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Teen Wolf Too

Teen Wolf Too is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed by Christopher Leitch, from a script written by R. Timothy Kring. It is the sequel to Teen Wolf (1985), and second installment overall in the Teen Wolf franchise. Starring in his feature film debut, Jason Bateman stars as the cousin to Michael J. Fox's character from the first installment. James Hampton, John Astin and Kim Darby feature in supporting roles.

Plot
Todd Howard, the cousin of Scott Howard, has recently been accepted into Hamilton University on a full athletic scholarship on the recommendation of Coach Bobby Finstock, who was Scott's basketball coach at Beacontown High. Finstock's hope is that Todd has the family genes to become a werewolf and turn his new struggling boxing team into championship contenders.

Having never been very good at sports, and because he is more interested in being a veterinarian, Todd is certain that Finstock has the wrong guy. During a meet and greet reception of school alumni, he has his first "wolf-out" while dancing with a seductive hostess.

At first, Todd is horrified by his "family affliction", and fellow students begin to harass him. Then, during his first boxing match, after nearly getting knocked out, Todd has his second "wolf-out" only this time he is able to display his supernatural agility and strength and has a dramatic come from behind victory, thus earning the admiration of the students as well as the strict Dean Dunn.

With his newfound fame comes girls, top grades and even a car from the dean but as the year goes on, Todd realizes that he is losing his friends and self-respect. He seeks advice from his uncle, Scott's father, Harold Howard, who helps him come to terms with his responsibilities and prepares him for the championship. Todd also reconnects with his girlfriend, Nicki, who helps him regain his focus on being humble.

Todd then decides that he will fight his championship match against Steve "Gus" Gustavson, who he had prior issues with, as himself rather than the wolf much to the dismay of all except his uncle, girlfriend and Professor Tanya Brooks (Kim Darby). Brooks, who unbeknownst to Todd is also a werewolf, intimidates Dean Dunn with glowing red eyes, growling, and swaying her tail.

After losing round after round, and nearly getting knocked out, Todd is tempted to become the wolf until he sees Nicki mouth the words "I love you" to him. This gives him the strength to overcome Gus and knocks him out to a roaring ovation.

Production
James Hampton and Mark Holton are the only actors to reprise their roles from Teen Wolf (1985), as Harold Howard and Chubby respectively. The characters of Coach Finstock and Stiles returned for the sequel, but were re-cast with Paul Sand as Finstock and Stuart Fratkin as Stiles. Principal photography began in June 1987 and shot on location at Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California.

Reception
Teen Wolf Too received near-universally negative reviews from critics. The film holds an 8% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "Aiming for the low bar set by its predecessor and never coming close to clearing it, Teen Wolf Too is an unfunny sequel whose bark is just as awful as its bite." On Metacritic, the film has an 8 out of 100 rating based on 5 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".

On their show, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert specifically gave the film two emphatic thumbs down, with Ebert complaining that they had picked, along with Date with an Angel, the two worst films possible to be released on the same day.

title: Teen Wolf Too


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User talk:Idolcrash

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title: User talk:Idolcrash


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Germinal Pierre Dandelin

Germinal Pierre Dandelin (/ʒɛʁminˈal pjˈɛʁ dɑ̃dlˈɛ̃/, 12 April 1794 – 15 February 1847) was a French mathematician, soldier, and professor of engineering.

Life
He was born near Paris to a French father and Belgian mother, studying first at Ghent then returning to Paris to study at the École Polytechnique. He was wounded fighting under Napoleon. He worked for the Ministry of the Interior under Lazare Carnot. Later he became a citizen of the Netherlands, a professor of mining engineering in Belgium, and then a member of the Belgian army.

Work
He is the eponym of the Dandelin spheres, of Dandelin's theorem in geometry (for an account of that theorem, see Dandelin spheres), and of the Dandelin–Gräffe numerical method of solution of algebraic equations. He also published on the stereographic projection, algebra, and probability theory.

title: Germinal Pierre Dandelin


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Cumberland County, Vermont

The Cumberland County, until 21 March 1778, known as the Unity County, was a county in Vermont Republic. It was established on 17 March 1778, being formed from the counties of Cumberland and Gloucester from the state of New York, United States, that were acquired by Vermont. It existed until 1781, when it got partitioned into three other counties: Orange, Windham, and Windsor.

title: Cumberland County, Vermont


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User:Kmote

I have a B.S. and an  M.A. in Computer Science, and am now employed at P.N.N.L. doing research and development in the fields of Graph Theory, Network Science and Information visualization. The topic of my Masters thesis is Dynamic Map Label Deconfliction, a subfield of Automatic label placement. Recently I was a software developer for the Starlight Information Visualization System.

In more distant history I earned a B.A. in Theology and a Master's Degree in Divinity and spent 10 years in full-time Christian pastoral ministry. simple:User:kmote

title: User:Kmote


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Peel Castle

Peel Castle (Cashtal Phurt ny h-Inshey in Manx Gaelic) is a castle in Peel in the Isle of Man, originally constructed by Norwegians. The castle stands on St Patrick's Isle which is connected to the town by a causeway. It is now owned by Manx National Heritage and is open to visitors during the summer.

The castle was built in the 11th century by Norwegians, under the rule of King Magnus Barefoot. While there were older stone Celtic monastic buildings on the island, the first Norwegian fortifications were built of wood. The prominent round tower was originally part of the Celtic monastery, but had battlements added at a later date. In the early 14th century, the majority of the walls and towers were built primarily from local red sandstone, which is found abundantly in the area. After the rule of Norway, the castle continued to be used by the Church due to the cathedral built there – the see of the diocese of Sodor and Man – but was eventually abandoned in the 18th century.

The castle remained fortified, and new defensive positions were added as late as 1860. The buildings within the castle are now mostly ruined, but the outer walls remain intact. Excavations in 1982-87 revealed an extensive graveyard as well as the remains of Magnus Barefoot's original wooden fort. The most spectacular finds were the 10th century grave of "The Pagan Lady" which included a fine example of a Norwegian necklace and a cache of silver coins dating from about 1030. The Castle's most famous "resident" is the so-called Moddey Dhoo or "Black Dog" ghost.

Peel Castle features today on the reverse side of the banknotes of the Manx Pound £10 notes issued by the Isle of Man Government.

Peel Castle may occasionally be confused with Piel Castle, located on Piel Island, to the east across the Irish Sea. This particularly occurs in reference to the William Wordsworth poem describing Piel, spelling its name as 'Peele': especially as Wordsworth is documented as having visited Peel Castle, and wrote several times about the Isle of Man.

Peel Castle has been proposed as a possible location of the Arthurian Avalon.

Cathedral of St German (ruins)
The cathedral ruins located within the walls of Peel Castle are those of the former Cathedral of St German. Like the structures throughout the castle grounds, the cathedral's roof is completely missing. Robert Anderson examined the ruins to determine what repairs were required to restore the cathedral, and he reported to the island's Lieutenant Governor in 1877. However, none of the suggested repairs were carried out.

There is a pointed barrel-vaulted crypt below the chancel, measuring 34 feet by 16 feet by 9 feet high at the west end (10 × 5 × 3 metres), sloping to the entrance at the east.

In the middle of the transept is the tomb where Bishop Rutter was interred in 1661.

There is a cemetery in what was once the cathedral's nave.

In 1980 the parish of German, part of the Church of England's Diocese of Sodor and Man, was officially transferred to the newer Cathedral Church of St German on Albany Road in Peel.

title: Peel Castle


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Vitacura

Vitacura is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It is one of the most expensive and fashionable areas of Santiago. Inhabitants are primarily high income families. It belongs to the Northeastern zone of Santiago de Chile.

There is an abundance of elite private schools in Vitacura and Las Condes, including Saint George's College, Colegio Santa Úrsula, Alliance Francaise, Colegio La Maisonette, Colegio Tabancura, Colegio Los Andes, Colegio Sagrados Corazones de Manquehue and Colegio San Benito.

The Costanera Norte toll-way connects Vitacura with the international airport and subway stations are located in the neighboring municipality of Las Condes.

Vitacura is the site of ECLAC headquarters, home to the European Southern Observatory (ESO) headquarters in Chile, and home to Santiago's most exclusive shopping street, Avenida Alonso de Córdova.

