text:
User talk:DMG413

Old stuff has been moved to Archive 1.

Cleanup
Can you please be more specific about what requires cleanup on Mercyhurst College Institute for Intelligence Studies? -- Mtbeerbower 16:08, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

neologism
FWI, neologism is not a criteria for speedy deletion. Prodego talk  02:39, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Kott language
Why did you move Kott language to Kott? Tim Q. Wells 02:13, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

mary mahowald
Do mis-capitalized redirects get deleted eventually? Shouldn't they? Thanks! laurap414 01:59, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

The Masterpiece
I saw the "battle" and did consider protection, but decided against it for now, if he further recreates I'll reconsider (problem with these things tends to be they just move to a different title...) --pgk( talk ) 18:17, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Baye-Dole Act
Thanks for the clean up.--Nowa 21:57, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Kolmen valtakunnan rajapyykki
I moved Kolmen to Kolmen valtakunnan rajapyykki and deleted the original. In Finnish, "kolmen" is not the name of anything, it means "of three". "Valtakunnan" means "of countries" and "rajapyykki" means "border point". J I P | Talk 12:10, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Replacing tag
Concerning Hino ao Campeão Cruzeiro Esporte Clube I've replaced the tag. Now it's listed to speedy deletion. A similar article was deleted before, but started a new one. Regards, —Lesfer (talk/mail) 12:42, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Bud Fensterwald
Hi! The GU cite is from the bio in the refs.

Looks like he went to SAIS at JHU, but I can't review this source.

Oops, bingo: The Anatomy of American "Isolationism" and Expansionism. Part I Bernard Fensterwald, Jr. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp. 111-139 "He is a graduate of Harvard College, Harvard Law School, and the School of Advanced international Studies at Johns Hopkins University.

Thanks for catching that! Jokestress 23:39, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Chad
Thanks for starting Battle of N'Djamena. You may want to joib WikiProject Chad. KI 03:33, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

panosfidis
Greetings. I am writing in reply to something you have sent me recently: "Please do not remove speedy deletion tags from articles. If you do not believe the article deserves to be deleted, then please place on the page and make your case on the article's talk page. Administrators will look at your reasoning before deciding what to do with the article. Thank you. --DMG413 21:37, 14 April 2006 (UTC) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Panosfidis" I believe you have written me this because I have deleted an arcticle. I need to explain to you what happened.I wanted to edit my userpage. But instead, I created an arcticle named panosfidis. This tag appeared about the deletion, which is tottaly logical as I had no intention to write an arcticle about myself ( I am not THAT kind of Jerk! ). Anyway I decided to delete it myself. I guess this is not some kind of vandalism. Anyway since you took the time to write to me I have two questions. I have written an arcticle about the Greek Author Anestis Keramidas. 1. How can I make the words Anestis keramydas, Anestis Kerammidas, Anestis Kerammydas, Keramidas, Kerammydas, Keramydas, Kerammidas redirekt to the same location? ( There is no other man of any significance in Greece named Keramidas. ) 2. How can I add a .jpg foto to the arcticle? ( I did upload one days ago named keramidas.jpg but nothing happened )

Libya
Thanks for the help with the article about Jews in Lybia Libya. For some reason I just can't get the spelling of that country in my head. I guess I should write any articles about it then. Well, thanks anyways.--CarabinieriTTaallkk 22:03, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

LSE
I put the cleanup tag on it because the page is one of the most difficult university pages to navigate and its infobox has irrelevant information in it that is not supposed to even go in it. The page needs to look more like the wikipedia university template instead of an advertisement. ArchonMeld 19:36, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Ruth Warrick
Hi, you recently removed the anecdote that Ruth Warrick was the last living main castmember of citizen kane. please take not of the "main cast member" part, although the kid who played Kane's son is still alive, he was a bit part, not anything one would consider a "mean cast member" or "star of". Dowew 08:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

St. Andrew's Christian College
Hi DMG413. I just wanted to let you know that there has been a bit of work done to St. Andrew's Christian College and I was wondering if, in your opinion, it has been improved enough to remove the cleanup tag you added in March? Blarneytherinosaur 12:00, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply on my talk page. I like to ask the person who tagged an article to have another look before I remove a cleanup tag, for a bit of perspective. I'll take it off now. Blarneytherinosaur 01:57, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Sin Tax
Thanks for bringing up that new article, I think it was in order. However, please elaborate or cite on how "jurisdictions levy taxes on illicit drugs". That doesn't make much sense, does it? (Patrick 09:13, 12 May 2006 (UTC))
 * That's interesting, maybe another article could be created for those jurisdictions who actually levy the tax and give out stamps anonymously; also, if you have a few examples, they would be good to name in this article also. (Patrick 13:43, 12 May 2006 (UTC))

Hot off the trigger
i think you are a little hot off the trigger, when labeling pages for deletion.

with mods like you wikipedia is really hard to contribute to Wikipedia, crushing our articles before they go anywhere.

Delete
I agree.

Why do you want to delete the page I created, DMG? Zoohoo 17:49, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Go ahead and delete it
I found this site 2 days ago and I am already being kicked out. Oh well. You can delete it, and my user account. That will kick me out and delete all my contributions.

Zoohoo 19:13, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Chicken Parmigiana
Just wanted to point out that Wikibooks has the cookbook, not Wikisource. They did not seem to have this recipe so I altered the tag. You might want to read Wikisources inclusion guidelines before tagging anything for Transwiki, if this was not just a slip.-- Birgitte§β ʈ  Talk  17:15, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Also Cisco vpnclient install on fedora fc5 does not fit into the inclusion guidelines at Wikisource.-- Birgitte§β ʈ  Talk  18:08, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Sarah Edmondson
I noticed that you have previously edited the James E. Edmondson article, and I was wondering if I could get your opinion on whether any mention of his daughter Sarah Edmondson should be made. See Talk:James E. Edmondson for more details and share any thoughts regarding the issue on that Talk page. --TommyBoy 05:04, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Spencer Bates
I nominated an article that you created, Spencer Bates, for deletion. If you think that the article is salvageable, or that I'm mistaken, please comment on its deletion page. Please see the Guide to deletion if you have any questions about Wikipedia's deletion process. -- — MrDolomite | Talk 03:46, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Heh, silly MrDolomite, I used the polite-afd notification and I didn't see it had the word "created". Sry for the confusion. — MrDolomite | Talk 15:24, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Dark Congress
You tagged the Dark Congress article for cleanup shortly after it was created. I just want to let you know that I've rewritten the article (and removed the tag), so please have another look and re-add the tag if you still think it's justified. Kickaha Ota 22:12, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Grigori Marchenko
Hey, Thanks for adding the categories to Grigori Marchenko. KazakhPol 07:41, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Donaldson
Thanks for your contribution in Thomas Donaldson (professor) Amvdboogaard 13:43, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Georgetown Alumni
How were you able to move Kyle Sweeney to Georgetown alumni so fast? I wasn't even finished starting the page? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mitico (talk • contribs) 02:02, 10 February 2007 (UTC).

Abolished vs disbanded (no the same)
Greetings, I 'm writting in regard of your editing on "Countries without an Army"

To state that Liechtenstein

Abolished their army in 1868 because it was too costly. Army did only exist in times of war. Protected by the Swiss army since then.

Is not correct,

"The Army had already been disbanded in 1868, out of financial considerations. At the time of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was argued that Liechtenstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire (supposedly still incarnated in Liechtensteiner eyes at an abstract level in the person of the then-dethroned Austro-Hungarian Emperor, despite its formal dissolution in 1806) was no longer bound to Austria, then emerging as an independent state which did not consider itself as the legal successor to the Empire. Liechtenstein is thus the last independent state in Europe which can claim an element of continuity from the Holy Roman Empire."

