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Louder Than Love

Louder Than Love is the second studio album and major-label debut by American rock band Soundgarden. It was released on September 5, 1989, by A&M Records. After touring in support of their debut album, Ultramega OK (1988), Soundgarden left SST, signed with A&M and began work on its first album for a major label. The songs on the album featured a metal-leaning grunge sound with some songs featuring unusual or unorthodox time signatures.

Due to the nature of some of the lyrics (particularly "Big Dumb Sex"), a Parental Advisory sticker was placed on the album packaging. Louder Than Love would become the band's first album to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 108. The band supported the album with tours of North America and Europe. It was the last Soundgarden album to feature the band's original bassist, Hiro Yamamoto. It was later reissued on January 25, 2002.

Recording
The album's recording sessions took place from December 1988 to January 1989 at London Bridge Studios in Seattle, Washington. The band worked with producer Terry Date. The album was mixed by Steve Thompson and Michael Barbiero at both Mediasound, New York, and House of Music, West Orange, New Jersey.

Regarding the sessions, frontman Chris Cornell said, "At the time Hiro [Yamamoto] had excommunicated himself from the band and there wasn't a free-flowing system as far as music went, so I ended up writing a lot of it." Cornell would end up solely writing seven out of the album's twelve tracks. Cornell stated that there "was plenty of angst, anger, frustration and hell ... but none of it had anything to do with Terry. He was very supportive". He said that the sessions as a whole were a "positive experience." Bassist Hiro Yamamoto left the band once the sessions were over and went back to college, frustrated that he was not contributing much.

Regarding the album's production, Cornell said that the band tried to avoid 1980s production techniques. On the album's sound as a whole, Cornell stated that the album "was just a few degrees too produced and too clean, although I wouldn't want to change any of it".

Music and lyrics
Steve Huey of AllMusic said that Soundgarden took "a step toward the metal mainstream" with "a slow, grinding, detuned mountain of Sabbath/Zeppelin riffs and Chris Cornell wailing". At the time the band was trying to avoid the "heavy metal" label, with guitarist Kim Thayil stating that the band's sound was "as much influenced by British bands like Killing Joke and Bauhaus as it is by heavy metal". Cornell said that the band's sound is "enough for anyone into speed metal, but we're heavy rock ... Neo-metal maybe."

Some songs on the album feature unusual or unorthodox time signatures. "Get on the Snake", for example, is played in 9/4. "I Awake" uses 4/4, 6/4, 9/8, 11/8, and 14/8. "Gun" features varying tempos, which speed up and slow down over the course of the song. A lot of the songs on the album are tuned down to drop D tuning.

Cornell said that "Hands All Over" is about how humans defile the environment, and that "Full on Kevin's Mom" is about "a friend of mine who slept with another friend of mine's mom. The guy who did it said to us, 'Yeah, full on Kevin's mom'." The lyrics of "I Awake" were originally part of a note written by Yamamoto's then girlfriend Kate McDonald. In the late 1990s, an urban legend circulated on internet message boards which stated that Yamamoto, after writing the music, wrote some lyrics on the back side of McDonald's note. When Yamamoto gave the paper containing these lyrics to Cornell, Cornell looked at the wrong side of the sheet and believed McDonald's note was the lyrics to Yamamoto's song. There was less material on the album intended as humorous compared with Ultramega OK. However, the song "Big Dumb Sex" was written as a parody of glam metal bands, who often metaphorically addressed sexual intercourse in their lyrics. The song, with its many uses of "fuck", was the reason the album gained a Parental Advisory sticker upon release.

Release and reception
Before the official release, a US promo-only picture disc without a picture sleeve or insert was released on July 12, 1989.

Because of some of the song lyrics, most notably on "Hands All Over" (the "kill your mother" line) and "Big Dumb Sex", the band faced various retail and distribution problems upon the album's release. Louder Than Love peaked at number 108 on the Billboard 200 album chart in 1990. It was the band's first album to chart on the Billboard Top 200. Louder Than Love spawned the Loudest Love EP and the Louder Than Live home video, both released in 1990.

Rolling Stone staff writer J. D. Considine wrote that "Chris Cornell has the sort of soaring, muscular voice Ian Astbury can only dream of, while guitarist Kim Thayil comes across like The Edge with an attitude". He stated that "the songs on Louder Than Love are mean, lean and fighting fit", but he criticized Cornell's lyrics, observing that "much of what the band has to say is clichéd, confused or generally incomprehensible". He ended his review by saying that "even when his lyrics are as dumb as rocks ... Cornell delivers them with such full-throated intensity that they actually sound impressive." AllMusic staff writer Steve Huey stated that "too much of the album drifts along without focus or variety." Critic Robert Christgau gave the album a negative review, stating that it is "covertly conceptual, arty in spite of itself, and I bet metal fans don't bite". Canadian journalist Martin Popoff considered Louder Than Love "a limiting, slightly safe record despite daunting rhythmic explorations, one that plays too close to the vest, too tight and faithful to external perceptions of what the band should be and too damn slow!"

Three singles were released from the album, "Loud Love", "Hands All Over" and the radio-only "Get on the Snake", each with accompanying music videos. "Get on the Snake" was featured in the 1989 movie and soundtrack, Lost Angels. "Loud Love" was featured in the 1992 film Wayne's World.

Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett revealed that he was inspired to write the riff to "Enter Sandman" after listening to Louder Than Love.

Guns N' Roses covered "Big Dumb Sex" on its 1993 album, "The Spaghetti Incident?", as part of a medley with T. Rex's "Buick Mackane".

The cover artwork of the 2020 single "Deep Set" by Greg Puciato is an homage to Louder Than Love.

In 2001, Q magazine named Louder Than Love as one of the "50 Heaviest Albums of All Time." In 2017, Rolling Stone ranked Louder Than Love as 69th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.'

In 2010, Soundgarden released a music video for the song "Get on the Snake".

Packaging and title
The album's cover art, photographed by Charles Peterson, features a black and white picture of Cornell. Cornell called the album cover "the quintessential angry young man". Regarding the title, Cornell said, "It's sort of making fun of heavy metal bravado. Metal bands would say Louder Than Thunder or something. So Louder Than Love, what is Louder Than Love?" Kim Thayil said that the band really wanted to call the album Louder Than Fuck.

The album's graphic designer, Art Chantry said about the title on the 2009 book Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music: "They didn't have a name for the record. We were talking about it and joking – I said, 'You should really call this record 'Louder Than Shit.' They go, 'That's a great name!' I go, 'No... call it 'Louder Than Fuck'' 'Oh, that's great!' And [Soundgarden manager] Susan Silver goes, 'My band isn't putting out a record with 'Fuck' in the title.' That's where Louder Than Love came from."

Tour
A month before touring for Louder Than Love commenced, Yamamoto left to go back to college. Cornell stated, "It seems an odd time to quit. We're doing real well. We've got a touring budget now. We don't haul amps or do such long van rides any more." He was replaced by Jason Everman, formerly of Nirvana. The band embarked on a North American tour that went from December 1989 to March 1990. On this tour the band served as the opening act for Voivod on the band's Nothingface tour, with Faith No More and The Big F also serving as opening acts at the beginning and end of the tour. Cornell's roommate, Andrew Wood, the lead singer of Mother Love Bone, died on March 19, 1990, of a heroin overdose, the day Cornell got back from touring in support of Louder Than Love.

As Cornell went on to tour Europe with Soundgarden a few days later, he started writing songs in tribute to his late friend. The result was two songs, "Reach Down" and "Say Hello 2 Heaven", that he recorded as soon as he got back from touring. The two songs would eventually lead into the Temple of the Dog project. Bassist Jason Everman was fired immediately after Soundgarden completed its promotional tour for Louder Than Love in mid-1990. Thayil said that "Jason just didn't work out", and that the band "didn't need to go find someone better than him; we needed to find a kindred spirit that we'd hang out with anyway". The band later released the video compilation Louder Than Live, which was filmed at the Whisky a Go Go in 1989.

Track listing

 * Some rare special editions of the album include a bonus disc of the Loudest Love EP. Cornell said in a Rolling Stone interview that the album would be fully complete if the last four tracks of the Loudest Love EP were added. Cornell said that he wanted to reissue the album remastered with these four tracks added, for a total of 16 tracks.

Outtakes
The album's singles featured two B-sides from the Louder Than Love recording sessions that weren't included on the album, "Fresh Deadly Roses" and "Heretic". "Fresh Deadly Roses" was a B-side on the "Loud Love" single and was featured on the 1990 Pave the Earth compilation. "Heretic" was originally recorded for the 1986 Deep Six compilation. However, the song was re-recorded during the Louder Than Love recording sessions and this version is featured on the "Hands All Over" single, the Pump Up the Volume soundtrack, and the Loudest Love EP. A Cameron penned instrumental entitled "Twin Tower" was recorded during the sessions, but not released until it appeared on Echo of Miles: Scattered Tracks Across the Path.

Personnel

 * Soundgarden
 * Chris Cornell – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Kim Thayil – lead guitar
 * Hiro Yamamoto – bass
 * Matt Cameron – drums

 * Production
 * Terry Date – production with Soundgarden, engineering
 * Nelson Ayres, Jack Endino, Stuart Hallerman – studio assistance
 * Michael Barbiero, Steve Thompson – mixing
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Art Chantry – design & art execution
 * Charles Peterson – photography (front cover)
 * Michael Lavine – photography (back cover)
 * Bruce Pavitt – Third Eye/front cover
 * Susan Silver – management

title: Louder Than Love


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Tony Martin (politician)

Anthony A. Martin (born August 31, 1948) is a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 2003, representing the constituency of Sault Ste. Marie for the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP). He subsequently served in the House of Commons of Canada, representing Sault Ste. Marie from 2004 until 2011.

Background
Martin was raised in Wawa, Ontario, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Laurentian University in 1974. Later in the same year, he received a Diploma in Recreational Leadership from Confederation College. He was the founder of the Sault Ste. Marie Soup Kitchen, and was for some time the owner and General Manager of Transcend Homes, a local workers' cooperative. A devout Roman Catholic, Martin also served as a trustee on the Northern District Catholic School Board and was a pastoral assistant at the Blessed Sacrament Parish in Sault Ste. Marie from 1981 to 1990.

