text:
Zenit (rocket family)

Zenit (Зеніт, Зени́т; meaning Zenith) was a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipro, Ukraine, which was then part of the Soviet Union. Zenit was originally built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone middle-weight launcher with a payload greater than the 7 tonnes of the Soyuz but smaller than the 20 tonnes payload of the Proton. The last rocket family developed in the USSR, the Zenit was intended as an eventual replacement for the dated Soyuz and Proton families, and it would employ propellants which were safer and less toxic than the Proton's nitrogen tetroxide/UDMH mix. Zenit was planned to take over crewed spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Many of components of the Zenit rockets were produced in Russia. The Ukrainian space industry was highly integrated with that of Russia due to its Soviet heritage, but that cooperation was interrupted by the Russo-Ukrainian War beginning in 2014, which has effectively led to a hiatus in the Zenit program. The subsequent Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 saw damage to its manufacturing facilities due to Russian missile strikes, and what survived those strikes pivoted to producing military weapons.

Zenit-3SL was launched by the Sea Launch consortium's floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean and Zenit-2 was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. RD-171M engines of the Zenit's first and second stages as well as the upper stage of the Zenit-3SL rocket were supplied by Russia. An improved Zenit-3SLB rocket was used for commercial launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome beginning in April 2008, marketed as Land Launch.

Zenit-3SL was launched 36 times with 32 successes, one partial success, and three failures. The first failure, the launch of a Hughes-built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications, occurred during the second commercial launch on March 12, 2000, and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in the second stage of the rocket. The second failure occurred on January 30, 2007, when the rocket exploded on the Odyssey launch platform, seconds after engine ignition. The NSS-8 communication satellite on board was destroyed.

On September 24, 2011 Zenit-3SL launched successfully from the Odyssey launch platform under a renewed Sea Launch project with RSC Energia as the majority stakeholder. The rocket delivered the European communication satellite Atlantic Bird 7 to its planned orbit. On February 1, 2013, another Zenit-3SL failed while launching the Intelsat 27 satellite.

History
The Zenit-2 was the first Zenit to be designed for use as an orbital carrier rocket. It consists of two stages. The first uses an RD-171 engine, and an RD-120 engine powers the second stage. It first flew on 13 April 1985, two years before the Energia, due to delays relating to the Energia's development. Zenit-2 would be certified for crewed launches and placed in specially built launch pad at Baykonur spaceport, carrying the new crewed partially reusable Zarya spacecraft that developed in end of the 1980s but was canceled. Also in the 1980s Vladimir Chelomey's firm proposed never realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane launched by Zenit-2.

Two launch facilities were constructed for the Zenit at Baikonour, however the second was only ever used twice. On October 4, 1990, an attempted launch of a Tselina-2 naval reconnaissance satellite ended in disaster as the booster suffered a first stage engine failure seconds into launch and fell back onto the pad, which was severely damaged in the ensuing explosion. The failure was traced to a leak in a LOX line that caused a fire in the thrust section of the booster. Estimated repair costs were about 45 million rubles, but the collapse of the Soviet Union meant that there were no funds available, so the pad was abandoned.

Following two failures in 1991–92 both caused by the second stage, the Zenit was on the verge of being cancelled entirely, but a successful flight in November 1992 saved the program.

The rate of Zenit launches slowed to a trickle during the 1990s due to the severely cash-strapped Russian Federation, and also because of Russia's reluctance to fly military payloads on a booster manufactured in now-independent Ukraine. On May 20, 1997, a launch of a Tselina-2 satellite failed when the first stage shut down 48 seconds into launch. The booster crashed downrange.

During the 2000s, Zenit would find a new lease on life as the basis of the international Sea Launch project whereby commercial flights would be undertaken from an offshore launch platform. The basic Zenit booster received several upgrades to the propulsion and avionics systems for Sea Launch as well as a third stage, and the first test with a dummy payload was carried out on March 27, 1999. In October, a Direct TV 1-R satellite was orbited successfully. An ICO F-1 comsat was lost in March 2000 due to a second stage guidance malfunction. There followed eight consecutive successful launches until Apstar 5 in 2004 suffered a premature third stage shutdown that left it in an incorrect orbit, but the satellite's onboard engines corrected it.

After nine successful launches, the Zenit produced a repeat performance of the 1990 disaster when on January 30, 2007, the first stage lost thrust and exploded. The flame deflector on the Sea Launch platform broke off and sank into the water. Loose debris had been sucked into a turbopump, resulting in engine failure.

By the late 2000s, the Zenit program at Baikonour was reviving and would see considerable success.

On February 1, 2013, an Intelsat satellite launched from the Sea Launch Odyssey platform in the equatorial Pacific. The nighttime launch performed nominally for about 20 seconds when the first stage abruptly lost thrust. Approximately 40 seconds after liftoff, all telemetry data ceased. Subsequent investigation showed that the Zenit had begun deviating from its flight path when the pitch and roll maneuver started. The onboard computer sensed an abnormal situation and sent an automatic shutdown command to the first stage at T+23 seconds, and impact with the ocean occurred about one minute after liftoff. Ultimately, the failure was traced to a defective hydraulic pump that controlled gimbaling of the first stage engines. This resulted in the booster starting an uncontrolled rolling motion which caused the computer system to terminate all thrust. Although anomalous conditions began around T+11 seconds, the Zenit's flight computer was "locked" to prevent engine shutdown until at least 20 seconds after liftoff so the booster would not come down on or near the launch complex. Impact occurred about two miles downrange, but attempts to recover booster debris were unsuccessful.

In February 2015, following a year of strained relations as a result of a Russian military intervention into Ukraine, Russia announced that it would discontinue its "joint program with Ukraine to launch Dnepr rockets and [was] no longer interested in buying Ukrainian Zenit boosters, deepening problems for [Ukraine's] space program and its struggling Yuzhmash factory."

Strained relations between Ukraine and Russia after 2014 have led to Russian Federal Space Agency intending to purchase no more of the Zenit first-stage boosters made by Yuzhmash (powered by Russian engines). However 2 Zenit rockets that have been delivered to Russia for Russian Federal Space Agency missions will still be used; another Zenit rocket for launching a Ukrainian satellite has been completed but without engines due to lack of funding for payments. The world market for Zenit launch vehicles has shriveled since Sea Launch suspended operations, and the future of Zenit is uncertain.

Despite the ongoing conflict between the two governments, a Zenit rocket was launched in December 2017, after a two-year hiatus, to deliver AngoSat 1.

Production
The first and the second stages of the Zenit were designed by Yuzhnoye and are manufactured by Yuzhmash.

Zenit-2
The Zenit-2 was the first member of the rocket family. It consists of two stages. The first uses an RD-171 engine, and an RD-120 engine powers the second stage. It first flew on 13 April 1985, carrying a Tselina-2 mass simulator. However the test flight was unsuccessful. The first successful flight occurred on 22 October 1985.

Energia booster
The Zenit first stage was used as a strap-on booster rocket for the Energia carrier rocket. Four Zenit first stages were attached to the core vehicle to produce extra thrust at lift-off, in the same way that Solid Rocket Boosters were used on the US Space Shuttle. Energia made two flights (1987 and 1988) before the programme was abandoned.

Zenit 2M and 2SLB
Zenit 2M is a new version of the Zenit 2 with an upgraded control system and modernized engines. The first Zenit 2M was launched on June 29, 2007, carrying a classified Russian military Tselina-2 satellite. The Zenit-2SLB designation applies to commercial launches through the Land Launch subsidiary of Sea Launch, which began satellite launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2008.

Zenit-3SL
Zenit-3SL is a three-stage carrier rocket developed for and used by the Sea Launch consortium.

It combines:
 * two-stage Zenit-2S built by Ukraine's SDO Yuzhnoye/PO Yuzhmash
 * Block DM-SL upper stage, provided by Russia's Energia
 * nose-cone enclosure for protection of payload during launch, provided by Boeing.

