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Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale

The Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale is a local government area in the outer southeastern metropolitan area of Perth, the capital of Western Australia, and has an area of 905 km2 and a population of 32,173 as at the 2021 Census. Despite being named after two towns in the area, neither Serpentine nor Jarrahdale function as either the Shire's largest settlement (Byford) or the seat of government (Mundijong).

History
The Serpentine-Jarrahdale Road District was established on 8 August 1913 with the amalgamation of the Serpentine Road District (1894) and Jarrahdale Road District (1902).

On 1 July 1961, it became a Shire following the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires. On 17 June 1977, it acquired Byford from Shire of Armadale–Kelmscott.

Following the 2021 Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale local government election, councillor for the North Ward, Rob Coales, led calls for an investigation into fraud during the election. The motion was passed unainmously.

Demographics
From the 2021 census, the shire had a population of 32,173, with 2.9% being Indigenous. Compared to the national and state median age of 38, the shire's median was younger at 33.

Current composition and elections
The last election held in the shire was on 21 October 2023. The election saw previous North ward councillor Rob Coales defeat incumbent Michelle Rich with 2,182 votes (69.8%). Following the election, the council's current composition is shown below:

Wards
The Shire was previously split into four wards, named Byford, Central, North West and South. Recently, the boundaries were realigned and on 29 July 2011, the gazetted boundaries became:

 * North (4 councillors)
 * North West (2 councillors)
 * Southern (3 councillors)

Elections to fill all positions in these new wards were called for 15 October 2011.

Suburbs and towns
The suburbs, towns and localities of the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

Population

 * 1911 populations were: Serpentine RD 328; Jarrahdale RD 1,126.
 * The 1976 figure above, reported from the 1978 year book and 1981 census, is the figure after the addition of 1,634 residents living in Byford and nearby areas, which occurred in 1977.

Heritage-listed places
, 112 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale, of which five are on the State Register of Heritage Places.

title: Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale


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City of South Perth

The City of South Perth is a local government area in the inner southern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 4 km south of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of 19.9 km2, maintains 203 km of roads and a little over 4.3 km2 of parks and gardens, and had a population of about 42,000 at the 2016 Census. The City is the entirety of the state electoral district of South Perth. An area of Kensington joined into South Perth after the 2013 redistribution, although dwindling population growth in Victoria Park may mean that part of the City will move back.

The area broadly forms a peninsula, being bounded on three sides by the waters of the Swan and Canning rivers.

History
The South Perth Road District was formed on 9 June 1892 and the district became a municipality as the Municipality of South Perth on 21 February 1902. It then reverted to a road district on 1 March 1922, but regained municipality status on 1 March 1956. It was granted city status on 1 July 1959.

In 2014, the WA State Government mounted a proposal for local government reform; the City of South Perth was proposed to be amalgamated with the Town of Victoria Park, together with a sizable portion of the City of Canning. A poll took place during January–February 2015, with the question: "Should the City of South Perth and the Town of Victoria Park be abolished and amalgamated to form a new local government?". The informally (non-binding) suggested name for the new entity was 'City of South Park'.

In order for the poll to prevent the amalgamation from proceeding, at least 50% of electors from either local government were required to vote, and of those, more than half needed to vote against the proposal. At the conclusion of the poll at 6.00pm on 7 February 2015, the outcome was that for South Perth, 50.83% of the City's 26,789 electors voted, with 77.75% voting against the proposal. Although only 38.02% of the Town of Victoria Park's 20,136 electors voted, of those, a clear majority (61.58%) voted against the proposal. However, with more than 50% poll returns, the City of South Perth response was sufficient to cancel the amalgamation of these local governments, and they remained as separate entities.

Wards
The City of South Perth is divided into four wards, each of whom directly elect two councillors.

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of South Perth with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

The suburbs of the City of South Perth are known for being very affluent due to their proximity to the river, private schools and the CBD, all are well above the state's average. The following table contains the suburbs and their median house price, bar Karawara. House prices have dramatically increased in Como and Kensington, while being stagnant in South Perth, Manning and Salter Point, and dramatically falling in Waterford and Karawara.

Education
The City of South Perth is home to numerous primary schools, and five major secondary schools.

Secondary

 * Aquinas College
 * Como Secondary College
 * Penrhos College
 * Wesley College
 * Clontarf Aboriginal College

Primary

 * Como Primary School
 * Collier Primary School
 * Curtin Primary School
 * Kensington Primary School
 * Manning Primary School
 * St Columba's Catholic Primary School
 * Saint Pius X Primary School
 * South Perth Primary School

Library
The City of South Perth has two libraries with branches in Manning and South Perth.

The two libraries have in excess of 70,000 items over both locations.

The City of South Perth Local History Collection provides and preserves information about the suburbs of South Perth, Como, Kensington, Manning, Karawara and Salter Point.

Picture South Perth is an online collection of historic images dating back to the 1870s. It contains images from the City of South Perth's Local History Collection which have been scanned and catalogued by library staff.

Heritage listed places
, 189 places are heritage-listed in the City of South Perth, of which 20 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them the Old Mill, the Clontarf Aboriginal College and the Cygnet Cinema.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: City of South Perth


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Talk:Sanron

One of six Nara sects? Hossho, Kegon, Ritsu, two more?

title: Talk:Sanron


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Subiaco, Western Australia

Subiaco (known colloquially as Subi ) is an inner-western suburb of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. It is approximately 3 km west of Perth's central business district, in the City of Subiaco local government area. Historically a working-class suburb containing a mixture of industrial and commercial land uses, since the 1990s the area has been one of Australia's most celebrated urban redevelopment projects. It remains a predominantly low-rise, urban village neighbourhood centred around Subiaco train station and Rokeby Road.

The suburb has three schools: Subiaco Primary School, Perth Modern School, which is the state's only fully academically selective public school, and Bob Hawke College. Landmarks in Subiaco include Subiaco Oval, which formerly was the largest stadium in Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, and Subiaco railway station.

Geography
Subiaco is located approximately 3 km west of the central business district (CBD) of Perth, the capital and largest city of the state of Western Australia. Subiaco is 6 km east of the Indian Ocean, and 2 km north of the Swan River. It is bounded to the south-east by Thomas Street, to the south by Nicholson Road, to the west by Railway Road, Hay Street, Tighe Street, Upham Street and Bishop Street, and to the north by Salvado Road and Railway Parade, except for a small part covering St John of God Subiaco Hospital protruding north to Cambridge Street. To the north is Wembley and West Leederville. To the east is West Perth and Kings Park. To the south is Shenton Park. To the west is Daglish and Jolimont, Western Australia.

Subiaco lies on Spearwood Dunes, which formed around 40,000 years ago. The dunes consist of brown sand lying over yellow subsoil, with Tamala Limestone below. These dunes are part of the greater Swan Coastal Plain.

Early history
Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by the Mooro group of the Whadjuk Noongar people. They were led by Yellagonga and inhabited the area north of the Swan River, as far east as Ellen Brook and north to Moore River.

In 1829, the Swan River Colony (the precursor to Western Australia) was founded by the British. Initial development of the colony was slow, and settlement followed the coast and the Swan River. In January 1846, a group of missionaries led by John Brady, the first Catholic Bishop of Perth, arrived at the port of Fremantle. Among them were Joseph Benedict Serra and Rosendo Salvado, two Spanish Benedictine monks.

Brady decided to establish three missions in regional area. In 1846 or 1847, the Catholic Church acquired two lots of land near Herdsman Lake, north of the modern day Subiaco. In 1849, Serra replaced Brady. He then decided to establish a monastery near Perth, selecting the land near Herdsman Lake. It was named the Benedictine Monastery of New Subiaco, after Subiaco, Italy, where the Benedictines were established. Starting in 1857, the monks began to leave for the monastic town of New Norcia. The last monks left in 1864. In the early 1870s, the St Vincent’s Boy’s Orphanage started occupying the former monastery. The only buildings remaining of the monastery today are the heritage-listed Benedictine Stables, on Barrett Street in Wembley.

In the 1860s and 1870s, investors began buying land in the area, speculating that a railway line would be built eventually. In 1871, a railway line between Fremantle and Guildford was first proposed, following on from the success of railways in Sydney and Melbourne. In 1874, two possible routes were suggested: one traveling north of the Swan River, and one travelling south of the river. In July 1878, the northern route was chosen. Construction on the railway began in 1879, and it was opened on 1 March 1881, as the Fremantle to Guildford railway line. The first station in Subiaco opened in 1883, as just a basic siding, east of the present day Subiaco railway station, at Salvado Road. The station was used to deliver goods, and serve the St Vincent’s Boy’s Orphanage. As more people started living along the line though, the station started serving as a passenger station for the general public.

In the 1880s and 1890s, Western Australia experienced several gold rushes, causing a rapid increase in population across Perth. On 13 March 1883, the Government of Western Australia announced it would survey an area of commonage to create suburban lots, to put up for sale. This covered the area bounded by Thomas Street, Aberdare Road, and the railway line, taking up most of Subiaco, and part of Shenton Park. The land was surveyed by Gilbert H. Rotton, who set out the streets in a traditional grid pattern, with large lots. The area north of Roberts Road (known then as Mueller Road) was retained by the government, for a school, recreation, and future purposes. The first auction occurred in November 1883. Most of the land was sold over the following two years. A separate piece of land, between Subiaco Road and the railway line, was subdivided and sold too.

