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Li Jiao (Tang dynasty)

Li Jiao, courtesy name Jushan (巨山), formally the Duke of Zhao (趙公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong, and her grandson Emperor Shang.

Background
It is not known exactly when Li Jiao was born, but it is known that his family was from Zhao Prefecture (趙州, roughly modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei). He came from a prominent clan, and his great-granduncle Li Yuancao (李元操) was a well-known official during Tang dynasty's predecessor Sui dynasty. His father Li Zhen'e (李鎮惡), who had served as the magistrate of Xiangcheng County (襄城, in modern Xuchang, Henan), died early, and it was said that Li Jiao served his mother Lady Zhang with great filial piety. His literary talent began to be known when he was young, and his reputation matched that of Su Weidao, who was also from Zhao Prefecture. He already understood the Five Classics at age 14 and was praised by the chancellor Xue Yuanchao. He passed the imperial examination at age 19 and was made the sheriff of Anding County (安定, in modern Dingxi, Gansu). He was soon promoted to serve in the capital Chang'an, and he, along with older colleagues Luo Binwang and Liu Guangye (劉光業), became known for their literary talent.

Sometime during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, Li Jiao became an imperial censor. At that time, there was a Lao (獠) rebellion in Yong (邕州, roughly modern Nanning, Guangxi) and Yan (巖州, roughly modern Laibin, Guangxi) Prefectures, and Emperor Gaozong launched an army to suppress it, with Li Jiao serving as the army's auditor. When the army reached Yong and Yan Prefectures, however, Li Jiao went to the rebel camps and persuaded the leaders to surrender, allowing the army to withdraw without a fight. He was later made imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong).

During Wu Zetian's reign
By 692, Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian was reigning as "emperor" of her new Zhou dynasty, interrupting Tang dynasty. That year, her secret police official Lai Junchen had falsely accused the chancellors Ren Zhigu, Di Renjie, and Pei Xingben, along with other officials Cui Xuanli (崔宣禮), Lu Xian (盧獻), Wei Yuanzhong, and Li Sizhen (李嗣真) of treason. As these officials were set for execution, Wu Zetian had Li Jiao, along with two other officials, Zhang Deyu (張德裕) and Liu Xian (劉憲), review the cases. Zhang and Liu knew that the accusations were false, but feared Lai, and therefore initially failed to object to the judgments. Li Jiao advocated that they did, and so the three filed written objections. As a result, they offended Wu Zetian, and she demoted him to be the military advisor to the prefect of Run Prefecture (潤州, roughly modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). (The officials, however, were still spared after Di was able to secretly deliver a petition proclaiming his innocence to Wu Zetian.) After some time, Li Jiao was recalled to serve as Fengge Sheren (鳳閣舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge), and he became largely responsible for drafting imperial edicts. While serving in that office, in 697, when Eastern Tujue's khan Ashina Mochuo made a request for Zhou to return Tujue people who had previously submitted to Tang and also to grant a number of supplies that he needed, Li Jiao lodged an objection against the recommendation of the chancellors Yao Shu and Yang Zaisi to comply, but Wu Zetian still granted Ashina Mochuo's requests. Later that year, he took over the selection of officials at the ministry of civil service affairs (春官部, Chunguan Bu) on an acting basis, and he began establishing a list of reserve officials who would draw salaries from the imperial treasury. Also around that time, Wu Zetian had established an imperial censorate to review local government affairs (右御史臺), which would send out censors to examine the local government affairs, leaving the capital Luoyang in the third month of the lunar year and returning in the 11th month to report on findings. Li Jiao, believing that the time was insufficient, suggested dividing the empire into 20 circuits so that the censors had smaller areas to review. Wu Zetian initially agreed, but after opposition by other officials, did not carry out Li Jiao's proposal.

As of 698, Li Jiao was serving as Mishu Shaojian (秘書少監), the deputy head of the Palace Library, when he was given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. In 700, Wu Zetian, in order to give her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong legitimacy in their entries into the palace, had Li Jiao head a project to create a work known as the Essence of Pearls from the Three Religions (三教珠英, Sanjiao Zhuying) – a compilation of various poetry about Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism – and had Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong involved in the project as well. Later that year, after Wu Zetian named Li Jiao's uncle Zhang Xi as a chancellor, Li Jiao, who was by this point serving also as Luantai Shilang (鸞臺侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau (鸞臺, Luantai), had his chancellor designation removed, because Wu Zetian did not want uncle and nephew to serve as chancellors at the same time. Li Jiao was instead made Chengjun Jijiu (成均祭酒), the principal of the imperial university.

By 702, Li Jiao was serving as deputy to the chancellor Wei Juyuan, who was serving as official in charge of Luoyang while Wu Zetian was at the western capital Chang'an, when Wu Zetian summoned Wei to Chang'an and had Li Jiao take over the responsibility at Luoyang.

By 703, when Wu Zetian changed the name of the executive bureau from Wenchang Tai (文昌臺) to Zhongtai (中臺), Li Jiao was serving as Zhongtai Zuo Cheng (中臺左丞), when he was made acting Nayan (納言), the head of the examination bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. In 704, in response to the problem that imperial officials were not willing to be local officials, Li Jiao and fellow chancellor Tang Xiujing suggested that the officials at the central government be assigned to the prefectures and counties to serve as officials, offering to go first themselves. Wu Zetian had 20 officials randomly drawn, and neither Li Jiao nor Tang was sent out. Later in 704, Li Jiao was made acting Neishi (內史), the head of the legislative bureau and also a post considered one for a chancellor. Also in 704, when Wu Zetian instituted a tax on the Buddhist monks and nuns of the realm to build a large Buddha statute, Li Jiao and Zhang Tinggui (張廷珪) opposed the project, and Wu Zetian eventually stopped it. Li Jiao then requested to be relieved of Neishi duties, and was given the chancellor designation Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin (同鳳閣鸞臺三品). Late in the year, he was removed of chancellor duties altogether, becoming minister of the treasury (地官尚書, Diguan Shangshu) instead.

During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, in which Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were killed. Wu Zetian's son Li Xian the Crown Prince, formerly emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). Li Jiao was accused of having flattered Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong and was demoted out of the capital, to serve as the prefect of Yu Prefecture (豫州, roughly modern Zhumadian, Henan), but before he departed for Yu Prefecture was made the prefect of Tong Prefecture (通州, in modern Beijing). Several months later, he was recalled to serve as deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang), and was soon promoted to be the minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, Libu Shangshu). It was said that when he was minister of civil service affairs, he, hoping to become chancellor again, expanded the roll of reserve officials and made many relatives and friends of powerful individuals reserve officials, in order to placate them.

In 706, Li Jiao was given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), making him again a chancellor. That year, when Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎) was accused of a treasonous plot with Zhang Zhongzhi (張仲之), Zu Yanqing (祖延慶), and Zhou Jing (周璟), of plotting to kill Wu Sansi the Prince of Dejing (Wu Zetian's nephew), the lover of Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei and then depose Empress Wei, Zhang, while being interrogated, openly accused Empress Wei and Wu Sansi of adultery. Li Jiao, Wei Juyuan, and Yang Zaisi were assigned to the investigation, in addition the censors Li Chengjia (李承嘉) and Yao Shaozhi (姚紹之). Wei and Yang acted as if they did not hear Zhang's accusation, while Li Jiao and Yao simply tried to have Zhang taken to prison for execution without acting on his accusation. Eventually, Wang and his associates were executed. Later that year, Li Jiao was again made the head of the legislative bureau, now with the title Zhongshu Ling (中書令). By this point, however, he had realized that his expansion of the roll of reserve officials was causing a major drain on the imperial treasury, and he, admitting this, offered to resign, an offer that Emperor Zhongzong declined.

In 707, Emperor Zhongzong's crown prince Li Chongjun, born of a concubine, was angry that Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle was repeatedly insulting him and trying to become crown princess to displace him, started a rebellion and killed Wu Sansi and Wu Sansi's son Wu Chongxun (武崇訓, also Li Guo'er's husband). He subsequently marched on the palace, hoping to arrest Li Guo'er, Empress Wei, and Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er. Li Jiao was one of the officials who commanded imperial guards in countering Li Chongjun's attack, and Li Chongjun was eventually defeated and killed. Thereafter, Wei Yuanzhong, by this point a senior chancellor, was accused of association with Li Chongjun by Zong Chuke and Ji Chuna, and Li Jiao and Yang went along with Zong's and Ji's accusations; Wei was eventually exiled and died in exile.

In 708, when Emperor Zhongzong established an imperial literary institute Xiuwen Pavilion (修文館), Li Jiao was made a scholar at the institute, and Emperor Zhongzong often summoned the scholars for literary contests to be judged by Consort Shangguan. Also in 708, he was made minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) and remained chancellor with the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin. He was also created the Duke of Zhao and given the honorific title Tejin (特進).

During Emperor Shang's reign
In 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning carried out by Empress Wei and Li Guo'er, so that Empress Wei could become emperor like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess. For the time, however, Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongmao the Prince of Wei, also by a concubine, was made emperor (as Emperor Shang). Empress Wei retained power as empress dowager and regent, and she, while consolidating her power, were apprehensive about Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Xiang, himself a former emperor, and his sister Princess Taiping. Li Jiao made a secret proposal to her to have Li Dan's sons sent out of the capital to be prefectural officials—a proposal that Empress Dowager Wei either did not accept or had no chance to implement. Less than a month later, a coup led by Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi killed Empress Wei and Li Guo'er. Emperor Shang was deposed, and Li Dan was restored to the throne (as Emperor Ruizong).

