text:
Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine

Nicholas Francis (Nicolas François; 6 December 1609 – 25 January 1670), also known as Nicholas II, was briefly Duke of Lorraine and Duke of Bar for a few months in 1634, spanning the time between the abdication of his older brother and his own resignation. He was therefore duke during the invasion of Lorraine by the French in the Thirty Years War.

He is the direct male ancestor of all rulers of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, including all Emperors of Austria.

Biography
Nicholas Francis was the youngest son of Duke Francis II of Lorraine and his wife, Christina of Salm. Born on the feast of Saint Nicholas, he was named in his honour.

As it appeared unlikely that he would succeed to the duchy, he was destined for the church. He was made coadjutor bishop of Toul, in spite of his youth, in 1619 and succeeded to the see in 1624, but never actually received any sacred orders. He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pont-à-Mousson, 1622–1629. He returned to Nancy in June 1629. The thesis he prepared on the sacrament of penance was printed in Holland in 1627 with a dedication to Pope Urban VIII. After his promotion to the cardinalate, he received private lessons from two Jesuit priests.

Nicholas Francis was named abbot in commendam – a lucrative sinecure – of several abbeys and was sent on several embassies by his brother, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, and by Louis XIII of France.

On 19 January 1626 he was created cardinal in pectore (secretly). The appointment was not proclaimed publicly until 30 August 1627. He never received the cardinal's red hat nor was he assigned a cardinal-deaconry. When in 1634 his brother Charles was pressured into resigning in his favor, he became sovereign Duke of Lorraine. He wrote to Pope Urban VIII, 4 March 1634, resigning as cardinal to marry his cousin Claude of Lorraine, the second daughter of Henry II, on 17–18 February. On 8 March 1634, the pope declared him in nullo e sacris ordinis constitutum, depriving him of the title of cardinal and the diocese of Toul. In the consistory of 22 March 1634, the pope communicated this to the College of Cardinals.

Immediately following Nicholas's accession to the dukedom, the French invaded the duchy and forced the new duke to sign a treaty recognizing their right to occupy it. In April 1634, Nicholas himself fled into exile, and soon after abdicated himself, returning the claim to the duchy to his older brother, Charles. With one brief exception, Charles would not, however, be able to return to his duchy until 1661.

Marriage and issue
He married his first cousin Claude Françoise of Lorraine who died in childbirth:

 * Ferdinand Philippe, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, jure matris Duke of Bar (29 December 1639 – 1 April 1659)
 * Charles Léopold, Duke of Lorraine (3 April 1643 – 18 April 1690); married Eleonora Maria of Austria and had issue.
 * Anne Eléanore (12 May 1645 – 28 February 1646); died in infancy, buried in the Ducal Crypt, Vienna.
 * Anne Marie Thérèse (30 July 1648 – 17 June 1661); Abbess of Remiremont, no issue.
 * Marie Anne (born 30 Jul 1648, date of death unknown).

title: Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine


text:
Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine

Charles IV (5 April 1604 – 18 September 1675) was Duke of Lorraine from 1624 until his death in 1675, with a brief interruption in 1634, when he abdicated under French pressure in favor of his younger brother, Nicholas Francis.

Life
He came to lose his duchy because of his notionally anti-French policy; in 1633, French troops invaded Lorraine in retaliation for Charles's support of Gaston d'Orléans—who repeatedly plotted against Richelieu's governance of France under the childless Louis XIII and treated dangerously with its enemies as a young heir presumptive—and Richelieu's policies were always anti-Habsburg so as to increase the strength and prestige of France at the expense of the two dynasties. Gaston d'Orléans, frequently sided with either branch of the Habsburg family against Richelieu, who was de facto ruler of France as its Chief Minister, and had to flee several times to avoid charges and trial for treason. His allies and confederates generally bore the price of these escapades by the young and impetuous heir and Charles IV was one such. On one visit to the ducal court at Nancy, the widowed Gaston fell in love with Charles's 15-year-old sister and married her secretly, which so infuriated the king that he convened the clergy of France and the Parlement of Paris to void the marriage, giving consent only on his death bed. In that circumstance and sense, Charles was a casualty of the fierce factional infighting in the French court between the King's brother Gaston d'Orléans, and Cardinal Richelieu, even though technically, Lorraine was subject to the Holy Roman Empire and the Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria. Forced to make humiliating concessions to France, he abdicated under the French pressure and invasion in 1634 in favor of his brother, Nicholas Francis, and entered the imperial service in the Thirty Years' War and was victorious at the Battle of Nördlingen. Shortly thereafter, Nicholas Francis too fled into exile and abdicated his claims, which were now taken up once again by Charles, who remained Duke of Lorraine in exile for the next quarter century.

In 1635, he tried in vain to recapture his duchy together with an Imperial army under Matthias Gallas. The aggressive Charles and the defensive-minded Gallas did not go along well; while Charles urged to recapture his capital Nancy, Gallas preferred to entrench his troops at the Seille to give them some rest after a long march from the Rhine. An outbreak of plague ended all hopes of further approaching Nancy. The next year, the Imperials sent Charles to the Spanish Franche-Comté, where he lifted the French siege of Dole and advanced as far as Dijon. Appointed captain general of the troops in Burgundy, Charles defended the core area of the Franche-Comté around Besançon, Dole and Salins against the French over the next few years. He also made repeated forays into the French heartland or into Lorraine to attack French garrisons. In May 1638, he advanced into Bassigny, moved from there to Lorraine, recaptured Épinal in August and besieged Lunéville in September. Since in the meantime Bernard of Saxe-Weimar was besieging the fortress Breisach on the Upper Rhine, Charles was called upon to relieve it and attack the besiegers from two sides at the same time, together with the Imperial and Bavarian troops on the right bank of the Rhine. Bernard, however, used the advantage of the inner line and was able to repulse Charles at Thann on 15 October as well as Johann von Götzen's attack on the siege positions around Breisach a few days later. The fall of Breisach on 17 December largely cut off Franche-Comté from the Empire and the rest of the Habsburg territories. Charles gave up the post of captain general in January 1639, relieved the besieged castle of his second wife in Belvoir and went to Brussels, where he hoped for a new command.

After Charles fought in the Spanish Netherlands in 1640, where he took part in the relief attempt of the Spanish army for Arras, he re-entered negotiations with France in early 1641, which returned his duchy to him as a French protectorate in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 2 April 1641, on condition that he refrain from alliances detrimental to France. Charles's confidant Johann Wilhelm von Hunolstein, who was serving in the Bavarian military, announced the Lorraine negotiations with France to Emperor Ferdinand III and the Bavarian Elector at the Regensburg Imperial Diet. However, as Charles continued to work against Richelieu and cover up the conspiracy of the Count of Soissons, he should be arrested after the Cardinal caught the conspirators. In July 1641, he managed to evade this by fleeing. He re-entered military service, fighting first on the side of the Spanish in Flanders, later in the south-west of the empire, where he took part in the Battle of Tuttlingen in November 1643, in which he defeated the French together with Franz von Mercy and Johann von Werth.

In 1651 Charles IV was approached by an Irish delegation who were seeking his support to defend Ireland from the invasion of the Parliamentarian army of England. Traditional accounts of the Cromwellian wars often dismiss the appeal to Lorraine as an act of desperation, but recently one historian has argued that the stateless Duke was in fact seriously interested in becoming the Protector of Ireland. In the summer of 1652, a number of ships sent by Charles arrived at Inishbofin island with supplies, one of the last strongholds of the Irish. Unfortunately Charles faced great opposition by the Irish Leaders Clanricarde and Ormonde, both of whom were arch-royalists loyal to Charles II of England. Lorraine eventually concluded that Ireland had been destroyed by the jealousy of those who desired the loss of it, than they should be obliged for its recovery to the protection of his said Highness.

