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John Corbett

John Joseph Corbett Jr. (born May 9, 1961) is an American actor and country music singer. On television, he is best known for his roles as Chris Stevens on Northern Exposure (1990–1995), Aidan Shaw on Sex and the City (2000–2003), Max Gregson on United States of Tara (2009–2011), and Seth Holt on Parenthood (2011–2015). In film, he is known for roles in the My Big Fat Greek Wedding franchise, Raising Helen (2004), The Messengers (2007), Sex and the City 2 (2010), Ramona & Beezus (2010), and the To All the Boys film trilogy (2018–2021).

In addition to acting, Corbett has pursued a career in country music, releasing the studio albums John Corbett (2006) and Leaving Nothin' Behind (2013) with the former reaching number 45 on the Billboard Country Albums chart.

Early life
Corbett was raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S. He grew up in an apartment block near the Ohio River with his mother and stepfather, both of whom worked at his uncle Phillip's music club. Corbett was raised Catholic, and was an altar boy for seven years at St. Joseph's Cathedral. His father was raised in Bellaire, Ohio, and was a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Corbett's mother was Jewish through her father who was of Russian-Jewish descent.

Corbett started playing the guitar at age seven, and at 16, he worked as a security guard at the Capitol Music Hall. He attended Wheeling Central Catholic High School, from which he graduated in 1979.

Following his graduation from high school, Corbett moved to Bellflower, California to live with his father and stepmother, and worked for Kaiser Steel in Fontana for six years. During his time as a hydrotester in the factory, he spent a year training to become an L.A. County Deputy Sheriff, but ultimately failed the exams. Corbett stopped working at the factory after injuring his back; he subsequently enrolled in hairdressing classes at Cerritos College in Norwalk, and also studied acting there. Corbett said, "I went to hair school by day and studied theatre at night." He has been a licensed hair stylist since 1986. He then landed a Samsung commercial, and after three years, had starred in 50 national commercials.

Acting
Corbett's first role came in 1988, when he was cast as Louis, the hippie boyfriend of Karen Arnold (Olivia d'Abo) in the first season of ABC's comedy-drama series The Wonder Years. For this appearance, he was credited as Jack Corbett. From 1990 to 1995, he starred as Chris Stevens in the CBS comedy-drama series Northern Exposure, for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

Corbett played the leading role of Adam MacArthur, in 1997's short-lived Fox science fiction series The Visitor, for which he was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television. His character, who was abducted by aliens, finds his way back to Earth 50 years later, endowed with special powers. From 2001 to 2002, he portrayed the love interest of Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker), Aidan Shaw, in the HBO comedy series Sex and the City, for which he received his second nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. In 2001 he also had a supporting role in the romantic comedy film Serendipity, starring John Cusack. In 2002, Corbett portrayed the male lead role of Ian Miller in the romantic comedy film My Big Fat Greek Wedding, alongside Nia Vardalos (who also wrote the screenplay), for which he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award.

In 2003, he starred in the FX dark comedy series Lucky, as professional poker player Michael "Lucky" Linkletter. The following year, he starred alongside Kate Hudson in Garry Marshall's comedy-drama film Raising Helen. He then portrayed music teacher Mr. Torvald in the 2004 musical drama film Raise Your Voice, co-starring Hilary Duff. Three years later, he had a starring role in the Pang brothers horror film The Messengers (2007). Additionally, Corbett starred in the 2007 Lifetime television film Montana Sky, and co-starred as a corrupt LAPD vice squad member in the 2008 David Ayer-directed crime thriller Street Kings. The following year, he reunited with his My Big Fat Greek Wedding co-star Nia Vardalos for the romantic comedy I Hate Valentine's Day (2009), which Vardalos also wrote and directed. In 2009, he also co-starred in the Brian Herzlinger-directed comedy film Baby on Board.

From 2009 to 2011, Corbett co-starred in the Showtime comedy-drama series United States of Tara as Max Gregson, the husband of Toni Collette's title character. In 2010, Corbett reprised his role as Aidan Shaw in the Sex and the City feature film sequel Sex and the City 2. That same year, he starred as Tom Marks in the Hallmark seasonal television film November Christmas, alongside Sam Elliott and Sarah Paulson, and portrayed Robert Quimby in Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum's family comedy film Ramona and Beezus, based on the Ramona novel series. Corbett was inducted into the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2011.

From 2011 to 2015, he had a recurring role as Seth Holt on the NBC drama series Parenthood. In March 2013, Corbett appeared in two episodes of the CBS procedural drama series NCIS: Los Angeles as Special Agent Roy Haines; it was considered to be a planted pilot episode for a spin-off series focusing on his character, but this was ultimately not produced. In 2012, he portrayed teacher Mike Kersjes in the Hallmark television film based on the memoir of the same name, A Smile as Big as the Moon. Corbett provided the voiceover for Applebee's television commercials and, since 2012, has been the voice for Walgreens' television and radio advertisements. In 2014, Corbett appeared alongside Sarah Bolger in Jeff Probst's drama film Kiss Me. The following year, he starred as Garrett Peterson, opposite Jennifer Lopez, in the Rob Cohen-directed erotic thriller The Boy Next Door.

From 2015 to 2016, he portrayed Josiah "Flash" Bacon in the FX comedy series Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll. In 2016, fourteen years after My Big Fat Greek Wedding was released, Corbett returned for the sequel My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2. In 2017, he portrayed the main role of Michael Spurlock, a pastor who welcomes Karen refugees to his church, in the Steve Gomer-directed drama film All Saints. Corbett then had a guest starring role as himself in the eighth and final season of IFC's comedy series Portlandia. He portrayed Dr. Dan Covey, the father of Lana Condor's lead character, in the film adaptation of Jenny Han's novel To All the Boys I've Loved Before (2018), directed by Susan Johnson. Corbett starred in God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness (2018), as lawyer Pearce Hill.

In 2019, Corbett starred in John R. Leonetti's film adaptation of Tim Lebbon's horror novel The Silence, with Miranda Otto and Stanley Tucci. He also co-starred with Nia Long in the horror sequel 47 Meters Down: Uncaged. In 2023 he reprised his role as Aidan Shaw in the Sex and the City reboot And Just Like That.

Music
In 1993, Corbett starred in the Jeff Richter-directed music video for the Scorpions single "Woman", opposite Karina Lombard. In September 2004, it was reported that Corbett had signed a recording contract with Nashville-based country music label Broken Bow Records. He released his self-titled debut album, co-produced by D. Scott Miller and Tara Novick, on April 4, 2006, and went on tour with ZZ Top, Lisa Marie Presley, and Charlie Daniels to promote the record. The album's only single, "Good to Go", debuted at No. 48 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, which was the highest debut by a new artist from an independent label, and later peaked at No. 43. The music video for "Good to Go" was directed by Kevin Kerslake. The album itself reached No. 45 on the Country Albums chart, and peaked at No. 21 on the Independent Albums chart. In 2008, Corbett was featured in Trisha Yearwood's music video for her single "This Is Me You're Talking To".

Seven years after his debut, Corbett released a second country album, Leaving Nothin' Behind, produced by Jon Randall, on January 29, 2013.

Personal life
Corbett was raised Catholic and "dabbled" in born-again Christianity in the 1980s "before returning to his Catholic roots." He has been in a relationship with actress Bo Derek since 2002, after meeting on a blind date. They married in December 2020. The couple live on a ranch in Santa Ynez, California.

title: John Corbett


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User:Kaiel

I'm a criminology student and prison volunteer in British Columbia, Canada. I also hold a degree in English literature, and have been told I'm spelling-obsessed.

Kaiel 01:04, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

And, for the record, I am not and never have been a sock puppet. If you read the Anome's talk page, you will see that I tried to convince tmxxine to move to blogspot... I am not Lobster. Although I did one edit on the user:tmxxine page, it was to REMOVE my full name and address that someone had oh so helpfully put up there.

Kaiel 00:46, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kaiel


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Janine Turner

Janine Turner (born Janine Loraine Gauntt; December 6, 1962) is an American actress best known for her roles as Maggie O'Connell in the television series Northern Exposure, as Jessie Deighan in the feature film Cliffhanger, and as Katie McCoy in Friday Night Lights. She is an author, public speaker and founder and co-chair of Constituting America 2010.

Early life
Turner was born Janine Loraine Gauntt in Lincoln, Nebraska, the daughter of Janice Loraine (née Agee) and Turner Maurice Gauntt Jr. Her parents returned to their native Texas soon after her birth, and Turner grew up in Euless and Fort Worth, Texas.

Career
In 1978, the 15-year-old Turner left home to pursue a modeling career with the Wilhelmina Modeling Agency in New York City. She began her acting career in 1980 in Hollywood, appearing in several episodes of Dallas. In October 1981 Turner could be seen in a television commercial for Buf-Puf body sponge. She continued to make guest appearances on television shows throughout the 1980s before landing the role of Laura Templeton on General Hospital.

By 1986, Turner had become frustrated by the quality of the roles she was getting. As she told the Chicago Tribune five years later, "I was always working, but I wanted to do more serious roles and knew that I had the talent. I had to get away from Hollywood." Disregarding her agent's advice, Turner moved to New York in order to hone her craft, studying in Manhattan with Marcia Haufrecht of the Actors Studio. "I gained a new respect and appreciation for acting in New York. And I decided that I didn't want to lock myself into roles that portrayed women negatively. I turned a lot of (TV and film) opportunities down because of that. Everyone thought I was crazy. I was really going for broke. I only had eight dollars left and had become very depressed right before I got the part in Northern Exposure."

Cast as Maggie O'Connell in 1990, Turner's work on Northern Exposure earned her an Emmy nomination in 1993 and three consecutive Golden Globe nominations from 1992 to 1994. Accolades aside, the role itself was a positive experience for Turner, following the "damsel in distress" roles that had all but driven her from Hollywood in the first place. "I've found my ideal character in Maggie," she told the Tribune. "She's smarter and stronger than all the men she meets." Turner's own move from Hollywood to New York was mirrored by Maggie's, from her affluent Grosse Pointe community to the remote fictional backwater of Cicely, Alaska. Turner said about Maggie that "She went against the grain and challenged herself by moving to Alaska."

