daily News by columnist John Justin Smith. See "Earliest Known Version" below. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jbumw (talk • contribs) 19:23, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Additional "see also" link
There's a website that I'll link below that allows the user to generate their own puzzle. I think it should be included, but I'll leave it to people who know what they're doing. It allows both online solving and shows printable versions. I am not in any way affiliated with anyone involved, but I did use this quite a bit ~10 years ago when I was in high school.

http://new.mensus.net/brain/logic.shtml

31.209.203.227 (talk) 02:16, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Broken Link
The URL for reference [7] "[os] Einstein's five-houses riddle" ... https://udel.edu/~os/riddle.html is broken. It results in a "forbidden" error, which if memory serves me, means that the directory doesn't exist. (I can confirm that I get the same error attempting to access .) I'm tempted to just remove the reference ... I haven't yet bothered to look to see where in the body of the text it references this note ... okay, I have found it ...

Other versions
Other versions of the puzzle have various differences from the Life International puzzle, in which various colors, nationalities, cigarette brands, drinks, and pets are substituted[6][7], or the clues are given in a different order. These do not change the logic of the puzzle.

I'm just gonna' go head and remove the reference. (This is the second edit I have ever made, and my first that messes with references ... wish me luck.) Done! (I think.) Ki4ggx (talk) 05:15, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

Earliest known version?
The earliest version I've found precedes the Life Magazine by several months. It's a Feb 28, 1962 column by Marj Heyduck (a popular columnist in Ohio at the time). It is clear she did not originate the puzzle, but came across it somewhere. In the follow-up column (March 1) she says she got the puzzle from a January 1962 column by John Justin Smith, columnist for the Chicago Daily News. I have not yet seen that column, but it is available on Microfiche in several libraries in the Chicago area.

Newspapers.com has a snapshot https://www.newspapers.com/image/395103901/ ) from the Journal Herald, Dayton OH column from February. Both of these appearances predate the December Life Magazine appearance by several months, and Newspapers.com has several other appearances throughout 1962.

Jbumw (talk) 04:31, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zebra Puzzle


text:
Category:Presidents of South Africa

Since 1994 South Africa's head of state and head of government has held the title of President of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994 the title was State President of South Africa. Before 1961 South Africa was a monarchy with the British monarch as head of state.

zu:Category:Abongameli yamazwe

title: Category:Presidents of South Africa


text: Category:South Africa

title: Category:South Africa


text: Category:Prisoners

title: Category:Prisoners


text:
Category:Prisons

Prisons and other places where detainees are kept under government responsibility, not necessarily because they have committed a crime.

This category only concerns the physical buildings themselves.

title: Category:Prisons


text:
Jasper Carrott

Robert Norman Davis (born 14 March 1945), best known by his stage name, Jasper Carrott, is an English comedian, actor, singer and television presenter. He starred in the sitcoms The Detectives and All About Me, and presented the game show Golden Balls.

Early life
Born in Shaftmoor Lane, Acocks Green, in Birmingham, Carrott was educated at Acocks Green Primary School and Moseley Grammar School. He worked as a trainee buyer at a city centre department store, the Beehive, with schoolmate Bev Bevan.

He acquired the nickname Jasper aged nine, and added the surname Carrott when he was 17.

Career
In February 1969, he started his own folk club, "The Boggery", in nearby Solihull with his friend Les Ward. Carrott performed folk songs and as an MC. His banter overtook the songs and he became more a comedian than a singer. He also worked as a musical agent (with John Starkey, who was his manager from 1974 to 1992), as Fingimigig, managing among others Harvey Andrews. He toured UK rugby clubs. He recorded an album in 1973 called Jasper Carrott – In the Club, which he sold from his van. The album contained the original "Magic Roundabout", although mainly material used in his next three LPs (such as "Hare Krishna", "Car Insurance", "Bastity Chelt", and "Hava Nagila") plus the Fred Wedlock song "The Folker".

He had a UK Top 5 chart hit in August 1975 with the novelty double A-side record, "Funky Moped" / "Magic Roundabout", written by Chris Rohmann and produced by Jeff Lynne, with Bev Bevan on drums and backing vocals on the former track, recorded at Grosvenor Road Studios for DJM Records.