Development
In 1886, the construction of Subiaco's first house started. It was built on Mueller Road, near Rokeby Road, by reporter, editor and former convict John Rowland Jones. It was named "Jones' Folly", due to the time it took to construct, and its isolation. The building was demolished in 1959. Several wealthy land developers from the eastern colonies of Australia purchased lots in Subiaco, and subdivided them further, creating new streets to serve the smaller lots. Many of the lots they sold were to new arrivals in Western Australia in the 1890s, who had come due to the gold rushes. Many of these people came from Victoria, and were working class, young couples, with small children. These people built makeshift structures on their lots, such as tents and tin shacks. Later that decade, houses, mostly made of timber, were erected in stages at a time. In 1895, the population of the area was 100. By mid-1896, it was 1300.

1896 saw the establishment of several services in Subiaco. The first school opened that year, albeit permanent buildings were only complete in 1897. The school officially opened on 12 May 1897. A post office opened as well in 1896. These two services were built on Rokeby Road, as that was the first road to be macadamised. The macadamisation in part caused Rokeby Road to become the commercial centre of Subiaco. The Subiaco Progress Association was established in 1896. They lobbied for the formation of the Subiaco Road District, which was then created on 10 April 1896. The first chairman of the Subiaco Road Board was Charles Hart, who was Secretary of the Subiaco Progress Association. By the end of 1896, the population of the Subiaco Road District was above 2000, allowing the Road Board to apply to become a municipality. The government granted the request, and so the Municipality of Subiaco was gazetted on 26 March 1897.

Several churches were built in the mid- to late-1890s. A Methodist Church was opened in November 1896. A Presbyterian Church was opened the following year, and an Anglican Church opened in 1898. Around 1900, a Church of Christ building opened.

Sports clubs were formed as well. Subiaco Football Club and Subiaco Cricket Club formed in 1897. The council leased 4 acre of land near Townshend Road and Railway Road for sports use. At first, the land was not suitable for this use, so these clubs used Dyson's Swamp in Shenton Park until 1908. The original land was vested in the Municipality of Subiaco in 1904, and named Mueller Park, after German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, in 1906. It was then made into a suitable ground for sports, with the Subiaco Football Club playing their first match there in May 1908. By the end of 1909, there was a grandstand at the oval, which was named Subiaco Oval. Further facilities came after, including grounds for tennis, croquet and lawn bowls. Mueller Park was renamed to Kitchener Park in 1916, due to anti-German sentiment.

Around 1897, Subiaco railway station was relocated from Salvado Road to the northern end of Rokeby Road, further entrenching that road as Subiaco's main street. Around 1898, the Subiaco Hotel was constructed, and in 1899, a permanent building for the Municipality of Subiaco council was constructed, on a site next to the primary school. In 1901, a fire station on the same block was completed. This cluster of facilities led to the block being named Civic Square. The Subiaco council moved to a newer and larger building, still in Civic Square, in 1909.

Around 1905, the Municipality was given 98 acre of endowment land to use, located north of the railway line and south of Salvado Road. The council held a competition for the design of a subdivision on the land. Architect George Temple Poole won the competition. The land then became an industrial area. The land was first leased in 1905, and factories were subsequently built on the land, including a timber and construction materials factory, and a foundry and ironworks.

By 1906, 4500 street trees had been planted by the municipality, establishing Subiaco as one of Perth's leafiest suburbs. This was initiated by inaugural Town Clerk and Engineer Alexander Rankin. Ken Spillman wrote in his book that Rankin has a "near obsession with beautifying the municipality".

In 1909, the first stage of a new children's hospital opened, on Thomas Street, at the eastern end of Subiaco. This hospital was named Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in 1949. Following the opening of the children's hospital, women's organisations began to lobby for a public maternity hospital to be constructed in Perth. As a result, the King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women opened in 1916, at the western end of Subiaco.

In 1911, Perth Modern School opened, as the state's first government funded high school. Demand for spots at the school was so great that prospective students had to pass an examination to get in. This practice continued, even after other schools opened in Perth, until it became a comprehensive school in 1959.

On 9 January 1912, the Workers' Home Board Act passed the Parliament of Western Australia, causing the formation of the Workers' Homes Board, which was the state's first public housing organisation. The government bought land in Subiaco to use as public housing. At a ceremony on 29 August 1912, John Scaddan, the Premier of Western Australia, placed the first brick to be laid by the Workers' Homes Board, at a construction site on Hensman Road, Subiaco.

Following World War I, population growth in Subiaco slowed. Residents and the Subiaco Council entered into financial hardship. The major growth that occurred in Subiaco in the 1920s was the industrial area. In November 1922, the council began construction on a World War I memorial clock tower. Despite initially being conceived as mostly community funded, the Subiaco council funded the majority of the memorial, after fundraising efforts did poorly. It officially opened on 25 November 1923. This decade also saw the return to the council's focus on beautification. A council nursery was established at Kitchener Park in 1921.

In 1924, Daglish railway station opened on the south-western edge of Subiaco. It was named after the former Mayor of Subiaco, Premier of Western Australia, and member for Subiaco, Henry Daglish.

In 1927, the Subiaco post office relocated from Civic Square to a larger building on the corner of Rokeby Road and Park Street. This led to the council establishing a library in the old post office.

In 1936, Subiaco Oval became the headquarters of the Western Australian Football League (WAFL), of which the Subiaco Football Club is a part, and more grandstands were constructed. That same year, the WAFL Grand Final was played at Subiaco Oval for the first time. Subiaco became the home of Australian rules football in Western Australia.

Post World War II
By the late 1940s, the Municipality of Subiaco had reached a high enough population that it was eligible to become a city. Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1906, a municipality can become a city if its population is greater than 20,000, and its annual revenue is greater than £20,000. The municipality's population in 1952 was 20,100. Thus, on 8 February 1952, the City of Subiaco was gazetted. In celebration of becoming a city, a parade was staged along Hay Street and Rokeby Road on 20 September 1952. It started at Kitchener Park, and ending at the corner of Rokeby and Heytesbury roads. Thousands of people from Subiaco and across Perth attended; Mayor Joseph Abrahams said that it was "the greatest assembly of citizens Subiaco has seen".

By the late 1940s, many of Subiaco's older buildings were rundown and needing significant repairs, giving the suburb a bad image. The newer, nearby suburbs of Daglish and parts of Shenton Park were mostly owner-occupied, compared to Subiaco, where most properties were rentals. The council encouraged renovations, but this had little effect. Across the 1950s and 1960s, demolition of older homes was common in Subiaco. The benefits of demolition were seen as better than renovating. In the mid 1950s, the Wandana State Housing Complex was built in Subiaco. The 10 storey building was the first high rise state housing block in Perth, and one of the first in Australia. The construction of other apartment blocks followed.

The 1950s also brought about an increase in commercial activity in Subiaco. New businesses were built, particularly along Hay Street and Rokeby Road. New commercial buildings were functional in design, with little detailing, which contrasted with older buildings. Mayor Joseph Abrahams said in 1954 that "within the period of one year the appearance of both Hay Street and Rokeby Road has altered considerably". Due to the increasing use of cars, tramways closed across Perth in the 1950s. The last tram through Subiaco was on 19 April 1958. A lack of car parking in Subiaco's commercial areas became a problem. In the early 1960s, the council purchased a property in the town centre to provide parking. This opened in April 1962. Two more car parks were built over the following years.

Modernisation upgrades occurred during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Roads, footpaths, parks and sporting grounds were improved. A new council building opened in 1968. The original, 1899 council building was demolished. In 1971, a new library was opened.

The need to preserve historic structures was recognised more in the 1970s. The Subiaco Historical Society was formed in 1973. The society opened a museum at Civic Square in 1975. The council put in place policies to preserve heritage in Subiaco. More and more people saw the renovation of old buildings as an option, and developments grew more sympathetic to existing structures. This continued across the following decades.

In 1979, the Perth to Fremantle railway line closed, drawing protest. The council and residents celebrated when it was reinstated in 1983. In 1981, part of Kitchener Park was renamed back to Mueller Park.

Redevelopment
Increasing land values across the second half of the 20th century for inner city areas of Perth and the acquisition of smaller businesses by large companies saw the rise of the large, outer suburban industrial areas of Kwinana and Welshpool, at the expense of Subiaco's industrial area. Across the 1970s and 1980s, much land in this area was vacated. The City of Subiaco and the State Government saw an opportunity to redevelop this land into an urban village. The Subiaco Redevelopment Act 1994 was passed by parliament, forming the Subiaco Redevelopment Authority. The project was called "Subi Centro" As part of the redevelopment, the Fremantle line was put in a cut-and-cover tunnel for 800 m, and a new underground Subiaco station was built. This also opened up 80 ha of land for the redevelopment project. A town square around the station was built, named Subiaco Square. The square and the station opened in December 1998. As of 2014, 86% of the redevelopment has been completed. The state government later dissolved the Subiaco Redevelopment Authority, handing back planning control to the City of Subiaco.

In October 2020, the state government finalised the "Subi East" redevelopment plan, to follow the demolition of the Subiaco Oval stadium and Princess Margaret Hospital after their closures in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The plan will see the creation of a new residential urban village in the north-east of the suburb.

Demographics
Subiaco had a population of 9,202 at the 2016 Australian census. This is an increase on the 8,015 recorded at the 2011 census, the 7,629 recorded at the 2006 census, and the 7,127 recorded at the 2001 census. 48.7% of residents were male, and 51.3% of residents were female. The median age was 38, above the state average of 36, but equal to the national average.

