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IWC Schaffhausen

IWC International Watch Co. AG, founded International Watch Company, better known as IWC Schaffhausen, is a Swiss luxury watch manufacturer located in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Originally founded in Switzerland by American watchmaker Florentine Ariosto Jones in 1868, the company was transferred to the Rauschenbach family in 1880 after bankruptcy and has been a subsidiary of the Swiss Richemont Group since 2000.

IWC is best known for its luxury pilot/aviation watches and for being a pioneer in the use of ceramic and titanium in watchmaking. In 2018 IWC was recognized by the WWF for its environmental efforts and received an "Ambitious" rating; placing first amongst fifteen other Swiss watchmakers.

Creation
In 1868, American engineer and watchmaker Florentine Ariosto Jones (1841–1916), who had been a director of E. Howard & Co., in Boston founded the International Watch Company. He planned to assemble watches in Switzerland and import them into the United States. At the time, wages in Switzerland were relatively low although there was a ready supply of skilled watchmaking labor, mainly carried out by people in their homes. Jones encountered opposition to his plans in French-speaking Switzerland because Jones wanted to open a factory.

In 1850 the town of Schaffhausen was in danger of being left behind in the Industrial Age. At this stage, watch manufacturer and industrialist Heinrich Moser built Schaffhausen's first hydroelectric plant and aided in further industrialization. He met F.A. Jones in Le Locle and showed great interest in his plans. Together, they laid the foundations for the only watch manufacturers in north-eastern Switzerland. The brand was previously known as the International Watch Chronology.

Early stages and bankruptcy
In 1869 F.A. Jones rented the first factory premises in an industrial building owned by J.H. Moser at the Rheinstrasse. Having to rent further rooms in the Oberhaus By 1874 plans were already being made for a new factory and a site was purchased from Moser's hydroelectric company. Schaffhausen architect, G. Meyer, won the order to design and build the factory. A year later, in the spring of 1875, the construction work was completed. At first, 196 people worked in the 45 meter long factory, which could accommodate up to 300 workplaces. However, F.A Jones had trouble selling the watches in America due to tariffs, financing, and technical machine problems. By 1875, stockholders alleged that the company was on the verge of collapse, and Jones scrambled to find new investors. The company eventually filed for bankruptcy, and Jones was forced to relinquish control of the company.

IWC and the Rauschenbach family
One of IWC's stockholders, Johann Rauschenbach-Vogel, Chief Executive Officer and a machine manufacturer from Schaffhausen, took over the Internationale Uhrenfabrik on 17 February 1880. He purchased the company for 280,000 francs. Four generations of the Rauschenbach family owned IWC, with varying names. Only a year after the sale, Johannes Rauschenbach died. His son, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenk, aged 25, took over the Uhrenfabrik von J. Rauschenbach and ran it successfully until his own death on 2 March 1905.

AUrs Haenggi from Nunningen in the canton of Solothurn had gotten to know the watch business in French-speaking Switzerland and France; in 1883 he joined IWC and stayed with the company for 52 years. He was responsible for getting factory operations up and running smoothly and acquiring new customers. He was also responsible for warding off the prospect of the outside interests acquiring IWC "in the interest of the noble Rauschenbach family".

After the death of J. Rauschenbach-Schenk in 1905, his wife, two daughters, Bertha Marguerite Rauschenbach and Emma Rauschenbach (later Jung), and their husbands, Ernst Jakob Homberger (director of G. Fischer AG in Schaffhausen) and Carl Gustav Jung, took over the watch factory as an open trading company named as the Uhrenfabrik von J. Rauschenbach's Erben - watch manufacturer of the heirs of J. Rauschenbach. E.J. Homberger was the only authorized signatory, Haenggi and Vogel were directors.

Following the death of his father-in-law, Ernst Jakob Homberger had a considerable influence on the Schaffhausen watchmaking company's affairs and guided it through one of the most turbulent epochs in Europe's history. Just before the world economic crisis, he took over as sole proprietor and renamed the company Uhrenfabrik von Ernst Homberger-Rauschenbach, formerly International Watch Co. His contribution was honoured in 1952, when he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of St. Gallen. He died in 1955, aged 85 years.

Hans Homberger was the third and last of the Rauschenbach heirs to run the factory as a sole proprietor. He had joined his father's company in 1934 and took control after his death in April 1955. In 1957 he added a new wing to the factory and in the same year set up a modern pension fund for the staff. He bought new machines to meet new demands and continuously brought his production technology up to what were considered the latest standards. He died in 1986 at the age of 77.

Prominent technicians
Technician Johann Vogel from Wangen an der Aare in Solothurn played an important role as technical director. He designed and developed IWC calibers until 1919.

In 1885, IWC manufactured the first digital watch based on a patent granted to an Austrian by the name of Pallweber. It was a simple design, but was unable to replace the traditional analogue display.

Electrical era
In 1888 electricity began to take over at the watch factory. J. Rauschenbach had a powerline installed which supplied it with electricity. Shortly before the turn of the century, the company started converting its production machines to electricity. An electric motor made by Brown Boveri from Baden powered the engines in the factory. These were later replaced during the 1930s with individually powered machines.

1900-1960
During the period just before and after the First World War, E.J. Homberger established many social institutions. He extended the living quarters for factory employees and established a fund for widows and orphans. In 1929, the name of the fund was changed to the J. Rauschenbach Foundation and in 1949 he founded the Watch Company Welfare Foundation. Germany's military buildup of the 1930s brought the demand for precision watches back to Glashütte. From the second half of the thirties to the end of World War II, IWC was one of five watch manufacturers (the others being Stowa, Laco, Wempe and A. Lange & Söhne) that built B-Uhren for Germany's air force (Luftwaffe).

On 1 April 1944, Schaffhausen was bombed by the United States Army Air Forces. The watch factory was hit by a bomb which failed to detonate after crashing through the rafters. The flames from incendiaries exploding nearby penetrated the building through the broken windows but were extinguished by the company's own fire brigade.

After World War II, IWC was forced to change its focus. All of Eastern Europe had fallen under the Iron Curtain, and the economy of Germany was in shambles. As a result, old contacts and connections with other countries in Europe and the Americas as well as Australia and the Far East were revived and intensified or established.

In the mid century, IWC rolled out its famed Caliber 89 movement. This mechanically wound movement powered IWC models from the 1940s until the early 1990s.

1970s - present
In the 1970s and 80s, due to the quartz crisis, the Swiss watchmaking industry underwent a phase of far-reaching technological change. The era saw the first use of miniaturized electric batteries as a source of energy for wristwatches and some eventually unsuccessful technologies, such as the electronically controlled balance. The Uhrenfabrik H. E. Homberger co-founded and was a shareholder in the Centre Électronique Horloger (CEH) in Neuchâtel and was financially involved in the development of the Beta 21 quartz wristwatch movement, which was first presented to the public at the 1969 Industrial Fair in Basel and used by other manufactures such as the Omega Electroquartz watches. In value terms, this movement accounted for about 5-6% of total sales of quartz watches. Parallel to this, the company expanded its collection of jeweller watches to include ladies watches with mechanical movements. 1973 was IWC's most successful year of the post-war period.

A rise in gold prices in 1974 had grave consequences for the watch exporting industry. Between 1970 and 1974 the price of gold rose from 4,850 to 18,000 francs and the value of the US dollar against the Swiss currency fell by up to 40%. As a result, the price of watch exports rose by as much as 250%.

A change of direction was necessary, and this led to the adoption of a number of measures. In order to survive, IWC, under the leadership of Director and CEO Otto Heller, built up a line of pocket watches, and, apart from setting up its own modern wristwatch and case manufacturing facilities, began working closely with Ferdinand A. Porsche as an external designer. In addition, IWC pioneered new watchmaking technologies, notably the first titanium bracelets, developed in 1978.

For its new plans, IWC required a high level of venture capital. With the help of the Swiss Bank Corporation, the company was put in contact with VDO Adolf Schindling AG, which took a majority interest in IWC in 1978.

At the same time, IWC reacquired the name it had originally been given by its founder F.A. Jones (International Watch Co. AG).

In 1981, Kawal Singh succeeded H.E. Homberger as general manager following the latter's retirement. The new director, Günter Blümlein, pushed for rapid implementation of planned changes, put the existing advertising campaign to work, built up the customer base and solidified IWC's finances.

In 1985 IWC then Director Günter Blümlein asked Kurt Klaus to create a Grande Complication watch to be worn on a wrist, as existing iterations on the market are all much larger sized Pocket Watch. In 1986, Manufacture d'Horlogerie Renaud et Papi SA's founders Dominic Renaud and Giulio Papi assisted the design of the repeater function of the movement, before their take over by Audemars Piguet in 1992.

The IWC ref.3770 launched in 1990 was the first wristwatch-sized Grande Complication that housed a Chronograph, a Minute Repeater and a Perpetual Calendar functions.