Rockets used by Sea Launch are assembled in Long Beach, California. Launches occur from the Ocean Odyssey offshore launch platform, situated at the equator. Ocean Odyssey is also used to transport rockets to the launch site. The most recent launch of a Zenit-3SL occurred on 11 December 2015. The RD-171 engine of the Zenit-3SL first stage, and most of the control system of -3SL missiles were made in Russia. However, according to the same source, it is not clear if Russia's component suppliers are still working together with Yuzhmash as of this date.

Zenit 3M and 3SLB
The Zenit-3M is a Zenit-2M with the Block-DM upper stage used on the Zenit-3SL. It is launched from Baikonur. The maiden flight was launched on 28 April 2008. Land Launch commercially market the Zenit-3M under the designation Zenit 3SLB.

Zenit-3F
The Zenit-3F, also known as the Zenit-2SB/Fregat, is a 3-stage derivative of the Zenit-2M, using a Fregat upper stage, as already used on the Soyuz, to propel spacecraft to higher orbits. It made its maiden flight in January 2011, with the Elektro-L No.1 spacecraft for the Russian government. Later the same year, another launch carried Spektr-R, a 5000 kg space telescope, into an orbit with a perigee of 10000 km and an apogee of 390000 km. The most recent launch occurred on 26 December 2017 from Baikonur Cosmodrome when the rocket lifted off with the Angolian Angosat 1 spacecraft.

title: Zenit (rocket family)


text:
Remastering

Remaster refers to quality enhancement of sound or picture of a previously existing recording.

Remastering may also refer to:
 * Software remastering, the process of customizing a software or operating system distribution for personal or "off-label" usage
 * Mastering (audio), a form of audio post-production

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Remastering


text:
Zenit

Zenit, meaning "zenith", may refer to:

Spaceflight and rocketry

 * Zenit (rocket family), a Soviet family of space launch vehicles
 * Zenit (satellite), a type of Soviet spy satellite
 * Zenit sounding rocket, a Swiss rocket

Sports

 * Zenit (sports society), a USSR and Russian sports society
 * FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, football club
 * BC Zenit Saint Petersburg, basketball club
 * VC Zenit-Kazan, a volleyball club from Kazan city, Tatarstan, Russia
 * FC Zenit (disambiguation), a number of European football clubs
 * Zenit Nisko, former name of Sokół Nisko, a Polish football club

Other uses

 * Zenit (album), a 2019 album by Austrian rapper RAF Camora
 * Zenit (camera), a Russian camera brand produced by KMZ
 * Zenit (Saint Petersburg Metro), a station on the Saint Petersburg Metro line 3
 * Zenit News Agency, a former international news agency covering the Catholic Church
 * Zenit (magazine), a Yugoslav art magazine from the 1920s

People with the given name

 * Zenit Đozić (born 1961), Bosnian actor, humorist, and television producer

title: Zenit


text:
Nell's

Nell's (or Nells) was a nightclub located on 244 West 14th Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan. It opened in the fall of 1986 in the space of a former electronics store and closed May 30, 2004.

History
Nell's opened in the fall of 1986 in the space of a former electronics store. It came onto the scene when some clubgoers were tiring of the cavernous discothèques (e.g., Studio 54) popular in the 1970s and early 1980s. Decorated as a slightly shabby 19th-century English men's club, Nell's afforded its upscale patrons a place to eat, sit, socialize, and listen to live music. Other exclusive supper clubs like M.K. and Au Bar soon followed.

Actress-singer Nell Campbell was its namesake and longtime proprietress. Initially, she co-owned the club with Lynn Wagenknecht and Keith McNally. McNally gave up ownership when he and Wagenknecht divorced. The painter Thomas Moller was Nell's original manager. Moller takes credit for attracting New York's art scene to the club. Also a 1985 Interview Magazine included Nell and Christian Lepanto in different articles. Christian L worked as coatcheck and introduced Semour Stein to Tommy Page. At its peak of popularity in the late 1980s, with a capacity of only 250, Nell's was known for denying even the famous entry to the club.

It was the quiet hookup place for Rob Lowe and Melissa Gilbert. Prince also visited as well as Al Franken. It was the last nightclub Andy Warhol attended with Dionne Warwick just before his botched hospital visit in which he died. On June 4, 1987, artist Robert Mapplethorpe and actress Susan Sarandon hosted a dinner for AIDS charity amfAR at Nell's. Duran Duran frontman Simon Le Bon and his wife Yasmin Le Bon frequented the night club in the 80's and 90's.

In the 1990s Nell's matured into a jazz, reggae, and hip-hop showcase.

Run-DMC was often known to take over the DJ booth on any given night. In 1995, The Notorious B.I.G. made his video for "Big Poppa" there. It was also there in 1993 that Tupac met a woman who accused him of sexual assault

Nell's was also a frequent haunt of fictional character Patrick Bateman, in the book American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis.

In early 2004, actor Mark Wahlberg was planning to buy Nell's. It closed on May 30, 2004.

The space later held a private club NA opened by actor Chris Noth and his business partner Noel Ashman. Noel Ashman then teamed up with new partners to open semi-private club NA in 2005. Several other clubs opened and closed in the space before the space split into two to become Stash nightclub, which lies underneath Snap Sports Bar.

title: Nell's


text:
Dram (unit)

The dram (alternative British spelling drachm; apothecary symbol ʒ or ℨ; abbreviated dr)  is a unit of mass in the avoirdupois system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the apothecaries' system. It was originally both a coin and a weight in ancient Greece. The unit of volume is more correctly called a fluid dram, fluid drachm, fluidram or fluidrachm (abbreviated fl dr, ƒ 3, or fʒ).

Ancient unit of mass
A coin weighing one drachma is known as a stater, drachm, or drachma. The Ottoman dirhem (درهم) was based on the Sassanian drachm, which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm.
 * The Attic Greek drachma (δραχμή) was a weight of 6 obols, $1/undefined$ Greek mina, or about 4.37 grams.
 * The Roman drachma was a weight of $1/undefined$ Roman pounds, or about 3.41 grams.

British unit of mass
The British Weights and Measures Act 1878 introduced verification and consequent stamping of apothecary weights, making them officially recognized units of measurement. By 1900, Britain had enforced the distinction between the avoirdupois and apothecaries' versions by making the spelling different:
 * dram now meant only avoirdupois drams, which were $1/undefined$ of an avoirdupois ounce. An ounce consisted of 437.5 grains, thus making the dram approximately 27.34 grains.
 * drachm now meant only apothecaries' drachms, which were $1/undefined$ of an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, thus equal to 60 grains.

Modern unit of mass
In the avoirdupois system, the dram is the mass of $1/undefined$ pound or $1/undefined$ ounce. The dram weighs $27 11/32$ grains, or exactly $1.772$ grams.

In the apothecaries' system, which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century, the dram is the mass of $1/undefined$ pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or $1/undefined$ ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥) (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the troy pound (lb t), and troy ounce (oz t), respectively). The dram apothecaries is equal to $3 scruples (s ap or ℈)$ or $60 grains (gr)$, or exactly $3.888$ grams.

"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.

Unit of volume

The fluid dram (or fluid drachm in British spelling ) is defined as $1/undefined$ of a fluid ounce, and is exactly equal to:
 * $3.697 ml$ in the U.S. customary system
 * $3.552 ml$ in the British Imperial system

A teaspoonful has been considered equal to one fluid dram for medical prescriptions. However, by 1876 the teaspoon had grown considerably larger than it was previously, measuring 80–85 minims. As there are 60 minims in a fluid dram, using this equivalent for the dosage of medicine was no longer suitable. Today's US teaspoon is equivalent to exactly 4.92892159375 ml, which is also $1/undefined$ US fluid ounces, $1 1/3$ US fluid drams, or 80 US minims.

While pharmaceuticals are measured nowadays exclusively in metric units, fluid drams are still used to measure the capacity of pill containers.

Dram is used informally to mean a small amount of liquor, especially Scotch whisky. The unit is referenced by the phrase dram shop, the U.S. legal term for an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.

