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Talk:Glossary of professional wrestling terms

Mark
Can anyone PLEASE use the real definition of the word. A Mark is ANY wrestling fan. I've worked in the wrestling industry and wrestlers refer to THEMSELVES as marks. It's NOT a fan that thinks it's staged. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.84.45.140 (talk) 12:42, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, we can't just take Wikipedians' word for it, but fortunately, we can take Cody Rhodes' word. 6 years later, I was able to update the definition based on an article about a tweet of his, so unless someone undoes it, this is fixed. "Yes...  It's Raining " 18:14, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Abortion/Scrapped
The example for this term is the "Vince McMahon is dead" story, but since it's been... resurrected (sorry, bad pun)... it should be changed. Anyone know what it had as an example before? And for the record I definitly think that term needs an example, instead of simply removing it. Mujarimojo 03:14, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm trying to fix issues addressed on this page, so, just for the future, neither abort nor scrapped (which isn't even an included term in the glossary) reference the McMahon death storyline. "Yes...  It's Raining " 18:14, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Various
Moved from the article:r

 * These need fleshing out, not sure of deep meaning of all of these terms --Vodex 22:28, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

by Gwalla 02:56, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I think we'd be better off integrating all the terms into one article. As it is, with one article per term, it's somewhat dictionary-like and Wikipedia is not a dictionary. --Furrykef 03:30, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Some of them are reasonably encyclopedic in style (like heel (professional wrestling), which talks about how heels traditionally operate) but yeah, for a lot of them a combined article would probably be better.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:35, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Since we now have the Professional wrestling slang category, is this article even necessary anymore? — Gwalla | Talk 19:39, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Good question. On one hand, this article's content is largely redundant. Maintaining two lists instead of one may turn out to be a headache. On the other hand, I can think of three good reasons for this article to exist:

 * 1) It may be a redundant list, but a list of one-line definitions may be precisely what some may be looking for. If they want a more detailed definition, complete with notable examples, they can read the full article.
 * As noted in earlier comments on this talk page, some of these slang terms probably do not deserve their own article because they'd never grow out of stubhood. This list is the logical place for them to exist.
 * The article starts out with an overview of professional wrestling slang. I honestly don't know what else to say about wrestling slang in general (I'm not a huge wrestling fan), but maybe someone else will. It would make for an interesting read.
 * —Benc (talk)  03:19, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You make some good points there. I agree.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:14, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Separate article for Rib?
The definition for Rib is becoming rather lengthy and unweildy, and is beginning to contain information that, for other terms, is in a separate article. Personally, I feel it'd be best to trim the definition down to, "a joke played on a wrestler by another wrestler," and move the clarifying information and examples to a separate article. Anybody agree? --HBK 00:17, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Not a bad idea. I say go ahead and write the article. --Chrysaor 01:27, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, it's been 15 years, but I say that if terms like heel and face warrant their own article, there is more than enough information on and documented stories of ribs to warrant and be able to fill an article. So I wrote it.  There went my afternoon.  I hope it's accepted and I hope it is well-written enough to satisfy everyone (but hey, isn't that the joy of Wikipedia?  You don't like it, fix it).  I tried my best to keep some cohesive themes instead of just making it a list of ribs (or a biography of Owen Hart, but he did necessitate his own section).  So, I'm going to submit it tonight, and by the time anyone reads this, Rib (professional wrestling) will be a link to an article. Damn. There may be a problem, though.  I just looked at what's there now, and it's a redirect to Glossary of professional wrestling terms.  Apparently there was a page in 2007 that was merged (don't see how since ribbing only gets like 7 words in that glossary article.  I'm going to post a new section to this talk page and ask what I should do.  I spent a lot of time on that article and I believe it's up to snuff quality-wise. If anyone reading this knows whose approval I would need to replace the redirect, please let me know - I'm not super Wiki-savvy.  "Yes...  It's Raining " 23:15, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Jargon vs. Slang
I think it might be a good idea to differentiate between jargon used in the business and slang used by fans. They cross over, but they're not the same thing. — Gwalla | Talk 23:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree -- most of this is(was?) inside jargon, not slang.--tranquileye (talk) 15:30, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The list has been trimmed substantially since this was posted three years ago. Nikki  311  17:52, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Match of the Year
I had put up "Match of the Year," and it was deleted as the contributor believed the definition to be obvious and used in places other than PWI. While I agree that the term is used in other publications, I thought "Match of the Year" to be reasonably encyclopeidic and thus should be included somewhere in Wikipedia -- if not on this page, then as a separate link. I guess a good question would be – is there already a "Match of the Year entry on Wikipedia? User:Briguy52748 10:08 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Can anyone explain why my definition of cetard is being erased again. Its been here for a month or so, after I revised the definition, but since Cena won his title back somebody keeps deleting it again. I think the explanation I provided is completely neutral.--Gusiman 01:36, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't speak for the person who's erasing it, but personally, the only place I've ever seen the term used is on this list. --HBK|Talk 01:52, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=CetardUnopeneddoor 03:08, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Commentary Is Not Encyclopedic
Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Commentary, be it from Scott Keith, someone who read his books, or anyone else is not encyclopedic. - Chadbryant 04:42, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The remarks are relevant due to Keith's involvement with the professional wrestling business; also, they serve as a perfectly good example of usage for other wrestling terms while building on the entry itself. You are trolling. Please stop. --Eat At Joes 04:50, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Scott Keith has no involvement with the wrestling business. He's authored a few books on the subject. His commentary is by no means encyclopedic. Please read Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, lurk, and learn. - Chadbryant 04:59, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What the hell? Because he has written books on the subject he has no involvement with the business? That's like saying George Orwell has no involvement with government, he's just written a few books on the subject. Or Bill Clinton doesn't know anything about being President, he's just written a few books on the subject. Keith's commentary is valid because -- as you have just stated -- he is a published author on the subject and thus a viable source of information. I submit it is YOU who must "lurk, and learn." --Eat At Joes 05:07, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Chill out, people. Follow WP:CIVIL, WP:AGF, WP:3RR and WP:NPA or I'll block you both and lock the page. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 06:34, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I was defending the article from intentional vandalism, and in the face of misbehaviour by someone who has registered over 135 accounts (most of which have been blocked for abuse), I was doing so as nicely as humanly possible. Note that you essentially made the same judgement call that I did, in that the content this user was insisting on re-inserting was not encyclopedic. I realize that 'assume good faith' is a Wikicommandment, but the 'duck test' hasn't failed us yet, either. - Chadbryant 06:58, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You were largely correct as far as content was concerned, but when you violate any of the things I cited, your actions warrant blocking. Period.  --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 07:04, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, 3RR does not apply to reverting vandalism (which is what someone insisting on re-adding unencyclopedic content is guilty of). Please correct me if I am wrong . - Chadbryant 07:11, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

It was not vandalism reversion, it was a content dispute. You ignored the main issue with my warning: WP:CIVIL. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 07:54, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * So someone re-adding unencyclopedic content simply to be disruptive is not vandalism? - Chadbryant 20:21, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Apparantly not, Chad. Guess you'll have to find another reason to manipulate Wikipedia administrators while running with your own bias in articles. --Eat At Joes 03:51, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Angles and Storylines are not the same thing!
From: http://www.stormwrestling.com/030406.html

"Q: In one of your last commentaries you said that WWE should start doing angles instead of storylines, what does that mean?Also, does TNA, ECW, or WCW do angles or storylines? A: I explained this in my last Q and A you should look back for it. In a nut shell: Angles are the drama created between 2 or more people which leads to a match. The Rey – Orton stuff using Eddie, would be an angle in my opinion. It created tension between them, which made you want to see them fight. The Shelton Benjamin stuff with his Momma is what I would call a storyline. There is a lot of drama and stuff going on but it doesn’t build to anything. There is no match for us to see. It really only involves the one performer."

There you have it, an actual seasoned Professional Wrestler showing us the difference between the two. SilentRage 14:48, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Lance Storm is wrong and just arguing semantics. -- Bdve 14:53, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I always understood storylines to be the complete picture of a feud, while an angle is the motivating factor for being a feud. Also, having read Shawn Michaels book, storyline and program could be the interchangeable terms as opposed to angle and storyline.Smobro68 01:55, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Announcement concerning slang glossary policy discussion
As you are probably aware, there are many slang glossaries on Wikipedia with widespread acceptance, yet virutally all of them violate the following policy:

 Wikipedia is not a dictionary

Wikipedia is not a dictionary or a usage or jargon guide. Wikipedia articles are not:

 * 1) Dictionary definitions. Because Wikipedia is not a dictionary, please do not create an entry merely to define a term. An article should usually begin with a  good definition; if you come across an article that is nothing more than a definition, see if there is information you can add that would be appropriate for an encyclopedia. An exception to this rule is for articles about the cultural meanings of individual  numbers.
 * 2) Lists of such definitions. There are, however,  disambiguation pages consisting of pointers to other pages; these are used to clarify differing meanings of a word. Wikipedia also includes  glossary pages for various specialized fields.
 * 3) A usage guide or slang and idiom guide. Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, etc. should be used. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a Cockney chimney-sweep. However, it may be important in the context of an encyclopedia article to describe just how a word is used to distinguish among similar, easily confused ideas, as in nation or freedom. In some special cases an article about an essential piece of slang may be appropriate.

