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Names of large numbers

Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-English-speaking areas, including continental Europe and Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. These naming procedures are based on taking the number n occurring in 103n+3 (short scale) or 106n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion.

Names of numbers above a trillion are rarely used in practice; such large numbers have practical usage primarily in the scientific domain, where powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript. However, these somewhat rare names are considered acceptable for approximate statements. For example, the statement "There are approximately 7.1 octillion atoms in an adult human body" is understood to be in short scale of the table below (and is only accurate if referring to short scale rather than long scale).

Indian English do not use millions, but have their own system of large numbers including lakhs (Anglicised as lacs) and crores. English also has many words, such as "zillion", used informally to mean large but unspecified amounts; see indefinite and fictitious numbers.

Standard dictionary numbers
Usage:
 * Short scale: US, English Canada, modern British, Australia, and Eastern Europe
 * Long scale: French Canada, older British, Western & Central Europe

Apart from million, the words in this list ending with -illion are all derived by adding prefixes (bi-, tri-, etc., derived from Latin) to the stem -illion. Centillion appears to be the highest name ending in -"illion" that is included in these dictionaries. Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duo-quinqua-gint-illion, etc.).

All of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew (see below). None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are "not in formal mathematical use".

Usage of names of large numbers
Some names of large numbers, such as million, billion, and trillion, have real referents in human experience, and are encountered in many contexts. At times, the names of large numbers have been forced into common usage as a result of hyperinflation. The highest numerical value banknote ever printed was a note for 1 sextillion pengő (1021 or 1 milliard bilpengő as printed) printed in Hungary in 1946. In 2009, Zimbabwe printed a 100 trillion (1014) Zimbabwean dollar note, which at the time of printing was worth about US$30.

Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of how large numbers are named. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the context of science, including astronomy, where such large numbers often occur, they are nearly always written using scientific notation. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e.g. "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is $1.3 joules$." When a number such as 1045 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as "ten to the forty-fifth" or "ten to the forty-five". This is easier to say and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion", which means something different in the long scale and the short scale.

When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used—thus "femtosecond", not "one quadrillionth of a second"—although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn.

Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one way people try to conceptualize and understand them.

One of the earliest examples of this is The Sand Reckoner, in which Archimedes gave a system for naming large numbers. To do this, he called the numbers up to a myriad myriad (108) "first numbers" and called 108 itself the "unit of the second numbers". Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 108·108=1016. This became the "unit of the third numbers", whose multiples were the third numbers, and so on. Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 108-th numbers, i.e. $$(10^8)^{(10^8)}=10^{8\cdot 10^8},$$ and embedded this construction within another copy of itself to produce names for numbers up to $$((10^8)^{(10^8)})^{(10^8)}=10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}.$$ Archimedes then estimated the number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known universe, and found that it was no more than "one thousand myriad of the eighth numbers" (1063).

Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that have no existence outside the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word googol, who was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words.

Most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further.

Origins of the "standard dictionary numbers"

The words bymillion and trimillion were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of Jehan Adam. Subsequently, Nicolas Chuquet wrote a book Triparty en la science des nombres which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. However, most of it was copied by Estienne de La Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, L'arismetique. Chuquet's book contains a passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment:

Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers point tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinqe quyllion Le sixe sixlion Le sept.e septyllion Le huyte ottyllion Le neufe nonyllion et ainsi des ault's se plus oultre on vouloit preceder

(Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go).

Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion (Chuquet's byllion) denoted 1012, and Adam's trimillion (Chuquet's tryllion) denoted 1018.

The googol family
The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner's nephew Milton Sirotta and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination in the following passage:

"The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with one hundred zeroes after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "googolplex." A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would happen if one tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein, simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, equal to 1 with a googol zeros after it."

John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10N. This gives rise to the name googolplexplex for 10googolplex = 10$10100$. Conway and Guy have proposed that N-minex be used as a name for 10−N, giving rise to the name googolminex for the reciprocal of a googolplex, which is written as 10$1010100$. None of these names are in wide use.

The names googol and googolplex inspired the name of the Internet company Google and its corporate headquarters, the Googleplex, respectively.

Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers
This section illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past vigintillion.

Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the long scale): 1,000,000 = 1 million; 1,000,0002 = 1 billion; 1,000,0003 = 1 trillion; and so on. It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet.

Traditional American usage (which was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), Canadian, and modern British usage assign new names for each power of one thousand (the short scale). Thus, a billion is 1000 × 10002 = 109; a trillion is 1000 × 10003 = 1012; and so forth. Due to its dominance in the financial world (and by the US dollar), this was adopted for official United Nations documents.

Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had originally popularized the short scale worldwide, reverted to the long scale.

The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 109. It is seldom seen in American usage and rarely in British usage, but frequently in continental European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to French mathematician Jacques Peletier du Mans c. 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum, which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term.

Concerning names ending in -illiard for numbers 106n+3, milliard is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. The terms "milliardo" in Italian, "Milliarde" in German, "miljard" in Dutch, "milyar" in Turkish, and "миллиард," milliard (transliterated) in Russian, are standard usage when discussing financial topics.

For additional details, see billion and long and short scale.

The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 103n+3 (short scale) or 106n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. In this way, numbers up to 103·999+3 = 103000 (short scale) or 106·999 = 105994 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 9 or smaller. For larger n (between 10 and 999), prefixes can be constructed based on a system described by Conway and Guy. Today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers and, using the same reasoning as Conway and Guy did for the numbers up to nonillion, could probably be used to form acceptable prefixes. The Conway–Guy system for forming prefixes:

 * (*) When preceding a component marked S or X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked M or N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven".

Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 106,000,258, Conway and Guy co-devised with Allan Wechsler the following set of consistent conventions that permit, in principle, the extension of this system indefinitely to provide English short-scale names for any integer whatsoever. The name of a number 103n+3, where n is greater than or equal to 1000, is formed by concatenating the names of the numbers of the form 103m+3, where m represents each group of comma-separated digits of n, with each but the last "-illion" trimmed to "-illi-", or, in the case of m = 0, either "-nilli-" or "-nillion". For example, 103,000,012, the 1,000,003rd "-illion" number, equals one "millinillitrillion"; 1033,002,010,111, the 11,000,670,036th "-illion" number, equals one "undecillinilli-septua-ginta-ses-centilli-sestrigint-illion"; and 1029,629,629,633, the 9,876,543,210th "-illion" number, equals one "nonillise-septua-ginta-octingentillitres-quadra-ginta-quingentillideciducent-illion".

The following table shows number names generated by the system described by Conway and Guy for the short and long scales.

 * Googolplex's short scale name is derived from it equal to ten of the 3,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,332nd "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10 × 10$-(10100)$ = 10$10100$)
 * Googolplex's long scale name (both traditional British and traditional European) is derived from it being equal to ten thousand of the 1,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666th "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10,000 × 10$(3n + 3)$ = 10$10100$).

Binary prefixes
The International System of Quantities (ISQ) defines a series of prefixes denoting integer powers of 1024 between 10241 and 10248.

Other named large numbers used in mathematics, physics and chemistry

 * Avogadro number
 * Graham's number
 * Skewes's number
 * Steinhaus–Moser notation
 * TREE(3)
 * Rayo's number
 * SSCG(3)

title: Names of large numbers


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User talk:MennoniteHobbit

With the Wikipedia's group permission, MennoniteHobbit can create an IRC channel for Wikipedia. The link is going to be irc://irc.freenode.net/Wikipedia. If indeed the Wikipedia people will let me, you'll have to use mIRC (www.mirc.com) or the ChatZilla plug-in (search for it under ChatZilla Firefox in Google).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:MennoniteHobbit


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Vincenzo Galilei

Vincenzo Galilei (3 April 1520 - 2 July 1591) was an Italian lutenist, composer, and music theorist. His children included the astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei and the lute virtuoso and composer Michelagnolo Galilei. Vincenzo was a figure in the musical life of the late Renaissance and contributed significantly to the musical revolution which demarcates the beginning of the Baroque era.

In his study of pitch and string tension, Galilei produced perhaps the first non-linear mathematical description of a natural phenomenon known to history. Some credit him with directing the activity of his son away from pure, abstract mathematics and towards experimentation using mathematical quantitative description of the results, a direction of importance for the history of physics and natural science.

Biography
He was born in 1520 in Santa Maria a Monte, near Pisa, Tuscany and began studying the lute at an early age. His mother was from San Vincenzo near Livorno. Sometime before 1562 he moved to Pisa, where on 5 July he married Giulia Ammannati of a noble family. Galileo Galilei was the oldest of six or seven children; another son, Michelagnolo, born in 1575, became an accomplished lutenist and composer.

Galilei was a skilled player of the lute who early in life attracted the attention of powerful patrons. In 1563 he met Gioseffo Zarlino, the most important music theorist of the sixteenth century, in Venice, and began studying with him. Somewhat later he became interested in the attempts to revive ancient Greek music and drama, by way of his association with the Florentine Camerata, a group of poets, musicians and intellectuals led by Count Giovanni de' Bardi, as well as his contacts with Girolamo Mei, the foremost scholar of the time of ancient Greek music. Galilei composed two books of madrigals, as well as music for lute, and a considerable quantity of music for voice and lute; this latter category is considered to be his most important contribution as it anticipated in many ways the style of the early Baroque.

The use of recitative in opera is widely attributed to Galilei, since he was one of the inventors of monody, the musical style closest to recitative.

Acoustics and music theory
Galilei promoted equal temperament. In his exploration of tuning and keys, he composed 24 groups of dances, "clearly related to 12 major and 12 minor keys" (1584).

