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List of rulers of Auvergne

This is a list of the various rulers of Auvergne.

History
In the 7th century Auvergne was disputed between the Franks and Aquitanians. It was later conquered by the Carolingians, and was integrated for a time into the kingdom of Aquitaine. The counts of Auvergne slowly became autonomous.

In the 10th century Auvergne became a disputed territory between the count of Poitiers and the counts of Toulouse.

In the Middle Ages Auvergne was broken into four feudal domains:

 * the county of Auvergne (created around 980)
 * the bishopric of Clermont or ecclesiastical county of Clermont (created around 980 as a sort of counter-power)
 * the dauphinate of Auvergne or the worldly county of Clermont (formed around 1155 after a coup but not formally created until 1302)
 * the duchy of Auvergne or the land of Auvergne (formed from the royal domain of Auvergne in 1360)

Auvergne was integrated in turn into the appanages of Alphonse, count of Poitou and Toulouse (1241–1271) and of John, duke of Berry and Auvergne and count of Poitiers and Montpensier (1360–1416).

During the Hundred Years' War Auvergne faced numerous raids and revolts, including the Tuchin Revolt.

In 1424 the Duchy of Auvergne passed to the House of Bourbon.

Quite contemporaneously, the County of Auvergne passed to the House of La Tour d'Auvergne, and upon its extinction in 1531 it passed to Catherine de' Medici before becoming a royal domain.

In 1434, the Dauphinate of Auvergne passed to the House of Bourbon-Montpensier.

Visigoth period

 * Victorius (480–489)
 * Apollinaris (489-515)

Frankish Merovingian period

 * Hortensius (516-532)
 * Sigivald (532)
 * Becco (533)
 * Hortensius (533-?)
 * Evodius ?
 * Georgius ?
 * Britianus ?
 * Firminus (c. 555 or 558, deposed)
 * Sallustus (duke c. 555 or 558–560)
 * Firminus (restored, 560–571)
 * Venerandus (before 585)
 * Nicetius I (duke and count c. 585)
 * Nicetius II (c. 585)
 * Eulalius (duke 585–590)
 * part of Austrasia (592–595)
 * part of Burgundy (595–613)
 * part of Austrasia (612–639)
 * Bobon of Neustria (639–656)
 * Hector of Neustria (c. 655–675)
 * Bodilon of Austrasia (c. 675)
 * Calminius of Neustria (c. 670s)
 * Genesius (c. 680s)
 * Haribert of Neustria (c. 690s)
 * part of Neustria until 751

Frankish Carolingian period

 * Ithier (c. 758)
 * Blandin (760–763)
 * Chilping (763–765)
 * Bertmond (765–778)
 * Icterius (778–?)
 * Warin I (818-c.820)
 * Warin II (c.820–839), son of previous
 * Gerard (839–841), supposed brother of previous
 * William I (841–846)
 * Bernard I of Auvergne (846–868)
 * Bernard II Plantapilosa (864–886), married Ermengard, daughter of, Bernard I
 * William II the Pious (886–918), son of Bernard II, also duke of Aquitaine.
 * William III the Younger (restored, 918–926), son of Adelinda, daughter of Bernard Plantapilosa, also duke of Aquitaine.
 * Acfred of Aquitaine (926–927), brother of previous.

After the death of Acfred, who left the comital fisc completely diminished, there appeared no successor who could control the entire Auvergne, with Velay. Several relatives of surrounding regions made claims. Below are the dates of their effective control.

 * Ebalus Manzer (927–934), great-grandson of Gerard
 * Raymond Pons, Count of Toulouse (934–942)
 * Raymond, Count of Toulouse (942–961)
 * William (IV) (961–963), son of Ebalus Manzer, also Duke of Aquitaine.

House of Auvergne
From the viscounty of Clermont, then vassal to the elective county of Auvergne, came the so-called House of Auvergne, a designation used by modern historians for the family that ruled consistently the Auvergne region from 963. After a period of comital vacancy, the viscounts of Clermont were elevated as successors of the elective counts: the county became hereditary.

Viscounts of Clermont

 * Armand of Clermont (?–?)
 * Robert I of Clermont (?–?)
 * Robert II of Clermont (?–?)
 * Robert III of Clermont (?–?), son of Robert II

The splitting of the county and the Dauphinate
In 1155, count William VII the Young was usurped by his uncle, count William VIII the Old. However, William VIII left a smaller portion for his nephew to rule. In 1209, the county of William VIII the Old would be made smaller after a partial confiscation by Philip II of France, later to be made in 1360 as the Duchy of Auvergne.

As for William VII the Young, he was able to maintain his status in part of his county, especially Beaumont, Chamalières, and Montferrand. From this smaller county raised, in 1302, the Dauphinate of Auvergne.

Based in the fact that William VII's wife was the daughter of the dauphin de Viennois, Guigues IV, and that William VII's descendants, in virtue of the Viennois blood, used the surname  Dauphin, the majority of authors anticipate the formalization of the dauphinate in 1302 and choose to call William VII and his successors already as dauphins of Auvergne, for a clear distinction from the descendants of William VIII. Still others, out of convenience, choose to call these successors the counts-dauphins of Auvergne.

Table of rulers
Note: The parallel existence of the usurpers of the Elder County of Auvergne and of the usurped Younger County-Dauphinate, who often carried the same first names, also complicates things. To avoid confusion, the numbering system used here is continuous, and Dauphin is used as part of the name where applicable.

Bishops of Clermont
The title of bishop of Clermont is used from 1160 onwards. Before then they were called bishop of Arvernes. In 2002, the Bishopric of Clermont was incorporated into the Archbishopric of Clermont-Ferrand.

List of bishops of Arvernes

 * Saint Austromoine (3rd or 4th century)
 * Urbicus
 * Legonius
 * Saint Illidius (also called Allyre or Alyre) († 384)
 * Nepotianus
 * Artemius
 * Venerand
 * Rusticus
 * Namatius (also called Namacius or Namace)
 * Eparchius
 * Saint Apollinarius I (471–486)
 * Abrunculus
 * Euphrasius († 515)
 * Apollinarius II
 * Saint Quintien (about 523)
 * Gallus of Clermont (Gallus I) (about 486/525-551)
 * Cautin (about 554–572)
 * Saint Avitus (Avitus I) (572–594)
 * Caesarius (627)
 * Saint Gallus (Gallus II) (about 650)
 * Genesius († 662)
 * Gyroindus (660)
 * Felix
 * Garivaldus
 * Saint-Priest (also called Saint Prix) (666–676)
 * Avitus II (676–691)
 * Bonitus
 * Nordebertus
 * Proculus
 * Stephanus (Étienne I) (761)
 * Adebertus (785)
 * Bernouin (about 811)
 * Stabilis (823–860)
 * Sigon (about 863)
 * Egilmar of Clermont (875–891)
 * Adalard (910)
 * Arnold (about 912)
 * Bernard (bishop of Auvergne)
 * Étienne II of Clermont (about 945–976)
 * Begon (about 980–1010)
 * Étienne III of Clermont (about 1010–1014 / 1013)
 * Étienne IV (1014–1025)
 * Rencon (1030–1053)
 * Étienne V of Polignac (about 1053–1073)
 * Guillaume of Chamalières (Guillaume I) (1073–1076)
 * Durand (1077–1095)
 * Guillaume of Baffie (Guillaume II) (1096)
 * Pierre Roux (Pierre I) (1105–1111)
 * Aimeri (1111–1150)
 * Étienne VI of Mercœur (1151–1169)

List of bishops of Clermont

 * Ponce of Clairvaux (1170–1189)
 * Gilbert I (1190–1195)
 * Robert of Auvergne (1195–1227)
 * Hughes of la Tour du Pin (1227–1249)
 * Guy of la Tour du Pin (1250–1286)
 * Aimar of Cros (1286–1297)
 * Jean Aicelin (Jean I) (1298–1301)
 * Pierre of Cros (Pierre II) (1302–1304)
 * Aycelin of Montaigut (also called Aubert) (1307–1328)
 * Arnaud Roger of Comminges (1328–1336)
 * Raymond of Aspet (1336–1340)
 * Étienne Aubert (Étienne VII) (was also Pope Innocent VI from 1352–1362) (1340–1342)
 * Pierre André (Pierre III) (1342–1349)
 * Pierre of Aigrefeuille (Pierre IV) (1349–1357)
 * Jean de Mello (Jean II) (1357–1376)
 * Henri of La Tour (1376–1415)
 * Martin Gouge de Charpaignes (1415–1444)
 * Jacques of Comborn (Jacques I) (1445–1474)
 * Antoine Allemand (Antoine I) (1475–1476)
 * Cardinal Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (Charles I) (1476–1488)
 * Charles of Bourbon (Charles II) (1489–1504)
 * Jacques of Amboise (Jacques II) (1505–1516)
 * Thomas Duprat (1517–1528)
 * Guillaume Duprat (Guillaume III) (1529–1560)
 * Cardinal Bernard Saliviati (Bernard II) (1561–1567)
 * Antoine of Saint-Nectaire (Antoine II) (1567–1584)
 * Cardinal François de La Rochefoucauld (François I) (1585–1609)
 * Antoine Rose (Antoine III) (1609–1614)
 * Joachim of Estaing (1614–1650)
 * Louis of Estaing (Louis I) (1650–1664)
 * Gilbert of Veiny d'Arbouze (Gilbert II) (1664–1682)
 * Michel of Castagnet (is appointed but does not get his bull and returns)
 * Claude II of Saint-Georges (1684–1687)
 * François Bochart of Saron (François II) (1687–1715)
 * Louis of Balzac Illiers d'Entragues (Louis II) (1716–1717)
 * Jean-Baptiste Massillon (1717–1742)
 * François-Marie Le Maistre de La Garlaye (1743–1775)
 * François of Bonnal (François III) (1776–1800)
 * Jean-François Périer (constitutional bishop) (1791–1802)
 * Charles-Antoine-Henri Du Valk de Dampierre (1802–1833)
 * Louis-Charles Féron (1833–1879)
 * Jean-Pierre Boyer (1879–1892)
 * Pierre-Marie Belmont (1893–1921)
 * Jean-François-Étienne Marnas (1921–1932)
 * Gabriel-Emmanuel-Joseph Piguet (1933–1952)
 * Pierre-Abel-Louis Chappot de la Chanonie (1953–1973)
 * Jean Louis Joseph Dardel (1974–1995)

List of archbishops of Clermont-Ferrand

 * Hippolyte Simon (1996–2016)
 * Francois Kalist (2016–present)

Dukes of Auvergne
The Duchy of Auvergne was created in 1360 by John II of France, out of part of the Elder County of Auvergne, confiscated by Philip II of France in 1209.