At the 2016 census, 57.6% of Subiaco households were families, below the state average of 72.7%; 36.1% were single person households, compared to the state average of 23.6%; and 6.3% were group households, compared to the state average of 3.8%. Of those family households, 50.0% were couples without children, 37.3% were couples with children, 10.9% were single parents with children, and 1.8% were some other type of family. The state averages were 38.5%, 45.3%, 14.5% and 1.7% respectively. The average number of people per household was 2.1, compared to the state average of 2.6.

Of the suburb's 4,559 dwellings, 3,862 were occupied at the 2016 census and 697 were unoccupied. Out of the 3,862 occupied dwellings, 38.9% were detached, far lower than the state average of 79.1%; 22.3% were semi detached, higher than the state average of 14.1%; 38.3% were a flat or apartment, far higher than the state average of 5.7%; and 0.1% were of some other type of dwelling. The average number of bedrooms per dwelling was 2.5, which is lower than the state average of 3.3. 27.4% were owned outright, close to the state average of 28.5%; 25.0% were owned with a mortgage, below the state average of 39.7%; 45.2% were rented, above the state average of 28.3%; and 2.5% were some other tenure type or not stated, compared to the state average of 3.5%.

At the 2016 census, the median weekly personal income was $1,146, compared to the state average of $724 and national average of $662; the median weekly family income was $2,888, compared to the state average of $1,910 and national average of $1,734; and the median weekly household income was $2,113, compared to the state average of $1,595 and the national average of $1,438. Professionals and managers were the most common professions for those employed living in Subiaco, at 46.9% and 16.8% of residents respectively. Clerical and administrative workers were 10.4% of those employed, community and personal service workers were 7.1%, and sales workers were 6.3%. Blue collar jobs were low, with technicians and trades workers at 6.5%, labourers at 3.6%, and machinery operators and drivers at 1.0%. The most common industries of employment were hospitals (except psychiatric hospitals) (7.7%), legal services (4.1%), higher education (3.9%), accounting services (3.0%), and cafes and restaurants (3.0%). 49.8% of residents aged 15 years or above had a bachelors degree or above, significantly higher than the state average of 20.5%.

The most common ancestries that people identified with at the 2016 census were English (26.4%), Australian (18.3%), Irish (9.3%), Scottish (7.1%), and Chinese (4.5%). 53.6% of residents were born in the country, slightly below the state average of 60.3%. The next most common birthplaces were England (8.6%), Malaysia (2.0%), New Zealand (1.9%), Ireland (1.8%), and China, excluding Taiwan and special administrative regions (1.6%). 43.3% of residents had both parents born outside Australia and 32.6% had neither parent born outside Australia. The most common religious affiliations were no religion (38.6%), Catholic (18.9%), Anglican (12.8%), and Buddhism (2.4%). 13.3% of residents did not state their religion.

Landmarks

Landmarks of suburb include Subiaco Oval, Mueller Park, the Regal Theatre, the Subiaco Hotel, the Victorian terraces on Catherine Street and the Subiaco Arts Centre.

The main street of Subiaco is Rokeby Road, which was named after General Henry Montagu, 6th Baron Rokeby, who was commander of the 1st Division during the Crimean War. Another important commercial road is Hay Street.

Residential areas include Subi Centro, a modern housing development with the sunken Subiaco railway station on reclaimed industrial land near Wembley, and older heritage properties towards Shenton Park.

Major hospital facilities include St John of God Subiaco Hospital and King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women.

On the corner of Rokeby and Hamersley Roads is a clock tower war memorial, built in 1923 to commemorate soldiers from the district who died in World War I. The names of those who died in later conflicts have also been added.

Architecture
Subiaco has a large number of well-preserved high-quality historic homes, many with elaborate leadlight windows. Many houses in Subiaco are heritage listed, which recognises their cultural significance and ensures that any changes preserve their unique characteristics. The City of Subiaco publishes a self-guide walking tour of some of them. From 1989 until 2006 a Festival of Leadlights community event was run biennially. It was restarted in 2018.

Culture
Each year, the City of Subiaco supports a boutique street festival where Rokeby Road is closed off from traffic between Barker Road and Hay Street. It is commonly referred to as the "Subiaco Street Party" and is a free community event that promotes live music, street food, markets and family entertainment.

Subiaco—along with Northbridge, Leederville and Fremantle—is one of Perth's major nightlife hubs. It attracts people from all over the metropolitan region for its pubs, bars and nightclubs. Subiaco's bars and restaurants are clustered around Rokeby Road and Hay Street. Subiaco encompasses small businesses, commercial retail chains, and franchise businesses. Notable business that have operated in Subiaco for over 30 years include the Subiaco Hotel, Farmer Jack Food Market, Coles Supermarkets, the Victoria Hotel and the Regal Theatre. The Crossways shopping precinct on Rokeby Road was constructed in 1954.

Subiaco is also known for its Subi Farmer's Market, held every Saturday morning near the primary school on Bagot Road. It is used by locals and other shoppers, with fresh and organic produce and a lively market atmosphere.

Education

Subiaco has three schools: Subiaco Primary School, Perth Modern School, which is the state's only fully academically selective public school, and Bob Hawke College.

Local
Subiaco is mostly in the City of Subiaco local government area. The suburb takes up almost half of the City, with the other suburbs being Daglish, Jolimont and Shenton Park. The suburb of Subiaco takes up the entirety of the City's Central and East wards, and part of the City's North Ward. Councillors for the Central Ward are Angela Hamersley and Lynette Jennings, whose terms expire in 2023. Councillors for the East Ward are Mark Burns, whose term expires in 2023, and Garry Kosovich, whose term expires in 2025. Councillors for the North Ward are Stephanie Stroud and Rosemarie de Vries, whose terms expire in 2023. The Mayor of Subiaco is David McMullen, whose term expires in 2025.

A small portion of Subiaco, covering the St John of God Subiaco Hospital in the north of the suburb, is within the Town of Cambridge. This area does not have any residents.

State
As of the 2021 Western Australian state election, for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly (lower house), Subiaco is part of the electoral district of Nedlands. This seat is part of the North Metropolitan Region of the Western Australian Legislative Council (upper house). The current member for Nedlands is Katrina Stratton, of the Australian Labor Party, the main centre-left party in Australia. Prior to the 2021 election, the Liberal Party of Australia, the main centre-right party, had held the seat every year since 1950.

Federal
Subiaco is within the division of Curtin for the Australian House of Representatives. The member for Curtin is the Liberal Party's Celia Hammond.

Transport
At the 2016 census, 48.7% of Subiaco residents travelled to work in a car, compared to the state average of 70.4%; 18.7% travelled to work on public transport, compared to the state average of 18.7%; and 11.1% walked to work, compared to the state average of 2.8%.

Road
Along the south eastern border of Subiaco is Thomas Street, which is a six-lane dual carriageway. To the south, Thomas Street leads to the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre (QEII Medical Centre), the University of Western Australia (UWA), and Stirling Highway. To the north, this continues as Loftus Street, which has an interchange with the Mitchell Freeway. Along the western edge is Railway Road, which travels along the southern side of the railway, leading to Claremont. This road is a four-land single carriageway.

East–west through Subiaco, Roberts Road and Hay Street form a pair of one way roads travelling opposite directions. To the east of Subiaco, they lead to the Perth CBD. To the west, Roberts Road intersects with Hay Street, which becomes a two way road. Continuing west on Hay Street leads to Floreat, City Beach and West Coast Highway. On the northern edge, there is Salvado Road and Railway Parade, the latter of which travels along the northern side of the railway line. Railway Parade continues east of Thomas Street as Roe Street, which leads to the Perth CBD and Northbridge. Bagot Road continues east of Thomas Street as Kings Park Road, which also leads to the Perth CBD. On the southern edge, there is Nicholson Road, which bridges across the railway line.

North–south through Subiaco, Rokeby Road is a main road. This links between Thomas Street to the south, to Roberts Road to the north. The other north–south main road is Haydn Bunton Drive and Townshend Road. The former road is named after former Subiaco Football Club players Haydn Bunton Sr. and Haydn Bunton Jr., and passes on the west side of Subiaco Oval and over the railway line to Railway Parade.

Public transport

Public transport in Perth is all under the Transperth brand. Train services are operated by Transperth Train Operations, a division of the Public Transport Authority. Bus services in Perth are contracted out to private companies. Subiaco is in the Claremont contract area, which is being operated by Swan Transit.

Subiaco is served by three stations along the Fremantle railway line. From east to west, they are West Leederville railway station, Subiaco railway station, and Daglish railway station. West Leederville station is the closest station to Subiaco Oval, so special event services served that station before and after stadium events. That station had a third platform added in, for express services to other railway lines. West Leederville station is along Subiaco's border with West Leederville. It had 223,313 passengers board in the 2013-14 financial year. Subiaco station is at the centre of Subiaco Square, and is the third busiest station along the Fremantle line, after Perth railway station and Fremantle railway station. It had 975,390 passengers board in the 2013-14 financial year. Subiaco station has several bus routes linking to it. Daglish station is along Subiaco's border with Daglish. It had 186,725 passengers board in the 2013-14 financial year.

