text:
Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium

Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium is a zoo in Omaha, Nebraska. It is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. In August 2014, TripAdvisor rated it the "world's best zoo", ahead of the San Diego Zoo and Loro Parque, based on an algorithmic assimilation of millions of reviews for 275 major zoos worldwide.

The zoo is known for its leadership in animal conservation and research. Evolving from the public Riverview Park Zoo established in 1894, today the zoo includes several notable exhibits. "Kingdoms of the Night" is the world's largest nocturnal exhibit and indoor swamp, the "Lied Jungle" is one of the world's largest indoor rainforests, and the "Desert Dome" is one of the world's largest indoor deserts, as well as the largest glazed geodesic dome.

The zoo's mission includes four pillars, "Conservation, Research, Recreation, and Education" which are represented by the four squares in the logo.

History
In 1894, the first animals were exhibited here under the name Riverview Park Zoo. By 1898, the collection had grown to over 120 animals. The Omaha Zoological Society was founded in 1952 to organize the long-term efforts of the zoo. The name was changed to Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium in 1963, after a $750,000 donation from Margaret Hitchcock Doorly, given with the stipulation that the zoo be renamed in memory of her late husband. Henry Doorly had an influential career the chairman of the World Publishing Company. In addition to the World Publishing Company, the zoo soon connected with another notable Omaha business: Union Pacific. Union Pacific helped the zoo lay down 2.5 mi of track in 1968 and the inaugural run of the Omaha Zoo Railroad was made on July 22, 1968.

The zoo has two rides that circumnavigate the property (tram and train): a carousel and the Skyfari, an aerial tram which opened in 2009 and takes visitors from the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion to the lion viewing exhibit.

The zoo is adjacent to the former site of Rosenblatt Stadium. In 2011, the zoo began developing the land at the stadium to become the new parking area and visitor center, leaving a small memorial at the location of home plate. Rosenblatt was replaced by the Charles Schwab Field Omaha downtown.

Zoo timeline

 * 1894: Riverview Park opened.
 * 1898: The park had a varied animal population of over 200 animals.
 * 1920s: Gould Dietz donated cat cages.
 * 1930s: The WPA built cat and bear exhibits.
 * 1952: The Omaha Zoological Society was organized for the improvement and administration of the zoo.
 * 1963: Margaret Hitchcock Doorly donated $750,000 to the zoo with the stipulation that the zoo be named after her late husband, Henry Doorly.
 * 1965: The Omaha Zoological Society was reorganized as a nonprofit organization, and the first phase of the zoo, which included bear grottos, gorilla and orangutan buildings, and Ak-sar-ben Nature Kingdom, was dedicated.
 * 1968: The inaugural run of Omaha Zoo Railroad was in July, and the Eugene C. Eppley Pachyderm Hill opened in November on the old baseball diamond site.
 * 1972: The Ak-Sar-Ben waterfall was constructed; in August, the Owen Sea Lion Pavilion opened, complete with a new concession building, public restrooms, and a gazebo where an old public swimming pool was located.
 * 1973: Owen Swan Valley and the Primate Research Building were completed.
 * 1974: A new diet kitchen and educational classrooms were completed.
 * 1977: The Cat Complex was added.
 * 1979: The hospital and nursery opened.
 * 1981: The giraffe and hoofstock complex opened.
 * 1983: The Lee G. Simmons Free-flight Aviary was completed.
 * 1984: A 70000 USgal saltwater aquarium opened in what had been the museum.
 * 1985: The gorilla and orangutan buildings were completely renovated and named in honor of the Owen family; Richard Simmons cut the ribbon.
 * 1986: World-Herald Square was completed, and the First Tier Wolf Woods, maintenance building, and hay barn were relocated to the northeast.
 * 1987: The Mutual of Omaha Wild Kingdom Pavilion, the visitor services area US West Plaza, and a new main entrance were finished.
 * 1988: Construction began on the Lied Jungle, and the zoo was selected for the endangered black-footed ferret breeding program. The zoo's greenhouse was built near the maintenance shop.
 * 1989: Durham Family's Bear Canyon was added; Doorly's Pride (a heroic bronze sculpture of a pride of 12 lions) was installed in the entry plaza area, and the zoo received the AAZPA Bean Award for its long-term gaur propagation efforts. The black-footed ferret building was constructed.
 * 1990: Dairy World featuring a children's petting zoo, educational exhibits, and concession area, was added, and the world's first in vitro-fertilized tiger was born.
 * 1991: The Birthday House for children's birthday parties and education classes was finished; the world's first artificially inseminated tiger was born at the zoo.
 * 1992: The Lied Jungle opened on April 4, with the attached Durham's TreeTops Restaurant and Education Center. Simmons Plaza near the main entrance was completed.
 * 1993: The old aquarium was closed and construction of the new aquarium began. The zoo received two AAZPA awards: the Conservation Award for the black-footed ferret management program and the Significant Achievement Award for the Lied Jungle. The world's first artificially inseminated gaur calf was born.
 * 1994: The Union Pacific Engine House for the Omaha Zoo Railroad was added.
 * 1995: The Walter and Suzanne Scott Kingdoms of the Seas Aquarium was opened. The zoo had more than 1.6 million visitors, and land was acquired for an off-site breeding facility and drive-through park. Construction began on the IMAX 3D Theater, and the zoo participated in the propagation of the world's first in vitro gorilla birth (Timu was born at the Cincinnati Zoo).
 * 1996: The Bill and Berniece Grewcock Center for Conservation and Research was completed, and Timu, the world's first in vitro gorilla moved to Omaha's zoo.
 * 1997: The Lozier IMAX theater was finished.
 * 1998: The Garden of the Senses, the Lee G. Simmons Conservation Park and Wildlife Safari (22 mi west at Nebraska's I-80 Exit 426 near Ashland), and a new diet kitchen were completed, and construction began on a new pathology laboratory and keepers lounge.
 * 1999: Sue's Carousel was added, construction began on the world's largest desert dome, and the zoo hosted a temporary Komodo dragon exhibit.
 * 2000: The new North Entrance Plaza was completed, featuring a new gift shop, warehouse, entrance plaza, and visitor gazebo. The zoo joined the Okapi Species Survival Program, allowed it to be one of 14 zoos in North America to display rare okapi; a traveling koala exhibit visited the zoo.
 * 2001: Cheetah Valley, and new bongo and tree kangaroo exhibits were constructed, and the zoo hosted a traveling white alligator exhibit.
 * 2002: Desert Dome was finished, and construction began on Hubbard Gorilla Valley.
 * 2003: Kingdoms of the Night, featuring various nocturnal habitats, opened beneath the Desert Dome.
 * 2004: Hubbard Gorilla Valley was opened, and a tower with two high-capacity elevators were added to take visitors from the main level of the zoo near the Desert Dome down 44 ft. to Hubbard Gorilla Valley.
 * 2005: The Hubbard Orangutan Forest opened in two phases in May and August; a giraffe feeding station opened in the spring; and construction began on an addition to the Grewcock Center for Conservation and Research.
 * 2006: A new Guest Services building and two additional gates at the main entrance were added; the Hubbard Research wing expansion to the Grewcock Center for Conservation and Research opened in July; and the Budgie Encounter was finished.
 * 2007: Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom Pavilion was transformed into the Exploration Station, and construction on the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion began.
 * 2008: The Berniece Grewcock Butterfly and Insect Pavilion opened; and construction on a Madagascar exhibit began.
 * 2009: Skyfari, a chairlift connecting the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion to the old African rangeland exhibit area.
 * 2010: Expedition Madagascar opened.[[File:US Navy 110907-N-YM440-159 Members of the U.S. Navy Band Great Lakes, Horizon, perform at the Henry Doorly Zoo during Omaha Navy Week.jpg|thumb|U.S. Navy Band Great Lakes, Horizon performing at the zoo, 2011]]
 * 2012: Scott Aquarium reopened after renovations, Rosenblatt Stadium demolished by the zoo, and the zoo renamed Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium.
 * 2013: A new gift shop opened, the IMAX facility was remodeled, and the Infield At The Zoo and Gateway to the Wild exhibits were completed.
 * 2014: Stingray Beach opened to the public. The seasonal interactive exhibit, located by Sue's Carousel, allows visitors to touch and feed cownose, Atlantic and Southern stingrays. Camel rides, also located by Sue's Carousel, opened to the public. Construction on Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium's largest project, the African Grasslands, begins."
 * 2016: Six African elephants arrived at the zoo from Eswatini's Hlane Royal National Park to survive a drought on March 11. On May 27, African Grasslands opened after two years of construction. This, coupled with Memorial Day weekend, caused what local media dubbed "Zoopocalypse". Within two hours of opening the zoo saw over 8,000 visitors enter the main gates; a normal Sunday sees 4–5,000 people all day. Hours later, the entrance count was up to over 20,000 people.
 * 2018: Bay Family Children's Adventure Trails opens.
 * 2020: Owen Sea Lion Shores Attraction opened on September 4.
 * 2021: Hubbard Gorilla Valley, Expedition: Madagascar and Hubbard Orangutan Forest underwent extensive renovations and reopened July 3.
 * 2023: African bull elephant, Callee, transferred to the Sedgwick County Zoo in Wichita, Kansas, to breed with its female elephants. He joined them in late May.