The Gliders Club of Vitacura can be located in this commune. With a privileged location, the area is considered to have ideal climate conditions for such types of flights.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Vitacura spans an area of 28.3 sqkm and has 81,499 inhabitants (35,118 men and 46,381 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population grew by 2.7% (2,124 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

 * Stats
 * Area: 28.3 sqkm
 * Population: 80,598 (2009 projection)
 * Autonomous household income per capita: US$86,155 (PPP, 2006)
 * Population below poverty line: 4.4% (±2.5%) (2006)
 * Regional quality of life index: 86.74, high, 3 out of 52 (2005)
 * Human Development Index: 0.949, 1 out of 341 (2003)

Administration
As a commune, Vitacura is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by a mayor (alcalde, in Spanish) who is directly elected every four years. The 2021 mayor is Camila Merino (Evópoli). The communal council has the following members:
 * Maximiliano del Real Mihovilovic (RN)
 * Felipe Ross Correa (REP)
 * Tomás Kast Sommerhoff (Evópoli)
 * Paula Domínguez Risopatron (Evópoli)
 * Macarena Bezanilla Montes (RN)
 * Matías Bascuñán Montaner (UDI)
 * Felipe Irarrázaval Ovalle (RN)
 * Verónica del Real Card (REP)

Vitacura belongs to Electoral District No. 11 together with the communes of Lo Barnechea, Las Condes, La Reina and Peñalolén and to the VII Senatorial District (Santiago Metropolitan Region).

It is represented in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress for the period 2022-2026 by the following deputies:
 * Guillermo Ramírez Diez (UDI)
 * Gonzalo de la Carrera Correa (REP)
 * Cristían Araya (politician) (REP)
 * Catalina del Real Mihovilovic (RN)
 * Francisco Undurraga Gazitúa (Evópoli)
 * Tomás Hirsch Goldschmidt (Humanist Action)

Shopping
This commune is one of the most expensive and fashionable areas of Santiago and boutiques of many of the world's leading luxury retailers are located in Vitacura. These stores include Louis Vuitton, Armani, Tommy Hilfiger, Swarovski, Salvatore Ferragamo, Ermenegildo Zegna, Brooks Brothers, Hermès, MaxMara, Bang & Olufsen, and Hugo Boss, as well as many others.

Education
The main campus of the Lycée Antoine-de-Saint-Exupéry de Santiago, a French international school, is in Vitacura.

The Deutsche Schule Santiago (or Colegio Alemán de Santiago) maintains the Vitacura campus, which houses students in years one through six.

Chartwell International School, Preschool and Primary school is located in the Lo Curro region of Vitacura.

title: Vitacura


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Fram (crater)

Fram is an impact crater on the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. It was visited by the rover Opportunity (MER-B) on Sol 84, April 24, 2004.

Fram is about 8 m in diameter. Opportunity paused beside it while travelling from the rover's landing site toward a larger crater, Endurance. Fram is about 450 m east of the crater Eagle and around 250 m west of Endurance.

It is named after the famous Norwegian polar exploration vessel the Fram, a ship used by many famous Norwegian explorers such as Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, and Roald Amundsen.

title: Fram (crater)


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San Zaccaria, Venice

The Church of San Zaccaria is a 15th-century former monastic church in central Venice, Italy. It is a large edifice, located in the Campo San Zaccaria, just off the waterfront to the southeast of Piazza San Marco and St Mark's Basilica. It is dedicated to St. Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist.

History
The first church on the site was founded by Doge Giustiniano Participazio in the early 9th century to house the body of the saint to which it is dedicated, a gift of the Byzantine Emperor Leo V the Armenian, which it contains under the second altar on the right. The remains of various doges are buried in the crypt of the church. The original church was rebuilt in the 1170s (when the present campanile was built) and was replaced by a Gothic church in the 15th century. The remains of this building still stand, as the present church was built beside and not over it.

The present church was built between 1458 and 1515. Antonio Gambello was the original architect, who started the building in the Gothic style, but the upper part of the facade with its arched windows and its columns, and the upper parts of the interior were completed by Mauro Codussi in early Renaissance style many years later. The facade is a harmonious Venetian mixture of late-Gothic and Renaissance styles.

Monastery
The church was originally attached to a Benedictine monastery of nuns also founded by Participazio and various other doges of the family. The nuns of this monastery mostly came from prominent noble families of the city and had a reputation for laxness in their observance of the monastic enclosure. The abbess was usually related to the doge. In 855, Pope Benedict III took refuge in the monastery while fleeing the violence of the Antipope Anastasius, whose election his supporters had challenged. Out of gratitude, Pope Benedict gave the nuns a large collection of relics which was the foundation of a large collection for which the monastery was famed, among which were those of Athanasius of Alexandria and a piece of the True Cross.

A devastating fire destroyed the entire monastic complex in 1105. According to chronicles of the time, some one hundred nuns who had taken refuge in the cellars of the monastery died from smoke inhalation.

Under the direction of Enrico Dandolo, the convent was reformed into a Cluniac house.

The monastery had the tradition of being visited by the doge and his entire court annually at Easter in a ceremony which included presentation of the corno ducale (ducal cap), insignia of his office. This tradition is said to have begun in the 12th century after the nuns had donated land for the building of a ducal chapel, now St Mark's Basilica, and ended only in 1797, at the end of the Republic, when the monastery was suppressed by the invading forces of Napoleon's army.

Interior
The interior of the church has an apse surrounded by an ambulatory lit by tall Gothic windows, a typical feature of Northern European church architecture which is unique in Venice. Nearly every wall is covered with paintings by 17th and 18th century artists. The church houses one of the most famous works by Giovanni Bellini, the San Zaccaria Altarpiece. The walls of the aisles and of the chapels host paintings by other artists including Andrea del Castagno, Palma Vecchio, Tintoretto, Giuseppe Porta, Palma il Giovane, Antonio Vassilacchi, Anthony van Dyck, Andrea Celesti, Antonio Zanchi, Antonio Balestra, Angelo Trevisani and Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo.

The artist Alessandro Vittoria is buried in the church, his tomb marked by a self-portrait bust.

The organ of the church was built by Gaetano Callido in 1790.

title: San Zaccaria, Venice


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Uncle Tom Cobley

The phrase Uncle Tom Cobley and all is used in British English as a humorous or whimsical way of saying et al., often to express exasperation at the large number of people in a list. The phrase comes from a Devon folk song, "Widecombe Fair", collected around 1890 by Sabine Baring-Gould. Its chorus ends with a long list of people: "Bill Brewer, Jan Stewer, Peter Gurney, Peter Davy, Dan'l Whiddon, Harry Hawke, Old Uncle Tom Cobley and all." The surname is spelt as "Cobleigh" in some references.

The historical Tom Cobley
Whether Tom Cobley, or the other characters from the song, ever existed is uncertain. Local historians have attempted to trace them in and around Dartmoor (for if they did ride to the fair at Widecombe, they may have travelled some distance). There is some suggestion that his relatives have been traced to a family which had moved to Plymouth in the early 1900s, but that no longer hold the name Cobley.

The strongest claim is held by the village of Spreyton, to the north of the moor, whose churchyard does indeed contain the grave of a Tom Cobley, buried 11 January 1844. However this is said to be the grave of the nephew of the "real" Tom Cobley, who died in 1794 and whose grave is unmarked. Cobley disapproved of his nephew and kept him out of his will (signed at Pascoe house, Colebrooke). The house at Butsford Barton, Colebrooke, was supposed to have been the home of Uncle Tom Cobley.

"The original 'Uncle Tom Cobley lived in a house near Yeoford Junction, in the Parish of Spreyton. His will was signed on January 20, 1787, and was proved on March 14, 1794. He was a genial old bachelor. Mr Samuel Peach, his oldest relation living, tells me,'My great-uncle, who succeeded him, with whom I lived for some years, died in 1843, over eighty years of age; he married, but left no children.'"

Old ‘Uncle Tom’ was said to have been an amorous bachelor and when he was young had bright red hair. This characteristic seems to have been to his advantage, for when paternity orders came in thick and fast, he refused to maintain any babies that did not have red hair like himself.

The village has made the most of its link with the folk song. It now has a "Tom Cobley Cottage" and a "Tom Cobley Tavern". There also appears to have been a Bill Brewer who lived in nearby Sticklepath, and a Pearse family who ran a local mill; in Sticklepath there is the grave of a Tom Pearse who died in 1875. However, there remains some doubt as to whether this was the same Tom Pearse who features in the song since the earliest recorded Widecombe Fair was held in 1850.

Early in the 20th century, the novelist Beatrice Chase presented an "Uncle Tom" smock to the organisers of the fair, and now a local resident dressed as Uncle Tom appears at the festivities every year, complete with a grey mare.

