text:
Roissy-en-France

Roissy-en-France (, literally Roissy in France; colloquially simply called Roissy) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France, in the Val-d'Oise department. It is located 20.7 km from the centre of Paris.

One-quarter of Charles de Gaulle Airport (France's main airport) is located in the commune of Roissy-en-France (but none of its terminals), which gave its name to the airport originally. Later renamed, the airport is still commonly referred to as Roissy Airport in France. The rest of the airport lies on the territory of the commune of Tremblay-en-France and several other communes.

Name
In the name Roissy-en-France, 'France' refers not to the country of France but to an area (pays) of the historical province of Île-de-France. Île-de-France was made up of several pays, most notably Pays de France and Hurepoix. Pays de France was the fertile plain located immediately north of the City of Paris, with the city of Saint-Denis at its centre. Pays de France is now almost entirely built up and is covered by the northern suburbs of Paris. Pays de France is also known as "Parisis" and as the plaine de France ("plain of France"), and its name still appears in the name of some communes in the northern suburbs of Paris, such as Roissy-en-France (which literally means "Roissy in the Pays de France").

Transport
Roissy-en-France is not served by Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Roissy-en-France is Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 1 station on line B of the RER, Paris Region's express suburban rail system. This station is located inside the airport, on the part of the airport belonging to the commune of Tremblay-en-France, 3 km from the town center of Roissy-en-France.

Economy
Blue Line, a charter passenger airline, had its head office in Building B of Paris Nord 2, Parc des Lumières in Roissy-en-France.

Air France's head office is located in the Roissypôle complex on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport and in Tremblay-en-France, near Roissy-en-France.

Education
The community has two schools, école maternelle Saint-Exupéry (preschool) and école élémentaire Jean Mermoz.

Literary reference
Roissy is the location where the action of the two explicit sadomasochistic novels Story of O (Histoire d'O), and its sequel Retour à Roissy by Pauline Réage take place.

Climate
Roissy-en-France has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Roissy-en-France is 12.1 C. The average annual rainfall is 694.3 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 20.1 C, and lowest in January, at around 4.7 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Roissy-en-France was 41.4 C on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -17.8 C on 17 January 1985.

title: Roissy-en-France


text:
Talk:Amhrán na bhFiann

De Valera's status in 1932
In the "Governor General" section of the article it states "In 1932, as part of his campaign to abolish the office of Governor-General, new President Éamon de Valera forbade the Army band to play "The Soldiers' Song" in McNeill's presence.[2]"

The article should clarify that de Valera became President of the Executive Council, not President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann), an office that wasn't established until the Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) in 1937. de Valera assumed the latter office on 25 June 1959. De bhal67 (talk) 04:43, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. RashersTierney (talk) 12:36, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * President of the Executive Council is already wikilinked in the previous section; I've rejigged it. jnestorius(talk) 16:58, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Article title
Why is the Gaelic name used as the article title in an English-language encyclopaedia? In English, the Southern anthem is referred to as "The Soldier's Song" or "A Soldier's Song". Mooretwin (talk) 11:39, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I've moved it to The Soldier's Song. Here are examples of the English name being given primacy by the Taoiseach's office and the Department of Foreign Affairs. Mooretwin (talk) 11:46, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Imos#Irish-language_conventions
 * "when the Irish version of a name is more common among English speakers use the Irish version of the name for the title of articles. Mention the English name in the first line of the article".Murry1975 (talk) 22:03, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Thus the article should be at the English name. Mooretwin (talk) 22:43, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I think we should be able to agree that in the Republic, English speakers usually use the Irish name of the song, just as they usually sing the Irish words. In other countries, people naturally use the English name, not being au fait with the Irish language. The Taoiseach and Foreign Affairs webpages cited by Mooretwin are obviously aimed at foreigners. I think WP:IMOS and WP:COMMONNAME must both be interpreted in the light of WP:ENGVAR; since this article is about sometihng relating to the Republic of Ireland, the conventions there should be applied, whatever may be the usage of foreign English speakers. jnestorius(talk) 07:49, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Where's your evidence that most English-speakers in ROI use the Gaelic name? WP:ENGVAR doesn't apply - seems to be about using different varieties of English. The vast majority of readers of this WP article will not be from ROI and will never have heard of, never mind be able to pronounce, the Gaelic name. Mooretwin (talk) 10:04, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Two links one CIA factbook the intel agency of the single biggest English speaking nation and the Irish Indo, Irelands biigest circulating broadsheet. Both use the Irish version.Murry1975 (talk) 10:18, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Not very convincing. Google hits for the Gaelic title = About 132,000; and for the English title = About 6,180,000! Mooretwin (talk) 10:29, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Really you are using a search engine to justify your re-naming? Did you "exclude" all other uses of the phrase in English? Laughable and actually as far as I am aware not RS.Murry1975 (talk) 10:32, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * http://www.metrolyrics.com/the-soldiers-song-lyrics-demon-hunter.html Murry1975 (talk) 10:35, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Even allowing for other English uses of the phrase, I think a ratio of 1:47 is rather convincing. Even if we (very generously) assumed that half of the English hits for "Soldier's Song" did not relate to the anthem, the English title is still used more than twenty times more frequently than the Gaelic title! Mooretwin (talk) 10:48, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

{od}The point being the amount of its in searches arent a RS, either way, you show OR in your deduction of the ratio, or are you going to show the math?Murry1975 (talk) 11:31, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Show the math - are you serious? Divide the hits for the English title by those for the Gaelic title and you get the ratio. Mooretwin (talk) 14:03, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

"The Soldier's song" (as phrase) 63,600 hits. "Amhrán na bhFiann" 117,000 hits. The 'demonstration' above is a fraud or the editor in question has no idea what they are doing. RashersTierney (talk) 11:44, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Nice try but you'd need to search for "Soldier's Song" rather than "The Soldier's Song" in order not to exclude all references to the anthem: 210,000 results Mooretwin (talk) 14:09, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Nice try nothing. You're the one attempting to justify an undiscussed page move. Are you seriously suggesting 'Soldier's Song' as an article title? RashersTierney (talk) 14:32, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Google's first-page counts are not reliable even within Google:
 * claims "About 16,100 results" but only shows 385
 * claims "About 6,040 results" but only shows 285
 * jnestorius(talk) 13:58, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * This is explained: "In order to show you the most relevant results, we have omitted some entries very similar to the 630 already displayed". Mooretwin (talk) 14:12, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Гімн Ірландыі, Гімн Ірляндыі, Химн на Република Ирландия, Amhrán na bhFiann, Irská hymna, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Himno nacional de Irlanda, Nacia himno de Irlando, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, 아일랜드의 국가, Amhrán na bhFiann,Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, המנון אירלנד, Amhran na bhFiann, ირლანდიის ჰიმნი, Airijos himnas, Írország himnusza, Amhrán na bhFiann, 兵士の歌, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Hymn Irlandii, Amhrán na bhFiann,Amhrán na bhFiann, Гимн Ирландии, Химна Републике Ирске, Himna Irske, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Amhrán na bhFiann, Гімн Ірландії, Amhrán na bhFiann, 戰士之歌, one wonders where the other languages get the references from. Mainly Amhrán na bhFainn but the ones that dont use the Anthem of Ireland, Irelands Anthem or the the National Anthem of Ireland. Is there a speical case in En.wiki? Or did I miss something?Murry1975 (talk) 22:17, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