Just because a country does not have the monetary resources to maintain army forces does not mean that the army has been abolished like the case of Costa Rica when in fact a constitutional amendment abolished the army. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eao1970 (talk • contribs) 06:20, 14 February 2007 (UTC).

dates
You seem to have been at this longer, so can I ask a question? I saw you changed that date format on Georgetown University's page from yyyy-mm-dd to month, day, year. Why? So far I've always encountered resistance to my preferred date format, even from long time wikipedians like yourself. Just curious, since it shouldn't matter, as the output is set in user preferences.--Patrickneil 15:58, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of Article Request
Why did you delete my article request for Barry Zubrow, DMG413? I have a right as a Wikipedia user to request any article I want and you have no right to delete it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrzubrow (talk • contribs)

I understand that they reached a concensus, but the primary reason why they voted to delete this article was because of a conflict of interest. Now, because I am only requesting that someone else right this article, I don't see any problem with that. Do you? Mrzubrow 16:23, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

That is not true, many people confirmed that Barry L. Zubrow has enough notoriety to warrant a Wikipedia article. In fact, many people suggested that someone else right hte article, which is what I was trying to do. He deserves an article because he does have considerable notoriety because he is on Forbes, The New York Times, and Reuters. Look him up, you will find material on him from these sources. In addition, he is mentioned in multiple other Wikipedia articles. Therefore, I think there is overwhelming evidence and support to warrant a small article on this person. Mrzubrow 20:51, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Republic of Macedonia
All articles about municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia have word "municipality" in their title. For example Sveti Nikole municipality is article about municipality, while Sveti Nikole is article about town, which is a seat of that municipality. All articles about municipalities and towns in the Republic of Macedonia are standardized like this, so please do not change names of those articles if there is no general agreement about this (I mean agreement that names of all municipality articles are changed, not of only one of them). Also redirects that have word "opština/opstina" redirect to articles that have word "municipality" ("opština" is Macedonian word for municipality). PANONIAN  (talk)  18:21, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * One more thing: all articles about municipalities of Macedonia already exist and all have name "municipality" in their title, just that you know this when create redirects. PANONIAN   (talk)  18:36, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Removal of article request
Hi DMG413, I'm just wondering why you removed a request for an article on BBC Select here. It was a nightmare searching through the page history to find the revision in which it was removed. The link was still red, and as far as I can see it's a perfectly valid topic for an article. 84.13.132.115 11:06, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your reply. If I put  into Google the second result that comes up refers to the subject of the article request. If you're familiar with the syntax used by many search engines you'll know that adding   to the search string would eliminate many of the false positives you turned up, and indeed when I tried this, I got many relevant results. I was particularly concerned about this removal because I had included a brief snippet in my article request giving some context. Most requests consist of the title alone, and I can well understand that someone going through the list to clean it up might have trouble knowing whether some of the topics listed were worthy of articles. Since I'd gone to the extra effort to point people in the right direction, I was pretty annoyed that someone had just taken it out without any justification. Can I request that if you do this in future you note what you're removing in the edit summary, and give a brief reason? This would make it a lot easier to look through the history of that enormous page. Also, I'm fairly alarmed by your suggestion that the topic was unverifiable because it didn't show up in a web search (even though, as I've demonstrated, it does). The web is not the ultimate compendium of human knowledge you might like to think it is. Have a browse through a decent academic library and you'll understand just how much stuff there is out there that's very worthy of coverage in Wikipedia, and that the web doesn't cover. Would it be too much to ask that you go through your clean up of the article requests again to check that you haven't removed any others in error? Knowing what I do of Wikipedia's editorial practices (I used to be an admin here) I suspect it might, but I think that you owe it to those people who have requested articles and whose requests you may have removed. Thanks. 84.13.132.115 23:14, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

DMG413, I'm posting here with a similar question regarding your deletion of explanatory text for an article request in Requested_articles/music. In your revision of 18 Mar 2007, you truncated my Harms, Inc. request to only a name. Since Harms has gone by many names over the years, the explanatory text was valuable. Moreover, it makes the case for notability of the proposed article and hopefully prevents a casual deletion of the request (which has happened before). Also, if someone chooses to take up the challenge of drafting an article, the link referenced in the request would have provided an excellent starting point for research. With these justifications, I've restored the line. I understand that link-spam can be a problem on wikipedia's request pages, but I'd hope that my carefully assembled request can easily be seen to be legitimate. If you have a compelling reason why the extra text and link should not be there, could you please explain? Joseph Hewes 19:53, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Removal of entry in Requested articles/Culture and fine arts
May I ask why you removed the entry for Hans Dominik in your Revision as of 22:35, 18 March 2007. Lars T. 15:53, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:Georgetown view from across the Potomac.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Georgetown view from across the Potomac.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.  Pagra shtak  05:22, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Clevelandstadium2.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Hourofbewilderbeast.jpg)
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Wikipedia:List of missing journals
I've done some cleanup on List of missing journals. In addition to purging the list of completed articles, I expanded the top section and made it easier to do mass-edits without breaking the Wikipedia software. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  01:24, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

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Split of Wikipedia:List of missing journals
I hope the split of List of missing journals without prior discussion wasn't too jarring. When my web browsers broke it was time to take action. The pre-split web page weighed in at well over 1.4MB including graphics. Even split like it is, I pity the dialup user. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  02:50, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please don't forget to provide an edit summary. Ahy1 18:09, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

london school of econimics
There is a Walter Adams link in the article of london school of economics, which leads to a disambig. Do you know if it's Walter Adams (economist) or someone else? --Brewcrewer 20:20, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Redirect of Sharon reed
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Goldfly.jpg
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Wikipedia:Articles requested for more than a year
Hi DMG. With the year almost up, we're making an effort to reduce the number of listings at Articles requested for more than a year. You've been a big help in the past with that project page and I am hoping that you can knock out a few to contribute to the effort. Thanks. Bebestbe (talk) 20:26, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Backwardness
Hi, I cannot figure out what backwardness means. What is the origin of the word to cause it be called backwards? What is it exactly that is facing the wrong way? I see the word used on Soviet articles so I have been linking the word so people can find out what it means, but it could use some elaboration. Thanks. Habanero-tan (talk) 09:48, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think I've figured it out from google, and added two sentences to the beginning of backwardness to explain. Habanero-tan (talk) 10:04, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Universities in Iceland
Category:Universities in Iceland, which you created, has been nominated for deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. –Black Falcon (Talk) 21:54, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Hutsul Republic
Thanks for additions to Hutsul Republic. Do you have a map, by any chance? Pustelnik (talk) 00:37, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Good faith

I have given you a Kuih! Kuihs promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a cake, cookie, smile or even a barnstar. Whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Bon appetit!

This is for welcoming the newbies, as seen in the recent changes, an example of a good faith, unnoticed and kind action of yours. - Damërung  ...ÏìíÏ..._ Ξ_         .   --  01:50, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello DMG413! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 6 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 21:22, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Nancy Hollister -
 * 2) John J. Gilligan -
 * 3) John Thompson (basketball) -
 * 4) Natalie Saville -
 * 5) Cheryl Webb -
 * 6) Marc Fisher -

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Nomination of David Bomberg House for deletion
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Possibly unfree File:Paw paw tunnel.jpg
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Category:Cincinnati Redlegs players
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Cleveland Brown Jr. for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Specialty (medicine)

The article Specialty (medicine) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Poorly referenced, poorly designed topic with scattered pieces of irrelevant information. Needs a major cleanup by an expert, otherwise topic just needs to be deleted. If this topic is actually necessary, it needs to be redesigned from scratch.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jkokavec (talk) 11:15, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

The LSE listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect The LSE. Since you had some involvement with the The LSE redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. f e  minist  13:13, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

"Honey K Balani" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Honey K Balani. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 January 25 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 22:08, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Merrill Lynch High Yield Master II

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Category:Heads of government

This category is for articles treating the office, title etcetera of the heads of government (whether also head of state or not) of various states, either by title or by state. Individual biographies should not be in this top category. Please place them in subcategories such as Category:Heads of government by country.