During Emperor Ruizong's second reign
Li Jiao initially remained chancellor after Emperor Ruizong's return to the throne, but about a month later was demoted to be the prefect of Huai Prefecture (懷州, roughly modern Jiaozuo, Henan). He soon retired. In 713, Emperor Ruizong found out that Li Jiao had submitted the secret suggestion to Empress Dowager Wei to exile Emperor Ruizong's sons. Some of the officials that Emperor Ruizong told this to suggested that Li Jiao be executed, but the chancellor Zhang Shuo pointed out that Li Jiao's suggestion was a faithful one, as far as Empress Dowager Wei was concerned. Emperor Ruizong agreed, and while he issued an edict rebuking Li Jiao, he did not kill Li Jiao, although he made Li Jiao's son Li Changzhi (李暢之) the prefect of Qian Prefecture (虔州, roughly modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi) and had Li Jiao go with Li Changzhi to Qian Prefecture, effectively exiling him. At a later point, Li Jiao was made an advisor to the prefect of Lu Prefecture (廬州, roughly modern Hefei, Anhui), where he died at age 69.

Notes and references

 * Old Book of Tang, vol. 94.
 * New Book of Tang, vol. 123.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 206, 207, 208, 209, 210.

title: Li Jiao (Tang dynasty)


text:
This Land Is Your Land

"This Land Is Your Land" is a song by American folk singer Woody Guthrie. One of the United States' most famous folk songs, its lyrics were written in 1940 in critical response to Irving Berlin's "God Bless America". Its melody is based on a Carter Family tune called "When the World's on Fire". When Guthrie was tired of hearing Kate Smith sing "God Bless America" on the radio in the late 1930s, he sarcastically called his song "God Blessed America for Me" before renaming it "This Land Is Your Land".

In 1989, a 1947 release on the Asch record label was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

In 2002, "This Land Is Your Land" was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. In 2021, it was listed at No. 229 on Rolling Stone "Top 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

Melody
Guthrie's melody was very similar to the melody of "Oh, My Loving Brother", a Baptist gospel hymn that had been recorded by the Carter Family as "When the World's On Fire" and had inspired their "Little Darlin', Pal of Mine." He used the same melody for the chorus and the verses.

Guthrie's song, however, had a different melodic structure from the hymn or the similar Carter Family melodies, and he used only the first half of those melodies in his song. The melodic structure of the presumed models can be described as "ABCD", a new melodic phrase for each of its four lines. Guthrie's structure, however, is "ABAC". As such, Guthrie's rendition repeats the beginning of the melody (the "A" section) for his third line; the melodic phrase for his fourth line ("This land was made for you and me") is found in neither the hymn nor the Carter Family melodies.

Original 1940 lyrics
The original lyrics were composed on February 23, 1940, in Guthrie's room at the Hanover House hotel at 43rd St. and 6th Ave. (101 West 43rd St.) in New York. The line "This land was made for you and me" does not appear in the original manuscript at the end of each verse, but is implied by Guthrie's writing of those words at the top of the page and by his subsequent singing of the line with those words.

According to Joe Klein, after Guthrie composed it, "he completely forgot about the song, and didn't do anything with it for another five years."

1944 version lyrics
In 1944 during World War II, Guthrie prepared another version which drops the two verses that are critical of the United States from the original: verse four, regarding private property, and verse six, regarding hunger. In 1940, Guthrie was in the anti-war phase he entered after the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, during which he wrote songs praising the Soviet invasion of Poland, attacking President Roosevelt's loans to Finland in defense against the Soviets, and ridiculing lend-lease aid to the United Kingdom. By 1944, after Germany had invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Guthrie returned to vigorous support for U.S. involvement in Europe and a more anti-nationalism stance.

Confirmation of two other verses
A March 1944 recording in the possession of the Smithsonian, the earliest known recording of the song, has the "private property" verse included. This version was recorded the same day as 75 other songs. This was confirmed by several archivists for Smithsonian who were interviewed as part of the History Channel program Save Our History – Save our Sounds. The 1944 recording with this fourth verse can be found on Woody Guthrie: This Land is Your Land: The Asch Recordings Volume 1, where it is track 14.

Woodyguthrie.org also has a variant.

A 1945 pamphlet which omitted the last two verses has caused some question as to whether the original song did in fact contain the full text. The original manuscript confirms both of these verses.

As with other folk songs, it was sung with different words at various times, although the motives for this particular change of lyrics may involve the possible political interpretations of the verses. Recordings of Guthrie have him singing the verses with different words.

The verses critical of America are not often performed in schools or official functions. They can be best interpreted as a protest against the vast income inequalities that exist in the United States, and against the sufferings of millions during the Great Depression. The US, Guthrie insists, was made—and could still be made—for "you and me". This interpretation is consistent with such other Guthrie songs as "Pretty Boy Floyd" and Guthrie's lifelong struggle for social justice.

The song was revived in the 1960s, when several artists of the new folk movement, including Bob Dylan, The Kingston Trio, Trini Lopez, Jay and the Americans, and The New Christy Minstrels all recorded versions, inspired by its political message. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded the song in 1962 for their Moving album. The Seekers recorded the song for their 1965 album, A World of Our Own. At the founding convention of the Canadian social democratic New Democratic Party, a version of the song was sung by the attending delegates.

In March 1977, David Carradine, who had personified Woody Guthrie in Hal Ashby's 1976 biopic Bound for Glory, appeared on Dinah Shore's show, Dinah! On it, he performed a version of the song which included the two verses, with some variations:

In the film, the song is performed in the closing credits by several singers, starting with Carradine and including Woody Guthrie. The verse about the "No Trespassing" sign appears there, but the two verses are not in the soundtrack album's version.

Bruce Springsteen first began performing it live on the River Tour in 1980, and released one such performance of it on Live/1975–85, in which he called it "about one of the most beautiful songs ever written."

The song was performed by Springsteen and Pete Seeger, accompanied by Seeger's grandson, Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, at We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial on January 18, 2009. The song was restored to the original lyrics (including the 'There was a big high wall there' and 'Nobody living can ever stop me' verses) for this performance (as per Pete Seeger's request) with exceptions of the changes in the end of the 'Private Property' and 'Relief Office' verses; the former's final line was changed from "This land was made for you and me" to "That side was made for you and me," and the latter's third and fourth lines to "As they stood hungry, I stood there whistling, This land was made for you and me," from the original lyrics, "As they stood there hungry, I stood there asking, Is this land made for you and me?"

Voice actress and children's entertainer Debi Derryberry recorded a version for her musical album What A Way To Play in 2006.

In 2010, Peter Yarrow and Paul Stookey, the surviving members of Peter, Paul and Mary, requested that the National Organization for Marriage, which is against legalization of same-sex marriage, stop using their recording of "This Land is Your Land" at their rallies, stating in a letter that the organization's philosophy was "directly contrary to the advocacy position" held by the group.

In 2019, Arlo Guthrie led a version of "This Land is Your Land" at the July 4 Boston Pops concert. Guthrie sang the 'no trespassing' verse but substituted the first line of the 'private property' verse ('There was a big high wall there, that tried to stop me / And on the wall it said "no trespassing"'), and Queen Latifah sang the 'freedom highway' verse. The 'Relief Office' verse was not included.

Arlo Guthrie tells a story in concerts on occasion, of his mother returning from a dance tour of China, and reporting around the Guthrie family dinner table that at one point in the tour she was serenaded by Chinese children singing the song. Arlo says Woody was incredulous: "The Chinese? Singing 'This land is your land, this land is my land? From California to the New York island?

On January 20, 2021, during the presidential inauguration of Joe Biden, Jennifer Lopez performed some verses of the song as part of a medley with America the Beautiful. She excluded verses critical of the United States and interposed a Spanish-language translation of a portion of the Pledge of Allegiance.

Variations
As is the case with many well-known songs, it has been the subject of an enormous number of variations and parodies. They include:

Versions about other countries
Many variants of the song have been recorded with lyrics adjusted to fit diverse countries, regions, languages, and ethnic groups. They include:

Other variations
The song has been recorded by many performers over the years, ranging from American Country legend Glen Campbell, hardcore band Hated Youth, all the way to Turkish performer Nuri Sesigüzel to reggae group The Melodians.

A few other notable recordings are by:
 * Peter, Paul and Mary – for their album Moving (1963)
 * Bing Crosby – for the album America, I Hear You Singing (1964)
 * The Seekers – in the album A World of Our Own (1965)
 * Connie Francis – included in her album Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door (1966)
 * Tennessee Ernie Ford – recorded for his album America the Beautiful (1970)
 * David Carradine - in the soundtrack album of Bound for Glory, Woody Guthrie's biopic directed by Hal Ashby (1976)
 * Greg & Steve - on their album, Holidays & Special Times (1989).
 * Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings – in the album Naturally (2005).
 * Johnny Logan – on the album, Irishman in America (2008).
 * Raffi – on his album, Love Bug (2014).

A version called "This badge is your badge", about FC United of Manchester, was written by fan Mickey O'Farrell, and is often sung by fans at the club's matches.

In film, television, internet, books, and advertising
The song has been sung by characters in many film and television productions, including Bob Roberts (1992), Stepmom (1998), Full House, The Luck of the Irish (a Disney Channel original movie), Up in the Air (2009) and by Renée Zellweger in the 2010 film My Own Love Song.

