text:
Frank Hurley

James Francis "Frank" Hurley (15 October 1885 – 16 January 1962) was an Australian photographer and adventurer. He participated in a number of expeditions to Antarctica and served as an official photographer with Australian forces during both world wars. He was the official photographer for the Australasian Antarctic Expedition and the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–16.

His artistic style produced many memorable images. He also used staged scenes, composites and photographic manipulation.

Early life
Frank Hurley was the third of five children to parents Edward and Margaret Hurley and was raised in Glebe, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. He ran away from home at the age of 13 to work on the Lithgow steel mill, returning home two years later to study at the local technical school and attend science lectures at the University of Sydney.

When he was 17 he bought his first camera, a 15-shilling Kodak Box Brownie which he paid for at the rate of a shilling per week. He taught himself photography and set himself up in the postcard business, where he gained a reputation for putting himself in danger in order to produce stunning images, including placing himself in front of an oncoming train to capture it on film.

Hurley married Antoinette Rosalind Leighton on 11 April 1918. The couple had four children: identical twin daughters, Adelie (later a press photographer) and Toni, one son, Frank, and youngest daughter Yvonne.

Antarctic expeditions
During his lifetime, Hurley spent more than four years in Antarctica. At the age of 23, in 1908, Hurley learned that Australian explorer Douglas Mawson was planning an expedition to Antarctica; fellow Sydney-sider Henri Mallard in 1911, recommended Hurley for the position of official photographer to Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition, ahead of himself.

Hurley asserts in his biography that he then cornered Mawson as he was making his way to their interview on a train, using the advantage to talk his way into the job. Mawson was persuaded, while Mallard, who was the manager of Harringtons—a local Kodak franchise—to which Hurley was in debt, provided photographic equipment. The expedition departed in 1911, returning in 1914. On his return, he edited and released a documentary, Home of the Blizzard, using his footage from the expedition.

Hurley was also the official photographer on Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition which set out in 1914 and was marooned until August 1916; Hurley's photographic kit for the expedition included the cinematograph machine, plate still camera and several smaller Kodak cameras, along with various lenses, tripods, and developing equipment, most of which had to be abandoned with the loss of their ship Endurance in 1915. He kept only a hand-held Vest Pocket Kodak camera and three rolls of film and for the rest of the expedition, he shot a total of just 38 images. He also selected and saved 120 of his glass-plate negatives smashing about 400 remaining ones. Some of the plates from the expedition are now part of the State Library of New South Wales collection.

Hurley produced many pioneering colour images of the expedition using the then-popular Paget process of colour photography. He photographed in South Georgia in 1917. He later compiled his records into the documentary film South in 1919. His footage was also used in the 2001 IMAX film Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure. He then returned to the Antarctic in 1929 and 1931, on Mawson's British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition.

Wartime photography
In 1917, Hurley joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) as an honorary captain, and captured many stunning battlefield scenes during the Third Battle of Ypres. In keeping with his adventurous spirit, he took considerable risks to photograph his subjects, also producing many rare panoramic and colour photographs of the conflict. Hurley kept a diary from 1917 to 1918, chronicling his time as a war photographer. In it, he described his commitment "to illustrate to the public the things our fellows do and how war is conducted", and his short-lived resignation in October 1917 when he was ordered not to produce composite images—a practice that was especially popular among professional photographers at the time and one that he believed could portray the disgust and horror that he felt during the war in such a way that his audience would feel it too. His period with the AIF ended in March 1918.

For the 1918 London exhibition, Australian War Pictures and Photographs, he employed composites for photomurals to convey drama of the war on a scale otherwise not possible using the technology available. This brought Hurley into conflict with the AIF on the grounds that montage diminished documentary value. He wrote that he would dress in civilian clothes and eavesdrop on soldiers who were visiting his exhibitions; he concluded that the composites were justified by the favourable comments they attracted. Charles Bean, official war historian, labelled Hurley's composite images "fake".

Hurley again worked as an official photographer during the Second World War. He was employed by the Australian Department of Information as head of the Photographic Unit from September 1940 until early 1943, based in Cairo. He took the only film of the initial victory against the Italians at Sidi Barrani in December 1940, which was given to Cinesound and Movietone News for global release. He also covered the battle of Bardia and the Siege of Tobruk in 1941, and both of the battles at El Alamein in 1942. Several volumes of his War Diaries cover this period.

In early 1943, the AIF 9th Division was recalled to Australia to fight the Japanese forces in the Pacific theatre. Hurley resigned his position, but remained in the Middle East, and accepted the position of Middle East Director of Army Features and Propaganda Films with the British Ministry of Information. In this capacity, he travelled a reported 200,000 miles covering the region from Libya to Persia, making regular items for War Pictorial News and 2-reel features. He photographed two conferences of leaders at Cairo and Teheran in 1943. Only one diary volume survives for this period. It includes a summary of his 1943 work, and covers a four-month journey from Cairo to Teheran commencing in February 1944, during which he took footage for The Road to Russia (1944), A Day in the Life of a King (1944), possibly the first film of the Marsh Arabs  Garden of Eden (1945), and one other feature about Teheran itself. Other features of this period include Cairo (1944), and The Holy Land (1945). Hurley returned to Australia in September 1946.

Cinematography
Hurley also used a film camera to record a range of experiences including the Antarctic expeditions, the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and war in the Middle East during World War II. The camera was a Debrie Parvo L 35 mm hand-crank camera made in France. This camera is now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia.

Hurley made several documentaries throughout his career, most notably Pearls and Savages (1921). He wrote and directed several dramatic feature films, including Jungle Woman (1926) and The Hound of the Deep (1926). He also worked as cinematographer for Cinesound Productions where his best known film credits include The Squatter's Daughter (1933), The Silence of Dean Maitland (1934) and Grandad Rudd (1935).

Select films

 * Dr. Mawson in the Antarctic (1913) - director
 * Into Australia's Unknown (1915) - director
 * Pearls and Savages (1921) - director
 * Jungle Woman (1926) - director
 * The Hound of the Deep (1926) - director
 * Southward Ho With Mawson (1930) - director
 * Siege of the South (1931) - director
 * Symphony in Steel (1932) - director
 * The Squatter's Daughter (1933) - cinematographer
 * Strike Me Lucky (1934) - cinematographer
 * Grandad Rudd (1935) - cinematographer
 * Tall Timber (1937) - original story
 * A Nation is Built (1937) - director
 * 40,000 Horsemen (1940) - cinematographer

title: Frank Hurley


text:
User:Saucepan/Test

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Saucepan/Test


text:
Charles Parsons

Charles Parsons may refer to:

People

 * Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), English engineer known for his invention of the steam turbine
 * Charles Parsons (philosopher) (1933–2024), professor in the philosophy of mathematics at Harvard University
 * Chick Parsons (Charles Thomas Parsons, Jr., 1900–1988), American businessman, diplomat, and decorated World War II veteran
 * Chuck Parsons (Charles W. Parsons, 1924–1999), American sports car racing driver
 * Charlie Parsons (born 1958), television producer
 * Charlie Parsons (baseball) (1863–1936), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Charles Parsons (British Army officer) (1855–1923)
 * Charles Wynford Parsons (1901–1950) British zoologist
 * Charles Lathrop Parsons (1867–1954), American chemist
 * Charles "Poss" Parsons (1892–1942), American college football player and coach

title: Charles Parsons


text:
Eketāhuna

Eketāhuna is a small rural settlement, in the south of the Tararua District and the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island.

The town is located at eastern foot of the Tararua Ranges, 35 kilometres north of Masterton and a similar distance south of Palmerston North. It is situated on State Highway 2, on the eastern bank of the Mākākahi River.

Eketāhuna has become synonymous with stereotypes of remote rural New Zealand towns, with New Zealanders colloquially referring to the town in the same way other English speakers refer to Timbuktu.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "land on the sandbank" for Eketāhuna. When pronounced in the typical Pākehā way, the name sounds like the Afrikaans sentence "I have a chicken" (Ek het 'n hoender), making it amusing to immigrant Afrikaans-speaking South Africans in New Zealand.

Geography
The corresponding Statistics New Zealand statistical area covers an area of 892.66 km².

The Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre is located to the south of the town.

Early settlement
Eketāhuna was settled in 1872, under the name Mellemskov. It was renamed soon after its founding.