Most bus services in Subiaco go roughly east–west, linking between the Perth CBD and suburbs further west or south-west of Subiaco. Others link to stations on the Joondalup railway line, to UWA or to the QEII Medical Centre. Along Cambridge Street is routes 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85, which all begin at Perth Busport. Routes 81, 82, 83 and 84 link to various coastal suburbs such as City Beach and Wembley Downs. Route 85 links to Glendalough railway station on the Joondalup railway line. Along Hay Street and Roberts Road is route 28, which goes between Perth Busport and Claremont railway station on the Fremantle line. Along Bagot Road is route 27, which goes between East Perth and Claremont station. Through streets in the southern part of Subiaco is route 25 and 24. Route 25 goes between Elizabeth Quay Bus Station and Claremont station, via Nedlands. Route 24 goes between East Perth and Claremont station via Dalkeith. Along Thomas Street is routes 26, 96 and 103. Route 26 goes between East Perth and the QEII Medical Centre. Route 96 goes between Leederville railway station on the Joondalup line and UWA. Route 103 goes between East Perth and Fremantle railway station, via the QEII Medical Centre. Route 97 is the only route that terminates at Subiaco station. Its path goes down Rokeby Road and Nicholson Road to UWA.

title: Subiaco, Western Australia


text:
Marvin D. Girardeau

Marvin D. Girardeau (3 October 1930 – 13 January 2015) was a quantum physicist, and a faculty member in the Institute for Theoretical Science  at the University of Oregon, where he was hired as a professor in 1963 and worked until his retirement in 2000, after which he became a research professor at the University of Arizona. He was a mathematical physicist with an unusual nonlinear career, which culminated in a remarkable impact in the ultracold atom physics community. One of Girardeau's achievements was to predict the existence of the Tonks–Girardeau gas in 1960. A Tonks–Girardeau gas was created in 2004, and its measured properties strikingly confirmed Girardeau's original predictions.

His research interests included the dynamics of ultracold atomic vapour confined in tight de Broglie waveguides; and the behaviour of identical particles including fermions, bosons, and anyons.

Girardeau was a fellow of the American Physical Society, and winner of the 1984 Humboldt Prize. His 1984-86 tenure at the Max Planck Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mühlheim/Ruhr, Germany, followed. In 2013, Marvin was nominated for a prestigious Senior BEC Award by the European Community.

title: Marvin D. Girardeau


text:
Medical tourism

Medical tourism is the practice of traveling abroad to obtain medical treatment. In the past, this usually referred to those who traveled from less-developed countries to major medical centers in highly developed countries for treatment unavailable at home. However, in recent years it may equally refer to those from developed countries who travel to developing countries for lower-priced medical treatments. With differences between the medical agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), etc., which decide whether a drug is approved in their country or region, or not, the motivation may be also for medical services unavailable or non-licensed in the home country.

Medical tourism most often is for surgeries (cosmetic or otherwise) or similar treatments, though people also travel for dental tourism or fertility tourism. People with rare conditions may travel to countries where the treatment is better understood. However, almost all types of health care are available, including psychiatry, alternative medicine, convalescent care, and even burial services.

Health tourism is a wider term for travel that focuses on medical treatments and the use of healthcare services. It covers a wide field of health-oriented tourism ranging from preventive and health-conductive treatment to rehabilitational and curative forms of travel. Wellness tourism is a related field.

History
The first recorded instance of people travelling for medical treatment dates back thousands of years to when Greek pilgrims traveled from the eastern Mediterranean to a small area in the Saronic Gulf called Epidauria. This territory was the sanctuary of the healing god Asklepios.

Spa towns and sanitaria were early forms of medical tourism. In 18th-century Europe patients visited spas because they were places with supposedly health-giving mineral waters, treating diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis.

Description
Factors that have led to the increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of health care, long wait times for certain procedures, the ease and affordability of international travel, and improvements in both technology and standards of care in many countries. The avoidance of waiting times is the leading factor for medical tourism from the UK, whereas in the US, the main reason is cheaper prices abroad. Furthermore, death rates even in the developed countries differ extremely, i.e. UK versus seven other leading countries, including the US.

Many surgical procedures performed in medical tourism destinations cost a fraction of the price they do in other countries. For example, in the United States, a liver transplant that may cost US$300,000, would generally cost about US$91,000 in Taiwan. A large draw to medical travel is convenience and speed. Countries that operate public health-care systems often have long wait times for certain operations, for example, an estimated 782,936 Canadian patients spent an average waiting time of 9.4 weeks on medical waiting lists in 2005. Canada has also set waiting time benchmarks for non-urgent medical procedures, including a 26-week waiting period for a hip replacement and a 16-week wait for cataract surgery.

In developed countries such as the United States, medical tourism has large growth prospects and potentially destabilizing implications. A forecast by Deloitte Consulting published in August 2008 projected that medical tourism originating in the US could jump by a factor of ten over the next decade. An estimated 750,000 Americans went abroad for health care in 2007, and the report estimated that 1.5 million would seek health care outside the US in 2008. The growth in medical tourism has the potential to cost US health care providers billions of dollars in lost revenue.

An authority at the Harvard Business School stated that "medical tourism is promoted much more heavily in the United Kingdom than in the United States".

Additionally, some patients in some First World countries are finding that insurance either does not cover orthopedic surgery (such as knee or hip replacement) or limits the choice of the facility, surgeon, or prosthetics to be used.

Popular medical travel worldwide destinations include: Canada, Cuba, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United States.

Popular destinations for cosmetic surgery include: Albania, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Turkey, Thailand and Ukraine. According to the "Sociedad Boliviana de Cirugia Plastica y Reconstructiva", more than 70% of middle and upper-class women in the country have had some form of plastic surgery. Other destination countries include Belgium, Poland, Slovakia and South Africa.

Some people travel for assisted pregnancy, such as in-vitro fertilization, or surrogacy, or freezing embryos for retro-production.

However, perceptions of medical tourism are not always positive. In places like the US, which has high standards of quality, medical tourism is viewed as risky. In some parts of the world, wider political issues can influence where medical tourists will choose to seek out health care.

Medical tourism providers have developed as intermediaries which unite potential medical tourists with surgeons, provider hospitals and other organizations. In some cases, surgeons from the United States have signed up with medical tourism providers to travel to Mexico to treat American patients. The hope is that using an American surgeon may alleviate concerns about going outside the country, and persuade self-insured American employers to offer this cost-effective option to their workers as a way to save money while still provide high-quality care. Companies that focus on medical value travel typically provide nurse case managers to assist patients with pre- and post-travel medical issues. They may also help provide resources for follow-up care upon the patient's return.

Circumvention tourism is also an area of medical tourism that has grown. Circumvention tourism is travel in order to access medical services that are legal in the destination country but illegal in the home country. This can include travel for fertility treatments that are not yet approved in the home country, abortion, and doctor-assisted suicide. Abortion tourism can be found most commonly in Europe, where travel between countries is relatively simple. Poland, a European country with highly restrictive abortion laws, has one of the highest rates of circumvention tourism, as did Ireland before abortion was made legal in 2018. In Poland especially, it is estimated that each year nearly 7,000 women travel to the UK, where abortion services are free through the National Health Service. There are also efforts being made by independent organizations and doctors, such as with Women on Waves, to help women circumvent laws in order to access medical services. With Women on Waves, the organization uses a mobile clinic aboard a ship to provide medical abortions in international waters, where the law of the country whose flag is flown applies.

Dental tourism is travel for cheaper dentistry or oral surgery. The same porcelain veneer made in a lab in Sweden can be as much as 2500 AUD in Australia, but only 1200 AUD in India. The price difference here is not explainable by reference to the material cost.

International healthcare accreditation
International healthcare accreditation is the process of certifying a level of quality for healthcare providers and programs across multiple countries. International healthcare accreditation organizations certify a wide range of healthcare programs such as hospitals, primary care centers, medical transport, and ambulatory care services. There are a number of accreditation schemes available based in a number of different countries around the world.

The oldest international accrediting body is Accreditation Canada, formerly known as the Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation, which accredited the Bermuda Hospital Board as soon as 1968. Since then, it has accredited hospitals and health service organizations in ten other countries. In the United States, the accreditation group Joint Commission International (JCI) was formed in 1994 to provide international clients education and consulting services. Many international hospitals today see obtaining international accreditation as a way to attract American patients.

Joint Commission International is a relative of the Joint Commission in the United States. Both are US-style independent private sector not-for-profit organizations that develop nationally and internationally recognized procedures and standards to help improve patient care and safety. They work with hospitals to help them meet Joint Commission standards for patient care and then accredit those hospitals meeting the standards.

A British scheme, QHA Trent Accreditation, is an active independent holistic accreditation scheme, as well as GCR.org which monitors the success metrics and standards of almost 500,000 medical clinics worldwide.

The different international healthcare accreditation schemes vary in quality, size, cost, intent and the skill and intensity of their marketing. They also vary in terms of cost to hospitals and healthcare institutions making use of them.

Increasingly, some hospitals are looking towards dual international accreditation, perhaps having both JCI to cover potential US clientele, and Accreditation Canada or QHA Trent. As a result of competition between clinics for American medical tourists, there have been initiatives to rank hospitals based on patient-reported metrics.

Risks and criticism
Medical tourism carries some risks that locally provided medical care either does not carry or carries to a much lesser degree.

Some countries, such as South Africa, or Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America. Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity can be a hazard for weakened individuals, specifically with respect to gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. hepatitis A, amoebic dysentery, paratyphoid) which could weaken progress and expose the patient to mosquito-transmitted diseases, influenza, and tuberculosis. However, because in poor tropical nations diseases run the gamut, doctors seem to be more open to the possibility of considering any infectious disease, including HIV, TB, and typhoid, while there are cases in the West where patients were consistently misdiagnosed for years because such diseases are perceived to be "rare" in the West.

The quality of post-operative care can also vary dramatically, depending on the hospital and country, and may be different from US or European standards. Also, traveling long distances soon after surgery can increase the risk of complications. Long flights and decreased mobility associated with window seats can predispose one towards developing deep vein thrombosis and potentially a pulmonary embolism. Other vacation activities can be problematic as well — for example, scars may become darker and more noticeable if they are sunburned while healing.

