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Load Records

Load Records was an American experimental music-oriented independent record label based out of Providence, Rhode Island. "Load Records might possibly be in possession of the world's most challenging record roster," writes Mark Hensch of Thrash Pit. "Rounded out by some of the most uncompromising noise/avant-garde/experimental artists in all of music's sordid underbelly, Load has always prided itself on remaining outside of common taste and maybe even common sense."

History
Load Records was started by Ben McOsker in order to put a 7-inch record out for the band Boss Fuel. The label quickly became the most prominent source for noise music coming out of Providence, Rhode Island - loosely functioning in the same way that Sub Pop served grunge out of Seattle in the early 1990s. "Ben McOsker got into the business of running a label on a whim," said Stylus Magazine, "and now, after more than ten years of operation, Load Records has become one of the preeminent names in noise music. By signing acts like Lightning Bolt, Sightings and Noxagt, McOsker has expanded the notions of noise and helped bring numerous Providence bands to the ears of discerning listeners." Some claim McOsker and Mullen have released some of the most exciting noise/experimental music of the early 2000s, including music from Lightning Bolt, Neon Hunk, Metalux, Noxagt, and Friends Forever. Others have attributed a cookie-cutter aesthetic to the label, mostly in terms of the masks/costumes worn by a number of the bands. However, later records released by Load have run the gamut from strict noise-based squeal of Prurient and the Yellow Swans. Load also features a number of bands operating in a more metal vein such as Khanate, OvO, Necronomitron, and Brainbombs.

The music of Load Records is popularized and reviewed through national zines like Blastitude, Arthur, and Dead Angel.

On April 11, 2017, the label revealed they would be coming to an end: "After 24 years of Load Records its time to move on. Will be contacting bands to arrange next steps. Thanks for a great ride."

Roster

 * Air Conditioning
 * Arab On Radar
 * Astoveboat
 * Brainbombs
 * Burmese
 * Coughs
 * Excepter
 * Fat Day
 * Fat Worm of Error
 * Forcefield
 * Friends Forever
 * Gerty Farish
 * Giant Jesus
 * Hawd Gankstuh Rappuh MC's
 * the Hospitals
 * thee Hydrogen Terrors
 * Khanate
 * Kites
 * Kites/Prurient
 * Landed
 * Lightning Bolt
 * Men's Recovery Project
 * Metalux
 * Mindflayer
 * Monotract
 * Mr. California and the State Police
 * Mystery Brinkman
 * Nautical Almanac
 * Necronomitron
 * Neon Hunk
 * Noxagt
 * the Ohsees (aka OCS)
 * Olneyville Sound System
 * OvO
 * Pink and Brown
 * Pleasurehorse
 * Prurient
 * the Scissor Girls
 * Sightings
 * Silver Daggers
 * Six Finger Satellite
 * Swordheaven
 * Thee Hydrogen Terrors
 * Tinsel Teeth
 * Total Shutdown
 * the USAISAMONSTER
 * Ultralyd
 * Vincebus Eruptum
 * John Von Ryan
 * Vaz
 * the White Mice
 * Whore Paint
 * Wizardzz

title: Load Records


text:
Norman MacCaig

Norman Alexander MacCaig DLitt (14 November 1910 – 23 January 1996) was a Scottish poet and teacher. His poetry, in modern English, is known for its humour, simplicity of language and great popularity.

Life
Norman Alexander MacCaig was born at 15 East London Street, Edinburgh, to Robert McCaig (1880–1950?), a chemist from Dumfriesshire, and Joan née MacLeod (1879–1959), from Scalpay in the Outer Hebrides. He was their fourth child and only son. He attended the Royal High School and in 1928 went to the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1932 with a degree in classics. He divided his time, for the rest of his life, between his native city and Assynt in the Scottish Highlands.

During the Second World War MacCaig registered as a conscientious objector, a move that many at the time criticised. Douglas Dunn has suggested that MacCaig's career later suffered as a result of his outspoken pacifism, although there is no evidence of this. For the early part of his working life, he was employed as a school teacher in primary schools. In 1967 he was appointed Fellow in Creative Writing at Edinburgh. He became a reader in poetry in 1970 at the University of Stirling. He spent his summer holidays in Achmelvich, and Inverkirkaig, near Lochinver.

His first collection, Far Cry, was published in 1943. He continued to publish throughout his lifetime and was prolific in the amount that he produced. After his death a still larger collection of unpublished poems was found. MacCaig often gave public readings of his work in Edinburgh and elsewhere; these were extremely popular and for many people were the first introduction to the poet. His life is also noteworthy for the friendships he had with a number of other Scottish poets, such as Hugh MacDiarmid and Douglas Dunn. He described his own religious beliefs as "Zen Calvinism", a comment typical of his half-humorous, half-serious approach to life.

Early
MacCaig's first two books were deeply influenced by the New Apocalypse movement of the thirties and forties, one of a number of literary movements that were constantly coalescing, evolving and dissolving at that time. Later he was to all but disown these works, dismissing them as obscure and meaningless. His poetic rebirth took place with the publication of Riding Lights in 1955. It was a complete contrast to his earlier works, being strictly formal, metrical, rhyming and utterly lucid. The timing of the publication was such that he could have been associated with The Movement, a poetic grouping of poets at just that time. Indeed many of the forms and themes of his work fitted with the ideas of The Movement but he remained separate from that group, perhaps on account of his Scottishness—all of the Movement poets were English. One label that has been attached to MacCaig and one that he seemed to enjoy (as an admirer of John Donne) is Metaphysical.

Later
In later years he relaxed some of the formality of his work, losing the rhymes and strict metricality but always strove to maintain the lucidity. He became a free verse poet with the publication of Surroundings in 1966. Seamus Heaney described his work as "an ongoing education in the marvellous possibilities of lyric poetry." Ted Hughes wrote, "whenever I meet his poems, I'm always struck by their undated freshness, everything about them is alive, as new and essential, as ever." Another poet, beside Donne, whom MacCaig claimed was a great influence on his work was Louis MacNeice. Although he never lost his sense of humour, much of his very late work, following the death of his wife in 1990, is more sombre in tone. The poems appear to be full of heartbreak but they never become pessimistic.

An example of this is his poem "Praise of a Man" which was quoted by Gordon Brown in the eulogy he gave at the funeral of Robin Cook in 2005: The beneficent lights dim but don't vanish. The razory edges dull, but still cut. He's gone: but you can see his tracks still, in the snow of the world. A verse of MacCaig's poem Moorings is cited on the reverse side of the new 10-pound polymer banknote that was introduced by the Royal Bank of Scotland in 2017.

In schools
MacCaig's poems are studied in schools in Scotland at National 5 and Higher levels, the poems which are currently studied are:

 * Assisi
 * Visiting Hour
 * Basking Shark
 * Brooklyn Cop
 * Hotel Room, 12th Floor
 * Aunt Julia

Awards

 * 1985 Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry
 * 1979 Order of the British Empire
 * 1975 Cholmondeley Award

Poetry

 * Far Cry. London: Routledge, 1943.
 * The Inward Eye. London: Routledge, 1946.
 * Riding Lights. London: Hogarth Press, 1955.
 * The Sinai Sort. London: Hogarth Press, 1957.
 * A Common Grace. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.
 * A Round of Applause. London: Chatto & Windus, 1962.
 * Contemporary Scottish Verse, 1959–1969 (Edinburgh: Calder & Boyards, 1970).
 * Measures. London: Chatto & Windus, 1965.
 * Surroundings. London: Chatto & Windus, 1967.
 * Rings on a Tree. Chatto & Windus, 1968.
 * Visiting Hour. London: 1968.
 * A Man in My Position. London: Chatto & Windus, 1969.
 * Selected Poems (1979).
 * The White Bird. London: Chatto & Windus, 1973.
 * The World's Room. London: Chatto & Windus, 1974.
 * Tree of Strings. London: Chatto & Windus, 1977.
 * Old Maps and New. London: Chatto & Windus, 1978.
 * The Equal Skies. London: Chatto & Windus: Hogarth Press, 1980.
 * A World of Difference. London: Chatto & Windus, 1983.
 * Voice Over. London: Chatto & Windus, 1989.
 * Collected Poems (revised and expanded edn, 1993).
 * Assisi. Italy
 * An Ordinary Day
 * Brooklyn Cop
 * Aunt Julia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Norman MacCaig


text:
Triangular distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the triangular distribution is a continuous probability distribution with lower limit a, upper limit b, and mode c, where a < b and a ≤ c ≤ b.

Mode at a bound
The distribution simplifies when c = a or c = b. For example, if a = 0, b = 1 and c = 1, then the PDF and CDF become:

 * $$ \left.\begin{array}{rl} f(x) &= 2x \\[8pt]

F(x) &= x^2 \end{array}\right\} \text{ for } 0 \le x \le 1 $$

 * $$ \begin{align}

\operatorname E(X) & = \frac{2}{3} \\[8pt] \operatorname{Var}(X) &= \frac{1}{18} \end{align} $$

Distribution of the absolute difference of two standard uniform variables
This distribution for a = 0, b = 1 and c = 0 is the distribution of X = |X1 − X2|, where X1, X2 are two independent random variables with standard uniform distribution.

\begin{align} f(x) & = 2 -2x \text{ for } 0 \le x < 1 \\[6pt] F(x) & = 2x - x^2 \text{ for } 0 \le x < 1 \\[6pt] E(X) & = \frac{1}{3} \\[6pt] \operatorname{Var}(X) & = \frac{1}{18} \end{align} $$

Symmetric triangular distribution
The symmetric case arises when c = (a + b) / 2. In this case, an alternate form of the distribution function is:

 * $$ \begin{align}

f(x) &= \frac{(b-c)-|c-x|}{(b-c)^2} \\[6pt] \end{align} $$

Distribution of the mean of two standard uniform variables
This distribution for a = 0, b = 1 and c = 0.5—the mode (i.e., the peak) is exactly in the middle of the interval—corresponds to the distribution of the mean of two standard uniform variables, that is, the distribution of X = (X1 + X2) / 2, where X1, X2 are two independent random variables with standard uniform distribution in [0, 1]. It is the case of the Bates distribution for two variables.

f(x) = \begin{cases} 4x  & \text{for }0 \le x < \frac{1}{2}   \\ 4(1-x) & \text{for }\frac{1}{2} \le x \le 1 \end{cases} $$

F(x) = \begin{cases} 2x^2      & \text{for }0 \le x < \frac{1}{2} \\ 2x^2-(2x-1)^2 & \text{for }\frac{1}{2} \le x \le 1 \end{cases} $$

\begin{align} E(X) & = \frac{1}{2} \\[6pt] \operatorname{Var}(X) & = \frac{1}{24} \end{align} $$

Generating random variates
Given a random variate U drawn from the uniform distribution in the interval (0, 1), then the variate

X = \begin{cases} a + \sqrt{U(b-a)(c-a)} & \text{ for } 0 < U < F(c) \\ & \\ b - \sqrt{(1-U)(b-a)(b-c)} & \text{ for } F(c) \le U < 1 \end{cases} $$

where $$F(c) = (c-a)/(b-a)$$, has a triangular distribution with parameters $$a, b$$ and $$c$$. This can be obtained from the cumulative distribution function.