In popular culture
The line "Where'd you get your whiskey, where'd you get your dram?" appears in some versions of the traditional pre–Civil War American song "Cindy". In the Monty Python's song "The Bruces' Philosophers Song", there is the line "Hobbes was fond of his dram". In the old-time music tradition of the United States, there is a tune entitled "Gie the Fiddler a Dram", "gie" being the Scots language word for "give", brought over by immigrants and commonly used by their descendants in Appalachia at the time of writing. "Little Maggie," a traditional song popular in bluegrass music, refers to the title character as having a "dram glass in her hand."

In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series Archer, the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it.

In Frank Herbert's Dune, the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis.

title: Dram (unit)


text: Category:Petroleum

title: Category:Petroleum


text:
Armenian dram

The Armenian dram (դրամ; sign: ֏; abbreviation: դր.; ISO code: AMD) is the currency of Armenia. It was historically subdivided into 100 luma (լումա). The Central Bank of Armenia is responsible for issuance and circulation of dram banknotes and coins, as well as implementing the monetary policy of Armenia.

The word dram means "money" and is cognate with the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham, as well as the English weight unit dram.

History
The first instance of a "dram" currency was in the period from 1199 to 1375, when silver coins called dram or tram were issued. Dram or Takvorin coinage would periodically continue to be produced for some time until the loss of Armenia's independence. The establishment of Russian Armenia saw the adoption of the Imperial ruble, followed by a series of attempts to localize the Russian ruble under the Soviet Union and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On 21 September 1991, a national referendum proclaimed Armenia as a republic independent from the Soviet Union. The Central Bank of Armenia, established on 27 March 1993, was given the exclusive right of issuing the national currency.

In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union attempts were made to maintain a common currency (the Russian rouble) among CIS states. Armenia joined this rouble zone. However it soon became clear that maintaining a currency union in the unstable political and economical circumstances of the post-Soviet states would be very difficult. The Rouble Zone effectively collapsed with the unilateral 1993 Russian monetary reform process. As a result, the remaining CIS participants – Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia – were 'pushed out' and forced to introduce separate currencies. Armenia was one of the last countries to do so when it introduced the dram on 22 November 1993.

Armenian dram sign

As the result of common business practice and the unique pattern of Armenian letters, the shape of the sign and its variations appeared in the business scratches (daybooks). Until the official endorsement of the sign a number of artists and businessmen developed and offered various shapes for it. Now the dram symbol is included in the Armenian standard for the national characters and symbols and in the Armenian computer fonts. The current standard sign for the Armenian dram (֏, image: ; Դրամ; code: AMD) was designed in 1995. In Unicode, it is encoded at.

Coins
In 1994, a first series of aluminium coins was introduced in denominations of 10, 20, and 50 luma, 1, 3, 5, and 10 drams. In 2003 and 2004, a second series consisting of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 dram coins was introduced to replace the first series.

The Central Bank has also issued a great number of commemorative coins intended for sale to collectors. A listing can be found at the authorized central bank distributors.

First series (1994–2002)
In 1994, a first series of aluminium coins was introduced in denominations of 10, 20, and 50 luma, 1, 3, 5, and 10 drams. The other coins are officially in circulation but rarely used because of their low nominal value.

 * All coins bear the year of the first issue (1994).

Second series (2003–present)
In 2003 and 2004, a new series of coins was introduced in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 drams.

 * All coins bear the year of the first issue (2003 or 2004).

Banknotes
A first series of banknotes was issued in November 1993. It was withdrawn from circulation by 2005. A second series was issued from 1998 onwards which is still in use at present.

First series (1993–1998)
On 22 November 1993, banknotes of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 drams were issued. Notes for ֏1,000 and ֏5,000 were put into circulation later.

Second series (1998–2017)
Banknotes of ֏50, ֏100, and ֏500 are rarely seen in circulation. Coins of ֏50, ֏100, and ֏500 are used instead.

A commemorative ֏50,000 note was issued on 4 June 2001 in commemoration of the 1,700th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity in Armenia.

500 dram commemorative note (2017)
A 500 dram commemorative note was issued on 22 November 2017 to commemorate the story of Noah's Ark. And to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Armenia's national currency.

Third series (2018–present)
A third series of Armenian dram banknotes was issued in 2018, All denominations for this series are the same as its previous issues, with the 2,000 dram banknote as a newly introduced denomination, the 50,000 dram banknote re-issued for this series and the omission of the 50, 100, 500, and 100,000 dram banknotes for this issue. The new series are printed on hybrid substrates of Louisenthal.

The first three denominations, ֏10,000, ֏20,000 and ֏50,000, were issued on November 22, 2018. The final three denominations, ֏1,000, ֏2,000 and ֏5,000 were issued on December 25, 2018.

Exchange rates
The modern dram came into effect on 22 November 1993, at a rate of Rbls 200 = 1 dram (US$1 = 404 drams).

title: Armenian dram


text:
Category:British academics

Some of the sub-categories may include people who did not hold an academic post, especially individuals from the 19th century and earlier.

 * See also: Category:Academics by university or college in the United Kingdom

title: Category:British academics


text:
Raven (DC Comics)

Raven is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in a special insert in DC Comics Presents #26 (October 1980), and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez. The character also goes by the alias Rachel Roth.

Raven, the daughter of the powerful demon Trigon and human Arella, possesses a supernatural lineage that grants her remarkable abilities as an empath. She can sense emotions and manipulate her soul-self, which takes the form of her namesake, for various purposes. Despite her lineage and the ominous predictions associated with her connection to Trigon, Raven becomes a prominent member of different Teen Titans and Titans lineups, where recognized for her expertise in mysticism and stands out as one of the team's most formidable members. The character has also served as a member of other teams in the DC Universe, including the Justice League, Sentinels of Magic, and the Justice League Dark. Raven has appeared in numerous television series and films, including as one of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series and its spin-off series Teen Titans Go!, voiced by Tara Strong, and in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU), voiced by Taissa Farmiga. Rachel Roth / White Raven made her live-action debut in the DC Universe/HBO Max series Titans, portrayed by Teagan Croft.

Development
In an interview, Perez described his design approach for the character, "taking the cue that Raven was very mysterious à la Phantom Stranger, I took that as a starting point, and using the shadow face where half her face is always in shadow despite the lighting, was a shtick I got from Phantom Stranger, who also had the same deal. He had a long billowing cape, as did she, and in her case, since her name was Raven, I decided to create a silhouette for her that would look like a bird. The hood was designed so that in the profile, it would end up looking like a birds head, so that when her soul self came out, since that was done in full black, it looked like a gigantic black Raven. Her name and the Phantom Stranger were key to how I designed her."

Perez was asked if the characters face was based on any real life person, Perez stated the following, "originally Raven was Persis Khambatta, the actress who played in the first Star Trek film, and later became a young lady named Fran Macgregor, who was a dancer, and I used some of her features, particularly for her figure, for Raven."

First life of Raven
Raven first appeared in The New Teen Titans #1 recruiting superheroes to fight her father Trigon. She initially approached the Justice League for help, but they refused her on the advice of Zatanna, who sensed her demonic parentage. In desperation, she reformed the Teen Titans as the New Teen Titans to fight her father. The team consisted of Robin, Kid Flash, Wonder Girl, Starfire, Cyborg, and Beast Boy (then known as Changeling). Raven and her new friends later came to think of one another as family.

Trigon soon took Raven to his home dimension. The Titans defeated Trigon and sealed him in an interdimensional prison with the help of Arella, who stayed at the interdimensional door as Trigon's Guardian. Raven continued to fight her father's influence, and her face started changing. For a period of time, Raven lost control several times in stressful situations but managed to regain control before Trigon could assert himself.

Eventually, Trigon escaped his prison, destroyed Azarath, came to Earth, and took control of Raven. The Titans were manipulated into having the dark sides of their souls kill the evil Raven by Lilith, who was guided and possessed by Azar, thereby allowing the souls of Azarath and Raven herself contained inside her rings to possess her now-empty body and use her as a channel to kill Trigon. After this battle, Raven rose from the ashes, cleansed of Trigon's evil, and vanished.