Martin is married to Anna Celetti. They have four children.

On February 9, 2014, Martin was hospitalized in Sault Ste. Marie after suffering a stroke.

Provincial politics
Martin ran for the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1990 after Karl Morin-Strom, the sitting Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Sault Ste. Marie, announced his retirement. He faced a difficult challenge in retaining the seat for his party. The Ontario Liberal Party ran a strong candidate in Don MacGregor, while the upstart anti-bilingualism Confederation of Regions Party made strong inroads into the riding's anglophone/working-class base, which traditionally voted NDP. After a late drive from the city's unions, Martin defeated MacGregor by a slim 697-vote margin. Elsewhere in the province, the NDP won several historical breakthroughs and formed government for the first time in its history.

In his first term as an MPP, Martin was appointed as parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Education. He held this position for the next five years. The NDP government, under the leadership of Premier Bob Rae (with significant help from MPPs Shelley Martel of Nickel Belt and Bud Wildman of Algoma), facilitated a unique restructuring at Algoma Steel in Sault Ste. Marie that included majority worker ownership during the early 1990s. This contributed to Martin retaining the riding in the 1995 election with an increased majority, even as the NDP suffered major losses in most parts of the province. Martin defeated Liberal challenger Carmen Provenzano by almost 4,000 votes, and so became one of only seventeen New Democrats to return to the legislature. The Progressive Conservatives under Mike Harris replaced the NDP's majority government with one of their own in 1995.

Martin again retained his seat in the 1999 election. He was appointed as one of the legislature's Deputy Speakers on October 25, 1999. He dramatically resigned from this position on December 19, 2000, to protest the Mike Harris government's inactivity on poverty issues. Following this, he chaired a series of "People's Parliament on Poverty" meetings. In 2002–03, Martin supported Bill Blaikie's campaign to lead the federal NDP.

Martin was initially expected to be re-elected in the 2003 provincial election, but a late surge in Liberal support saw David Orazietti win the seat by a significant margin.

Federal politics
Shortly after his provincial defeat, Martin was nominated as the federal NDP's candidate for the general election of 2004.

Sault Ste. Marie's vulnerable industrial economy and strong union base and the NDP's populist strength in Northern Ontario made the riding a prime target for the party. Martin won by almost 1,000 votes, once again defeating incumbent Liberal Carmen Provenzano, who had taken the seat in the 1997 election. Martin was re-elected in the 2006 campaign, as the NDP increased its representation from 19 seats to 29. Martin won his third term federally in the 2008 snap election as the NDP won 37 seats.

In the NDP's shadow cabinets under the leadership of Jack Layton, Martin served as critic for Social Policy, Childcare, Human Resources and Skills Development, and the FedNor agency. Martin lost his seat to challenger Bryan Hayes of the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2011 federal election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tony Martin (politician)


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Burroughs (crater)

Burroughs is a large crater on Mars at latitude 72.5S / longitude 243.1W, with a diameter of 104.0 km.

The crater is named after Edgar Rice Burroughs, the American science fiction novelist who wrote a series of fantasy novels set on the planet.

An ice deposit in Burroughs Crater contains strong evidence that recent Martian climate is influenced by changes in the planet's orbit and axial tilt.

title: Burroughs (crater)


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Talk:Shuar

Comment
The original article was pretty awful. I replaced it with an article I wrote for Everything2. As I understand it, I hold the copyright for the Everything2 article, so there should be no problem putting it here on Wikipedia (of course, I claim no copyright for this wikipedia article). If anyone sees a problem, please let me know, Slrubenstein
 * This is original research. The fact that you have published it elsewhere is irrelevant. User:"Indians"

Alas, you are wrong - see this. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 12:57, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

The Spaniards, and Certain Rituals
I was watching the history channel early one morning and saw something interesting. The Shuar believe that before a boy can make love to a woman, he must pass the ritual of manhood first. Whereas in the west it is believe that sleeping with a woman automatically makes one a man, with the Shuar, its the opposite; you must pass the ritual before you are allowed to be with a woman. That is, if a Shuar youth has never passed the manhood ritual, even if he has been with a woman, he is not considered a man. The women of the tribe will only have relations with youths who passed the ritual.
 * I don't think this is any longer the case if it ever was. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 17:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

First, second, the other interesting tid-bits is that they where a tribe of headhunters. What made the Shuar particularly dangerous, is that their rite of passage manhood ritual was extremely arduous. I believe the first step was to stand under a water fall from dawn, until nightfall. The purpose of this was to purify the soul. At night, the Shuar youth then bathed in boars blood (or some other animal) and had to fight and kill a Jaguar with his bare hands. Although primitive, one can only assume this made them very tough mentally. A similar ritual exists in Japan regarding the Samurai; before one can undergo Kenjutsu training, first one has to meditate long hours, the culmination of which is standing under an extraordinarily cold waterfall which serves the same purpose as the Shuar ritual; purification. I found it Amazing that two Asian peoples, cousins of each other, had a similar spiritual ritual.
 * This just is not true and never was. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 17:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Second, third, another thing that I found interesting about the Shuar is that even though many of them fell victim to European diseases, they are the only native American tribe to have successfully repulsed European invasions of their lands. My memory fails regarding these figures, but, I believe that on one ocassion, the Spaniards sent 30,000 heavily armed Spanish soldiers (the force was made up entirely of Spaniards) to fight the Shuar. 500 came back. After such a vicious and humiliating defeat, they never went back again. I believe, also, that the Inca warned the Spanish about how dangerous the Shuar were. With an arrogance typical of many white males of the time (and now...), they did not listen, and nearly 30,000 men paid with their lives. When the Shuar had taken the last head, they bound their leader, and poured molten gold down his throat saying "you wanted this gold, well, now its yours."
 * This comes from an Ecuadorian history book published in the 1840s, with no primary sources. Something happened, but the details are ar much legend as history. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 17:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * My memory is a bit shaky anyway regarding the other stuff I wrote here, so, I am open to all the corrections, except this one; the Shuar did badly humiliate the Spanish army, and I think the locals know their own history better than any foreign person. Regarding Spain being the most feared army in Europe during its height, all that stuff is true; at the height of their power, no army in Europe was a match for Spain's army.  The British themselves have history texts stating that had the Spanish landed their army on British soil, England would have been conquered.  Again; British ships kept their distance for a reason.  Finally, no matter how powerful an army may be, it is not invincible.  There is a saying in prize fighting that, someone somewhere always has your number.  No matter how good a fighter you may become, there is always someone better than you.  The same is true for armies, and while with other native american tribes the Spanish army was an unstopable juggernaut, it certain was not true with the Shuar.  If it was that tribe would be extinct.  I do honestly hope that when it is mentioned that the Shuar defeating the Spanish is "only legend," that the reason that whatever is said is out of academic honesty, not a belief that the Shuar were somehow too weak or inferior to take an a mighty white army and thus incapable of inflicting such a defeat.  I have observed that in history texts of the 19th century written by whites, any non-white peoples who humiliated them in battle are always portrayed as "violent" or "savage."  Even now many racist americans considered the vietnamese savages simply because they were defeated by them, because, after all, only a blood thirsty savage could hope to stand up against the oh so mighty and invincible white man!  The 19th century mentality has not disappeared, it is only buried and disguised.  Forgive my cynicism, but, I do hope my point is made.  Good day.
 * I said the source is an 1840's Spanish history. If you have another historical source, by all means share it with us, otherwise your point is rubbish.  I also said the Shuar did not fight the whole or even main contingent of the Spanish army, which is true - if you have any evidence to the contrary, share it with us. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 10:00, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

This is significant because the overwhelming majority of western history texts don't mention this humiliating defeat. First of all, second, another thing they don't mention is that the 16th century Spanish army was the best in all Europe.
 * But the Shuar did not fight against "the Spanish Army." They fought against settlers, including farmers, and soldiers, but you can be sure only a small detachment of Spanish soldiers. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 17:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Fact of the matter is, in the 16th century Europe lived in fear of the Spanish. Sure enough Americans often treat the matter with disdain and see Spaniards as weak, but, the fact of the matter is, had the Spanish Armada landed in England, the English would have been finished. True, the British had a better navy, but, when it came to hand-to-hand fighting (another thing American history texts don't mention), the Spanish outclassed British soldiers. Indeed, British pirate ships made it a point to keep their distance from Spanish galleons and avoid hand-to-hand fighting; Spain was home to the finest fencing schools in Europe next to the ones in Italy. As far as skill with the sword and spear, one Spanish soldier was worth 20 British soldiers. Centuries of warfare against the Moors had given them a lot of practice, and many Spanish young men of the time were trained in warfare from the age of 5. Your average Englishman was a pot-bellied, drunken farmer. Another thing American history texts neglect to mention.

It was against that fine, well-trained army that the Shuar scored an overpowering victory.
 * Nope. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 17:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

If you don't believe me then, you may want to look into it. The best place to do the research, I would suggest, would be by tracking down any journals written by Spaniards who had contact with the Shuar.

I hope this suggestion helps. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 206.63.78.98 (talk) 05:53, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Source Issues
Alright then, since there is a problem of facts and historical innacuracy, you should take it up with the History Channel. Specefically, History Channel International, that is the source of my information. They did a documentary on the Shuar. I looked up your credentials and was not aware that you were a professor, or someone who had even LIVED with the Shuar. This is assuming of course that you are the same Rubenstein as Steven Rubenstein. My deepest apologies; had no idea you had actually lived with them.

Well then, since it seems I was fed innacurate information, you may want to take up with the issue with History Channel international. When they ran the documentary on the Shuar, they did say (without mentioning it was more legend than history) they were the only indigenous tribe to successfully resist the Spanish when these were first colonizing the americas. Point well taken, since you are a professor, I know for a fact that before you read something, you look at sources first, the credentials of the author, and if these two check out, THEN you read what he/she has to say.

