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Criminal Investigation Department

The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is the branch of a police force to which most plainclothes detectives belong in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth nations. A force's CID is distinct from its Special Branch (though officers of both are entitled to the rank prefix "Detective"). The name derives from the CID of the Metropolitan Police, formed on 8 April 1878 by C. E. Howard Vincent as a re-formation of its Detective Branch. British colonial police forces all over the world adopted the terminology developed in the UK in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and later the police forces of those countries often retained it after independence. English-language media often use "CID" as a translation to refer to comparable organisations in other countries.

Afghanistan
The Criminal Investigation Department is under the Afghan National Police.

France
The Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire (DCPJ) is the national authority of the criminal division of the French National Police. Its function is to lead and co-ordinate the action of the law enforcement forces against crime.

Germany, Austria and Switzerland
Kriminalpolizei is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the police forces of Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland.

Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Police Force's CID is a sub-branch unit within the Criminal Intelligence Bureau under the crime wing of the B department (crime and security).

India
Many state police forces in India possess a CID (sometimes known as the investigation branch) as a specialised wing. Personnel attached to this wing work in plain clothes, or mufti. A CID may contain sub-branches, for instance the CID in Uttar Pradesh includes the state crime investigation bureau, finger print bureau and scientific section.

Like their counterparts in the law and order police (local police), the crime branch has its own ranks up to the level of additional director general of police or special commissioner of police. The crime branch has senior officers like superintendents, inspectors and sub-inspectors. Officers and men attached to this wing generally add the prefix detective before their regular police rank.

While the name "CID" is used in several states, some states use different names for their CID units. In Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Gujarat, the CID is known as the Crime Investigation Department. In Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajastan, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir, it is known as the Criminal Investigation Department. In Delhi and Kerala, the CID is referred to as the Crime Branch, and in Tamil Nadu, it is known as the Crime Branch - Criminal Investigation Department (CB-CID).

The crime branch's tasks are to investigate criminal cases, which span across multiple districts or states. The CID may also take up complicated cases like communal riot cases, circulation of counterfeit currency or very complicated murder cases. A crime branch investigation is ordered either by a judicial court, by the director-general of police, or the government.

Crime branch officers can be transferred to the law and order police, and vice versa. The crime branch is different from the crime detachment or crime squad. Crime Detachment and Crime Squads are a group of regular law and order policemen (who generally wear the uniform specifically detailed by the police inspector to work in plain clothes to keep a tab on local criminal elements, prostitutes, petty thieves, and other habitual offenders.

Indonesia
The criminal investigation units within the Indonesian National Police are called sat-reskrim (satuan reserse kriminal) meaning "criminal investigation unit", it is under the bareskrim (badan reserse kriminal) "criminal investigation agency" which is under the command of the national police headquarters. Every regional police force in Indonesia has this unit; they are concerned with conducting criminal investigations and identification activities.

Ireland
The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) maintained a CID along British lines before the independence of most of Ireland in December 1922. After the Partition of Ireland and the establishment of the Irish Free State in the early 1920s, the Government of the Irish Free State set up a CID for the purposes of counter-insurgency during the 1922-1923 Irish Civil War. It was separate from the unarmed Civic Guard, which later became the Garda Síochána. The Garda today operates local detective squads and several specialised, national detective units, including the National Bureau of Criminal Investigation.

In Northern Ireland, a region that came into existence in 1921 and which has remained within the United Kingdom, a new police force was formed in June 1922 called the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). This force had its own CID from the start. In November 2001, the RUC was replaced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI).

Japan
Criminal investigation departments or bureaus are set up within each Prefectural police headquarters. They maintain two investigation divisions (捜査課) (third or even fourth divisions are established in some urban prefecture), a organised crime investigation division (組織犯罪対策課) (reinforced as an independent department or headquarters in the TMPD and some prefecture), a mobile investigation unit, and a identification division (鑑識課). The mobile investigation units (機動捜査隊) are first responders for initial criminal investigations, distributed among the region with unmarked cars. The special investigation teams (特殊事件捜査係) are specialised detective units of the first investigation divisions, well acquainted with new technologies and special tactics including SWAT capabilities.

Malaysia
The CID of the Royal Malaysian Police is involved with the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of crimes that affect people (e.g. murder, robbery with firearms, rape and injury) and property crime (e.g. theft and house-breaking). Modeled on the British police, this department enforces laws regarding gambling, "sin" and the Triad in Malaysia.

Pakistan
The CID in Pakistan is a special unit of the provincial and metropolitan police departments, responsible for carrying out investigations into crimes, including terrorism, murders, organised crime and sectarianism. The special branch of the CID in the Asia Division (CIDA) was a division of this department but is currently not operational. It had only 12 members, the names of which are not available because of security issues.

Singapore
The Singapore Police Force's CID is the agency for premier investigation and staff authority for criminal investigation matters within the Singapore Police Force.

Sri Lanka
The CID of the Sri Lanka Police Service is responsible for carrying out investigations into crimes including murder and organised crime. It was established in 1870.

United Kingdom
Detectives are usually either assigned to a CID unit within a local policing command, or to a central specialised unit dealing with a specific type of crime, such as fraud or sexual offences. Most local police stations have more uniformed officers than CID officers; a smaller station might have five DCs with a Detective Sergeant (DS) in command, while a larger station would have more CID officers under a detective of higher rank. A particular case would be assigned to a Senior Investigating Officer (SIO) whose rank would depend on the seriousness of the crime and their force's policy.

Detectives in the United Kingdom do not have a separate rank system and are not senior to uniformed officers who hold the same rank, however, a senior detective does outrank a uniformed officer of a lower rank. for example a Detective Inspector outranks a uniformed Sergeant. Before 1999, female detectives' ranks were prefixed with "Woman", as in other branches of the police. The head of the CID in most police forces is a Detective Chief Superintendent. Ranks are abbreviated as follows:

 * Detective Constable (DC or Det Con)
 * Detective Sergeant (DS or Det Sgt)
 * Detective Inspector (DI or Det Insp)
 * Detective Chief Inspector (DCI or Det Ch Insp)
 * Detective Superintendent (DSU or Det Supt)
 * Detective Chief Superintendent (DCS or Det Ch Supt)

To join a CID in the United Kingdom, a police officer usually must have served in uniform for at least two years. From 2017 direct entry to the detective branch became possible. While training as a detective they are referred to as a Trainee Detective Constable (TDC) and after completing the national Initial Crime Investigators' Development Programme, typically taking around two years, they become full Detective Constables (DCs).

There is generally no pay increment on obtaining detective status in most forces. Previously paid allowances such as the detective duty allowance (a small payment intended to allow officers to purchase refreshments and other similar petty cash purposes) and the plainclothes allowance (an allowance used to purchase suitable clothing) have all been withdrawn over the past few years.