Some of Galilei's most important theoretical contributions involve the treatment of dissonance: he had a largely modern conception, allowing passing dissonance "if the voices flow smoothly" as well as on-the-beat dissonance, such as suspensions, which he called "essential dissonance." This describes Baroque practice, especially as he defines rules for resolution of suspensions by a preliminary leap away from, followed by a return to, the expected note of resolution.

Vincenzo Galilei was one of the pioneers in the systematic study of acoustics, mainly in his research (assisted by his son Galileo) in the mathematical formula of stretched strings. Galileo told his biographer that Vincenzo introduced him to the idea of systematic testing and measurement through their Pisa house basement which was strung with lengths of lute string materials, each of different lengths, with different weights attached.

Galilei made discoveries in acoustics, particularly involving the physics of vibrating strings and columns of air. He discovered that while the ratio of an interval is proportional to string lengths — for example, a perfect fifth has the proportions of 3:2 — it varied with the square root of the tension applied (and the cube root of concave volumes of air). Weights suspended from strings of equal length need to be in a ratio of 9:4 to produce the 3:2 perfect fifth.

This work was taken further by Marin Mersenne who formulated the current law of vibrating strings. Mersenne was only three years old when Vincenzo died, but he would later maintain a regular link to Galileo (and many other scientists). He treated Galileo as a prized member of his scientific network. He communicated Galileo's ideas for a pendulum clock to Christiaan Huygens (who improved on it).

Despite being a priest, Mersenne defended Galileo when he came under attack by the church in 1633, but he also questioned Galileo's claims and disputed the accuracy of some of Galileo's findings. He conducted his own duplicate experiments which improved on their accuracy.

title: Vincenzo Galilei


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Wikipedia:Articles for Deletion/Names of large numbers

This is a list of numbers. Not all of them are "very large." Those that are should not be the subject of an article. It really doesn't have any hope of becoming useful. Guanaco 02:45, 27 May 2004 (UTC) Keep now. It looks a lot better. Guanaco 00:26, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Where off Wikipedia are these nonsensical number names used?? 66.32.71.137 02:40, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, it appears that the anon who created the page really did try to address this by ascribing the names to authorities, namely Chuquet, Knuth, and Pelletier. The problem is that the article does not give the reference to the specific works in which these names were proposed or described. Dpbsmith 12:14, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the table at Large number does a better job of covering this. It's less inclusive, but the numbers are still within the realm of relevance. -- Cyrius|&#9998 04:21, May 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename to powers of ten and delete the resulting useless redirect. Then make a suitable link from large number to powers of ten, and merge the two tables. This deserves its own article, but it needs some work. Andrewa 07:07, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. "those that are should not the subject of an article" ... perhaps not individual articles if there is little to be said... but we should keep the list. "doesn't have any hope of becoming useful"... I disagree with that opinion.. Also it should not be renamed "powers of ten" because not all very large named numbers are powers of ten... see e.g. Graham's number. This is a clear cut clean up issue. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:45, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of numbers and redirect is the appropriate content resolution. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:52, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but really should provide references to the specific works by Chuquet, Pelletier, and Knuth. Maybe move to a different title. "Naming systems for very large numbers" or "Naming systems for very large values" or the like. I'm thinking that I really like the idea of separating the "real" numbers (the ones that are, say, included in the major dictionaries) from the ones that are really just nerd trivia and games. "Naming systems for very large values" could be a dumping ground for all of the interesting and amusing naming systems. That is, as long as it is treated as enjoyable nerd trivia and obscure factoids, and as long as the authority for the names is given, I think an article on these names is fine. Needs work, needs to cross-reference powers of ten and large numbers. Could also serve as a repository for "doggabyte" and other mythical SI prefixes as well. Dpbsmith 11:03, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I agree with everything Dpbsmith said. Abigail 21:38, May 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename as "large numbers". --Wyllium 22:09, 2004 May 27 (UTC)
 * False. Large numbers re-directs to Large number. 66.32.64.27 22:10, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Large number. --Wyllium 22:43, 2004 May 27 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'm now actively tinkering with this page, but there's a lot of work to be done, including fact-checking, since a lot of loose statements found in various place on the Web and in Wikipedia about Chuquet, etc. don't seem to be exactly right. I've moved Very large numbers to Names of large numbers, which I think is where it should go. I think it's time to draw a distinction large numbers themselves and the game of creating names for them. The list I added to Large number I have now copied to Names of large numbers, and improved it; but I have not yet removed it from Large number).
 * FYI It turns out that Chuquet did not exactly invent million, billion, trillion, quadrillion and friends. First of all, he spelled them with a y, myllion, byllion, tryllion etc (so Knuth collides with Chuquet's namespace). Second, one Jehan Adam used them before Chuquet did. Third, neither Adam nor Chuquet claimed authorship and apparently the context of their references to the names suggests they were in use earlier. Fourth, Chuquet's work remained unpublished for a very long time, so he didn't directly influence anyone. In other words, the whole topic is a maze of twisty little trivia, all of them hard to pin down. I'm going to keep nibbling away at it but I could certainly use help. And I'm keeping a copy in my user space just in case it's decided that this page should really be deleted after all.
 * Meanwhile, anyone who want to add names to this page by all means do so but please document who coined them, where, and when and whether they've received any acceptance. Dpbsmith 22:28, 30 May 2004 (UTC)


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CDfs

CDfs is a virtual file system for Unix-like operating systems; it provides access to data and audio tracks on Compact Discs. When the CDfs driver mounts a Compact Disc, it represents each track as a file. This is consistent with the Unix convention "everything is a file".

CDfs supports the following track types:

 * Red Book Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA): Appears as a WAV file; reading from it initiates DAE ripping.
 * White Book Video CD or Super Video CD video: Appears as a playable MPEG-1 file containing audio and video streams.
 * Yellow Book CD-ROM data:
 * Hierarchical File System: Appears as a mountable HFS file system disk image (sans partition table).
 * ISO 9660: Each session appears as a mountable ISO image file.
 * El Torito boot file: Appears as a single bootable disk image file.

Implementations
The Linux version of the CDfs driver is not part of the mainline Linux kernel.

In the implementation for the operating system Plan 9 from Bell Labs,  is a server that runs in user space via the 9P protocol. It represents the mounted disc as a directory of files named by track number. Plan 9's CDfs can also write to the disc.

title: CDfs


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British Columbia Highway 35

Highway 35, the North Francois Highway, is a 23 km (14 mi) long minor spur of the Yellowhead Highway in the Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako. First opened in 1973, Highway 35 provides a connection from the Yellowhead at the community of Burns Lake, south to Francois Lake, where a ferry connects the highway to the hamlet of Southbank.

title: British Columbia Highway 35


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User talk:K-squire

To Do:

Mazda

See these pages:

Automania - History of Mazda

History of Mazda Motor Corporation

Good articles:

Our dangerous distance between the private and the commons

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title: User talk:K-squire


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British Columbia Highway 27

Highway 27, the Stuart Lake Highway, is a 53 km (33 mi) long spur of the Yellowhead Highway in the Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako. First opened in 1967, it provides a connection from Vanderhoof, on Highway 16, north to Fort St. James, at the southern end of Stuart Lake. Highway 27 is a two lane roadway maintained year round by third party contractors overseen by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Wildlife such as moose and deer pose a frequent hazard to motorists along the route.

title: British Columbia Highway 27


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Galápagos (novel)

Galápagos (1985) is the eleventh novel published by American author Kurt Vonnegut. Set in the Galápagos Islands after a global financial disaster, the novel questions the merit of the human brain from an evolutionary perspective. The title is both a reference to the islands on which part of the story plays out, and a tribute to Charles Darwin, on whose theory Vonnegut relies to reach his own conclusions. It was published by Delacorte Press.

Plot summary
Galápagos is the story of a small band of mismatched humans who are shipwrecked on the fictional island of Santa Rosalia in the Galápagos Islands after a global financial crisis cripples the world's economy. Shortly thereafter, a disease renders all humans on Earth infertile, with the exception of the people on Santa Rosalia, making them the last specimens of humankind. Over the next million years, their descendants, the only fertile humans left on the planet, eventually evolve into a furry species resembling sea lions: though possibly still able to walk upright (it is not explicitly mentioned, but it is stated that they occasionally catch land animals), they have a snout with teeth adapted for catching fish, a streamlined skull and flipper-like hands with rudimentary fingers (described as "nubbins").

The story's narrator is a spirit who has been watching over humans for the last million years. This particular ghost is the immortal spirit of Leon Trotsky Trout, son of Vonnegut's recurring character Kilgore Trout. Leon is a Vietnam War veteran who is affected by the massacres in Vietnam. He goes AWOL and settles in Sweden, where he works as a shipbuilder and dies during the construction of the ship, the Bahía de Darwin. This ship is used for the "Nature Cruise of the Century". Planned as a celebrity cruise, it was in limbo due to the economic downturn, and due to a chain of unconnected events the ship ended up allowing humans to reach and survive in the Galápagos. A group of girls from a cannibal tribe living in the Amazon rainforest, called the Kanka-bono girls also end up on the ship, eventually having children with sperm obtained from the ship's captain.

The deceased Kilgore Trout makes four appearances in the novel, urging his son to enter the "blue tunnel" that leads to the afterlife. When Leon refuses for the fourth time, Kilgore pledges that he, and the blue tunnel, will not return for one million years, which leaves Leon to observe the slow process of evolution that transforms the humans into aquatic mammals. The process begins when a Japanese woman on the island, the granddaughter of a Hiroshima survivor, gives birth to a fur-covered daughter.

Trout maintains that all the sorrows of humankind were caused by "the only true villain in my story: the oversized human brain". Natural selection eliminates this problem, since the humans best fitted to Santa Rosalia were those who could swim best, which required a streamlined head, which in turn required a smaller brain.