Also, health facilities treating medical tourists may lack an adequate complaints policy to deal appropriately and fairly with complaints made by dissatisfied patients.

Differences in healthcare provider standards around the world have been recognised by the World Health Organization, and in 2004 it launched the World Alliance for Patient Safety. This body assists hospitals and government around the world in setting patient safety policy and practices that can become particularly relevant when providing medical tourism services.

Patients traveling to countries with less stringent surgical standards may be at higher risk for complications. If there are complications, the patient may need to stay in the foreign country for longer than planned or if they have returned home, will not have easy access to follow up care.

Patients sometimes travel to another country to obtain medical procedures that doctors in their home country refuse to perform because they believed that the risks of the procedure outweigh the benefits. Such patients may have difficulty getting insurance (whether public or private) to cover follow up medical costs should the feared complications indeed arise.

Legal issues
Receiving medical care abroad may subject medical tourists to unfamiliar legal issues. The limited nature of litigation in various countries is a reason for accessibility of care overseas. While some countries currently presenting themselves as attractive medical tourism destinations provide some form of legal remedies for medical malpractice, these legal avenues may be unappealing to the medical tourist. Should problems arise, patients might not be covered by adequate personal insurance or might be unable to seek compensation via malpractice lawsuits. Hospitals and/or doctors in some countries may be unable to pay the financial damages awarded by a court to a patient who has sued them, owing to the hospital and/or the doctor not possessing appropriate insurance cover and/or medical indemnity.

Issues can also arise for patients who seek out services that are illegal in their home country. In this case, some countries have the jurisdiction to prosecute their citizen once they have returned home, or in extreme cases extraterritorially arrest and prosecute. In Ireland, especially, in the 1980s-90s there were cases of young rape victims who were banned from traveling to Europe to get legal abortions. Ultimately, Ireland's Supreme Court overturned the ban; they and many other countries have since created "right to travel" amendments.

Ethical issues
There can be major ethical issues around medical tourism. For example, the illegal purchase of organs and tissues for transplantation had been methodically documented and studied in countries such as China, Pakistan, Colombia and the Philippines. The Declaration of Istanbul distinguishes between ethically problematic "transplant tourism" and "travel for transplantation".

Medical tourism may raise broader ethical issues for the countries in which it is promoted. For example, in India, some argue that a "policy of "medical tourism for the classes and health missions for the masses" will lead to a deepening of the inequities" already embedded in the health care system. In Thailand, in 2008 it was stated that, "Doctors in Thailand have become so busy with foreigners that Thai patients are having trouble getting care". Medical tourism centered on new technologies, such as stem cell treatments, is often criticized on grounds of fraud, blatant lack of scientific rationale and patient safety. However, when pioneering advanced technologies, such as providing "unproven" therapies to patients outside of regular clinical trials, it is often challenging to differentiate between acceptable medical innovation and unacceptable patient exploitation.

Medical volunteerism as tourism
The field of the medical tourism (referring to volunteers who travel overseas to deliver medical care) has recently attracted negative criticism when compared to the alternative notion of sustainable capacities, i.e., work done in the context of long-term, locally-run, and foreign-supported infrastructures. A preponderance of this criticism appears largely in scientific and peer-reviewed literature. Recently, media outlets with more general readerships have published such criticisms as well.

Employer-sponsored health care in the US
Some US employers have begun exploring medical travel programs as a way to cut employee health care costs. Such proposals have raised stormy debates between employers and trade unions representing workers, with one union stating that it deplored the "shocking new approach" of offering employees overseas treatment in return for a share of the company's savings. The unions also raise the issues of legal liability should something go wrong, and potential job losses in the US health care industry if treatment is outsourced.

Employers may offer incentives such as paying for air travel and waiving out-of-pocket expenses for care outside of the US. For example, in January 2008, Hannaford Bros., a supermarket chain based in Maine, began paying the entire medical bill for employees to travel to Singapore for hip and knee replacements, including travel for the patient and companion. Medical travel packages can integrate with all types of health insurance, including limited benefit plans, preferred provider organizations and high deductible health plans.

In 2000, Blue Shield of California began the United States' first cross-border health plan. Patients in California could travel to one of the three certified hospitals in Mexico for treatment under California Blue Shield. In 2007, a subsidiary of BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Companion Global Healthcare, teamed up with hospitals in Thailand, Singapore, Turkey, Ireland, Costa Rica and India. A 2008 article in Fast Company discusses the globalization of healthcare and describes how various players in the US healthcare market have begun to explore it.

Impact of COVID-19 on medical tourism
The growth of Global Medical Tourism in the last decade has influenced overall growth of health care sector. Due to the multidimensional impact of the Pandemic COVID-19 in the form of a global healthcare crisis, falling global economy, restricted international travel, the medical tourism industry is undergoing a substantial decline.

The CDC has listed various levels of different destinations or countries that are ranked from 1 to 3, with 1 and 2 considered safe to travel. A destination ranked level-3 is considered a warning not to travel to that area.

COVID-19 vaccine tourism
In the later half of February 2021, it was reported that wealthy and influential people from Canada and European countries flew to the United Arab Emirates to secure early access to the COVID-19 vaccine. The UAE promoted Dubai as a vaccine holiday hub for the wealthy, who could pay large sums of money to get inoculated before they became eligible in their home countries.

In January 2021, Canadian snowbirds travelled to the United States (specifically Florida and Arizona) via air charter for quicker access to the COVID-19 vaccine.

Iran
In 2012, 30,000 people came to Iran to receive medical treatment. In 2015, it is estimated that between 150,000 and 200,000 health tourists came to Iran, and this figure is expected to rise to 500,000 a year. Iran medical services are low cost in the fields of cosmetic and plastic surgeries, infertility treatment and dentistry services. According to a report in 2016 by Big Market Research, the global medical tourism market is expected to reach $143 billion by 2022. It was reported in May that the number of tourists traveling to Iran for advanced medical services has grown by 40% over past five years.

Israel
Israel is a popular destination for medical tourism. Many medical tourists to Israel come from Europe, particularly the former Soviet Union, as well as the United States, Australia, Cyprus, and South Africa. Medical tourists come to Israel for a variety of surgical procedures and therapies, including bone marrow transplants, heart surgery, and catheterization, oncological and neurological treatments, orthopedic procedures, car accident rehabilitation, and in-vitro fertilization. Israel's popularity as a destination for medical tourism stems from its status as a developed country with a high-quality level of medical care, while at the same time having lower medical costs than many other developed countries. Israel is particularly popular as a destination for bone marrow transplants among Cypriots, as the procedure is not available in Cyprus, and for orthopedic procedures among Americans, as the cost of orthopedic procedures in Israel is about half that of in the United States. Israel is a particularly popular destination for people seeking IVF treatments. Medical tourists in Israel use both public and private hospitals, and all major Israeli hospitals offer medical tourism packages which typically cost far less than comparable procedures than in facilities elsewhere with a similarly high standard of care. In 2014, it was estimated that roughly 50,000 medical tourists came to Israel annually. There are reports that these medical tourists obtain preferential treatment, to the detriment of local patients. In addition, some people come to Israel to visit health resorts at the Dead Sea, and on Lake Kinneret.

Jordan
Jordan, through their Private Hospitals Association, attracted 250,000 international patients accompanied by more than 500,000 companions in 2012, with total revenues exceeding 1B US$. Jordan won the Medical Destination of the year award in 2014 in the IMTJ Medical Travel Awards.

South Africa
South Africa is the first country in Africa to emerge as a medical tourism destination.

Tunisia
On the African scale, Tunisia ranks second in the field of health tourism. It is also named the world's second best thalassotherapy destination, behind France.

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates, especially Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Ras Al Khaimah is a popular destination for medical tourism. The Dubai Health authority has been spearheading medical tourism into UAE, especially Dubai. However, hospitals providing medical tourism are spread all over the seven emirates. UAE has the distinction of having the maximum number of JCI accredited hospitals (under various heads). UAE has inbound medical tourism as well as people going out for medical treatment. The inbound tourism usually is from African countries like Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, etc. The outbound can be categorised into two segments - the local population (citizens of UAE) and the expats. The locals prefer to go to European destinations like the U.K., Germany etc. The expats prefer to go back to their home countries for treatment.

Brazil
In Brazil, Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo was the first JCI-accredited facility outside of the US, and more than a dozen Brazilian medical facilities have since been similarly accredited.

Canada
In comparison to US health costs, patients can save 30 to 60 percent on health costs in Canada.

In the early 1990s, Americans illegally using counterfeit, borrowed, or fraudulently obtained Canadian health insurance cards to obtain free healthcare in Canada became a serious issue due to the high costs it imposed.

Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, there are two Joint Commission International accredited (JCI) hospitals. Both are in San Jose, Costa Rica. When the World Health Organization (WHO) ranked the world's health systems in the year 2000, Costa Rica was ranked as no. 26, which was higher than the US, and together with Dominica it dominated the list amongst the Central American countries.

The Deloitte Center for Health Solutions in 2008 reported a cost savings average of between 30 and 70 percent of US prices. In 2019 a knee operation in Clinica Biblica which would have cost around $44,000 in the USA cost $12,200.

Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic has been a popular destination for US medical tourists, because it is fairly close. Since 2003, the CDC has reported adverse events after cosmetic surgery, particularly due to liposuction in combination with gluteal fat transfer, abdominoplasty, and breast augmentation. During 2009–2022, 93 U.S. citizens died after cosmetic surgery in the Dominican Republic, and 90% of autopsy-confirmed deaths were due to embolism; in 55% due to fat embolism and in 35% due to pulmonary venous thromboembolism.