If it is a question of sources more than opinion then, perhaps it would be best talk to some Shuar yourself. Native American oral traditions are not the same as history books, but, they do have a degree of accuracy. An example of this are the oral traditions of North American native american tribes regarding "very large animals" their ancestors used to hunt. There are oral traditions among the Native Americans of this country about how their ancestors used to hunt Mammoth. Not the same as a history book or archeological evidence of course, but, the point remains, it is a matter best consulted with the locals.

Since however, you spent time with a local, I strongly suggest that you check up with History Channel international regarding the issue.

Never mind historical sources; all a source is, is an account of someone who was actually there and written according to that person's point of view, meaning, there is no such thing as a dispassionate, completely objective source. I have noticed that, too often, history texts written by whites often ommit or downplay military defeats at the hands of non-whites, therefore, I have a hard time trusting them. For instance, I did not know that Ogotai Khan massacred an entire regimen of German Knights until my freshman year of college, and even then I only found out because in college I was more a library rat than a student. That is, I got my information from a history book not normally used in the American School system. In fact, throughout High School I spent my time learning how invincible white people were. I did not know, until college, of the humiliating defeats during the Crusades, the conquest of Spain by Berbers and Arabs (mostly Berbers), or about the Mongols even, or how Attila the Hun single handedly crippled the Roman empire to the point where it collapsed shortly thereafter. He did not defeat the Romans, but, he kicked the crap out of them enough that they were too weak and crippled to mount an effective resistance against their hostile neighbors.

Forgive me for saying this, but given such experiences, and the sheer arrogance and racism I have witnessed myself in academia, I have a very, very hard time believing what whites have to say about other peoples, and generally will not trust it unless I hear it from the Native's own mouths, or at the very least, an open minded and dispassionate white professor who spent times with the natives themselves. I took the liberty of looking up your book on Amazon.com, and saw that you have indeed spent time with them.

Now, regarding the Spain issue, yes, Spain was the most powerful army in Europe at the height of her power. Not the most powerful navy, but certainly the most powerful army.
 * Yeah, it is me. You should know that the Shuar have no oral tradition of the uprising, their knowledge of it comes from Michael harner's ethnography, which draws on the 1848 Ecuadorian historian.  There is no doubt something happened that caused the Spaniards to leave and I like the story myself but it is not based on any clear sources, neither historical nor oral.  As for the History Channel - well, my friend, I think I would be wasting my time.  The History Channel and Discovery Channel often interview knowledgable professors and when appropriate knowledgable indigenous people.  But the edit and narrate their "documentaries" for entertainment value.  For instance, they interviewed a Shuar woman who is a friend of mine for some documentary.  She is a trained and liscensed nurse.  They identify her as a Shuar shaman.  Now, there are Shuar shamans, but she isn't one of them, she is a nurse.  I won't respond to your complaints about the Academy, but will just say this: if you have any reason to be suspicious of academics, I respectfully suggest you should have many more reasons to be suspicious of the American media/entertainment industry. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 12:14, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * "if you have any reason to be suspicious of academics, I respectfully suggest you should have many more reasons to be suspicious of the American media/entertainment industry."

 * The american media doesn't even make qualms about lying and they don't even hide it anymore. However, in academics, any given college student or professor can rationalize their prejudices with a formidable armament of education, and that makes them more dangerous because they are the ones who write the history and science texts which educate the next generation.  True enough, the average american youth spends more time watching T.V. than doing homework, but, when it comes down to it, school dominates a large part of a young person's life.  Also, for all the experimentation and data crunched in institutes of "higher learning," anyone who cares to question will spot many things wrong.  Take for example the following contradiction.  In Psychology circles in the U.S. it is said, backed up by "research," that intelligence can not be maximized beyond a person's genetic limits.  All intelligence is when it comes down to it, is symbol manipulation.  Now, that very same science, its linguistics branch, says that if a child is exposed to several languages when he/she is very small, and continues to practice them, that a person may speak up to 5 languages.  Cases of speaking 5 languages, thus "maximizing" a person's communications potential are well-documented outside science circles.  Like intelligence, to the human brain, all language is, is yet, more symbol manipulation, more data.  The same science which says human language can be maximized in terms of effectively manipulating different forms of communication also says that overall intelligence can not be maximized, even though to the brain, its all nothing but data, the same freaking thing!  No matter what symbols you bombard the brain with, the brain sees it all as data and will adapt accordingly, especially when a person is a small child and their brain is still forming.  Indeed, human intelligence as defined by psychology revolves around language, and yet, children can be good with languages, but, they can not be good with increasing their intellectual potential, even intelligence is just more data to the brain (according to "research" and "science").  That is just ONE example I encountered in my time in college; there are many others.  Fact is (and you probably agree with me here), yes, I agree, some people do seem to get smarter faster than others.  However, I believe they are evenly distributed across all races and ethnicities, and super smart people exist as minorities in pretty much equal levels all across the human board.  Whether a group has genuine faith in themselves, not false pride, and has achieved their fullest potential however, that is another matter.  Across the world, the human brain has between 50 and 100 billion neurons.  That you can not go beyond your genetics is not only ludicrous, but racism masquerading as science.  I found it shocking and disgusting that only one of my Psychology professors actually questioned the status quo regarding human intelligence.  This is a serious issue because, if you can not maximize human intellect (and some form sound ethics with it), how the hell is the human race supposed to advance?  Even though its their job to be concerned as Psychologists, none of them seemed to be.  Again, only one example.  If I continue it will turn into an outright essay so I better stop.  That and I'm starting to verbally chase my my own tail.  Whatever the case, to conclude, it is this idea I figured out based on human potential which makes disbelieve anything contradicting the fact that, whatever it was happened, you can bet that the Shuar did drive the Spanish out, and it had to be something good for the Shuar, but horrific for the Spanish.
 * All Wikipedia articles (and thus, Wikipedia editors) mut comply with our core policies, in this case the relevantones being WP:NOR and WP:V (the third, WP:NPOV is relevant too but less directly). Slrubenstein  |  Talk 12:19, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Photo, and Peru Project
I have removed the photo of the tsantsa because it is a fake, that is, it is not a shrunken head made by Shuar (the photo would be appropriate in the article on shrunken heads in general).

I also note that it is not really appropriate for this article to be part of the peru project. Virtually all Shuar live in Ecuador. Related, neighboring groups - the Aguaruna and Achuar - do indeed live in Pero, but the should have their own articles as they are different groups. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 12:11, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Use of Curare
If the Shuar used Curare against the Spanish, it was probably that poison which aided them.

67.148.120.101 (talk) 12:40, 7 November 2009 (UTC)stardingo747

Social organization and contacts with Europeans
OK, the following passage:

The center of Shuar life was a relatively autonomous household consisting of a man, his wives (usually two), unmarried sons, and daughters. Upon marriage sons would leave their natal households, and would move to the villages of their spouse, a process referred to as matrilocal residence. Men hunted, fought battles and wove garments for their families; women have traditionally been seen as experts in gardening, medicine and culture.[2]

What I don't understand here is why someone would say a man usually had two wives. From the stories I heard while living among the Chiriap, the older generations of Shuar did have multiple wives, but there was no particular number of wives permitted or required of them. The great grandfather of German Chiriap, for example, with whom I have studied, had five wives. His father had multiple partners as a youth and has had several wives, but only lives with one of them now.

Also, I expanded the definitions of gender roles. I felt that men hunting and women gardening was a bit stereotypical, especially for a people with such an intricate social organization. As Perruchón (2003) has pointed out, even the definitions given here are not encompassing. Women can also be warriors. Men obviously are usually uwishin, but I have noticed that the uwishin often go running to the women when they want information about a particular plant.

Clarification would be excellent! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chaim1221 (talk • contribs) 06:11, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Adulthood rituals
Ok...

At that time

At WHAT time?

Shuar culture functioned to organize and promote a warrior society.

This is arguable. I would say it would be more correctly stated the other way around; the warrior society functioned to organize and promote Shuar culture. This is not a matter of semantics; I am not the first to observe that Shuar society seems to be organized around the principle that no one person should have too much power.

Boys of about eight years would be taken by their fathers or uncles on a three to five day journey to a nearby waterfall, during which time the boy would drink only tobacco water.

This is a little misleading, although I can verify that this journey does occur among uwishin culture. The tobacco is green tobacco, though I have no idea what the actual plant name is. I do know, however, that you don't drink it. It is dissolved in water and then inhaled through the nostrils. The effect is a momentary sentiment of clarity.

At some point the child would be given maikua (Datura arborea, Solanaceae), in the hope that he would then see momentary visions, or arútam.

"Arutam," (why is the accent necessary?) as near as I can tell, means "spirit." There are various kinds of arutam spirits but they all spring from a central spirit who shares the name "Arutam." The point is that the visions themselves may contain arutam, but they are not referred to as arutam.

These visions were produced by a wakaní or ancestral spirit. If the boy were brave enough he could touch the arútam, and acquire the arútam wakaní. This would make the boy very strong, and possession of several arútam wakaní would make the boy invincible. Shuar, however, believed that they could easily lose their arútam wakaní, and thus repeated this ritual several times.

Can one acquire more than two arutam? It seems that the first is the acquirement of a permanent spirit, and the other is the acquirement of an invincible spirit, the making of a kakáram as it is put below. What would be the point of acquiring additional arutam spirits? Unfortunately I can't find my notes on the subject at the moment...

A Shuar warrior who had lived to kill many people was called a kakáram. Shuar believed that if a person in possession of an arútam wakaní died a peaceful death, they would give birth to a new wakaní; if someone in possession of an arútam wakaní were killed, they would give birth to a muísak.