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USA Lacrosse

USA Lacrosse is the national governing body of men and women's lacrosse in the United States. It provides a leadership role in virtually every aspect of the game and has more than 450,000 members throughout the United States, and offers programs and services to inspire participation while protecting the integrity of the sport. The USA Lacrosse national headquarters is located in Sparks, Maryland along with the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame. In addition, the headquarters campus features the IWLCA Building, Tierney Field and a memorial to the members of the lacrosse community that died in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. USA Lacrosse also oversees the U.S. National Teams, which have won a combined 30 world championships.

History
USA Lacrosse was founded on January 1, 1998. It resulted from the merger of many different groups, including the Lacrosse Foundation, the United States Women's Lacrosse Association, the National Junior Lacrosse Association, the United States Lacrosse Officials Association, United States Lacrosse Coaches Association, United States Club Lacrosse Association, the US Lacrosse Intercollegiate Associates, the Central Atlantic Lacrosse League and National Intercollegiate Lacrosse Officials Association.

Structure and function
USA Lacrosse policy is determined by a national board of directors. Nine board committees have a comprehensive responsibility for strategy, planning and design of initiatives with direct board access for support and approval. These committees are Executive, Board Development, Strategic Planning, Sport Development, Women's Game, Men's Game, Finance, Human Resources and the Regional Chapters active within each geographic region of the country.

While serving as the sport's national governing body, USA Lacrosse works in collaboration with both the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) to oversee the game within the schools and colleges. NCAA and NFHS activity in lacrosse is almost exclusively focused on rules, with the additional NCAA focus on staging a postseason tournament. USA Lacrosse is essentially responsible for everything else related to the development of and service to the sport as its national governing body.

The NCAA governs college post-season play and writes rules for college post season competitive play for the sport, which have traditionally been adopted for regular season play by all men’s and women’s college lacrosse conferences and independents.

The NFHS is a body that provides support and coordination to each independent state high school athletic association. However, each state association operates independently of the NFHS and sets its own regulations and policies. The NFHS has committees that write/review rules for sports. The NFHS has an independent rules committee for boys’ lacrosse on which USA Lacrosse is represented. The NFHS also has an independent rules committee for girls’ lacrosse, but the NFHS has adopted US Lacrosse rules for girls and women’s lacrosse. USA Lacrosse also has formal representation on this committee. The NFHS rules committee for girls’ lacrosse provides feedback to the US Lacrosse Women’s Division Rules Committee annually.

USA Lacrosse also publishes US Lacrosse Magazine nine times per year, with a circulation to over 350,000 USA Lacrosse members. Its mission is to "connect the sports community, educate players, coaches and officials, entertain fans and keep the membership of USA Lacrosse informed." In addition to the print magazine, USA Lacrosse maintains LaxMagazine.com, which features daily national, regional and international lacrosse news, information, and scores, along with original features.

Membership
Fans, players, parents, coaches and officials can all be members of USA Lacrosse. USA Lacrosse members receive access to a variety of programs and services, discounts on books, videos, educational materials and U.S. National Team fan merchandise. Additionally, all members receive digital and print issues of  USA Lacrosse Magazine, comprehensive lacrosse insurance, free admission to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame and discounts on products and services while supporting the mission of the organization and of the sport at large.

U.S. National Teams
As the United States is a full member of World Lacrosse, it takes part in all competitions organized and sanctioned by it. USA Lacrosse oversees all aspects of the U.S. Men's and Women's National and Under-19 Team programs.

The U.S. Men's National Team has won 10 World Lacrosse Championships, and won six straight World Championships from 1982 to 2002. The last World Championships were held in Netanya, Israel in 2018 with the U.S. beating Canada in the gold medal game. In the Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships, the United States has won every tournament to date with a total of eight championships.

The U.S. Women's National Team has won nine Women's Lacrosse World Cups. The most recent World Cup was held in Towson, Maryland in July 2022, where the U.S. defeated Canada 11-8 in the championship. In the women's Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships, the United States has won world championships in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2019.

Facility
USA Lacrosse moved to its current location in May 2016 and formally dedicated the new facility on Sept. 11, 2016. The facility is the result of a $15 million capital campaign entirely funded by private donors. Previously, the organization's headquarters were located in Baltimore adjacent to Homewood Field on the Johns Hopkins University campus.

The IWLCA Building at USA Lacrosse National Headquarters is the centerpiece of the campus. The three-level 45,000 square foot structure hosts office and meeting space for the US Lacrosse staff, the Crum Family Education and Training Center, and locker rooms. A new National Lacrosse Hall of Fame and Museum, features the Richie Moran Hall of Fame Gallery and displays highlighting the heritage of the sport and the evolution to the modern game.

The building overlooks William G. Tierney Field, which will be the training home for the U.S. National Teams Program. The intimate, lighted facility boasts a permanent seating area for 500 fans and berms surround the field that will allow for additional spectators.

In addition to serving as the training facility for Team USA, Tierney Field hosts numerous college, high school and youth games each year along with coaching, officiating and player education clinics.

Just above the seating area to Tierney Field is the Henry A. Rosenberg Jr. Promenade, which includes The Creator’s Game statue sculpted by Jud Hartmann that was moved from the old USA Lacrosse headquarters. The promenade also includes 21 pillars honoring college lacrosse programs from around the country.

Surrounding the south end of the field is the Chris Sailer Trail honoring 11 Intercollegiate Women’s Lacrosse Coaches Association Trailblazers: Pat Genovese, Tina Sloan Green, Caroline Haussermann, Kathy Heinze, Carole Kleinfelder, Gillian Rattray, Sue Stahl, Sue Tyler, Lanetta Ware, Marge Watson and Judy Wolstenholme.

Located off the trail is the 9/11 Memorial, honoring the nearly 70 individuals from the lacrosse community that died during the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. Landscape architect Kris Snider, a former All-American player at the University of Virginia, designed the memorial.

Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame
USA Lacrosse operates the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame at its headquarters in Sparks, Maryland. The new facility opened to the public in September 2016. Each year, members are inducted into the Hall of Fame for their contributions to the sport.

title: USA Lacrosse


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Ho-Chunk

The Ho-Chunk, also known as Hocąk, Hoocągra, or Winnebago are a Siouan-speaking Native American people whose historic territory includes parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois. Today, Ho-Chunk people are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. Historically, the surrounding Algonquin tribes referred to them by a term that evolved to Winnebago, which was later used as well as by the French and English. The Ho-Chunk Nation have always called themselves Ho-Chunk. The name Ho-Chunk comes from the word Hocaagra (Ho meaning "voice", cąk meaning "sacred", ra being a definitive article) meaning "People of the Sacred Voice". Their name comes from oral traditions that state they are the originators of the many branches of the Siouan language.

The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland Period cultures and the successor Oneota culture; they say their ancestors built the thousands of effigy mounds through Wisconsin and surrounding states. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Ho-Chunk were the dominant tribe in its territory in the 16th century, with a population estimated at several thousand. They lived in permanent villages of wigwams and adopted cultivated corn, squash, and beans; they gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12 clans with specific roles often assigned to clans. Wars with the Illinois Confederacy and later wars with the Ojibwe, Potawatomi, Meskwaki, and Sauk peoples pushed them out of their territories in eastern Wisconsin and Illinois, along with conflicts with the United States such as Winnebago War and Black Hawk War. The Ho-Chunk suffered severe population loss in the 17th century to a low of perhaps 500 individuals. This has been attributed to casualties of a lake storm, epidemics of infectious disease, and competition for resources from migrating Algonquian tribes. By the early 1800s, their population had increased to 2,900, but they suffered further losses in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. In 1990 they numbered 7,000; current estimates of total population of the two tribes are 12,000.

Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, and finally Nebraska. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone (they ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4). During these removals, bands of Ho-Chunk hid out in Wisconsin rather than be moved. In 1832, other bands of Ho-Chunk were moved to the Neutral Ground Reservation in eastern Iowa, were they faced hostile conditions between the warring Dakota people and Sauk peoples. They were removed from Iowa in 1848 into Minnesota, where they were moved twice from Todd County, Minnesota to Blue Earth County, Minnesota. After the Dakota War of 1862 and tensions created by the hate group Knights of the Forest, about 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at Camp Porter in Mankato before being expelled from Minnesota into Crow Creek, South Dakota in 1863.

The Ho-Chunk often nonviolently resisted removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska; The Winnebago Reservation was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin is considered a "non-reservation" tribe, as members historically had to acquire individual homesteads in order to regain title to ancestral territory; they hold land in more than 13 counties in Wisconsin and have land in Illinois. The federal government has granted legal reservation status to some of these parcels, but the Ho-Chunk nation does not have a contiguous reservation in the traditional sense. While related, the two tribes are distinct federally recognized sovereign nations and peoples, each with its own constitutionally formed government and completely separate governing and business interests. Since the late 20th century, both tribal councils have authorized the development of casinos. The Ho-Chunk Nation is working on language restoration and has developed a Hoocąk-language iOS app and online dictionary.

Etymology

The Ho-Chunk speak a Siouan language, which they believe was given to them by their creator, Mą’ųna (Earthmaker). Their native name is Ho-Chunk (or Hoocạk), which has been variously translated as "sacred voice" or "People of the Big Voice", meaning mother tongue, as in they originated the Siouan language family.

Neighboring Siouan tribes refer to the Ho-Chunk by translations of their name into the their language, such as Hotúŋe in the Iowa-Otoe language) or Hotháŋka in the Dakota language. The term "Winnebago" is a term used by the Potawatomi, pronounced as "Winnipego".

The Jesuit Relations of 1659–1660 said:

"He started, in the month of June of the year one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight, from the lake of the Ouinipegouek, which is strictly only a large bay in lake Huron. It is called by others, the lake of the stinkards, not because it is salt like the water of the Sea—which the Savages call Ouinipeg, or stinking water—but because it is surrounded by sulphurous soil, whence issue several springs which convey into this lake the impurities absorbed by their waters in the places of their origin."

Nicolas Perrot was a 17th-century French trader who believed that the Algonquian terms referred to saltwater seas, as these have a distinctive aroma compared with freshwater lakes. An early Jesuit record says that the name refers to the origin of Le Puans near the saltwater seas to the north. When the explorers Jean Nicolet and Samuel de Champlain learned of the "sea" connection to the tribe's name, they were optimistic that it meant Les Puans were from or had lived near the Pacific Ocean. They hoped it indicated a passage to China via the great rivers of the Midwest.

Culture
Before Europeans ventured into Ho-Chunk territory, the Ho-Chunk were known to hunt, farm, and gather food from local sources, including nuts, berries, roots, and edible leaves. They knew what the forest and river's edge had to give and both genders had a role in making best use of resources. With the changing seasons, Ho-Chunk families moved from area to area to find food. For example, many families returned to Black River Falls, Wisconsin, to pick berries in the summer.

Ho-Chunk women were responsible for growing, gathering, and processing food for their families, including the cultivation of varieties of corn and squash, in order to have different types through the growing season; and gathering a wide variety of roots, nuts, and berries, as well as sap from maple trees. In addition, women learned to recognize and use a wide range of roots and leaves for medicinal and herbal purposes. The maple sap was used to make syrup and candy. Women also processed and cooked game, making dried meats combined with berries to sustain their families when traveling. Tanned hides were used to make clothing and storage bags. They used most parts of the game for tools, binding, clothing, and coverings for dwellings. They were responsible for the survival of the families, caring for the children as well as elders.

The main role of the Ho-Chunk man was as a hunter—and a warrior when needed. Leaders among the men interfaced with other tribes. As hunters, they speared fish and clubbed them to death. The men also hunted game such as muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, and deer. Some men learned to create jewelry and other body decorations out of silver and copper, for both men and women. To become men, boys would go through a rite of passage at puberty: they fasted for a period during which they were expected to acquire a guardian spirit; without it, their lives would be miserable.

Besides having a guardian spirit, men would also try to acquire protection and powers from specific spirits, which was done by making offerings along with tobacco. For example, a man would not go on the warpath without first performing the "war-bundle feast", which contained two parts. The first part honored the night-spirits and the second part honored the Thunderbird spirit. The blessings these spirits gave the men were embodied in objects that together made the war-bundle. These objects could include feathers, bones, skins, flutes, and paints.

Ancestral Ho-Chunk
Ho-Chunk oral history says they have always lived in their current homelands of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois. Their Siouan language indicates common origin with other peoples of this language group. They say their ancestors built the thousands of effigy mounds through Wisconsin and surrounding states during the Late Woodland period. In the Terminal Late Woodland Period, the practice of building effigy mounds abruptly ceased with the appearance of the Oneota Culture. The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland cultures and the successor Oneota Culture. The tribe historically adopted corn agriculture at the end of the Late Woodland period as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. They cultivated wild rice (Zizania spp.) and gathered sugar from sugar maple trees.

European contact and tribe split
European contact came in 1634 with the arrival of French explorer Jean Nicolet. He wrote that the Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around Green Bay of Lake Michigan in Wisconsin, reaching beyond Lake Winnebago to the Wisconsin River and to the Rock River in Illinois. The oral history also indicates that in the mid-16th century, the influx of Ojibwe peoples in the northern portion of their lands caused the Ho-Chunk to move to the south of their territory. They had some friction with the tribes of the Illinois Confederacy as well as fellow Chiwere-speaking peoples splitting from the Ho-Chunk. These groups, who became the Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes, moved south and west because the reduced range made it difficult for such a large population to be sustained.

Population decline
Nicolet reported a gathering of approximately 5,000 warriors as the Ho-Chunk entertained him. Historians estimate that the population in 1634 may have ranged from 8,000 to more than 20,000. Between that time and the first return of French trappers and traders in the late 1650s, the population was reduced drastically. Later reports were that the Ho-Chunk numbered only about 500. When numerous Algonquian tribes migrated west to escape the aggressive Iroquois tribes in the Beaver Wars, they competed for game and resources with the Ho-Chunk, who had to yield to their greater numbers.

The reasons historians give for the reduction in population vary, but they agree on three major causes: the loss of several hundred warriors in a storm on a lake, infectious disease epidemics after contact with Europeans, and attacks by the Illinois Confederacy. The warriors were said to be lost on Lake Michigan after they had repulsed the first attack by invading the Potawatomi from what is now Door County, Wisconsin. Another says the number was 600. Another claim is that the 500 were lost in a storm on Lake Winnebago during a failed campaign against the Meskwaki, while yet another says it was in a battle against the Sauk. Even with such a serious loss of warriors, the historian R. David Edmunds notes that it was not enough to cause the near elimination of an entire people. He suggests two additional causes. The Winnebago apparently suffered from a widespread disease, perhaps an epidemic of one of the European infectious diseases. They had no immunity to the new diseases and suffered high rates of fatalities. Ho-Chunk accounts said the victims turned yellow, which is not a trait of smallpox. Historians have rated disease as the major reason for the losses in all Native American populations. Edmunds notes as a third cause of the population decline the following historic account: decimation by the Illinois Confederacy. The Ho-Chunk had been helped at one time by many of their enemies, in particular the Illinois Confederacy, during their time of suffering and famine, aggravated by the loss of their hunters. The Winnebago then attacked the Illinois Confederacy. Enraged, additional Illinois warriors retaliated and killed nearly all the Ho-Chunk.