Modern history
The population of Eketāhuna and the wider area has plummeted in the 21st century, dropping from 1,920 in 1996 to just 630 in 2013.

On 20 January 2014, the town was the epicentre of the 2014 Eketāhuna earthquake. Measuring 6.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, the quake caused moderate damage all over the southern North Island.

In July 2020, the name of the town was officially gazetted as Eketāhuna by the New Zealand Geographic Board.

Mayors
The Eketahuna Borough Council existed from 1907 until 1974 where it superseded by Eketahuna County Council which was later merged into Tararua District.

Demography
Eketāhuna is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement, which covers 4.18 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the wider Nireaha-Eketahuna statistical area.

Eketāhuna had a population of 504 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60 people (13.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 48 people (10.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 222 households, comprising 255 males and 249 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female, with 81 people (16.1%) aged under 15 years, 87 (17.3%) aged 15 to 29, 234 (46.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 102 (20.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 85.1% European/Pākehā, 31.5% Māori, 2.4% Pasifika, 1.8% Asian, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.4% had no religion, 30.4% were Christian, 1.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% were Hindu and 3.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 33 (7.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 126 (29.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 21 people (5.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 156 (36.9%) people were employed full-time, 69 (16.3%) were part-time, and 36 (8.5%) were unemployed.

Nireaha-Eketāhuna
Nireaha-Eketāhuna statistical area covers 892.62 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Nireaha-Eketāhuna had a population of 1,566 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 114 people (7.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 69 people (4.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 597 households, comprising 816 males and 750 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.09 males per female. The median age was 37.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 366 people (23.4%) aged under 15 years, 261 (16.7%) aged 15 to 29, 726 (46.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 207 (13.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 89.8% European/Pākehā, 22.6% Māori, 1.1% Pasifika, 1.7% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 8.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 57.7% had no religion, 28.0% were Christian, 1.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 138 (11.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 291 (24.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 108 people (9.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 594 (49.5%) people were employed full-time, 246 (20.5%) were part-time, and 60 (5.0%) were unemployed.

Economy
In 2018, 5.0% of the workforce worked in manufacturing, 6.1% worked in construction, 5.0% worked in hospitality, 1.4% worked in transport, 3.9% worked in education, and 6.4% worked in healthcare.

Transport
As of 2018, among those who commute to work, 46.4% drove a car, 3.2% rode in a car and 2.9% walked or jogged. No one commuted by public transport or cycled.

Education
Eketāhuna School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of  as of.

Notable people

 * Ellen Anderson (1882–1978), district nurse in Eketāhuna
 * Tania Lineham, born 1966 in Eketāhuna. Royal Society of New Zealand, Science and Technology Teacher Fellowship in 1999 and the Prime Minister's Science Teacher Prize in 2015.

title: Eketāhuna


text:
B1

B1, B.I, B.1 or B-1 may refer to:

Biology and chemistry

 * Bradykinin receptor B1, a human protein
 * Cinnamtannin B1, a condensed tannin found in cinnamon
 * Combretastatin B-1, a stilbenoid found in Combretum sp.
 * Fumonisin B1, a toxins produced by several species of Fusarium molds
 * B-1 cell, a lymphocyte type
 * Arecatannin B1, a tannin found in the betel nut
 * Proanthocyanidin B1, a B type proanthocyanidin
 * Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine

Media

 * B1 TV, a Romanian TV channel
 * A class of FM radio broadcasting in North America

Vehicles

 * Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a United States Air Force strategic bomber
 * B1 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 * B1 type submarine, a World War II Imperial Japanese Navy submarine class
 * Alsace-Lorraine B 1, an Alsace-Lorraine P 1 class steam locomotive
 * Marussia B1, a high-performance luxury sports coupé built by Russian automaker Marussia Motors
 * GS&WR Class B1, a Great Southern and Western Railway Irish steam locomotive
 * HMS B1, a B-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 * LB&SCR B1 class, an 1882 British express passenger steam locomotive
 * GCR Class 8C, classified B1 during LNER ownership, reclassified B18 in 1943
 * LNER Thompson Class B1, a British steam locomotive class
 * NER Class B1, a class of British steam locomotives
 * NCC Class B1, a Northern Counties Committee Irish steam locomotive
 * Pennsylvania Railroad class B1, an American electric locomotive
 * Saturn B-1, a 1959 four-stage rocket
 * USS B-1, a United States Navy B-class submarine
 * Brasilsat B1, a 1994 communication satellite
 * Char B1, a French heavy tank
 * B1 Centauro, an Italian wheeled tank destroyer
 * Boom XB-1 Baby Boom, an American technology demonstrator aircraft
 * Finnish Steam Locomotive Class B1

Other

 * B1 (archive format)
 * B1 (classification), a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport
 * B-1/B-2 Visa, issued by the United States to a foreign citizen seeking to enter the United States of America for business purposes
 * Brooklyn's Number One, a 1990s rapper from St Albans, Queens, United States appearing on the Kool G Rap's 4,5,6 1995 album
 * A subclass of B-class stars
 * B1, an international standard paper size (707 × 1000 mm), defined in ISO 216
 * A level in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
 * A security class in the TCSEC
 * the code for permission to use specific land or premises for offices, light industry in town and country planning in the United Kingdom
 * A sentient banana in the children's TV series Bananas in Pyjamas
 * B1, a model of battle droid in the Star Wars franchise
 * B1, Sydney Australia B-Line bus route
 * Chopin's Ballade No. 1
 * The darkest sky on the Bortle scale

title: B1


text:
Fort Verde State Historic Park

Fort Verde State Historic Park in the town of Camp Verde, Arizona is a small park that attempts to preserve parts of the Apache Wars-era fort as it appeared in the 1880s. The park was established in 1970 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places a year later.

Fort Verde was established at its current location in 1871. It is significant as "the best preserved and least altered of any military post associated with General Crook’s 1872-73 campaign against the northern Apaches."

Settlers in the mid-19th century near the Verde River grew corn and other crops with the prospect of getting good prices from nearby Prescott, which was the territorial capital, and from nearby miners. The rapid increase in population for the mining economy disrupted the hunting and gathering environments of the local Native American tribes, the Dilzhe'e Apache and Yavapai. In turn, they raided the farmers' crops for food.

The farmers requested military protection from the United States Army and, in 1865, although Arizona was still only a territory, the infantry arrived. They set up several posts over the next few years:
 * 1865, a small camp five miles (8 km) south of what is today Camp Verde.
 * 1866–1871, Camp Lincoln, a mile north of today's Fort Verde.
 * 1871–1873, Camp Verde, built gradually from 1871 to 1873.
 * 1879, Camp Verde, renamed Fort Verde
 * 1891, Fort Verde abandoned
 * 1899, sold at public auction

After approximately 1,500 local natives were placed on a reservation by 1872, the army's role changed from protecting the settlers to ensuring that the Indians stayed on the reservation. The last major military engagement with uprising natives took place in 1882 at the Battle of Big Dry Wash.

The fort was never enclosed by walls or stockades, and it never saw fighting on site. At its height, it consisted of twenty-two buildings, only four of which survived until 1956, when local citizens created a small museum in the administration building. They later donated the buildings and ten acres (40,000 m2) as a State Park.

Some of the buildings were built with pice, which is large adobe slabs cast within wooden frames, rather than assembled from the more familiar individual adobe bricks.

Historic structures in Fort Verde State Historic Park
The following structures and markers are pictured:
 * The "0" Mile General Crook Trail Marker which is located in the place where in 1871 General George Crook established a military supply trail which connected Forts Whipple, Verde and Apache. The marker is located close to the Fort Verde Administration Building.
 * The main Administration Building. It contained the main offices from which the decisions as to the operations of the fort were made. It now houses the Visitor Center of the Fort Verde Museum and contains exhibits, period artifacts from military life, and history on the Indian Scouts and Indian Wars era.
 * Inside the Commanding officers office in the Administration Building of Fort Verde.
 * Display of uniforms once used by the men who served in Fort Verde. The display is in the old Administration Building.
 * The Commanding Officer Quarters.
 * The Bachelor Officers’ Quarters.
 * The Doctor's & Surgeons Quarters.

title: Fort Verde State Historic Park


text:
Talk:Stephen Potter

Henry Arthur Jones or James ?
A thorough but unattributed and undocumented chronology at Stephen Potter - Biography, my most fertile source, includes the entry
 * 1923-1926 Secretary to Henry Arthur James, the playwright.

