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Talk:Shot noise

nature of shot noise
i thought shot noise was to do with electrons passing over a junction between two different conducting materials? ill go else where and check... mark_metcalfe@hotmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.125.1.23 (talk • contribs)

 * I think that's called a flicker noise... kuevis@hotmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.150.77.68 (talk • contribs)

Hi,

You are absolutely right, and this page needs some editing. I think I or someone with more detailed knowledge should do this.

Briefly speaking, the granular nature of charge is not responsible for shot noise by itself. Shot noise occurs when charge carriers must cross a junction.

So for instance, a copper wite carrying current will exhibit only thermal noise but not shot noise, while a semiconductor junction will exhibit both.

Flicker noise is an altogether different phenomenon, and while there are several theories and models regarding flicker noise, there is no universally accepted physical model to explain it yet (perhaps a Nobel Prize waiting for someone), despite and perhaps owing to its universal nature. It is seen in phenomena from microscopic scale to the astronomical scale.

Vivek vivkr .at. yahoo. com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.218.180.1 (talk • contribs)

 * I believe you are rong. Shot noise occours in copper wires. Some discussion could take place due to the less deffined position of electrons in copper, but this only reduces the bandwith of the noise and not the its power.

 * I believe flicker noise is usually due to electron traps in the potential barrier beetwen conductors and isolators.

 * --Paclopes 19:37, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

According to Horowitz and Hill (2nd eddition) There is less than the expected shot noise in resisotrs and other conductors. (how much less is not specified) This is becasue the electrons in a conductor are coorelated, (I assume by the electric field), when an electron leaves on end of the conductor the other electrons "know" about it. For PN junctions the charge carriers move by diffusion, they are uncoorelated and show shot noise. I find the case of photon noise to be more confusing. All light sources have shot noise, but there can be excess noise from an incoherent light source (light bulb) under certain rather extreme conditions See Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Gherold 18:25, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

shot and thermal noise
Shot noise is directly dependent on current while thermal noise is indepedent of the applied voltage or current, they don't seem to be related.

>> See the paper by Sarpeshkar, Delbruck, and Mead referenced in the main article. Apparently, they are related through Einstein's relation $$D_n = \mu_n\,kT/q$$.

Treat an open circuited resistor as having a pair of balanced diffusion currents in opposite directions, so that the DC current is zero. Since the diffusion currents in opposite directions are uncorrelated, take the sum of the two noise power terms. Then substitute Einstein's relation and combine conductance terms to get $$i_n^2 = 4\,kT\,G\,\Delta{}f$$ and multiplying both sides by $$R^2$$ and taking the square root, obtain the classic forumula for Nyquist-Johnson noise: $$e_n = \sqrt{4\,kT\,R\,\Delta{}f}$$

Shot noise only depends on fluctuations in the number of carriers arriving in a given interval, assumed to be Poisson-distributed for most purposes, and not on any specific properties of the medium. Contact noise, 1/f noise, popcorn noise, etc., are all examples of excess noise.

references on noise
Hi,

I forgot to post some references at the end of my mail. I am adding these here. There are bound to be many sources on the web too, which are more accessible to those who are not electrical engineers or have a good library nearby.

Ref. 1 has an excellent introduction on this topic in the Chapter on Noise, (Chap. 10). Ref. 2 is also decent, although their treatment of flicker noise is not perfectly satisfying, even if it is technically correct.

1. "The Design of CMOS Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits" by Thomas H Lee, Cambridge University Press.

2. "Analysis & Design of Analog Integrated Circuits" by Gray, Meyer, Hurst & Lewis, John Wiley & Sons (Chap. 11).

There exist many more references of course ...

Vivek —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.218.180.1 (talk • contribs)

examples at top
Say at the top how shot noise might mess up one's life or experiments. --Jidanni 2006-04-16

formulas
Why there are no formulas for shot noise?! The page is only talk.... Somethink like

I_{sh} = \sqrt{2 q I_{dc} \Delta f} $$

 * Please define delta f File Not Found 20:09, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Merge Photon noise into this article
Agree PAR 03:43, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Agree Dr Lind 12:34, 20 December 2006 (ETC) (Shot noise being the more common term)

Deletion of content
Can someone fact check these edits? I don't understand the changes that were made or why some of the content was deleted. — Omegatron 00:59, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm! I suggest we revert pending me finding my book on Noise ! 8-)--Light current 01:48, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

simple analogy for non specialists
The article launches into the topic in a fairly technical manner and never explains why it's called 'shot' noise. The way I was introduced to the phenomenon was to imagine the difference between a cup of molten lead being poured onto a surface vs a cup of lead shot. This can also be extended to cover the phenomenon's relevance to extremely low level signals with a bit of imagination. Does someone more eloquent than me want to tackle this before I make a hash of it? :) MagnusL (talk) 11:21, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

I took a shot at an explanation along those lines. I typically explain this to students using light photons but sugar grains / lead shot are perhaps more accessible. That was reverted because it was 'unsourced/POV' -- that's a function of any explanation meant to give intuition. I'm not going to persist, use an edited version of this if you like. Mhisted (talk) 15:49, 24 July 2008 (UTC) 04:34, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Wrong SNR
The wrong SNR is given. You don't have to deal with the signal amplitude and the standard deviation, but with powers/energys, i.e. with the squared amplitude and the variance. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of shot noise is N. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.202.28.10 (talk) 22:42, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Shot noise in conductors?
I thought it was only when crossing junctions of some type. This page also seems to say, at least, that shot noise formulas are not applicable to conductors. — Omegatron (talk) 23:15, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Here's another. — Omegatron (talk) 23:19, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

"Shot noise is present in any conductor — not just a semiconductor. Barriers in conductors can be as simple as imperfections or impurities in the metal. The level of shot noise, however, is very small due to the enormous numbers of electrons moving in the conductor, and the relative size of the potential barriers. Shot noise in semiconductors is much more pronounced." "Opamps for Everyone" — Omegatron (talk) 22:34, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

To summarize the analog.com article and Horowitz and Hill (who they quote): to have shot noise, you must have 1. small numbers of quanta and 2. independence between the arrival times of the quanta. Metal conductors violate #2 because they have long-range correlations between carriers. So you could still see shot noise in a long tube filled with a salt solution, but not in a long metal wire. Mhisted 05:05, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

I'm going to correct the article based on this discussion Mhisted (talk) 15:51, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Statements about lasers
Actually, the fundamental physical process behind lasing is stimulated emission. It's quantum mechanical, and hence probabilistic, not random. If laser physics were truly random, then laser light couldn't be coherent. Phase coherence is arguably the single defining characteristic of a laser!

Now, on a one-second time scale, yes, there is a most-likely number of photon arrivals. Naturally, if you measure the photon arrivals in many one-second intervals, you'll find a statistical distribution around this value. I'll grant you that this distribution probably qualifies as shot noise in that it looks random, but it's a question of time scale.

Also, I should point out that this distribution exists regardless of the laser's brightness -- i.e., the "shot noise" still exists even if there are billions of photons hitting a wall per second. It's just that the SNR is much higher than when the laser is dim.

Also, no links to photon or laser articles? --Firstorderapproximation (talk) 10:21, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was about to ask about this. Photons have Bose distribution, which might affect counting statistics. It is Bose statistics that make lasers work, with photons wanting to be in the same quantum state. And, being in the same quantum state, I suspect not statistically independent. Now, if you take a laser and attenuate the beam, then maybe. Note also that lasers have a threshold to start lasing, and so you can't just turn down the intensity. Well, I suppose you can, but they aren't lasers anymore. Semiconductor lasers are just LEDs below threshold. Gah4 (talk) 05:11, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was about to ask about this. Photons have Bose distribution, which might affect counting statistics. It is Bose statistics that make lasers work, with photons wanting to be in the same quantum state. And, being in the same quantum state, I suspect not statistically independent. Now, if you take a laser and attenuate the beam, then maybe. Note also that lasers have a threshold to start lasing, and so you can't just turn down the intensity. Well, I suppose you can, but they aren't lasers anymore. Semiconductor lasers are just LEDs below threshold. Gah4 (talk) 05:11, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

origin of the term "shot noise"?
The term "shot noise" comes from looking at what happens to lead shot in a shot tower, right? That is, the arrival times of the shot (when they hit the water) are exponentially distributed, and the number in any given time period is Poisson distributed. Can anyone find a quick reference? cheers, 38.111.20.226 (talk) 19:44, 11 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd always assumed (without evidence) that it was named after buckshot because it scatters 'randomly' if not actually Poissonly. A quick Google search finds me one source claiming it's named after Schottky who first analysed it, and another saying it's named after "the sound made by a fistful of gunshot dropped on the floor... not the name of its discoverer". Perhaps a bit more research is needed.
 * Either way we should probably add some mention of Schottky to the article. Olaf Davis (talk) 20:31, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Formulas for photography
Suppose I were taking a picture and wanted to compute the shot noise. Assuming 100% QE and FF, and no other noise, I think I'd compute the luminous intensity on each pixel (based on the luminance of the subject, the magnification, subject distance, and entrance pupil diameter), then figure out the radiant intensity at the given wavelength, then use Planck's law to get the photon flux, and multiply by the exposure time to get the number of photons. Finally, using the Poisson distribution to find $$\sigma = \sqrt{n}$$.

Does that sound right?

If so, then if I image a candle flame at 1m with an entrance pupil diameter of 10mm so it covers 100x100 pixels, then we are talking a solid angle of 2.5×10-5 steradians. So at 1/683 W/sr at 540×1012Hz (=555nm), we are talking 3.66e-8 W.

At that wavelength, each photon is 3.58e-19 J, so the photon flux is 1013 photons per second, or 1e10 photons for a 1/1000-second exposure, and so I get one million photons per pixel, so the standard deviation should be 1000 photons, or 0.1%.

If I throw in QE*FF=0.3 I get 0.18%, which, for an 8-bit sensor near its max looks like sigma = 0.5 counts.

