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New Jersey Jackals

The New Jersey Jackals are a professional baseball team based in Paterson, New Jersey. The Jackals compete in the Frontier League (FL) as a member of the East Division. The team was founded in 1998 by Floyd Hall and is owned by Al Dorso, a businessman who also owns the Sussex County Miners, Skylands Stadium, and State Fair Superstore. The Jackals play their home games at Hinchliffe Stadium.

They were previously members of the Northeast League, Northern League, Can-Am League, and All-American Baseball Challenge. Beginning with the 2023 season, the Jackals play their home games at former Negro leagues ballpark Hinchliffe Stadium in Paterson, New Jersey.

The Jackals have a rivalry with their cross-Hudson River neighbor, the New York Boulders, as well as a rivalry with the Sussex County Miners. The Jackals are one of three Frontier League teams in the New York metropolitan area; the others are the Boulders and the Miners.

1998: Inaugural season
The Jackals were founded in 1998 and replaced the Bangor Blue Ox in the Northeast League after that franchise folded. Kash Beauchamp was named the team's first manager and they began play on May 30, 1998, against the Waterbury Spirit, where they won both games of a doubleheader.

The Jackals' first home game was played at a yet-to-be-finished Yogi Berra Stadium on June 5. Facing the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs, New Jersey went to extra innings before winning 2–1 in the thirteenth on a home run by Gary Collum.

The Jackals finished the regular season with 53 wins, most in the league, and won the first half championship, which ensured a place in the Northeast League playoffs. They would defeat the Allentown Ambassadors in their first playoff series, then face Albany-Colonie again for the league championship. The Jackals defeated the Diamond Dogs 2–0 in a best of three series to win their first league championship.

1999–2000: Entering a new league
The Jackals became members of the Northern League for the 1999 season after the league decided to absorb the Northeast League. The Jackals became part of the new Northern League East Division.

The Jackals won 45 games in 1999 and again qualified for the playoffs, knocking off Allentown in their first playoff matchup before falling to Albany-Colonie in a rematch of their league championship series from 1998.

The Jackals received the honor of hosting the Northern League All-Star Game in 2000. 4,211 fans showed up to watch the game, which saw the East defeat the Central Division 10–5. It was one of the year's highlights, but there were not many others as the Jackals struggled throughout the season. A 31–52 record placed the team last in the division, and following the season Kash Beauchamp announced his resignation after three seasons.

2001–2004: Champions
George Tsamis was hired to take over the Jackals for 2001. He had lost his job as manager in Waterbury following the 2000 season when the Spirit suspended operations.

The Jackals again found struggles, but managed to pull together 45 victories against 45 losses. They qualified for the Northern League playoffs for the second time in three years as a wild card and once again won their first round series, sweeping Albany-Colonie.

Shortly after the Jackals' win over the Diamond Dogs, the September 11 attacks occurred and threw the rest of the playoffs into doubt. After discussion the Northern League determined that they would continue to play and the Jackals resumed their championship quest against the Elmira Pioneers on September 17. In a five-game series, New Jersey emerged victorious and advanced to the Northern League Championship Series against the Winnipeg Goldeyes, whom they defeated in four games to win their second league championship.

2002
The 2002 Jackals season was historic on two fronts. The first historic moment came when Jeremy Callier threw a no-hitter on August 28 against the Berkshire Black Bears, requiring a home run by Ryan Kane in the bottom of the ninth inning to make it official.

The second piece of team history saw the Jackals set a team record for victories, finishing with 62 to lead the league.

In the playoffs, however, the Jackals had problems. In the first round, they took the first two against Elmira before the Pioneers won the next two to tie the series. The Jackals emerged victorious in five games.

Then, in the Northern League East Championship Series against Adirondack, the Jackals were down to their final out in Game 5 trailing 2–1 when Dave Callahan hit a double with the bases loaded to score all three runners and give the team a 4–2 victory. The Jackals capped it off with their second straight victory over Winnipeg in the Northern League Championship Series, defeating the Goldeyes 3 games to 1.

2003
2003 saw two major changes for the Jackals. First George Tsamis resigned to take the managerial position with the St. Paul Saints, New Jersey hired Gary SouthShore RailCats manager Joe Calfapietra to take his place. The second saw the end of the merger with the Northern League, as the Northeast League once again became its own entity. The Jackals finished 52–37 and returned to the playoffs for a third consecutive year by winning both halves of the season in their division, but were dispatched in the first round by the eventual league champion Brockton Rox.

2004
In 2004, New Jersey improved their record to what was then the team's second-best showing in its history, winning 54 games and losing 29. However, the first half of the season required saw the Jackals end in a tie with the New Haven County Cutters, requiring a one-game playoff which New Jersey won for their fifth consecutive half-season victory. The Jackals pulled away in the second half with a 28–18 record, winning both halves for a third straight year.

The Jackals beat the Bangor Lumberjacks in the opening round of the playoffs, then found themselves in trouble against the North Shore Spirit in the league championship series. Trailing two games to none and down late in the third game, the Jackals rallied for an extra inning victory. They duplicated the feat the next day in Game 4 to tie the series, and then won the fifth and deciding game to take the Northeast League Championship. It would be the fourth league championship for the Jackals, but would be their last for over a decade.

2005
In 2005 the Jackals joined the 8-team Can-Am League but failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2000 despite posting a winning record of 48–44. Outfielder Zach Smithlin led the league with 135 hits and a .358 batting average, while second baseman Ricardo Cordova also topped .350 and was named to the All-Star team. Pitcher Joel Bennett recorded a 2.68 ERA and an 11–2 record in his abbreviated season and also garnered All-Star consideration.

2006
2006 saw another history-making performance as Aaron Myers threw the second no-hitter in team history, but New Jersey again missed the playoffs and—with a 43–48 record—finished with only their second losing record in team history. The Jackals’ major bright spot was veteran minor league John Lindsey, who led the team in home runs but was signed away from the team in the second half of the season. Joel Bennett and Raul Valdes both led the Jackals in wins with seven, while Isaac Pavlik and Joe Orloski each recorded six.

2007
The Jackals returned to the playoffs as they won the Can-Am League First Half Championship in 2007 with a 31–15 record, guaranteeing them a spot in the playoffs. Their 31 wins in the first half still mark a franchise best in the first half, and second most in a half (32 in 2002). The Jackals' second half was not as strong, as they finished in last place with an 18–29 record. New Jersey took the Nashua Pride to a fifth game at Yogi Berra Stadium in their best-of-five series before losing and getting knocked out.

The Jackals’ leading hitter was returning catcher Sandy Madera, who hit .364 with 21 home runs and 75 RBI. Zach Smithlin stole 33 bases, marking the fourth consecutive year where he recorded at least 25.

After the season, Joel Bennett retired from professional baseball. He finished his final season with a 3–2 record.

2008
The Jackals missed the playoffs in 2008, finishing 43–51.

In a ceremony prior to their game on August 22 vs. the Brockton Rox, the Jackals retired pitcher Joel Bennett’s number 28.

The Jackals total attendance in 2008 was 103,817. Averaging 2,209 per game.

2009
New Jersey was able to ride a CanAm League record 14 game winning streak to a First Half Championship in 2009 with a 28–19 record, once again guaranteeing the team a playoff spot. The Jackals won 27 games in the second half for a total of 55, the second most in team history. Despite that, New Jersey was eliminated from the playoffs by the Worcester Tornadoes.

2010
In 2010, the Jackals slipped in the first half, finishing fourth with a 19–27 record. The team battled back to a 23–23 record in the second half, beating out the Worcester Tornadoes by 0.5 game for the fourth and final playoff spot. The Jackals were swept by Quebec three games to none in the opening round.

2011
The Jackals finished the regular season 57–36, the second most season wins in franchise history behind the 62 wins the 2002 team put up. Despite an impressive record, the Jackals were unable to win either half of the regular season (Quebec won both halves), and finished second of the eight teams.

On July 30, the Jackals retired Zack Smithlin's #4 jersey in a pregame ceremony.

Jackals pitcher Isaac Pavlik made a close run for the pitching triple crown, finishing the regular season atop the league in wins and strikeouts, but third in ERA.

The Jackals defeated the Pittsfield Colonials to advance to the Can-Am League Championship Series, losing again to Quebec.

2012
The Jackals completed the season second overall with a 59–41 record. They once again faced the Capitales in the championship series, which was extended to a best-of-seven, but again lost.

Jackals 3B Nick Giarraputo was named the Can-Am League's 2012 Player of the Year.

2013
The Jackals finished at 55–44, in second place. Quebec loomed in the league championship series again, and the Jackals rallied from three games to one down to force a seventh game which the Capitales won.

2014
With the Newark Bears ceasing operations after the 2013 season, the Can-Am League was down to just 4 teams for 2014. The New Jersey Jackals, Rockland Boulders, Trois-Rivières Aigles, & Québec Capitales.

More inter-league play with American Association kept the Can-Am afloat, while allowing the league to maintain its own separate identity.

The Jackals hosted the St. Paul Saints, Winnipeg Goldeyes, & Lincoln Saltdogs going 4–5.

The Winnipeg Goldeyes returned to Yogi Berra Stadium on June 17, 2014, for the first time since losing the Northern League Championship to NJ on September 21, 2002. A span of 4,287 days between games.

Jackals manager Joe Calfapietra recorded his 700th managerial win on July 7, a 4–3 victory over the Capitales at Stade Municipal.

NJ visited the Sioux Falls Canaries, St. Paul Saints, & Winnipeg Goldeyes in August. Going 5–4 on the road trip.

On August 25, the Jackals eliminated rival Québec Capitales (winners of 5 consecutive League Championships) & earned themselves a 13th postseason appearance in 17 years with a 7–3 home victory. The Jackals finished one game behind the Boulders with a 55–41 record.

New Jersey lost its fourth consecutive league championship series, falling in six games to Rockland after winning the first two at home.

9/3 – Jackals 3, Boulders 2

9/4 – Jackals 3, Boulders 2

9/5 – Boulders 5, Jackals 4

9/6 – Boulders 8, Jackals 7 10 Innings

9/7 – Boulders 14, Jackals 4

9/8 – Boulders 4, Jackals 0

(Rockland wins series 4–2)

The Jackals total attendance in 2014 was 76,423. Averaging 1,661 per game.