African Grasslands
After six years of planning and three years of construction, the 28-acre, $73 million African Grasslands exhibit opened to the public May 27, 2016, over the zoo's former eastern boundary area and Pachyderm Hill exhibits.

In 2017, Warren the African elephant unexpectedly died. He was the only male of the six African elephants that arrived at the zoo from Eswatini. In May 2019, the Birmingham Zoo's male African bush elephant Callee joined the herd of five female elephants to breed with them. In January 2022, two baby elephants, Eugenia and Sonny, were born to two of the females, Kiki and Claire respectively. In March 2022, the zoo announced a third female was pregnant; Lolly would go on to give birth to a male calf in March 2023.

Species include: • African bush elephant

• Reticulated giraffe

• Southern white rhinoceros

• Grant's zebra

• Ostrich

• Meerkat

• Klipspringer

• Rock hyrax

• White-throated monitor

• Crested guineafowl

• African pygmy goat

• Lion

• Cheetah

• Impala

• Lesser kudu

• Sable antelope

• Bongo

• Okapi

• Pink-backed pelican

Asian Highlands
A new exhibit built on previously undeveloped space, the Asian Highlands area is a $22 million, 8-acre recreation of the highlands of central Asia, including India and China, designed to simulate a mountain ascent, featuring species native to the region as well as a Yeti Camp, acting as a hub for visitors with themed food and gift options, and a Kid's Discovery Trail. The first phase of the exhibit opened in the spring of 2018 and the second phase opened in the spring of 2019. Species in the exhibit include: • Indian rhinoceros

• Père David's deer

• Red panda

• White-naped crane

• Sichuan takin

• Chinese goral

• Chinese muntjac

• Tufted deer

• Sloth bear

• Snow leopard

• Siberian tiger

Butterfly and Insect Pavilion
The Berniece Grewcock Butterfly and Insect Pavilion opened in 2008. The Pavilion is a 14000 sqft total-immersion exhibit located between the Scott Aquarium and the Giraffe Complex. Viewed from the sky, the exhibit resembles a winged insect. The building features several exhibits:
 * Butterfly Conservatory: The 2450 sqft area features 10 ft-high glass sidewalls to allow the maximum amount of light inside the exhibit. Natural light, large trees, rocks, and water elements simulate a natural habitat and help stimulate natural butterfly behaviors.
 * Conservation Promenade: Located in the Butterfly Conservatory, the promenade winds past waterfalls and over streams, through vegetation, and loops around the giant Amazon water lily pool. The pool features a stilt root tree supporting a floating walkway through the roots for a close view of the giant South American water lilies. Species of butterflies and moths include the blue Morpho, zebra longwing, and painted ladies. Microhabitats are displayed along the Conservation Promenade featuring endangered amphibians the Zoo is currently working with in response to the global amphibian crisis. Visitors must stop in a mirrored room to check for butterflies before exiting.
 * Chrysalis Hatching Room: A 220 sqft area where butterflies and moths in their chrysalis or cocoon stage will be brought in from all over the world. Inside, they are carefully hung in hatching chambers where visitors can watch them complete their metamorphosis. The 510 sqft entry hallway leading into the insect wing contains several displays, such as a locust colony and a Halloween moon crab, along with interactive learning opportunities.
 * Insect Zoo: This 2413 sqft area has a 5 ft high glass sidewall on top of a 7 ft solid wall to allow more intensive exhibit work. Individual micro-habitats are home to ants, spiders, scorpions, walking sticks, mantids, centipedes, roaches, beetles and other animals. In the center of this room, two bird exhibits house other exotic species such as tropical hummingbirds.
 * Lower Level: Features two rooms, approximately 1085 sqft, used for rearing butterflies and culturing insect colonies. Another 542 sqft room is used to maintain plants that are being rotated through the butterfly display. A 1161 sqft frog breeding and rearing facility houses the most threatened amphibians. The rooms can be viewed through windows from the Giraffe Observation Walk that circles the building and allow Zoo visitors a look behind the scenes. This same path has numerous native butterfly gardens.

Desert Dome
The Desert Dome opened in April 2002 at a cost of $31.5 million (includes Kingdoms of the Night). It is one of the world's largest indoor deserts at around 42,000 ft2 (0.96 acres; 3,900 m2). Beneath the Desert Dome is the Kingdoms of the Night, and both levels make up a combined total of 84000 sqft. The Desert Dome has geologic features from deserts around the world: Namib Desert of southern Africa, Red Center of Australia, and the Sonoran Desert of the southwest United States.

Animals include: • African wild cat

• Bat-eared fox

• Common dwarf mongoose

• Klipspringer

• Spotted thick-knee

• Cape cobra

• Inland taipan

• Rough-scaled death adder

• Lace monitor

• Perentie

• Bobcat

• Burrowing owl

• Collared peccary

• Gambel's quail

• Greater roadrunner

• Ocelot

• Swift fox

• Turkey vulture

• White-nosed coati

• Arizona black rattlesnake

• Santa Catalina rattlesnake

• Sidewinder

• Mexican beaded lizard

• Laughing kookaburra

• Tawny frogmouth In addition to being one of the world's largest indoor deserts, the Desert Dome's geodesic dome is also the largest 'glazed' geodesic dome. The dome is 137 ft above the main level and 230 ft in diameter. The 1,760 acrylic windows with four shades (some clear) were placed to allow maximum shade in the summer and maximum light in the winter to reduce energy costs.

Expedition Madagascar
Expedition Madagascar opened May 7, 2010, and has many animals including lemurs, straw-coloured fruit bats, and giant jumping rats. The building allows visitors to learn about Madagascar, an area considered one of the top hotspots for biodiversity because it is home to the largest number of endemic plant and animal species. Each exhibit is linked to ongoing projects in Madagascar and conservation efforts that the zoo's Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership has been active in since 1998. It underwent extensive renovations in 2021 during a closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and reopened in July 2021. Animals in the exhibit include: • Ring-tailed lemur

• Red ruffed lemur

• Black-and-white ruffed lemur

• Grey mouse lemur

• Mongoose lemur

• Aye-aye

• Collared lemur

• Common brown lemur

• Fossa

• Malagasy giant rat

• Radiated tortoise

Garden of the Senses
The Garden of the Senses opened in spring 1998 at a cost of $1.8 million. The garden houses plants, fountains, birds, and a giant sundial. There are over 250 species of herbs, perennials trees, roses and other flowers, butterfly-friendly plants, and trellises. The birds include macaws, South American parrots, and Australian cockatoos.

Hubbard Gorilla Valley
The Hubbard Gorilla Valley is a gorilla exhibit named after Dr. Theodore Hubbard, a cardiologist from Omaha. It opened on April 8, 2004, at a cost of $14 million. Prior to being expanded and rebuilt, the Hubbard Gorilla Valley was the Owen Gorilla House. It underwent extensive renovations in 2021, while the exhibit was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and reopened in July 2021.

Some of the animals included are: • Western lowland gorilla

• Mantled guereza

• Wolf's mona monkey

• Diana monkey

• Abyssinian ground hornbill

• Yellow-backed duiker

• Black crowned crane

• Red River Hog

• Cattle egret

Hubbard Orangutan Forest
The Hubbard Orangutan Forest opened in two phases during 2005; the first phase was opened in May, and the second phase opened in late summer at a cost of $8.5 million. The first phase is the outdoor habitat that includes two 65 ft-tall, 100 short ton Banyan trees interconnected with vines enclosed by a stainless steel netting. It underwent extensive renovations in 2021, while the exhibit was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and reopened in July 2021. A 20 ft waterfall is named after Claire Hubbard, the Orangutan Forest's primary donor. The second phase, the indoor habitat has 3,126 ft2 (0.07 acres; 290 m2) of floor space. The Hubbard Orangutan Forest recently underwent extensive renovations and fully re-opened in June 2024. The expansion includes an all-new indoor/outdoor siamang exhibit, an updated elevator building and plaza, a café, a walkway, and a seating area.