Is that right? —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 15:00, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Before Schottky there was Campbell
I don't think Schottky was the first to study shot-noise. According to the point process literature, it was the work  by Norman R. Campbell on shot noise , which was partly inspired by the work of Ernest Rutherford and Hans Geiger on alpha particle detection, where the Poisson point process arose as a solution to a family of differential equations by Harry Bateman. In Campbell's work, he presents the moments and generating functions of the random sum of a Poisson process on the real line, but remarks that the main mathematical argument was due to G. H. Hardy, which has inspired some to say that the result should be called the Campbell-Hardy theorem. .

See Campbell's theorem for more information.

Improbable keeler (talk) 11:52, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

ℏ?
I suspect ℏ in the formulae denotes the reduced Planck constant. Could someone confirm that and add that clarification to the text? A formula does not make much sense unless its variables are explained. The same goes for the page about the Landauer formula. --Mlewan (talk) 07:04, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is definitely correct. On the other hand, I doubt that the readers who do not know what ℏ is can benefit much from this part of the article.--Ymblanter (talk) 08:27, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

Photon noise
This article is flatly wrong in conflating shot noise with photon noise. The complication is that photons are bosons, which results in an additional noise term at low frequency. See the new, referenced version of the photon noise article, and please correct this article. WorstUsernameEver (talk) 23:40, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I believe you are wrong, as far as normal usage goes. "Photon noise" refers to the shot noise involved in the detection of light (or any EM radiation) due to the quantization of the EM field's energy given an intensity level. Additionally for bosonic fields there can be, as you point out, "wave noise" which changes the intensity (on a time scale determined by the light's bandwidth) for THERMAL sources, and this is a classical effect (but can also be described as "photon bunching") which is not a property of light itself: it is not present in laser light for instance. I think the photon noise article is also flawed in that regard, given the normal usage of the term.

 * But I'm not sure who sets the actual definition of these terms. In practice, at frequencies high enough that shot noise from photons is observed, wave noise is normally not observable (because it would take a very high temperature source). I have never seen, in practice, a need to consider wave noise in the detection of light (nor photon noise in the detection of radio waves). Note that Hanbury Brown NEVER observed wave noise directly, only the correlation of noise in two separate detectors attributable to the wave noise component buried in them, since their shot noises were independent and uncorrelated. Instead of changing the usage of these terms, why not start a page on wave noise, and link to it from the photon noise page? Interferometrist (talk) 23:43, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Though I considered it to be somewhat too "grey lit" to use as a reference, my main source was actually this. As far as I can tell, the total shot+wave is the way the term is used today among the experts who care about both terms, this being especially important, in actual practice as documented there, in the microwave spectrum.  Expressing the noise in terms of NEP escalates the author's intended importance of the detection process in defining what is meant by noise.  Either way, I think you agree that the wave noise component is article-worthy, whether that be a separate article or simply where I have already put it and believe it naturally to belong. WorstUsernameEver (talk) 09:05, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

 * - thanks for your reply. I looked at that document and actually it looks pretty good and could definitely be accepted as a RS. HOWEVER the fact that he entitled a section "4.5 Photon NEP" cannot be construed as him defining "photon noise" to be shot noise plus wave noise, nor even less that definition being commonly accepted. My impression, as I said, was otherwise. But I work with a number of people in these areas and will make a point of asking them, off the cuff, what their definition includes.
 * And yes we certainly agree that wave noise should be dealt with, somewhere, in Wikipedia. I see there is a page with the title (which I don't think is the best) Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect. To its credit, the article describes wave noise using classical electromagnetism, and then also goes on to present the effect on photon counting in terms of "photon bunching." I would (but don't have time or sufficient motivation to) rename that page "Wave noise" and include a section where the effect on detection of shot and wave noise are considered together and compared in magnitude (versus wavelength, blackbody temperature), and could also link to Rayleigh fading which is the same effect from a different model and Rayleigh distribution which describes its statistical distribution (in classical terms). This would subsume the current Photon noise page (thus merge). SOMEWHERE "photon noise" would have to be defined (once we agree on that!). For now, I would lump these both into "photon detection noise" (but that would need to include other terms possibly, depending on where you draw the line, thermal background noise and excess noise terms involved in detection such as G-R noise in which the shot noise is doubled). Are you inclined to work on that at all?
 * In the meantime, the correctness of the title of Photon noise is in question (though I don't think it needs to be quickly taken down or anything as its content is fine outside of one word's definition). Interferometrist (talk) 18:24, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, please, consult with your colleagues. Without addressing the bulk, I would call your attention also to section 4.12, which deals with correlations between adjacent detectors.  There is a penalty to oversampling within a coherence volume. WorstUsernameEver (talk) 22:38, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shot noise


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Meidling

Meidling is the 12th district of Vienna (12. Bezirk, Meidling). It is located just southwest of the central districts, south of the River Wien, west of the Gürtel belt, and east and southeast of Schönbrunn Palace. Meidling is a heavily populated urban area with many residential buildings, but also large recreational areas and parks. In sports, it is represented by the FC Dynamo Meidling. Former Chancellor of Austria Sebastian Kurz was born and raised in Meidling and his private residence is there.

Location
The 12th District lies in southwest Vienna, about 5–10 km (3–6 mi) from the Innere Stadt. It stretches from Wiental south of the River Wien in the region between the Wienerberg hill in the 10th District and the Grünen Berg hill, part of Schönbrunn Palace, in the 13th District.

District parts
The former suburb, after which the "Meidlinger L" of the South-Vienna dialect is named, consists of two parts:
 * a heavily developed workers section, closer to the downtown area (Obermeidling, Untermeidling and Gaudenzdorf);
 * and a loose joint area (and Altmannsdorf Hetzendorf), to the southwest. The latter is a mixed industrial and residential area to the Valley of the Liesing, where the compound structure of the 23rd District continues. In between, are the foothills of the mountain with its Viennese geologically young beach terraces and brick pits.

Besides the Katastralgemeinden of Altmannsdorf, Gaudenzdorf, Hetzendorf and Meidling (Obermeidling and Untermeidling), there are also small areas of the Katastralgemeinden Atzgersdorf, Inzersdorf and Inzersdorf City in the Meidlinger district area.

A breakdown of the district area is also in the Zählbezirken official statistics, in which the municipality Zählsprengel combined. The eleven census-districts in Meidling are: Gaudenzdorf, Fuchsenfeld, Meidlinger Friedhof, Wilhelmsdorf, Meidlinger Hauptstraße, Tivoligasse, Gatterhölzl, Oswaldgasse, Am Schöpfwerk, Altmannsdorf und Hetzendorf. Despite partial name similarity, the boundaries of the census-districts do not match those of each Katastralgemeinde.

Land use
The developed area of Meidling includes 54.3% (33.3% Vienna-wide) of the area of the district. The space itself is distributed as 69.0% to 9.7%, for residential areas versus total area of cultural, religious, or sports venues (devoted to public purposes). This relatively high figure is compared to one for a Viennese township as a very low proportion of farmland (4.3% of the area to be developed).

Greenspace in Hietzing takes in a share of 18.2%. The proportion of traffic areas in the district region is, with 27.5%, typical for central Vienna.

History
Meidling, as a district of Vienna, was founded in 1892. It consists of five former villages: Obermeidling, Untermeidling, Gaudenzdorf, Hetzendorf and Altmannsdorf. Obermeidling and Untermeidling were one village called Meidling until 1806, when they were divided. Altmannsdorf still has its rural character.

The place Altmannsdorf was mentioned for the first time in 1314 and had a rural character for a long time. In 1190 was the first written mention of Hetzendorf, after which Henricus von Hetzendorf received it as a feudal village. Later, it came into possession of the Klosterneuburg Abbey and the German Knights Order. In the 18th century, the site developed into a residential colony.

The settlement at Meidling had been documented under the name "Murlingen" since the year 1104. Originally, the area belonged as a large part of the Klosterneuburg Abbey. In the Middle Ages, mainly farms and vineyards were operated in Meidling.

In 1755, a sulphurous source was discovered, whereupon the area and Theresienbad became a popular destination for the Viennese. At the end of the 18th century, more and more industry established itself, changing the character of the place totally. This led in 1806, to the division of the community, already quite large, into Obermeidling (upper) and Untermeidling (lower). In Untermeidling, a separate settlement developed on the former brickworks site, which was detached in 1846 under the name Wilhelmsdorf. In 1819, the suburb Gaudenzdorf had emerged along the current Vienna Belt, in which, because of the situation in Vienna, numerous dyers, tanners and launderers settled.

On 1 January 1892, all these communities were united to the 12th Viennese community district, Meidling. As a consequence, it became a typical worker district. In the area of the Vienna Belt, many community buildings emerged in the 1920s. The zones of Hetzendorf and Altmannsdorf remained rurally stamped to be sure, but expanded dwelling plants emerged there also, after the Second World War.

Population development
In 1869, the current area covered by the Meidling district consisted of only about 31,000 inhabitants. By the 1892 incorporation, the population had already doubled, through the continuous influx of people to Vienna and the surrounding community. The population growth continued until the beginning of the Great War, so the district, in 1910, contained 106.531 inhabitants. After a slight decline after the First World War, the district reached 109,538 inhabitants in 1934, as its highest population. As a result, the population figures stabilized, after a brief recovery during the 1960s, in the 1980s at a value of just under 80,000 inhabitants. Only after the turn of the millennium, did the district population in Vienna citywide trend to grow. At the beginning of 2007, the population stood at 85,099 people.

Population structure
The age of the population of Meidlinger in 2001, compared to Vienna citywide, was roughly average. The percentage of children under 15 years was 14.8% in the total area (Vienna: 14.7%). Also, the percentage of the population from 15 to 59 years stood at 63.0% (Vienna: 63.6%), in the average range. The number of people aged 60 or more, in 2007, was 18,662 or 21.7% (Vienna: 21.7%). The gender distribution in the district area was 47.9% men and 52.1% women. The number of Meidlingers married was a share of 40.7%, compared to Vienna's 41.2%, only slightly below the average of Vienna.