While i get no hits on
 * "Henry Arthur Jones " "stephen potter",

i also get none on
 * "Henry Arthur James" playwright OR theater OR theater OR drama

On the other hand,
 * "Henry Arthur Jones"

produces numerous theater-relevant hits, and suitable dates.

I conclude that the struck out material above is a slip of the eye or pen for
 * 1923-1926 Secretary to Henry Arthur Jones, the playwright.

--Jerzy(t) 05:19, 2004 May 14 (UTC)

I made a couple of minor corrections, and an update 2005-05-11. My reference is Julian Potter, Stephen's younger son and biographer. From Pinctor

Jerzy's conjecture is correct. Alan Jenkins's biography of Potter confirms that SP. was secretary to Henry Arthur Jones (p.69), although the book is vague about exact dates of employment. Lexo (talk) 22:20, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

No Stephen Fry
I removed the following sentence:
 * Audio versions, read by Stephen Fry, are available in the U.K.

Alas, there is no sign of such audiobooks anywhere. I suspect someone got confused because Stephen Fry did the Harry Potter audiobooks in the UK, thus leading to an obvious search engine confusion (Stephen + Fry + Stephen + Potter + audiobook). It would, of course, be lovely if Stephen Fry did do them -- they are close to his kind of satire. But they do not presently exist. Artemis-Arethusa 20:39, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Upping the quality of this article
I own a copy of Alan Jenkins' biography of Potter, plus have a small collection of Potter's works (all of his gamesmanship/lifemanship stuff plus the anthology The Sense of Humour, the travel book Potter in America and his early study of D.H. Lawrence.) I am something of a fan but while I have no illusions that an article on Potter need be of the scale of an article on, say, Leo Tolstoy or Alan Turing, I do think that his influence has been out of all proportion to the number of people who've actually read his stuff. He has changed people who've never even heard his name, but who have heard of the concepts he (arguably) gave a name to. Also, I think that the sources demonstrate that Potter had a bizarre cult following in the post-WW2 US intelligence community. I will do my best to get this article to a higher level. Lexo (talk) 21:30, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That would be helpful. "Remember, if you are not one up, you are one down."  --John Nagle (talk) 00:38, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Influence of Gamesmanship/One-upmanship
Eric Berne, the author of "Games People Play," gives Stephen Potter credit as one of the progenitors of Transactional Analysis. In this connection, it is not just the four "Up-manship" books (Gamesmanship, Lifemanship, One-Upmanship and Supermanship) that merit consideration, but also the fifth of the series, "Anti-Woo," which did not make it into paperback. Unlike some of Berne's books, where the game players may be seeking intimacy, in Anti-Woo the prototypical English bachelor seeks to avoid being ensnared by predatory females: the "ploys" used can be viewed as the kind of ultmately self-defeating games that Berne described in his later works.NRPanikker (talk) 15:56, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Stephen Potter


text:
Mākākahi River

The Mākākahi River runs through the Manawatū-Whanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand.

From its headwaters south of Eketāhuna it flows northwest alongside State Highway 2 for 40 km before feeding into the Mangatainoka River near Pahiatua.

title: Mākākahi River


text:
2001 British Columbia general election

The 2001 British Columbia general election was the 37th provincial election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 18, 2001 and held on May 16, 2001. Voter turnout was 55.4 per cent of all eligible voters.

The incumbent British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP), in office since 1991, had been rocked by two major scandals—the Fast Ferries Scandal and a bribery scandal involving Premier Glen Clark. With the NDP's ratings flatlining, Clark resigned in August 1999, and Deputy Premier Dan Miller took over as caretaker premier until Ujjal Dosanjh was elected his permanent successor in February. Dosanjh was not, however, able to restore the party's public image, and the BC NDP suffered a resounding defeat at the hands of the British Columbia Liberal Party (BC Liberals), led by former Vancouver mayor Gordon Campbell. The BC Liberals won over 57% of the popular vote, and an unprecedented 77 of the 79 seats in the provincial legislature—the largest victory in the province's electoral history.

The BC NDP, on the other hand, suffered a near-total political collapse. The party lost almost half of the share of the popular vote that it had won in the 1996 election, while its seat count fell from 39 seats to only two—those of Deputy Premier and Education Minister Joy MacPhail and Community Development Minister Jenny Kwan. It was easily the worst defeat of a sitting government in British Columbia history. It was also the second-worst defeat of a sitting provincial government in Canada, eclipsed only by the New Brunswick election of 1987, the Alberta election of 1935, and the Prince Edward Island election of 1935. In those elections, the governing party–the New Brunswick Tories, the United Farmers of Alberta and the PEI Tories–was completely wiped off the map. Dosanjh resigned as party leader soon after the election; he had actually conceded defeat a week before voters went to the polls. Despite being the only other party in the Assembly, the BC NDP lacked the four seats required for official party status.

The British Columbia Unity Party had been created as a union of conservative parties. Initially, Reform BC, the Social Credit, the British Columbia Party, and the Family Coalition Party had joined under the "BC Unity" umbrella. By the time the election was called, however, only the Family Coalition Party and a large majority of Reform BC segments had remained in the BC Unity coalition. The other parties had withdrawn to continue independently. Ron Gamble, sometime leader and sometime president of the renewed Reform BC continued his opposition to conservative mergers, consistently proclaiming a "Say No to Chris Delaney & BC Unity" policy, until Unity's eventual collapse in 2004 after a failed second attempt at a merger with BC Conservatives.

2000 redistribution of ridings
An Act was passed in 2000 providing for an increase of seats from 75 to 79, upon the next election. The following changes were made:

Results
Notes

x – less than 0.005% of the popular vote.

* The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

Unity Party results are calculated relative to Family Coalition Party results.

MLAs elected
{{legend|#A51B12|Abbotsford-Clayburn: John van Dongen}} {{legend|#A51B12|Abbotsford-Mount Lehman: Mike de Jong}} {{legend|#A51B12|Alberni-Qualicum: Gillian Trumper}} {{legend|#A51B12|Bulkley Valley-Stikine: Dennis MacKay}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burnaby-Edmonds: Patty Sahota}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burnaby North: Richard Lee}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burnaby-Willingdon: John Nuraney}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burquitlam: Harry Bloy}} {{legend|#A51B12|Cariboo North: John Wilson}} {{legend|#A51B12|Cariboo South: David Zirnhelt}} {{legend|#A51B12|Chilliwack-Kent: Barry Penner}} {{legend|#A51B12|Chilliwack-Sumas: John Les}} {{legend|#A51B12|Columbia River-Revelstoke: Wendy McMahon}} {{legend|#A51B12|Comox Valley: Stan Hagen}} {{legend|#A51B12|Coquitlam-Maillardville: Richard Stewart}} {{legend|#A51B12|Cowichan-Ladysmith: Graham Bruce}} {{legend|#A51B12|Delta North: Reni Masi}} {{legend|#A51B12|Delta South: Val Roddick}} {{legend|#A51B12|East Kootenay: Bill Bennett}} {{legend|#A51B12|Esquimalt-Metchosin: Arnie Hamilton}} {{legend|#A51B12|Fort Langley-Aldergrove: Rich Coleman}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kamloops: Claude Richmond}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kamloops-North Thompson: Kevin Krueger}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kelowna-Lake Country: John Weisbeck}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kelowna-Mission: Sindi Hawkins}} {{legend|#A51B12|Langley: Lynn Stephens}}

{{legend|#A51B12|Malahat-Juan de Fuca: Brian Kerr}} {{legend|#A51B12|Maple Ridge-Mission: Randy Hawes}} {{legend|#A51B12|Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows: Ken Stewart}} {{legend|#A51B12|Nanaimo: Mike Hunter}} {{legend|#A51B12|Nanaimo-Parksville: Judith Reid}} {{legend|#A51B12|Nelson-Creston: Blair Suffredine}} {{legend|#A51B12|New Westminster: Joyce Murray}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Coast: Bill Belsey}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Island: Rod Visser}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Vancouver-Lonsdale: Katherine Whittred}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Vancouver-Seymour: Daniel Jarvis}} {{legend|#A51B12|Oak Bay-Gordon Head: Ida Chong}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Vernon: Tom Christensen}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Westside: Rick Thorpe}} {{legend|#A51B12|Peace River North: Richard Neufeld}} {{legend|#A51B12|Peace River South: Blair Lekstrom}} {{legend|#A51B12|Penticton-Okanagan Valley: Bill Barisoff}} {{legend|#A51B12|Port Coquitlam-Burke Mountain: Karn Manhas}} {{legend|#A51B12|Port Moody-Westwood: Christy Clark}} {{legend|#A51B12|Powell River-Sunshine Coast: Harold Long}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George-Mount Robson: Shirley Bond}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George North: Pat Bell}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George-Omineca: Paul Nettleton}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond Centre: Greg Halsey-Brandt}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond East: Linda Reid}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond-Steveston: Geoff Plant}} {{legend|#A51B12|Saanich North and the Islands: Murray Coell}}