The National Anthem of Ireland is "Amhrán na bhFiann".[http://www.google.ie/search?q=national+anthem+of+ireland&tbm=bks&tbo=1#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&source=hp&q=national+anthem+of+ireland+amhran&pbx=1&oq=national+anthem+of+ireland+amhran&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=269837l273550l2l274174l7l0l7l0l0l0l0l0ll7l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=bc531f1756fb601f&biw=1210&bih=539 F. Gunther Eyck, The voice of nations: European national anthems and their authors; Ireland. Dept. of External Affairs, Facts About Ireland]. It is an Irish Translation of "The Soldier's Song". "The Soldier's Song" is not the National Anthem of Ireland. Therefore, the number of Google hits the words bring up is of no relevance whatever. And "This is English language Wikipedia" is an even more absurd argument. The French Anthem is not at "Song of Marseilles" or the German Anthem at "Song of Germany". Scolaire (talk) 22:37, 10 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Quite. Ceoil (talk) 22:38, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * While I agree with the page being at the Irish title, the statement "The Soldier's Song" is not the National Anthem of Ireland is manifestly incorrect, as the body of this article demonstrates, and as both the Dept of Taoiseach and "Facts About Ireland" prove. The English version has on its side the 1926 cabinet decision and the copyright purchase; the Irish version has custom and practice. I think the opening sentence of the article should be altered to "promote" the English title to co-equal status, something like:
 * "Amhrán na bhFiann", or "The Soldiers' Song" in English, is the national anthem of Ireland.
 * Also It is sung in the Irish language translation made by Liam Ó Rinn is too bald; historically this was not the case, and I daresay outside Ireland at least the English version is still sung at times; why not It is now almost always sung in the Irish language translation made by Liam Ó Rinn?
 * jnestorius(talk) 17:54, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Your proposed changes seem fine to me. RashersTierney (talk) 00:38, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

T. F. O'Rahilly translation
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography's article on Peadar Kearney (currently not behind the paywall) says "Several translations of the song were made into Irish, including by the head of the Dáil translation staff Liam O Rinn and the Celtic scholar T. F. O'Rahilly." That wording does not make clear whether O'Rahilly helped out with Ó Rinn's translation or wrote a separate one of his own. If that can be clarified it is worth adding. jnestorius(talk) 14:16, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

 * It does make it quite clear. It's just bad grammar. The word "several", followed by "including", clearly means that what follows are two different translations. It should say, "Several translations of the song were made into Irish, including one by the head of the Dáil translation staff Liam O Rinn and another by the Celtic scholar T. F. O'Rahilly." I know an alternative interpretation is theoretically possible, but we have to assume that the common-sense one is the one intended. Besides, the cited sources (one of which – "Aistritheoir" – is not now available online) and Ó Rinn's biography on Ainm.ie all say that he was the translator – no mention of him being helped. Scolaire (talk) 12:30, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

Criticisms
I am removing the sentence about the melody being difficult to play etc. because the cited source, Nationalanthems.info, has obviously got its information from an old version of the Wikipedia article. I removed it in April 2007 as it was pure OR, and I hadn't noticed that it had crept back into the article. The second citation for the first sentence, neohumanism.org is a dead link. It's not archived at the Internet Archive, but a search of other neohumanism.org pages shows that they got their content from Wikipedia too. That only leaves Kevin Myers. Given that he begins his article "At this time of year, I usually reach for my annual national-anthem column, dust it down, put a new crease down its front, pat its bottom, and send it on its way", he seems to be ploughing a lonely furrow here; the more so when the same paper, the same week, published an article by Tim Pat Coogan giving the exact opposite point of view! BTW, thank you to 80.111.76.134 for providing the link to that. I cannot recall any public debate on the "militant", "violent", "anti-British" anthem at least since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement. In fact, on closer examination, the whole "Criticisms" section seems to be simply the re-introduction of the 2007 content with a couple of not-very-well-chosen sources added. If these criticisms can only be sourced to a single, stuck-record commentator, they should be removed from the article. Scolaire (talk) 12:07, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Nix the section, given the only source is from Kevin Myers. Snappy (talk) 17:58, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

 * improverefs would have done, I think. I've merged the "Criticisms" with "Political implications", which made similar points (now that the musical criticisms are gone), and separated out "Ireland's Call". jnestorius(talk) 21:00, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

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Extra verse copyright
The extra verse written in 1937 was apparently published in Séamus de Burca's 1957 biography of Kearney. If it was not previously published then it remains in copyright until 2027. jnestorius(talk) 13:18, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Answering my own question, McGarry says it was published in The Irish Press on 7 August 1938, so it's out of copyright. jnestorius(talk) 20:13, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

1908 flysheet?
Joseph E.A. Connell's article says:
 * Whelan and Son first published A Soldier’s Song in 1908 and sold it at their shop at 17 Ormond Quay Upper. Bulmer Hobson published the song’s lyrics in Irish Freedom in 1912. It was published in sheet form in 1916

Most other sources, including de Burca 1957 and Sherry 1996 say Hobson's 1912 publication was the first, which leads me to doubt the 1908 publication. There is flysheet EPH A213 in the National Archives. It is undated and has the printed warning "this is the only authorised version of the words of the above Song", which suggests other versions were in circulation by the time it was printed, which is unlikely to have happened by 1908; it would hardly have been sung at all before the Irish Volunteers were founded in 1913, or at least before Fianna Éireann in 1909. OTOH maybe there was a 1908 printing of which EPH A213 is not an instance. jnestorius(talk) 11:08, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

IPA transcription
The IPA transcription has some oddities — I don’t think anyone would pronounce buadhach (modern spelling buach) as buəɣɑːx and the apostrophe in 'S doesn’t represent a glottal stop (ʔsˠ) — but another issue is that at the time it was composed, Munster Irish was a sort of standard. There are rhymes that don’t work without Munster pronunciation and some of the lines don’t fit the music well without Munster stress, so a Munster transcription is probably a good idea. There is a standard orthography for Irish, but there is no standard pronunciation. I’ll try to add this soon. —☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 09:33, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I think the entire transcription is original research and should be deleted. Do any other articles on non-English songs or poems have a phonetic transcription? Those on the anthems of France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands don't. Perhaps the transcription is intended to assist people who want to learn to sing it but dont know Irish? If so, note that Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook. jnestorius(talk) 10:19, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

An Camán
Sherry says:
 * At the end of 1933, An Camán printed the text of Ó Rinn’s translation, with the title ‘Amhrán na bh’Fiann’, perhaps as a ceremonial close to the year.

