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39/Smooth

39/Smooth is the debut studio album by the American rock band Green Day, released on April 13, 1990, by Lookout Records. After finalizing their line-up, the band played frequent shows at the 924 Gilman Street venue, where they started attracting a following and eventually caught the attention of Lookout Records' founder Larry Livermore. Following the release of their debut EP 1,000 Hours (1989) and stints in other bands, Green Day went to Art of Ears Studio, located in San Francisco, California, to record their debut studio album, which was co-produced with Andy Ernst. Sessions started at late December 1989 and ended in January 1990, costing $675. 39/Smooth has been tagged as punk rock, pop-punk and skate punk, with comparisons made to the work of older punk bands the Buzzcocks and the Ramones, as well to contemporaries Crimpshrine and the Lookouts. Written mostly by frontman and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong, unrequited love and longing for desire served as the main lyrical topics, while reminiscing on youth appeared in two of the songs.

39/Smooth was met with acclaim within Green Day's contemporary community; retrospective reviews praised the songwriting and individual musicianship of each of the band members, while some critics were more negative of the album. In the lead up to the album's release, Armstrong dropped out of high school, and the members took up odd jobs while bassist Mike Dirnt and drummer John Kiffmeyer continued their education. To promote 39/Smooth, the band embarked on a 45-date tour of the United States, which began in June 1990. By its end, Kiffmeyer opted to enroll in college and did not tell the other members, with Armstrong learning of it through a friend.

The album, plus related EPs from the time, were included on the 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours (1991) compilation album, which is often erroneously referred to as the band's debut. By 1994, 39/Smooth had sold 75,000 copies, and in the following year, peaked at number five on the US Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums chart. Publications have ranked the album towards the lower end of the band's discography, such as number 10 by Kerrang! and Paste and number 11 by Spin.

Background and recording
Following a shared interest in music, and the creation of original material, guitarists Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt formed a band. After going through another name, they stuck with Sweet Children; Armstrong and Dirnt worked security at punk club 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley, California. John Kiffmeyer, also known as "Al Sobrante", drummer of Gilman performers Isocracy, was invited to play with them. He helped refine Sweet Children's sound, and taught them a work ethic of recording music as cheaply and quickly as possible. Sweet Children played their first Gilman show in November 1988, where they accumulated a fan base; after the departure of bassist Sean Hughes, Dirnt moved to bass. During a house party, Sweet Children were brought to the attention of Larry Livermore, who operated Lookout Records, which was originally planned to only release material from Livermore's band the Lookouts.

Livermore subsequently signed Sweet Children following a show with the Lookouts. The record deal made the members of Sweet Children realize that they needed a new name, ultimately choosing Green Day. They played their last show under the old moniker on April 1, 1989 at Gilman for a benefit show. That same month, the 1,000 Hours EP was released through on seven-inch vinyl. Livermore commented that due to the poppy nature of the release that it would be difficult to sell to record buyers, taking around six months for the EP to start attracting attention from the public. Author Ben Myers wrote in Green Day: American Idiots & The New Punk Explosion (2006) that while it did not have a unique musical direction amongst the band's peers, the EP helped to place Green Day as well as Berkeley "on the map." They performed for the first time since the name change supporting Operation Ivy on May 28, 1989, at Gilman. During this time, Armstrong and Dirnt played in other bands, such as Blazt, Corrupted Morals and Crummy Musicians.

Green Day recorded their debut album at Art of Ears Studio in San Francisco, California, around Christmas 1989 when recording time was inexpensive. Andy Ernst, who previously worked on the 1,000 Hours EP, co-produced the sessions with members of the band. Sessions started on December 29, 1989; Armstrong and Dirnt tracked their vocals at the same time in order to save on both money and time. Myers noted that the members' influences, such as the Buzzcocks, the Clash and the Ramones, "all of whom recorded quickly, and it clearly showed as they applied the same sense of pared-down economy to their own blistering debut." The majority of the album was finished the following day, preceded by guitar parts and vocal harmonies. The album was mixed and completed by January 2, 1990. The sessions cost $675, charged to Livermore. John Golden mastered the recordings at K Disc Mastering in Hollywood, California Prior to the album coming out, Livermore wanted to issue another single to build hype. Subsequently, the band went back to Art of Ears and recorded four songs in a few hours, which became the Slappy (1990) EP.

Composition
The main lyrical theme of 39/Smooth revolves around unrequited love and longing for desire, which appeared in "At the Library with Waba Sé Wasca", "Disappearing Boy" and "The Judge's Daughter". While "I Was There" and "16" are about reminiscing on youth, which Gaar suggested that these were interesting declarations from the band as the members themselves were still young. Musically, 39/Smooth has been tagged as punk rock, pop-punk, skate punk,  and power pop. Myers said the songs merged the band members' overt adoration of pop hooks by British acts from the 1960s, topped by the "regionalized intonation of British punk's strongest voices." He also highlighted the sound of the Buzzcocks and Hüsker Dü as points of comparison, while Stereogum Jay Papandreas drew comparison to labelmates Crimpshrine and the Lookouts, and Eduardo Rivadavia, writing for Discogs, said its three-chord tracks were indebted to the work of the Ramones.

With album opener "At the Library with Waba Sé Wasca", Allyson Johnson of The Young Folks said the band presented the Southern Californian sound that managed to "both fit them in the scene while allowing them to stand out ..." She added that it displayed the formula for which they would continue to use throughout their career: "The gritty and buzzsaw sounding guitars only make for a more immediate, satisfying star." Armstrong said "Don't Leave Me" was about an occasion in the seventh grade where a girl had broken up with him. "I Was There" has lyrics written by Kiffmeyer; Gaar said it was a broad retrospective view of "one's past — torn between wanting it to last, but ultimately choosing to look ahead toward tomorrow." Jack Holly of The Young Folks said Armstrong can be heard recounting locations him and his bandmates had visited and individuals they have encountered in their brief run as a band. "Green Day", which starts with the sound of a bong hit, discusses being inebriated while dreaming about a girl and staring directing at the ceiling. On "Going to Pasalacqua", Holly wrote that Armstrong was adamant about trying to get the attention of girl that he would visit a funeral home, Pasalacqua, located in Benicia, California, to achieve this. Johnson spotlighted "16" as a highlight, touching on the song's sense of heightened youthfulness, and noted that it was more restrained compared to the rest of the tracks. "Road to Acceptance", which was influenced by racism, talks about a person who lambasts their own reputation as an outsider. Preceded by the slower song "Rest", "The Judge's Daughter" concluded 39/Smooth; Armstrong said it was about a girl from Pinole Valley High School.

Promotion and packaging
In February 1990, Armstrong dropped out of high school shortly prior to the release of their debut album, in order to focus exclusively on Green Day. Around this time, as Dirnt and Kiffmeyer focused on working and education, a tour for the band spanning 45 dates across the US was scheduled. To raise money for the trek, the members took up odd jobs. Lookout Records released 39/Smooth on April 13, 1990, issued on the vinyl and cassette formats. It was released around the time of albums by the likes of their contemporaries Bad Religion, NOFX, the Offspring and Pennywise, all of whom were frequently playing shows, though were ignored by major publications and record labels. Attitudes towards alternative music were slowly shifting, as Myers remarked, "but not that quickly. Green Day and the punks' true time was yet to come, and for now they existed in a vacuum unaffected by traditional rock 'n' roll conceits. ... [39/Smooth] was released and life carried on." As Lookout Records did not have enough funds for promotion, word of mouth about 39/Smooth spread from the small amount of reviews it earned in zines.

When the members of Green Day were wrapping up the production of the album, the word "smooth" was in frequent rotation, and they wanted to use it in the title. It was during this time that Alen, Armstrong's oldest sibling, had turned 39, which they jokingly wanted to use it in the name as well as they were unsure if they would get the chance to make another album. The album was eventually titled 39/Smooth. The cover of 39/Smooth, which was designed by Jesse Michaels of Operation Ivy, depicts a black-and-white image of a woman in a cemetery. Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound said the cover was "a little eerie" which he attributed to the shining tree branches seen in the image. Out of all of the band's albums, Myers remarked that its monochrome and somber nature made it stand out as the "least Green Day-looking" cover. Aaron Cometbus, editor of the Cometbus zine, created some additional artwork for the sleeve; Myers said his "recognizable pen-and-ink style came to define the band's early works and nicely complemented the content within." The back of the sleeve featured three photographs, shot by Murray Bowles, of Green Day performing at Gilman. Accompanying the images were cartoon illustrations, done by Michaels, which included keys, safety pins, a matchbox and faces of monsters. A martini glass can also be seen, which Gaar said was a comment on the no-alcohol policy enforced at Gilman. The lyric sheet included in the sleeve included an alleged letter from major label I.R.S. Records, who claimed to have an interest in the band, saying they were best act from the Bay Area since the emergence of the Dead Kennedys. In addition to this was two response letters, one from Kiffmeyer and other from Livermore; Gaar said the I.R.S. letter was forged as the result of Kiffmeyer having located some stationery belonging to the label from a trash receptacle. Around two years after the album's release, Livermore received threatening letters from I.R.S. for the incident, and apologized to them.

US tour and related events
To assist the release of 39/Smooth, Green Day appeared at several Gilman gigs, some that served as benefit shows for Lookout or fanzines in the area, namely Cometbus. One show also included a May 1990 performance at Pinole Valley High School, who were hosting local acts for Foreign Food Day. The day after Dirnt graduated from that high school, the band embarked on the aforementioned 45-date US tour. They used a van that was bought from Armstrong's brother, and was refurbished as to have more space to sleep and store their equipment. They were accompanied by Hughes, who served as their roadie. It started on June 19, 1990 on the West Coast, going up to Canada, before returning to the US, from where they journeyed to the East Coast, travelling to Florida, moving to the Midwest and ending in California.