Use of the distribution
The triangular distribution is typically used as a subjective description of a population for which there is only limited sample data, and especially in cases where the relationship between variables is known but data is scarce (possibly because of the high cost of collection). It is based on a knowledge of the minimum and maximum and an "inspired guess" as to the modal value. For these reasons, the triangle distribution has been called a "lack of knowledge" distribution.

Business simulations
The triangular distribution is therefore often used in business decision making, particularly in simulations. Generally, when not much is known about the distribution of an outcome (say, only its smallest and largest values), it is possible to use the uniform distribution. But if the most likely outcome is also known, then the outcome can be simulated by a triangular distribution. See for example under corporate finance.

Project management
The triangular distribution, along with the PERT distribution, is also widely used in project management (as an input into PERT and hence critical path method (CPM)) to model events which take place within an interval defined by a minimum and maximum value.

Audio dithering
The symmetric triangular distribution is commonly used in audio dithering, where it is called TPDF (triangular probability density function).

title: Triangular distribution


text:
Dynamic compilation

Dynamic compilation is a process used by some programming language implementations to gain performance during program execution. Although the technique originated in Smalltalk, the best-known language that uses this technique is Java. Since the machine code emitted by a dynamic compiler is constructed and optimized at program runtime, the use of dynamic compilation enables optimizations for efficiency not available to statically-compiled programs (i.e. those compiled by a so-called "batch compiler", as written below) except through code duplication or metaprogramming.

Runtime environments using dynamic compilation typically have programs run slowly for the first few minutes, and then after that, most of the compilation and recompilation is done and it runs quickly. Due to this initial performance lag, dynamic compilation is undesirable in certain cases. In most implementations of dynamic compilation, some optimizations that could be done at the initial compile time are delayed until further compilation at run-time, causing further unnecessary slowdowns. Just-in-time compilation is a form of dynamic compilation.

Incremental compilation
A closely related technique is incremental compilation. An incremental compiler is used in POP-2, POP-11, Forth, some versions of Lisp, e.g. Maclisp and at least one version of ML (Poplog ML). This requires the compiler for the programming language to be part of the runtime system. In consequence, source code can be read in at any time, from the terminal, from a file, or possibly from a data-structure constructed by the running program, and translated into a machine code block or function (which may replace a previous function of the same name), which is then immediately available for use by the program. Because of the need for speed of compilation during interactive development and testing, the compiled code is likely not to be as heavily optimised as code produced by a standard 'batch compiler', which reads in source code and produces object files that can subsequently be linked and run. However an incrementally compiled program will typically run much faster than an interpreted version of the same program. Incremental compilation thus provides a mixture of the benefits of interpreted and compiled languages. To aid portability it is generally desirable for the incremental compiler to operate in two stages, namely first compiling to some intermediate platform-independent language, and then compiling from that to machine code for the host machine. In this case porting requires only changing the 'back end' compiler. Unlike dynamic compilation, as defined above, incremental compilation does not involve further optimisations after the program is first run.

title: Dynamic compilation


text:
William McIlvanney

William Angus McIlvanney (25 November 1936 – 5 December 2015) was a Scottish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He was known as Gus by friends and acquaintances. McIlvanney was a champion of gritty yet poetic literature; his works Laidlaw, The Papers of Tony Veitch, and Walking Wounded are all known for their portrayal of Glasgow in the 1970s. He is regarded as "the father of Tartan Noir" and as Scotland's Camus.

Biography
McIlvanney was born in Kilmarnock on 25 November 1936, the youngest of four children of a former miner, and attended school at Kilmarnock Academy. He went on to study English at the University of Glasgow and graduated with an MA in 1960. McIlvanney then worked as an English teacher until 1975, when he left the position of assistant headmaster at Greenwood Academy to pursue his writing career. The writer's elder brother was the sports journalist Hugh McIlvanney. His son, Liam McIlvanney, is also an author of the crime genre.

In addition to his literary career, McIlvanney wrote regularly for newspapers, and was a writer and narrator of the BBC Scotland football documentary Only a Game? in 1986.

McIlvanney held onto his strong socialist views throughout his life. In common with many from working-class backgrounds in Scotland, he was strongly opposed to Thatcherism. Later, he became disappointed by the shift of Labour towards the centre during the New Labour era under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown and by 2014, he had ultimately come to feel in a hesitantly manner; that Scottish independence might be the best political solution.

William McIlvanney died on 5 December 2015 at the age of 79, after a short illness. Following his death, a number of public figures, including SNP MSP Nicola Sturgeon, authors Ian Rankin and Irvine Welsh, paid tribute noting both his inspirational writing and his likeable and gentlemanly personality. The Telegraph obituary noted: "Many authors are admired. Many are respected. Few are loved as he was, for what they are as well as for what they have written."

Writing
His first book, Remedy is None, was published in 1966 and won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 1967. Docherty (1975), a portrait of a miner whose courage and endurance is tested during the depression, won the Whitbread Novel Award.

The Big Man (1985) is the story of Dan Scoular, an unemployed man who turns to bare-knuckle fighting to make a living. Both novels feature typical McIlvanney characters – tough, often violent, men locked in a struggle with their own nature and background. The novel was adapted into a film in 1990 directed by David Leland, starring Liam Neeson, and featuring Billy Connolly.

His novel, The Kiln (1996), is the story of Tam Docherty, the grandson of the hero of Docherty. It won the Saltire Society Scottish Book of the Year Award.

Laidlaw (1977), The Papers of Tony Veitch (1983) and Strange Loyalties (1991) are crime novels featuring Inspector Jack Laidlaw. Laidlaw is considered to be the first book of Tartan Noir, despite the author's calling the term Tartan Noire.

McIlvanney was also a poet, and wrote The Longships in Harbour: Poems (1970),  In Through the Head (1988) and Surviving the Shipwreck (1991), which also contains pieces of journalism, including an essay about T. S. Eliot. McIlvanney wrote a screenplay based on his short story "Dreaming" (published in Walking Wounded in 1989) which was filmed by BBC Scotland in 1990 and won a BAFTA.

From April 2013, McIlvanney's writing was regularly published on his own website, which features personal, reflective and topical writing, as well as examples of his journalism.

His final novel, The Dark Remains, was completed by Ian Rankin and released in September 2021.

The McIlvanney Prize, awarded by Bloody Scotland, is named after him.

Reviews

 * Gifford, Douglas (1976), review of Docherty, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgagus No. 3, pp. 58 & 59,
 * Aitchison, James (1983), review of The Papers of Tony Veitch, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment 31, August 1983, pp. 60 – 62,

Prizes and awards

 * 1967 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for Remedy is None
 * 1968 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for A Gift from Nessus
 * 1975 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for Docherty
 * 1975 Whitbread Award, for Best Novel for Docherty
 * 1977 Crime Writers' Association Macallan Silver Dagger for Fiction for Laidlaw
 * 1983 Crime Writers' Association Macallan Silver Dagger for Fiction for The Papers of Tony Veitch
 * 1990 Glasgow Herald People's Prize for Walking Wounded
 * 1990 BAFTA (screen adaptation): "Dreaming"
 * 1992 Glasgow Herald People's Prize for Strange Loyalties
 * 1992 Scottish Arts Council awards for Surviving the Shipwreck and Strange Loyalties
 * 1996 Saltire Society Scottish Book of the Year Award for The Kiln
 * 2013 Saltire Society Fletcher of Saltoun Award 2013 for "outstanding contribution to Scotland's life and culture"
 * 2013 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award for writing
 * 2016 University of Glasgow posthumously awarded him with an honorary doctorate.

References to reviews of work

 * McLuckie, Craig. "Researching McIlvanney. A Critical and Bibliographic Introduction", Scottish Studies International 28 (Scottish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim), 1999.
 * Newton, Ken. "William McIlvanney": Literary Encyclopedia
 * McLuckie, Craig. "Postcolonial Resistance: Class, Gender and Race in McIlvanney's The Big Man," Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses (RCEI) 2002; 45: 151–67.
 * McLuckie, Craig. "William McIlvanney and the Provocative Witness: Resistance in the 'Laidlaw' Trilogy," Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses (RCEI) 2000 Nov; 41: 87-101.
 * McLuckie, Craig. "William McIlvanney and the Provocative Witness: Resistance in the 'Laidlaw' Trilogy," Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses (RCEI) 2000 Nov; 41: 87-101.

title: William McIlvanney


text:
Papa Little

Papa Little (Papa Little; Old Norse: Papey Litla, meaning "the little island of the priests") is an island in St Magnus Bay, Shetland, Scotland.

The island lies at the head of Aith Voe in north west Mainland, Shetland, south of Muckle Roe. It is largely peat-covered and has been uninhabited since the 1840s.

Its name means "little island of the papar" (as distinct from Papa Stour), who were Gaelic hermits or Culdees found as far north as Iceland.

Notable people

 * Elizabeth Balfour (midwife) (1832-1918)

title: Papa Little


text:
Katie Melua

Ketevan "Katie" Melua (ქეთევან "ქეთი" მელუა, ; born 16 September 1984) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Kutaisi, Georgia and raised in Belfast and London. Under the management of composer Mike Batt, she was signed to the small Dramatico record label. She made her musical debut in 2003 and within three years, she was the United Kingdom's best-selling female artist as well as Europe's highest selling European female artist.

In November 2003, Melua released her first album, Call Off the Search, which reached the top of the United Kingdom album charts and sold 1.8 million copies in its first five months of release. Her second album, Piece by Piece, was released in September 2005, and has gone platinum (one million units sold) four times. She released her third studio album Pictures in October 2007.

According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2008, Melua had amassed a fortune of £18 million, making her the seventh-richest British musician under the age of 30.