Animals in the exhibit include:
 * Bornean orangutan
 * François' langur
 * Siamang

Suzanne and Walter Scott Aquarium
The Walter and Suzanne Scott Aquarium, a public aquarium, opened on April 1, 1995, at a cost of $16 million. The building has 71000 ft2 and contains a total of 1200000 USgal of water. The exhibit was first renovated in 2011, and opened again on April 5, 2012. It is one of the largest in-zoo aquariums in the world.

It features displays of aquatic habitats from polar regions, temperate oceans, the flooded Amazon rainforest, and coral reefs. The 450000 USgal shark tank features a 70 ft shark tunnel at the bottom of the 17 ft-deep tank. This tank features sharks, stingrays, sea turtles, and coral reef fish. An additional 450000 USgal is attached to the public portion and institutes a holding and quarantine tank. Other tanks include multiple species of jellyfish, a Giant pacific octopus and open-ocean schooling fish. Another addition is a touch tank which allows visitors to feel the textures of various starfish, shells, and possibly a chain catshark or one of its empty eggs. The only freshwater display is of the Amazon rainforest that includes fish, invertebrates, turtles, and a toucan.

The aquarium features aquatic animals from around the world, including:

• Atlantic puffin

• Tufted puffin

• Southern rockhopper penguin

• King penguin

• Gentoo penguin

• Porcupinefish

• Moray eel

• Sharks

• Stingray

• Green sea turtle

• Loggerhead sea turtle

• Jellyfish

• Giant Pacific octopus

• Red-bellied piranha

• Toco toucan

• Giant gourami

• Pacu

• Redtail catfish

Kingdoms of the Night
The Eugene T. Mahoney Kingdoms of the Night opened beneath the Desert Dome in April 2003 at a cost of $31.5 million (includes Desert Dome). Kingdoms of the Night is the world's largest nocturnal animal exhibit at 42,000 ft2 (0.96 acres; 3,900 m2). Both the Kingdoms of the Night and the Desert combine to a total of 84000 sqft. The Kingdoms of the Night features a wet cave (with a 14 ft deep aquarium), a canyon, an African diorama, a eucalyptus forest, a dry batcave, and a swamp. The swamp is also the world's largest indoor swamp. The Kingdoms of the Night logo is a sign that has owl eyes.

Some of the animals found at the Kingdom of the Night include: • Fossa

• Aardvark

• African brush-tailed porcupine

• Naked mole-rat

• Common vampire bat

• Egyptian fruit bat

• Seba's short-tailed bat

• Alligator snapping turtle

• American alligator, including a leucistic individual (one of less than 13 in the world)

• American crocodile

• North American beaver

• Freshwater crocodile

• Spectacled caiman

• Northern greater galago

• South African springhare

• Gray-handed night monkey

• Hoffmann's two-toed sloth

• Prehensile-tailed porcupine

• Nine-banded armadillo

• Southern three-banded armadillo

• Blind cave fish

• Short-beaked echidna

• Tammar wallaby

Lied Jungle
The Lied Jungle opened on April 4, 1992, at a cost of $15 million. It is one of the largest indoor rainforest exhibits in the world; it occupies an 80 ft tall building that spans 1.5 acre and is located just inside the main entrance. This exhibit allows visitors to look out from behind a 50 ft-tall waterfall.

Inside are 123,000 ft2 (2.82 acres; 11,400 m2) of floor space, of which 61,000 ft2 (1.4 acres; 5,670 m2) are planted exhibit space; 35,000 ft2 (0.8 acres; 3,250 m2) are a display management area; and 11,000 ft2 (0.25 acres; 1,020 m2) are an education area.

Visitors can walk along a trail on the floor of the jungle, as well as on a walkway around and above the animals. The exhibit was (at least partially) closed between 2020 and 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of July 2023, the Lied Jungle exhibit had been fully re-opened to the public. Both levels are split into sections by continent, including Asia, Africa, and South America.

Along both trails, about 90 species can be found, including: • Black howler

• Blue monkey

• Colombian spider monkey

• Common squirrel monkey

• De Brazza's monkey

• Red-backed bearded saki

• Pygmy hippopotamus

• Wolf's mona monkey

• Blue-and-yellow macaw

• Scarlet macaw

• Luzon bleeding-heart

• Nicobar pigeon

• Pied imperial pigeon

• African pygmy goose

• Hamerkop

• Javan pond heron

• Sunbittern

• Lowland paca

• Malayan tapir

• Indian crested porcupine

• Müller's gibbon

• White-handed gibbon

• Asian small-clawed otter

• Spotted-necked otter

• White-faced whistling duck

• Indian flying fox

• Blood python

• Yellow anaconda

• Arapaima

• Electric eel

• Ocellate river stingray

• Mekong giant catfish

• Pacu

• Piranha

• Giant Gourami

• Amazon catfish Ring-tailed lemurs, red ruffed lemurs, and black-and-white ruffed lemurs used to be on display in the Lied Jungle, but were moved to the Expedition Madagascar exhibit when it opened in 2010.

Notable points
Visitors to the jungle can view the indoor jungle through 90 ft of floor-to-ceiling windows at the Durham's TreeTops Restaurant, which is next to the jungle. A portion of the electrical power needed for the jungle is provided by natural gas fuel cells. The jungle has won several awards, including "Single best zoo exhibit in the country" in 1994 by the Family Life Magazine; "Significant Achievement Award for Exhibit Design" in 1993 by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums; "Top ten designs in the world" in 1992 by Time, and "Top eight US engineering accomplishments" in 1992 by the National Society of Professional Engineers

Owen Sea Lion Shores
The Owen Sea Lion Shores opened on September 4, 2020, costing $27.5 million. The one-acre exhibit replaced the Durham Family Bear Canyon, and the smaller Owen Sea Lion Pavilion. It features a 275,000-gallon saltwater pool with natural wave chambers, shallow beaches for young pups learning to swim, fish feeders that release fish and calamari at random times and places in the exhibit encouraging hunting behavior, a shaded seating area with a capacity of up to 170, and an underwater viewing cavern.

The exhibit features two species: California sea lions and harbour seals.

Simmons Aviary
The Simmons Aviary opened in 1983, and is the world's third-largest free-flight aviary. It is home to about 500 birds from around the world. The Aviary is 800 ft long and rises to 75 ft at the center. The structure is covered with 142000 ft2 of two-inch nylon mesh that is supported by a system of cables and poles. The use of nylon instead of wire is a unique concept to modern aviaries.

In this 4 acre exhibit, visitors see American flamingos, black crowned cranes, scarlet ibises, hadada ibises, northern bald ibises, straw-necked ibises, hamerkops, cattle egrets, snowy egrets, roseate spoonbills, Inca terns, ducks, black-necked swans and white storks.

The Wild Kingdom Pavilion
Situated inside the zoo's main entrance, the 21000 sqft Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom Pavilion was completed in the spring of 1987. The building currently houses reptiles, insects, amphibians, and small mammals, while also providing business offices, a 312-seat multimedia auditorium, and classrooms.

The Wild Kingdom Pavilion has been partially transformed into the Exploration Station exhibit, serving as a safari-themed "Trail Head" where visitors begin their "wild" adventure at Omaha's zoo. Mutual of Omaha's Exploration Station includes a detailed interactive map of the zoo and video previews of major attractions, as well as information on the History of the Zoo. The center of the Pavilion features a 20 ft-high netted tree, with free-flying birds. Below the tree includes water displays with turtles, archer fish, and more. The building's original public area, or living classroom, contains what is known as the Small Animal Collection. This area houses part of the zoo's reptile collection, as well as a large number of invertebrates. The animal collection represents the tremendous diversity in the animal kingdom, and includes tarantulas, turtles, snakes, hedgehogs, and other small animals.

Stingray Beach
Stingray Beach features a shallow saltwater pool where visitors can touch and feed three species of stingray; Cownose, Southern, and Atlantic. The area also features turf green space, art sculptures installed prior to the demolition of Bear Canyon, and a small event center.

Other exhibits
The zoo also features Lozier IMAX Theater, Glacier Bay Landing, a Budgie Encounter in the Adventure Trails children's play area. Peacocks, peahens, and peachicks wander freely throughout the zoo, often spotted nesting near the Desert Dome.

Cat Complex
The Cat Complex opened in 1977 at a cost of $2.5 million. The complex had 11 indoor enclosures and 10 outdoor enclosures with a claimed capacity of up to 100 cats. The building was the largest cat-breeding and management facility in North America. The Cat Complex was awarded the "Edward H. Bean Award" (1994) for tiger husbandry by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium is known worldwide for its work in the field of artificial insemination of large cats. The zoo's 15-year master plan, composed in 2010, called for the elimination of the Cat Complex along with the overhauling of several other exhibits. Going forward, animals at the zoo are grouped not by their genetic relatives, but by regions of the world. The exhibit was closed permanently in 2019 and demolished in 2022 as the cats located in the Cat Complex were relocated to new exhibits in the African Grasslands and Asian Highlands, or at other zoos and sanctuaries.