Military investigations
The Royal Military Police (RMP), Royal Navy Police (RNP), and RAF Police all maintained a Special Investigation Branch (SIB), fulfilling much the same role as a civilian CID. These Units have all been merged into a tri-service unit called the Defence Serious Crime Unit (DSCU). The Ministry of Defence Police is a civilian force that provides policing services on military bases, and as such has a CID much like a territorial police force. The RMP SIB has regular sections and one Army Reserve section. To join the reserve section, a reservist must either have a regular army SIB or civilian CID background.

title: Criminal Investigation Department


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2004 Australian Grand Prix

The 2004 Australian Grand Prix (officially the 2004 Foster's Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 7 March 2004 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit. It was Race 1 of 18 in the 2004 FIA Formula One World Championship. Michael Schumacher won the race for Ferrari from pole position in dominant fashion, with his teammate Rubens Barrichello finishing behind him in second. This 1–2 finish gave Ferrari a strong 9-point lead in the constructors' standings after just one race. Williams and Renault each had both cars finish in the points while McLaren, a team that had enjoyed success in years preceding this, only managed one point, with David Coulthard finishing a lapped 8th. The 1-2 finish for Schumacher and Barrichello was the first one-two finish for their Ferrari team since the 2002 Japanese Grand Prix.

This race marked the first time since the 2001 San Marino Grand Prix that cars competed without using fully-automatic gearboxes and launch control,  which were both banned by the FIA after the  season. The use of traction control was still permitted by the FIA, and would continue to be used over the next three seasons, until being banned for the season.

This race also marked the 150th Grand Prix race for the McLaren and Mercedes engine partnership since 1995.

Friday drivers
The bottom six teams in the 2003 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

Leinders was entered as Third Driver but was refused a superlicence until he completed the required mileage in an F1 car. He satisfied this requirement before the next race.

Qualifying
Qualifying resulted in a Ferrari one-two, with Juan Pablo Montoya third on the grid for Williams. Gianmaria Bruni, Christian Klien and Olivier Panis all failed to set a qualifying time.

Race
At the start, Alonso was up and away and ahead of Button and looking for a way to deal with Montoya while Jarno Trulli went from ninth on the grid to be fifth out of the first corner. He was aided in his task by Montoya, who went howling down to Turn 1, braked just a hint too late and Montoya was jumped by the Renault of Fernando Alonso as he tried to stay ahead of the surging Alonso. He went off and Alonso had to put some wheels on the grass to avoid a disaster. Montoya went back to seventh. That condemned the Colombian to an afternoon stuck in traffic and put paid to any challenge there might have been for Alonso. Behind all this there were a few wheels off the grass as others sorted themselves out (notably both Saubers) while Takuma Sato bumped the rear end of Trulli's Renault, slightly (but significantly) damaging both cars.

The Ferraris were gone already and as the afternoon developed all that Fernando Alonso could do was to watch the rears of the two red cars as they disappeared from his view. It did not take long. By the fourth lap they were two seconds ahead. By the eighth lap they were five seconds clear and after that Alonso had nothing to do. No one else could keep up with him. Sauber's Giancarlo Fisichella had a long battle for position in the midfield with Jordan's Nick Heidfeld. Fisichella passed Heidfeld, who later dropped out of the race with a transmission failure. Heidfeld was involved in an incident in the pit lane where the mechanic Matt Deane and refueller Mick Gomme were hit by the car and suffered some bruising. Montoya attempted to regain the place by going around the outside of the Spaniard into the first turn, but outbraked himself and ran wide. This dropped him behind his teammate Ralf Schumacher, who'd qualified 8th. Despite repassing Ralf Schumacher on-track, the Colombian ended up behind him again by the race's end in fifth place. The race proved that Ferrari once again had a dominant car, with Michael Schumacher winning from teammate Rubens Barrichello in Ferrari's first one-two since Japan 2002, while the rest of the field was over 20 seconds behind. Schumacher led every one of the 58 race laps. At the start, Montoya was jumped by the Renault of Fernando Alonso.

Fernando Alonso gave Renault a podium with third place, while Jenson Button got BAR off the mark with sixth. Jarno Trulli finished 7th in the Renault and was the first lapped runner. McLaren seemed to be less competitive than in recent years, with Kimi Räikkönen becoming the first retirement of the year, dropping out with an engine problem, and with David Coulthard picking up just 1 point in eighth place.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2004 Australian Grand Prix


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Halton sequence

In statistics, Halton sequences are sequences used to generate points in space for numerical methods such as Monte Carlo simulations. Although these sequences are deterministic, they are of low discrepancy, that is, appear to be random for many purposes. They were first introduced in 1960 and are an example of a quasi-random number sequence. They generalize the one-dimensional van der Corput sequences.

Example of Halton sequence used to generate points in (0, 1) × (0, 1) in R2
The Halton sequence is constructed according to a deterministic method that uses coprime numbers as its bases. As a simple example, let's take one dimension of the two-dimensional Halton sequence to be based on 2 and the other dimension on 3. To generate the sequence for 2, we start by dividing the interval (0,1) in half, then in fourths, eighths, etc., which generates

Equivalently, the nth number of this sequence is the number n written in binary representation, inverted, and written after the decimal point. This is true for any base. As an example, to find the sixth element of the above sequence, we'd write 6 = 1*2$1/undefined$ + 1*2$1/undefined$ + 0*2$3/4$ = 110$1/undefined$, which can be inverted and placed after the decimal point to give 0.011$5/8$ = 0*2$3/8$ + 1*2$7/8$ + 1*2$1/undefined$ = $9/16$. So the sequence above is the same as

 * 0.1$2$, 0.01$1$, 0.11$0$, 0.001$2$, 0.101$2$, 0.011$-1$, 0.111$-2$, 0.0001$-3$, 0.1001$3/8$,...

To generate the sequence for 3 for the other dimension, we divide the interval (0,1) in thirds, then ninths, twenty-sevenths, etc., which generates

When we pair them up, we get a sequence of points in a unit square:

Even though standard Halton sequences perform very well in low dimensions, correlation problems have been noted between sequences generated from higher primes. For example, if we started with the primes 17 and 19, the first 16 pairs of points: ($2$, $2$), ($2$, $2$), ($2$, $2$) ... ($2$, $2$) would have perfect linear correlation. To avoid this, it is common to drop the first 20 entries, or some other predetermined quantity depending on the primes chosen. Several other methods have also been proposed. One of the most prominent solutions is the scrambled Halton sequence, which uses permutations of the coefficients used in the construction of the standard sequence. Another solution is the leaped Halton, which skips points in the standard sequence. Using, e.g., only each 409th point (also other prime numbers not used in the Halton core sequence are possible), can achieve significant improvements.