Raven
After Raven's disappearance, Arella went around the world in search of Raven. She tracked Raven down, but both of them were kidnapped by Brother Blood. The minions of Brother Blood used Raven to control Nightwing (formerly Robin) as part of Blood's plans. The Titans rescued them both and prevented Brother Blood from returning to power.

As a result of the defeat of Trigon, Raven was free to experience emotions for the first time in her life. Raven found she could not only sense but control others' emotions. She learned to handle this power only after unintentionally making The Flash believe that he loved her when she thought she was in love with him. Raven also fostered a relationship with technopath Eric Forrester, who used the life force of women he seduced to regain some of his lost humanity. Forrester knew that Raven's soul-self could help him to retain his humanity permanently. This attempt was cut short by the intervention of Joseph Wilson (Jericho), who helped Raven destroy Forrester once and for all and gain a romance between the two heroes after.

Raven was later kidnapped by the Wildebeest Society during the "Titans Hunt" storyline. The Wildbeest, led by the Trigon-possessed souls of Azarath, were going to use several Titans to bring about the return of Trigon. During a massive battle, Raven was possessed by the evil souls and once again became the evil doppelgänger of her father. Arella, along with Danny Chase, used the power of Azar's soul to cleanse Raven. In the aftermath, Raven's body was destroyed, and Arella and Danny sacrificed themselves and joined the cleansed souls of Azarath to become Phantasm.

Evil Raven
Raven appeared possessed by her evil conscience and attempted to implant Trigon's seed into new bodies. She interrupted Nightwing and Starfire's wedding and implanted a seed of Trigon into Starfire. Instead of corrupting her, she implanted the soul of the good Raven. This caused Starfire to leave Earth to escape from the evil Raven. The Titans could defeat Raven only because of the help they received from Phantasm.

Raven later returned, still evil, to destroy the good version of herself implanted in Starfire. With the help of the Titans, evil Raven was reduced to ashes, and the good part of Raven was given a new, golden spirit body completely free of her father's demonic influence. In New Tamaran, Starfire and the golden spirit form of Raven revealed that implanting Raven's soul in Starfire was her plan to get rid of her demonic soul.

Spirit
In her bodiless spirit form, Raven returned to Earth to help extract her former teammate Cyborg's soul and consciousness from the Technis planet's computer mind. Later, she was instrumental in defeating Imperiex by aiding Wonder Woman and Tempest in re-powering Darkseid. Once Imperiex was defeated, Raven then resumed her journey to find a new purpose.

Rebirth
Raven's spirit was eventually ensnared by Brother Blood and his Church of Blood; they used sorcery to bind her soul to the body of a teenage girl. The Teen Titans (reformed again), discovered that the Church of Blood were worshipers of Raven's father, Trigon. They also found a prophecy about the marriage between Brother Blood and Raven that would result in Armageddon. The new team interrupted the wedding, and Brother Blood and his followers were forced to flee. Raven rejoined the Titans. She also used her new body to create the human identity of "Rachel Roth" for herself, using her mother's original surname. As Rachel, she enrolled in a local high school.

After enduring much confusion about her new place in the world, Raven's teammate Garfield Logan (Beast Boy), began developing romantic feelings for her, and the two became romantically attached.

52
In 52, after the death of Superboy, the Titans began to fall apart. Robin joins Batman, and Wonder Girl left the team. Beast Boy struggled to maintain the team and was flippant towards Raven and their relationship. The new members who joined were only interested in seeking fame and honor rather than looking to fulfill justice. When Beast Boy decided to help Steel on a mission, most of the members left, leaving only Raven and Zatara. Later, Beast Boy, Raven, Offspring and Aquagirl aid Steel in launching an attack on LexCorp. Raven also participated in World War III. Eventually, Robin, Wonder Girl, and a few new members join the Titans, making the team whole again. Beast Boy and Raven were among the only members that remained in the team during this period.

"One Year Later"
Raven quit the team after she and Beast Boy ended their relationship. Letting the others think she was leaving because of Garfield, Raven left because she uncovered a secret of one of the other Titans.

Raven took advantage of this power with a book of unclear significance. Raven had a diskette containing Jericho's soul. She performed a cleansing ritual over his soul and transferred it into a new body before returning to the team as a full member.

Without warning, the Titans are captured by the villainous Titans East and transported to the original Titan Island in New York City, where Raven is placed in the "care" of Enigma and Duela Dent, who took to torturing her psychologically. Raven manages her escape. After beating the Titans East, she and Garfield talk about their feelings, but he refuses to dwell on the matter, leaving their relationship uncertain.

Following the death of Bart Allen, Raven, along with the other adult Titans, decides to leave the team. Raven decides to pursue her chance at attending high school, having never had the opportunity before.

Raven stars in a five-issue miniseries written by Marv Wolfman, with art by Damion Scott. It occurs during the missing year, following Raven's attempts at living as an ordinary teenage girl and attending high school. Unfortunately, she gets inadvertently drawn into a mystical fight involving Psycho-Pirate's Medusa Mask and has to battle for the lives of her classmates. In the Wizard #177 magazine, Wolfman briefly described the series, saying, "She needs to be on her own and in charge of herself for the first time in her life. This is more than just a 'tale of Raven'; it sets up her new life".

Titans
Raven discovers that Trigon had more than one child, her half-siblings, and that a trio of children devoted to her father are behind the attacks. She is affected along with many of the other Titans by these three beings. Raven's three half-brothers use her and Beast Boy as keys to open a portal to Trigon's realm. Raven uses her own power to influence greed in others to make her half-brothers steal what little power Trigon had left. The portal is closed and Trigon's sons, believing they have gained great power, leave.

Raven's half-brothers later return and provoke her demonic side, causing her to leave the Titans and join them. However, the team was able to track them down and convince Raven to join the side of good once more. She later provided a number of other artifacts, all capable of killing her, to the Titans as terms for her staying with the team.

Wyld
Battered and dazed, Raven arrived at Titans Tower, where she was rescued by the newest roster of Teen Titans. While she was recovering, Beast Boy stated that he was still in love with her and would remain so, despite whatever difficulties were involved.

Raven decided to stay with the Teen Titans, now acting as a mentor to the younger members. When the Teen Titans attempted to return home, Raven was kidnapped and taken to another dimension by Wyld. Wyld reveals that Raven was the one who created him. When Raven was traveling dimensions looking for her father, her soul self caused all of the animals she visited to merge into one being: the Wyld. The Titans enter the Wyld World to rescue Raven. Wyld is eventually destroyed by Static.

In the final issue of this incarnation of the Titans, Superboy-Prime and his Legion of Doom attack Titan's Tower. Raven stops Kid Flash just before he can kill Inertia. Then she reveals her soul-self to Headcase, terrifying and in so defeating him. After the Legion of Doom is defeated and Superboy-Prime is bound to the Source Wall, Beast Boy and Raven have a talk about her difficulty in reading Solstice's emotions after Beast Boy had accused Raven of leaving her behind and he refused to believe her when she stated it wasn't on purpose. They also talked of their encounter with Headcase. Eventually, Raven starts to open up about her true feelings. Beast Boy makes it clear he doesn't want to escape from any part of her. Touched, Raven decides that she needs to embrace the positive feelings inside her rather than just her negative ones. Beast Boy assures her this is part of being human, and points out, "I think you've worried enough about the bad...so why don't we focus on the good for a change?" With that, the two reconcile and share a heartfelt kiss.

The New 52
After the events of the 2011 "Flashpoint" series, the history of the DC Universe was altered, resulting in The New 52. Raven makes her New 52 debut in the first issue of the Phantom Stranger. There she is shown as a girl in a black and white striped sweater becoming distraught at a funeral over the overwhelming emotion emanating from the people there. The Phantom Stranger takes Raven to Stonehenge, the portal between Earth and the realm of Trigon. Being told by a "higher power" what must be done, the reluctant Stranger unwillingly hands her over to Trigon.