In 1991 IWC director Günter Blümlein founded the LMH Group with its headquarters in Schaffhausen. With a 100% stake in IWC, 60% in Jaeger-LeCoultre (the other 40% was owned by Audemars Piguet), and 90% in the Saxony-based watchmaking company of A. Lange & Söhne. The Group employed some 1,440 persons.

In July 2000, LMH was acquired by Richemont for CHF 2.8 billion. Despite the takeover by Richemont, IWC was guaranteed that it would continue to be managed by the same executives from the LMH Group.

In 2001 IWC went online with the Collectors Forum.

In 2011, IWC released its other Grande Complication watch, Sidérale Scafusia, taking 10 years to develop. The watch has a Celestial Chart with sunrise and sunset indications customized for each customer based on their individual locations.

In 2021, IWC CEO Christoph Grainger used a PORTL device to appear at the Watches & Wonders fair in Shanghai.

In 2023, IWC launched the Ingenieur Automatic 40 in 4 colors. This newly engineered automatic models follow the bold aesthetic codes of Gérald  Genta's Ingenieur from the 1970s while meeting the highest standards regarding ergonomics, finishing, and technology.

Motto and slogan
IWC's motto is Probus Scafusia, a Latin phrase meaning "good, solid craftsmanship from Schaffhausen". The motto was established in 1903.

Production records
The company began keeping detailed records for each watch that has left the factory since 1885. Since 1885, details of the caliber, materials used and cases have been entered into the records. In the case of later models, these also include the reference number, delivery date and the name of the authorized dealer. For a small fee, the owner can obtain precise information about their watch, as long as the watch is at least ten years old.

The company claims that its service department has the parts and is capable of repairing and maintaining watches from every era since IWC's foundation in 1868.

IWC movements
Manufacture in-house movements include the Caliber 50000/52000, Caliber 80000/82000/89000, which feature the Pellaton winding system, using pawls rather than direct gearing between the rotor and barrel, and the pocket watch movements used in the Portuguese F.A. Jones and other IWC pocket watches. Caliber 59000 is an in-house hand-wound movement which consist of Moonphase or Tourbillon complications. Caliber 94000 consist of IWC's patented Constant Force Tourbillon mechanism.

In response to ETA SA's cut in supply of ébauche movements, IWC developed their new manufacture automatic and chronograph movements, Caliber 32000, Caliber 69000 as in-house designed replacements and are widely used in the Pilot, Portuguese and Ingenieur collections. Richemont Group's Montblanc MB 25.10 movement was also based on IWC's 69370.

In the bulk of IWC's lower range watches significant modifications are made to the Sellita SW300 by IWC at the manufacture to create the automatic Caliber 35111.

Environmental rating
In December 2018, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) released an official report giving environmental ratings for 15 major watch manufacturers and jewelers in Switzerland. IWC received a high rating as "Ambitious" and was ranked No. 1 among the 15 manufacturers. Being the only manufacturer examined to receive this raiting. IWC was reported to have shown a "serious commitment towards a sustainable transformation, but with substantial potential for improvement". Since early 2000s, IWC has been actively engaged in environmental protection and sustainable development. In 2018, IWC published a sustainability report based on the global best-practice standards of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

In jewelry and watchmaking industry, there are general concerns over the lack of transparency in manufacturing activities and the sourcing of precious raw materials such as gold, which is a major cause of environmental issues such as pollution, soil degradation and deforestation. The situation is especially serious in the developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China, Russia and South Africa. It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies.

Charity auction
Since 1997, IWC has been offering a horological item for online auction annually on its website, donating proceeds to the Ecole des Sables – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school in Mali. The school provides education for Tuareg children.

In 2007, the Company auctioned a platinum version of the Pilot's Watch Automatic Edition Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Reference 3201. The watch was made as a tribute to the French author and aviation pioneer. It was auctioned together with an original copy of Exupéry's debut novel, Courrier Sud (Southern Mail), featuring a handwritten dedication by the author. In 2009 IWC introduced the Big Pilot edition Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in 1,900 pieces. Only one of them will be in platinum and will be auctioned for charity.

Watch International
Four times a year, IWC publishes a customer magazine, Watch International. This publication is available in German, French, and English. The magazine includes feature stories about IWC, and other articles.

title: IWC Schaffhausen


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Category:Precision sports

Articles about sports that measure the accuracy and precision in various activities of their participants.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Precision sports


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Usher (album)

Usher is the debut studio album by American singer Usher, released on August 30, 1994, by LaFace Records and Arista Records. As executive producer, Sean "Puffy" Combs mostly handled production work on the album, as additional production was provided by Chucky Thompson, DeVante Swing and Al B. Sure!, among others. Despite underperforming on the charts, debuting at number 167 on the US Billboard 200, the album reached number 4 on the US Heatseekers Albums Chart. The songs "Can U Get wit It", "Think of You" and "The Many Ways" were released as singles to support the album.

Critical reception
Billy Johnson Jr. of Yahoo! Music called the debut album "an enjoyable ride." Anderson Jones of Entertainment Weekly in a negative review of the album called the songs "sophomoric" and "remarkably dull."

Commercial performance
Usher debuted at number 167 on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album has sold over 500,000 copies in the United States to date.

Track listing
Notes Sample credits
 * undefined denotes co-producer
 * "I'll Make It Right" contains a sample from "Top Billin'" (1987) by Audio Two.
 * "Slow Love" contains a sample from "The Show" (1985) by Doug E. Fresh.
 * "I'll Show You Love" contains a sample from "Blind Man Can See It" (1973) by James Brown.
 * "Final Goodbye" contains a sample from "Nobody Beats the Biz" (1988) by Biz Markie.

Personnel

 * Assistant engineering – Daniel Beroff
 * Drums – Alexander Richbourg
 * Engineering – Al B. Sure!, Charles "Prince Charles" Alexander, Bob Brockman, Larry Funk, Gerhard Joost, Tony Maserati, Brian Alexander Morgan, Nasheim Myrick, Rob Paustian
 * Executive production – Sean "Puffy" Combs, L.A. Reid
 * Guitar – Darryl Pearson
 * Keyboards – Herb Middleton
 * Mixing – Charles "Prince Charles" Alexander, Bob Brockman, Sean "Puffy" Combs, David Dachinger, DeVante Swing, Rob Paustian, John Shrive

 * Multi-instruments – DeVante Swing, Brian Alexander Morgan, Tim Mosley, Darryl Pearson
 * Photography – Michael Benabib
 * Production – Al B. Sure!, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Ward Corbett, DeVante Swing, Edward "Eddie F" Ferrell, Kiyamma Griffin, Dave Hall, Isaiah Lee, Brian Alexander Morgan, Darryl Pearson, Alexander Richbourg
 * Songwriting – Ward Corbett
 * Vocals – Usher
 * Background vocals – Darren Benbow, Mary Brown, Faith Evans, Dave Hollister, Crystal Johnson, Darryl Pearson, Laquentis Saxon, Usher, Levar "Lil' Tone" Wilson

title: Usher (album)


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State of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

State of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes may refer to:

 * State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, a short-lived unrecognized state in 1918
 * Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the 1918–1929 name for what was later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

title: State of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes


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Category:Skiing

This category deals with the use of skis in various sports.

title: Category:Skiing


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Category:Gay villages

A gay village is usually an urban geographic location with generally recognized boundaries where a large number of gay and lesbian people, as well as bisexual, transgender, and queer-identified people might live, and usually contains a number of gay lodgings, B&Bs, bars, clubs and pubs, restaurants, cafés and other similar businesses. Some may be gay getaways, such as Provincetown or Guerneville.

title: Category:Gay villages


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Abdelkarim Hussein Mohamed Al-Nasser

Abdelkarim Hussein Mohamed Al-Nasser (عبد الكريم حسين محمد الناصر) is a Saudi Arabian alleged member and suspected leader of the organization Hezbollah Al-Hijaz, wanted in the United States in connection with the June 25, 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, which killed 19 U.S. Air Force personnel and wounded 498 other people of many nationalities.

Early life
Al-Nasser was born in Al Ihsa, Saudi Arabia and speaks Arabic and Persian.

Wanted terrorist
Al-Nasser has been on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list since its inception in 2001. The Rewards for Justice Program is offering up to US$5 million for information leading to the capture of Abdelkarim Al-Nasser. Abdelkarim Hussein Mohamed Al-Nasser has been indicted in the Eastern District of Virginia for the June 25, 1996, bombing of the Khobar Towers military housing complex in Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Al-Nasser is the alleged leader of the terrorist organization, Saudi Hizballah.

title: Abdelkarim Hussein Mohamed Al-Nasser


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Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire

Stamford Bridge is a village and civil parish on the River Derwent in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, approximately 5 mi east of York and 22 mi west of Driffield. The village sits astride an ancient ford on the River Derwent.

Stamford Bridge is best known for :

 * The Roman fort Derventio
 * The Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066 AD)  " Gefeoht æt Stanfordbrycge "
 * The York–Beverley railway line (closed in 1965),  railway station and  viaduct
 * The Stamford Bridge road crossing of the River Derwent

Governance
The village lies on the borders with the North Yorkshire and the City of York unitary authorities. The parish has a parish council, known as Stamford Bridge Parish Council. It is also within the boundaries of the Pocklington Provincial ward of East Riding of Yorkshire Council, which elects three councillors every four years.