The complex contained nine species from the family Felidae: • Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis)

• Cougar (Puma concolor)

• Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)

• Jaguar (Panthera onca)

• Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)

• African lion (Panthera leo)

• Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)

• Indochinese tiger (P. t. corbetti)

• Siberian tiger (P. t. altaica)

Durham Family Bear Canyon

The Durham Family Bear Canyon opened in 1989 at a cost of $1.4 million. The canyon had a large 30000 U.S.gal tank for polar bears. Having previously housed four bear species – the polar bear, the American black bear, the sun bear and the spectacled bear, it was closed and demolished in 2018 to make room for Owen Sea Lion Shores.

Red Barn Park
The Red Barn Park was a petting zoo that opened in 1966. It included numerous domesticated animals including goats and cattle and was particularly noteworthy because of the large red barn that could be found in the area. It was demolished in 2018 and replaced with the Glacier Bay Landing area which opened in the spring of 2019. Many of the animals found in the exhibit were transferred to the Children's Adventure Trails.

Amphibian Conservation Area
The zoo's Amphibian Conservation Area opened following the 2005 release of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Global Amphibian Assessment, as in-depth status report on the world's 8,000-plus known frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians, which declared amphibians as the most significantly threatened group of vertebrates in the world. The mission of the behind-the-scenes area, which is not accessible to visitors, is to address wild amphibian decline by continually advancing conservation efforts through evolving welfare, reproduction, collaboration, and reintroduction.

The 3,800 square-foot facility features 13 temperature-controlled rooms, a specialized wastewater treatment system, insect culturing area and thorough disinfection protocols to ensure the entire space remains pathogen-free. With only three full-time keepers, the Amphibian Conservation Area has supported the release of more than 121,000 amphibians to date.

Recovery Program Impact
Wyoming Toad
 * Population status: Extinct in the wild with one population remaining in a few release sites in the Laramie Basin of Wyoming.
 * Recovery program involvement: Active since 1992. The zoo maintains the studbook for the Wyoming Toad Species Survival Plan.
 * Contribution to the species: 31,000-plus individuals released with releases planned annually

Western Boreal Toad
 * Population status: Since 1994, the species has declined across much of the western United States, extending north to Alaska with a genetically distant and declining population at southern Utah's Paunsaugunt Plateau.
 * Recovery program involvement: 1995 – Present
 * Contribution to the species: 3,877 individuals released with releases planned annually

Eastern Hellbender
 * Population status: North America's giant salamander is found across 15 states, including northeastern Mississippi, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, Tennessee, western North Carolina, western Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, eastern Illinois, southern Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, western Maryland, and southern New York with a distinct declining population occurring in east-central Missouri.
 * Recovery program involvement: 2012–2017
 * Contribution to the species: 91 individuals released

Puerto Rican Crested Toads
 * Population status: Critically endangered with only 1,000–3,000 remaining in the wild. It is the only toad native to Puerto Rico.
 * Recovery program involvement: 1998 – Present
 * Contribution to the species: 80,000-plus individuals released with releases planned annually

Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog
 * Population status: Endangered with two distinct populations in southern California's Sierra Nevada Mountains
 * Recovery program involvement: 2017 – Present
 * Contribution to the species: 800-plus individuals released with releases planned annually

Dusky Gopher Frog
 * Population status: The most critically endangered frog species in the United States and presently known to only survive in Mississippi's Harrison and Jackson Counties. At one point, possibly less than 75 adults remained in the wild.
 * Recovery program involvement: 2008 – Present (Zoo has had animals since 2004.)
 * Contribution to the species: 792 individuals released with releases planned annually

Amphibian Rescue and Translocation Program for Native Species
 * Status: Ground-breaking construction projects, day-to-day exhibit maintenance, weather events and other unforeseen circumstances can put amphibians native to the area in harm's way. After discovering a population of American toads living on grounds, zoo staff routinely survey the entire property in search of these and other amphibian species, sometimes in the early stages of life, who need care or need to be relocated to a safer environment to thrive.
 * Species involved: Include but not limited to: American toad, Woodhouse toad, the chorus frog, plains leopard frog, and eastern tiger salamander.
 * Recovery program involvement: 2012 – Present
 * Contribution to the species: 3,480 individuals released

Research
The Bill and Berniece Grewcock Center for Conservation and Research is a world-class research center at the zoo. The center has discovered several new species. The world's first in vitro-fertilized (IVF, "test-tube") gorilla resides at the zoo. The world's first artificially inseminated tiger was born in Omaha in 1991, followed by the world's first artificially inseminated gaur. The original 16448 sqft facility was constructed in 1996. In 2006, it underwent a $6 million expansion which brings the total space to 32000 sqft.

The research center focuses on six areas:
 * Education and technology transfer
 * Conservation medicine
 * Molecular genetics
 * Reproductive physiology
 * Horticulture
 * Nutrition

Mouse lemurs
A study led by Edward Louis, a conservation geneticist at the zoo, identified three new mouse lemurs (Simmons' mouse lemur, Mittermeier's mouse lemur, and Jolly's mouse lemur) with the first named after Lee Simmons, the zoo's director.

Railroad
The Omaha Zoo Railroad is a 2.5 mi, narrow gauge train that loops through the zoo. The railroad began operations on July 22, 1968, after the track was laid down by the Union Pacific railroad. The train operates with one of two oil-powered steam locomotives. Riva is about twice as powerful as the #119 (although it is almost 80 years older) and is regularly used on weekends when more visitors are present. The #119 is the original locomotive for the zoo. A new diesel locomotive arrived in September 2008. This diesel is a 2-axle Plymouth locomotive and is used for switching operations of the passenger cars and other railroad-related projects.

Tram
The tram is a trackless tram that drives on the walkway paths around the zoo. It has four stops:
 * By the Desert Dome (top of the hill)
 * Between the elephant/zebra yard and pygmy goat corral
 * By the playground near the sea lions
 * Between the carousel and Alaskan Adventure splashpad

Skyfari
Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium opened the Skyfari in 2009. It is an aerial tram that runs from one stop at the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion to the lion platform. It goes over the African veldt (ostriches and giraffes), cheetahs, the railroad tracks, the Garden of the Senses, the koi lagoon, and the lions.

Carousel
A carousel is available on which visitors can ride handcrafted recreations of wild animals. In 2021, it was moved to the Glacier Bay area which has been recently renovated.

Educational programs
Major zoo educational programs include on-site preschool and high school courses, internships, and volunteer work. Other programs include field trips, guided tours, educator workshops, and ambassador animal presentations. Other educational programming includes overnight campouts, scouting events, summer camps, birthday parties, and on-site speakers.

title: Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium


text:
User:Saopaulo1

'''Welcome to Sao Paulo, Brazil. Today is '''Monday, July 29. It's UTC.

Life

Country

Thanks
Thanks to everyone and anyone who helped me after my user pages were vandalized. :) Saopaulo1 23:13, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

History in the making & other news
I've made my 100th article: Blue Bunny.

Who is Saopaulo1?
I'm a student in Northern California. I was born in Fresno, California. I've lived in Chico, San Luis Obispo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Geneva, Switzerland. I speak English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and German (speak is used loosely).

Interests
I love taking pictures. There are so many subjects in Chico, California, like Bidwell Park. You can see a page on the Bidwell Park page.

Pets
I have a hamster, named Nutter (aka Nutter).

Favorite Quotes
"Those who give up liberty for the sake of security deserve neither liberty nor security" - Ben Franklin

Wikipedia & me

 * I've been a member since May 1, 2004. My first action was part of cheesecake.

Places I've been to (travels)

 * USA
 * California
 * Nevada
 * Texas
 * Rhode Island
 * Massachusetts
 * New York
 * Oregon
 * Brazil
 * Sao Paulo
 * Rio de Janeiro
 * Florianopolis
 * Curitiba
 * Ilhabela, Brazil
 * Sao Jose dos Campos
 * Israel
 * Tel Aviv
 * Jerusalem
 * England
 * London
 * Liverpool
 * France
 * Provence
 * Cannes
 * Switzerland
 * Geneva
 * Zurich
 * Locarno
 * Interlaken
 * Bern
 * Bex
 * Lucerne
 * Italy
 * Spain
 * Valencia
 * Germany
 * Oldenburg
 * Austria
 * Vienna
 * Monaco

What I'm Attracted to............on Wikipedia
On Wikipedia (which I'm now addicted to), I like to focus on topics from California, Texas, Brazil, Switzerland, Film, Television etc... I like to fill in little things. One word makes an article better.