Main characters

 * Leon Trout, dead narrator and son of Kilgore Trout
 * Hernando Cruz, first mate of the Bahía de Darwin
 * Mary Hepburn, an American widow who teaches at Ilium High School
 * the Kanka-bono girls, a group of young girls from a cannibal tribe living in the Amazon rainforest
 * Roy Hepburn, Mary's husband who died in 1985 from a brain tumor
 * Akiko Hiroguchi, the daughter of Hisako that will be born with fur covering her entire body
 * Hisako Hiroguchi, a teacher of ikebana and Zenji's pregnant wife
 * Zenji Hiroguchi, a Japanese computer genius who invented the voice translator Gokubi and its successor Mandarax
 * Bobby King, publicity man and organizer of the "Nature Cruise of the Century"
 * Andrew MacIntosh, an American financier and adventurer of great inherited wealth
 * Selena MacIntosh, Andrew's blind daughter, eighteen years old
 * Jesús Ortiz, a talented Inca waiter who looks up to wealthy and powerful people
 * Adolf von Kleist, captain of Bahía de Darwin who doesn't really know how to steer the ship
 * Siegfried von Kleist, brother of Adolf and carrier of Huntington's chorea who temporarily takes care of the reception at hotel El Dorado
 * James Wait, a 35-year-old American swindler
 * Pvt. Geraldo Delgado, an Ecuadorian soldier

Form
The main story is told a-chronologically with a framing story told by a narrator from a point a million years in the future, interspersed with flashbacks and commentary about the outcomes of future events of the main storyline. As a gimmick, an asterisk is placed in front of a character's name if they will die before sunset.

Quotations
The novel contains a large number of quotations from other authors. They are related to the story itself and are functionally inserted through Mandarax, a fictional voice translator that is also able to provide quotations from literature and history. The following authors are quoted (in order of their appearance in the book): Anne Frank, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, John Masefield, William Cullen Bryant, Ambrose Bierce, Lord Byron, Noble Claggett, John Greenleaf Whittier, Benjamin Franklin, John Heywood, Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, Bertolt Brecht, Saint John, Charles Dickens, Isaac Watts, William Shakespeare, Plato, Robert Browning, Jean de La Fontaine, François Rabelais, Patrick R. Chalmers, Michel de Montaigne, Joseph Conrad, George William Curtis, Samuel Butler, T. S. Eliot, A. E. Housman, Oscar Hammerstein II, Edgar Allan Poe, Charles E. Carryl, Samuel Johnson, Thomas Carlyle, Edward Lear, Henry David Thoreau, Sophocles, Robert Frost, and Charles Darwin.

Adaptations
In 2009, Audible.com produced an audio version of Galapagos, narrated by Jonathan Davis, as part of its Modern Vanguard line of audiobooks.

In 2014, artists Tucker Marder and Christian Scheider adapted "Galapagos" into a live theatrical performance at the new Parrish Art Museum in Watermill, N.Y. Endorsed by the Kurt Vonnegut Estate, the multi-media production featured 26 performers including Bob Balaban; live orchestral underscoring composed and conducted by Forrest Gray featuring Max Feldschuh on vibraphone and Ken Sacks on mbira; animal costumes by Isla Hansen; a three-story scenic design by Shelby Jackson; experimental video projections by James Bayard; and choreography by Matt Davies.

In 2019, Canadian band The PepTides released a ten-song collection titled "Galápagos Vol.1", inspired by the themes and characters in Galápagos.

title: Galápagos (novel)


text:
Talk:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

Update to WikiProject Novels standards
I am in the process of updating this page per the template. I will get it out as soon as possible and pick up any updates between now and then in content. Portia1780 00:55, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, this is done. It's been rewritten per the WP:N standard template.  I also added links to film adapations, some quotes, and reduced the length of the horrific summary.  Someone else can take over from here! Portia1780 05:10, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Spelling and Grammar
Ugly. Needs desperate revision. Jachra 08:22, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Fr 98.57.173.165 (talk) 03:28, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Plagarism
The summaries of the different books were obviously plagarised. Look at http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/hunchback/ and all of the different sections and compare them to this page.toaster 19:45, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
 * fixed63.215.29.113 21:42, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Title
Does anyone have any information about how it was decided that the English title would be The Hunchback of Notre Dame instead of Notre Dame de Paris, Notre Dame of Paris or what have you? I especially think its odd considering Hugo's other major work is known here as Les Miserables,nmmn...Butterboy 12:14, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

I think the disney adaptation played a big role in this. The hunchback is juste a minor character in the original story — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:A03F:6B8E:EE00:1C39:C573:91FE:F28E (talk) 09:48, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

Hugo's "neo-Gothic" = Gothic Revival architecture?
"Book three. Hugo digresses in two long descriptions, ... His neo-Gothic viewpoints and criticism of "modernization" are explained." -- Made links. neo-Gothic currently redirects to Gothic Revival architecture. I believe that this is the correct article to link in the context of Hugo's ideas, but if not, please correct. -- Writtenonsand 12:19, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that you may well be correct. I just added information in the Background section to emphasize more that Hugo's main purpose in writing this book was to save Paris' medieval architecture from deliberate destruction (often to build in newer styles). This was clearer in the French versions of various Wikipedia sites than in the English versions. Michel Laurin (talk) 11:17, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Reverting apparent vandalism re "thieves' quarter"
On 18:03, 19 March 2007, 66.35.162.19 changed "Book two. ... Gringoire wanders the streets and finds himself in the thieves' quarter" to "Gringoire wanders the streets and finds himself in the thieves' pursey." This was apparently simple vandalism and I'm reverting it. -- Writtenonsand 12:38, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

So how did she die?
Reading the plot, I still am unsure how Esmerelda died. Did she dash her head on a stone, or get hanged? The text is unclear unless you already know. Wrad 01:13, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

She was hanged. The police found her. In the struggle, and old lady hit her head and died. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yaminoeyes (talk • contribs) 04:40, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

la Sachette
Who is la Sachette? Th ename is brought up once in the summary for book 11 but that's it.
 * Her name has been standardized in the summary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Portia1780 (talk • contribs) 05:12, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Other Comments
I recently saw another ballet version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame on a DVD - Notre Dame de Paris - and this was by Opéra national de Paris, choreographed by Roland Petit and the composer was Maurice Jarre.Tuokkan (talk) 21:17, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Isn't the book called The Hunchback of Notre-Dame?

That's the English version. Many other countries exclude 'hunchback' from their titles. The German version translates to 'the bellringer of Notre Dame.'

More description is needed in the opening concerning the summarized plot and what it's all about.

Who keeps changing the plot summary to some big mess? First, Claude Frollo wasn't 'evil' and Quasimodo loved him as a father. Second, her name is Esmeralda, not La Esmeralda. Third, she was not nice to Quasimodo after he saved her from the gibbet. Fourth, Claude never told her 'love me or be hanged.' Fourth, a gravedigger did not find Esmeralda's remains, executioners looking for a body of a man they falsely killed found her remains. She had no grave.

It wasn't falsely killed, it was a body that the king allowed to be buried in a different cemetery. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.22.217.159 (talk) 22:24, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

I just read the Hunchback of Notre Dame yesterday and changed the plot summary around a little bit. You are correct about the inaccuracies of the original summary. Although, I wouldn't complain about it on the comment section, it's disrespectful to the ones who take the time to write it. If you think something is wrong with it, by all means, take the time out of your OWN day and edit it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cherokee1002 (talk • contribs) 22:44, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Who keeps adding in fake 2005 and 2009 adaptations, on both the novel's main page and the character pages? Neither of these adaptations exist. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Going fortheone (talk • contribs) 01:42, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Publish/Story Date Problem
How could The Hunchback of Notre-Dame take place 11 years after it was published? This being possible doesn't seem true.

Main Antagonist
So, who is the main antagonist? Claude or Phoebus? I know how the Disney film and source material are very different from one another, but Claude's page says he became the main antagonist, yet here it gives that role to Phoebus. Which is it? 24.187.168.103 (talk) 02:49, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Cut-and-paste/OR?
The large section on themes looks like a cut and paste job from an unreferenced source. That's indicated by the paragraph starting "In his classic novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame...," which is redundant. It was inserted in pieces Nov. 13-18 by 8 users all of whom have no other contributions except to this article, which suggests they're all the same person and were created for this purpose. However, by now the WP page has been replicated so much that there are no search engine hits for it. Any suggestions on what to do about this? If it's not copyvio, then it sounds like it was pasted from someone's term paper. Has anybody reviewed it for accuracy? KarlM (talk) 04:30, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

The book vs actual time period
Im trying to find examples in the book where the events in the book don't really match the time period and have been revised to make the book flow, but I'm having no luck. Has anyone noticed any situations in this book? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Llove11310 (talk • contribs) 23:27, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

Esmeralda and Frollo "human kindness"
The text had Esmeralda as being the only one "to show the hunchback a moment of human kindness". I changed this to "one of the few", because at least one other person, Claude Frollo, has showed moments of kindness much larger than the one Esmeralda had with Quasimodo. Frollo took the hunchback baby when he was rejected by all the others, including the gypsies who abandoned him. The character of Frollo is so kind with the hunchback in the begining that, in order to make him a proper villain, many adaptations of the novel omitted or adulterated this part of the story. Some might say that Frollo wasn't so kind with Quasimodo at the end, but neither was Esmeralda, who was actually ungreatful with all he did to her. 177.182.25.248 (talk) 03:40, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Gypsy?
There seems to be some disagreement re. Esmeralda's ethnicity so I'll open it up so folks can state their case. In the French text I have she is described as "l'égyptienne" (Egyptian), and my English text also says "Egyptian". Neither the words "gypsy" or "Romani" appear anywhere in either version. Mediatech492 (talk) 07:04, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