It has been parodied many times, including:
 * A lyrically restored version of the song was featured in "Disneyland Showtime", a 1970 episode of The Wonderful World of Disney, performed by The Kids of the Kingdom with Jay and Donny Osmond. Here, the lyrics were changed to describe the many attractions and experiences at Disneyland.
 * In the Home Improvement episode "Too Many Cooks" (1994), Tim refers to Al as "Al 'This Land Is' Borland".
 * A 1999 episode of Friends when Joey meets a man he believes to be his "hand-twin", resulting in the lyric "This hand is my hand."
 * The 1999 film Sonnenallee features a version performed by Alexander Hacke, changing the geographical references in the first verse to match those of East Germany, where the film takes place.
 * The Simpsons episode "Lisa the Treehugger" (2000) with the words changed to "This log is my log, this log is your log" in reference to a runaway giant redwood tree.
 * The Arthur episode "The Pride of Lakewood" with the words changed to "This school's a great school, this school's a cool school".
 * The June 27, 2009 episode of A Prairie Home Companion by Arlo Guthrie as "This Song is My Song".
 * In fourth-season episode of The Big Bang Theory, the Indian-born Raj Koothrappali recites the first verse of the song out of fear of deportation in an interview with an FBI agent to clarify his relationship with the United States.
 * It was featured as soundtrack for the 2011 documentary The Ambassador.
 * In the television series Northern Exposure (episode "Northern Hospitality" Season 5 #16), Holling Vincoeur sings a modified version with references to Canada to his wife, Shelly Vincoeur.
 * Indie rock band My Morning Jacket recorded the song for a North Face advertising campaign in 2014.
 * In 2016, Budweiser temporarily rebranded their flagship beer "America", and included the lyrics "...from the redwood forests, to the gulf stream waters, this land was made for you and me" on their labels.
 * Pop singer Lady Gaga sang a few phrases of the song at the beginning of the performance of her halftime show of the 2017 Super Bowl.
 * Los Angeles-based Latin band Chicano Batman sang a cover for a commercial for Johnnie Walker including both English and Spanish lyrics.
 * Country artist Sam Hunt covered the song for Bright: The Album, the soundtrack to the 2017 film, Bright.
 * Musician Dave Matthews often includes a few lines when he sings the live version of "Don't Drink the Water" (which is about how America stole land from Natives while massacring them along the way) as an ironic juxtaposition in order to highlight the fact that while Americans claim the land as "ours", it was not theirs to take.
 * The version by Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings is featured in the opening credits of Up in the Air (2009), and in the closing credits of the 2019 Netflix documentary Knock Down the House.
 * The FX on Hulu series Mrs. America (episode 8 "Houston") depicts a group of women singing the song with a guitar. Actress Sarah Paulson's character (Alice McCray) joins in by singing one of the Variant Verses often omitted ("Nobody living can ever stop me, As I go walking that freedom highway; Nobody living can ever make me turn back, This land was made for you and me"). Another character points to McCray that the song was written by Guthrie, referred to as "a socialist" (a point relevant in the dialogue to state a contradiction between McCray's conservative views and her love for the song). This could be the reason to pick such an obscure verse, as this particular verse can only be linked to Guthrie and not to one of the many versions of the song by other artist.

Copyright controversy

A widely published quote of Guthrie's about copyright has been cited by some scholars to suggest that he was against copyright protection for his work:

"This song is Copyrighted in U.S., under Seal of Copyright # 154085, for a period of 28 years, and anybody caught singin it without our permission, will be mighty good friends of ourn, cause we don't give a dern. Publish it. Write it. Sing it. Swing to it. Yodel it. We wrote it, that's all we wanted to do."

Kembrew McLeod suggested this quote was made by Guthrie in reference to "This Land is Your Land", but that claim is inaccurate. The copyright registration number "#154085" referenced in the quote is for Guthrie's song "California!" (also known as "California! California!" or "California! The Land of the Sky!"). The quote was printed under the lyrics to "California!" in a songbook Guthrie made in 1937 – three years before the first draft of "This Land" was written.

A number of different organizations claim copyright for the song.

According to the Carter Family, the melody came from a tune that A.P. Carter had found and recorded with Sarah and Maybelle Carter prior to 1934 and was not original to Guthrie.

In July 2004, the website JibJab hosted a parody of the song, with George W. Bush and John Kerry singing altered lyrics to comment on the U.S. presidential election that November, resulting in The Richmond Organization, a music publisher that owns the copyright to Guthrie's tune through its Ludlow Music unit, threatening legal action.

JibJab then sued to affirm their parody was fair use, with the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) acting for them. As part of their research on the case they found that the song had been first published by Woody Guthrie in 1945, although the copyright was not registered until 1956. This meant that when Ludlow applied to renew the copyright in 1984 they were 11 years too late as the song had been in the public domain since 1973 (28 years from first publication). The Richmond Organization settled with JibJab shortly thereafter, agreeing that JibJab were free to distribute their parody. In an interview on NPR, Arlo Guthrie said that he thought the parody was hilarious and he thought Woody would have loved it too. Richmond still, however, claims copyright on other versions of the song, such as those appearing in the 1956 and later publications. Legally, such claims only apply to original elements of the song that were not in the public domain version.

The Richmond Organization and Ludlow Music were sued in 2016 over their claims of copyright in a lawsuit led by Randall Newman. In a similar case, Newman previously successfully argued the song "Happy Birthday to You" was public domain. In February 2020, Judge P. Kevin Castel of the Federal District Court in Manhattan dismissed the case because the plaintiffs had already paid the license fee, so there was no legal dispute to adjudicate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: This Land Is Your Land


text:
Talk:Artificial diamond

I think it should be manufactured diamond instead of artificial diamond. Gbleem 03:32, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Artificial diamond


text:
Carol Weihrer

Carol Weihrer (born c. 1951) is an activist for victims of anesthesia awareness. Beginning in 1989, Weihrer had chronic pain from recurrent corneal erosion syndrome. After 14 unsuccessful surgeries to relieve the increasing severity of the pain, in 1998 she underwent an enucleation of the eye and reportedly woke up from anesthesia during the procedure. Although she didn't feel any pain during the surgery, she remembered the entire experience afterwards. Weihrer received an out of court settlement and maintains that she has post-traumatic stress disorder as result of her experience.

title: Carol Weihrer


text:
DeForest Soaries

The Reverend DeForest Blake "Buster" Soaries, Jr. (born August 20, 1951) is an African-American Baptist minister, author and public advocate, from Montclair, New Jersey. He is the former Secretary of State of New Jersey and former chairman of the federal Election Assistance Commission. He was the senior pastor of First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens in Somerset, New Jersey, a position he had held since November 1990 until his retirement from the church in June 2021.

Personal life
A resident of the Monmouth Junction section of South Brunswick, New Jersey, he is married to Margaret Donna Soaries (Pleasant). The couple have twin sons, Malcolm and Martin.

Soaries received a Bachelor of Arts from Fordham University; a Master of Divinity degree from Princeton Theological Seminary; and a Doctor of Ministry degree from United Theological Seminary. He has also received five honorary doctorate degrees from other institutions.

First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens
Soaries had served as the senior pastor of First Baptist Church of Lincoln Garden (FBCLG) in Somerset, New Jersey, from November 1990 until his retirement in June 2021.

Politics
From January 1999 to January 2002, Soaries served as Secretary of State of New Jersey, making him the first African-American male to do so. He served under then-governor Christine Todd Whitman. In that position he endorsed further funding for the arts, and served as an unofficial general advisor to the governor. He also created V-FREE, a statewide youth violence prevention program.

In 2002, Soaries was the Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from the 12th C.D. of New Jersey, losing to incumbent Democrat Rush D. Holt, Jr. In 2003, he was appointed to the federal Election Assistance Commission, which was established by Congress to implement the Help America Vote Act of 2002, and served as chairman.

A proponent of faith-based community development, and of President Bush's faith-based initiative, Soaries, through church donations, formed several non-profit community development agencies, including the Renaissance Community Development Credit Union, Renaissance Education & Technology Academy and the Harvest of Hope Family Services Network.

Soaries was chosen by Coretta Scott King as the keynote speaker at the 2000 Martin Luther King Jr. celebration in Atlanta. He has also worked for the Urban League and Operation PUSH.

Central Jersey Community Development Corporation
In 1992, Soaries founded the Central Jersey Community Development Corporation (CJCDC): a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that specializes in revitalizing distressed neighborhoods.

Central Jersey Community Development Corporation (CJCDC) was founded in 1992 and incorporated in 1993. The organization's mission is to “rebuild communities, one family at a time” by improving the social, educational and economic conditions in targeted areas in Central Jersey. Its goal is to impact the lives of low to moderate income families to help them develop a better quality of life. Its vision is to preserve family institutions and help make individuals better community members. CJCDC has a long history of helping vulnerable communities in New Jersey come into transition, namely by positioning then for improvement, economic growth and sustainability.

CJCDC's neighborhood revitalization efforts are based on the notion that there is a role that people must play in their own uplift. There are social enterprise led by grass-roots organizations that are very close to the people who have need. If supported and empowered, they can help people who otherwise would be stuck in poverty.

Harvest of Hope Family Services Network, Inc.
In 1996, Soaries founded the Harvest of Hope Family Services Network, Inc. (HOH). Harvest of Hope Family Network Services, Inc. is a faith-based organization that recruits and trains churches, agencies and community organizations to use HOH unique and proven strategies for recruiting families to foster and adopt children.

The Harvest of Hope Program created a systematic approach designed to identify, recruit and train potential foster parents. Initial recruitment efforts focused exclusively on First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens. Within a matter of weeks, 85 families were recruited and licensed as foster family homes in the State of New Jersey. More importantly, all 57 boarder babies were placed in Harvest of Hope recruited and trained foster family homes. The success of this initial intervention gave rise to the creation of Harvest of Hope Family Services Network, Inc. (HOH), a new, First Baptist affiliated not-for-profit entity that developed and trained a network of churches throughout New Jersey to do what was done at First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens: recruit families to become foster family homes for youth in foster care.