List of dukes of Auvergne

 * John, Duke of Berry (1360–1416), first husband of Joan II, Countess of Auvergne
 * Marie of Berry (1416–1425) daughter of John
 * John I, Duke of Bourbon (1416–1425), husband of Marie
 * Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (1425–1456), son of Marie and John I
 * John II, Duke of Bourbon (1456–1488), son of Charles I
 * Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (1488), son of Charles I
 * Peter II, Duke of Bourbon (1488–1503), son of Charles I
 * Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (1503–1521), daughter of Peter II
 * Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (1505–1527), husband of Susanna

After his death in 1527, the title was confiscated and passed to the royal domain.

 * Louise of Savoy (1467–1531), granddaughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon through her mother, Margaret of Bourbon

Louise confronted Charles III's right to succession with the support of her son, King Francis I of France. After her death in 1531, the title passed to the royal domain.

 * Charles X of France (1757–1824)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of rulers of Auvergne


text:
Dorrit Hoffleit

Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit (March 12, 1907 – April 9, 2007) was an American senior research astronomer at Yale University. She is best known for her work in variable stars, astrometry, spectroscopy, meteors, and the Bright Star Catalog. She is also known for her mentorship of many young women and generations of astronomers.

Life
Hoffleit's interest in astronomy began with the 1919 Perseid meteor shower that she saw with her mother. In 1928, she graduated cum laude with a B.A. in mathematics. She then went on to work for the Harvard College Observatory, searching for variable stars. In 1938, she was awarded a Ph.D. in astronomy from Radcliffe College and was subsequently hired, in 1948, as an astronomer at Harvard University. She remained at Harvard until 1956 when she moved to Yale University. She remained at Yale until retirement in 1975.

At Yale she followed in the footsteps of Ida Barney, taking over her astrometric work, and of whom she later wrote "To know [her] was a pleasure, inspiration, and privilege, both at work and socially." Hoffleit also served as director of the Maria Mitchell Observatory on Nantucket Island from 1957 to 1978, where she ran summer programs (May–October) for more than 100 students, many of whom went on to successful careers in astronomy. In her final years at Yale, Hoffleit taught basic courses in astronomy to undergraduates. Her passionate lectures in Davies Hall, usually with over 100 students, inspired and awed them. She engendered a lifelong interest in astronomy for young women and men, many of whom were just satisfying a prerequisite to their undergraduate degrees.

During the mid 1950s, Hoffleit consulted for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratories in "Doppler reductions".

She was the main editor of the Yale Bright Star Catalogue. The Catalogue is a compendium of information on the 9,110 brightest stars in the sky. She also co-authored The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes, containing precise distance measurements to 8,112 stars, information critical to understanding the kinematics of the Milky Way galaxy and the evolution of the solar neighborhood. With Harlan J. Smith, Hoffleit discovered the optical variability of the first-discovered quasar 3C 273.

In 1988, Hoffleit was awarded the George Van Biesbroeck Prize by the American Astronomical Society for a lifetime of service to astronomy. On March 7-8, 1997, Yale University hosted a symposium in honor of Hoffleit's 90th birthday, dedicated to her nearly 70-year career.

Hoffleit turned 100 on March 12, 2007, and died a month later from complications of cancer.

title: Dorrit Hoffleit


text:
David Mallett

David Mallett (born April 21, 1951) is an American singer-songwriter best known for his authorship of the "folk standard" composition "Garden Song". He has recorded for independent record labels for most of his career.

Biography
A resident of Maine for most of his life, in the 1980s Mallett relocated to Nashville, and released two albums with the folk and blues label Vanguard. He has since moved back to Maine and established his own label, North Road Records.

Mallett's songs have been recorded by more than 150 artists, including: Pete Seeger, Alison Krauss, John Denver, Arlo Guthrie, Emmylou Harris, Peter, Paul & Mary, Bok, Trickett, Muir, and Makem and Clancy. "Garden Song" was even recorded by the Muppets.

"Garden Song"
Mallett wrote "Garden Song" when he was in his early twenties. He'd been listening to the radio when he went to help his father plant the garden at his homestead in Sebec, Maine. With "music in his head and work at his hands," the first verse came while planting:

 * Inch by inch, row by row
 * Gonna make this garden grow
 * All it takes is a rake and hoe
 * And a piece of fertile ground

Mallett walked around the yard humming it. The next day, he wrote the second verse at a friend’s house. Being only the third or fourth song he'd written, Mallett regards "Garden Song" as a gift, one that altered the course of his life. It was recorded by John Denver, Pete Seeger, Peter, Paul and Mary, and other acts. The song is likely why the University of Maine gave Mallett an honorary degree in 2014.

Performance
Mallett frequently performs with violinist Susan Ramsey and bassist Michael Burd, with sound by Tom Gordon. He has recorded 17 albums, including The Fable True in 2007, based on Thoreau's last expedition in 1857. and Alright Now a collection of songs including "Beautiful," dedicated to his daughter Molly.

He has performed in town halls and folk clubs across America and Europe in addition to major venues such as Barns of Wolf Trap, Newport Folk Festival, and Prairie Home Companion. The Bangor Daily News recognized him as one of the 58 most memorable Mainers of the 20th Century. The readers of Folkwax voted him "2003 Artist of the Year" and his album Artist in Me as "2003 Album of the Year".

Legacy
His sons, Will and Luke, perform as The Mallett Brothers Band. The Mallett Brothers Band have a new album, "Live in Portland, Maine" available March 2019.

Discography
David Mallett has released seventeen albums: 1978: David Mallett

Fire

We Were One

Inches and Miles

Circle of Friends

Arowsic

Garden Song

Dulcimer

It's Cold Tonite

I Knew This Place

I Wish I Were a Horse

Arthur 1979: Pennsylvania Sunrise

The Last Time I Saw Annie

Pennsylvania Sunrise

Moon Upon The Left

Haying Song

Midnite On The Water

Oranges And Roses

Phil Brown

Fast Gun Gettin' Slow

The Candle And The Cape

Ballad Of The Saint Anne's Reel 1981: Hard Light

Hard Time Love Song

Mr. Arthur's Place

Sweet Bird Of Youth

Highways

The Hard Light

On The Road From Boston

Time And Tide

All Dressed Up And Lonely

Country Disco

North To Alaska

After All These Years

You Say That The Battle Is Over 1983: Open Doors and Windows

Closer Now Than Ever

Open Doors And Windows

Snowbound

Thanks To Mother Mercy

This Little Town

I've Been Around

Photographs and Memories

The Longest Night

Milly, There's A Dance In Town

Northern Lights 1986: Vital Signs 1988: For a Lifetime 1993: This Town 1995: In the Falling Dark

Hungry for Love

Off the Ground

Closer to Truth

Like This

That Was the One

Way Out West

When the Sun Comes Up

Here We Go

Daddy's Oldsmobile

Come Out of the Blue

Hope For One and All 1997: Parallel Lives

I Hate to See this Town Go Down

Summer of my Dreams

Closer to Truth

I Picture You

You Say the Battle Is Over

Introduction to 'Phil Brown'

Phil Brown

Snowbound

Garden Song

After the Fall

Like This

Daddy's Oldsmobile

Fifty Years (Introduction To 'My Old Man')

My Old Man

Nothin' But a Long Goodbye

Parallel Lives 1999: Ambition 2003: Artist in Me 2006: Midnight on the Water

Angel Stand-in’ By

Here We Go

Greenin’ Up

Dulcimer

Walkin’

Somewhere in Time

Midnight on the Water

Artist in Me

I Knew this Place

Didn’t Nobody Teach You

Summer of My Dreams

Strange Life

Hometown Heroes

Parallel Lives

Fire

A Long Goodbye

Ballad of the St. Anne’s Reel 2007: The Fable True - Stories from Thoreau's the Maine Woods

The 31st Of August

Old Town

Salmon River

The Road To Molunkus

Fishing

There Were Six Of Us

One Way River

Rapids 2009: Alright Now

Ten Men

One of Those Things

North Meets South

Easier Than This

Beautiful

Innocent Time

End of the Day

Dark Side of the Moon

Don't Ask Me

Alright Now 2012: Greenin' Up

I Knew This Place

Greenin' Up

Fat of the Land

Aurora Borealis

Dogs & Horses

Summer of My Dreams

Arrowsic

Garden Song

Good Times

April

The Haying Song

Beautiful Rose 2015: The Horse I Rode In On

Girl from the North Country

They Covered Up the Old Swimmin' Hole

Long Black Veil

Wayward Wind

Second Cup of Coffee

How to Handle a Woman

One More Time

Jamaica Farewell

Sea of Heartbreak

Saginaw Michigan

For the Good Times

Tombstone Every Mile 2016: Celebration

Celebration

Better Than That

Girl With The Golden Hair

Survivor

Ring For You

Last Farmer's Ball

Two Sides To Every Story

Hard To Live These Country Songs

You Deserve The Best

Whatever Gets You By

title: David Mallett


text:
Talk:Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Early discussion
As a GB resident there was a lot info on this page that was chatty or poorly summarized. I tried to update nightlife/entertainment info but will make a more comprehensive review later. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nothumb (talk • contribs)

 * Were you posting as 65.118.139.246? --AJD 23:14, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Ga, this article is not an encyclopedia article... john k 23:58, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Agreed. I'll determine if the sushi is good at a particular restaurant if I eat there. Alas, I do not eat sushi and have never been in this town, so making a large edit to the troublesome "Food and Entertainment" section seems inappropriate. So I added the NPOV tag. --Tothebarricades.tk 03:09, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * When I visited, I was surprised by the sheer number of sushi and hibachi places, though I only ate at one.--Eion 11:57, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

This page needs to be made neutral. It's a bit more celebratory than factual. It is a fine town, but opinions here are a little too prevalent in the text.Woodson 02:53, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

Images
Why are all of the images of historical nature? why are there no contemporary photos of how the town looks today? ROxBo (talk) 12:13, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Government
I was looking at this page randomly and saw that they state that Paul Kirk is the junior senator when it is Scott Brown. I went ahead and changed it and then one of the Wikipedia admins sent me a message saying my changes were undocumented and changed it back!!! I don't understand why the heck you would put something that is false. I was clearly just changing what was wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.195.55.113 (talk) 19:32, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, I was the one that reverted your edit. Sorry if the information you added was correct, but as you did not cite any reliable sources, I assumed that it was political vandalism. Guoguo12  --Talk--   19:35, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Bob Merrill

Henry Robert Merrill Levan (May 17, 1921 – February 17, 1998) was an American songwriter, theatrical composer, lyricist, and screenwriter. He was one of the most successful songwriters of the 1950s on the US and UK single charts. He wrote musicals for the Broadway stage, including Carnival! (music and lyrics) and Funny Girl (lyrics).