Population
The population has increased in recent years due to substantial new housing developments on the south side of the town.

Name
 Stamford Bridge  ( Stan..ford..brycge ) (1066 AD)

The site of the Battle of Stamford Bridge was known as  " Stanfordbrycge "

The name element  ' brycge '  is from Old English  ' brycg '  ( " bridge " ).

Toponym

 * Stone ford bridge

Roman fort Derventio
The Romans established a fort here about 70 AD, around which later developed a large linear civilian settlement focused on a bridge one mile (1.6 km) south of the present town.

Iter I of the Antonine Itinerary lists "Derventio" as being seven Roman miles from Eboracum (York) which matches the distance from York. In relation to known discoveries under the town of Malton, antiquaries always assumed that Malton should be called Derventio. The remains at Stamford Bridge were not known to them, lying undiscovered under arable and pasture fields until quite recently.

The name  Derventio  is of Celtic origin (dervo- "oak-tree") and relates to the River Derwent. The fort had access to the Roman road network of Roman Britain via the Roman road known as Cade's Road (Margary road 80a ). The route of Cade's Road can clearly be seen heading North from Stamford Bridge.

Viking Age
The Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September 1066 is often wrongly regarded as the traditional end of the Viking Age in Britain – this ignores the substantial Norse possessions in Scotland until the aftermath of the Battle of Largs in 1263. At Stamford Bridge King Harold II repelled the invading Norwegian force led by his brother Tostig Godwinson and King Harald Hardrada of Norway, but three weeks later his loss at the Battle of Hastings allowed the Norman Conquest of England.

The settlement was called Pons Belli by the Normans, meaning battle bridge. Rents of freeholders and cottagers were recorded in 1368 and there was a common oven recorded the same year.

Recent history
The A166 east–west road crossing the river at Stamford Bridge is one of the main roads from York to the East Riding and the coast. The road bridge in the village was closed on 5 March 2007, for just over 11 weeks, so that essential repairs could be carried out, in light of the enormous volume of traffic that uses it, exceptional for such an old bridge (dating from 1727). The bridge re-opened on 22 May.

The village suffered from record floods in November 2000 which seriously flooded 30 businesses and homes. Flood defences have now been installed, costing £3.7 million.

The history of Stamford Bridge is covered in British History Online: Catton Kexby, Scoreby, and Stamford Bridge West, and Catton High and Low Catton and Stamford Bridge East.

Flooding
The River Derwent divides Stamford Bridge into two. It rises in the North York Moors and flows south-west rather than taking a direct route to the North Sea. It eventually joins the River Ouse north of the village of Long Drax, before flowing ultimately into the Humber Estuary.

During 4/5 March 1999, exceptional levels of rainfall were experienced in the Derwent catchment area, reaching 125 mm inside a 24‑hour period. The situation was worsened by melting snow which had earlier accumulated on the North York Moors.

The conditions deteriorated and by Sunday 7 March large areas of Stamford Bridge were under water and a final flooding depth of approximately 1.5 m was recorded by Monday 8 March.

At the height of the flooding the River Derwent reach the peak of 5m above its normal level, the highest level ever recorded exceeding the previous highest in 1931 by 0.5 m.

However, the following year a new record flood level was set. In October 2000 the Derwent again burst its banks and peaked slightly above the 1999 flood level.

Work started in autumn 2003 to build new flood defences for Stamford Bridge and in autumn 2004, work on the defences were finished.

The flood defences were breached, and much of the village square was under water, on the morning of 26 June 2007, in the wake of exceptional rainfall over the previous 24 hours.

Landmarks
Stamford Bridge has several notable landmarks, including the Corn Mill; the stone arched bridge over the River Derwent; the Stamford Bridge Viaduct, and Stamford Bridge railway station, both c. 1847; a Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, built 1828 in yellow brick; the Bay Horse Inn, late 18th to early 19th century public house; as well as "Derwent Plastics factory", on the west side of the river, established in 1934 from a former brewery building.

Just east of Stamford Bridge is the manor house Burtonfields Hall, built in 1837 by the architect Anthony Salvin for Charles Darley. Darley was married to Salvin's sister-in-law Marianne Nesfield, and their daughter married Anthony Salvin Junior. The original house was extended by W. H. Brierley in about 1898.

A memorial commemorating the Battle of Stamford Bridge overlooking the field where the battle is thought to have taken place is on Whiterose Drive.

The mill
The Cornmill is a late 18th to early 19th century Grade II listed water mill.

The current mill was possibly expanded in 1847–50 when nearly £1,000 was spent on it. Subsequently, there were two water wheels and seven pairs of grinding stones. The mill ceased operation in 1964 and was converted into a restaurant in 1967. More recently the Cornmill was converted into twelve two-bedroom flats but some original equipment remains.

The bridge
There has been a river crossing since at least Roman times. The river 250 m upstream of the current bridge was passable except at times of flood via a natural rock ford. There was a bridge at or near the village in the 11th century as one is referred to in accounts of the battle of 1066, noted in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript 'C'. Archaeological research has shown that there was a bridge crossing of the River Derwent one mile (1.6 km) south of the present village which linked the east and west bank of the Roman settlement of Derventio.

In the medieval period a new bridge made of timber supported on three stone piers was erected. Records show that this was repaired in the 13th and 16th centuries. A map from 1724 shows this bridge to have been 70 m upstream from the current bridge.

In the 18th century the weir and the by-pass canal and lock, known as the New Cut, were built and the medieval bridge was replaced with the current structure.

The present bridge was designed by William Etty under an Act of 1725 and completed in 1727. The bridge was strengthened in the 1960s and at the same time the adjacent pedestrian bridge was erected.

The bridge is a Grade II* listed monument.

The viaduct
Opened on 3 October 1847, the viaduct originally carried the York to Beverley railway line across the Derwent, closed 1965. It consists of red brick arches on either side of a single wider wrought-iron span that crosses the river. The viaduct now forms part of a public cycle route, and is Grade II* listed.

Education
The village school was first built in Main Street in 1795 as a result of a legacy left by Christopher Wharton. Education was provided free for 12 poor boys and 6 poor girls who had to provide one shilling a year for kindling. Pay scholars were also taught and by 1822 the school population numbered 30. 1874 saw compulsory education and in 1911 the East Riding County Council took over and built a school on the present Church Road site.

This original building was modernised and extended in 1968 and because of the rapid development of the village a further extension was added in 1978. In April 1983 a new infants building, in Godwinsway, Stamford Bridge, was added to the school. Built for 120 infant children it makes the school a split site establishment, but adds greatly to the educational provision for the children. In 2000 this building was also extended.

Commerce
Even though the car journey from York to the North Sea coast takes just an hour, Stamford Bridge remains a popular stopping point for travellers on the A166. Most stops are for refreshment, usually required due to the long queues to get over the one lane bridge, at one of the establishments located around the Square. The facilities located in central Stamford Bridge include:
 * Post office and solicitors
 * Estate agent
 * Convenience store, a butcher/baker and a pharmacist
 * Caravan park
 * Nursing home
 * Three pubs, the Three Cups, the New Inn (previously known as the Swordsman, but the name was changed back to its original name February 2013) which both provide food and the Bay Horse.
 * A bistro
 * A tea room and village shop
 * An old style sweet shop complete with a Barbers shop in the rear.
 * Fast food which is served by a pizza/kebab shop, a fish and chip shop, a Chinese restaurant/take-away, Indian restaurant/take-away and a sandwich shop
 * Modern purpose built veterinary clinic, a dental practice and a doctor's surgery
 * Two car repair garages
 * Specialist whisky shop
 * A shop specialising in eclectic and unusual items.
 * Hairdressing salon and a beauty/therapy salon.
 * Florist, which also serves hot drinks.
 * Funeral director

In recent years Stamford Bridge has lost the services of a petrol filling station (once the village had three), ladies clothing shop, HSBC bank, newsagent, Ice Cream parlour, DIY shop, a cafe and hotel which have all closed.

Other facilities
The village has several other facilities available for locals and visitors.

 * Walks – There are well signposted public footpaths along the River Derwent both towards Low Catton (via the Viking Road car park) and Buttercrambe (via the Corn Mill car park). They provide mainly rural picturesque scenery and are unpaved. The route of the White Rose Way, a long-distance walk from Leeds to Scarborough also passes through.
 * Car parking – Spaces available in the village square and also a large free public car park is located near the A166 road bridge and Viking Road.
 * Village hall and scout hall – Located on Low Catton Road
 * Playing Fields Association – Located on Low Catton Road. Home to the cricket club, with tennis and lawn bowls. Also football pitches on the exit to the village further down Low Catton Road
 * Churches – Methodist church in village square and Church of England located on Church Road
 * Sports hall – Behind the Old Station Club.
 * Community First Responder Group – A scheme has been in existence since 2005, supported jointly by the Parish Council and Yorkshire Ambulance Service

Public transport
The village is served by two bus routes. The number 10 route is operated by First York (and York Pullman in the evenings) with a regular service via Dunnington to the centre of York and then Poppleton. East Yorkshire Motor Services operate an occasional service (No 747) between York and Stamford Bridge continuing to Full Sutton, Fangfoss and Pocklington. Information as at October 2011.