In 1661, the French withdrew from Lorraine, and Charles was able to return to the Duchy for the first time. In 1670, the duchy was again occupied by the French under King Louis XIV. Charles served in the Imperial armies in both the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), both of which secured French dominance on the Continent.

In 1675 he defeated François de Créquy at Konzer Brucke, and died the same year in Austrian service. The duchy was not restored to his family until more than twenty years later.

He is sometimes numbered as Charles III of Lorraine.

Issue
Charles married first Nicolette of Lorraine, whom he deposed and replaced as monarch of Lorraine in 1625. They had no children and Charles abandoned her.

On 2 April 1637, he married Béatrice de Cusance, Princess de Cantecroix (1614–1663), daughter and heiress of Claude-François de Cusance, Baron de Belvoir, (1590–1633) and of Ernestine de Witthem, Countess van Walhain (before 1588–1649), who had become the widow of Eugene Perrenot de Granvelle dit d'Oiselet, Prince de Cantecroix (1615-1637), earlier that year; and had three children;
 * Francis de Lorraine (1637–1638);
 * Anne de Lorraine (1639–1720), married her cousin François Marie de Lorraine (1624–1694), Prince de Lillebonne in 1660, had issue;
 * Charles Henri de Lorraine (1649–1723), Prince of Vaudémont and of Commercy.

His marriage to Béatrice de Cusance was not deemed valid by the Roman Catholic church, which had not authorised his divorce from Nicole. The couple separated in April 1642 following his excommunication, which was the consequence of his second marriage; it was also the month in which she bore a son whom Charles recognised. More than 20 years later, on 20 May 1663, Charles married Béatrice de Cusance a second time, to allow legitimation of their children. She died two weeks after this second marriage.

Charles married a fourth time at the age of 61. The bride was Countess Marie Louise of Aspremont-Lynden (1652–1692), the 18-year-old daughter of Charles of Aspremont-Lynden, Count of Reckheim (1590-1671) and his wife, Marie Françoise de Mailly (1625-1702). They had no children and in 1679, a widow, she married Count Heinrich Franz von Mansfeld, Prince di Fondi, by whom she had two daughters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine


text:
Leopold, Duke of Lorraine

Leopold the Good (11 September 1679 – 27 March 1729) was Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death. Through his son Francis Stephen, he is the direct male ancestor of all rulers of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, including all Emperors of Austria.

Early life
Leopold Joseph Charles Dominique Agapet Hyacinthe was the son of Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, and his wife Eleonora Maria Josefa of Austria, a half-sister of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.

At the time of Leopold's birth, Lorraine and Bar had been occupied by Louis XIV of France, forcing his parents to move into exile to Austria, where they lived under the protection of the Emperor. Therefore, Leopold was born in the palace of Innsbruck and received his first name in honour of the Emperor. Leopold grew up in Innsbruck, while his father would be engaged in defending Vienna against the Turks.

In 1690, his father died and eleven-year-old Leopold inherited the still occupied Duchies. His mother, trying to fulfil her husband's last wishes of returning her children to their patrimony, appealed to the Reichstag in Regensburg to restore her son to Lorraine. Leopold was sent to Vienna to receive a military education under the supervision of the Emperor. In Vienna, he grew up with his cousins, the Archdukes Joseph and Charles, both future Emperors. Leopold was also created a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece that year.

Like his father before him, he entered the Imperial Army and, aged eighteen, took part in the Siege of Timișoara in 1694. Three years later, he received the command of the Army of the Rhine.

Duke of Lorraine
On 30 October 1697, the Nine Years' War (aka, War of the League of Augsburg) ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick.

The treaty restored the duchies of Lorraine and Bar to the House of Lorraine, as Leopold's mother had hoped; she died four days later in Vienna. On 17 August 1698, Duke Leopold made a triumphant entry into his capital Nancy. He reconstructed and repopulated his war-stricken duchy, encouraging immigration. At the end of his reign the duchy was safe and prosperous.

In his foreign policy, Leopold tried to further good relations with France and to appease his powerful neighbor. On 13 October 1698 at the Palace of Fontainebleau, Leopold married Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, who had offered a dowry of 900,000 livres to the penniless Duke. Élisabeth Charlotte turned out to be a caring mother and gave birth to fourteen children, of whom only five survived into adulthood. Three of them died within a week in May 1711 due to a smallpox outbreak at the Château de Lunéville, the country seat of the dukes of Lorraine.

Despite Leopold's diplomatic attempts, his capital, Nancy, was occupied by foreign troops during the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–1713). Fearing for his family, Leopold relocated the court to the Château de Lunéville, where Leopold rebuilt the castle as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It was here that his first child Leopold was born in 1700.

In 1703, the Duke introduced the Code Léopold regulating the government of the Duchy. A number of crimes were punishable with death by burning, such as witchcraft, coin forgery, arson, and sexual acts "contrary to nature". Also, those guilty of aggravated theft of sacred objects from a church could be condemned to be burnt alive. He tried to install his eldest daughter, Élisabeth Charlotte Gabrièle of Lorraine, as Abbess of Remiremont but failed due to the opposition of Pope Clement XI.

Leopold's marital life was troubled in 1708, when he took Anne-Marguerite de Lignéville, Princess of Beauvau-Craon as his mistress. Élisabeth Charlotte however, following her mother's advice, remained silent and continued to give her husband children.

In 1708, Leopold had claimed the Duchy of Montferrat as the closest relative of his cousin, Charles III Gonzaga, erstwhile Duke of Mantua, who had been deposed and then died without male issue. However, the Emperor had already promised Montferrat to the Dukes of Savoy but wishing to compensate the House of Lorraine, he gave the Duchy of Teschen in Silesia to Leopold.

In 1710, Leopold and his wife visited Paris to attend the marriage of Élisabeth Charlotte's niece Marie Louise Elisabeth to the Duke of Berry, and were among the guests of the lavish banquet at the Palais du Luxembourg. During the visit, Leopold, as a foreign prince, received the style of Royal Highness.

In 1719, Leopold bought the County of Ligny-en-Barrois from his cousin, Charles Henry of Vaudemont. During his reign a new security system was put in place all around Lorraine. He tried to abolish serfdom but the redemption payments were too high for the peasantry, even when Leopold halved it. On New Year's Eve 1719 he freed his own serfs without redemption, hoping in vain the nobility would follow his example.

In 1721, Leopold arranged for his son and heir, Leopold Clement, to receive an education at Vienna. He also intended to forge relations with Archduchess Maria Theresa, the heiress of Emperor Charles VI. However, Leopold Clement died shortly afterwards at Lunéville and in his stead, the younger son Francis Stephen went to Vienna, where he married Maria Theresa. Francis would become Emperor and his descendants, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, would rule Austria until 1918.

In 1725, Leopold tried to arrange his daughter Anne Charlotte to marry the young King Louis XV, but Louis Henry, Duke of Bourbon, then prime minister, prevented a union with a descendant of the rival House of Orléans. Then, Élisabeth Charlotte tried to arrange her daughter's marriage to her first cousin, the recently widowed Louis, Duke of Orléans, but Louis refused. All proposals of marriage being either ignored or declined, Anne Charlotte later became Abbess of the monasteries Remiremont and Essen.

In March 1729, Leopold caught a fever while walking at the Château at Ménil near Lunéville. He returned to Lunéville where he died on 27 March, aged 49.