2015
In 2015 the Sussex County Miners & the Ottawa Champions were added to the Can-Am League.

The Garden State Grays played 60 games, & the Shikoku Island League All-Stars played 16 games.

The Jackals finished third in the league with a 54–43 in 2015, earning a playoff spot for the 7th consecutive season. New Jersey defeated Quebec for the first time in a post season series.

9/9 Jackals 4, Quebec 3

9/11 Quebec 4, Jackals 3

9/12 Quebec 11, Jackals 5

9/13 Jackals 5, Quebec 2

9/15 Jackals 5, Quebec 4

(NJ wins series 3–2)

NJ earns a fifth straight trip to the League Championship Series.

The Jackals fell to Trois-Rivières in 5 games, losing their fifth straight CanAm League championship series.

9/16 Aigles 12, Jackals 0

9/17 Jackals 8, Aigles 6

9/18 Aigles 7, Jackals 3

9/19 Jackals 7, Aigles 5

9/20 Aigles 2, Jackals 1

(Aigles wins series 3–2)

Despite winning 4 of the franchise's first five trips to a league championship, the Jackals were winless in their last five.

On July 17, 2015, the Jackals participated in the 1st ever Can-Am League Cooperstown Classic at Historic Doubleday Field in Cooperstown, NY. New Jersey defeated the host Rockland Boulders 9–1. Winning pitcher, Brian Ernst.

Combining the regular & post seasons, NJ plays a team record 107 games in 2015.

The Jackals total attendance in 2015 was 78,913. Averaging 1,578 per game.

2016
In the 2016 season, the Jackals finished in first place with a 62–38 record, which tied the team record for victories in a season.

However, they lost in the opening round to the Ottawa Champions:

9/7 – Jackals 11, Ottawa 2

9/8 – Ottawa 4, Jackals 3

9/9 – Ottawa 8, Jackals 3

9/10 – Ottawa 7, Jackals 2

(Ottawa wins series 3–1)

First baseman Art Charles, however, set league records in slugging percentage, extra base hits and total bases en route to being named the 2016 Baseball America Independent Leagues Player of the Year.

Jackals manager Joe Calfapietra recorded his 800th managerial win on June 6, a 19–3 victory over the Sussex County Miners at Skylands Stadium.

Jackals played the Cuban National Team in a 3-series at Yogi Berra Stadium, on June 27–29.

G1 Cuba 9 Jackals 4 (7inning game)

G2 Jackals 3 Cuba 1

G3 Jackals 5 Cuba 3

New Jersey sets a Can-Am Team record with 46 triples in a season.

The Jackals total attendance in 2016 was 74,335. Averaging 1,652 per game. The lowest ever for the NJ franchise.

After the 2016 season, manager Joe Calfapietra announced he was leaving the team after fourteen seasons to take over the managerial position with the American Association's Kansas City T-Bones.

2017
The team's bench coach, Matt Padgett, was promoted to manager in February 2017.

Al Dorso purchases the Jackals franchise in May 2017. To be operated as University Sports and Entertainment, LLC.

The Jackals begin their 20th season on May 18, 2017, with an 8–4 victory over Quebec at Yogi Berra Stadium.

NJ swept a 3-game series from a Dominican Republic squad in June. They also swept 4 from the Cuban National Team in their second appearance at Yogi Berra Stadium.

The Jackals finished at 55–45 & qualified for the playoffs for the 16th time in 20 seasons, but were eliminated by the club's fierce rival Rockland Boulders in the opening round:

9/7 – Boulders 3, Jackals 1

9/8 – Boulders 5, Jackals 0

9/9 – Jackals 7, Boulders 1

9/10 – Boulders 9, Jackals 1

(Rockland wins series 3–1)

During the 2017 season, pitcher Johnny Hellweg signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates and first baseman Conrad Gregor signed with the Boston Red Sox organization.

On July 20, 2017, the Jackals recorded their 1,000th regular season win. A 9–3 victory over Trois-Rivieres. Winning pitcher, Isaac Pavlik.

On August 2, 2017, Isaac Pavlik records his 1,000th career strikeout as a Jackal, during an 8–2 victory over Ottawa.

The Jackals total attendance in 2017 was 91,892. Averaging 1,767 per game.

After the 2017 season, Jackals Manager Matt Padgett announced he was not returning in 2018. The team announced on December 18, 2017, that his replacement would be Brooks Carey, who had spent the previous five seasons managing the Normal CornBelters of the Frontier League.

2018
In 2018 the Jackals finished the year with a 50–52 record. Their first losing season since 2010 ending their run of 9 consecutive post season appearances.

In a game started on May 31 and completed on July 5, NJ hits a CanAm record 7 home runs en route to a 23–8 victory over Ottawa.

On August 7, in game starting at 8:51pm, Eduar Lopez tossed the 3rd no-hitter in franchise history as the Jackals defeated the Ottawa Champions, 5–0. He faced 28 batters, 1BB, 4K's, 92 pitches.

The Jackals total attendance in 2018 was 83,610. Averaging 1,706 per game.

2019
The CanAm League commemorated its 15th season in 2019.

The Jackals opened their 22nd season in Ottawa on May 17, with a 10 inning 6–5 victory.

They won their 2019 Home opener on May 24 vs. the Trois-Rivières Aigles by a score of 4–1.

The Can-Am International Series continued in 2019. NJ played the Shikoku Island Independents & Cuban National Team for the 3rd time.

On July 3 the Jackals played in their 2,000th regular season game. Recording a 12–8 victory over Quebec @ YBS.

Following their August 23 victory over Ottawa, the Jackals qualified for their 17th post season appearance in their 22-year history.

In a ceremony before their game on August 24 the Jackals officially unveiled their POW/MIA Chair of Honor. A POW/MIA Chair of Honor is an empty seat that serves as a symbol to remind everyone to never forget our servicemen who made the ultimate sacrifice. The team partnered with Rolling Thunder, Inc. in the dedication.

In a ceremony prior to their August 29 game, vs. the Sussex County Miners, the Jackals officially retired Isaac Pavlik's number 7.

Jackals OF Alfredo Marte was named the Can-Am League's 2019 Player of the Year.

Conrad Gregor had 49 stolen bases & 82 Walks during the 2019 season, both new team records.

NJ set a new team record with 142 Stolen Bases in 2019.

NJ finished the Can-Am regular season in 3rd place with a record of 48–46.

In the opening round of the playoffs, the Jackals defeated the Trois-Rivières Aigles.

9/4 Jackals 3, Aigles 0 @ YBS

9/5 Aigles 5, Jackals 0 @ YBS

9/6 Jackals 7, Aigles 2 @ TR

9/7 Aigles 17, Jackals 4 @ TR

9/8 Jackals 4, Aigles 3, 10 Innings @ TR

(NJ wins series 3–2)

Jackals advanced to the Can-Am League Championship Series vs. the Sussex County Miners and defeated them 3–1 to earn their first championship in 15 years.

9/10 Jackals 3, Miners 2, 10 Innings @ YBS

9/12 Miners 12, Jackals 3 @ YBS

9/13 Jackals 2, Miners 0 @ Skylands Stadium

9/14, Jackals 8, Miners 7 @ Skylands Stadium

Win 1st Can-Am League Championship, 5th team Championship.

The New Jersey Jackals franchise now has won championships in 3 different independent leagues:

(2) Northeast League 1998, 2004 (2) Northern League 2001, 2002 (1) Can-Am League 2019

The Jackals total attendance in 2019 was 76,658. Averaging 1,742 per game.

2020: Frontier League era, COVID-19 and pivot to All-American Baseball Challenge
On October 16, 2019, it was announced the New Jersey Jackals joined the 14 team Frontier League, along with the New York Boulders, Québec Capitales, Sussex County Miners and Trois-Rivières Aigles. They planned to play in the 7 team Can-Am Division with the Lake Erie Crushers and Washington Wild Things. The merger created the largest league in all of Independent Professional Baseball. The Jackals were scheduled to open their inaugural Frontier League season on the road May 14 vs. the Florence Y'alls, with their home opener was scheduled for May 22 vs. the Québec Capitales. On April 1, 2020, the Frontier League officially delayed the scheduled start of their 2020 season, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 24, 2020, the Frontier League announced that the 2020 championship season was suspended due to ongoing gathering and travel restrictions in many locations.

On July 14, 2020, the Jackals announced the 6-team All-American Baseball Challenge for the 2020 season. Initially, a 32 game, 8-week regular season was reported, but as games not played due to inclement weather were canceled, teams wound up playing fewer games. All games were scheduled for 7 innings and held on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. The Jackals and the Jersey Wise Guys played at Yogi Berra Stadium. The Sussex County Miners and Skylands Cardinals played at Skylands Stadium, Rockland Boulders and New York Brave playing at Palisades Credit Union Park. On July 23, the Jackals defeated the Jersey Wise Guys 10–3 to open the season. The Jackals finished the regular season 12–10 finishing in 3rd place. They won their first playoff game in Rockland over the Boulders by a score of 11–2. On September 12, the Jackals won the Championship by defeating the New York Brave 3–2 at Yogi Berra Stadium.

2021: First Frontier League season
In 2021, the New Jersey Jackals played their 24th consecutive season, their first as a member of the 14 team Frontier League. They were one of three teams in the Northeast Division of the Can-Am Conference along with the Sussex County Miners and Washington Wild Things. They also played the conference’s Atlantic Division teams, Équipe Québec, New York Boulders, and Tri-City ValleyCats. The Florence Y'alls were their only Midwestern conference opponent. Their inaugural games were victories on the road May 27 and at home on May 29, both against the New York Boulders. The Jackals missed the playoffs for the first time since 2018, finishing with a 39–56 record. The Jackals' total attendance in 2021 was 43,722. Averaging 1,041 per game.

2022: The final year at Yogi Berra Stadium
In 2022, the Jackals played their 25th season. Their season began on May 13 where they defeated the Evansville Otters 9–5 on the road. On September 2, pitcher Jorge Tavarez threw the fourth no-hitter in team history. This came on a 147 pitch effort in a 7–1 victory against rival Sussex County Miners at Skylands Stadium. Tavarez also set a new franchise record with 142 strikeouts in a season. The Jackals set a franchise record with 127 home runs, led by outfielder Josh Rehwaldt who hit 29 home runs tying the franchise season record. Shortstop Santiago Chirino, became the new Frontier League leader with 140 career doubles and 440 runs scored. The club missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season finishing with a 45–49 record. The Jackals total attendance in 2022 was 51,333. Averaging 1,007 per game, the lowest in franchise history at Yogi Berra Stadium.