Origin and language
The proportion of foreign district residents in 2005 was 20.2% (Vienna: 18.7%), and points to 2001 (16.5%) as in the entire state a rising trend. The highest proportion of foreigners in 2005 represented approximately 5.7% share of the district population nationals from Serbia and Montenegro. Other 3.1% were Turkish, Bosnian 1.5%, 1.4% Somali and 1.2% Croatian citizens. 24.4% of the population of Meidling in 2001 weren't born in Austria. 7.7% of the inhabitants could speak Serbian, 5.9% Turkish and 2.7% Croatian. [7] [8]

Religious preferences
The religion of the population in the Meidling district in 2001 largely on average, of Vienna, although the proportion of residents with the Roman Catholic confession with just under 47.0% above the community average of 49.2% was. There are eight in the municipality of Roman Catholic parishes, the city Deanery 12 images. On the other hand, the proportion of people with Islamic beliefs with 9.5% and the proportion of population with Orthodox confession with 7.2% above the average. The percentage of Protestant believers stood at 4.1%, 25.8% belonged to any religious community. Other 6.4% had no religion or another confession given, [7]

Politics
As a working-class district, Meidling is politically traditionally dominated by the SPÖ, which has determined the governor of the district since 1946. Often the SPÖ in Meidling has also reached the absolute majority of votes. The ÖVP were the second strongest party in Meidling from 1946 until 1991, when the FPÖ became the second most popular party. In 1996, after a gain of 8.5%, the FPÖ won the majority of votes from the SPÖ. However, the FPÖ lost all of their gains at the elections in 2001, and even fell below the results of 1991. This decline continued in 2005, although to a lesser extent. The FPÖ barely received more votes than the ÖVP, and the FPÖ slid to a 15.5% vote share. The SPÖ in 2005 regained the absolute majority of votes. The Greens, who became increasingly popular from 1991 to 2005, were by 2005 only just behind the FPÖ and ÖVP.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the Meidling district consists of five parts. The heart sign in the center represents the district-part of Untermeidling. It shows the growing waves nymph with silver, blue decorated cans. It would therefore emphasize the importance of the Vienna River and the springs out of the area. Below is a rectangular, Roman altar stone, the 1853 has been found. The upper left part shows the coat of arms of St. John of Nepomuk, the patron saint of the parish church as represents the district part Gaudenzdorf. He faces a silvery blue bridge on foot. Since John Nepomuk is the patron saint against floods, he serves as a reminder of the historical threat to the area from the River Wien. The right upper part of coat of arms is part of the district Hetzendorf and shows the cross of the Teutonic Order. This was the basic rule of the territory from 1456 inne. The lower left part of the coat of arms is part of the district Obermeidling. It shows in the upper part of a golden wheel as a symbol of the former mills situated here. Below is a green hill with the symbol of the Crescent and a golden star for the six former importance of viticulture. The lower right part is finally Crest for the District of part Altmannsdorf. It shows a black raven with a golden ring in its beak. This represents the King Oswald of Northumbria, the patron saint of parish Altmannsdorfer. The coat of arms of Altmannsdorf can also be found at the house Khleslplatz 2, but this coat of arms has been weathered.

Dialect
The "Meidlinger L" is a specialty of the German working-class dialect spoken in Vienna (see Viennese German). It refers to the letter "l" spoken as "dl" (as in Meidling, hence the name) in some variants of the Viennese dialect. Some believe that this feature of the dialect has its origin in Czech, where the 'l' sometimes sounds similar, e.g. in the past tense.

Sacred buildings

 * Hetzendorf Church ( "Church of the Rosary"), neuromanisch with three paintings by Ernst Fuchs
 * Hölzl Gate Church, an unusual round of Ladislav Hruska (1959)
 * Altmannsdorfer Church on Khleslplatz, the oldest church in Meidling (1838/39)
 * Immaculate Conception Church (1949–53) by Helene Koller Book Wieser and Hans Stein Eder
 * The name of Jesus Church (1950) by Josef Vytiska
 * Monastery Church of the Cross Sisters in Murlingengasse
 * Marianneum in Hetzendorf
 * Meidlinger Pfarrkirche St. John of Nepomuk, Migazziplatz
 * Maria Lourdes in the Haschkagasse
 * Am Schöpfwerk Church
 * Church of the Way, Protestant parish Hetzendorf
 * Schieferlkreuz
 * William Dorfer Chapel
 * Anne Chapel, also known as Chapel Sageder

Castles and villas

 * Castle Altmannsdorf (Schloss Altmannsdorf) – houses the Renner Institute, a training center of the SPÖ
 * Castle Hetzendorf (Schloss Hetzendorf) – houses the Fashion School of the City of Vienna
 * Springer Schlössl – now a hotel of the ÖVP seminar, was built in 1887 by the contractors of Fellner and Helmer.

Large public buildings

 * Vienna rail station Meidling (Bahnhof Wien Meidling)
 * Meidlinger Train barracks (Meidlinger Trainkaserne)
 * Theresienbad – Theresa Spa

Residential and industrial buildings

 * Residential Building Fuchsenfeldhof (1921–24) by and
 * Residential Building Reismannhof (1924–25) by Heinrich Schmid and Hermann Aichinger
 * Residential Building Bebelhof (1925/26) by
 * Residential complex Am Wienerberg (1925–27) by Rudolf Perco et al.
 * Residential Building Liebknechthof (1926–27) by Karl Krist
 * Residential Building Lorenshof (1927–28) of
 * Residential complex Am Tivoli (1927–28) by Wilhelm Peterle
 * Residential Building Simonyhof (1927–28) of Leopold Simony
 * Residential Building Fröhlichhof (1928–29) by Engelbert Mang
 * Residential Building Haydnhof (1928–29) by August Hauser
 * Residential Building Indianerhof (1929–31) by Camillo Fritz Discher und Karl Dirnhuber
 * Residential Building Leopoldine-Glöckel-Hof (1931–32) by
 * Residential complex Am Schöpfwerk (1976–80) by Viktor Hufnagl
 * Kabelwerk Wien-Meidling (2005–2010), a former cable production company

Museums
The District Museum of Meidling (Bezirksmuseum Meidling) is the oldest museum in Vienna. It was founded in 1923 as a Meidlinger Heimatmuseum and sets its priorities, including in the field of crafts, of everyday life and the composer Carl Lorens and Hermann Leopoldi. The Heizungsmuseum of the City of Vienna provides heating, 19th century to the present from. In the same building is the Viennese School Museum, the different class facilities from the 20th century. The fashion is not publicly accessible collection of the Vienna museum has an inventory of over 20,000 exhibits with a focus on women's clothing in the 19th and 20th century. The attached special library is open to the public. The Old Vienna Schnapps Museum is available for visits on request.

Parks and cemeteries
The largest park in the district area is Haydnpark, with around 26,500 m2 surface. The park is located on the grounds of the former Hundsturmer cemetery, which closed 1874 and was opened as park in 1926. From the original cemetery, only the tombstone of the composer Joseph Haydn remains. Approximately half the size is the Wilhelmsdorf park, which was named for its lake at Deckergasse and Deckerpark.

Back in 1909 there was a small public green space, according to the resolution of a stock of rail lines around 1980 Vienna expanded and 1990 has been redesigned. Nearby is the roughly the same size stone farm park, between the Längenfeldgasse Malfattigasse and the lies and 2003 after the establishment of the People's garage was reopened. A similarly large area includes the city Gaudenzdorfergürtel Wilderness, a ruderal belt between the Vienna and the left Wienzeile.

At the district on the border with Hietzing Green Mountain is the Marillenalm, a natural, largely wooded park, which also includes fruit trees. Smaller parks are: Theresienbad (Theresienbadpark und Christine-Busta-Park) and at the Arnethstraße (Hermann-Leopoldi-Park). The Hermann-Leopoldi-Park provides a universal-ball playground, a volleyball court with sand, a playground, and a Mediterranean bowling (Boccia) area.

With the merger of the district area of several communities, in Meidling there are still more of the original local cemeteries. The largest area is covered by the Meidlinger Friedhof and the Südwestfriedhof. Also in the Meidling are Hetzendorf cemetery and the Altmannsdorfer cemetery.

Sports
The first successful athletes were the Meidling Weightlifting, founded in 1884 as the "First Meidlinger athletes club" and for a long time, the most successful weightlifting club in Austria. Wilhelm Türk reached ten world records and was the 1898 world championship. Founded in 1906, the Sportclub Wacker was the first football/soccer club in Meidling. The club has won a championship and 1947 Cup Final; however, in 1973 it was merged with the club for FC Admira Wacker / Admira.

Education

Castle Hetzendorf houses a fashion school of the City of Vienna.

There are two gymnasiums (secondary schools) in Meidling, both of them in Untermeidling: the GRG 12 Rosa Street and the GRG 12 Erlgasse. The GRG 12 Rosa Street opened in 1883. It is where Ignaz Seipel, a former Chancellor of Austria, took his Matura exams. In 1895, the Burgtheater director Friedrich Schreyvogl and 1942 Ernst Wimmer and Gerhard Fritsch, maturierten writer, and one of Europe's largest Tesla plants. The GRG 12 Erlgasse has been there since the 1950s.

Besides them, there is the GRG Singrienergasse 19–21 in Meidling; middle, this school moved to Inzersdorf at Draschestraße is known as GRG 23 VBS.

At Dörfelstraße 1, is the school for economic professionals (Fachschule für wirtschaftliche Berufe), which in 1904, was established as a home economics school for girls, and now, has college education priorities in health and social affairs and IT Support (PC technology and web design).

The Social Democratic Party of Austria runs a post-degree college for their politicians in Altmannsdorf, the Dr.-Karl-Renner-Institut.

Transport

The 12th District is connected by two subway lines (U4, U6), the S-Bahn trunk route, a tram (62) and the Badner Bahn. The trams 6 and 18 driving while already on the Margaretner side of the belt are related to access to Meidling. The south train leads though Meidling, whose rail station, Vienna Meidling, is Austria's most frequented train station. Moreover, the Pottendorfer line of the south train branches off there. The Danube country train crosses the 12th district, yet the stops for Hetzendorf und Altmannsdorf are no longer in operation, which is why the passenger service does not serve on the Danube country train the local traffic in the 12th District.