Harvest of Hope Family Services Network, Inc., expanded their services to include extensive pre and post placement support for foster-parent recruits who successfully completed the program to become DCP&P approved homes for child placement. This support included a major emphasis on retention activities, life skills and behavioral health training, in addition to liaison and advocacy assistance – all designed to provide ongoing care, nurture and stable homes to children in need. In addition, the Harvest of Hope program grew to include the placement of children, teens and sibling groups. For many years, Harvest of Hope managed a family reunification component that provided assistance to the New Jersey State DCP&P in the facilitation of the placement of children into appropriate homes as well as in-service training for existing foster families.

Current activities
Soaries serves as an independent director at three companies: Independence Realty Trust, Federal Home Loan Bank of New York and Ocean Financial Corporation.

title: DeForest Soaries


text:
User talk:Chris Wood

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:39, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the comments on Porterhouse Blue, I must have been on autopilot or something. If there is anything else that I might have overlooked in the synopsis, let me know. Alf 22:51, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Les 7 doigts de la main
Hello Chris Wood,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Les 7 doigts de la main for deletion, because it's too short to identify the subject of the article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Mohammad Hossain 17:21, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris Wood


text:
User talk:Dusik

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:39, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

your nickname
Hi, dusík (almost your nickname) in Czech means nitrogen (this, as well as unique names of other elements, was invented by language purists during 19th century). Samohyl Jan 17:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dusik


text:
User talk:Mschlindwein

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:39, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Removing spam links
Thanks for alerting me to the spam link in the Ramones. It is easy to remove these, once you get redirected to the spam link page, paste the listed spam link into your browser search function (usually by doing control C to copy the pasted text and then control F to get it into the search function). Then go back to the page you were editing and do a search and you will find the link and take appropriate action. It must have been there from before the date that the spam filter was activated and no one has edited the page since then. I also added the link to the Portugues article about the Ramones that you were unable to do after removing the link to 21361. com. — ©   Alex756   05:57, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Henry the Navigator
An article that you've edited before (Henry the Navigator) is nominated for Biography Collaboration of the Week. If you want go there and vote. Thanks. Gameiro 20:44, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Featured Picture
An image you uploaded, Image:Schlossvaduz.jpg, has just become a. Congratulations! Raven4x4x 03:41, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Image:RFederer.jpg
I think you misread the license terms at Image:RFederer.jpg; commercial use is clearly not permitted. I have marked the image for deletion. Thue | talk 19:18, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Thue! No, I did not misread the licence. I was indeed trying to show that the image Image:RFederer.jpg cannot be used for any purpose, as stated.", and therefore that the licence tag it had was not correct. I also think that the image must be deleted, because commercial use is clearly not permitted. Thanks, --Mschlindwein 22:32, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, of course :). I was confused by the fact that the copyrightedfreeuse template was still on the picture. Thue | talk 22:37, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Image:CharlesBabbage.jpg
The image needs some kind of source, otherwise the claim to PD is nonsense. Googling around I would guess that this was the source : http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/figures/babbage.jpg - but it does not state the source. Megapixie 02:00, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

secure.wikimedia.org
Honestly, I have no idea why it works. I just tried editing from secure.wikimedia.org out of curiosity and discovered it worked. Perhaps it's because most ISPs do not use a proxy for secure connections whereas they might for plain HTTP connections. Just my $0.02. Flyingtoaster1337 05:30, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:Hilbert.jpg
User:DaTroll has recently challenged the copyright status of this photograph. Do you know anything about it? I hope it is either in the public domain, or the copyright holder is known (so that it will qualify for fair use). Hilbert himself died in 1943. Geometry guy 14:33, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

SUL Box
I have seen that you put on your user page, I just wanted to add that the template translation exist on fr and commons. I try to find translators in the other langages... Otourly (talk) 16:56, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

As I keep telling people...
I did not come up with the "it only works in practice" thing. It's the Zeroeth Law of Wikipedia in Raul's laws, and its author is marked as "unknown." If you read the NYT article, it should be clear that I'm quoting. Sorry to bug ya about this, but I don't want undeserved recognition. Much. --Kiz o r  00:16, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, sorry for that. I was not aware that the phrase wasn't yours. I'll correct the mistake. Regards, Mschlindwein (talk) 14:09, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Much obliged, and no worries - you did no wrong, this is just something that I prefer to be correct. --Kiz o r  13:17, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Atenção usuários da Wikipédia
Quero uma arbitragem nesta questão. Usuário Chronus afirma que eu o insultei. Onde e quando ocorreu isso? Apenas disse que ele está promovendo uma perseguição às minhas edições e isto É VERDADE, E QUE ISTO PARECE PESSOAL, o que eu também acredito./ O usuário apagou todas minhas mensagens dirigidas a ele. Insiste em apagar minhas edições, e afirma que estou promovendo uma guerra de edições contra ele. Solicito a arbitragem de um editor sênior para confirmar suas alegações. Usuário:SanSilva 21h20min de 7 de fevereiro de 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by SanSilva (talk • contribs)

Disambiguation link notification for April 19
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Kapwani Kiwanga, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Léon. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, --DPL bot (talk) 06:14, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mschlindwein


text:
Autocomplete

Autocomplete, or word completion, is a feature in which an application predicts the rest of a word a user is typing. In Android and iOS smartphones, this is called predictive text. In graphical user interfaces, users can typically press the tab key to accept a suggestion or the down arrow key to accept one of several.

Autocomplete speeds up human-computer interactions when it correctly predicts the word a user intends to enter after only a few characters have been typed into a text input field. It works best in domains with a limited number of possible words (such as in command line interpreters), when some words are much more common (such as when addressing an e-mail), or writing structured and predictable text (as in source code editors).

Many autocomplete algorithms learn new words after the user has written them a few times, and can suggest alternatives based on the learned habits of the individual user.

Original purpose
The original purpose of word prediction software was to help people with physical disabilities increase their typing speed, as well as to help them decrease the number of keystrokes needed in order to complete a word or a sentence. The need to increase speed is noted by the fact that people who use speech-generating devices generally produce speech at a rate that is less than 10% as fast as people who use oral speech. But the function is also very useful for anybody who writes text, particularly people–such as medical doctors–who frequently use long, hard-to-spell terminology that may be technical or medical in nature.

Description
Autocomplete or word completion works so that when the writer writes the first letter or letters of a word, the program predicts one or more possible words as choices. If the intended word is included in the list, the writer can select it, for example, by using the number keys. If the word that the user wants is not predicted, the writer must enter the next letter of the word. At this time, the word choice(s) is altered so that the words provided begin with the same letters as those that have been selected. When the word that the user wants appears it is selected, and the word is inserted into the text. In another form of word prediction, words most likely to follow the just written one are predicted, based on recent word pairs used. Word prediction uses language modeling, where within a set vocabulary the words are most likely to occur are calculated. Along with language modeling, basic word prediction on AAC devices is often coupled with a frecency model, where words the AAC user has used recently and frequently are more likely to be predicted. Word prediction software often also allows the user to enter their own words into the word prediction dictionaries either directly, or by "learning" words that have been written. Some search returns related to genitals or other vulgar terms are often omitted from autocompletion technologies, as are morbid terms

History
The autocomplete and predictive text technology was invented by Chinese scientists and linguists in the 1950s to solve the input inefficiency of the Chinese typewriter, as the typing process involved finding and selecting thousands of logographic characters on a tray, drastically slowing down the word processing speed.

In the 1950s, typists came to rearrange the character layout from the standard dictionary layout to groups of common words and phrases. Chinese typewriter engineers innovated mechanisms to access common characters accessible at the fastest speed possible by word prediction, a technique used today in Chinese input methods for computers, and in text messaging in many languages. According to Stanford University historian Thomas Mullaney, the development of modern Chinese typewriters from the 1960s to 1970s influenced the development of modern computer word processors and affected the development of computers themselves.

Types of autocomplete tools
There are standalone tools that add autocomplete functionality to existing applications. These programs monitor user keystrokes and suggest a list of words based on first typed letter(s). Examples are Typingaid and Letmetype. LetMeType, freeware, is no longer developed, the author has published the source code and allows anybody to continue development. Typingaid, also freeware, is actively developed. Intellicomplete, both a freeware and payware version, works only in certain programs which hook into the intellicomplete server program. Many Autocomplete programs can also be used to create a Shorthand list. The original autocomplete software was Smartype, which dates back to the late 1980s and is still available today. It was initially developed for medical transcriptionists working in WordPerfect for MS/DOS, but it now functions for any application in any Windows or Web-based program.

Shorthand
Shorthand, also called Autoreplace, is a related feature that involves automatic replacement of a particular string with another one, usually one that is longer and harder to type, such as "myname" with "Lee John Nikolai François Al Rahman". This can also quietly fix simple typing errors, such as turning "teh" into "the". Several Autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, also include a shorthand function for often used phrases.

Context completion
Context completion is a text editor feature, similar to word completion, which completes words (or entire phrases) based on the current context and context of other similar words within the same document, or within some training data set. The main advantage of context completion is the ability to predict anticipated words more precisely and even with no initial letters. The main disadvantage is the need of a training data set, which is typically larger for context completion than for simpler word completion. Most common use of context completion is seen in advanced programming language editors and IDEs, where training data set is inherently available and context completion makes more sense to the user than broad word completion would.

Line completion is a type of context completion, first introduced by Juraj Simlovic in TED Notepad, in July 2006. The context in line completion is the current line, while the current document poses as a training data set. When the user begins a line that starts with a frequently used phrase, the editor automatically completes it, up to the position where similar lines differ, or proposes a list of common continuations.

Action completion in applications are standalone tools that add autocomplete functionality to existing applications or all existing applications of an OS, based on the current context. The main advantage of Action completion is the ability to predict anticipated actions. The main disadvantage is the need of a data set. Most common use of Action completion is seen in advanced programming language editors and IDEs. But there are also action completion tools that work globally, in parallel, across all applications of the entire PC without (very) hindering the action completion of the respective applications.