Life and career
Merrill played an important role in American popular music; though not able to play a musical instrument, he tapped out many of the hit parade songs of the 1950s on a toy xylophone, including "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?", "Mambo Italiano", and "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake", as well as writing music and lyrics for several Broadway shows, including Funny Girl.

Merrill was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and raised in Philadelphia over his family's candy factory and soda fountain. As a teenager, he wanted to be a singer and performed in all local talent contests and even worked as an impressionist-emcee at a local burlesque house. His plans for a career in show business were cut short by the advent of World War II, when he was drafted into the Horse Cavalry Division of the Army. After the war, Merrill moved to Hollywood, where he worked as a dialogue director for Columbia Pictures, and while on location for a film, he was asked to write some songs for the actress in the film, Dorothy Shay, who was recording an album at the time. Shay's album Park Avenue Hillbilly became a hit, which launched Merrill's career. Soon he was invited to collaborate with Al Hoffman and Clem Watts to write some songs. They came up with a novelty song "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake", recorded in 1948 by Eileen Barton. He also co-wrote the Moon Mullican song "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry".

The other Top Ten songs for which he is best known include

 * "People" – Barbra Streisand
 * "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?" – Patti Page
 * "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake" – Eileen Barton
 * "Honeycomb" – Jimmie Rodgers
 * "Mambo Italiano" – Rosemary Clooney
 * "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" – Guy Mitchell
 * "Love Makes the World Go 'Round" – Jane Morgan
 * "The Kid's Last Fight" – Frankie Laine
 * "Tina Marie" – Perry Como
 * "Make Yourself Comfortable" – Sarah Vaughan

Guy Mitchell recorded many of Merrill's songs, including "Sparrow in the Treetop", "She Wears Red Feathers", and "My Truly, Truly Fair".

Merrill made his Broadway debut in 1957 with New Girl in Town, a musical adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's Anna Christie. The musical was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical. Take Me Along followed in 1959, with music and lyrics by Merrill, starring Jackie Gleason and Walter Pidgeon. The musical was nominated for the 1960 Tony Award for Best Musical. In 1961, the film Lili was made into the Broadway musical Carnival!, starring Anna Maria Alberghetti, with words and music by Merrill. The musical was nominated for the 1962 Tony Award for Best Musical.

He had theatrical success with the Barbra Streisand musical Funny Girl, (1964) which introduced the standards "People" and "Don't Rain on My Parade". Merrill and Jule Styne were nominated for the 1964 Tony Award for Best Composer and Lyricist. When the stage show was adapted for film, he and songwriting partner Jule Styne were asked to write a title tune, which was nominated for the 1968 Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Song.

Producer David Merrick hired Merrill to write additional songs for the musical Hello, Dolly!. Merrill contributed two songs, "Motherhood March" and "Elegance", and some additional lyrics to Jerry Herman's "It Takes a Woman". Merrill did not accept billing or credit for his additions to the score. He is also the lyricist of the theme song "Loss Of Love", from the 1970 Italian drama film Sunflower and composed by Henry Mancini.

Merrill's other Broadway credits include Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), Henry, Sweet Henry (1967), Sugar (1972) (reworked as Some Like It Hot for a 1992 production in London's West End starring Tommy Steele and a 2002-2003 United States national tour starring Tony Curtis as Osgood Fielding, Jr.), and The Red Shoes (1993).

He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Prettybelle (1971), which closed in Boston during tryouts. Angela Lansbury starred, with direction by Gower Champion. He wrote the music and lyrics for the musical The Prince of Grand Street (1978), which closed during its Boston tryouts. The musical starred Robert Preston and was directed by Gene Saks. Because of reviews during the Philadelphia tryout, an entire new first act was written for Boston.

He was nominated for the Tony Award five times, but never won. However, in 1961 he won the New York Drama Critics Award for his work on Carnival!. Merrill's screenwriting credits include W. C. Fields and Me (1976), and the television movies Portrait of a Showgirl (1982) and The Animated Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1998). Among Merrill's television credits were two holiday specials, Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962) and The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood (1965), written for Liza Minnelli.

Personal life and death
Merrill was married to Dolores Marquez in 1964; they divorced and he married Suzanne Reynolds in 1976. Merrill became ill with various ailments in the mid-1990s; suffering from depression, he committed suicide on February 17, 1998.

Stage musicals
Source: Playbill
 * New Girl In Town (1957)
 * Take Me Along (1959)
 * Carnival! (1961)
 * Funny Girl (1964)
 * Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966)
 * Henry, Sweet Henry (1967)
 * Prettybelle (1971)
 * Sugar (1972)
 * The Prince of Grand Street (1978)
 * We're Home (1984) – Off-Broadway
 * Hannah... 1939 (1990) – Off-Broadway
 * The Red Shoes (1993) (credited as Paul Stryker)

Merrill compositions recorded by Guy Mitchell
Source: AllMusic

 * "Chicka Boom"
 * "Feet Up (Pat Him on the Po-Po)"
 * "Look at That Girl"
 * "My Truly, Truly Fair"
 * "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"
 * "She Wears Red Feathers"
 * "Sparrow in the Treetop"

title: Bob Merrill


text:
Talk:Bob Merrill

birth
I am sorry about the mess with birth locations and dates. IMDb and several others say it he was 77 when he died, others 74. They also give differing birth locations. Hopefully someone will have an authorative reference. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 22:13, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

The California Death Register has May 17 1920 in New Jersey.

Love Makes the World Go Round
Citing this title (note lack of ' before Round) with Merrill's 40s and 50s pop hits is incorrect. It comes from his Broadway era. It was written for Carnival, and in any case is from 1961. Fred Lane 21:40, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 10:59, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bob Merrill


text:
Talk:Malta (island)

Article rename
I've noticed there are previous discussions of the value of having this article separate from the article "Malta". I would not go into that but on the matter of the name. "Malta Island" is a term that is not in use (and therefore failing to fulfill WP:COMMONNAME) and grammatically incorrect. I would therefore propose a rename: "Malta (island)". This would be in the same style as the name of the article Hawaii (island) (which case is analogous in that both the group of islands and the largest island are commonly referred to as "Hawaii").

Views? Demdem (talk) 09:40, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Sea level rise?
Apparently substantially flooded c. 1000–900 eliminating former coastal settlements and separating the previously connected islands: This guy is mostly focused on philology but if the geology is sound we should at least mention/link whatever was going on so recently here. — Llywelyn II   03:17, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malta (island)


text:
Ray Olmedo

Rainer Gustavo Olmedo (born May 31, 1981) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Toronto Blue Jays, and Chicago White Sox. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed.

Cincinnati Reds
Olmedo was originally signed by the Cincinnati Reds as an undrafted free agent on January 21, 1999. He made his Major League debut on May 25, 2003, against the Florida Marlins, striking out as a pinch hitter. He made his first start the next day, against the Atlanta Braves and was hitless in 4 at-bats with 2 strikeouts. He recorded his first Major League hit when he went 3 for 4 against the Marlins on June 1. In parts of 4 seasons with the Reds, he appeared in 171 games and hit .228. He hit 2 home runs with the Reds, the first was on September 23, 2005, against Aquilino López of the Philadelphia Phillies and the second was on September 18, 2006, against Roy Oswalt of the Houston Astros.

Toronto Blue Jays
He was selected off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays on January 19, 2007. He appeared in 27 games for the Blue Jays, hitting only .216.

Pittsburgh Pirates/Philadelphia Phillies
On February 1, 2008, Olmedo was claimed off waivers from the Toronto Blue Jays by the Pittsburgh Pirates.

On February 26, 2008, Olmedo was claimed off waivers by the Philadelphia Phillies. On March 28, he was sent outright to the minors, but declined the assignment and became a free agent.

Washington Nationals
Olmedo signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on March 29, 2008. He played in 108 games with the AAA Columbus Clippers, hitting .252.

Tampa Bay Rays
He became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays in December. In 115 games with the Durham Bulls, he hit .250.

Texas Rangers/Milwaukee Brewers
On December 16, 2009, Olmedo signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers.

On March 22, 2010, Olmedo was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers from the Rangers for defensive catcher Matt Treanor. He hit .284 in 114 games for the AAA Nashville Sounds. He filed for free agency after the 2010 season.

Tampa Bay Rays (second stint)
On January 7, 2011, Olmedo signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays. Back with Durham, he hit .260 in 124 games.

Chicago White Sox
After the season, he became a free agent and on December 1, 2011, he signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. On July 29, 2012, he was called up from the Triple-A Charlotte Knights. On October 10, 2012, he was outrighted to Charlotte and elected free agency.

Tampa Bay Rays (third stint)
On January 6, 2014, Olmedo signed a minor league contract to return to the Tampa Bay Rays organization. In 104 games for the Triple–A Durham Bulls, he batted .224/.281/.271 with no home runs, 25 RBI, and 9 stolen bases. He became a free agent following the season.

Rimini Baseball Club
On January 25, 2015, Olmedo signed with the Rimini Baseball Club of the Italian Baseball League (IBL). In 28 games for Rimini, he hit .285/.363/.363 with 1 home run, 13 RBI, and 4 stolen bases.