Issue
Leopold and Élisabeth Charlotte had 14 children in just 16 years:
 * Léopold (26 Aug 1699 - 2 April 1700)
 * Élisabeth Charlotte Gabrièle (21 Oct 1700 - 4 May 1711)
 * Louise Christine (13 Nov 1701 - 18 Nov 1701)
 * Marie Gabrièle Charlotte (30 Dec 1702 - 11 May 1711)
 * Louis (28 Jan 1704 - 10 May 1711)
 * Josepha Gabrièle (16 Feb 1705 - 25 Mar 1708)
 * Gabrièle Louise (4 Mar 1706 - 13 June 1710)
 * Léopold Clement Charles (25 April 1707 - 4 June 1723)
 * Francis Stephen (8 Dec 1708 - 18 Aug 1765), his successor, married Maria Theresa of Austria and became Holy Roman Emperor.
 * Eléonore (4 June 1710 - 28 July 1710)
 * Elisabeth Therese (15 Oct 1711 - 3 July 1741), married in 1737 Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.
 * Charles Alexander Emmanuel (12 Dec 1712 - 4 July 1780), governor of the Austrian Netherlands and army commander.
 * Anne Charlotte (1714 - 1773), abbess at Essen.
 * Stillborn daughter (28 November 1715).

title: Leopold, Duke of Lorraine


text:
Talk:Flinders Street railway station

Line/station tables (discuss)
Flinders Street poses a unique problem with the line/station tables: since every line in Melbourne begins at Flinders Street, should every line (in the spirit of completeness) be represented in either one giant line box or several smaller ones for each group? I think the next stations (in this case, Jolimont and Richmond) should be included, but all those lines make it messy. And what about the lines that go to the the west/northwest that also begin at Flinders Street but go through North Melbourne station, with the Loop in the way? North Melbourne definately isn't a 'next' station from FSS, but those lines have to be represented if all the others are. I think a special linebox needs to be made for just this station. I'll work on it, but help is appreciated. Hypernovean 08:55, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll throw in my 2c here. I think all the loop stations need special lineboxes, especially Flinders, Spencer, Parliament, and Flagstaff.

 * Here's one for Flinders Street.

 * For Parliament:

 * You might want to do something similar for Flagstaff and Spencer Street, like I said, and change the above around a little, or clean it up, but that's basically what you're looking for. AJ

 * I like that, probably the best setup. Hypernovean 07:33, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * interestingly, (refer to the rumour) a train station (the main one) in — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.26.24.212 (talk) 15:20, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * interestingly,(refer to rumour) the main trainstation in mumbai was called victoria terminus — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.26.24.212 (talk) 15:20, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Ninteenth Century Finders Street Station Photographs
I have just added some photos of what I think is Finders Street Station from the late 1800's. I need some help with the year of which these photos were roughly taken and also if it is actually Flinders Street Station and not Princes Bridge Station. Thanks guys. Lakeyboy 11:40, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The two "really old" photos look like Princes Bridge station to me, I'm afraid. Ambi 13:29, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought so too, but would trains have departed for Port Melbourne & St Kilda from Princes Bridge? The Princes Bridge article mentions that  it and Flinders St station were originally not linked, which I suspect would be true when the photo was taken.  Without the link between the two, a train from Princes Bridge to St Kilda would have to go via the Inner Circle line, through Spencer Street to Flinders Street, then reverse over Sandridge Bridge... --ozzmosis 05:26, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure the stations were connected in the 1800s when Victorian Railways took over the network as each private operator collapsed or requested to be bought out. I couldn't say for sure, as it's been a while since I studied this stuff, but I can't see how that photo resembles anything at Flinders Street Station, and it looks quite like the aerial pictures of Princes Bridge that I've seen. Ambi 05:50, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I saw that in the history, Ozzmosis removed the old station pics of what is to believed to be Princes Bridge. How about instead of removing them from sight, place them on the Princes Bridge article. I think it makes sense. Lakeyboy 11:37, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Are we sure they're Princess Bridge? If so, the filenames (Image:Reallyoldfindersstreetstation1.jpg and Image:Reallyoldfindersstreetstation2.jpg) are incorrect.  "Reallyold" is not a good prefix either.  :-)  So they probably need re-uploading with correct filenames.  Also, it'd be good to know what year they were taken.  Assuming exact dates aren't possible, anyone want to take a rough guess?  I wouldn't have a clue. --ozzmosis 14:30, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The pictures are of the Flinders Street station prior to the current building. However, if I recall correctly, the building on the corner (on the right of the picture I've reinstated, with the Butcher sign on it) was nothing to do with the station.  Philip J. Rayment 15:38, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

TWIN STATION IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
Coud you help me? I'm contributing to wikipedia and I need someone from Melbourne (or someone who knows melbourne well enough) to confirm for me the "twincity" of Flinders Street Station and Estação da Luz in SP. There apears to be some confusion on the station's page (http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Luz). We know our station has a twin sister somewhere in Australia but we are not sure of the city.

thank you

The two look similar judging by photos. I'm not too sure though, extra research may help. Yellow Thirteen 12:55, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Ballroom
I heard rumours that the ballroom is being refurbished - does anybody know this for sure? Lochok 03:24, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It has been stated that it was getting a refurbishment but now new rumours state that a new rock museum would be set up in the ballroom so I'm a little confused with whats it's ultimate use will be. Lakeyboy 12:47, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The ballroom is apparently rather damaged by water leakage, and will require significant work to restore. There have been various proposals as to what to do with the site, but the decision, as I understand it, is still up in the air. 60.242.35.115 16:51, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Change to Navigation box
just an idea, how about adding closed lines that once departer from flinders street? as the St Kilda and Port Melbourne lines both have pages created for them, somthing like this or whatever anyone else thinks would look good. --Dan027 11:05, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd rather not. While I think this would be a helpful addition to the article, adding it to the template a) doesn't tell people much, and b) makes an already bloated template even more so. Rebecca 05:42, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Frequently just called Flinders Street...

 * "frequently just called Flinders Street; the context indicates whether the station or the street is being specified"
 * - This sentence could be applied to just about any train station in the English-speaking world, so it seems rather redundant, especially in the first line of the article. I'll remove it unless anyone objects. Palefire 14:43, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Concur, redundant. --ozzmosis 18:12, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, removed. Palefire 21:04, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
I have moved the trivia here. Facts about the station can be cut from here and pasted into the article in context. --Lakeyboy 10:46, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Platform No. 1, where Epping & Hurstbridge line trains depart, is the longest railway platform in Australia, and the fourth longest in the world, at 708 metres long.
 * Flinders Street Station became a sister station of Mojiko Station in Japan on November 14, 1993.

 * I have moved some into the main page. Wongm 11:04, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Spare Images
Images which cannot fit in the current article can be placed here:

Just added an image for the article to be added at a later date.        Adam (talk) 08:37, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Zsero (talk) 15:14, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

1500 Trains Per Day?
It seems that 1500 trains per day (over one per minute for every single minute of the day) is a little excessive.--perhaps 150 trains per day is the correct number. I don't know--I'm just an estimator by profession and this doesn't seem right to me.Waynebarkr (talk) 14:51, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Response from a local: 1500 is probably closer to the truth. This is an extremely busy rail line. Several trains per minute during peak hours does not seem to be out of line 114.77.31.154 (talk) 14:33, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Possible new external link
Hi, I moderate Culture Victoria. We have the Flinders Street Station story in CV which includes historical images, architectural plans, and an interview with librarian Mary Lewis from the State Library of Victoria. I've had a look at the guidelines for adding external links and thought that a link to CV would be relevant and appropriate. Please let me know what you think.--Eleworth (talk) 05:18, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Zsero (talk) 15:12, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Inclusion of information about the stations services/facilities
The inclusion of information about the stations services/facilities like toilettes, telephones, ATMs, taxi rank, pharmacy, police station, etc would be helpful.