 * I realize I'm saying this eight years later, but I actually made an account just to fix this in the lead and now can't figure out how to do it. The English text on Project Gutenberg does use the term "gypsy." However, I also feel it would be significantly more appropriate if the lead used the correct name, Romani. The fact that she's referred to by a pejorative (which does actually come from "Egyptian," hence GYPsy) in the text should be noted, but there's no reason to be using it in the lead when it's recognized today as a slur. NinaEdits (talk) 18:38, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

"First novel to have beggars as protagonists"?
Nope. Wikipedia's own article on the Picaresque novel states that this distinction belongs to Lazarillo de Tormes, which, I believe is generally accepted.2601:648:8501:EF94:4196:51E4:A845:22D9 (talk) 20:51, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Quasimodo's death ... by starvation?
The plot synopsis of this novel says that Quasimodo died of starvation; is this specified in Hugo's original French? I've ready a couple of different English translations and neither of them says that. They say only that he was not hanged and therefore must have come to that grave of his own volition. But that alone doesn't mean he must have lain there until he literally starved. He might well have done something like ingest a fatal dose of poison. I would be bold and change the synopsis myself, but since I cannot read French, I'm concerned that perhaps Hugo's actual writing does say something that really does indicate starvation. 69.75.90.210 (talk) 03:12, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

 * In the last paragraph in the book it says that a skeleton is found, and implies from the condition and shape of the bones that it could have been Quasimodo; but does not state that it is. No cause of death is given, or even hinted at. Mediatech492 (talk) 06:48, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

I read 'Hunchback of Notre Dame' a while back and I thought he was found inside one of those hanging cages. Correct me if you think I'm wrong.-Thanks Ooh Saad (talk) 09:12, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Satire? Rmance?
I would think 'The Hunchback of Notre-Dame' would be more of a satire or romance rather than a 'gothic' novel? Great article by the way! Ooh Saad (talk) 09:15, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Lead
@MCarlos I think ur newest revision needs improving cos it is vague and doesn't say what the book is about Stephanie921 (talk) 14:52, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I think the people wanting a deep-dive about the book plot and themes can read the plot section of the page, the rest of the page is extremely rich in information about the book, including the major themes.
 * plus, a summary of the book should not be a full blown spoilers, the new introduction actually tells you what the book is about, the focus characters and antagonist, impossible love and marginalization, if someone reading the page needs more information about themes and the plot of the book, they will read beyond the first 5 lines of the introduction. I don't think we should consider readers to be "dumb" that need to be spoon-fed everything.
 * plus, I'm keeping the introduction style of all other pages for Victor Hugo works MCarlos (talk) 15:21, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think it was a deepdive. It just says the setup of the story. It didn't have spoilers. Take The Godfather summary:

 * "The story, spanning from 1945 to 1955, chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando), focusing on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone (Pacino), from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss."

 * This is basic info about the narrative. It doesn't explore this further, cos the body does that. The Hunchback summary doesn't say how Esmeralda and Quasimodo fall in love and it doesn't say how Quasimodo's feelings change to Frollo. This is standard practice. Your introduction just tells me the characters and is in my view vaguely worded. I never said I consider anyone to be dumb, and I don't know why you put that in speechmarks. Stephanie921 (talk) 15:40, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * if you wish we can put both introductions up for debate in the Novels wikiproject and maybe ask for a second opinion and consensus, since being mature and honest, this will be a mine opinion vs. your opinion war and extremely pointless
 * just put both to debate and let other people decide whichever sounds better in a matter of style
 * plus, I don't know why you are referencing the godfather instead of another Victor Hugo work, for example Les Miserables
 * "Examining the nature of law and grace, the novel elaborates upon the history of France, the architecture and urban design of Paris, politics, moral philosophy, antimonarchism, justice, religion, and the types and nature of romantic and familial love."
 * it doesn't mention anything about Valjean imprisonment or the moral pressure Javert imposes on him. It just gives you a taste of the major themes of the book MCarlos (talk) 15:58, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * What did u mean by "since being mature and honest, this will be a mine opinion vs. your opinion war and extremely pointless". And why it does it matter which one I use? An artwork is an artwork. And Lés Miserables article is an exception, most artwork articles are not like that Stephanie921 (talk) 16:01, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ok, from other Victor Hugo works
 * Ninety-Three
 * "three years after the bloody upheaval of the Paris Commune that resulted out of popular reaction the failure of Napoleon III to win the Franco-Prussian War, the novel concerns the Revolt in the Vendée and Chouannerie – the counter-revolutionary revolts in 1793 during the French Revolution."
 * The Man Who Laughs
 * " It takes place in England beginning in 1690 and extends into the early 18th century reign of Queen Anne. It depicts England's royalty and aristocracy of the time as cruel and power-hungry. Hugo intended parallels with the France of Louis-Philippe and the Régence."
 * and so on and so on, seems to be a very common exception, I'll create the discussion in the WikiProject Novels and tag you there and we can settle this, because we are on different pages with this and I prefer the peer opinion and consensus over a black-white discussion MCarlos (talk) 16:13, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Okay ty. But in my view those descriptions are in more in line with The Godfather description than the Les Misérables one. Like they detail the basic narrative like I wanted, I don't understand why you think they're similar to ur Hunchback description? Stephanie921 (talk) 16:26, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry but I won't say it's valid to say you edited something the way you wanted, since you don't own the page, please don't take offense in that, but you should not be editing pages based on your personal view or want.
 * that aside, because they point the major global topics of the novel over the specific, the new descriptions tells you, it's a renaissance setting in France, it's about impossible love, and marginalized groups; it covers location, theme and what the author wanted to highlight, it's about theme versus plot opinion, the old introduction read as if I asked somebody their take on the book, more than the book itself.
 * different people can take different takes on the book, I can say that the story is about Frollo trying to kill all the Romani because Esmeralda rejected him. I believe, it's better to leave the major topic neutral and let the readers create their own opinion about the book, and saying the book is about impossible love and marginalized groups in 15th century Paris is not a factually wrong and it's open enough for anyone that read or is planning on reading the book to get a head start, and if you are a person searching the wikipedia page because you don't want to read the book, the plot section is a good summary.
 * compared with other examples:
 * Les Miserables, you have the location, theme and what the author wanted to highlight/criticize, etc MCarlos (talk) 17:20, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I didn't say that I own the page. I edited the page to my want and u edited it to your want. Neither of us did it to our personal view, we're both trying to be constructive Stephanie921 (talk) 17:42, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

, I am glad the words "ableist" and "genocide" were deleted from the lead. They are not used in the article, and are so far from the meaning of the author in this novel that neither word belongs in the lead. The version of the lead here is a concise lead for this major novel of French literature. Keep in mind that the lead is meant to highlight what is written in the article; it is not an introduction to the topic nor a "blurb" to advertise it nor the lede used in news articles to give the essentials quickly for a reader. The article correctly states that Hugo wanted to stir interest in Gothic architecture with his novel. In the article in French Wikipedia, the lead is even shorter, and it remarks that the cathedral is a principal location of the novel. -- Prairieplant (talk) 04:32, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame


text:
British Columbia Highway 39

Highway 39 is a minor 29 km (19 mi) long spur route in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George. It runs from a point on the John Hart Highway just north of Tudyah Lake northwest to the town of Mackenzie, near the southern arm of Williston Lake. Highway 39 and the town of Mackenzie were both built in the 1960s as a measure of support for workers on the construction project of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam (which is not on the same arm of Williston Lake as Mackenzie). The road did not gain its '39' designation until 1975.

title: British Columbia Highway 39


text:
Zero Hour (Star Trek: Enterprise)

"Zero Hour" is the twenty-forth and season finale episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise, the seventy-seventh episode overall. It first aired on May 26, 2004, on the UPN network within the United States. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship, Enterprise, registration NX-01. Season three features an ongoing story following an attack on Earth by previously unknown aliens called the Xindi.

In this episode, Sub-Commander T'Pol leads the Enterprise on an attack on Sphere 41 in an attempt to destroy the sphere network within the Delphic Expanse. Meanwhile, a team led by Captain Jonathan Archer has infiltrated the Xindi super-weapon while it is en route to Earth. Both the spheres and the weapon are destroyed, but Archer is lost, presumed dead. Enterprise returns to Earth but the crew suddenly find that they have been sent back in time to a very different Second World War.

The episode was written by series co-creators Rick Berman and Brannon Braga and was directed by Allan Kroeker. It took eight days to film and included two competition winners and a larger guest cast than normal. The twist at the end of "Zero Hour" was originally conceived by the writers as a joke, but was developed over the course of the third season to become the concept of "alien Nazis". This twist was further explained and resolved in the season four two-part opener "Storm Front". Roughly 3.91 million viewers watched "Zero Hour" on first broadcast.

Plot
Sub-Commander T'Pol orders Enterprise to Sphere 41, a critical Sphere, in an attempt to destroy the entire sphere network. They arrive to find that the Sphere Builders have created a distortion field around it. Doctor Phlox determines that 12–15 minutes exposure will kill the crew. Undeterred, T'Pol and Commander Tucker deduce a modification to the deflector dish that can be used to destroy the sphere. As they approach, two Guardians arrive and begin damaging the ship's systems, but they cannot prevent the sphere's destruction. It implodes, setting off a chain reaction that destroys the rest of the spheres, ending all spatial anomalies in the Delphic Expanse.