She possesses a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Early life
Ketevan Melua was born on 16 September 1984 to Amiran and Tamara Melua in Kutaisi, Georgia, which was then part of the Soviet Union. She is also partly of Canadian and Russian ancestry. She was baptised into the Georgian Orthodox Church. Melua spent her first years with her grandparents in Tbilisi before moving with her parents and brother to the city of Batumi, where her father worked as a heart specialist. During this time, she sometimes had to carry buckets of water up five flights of stairs to her family's flat and according to her, "Now, when I'm staying in luxurious hotels, I think back to those days".

In 1993, the family immigrated to Belfast, Northern Ireland in the aftermath of the Georgian Civil War. Her father, a heart surgeon, took up a position at the Royal Victoria Hospital. The family remained in Belfast, living close to Falls Road, until she was 14. During her time in Northern Ireland, she attended the Roman Catholic schools St Catherine's Primary School and Dominican College, Fortwilliam, while her younger brother attended State schools.

The family then moved to Sutton, London and some time later moved again to Redhill, Surrey. In 2008, Melua moved out of her parents' home in Maida Vale to an apartment in Notting Hill, where she transformed the spare bedroom into a recording studio.

After completing her GCSEs at the all-girls' grammar school Nonsuch High School in Cheam, she attended the BRIT School for the Performing Arts in the London Borough of Croydon, undertaking a BTEC with an A-level in music.

Nationality
On 10 August 2005, just before she turned 21, Melua became a British citizen along with her parents and brother. The citizenship ceremony took place in Weybridge, Surrey. Becoming a British citizen meant that Melua had held three citizenships before she was 21; first Soviet, Georgian and currently, British.

After the ceremony, Melua stated her pride at her newest nationality. "As a family, we have been very fortunate to find a happy lifestyle in this country and we feel we belong. We still consider ourselves to be Georgian, because that is where our roots are, and I return to Georgia every year to see my uncles and grandparents, but I am proud to now be a British citizen".

Personal life
Melua is fluent in English and speaks some Russian; despite still speaking her native Georgian fluently she has said that she cannot write songs in the language.

Melua has been referred to as an 'adrenaline junkie' because she enjoys roller coasters and funfairs and often paraglides and hang glides. She has skydived four times and taken several flying lessons, and in 2004 she was lowered from a 200 m building in New Zealand at 60 mph. When asked about Melua being an 'adrenaline junkie', Mike Batt said, "she enjoys extremes, but in life her emotions are always in check". In November 2009, Melua nearly drowned while diving in a lake near Heathrow Airport.

In September 2010, Melua was ordered by her doctors to stop working for a few months after suffering a nervous breakdown, resulting in her hospitalisation for six weeks. As a result, all touring and promotional activities were postponed until the following year.

Melua opened up about the breakdown years later in an interview with The Independent, saying that it ended up being one of the best things that had ever happened to her, as she said it helped to quash a feeling of superiority she felt by being a successful musician in the music industry. "It was petrifying, but it put a stop to fantasies of being able to do anything. The oddest thing about this job is the sense of superiority you get. It was a huge wake-up call. I was completely out of it for two weeks, and in hospital for six. There was a bunch of things going on, things at home and crazy work schedules, and you really believe the world revolved around you and it doesn't."

In January 2012, Melua confirmed her engagement to World Superbike racer and musician James Toseland. The couple married on 1 September 2012 in the Nash Conservatory at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, southwest London. A 2020 interview with the national Swedish news agency TT revealed that the couple had separated. Interviewed on ITV's Lorraine live from West London on 16 October 2020, Melua confirmed that the couple had divorced."

In August 2022, Melua announced her pregnancy with her first child and gave birth to her son, Sandro, in December. Speaking to ITV News in March 2023 ahead of her European tour, Melua said that she should not have to choose between childcare and her career and that Sandro would accompany her throughout the tour.

Early stage
After an upbringing in politically unstable Georgia, Melua initially planned to become either an historian or a politician. This changed in 2000, at the age of 15, when Melua took part in a talent competition on British television channel ITV called "Stars Up Their Noses" (a spoof of Stars in Their Eyes) as part of the children's programme Mad for It. Melua won the contest by singing Badfinger's "Without You". The prize was £350 worth of MFI vouchers, with which she bought a chair for her father. Had she lost the contest, she would have been gunged.

BRIT School and Mike Batt
After completing her GCSEs, Melua attended the BRIT School for the Performing Arts in the London Borough of Croydon, undertaking a BTEC with an A-level in music. When studying at the school, Melua began to write songs and met her future manager and producer, Mike Batt.

While performing at BRIT School showcase, Melua caught the eye of songwriter and producer Mike Batt. Batt was originally looking for an acid-rock band, bass player and a singer capable of singing "jazz and blues in an interesting way". After hearing Melua sing "Faraway Voice" (a song she wrote about the death of her idol Eva Cassidy) Batt signed the 18-year-old Melua to his small Dramatico recording and management company and took her into the studio, producing her first three albums during the subsequent years, plus her fifth and sixth albums.

William Orbit
For her fourth album, The House (2010), Melua worked with producer William Orbit. She said about the experience: "The whole thing has been really exciting. It was the same feeling I had the first time I went skydiving. I was really quite nervous, but I knew all I had to do was let myself go and it was going to feel amazing. I wasn't trying to get away from anything. It was more about going towards something. I wanted the music to be inspired by the future, something unknown that's never been heard before, but at the same time hold on to the values of the music of the past, to try and tap into something that's so ancient and old that it's kind of forgotten. I thought that, if we went far enough in both directions, we could end up in the same place". Melua would collaborate again with Orbit over a decade later on Orbit's 2022 album, The Painter, on the opening track "Duende".

Call off the Search (2003)
Melua's debut album, Call Off the Search, was released on 3 November 2003 and featured two songs written by Melua: "Belfast (Penguins and Cats)", a song about Melua's experience of her time in the troubled capital of Northern Ireland, and "Faraway Voice", a song about the death of Eva Cassidy. Melua also covered songs by Delores J. Silver ("Learnin' the Blues"), John Mayall ("Crawling up a Hill"), Randy Newman ("I Think It's Going to Rain Today") and James Shelton ("Lilac Wine", originally a UK hit for singer Elkie Brooks). The other six songs on the album were by Mike Batt.

It was initially difficult for Melua and Batt to obtain airplay for the album's lead single, the Mike Batt song "The Closest Thing to Crazy". This changed when BBC Radio 2 producer Paul Walters heard the single and played it on the popular Sir Terry Wogan breakfast show. Wogan played "The Closest Thing to Crazy" frequently in the summer of 2003. Wogan's support raised Melua's profile and when Call Off the Search was released in November 2003 supported by a TV campaign financed by Batt, it entered the top 40 UK albums chart. The single achieved the number 10 spot in the UK chart. After an appearance on the Royal Variety Show the album was further boosted and Batt continued a relentless marketing campaign which saw the album hit the number one spot in January 2004. Call Off the Search reached the top five in Ireland, top 20 in Norway and top 30 in a composite European chart. In the UK the album sold 1.9 million copies, making it six times platinum, and spent six weeks at the top of the UK charts. Subsequent singles from the album did not repeat the success of the first – the second single and album title track "Call Off the Search" reached number 19, and the third single "Crawling up a Hill" got to number 41.

Melua released a 20th Anniversary Edition of the album on 3 November 2023.

Piece by Piece (2005)
Melua's second album, Piece by Piece, was released on 26 September 2005. Its lead single was the Mike Batt song, "Nine Million Bicycles", which was released a week before the album on 19 September and was number three in the UK singles chart. The album contains four more songs written by Melua herself, four more by Batt (including "Nine Million Bicycles"), one Batt/Melua collaboration and three more songs described as new versions of "great songs". The band line-up was the same as on the first album. The album debuted at the number one spot on the UK Albums Chart in the week of 3 October 2005. This album broke Melua across Europe where it sold 1 million copies in Germany alone and achieved the number one position in Billboard's "European" albums chart.

On 30 September 2005, Melua came under criticism in The Guardian from writer and scientist Simon Singh for the lyrics (written by Mike Batt) of the track "Nine Million Bicycles". Batt's disputed lyrics were: "We are 12 billion light-years from the edge. That's a guess – no-one can ever say it's true, but I know that I will always be with you." They were interpreted by Singh as an assault on the accuracy of the work of cosmologists which sparked a series of letters from other Guardian readers, agreeing or disagreeing. On 15 October, Melua and Singh appeared on the BBC's Today programme, and Melua light-heartedly performed the song during the interview, including Singh's tongue-in-cheek amendments to the lyrics: "We are 13.7 billion light-years from the edge of the observable universe / That's a good estimate with well-defined error bars / And with the available information / I predict that I will always be with you." Both sides amicably agreed that the new lyrics were less likely to achieve commercial success, amidst a discussion about scientific accuracy versus artistic licence. Melua said that she "should have known better" because she used to be a member of the astronomy club at school.

A double A-side of the Melua-penned "I Cried for You" and a cover of The Cure's "Just Like Heaven" (1988), which also appeared on the soundtrack to the film Just Like Heaven, was released in the UK on 5 December and peaked at number 35. "I Cried for You" was inspired by a meeting with the writer of Holy Blood, Holy Grail.

A third single, "Spider's Web" was released on 17 April 2006 and peaked at number 52 in the UK. Melua embarked on a concert tour in support of Piece by Piece, the UK leg of which started in Aberdeen, Scotland on 20 January 2006. Towards the end of 2006, Melua released the single, "It's Only Pain", which was written by Mike Batt. This was followed by the release of "Shy Boy", also written by Batt.

Pictures (2007)

Melua's third album, Pictures, was released in the UK on 1 October 2007 and was announced to be, at least temporarily, the last of her albums in collaboration with Mike Batt as lead writer and producer. It also features Melua's friend Molly McQueen, the former frontwoman of The Faders, as co-writer of "Perfect Circle". Melua also collaborated with Andrea McEwan on the album, who wrote the lyrics for "What I Miss About You" and "Dirty Dice". The album also featured a cover of "In My Secret Life" by Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson. Melua said of the cover, "[It] completely got to me, about how we all have great ideals but in reality we end up conforming, following everyone else."

Melua released four singles from the album: "If You Were a Sailboat", "Mary Pickford", "If the Lights Go Out", and "Ghost Town". "Mary Pickford", written by Mike Batt, was about the silent film star of the same name and the formation of United Artists along with Charlie Chaplin, D W Griffith and Douglas Fairbanks. "Ghost Town" was Melua's first reggae-sounding song.