Teen Titans
Raven made her first Teen Titans appearance in Teen Titans vol. 4 #16. Raven, sporting a new costume, is introduced by Trigon as his "Black Bird of Terror" to his minions. It is strongly suggested that Raven had been controlling Robin's emotions. During Trigon's invasion on Earth, she approached a near dead Beast Boy who had been assaulted by Deathstroke earlier in the remains of the Ravagers facility. After being touched by Raven, Beast Boy awoke. When he asked if Harvest had sent her, she apologized stating that she brought him into the fray much sooner than she expected, stating, "Hush. We are birds of a feather now... You are mine to control", as Raven mind-controlled him and teleported them to New York where Trigon and the Teen Titans are in battle.

Raven's origins revisited
Trigon reveals more of Raven's origins. He has had a son from each of the other worlds he's conquered, but Raven is his only daughter. Trigon let Raven's mother, Arella, live because he considered that she needed to be raised by humans to recreate the seven under-realms in her own image. Arella fled with her daughter to Azarath where the monks taught her how to control her dark side and avoid Trigon's influence on her. Years later, she escaped from Azarath to protect her mentors and planet from Trigon and fled to the Earth where Phantom Stranger captured her for Trigon.

Raven spent time in the under-realms where time flows faster or was compressed. Trigon thought he only needed to liberate her and not control her to make Raven have her own image. Impressed, Trigon handed her the Throne of the Under-realms to rule the place as Queen.

Return of Trigon
In New York, Trigon's three sons, Belial, Ruskoff, and Suge, assault the Teen Titans to take Raven back. Raven, Beast Boy, and the Titans defeat them, but Trigon appears again and takes control of the Titans save for Red Robin, Raven and Beast Boy. The manipulated Titans attack, and while Raven and Beast Boy distract them and Trigon, Tim cuts through Trigon's eyes with his inertrite wings. Pulling out the wings from his eyes, Trigon compliments Tim before suddenly disappearing. Soon after, a woman and a group of suited men come through a portal, informing them that they will take Psimon into custody and make the incident appear as if it had never happened. When questioned about the police officers Psimon has killed, the woman reveals it was a hallucination by Trigon, so it has never happened.

Raven and Beast Boy are re-accepted into the Teen Titans. Raven brings controversy to the team by revealing Tim's flirtatious relationships when under Trigon's control. Raven goes into her room, leaving the awkward situation behind. There, she summons her father, saying, "Father, I am one of them. Your plan worked perfectly", leaving questions on what side she is playing for.

Meanwhile, Tim calls Raven aside, telling that if something happens to him, the team will look up to her to lead them.

Forever Evil
After the events of "Trinity War", the Earth's greatest heroes are gone and the Crime Syndicate of America has taken over the world. The Teen Titans challenge the Crime Syndicate, but are easily overpowered by Johnny Quick and Atomica and then flung into the time stream. While the Titans are constantly flung through time, Raven is sent a few thousand years back in time. There, she is challenged by Etrigan the Demon, who recognizes her as Trigon's daughter and tries to kill her. Raven is saved by Wonder Girl, who suggests that the way to stop Raven's powers, since she was born and raised in a world between worlds, is to manipulate the energy within the time stream. Raven succeeds in anchoring the Titans with her soul-self, teleporting them through time.

The Titans arrive 20 years into the future, where Jon Lane Kent, has massacred most of Earth's superheroes, leaving only a few, including Beast Boy (Garfield Logan), now calling himself Beast Man, and Rose Wilson. Superboy Kon-El and Jon battle, and Kon triumphs. But Kon is sent elsewhere by an unknown power, and a severely injured Jon is swapped unknowingly as Superboy by Logan and Wilson. The Titans depart again to an alien planet in the 30th century, where Kid Flash is a rebel leader and war criminal, Bar Torr. While the Titans stay to witness the Trial of Kid Flash, Raven deduces Superboy is Jon, and helps send him back to the present time so that he can find a cure for his deteriorating body condition.

Leaving Kid Flash and Solstice in the future, the Titans return to their original time and are united with Bunker, Beast Boy, and Skitter. Raven finds out that their journey has severed Trigon's control over her. Followed by an attack by the villain Grimm, the Titans plan a final attack on Harvest's new colony. Raven is reluctant to join because of her past actions, but Bunker tells her that everybody deserves a second chance, and Raven changes her mind. In the colony, they are surprised to find that everyone is returned to normal, and even the victims of the Culling have been restored to life. Raven plays a crucial role by finding out Harvest's scheme to extract all the metagenes to create a massive DNA strand for his usage. This is destroyed by Raven's soul-self and Harvest is finally defeated.

DC Rebirth
Sometime after leaving the Teen Titans, Raven traveled to San Francisco hoping to find her mother's family and introduce herself to them. She attempted to conceal her powers before having a misadventure and was then later abducted by Damian Wayne, who recruited her to be part of the new Teen Titans team he was establishing to take down his grandfather Ra's al Ghul. It is then revealed that the Demon's Fist, a team initially led by Damian before he decided to follow Batman, were hunting each of the assembled Titans that Damian had abducted for their initiation into the League of Assassins. Raven turns out to be the target of the assassin named Plague, whose hands can rot, decay and take the life out of anything she touches.

Characterization
Within the DC Universe, Raven is a character who possesses considerable power as a result of her lineage and connection to Trigon, her demon father, who is often depicted as a powerful demonic entity. Her unique heritage, being half-demon and half-human with a human mother, leads to an ongoing theme of balancing her formidable powers and mastering the mystic arts. Despite the constant threat from her father and other demonic forces, the character aspires to become a hero and works to overcoming the challenges presented by her lineage.

In the Infinite Frontier era, the character's age is depicted in her twenties, in contrast to her portrayal as a teenager in DC Rebirth. During this time, she assumes the role of a faculty member at the Teen Titans Academy while also being a member of the Titans. As a faculty member, she takes on the responsibilities of a school counselor and serves as an expert in mystic subjects. Several other notable DC Comics characters whom are mystically inclined served under her tutelage, including fellow demon hybrid Nevermore, Shazam, and Stitch.

Powers and abilities
Under the tutelage of the being known as Azar, Raven became a skilled empath who can sense pain, disease, and remove them from a person's body by assimilating them into her body and expunging them, a process depicted as painful. Other abilities as an empath includes reading emotions and possessing telepathic-like insights into the minds of others. Ultimately, these powers facilitate her "Soul Self", an astral body shaped like her namesake. This soul-self has the capability to travel long distances, become intangible, and establish telepathic communication. It functions as a protective shield, capable of absorbing a limited amount of energy and solid matter, which can be regurgitated before reintegration with Raven. By converting her physical body into her soul-self, she can transport herself and others over a restricted distance, or teleport them. Additionally, her soul-self can mentally subdue individuals by enveloping them. Initially, Raven's soul-self had a time limit of five minutes outside her body, after which she would experience mental torment. She eventually overcame this constraint.

Raven possesses a profound mastery of the mystic arts, which is intertwined with her soul-self. Her sorcerous abilities grant her a diverse range of powers including teleportation, manipulation of shadows, telekinesis, hypnosis and proficiency in chaos magic. Chaos magic is a form of sorcery within the DC Universe that enables practitioners to perform magical feats without adhering to specific systems such as incantations or chants. Over time, Raven's mastery of these abilities has advanced to the extent that she is considered a skilled teacher in the mystic arts.

Like her brothers, Raven can induce and amplify one of the seven deadly sins (in her case, pride) or all seven of them, in any living being. Doing so causes her to suffer bouts of nausea and vomiting for several days afterward as side effects. Raven also has limited precognition allowing her to predict near-future events. This occurs involuntarily and infrequently. Additionally, she has displayed excellent hand-to-hand combat, albeit rarely.

Weaknesses
As an empath, Raven is unable to completely disconnect herself from other's emotions; exposure to many people with heightened emotions can pose a risk to her. Raven is also susceptible to overwhelming mystical forces.