After her breakthrough in Northern Exposure, Turner appeared in the action film Cliffhanger opposite Sylvester Stallone. She next appeared as June Cleaver in a Leave It to Beaver film adaptation of television's original Leave it to Beaver, then in Stolen Women: Captured Hearts, and Dr. T & the Women with Richard Gere. She also appeared in No Regrets and numerous movies of the week.

In 2004, Turner wrote, produced, and directed the award-winning Trip in a Summer Dress, a film about a strong-willed mother and her children. In 2006, she appeared in a low-budget movie filmed in Dallas, The Night of the White Pants, with Tom Wilkinson. In 2007, she co-wrote, co-produced, and starred in Christoga, a Christian Yoga DVD, Turner also co-wrote and produced an album, Mockingbird Hill, in which both she and her daughter Juliette sang.

In 2008, Turner began a 12-episode run on the NBC television series Friday Night Lights. She portrayed Katie McCoy, mother of a talented high school football quarterback.

In 2015, Turner portrayed the wife of Anthony Hopkins' character in Solace.

In 2010 Turner founded and is the co-president of the organization Constituting America with co-president Cathy Gillespie, aimed at educating American adults and students about the non-partisan relevancy of the U.S. Constitution.

On May 21, 2011, Turner began hosting a live two-hour talk show, The Janine Turner Show, on talk radio station KLIF (AM) in Dallas, and in Houston, KPRC (AM), followed by iHeart Radio until 2013. It was awarded "Best Radio Show in Dallas".

Turner is the author of four books, Holding Her Head High: Inspiration from 12 Single Mothers Who Championed Their Children and Changed History, A Little Bit Vulnerable: On Hollywood, God, Sobriety, & Politics, Wisdom For Each Day: Inherited From My Great Grandfather, and Artificial Intelligentsia Vs. Primal Sense. Holding Her Head High focuses on single mothers through history, such as Rachel Lavein Fawcett, the abandoned single mother of Alexander Hamilton.

Activism and advocacy
In 2006, Turner was appointed a member of the President's Council on Service and Civic Participation. In 2010, Turner launched her public speaking career on the national circuit and became a sought-after public inspirational speaker on a plethora of topics, including heart health, sobriety, faith, the Constitution, and politics. She speaks at corporate events, civic events, schools, universities, and churches.

Turner has described herself as "socially liberal and fiscally conservative. I'm almost more libertarian." Turner has written 85 essays on the 85 Federalist Papers, and many op-ed pieces for the Washington Examiner, The Washington Times, and FoxNews.com. Turner has written a petition, "The Truth Act" – and corresponding white paper, "Long and Little Known: How Incoherent Statutes Harm Liberty & the Rule of Law".

Personal life
Turner has never married. Her daughter, Juliette Turner-Jones, was born in 1997. Turner was once engaged to Alec Baldwin and also dated Troy Aikman, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Mark Grace and Sylvester Stallone. As of 2014, Turner was living on a longhorn cattle ranch outside Dallas with her daughter.

Awards and nominations
Emmy Award
 * 1993: Nominated, "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series" – Northern Exposure

Golden Globe Award
 * 1992: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – Northern Exposure
 * 1993: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – Northern Exposure
 * 1994: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – Northern Exposure
 * 1995: Turner Hosted 52nd Annual Golden Globe Awards

Screen Actors Guild Awards
 * 1995: Nominated, "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" – Northern Exposure

Young Artist Award
 * 1983: Won, "Best Young Actress in the Daytime Series" – General Hospital

title: Janine Turner


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Napo (trade union)

Napo (formerly the National Association of Probation Officers) is the trade union and professional association that represents probation staff including probation officers and other operational and administrative staff and Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service staff in England.

Napo was formed on 22 May 1912. It was a member of the Standing Conference of Organisations of Social Workers from 1962, but decided not to join the new British Association of Social Workers in 1970. In 2001, it opted to change its title to "Napo–the trade union and professional association for family court and probation staff". It holds an annual general meeting which is open to all members of the union.

It retains a campaigning remit on both criminal justice and family court matters and is recognised as an influential and respectable source of information by both the media and politicians of all parties.

General Secretary Ian Lawrence was reappointed unopposed to commence a third 5 year term of office from July 2023. He is among the few senior British/Asian trade union leaders to emerge from the community for some time and currently serves on the TUC General Council as the member representing black workers from unions with less than 200,000 members.

Ian has made a substantial number of contributions in the media on the situation pertaining to the state of the probation service in England and Wales following the part privatisation of services in 2014. He has also contributed to a number of keynote seminars examining issues within the wider UK criminal justice system and has also provided oral evidence to the Parliamentary Justice Select Committee inquiry into the impact of the Transforming Rehabilitation programme. On 13 June 2020 Napo celebrated a major victory following the announcement by the Lord Chancellor that probation services would return to public ownership and control in June 2021. This news followed a long and sometimes attritional campaign which commanded widespread support from many politicians and groups who had also predicted major problems following the ill-fated reforms that were implemented by the then Secretary of State for Justice Chris Grayling.

Napo is an independent trade union but has good relations with the Labour Party front bench and a number of cross-party MP's and Peers in terms of assisting the development of its future policies on the probation and prison service and family justice issues. It is also a founding member of the Justice Unions Parliamentary Group.

The Probation Journal, established in 1929, is published by SAGE Publications in association with Napo.

General Secretaries

 * 1930: H. E. Norman
 * 1943: E. M. Hughes (acting until 1946)
 * 1948: Frank Dawtry
 * 1967: David Haxby
 * c.1970: Donald Bell
 * c.1980: Bill Beaumont
 * 1993: Judy McKnight
 * 2008: Jonathan Ledger
 * 2013 to present: Ian Lawrence

title: Napo (trade union)


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Keshia Knight Pulliam

Keshia Knight Pulliam (born April 9, 1979) is an American actress. She began her career as a child actor, and landed her breakthrough role as Rudy Huxtable, on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1984–1992), which earned her a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in A Comedy Series at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards. She later starred as Miranda Lucas-Payne on the TBS comedy drama Tyler Perry's House of Payne (2007–present).

Career
In 1986, Knight Pulliam became one of the youngest actresses to be nominated for an Emmy Award, receiving a nomination at age 6 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in A Comedy Series. She made her professional debut at 9 months old, in a national print advertisement for Johnson & Johnson baby products. At age 3, she was on Sesame Street. She continued working, appearing in television commercials and TV shows, and making her feature film debut in The Last Dragon (1985). She also appeared in the movies Polly and its sequel Polly: Comin' Home! with her Cosby Show co-star Phylicia Rashad. She is ranked at No. 27 in VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Kid Stars".

Knight Pulliam won a celebrity version of Fear Factor in September 2002. She also won a celebrity version of The Weakest Link, and participated in Celebrity Mole: Yucatan. In 2004, she appeared in Chingy's music video for "One Call Away". In 2005, she played Darnelle in Beauty Shop with Queen Latifah. Knight Pulliam performed in Donald Gray's play The Man of Her Dreams in the fall of 2006 in St. Louis. In 2008, she joined the cast of Tyler Perry's House of Payne as Miranda, the new wife of Calvin Payne. The role earned her the 2009 and 2010 NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. In 2009, she played Candace "Candy" Washington-Collins in the film Madea Goes to Jail. Knight Pulliam appeared in Tank's 2010 music video for his cover of "I Can't Make You Love Me", playing his love interest.

In 2011, commenting on the fact that only white actors had won Golden Globe Awards that year, she said: "I think that there is definitely work to be done. It can always be more diverse. We live in a very multicultural and global society. More needs to be done to increase the representation of all people and really show the world for what it is. It’s not just one color."

In 2013, she was a contestant on the ABC celebrity diving show Splash. She was first to be eliminated. In 2015, Knight Pulliam was a contestant on the NBC show The Celebrity Apprentice Season 7 and was the first contestant eliminated after being the losing project manager for her team. In 2018, Knight Pulliam was a HouseGuest on the first season of the CBS series Celebrity Big Brother, where she was the second person evicted out of the house, on Day 13.

Personal life
Keshia Knight Pulliam was born in Newark, New Jersey on April 9, 1979, the daughter of Denise and James Knight Pulliam Sr., a manager. She has three brothers, James Knight Pulliam II, Mshon Knight Pulliam, and Juwan Pulliam. Knight Pulliam attended Rutgers Preparatory School in Somerset, New Jersey.

When The Cosby Show ended its run in 1992, her family moved to Virginia, where Knight Pulliam attended the Potomac School in McLean and Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, from which she graduated in 1997. She received a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from Spelman College in 2001. She is a member of the Eta Kappa chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.

On New Year's Eve 2015, Knight Pulliam became engaged to retired National Football League player Edgerton Hartwell. They were married the next day, January 1, 2016, in Knight Pulliam's Atlanta home. On July 25, 2016, Hartwell filed for divorce. On January 23, 2017, Knight Pulliam gave birth to a daughter named Ella Grace Hartwell. The divorce was finalized in April 2018, with Knight Pulliam receiving primary custody of Ella while Hartwell was ordered to pay child support of about $3,000 a month.

In December 2020, she became engaged to actor Brad James. The pair began dating in 2019 after they met on the set of the TV movie Pride and Prejudice: Atlanta. They were married in an intimate ceremony in September 2021. In December 2022, it was announced the couple were expecting their first child together. On April 4, 2023, they welcomed a son named Knight James.