In web browsers
In web browsers, autocomplete is done in the address bar (using items from the browser's history) and in text boxes on frequently used pages, such as a search engine's search box. Autocomplete for web addresses is particularly convenient because the full addresses are often long and difficult to type correctly. HTML5 has an autocomplete form attribute.

In e-mail programs
In e-mail programs autocomplete is typically used to fill in the e-mail addresses of the intended recipients. Generally, there are a small number of frequently used e-mail addresses, hence it is relatively easy to use autocomplete to select among them. Like web addresses, e-mail addresses are often long, hence typing them completely is inconvenient.

For instance, Microsoft Outlook Express will find addresses based on the name that is used in the address book. Google's Gmail will find addresses by any string that occurs in the address or stored name.

In search engines
In search engines, autocomplete user interface features provide users with suggested queries or results as they type their query in the search box. This is also commonly called autosuggest or incremental search. This type of search often relies on matching algorithms that forgive entry errors such as phonetic Soundex algorithms or the language independent Levenshtein algorithm. The challenge remains to search large indices or popular query lists in under a few milliseconds so that the user sees results pop up while typing.

Autocomplete can have an adverse effect on individuals and businesses when negative search terms are suggested when a search takes place. Autocomplete has now become a part of reputation management as companies linked to negative search terms such as scam, complaints and fraud seek to alter the results. Google in particular have listed some of the aspects that affect how their algorithm works, but this is an area that is open to manipulation.

In source code editors
Autocompletion of source code is also known as code completion. In a source code editor, autocomplete is greatly simplified by the regular structure of the programming language. There are usually only a limited number of words meaningful in the current context or namespace, such as names of variables and functions. An example of code completion is Microsoft's IntelliSense design. It involves showing a pop-up list of possible completions for the current input prefix to allow the user to choose the right one. This is particularly useful in object-oriented programming because often the programmer will not know exactly what members a particular class has. Therefore, autocomplete then serves as a form of convenient documentation as well as an input method.

Another beneficial feature of autocomplete for source code is that it encourages the programmer to use longer, more descriptive variable names, hence making the source code more readable. Typing large words which may contain camel case like  can be difficult, but autocomplete allows a programmer to complete typing the word using a fraction of the keystrokes.

In database query tools
Autocompletion in database query tools allows the user to autocomplete the table names in an SQL statement and column names of the tables referenced in the SQL statement. As text is typed into the editor, the context of the cursor within the SQL statement provides an indication of whether the user needs a table completion or a table column completion. The table completion provides a list of tables available in the database server the user is connected to. The column completion provides a list of columns for only tables referenced in the SQL statement. SQL Server Management Studio provides autocomplete in query tools.

In word processors
In many word processing programs, autocompletion decreases the amount of time spent typing repetitive words and phrases. The source material for autocompletion is either gathered from the rest of the current document or from a list of common words defined by the user. Currently Apache OpenOffice, Calligra Suite, KOffice, LibreOffice and Microsoft Office include support for this kind of autocompletion, as do advanced text editors such as Emacs and Vim.
 * Apache OpenOffice Writer and LibreOffice Writer have a working word completion program that proposes words previously typed in the text, rather than from the whole dictionary
 * Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application has a working word completion program that proposes words previously typed in upper cells

In command-line interpreters
In a command-line interpreter, such as Unix's sh or bash, or Windows's cmd.exe or PowerShell, or in similar command line interfaces, autocomplete of command names and file names may be accomplished by keeping track of all the possible names of things the user may access. Here autocomplete is usually done by pressing the Tab key key after typing the first several letters of the word. For example, if the only file in the current directory that starts with x is xLongFileName, the user may prefer to type x and autocomplete to the complete name. If there were another file name or command starting with x in the same scope, the user would type more letters or press the Tab key repeatedly to select the appropriate text.

Research
Although research has shown that word prediction software does decrease the number of keystrokes needed and improves the written productivity of children with disabilities, there are mixed results as to whether or not word prediction actually increases speed of output. It is thought that the reason why word prediction does not always increase the rate of text entry is because of the increased cognitive load and requirement to move eye gaze from the keyboard to the monitor.

In order to reduce this cognitive load, parameters such as reducing the list to five likely words, and having a vertical layout of those words may be used. The vertical layout is meant to keep head and eye movements to a minimum, and also gives additional visual cues because the word length becomes apparent. Although many software developers believe that if the word prediction list follows the cursor, that this will reduce eye movements, in a study of children with spina bifida by Tam, Reid, O'Keefe & Nauman (2002) it was shown that typing was more accurate, and that the children also preferred when the list appeared at the bottom edge of the screen, at the midline. Several studies have found that word prediction performance and satisfaction increases when the word list is closer to the keyboard, because of the decreased amount of eye-movements needed.

Software with word prediction is produced by multiple manufacturers. The software can be bought as an add-on to common programs such as Microsoft Word (for example, WordQ+SpeakQ, Typing Assistant, Co:Writer, Wivik, Ghotit Dyslexia), or as one of many features on an AAC device (PRC's Pathfinder, Dynavox Systems, Saltillo's ChatPC products). Some well known programs: Intellicomplete, which is available in both a freeware and a payware version, but works only with programs which are made to work with it. Letmetype and Typingaid are both freeware programs which work in any text editor.

An early version of autocompletion was described in 1967 by H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his Computer-Assisted Typewriter (CAT), "such words as 'BEGIN' or 'PROCEDURE' or identifiers introduced by the programmer, would be automatically completed by the CAT after the programmer had typed only one or two symbols."

title: Autocomplete


text:
Autoreplace

Autoreplace can mean different things. Are you looking for:

 * Autocomplete, Word prediction software, to make it easier and faster to spell and write.
 * Autocorrect, automatic correction of spelling.
 * Shorthand, for practical use today, see Autocomplete.
 * Shorthand, history of different forms of shorthand methods, like stenography, etc..

title: Autoreplace


text:
User talk:24.20.111.4

Nomination of Door of Night for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Door of Night is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Door of Night& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Hog Farm (talk) 15:24, 16 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.20.111.4


text:
Talk:HMS Acheron (P411)

Untitled
My grandfather served on this ship, I have a photograph of him in uniform and cap with HMS Acheron in the ribbon. I would like to see some statistics about this ship sometime. Thank you. wjhill@paradise.net.nz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.97.2.243 (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:HMS Acheron (P411)


text:
Rico Constantino

Americo Sebastiano Costantino (born October 1, 1961) is an American police officer and retired paramedic, SWAT officer, bodyguard, professional wrestler and wrestling manager. He performed under the ring names Rico Costantino and Rico in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 1998 to 2004.

Early life
Costantino was a contestant on the American television series American Gladiators. When challenging one of the show's gladiators, Gemini, Constantino won once and fighting to a draw twice in their three Joust bouts. Costantino was the champion for the first half of the 1990–1991 season. In the Grand Championship, Rico came up just short, losing to Craig Branham by 7 points (3 1/2 seconds) in the Eliminator portion of the show. Costantino next appeared on the European game show Fort Boyard, with a win over his former Gladiator nemesis Craig Branham. On the show, he was the only competitor to capture the highest tiered “red ball” in the bungee jump challenge on an upswing.

Ohio Valley Wrestling and early career (1998–2002)
Costantino began to train with the Empire Wrestling Federation for a career in the wrestling business. Costantino was discovered by World Wrestling Federation (WWF) officials Terry Taylor and Dr. Tom Prichard. After only 12 matches, Costantino signed a developmental deal with the WWF. Costantino was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling for further training, before being sent up to work for WWF.

He became a three time OVW Champion, a MPPW Heavyweight Champion and a HWA Heavyweight Champion.

In 2001, started working dark matches for the WWF against Randy Orton, Brock Lesnar, Raven, Hurricane Helms, Billy Gunn and Steven Richards.

World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (2002–2004)
He debuted in WWF on the March 21, 2002 episode of SmackDown! as the stylist of Billy and Chuck (the heel gimmicks of Billy Gunn and Chuck Palumbo), establishing himself as a villain. Rico portrayed a homosexual stylist as his gimmick and grew muttonchops. On the May 9 episode of SmackDown!, Rico wrestled his first match in WWE, where he teamed with Billy and Chuck to defeat Al Snow, Maven and Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rico was forced to team with Rikishi to defeat his clients, Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship. On the June 6 episode of SmackDown!, Rico turned on Rikishi by helping Billy and Chuck in pinning Rikishi for the tag titles.

On the September 12, 2002 episode of SmackDown!, Rico moved over to the Raw brand and became the manager of 3-Minute Warning (then-heel, Rosey and Jamal). He ended up turning on 3-Minute Warning after they lost a match to the Dudley Boyz. However both he and 3-Minute Warning all remained heels during that time. After turning on 3-Minute Warning, Rico scored an upset victory over another heel, Ric Flair.

Rico would soon return to Raw in 2003 with Miss Jackie appearing as his manager. He retained the essence of the masculinity gimmick he shared with Gunn and Palumbo while taking it to new levels, much in the vein of Adrian Street and painting his face and later grew out his hair. Then, on the March 22, 2004 edition of Raw, Rico got drafted to SmackDown! and became a fan favorite due to fan reaction to his over-the-top exótico style gimmick, teaming up with an initially reluctant partner, Charlie Haas, (with whom he held the WWE Tag Team Championship) and had a valet, Miss Jackie. Rico was unexpectedly released by WWE on November 7, 2004.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2005)
After his release, he went to All-Japan Pro Wrestling, where he and former WWE colleague Bull Buchanan defeated Mitsuya Nagai and Masayuki Naruse on the first event of the "Excite Series" in Tokyo, Japan to win the All Asia Tag Team Championship. Costantino retired from professional wrestling in July 2005, causing him and Buchanan to vacate the All Asia Tag Team Titles.