They played in a variety of punk clubs, house parties and bars, with crowd sizes varying from 50 people to 500. Venues that scheduled the band received contracts from them with two requests – that nourishment and accommodation was prioritized over money, and did ask for a minimum of $100 if there was enough to spare, though stipulated this was not a requirement. The band stated on the contracts the places "do not have to give us any of these things, of course we don't have to tune before we play either." Funds that Green Day made from the performances ended up going to paying for food and buying gas. To aid their income, they bought inexpensive shirts from local business, which were then printed with their band logo and promptly put on sale at the gigs. They also gave a discount to attendees to bring their own shirts to the shows for printing.

Though the tour was seen as a success by the band, Kiffmeyer did not want to go through the hassle of such an endeavor again and instead enrolled in Humboldt State College in Arcata, California later in the year. He did not outright tell them that he was departing. Armstrong was surprised by this as he only found out through Cometbus. Afterwards, Armstrong was unsure if he wanted to continue the band. Dave EC of Filth and the Wynona Riders joined Green Day, though left after a few weeks. Armstrong remembered Tré Cool and learned that he was free. Cool had been playing with the Lookouts since he was 12. At age 16, Cool was a regular of the Gilman scene, going to parties and playing with various acts. Through this, he became familiar with Armstrong and Dirnt. Cool ultimately joined Green Day in late 1990.

The later CD release of 39/Smooth featured tracks from the two prior EPs, in addition to I Want to Be Alone, which was previously released on a Flipside magazine various artist compilation in 1990. This version was retitled 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, which omitted the letters from Kiffmeyer, Livermore and I.R.S., and included the 1,000 Hours and Slappy EPs. In late 2005, citing a royalty dispute, the band took control of their Lookout Records-era releases, including 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, second studio album Kerplunk (1991), and the 1,000 Hours and Slappy EPs. "Going to Pasalacqua" was pressed on a seven-inch vinyl record, with "Road to Acceptance" and "Disappearing Boy" as the B-sides, as part of the Ultimate Collectors 7" Vinyl Singles Box Set (2009) collection. In the lead up to the Green Day: Rock Band (2010) video game, Cool said that while the master tapes for 39/Smooth still exist, the process to digitize them would destroy the tape given their age.

Reception
39/Smooth was met with acclaim within the local community and on a national level due to Lookout Records' outreach.

Some critics praised the songwriting found on 39/Smooth. Spitz and Gaar said the writing had positively evolved from 1,000 Hours, with the former praising the lyrics, and the latter impressed with the progression in such a short time frame. Myers said the band were able to mould a sonic direction "bubbling with energy, melodies and lyrical themes that struck a chord." Al Shipley of Spin saw the album as a "revealing listen", as it "sounds shockingly close to the skate punk sound which with the band would conquer the world four years later." Louder wrtier Alistair Lawrence wrote that the album had the "hint of something special, ... 39/Smooth takes the raw ingredients that make Green Day unique and starts them simmering."

A few reviews focused on the individual aspects of the band members. Robbins and Neugebauer complimented Armstrong for his "well-mannered lyrics - hopeful, uncertain, self-conscious", which "manage only mild psychic discomfort ... and romantic tension rather than any rebellious insurgence." Raggett said his vocal "balance of disaffection and nervous, goofy passion is well in place, while he's already showing his effective, no-frills approach to chewy feedback melody. Reed Strength of Paste said Armstrong's voice was the album's biggest weakness, referring to it as "ear-grating, brow-furrowing singing." Raggett remarked that Dirnt was "no slouch himself, providing good backing vocals when needed for harmony ..." Robbins and Neugebauer said Dirnt and Kiffmeyer push "the songs along, and Billie Joe sings them earnestly, without the contrived English accent he would later affect. A very tentative start." Raggett highlighted Kiffmeyer for the "most prominent performance throughout" the album, while Shipley thought he was not "quite a force of nature like Tre Cool, but he has similar instincts on how to keep the tempos brisk and the drum fills splashy."

Others were more negative of 39/Smooth, with some only highlighting a single track. AllMusic reviewer Ned Raggett said it "isn't a truly great album in the first place. It's not bad, by any means ... It's just little more than a fun punk-pop album with some entertaining metallic flash here and there," akin to a multitude of albums created in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Finn White for IGN found it to be lackluster, lamenting that the tracks were dissimilar from one another, though clarified that as it shows the band at their "least refined, ... therein lies its charm and primary appeal." For Kerrang!, writer Ian Winwood said upon hearing the album in the present day, it comes across as a "collection rich in promise but lacking in real-time impact." Ira Robbins and Delvin Neugebauer of Trouser Press said the album was a "relatively tame power-pop affair. Although plucky and brash, the music is too timid to even flirt with punk intensity levels." Papandreas said that the album was evidently the creation of a "924 Gilman band" that was not "anything to write home about. ... The record itself is middling, disposable pop-punk until you get to 'Going To Pasalacqua,' which gives the best glimpse of what Green Day had to come." Winwood, reviewing for BBC Music, also highlighted "Going to Pasalacqua", Marc Hogan of PopMatters singled out "I Was There" as a songwriting achievement.

Prior to the release of Green Day's major label debut, Dookie (1994), 39/Smooth had sold 75,000 copies. Lookout Records' operations director Chris Appelgren said the joint efforts of 39/Smooth and Kerplunk boosted sales of other albums in the label's catalog. In 1995, 39/Smooth peaked at number five on the US Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums chart; Kerplunk appeared in the same listing, topping the chart. Publications have ranked the album towards the lower end of the band's discography: number six by IGN and Stereogum; number seven by Louder; number 10 by Kerrang! and Paste; and number 11 by Spin. The tribute album A Different Shade of Green: A Green Day Tribute, issued in 2003, included covers of "Going to Pasalacqua" and "Rest". Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup, and Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion, expressed admiration for the album, with the latter saying that whenever bands came to his studio, they also hyped up the release.

Personnel
Personnel per sleeve.

Green Day
 * Billie Joe Armstrong – lead vocals, guitar
 * Mike Dirnt – bass, backing vocals
 * John Kiffmeyer – drums

Production
 * Green Day – producer
 * Andy Ernst – engineer, producer
 * John Golden – mastering

Artwork
 * Susie Grant – front cover photo
 * Murray Bowles – back cover photos
 * Jesse Michaels – design, art

title: 39/Smooth


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Colin Bell (footballer, born 1946)

Colin Bell (26 February 1946 – 5 January 2021) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Bell, known for his thirteen-year spell at Manchester City, is regarded as one of the club's greatest-ever players, and was part of the Bell–Lee–Summerbee trio in the late 1960s and 1970s. Bell made 48 appearances for the England national football team; he was an unused squad member at UEFA Euro 1968 and played in three matches at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

During his playing career, he was nicknamed "The King of the Kippax" (after Maine Road's Kippax Street terraced stand renowned for its singing) and Nijinsky (after the famous racehorse, due to his renowned stamina). In 2004, the West Stand of City of Manchester Stadium was later named in his honour.

Club career
Bell began his career at Bury where he was swiftly made club captain. In total, Bell made 82 league appearances for Bury (in three seasons) and scored 25 goals. In 1966, he moved to Manchester City (who were managed by Joe Mercer) for £45,000. When trying to sign him for Manchester City, assistant manager Malcolm Allison misled other clubs interested in Bell (including Leicester City ) by claiming that the player was "hopeless". Allison's stratagem succeeded as Bell ultimately signed for City. In the 1965–66 season, Bell helped City finish first in the Second Division, earning the team promotion to the First Division. Bell scored the only goal (via a header) in a 1–0 victory against Rotherham which ensured promotion. In the 1966–67 season, Bell was City's top scorer with 14 league goals, and the team finished in 15th place in the First Division. Bell scored a hat trick in a 3–1 victory against Stoke City in April that season.

In the 1967–68 season, Bell helped City win their second League Championship (they had won their first in 1937). Bell scored 14 league goals that season. One of his goals came in the famous 4–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur, at Maine Road, which was dubbed the "Ballet on Ice" due to the snowy conditions in which the game was played. Mike Summerbee, Tony Coleman and Neil Young scored City's other goals while Jimmy Greaves scored the goal for Spurs. After the game, legendary centre forward Dixie Dean informed Allison that the City team which had beaten Spurs was "the most brilliant side I have ever seen". In the penultimate game of the season, Bell scored twice in a 3–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. In the game, Lee and Summerbee stretched the Spurs defence allowing Bell a clear run at a slowing Dave Mackay which overwhelmed the Scotsman. In the final game of the season, City defeated Newcastle United 4–3, to clinch the title. Bell assisted Lee with the "best pass of the afternoon" to score City's fourth goal.

In the 1968–69 season, Bell again scored 14 league goals as City finished 13th in the First Division. Manchester City won the FA Cup that season with a 1–0 victory over Leicester City in the final thanks to a goal by Neil Young. In the 1969–70 season, Bell scored eleven league goals for City, who finished tenth in the league. Manchester City and Bell won two trophies, in 1970, the League Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup. City defeated West Bromwich Albion 2–1 in the 1970 Football League Cup Final, in which Mike Doyle and Glyn Pardoe scored City's goals. City defeated Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in the 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup Final with goals from Young and Francis Lee.