His portrait shows him as a young boy.

Name variants
The name "Cobleigh" is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It has many spelling variants, "including Cobley, Coblegh, Cobleigh, Cobligh, Coboleche and others". The name "Cobleigh" seems to be particularly associated with South Devon. It is a predominant form e.g. in the Devon and Exeter Gazette. On 8 November 1909, an obituary claimed that the recently deceased farmer "learned farming, at Colebrook, with the original 'Uncle Tom Cobleigh' ..... who died between 50 and 60 years since. Uncle Tom Cobleigh was partial to sport, and hunted a pack of harriers.", This also names the village of Coiebrooke, but uses the alternative spelling, and gives a vague date of "between" 1849 and 1859.

Pseudonymous individuals
A. J. Coles (Jan Stewer) began his dialect writings with a series called "The Talk at Uncle Tom Cobleigh's Club." Uncle Tom Cobleigh was the founder and respected spokesperson for the club, as Samuel Johnson was for the London Club, and in fiction Samuel Pickwick was for the Pickwick Club. When Coles abruptly terminated his role in the series, it was continued as "The Talk of Uncle Tom Cobleigh", signed pseudonymously by "Tom Cobleigh". When Coles' early stories were re-published in book form, Uncle Tom Cobleigh became a minor character called "Tom Cobley."

Scientific papers
There have been instances of scientific papers—where multiple authorship is common—published with "Cobley, U. T." humorously listed as one among a long list of otherwise genuine authors. Two papers indexed by ISI include U. T. Cobley as a co-author:
 * (UT Cobley is listed as a member of the Shoklo SPf66 Malaria Vaccine Trial Group at the end of the paper.)

There are also some cases of papers listed with U. T. Cobley as an author in reference lists, even though the name does not appear in the original paper. This also shows how citation errors are perpetuated, presumably reflecting a reliance on other citations without checking the original source. Thus a paper by Cross, Heyworth, Murrell, Bockamp, Dexter and Green, published in the journal Oncogene in 1994, is frequently listed with the authors cited as "Cross, M. A., Heyworth, C. M., Murrell, A. M., Bockamp, E.-O., Cobley, U. T., Dexter, T. M. & Green, A. R." (e.g. in 1999 papers by Sinclair et al. and by Begley & Green ). However, Cobley does not appear in the original.

Other occurrences
Tom Cobleigh is the name of a chain of pubs/restaurants acquired by the Spirit Group in the UK in 2003.

Tom Cobleigh, his mare and the song are also loosely but obviously referenced in the last few lines of folk duo Show of Hands's own song "Widecombe Fair", which differs dramatically from the original. In this version the narrator of the song hints at a more sinister reason for the loan of the horse, he needs it to travel with the others named in the original song to a remote tavern whose landlord he suspects (with good reason) of murdering a young boy. Although it is never stated we can assume that the character in this song intends to take his revenge on the murderer. Steve Knightley, Show of Hands' lead vocalist and writer of their version, claims that it was inspired by historical research that has suggested that the original folk song may actually have been intended to convey a darker meaning than is commonly supposed.

title: Uncle Tom Cobley


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Perodua

Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sendirian Berhad (Second Automobile Enterprise Private Limited), usually abbreviated to Perodua, is Malaysia's largest car manufacturer, followed by Proton Holdings.

History
It was established in 1993 and launched its first 5-door hatchback, the Perodua Kancil, in August 1994. 'M2' refers to the codename which was used when the project to establish Perodua was still top secret. Initially Perodua mainly produced minicars and superminis, and did not have models in the same market segments as Proton. In recent years, however, its targeted market segments have started to overlap with Proton's – especially in the super-compact segment, where the Perodua Myvi has fought off the Proton Savvy and is now competing with the Proton Iriz.

Perodua does not design or engineer its main components, such as engines and transmissions, in house. The cars have historically used Daihatsu component designs. Daihatsu held a 20% stake in Perodua at the company's launch, increasing this to 25% in 2001 and then to 35%. In 2004 Perodua started assembling the Toyota Avanza at its plant in Rawang, for sale in Malaysia.

Perodua sold more than 207,100 vehicles in 2016, which was its highest-ever yearly sales record, and achieved a highest-ever market share of 35.7%. The company is planning to set up a second car manufacturing plant with a planned $770 million investment in the coming years.

Perodua's shareholders currently include the UMW Corporation (38%), Daihatsu Motor Co. (20%), Daihatsu (Malaysia) (5%), MBM Resources (20%), PNB Equity Resource Corporation (10%), Mitsui & Co. (4.2%) and Mitsui & Co. (Asia Pacific) (2.8%).

Domestic
Perodua is expected to become the largest manufacturer of subcompact cars in Southeast Asia. By October 2005, it had produced a cumulative total of 1 million cars. By July 2008, it increased its manufacturing output to 240,000 per year.

Compared to Proton, Perodua has been quite successful in its business ventures. The automobile manufacturer is popular in Malaysia, with the Perodua Myvi having sold 80,327 units in 2006, outselling its rival's best selling car, then the Proton Wira, which sold only 28,886 units in Malaysia. In the period 2006–2010 Perodua was the best-selling car company in Malaysia. In the first half of 2011, however, Proton overtook Perodua to become the best-selling brand. It was many years since the first national carmaker had been the best-seller, and though part of the reason was that Perodua's supply in the second quarter was limited (due to phasing-out of the old Myvi) and also the problems caused by the amendments to the H-P Act, it has to be said that Proton's current line-up has drawn many customers, notably the core models Proton Saga and Proton Persona. Proton delivered 85,223 units to take a 28.7% share of the TIV while Perodua delivered 79,467 units, a difference of 5,756 units.

International
In the United Kingdom, Perodua's cars were sold by some Proton dealers who wished to attract customers seeking a smaller and cheaper alternative to the Proton range. Sales numbers in the UK were small, however, and in 2008 Perodua sold only 624 cars (down from 914 in 2002) – insignificant compared to other brands. Sales were up slightly in 2009 (to 650) and then to 761 in 2010, mainly due to the new Perodua Myvi selling comparatively well.

Currently, Perodua cars are exported to Singapore, Brunei, Mauritius, Fiji, Sri Lanka, and Seychelles. The company also exported the Myvi as the Daihatsu Sirion to Indonesia, which makes up for 55 percent of their exports in 2020.

In 2021, the company started studying whether exporting used Perodua cars overseas from Malaysia would be feasible. As of 2024, Perodua is exporting used cars to some countries like Fiji.

Former models

 * Perodua Kancil (1994–2009; A-segment hatchback, based on the Daihatsu Mira L200)
 * Perodua Rusa (1996–2007; microvan, based on the Daihatsu Zebra)
 * Perodua Kembara (1998–2007; A-segment SUV, based on the Daihatsu Terios J100)
 * Perodua Kenari (2000–2009; A-segment hatchback, based on the Daihatsu Move L900)
 * Perodua Kelisa (2001–2007; A-segment hatchback, based on the Daihatsu Mira L700)
 * Perodua Viva (2007–2014; A-segment hatchback, based on the Daihatsu Mira L250)
 * Perodua Nautica (2008; A-segment SUV, based on the Toyota Rush)

Corporate slogan

 * "Kehebatan Yang Pasti" (Excellence That Assured) (1997–2008)
 * "Happy Motoring" (2000–2008)
 * "Building Cars, People First" (2008–present)
 * "Kepuasan Pelanggan Sepenuhnya" (Complete Customer Satisfaction) (2021–present)

Anniversary slogan

 * 10 Years of Excellence (Perodua's 10th anniversary slogan in 2003)
 * 20 Years of Driving Value and Beyond (Perodua's 20th anniversary slogan in 2013)

Logo history
Perodua organised a competition in 1997 to find a new corporate logo, to be launched together with their upcoming model, tentatively known as the X555. The competition was won by Johnson Ng Weng Kuan, an architecture student from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Perodua officially launched the new corporate logo on 24 August 1998 when they launched Malaysia's first sport utility vehicle, the Perodua Kembara.

The new logo maintains the 'P' and '2' and the colours of the old, squarish logo, but has been stylised further to become elliptical, which is more fluid and dynamic. The green colour represents social responsibility to the environment and the community, while the red colour symbolises the development of a competent workforce and resilience in meeting challenges in the globalised world. However, the emblems mounted on the company's latest cars have black in place of the green and red areas, with the chrome relief maintained as it was.