Railways
Wien Meidling railway station, located on the Southern railway, is one of the largest railway stations in Vienna. It is located in Untermeidling. All trains from Vienna to Wiener Neustadt, Graz and Klagenfurt stop there.

In the 12th District, the railway station Bahnhof Wolfganggasse, of the Viennese local railroads, is where the trains of the Badner Rail are stored and wait. Opposite, in Eichenstraße (street), is the management office of the Viennese local railroads.

Notable residents

 * Georg Danzer (1946–2007), songwriter
 * Roman Gregory (1971–), musician, comedian and moderator
 * Anton Krutisch (1921–1978), poet and humorist
 * Sebastian Kurz (born 1986), former Chancellor of Austria
 * Hermann Leopoldi (1888–1959), Kabarettist (comedian) and keyboard humorist
 * Carl Lorens (1851–1909), folksinger, poet, composer of Viennese songs
 * Fritz Stüber-Gunther (1872–1922), writer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Meidling


text:
Cavolinioidea

The superfamily Cavolinioidea is the most speciose group of sea butterflies. They belong to the suborder Euthecosomata.

Sea butterflies (thecosomata) are pelagic marine gastropods, so called because they swim by flapping their wing-like parapodia.

Distribution
These sea butterflies are circumglobal, carried by the sea currents to all the seas of the world.

Habitat
Cavoliniids prefer deep waters, from 100 m up to 2,000 m. They do best in warm oceanic water.

Shell description
Species in this superfamily have a calcareous, bilaterally symmetrical conical or globular shell. Identification of juveniles is difficult as the juvenile shells differ greatly from adults.

Life habits
Towards the anterior end of the animal, two parapodia (winglike flat lobules) protrude between each half of the shell. The parapodia enable these sea butterflies to float along in the water currents, using slow flapping movements. The parapodia are also covered with cilia, which produce a minute water current that pushes the planktonic food to the mouth of the animal.

Reproduction
Cavoliniids have a strange sexual life. They develop from males as juveniles into hermaphrodites and then later convert into females. More than one male stage can occur. This bizarre-seeming, but not very uncommon phenomenon is called protandry. (This is also common among many species of fish, some may all start as females, others species may start as males.)

Taxonomy
In 2003, the family Cavoliniidae was raised to the rank of superfamily Cavolinioidea. At the same time, the subfamilies were given the new status of families: Cavoliniidae, Cliidae, Creseidae and Cuvierinidae (Cainozoic Research, 2(1-2): 163-170, 2003).

2005 taxonomy
In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) several families have been categorized as subfamilies of the family Cavoliniidae and the superfamily Cavolinioidea is treated like this:

 * Family Cavoliniidae Gray, 1850 (1815)
 * Subfamily Cavoliinae Gray, 1850 (1815) - formerly Hyalaeidae Rafinesque, 1815
 * Family Cliidae Jeffreys, 1869 - formerly Cleodoridae Gray, 1840 - nomen oblitum
 * Family Creseidae Rampal, 1973 - formerly subfamily Creseinae Curry, 1982
 * Family Cuvierinidae van der Spoel, 1967 - formerly subfamily Cuvierininae van der Spoel, 1967
 * † Family Sphaerocinidae A. Janssen & Maxwell, 1995

In 2005 a new family Praecuvierinidae Janssen, 2005 was created on evolutionary grounds.

In 2020 a new family Hyalocylidae A. W. Janssen, 2020 was added.

 * Families brought into synonymy:
 * Cleodoridae Gray, 1840 : synonym of Cavoliniidae Gray, 1850 (1815)
 * Clioidae Jeffreys, 1869 : synonym of Cliidae Jeffreys, 1869 (incorrect subsequent spelling)
 * Hyalaeidae Rafinesque, 1815 : synonym of Cavoliniidae Gray, 1850 (1815)
 * Tripteridae Gray, 1850 : synonym of Cliidae Jeffreys, 1869

title: Cavolinioidea


text:
PB

Pb is the chemical symbol for the chemical element lead. PB, P.B., or Pb may also refer to:

Music

 * Paul's Boutique, a 1989 album by American hip-hop group the Beastie Boys
 * Prussian Blue, an American white nationalist pop pre-teen duo
 * PB, an album by Norwegian musician Per Bergersen

Publications

 * Performance Bikes (magazine), a monthly British motorcycling magazine
 * Playboy, an American men's magazine
 * Post-Bulletin, an American daily newspaper based in Rochester, Minnesota

Television

 * Princess Bubblegum, a character from the 2010 animated TV series Adventure Time
 * Prison Break, an American drama television series which originally ran from 2005 to 2009
 * Puppy Bowl, an American special based on the Super Bowl airing each year on Animal Planet since 2005

Anime-Manga

 * Phantom Blood, the first story arc of shōnen manga series Jojo's Bizarre Adventure

Companies and organizations

 * Packard Bell Corporation, an American radio manufacturer formed in 1933 that later became a defense contractor and manufacturer of other consumer electronics
 * Packard Bell, a Dutch computer manufacturer which took its name from the earlier American company
 * Palladium Books, a publisher of role-playing games
 * Panera Bread, a chain of bakery–café quick casual restaurants in the United States and Canada
 * Parsons Brinckerhoff, an American professional services firm, now a part of WSP
 * PBair, a now-defunct Thai airline
 * Photobucket, an image hosting, video hosting, slideshow creation and photo sharing website
 * Piranha Bytes, a German video game developer
 * Pirate Bay, a file-sharing organization
 * Pitney Bowes, an American manufacturer of software and hardware and a provider of services related to documents, packaging, mailing, and shipping
 * PocketBook International, a producer of e-book readers under the PocketBook brand
 * Pottery Barn, an American-based home furnishing retail store chain
 * ProBoards, an online message board service
 * Prosperity Party (Paartii Badhaadhiinaa), a political party in Ethiopia

Economics and finance

 * Payback period, in capital budgeting refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to "repay" the sum of the original investment
 * Performance bond, a surety bond issued by an insurance company or a bank to guarantee satisfactory completion of a project by a contractor
 * Premium Bond, a lottery bond issued by the United Kingdom government's National Savings and Investments scheme
 * Price-to-book ratio, a financial ratio used to compare a company's book value to its current market price
 * Prime brokerage
 * Participatory budgeting, a process of democratic deliberation to allocate parts of a public budget

Education

 * Brunei Polytechnic, a post-secondary institution in Brunei
 * Philosophy and Belief, a school subject
 * Project Blogger, an Irish educational initiative
 * Library of Congress Classification:Class P, subclass PB -- Modern languages and Celtic languages

People

 * Panda Bear (musician) (born 1978), an experimental American musician and founding member of Animal Collective
 * Chris Pontius (born 1974), an American entertainer and daredevil nicknamed "Party Boy"

United States

 * Pacific Beach, San Diego, California a neighborhood in San Diego, California
 * Palm Bay, Florida
 * Palm Beach, Florida
 * Pine Bluff, Arkansas
 * Pismo Beach, California

Other countries

 * Paraíba, a state of Brazil
 * Port Blair, a town in the Andaman Islands
 * Punjab (disambiguation), the name of several locations in South Asia
 * Paderborn, town and eponymous district in Germany, known by their vehicle registration code PB
 * Považská Bystrica, town in Slovakia, known by its vehicle registration code PB
 * CIA cryptonym for Guatemala.

Chemistry

 * Lead, symbol Pb, a chemical element
 * Polybutylene, a polymer of the substance butylene

Computing and software

 * Petabit (Pb), a unit of information equivalent to 1000 terabits used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
 * Petabyte (PB), a unit of information equivalent to 1000 terabytes which is used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
 * PowerBook, a line of laptop computers produced by Apple
 * PowerBuilder, an integrated software development environment
 * PunkBuster, a computer program that is designed to detect software used for cheating in online games

Medicine

 * Peripheral blood, deoxygenated blood in the circulatory system
 * Phenobarbital, a barbiturate

Other uses in science and technology

 * PB (pistol), a Soviet silenced pistol intended for army reconnaissance groups and the KGB
 * Picobarn, one trillionth of a barn, a unit of area used in physics
 * Pipe bomb, an improvised explosive device consisting of a tightly sealed section of pipe filled with an explosive material
 * Push button, a momentary button that is activated only while pressed by user

Sports

 * Personal Best, the best time or score ever achieved by an athlete in a particular event.
 * Paintball, a sport in which players tag opponents by firing dye capsules from a paintball gun
 * Passed ball, in baseball

Transportation

 * Patrol boat, a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties
 * Pilatus Railway or Pilatusbahn, a mountain railway in Switzerland
 * Irizar PB, a bus coach body

Other uses

 * Paperback, a type of book
 * Peanut butter, a food paste made primarily from ground dry roasted peanuts
 * Personal best, an individual's best performance in a given sporting discipline.
 * Plant Based, a diet consisting mostly or entirely of plant-based foods.
 * Post box, a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail.
 * Powerball, an American lottery game
 * Presiding Bishop, an ecclesiastical position in some denominations of Christianity
 * Pro bono, professional work undertaken voluntarily for little or no payment as a public service

title: PB


text:
Battle of Kock (1939)

The Battle of Kock was the final battle in the invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II in Europe. It took place between 2–5 October 1939, near the town of Kock, in Poland. The Polish Independent Operational Group Polesie, led by General Franciszek Kleeberg, fought the German XIV Motorized Corps, led by General Gustav Anton von Wietersheim.

Before the battle
The Polish battle plan was disorganized due to few officers being available. The Wehrmacht had destroyed the Polish reserve and forced it to withdraw. Having taken heavy losses, the Polish armies retreated to Kraków and the Vistula river. From there, they took the route from Warsaw to Sandomierz. From Sandomierz, they were able to move on to the Lublin area.

The eastern edge of the Vistula was defended by Lublin's weak army. The Polish forces were only camped in areas where they could cross the river easily (in case of an attack). Other German forces advanced to the Vistula and went on towards Zamość and Volodymyr-Volynskyi.