Ó Ceallaigh GAA Collection, Limerick City Library includes issues of An Camán from the end of 1933;* I couldn't find the anthem there. Possibilities: jnestorius(talk) 11:08, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) It is there and I missed it
 * 2) It is not in the Ó Ceallaigh digitised collection but is in some hardcopy undigitised issue or page
 * 3) Sherry has the wrong date or journal

 * ^ direct link to An Camán 1933 issues jnestorius(talk) 20:04, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I suspect the answer is #2 and the last two pages of vol.2 no.52 (30 Dec 1933) are missing from the scan. jnestorius(talk) 12:06, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Amhrán na bhFiann


text:
Roissy

Roissy can refer to:
 * Roissy-en-Brie in the Seine-et-Marne département in France
 * Roissy-en-France in the Val-d'Oise département in France
 * The hamlet of Roissy, within the commune of Ormoy, Essonne in France
 * Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport, located near Roissy-en-France

title: Roissy


text:
User:Centrx

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Adelaide, Eastern Cape

Adelaide is a rural town and farming area in the province of Eastern Cape, South Africa. Adelaide is situated at the foothills of the Great Winterberg mountain range, 22 km east of Bedford and 37 km west of Fort Beaufort.

Before European arrival
The modern day area of Adelaide was first inhabited by Bushmen and Xhosa people (estimated around 1530 to 1760), but in the late 18th and 19th century white farmer settlers arrived here. Some Bushmen were displaced while some intermarried with Xhosa people such as the Gqunukhwebe, Gqwashu and Sukwini people.

Colonial Adelaide
Adelaide's origins date back to 1835 when a British officer named Captain Alexander Boswell Armstrong (1787–1862) established a military encampment which he named Fort Adelaide after Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of King William IV. Despite the earlier English settlers, who were part of the 1820 Settlers, later on a large number of both Scottish and Afrikaans people soon immigrated here too. The Scottish were also the first to erect a church in the local area.

Modern day Adelaide
Adelaide is an important centre for wool and sheep farming. Beef, mutton, venison, and citrus fruit are also important products. The specialised abattoir for venison (farm-hunted game meat) operating in the central town provides much needed employment to the local residents.

About 2,300 of the San-Bushmen's faraway descendants, the Westernised Coloureds, reside in the Bezuidenhoutville township 3 km from the central town, and represent 19% of Adelaide's inhabitants. Lingelethu is the largest Black African township in Adelaide, with a census exceeding 6,000 and a population share of 77% of the municipal area.

title: Adelaide, Eastern Cape


text:
Talk:Acanthophis

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Additionally, and arguably even more important, it should be added that this person (220.239.212.87) also removed a substantial section of well-documented text that had several full references to support it, with the remarkable and strange claim of it being factually incorrect and malicious! I have now reverted the article back to RussBot's last edit and the difference can be seen clearly if checking my edit on the May 12 - 2007. RSB 212.10.82.177 17:35, 12 May 2007 (UTC)212.10.82.177 17:42, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Remarkably, what was described above has happened yet again. See my undo the 24 Aug - 2007 of the edit done by IP 220.239.206.133. Rabo3 09:32, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Among the most venomous snakes in the world
Peacock term? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.158.190.206 (talk • contribs) 2008-12-03T20:39:09

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Removed references
These references were at the end of the references list, but were not referred to in the text. If there are specific facts in these articles that should go into the article, please put them back in! --Slashme (talk) 06:49, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The Reptilian Magazine; Volume 3, number 4, pp. 7–21 and Volume 3, number 5, pp. 27–34.
 * Wells, R.W. (2002) Taxonomy of the Genus Acanthophis (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Australia. Australian Biodiversity Record 2002(No 5) ISSN 1325-2992, March, 2002
 * Hoser, R.T. (2014) Tidying up Death Adder taxonomy (Serpentes: Elapidae: Acanthophis): including descriptions of new subspecies and the first ever key to identify all recognized species and subspecies within the genus. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 23, 22-34. 30 August 2014
 * Wellington, R. (2016) Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddock, Ellis, Doughty, Smith & Wüster, 2015 is an invalid junior synonym of Acanthophis lancasteri Wells & Wellington, 1985 (Squamata, Elapidae) Bionomina 10(1): 74-75 http://www.mapress.com/j/bn/article/view/bionomina.10.1.5

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:38, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Death adder.jpg

Deaf vs. Death
"Death adders were originally called 'deaf adders' by early settlers of Australia.[22]"

I don't doubt that, but I've come across a Biblical quote that seems to far predate them:
 * They are as venomous as the poison of a serpent; even like the deaf adder that stoppeth her ears; Which refuseth to hear the voice of the charmer: charm he never so wisely. (Psalm 58, my bolding). --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:26, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Said biblical quote cannot possibly refer to the snake in question, as at the time of that translation, none of its authors could conceivably have encountered one. The King James Version was published in 1611, Janszoon encountered Australia only in 1606. The KJR being a translation of text likely published BCE 1058, it is impossible for it to be referring specifically to an Australian snake. Your quote is malapropos. PrimalBlueWolf (talk) 12:49, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acanthophis


text:
GSPC

GSPC may refer to:

 * Garden State Parkway Connector, a short spur of the New York State Thruway that connects to the Garden State Parkway at the New Jersey state line
 * Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
 * Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat), an Islamist militant organization now called al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
 * Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation
 * a ticker symbol for the S&P 500

title: GSPC


text:
Five Towns

The Five Towns is an informal grouping of villages and hamlets in Nassau County, United States on the South Shore of western Long Island adjoining the border with Queens County in New York City. Although there is no official Five Towns designation, "the basic five are Lawrence, Cedarhurst, Woodmere, Hewlett and Inwood." Each of these "towns" has a consecutive stop on the Far Rockaway Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. All five communities are part of the Town of Hempstead. Woodmere is the largest and most populous community in the Five Towns, while Inwood is the second largest community in the Five Towns.

The area also includes some unincorporated communities and two small villages, Hewlett Bay Park and Woodsburgh, that are not added to the final total. Despite the name, none of these communities is a town. The Five Towns is usually said to comprise the villages of Lawrence and Cedarhurst, the hamlets of Woodmere and Inwood, and "The Hewletts,” which consist of the villages of Hewlett Bay Park, Hewlett Harbor, and Hewlett Neck, and the hamlet of Hewlett, along with Woodsburgh.

North Woodmere is technically one of the "Five Towns" as it is served by the Five Towns' two local high schools and its constituents use the "Five Towns" many public services. Others do not consider it to be part of the "Five Towns," as it is a section of Valley Stream, separated from the rest of the Five Towns by Motts Creek. Atlantic Beach, which is located across a drawbridge from Lawrence on a barrier island it shares with Long Beach, Lido Beach and Point Lookout, is culturally linked to the Five Towns, with its students attending Five Towns public schools, but it is usually — though not always — excluded from the designation.

History
The name "Five Towns" dates back to 1931, when individual Community Chest groups in the area banded together to form the "Five Towns Community Chest", consisting of Inwood, Lawrence, Cedarhurst, Woodmere, and Hewlett. The organization still exists (as of 2018) as a local charity, but the "Five Towns" moniker caught on as a designation for the entire area. A 1933 article in The New York Times references a Girl Scouts of the USA encampment by the "Five Towns Council, embracing the villages [sic] of Inwood, Lawrence, Cedarhurst, Woodmere and Hewlett", listed in order by LIRR station.

One notable characteristic of the Five Towns is that despite the reputation of the South Shore of Nassau County being more urbanized than the North Shore, the Five Towns retains hamlets that resemble areas along Long Island's Gold Coast on the North Shore with enormous mansions and exclusive private communities along the water. The New York Times used the term "affluent" in describing the area. Inwood, however, is much less affluent than the other "towns," with a more urban character and a significantly more ethnically diverse population.