Awards and accolades

 * People's Choice, Automotive Category (Bronze) - Putra Brands Awards 2010
 * People's Choice, Automotive Category (Silver) - Putra Brands Awards 2012, 2015 & 2016
 * Most Favorite Brand Automotive Sedan/Compact Cars - The BrandLaureate Bestbrands Award 2016—2017
 * People's Choice, Automotive Category (Gold) - Putra Brands Awards 2017 & 2018

title: Perodua


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Laterality

The term laterality refers to the preference most humans show for one side of their body over the other. Examples include left-handedness/right-handedness and left/right-footedness; it may also refer to the primary use of the left or right hemisphere in the brain. It may also apply to animals or plants. The majority of tests have been conducted on humans, specifically to determine the effects on language.

Human
Most humans are right-handed. Many are also right-sided in general (that is, they prefer to use their right eye, right foot and right ear if forced to make a choice between the two). The reasons for this are not fully understood, but it is thought that because the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body, the right side is generally stronger; it is suggested that the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant over the right in most humans because in 90-92% of all humans, the left hemisphere is the language hemisphere.

Human cultures are predominantly right-handed, and so the right-sided trend may be socially as well as biologically enforced. This is quite apparent from a quick survey of languages. The English word "left" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word lyft which means "weak" or "useless". Similarly, the French word for left, gauche, is also used to mean "awkward" or "tactless", and sinistra, the Latin word from which the English word "sinister" was derived, means "left". Similarly, in many cultures the word for "right" also means "correct". The English word "right" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word riht which also means "straight" or "correct."

This linguistic and social bias is not restricted to European cultures: for example, Chinese characters are designed for right-handers to write, and no significant left-handed culture has ever been found in the world.

When a person is forced to use the hand opposite of the hand that they would naturally use, this is known as forced laterality, or more specifically forced dextrality. A study done by the Department of Neurology at Keele University, North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary suggests that forced dextrality may be part of the reason that the percentage of left-handed people decreases with the higher age groups, both because the effects of pressures toward right-handedness are cumulative over time (hence increasing with age for any given person subjected to them) and because the prevalence of such pressure is decreasing, such that fewer members of younger generations face any such pressure to begin with.

Ambidexterity is when a person has approximately equal skill with both hands and/or both sides of the body. True ambidexterity is very rare. Although a small number of people can write competently with both hands and use both sides of their body well, even these people usually show preference for one side of their body over the other. However, this preference is not necessarily consistent for all activities. Some people may, for instance, use their right hand for writing, and their left hand for playing racket sports and eating (see also: cross-dominance).

Also, it is not uncommon that people preferring to use the right hand prefer to use the left leg, e.g. when using a shovel, kicking a ball, or operating control pedals. In many cases, this may be because they are disposed for left-handedness but have been trained for right-handedness, which is usually attached to learning and behavioural disorders (term usually so called as "cross dominance"). In the sport of cricket, some players may find that they are more comfortable bowling with their left or right hand, but batting with the other hand.

Approximate statistics, complied in 1981, are given below:
 * Favoring right hand: 88.2%
 * Favoring right foot: 81.0%
 * Favoring right eye: 71.1%
 * Favoring right ear: 59.1%
 * Same hand and foot: 84%
 * Same ear and eye: 61.8%

Laterality of motor and sensory control has been the subject of a recent intense study and review. It turns out that the hemisphere of speech is the hemisphere of action in general and that the command hemisphere is located either in the right or the left hemisphere (never in both). Around 80% of people are left hemispheric for speech and the remainder are right hemispheric: ninety percent of right-handers are left hemispheric for speech, but only 50% of left-handers are right hemispheric for speech (the remainder are left hemispheric). The reaction time of the neurally dominant side of the body (the side opposite to the major hemisphere or the command center, as just defined) is shorter than that of the opposite side by an interval equal to the interhemispheric transfer time. Thus, one in five persons has a handedness that is the opposite for which they are wired (per laterality of command center or brainedness, as determined by reaction time study mentioned above).

Different expressions

 * Board footedness: The stance in a boardsport is not necessarily the same as the normal-footedness of the person. In skateboarding and other board sports, a "goofy footed" stance is one with the right foot leading. A stance with the left foot forward is called "regular" or "normal" stance.
 * Jump and spin: Direction of rotation in figure skating jumps and spins is not necessarily the same as the footedness or the handedness of each person. A skater can jump and spin counter-clockwise (the most common direction), yet be left-footed and left-handed.
 * Ocular dominance: The eye preferred when binocular vision is not possible, as through a keyhole or monocular microscope.

Speech
Cerebral dominance or specialization has been studied in relation to a variety of human functions. With speech in particular, many studies have been used as evidence that it is generally localized in the left hemisphere. Research comparing the effects of lesions in the two hemispheres, split-brain patients, and perceptual asymmetries have aided in the knowledge of speech lateralization. In one particular study, the left hemisphere's sensitivity to differences in rapidly changing sound cues was noted (Annett, 1991). This has real world implication, since very fine acoustic discriminations are needed to comprehend and produce speech signals. In an electrical stimulation demonstration performed by Ojemann and Mateer (1979), the exposed cortex was mapped revealing the same cortical sites were activated in phoneme discrimination and mouth movement sequences (Annett, 1991).

As suggested by Kimura (1975, 1982), left hemisphere speech lateralization might be based upon a preference for movement sequences as demonstrated by American Sign Language (ASL) studies. Since ASL requires intricate hand movements for language communication, it was proposed that skilled hand motions and speech require sequences of action over time. In deaf patients with a left hemispheric stroke and damage, noticeable losses in their abilities to sign were noted. These cases were compared to studies of normal speakers with dysphasias located at lesioned areas similar to the deaf patients. In the same study, deaf patients with right hemispheric lesions did not display any significant loss of signing nor any decreased capacity for motor sequencing (Annett, 1991).

One theory, known as the acoustic laterality theory, the physical properties of certain speech sounds are what determine laterality to the left hemisphere. Stop consonants, for example t, p, or k, leave a defined silent period at the end of words that can easily be distinguished. This theory postulates that changing sounds such as these are preferentially processed by the left hemisphere. As a result of the right ear being responsible for transmission to sounds to the left hemisphere, it is capable of perceiving these sounds with rapid changes. This right ear advantage in hearing and speech laterality was evidenced in dichotic listening studies. Magnetic imaging results from this study showed greater left hemisphere activation when actual words were presented as opposed to pseudowords. Two important aspects of speech recognition are phonetic cues, such as format patterning, and prosody cues, such as intonation, accent, and emotional state of the speaker (Imaizumi, Koichi, Kiritani, Hosoi & Tonoike, 1998).

In a study done with both monolinguals and bilinguals, which took into account language experience, second language proficiency, and onset of bilingualism among other variables, researchers were able to demonstrate left hemispheric dominance. In addition, bilinguals that began speaking a second language early in life demonstrated bilateral hemispheric involvement. The findings of this study were able to predict differing patterns of cerebral language lateralization in adulthood (Hull & Vaid, 2006).

In other animals
It has been shown that cerebral lateralization is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom. Functional and structural differences between left and right brain hemispheres can be found in many other vertebrates and also in invertebrates.

It has been proposed that negative, withdrawal-associated emotions are processed predominantly by the right hemisphere, whereas the left hemisphere is largely responsible for processing positive, approach-related emotions. This has been called the "laterality-valence hypothesis".

One sub-set of laterality in animals is limb dominance. Preferential limb use for specific tasks has been shown in species including chimpanzees, mice, bats, wallabies, parrots, chickens and toads.

Another form of laterality is hemispheric dominance for processing conspecific vocalizations, reported for chimpanzees, sea lions, dogs, zebra finches and Bengalese finches.

In mice
In mice (Mus musculus), laterality in paw usage has been shown to be a learned behavior (rather than inherited), due to which, in any population, half of the mice become left-handed while the other half becomes right-handed. The learning occurs by a gradual reinforcement of randomly occurring weak asymmetries in paw choice early in training, even when training in an unbiased world. Meanwhile, reinforcement relies on short-term and long-term memory skills that are strain-dependent, causing strains to differ in the degree of laterality of its individuals. Long-term memory of previously gained laterality in handedness due to training is heavily diminished in mice with absent corpus callosum and reduced hippocampal commissure. Regardless of the amount of past training and consequent biasing of paw choice, there is a degree of randomness in paw choice that is not removed by training, which may provide adaptability to changing environments.