The Polish Army at Kraków and Małopolska suffered heavy losses, and did not reach the San river front. Therefore, they were unable to organize a proper defense. Marshal Rydz Śmigły was tasked with the defense of southern Poland. The commander of army area IX Brześć, General Kleeberg, was responsible for the defense of the line from Pińsk to Brześć.

Group organization
On 8 September, General Kleeberg received orders from Marshal Rydz-Śmigły to organize a division of infantry from the depot division (a depot was where reserve soldiers and recruits were trained). General Kleeberg was also ordered to organize a defensive line from Brześć to Pińsk. While his forces were well-trained, they lacked heavy equipment as it had previously been dispatched to the front-line divisions.

Battle of Brześć Litewski and Kobryń
After breaking through the Polish line in the Battle of Wizna, the German XIX Army Corps under General Heinz Guderian started its rapid advance south. The corps, composed of the 3rd Panzer Division, the 10th Panzer Division, the 20th Motorized Infantry Division, with the 2nd Motorized Division in reserve, was ordered to capture the old fortress in Brześć Litewski and then strike further southwards towards Kowel and Galicia. The purpose of this attack was to cut Poland in two and paralyze the defenses east of the Bug River.

Initially, Guderian's forces advanced almost unopposed. However, on 14 September, they were stopped in the area of Brześć Fortress and Kobryn by a four-battalion-strong improvised force under General Konstanty Plisowski. In the three-day-long battle, which became known as the Battle of Brześć Litewski, both sides suffered significant casualties. Although the Poles finally withdrew from the area on 17 September, the Germans did not start the pursuit soon enough to rout the retreating Poles. The simultaneous attack on Kobryn, which is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Kobryń, was inconclusive, with the Polish improvised 'Kobryń' Infantry Division under Colonel Adam Epler withdrawing unopposed.

Both Polish units from Kobryń and Brześć were soon joined by the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade. The unit, commanded by General Ludwik Kmicic-Skrzyński, successfully evaded encirclement by withdrawing through the Białowieża Forest. General Kmicic-Skrzyński, with his chief of staff, Major Julian Szychiewicz, went to Vawkavysk where he made telephone contact with General Kleeberg. The two agreed to join their forces and move southwards, towards the Romanian Bridgehead.

The 16th Motorized Infantry Regiment with artillery and Luftwaffe support, began an attack on the positions of the 83rd Polish Infantry Regiment on 18 September, capturing a number of Polish positions. The Polish counter-attack, which began at 17.00 hours, regained some territory. General Kleeberg began withdrawing his forces to Romania and Hungary. Over the next two days Polish forces were ordered to concentrate north of Kowel. While on the march, a formation of the Polesie Group was attacked by fifth columnists and from the air, but loose groups of Polish soldiers joined the group.

After a battle with Red Army forces, General Kleeberg decided to march to the relief of Warsaw on 22 September. He first planned to capture crossing places on the Bug River. The concentration area would be near Włodawa. Formations, organized by Colonel Brzoza-Brzezina, fought only against the Germans. They could fight the Red Army but only if they, the Poles, were attacked first. Between 22 and 25 September, elements of the Polesie Group were attacked by German aircraft during the march to Włodawa. On the last day of these attacks, General Kleeberg received information that Włodawa had been captured by unknown Polish units. Most personnel were soldiers from destroyed Polish formations who had not been caught by the Germans and were looking for commanders and formations which still fought. His staff began organizing the defense of a bridgehead in Włodawa.

Elsewhere, between 17 and 26 September, formations of the Polesie Group crossed the Bug river and entered an area near Włodawa. After receiving information about the surrender of Warsaw, General Kleeberg asked his commanders their opinion after informing them of the political and military situation. He also asked General Zygmunt Podhorski, the commander of the 'Zaza' cavalry division (comprising two brigades of cavalry ['Pils' and 'Edward'], two infantry battalions ['Olek' and 'Wilk'] and divisional artillery), to join him. General Podhorski agreed but then decided that he would first go to Stawy near Dęblin, the location of the main arsenal of the Polish army. They would then move to the Holy Cross Mountains and engage in guerrilla warfare.

Kleeberg decided to re-organize his command. The 'Kobryń' division would get little in the way of re-supply but would be renamed the 60th Infantry Division. The 'Brzoza' and 'Drohiczyn' groups would be merged – Colonel Brzoza-Brzezina would command the resultant 50th Infantry Division with three infantry regiments and a division of artillery. The 60th Infantry Division would be commanded by Colonel Adam Epler, comprising: three infantry regiments, a division of artillery, a motorized company of 37 mm anti-tank guns, four independent and seven independent formations. In all, Kleeberg had some 18,000 men.

On 28 September, the Polish forces began to march south to the Parczew-Wojcieszków line with the 'Zaza' cavalry division securing the march. One of the Uhlan regiments from the 'Edward' brigade successfully crossed the Wieprz river and captured Spiczyn; another cavalry regiment from the 'Zaza' Division captured Jawidz and Wymysłów after some resistance. The Germans suffered heavy losses. The next day there was more fighting between the 'Zaza' Division and the Germans near Spiczyn. That evening, the 60th Infantry Division made contact with the Germans and entered a forest near Czeremniki. The Germans, using a formation of infantry and supported by two tanks, attacked the 1st Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment unsuccessfully.

By 30 September, Polish forces were situated between the rivers Tyśmienica and Wieprz. The following day, forces from the 'Polesie' Group passed the Świderki colonies of Bystrzyca, Wola Osowińska, Bełcząc and Ostrówek. The 'Zaza' Division had settled in forests near the Tyśmianka river. One squadron of the 2nd Uhlan Regiment, who were defending a road, destroyed a German reconnaissance patrol. The command element of 5th Uhlan Regiment, and the 'Olek' and 'Wilk' infantry battalions attacked the Germans in Kock and captured the town.

Battle of Kock
On 30 September, the commander of 10th Army, Walter von Reichenau, ordered his staff to plan the destruction of a large Polish force which was located between the Bug and Vistula rivers. This task would involve the XIV Motorized Corps. It was made up of the 29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), the 13th Motorized Infantry Division, and some independent units. Each German motorized division had a paper strength of 16445 soldiers, 2676 trucks and staff cars, 1944 motorcycles, and 18 armored cars.

2 October
General Gustav Anton von Wietersheim, the commander of the XIV Motorized Corps, knew that Polish forces were situated in the forests northwest of Kock. He believed that the commander of the Polish forces was unaware of Warsaw's capitulation.

The commander of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division, Paul Otto (general), was of the opinion that the Polish forces had become so demoralized that they were incapable of combat, and that a single German battalion would be enough to disarm the Poles and take them to a prisoner of war camp. General Otto sent a force consisting of 3rd Battalion, 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment supported by 8th Battery, 13th Regiment of Light Artillery. The battalion commander decided to divide his forces into two groups which were sent to Serokomla and Kock. He could count on help from the 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment with some support forces which followed him.

Kock
At 08:30, a column of half-tracks and truck-mounted infantry came under fire from a guard platoon of No. 2 company of the 'Wilk' battalion. After a protracted engagement the German troops withdrew. The Polish 179th Infantry Regiment was alerted and moved to defensive positions near and in Kock. At about 11:00 the German lead elements attacked the Polish positions, which were now 2 battalions strong. In spite of supporting artillery fire, the attack failed. At dusk German motorcyclists appeared near the church in Kock and began firing, but subsequently withdrew when the fire was returned.

Serokomla
A company of motorized infantry entered the village of Serokomla. This led to the beginning of a chaotic action between the Germans and Uhlans from the 'Pils' Cavalry Brigade, (commanded by Colonel Plisowski). The Poles were supported by an artillery unit from the same brigade. The Germans were forced to withdraw to the south of the village (see 3 October).

Casualties
German losses were 300–400 killed and wounded. Five officers, 180 NCOs and privates were captured by the Poles. Components of the 'Pils' cavalry brigade lost about 200 killed or wounded.

3 October
The stiff Polish resistance forced General Otto to use all his forces for an assault. He was going to split Polish forces in two and destroy them. He decided that the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment supported by part of the divisional artillery would attack Annopol, Pieńki and Talczyn. This force was tasked with destroying the Polish 50th Infantry Division. The 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment was ordered to capture Serokomla, and then Hordzież, and to destroy a defensive formation of the 'Zaza' cavalry division. The 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment entered the field of battle in the afternoon.

General Kleeberg thought that the main German advance would be toward the 'Zaza' cavalry division at Serokomla/Hordzież. He decided that part of the cavalry would fend off the German attack. The rest would join a counter-attack alongside the 50th Infantry Division on the right wing and rear of the 13th German Motorized Infantry Division. The 60th Infantry Division and the 'Podlaska Cavalry Brigade' would close off potential German attack routes. If this counter-attack was successful, the German division would be forced to withdraw behind the river Wieprz.

Between 07:50 and 09:30, two regiments of the 50th Infantry Division (the 180th and the 178th, less its 2nd battalion), attacked. They were supported by a howitzer battery. The attack was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Gorzkowski. Initially successful, the Polish units were halted and then forced onto the defensive. The cavalry attack by the Uhlans was also stopped and forced to withdraw west of Wola Gułowska.

At 10:30, German artillery began to fire on Polish cavalry positions. The 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment began an attack on the 'Wilk' battalion positions, inflicting heavy losses. The 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment began a gradual attack on the Polish 50th Infantry Division.

After heavy fighting, the German advance was stopped. General Otto decided to support the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment with the 2nd Battalion of the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment. German formations captured Wola Gułowska, but in the evening, they were forced to withdraw from the eastern part of the area and go on the defensive in the west part.

4 October
Due to the 13th Motorized Infantry Division's failure, General von Wietersheim was forced to use the 29th Motorized Infantry Division. General Otto ordered the 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment to move from the Wieprz river to Dęblin. The 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment would attack Adamów and Wola Gułowska, and the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment would clear the area to the north of Kock.