The iTunes version of the album includes a cover of the Prince song "Under the Cherry Moon" as a bonus track.

The House (2010)
Melua's fourth album, The House, was released on 24 May 2010. Songwriters include Lauren Christy, Guy Chambers and Rick Nowels, with William Orbit producing. Three singles anticipated the release: the first one was "The Flood", released on 17 May 2010. The second one, "A Happy Place", was released in July of the same year: the third and last single "To Kill You With A Kiss" (I'd Love To Kill You on the album) was released at the end of November.

Secret Symphony (2012)
Melua's fifth studio album, Secret Symphony was released on 5 March 2012 and also debuted high in the UK album chart. The album was produced, arranged and conducted by Mike Batt. Melua said in a statement: "This album was going to be my 'singer's album'. I had always wanted to do this one day; singing other people's songs brings something out of you and your voice that isn't perhaps where you would have gone vocally with your own material."

Ketevan (2013)

Melua's sixth studio album, Ketevan, was released on 16 September 2013. It was co-produced by Mike Batt and his son, singer-songwriter Luke Batt, both of whom contributed songs, separately and in collaboration with Melua. Melua debuted a full orchestral version of the first single, "I Will Be There", during the Coronation anniversary gala for Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in July 2013. Described as a "tender and heart-warming ballad which is underpinned by Melua’s beautifully compassionate vibrato and an orchestral arrangement that builds majestically", the song was composed by Mike Batt.

Ketevan entered the UK charts at number 6, and with this accomplishment, Melua joined a very small group of female artists, which includes Madonna and Kate Bush, who have scored six consecutive UK top 10 studio albums. Ketevan also entered the top 10 in France, Poland, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland in its first week of release.

In Winter (2016)

Melua's seventh album, In Winter, was released on 14 October 2016. For this record, Melua went back to her native Georgia to record an album with the Gori Women's Choir, a native Georgian all-woman singing troupe. Melua revealed during an interview with The Guardian that her partnership with Mike Batt had come to an end after her last album, as it was a six-album deal with Batt's Dramatico records.

In 2017, she released a cover version of "Fields of Gold", the official song for Children in Need.

Album No. 8 (2020) & Aerial Objects (2022)
In June 2020, Melua supported the Georgian Red Cross Society in their efforts to assist the vulnerable population in Georgia during the COVID-19 pandemic by performing a live charity concert featuring songs that were requested by her followers on her social media accounts. Melua released her eighth studio album, Album No. 8, on 16 October 2020. The lead single off the album, "A Love like That", which was produced by Leo Abrahams, received its first airplay on 30 June 2020 on BBC Radio 2. The video for the song features British actor Billy Howle and was directed by Charlie Lightening, who has directed videos for the likes of Paul McCartney, Jamiroquai and Liam Gallagher. The second single, "Airtime" premiered on 24 July 2020. The video for 'Airtime', which again featured actor Billy Howle and was also directed by Charlie Lightning, was shot around Herne Bay over two days and was filmed according to COVID-19 lockdown guidelines.

In the summer of 2022, Melua revealed a new collaborative album with Grammy award-winning sound engineer Simon Goff, Aerial Objects. The album was released via BMG on CD and digital formats on 15 July 2022. Goff said of the album: "The process of making this album has been one of discovery and giving space to each other. The sensitivity needed for this kind of process has allowed many things to surface, from us discovering the differences in how we listen to and hear music and lyrics, to our own deeply personal life experiences. The record for me is a representation of us exploring the space that exists between us and discovering a common voice from within it." Melua also embarked on a 10 date concert tour in 2022, during which she announced her first pregnancy via Instagram.

Love & Money (2023)
In January 2023, Melua announced that her new album Love & Money would be released via BMG on 24 March 2023. Leo Abrahams, who worked with Melua on her 2020 record, Album No. 8, returned to produce the record. Love & Money was recorded at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in the summer of 2022 when Melua was pregnant with her first child.

Melua embarked on a 27 date spring tour throughout Europe and the UK, titled the Love & Money Tour, including a headline performance at the Royal Albert Hall. The first single and video from the record "Golden Record" debuted on 12 January 2023. Melua has said of the song: "Writing Golden Record, it was like I was finally making peace with it all, accepting how things have changed in the industry, being happy with my lot at home and ready to face the fear of letting go of the forever funfair of the music industry." Other singles released from the album included "Those Sweet Days" and "Quiet Moves".

In September 2023, Melua released a re-recorded version of the album track "14 Windows", which served as a charity single for the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund. The track is dedicated to the memory of her psychiatrist, who treated her during her 2010 mental breakdown and committed suicide in 2022. Melua said, "This song is a dedication to a doctor who saved my life. He gave me back a quality of life which I'll be forever grateful for by helping me through a severe mental health crisis. I was off all my medication after two years of being under his care. And when I heard last year that he took his own life I was floored."

Melua recorded the English-language track, "End of Summer", for the soundtrack to the Polish film The Peasants with Polish rapper and producer L.U.C and international collective Rebel Babel Film Orchestra. The track features additional production from Geoff Foster and debuted on 25 January 2024 on various streaming services. In January 2024, it was announced that Melua will make an appearance at the 35th anniversary of Byron Bay Bluesfest in Byron Bay, Australia. Melua subsequently announced additional tour dates in Sydney and Melbourne. These musical performances marked Melua's first Australian shows in 19 years.

Acting and modelling
Melua appeared in a segment of the 2007 film Grindhouse, written by Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez. The segment in which Melua appeared, entitled "Don't", was a faux trailer, directed by Edgar Wright and produced in the style of a 1970s' Hammer House of Horror film trailer.

In 2009, Melua was named as the new face of the leading French cashmere designer, Éric Bompard.

World record holder
On 2 October 2006, Melua entered the Guinness Book of Records for playing the deepest underwater concert 303 metres below sea level on the Norwegian Statoil's Troll A platform in the North Sea. Melua and her band underwent extensive medical tests and survival training in Norway before flying by helicopter to the rig.

Melua later described achieving the record as "the most surreal gig I have ever done". Melua's concert is commemorated in the DVD release Concert Under the Sea, released in June 2007.

Charity work
In November 2004 Melua was asked to take part in Band Aid 20 in which she joined a chorus of British and Irish pop singers to create a rendition of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money for famine relief in Africa. Then in March 2005, Melua sang "Too Much Love Will Kill You" with Brian May at the 46664 concert in George, South Africa for Nelson Mandela's HIV charity. Melua had been a fan of Queen since her childhood in Georgia when her uncles played the band's music, so performing with May was a realisation of a childhood dream. Later in 2005, through her role as a goodwill ambassador to the charity Save the Children, Melua went to Sri Lanka where she observed the work the charity was doing for children in the area after the civil war and Indian Ocean tsunami. In 2006 Melua donated all the proceeds from her single "Spider's Web" to the charity.

On 7 July 2007, Melua performed at the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg and in December of that year, Melua released a cover of the Louis Armstrong song "What a Wonderful World" in which she sang with a recording of the late Eva Cassidy. All profits from the single, which entered the UK singles chart at No. 1 on 16 December 2007, went to the Red Cross.

Melua has visited Oxfam charity shops for many years, using them frequently to buy her clothing. She has stated that this is related as much to her dislike of spending and glamour as it is to her support for the charity, and admits that she looks "like a tramp" and that her hairdresser playfully calls her look "the Romanian window cleaner".

Melua is a patron of Fair Trees, the organisation that is trying to stop exploitation of cone pickers in Ambrolauri, Georgia, by the European Christmas tree industry. The local people in this region of Georgia are paid a pittance to risk their lives climbing 30 m high fir trees to collect the cones from which the seeds are extracted and sent to Christmas tree nurseries in Europe. Until Fair Trees came along these cone pickers were given no safety equipment or training, no health insurance and very little pay; every year people are injured and even killed doing this work. Fair Trees grow and sell the only fair trade Christmas trees in the world (certified by the WFTO).

Melua is a patron of the Manx Cancer Help charity, which offers support to cancer sufferers and is based on the Isle of Man. She attended the 2013 fundraising ball for the charity.

Melua released a re-recorded version of her Love & Money album track "14 Windows" in support of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund, which offers support to doctors, medical students and their families with vital services in times of hardship. All of the proceeds from the single go towards the work of the charity.

Musical influences
Melua has stated that the rock band Queen were a huge influence on her as a child/teenager, with one of her memories of music being her uncle playing records by Queen and Led Zeppelin. She performed with Queen at the 46664 concert in South Africa in March 2005.

Melua appeared on the BBC's The Culture Show in November 2006 advocating Paul McCartney as her choice in the search for Britain's greatest living icon.

Studio albums

 * Call Off the Search (2003)
 * Piece by Piece (2005)
 * Pictures (2007)
 * The House (2010)
 * Secret Symphony (2012)
 * Ketevan (2013)
 * In Winter (2016)
 * Album No. 8 (2020)
 * Love & Money (2023)

Collaborative albums

 * Aerial Objects with Simon Goff (2022)

Honours and awards

 * Melua was the best-selling UK female artist of 2004 and 2005.
 * In 2006, Melua had a tulip named after her.
 * According to VH1, Call Off the Search is the 87th best-selling British album in history.
 * Asteroid 25131 was named Katiemelua.

title: Katie Melua


text:
Talk:Christianization of Kievan Rus'

Untitled
Christianity was accepted at Kyiv/Kiev before the Catholic/Orthodox split. Much of the behavior of the rulers and hierarchs around Kiev, document continued contacts with the West. That's why the general term was used, to underline this acceptance before the creation of separate Catholic and Orthodox jurisdictions. And this "ecumenical" behavior often continued after the Great Schism. See all five or so links for a broad, balanced overview. Genyo 17:57, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Ioakim Chronicle!
the Ioakim Chronicle is cited to give the "aftermath" of the baptism of the Rus a very violent connotation. While violence probably existed, it is a bit shoddy to be quoting a 18th century chronicle of shady authenticity. Come on! Why not cite more reliable chronicles?! --165.123.133.200 (talk) 13:45, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Ukrainians
Ghirlandajo, the Ukrainian people didn't just spring from the loins of Venus 200 years ago. They've been living in Ukraine for thousands of years. Trying to write them out of history smacks of colonialism, and academic literature doesn't support your point of view. —Michael Z. 17:15, 2004 Dec 29 (UTC)

 * Being a Ukrainian myself, I know perfectly well that Slavic *ancestors* of the present-day Ukrainians arrived to the territory of present-day Ukraine in 6th or 7th century AD. But the term Ukraine didn't appear until the 16th century, and the first to apply it to the left-bank Ukraine were Brethren of Sts Cyril and Methodios in the 1830s. Therefore, to say that Ukrainian Orthodox Church was founded in the 10th century is a complete nonsense. We may say that the Ukrainian church traces its roots to the baptism of Kiev or something like that, but to use the term Ukraine to the people of the 10th century is an anachronism. --Ghirlandajo 17:31, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I believe neither exact term "Russian Orthodox Church" nor "Ukrainian Orthodox Church" were used in 988, but they both trace their roots to that year. Honestly, I don't know the political details of their split, but this article should respect the historic lineage of both.  People who Volodymyr dunked in the Dnieper in 988 were of the ethnicity which today is called Ukrainian.  It's not right to just blanket label it "Russian".  —Michael Z. 19:55, 2004 Dec 29 (UTC)

 * Yes, Vladimir was a Ukrainian, Charlemagne was a German, Justinian was a Turk, and Julius Caesar was an Italian :) I see your logic now. It doesn't matter that Vladimir called himself /ruski/, and the church was called /russkaia/ at that time.