On September 14, 2022, the Jackals announced that they would move to the newly renovated and former Negro leagues ballpark, Hinchliffe Stadium in Paterson for the 2023 season, ending 25 years at Yogi Berra Stadium.

2023: The Jackals' first year in Paterson
On November 7, 2022, P. J. Phillips was announced as manager. The Jackals made their Hinchliffe Stadium debut on May 21, where they defeated the Sussex County Miners 10–6. Phillips led the Jackals to a 60–35 regular season record, ending a two year playoff drought. In the playoffs, the Jackals defeated the Sussex County Miners in the East Division Wild Card Game 5–0. In the East Divisional Series the Jackals would fall to the eventual champions Québec Capitales 2 games to 1. The Jackals total attendance in 2023 was 36,971. Averaging 725 per game, the lowest in franchise history.

2024
On October 16, 2023, John Hunt was named General Manager. On February 20, 2024, Albert Gonzalez was named manager.

Rivalries
The Jackals–Boulders rivalry (also known as the “Hudson River rivalry” or the “Battle of the Hudson River”) is a fierce rivalry between the New Jersey Jackals and the New York Boulders. The two teams are called "cross-river rivals." This is because Clover Stadium in Pomona, New York, where the Boulders play, is across the Hudson River and less than 25 miles from the Hinchliffe Stadium in Paterson (and previously, the Yogi Berra Stadium in Little Falls), the home of the Jackals. Fans on both sides have agreed the rivalry has become even stronger as of late, due in large part to the fact that both teams have shown much more parity towards each other. Some baseball analysts within the media have referred to them as "mirror teams" given their many similarities. Many Boulders fans have been seen burning Jackals memorabilia after Boulders' victories over the Jackals, and lighting their cigarettes with it, while exiting Clover Stadium. Jackals fans, meanwhile, enjoy making confetti which reads "Boulders suck" and handing them out during games formerly at the Yogi Berra Stadium and currently at the Hinchliffe Stadium. The Boulders–Jackals rivalry is popular among fans due to its geographic proximity, which is seen as a battle between the neighboring states of New York and New Jersey. Travel ease allows fans to typically follow their respective team across the Hudson to view away games. Fans of both teams have also shown considerable hostility towards each other's team pitchers.

The Jackals' second rivals are with the Sussex County Miners, better known as the “Battle of New Jersey”. This is due to the only two Frontier League teams playing in the same state, as well as a proximity within both stadiums. They've faced each other in the playoffs three times, the last time being the 2023 East Division Wild Card Game.

The Jackals also have significant rivalry with the Québec Capitales. They both started operations in 1998, and they have both won multiple league championships in their histories. The Capitales defeated the Jackals three times in the championship series, 2011, 2012, and 2013, as well as in the 2023 divisional series. Meanwhile, the Jackals defeated the Capitales in the 2015 semifinal round.

Jack the Jackal

The official mascot for the New Jersey Jackals is an anthropomorphic jackal named Jack. He entertains fans and autographs souvenirs during every home game. His trademark game antics include Tackle the Jackal, T-shirt toss, the Cha Cha Slide, the YMCA, etc. Jack is popular with children who attend the games, as well as the community.

Logos and uniforms
The official colors of the New Jersey Jackals are red and black. The primary logo incorporates several elements, including the initials "NJ" for New Jersey with the "Jackals" wordmark following the "J." A stylized baseball in white with red threading and black outline dots the "J", with a depiction of a jackal's head in red with white shadowing and black outline is centered above the wordmark.

The Jackals wear a black cap for home games and red for away. The road cap has the "NJ" cap logo centered on the front, with a baseball dotting the "J." The home cap is black with the "jackal" cap logo centered on the front with a baseball incorporated with the logo to the left. The home jerseys are white with black pinstripes with the "Jackals" wordmark centered across in red with black outline. The away jerseys are grey with the "New Jersey" wordmark arched across the front in red letters with black outline. An alternate jersey is black with red piping with the "Jackals" wordmark centered across in red with white outline. The batting practice jersey is red with black sleeves, with the "NJ" cap logo centered on the left-side chest.

Notable alumni

 * Craig Breslow, former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. Breslow joined the Jackals midway through the 2004 season and was signed by the San Diego Padres in 2005, making his major league debut later that season. Breslow has also pitched for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Cleveland Indians, Minnesota Twins, and Oakland Athletics.
 * John Lindsey, former Los Angeles Dodgers first baseman. Lindsey played for the Jackals in 2005 and was bought by the Florida Marlins at midseason, only to be released at the end of the year. Lindsey returned to the Jackals in 2006, played the entire season, and joined the Dodgers in 2007. Lindsey made his major league debut in 2010 at 33 years old. Lindsey joined the Jackals for a third time in 2013 after being released from the Detroit Tigers, where he had been playing in their minor league system for the Toledo Mud Hens. As of 2015, Lindsey is playing in the Mexican League.
 * Tim Adleman, pitcher 2016 Cincinnati Reds. Adleman pitched for the Jackals in 2013. That same year he was signed by the Cincinnati Reds. Three years later he made his major league debut for the Reds on May 1, 2016. He currently pitches in the Reds organization.
 * Raúl Valdés, retired pitcher. Valdes pitched for the Jackals in 2006 and went 7–3 in 17 games with 12 starts. He signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets following the season and made his major league debut for them in 2010. Valdes signed with the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2010 offseason and began the 2011 season with the Memphis Redbirds, the Cardinals' Triple-A affiliate. He was released by St. Louis after making seven appearances and finished the 2011 season with the New York Yankees.
 * Mark Lemke, former second baseman for the Atlanta Braves. After retiring from the major leagues in 1998, Lemke decided to attempt a comeback as a knuckleball pitcher and joined the Jackals for 1999. He was released early in the 2000 season due to control problems.
 * Pete Rose Jr., son of Pete Rose and career minor leaguer. Rose, who played as "PJ Rose", spent two seasons with the Jackals from 1998 to 1999.
 * Timo Perez, former major league outfielder. Perez played for the Jackals in 2009 for 21 games.
 * Benji Gil, former major league infielder. Gil joined the Jackals as part of a comeback attempt in 2005 but was released.
 * Argenis Reyes, former major league infielder. Reyes played for the New York Mets from 2008 to 2009, joined the Jackals in 2010, and was sold by the team to the Boston Red Sox in July 2011. The Red Sox promptly traded him to Cleveland, where he joined the Columbus Clippers and led them to the International League championship.
 * D'Angelo Jiménez, former major league second baseman. Jiménez joined the Jackals in the second half of the 2011 season after spending the previous season split between the Rochester Red Wings and the Mexican League.
 * Stuart Pomeranz, retired former pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles. Pomeranz pitched for the Jackals in 2009 and was bought following the season by the Colorado Rockies.
 * Ángel Berroa, former major league infielder who won the 2003 American League Rookie of the Year award with the Kansas City Royals. Berroa joined the Jackals in 2012 after spending the previous season split between the Reno Aces of the Pacific Coast League and the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League.
 * Matt Chico, former Washington Nationals pitcher. Chico, who has had major elbow surgery in the past, spent 2011 pitching for the Nationals' Gulf Coast League team, the Harrisburg Senators, and the Syracuse SkyChiefs before signing with the Jackals in 2012.
 * Ryan Adams, former major league infielder who played one season for the Baltimore Orioles in 2011. Signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers for the 2014 season but joined the Jackals for 11 games after being suspended 100 games for performance enhancing substances.
 * Anthony Claggett, former pitcher who split one major league season between the Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Yankees in 2009. Signed with the Jackals in 2015 and pitched in 11 games.
 * Donnie Joseph, former major league pitcher who played for the Kansas City Royals in 2013 and 2014. Recorded a 5.49 ERA in 35 appearances for the Jackals in 2015.
 * Robert Stock, pitcher presently on the Syracuse Mets AAA roster. Robert made his MLB debut with the San Diego Padres on June 24, 2018, appearing in 32 games that season and 10 games in 2019. As a Jackal pitcher in 2016, Stock appeared in 52 games setting a league record.
 * Johnny Hellweg, pitcher currently with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Spent the latter half of the 2016 season with the team after being released by the San Diego Padres organization and began the 2017 season with the team before signing with the Pittsburgh Pirates.
 * José Cisnero, pitcher currently in the major leagues with the Detroit Tigers. Pitched with the team for 5 games in 2016 after being released by the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League.
 * Vic Black, former pitcher for the New York Mets and Pittsburgh Pirates in 2013 and 2014. Played for the team in the 2018 season, appearing in 15 games and posting a 4.37 ERA.
 * Carlos Triunfel, former infielder for the Seattle Mariners and Los Angeles Dodgers from 2012 to 2014. Played in 100 games with the Jackals in the 2018 season.
 * Dean Green, infielder who played one year in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows. Spent part of the 2018 season with the Jackals.
 * Lendy Castillo, pitcher who played in 13 games for the Chicago Cubs in 2012. Signed with the Jackals in 2018 before joining the Generales de Durango of the Mexican League and also spent the 2019 season with the team.
 * Mat Latos, 9-year major league veteran pitcher currently with the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Spent the 2018 season with the team and signed to play for the Jackals in 2020 before the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * Vin Mazzaro, 8-year major league veteran pitcher currently with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Spent the 2018 season with the team and posted a 1.76 ERA in 34 appearances.
 * Alfredo Marte, former major league outfielder who played with the Arizona Diamondbacks and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim from 2013 to 2015. Signed with the Jackals prior to the 2019 season and also played with the team during the 2021 and 2022 seasons.
 * Ronald Herrera, former major league pitcher who played with the New York Yankees in 2017. Signed with the Jackals for the 2021 season where he posted a 4.68 ERA with 23 strikeouts in 6 appearances.
 * José Ramírez, former major league pitcher who played with the New York Yankees, Seattle Mariners, and Atlanta Braves from 2014 to 2018. Signed with the Jackals for the 2022 season.
 * Phillip Ervin, former major league outfielder with the Cincinnati Reds and Seattle Mariners from 2017-2020. Signed with the Jackals for the 2023 season where he batted .318/.438/.517 with 8 home runs and 38 RBI.
 * Keon Barnum, former 1st-round pick for the Chicago White Sox. Signed with Jackals for the 2023 season where he batted .316/.428/.635 with 30 home runs and 87 RBI.
 * Roniel Raudes, pitcher who spent time in the Boston Red Sox organization. Signed with the Jackals for the 2024 season where he posted a 9.00 ERA with 5 strikeouts in 5 appearances.
 * Miguel Gómez, former major league infielder with the San Francisco Giants from 2017 to 2018. Signed with the Jackals for the 2024 season.
 * Robb Paller, outfielder who played for the Israel national baseball team. Signed with Jackals for the 2024 season.