General Kleeberg suspected that the main combined attack of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division and the 29th Motorized Infantry Division would be on Adamów and Krzywda. He thought there was a chance to destroy the 13th Motorized Infantry Division as they had already sustained heavy casualties and materiel losses. The 'Zaza' cavalry division and the 50th Infantry Division would defend their positions, the 60th Infantry Division would attack the 13th Motorized Infantry Division. The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade would oppose the 29th Motorized Infantry Division.

In the morning, the main elements of 13th Motorized Infantry Division attacked the 'Zaza' cavalry division and the 50th Infantry division. By 12:00 noon part of the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment had captured Zakępie and advanced on Adamów where they were halted by the 1st Battalion of the 180th Infantry Regiment.

About 11 hours apart, first from the west and then the east, forces from the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked the 'Olek' and 'Wilk' battalions who were defending Czarna. The defenders sustained heavy casualties from artillery fire and 'Wilk' was forced to withdraw to the eastern edge of the Adamów forest. 'Olek', moving to Adamów, later deployed to Gułów. Between 10:00 and 11:00 formations of the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked formations of cavalry from the 5th Uhlan Regiment who then withdrew from Wola Gułowska and Adamów to the south-east.

At about 12:00 the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked the 2nd Squadron of the 2nd Uhlan Regiment in Zarzecze which withdrew with heavy casualties. The commander of the regiment moved the 4th Squadron south from Helenów to try to assist the 2nd Squadron while the 3rd Squadron held the enemy to the west of Wola Gułowska. The 3rd and 4th Squadrons, with elements of the 10th Uhlan Regiment fought near the Turzystwo village cemetery and the church in Wola Gułowska. Ground was lost and regained repeatedly until an attack by the 2nd Battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment and the Uhlan Squadron enabled the Polish to dig in.

5 October
General von Wietersheim decided that he would use two of his divisions. They would attempt to encircle and destroy the Polish forces. The 13th Motorized Infantry Division advanced on Bystrzyca and Adamów then Nowa Wróblina and Stanin; the 29th Motorized Division advanced on Radoryż Kościelny and Nowa Wróblina where they met troops from the 13th Motorized Infantry Division.

General Kleeberg decided to destroy the 13th Motorized Infantry Division by using forces from the 50th and 60th infantry divisions and the 'Zaza' cavalry division. The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade defended the position under Radoryż Kościelny and Nowa Wróblina.

Fighting in Wojcieszków, Gułów and Adamów
The 13th Motorized Infantry Division's artillery began to fire on the 180th Infantry Regiment battalion's positions in Adamów and the 'Olek' Battalion in Gułów grange at 05:30. Two and a half hours later, the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment's advance began. After a short fight at 10:00, the Germans captured Adamów, they then attacked the Polish position on hill 170 and Gułów, which they captured after heavy fighting. The 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment took many losses. The division occupied positions on the eastern edge of Adamów forest. General Podhorski sent the 'Pils' cavalry brigade to support them. After contact with the enemy brigade, they began an attack on the German positions in the forest. They captured the forest and, there, they established defensive positions.

After the capture of Adamów and Gułów grange by the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment, the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment began to advance, capturing Wojcieszków and Glinne (Lublin Voivodeship). The Polish 178th Infantry Regiment withdrew. The commander ordered his force to re-take Wojcieszków and Glinne, which they did, but they withdrew after taking heavy losses. The advance of the 180th Infantry Regiment on Adamów failed. Colonel Brzoza-Brzezina sent the 178th infantry regiment who soon met the German advance. The 1st battalion included a part company of sappers. The 2nd and 3rd battalions took heavy losses and withdrew to Burzec.

Meanwhile, an attack by the Polish 184th infantry regiment, with the support of a battalion of the 179th infantry regiment, recaptured the church and cemetery in Wola Gułowska. An advance by the 182nd Infantry Regiment with the help of three 100mm howitzers broke the German defense in Helenów.

At 16:00, the last German advance from Adamów began on positions of the 10th Uhlan Regiment in Krzywda forest by the 182nd regiment in Helenów and the 184th regiment in Wola Gułowska. The 10th Uhlan Regiment, after a hard fight, withdrew into the forest. Most forces of the 'Brzoza' division successfully defended their positions in Burzec. The 182nd Infantry Regiment held their position. The 184th regiment had to withdraw due to a lack of artillery ammunition. During this time two key Polish advances began. The 2nd battalion of the 183rd Infantry Regiment, with artillery support, began an assault with the bayonet on the Germans who had attacked the southern wing of the 'Pils' cavalry brigade.

The assault succeeded and the Germans began to retreat, being chased by infantry and cavalry. The rear of the southern wing of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division was attacked by the 'Edward' cavalry brigade, they captured the village of Poznań, including a German artillery battery (which had to be destroyed when the cavalry were forced to withdraw due to them coming under fire from another German artillery battery). Elements of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division began to withdraw. One of the last attacks was by the 29th Motorized Division on the 'Podlaska' Cavalry Brigade positions and the rear of the 'Brzoza' Division. After that both Polish formations withdrew to the south of Krzywda.

At 16:30, General Kleeburg gave his last order in Hordzieżka, and then, as the Hordzieżka forest was being shelled, returned to his headquarters in Krzywda. At 20:40, Lieutenant Colonels Kazimierz Gorzkowski and Tadeusz Śmigielski left to establish contact with the command staff of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division. They made contact with the Germans near Adamów, and both sides agreed to a ceasefire lasting until 6 October (the next day) at 06:00, before which time a surrender was to be concluded.

Independent Operational Group Polesie surrendered on 6 October at 10:00. In his last order, General Kleeberg wrote that the reason for his decision to capitulate was that they were surrounded and ammunition and food were depleted.

General Kleeberg's ceremonial surrender took place on 6 October at the Jabłonowskich Palace in Kock.

title: Battle of Kock (1939)


text:
Edward Short, Baron Glenamara

Edward Watson Short, Baron Glenamara, (17 December 1912 – 4 May 2012) was a British Labour Party politician and deputy leader of the Labour Party. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne Central and served as a minister during the Labour governments under Harold Wilson, before being appointed to the House of Lords shortly after James Callaghan became Prime Minister.

Following the death of James Allason on 16 June 2011, Short was the oldest living former member of the British House of Commons. He died just under a year later, aged 99. At the time of his death he was the oldest member of the House of Lords.

Early career
Short was born in Warcop, Westmorland. His father Charles Short, a draper, was married to Mary. Short qualified as a teacher at College of the Venerable Bede, Durham University, before completing a second degree, in law, at London University. He taught on Tyneside until enlisting in 1939. He served as a Captain in the Durham Light Infantry of the British Army during the Second World War. After leaving the army, he returned to teaching, becoming Newcastle branch secretary of the National Union of Teachers and in 1947, head of Princess Louise Boys' School, Blyth. He married Jennie Sewell in 1941, and they had two children.

Short joined the Labour Party in 1942 and was elected a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1948, where he led the Labour Group within two years. He was first elected to Parliament for Newcastle upon Tyne Central at the 1951 general election. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1964, and was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1976.

Postmaster General
Short was responsible for the outlawing of pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline. Following the government campaign against the pirates previously led by Tony Benn, his predecessor in the post of Postmaster-General (then the minister with responsibility for broadcasting), Short was responsible for introducing the bill which became the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967. In a 1982 interview for BBC Radio's The Story of Pop Radio, Short admitted having enjoyed listening to some of those stations, particularly Radio 390.

As Postmaster General, Short ordered the creation of the 1966 England Winners stamp to celebrate England's victory in the 1966 FIFA World Cup.

Education Secretary
He subsequently served as Education Secretary 1968–70, and became Labour's deputy leader on 25 April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned over differences on European policy. Short was seen at the time as a "safe pair of hands". His main rival for the job was the left-winger Michael Foot who was viewed by many on the centre and right of the party as a divisive figure. Short defeated Foot and Anthony Crosland in the same vote.

Lord President of the Council
Short's new seniority was reflected in 1974 as his appointment as Lord President of the Council – though not Deputy Prime Minister. While he stood in for Wilson at cabinet meetings and prime minister's questions, he did not have the stature to mount a leadership bid himself upon the prime minister's retirement in 1976. He was not offered a Cabinet post on James Callaghan's election as Prime Minister. His resignation letter said that the time had come for him to step aside for a younger man; this was sarcasm, as he was replaced by Michael Foot, who was only seven months younger than himself. Short was also nine months younger than Callaghan, who had dropped him from the cabinet. Barbara Castle made similar remarks, having also been dropped from the cabinet.

Peerage
He was made a life peer as Baron Glenamara, of Glenridding in the County of Cumbria on 28 January 1977, a few months after he had left the Commons. One year before, he was appointed Chairman of Cable and Wireless Ltd, which was at the time a nationalised industry. He served in that post until 1980.

As a life peer he was a member of the House of Lords, although he stopped attending regularly a few years before his death.

His name lives on in the House of Commons with the term "Short Money". This refers to funds paid by the Government to help run the Parliamentary office of the Leader of the Opposition. The then Mr Short pioneered this idea during his time in the House.

He was made a Freeman of the City of Newcastle in 2001 "in recognition of his eminent and outstanding public service" and served as Chancellor of the University of Northumbria, a post he retired from in 2005. Short died in Hexham on 4 May 2012, at the age of 99.

title: Edward Short, Baron Glenamara


text:
Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent

Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, KG, PC (1671 – 5 June 1740) was a British politician and courtier. None of his sons outlived him, so his new title became extinct on his death. Though the house he built at Wrest Park in Bedfordshire has gone, parts of his very grand garden have survived relatively untouched.

Family
He was a son of Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent, and Mary Grey, 1st Baroness Lucas of Crudwell. He succeeded his father as 12th Earl of Kent in 1702, having succeeded his mother as 2nd Baron Lucas earlier the same year. He was the grandfather, through his daughter Anne Grey, of Henry Cavendish, the preeminent English chemist and physicist of the late 18th century.