In the 1970–71 season, Bell scored 13 goals for City who finished eleventh in the First Division. In the following season, City challenged for the title but ultimately lost out to Derby County and finished fourth in the league. Bell scored 13 goals that season. In the 1972–73 season, City finished eleventh in the league. In the 1973–74 season, Bell helped City reach the 1974 Football League Cup Final, in which he scored in a 2–1 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Bell played for City in a 1–0 victory against Manchester United in the final game of the season. Denis Law scored the only goal in the game which confirmed United's relegation from the First Division. In the 1974–75 season, Bell scored 15 league goals. He was named in the 1974–75 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year. In November 1975, at the age of 29, Bell severely injured his right knee against Manchester United in a challenge with Martin Buchan during a League Cup match at Maine Road. City went on to win the League Cup that season, defeating Newcastle 2–1 in the 1976 Football League Cup Final. Bell's prolonged absence due to his injury was a blow to Don Revie, who quit as manager of England in 1977. Bell returned to action in a 4–0 victory against Newcastle on Boxing Day in 1977. His introduction to the game, at half time, was greeted with rapturous applause. However, Bell's return to City was fleeting as he left City in the 1978–79 season. Malcolm Allison, who returned to City for a second spell as manager in 1979, convinced Bell that it was time to go. The then-chairman Peter Swales described Bell as the "finest tuned athlete" and "irreplaceable". This latter sentiment turned out to be true as Allison was not able to find a trio of talented players of the calibre of Bell, Summerbee and Lee as he had done in the past with Joe Mercer. Bell's testimonial took place in December 1978 and involved a Manchester team combining players from both Manchester City (such as Joe Corrigan, Willie Donachie, David Watson, Gary Owen, Asa Hartford and Peter Barnes) and Manchester United (such as Brian Greenhoff, Martin Buchan, Steve Coppell and Joe Jordan) and a Merseyside team combining players from both Liverpool (such as Ray Clemence, Kenny Dalglish and Graeme Souness) and Everton (such as Mick Lyons and Bob Latchford). A crowd of 23,936 watched the game. The Manchester team won 2-1. Bell tried to resurrect his career in 1980 with NASL side San Jose Earthquakes, where he joined former Manchester United player George Best. However, Bell ended up playing only five games for the club before retiring from football altogether.

International career
Bell played twice for the England Under 23 team in 1968. He played in a 2–1 victory against Scotland Under 23 team in which Martin Chivers and Rodney Marsh scored for the England Under 23 team. He also played in a 4–0 victory against the Hungary Under 23 team. Bell scored one of the four goals. The other scorers were Chivers, Marsh and Joe Royle. In the same year, Bell was selected for the senior England squad for a match against Spain, in May, but was forced to withdraw from the squad due to injury. Bell was replaced by Peter Thompson. Later in the same month, Bell won his first cap for the senior England team against Sweden, where he helped inspire goals from Martin Peters, Bobby Charlton and Roger Hunt in a 3–1 victory. One journalist stated that Bell 'revealed high promise and fitted in splendidly'. Bell won his second cap in a 1-0 defeat to West Germany in which Brian Labone scored an own goal. Bell was part of the England squad for UEFA Euro 1968, which was ultimately won by Italy. England finished third in the tournament after defeating the Soviet Union in the third-place match.

In 1969, Bell distinguished himself in the national team, scoring England's only goal in a 1–0 victory over the Netherlands in an "all-action display". Bell was part of the England squad which toured South America in 1969. Brian Glanville contended that both Bell and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Alan Mullery excelled on the tour. Bell gave England an early lead in a game against Brazil, but late goals from Tostão and Jairzinho gave Brazil a 2–1 victory. Bell also played in a 2–1 victory against Uruguay on the tour. He also helped England to win the 1968–69 British Home Championship. He played in a 2–1 victory against Wales in which Bobby Charlton and Francis Lee scored England's goals.

1970 FIFA World Cup
Bell played in the 1969–70 British Home Championship, which was shared between England, Wales and Scotland. He replaced Keith Newton in a 3–1 victory against Northern Ireland. He was subsequently included in the England squad for the World Cup in Mexico. Glanville contends that Bell's excellence was threatening Bobby Charlton's place in the England team. England were seeking to replicate their performance in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, which they had won. Bell's City teammate Francis Lee was also included in the squad. In order to help the players acclimatise to the heat of Mexico, the team staged an intra-squad mini-olympics which saw Bell win every event. In the group stage, Bell came on as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Brazil, in which Jairzinho scored the only goal. Bell "added spark to the England offence in the latter stages" of the game. Bell started in the next game, a 1–0 victory against Czechoslovakia, in which Allan Clarke scored the only goal.

In the quarter-final, Bell replaced Bobby Charlton in a 2–3 defeat to West Germany. England had taken a 2–0 lead in the game through goals from Alan Mullery and Martin Peters. Franz Beckenbauer had pulled a goal back for West Germany before the substitution. Following the substitution of Charlton and another substitution (Peters was replaced by Norman Hunter), the Germans scored twice (Uwe Seeler and Gerd Müller were the scorers). Bell was involved in creating chances for England following his introduction. At one point in the game, Bell sent in a low cross to the near post, but Hurst headed the ball just wide of the far one. At another point in the game, Bell beat Beckenbauer in the German penalty area and was then knocked down by the German player, but England were not awarded a penalty. The substitution was deemed by some to be the negative (for England) turning point of the game. However, West Germany scored their first goal before Charlton was substituted, and the fact that the German team at the time had a habit of coming back in games indicates that it was questionable to blame the substitutions for England's defeat. West Germany were subsequently defeated by Italy 4–3 in the semi-final. Italy were eventually defeated 4–1 by Brazil in the final. Charlton asserted that the absence of Gordon Banks (he was replaced in goal by Peter Bonetti) through sickness was the most important factor in England's defeat to the West Germans. Similarly, Glanville argued that "had Banks played, England would surely have won". Geoff Hurst stated that "to suggest that Colin Bell's inclusion weakened the team is patently unfair". Alan Ball described the substitutions as wise given the need to rest players for the prospective semi-final.

Failure to qualify after 1970
Bell also played for England in the 1971–72 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland. Bell scored in a 3–0 victory against Wales (with Rodney Marsh and Emlyn Hughes scoring England's other goals). Bell also captained England (in Bobby Moore's absence) in a 1–0 defeat to Northern Ireland. In addition, Bell played in a 1–0 victory over Scotland (in which Alan Ball scored the winner). Bell also played in a 3–1 defeat and a 0–0 draw with West Germany in 1972, which meant that England failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 1972. In the first game, Sepp Maier had spilled a shot from Bell which Lee tapped in to equalise Uli Hoeneß' first half goal. However, late goals from Günter Netzer and Gerd Müller secured victory for the West Germans. In November 1972, Bell "cashed in on clever approach work by Alan Ball to score the decisive winning goal" in a 1–0 victory over Wales in a World Cup qualification game at Ninian Park. Bell played in the other qualification game against Wales at Wembley, which ended 1–1. Bell was described as having 'excellent technique' and rated as the 'best England player' in the game as he 'was always trying to find a way through the packed Welsh defence'.

In 1973, Bell scored in the 7–0 demolition of Austria. In the game Bell, along with Martin Peters and Tony Currie "dictated the pace and pattern of the match from midfield". Bell also helped England to win the 1972–73 British Home Championship. He played in a 2–1 victory against Northern Ireland, a 3–0 victory against Wales and a 1–0 victory against Scotland. Despite these successes, Bell was upset that he was unable to better make his name on the world stage when England failed to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. England had needed to defeat Poland to qualify. Poland's goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski had been labelled "a clown" by Brian Clough before the match but turned in a man-of-the-match performance in which he repeatedly denied England's attackers (including Bell). The only goal that Tomaszewski conceded was an equalizing penalty from Allan Clarke. In drawing the game, Poland qualified for the finals in West Germany at the expense of England. England's failure led to manager Alf Ramsey's departure. Bell's former manager at Manchester City, Joe Mercer (who had left City in 1971), took over as caretaker of the national side and chose Bell to play in every game that he was in charge.

Bell also played for England in the 1973–74 British Home Championship which was shared with Scotland. Bell played in a 2–0 victory against Wales (in which Stan Bowles and Kevin Keegan were the scorers), a 1–0 victory against Northern Ireland and a 2–0 defeat to Scotland. Bell played for England in a 2–2 draw against Argentina in which Mick Channon and Frank Worthington scored for England and Mario Kempes scored twice for Argentina. He was also part of the England squad that toured Eastern Europe in the summer of 1974. This included a 1–1 draw with East Germany, in "which Martin Dobson, (Colin) Bell and Trevor Brooking dominated the match in midfield". In the second game of the tour, England defeated Bulgaria 1–0. The performance of England's midfield trio (Bell, Brooking and Dobson) in the game was described as "tremendous". In the last game of the tour (which was Mercer's last game as England manager), England drew 2–2 with Yugoslavia.

Bell scored a brace in Don Revie's first game in charge of England, a 3–0 victory over Czechoslovakia. Bell was described as 'one of the outstanding successes for England in their European Championship game with Czechoslovakia at Wembley'. A Daily Mirror journalist described Bell as the 'man of the match'. One journalist described 'Bell's first goal as one of the best I've seen at Wembley. It began with a superb 30-yard pass through the Czech defence by Channon and Bell, running like an antelope, slid the ball past the goalkeeper'. In Revie's third game in charge, Bell helped England defeat the then World Champions, Germany, 2–0, in 1975, at the one hundredth international game played at Wembley Stadium. The team that beat the Germans in that game consisted of a forward line-up of Channon, Keegan, Malcolm Macdonald, Alan Hudson and Alan Ball, as well as Bell. Channon commented that he did not understand why Revie did not continue with this line-up which he considered was as good as any forward line England had had since 1970. In the game against the West Germans, the energy and tackling of Bell and Ball had freed Hudson to show his full range of playmaking skills. Bell also helped England to win the 1974–75 British Home Championship. Bell played in a 0–0 draw with Northern Ireland, and a 5–1 victory against Scotland (in which he also scored). Bell was rested for the game with Wales, which ended in a 2-2 draw. One journalist commenting about Bell's absence before that game stated that 'England will undoubtedly miss the non-stop running and 100 per cent effort of the consistent Colin Bell'. Bell won his last cap in a 2-1 defeat to Czechoslovakia in October 1975. Bell was named in the provisional squad for the 1975–76 British Home Championship but was unable to feature due to injury.