Nettuno Baseball Club
On March 3, 2016, Olmedo signed with the Nettuno Baseball Club of the Italian Baseball League (IBL).

title: Ray Olmedo


text:
Terry C. Johnston

Terry Conrad Johnston (1 January 1947 – 25 March 2001) was an American Western fiction author who wrote 31 novels and had more than 10 million books in print.

Background
He was born in Arkansas City, Kansas. His parents were a junior college president and a teacher. He gained a BA from Central State University in Edmond, Oklahoma. As a young man, he traveled and worked various jobs, all the while becoming a student of the Old West. Johnston published his first novel, Carry the Wind, in 1982 after it had been rejected by 29 publishers; it won the Western Writers of America's Medicine Pipe Bearer's Award. Johnston wrote his first novel while he worked as a lease manager for Northwest Auto in Northglenn, Colorado, using the company's word processor after work to write, sometimes working through the night. He settled near Billings, Montana.

Major works
Johnston is best known for two major works: a series of nine historical novels spanning the Rocky Mountain Fur Trade era and its eventual demise told through the eyes of the protagonist, Titus "Scratch" Bass; and a larger number of novels about the Indian wars of the West, the Plainsmen Series, following the conflicts through protagonist Seamus Donegan. Another series of books was based on a possibly true story of a relationship General Custer had with a Cheyenne girl.

Death and legacy
Johnston said to his wife that he felt when he killed off Scratch or when Scratch died he wouldn't last too long afterwards, and he died of colon cancer on March 25, 2001, only a month after being diagnosed. In his memory The Terry C. Johnston Memorial Scholarship Fund was established at Montana State University Billings, as well as donations made to the Custer Battlefield Preservation Committee and the National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance.

Personal life
He was married three times. His first wife was Doris (Howard) with whom he had one son (Joshua); they divorced in 1982. Johnston's second wife was Rhonda (Hill) Stacy with whom he had one son (Noah) and one daughter (Erinn); they divorced in 1992. His third wife was Vanette.

Published work
Bass/Paddock Trilogy (Bass' middle years)
 * Carry the Wind (1982)
 * Borderlords (1985)
 * One-Eyed Dream (1988)

Son of the Plains (Custer novels)
 * Long Winter Gone (1990)
 * Seize the Sky (1991)
 * Whisper of the Wolf (1991)

Jonas Hook
 * Cry of the Hawk (1992)
 * Winter Rain (1993)
 * Dream Catcher (1994)

Titus Bass (Bass' early years) (Bass' latter years)
 * Dance on the Wind (1995)
 * Buffalo Palace (1996)
 * Crack in the Sky (1997)
 * Ride the Moon Down (1998)
 * Death Rattle (1999)
 * Wind Walker (2001)

The Plainsmen Series
 * Sioux Dawn: The Fetterman Massacre, 1866 (1990)
 * Red Cloud's Revenge: Showdown on the Northern Plains, 1867 (1990)
 * The Stalkers: The Battle of Beecher Island, 1868 (1990)
 * Black Sun: The Battle of Summit Springs, 1869 (1991)
 * Devil's Backbone: The Modoc War, 1872-3 (1991)
 * Shadow Riders: The Southern Plains Uprising, 1873 (1991)
 * Dying Thunder: The Fight at Adobe Walls and the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon-1876-1875 (1992)
 * Blood Song: The Battle of Powder River and the Beginning of the Great Sioux War of 1876 (1992)
 * Reap the Whirlwind: The Battle of the Rosebud, June 1876 (1994)
 * Trumpet on the Land: The Aftermath of Custer's Massacre, 1876 (1995)
 * A Cold Day in Hell: The Dull Knife Battle, 1876 (1995)
 * Wolf Mountain Moon: The Battle of the Butte, 1877 (1997)
 * Ashes of Heaven: The Lame Deer Fight-May 7, 1877 and the End of the Great Sioux War (1998)
 * Cries from the Earth: The Outbreak of the Nez Perce War and the Battle of White Bird Canyon June 17, 1877 (1999)
 * Lay the Mountains Low: The Flight of Nez Perce from Idaho and the Battle of the Big Hole, August 9–10, 1877 (2000)
 * Turn the Stars Upside Down: The Last Days and Tragic Death of Crazy Horse (2001)

title: Terry C. Johnston


text:
Winnetou

Winnetou is a fictional Native American hero of several novels written in German by Karl May (1842–1912), one of the best-selling German writers of all time with about 200 million copies worldwide, including the Winnetou trilogy. The character made his debut in the novel Old Firehand (1875).

Stories
In May's story, first-person narrator Old Shatterhand encounters the Apache Winnetou, and after initial dramatic events, a true friendship arises between them. On many occasions, they give proof of great fighting skill, but also of compassion for other human beings. May portrays a belief in an innate "goodness" of mankind, albeit constantly threatened by ill-intentioned enemies.

Nondogmatic Christian feelings and values play an important role, and May's heroes are often described as German Americans.

Winnetou became the chief of the tribe of the Mescalero Apaches (and of the Apaches in general, with the Navajo included) after his father Intschu-tschuna and his sister Nscho-tschi were slain by the white bandit Santer. He rode a horse called Iltschi ("Wind") and had a famous rifle called Silberbüchse ("The Silver Gun"), a double-barrelled rifle whose stock and butt were decorated with silver studs. Old Shatterhand became the blood brother of Winnetou and rode the brother of Iltschi, called Hatatitla ("Lightning"). In a number of adaptations, Winnetou referred to himself in the third person.

Themes
Karl May's Winnetou novels symbolize, to some extent, a romantic desire for a simpler life in close contact with nature. The popularity of the series is due in large part to the ability of the stories to tantalize fantasies many Europeans had and have for this more untamed environment. The sequel has become the origin of festivals, and the first regular Karl-May-Spiele were staged 1938 till 1941 in Rathen, Saxony. East Germany restarted those open-air theater plays in 1984. In West Germany, the Karl-May-Festspiele in Bad Segeberg were started as early as 1950 and then expanded to further places like Lennestadt-Elspe in honor of Karl May's Apache hero, Winnetou.

The stories were so popular that Nazi Germany did not ban them, instead the argument was made that the stories demonstrated the fall of the American aboriginal peoples was caused by a lack of racial consciousness.

May's heroes drew on archetypes of Germanic culture and had little to do with actual Native American cultures. "Winnetou is noble because he combines the highest aspects of otherwise 'decadent' Indian cultures with the natural adoption of the romantic and Christian traits of Karl May's own vision of German civilization. As he is dying, the Apache Winnetou asks some settlers to sing an Ave Maria for him, and his death is sanctified by his quiet conversion to Christianity."

In the 1960s, French nobleman and actor Pierre Brice played Winnetou in several movies coproduced by German–Yugoslav producers. At first, Brice was not very excited about the role beside Lex Barker, but his very reduced text and stage play brought Winnetou to real life in Germany. Brice not only became a star in Germany, but a significant contributor to German–French reconciliation, as well.

Travel stories

 * Old Firehand (1875)
 * Winnetou (1878, titular character Inn-nu-wo, der Indianerhäuptling (1875) is changed)
 * Im fernen Westen (1879, revision of Old Firehand, later revised for Winnetou II)
 * Deadly Dust (1880, later revised for Winnetou III')
 * Die Both Shatters (1882)
 * Ein Oelbrand (1882/83)
 * Im "wilden Westen" Nordamerika's (1882/83, later revised for Winnetou III)
 * Der Scout (1888/89, later revised for Winnetou II)
 * Winnetou I (1893, temporarily also entitled as Winnetou der Rote Gentleman I)
 * Winnetou II (1893, temporarily also entitled as Winnetou der Rote Gentleman II)
 * Winnetou III (1893, temporarily also entitled as Winnetou der Rote Gentleman III)
 * Old Surehand I (1894)
 * Old Surehand II (1895)
 * Old Surehand III (1896)
 * Satan und Ischariot I (1896)
 * Satan und Ischariot II (1897)
 * Satan und Ischariot III (1897)
 * Gott läßt sich nicht spotten (within Auf fremden Pfaden, 1897)
 * Ein Blizzard (within Auf fremden Pfaden, 1897)
 * Mutterliebe (1897/98)
 * Weihnacht! (1897)
 * Winnetou IV (1910)

Juvenile fiction

 * Im fernen Westen (1879, revision of Old Firehand)
 * Unter der Windhose (1886, later also within Old Surehand II)
 * Der Sohn des Bärenjägers (1887, within Die Helden des Westens since 1890)
 * Der Geist des Llano estakado (1888, within Die Helden des Westens since 1890)
 * Der Schatz im Silbersee (1890/91)
 * Der Oelprinz (1893/94)
 * Der schwarze Mustang (1896/97)

Other works

 * Auf der See gefangen (1878/1879, also entitled as Auf hoher See gefangen)

Comic strip adaptations
In the 1950s Croatian comic book artist Walter Neugebauer finished his 1930s comic book adaptation of Karl May's stories. Serbian artist Aleksandar Hecl also drew one. Belgian comics artist Willy Vandersteen created a whole series of comics based on May's stories, simply titled Karl May (1962–1977). More notable Winnetou comic strip adaptations were done by Spanish writer and artist Juan Arranz for the Dutch comic strip weekly Sjors between 1963 and 1970. Most of these stories were also published in comic strip albums and were syndicated to other European countries. Two Hungarian authors named Horváth Tibor and Zórád Ernö collaborated on yet another comic version in 1957. In Germany, Helmut Nickel also adapted the source material, published bi-weekly from 1962 to 1966.

Karl May movies with the Winnetou character
In all these movies, Winnetou was played by French actor Pierre Brice, who was wearing Redface, and was usually teamed with Lex Barker as Old Shatterhand. The music for all Winnetou movies (with its famous title melody played on the harmonica by Johnny Müller) was composed by German composer Martin Böttcher, except Old Shatterhand, composed by Italian composer Riz Ortolani, and Winnetou und sein Freund Old Firehand, composed by German composer Peter Thomas. The films were so successful in Germany, their budgets could be increased almost every time. Principal shooting usually took place in Paklenica karst river canyon national park, Croatia. The early films preceded the Spaghetti Western.