Location?
Technically, isn't the station located at the corner of Flinders Street and St. Kilda Road, not Swanston Street? Ozzieboy (talk) 02:18, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

For non-locals: St. Kilda road runs into Swanston Street. Flinders Street Station is on the St. Kilda Road side of Flinders.

Interior Architecture
Little is said about the interior architecture of the building that is above the rail. Is it currently being used for rail business office space? I've heard rumours of a ballroom built into it, but I have not been able to acquire any detail. Anyone have any links to the interior floor plan? Shouldn't be a mystery.114.77.31.154 (talk) 14:37, 9 December 2011 (UTC) 114.77.31.154 (talk) 14:37, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Cit Hatters
They are not the only hat store in Melbourne, there are several starting with Smart Alec in Fitzroy. I am removing this claim for a second time and do not want to see it back. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LamontCranston (talk • contribs) 00:45, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

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Service table
I've started work on a new "services" section which is properly sourced and encyclopedic instead of the OR currently presented, at User:Triptothecottage/sandbox/fss table. It's not finished yet, a couple of lines to go, but I'd appreciate feedback on it, especially about what is an appropriate level of detail. The current structure – some brief explanatory prose and a table of services with patterns – is based on browsing FAs and GAs at WP:TRAINS where I have also asked for feedback. Triptothecottage (talk) 02:01, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

Busiest railway station in Australia
While 77,153 passengers per day is impressive, it's about one third the patronage of either Town Hall Station or Central Station in Sydney on a daily basis. How is the claim of Flinders Street station being the busiest railway station in Australia backed up? Even if the count was only unique passengers in one direction, and not return trips, the figure would still be less than either of these other two stations. Trickily (talk) 12:29, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think you're right, it should be removed. You see the claim made a fair bit online, e.g. here, but I don't think there's any clear evidence for it. It's possible the claim originates from number of trains, but again I can't find any source.Gracchus250 (talk) 23:23, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Indeed, it gets many hits when googling for "busiest station in Australia". I guess it just propagates. I've removed that part of the sentence since no one else has commented. Trickily (talk) 06:01, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Maybe change it to busiest station in Melbourne, if this can be verified. --Ben (talk) 02:50, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flinders Street railway station


text: User talk:68.76.120.70

title: User talk:68.76.120.70


text:
Concealment device

Concealment devices or diversion safes are used to hide things for the purpose of secrecy or security. They are made from an ordinary household object such as a book, a soda can, a candle, a can, or something as small as a coin. The idea is that such an inconspicuous object would not be expected to contain anything of worth.

Examples in espionage include dead drop spikes for transferring items to other people, and hollowed-out coins or hollowed out teeth for concealing something - such as microfilm or a suicide pill. Examples in smuggling include suitcases with false bottoms for hiding contraband.

During World War II MI9 was responsible for creating many concealment devices for "escape aids" to assist prisoners of war to escape.

Ammunition
Starting in the First World War and still continuing today, military personnel use ammunition casings to hide small amounts of critical information e.g. encryption/recognition codes or navigational grid references etc. The hiding place is very easy to prepare: the bullet is removed from the cartridge and the propellant powder poured away. A small piece of paper with writing on it can be stored inside. Given that ammunition can be found everywhere in a combat zone, it is very easy to hide or discard such items because they blend in easily. Similarly, if a soldier is captured, the enemy expects that soldiers will have ammunition in their pockets, so little attention is paid, beyond confiscating and discarding it.

Books
Books are possibly the most common concealment devices in usage. They are easily made and can contain quite large objects. They are also very difficult for outsiders to spot but easy to recognize for those that are looking for a specific book on a shelf.

Candles
A new type, the hollow candle looks like a large scented candle but is mostly hollow. The bottom comes off and rolled papers or small objects can be placed and hidden inside. Some of the most clever of these contraptions looked like large, ordinary black candles with a felt base concealing the opening. To open them, two metal needles are poked through the felt at certain points and an electric current passed through, causing them to open.

Car
"Trap" is a colloquial term for a secret compartment in an automobile. It can be intended to hide legal items, such as handguns or valuables, from thieves. But it can also be used to hide contraband, such as illegal drugs, from searches by authorities.

Until the 1980s, drugs trafficked in cars in the U.S. tended to be hidden in obvious places such as wheel wells or spare tires. In the early 1980s, the first magnetically or hydraulically actuated secret compartments, dubbed "urban traps" by the Drug Enforcement Administration, started to appear – often in door panels, dashboards, seats and roofs. By the early 1990s, however, police had learned to detect such traps by looking for suspicious buttons and switches. More recent traps have no visible controls, are electronically controlled and may require complicated procedures for access. For example, one trap found in the airbag compartment of a U.S. car in 2012 would only open if a driver was in the seat, all doors were closed (to prevent the trap from opening during a roadside police search), the defroster was turned on and a magnetic card was swiped over a sensor hidden in an air-conditioning vent.

The legality of traps is dependent on the jurisdiction in which they are used. In 2012, Alfred Anaya, famous among rich clients in California for his skill in installing sophisticated traps, was sentenced to more than 24 years in prison under U.S. federal law as a co-conspirator in a drug-trafficking operation. The conviction relied on testimony that Anaya had seen one of his clients stash some $800,000 in cash in a trap. The prosecution successfully argued that Anaya must have deduced from this that the trap was to be used for drug trafficking.

Cans and jars
Also a new form of concealment device, mock cans of various household chemicals or food and drinks can be purchased. A wide variety of commonly used personal care, household products and food containers with removable tops and bottoms are available. Valuables can be discreetly stored inside these lookalike containers and kept in their seemingly rightful places. Each of these diversion safes are indistinguishable from the genuine product, and can thus avoid detection, and they may even be weighted to feel full.

Coins
A hollow container, fashioned to look like an Eisenhower dollar, is still used today to hide and send messages or film without being detected. Because it resembles ordinary pocket change, it is virtually undetectable as a concealment device. If a hollow coin is suspected, it sometimes can be easily confirmed by weighing against a normal coin on a simple balance. However, more sophisticated hollow coins have had their weight adjusted to match an unaltered coin by including a ring of a dense metal such as lead inside the coin. Typically coins that have no gold or silver content are used so as to further avoid suspicion.

Such hollow coins were created from two ordinary coins, by milling out one face and the interior of both coins (to create a cavity), and the edges of one (so it could slide into the other). The half coin with intact edges would also have a pin-prick size hole drilled through its face, so the device could be opened by inserting a pin. A scratch may be added to help line up the faces while closing it—although it is very difficult to detect a slight misalignment by casual inspection. A device of this nature was famously discovered by a paper boy in the "Hollow Nickel Case". U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers was issued with a hollow silver dollar containing a tiny, saxitoxin-impregnated needle, to be used to commit suicide in case of capture by enemy forces.

Diversion safe
A device whereby a safe-looking safe is left open but has a hidden compartment (e.g., in the door) where small valuable articles can be hidden. As an alternative variant, a safe may be "stocked" with some lesser valuables, with the expectation that it will be burgled, but that the real safe or hiding place for the important valuables will be missed.

Electrical outlet
A fake electrical outlet, which can be pulled out from the wall and which contains a hidden compartment for storage.

Furniture
Concealment furniture is furniture that has been specially designed to hide guns and other weapons. The furniture can be made of different materials, but the most popular ones are wood, plastic, and metal. The first concealment furniture was invented in 1939 by John Browning Jr., who was a well-known gun designer. He invented a gun cabinet that could be used as a desk or armoire. It was made with an upper section that could be easily removed to access the hidden compartment for guns and ammunition.