All-time team records
Players in italics are still active.

Individual batting

 * Average, career: Sandy Madera/Aaron Fera, .355
 * Average, season: James Nelson, .388 (2023)
 * Games played, career: Zach Smithlin, 472
 * Games played, season: Carlos Truinfel, 100 (2018)
 * Hits, career: Zach Smithlin, 503
 * Hits, season: James Nelson, 141 (2023)
 * Hits, game: Billy Brown, 6 (August 14, 2002); Art Charles, 6* (June 6, 2016, vs. Sussex)
 * At Bats, game: Marcus Sanders, 10* (June 26, 2008)
 * Home runs, career: Josh Rehwaldt, 69
 * Home runs, season: Keon Barnum, 30 (2023) James Nelson, 30 (2023)
 * Runs batted in, career: Alfredo Marte, 289
 * Runs batted in, season: Art Charles, 101 (2016)
 * Runs scored, career: Zach Smithlin, 287
 * Runs scored, season: James Nelson, 111# (2023)
 * Doubles, career: Alfredo Marte, 86
 * Doubles, season: Chas Terni, 34 (2002)
 * Triples, career: D' Vontrey Richardson, 16
 * Triples, season: D'Vontrey Richardson, 12* (2016)
 * Walks, career: Zach Smithlin, 220
 * Walks, season: Conrad Gregor, 82 (2019)
 * Total Bases, career: Alfredo Marte, 636
 * Total Bases, season: James Nelson, 259 (2023)
 * Extra-Base Hits, season: Art Charles, 60 (2016)
 * Extra-Base Hits, career : Alfredo Marte, 149
 * Stolen bases, career: Zach Smithlin, 154
 * Stolen bases, season: Conrad Gregor, 49 (2019)
 * Sacrifice flys, career: Santiago Chirino, 17
 * Hit by pitch, career: Rylan Sandoval, 35
 * Hit by pitch, season: Rylan Sandoval, 20 (2017)
 * Longest hitting streak: Carmine Cappuccio, 39 games (1999)
 * Longest Team Winning Streak: 14* (6/11/09 & 6/25/98)

Frontier League records#

Can-Am League records*

Individual pitching

 * Appearances, career: Isaac Pavlik, 248*
 * Appearances, season: Robert Stock, 52 (2016)
 * Starts, career: Isaac Pavlik, 197*''
 * Starts, season: Aaron Myers, 20 (2002); Joe Orloski, 20 (2005); Isaac Pavlik, 20 (2008)
 * Wins, career: Isaac Pavlik, 100*
 * Wins, season: Joel Bennett, 14 (2002)
 * Losses, career: Isaac Pavlik, 56*
 * Saves, career: Rusty Tucker, 59
 * Saves, season: Salvador Sanchez, 25 (2014)
 * Innings pitched, career: Isaac Pavlik, 1305-1/3*
 * Innings pitched, season: Joe Orloski, 140-1/3 (2005)
 * Strikeouts, career: Isaac Pavlik, 1019*
 * Strikeouts, season: Joel Bennett, 141 (2002)
 * Strikeouts, game: Joel Bennett, 16 (June 23, 2002)
 * Bases on balls, career: Isaac Pavlik, 301*
 * Complete games, career: Isaac Pavlik, 18
 * Complete games, season: Kevin Pincavitch, 7 (2000); Aaron Myers, 7 (2002)
 * Earned run average, career: Jason Dietrich, 1.45 31IP
 * Shutouts, career: Aaron Myers, 7
 * Shutouts, season: Paul Magrini, 2 (1998); Joel Bennett, 2 (2001); Aaron Myers, 2 (2002 & 2006); Isaac Pavlik, 2 (2010); Johnny Walter, 2 (2015)
 * Losses, season: Joe Orloski and Aaron Myers, 9 (2006); Jackson Crowther, 9 (2004)
 * Bases on balls, season: Andres Caceres, 86 (2017)
 * No-hitters pitched: Jeremy Callier, (August 28, 2002); Aaron Myers, (August 6, 2006); Eduar Lopez, (August 7, 2018)

Can-Am League records*

Team records
Team batting

Highest Batting Average, season .297 (2023)

Most hits, season 1012* (2012)

Most runs scored, season 700# (2023)

Most doubles, season 190 (2016)

Most triples, season 46* (2016)

Most Home runs, season 195# (2023)

Most extra base hits, season 349 (2023)

Most RBI's, season 655# (2023)

Most Total Bases, season 1704# (2023)

Most BB’s, season 501# (2023)

Team pitching-

Most strikeouts, season 866* (2017)

Most shutouts, season 13 tie (2011)

Frontier League records#

Can-Am League records*

Statistics are as of the end of the 2023 season.

Postseason records
The Jackals have participated in 119 games in 30 postseason series. They have an overall playoff record of 62 wins and 57 losses.

Broadcast homes
Jackals games are broadcast via video stream at Flosports.tv and an internet-only audio broadcast at Mixlr.

When the Jackals began in 1998, games were carried over Seton Hall University's WSOU. After a season there, the team moved to commercial station WMTR, an oldies station in Morristown. They also were heard on WJUX-FM, a New York-based standards station, ending their run on commercial radio in 2002. For this entire stretch, Jim Cerny was the voice of the Jackals. Kevin Burkhardt was also one of the Jackals play-by-play voices.

WPSC-FM, the on-campus radio station for William Paterson University, took broadcast rights in 2003 and kept them until 2006. The original broadcast team consisted of Darren Cooper on play-by-play with Joe Ameruoso as color commentator. Cooper left the broadcast after the season, and Tony Colucci was added as color man to take over for the promoted Ameruoso. Beginning in 2005, Ameruoso did the broadcasts by himself and continued to do so after the broadcasts became web exclusive in 2007, continuing in the role for several more years until his eventual departure.

Other broadcasters in team history include Cody Chrusciel in 2011, Corey Scheiner and Mia O'Brien in 2012. Michael Cohen broadcast games from 2013-2016. Alex Cammarata from 2017-19. Starting in the 2020 season, Reed Keller took the reins, and is the current voice of the franchise.

Retired jerseys
The Jackals have retired the following five numbers:

 * 8 for Yogi Berra, the former New York Yankees Hall of Fame catcher and resident of Montclair, New Jersey for whom the Jackals' former home stadium was named. The Jackals have never issued the number.
 * 28 for pitcher Joel Bennett. He joined the Jackals in 2001 and pitched for the team until 2007, recording 59 wins as a starter, and was a member of the 2001, 2002, and 2004 league champion teams. Retired in 2008.
 * 4 for outfielder/second baseman Zach Smithlin. He played for the Jackals from 2004 until 2009 and is the team’s all time leader in hits, games played, runs scored, walks and stolen bases. Retired in 2011.
 * 14 for Ed Ott, former MLB catcher and Jackals pitching coach. Ott served as Joe Calfapietra's pitching coach for two separate stints, first from 2007 through 2009 and the second between 2011 and 2014.
 * 7 for pitcher Isaac Pavlik. Joining the Jackals in 2005, he pitched with them until 2017, recording 100 total victories and setting many of the team's pitching records. Retired in 2019.

title: New Jersey Jackals


text:
User:Tyodickerson

Aaron Tyo-Dickerson is Coordinator of the Model Schools Program at Tompkins-Seneca-Tioga BOCES in Ithaca, New York (USA).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tyodickerson


text:
Yogi Berra Stadium

Yogi Berra Stadium is a baseball stadium in Little Falls, New Jersey, on the campus of Montclair State University. The stadium is home to the Montclair State Red Hawks baseball team, which competes in NCAA Division III; the NJIT Highlanders baseball team which competes in NCAA Division I; and the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center, which adjoins the stadium on its first base side. It was formerly home to the New Jersey Jackals of the independent Frontier League from 1998 to 2022.

History
Yogi Berra Stadium has a capacity of 5,000 persons with permanent seating of 3,784 people and lawn seating which holds an additional 1,500. It is capable of holding overflow crowds with standing room and grass seating available in right field. These tickets are sold only in the event of an anticipated large crowd, such as on holidays or fireworks nights.

Construction of the stadium was done in conjunction with another venue on the Montclair State campus. Floyd Hall, a resident of Montclair who was then serving as chief executive officer of Kmart, donated money to the university in order to build an ice arena, which is known as Floyd Hall Arena and is a multi-use facility that several of the area's high school hockey teams call home, and a new baseball stadium for Montclair State's team to replace their previous venue, Pittser Field. Around this time the Northeast League, an independent minor baseball league, was looking for a team to replace the Bangor Blue Ox, which had folded. Hall bought into the league shortly thereafter and founded the Jackals, who were promptly given use of the new stadium once it was able to open. It was decided to name the stadium after Hall of Fame New York Yankees catcher Yogi Berra, who called Montclair home during his playing days and managerial career with the Yankees and their crosstown rivals, the New York Mets.

Despite construction delays keeping the Montclair State baseball team from using the new park (they remained at Pittser Field for one additional season; Pittser Field was then converted into a soccer only stadium), it opened for business in time for the Jackals' inaugural game on June 5, 1998. Despite the stadium only being partially finished, as construction on an addition continued throughout the season, fans hungry for economical entertainment flocked to the ball park for a fun night out, and the park is well-constructed with good sight lines and no obstructed views from any of its seats. The park's dimensions are 308 feet to each of the corner outfields and 398 to center field; according to the Jackals, this was done on purpose as another honor for Berra.

An addition was constructed to house the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center, which features various baseball memorabilia from Berra's playing days and a reconstruction of the original scoreboard from Yankee Stadium among various other things. A skybox was constructed as part of the museum, and has very limited access. Berra was the primary user of the seats, as he made personal appearances at least twice per year to sign autographs for the fans until 2015; he died several days after the conclusion of that season. The Jackals have also allowed the skybox to be used by professional scouts attending games.