Mexico
Mexico has 98 hospitals accredited by the country's Federal Health Ministry and seven hospitals which are JCI-accredited. Mexico is most reputed for advanced care in dentistry and cosmetic surgery.

In recent years, Los Algodones, Baja California, a settlement of fewer than 6,000 people located on the US border near Yuma, Arizona, has become a major destination for Americans and Canadians seeking dental services. Roughly 600 dentists practice in the community, catering mainly to tourists, leading the community to be nicknamed "Molar City".

United States
A 2015 report from the United States International Trade Commission found that between 150,000 and 320,000 medical tourists from the United States were traveling worldwide for the purpose of receiving in-patient medical care. While some have estimated that 750,000 American medical tourists traveled from the United States to other countries in 2007 (up from 500,000 in 2006), according to the McKinsey report, 45% of North American medical tourists travel to Asia, 26% go to Latin America, 2% go to the Middle East, and 27% travel to another country in North America. None travel to Europe.

The availability of advanced medical technology and sophisticated training of physicians are cited as driving motivators for growth in foreigners traveling to the US for medical care, whereas the low costs for hospital stays and major/complex procedures at Western-accredited medical facilities abroad are cited as major motivators for American travelers. Also, the decline in value of the US dollar between 2007 and 2013 used to offer additional incentives for foreign travel to the US, although cost differences between the US and many locations in Asia are larger than any currency fluctuations.

Several major medical centers and teaching hospitals offer international patient centers that cater to patients from foreign countries who seek medical treatment in the US. Many of these organizations offer service coordinators to assist international patients with arrangements for medical care, accommodations, finances and transportation including air ambulance services.

China
Ctrip's 2016 Online Medical Tourism Report indicates that the number of travelers who enroll in the oversea medical tourism through its platform increased fivefold over the previous year, and more than 500,000 Chinese visitors are expected to go on medical tourism. The top ten medical tourism destinations are Japan, Korea, the US, Taiwan, Germany, Singapore, Malaysia, Sweden, Thailand, and India. Regular health checks made up the majority share of Chinese medical tourism in 2016, representing over 50% of all medical tourism trips for tourists originating in China.

Hong Kong
All twelve of Hong Kong's private hospitals have been surveyed and accredited by the UK's Trent Accreditation Scheme since early 2001.

India
Medical tourism is a growing sector in India. India is becoming the 2nd medical tourism destination after Thailand. Gurgaon is India's largest Medical Tourism hub, followed by Chennai, which is regarded as "India's Health City" as it attracts 45% of health tourists visiting India and 40% of domestic health tourists.

India's medical tourism sector was expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30% from 2012, making it a $2 billion industry by 2015.

In August 2019, the Indian government made it easier for foreigners to receive medical treatment without necessarily applying for a medical visa. These initiatives by Indian government are help Medical Tourism market to reach around $9 Billion in 2020. Furthermore, the major reason for foreign tourist to choose India is because it has 40 hospitals accredited by the US Joint Commission.

As medical treatment costs in the developed world balloon—with the United States leading the way—more and more Westerners are finding the prospect of international travel for medical care increasingly appealing. An estimated 150,000 of these travel to India for low-priced healthcare procedures every year.

India is increasingly becoming popular with Africans seeking medical treatment overseas. Treatments are approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Food and Drug Administration.

The Government has also started various initiative that can be of great push to help international patients get the right kind of treatment at affordable prices.

Malaysia
The majority of the foreign patients seeking medical treatments in Malaysia are from Indonesia, with smaller numbers of foreign patients coming from India, Singapore, Japan, Australia, Europe, the US and the Middle East. In 2008, Indonesians comprised 75% of all foreign patients receiving care in Malaysia; Europeans, 3%; Japanese, 3%; Singaporeans, 1% and citizens from Middle Eastern countries, 1%. By 2011, Indonesians comprised 57% of all foreign patients in Malaysia as the number of patients of other nationalities grew.

Health insurance companies in Singapore have recently permitted their policyholders to be treated in Malaysia where services are cheaper than in Singapore.

New Zealand
In 2008, it was estimated that on average New Zealand's surgical costs are around 15 to 20% the cost of the same surgical procedure in the USA.

Pakistan
Pakistan has four Joint Commission International (JCI) accredited hospitals in Pakistan. Mostly people travel for treatments in Pakistan from Afghanistan, Iran, United Kingdom, Middle East and United States.

Singapore
Singapore has a dozen hospitals and health centers with JCI accreditation. In 2013 medical expenditure generated from medical tourists, mostly from more complex medical procedures, such as heart surgery, was S$832 million, a decline of 25 percent from 2012's S$1.11 billion, as the hospitals faced more competition from neighbouring countries for less complex work.

Thailand
Foreigners seeking treatment for everything from open-heart surgery to fertility treatments have made Thailand and its accredited hospitals a popular destination for medical tourism, attracting an estimated 2.81 million patients in 2015, up 10.2 percent. In 2013, medical tourists spent as much as US$4.7 billion, according to government statistics. , with 64 accredited hospitals, Thailand is currently among the top 10 medical tourism destinations in the world. In 2017, Thailand registered 3.3 million visits by foreigners seeking specialised medical treatment. In 2018, this number grew to 3.5 million.

Europe
Even within Europe, although therapy protocols might be approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), several countries have their own review organizations in order to evaluate whether the same therapy protocol would be "cost-effective", so that patients face differences in the therapy protocols, particularly in the access of these drugs, which might be partially explained by the financial strength of the particular Health System.

In 2006, it was ruled that under the conditions of the E112 European health scheme, UK health authorities had to pay the bill if one of their patients could establish urgent medical reasons for seeking quicker treatment in another European union country.

The European directive on the application of patients' rights to cross-border healthcare was agreed in 2011.

An online survey of EU migrants, mostly from Poland, Hungary and Romania, in the UK by the Centre for Population Change in 2019 showed that 46% of them preferred the health system in their country of origin. Only 36% preferred NHS medical treatment, and fewer among those from Western Europe.

Albania
Albania become a health target for Italian and few other European countries mostly in aesthetic surgery. Albania has invested in attracting not only international patients but also staff with mostly Italian doctors. As recognised by AP news KEIT Day Hospital was built in 2011 with international patient in mind. Albania is also known for dental tourism, where over 200 dental clinics are providing services to international patients.

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan is a target of health tourists from Iran, Turkey, Georgia and Russia. The Bona Dea International Hospital in Baku was built in 2018 to attract international patients, and has staff from various European countries.

Croatia
Croatia has some claims to be the oldest health tourism destination in Europe, as the Hygienic Association of Hvar was founded in 1868.

Finland
On December 9, 2013, the City of Helsinki decided that all minors under the age of 18 and all pregnant mothers living in Helsinki without a valid visa or residence permit are granted the right to the same health care and at the same price as all citizens of the city.

Volunteer doctors of Global Clinic have tried to help these people, for whom only acute care has been available. This means that the Finnish health care system is open for all people coming outside of the European Union.

France
British NHS patients have been offered treatment in France to reduce waiting lists for hip, knee and cataract surgery since 2002. France is a popular tourist destination but also ranked the world's leading health care system by the World Health Organization. European Court of Justice said that National Health Service (England) has to pay back British patients.

The number of patients is growing, and in 2016, France scored # 7 in the Medical Tourism Index.

Germany
In 2017 there were said to be around 250,000 foreign patients who brought more than 1.2 billion euros income to German hospitals. Some were visitors who fell ill unexpectedly, but it is estimated that more than 40 percent came for planned treatment, the majority from Poland, the Netherlands or France. There have long been medical tourists from the Middle East. University hospitals and the large municipal clinics, such as University Hospital Freiburg or Vivantes in Berlin, are the most popular destinations. Some require payment in full before they start treatment.

The Hallwang Clinic GmbH is said to be the most high-profile clinic in the European private cancer industry, centred in Germany, which attracts patients from the US, the UK, Australia and the Middle East, offering a variety of different treatments, some of which do not appear to be evidence based; the clinic has been accused of selling false hope.

Greece
Greece starts playing a major role in the field of medical tourism worldwide; while it has always been a notable tourist destination, improvements in healthcare services and medical professionals' training account expanding Greece as a destination for international patients.

Hungary
During the Goulash Communism era, Germans and Austrian tourists in Hungary also began visiting dentists. Mosonmagyaróvár had about 350 dental clinics, more per capita than anywhere else on Earth. Prices for dental procedures are one third to one half of the price in Vienna, Austria, 60 km away, and one quarter that of Switzerland or Denmark. An Austrian can be treated during a day trip, or also have a vacation in the area for the price of one or two nights in a Vienna hotel.

Lithuania
Health Tourism Lithuania, a booking agent, was established in 2018, focusing on the Scandinavian market, but in 2019 in response to longer waiting lists in the NHS noticed an increase in enquiries about hip replacements, in addition to the existing interest in cosmetic surgery and dentistry from Britons. A hip replacement costs £3,340, about a third of the price of a commercial procedure in the UK.

Russia
In his address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated March 1, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin stressed the need to develop health care and export services in the field of medicine and tourism.

In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2018 No. 204 "on national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024" the volume of exports of medical services by 2024 will have to be $1 billion per year. RAMT in order to implement the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 7 May 2018 No. 204, the Federal non-profit organization Russian Association of Medical Tourism was established.