Future Stars of Wrestling (2012)
Rico came out of retirement for a Future Stars of Wrestling (FSW) TV taping in Las Vegas on November 17, 2012, where he teamed up with Beast to defeat the team of Gregory Sharpe and Clutch.

Personal life
Costantino entered Northwestern Military and Naval Academy, graduating near the top of his class and at one point considered enrollment at West Point. Whilst attending Northwestern Military and Naval Academy in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, Costantino returned to Las Vegas and settled into a career as a paramedic, which in turn led to enrollment in the police academy. Costantino was also on the SWAT team at one point, paving the way for his next career as a bodyguard.

In August 2005, Costantino completed his law enforcement training in Boulder City, Nevada, outside of Las Vegas. As of 2006, he was a Sergeant Inspector for the Nevada Taxi Cab Authority. Beginning in 2016, he suffered health issues relating to heart problems and a series of concussions.

American Gladiators

 * American Gladiators Champion (1990–1991)

Professional wrestling

 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bull Buchanan
 * Empire Wrestling Federation
 * EWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Heartland Wrestling Association
 * HWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with John Cena
 * MPPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Power Pro Wrestling
 * MPPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Charlie Haas
 * World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rikishi
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Worst Gimmick (2003)

title: Rico Constantino


text: User talk:69.37.79.26

title: User talk:69.37.79.26


text:
Ringo Sheena

Yumiko Shiina (椎名 裕美子), known by her stage name Ringo Sheena (椎名 林檎), is a Japanese singer, songwriter and musician. She is also the founder and lead vocalist of the band Tokyo Jihen.

She describes herself as "a Shinjuku-style writer-performer (新宿系自作自演屋)". She was ranked number 36 in a list of Japan's top 100 musicians compiled by HMV in 2003.

Early life
Sheena was born with an esophageal atresia in which the esophagus narrows as it approaches the stomach. Treatment of this involved several operations, at least one of which required her right shoulder blade to be cut open. These surgeries left Sheena with large scars on her shoulder blades, said to give the impression that an angel's wings had been removed.

Initial solo career
Sheena released her first official single "Kōfukuron" in May 1998, when she was 19 years old. She subsequently made singles "Kabukichō no Joō" and "Koko de Kiss Shite", the latter becoming her first hit.

This was followed by the release of her first album, Muzai Moratorium, in February 1999. The album was a major hit. "Gips" was due to be the next single, but when Sheena had to cancel recording due to illness, "Honnō" was released as the fourth single instead. Sheena chose a hospital as the setting for the music video for "Honnō".

The fifth and sixth singles, "Gips" and "Tsumi to Batsu", were released at the same time to prevent overlap with the release of her second album, Shōso Strip, in March 2000.

Sheena had initially indicated that she would retire as "Sheena Ringo" when she had released three albums. At the time the second album was released, she was among the top three Japanese female artists, along with Hikaru Utada and Ayumi Hamasaki, in terms of popularity and annual income. However, she was uncomfortable with being regarded as an icon, and wanted her career to branch out more from the mainstream. When she began to produce her third album under the tentative title "Fushigi, Waizatsu, Ekisentorikku (不思議・猥雑・エキセントリック)" she intended to make it her last solo album.

She released the single "Mayonaka wa Junketsu" in March 2001, with the intention of including it on a third album. The music video was created in a retro-anime style that depicted Ringo as a sort of mid-'60s spy movie heroine. In 2002, she released a two-disc multilingual cover album Utaite Myōri: Sono Ichi. Since she felt that a cover album did not count as a bona fide album, she began to work on her third original album.

In 2003, she released her third album, titled Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana.

Towards the conclusion of her solo career, she released her final solo single, "Ringo no Uta" ("Apple Song"), which was adopted by the national children's song TV program Minna no Uta. This song had a summation of her career, and the music video included references to all of her previous videos.

In 2004, Sheena undertook the role of music director for the stage play KKP (Kentaro Kobayashi Produce) No. 004 Lens, which is based on the story of her short film Tanpen Kinema Hyaku-Iro Megane.

Tokyo Jihen
On May 31, 2004, Sheena formed a band called Tokyo Jihen (東京事変).

The original lineup of Tokyo Jihen was Ringo Sheena (vocals, guitar, melodica), Mikio Hirama (ヒラマミキオ) (guitar, backing vocals); Seiji Kameda (亀田誠治) (bass guitar); H Zett M (stylized as H ZETT M), also known as Masayuki Hiizumi (ヒイズミマサユ機), (keyboard/piano); and Toshiki Hata (刄田綴色) (drums). The band was first introduced in Sheena's Sugoroku Ecstasy tour and is also featured on Sheena's Electric Mole DVD.

Hiizumi and Hirama left Tokyo Jihen in July 2005, and the band selected two new members: Ryosuke Nagaoka (長岡亮介), also known as Ukigumo (浮雲), on guitar and backing vocals, and Keitarō Izawa (伊澤啓太郎), also known as Ichiyo Izawa (伊澤一葉), on keyboards in September 2005. The band released its second album featuring the new lineup in January 2006 and played two concerts, at the Osaka-Jo Hall in Osaka and the Budokan in Tokyo, in February 2006.

Resumption of solo work
In late 2006, Ringo announced that she would resume work as a solo artist as the Music Director for the 2007 film Sakuran. The album Heisei Fūzoku (2007) is the soundtrack from this film. Violinist Neko Saitō and the band Soil & "Pimp" Sessions appear on the album. A song featuring her and Soil, "Karisome Otome (Death Jazz version)" was released on iTunes Japan exclusively on November 11, 2006. It went to the top of the charts and remained there for days.

In June 2007, Sheena was asked to compose music for the kabuki Sannin Kichisa by Kanzaburo Nakamura, for which she composed the ending theme "Tamatebako" (玉手箱, "Casket").

In September 2008, Sheena provided Japanese boy band Tokio with two songs for their singles.

In February 2009, Sheena had written music for Japanese rock duo Puffy AmiYumi. The duo's member Ami was introduced to Sheena by Hikaru Utada. Ami is a fan of Sheena's music, which amounted to their friendship together.

In March 2009, Sheena Ringo received the newcomer Fine Arts Award in the Popular Culture category from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. In May of the same year, Sheena released a solo single titled "Ariamaru Tomi", which was used as the theme song for the TV drama Smile. In June, Sheena released her solo album titled Sanmon Gossip after a long hiatus. On December 2, 2009, Sheena released the single "Nōdōteki Sanpunkan" with Tokyo Jihen after an interval of about two years.

Sheena provided a cover of "Uta" for the January 29, 2020 Buck-Tick tribute album Parade III ~Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick~

Singing and songwriting style
Sheena is an accomplished musician and songwriter who writes music spanning numerous genres. She is well known for her eccentricity, rolling her "r"s and creating promotional music videos with striking visuals.

She admired Eddi Reader's voice, but felt her own voice was not as clear and sounded hoarse. She admired Janis Ian's singing and wrote "Seventeen" in tribute to Ian's "At Seventeen". She later covered "Love Is Blind". She listens to many genres of music. At the time of her debut, she had ten closely written pages of lists of her favorite musicians. They included various genres such as classical music, Japanese and American popular music from the 1950s and 1960s, contemporary rock, and the local band Fukuoka.

She mainly plays rhythm guitar, but she plays other musical instruments. During live shows she sometimes plays the piano and occasionally plays the bass guitar. While recording, she sometimes plays piano and drums, and occasionally uses uncommon musical instruments such as a melodica and a shamisen.

Stage name
At her audition in 1996, she introduced herself as "Sheena Ringo" for the first time. "Ringo" means "apple" in Japanese. She said that "Ringo" originated from her class nickname when she often blushed in public, and from the Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr.

She declared recently that she followed the naming of the pen name of her favorite manga artist, Sensha Yoshida. His first name is just a name of an object like Ringo ("Sensha" in this case meaning a "tank" in English). She thought that those who heard her name would be shocked by that.

In popular culture
The Duesenberg Starplayer guitar which Sheena has used recorded historical sales of around 1000 units in Japan in 2000.

Sheena's name often appeared on the books, movies, TV dramas and songs, such as the Japanese movie All About Lily Chou-Chou (with The Beatles, Björk, and UA), Maximum the Hormone's song "Sheena basu tei de matsu.", Kreva's single "Idome", the Japanese movie Linda Linda Linda, the TV drama Furuhata Ninzaburō final series, the book by Taro Aso who is the 92nd Prime Minister of Japan Totetsumonai Nihon (as a singer representative of Jpop with Hikaru Utada).

I-No, a character from the fighting game series Guilty Gear, is modeled after Sheena, wields a similar guitar as a weapon, and shares her birthday.

"Ariamaru Tomi" is played in the ending sequence of the 2024 video game Like a Dragon: Infinite Wealth.

Reception
Lenny Kravitz stated that he admired Sheena's music video and both her way of making music and the presentation, and said that he wanted to meet her in 2000. When Courtney Love visited Japan in 2001, she was recommended several Japanese female rock singers by the music magazine editor of rockin'on. Sheena and Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her were chosen by Love, but she was unsuccessful in her efforts to contact Sheena. British singer-songwriter Mika mentioned Sheena as one of his favorite Japanese artists (alongside Puffy AmiYumi, The Yellow Monkey, Yoko Kanno, and the Yoshida Brothers) in several interviews during his visit to Japan in 2007. Jack Barnett of These New Puritans, who was visiting Japan for the Summer Sonic 2008 festival, said in an interview that he was a great fan of Ringo Sheena and bought all her works while he was there, as they were not available in the United Kingdom.