The museum addition was completed following the 1998 season and the final phase of construction was completed in early 1999 as the seating areas were renovated and extended, with seats going as far as left and right field and several reserved sections being replaced with box seats, installation of several concession stands and a second set of restrooms, a new team store, and a resurfacing of the stadium's walls with white stucco.

In 2010, world-renowned sculptor Brian Hanlon of Toms River, New Jersey sculpted a statue of Berra that was placed outside of the stadium in front of the museum.

In 2022, the Jackals announced that they would be leaving Yogi Berra Stadium for Hinchliffe Stadium in nearby Paterson. August 25, 2022, was the team's last regular season home game.

Renovations
For many years, the stadium's official address was 1 Hall Drive, honoring the team's founder. In early 2016, as a further honor for its deceased namesake, the Jackals changed this to 8 Yogi Berra Drive.

In 2018, the Jackals installed a new 720 sqft Daktronics HD LED video board in left field as part of stadium wide improvements.

Ahead of the 2024 season, Montclair State and NJIT carried out a $5.3 million renovation of the stadium. The renovations included a new artificial turf field, a pitch counter, a new dugout to bullpen phone, replacement of the outfield walls, new storage facility, updated locker room, new bullpens and batting cages, a new scoreboard and signage celebrating the Red Hawk’s three National Champion teams (1987, 1993, 2000). New LED lighting was installed that is more energy efficient, environmentally friendly and meets broadcasting standards that will allow games to be televised on ESPN and other national networks. Additionally, the concession area was renovated and renamed "The Hill" in reference to Yogi Berra’s boyhood neighborhood, The Hill, in St. Louis and the elevated Red Hawks perch for the stadium and campus. The renovations enable to the stadium be a year round facility by hosting conferences, NCAA baseball tournaments and other high-profile events.

title: Yogi Berra Stadium


text:
Thielert Centurion

The Thielert Centurion is a series of diesel cycle aircraft engines for general aviation originally built by Thielert, which was bought by Aviation Industry Corporation of China's Tecnify Motors subsidiary and is currently marketed by Continental Motors. They are based on heavily modified Mercedes-Benz automotive engines.

Design
All Centurion engines are liquid-cooled, turbocharged, and employ a single-lever power control (SLPC) associated with a full authority digital engine control (FADEC). This simplifies engine management for the pilot, as well as improving reliability as it prevents the engine being operated improperly. The series utilizes either jet fuel or diesel fuel. The high compression ratio of the engine combined with the digitally controlled fuel injection system mirrors similar advances in automotive technology.

Centurion series engines are always fitted with constant speed propellers which allow the engine to be operated at optimum speed at all times. However, the normal operating speed is too high for any suitable propeller and so the propeller is driven through a reduction gearbox. The constant speed propeller and reduction gear result in a propeller tip speed that is 10-15% lower than comparable conventional avgas engines, reducing propeller noise.

The diesel engine's high compression results in better fuel efficiency and the higher operating rpm of the Centurion allows higher power to be developed from a smaller displacement, in comparison to conventional aircraft piston engines (i.e. engines that require leaded aviation gasoline with a very high octane rating). A Centurion engine complete with constant speed unit (CSU), reduction gearbox, turbocharger and FADEC engine management system is considerably heavier than the more conventional Continental and Lycoming engines which it competes against. However, this weight disadvantage is compensated for by the Centurion's lower fuel consumption. Even though they lack the magnetos and spark plugs of conventional petrol (gas) piston engines, Centurion engines are considerably more complex.

Variants

 * Centurion 1.7 (TAE 125-01):
 * The first product introduced by Thielert, a 1689 cm³ (103 in³) engine producing 135 PS is an inline-four engine based on the Mercedes-Benz OM668 from Mercedes-Benz A-Class A 170 CDI (W168) with 80 mm bore and 84 mm stroke.

 * The engine produces more power than a Lycoming O-320 above 4,000 ft, can maintain 93 kW (125 hp) till FL120, and burns 17.5 L/h in cruise at FL175 for 72 kW (97 hp): undefined kg/kWh.

 * More than 1,500 Centurion 1.7s had been built until the end of 2006 when it was replaced by the Centurion 2.0. The in-service record of the 1.7 has been poor.

 * A combination of design, service and support issues caused widespread customer dissatisfaction.
 * Diamond then designed its own Austro Engines as an alternative to Thielert.

 * The engines were later marketed as the CD-135 by Continental Engines and produced in St. Egidien, Germany before being granted final assembly in Fairhope, Alabama for the U.S. retrofit market in 2015.

 * Centurion 2.0 - Continental CD-135 (TAE 125-02-99)
 * Introduced in late 2006. The main difference is a new Mercedes-Benz OM640 engine cylinder block from the Mercedes-Benz A 200 CDI (W169) with a displacement of 1991 cm3 (Ø83 x 92 mm). Other improvements include a more compact FADEC, a lighter cast gearbox housing, interfaces for glass cockpits and a new service tool that allows the FADEC to be programmed in the field. Dimensions of the Centurion 2.0 and 1.7 are nearly identical and the install kits are compatible, so a 1.7 at the end of its life can be replaced with a 2.0. The Centurion 2.0 is rated for a power output of 135 PS, the same as the 1.7, but is EASA and FAA certified for 155 PS. It has accumulated more than 1,000,000 flight hours without mechanical failures as of April 2008.

 * Centurion 2.0 S (TAE 125-02-114)
 * This 4-cylinder turbodiesel common rail direct injection with redundant FADEC control offers 155 PS providing a significant power increase compared to the 135 PS Centurion 2.0 for no additional weight. An engine kit may cost $89,000.

 * Centurion 3.0
 * Certified 20 June 2017 by Technify Motors GmbH (application: 19 December 2013), 2987 cm³ V6 four stroke Diesel piston engine with common rail high pressure direct fuel injection, turbocharger, 1:1.66 gearbox and electronic engine control unit. 980 mm Length × 700 mm Height × 790 mm Width, 265 kg dry, 221 kW (300 HP) for 5 min, 202 kW (272 HP) maximum continuous, both at 3880 rpm (2340 prop rpm). It has the same dimensions as the Mercedes-Benz OM642.

 * Centurion 3.2
 * Intended to fill the gap between the Centurion 2.0 and the 4.0 and designed to produce 230 hp. Development is largely complete, but the project is on hold.

 * Centurion 4.0
 * The 75° V8 DOHC 4 valves per cylinder was initially equipped with two turbochargers and weighed 283.5 kg dry for 228 kW max (310 hp) till FL80 at 2300 rpm at the propeller, and 176 kW (250 hp) in cruise for 29.5 L/h and 25 L/h at best economy, for 208 g/kW/h. It was planned for a production of 600 per year.

 * Designed as a larger engine to replace the 300 hp gasoline engines and developed from the Mercedes-Benz OM629 automobile engine, it produced 350 hp (261 kW) later with a larger single turbocharger.

 * After the insolvency of Thielert in April 2008 all work on the Centurion 4.0 was frozen.

 * Continental CD-155
 * Is the Continental Motors, Inc. brand name of the Centurion 2.0S with 155 PS. The engine must be replaced every 2,100 hours, the gearbox has to be replaced for an inspection at 900 hours, the high-pressure pump has a life limit of 600 hours, the alternator of 600 hours, friction disk of 900 hours, V-ribbed belt of 1,200 hours, alternator excitation battery of 12 months. Fuel, oil, and cooling lines are replaced at 60 months except for the Robin DR400 where these items are 'on condition' with no set life-limit. The dual mass flywheel, which is intended to have the same life as the engine, is tested in-situ at 1,200 hours.

 * TAE 125-02-125 (Continental CD-170)
 * A four-cylinder, liquid-cooled 125 kW diesel engine with FADEC, dual overhead camshafts and a common rail direct fuel injection system, weighing 156 kg and certified by the EASA on 22 July 2020. In September 2020 the Tecnam P2010 TDI was launched with the CD170 as its powerplant.

 * Continental CD-300
 * The Continental brand name of the six cylinder 3 litre Thielert Diesel, with an output of 300 hp at 2300 rpm. The CD-300 should replace the Safran/SMA diesel engine for the five-seat, single-engine Diamond DA50 from the third quarter of 2020 after a first flight of the combination on 22 March 2019, with a cruise fuel burn of 34.8 L/h (9.2USgal/h). FAA certification was granted on 25 July 2023.

Centurion 1.7

 * Diamond DA40-TDI Star
 * Diamond DA42 Twin Star
 * Apex Aircraft Robin DR400 135 CDI Ecoflyer
 * Cessna 172 ("F" and later models, modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate)
 * General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle

CD135, CD155 & CD170 (Centurion 2.0)

 * Diamond DA42 Twin Star
 * Diamond DA40
 * Tecnam P2010 (CD170)
 * Cessna 172 ("F" and later models, modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate)
 * Robin DR400 Ecoflyer
 * TAI Anka Turkish Aerospace Industries MALE UAV
 * Piper PA-28 Cherokee (modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate)
 * Piper PA-28 Archer DX
 * Airbus Helicopters VSR700 naval UAV based on the Cabri G2

Centurion 3.2

 * Cessna 182 - Proposed STC

Centurion 4.0

 * Cirrus SR-22 (STC)
 * Cessna 206 (STC)
 * Hybrid Air Vehicles HAV 304 Airlander 10

Continental CD-155

 * Cessna Turbo Skyhawk JT-A - new production aircraft with engine installation under an STC
 * Glasair Sportsman 2+2 - experimental homebuilt aircraft
 * Akaflieg Stuttgart FS35 - motorglider optimized for aero tow

Continental CD300

 * Diamond DA50 RG

title: Thielert Centurion


text:
Anthony Field

Anthony Donald Joseph Field (born 8 May 1963) is an Australian musician, actor, songwriter and producer. He is best known as a leader of the children's group the Wiggles and a member of the 1980s and 1990s pop band the Cockroaches. While still a teenager, he helped found the Cockroaches with his brothers, Paul and John. The Cockroaches recorded two albums and enjoyed moderate success, interrupted by Field's service in the Army, until they disbanded in the late 1980s.