Awards and nominations

 * 1986: Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in A Comedy Series (nominated) The Cosby Show
 * 2009: NAACP Image Awards Best Supporting Actress in the Comedy Series (won) Tyler Perry's House of Payne
 * 2010: NAACP Image Awards Best Supporting Actress in the Comedy Series (won) Tyler Perry's House of Payne
 * 2011: NAACP Image Awards Best Supporting Actress in the Comedy Series (nominated) Tyler Perry's House of Payne
 * 2012: NAACP Image Awards Best Supporting Actress in the Comedy Series (won) Tyler Perry's House of Payne

title: Keshia Knight Pulliam


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Parx Casino and Racing

Parx Casino and Racing (formerly Philadelphia Park Racetrack and Casino) is a Thoroughbred horse racing venue and the largest casino gaming complex in Pennsylvania. Parx is located in Bensalem Township in Bucks County, northeast of the city of Philadelphia. Owned and operated by Greenwood Gaming and Entertainment, Inc., Parx features 24-hour gaming with over 3,200 slot machines, 188 live table games, a poker room with 48 poker tables, live racing and simulcast action, sports betting, several dining options and bars, and the Xcite Center. Parx also offers online gambling and online sports betting along with off-track betting at two locations.

History
Originally called Keystone Racetrack, it opened in November 1974 in Bensalem, Pennsylvania, replacing the Liberty Bell Park Racetrack in Northeast Philadelphia as the area's Thoroughbred track. When the track was purchased in 1984 by ITB, the racetrack received a new name, Philadelphia Park, a new turf course, and an innovative new way to wager called Phonebet.

In December 1990, the racetrack again changed hands when Greenwood Racing, Inc., a corporation founded in 1989 by British bookmaking veterans Bob Green and Bill Hogwood, purchased the oval from ITB. Full card simulcasting was added, as well as six off-track locations called Turf Clubs, allowing race fans to watch and wager seven days a week.

Late in 1998, Greenwood joined with fellow Pennsylvania corporation, Penn National Gaming, Inc., in expanding into New Jersey with the purchase of Freehold Raceway in Freehold Borough and the operating lease of Garden State Park in Cherry Hill. The new partnership, called Pennwood, was expected to pursue off-track and account wagering in New Jersey. Garden State Park closed in 2002, and was razed shortly thereafter. Simulcasting on cable broadcasting systems (notably those owned by Comcast) was discontinued in March 2010, and shortly replaced by Comcast with TVG Network, who later joined with Harrah's Chester to bring their own simulcasting betting accounts in October 2010.

On August 30, 2010, the track was rechristened as Parx Racing and Casino.

Over the years, such notable horses as Shuvee, My Juliet, Spectacular Bid, Revidere, Summer Squall, and Broad Brush found their way to the winner's circle at Parx Racing and Casino. The track became famous as the original home of 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes champion Smarty Jones, who placed second in the Belmont Stakes, narrowly missing the Triple Crown.

In November 2014, it was revealed that Parx was requiring jockeys to sign a waiver as a condition of riding there. It is believed that the waiver stemmed from a court judgement against Parx in favor of the family of Mario Calderon, an exercise rider who suffered fatal injuries in an incident on the Parx backstretch in 2010. The judgement required Parx to pay Calderon's family $7.8 million in damages. The Jockeys' Guild said that the waiver contained language "inconsistent with the laws of Pennsylvania" and it would instruct its members against signing it.

In 2017, Parx hosted the fourth annual Jockeys and Jeans fundraiser for the Permanently Disabled Jockeys Fund. The fundraiser has raised more than $650,000 with the goal of raising $200,000 in 2017. The event was previously held in Tampa Bay Downs, Indiana Grand, and Gulfstream Park.

On March 19, 2018, a major accident occurred during the 9th race, in which hall of fame jockey Jose Flores was sent to a hospital following the incident. It was announced that he would be placed on life support a day later. The horse however had to undergo animal euthanasia. Flores was pronounced dead on March 22, 2018, at 12:42 pm.

Pennsylvania Derby and Cotillion Handicap
Parx Racing and Casino is the home of Pennsylvania's two premier Thoroughbred races, the $1 million (as of 2019) Grade I Pennsylvania Derby and the $1 Million Grade I Cotillion Handicap. The Pennsylvania Derby (which first served as a Memorial Day replacement for the Jersey Derby after the original grandstand at Garden State Park was destroyed by a fire in 1977), was held on Labor Day until 2010 when the race was moved to the last Saturday in September. This brought it closer to the Breeders' Cup World Championships. The Pennsylvania Derby is a 1.125 mi (nine furlongs) race for three-year-olds that has consistently attracted quality fields and large crowds. Over the past few years, it has evolved into a three-day festival that lasts all of Labor Day weekend at the racetrack, culminating with the running of the Derby. The festival has now become a month-long event that features the annual "Owners and Pennsylvania Day at the Races" the Saturday after Labor Day, and a new US$300,000 preliminary event on Labor Day named the "Smarty Jones." (This race was not run in 2006 because of the rebuilding of the main grandstand as a "racino".)

The Cotillion, which has been run since Thoroughbred racing began in Pennsylvania in 1969 at the old Liberty Bell Park in Northeast Philadelphia, is a 1.0625 mi (Eight and a half furlong) race. It is held (as of 2010) on the first Saturday in October as part of a fundraiser for the Susan G. Komen for the Cure breast cancer charity with races featuring female jockeys called "Parx Racing Ladies Day at the Races"

The main grandstand's lower floor was reconstructed back into a horse racing facility in September 2010.

The track's announcer was Keith Jones. Mr. Jones began his announcing career at Garden State Park as an assistant in the summer of 1985. He took over the full-time duties at Philadelphia Park in 1987. He also spent 13 years as the public address announcer for the Philadelphia Phantoms of the American Hockey League and has had the chance to call a handful of games for the parent club, the Philadelphia Flyers. In addition, Mr. Jones serves as host of the TV program, "Let's Go Racing," a 30-minute show featuring highlights of local racing and major, national stakes. He is a member of the track's Hall of Fame, inducted with the inaugural class in September 2011. Jones retired on December 30, 2020.

The Pennsylvania State Fair was held at the racetrack annually from 1987 to 2006. In 2002, the track hosted the Claiming Crown of horse racing.

The movie Safe, starring Jason Statham, filmed at Parx Racing and Casino.

Casino
On September 27, 2006, the racetrack was awarded a conditional slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, allowing construction to begin on the casino. Final approval of a permanent license came on December 20, 2006, and the following day the casino opened. Bally's was chosen as the casino management system. The name of the casino - "Parx" - a modified spelling of the racetrack name - was unveiled following a fireworks display on July 4, 2009.

The plan for the 430 acre site:
 * Phase 1: Renovation of the Grandstand, building of the Parx Casino. (Complete; opened December 18, 2009)
 * Last Phase: Renovation of paddock. (Complete; opened in May 2010)

Parx has over 3,200 slot machines. Electronic table games, such as roulette and blackjack, and video poker are also available. On December 18, 2009, the casino building opened, with 3,300 slot machines. On July 18, 2010, the casino began operating table games. Parx has 188 tables, offering games including blackjack, craps, roulette, and baccarat.

Parx East, featuring card games, held its ribbon cutting ceremony on December 22, 2010. Parx East became the new name of the grandstand with gambling returning to that building. Gaming was now divided between two buildings on the Parx complex.

In January 2018, the Xcite Center and adjacent brand new poker room featuring over 48 tables opened in the main casino building as part of a $50 million expansion; poker was previously in the Parx East building. The poker room opened on January 11, 2018, while the Xcite Center opened on January 13, 2018.

The Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board approved a sports betting license for Parx on October 3, 2018. On November 2, 2018, Parx announced plans for a $10 million project that constructed a sportsbook called Parx Sportsbook, with a planned opening date of 2019. In the meantime, the casino operated a temporary sportsbook in the space of the Club 360 bar. Sports betting at Parx began on January 8, 2019, with a soft opening; the formal grand opening occurred on January 10, 2019. The permanent 7400 sqft sportsbook opened on August 8, 2019, which consists of a 156 ft HD media wall that can show 36 games at once, 200 seats, a bar, 3 VIP areas, 6 teller windows, and 18 automated kiosks. Sports betting is available on multiple sports including NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, college football, college basketball, golf, soccer, and MMA. Parx launched an online sports betting app on June 24, 2019.

On July 15, 2019, Parx conducted a soft launch for online gambling, with the full launch occurring on July 18, 2019, after a testing period. Online gambling offered by Parx consists of slot machines, table games, and online poker. On March 15, 2022, Parx launched the betPARX app for online gambling and online sports betting. The betPARX app is available in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Michigan, and Ohio.

Parx is planning to construct Parx Casino Hotel, a 13-story hotel with 300 rooms, two restaurants, a coffee shop, banquet hall, spa, and fitness center, adjacent to the casino. Plans for the hotel were approved by Bensalem Township Council on March 13, 2023. As of October 2023, construction on the Parx Casino Hotel is on hold. On June 24, 2024, Parx announced that it has purchased the Inn at Fox Chase, a 167-room hotel adjacent to the casino, which it plans to renovate and rebrand within the next year.

Dining and entertainment
Parx Casino and Racing currently has the following dining and entertainment venues:
 * Foodies
 * BurgerVana
 * Bambu Noodle House
 * Parxgrill
 * Liberty Bell Gastropub
 * Oliveto
 * Xlounge
 * Chickie's & Pete's
 * Club 360
 * Jax
 * Liberty Bell Beer Garden
 * Paddock Grill (at Parx East)
 * Circle Bar (at Parx East)

Xcite Center
The Xcite Center is an event center at Parx that hosts concerts, entertainment performances, comedy acts, and boxing and MMA matches. All shows require audience members to be age 21 or older. The event center has an area of 30000 sqft and seats over 1,500 people. The Xcite Center opened on January 13, 2018, with a sold-out concert by Chicago.

Physical attributes
The track has a 1 mi dirt oval and a 7 furlong - .875 mi - turf oval.