Her third album, Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana, was ranked second in CNN International Asia's list of "the 2000s' most under-appreciated Japanese music of the last decade" on December 22, 2009. Sheena also received a mention in The Guardian as one of Japan's artists who "deserve to be seen and heard in the west" in 2010.

Personal life
Sheena's older brother Junpei Shiina is an R&B musician, who debuted in 2000 under Sony. Since 2006, he has been managed by Kronekodow, Sheena's personal management agency. The pair have collaborated musically several times. In 2002, they covered three songs in English: Marvin Gaye's "The Onion Song" for Sheena's album Utaite Myōri, "Where Is the Love" (originally performed by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway) for Junpei Shiina's album Discover, and Toto's "Georgy Porgy." The latter one was recorded as a part of a special unit called Yokoshima, featuring Jumpei Shiina on keyboards and Ringo Sheena on chorus. In 2007, the pair sang a duet on her single "Kono Yo no Kagiri."

In November 2000, Sheena married guitarist Junji Yayoshi, who was a member of her backing band Gyakutai Glycogen. Sheena gave birth to a son in July 2001. The pair then later divorced in January 2002.

In September 2013, gossip magazine Josei Jishin published an article that linked her romantically with music director Yuichi Kodama and stating that she was secretly giving birth to her second child. Sheena addressed these rumours publicly during her Tōtaikai concerts in November 2013, announcing that she gave birth in spring of 2013 to a girl. As this was close to the release of her single "Irohanihoheto/Kodoku no Akatsuki," she did not feel it was appropriate to link the birth of her daughter with single promotions, so decided not to announce it at the time. The footage of her announcement was released on her Tōtaikai DVD in March 2014.

Controversy
In November 2022, Sheena and her record label EMI Records received criticism for the artwork of her remix album, Hyakuyaku no Chō. The artwork of the remix album as well as bonus goods from the Universal Music store included a logo bearing similarity to the Red Cross emblem. Universal Music Japan, the distributor of EMI, released a press announcement on their website apologizing for the usage of the medical cross. Universal Japan announced that the release would be postponed while the company revised the design of the album and bonus goods. While the album was released digitally on its originally planned release date, November 30, a physical CD version of the album was not released until January 13, 2023.

Discography

 * Muzai Moratorium (1999)
 * Shōso Strip (2000)
 * Utaite Myōri (2002)
 * Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana (2003)
 * Heisei Fūzoku (2007)
 * Sanmon Gossip (2009)
 * Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku (2014)
 * Hi Izuru Tokoro (2014)
 * Gyakuyunyū: Kōkūkyoku (2017)
 * Sandokushi (2019)
 * Carnival (2024)

Concerts and tours
Tours
 * Senkō Ecstasy (先攻エクスタシー; 1999)
 * Manabiya Ecstasy (学舎エクスタシー; 1999)
 * Gekokujō Xstasy (2000)
 * Gokiritsu Japon (2000)
 * Sugoroku Ecstasy (2003)
 * Dai Ikkai Ringo-han Taikai: Adults Only (2005)
 * (Nama) Ringo-haku '08: Jūshūnen Kinen-sai ((生)林檎博'08 ～10周年記念祭～; 2008)
 * Tōtaikai: Heisei Nijūgo-nen Kaneyama-chō Taikai (党大会 平成二十五年神山町大会; 2013)
 * Hantaikai: Heisei Nijūgo-nen Hamarikyū Taikai (班大会 平成二十五年浜離宮大会; 2013)
 * Chotto Shita Recohatsu 2014 (ちょっとしたレコ発 2014; 2014)
 * Ringo Haku '14: Toshionna no Gyakushū (林檎博'14 ～年女の逆襲～; 2014)
 * Shiina Ringo to Kyatsura ga Yuku Hyakkiyakō 2015 (椎名林檎と彼奴等がゆく 百鬼夜行2015; 2015)
 * Shiina Ringo to Kyatsura no Iru Shinkūchitai (椎名林檎と彼奴等の居る真空地帯-AIRPOCKET-; 2018)
 * (Nama) Ringo Haku' 18: Fuwaku no Yoyū ((生)林檎博'18 ～不惑の余裕～; 2018)

One-off concerts
 * Zazen Ecstasy (2000)
 * Baishō Ecstasy (賣笑エクスタシー; 2003)

title: Ringo Sheena


text:
Gary Jennings (author)

Gary Jennings (September 20, 1928 – February 13, 1999) was an American author who wrote children's and adult novels. In 1980, after the successful novel Aztec, he specialized in writing adult historical fiction novels.

Biography
Born September 20, 1928, in Buena Vista, Virginia, to Glen Edward and Vaughnye May Jennings, Gary Jennings attended little formal school after graduating from Eastside High School (of Lean on Me fame) in Paterson, New Jersey, and was mostly self-educated thereafter.

His novels were known for their historical detail and occasionally graphic content. Jennings' novels are well-researched: he lived for 12 years in Mexico to research the Aztec novels, traveled the Balkans while researching Raptor, and joined nine circus troupes during the writing of Spangle. He also produced a number of novels for younger readers, such as A Rope in the Jungle and a history of the occult Black Magic, White Magic.

Gary Jennings died in February 1999 in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, aged 70, from heart failure.

Aztec series

 * Aztec (1980) : A story of the Aztec empire just before and during the arrival of the Spaniards.
 * Aztec Autumn (1997), a story of the Aztecs following the Spanish conquest.

Additional books in the series (Aztec Blood, 2002; Aztec Rage, 2006; Aztec Fire, 2008; Aztec Revenge, 2012) were written by Robert Gleason, Jennings's former editor, and Junius Podrug.

Novels

 * The Terrible Teague Bunch (1975) : about a gang of Texas outlaws at the tail end of the Old West
 * Sow the Seeds of Hemp (1976) : about a fire-breathing preacher in Mississippi
 * The Journeyer (1984) : An account of the travels of Marco Polo to the Far East.
 * Spangle (1987) : A chronicle of the lives of circus entertainers. Also released in paperback, split into a trilogy: The Road Show, The Center Ring and The Grand Promenade.
 * The Lively Lives of Crispin Mobey (by 'Gabriel Quyth') (1988) : "A novel of the hilarious chronicle of the exploits of an all-too-zealous missionary." Mostly assembled from a series of short stories published under Jennings's real name in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1972–1979.
 * Raptor (1992) : Thorn, a hermaphrodite, and his/her adventures in a post-Roman world.

For young adults

 * March of the Robots: From The Manikins Of Antiquity To The Space Robots Of Tomorrow (1962)
 * The Movie Book (1963)
 * Parades!: Celebrations and circuses on the march (1966)
 * The Teenager's Realistic Guide to Astrology (1971)
 * The Shrinking Outdoors (1972)
 * The Killer Storms: Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tornadoes (1974)
 * Black Magic, White Magic (1975)
 * March of the Heroes: The folk hero through the ages (1975)
 * March of the Gods (1976)
 * The Rope in the Jungle (a novel) (1976)
 * March of the Demons (1977)

For preschool readers

 * The Earth Book (1975)

Nonfiction

 * Personalities of Language (1965)
 * World of Words: The Personalities of Language (1967)
 * The Treasure of the Superstition Mountains (1973)

title: Gary Jennings (author)


text:
Siphuncle

The siphuncle is a strand of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a cephalopod mollusk. Only cephalopods with chambered shells have siphuncles, such as the extinct ammonites and belemnites, and the living nautiluses, cuttlefish, and Spirula. In the case of the cuttlefish, the siphuncle is indistinct and connects all the small chambers of that animal's highly modified shell; in the other cephalopods it is thread-like and passes through small openings in the septa (walls) dividing the camerae (chambers). Some older studies have used the term siphon for the siphuncle, though this naming convention is uncommon in modern studies to prevent confusion with a mollusc organ of the same name.

Function

The siphuncle is used primarily in emptying water from new chambers as the shell grows. To perform this task, the cephalopod increases the saltiness of the blood in the siphuncle, and the water moves from the more dilute chamber into the blood through osmosis. At the same time gasses, mostly nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, diffuse from the blood in the siphuncle into the emptying chamber. This is not a form of active pumping: the gas moving into the chamber is a passive process. Most energy is expended through the absorption of water from the chamber.

Removing water from the chambers of the shell reduces the overall density of the shell, and thus the shell behaves as a flotation device comparable to the swim bladder in bony fish. Typically, cephalopods maintain a density close to that of sea water, allowing them to keep a stable buoyancy with minimal effort. In the geologic past, many cephalopods grew to an enormous size (perhaps approaching ten meters in length) thanks to this.

Generally, the siphuncle is unable to provide a way to change the density of shell rapidly and thus cause the animal to rise or sink at will; rather, the animal must swim up or down as required.

Cephalopods with a wider siphuncle have a higher rate of metabolic activity.

Morphology
The siphuncle of fossilised cephalopods is assumed to have worked in the same general way as in living nautiluses. The siphuncle itself is only rarely preserved, but its shape can be inferred from hardened structures which lie around it. Many fossils show the holes where the siphuncle passes through each septum. Around these holes, the rim of the septum is bent into a stout aragonitic tube known as a septal neck (or siphuncle notch). In each chamber of the shell, the siphuncle is encased by a tubular structure known as a connecting ring. In living nautiluses, the connecting ring is a simple, thin-walled cylinder, with organic or thinly calcitic layers secreted from the tissues of the siphuncle. This fragile and poorly-mineralized form is known as a nautilosiphonate morphology. Many extinct cephalopods have a much more prominent connecting ring, with a very thick and porous inner calcitic layer. This more strongly-mineralized form is known as a calciosiphonate connecting ring. Connecting rings are strongly variable in morphology, from narrow homogenous tubes to bulbous, segmented cavities. Some are infolded, sending lobes or blades of calcite into the siphuncle. Connecting rings are typically continuous with the septal necks, and are difficult to distinguish without close examination. However, their developmental origin is wholly separate from the shell and septa, and they utilize calcite rather than aragonite as a biomineralized reinforcement.