Other international appearances
In January 1973, Bell played for the New European Common Market (NECM), alongside Peter Storey, Emlyn Hughes, Bobby Moore, Bobby Charlton and Alan Ball, in the match celebrating the admission to the European Common Market of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Denmark. NECM defeated the Old European Common Market (OECM) 2–0. In addition, in March 1974, Bell scored a goal in a 5–0 victory for The Football League XI against the Scottish Football League XI at Maine Road.

Later life
Bell subsequently became a coach for the youth and reserve teams of Manchester City, as well as one of its club ambassadors. He was awarded an MBE in 2004 for services to the community.

Bell was diagnosed with bowel cancer shortly after his autobiography, Reluctant Hero, was released in 2005. He detailed how his mother died from that same disease and was encouraged to have it examined himself. He was operated on within three weeks of the diagnosis. He died on 5 January 2021 at the age of 74. He suffered from a short illness in the time leading up to his death. On 6 January 2021, Manchester City's players walked out in retro shirts bearing Bell's No 8 for a Carabao Cup semi-final against Manchester United. City won the game 2-0 with goals from John Stones and Fernandinho. Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola dedicated the victory to Bell, stating that 'it's an honour to dedicate this victory to Colin Bell and his family'. Guardiola also stated that 'when Colin Bell has a stand at the Etihad, when his name is the King [of the Kippax], it's because he was something special'. Stones also dedicated the victory to Bell stating that 'how we played in this match was a reflection of him'. On 9 January 2021, the actor Timothy Dalton narrated a tribute to Bell on the BBC programme Football Focus. In May 2022, Manchester City unveiled a new home kit inspired by Bell.

Legacy
Bell is regarded as one of England's finest-ever midfield players, being described by one commentator as "the most finished article in the modern game". Bell has been inducted into both the English Football Hall of Fame and the Manchester City Hall of Fame. In 1998 he was selected as one of the Football League 100 Legends. In his foreword to Colin Bell's autobiography, Bobby Charlton has stated that "Colin Bell was unquestionably a great player". Alan Mullery, another of Bell's former England teammates stated that Bell would "still be a star in today's football" and "would fit into any team". Another England teammate of Bell's, Kevin Keegan, has stated that Bell "had it all". England legend Tom Finney stated that "Colin Bell was as good as anything I've ever seen". George Best described Bell as a "brilliant player". Joe Royle described Bell as a "phenomenal natural athlete" and "a wonderful footballer". Steven Gerrard has been compared to Bell. Journalist Dave Maddock described Bell as "possibly the greatest midfield talent England has ever unearthed". In 2003, Manchester City moved into the new City of Manchester Stadium, and in February 2004, one of the ends, the west stand, was named after Bell as a tribute. Only three players have scored more goals than Bell for Manchester City in all competitions: Sergio Agüero with 252 goals, Eric Brook with 177 goals and Tommy Johnson with 166 goals. Bell scored 152 goals for Manchester City in all competitions. He was deemed by Goal.com to be England's twenty-sixth best-ever footballer. He is listed as the greatest-ever City player on the Times website, in Ian Penney's book The Essential History of Manchester City, and in the Manchester Evening News.

International

 * Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bell goal.

Honours
Manchester City
 * Football League First Division: 1967–68
 * Football League Second Division: 1965–66
 * FA Cup: 1968–69
 * FA Charity Shield: 1968, 1972
 * Football League Cup: 1969–70, 1975–76
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1969–70

England
 * British Home Championship: 1968–69, 1969–70 (shared), 1971–72 (shared), 1972–73, 1973–74 (shared), 1974–75
 * UEFA European Championship third place: 1968

Individual
 * Manchester City Player of the Year: 1968
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1974–75 First Division
 * Football League 100 Legends: 1998
 * Manchester City Hall of Fame: 2004
 * English Football Hall of Fame: 2005
 * Manchester City Top Scorer: 1967, 1970 (shared), 1971 (shared), 1975
 * Member of the Order of the British Empire

Publications
Bell, Colin; Cheeseman, Ian Colin Bell: Reluctant Hero, Mainstream Publishing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colin Bell (footballer, born 1946)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians by birthday

IMHO this classification business is a very good way to keep drunken WikiPedians away from the main pages :o) --(talk to)BozMo 20:43, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Why isn't there a page or a template or a talk page
 * or anything other than this Pedians birthday page
 * for drunken Wikipedians ? They gotta be makin' edits. Les' discuss em'.
 * I mean, why not ? Ronald Joe Record (talk) 11:33, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians by birthday


text:
Talk:2001 in Canada

Untitled
Question: Do we really need to have six seperate entries regarding Chris Jericho? Firstly, it's debatable whether WWF wins/losses are Canadian content, even if the person in question grew up in Winnipeg, and secondly, is it really necessary to mention him six times in one entry? Honestly. Blackbox

Fair use rationale for Image:LesterBPearsonInternationalAirportSecurity911.jpg
Image:LesterBPearsonInternationalAirportSecurity911.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:41, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=InformationResources&sub=sftddt&doc=sftddt2001_e.htm
 * In 2001 in Canada on 2011-05-25 07:13:40, 404 Not Found
 * In 2001 in Canada on 2011-06-10 08:01:09, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 08:01, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:2001 in Canada


text:
Althea

Althea (Alþea) is an English female given name. It is a variation of the Greek name Althaea (Αλθαια), which may be related to Greek ἀλθος althos ("healing").

Richard Lovelace used the name in a poem ("To Althea, from Prison") that John Milton later alluded to in his own poem "Lycidas".

Notable people

 * Althea Braithwaite (1940–2020), English children's author, illustrator, publisher and glass artist
 * Althea Bridges (born 1936), Australian opera singer and music teacher
 * Althea Currier (born 1941), American glamor model and actress
 * Althea Flynt (1953–1987), fourth wife of Larry Flynt
 * Althea Gibson (1927–2003), American female athlete
 * Althea Forrest, one half of vocal duo Althea & Donna
 * Althea McNish (1924–2020), British textile designer of Trinidadian origin
 * Althea G. Quimby (1858-1942), American temperance leader
 * Althea Reinhardt (born 1996), Danish handball player
 * Althea Thauberger, Canadian artist
 * Althea Wynne (1936–2012), English sculptor
 * Althea Rae Janairo, actress aka Tia Carrere
 * Altheia Jones-LeCointe, Trinidadian physician and research scientist, leader of the British Black Panther Movement

title: Althea


text:
George Dickel

George Dickel is a brand of Tennessee whisky produced in Tullahoma, in Coffee County, Tennessee. Today owned by Diageo, the modern brand was introduced in 1964, though the distillery has a longer history. Whisky production and aging takes place at the Cascade Hollow Distillery, which offers tours to the public and is part of the American Whiskey Trail. George Dickel operates the second-largest distillery in Tennessee, selling 130,000 cases in 2013, while the largest is Jack Daniel's, which sold 11.5 million cases the same year.

The brand's labels use the traditional Scottish spelling of whisky, instead of the more common American English spelling: whiskey. According to the company, this is because Dickel believed his product to be as smooth and high in quality as the best Scotch whiskies.

History
George A. Dickel was born in Germany in 1818, and immigrated to the United States in 1844. He founded a retail business in Nashville, Tennessee, in the 1850s, and began selling liquor in 1861. After the Civil War, he operated a liquor store on South College Street in Nashville. In the late 1860s, he founded George A. Dickel and Company, a wholesaling firm which bought whiskey from regional distillers and distributed it in barrels, jugs and bottles. In 1871, Meier Saltzkotter, who had worked as a superintendent for Dickel, became a partner in the company. Victor Emmanuel Shwab (1847–1924), a brother-in-law of Dickel who had initially worked for the company as a bookkeeper, became a partner in 1881.

George A. Dickel and Company was selling whiskey produced in Cascade Hollow, near Normandy, Tennessee, by John F. Brown and F.E. Cunningham in the 1870s. In 1879, Matthew Sims, a local businessman, bought Brown's share of the operation. In 1883, another local businessman, McLin Davis (1852–1898), joined the partnership. Davis became the operation's distiller, and is credited with the whisky's recipe. By the early 1890s, Cascade Whisky was one of the more popular brands in the region. The Cascade label included the phrase, "Mellow as Moonlight", which was rooted in Davis's method of cooling mash at night.

Following an accident in 1886, Dickel's health declined, and Shwab gradually took control of the wholesaling firm's daily operations. In 1888, Shwab purchased Sims's share of the Cascade Distillery, whose whiskey Dickel and Company had been selling for years. The terms of the purchase made Dickel and Company the sole distributor of Cascade. Shwab also purchased the popular Climax Saloon in Nashville, and afterward advertised the saloon as the "headquarters" of Cascade Whisky. After Davis's death in 1898, his son, Norman Davis, briefly ran the distillery, but was sued by Shwab and forced to sell his share in the operation.

Following Dickel's death in 1894, his share of Dickel and Company was willed to his wife, Augusta. Though he had advised her to sell out, she retained her share of the company, but did not participate in its operations. Upon her death in 1916, she willed her share to Shwab.