Education
There are two school districts in the Five Towns, the Lawrence Public Schools (District 15) and the Hewlett-Woodmere School District (District 14). Roughly speaking, the Lawrence school district contains all of Lawrence, Cedarhurst and Inwood, and parts of Woodmere, North Woodmere, and Woodsburgh, while the Hewlett-Woodmere district contains all of Hewlett and part of Woodmere and extends partly into the neighboring villages of Lynbrook and Valley Stream (North Woodmere and Gibson in particular).

In addition, there are many private schools in the Five Towns. Among them are the independent school, Lawrence Woodmere Academy, and Jewish schools, Hebrew Academy of the Five Towns and Rockaway (HAFTR), Hebrew Academy of Long Beach (HALB), and Yeshiva of South Shore.

Five Towns College
Although Lawrence was planned to be the location for Five Towns College, the original site was no longer available by the time the school received its charter in 1972. The college is currently located in Dix Hills, Suffolk County. Other than the proposed original site, the school never had a physical connection to the Five Towns.

Jewish community
By the 1980s, the Five Towns had developed a large Jewish community. The UJA-Federation of New York estimated that 35,000 Jews lived in the area, out of a total of 47,048 counted in the 1980 census, with a growing number of Orthodox Jews. By 2010, the Five Towns hosted a large number of synagogues, Jewish private schools, and kosher restaurants. The Orthodox community had become so large that many incoming Orthodox families chose to move to adjoining areas like Far Rockaway and North Woodmere.

Publications
As of February 2019, the Five Towns has a weekly local publication: The Nassau Herald

In popular culture

 * The 1993 movie Amongst Friends, by Rob Weiss, was filmed and set in the Five Towns.
 * The television show Entourage features a fictional show titled Five Towns, in which Johnny Drama stars as a character. The producer of the show was supposed to be actor-director Edward Burns, who in real life grew up in Valley Stream but attended Hewlett High School. When shown on Entourage the Five Towns is oddly portrayed as a gritty industrial area.
 * In Thomas Pynchon's 1963 debut novel V., he mentions the Five Towns; however, he includes Malverne as being part of the group.
 * In the film Goodfellas, when trying to get Henry to come along on a double date, Tommy mentions that his date lives in the Five Towns.
 * Opening scene to Married to the Mob was filmed at the Cedarhurst train station (but with the trains going in the reverse direction per the director's decision).

Notable people
Notable current and former residents of the Five Towns include:

 * Henry Abramson (born 1963), dean of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
 * Lyle Alzado (1949–1992), former NFL football player
 * Bruce Blakeman, Politician, Member of the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
 * Lil Tecca (born 2002), rapper
 * Ross Bleckner (born 1949), artist
 * Jake Burton Carpenter (1954–2019), founder and owner of Burton Snowboards.
 * Michael Cohen (born 1966), former attorney and former lawyer for President Trump
 * Howard Deutch (born 1950), movie director
 * John DiResta, actor / comedian
 * Debra Drimmer, VP of Talent, Comedy Central
 * Gordon Edelstein, Artistic Director of the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut
 * David Friedman (born 1958), former US Ambassador to Israel
 * Jane Friedman, President and CEO, HarperCollins
 * Jeffrey M. Friedman (born 1954), molecular geneticist and discoverer of leptin
 * James E. Gaffney, owner of the Boston Braves baseball team, winners of the 1914 World Series
 * Hayden Gise, second openly transgender person to be elected to public office in Washington D.C., as an Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner in Woodley Park
 * Lisa Glasberg (born 1956), NYC radio DJ
 * Barbara Gaines, Producer, Late Show with David Letterman, Emmy Award Winner
 * Rande Gerber, nightclub owner married to Cindy Crawford
 * Brent Glass, director of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History
 * Louise Glück, Poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1993, United States Poet Laureate 2003-04, Nobel Laureate in Literature 2020
 * Carolyn Gusoff, WNBC news anchor
 * Joan Hamburg, radio personality
 * Mickey Hart, drummer of The Grateful Dead
 * Karen Friedman Hill, who married Mobster Henry Hill – whose life was immortalized by Nicholas Pileggi's book Wiseguy and Martin Scorsese's 1990 film Goodfellas – hailed from Five Towns, and the newlyweds initially lived there with Karen's parents
 * Red Holzman (1920–1998), New York Knicks head coach
 * David M. Israel, TV producer/writer
 * Donna Karan (born 1948), fashion designer
 * Aline Kominsky-Crumb, comics artist
 * Stan Lee, Marvel comics writer, co-creator of Spider-Man and other comic characters, actor
 * Peggy Lipton (born 1946), actress
 * Steve Madden (born 1958), shoe designer
 * Gene Mayer, professional tennis player
 * Harvey Milk (1930–1978), first openly gay man to be elected to public office in the United States, as a city supervisor in San Francisco
 * Bruce Murray, host Murray in the Morning radio show
 * Danny Porush investment banker/entrepreneur
 * Evan Roberts (born 1983), WFAN host
 * Seth Rudetsky (born 1967), composer, musical director and talk show host
 * Jim Steinman (1947–2021), music producer and composer, best known for working with Meat Loaf, Celine Dion and Bonnie Tyler
 * Rob Weiss, director/producer Amongst Friends, Entourage
 * Stuart Weitzman (born 1941), shoe designer
 * Leslie West (born 1945), musician of the hard rock group Mountain
 * Alan Zweibel (born 1950), writer / producer

title: Five Towns


text:
User talk:Infradig

An article you created maybe deleted soon: Tools which can help you
The article you created, Tuff_Monks maybe deleted from Wikipedia.

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 * 1) You can list the page up for deletion on Article Rescue Squadron. If you need help listing your page, add a comment on the Article Rescue Squadron talk page.
 * 2) You can request a mentor to help explain to you all of the complex rules that editors use to get a page deleted, here: Adopt-a-User. But don't wait for a mentor to respond on the deletion page.
 * 3) When try to delete a page, veteran editors love to use a lot of rule acronyms. Don't let these acronyms intimidate you. Here is a list of your own acronyms you can use yourself: WP:Deletion debate acronyms which may support the page you created being kept. Acronyms in deletion debates are sometimes incorrectly used, or ignore rules or exceptions.
 * 4) You can merge the article into a larger or better established article on the same topic.

If your page is deleted, you still have many options available. Good luck! travb (talk) 09:49, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Infradig


text:
Marsileaceae

Marsileaceae is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because the leaves of the genus Marsilea superficially resemble the leaves of a four-leaf clover. In all, the family contains 3 genera and 50 to 80 species with most of those belonging to Marsilea.

Natural history
Members of the Marsileaceae are aquatic or semi-aquatic. Plants often grow in dense clumps in mud along the shores of ponds or streams, or they may grow submerged in shallow water with some of the leaves extending to float on the water surface. They grow in seasonally wet habitats, but survive the winter or dry season by losing their leaves and producing hard, desiccation-resistant reproductive structures.