This has created a situation where editors trying to enforce policy frequently nominate such glossaries for deletion, with most of the glossaries surviving the process with a consensus of Keep or No concensus. This ongoing battle has been raging on with respect to slang glossaries for at least the past two years. Yet the glossaries have survived, and more continue to be created. Based on the results of the majority of the Article for Deletion (AfD) discussions, the general concensus seems to be that slang glossaries should have a place on Wikipedia. The relevant policy is no longer consistent with general consensus, and this schism has resulted in a large number of pointless AfD discussions which serve only to waste the time and effort of those involved. When the majority of Wikipedians defy a policy, it is time to reevaluate the policy.

Therefore, I have started a discussion on Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not to discuss the fate of slang glossaries (such as this one) and to discuss whether or not the policy should be ammended to reflect the defacto acceptance of slang glossaries on Wikipedia. They are here, and based on the results of AfD discussions, they seem to be here to stay. So shouldn't the policy be updated? If the policy was changed to allow slang glossaries or changed to provide for their speedy deletion, either of these solutions would save a lot of time and effort wasted on fruitless AfDs. You are welcome to join the discussion. --List Expert 10:28, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I know that they seem to violate Wikipedia policies, but lists such as this IMO are far more 'encyclopaedic' than descriptions of every Pokemon character/card ever created, or every episode of a TV series. This is a really good list in an area where Wikipedia is pretty good overall, pro wrestling (and could be great if some of the fans quit 'updating' every single kafaybe event in a promotion or a career).  Having said that, I'm about to change bum from saying anything about an "unknown superstar", an oxymoron if there ever was one.  Rlquall 13:30, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

I have a suggestion on a new term should be on the list.
Cena Finish or Cena'd Match/Cena Match. I think it should mean that Cena [or another wrestler we can refer to as "The Cena"] starts off the match blowing up, by doing 1 move after the other, and pinning the opponent after each move, then the opponent pummels him badly for most of the match, then The Cena gains an ultra second wind (a la Popeye[without the spinach] and Hulk Hogan[without the hulking up]), and does a few moves[The Moves of Doom], then wins the match. Well its up to a consensus to decide I guess. --TJ Sparks 08:42, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Never heard of it.«»bd(talk stalk) 15:36, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, thats because I just made it. --TJ Sparks 16:12, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well...then...it shouldn't go.«»bd(talk stalk) 18:03, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

If the term "Brocking" can be used to note someone botching the biggest spot in the match--such as Brock Lesnar nearly breaking his neck executing a Shooting Star Press on Kurt Angle at Wrestlemania 19--then why not this term? When Triple H executes a spinebuster on someone, it refered to as the "Double A Spinebuster" for Arn Anderson. I like Cena, but this term is unfortunately fitting. Smobro68 01:51, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

The term "heat-vacuum" reminded me of a related term that I saw elsewhere on here: Haas/Conway Pop, a complete or near-complete lack of reaction from the crowd. Thoughts on including it here? --Duneflower, resident weirdo 04:35, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

I have found a term that may be of some interest here. In more than a few articles, I have seen the term "Ortonlock", in reference to Randy Orton by the IWC. By context it means a resthold--in Randy Orton's case it is either a head lock or chin lock--that is held for an unusually long time causing a match to lose much of the momentum it had before this hold. Randy Orton has taken a lot of flak for this as many people believe he would be a much better wrestler if he wouldn't resort to these long holds. Smobro68 01:51, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Going back to the original discussion, the term is "Four Moves of Doom" or "X Moves of Doom" depending on the amount of moves in the sequence. I think Bret Hart's and John Cena's articles made mention of this at one point before they were removed. --Raderick 15:08, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think they were removed from those articles because that term is more of a fan creation than an actual term used in the business. I could be wrong about that, though. Anyway, my thinking is...if you have a reliable source for a term...add away. Nikki311 16:08, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Superman Booking
How comes "Superman Booking" isn't on the list? It is commonly used nowadays amongst smarks, especially with the ways John Cena and Bobby Lashley have been booked as being unstoppable. I'd add it myself but I wanted to make sure with you lot first.

Silver Fang 10:13, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Oh well, I've added it anyway.

Silver Fang 08:20, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Merges
I've recently come across quite a few pages that should be cut down and redirected to this page. A list of the proposed redirects and a discussion can be found here. Feel free to add any thoughts. Nikki311 19:31, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

This article is a glossary of sorts, so those terms that can be easily explained in a line or (like "bury", which is being considered for a merge) two should be just here. Terms like "heel" and "screwjob" (another one being debated for merge), which may need examples to more fully explain the terms, could use an article to allow further detail. Smobro68 10:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Flying Burrito
I'm needing to bring this up: "Flying Burrito is a wrestling move that was given to Shawn Michaels on RAW in 2004 with a different name, the move is a flying forearm to the opponent, followed by a crash to the mat on their backs, and followed by a kip-up before, or almost the same time the wrestler(s) gets up, the kip-up is known as Shawn Michaels trademark finishers in WWE, and also crowd tease as well."

This term dates back to Tito Santana as a slighty backhanded term by Jesse Ventura for Tito's (or as he would say Chico's) flying forearm. I can't remember right off which one, but the term is heard in an early Wrestlemania. I'm a Shawn Michaels fan, but let's give credit where credit is due. And I've never known a kip-up to be a finisher; a cool signature move, but not a finisher. Smobro68 02:22, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Slang From WWE Magazine
every issue, wwe magazine gives definitions of wrestling slang. the slang words are not real by any means, but im wondering if they would be worth adding. Xchickenx 02:27, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

If you think they should be added to the article, the WWE Magazine, in my opinion, is as good a source as any. Lemon Demon (talk) 22:31, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

What about
an Upset?
 * Anything can be added if it is actual pro wrestling slang and is sourced. Nikki311 21:04, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Possible elaborations
i have spotted 2 possible elaborations. the first one is to do with Kayfabe, and the alternate origin (workers ringing collect and saying it was from Kay Fabian to let their family know they arrived safe without costing a call) found on the kayfabe entry. the other is the term carny. though I dont have a source, this is probably a shortening of Carnival, since originally a lot of pro wrestling was done in carnivals back when it first started out. Lynx Raven Raide 14:00, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

X-pac Heat
Whatever happend to the term here? It used to be listed, and should as it is still used today.Furioku 21:52, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It probably got removed because it was unsourced. Unless a source can be provided, a term is considered original research and deleted per Wikipedia policy. Nikki311 21:55, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Will and  do? Emurphy42 (talk) 02:49, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * No. Anyone can edit either of those websites, so they aren't considered reliable. A published book source would be your best bet. Nikki  311  02:54, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Add X-Pac heat. Anyone with half a brain knows that it is wrestling slang. It is constantly used. And even though anyone can edit those sites does it now show that it is used? 141.155.21.218 (talk) 16:08, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Dead links
There is a dead link to "comeback spot" in the definition of "Hope spot" and another dead link to "X-Pac heat" in the definition of "heat". 84.240.55.7 12:45, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed. Nikki  311  16:33, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Link to nonexistant slang
Under 'S' and in the word 'Spot' it has a link to 'Take Home Spot' (which links to 'T' in this page) but it is not there, any reason why? 84.45.134.188 (talk) 16:59, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Good point well made. Some numpty probably forgot to add it. Added it now. Lemon Demon (talk) 22:32, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Goozle & Plunder
Can these be added to the list? Goozle (sp?) is to ring someone by the neck a la the chokeslam. Pluder is weapons like the table, chair, or ladder.
 * Depends. What is your source? Nikki  311  19:56, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Gimmick
Gimmick is a common term for either growth hormone or steroids. I heard it in use quite a bit actually by professional wrestlers in "On the Road with Iron Sheik 2007" They used the term casually too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Klichka (talk • contribs) 18:59, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Sourcing
What exactly are the rules on sourcing? Suggestion seems to be EVERYTHING must be referenced, but of course not all of them are, eg. Angle, Cheap Shot etc. --Kiltman67 (talk) 17:45, 13 May 2008 (UTC)
 * WP:CITE, WP:RS, and WP:V. Nikki  311  17:55, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Lunch Wagon
Was this term wrong or unsourced or simply nonexistent? It seems much more common to use "Hoss" in its place, so I've added Hoss, but Lunch Wagon always had that sort of "fat-shit loser" feel to it. Was it ever a real slang word? AndarielHalo (talk) 13:37, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

"Tweener" definition
The "Tweener" section is completely wrong.

Stone Cold Steve Austin was a face. He only fought heels and teamed with faces. He hit faces with the Stunner, but that was Stone Cold's rattlesnake gimmick, being in it alone. When it came to feuds, Austin fought only heels, and The Undertaker as a face, which lead to them teaming up to go against two heels. Austin was a face, not a tweener.

Eddie Guerrero was also not a tweener. He was a face who used heel tactics and got cheered for them. That's a gimmick, not a heel/face allegiance. And I've never heard of ANYONE who used that definition for a tweener.

A more accurate example of tweener is Samoa Joe in TNA 2005-2006. He evenly fought both faces and heels and showed no real alliance to either the face or heel side. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.127.246.5 (talk) 07:11, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Move request
The result was to move. -- iMa tth ew  T.C. 11:16, 29 August 2008 (UTC) Who supports a move to "List of professional wrestling terms"? I support it, as I see it as the more appropriate name. -- iMa tth ew  T.C. 14:33, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support move to List of professional wrestling terms. D.M.N. (talk) 15:41, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support SAVIOR_  SELF  .777  21:59, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support Darrenhusted (talk) 15:14, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support Nikki  311  16:19, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Neutral Does the current name violate WP:NAME? If it does, move it, if it doesn't then dont' fix what is not broken. Gavyn Sykes (talk) 23:09, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support  --Degenerate-Y (talk) 02:00, 27 August 2008 (UTC)Degenerate-Y

Examples
I think for some of the main ones, we can use examples just like we have done for enforcer etc. it can make it easier for some people to understand the terms better! --Ruthless-paki (talk) 22:00, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Some terms could have examples, but usually it just invites edit warring. I could want Victoria listed as an enforcer, you could want someone else, and someone else could want a third person. For words like an enforcer, the definition is clear, and we can't just keeping changing or adding millions of examples from the history of professional wrestling. If there is an obvious example (like the Montreal Screwjob under Screwjob), then that is fine. Another thing to keep in mind is that examples need to be sourced using a reliable source, or it is original research. The source needs to specifically state the example and use said term. Nikki  ♥  311  22:36, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Verifiability of "Mark out"
When I put the term "mark out" in this article, I did so because I considered it common knowledge. However, as I read the article on Verifiability, it clearly states that "The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth—that is, whether readers are able to check that material added to Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source, not whether we think it is true."