Field attended Macquarie University to receive training in early childhood education, and founded the Wiggles with fellow students Murray Cook, Greg Page and former bandmate Jeff Fatt in 1991. He worked as a preschool teacher for two years before the success of the Wiggles led him to focus on children's music full-time. The Wiggles became one of the most successful and active groups in Australia. Field, who wears a blue shirt while performing with the Wiggles, was responsible for the production aspects of their stage and television shows, albums, and DVDs. His issues with chronic pain and depression, which almost forced him out of the group at the height of their success, are well-documented. After the departure of Cook, Fatt, and Page in 2012, he is the only remaining original Wiggle.

Early life and education
Field was born in Kellyville, New South Wales, Australia. He is the youngest of seven children, and grew up in north western Sydney. He came from a long line of musicians, especially the women in his family. His great-great aunt was Queenie Paul, known for performing at the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney, and his grandmother Kathleen accompanied silent movies in the mining town of Cobar. Field's mother, Marie, made sure that all of her seven children learned how to play at least one musical instrument. He attended the all-boys boarding school St Joseph's College, which his great-grandfather Paddy Condon, an Italian immigrant and master stonemason, helped build.

He was inspired by his sister Colleen to study early childhood education, and became convinced that teaching preschool children "was my calling". He was also attracted to the profession's freedom, artistic nature, and lack of discipline, which was different from his experience in boarding school. Field put off university when the Cockroaches became successful, but he was dissatisfied with touring and plagued by "perhaps irrational, but very real, feelings of inadequacy and depression".

By his mid-twenties, he decided that he did not want to tour any longer, so he took two breaks. His first break was as an infantry soldier, rifleman, stretcher bearer, and ambulance driver in the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Australia's regular army from 1982 to 1985. He played the bagpipes in parades and on training missions, but ended his military service in July 1985 and suffered from a bad back as a result of his training. He also went backpacking in the U.K., listening to roots music, to children's music by artists like Raffi, and to recordings of children's books.

The Cockroaches
In 1979, while they were students at St Joseph's, he and his brothers Paul and John formed the pop group the Cockroaches.

In 1986 they signed with an independent label, Regular Records, which issued their first three albums, including The Cockroaches (March 1987), which peaked at No. 9 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart; it sold 70,000 copies and was certified platinum by their label. The album spawned the single "She's the One", which became the band's biggest hit when it peaked at No. 7 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart in April 1987.

When the Cockroaches disbanded in the early 1990s, Field enrolled at Macquarie University. While at university, he decided to record an album of children's music, enlisting the assistance of fellow student and guitarist Murray Cook, former Cockroaches roadie and vocalist Greg Page, former bandmate and keyboardist Jeff Fatt, and Macquarie instructor and composer Phillip Wilcher, who later left the group.

The Wiggles
The Wiggles recorded their first CD in 1991; it sold 100,000 copies. Field worked as a preschool teacher for two years before the success of the Wiggles and their extensive touring schedule, which he strongly disliked, forced him to quit. After the production of their second album, the Wiggles adopted colour-coded shirts to wear on stage. According to Field, he wore blue because Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours of red and purple respectively, so he and Page "met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt". Page ended up wearing a yellow shirt and Field originally wore a green polo shirt, but changed to blue to avoid clashing with Dorothy the Dinosaur.

Each Wiggle developed a "schtick" based on their actual behaviours, which evolved into caricatures, and served the same purpose as the uniforms in differentiating their characters and making them memorable to young children; Field's was eating. Field created and played the original Captain Feathersword; the role was taken over by Paul Paddick in 1996. Field also played Wags the Dog.

By the mid-1990s, despite the success of the Wiggles, Field reported being suicidal and "frequently gripped by anxiety, sadness, and negativity". By mid-2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, Field's serious medical issues, worsened by their heavy tour schedule, caused him to consider quitting or re-inventing the Wiggles, despite their great success in the U.K. and North America. After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago in 2004, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue. He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and castmembers in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements. In early 2013, Field became the only original member of the group to remain after Fatt, Cook, and Page retired. He remained in the group because he wanted to continue to educate children and as Wiggles manager Paul Field stated, "to placate American, British and Canadian business partners".

In July 2020, he and the other classic Wiggles appeared in the Soul Movers music video for "Circles Baby".

Field's musical influences include Lightning Hopkins, Elvis Presley, and the Rolling Stones. He plays several instruments, including the tin whistle, bagpipes, guitar, drums, trumpet, violin, bouzouki and didgeridoo. Field, with input from the other members, produced most of the Wiggles' music, DVDs, and live shows.

Other projects
In 2018, Field, along with fellow Wiggles member Lachlan Gillespie and band members Oliver Brian and David O'Reilly, started a band for adult fans called the Unusual Commoners, which played a mixture of traditional Australian, Irish, Scottish and folk songs. They performed their first international show in St. John's, Newfoundland in late 2018.

Personal life
In 1999, Field was named "Bachelor of the Year" in Cleo. In 2003, he married Michaela Patisteas, a former dancer whose family owned Griffiths Coffee in Melbourne. They have three children, who have joined the Field family business by appearing in several of the Wiggles' TV shows and videos.

Beginning in 2007, Field, who is a registered breeder of Miniature Fox Terriers, did voiceover work for the TV show RSPCA Animal Rescue for Channel 7 in Australia.

Field, in describing his enthusiasm for competitive sports, has stated, "My love of cricket is abiding", a sport that "instills the same loyalty and passions in me as I know baseball does for many in North America". He is a fan of the Australian rugby league club the Wests Tigers. He is also a fan of singer Julio Iglesias. As Field's fitness improved, to the point that his training regimen became comparable to that of an elite athlete, he gained an interest in gymnastics and acrobatics.

Field went public about his experience with clinical depression in mid-2007 to draw more attention to the condition. He has stated that "being on the road is a dangerous job for someone with depression," but has dealt with it through diet, exercise, talking about it, and having a good support system (including his father before his death in 1998, his wife, and his friend Murray Cook, among his bandmates). He chronicled his health struggles and how he overcame them in his 2012 book How I Got My Wiggle Back.

Field is a devout Catholic, something that he reported helped him deal with his chronic health issues and depression, especially the spiritual practices of prayer and devotion to the Virgin Mary as expressed by Our Lady of Guadalupe. He has two large tattoos on his arms: one is the Virgin Mary with the words "My life is in your hands" in Spanish; the other is a heart with the words, "My love, my heart" in Spanish. The names of his wife and his three children are also tattooed on his arms. He admits that he got his tattoo of the Virgin, which he hid from fans for a long time, during a visit to Mexico while on tour in North America, in the middle of a bout with chronic pain and dental problems, as he put it, "in a moment of madness".

Awards
Field was made a Member of the Order of Australia on 26 January 2010 "for service to the arts, particularly children's entertainment, and to the community as a benefactor and supporter of a range of charities".

title: Anthony Field


text:
Bruise

A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasates into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Most bruises occur close enough to the epidermis such that the bleeding causes a visible discoloration. The bruise then remains visible until the blood is either absorbed by tissues or cleared by immune system action. Bruises which do not blanch under pressure can involve capillaries at the level of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone.

Bruises are not to be confused with other similar-looking lesions. Such lesions include petechia (less than 3 mm, resulting from numerous and diverse etiologies such as adverse reactions from medications such as warfarin, straining, asphyxiation, platelet disorders and diseases such as cytomegalovirus); and purpura (3 - 10 mm), classified as palpable purpura or non-palpable purpura and indicating various pathologic conditions such as thrombocytopenia. Additionally, although many terminology schemas treat an ecchymosis (plural, ecchymoses) (over 1 cm) as synonymous with a bruise, in some other schemas, an ecchymosis is differentiated by its remoteness from the source and cause of bleeding, with blood dissecting through tissue planes and settling in an area remote from the site of trauma or even nontraumatic pathology, such as in periorbital ecchymosis ("raccoon eyes"), arising from a basilar skull fracture or from a neuroblastoma.

As a type of hematoma, a bruise is always caused by internal bleeding into the interstitial tissues which does not break through the skin, usually initiated by blunt trauma, which causes damage through physical compression and deceleration forces. Trauma sufficient to cause bruising can occur from a wide variety of situations including accidents, falls, and surgeries. Disease states such as insufficient or malfunctioning platelets, other coagulation deficiencies, or vascular disorders, such as venous blockage associated with severe allergies can lead to the formation of purpura which is not to be confused with trauma-related bruising/contusion. If the trauma is sufficient to break the skin and allow blood to escape the interstitial tissues, the injury is not a bruise but bleeding, a different variety of hemorrhage. Such injuries may be accompanied by bruising elsewhere.

Signs and symptoms
Bruises often induce pain immediately after the trauma that results in their formation, but small bruises are not normally dangerous alone. Sometimes bruises can be serious, leading to other more life-threatening forms of hematoma, such as when associated with serious injuries, including fractures and more severe internal bleeding. The likelihood and severity of bruising depends on many factors, including type and healthiness of affected tissues. Minor bruises may be easily recognized in people with light skin color by characteristic blue or purple appearance (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.

Hematomas can be subdivided by size. By definition, ecchymoses are 1 centimetres in size or larger, and are therefore larger than petechiae (less than 3 millimetres in diameter) or purpura (3 to 10 millimetres in diameter). Ecchymoses also have a more diffuse border than other purpura. A broader definition of ecchymosis is the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels. The term also applies to the subcutaneous discoloration resulting from seepage of blood within the injured tissue.

Bruise colors vary from red, blue, or almost black, depending on the severity of broken capillaries or blood vessels within the bruise site. Broken venules or arterioles often result in a deep blue or dark red bruise, respectively. Darker colored bruises may result from a more severe bleeding from both blood vessels. Older bruises may appear yellow, green or brown.

Cause
There are many causes of subcutaneous hematomas including ecchymoses. Coagulopathies such as hemophilia A may cause ecchymosis formation in children. The medication betamethasone can have the adverse effect of causing ecchymosis.

The presence of bruises may be seen in patients with platelet or coagulation disorders, or those who are being treated with an anticoagulant. Unexplained bruising may be a warning sign of child abuse, domestic abuse, or serious medical problems such as leukemia or meningoccocal infection. Unexplained bruising can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can cause easy bruising. Bruising present around the navel (belly button) with severe abdominal pain suggests acute pancreatitis. Connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome may cause relatively easy or spontaneous bruising depending on the severity. Spontaneous bruising or bruising with minimal trauma in the absence of other explanations and together with other minor or major criteria suggestive of vascular Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) suggests genetic testing for the condition.