Meanwhile, Captain Archer, accompanied by Lieutenant Reed, Ensign Sato, and a team of MACOs, enters the vortex created by the Xindi super-weapon. During the pursuit, a recovering Sato is pushed by Archer to decipher Degra's schematics. Archer is suddenly pulled into the future by Temporal Agent Daniels, this time to the founding of the United Federation of Planets, but Archer is again uninterested. Arriving near Earth, Archer receives an unexpected transmission from Commander Shran, who engages and then destroys the Xindi-Reptilian ship. In the chaos, Archer and his team are able to beam aboard the weapon. A fierce fire-fight ensues, and as Archer and Sato try to disable the weapon, Commander Dolim attempts to stop them. Archer kills him and the weapon is destroyed.

Sato and Reed return to Enterprise and report to T'pol that Archer did not make it off the weapon. Ferried on an Xindi-Aquatic ship, Enterprise arrives back at Earth, but they are unable to contact Starfleet. T'Pol orders Tucker and Ensign Mayweather to fly a shuttlepod down to San Francisco, where they are attacked by what seem to be P-51s. In a World War II German field-hospital, a doctor summons some SS officers to examine the unfamiliar uniform of a burn patient. The patient is revealed as Archer and one of the SS personnel steps out of the shadows, showing himself to be a gray-skinned alien.

Writing and story
"Zero Hour" was the culmination of a season-long story arc first introduced by the events of "The Expanse", wherein an alien race called the Xindi attacks Earth and kills seven million people. During the course of the third season, the Enterprise went into the previously unexplored Delphic Expanse to search for the Xindi and to prevent a further attack which will destroy Earth. Executive producer and writer Brannon Braga felt that the end of the season in a three-part arc composed of "The Council", "Countdown" and "Zero Hour", which he compared to three acts of the same story. The episode was written by Braga alongside Rick Berman. The duo were the co-creators of Star Trek: Enterprise.

The idea that Enterprise would be successful in its mission was planned from the start of the development of the year-long story. However, the producers and writing team would joke that there would be a "bizarre twist" such as the crew returning to Earth and discovering that it was now ruled by giant cockroaches. The writers decided against a Xindi-based cliffhanger and sought an unusual twist. Braga said that "I can't remember who said 'Nazis,' but we just somehow ended up with Nazis. Then that didn't even feel like enough, so we decided to make them alien Nazis." He expected it would make the returning episode in season four "really interesting", and wanted to end the series on something "wacky". Most of the cast were not given the final few pages of the script until they were already in production. Actor Dominic Keating, who portrays Malcolm Reed on Enterprise, called the ending a "lovely twist... that just makes you scratch your head and wonder at what you've just seen." The twist was wrapped up at the start of season four with the two-part episode "Storm Front".

It was the third time that Nazis had appeared in the Star Trek franchise. The first was in the episode "Patterns of Force" in Star Trek: The Original Series, and then again on the holodeck on Star Trek: Voyager in the two-part "The Killing Game". In the episode, T'Pol states that "Zero Hour" takes place in 2152, a statement which contradicts other episodes. Manny Coto, executive producer and show runner for the following season, explained that this was a mistake in the script. It was later stated in the timeline published in Voyages of Imagination by Jeff Ayers that the events of "Zero Hour" took place on February 14, 2154, a day after the setting of the episode "Countdown".

Direction, filming and guest stars
Allan Kroeker directed the episode. He had previously directed the season two closing episode "The Expanse", and the first episode of season three, "The Xindi". Previously in the franchise, he had directed the finale of both Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. Production began on March 5 and was completed eight working days later. Because there was no ability to shoot scenes using a second unit during the production of a following episode, ten pages of script were shot on the final day of filming instead of the normal seven or eight. "Zero Hour" was the final episode of Enterprise to be shot on film stock, as for the following season, the decision was made to switch to high-definition digital video.

Scott Bakula stated in an interview on The Wayne Brady Show that there were three endings to the episode filmed. This was later denied by Dominic Keating while on stage at Creation Entertainment's Grand Slam event in Pasadena in March 2004. He did clarify that the script for the final scene was delivered to his house in three envelopes, accompanied by a security guard with a dog. Bakula explained later during an online chat for the official Star Trek website that only one ending was ever filmed.

"Zero Hour" featured a guest and stunt cast larger than usual for episodes of Enterprise. For the final day of filming, there were 35 extras on set. The additional actors appearing in "Zero Hour" included J. Paul Boehmer, who portrayed an SS agent at the end of the episode. Boehmer had appeared several times previous in the Star Trek franchise, and his first part ever as an actor was as a holographic Nazi Captain in the Voyager episode "The Killing Game". He had also previously appeared in Enterprise as the Vulcan Mestral in the episode "Carbon Creek". Boehmer returned to reprise his role from "Zero Hour" during the two-part "Storm Front" in season four. Boehmer noted that the episode was filmed with a higher than normal level of secrecy, as it was the first time he did not receive a complete script and was only given his specific pages, which included warnings not to disclose anything about the episode.

In addition to the actors appearing on the episode, two members of the public made walk on appearances as Starfleet crewmen on the engineering set. These were Amy Ulen, who had won the prize on KZOK-FM. She was a high school English and drama teacher. Joining her was DJ Bob Rivers from the Seattle-based UPN affiliate radio station. Also appearing was Brian D'Arcy who gained his role through a charity auction held by Wired magazine to benefit the Starbright Foundation. Ulen would later have a cameo in the fan production Star Trek: Of Gods and Men.

Broadcast
"Zero Hour" was first broadcast on May 26, 2004, on the UPN network within the United States. It was watched by 3.91 million viewers. It received a Nielsen rating of 2.5/4 percent, which meant that it was seen by 2.5 percent of all households, and 4 percent of all households watching television at the time of the broadcast. "Zero Hour" placed UPN in fifth place in the ratings during the timeslot. The episode was first broadcast in the UK later that year on June 7, on Sky One.

Prior to the broadcast of the finale of season three, there were rumors that the series was going to be cancelled. UPN decided to renew the series, but moved it for season four to Friday nights, and so "Zero Hour" was the final episode of Enterprise to be broadcast on a Wednesday evening.

Critical response
Michelle Erica Green, in her review for TrekNation, found the ending of the episode amusing, describing it as an "insane left hook of a cliffhanger". She praised the character development elsewhere in the episode, but kept returning to what she described as "EVIL ALIEN NAZIS". Jamahl Epsicokhan, at his website Jammer's Reviews, gave the episode two and a half out of four stars. He said that the episode featured several science fiction clichés, such as having the Xindi weapon destroyed in Earth's orbit. He said that the final scene of the episode was the "Ultimate WTF ending" and compared it to the "jarring" finale of Tim Burton's version of the film Planet of the Apes. IGN gave the episode 1.5 out of 5, and said "while parts of the episode had flashes of what the series should be, it was still as big a mess as the rest of Season 3." They criticized the ending of a season long plot arc with a cliffhanger.

WhatCulture ranked this episode the 12th worst episode of the Star Trek franchise.

James Gray writing for The Digital Fix was positive about the episode, concluding that it was a "satisfyingly action-packed climax to the season". The Digital Fix said that this episode, and preceding "Countdown", were "an exciting end to an ambitious season."

Awards
Michael Westmore, make-up supervisor on Enterprise, was nominated for Outstanding Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Prosthetic) at the 2004 Emmy Awards for his work on "Zero Hour". The award instead went to James McKinnon for his work on an episode of Nip/Tuck.

Home media release
The first home media release of "Zero Hour" was as part of the season three DVD box set, released in the United States on September 27, 2005. The Blu-ray release of Enterprise was announced in early 2013, and season three was released on January 7, 2014. The Blu-Ray has a surround sound 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio track for English, as well as German, French, and Japanese audio tracks. Jay Chattaway's music for the episode was released as part of the four disc Star Trek: Enterprise Collection on December 2, 2014, including the orchestral pieces "Sphere Builder On Board / Andorian Offensive / Sphere / Final Showdown" and "My Captain".

title: Zero Hour (Star Trek: Enterprise)


text: User talk:202.138.141.110

title: User talk:202.138.141.110


text:
Girolamo Mei

Girolamo Mei (27 May 1519 – July 1594) was an Italian historian and humanist, famous in music history for providing the intellectual impetus to the Florentine Camerata, which attempted to revive ancient Greek music drama. He was born in Florence, and died in Rome and also used the pseudonym Decimo Corinella da Peretola.

Mei was the first European after Boethius to do a detailed study of ancient Greek music theory. He compiled his findings in a major treatise, De modis musicis antiquorum (not formally published, but written 1568 to 1573). Many of his findings he communicated to Vincenzo Galilei through an extensive correspondence; this information was decisive in the formation of the new musical style which was developing in Florence at the end of the 16th century, the new recitative style (stile recitativo) from which developed monody, the first music dramas, and eventually opera. Galilei and the others in the Florentine Camerata were determined to revive the musical style of ancient Greek drama, and while they may have been mistaken, ultimately, in how it was actually performed, they began, using ideas from Mei, one of the greatest revolutions in music history.

Mei also edited and annotated the tragedies of Aeschylus and Euripides, as well as many other works by classical writers.

References and further reading

 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4

title: Girolamo Mei


text:
Hugh McCulloch

Hugh McCulloch (December 7, 1808 – May 24, 1895) was an American financier who played a central role in financing the American Civil War. He served two non-consecutive terms as U.S. Treasury Secretary under three presidents. He was originally opposed to the creation of a system of national banks, but his reputation as head of the Bank of Indiana from 1857 to 1863 persuaded the Treasury to bring him in to supervise the new system as Comptroller of the Currency 1863–1865. As Secretary of the Treasury 1865–1869 he reduced and funded the gigantic Civil War debt of the union, and reestablished the federal taxation system across the former Confederate States of America. He tried but failed to make a rapid return to the gold standard.