Some Things I've Started
Out of the  Wikipedia articles, I've made:

and 'Category:Dallas/Ft. Worth based companies'

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Saopaulo1


text:
Keta

Keta is a coastal town in the Volta Region of Ghana. It is the capital of the Keta Municipal District.

Keta is the sixty-first most populous settlement in Ghana in terms of population, with a population of 23,207. Parts of the town were devastated by sea erosion between the 1960s and 1980s. Keta is mentioned in Maya Angelou's All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes.

History

Keta was settled by the Anlo Ewe, a sub-group of the Ewe people who, in the 17th century, migrated to the area from Ketu, in Benin via Adja Tado and Notsie in Togo.

Keta was an important trading post between the 14th and the late 20th centuries. The town attracted the interest of the Danish, because they felt they could establish a base here without interference from rival European nations. Their first initiative was to place a factory at Keta to sell alcohol.

In 1792, a war was instigated by the Danes between Anloga and Keta. With the aid of cannon from the fort and ships anchored at sea nearby, Keta was razed to the ground. Majority of the original people then migrated across the lagoon to Klikor to establish the Somey State with Agbozume as its capital. Keta was then repopulated with people from other areas of the surrounding communities.

Faced with the threat of war between Peki and an alliance of the Ashanti and the Akwamu, the North German Missionary Society (also known as the Bremen Missionaries) moved the focus of their activities from Peki to Keta. Their missionaries, Dauble and Plessing, landed at nearby Dzelukofe on September 2, 1853.

Historically Keta was also known as Quittah or Agudzeawo (Easterners in old Ewe) and was assigned B27 as a postal mark.

From 1874 Hausa Constabulary were based at Keta, and soon there grew to be a community of Hausa traders in the town.

The author, and then colonial Civil Servant, Dr. R. Austin Freeman served as a medical officer (Assistant Surgeon) here in 1887 during which an epidemic of black water fever killed forty per cent of the European population.

Etymology: Ewe language- Ke:ta - Head of the sand

Ecology
In 1784, Fort Prinzenstein, like most slave trade forts, was built by the sea's edge. However the sea had retreated by about 600 ft by 1907. Since then Keta has been subject to sustained erosion. The Bremen Factory and Coconut plantation, which were close to the high water mark in 1907, had been swept away by the sea by 1924. The erosion has now advanced as far as Queen Street and started to wear away the Fort.

Close to Keta is the famous town of Woe, known for the notable lighthouse called Cape St. Paul Lighthouse on the beach that is believed to guide ships away from a mythical massive underwater mountain. This lighthouse is also thought to be the oldest in Ghana.

Keta Lagoon
Keta Lagoon is the largest lagoon in Ghana with a water area of 300 km2. This is located in a larger wetlands protected area of 1200 km2. It is a stopping point for a large number of migratory birds and provides a breeding ground for sea turtles. The Keta Lagoon is known for its immense quantity of salt.

Festival
Keta Sometutuza Festival hogbetsotso za

Etymology

Keta: (Ewe language ). Head/top of the sand. These words were uttered by Torgbui Wenya,the founder of Anlo State when he sighted the sand dunes at the sea shore. Wenya had separated from his kinsmen in nearby Wheta Atiteti to establish his own settlement at Anloga. Historically, the people of Keta were also known as Agudzeawo - meaning Easterners because they are east of Anloga.

Oil
Oil has been found at the Keta Basin. However, experts are against the exploitation because it will be on land which lead to the destruction of land and lives, as well as some sources of livelihood.

Education
The city can boast of notably finest schools in the Volta Region.
 * Keta Senior High Technical School
 * Keta Business College

Attractions
Keta community has a few tourist attractions which one can enjoy whiles in the town.

 * Aborigines Beach Resort
 * Keta Lagoon Rest Stop
 * Keta Lagoon Resort
 * Fort Prinzenstein
 * Gobah Beach
 * Emancipation Beach Resort

Notable People

 * Dan Kwasi Abodakpi
 * Charles Sterling Acolatse
 * Kofi Adjorlolo
 * Ben Akafia
 * R. S. Amegashie
 * Fred Kwasi Apaloo
 * Raphael Armattoe
 * Christian Baëta
 * Emmanuel Kobla Bensah
 * Esi Buobasa
 * Christian Kobla Dovlo
 * Ferdinand Kwasi Fiawoo
 * Kwame Dzudzorli Gakpey
 * Marricke Kofi Gane
 * Philip Gbeho
 * Victor Gbeho
 * GlennSamm
 * P. K. D. Habadah
 * Eric Kwame Heymann
 * Clement Kofi Humado
 * Annie Jiagge
 * Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka
 * Richard Agbenyefia Lassey
 * G. S. Lassey
 * MzVee
 * Paul Nkegbe
 * Daniel Ahmling Chapman Nyaho
 * Courage Quashigah
 * Ivan Quashigah
 * Richard Quashigah

 * Jerry John Rawlings
 * Epiphan Patrick Komla Seddoh
 * Francis Selormey
 * Anthony Hugh Selormey
 * Albert Gregorio De Souza
 * Clend Mawuko Sowu
 * Togbi Sri II
 * Kojo Tsikata
 * Tsatsu Tsikata
 * Charity Zormelo

title: Keta


text:
Meänkieli

Meänkieli (literally 'our language') is a Finnic language or a group of distinct Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost part of Sweden along the valley of the Torne River. Its status as an independent language is disputed, but in Sweden it is officially recognized as one of the country's five minority languages and is treated as a distinct language from standard Finnish. According to the National Association of Swedish Tornedalians, 70,000 individuals are able to understand Meänkieli, at least to some level.

Linguistically, Meänkieli consists of two dialect subgroups, the Torne Valley dialects (also spoken on the Finnish side of the Torne River) and the Gällivare dialects, which both belong to the larger Peräpohjola dialect group. It has the status of a minority language in Sweden. In modern Swedish the language is normally referred to officially as meänkieli, although colloquially an older name, tornedalsfinska ("Torne Valley Finnish"), is still commonly used. Sveriges Radio tends to use tornedalsfinska for the culture generally and meänkieli specifically for the language.

Meänkieli is distinguished from Standard Finnish by the absence of 19th- and 20th-century developments in Finnish.

History
Before 1809, all of what is today Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The language border went west of the Torne Valley area, so the upper section of today's Sweden (about 10% by area), was historically Finnish speaking (just like most areas along the eastern coast of the southern part of Gulf of Bothnia, areas that were ceded to Russia and are part of modern Finland, were historically Swedish speaking, and to a large extent still are). The area where Meänkieli is spoken that is now northern Sweden (apart from the linguistically Sami and Swedish parts of this geographical area), formed a dialect continuum within the Realm of Sweden. Since the area east of Torne River was ceded to Russia in 1809, the language spoken on the western side of it developed in partial isolation from standard Finnish. In 1826, the state Church of Sweden appointed the priest and amateur botanist Lars Levi Laestadius to be the Vicar over the Karesuando parish, which is situated along the Muonio River north of the Arctic Circle on the border of Finland in Swedish Lapland.

In the 1880s, the Swedish state decided that all citizens of the country should speak Swedish. Part of the reason was military; people close to the border speaking the language of the neighbouring country rather than the major language in their own country might not be trusted in case of war. Another reason was that Finns (primarily eastern Finns) were sometimes regarded as being of another "race." An opinion of that period, as reflected in contemporary fiction, was that the Sami and the Finnish populations belonged "more closely to Russia than to Scandinavia". Beginning around this time, the schools in the area only taught in Swedish, and children were forbidden under penalty of physical punishment from speaking their own language at school even during class breaks. Native Finnish speakers were prevented by the authorities from learning Standard Finnish as a school subject for decades, which resulted in the survival of the language only in oral form.

When minority languages first became taught in Swedish schools, Meänkieli was still classified as a form of Finnish and children who spoke it natively were taught standard Finnish in school, which caused problems for children to fully understand, demotivating students. However, in 1977 some schools began to make materials specifically designed for speakers of Meänkieli which did not use standard Finnish. This was also the first time the term "Meänkieli" was applied to the form of speech, which was called "Tornedalian Finnish" before.

Meänkieli today
On April 1, 2000, Meänkieli became one of the now five nationally recognized minority languages of Sweden, which means it can be used for some communication with local and regional authorities in the communities along the Finnish border. Its minority language status applies in designated local communities and areas, not throughout Sweden.