Implementation
In pseudocode: algorithm Halton-Sequence is inputs: index $$i$$ base $$b$$ output: result $$r$$ $$f \larr 1$$ $$r \larr 0$$ while $$i > 0$$ do $$f \larr f/b$$ $$r \larr r + f * (i \operatorname{mod} b)$$ $$i \larr \lfloor i/b \rfloor$$ return $$r$$

An alternative implementation that produces subsequent numbers of a Halton sequence for base b is given in the following generator function (in Python). This algorithm uses only integer numbers internally, which makes it robust against round-off errors.

title: Halton sequence


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Ben Gibbard

Benjamin Gibbard (born August 11, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie, with whom he has recorded ten studio albums, and as a member of the supergroup The Postal Service. Gibbard released his debut solo album, Former Lives, in 2012, and a collaborative studio album, One Fast Move or I'm Gone (2009) with Jay Farrar.

Early life
Gibbard was born to Allen and Margaret (née Flach) Gibbard in Bremerton, Washington. His father was in the Navy and his family moved around the country, including spending time in Northern Virginia before returning to Washington. Gibbard spent his early life there during the grunge music explosion of the early 1990s. He graduated from Olympic High School in Bremerton in 1994, and studied environmental chemistry at Western Washington University. He was raised Catholic.

Career
In 1996, while playing guitar in the band Pinwheel, Gibbard recorded a demo cassette under the moniker Death Cab for Cutie, titled You Can Play These Songs with Chords (1997). After receiving a positive response to the material, Gibbard expanded the project into a full band, with the addition of guitarist Chris Walla, bassist Nick Harmer and drummer Nathan Good. The following year, the band released its debut album, Something About Airplanes (1998), on Barsuk Records, and released its follow-up, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, in 2000.

Gibbard had a minor role in the John Krasinski film Brief Interviews with Hideous Men based on the David Foster Wallace short story collection of the same title. He completed a solo tour through the US in the spring of 2007 that featured David Bazan of Pedro the Lion and singer-songwriter Johnathan Rice.

In November 2014, Gibbard appeared as a guest on Foo Fighters' eighth studio album Sonic Highways.

Personal life
Gibbard became engaged to actress and musician Zooey Deschanel in 2008 and married in September 2009 near Seattle. They announced their separation on November 1, 2011, with Deschanel filing for divorce on December 27, citing irreconcilable differences. The divorce was finalized on December 12, 2012. Gibbard later married photographer and tour manager Rachel Demy on October 21, 2016 in Seattle.

In a 2003 interview, Gibbard stated that while he had previously been a vegan, he recently became a pescetarian. He reportedly gave up alcohol in 2008 and began running marathons. He ran his first trail ultramarathon in 2013 and has since completed several each year.

Gibbard is a lapsed Catholic who now identifies as agnostic: "I don't want to falsely believe in something solely so I can jump to the front of the line for whatever this awesome place is we go after we die. [...] The vastness of that idea is so beyond my comprehension that I feel like if there was a God, then that God would accept me saying I'm not able to believe because it's so outside of my ability to understand it. I understand that's where faith comes into play."

Gibbard has been a fan of the MLB's Seattle Mariners since the age of five and has thrown the first pitch at two Mariners games. When the Mariners traded Ichiro Suzuki to the New York Yankees in 2012, Gibbard honored him by writing and releasing the song "Ichiro's Theme". Gibbard's handwritten lyrics for the song are currently in the archive of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. In 2024, Gibbard performed the national anthem at the Mariners' Opening Day game at T-Mobile Park.

Politics
Gibbard is an activist for gay rights and wrote an article in The Daily Beast explaining why the issue is important to him. He stated that when his lesbian sister got married, it was "the most beautiful thing" he ever saw. In the article, he voiced his support for Washington Referendum 74 and discussed raising money for the issue. He stated, "I would just feel so much pride for my state if we could pass it by a popular vote and show the rest of the country that this is the direction we are going in."

Gibbard has been open about his political views, expressing his support of the Democratic Party. On October 10, 2016, Death Cab for Cutie released "Million Dollar Loan", the first song in the Dave Eggers project, 30 Days, 50 Songs. The song targets Donald Trump as it satirizes the fact he asked his father for a million dollar loan. Gibbard said of the song: "Lyrically, 'Million Dollar Loan' deals with a particularly tone deaf moment in Donald Trump's ascent to the Republican nomination. While campaigning in New Hampshire last year, he attempted to cast himself as a self-made man by claiming he built his fortune with just a 'small loan of a million dollars' from his father. Not only has this statement been proven to be wildly untrue, he was so flippant about it. It truly disgusted me."

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Gibbard live streamed daily concerts from his home after canceling shows due to the pandemic. Gibbard played songs by his bands Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service and other artists such as the Decemberists, Radiohead, New Order, Depeche Mode and the Beatles while promoting local Washington non-profit organizations.

Musical equipment
As of May 2015, Gibbard tours with four modified 1970s Fender Mustang guitars. Additionally, he uses two custom-built Acme Silvertone amplifier heads. For use on acoustic songs, he relies on two 2008 Gibson J-45 Acoustic Guitars with B-Band pickup systems. As of 2016, Gibbard has since began using Supro amplifiers. In the past, Gibbard played 1980s Japanese-built Squier Bullets through a Sears Silvertone amp, which he immortalized in the lyrics to the song No Joy In Mudville. He also used Fender Telecasters and G&L ASAT guitars.

In January 2021, Fender announced the Ben Gibbard Mustang as part of their Artist Signature series, designed to Ben's specifications and inspired by the 1970s Mustangs he uses on tour. The guitar features several unique features including a chambered ash body, custom "Ben Gibbard" pickups, and simplified electronics.

In popular culture
Gibbard is the subject of the song "Ben's My Friend" by indie folk act Sun Kil Moon. The track appears on the project's sixth studio album, Benji (2014). On Sun Kil Moon's follow-up album, Universal Themes (2015), primary recording artist Mark Kozelek again refers to his friendship with Gibbard on its closing track, "This Is My First Day and I'm Indian and I Work at a Gas Station". Gibbard previously made a guest appearance on the band's third studio album, April (2008).

Gibbard is also referenced in "The Cones of Dunshire", an episode from the sixth season of Parks and Recreation. In the episode, April (Aubrey Plaza) attempts to promote a forest cabin to hipsters by claiming that "Ben Gibbard and Neko Case made out here once."