He was the last surviving member of the Lincoln Cabinet.

Early life
Born in Kennebunk, Maine, he was the son of Hugh McCulloch Sr., one of the largest shipbuilders in New England, and Abial Perkins. He was educated at Thornton Academy in Saco, Maine, and attended Bowdoin College for two years, leaving due to ill health. He taught school, then studied law in Boston, and in 1833 began practicing law at Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was cashier and manager of the Fort Wayne branch of the state chartered Bank of Indiana and president of the larger organization from 1835 to 1857, and president of its successor, the privately owned Bank of Indiana, from 1857 to 1863. Despite his early opposition to the National Banking Act of 1862, he was selected by Salmon P. Chase to be the first Comptroller of the Currency in 1863. During McCulloch's 22 months in office, 868 national banks were chartered and no failures occurred. As the first Comptroller, McCulloch recommended major changes in the banking law and the resulting National Banking Act of 1864 remains the foundation of the national banking system.

Bank of Indiana
McCulloch began his banking career as the President of the Bank of Indiana. In 1833 the bank was established in response to the closure of the Second Bank of the United States. Indiana was still a wilderness and no eastern bank was willing to take charge of the fledgling state bank. McCulloch was one of the few prominent businessmen in the young state, and although he had no banking experience, he was appointed because he was the most qualified person willing to take the position.

He ran the bank with great efficiency making it one of the most stable in the nation. He remained president until the bank was closed in 1859 and the bank's notes were exchanged for federal notes from the new national bank. He then went on to become president of the Second Bank of Indiana, where he remained until 1865.

Government career

A day or two after Lincoln's second inauguration, Abraham Lincoln convoked him in his office at the White House to have a talk with him, and was offered the position of Treasury Secretary, which he didn't expect and didn't want at first. On March 9, 1865, he was appointed as the 27th Secretary of the Treasury by President Abraham Lincoln. His appointment was largely due to his influence with existing state banks. McCulloch later remarked that on the morning of Lincoln's assassination, "I never saw Mr. Lincoln so cheerful and happy...The burden which had been weighing upon him for four long years, and which he had borne with heroic fortitude, had been lifted; the war had been practically ended; the Union was safe."

McCulloch was also with him on his death bed until his last moments. As he was about to leave the White House, Abraham Lincoln took him by the hand and said : "We must look to you, Mr. Secretary, for the money to pay off the soldiers", to which he replied: "I shall look to the people... they have not failed us thus far, and I don't think they will now". A few hours later, he saw the president becoming unconscious and saw him dying. The death bed scene was immortalized in number of paintings afterwards. He continued where it had been left by Mr. Lincoln, and served in the Presidential Cabinet of Andrew Johnson until the close of his administration in 1869.

Immediately confronted with inflation caused by the government's wartime issue of greenbacks, he recommended their retirement and a return to the gold standard. In McCulloch's first annual report, issued on December 4, 1865, he strongly urged the retirement of the legal tenders or greenbacks as a preliminary to the resumption of specie payments. However this would have reduced the supply of currency and was unpopular during the period of postwar reconstruction and westward expansion.

In accordance with this suggestion an act was passed, on March 12, 1866, authorizing the retirement of not more than $10,000,000 in six months and not more than $4,000,000 per month thereafter. This act met with strong opposition and was repealed on the February 4, 1868, after only $48,000,000 had been retired. The battle over its revival raged for the next fifty years. McCulloch was also disappointed by the decision of the United States Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality of the legal tenders.

During his tenure, McCulloch maintained a policy of reducing the federal war debt and the careful reintroduction of federal taxation in the South.

Soon after the close of his term of office McCulloch went to England, and spent six years (1870–1876) as a partner and member of the banking firm of Jay Cooke, McCulloch & Co. Their firm received from the Secretary of the Navy, George M. Robeson, the contract for the deposits made in London for the payment of naval officers abroad, with most partners being close friends of General Grant. His partner, Jay Cooke, was the chief financier of Lincoln's Union Army, and was the proprietor of America's premier banking house before his fall.

From October 1884 until the close of President Chester A. Arthur's term of office in March 1885, McCulloch again served as Secretary of the Treasury. During his six months in office at that time, he continued his fight for currency backed by gold, warning that the coinage of silver, used by then as backing for currency, should be halted.

After his death, McCulloch's portrait was used on several issues of $20 U.S. national bank notes (specifically the 1902 series).

Reconstruction finance
The Civil War had been financed primarily by issuing short-term and long-term bonds and loans, plus inflation caused by printing paper money, plus new taxes. Wholesale prices had more than doubled, and reduction of inflation was a priority for Secretary McCulloch. A high priority, and by far the most controversial, was the currency question. The old paper currency issued by state banks had been withdrawn, and Confederate currency was worthless. The national banks had issued $207 million in currency, which was backed by gold and silver. The federal treasury had issued $428 million in greenbacks, which was legal tender but not backed by gold or silver. In addition about $275 million of coin was in circulation.

The new administration policy announced in October would be to make all the paper convertible into specie, if Congress so voted. The House of Representatives passed the Alley Resolution on December 18, 1865, by vote of 144 to 6. In the Senate it was a different matter, for the key player was Senator John Sherman, who said that inflation contraction was not nearly as important as refunding the short-term and long-term national debt. the war had been largely financed by national debt, in addition to taxation and inflation. The national debt stood at $2.8 billion. By October 1865, most of it in short term and temporary loans. Wall Street bankers typified by Jay Cooke believe that the economy was about to grow rapidly, thanks to the development of agriculture through the Homestead Act, the expansion of railroads, especially rebuilding the devastated Southern railroads and n opening the transcontinental line to the West Coast, and especially the flourishing of manufacturing during the war.

The goal premium over greenbacks was hundred and $145 in greenbacks to $100 in gold, and the optimists thought that they heavy demand for currency in an era of prosperity would return the ratio to 100. A compromise was reached in April 1866, that limited the treasury to a currency contraction of only $10 million over six months. Meanwhile, the Senate refunded the entire national debt, but the House failed to act. By early 1867, postwar prosperity was a reality, and the optimists wanted an end to contraction, which Congress ordered in January 1868. Meanwhile, the Treasury issued new bonds at a lower interest rate to refinance the redemption of short-term debt. while the old state bank notes were disappearing from circulation, new national bank notes, backed by species, were expanding. By 1868 inflation was minimal.

Personal

McCulloch's first marriage, to Eunice Hardy, ended when she died young. His second marriage was to Susan Man, a schoolteacher, whom he met in Fort Wayne in 1836 when he was a young widower. Susan was the aunt of Albon P. Man, cofounder with William E. Sawyer of the Electro-Dynamic Light Company, competitors of Thomas Edison. Hugh McCulloch was an early investor in the company with James Powell Kernochan. The couple had six children. One of his daughter, Marie Louise, married to John B. Yale, son of Linus Yale Jr., and brother of Julian L. Yale, members of the Yale family.

He died at his home, Holly Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland, near Washington, D.C., in 1895 and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in D.C. His wife, Susan McCulloch, died at the residence of her son-in-law, John B. Yale, in 1898. Her great uncle was Naphtali Daggett, President of Yale College, and her family members included Gen. Moores, Gen. Melanchton Woolsey, Congressman and Senator Jonas Platt, and Alida Livingston, member of the Schuyler and Livingston family.

McCulloch was also a millionaire of 1892, and was featured in the book of American Millionaires of that year.

Legacy

According to economic historian Allan Peskin, McCulloch's career exemplifies the Western pioneer as banker, and also the banker as a Christian moralist. He was well-educated but had no business or banking experience. His honesty proved an essential asset in the age of rascality and dubious paper money. His greatest challenges came in building the brand-new national banking system during the war, and afterwards refinancing the enormous Union debt. The Confederate debt was repudiated and never repaid.

The biggest puzzle was dealing with $428 million in greenbacks, in an age where McCulloch like all orthodox economists, rejected paper money. His remedy was a rapid return to specie payment using gold and silver and retiring the greenbacks. This contraction policy removed money from circulation, lowered prices, wages and profits, and put heavy pressures on debtors. The Republican Party, however, backed McCulloch's program, and his years at Treasury were highly prosperous. He left the government in 1869 to become a very rich international financier.

McCulloch Hall, a residence hall at Harvard Business School, was named in his honor.

The U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and its successor, the U.S. Coast Guard, each named cutters after McCulloch. The Revenue Cutter USS McCulloch served under George Dewey in the Battle of Manila during the Spanish–American War, and Coast Guard Cutter McCulloch served in World War II and the Vietnam War.

The chief authority for the life of McCulloch is his own book, Men and Measures of Half a Century (New York, 1888). McCulloch was the last surviving member of the Lincoln Cabinet.

His house at Fort Wayne, the Hugh McCulloch House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

title: Hugh McCulloch


text:
Cross of Sitio Torril

The Cross of Sitio Torril is probably the oldest religious relic in the town of Meycauayan, Bulacan in the Philippines. It is crafted in the late Baroque style and is dated by Philippine church history expert Regalado Trota Jose at around the late 17th century. Although it may be the oldest church relic found in Meycauayan, it is doubtful that it came from the parish founders Diego de Oropesa and Juan Plasencia.

The cross was erected by Franciscans. It was re-discovered by three members of the St. Francis parish's Committee on Church Cultural Heritage in the year 2001. The cross was in the custody of the late Fidel Amparo of Barangay Bahay Pari, whose house is near the site of what is believed to be the original site of the first parish church and/or the first town center. Upon his death, the cross has been turned over to the barrio chapel. The cross is loaned every year to the parish church of St. Francis of Assisi on its feast day of October 4.