Political career
Having taken his seat in the House of Lords and though regarded as lacking talent and ambition he, as the politically expedient candidate, was made Lord Chamberlain and a Privy Councillor in 1704. Grey was unpopular; he was nicknamed 'Bug' for his body odour. He traded his position for a dukedom in 1710, and was succeeded as Lord Chamberlain by the Duke of Shrewsbury. Contemporary commentators including John Macky and Jonathan Swift did defend Grey. He might have been, for his time, the right man in the right place.

After 1710 he served in politically minor positions: Gentleman of the Bedchamber, Constable of Windsor Castle, Lord Steward of the Household from 1716 until 1718, and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal from 1719 until 1720. He was one of the Lords Justices appointed during the absence of George I of Great Britain.

In 1719, Grey was one of the main subscribers in the eighteenth-century Royal Academy of Music, a corporation that produced baroque opera on stage. At the age of 68, a year before his death, he took part, as a founding governor, in the creation of Britain's first home for abandoned children, London's Foundling Hospital.

Titles
Grey succeeded his father as 12th Earl of Kent in 1702, having succeeded his mother as 2nd Baron Lucas earlier the same year. He was created Marquess of Kent, Earl of Harold and Viscount Goderich in 1706, Duke of Kent in 1710 for relinquishing his Lord Chamberlain position, and made a Knight of the Garter in 1712. Left without a male heir after the death of his son George Grey, Earl of Harold, in 1733, he was created Marquess Grey in 1740, with a special remainder to his granddaughter Lady Jemima Campbell and her heirs male. She also succeeded to the Barony of Lucas. All his other titles became extinct at his death.

Marriages and children

Henry married firstly, in 1694, Jemima Crew (died 2 July 1728), a daughter of Thomas Crew, 2nd Baron Crew, and his second wife, Anne Armine, daughter of Sir William Armine, 2nd Baronet. They had at least six children:

 * Anthony Grey, Earl of Harold (died 1723). Married Lady Mary Tufton, a daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, and Lady Catharine Cavendish.
 * Henry Grey (c. 1696 – 1717).
 * Amabel Grey (died 2 March 1726). Married John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland.
 * Jemima Grey (c. 1699 – 7 July 1731). Married John Ashburnham, 1st Earl of Ashburnham.
 * Anne Grey (died 20 September 1733). Married Lord Charles Cavendish.
 * Mary Grey. Married David Gregory of Christ Church.

He married secondly Sophia Bentinck (died 5 June 1741) on 24 March 1729, a daughter of William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland, and his second wife Jane Martha Temple. They had a son and a daughter:

 * George Grey, Earl of Harold (c. 1732–1733)
 * Anne Sophia Grey (died 24 March 1780). Married John Egerton, Bishop of Durham.

title: Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent


text:
Laguna Copperplate Inscription

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (Inskripsyón sa binatbát na tansô ng Laguna) is an official acquittance (debt relief) certificate inscribed onto a copper plate in the Shaka year 822 (Gregorian A.D. 900). It is the earliest known calendar-dated document found within the Philippine Islands.

The plate was found in 1989 by a laborer near the mouth of the Lumbang River in Wawa, Lumban, Laguna, in the Philippines. The inscription was mainly written in Old Malay using the Early Kawi script, with several technical Sanskrit words and Old Javanese or Old Tagalog honorifics. After it was found, the text was first translated in 1991 by Antoon Postma, a Dutch anthropologist and Hanunó'o script researcher.

The inscription documents the existence and names of several surrounding states as of A.D. 900, such as the Tagalog city-state of Tondo. Some historians associate the toponym Medang in this inscription regarding the Medang palace in Java at that time, although the name is a common term of Malayo-Polynesian origin.

Description
The inscription is made out of copper and measures about 20 x, with the words directly embossed onto the plate. It differs in manufacture from Javanese scrolls of the period, which had the words inscribed onto a heated, softened metal scroll.

It records the date as the year 822 of the Shaka era, the month of Vaishakha, and the fourth day of the waning moon on the weekday of Somavara, which corresponds to Monday, April 21, 900, on the Julian calendar. The text is Old Malay, with numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin may be Old Javanese. The Sanskrit words are used for technical terms, while the Javanese words are used for forms of address. The Old Malay it uses differs from examples found in Java and Sumatra. The document states that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from debt in gold amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas (865 grams; 27.8 troy ounces).

Analysis
Postma, who first translated the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, suggested that the place names and personal names in the inscription needed to be carefully studied by scholars because "they furnish vital clues regarding the political and topographic background" of the world around the time of the inscription. He identified as toponyms the words Pailah, Tundun, Puliran, and Binuangan, and posited that Dewata and Medang could be either personal names or toponyms. Postma identified three of these toponyms, Binuangan, Pailah, and Puliran, as Malayo-Polynesian in origin, and three other toponyms, Tundun, Dewata, and Mdang, as being of Sanskrit origin.

After carefully considering possible interpretations of the text, including the possibility that Pailah and Puliran were located in the Laguna Lake region, Postma concluded that he was confident that Binuangan, Pailah, and Puliran "find their equivalents within the limited area of what is now known as Bulacan Province in the Philippines, [and that] the text of this same inscription can be considered to refer indeed to these places, already existing already under identical names in the tenth century". The text itself, however, being written in 900, was created in the ninth century.

Toponyms as Bulacan settlements
Postma emphasized that his interpretation of the inscription place names being in Bulacan puts these named settlements on key locations on Central Luzon's river systems, which he referred to as "water highways", which allowed "an effective (and often only) means of transportation and communication between the different settlements", as well as providing Chinese and Southeast Asian maritime traders easy access to interior trading centers via rivers. He also noted that Central Luzon's rivers were "much deeper and certainly were more navigable than they are today".

Postma's assertions have been challenged, notably by the Pila Historical Society Foundation and local historian Jaime F. Tiongson, but have not been fully resolved by scholarly peer review.

Words affirmed as toponyms
Postma asserted that he was fairly certain that four words in the inscription were place names, or toponyms: "Pailah" (lines 4 and 6), "Tundun" (line 3), "Puliran" (line 6), and "Binuangan" (line 7).

Tundun
Tundun, whose name Postma believed to be "Sanskrit in origin", was referenced in line 3 of the inscription. It is the most easily recognizable of the toponyms identified by Postma in the inscription, and scholarly consensus generally agrees with Postma's original identification of the inscription's Tundun as Tondo, the polity located on the northern seaside of the Pasig River delta, where the Pasig River empties into Manila Bay.

Postma left an avenue for an alternative interpretation open, however, saying that Mdang and Tondo "because of their lingual consonants (n and d) that are of Sanskrit origin might originally be toponyms existing on the Island of Java".

Pailah
Postma identified Pailah, whose name he believed to be Austronesian in origin, as a "locality with its leader". It was referenced twice, in lines 4 and 6 of the inscription. Locating its possible location in Bulacan, Postma proposed its site to be "the village of Paila, in Barangay of San Lorenzo at the eastern part of the municipality of Norzagaray, with coordinates 14–54.5 & 121-06.9". However, it might also be referred to the Pailaha region part of North Sulawesi province located in the northern Sulawesi.

Puliran
Postma identified Puliran, whose name he believed to be Austronesian in origin, as a "locality with its own leader" referenced in line 6 of the inscription. Postma asserted that Puliran was probably located in modern-day Bulacan, on the current site of "Pulilan, along the Angat River (pronounced: Anggat) north of Manila, (coordinates: 14–54.2 & 120-50.8)".

Binuangan
Postma believed that the place-name of Binuangan, referenced in line 7 of the inscription as a locality with its own leader, was Austronesian in origin. Locating its possible location in Bulacan, Postma proposed its site to be "the village of Binuangan, belonging to the municipality of Obando, situated at the mouth of the Bulacan River, with coordinates 14–43.2 & 120–543".

Inscription words believed to be possible place names
Based on linguistic analysis, Postma concluded that the words Dewata and Mdang "could be either personal names or toponyms". He noted that their names seemed to be Sanskrit in origin but did not go into a deep discussion of where they might have been located, other than to say Mdang was already known as a place name in Indonesia.

Abinales and Amoroso (2005) note that the leaders of Dewata and Mdang (if these words are indeed to be accepted as toponyms) were not present for the transaction but were rather invoked as authorities in certifying the cancellation of the debt in question: "Jayadewa invokes the authority of the chief of Dewata, who in turn represents the chief of Medang".

Mdang
Postma's paper proposing his translation and interpretation of the inscription mentions that his search of the Indonesian toponym listings developed by Damais and Darmosoetopo, as well as his consultation with the 14th Congress of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (IPPA) in August 1990, determined that Mdang was the only (possible) toponym in the inscription that matched known Indonesian place names.

Abinales and Amoroso (2005), citing Patanñe (1996) note that this seems to refer to "a temple complex in Java, where the kingdom of Mataram was a rival to Srivijaya".

Dewata
Scholars after Postma, such as Patanñe (1996) and Abinales and Amoroso (2005) have come to identify the Dewata of the inscription as a settlement in or near "present-day Mount Diwata, near Butuan".

While it is clear from the text of the inscription that Jayadewa of Tondo is invoking the authority of the Chief of Dewata, the precise relationship between Dewata and Mdang is less clear. E.P. Patanñe notes: "This relationship is unclear but a possible explanation is that the chief of Dewata wanted it to be known that he had a royal connection in Java."

Other proposed interpretations of toponyms
Postma's assertions regarding the exact locations of Pailah, Puliran, and Binuangan have been challenged by the Pila Historical Society Foundation and local historian Jaime F. Tiongson, who assert that the place names Pailah and Puliran are more likely to refer to places close to where the plate was found—in Lumban—given that archeological findings in nearby Pila show the presence of an extensive settlement during precolonial times.

According to Tiongson's interpretation, Pailah refers to Pila; Puliran refers to Puliran, the old name of the territory that occupied the southeastern part of Laguna de Bay at the time; and Binuangan refers to a modern-day barangay, Binawangan in Capalonga, Camarines Norte.