Since my source for this information is my own experience on wrestling Internet message boards, wouldn't that make it Original Research? I mean, I'm not the one who COINED that term, but it did say that "self-published media, whether books, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, blogs, Internet forum postings, tweets etc., are largely not acceptable."

What is your consensus, everyone, for whether or not this term belongs in this category? If you guys want it gone, don't bother removing it: I'll delete it myself (sort of like an "I caused this problem; I'll get us out of it" thing).Wikieditor1988 (talk) 20:52, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I would consider it original research. The term can always be added back if you can find a legitimate reliable source. Nikki  ♥  311  22:03, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I just thought of something: Shouldn't an exception be made for my edit, per the terms of Ignore All Rules?  I mean, we are talking about an article that revolves around slang, and what better way to learn slang than by hanging out in the community that uses it?

 * So, the new question is, should "mark out" apply to the Ignore All Rules rule? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikieditor1988 (talk • contribs) 23:29, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

This is a list of slang terms. Having a printed source shouldn't be necessary. Did Eric Partidge have written sources for every term he had in his slang dictionaries?

I've seen "mark out" attested since 1995, and it's still in currency.

An any case, the term can be found in:

Between the Ropes: Wrestling's Greatest Triumphs and Failures, Page 131

Superstar Billy Graham: Tangled Ropes, Page 131. Dan20001 (talk) 23:58, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources are always necessary, no matter what the article's subject matter is. That is WIkipedia policy. See also WP:CITE and WP:V. Nikki  ♥  311   23:48, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Compare vs Contrast
Almost every parenthetical comparison in this article should contain the word "contrast," rather than "compare." Comparing things is telling how they are the same. Contrasting them is telling how they are different. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wangatrocious (talk • contribs) 16:22, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Defining a Rat
I couldnt find a source on the web currently for the correct usage of them term Rat, but look at any shoot interview ever, I know off the top of my head ones by Raven and 1 Cornette/Heenan use the the term i had up, also im thinking my edit is less controversial than saying all female fans are rats, if you take your mother or sister to a show she's a rat? Rats are generally women who hang out at shows to hook up with a wrestler. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.82.56.240 (talk) 20:54, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

 * a Ring Rat is a Groupie. it has nothing to do with gender, I think it was Rhaka Khan who was report to have ring rats go in and out her hotel room Prince Bee (talk) 19:41, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Trachoma
Trachoma isn't wrestling slang; it's not even slang. It's a real medical term. And it's relationship with modern wrestling is slight. Are we going to list every disease or illness wrestlers are prone to (70 years ago no less)? If there was a slang word that wrestlers called trachoma, add that. Dan20001 (talk) 12:34, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Attitude Era
The Attitude Era began at WrestleMania XIV, not 13, so I have updated accordingly.John546 (talk) 01:21, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Burial (professional wrestling)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Burial (professional wrestling)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "OWOW": From Ric Flair:  From Orlando Jordan:  From Stone Cold Steve Austin:  From Nick Mitchell:  From Randy Savage:  From Chris Benoit:  From Triple H:  From Ricky Steamboat: </li> <li>From Mark Henry: </li> <li>From Kevin Nash: </li> <li>From Scott Hall: </li> <li>From Johnny Jeter: </li> <li>From Stephanie McMahon: </li> <li>From Brock Lesnar: </li> <li>From Michael Brendli: </li> <li>From Super Crazy: </li> <li>From Nick Nemeth: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 22:00, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Workrate
The article states that the term is unrecognized by workers and in the past, this was the case. However, today, many workers use the term, including veterans. For verifying purposes, Lance Storm frequently uses the term when appearing weekly on Bryan Alverez's Figure Four Daily radio show. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.146.134.250 (talk) 02:46, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Chain Wrestling?
Weird that term isnt anywhere in the list. DonJerome316 (talk) 16:02, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Tape trading
I thought I would post this here first, in case it needs any work.

 * Tape trading:: Before it was possible to stream or otherwise transmit video over the Internet, and particularly in the days of territorial promotions, wrestling fans would tape record wrestling programs off of television, dub copies of the tapes, and seek out other fans with copies of programs from other promotions. More obsessive fans would maintain libraries of tapes going back many years, in some cases selling copies in addition to trading.  Others would seek out tapes from Japan, which utilizes the same NTSC signal format as North America.  The availability of tapes, and the condition of the video image therein, from a particular era was largely dependent on the availability of affordable enough technology.  When fans first began recording wrestling programs in earnest, ca. 1979-1980, a VCR could cost $1,000 to $1,500 (US), and blank video tapes could cost $20 to $25 (US) apiece.  The Wrestling Observer Newsletter traces its beginnings to a tape trading list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RadioKAOS (talk • contribs)

It needs some reliable sources before it can be added. Nikki ♥  311   01:24, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Potato
Where is potato, or accidentally hitting another wrestler? I hear them use this term all the time, and I think it was once on this page but I'm not sure. It definitely needs to be added. dj_ansi (talk) 15:47, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

I stumbled across an article on the NY Post of Steve Austin talking about 'potatoes' and 'receipts'. I am linking to the article and adding the terms. Wooo! dj_ansi (talk) 10:18, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Mark
The term mark has changed. It's not that they necessarily believe everything is real. It's the fact that mark means you are a fan. Mr. C.C. Hey yo!I didn't do it! 00:08, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

 * "Mark" has its origins in carny talk. Both from its carny origins and usage in wrestling, I've seen it used to mean "sucker" and as a reference to one paying admission to the event.

 * The entry on "smark" also caught my attention. I remember reading the term "smart mark" specifically, and perhaps also "smark," in the sheets a year or two before the creation of rec.sport.pro-wrestling, which was several years before the Web came along.

 * Another term not on the list, referred to repeatedly by Bill Watts in his autobiography, is "guzzle." This is where a shooter manhandles someone who is not a shooter, though usually no more than physically preventing the non-shooter from moving or doing anything.  A good example of this would be what Roddy Piper and Paul Orndorff did with Mr. T in Wrestlemania I just about any time he stepped into the ring.RadioKAOS (talk) 11:55, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Smark
I feel that the smark definition is contradictory to itself. It is stated that a smark is a person 'enjoying' pro wrestling while knowing that it is staged. A little later, a smark is depicted to be "looked down on" by wrestlers and "other fans". So 'marks', in the traditional sense (if they still actually exist), look down on smarks (which I believe can be called what is your average wrestling fan these days) because they "play along", enjoying PW, but knowing it's fake? Weird. Strike Da Mic, 05 May 2011, 16:51 GST+01

 * Huh? A mark is someone who thinks wrestling is real and usually goes along with what the booker wants such as cheering faces and booing heels. A smark is someone who knows for the most part how wrestling works and knows it's fake but watches the show as it's entertaining. I most cases it seems smarks will cheer heel characters more often than faces and are more worried about things such as workrate that the average fan doesn't care much about. TheGary (talk) 02:24, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Flair Flip/Flop
It should be pointed out that Flair stole the Flair Flip from Ray Stevens, and the Flair Flop from Harley Race, and he has acknowledged both as such.RadioKAOS (talk) 12:16, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Selling Origins and Usage
Why is it not noted anywhere that the term "selling" or any of it's variations are used constantly in other sports. When someone "flops" during a foul for example they will often say that he's "selling" the foul. I would be interested to know where the actual origins of the slang term comes from and if it originated it wrestling. TheGary (talk) 02:21, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Smark and Smart Mark are not the Same
Smark and smart mark are different. Smarks think they know they don't like a difference of opinion, they hate on certain things in wrestling, they have what I call "a flavour of the week" when it comes to liking wrestlers as they will like a wrestler one week, than they will like a wrestler another week, they believe everything they read on wrestling websites, they think they know stuff about wrestling when they are constantly proven wrong, they consider the term "mark" as something negative.

Smart marks know stuff about wrestling, they are always learning and wanting to improve their knowledge, they can handle a difference of opinion, they don't consider the term "mark" as something negative.

There should be this distinction. Mr. C.C. Hey yo!I didn't do it! 04:07, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a matter of opinion. There appears to be a certain amount of Kool-Aid drinking regardless of what label is applied.  BTW, I think it's safe to say that the terms predate wrestling websites, so they're just incidental to rather than part of the culture.RadioKAOS (talk) 22:46, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Hip hop connections to slang
I've previously mentioned the direct influence that professional wrestling has had on hip hop, most of which has either been ignored or deleted from articles. I'm not so sure that the following belongs in this article, but perhaps should warrant mention somewhere. As it relates to wrestling slang, here are a couple of relevant examples from songs: I'm pretty certain that there must be other examples out there.RadioKAOS (talk) 18:02, 6 November 2011 (UTC)
 * From "Johnny Ryall" by the Beastie Boys - "He's even more over than my mayor Ed Koch".
 * From "Bad Touch Example" by Company Flow - "Just a promo...understand...to be the man...you gots to beat the man".