Stakes races
The following stakes are run at Parx Racing and Casino in 2019:

Grade I

 * Pennsylvania Derby (last Saturday in September)
 * Cotillion Stakes (Run on Pennsylvania Derby Day)

Grade II

 * Gallant Bob Stakes

Grade III

 * Smarty Jones Stakes (Labor Day event as of 2010)
 * Dr. James Penny Memorial Stakes (not scheduled in 2023)
 * Greenwood Cup Stakes
 * Turf Monster Stakes

Other Stakes
 * Ambassador of Luck Handicap
 * Captain My Captain Handicap
 * Devil's Honor Handicap
 * Mr. Jenney Handicap
 * Mrs. Penny Stakes
 * Northern Fling Handicap
 * Parx Dash Stakes
 * Parx Dirt Mile Stakes
 * Peppy Addy Stakes
 * PTHA President's Cup
 * Turf Amazon Handicap
 * My Juliet Stakes
 * Jostle Stakes

Discontinued stakes
 * Philadelphia Handicap

Off-track betting
Parx Racing offers off-track betting at two locations, which offer betting on horse races from around the world along with sports betting. The South Philadelphia Race & Sportsbook is located in South Philadelphia near the South Philadelphia Sports Complex.

Parx Casino Shippensburg
Parx Casino Shippensburg is a mini-casino located in Shippensburg in Cumberland County. The mini-casino is located at the site of a former Lowe's store. The 73000 sqft casino has 500 slot machines, 48 electric table games, and the Liberty Bar and Grill. Parx Casino Shippensburg opened on January 26, 2023. A grand opening ceremony was held on February 3, 2023.

title: Parx Casino and Racing


text:
Chinatown, Vancouver

Chinatown is a neighbourhood in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is Canada's largest Chinatown. Centred around Pender Street, it is surrounded by Gastown to the north, the Downtown financial and central business districts to the west, the Georgia Viaduct and the False Creek inlet to the south, the Downtown Eastside and the remnant of old Japantown to the northeast, and the residential neighbourhood of Strathcona to the southeast.

Due to the large ethnic Chinese presence in Vancouver—especially represented by mostly Cantonese-speaking multi-generation Chinese Canadians and first-generation immigrants from Hong Kong—the city has been referred to as "Hongcouver". However, most immigration in recent years has been Mandarin-speaking residents from Mainland China. Chinatown remains a popular tourist attraction and is one of the largest historic Chinatowns in North America, but it experienced recent decline as newer members of Vancouver's Chinese community dispersed to other parts of the metropolitan area.

Geography
The approximate borders of Chinatown as designated by the City of Vancouver are the alley between Pender and Hastings Streets, Georgia Street, Gore Avenue, and Taylor Street, although unofficially the area extends well into the rest of the Downtown Eastside. Main, Pender, and Keefer Streets are the principal areas of commercial activity.

Early immigration and head tax
Chinese immigrants, primarily men, first came to Vancouver in large numbers during the late 19th century, attracted in part by the British Columbia gold rush of 1858 and then the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. In the census of 1880–81, the total Chinese population in Canada was 4,383, of which the overwhelming majority (4,350) resided in British Columbia. By 1884, 17,000 Chinese immigrants had arrived in Canada to work on the railroad alone. The 1891 census counted 9,129 Chinese in Canada (8,910 in British Columbia), and the population at the 1901 census had increased to 16,792 in Canada (14,376 in British Columbia as an incomplete count). Of the estimated 16,000 Chinese immigrants in British Columbia in 1901, 2,715 lived in Victoria and another 2,011 lived in Vancouver.

After the completion of the railroad, under the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, a head tax of CA$50 per person was levied solely on Chinese immigrants to discourage further settlement; the head tax was raised to $100 in 1900 and then $500 in 1903.

By 1900, Chinatown covered the four square blocks bounded by Canton Alley (on the west), Hastings Street (on the north), Keefer Street (on the south), and Main Street (on the east, named Westminster Avenue at the time), with Pender Street (then called Dupont) as the main commercial district. During this time, Vancouver's Red Light district was present in the area, undergoing routine police checks and attempts to clean up the area. By 1906, the Dupont brothels were forced to close. As a result, several brothels and businesses moved to two parallel dirt paved, dead-end lanes off of Dupont, West of Carrall: Shanghai Alley and Canton Alley. While these immigrants were dispersed throughout Chinatown, they strongly concentrated these areas. In 1896, the health officer for the City of Vancouver reported the city had to destroy houses in Chinatown "owing to their filthy condition" and that "one could hardly pass through the [Chinatown] quarter without holding one's nose." Another health officer noted "The Chinese merchants and employers of labour endeavour to assist the health officials, and are, as a rule, willing to co-operate and help in this matter, but the lower classes of Chinese emigrants give a great deal of trouble unless constantly watched," concluding that continued immigration would lead to "circumstances and conditions which predispose to infectious disease, and serve to spread it rapidly when once it is roused into activity." This perception only worsened with the turn of the district. Residents of the area where said to face continuous "white hostility and discrimination" due to three main vices, drug problems, gambling and sex work. As these perceptions grew, the discrimination turned to violence, resulting in a destructive raid in 1907 that caused irreversible damage to the area.

Clan societies and 1907 riot
As more people of Chinese heritage came to Vancouver, clan associations were formed to help the newcomers assimilate in their adopted homeland and to provide friendship and support. Clan societies were often formed around a shared surname lineage, county (e.g., Kaiping, Zhongshan), or other feature of identity.

Despite these efforts, discrimination against residents of the area continued to grow and eventually turned to violence. The Vancouver riots of September 1907 grew out of an anti-immigration rally being held by the Asiatic Exclusion League, resulting in significant damage to Chinatown businesses. 2,000 Chinese immigrants were displaced from their homes, and total property damage resulting from the actions of the mob of 10,000 was estimated at $15,000. One news report speculated the riot was held to intimidate a visiting Japanese delegate. Another blamed the presence of American agitators. Mackenzie King, then the Deputy Minister of Labour, was dispatched to investigate the riot and recommended the disbursement of $36,000 in compensation.

The head tax was repealed via the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which instead abolished Chinese immigration to Canada entirely, except in limited circumstances.

Late 20th century improvements
In 1979, the Chinatown Historic Area Planning Committee sponsored a streetscape improvement program to add various Chinese-style elements to the area, such as specially paved sidewalks and red dragon streetlamps that demarcated the area's borders while emphasizing it as a destination for heritage tourism. Starting with its designation by the province as a historic area in 1971 and subsequent economic shifts, Chinatown shifted from a central business district to playing a largely cultural role. Murality, a local non-profit, is installing a mural on East Pender Street with the aim of bringing colour and vitality to the neighbourhood.

The growth of Chinatown during much of the 20th century created a healthy, robust community that gradually became an aging one as many Chinese immigrants no longer lived nearby. Noticing local businesses suffering, the Chinatown Merchants Association cited the lack of parking and restrictive heritage district rules as impediments to new uses and renovations. Their concerns subsequently led to a relaxation of zoning laws to allow for a wider range of uses, including necessary demolition. Additions in the mid-1990s included a large parkade, a shopping mall, and the largest Chinese restaurant in Canada. More residential projects around the community and a lowering of property taxes helped to maintain a more rounded community. Reinvigoration was a discussed topic along government members, symbolically embedded in the Millennium Gate project, which opened in 2002.

Recent immigration
In addition to Han Chinese from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China, Chinese Latin Americans have also settled in the Chinatown area. Most of them were from Peru and arrived shortly after Juan Velasco Alvarado took over that country in a military coup in 1968. Others have come from Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Nicaragua.

Vancouver experienced large numbers of immigrants from the Asia-Pacific region in the last two decades of the twentieth century, most notably from China, whose population in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area was estimated at 300,000 in the mid-1990s.

Businesses and development
Chinatown is becoming more prosperous as new investment and old traditional businesses flourish. Today the neighbourhood features many traditional restaurants, banks, markets, clinics, tea shops, clothing stores, and other shops catering to the local community and tourists alike. The Vancouver office of Sing Tao Daily, one of the city's four Chinese-language dailies, remains in Chinatown. OMNI British Columbia (formerly Channel M) had its television studio in Chinatown from 2003 to 2010. Vancouver Film School also has a satellite location in Chinatown. The renowned bar & nightclub known as ‘Fortune Sound Club’ is situated within the heart of Chinatown (formerly Ming’s Restaurant). As of 2019, they have grown to become one of the most popular night clubs in all of BC, rivalling off the Granville Entertainment District and bringing in world-class musicians.

Chinatown's businesses today predominantly consist of those selling lower-order, working-class goods, such as groceries, tea shops, and souvenir stores. While some businesses, such as restaurants, stand out, they are no longer the only Chinese food establishments in the city, a shift that contributed to a visible decline in foot traffic and nighttime activity in Chinatown. As the vacancy rate in Chinatown currently stands at 10%, it has been acknowledged that Chinatown needs a new approach to development, since some businesses have relocated to suburban shopping centres while others simply retired or went out of business. Examples include the closing of some restaurants and shops, sometimes in instances where the family did not have successors or where the business could not sustain itself any longer. Although there is a considerable business vacancy, Chinatown lease rates are considered the cheapest in the city, at $15–$30 per square foot—about one-tenth of the asking price on Vancouver's Downtown Robson Street, the city's upscale shopping district.

The new Chinatown business plan encourages new entrepreneurs to move in—and has attracted a longboard store and German sausage shop—as ways of restoring storefronts and bringing in a younger crowd, and to make higher-income people more comfortable in the area. Attracted to the lower rent and the building's heritage status, younger businesses have moved in, often with white owners who also live in apartments above the shops. The general consensus is that Chinatown's priority is to attract people of all backgrounds to Chinatown, and it is believed that the opening of non-traditional stores will bring a new flow of energy and income to the streets. As a result, the commercial activity is becoming more diversified, dotted with Western chain stores. Other additions include vintage stores, two art galleries, bars, and a nightclub, built on the site of the former Ming's restaurant, in an attempt to bring something of a nightlife atmosphere, reminiscent of the 1950s and 1960s, back to the neighbourhood. The diversity of new shops and businesses is believed to be necessary in creating a new image for Chinatown in order to bring vibrancy back to the area and encourage commercial activities in general, and as a way to compete with suburban districts as well as nearby Gastown and Downtown Vancouver.