Thanks for looking. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chaim1221 (talk • contribs) 06:37, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Replies:
 * I am not the first to observe that Shuar society seems to be organized around the principle that no one person should have too much power.
 * That belief is a trait of Shuar culture. The tobacco water that was being drunk (yes, drunk) was not the same as the sumo-tobacco you describe shamans snorting.  "Arutam" (spelled with an accent because that is how sources spell it) means "vision" in Shuar, although missionaris andmost of their students use it to mean God.  Before missionizations, the specific vision was a specifi arutam.  It is important to distinguish between what Shuar say now and what they said in the 1940s and 1950s.  Culture changes.  One can and could acquire multiple arutam.  If your notes are missing, most libraries have Michael Harner's Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls which is authoratative for the 1950s. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 00:43, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Almost certainly my notes would differ from Harner, because I was definitely talking with people from a generation that was after "missionization" (although I'm not certain how seriously they took their conversions)...thanks for clarifying. See below. Chaim1221 (talk) 01:50, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It is a violation of NOR to add unpublished or personal references. For any claims about Shuar pre-Federation, if we must add citations, they should be from Harner or Karsten who conducted research pre-Federation, not Rubenstein who conducted research post-Federation. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 00:54, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Point taken. Still getting the hang of Wikipedia. Chaim1221 (talk) 02:21, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * When Wikipedia was first invented I think there was an idea that every contributer could draw on their personal knowledge, thus making the encyclopedia the most up-to-dat and vivid. Quality control would be policed by millions of editors fixing one another's mistakes.  As you can see, almost ten years later, there is no way we can do this with most articles, including ones on Shuar, where there are not millions or even thousands of people who have first hand experience.  So there was a sea-change at Wikipedia, away from foregrounding our own personal knowledge to brackeing it altogether in favor of published ources (like harner, who, for pre-Federation Shuar is still quite reliable in my opinion).  By the way, I didn't think Rubenstein was in any way influenced by or engaging Malthus.  Do yu have a source?  Has any reviewer identified him as Malthusian? Slrubenstein   |  Talk 02:57, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I understand. Oops. Did I say Malthusian something somewhere? I'm really sorry; Malthus has been on the brain for other reasons. Malinowskian ethnography is, I believe, what was engaged in the introduction to Tsakimp -- mostly as an example of what to avoid when one is trying to develop a sense of cultural practices as they exist in a given time frame, according to the way I read it. That's probably what I was referring to. Chaim1221 (talk) 12:54, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you used "Malthus." "Malinowskian" is certainly more relevant.  The second chapter of the book is highly critical of a couple of features of classic ethnography (which is not the same thing as rejecting, or accepting, it in toto). Anyway, the real issue is: that book was based on research in the 1980s and 1990s and Harner and Sterling and Karsten are the real reliable sources for pre-Federation/pre-missionary Shuar culture. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 13:53, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * And I totally agreed with your analysis. I look at the Shuar in general, and the Chiriap uwishin in particular, as a people employing Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in their lifestyles. I read Bennett, Baker and Andrade and your work before returning to the rainforest in 2008. My university had few resources on the Shuar; I'm just reading a lot of the older sources now. I think it would be good to provide more citations here as Wikipedia short lists are excellent research tools. When I have more time, I will try to carefully match up some of this information with what I have been reading. Chaim1221 (talk) 19:14, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Thanks. By the way, the moreI learn, the clearer it is to me just how fantastic n anthropologist Harner was. His book is all generalizations and it is highly abbreviated - little detail or nuance. But I have gone over it until two copies have lost their bindings and fallen apart and against any research I have done, Harner is just simply right. It is clear to me that every sentence ws based on very careful research. He is fluent in Shuar, and geeralzes only when he know most (or all) Shuar at the tie of his research were in agrement. Much of what he says is not valid post-Federation, but any and all informaton I get of pre-Federation Shuar always uppors what he wrote. Sterling's book isvery shor, but reliable also, and I think these two books are sufficient for any encyclopedia account of pre-Federation Shuar.

Now, for what it is worth, I wish someone would draw on Janet Hendricks To Drink of Death. It is a mistake common to non-anthroplogists to identify culture with contents (beliefs and practices). Culture includs the "how" and not just the "what." Through an autobiographical narrative, Hendricks analyzes Shuar rhetoric and discourse. This is less sexy than shrunken heads and shamans but ctually more important to pre-mission Shuar life; I have not had the tim to add it but it would be gret if you could. For myth and ritual, it would be great if someone could incorporate Elke Mader's analysis from her Metamorfosis del Poder - these are two of the most important books on Shuar culture and neither are represented in the article, which is a real shame. By the way, on TEK the person I think who writes most smartly about these issues (not in relation to Amazonians but to Arctic people) is Paul Nadasdy at the University of Wisconson, Madison. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 00:10, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Another problem is people conflating knowledge of different Jivaroan peoples. There are two good ooks in English on the Aguaruna/Awajun, one by Mike Brown, one by Shane Greene - I wish someone would draw on those to develop the article onthe Aguaruna. Philippe Descola ha written two fine books on the Achuar and someone could use those to flesh out the articles on the Achuar (sometime, people put information about the Achuar or Aguaruna in this articl, a big mistake) I am glad to see someone else working on these articles because I do not have the time to add more, but I know of thse great books just crying out to be sed s reliable sources on these Peoples. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 00:10, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Shuar and the Ecuadorian State
The section that talks about the relations between the indigenous people and the State, reads like a Government/Private Company propaganda. Even the part about the role played about Missionaries sounds too good to be true, given what is factually know about their role in South America.

There is no mention about the recent mining concessions given to Chinese's firms by the Govt. Also no mention of the extensive damage that would be detrimental to both the Tribes and the environment.

For reference see: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/02/ecuador-murder-jose-tendetza-el-mirador-mine-project

-- a concerned student — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.12.15.59 (talk) 09:00, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

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Should we create a separate page for the Jivaro sack of Logrono?
Should we create a separate article for the Shaur sack of the Logrono Spanish colony? unsigned comment added by Randomuser335S (talk) 18:06, 4 February 2021

title: Talk:Shuar


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Firbeck

Firbeck is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham in South Yorkshire, England, on the border with Nottinghamshire. It lies between Maltby and Oldcotes, off the A634 and B6463 roads. Firbeck had a population of 317 in 2001, which had fallen to 299 at the 2011 Census.

History
The place name Firbeck is thought to derive from a wood streamlet, or beck of the Frith.

An oval field in the village marks what was once the private racecourse of 18th century racehorse owner Anthony St Leger, who originated the St Leger Stakes. While the first "St. Leger" race was held on Cantley Common in 1776, was not so named until over a year later, and moved to Doncaster Racecourse in 1778, local legend holds that the race was being run in Firbeck prior to this. St Leger lived at Park Hill, an estate to the south of Firbeck, the main house was demolished in 1935, but there are still Grade II listed farm buildings, dating from the 17th century and built of limestone rubble with a roof of pantiles, within the grounds of the estate.

Village amenities include The Black Lion public house, and St Martin's Church, which was rebuilt on the site of a previous building in 1820. A north aisle was added in 1844, and in 1887, Henry Gladwyn Jebb commissioned the builders E I Hubbard of Rotherham to enlarge it further. When Jebb died, a tower was added in 1900 in his memory. The building includes two 19th-century wall monuments to the Knight family of Langold, while there is a larger 18th-century monument to other members of the family in the churchyard. Both the tomb and the church building are Grade II listed.

Firbeck Hall
Firbeck Hall was built in 1594 by William West, who was steward to Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury, and to Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury from 1580 to 1594. He was from Rotherham, and had made a fortune as a practising lawyer. West was the author of a legal textbook called Symbolaeographia, and stipulated in his will of 1598 that "a grave stone be set for me and my said wife in Firbeck Church, and ingraven with our arms and names and some posy." In 1676, the hall was purchased by Jonathan Staniforth, son of William Staniforth of Rotherham. The family had been puritans during the English Civil War, and were staunch Nonconformists. Jonathan married four times, first to Dorothy Shaw, secondly to Anne Spateman, thirdly to Mary Disney, daughter of John Disney, and finally to Christian Knight, daughter of Ralph Knight. Upon Jonathan's death in 1679, the house was passed down to his son Disney Staniforth. Disney married Mary Skinner and had a son named Jonathan, and three daughters Mary, Henrietta and Amelia. The children were known to be reclusive, never marrying or having offspring. In 1768, the estates of Firbeck and nearby Langold were inherited by Elizabeth Gally (née Knight), whose husband was Rev Dr Henry Gally, Rector of St Giles in the Fields, Camden, and chaplain to King George II. His two sons added the name Knight to their existing names, the eldest, John Gally Knight, living at Langold Hall, and the youngest, a barrister called Henry, residing in Firbeck Hall. Following Henry's death in 1808, his widow Selina devoted herself to serving the community, rebuilding Firbeck Church, and establishing schools in Firbeck and the neighbouring village of Letwell. When she died in 1823, the estate passed to her son, another Henry.

Her son was the 19th-century architect and writer Henry Gally Knight who is assumed to have been a principal information source for Walter Scott during the writing of Ivanhoe. Knight was the Member of Parliament for North Nottinghamshire from 1814 to 1831, and was also the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire. He wrote books on European medieval architecture, wrote poetry, and knew the poet Lord Byron. He intended to build a large mansion overlooking Langold Lakes, but having commissioned the plans, changed his mind, and lived at the Hall. He married his wife Henrietta in 1826. The hall was extended and improved, and a notable feature was the steep gables which he added. He died on 9 February 1846, and left the hall in his will to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Seven years later, the commissioners sold the estate, and it was purchased by Frances Harriett Miles (née Jebb). The Rev. Henry Gladwyn Jebb, who was involved in the rebuilding of St Martin's church, inherited the building on the death of Mrs Miles, and it passed to his nephew Captain Sydney Gladwyn Jebb in 1898. Sydney Jebb was a wealthy landowner, and a Justice of the peace in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but chose to live in Maidstone, Kent. The house was rented out, after attempts to sell it failed in 1909. Some modernisation was carried out at the beginning of World War I, when several Belgian families were housed there.