 * The East Slavic church (988) was headed by the Kievan metropolitan, the last of which moved to Vladimir in the 13th century, and then another metropolitan, St Peter, moved from Vladimir to Moscow, where the Russian metropolitans (later patriarchs) have been residing ever since that time. Ukrainian and Russian churches have been split in 1303 and united in 1686, and known under the name of Russian Orthodoxy. The Ukrainian Orthodox church of the Moscow patriarchate still controls most churches in Ukraine, including Kievo-Pecherskya Lavra.

 * But there is also a smaller, post-perestroika secessionist structure referring to itself as Ukrainian Orthodox church but not recognized by any patriarch in the Orthodox world. It presumes to trace its origin back to 1303, when the new metropolitan see was created in Kiev (not to be confused with the original see from 988, still continued by the Moscow partiarchate). Ghirlandajo 22:09, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Baptism of Kievan Rus
Dunking of Kiev was but an episode of the Baptism of Kievan Rus' as a whole. The whole idea of Vladimir was to christianize the whole state. And there is much more to be said about this important process. Vladimir dunked Novgorod and many others as well, by the way. So I suggest to expand the article and move it to Baptism of Kievan Rus'. (Of course, if someone dares to write a detailed account on the Kiev dunk, welcome...) Votes? Mikkalai 00:51, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Mikkalai, stop stretching so hard. . .you'll snap! There is no such thing as an event called the "Baptism of Kievan Rus'!" Novgorod caught on in 989 from what I've read! The event talked about here was the baptism of one city, Kiev. . .Ukraine's capital. I'm aware of how hard certain ideologies try to connect this city to "Russia," but it just doesn't work! Get over it! Genyo 23:59, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Genyo, you must've confused some things, haven't you? Here's scientific article being discussed, not an ukrainian nationalist's booklet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Челдон (talk • contribs) 17:25, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

This may be a purely semantic debate, but I must note that there's a common Russian expression that refers to this event, its literal translation is "Baptism of Rus'". There was a celebration in Russia in 1988, it was also called "Millennial anniversary of baptism of Rus'". Vladimir was the head of the entire Russian state, and he intended to make Christianity its official state religion. Baptism of Kiev was a significant event on the road to christianization of the whole country. It is common to identify one with the other.

Of course, country as big as Kievan Rus' couldn't be converted in one day. This process took centuries. Some historical chronicles say that Rus' was visited by Apostle Andrew in 1st century AD. Even if it's true, his visit is not likely to have had any impact on religious beliefs of inhabitants of the area. First reliable records of Russians being converted into Christianity are dated by the middle of ninth century AD. First Christian church in Kiev was probably founded around 940. First Christian member of ruling family was princess Olga ( converted in 955 ). Paganism was mostly replaced with Christianity ( or rather, merged with it ) in Russia by 1100, but it lingered much longer in remote villages and among uneducated peasants. --Itinerant 23:55, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Revert wars
Ghirlandajo, what is your problem? I merely removed a link that was on the page twice (that's what redundant means). If it's important to you, then just add it back or leave a note. Don't get spiteful and start removing material that I and others have added. —Michael Z. 2005-02-3 21:15 Z

Some material removed
I removed a brief history of the Church of the Tithes because it deserves a separate article which I will start. The next paragraph is related to a general history of Russian Orthodox Church where this material is already covered. The final paragraph about celebration of the millennium should also be removed, at least in the current form. First of all, celebration of the anniversary of the event has a relatively small importance compared to the event itself. Secondly, the paragraph presented the celebration as if it was just a Ukrainian event and celebrated just by Ukrainian orthodox churches which was simply not the case. This event was equally important and widely celebrated by all orthodox Christians of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus'. Besides, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church did not exist as a separate entity in 1988 (except a small Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church). Both UOC-MP and UOC-KP came into existence only in early nineties. Irpen 22:27, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Irpen. The material about anniversary celebrations belongs at the end of this article, until it grows large enough to warrant an article of its own.  I only know a bit about Ukrainian commemoration, and I hope that others add what they know.  But if it gets removed, then we're waiting until a Millennium specialist shows up and writes a full-blown article.

 * As to your last point, I don't know the history or politics of the church(es) in much detail, but I do know that I was among at least tens of thousands of Ukrainian Orthodox and Ukrainian Greek Catholics here in Canada celebrating the Millennium, and friends of mine travelled to Rome for a very significant event. —Michael Z. 2005-02-4 00:38 Z

We may have the stub for Millennium celebration just to attract people to write more about it. However, for now I would limit it to the first paragraph that just mentions the fact that this date occurred in the recent past. I modified the paragraph to make it clear that not all but only some Eastern Orthodox churches have roots in the event. The second paragraph, however, is misleading even for a stub. It calls Ukrainian Orthodox Christians as members of UOC which did not exist at that time. Besides, while both Orthodox and Greek Catholic Christians are connected with the event of Vladimir's baptism through direct lineage of their churches, the Catholic and Protestant churches have no connection to the Baptism of Kievan Rus'. These churches arrived to Ukraine, Russia and Belarus' by completely independent paths and their membership is relatively small. Their celebration of the anniversary and the decision of the Pope to celebrate may be notable in different contexts such as, perhaps, ecumenism and attempts to resolve the Great Schism but not in the context of the Baptism of the Kievan Rus'. Of course, this is just my opinion.Irpen 07:07, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry Irpen, but I don't quite follow. If Ukrainian Orthodox Christians aren't members of UOC, then of what?  The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church is not just a few folks praying in their basements.  They have many established churches and large cathedrals in Canada, and elsewhere.  Are Greek Catholic Christians not the same as the Catholic church?  I didn't mean Roman Catholic; my understanding is that the Pope is the Patriarch of all Catholics including Eastern, in addition to being the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.  Between the two churches, this accounts for millions of Ukrainians who celebrated the Millennium in 1988, and that's not even counting the Orthodox Ukrainians in Ukraine.

 * It's very discouraging going through this lengthy process just to get Ukrainians acknowledged here. First G insists that Ukrainians shouldn't even be mentioned; when I try to find a compromise, I get repeatedly reverted.  Then you remove what I've written because it's only about Ukrainians (If it only mentioned Russians, would you have unilaterally excised the whole thing as unbalanced?).  Then X vandalizes the page with a slur.  I can't believe I haven't been called a nationalist yet.

 * I've spent hours merely trying to make what I think is a simple factual addition to this article, but I feel like I'm being attacked by a whole team. Does editing this article have to be "us against them"?  —Michael Z. 2005-02-4 10:28 Z

 * Sorry, Michael. I just think that you should cool down a bit. Don't you think that there is no urgent need to mention the Pope in this particular article? The Pope had nothing to do with the baptism of Rus, after all.
 * What does matter, however, is that the church established by Vladimir in 988 naturally evolved into the present day Russian Orthodox church, as headed by the Patriarch of Moscow. You might have noticed that we don't press a point of continuity from the Baptism to the present Russian Orthodox church, from which a Ukrainian Orthodox church violently seceded several years ago (although it is not recognized by any other Orthodox church). If you insert the Ukrainian Catholic stuff, we will insert the point of continuity, and this will easily degenerate into revert wars.
 * Therefore, I propose to leave the modern situation aside or, at least, not to speak about the Milleniums of the Russian and Ukrainian churches separately but about the Millenium of the Eastern Slavic Christianity in general. Ghirlandajo 11:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Michael, I think no reasonable person would label you a nationalist for this. The discussion here is how to avoid factually misleading information and how to avoid unnecessary controversies which may touch too many nerves and result in revert wars. Xenia trolled and was quickly reverted. As for the specific points you make "If Ukrainian Orthodox Christians aren't members of UOC, then of what?". In 1988 they where either the members of the UAOC, mainly in the diaspora since UAOC was banned in the Soviet Ukraine, or of the ROC. UAOC was and still is quite an established church with reasonable, though unrecognized, canonical claims. But UAOC and UOC are different things. There are two UOC's in Ukraine now. One of them (UOC-KP) is indeed "secessionist" and uncanonical, as Ghirlandaj pointed out. The other one, UOC-MP, established in 1992 is a canonical autonomous church and it may very well gain an autocephaly in an established canonical way at some future point. "Are Greek Catholic Christians not the same as the Catholic church?" Of course they are not! Although they both recognize the primacy of the Roman Pope, in most other respects, the Greek Catholic Church is much closer to the Orthodox than to Catholic versions of Christianity.

 * If the article would have spoken of the celebration as of a solely Russian event, I would have considered that equally unacceptable. To speak about the Millennium in the contexts of Eastern Slavic Christianity is a good way to avoid the unnecessary controversies. Ghirlandajo's suggestion, that the claim of the ROC on the continuity and especially on its monopoly on the continuity should be also left out of this article is a very good one.  The claim of the "natural evolution" of Vladimir's Church into ROC and especially the claim of the monopoly of ROC on such descendency is a hotly disputed topic even among the scholars. It belongs to different articles and there is no need to bring it in here unnecessarily. Similar considerations apply to the participation of the Roman Pope in the Millennium Celebration. It is the best way to avoid flames and revert wars. Irpen 17:56, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Ukrainian Greek Catholics are Roman Catholics. They are under the pope and thus are Roman Catholics.