The cross is on Bahay Pari Chapel (Sitio Toril) and loaned every 3rd week of September to Meycauayan Church sign that the feast is near called (LAKBAYAN).

title: Cross of Sitio Torril


text:
Canisteo River

The Canisteo River is a 61.0 mi tributary of the Tioga River in western New York in the United States. It drains a dissected plateau, a portion of the northern Allegheny Plateau southwest of the Finger Lakes region, in the far northwestern reaches of the watershed of the Susquehanna River.

It rises in the hills of northern Allegany County, New York approximately 15 mi southwest of Dansville, New York. It flows east into northern Steuben County, New York, then generally southeast past Hornell, New York and Canisteo, New York. It joins the Tioga from the west in southeastern Steuben County, approximately 10 mi north of the Pennsylvania state line and 5 mi southwest of Corning, New York.

The origin of the name of the river is obscure, likely from the Algonquian languages subfamily of American indigenous languages meaning either "pickerel" or "head of water".

History
The Canisteo River empties via the Tioga into the Chemung River, and it into the Susquehanna River. This allowed goods transported on the Canisteo River to reach the Atlantic via the ports of Havre de Grace and Perryville, Maryland, midway between Baltimore and Philadelphia. Prior to the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, this was western New York State's most direct route for products going to market. As on other rivers in the Susquehanna basin, transportation on the Canisteo before the middle of the 19th century was often accomplished by arks up to 75 ft long. Arkport, New York, on the Canisteo River, was the highest navigable point in the Susquehanna watershed.

Since the upper headwaters went through virgin forest, an early timber industry developed. Logs were floated down the river after being cut. Livestock and crops soon followed. In the floods of 1936, the river overflowed and inundated parts of the Canisteo and Hornell, leading to the construction of flood control systems in both communities. The only flooding since then was from Hurricane Agnes of 1972, in which the river destroyed the Erie Railroad line south of Hornell and New York Route 36 between Canisteo and Hornell, which was rebuilt further from the river.

title: Canisteo River


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Mensch

Mensch (מענטש, mentsh, from Middle High German Mensch, from Old High German mennisco; akin to Old English human being, man) means "a person of integrity and honor".

According to Leo Rosten, a mensch is "someone to admire and emulate, someone of noble character. The key to being 'a real mensch' is nothing less than character, rectitude, dignity, a sense of what is right, responsible, decorous." The term is used as a high compliment, implying the rarity and value of that individual's qualities.

Overview
In Yiddish, mentsh roughly means "a good person". The word has migrated as a loanword into American English, where a mensch is a particularly good person, similar to a "stand-up guy", a person with the qualities one would hope for in a friend or trusted colleague. Mentshlekhkeyt (מענטשלעכקייט; Menschlichkeit) refers to the properties which make a person a mensch.

During the Age of Enlightenment, in Germany the term Humanität, in the philosophical sense of compassion, was used in Humanism to describe what characterizes a better human being. The concept goes back to Cicero's humanitas, which was literally translated as Menschlichkeit in German, from which the Yiddish word mentsh derives..

The word Mensch and the underlying concept have had an impact on popular culture. For example, the "Mensch on a Bench" is a Hanukkah-themed book and doll set. A life-size version of the doll has been adopted by Team Israel at the World Baseball Classic as their mascot. According to pitcher Gabe Cramer, "The Mensch is a great way to have fun in the dugout while reminding us of why we're here and who we're representing."

title: Mensch


text:
Belleville Bulls

The Belleville Bulls were a junior ice hockey team, founded in 1981 and based in Belleville, Ontario. The team played in the Eastern Division of the Eastern Conference of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). The team relocated to Hamilton, Ontario, at the end of the 2014–15 OHL season.

History
The Belleville Bulls started in 1979 as a Junior Tier II team in the OHA. In their second season in 1980–81, the Bulls won the Tier II title, defeating the Guelph Platers in the league finals. The Bulls then competed in the national championship for the Manitoba Centennial Trophy hosted in Halifax, Nova Scotia losing in the finals to the Prince Albert Raiders.

On February 2, 1981, the OHL granted an expansion franchise to the city of Belleville and the ownership group of Dr. Robert L. Vaughan & Bob Dolan. Dr. Robert L. Vaughan remained an owner/co-owner of the team for over 20 years until he sold the team in 2004 to Gord Simmonds. Dr. Vaughan was awarded the Bill Long award in 1993 for distinguished service to the OHL.

In 1983, Belleville hosted the OHL All-Star Game, known then as the OHL Chrysler Cup.

The Bulls reached the OHL finals in 1986 versus a familiar foe from their Tier II days, the Guelph Platers. The Platers won the series in 6 games. In 1995 and 1996, the Bulls lost in the semi-finals to the Guelph Storm.

The 1999 season would be one for the memories when the Belleville Bulls would win it all. The Bulls defeated the London Knights 9–2 in game seven of the OHL championship series at the Yardmen Arena to win their first J. Ross Robertson Cup.

The Bulls competed in the 1999 Memorial Cup, hosted in Ottawa versus the Calgary Hitmen, Acadie–Bathurst Titan and Ottawa 67's. Belleville finished third, losing to Ottawa 4–2 in the semifinal.

In the 2005–06 season, the Belleville Bulls celebrated their 25th anniversary in the OHL. The team also hosted the annual OHL All-Star game for the second time, on February 1, 2006. The Bulls set a season-best record of 102 points earned during the 2007–08 regular season.

In 2007–08, the Bulls made a trip to the Memorial Cup by virtue of Kitchener winning the Western Conference, and being the host, Belleville would get in as the OHL representative. The Bulls would lose the semi-final game 9–0 against the hosting team, the Kitchener Rangers, who would eventually lose to the Spokane Chiefs in the championship game.

On March 12, 2015, Michael Andlauer announced that he had acquired the Belleville Bulls and that they would move to Hamilton's FirstOntario Centre for the 2015–16 season to become the Hamilton Bulldogs. The Hamilton Bulldogs, an American Hockey League franchise, was concurrently sold to the Montreal Canadiens and moved to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, for the 2015–16 season as the St. John's IceCaps (the True North Sports and Entertainment-owned IceCaps, which was affiliated with the Winnipeg Jets, moved back to Winnipeg to become the Manitoba Moose).

Championships
Leyden Trophy East Division Regular Season Champions
 * 2000–2001
 * 2001–2002
 * 2006–2007
 * 2007–2008
 * 2008–2009
 * 2012–2013

Bobby Orr Trophy Eastern Conference Champions
 * 1998–1999
 * 2007–2008

J. Ross Robertson Cup Championships: 1999
 * 1985–1986 — Lost to Guelph Platers in OHL Final
 * 1998–1999 — OHL Champions vs. London Knights
 * 2007–2008 — Lost to Kitchener Rangers in OHL Final

Memorial Cup Appearances: 2
 * 1999 OHL representative in Ottawa, Ontario
 * 2008 OHL representative in Kitchener, Ontario

Coaches
Larry Mavety coached the Belleville Bulls for 14 seasons. He is third only to Brian Kilrea and Dale Hunter for amount of time coached with an OHL team.

Lou Crawford was groomed by Mavety to replace him behind the Bulls' bench. Lou Crawford is the brother of former NHL head coach Marc Crawford, who was also the head coach of the St. John's Maple Leafs (now the Toronto Marlies) in the American Hockey League, which played in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Their father, Floyd Crawford, was team captain of the 1959 World Champion Belleville McFarlands.

Former head coaches Lou Crawford and Shawn MacKenzie both had brief NHL careers. George Burnett briefly coached with the Edmonton Oilers. James Boyd is the only former Bulls player to later coach the Belleville team.

(Multiple years in parentheses)
 * List of head coaches

Retired numbers

 * # 15 — Dunc MacIntyre

NHL alumni

 * Steve Bancroft
 * Matt Beleskey
 * Radim Bicanek
 * Craig Billington
 * Evan Brophey
 * Kevin Brown
 * Sean Brown
 * Brian Chapman
 * Jonathan Cheechoo
 * Tony Cimellaro
 * David Clarkson
 * Daniel Cleary
 * Brandon Convery
 * Craig Coxe
 * Troy Crowder
 * Andre Deveaux
 * Doug Doull
 * Stan Drulia
 * Brendan Gaunce
 * Doug Gilmour
 * Tyler Graovac
 * Dan Gratton
 * Brent Gretzky
 * Philipp Grubauer
 * David Haas
 * Mike Hartman
 * Todd Hawkins
 * Bryan Helmer
 * Al Iafrate
 * Jason Lafreniere
 * Shawn Lalonde
 * Kevin MacDonald
 * Bryan Marchment
 * Brandon Mashinter
 * Shawn Matthias
 * Darren McCarty
 * Cody McCormick
 * Chris McRae
 * Marty McSorley
 * Branislav Mezei
 * Craig Mills
 * Mike Murphy
 * Jan Mursak
 * Kris Newbury
 * Nick Palmieri
 * Darren Pang
 * Richard Panik
 * Justin Papineau
 * Richard Park
 * Adam Payerl
 * Rob Pearson
 * Matt Pelech
 * John Purves
 * Alan Quine
 * Dan Quinn
 * Branko Radivojevic
 * Ryan Ready
 * Keith Redmond
 * Nathan Robinson
 * Jarrod Skalde
 * Jason Spezza
 * Matt Stajan
 * Malcolm Subban
 * P. K. Subban
 * Eric Tangradi
 * Scott Thornton
 * Nikos Tselios
 * Mike Vellucci
 * Kyle Wellwood
 * Derek Wilkinson
 * Darryl Williams