After peace was established between the French and Iroquois in 1701, many of the Algonquian peoples returned to their homelands to the east. The Ho-Chunk were then relieved of that pressure on their territory and after 1741, most returned inland. From a low of perhaps less than 500, the population gradually recovered, aided by intermarriage with neighboring tribes and some of the French traders and trappers. A count from 1736 gives a population of 700; in 1806, they numbered more than 2,900. A census in 1846 reported 4,400 people but by 1848, there were reportedly 2,500. Like other Native American tribes, the Ho-Chunk suffered great losses during the smallpox epidemics of 1757–58 and 1836. In the 19th-century epidemic, they lost nearly a quarter of their population. Today the Ho-Chunk population is about 12,000.

The Black Hawk War of 1832 was fought largely on Ho-Chunk land. In early 1832, White Cloud invited the Sauk band to live in the Rock River band's Illinois villages. About 1,200 Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, and others came, from locations such as Saukenuk on the Iowa reservation, where there was little food. The arrivals included Black Sparrow Hawk, who had been a leading warrior of the British Band during the War of 1812.

Series of forced removals
Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, and finally Nebraska. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government to steal land through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone. The Ho-Chunk often nonviolently resisted removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings.

The Winnebago ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4.

The 1848 removal from Iowa was documented by a soldier in Morgan's Mounted Volunteers. About 2,500 people were forced to travel by wagon, on foot, and on horseback from Fort Atkinson, Iowa to Winona, Minnesota, and thence by steamboat to a new Reservation in Todd County, Minnesota, with its agency at Long Prairie, Minnesota Reservation. The Long Prairie Reservation, which was heavily wooded, was more suitable for logging than for farming. Writing in 1915, St. Cloud, Minnesota journalist and local historian William Bell Mitchell recalled that as of 1850, the Ho-Chunk "had one of their main villages on the west bank of the Mississippi River", and at the mouth of the Watab River in what is now Sartell, Minnesota. The Long Prairie Reservation was dissolved in 1855, and its residents were moved to Blue Earth County, Minnesota. While relating a May 1860 series of raids and revenge killings between the Chippewa and Dakota peoples in which one Ho-Chunk warrior was also killed in Maine Prairie Township, Stearns County, Minnesota, George W. Sweet, a pioneer settler of Sauk Rapids, recalled, "The Winnebagoes were supposed to be a neutral party between the Sioux and Chippewa, but occasionally a Winnebago would join a party of Sioux on a raid against the Chippewas."

During the 1862 Dakota War, a very small faction of the Ho-Chunk led by Chief Little Priest joined forces with the uprising and its figurehead leader, Chief Little Crow. This had disastrous results for all the Ho-Chunk living in Minnesota.

Reservations formation
In 1863, the Ho-Chunk were forced to leave Blue Earth County by a secret society organized by local pioneer settlers in Mankato, "The Knights of the Forest", which sent armed men to surround the Ho-Chunks' prime farmland. About 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at Camp Porter in Mankato, and thence removed to Crow Creek, Dakota Territory. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for an Omaha reservation in Nebraska. The Winnebago Reservation was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865.

Following the forced relocations, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially in Wisconsin, despite the U.S. Army's repeated roundups and forced removals. But the federal government finally allowed the Winnebago to resettle and acquire land in their ancestral homeland in Wisconsin, which eventually received recognition as an official Reservation known as the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk in Nebraska have gained independent federal recognition as a tribe and have a reservation in Thurston County. The Ho-Chunk Nation now has a constitution that reinforces its sovereign abilities to negotiate with the US government.

Waukon and Decorah, county seats of Allamakee and Winneshiek County, Iowa, respectively, were named after the 19th-century Ho-Chunk Chief Waukon Decorah.

Ho-Chunk clans
Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12 clans (see table). In pre-contact Ho-Chunk society, clans were typically associated with specific social roles; for instance, the Thunderbird Clan was the clan from which chiefs were appointed, while the Bear Clan enforced discipline within the community and oversaw prisoners. The clans were associated with animal spirits representing the traditional responsibilities within the nation; each clan had a role in the survival of the people. Like other Native Americans, the Ho-Chunk had rules generally requiring people to marry outside their clans. The kinship system was based in the family and gave structure to descent and inheritance rules. Although the tribe is patrilineal today, anthropologists believe they may have had a matrilineal kinship system in the 17th century before their major losses. At that time, the matriarchs of a clan would name its chief and they could reclaim the position if they disapproved of his actions. The Ho-Chunk may have shifted to the patrilineal system due to marriage into other tribes or under the influence of the male-oriented fur trade.

Today there are two federally recognized tribes of Ho-Chunk people, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.

Ho-Chunk Nation
This tribe is headquartered in Black River Falls, Wisconsin. Formerly known as the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe, it changed its name to "Ho-Chunk Nation" to take back the traditional Siouan name. Ho-Chunk usually call themselves Hoocąk waaziija haci meaning "sacred voice people of the Pines". They also call themselves wąąkšik – "people". They are the larger of the two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes.

The Ho-Chunk have established the Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division, which has developed materials to teach and restore use of the Hocąk language and other elements of their culture. Among its recent innovations is the development of a Hocąk-language app for the iPhone. The Ho-Chunk have about 200 native speakers among its elders.

Of the 7,192 tribal members as of May 2011, 5,042 lived in Wisconsin. The tribes own 4,602 acres (18.625 km2) scattered across parts of 12 counties in Wisconsin and one in Minnesota. The largest concentrations are in Jackson, Clark, and Monroe counties in Wisconsin. Smaller areas lie in Adams, Crawford, Dane, Juneau, La Crosse, Marathon, Rock, Sauk, Shawano, and Wood counties in Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk Nation also owns land in Lynwood, Illinois.

Government
The Ho-Chunk Nation established a written constitution and is governed by an elected council. , the current president is John Greendeer.

Since the late 20th century, the tribe operates six casinos in Wisconsin, in order to raise funds: In February 2013, the Beloit Common Council sold land to the Ho-Chunk Nation for a proposed casino.
 * Ho-Chunk Gaming Wisconsin Dells in Baraboo,
 * Ho-Chunk Gaming Black River Falls,
 * Ho-Chunk Gaming Nekoosa,
 * Ho-Chunk Gaming Wittenberg,
 * Ho-Chunk Gaming Tomah, and
 * Ho-Chunk Gaming Madison.

The council has used revenues to enhance infrastructure, healthcare, and educational support for its people.

In 1988, the Ho-Chunk Nation filed a timely claim for transfer of the Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP), which was to be declared surplus under federal regulations. As part of their former traditional territory, the property holds historical, archeological, sacred, and cultural resources important to their people. It is a 1500-acre parcel in Sauk County, Wisconsin. In 1998 the Secretary of the Interior had issued a letter to claim the land on behalf of the Ho-Chunk but in 2011, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) refused to accept the property. It was unwilling to conduct an environmental assessment due to cost.

The Ho-Chunk are continuing to pursue the case. Between 1998 and 2011, the Army spent millions of dollars in environmental assessments and cleanup to prepare the property for transfer. In 2012 the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) passed a resolution in support of the Ho-Chunk and to encourage the BIA to accept surplus lands in trust on behalf of tribes.

Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
The tribe has a reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa. The Winnebago Indian Reservation lies primarily in the northern part of Thurston and a small part of Dixon counties in Nebraska, with an additional portion in Woodbury County, Iowa. A small plot of off-reservation land of 116.75 acre is in southern Craig Township in Burt County, Nebraska. The total land area is 457.857 km2 (176.78 sq mi).

They refer to themselves as Hoocąk nįšoc haci meaning "sacred voice people living on the Missouri River".