Throughout the early 1900s, Shwab fought vehemently against the rising calls for prohibition, spending thousands of dollars on lobbying campaigns in Nashville, and thwarting legislation aimed at curtailing the sale of alcohol on at least one occasion. In spite of his efforts, Tennessee enacted prohibition in 1910, forcing the Cascade operation to relocate to the Stitzel Distillery in Louisville, Kentucky. It was produced here until Kentucky enacted statewide prohibition in 1917. The operation shut down altogether with the onset of nationwide prohibition in 1920.

In 1933, national prohibition was repealed. Four years later, Shwab's heirs sold the Cascade brand to the Schenley Distilling Company. The recipe had never been written down, and had to be obtained from two former distillers at the Cascade Hollow site. In the 1940s and 1950s, Schenley's product, produced at the OFC Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky, was marketed as ''Geo. A. Dickel's Cascade Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whisky''.

In 1956, Schenley attempted to buy the Jack Daniel's brand. After its offer was refused, Schenley decided instead to return one of their own brands to its roots and compete against Jack Daniel's. In 1958, after the passage of enabling legislation making it legal to produce liquor in Coffee County, Tennessee, Schenley's Ralph Dupps reconstructed the Cascade Hollow distillery. The new distillery is located about a mile from the old distillery site, but still utilizes the waters of Cascade Branch and the Lincoln County Process for mellowing. The first mash was produced at the new distillery on July 4, 1959, and George Dickel Tennessee Whisky was first bottled in 1964. Schenley opted to use George Dickel's name as the trademark because of Cascade's reputation as a value brand. Various mergers and buyouts have resulted in Diageo owning the Dickel brand.

Increased production of George Dickel in the 1990s caused supply to exceed demand. In response, the distillery closed to allow the whisky's value to rebound and mitigate some wastewater issues at the distillery. The original site of the distillery at the south end of Cascade Hollow was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The distillery reopened in 2003, almost too late to prevent a shortage of Old No. 8 in the market by 2007. Diageo introduced a younger, three-year-old version branded Old-Fashioned Cascade Hollow Batch Recipe to meet demand. It was discontinued in 2013, after aged stocks rebounded sufficiently.

George Dickel Rye, introduced in 2012, is the only Dickel product not produced at the Cascade Hollow Distillery. It is produced under contract by MGP Ingredients in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and is mashed, distilled and aged there before being trucked to the Diageo facility in Plainfield, Illinois, for charcoal filtering and bottling.

In early 2014, Diageo introduced a Dickel No. 1 Foundation Recipe, using an unaged version of its standard mashbill of more than 80% corn, allowing for its sale as "corn whisky". Also around 2014, a new bottling line was installed at the distillery.

From 2005 to 2015, Cascade Distillery operated under the supervision of Master Distiller John Lunn. In March 2015, the company announced Lunn was leaving to become the master distiller for Popcorn Sutton microdistillery. Nicole Austin took over as general manager and distiller of Cascade Hollow Distilling Co. in March 2018. Prior to joining the Dickel team, she spent two years in Ireland serving as Tullamore D.E.W.'s commissioning engineer at its grain distillery in Offaly. Austin began her distilling career in 2010 as a master blender for Kings County Distillery.

Production process
The mash for George Dickel is composed of 84% corn, 8% rye, and 8% malted barley. Distillate is chilled to 40 F and mellowed in vats filled with 10-12 ft of charcoal for several days (their implementation of the Lincoln County process) before being placed in barrels at 55 proof.

The distillery's barrel warehouses are one story high, minimizing variation in barrel aging. Whisky is aged for at least five years before it is considered for bottling. all products were further chill filtered and calcium imparted by the barrel aging is removed.

Products
Several whiskies are produced under the George Dickel brand: And others.
 * Old No. 8 Brand with a black label, at 80 proof
 * Superior No. 12 Brand with a beige label, at 90 proof

They also produce a very small selection of George Dickel Hand Selected Barrel aged at 9 years, solely produced for barrel purchasing members.

Reviews and awards
Food critic Morgan Murphy said "Distilled twice, the white dog (No. 1 Foundation Recipe) at Dickel is chilled then filtered through wool blankets and maple sugar charcoal before it is put into the barrel and the result is smooth, sweet (but not overly so), and peppery."

In 2015, several George Dickel brands won awards at the 15th Annual San Francisco World Spirits Competition. George Dickel No. 12 was named "Best Tennessee Whiskey" and won a double gold medal. George Dickel Rye Whisky also won double gold, while George Dickel Barrel Select Tennessee Whisky earned a gold designation.

title: George Dickel


text:
The Other Two (duo)

The Other Two is an English dance band consisting of Stephen Morris and Gillian Gilbert of New Order. The band name refers to the fact that the other New Order members, Bernard Sumner and Peter Hook, had already embarked on side projects by the time the first The Other Two record was released. Their debut single "Tasty Fish" was released in 1991 and peaked at 41 in the UK Singles Chart.

The Other Two have released two albums, The Other Two & You (1993) and Super Highways (1999).

The Other Two and You
Initially conceived from the remnants of unused soundtrack work and various studio experiments, The Other Two began during a hiatus in New Order activity. They decided to feature a female vocalist, and in early stages Kim Wilde was recruited as a potential singer for the group. Ultimately however, Gilbert would take over on vocals, and performs on both Other Two albums.

Lead single "Tasty Fish" was released in 1991 to positive reviews. However, due to the collapse of Factory Records, The Other Two & You could not be released as initially planned. The release of New Order's Republic in the meantime meant that The Other Two & You was delayed until November 1993, finally being released on London Records. "Selfish" was chosen as a second single, and "Innocence" was also released as a club 12-inch in the US.

Super Highways
A follow-up album, Super Highways was released by London in March 1999. The album featured guest vocalist and co-writer Melanie Williams from dance act Sub Sub on selected tracks ("You Can Fly", "One Last Kiss", "Super Highways").

Soundtracks
The Other Two have been involved in motion picture scoring; particularly TV soundtracks. Most notably they created a theme song for the TV series Common As Muck (the track "New Horizons" has elements of this theme tune), as well as the theme for America's Most Wanted. Other soundtrack work includes the series Cold Feet, Making Out and series two of Cracker. The Other Two also created music for the UK TV programme Reportage, although this was credited as New Order and would be adapted into their 1990 World Cup song "World in Motion."

Other work
Morris and Gilbert reportedly considered assembling a third album around 2010 from other production work, although this did not materialise. The name was also used for Morris and Gilbert's 2014 remix of a Tim Burgess track. In 2022, the duo did a remix of a LoneLady track, (There Is) No Logic.

Videos

 * Video for "Selfish".
 * Video for "Tasty Fish".
 * Video for "Super Highways".
 * Video for "You Can Fly".

title: The Other Two (duo)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Über

Delete - dict def. Burgundavia 20:54, May 20, 2004 (UTC) - Keep - I like the new addition to the page, makes it more than a dict def. Burgundavia 21:40, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge with Internet slang, perhaps? DO'Neil 21:15, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Even with the additions about usage, this is detail that would be better covered in Wiktionary. Current article is an orphan. I do not see obvious connections to other articles. Rossami 21:47, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I think it's worthy. --Starx 05:05, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the updated version. - jredmond 15:56, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I would delete, personally -- this is wiktionary stuff.   —  Adam Conover † 22:16, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - online gaming term of growing use and note - Tεx τ urε 02:39, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, though it needs work - David Gerard 08:10, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Über


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moktada al sadr

Delete - garbage, and I am sure we already have an article on this gentleman. Burgundavia 20:54, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirected to Muqtada al-Sadr. - jredmond 20:57, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Good stuff. I was going to either list this here or redirect it, but I wasn't sure of the correct spelling. - Lucky 6.9 21:40, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll confess that I had to search for "al-Sadr" to find the existing article - wasn't quite sure which transliteration we'd been using. - jredmond 22:48, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep redir. (you beat me to it) Niteowlneils 02:04, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yay for redirects. -- Cyrius|&#9998 02:28, May 21, 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:81.62.213.113

title: User talk:81.62.213.113


text:
Phrasing

Phrasing may refer to:
 * Phrasing (DJ)
 * Musical phrasing
 * Textual phrasing (linguistics)

title: Phrasing


text:
Frontotemporal dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), also called frontotemporal degeneration disease or frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, encompasses several types of dementia involving the progressive degeneration of the brain's frontal and temporal lobes. FTD is the second most prevalent type of early onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Men and women appear to be equally affected. FTD generally presents as a behavioral or language disorder with gradual onset. Signs and symptoms tend to appear in late adulthood, typically between the ages of 45 and 65, although it can affect people younger or older than this. Currently, no cure or approved symptomatic treatment for FTD exists, although some off-label drugs and behavioral methods are prescribed.

Features of FTD were first described by Arnold Pick between 1892 and 1906. The name Pick's disease was coined in 1922. This term is now reserved only for the behavioral variant of FTD, in which characteristic Pick bodies and Pick cells are present. These were first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911. Common signs and symptoms include significant changes in social and personal behavior, disinhibition, apathy, blunting and dysregulation of emotions, and deficits in both expressive and receptive language.

Each FTD subtype is relatively rare. FTDs are mostly early onset syndromes linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which is characterized by progressive neuronal loss predominantly involving the frontal or temporal lobes, and a typical loss of more than 70% of spindle neurons, while other neuron types remain intact. The three main subtypes or variant syndromes are a behavioral variant (bvFTD) previously known as Pick's disease, and two variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA): semantic (svPPA) and nonfluent (nfvPPA). Two rare distinct subtypes of FTD are neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID) and basophilic inclusion body disease (BIBD). Other related disorders include corticobasal syndrome (CBS or CBD), and FTD with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Signs and symptoms
Frontotemporal dementia is an early onset disorder that mostly occurs between the ages of 45 and 65, but can begin earlier, and in 20–25% of cases onset is later. Men and women appear to be equally affected. It is the most common early presenting dementia. FTD is the second most prevalent type of early onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease.