On Vladimir's sons
Ghirlandajo, information about sons of Vladimir being sent to different parts of Rus' after 988 is not 'nonsense'. It comes directly from the Primary Chronicle: "In a year 6496 (988) (...) Vladimir (...) had 12 sons: Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, ... And he placed Vysheslav in Novgorod, Izyaslav in Polotsk, Svyatopolk in Turov, Yaroslav in Rostov; when Vysheslav died in Novgorod, he placed Yaroslav there, Boris in Rostov, Gleb in Murom, Svyatoslav in Drevlyan land, Vsevolod in Vladimir, Mstislav in Tmutarakan."

Chronicle does not clarify what exactly happened to princes of those cities. They probably didn't cooperate.

 * What evidence did you have that those cities had their own "princes"? We hear about only three principalities before that time: Novgorod, Polotsk, and the Drevlyans, and the fate of their previous sovereigns is quite well-known. There is no need to flood the article on christianization with your fantasies as to the meaning of Vladimir's temporal actions and the alleged fate of alleged sovereigns of other towns. Ghirlandajo 10:07, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do you think they didn't? Big cities like these couldn't exist without some sort of government. Kiev had princes as far back as 6th century. The only sovereigns of Novgorod and Drevlyan land we know about ( Oleg and Yaropolk ) were killed 10 years before baptism. Someone had to take their places.
 * If you can read Russian, check this out: http://rusograd.hotmail.ru/froyanov/froyanov2.html. It says literally: "By delegating his power through his children to remote city centers, Vladimir, apparently, physically eliminated local rulers in the places where they still existed (...) Thus, early history of christianity in the lands under Kiev's rule was washed in blood". And also this - http://www.rus-sky.org/history/library/dikiy/diky01.htm ( although this source is somewhat shady ): "Individual tribes that constituted Kievan state at the beginning of Vladimir's rule still had their hereditary or elective leaders and princes, but Vladimir gradually replaced them with his proteges".--Itinerant 18:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It should really be mentioned somewhere that the whole baptism affair was not started for purely spiritual reasons. Vladimir was using religion as a means of uniting Rus' under his rule. He tried it first with paganism, it failed. Christianity was merely his second attempt. --Itinerant 09:34, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Artcile's name
Per Manual of Style: "If possible, make the title the subject of the first sentence of the article...". Logically the article must start with the words "Baptism of Kievan Rus'". If this article is about the baptism of Kiev, as Ghirlandajo suggests (the name of the article does not reflect its content), then the article must be moved to the appropriate title. Beit Or 06:47, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't make a fuzz at the moment. This is a minor point. When I have time, I will write sections about the baptism of areas other than Kiev. -- Ghirla -трёп-  07:00, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see how it matters. The article's intro must comply with the style guide and common sense, even if the article is underdeveloped now. Beit Or 08:58, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposed
I propose merging of Christianization of Kievan Rus' and Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate to Christianization of the Rus'. There's too much overlap (Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate is a short-term snapshot of part of the historical timeline given in Christianization of Kievan Rus'), it's confusing and misleading to have Christianization of the Rus' redirect to Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate, and the entire situation confuses the reader about the difference between the Rus' Khaganate and the Kievan Rus'. It seems to me that the matters will be clearer if the entire history of the efforts to convert the Rus' people to Christianity were covered in a single, orderly article. Some other articles, e.g. Varangians, are already linking to Christianization of Kievan Rus' as if the main/only article on the topic, since it is more comprehensive. I would suggest that the Khaganate stub can be merged into the Khaganate section at this article; this article moved to Christianization of the Rus' and its lead adjusted; and both longer titles (plus any incoming redirects to them) redirected to the short title Christianization of the Rus' (and to specific sections in it if necessary). — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  06:01, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment - I agree wholeheartedly that it should be the one article, and that we have POVFORKS covering the same subject, but it really should go under "Christianization of Kievan Rus'". That is the official name of the epoch in which it took place, and under the ruling of Grand Prince (Vladimir) (enacted by his law forcing conversion). Rus' is a generic term which does not actually describe how reliable sources discuss it. The biggest spanner in the works has been the highly theoretical "Rus' Khaganate", and there's been a lot of POV pushing and 'borrowing' of RS content from what sources do not recognise as having anything to do with this "Rus' Khaganate" business. The subject is, indeed the "Christianization of Kievan Rus'", not the "Christianization of the Rus'". The longer title meets with precision over original research. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:49, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Strongly oppose. The articles cover two distinct events concerning two different states with two different capitals. I see no valid reasons for jumbling two reasonably well-developed articles into one heap. Wikipedia develops by specializing its coverage rather than vice versa. WP:POVFORK has nothing to do with the situation at hand. --Ghirla-трёп- 12:18, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Which 'two different states' are you referring to? There are three articles, two of which are POV forks, the third (Rus' Khaganate) is theoretical/borderline WP:FRINGE at best which 'borrows' events from the single, mainstream supported subject. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:06, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Alternative proposal. One should simply redirect Christianization of the Rus' to Christianization of Kievan Rus' instead of Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate. I think this is a major source of the confusion. --Off-shell (talk) 20:42, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
 * As noted to Ghirlandajo, the Rus' Khaganate has been the centre of attention as WP:FRINGE by editors who are actually well versed in the history of the (Kievan) Rus' state. The entire "Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate" article is an WP:OR borrowing of mainstream research applied as WP:SYNTH to create an equally fringe article. I agree that it should be bypassed, but what remains is not two distinct narratives in Christianization of the Rus' and Christianization of Kievan Rus': they are one and the same subject. Duplication of a single subject (a three-way split at that) is not edifying for the reader. There simply isn't a legitimate argument for maintaining three articles on the self-same subject. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:26, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

 * 2023 update: As already noted at Talk:Christianization_of_Kievan_Rusʹ, Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate is a WP:POVFORK that also violates WP:FRINGE by asserting the Rus' Khaganate really existed. Whatever is useful can be reinserted here. Therefore, I've WP:BOLDly merged them. Cheers, Nederlandse Leeuw (talk) 17:54, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

Christianity v paganism
Changing from Paganism to Christianity is just another form of paganism 2A02:C7C:4445:3300:2192:DE3:4E07:9A1E (talk) 13:39, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christianization of Kievan Rus'


text:
College of Wooster

The College of Wooster is a private liberal arts college in Wooster, Ohio. Founded in 1866 by the Presbyterian Church as the University of Wooster, it has been officially non-sectarian since 1969. From its creation, the college has been a co-educational institution. It enrolls about 2,000 students and is a member of The Five Colleges of Ohio, Great Lakes Colleges Association, and the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities.

History

Founded as the University of Wooster in 1866 by the Presbyterian Synod of Ohio, the institution opened its doors in 1870 with a faculty of five and a student body of thirty men and four women. Ephraim Quinby, a Wooster citizen, donated the first 20 acre, a large oak grove situated on a hilltop overlooking the town. After being founded with the intent to make Wooster open to everyone, the university's first Ph.D. was granted to a woman, Annie B. Irish, in 1882. The first black student, Clarence Allen, began his studies later in the same decade.

The university gradually began to define itself as a liberal arts institution. In 1915, after a bitter dispute between the faculty and the trustees, The institution was renamed College of Wooster reflecting a dedication to the education of undergraduate students in the liberal arts.

In the 1920s, during the clashes between liberal and fundamentalists, William Jennings Bryan, a prominent Presbyterian layman, and former United States Secretary of State, attacked the college for its teaching of evolution. The subject had been taught at the college for several decades and defended by then-president Charles F. Wishart. Bryan called for the general assembly of the church to cut off funding to the college. In 1923, Wishart defeated Bryan for the position of Moderator of the General Assembly, largely on the evolution issue, and the college continued to teach evolution.

On November 10, 2015, the college named Sarah Bolton as its twelfth president and first female president. Bolton left the college at the end of the 2021–2022 academic year to assume the presidency of Whitman College.

Scottish heritage
Wooster's school colors are black and old gold and its mascot is the 'Fighting Scot'. Early Wooster teams were known as the Presbyterians or unofficially as the 'Presbyterian Steamroller.' In 1939, a large donation from alumnus Birt Babcock funded the purchase of kilts for the marching band, in the yellow-and-black MacLeod tartan (MacLeod of Lewis), which had no particular significance, except that it matched the school colors. Scottish culture became an important part of the school's heritage; today, the football games feature a Scottish pipe band with Highland dancers in addition to a traditional marching band, with all three groups clad in the MacLeod tartan. The college offers the "Scottish Arts Scholarship" for students who perform as pipers, drummers, or Scottish dancers.

Academics
Wooster's most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
 * Political Science and Government (38)
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (30)
 * Communication (27)
 * Psychology (27)
 * Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (25)
 * History (21)
 * Neuroscience (20)

Libraries
The College of Wooster Libraries consists of three branches (Andrews Library, Flo K. Gault Library, and Timken Science Library) and a music library located at the Scheide Music Center. Andrews Library, the largest library in the system, houses more than 850,000 volumes and can accommodate over 500 readers. Andrews Library houses the college's Special Collections, media library and the student writing center. The Timken Science Library in Frick Hall, the oldest branch in the system, served as the original academic library for the college from 1900 to 1962. After three decades as an art museum, the building reopened as the science library in 1998.

Art Museum
The College of Wooster Art Museum was established in the 1930s. The current museum was established at the Ebert Art Center in 1997. The museum houses two small galleries, the Charlene Derge Sussel Art Gallery and the Burton D. Morgan Gallery, as well as storage for the college's permanent art collection. The museum's encyclopedic collection spans from ancient to contemporary art. Permanent collections include the John Taylor Arms Print Collection—which represents works by Edward Hopper, Winslow Homer, Isabel Bishop, Martin Lewis, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Albrecht Dürer, Käthe Kollwitz and Félix Bracquemond—the William C. Mithoefer Collection of African Art, Middle Eastern pottery and Chinese decorative art.

Residential life
The College of Wooster is a residential campus and has 16 residence halls, which house 16 to 270 students each, and 30 program houses. 97% of the student body live in the residence halls on campus. The residence halls include Andrews Hall, Armington Hall, Babcock Hall, Bissman Hall, Bornhuetter Hall, Brush Hall, Compton Hall, Douglass Hall, Gault Manor, Gault Schoolhouse, Holden Hall, Kenarden Lodge, Luce Hall, Stevenson Hall, and Wagner Hall.