By the late 1970s, Carrott had developed anecdotal sketches which he still performs. Often they purport to be autobiographical; many celebrate the Birmingham accent and culture, including his support of Birmingham City.

His live performances were recorded as Jasper Carrott Rabbitts on and on and on... and Carrott in Notts. Notable tracks were "Bastity Chelt", a song in Spoonerism, "The Football Match" describing a visit to Old Trafford, "The Nutter on the Bus" (including the cry "Has anybody seen my camel?"), "The Mole" ("There's only one way to get rid of a mole – blow its bloody head off!") and "Zits" – an explanation of American slang for spots that brought the word into use in Britain.

In 1979, he published A Little Zit on the Side, a humorous autobiography. The follow-up, Sweet and Sour Labrador, mixed sections of stand-up routines with similar autobiographical material, much of it related to his world travels. Carrott was once a compère for the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986, which featured local bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and the Moody Blues, with a finale that included George Harrison from the Beatles. On 15 September 2007, he was inducted into the Birmingham Walk of Stars at the Arts Fest 2007 celebrations. The award was presented by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham. Carrott is the second inductee, following Ozzy Osbourne. Carrott was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the British Comedy Awards on 6 December 2008.

His first appearance on television was a half-hour show for BBC Midlands on 11 August 1975, in a programme about local football called "The Golden Game". In 1976, he appeared in A Half Hour Mislaid with Jasper Carrott, recorded at Pebble Mill. His big break came two years later, when Michael Grade asked for a pilot programme for LWT. Grade liked it, and five further shows were recorded, which became his first TV series, An Audience with Jasper Carrott, in 1978. This partnership with LWT lasted until 1981; The Unrecorded Jasper Carrott (1979) and Beat the Carrott (1981) are the best-known live stand-up performances from his time with LWT.

Carrott moved to the BBC for Carrott's Lib, a Saturday night comedy broadcast live, and then a string of BBC shows. These included Carrott's Commercial Breakdown, which broadcast weird adverts from around the world, and the sketch and stand-up shows Carrott Confidential, 24 Carrott Gold, The Trial of Jasper Carrott, and Canned Carrott, some of which also featured Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis. One popular sketch involved Carrott reading out genuine, but bizarre motor insurance claim statements, such as "I drove out of my drive at 7am and drove straight into a bus. The bus was ten minutes early."

Carrott played Heinrich in the 1987 British comedy film Jane and the Lost City.

Canned Carrott also featured a spoof police drama called The Detectives, co-starring Robert Powell, which later was made into a series. From 2002 to 2004, he starred in the sitcom All About Me. In a twelve-week run in the summer of 2002 he played the part of Ko-Ko in comic opera The Mikado, written by Gilbert and Sullivan at the Savoy Theatre in London.

He performed in several of the Secret Policeman's Ball charity concerts for Amnesty International, and returned to the stage in 2004 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham featuring classic routines from his career. He returned to singing for the musical Go Play Up Your Own End (written by Malcolm Stent, songs by Harvey Andrews) in 2005.

In 2005, he staged and appeared in the first Jasper Carrott's Rock With Laughter concert. This became a regular at the NEC in Birmingham, usually in December and sometimes alternating with his "Jasper Carrott's Christmas Crackers" events.

In summer 2007, Carrott hosted the Endemol-produced game show Golden Balls for ITV1.

He hosted the Sunday night national pub quiz, Cash Inn. He was 20th in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Up Comedians show.

In August 2017, Carrott underwent an operation to clear a blocked artery, followed by a quadruple heart bypass. A 30-date tour was cancelled. He has since said the surgery gave him a new lease of life and he has no plans to retire, citing Ken Dodd's longevity as an example.

In 2023 Carrott played the character Sykesy in the BBC Radio 4 radio serial drama The Archers.

Literary work
Carrott has written the humorous paperbacks A Little Zit on the Side (1979), and Sweet and Sour Labrador (1982). He also wrote a novel called ''Shop! or a Store is Born''.