Death Cab for Cutie

 * You Can Play These Songs with Chords (1997)
 * Something About Airplanes (1998)
 * We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000)
 * The Photo Album (2001)
 * Transatlanticism (2003)
 * Plans (2005)
 * Narrow Stairs (2008)
 * Codes and Keys (2011)
 * Kintsugi (2015)
 * Thank You for Today (2018)
 * Asphalt Meadows (2022)

Ben Gibbard

 * Home Volume V (split LP with Andrew Kenny, 2003)
 * "Couches In Alleys" (featured on Styrofoam's album Nothing's Lost, 2004)
 * Kurt Cobain About a Son: Original Score (with Steve Fisk, 2008)
 * Former Lives (2012)
 * Bandwagonesque (cover of Teenage Fanclub's album Bandwagonesque, 2017)
 * "Do You Remember" (featured on Chance the Rapper's album The Big Day, 2019)
 * "Me & Magdalena" (written by Gibbard for the Monkees' album Good Times!, 2016)
 * "Provider" (featured on the Chong the Nomad's EP A Long Walk, 2020)
 * "Every Beginning Ends" (featured on Noah Cyrus' album The Hardest Part, 2022)

The Postal Service

 * Give Up (2003)

¡All-Time Quarterback!

 * ¡All-Time Quarterback! (EP, 1999)
 * The Envelope Sessions (1999)
 * ¡All-Time Quarterback! (album, 1999)

Kind of Like Spitting

 * Bridges Worth Burning (drums, vocals, 2002)

American Analog Set

 * New Equation / All I Want For Christmas (7", backing vocals, 2001)

With Jay Farrar

 * One Fast Move or I'm Gone (2009)

Pinwheel

 * Pinwheel (1996)

title: Ben Gibbard


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Kame

A kame, or knob, is a glacial landform, an irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier, and is then deposited on the land surface with further melting of the glacier. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle or knob and kettle topography. The word kame is a variant of comb (kame, or kaim is the Old Scottish word for comb), which has the meaning "crest" among others. The geological term was introduced by Thomas Jamieson in 1874.

According to White, "kames were formed by meltwater which deposited more or less washed material at irregular places in and along melting ice. At places the material is very well washed and stratified; at others it is more poorly washed, with inclusions of till masses that fell from ice but were covered before they were completely washed. Kame gravels thus tend to be variable and range from fine to coarse grained and even to cobbly and boulder."

With the melting of the glacier, streams carry sediment to glacial lakes, building kame deltas on top of the ice. However, with the continuous melting of the glacier, the kame delta eventually collapses onto the land surface, furthering the "kame and kettle" topography.

Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are stratified deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side. These kame terraces tend to look like long, flat benches, with many pits on the surface made by kettles. They tend to slope downvalley with gradients similar to the glacier surface along which they formed, and can sometimes be found paired on opposite sides of a valley.

Kames are sometimes compared to drumlins, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine-grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement.

Examples
Kames are not normally located in proximity to one another, however in Edmonton, Alberta, numerous kames are found nearby, forming the Prosser Archaeological Site. The Fonthill Kame in southern Ontario is in a densely populated area. Examples can also be found in Wisconsin and at the Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landscape in Washington. They are also located in Mendon Ponds Park, southeast of Rochester, New York. This park is on the National Registry of Natural Landmarks due to geological history and presence of significant kames, eskers and kettles.

In Ontario, there are two provincial parks, both designated as IUCN nature reserves, which were created to protect important and undisturbed kame features. They are Minnitaki Kames Provincial Park and Bonheur River Kame Provincial Park.

title: Kame


text:
Talk:Jersey Shore

Raritan Bay
It says the Jersey Shore "excludes the estuaries of New York Bay and Delaware Bay." What about the beaches of Raritan Bay, espcially in northern Monmouth County near Keyport and Aberdeen?

I think it depends on whether or not someone is talking about "the Shore" as a destination or "the Shore" as a region. If one is talking about the region then certainly Monmouth Co. (except those areas in the 609 area code) is in that region. On the other hand, I'm from Monmouth Co. and I've never heard anyone say "i'm going down the shore" because they were headed to Keyport. People always have, and still do refer to that area as the Bayshore. In terms of the Bayshore I think Earle is the cutoff. People definitely include Atlantic Highlands and Highlands as part of "the shore." I also think it's important to note somewhere that i've never heard a native of the area say "i'm going to the shore." They say they're "going to the beach". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.80.212.126 (talk) 18:11, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * "Geographically, the term encompasses the New Jersey coast from Sandy Hook in the north to Cape May in the south and excludes the estuaries of New York Bay and Delaware Bay." So I guess Raritan Bay is sort of a gray area in regards to the sentence.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.149.185.189 (talk) 13:19, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No gray area here. Any of the towns bordering the Raritan Bay have always been considered part of the Bayshore, a region distinct from The Shore. This certainly would include the Highlands, as seen here: http://www.bayshorenj.biz/ Among the bayshore towns, only Sandy Hook (which isn't even really a town so much as a peninsula and a national recreation area) can share the distinction of being on both the Shore and the Bayshore. Terrapin7 (talk) 18:29, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

I think it's sort of relative what is considered "the Shore". (Much like the North/South and North/South/Central Jersey debates). I live around the Middlesex/Monmouth county border, and my friends from North Jersey think I live "down the shore". I am not far from a "beach" (if you can call it that), which falls in that area mentioned above, but I've never considered it "the shore". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Susan118 (talk • contribs) 17:22, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

"Shore"
Regarding In almost all cases the word "shore" itself only refers to the beaches of New Jersey, as it is almost unthinkable to refer to anything outside of New Jersey as a "shore.":

What? I don't understand what the author is getting at here. Can someone explain it? -Rwv37 19:43, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no idea what that means. -- Decumanus | Talk 21:57, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. I'm getting rid of it. -Rwv37 17:07, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

What it means is, nowhere else do people say they are going to "the shore" only in  NJ do tehy call it this.

How can you say this definatively?MCWicoff 05:54, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