Stamford Bridge railway station closed in 1965 as part of the Beeching cuts. The Minsters Rail Campaign is campaigning to re-open the railway line between Beverley and York (with stops at Stamford Bridge, Pocklington and Market Weighton). The proposed re-opened railway would skirt the eastern edge of the village as the former alignment has since been developed.

Notable residents

 * Previous home of former England football team's goalkeeper Paul Robinson.
 * Birthplace of former Manchester United goalkeeper Nick Culkin.
 * Veterinary home of television vet Matt Brash with his newly opened surgery next to the bridge.


text: Category:Manhattan

title: Category:Manhattan


text: Category:New York City

title: Category:New York City


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Category:New York (state)

For neighboring states see also the following categories: Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

New York is a state in the United States.

title: Category:New York (state)


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Live (Usher album)

Live is a live album by American singer Usher. It was recorded on October 15 and 16, 1998 in the singer's hometown of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and released by LaFace Records on March 23, 1999. Both audio-only and video longform versions were released; it was distributed to break up the gap between Usher's second and third studio albums, My Way (1997) and 8701 (2001).

Live received generally negative reviews from critics; many criticized the poor live sound of Usher's voice on the album. Live reached number 73 on the Billboard 200, number 30 on the Top R&B Albums and number 3 on the Top Music Videos. The album has sold over 200,000 copies in the United States, and both the audio and video versions have been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Background
Live was released to keep Usher's fans satisfied during the four-year break between My Way (1997) and 8701, his second and third studio albums, respectively. During that time, Usher was busy pursuing an acting career in films The Faculty (1998), Light It Up (1999) and Texas Rangers (2001). The album was recorded at two free concerts Usher performed in his hometown of Chattanooga, Tennessee on October 15 and 16, 1998. Usher stated his reasons for releasing a live album in an interview with MTV, "I really like the sound of a band, that's one, just for myself, but there were so many people who didn't get a chance to see the concert, so I came out with a live version of most of the songs on my album, and I came out with a home video for all the people who didn't get a chance to see the performance, and a little bio of me as well." Seven of the songs included on Live are from Usher's self-titled debut album (1994) and My Way. A medley of songs originally performed by Bobby Brown—"Don't Be Cruel", "Every Little Step", "Rock Wit'cha" and "Roni"—is also featured on the album, along with covers of Force MDs' "Tender Love" and LL Cool J's "I Need Love".

Live was released in the United States by LaFace Records on March 23, 1999 by means of compact disc, cassette and VHS formats; along with the concert footage, the VHS features interviews with Usher. The audio version Live was later serviced to digital retailers for music download.

Reception
Live received generally negative reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic criticized Usher's "tired and weary" live sound, although he praised the remixed songs at the end of the album. Entertainment Weekly J. D. Considine gave Live a C grade and wrote that, despite Usher's performing ability, the audio album is boring without video footage of the concerts. Neva Chonin of Rolling Stone was unimpressed with Usher's "tinny"-sounding voice on Live.

Live debuted at number 76 on the US Billboard 200 on the chart dated April 10, 2011, with first-week sales of 21,000 copies. The album peaked at number 73, and lasted nine weeks on the chart. On April 27, 1999 Live was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting the shipment of 500,000 units, and by the end of 2001 Live had sold over 200,000 copies in the US. It debuted and peaked at number 30 on the Top R&B Albums, and remained on that chart for nine weeks. The video longform version of Live entered the US Top Music Videos chart at number four on the chart of April 10, 1999. It remained at number four for three weeks, before ascending to number three on May 1, 1999, where it peaked for one week. The RIAA certified the Live video gold, after it shipped 50,000 copies, on December 22, 1999. The video of the performance of "Bedtime" was made available at MTV.com, and the live version of "Bedtime" reached number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart.

Personnel
Credits for Live adapted from Allmusic:

 * Baron "B-Rock" Agee – production, remixing
 * Leevirt Agee – vocals
 * Babyface – writer, background vocals, executive production
 * Valdez Brantley – arrangement, programming, production
 * Josh Butler – engineering, remixing
 * Regina Davenport – artists and repertoire (A&R)
 * Jermaine Dupri – background vocals, production, remixing
 * Bobby Erving – writing
 * Alex Evans – bass
 * Brian Frasier Moore – drums
 * Brian Frye – engineering, mixing assistance
 * John Frye – mixing assistance
 * Jon Gass – mixing
 * Phil Gitomer – engineering assistance
 * David Hewitt – engineering
 * Jagged Edge – background vocals
 * LaMarquis Mark Jefferson – bass
 * Stanley Jones – keyboards
 * Matt "Jam" Lamont – production, remixing
 * Lil' Kim – vocals
 * Kevin Lively – coordination, mixing assistance
 * LL Cool J – writer

 * Trey Lorenz – background vocals
 * Diane Makowski – production coordination
 * Sean McClintock – engineering assistance
 * Gavin "DJ Face" Mills – mixing
 * Cherie O'Brien – creative coordinator
 * Darryl Pierce – writer
 * Herb Powers – mastering
 * Kawan "KP" Prather – production, A&R
 * Usher – percussion, arrangement, vocals, production, executive production
 * L.A. Reid – executive production
 * Toby Rivers – arrangement
 * Todd Sams – arrangement
 * Manuel Seal – background vocals, production
 * Shanice – background vocals
 * LaKimbra Sneed – design
 * Phil Tan – engineering, mixing
 * Courtney Taylor – creative coordinator
 * Brian "Keys" Tharme – keyboards
 * Candy Tookes – A&R
 * Tuff Jam – mixing
 * Twista – vocals
 * D.L. Warfield – artwork, art direction

title: Live (Usher album)


text:
Talk:Military slang

Archive

 * Talk page contents archived into page history as of 03:16, 25 February 2012 (UTC). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rossami (talk • contribs) 03:16, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Updated archive to subpage. - M0rphzone (talk) 02:25, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Merge discussion for List of military slang terms
Contributors to this page may be interested in the discussion at Talk:List of military slang terms. It is proposed that the page be redirected to Wiktionary, based on consensus to remove list content from this article. Cnilep (talk) 01:27, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

Merge content
Per the recently completed requested move, I have merged the content from List of military slang terms to this article. Please review to ensure the result is to your general satisfaction.--Labattblueboy (talk) 23:43, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * This recreates the unmaintainable "list of" content that plagued this page several years back. The specific examples are already explained at Wiktionary and have no place in this article.  Rossami (talk) 06:10, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Cleanup after merge
I disagree that the lede needs a rewrite after the merge. It already reads "[Military slang] often takes the form of abbreviations/acronyms..." The body doesn't mention the references to interservice rivalries mentioned in the lede, but that was also the case before the merge. Rather, we should add a few examples of non-acronym slang, though this need not turn the article into a comprehensive list, which is better kept at Wiktionary. Some suggestions may be found at Talk:Military slang/Archive 1. --BDD (talk) 16:30, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

NPR's U.S. Military Lingo
I just read this article from NPR. Would someone like to add the lingo? DBlomgren (talk) 04:42, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Needs something of a cleanup
To start with, this article is biased towards the United States. The introduction begins the bias, and should be rewritten to reflect a general introduction to the topic, using United States (and preferably other subjects) slang as examples. Similarly, most of the article, with the exception of the 'other' section, appears to cater only to Unites States military slang. The subjects of the article should be expanded or restrutured to correct the fact that the US isn't the only country in the world that uses military slang, unlike what this article would imply to a totally hapless reader; either that or it should be renamed to something along the lines of 'Military Slang of the United States'. The article should also have a dedicated history section, followed by examples which may then include some relevant background. I'd imagine that these issue could be resolved in an easy fashion by just renaming the article as I described earlier. Otherwise, some work needs to be put in to ensure this article actually describes everything it is supposed to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.229.107 (talk) 22:08, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Military slang


text:
Law dictionary

A law dictionary (also known as legal dictionary) is a dictionary that is designed and compiled to give information about terms used in the field of law.

Types
Distinctions are made among various types of law dictionaries.

Differentiating factors include:
 * Number of languages covered: a monolingual law dictionary covers one language, a bilingual covers two.
 * Number of fields covered: a single-field dictionary covers an entire field of law, whereas a sub-field dictionary covers a part of a field of law, e.g. a dictionary of contract law.

Quality
A good bilingual or multilingual law dictionary needs to take the users' expected languages and professional competences into account. The lexicographers therefore must consider the following aspects: dictionary user research, dictionary typology, structure, and presentation of relevant information. When making a law dictionary, the lexicographers attempt to present the information in such a way that the user is not burdened with excessive lexicographic information costs.