Some concealment furniture pieces are designed for handguns, while others hold shotguns and rifles as well.

Painting
Thin objects such as papers/money can be concealed in or behind the frame of a painting.

Computers and consumer electronics
Computer equipment and consumer electronics can easily be used for concealing goods and information. Usually the only tool required is a screwdriver, the device can be opened up, have the majority of the electronic and mechanical components removed and replaced with the goods to be concealed. Some of the more common devices used for this purpose are video players such as VHS, CD, DVD and Blu-ray players, computer accessories such as DVD-ROM drives and hard disk drives, battery packs or even a laptop computer itself. More often than not, the majority of the components will be removed to allow more space to conceal an item, but that will render the device inoperable and may arouse suspicion, and it may be of more benefit to preserve the operation of the device at the sacrifice of space. Additionally, the electronic device itself may be subject to theft, thereby defeating the purpose of such a concealment device. In other cases, items may be stored in parts of the machine without having to render it unusable - free space in the form of caddies that would normally be occupied by secondary and tertiary hard drives or disk drives can be large enough to store small items such as money and other valuables.

title: Concealment device


text:
CDC 7600

The CDC 7600 was designed by Seymour Cray to be the successor to the CDC 6600, extending Control Data's dominance of the supercomputer field into the 1970s. The 7600 ran at 36.4 MHz (27.5 ns clock cycle) and had a 65 Kword primary memory (with a 60-bit word size) using magnetic core and variable-size (up to 512 Kword) secondary memory (depending on site). It was generally about ten times as fast as the CDC 6600 and could deliver about 10 MFLOPS on hand-compiled code, with a peak of 36 MFLOPS. In addition, in benchmark tests in early 1970 it was shown to be slightly faster than its IBM rival, the IBM System/360, Model 195. When the system was released in 1967, it sold for around $5 million in base configurations, and considerably more as options and features were added.

Among the 7600's notable state-of-the-art contributions, beyond extensive pipelining, was the physical C-shape, which both reduced floor space and dramatically increased performance by reducing the distance that signals needed to travel.

Design
As the 6600 neared production quality, Cray lost interest in it and turned to designing its replacement. Making a machine "somewhat" faster would not be too difficult in the late 1960s; the introduction of integrated circuits allowed denser packing of components and, in turn, a higher clock speed. Transistors in general were also getting somewhat faster as the production processes and quality improved. These sorts of improvements might be expected to make a machine twice as fast, perhaps as much as five times. However, as with the 6600 design, Cray set himself the goal of producing a machine with ten times the performance.

One of the reasons the 6600 was so much faster than its contemporaries is that it had multiple functional units that could operate in parallel. For instance, the machine could perform an addition of two numbers while simultaneously multiplying two others. However, any given instruction had to complete its trip through the unit before the next could be fed into it, which caused a bottleneck when the scheduler system ran out of instructions. Adding more functional units would not improve performance unless the scheduler was also greatly improved, especially in terms of allowing it to have more memory, so it could look through more instructions for ones that could be fed into the parallel units. That appeared to be a major problem.

In order to solve this problem, Cray turned to the concept of an instruction pipeline. Each functional unit consisted of several sections that operated in turn, for instance, an addition unit might have circuitry dedicated to retrieving the operands from memory, then the actual math unit, and finally another to send the results back to memory. At any given instance only one part of the unit was active, while the rest waited their turn. A pipeline improves on this by feeding in the next instruction before the first has completed, using up that idle time. For instance, while one instruction is being added together, the operands for the next add instruction can be fetched. That way, as soon as the current instruction completes and moves to the output circuitry, the operands for the next addition are already waiting to be added. In this way each functional unit works in "parallel", as well as the machine as a whole. The improvement in performance generally depends on the number of steps the unit takes to complete. For instance, the 6600's multiply unit took 10 cycles to complete an instruction, so by pipelining the units it could be expected to gain about 10 times the speed.

Things are never that simple, however. Pipelining requires that the unit's internals can be effectively separated to the point where each step of the operation is running on completely separate circuitry. This is rarely achievable in the real world. Nevertheless, the use of pipelining on the 7600 improved performance over the 6600 by a factor of about 3. To achieve the rest of the goal, the machine would have to run at a faster speed, now possible using new transistor designs. However, there is a physical limit to performance because of the time it takes signals to move between parts of the machine, which in turn is defined by its physical size. As always, Cray's design work spent considerable effort on this problem and thus allow higher operating frequencies. For the 7600, each circuit module actually consisted of up to six printed circuit boards, each one stuffed with subminiature resistors, diodes, and transistors. The six boards were stacked up and then interconnected along their edges, making a very compact, but basically unrepairable module.

However the same dense packing also led to the machine's biggest problem – heat. For the 7600, Cray once again turned to his refrigeration engineer, Dean Roush, formerly of the Amana company. Roush added an aluminum plate to the back of each side of the cordwood stack, which were in turn cooled by a liquid-freon system running through the core of the machine. Since this system was mechanical, and therefore prone to failure, the 7600 was redesigned into a large "C" shape to allow access to the modules on either side of the cooling piping by walking into the inside of the "C" and opening the cabinet.

Architecture
The 7600 was an architectural landmark, and most of its features are still standard parts of computer design. It is a load-store computer with a 15-bit instruction word containing a 6-bit operation code. There are only 64 machine codes, including a no-operation code, with no fixed-point multiply or divide operations in the central processor.

The 7600 has two main core memories. Small core memory holds the instructions currently being executed and the data currently being processed. It has an access time of 10 of the 27.5-ns minor cycles and a 60-bit word length. Large core memory holds data ready to transfer to small core memory. It has an access time of 60 of the 27.5-ns minor cycles and a word length of 480 bits (512 bits with parity). Accesses are fully pipelined and buffered, so the two have the same sequential transfer rate of 60 bits every 27.5 ns. The two work in parallel, so the sequential transfer rate from one to the other is 60 bits per 27.5 ns minor-cycle. On an operating system call, the contents of the small core memory are swapped out and replaced from the large core memory by the operating system, and restored afterward.

There is a 12-word instruction pipeline, called instruction word stack in CDC documentation. All addresses in the stack are fetched, without waiting for the instruction field to be processed. Therefore, the fetch of the target instruction of a conditional branch precedes evaluation of the branch condition. During the execution of a 10-word (up to 40 instruction) loop, all the needed instructions remain in the stack, so no instructions are fetched, leaving small core memory free for data transfers.

There are eight 60-bit registers, each with an address register. Moving an address to an address register starts a small core memory read or write. Arithmetic and logic instructions have these registers as sources and destinations. The programmer or compiler tries to fetch data in time to be used and store data before more data needs the same register, but if it is not ready, the processor goes into a wait state until it is. It also waits if one of the four floating-point arithmetic units is not ready when requested, but due to pipelining, this does not usually happen.

Relationship with the CDC 6600
The CDC 7600 "was designed to be machine code upward compatible with the 6600, but to provide a substantial increase in performance". One user said: "Most users could run on either system without changes."

Although the 7600 shared many features of the 6600, including hardware, instructions, and its 60-bit word size, it was not object-code compatible with the CDC 6600. In addition, it was not entirely source-code (COMPASS) compatible, as some instructions in the 7600 did not exist in the 6600, and vice versa. It had originally been named the CDC 6800, but was changed to 7600 when Cray decided that it could not be completely compatible. However, due to the 7600's operating system design, the 6600 and 7600 shared a "uniform software environment" despite the low-level differences.