During an autopsy, bruises accompanying abrasions indicate the abrasions occurred while the individual was alive, as opposed to damage incurred post mortem.

Size and shape
Bruise shapes may correspond directly to the instrument of injury or be modified by additional factors. Bruises often become more prominent as time lapses, resulting in additional size and swelling, and may grow to a large size over the course of the hours after the injury that caused the bruise was inflicted.
 * Condition and type of tissue: In soft tissues, a larger area is bruised than would be in firmer tissue due to ease of blood to invade tissue.
 * Age: elderly skin and other tissues are often thinner and less elastic and thus more prone to bruising.
 * Gender: More bruising occurs in females due to increased subcutaneous fat.
 * Skin tone: Discoloration caused by bruises is more prominent in lighter complexions.
 * Diseases: Coagulation, platelet and blood vessel diseases or deficiencies can increase bruising due to more bleeding.
 * Location: More extensive vascularity causes more bleeding. Areas such as the arms, knees, shins and the facial area are especially common bruise sites.
 * Forces: Greater striking forces cause greater bruising.
 * Genes: Despite having completely normal coagulation factors, natural redheads have been shown to bruise more, although this may just be due to greater visibility on commonly associated lighter complexion.

Severity
Bruises can be scored on a scale from 0–5 to categorize the severity and danger of the injury.

The harm score is determined by the extent and severity of the injuries to the organs and tissues causing the bruising, in turn depending on multiple factors. For example, a contracted muscle will bruise more severely, as will tissues crushed against underlying bone. Capillaries vary in strength, stiffness and toughness, which can also vary by age and medical conditions.

Low levels of damaging forces produce small bruises and generally cause the individual to feel minor pain straight away. Repeated impacts worsen bruises, increasing the harm level. Normally, light bruises heal nearly completely within two weeks, although duration is affected by variation in severity and individual healing processes; generally, more severe or deeper bruises take somewhat longer.

Severe bruising (harm score 2–3) may be dangerous or cause serious complications. Further bleeding and excess fluid may accumulate causing a hard, fluctuating lump or swelling hematoma. This has the potential to cause compartment syndrome in which the swelling cuts off blood flow to the tissues. The trauma that induced the bruise may also have caused other severe and potentially fatal harm to internal organs. For example, impacts to the head can cause traumatic brain injury: bleeding, bruising and massive swelling of the brain with the potential to cause concussion, coma and death. Treatment for brain bruising may involve emergency surgery to relieve the pressure on the brain.

Damage that causes bruising can also cause bones to be broken, tendons or muscles to be strained, ligaments to be sprained, or other tissue to be damaged. The symptoms and signs of these injuries may initially appear to be those of simple bruising. Abdominal bruising or severe injuries that cause difficulty in moving a limb or the feeling of liquid under the skin may indicate life-threatening injury and require the attention of a physician.

Mechanism
Increased distress to tissue causes capillaries to break under the skin, allowing blood to escape and build up. As time progresses, blood seeps into the surrounding tissues, causing the bruise to darken and spread. Nerve endings within the affected tissue detect the increased pressure, which, depending on severity and location, may be perceived as pain or pressure or be asymptomatic. The damaged capillary endothelium releases endothelin, a hormone that causes narrowing of the blood vessel to minimize bleeding. As the endothelium is destroyed, the underlying von Willebrand factor is exposed and initiates coagulation, which creates a temporary clot to plug the wound and eventually leads to restoration of normal tissue.

During this time, larger bruises may change color due to the breakdown of hemoglobin from within escaped red blood cells in the extracellular space. The striking colors of a bruise are caused by the phagocytosis and sequential degradation of hemoglobin to biliverdin to bilirubin to hemosiderin, with hemoglobin itself producing a red-blue color, biliverdin producing a green color, bilirubin producing a yellow color, and hemosiderin producing a golden-brown color. As these products are cleared from the area, the bruise disappears. Often the underlying tissue damage has been repaired long before this process is complete.

Treatment
Treatment for light bruises is minimal and may include RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation), painkillers (particularly NSAIDs) and, later in recovery, light stretching exercises. Particularly, immediate application of ice while elevating the area may reduce or completely prevent swelling by restricting blood flow to the area and preventing internal bleeding. Rest and preventing re-injury is essential for rapid recovery.

Very gently massaging the area and applying heat may encourage blood flow and relieve pain according to the Gate control theory of pain, although causing additional pain may indicate the massage is exacerbating the injury. As for most injuries, these techniques should not be applied until at least three days following the initial damage to ensure all internal bleeding has stopped, because although increasing blood flow will allow more healing factors into the area and encourage drainage, if the injury is still bleeding this will allow more blood to seep out of the wound and cause the bruise to become worse.

In most cases hematomas spontaneously revert, but in cases of large hematomas or those localized in certain organs (e.g., the brain), the physician may perform a puncture of the hematoma to allow blood to exit.

History
Folk medicine, including ancient medicine of Egyptians, Greeks, Celts, Turks, Slavs, Mayans, Aztecs and Chinese, has used bruising as a treatment for some health problems. The methods vary widely and include cupping, scraping, and slapping. Fire cupping uses suction which causes bruising in patients. Scraping (gua sha) uses a small hand device with a rounded edge to gently scrape the scalp or the skin. Another ancient device that creates mild bruising is a strigil, used by Greeks and Romans in the bath. Archaeologically there is no precedent for scraping tools before Greek archaeological evidence, not Chinese or Egyptian.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word ecchymosis (plural ecchymoses, ), comes to English from Neo-Latin, based on Greek ἐκχύμωσις, from ἐκχυμοῦσθαι, from ἐκ- (elided to ἐ-) and χυμός. Compare enchyma, "tissue infused with organic juice"; elaboration from chyme, the formative juice of tissues.

title: Bruise


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Graham Sutherland

Graham Vivian Sutherland (24 August 1903 – 17 February 1980) was a prolific English artist. Notable for his paintings of abstract landscapes and for his portraits of public figures, Sutherland also worked in other media, including printmaking, tapestry and glass design.

Printmaking, mostly of romantic landscapes, dominated Sutherland's work during the 1920s. He developed his art by working in watercolours before switching to using oil paints in the 1940s. A series of surreal oil painting depicting the Pembrokeshire landscape secured his reputation as a leading British modern artist. He served as an official war artist in the Second World War, painting industrial scenes on the British home front. After the war, Sutherland embraced figurative painting, beginning with his 1946 work, The Crucifixion. Subsequent paintings combined religious symbolism with motifs from nature, such as thorns.

Such was Sutherland's standing in post-war Britain that he was commissioned to design the massive central tapestry for the new Coventry Cathedral, Christ in Glory in the Tetramorph. A number of portrait commissions in the 1950s proved highly controversial. Winston Churchill hated Sutherland's depiction of him and subsequently Lady Spencer-Churchill had the painting destroyed.

During his career, Sutherland taught at a number of art colleges, notably at Chelsea School of Art and at Goldsmiths College, where he had been a student. In 1955, Sutherland and his wife purchased a property near Nice. Living abroad led to something of a decline in his status in Britain. However, a visit to Pembrokeshire in 1967, his first trip there in nearly twenty years, led to a creative renewal that went some way toward restoring his reputation as a leading British artist.

Early life
Graham Sutherland was born in Streatham, London, the eldest of three children of George Humphrey Vivian Sutherland (1873–1952), a barrister who later became a civil servant in the Land Registry and the Board of Education, and his wife Elsie (1877–1957), née Foster. Both were amateur painters and musicians. Graham Sutherland attended Homefield Preparatory School in Sutton and was then educated at Epsom College in Surrey until 1919. Upon leaving school, after some preliminary coaching in art, Sutherland began an engineering apprenticeship at the Midland Railway locomotive works in Derby where several members of the extended Sutherland family had previously worked. After a year, Sutherland succeeded in persuading his father that he was not destined for a career in engineering and that he should be allowed to study art. There being no vacancies at his first choice, the Slade School of Fine Art, he entered Goldsmiths' School of Art in 1921, specialising in engraving and etching before graduating in 1926. In both 1925 and 1928, Sutherland exhibited drawings and engravings at the XXI Gallery in London. While still a student, Sutherland established a reputation as a fine printmaker and commercial printmaking would be his main source of income throughout the late 1920s. His early prints of pastoral subjects show the influence of Samuel Palmer, largely mediated by the older etcher, F.L. Griggs.

1930s
Following the collapse of the print market in the early 1930s, due to the Great Depression, Sutherland began to concentrate on painting. His early paintings were mainly landscapes and show an affinity with the work of Paul Nash. In 1934, Sutherland visited Pembrokeshire in Wales for the first time and was profoundly inspired by its landscape. The region remained a source for his paintings for much of the following decade and he visited the area each year until the start of the Second World War. Sutherland focused on the inherent strangeness of natural forms, abstracting them to sometimes give his work a surrealist appearance and in 1936 he exhibited at the International Surrealist Exhibition in London. As the 1930s progressed and the political situation in Europe grew worse, he began to depict ominous, distorted human forms emerging from the land. Oil paintings of the Pembrokeshire landscape dominated his first one-man exhibition of paintings, held in September 1938 at the Rosenberg and Helft Gallery in London. It was these oil paintings, of surreal, organic landscapes of the Pembrokeshire coast, that secured his reputation as a leading British modern artist.

Alongside oil painting, Sutherland also took up glass design, fabric design, and poster design during the 1930s, and taught engraving at the Chelsea School of Art from 1926. Between 1935 and 1940, he also taught composition and book illustration at Chelsea. Sutherland converted to Catholicism in December 1926, the year before his marriage to Kathleen Barry (1905–1991), who had been his fellow student at Goldsmiths College. The couple, who were inseparable, lived at various locations in Kent, before eventually buying a property in Trottiscliffe in 1945.

World War Two
At the start of World War Two, the Chelsea School of Art closed for the duration of the conflict and Sutherland moved to rural Gloucestershire. Between 1940 and 1945, Sutherland was employed as a full-time, salaried artist by the War Artists' Advisory Committee. He recorded bomb damage in rural and urban Wales towards the end of 1940, then bomb damage caused by the Blitz in the City and East End of London. Almost all of Sutherland's paintings of bomb damage from the Blitz, either in Wales or in London, are titled Devastation:... and as such form a single body of work reflecting the needs of war-time propaganda, with precise locations not being disclosed and human remains not shown. A number of features reoccur within this body of work, for example, the fallen lift shafts that were often the most recognizable aspect of larger bombed buildings and a double row of bombed houses Sutherland saw in the Silvertown area of the East End.