Collected editions
Raven

Raven: Daughter of Darkness

The Unkindness
The Unkindness is a potential future incarnation of Raven, introduced in Future State: Teen Titans #1 (2021). This iteration of the character, created by Tim Sherdian and Rafa Sandoval, follows a storyline that diverges from the main continuity after the events of Infinite Frontier. During a confrontation with the adversary Red X and the Four Horsemen of Apocalypse, who were unleashed by the villain, Raven defeats them by using her magical powers to imprison their spirits within herself. However, this act of absorption corrupts her, leading Shazam to confine her within the Rock of Eternity in order to contain her corruptive power.

Corrupted, Raven forms an alliance with Neron, manipulating the separation of Billy Batson from his super-powered form, Shazam. Billy acts as a magical ward, while Shazam assumes the role of dealing with external threats and becomes the leader of the Justice League of America. In the absence of Billy's influence, Shazam's morality becomes corrupted, displaying a willingness to kill criminals and other heroes and facing challenges from others who question his true identity as Billy. As Shazam's crimes are discovered by other heroes, the Spectre intervenes to gather more information about the situation. While aware of Shazam's killings, the Spectre refrains from direct intervention due to Shazam's past heroism. However, Shazam unexpectedly kills the Spectre using the remaining fragment of the Spear of Destiny. Subsequently, Deadman, who had been inhabiting the body of the fourth Question and one of Shazam's victims, appears and briefly suppresses Shazam's powers by using the magic word. This action serves the Unkindness and Neron's interests, as the Living Lightning returns to the Rock of Eternity and is absorbed by the Unkindness, freeing her from confinement. Now in possession of the Powers of Shazam and considering herself unstoppable, the Unkindness becomes a significant threat to the universe. In return for his loyalty, she rewards her accomplice, Neron, with the Rock of Eternity.

Doctor Hate
Doctor Hate is an alternate version of Raven who debuted in Knight Terrors: Night's End #1 (August, 2023), created by Joshua Williamson and Howard Porter. The character is depicted as the demonic half of Raven who gained independence and became direct counterpart to Doctor Fate, akin to Doctor Chaos and Anti-Fate, and serves as an agent for the Lords of Chaos with the Helmet of Hate. This helmet was formed from a corrupted shard of the Helmet of Fate during the company-wide crossover event, Lazarus Planet, and further augmented by the Nightmare Stone, introduced in the subsequent crossover storyline Knight Terrors as the opposite of the Dreamstone. In the conclusion of the Knight Terrors storyline, Hate assists Amanda Waller in shifting public opinion against the Justice League and entrusts the demonic half with the artifacts.

Hate later appears as a major villain in the Titans: Beast World crossover event, where she erases Beast Boy's human consciousness after Beast Boy transforms himself into a Starro-like entity, self-dubbed "Garro," in order to defeat the Necrostar, whom shares similarities and history with the Starro alien race whom acts as its antithesis. With Beast Boy's humanity lost, Garro adopts behaviors reminiscent of Starro and proceeds to infect individuals on the planet, transforming them into hybrid human-animal creatures. As an agent of chaos, Hate embarked on the path to causing more chaos, causing a temporary riff between herself and Waller, which pitted her against the Network, a group of superheroes and villains of African origin. Shortly after the events, Hate emerges and reconciles with Waller, aiding in the defeat of Garro. When Waller sets her sights on other innocent civilians affected by Garro's transformation, the Titans intervene. They hack into the United States military system to deactivate the drones, a decision that Waller believes may have repercussions in the future. As Raven arrives seeking vengeance and releases her demonic side to resolve the conflict, Hate discloses that her demonic essence no longer resides within her crystals, revealing her true identity.

Alternate realities versions

 * An alternate universe incarnation of Raven appears in Teen Titans: Earth One.
 * Moonchild, an alternate universe incarnation of Raven, appears in The Books of Magic Annual #3.
 * Dark Raven, an alternate timeline incarnation of Raven, appears in Titans Tomorrow.
 * Raveniya Dayspring, a fusion of Raven and Marvel Comics character Aliya Dayspring, appears in the Amalgam Comics universe.
 * Ravanna, a fusion of Raven and Zatanna, appears in Superman/Batman.
 * An illusionary alternate version of Raven appears in DC/Wildstorm: DreamWar.
 * An alternate timeline incarnation of Raven from a future where the New Teen Titans never existed appears in Booster Gold vol. 2.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Raven appears in the Flashpoint storyline. This version is a member of the Secret Seven before being killed by the Enchantress.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Raven appears in DC Comics Bombshells. This version is of German descent and was forced to aid the Nazis after they destroyed her village before escaping.
 * On Earth-11, a gender swapped male version of Raven appears as a teenaged hero allied with Teen Justice (an alternate, gender swapped version of the Teen Titans) and is in a relationship with Donald Troy, the gender-swapped version of Donna Troy.

Television

 * A teenage Raven appears in Teen Titans (2003), voiced by Tara Strong. This version is a member of the eponymous team who wears a purple, hooded cloak and black leotard and possesses grey skin, violet-blue eyes, and shoulder-length violet-blue hair. Additionally, she possesses dark mystical energy, which she often invokes via the chant "Azarath Metrion Zinthos" and allows her to perform several feats, such as telekinesis, teleportation, and safely phasing through solid objects and fire, among other abilities, which are all tied to her emotions. She initially starts the series as the most reserved and stoic member of the Titans, though she eventually softens up and comes to see them as family.
 * Raven appears in the "New Teen Titans" segment of DC Nation Shorts, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven, based on the Teen Titans (2003) incarnation, appears in Teen Titans Go! (2013), voiced again by Tara Strong. This version is a member of the Teen Titans who sports black hair with purple streaks, is more chatty and sociable, and displays her dark side when she is provoked or agitated. Additionally, she eventually goes on to enter a relationship with fellow Titan Beast Boy and possesses an alternate superhero identity called "Lady Legasus". Moreover, the Teen Titans (2003) incarnation of the character also appears in the episode "The Academy" via archival footage.
 * The Teen Titans Go! (2013) incarnation of Raven appears in the OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus", voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * A teenage Rachel Roth / White Raven appears in Titans, portrayed by Teagan Croft. This version is the half-sister of Brother Blood. Following her mother's murder, Rachel's powers manifest, leading to her receiving protection from Dick Grayson and helping found a new incarnation of the Titans.
 * Raven appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2019), voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * The Titans incarnation of Rachel Roth makes a cameo appearance in "Crisis on Infinite Earths" via archive footage from the episode "Titans".

Film

 * The Teen Titans (2003) incarnation of Raven appears in Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven appears in films set in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU), voiced by Taissa Farmiga.
 * Introduced in Justice League vs. Teen Titans, this version is a member of the Teen Titans who forms a bond with new teammate Damian Wayne. After defeating her father Trigon, she traps him in a crystal shard and wears it on her forehead to stop him from escaping.
 * Raven appears in Teen Titans: The Judas Contract.
 * Raven appears in Justice League Dark: Apokolips War. Following Darkseid's invasion of Earth and most of Earth's heroes being killed, she enters self-imposed exile to protect Damian from Trigon. Two years later, the pair reunite to help Earth's remaining heroes mount an assault on Apokolips and confess their feelings for each other. After Damian is killed in battle, Raven loses control of her powers and inadvertently frees Trigon, who battles and eventually helps defeat Darkseid. After she resurrects Damian, the two share a kiss before the Flash resets the timeline.
 * The Teen Titans Go! (2013) incarnation of Raven appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven appears in DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * The Teen Titans Go! (2013) and Teen Titans (2003) incarnations of Raven appear in Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans, both voiced again by Tara Strong. Additionally, several alternate reality incarnations of Raven make minor appearances throughout the film, such as her Tiny Titans, the New Teen Titans comic, and DCAMU counterparts.
 * Raven makes a non-speaking appearance in Injustice.
 * The Teen Titans Go! (2013) incarnation of Raven appears in Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * The Teen Titans Go! (2013) incarnation of Raven appears in Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam, voiced again by Tara Strong.