Definition of "What"
The definition of the term "what" is written with a lot of personal opinion, and I question whether it should even be considered a wrestling term as it's just a fan chant and not typically used by members of the business. Someone please revise or remove. Or give me the ok to do it myself. 134.53.112.83 (talk) 17:56, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

quiet please
In my browser, at least, the whole list appears in boldface and I can't tell what causes it. —Tamfang (talk) 09:29, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Fake links
All the links here are directed towards a website that says the Jews were behind 9/11. Someone needs to fix ASAP — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.238.113.174 (talk) 15:10, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Em, no they're not. I just checked all the web references and they're going to where they're supposed to be. Can you point out a link in this article that goes to such a website? Nici  Vampire  Heart  15:33, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

Lumberjill
"The appropriate term for female lumberjacks." HA HA HA!!! This reminds me of a recent comment I read: "Wikipedia does not subscribe to political correctness." Rather than "appropriate term", I'm pretty certain that this was a clever play on "lumberjack" invented by Michael Cole. I could be wrong; feel free to correct me.RadioKAOS (talk) 08:28, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * "Appropriate term" is inappropriately wordy here, but it is basically true. It may have started as a quip, but now whenever a Lumberjack match features puppies (the appropriate term for female tits), it's "officially" called a Lumberjill Match. I'll reword it. InedibleHulk (talk) 00:52, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Sit up
Ok, in the term "superhuman comeback", it says the undertaker uses the sit up move. Then the term sit-up links to the kip-up page. A kip up is when you jump up onto your feet, like Shawn Michaels does. Undertaker does not do this. Why does sit up link to kip up? The only thing similar is that they start on the back. Im removing this link, it has no relevance to sit up.
 * It's bad enough that the article has become even more of an example farm since it was tagged as such. Why are we so stuck on using Shawn Michaels as an example for a kip up?  Dynamite Kid was appearing in main events and regularly doing kip ups when Michaels was still taking bumps in his bedroom.RadioKAOS (talk) 18:24, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I'll be cleaning out the examples once I'm done cleaning the unnecessary or inappropriate terms. I don't think the editors responsible understood what a glossary is. InedibleHulk (talk) 21:03, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

I'll be deleting a bunch soon. Don't panic.
This article has plenty which isn't suitable for a glossary. Stuff like The Curtain Call, The Montreal screwjob and The Attitude Era aren't terms as much as they are events, like SummerSlam or Showdown at Shea. Any time they need to be explained in an article, a Wikilink to their article would be the correct thing to do. This article is for unfamiliar terms which are commonly used in various professional wrestling contexts, such as "blade", "angle" and "run-in", not for listing specific, one-time occurences relating to specific wrestlers. Daniel Bryan's "Yes" and "No", Punk's "Pipe bomb" and the Flair flip and flop certainly do not belong.

Stuff like "play-by-play", "colour commentator", "roids", "trachoma", "school" or anything else that means the same thing anywhere else as it does in wrestling isn't needed. Terms that are basically used by just one person ("clubberin'" or "vanilla midget" or "total package") don't add any value here.

Remember, this glossary is mainly to be used for explaining things to outsiders. Any term with a standalone article really has no purpose here, since a Wikilink to that article will do a better job of explaining than a Wikilink to this page. The examples given (in tweener, no-sell or botch, for instance) don't add anything to a non-fans understanding of a term, since they've probably never seen the example) and should be eliminated as cruft.

If anyone objects, speak up. InedibleHulk (talk) 21:19, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

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New Japan Dojo
Under the " School " category, Why is New Japan Dojo highlighted in blue , but clicking on it only sends you to the New Japan page , which has NO information on it at all ?

Absolutely should NOT  be highlighted in blue and be clickable if there is  ZERO info on it on New Japan's page. ≈≈≈≈
 * It's a redirect. You can A) unlink it, B) add info about the dojo in the article. Pretty simple. Hardly something that needs a talkpage discussion on an unrelated article.★Trekker (talk) 23:45, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

We need a definition for " Goozle "
The chokeslam nickname

2601:189:C381:5A60:C529:E00E:D306:8E2E (talk) 07:44, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Grammar
Frankly, I’m far too lazy to go and fix this myself, but why are all of the terms in the article not capitalised and bolded? Makes the page needlessly difficult to read. 124.188.129.39 (talk) 10:51, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

Green
I'm not entirely convinced that this even needs to be on here, as it is used in many other situations than just pro-wrestling. But the bit about Stone Cold and "greener than goose shit" really doesn't belong. That's just an old, old, OLD folksy saying using the word in the same sense. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 01:40, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

Angle
"A fictional storyline"—isn't this a pleonasm? When is a storyline ever not fictional? Mac Dreamstate (talk) 20:17, 7 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Cabbage

Please stop vandalising Wikipedia or you will be blocked from editing. Do any testing here. -- Hadal 02:58, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

cool i wanna be blocked

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Cabbage


text:
At the Circus

At the Circus is a 1939 comedy film starring the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Harpo and Chico) released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in which they help save a circus from bankruptcy. The film contains Groucho Marx's classic rendition of "Lydia the Tattooed Lady". The supporting cast includes Florence Rice, Kenny Baker, Margaret Dumont, and Eve Arden. The songs, including "Lydia the Tattooed Lady", "Two Blind Loves", and "Step Up and Take a Bow", were written by the team of Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg, who'd recently furnished the songs for another MGM film that same year, The Wizard of Oz.

Plot
Goliath, the circus strongman and the midget, Little Professor Atom, both employed by Wilson's Wonder Circus, are accomplices of bad guy John Carter who is trying to take over the circus from its owner Jeff Wilson (apparently to use it as a front for illegal gambling). Julie Randall, Jeff's girlfriend, performs a horse act in the circus. Jeff has hidden $10,000 in cash, which he owes to Carter, in the cage of Gibraltar the gorilla. When Jeff goes to retrieve the money to give to Carter from Gibraltar's cage on the circus train, Carter has Goliath and Atom knock Jeff unconscious and steal the $10,000.

Jeff's friend and circus employee, Antonio 'Tony' Pirelli, summons attorney J. Cheever Loophole to investigate the situation. Loophole discovers Carter's moll, Peerless Pauline (whose circus act consists of walking upside-down with suction cups on her shoes), is hiding the money, but she outwits him and he fails to retrieve it. Later, Tony and Punchy search Goliath's stateroom on the circus train for the money, but are unsuccessful.

With Carter about to foreclose on the circus, Loophole discovers that Jeff's aunt is the wealthy Mrs. Susanna Dukesbury, and he tricks her into paying $10,000 for the Wilson Wonder Circus to entertain the Newport 400, instead of a performance by French conductor Jardinet, and his symphony orchestra. The audience is delighted with the circus; when the blustery Jardinet arrives, Loophole, who delayed the Frenchman's arrival on the SS Normandie by implicating him in a dope ring, disposes of the conductor and his orchestra by having Tony and Punchy cut the moorings on a floating bandstand as they play Wagner's prelude to act III of Lohengrin at the water's edge.

Meanwhile, Carter and his henchmen try to burn down the circus, but are thwarted by Tony and Punchy, along with the only witness to the robbery: Gibraltar the gorilla, who also retrieves Jeff's money from Carter after a big trapeze finale, which features Tony shooting Mrs. Dukesbury out of a cannon.

Production notes
Comedy legend Buster Keaton's career had long been on the downside, and he was reduced to working for scale at MGM as a gag man. Keaton's complex and elaborate sight gags did not mesh well with the Marx Brothers' brand of humor, and was sometimes a source of friction between the comedian and the brothers. When Groucho called Keaton on the incompatibility of his gags with the Marx Brothers, Keaton responded, "I'm only doing what Mr. Mayer asked me to do. You guys don't need help."

Hundreds of girls applied for the film, with eighteen finally chosen after "rigid tests". They had to be expert ballet dancers, have good singing voices, and they had to be able to prove all this by doing a toe-dance on a cantering bareback horse, while singing in key. Four of the girls were former circus riders. Several of the other girls had ridden in rodeos, either professionally or as amateurs, and the rest had been riding most of their lives.

The name of Groucho's character in this film, J. Cheever Loophole, recalls that of real-life financier J. Cheever Cowdin, who had ties to the film industry. In 1936, Cowdin led a group of investors who had loaned $750,000 to Carl Laemmle and his son Carl Laemmle, Jr., to finance the film Show Boat. Before the release of the film, the investors demanded repayment, but the Laemmles did not have the funds to pay it back. Because of this, Cowdin was able to take control of the Laemmle's Universal Pictures studio and served as the company's president until 1946. Show Boat proved to be a financial success and, had the loan not been called for repayment until after the film's release, the Laemmles would have been able to repay the loan and retain ownership of Universal.

Groucho was aged 48 during the filming of At the Circus, and his hairline had begun receding. As such, he took to wearing a toupee in the film and would do the same for the following Marx Brothers film, Go West.

At the Circus screenwriter Irving Brecher stood in for an ailing Groucho when publicity stills for the film were first taken. Brecher bore a marked resemblance to Groucho and is nearly unrecognizable in the photos, sporting Groucho's greasepaint mustache, eyebrows and glasses.

Groucho as J. Cheever Loophole was originally introduced in a key scene set in a courtroom which was filmed, but cut from the picture.