 * Source

Regular season
Legend: OL = Overtime loss, SL = Shootout Loss

Playoffs
Defeated North Bay Trappers 4 games to 0 in semi-final Defeated Guelph Platers 4 games to 1 in final to win OPJHL Championship Defeated Onaping Falls Huskies (NOJHL) for OHA Championship 3 games to 0. Defeated Thunder Bay Kings (TBJHL) 4 games to 1 in Central Canada semi-final Defeated Gloucester Rangers (CJHL) 4 games to 3 in Central Canada final to win Dudley Hewitt Cup Finished 2nd in Centennial Cup Round Robin. Lost National final 6-2 to Prince Albert Raiders (SJHL). Defeated Cornwall Royals 6 points to 2 in quarter-finals. Lost to Peterborough Petes 9 points to 1 in semi-finals. Tied for first in round robin with Peterborough Petes versus Kingston Canadians. Defeated Peterborough Petes 9 points to 7 in semi-finals. Lost to Guelph Platers 8 points to 4 in finals. Lost to Peterborough Petes 4 games to 0 in quarter-finals. Lost to North Bay Centennials 4 games to 2 in division semi-finals. Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 2 in quarter-finals. Lost to Guelph Storm 4 games to 0 in semi-finals. Defeated Ottawa 67's 4 games to 0 in quarter-finals. Lost to Guelph Storm 4 games to 1 in semi-finals. Lost to Plymouth Whalers 4 games to 2 in quarter-finals. Defeated Ottawa 67's 4 games to 1 in conference semi-finals. Defeated Oshawa Generals 4 games to 1 in conference finals. Defeated London Knights 4 games to 3 in finals. OHL CHAMPIONS. Finished 3rd in Memorial Cup round-robin. Lost to Ottawa 67's in semi-finals. Defeated Ottawa 67's 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Barrie Colts 4 games to 1 in conference finals. Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Barrie Colts 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals. Defeated Oshawa Generals 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 2 in conference finals. Defeated Barrie Colts 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals. Defeated Oshawa Generals 4 games to 1 in conference finals. Lost to Kitchener Rangers 4 games to 3 in Finals. Finished 2nd in Memorial Cup round-robin. Lost to Kitchener Rangers in semi-finals. Defeated Niagara Ice Dogs 4 games to 1 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Brampton Battalion 4 games to 2 in conference finals. Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Barrie Colts 4 games to 3 in conference finals.
 * 1979–1980 Lost to Aurora Tigers 4 games to 3 in quarter-final.
 * 1980–1981 Defeated Markham Waxers 4 games to 1 in quarter-final.
 * 1981–1982 Out of playoffs.
 * 1982–1983 Lost to Oshawa Generals 7 points to 1 in first round.
 * 1983–1984 Lost to Oshawa Generals 6 points to 0 in first round.
 * 1984–1985 Defeated Oshawa Generals 8 points to 2 in first round.
 * 1985–1986 Defeated Cornwall Royals 9 points to 3 in first round.
 * 1986–1987 Lost to Kingston Canadians 4 games to 2 in first round.
 * 1987–1988 Lost to Cornwall Royals 4 games to 2 in first round.
 * 1988–1989 Lost to Peterborough Petes 4 games to 1 in first round.
 * 1989–1990 Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 3 in first round.
 * 1990–1991 Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 2 in first round.
 * 1991–1992 Lost to North Bay Centennials 4 games to 1 in first round.
 * 1992–1993 Lost to Oshawa Generals 4 games to 3 in first round.
 * 1993–1994 Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 2 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1994–1995 Defeated North Bay Centennials 4 games to 2 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1995–1996 Defeated Oshawa Generals 4 games to 1 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1996–1997 Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 2 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1997–1998 Defeated Peterborough Petes 4 games to 0 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1998–1999 Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 1999–2000 Defeated Peterborough Petes 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2000–2001 Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2001–2002 Defeated Oshawa Generals 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2002–2003 Lost to Toronto St. Michael's Majors 4 games to 3 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2003–2004 Out of playoffs.
 * 2004–2005 Lost to Peterborough Petes 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2005–2006 Lost to Brampton Battalion 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2006–2007 Defeated Ottawa 67's 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2007–2008 Defeated Peterborough Petes 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2008–2009 Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2009–2010 Out of playoffs.
 * 2010–2011 Lost to Mississauga St. Michael's Majors 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2011–2012 Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2012–2013 Defeated Mississauga Steelheads 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2013–2014 Out of playoffs.
 * 2014–2015 Lost to Barrie Colts 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.

Uniforms and logos

 * 1999 to present:

 * Uniform Colours: Black, Red, Gold, White
 * Logo Design: An angry bull with a hockey stick

 * 1982 to 1998:

 * Uniform Colours: Black, Red, Gold, White
 * Logo Design: A standing red and orange bull

Bulls Uniforms

Arena
The team has played all homes games at the Belleville Yardmen Arena (capacity 3,257) for the existence of the franchise. The Yardmen Arena is part of the Quinte Sports Centre which is composed of the Yardmen Arena and the Wally Dever arena which is home to the Belleville McFarlands, an OHA Senior team, and is also used by minor hockey teams.

 * Capacity = 3,257
 * Ice Size = 199.5' x 99.5'

title: Belleville Bulls


text:
Cumberland—Colchester

Cumberland—Colchester (formerly Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley and North Nova) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Cumberland—Colchester North and Cumberland—Colchester were ridings that covered roughly the same geographic area and were represented in the House of Commons from 1968 to 1979 and 1979 to 2004, respectively.

Demographics
From the 2006 census

Ethnic groups:
 * White: 96.1%
 * First Nations: 1.9%
 * Black: 1.2%

Languages:
 * English: 96.5%
 * French: 1.0%
 * Other: 2.5%

Religions:
 * Protestant: 65.7%
 * Catholic: 17.5%
 * Other Christian: 1.3%
 * No religious affiliation: 15.1%

Education:
 * No certificate, diploma or degree: 31.0%
 * High school certificate: 24.6%
 * Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 12.3%
 * Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 17.7%
 * University certificate or diploma: 14.3%

Median Age:
 * 43.4

Median total income:
 * $20,756

Average total income:
 * $26,779

Median household income:
 * $41,550

Average household income:
 * $50,122

Median family income:
 * $50,353

Average family income:
 * $58,555

Unemployment:
 * 9.0%

Geography
The district includes the counties of Cumberland, and Colchester. Communities include the towns of Amherst, Oxford, Parrsboro, Springhill, Stewiacke and Truro, as well as the villages of Bible Hill, Pugwash and Tatamagouche.

History
This riding was created as "Cumberland—Colchester North" in 1966 from Cumberland and Colchester—Hants ridings. It consisted of the county of Cumberland and the northern part of the county of Colchester, including the town of Truro. It was abolished in 1976 when it was merged with the remainder of Colchester County into "Cumberland—Colchester" riding.

Cumberland–Colchester was abolished in 2003. The territory was combined with the largely rural Musquodoboit Valley portion of the Halifax Regional Municipality in a new riding called "North Nova". After the election in 2004, the name was changed to "Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley".

2009 By-election

In early 2009, Incumbent Bill Casey announced he would not be re-offering in the next Federal Election. He subsequently announced his resignation from Parliament to become the Senior Inter-Governmental Affairs Representative for Nova Scotia in Ottawa.

In April 2009 Scott Armstrong was confirmed as the next Conservative Party candidate in the riding. At the time, he was the president of the provincial Progressive Conservative Party.

In September 2009, Jim Burrows was selected as the next Liberal Party candidate in the riding having defeated 2008 candidate, Tracy Parsons. He received 175 of 206 votes cast. He is a dairy farmer from Green Oaks and Chair of the Board of Directors for Scotsburn Co-operative Services.

Mark Austin was selected to run for the New Democratic Party.

Christian Heritage Party ran Jim Hnatiuk, a retired military officer and the owner of Nova Scotia's largest hunting and fishing store, in Lantz. Hnatiuk was chosen party leader in November 2008.

Green Party leader Elizabeth May had said she was interested in running in the by-election, but subsequently announced she would run in the riding of Saanich-Gulf Islands. The party instead ran Jason Blanch.

As per the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, this riding was largely dissolved into the new riding 'Cumberland—Colchester', with small portions going to Central Nova and Sackville—Preston—Chezzetcook.

Member of Parliament
These ridings have elected the following members of Parliament:

2008
Incumbent MP Bill Casey, re-elected in 2006 as a member of the Conservative Party, was expelled from the Conservative caucus in 2007 after voting against the 2007 budget, which he objected to on the grounds of alleged violations of the Atlantic Accord. He attempted to run for the Conservative nomination for the next federal election but was refused. Casey therefore ran for re-election as an independent. The Green Party endorsed Casey and did not nominate a candidate opposing his reelection.

title: Cumberland—Colchester


text:
British Columbia Highway 29

Highway 29, known locally as Don Philips Way, is a shortcut route from the John Hart Highway to the Alaska Highway in the Peace River Regional District. It is also the main access to the coal mining community of Tumbler Ridge, as well as the W. A. C. Bennett Dam facility near Hudson's Hope. The highway gained its '29' designation from Chetwynd north to Hudson's Hope in 1967, and then seventeen years later, the road from Chetwynd south to Tumbler Ridge was given the same number.

Route details
In Tumbler Ridge, the 237 km long Highway 29 starts at a junction with Highway 52, and travels north northwest for 94 km to its junction with the John Hart Highway at Chetwynd. It follows the John Hart Highway through Chetwynd for 3 km east, then turns northwest for 65 km past Moberly Lake to Hudson's Hope, where a connector road to the W. A. C. Bennett Dam begins. 75 km northeast of Hudson's Hope, Highway 29 finally meets the Alaska Highway north of Fort St. John near Charlie Lake.

Major intersections
From south to north. The entire route is in the Peace River Regional District.

title: British Columbia Highway 29