Serbia
Serbia has a variety of clinics catering to medical tourists in areas of cosmetic surgery, dental care, fertility treatment and weight loss procedures. The country is also a major international hub for gender reassignment surgery.

Turkey
The cost of medical recourses in Turkey is quite affordable compared to Western European countries. Therefore, thousands of people each year travel to Turkey for their medical treatments. Turkey is especially becoming a hub for hair transplant surgery. Almost 178,000 tourists visited for health purposes in the first six months of 2018. 67% used private hospital, 24% public hospitals and 9% university hospitals. The Regulation on International Health Tourism and Tourist Health came into force on 13 July 2017. It only applies to those coming specifically for treatment. USHAŞ was established in 2019 by Turkish Ministry of Health to promote and regulate medical tourism in Turkey.

United Kingdom
Both the publicly owned National Health Service and private hospitals attracts medical tourism. Many private hospitals and clinics in the United Kingdom are medical tourism destinations. UK private hospitals have mandatory registration with the UK's watchdog, the Care Quality Commission. The vast majority of medical tourism in the UK is attracted to London where there are 25 private hospitals and clinics and 12 private patient units run by NHS hospital trusts. In 2017 there was a 3% decline in the £1.55 billion market because of fewer clients from the Middle East. Overseas patients coming to London are particularly likely to be seeking complex cancer, neurosciences, cardiovascular and paediatric services supported by strong clinical expertise reflected by the leading teaching hospitals based in the UK. Income for NHS providers rose by 9% in 2018–9, pushing the Royal Marsden nearer the 50% statutory limit.

Abuse in the UK
It is alleged that health tourists in the UK often target the NHS for its free-at-the-point-of-care treatment, allegedly costing the NHS up to £200 million. A study in 2013 concluded that the UK was a net exporter of medical tourists, with 63,000 UK residents travelling abroad for treatment and about 52,000 patients getting treatment in UK. Medical tourists treated as private patients by NHS trusts are more profitable than UK private patients, yielding close to a quarter of the revenue from only seven percent of volume of cases. UK dental patients largely go to Hungary and Poland. Fertility tourists mostly travel to Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Spain.

In the summer of 2015 immigration officers from the Border Force were stationed in St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust to train staff to identify "potentially chargeable patients". In October 2016 the trust announced that it planned to require photo identity papers or proof of their right to remain in the UK such as asylum status or a visa for pregnant women. Those not able to provide satisfactory documents would be sent to the trust's overseas patient team "for specialist document screening, in liaison with the UK Border Agency and the Home Office." It was estimated that £4.6 million a year was spent on care for ineligible patients. A pilot scheme to check whether patients were entitled to free NHS care in 18 NHS trusts, 11 in London, for two months in 2017 asked 8,894 people for two forms of ID prior to non-emergency care. Only 50 were not eligible for free NHS treatment. Campaigners claimed this was "part of the Government's hostile environment policy", and that in Newham hospital "you will see huge signs saying you may not be eligible for free NHS treatment".

The bills issued to patients thought to be ineligible far exceed the sums actually collected. Most trusts do not have dedicated staff for the task. Ineligible patients generally live overseas, many have no money, and some demonstrate that they were eligible for free treatment after invoices had been issued.

title: Medical tourism


text:
Talk:Daisyworld

Discussion
If rewritten today, the classic book "how to lie with statistics" might as well be called "how to lie with statistics and computer simulations."

"proves" -> "arguably demonstrates" since (i) a model is a demo, not a proof, and (ii) there is a minor philosophical objection that selection of components for a model is not entirely purposeless. This wording still retains the central point and value of the demonstration. - Paul

OK, I'll bite:

W&L proved that non-teleological systems with biologically mediated feedback loops do exist (and thoughtfully provided us with an example). Although I'll need to ponder your point about selection of model components. Modellers do indeed have God-like powers!

WRT to W&L being a demo not a proof, I would say that the demo _is_ the proof (of existence). But...what does "exist" mean? Does Daisyworld exist? I would be tempted to stick with Daisyworld as a perfect representation of a system which exists in the Platonic sense (OTOH, planar planets must be rare).

Still, the *mechanism* exists, without a doubt. Does this count?

heh

Robinh 15:28, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I guess it's proof of existence of a model [Daisyworld is a model that demonstrates biologically mediated homeostasis - so it exists in that sense]... but proof that Daisyworld is not teleological is a different thing. It seems philosophically difficult to "prove" there is no intentionality in a model that someone has designed. Hard for me, anyway :-)

It's the kind of thing that philosophers can argue over interminably (before they deadlock and stab each other with their forks), but I settled for wording that was somewhere short of "knock down mathematical proof", and ducked the "how persuasive" part of the debate entirely. You could say "persuasively demonstrates" if you think I understated the force of the argument, I guess, or the article could clarify the arguable weakness of the proof... - Paul

harry 15:28, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Can i put across the idea that daisyworld is a thought experiment that has been developed as a computer simuation; it certainly wasn't one orriginally

Python version of Daisyworld
Here is a python version of daisyworld:

dynamo.py import math

def print_sorted_keys(dict,width): keys = dict.keys keys.sort f = "%"+str(width)+"s" for key in keys[:-1]: print (f+",") % key, print f % keys[-1]

def print_sorted_values(dict,width): keys = dict.keys keys.sort f = "%"+str(width)+"s" for key in keys[:-1]: print (f+",") % dict[key], print f % dict[keys[-1]]

def run_times(initial_time,dt,times,initial,get_next_time_step): prev = initial

width = 20 f = "%"+str(width)+"s," print f % "time", print_sorted_keys(initial,width) print f % initial_time, print_sorted_values(initial,width) for i in range(1,times+1): time = i*dt + initial_time next = get_next_time_step(prev,time) print f % time, print_sorted_values(next,width)

prev = next print f % "time", print_sorted_keys(initial,width)

def step(value,time,currentTime): if currentTime >= time: return value else: return 0.0

def clip(after_cutoff,before,value,cutoff_value): if value < cutoff_value: return before else: return after_cutoff

def table_lookup(value,low,high,increment,list): if value <= low: return list[0] elif high <= value: return list[-1] else: trans = (value - low)/increment low_index = int(math.floor(trans)) delta = trans - low_index return list[low_index]*(1.0-delta)+list[low_index+1]*delta def smooth3_init(init_dictionary,name,value): init_dictionary[name+"_l1"] = value init_dictionary[name+"_l2"] = value init_dictionary[name+"_l3"] = value

def smooth3_next_levels(cur_dict, prev_dict, name, dt): cur_dict[name+"_l1"] = prev_dict[name+"_l1"]+dt*prev_dict[name+"_r1"] cur_dict[name+"_l2"] = prev_dict[name+"_l2"]+dt*prev_dict[name+"_r2"] cur_dict[name+"_l3"] = prev_dict[name+"_l3"]+dt*prev_dict[name+"_r3"]

def smooth3_next_rates(cur_dict, name, value, delay): cur_dict[name+"_r1"] = (value - cur_dict[name+"_l1"])/(delay/3.0) cur_dict[name+"_r2"] = (cur_dict[name+"_l1"] - cur_dict[name+"_l2"])/(delay/3.0) cur_dict[name+"_r3"] = (cur_dict[name+"_l2"] - cur_dict[name+"_l3"])/(delay/3.0)

def smooth3_cur_value(cur_dict, name): return cur_dict[name+"_l3"]

daisyworld.py import math from dynamo import *

uncovered_area = "uncovered_area" white_area = "white_area" black_area = "black_area"
 * 1) levels

white_growth = "white_growth" black_growth = "black_growth" uncovered_growth = "uncovered_growth"
 * 1) rates

avg_planet_temp = "avg_planet_temp" black_growth_fact = "black_growth_fact" white_growth_fact = "white_growth_fact" planetary_albedo = "planetary_albedo" temp_black_land = "temp_black_land" temp_white_land = "temp_white_land" t_dead_planet = "t_dead_planet" solar_luminosity = "solar_luminosity"
 * 1) axillaries

black_albedo = 0.25 death_rate = 0.3 heat_absorp_fact = 20 sb_constant = 5.669e-8 solar_flux_constant = 917 uncovered_albedo = 0.5 white_albedo = 0.75
 * 1) constants

dt = 1.0 initial_time = 0.0
 * 1) parameters

i = {}
 * 1) initial data

i[uncovered_area] = 1.0 i[white_area] = 0.0 i[black_area] = 0.0
 * 1) inital levels

def calc_auxiliaries_and_rates(n,time): #first the auxiliaries #n[solar_luminosity] = 0.6+(time*(1.2/200)) n[solar_luminosity] = 1.0-0.40*(math.sin(time/(math.pi*10))) n[planetary_albedo] = n[uncovered_area]*uncovered_albedo+n[black_area]*black_albedo+n[white_area]*white_albedo n[avg_planet_temp] = ((n[solar_luminosity]*solar_flux_constant*(1.0-n[planetary_albedo])/sb_constant)**0.25)-273 n[temp_black_land] = heat_absorp_fact*(n[planetary_albedo]-black_albedo)+n[avg_planet_temp] n[temp_white_land] = heat_absorp_fact*(n[planetary_albedo]-white_albedo)+n[avg_planet_temp] n[t_dead_planet] = ((n[solar_luminosity]*solar_flux_constant*(1-uncovered_albedo)/sb_constant)**0.25)-273 n[black_growth_fact] = max(0,1 - 0.03265*((22.5-n[temp_black_land])**2)) n[white_growth_fact] = max(0,1 - 0.03265*((22.5-n[temp_white_land])**2)) #then the rates