Functions
As pointed out by Sandro Nielsen in 1994, law dictionaries can serve various functions. The traditional law dictionary with definitions of legal terms serves to help users understand the legal texts they read (a communicative function) or to acquire knowledge about legal matters independent of any text (a cognitive function) – such law dictionaries are usually monolingual. Bilingual law dictionaries may also serve a variety of functions. First, they may have entry words in one language and definitions in another language – these dictionaries give help to understand legal texts, usually written in a foreign language, and to acquire knowledge, usually about a foreign legal system. Second, bilingual law dictionaries with entry words in one language and equivalents in another language provide help to translate legal texts, into or from a foreign language, and sometimes also to produce legal texts, usually in a foreign language.

Formats
With the advance of technology, the legal dictionary has made its way onto the Internet and smartphones. Law students and litigants can now look up the meaning of legal terms in seconds.

Legal terminology textbook
Unlike a law dictionary, which arranges and defines legal words and phrases individually and in alphabetical order, a legal terminology textbook arranges and defines legal words and phrases in groups and by topic. As a result, a student or other person interested in understanding an array of related legal words and phrases may prefer to use a legal terminology textbook instead.

Selected works

 * Australia
 * Trischa Mann & Audrey Blunden, eds. Australian law dictionary, 3rd edn. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2017.
 * P. E. Nygh & Peter Butt, eds. LexisNexis Australian legal dictionary, 2nd edn. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2016 (1st edn. Butterworth's Australian legal dictionary, 1998).
 * Canada
 * Stephen Gerard Coughlan, John A. Yogis, & Catherine Cotter. Canadian law dictionary, 7th edn. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barrons Educational Series, 2013.
 * Anne Des Ormeaux & Jean-Marie Lessard. Legal dictionary of property in Canada: Common law, civil law. 2 vols. Ottawa: Communications Branch, Dept. of Justice Canada, 2009.
 * Nancy McCormack. The dictionary of Canadian law, 5th edn. Originally by Daphne A. Dukelow. Toronto: Thomson Reuters, 2020.
 * Nancy McCormack. Pocket dictionary of Canadian law, 6th edn. Originally by Daphne A. Dukelow. Toronto: Thomson Reuters, 2023.
 * Kevin Patrick McGuinness. The encyclopedic dictionary of Canadian law. 3 vols. Toronto: LexisNexis Canada, 2021.
 * Hubert Reid & Simon Reid. Dictionnaire de droit québécois et canadien, 5th edn. Montreal: Wilson & Lafleur, 2015.
 * England & Wales
 * Daniel Greenberg, ed. Jowitt's dictionary of English law, 5th edn. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2015.
 * Daniel Greenberg, ed. Stroud's judicial dictionary of words and phrases, 9th edn. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2016.
 * David Hay, ed. Words and phrases legally defined, 5th edn. 4 vols. London: LexisNexis, 2018.
 * Ireland
 * Brian Hunt. Murdoch and Hunt's dictionary of Irish law: a sourcebook, 6th edn. Originally by Henry J. P. Murdoch. Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Bloomsbury Professional, 2016.
 * New Zealand
 * Peter Spiller, ed. New Zealand law dictionary, 10th edn. Orig. by G.W. Hinde. Wellington: LexisNexis NZ, 2022.
 * South Africa
 * R. D. Claassen & Cornalis Johannes Claassen. Dictionary of legal words and phrases, 2nd edn. 4 vols. Durban: Butterworths, 1997 (reprints + updates LexisNexis South Africa).
 * V.G. Hiemstra & H.L. Gonin. Drietalige regswoordeboek: Engels-Afrikaans, Latyn-Afrikaans-Engels, Afrikaans-Engels, 3rd edn. Lansdowne: Juta, 1992.
 * J. Smuts & I.J. Smuts. Woordeboek van regs- en handelsterme: verklarend en vertalend. Cape Town: Nasou Beperk, 1992.
 * U.S.
 * William S. Anderson, ed. Ballentine's law dictionary, with pronunciations, 3rd edn. Orig. by James A. Ballentine. Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Pub., 1969.
 * Gerry W. Beyer, Pamela Anne Dallefeld, & Stephanie A. Williams. Modern dictionary for the legal profession, 5th edn. Getzville, N.Y.: William S. Hein & Co., 2021.
 * Bryan A. Garner, ed. Black's law dictionary, 11th edn. St. Paul, Minn.: West Group, 2019.
 * Daniel Oran & Mark Tosti. Oran's dictionary of the law, 4th edn. Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomson/Delmar Learning, 2008.
 * Jonathan S. Lynton. Ballentine's legal dictionary and thesaurus. Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Pub., 1995.
 * Merriam-Webster's dictionary of law. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 2016.
 * Robert Sellers Smith & Adele Turgeon Smith. West's tax law dictionary. 2024 edn. St. Paul, Minn.: Thomson West, 2023.
 * Stephen Michael Sheppard. The Wolters Kluwer Bouvier law dictionary. Desk edn. 2 vols. NY: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2012.

title: Law dictionary


text:
8701

8701 is the third studio album by American singer Usher, released in the United Kingdom on July 9, 2001, and in the United States on August 7, 2001, by Arista Records. Recording was handled by several producers including The Neptunes, Jermaine Dupri, Babyface, Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs, Mike City, Bryan Michael Cox, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. Although intended for an October 31, 2000, release under the title All About U, the album was delayed numerous times, following the leak of several tracks onto the online music store Napster. Usher subsequently recorded new tracks and released the album under the new title, 8701, which is derived from Usher singing for the first time in his local church in 1987 and the album's US release date of August 7, 2001. The single "Can U Help Me" was supplied with Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later Windows versions to showcase Windows Media Player 11 and higher WMP versions.

8701 takes inspiration from multiple artists, including Donny Hathaway, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Michael Jackson. It follows the theme of Usher's relationship experience, along with the emotions of love and heartache. Usher promoted the album by embarking on the supporting tour, 8701 Evolution Tour in 2002, his first concert tour, to which it he performed in forty-four shows across North America. He also made appearances in television shows, including Live! with Regis and Kelly and Total Request Live.

8701 produced two Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad", along with the top three single "U Don't Have to Call". The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, with 210,000 copies sold in its first week. 8701 has since been certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold eight million copies worldwide as of 2010. 8701 received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Usher's vocals and development as an artist, but were ambivalent towards some of the album's material. The album earned Usher numerous awards, including a BET Award, two Grammy Awards, and three Billboard Music Awards.

Background
Usher had initially planned to release the album entitled All About U, as his third studio album on October 31, 2000. The album was to follow his successful My Way (1997) which to date, has sold over seven million copies. On March 13, 2000, multiple tracks from the album had leaked on to online music store Napster several months prior to its release, including "T.T.P.", "U R the One" and "Pop Ya Collar". Following the event, the album's release was delayed twice, on December 5, 2000, to July 17, 2001. During the taping of MTV Icon Janet Jackson special, Usher explained that he returned to the studios to record new songs, stating "I didn't want that to be the way my record was remembered or the way I would present that to my fans [...] It turned out a lot better" while adding that tracks that were available for download on the site were not going to be included on the new album. With new tracks produced, Usher's publicist announced a new name for the album, under the title 8701, who claims that it is "practically a new album". The origin of its new name was initially unknown, with speculation that it subsides with its US release of August 7, 2001 (8/7/01), though Usher's publicist claimed that this was purely coincidental, and was not the reasoning for the title. Usher hinted that it was derived after something significant to him, and he would disclose it in the upcoming months. Eventually, his spokesperson revealed that the '87' segment of the title refers to the year 1987, when Usher sang in public for the first time at his church in Atlanta, with the '01' referring to the year 2001.

Recording

8701 was recorded in the United States, in the cities of Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis and Atlanta. The album's production was handled by several producers including The Neptunes, P. Diddy, Jermaine Dupri—who had produced the majority of Usher's previous album, My Way—Babyface, Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs, Mike City, Bryan Michael Cox and Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. Both Jam and Lewis were asked by Usher's mother, and then manager, to contribute to 8701's production, during the 2000 MTV Music Awards. According to Jam, his mother had said "Oh my God, Usher's got this track and we thought you guys would be perfect to produce it". Several months later, Jam and Lewis produced the song "Separated", along with multi-platinum producers Ric Atari & Daron Jones (who also wrote the record) to which the producers then turned in to L.A. Reid, who liked the track, and asked them to produce more. Following this, Usher asked both producers to create a song similar to their 1985 "Tender Love", performed by R&B vocal group Force MDs. Though he wanted it to be his own unique record, which contains a small similarity, to which Jam and Lewis created "Can U Help Me". Following the completion of 8701, Jam and Lewis were sent back to the studio by Reid to revamp the album's second single "U Remind Me", explaining "we already know he can dance, and he's got the style and that whole thing. But I want people to just go, he can sing.