In other mammals
Domestic horses (Equus caballus) exhibit laterality in at least two areas of neural organization, i.e. sensory and motor. In thoroughbreds, the strength of motor laterality increases with age. Horses under 4 years old have a preference to initially use the right nostril during olfaction. Along with olfaction, French horses have an eye laterality when looking at novel objects. There is a correlation between their score on an emotional index and eye preference; horses with higher emotionality are more likely to look with their left eye. The less emotive French saddlebreds glance at novel objects using the right eye, however, this tendency is absent in the trotters, although the emotive index is the same for both breeds. Racehorses exhibit laterality in stride patterns as well. They use their preferred stride pattern at all times whether racing or not, unless they are forced to change it while turning, injured, or fatigued.

In domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), there is a correlation between motor laterality and noise sensitivity - a lack of paw preference is associated with noise-related fearfulness. (Branson and Rogers, 2006) Fearfulness is an undesirable trait in guide dogs, therefore, testing for laterality can be a useful predictor of a successful guide dog. Knowing a guide dog's laterality can also be useful for training because the dog may be better at walking to the left or the right of their blind owner.

Domestic cats (Felis catus) show an individual handedness when reaching for static food. In one study, 46% preferred to use the right paw, 44% the left, and 10% were ambi-lateral; 60% used one paw 100% of the time. There was no difference between male and female cats in the proportions of left and right paw preferences. In moving-target reaching tests, cats have a left-sided behavioural asymmetry. One study indicates that laterality in this species is strongly related to temperament. Furthermore, individuals with stronger paw preferences are rated as more confident, affectionate, active, and friendly.

Chimpanzees show right-handedness in certain conditions. This is expressed at the population level for females, but not males. The complexity of the task has a dominant effect on handedness in chimps.

Cattle use visual/brain lateralisation in their visual scanning of novel and familiar stimuli. Domestic cattle prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye, (similar to horses, Australian magpies, chicks, toads and fish) but use the right eye for viewing familiar stimuli.

Schreibers' long-fingered bat is lateralized at the population level and shows a left-hand bias for climbing or grasping.

Some types of mastodon indicate laterality through the fossil remains having differing tusk lengths.

In marsupials
Marsupials are fundamentally different from other mammals in that they lack a corpus callosum. However, wild kangaroos and other macropod marsupials have a left-hand preference for everyday tasks. Left-handedness is particularly apparent in the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and the eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). The red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) preferentially uses the left hand for behaviours that involve fine manipulation, but the right for behaviours that require more physical strength. There is less evidence for handedness in arboreal species.

In birds
Parrots tend to favor one foot when grasping objects (for example fruit when feeding). Some studies indicate that most parrots are left footed.

The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) uses both left-eye and right-eye laterality when performing anti-predator responses, which include mobbing. Prior to withdrawing from a potential predator, Australian magpies view the animal with the left eye (85%), but prior to approaching, the right eye is used (72%). The left eye is used prior to jumping (73%) and prior to circling (65%) the predator, as well as during circling (58%) and for high alert inspection of the predator (72%). The researchers commented that "mobbing and perhaps circling are agonistic responses controlled by the LE[left eye]/right hemisphere, as also seen in other species. Alert inspection involves detailed examination of the predator and likely high levels of fear, known to be right hemisphere function."

Yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) chicks show laterality when reverting from a supine to prone posture, and also in pecking at a dummy parental bill to beg for food. Lateralization occurs at both the population and individual level in the reverting response and at the individual level in begging. Females have a leftward preference in the righting response, indicating this is sex dependent. Laterality in the begging response in chicks varies according to laying order and matches variation in egg androgens concentration.

In fish
Laterality determines the organisation of rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.) schools. These fish demonstrate an individual eye preference when examining their reflection in a mirror. Fish which show a right-eye preference in the mirror test prefer to be on the left side of the school. Conversely, fish that show a left-eye preference in the mirror test or were non-lateralised, prefer to be slightly to the right side of the school. The behaviour depends on the species and sex of the school.

In amphibians
Three species of toads, the common toad (Bufo bufo), green toad (Bufo viridis) and the cane toad (Bufo marinus) show stronger escape and defensive responses when a model predator was placed on the toad's left side compared to their right side. Emei music frogs (Babina daunchina) have a right-ear preference for positive or neutral signals such as a conspecific's advertisement call and white noise, but a left-ear preference for negative signals such as predatory attack.

In invertebrates
The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) exhibits left-biased population-level lateralisation of aggressive displays (boxing with forelegs and wing strikes) with no sex-differences. In ants, Temnothorax albipennis (rock ant) scouts show behavioural lateralization when exploring unknown nest sites, showing a population-level bias to prefer left turns. One possible reason for this is that its environment is partly maze-like and consistently turning in one direction is a good way to search and exit mazes without getting lost. This turning bias is correlated with slight asymmetries in the ants' compound eyes (differential ommatidia count).

title: Laterality


text:
Manchester, New York

Manchester is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 9,406 at the 2020 census. The town was named after one of its villages, which in turn was named after the original Manchester in England. It was formed in 1822 from the town of Farmington.

The Town of Manchester includes a village also named Manchester. The town is northeast of the city of Canandaigua.

Lehigh Valley Railroad
Manchester was an important division point and car classification yard for the Lehigh Valley Railroad and was, at one time, the largest such facility in the world. As a division point, crews and locomotives were exchanged. Freight cars were switched from track to track, organizing them for delivery to their destinations. Support services included the 30-stall roundhouse, the coaling tower, facilities for ash removal, track maintenance, car repair, a control tower, the yard office, an ice house, and the bunkhouse-restaurant.

With the failure of the Pennsylvania Railroad (which had taken over operations of the Lehigh Valley Railroad in 1962) in the mid-60s, the division yard's purpose was largely unneeded. By the next decade, all that remained in use at the yard was the mainline travelling through the town. The yard closed on October 30, 1972.

Today only a few crumbling structures, some old track, and a couple of rusted boxcars remain.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 37.8 square miles (97.9 km2), of which 37.8 square miles is land and (0.08%) is water.

The Erie Canal, a part called the Wide Waters, briefly passes through the northeastern corner of the town, and the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) passes through the center. New York State Route 96 is a major highway that parallels the Thruway and intersects New York State Route 21 in Manchester village.

The northern town line is the border of Wayne County (Palmyra).

Cumorah, a hill in Manchester, is the location where Joseph Smith is said to have found a set of golden plates which he translated into English and published as the Book of Mormon.

On October 23, 1844, local farmer and Millerite named Hiram Edson had an ecstatic vision in the wake of The Great Disappointment while crossing his cornfield in Manchester near Port Gibson. This vision became one of the foundational events of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,258 people, 3,589 households, and 2,447 families residing in the town. The population density was 245.0 PD/sqmi. There were 3,815 housing units at an average density of 39.0 persons/km2 (101.0 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.69% White, 0.53% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. 1.14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,589 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 10.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 31.8% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,154, and the median income for a family was $47,117. Males had a median income of $32,444 versus $25,041 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,285. About 6.3% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% under the age of 18 and 3.5% age 65 or older.

Communities and locations in town

 * Bunker Hill – A location in the northeast part of the town west of Gypsum.
 * Clifton Springs – The western part of the Village of Clifton Springs is in the town.
 * Gypsum – A hamlet at the east town line on County Road 27. It has previously been called "Dutch Settlement" and "Plainville."
 * Littleville – A hamlet by the south town line on County Road 19. It was first called Parkers Mills after Mill owner Edward Parker. The name changed when Norman Little purchased the mill.
 * Manchester – The village of Manchester on NY-21.
 * Manchester Center – A hamlet in the east part of the town, on the north side of the Thruway on County Road 7.
 * Port Gibson – A hamlet (and census-designated place) on the north town line on County Road 7. It is the only community in the county on the Erie Canal. The Port Gibson United Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
 * Shortsville – The village of Shortsville is south of Manchester village on NY-21.

title: Manchester, New York


text:
Roman military diploma

A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was honourably discharged from the Roman armed forces and/or had received the grant of Roman citizenship from the emperor as reward for service.

The diploma was a notarised copy of an original constitutio (decree) issued by the emperor in Rome, listing by regiment (or unit) the eligible veterans. The constitutio, recorded on a large bronze plate, was lodged in the military archive at Rome (none such has been found; presumably they were melted down in later times).

History
Diplomas were issued during the Principate period (52–284 AD) to retiring veterans who had served in those corps of the Roman armed forces which enlisted peregrini, that is, inhabitants of the Roman empire who were not Roman citizens (the vast majority of the empire's population in the 1st and 2nd centuries). Such corps were: the auxilia; Roman navy, the Praetorian Guard's cavalry (equites singulares Augusti); and the cohortes urbanae (the City of Rome's public-order battalions).