The Iowa portion was originally west of the Missouri River and within Nebraska boundaries. After the United States Army Corps of Engineers changed the course of the river, some of the reservation land was redefined as falling within the boundaries of Iowa. The tribe successfully argued that the land belonged to them under the terms of the deed prior to diversion of the river. This land has a postal address of Sloan, Iowa, as rural addresses are normally covered by the nearest post office.

The 2000 census reported a population of 2,588 people living on these lands. The largest community is the village of Winnebago, with others in Emerson and Thurston, Nebraska. In 2006 their enrolled population was estimated at 4,000.

The federally recognized Omaha also have a reservation in Thurston County. Together, the Native American tribes occupy the entire land area of Thurston County.

Government
The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska has a written constitution and is governed by an elected nine-person council.

Since 1992 the Winnebago tribe has owned and operated the WinnaVegas Casino on its lands in Iowa. The tribe legalized alcohol sales to keep liquor tax revenue, earmarked for supporting individuals and families affected by alcoholism. More than 60% of federally recognized tribes in the lower 48 states have legalized alcohol sales.

In 1994 the tribe established Ho-Chunk, Inc., an economic development corporation that now employs 1400 people. Its success has earned the tribe small business organization awards. It has initiated a strong housing construction program in collaboration with federal programs. Its leaders were featured on Native American Entrepreneurs in 2009 on PBS.

Land claims
According to Gordon Thunder (Wakąja), the Ho-Chunk have been systematically removed from their homelands, many now occupied by other tribes. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, which at one time consisted primarily of tribal members spread over 13 counties of Wisconsin, have a historical territorial claim in an area encompassed by a line from Green Bay to Long Prairie to St. Louis to Chicago. Some in the federal and state governments have undermined the Ho-Chunk land claims; however, repatriation activities document where many villages once stood.

Notable Ho-Chunk people

 * Angel De Cora, artist and educator
 * Joba Chamberlain, Major league baseball pitcher
 * Henry Roe Cloud, born 1884, Yale graduate, educator
 * Glory of the Morning, 18th-century chief
 * Willard LaMere, educational leader and co-founder of the Native American Educational Services (NAES) College in Chicago
 * Hononegah, co-founder of Rockton, Illinois
 * Bronson Koenig, All Big-Ten basketball player from University of Wisconsin-Madison from 2013 to 2017
 * Truman Lowe, artist
 * Red Bird, chief and leader during the 1827 Winnebago War
 * Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr., Korean War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Red Wing (also known as Lillian St. Cyr), film actress
 * John Raymond Rice, World War II and Korean War hero, recipient of the Bronze Star
 * Chief Waukon Decorah, warrior and orator
 * Mountain Wolf Woman, an early 19th-century convert to the Peyote religion
 * Chief Yellow Thunder (also known as Waun-kaun-tshaw-zee-kau)
 * Betsy Thunder, Traditional doctor
 * Sharice Davids (b. 1980), assumed office in 2019 as the U.S. representative from Kansas's 3rd congressional district, one of the first Native American women elected to Congress
 * Sam Blowsnake, author

title: Ho-Chunk


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User:MartinBiely

Wikipedian since June, 2004.

de:Benutzer:MartinBiely

title: User:MartinBiely


text: Category:Cryptographic software

title: Category:Cryptographic software


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Bomber B

Bomber B was a German military aircraft design competition organised just before the start of World War II intended to develop a second-generation high-speed bomber for the Luftwaffe. The new designs would be a direct successor to the Schnellbomber philosophy of the Dornier Do 17 and Junkers Ju 88, relying on high speed as its primary defence. Bomber B would be a much larger and more capable aircraft, with range and payload far greater than the Schnellbomber, surpassing the largest conventional designs then under consideration. The winning design was intended to form the backbone of the Luftwaffe's bomber force, replacing the wide collection of semi-specialized designs then in service. The Reich Air Ministry was so optimistic that more modest projects were generally cancelled; when the project failed the Luftwaffe was left with hopelessly outdated aircraft.

Background
By the late 1930s airframe construction techniques had progressed to the point where airframes could be built to any required size, founded on the all-metal airframe design technologies pioneered by Hugo Junkers with the Junkers J 1 in 1915 and improved over the two following decades – especially in Germany with aircraft like the Dornier Do X flying boat and the Junkers G 38 airliner, and the Soviet Union with the enormous Maksim Gorki, the largest aircraft built anywhere in the 1930s.

Engines for such designs were a limiting factor.

In Germany, most bomber designs in service were adapted from pre-war designs, many of them passenger aircraft or dual-use designs. The first specialist bomber aircraft was the Junkers Ju 88, which had limited range and payload, forcing the Luftwaffe to use the Heinkel He 111 for other missions. A shortage of both types forced the early-war Luftwaffe to improvise with an assortment of aircraft. The Luftwaffe was displeased with this situation.

In the early 1930s Luftwaffe Chief of Staff Walther Wever initiated the Ural bomber program for the design a long-range bomber capable of bombing factories in the Ural Mountain area from bases far to the west. Limited engine power led to very large designs with limited performance and neither of the designs, the Dornier Do 19 and Junkers Ju 89, were put into production. Wever's death on June 3, 1936, prompted the RLM to release the "Bomber A" heavy bomber design specification the same day, looking for a new heavy bomber with improved range and greater payload than the Ural Bomber prototypes. The winning design, given its RLM airframe number on November 5, 1937, was the Heinkel He 177.

The Bomber A program was still in the process of selecting the winning design when the first German large capacity engines began testing. Compared to the Jumo 211s in the Ju 88, a pair of such engines would more than double available power, upwards to 5,000 hp (3680 kW). With this power, a significantly more capable design could be built, one with considerably larger internal space for a much larger bomb load, more fuel for longer range and greater speed. Junkers had been studying dramatically more capable versions of the Ju 88 powered by their relatively compact Jumo 222 or the four-crankshaft Jumo 223 diesel engine design from late 1937. No serious work was undertaken, but after Heinrich Hertel left Heinkel and joined Junkers in 1939, the EF 74 design was submitted to the RLM in May 1939.

Apparently excited by the possibilities of an aircraft with the payload and range of the He 177 combined with higher performance than the Ju 88, the RLM promulgated the specifications for "Bomber B" in July 1939. The specification called for a new medium bomber with a maximum speed of 600 km/h (375 mph), able to carry a bomb load of 4000 kg (8,820 lb) to any part of Britain from bases in France or Norway. To improve crew performance and defensive firepower, the designs were to have a pressurized cabin with remotely aimed armament. As it was meant to have the desirable combination of extended range, larger payload and better performance, whatever design won the Bomber B competition would replace all bombers in service.

Large twins
With engines in the 2,000 to 2,500 hp range, twin-engined aircraft would have considerably more surplus power, allowing for much greater payloads. In theory, the more powerful engine would take no longer to produce than a 1,000 hp design, it would simply be larger. By the late 1930s, engines of this sort of power began to be seriously considered and the British and Germans drew up bomber designs based on them.

In the UK, Avro and Handley Page drew up proposals for a large bomber based on two Rolls-Royce Vulture engines. The Vulture had four six-cylinder cylinder blocks connected to a common crankcase and crankshaft, to make a larger displacement X-block design. As the projects matured, problems with the Vulture became evident. Contrary to hopes, bringing together two V-12 engines' onto one crankcase led to many problems. Development of the Avro Manchester continued but Handley Page was asked to adapt their HP.56 design for four smaller engines. When the Manchester flew with all of the problems with the Vulture remaining, it too received a four-engine revision by its designer, Roy Chadwick. The Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax designs formed the backbone of RAF Bomber Command for the remainder of the war.