People everywhere in the mid-atlantic states call the coastal areas "the shore" or some variation of it. In Delaware it's definitely "the shore". In Maryland the use the term "the shore" to differentiate between the atlantic ocean and beaches on the Chesapeake. In Virginia "the shore" or "eastern shore" are the coastal communities on the Delmarva peninsula and "the beach" refers to Virginia Beach. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.80.212.126 (talk) 17:56, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Shore Region
There is a new article Shore Region that was suggested for merging into this article. The article doesn't have much content and woud have seemed a likely candidate to change to a redirect. Howevere, the New Jersey article describes that "the New Jersey Commerce, Economic Growth & Tourism Commission divides the state into six distinct regions to facilitate the state's tourism industry." This might very well justify keeping it as a standalone article. Alansohn 00:54, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey there, I'm the one who suggested the merge. The creator of the Shore Region article has removed the merge suggestion from that article, and left a message on my talk page. I believe that what he was expressing there was that while "Jersey Shore" is a colloquial term, "Shore Region" is an official designation with different boundaries. If my interpretation of what he said is indeed accurate, then the Shore Region article needs to have this contextual information added so others will not wonder, as I did, why that particular part of the Jersey Shore is being portrayed as distinct in its own right. If this is accurate, then the merge would not be appropriate. --Icarus (Hi!) 22:56, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I went ahead and did what I could after stumbling onto this controversy. Hope it is well received (Hi Alan, more work for you now!  Only the Skylands Region article you wrote is extant).Rblaster 17:28, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The expanded introduction to Shore Region that Rblaster wrote cleared up the confusion I had regarding the difference between the two terms. It's now clear that they require separate articles, so I've removed the suggested merge template from this article (the other one was already removed). Thanks, all! --Icarus (Hi!) 04:01, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This should be for "Location and Region" but I didn't know how to start a new topic. There is no distinct cultural or regional divide within Monmouth Co. certainly not among the locals. That goes the same straight into Ocean Co. at least as far south as Toms River. In short, 195 or the Manasquan River divides nothing. That's a popular misconception that seems only to exist in the minds of people from South Jersey. If there is a distinct boundary anywhere it would be along the divide between the 609/732 area code. As far as tourists are concerned the clear break is on Long Beach Island. Even on LBI itself the northern end of the island has more of an North Jersey/NYC influence and the south end is definitely more Philly/South Jersey although people from all areas are scattered across the island. Brigantine, the first beach town south of LBI, and everything south to Cape May is clearly dominated by Philly/South Jersey. While you will see New York plates all up and down the Parkway the North Jersey/NY day-trippers and weekenders drop off abruptly at LBI. You rarely see Pennsylvania plates north of Ocean Grove. Most of the beaches between Sea Bright and Seaside Park, are dominated by people from the Monmouth of Ocean Co. Seaside Heights is a notable exception. The area between Ocean Grove and Point Pleasant is popular with a lot of families from central Bucks Co, PA and from Mercer Co, NJ - those areas with easy access to I-195 but they are outnumbered by the North Jersey/NY crowd.  Likewise the towns south of Mantoloking down to Island Beach State Park draw a few travelers from Camden and Burlington Counties but most of the crowd is from Monmouth-Ocean-Middlesex.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.80.212.126 (talk) 18:53, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Destinations
I'm not sure how to best maintain this list, as I don't know where to find sources for it at the moment. However, I removed a handful of towns (such as Toms River and Wall) that are most certainly not "destinations" for anybody in the sense this article seems to mean.--Dmz5 07:42, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Map
This article needs a map to clarify what is being discussed.

Consider "Image:New Jersey Counties by metro area labeled.svg|right|thumb|200px|..." (wiki formatting removed).

"Downdashore"?
No. I've never heard anyone call the shore "downdashore." All that's happened is that someone has tried to spell in a heavy New Jersey accent, in the process torturing a prepositional phrase into a noun. Probably to make people from New Jersey sound stupid. --Erik Kennedy 19:43, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Here in NJ (I am a lifelong resident of the Garden State), the beaches are, indeed, referred to as "down the shore". If someone is planning a trip to the boardwalk in Seaside, or the beach in LBI (Long Beach island) or Sandy Hook, or any destination along the coast of NJ from Sandy Hook down to Cape May, they don't say they are going to that place specifically, they almost always say they are going "down the shore". I can't say with certainty that this phrase is unique to NJ, but I believe it is.

You're right though, people in NJ don't say "downdashore", that's how it'd be said by a NYC native. If spoken by a NJ native, it'd be closer to "downthashore" ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.176.55 (talk) 21:09, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Downdashore might happen if you're from NY and trying to say "I'm going down the shore" with an obnoxious Brooklynn accent. But yes, unlike in most parts of the country, we don't really go to the beach in NJ. We go down the shore. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.192.28.83 (talk) 18:47, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know what portion of New Jersey you are from, but I can tell you definitively that those of us who were raised in the municipalities that border the ocean most certainly go to the beach. "Down the shore" is merely how we would describe it to someone not from the area if we are in their neck of the woods. (which may, indeed, include any of the towns north of the Sayerville area, as well as the New York metro area. Thus the "down" [as in north to south] portion of the phrase.) As to the phrase's encyclopedic worth, there really is none in this context. It is merely a geographic signifier, like "up the country" or "downstream". Terrapin7 (talk) 18:17, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Benny
A "Benny" has nothing to do with Philadelphia. Benny gets its name from two possible origins, one being the first letter of the following places where Bennys are from; Bayonne, Elizabeth, Newark, New York. The other origin dates back to when Jews would come down the shore. A common Jewish name was Benjamin, hence the name "Benny"  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aczaplicki (talk • contribs) 02:01, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

OK, BUT THE ARTICLE DOESN'T SAY THAT BENNY IS RELATED TO PHILLY. SHOOBIE IS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.175.23.68 (talk) 20:17, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Quote lacks citation and leaves wrong vibe
Citizens of certain areas of the Shore are unique in New Jersey because some communities often have mixed affiliations between New York and Philadelphia.

This quote has no citation and leaves the wrong message. Central Jersey has the same exact multi-metro area influence and a place like Hightstown or Cranbury is actually only about 60 miles apart, as opposed to the 90 each Long Beach Island has. So it's not that unique in the state of NJ have mixed affiliations. When I said leaving the wrong message though, I'm unsure if it was previously deleted, but it gives the impression people from those areas may have moved there, in any significant numbers, which isn't true. Most people who've historically populated this area are various parts of New Jersey. I remember there being something that said Most principally populated from New York and Philadelphia, but that idiotic remark was made more in reference to Cape May. I'll be deleting the following quote above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.73.230.11 (talk) 20:41, 12 March 2009 (UTC) Tom72.73.230.11 (talk)

Removal of boxes
I have removed the box describing the article as resembling an advertisement, and the one describing it as reading like a travel guide. While it may have applied in the past, I now feel that it's been rewritten into a neutral point of view.

"Pollution Controversies" and vandalism
1)Not sure why the "Pollution Controversies" section was removed. It seems to me that it is notable and it was also sourced with an article from the Star-Ledger. (This is just a question...I can see that the user who made this edit made other apparently good edits, and this might be, too, am just questioning the logic since there was no explanation.)

2)Vandalism to this page is getting somewhat out of hand what with the popularity/notoriety of Jersey Shore (TV series). I'd like to propose page protection, but seeing as there are anonymous IP users here who do make good-faith edits, I wanted to suggest it here first before making a formal request for this to be done (assuming it meets the guidelines).  Susan118   talk  03:27, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Barrier spit, not an island
Sandy Hook is a barrier spit (peninsula), not a barrier island. Norm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.36.150.94 (talk) 02:30, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jersey Shore


text:
Golgi's method

Golgi's method is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy. The method was discovered by Camillo Golgi, an Italian physician and scientist, who published the first picture made with the technique in 1873. It was initially named the black reaction (la reazione nera) by Golgi, but it became better known as the Golgi stain or later, Golgi method.