One of Groucho's oft-repeated stories about the filming At the Circus concerned the gorilla skin that an actor wore. On The Dick Cavett Show taped June 13, 1969, he said that the actor was too hot inside the skin under the bright lights, and during lunch he went to the studio commissary and poked several holes in the skin with an icepick. Upon discovering the holes, the manager of the gorilla skin became extremely angry and took the skin away. MGM scoured southern California for a replacement and finally located an orangutan skin in San Diego. An orangutan is much smaller than a gorilla, so a shorter actor was hired to fit inside it. Groucho said he received many inquiries about this, and some viewers he happened to meet would ask him why the gorilla was noticeably smaller in the second half of the picture.

Musical numbers

 * "Step Up And Take A Bow" (Arlen/Harburg)
 * "Lydia, the Tattooed Lady" (Arlen/Harburg)
 * "Two Blind Loves" (Arlen/Harburg)
 * "Swingali" (Arlen/Harburg)
 * "Blue Moon"
 * "Beer Barrel Polka"

Reception
Reviews from critics were generally not as positive as those for earlier Marx Brothers films. Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times wrote that "in all charity and with a very real twinge of regret, we must report that their new frolic is not exactly frolicsome; that it is, in cruel fact, a rather dispirited imitation of former Marx successes, a matter more of perspiration than inspiration and not at all up to the Marx standards (foot-high though they may be) of daffy comedy." Variety called the film "broad, ribald fun in familiar pattern to early pictures of the Marx Bros." Film Daily wrote, "The mad Marxmen have never been funnier, nor have they had a better story in which to cavort than 'At the Circus'." Harrison's Reports called it "about the worst Marx picture seen in years ... Children should enjoy it, but hardly any adults." John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that the Marxes seemed to be trying harder in this picture than they were in Room Service, "but the achievement of novelty or surprise, the true Marx note, is never apparent." The November 11, 1939 Ottawa Citizen described the film as "a veritable riot of hilarity" and "possibly the nuttiest of the films that Groucho, Chico and Harpo have perpetuated."

title: At the Circus


text:
Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism

The Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism is an astronomical process that occurs when the surface of a star or a planet cools. The cooling causes the internal pressure to drop, and the star or planet shrinks as a result. This compression, in turn, heats the core of the star/planet. This mechanism is evident on Jupiter and Saturn and on brown dwarfs whose central temperatures are not high enough to undergo hydrogen fusion. It is estimated that Jupiter radiates more energy through this mechanism than it receives from the Sun, but Saturn might not. Jupiter has been estimated to shrink at a rate of approximately 1 mm/year by this process, corresponding to an internal flux of 7.485 W/m2.

The mechanism was originally proposed by Kelvin and Helmholtz in the late nineteenth century to explain the source of energy of the Sun. By the mid-nineteenth century, conservation of energy had been accepted, and one consequence of this law of physics is that the Sun must have some energy source to continue to shine. Because nuclear reactions were unknown, the main candidate for the source of solar energy was gravitational contraction.

However, it soon was recognized by Sir Arthur Eddington and others that the total amount of energy available through this mechanism only allowed the Sun to shine for millions of years rather than the billions of years that the geological and biological evidence suggested for the age of the Earth. (Kelvin himself had argued that the Earth was millions, not billions, of years old.) The true source of the Sun's energy remained uncertain until the 1930s, when it was shown by Hans Bethe to be nuclear fusion.

Power generated by a Kelvin–Helmholtz contraction
It was theorised that the gravitational potential energy from the contraction of the Sun could be its source of power. To calculate the total amount of energy that would be released by the Sun in such a mechanism (assuming uniform density), it was approximated to a perfect sphere made up of concentric shells. The gravitational potential energy could then be found as the integral over all the shells from the centre to its outer radius.

Gravitational potential energy from Newtonian mechanics is defined as:

 * $$U = -\frac{Gm_1m_2}{r},$$

where G is the gravitational constant, and the two masses in this case are that of the thin shells of width dr, and the contained mass within radius r as one integrates between zero and the radius of the total sphere. This gives:

 * $$U = -G\int_0^R \frac{m(r) 4 \pi r^2 \rho}{r}\, dr,$$

where R is the outer radius of the sphere, and m(r) is the mass contained within the radius r. Changing m(r) into a product of volume and density to satisfy the integral,

 * $$U = -G\int_0^R \frac{4 \pi r^3 \rho 4 \pi r^2 \rho}{3r}\, dr = -\frac{16}{15}G \pi^2 \rho^2 R^5.$$

Recasting in terms of the mass of the sphere gives the total gravitational potential energy as

 * $$U = -\frac{3GM^2}{5R}.$$

According to the Virial Theorem, the total energy for gravitationally bound systems in equilibrium is one half of the time-averaged potential energy,

 * $$U_r = \frac{|\langle U \rangle|}{2} = \frac{3GM^2}{10R}.$$

While uniform density is not correct, one can get a rough order of magnitude estimate of the expected age of our star by inserting known values for the mass and radius of the Sun, and then dividing by the known luminosity of the Sun (note that this will involve another approximation, as the power output of the Sun has not always been constant):

 * $$\frac{U_\text{r}}{L_\odot} \approx \frac{1.1 \times 10^{41}~\text{J}}{3.828 \times 10^{26}~\text{W}} = 2.874\times10^{14}~\mathrm{s} \, \approx 8\,900\,000~\text{years},$$

where $$L_\odot$$ is the luminosity of the Sun. While giving enough power for considerably longer than many other physical methods, such as chemical energy, this value was clearly still not long enough due to geological and biological evidence that the Earth was billions of years old. It was eventually discovered that thermonuclear energy was responsible for the power output and long lifetimes of stars.

The flux of internal heat for Jupiter is given by the derivative according to the time of the total energy
 * $$\frac{dU_r}{dt} = \frac{-3GM^2}{10R^2} \frac{dR}{dt} = -1.46 \times 10^{28}~\text{[J/m]}~\times\frac{dR}{dt}~\text{[m/s]}.$$

With a shrinking of $-1\mathrm\frac{~mm}{yr} = -0.001\mathrm\frac{~m}{yr} = -3.17\times 10^{-11}~\mathrm\frac{m}{s}$, one gets
 * $$\frac{dU_r}{dt} = 4.63\times 10^{17}~\text{W},$$

dividing by the whole area of Jupiter, i.e. $$S = 6.14\times 10^{16}~\mathrm{m^2}$$, one gets
 * $$\frac{1}{S}\frac{dU_r}{dt} = 7.5~\mathrm\frac{W}{m^2}.$$

Of course, one usually calculates this equation in the other direction: the experimental figure of the specific flux of internal heat, 7.485 W/m2, was given from the direct measures made on the spot by the Cassini probe during its flyby on 30 December 2000 and one gets the amount of the shrinking, ~1 mm/year, a minute figure below the boundaries of practical measurement.

title: Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism


text:
Henry Watkin

Henry Watkin (March 6, 1824 – November 21, 1910), was an expatriate English printer and cooperative socialist in Cincinnati, Ohio during the mid-to-late 19th century.

While a young printer in London, Watkin became interested in the utopian socialist writings of Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Comte de Saint-Simon. Although it is still unknown to what degree Watkin participated in any cooperative or communalist movements in England or America before the Civil War, evidence suggests that Watkin was an active member of a community of progressive and radical Cincinnatians during his professional life. In 1870, he helped to found the "Cooperative Land and Building Association No.1 of Hamilton County, Ohio". The housing cooperative was organized in 1871 to build and develop a railroad suburb named Bond Hill just a few miles outside of the corporate limits of Cincinnati. Besides his work founding Bond Hill, Watkin is best known as the friend and fatherly mentor of the 19th century Japanophile writer Lafcadio Hearn.

Early life and education
Henry Watkin was born in Pitsford, Northamptonshire, a village near Northampton in central England, to Baptist parents, William Watkin and Mary Hobson Watkin. The Watkin family was large and after his father's death at the age of six, Henry, his four older and two younger siblings were raised by their mother with income from the Watkin family's rental properties. As children, both he and a sister, Hephzibah, suffered grievous eye injuries, a circumstance which may have figured significantly later in his life.

Watkin apprenticed as a printer under his uncle John Gardiner Fuller, an abolitionist and son of Andrew Fuller (co-founder of the Baptist Missionary Society), in Bristol. Family letters indicate that in 1845 after staying for a period with another uncle, Reverend Andrew Gunton Fuller, in London, he traveled to America. By 1847 Watkin had made his way to Cincinnati where he worked for the Cincinnati newspaper, the Daily Gazette, a known organ for the land reform movement at the time. Within a few years, Watkin became foreman of the Gazette but left in 1853 to set up his own bookstore and printing shop.

On May 26 of that same year, Henry Watkin married Laura Ann Fry (1831-1914), a dressmaker and woodcarver from a family of prominent artist craftsmen and Swedenborgians hailing from Bath, England (Howe 2003). (Laura emigrated to America with her father, Henry Fry, in 1851). Henry Fry was a vocal and religiously inspired supporter of communism in England. While the Fry family was less vocal about their radicalism in America, their strong affiliation with the Cincinnati Swedenborgian community, and friendships with wealthy progressives and artists suggests that the Frys and Henry Watkin were well within the milieu of radical Cincinnati.

According to the 1860 census of Millcreek Township in Hamilton County, Ohio, Laura and Henry were living in the Bond Hill area, the site on which, ten years later, Watkin's cooperative would situate their new community. In 1857, Henry and Laura had a daughter, Effie Maud Watkin (1857-1944).