Few people today speak Meänkieli as their only language, with speakers usually knowing Swedish and often standard Finnish as well. Estimates of how many people speak Meänkieli vary from 30,000 to 70,000, of whom most live in Norrbotten. Many people in the northern parts of Sweden understand some Meänkieli, but fewer people speak it regularly. People with Meänkieli roots are often referred to as Tornedalians although the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten is a far larger area than the Torne River Valley; judging by the names of towns and places, the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten stretches as far west as the town of Gällivare.

Today Meänkieli is declining. Few young people speak Meänkieli as part of daily life though many have passive knowledge of the language from family use, and it is not uncommon for younger people from Meänkieli-speaking families to be more familiar with standard Finnish, for which literature and courses are much more readily available. The language is taught at Stockholm University, Luleå University of Technology, and Umeå University. Bengt Pohjanen is a trilingual author from the Torne Valley. In 1985 he wrote the first Meänkieli novel, Lyykeri. He has also written several novels, dramas, grammar books, songs and films in Meänkieli.

The author Mikael Niemi's novels and a film based on one of his books in Swedish have improved awareness of this minority among Swedes. Since the 1980s, people who speak Meänkieli have become more aware of the importance of the language as a marker of identity. Today there are grammar books, a Bible translation, drama performances, and there are some TV programmes in Meänkieli.

On radio, programmes in Meänkieli are broadcast regularly from regional station P4 Norrbotten (as well as local station P6 in Stockholm) on Mondays to Thursdays between 17:10 and 18:00, while on Sundays further programmes are carried by P6 between 8:34 and 10:00 (also on P2 nationwide from 8:34 to 9:00). All of these programmes are also available via the Internet.

Status as a language
Individuals who agree with the classification of Meänkieli as a separate language generally do so for historical, political and sociological reasons, usually pointing to its separate standardised written language that is distinct from standard Finnish. However, on pure linguistic grounds, Meänkieli may be classified as a Northern dialect of Finnish. Meänkieli is very comprehensible for speakers of Finnish, especially due to the fact that Swedish is taught as a mandatory subject in Finland, causing the heavy Swedish influence in Meänkieli to not cause problems for comprehension. Despite the mutual intelligibility, speakers of Meänkieli generally wish to see it as its own language separate from Finnish, since its status as an independent language has increased its linguistic prestige and has aided with keeping the language alive.

Geographical distribution
Meänkieli has an official status in: Pajala, Övertorneå, Haparanda, Gällivare, Luleå, Kalix, Kiruna, and many speakers also live in Stockholm.

Alphabet

 * A – aa –
 * B – bee –
 * C – see –
 * D – dee –
 * E – ee –
 * F – äf –
 * G – gee –
 * H – hoo –
 * I – ii –
 * J – jii –
 * K – koo –
 * L – äl –
 * M – äm –
 * N – än –
 * O – oo –
 * P – pee –
 * Q – kuu –
 * R – är –
 * S – äs –
 * T – tee –
 * U – uu –
 * V – vee –
 * W – kaksois-vee/tupla-vee –
 * X – äks –
 * Y – yy –
 * Z – tset(a) –
 * Å – ruotti oo –
 * Ä – ää –
 * Ö – öö –

B, C, D, G, W, X, Z, and Å are only used in foreign words and names.

in 2016 a letter š was added into Meänkieli, instead of the Swedish letters sj.

Grammar
The grammar of Meänkieli is very similar to Finnish, with some variations such as the aspiration of consonants before long vowels. Meänkieli is an agglutinative language with fifteen noun cases. It contains consonant gradation and vowel harmony, just like Finnish. It contains four verb tenses, which are the present, imperfect, perfect and the pluperfect. It does not have a separate tense for future events.

Some Meänkieli words not used in standard Finnish
The Swedish language words are in parentheses in case of borrowed cognates. With Swedish being the dominant everyday language in the region, the language has impacted modern Meänkieli in some ways.

 * äpyli 'apple' (äpple)
 * son/s'oon 'it is'
 * sole 'it is not'
 * klaarata 'to get along' (klara)
 * sturaani 'ugly'
 * potati 'potato' (potatis)
 * pruukata 'to have a habit of' (bruka)
 * följy 'along with, company' (följe)
 * ko 'when, as, since'
 * fiskata 'to fish' (fiska)
 * kläppi 'child'
 * muuruutti 'carrot' (morot)
 * porista 'to talk'
 * praatata 'to speak' (prata)
 * kahveli 'fork' (gaffel)
 * pruuvata 'to try' (prova)
 * kniivi 'knife' (kniv)
 * knakata 'to knock' (knacka)
 * öölata 'to drink beer' (öla)
 * miilu 'merrills'
 * knapsu 'feminine man'
 * fruukosti 'breakfast' (frukost)
 * fältti 'field' (fält)
 * hunteerata 'to think, ponder' (fundera)
 * engelska 'English' (engelska)
 * fryysbuksi 'freezer' (frysbox)
 * flaku 'flag' (flagga)
 * häätyy 'to have to'

Differences between standard Finnish and Meänkieli
In many loanwords the sound f has been replaced with v in Finnish. Many words have been loaned with the letter u into Finnish but with y into Meänkieli. Many words have been loaned with the letter o into Finnish but with u into Meänkieli. In loanwords, the sound d has been replaced with t. In native words, d is gone.

Double consonants

title: Meänkieli


text:
Talk:Second Gulf War

Comments
Apparently there was a "First Gulf War" before the one in the early 1990s, or something? More detail, please? Thanks. -Rwv37 05:17, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
I proposed that this page be merged with Persian Gulf War, or it should just be deleted. It seems to say exactly the same thing as Persian Gulf War does, and can't decide if it wants to be a disam page or a fact page or what. If anyone has better ideas for cleaning this mess up, please do -- I usually try to save an AfD, if there is good reason, but I don't see one here. Thank you. Macduffman (talk) 21:15, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I think deleting or redirecting this page would be a bad idea and I am glad to see that it was not done. -- PBS (talk) 13:03, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: merge into Gulf War (disambiguation). --  tariq abjotu  06:18, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Second Gulf War → Second Gulf War (disambiguation) – As per WP:TWODABS, when there are only two topics listed on a disambiguation page, we should generally pick the better one and use a hatnote if necessary to redirect traffic. And to be perfectly honest, there really aren't even two plausible meanings here. There is a clear primary topic for this term in English in the year 2013, and it is for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Second Gulf War should redirect to 2003 invasion of Iraq. Just as WWI was no longer called "the war to end all wars" after WWII, we no longer call the First Gulf War (which redirects rather painlessly rather than having a disambiguation), well, the Second Gulf War. Oh, and if your disambiguation page has to explain why it exists instead of taking you straight to the obvious target, you don't need a disambiguation page. In common English, Gulf War refers unambiguously to the 1990-1991 conflict, and therefore, the Second Gulf War is probably unambiguous, too. Red Slash 08:27, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment: There does seem to be ambiguity here, if we look at, say, Google Books. Iraq and the second Gulf War: State Building and Regime Security (1997) and this chapter from a 2004 book are obvious examples from the first page of results. StAnselm (talk) 08:42, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, per both WP:DAB (which I didn't cite) and WP:TWODABS, we're allowed to have some ambiguity. There's a LOT of results for a bird when you search for "Turkey" in Google, even in Google Books. But we have tolerance for ambiguity as long as there is a primary topic (see: Turkey), especially when you only have two possible meanings. Red Slash 09:03, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Merge and then redirect Second Gulf War (disambiguation) to Gulf War (disambiguation) -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 12:17, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The ambiguity of "Second Gulf War", "Third Gulf War" and First Gulf War (disambiguation) can all be resolved at the Gulf War dab page, with a joint dab page. -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 12:20, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * NOTE second gulf war does not lead to this page. -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 12:23, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I have fixed that obvious inconsistency, pending the outcome of this discussion. StAnselm (talk) 13:10, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I like 76.65.128.222's idea of merging all of the Gulf War dab pages into Gulf War (disambiguation) and working it out there. —  AjaxSmack   02:28, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Merge to Gulf War (disambiguation) per above suggestion. I note that Second Persian Gulf War already redirects there. StAnselm (talk) 02:52, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose A complicated and potentially confusing issue, but as you rightly point out, where we have only 2 possible meanings it does not take much to decide that 1 is primary. I suggest that we adopt terminology for these wars which avoids terms like 1st, 2nd. PatGallacher (talk) 00:17, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. This still sounds like the most logical proposal. --BDD (talk) 16:06, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Merge to Gulf War (disambiguation) and redirect there, per 76.65.128.222 and StAnselm. This seems the cleanest solution and avoids the ambiguity question altogether while also removing the need for hatnotes. — Amakuru (talk) 12:00, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Second Gulf War


text:
Emperor of Mexico

The Emperor of Mexico (Emperador de México) was the head of state and ruler of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century.