Carrott's former manager, John Starkey, has written a book entitled Jasper and Me (1993; Etsiketsi Books), which included the line, "He once said, 'Ringo isn't the best drummer in the world. He isn't even the best drummer in the Beatles'". This quote was credited to John Lennon until Mark Lewisohn discovered, in 1983, that it was Carrott who said it.

Business interests
Carrott was part-owner of the production company Celador, makers of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? In 2006, he and wife Hazel sold their shares for £10m when Dutch interactive television company 2waytraffic bought the group of companies behind Millionaire.

Personal life
Carrott married journalist Hazel Jackson in 1972. Their daughter is the actress Lucy Davis.

He is a supporter, and was a director, of Birmingham City Football Club; a hospitality suite at their St Andrew's ground is named after him. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2003 New Year Honours "for charitable services". The University of Birmingham awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2004, following a similar award from Aston University in 1995.

Albums

 * 1973 – In the Club (Criminal Records)
 * 1975 – Rabbitts On and On and On... (DJM Records) UK No. 10
 * 1976 – Carrott in Notts (DJM Records) UK No. 56
 * 1977 – A Pain in the Arm (DJM Records)
 * 1978 – The Best of Jasper Carrott (DJM Records) UK No. 38
 * 1979 – The Un-Recorded Jasper Carrott (DJM Records) UK No. 19
 * 1980 – Made in Australia (DJM/Festival (Australia))
 * 1981 – Beat the Carrott (DJM Records) UK No. 13
 * 1982 – Carrott's Lib (DJM Records) UK No. 80
 * 1983 – The Stun (Carrott Tells All) (DJM Records) UK No. 57
 * 1985 – In America (Rhino Records)
 * 1986 – Cosmic Carrott (Portrait Records) UK No. 66
 * 1991 – Condensed Classics (Chrysalis/Dover Records)
 * 1991 – 24 Carrott Gold (EMI Records)
 * 1994 – Canned Carrott for the Record (EMI Records)
 * 2000 – Back to the Front volume 1 (Sound Entertainment)
 * 2000 – Back to the Front volume 2 (Sound Entertainment
 * 2004 – 24 Carrott Gold – The Best of Jasper Carrott (Sound Entertainment)

Singles

 * 1975 – "Funky Moped" / "Magic Roundabout" (DJM Records) UK No. 5
 * 1976 – "Bickenhill Rovers Skin'ead Supporters Song" (DJM Records)
 * 1977 – "12 Days of Christmas" (DJM Records)

title: Jasper Carrott


text:
Category:Australian politicians by party

This category includes historical and current political parties in state and federal politics


text:
Category:Nuclear weapons

A nuclear weapon is a weapon that derives its energy from nuclear reactions and has enormous destructive power—even the smallest nuclear weapons are much more powerful than most conventional explosives, while the largest can destroy entire metropolitan regions.

de:Kategorie:Kernwaffentechnik

title: Category:Nuclear weapons


text: Category:Israel

title: Category:Israel


text:
Camera control unit

The camera control unit (CCU) is typically part of a live television broadcast chain. It is responsible for powering the professional video camera, handling signals sent over the camera cable to and from the camera, and can be used to control various camera parameters remotely.

History
Before cameras became self-contained units, broadcast cameras required vast racks of control units just to generate a usable picture. In outside broadcast production, these racks took up an entire section of the OB truck and were operated by a small team of skilled engineers. These vision engineers had two roles. Firstly, they set up the CCUs at the start of a production and ensured that the picture created was of broadcast quality. This process included a lengthy alignment process in which the vision engineer would work with the camera operator, to adjust the settings on both the actual camera and the CCU in tandem. During production, it was the vision engineers job to operate the CCUs and control both the exposure and the colour balance. So skilled and labour-intensive was this role that each CCU required its own dedicated vision engineer.

Benefits
Modern cameras are typically more self-contained than their predecessors and many can operate without a CCU. Even when not required, a CCU can be of benefit for the following reasons:

 * In a system with a multiple-camera setup, the cameras can be matched – made to look the same in terms of colour balance and picture intensity without having to ask camera operators to make an adjustment.
 * The camera operators are freed from the control of iris, black level and colour balance, leaving them free to concentrate on other aspects of camerawork such as blocking and image composition.
 * All signals that operate between the camera and CCU are carried in one multicore cable, triax or fiber optic cable.