Country Club
The estate was sold again in 1934 to Cyril Nicholson. Robert Cawkwell of Sheffield was responsible for the interior designs when, in 1935, Nicholson, a Sheffield stockbroker, opened the hall as a country club, investing £80,000 in its art deco renovation. The interior was dramatically modernised and featured a mirror-walled ballroom and an elaborate and versatile state-of-the-art lighting system. There was also a heated outdoor swimming pool, and membership fees ranged from three to seven guineas. Nicholson built an airfield in the grounds, enlisting the help of the pilot Captain Tom Campbell Black, who with C. W. A. Scott had won the air race from Mildenhall to Melbourne in 1935. Black was a well-connected socialite, and it was through him that the then Prince of Wales learned of the club, flying there in his private Dragon aircraft, which bore the royal insignia. The aviator Amy Johnson also patronised the club. Other facilities included an 18-hole golf course, the design of which Nicholson entrusted to the celebrity golfer John S.F. Morrison, championship-standard squash courts, and tennis courts. The 100 ft swimming pool was built by the Sheffield-based construction company B. Powell and Son. Such was the club's reputation, that the BBC transmitted its weekly Saturday show "Late Night Dance Music" with Henry Hall, Carroll Gibbons and Charlie Kunz from Firbeck.

Second World War onwards
At the outbreak of the Second World War, the hall was used by Sheffield Royal Infirmary and the Royal Air Force, with the adjacent aerodrome becoming RAF Firbeck. The hall was unsuccessfully offered for sale in 1943, but in 1945 it was bought by the Coal Industry Social Welfare Organisation (CISWO) for use as a convalescent home and rehabilitation centre for injured miners. This centre closed in 1984. It was subsequently used by the Trent Regional Health Authority as a rehabilitation centre for those suffering from industrial injuries, and till about 1990. It was bought by a development company in 1996, Cambs Construction Ltd, but from then the Hall fell into a state of disrepair. In 2009, a group called the Friends of Firbeck Hall was established, to attempt to secure a future for the site. Cambs Construction failed in May 2010, and the liquidators sold the estate to a development company based in Doncaster for £350,000. The company set about restoring the West Lodge, which was completed in early 2014, but there was another change of ownership later that year. The new owners held a consultation event outlining their plans for the building on 1 November 2016 in Firbeck Village Hall. The Friends group are optimistic that this might result in the building and its 44 acre of surrounding conservation land, which forms a substantial part of the village, being rescued from dereliction.

The airfield
Nicholson's airfield was used by the Sheffield Aero Club in 1938, who had a collection of de Havilland Tiger Moth and Gypsy Moth biplanes. With the Second World War looming, it became part of Sir Kingsley Wood's "Great Flying Scheme" in 1939, which aimed to train volunteer pilots for the Royal Air Force, and in 1940, the whole site was requisitioned by the Air Ministry. It became RAF Firbeck and a base for No. 613 Squadron RAF initially, following their move from Netherthorpe Airfield and was used as a training base. After the war ended, it was decommissioned, with the hangar being dismantled in 1948, and the area was returned to agricultural use. A small area of concrete apron remains, and in 2011, a memorial was unveiled by Wing Commander John E Bates OBE, to honour those who served at the base.

title: Firbeck


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Records of Irish heads of government since 1922

The Taoiseach (plural: Taoisigh) is the head of government of Ireland. Prior to the enactment of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, the head of government was referred to as the President of the Executive Council. This office was first held by W. T. Cosgrave from 1922 to 1932, and then by Éamon de Valera from 1932 to 1937. By convention Taoisigh are numbered to include Cosgrave,   for example Micheál Martin is considered the 15th Taoiseach.

Cabinet positions
Listed here are cabinet positions held either before or during holding the office of Taoiseach or President of the Executive Council.

Living officeholders
There are currently five living former Taoisigh:


text:
User:Zeebra~enwiki

Friendly Wikipedia user from Germany.

title: User:Zeebra~enwiki


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Glymur

Glymur is a waterfall in Hvalfjarðarsveit, Vesturland, Iceland. It is the second-tallest in the country with a cascade of 198 m. Glymur was long regarded as the tallest until being surpassed by Morsárfoss, a newly measured waterfall near Morsárjökull in 2011.

It is situated at the rear end of the Hvalfjörður. Since the opening of the Hvalfjörður Tunnel under this fjord, visitor numbers have dropped.

The river Botnsá runs from the Hvalvatn lake and after a short distance the water falls down alongside the Hvalfell mountain into a steep canyon. The waterfall can be accessed from a parking area at the end of the road. Hikers can view the waterfall from marked paths on the east side of the river Botnsá.

Gallery
The second picture is an engraving showing people trying to escape from a monster whale. It is an illustration of the Icelandic legend of Redhead (Rauðhöfði ) which is said to be the cause of the formation of Glymur.

title: Glymur


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User:Mirv/me

Hello, my Real Name™ is Χαρλες Εδωαρδ Λεε Ποδλες, or something like that. I'm 20 years old, an American citizen born in Baltimore, and I currently study history, classics, and political science at McGill University in Montreal. I know English (my native language), French (which I can read and speak), and Latin (which I can only read); I also know bits and pieces of other languages, including Classical Greek, German, most of the Romance languages, and a self-surprising amount of Interlingua. I am interested in, and edit on, a wide variety of topics, though those pertaining to classical history (especially Roman) are my favorite.

If you want to know more about my contributions to Wikipedia, you may review them yourself.

More later, maybe.

title: User:Mirv/me


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DMSP

DMSP may refer to:

 * Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, a United States Department of Defense satellite system
 * Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, an important component of the organic sulfur cycle

title: DMSP


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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) monitors meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense. The program is managed by the United States Space Force with on-orbit operations provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The (originally classified) mission of the satellites was revealed in March 1973. They provide cloud cover imagery from polar orbits that are Sun-synchronous at nominal altitude of 830 km.

History

During the 1960s, one of the most important projects that the United States civil space program was involved in dealt with meteorology and weather forecasting. Unbeknownst to many, the U.S. military services were also starting up a weather satellite program. This program, the DMSP, would relay important weather and climate data to the military for more effective operations. From the onset of the DMSP program, knowledge of its existence was limited to "need-to-know" personnel. The United States Congress had assigned a substantial budget towards the civil weather satellite program; if knowledge of a second military program came out, it would have been hard for the military to justify it.

Initial operations of early DMSP systems provided radio return of cloud-cover imagery for planning of U.S. high-resolution photographic reconnaissance and surveillance missions, which utilized film-return systems. DMSP satellites operated in a Sun-synchronous orbit; passing over the north and south poles, the satellite would see different strips of the Earth at the same local time each day. The DMSP satellites had periods of roughly 101.0 minutes, so they would orbit the Earth 14.3 times in 24 hours. This period combined with the Sun-synchronous orbit would have the satellite pass over the whole surface of the planet twice a day.

The images acquired were relayed to the Earth and received by two command and readout stations established at retired Nike missile sites located near Fairchild Air Force Base in Washington State and Loring Air Force Base in Maine. From these sites, the images were then sent to Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC) located at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Images would then be processed, forming a mosaic representing the cloud patterns that were observed from the orbiting satellites. Meteorologists could then provide flight crews and other commanders with up-to-date observations for their particular missions. Further advancements enabled data to be collected in the visual spectrum, down to a half-moonlit scene. Infrared processing enabled night viewing. Other enhancements increased on-board processing; this includes multiple on-board computers and expanded power requirements.

Now in its fifth decade of service, the DMSP program has proven itself to be a valuable tool in scheduling and protecting military operations on land, at sea, and in the air. In December 1972, DMSP data was declassified and made available to the civil scientific community. On 1 June 1998, the control and maintenance of the satellites were transferred to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in order to reduce costs.

DMSP was to be replaced by the Defense Weather Satellite System (DWSS) but that was cancelled in 2012. In 2017, the Air Force awarded a contract to build the first of the new defense weather satellites, the Weather System Follow-on Microwave (WSF-M) satellite.

2004 explosion
In 2004 the USAF weather satellite DMSP Block 5D-2 F-11 (S-12) or DMSP-11, launched in 1991 and retired in 1995, exploded in orbit with debris objects generated. It seems likely the fragmentation was due to either a battery explosion or to residual fuel in the attitude control system. Later, propulsion was identified as the "assessed cause" of DMSP-11 explosion.

2015 explosion and debris field
On 3 February 2015, the 13th DMSP satellite — DMSP-F13 launched in 1995 — exploded while in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit leaving a debris field of at least 43 to 100 large fragments and more than 50,000 pieces smaller than 1 millimeter. The Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Space Force Base, Lompoc, California is monitoring the expanding debris field, and "will issue conjunction warnings if necessary". The cause of the explosion was the rupturing of an onboard battery due to a design flaw (no collision with another object took place).

2016 failure of DMSP 19 without replacement
On 11 February 2016, a power failure left both the command-and-control subsystem and its backup without the ability to reach the satellite's processor, according to the U.S. Air Force Space Command investigation released in July 2016 that also announced that DMSP 5D-3/F19 was considered to be 'lost'. The satellite's data can still be used, until it ceases pointing the sensors towards the Earth. The satellite was the most recent on-orbit, having been launched on 3 April 2014.

The failure only left F16, F17 and F18 – all significantly past their expected 3–5 year lifespan – operational. F19's planned replacement was not carried out because Congress ordered the destruction of the already constructed F20 probe to save money by not having to pay its storage costs. It is unlikely that a new DMSP satellite would be launched before 2023; by then the three remaining satellites should no longer be operational.

2016 explosion
In October 2016, the 12th DMSP satellite - DMSP-F12 launched in 1994 - exploded in orbit. The satellite had similar battery as the one that exploded in the DMSP-13 satellite, thus raising suspicions that DMSP-12 explosion was also caused by battery problems. At the time the cause of DMSP-12's explosion was however unknown, although a collision with another object did not seem to be the cause. Apparently, very little debris (just one trackable piece) was generated in DMSP-12 explosion. DMSP-12 was decommissioned in 2008.

Near collision
In January 2017, the Joint Space Operations Center announced that two non-maneuverable satellites would come dangerously close, with a collision probability as high as 44%. DMSP F15 and Meteor 1-26 were considered to be the prime candidates for the encounter. The operations center, which announced the possible collision, didn't identify the satellites involved but third party observers determined the most likely candidates. The two did not collide.

NOAA 16 and 17
The NOAA-16 and NOAA-17 weather satellites were based on the same technology as DMSP satellites. NOAA-17 disintegrated in orbit on 10 March 2021. NOAA-16 broke up in November 2015.