 * 1) Der Schatz im Silbersee (1962) — Treasure of Silver Lake (1965) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 2) Winnetou 1. Teil (1963) — Apache Gold (1965) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 3) Old Shatterhand (1964) — Apaches' Last Battle (1964) (UK) (Yugoslavia)
 * 4) Winnetou – 2. Teil (1964) — Last of the Renegades (1966) (UK) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 5) Unter Geiern (1964) — Frontier Hellcat (1966) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 6) Der Ölprinz (1965) — Rampage at Apache Wells (1965) (Yugoslavia)
 * 7) Winnetou – 3. Teil (1965) — Winnetou: The Desperado Trail (1965) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 8) Old Surehand 1. Teil (1965) — Flaming Frontier (1969) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 9) Winnetou und das Halbblut Apanatschi (1966) — Winnetou and the Crossbreed (1973) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 10) Winnetou und sein Freund Old Firehand (1966) — Winnetou and Old Firehand a.k.a.  Thunder at the Border (1966) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)
 * 11) Winnetou und Shatterhand im Tal der Toten (1968) — The Valley of Death (1968) (Germany) (Yugoslavia)

All of the Winnetou movies are available on VHS tape in PAL format – some also dubbed in English under the above-mentioned English titles. Winnetou I–III, Der Schatz im Silbersee, Old Shatterhand, and Winnetou und Shatterhand im Tal der Toten are also available on DVD (region-code 2), but all in German only. In 2004–2005, the missing movies were also to reappear on DVD. In 2016 a bluray box with all Winnetou movies was released, they also were made available as part of the Karl May bluray box.

In April 2009, DVDs of the cleared remastered movies were issued in the Czech Republic, selling as an add-on to the Metro newspaper for 50 Czech crowns. All movies are dubbed into Czech and German, with subtitles in Czech and Slovak.

Television miniseries
Also in these television series, Winnetou was played by Brice.
 * Mein Freund Winnetou (1980) — My friend Winnetou — Winnetou le Mescalero, 7 episodes at 52 min.
 * Winnetous Rückkehr ("The Return of Winnetou") (1998), 2 parts, 171 min. in total
 * ''CBC Documentary

In 2016, Winnetou (2016 film) was published, a modernized version of the classic movies in three parts directed by Philipp Stölzl. starring Nik Xhelilaj as Winnetou.

In popular culture

 * The artwork for Gang of Four's album Entertainment! features a heavily processed image from a Winnetou film.
 * The song "Mein Bester Freund" ("My Best Friend") on the 1991 Die Prinzen album Das Leben ist grausam refers to Winnetou in a short list of heroes, alongside Robin Hood and Sherlock Holmes.
 * In 2001, a parody of the Winnetou films, Der Schuh des Manitu, was directed by Michael Herbig. This movie is based on various sketches of Herbig's TV show Bullyparade. In Bullyparade – Der Film, which was also directed by Herbig, Winnetou is one of the main characters of the episode Winnetou in Love.
 * Director Quentin Tarantino mentioned Winnetou in his 2009 film Inglourious Basterds.

title: Winnetou


text:
Aztec Ruins National Monument

The Aztec Ruins National Monument in northwestern New Mexico, US, consists of preserved structures constructed by the Pueblo Indians. The national monument lies on the western bank of the Animas River in Aztec, New Mexico, about 12 mi northeast of Farmington. Additional Puebloan structures can be found in Salmon Ruins and Heritage Park, 9.5 mi south. Archaeological evidence puts the construction of the ruins in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Puebloan-built ruins were dubbed the "Aztec Ruins" by 19th century American settlers who misattributed their construction to the Aztecs.

The site was declared "Aztec Ruin National Monument" on January 24, 1923. "Ruin" was changed to "Ruins" after a boundary change, on July 2, 1928. As a historical property of the National Park Service, the monument was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) listed the Chaco Culture as a World Heritage Site on December 8, 1987. That listing specifically included the Aztec Ruins.

The monument is on the Trail of the Ancients Scenic Byway, one of New Mexico's Scenic Byways.

The property was part of a 160-acre (65 ha) homestead owned by H.D. Abrams, who supported the preservation of the ruins. The H.D. Abrams House in Aztec is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Climate
The climate of Aztec Ruins National Monument is a typical semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk).

title: Aztec Ruins National Monument


text:
User talk:Nothumb

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your note on the Great Barrington talk page, but you don't always have to discuss your edits on the talk page. In fact, we encourage users to be bold in editing--it helps the place improve faster. So thanks very much, and welcome. If you ever need help, you can ask questions at Help desk, or read FAQ. It might be a good idea to look over NPOV as well, or you can just wander around, reading articles and fixing things as you find them. Good luck, and I hope to see you around. Yours, Meelar 22:19, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nothumb


text:
Senate of Chile

The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile.

Composition
According to the present Constitution of Chile, the Senate is composed of forty-three directly elected senators, chosen by universal popular suffrage vote in 16 senatorial circumscriptions. These serve eight-year terms, with half of them being replaced every fourth year. They must be eligible to vote, have completed secondary school, or its equivalent, and be at least 35 years old.

The Senate meets at the new National Congress building located in the port city of Valparaíso that replaced the old National Congress building located in downtown Santiago, the nation's capital.

Abolition of the unelected
Amendments to the Constitution, approved by a joint session of Congress on August 16, 2005, eliminated non-directly elected senators from March 11, 2006, the day 20 newly elected senators were sworn in, leaving the total number of senators at 38, all directly elected. Previously, according to the Constitution of 1980, "designated" or "institutional" senators were appointed to the chamber. Two former heads of state, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle and Augusto Pinochet, were installed as senators for life. Pinochet later resigned from this position and Frei lost his seat in the 2005 reform. However, Frei remained in the Senate by winning an elective seat.

Historical evolution
The Senate of Chile was created in 1812 to support the formulations of policies of the Government Junta. Since then it has undergone several constitutional reorganizations that have altered the scope of its constitutional powers, its composition and the generation of its members.

First senate
Created by Article 7 of the Provisional Constitutional Manual of 1812. It was composed of seven titular members (one for each province) and three alternate members and was supposed to serve as a counterbalance to the executive power of the Government Junta. The senators were directly nominated by the provinces in agreement with the central government. It functioned from November, 1812 to January, 1814, when it was reorganized to better respond to the problems caused by the successive military defeats at the hands of the advancing Spanish Army.

Consultative senate
Created by Article 13 of the Provisional Government Manual of 1814. As its predecessor, it was composed of seven titular members (only) nominated by the provinces in lists of three from which they were selected by the Supreme Director. It functioned from March to July, 1814, when the Spanish Army captured Santiago, putting an end to the Patria Vieja government.

First conservative senate
Created by Title III of the Constitution of 1818. It was composed of five titular members and five alternate members selected directly by the Supreme Director. It was supposed to function only when the lower house was not in function or could not meet, and had the power to enact "provisory rules" that had the same effect as laws (hence the "conservative" moniker, because it "conserved" the power.) It functioned from October, 1818 to May, 1822.

title: Senate of Chile


text:
Wessex Football League

The Wessex Football League, known as the Velocity Wessex Football League for sponsorship reasons, is an English regional men's football league in southern England. Its members are primarily from Hampshire and Dorset, but clubs from adjoining counties such as Wiltshire, Berkshire, and the Isle of Wight are also eligible. The Premier Division is one of the sixteen recognised leagues to form the ninth level of the English football league system (known as Step 5 of the National League System), and Division One is one of seventeen recognised leagues at level 10 (Step 6).

Champions of the Wessex League who meet the relevant ground and financial requirements are eligible for promotion to the Southern League Division One South or Isthmian League Division One South Central.

History
In the summer of 1986 the formation of a Wessex League was discussed. It was proposed to draw clubs from the Hampshire, Dorset, Berks and Bucks, Sussex and Wiltshire FAs. After long discussions the full Football Association approved the league, with the 1986-87 season featuring 17 teams in the league.

Bashley were first champions of the new league, with Brockenhurst finishing last. The 1987–88 season saw the number of teams increase from 17 to 19. Four teams joined the league, but two of the founding teams, Road-Sea Southampton and Portals Athletic, left in unfortunate circumstances.

In its third year of existence, the league was gaining in prestige and this was reflected by the fact that 17 of the 19 clubs remained in the league. 1990–91 saw the league reach previously untouched heights as 20 clubs participated.

In 2004, it absorbed most of the clubs from its feeder league, the Hampshire League, which formed a new Division Two and Division Three. In 2006 the divisions were renamed as the Premier Division and Divisions One and Two. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Division Two was disbanded, and most of the clubs formed a new Hampshire Premier League.

Past winners
In 2004, the league expanded to three divisions.

In 2006, the divisions were renumbered, with the top division being renamed the Premier Division.

After the 2006-07 season, Division Two was discontinued.

Wessex League Cup
The Wessex League Cup, or Velocity Wessex League Cup for sponsor purposes, is a domestic cup which all the Wessex League teams participate in.

Wessex League Cup winners
Source:

 * 1986–87: Road Sea Southampton
 * 1987–88: East Cowes Victoria Athletic
 * 1988–89: A.F.C. Lymington
 * 1989–90: A.F.C. Totton
 * 1990–91: Thatcham Town
 * 1991–92: Thatcham Town
 * 1992–93: Gosport Borough
 * 1993–94: Wimborne Town
 * 1994–95: Thatcham Town
 * 1995–96: Downton
 * 1996–97: Thatcham Town
 * 1997–98: Aerostructures Sports & Social
 * 1998–99: Cowes Sports
 * 1999–2000: Wimborne Town
 * 2000–01: (no competition held)
 * 2001–02: Andover
 * 2002–03: A.F.C. Totton
 * 2003–04: Winchester City
 * 2004–05: Hamworthy United
 * 2005–06: A.F.C. Totton
 * 2006–07: Lymington Town
 * 2007–08: Wimborne Town
 * 2008–09: VT
 * 2009–10: Bemerton Heath Harlequins
 * 2010–11: Bournemouth
 * 2011–12: Christchurch
 * 2012–13: Alresford Town
 * 2013–14: Alresford Town
 * 2014–15: A.F.C. Portchester
 * 2015–16: Team Solent
 * 2016–17: Sholing
 * 2017–18: A.F.C. Portchester
 * 2018–19: Baffins Milton Rovers
 * 2019–20: (not awarded)
 * 2020–21: Hamworthy United
 * 2021–22: Shaftesbury
 * 2022–23: Baffins Milton Rovers

title: Wessex Football League


text:
User:Jengod/William D. Mitchell

William DeWitt Mitchell (September 9, 1874–August 24, 1955) was U.S. Attorney General for the entirety of Herbert Hoover's Presidency.