The International Classification of Diseases recognizes the disease as causative to disorder affecting mental and behavioural aspects of the human organism. Dissociation from family, compulsive buying disorder (oniomania), vulgar speech characteristics, screaming, inability to control emotions, behavior, personality, and temperament are characteristic social display patterns. A gradual onset and progression of changes in behavior or language deficits are reported to have begun several years prior to presentation to a neurologist.

Subtypes and related disorders
The main subtypes of frontotemporal dementia are behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), two variants of primary progressive aphasia – semantic dementia (svPPA) and progressive nonfluent aphasia (nfvPPA) – as well as FTD associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD–ALS or FTD-MND). Two distinct rare subtypes are neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID), and basophilic inclusion body disease (BIBD). Related disorders are corticobasal syndrome (CBS or CBD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (BvFTD) was previously known as Pick's disease, and is the most common of the FTD types. BvFTD is diagnosed four times as often as the PPA variants. Behavior can change in BvFTD in either of two ways—it can change to being impulsive and disinhibited, acting in socially unacceptable ways; or it can change to being listless and apathetic. About 12–13% of people with bvFTD develop motor neuron disease.

The Pick bodies which are present in behavioral variant FTD are spherical inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of affected cells. They consist of tau fibrils as a major component together with a number of other protein products including ubiquitin and tubulin.

Semantic dementia
Semantic dementia (SD) is characterized by the loss of semantic understanding, resulting in impaired word comprehension. However, speech remains fluent and grammatical.

Progressive nonfluent aphasia
Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) is characterized by progressive difficulties in speech production.

Neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease
Neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID) is a rare distinct variant. The inclusion bodies that are present in NIFID are cytoplasmic and made up of type IV intermediate filaments. NIFID has an early age of onset between 23 and 56. Symptoms can include behavioural, and personality changes, memory and cognitive impairments, language difficulties, motor weakness, and extrapyramidal symptoms. NIFID is one of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-FUS proteopathies. Imaging commonly shows atrophy in the frontotemporal region, and in part of the striatum in the basal ganglia. Post-mortem studies show a marked reduction in the caudate nucleus of the striatum; frontotemporal gyri are narrowed, with widened intervening sulci, and the lateral ventricles are enlarged.

Basophilic inclusion body disease
Another rare FTD variant, also a FTLD-FUS proteopathy, is basophilic inclusion body disease (BIBD).

Other characteristics
In later stages of FTD, the clinical phenotypes may overlap. People with FTD tend to struggle with binge eating and compulsive behaviors. Binge eating habits are often associated with changes in food preferences (cravings for more sweets, carbohydrates), eating inedible objects and snatching food from others. Recent findings from structural MRI research have indicated that eating changes in FTD are associated with atrophy (wasting) in the right ventral insula, striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex.

People with FTD show marked deficiencies in executive functioning and working memory. Most become unable to perform skills that require complex planning or sequencing. In addition to the characteristic cognitive dysfunction, a number of primitive reflexes known as frontal release signs are often able to be elicited. Usually the first of these frontal release signs to appear is the palmomental reflex which appears relatively early in the disease course whereas the palmar grasp reflex and rooting reflex appear late in the disease course.

In rare cases, FTD can occur in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron disease. , the prognosis for people with ALS was worse when combined with FTD, shortening survival by about a year.

Genetics
A higher proportion of frontotemporal dementias seem to have a familial component than other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. More and more mutations and genetic variants are being identified all the time, needing constant updating of genetic influences.
 * Tau-positive frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is caused by mutations in the MAPT gene on chromosome 17 that encodes the tau protein. It has been determined that there is a direct relationship between the type of tau mutation and the neuropathology of gene mutations. The mutations at the splice junction of exon 10 of tau lead to the selective deposition of the repetitive tau in neurons and glia. The pathological phenotype associated with mutations elsewhere in tau is less predictable, with both typical neurofibrillary tangles (consisting of both 3-repeat and 4-repeat tau) and Pick bodies (consisting of 3-repeat tau) having been described. The presence of tau deposits within glia is also variable in families with mutations outside of exon 10. This disease is now informally designated FTDP-17T. FTD shows a linkage to the region of the tau locus on chromosome 17, but it is believed that there are two loci leading to FTD within megabases of each other on chromosome 17. The only other known autosomal dominant genetic cause of FTLD-tau is a hypomorphic mutation in VCP which is associated with a unique neuropathology called vacuolar tauopathy.
 * FTD caused by FTLD-TDP43 has numerous genetic causes. Some cases are due to mutations in the GRN gene, also located on chromosome 17. Others are caused by hypomorphic VCP mutations, although these patients present with a complex picture of multisystem proteinopathy that can include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, inclusion body myopathy, Paget's disease of bone, and FTD. The most recent addition to the list was a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of C9ORF72.  Only one or two cases have been reported describing TARDBP (the TDP-43 gene) mutations in a clinically pure FTD (FTD without ALS).
 * Several other genes have been linked to this condition. These include CYLD, OPTN, SQSTM1 and TBK1. These genes have been implicated in the autophagy pathway.
 * No genetic causes of FUS pathology in FTD have yet been reported.
 * Major alleles of TMEM106B SNPs have been found to be associated with risk of FTLD.

Pathology
There are three main histological subtypes found at post-mortem: FTLD-tau, FTLD-TDP, and FTLD-FUS. In rare cases, patients with clinical FTD were found to have changes consistent with Alzheimer's disease on autopsy. The most severe brain atrophy appears to be associated with behavioral variant FTD, and corticobasal degeneration.

With regard to the genetic defects that have been found, repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is considered a major contribution to FTLD, although defects in the GRN and MAPT genes are also associated with it.

DNA damage and the defective repair of such damages have been etiologically linked to various neurodegenerative diseases including FTD.

Diagnosis
FTD is traditionally difficult to diagnose owing to the diverse nature of the associated symptoms. Signs and symptoms are classified into three groups based on the affected functions of the frontal and temporal lobes: These are behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and progressive nonfluent aphasia. An overlap between symptoms can occur as the disease progresses and spreads through the brain regions.

Structural MRI scans often reveal frontal lobe and/or anterior temporal lobe atrophy, but in early cases the scan may seem normal. Atrophy can be either bilateral or asymmetric. Registration of images at different points of time (e.g., one year apart) can show evidence of atrophy that otherwise at individual time points may be reported as normal. Many research groups have begun using techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional imaging, and cortical thickness measurements in an attempt to offer an earlier diagnosis to the FTD patient. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans classically show frontal and/or anterior temporal hypometabolism, which helps differentiate the disease from Alzheimer's disease, as the PET scan in Alzheimer's disease classically shows biparietal hypometabolism.

Meta-analyses based on imaging methods have shown that frontotemporal dementia mainly affects a frontomedial network discussed in the context of social cognition or "theory of mind". This is entirely in keeping with the notion that on the basis of cognitive neuropsychological evidence, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is a major locus of dysfunction early on in the course of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal degeneration. The language subtypes of FTLD (semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia) can be regionally dissociated by imaging approaches in vivo.

The confusion between Alzheimer's and FTD is justifiable due to the similarities between their initial symptoms. Patients do not have difficulty with movement and other motor tasks. As FTD symptoms appear, it is difficult to differentiate between a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and FTD. There are distinct differences in the behavioral and emotional symptoms of the two dementias, notably, the blunting of affect seen in FTD patients. In the early stages of FTD, anxiety and depression are common, which may result in an ambiguous diagnosis. However, over time, these ambiguities fade away as this dementia progresses and defining symptoms of apathy, unique to FTD, start to appear.

Recent studies over several years have developed new criteria for the diagnosis of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). The confirmatory diagnosis is made by brain biopsy, but other tests can be used to help, such as MRI, EEG, CT, and physical examination and history. , six distinct clinical features have been identified as symptoms of bvFTD.
 * 1) Disinhibition
 * 2) Apathy / Inertia
 * 3) Loss of Sympathy / Empathy
 * 4) Perseverative / Compulsive behaviors
 * 5) Hyperorality
 * 6) Dysexecutive neuropsychological profile

Of the six features, three must be present in a patient to diagnose one with possible bvFTD. Similar to standard FTD, the primary diagnosis stems from clinical trials that identify the associated symptoms, instead of imaging studies. The above criteria are used to distinguish bvFTD from disorders such as Alzheimer's and other causes of dementia. In addition, the criteria allow for a diagnostic hierarchy distinguished possible, probable, and definite bvFTD based on the number of symptoms present.

A 2021 study, determined that using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of pathologic amyloid plaques, tangles, and neurodegeneration, collectively called ATN, can be useful in diagnosing FTD.

Neuropsychological tests
The progression of the degeneration caused by bvFTD may follow a predictable course. The degeneration begins in the orbitofrontal cortex and medial aspects such as ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In later stages, it gradually expands its area to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the temporal lobe. Thus, the detection of dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial cortex is important in the detection of early stage bvFTD. As stated above, a behavioural change may occur before the appearance of any atrophy in the brain in the course of the disease. Because of that, image scanning such as MRI can be insensitive to the early degeneration and it is difficult to detect early-stage bvFTD.

In neuropsychology, there is an increasing interest in using neuropsychological tests such as the Iowa gambling task or Faux Pas Recognition test as an alternative to imaging for the diagnosis of bvFTD. Both the Iowa gambling task and the Faux Pas test are known to be sensitive to dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex.