Vocabularies
The inscription contains a great number of words derived from Sanskrit, starting with a line of astronomical terms that indicate the date of the inscription in detail. It also has some Old Javanese and Old Tagalog words expressing ceremonious forms of address. However, the main language of the inscription is Old Malay, which served as the lingua franca, or trade language, of the whole archipelago during those times. The most significant indication of Old Malay features is found in verbal affixes used in the inscription, e.g. bar-, di-, and dipar-, which correspond to ber-, di-, and diper-, respectively, in modern Malay and Indonesian. Old Malay words and their modern Malay and Indonesian counterparts are listed below, each followed by its English gloss:

 * = sana = there
 * = tatkala = while, during
 * = dayang (also used in Tag.) = court maiden
 * = lawan (Tag. cognate is laban) = counterpart
 * = dengan = with
 * = -nya = his / her / its (possessive suffix)
 * = sanak = relative, kindred
 * = anak (also used in Tag.) = child
 * = beri (Tag. cognate is bigay) = give
 * = oleh = by, from
 * , = di = at, in, of
 * = jadi = become
 * = tuan = leader, master
 * = sudah = already
 * = lepas (Tagalog cognate is lipas) = unbounded, escaped
 * = hutang (Tagalog/Indonesian cognate is utang) = debt
 * = hadapan (borrowed into Tag. as harapan) = in front
 * = tetapi = but
 * = sadanya (preserved in Minangkabau) = whole, all
 * = dari = from
 * = bakti = dedication, devotion
 * = hulun (Classical Mal.) = slave, subject
 * = makanya = therefore
 * = cucu = grandchild
 * = diperhabis = cleared (compare to Old Javanese (h)awis = cleared)
 * = ini = this
 * = (Classical Mal.) = perchance
 * = hari = day
 * = kemudian = afterwards, later
 * = ada = exist, there is
 * = orang = person, people
 * = (Classical Mal.) = state, say, utter (compare to Old Javanese tujara)
 * = belum = not yet

Aside from the Sanskrit and Old Malay words, there are also some pure Old Javanese words that have no cognates in Old Malay, or at least have not been found in other Old Malay inscriptions, like ngaran (name) and pamegat (leader, chief). In an Old Malay inscription, one would expect barnama instead of barngaran because nama is the Sanskrit-derived word for 'name' in Old and Modern Malay. Pamegat is another Old Javanese word that frequently occurs in Old Javanese inscriptions but not in Old Malay ones. It is often preceded by the honorific sang, as in the inscription. These words are accepted as Old Javanese words but could be Old Tagalog as well because they exist in both of these languages.

Significance
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, together with other recent finds such as the Golden Tara of Butuan and 14th-century pottery and gold jewelry in Cebu, is highly important in revising ancient Philippine history, which some Western historians previously considered culturally isolated from the rest of Asia, as no evident pre-Hispanic written records had been found at the time. Philippine historian William Henry Scott debunked these theories in 1968 with his Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, which was subsequently published in 1984. The locations mentioned are all near rivers, suggesting Old Malay may have come to the area along trade networks.

The inscription demonstrates pre-Hispanic literacy and culture and is considered a national treasure. It is currently deposited at the National Museum of Anthropology in Manila.

It is the earliest document that shows the use of mathematics in precolonial Philippine societies. The use of precise measurement for gold demonstrates a standard system of weights and measures, and fixing the precise day within the month in relation to the phases of the moon shows familiarity with rudimentary astronomy.

Southeast Asian context
Prior to the European colonial era, Southeast Asia was under the Indosphere of greater India, where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries in what are now Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, and central and southern Vietnam. The influence of Indian culture in these areas was given the term indianization. French archaeologist George Coedes defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed by the Indian origins of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism, and the Sanskrit dialect. This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia, the spread of Hinduism, and the transmission of Buddhism. The Indian diaspora, both ancient (PIO) and current (NRI), played an ongoing key role as professionals, traders, priests, and warriors. Indian honorifics also influenced Malay, Thai, Filipino, and Indonesian honorifics.

The pre-colonial native Filipino script called Baybayin, known in Visayan as badlit , as kur-itan/kurditan in Ilocano, and as kulitan in Kapampangan, was itself derived from the Brahmic scripts of India. Its use was recorded in the 16th century by Miguel López de Legazpi.

Cultural references
The inscription shows heavy Sanskrit and Old Javanese linguistic influences. Among the observations made by Antonio Pigafetta in the 16th-century Boxer Codex was that Old Malay had currency among classical-period Filipinos as a lingua franca. The Golden Tara statue, an ancient artifact discovered in Butuan, Agusan del Norte, dates from the same period and strongly suggests the presence of Hindu–Buddhist beliefs prior to the introduction (and subsequent subscription) to Roman Catholicism and Islam among Filipinos.

Other inscriptions from nearby regions
These inscriptions are all from the province of Central Java, Indonesia (excepting for the Kalasan inscription, which is in the adjacent Special Region of Yogyakarta).
 * Canggal inscription (732)
 * Kalasan inscription (778)
 * Kelurak inscription (782)
 * Karangtengah inscription (824)
 * Tri Tepusan inscription (842)
 * Shivagrha inscription (856)
 * Mantyasih inscription (907)

Discovery
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription was found in 1987 near the mouth of the Lumbang River near Laguna de Bay by a man named Ernesto Legisma, who was dredging sand to turn it into concrete. Suspecting that the artifact might have some value, the man sold it to an antique dealer, who, having found no buyers, eventually sold it to the National Museum of the Philippines, where it was assigned to Alfredo E. Evangelista, head of its anthropology department. The National Museum refers to the artifact as the Laguna Copper Plate.

A year later, Antoon Postma noted that the inscription was similar to the ancient Indonesian script of Kawi. Postma translated the script and found the document dated itself to the Saka year 822, an old Hindu calendar date that corresponds to the year 900. It is from about the same time as the mention of the Philippines in the official Chinese Song dynasty History of Song for the year 972.

title: Laguna Copperplate Inscription


text:
William Henry Allen

Master Commandant William Henry Allen (October 21, 1784 – August 18, 1813) was an American naval officer during the War of 1812.

Early life
Allen was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy on April 28, 1800. Shortly after his appointment Allen was ordered on board the frigate George Washington, commanded by captain Bainbridge. On board of USS George Washington, he sailed to Algiers. Upon returning to the United States in April 1801, he was ordered on board of USS Philadelphia, commanded by captain Samuel Barron. With USS Philadelphia, he sailed the Mediterranean Sea until June 1802. Allen sailed back to the Mediterranean again from October 1802 until December 1803 on board of USS John Adams.

In 1804 he was appointed sailing-master of USS Congress. Under the command of captain Rodgers, he sailed for the Mediterranean. In October 1805, together with captain Rogers Allen was removed to USS Constitution, and promoted to a lieutenancy. In 1806, Allen returned on board of USS Constitution to the United States. On February 17, 1807, after a short break in Providence, he was attached to USS Chesapeake, where he served in the rank third lieutenant under the command of captain Baron.

On June 21, 1807, he participated in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair in which USS Chesapeake was boarded by the British and four sailors were taken captive on suspicion of being deserters from the Royal Navy. Allen was credited with firing the only gun discharged in her own defense by the American ship. The incident was a key development in building American resentment toward the British which eventually resulted in the War of 1812.

In 1809, Allen was transferred to USS United States, under the command of Captain Stephen Decatur.

War of 1812
By 1812, Allen as a first lieutenant of the frigate United States took part in the engagement with HMS Macedonian. At the conclusion of that capture, he was named to command the prize crew which took Macedonian into New York. After that lieutenant Allen took some time off from the naval service in Providence, but was called on active duty once again. On July 24, 1813, by order of commodore Decatur he was assigned to command the brig Argus as a master commandant. William Henry Allen would conduct commerce raiding hunting British shipping.

Capturing the Matilda
William Henry Allen was ordered to raid and destroy enemy shipping thus not to take prizes unless he deplete his numbers. He broke out of New York Harbor on June 18, 1813, eluding the Royal Navy blockade. Allen arrived at Lorient in Brittany, on July 11, 1813, to raid British shipping. They captured the British schooner Matilda on July 24. Allen put a prize crew on her and sent her to France. Matilda was recaptured by a British frigate and all 11 American prize crew members were locked in prison.

Death
Allen died on August 18, 1813, and was buried with full military honors in the churchyard of St Andrew's, Plymouth, England.

Legacy
In 1814 a small row galley was named the USS Allen in his honor.

The destroyer USS Allen (DD-66) was also named after him. The Allen served during World War I and was present at Pearl Harbor during the attack on December 7, 1941. The Allen was the oldest destroyer in the Navy during World War II. She was assigned to training duties and spent the remainder of the war at Pearl Harbor. After the war, she was decommissioned and sold for scrap.

 * Allen Street in Manhattan, New York City
 * It is possible that Allens Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island, was named after him.
 * Fort Allen in Portland, Maine, was named after him shortly after his death.

Family
His father, William Allen, soon after the start of the American Revolution in June 1775, was commissioned an ensign in the 3rd Rhode Island Regiment in the Continental Army. His regiment served in the Siege of Boston and was disbanded on December 31, 1775. In January 1776, he was promoted to 1st lieutenant in the 11th Continental Infantry Regiment and served until the regiment was disbanded at the end of the year. In January 1777 he was promoted to captain in the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment. He commanded a company of the Rhode Island line of troops at the Battle of Saratoga. He transferred to the 1st Rhode Island Regiment when the two Rhode Island regiments were consolidated on January 1, 1781. William Allen was present and actively engaged in many of the battles which were fought during our Revolutionary War. In recognition of his service, he was advanced to the brevet (honorary) rank of major on September 30, 1783. He served until the Continental Army was disbanded on November 3, 1783. In 1786, Allen was appointed by Congress, senior officer of the legionary corps raised in Rhode Island. In 1799, he was appointed by the Rhode Island General Assembly a brigadier general of militia.

The mother of William Henry Allen, was the sister of William Jones, who served as Governor of Rhode Island.

title: William Henry Allen