There are only three living genera in the family Marsileaceae. The majority of species (about 45 to 70) belong to the genus Marsilea, which grows worldwide in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Marsilea can be distinguished from the other two genera by the presence of four leaflets on each leaf, although some species occasionally produce six leaflets per leaf. A second genus Regnellidium includes a single living species that grows only in southern Brazil and neighboring parts of Argentina; it has only two leaflets per leaf. The third genus Pilularia grows widely in temperate regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres. Its leaves do not subdivide into leaflets but are slender and tapered to a point, so that it is often overlooked and mistaken for a grass. There are only about five species known.

The closest relatives of the Marsileaceae are the Salviniaceae, which are also aquatic and heterosporous. However, both of these other fern families float freely on the surface of ponds or lakes instead of rooting in soil or mud. The close relationship of these groups to the Marsileaceae is supported by both morphologic and molecular analysis, as well as by the discovery of an intermediate fossil named Hydropteris. In general, the Salviniaceae and Azollaceae have a much better fossil record than the Marsileaceae. Until recently, Rodeites dakshinii was the oldest fossil member known; it is a preserved sporocarp containing spores, found in Tertiary chert of India. In 2000, the discovery of fossilized sporocarps from the Cretaceous of eastern North America was announced. These fossils were assigned to the species Regnellidium upatoiensis, and pushed the known history of the Marsileaceae back into the Mesozoic. Other remains include Regnellites nagashimae from the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous of Japan. The fossils include leaves with visible veins, as well as sporocarps. The currently oldest known member of the family is Flabellariopteris, described in 2014 from isolated leaves dating to the Late Triassic in Liaoning, China.

Morphology
The Marsileaceae share many of the basic structural characteristics common to most ferns, but the differences are more noticeable than the similarities. Species of this family have long, slender rhizomes that creep along or beneath the ground. Their fronds (leaves) grow in distinct clusters at nodes along the rhizome, with wide spacing between leaf clusters. As a result, the plants appear to be more stem than leaf, unlike other ferns.

Roots grow primarily from the same nodes as the leaves, but may also grow from other locations along the rhizome. The roots of Marsilea and Regnellidium are noteworthy for containing vessel elements. Vessels have also been found in the rhizome of two species of Marsilea. These vessels have evolved independently of vessels in other groups of plants.

The leaves are the most easily observed characteristic for the Marsileaceae; they have a long slender leaf stalk ending in zero, two, or four (occasionally six) leaflets. The number of leaflets differs among the three genera and can therefore be used for identification. In Pilularia, the leaves are narrowly cylindrical and taper to a point. Leaves of Regnellidium bear two broad leaflets, while leaves of Marsilea bear four leaflets at the tip. The four leaflets on the leaf of Marsilea are not borne equally. Instead, they are borne in pairs with one pair of leaflets attached slightly higher than the other. Thus in the developing leaf, the leaflets are folded more like the wings of a butterfly than like the leaflets of a clover.

As with other ferns, the leaves develop in a circinate pattern. They begin as small, tight spirals which unroll as the leaf matures. At full maturity they are held erect with the leaflets unfolded, except in Pilularia whose leaves have no blade. Temperate species are deciduous, losing their vegetative leaves in winter. Tropical species may also lose their leaves during the dry season. These leaves are photosynthetic, and produce most of the food used by the plant.

Some aquatic species of Marsilea, especially those growing with their rhizome submerged, may have vegetative leaves that are dimorphic. Some of their leaves grow up to the surface of the water, and look just like leaves of species growing out of water. These plants also produce other leaves with shorter leaf stalks that are not long enough to reach the surface, and so the leaflets remain underwater. These leaves have different anatomical and cellular characteristics better suited to their submerged environment.

In addition to their vegetative (sterile) leaflets, all species of Marsileaceae produce fertile (spore-producing) leaflets at or near the base of the photosynthetic leaves. This reproductive portion looks and functions very differently from the vegetative portion of the leaves.

Life cycle
Like other ferns, members of the Marsileaceae produce spores, but not seeds when they reproduce. Unlike other ferns, the spores in this family are produced inside sporocarps. These are hairy, short-stalked, bean-shaped structures usually 3 to 8 mm in diameter with a hardened outer covering. This outer covering is tough and resistant to drying out, allowing the spores inside to survive unfavorable conditions such as winter frost or summer desiccation. Despite this toughness, the sporocarps will open readily in water if conditions are favorable, and specimens have been successfully germinated after being stored for more than 130 years. Each growing season, only one sporocarp typically develops per node along the rhizome near the base of the other leaf-stalks, though in some species of Marsilea there may be two or occasionally as many as twenty. The resemblance of the sporocarps to peppercorns gives the family its common name of pepperwort.

The sporocarps are functionally and developmentally modified leaflets, although they have much shorter stalks than the vegetative leaflets. Inside the sporocarp, the modified leaflets bear several sori, each of which consists of several sporangia covered by a thin hood of tissue (the indusium). Each sorus includes a mix of two types of sporangium, each type producing only one of two kinds of spores. Toward the center of each sorus and developing first are the megasporangia, each of which will produce a single large female megaspore. Surrounding them at the edge of the sorus and developing later are the microsporangia, each of which will produce many small male microspores.

Because the Marsileaceae produce two kinds of spore (and thus two kinds of gametophyte), they are called heterosporous. While heterospory is the norm among all plants with seeds, such as the flowering plants and conifers, it is very rare among other groups of plants. Also, most heterosporous plants produce their two kinds of sporangia in different places on the plant. Since the Marsileaceae grow both kinds together in a single cluster, they differ from other plants in this regard as well.

The spores remain dormant inside the sporocarp through unfavorable conditions, but when conditions are suitable and wet, the sporocarp will germinate. It splits into halves, allowing the tissue coiled inside to become hydrated. As this internal tissue swells with water, it pushes the halves of the hard outer covering apart, and emerges as a long gelatinous worm-like sorophore. The sorophore is a sorus-bearing structure unique to the Marsileaceae; it may extend to more than ten times the length of the sporocarp inside which it was coiled. This extension carries the numerous spore-producing sori attached along each side of the sorophore out into the water.

Human uses
Some species of Marsilea are cultivated in garden pools or aquaria. The Indigenous Australians once made a porridge of pulverized Marsilea sporocarps called nardoo. However, the sporocarps contain toxic levels of thiaminase, so careful preparation methods must be used in order for the nardoo to be safe for consumption.

title: Marsileaceae


text:
Talk:Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)

The final decision in the following VfD discussion was to keep the page
It appears that another version of this page very similar to the existing one was deleted before, so I'm listing it here for deletion again. It looks like pure POV promotion of this political party, but since I know nothing about it I don't know whether there's anything here worth salvaging. Bryan 07:34, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, although obviously needs a good cleanup. This is a real political party, which won 3 or 4 seats in parliament at the recent Malaysian elections, and is part of the governing coalition. --Stormie 11:47, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and make NPOV. Beelzebubs 22:34, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. Pedro 16:57, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's a perfectly legitimate topic. The poor quality of the article is not a reason to delete it, but to edit it. Cadr

I'm neutral on keeping or deleting the page, though it seems to have been here for a while.

I've make the article more NPOV anyway.

I've assumed the claims contained in the article are true. It would be good if someone can confirm/deny/check them. Meantime, buyer beware.