Launch history
DMSP was initially known as Program 35. The first successful launch of a Program 35 spacecraft used a Scout X-2 rocket lifting off from Point Arguello near Vandenberg Space Force Base on 23 August 1962. This was P35-2, the earlier P35-1 launch on 24 May 1962 had failed to reach orbit. All five Program 35 launch attempts using Scout launch vehicle, including the two successes, were made from Vandenberg SLC-5. Other early launches were conducted using Thor-Burner launch vehicles, with Altair or Burner II upper stages. Program 35 had by this time been renamed the Data Acquisition and Processing Program, and the DAPP acronym is sometimes used for these satellites. Eight satellites were launched using Atlas E launch vehicles between 1982 and 1995. Three were launched aboard Titan II vehicles between 1997 and 2003. One has been launched on a Delta IV rocket.

The most recent launch of a DMSP satellite, DMSP-F19, occurred on 3 April 2014, from Vandenberg aboard an Atlas V launch vehicle.

Block 1
The DSAP-1 (Defense Satellite Application Program Block 1) satellites series, also known as P-35, was the first series of military meteorological satellites of the United States. The project designation P-698BH was used concurrently with P-35 from June 1962 and P-35 became P-417 in October 1962. The designation DMSP-1 (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Block 1) was retroactively assigned to these satellites.

Block 2
The DSAP-2 (Defense Satellite Application Program Block 2) satellites series consisted of three modified DSAP-1 satellites, retaining the shape and dimension of the earlier series, featuring improved infrared radiometers. The designation DMSP-2 (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Block 2) was retroactively assigned to these satellites.

Block 3
The single DSAP-3 (Defense Satellite Application Program Block 3) was a modified DSAP-2 satellite to provide experimental tactical access to weather data, for which a tactical readout station was built near Saigon. The designation DMSP-3 (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Block 3) was retroactively assigned to this satellite.

Block 5D
In 2015, Congress voted to terminate the DMSP program and to scrap the DMSP 5D-3/F20 satellite, ordering the Air Force to move on to a next-generation system. The Air Force had intended to keep DMSP F20 in climate-controlled storage at a Lockheed Martin clean room in Sunnyvale, California, for a time in case it needed to be called up for launch in the coming years, and in the aftermath of the failure of DMSP 5D-3/F19, the USAF was reconsidering the future of DMSP-5D3 F-20. However, in late 2016, the USAF began scrapping DMSP-5D3 F-20.


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage/Orphaned Articles/How to update

Apart from "manual" updating of the Orphaned Articles list, the automatic routine described on this page can be used.

 * 1) Use at your own risk, no warranty implied or given
 * 2) Please debug/improve the query.

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp_deorphan;

CREATE TABLE `temp_deorphan` ( `l_from` int(8) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',  `l_to` int(8) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',  KEY `l_from` (`l_from`),  KEY `l_to` (`l_to`) ) TYPE=MyISAM;
 * 1)  Define as the links table, droping some keys

INSERT INTO temp_deorphan SELECT l_from, l_to FROM links LIMIT 10000000;
 * 1) This is slow .. links has over 6 mio entries

DELETE FROM temp_deorphan USING temp_deorphan, cur WHERE l_from = cur_id AND (cur_namespace <>0   #links from namespaces other than the article namespace.      OR cur_is_redirect=1);          #links from redirects
 * 1) Remove links that don't de-orphan pages
 * 2) This version does two in one
 * 3)    1.1 millon rows

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp_disambigid;
 * 1) find cur_id of disambig marker (Template:Disambig)

CREATE TABLE temp_disambigid SELECT cur_id AS d_id FROM cur WHERE (cur_title = 'Disambig') AND cur_namespace=10;  #     10 = Template namespace

DELETE FROM temp_deorphan USING temp_disambigid AS id, links AS l, temp_deorphan AS d WHERE l.l_to = id.d_id AND l.l_from=d.l_from;
 * 1) links from disambiguation pages are not included
 * 2) i.e. a page linked only from a disambiguation page is an orphan
 * 3) approx. 100000 rows

INSERT INTO temp_deorphan SELECT DISTINCT 999999, l_from FROM links, temp_disambigid WHERE d_id = l_to LIMIT 20000;
 * 1) This avoids that disambiguation pages show up as orphans

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp_orphans; CREATE TABLE temp_orphans SELECT cur_id FROM cur LEFT JOIN temp_deorphan ON cur_id=l_to WHERE l_to IS NULL AND cur_namespace=0 AND cur_is_redirect=0 LIMIT 20000;
 * 1) Adds a temporary table with the orphans
 * 2) 12000 rows

SELECT CONCAT('#', REPLACE (cur_title, '_', ' '), '') AS orphanslist INTO OUTFILE 'wp:\wp_orphanend_articles.txt' #set this to path you need FROM cur, temp_orphans WHERE temp_orphans.cur_id = cur.cur_id AND NOT (cur_title LIKE '%(CDP)%'       OR cur_title LIKE '%(town)%'         OR cur_title LIKE '%(city)%'         OR cur_title LIKE '%(village)%'         OR cur_title LIKE '%Township%') ORDER BY Lower(cur_title) LIMIT 20000;
 * 1) Output from list (filtering some 600 rambot orphans)

Note: these queries are slow.


text:
User talk:M7-

I don't want to scare off a new contributor, but your contribution at Karmann appears to be of a commercial nature, which is not acceptable for Wikipedia. Also, it's in German: the German-language wikipedia is at de.wikipedia.org. I've started the process to request deletion; if you want to defend why it belongs, take it up at MediaWiki:VfD-Karmann -- Jmabel 17:08, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:M7-


text:
Wikipedia:Most wanted stubs/How to update

Oldest method

 * 1) Use at your own risk, no warranty implied or given.
 * 2) Please help debug and improve the query.

SELECT CONCAT('# (links: '),   Count(DISTINCT l_from) AS numlinks,    CONCAT(') -- ',                     REPLACE(s_title,'_',' '),                     '  (', s_size, ' bytes)') AS list INTO OUTFILE 'wp_Most_wanted_stubs.txt' FROM temp_sizesmall, temp_deorphan WHERE s_id=l_to GROUP BY s_id ORDER BY numlinks DESC, s_title LIMIT 250

The temp_deorphan table is created with Orphaned Articles/How to update. The temp_sizesmall table is also used at Shortpages/How to update.

Topbanana method
This report is generated from a Link Analysis Database using the SQL:

select concat( '#', art_title, ' (', links_to, ' articles)' ) from art where art.art_is_redirect = 0 and art.art_is_stub = 1 and art.art_is_disambig = 0 order by links_to desc limit 200;

Note
The above queries may need to be improved so that only articles under Category:Stub categories are listed.

Triddle method
I've placed a list on this project page that was generated with perl. It scans a dump of the cur table then scans a dump of the links table to generate the list; this takes about 10 minutes. If you would like more information just drop a note on my talk page.


text:
Neversink River

The Neversink River (also called Neversink Creek in its upper course) is a 55 mi tributary of the Delaware River in southeastern New York in the United States. The name of the river comes from the corruption of an Algonquian language phrase meaning "mad river."

The Neversink River is considered by many to be the birthplace of American dry fly fishing.

Course

The Neversink's main flow begins just south of the border between present-day Ulster and Sullivan counties, where the east and west branches of the river join near the hamlet of Claryville. Both branches begin on the slopes of Slide Mountain, the highest peak in the Catskills. The west branch is joined by several major tributaries, such as Biscuit Brook and Pigeon Creek at Frost Valley YMCA in the town of Denning, Ulster County. In its upper course, it is a rocky and wild stream, ideal for trout fishing. But, most of the land around it is privately owned and not open to fishermen.

It flows generally southwest through the mountains. Not far downriver from the confluence in Neversink, it is impounded to form the Neversink Reservoir of the New York City Water Supply System. It is connected by a 5 mi water tunnel to Rondout Reservoir, and subsequently to the Delaware Aqueduct. Development of the Neversink Reservoir resulted in the displacement of many locals, as several towns along the river were flooded to make the reservoir. New York City paid for their relocation.

It flows through the town of Fallsburg, the hamlets of Woodbourne, Fallsburg, South Fallsburg, and Old Falls. It enters the town of Thompson near Bridgeville; New York State Route 17/Interstate 86 cross it at Exit 107. The Holiday Mountain Ski Area was developed near the river. Southern Sullivan County has less developed country, and the river passes over its largest waterfalls, Denton Falls and High Falls in the Neversink Gorge. It flows southeastward into western Orange County. Near Cuddebackville, it is joined from the northeast by Basher Kill, then flows southwest. US 209 runs parallel to the river, which joins the Delaware River at Port Jervis. At this confluence with the Delaware, the Tri-States Monument marks the tripoint of the borders of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; Interstate 84 bridge passes over this point.

Recreation
Along much of its length, the Neversink is a popular trout stream, mostly north of Woodbourne. In addition to rainbow trout, it sustains brown trout, brook trout and the rare tiger trout. In the 1890s Theodore Gordon expertly matched dry fishing flies to actual insects. Edward Ringwood Hewitt conducted research on insect and flies from his property above the town of Neversink. Their work led to the river gaining a reputation as birthplace of American dry fly fishing. The river is home to other fish species such as smallmouth bass, carp, sucker, bluegill, American eel, and lampreys; and a diverse range of flora and fauna.

Other forms of recreation are rarely pursued on the river. Several swimming holes are available; however, many are on private property or restricted public property. The relative narrow nature of the river is not hospitable to boating. The river is mostly navigable with small watercraft from near its dam in Hasbrouck to its mouth; however, it is seldom traveled.

History

The Delaware & Hudson Canal crossed the river at Cuddebackville by an early aqueduct bridge designed by John Roebling and built in 1851.

In the late 19th century the river was said to have been navigable to Claryville, where a tannery operated. The river provided a transportation waterway for the tannery's products as well as smaller steam-propelled vessels.