From descriptions of Henry Watkin in biographies of Lafcadio Hearn, Watkin is described as a “largely self-taught, freethinking radical... especially interested in utopian communalism” (Jonathan Cott 1991, 34). Writing soon after his death another biographer wrote:

 * Henry Watkin was a person of apparently elastic views and varied reading; self educated but shrewd and gifted with a natural knowledge of mankind. He was nearly thirty years older than the boy he spoke to, but he remembered the days when his ideal of life had been far other than working a printing-press in a back street in Cincinnati. At one time he had steeped himself in the French school of philosophy, Fourierism and Saint-Simonism; then for a time followed Hegel and Kant, regaling himself in lighter moments with Edgar Allan Poe and Hoffman’s weird tales. (Nina Kennard 1912, 66)

Publications
The list of publications from Watkin's printing shop underlies Watkin's political and social sympathies. The first known book he published was an 1854 spiritualist work by Through H. Tuttle, ''An outline of universal government, : being a general exposition of the plan of the universe, by a society of the sixth circle. To which is added a lecture purporting to emanate from the spirit of Benjamin Franklin, on the philosophy of spiritual intercourse, and the reasons why spirits disagree in their communications.'' Watkin also published a large number of songsheets of African-American spirituals and hymns, as well as sermons from the African Methodist Episcopal Church, other spiritualist writings, and miscellaneous printings for Cincinnati merchants and commercial enterprises.

Watkin's printings for spiritualists and the African-American community paralleled the interests of his contemporary Fourierists, and likely indicate that Watkin was more than simply a reader of Charles Fourier. Fourierist communities in America waned in the late 1840s while many Fourierists were drawn to the spiritualist and anti-slavery abolitionist movements building throughout the 1850s. This is especially true of Cincinnati, where remnants of the Clermont Phalanx helped to populate the city's Spiritual Brotherhood, a spiritualist society.

Friendship with Lafcadio Hearn
One of Henry Watkin's close friends was the Japanophile writer Lafcadio Hearn, who became famous in the late 19th century for his descriptions of Japanese culture and sensibility. The young Hearn arrived nearly penniless in Cincinnati in 1869 and barely survived by working odd jobs, sleeping in haylofts, and cutting his hunger pangs with opium. Later that year, after collapsing from exhaustion, he was dragged into Watkin's shop, where he finally got help. In the Reminiscences of Watkin's niece Hepsie Watkin Churchill, she speculates that Watkin's sympathy for the lad was in part motivated by Hearn's ruined eye, a handicap that Watkin shared. Watkin gave Hearn shelter in a back room of his printing shop, fed him, and quickly became his friend, mentor, and surrogate father. Confident of Hearn's heretofore-unrecognized abilities, "Mr. Watkin secured for the boy a position with a Captain Barney, who edited and published a commercial paper, for which Hearn solicited advertisements and to which he began also to contribute articles" (Bronner 1908, 25). In the print shop, and on lengthy walks through Cincinnati, Watkin and Hearn discussed the utopias of Robert Owen, the Comte de Saint-Simon, and Charles Fourier, the fantasies of Edgar Allan Poe, and all the morbid and sensational events that found their place in Hearn’s articles for The Cincinnati Enquirer and the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. Their mutual curiosities into spiritualist practice lead them to attend séances in Covington. In part through Watkin's support and friendship, Hearn became a prolific and well-known journalist and writer.

Involvement with cooperatives
After the Civil War, records indicate that Watkin was active in Cincinnati's socialist scene. In 1868, he was one of the initial stockholders subscribed in the Mutual Benefit Grocery, a cooperative grocery store in downtown Cincinnati. The grocery was a hub in the network of Cincinnati progressives including members from other prominent socialist families, the Hallers and McLeans, as well as other forward-thinking printers, Caleb Clark and Charles Adams, also active in Cincinnati socialist movements. Watkin's social network also included members and administrators of the Young Men’s Mercantile Library.

These connections helped Watkin connect with the social philanthropists eager to create new affordable housing outside of Cincinnati, which in 1869 was even more densely populated than London. In 1870, Watkin helped to form the "Cooperative Land and Building Association No.1 of Hamilton County, Ohio" and in 1871 set about constructing the new suburb in the countryside nearby where he lived. William S. Munson, railroad broker, scion of a wealthy iron merchant family, and president of the Young Men's Mercantile Library (1873–74) was an early investor in the cooperative and became the Co-op's treasurer. It is likely that the cooperative elements of the Bond Hill's building association were inspired through Watkin's lifelong interest in cooperationism. Due to the financial hardships brought upon by the Long Depression of the 1870s, Watkin likely suffered greatly. By 1880, both his wife and daughter were recorded as in the census as living away from Cincinnati, in Kansas City, Missouri. (Laura Ann and Effie were likely either teaching or engaged in woodcarving furniture or interiors there).

Other stresses besides the depression seem to also have affected Watkin's project. In the early 1880s a schism appears to have split the cooperative, and Watkin's activities in its leadership seem to decrease thereafterwards. Records of the Bond Hill Civic Association reveal that Watkin was printing membership cards for the organization as late as September 29, 1893, although by then Watkin and his family had moved next door to his father-in-law, Henry Fry's Sunflower Cottage, in Pleasant Ridge.

Later years
In 1895, according to correspondence, an accident befell the 71-year-old Watkin. He continued working with the help of his assistant printer, Frank H. Vehr. By 1902 Watkin — by then the oldest practicing printer in Cincinnati — had retired from printing and sold his shop to Vehr. While continuing to work, first selling novelties and afterwards doing unknown work in an office building, Henry (with his wife and daughter) moved into Cincinnati’s Old Men’s and Widow's Home, a nursing home in Walnut Hills.

According to his obituary, Watkin died of exhaustion at 4 o'clock in the morning, Monday, November 21, 1910, at the age of 86. In 1914, Laura died as well. Their bodies were cremated. After her mother's death, Effie Watkin, spent a few years outside the home but never married. Returning to the home she spent the rest of her life there until her death in 1944. Henry Watkin is survived by the descendants of his other siblings: John (1817-1904), William (1819-?), James (1822-?), Mary (1820-?), Hephzibah (1827-?) and Sarah Ann Watkin (1829-?).

title: Henry Watkin


text:
Decade

A decade is a period of ten years. Decades may describe any ten-year period, such as those of a person's life, or refer to specific groupings of calendar years.

Usage
Any period of ten years is a "decade". For example, the statement that "during his last decade, Mozart explored chromatic harmony to a degree rare at the time" merely refers to the last ten years of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's life without regard to which calendar years are encompassed. Also, 'the first decade' of a person's life begins on the day of their birth and ends at the end of their 10th year of life when they have their 10th birthday; the second decade of life starts with their 11th year of life (during which one is typically still referred to as being "10") and ends at the end of their 20th year of life, on their 20th birthday; similarly, the third decade of life, when one is in one's twenties or 20s, starts with the 21st year of life, and so on, with subsequent decades of life similarly described by referencing the tens digit of one's age.

0-to-9 decade
The most widely used method for denominating decades is to group years based on their shared tens digit, from a year ending in a 0 to a year ending in a 9 – for example, the period from 1960 to 1969 is the 1960s, and the period from 1970 to 1979 is the 1970s. Sometimes, only the tens part is mentioned (`60s or sixties, and `70s or seventies), although this may leave it ambiguous as to which century is meant. However, this method of grouping decades cannot be applied to the decade immediately preceding AD10, because there was no year 0.

Referring to ten-year periods as decades in this way only became common in the late 19th century. Particularly in the 20th century, 0-to-9 decades came to be referred to with associated nicknames, such as the "Roaring Twenties" (1920s), the "Warring Forties" (1940s), and the "Swinging Sixties" (1960s). This practice is occasionally also applied to decades of earlier centuries; for example, referencing the 1890s as the "Gay Nineties" or "Naughty Nineties".

1-to-0 decade
A rarer approach groups years from the beginning of the AD calendar era to produce successive decades from a year ending in a 1 to a year ending in a 0, with the years 1–10 described as "the 1st decade", years 11–20 "the 2nd decade", and so on; later decades are more usually described as 'the st, nd, rd, or th decade of the st, nd, rd, or th century' (using the strict interpretation of 'century'). For example, "the second decad of the 12th. Cent." [sic]; "The last decade of that century"; "1st decade of the 16th century"; "third decade of the 16th century"; "the first decade of the 18th century". This decade grouping may also be identified explicitly; for example, "1961–1970"; "2001–2010"; "2021–2030". The BC calendar era ended with the year 1BC and the AD calendar era began the following year, AD1. There was no year 0.

Public usage of the two methods
A YouGov poll was conducted on December 2, 2019, asking 13,582 adults in the United States, "When do you think the next decade will begin and end?" Results showed that 64% answered that "the next decade" would begin on January 1, 2020, and end on December 31, 2029 (0-to-9 method); 17% answered that "the next decade" would begin on January 1, 2021, and end on December 31, 2030 (1-to-0 method); 19% replied that they did not know.

title: Decade


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Category:Pink Floyd

Pink Floyd is a British rock band that released the majority of their music in the 1970s and 1980s.

title: Category:Pink Floyd


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Truck wages

Truck wages are wages paid not in conventional money but instead in the form of payment in kind (i.e. commodities, including goods and/or services); credit with retailers; or a money substitute, such as scrip, chits, vouchers or tokens. Truck wages are a characteristic of a truck system, and are banned by the labour legislation of many countries.

"Truck", in this context, is a relatively archaic English word meaning "exchange" or "barter".

Truck system
A truck system includes one or both of the following practices under which truck wages are used to defraud and/or exploit workers.
 * Firstly, the truck wages are demonstrably of a lesser market value than the amount of money that would normally be paid for the same work.
 * Secondly, truck systems limit employees' ability to choose how to spend their earnings. For example, credit or company scrip might be usable only for the purchase of goods at a monopolistic company-owned store, at which prices are set artificially high. As long as the company store is the only party able and willing to accept scrip for needed goods, there is no meaningful competition to lower prices. Hence, a truck system relies on a closed economic system in which employees are required to become subject to a retail monopoly in essential goods.