Regards, Ben Aveling 23:30, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've tried to clean this article up a bit by removing the more obvious POV sections (which is almost all of the previous article) and replacing it with a stub. Unfortunately, I do not know enough about this party to give it a more thorough rewrite. --Bob K 11:26, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:08, 19 September 2021 (UTC)
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text:
Respighi (surname)

Respighi may refer to:

 * Ottorino Respighi (1879–1936), Italian musician and composer
 * Elsa Respighi (née Olivieri-Sangiacomo) (1894–1996), also a composer, wife of Ottorino Respighi
 * Pietro Respighi (1843–1913), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Lorenzo Respighi (1824–1889), Italian astronomer, mathematician, and natural philosopher
 * Respighi (crater), named after the astronomer
 * Emilio Respighi, (1860-1936) Italian dermatologist

title: Respighi (surname)


text:
Salvinia

Salvinia, a genus in the family Salviniaceae, is a floating fern named in honor of Anton Maria Salvini, a 17th-century Italian scientist. Watermoss is a common name for Salvinia. The genus was published in 1754 by Jean-François Séguier, in his description of the plants found round Verona, Plantae Veronenses Twelve species are recognized, at least three of which (S. molesta, S. herzogii, and S. minima) are believed to be hybrids, in part because their sporangia are found to be empty.

Salvinia is related to the other water ferns, including the mosquito fern Azolla. Recent sources include both Azolla and Salvinia in Salviniaceae, although each genus was formerly given its own family.

Salvinia, like the other ferns in order Salviniales, are heterosporous, producing spores of differing sizes. However, leaf development in Salvinia is unique. The upper side of the floating leaf, which appears to face the stem axis, is morphologically abaxial.

Salvinia cucullata is one of just two fern species for which a reference genome has been published.

Description
Small, floating aquatics with creeping stems, branched, bearing hairs on the leaf surface papillae but no true roots. Leaves are in trimerous whorls, with two leaves green, sessile or short-petioled, flat, entire and floating, and one leaf finely dissected, petiolate, rootlike and pendent. Submerged leaves bearing sori that are surrounded by basifixed membranous indusia (sporocarps).

They bear sporocarps of two types, either megasporangia that are few in number (approximately 10), each with single megaspore, or many microsporangia, each with 64 microspores. Spores are of two kinds and sizes, both globose, trilete. Megagametophytes and microgametophytes protruding through sporangium wall; megagametophytes floating on water surface with archegonia directed downward; microgametophytes remaining fixed to sporangium wall.

The small, hairlike growths, known as trichomes or microgametical follicles, are not known to have any productive function, and are currently a biological mystery.

Phylogeny
Phylogeny of Salvinia

Other species include:
 * S. auriculata Aublet
 * S. biloba Raddi
 * S. ×delasotae Miranda & Schwartsburd 2019 {Salvinia sprucei × Salvinia minima}
 * S. hastata Desvaux
 * S. martynii Kopp
 * S. nuriana de la Sota
 * S. nymphellula Desvaux
 * S. sprucei Kuhn

Evolutionary history
The geography of Salvinia fossil material suggests members of the genus may have been broadly distributed during the Tertiary.

Distribution
Distribution is mostly tropical, in North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia and Africa, including Madagascar, South Borneo, Asia.

Economic impacts
Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is a commonly introduced invasive weed in warm climates, but is native to South America. It grows rapidly, up to two times its dry weight in 2-1/2 days, and forms dense mats over still waters. A tiny weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae, has been used successfully to biologically control giant salvinia.

One proposed use takes advantage of the hydrophobic trichomes, which do not repel oil. This makes them candidates for mopping up oil spills, as they become saturated with oil in thirty seconds. S. molesta trichomes served as a model for a similarly hydrophobic synthetic polycarbonate.

Salvinia effect
The salvinia effect describes the stabilization of an air layer upon a submerged hydrophobic (water repellent) surface by hydrophilic (water loving) pins. This physic-chemical phenomenon was discovered on the floating fern Salvinia molesta by the botanist Wilhelm Barthlott (Universität Bonn) while working on the Lotus effect and was described in cooperation with the physicist Thomas Schimmel (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie), fluid mechanist Alfred Leder (Universität Rostock) and their colleagues in 2010.

title: Salvinia


text:
Talk:Ezzedine Salim

Name
I have added section about death in car bombing. How sure are we about his first name? CNN is reporting name as Izzedine.

Seaeagle04

 * BBC News goes for Ezzedine. Timrollpickering 08:57, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

''At the age of 18 he won first prize for his book Fatimat al zahra. '' -- without saying what competition/contest/thing this refers to it shouldn't be in the article -- Ams80 14:38, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

2004
According the article he was in government until 30 de june 2004, but died 17 may 2004. Any mistake must to be here...--83.52.18.98 (talk) 11:43, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ezzedine Salim


text:
User:Sambo~enwiki

teclo pollos gallinas y pavos

title: User:Sambo~enwiki


text:
Talk:Pretoria

Pretoria doesn't have a mayor - infobox
Someone should remove the name of the mayor from the infobox, because Pretoria doesn't have a mayor of its own. The local (municipal) government of Pretoria, along with sourrounding towns is now part of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municpality. However, Pretoria still exists as a place and as the capital of South Africa, it simply doesn't have a seperate municipal government.

To explain the point, again, Pretoria is a city. Tshwane is the name of the much larger metropolitan municipality that contains Pretoria, as well as other nearby towns. Therefore although Pretoria continues to exist, it doesn't have a seperate municipal government, and, hence it doesn't have a mayor of its own. This situation exists throughout South Africa, with many once independent cities and towns, although still existing, no longer have seperate municipal governments, instead being part of Metropolitan Councils or similar structures.

See also these links that illustrate the relationship between Pretoria and Tshwane. 168.209.98.35 20:59, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Also, seperate anniversary celebrations were held for Pretoria in 2005, and Tshwane in 2006 underscoring that the difference between the two names, as of January 2006. 168.209.98.35 20:40, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Pretoria/Tshwane
As of 14/10/2009, the name change is not official. "Tswhane" refers to a municipal district, not to a place. The article claims that a significant number of the city's inhabitants are in favour of the name change, but it doesn't cite any references for this claim; who exactly are comprised in this "significant number," and, if they exist at all, by whom are they represented? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.247.250.83 (talk) 13:14, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Apparently, the city of Pretoria, or a metropolitan area that includes it, is now officially called Tshwane. See also List of cities in South Africa. This needs to be mentioned in this article. Nyh 07:50, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's still officially called "Pretoria" from what I can tell. According to the BBC, the South African Geographic Names Council will meet in October 2005 to consider the name change. --Delirium 12:52, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, the name change is mentioned twice now (Intro and History); perhaps one should be removed?  Dewet 06:14, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, Pretoria is still the official name. Only the central government has the power to change place names (or to name new places, for that matter), on the advice of the South African Geographic Names Council. You can probably imagine what chaos there would be if local governments could decide on this themselves. On the other hand, if one follows the (flawed, IMHO) logic that was used to argument for keeping the spelling "Spion Kop" in Battle of Spion Kop, Wikipedia should only change the Pretoria article name to Tshwane (or merge & redirect) once the Google-count of the latter has surpassed the former. Elf-friend 08:09, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Aye Aye --Jcw69 09:56, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps internet users connect different meanings to Pretoria and Tshwane (e.g. the former being a subset of the latter), in which case the Google-count is meaningless. It's less confusing just to follow SAGNC. -- Nroets 22:44, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Even though the GNC has approved it, they have not necessarily recommended it, and it will stay Pretoria until Arts and Culture Minister Pallo Jordan approves it. See this News24 article for his comments.