In heavy rains the Neversink River sometimes floods near its mouth at the Delaware River. This occurred most recently in April 2005, causing some destruction and dislocation in the Port Jervis area. The Myers Grove community near Huguenot was particularly affected. In addition, heavy rains, in combination with an extended period of unusually warm weather after a moderate to heavy winter with a considerable snowpack, can produce devastating floods at the headwaters of the river from January to April. The snowpack melt increases the volume in the river at the same time as rain.

A detailed history of the river can be found in James Eldrige Quinlan's History of Sullivan County, published in 1873.

Tributaries

 * Basha Kill
 * Sheldrake Stream
 * Eden Brook
 * Mullet Brook
 * Monell Brook

title: Neversink River


text:
Gen Paul

Gen Paul (July 2, 1895 – April 30, 1975) was a French painter and engraver.

Biography
Born as Eugène Paul in a house in Montmartre on the Rue Lepic painted by Van Gogh, he began drawing and painting as a child. His father died when he was only ten years old and Gen Paul was trained to work in decorative furnishings. He served in the French army during World War I and was wounded twice, losing one of his legs. During his convalescence, he returned to painting, and at Le Bateau-Lavoir he became friends with Juan Gris who helped him a great deal. Although Paul never received any formal training, he made a living from his art for almost 60 years. While his early works reflected the influences of his friends in Montmartre, Vlaminck, Utrillo and Frank Will, he soon developed dynamic form of expressionism reflecting influences as varied as Toulouse-Lautrec, Van Gogh, Cézanne, Goya, Velázquez and El Greco. Between 1925 and 1929, he produced many of his best works. The paintings during this phase are characterized by motion created by gestural brush strokes, daring compositions, forced perspectives, diagonals, zigzags, juxtaposed areas of abstraction and realism and flat areas of color. Unlike other expressionists of the time such as Soutine, Rouault and the German expressionists, Gen Paul's works are full of optimism – fueled by his passion for life and daily life and his desire to overcome his handicap. Due to the dynamism and motion inherent in his paintings, some consider Paul to be the first action painter, a precursor to the abstract expressionists of the 1950s.

Paul died at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris on 30 April 1975 and was interred in the Cimetière Saint-Vincent in Montmartre. A great many of his works remain in private hands but a number of his important pieces can be found at museums in France and in other parts of Europe.

Career
Paul first exhibited at the Salon d’Automne and the Salon des Indépendants in Paris in 1920. In 1928, his works were exhibited with those of Pablo Picasso and Chaïm Soutine. Paul began the 1930s with a serious addiction to alcohol, further complicating his chronic health problems. The paintings of 1930s reflect a more somber mood with precise lines and carefully chosen colors and an emphasis of rhythm over motion. From the 1940s through his death, Paul reverted to a style of action painting characterized by many of the elements of his work in the 1920s, but his later work never again succeeded in recapturing the innovation, emotion and expressionism of his earlier works.

In 1934, he was recognized for his contributions to France and was awarded the Legion of Honor. In 1937, he was contracted to paint a large fresco for the Pavilion of Wines of France at the Paris International Exposition.

In addition to painting scenes from his native Montmartre, including that of his friends, composer Darius Milhaud, writer Louis Ferdinand Celine, Paul travelled to the United States where he painted jazz and classical musicians, a subject with which he had much interest.

title: Gen Paul


text:
Talk:Giovanni Paolo Panini

Untitled
I made this article and the redirect from Panini because "Pannini" was how the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston spelled the name (they have one of his paintings). If the correct spelling is with one N, feel free to undo this article and the redirect. I'm not going to be dogmatic about this.

 * Both are probably right. Gdr 19:48, 2005 May 4 (UTC)
 * Jesus, this guys name is embarassing. He must have got bullied at school something fierce. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.205.24.53 (talk) 15:49, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Another picture: Image:Paris.louvre.painting.750pix.jpg; same as Image:Panini, Ancient Rome.jpg.

title: Talk:Giovanni Paolo Panini


text:
Canso, Nova Scotia

Canso is a community in Guysborough County, on the north-eastern tip of mainland Nova Scotia, Canada, next to Chedabucto Bay. In January 2012, it ceased to be a separate town and as of July 2012 was amalgamated into the Municipality of the District of Guysborough.

The area was established in 1604, along with the original Port-Royal. The British construction of a fort in the village (1720), was instrumental in contributing to Dummer's War (1722–1725). The town is of national historic importance because it was one of only two British settlements in Nova Scotia prior to the establishment of Halifax (1749). Canso played a key role in the defeat of Fortress of Louisbourg. Today, the town attracts people internationally for the annual Stan Rogers Folk Festival.

Geography
The community is located on the southern shore of Chedabucto Bay. The southern limit of the bay is at Cape Canso, a headland approximately 3 km southeast of the community.

Canso is the southeastern terminus of Trunk 16, an important secondary highway in Antigonish and Guysborough counties.

As the community is situated on the end of a peninsula jutting into the Atlantic Ocean, Canso frequently experiences fog, particularly during the warmer summer months when continental air temperatures collide with cooler ocean temperatures offshore.

Canso Islands
Canso Harbour is protected by the Canso Islands, a small archipelago lying immediately north and east of the mainland, with Durells Island (named after Philip Durell), Piscataqui Island, George Island, and Grassy Island being the largest.

The islands were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1925 due to their role as an important fishing base for the French in the 16th century and the British during the 18th century, and as the staging point for the 1745 expedition against Louisbourg. "Grassy Island Fort", the remains of early 18th-century British fortifications (a 1720 redoubt, 1723–24 fort, and a 1745 blockhouse) on Grassy Island, was also individually designated as a National Historic Site in 1962.

History
Since the 16th century, Canso has been a strategically important fishery base. It is said that the harbour of Canso was frequented by European fur traders and fishermen within a dozen years of the arrival of Columbus in America, and an attempt at settlement was made here as early as 1518.

Acadian Governor Isaac de Razilly built a fortified post, Fort Ste. Marie de Grace, in 1632 at La Hève (now LaHave) with Nicholas Le Creux du Breuil as lieutenant. Upon Razilly's death in 1635, the new Governor Charles de Menou d'Aulnay moved the Acadians from La Hève to Port Royal, which had been given up by the Scottish also in 1632.

Raid on Canso (1718) – The Squirrel Affair
Shortly after Cyprian Southack established himself at Shelburne, Nova Scotia (1715), the Mi'kmaq raided the station and burned it to the ground. In response, on September 17–24, 1718, Southack led a raid on Canso and Chedabucto (present-day community of Guysborough) in what became known as the Squirrel Affair. Southack laid siege for three days to Fort St. Louis at Chedabucto, which was defended primarily by Acadians. There were approximately 300 Acadians in the area.

On board HMS Squirrel (1707), Southack killed numerous Acadians and imprisoned others. On September 18, British marines landed on Lasconde's Grave and seized the entrance to Chedabucto Harbour. The following day Squirrel landed troops at Salmon River who then proceeded to the rear of the village. Squirrel made its first attempt to enter the harbour but was beaten back by the Acadian cannon fire from the fort. Later in the day the village was captured by the land troops. On September 20 Squirrel made a second, and successful, attempt to enter the harbour. Once in the harbor, the ship fired upon the fort.

On September 23, Southack pillaged and burned the village. The pillaged goods were then loaded onto several French ships that had been captured in the harbor. The following day, September 24, Southack released the Acadian prisoners onto the Canso Islands without any provisions or clothing. Others fled to Isle Madame and Petit-de-Grat, Nova Scotia. He seized two French ships, and encouraged Governor of Nova Scotia Richard Philipps to fortify Canso.

Raid on Canso (1720)
On August 7, 1720, 60–75 Mi'kmaq joined French fishermen from Petit de Grat, and attacked the fortification as it was being built. The Mi'kmaq killed three men, wounded four more and caused significant damage. The New Englanders took 21 prisoners which they transported to Annapolis Royal. The raid on Canso was significant because of the involvement of the Mi'kmaq and was a chief factor leading up to Father Rale's War.

In the Fall of 1720, the New Englanders finished building Fort William Augustus (also known as Fort Phillips after Richard Philipps, the then Governor of Nova Scotia). Construction of such a permanent facility was a violation of long-standing agreements between the Mi'kmaq and the fishermen, and also helped to precipitate Father Rale's War.

In 1721, the Governor of Massachusetts took a proprietary attitude toward the Canso fisheries, and sent HMS Seahorse to patrol the waters off Nova Scotia. With the arrival of British troops, the Mi'kmaq were discouraged from attacking until the following year. HMS Seahorse was replaced in 1721 by the first naval ship of Nova Scotia, William Augustus, under the command of Cyprian Southack.

Raid on Canso (1722)
In the lead up to Father Rale's War, in July 1722, the Mi'kmaq and some Abenakis began a major offensive against New England fishermen and traders in an attempt to blockade the Nova Scotia capital of Annapolis Royal. Natives captured eighteen trading vessels in the Bay of Fundy and an additional eighteen New England fishing schooners between Cape Sable and Canso. As a result, the New England Governor declared war on the Mi'kmaq which lasted three years.

The ship William Augustus led ships from Canso to protect the fisheries, which resulted in the battle at Jeddore Harbour, Nova Scotia. Only five native bodies were recovered from the battle and the New Englanders decapitated the corpses and set the severed heads on pikes surrounding Canso's new fort.

Raid on Canso (1723)
On July 23, 1723, the village was raided again by the Mi'kmaq and they killed three men, a woman and a child. In this same year, the New Englanders built a twelve-gun blockhouse to guard the village and fishery.

Raid on Canso (1725)
In 1725, sixty Abenakis and Mi'kmaq launch another attack on Canso, destroying two houses and killing six people.

Raid on Canso (1744)
At the outbreak of King George's War, the French destroyed the flourishing fishing village during the Raid on Canso (1744).

Siege of Louisbourg
A year later, the village Canso was used as a staging area for the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg. The British built a blockhouse, which they named Fort Prince William (Nova Scotia). General Sir William Pepperell arrived at Canso, Nova Scotia, with four thousand and seventy troops, April 4, 1745, and, in three weeks was joined by Commodore Warren, with four ships from England.