Video games

 * Raven appears as a playable character in Teen Titans (2005), voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven appears as a playable character in Teen Titans (2006), voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Adriene Mishler. She is initially forced to serve Trigon as a brainwashed thrall until being freed by the Teen Titans.
 * Raven appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced again by Tara Strong. This version is an associate of the Justice League. Additionally, an alternate universe version of Raven appears as a former member of the Titans and servant of Trigon who joined High Councilor Superman's Regime to hasten the former's return.
 * Raven appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Raven appears as a downloadable playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham.
 * The Teen Titans Go! (2013) incarnation of Raven appears as a playable character in Lego Dimensions, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven appears in Teeny Titans, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * The Injustice incarnation of Raven makes a cameo appearance in a flashback depicted in Starfire's ending in Injustice 2 as a former member of the Teen Titans who left to serve Trigon.
 * Raven appears as a playable character and boss in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Tara Strong.
 * Raven, based on her Rebirth design, appears as a cosmetic costume in Fortnite, with a classic design and civilian appearance based on her as Rachel Roth also being available.

Miscellaneous

 * Rachel Roth / Raven appears in Smallville Season 11: Harbinger. She is kidnapped by Brother Blood, who intends to use her as a sacrifice to summon the Sons of Trigon, before she is rescued by Zatanna and John Constantine. After the latter takes the Book of Magick and leaves Zatanna behind, Blood successfully completes the ritual by using himself as the sacrifice. The Sons of Trigon pursue Zatanna and Roth until Constantine has a change of heart and uses Blood's heart to defeat the trio. Following this, Zatanna places Roth in Jay Garrick's care, after which she joins the Teen Titans.
 * Raven makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the "DC Super Friends" short.
 * The Injustice incarnation of Raven appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic. Amidst Trigon's fight with Mister Mxyzptlk, Raven attempts to convince the former to stop before he destroys reality until Doctor Fate intervenes and banishes both Trigon and Mxyzptlk to another dimension. Shaken by her father's "death", Raven seals herself in a pocket dimension. Believing that Fate's decision is proof that she will never be fully accepted by human society, Raven abandons her humanity and embraces the dark portion of her soul, which greatly enhances her power. This leads her to join Superman's Regime with the secret intention of freeing her father and helping him conquer Earth.
 * Raven appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2015), voiced again by Tara Strong.

title: Raven (DC Comics)


text:
Kane Hodder

Kane Warren Hodder (born April 8, 1955) is an American actor, stuntman, and author.

Hodder is best known for his portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the Friday the 13th franchise, with four appearances in the film series: Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood, Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (in which he also played Freddy Krueger's clawed glove hand), and Jason X; and one in the video game Friday the 13th: The Game. He is also known for his role as Victor Crowley in the Hatchet series. He also played Leatherface during the stunts of Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III and the motion capture in the video game The Texas Chain Saw Massacre.

Early life
Hodder was born in Auburn, California in 1955.

Career
Early in his career during an interview, Hodder offered to show the interviewer and her cameraman a fire stunt. It went horribly wrong, leaving him with 2nd and 3rd degree burns over much of his upper body. It was because of these burns that he was initially selected to portray Freddy Krueger in A Nightmare on Elm Street, a role that would eventually go to Robert Englund with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. Hodder was the first actor to portray Jason Voorhees more than once, in a total of four consecutive movies from Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood to Jason X. He portrayed horror icon Leatherface through the stunt work of the 1990 film Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III and played Freddy Krueger's clawed glove hand at the ending scene of Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday. He also acted as a police guard in Jason Goes to Hell. He also appeared in an episode of The Arsenio Hall Show to promote Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, in costume as Jason.

Although he offered to reprise his role as Jason Voorhees in the 2003 film Freddy vs. Jason, director Ronny Yu replaced Hodder with 6 ft Canadian stuntman Ken Kirzinger. The switch created controversy among fans of the series and has been credited to several rumors, including Kirzinger's location in Canada and his height compared to Robert Englund, the actor who portrayed Freddy Krueger, while Yu himself stated that it was New Line Cinema's idea to do so. Though Hodder still expresses resentment over not being chosen, he is still good friends with Kirzinger and Englund. In 2011 Hodder wrote, along with author Michael Aloisi, his autobiography Unmasked: The True Story of the World's Most Prolific Cinematic Killer. This was in 2014 turned into a webseries, which was released as The Killer & I.

Hodder starred in the slasher film Hatchet as main character Victor Crowley, a physically deformed young boy who comes back from the dead to kill the people who invade the swamp where he lives— a similar story in relation to that of Jason Voorhees. The role earned him the Horror Jury Award for Best Actor at the Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas. He reprised this role in Hatchet II, Hatchet III and Victor Crowley.

Hodder portrayed Grawesome Crutal in the slasher film, Muck and its sequel Muck: Feast of Saint Patrick. He co-starred with Doug Jones and Michael McShane in the horror comedy film Love in the Time of Monsters. In March 2015, he was part of Adam Green's ArieScope webseries Adam Green's Scary Sleepover.

Kane Hodder reprised his role as Jason Voorhees in Friday the 13th: The Game.

Personal life
Hodder is an avid poker player. He has the word "Kill!" tattooed on the back of his bottom lip. He spends time working with children in burn centers, and despite the roles he often plays, Hodder has often been described as a very friendly man who loves to meet his fans.

For a long time, Hodder claimed his favorite kill scene in his films was the "sleeping bag against a tree" scene from Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood. He now considers the one where he rips a woman's face in half from Hatchet (2006) to be his favorite.

Hodder is a noted Juggalo, a fan of the group Insane Clown Posse. To reflect this, he has a custom charm of the group's "hatchetman" logo holding a machete instead of a hatchet, a reference to his role as Jason.

Hodder appeared on the December 4, 2012 episode of the TruTV show Hardcore Pawn, in which he had a miniature gold mask made from a piece a fan had made for him.

Along with poker Hodder is also an avid ghost hunter. He founded the Hollywood Ghost Hunters group with former stuntman and friend Rick "Stuntman" McCullum who was a stunt double for Sid Haig.

In 1984, he married his wife Susan B. Hodder and has two sons name Jace Hodder and Reed Hodder.

Unmasked
Hodder co-wrote an autobiography with author Mike Aloisi. The book is about his life and experience in the film industry and was released on October 1, 2011. "Unmasked documents the unlikely true story of a boy who was taunted and beaten relentlessly by bullies throughout his childhood. Kane only escaped his tormentors when he moved to a tiny island in the South Pacific where he lived for all of his teen years. After living shirtless in a jungle for a while, he headed back to America where he fell in love with doing stunts—only to have his love burn him, literally. For the first time ever, Kane tells the true story of the burn injury that nearly killed him at the start of his career. The entire story of his recovery, the emotional and physical damage it caused, his fight to break back into the industry that almost killed him, and his rise to become a film actor are told in Kane's own voice."

title: Kane Hodder


text:
Amin al-Majaj

Amin Saleh Majaj (أمين المجاج, Āmeen Majjaj; March 21, 1921, Ramallah – January 2, 1999, East Jerusalem) was a titular mayor of Jerusalem, formerly the neighborhoods of East Jerusalem that were occupied and annexed by Jordan during the years 1949–1967, and later occupied and annexed by Israel in the Six-Day War.

Al-Majaj held the position from 1994 to his death after Mayor Ruhi al-Khatib died on 5 July 1994. A year later Jordanian businessman Zaki Al-Ghul was selected as successor to this position, which does not entail direct responsibility for municipal services. The position is not recognized by Israel.

Amin Majaj was a physician and a public servant. In the late 1940s and 1950s he made detailed research into malnutrition and its attendant diseases among children in the Palestinian refugee camps, and devised treatments for them.