With the Mexican Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico became an independent monarchy—the First Mexican Empire (1822–1823). Mexico briefly reverted into a monarchy in the 1860s, during the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867). In both instances of Empire, the reigning Emperor was forcibly deposed and then executed.

Decree
The Sovereign Mexican Constituent Congress decreed on June 22, 1822 the following:

"*Art 1 °. The Mexican Monarchy, in addition to being moderate and Constitutional, is also hereditary.
 * Art 2 °. Consequently, the Nation calls the succession of the Crown for the death of the current Emperor, his firstborn son Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. The Constitution of the Empire will decide the order of succession of the throne.
 * Art 3 °. The crown prince will be called 'Prince Imperial' and will have the treatment of Imperial Highness.
 * Art 4 °. The legitimate sons and daughters of H.I.M will be called 'Mexican Princes', and will have the treatment of Highness.
 * Art 5 °. Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Father of H.I.M, is decorated with the title of 'Prince of the Union' and the treatment of Highness, during his life.
 * Art 6 °. It is also granted the title of 'Princess of Iturbide' and the treatment of Highness, during his life, to Doña María Nicolasa de Iturbide y Arámburo, sister of the Emperor."

Decree
The Superior Government Junta by the Conservative Party decreed on July 11, 1863 the following:

"* Art 1 °. The Mexican nation adopts a moderated, hereditary monarchy by way of government, with a Catholic prince.
 * Art 2 °. The sovereign will take the title of Emperor of Mexico.
 * Art 3 °. The imperial crown of Mexico is offered to S. A. I. and R., Prince Maximilian, archduke of Austria, for himself and his descendants.
 * Art 4 °. In the event that, due to circumstances impossible to foresee, Archduke Maximilian did not take possession of the throne that is offered, the Mexican nation refers to the benevolence of HM Napoleon III, emperor of the French, to be instructed by another Catholic prince."

title: Emperor of Mexico


text:
Brown-cheeked fulvetta

The brown-cheeked fulvetta (Alcippe poioicephala) or brown-cheeked alcippe as the fulvettas proper are not closely related to this species, ) is included in the family Alcippeidae. It was earlier also known as the quaker babbler.

This species is one of those retained in the genus Alcippe after the true fulvettas and some others were removed; the group had turned out to contain quite unrelated birds. Its closest relatives are probably the brown fulvetta and the black-browed fulvetta, which was only recently recognized as a distinct species again. The Javan fulvetta and the Nepal fulvetta might also belong to this group.

The brown-cheeked fulvetta is a resident breeding bird in Bangladesh, India and Southeast Asia. Its habitat is undergrowth in moist forests and scrub jungle. This species, like most babblers, is not migratory, and has short rounded wings and a weak flight.

This babbler builds its nest in trees, concealed in dense masses of foliage. The normal clutch is two or three eggs.

The brown-cheeked fulvetta measures 15 cm including its longish tail. It is brown above and buff, with no patterning on the body or wings. The crown is grey, and the cheeks are dark.

Brown-cheeked fulvettas have short, dark bills. Their food is mainly insects and nectar. They can be difficult to observe in the dense vegetation they prefer, but these are vocal birds, and their characteristic calls are often the best indication that they are present.

Nesting
The brown-cheeked fulvetta nests from January to June with a peak in January–February. In a study by Anoop Das and Vijayan, a total of 38 nests were found in 50,000 square metres. The nest is a cup, built with green moss, rootlets, lichen, leaves, and grass lined with rootlets and placed in a fork or suspended from the twigs at a mean height of 68.21 cm from ground. Mean nest width was 91.8 mm and depth 48.7 mm.

Clutch size was two to three eggs and the incubation period is 10 ± 2 days and the nestling period is 12 ± 2 days. Hatching success was 55% while the nestling success was 32%. The most preferred plants for nesting were shrubs of the species Lasianthus ciliatus (36%) followed by the Saprosma fragrans (27%) and Thottea siliquosa (23%).

They tended to locate their nests at central position just near the main stem. A principal component analysis of the nest site variables showed nest height, concealment, plant height and canopy cover as the major parameters in nest site selection, explaining 73% cumulative variance. Of these the crucial deciding factors were plant height and canopy cover when the nest sites were compared with the random sites (discriminant function analysis).

Nest success was directly correlated with concealment as it reduces the chance for predation. Nest site selection of this bird thus shows the choice of a particular location for successful nesting, which is a dense evergreen forest with dense shrub cover and without much disturbance.

title: Brown-cheeked fulvetta


text:
User:CorranH96

Interests: American and World history, especially World War II and post World War II.

Contact: CorranH96@spymac.com

title: User:CorranH96


text:
Talk:Nitrogen oxide

Comment
there are only 5 oxides of nitrogen there is also Dinitrogen Tetroxide N2O4 this is not a contributor to air pollution this oxide runs in equalibrium with NO2, produced naturally in low amounts.

2NO2 (g) <--> N2O4

reference: Laidler, Greg; 1991; Environmental Chemistry, An Australian Perspective, 2nd Ed; Longman Cheshire; Melbourne, Australia

NOx should have its own page
Given the atmospheric importance of NO and NO2 which have a fast cycle coupling them and the regulatory use of NOx for the sum of NO plus NO2 (in atmospheric chemistry other oxides of nitrogen are not part of NOx) I do not think that NOx should be part of the Nitrogen oxide page. I therefore call for the reinstatement of the NOx page.--NHSavage 07:19, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree. The majority of this page is currently discussion about NOx instead of Nitrogen oxides in general. I've inserted a tag at the appropriate location. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Grayob (talk • contribs) 13:51, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree. I will split it. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 03:52, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

No Prompt NOx description
There's no explanation as to what is Prompt NOx and how its formed. It might also be interesting to add the names of the people normally credited with discovering these NOx formation routes (Zeldovich in the Thermal NOx case and Fenimore in the Prompt NOx case)
 * I was lured to this page as I was about to ask what "prompt NOx" is myself. I was thinking of asking the person responsible for originating the text but they were an IP number long inactive with only 1 edit. Can anyone enlighten me or provide a reference? By the way, not a bad idea about the discoverers.   -Onceler 02:27, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * So, internal combustion engines emit carbon moNOxious phew!!!mes. Anthony Appleyard 16:56, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

NOx scavenging
Could someone add material on NOx scavenging? Thanks, Hu Gadarn 21:39, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Titanium dioxide
According to the French newspaper Ouestfrance a asphalt concrete including Titanium dioxide, 6 to 8 kg per square meter, destruct a substantial part of NOx. 216.86.113.16 01:23, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Lightning
Isn't lightning also a significant source of NOx in the atmosphere ? Jim.henderson 16:18, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Added a section concerning this, since it was sourced in the thunderstorm article. Thegreatdr (talk) 05:37, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

N2O3 structure
Is the depicted structure of N2O3 correct as O=N-N=O=O i.e. with one N of valence 3 and one N of valence 5? I've always thought it were O=N-O-N=O i.e. with both N of valence 3. Drirpeter 18:46, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It is correct, and is better described as nitrogen(II,IV) oxide rather than nitrogen(III) oxide.

 * See http://www.webelements.com/compounds/nitrogen/dinitrogen_trioxide.html for confirmation.

 * Ben 19:37, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Misleading about NOx
Parts of this article are highly misleading. NOx is not considered a greenhouse gas. It doesn't say so in the article either, but nor is there any mention of why NOx is regulated. The reason for the regulation is that NOx emissions causes acidification of water and soil, and also is the cause of adverse effects such as respiratory diseases and immune deficiencies among asthmatics and other vulnerable groups.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas, and it is included in the Kyoto Protocol, but regulations on emissions have not been widely implemented in national legislations, and it is not part of most existing cap and trade systems.

I strongly agree with earlier posting by NHSavage that NOx should have it's own article. Also,

Not being a biochemist I would strongly prefer not being the one to make these changes, but if no one else rises to challenge, I will take a look at it in a couple of weeks, when I have the time.

80.64.206.190 (talk) 13:42, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I took a whack at it. It still could use some expansion regarding specific legislation, though. Should we mention the Nitrogen Oxide Protocol? Feezo (Talk) 16:50, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Common usage in atmospheric chemistry community of term nitrogen oxide
According to Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, "nitrogen oxides" refers to NOx (NO+NO2). "Reactive odd nitrogen" refers to NOy, which is NOx + all the oxidation products of NOx. N2O is considered its own class (Nitrous oxide). In discussions with a couple of friends who have PhDs in atmospheric chemistry, we agreed that we would assume that someone talking about "nitrogen oxide" would be referring to NOx, even if one could technically make the argument that a nitrogen oxide is any nitrogen-oxygen compound.