In Germany, the Bomber A program in mid-1936 had led to the Heinkel He 177 A, powered by two Daimler-Benz DB 606 "power system" engines. The 606 was a late-1930s attempt to use two Daimler-Benz DB 601 powerplants driving a common gear reduction case, resulting in a 24-cylinder powerplant like the Vulture but using having two crankcases for the Heinkel He 119 high-speed reconnaissance design and the Messerschmitt Me 261 long range aircraft. The pair of DB 601 component engines were arranged in an inverted W-block layout, keeping each component engine as a separate engine as far as possible. As with the Vulture, Daimler Benz engineers found the DB 606, weighing in at a massive 1.5 tonnes apiece was mediocre, particularly when the airframe mounting them possessed an engine accommodation design that prevented adequate maintenance access and ventilation.

Production of the He 177A continued and in service with deficient powerplant installation, engine nacelle internal design and maintenance access, it was plagued by engine failures, overheating and fires while airborne, earning it the nickname "Flaming Coffin" by its crews.

High-output engines
Simultaneously with the early development of the "coupled" engines, Daimler-Benz's began work on a 1,500 kW class design using a single crankcase. The result was the twenty-four cylinder Daimler-Benz DB 604, with four banks of six cylinders each. Possessing essentially the same displacement of 46.5 litres (2830 in3) as the initial version of the Junkers Jumo 222, its protracted development was diverting valuable German aviation powerplant research resources, and with more development of the DB 610 coupled engine giving improved results at the time, the Reich Air Ministry stopped all work on the DB 604 in September 1942.

BMW worked on what was essentially an enlarged version of its highly successful BMW 801 design from the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. This led to the 53.7-litre displacement BMW 802 in 1943, an eighteen-cylinder air-cooled radial, and the even larger, 83.5 litre displacement BMW 803 28-cylinder liquid-cooled radial. As both the 802 and 803 proved to be dismal failures in testing, their development only went so far as to prioritize the 802 for "completion and prototype construction as a secondary issue", while the 803 only received attention to "its design and development". This state of affairs at BMW led to the company's engineering staff being redirected to place all efforts on improving the 801 to develop it to its full potential. Only the BMW 801F radial development, through its use of features coming from the 801E subtype, was able to substantially exceed the over-1,500 kW output level — the F-version was tested at a top output level of some 1,765 kW (2,400 PS) of take-off power.

The Junkers company's 24-cylinder Junkers Jumo 222, liquid cooled six-bank inline engine, with four cylinders in each bank, came the closest to being the only production, single-crankcase design high-output powerplant candidate during the war years, intended to power not only the Junkers Ju 288, but also many other German multi-engined advanced combat aircraft projects. The 222 was a remarkably compact and efficient engine design, being almost identical in cylinder number, displacement and weight to the British Napier Sabre H-type four-bank sleeve valved inline engine, and the best attempt at creating a German aviation engine that could routinely exceed 1,500 kW output at altitude, but as with the BMW designs and even the later Heinkel HeS 011 advanced turbojet engine, never approached being a production-ready aircraft powerplant, with just under 300 examples of the Jumo 222 produced between several different versions.

Designs
Arado, Dornier, Focke-Wulf and Junkers all responded with designs and Henschel later added the Hs 130. It was clear even at this point that the call for designs was to some extent a formality, as the Junkers design had already been selected for production. The Ar 340 was dropped in the design stage and Do 317 was relegated to low-priority development, while prototype orders were placed for the Fw 191 and the Ju 288. With the Focke-Wulf and Dornier projects as first and second backups, the Technisches-Amt technical development office of the RLM started using these other designs as experimental testbeds. The Fw 191 was based around an all-electric platform to power nearly all its flight accessories, in place of hydraulics. The Fw 191 thus earned the nickname of Das Fliegende Kraftwerk (the flying power station). This dramatically increased the complexity of wiring the planes and the chance that one of the many motors would fail was considerable but that was not considered terribly important—it was felt that the Junkers design would work anyway.

The end of the project
Prototype airframes of the Ju 288 and Fw 191 designs were ready mid-1940 but neither the Jumo 222 nor the DB 604 were ready. Both teams decided to power their prototypes with the BMW 801 radial engine, although with 900 hp less per engine and with the BMW 801 radials themselves barely out of initial development, the planes were seriously underpowered. For comparative purposes, the nearly-equal displacement Wright Twin Cyclone radial engine was powering the American B-25 Mitchell twin-engined medium bomber with some 1,270 kW (1,700 hp) apiece of output, even with the B-25 having only a top airspeed of some 440 km/h (273 mph) at a take off weight of 15.9 tonnes (35,000 lb).

The first Jumo 222A/B development engines did not arrive until October 1941 and some eleven months later the DB 604 project was cancelled. By May 1942, in desperation, it was suggested that the Daimler-Benz DB 606 be used instead, even though it was considerably larger and heavier (1.5 tonnes) and was well known to have serious problems. Prototypes of both designs with these engines were ordered, although the Fw 191 was just getting into the air with the BMW 801 radials at this point and the Ju 288 was showing a continual tendency to break its main landing gear on touchdown, partly due to its undercarriage problems caused by its complex method of stowing the oleo struts during retraction.

The RLM had no designs to fill the gap left if Bomber B did not work, even though some minor designs like the Henschel Hs 130, usually powered with two DB 603 or 605 engines and the Dornier Do 317, being tried with the same, trouble-prone DB 606 or 610 "welded-together engines" on some of its prototype airframes were also being considered. A slightly improved Ju 88, based on the prototype Ju 88B design, was ordered as the Ju 188 and several prototypes of stretched versions of existing bomber designs with four engines were also ordered, as with Junkers' Ju 488 in 1943–44.

In June 1943, the T-Amt finally gave up; by this point, even if the Jumo 222 started working reliably, as it had begun to do in the summer of 1943, a shortage of the metals needed for the high-temperature alloys it used meant it would not be able to enter production anyway, with just under 300 development powerplants built. The three-year development period during the war in Europe, with no combat-ready designs to show for the effort, meant that the Bomber B project was a time-consuming venture that delivered nothing, while also serving to ensure that no other designs were available in late 1943, when their existing twin-engined medium bombers, most developed in the mid–late 30s, started to become hopelessly outdated.

With the failure of Bomber B, four engine versions of the He 177, which had first been officially considered as early as October 1941 with the "He 177H" paper-only derivative, the ancestor of the Heinkel He 274 high-altitude design project, were considered as replacements for the mainline variants of the He 177A through most of 1943. The trio of completed DB 603-powered He 177B prototypes would start their flight tests by the end of 1943. Production of the B-series He 177s by Arado Flugzeugwerke, the prime subcontractor for Heinkel's heavy bombers, was never undertaken as the Arado firm had priority for its jet-powered Arado Ar 234 bomber and by early July 1944, four months before Arado would be able to commence license-built construction of the He 177B-5, the Luftwaffe began the Emergency Fighter Program.

title: Bomber B


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San Marino Football Federation

The San Marino Football Federation (FSGC; Federazione Sammarinese Giuoco Calcio) is the governing body of football in San Marino. It organizes the San Marino football league (Campionato Sammarinese), a national cup (Coppa Titano), a super cup (Trofeo Federale) and the San Marino national football team. It is based in the city of San Marino. As of 10 December 2020, the FIFA committee recognizes San Marino as the lowest-ranking team according to the FIFA World Rankings.