Born in Winona, Minnesota, he received his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Minnesota. After he was admitted to the Minnesota bar he began practicing law in St. Paul. Mitchell served as an infantry officer during the Spanish-American War and World War I. On June 4, 1925, he was appointed Solicitor General of the United States. President Hoover appointed him Attorney General of the United States on March 4, 1929, and he held that office until March 4, 1933. Mitchell then settled in New York City where he practiced law. He was named chairman of the Committee on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and chief counsel of the joint congressional committee investigating the attack on Pearl Harbor. He died in 1955, in Syosset, New York.

title: User:Jengod/William D. Mitchell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nothlit Animorphs

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Nothlit (Animorphs).

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to move the article to Nothlit, merge and redirect to Animorphs (book series), and delete the redirect from Nothlit (Animorphs).

There's nothing in this article that actually means anything, and even what it appears to mean is too trivial to be worth mentioning. Tonusperegrinus 22:27, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Same as above. --Wyllium 22:50, 2004 May 27 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Sean 22:58, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Have any of you read any of the Animorphs books? I read a few 3 or 4 years ago and the definition is right.  I've tried to clean the article up a bit, but it's still little more than a stub/definition.  But I think if Pokemon characters and all sorts of other fictional nonsense gets articles, than so should this.  KEEP.  blankfaze | &#9835 23:11, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Animorphs (book series). I have moved the article to Nothlit to match the existing (broken as I found it) link from this article for the moment. IMO the redirect from Nothlit (Animorphs) is useless and should in due course be deleted. Andrewa 01:50, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, excellent. I was just coming here to put this up, and imagine my surprise when it's already VfD'd. Delete. All information in article has been merged into Animorphs (book series). PMC 03:47, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * As it has been merged, redirect Nothlit, delete Nothlit (Animorphs) -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:57, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pirate Act

The Protecting Intellectual Rights Against Theft and Expropriation Act of 2004, better known as the Pirate Act, was a bill in the United States Congress that would have let federal prosecutors file civil lawsuits against suspected copyright infringers. Prior to the introduction of this act, only criminal lawsuits could be filed against suspected infringers.

Background
By the mid-1990s, p2p file sharing over the Internet had risen to prominence. Until 1997, copyright infringement was only considered a criminal offense if it was for the purpose of "commercial advantage or private financial gain." During this year, the NET Act was passed, which allowed for federal prosecutors to file criminal lawsuits against suspected infringers, without requiring evidence of commercial benefit or financial gain. However, it proved difficult to find legitimate criminal charges, and by 2004, this privilege had yet to be invoked by federal prosecutors.

As file sharing became more popular, the music industry experienced a steady three-year decline in revenue. From 2001 to 2004, the industry lost $5 billion, partially attributed to the increase in online music piracy on websites such as Kazaa, Morpheus and Grokster. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) had filed thousands of civil lawsuits without the aid of federal prosecutors, hoping to deter music piracy at large. One of the first and most famous online copyright infringement lawsuits - Capitol v. Thomas - resulted in a mother of four owing $1.5 million to various music labels for violating copyrights on 24 songs.

Contents
The Pirate Act was introduced in the United States Senate as by Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT) on March 25, 2004. It would allow the United States Department of Justice to bring civil copyright infringement cases against individuals suspected of illegal file-sharing on the Internet. In filing a civil lawsuit, knowledge of infringement and willful intent are not required criteria, as they are in criminal cases. Thus, there is a lower burden of proof, making it easier for the DOJ to pursue infringers. Penalties for violating the terms of the bill included fines and prison time of up to 10 years if someone shared 2,500 pieces or more of content, such as songs or movies. Sharing a file that is determined (by a judge) to be worth more than $10,000 can also result in prison time. Additionally, anyone who released content that had not yet been released in wide distribution could also face penalties.

In his argument in favor of the bill, Senator Leahy stated, "Prosecutors can rarely justify bringing criminal charges, and copyright owners have been left to fend for themselves, defending their rights only where they can afford to do so. In a world in which a computer and an Internet connection are all the tools you need to engage in massive piracy, this is an intolerable predicament."

In addition to granting the DOJ this privilege, the bill also stipulated that the Attorney General would have six months to "develop a program to ensure effective implementation and use of the authority for civil enforcement of the copyright laws", and report back to Congress on the details of said lawsuits, including the total number of lawsuits and the financial statistics. The DOJ would receive $2 million in order to fund the program at its conception.

Reaction
Pro

 * Groups within the entertainment industry, including the RIAA and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) were very supportive of the Pirate Act. Jack Valenti, the MPAA's chief executive at the time, commended Senators Hatch and Leahy for "their vision and leadership in combating the theft of America's creative works." Additionally, Mitch Bainwol, then-chairman and CEO of the RIAA, agreed with Valenti's sentiments, stating that "this legislation provide[d] federal prosecutors with the flexibility and discretion to bring copyright-infringement cases that best correspond to the nature of the crime."

Con

 * Some organizations feel that the passage of bills such as the Pirate Act would give private industry groups (such as the RIAA) unnecessary aid from the government. By using the financial advantages provided by the DOJ, the Act would put the responsibility of funding the war on intellectual property piracy on taxpayers, rather than the content owners. Those who oppose this legislation feel that it expands the role of government far beyond what is necessary in order to combat the issue. Stacie Rumenap, deputy director of the American Conservative Union, was strongly against the bill: "The Pirate Act is another masquerade by Hollywood to make taxpayers foot the bill for its misguided war on promising new technology. Right now, Hollywood is trying to ram this flawed bill - a handout for Tinsel Town fat cats - through Congress without hearings or debate."
 * Organizations such as P2P United, a group that represents software companies that run file-sharing networks, are opposed to the new laws that would punish file sharers. Instead, they propose that politicians should explore ways in which copyright holders can be paid through the movement of their works through P2P networks.
 * During the first quarter of 2004, Senator Leahy received $178,000 in campaign contributions from groups within the entertainment industries, which constituted his second-largest source of donations. Senator Hatch received $152,360 from similar groups.

Legislative history
The Pirate Act was grouped into an omnibus bill - The Intellectual Property Protection Act (2004) - with seven other related pieces of legislation, including the Artists' Rights and Theft Prevention Act of 2004 (ART Act). It passed the Senate by a unanimous vote on June 25, 2004, and was referred to the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary on August 4, 2004, where it eventually failed to pass. Various reincarnations of the Pirate Act were proposed and passed through the Senate in both 2005 and 2006, but both times it again failed to pass through the House.

Another variation - The Intellectual Property Enforcement Act of 2007 - was proposed in the Senate on November 6, 2007, but no progress was made.

title: Pirate Act


text:
Kazaam

Kazaam is a 1996 American musical fantasy comedy film directed by Paul Michael Glaser, written by Christian Ford and Roger Soffer based on a story by Glaser, and starring Shaquille O'Neal as the title character, a 5,000-year-old genie who appears from a magic boombox to grant a 14-year-old boy three wishes.

The film was released on July 17, 1996, grossing $18.9 million on its $20 million budget, making it a box-office bomb. It was panned by critics, who criticized the screenplay and O'Neal's performance.

Plot
In the story, a wrecking ball demolishes an abandoned building, causing a magic lamp inside to fall onto a boombox. The genie inside, named Kazaam, decides to reside in the boombox. Meanwhile, a 14-year-old boy named Max Conner goes to school and faces various challenges. He deals with bullies who retaliate against him for a failed robbery attempt. Max seeks refuge in the abandoned building and accidentally releases Kazaam from the boombox. Kazaam becomes Max's genie and demonstrates his powers before disappearing.

Max notices his father during his journey home and discovers that his mother plans to marry a fireman named Travis O'Neil. Max resents Travis and confronts his mother about hiding the truth about his real father's whereabouts. Determined to find his father, Max encounters Kazaam again, who pesters him into making a wish. Max eventually reunites with his father, Nick Matteo, a musical talent agent involved in unauthorized music. Although Max initially does not care about his father's profession, he is happy to see him and is introduced to the employees of Nick's agency.

Max shares the news with Kazaam and they have a bike race in Max's hideout, where Kazaam showcases his powers. Kazaam persuades Max to make his first wish, causing junk food to rain from the sky. Max realizes that he has control over Kazaam until he uses his last two wishes. They visit Max's father again and attend a show where Kazaam's genie abilities impress Malik, the nightclub owner who desires to control Kazaam.

Kazaam stays at Max's home, pretending to be his tutor. Max confides in Kazaam about his strained relationship with his father, and Kazaam shares a rap about his own genie origins. Max tries to wish for his parents to rekindle their love, but Kazaam cannot grant this wish since he is not a djinn.

Later, Max witnesses his father being attacked by Malik and his hitmen over a stolen master tape, which Max was pressured into by his bullies. Max seeks help from Kazaam, who hesitates due to his newfound success as a rapper. Max uses his second wish to conjure a replacement tape, causing a rift between him and Kazaam. Max's father confronts him about the stolen tape, leading to their separation.

That night, Max is kidnapped by Malik, who takes control of Kazaam's boombox. Max's father is also held captive. Malik forces Kazaam to do his bidding, but Kazaam breaks free and defeats Malik and his minions. Kazaam transforms Malik into a basketball and dunks him into a garbage disposal. However, Kazaam discovers Max's lifeless body and regrets not being able to grant Max's wish for a second chance with his father.

In his grief, Kazaam becomes a djinn, granting him the power to bring Max's father back to life. Kazaam saves Max and carries him out of the burning building, where Travis rescues them. Max's father expresses his desire to rebuild their relationship before leaving with the authorities. Kazaam, now a djinn, walks away, facing the lighthearted annoyance of his new girlfriend, who pressures him into getting a job, while unaware of the concept of a job. Max watches Kazaam walk away with a smile.