Functions
A CCU is often used in conjunction with a remote control panel (RCP), a waveform monitor and a vectorscope to rack and match many cameras together remotely.

Common adjustable parameters include:
 * Iris (see aperture)
 * Color temperature filters
 * Neutral density filters
 * Shutter speed
 * Saturation
 * Master gain
 * Master black (pedestal)
 * Black level trim (for red, green and blue components)
 * Gain trim (for red, green and blue components)

In addition to these, there are usually options internally generating a test card for testing, return feeds or talkback. For more complex productions, preset scene files can be recalled to quickly change the settings of the camera on the fly.

Connectivity
Broadcast cameras typically carry several signals over the camera cable in addition to the camera output itself.

Typically, RGB signals are transmitted over the camera cable. The CCU will usually convert these to SDI, YUV or composite for interfacing to other video equipment - typically it will be connected to a vision mixer via a video router.

Typical signals can be both digital signal and analog signals:
 * Video out (Serial digital interface (SDI))
 * Video out (composite video)
 * Video out (component video)
 * Audio out (microphone on board)
 * Video in (genlock in the form of color burst)
 * Return video in (composite) – typically for a teleprompter
 * Return video in – carrying the output from the vision mixer
 * Interruptible feedback Intercom
 * Tally light trigger

title: Camera control unit


text:
Category:Weapons

Weapons refer to any items designed or used to attack and kill or destroy other people and property. Most weapons are military in nature, but many are designed and used primarily by citizens or even used for protection. Some weapons are also usable as or originated from hunting tools; see Category:Hunting for these items.

Major classifications of weapons are by type, user, target, origin, and era.

title: Category:Weapons


text:
Talk:Mordehai Milgrom

Untitled
Does this person deserve an article. If he does, why isn't the information *why* he deserves an article in the article?--Hemanshu 10:38, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a late response, but to pre-empt any attempt at deletion: He developed MOND, a hypothesis which has survived 20 years in a constantly-evolving field. At least 200 publications have focused on this hypothesis.  If the hypothesis becomes a theory, his name will have a place in textbooks.  Why *doesn't* he deserve an article? 129.12.228.161 10:51, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hemanshu, btw the best way in the future to deal with problems like this is to add a tag at the top of the page.  Jon513 11:10, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

I happen to come across this page by accident and wanted to correct the layout. I don't really know why it is here. Yakovsh 04:18, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * See Modified Newtonian Dynamics or MOND. MathKnight 21:34, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

About The Split Tag
I know this guy isn't well known but the person and his theory might be better presented if they were split into two seperate articles. Tiki God 09:26, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * MOND already has an article. You're right; there's no need for an explanation of MOND in this article.  What this article needs is a bibliography, for example, he's written one or two articles for Scientific American, not to mention his dozens of publications in scientific journals.  There's a pretty exhaustive bibliography at "The MOND Pages," I believe. 129.12.228.161 19:25, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Relativity Disproven?
Does Milgrom's Theory truly disprove Einstein's relativity or does it simply modify the way we look at the universe?

I think it's most fair to say that at the moment MOND is an empirical law. It seems to work in some regimes and that demands an explanation (because it's a very bizarre thing!) At the moment there is none from the prevailing ideas in physics (though not to say that one won't be forthcoming).

External links modified
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Quotation altered
User:Naturalistic, while I agree with your edit, I am going to revert. That's because you edited a direct quote, designated as such. Maybe we could just trim it a bit instead, without altering the meaning? FeralOink (talk) 17:44, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Naturalistic I changed it to this.

"Modified Newtonian dynamics [an acceleration-based modification of dynamics or gravity] is solely the invention of Mordehai (Moti) Milgrom... it is safe to say that in the early 1980s no one but Milgrom had considered such a possible modification as an alternative to astrophysical dark matter..."
 * Does that seem okay to you?--FeralOink (talk) 17:53, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes that does seem okay and I see your point.
 * I was particularly aiming to cut out the tendentious comment "the idea . . . would have probably occurred to someone else sooner or later." This is close to true of ALL scientific theories young or old. Thanks for asking. Naturalistic (talk) 18:47, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mordehai Milgrom