The first known diploma dates from AD 52, under emperor Claudius (r. 41–54), who appears to have regularised the practice of granting Roman citizenship to non-citizen auxiliaries after 25 years' service (26 in the navy).

Diplomas were not normally issued to discharged legionaries, as the legions recruited Roman citizens only. However, legionary diplomas were exceptionally issued after the Civil War of 68/69 AD. As an emergency measure, 2 new legions, the I and II Classica (later reconstituted and renamed as I and II Adiutrix, respectively) were formed mainly from naval marines, many of whom did not hold citizenship. At the end of the crisis, these were all awarded Roman citizenship.

In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, issued by the emperor Caracalla, granted Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the empire, thus ending the second-class peregrini status. This made military diplomas largely redundant, and indeed the last known auxiliary diplomas date from AD 203. But diplomas for service in the navy, Praetorian Guard cavalry and the cohortes urbanae continued to be issued until the late 3rd century. This might be explained by the fact that barbari (foreigners from outside the Roman empire) were still recruited for those units.

Rights granted
The veteran was granted Roman citizenship, which carried important legal and fiscal advantages, including exemption from the poll tax (tributum capitis) payable by all non-citizen subjects of the empire. Citizenship was also granted to the veteran's natural children, but not to his female partner. Until ca. 140, all children born to the veteran during his term of service were eligible. After that date, it appears that the grant was restricted to children born after the veteran's discharge (unless the veteran had registered children born before his enlistment). This seemingly retrogressive step has been doubted by some historians, and it is possible that the available evidence is garbled.

Until the time of emperor Septimius Severus (r. 197–211), serving soldiers were legally prohibited to marry. In practice, many formed stable relationships with local women and brought up families. Diplomas retrospectively regularised such unions by granting the discharged veteran, in addition to citizenship, the right of conubium ("inter-marriage"), which was necessary as Roman citizens were not legally permitted to marry non-citizens (unless the latter possessed "Latin Rights").

An exceptional constitutio of emperor Hadrian (r. 117–38) is known from 3 diplomas, which granted citizenship to the beneficiaries' parents and siblings, in addition to their children.

Description
The diploma consisted of two bronze tablets hinged together. Inscriptions would be engraved on each side of both plates. The full text of a diploma was engraved on the outer side of the so-called tabula 1, while the outer side of tabula 2 displayed the names of 7 witnesses, their seals covered and protected by metal strips (such seals have rarely survived, being of organic material). The text of tabula 1 was reproduced exactly on the two inner sides. The plates would then be folded shut and sealed together, so that the external inscription would be legible without breaking the seals. The internal inscription was the official notarised copy of the text on the constitutio published in Rome. The double-inscription and seals were presumably to prevent forgery or alteration.

In a likely scenario, the holder would take the sealed diploma to the province or civitas (city/county) where he intended to live in retirement. He would then present the diploma to the keeper of archives either at the provincial governor's headquarters (or perhaps at his local civitas offices). The archivist could break the seals and check that the data on the internal inscription matched the external one. If all was in order, he would then enter the diploma-holder's name onto the register of resident Roman citizens.

Research significance
Over 800 diplomas from the Principate have been found and over 650 published (although the majority have survived in only fragmentary form). This constitutes a rare corpus of Roman documentary material, whose survival is due to their being made of metal, rather than degradable material such as papyrus, wood or wax. A particular advantage of diplomas for historians is that they are dated. The date of the constitution was entered as the year of the emperor's tribunicia potestas; while the date of issue of the notarised copy (diploma) was given as the day of the month and the names of the Consuls currently in office (resulting in diplomas being an important source for the names of suffect consuls). As these documents also list the name of the provincial governor, they provide valuable data on senators' career-paths. In addition, diplomas usually record the names of several auxiliary units which served in the same province at the same time, as they were normally issued in batches. Thus a single diploma may yield the names of as many as 25 units included in the same constitution, critical data on the deployment of auxiliary units in the various provinces of the empire at different times. Constitutions are also known just for individual units, even individual veterans.

The following information on the beneficiary was usually recorded in the diploma: beneficiary's regiment, regimental commander's name, beneficiary's military rank, name of beneficiary, name of beneficiary's father and origin (nation, tribe or city); name of beneficiary's wife and name of her father and origin; and names of children granted citizenship.

title: Roman military diploma


text:
El Toro Y

The El Toro "Y" is a freeway interchange in Irvine, California where the Santa Ana Freeway, Interstate 5 (I-5), and the San Diego Freeway (at that point the I-405) merge. South of the El Toro Y, the highway is named the "San Diego Freeway" with the highway designation "I-5." Located in south Orange County, the interchange was named after the nearby city El Toro (now Lake Forest), and the now-closed Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, located northeast of the interchange.

The "Y" is one of the busiest interchanges in the world; from 1975 to 2002, daily traffic surged from 102,000 to 356,000 vehicles a day.

The "Y" was where American broadcast reporter Zoey Tur of KCBS-TV, via news helicopter, first located and broadcast O.J. Simpson's white Ford Bronco slow-speed police chase exclusively for 22 minutes on June 17, 1994.

History
By the early 1990s, the El Toro Y had become one of the most congested freeway interchanges in the world, its severe overcrowding fed by a housing boom in southern Orange County.

In November 1990, Orange County voters approved Measure M, a half-cent increase in the county sales tax to finance transportation improvements. In 1993, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) began a massive expansion project, adding a new interchange and collector/distributor roads at Bake Parkway (signed as truck bypass lanes) and Lake Forest Drive, and carpool lanes and connectors. The $166-million project also vastly increased regular traffic lanes. The project increased the number of vehicles per day from 300,000 to 400,000. After the project was completed in 1997, the El Toro Y stood as one of the widest roads in the world, at 26 traffic lanes wide.

The traffic delays at the interchange sparked the construction of several parallel bypass toll roads. The San Joaquin Hills Toll Road, designated State Route 73 (SR 73), opened in November 1996 and connects San Juan Capistrano and Costa Mesa. Another parallel road to the El Toro Y is SR 241, the Foothill Toll Road, and the free southern extension, known as "Los Patrones Parkway", that currently ends at Cow Camp Road near SR 74. An extension is planned from Cow Camp Road to Avenida La Pata (Antonio Parkway) in San Clemente in the near future.

SR 241 was proposed to connect to I-5 in northern San Diego County, but local opposition regarding environmental issues near Trestles have put the project on hold. In 2017, the Transportation Corridor Agencies considered extending SR 241 to San Clemente. However, residents opposed the proposed route because it would have cost $2 billion, would have intersected at the busiest interchange in San Clemente, Avenida Pico, would have demolished many new homes with real estate value, would have been constructed next to a high school, and would waste taxpayers’ money because the interchange had undergone improvements between 2015 and 2018. Local residents also say that traffic would be worse, equivalent to the SR 91 and SR 241 interchange.

The Irvine Spectrum Center, a large shopping center featuring a movie theater, numerous shopping destinations and a large obelisk, which conceals a cell phone and television tower inside of it, is in the cleft of the Y.

On July 29, 2008, a moderate earthquake centered in Chino Hills caused damage to an expansion joint on one of the overpasses in the interchange. Caltrans closed the 5 Southbound Truck Bypass/Bake Parkway/Lake Forest exit to replace the expansion joint that was damaged during the quake.

In popular culture
The El Toro Y was referenced the 2011 episode "Angry Dad: the Movie" of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, when Bart gives Homer a list of "Must-See Attractions" in Los Angeles.

In the third episode of The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story, it was initially reported that O. J. Simpson was spotted in Al Cowlings's Ford Bronco on Interstate 405 at Irvine Center Drive at the El Toro Y. However, the scenes were shot elsewhere in Los Angeles.

title: El Toro Y


text:
List of settlements in Arcadia

This is a list of settlements in Arcadia, Greece.