{{legend|#A51B12|Saanich South: Susan Brice}} {{legend|#A51B12|Shuswap: George Abbott}} {{legend|#A51B12|Skeena: Roger Harris}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Cloverdale: Kevin Falcon}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Green Timbers: Brenda Locke}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Newton: Tony Bhullar}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Panorama Ridge: Gulzar Cheema}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Tynehead: Dave Hayer}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Whalley: Elayne Brenzinger}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-White Rock: Gordon Hogg}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Burrard: Lorne Mayencourt}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Fairview: Gary Farrell-Collins}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Fraserview: Ken Johnston}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Hastings: Joy MacPhail}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Kensington: Patrick Wong}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Kingsway: Rob Nijjar}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Langara: Val Anderson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Mount Pleasant: Jenny Kwan}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Point Grey: Gordon Campbell}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Quilchena: Colin Hansen}} {{legend|#A51B12|Victoria-Beacon Hill: Jeff Bray}} {{legend|#A51B12|Victoria-Hillside: Sheila Orr}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Kootenay-Boundary: Sandy Santori}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Vancouver-Capilano: Ralph Sultan}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Vancouver-Garibaldi: Ted Nebbeling}} {{legend|#A51B12|Yale-Lillooet: David Chutter}}

Synopsis of results

 * = Open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = Incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = Previously incumbent in another riding
 * = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = Incumbency arose from by-election gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = Multiple candidates

title: 2001 British Columbia general election


text: User talk:128.107.253.43

title: User talk:128.107.253.43


text:
Talk:Serra dos Órgãos National Park

 * Archive 1

Coordinate error
The coordinates need the following fixes: 22°26'43.26"S 42°59'59.13"W

8.18.85.7 (talk) 19:06, 23 December 2009 (UTC) The current coordinates are for the Parque Estadual dos Tres Picos

Done. BrainMarble (talk) 17:28, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

File:Amanhecer no Hercules --.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Amanhecer no Hercules --.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on November 25, 2017. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2017-11-25. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 05:20, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:46, 7 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Relief Map of Brazil.jpg

title: Talk:Serra dos Órgãos National Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tulsa Linux Users Group

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Tulsa Linux Users Group.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Vanity/advert, especially when you consider a page already exists for Tulsa Computer Society (and BTW, that Tulsa Computer Society page could use some rephrasing to get rid of its appearance as a vanity text such as "Our motto is..."). --Lowellian 05:23, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Some vanity. They can't even remember the year they incorporated!  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 16:10, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, stub and ask the author to get the facts straight, make a proper article, etc. This could actually be a useful article for someone. Alcarillo 16:43, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. 0% activity, no updates since 2001. Niteowlneils 21:08, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If this is real group then keep. Just because the poster doesn't have a good memory is not IMO reason for deletion. A Google search reveals that they are still an active organization (As of March 2004). Burgundavia 04:19, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Who cares if they exist or not?  Either way, they aren't notable.  Wikipedia isn't a directory of organizations, it's an encyclopedia. Isomorphic 05:41, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Isomorphic. -- Stevietheman 17:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed w/ Isomorphic. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:36, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. RadicalSubversiv E 18:52, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, inactive, can't remember details.  RickK 19:24, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Kazuki

Kazuki--

Thanks for contributing. I wanted to let you know the link to Warcry on Star Wars Galaxies doesn't work for me--is the site down or is there a typo there? Goodralph 05:24, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kazuki


text:
User talk:Puzzlegoddess

Hello. I have been reading Wikipedia for a while now, and I see that my best contribution would be to help with speedy deletions and doing reversions back to proper articles after silly vandalism. I do have trouble navigating the site while I am logged in, but no trouble if logged out. I wish someone would give a list of those helpful links here on my talk page. Thank you.

I think FAQ has most of what you'd want to see, but don't hesitate to ask specific questions. - Hephaestos|§ 05:35, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Thank you Hephaestos. I am reluctant to jump in. I believe I will watch more for the time being.

title: User talk:Puzzlegoddess


text:
Greymouth

Greymouth (Māori: Māwhera) is the largest town in the West Coast region in the South Island of New Zealand, and the seat of the Grey District Council. The population of the whole Grey District is, which accounts for % of the West Coast's inhabitants. The Greymouth urban area had an estimated population of A large proportion of the District, 65%, is part of the Conservation Estate owned and managed by the Department of Conservation making Greymouth a natural centre for walkers and trampers.

Location
The town is located at the mouth of the Grey River, on a narrow coastal plain close to the foot of the Southern Alps. In clear weather, Aoraki / Mount Cook can be clearly seen to the south from near the town. The mouth of the river divides the town into three areas: Blaketown, close to the river's mouth on the south bank; Karoro, to the southeast, separated from Blaketown by a series of small estuarine lagoons; and Cobden, formerly a separate town, on the river's north bank.

Greymouth is on, which connects it with Hokitika in the south and Westport in the north. It also stands at the terminus of, which runs through Dobson and Reefton, eventually reaching North Canterbury and its junction with State Highway 1 at Waipara, 55 km north of Christchurch, via Lewis Pass. Highway 73 is accessed 20 km south of Greymouth, which is the most direct route to or from Christchurch. The town is also the western terminus of the Midland line from Christchurch. Large coal trains often operate from Greymouth on this line to Christchurch. The famous TranzAlpine train also terminates at Greymouth. The Greymouth Airport is only 1.9 km south of the centre of the town.

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as oceanic (Cfb). The mean annual rainfall Greymouth receives is high by New Zealand standards and is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. This is due to its position receiving marine westerlies throughout the year that often do not rise above the Southern Alps. As a result, it creates a rain shadow effect that sees east coast locations having far sunnier and warmer summers. This extreme marine influence also shelters the Greymouth area from hot summer days and cold winter nights. Snow is rare, with the last reported event occurring on 4 August 2019.

On 10 March 2005, a major tornado, which started as a waterspout, made landfall in the suburb of Blaketown. It quickly moved through the town passing just south of the main town centre. The tornado was one of the largest reported in recent history in the West Coast region, caused millions of dollars in damage, and injured several people. Previous tornadoes which had struck Greymouth on 16 June 2003 and 28 March 2001 had destroyed several buildings.

The Barber
A katabatic wind blows down the Grey Valley and is known locally as the Barber, which can be seen as well as felt because a mist accompanies the cold wind. In the early twentieth century the Barber was also known as the "gorge wind". It was reported that there were changes to the direction, severity and coldness of the wind in that era and this change was attributed to the felling of trees on the Coast Road leading north towards the new settlements of Dunollie and Seven Mile. Greymouth businesses would often advertise the benefits of their products, especially clothing to ward off the chill of the Barber.

Flooding
A combination of high intensity rainfall, high topographic relief and short steep rivers often leads to rapid flooding of low-lying land across the West Coast. Since its founding Greymouth has experienced two dozen floods by the Grey River, with many of the most significant being assigned names: for example, the Great Flood (1872), the Jubilee Flood (1887), the Big Flood (1905), The Biggest Since 1887 (1936), The Biggest Since 1936 (1977), The Big One (May 1988) and The Biggest (September 1988). After the two floods in 1988 the mayor of Greymouth, Barry Dallas, organised the construction of a flood protection wall. Rising 2 m above the level of the railway embankment and riverside wharf, it was completed in September 1990 at a cost of NZ$4m. Since its completion Greymouth has not suffered a significant flood, although the river has come close to the top of the flood wall several times.

Local walks
With 65% of the Grey District forming part of the Conservation Estate, there are many local walks to enjoy.

Coal Creek Track
The path gently descends down to the Coal Creek valley though a mixed beech-podocarp forest. The walk is approximately 3.6 km return and is accessed 8 km northeast of Greymouth at Runanga.