In fact, from a high-level perspective, the 7600 was quite similar to the 6600. At the time computer memory could be arranged in blocks with independent access paths, and Cray's designs used this to their advantage. While most machines would use a single CPU to run all the functionality of the system, Cray realized that this meant each memory block spent a considerable amount of time idle while the CPU was processing instructions and accessing other blocks. In order to take advantage of this, the 6600 and 7600 left mundane housekeeping tasks, printing output or reading punched cards, for instance, to a series of ten smaller 12-bit machines based on the CDC 160-A known as "Peripheral Processor Units", or PPUs. For any given cycle of the machine one of the PPUs was in control, feeding data into the memory while the main processor was crunching numbers. When the cycle completed, the next PPU was given control. In this way the memory always held up-to-date information for the main processor to work on (barring delays in the external devices themselves), eliminating delays on data, as well as allowing the CPU to be built for mathematical performance and nothing else. The PPU could have been called a very smart "communications channel".

Like the 6600, the 7600 used 60-bit words with instructions that were generally 15 bits in length, although there were also 30-bit instructions. The instructions were packed into the 60-bit words, but a 30-bit instruction could not straddle two words, and control could only be transferred to the first instruction in a word. However, the instruction set itself had changed to reflect the new internal memory layout, thereby rendering it incompatible with the earlier 6600. The machines were similar enough to make porting of compilers and operating systems possible without too much trouble. The machine initially did not come with software; sites had to be willing to write their own operating system, like LTSS, NCAROS, and others; and compilers like LRLTRAN (Livermore's version of Fortran with dynamic memory management and other non-standard features).

CDC also manufactured two multi-processor computers based on the 7600, with the model number 7700. They consisted of two 7600 machines in an asymmetric configuration: a central and an adjunct machine. They were used for missile launch and inbound tracking of USSR ICBMs. The radar simulator was a real-time simulator with a CDC 6400 for input/output front-end. These systems were to be used in the Pacific Missile Range. One computer was installed at TRW in Redondo Beach CA (later moved to Kwajalein Atoll, South Pacific), and the second one was installed at McDonnell Douglas in Huntington Beach, California. They were actual 7600s connected by chassis 25 to make them a 7600 MP.

Reception and usage
From about 1969 to 1975, the CDC 7600 was generally regarded as the fastest computer in the world, except for specialized units. However, even with the advanced mechanicals and cooling, the 7600 was prone to failure. Both LLNL and NCAR reported that the machine would break down at least once a day, and often four or five times. Acceptance at installation sites took years while the bugs were worked out, and while the machine generally sold well enough given its "high end" niche, it is unlikely the machine generated any sort of real profits for CDC. The successor CDC 8600 was never completed, and Seymour Cray went on to form his own company, Cray Research.

One surviving 7600 is partially on display at the Computer History Museum. Its sheer size allows only two corner units to be shown. The rest are in storage. Another 7600 is on display at the Chippewa Falls Museum of Industry and Technology, along with its console and a tape controller.

Photos

 * Inside the 7600

title: CDC 7600


text:
Freak Out!

Freak Out! is the debut studio album by the American rock band the Mothers of Invention, released on June 27, 1966, by Verve Records. Often cited as one of rock music's first concept albums, it is a satirical expression of guitarist/bandleader Frank Zappa's perception of American pop culture and the nascent freak scene of Los Angeles. It was the second rock music double album ever released, following Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde just one week earlier, as well as the first double debut album by a rock artist. In the UK, the album was originally released as an edited single disc.

The album was produced by Tom Wilson, who signed the Mothers, formerly a bar band called the Soul Giants. Zappa said many years later that Wilson signed the band to a record deal under the impression that they were a white blues band. The album features Zappa on vocals and guitar, along with lead vocalist/tambourine player Ray Collins, bass player/vocalist Roy Estrada, drummer/vocalist Jimmy Carl Black and guitar player Elliot Ingber (later of Captain Beefheart's Magic Band, performing there under the pseudonym "Winged Eel Fingerling").

The band's original repertoire consisted of rhythm and blues covers, but after Zappa joined the band, he encouraged them to play his own original material, and their name was changed to the Mothers. The musical content of Freak Out! ranges from rhythm and blues, doo-wop, and standard blues-influenced rock to orchestral arrangements and avant-garde sound collages. Although the album was initially poorly received in the United States, it was a success in Europe. It gained a cult following in America, where it continued to sell in substantial quantities until it was discontinued in the early 1970s.

In 1999, the album was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and in 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it among the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2006, The MOFO Project/Object, an audio documentary on the making of the album, was released in honor of its 40th anniversary.

Background
In the early 1960s, Zappa met Ray Collins. Collins supported himself by working as a carpenter, and on weekends sang with a group called the Soul Giants. In April 1965, Collins got into a fight with their guitar player, who quit, leaving the band in need of a substitute, and Zappa filled in. The Soul Giants' repertoire originally consisted of R&B covers. After Zappa joined the band he encouraged them to play his own original material and try to get a record contract. While most of the band members liked the idea, then-leader and saxophone player Davy Coronado felt that performing original material would cost them bookings, and quit the band. Zappa took over leadership of the band, who officially changed their name to the Mothers on May 10, 1965.

The group moved to Los Angeles in the summer of 1965 after Zappa got them a management contract with Herb Cohen. They gained steady work at clubs along the Sunset Strip. MGM staff producer Tom Wilson offered the band a record deal with the Verve Records division in early 1966. He had heard of their growing reputation but had seen them perform only one song, "Trouble Every Day", which concerned the Watts riots. According to Zappa, this led Wilson to believe that they were a "white blues band".

Recording
The first two songs recorded for the album were "Any Way the Wind Blows" and "Who Are the Brain Police?" When Tom Wilson heard the latter, he realized that the Mothers were not merely a blues band. Zappa remembered "I could see through the window that he was scrambling toward the phone to call his boss—probably saying: 'Well, uh, not exactly a 'white blues band', but ... sort of.'" In a 1968 article written for Hit Parader magazine, Zappa wrote that when Wilson heard these songs, "he was so impressed he got on the phone and called New York, and as a result I got a more or less unlimited budget to do this monstrosity." Freak Out! is an early example of the concept album, a sardonic farce about rock music and America. "All the songs on it were about something", Zappa wrote in The Real Frank Zappa Book. "It wasn't as if we had a hit single and we needed to build some filler around it. Each tune had a function within an overall satirical concept."

"If you were to graphically analyze the different types of directions of all the songs in the Freak Out! album, there's a little something in there for everybody. At least one piece of material is slanted for every type of social orientation within our consumer group, which happens to be six to eighty. Because we got people that like what we do, from kids six years old screaming on us to play 'Wowie Zowie'. Like I meet executives doing this and that, and they say, 'My kid's got the record, and 'Wowie Zowie''s their favorite song.'"

The album was recorded at TTG Studios in Hollywood, California, between March 9 and March 12, 1966. Some songs, such as "Motherly Love" and "I Ain't Got No Heart", had already been recorded in earlier versions prior to the Freak Out! sessions. These recordings, said to have been made around 1965, were not officially released until 2004, when they appeared on the posthumous Zappa album Joe's Corsage. An early version of the song "Any Way the Wind Blows", recorded in 1963, appears on another posthumous release, The Lost Episodes, and was originally written when Zappa considered divorcing first wife Kay Sherman. In the liner notes for Freak Out!, Zappa wrote, "If I had never gotten divorced, this piece of trivial nonsense would never have been recorded." "Hungry Freaks, Daddy" is an attack on the American school system that musically quotes a Rolling Stones song, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", in its opening measures, and contains a guitar solo between the first and second verses that itself briefly quotes Richard Berry's 1959 song "Have Love, Will Travel".