Composition
In an interview with MTV, Usher commented that lyrically, 8701 represents his "soul", and elaborated by explaining that he was inspired by love and heartache; "I listen to a lot of Donny Hathaway's, Stevie Wonder's, Marvin Gaye's and Michael Jackson's earlier records, those Motown greats. There's a little bit of all of that in the album. I really appreciate what music was back then as well as in the early '90s when you had artists like Troop and Jodeci, and Michael Jackson was in his prime." Usher explained that the album's lyrics also reflect on what has been going on with his relationship; 8701 is predominantly an R&B album. "Can U Help Me", is about a deep relationship to which Usher experienced. "U Don't Have to Call" is a hip hop song inspired by Jackson, while "U Got It Bad" is an R&B slow-jam. About "U Got It Bad", Kyle Anderson of MTV wrote that it makes use of the acoustic guitar and a "slow-burning bassline" throughout. The album's lead single "U Remind Me" is also an R&B track, and its lyrics is based on meeting a woman who reminds Usher of an ex-girlfriend, and therefore cannot date her.

Singles
"Pop Ya Collar" was released from Usher's previously intended third studio album All About U as the first single. Following the song's leak on online music store Napster, along with several other tracks, it was added to some editions of 8701. It entered and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, but was less successful in the United States, peaking at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 25 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. 8701 first official single was "U Remind Me", released on May 22, 2001. The song sold nearly 100,000 copies in its opening week and received positive reviews from most critics, who cited it as a highlight from the album. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100, for four consecutive weeks. "U Remind Me" also reached the top five in several countries, including France, Belgium (Wallonia), New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia. It has been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). "I Don't Know", featuring rapper-producer P. Diddy, was planned as the album's second single. It received radio play prior to the release of "U Remind Me", peaking at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and a video was to be produced in Los Angeles, directed by Diddy.

The album's second single was instead "U Got It Bad", released on August 21, 2001. Like its predecessor, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was number one for a single week, before being replaced by Nickelback's "How You Remind Me" for four weeks. The song then returned to the top, replacing the latter song for four more weeks. "U Got It Bad" also achieved chart success in other territories, reaching the top five in New Zealand, Australia and the UK. The song has been certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "U Don't Have to Call" was released as the third single on January 18, 2002. It impacted the Hot 100, peaking at number three, and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, at number two. It was released with P. Diddy's "I Need a Girl (Part One)" in the UK as a B-side single, and reached number four. "U-Turn" was released as the album's fourth single on March 11, 2002, as an international single. It reached the top ten in Belgium and Australia. "Can U Help Me" was released as the album's final single on August 20, 2002. It peaked at number 57 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 30 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart.

Release and promotion
Usher initially planned to release his third studio album on October 31, 2000, under the title All About U, but due to the leak of multiple tracks several months prior to the date, it was delayed. First to December 5, 2000, it was delayed again to June 17, 2001. In regards to this, Usher commented that "Pushing the record back was a risk, but I thought it would build anticipation". 8701 final release date was July 9, 2001 in the United Kingdom and August 7, 2001, on Arista Records, in the United States, Australia and Canada. On the day of release of the album in the United States, to which Arista labelled as "Usher day", Usher performed the album's lead single "U Remind Me" on the show Live! with Regis and Kelly. He also performed the single during the 2001 BET Awards and the United We Stand: What More Can I Give concert at RFK Stadium in Washington D.C., which was held in tribute to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Usher appeared on Total Request Live, attended an auto-graph signing session in a Virgin mega store, and a listening session for the album in the Planet Hollywood restaurant. Usher performed "U Got It Bad" at the 2002 American Music Awards, and again on June 16, 2002, at the Tweeter Center along with "U Don't Have to Call" during his concert.

Critical reception
8701 received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 67, based on 11 reviews. NME Lucy O'Brien commended Usher for producing a more mature album, that "reflects his emotional experience" writing "Versatility is the key here: staccato beats with mellifluous melody, rich slow-jams and edgy harmonies – but woven through with Usher's own perspective. A winner." BBC Online's Christian Hopwood also favoured the album, commenting on how Usher has developed "his producing, singing and song writing skills to a new level" noting his contribution to twelve of the seventeen tracks. Dan Leroy of Yahoo! Music declared the album an improvement "over Usher's "old" new album"—All About You—and depicted it as his best work to-date. Leroy credited the production groups The Neptunes and Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, depicting that they have done "some of their best work" on the album. J. D. Considine of Blender commented that the album "does what it's supposed to, giving Usher a grown-up R&B sound without reducing his boyish charm". Kathryn McGuire of Rolling Stone described Usher's vocals as "velvety" and further wrote that "Amid all the playboy pouting and preening, Usher's vocals are impressively adaptable [...]. McGuire noted the album's primary fault is that "Usher never surrenders his meticulously groomed veneer", with every track being formulaic, or "radio-safe".

Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine noted the distinction between several of the album's songs with Janet Jackson's, while comparing Usher's vocals to that of another Jackson member, Michael Jackson "[...] bring out the other Jackson in Usher, bolstering falsetto vocal bridges on "I Don't Know" and "U Don't Have to Call" that are undeniably Pop Royalty." Vibe Jason King complimented some of the material on the album, but was disappointed with the "heavyweight producers" not producing any "masterpieces". Stephen Erlewine of AllMusic gave a positive opinion on Usher's development, writing "He looks good, his material is smooth and seductive, and he has a nice voice, even if he tends to favor melisma". Erlewine also labelled the album as "a classy, seductive affair" but was ambivalent towards its material, due to the lack of memorable tracks. Entertainment Weekly's Josh Tyrangiel said that the tracks "blend harmlessly together", but was ambivalent towards the quality of the songs produced after Usher's four-year hiatus.

Accolades
The album earned Usher numerous accolades. At the 44th Grammy Awards he won his first Grammy, for Best R&B Vocal Performance Male (for "U Remind Me"). The following year, at the 45th Grammy Awards, he won the award again, for "U Don't Have to Call". As an act Usher won several awards, including three Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards in 2002, for Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Artist, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Male Artist and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Artist, and a BET Award for Best R&B Artist. At the 2002 Soul Train Music Awards, the album earned him an award for Male R&B/Soul Album. In December 2009, the album and its single, "U Got It Bad", were ranked as some of the best records of the 2000–2009 decade. The former was positioned at number sixty-three and the latter at number fifteen, respectively, on the Billboard 200 and Hot 100 Decade-End Charts. In 2008, "U Got It Bad" was ranked as one of the all-time Hot 100 songs, positioned at number ninety-nine.

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number-four on the US Billboard 200 Chart selling 210,000 copies in its first week; it was the second highest debut of the week, behind Isley Brothers' Eternal. The album exceeded its predecessor's sales, My Way (1997), which debuted at number fifteen selling 66,000 copies in its opening week. Eighteen weeks after the release of 8701, it had sold 1.94 million copies, and was predicted to be on pace to out-sell My Way, which sold 1.32 million units during the same period. On the week of February 25, 2002 8701 total sales stood at 3.2 million and it was charted at number eleven on the Billboard 200. By March 9, 2010, the album had sold 4.7 million copies in the United States, and had received a 4× platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

The album debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart, and spent three weeks on the chart. It topped the UK Albums Chart on the week ending July 21, 2001, and spent a total of 59 weeks on the chart. The album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). On the Australian Albums Chart, 8701 peaked at number seven, and remained on the chart for forty-three weeks. It was certified 2× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The album debuted in the top five on the Danish Albums Chart and Belgium Albums Chart (Wallonia). It debuted in the top ten in several countries, including New Zealand, The Netherlands, Switzerland and Norway. 8701 was the 18th best-selling album of 2001, shipping 4.4 million copies worldwide in that year according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). By November 2010, the album had sold over 8 million copies worldwide.

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined denotes co-producer
 * undefined denotes additional producer

Sample credits
 * "If I Want To" contains excerpts from "Goin' Back to Cali", written by Christopher Wallace, Osten Harvey, and Roger Troutman, and performed by The Notorious B.I.G.

Personnel
Credits for 8701 adapted from Allmusic.

 * David Ashton – assistant engineer
 * Babyface – guest artist
 * Dave Barry – guest artist
 * Bryan-Michael Cox – instrumentation, producer
 * Jermaine Dupri – guest artist
 * Kevon Edmonds – guest artist
 * Brian Garten – engineer

 * Kevin Guarnieri – assistant engineer, engineer
 * Jimmy Jam – guest artist
 * Kelis – guest artist
 * Terry Lewis – guest artist
 * P.Diddy – performer, primary artist, featured artist, guest artist
 * David Rideau – engineer
 * Usher – primary artist, vocals

title: 8701


text:
Category:Chinatowns

A Chinatown is an urban region containing a large population of Chinese people within a non-Chinese society. It has sometimes been expanded to include regions where large proportions of East Asian people live, which was once predominantly Chinese.

title: Category:Chinatowns


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title: User:Gentgeen/monobook.css


text:
Chișinău International Airport

Chișinău International Airport (Aeroportul Internațional Chișinău; ) is Moldova's main international airport, located 13 km southeast of the centre of Chișinău, the capital city. It served as headquarters for Air Moldova, the country's national airline.