King Domain Walk
This is a zigzag uphill track taking in four lookouts across Greymouth and the Grey Valley. The first lookout shows the Greymouth town centre and the Grey River. The second lookout provides a view of central Greymouth from a greater elevation. The third lookout at a rock outcrop gives a view of Cobden and the final lookout provides a panorama of the lower Grey Valley.

Kōwhai Bush Walk
Located off Turumaha Street next to Anzac Park, this short loop walk takes you through the Kōwhai Forrest, half of which is bounded by the mudflats of Blaketown Lagoon. There are some boardwalks which follow through estuarine vegetation.

Omotomotu Bush Walk
This walk is located in the only substantial forest area close to Greymouth. It is located on Marsden Road and is a 25 minute loop track. Halfway along the track is a deviation to a lookout point with views of regenerating forest.

Point Elizabeth Walkway
This walk is accessed via North Beach Road, Cobden or Seven Mile Road, Rapahoe and is 5.5 km one way. It is a well-formed walk through coastal bush with stunning cliff top views.

Woods Creek Walk
This forest track passes by tailraces and dams and through tunnels built by gold miners in the 19th century and is a 1.1 km loop track. It is approximately 30 km southeast of Greymouth.

Polynesian settlement
Archaeological evidence shows Māori settlements on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island dating back to 1300–1400 AD. Located at Karamea, Westport (Kawatiri), Bruce Bay (Mahitahi) and Jackson Bay (Okahu), excavations have identified in-ground cooking ovens (hāngī) and middens (rubbish tips). They show that these early Māori ate moa and seals as well as fish from the river and sea. These earliest West Coast people were from east Polynesia. Their stone knives and adzes were made by using the Polynesian flaking method and personal ornaments found on the sites were based on traditional Polynesian shark-tooth designs. These early people were subsumed by later Māori tribes (iwi) who came to the West Coast as population grew and settlement spread.

Ngāi Tahu on Te Tai Poutini
Ngāi Tahu came to Te Tai Poutini (the West Coast) about the start of the nineteenth century. Under Tūhuru Kōkare, a great warrior, they defeated the Ngāti Wairangi in a series of battles for the greenstone (pounamu) coast. The West Coast was one of the principal sources of the highly-prized greenstone which is almost as hard as steel. The Poutini Ngāi Tahu built fortified pā at Māwhera (Greymouth), Ōkārito and Mahitahi (Bruce Bay) and had villages or gardens at other places including Inangahua, Taramakau, Mahinapua, Pouerua, Okuru and Arawhata (Jackson Bay). The name Māwhera (meaning 'wide spread river mouth', is still an alternative name for the Grey River.

European settlement
The first Europeans to visit the site of what is now Greymouth were Thomas Brunner and Charles Heaphy in 1846. Brunner and Heaphy were detailed by the Nelson Land Company to investigate the country south of the Buller and to report on its resources and potential as a field for further settlement. They set out from Nelson on 17 March 1846 accompanied by a Māori named Kehu, who had previously visited the West Coast and who had agreed to act as their guide. Brunner discovered coal in the Grey Valley, and several places in the region (notably the town of Brunner and Lake Brunner) bear his name. Brunner himself named the Grey River after Sir George Grey, Governor of New Zealand.

As numbers of colonists continued to increase in Nelson and Canterbury, interest grew in settling the West Coast, but the land was still owned by Māori – Poutini Ngāi Tahu. In 1857 Poutini Ngāi Tahu chiefs wrote to Donald McLean, the New Zealand government land purchase officer, offering to sell the land for £2500, as long as some land was reserved for their use and they kept their rights to the pounamu (greenstone) of the Arahura River. In 1859, James Mackay was sent to broker a purchase deal, known as the Arahura Deed. This was signed in Māwhera by leading chiefs on 21 May 1860: it sold the entire West Coast to the Crown for just £300, apart from a scattering of reserves totalling 4000 ha. (Just after the signing, Mackay capsized his canoe in the Grey River, and some of the writing in the document is smudged to this day.) The reserves included Māwhera, now the centre of Greymouth.

On 22 July 1864 the Nelson became the first steamer to cross the Grey bar and steam up the Grey River. Aboard the 'Nelson' were Matthew Batty and Reuben Waite plus approximately 70 prospectors. Reuben Waite would open the first store in Greymouth on the banks of the Grey River at the corner of which is now Waite Street and Mawhera Quay. Matthew Batty would become the first European coal miner on the Grey River overseeing a group of Māori digging up the Brunner Seam on the Grey River bank.

John Rochfort undertook the original survey of the site of the township in 1865. Greymouth was proclaimed a borough on 16 July 1868, and on 26 August 1868 an election was held. On 16 September 1868, the new borough council held its first meeting and unanimously elected Edward Masters as the first mayor of Greymouth.

From 1853 until the abolition of provinces in 1876, Greymouth was first part of Canterbury Province (the West Coast part of the Province was known as West Canterbury) and then part of an independent Westland Province. However Cobden, on the north (or right) bank of the Grey River was a part of Nelson Province from 1853 to 1876. The boundary between the Canterbury and Nelson provinces had been set as a straight line from the head of the Hurunui River to Lake Brunner at a time when the area was virtually uninhabited, but the West Coast Gold Rush straddled that boundary, with a population boom also straddling the boundary. In 1866, there had been a proposal for portions of Canterbury Province, including the urban area of Greymouth and the rural area south, to be annexed and solely administered by Nelson Province. The situation for the citizens of the area was partially alleviated with the creation of the County of Westland – which had all the administrative powers of a provincial council, but saw the legislative powers remain with Parliament in Wellington. Members of Parliament were not happy with having to spend their time on local legislation, and in 1873 the government elevated the county to full provincial status as Westland Province.

Shipwrecks on the Greymouth Bar
The Greymouth Bar is a sandbar at the mouth of the Grey River. It is notorious in New Zealand and more than 44 ships have been wrecked there while entering, leaving or mooring in the harbour. The first shipwreck happened on 13 September 1863 when the schooner Gipsy carrying mostly gold diggers from Sydney, was caught in a northeasterly gale. Sixteen lives have been lost since 1865, when the Nugget drifted out of the river and across the bar at night. The cutter was half full of water when the crew came on deck and only one of the two crewmen made it safely to shore.

The year 1866 was the most dangerous year for shipping in Greymouth, with five schooners and screw steamers being wrecked due to a number of reasons, including getting stranded on the spit, sheered in current, insufficient tug power and the engine stopped.

On 23 June 1910 the Lauderdale was heading to Greymouth from Nydia Bay and on 27 June struck the north tiphead, ending up stranded on the Blaketown beach after, at one point, being grounded against another shipwreck from 1908, the Hawea. The Lauderdale is one of three wrecks which remain on the Greymouth coastline in the twenty-first century and in April 2016 a local Blaketown family unveiled a commemorative plaque on the West Coast Cycle Trail, telling its story. This plaque is within sight of the wreck remains which appear and disappear on the shoreline with the tides. The Abel Tasman and the Hawea are the other two remaining wrecks.

Demographics
Greymouth covers 27.70 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Greymouth had a smaller boundary, covering 27.45 km2. Using that boundary, Greymouth had a population of 7,962 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 156 people (−1.9%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 267 people (−3.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,345 households, comprising 3,933 males and 4,038 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 1,398 people (17.6%) aged under 15 years, 1,356 (17.0%) aged 15 to 29, 3,573 (44.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,641 (20.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.9% European/Pākehā, 10.6% Māori, 1.5% Pasifika, 3.8% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 11.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.3% had no religion, 37.5% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Hindu, 0.4% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 765 (11.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,839 (28.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 876 people (13.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,144 (47.9%) people were employed full-time, 1,023 (15.6%) were part-time, and 198 (3.0%) were unemployed.

Rural area
Greymouth Rural statistical area, which stretches between Greymouth and Lake Brunner, covers 338.07 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Greymouth Rural had a larger boundary, covering 340.00 km2. Using that boundary, Greymouth Rural had a population of 693 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (4.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 129 people (22.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 285 households, comprising 363 males and 330 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female. The median age was 47.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 114 people (16.5%) aged under 15 years, 105 (15.2%) aged 15 to 29, 369 (53.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 108 (15.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.4% European/Pākehā, 10.4% Māori, 0.4% Pasifika, 0.9% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.3% had no religion, 30.7% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 69 (11.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 144 (24.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 93 people (16.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 315 (54.4%) people were employed full-time, 90 (15.5%) were part-time, and 21 (3.6%) were unemployed.