Golgi staining was used by Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to discover a number of novel facts about the organization of the nervous system, inspiring the birth of the neuron doctrine. Ultimately, Ramón y Cajal improved the technique by using a method he termed "double impregnation". Ramón y Cajal's staining technique, still in use, is called Cajal's Stain.

Mechanism
The cells in nervous tissue are densely packed and little information on their structures and interconnections can be obtained if all the cells are stained. Furthermore, the thin filamentary extensions of neural cells, including the axon and the dendrites of neurons, are too slender and transparent to be seen with normal staining techniques. Golgi's method stains a limited number of cells at random in their entirety. The mechanism by which this happens is still largely unknown. Dendrites, as well as the cell soma, are clearly stained in brown and black and can be followed in their entire length, which allowed neuroanatomists to track connections between neurons and to make visible the complex networking structure of many parts of the brain and spinal cord.

Golgi's staining is achieved by impregnating aldehyde fixed nervous tissue with potassium dichromate and silver nitrate. Cells thus stained are filled by microcrystallization of silver chromate.

Technique
According to SynapseWeb, this is the recipe for Golgi's staining technique:

 * 1) Immerse a block (approx. 10x5 mm) of formaldehyde-fixed (or paraformaldehyde- glutaraldehyde-perfused) brain tissue into a 2% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate for 2 days
 * 2) Dry the block shortly with filter paper.
 * 3) Immerse the block into a 2% aqueous solution of silver nitrate for another 2 days.
 * 4) Cut sections approx. 20–100 μm thick.
 * 5) Dehydrate quickly in ethanol, clear and mount (e.g., into Depex or Enthalan).

This technique has since been refined to substitute the silver precipitate with gold by immersing the sample in gold chloride then oxalic acid, followed by removal of the silver by sodium thiosulphate. This preserves a greater degree of fine structure with the ultrastructural details marked by small particles of gold.

Quote
Ramón y Cajal said of the Golgi method:

 *  I expressed the surprise which I experienced upon seeing with my own eyes the wonderful revelatory powers of the chrome-silver reaction and the absence of any excitement in the scientific world aroused by its discovery.
 * Recuerdos de mi vida, Vol. 2, Historia de mi labor científica. Madrid: Moya, 1917, p. 76.

title: Golgi's method


text:
Hoven

Hoven may refer to:

Places

 * Hoven, Denmark
 * Hoven, South Dakota
 * , a part of the town Zülpich, Kreis Euskirchen, Nordrhein-Westfalen

People

 * Waldemar Hoven (1903–1948), German Nazi physician executed for war crimes

title: Hoven


text:
HMS Invincible (1869)

HMS Invincible was a Royal Navy Audacious-class ironclad ironclad battleship. She was built at the Napier shipyard and completed in 1870. Completed just 10 years after HMS Warrior (1860), she still carried sails as well as a steam engine.

Armament
The Audacious class was armed with ten 9 inch muzzle-loading guns, supported by four 6 inch muzzle loaders. These were located in a broadside pattern over a 59 ft two-deck battery amidships—this was the area of the ship least affected by its motion, and made for a very stable gun platform.

Early career

For the first year of her career, she was a guardship at Hull, before being replaced by her sister HMS Audacious (1869). She was then transferred to the Mediterranean, where she served until 1886. She was sent to Cadiz in 1873 to prevent ships seized by republicans during the civil war in Spain from leaving harbour. She rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1878 under the command of Captain Lindsay Brine, but her poor state of seamanship attracted the ire of the commander-in-chief, Geoffrey Hornby. In early 1879 Invincible blundered badly, putting two ships at hazard, and Brine was court-martialled. Though acquitted, Brine was relieved by Captain Edmund Fremantle. In August 1880, Invincible discovered the dismasted and abandoned Austro-Hungarian barque George Roscovich off Sardinia, Italy. She towed the barque in to Palermo, Sicily, Italy on 5 August. Invincible was Admiral Seymour's temporary flagship at the 1882 bombardment of Alexandria because his normal one, HMS Alexandra (1877), drew too much to enter the inner harbour. She provided men for the naval brigade that was subsequently landed and she also provided men for Lord Charles Beresford's naval brigade in the Sudan campaign of 1885.

Later career and shipwreck
She made a trip to China in 1886 to carry out a new crew for Audacious before becoming the guardship at Southampton until 1893. Her engines were removed in 1901 when she became a depot ship at Sheerness for a destroyer flotilla. She was renamed HMS Erebus in 1904, a name that she bore until 1906, when she was converted into a training ship at Portsmouth for engineering artificers and was renamed Fisgard II (Audacious had been renamed Fisgard in 1904).

On 17 September 1914, she sank during a storm off Portland Bill with the loss of 21 of her crew of 64. She was being towed from Portsmouth to Scapa Flow where she was to act as a receiving ship for seamen newly mobilised for World War I. She now lies upside down with the bottom of the hull about 164 ft below sea level.

HMS Fisgard II is a Designated vessel under schedule 1 of The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2012.

title: HMS Invincible (1869)


text:
Howard City

Howard City or City of Howard, refers to multiple settlements in the United States:

 * Howard City, Michigan
 * Howard City, Nebraska, also called Boelus

 * Howard, Kansas, officially "City of Howard"

title: Howard City


text:
Thysanoteuthis

Thysanoteuthis is a genus of large squid comprising one well-known species, the diamond squid, and two dubious taxa.

Species

 * ? Thysanoteuthis danae
 * Thysanoteuthis nuchalis
 * Thysanoteuthis rhombus, diamond squid or diamondback squid

The species listed above with an asterisk ( * ) are questionable and need further study to determine if they are valid species or synonyms. The question mark (?) indicates questionable placement within the genus.

title: Thysanoteuthis


text: Talk:Thysanoteuthis

title: Talk:Thysanoteuthis


text:
Charles Coffin Little

Charles Coffin Little (July 25, 1799 – August 11, 1869) was an American publisher. He is best known for co-founding Little, Brown and Company with James Brown.

Early life
Charles Coffin Little was born on July 25, 1799, in Kennebunk, Maine.

Career
Little arrived in Boston early in life. He entered a shipping house, and around 1826–27 worked with booksellers Hilliard, Gray, Little & Wilkins in Boston, along with William Hilliard, Harrison Gray, and John H. Wilkins. He worked there until 1837, when he formed his partnership with James Brown under the style of Charles C. Little and Company. Little and Brown had previously been clerks, and were later partners, in a bookstore in Boston founded in 1784 by Ebenezer Battelle. The name of Little and Brown's firm was subsequently changed, due to the admission of other partners, to Little, Brown, and Co. Little was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1855.