On 18 January 2024, the IATA airport code KIV, derived from Kishinev (the Russian and former English name of the city), was changed to RMO (Republica Moldova, "Republic of Moldova" in Romanian).

Early years
The first scheduled flights to Chișinău started on 24 June 1926, on the route Bucharest–Galați–Chișinău and Iași. The flights were operated by CFRNA, later LARES. A commemorative plaque, describing the first flight to Chișinău, was placed in the airport. The main terminal was built in the 1970s, with a capacity of 1,200,000 passengers per year.

Development since the 1990s
On 31 May 1995, Chișinău Airport was awarded the status of an international airport.

A major modernization and renovation of the airport was completed in 2002 by the Turkish company Akfen Holding. An annex terminal building with an area of 4270 m2 was added to the renovated old terminal building of 7600 m2. The project covered the construction of 3000 m2 curtain walls, 3200 m2 composite panels, 12185 m2 asphalt road, a treatment plant with a capacity of 3450 m3 a day, complete mechanical heating, ventilation and electrical systems, along with the X-ray security, luggage handling, master clock, and flight information systems. The annual capacity of the airport increased to 5.4 million passengers.

Chișinău International Airport is a member of Airports Council International.

The airport closed temporarily on 24 February 2022, as Moldovan airspace was closed in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 22 March 2022, the Civil Aviation Authority of Moldova partially reopened the country's airspace, which led to the resumption of operations at the airport.

On 14 March 2023, WizzAir suspended flights to/from Moldova due to concerns over airspace safety. After this, Igor Grosu, the president of the Moldovan Parliament, met with representatives of Ryanair to convince the company to operate flights at the airport, in order to replace Wizz Air as its main low-cost airline.

Facilities
There were ten check-in desks and five gates at the airport in 2009. VIP and CIP guests are offered special services at the VIP terminal. A visitors' terrace on the second floor opened in December 2006.

Previously, passengers had to present their passport, ticket and their registration (of foreigners – which used to be required). Passengers were allowed in the check-in hall. With the introduction of e-tickets and the abolition of the registration for foreigners, the airport reorganised in late 2006. This resulted in a bigger check-in hall, and customs control is now after check-in.

There are plans to enlarge the airport. The project involves a €19 million loan to Chișinău International Airport for the rehabilitation and upgrade of the existing runway, taxiways, aprons, and ramps, engineering works, safety equipment and other connected core assets of Chișinău International Airport. The European Investment Bank (EIB) is considering co-financing alongside the EBRD for up to an equal amount. Towards the end of 2017, plans for a second runway were unveiled. This runway would take the place of the current taxiway just north of the existing runway. The project began in early 2017. Runway 09–27 started operations on 13 September 2018.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Chișinău International Airport:

Statistics

In 2022, Chișinău Airport handled around 2.31 million passengers, an increase of over 25% compared to 2021 (1.84 million passengers).

 * 2023 data

Other facilities

 * The Civil Aviation Authority has its headquarters on the airport property.

Ground transportation
There are bus and trolleybus lines frequently departing from the airport.

Incidents and accidents

 * At 11:49 on 15 May 1970, CCCP-11149, an Antonov An-10A of Aeroflot's Ulyanovsk Advanced Flying Training College, crashed during a go-around when both engines shut down. All 11 onboard were killed.
 * On 11 April 2008, Kata Air Transport Flight 007, a Sudanese cargo An-32 "Cline" flying from Vienna to Khartoum via Antalya crashed on approach to the airport, killing all eight on board. The plane was returning to the airport, where it had just been repaired, due to engine problems.
 * On 30 June 2023, 43-year-old Tajikistani national, Rustam Ashurov, who was wanted for criminal charges in his home country and had been refused entry to Moldova from Turkey, snatched a gun from a border police officer and opened fire, killing a border guard and an airport security official, and injuring another person. The gunman was wounded and arrested. He died in a hospital three days later.

title: Chișinău International Airport


text:
Category:Tennis

The parent category is Category:Sports, but this is a top level category for Tennis. Therefore, the only items that should be directly related here, are articles that either apply to ALL of tennis or simply do not fit into a current sub-category.

title: Category:Tennis


text:
Masters Qualifying Event

The Masters Qualifying Event was a professional snooker tournament, which ran from 1990 to 2009. Each season, the winner of the event was awarded a wild-card to play at the Masters.

History
At the 1990 Masters two wild-cards were added to the tournament and the following season a qualifying tournament was established for one of these wild-cards. The tournament was named Benson & Hedges Championship. The event was held in Glasgow and Alan McManus became the inaugural champion.

In the 1992/1993 season it became one of the minor-ranking events along with the three Strachan Challenge events. These events carried one-tenth of the ranking points of other tournaments. but most of the top players did not enter, so it lost ranking status from the next season. The event was then moved to Edinburgh in 1994/1995 for three years, to Malvern in 1997/1998 for four years and to Mansfield in 2001/2002 for two years.

In 2003/2004 the event was renamed to Masters Qualifying Event due to restrictions on tobacco advertising in the United Kingdom. The event was held in Prestatyn; the top 16 players were excluded from the event and other non-participating Main Tour members were replaced by top players from the Challenge Tour Order of Merit. After a season away, the Masters Qualifying Event returned to the calendar in 2005/2006, and was moved to the English Institute of Sport in Sheffield next season for three years. The event was last held in Prestatyn during the 2009/10 season.

There has been five official maximum breaks during the history of the tournament. Karl Burrows made the first against Adrian Rosa in 1999. The second was made in 2000 by David McLellan against Steve Meakin, the third in 2001 by Shaun Murphy against Adrian Rosa and the fourth in 2002 by Tony Drago against Stuart Bingham. The last came at the 2005 event by Bingham against Marcus Campbell. There was one further maximum break by Terry Murphy against Robert Thallon but it was not officially ratified due to the match being played on one of the outside non-templated tables.

title: Masters Qualifying Event


text:
Birth trauma

Birth trauma may refer to:
 * Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological trauma to the mother following childbirth
 * Birth trauma (physical), physical trauma to the infant following childbirth, as described at ICD-10 codes P10-P15
 * Birth trauma (psychoanalysis), a concept in Freudian psychoanalysis described by Otto Rank

title: Birth trauma


text:
Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

Under My Skin is the second studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. It was released firstly in Europe on May 21, 2004 then it followed the release in the rest of the world on May 25, 2004 by Arista Records and RCA Records. Lavigne wrote most of the album with singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, who invited her to a Malibu in-house recording studio shared by Kreviazuk and her husband Raine Maida, where Lavigne recorded many of the songs. The album was produced by Maida, Don Gilmore, and Butch Walker. It is Lavigne's second and final studio album to be released on Arista, following 'Let Go' (2002). It was also her first album for RCA.

Under My Skin debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart and on the US Billboard 200. It sold three million copies in the United States, ranking the album number 149 on the Billboard 200 decade-end chart. Because of the album's darker, heavier, more aggressive vibe reminiscent of post-grunge and more melodic rock songs, it received generally positive reception from critics at the point of considering it as one of the classic albums that defined pop-punk music in the early 00s (despite it not being usually classified as such), and also one of the works that anticipated the emotional intensity and theatrical aesthetics of emo pop music in the mainstream. On March 18, 2013, Under My Skin was re-released as a double-disc set paired with her debut studio album, Let Go, which was released under Arista Records. To promote the album, Lavigne went on a promotional tour for malls in the United States and Canada. Furthermore, Lavigne embarked on a concert tour, entitled the Bonez Tour, starting on September 26, 2004, and ending one year later on September 26, 2005. The concert at the Budokan arena in Japan was filmed and released on a DVD only available in Japan, entitled Bonez Tour 2005: Live at Budokan. Under My Skin has sold over 10 million copies worldwide and is the fifth best selling album of the 21st century by a Canadian artist.

Critics described Under My Skin as post-grunge,  alternative rock, and nu metal       containing some gothic rock, grunge, folk rock, and hard rock influences.

Background
Having no plans of working with producers or professional writers, Lavigne wrote much of the album with Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, with whom she had developed a friendship in the summer of 2003. Kreviazuk, whose husband Raine Maida's band Our Lady Peace opened for Lavigne's concert in Europe, introduced herself at an after-party for the SARS benefit concerts held in Toronto in June 2003. The following day, Lavigne and Kreviazuk ate lunch together, during which Lavigne shared how she wanted the development of the album to be. They wrote songs for almost three weeks at Maida's warehouse in Toronto. Kreviazuk invited Lavigne to continue working in a Malibu, California house she shared with Maida, which contained a recording studio. Many of the tracks on the album were recorded in Malibu.

Kreviazuk suggested Maida produce songs for the album, an ability Lavigne did not possess. Maida produced five songs, including "Fall to Pieces", which he co-wrote with Lavigne. Lavigne also invited two other producers: Don Gilmore, who produced three songs, two of which were written by Lavigne and Kreviazuk, and Butch Walker who also produced three songs in three days. Lavigne also co-wrote one track, "Nobody's Home", with Ben Moody, formerly of Evanescence, and the rest with her guitarist Evan Taubenfeld.