Economy
Greymouth was founded during the West Coast gold rush of the 1860s, but for 150 years after this its economy was based on coal mining and native timber forestry. These brought prosperity to the town which at one point had 47 hotels (today it has only six). In 2020 most of the coal mines have now closed yet at there were once ten coal mines in the Brunner Field. Brunner (1861–1935), Tyneside (1876–1954), Wallsend (1894–1932), Coal Pit Heath (1877–1893), Coolgardie (1894–1932), Pig and Whistle (1900–1944), South Brunner (1906–1907), St Kilda (1907–1921), North Brunner (1908–1920), Dobson (1920–1968). The 10 mines produced over 8 million tonnes of coal. The coal reserves in the district including - measured, indicated, and inferred total 164 million tonnes. Fishing has long been important to the town, despite the fact that the entrance to the Grey River has two notoriously dangerous sandbars; an inner and outer bar.

Beginning in the 1960s, forestry and coal mining began to decline on the West Coast. The planned opening of the Pike River Mine in early 2008 spurred new investments in upgrading port facilities at the town. The opening of the new mine, as well as the planned Spring Creek mine, was called the biggest investment happening in the area for a hundred years; coal barges travelling to and from reshipment facilities in Taranaki would have carried containerised cargo to the town and saved the port from closure. On 19 November 2010, there was an explosion at the Pike River Mine, trapping 29 miners. Attempts to rescue the trapped miners were repeatedly delayed due to high levels of methane gas, until a second explosion on 24 November dashed all hope of survival for the miners. Pike River Coal went into receivership in the wake of the disaster and was purchased by Solid Energy, which closed the Spring Creek Mine in 2012 with the loss of 220 jobs and went into voluntary administration in August 2015.

After the decline in coal mining and forestry, the West Coast economy has become increasingly dependent on ecotourism. Thousands of coal mining jobs had declined to just 60, and hundreds of tourism jobs had replaced them. During Greymouth's boom years, much of the centre of town was built up in brick Art Deco building on leased land in the Mawhera Reserve. This land was administered for many years by the Department of Maori Affairs, but was returned to the control of the iwi in 1976. At that time Mawhera Inc's total assets were worth $2m, but had grown to $123m by 2018. Mawhera Inc is now the town's largest landlord, with 1600 shareholders. After regulations were tightened following the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, many of Greymouth's heritage buildings were found to be unsafe, and the combination of earthquake-strengthening costs and being on lease land makes many of them uneconomic to restore and occupy.

Greymouth is also known for its pounamu ("greenstone", a form of jade) carving industry which goes back to Māori origins. The town's local brewery, Monteith's, has produced beer since 1868 which is now sold nationwide.

Education
Greymouth has several state primary schools offering education up to year 8, and Greymouth High School and John Paul II High School providing secondary education. There are also state-integrated Catholic primary and secondary schools.

Tai Poutini Polytechnic has its head office based in Greymouth. It also has campuses in Auckland, Christchurch, Hokitika, Reefton, Wanaka and Westport.

Left Bank Art Gallery
Founded in 1992, the Left Bank Art Gallery in Greymouth is located in the former Bank of New Zealand building on the left bank of the Grey River. It is operated by the West Coast Society of the Arts and exhibits the works of artists from Karamea to Haast and holds the National Pounamu Collection.

Art in the Park
In 2007 the first Art in the Park event was organised in Greymouth at Dixon Park by Linda and Ashley Morley, South Africans living in New Zealand. They brought the concept from South Africa. In 2008 inclement weather meant the organisers sought an alternative venue that was more sheltered from rain. The 2009 Art in the Park was held at Shantytown, and remained there for a couple of years before locating to the Greymouth High School gymnasium.

Greymouth Operatic Society
In 1944 the Greymouth Operatic Society was formalised, following a number of successful patriotic reviews and concerts during the war years. The first production in 1945 was "The Country Girl" with Beverley Patterson in the lead role of 'Marjorie Joy'. In 2021 the Greymouth Operatic Society is a thriving operation, providing the opportunity for local performers, musician and stage crews to learn all things theatre. The aim of the Society is to support, educate, and nurture local talent.

Suburbs

 * Inner suburbs:
 * Greymouth Southern Breakwater 4.jpg Cobden – reflects the English origins and political awareness of its founders. Many of the streets are named for English political rebels and reformers of their times. Richard Cobden (1804–1865) was a radical politician involved in repealing the Corn Laws, emancipating the worker and encouraging free trade. Some of his contemporaries such as John Bright and Edward Cardwell also have streets named after them. Other more recent streets honour some of Cobden's significant citizens.
 * Greymouth Central – Māwhera to Māori but renamed 'Grey' to honour the then Governor of New Zealand Sir George Grey. The earliest street names honour pioneer residents, explorers and prominent local Māori, while others pay tribute to English literary figures and politicians. Later developments recognise the achievements of local residents who contributed significantly to civic and local body affairs.
 * Blaketown – named for its founder, Isaac Blake who, according to his contemporaries, although unable to read was a wily and ambitious character. He came as a gold prospector but soon saw that there was more money to be made as a trader and storekeeper. In its early days, Blaketown was bigger than Greymouth. Blaketown shows the influence of early politicians in its street names.
 * Wharemoa
 * Karoro - the meaning in Māori is 'blacked-backed gull' or 'seagull'. The streets of Karoro, which are mostly the result of more recent subdivision, reflect the names of developers or landowners in the area. Some are named for geographic features and native trees.
 * Outer suburbs:
 * South Beach
 * Paroa – the meaning in Māori is 'long fortified village'. The area around the Saltwater Creek was so named in 1866 when upwards of two thousand men were prospecting in the area. The streets of Paroa are mostly named for prominent citizens and landowners.
 * Rutherglen
 * Gladstone
 * Camerons

Notable people

 * Mary Anderson (1887–1966), politician and founding member of the Greymouth branch of the New Zealand Labour Party
 * Julie Christie (born 1962), television producer who grew up in Greymouth
 * Paul Coll (born 1992), squash player born in Greymouth
 * Arthur Guinness (1846–1913), lawyer and politician
 * Kevin Hague (born 1960), politician and chief executive who lives in Greymouth
 * Arthur Harding (born 1878), rugby union player for Wales & Great Britain, was a station-master at Greymouth
 * Amy Johnston (1872–1908), dentist born in Greymouth
 * Tony Kokshoorn (born 1955), politician, activist and publisher born and lives in Greymouth
 * Janice M. Morse (born 1945), medical researcher who grew up in Greymouth
 * Bill Pearson (1922–2002), writer born in Greymouth
 * Mark Priest (born 1961), cricketer born in Greymouth
 * Gaylene Preston (born 1947), filmmaker born in Greymouth
 * Yvonne Rust (1922–2002), artist and art teacher
 * Blair Tennent (1898–1976), politician who grew up in Greymouth
 * Leigh Hart (born 1970), comedian and radio announcer born in Greymouth
 * Jackie Thomas (born 1990) singer born in Greymouth
 * Jackie Thomas (born 1990) singer born in Greymouth

Notable buildings

 * Bank of New Zealand (1 Tainui Street), now home of the Leftbank Art Gallery
 * Revington's Hotel (45–49 Tainui Street), now demolished
 * Grey Harbour Board building (1884)
 * Regent Theatre (1937)
 * The Greymouth Railway Station is included in an historic precinct, which also incorporates the signal box, the former Government buildings, former State Insurance office.

title: Greymouth


text:
Ci (poetry)

Cí (pronounced ; ), also known as chángduǎnjù and shīyú, is a type of lyric poetry in the tradition of Classical Chinese poetry that also draws upon folk traditions. Cí, also known as "song lyrics, " use various poetic meters derived from a base set of fixed pattern forms, using fixed-rhythm, fixed-tone, and line-lengths varying according that of the model examples. The rhythmic and tonal pattern of the cí are based upon certain, definitive musical song tunes (cípái), and in many cases the name of the musical tune is given in the title of a cí piece, in a form such as "after (the tune of)...."