 * Aetorrachi
 * Agia Sofia
 * Agia Varvara
 * Agiorgitika
 * Agios Andreas
 * Agios Georgios
 * Agios Ioannis
 * Agios Konstantinos
 * Agios Petros
 * Agios Vasileios, Leonidio
 * Agios Vasileios, Tripoli
 * Agriakona
 * Agridi
 * Akovos
 * Alea
 * Alepochori
 * Alonistaina
 * Ampelaki
 * Anavryto
 * Anemodouri
 * Ano Doliana
 * Ano Karyes
 * Anthochori
 * Arachamites
 * Arachova
 * Artemisio
 * Asea
 * Astros
 * Athinaio
 * Atsicholos
 * Charadros
 * Chirades
 * Chora
 * Choremis
 * Chotoussa
 * Chranoi
 * Chrysochori
 * Chrysovitsi
 * Dafni
 * Dara
 * Dimitra
 * Dimitsana
 * Dorizas
 * Doxa
 * Drakovouni
 * Dyrrachio
 * Elaiochori
 * Elati
 * Elatos
 * Elliniko
 * Ellinitsa
 * Episkopi
 * Evandro
 * Falaisia
 * Garea
 * Gefyra
 * Giannaioi
 * Graikos
 * Isaris
 * Isoma Karyon
 * Kakouraiika
 * Kalliani
 * Kaltezes
 * Kamara
 * Kamari
 * Kamenitsa
 * Kandalos
 * Kandila
 * Kapsas
 * Tou Karatoula
 * Karatoulas
 * Kardaras
 * Kardaritsi
 * Karytaina
 * Kastanitsa
 * Kastanochori
 * Kastraki
 * Kastri
 * Kato Doliana
 * Kato Karyes
 * Katsimpalis
 * Kerasia
 * Kerasitsa
 * Kerastaris
 * Kerpini
 * Kokkinorrachi
 * Kokkoras
 * Kollines
 * Komi
 * Kontovazaina
 * Korakovouni
 * Kosmas
 * Kotili
 * Kounoupia
 * Kourounios
 * Koutroufa
 * Kyparissia
 * Langadia
 * Lasta
 * Lefkochori
 * Leonidio
 * Leontari
 * Leptini
 * Levidi
 * Limni
 * Liodora
 * Lithovounia
 * Livadaki
 * Loukas
 * Loutra Iraias
 * Lykaio
 * Lykochia
 * Lykosoura
 * Lykouresis
 * Lyssarea
 * Magoula
 * Magouliana
 * Mainalo
 * Makri
 * Makrysi
 * Mallota
 * Manaris
 * Manthyrea
 * Marathoussa
 * Mari
 * Mavria
 * Mavriki
 * Mavrogiannis
 * Megalopoli
 * Meligou
 * Melissopetra
 * Merkovouni
 * Mesorrachi
 * Monastiraki
 * Mygdalia
 * Nea Chora
 * Nea Ekklisoula
 * Neochori Falaisias
 * Neochori Lykosouras
 * Neochori, Korythio
 * Neochori, Tropaia
 * Nestani
 * Nymfasia
 * Ochthia
 * Orchomenos
 * Oria
 * Palaiochori
 * Palaiochouni
 * Palaiopyrgos
 * Palamari
 * Pallantio
 * Paloumpa
 * Panagia
 * Panagitsa
 * Paparis
 * Paradeisia
 * Paralio Astros
 * Paralongoi
 * Partheni
 * Pavlia
 * Pelagos
 * Peleta
 * Pera Melana
 * Perdikoneri
 * Perdikovrysi
 * Perivolia
 * Perthori
 * Petrina
 * Piana
 * Pigadakia
 * Pigadi
 * Pikernis
 * Plaka
 * Platana
 * Platanaki
 * Platanos
 * Potamia
 * Poulithra
 * Pournaria
 * Pragmateftis
 * Prasino
 * Prastos
 * Psari
 * Psili Vrysi
 * Pyrgaki
 * Pyrris
 * Raches
 * Rados
 * Raftis
 * Rapsommati
 * Rizes
 * Rizospilia
 * Roeino
 * Routsi
 * Sanga
 * Sapounakaiika
 * Sarakini
 * Sarakini, Iraia
 * Servos
 * Silimna
 * Simiades
 * Sitaina
 * Skopi
 * Skortsinos
 * Soulari
 * Souli
 * Soulos
 * Spatharis
 * Stadio
 * Stavrodromio
 * Stemnitsa
 * Steno
 * Stolos
 * Stringos
 * Syrna
 * Thanas
 * Theoktisto
 * Thoknia
 * Tourkolekas
 * Trilofo
 * Tripoli
 * Tripotamia
 * Tripotamo
 * Tropaia
 * Tselepakos
 * Tsitalia
 * Tyros
 * Tzivas
 * Vachlia
 * Valtesiniko
 * Valtetsi
 * Vangos
 * Vastas
 * Veligosti
 * Velimachi
 * Vervena
 * Vidiaki
 * Vlacherna
 * Vlachokerasia
 * Vlachorraptis
 * Vlisidia
 * Vouno
 * Vourvoura
 * Voutsaras
 * Voutsis
 * Vytina
 * Vyziki
 * Xirokarotaina
 * Xiropigado
 * Zatouna
 * Zevgolateio
 * Zoni
 * Zygovisti

title: List of settlements in Arcadia


text:
John Littlewood (chess player)

John Eric Littlewood (25 May 1931 – 16 September 2009) was for many years a leading British chess player and took the title of national senior champion in 2006. Perhaps his most famous game was the one he lost against the world champion Mikhail Botvinnik at the Hastings International Chess Congress 1961/2. Littlewood launched a fearsome attack which Botvinnik was able to defend only by means of a tactical finesse. Botvinnik chose to include the game in his autobiographical Best Games 1947–1970.

Early life and education
John Littlewood was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire in 1931, the fourth of his eleven siblings. He did not start playing chess until he was 13, when he was introduced to the game by a friend. He kept on losing to his friend, so he went into the school library and checked out every single chess book. He then read a lot of chess tactics, and eventually beat his friend.

At 16 he had improved and joined the local chess club. As he had not played that many people, he was surprised when he found he could beat everyone in the club. At this point he became very keen on the game. While at Sheffield University, Littlewood won three university tournaments and the Sheffield Championship.

Career
After university he entered national service, where he taught reading and writing to soldiers. Because of this he did not have the opportunity to play chess for two years.

After national service he worked as a French teacher in Lincolnshire, at Skegness Grammar School from 1955 to 1967. His first big break was when he was invited to the British Chess Championship in York. He competed well for his first time and was nicknamed 'the Lincolnshire poacher', a name he protested because he was born in Sheffield.

After his good performance in York, he was invited to participate in the prestigious Hastings tournament and played his famous game against Mikhail Botvinnik, the World Champion at the time. Littlewood started with a promising attack, but he missed an important resource. This enabled Botvinnik to turn the game around and defeat him. Botvinnik includes this game in his autobiographical "Best Games 1947–1970”.

At Hastings, Littlewood also played the American grandmaster Arthur Bisguier, who he beat in 23 moves. After the match his opponent said "What do they feed this guy on? Raw meat?"

Later, Littlewood played at two Olympiads, several Anglo-Dutch matches, and European and World Seniors. He was proud to have defeated the German grandmaster Wolfgang Uhlmann on two occasions. Aside from playing the game, he also managed the national blind chess team. At one stage, he was the Director of Junior Chess.

John Littlewood was the outright winner of the British Senior Chess Championship in 2006 and finished equal first in 2008, when the contest was held at Liverpool's St. George's Hall. To be eligible to compete, participants must be sixty and above; he was seventy-seven on this second occasion and one of the oldest players taking part.

He had his own chess column called "Littlewood's Choice", printed once a month in the English Chess Federation magazine.

Family and personal life
His brother Norman also played in two Olympiads, and his son Paul, an International Master, won the British Chess Championship in 1981.

Littlewood lived in Skelmersdale, Lancashire, and had seven children and eight grandchildren.

title: John Littlewood (chess player)


text:
User:Angela/Election

This is a more detailed version of my 2004 campaign platform. It was developed partly in response to some of the questions asked of me during my campaign. There are also details on my user page and contributions page.

Why did I stand?
I have a huge passion for this project. I am completely dedicated to maintaining Wikimedia's goals of producing outstanding open content material. I've gained a lot from Wikipedia — knowledge, the opportunity to work with a wide variety of people, enjoyment, satisfaction — this is my chance to give something back, and to do so across the whole project. I've done a lot here over the last 15 months, and the opportunity to take on a more formal role provides a new challenge. This meets my desire for new experiences and new ways that I can make worthwhile contributions to the project. I believe that I can meet the pressures that serving on the board will entail, including the legal responsibilities associated with that. I'm confident I can handle the role successfully and make a difference to the project through that role. I also expect it will be fun and rewarding. Another reason is that I think it is important users feel the board members are approachable. I believe I have a fairly strong presence on Wikipedia, and not only on the English one, as I am also a sysop at four other Wikimedia projects (Simple, Meta, Latin and Korean), and was previously a sysop at Arabic and Wikisource. This means users are aware of who I am and this will hopefully mean they are more at ease contacting me than they would someone they didn't know. Overall, I stood because I want to play a guiding role in ensuring we have a stable long term future.