Raid on Canso (1749)
During Father Le Loutre's War, in August 1749, Lieutenant Joseph Gorham was at Canso and his party was attacked by Mi'kmaq. They seized his vessel and took twenty prisoners and carried them off to Louisbourg. Three English and seven Mi'kmaq were killed. After Governor Edward Cornwallis complained to the Governor of Ile Royale, the prisoners were released.

Raid on Canso (1752)
Another raid happened August 4, 1752.

Attack at Canso (1753)
On February 21, 1753, 9 Mi'kmaq in canoes attacked an English vessel which had a crew of four at near-by Country Harbour, Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq killed two English men and took two others captive for six weeks. After seven weeks in captivity, on April 8, the two English men killed six Mi'kmaq and managed to escape. In response, on the night of April 21 the Mi'kmaq attacked another English schooner in a naval battle between Outique Island and Isle Madame in which the Mi'kmaq attacked an English schooner. There were nine English men and one Acadian who was the pilot. The Mi'kmaq killed the English and let the Acadian off at Port Toulouse, where the Mi'kmaq sank the schooner after looting it.

Expulsion of the Acadians
During the Expulsion of the Acadians the famous ship the Duke William was in port for almost a month awaiting passage to France (1758). While in port the vessel narrowly escaped a raid by Mi'kmaq.

Raid on Canso (1775)
During the American Revolution, Canso was subject to numerous raids by American privateers. George Washington's Marblehead Regiment raided Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island on November 17, 1775 and three days later, they raided Canso Harbor.

Raid on Canso (1776)
On September 22, 1776, Canso was attacked by American privateer John Paul Jones. The privateer sailed on USS Providence (1775) and destroyed fifteen vessels, and damaged much property on shore. There he recruited men to fill the vacancies created by manning his prizes, burned a British fishing schooner, sank a second, and captured a third besides a shallop which he used as a tender. Jones then pillaged the community of Petit-de-Grat and Arichat, Nova Scotia on Isle Madame, Nova Scotia and then returned to Boston.

On November 22, John Paul Jones returned to Canso in USS Alfred (1774). Boats from the ship raided the community, his crews burned a transport bound for Canada with provisions and a warehouse full of whale oil, besides capturing a small schooner. Captain Jones then went on to present-day Sydney, Nova Scotia to free Americans imprisoned in the British coal mines.

Raid on Canso (1779)
Again in 1779, American privateers destroyed the Canso fisheries, worth $50,000 a year to England.

In February 1780, the schooner Freemason struck a rock near Canso and sunk. They landed near Whitehead and 16 of the 19 perished in the woods because of the winter weather. The three survivors got to Canso on March 9, having survived by eating their fellow crew members.

Recent history
In a plebiscite held on July 12, 2008, residents narrowly voted to amalgamate the town with the neighbouring Municipality of the District of Guysborough. The decision to amalgamate was put off, and after review was rejected again in March 2023

On January 19, 2012, the Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board granted the town's application to dissolve. On July 1, 2012, Canso became part of The Municipality of the District of Guysborough.

In early 2017, Maritime Launch Services announced it intended to lease land near Canso to build and operate Canada's only active commercial spaceport, using the Ukrainian Cyclone-4M rocket. Construction is slated to begin in late 2021 and is expected to take three or four years. The first suborbital flight from Canso will be conducted via a small-lift launch vehicle in 2023, while the Cyclone-4M is expected to make its first orbital flight from the facility in 2025.

Annual events
Canso is host to the Stan Rogers Folk Festival, an annual event held around the Canada Day weekend. This event attracts over 10,000 visitors, who enjoy music from all over the world on seven different stages over the 3 days.

Each year, during the second week of August, a regatta is held within the town. This week-long event includes boat races, a mid-way, parade, seaman's memorial, hootenannies as well as various activities for the youth. The regatta draws many previous generations of the town to serve the purpose of a Come Home week. Each year, the regatta has a theme which is reflected in the parade, with 2009's being The Circus Comes to Town.

Transportation
Nova Scotia Trunk 16, a secondary highway important to the counties of Antigonish and Guysborough, terminates in Canso, its easternmost point.

Notable residents

 * Joseph Goreham (1725–1790) British military officer stationed at Canso during Father Le Loutre's War
 * William Clapham (1722–1763) British military officer stationed at Canso during Father Le Loutre's War
 * Carlyle Smith Beals (1899–1979), astronomer.
 * Hannah Norris, early feminist
 * Howard Amos Rice (born 1872), one-time mayor
 * Jimmy Tompkins (1870–1953), founder of the Antigonish Movement
 * Richard Murphy – (1838–1916) schooner captain, born in Canso or nearby, sailed out of Gloucester, Massachusetts.
 * Garnet Rogers – folk singer, writer.

title: Canso, Nova Scotia


text:
Fort Gaines

Fort Gaines may refer to:

 * Fort Gaines, Georgia, a city located in Clay County, Georgia
 * Fort Gaines (Alabama), a fort on Dauphin Island
 * Fort Gaines, Maryland, an American Civil War-era fort that defended the northeastern approaches to Washington, D.C.

title: Fort Gaines


text:
Ásbyrgi

Ásbyrgi is a glacial canyon and forest in the north of Iceland, located approximately 38 km east of Húsavík on the Diamond Circle road. The horseshoe-shaped depression is part of the Vatnajökull National Park and measures approximately 3.5 km in length and over 1 km wide. For more than half of its length, the canyon is divided through the middle by a distinctive rock formation 25 meters high called Eyjan (, "the Island"), from which a vast landscape is seen.

The canyon's steep sides are formed by cliffs up to 100 m in height. Within the canyon is a woodland of birch and willow. Between 1947 and 1977, a number of foreign tree species were introduced, including spruce, larch and pine. The small lake Botnstjörn is home to a variety of waterfowl species.

Ásbyrgi was most likely formed by catastrophic glacial flooding of the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum after the last ice age, first 8–10,000 years ago, and then again some 3,000 years ago. The river has since changed its course and now runs about 2 km to the east.

The legend explains the unusual shape of the canyon differently. Nicknamed Sleipnir's footprint, it is said that the canyon was formed when Odin's eight-legged horse, Sleipnir, touched one of its feet to the ground here.

title: Ásbyrgi


text:
Carlyle S. Beals

Carlyle Smith Beals, FRS (June 29, 1899 – July 2, 1979) was a Canadian astronomer.

Early life and education
Carlyle Smith Beals was born in Canso, Nova Scotia to Rev. Francis H. P. Beals and his wife, Annie Florence Nightingale Smith Beals, on June 29, 1899. He is the brother of artist and educator Helen D. Beals.

Beals received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia University in 1919, specializing in physics and mathematics. Although he wished to continue his studies, he was forced to postpone those plans due to poor health. He taught at a small country school in Nova Scotia during the winter of 1920.

He began his Ph.D. studies in physics at Yale University in 1921, but was forced to return home in the winter of 1921 when his health failed again. He resumed his graduate studies in 1922 at University of Toronto and received a master's degree in Physics in 1923. His master's thesis work on triboluminescence spectra, the frequencies of light generated by breaking chemical bonds, was done under the supervision of John Cunningham McLennan, one of the leading physicists in Canada at the time.

Beals spent one year as the Science Master at the High School of Quebec in Quebec City, before enrolling in a graduate programme in physics in 1924 at the Royal College of Science at Imperial College London. Working under Alfred Fowler, he studied the Zeeman effect and the spectra of palladium, copper, and ionized silver. During this time Beals became acquainted with observational astronomy by using the small observatory in the Royal College of Science building. He received a Ph.D. in 1926.

Career
After obtaining his PhD, Beals returned to Acadia University as an assistant professor of physics, but left one year later for an Assistant Astronomer position at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO), Victoria, British Columbia. Beals worked at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory from 1927 until 1946, becoming Assistant Director of the DAO in 1940.

At the DAO, he studied emission lines in the spectra of hot stars and gas clouds in the interstellar medium. His work established a reliable temperature scale for hotter stars, based on their spectra. He showed that the broad emission lines seen in Wolf-Rayet and P Cygni-type stars were due to strong stellar winds. Beals was the first astronomer to quantitatively measure the ratio of sodium and calcium absorption lines in the interstellar medium (the gas between stars) and the ratio of the two lines in the sodium D doublet. He also found that rather than being uniform, the interstellar medium was clumpy and moved with different velocities.

During his time at the DAO, he developed several astronomical instruments to analyse astronomical spectra, including a self-recording micro-photometer and a high efficiency grating spectrograph.

During World War II, Beals spent two-year researching defenses against chemical weapons and designed gas masks.

In 1946, he left the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in British Columbia and began work at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Ontario. He was appointed Dominion Astronomer one year later, and began to rebuild the observatory's scientific programme, which had suffered due to budget cuts during the great depression and a lack of staff during World War II. He also oversaw the establishment of the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, near Penticton, British Columbia. While in Ottawa, he became interested in the geophysical activities of the observatory. He began a study of meteorite impact craters in the Canadian shield, searching for circular features in aerial photographs and organising drill core studies of the most promising targets.

He retired in 1964, but continued his work on impact craters and published several works during his retirement.

Awards and recognition
Beals was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1933. He was president of Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada from 1949-1950, and received the Henry Marshall Tory Medal from the Society in 1957 for outstanding achievement in scientific research.

He served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada from 1951-1952. He also served as president of the American Astronomical Society from 1962-1964, the only Canadian to hold the position.

In March 1951, Beals was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1966, he was awarded the inaugural Meteoritical Society Leonard Medal for his work on identifying Canadian impact craters. In 1969, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Beals received honorary degrees from Acadia University, the University of New Brunswick, Queen's University and the University of Pittsburgh.

The Carlyle S. Beals Award was established by the Canadian Astronomical Society (CASCA) in 1981.

The asteroid 3314 Beals and the crater Beals on the Moon are both named for Beals.

Personal life
In 1931, Beals married Miriam White Bancroft, a professional musician and piano teacher. She was the daughter of Joseph Bancroft, a longtime Liberal member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The couple adopted a daughter, Janitza.

Beals died on July 2, 1979, aged 80.

Archives
There is a Carlyle Beals fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Archival reference number is R15735.

title: Carlyle S. Beals