Typically, the number of characters in each line and the arrangement of tones were determined by one of around 800 set patterns, each associated with a particular title, called cípái (詞牌). Originally, they were written to be sung to a tune of that title, with a set rhythm, rhyme, and tempo. Therefore, the title may have nothing to do with its content. Indeed, several cí often shared the same title. The titles did not refer to the content, but rather their shared rhythmic and tonal patterns. Some cí have a "subtitle" or a commentary, sometimes as long as a paragraph, indicating the content. Sometimes, for the sake of clarity, a cí is listed under its title, followed by its first line.

History
Although the oldest surviving textual examples of cí are from 8th century CE Dunhuang manuscripts, beginning in the poetry of the Liang dynasty, the ci followed the tradition of the Shi Jing and the yuefu: they were lyrics which developed from anonymous popular songs into a sophisticated literary genre. In the case of the cí form, some of its fixed-rhythm patterns have been influenced by music and poetry of Central Asia and elsewhere.

The ci form developed during the late Tang dynasty. Although the contributions of Li Bai (701–762) are fraught with historical doubt, certainly the Tang poet Wen Tingyun (812–870) was a great master of the ci, writing it in its distinct and mature form. One of the more notable practitioners and developers of this form was Li Yu of the Southern Tang dynasty, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, subsequent to Tang. Before the ci form was formalized by the scholarly, it's antecedents had grown up in a setting of popular music. Serindian influences were particularly important in this regard; with the influence of Kucha drum dance tunes being the most important. Much of the process of importing Serindian influence into Classical Chinese poetry was mediated through the short-lived state of Western Liang (555–587). Western Liang was basically a city-state centered on the city known in Tang times as Liangzhou. In Western Liang a musical hybrid of Chinese and Kuchean traditions developed, and became popularized throughout the Tang culture, from the people to even the emperor Xuanzong (reigned 713–756). This was part of a larger movement: "...of all the specialists of ambiguous socal status who were sent to China by a foreign government, the most popular and influential were the musicians―instrumentalists, singers, and dancers―and the instruments and musical modes that they brought with them....For many centuries, the music of the West had had its admirers in China, but under the Sui [581–618] emperors there was a great vogue for it, which continued into T'ang times." Foreign music (in terms of performers, instruments, musical modes, and songs) was brought to China, often as a result of wars of conquest or as a type of "tribute" and this music found a place in informal settings at the imperial court to other less reputable settings. Ci poetry largely developed during the late Tang from the music made in popular settings such as houses of pleasure and from the inclusion of romantic and erotic themes of late Tang poets such as Li Shangyin.

However, the ci form of Classical Chinese poetry is especially associated with the poetry of the Song dynasty, during which it was indeed a popular poetic form. A revival of the cí poetry form occurred during the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty which was characterized by an exploration of the emotions connected with romantic love together with its secularization, often in a context of a brief poetic story narrative within a cí poem or a linked group of cí poems in an application of the chuanqi form of short story tales to poetry.

Song
During the Song dynasty (960–1279), two main categories of cí employed were xiǎolìng (小令; the original form since pre-Song) and màncí (慢詞; starting with Liu Yong), depending on the song being either short and in fast tempo or long and in slow tempo. Most xiǎolìng were written in the pre-Song era.

Ming and Qing
Later, during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, the cí, or rather the cípái, became classified for the number of characters it dictates. It is called

 * 1) xiǎolìng 小令 if it is no more than 58 characters,
 * 2) zhōngdiào 中調 for 59–90 characters, and
 * 3) chángdiào 長調 for over 90 characters.

If the ci appears in one stanza, it is called dāndiào (單調). The largest majority is shuāngdiào (雙調) with two stanzas or què (闋) in identical or nearly identical patterns. There also are rare cases of sāndié (三疊) and sìdié (四疊), for three and four qüè, respectively. In terms of style, cí can also be classified as either wǎnyuē (婉約; grace) or háofàng (豪放; bold).

Formation
There are four main tones in Mandarin Chinese, though a fifth ("neutral") tone may be considered. The tonal systems of past centuries is a matter for conjecture, but unlikely to be the same as modern Mandarin. The term "tonal contour" is used to indicate that these tones are not tones in the sense of absolute musical pitches, but rather in terms of the overall relative "shape" of the tones as spoken or chanted.

The four tones of Middle Chinese were first described by Shen Yue around AD 500. They were the "level" (平 píng), "rising" (上 shǎng), "departing" (去 qù), and "entering" (入 rù) tones." The level is classified in 平 ping; and the rising, departing and entering are classified in 仄 ze. So, in any cipai, the formation of Ci, each Chinese character in Ci will be required in detailed tones with 平 or 仄.

Cipai
Cipai, also called Cige and Cidiao, is the name of various formations of Ci. Most cípái consist of three characters. The literal meaning of a cípái can be rather obscure, making it difficult to translate. Some are taken straight from earlier poems, and some are clearly of Non-Han origin—mostly songs introduced from Central Asia. Some cípái have alternative names, usually taken from a famous piece of that very cípái. There also are variants of certain cípái, indicated by a prefix or a suffix. The formations of Ci are complicated, in different names of cipai, the number of characters, syntactical structure, tones and rhyme are also different.

Example
For example, choosing the cipai Jiang Chengzi or "Riverside City" (江城子), the tone requirements of each character in this cipai is following:

仄平平仄仄平平. 仄平平，仄平平. 仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平. 仄仄平平平仄仄，平仄仄，仄平平.

平平仄仄仄平平. 仄平平，仄平平. 仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平. 仄仄平平平仄仄，平仄仄，仄平平.

The following is a cí poem based on 江城子.

 * 十年生死兩茫茫，
 * 不思量，自難忘.
 * 千里孤墳，無處話淒涼.
 * 縱使相逢應不識，
 * 塵滿面，鬢如霜.

 * 夜來幽夢忽還鄉，
 * 小軒窗，正梳妝.
 * 相顧無言，唯有淚千行.
 * 料得年年斷腸處，
 * 明月夜，短松岡.

General translation:
 * Ten boundless years now separate the living and the dead.
 * I have not often thought of her, but neither can I forget.
 * Her lonely grave is a thousand li distant, I can't say where my wife lies cold.
 * We could not recognise each other even if we met again,
 * My face is all but covered with dust, my temples glazed with frost.

 * In deepest night, a sudden dream returns me to my homeland.
 * She sits before a little window, and sorts her dress and make-up.
 * We look at each other without a word, a thousand lines of tears.
 * Must it be that every year I'll think of that heart-breaking place,
 * Where the moon shines brightly in the night, and bare pines guard the tomb.
 * ——Su Shi, 蘇軾,《江城子·十年生死兩茫茫》

In the title of this cí, "Riverside City" is the name of cípái. Su Shi was married when he was 19, and his wife was 16. His wife died when she was only 27. Because of his government duties, Su Shi moved to many different places in China, all far away from his hometown. One night in early 1075, about 10 years after her death, Su Shi dreamed of his wife, then composed this famous cí.

Tang, Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms

 * Wen Tingyun (812–870)
 * Wei Zhuang (836–910)
 * Li Cunxu (885–926)
 * Gu Xiong (fl. 928)
 * Lu Qianyi (fl. 931)
 * Yan Xuan (fl. 932)
 * Mao Xizhen (fl. 947)
 * Xue Zhaoyun (10th century)
 * Sun Guangxian (d. 968)
 * Li Yu (937–978)

Song

 * Liu Yong (987–1053)
 * Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072)
 * Su Shi (1037–1101)
 * Song Ci (1186–1249)
 * Huang Tingjian (1045–1105)
 * Qin Guan (1049–1100)
 * Zhou Bangyan (1056–1121)
 * Li Qingzhao (1081–1149?)
 * Lu You (1125–1209)
 * Xin Qiji (1140–1207)
 * Jiang Kui (1155–1221)
 * Wang Yisun (1240?–1290?)

Post-Song

 * Gao Bing (1350–1423)
 * Qian Qianyi (1582–1664)
 * Wu Weiye (1609–1671)
 * Gong Dingzi (1615–1673)
 * Chen Weisong (陈维崧 1626–1682)
 * Zhu Yizun (1629–1709)
 * Nalan Xingde (1655–1685)
 * Mao Zedong (1893–1976)

title: Ci (poetry)


text:
Human musculoskeletal system

The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.

It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system.

This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide stability to the body. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in the movement of bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly onto each other. Muscles contract to move the bone attached at the joint.

There are, however, diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system. These diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems. The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position. Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system are usually handled by a physiatrist (specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation) or an orthopaedic surgeon.