Production
The film's origins began with director Paul Michael Glaser taking his son to the NBA All-Star game, when an acquaintance, who was on Shaquille O'Neal's management team, called and asked if his son would like to meet him. After saying yes, the acquaintance asked, in passing, if he knew of any film roles for Shaquille to which Glaser replied, 'He should play a genie.' Which laid the foundation for what would become Kazaam. In a very short time, Glaser took Kazaam to Warner Bros. as they had the Michael Jordan project Space Jam, and Glaser also went back to Interscope Communications, where he had already done two pictures. Glaser had to have a screenplay and a green light in ten and a half weeks, or he wouldn't be able to make the movie as Shaquille had to go back to basketball camp. The script was written in six and a half weeks with production commencing after ten before going into Turnaround where it was acquired by Disney.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Kazaam has an approval rating of 5% based on 37 reviews and an average rating of 2.82/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Crafted from a mix of genre clichés, Kazaam doesn't know what kind of film it wants to be, and Shaq's larger-than-life charisma is stifled by rote filmmaking and an unimaginative story." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 24 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F.

Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars, writing: "Shaq has already proven he can act (in Blue Chips, the 1994 movie about college basketball). Here he shows he can be likable in a children's movie. What he does not show is good judgment in his choice of material. [...] the filmmakers didn't care to extend themselves beyond the obvious commercial possibilities of their first dim idea." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded the film one star and described the film as "the kind of project someone probably told Shaq would sell to kids. It's marketing, not moviemaking."

Shaquille O'Neal's performance in the film was considered poor and has since been referenced in a number of movies, including Scary Movie, mainly either criticizing his acting or gloating about it. The film grossed $18.9 million against a $20 million production budget. In a 2012 interview with GQ magazine O'Neal said, "I was a medium-level juvenile delinquent from Newark who always dreamed about doing a movie. Someone said, 'Hey, here's $7 million, come in and do this genie movie.' What am I going to say, no? So I did it."

Shazaam

Many people falsely remember a similar 1990s film titled Shazaam, starring comedian and actor Sinbad as a genie. However, no such film ever existed, and it is possible people are misremembering Kazaam as the aforementioned film. Sinbad denied having ever starred in Shazaam on Twitter. One theory for the belief in Shazaam is that Sinbad wore a genie costume while introducing the 1977 film Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger on TNT in 1994. In addition, in the late 1960s, Hanna-Barbera had an animated series about a genie called Shazzan.

The earliest online reference to Shazaam dates to 2009, when an anonymous Yahoo! Answers user made a post asking other users if they remembered a 1990s movie starring Sinbad as a genie, finding no success in finding others who shared their memories. Isolated incidents of Internet users asking about the movie would pop up over the next years: In 2011, Reddit user /u/MJGSimple made a post likewise asking users about the movie, and recalled its title to be "Shazaam", although they were not certain about its title. On 11 August 2015, Vice News published a story discussing the Berenstain Bears and its relation to the Mandela Effect, which helped popularize the r/MandelaEffect Reddit community, where users flocked to discuss Shazaam. Afterwards, discussions of the alleged Sinbad film sharply rose in prominence. As an April Fools' Day prank in 2017, CollegeHumor released a parody VHS trailer for Shazaam starring Sinbad, in which he plays a genie who gets released from his lamp by two children, Rachael and James. After images of Will Smith as the Genie in the 2019 live-action adaptation of the 1992 film Aladdin were released, Internet users compared his appearance to what Sinbad supposedly looked like in Shazaam.

title: Kazaam


text:
Urogenital opening

The urogenital opening is where bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity. In some organisms, including monotremes, birds and many fish, discharge from the urological, digestive, and reproductive systems empty into a common sac called the cloaca.

In placental mammals, these three systems are more separated. In females, separate orifices have evolved for all three, while in males, a common urinary meatus discharges both urine and semen from the urethra. In marsupials and rabbits  and pigs, the female urethra and vagina open into a urogenital sinus with a common urogenital opening.

title: Urogenital opening


text:
Club cricket

Club cricket is a mainly amateur, but still formal form of the sport of cricket, usually involving teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. There is a great deal of variation in game format although the Laws of Cricket are observed. The main nations that club cricket is played in include Pakistan, England, Australia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, West Indies, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Netherlands, Hong Kong and in some of the major cities in India. Club cricket is also now played in the United States and Canada, as both countries have large communities of immigrants from mainstream cricket-playing regions such as the Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia.

Format
Club cricket is usually played in league or cup format. Games are limited by either time or overs. A less common, but more traditional, format is limiting the game by time only. Games can range from a few hours in the evening to three days long.

Saturday league cricket is the most serious format of club cricket. The game will usually be a limited overs contest of between 40 and 60 overs per side, with bonus points awarded based on runs, wickets, and whether or not the match was a "winning draw" or an outright win to one-side. This format of cricket covers teams that vary in standard between occasional players in the lower divisions to professional and ex-professional players in the highest leagues.

Friendly cricket often takes place on a Sunday. These games tend to follow the more traditional format of declaration cricket in which a time limit or number of overs - typically 80 to 120 - is set for the whole match. It is then up to the team batting first to declare their innings early enough to give themselves time to bowl the opposition out and force victory. The widest variety of cricket is generally seen in this format, with teams batting second either aggressively chasing a total or attempting to bat conservatively and save the draw.

Evening cricket is the least formal format of club cricket, and the route by which many new players are introduced to the game. It tends to follow the 20-20 version of the game, with additional time saving measures such as using 15 8-ball overs and not re-bowling wides or no-balls (which then count as 2 runs each rather than the standard 1). This version of the game also puts an emphasis on inclusivity, with rules such as each bowler being limited to 2 overs each, and batsmen retiring after reaching 25 runs being used to ensure that every player has a part to play in the outcome of the game.

Finally, in Australia and New Zealand two day matches are occasionally played over both Saturday and Sunday, or, alternatively, over successive Saturdays (though this can sometimes have unfortunate effects on the game where the condition of the pitch and ground changes radically from one week to the next). These matches usually have two innings per side.

Standard
Most players are amateur, but often cricket clubs employ the services of professionals as coaches and players. Many of these have played first-class or Test cricket. Also, first-class players returning from injury will sometimes appear at club level as match practice - for example, Shoaib Akhtar during Pakistan's tour of England in 2006 when he played for Berkswell C.C, a club who are in the well-known Birmingham League. Similarly, Steve Smith and David Warner played in Sydney Grade Cricket during their suspension from the Australia national cricket team during 2018-19.

Standards of play can vary from semi-professional to occasional recreational level. While many clubs train in similar ways to professional teams, village or park cricket is played purely for fun, and club cricket is often enjoyed as much for the social element as for the competition. This is particularly true in England where the between-innings teas and post-match beer are as important as the result. However, this may vary depending on the standard.

Officials
In the higher leagues, umpires are appointed by the local umpires association to preside over the game and receive a fee and transport allowance for their time. However, as the number of umpires available is typically considerably less than the number of games scheduled, the majority of games are played without externally appointed umpires. In this scenario, members of the batting side not currently involved in the action take it in turns to take on the umpiring responsibilities, typically in stints of 10 or 15 overs at a time. The umpires are expected to remain impartial and unbiased in their judgements, and although a small degree of bias is occasionally perceived, this arrangement functions remarkably well.

The same scenario applies to scorers. Some teams may have an official scorer who attends all of their home games, but often it is simply left to the batting side to keep score. It is expected that this task is undertaken with impartiality. One means for the fielding side to prevent cheating is to ensure that the scoreboard is updated at the end of each over. This way any unexpected change in the number of runs and wickets would quickly be noticed and challenged.

Facilities
Club cricket is played extensively in most cricketing nations, and also by immigrants from cricketing nations. Club cricket can take place on an artificial turf pitch or a more traditional grass pitch. A traditional grass pitch is compulsory in the UK for entry into the higher divisions of club competitions. The rest of the actual field is always natural grass.

Most clubs have their own ground to play on regularly, including a field and pavilion or club house. Some also have nets for practice. These facilities may be owned or leased by the club itself, or may be provided by the local authority. A groundsman may be employed to look after the pitch and the outfield on either a full-time or part-time basis, or in smaller clubs the pitch may be maintained by the players themselves on a voluntary basis.

Clubs without grounds are known as "wandering" or "nomadic" clubs. Examples include the various sides affiliated to larger clubs, such as the club MCC sides and county "Gentlemen of" sides that often play against schools; school old boy sides, such as Eton Ramblers and Harrow Wanderers, which often play in the Cricketer Cup; and amateur clubs such as the Free Foresters, I Zingari and the XL Club.

Whereas professional cricketers often tour abroad during the winter, many amateur cricket clubs play indoor cricket during the winter months, leading to a full 12 month calendar of cricket fixtures for the keen amateur cricketer.

title: Club cricket


text: User talk:66.30.99.17

title: User talk:66.30.99.17


text:
Talk:Ford Fiesta

Date Format Again!!!