International presence
Elias Compton, former dean of the college, founded the Wooster in India program during the 1930s, which established a sister school relationship with Ewing Christian College in Allahabad, India. Over a forty-year time span, Wooster sent several former students to serve as Head Resident at Ewing while Ewing faculty were brought to Wooster as Ewing Fellows; a plaque with the names of Ewing Fellows hangs in Babcock Hall. The Wooster in India program helped build this unique bond between Wooster and India that enhanced the exchange of students, ideas and cultures. This international presence affected the entire campus, establishing a tradition which continues to influence the college. Today, 15% of the student body is international in origin, representing 59 countries. The college offers majors in Cultural Area Studies and International Relations, instruction in seven foreign languages and opportunities to study abroad in 60 countries. Sixty-nine percent of Wooster students are from outside of Ohio.

 * Scot Center: In early 2012, the Scot Center, a 123000 sqft $30 million recreation facility, opened its doors.  It includes four multipurpose sport courts (for intramural basketball, volleyball and tennis), a 200-meter indoor track, a new fitness center, batting cages for baseball and softball, expanded locker rooms, coaches' offices and meeting facilities. The building also boasts a 20,000 sqft solar roof, the largest of any college facility in the United States. The Scot Center is the first phase of a master plan to create a Campus Center.
 * Babcock Residence Hall: Babcock Hall houses 60% domestic and 40% international students who desire to experience this cross-cultural living environment. Babcock Hall offers cross-cultural programming that includes regular hall meetings with student speakers and cultural activities; celebrations of holidays from around the world; and discussions of international and diversity-related issues led by faculty and invited speakers.
 * Luce Residence Hall: Luce Hall houses six language suites (Chinese, Classics, French, German, Spanish, and Russian) providing students with a living/learning environment focusing on developing foreign language skills. The building features submarine-inspired architectural details, like a winding floorplan and porthole windows.

Performing arts
Wooster is the home of the Ohio Light Opera, an enterprise founded within the college in 1979, but not part of the college curriculum. It is the only professional company in the United States entirely devoted to operetta. OLO performs the entire Gilbert & Sullivan repertoire, but also regularly revives rarely performed continental works of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Over the years, the company has produced eighty different operettas.

Wooster's performing ensembles include the Wooster Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1915 by Daniel Parmelee, then Professor of Violin at the college. The orchestra currently is the second-oldest orchestra in continuous performance in the state of Ohio. Additional ensembles include the Scot Symphonic and Marching Bands, the Wooster Chorus, and the Wooster Jazz Ensemble.

Wooster has an active on-campus pipe band. Officially called the College of Wooster Pipe Band, members perform at many official on-campus events such as commencement, sports games (football, basketball, swim meets, and sometimes lacrosse games) and many spontaneous student-run events. During the spring season, they perform and compete at a grade 3 level, having won prizes at the Scots wi' Shotts event in Cleveland hosted by the local Lochaber Pipe Band. The Pipe Band also placed first in the grade 3 contest at the 2009 Toronto Indoor Highland Games, as the only American band competing.

The college's department of Theatre and Dance produces two dance concerts per year, a fall concert in the round, and a spring concert in a more formal proscenium setting. Additionally, the college produces at least two plays each academic year. Further plays are produced by student groups and seniors pursuing their Independent Study projects. In 2007, Wooster's theatre production of 'Nocturne' was invited to perform at the Kennedy Center's American College Theatre Festival in Washington, D.C. Wooster's production was one of four shows chosen from a field of approximately 400 entries.

Greek life, honor and professional societies
The College of Wooster has hosted numerous fraternities, sororities and honor societies since its establishment. These number more than 80 Greek named chapters, including defunct groups, with approximately 30 active today. The most visible are the college's Greek Academic and Social chapters. However, the Greek System includes Honor Societies and Professional Fraternities, along with Greek-aligned clubs and sections which adopted those terms when the words "fraternity" and "sorority" were discouraged.

There are currently twelve active academic and social Greek groups at the College of Wooster: six sororities, five fraternities and one co-educational group. Sometimes called clubs and sections, these groups are not affiliated with national Greek organizations, and approximately 15% of the student body participates. Wooster's twelve Greek chapters are self-governed under an Inter-Greek Council. Noted by date of founding, social chapters include:

Women's sororities

 * ΠΚ – Pi Kappa (local), 1918, "Peanuts"
 * ΖΦΓ – Zeta Phi Gamma (local), 1928–19xx, 1988, "Imps"
 * ΚΕΖ – Kappa Epsilon Zeta (local), 1943–~1980, 2013, "Keys"
 * ΕΚΟ – Epsilon Kappa Omicron (local), 1943, "Echo"
 * ΑΓΦ – Alpha Gamma Phi (local), 1983, "Alpha Gamm"
 * ΔΘΨ – Delta Theta Psi (local), 1992, "Theta"

Men's fraternities

 * ΒΚΦ – Beta Kappa Phi, 1914 (local), First (I) Section
 * ΦΣΑ – Phi Sigma Alpha, 1916 (local), Sixth (VI) Section
 * ΜΟΗ – Men of Harambee, 1989 (local), New Eighth (VIII) Section
 * ΞΧΨ – Xi Chi Psi, 1991 (local)
 * ΔΧΔ – Delta Chi Delta, 2017 (local)

Co-ed fraternities

 * ΗΠ – Eta Pi, 1983 - Inactive (local)

At least eighteen honor societies are active at the college, including ΦΒΚ – Phi Beta Kappa, which arrived in 1926.

Student organizations
The college has a wide variety of student-run media. The Wooster Voice is the weekly student newspaper with a newly launched website, and has been published weekly since 1883 (see list of college newspapers), while WOO 91, which was at WCWS-FM until 2019, is the college's online radio station that streams from iHeartRadio. The college also has a successful Ultimate Frisbee program. The Women's team, Betty Gone Wild, won USAUltimate's D-III College Championship Sectionals in 2014 and 2015. Also in 2014 and 2015, they came in second at USAUltimate's D-III College Championship Regionals. They attended the National College Championship in 2014 and came in 15th place.

The college is well known for its Moot Court team as part of the American Moot Court Association, ranked second in the nation in 2017 by the ACMA. In addition to the teams regional championships, the college routinely qualifies teams to the Moot Court Nationals tournament and was the 2008 National Champion. In 2017, Wooster qualified five teams to the nationals tournament and had teams finish 12th, 16th, and 18th in oral argument, 13th and 14th in oration, and third in appellate brief writing.

Athletics
Wooster's athletic history dates back to its first baseball team, in 1880, which played only one game, losing 12–2 to Kenyon College. The football program was established in 1889; over its first two seasons, the team won all seven games it played, by a total score of 306–4. Included was a 64–0 victory at Ohio State on November 1, 1890, in the Buckeyes' first-ever home football game. Shortly thereafter, intercollegiate sports were banned by the College President. After varsity athletics returned in 1901, Wooster became an early member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC). In 1983, Wooster (along with the rest of the Ohio Five) broke away from the OAC to form the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC). The NCAC, which competes at the non-scholarship Division III level of the NCAA, was founded primarily on the principle of offering women equal opportunity to participate in varsity sports. In its first season of competition, 1984–85, the NCAC sponsored 21 sports, eleven for men and ten for women. Women's softball was added in 1998, and women's golf in 2010, giving the NCAC its current 23 sports. Wooster fields varsity athletic teams in all 23 of these sports.

Baseball
The baseball team has made five appearances in the NCAA Division III World Series, including second-place finishes in 2009 and 1997. Wooster has made 23 appearances in the NCAA baseball tournament under head coach Tim Pettorini, who has led the Scots since 1982. Pettorini has guided the Scots to over 1,100 victories, placing him in the all-time top ten among D-III baseball coaches, and the winningest active coach as of 2017. The Scots have also won a conference-record seventeen NCAC championships, most recently in 2017, under Pettorini. Prior to Pettorini's tenure, Bob Morgan led the Scots to the NCAA tournament in each of his final five seasons, giving Wooster a total of 25 appearances since the event began in 1976. During the first decade of the 21st century, the Scots had a record of 372–98, winning more games than any other team in Division III, and were second in winning percentage over that span, trailing only The College of St. Scholastica. Following his graduation in 2010, All-American second baseman Matthew Johnson signed with the Toronto Blue Jays organization, and played for four seasons in their minor-league system.

Basketball
Long-time head men's basketball coach Steve Moore has won over 700 games at Wooster, and in 2017 became the second-winningest coach all-time in NCAA Division III. His teams have won 17 NCAC championships and have made 24 appearances in the NCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship, including a record 14 in a row from 2003 through 2016. The team reached the national semifinals ("Final Four") of the NCAA D-III Tournament in 2003, 2007, and 2011. The 2011 team set a school record for victories, with a record of 31–3, and reached the national championship game before falling to St. Thomas (Minnesota). The 2003 team was close behind at 30–3, with center Bryan Nelson named D-III Men's Basketball Player of the Year. Home games are contested in the 3,400-seat Timken Gym, which is often filled to capacity for big games, including the rivalry contest with Wittenberg University and post-season tournaments. Since 2000, the Scots have been in the top ten in D-III basketball attendance every year, ranking second in some seasons, with over 2,000 fans per home game.

Football
The University of Wooster scored the first touchdown in the state of Ohio against Denison University in 188.. Charles Follis, the first black professional football player, attended the University of Wooster and starred on the baseball team before signing with the Shelby Athletic Club to play professional football in 1902. Wooster was the last State of Ohio team not to be beaten by Ohio State, when it tied the Buckeyes at home on November 1, 1924. (as of 2018)

The football team's greatest success occurred between 1916 and 1934; during this era, Wooster had a record of 118–31–12, and won four outright OAC championships. The 1934 title would be the Scots' last outright conference championship for 70 years, with only a trio of shared conference titles (1959/1970 OAC and 1997 NCAC) during that time.

Jack Lengyel, who is known for becoming Marshall’s head coach following their airplane crash that killed their head coach, coached Wooster for five seasons before accepting the Marshall job. In 2004, the team recorded a perfect 10–0 regular season and won its first outright NCAC conference championship, as well as its first NCAA D-III football tournament game. The 2004 team was led by senior All-American running back Tony Sutton, who set multiple NCAA Division III career rushing records and was a 2004 finalist for the Gagliardi Trophy, the D-III equivalent of the Heisman Trophy. From 1995 through 2008, Wooster's record was 99–43, making this the most successful era since World War II. In 2009, lights and artificial turf were added to the Scots' 4,500-seat John Papp stadium. The first-ever nighttime football game at Wooster was played on October 10, 2009, against Case Western Reserve University, with Case retaining the Baird Brothers Trophy by virtue of a 53–32 victory over the Scots.