Skeletal
The skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for the body, support and protection, allows bodily movement, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals. The number of bones in the human skeletal system is a controversial topic. Humans are born with over 300 bones; however, many bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result, an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones. The number of bones varies according to the method used to derive the count. While some consider certain structures to be a single bone with multiple parts, others may see it as a single part with multiple bones. There are five general classifications of bones. These are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. The human skeleton is composed of both fused and individual bones supported by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It is a complex structure with two distinct divisions; the axial skeleton, which includes the vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton.

Function
The skeletal system serves as a framework for tissues and organs to attach themselves to. This system acts as a protective structure for vital organs. Major examples of this are the brain being protected by the skull and the lungs being protected by the rib cage.

Located in long bones are two distinctions of bone marrow (yellow and red). The yellow marrow has fatty connective tissue and is found in the marrow cavity. During starvation, the body uses the fat in yellow marrow for energy. The red marrow of some bones is an important site for blood cell production, approximately 2.6 million red blood cells per second in order to replace existing cells that have been destroyed by the liver. Here all erythrocytes, platelets, and most leukocytes form in adults. From the red marrow, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes migrate to the blood to do their special tasks.

Another function of bones is the storage of certain minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are among the main minerals being stored. The importance of this storage "device" helps to regulate mineral balance in the bloodstream. When the fluctuation of minerals is high, these minerals are stored in the bone; when it is low they will be withdrawn from the bone.

Muscular
There are three types of muscles—cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. Smooth muscles are used to control the flow of substances within the lumens of hollow organs, and are not consciously controlled. Skeletal and cardiac muscles have striations that are visible under a microscope due to the components within their cells. Only skeletal and smooth muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system and only the muscles can move the body. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are used only to circulate blood; like the smooth muscles, these muscles are not under conscious control. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and arranged in opposing groups around joints. Muscles are innervated, whereby nervous signals are communicated by nerves, which conduct electrical currents from the central nervous system and cause the muscles to contract.

Contraction initiation
In mammals, when a muscle contracts, a series of reactions occur. Muscle contraction is stimulated by the motor neuron sending a message to the muscles from the somatic nervous system. Depolarization of the motor neuron results in neurotransmitters being released from the nerve terminal. The space between the nerve terminal and the muscle cell is called the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to specific receptor sites on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. When enough receptors are stimulated, an action potential is generated and the permeability of the sarcolemma is altered. This process is known as initiation.

Tendons
A tendon is a tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. The extra-cellular connective tissue between muscle fibers binds to tendons at the distal and proximal ends, and the tendon binds to the periosteum of individual bones at the muscle's origin and insertion. As muscles contract, tendons transmit the forces to the relatively rigid bones, pulling on them and causing movement. Tendons can stretch substantially, allowing them to function as springs during locomotion, thereby saving energy.

Joints, ligaments and bursae
Joints are structures that connect individual bones and may allow bones to move against each other to cause movement. There are three divisions of joints, diarthroses which allow extensive mobility between two or more articular heads; amphiarthrosis, which is a joint that allows some movement, and false joints or synarthroses, joints that are immovable, that allow little or no movement and are predominantly fibrous. Synovial joints, joints that are not directly joined, are lubricated by a solution called synovial fluid that is produced by the synovial membranes. This fluid lowers the friction between the articular surfaces and is kept within an articular capsule, binding the joint with its taut tissue.

Ligaments
A ligament is a small band of dense, white, fibrous elastic tissue. Ligaments connect the ends of bones together in order to form a joint. Most ligaments limit dislocation, or prevent certain movements that may cause breaks. Since they are only elastic they increasingly lengthen when under pressure. When this occurs the ligament may be susceptible to break resulting in an unstable joint.

Ligaments may also restrict some actions: movements such as hyper extension and hyper flexion are restricted by ligaments to an extent. Also ligaments prevent certain directional movement.

Bursae
A bursa is a small fluid-filled sac made of white fibrous tissue and lined with synovial membrane. Bursa may also be formed by a synovial membrane that extends outside of the joint capsule. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons or muscles around a joint; bursa are filled with synovial fluid and are found around almost every major joint of the body.

Clinical significance
Because many other body systems, including the vascular, nervous, and integumentary systems, are interrelated, disorders of one of these systems may also affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the diagnosis of the disorder's origin. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system mostly encompass functional disorders or motion discrepancies; the level of impairment depends specifically on the problem and its severity. In a study of hospitalizations in the United States, the most common inpatient OR procedures in 2012 involved the musculoskeletal system: knee arthroplasty, laminectomy, hip replacement, and spinal fusion.

Articular (of or pertaining to the joints) disorders are the most common. However, also among the diagnoses are: primary muscular diseases, neurologic (related to the medical science that deals with the nervous system and disorders affecting it) deficits, toxins, endocrine abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, blood and vascular disorders, and nutritional imbalances.

Disorders of muscles from another body system can bring about irregularities such as: impairment of ocular motion and control, respiratory dysfunction, and bladder malfunction. Complete paralysis, paresis, or ataxia may be caused by primary muscular dysfunctions of infectious or toxic origin; however, the primary disorder is usually related to the nervous system, with the muscular system acting as the effector organ, an organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerve impulse.

One understated disorder that begins during pregnancy is pelvic girdle pain. It is complex, multi-factorial, and likely to be also represented by a series of sub-groups driven by pain varying from peripheral or central nervous system, altered laxity/stiffness of muscles, laxity to injury of tendinous/ligamentous structures to maladaptive body mechanics.

title: Human musculoskeletal system


text:
Shelah (son of Judah)

According to the Bible, Shelah/Shela was the third son of Judah, and was born at Chezib, which can be identified with an unknown town in the vicinity of Mareshah.

Biblical narrative
According to the book of Genesis, God had killed Shelah's two older brothers, Er and Onan. Judah was unwilling to allow Tamar, who had been successively Er's and Onan's wife, to be married to Shelah. Judah's concern was that Tamar might be cursed and Shelah might die if married to her. So Judah told her to wait until Shelah had grown up. When Shelah came of age, Judah neglected to marry him to Tamar. In the Book of Chronicles, Shelah is identified as the name of a clan, containing a subclan named Er.

According, the sons of Shelah were: The descendants of the last 4 sons were potters who dwelt at Netaim and Gederah and worked for the king.
 * Er, the father of Lecah
 * 1) Laadah, the father of Mareshah.
 * 2) The families of the house of the linen workers of the house of Ashbea
 * 3) Jokim, the men of Chozeba
 * 4) Joash
 * 5) Saraph
 * 6) Jashubi-Lehem

According to some biblical scholars, the description of Shelah is an eponymous aetiological myth concerning fluctuations in the constituency of the tribe of Judah, with Shelah representing the newest clan to become part of the tribe. The Book of Chronicles' description of Er as a descendant of Shelah, suggests that Er was in reality the name of a clan that was originally equal in status to the Shelah clan, but was later subsumed by it.

Professor Aaron Demsky argues that the genealogy of Shelah is an allegory of the history of Shelanite clans in Shephelah (i.e. Judean foothills). Remnants of the Er clan joined the Shelanites and founded the city of Lecah, which was the alternative name for Lachish. Later, the Laadah clan founded Mareshah, a town of secondary importance to Lachish. The families of Beth Asheba lived in a town of the same name and produced clothing for the priesthood and aristocracy, using byssus cloth. The Jokim clan founded Chozeba, which was synonymous with the Chezib near Mareshah. The Joash and Saraph clans lived with the Moabites. The last Shelanite clans to emerge consisted of the residents of Lahem or Lahmas. The last four clans worked for the king, who was most likely Hezekiah.

In 701 BC, Sennacherib destroyed important Shelanite cities. Survivors fled to Jerusalem and assimilated with the local populace after the return of Babylonian exiles in c.a. 538 BC. According to Demsky, the author of the Book of Chronicles considered the Shelanite clans to be inferior to other Judahite clans, based on their positioning in the biblical text.

Scholars have argued that the Tamar and Shelah narrative has a secondary role in either promoting the institution of levirate marriage, or presenting an aetiological myth for its origin; Shelah's role in the narrative would thus be as the example of a brother refusing to perform levirate marriage. John Emerton regards the evidence for this as inconclusive, though classical rabbinical writers argued that this narrative concerns the origin of levirate marriage.

title: Shelah (son of Judah)