 * The Ford Fiesta is an American branded car since the Ford Motor Company is an American company. Per MOS:DATETIES, Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. This Format would be MDY. The argument being used to keep it as DMY is MOS:DATERET, which says that, If an article has evolved using predominantly one format, the whole article should conform to it, unless there are reasons for changing it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page., There is clear reason to change it from the incorrect DMY to the more correct MDY for this article.
 * This has been discussed on other talk pages for other American branded vehicles. The consensus has been to use the MDY format, even if the DMY format had been used previously.-- JOJ Hutton  03:28, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

 * My bad thought Ford was a british company for some bizarre reason, Moment of madness!, Anyway I've changed it back. – Davey 2010 Talk 03:40, 8 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay. I see where we crossed wires. Good to see we've made amends. Good day my friend. JOJ Hutton  04:10, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Per WP:CARNAMES: "Manufacturer headquarters refers to the entity chiefly responsible for designing and/or producing the subject vehicle, not necessarily the uppermost corporate parent." As such, the Fiesta is either British or German, no matter where Henry Ford's desk stood. The Fiesta is certainly not an American car, at most ever an import from a foreign US subsidiary.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  03:36, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * My train of thought has been "American manufacturer > American Dates" regardless of where the vehicle's sold, It makes life easier doing it that way. – Davey 2010 Talk 15:41, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The Fiesta was built by Ford Germany, Ford UK and Ford Spain. So there's no American manufacturer there. What about the Opel/Vauxhall cars? Part of GM but still German/European manufacturers... --Luitold (talk) 10:18, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The Fiesta is a European product, Dearborn or no. DMY as per strong ties.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  16:07, 6 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Ford is the parent company. Many products from different countries are manufactured in other countries due to global politics and economy.-- JOJ Hutton  16:33, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Don't know if this has been addressed but the mark 8 launched in the uk/ Europe in 2017 and is the current and newest model meaning the mark 7 dates listed are completely wrong as it hasnt been in production for a number of years. also another issue is that there was no mark 5 in the uk we moved straight from the four to the mark six
 * The "Mk8" is ONLY used in the UK, NOT globally. 182.30.85.0 (talk) 02:17, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Dates conflict internally
The first section says in 2008 the seventh-generation Fiesta was "introduced worldwide, making it the first Fiesta model to be sold in North America" etc. But the article says the Fiesta VII was introduced in Germany in 2016, and the subhead says 2017, which I guess is the model-year. The date in the lead is clearly wrong, but I don't know how to correct it. If I just change it to 2016 in the lead, there's still the inconsistency of where it was introduced and when. As a casual reader of the article, I'm going to leave it to others to correct.

This article has bizarrely excessive detail. Kirkpete (talk) 16:41, 28 October 2018 (UTC) Kirkpete

 * Quoting from the mk5 section "n November 2005, a revised version of the fifth generation Fiesta was launched for the 2006 model year, also known as the Mk 6 facelift (Mk6.5)"
 * Surely that was the mk5 facelift, or Mk5.5
 * The Mk6 section comes next. It's a different car. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.187.166.85 (talk) 11:35, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The conflict in generation numbers comes from different methods in outher countries. In Germany the MK4 Facelift (Fiesta '99) is the fifth generation as the outside look is so much different from the fourth generation. So Fiesta '02 is the sixth, Fiesta '09 the seventh and Fiesta '18 the eigth model here. From what I know people in the UK usually label the Fiesta '02 as fifth generation and so on.
 * And it's right, the first Fiesta was sold in Northern America and the '09 model was the second Fiesta generation ever sold there. --Luitold (talk) 05:19, 30 June 2019 (UTC)

Splitting
Any discussion that this "flag" generated at the time seems to have disappeared into an archive somewhere, but: Regards Charles01 (talk) 11:58, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * 1. Yes, the entry is getting rather unwieldy, especially with a telephone or in other places where download speeds are slow.   If you're still offering, please do it.   Though given the way that the present arrangement has become a bit unstructured, the task needs to be undertaken with care and should not (please) be rushed.
 * 2. Ditto sixth generation.
 * 3. If the thing has already been discussed to death on this talk page when I wasn't looking, and a conclusion reached to do nothing about it, then the little flags on the entry page are simply getting in the way and should be removed.

 * Support - My general opinion is that the 4th, 5th and 6th Gen should all have their own articles - If there's consensus for this then I'll do it over the New Year, Cheers, – Davey 2010 Merry Christmas / Happy New Year 13:00, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Strong Support – About time someone had the guts to say so. Perfect idea, but I won't be the one doing it. -- Eurovision Nim (talk to me)(see my edits) 15:09, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. Can't possibly do any harm.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  17:29, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support We already did this in the german WP de:Ford Fiesta when the parts for Fiesta 1, 2, 3, 6 (2002-) and 7 (2008-; there might be a difference in model numbers in Germany) got too big. We splitted the whole article and made a new one for every model. Worked very well and looks much better now. --Luitold (talk) 10:07, 29 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Pelmeen10 (talk) 20:23, 24 June 2020 (UTC)
 * what happened? Pelmeen10 (talk) 20:23, 24 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Pelmeen10 Oops I'd forgot all about this. Will do all of these either tomorrow or over the weekend (I've added it to my notes this time! :). – Davey 2010 Talk 20:52, 24 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Mr.choppers - I've split MK4 and MK5 however the MK4 and MK5 makes no mention of it being Front-wheel-drive or subcompact so I've commented those out but as you know a lot more about cars than I do I didn't know if you wanted to take a look, Many thanks, Kind Regards, – Davey 2010 Talk 17:15, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
 * - Hi Davey, nice work. Yes, there is some maintenance work to be done to make it a proper standalone, but that's no problem. Best,  Mr.choppers |   ✎  18:08, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Mr.choppers, Thanks so much for your help :), Was just about to mention the lead but see you've done that, I appreciate you taking the time to help, Thanks, Kind Regards, – Davey 2010 Talk 18:50, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I have removed the split template from Ford Fiesta as this hasn't been discussed in a very long time. Place a new template to start a new discussion, or simply perform the split as I doubt it would be opposed given the other generations have been split off. A7V2 (talk) 05:40, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

The Torino Motor Show
In the Sixth generation-section, in the Facelift-subsection, it is said that the new facelift-version of Ford Fiesta (the mark 7.5 in UK or 2014 Ford Fiesta in USA) was introduced at Torino Motor Show in June. I am not sure such a motor show exists. Apparently the Turin Auto show is a real thing, but it was not arranged for years 2001-2014, which just the time when facelift Ford Fiesta would have been introduced. The Torino Motor Show also exists, but it is a race-event and probably not an event where you present new cars.

I have found information that says that the facelift deputed in Paris Motor Show in late September of 2012. So is the "Torino Motor Show in June"-reference a mistake?

Infoboxes
I don't think there should be full infoboxes on this page when the same info exists on the generational page, e.g. Ford Fiesta (fifth generation). It adds white space to the condensed sections, and duplicates info so infobox changes have to be made to two different pages. I propose removing all text from the infoboxes (except 7th generation which does not yet have a separate page) except production years and possibly platform and/or body style. Photos can remain. Any objections? --Vossanova o< 15:47, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Seconded. I think body style and platform should be included.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  17:11, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, done. --Vossanova o< 18:02, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Potential copyright issue?
The section on Mark II starting with “A truly "hot" Fiesta was never produced…” is exactly the same as found on https://classiccars.fandom.com/wiki/Ford_Fiesta. I don’t know if there is cross-licensing or which site is the original. Just pointing this out since I was searching for some info on the subject and had a déja vu moment. Equals42 (talk) 01:22, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

 * it's compatible, as is the rest of Fandom, but it can't be used as a source. PRAXIDICAE🌈 01:23, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, our article pre-dates fandom by several years and it appears they copied from us. PRAXIDICAE🌈 01:25, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ford Fiesta


text:
Space elevator economics

Space elevator economics compares the cost of sending a payload into Earth orbit via a space elevator with the cost of doing so with alternatives, like rockets.

Costs of current systems (rockets)
The costs of using a well-tested system to launch payloads are high. The main cost comes from the components of the launch system that are not intended to be reused, which normally burn up in the atmosphere or are sent to graveyard orbits. Even when reusing components, there is often a high refurbishment cost. For geostationary transfer orbits, prices are as low as about US$11,300/kg for a Falcon Heavy or Falcon 9 launch. Costs of low Earth orbit launches are significantly less, but this is not the intended orbit for a space elevator.

Proposed cost reductions
Various adaptations of the conventional rocket design have been proposed to reduce the cost. Several are currently in development, like the SpaceX Starship. An aspirational price for this fully reusable launch vehicle is 10 $/kg, significantly cheaper than most proposed space elevators. New Glenn is also currently in development, a partially reusable rocket that promises to reduce price. However, an exact cost per launch has not been specified. Others, like the Sea Dragon and Roton have failed to get sufficient funding. The Space Shuttle promised a large cost reduction, but financially underperformed due to the extensive refurbishment costs needed after every launch.

Cost estimates for a space elevator
For a space elevator, the cost varies according to the design. Bradley C. Edwards received funding from NIAC from 2001 to 2003 to write a paper, describing a space elevator design. In it he stated that: "The first space elevator would reduce lift costs immediately to $100 per pound" ($220/kg).

The gravitational potential energy of any object in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), relative to Earth's surface, is about 50 MJ (15 kWh) of energy per kilogram (see geosynchronous orbit for details). Using wholesale electricity prices for 2008 to 2009, and the current 0.5% efficiency of power beaming, a space elevator would require US$220/kg just in electrical costs. Dr. Edwards expects technical advances to increase the efficiency to 2%.

However, due to the fact that space elevators would have a limited throughput as only a few payloads could climb the tether at any one time, the launch price may be subject to market forces.

Funding of capital costs
According to a paper presented at the 55th International Astronautical Congress in Vancouver in October 2004, the space elevator can be considered a prestige megaproject whose current estimated cost (US$6.2 billion) is favourable compared to other megaprojects e.g. bridges, pipelines, tunnels, tall towers, high-speed rail links and maglevs. Costs are also favourable compared to that of other aerospace systems and launch vehicles.

Total cost of a privately funded Edwards' Space Elevator
A space elevator built according to the Edwards proposal is estimated to have total cost of about $40 billion (that figure includes $1.56 billions operational costs for first 10 years). Subsequent space elevators are estimated to cost only $14.3 billion each.

For comparison, in potentially the same time frame as the elevator:
 * the Skylon, a 12,000 kg cargo capacity single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane (not a conventional rocket) is estimated to have an R&D and production cost of about $15 billion. The vehicle has about $3,000/kg price tag. Skylon would be suitable to launch cargo and particularly people to low/medium Earth orbit (targeting maximum 30 people per flight ). Early space elevator designs move only cargo but could move people as well to a much wider range of destinations.
 * Another alternative project to get large numbers of people and cargo to orbit inexpensively during this time frame is the SpaceX Starship which, like Skylon, is not a conventional rocket design as it will be fully reusable. Its cargo capacity will be between 100 and 150 t, is estimated to have an R&D cost of $10 billion, and production cost of about $200-million for Starship crew, $130-million for Starship tanker and $230-million for Super Heavy. The system has a less than $140/kg price tag which is possibly as low as $47/kg. It will be capable of transporting 100 people comfortably to Mars (therefore significantly more to low/medium earth orbit).

title: Space elevator economics