The FSGC also helped to create the original incarnation of A.S.D. Victor San Marino, a team that plays in Serie D, the fourth division of the Italian league.

title: San Marino Football Federation


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Talk:Cohomology

Other appearances of cohomology
It seems a bit silly that this page is basically only about singular cohomology of spaces. Of course something like l-adic cohomology should also be added, but also related notions like group cohomology, etc MeowMathematics (talk) 16:40, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Question
Are the theories at the bottom then not extraordinary cohomology theories? (unsigned)

That's right. The axioms only make sense in the context of a cohomology theory which is a functor from the category of topological spaces (or some appropriate subcategory). The "Other cohomology theories" (at least the ones I recognize) are functors from some other category, like that of groups or rings or schemes or something. Quasicharacter 03:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Deligne cohomology
What is Deligne cohomology? Is this the cohomology theory developed in his work "theorie de hodge, tome i,ii,iii"? If so, is Deligne cohomology a standard term? I would rather call it complex analytic deRham cohomology or algebraic deRham cohomology. --Benjamin.friedrich 13:12, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe there may be more than one theory of Deligne cohomology. Charles Matthews 21:34, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I googled for it, and the usual conclusion (for me): Wikipedia will eventually be seen as having brought some sanity into mathematics on the Web, by actually writing down definitions. There is something fashionably called Deligne cohomology, a.k.a. Beilinson-Deligne cohomology, a.k.a. Cheeger-Simons cohomology. What I'm remembering was an explicit but somewhat modified de Rham-type theory. Perhaps I should look up the Beilinson conjectures, where I think this started to be used a while back. Anyway, there is such a thing that is well known and a theory in its own right. Charles Matthews 21:42, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

definition
it seems that Chain complex has more of a definition of cohomology than this article which has none. --MarSch 10:39, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * FTA:
 * A cohomology theory is a family of contravariant functors from the category of pairs of topological spaces and continuous functions (or some subcategory thereof such as the category of CW complexes) to the category of Abelian groups and group homomorphisms that satisfies the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms.
 * Not that it's terribly helpful, but it is a definition. Anyway, I think that the real issue for me here isn't whether or not a formal definition is given, but that there isn't a whole lot of motivation (except to say that it's sort of like homology, only not).  But I wonder if there is a nice motivation for studying cohomology that can be given at the level of generality this article aims for. Silly rabbit 02:00, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

The definition of the nth cohomology group is wrong: it should be the kernel of the map delta modded out by the image of the previous map (and not that of delta). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.34.18.24 (talk) 19:39, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Seconding the fact that the definition of the nth cohomology group is wrong: the minus one should be with the image so that the kernel and image lie in the same space. Alowe42 (talk) 16:47, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Definition of cochain?
Is there a definition of cochain on wikipedia?. Clicking on "cocycles" in this article goes to a disambiguation with a link to cochain which is redirected to this cohomology page (unsigned)

 * Look at chain complex. Perhaps cochain should redirect there instead. Silly rabbit 19:12, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

History section
The history section is very interesting. So, what happened after 1948? Randomblue (talk) 12:40, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

A good reference is Weibel, History of homological algebra, available at http://www.math.uiuc.edu/K-theory/0245/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.40.136.156 (talk) 13:20, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Terminology
As a graduate student in algebraic topology, I'd say that "generalized cohomology theory" is the standard term for cohomology theories that don't satisfy the dimension axiom. "Extraordinary cohomology theory" is an outdated term. (Note for example, the book "Generalized cohomology" by Kono and Tamaki from 2006). I'm making the relevant changes. 75.3.116.141 (talk) 00:35, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

"cohomology is determined by its values on a point"
this statement is incorrect. for generalized cohomology theory uniqueness follows from the AHSS, and there is more information then purely the coefficient, like k invariants. If what is written was correct, generalized cohomology theories would have been as easy to compute as ordinary cohomology, which is not the case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.223.215.24 (talk) 03:13, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

Translation
What does any of that mean in English?66.19.240.5 (talk) 17:18, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

Links
"Singular cohomology", "Betti cohomology", and "generalized homology theory" redirect here. BTotaro (talk) 21:26, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:53, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Edit reverted
I plan to revert the page to the version by D.Lazard. After that, a section "Analogy" was added with an explanation of cohomology as the "footsteps" left by a topological space. A vivid phrase can be a good thing, but I don't think this particular analogy helps anybody; it's too far from what cohomology is about (as opposed to any other distinguishing feature of anything). In any case, a whole section about this analogy is too much. BTotaro (talk) 22:39, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

Discuss Cohomology of Varieties, Stacks, etc.
This page should discuss the cohomology of more refined objects such as varieties. This should mention tools such as derived functors, hodge structures, etale cohomology, etc. and some of the important theorems relating these cohomology theories with singular cohomology. In addition, there should be a discussion about the cohomology of more general spaces such as stacks. All of this should include explicit examples with explanations for their computation.

Some references include:

https://www.math.ubc.ca/~behrend/CohSta-1.pdf http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Sun_berkeley_0028E_10484.pdf https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1020065/compute-the-cohomology-of-projective-schemes?rq=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.138.65.175 (talk) 21:03, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cohomology


text: Category:Traditional stories

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Category:Romance languages

This category and its subcategories are arranged according to Romance languages tree at Ethnologue. Each specific language should go under its own language group, unless it is too hard to establish that group.

title: Category:Romance languages


text: Category:Germanic languages

title: Category:Germanic languages


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Category:Italic languages

Articles related to the Italic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken in the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC. The best known of them is Latin, the official language of ancient Rome, which conquered the other Italic peoples before the common era. The other Italic languages became extinct in the first centuries AD, as their speakers were assimilated into the Roman Empire and shifted to some form of Latin. Between the third and eighth centuries AD, Vulgar Latin (perhaps influenced by language-shift from the other Italic languages) diversified into the Romance languages, which are the only Italic languages natively spoken today.

title: Category:Italic languages


text: Category:Slavic languages

title: Category:Slavic languages


text: User talk:80.225.220.198

title: User talk:80.225.220.198


text: Category:Sino-Tibetan languages

title: Category:Sino-Tibetan languages


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International Biology Olympiad

The International Biology Olympiad (IBO) is a biological olympiad for pre-university students under the age 20, and is one of the most well-known International Science Olympiads. The first IBO was held in Czechoslovakia in 1990, and it has since been held annually. The competition have gradually expanded to include more than 75 participating countries across five continents. All participating countries send the four winners of their National Biology Olympiad to the IBO, usually accompanied by two adults who are members of the international jury, for the duration of the competition.

To select these top four life science contestants for this international competition, all member countries host Biology Olympiad competitions in typically 3-5 consecutively more difficult national competition rounds. As a consequence, this leads to a trickle-down effect, engaging more than 1 million students worldwide in life science each year.

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the IBO (host: Japan) was organized virtually and was rated "a great success" and "highly successful" in the history of IBO because of its exceptional way of operation and the unique international group-based scientific project International Group Project 2020.

In 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic forced the Portuguese IBO host to go virtual once again: the 2021 IBO was replaced by the IBO Challenge II, from July 18 to July 23.

IBO 2020 and the International Group Project
In the face of the threat of the International Science Olympiads' cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic (the International Physics Olympiad was officially canceled ), the IBO 2020 was the first in the International Science Olympiads that was claimed by the host (Japan) to be held entirely virtually with a guaranteed supervision to adapt to the pandemic.

Notably, in the IBO 2020, the International Group Project was proposed. This is the first international group-based scientific project in the history of International Science Olympiads, aiming to intensify scientific discussion and collaboration among competitors from various countries.

In the International Group Project 2020, there are 50 research teams, and every team consists of 4 to 7 competitors, all representing different countries. In each team, these young biologists collaborated with their international fellows in a three-month scientific project. Finally, they had to propose a professional poster or presentation about an outstanding, innovative idea that can determine biology's future and solve a critical global issue. Every performance was evaluated by noble professors of Japan in life science.

Altogether, 53 countries and 202 contestants participated in the International Group Project 2020. This project was described as "the first trial of a collaborative research opportunity in IBO's history." Among 50 teams, six outstanding teams had (25 students) received the Award of Excellence for the best performance.

Summary
Each year, the IBO is organised by a different country.

Performance of countries
As of February 2024, the current list of countries with the best results (spanning the last 10 years) for gold medals are as follows:

title: International Biology Olympiad