The Faux Pas Recognition test is intended to measure one's ability to detect faux pas types of social blunders (accidentally making a statement or an action that offends others). It is suggested that people with orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction show a tendency to make social blunders due to a deficit in self-monitoring. Self-monitoring is the ability of individuals to evaluate their own behavior to make sure that their behavior is appropriate in particular situations. The impairment in self-monitoring leads to a lack of social emotion signals. The social emotions such as embarrassment are important in the way that they alert the individual to adapt social behavior in an appropriate manner to maintain relationships with others. Though patients with damage to the OFC retain intact knowledge of social norms, they fail to apply it to actual behavior, because they fail to generate social emotions that promote adaptive social behavior.

The other test, the Iowa gambling task, is a psychological test intended to simulate real-life decision making. The underlying concept of this test is the somatic marker hypothesis. This hypothesis argues that when people have to make complex uncertain decisions, they employ both cognitive and emotional processes to assess the values of the choices available to them. Each time a person makes a decision, both physiological signals and evoked emotion (somatic markers) are associated with their outcomes, and this accumulates as experience. People tend to choose the choice which might produce the outcome reinforced with positive stimuli; thus it biases decision-making towards certain behaviors while avoiding others. It is thought that somatic markers are processed in the orbitofrontal cortex.

The symptoms observed in bvFTD are caused by dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex; thus these two neuropsychological tests might be useful in detecting early-stage bvFTD. However, as self-monitoring and somatic marker processes are so complex, it likely involves other brain regions. Therefore, neuropsychological tests are sensitive to the dysfunction of orbitofrontal cortex, yet are not specific to it. The weakness of these tests is that they do not necessarily show dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex.

In order to solve this problem, some researchers have combined neuropsychological tests which detect the dysfunction of orbitofrontal cortex into one grouping, so that it increases its specificity to the degeneration of the frontal lobe, in order to detect early-stage bvFTD. They invented the Executive and Social Cognition Battery which comprises five neuropsychological tests:
 * Faux Pas test
 * Hotel task
 * Iowa gambling task
 * Mind in the Eyes
 * Multiple Errands task

The result has shown that this combined test is more sensitive in detecting the deficits in early bvFTD.

Management
Currently, there is no cure for FTD. Treatments are available to manage the behavioral symptoms. Disinhibition and compulsive behaviors can be controlled by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Agitation can be controlled with small doses of atypical antipsychotics. Although Alzheimer's and FTD share certain symptoms, they cannot be treated with the same pharmacological agents because the cholinergic systems are not affected in FTD.

Because FTD often occurs in relatively younger adults (i.e. in their 40s or 50s), it can severely affect families. Patients often still have children living in the home.

Prognosis
Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia progress at a rapid, steady rate. Patients with the disease can survive for 2–20 years. Eventually patients will need 24-hour care for daily function.

Cerebrospinal fluid leaks are a known cause of reversible frontotemporal dementia.

History
Features of FTD were first described by the Czech psychiatrist Arnold Pick between 1892 and 1906. The name Pick's disease was coined in 1922. This term is now reserved only for behavioral variant FTD which shows the presence of the characteristic Pick bodies and Pick cells, which were first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911.

In 1989, Snowden suggested the term semantic dementia to describe the patient with predominant left temporal atrophy and aphasia that Pick described. The first research criteria for FTD, "Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. The Lund and Manchester Groups", was developed in 1994. The clinical diagnostic criteria were revised in the late 1990s, when the FTD spectrum was divided into a behavioral variant, a nonfluent aphasia variant, and a semantic dementia variant. The most recent revision of the clinical research criteria was by the International Behavioural Variant FTD Criteria Consortium in 2011.

Notable cases
People who have been diagnosed as having FTD (often referred to as Pick's disease in cases of the behavioral variant) include:
 * John Berry (1963–2016), American hardcore punk musician and founding member of the Beastie Boys
 * Clancy Blair (born 1960), American developmental psychologist and professor
 * Don Cardwell (1935–2008), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Charmian Carr (1942–2016), who played Liesl, from the Sound of Music, born Charmian Anne Farnon
 * Jerry Corbetta (1947–2016), frontman, organist and keyboardist of American psychedelic rock band Sugarloaf
 * Ted Darling (1935–1996), Buffalo Sabres television announcer
 * Robert W. Floyd (1936–2001), computer scientist
 * Lee Holloway (born 1982), computer scientist, co-founder of Cloudflare
 * Colleen Howe (1933–2009), sports agent and ice hockey team manager, known as "Mrs. Hockey"
 * Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899–1976) national poet of Bangladesh
 * Terry Jones (1942–2020), Welsh comedian (Monty Python) and director
 * Ralph Klein (1942–2013), former premier of Alberta, Canada
 * Kevin Moore (1958–2013), English footballer
 * Ernie Moss (1949–2021), English footballer
 * Nic Potter (1951–2013), British bassist for Van der Graaf Generator
 * Christina Ramberg (1946–1995), American painter associated with the Chicago Imagists
 * David Rumelhart (1942–2011), American cognitive psychologist
 * Sir Nicholas Wall (1945–2017), English judge
 * Wendy Williams (born 1964), American broadcaster
 * Bruce Willis (born 1955), American actor
 * Mark Wirtz (1943–2020), pop musician, composer and producer

title: Frontotemporal dementia


text:
Blue star tattoo legend

The blue star tattoo legend is an urban legend which states that a temporary lick-and-stick tattoo soaked in LSD and made in the form of a blue star, or of popular children's cartoon characters, is being distributed to unknowing children in any given area.

Propagation
The legend commonly surfaces in American elementary and middle schools in the form of a flyer which is distributed to parents by concerned school officials. In the past it was often in the form of poor quality photocopy, clearly many generations old, but it has now also become popular on Internet mailing lists and websites.

The legend states that a temporary lick-and-stick tattoo soaked in LSD and made in the form of a blue star (the logo of the Dallas Cowboys is often mentioned), or of popular cartoon characters, such as Mickey Mouse and Bart Simpson, is being distributed to children in the area in order to get them "addicted to LSD" (even though LSD is rarely addictive).

Generally some attribution is given, typically to a well-regarded hospital or a vaguely specified "advisor to the president", and instructions are given that parents should contact police if they come across the blue star tattoos.

Origin
The legend possibly originated from the fact that an LSD solution is sometimes sold on blotter paper with various designs, including cartoons.

No actual cases of LSD distribution to children in this manner have been documented. Although LSD does not penetrate through skin in sufficient quantities so as to induce a psychedelic experience, the concern was over children licking the tattoo paper before transferring to the skin.

Other countries
The legend has surfaced in many other places, including:
 * Brazil
 * Italy
 * Peru
 * Mexico
 * Portugal
 * Sweden
 * UK
 * Germany
 * Canada

title: Blue star tattoo legend


text:
César Tovar

César Leonardo Tovar (July 3, 1940 – July 14, 1994), nicknamed "Pepito" and "Mr. Versatility", was a Venezuelan professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1965 to 1976, most notably as the leadoff hitter for the Minnesota Twins teams that won two consecutive American League Western Division titles in 1969 and 1970. He later played for the Philadelphia Phillies, Texas Rangers, Oakland Athletics, and New York Yankees.

Although Tovar began his career as a second baseman, he was an extremely versatile utility player who could play any defensive position. In 1968, he became only the second player in MLB history to play all nine field positions during a single game, a feat first accomplished by Bert Campaneris, in 1965. Although he was a small player, listed at 5-feet-9 and 150 pounds, he was muscular and tough-bodied. Tovar played baseball with such speed and aggressiveness that manager Billy Martin considered him one of his favorite players. He was also a very good contact hitter, striking out only 7% of the time he appeared at the plate as a major league player. He led the American League (AL) in doubles (36) and in triples (13) in 1970, and in hits (204) in 1971.

Tovar also had a prolific career in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (VPBL), where he played 26 seasons – second only to the 30 seasons played by Vic Davalillo. He was inducted into the Venezuelan Sports Hall of Fame in 1996 and the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame as part of its inaugural class in 2003. In 2022, Tovar was inducted into the Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame.

Minor leagues
Tovar was born and raised in Caracas, Venezuela, where as a child, he shined shoes to earn extra income for his family. At the age of 15, he befriended Gus Gil, another Venezuelan who went on to play in Major League Baseball. In January 1959, Cincinnati Reds General Manager, Gabe Paul, attempted to sign Gil to a contract however, Gil insisted that Paul should also have Tovar sign a contract. Paul relented in order to make Gil agree to sign.

Tovar began his professional baseball career when he was assigned to the Geneva Redlegs in the New York–Penn League. He hit .252 in 87 games as an infielder for Geneva in 1959. That winter, he returned to Venezuela to play for the Leones del Caracas, and won the league's rookie of the year award.

In 1960, he played with the Missoula Timberjacks of the Pioneer League where he produced a promising .304 batting average along with 12 home runs and 68 runs batted in. After being selected to the league's All-Star team, he was rewarded by getting to play two games at the top level of the Reds' minor league system with the Seattle Rainiers. Tovar was sent back to Geneva in 1961, where he batted .338 with 19 home runs and 78 runs batted in. He stole 88 bases in 100 attempts to lead the league while setting a new league record for stolen bases. In 1962, he played for the Rocky Mount Leafs of the Carolina League, and led the league in batting with a .329 batting average along with 10 home runs and 78 runs batted in.