It is now officially called Tshwane. The article should be changed

I'm willing to believe that the name change has become official, but we need a reliable source before we can change the article. The author of the previous paragraph didn't even sign his or her name. Gwil 18:49, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

The name change IS NOT official as of January 2006. There is still a long and laborious process ahead should the name change go ahead. Currently the name awaits Arts and Culture Minister Pallo Jordans approval. It will then be published in the Government Gazette, giving the public 3 months to respond to the proposal. The minister then takes the matter back to the Geographic Name Place Council before presenting it to Parliament. Should Parliament vote to go through with the change the decision can, and probably will, be challenged by various interest groups in the country, keeping it tied up in legal battles for some time to come. As of 14 January 2006 there is no geographic area named Tshwane registered in the national names database, nor have there been any announcements by the ministers office on what is to be done. The official capital of South Africa is still Pretoria. 198.54.202.234

---

I'd love to see some discussion of the history of the song "Marching To Pretoria" made famous (for us old-timers) by the Weavers

--- Treat this comment as biased etc, and if somebody could confirm a few things: As far as I understand it there is absolutely legitimate purpose in the Tshwane Metropolitan Councils decission. Numerous settlements both in South Africa and internationally are either a part of or are served by a different entity. The matter in South Africa is the cause of some dispute but essentially the Municipal Council took a decision to rename an entity simply because that entity is within its area of municipal jurisdiction - something that is very easy to drag to absolute absurdities because it would suggest that the Makana Municipality could rename Rhodes University or that the Joburg Metropol could rename companies. However absolute absurdities aside the bottom line is that Pretoria as a name exists in several contexts and I can not see the Tshwane Metropol actually possesing the neccessary authority to make many of the required changes for example:
 * There is a High Court seated in Pretoria, now while there is uncertainty as to its name the fact remains that a Local Government entity should not be permitted to instruct a judicial institution to adopt a name change.
 * There is a diocese of Pretoria for both the Anglican Church (the CPSA) and the Roman Catholic Church (actually IIRC an ArchDisocese and an Apostolic Nuncio), now while changes can be made again I believe that it would be suitable for the President of South Africa (as Head of State) to consult (even if only by proxy) with the Pope and the Arch Bishop of Cape Town before such a change is made.
 * The same applies with regard to foriegn countries who maintain consular representatives in the Tshwane Metropolitan area (predominanenty in the "township" of Arcadia)
 * The area that makes up the CBD of Pretoria is probably registered in the Deeds registry as the township of Pretoria - again this can be changed but it isn't for the council to randomly do.

My submission is of course that Municipalities have (as I believe most entities do) the power to change there own name and a case of the Joburg Metropolitan Council deciding to change its name to Poepsonderwaterville an entirely different matter would emerge.

In any event I believe a proper construction of what local government is in South Africa needs to be made and it would be good if SALGA were to actually build a wiki containing an outline of each municipality as well as the settlements inside that municipalities area of jurisdiction (there would therefore be an entity for Kouga, Cacadu and Jeffrey's Bay all of which would have links to each other and only two of which would be "government" entities)

--- There is no point do discuss whether the oficial name of pretoria is T or P, this is very well documented and stated at these pages. Point is what the city is called. And as more and more webpages, written texsts, companies and people use the name Tswhane, I find it directly biased and unscientific not to put that straight at the beinning of this text. it does not need to stand as a Pretoria/Tswhane, but if Tswhane is put into brackets, or as my idea is, to call it "PRetoria, also called Tswhane" there is no doubt of what is the propper name of the city. THere is no need to put politics into that!!

 * I have recently been in contact with the South African Dept of Arts and Culture. Their public affairs rep provided me with all the information used to make my recent edit, to the effect that Pretoria remains the offical name until approved by the Minister of Arts and Culture.  Additionally, the public affairs rep also provided me with a general statement dealing with past/current/future name changes in the RSA.  If anyone would like a copy, feel free to contact me here. Mike Beidler 16:43, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

| City of Tshwane ready to remove Pretoria from signs 196.209.78.140 12:16, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

The economy of Pretoria
I wouldn't be surprized if services contribute much more to the economy of Pretoria than manufacturing, incl. heavy industries. It has 3 major universities, and many banks, lawfirms, accounting firms and IT companies have major operations in the city.

Demographics
Are there any more specific facts about Pretorias demographics, or does this issue also get cloudet with the tswane municipality-thing? I have seen links to statistics at the cape-town jhb pages, but they pint to the greater municipality, (wich naturaly does not have a name controversy)

The first sentence of the section states that the population is about one million, but the graphic directly underneath has a much higher population, is it possible to get the correct number? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.186.192 (talk) 13:38, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Diplomatic missions
I have removed the unsubstantiated claim that Pretoria has the second largest number of embassies in the world behind Washington DC. I am maintaining the Diplomatic missions by country lists and I can think of many other cities (Brussels, Paris, London, Rome, Beijing etc.) that would attract more embassies. Kransky 13:12, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Largest residential university in the country
I did a quick Google and found the following link for citation:

If someone feels it is enough evidence please modify the page or I will try to get more citations. Openhazel 13:22, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Capital Status
''Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities, serving as the executive (administrative) and official de facto capital; the other two being Cape Town and Bloemfontein, respectively the legislative and judicial capitals.''

I think this is incorrect in three material respects: 1) official de facto is problematic if its official it isn't de facto it just is. 2) de facto South Africa does not have a single integrated central capital historically there are three cities enjoying capital status, the final Constitution mentions one (Cape Town) but if we look at the list o institutions that are important four cities are de facto seats of Government - the traditional 3 and Johannesburg. If any thing: Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is on the country's three historic capital city holding the designation of executive (administrative) capital; the other two being Cape Town and Bloemfontein, respectively the legislative and judicial capitals. Pretoria can be regarded as the Seat of Government and primary capital city owing to the number of governance institutions housed in the city (in contrast to Cape Town housing Parliament and Bloemfontein the Supreme Court of Appeal) and the fact that the Constitutional Court is based in Johannesburg effectively giving it the same claim to capitalhood as Cape Town and Bloemfontein.

Could probably be said with more weight.

3) The City of Tshwane is being marketed as the capital this is a bigger metropolitan area that exceeds Pretoria the remark is awaiting confussion in that department.