Tom Wilson became more enthusiastic as the sessions continued. In the middle of the week of recording, Zappa told him, "I would like to rent $500 [] worth of percussion equipment for a session that starts at midnight on Friday and I want to bring all the freaks from Sunset Boulevard into the studio to do something special." Wilson agreed. The material was worked into "Cream Cheese", a "ballet in two tableaux" that was eventually retitled "The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet". In a November 1967 radio interview (posthumously included as part of the 2006 MOFO album), Zappa is heard complaining that the version of "Monster Magnet" released on Freak Out! was in fact an unfinished piece; the percussion track was intended to serve as the foundation for an even more complex piece, but MGM refused to approve the studio time needed to record the intended overdubs that would have completed the composition, and so it was released (to Zappa's great dissatisfaction) in this unfinished form. In addition to the Mothers, some tracks featured a "Mothers' Auxiliary" that consisted of additional session players, including noted "Wrecking Crew" members Gene Estes, Carol Kaye and Mac Rebennack (aka Dr. John), guitarist Neil Levang, and jazz-soul pianists Eugene DiNovi and Les McCann, with vocal contributions by Paul Butterfield, Kim Fowley, Jeannie Vassoir and future Mother Jim Sherwood. Several orchestral musicians, who were also mostly credited as members of the Auxiliary (including their contractor, Benjamin Barrett), also made contributions to several songs at certain sessions, chiefly in the form of backing tracks on those songs.

Zappa later found out that when the material was recorded, Wilson had taken LSD. "I've tried to imagine what [Wilson] must have been thinking", Zappa recounted, "sitting in that control room, listening to all that weird shit coming out of the speakers, and being responsible for telling the engineer, Ami Hadani (who was not on acid), what to do." By the time Freak Out! was edited and shaped into an album, Wilson had spent $25–35,000 of MGM's money. In Hit Parader magazine, Zappa wrote that "Wilson was sticking his neck out. He laid his job on the line by producing the album. MGM felt that they had spent too much money on the album."

An early version of the album was done in April, with a different track order from the final sequence completed two months later: for instance, "Wowie Zowie" (which would eventually begin side two of the finalized sequence instead, and was described by Zappa as "harmless", "cheerful" and apparently liked by Little Richard) was the original planned lead-off track rather than "Hungry Freaks, Daddy", "Trouble Comin' Every Day" (which was inspired by the Watts Riots that took place the previous year) was included on side one rather than side three, and "Who Are the Brain Police?" (acknowledged by Zappa himself as one of the scariest songs on the album) took up the middle of side two rather than the middle of side one, with only "Help, I'm a Rock" (a song dedicated to Elvis Presley) and "Cream Cheese" (later retitled "The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet") taking up the same concluding places on the early sequence that they eventually would on the finalized sequence. "Wowie Zowie" itself originally contained a musique concrète section between the bridge and third verse that would eventually be edited out of the song as it appeared on the finalized sequence, while the third section of "Help, I'm a Rock", called "It Can't Happen Here", contained two additional lines consisting of the word "psychedelic" during the self-pleasure sequence and of the words "...since you first took the shots" immediately following the "we've been very interested in your development" line. Tapes of the early sequence were eventually leaked to European collectors and bootlegged on vinyl as The Alternate Freak Out! in 2010, with long-time Zappa associate Scott Parker later describing the early sequence's track order as having more conceptual "integrat[ion]" and "a greater amount of weirdness sprinkled throughout" than that of the finalized sequence during a 2011 podcast.

The label eventually requested that the two lines in question be removed from the "It Can't Happen Here" section of "Help, I'm a Rock", both of which had been interpreted by MGM executives to be drug references. However, the label either had no objections to, or else did not notice, a sped-up recording of Zappa shouting the word "fuck" after accidentally smashing his finger, occurring at 11 minutes and 36 seconds into "The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet". From the 1995 CD reissue of the album onwards, the formerly three-part "Help, I'm a Rock" was reindexed as two separate tracks, with only the first two parts ("Okay To Tap Dance" and "In Memoriam, Edgard Varèse" ) remaining under the "Help, I'm a Rock" title but with "It Can't Happen Here" becoming its own track, as "It Can't Happen Here" had been included by itself on the 1969 vinyl compilation Mothermania, where the two normally censored lines were also reinstated.

MGM also told Zappa that the band would have to change their name, claiming that no DJ would play a record on the air by a group called "the Mothers".

"... at the time, it was, you know, if you were a good musician, you were a motherfucker, and Mothers was short for collection of motherfuckers. And actually, it was kind of presumptuous to name the band that, because we weren't that good musicians, we were ... But by bar-band standards in the area, we were light-years ahead of our competition, but in terms of real musicianship, I just suppose we were right down there in the swamp."

Release
Verve released Freak Out! on June 27, 1966. The band's name was changed to the Mothers of Invention, a name Zappa chose in favor of MGM's original suggested name, "The Mothers Auxiliary". The album's back cover included a "letter" from Zappa-created fictional character Suzy Creamcheese (who also appears on the album itself), which read:

"These Mothers is crazy. You can tell by their clothes. One guy wears beads and they all smell bad. We were gonna get them for a dance after the basketball game but my best pal warned me you can never tell how many will show up ... sometimes the guy in the fur coat doesn't show up and sometimes he does show up only he brings a big bunch of crazy people with him and they dance all over the place. None of the kids at my school like these Mothers ... specially since my teacher told us what the words to their songs meant. Sincerely forever, Suzy Creamcheese, Salt Lake City, Utah."

Because the text was printed in a typeface resembling typewriter lettering, some people thought that Suzy Creamcheese was real, and many listeners expected to see her in concert performances. Because of this, it was decided that "it would be best to bring along a Suzy Creamcheese replica who would demonstrate once and for all the veracity of such a beast." Because the original voice of Suzy Creamcheese, Jeannie Vassoir, was unavailable, Pamela Zarubica took over the part.

Early pressings of the album in the United States included a blurb for a "Freak Out Hot Spots!" map. Inside the gatefold jacket the small ad was aimed at people coming to visit Los Angeles and it listed several famous restaurants and clubs including Canter's and The Whisky a Go Go. The ad also claimed information concerning police arrests. It states: "Also shows where the heat has been busting frequently, with tips on safety in police terror situations". Those interested in the map were instructed to send $1.00 (US$0 in dollars) to MGM Records c/o 1540 Broadway NY. NY. address. The map was only available for a limited time, since the blurb was not included on later pressings and the space was left blank. It was eventually reprinted and included with The MOFO Project/Object, a four-disc audio documentary on the making of the album, released posthumously by the Zappa Family Trust in 2006.

Reception
Freak Out! reached No. 130 on the Billboard chart, and was not a critical success when it was first released in the United States. Many listeners were convinced that the album was drug-inspired, and interpreted the album's title as slang for a bad LSD trip. The album made the Mothers of Invention immediate underground darlings with a strong counter-cultural following. In The Real Frank Zappa Book, Zappa quotes a negative review of the album by Pete Johnson of the Los Angeles Times, who wrote:

"I guess you might call it surrealistic paintings set to music. Not content to record just two sides of musical gibberish, the MOI devote four full sides to their type of 'artistry'. If anyone owns this album, perhaps he can tell me what in hell is going on ... The Mothers of Invention, a talented but warped quintet, have fathered an album poetically entitled Freak Out, which could be the greatest stimulus to the aspirin industry since the income tax."

The album developed a major cult following in the United States by the time MGM/Verve had been merged into a division of PolyGram in 1972. At that time many MGM/Verve releases including Freak Out! were prematurely deleted in an attempt to keep the struggling company financially solvent. Zappa had already moved on to his own companies Bizarre Records and Straight Records, which were distributed by Warner Bros. Records. Freak Out! was initially more successful in Europe and quickly influenced many English rock musicians. According to David Fricke, the album was a major influence on the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Paul McCartney regarded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as the Beatles' Freak Out!  Zappa criticized the Beatles, as he felt they were "only in it for the money".