Sutherland returned to Wales in September 1941 to work on a series of paintings of blast furnaces. From June 1942, he painted further industrial scenes, first at tin mines in Cornwall, then at a limestone quarry in Derbyshire, and then at open-cast and underground coal mines in the Swansea area of South Wales. Sutherland spent four months from the end of March 1944 at the Royal Ordnance Factory at Woolwich Arsenal working on a series of five paintings for WAAC. In December 1944, he was sent to depict the damage inflicted by the RAF on the railway yards at Trappes and on the flying bomb sites at Saint-Leu-d'Esserent in France. In all, Sutherland completed some 150 paintings as part of his WAAC commission.

Post-war career
In 1944, Sutherland was commissioned by Walter Hussey, the Vicar of St Matthew's Church, Northampton, and an important patron of modern religious art, to paint The Crucifixion (1946). This was Sutherland's first major religious painting and his first large figure study. The Crucifixion shows a pale Christ with broken limbs and was followed by a series of paintings that combined abstract forms from nature, usually the spikes and points of thorns, with religious iconography. A subsequent series, Origins of the Land, developed this approach, showing combinations of rocks and fossils in increasingly complex and abstract designs.

In 1946, Sutherland had his first exhibition in New York. That same year, he also taught painting at Goldsmiths' School of Art. From 1947 into the 1960s, his work was inspired by the landscape of the French Riviera, and he spent several months there each year. Eventually, in 1955, he purchased the villa Tempe à Pailla, designed by the Irish architect Eileen Gray, at Menton, near the French-Italian border.

1950s
Beginning in 1949, alongside his abstract works, Sutherland painted a series of portraits of leading public figures, with those of Somerset Maugham and Lord Beaverbrook among the best known. Beaverbrook regarded his portrait by Sutherland, which clearly depicted him as cunning and reptilian, as both an "outrage" and a "masterpiece". Maugham initially greatly disliked his portrait but came to admire it even though it had been described as making him look "like the madam of a brothel". Sutherland's Portrait of Winston Churchill (1954) greatly upset the sitter, who initially refused to accept its presentation. The elderly Churchill had wanted to direct the composition towards a fictionalised scene but Sutherland had insisted upon a realistic portrayal, one described by Simon Schama as "No bulldog, no baby face. Just an obituary in paint". After initially refusing to be presented with it at all, Churchill accepted the painting disparagingly as “a remarkable example of modern art". Although the painting was subsequently destroyed on the orders of Lady Spencer-Churchill, some of Sutherland's studies for the portrait have survived.  In all, Sutherland painted more than fifty portraits, often of European aristocrats or senior businessmen. Following the Churchill portrait, Sutherland's portraits of, among others, Konrad Adenauer and the Queen Mother established him as something of an unofficial state portrait painter. This status was underlined by the award of the Order of Merit in 1960.

In 1951, Sutherland was commissioned to produce a large work for the Festival of Britain. He exhibited in the British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1952 along with Edward Wadsworth and the New Aspects of British Sculpture Group. From 1948 until 1954, Sutherland served as a trustee of the Tate gallery.

In early 1954, Sutherland was commissioned to design a monumental tapestry for the new Coventry Cathedral. Christ in Glory in the Tetramorph took three years to complete and was installed in 1962. To complete the work, Sutherland visited the weavers, Pinton Frères of Felletin in France, on nine occasions.

Later life
From his portrait work, Sutherland acquired several patrons in Italy and took to spending the summer in Venice. However, in 1967, for an Italian television documentary, Sutherland visited Pembrokeshire for the first time in more than twenty years and became inspired by the landscape to regularly work in the region until his death. Living abroad had led to something of a decline in his status in Britain, but his return to working in Pembrokeshire went some way toward restoring his reputation as a leading British artist. Much of his work from this point until the end of his life incorporates motifs taken from the area, such as the estuaries at Sandy Haven and Picton. His work from this period includes two suites of prints The Bees (1976–77) and Apollinaire (1978–79).

There were major retrospective shows at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1951, the Tate in 1982, the Musée Picasso, Antibes, France in 1998 and the Dulwich Picture Gallery in 2005. A major exhibition of rarely seen works on paper by Sutherland, curated by artist George Shaw, was shown in Oxford, in 2011–12.

Sutherland died in 1980 and was buried in the graveyard of the Church of St Peter and St Paul in Trottiscliffe, Kent.

Legacy
The main building of Coventry School of Art and Design, part of Coventry University, is named after Sutherland. A radio play, Portrait of Winston, by Jonathan Smith, is a dramatisation of his portrait of Winston Churchill. The same incident features in the Netflix series, The Crown, in which Sutherland is played by Stephen Dillane, and was discussed by Simon Schama in his 2015 BBC television series The Face of Britain by Simon Schama. Works by Sutherland are held in the collections of Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales, Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery, Kirklees Museums and Art Gallery, Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Manchester Art Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery, Northampton Museums and Art Gallery, Pallant House Gallery, Southampton City Art Gallery, The Ingram Collection of Modern British and Contemporary Art, Tenby Museum and Art Gallery, The Fitzwilliam Museum and The Priseman Seabrook Collection.

Honours and awards

 * 1960 – Order of Merit
 * 1962 – Honorary Doctor of Letters, Oxford University
 * 1972 – Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 1973 – Commandeur des Arts et Lettres, France
 * 1973 – Fellow of the Accademia di San Luca, Italy
 * 1974 – Shakespeare Prize, Hamburg
 * Honorary Member of the Printmakers Council.

title: Graham Sutherland


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Lymphatic vessel

The lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled vessels (tubes), structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph. As part of the lymphatic system, lymph vessels are complementary to the cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells, and have a thin layer of smooth muscle, and adventitia that binds the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue. Lymph vessels are devoted to the propulsion of the lymph from the lymph capillaries, which are mainly concerned with the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues. Lymph capillaries are slightly bigger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system. Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are called afferent lymph vessels, and those that carry it from a lymph node are called efferent lymph vessels, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct. Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the subclavian veins and thus return it to general circulation.

The vessels that bring lymph away from the tissues and towards the lymph nodes can be classified as afferent vessels. These afferent vessels then drain into the subcapsular sinus. The efferent vessels that bring lymph from the lymphatic organs to the nodes bringing the lymph to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct, the largest lymph vessel in the body. These vessels drain into the right and left subclavian veins, respectively. There are far more afferent vessels bringing in lymph than efferent vessels taking it out to allow for lymphocytes and macrophages to fulfill their immune support functions. The lymphatic vessels contain valves.

Structure
The general structure of lymphatics is based on that of blood vessels. There is an inner lining of single flattened epithelial cells (simple squamous epithelium) composed of a type of epithelium that is called the endothelium, and the cells are called endothelial cells. This layer functions to mechanically transport fluid and since the basement membrane on which it rests is discontinuous; it leaks easily. The next layer is that of smooth muscles that are arranged in a circular fashion around the endothelium, which by shortening (contracting) or relaxing alter the diameter (caliber) of the lumen. The outermost layer is the adventitia which consists of fibrous tissue. The general structure described here is seen only in larger lymphatics; smaller lymphatics have fewer layers. The smallest vessels (lymphatic or lymph capillaries) lack both the muscular layer and the outer adventitia. As they proceed forward and in their course are joined by other capillaries, they grow larger and first take on an adventitia, and then smooth muscles.

The lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels—the initial lymphatics, the prelymphatics or lymph capillaries that specialize in collection of the lymph from the interstital fluid, and the larger lymph vessels that propel the lymph forward.

Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump. Lymph movement occurs despite low pressure due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation.

Lymph capillaries
The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending (closed at one end) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries, formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high. These button-like junctions consist of protein filaments like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, or PECAM-1. A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the interstital fluid. This valve system involves collagen fibers attached to lymphatic endothelial cells that respond to increased interstitial fluid pressure by separating the endothelial cells and allowing the flow of lymph into the capillary for circulation. There is another system of semilunar valves that prevents back-flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel. Lymph capillaries have many interconnections (anastomoses) between them and form a very fine network.

Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls through movements may also help draw fluid into the smallest lymphatic vessels, capillaries. If tissue fluid builds up the tissue will swell; this is called edema. As the circular path through the body's system continues, the fluid is then transported to progressively larger lymphatic vessels culminating in the right lymphatic duct (for lymph from the right upper body) and the thoracic duct (for the rest of the body); both ducts drain into the circulatory system at the right and left subclavian veins. The system collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells, fungi, viruses or bacteria. This is known as a secondary circulatory system.

Lymph vessels
The lymph capillaries drain into larger collecting lymphatics. These are contractile lymphatics which transport lymph using a combination of smooth muscle walls, which contract to assist in transporting lymph, as well as valves to prevent the lymph from flowing backwards. As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from more and more lymph capillaries along its length, it becomes larger and eventually becomes an afferent lymph vessel as it enters a lymphs node. The lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and exits via an efferent lymph vessel. An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts, or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel. Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the subclavian veins

Lymph vessels consist of functional units known as lymphangions which are segments separated by semilunar valves. These segments propel or resist the flow of lymph by the contraction of the encircling smooth muscle depending upon the ratio of its length to its radius.

Function
Lymph vessels act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system. Without functioning lymph vessels, lymph cannot be effectively drained and lymphedema typically results.

Afferent vessels
The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the cortical part. It carries unfiltered lymph into the node. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths.

Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes. This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen.

Efferent vessels
The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes at the hilum, either to veins or greater nodes. It carries filtered lymph out of the node.

Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in association with the thymus and spleen. This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels, which are found only in association with lymph nodes.

Clinical significance
Lymphedema is the swelling of tissues due to insufficient fluid drainage by the lymphatic vessels. It can be the result from absent, underdeveloped or dysfunctional lymphatic vessels. In hereditary (or primary) lymphedema, the lymphatic vessels are absent, underdeveloped or dysfunctional due to genetic causes. In acquired (or secondary) lymphedema, the lymphatic vessels are damaged by injury or infection. Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.

title: Lymphatic vessel


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