Paul Hjul 14:56, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

AFAIK, Bloemfontein is no longer recognised as having any kind of capital status at all. Anonymous 24 June 2016 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.24.41.254 (talk) 09:36, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Map
This article would greatly benefit from a map showing its relative location within the country. Neil916 (Talk) 15:38, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Apartheid 'regime'
"In 1994 after the fall of the Apartheid regime". Regime implies POV. We don't talk about the Kenyan regime or the Nigerian regime. Arguably there was more freedom and justice in South Africa at the time than many black African countries. This sentence should be removed. 198.161.173.163 (talk) 22:19, 13 December 2007 (UTC) Andrew

Radio and Television Broadcasting
This section appears to be quite long relative to the article length. What is the importance? RickH86 (talk) 05:59, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't believe there is anything specifically important about it. Most probably someone just had all the information and decided to add it. The section on satellite transmission should definitely be move to another article as it is relevant to all of South Africa, not just Pretoria --NJR ZA (talk) 15:52, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I have moved this long list of to an article on it's own under Media in Tswhane. I don't think Pretoria requires an Media article dedicated to itself and it makes more sense to have one for the whole metro. It's also a good idea to not restrict it to just radio and television, but rather include all media. --NJR_ZA (talk) 12:34, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge with Pretoria
Does Pretoria really need a separate article for the central business district, Central Business District (Pretoria)? Since Tshwane was established Pretoria really is not all that big anymore and it should be easy just to incorporate the CBD in Geography->Districts section in the Pretoria article itself. --NJR_ZA (talk) 13:10, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

I agree, it makes more sense. Teatreez (talk) 21:57, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

I Also agree :) Mosheroni (talk) 14:29, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Merged- Teatreez (talk) 23:08, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Suburbs
The following are not suburbs, but rather fenced residential complexes in Pretoria East
 * Woodhill
 * Mooikloof
 * Mooikloof Ridge

Mohau (talk) 18:28, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Mooilkloof is a suburb of PTA. In the past it consisted mainly of small holdings. Now, muchly urbanised, it does however consist of "fenced residential complexes", but not entirely. Rpl1234 (talk) 12:29, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Removed: Suburbs and notable areas
It doesn't list all the suburbs and there are to much suburbs to list them all in one article.

Create another article if you want to list all the suburbs with a title like Pretoria Suburbs

196.41.187.15 (talk) 10:09, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

--Mohau (talk) 14:00, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * This might be an interesting project, seeing that Pretoria has grown so much and there are a lot of suburbs. I think it is worth considering.

 * I have started working on Pretoria Suburbs.Mohau (talk) 18:37, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Primary Schools
I would like to include Primary Schools in the main page (before Seconday schools section)

Please contribute if there are any other primary schools I have left out

 * Boerefort Laerskool
 * Constantiapark Laerskool
 * Garsfontein Laerskool
 * Glenstantia Primary
 * Lynwood Ridge Primary
 * Monument Park Laerskool
 * Northridge Primary
 * Pretoria-Oos Laerskool
 * Queenswood Laerskool
 * Rietondale Primary
 * Simon Bekker Laerskool
 * Stephanus Roos Laerskool
 * Swartkop Laerskool
 * Akasia Laerskool
 * Theresa Park laerskool —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.202.5.106 (talk) 08:16, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Hermanstad Laerskool41.133.57.117 (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2013 (UTC)Estienne Breed
 * Tuine Laerskool41.133.57.117 (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2013 (UTC)Estienne Breed
 * Tuine-Rand Laerskool41.133.57.117 (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2013 (UTC)Estienne Breed
 * Nic Smit Laerskool41.133.57.117 (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2013 (UTC)Estienne Breed
 * Westerlig (formerly Danville) Laerskool41.133.57.117 (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2013 (UTC)Estienne Breed

--Mohau (talk) 14:00, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

"Vrede van Vereeniging"
The article regarding this treaty fails to mention one historical fact, the "Vrede van vereeniging" was signed in the melrose house in Jacob Maree street pretoria. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.202.5.106 (talk) 08:30, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Pretoria is NOT Tshwane
The Tshwane Metropolitan Area was created because in Pretoria there is a white majority so merging Pretoria (1 million people) with other towns and doubling its population with surrounding districts meant downplaying the white majority which in the Metropolitan Area (2 million people) is just 23%. But still, the reality is that in the city of Pretoria the majority of the population is white.--79.147.235.21 (talk) 16:39, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

 * As much as I strongly agree with your statement, what is the question you are here to raise in the article? Bezuidenhout (talk) 19:59, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

What Decision was Made in 2010?
The article states, " Pretoria itself is sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'Tshwane' in a controversial proposed name change, the status of which is still being decided as of 2010." This is 2011. What decision was made?John Paul Parks (talk) 10:40, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

 * As of 2011 the situation is still the same as 2010. If anything, it is ever-more less likely, as the name Tshwane is becoming used as a reference to Greater Pretoria, while Pretoria city remains. A similar example would be West Midlands (county), where obviously the main city is Birmingham, but includes other major areas. In other words, as of 2011 there is still no name change. Trust me if there was, there would be protests. Bezuidenhout (talk) 11:58, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

New image
Hi everyone, I have included this image of a facade of a building in Pretoria which has a minimalist and neomodern architectural design. Some users however do not allow it to be included in the article. Please share your views. Thank you. --PretoriaTravel (talk) 12:10, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
 * You were adding the same image to 4 articles, without any other additions (text) to the article, which makes it look like spamming. Cst17 (talk) 12:51, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Nou het ek jou verstaan. Ag, nie man.. A friend of mine made a comment that there are no images illustrating contemporary architecture in Pretoria, so I decided to make some of modern images in Pretoria East. The image is intended to serve the same function as this photo (it is not mentioned in the text, but is included in four articles. Jammer vir die misverstand. Regards --PretoriaTravel (talk) 13:01, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Timeline of Pretoria, Tshwane
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 15:05, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 10 one external links on Pretoria. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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Racial makeup?
I was wondering why the order regarding the racial make up followes as: • Black African	42.0% • Coloured	2.5% • Indian/Asian	1.9% • White	52.5% • Other	1.2%

Where as the source lists it as:

• White	52.5% • Black African	42.0% • Coloured	2.5% • Indian/Asian	1.9% • Other	1.2%

I'm not gonna jump to conclusions as to why but it just seems like a weird way of listing it as the largest percentage is usually on the top of the scale yet here its last bar the "other" demographic. 213.64.227.181 (talk) 14:57, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Should South Africa articles use "continental system" numbers?
A discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject South Africa might impact this article.

I mention it here because this article has quite a few numbers. Batternut (talk) 10:04, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The use of gaps for grouping thousands is popular, though using comma as the decimal mark is not. Batternut (talk) 20:28, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

To impose or not to impose gap-separation ($1,234,567.8$ in place of 1,234,567.8) upon existing articles is now the question, at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject South Africa. Batternut (talk) 20:28, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

Pretoria
I can't fix this passage. Please fix: "The at the foothills of the Union Building on the corner of Stanza Bopape and Pine in Arcadia you have the spectacular Church of Scientology Building which is a Heritage site. The buildings are over 100 years old and was home to the builders and constructors of the Union Building itself." Tom Haws (talk) 23:11, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Translated info from Gold-Starred Afrikaans Page
Tildemanana (talk) 06:25, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Infobox major problem
The infobox is not formatted correctly, and so just appears as normal text on the page. Readable, but not easy at all to find anything easily. I'm new to wikipedia editing so I am not sure how to fix it. Trive951 (talk) 15:10, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

tnlrkn 213.184.208.66 (talk) 10:59, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

Elon musk is not on the notable people list
Elon musk was born in Pretoria and being one of the richest people in the world I think he should be on the notable people list 2600:1702:2AAB:C010:A9DC:6D72:CCEB:648B (talk) 17:14, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

 * His name is already there. GeographicAccountant (talk) 18:22, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pretoria