Truck systems have been specifically outlawed in many countries by labour law and employment standards; and legislation such as the British Truck Acts.

Britain
While truck systems had long existed in many parts of the world, it was widespread during the 18th and early-19th centuries in Britain. Despite a long history of legislation intended to curb truck systems (Truck Acts), they remained common into the 20th century. In a prosecution brought against a Manchester cotton manufacturer in 1827 one worker gave evidence that he had received wages of only two shillings in nine months; the rest "he was obliged to take [in goods] from the manufacturer's daughter, who was also the cashier".

In Britain the truck system was sometimes referred to as the tommy system. The 1901 edition of Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable notes the tommy shop as: Where wages are paid to workmen who are expected to lay out a part of the money for the good of the shop. Tommy means bread or a penny roll, or the food taken by a workman in his handkerchief; it also means goods in lieu of money.

In the "Midland Tour" of his Rural Rides, the agriculturist and political reformer William Cobbett reports the use of "the truck or tommy system" in Wolverhampton and Shrewsbury. He describes the logic of the tommy as: "The manner of carrying on the tommy system is this: suppose there to be a master who employs a hundred men. That hundred men, let us suppose, to earn a pound a week each. This is not the case in the iron-works; but no matter, we can illustrate our meaning by one sum as well as by another. These men lay out weekly the whole of the hundred pounds in victuals, drink, clothing, bedding, fuel, and house-rent. Now, the master finding the profits of his trade fall off very much, and being at the same time in want of money to pay the hundred pounds weekly, and perceiving that these hundred pounds are carried away at once, and given to shopkeepers of various descriptions; to butchers, bakers, drapers, hatters, shoemakers, and the rest; and knowing that, on an average, these shopkeepers must all have a profit of thirty per cent., or more, he determines to keep this thirty per cent. to himself; and this is thirty pounds a week gained as a shop-keeper, which amounts to 1,560l. a year. He, therefore, sets up a tommy shop: a long place containing every commodity that the workman can want, liquor and house-room excepted."

Although Cobbett sees nothing wrong in itself in the tommy system, he notes that "The only question is in this case of the manufacturing tommy work, whether the master charges a higher price than the shop-keepers would charge," but given the guaranteed market, Cobbett sees no reason why any master should ever abuse the system. However, in rural regions he notes the virtual monopoly of the shopkeeper: I have often had to observe on the cruel effects of the suppression of markets and fairs, and on the consequent power of extortion possessed by the country shop-keepers. And what a thing it is to reflect on, that these shopkeepers have the whole of the labouring men of England constantly in their debt; have on an average a mortgage on their wages to the amount of five or six weeks, and make them pay any price that they choose to extort.

United States
One reason for the truck system in the early history of the United States is that there was no national form of paper currency and an insufficient supply of coinage. Banknotes were the majority of the money in circulation. Banknotes were discounted relative to gold and silver (e.g. a $5 banknote might be exchanged for $4.50 of coins) and the discount depended on the financial strength of the issuing bank and distance from the bank. During financial crises many banks failed and their notes became worthless.

Australia/New Zealand
The chorus of the sailing song "The Wellerman" references Weller Bros., an Australian whaling supplier that paid in goods rather than money to the workers at their whaling stations in New Zealand: Soon may the Wellerman come

To bring us sugar and tea and rum.

Some day, when the tonguin' is done, ["tonguing" = breaking up and processing captured whales]

We'll take our leave and go. The subtext being that "some day" never comes, because without wages, the workers could not afford their passage back home.

Relationship with company towns
Truck systems often existed in tandem with company towns (communities owned by an employer for the purpose of housing workers), which usually contained company stores. However, a truck system is not a prerequisite for the existence of a company town or vice versa.

Truck systems often persisted in long-settled, densely populated areas which hosted many employers and many merchants nominally in competition with one another. In such areas, their existence depended on the ability of employers to pay employees in scrip exchangeable at a company store. Such arrangements meant that potential nearby competitors were not typically in a position to accept the scrip at their stores (or at least not at a competitive exchange rate) since even if the company issuing the scrip was willing to accept it from non-employees, it would only accept it in exchange for goods at company-mandated prices. In this regard, employers' policies regarding the transferability of their scrip ranged from a willingness to accept it from anyone bearing it regardless of his or her relationship with the company (least restrictive) to refusing to accept scrip from anyone except the person it was paid to (most restrictive). The less restrictive the policy, the greater the potential workers paid in scrip could exchange it (likely at a discount) for goods and/or services the company store was unable (or unwilling) to provide, or for cash to obtain those goods and services. Indeed, one justification often given by employers for paying in scrip was that it supposedly prevented their workers from spending their earnings on "immoral" goods and services such as alcohol and prostitution.

On the other hand, a company town in a remote area with both the ability to keep out any potential competition for company stores, and an ample supply of cash, might be able to exploit workers in a manner similar to that of a truck system without actually employing a truck system. If the company store is the only vendor to which employees in a remote location have reasonable access to obtain goods, then such a company is in a position to pay wages in cash while charging inflated prices (also in cash) at the company store.

title: Truck wages


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Save Karyn

Save Karyn is the name of both a Web site and a book. SaveKaryn.com was the first notable cyberbegging site. Save Karyn: One Shopaholic’s Journey to Debt and Back is the book chronicling the events leading up to and through the height of the site's popularity.

The creator of both works is Karyn Bosnak, originally a television producer, raised in the U.S. state of Illinois, who has lived much of her adult life in the greater New York City area. Up until 2000, she had a relatively high-paying job, and wasn't really concerned about going into debt to feed her affection for buying designer-label products. However, when she was laid off, her credit card debt of more than $20,000 started looming larger every month she was unable to find steady employment.

Site beginnings
In the summer of 2002, Bosnak registered the Internet domain name savekaryn.com, and launched the site to request voluntary donations from the public. It had occurred to Bosnak that if she could receive just a few donations of several thousand dollars from a few wealthy people, or thousands of donations of one dollar from average-income people, she could pay off her debts. She reasoned that any amount given would be relatively insignificant to the donor, but if she found enough donors, the aggregate would be quite significant to her. An early version of the site announced "WANTED: $20,000. CREDIT CARDS ARE BAD. Hello! My name is Karyn, I’m really nice and I’m asking for your help! You see, I have this huge credit card debt and I need $20,000 to pay it off. So if you have an extra buck or two, please send it my way... Together we can banish credit card debt from my life." Her request echoed the matter-of-fact style of her initial plea to the online community, which she had made using craigslist.org.

Bosnak was not the first individual to openly solicit voluntary donations via the Internet; documented examples go back at least as far as 1998. However, she was one of the first to have a clearly defined goal (rather than "I want money", she stated that she needed a specific amount to eliminate her credit card debt). She regularly updated the site with amounts received and progress made toward her goal.

Growing the site
Bosnak added a number of features to the site, including both ways she was saving money, as well as suggestions of other ways people could save money. While it was operational in its original form, she worked about 12 hours a day at her primary job and spent hours every night working on the website.

Throughout the summer and latter half of 2002, as word of the site spread, it received ever-growing press coverage, including mentions on CNN, a spot on The Today Show, and articles in various domestic and international newspapers and magazines. The site also attracted numerous Internet detractors and critics, most notably a parody site entitled "Don't Save Karyn".

Bosnak contends that her efforts could be more closely compared to a street performer than a panhandler, as her regular candid, and often humorous, writings on her site (continued in her book) provided an entertainment value that was unmatched by other solicitation sites. Bosnak said that many of the gifts she received on the website came with a note to explain that the reader was giving her money for the entertainment value that she had provided.

The site after the goal was reached
Bosnak received about $13,000 in gifts on the site over the course of about 20 weeks. She paid off the rest of her debts by selling used goods on eBay and saving money that she earned from her job. Once she had paid off her debts, as promised, she stopped accepting donations, and instead added links to other sites belonging to other people with specific needs.

The book
The book chronicling her site's success has been very popular, and has already been translated into Dutch, Mandarin, German, Japanese, Thai, Russian, Korean and Croatian. With the proceeds from the book, she donated the original $13,000 that she received in gifts to an unspecified charity.

The aftermath
As discussed near the end of the book, in 2003 Bosnak signed a deal with a Sony subsidiary for the rights to a movie chronicling her rise to fame. As of November 2021, no movie has been produced.

title: Save Karyn


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Talk:Decade (Neil Young album)

This page should obviously be separate from decade, which I have redirected to decades. A quick look at the "What links here" page shows that an overwhelming majority of the pages linked are referring to "decade" as a period of time. A disambig header is up on decades in case of any erroneous redirects. -- Slowking Man 03:06, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

Too many "Decade" albums!
There seem to be (too) many albums called "Decade." It is strange that Decade (album) takes you to a Neil Young album, when the bands Duran Duran and Waltari (and maybe others as well) also have albums called "Decade". Maybe it's better to have Decade (album) show a disambig. page, from where you can get to Decade (Neil Young album), Decade (Duran Duran album) and Decade (Waltari album). However, this needs many changes to be made throughout Wikipedia, and I'm afraid I'm too much of a newbie to do all that myself. Somebody who is willing to help? --Netvor 11:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's worth making a disambiguation page just for albums titled Decade. I will, however, create a disambiguation page for all alternate uses of the term "decade" at Decade (disambiguation).  --taestell 20:02, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NeilYoung Decade.jpg
Image:NeilYoung Decade.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:21, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NeilYoung Decade.jpg
Image:NeilYoung Decade.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:49, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Release History
I have a copy of DECADE published in Germany by WEA Musik GmbH - A Warner Communications Company [REP 64037 (3 RS-6-2257)]. The labels on the records and the back cover give 1976 as the year of publication. Does this mean it was released in Germany (and possibly some other countries) earlier than in the U.S. or did they simply use the material printed for publication in 1976 even though the album had been shelved for almost a year by the time it was finally released? There is no mention of the stuff deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peter Jaschner (talk • contribs) 04:27, Today (UTC+2)

title: Talk:Decade (Neil Young album)


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Karyn Bosnak

Karyn E. Bosnak (born September 24, 1974) is an American author of two published books: Save Karyn and 20 Times a Lady, the latter of which became the movie "What's Your Number?" starring Anna Faris and Chris Evans.