Additionally, the U.S. Clean Air Act specifically states: "(v) NOx.—The term ‘‘NOx’’ means oxides of nitrogen."

Not being a wikipedia regular, I hesitate to make drastic changes to the page myself, but I wanted this on the record for a more frequent wiki editor to consider adding "common scientific usage" or the like to the page. 2marcus (talk) 20:04, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Other NxOy compounds?
Should Nitrosylazide and Nitrous oxide be added to the page?Naraht (talk) 14:25, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

More than just disabmig
This article needs to be more than just a disambig page. A reader coming here to find out more about some nitrogen oxide or other may be surprised to find there are so many and have no idea which of them is the one they want to learn more about. A short discussion of their comparative properties, uses and any common names or other distinguishing characteristics would be very helpful in recognising the context which brought the reader here. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 15:19, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I suppose so. But with the common source being internal combustion engines producing a mixture of most of them, it is reasonable to have an article on them together. Well, the common term for car exhaust is NOx, so maybe an article more specific to engine exhaust would be useful.  Otherwise, why isn't the article title plural, since it refers to all of them? Gah4 (talk) 22:50, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Clarification needed (definition) of "binary compound"
The article currently states: "Nitrogen oxide may refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen....". However I cannot see it explained what "binary compound" actually means. "Binary compound" links to the binary phase [|Binary phase] page which is also confusing or maybe plain wrong. (I will explain with a note on that page's talk section too). I did some chemistry, but not as a major, so someone else could better fix this. I suspect the word PHASE in chemistry refers to phases such as solid, liquid, and gas. Nitrogen oxide exists in different ways e.g. NO2, NO, N2O etc. and I wonder if that is what the original sentence was suggesting? A similar concept to polymorphism, but i can't find the correct term at the moment! DrWhyisitso (talk) 02:34, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I added 'binary compounds' to binary compound (which redirects to binary phase). It just means the molecule is made up of 2 types of atoms - in this case nitrogen and oxygen.  Stepho  talk 12:07, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

"E918" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect E918 and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:19, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nitrogen oxide


text:
Magic Pengel: The Quest for Color

Magic Pengel: The Quest for Color, known as Garakuta Meisaku Gekijō Rakugaki Ōkoku (ガラクタ名作劇場 ラクガキ王国) in Japan, is a 2002 role-playing video game developed by Garakuda-Studio and Taito for the PlayStation 2, published by Agetec in North America. The music was composed by Zuntata.

The game had a sequel in 2004 titled Graffiti Kingdom.

Gameplay
Combining the collectible monsters genre (e.g., Pokémon) with the interactive art genre (e.g., Mario Paint), Magic Pengel is centered on the player, as a character able to manipulate a "Pengel" (which looks like a stylized fairy combined with a paintbrush) to create a creature, or "Doodle". Using the Pengel (pronounced "pen-jell") as a cursor, the player simply sketches out the limbs, body, and other features. Depending on the amount of magic ink expended, and the types of body parts, the creature will be given certain statistics and created. With the help of Zoe and Taro, the character trains and battles using custom-created designs, which can be traded to or battled with the creations of other players. As the Doodles battle, they become more powerful, and earn points towards the purchase of pre-created Doodles, and extra abilities towards customizable creation. Combat functions according to three selections: attack, magic, and block, as well as a charge command. The three basic maneuvers follow a standard rock paper scissors methodology, but repetitiveness is minimized due to the varied attributes of the Doodles, as well as the inability to successively repeat any selection.

Magic Pengel combines cel-shading with standard 3D graphics. Though most of the backgrounds are 3D, the Doodles are cel-shaded. Occasionally the animations of the Doodles can be jerky due to the extreme range of customization possible within the game, but this is fairly uncommon.

Story
The story begins when you (the main character - this character is never shown or given a default name in order to keep with the "second person" feel of the game, however, it is implied that the unseen character is a young boy) wake up in someone's yard and sees a Pengel. A mysterious voice tells you that you can use the Pengel to draw whatever you like, and that the shape will become your companion on your quest. You draw a simple shape to become your first Doodle, however, the Doodle falls off a cliff and is rescued by a girl. Then it runs away. After lecturing you, the girl introduces herself as Zoe, then introduces her (foster) brother, Taro. She takes you to the arena where a tournament is being held and teaches you how to duel. You win, and Zoe gets ticked off at the kingdom's guards for taking some of the Color you won as tax.

It is revealed that the King who rules the humans is corrupt and tries to force pure-hearted people to draw Doodles to work for him. One of his best Doodlers, Galileo (who is Zoe and Taro's father) disappeared and the king has been trying to seek revenge by taking away Zoe and Taro's homeland. Zoe and Taro don't know where Galileo went, and have been searching for their father by throwing notes in a bottle into the ocean. You must enter tournaments to get the money Zoey and Taro need to pay off the mortgage on their Homeland, help them search for their father, and eventually defeat the Doodle King himself.

Characters
Magic Pengel is known for its flexibility in characters - players can create their own. Unlike Graffiti Kingdom, the second game in the Rakugaki Ōkoku series, the "main character" does not exist: the storyline revolves around the player being sucked into Zoe and Taro's world. However, there is a small cast of important characters, and a large cast of secondary characters, that play roles in the storyline.

 * Pengel The creature with the ability to draw Doodles that come to life. He is able to create more powerful Doodles as the storyline progresses and you win more duels. A person can only have a Pengel if he or she has a pure heart. Despite this, most people, even mean people, have one, when Zoe, who got angry at her Doodles once, does not.
 * Zoe The player's closest friend, Zoe is a stubborn girl who hates the King. According to a boy named Denka, she is Denka's girlfriend, however, she has never done anything to indicate the feeling is mutual. She used to be able to use a Pengel, however, when her foster father disappeared, she blamed Doodles and grew angry. Her Pengel disappeared, and Zoe confesses she has felt guilty ever since. She refuses to believe Galileo is dead, even though others disagree. At the end of the story, Zoe and Taro move away.
 * Taro Zoe's foster brother and the famous Doodler Galileo's son. Taro is an innocent, sometimes whiny, young boy who looks up to Zoe but gets upset that she is always getting mad at him and calling him a baby. Indeed, he does cry quite a lot, but he is able to use a Pengel and is a surprisingly good Duelist. On rare occasions, he will face you at the seaside arena.
 * Mono Mono is a mysterious boy who shows up at Zoe and Taro's house one day. He has the ability to create Color Gems by taking away the color of a natural object. It turns out that Mono is a Doodle drawn by Galileo, who taught him how to speak and raised him as a son. Mono has come to the island because of the bottles sent out by Zoe and Taro, so he can tell the truth about Galileo - he is, indeed, dead. Mono is later revealed to be the reincarnation of the Doodle King, and the player must defeat him at the end of the game.
 * Galileo A world-famous Doodler who ran away to avoid having to work for the King, leaving his son and foster daughter behind with nothing but their old house. He drew a Doodle named Mono to keep him company while he was away, but died while Mono was young. The cause of his death, as well as whether or not he ever had any intention to come back for Zoey and Taro or fight the King, is unknown.
 * King The corrupt ruler of the human world, the King forces skilled Duelists to draw for him. Eventually, this angers the Doodle King to the point of taking away all the color on the world.
 * Kiba A man who claims he used to be Galileo's close friend. Zoe and Taro both like him at first, but then they find out he is a double agent who works for the King.

Technology
The drawing technology used to draw characters was based on Takeo Igarashi's "Teddy" software.

Reception
Magic Pengel received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 32 out of 40.

IGN's Jeremy Dunham found that the monster creation system lives up to its potential for creating unique-looking creatures and providing gameplay depth, since different body parts, colors, and sizes affect abilities and statistics in battle. Despite considering the rock-paper-scissors battle system simplistic on paper, he greatly enjoyed it thanks to the variety of attacks and magic spells that could be discovered with each custom monster. Issues he discovered included a hard-to-control camera, a short and repetitive main quest, and an unremarkable soundtrack. Dunham did, however, enjoy the colorful graphical style and pleasant character designs. He concluded that while the game probably would not appeal to a wide audience, it had the makings of a cult classic.

In other media

 * Zoe and Taro make a cameo appearance in Graffiti Kingdom and LostMagic, later games developed by Taito. They appear in the background in the final cutscene of Graffiti Kingdom, and appear older in LostMagic than they were in Magic Pengel, Taro in particular seems to have aged a bit.  The fact that they're a bit older and on a journey (like the one they left on at the end of Magic Pengel) suggests that LostMagic takes place some time after Magic Pengel.

Related games
Tensai Bit-Kun: Gramon Battle is a tactical role-playing video game released in 2003 by Garakuta-Studio. The game was released only in Japan.

title: Magic Pengel: The Quest for Color