On her website, Lavigne states that she had learned a lot since her first record, Let Go: "I was involved in every aspect of making this record. I'm very hands-on. I knew how I wanted the drums, the guitar tones, and the structures to be. I understand the whole process so much better this time because I've been through it. I'm really picky with my sound." Regarding the album's theme, Lavigne stated, "I've gone through so much, so that's what I talk about....Like boys, like dating or relationships".

Release and singles
Under My Skin was released on May 12, 2004, in Japan and later on May 25, 2004, in the United States and worldwide. Lavigne released four official singles from the album, and two promotional singles.
 * "Don't Tell Me" was the first single from the album, written by Lavigne and Evan Taubenfeld and produced by Butch Walker. It earned Lavigne a nomination at the 2004 MTV VMAs, and charted at number 22 in the Billboard Hot 100, number five in the UK Singles Charts and the top 10 in Australia.
 * "My Happy Ending" was the second single; it was written by Lavigne alongside its producer Butch Walker. The song returned Under My Skin to number one in Canada for several weeks, and to the top five in Germany, the UK, Australia, and other European countries. It was Lavigne's fourth number one single on the US Mainstream Top 40 and was her second platinum single since "Complicated" (2002). The song became a worldwide hit.
 * "Nobody's Home" was the third single released from the album, written by Lavigne and former Evanescence member Ben Moody and produced by Don Gilmore. The song peaked lower in most countries than some of her previous singles.
 * "He Wasn't" was the fourth single from the album, written by Lavigne and Chantal Kreviazuk and produced by Raine Maida. Despite charting in several countries, it was not a significant hit, failing to reach the top 20 in most markets. It was not released in the United States, where "Fall to Pieces" was released instead.
 * "Fall to Pieces" was released in North America on April 18, 2005.

Other songs

 * "Take Me Away" was also a radio-only single first released in Canada and later in Australia. In Canada, it was a promotional single preceding "Don't Tell Me".

Critical reception

According to Metacritic, Under My Skin received an average rating of 65, reflecting a generally positive reception from critics.. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly suggested that in the album, "Lavigne has become even more, well, complicated", noting she "sounds more burdened". Browne adds, "As contrived as the results can be, there's no denying the level of craft at work." Sal Cinquemani of Slant magazine noted that Lavigne's sound was now much heavier and darker and compared her to Amy Lee of Evanescence, as did Browne. Carly Carioli of Blender magazine also agreed, stating "she has deepened and darkened her sound without sacrificing her platinum-plated melodies". Kelefa Sanneh of Rolling Stone praised Lavigne's vocals, "blankness is what makes her best songs so irresistible. Whether it's a fit of faux punk or a maudlin ballad, she sings it all absolutely straight". Musically the album's sound is compared to "that of crunching punk guitars playing mighty power chords, all mixed with the same flawless elan that has characterized pop-punk ever since Green Day dropped Dookie" says Tim O'Neil of PopMatters. Andrew Strickland of Yahoo! Music agreed, "the girl can use those tiny lungs to great effect...she knows when to croon and when to yell".

On a more mixed note, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that the album is "a bit awkward, sometimes sounding tentative and unsure, sometimes clicking and surging on Avril's attitude and ambition." Erlewine compared Lavigne to Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette. Cinquemani cited Lavigne's lyrics as her "biggest weakness" and Strickland agreed, stating, "we have a maturing Ms Lavigne, distancing herself from the teen antics of her "Let Go" debut, but struggling to find any stories worth telling". Tim O'Neil of PopMatters stated "Lavigne's songwriting on the bulk of Under My Skin just seems rote" and goes on to call Under My Skin "a good, if slightly disappointing, follow-up". The Guardian's Alexis Petridis lambasted the album, calling it a "flesh-eating virus" and criticised the lyrics, stating "the music is so anodyne that you don't pay much attention to Lavigne's lyrics. This proves to be a small mercy". Under My Skin is included in an article about Petridis' worst reviewed albums of modern times.

Commercial performance
Under My Skin debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 381,000 copies in its first week. This feat marked Lavigne's highest first-week sales of her career and also her first number-one album, It also topped the US Billboard Internet Albums chart, it spent 66 weeks on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album was certified double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in November 2004; by January 2006 it was certified triple Platinum. The album was ranked at number 22 in the year-end chart of the Billboard 200 in 2004 and at number 68 in 2005. , Under My Skin has sold 3.2 million copies in the US.

In Canada, Under My Skin debuted at number one on the Billboard Canadian Albums chart with sales of 63,000 copies, it spent 22 weeks on the chart. It was certified 5× Platinum in Canada with 500,000 copies sold, In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums (OCC) with sales of 87,500 copies, it spent 37 weeks on the chart. It was certified 2× Platinum in the UK with sales of 600,000 copies sold. In Japan the album debuted at number one on the Japanese Albums (Oricon) chart with sales of 286,894 copies, and was certified Million in Japan with sales of 1 million copies sold making it the best selling album in the country by a female Canadian singer, and also number one in Australia, Spain, Mexico, Taiwan and Germany. In New Zealand the album debuted at number seven on the New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) and spent five months on the chart and was certified Gold in the country. On April 15, 2007, the album re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number 60. Worldwide, Under My Skin had sold 10 million copies.

Promotional tours
To promote Under My Skin, Lavigne went on the "Live and by Surprise Tour", a 21-city mall tour in the United States and Canada. The venue in each city wasn't announced until 48 hours before the show, which began on March 5, 2004, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the week "Don't Tell Me" was released to radio. Accompanied by her guitarist Evan Taubenfeld, Lavigne performed a short live acoustic version of five songs from the album. The set also included "Sk8er Boi" from Let Go. Selections of this tour were released on the Live Acoustic EP, which was released exclusively in Target stores.

Bonez Tour
To further promote the album, Lavigne embarked on a world concert tour during 2004 and 2005. The Bonez Tour visited North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The 140-show tour began on September 26, 2004, and ended one year later on September 25, 2005. Opening acts for the concerts included Simple Plan and Butch Walker. At some shows, Lavigne covered songs such as "American Idiot" by Green Day and "All the Small Things" by Blink-182. The live performance at the Budokan Stadium was recorded on the DVD Bonez Tour 2005: Live at Budokan, which was only made available in Japan.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Under My Skin.

Musicians

 * Avril Lavigne – lead vocals, background vocals, guitar (12)
 * Kenny Aronoff – percussion (6, 10), drums (6, 10)
 * Josh Freese – drums (1, 8)
 * Victor Lawrence – cello (5, 12)
 * Butch Walker – acoustic guitar (6), bass (3, 6, 11), percussion (3, 11), piano (6), electric guitar (3, 6, 11), keyboards (3), background vocals (3)
 * Michael Ward – guitar (1–2, 8)
 * Patrick Warren – strings (6), keyboards (6), Chamberlin (6)
 * Phil X – guitar (4–5, 9–10)
 * Brooks Wackerman – drums (2, 7)
 * Raine Maida – keyboards (5, 9), guitar (10, 12)
 * Chantal Kreviazuk – piano (2), keyboards (5)
 * Mike Elizondo – bass (4)
 * Brian Garcia – percussion (4–5, 10, 12)
 * Sam Fisher – violin (5)
 * Samuel Formicola – violin (12)
 * Mark Robertson – violin (5, 12)
 * Kenny Cresswell – drums (3)
 * Shanti Randall – viola (5)
 * Jason Lader – bass (5, 9–10, 12)
 * Bill Lefler – drums (4–5, 9, 12)
 * Static – keyboards (2)
 * Jon O'Brien – keyboards (1, 7–8)
 * Nick Lashley – guitar (10)
 * Evan Taubenfeld – acoustic guitar (3, 11), drums (11), electric guitar (3, 11), background vocals (3, 11)
 * Ben Moody – guitar (7)
 * Alma Fernandez – viola (12)

Production

 * Avril Lavigne – string arrangements (5)
 * David Campbell – string arrangements (7)
 * Don Gilmore – production (1–2, 7–8)
 * Tom Lord-Alge - mixing (3–7, 9–12)
 * Randy Staub - mixing (1–2, 8)
 * Butch Walker – programming (3, 6, 11), producer (3, 6, 11)
 * Raine Maida – producer (4–5, 9–10, 12), digital editing (5, 9, 12), string arrangements (5, 12)
 * Chantal Kreviazuk – string arrangements (5, 12)
 * John Rummen – art direction, design
 * Leon Zervos – mastering
 * Brian Garcia – digital editing (4–5, 9–10, 12)
 * Dan Certa – additional engineering (1–2, 7–8), editing (1–2, 7–8)
 * Kim Kinakin – art direction, design
 * Jason Lader – programming (5, 9–10, 12), digital editing (4–5, 9–10, 12)
 * Dan Chase – Pro Tools engineering (6)
 * Jon O'Brien – programming (1–2, 7–8)
 * Static – programming (2)
 * Christie Priode – production coordinator (6, 11)

title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)