Chinatown Revitalization Action Plan
The Chinatown Historic Area planning committee, along with AECOM Economics, a US-based planning firm, helped to prepare a Chinatown Revitalization Action Plan for Vancouver's planning department in November 2011. Vancouver planners surveyed 77 businesses and found that 64% reported a decrease in revenue between 2008 and 2011. The majority of consumers, 58%, were local residents, with 21% coming from elsewhere in the Lower Mainland. Tourist spending accounted for only 12% of Chinatown customers.

Condominium development
Vancouver city councillors voted in 2011 to raise building height restrictions in Chinatown in order to boost its population density. A limit of 9 stories for most of the neighbourhood was set, with a maximum of 15 stories on the busiest streets.

Architecture

The neighbourhood was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2011.

Ongoing efforts at revitalization include efforts by the business community to improve safety by hiring private security, considering new marketing promotions, and introducing residential units into the neighbourhood by restoring and renovating heritage buildings. The current focus is on the restoration and adaptive reuse of the distinctive association buildings.

Gates
The China Gate (next to the Chinese Cultural Centre, near the intersection with Carrall) facing Pender Street was donated to the City of Vancouver by the Government of the People's Republic of China following the Expo 86 world's fair, where it was on display. After being displayed for almost 20 years at its current location, the gate was rebuilt and received a major renovation of its façade employing stone and steel. Funding for the renovation came from government and private sources; the renovated gate was unveiled during the October 2005 visit of Guangdong governor Huang Huahua.

This is not to be confused with the larger Millennium Gate, which straddles Pender Street at the west end of Chinatown, near the intersection with Taylor Street. The Millennium Gate was approved on September 20, 2001, and erected in 2002 at the same site as a temporary wooden arch built to celebrate the 1901 royal tour by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. Joe Y. Wai designed the Millennium Gate.

Neon signs
Chinatown was once known for its neon signs, but like the rest of the city, lost many signs to changing times and a sign bylaw passed in 1974. The last of these was the Ho Ho sign (which showed a rice bowl and chop sticks), which was removed in 1997.

A large 45 ft tall neon sign was approved for the Chinatown Plaza parkade project in 2008 under the City of Vancouver's Great Beginnings initiative. The new sign was installed in March 2010.

In 2017, a neon sign featuring a large green and yellow-coloured rooster for the Sai Woo Restaurant was installed on Pender Street. The new owner of the Sai Woo was made aware of the original sign that hung outside the earlier incarnation of the restaurant (1925–59) from a one-second clip from a movie of a 1958 parade in Chinatown, and launched a search for the original sign which was unsuccessful. The sign was recreated from the archived footage. At the same time, plans were announced to relight the tall Ho Ho sign in 2018 or 2019.

Laozi Mural
Vancouver's Laozi (also referred to "Lao Tzu" and "Lao Tsu", 老子) mural is located on the Western wall of the Lee's Association building, at the corner of Gore Avenue and Pender Street, on the boundary of Chinatown. The mural was unveiled on October 2, 2010, by the Mayor of the City of Vancouver, Gregor Robertson. as part of the celebration of the 125 years of Vancouver's Chinatown. The mural is featured in multiple lists of notable Vancouver murals.

It was designed by Kenson Seto and painted by Alex Li & Falk. The mural is 223 square metres, and cost $18,000 which was split between the City of Vancouver and Lee's Association of Vancouver. It was defaced multiple times by graffiti, causing outrage in the community.

On April 5, 2016, the City of Vancouver rezoned the lot at 303 E Pender St/450 Gore Avenue, allowing construction of a six-story building that hid the mural from sight. The building, marketed as Brixton Flats was designed by architect Gair Williamson and developed by GMC Projects Inc., whose website features an image of the Laozi mural

Vancouver City Council added a condition to the rezoning: "'Design development to create a new mural to reflect the character and history of Chinatown;""Note to Applicant: The intent is not to recreate the existing mural, but rather to seek a viable opportunity to create a new mural of a suitable size and location on the building, including possible location on the eastern side of the building.'"The developer is studying the possibility of painting a smaller version of the original mural on the new building.

Notable residents

 * Wong Foon Sien, journalist and social activist
 * Bessie Lee, community organizer and civic activist
 * Mary Lee Chan, civic activist
 * Yip Sang, businessman
 * Yucho Chow, photographer
 * Wayson Choy, author, educator

Community groups

 * Hua Foundation, non-profit building community engagement in environmentalism and sustainability

title: Chinatown, Vancouver


text:
Darko Macan

Darko Macan (born 1966) is a Croatian writer and illustrator who has created and collaborated on comics, essays and science fiction and fantasy. He is also an editor.

Biography
Born in Zagreb, where he still lives, he has a degree in history and archeology from the University of Zagreb.

He has drawn and written many comic books, mostly in Croatian, but in 1993 he broke into the American comics industry when he and fellow Croatian artist Edvin Biuković submitted their work to Dark Horse Comics. He has also done Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse for Disney comics. He was nominated for the Eisner Award twice (Grendel Tales: Devils and Deaths and Prayer to Sun).

As a writer, he has sold more than forty science fiction and fantasy short stories, two science fiction novels and three children's books. He has won four SFERA Awards and two Grigor Vitez Awards.

Under the pseudonym Cecile Quintal he has written essays about comics.

He was editor of nine Annual Collections of Croatian SF. He is editor-in-chief of the Q strip comics magazine.

Science fiction and fantasy prose

 * Ona koju vole bogovi, novel (with Tatjana Jambrišak, Goran Konvični, Damir Starešinić and Berislav Lopac) (included in annual collection Zagreb 2014 by SFera, 1998)
 * Koža boje masline, novel (included in annual collection Dvije tisuće šarenih aliena by SFera, 2000), SFERA Award
 * Teksas Kid (i još neka moja braća), short story collection, includes Koža boje masline (Mentor, 2003)
 * 42 (pročitaj i daj dalje), short stories (Mentor, 2009)

Books about science fiction

 * Macan čita! (obdukcija SF-žanra u Hrvata) (Mentor, 2007)

Books for children

 * Knjige lažu! (Znanje, 1997), Grigor Vitez Award
 * Pavo protiv Pave (Mozaik kniga, 2002)
 * Žuta minuta: rock'n'roll bajka (Autorska kuća, 2005), Grigor Vitez Award
 * Dlakovuk (Knjiga u centru and Autorska kuća, 2007)
 * Jadnorog (Knjiga u centru, 2008)

Comics

 * Citati (with Edvin Biuković, Stripagent, 1993, 2000)
 * Strossmayer (with Radovan Devlić and Dušan Gačić, Glas koncila, 1993)
 * Grendel Tales: Devils and Deaths (with Edvin Biuković, Dark Horse Comics, 1996)
 * Star Wars: X-Wing: The Phantom Affair (with Michael Stackpole and Edvin Biuković, Dark Horse Comics, 1997)
 * Borovnica (Školska knjiga, 1998)
 * Tarzan: Carson of Venus (with Igor Kordej, Dark Horse Comics, 1999)
 * Hellblazer #144-145 (with Gary Erskine, Vertigo, 2000)
 * Star Wars: Vader's Quest (with Dave Gibbons, Dark Horse Comics, 2000)
 * Weird War Tales (with Edvin Biuković, "A Prayer to the Sun", Vertigo, 2000)
 * Star Wars Tales 3: Lady Luck (with Rich Handley, Dark Horse Comics, 2001)
 * Star Wars: Chewbacca (with a group of other artists, Dark Horse Comics, 2001)
 * Komarac: Prop'o plan (with Štef Bartolić; Profil, 2001)
 * Star Wars: Jedi vs Sith (with Ramon Bachs, Dark Horse Comics, 2002)
 * La Bête Noire #1-5 (with Milan Jovanović, Drugi pogled, 2001 and 2002)
 * Mister Mačak (with Robert Solanović and Tihomir Tikulin; Bookglobe, 2002)
 * Cable: The End (with Igor Kordej, David Tischmann and Mike Huddlestone, Marvel Comics, 2002)
 * Soldier X #1-8 (with Igor Kordej, Marvel Comics, 2002)
 * Mr. Meow (with Robert Solanović) in Furrlough issue #113, Radio Comix, 2002
 * La mort dans les yeux (with Danijel Žeželj, Mosquito, 2004)
 * Mister Mačak protiv zvjezdanog roja (with Robert Solanović; Bookglobe, 2005)
 * Borovnica - - - protiv Paje Pauka! (Mentor, 2005)
 * Borovnica - - - predvodi čopor! (Mentor, 2007)
 * Borovnica: pasice (Mentor, 2007)
 * Pirati - cio svijet na internet! (Autorska kuća, 2007)
 * Kolumbo (Mentor, 2007)
 * Martina Mjesec (with Goran Sudžuka; Mentor, 2007)
 * Svebor i Plamena (with Goran Sudžuka and Matija Pisačić; Fibra, 2007)
 * Mali Guj i njegov Zmuj (with Frano Petruša; Mentor, 2007)
 * Borovnica - - - rani dani! (Mentor, 2008)
 * Mišo: štakori trče počasni krug! (Mentor, 2008)
 * Bočko: 20 godina s nama (Mentor, 2008)
 * Sergej: stare priče (Mentor, 2008)
 * Dnevniq (Mentor, 2009)
 * Nous, les morts 1-4 (with Igor Kordej, Delcourt, 2015)
 * Marshal Bass 1-8 (with Igor Kordej, Delcourt, 2017)

Books about comics

 * Stripocentrik : (Kvintalove tjedne kartice) (Mentor, 2005)
 * Hrvatski strip : 1945.-54. (Mentor, 2007)

Video games

 * Starpoint Gemini 3 (LGM, 2019)

title: Darko Macan


text:
John Jensen

John Jensen (born 3 May 1965), nicknamed Faxe, is a Danish football manager and former player.