Biomineralized structures which develop within the siphuncle are known as endosiphuncular deposits (or simply siphonal deposits). These may include horizontal partitions (diaphragms), stacked conical structures (endocones), longitudinal rods, and various other concretions. Endosiphuncular deposits are typically thin structures which may be homologous to parts of the septae or connecting rings.

In most fossil nautiluses, the siphuncle runs more or less through the center of each chamber, but in ammonites and belemnites it usually runs along the ventral edge of the shell. In some fossil straight shelled nautiloids, cylindrical calcareous growths ("siphuncular deposits") around the siphuncle can be seen towards the apex of the shell. These were apparently counterweights for the soft body at the other end of the shell, and allowed the nautilus to swim in a horizontal position. Without these deposits, the apex of the buoyant shell would have pointed upwards and the heavier body downwards, making horizontal swimming difficult. The siphuncle of the Endocerida also contained much of the organisms' body organs.

title: Siphuncle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hiatus

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Hiatus.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Hiatus - Dicdef. Also reads as if it was copied from a dictionary. RickK 03:56, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless expanded -- Chris 73 | Talk 05:05, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Copyvio: . Delete, do not expand, do not transwiki, do not collect ψ200. -- Cyrius|&#9998 05:14, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hiatus


text: User talk:69.81.14.9

title: User talk:69.81.14.9


text: User:Johnfreez

title: User:Johnfreez


text:
Camilo Mejía

Camilo Ernesto Mejía (born August 28, 1975) is a Nicaraguan who left the United States Army during the Iraq War on conscientious objector grounds, was convicted of desertion and went on to become an anti-war activist. He is also the son of Carlos Mejia Godoy, Nicaragua songwriter.

Service and court-martial
Mejía is a graduate of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, where he majored in psychology and Spanish. Mejía spent six months in Iraq (his first and only combat tour). Mejia returned to the United States on a 2-week furlough in order to address an issue with his Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR) status; after which he did not return for duty. He was charged with desertion and sentenced to one year in prison for refusing to return to fight in Iraq. In March 2004, he turned himself in to the US military and filed an application for conscientious objector status.

On May 21, 2004, Mejía was convicted of desertion by a military jury and sentenced to one year confinement, reduction to the rank of Private E-1, and a Bad Conduct Discharge.

Mejía served his sentence at the Fort Sill military prison in Lawton, Oklahoma. During his time in custody, he was recognized by Amnesty International as a prisoner of conscience and was awarded by Refuse and Resist with its Courageous Resister Award. He was also the recipient of the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award which was presented by his attorney Louis Font. Camilo was recognized by the Detroit, Michigan, City Council with a commendation for his stand.

After prison
Camilo Mejía was released from prison on February 15, 2005. Since his release, he has spoken at many peace protests and to the press about his experiences and his opposition to the war in Iraq. In 2005, he was recognized with the 'Young Leader Award' by Global Exchange, in San Francisco.

In August 2005, Camilo along with Desert Storm Veteran Dennis Kyne, stormed President Bush's vacation ranch house with Cindy Sheehan and future members of Camp Casey.

Mejía has recently written a book entitled Road from Ar Ramadi: The Private Rebellion of Staff Sergeant Mejía which recounts his journey of conscience in Iraq.

Mejía is interviewed in "The Ground Truth: After the Killing Ends (2006)", a documentary about the training and alleged dehumanization of U.S. soldiers, and how they struggle to come to terms with it when they come back home. In August 2007, Mejía was named the chair of the board of directors of Iraq Veterans Against the War.

Song about Mejía
In early 2006, alternative reggae/rock band State Radio released the album Us Against the Crown, which features the song "Camilo". When they heard of his story, State Radio wanted to bring conscientious objection to light. Lyrics in the song reflect on Camilo Mejía's situation:

Twenty days in a concrete fallout/ What life have I to take your own/ Oh my country, won't you call out/ Doorbells are ringing with boxes of bones/ And from another land's war torn corners/ To a prison cell in my own/ Punish me for not taking your orders/ But don't lock me up for not leavin' my home Camilo/ Camilo/ Leaving my home/ Camilo/ Camilo

Further Information

 * Zeiger, David, Evangeline Griego, Aaron Zarrow, Troy Garity, and Edward Asner. Sir! No sir! a David Zeiger film. New York, NY: Docurama Films, 2006. ISBN 0767091930

title: Camilo Mejía


text: User talk:203.34.169.38

title: User talk:203.34.169.38


text:
Holocaust (disambiguation)

The Holocaust was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews.

The word holocaust derives from the ancient Greek holokaustos, a burnt offering; see Holocaust (sacrifice).

Holocaust may also refer to:
 * Genocide, the intentional destruction of a people
 * Holocaust (band), a Scottish heavy metal band
 * Holocaust, a fictional DC Comics character and member of the Blood Syndicate
 * Holocaust (Marvel Comics), a fictional character
 * Holocaust (miniseries), a 1978 American television miniseries
 * "Holocaust", a song by Big Star from the 1978 album Third/Sister Lovers
 * "Holocaust", a song by Bathory from the 1988 album Blood Fire Death
 * The Holocaust (album), a 2006 album by Blue Sky Black Death and Warcloud
 * Romani Holocaust

title: Holocaust (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Holocaust (disambiguation)

Inappropriate entries
IMO the section "Genocides and massacres" is against WP:MOSDAB: these events are not called simply "Holocaust"; just as the article lock (disambiguation) does not list Lever tumbler lock. Staszek Lem (talk) 17:44, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

I could have simply removed them, but probably List of things named Holocaust may be created, especially in view of the article 'Holocaust trivialization'.

Any comments? Staszek Lem (talk) 17:48, 7 June 2018 (UTC)
 * There are many genocides/killings/bad things that happened, and they are sometimes referred as a kind of "Holocaust", or with a special "Holocaust" name. That doesn't mean they all should be listed here; people typing in the word "Holocaust" are not looking for the Viannos massacres. Jayjg (talk) 19:00, 7 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I think your latest edit is actually a good one. I'd remove the entries to the two songs too. Jayjg (talk) 19:04, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

"Prussian holocaust" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Prussian holocaust and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 18:34, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 November 2023 - Other genocidal acts of Nazi Germany
Given the greater context of Nazi death camps, links to the Romani Holocaust, Persecution of homosexuals, and other directly related pages should be included in this disambiguation for broader context.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_Holocaust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany 2601:640:8900:BBA0:248A:334A:5DDD:221B (talk) 23:58, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ - Romani Holocaust has been added, I think the Persecution of homosexuals page would be best placed elsewhere, as it isn't a direct disambiguation of "Holocaust" itself, but events that occurred within Nazi Germany. I have instead added a link this page in the "See also" section of Nazi Germany. Lewcm Talk to me! 22:03, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holocaust (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Doc Daneeka

Epiphanies
I propose that Doc Daneeka can do his job effectively during the raid and after Avignon because "...each man's bluing wound [was] a dreadful portent of his own decay." and because Yossarian learns about the fragility of man with Snowden and brings this information back to Daneeka. The doctor immediately puts Yossarian to sleep for a long time so that he can ignore the truth about mortality. Space Soup (talk) 04:50, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Newly Weds
Anyone want to elaborate on the story by Doc Daneka regarding the newlyweds? I never understood why the guy punched him in the nose.
 * I don't think it ever said. My guess is the groom accidentally got the bride pregnant. Deltabeignet 00:50, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Or possibly it is about the cheeky remarks about the Saint Anthony medal handing inbetween the wife's bosom? --Lethaniol 08:36, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

I don't think there is any real explanation for the thing with the newlyweds. However, I do wonder what Gus and Wes paint people gums and toes purple with. That sounds like a hand-foot-and-mout disease cure.

 * One of the reasons I did not write much more detail on the newly weds, is that they just seemed to be an amusing anecdote and have no real impact on any of the novels major themes. Expand it if you like.

 * Gentian Violet is an antifungal, used to treat thrush (maybe the soldiers have been having too much oral sex?), mouth ulcers (note these are not fungal in origin - I should know I am a pharmacist:O) and Tinea (or athlete's foot). Also not that Foot and Mouth is a viral infection and would not be treated with this. Cheers --Lethaniol 15:33, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

general editing
It might just be because it's late, but some of the grammar in this article seems a little bit off to me. For example...

He sees unnecessary risks to include displeasing his superiors for grounding crew and being shipped off to the Pacific Ocean, water and its ability to drown a man, and having to fly in a claustrophobia.

I've never heard the expression "sees...to include..." and I don't know what flying in a claustrophobia is. I think someone should probably look over this article, but I don't have the time... Thanks.

68.38.96.78 08:19, 5 March 2007 (UTC)Miikun

 * The "sees unnecessary risks to include" was probably done by a Latin student. Grammatically, it makes sense in both Latin and English (I just can't remember the form, I believe it's just an indirect statement), but just in this current culture of linguistic apathy, that particular wording just doesn't pop up as much. And someone screwed up on using claustrophobia as a physical noun. I'll fix.Artiste-extraordinaire 01:31, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Hey my grammar, spelling and general ability to mumble English is pretty poor - that is what you get for not being taught such things at school. You will be glad to hear that the UK government has turned things round, and now basic Grammar is back on the curriculum. So if you have been looking at these Catch-22 articles, and it don't read right, sort it, you are almost certainly correct. Wikignomes forever. Cheers Lethaniol 02:01, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doc Daneeka