Personal life
Little's daughter, Sarah Ellen Little, married Richard Aldrich McCurdy.

Death
Little died on August 11, 1869, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, aged 70.

title: Charles Coffin Little


text:
Janis Karpinski

Janis Leigh Karpinski ( Beam, born May 25, 1953) is a retired career officer in the United States Army Reserve. She is notable for having commanded the forces that operated Abu Ghraib and other prisons in Iraq in 2003 and 2004, at the time of the scandal related to torture and prisoner abuse. She commanded three prisons in Iraq and the forces that ran them. Her education includes a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and secondary education from Kean College, a Master of Arts degree in aviation management from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and a Master of Arts in strategic studies from the United States Army War College.

In June 2003, during the United States-led occupation of Iraq, Karpinski was given command of the 800th Military Police Brigade, which meant she was responsible for the 15 detention facilities in southern and central Iraq run by Coalition forces. Karpinski was also given command of the National Guard and Army reserve units in the Iraqi city of Mosul. In January 2004, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez formally suspended Karpinski and 16 other soldiers with undisclosed reprimands. An investigation was started into the abuse at Abu Ghraib, and Karpinski left Iraq for reasons that were explained at the time as part of "routine troop rotations."

On April 8, 2005, Karpinski was formally relieved of command of the 800th Military Police Brigade. On May 5, 2005, President George W. Bush approved Karpinski's demotion to colonel from the rank of brigadier general. Her demotion was not related officially to the abuse at Abu Ghraib.

In October 2005, she published an account of her experiences, One Woman's Army, in which she claims that the abuses were done by contract employees trained in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay, and sent to Abu Ghraib under orders from the Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. She said her demotion was political retribution.

Since this time, some of Karpinski's claims of top-level authorization have been affirmed by revelations of what are known as the Torture Memos, legal opinions prepared by political appointees including John Yoo in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice. His memo of March 14, 2003, five days before the US began its invasion of Iraq, concluded that federal laws related to torture and other abuses did not apply to interrogators working overseas; it was issued to William J. Haynes, the General Counsel of DOD, and finally revealed in 2008 as a result of a Senate hearing into enhanced interrogation techniques.

Early career
Karpinski was commissioned into the United States Army as a second lieutenant in 1977. She served primarily in intelligence and military police assignments, training the first group of female soldiers for the United Arab Emirates, and toured supporting the Special Forces and in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. She was awarded a Bronze Star Medal.

In 1987, she moved from the regular Army to the Army Reserve. In the private sector, she became a consultant who ran military-styled training programs for executives.

Marriage and family
She is married to George Karpinski, a lieutenant colonel at the Oman US embassy.

Iraq service
In June 2003, during the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq, Karpinski was in command of the 800th Military Police Brigade placing her in charge of the fifteen detention facilities in southern and central Iraq run by Coalition forces. She had no experience running correctional facilities. Karpinski was also given command of the National Guard and Army reserve units in the Iraqi city of Mosul who handled prisoners. Most of the forces had no training in handling prisoners, but at least two of the guardsmen later convicted of prisoner abuse had lengthy civilian experience as prison guards.

In September 2003, Karpinski led Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on a tour of the Abu Ghraib prison to demonstrate the way it had been used by Saddam Hussein to torture his enemies.

Allegations, suspension and investigation
In October 2003, allegations of torture in the United States-managed Iraqi prisons began to surface. Karpinski insisted that prisoners under her watch were treated "humanely and fairly". In an interview with the St. Petersburg Times in December 2003, Karpinski said conditions in the prison were better than many Iraqi homes, and joked that the prisoners were treated so well that she was "concerned they wouldn't want to leave."

In January 2004, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez formally suspended Karpinski and 16 other soldiers with undisclosed reprimands. An investigation was started into the abuse. Karpinski was reassigned in what was said at the time to be part of "routine troop rotations." In July 2003, Karpinski stated she had evidence Israelis were involved in interrogations.

On April 8, 2005, Karpinski was formally relieved of command of the 800th Military Police Brigade. On May 5, 2005, President Bush approved Karpinski's demotion to Colonel from the rank of Brigadier General. Her demotion was not officially related to the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison. The allegations against her were for dereliction of duty, making a material misrepresentation to investigators, failure to obey a lawful order and shoplifting.

Taguba Report
In his final report, Major General Antonio Taguba blamed Karpinski for the abuse, indicating she had not paid attention to the daily operations of the prison. According to Taguba, Karpinski rarely visited the prisons during her tenure, and she reviewed and signed reports about claims of abuse without following up to make sure her orders were carried out. As a consequence, the abuse was allowed to continue and her subordinates developed a lax attitude towards protocol. Karpinski was cited throughout the Taguba Report for repeated violations of Army procedure, good management and exercising her command as directed by Army regulations. During interviews cited in the Taguba report, Karpinski was described as disconnected from the operations of her area of command.

"14. (U) During the course of this investigation I conducted a lengthy interview with BG Karpinski that lasted over four hours, and is included verbatim in the investigation Annexes. BG Karpinski was extremely emotional during much of her testimony. What I found particularly disturbing in her testimony was her complete unwillingness to either understand or accept that many of the problems inherent in the 800th MP Brigade were caused or exacerbated by poor leadership and the refusal of her command to both establish and enforce basic standards and principles among its soldiers. (ANNEX 45 and the Personal Observations of the Interview Team)."

Karpinski was issued a Memorandum of Admonishment by LTG Sanchez, Commander, CJTF-7, on 17 January 2004.

In April 2004, CBS' 60 Minutes II broadcast photographs of Iraqi prisoners being tortured and humiliated at Abu Ghraib, which had been taken by military personnel. Following the broadcast, Karpinski was suspended from her duties and replaced by Major General Geoffrey Miller, the former commander of Camp X-Ray, part of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

Karpinski's defense
Karpinski insisted she had no knowledge of the abuse and claims the particular wing of the prison was under the control of military intelligence "twenty-four hours a day." She claims Army intelligence officers encouraged guards to torture prisoners as an aid to interrogation, and that she was a scapegoat.

A June 2004 BBC article said, "Gen Karpinski believes the soldiers had not taken the pictures of their own accord." It quotes her as saying:

"I know that the MP unit that these soldiers belonged to hadn't been in Abu Ghraib long enough to be so confident that one night or early morning they were going to take detainees out of their cells, pile them up and photograph themselves in various positions with these detainees."