A former midfielder, his playing career lasted almost two entire decades, including a stint with Arsenal in England and three stints with Brøndby IF in Denmark. He scored four goals in 69 caps for the Denmark national team, entering Danish footballing folklore during the 1992 European Championship tournament, when he scored the opening goal in Denmark's 2–0 victory over Germany in the final.

Early career
Jensen started his career at Brøndby IF, and was an important part of the team which won the Danish championship in 1987, crowned by a call-up to the Denmark national team and the Danish Player of the Year award in 1987. After impressing in the UEFA Euro 1988, he spent a brief, unhappy spell in the Bundesliga team Hamburger SV, and was back with Brøndby in March 1990, where he took part in the club's successful 1991 UEFA Cup campaign which reached the semi-final of the tournament.

Arsenal
In July 1992 Jensen was signed by George Graham for Arsenal in a £1.1 million deal to succeed Leeds United bound David Rocastle in central midfield, after a bid to sign Geoff Thomas from Crystal Palace failed.

In his first season at Highbury, after making his Arsenal League debut on the opening day of the season versus Norwich City, he struggled at first to make any sort of impact within the English game and, although a great tackler and a work rate second to none, he found the pace of the Premier League too frenzied. He missed the 1993 Football League Cup Final versus Sheffield Wednesday but bounced back to put in two sterling performances in the FA Cup Final against the same opposition two months later.

In 1993-94, he was of paramount importance to the side. His bustling, combative style was a vital influence in Arsenals midfield, until a knee ligament injury he received in an international friendly match with Denmark versus Hungary, which resulted him missing the 1994 European Cup Winners Cup Final, after playing in all previous ties. Along with Ian Wright he was later granted a medal.

In 1994-95, although playing in 24 League games he had to endure the pain of missing yet another European Cup Winners Cup Final when not selected by caretaker Stewart Houston.

Jensen also scored his first and only goal for Arsenal on his 98th appearance, against Queens Park Rangers on 31 December 1994. Officially, though, he also scored a shootout goal against his friend Peter Schmeichel of Manchester United in the 1993 FA Charity Shield.

On 21 February 1995 George Graham, who had led Arsenal to six trophies in eight seasons, lost his job after a Premier League inquiry found he had accepted an illegal £425,000 payment from Norwegian agent Rune Hauge following Arsenal’s recruiting of Pål Lydersen and Jensen, two of Hauge’s clients.

14 February 1996 Jensen played his last game for Arsenal in the League Cup semi-final versus Aston Villa, and left Highbury in March 1996, after 138 competitive appearances for the club.

Return to Denmark
After leaving Arsenal he rejoined his old club, Brøndby IF. In 1999, he moved on to Herfølge, where he was part of the squad that won the 1999–2000 Danish Superliga.

International career
Jensen scored four goals in 69 appearances for the Denmark national team between 1987 and 1995. When he appeared at Euro 1992, he scored the first goal in the Final of an eventual 2–0 victory against Germany.

During the years he spent at Arsenal, Jensen scored two goals in 21 games for the Denmark national team: one against Albania in 1993 and one against Belgium in 1994.

Coaching career
Jensen retired from full-time playing in 1999 and accepted the job of player/manager at Herfølge BK, a small Danish club, and immediately made a name for himself by winning the Danish Superliga on his first attempt. However, Herfølge's success was short-lived, and they were relegated from the Superliga in the 2001 season. Jensen's reputation with his old club was good enough to secure him a move back to Brøndby IF, as assistant manager to Michael Laudrup, a position he held until June 2006, when Jensen and Laudrup did not extend their contracts with the club.

When Laudrup in 2007 was named new manager at Spanish side Getafe, Jensen followed him as assistant manager. Laudrup quit Getafe after only one season, taking Jensen with him. On 12 January 2009, Jensen started as manager of Danish Superliga side Randers FC. On 6 October 2009, Jensen was sacked from Randers FC after a series of nine losses and two draws in 11 matches.

On 12 January 2011, he signed a six-month contract with Blackburn Rovers to become assistant manager and work alongside Steve Kean. On 23 May 2011, he signed a new deal one-year deal to remain as Steve Kean's assistant at Blackburn.

On 29 September 2011, he left Blackburn Rovers.

On 11 October 2012, he was appointed consultant for Brøndby IF by manager Auri Skarbalius.

On 27 May 2014, he was named new manager of Danish club Fremad Amager replacing Tim Ilsø.

In September 2018, it was announced that Jensen would take temporary charge of the Denmark national team for their replacement team's friendly match against Slovakia, following a dispute between the Danish Football Union and players, which also involved incumbent head coach Åge Hareide. "When I say yes to help it's because I feel very strongly for the national team as an institution, and because the most important thing must be that the games will be played after all", said Jensen.

International

 * Scores and results list Denmark's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jensen goal.

Player
Brøndby
 * Danish Superliga: 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995–96, 1996–97,1997–98

Arsenal
 * FA Cup: 1992–93
 * League Cup: 1992–93
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1993–94; runner-up: 1994–95
 * European Super Cup runner-up: 1994

Herfølge BK
 * Danish Superliga: 1999–2000

Denmark
 * European Championship: 1992

Individual
 * Danish Player of the Year: 1987

Manager
Herfølge BK
 * Danish Superliga: 1999–2000

Individual
 * Danish Coach of the Year: 2000

title: John Jensen


text: User talk:194.237.142.7

title: User talk:194.237.142.7


text:
Wagashi

Wagashi (和菓子) is a traditional Japanese confection that is often served with green tea, especially the type made of mochi, anko (azuki bean paste), and fruit. Wagashi is typically made from plant-based ingredients with an emphasis on seasonality, and generally making use of cooking methods that pre-date Western influence in Japan.

Most of today's wagashi were born during the Edo period (1603-1868). This was a period of peace, economic and cultural prosperity, and increased domestic self-sufficiency in sugar. During the Edo period, a series of delicate and beautiful fresh wagashi called nerikiri (練り切り) were created with various shapes and colors that characterize wagashi. Nerikiri are wagashi made by kneading white bean paste, gyūhi, sugar, yams, and other ingredients, and made in various colors and shapes based on seasonal flowers, animals, nature, events, customs, and other themes.

Definition
In Japan, the word for sweets or confectionery, kashi (菓子), originally referred to fruits and nuts. Fruits and nuts may be eaten as snacks between meals and served as "sweets" during a tea ceremony. The word Wa means "Japanese", and kashi becomes gashi in compound words, wagashi therefore means "Japanese confectionery".

In 1603, the first year of the Edo period (1603-1868), the term kashi (菓子) meant both confectionery and fruit, and was more commonly used to refer to fruit. For example, the Japanese-Portuguese dictionary of the time describes "quaxi" (菓子) as "fruit, especially fruit eaten after a meal." The term water confections (水菓子), which is used to refer to fruit today, is a remnant of the same term.

The word wagashi was coined at the end of 1800s to distinguish Japanese confectionery from sweets, cakes and baked goods introduced from the West termed yōgashi (洋菓子). However, wagashi was not the common term for Japanese confectionery until after the Second World War.

The definition of wagashi is ambiguous, and the line between wagashi and other types of Japanese confectionery is vague. For example, although the original castella was introduced from Portugal, it has been around for more than 400 years and has been modified to suit Japanese tastes, so it is classified as a wagashi. Raindrop cake (水信玄餅), created in 2014, was developed by a wagashi shop as a derivative of shingen mochi and is recognized as a wagashi in Japan. In recent years, wagashi shop have developed and marketed many confections that are an eclectic mix of wagashi and Western confections, often referred to as "neo-wagashi".

Jomon - Nara period
It is believed that the first food eaten as a confection in Japan was a processed food from the Jomon period. It is thought to have been either a food made by kneading chestnuts into a powder and then baking and hardening it with eggs and salt, or a food made by adding animal flesh to chestnut flour and baking and hardening it.

During the Yayoi period, dumpling (団子) were made from grain or rice flour.

During the Nara period (710-794), a food called Chinese confections (唐菓子) was brought to Japan from the Tang dynasty. This food consisted mostly of powdered kneaded rice, wheat, soybeans, and azuki beans, seasoned with sweet miso paste, and fried in oil as the main ingredient. It was prized as a ritual food in various forms, but later fell into disuse in Japan and is now used as an offering to the Buddha in modern Buddhism. Sugar was introduced to Japan around 750, but it was not until 850 years later, around the Edo period, that sugar-based wagashi began to be widely produced.

Heian - Muromachi period
The first beautifully crafted confections were created in the Heian period (794-1185) and are mentioned in The Tale of Genji under the names tsubakimochi (椿餅) and aosashi (青差). Tsubakimochi was originally a confection that was not fried in oil, which was unusual among karakudamono, but it was later changed to suit the tastes of the Japanese people. In the beginning, it was a mochi made by coating rice flour with a sweetener made from the juice of boiled vine grass and wrapping it in camellia leaves. Later, the sweetener made from the juice of boiled vine grass was replaced by sugar, and the rice cake was filled with red bean paste. Confectionery of this period was food offered to the nobility.