Freak Out! was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999, ranked at number 243 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003, and 246 in a 2012 revised list. It was also featured in the 2006 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. The album was named as one of Classic Rock magazine's "50 Albums That Built Prog Rock". It was voted number 315 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

Track listing
On the 1995 and 2012 CD releases, "Help, I'm a Rock" is credited as two tracks: "Help, I'm a Rock" (4:43) and "It Can't Happen Here" (3:57). On the Side 3 label of original vinyl copies, "Trouble Every Day" is listed as "Trouble Comin' Every Day".

Personnel
The Mothers of Invention
 * Frank Zappa – guitar, conductor, vocals
 * Jimmy Carl Black – percussion, drums, vocals
 * Ray Collins – vocals, harmonica, cymbals, sound effects, tambourine, finger cymbals, bobby pin & tweezers
 * Roy Estrada – bass & guitarrón, boy soprano
 * Elliot Ingber – alternate lead & rhythm guitar with clear white light

The Mothers' Auxiliary

 * Gene Estes – percussion
 * Eugene Di Novi – piano
 * Neil Levang – guitar
 * John Rotella – clarinet, bass saxophone
 * Carol Kaye – 12-string guitar
 * Kurt Reher – cello
 * Raymond Kelley – cello
 * Paul Bergstrom – cello
 * Emmet Sargeant – cello
 * Joseph Saxon – cello
 * Edwin V. Beach – cello
 * Arthur Maebe – French horn
 * George Price – French horn
 * Roy Caton – trumpet
 * Virgil Evans – trumpet
 * David Wells – trombone
 * Motorhead Sherwood – noises
 * Kim Fowley – hypophone
 * Mac Rebennack – piano
 * Paul Butterfield – vocals
 * Les McCann – piano
 * Jeannie Vassoir – voice of Suzy Creamcheese

Production credits
 * Musical director, orchestrator, and arranger: Frank Zappa
 * Producer: Tom Wilson
 * Engineering director: Val Valentin
 * Engineers: Ami Hadani, Tom Wilson, Val Valentin
 * Assistants: Eugene Dinovi, Neil Levang, Vito, Ken Watson
 * Cover design: Jack Anesh
 * Hair stylist: Ray Collins

Charts

 * Album

title: Freak Out!


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/XXOS

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled XXOS.'

This page is kept as an historic record.

Added by Abqwildcat without explanation.
 * I'm tempted to use a profane three-letter acronym that begins with "wt" about this one. Delete. DO'Neil 09:23, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * May I add the final "f" to that? Delete. - Lucky 6.9 18:17, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I deleted it. This article has gone through VfD twice before and keeps getting created.  RickK 20:55, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/XXOS


text:
Mallarmé

Mallarmé is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * André Mallarmé (1877–1956), French politician
 * Stéphane Mallarmé (1842–1898), French poet and critic
 * François-René-Auguste Mallarmé (1755–1835), politician during the French Revolution

title: Mallarmé


text:
Extent File System

Extent File System (EFS) is an older extent-based file system used in IRIX releases prior to version 5.3. It has been superseded by XFS.

title: Extent File System


text:
Talk:Base 13

VfD
''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see Articles for deletion/Base 13.''

Sentence in wrong place
"Also 4213 is read as "four two base thirteen" as the four is not in a "tens" column."

This seems just jarring for a discussion of a base-13 joke (or non-joke.) 42 is read as "forty two" in the absence of an explicit base.

The sentence should be moved to its own paragraph on reading non-decimal numbers. E.g. we say "hex forty-one or "41 base 16" when the base is not obvious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.107.89.147 (talk) 23:32, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

ROT13
I removed:
 * This system was used in some encryption algorithms.

Is this is a reference to ROT13? If so, it's incorrect, as ROT13 uses addition modulo 26. — Matt 03:33, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Base 15?
6×9=42 in base 15, or am I insane? --68.13.122.35 11:31, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * 6*9 is 54(dec), whereas 42(base 15) is 4*15 + 2 = 62(dec). -- Jao 14:32, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

can someone please explain how 6*9=42 in base13? i'm confused. I can't find the mathematical pattern.--unsigned by User:75.3.181.17

 * I think User:68.13.122.35 meant base 13.
 * As for User:75.3.181.17, can you find the pattern in 6*7=4210? I don't think I can.
 * 6*9=4213 can be verified either by doing the product in decimal (it's 5410) and converting either 5410 into base-13 or 4213 into decimal to see that they are the same - or by doing a repeated sum in base 13, e.g.:
 * 2*9=9+9=1513 (where 1513is of course 13+5=1810)
 * 4*9=2*9+2*9=15+15=2A13 (where A13=1010)
 * 6*9=4*9+2*9=2A+15=4213 (using A+5=1213)
 * Are you still confused?--Niels Ø 21:49, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * What?! This is why I use calculators. I don't understand any of this. Karonaway (talk) 05:48, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Let's do it in base 10:
 * 6*9 is ......... + ......... + ......... + ......... + ......... + ......... (six times nine dots).
 * That's ...................................................... (54 dots)
 * In base 13 we count groups of 13, so let's rearrange that flock of dots into groups of 13:
 * We got four groups of 13 dots each and one group of two dots left. In base 13 this is 42. (4*13+ 2; just like 54 in base 10 is 5*10+ 4). --:Slomox:: >< 16:58, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * We got four groups of 13 dots each and one group of two dots left. In base 13 this is 42. (4*13+ 2; just like 54 in base 10 is 5*10+ 4). --:Slomox:: >< 16:58, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

That which remained unsaid...
"That which remained unsaid..." is going to become a special title for an ongoing series. Strange how many articles give you the most out of the way trivia on a subject, but forget to tell you why this thing exists, and is in an encyclopedia. (See A4 paper for another example.) The point about base 13 is that it is a joke, because nobody would choose a prime number for a counting base. You could never divide anything evenly except by 1 and 13. (Actually, the decimal base is not much better; you can divide things evenly only 2 and 5. That is why the 12 system could have been so much better; it accepts 3 and 4 and 2 and 6 as divisors, and all those factors are more useful than 2 and 5 anyway.) The fact that it appears in The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy gives it away, but only for people who know THAT book, and geekboys and girls, believe it or not, that ain't everyone. Myles325a (talk) 01:49, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * "nobody would choose a prime number for a counting base" Lagrange would disagree with you. :-) Double sharp (talk) 12:49, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Notability
I suggest the notability issues raised by sligocki are discussed here: Category talk:Positional numeral systems.--Noe (talk) 17:07, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Favonian (talk) 17:00, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Base 13 → Tridecimal – This way, the article is consistent with the neighbouring articles on bases, which use the numerical prefix nomenclature rather than the "Base x" nomenclature. (I'm not so sure about moving the higher ones, as their prefix names are not as transparent, but it looks odd to have "Base 13" between "duodecimal" and "tetradecimal". Double sharp (talk) 16:28, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose – "tridecimal" seems to be an extremely rare thing to call a base 13 number system. Dicklyon (talk) 03:47, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Are undecimal and septemvigesimal really that much more common for bases 11 and 27? Double sharp (talk) 15:32, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I doubt it. Dicklyon (talk) 06:31, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

 * oppose per Dicklyon -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 04:18, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment I think triskaidecimal is more common than "tridecimal" -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 04:19, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Base 13 is clear, tridecimal not so much. SnowFire (talk) 18:58, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Tridecimal is unclear. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 08:24, 14 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Base 13