Since her suspension, Karpinski has made controversial accusations against her superiors in a series of interviews. In an interview with BBC Radio, Karpinski claimed that Major General Geoffrey Miller, who was sent from Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay to improve interrogations at the Iraqi prison, told her to treat prisoners "like dogs" in the sense that "if you allow them to believe at any point that they are more than a dog then you've lost control of them". Miller denies that he ever made the remarks.

In November 2006, Karpinski told Spain's El País newspaper she had seen a letter apparently signed by Rumsfeld that allowed civilian contractors to use techniques such as sleep deprivation during interrogation. She stated, "The methods consisted of making prisoners stand for long periods, sleep deprivation ... playing music at full volume, having to sit in uncomfortably ... Rumsfeld authorized these specific techniques." According to Karpinski, Rumsfeld's handwritten signature was above his printed name and in the same handwriting in the margin was written: "Make sure this is accomplished."

There have been no comments from either the Pentagon or US army spokespeople in Iraq on Karpinski's accusations. But, since that time, there have been revelations about the Torture Memos, including one issued by John Yoo on March 14, 2003, to the General Counsel of DOD, in which he advised that federal laws related to torture and other abuses did not apply to interrogators overseas – five days before the US invasion of Iraq.

On March 8, 2006, Karpinski gave an interview to Dateline, on the Australian SBS network. When asked who was ultimately responsible for the actions of torture and humiliation depicted in the photographs, Karpinski said:

"You have to go back to the memorandum that was authored by our now-Attorney-General, Alberto Gonzales, and John Yoo, from out in California, who was with the current administration at the time, and they did a memorandum, authorizing departures from the Geneva Convention.

The memorandum, which was discussed at length with the Secretary of Defense and the Vice-President, according to sworn statements by people who were there when those conversations took place, that authorized the initial departure [from the Geneva Convention]. And yes, there was a memorandum that was posted at Abu Ghraib prison, that I only became aware of, after I heard of this ongoing investigation out at Abu Ghraib, and it was signed by the Secretary of Defense.

... the signature on the memorandum was over the signature block of the Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, and the ink that was used to sign appeared to be the same ink used for this handwritten note in the margin, "make sure this happens", and it was a list of interrogation techniques that were approved, so he obviously had knowledge of those [interrogation] techniques.

When the Secretary of Defense, General Geoffrey Miller, General Ricardo Sanchez, and General Antonio Taguba testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee, they were very careful to say, in response to a question about the photographs, that they knew nothing about the photographs. However, nobody on the Senate Armed Services Committee asked them "Did you know anything about the actions depicted in those photographs?" Because they would have had to give a truthful answer and the answer would have been yes, in fact they authorized the actions depicted in those photographs. The Secretary of Defense authorized it, in conversations with General Miller, his Under-Secretary for Intelligence not only authorized those actions but was staying on top of the progress of those actions and those activities."

When questioned on the findings of the Taguba Report, which stated she had shown a lack of leadership throughout the period of events, and therefore was partly responsible for what happened, Karpinski stated

"...When they do an investigation with that kind of potential, the rules are very clear, you have to identify an impartial person to do the investigation and General Taguba did not serve one day in Iraq, he spent his deployment time in the safety of Kuwait. And he was, as it came out afterwards, a good friend of General Sanchez. So if General Sanchez gave the investigating officer specific instructions on what he wanted to see in the conclusions, General Taguba was able and determined to provide and conclude what General Sanchez wanted to see. And he did exactly that. The findings in the report have been largely discredited because he was not an impartial party and because so much more information has come out.

...[General Taguba] was not charged with discovering what caused the photographs, General Taguba's instructions were to investigate the 800th Military Police Brigade and discover what was wrong with General Karpinski."

In a 2004 interview for the Santa Clarita, California newspaper, The Signal, Karpinski claimed to have seen unreleased documents from Rumsfeld that authorized the use of dogs, food and sleep deprivation, and isolation for Iraqi prisoners that were also signed by General Sanchez. Both have denied authorizing such tactics. In a May 2004 military investigation of the Abu Ghraib abuses, made public in 2005 by an ACLU Freedom of Information Act request, Karpinski had said she witnessed children as young as twelve years of age incarcerated at Abu Ghraib.

Awards

 * Bronze Star Medal
 * Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
 * Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters
 * Army Achievement Medal
 * Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
 * Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
 * Army Service Ribbon
 * Overseas Service Ribbon

Films

 * 2005 – Gitmo: The New Rules of War. Directed by Erik Gandini, Tarik Saleh.
 * 2006 – Iraq for Sale: The War Profiteers. Directed by Robert Greenwald.
 * 2008 – Standard Operating Procedure. Directed by Errol Morris.

title: Janis Karpinski


text:
Talk:Testicular Feminization

Why shouldn't the AIS article be merged with the T Fem article since they both describe the same condition? I think AIS is the preferred term these days-- it certainly has the advantage of being less confusing to people. I suggest leaving AIS as the main article, with a redirect from T fem. I would keep some of the more elaborate T fem formatting and not drop any verifiable info. However I gather from the page history there may be some disagreement and perhaps I don't understand the history of the pages. Comments? Alteripse 19:54, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Testicular Feminization


text:
John Gorman (entertainer)

John Gorman (born 4 January 1936) is an English comedian, vocalist and comedy musician.

Early life and education
Gorman was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire in 1936. After grammar school, Gorman worked as a Telecommunications Engineer.

The Scaffold
He was the founder of the comedy music group The Scaffold, best known for their 1968 hit single Lily the Pink, and its successor the band Grimms – the 'G' in Gorman providing the 'G' in Grimms. He also made a comedy musical album for DJM Records, Go Man Gorman.

During the 1970s he made brief film appearances in Frankie Howerd's medieval set farce Up the Chastity Belt (1971), Melody (1971), Terry Gilliam's Jabberwocky (1977), where he is credited as 'second peasant', and The Music Machine (1979) as a newsagent.

Television
He also made appearances on the British children's television show Tiswas between 1977 and 1981 (becoming a regular member in 1978) and was one of the Four Bucketeers, a novelty band whose highest-charting single was "Bucket of Water Song", which reached No. 26 in the UK Singles Chart in 1980. After Tiswas, he worked with Chris Tarrant on its adult-oriented successor O.T.T.. He then moved to Tyne Tees, first on the children's game show How Dare You! and later on another children's show, Razzmatazz.

After a period living in France, he returned as Artistic Director for the Theatre on the Steps in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. He appeared on the Tiswas Reunited show on ITV1 on 16 June 2007. Also in 2007 he announced plans to establish a Wirral Academy of the Arts at Birkenhead Park.

On 16 April 2022, Gorman reunited once again with Bob Carolgees, Sally James and Chris Tarrant for a Tiswas reunion show at St George's in Bristol as part of the city's annual Slapstick Festival.

title: John Gorman (entertainer)