#n[black_growth] = n[black_area]*(1 - n[black_area]/(n[uncovered_area]+n[black_area]))*n[black_growth_fact]-n[black_area]*death_rate+0.001 #n[white_growth] = n[white_area]*(1 - n[white_area]/(n[uncovered_area]+n[white_area]))*n[white_growth_fact]-n[white_area]*death_rate+0.001 n[white_growth] = n[white_area]*(n[uncovered_area]*n[white_growth_fact]-death_rate)+0.001 n[black_growth] = n[black_area]*(n[uncovered_area]*n[black_growth_fact]-death_rate)+0.001 n[uncovered_growth] = -(n[black_growth]+n[white_growth])

calc_auxiliaries_and_rates(i,initial_time)

def get_next_time_step(j,time): n = {} #nextize levers n[uncovered_area] = j[uncovered_area]+dt*j[uncovered_growth] n[black_area] = j[black_area]+dt*j[black_growth] n[white_area] = j[white_area]+dt*j[white_growth]

calc_auxiliaries_and_rates(n,time) return n

run_times(initial_time,dt,400,i,get_next_time_step)

It is based off of the STELLA model in the Modeling Daisyworld article. Jrincayc 01:50, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The dim and distant past
Back in the UK in 1982, the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer was packaged with a tape called "Horizons", which contained several demonstrations of the Sinclair Spectrum's ability to do maths and draw pictures etc. One of the demonstrations was called "Evolution (or Foxes and Rabbits)". There's a screenshot here. It simulated two populations - foxes and rabbits - over a period of time. You could set the relative population size and duration of the simulation, and over time the foxes would eat the rabbits, until there were very few rabbits, at which point the foxes would starve and the rabbits would multiply again. Over time, the two populations remained in a state of balance. Despite being called "Evolution", it had nothing at all to do with evolution.

I mention this mostly as trivia, as a relatively well-known pre-1983 computer implementation of the basic daisyworld concept. I'm sure the idea of a self-regulating system pared down to two components is ancient, and was probably first noticed by farmers, thousands of years ago. And of course this article is specifically about the daisyworld itself, rather than the general concept of self-regulating systems. Couldn't think where else to mention it.-Ashley Pomeroy 11:14, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

needs editing
1) many jargon terms. I replaced the ones with synonyms where no wiki links existed to explain.  Where wiki links did explain, reading a dozen articles to understand one is really annoying.  The terms should be explained in this article. 2) passive sentences. If anyone took good English classes in college (as opposed to having lousy teachers as I found many have), you should know what passive sentences are, since the wiki link does not work. DyslexicEditor 14:30, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Article Suggestion
This sounds really interesting, but for someone who knows little about the science behind planets (me) this article doesn't give the reader an understanding of why Daisyworld is significant. sinblox (talk) 04:23, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

A generalisation of Daisyworld
Generalising this one gets the following: Living beings are adabted to certain kind of living conditions. If they affect their own living conditions via their environment or in a way which spreads to the environment, they have to affect the environment toward what the environmental conditions have been in the past. So it is especially in extreme living conditions like with fluctuations of the environmental conditions. So, deducing from this, the biosphere has a tendency to regulate its living environment somewhat toward what is benefical for life. (If it would not do so but the opposite, those living beings would die and so drop away from the evolutions' competition.) This seems to make Lovelock's Gaia theory scientificaslly correct - without presupposing any "symbiosis" of species on our planet. Htervola 10:14, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

discussion of revert
Hi. Sorry to revert a good-faith edit. But I feel that the above text is sufficiently non-wikipedian, and confused, to merit deletion. Try to construct a formal argument, using standard scientific wording, that expresses what you are trying to say. Wiki text also needs to be NPOV, and in this case cite its sources.

Best wishes, Robinh 08:16, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Its source is me myself - is that OK to mention or needed? I just wanted to make Lovelock's point clearer and more understandable. Which parts of the text you consider confused and how? I was using the scientifical perspective though. What exactly is Wikipedia looking for? Htervola 11:49, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Here is another version - is this what you are looking for??? I make the points clearer but I think that such is not needed.

Generalising the Daisyworld example one gets the following: Living beings are adabted to certain kind of living conditions (to what exactly, depends on the spaecies and even on the individual (like we know from observing humans) but each to a certain kind of living conditionsa anyway). If they affect their own living conditions via their environment or in a way which spreads to the environment, they have to affect the environment toward that (i.e. toward what they are adabted to) i.e. toward what the environmental conditions have been in the past. So it is especially in extreme living conditions where it is a question of whether the living conditions are suitable for the species/individual or not. So, deducing from this, the biosphere has a tendency to regulate its living environment somewhat toward what is benefical for life. (If it would not do so but the opposite, those living beings would die and so drop away from the evolutions' competition.) This seems to make Lovelock's Gaia theory scientificaslly correct - without presupposing any "symbiosis" of species on our planet. I know that this version is too clumsy. But I think that the additions are not needed. Htervola 11:58, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi.

The issue is the source of the added matreial: you say that "the source is me myself". This suggests that the addition is original research, and therefore not suitable for Wikipedia. Daisyworld itself is just a model, and cannot be "scientifically correct", whatever that means. Try getting hold of any of the many journal articles that generalize the original Daisyworld paper, to see what is out there in the literature.

best wishes, Robinh 08:15, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

About the main text
As one used to scientifical language I would describe also the Daisyworld example differently: Daisyworld is an example about how life on a planet can control its climate. It is a computer simulation introduced at 19XX by James Lovelock & Lynn Margulis. The idea in it is the following. There are dark and light plants (daisies) dominating on a (hypothetical) planet: the dark flourishing in cold because of their colour and the light ones in a hot environment. So the equator would be covered by white plants and the poles by dark ones. If the temperature of the planet changes toward higher, the light plants start to dominate and because they reflect light toward space, the temperature does not rise as high as it would have otherwise risen. Similarly the domination of dark plants in cold rises the temperature of the planet. I consider my own version clearer. Htervola 12:15, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Removing memetics category
I am removing the memetics category from this article since you learn no more about the article's contents from the category and v.v. Since so many things may be memes we should try to keep the category closely defined in order to remain useful. Hope you're okay with that. The link to meme would be enough I suggest. Facius 11:13, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

my attempts to "tone it down"
I hope that after my edits it still matches up with the references people have provided. However, they may not be using the best references; I have a copy of Toby Tyrrells 'On Gaia' (2013, Princeton University Press) and I think he summarises the debate very well, with plenty of quotes.

I haven't read the original papers, and I'm sure Lovelock has said different things at different times, but Tyrell quotes him saying "I never intended Daisyworld to be more than a caricature, and accept that it may turn out a poor likeness when we finally understand the world". -- that's page 26 of Tyrrell, quoting page 264 of Lovelock's autobiography.

Based on the empirical evidence as he saw and interpreted it, Lovelock suggested, with varying degrees of certainty, that our world is like Daisyworld -- and that further investigation was required to find the empirical evidence which would either prove or disporove this. But providing a model of how a hypothetical Gaia operates was in no way proof that Earth operates a Gaian system. Some editors have gone too far, further than Lovelock, in interpreting what the model tells us. It was the purpose of my edits to correct this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.98.32.90 (talk) 15:37, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Has it been tested whether this setup can evolve spontaneously?
I mean, I know the article mentions such mechanisms have been found in the real world; but has there been any attempts to test the possibility of it evolving without carefully tweaked initial conditions and rules, any experiments where evolution is simulated to see if it produces this self-balancing behavior? --TiagoTiago (talk) 21:59, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

new version Daisyworld simulator

 * What I think should be changed:

change to:

 * Why it should be changed:

The previous navy blue picture was from the Flash version of my DaisyBall/DaisyWorld simulator. The Flash player no longer works. I recently completed a new version of the simulator in vanilla HTML5.

The new picture matches the latest simulator. Whose entrance page (talky) is at: https://gingerbooth.com/html5/daisy/help/index.html

Or to directly simulate daisies: https://gingerbooth.com/html5/daisy/daisy.html

 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button):

I'm not sure what to say here. My first web implementation of DaisyWorld, including my 3D DaisyBall variant, was a Java applet in 1997. So this teaching simulator's latest incarnation is copyright 1997-2022. No obvious citations.

Ginger Booth (talk) 16:58, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * This edit request goes with the next one - two sections of the same page. Note this is an image replacement, thus the to change because the images appear on the right hand side. Ginger Booth (talk) 19:59, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done  ℰ mi1y⧼T·C⧽ 00:29, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

new version Daisyworld simulator, the external link

 * What I think should be changed:

Under External links:
 * Online DaisyWorld simulator, with many options (Flash)

change to:

 * Online DaisyWorld simulator, with many options (HTML5/Javascript)

 * Why it should be changed:

Flash Player no longer works.

I recently reimplmented this simulator (vintage 1997-2022) in HTML5/Javascript, so people can run it again. I receive email every semester from instructors asking when it will be updated. Now it has.

Note this request goes with another one I just made. Different sections of the same page.

 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button):

Ginger Booth (talk) 17:07, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done PK650 (talk) 07:53, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you, but not really done. This Wikipedia link still points to the old Flex/Flash version.
 * The new version is at : https://gingerbooth.com/html5/daisy/help/index.html
 * Or if you'd rather link direct to the simulator instead of the intro, https://gingerbooth.com/html5/daisy/daisy.html Ginger Booth (talk) 19:52, 12 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done  ℰ mi1y⧼T·C⧽ 00:32, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daisyworld