During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), Japanese Buddhist monks who studied in the Song Dynasty brought the tea culture to Japan, and the custom of eating confections with tea began in Japan. The monks also introduced dim sum (点心), a light meal, and the history book Teikun ōrai (庭訓往来) mentions manjū (饅頭), yōkan (羊羹), and udon (饂飩) as tenshin (点心). However, the manjū and yōkan brought to Japan by the monks were not sweets as we know them today, but were prepared in a completely different way. At that time, manjū was not confection, did not contain red bean paste, and were not sweet. The history book Sōgo ōzōshi (宗五大草紙) clearly describes manjū as a dish eaten with chopsticks along with soup and pickles. Later, manjū changed from a light meal to a confection to suit Japanese tastes. In the Muromachi period (1336-1573), Shokunin utaai ehon (職人歌合画本) depicted sweet manjū made with sugar. This manjū is considered the prototype of today's manjū. Yōkan was a soup containing sheep meat, but since there was no custom of eating animal meat in Japan, the Japanese replaced the meat with a paste made of kneaded barley or azuki bean flour. Later, the soup was removed and replaced with a pasty confection made of barley or azuki bean flour. Finally, around 1800, during the Edo period (1603-1868), 500 years later, yōkan became what it is today. The invention of agar (寒天) in the 1600s was essential to the birth of modern yokan. Later, the kanten invented in Japan was introduced to Manchuria, Korea and Taiwan. The udon was also very different from today's udon, more like wonton. (餛飩)

Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama period
During the Sengoku period, the Portuguese brought Western confectionery to Japan through the Nanban trade. castella (カステラ) is a typical confection based on these Western confections. Kasutera was the only exception because it was made from chicken eggs, while Japanese confectionery was made from vegetable ingredients. To suit their own tastes, the Japanese added mizuame (水飴) to the sponge cake to make it more moist, and coarse sugar (ザラメ), was added to the bottom of the sponge cake to give it a coarser texture. As trade increased, so did sugar imports. The prototype of konpeitō (金平糖) was also brought to Japan through trade with Portugal and Spain. While Kompeitō, introduced from Portugal, was a sugar-coated confection with a poppy seed or sesame seed center, the Japanese eventually transformed it into an all-sugar confection with a coarse sugar (ザラメ) center.

From the Sengoku period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, wagashi developed along with the Japanese tea ceremony, and delicate, beautiful, and aesthetically pleasing confections began to emerge. The Japanese tea ceremony was used as a secret meeting place for feudal lords (大名) and as a salon for the upper class.

Emergence of modern wagashi

During the Edo period, wagashi developed dramatically, establishing what we know today as wagashi. From the Keicho (1596-1615) to the Kan'ei era (1624-1644), classical Japanese literature and seasonal elegance began to be incorporated into wagashi brand names. During the Genroku era (1688-1704), when the Genroku culture flourished, wagashi with beautiful shapes and colors based on themes from classical literature and seasonal elegance began to be produced under the influence of the Rimpa school of art.

Self-sufficiency in sugar increased when Tokugawa Yoshimune, the eighth Tokugawa shogun, encouraged the production of sugar. In Sanuki Province, which is now Kagawa Prefecture, sugar called wasanbon (和三盆) was produced. The common people began to eat wagashi that used a lot of sugar, and various types of wagashi were produced, especially in Kyoto. Local wagashi specialties began to be produced in various regions of Japan, and a wagashi culture blossomed throughout the country. The design of nerikiri (練り切り), a beautiful fresh confection with various shapes and colors that characterizes wagashi, was created and developed in Kyoto during this period and spread to all parts of Japan. The brand names and designs of these uniquely Japanese wagashi were compiled and recorded in picture books. The most famous of these is Onmushigashizu (御蒸菓子図), which lists the brand names and designs of wagashi from each period of the Edo period in color illustrations.

The famous Kyoto wagashi Yatsuhashi (八ツ橋) was created in 1689 during the Genroku era (1688-1704) or in 1805 during the Bunka era (1804-1818). The name Yatsuhashi comes from a scene in the Tale of Ise or from the musician Yatsuhashi Kengyo, and is made by steaming a mixture of rice flour, sugar, and cinnamon, stretching the dough thin, and baking it. Yatsuhashi is still a popular souvenir today, and according to a survey conducted by the city of Kyoto in 2022, 89.2% of Japanese tourists visiting Kyoto bought souvenirs, of which 10.7% bought Yatsuhashi.

Ame and amezaiku
During this time, {{nihongo3|candy|飴|ame}} became popular with the common people. The ingredients of common people's sweets were often inexpensive grain-derived sweeteners rather than expensive sugar. Ame was so popular that many people came up with creative ways to sell it. Peddlers sold ame by performing various tricks while walking the streets of the city, displaying {{nihongo3|||karakuri}} puppet (traditional Japanese mechanized puppets), and dressing up as women. In the Kan'ei era (1624-1644), peddlers began selling a variety of wagashi to the general public in addition to ame.

The production of {{nihongo3|candy craft artistry|飴細工|amezaiku}}, elaborate animal-shaped amezaiku, spread throughout the city beyond the previous temples along with the development of {{nihongo3|street performance||misemono}}. The traditional Japanese scissors were indispensable for the production of amezaiku, and when the production of iron increased dramatically with the invention of the balance bellows in {{nihongo3|||tatara}} iron manufacturing (たたら製鉄), the production of scissors also increased, contributing to the production of amezaiku. During the Bunka (1804-1818) and Bunsei era (1818-1830), it was possible to obtain amezaiku with the same shape as today's amezaiku.

Japan's modernization and beyond
During the Meiji era (1868-1912), when Japan began active trade with the West after the end of its isolation policy (鎖国), Western cooking utensils were brought to Japan. With the advent of the modern oven, many baked confections such as chestnut manjū (栗饅頭) and castella manjū (カステラ饅頭) were born.

In the 21st century, wagashi continues to be created. unbaked or raw Yatsuhashi (生八ツ橋), created in 1960, is a very popular souvenir of Kyoto. According to a survey conducted by the City of Kyoto in 2022, 89.2% of Japanese tourists who visited Kyoto bought souvenirs, of which 31.6% bought Nama yatsuhashi. This means that 42.3% of Japanese tourists who bought souvenirs in Kyoto in 2022 bought either Nama yatsuhashi or Yatsuhashi.

In 2014, a wagashi shop in Yamanashi Prefecture created a Raindrop cake (水信玄餅) from agar and water. The popularity of this wagashi has spread outside of Japan, and derivative products have been created.

Types

 * Akumaki: one of the confections of Kagoshima Prefecture
 * Anmitsu: chilled agar jelly cubes (kanten) served with sweet red bean paste and fruit
 * Amanattō: simmered azuki beans or other beans with sugar, and dried—amanattō and nattō are not related, although the names are similar.
 * Botamochi: a sweet rice ball wrapped with anko (or an, thick azuki bean paste)
 * Daifuku: general term for mochi (pounded sweet rice) stuffed with anko
 * Dango: a small, sticky, sweet Japanese dumpling, commonly skewered on a stick
 * Domyoji: wagashi made with anko (red beans) wrapped in sticky rice
 * Dorayaki: a round, flat sweet consisting of castella wrapped around anko
 * Gokabou: a sweetened cake made of rice and mixed with sugar
 * Hanabiramochi: a flat, red and white, sweet mochi wrapped around anko and a strip of candied gobo (burdock), shaped like a flower petal
 * Ikinari dango: a steamed bun with a chunk of sweet potato and anko in the center, it is a local confectionery in Kumamoto.
 * Imagawayaki (also kaitenyaki): anko surrounded in a disc of fried dough covering
 * Kompeito: crystal sugar candy
 * Kusa mochi: "grass" mochi, a sweet mochi infused with Japanese mugwort (yomogi), surrounding a center of anko
 * Kuzumochi
 * Kuri kinton: a sweetened mixture of boiled and mashed chestnuts
 * Manjū: steamed cakes of an surrounded by a flour mixture, available in many shapes such as peaches, rabbits, and matsutake (松茸) mushrooms
 * Mochi: a rice cake made of glutinous rice
 * Monaka: a center of anko sandwiched between two delicate and crispy sweet rice crackers
 * Oshiruko (also zenzai): a hot dessert made from anko in a liquid, soup form, with small mochi floating in it
 * Rakugan: a small, very solid and sweet cake which is made of rice flour and mizuame
 * Sakuramochi: a rice cake filled with anko and wrapped in a pickled cherry leaf
 * Taiyaki: like a imagawayaki, a core of anko surrounded by a fried dough covering, but shaped like a fish
 * Uirō: a steamed cake made of rice flour and sugar, similar to mochi
 * Warabimochi: traditionally made from warabi and served with kinako and kuromitsu
 * Yatsuhashi: thin sheets of gyūhi (sweetened mochi), available in different flavors, like cinnamon, and occasionally folded in a triangle around a ball of red anko
 * Yōkan: one of the oldest wagashi, a solid block of anko, hardened with agar and additional sugar
 * Yubeshi

Classification
There are several ways to classify wagashi, including classification by moisture content, ingredients, and production method. The most common classification method is based on moisture content, which is very important because it affects shelf life. According to this classification, sweets with a moisture content of 30% or more are classified as wet confectionery, those with a moisture content of 10% to 30% are classified as half-wet confectionery, and those with a moisture content of less than 10% are classified as dry confectionery.

When classified by production method, each type of wagashi is classified as neri mono, which is made by kneading ingredients; mushi mono, which is made by steaming; yaki mono, which is made by baking; age mono, which is made by frying; nagashi mono, which is made by pouring ingredients into a mold; uchi mono, which is made by mixing powdered ingredients and sugar into a mold and then hardening the mixture; kake mono, which is made by pouring syrup over the ingredients; and ame mono, which is made by boiling down the sugar and hardening it, and so on.

For example, yōkan can be classified as either wet confectionery or half-wet confectionery, depending on the product, as the moisture content varies from product to product. It is also classified as nagashi mono because it is made by pouring agar into a mold and hardening it.