Communication and cross-project relations
I want to represent the views of all Wikimedia users and ensure they have the opportunity to be heard, and that appropriate channels are kept open so that the users can influence the Board of Trustees rather than the other way around.

I have a willingness to listen to users and to help them wherever I can. I believe I have an excellent ability to communicate, and to do so persuasively.

The board will need to provide regular reports on what it is doing, particularly financial reports.

One of my aims is to increase ties and a spirit of collaboration between the projects, and different languages, whilst also ensuring the unique needs each project has are met. I want to assist with setting up chapter systems where users within a particular country feel this would benefit their community. We need to ensure that we are there to support not only the existing 300 wikis, but also there to encourage and support new proposals, for new projects, new languages, and for new funding ideas.

Cross-project policies
Currently, all Wikimedia projects license their content under the GFDL. I don't think we should necessarily restrict ourselves to this in the future. The bylaws are open enough to allow the adoption of alternative, but similar, licenses for any new projects we start up. I am interested in reducing conflicts between the various copyleft licenses, and have expanded my views on some license compatibility issues on my questions page.

We need to look at our polices which span across projects. An official privacy statement is long overdue. We need to gain consensus between users on what is acceptable, and be aware of the relevant international data protection laws.

Hardware
We need reliable hardware if we are to continue being successful. As traffic grows and the number of projects increases, this gets more complicated and again, communication is vital as developers have more machines to deal with and need to be aware of what is happening on them. We need to be able to deal with failures of machines, and have back up plans ready. This is somewhere the official positions idea is important if none of the developers are represented on the board, we need effective ways of getting their input. Risks such as machine or network failures and denial of service attacks need to be planned for in advance of them happening.

External promotion of Wikimedia
As well as working within the community, I want to expand our "brand awareness" outside of the project. I want Wikimedia to become a household name, for reliable, trustworthy and high quality content, which is universally accessible, open and free. I want to be a representative in promoting Wikimedia and help to build it into a credible foundation, that will be respected worldwide, both in the short term, and to build for the long term future of the project. Well planned promotion will bring new expertise and additional funds to the project and encourage further innovation. Official positions could be given to users who want the role of public relations officer.

As we build up our name and image, we need to make it clear that Wikimedia and its projects are trademarks. It may be helpful to register these, particularly Wikipedia, as this is the best known at the moment. We need to defend against misuse of our trademark. One of our many mirrors, phatnav.com was, until yesterday, claiming it was "A Wikipedia". This dilutes our trademark, and fortunately, after I contacted their parent company, the Diagonal Media Group, they have replaced this, and their pages now read "PhatNav's Encyclopedia" instead.

Funding
The board needs to develop a long term focus, particularly financially, developing proper financial controls and a reliable and comprehensive budget, particularly for hardware. I support the idea of official positions, and for decisions such as hardware purchasing, it is important that a person, or group of people, are on hand to advise on these issues, perhaps in a more structured way than has been done in the past.

Wikimedia needs to ensure that it has adequate funding, both to continue serving the site, and to expand into new areas, including print editions. The use of funding from donations need to be made clear to those donating. We also need to look into alternative means of funding, which include grants, and sales of items such as the Wikireaders. This brings into play a new group of people Wikimedia needs to serve, and we will need to find ways of ensuring investors want to keep investing in Wikimedia without that having any negative effect on the site, or adverse implications for our users. I feel strongly that the foundation needs to find ways of generating sufficient funds without having to resort to using advertising.

To obtain grants, we need to show exactly how we plan to spend the money, and these plans need to come from the users, of all projects, not unilaterally from the board.

Growth
Wikimedia has grown at an amazing rate over the last three years. As we continue to grow, we need to effectively manage that growth. We need to ensure we have the software, hardware and personnel to handle increased traffic, new users and new projects. As we become more widely known, we need to effectively manage our image as well. We need to carefully coordinate press releases and our other contacts with the external world. We need to improve communication within the project as well as outside it. We need to keep improving and growing but ensuring we use our resources efficiently. We shouldn't create new projects just because we can. We need to think how these will affect the foundation long term.

We need to maintain our culture of openness. It is this which has led to such phenomenal growth, and to continue in this way, we need to do all we can to keep Wikipedia and its sister projects open.

We need to ensure that the expansion efforts are not overly focused on the largest projects. It is important to support the newer Wikipedias and Wiktionaries and we should find ways of recruiting new volunteers who are willing to edit on the under-developed projects. There are a number of near-stagnant Wikipedias that could benefit from being advertised in relevant places. The English and German Wikipedias already receive much media attention and we now need to find ways of promoting the smaller ones in the same way. If Wikimedia is to be truly international, we mustn't forget that the majority of articles are no longer on the English Wikipedia. We also need to aware of legal issues in jurisdictions outside the US. I fully support the development of official Wikimedia chapters in other countries, and I believe these will be able to play a vital role in promoting the project and in providing information to the board on what the local issues are that the foundation needs to deal with. For example, in helping the foundation to set up as a registered charity outside of the US, allowing donors to make tax-free donations in their own currency.

Risks
The foundation needs to focus on its long term stability and how the site and its values can be ensured for the foreseeable future. The increased size and influence of the project brings potential risks which we need to find ways of dealing with before they happen.

There is a risk of competition. This comes from other online encyclopedias, and from our own mirrors and forks. As we move into releasing print versions, we need to be aware of competing resources being sold. I hope by improving communications and having a board willing to deal with issues that could lead to forking, we will be able to prevent this happening needlessly, whilst realising that in a few cases, it may be the only solution.

We need to think about the risk of using fair use material and whether this will stop third parties wanting to reuse our content.

We need to think about maintaining the servers efficiently so as not to risk losing readers and editors because they find the site annoyingly slow.

When moving towards print editions, we need to be aware of the legislation in the countries we are publishing that. We lose the limited protection of the OCILLA when we switch from electronic to paper publishing, and we need to have the necessary insurance against risks, particularly ones related to copyright violations. We need to plan for the costs and results of legal issues that may affect the foundation in the future, including defending the freeness of our content, and defending our trademark.

Our disclaimers need work to ensure that we not liable for misinformation or misuse of the information we provide. However, we also need to be aware that individuals or companies might attempt to hold us liable, and even where we are not, this could be costly, particularly in terms of time for the board members, and has the potential to damage our reputation.

We need plans to deal with the risk of key members of Wikimedia, such as Jimbo Wales or Brion Vibber, leaving the project. We can't continue in an ad-hoc way seeing how things turn out. We need real plans to take us into the future.

We are at risk from spammers. This is particularly a problem on the smaller uninhabited wikis. I try to look at the very small Wikipedias once a week to check they have not been subjected to a spam or vandalism attacks. On a number of occasions, I have discovered bots spamming external links on dozens of different Wikipedias. This is one area where increased communication between projects can be helpful as others need to be aware of what to look out for. Increased communication between users and the developers is also needed here, so they can take further action in blocking the text inserted by the spammers before they can do any more damage.

We are also at risk of increased vandalism. The board will not directly be involved with website management, such as dealing with vandals, but one place that either the board, or people given official titles by the board, could be useful is in the contact with internet service providers. Addressing the problems of repeat attacks may often be something better dealt with by direct contact with the problem user's ISP rather than relying only on the traditional methods of blocking IPs.

My view of the board
In talking about external funding, legal issues etc, the board must not forget the editors of the site. The users are everything, and we must ensure their needs are met and do whatever we can to support existing and future users. Keeping open communication between users and the board will be an important part of this. The actions of the board members need to be fed back to the users and distributed across every project. With over 100 languages represented within Wikimedia, this is no easy task, but one I hope the board can find ways of improving.

I believe the board should be there to assist its users, and not to act as some sort of external power structure that interferes without the will of the community. We can encourage users in the right direction and be there to assist them, but they should never feel controlled by the board.

One thing I do not want to happen is for the board to change the way in which the site is run. The board is not about website management. The users must continue to be the leading voices in this.

I think it's important the board do not become overly focused on any one area. We should be open to all users at all times, and not give the impression we are only currently interested in discussing, for example, a print edition, or a new GFDL. There are, and will remain, a multitude of areas for the board to address, and we need to take on a very broad outlook.

title: User:Angela/Election