The Reds had a promising second baseman in Pete Rose, who would win the 1963 National League Rookie of the Year Award, with future Gold Glover Cookie Rojas on the bench and second basemen Bobby Klaus and Gus Gil in their minor league system, there was little room left for Tovar to progress. The Reds sent him on loan to play for the Minnesota Twins minor league affiliate, the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers. Tovar first met his future manager Billy Martin at spring training in 1963 where Martin was working as a minor-league instructor. Martin took a liking to Tovar's aggressiveness on the base paths and took him under his wing. He also met future Hall of Fame member Tony Oliva in 1963 and the two became friends and later became roommates for seven years while playing for the Twins.

In 1964, Tovar returned to the Reds organization, where he played for the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League. He helped the Padres win the league championship by hitting for a .275 average with 7 home runs and 52 runs batted in, while playing as a third baseman, shortstop, second baseman, and as an outfielder.

Minnesota Twins
Before the start of the 1965 season, the Twins traded pitcher Gerry Arrigo to the Reds for Tovar. The Twins had originally sought to get Tommy Helms from the Reds, but they refused to trade him and the Twins settled for Tovar. At the age of 24, Tovar made his major league debut on April 12, 1965, becoming the ninth Venezuelan to play in Major League Baseball. At that time, the only other Venezuelan players in MLB were Luis Aparicio and Vic Davalillo. However, he would soon be sent back to the minor leagues with the Denver Bears, where he hit for a .328 average. Tovar received a September call-up and played in a total of 18 games in the season however, he would be left off the postseason roster and would watch the Twins' seven-game World Series loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers from home.

The peak of Tovar's playing career came between 1966 and 1972. Starting in 1966, the Twins began to make ample use of Tovar's ability to play a variety of defensive positions. Although he was known as a utility player, he averaged 153 games per year during his tenure with the Twins. As a leadoff hitter, he averaged 92 runs scored a year while batting ahead of power hitters Tony Oliva and Harmon Killebrew in the Twins' batting order.

When rookie second baseman Rod Carew arrived in 1967, the Twins began to use Tovar predominately as an outfielder and a third baseman. The 1967 season was memorable for the tight, four-way pennant race between the Twins, the Boston Red Sox, the Detroit Tigers, and the Chicago White Sox, with all four teams still in contention entering the final week of the season. The Twins were in first place with two games left in the season, but lost their final two games to the Red Sox and finished the season in second place.

Tovar played an integral role as a utility player during the Twins' 1967 pennant run, dividing his playing time between third base (70 games), center field (64), second baseman (36), left field (10), shortstop (9) and right field (5). He set an American League record of 164 games played (the Twins had two tie games in the 1967 season) and led the league with 726 plate appearances and 649 at-bats. He was also among the top 10 batters in runs, hits, doubles, triples, stolen bases, hit by pitch and sacrifice hits. At the end of the 1967 season, the Triple Crown winner, Carl Yastrzemski, received all but one vote for the American League Most Valuable Player Award; the lone dissenting ballot (cast by Minneapolis Star sports writer Max Nichols) was marked in favor of Tovar, who would finish 7th in the MVP voting.

On September 22, 1968, Tovar became the second player after Bert Campaneris (Kansas City Athletics, 1965) to play all nine fielding positions in a game. The two were later joined by Scott Sheldon (Texas Rangers, 2000), Shane Halter (Detroit Tigers, 2000), and Andrew Romine (Detroit Tigers, 2017) as the only five players in MLB history to have accomplished the feat. Tovar started the game on the mound against Oakland and pitched one scoreless inning in which he struck out Reggie Jackson. As fate would have it, the first batter he faced was Campaneris.

Billy Martin became the Twins manager in 1969 and he extolled Tovar's leadership and motivation among his teammates. During a game against the Detroit Tigers on May 18, 1969, Tovar combined with Rod Carew to set a major league record for most steals by a club in one inning with five. In the third inning against the Detroit battery of Mickey Lolich and Bill Freehan, Tovar stole third base and home. Carew followed by stealing second base, third base and home. The two steals of home in the same inning also tied a record. He ended the year with a career-high 45 stolen bases.

In 1970, Tovar ended the season with a .300 batting average and posted career highs in doubles (36), triples (13), runs (120), on-base percentage (.356), slugging percentage (.442), and on-base plus slugging (.798). His 36 doubles and 13 triples led the American League and his 120 runs scored ranked second behind Carl Yastrzemski (125). His 195 hits ranked third in the league behind teammate Tony Oliva (204) and Alex Johnson (202) of the California Angels.

The Twins won the American League Western Division title in both 1969 and 1970, but each time were swept in three games by the Baltimore Orioles during the play-offs. Tovar hit for only a .077 batting average in the 1969 American League Championship Series, but improved with a .385 average and scored two runs in the 1970 American League Championship Series.

As he improved at the plate, Tovar also moved less around the diamond – playing primarily center field in 1970, left field in 1971, and right field in 1972. He improved his hitting through 1971, when he hit for a .311 batting average and led the league with a career-high 204 hits, the highest one-year total by a Venezuelan player in MLB until Magglio Ordóñez had 216 hits in.

In 1971, SPORT magazine polled major league players to identify the game's most competitive player. Pete Rose won; the runners-up were Frank Robinson, Bob Gibson, and César Tovar. On September 19, 1972, Tovar hit a walk-off home run to hit for the cycle. Only five other players in major league baseball history have completed a cycle with a game-ending homer: Ken Boyer (1961), George Brett (1979), Dwight Evans (1984), Carlos González (2010) and Nolan Arenado (2017).

Later career
After a subpar season in 1972, the Twins traded Tovar to the Philadelphia Phillies for Ken Sanders, Ken Reynolds and Joe Lis on December 1. Tovar would then spend the 1973 season platooning with a young Mike Schmidt at third base.

When Billy Martin became the manager of the Texas Rangers in 1973, he requested that the team purchase Tovar's contract from the Phillies, which they did on December 7, 1973. Tovar's career experienced a brief resurgence as Martin's leadoff hitter for the Rangers in 1974, hitting .292 with a .354 on-base percentage. After the Rangers released Martin in July 1975, they sold Tovar's contract to the Oakland Athletics in August 1975.

The Athletics were in first place in the American League Western Division and went on to win the division title. Tovar appeared in two games of the 1975 American League Championship Series, getting one hit in two at-bats and scoring two runs. He was a pinch hitter and defensive replacement for the Athletics in 1976, before breaking his wrist while making a diving catch on May 31. He was activated in mid-August, only after a complaint from the Major League Baseball Players Association. The Athletics' temperamental owner, Charlie Finley, then released Tovar on August 25.

Less than one week after being released by the Athletics, Tovar was signed as a free agent by the New York Yankees on September 1, once again with the assistance of Billy Martin who was then the Yankees manager. His signing made him the first Venezuelan to play for the Yankees. He appeared in 13 games for them before playing in his final major league game on September 29, 1976, at the age of 35. He joined the club too late to be eligible for the postseason. The Yankees released him in December 1976.

Career statistics
In his 12-year major league career, Tovar played in 1,448 games with 1,546 hits in 5,569 at bats for a .278 batting average along with 46 home runs, 435 RBI, 834 runs, 253 doubles, 55 triples, 226 stolen bases and a .335 on-base percentage.

Along with former Reds center fielder Eddie Milner, Tovar is regarded as the major league's all-time leader in breaking up no-hit attempts with five. On April 30, 1967, Tovar's single was the only hit against the Washington Senators' Barry Moore. On May 15, 1969, he broke up the no-hit bid of Baltimore pitcher, Dave McNally. Later that same season on August 10, 1969, Mike Cuellar of the Baltimore Orioles extended his streak of consecutive batters retired to 35 before surrendering a ninth-inning single to Tovar, which also broke up Cuellar's bid for a no-hitter. Tovar was responsible for spoiling two other no-hitters during his career: against the Washington's Dick Bosman (August 13, 1970) and the Yankees' Jim "Catfish" Hunter (May 31, 1975). He had the opportunity to break up a sixth no-hitter, but recorded the last out in Vida Blue’s no-hitter on September 21, 1970.

Later life
After retiring from the major leagues, Tovar played in the Mexican League where he hit .345 in 121 games for the Pericos de Puebla. In 1978, he appeared in only 31 games for the Olmecas de Tabasco with a .336 batting average. In 1979, Tovar played in the short-lived Inter-American League for the Caracas Metropolitanos and hit .285 for manager Jim Busby.

Tovar also continued to play in the Venezuelan Winter League. He was a player-coach for the Águilas del Zulia team that won the 1984 league championship before going on to win the 1984 Caribbean Series. He retired as a player at the age of 45 after two final games in the winter of 1985–86. Over a 26-season career in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, Tovar appeared in 1,116 games posting a .286 batting average, along with 23 home runs and 399 runs batted in. His 1,224 career hits and 1,116 games played ranks fourth in league history. As of 2014, he ranked second in runs scored (635) and stolen bases (146), and third in doubles (191).

After his playing career, Tovar continued to serve with the Águilas del Zulia as a coach where his protégé was future MLB player, Carlos Quintana who called him his "second father". He helped support children's charities in Venezuela by collecting baseball uniforms and equipment. He also worked as a softball coach for the Venezuelan Horse Racing Authority, which sponsored recreation for its workers and their families. In August 1990, he managed the Venezuelan team to a 1–7 last place finish in the Baseball World Cup, which was held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Tovar died on July 14, 1994, of pancreatic cancer in Caracas at age 54. The level of pride and admiration with which the Venezuelan public held for Tovar's playing career was such that the nation's president, Rafael Caldera, attended his funeral. He was inducted into the Venezuelan Sports Hall of Fame in 1996 and the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame in 2003 as part of its inaugural class. Tovar was posthumously inducted into the Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame in 2022.

Related links

 * List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 * List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 * List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 * List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 * List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

title: César Tovar