 * Namagashi (生菓子) (wet confectionery)—contains 30% or more moisture
 * Jō namagashi (上生菓子) is a very soft and delicate, seasonally varying namagashi, in various, often elaborate, shapes and colors, often reflecting seasonal plants. Some stores will have many dozens over the course of a year.
 * Mochi mono (もち物)
 * Mushi mono (蒸し物) (steamed confectionery)
 * Yaki mono (焼き物) (baked confectionery)
 * Hiranabe mono (平なべ物)(Flat pan baked confectionery)
 * Ōbun mono (オーブン物)　(oven　baked confectionery)
 * Nagashi mono (流し物)
 * Neri mono (練り物)
 * Age mono (揚げ物) (fried confectionery)
 * Han namagashi (半生菓子) (half-wet confectionery)—contains 10%–30% moisture
 * An mono (あん物)
 * Oka mono (おか物)
 * Yaki mono (焼き物) (baked confectionery)
 * Hiranabe mono (平なべ物)(Flat pan baked confectionery)
 * Ōbun mono (オーブン物)　(oven　baked confectionery)
 * Nagashi mono (流し物)
 * Neri mono (練り物)
 * Higashi (干菓子) (dry confectionery)—contains 10% or less moisture
 * Uchi mono (打ち物)
 * Oshi mono (押し物)
 * Kake mono (掛け物)
 * Yaki mono (焼き物) (baked confectionery)
 * Ame mono (あめ物) (candy confectionery)

title: Wagashi


text:
Talk:List of Harvard University people

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Split
As of this revision 412428 bytes. The first split I'd like would be for a separate list of Harvard people in politics and law. FoxyGrampa75 (talk) 20:34, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Please just leave it. The idea of splitting articles/lists based on source size is completely numbskulled. (That's not aimed at you -- I realize that some guideline somewhere recommends it.) This is perfectly manageable, and has a smaller bandwidth footprint than a 20K article with four of five images in it. EEng 20:40, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The size of images only matters at that scale when they're opened though. Large lists are still an issue, but generally aren't necessary. I agree with splitting the politics/law sections. Onetwothreeip (talk) 09:23, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Untrue. Event a small thumbnail is several tens of K. EEng 16:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The split most other universities seem to make is between alumni and faculty. See e.g. List of Dartmouth College alumni vs. List of Dartmouth College faculty. I'd support that. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 05:34, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I would also support a link between alumni and faculty. 2603:7000:2101:AA00:74C0:6218:B829:12E0 (talk) 04:45, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * User:Miraclepine, what do you think about splitting this into List of Harvard University alumni and List of Harvard University faculty? It should be an easy split, if you'd like to implement it.  Otherwise, we could remove the tag.  This list is long but not impossible for a reader; by my count, it's about 12,000 words (I count an entry like "Jared Sparks (1789–1866) College 1819; professor (1838–1849) Historian" as five words; if you count years as being 'words', then it's probably 14K or 15K).  WhatamIdoing (talk) 17:46, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm no longer interested in splitting as much as I was in the past, but I do support a split. Although the section currently has 91 entries, Category:Harvard University faculty has over twenty-five times that amount (not counting those in the subcategories), so given the section's current size starting with a draft would be reasonable. ミラP@Miraclepine 17:59, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's worth bothering with a draft. I suggest just following the steps at WP:SPLIT to turn the redirect into a regular page.  It can be expanded later. WhatamIdoing (talk) 18:10, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Pete Seeger?
not on here anywhere, but his own wiki claims he went and dropped out.

legit? 2601:19C:5280:5BA7:B014:2CA8:D3EA:9531 (talk) 01:08, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Taking advice for software engineering!
I am student of software engineering I am want to take advice from expert person. Thanks 🙏! 203.171.112.106 (talk) 07:49, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Harvard University people


text:
Enthalpy change of solution

In thermochemistry, the enthalpy of solution (heat of solution or enthalpy of solvation) is the enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure resulting in infinite dilution.

The enthalpy of solution is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature. The energy change can be regarded as being made up of three parts: the endothermic breaking of bonds within the solute and within the solvent, and the formation of attractions between the solute and the solvent. An ideal solution has a null enthalpy of mixing. For a non-ideal solution, it is an excess molar quantity.

Energetics
Dissolution by most gases is exothermic. That is, when a gas dissolves in a liquid solvent, energy is released as heat, warming both the system (i.e. the solution) and the surroundings.

The temperature of the solution eventually decreases to match that of the surroundings. The equilibrium, between the gas as a separate phase and the gas in solution, will by Le Châtelier's principle shift to favour the gas going into solution as the temperature is decreased (decreasing the temperature increases the solubility of a gas).

When a saturated solution of a gas is heated, gas comes out of the solution.

Steps in dissolution
Dissolution can be viewed as occurring in three steps:
 * 1) Breaking solute-solute attractions (endothermic), for instance, lattice energy $U_\text{latt}$ in salts.
 * 2) Breaking solvent-solvent attractions (endothermic), for instance, that of hydrogen bonding
 * 3) Forming solvent-solute attractions (exothermic), in solvation.

The value of the enthalpy of solvation is the sum of these individual steps.
 * $$\Delta H_\text{solv} = \Delta H_\text{diss} + U_\text{latt}$$

Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is endothermic. The energy released by the solvation of the ammonium ions and nitrate ions is less than the energy absorbed in breaking up the ammonium nitrate ionic lattice and the attractions between water molecules. Dissolving potassium hydroxide is exothermic, as more energy is released during solvation than is used in breaking up the solute and solvent.

Expressions in differential or integral form
The expressions of the enthalpy change of dissolution can be differential or integral, as a function of the ratio of amounts of solute-solvent.

The molar differential enthalpy change of dissolution is:
 * $$\Delta_\text{diss}^{d} H= \left(\frac{\partial \Delta_\text{diss} H}{\partial \Delta n_i}\right)_{T,p,n_B}$$

where $\partial \Delta n_i$ is the infinitesimal variation or differential of the mole number of the solute during dissolution.

The integral heat of dissolution is defined as a process of obtaining a certain amount of solution with a final concentration. The enthalpy change in this process, normalized by the mole number of solute, is evaluated as the molar integral heat of dissolution. Mathematically, the molar integral heat of dissolution is denoted as:
 * $$ \Delta_\text{diss}^{i} H = \frac{\Delta_\text{diss} H}{n_B}$$

The prime heat of dissolution is the differential heat of dissolution for obtaining an infinitely diluted solution.

Dependence on the nature of the solution
The enthalpy of mixing of an ideal solution is zero by definition but the enthalpy of dissolution of nonelectrolytes has the value of the enthalpy of fusion or vaporisation. For non-ideal solutions of electrolytes it is connected to the activity coefficient of the solute(s) and the temperature derivative of the relative permittivity through the following formula: $$ H_{dil} = \sum_i \nu_i RT \ln \gamma_i \left( 1 + \frac{T}{\epsilon}\frac{\partial \epsilon}{\partial T} \right)$$

title: Enthalpy change of solution


text:
Talk:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu

Birthday
His birthday is not correct, he was born on the 13th of September, not the 18th. Ave Codreanu! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.229.236.199 (talk) 10:14, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Vandalism
This article has been vandalised beyond belief, and it cannot be undone due to an edit war.

Would someone with some admin power be so good as to fix this and add the first section back in? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.92.162.159 (talk) 23:29, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

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Awkward wording
"Despite some statements according to which Ion Zelea Codreanu was originally a Slav of Ukrainian or Polish origin." Could this be integrated in another sentence?--Adûnâi (talk) 00:42, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Many people thought that he was a "Slav" due to his "Zelinski" name. When Bukovina was under Polish administration (belonging to the province of Galicia), his paternal grandfather was forced by authorities to change his name from Zelea to Zelinski.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:51, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Corneliu Codreanu Photo.jpg

Birth name
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's birth name was not Corneliu Zelinski. His father's birth name was Ion Zelinki, but he changed it to Ion Zelea Codreanu. Cezar Teodosiu (talk) 15:47, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

 * What is marturisitorii.ro, and why should we rely on their story about his birth name? —C.Fred (talk) 18:20, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's birth certificate
The website https://www.marturisitorii.ro/2018/03/22/premiera-arhivele-nationale-publica-actul-de-nastere-al-capitanului-miscarii-legionare-corneliu-zelea-codreanu-extras-din-registrului-starii-civile-iasi-din-septembrie-1899-document/ contains photos with Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's original birth certificate, which says that its birth name is Corneliu Codreanu, not Corneliu Zelinski. The birth certificate has been published by Iasi National Archives on March 20, 2018 and it's written in an old dialect of Romanian language. Please don't reverse my modification of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Wikipedia page. Cezar Teodosiu (talk) 18:42, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Please address the question above about what the marturisitorii.ro website is. —C.Fred (talk) 18:48, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The website it's a blog where people post their informations about a certain pearson. In this case, someone that contacted Iasi National Archives posted Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's birth certificate on this website. Cezar Teodosiu (talk) 18:59, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * And there's the weakness. The source is a blog, with no real reassurance that the poster contacted the archives. —C.Fred (talk) 20:30, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Minor note
His funeral was in December of 1938, as he died on the 30th of November, so there would have been no time for him to have had his funeral on the same day, someone should change what is written in the caption beneath. StrongALPHA (talk) 09:02, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu


text:
User:Lowellian/Nomination for adminship

User:Lowellian(12/0/0), ends 23:20 UTC, 24 May 2004
Kingturtle, you should like this one. Lowellian has over 3100 edits, and has been here since late last year. A fine candidate. Meelar 23:20, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the nomination, which I accept. --Lowellian 17:07, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * I received some news just today which may affect my summer plans. I may be traveling to a place where my Internet access may at best be limited, so I think it's only fair to let you know that whatever the outcome of this nomination, my summer editing may (depending on the plans, which are not yet finalized) drop off significantly. I expect to be back in full force in September, doing as much editing as I have since last November. --Lowellian 19:21, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Meelar 23:20, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Jwrosenzweig 23:22, 17 May 2004 (UTC) A very good choice -- impressive number of edits!
 * 3) --Menchi 23:57, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Hephaestos|§ 02:09, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Finlay McWalter |  Talk 02:34, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Angela. 07:24, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Michael Snow 20:00, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Isomorphic 06:49, 19 May 2004 (UTC) Looks solid.
 * 9) Jiang 00:31, 20 May 2004 (UTC) was about to nominate him myself
 * 10) jengod 03:21, May 20, 2004 (UTC) Excellent choice.
 * 11) Nice person. Active participant. Interested in cleanliness. Kingturtle
 * 12) Charles Matthews 19:25, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Decumanus | Talk 04:56, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Oppose

Neutral

title: User:Lowellian/Nomination for adminship