Early life and career
Karyn Bosnak was born in Chicago, Illinois. After briefly attending the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia College Chicago in 1996. She currently resides in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Cobble Hill.

Save Karyn (2003)
After spending much of her early career as a daytime television talk-show producer, Bosnak moved from Chicago to New York in 2000. After quickly running up $20,000 of shopping-induced credit card debt, Bosnak lost her job and found herself unable to pay it back. In June 2002, she started savekaryn.com, a humorous albeit controversial website on which she brazenly asked strangers to help pay it off. The website garnered international media attention and worked; Bosnak paid off her debt in twenty weeks.

In 2003, Bosnak chronicled her struggles with debt in the memoir Save Karyn: One Shopaholic's Journey to Debt and Back. It was published in the United States by HarperCollins and is now available in over ten languages around the world.

Bosnak has since donated the same amount of money she received from people to charity.

20 Times a Lady (2006)
With the success of her first book, Bosnak abandoned the television industry altogether and began writing full-time. In 2006, her first novel, 20 Times a Lady, was published in the United States by HarperCollins. It served as the basis for the feature film What's Your Number? starring Anna Faris and Chris Evans. On September 6, 2011, the book was re-issued under the title What's Your Number?.

Media
Bosnak has appeared as a guest on numerous radio and television shows including The Today Show and 20/20. Articles about her have appeared in newspapers and magazines around the world including The New York Times, USA Today, The Washington Post, People, and Time.

In 2002, The New York Times Magazine included Bosnak's "Save Karyn" website in their annual "Year in Ideas" list.

In 2007, VH1 ranked Bosnak as #31 on their list of the "40 Greatest Internet Superstars."

title: Karyn Bosnak


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Knock Knock (1940 film)

Knock Knock is an animated Andy Panda short film, produced by Walter Lantz. The cartoon is noted for being the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, and was released by Universal Pictures on November 25, 1940.

Plot
The cartoon ostensibly stars Andy Panda (voice of Sara Berner) and his father, Papa Panda (voice of Mel Blanc), but it is Woody Woodpecker (voice of Blanc) who steals the show. Woody constantly pesters Papa Panda by pecking at his house roof, tempting him to try to kill the woodpecker with his shotgun. Andy, meanwhile, tries to sprinkle salt on Woody's tail in the belief that this will somehow capture the bird. To Woody's surprise, Andy's attempts prevail (comically, the mound of salt placed on Woody's tail is so heavy that he cannot run away), and in an ending similar to Warner Bros.'s Daffy Duck & Egghead, two other woodpeckers arrive to take Woody to the insane asylum but then prove to be crazier than he is.

Cast

 * Sara Berner - Andy Panda
 * Mel Blanc - Papa Panda / Woody Woodpecker / Woodpeckers From Hospital

Production notes
Like most of the early 1940s Lantz cartoons, Knock Knock carried no director's credit. Lantz himself has claimed to have directed this cartoon, although more recent information has indicated that Alex Lovy was the actual director. The cartoon features animation by Lovy and Frank Tipper, a story by Ben Hardaway and Lowell Elliott, and music by Frank Marsales. Knock Knock was Marsales' final score for Lantz, as well as his only score for a short featuring Woody Woodpecker; subsequent shorts for the rest of the 1940s were composed by Darrell Calker.

As the first appearance of Woody Woodpecker, Knock Knock is also the first cartoon to feature Woody's trademark laugh, a gurgling cackle voice artist Mel Blanc had been perfecting since high school. This is also the laugh Blanc used for a predecessor to Bugs Bunny in the 1939 cartoon Hare-um Scare-um. This cartoon is also notable for featuring a crude Woody design, something that was softened by 1942 and later changed into a much more realistic and easier to animate woodpecker by 1944. This first design featured Woody with red "vest feathers" (instead of white), buck teeth in some shots, thick ringed legs, two green tail feathers and a big chin which made him look more like a pelican than a woodpecker. The short almost never saw the light of the day because then distributor Bernie Krieser (representing Universal) thought Woody was the ugliest thing he had ever seen, but Lantz convinced Krieser to include the character in the short.

Woody's first words are his trademark "Guess who?" as he pops through the roof of Andy Panda's house, except the voice is normal-sounding instead of sped-up as Woody's voice normally would be.

title: Knock Knock (1940 film)


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Thee Michelle Gun Elephant

Thee Michelle Gun Elephant (often abbreviated to TMGE) was a Japanese garage rock band formed in 1991.

History
The band was formed in 1991, while Chiba, Ueno, and Kuhara were students at Tokyo's Meiji Gakuin University. They later drew influence from The Roosters. Their unusual name originated when a friend mispronounced the title of an early jam session recording; featuring cover songs of Thee Headcoats (one of the band's main influences) and from The Damned's album Machine Gun Etiquette. Some years later Futoshi Abe joined the band. After an independently released EP in 1995, they signed to Nippon Columbia's Triad label, releasing the album Cult Grass Stars in 1996, followed later that year by High Time, the band enjoying chart success in their home country. Chicken Zombies (1997) gave them a top five hit. The band's 1998 album Gear Blues was the first to be released in the US (in 2000). A lot of their songs were also used in Blue Spring, a Japanese movie made in 2002.

The band announced that they would break up on October 11, 2003, after their Last Heaven tour of Japan. Guitarist Futoshi Abe died of an acute hematoma in July 2009, and vocalist Yusuke Chiba died due to complications of esophageal cancer in November 2023.

Side projects
All four members have had other musical projects or played with other bands both while in TMGE and after its break-up. Some of these are as follows:

Yusuke Chiba (1968–2023)
 * ROSSO (Vocals, Guitar and Songwriting on all releases)
 * The Birthday (Vocals, Guitars and Songwriting on all releases)
 * The Midwest Vikings (Vocals, Guitars and Songwriting under the alias 'LACOSTE')
 * Raven
 * Midnight Bankrobbers
 * The Golden Wet Fingers
 * Snake On The Beach (Solo project started in 2012)
 * Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra (Vocals on one song on the album 'Stompin' On Down Beat Alley')
 * Bugy Craxone (Vocals on one song, 'Hito to Hikari')

Kazuyuki Kuhara (1969– )
 * ROSSO (Drums on some live appearances)
 * The Birthday (Drums on all releases)
 * The Midwest Vikings (Drums and Pianica under the alias 'HANG TEN')
 * Yoko Utsumi's YOKOLOCO BAND (Drums on later releases)
 * Shigeki Hamabe (Drums on first two albums)
 * M.J.Q (drums on all releases)

Koji Ueno (1968– )
 * Radio Caroline (Bass on all releases)
 * The Hiatus (Bass on all releases)

Futoshi Abe (1966–2009)
 * KOOLOGI (Guitar on first album)
 * Barebones
 * Strawberry Jean (Guitar - This was Futoshi Abe's pre-TMGE band)

Albums

 * Maximum! Maximum!! Maximum!!! (1993) Self-released
 * Cult Grass Stars (1996) Triad
 * High Time (1996) Triad
 * Chicken Zombies (1997) Triad
 * Gear Blues (1998) Triad
 * Casanova Snake (2000) Triad
 * Rodeo Tandem Beat Specter (2001) Triad
 * Sabrina Heaven (2003) Island
 * Sabrina No Heaven (2003) Island

Live albums

 * Casanova Said "Live or Die" (2000) Triad
 * Last Heaven's Bootleg (2003) Island

Singles

 * Sekai no Owari (1996) Triad
 * Candy House (1996) Triad
 * Lily (1996) Triad
 * Culture (1997) Triad
 * Get Up Lucy (1997) Triad
 * The Birdmen (1997) Triad
 * G.W.D (1998) Triad
 * Out Blues (1998) Triad
 * Smokin' Billy (1998) Triad
 * GT400 (2000) Triad
 * Baby Stardust (2000) Triad
 * Abakareta-Sekai (2001) Triad
 * Taiyou wo Tsukande Shimatta (2002) Island
 * Girl Friend (2003) Trippin' Elephant
 * Electric Circus (2003) Island

B-sides compilations

 * Rumble (1999) Triad

Best of compilations

 * TMGE 106 (2000) Triad
 * Collection (2001) Alive Records (US release)
 * Grateful Triad Years (2002) Triad
 * Thee Greatest Hits (2009) Columbia

Other releases

 * Wonder Style (1995) Trippin' Elephant
 * Wonder Style (reissue) (1997) Triad
 * Vibe On! (1998) Trippin' Elephant
 * Kwacker (with Mick Green) (2001) Trippin' Elephant

DVDs
TMGE have released a number of live and PV DVDs. A 10 disc live DVD box set titled 'THEE LIVE' was released by Nippon Columbia in January 2010.

title: Thee Michelle Gun Elephant