Other sports
In the early 2000s, the women's field hockey and women's lacrosse teams each won multiple NCAC championships, earning automatic bids to their national NCAA D-III tournaments. The only national championship won by a Wooster athletic team came in 1975, when the men's golf team won the NCAA D-III title. They also have two world class, competitive ultimate frisbee teams: the Tippers and the Hawks.

Academic All-Americans
Since 2000, Scots have been named Academic All-Americans 32 times by College Sports Information Directors of America, in the college division, which includes NCAA Division II and Division III institutions, as well as NAIA schools, a total of over 1,000 colleges.

Scot Center
The Scot Center is the recreation center for students and alumni at the college. Construction was completed in January 2012 at a cost of roughly 30 million dollars. Home to the Fighting Scots, the center offers a wide assortment of fitness equipment available to both college athletes and the community. It was built to improve athletics and overall fitness at the college. The previous recreation facility for the college, Armington Physical Education Center (the PEC), was adequate. However, an increased demand for high-end facilities pressured the administration and the board of trustees to build the Scot Center. The 123,000 square-foot facility houses four intramural courts for basketball, tennis and volleyball that are put to use daily.

Governance and Structure
The College of Wooster's Board of Trustees named Dr. Anne E. McCall to be the 13th president of the College of Wooster on December 8, 2022.

Notable people

 * Arthur Holly Compton, Nobel Prize-winning physicist
 * John Exter, economist, member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, founder of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka
 * Duncan Jones, film director, producer and screenwriter; son of David Bowie
 * Donald Kohn, former vice chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
 * Norman Morrison, anti-war activist who self-immolated in front of the Pentagon in protest of the Vietnam War
 * Lamont Paris, college basketball coach
 * William P. Richardson, co-founder and first dean of Brooklyn Law School
 * Susanne Woods, president-elect of Wooster (1995)

title: College of Wooster


text:
British Columbia Highway 91

Highway 91 is an alternative freeway route to Highway 99 through Delta, New Westminster and Richmond, British Columbia. The highway was built in two sections, the first section from Delta to East Richmond in 1986, and the second section across Richmond in 1989.

It was the highest numbered highway in British Columbia that is not derived from a continuation of a US highway, until the designation of Highway 118 in 2003.

Route description
The total distance covered by Highway 91 is 22 km (14 mi). Starting at its junction with Highway 99 in East Delta, the route travels north for 2 km (1¼ mi) to a junction with Highway 10, then north for 10 km (6 mi) through three interchanges, over the Alex Fraser Bridge onto Annacis Island, and through another interchange. Highway 91 then crosses the Annacis Channel bridge, ever so briefly passing through the very corner of New Westminster, and then enters Richmond, at which point it veers west. At the southern entrance to Highway 91, the road was formerly signed as Annacis Highway, however, that name is not commonly used.

In Richmond, where Highway 91 is officially termed the Richmond Freeway but also as the East-West Connector, the route travels west for 10 more km (6 mi), through a junction with Highway 91A and two more interchanges, until it terminates just past its Richmond junction with Highway 99 at Shell Road.

Recent improvements
$10 million had been allocated to convert the existing seagull intersection at 72nd Avenue to an interchange; this junction was in 2009 the only at-grade intersection on Highway 91. Upgrading this interchange would earn Highway 91 the status of a full freeway, but it was reported in the Surrey Leader in 2008 that work on this proposal had ground to a halt because of disagreements between the municipal and provincial governments over the type of interchange that would be in place. The allocated funding had since been diverted for other uses, and as of 2011 the province had no intention of building the interchange, but in April 2013, International Trade Minister Ed Fast announced that the removal of the traffic signal at 72nd Avenue would be given the go-ahead. On June 8, 2016, the BC government announced that the construction of a new interchange at 72nd Avenue, priced at $30 million, would commence in the fall, thereby removing the final traffic signals on Highway 91. Construction commenced in late 2016. On August 12, 2018, the new interchange opened to remove the final traffic light on Highway 91.

In early 2009, another interchange was agreed upon to be added to Highway 91 just south of the 'S' curve in Richmond, connecting Nelson Road to the highway. The interchange was opened on August 22, 2011.

On January 19, 2017, announcement was made that a new seventh travel lane will be added on Alex Fraser Bridge by slightly narrowing the existing lanes and removing the shoulders. A counterflow system with a movable barrier was added to help ease traffic during morning and afternoon rush hours. The new seventh lane opened to traffic on September 14, 2019, with the moveable reversible zipper in operation on December 16, 2019. As a result of narrower travel lanes, the maximum speed limit over the bridge was lowered from 90 km/h to 70 km/h.

Exit list
From south to north. The entire route is in Metro Vancouver.

Highway 91 Connector
Highway 91 Connector (Highway 91C) is a short 2.2 km unsigned highway connecting Highway 91 at Nordel Way and Highway 17 in Delta. It formerly started at the BNSF Railway level crossing on 96 Street. Today, the route starts at a trumpet interchange with Highway 17, crosses over Highway 91 via twin overpasses, and ends at the BNSF overpass on Nordel Way.

From its opening, the route faced heavy congestion due to the presence of a truck scale and at-grade intersections. The Highway 17 and Highway 91C intersection saw several truck rollover accidents since its opening in 2013 and engineer's report revealed that trucks are susceptible to rollover when exceeding 26 km/h while turning from Highway 17 to Highway 91C. The report recommended installation of truck rollover warning sign and an advisory speed limit of 20 km/h with the ultimate long-term solution to be an upgrade to grade-separated interchange.

In 2017, the Province announced Highway 91C will be upgraded to a freeway standard as a part of $254 million project. However, the project was partially downscaled and two at-grade intersections remain in the Highway 91/91C interchange. Traffic from southbound Highway 91 and westbound Nordel Way flows freely, while signals remain for traffic movements on the new southern overpass.

The grade separation work on Highway 91C started in 2020 and free-flow interchanges were constructed at Highway 17 and Nordel Way (west) with improved partially at-grade connections for Highway 91 ramps. The project reached substantial completion by the end of November 2022 with remaining works extended up until May 31, 2023.

Major intersections
From west to east. The entire route is in Metro Vancouver.

title: British Columbia Highway 91


text:
Montek Singh Ahluwalia

Montek Singh Ahluwalia (born 24 November 1943) is an Indian economist and civil servant who was the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India, a position which carried the rank of a Cabinet Minister. He tendered his resignation for this post in May 2014 following the impending end of the UPA II regime at the center. He was previously the first Director of the Independent Evaluation Office at the International Monetary Fund.

Early life and education
Montek Singh Ahluwalia was born in Rawalpindi in 1943, the son of Jagmohan Singh, a clerk with the Defence Accounts Department, and Pushp Kaur. He studied at St. Patrick's High School, Secunderabad and Delhi Public School, Mathura Road. He graduated with a B.A. (Hons) degree from St. Stephen's College, Delhi, University of Delhi. He was a Rhodes scholar at the University of Oxford where he studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a graduate obtaining an M.A. in philosophy, politics and economics. He then read for an MPhil at St Antony's College, Oxford. While at Oxford, he was president of the Oxford Union. He has received several honorary degrees, including an honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford and an honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. He is an Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College.

Career
After graduating from University of Oxford, Ahluwalia joined the World Bank in 1968. At the age of 28, he became the youngest "Division Chief" in the World Bank's bureaucracy, in charge of the Income Distribution Division in the World Bank's Development Research Centre. After his return to India in 1979 he took up the position of Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Finance. He held several senior positions as a civil servant, including Special Secretary to the Prime Minister, Commerce secretary, Secretary Department of Economic Affairs in the Finance Ministry and Finance Secretary. In 1998 he was appointed Member of the Planning Commission. In 2001, he was chosen by the Board of International Monetary Fund to be the first director of the newly created Independent Evaluation Office, in which capacity he supervised several studies critical of various aspects of the functioning of the IMF. In June 2004, he resigned from the IMF position to take up as the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission as part of the United Progressive Alliance government in New Delhi.

As deputy chairman of the Planning Commission, he supervised the preparation of both the Eleventh Plan (2007–08 to 2011–12) titled "Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth" and subsequently also the Twelfth Plan (2012–13 to 2016–17) titled "Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth".

He has published a number of articles on various aspects of the Indian economy in academic journals. He is one of the authors of "Redistribution with Growth" by Chenery et al., published by Oxford University Press in 1974. He has also written on various aspects of India's economic reforms and on the inclusiveness of India's growth process.

In 2011 Ahluwalia was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour for public service by Mrs Pratibha Patil, then President of India.

In February 2020, he published his book Backstage: The Story Behind India’s High Growth Years with Rupa Publications. The book is a mix of personal reflections and national economic history, and sets forth Ahluwalia's ideas on issues of contemporary significance including education, rural development and energy.

He currently holds the position of Distinguished Fellow at the Centre for Social and Economic Progress - a New Delhi based think tank. In June 2021, Ahluwalia was named for the high level advisory group formed jointly by IMF and World bank in the face of dual challenges of Climate Change and COVID-19 pandemic.

Book

 * Backstage: The Story Behind India’s High Growth Years (15 February 2020), Rupa Publications India, ISBN 9353338212

World Bank

 * Reprint series number 60.

Personal life
Ahluwalia was married to fellow economist Isher Judge Ahluwalia and has two sons Pawan Ahluwalia and Aman Ahluwalia.

title: Montek Singh Ahluwalia


text:
Talk:Neoproterozoic

Untitled
Updated this page to match time table here:

http://www.stratigraphy.org/prec.htm

The ediacaran part (?) was apparently recently ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS):

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3721481.stm

Martijn faassen 18:11, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

The time line illustration
I think that the right margin time line diagram could be slightly misleading, and is a bit inconsistent with other geological era diagrams. Unhappily, I'm not good at graphical illustrations, and do not know how to fix this myself. JoergenB (talk) 08:43, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) . The picture at a quick glance tends to give the reader the impression that the proterozoic era started approximately 1100 Ma ago.
 * 2) . This time scale has the oldest times on top, and the more recent below. Others are turned the other way around.

Snowball Earth?
The Snowball Earth wikipedia page itself says "Proponents of the hypothesis argue that it best explains sedimentary deposits generally regarded as of glacial origin at tropical paleolatitudes, and other otherwise enigmatic features in the geological record."

But "whole-Earth glaciation would result in a biota with a noticeably different diversity and composition. This change in diversity and composition has not yet been observed– in fact, the organisms which should be most susceptible to climatic variation emerge unscathed from the snowball Earth."

I'm probably missing something here, but as far as the biota and wikipedia says, it was a geological hypothesis which doesn't pan out.FourLights (talk) 18:03, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neoproterozoic