Born in Ramallah in 1921 to a well known Christian family that belonged to the Anglican Episcopal Church, Majaj was educated at St George's High School in Jerusalem (part of the Anglican bishopric), going on to the American University of Beirut in 1945 and to the University of London, where he studied medicine, specialising in child health. Back in Jordan, Majaj was confronted by a new and challenging situation. There were now half a million refugees from Palestine in Jordanian camps, kept alive by UNRWA rations. Many children were dying from gastroenteritis and deficiency diseases.

Majaj realised that malnutrition among mothers was making breastfeeding ineffective and that lack of animal protein in the rations was the cause of iron-deficiency anemia, and protein deficiency resulting in diseases such as kwashiorkor. The remedy, a diet rich in animal proteins and vitamin B12 injections, was easier to recommend than to implement.

His research continued until the children's wards in the Augusta Victoria Hospital in Jerusalem, where Majaj worked as head of the paediatrics department from 1950 to 1991, sustained a direct hit when the Israelis invaded the West Bank during the 1967 war.

Majaj published the results of his research in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 1966, in the Gazette of the Egyptian Paediatric Association of 1960 and in British and German medical journals. He was paediatrician at the Makased Islamic Hospital in Jerusalem from 1967 to 1982 (director from 1977), as well as on the board of hospitals in Gaza and Nablus.

He was on the Jerusalem municipal council from 1950 and at the time of his death was acting mayor of East Jerusalem. He also served as a member of the Jordanian parliament from 1967 to 1988, and as Minister of Health in 1957 and in 1964. Among his many other responsibilities he took over direction of Musa Alami's Arab Development Society in Jericho, which took boys out of Palestinian refugee camps to teach them agricultural and other skills.

In 1947 he married Betty Dagher from Lebanon, who is now director of the Princess Basma Centre for Disabled Children in Jerusalem.

Amin Majaj, physician: born Ramallah, Palestine 21 March 1921; married 1947 Betty Dagher (one son, three daughters); died Jerusalem 2 January 1999.

title: Amin al-Majaj


text:
Category:Castles

This category also includes buildings which never had a military purpose, but are styled as castles on romantic or stylistic grounds. Most such buildings date from the late 18th to early 20th centuries, and were a manifestation of the Gothic revival in architecture, which was in turn part of the Romantic movement in Western culture. They are sometimes referred to as "revival castles" or "mock castles".

title: Category:Castles


text:
1937 in sports

1937 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Alpine skiing
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 7th FIS Alpine World Ski Championships are held at Chamonix, France. The events are a downhill, a slalom and a combined race in both the men's and women's categories. The winners are:
 * Men's Downhill – Emile Allais (France)
 * Men's Slalom – Emile Allais (France)
 * Men's Combined – Emile Allais (France)
 * Women's Downhill – Christl Cranz (Germany)
 * Women's Slalom – Christl Cranz (Germany)
 * Women's Combined – Christl Cranz (Germany)

American football

 * NFL Championship – the Washington Redskins won 28–21 over the Chicago Bears at Wrigley Field.
 * First Cotton Bowl Classic is played in Dallas.
 * Pittsburgh Panthers – college football national championship
 * The Cleveland Rams join the National Football League.

Association football
England Spain Germany Italy Portugal France Sweden
 * First Division – Manchester City win the 1936–37 title.
 * FA Cup – Sunderland beat Preston North End 3–1.
 * La Liga – not contested due to the Spanish Civil War
 * German football championship won by Schalke 04
 * Serie A won by Bologna
 * Primeira Liga won by S.L. Benfica
 * French Division 1 won by Olympique de Marseille
 * Allsvenskan 1936/1937: AIK

Australian rules football

 * Victorian Football League
 * 25 September – Geelong wins the 41st VFL Premiership, defeating Collingwood 18.14 (122) to 12.18 (90) in the 1937 VFL Grand Final
 * Brownlow Medal awarded to Dick Reynolds (Essendon)
 * South Australian National Football League
 * 2 October – Port Adelaide 13.16 (94) defeat South Adelaide 10.10 (70) to win their second consecutive SANFL premiership.
 * Magarey Medal won by Harold Hawke (North Adelaide)
 * Western Australian National Football League
 * 9 October – East Fremantle 14.13 (97) defeat Claremont 13.9 (87) to win their eighteenth premiership.
 * Sandover Medal won by "Scranno" Jenkins (South Fremantle).

Baseball

 * World Series – New York Yankees defeat New York Giants, 4–1.
 * Hall of Fame election – Continuing toward the goal of 10 initial inductees from the 20th century, voters select Nap Lajoie, Tris Speaker and Cy Young. A special committee selects managers Connie Mack and John McGraw, former league presidents Morgan Bulkeley and Ban Johnson, and pioneer shortstop/promoter George Wright. Selections of nineteenth-century players are postponed.
 * Aguilas Cibaenas, a club of Dominican Republic, officially founded in Santiago de los Caballeros on January 28.

Basketball
Events
 * Major professional basketball returns with the formation of the National Basketball League.
 * Eurobasket 1937 – Lithuania win the second European basketball championship.
 * The fifth South American Basketball Championship in Valparaíso and Santiago is won by Chile.
 * The first NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament played in Kansas City.

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 22 June – Joe Louis defeats James J. Braddock at Chicago by an eighth-round knockout to win the World Heavyweight Championship.
 * 30 August – in his first title defence, Louis defeats Tommy Farr at Bronx on a fifteen-round decision
 * World Heavyweight Championship – James J. Braddock → Joe Louis
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – John Henry Lewis
 * World Middleweight Championship – vacant
 * World Welterweight Championship – Barney Ross
 * World Lightweight Championship – Lou Ambers
 * World Featherweight Championship – vacant → Henry Armstrong
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Sixto Escobar → Harry Jeffra
 * World Flyweight Championship – vacant → Benny Lynch

Cricket
Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies
 * England tours Australia, losing the five-Test series two games to three, despite winning the first two games.
 * County Championship – Yorkshire
 * Minor Counties Championship – Lancashire Second Eleven
 * Most runs – Wally Hammond 3,252 @ 65.04 (HS 217)
 * Most wickets – Tom Goddard 248 @ 16.76 (BB 10–113)
 * New Zealand play a three-test series against England, losing the series one Test to nil with two draws.
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Tom Goddard, Joe Hardstaff, Jr., Leonard Hutton, Jim Parks, Sr., Eddie Paynter
 * Sheffield Shield – Victoria
 * Most runs – Don Bradman 1,552 @ 86.22 (HS 270)
 * Most wickets
 * Chuck Fleetwood-Smith 53 @ 20.24 (BB 8–79)
 * Frank Ward 53 @ 28.41 (BB 7–127)
 * Ranji Trophy – Nawanagar beat Bengal by 256 runs
 * Bombay Pentangular – Muslims
 * Plunket Shield – Auckland
 * Currie Cup – not contested
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – Trinidad

Cycling
Tour de France Giro d'Italia
 * Roger Lapébie wins the Tour de France.
 * Gino Bartali of Legnano wins the 25th Giro d'Italia

Field hockey

 * July 14 – foundation of HC Den Bosch, a Dutch club based in 's-Hertogenbosch

Figure skating

 * World Figure Skating Championships –
 * Men's champion: Felix Kaspar, Austria
 * Ladies’ champion: Megan Taylor, Great Britain
 * Pair skating champion: Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier, Germany

Golf
Men's professional Men's amateur Women's professional
 * Masters Tournament – Byron Nelson
 * PGA Championship – Denny Shute
 * U.S. Open – Ralph Guldahl
 * British Open – Henry Cotton
 * British Amateur – Robert Sweeny Jr.
 * U.S. Amateur – Johnny Goodman
 * Women's Western Open – Helen Hicks
 * Titleholders Championship – Patty Berg

Horse racing
Steeplechases Hurdle races Flat races
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup – not held due to flooding of Cheltenham Racecourse
 * Grand National – Royal Mail
 * Champion Hurdle – Free Fare
 * Australia – Melbourne Cup won by The Trump
 * Canada – King's Plate won by Goldlure
 * France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Corrida
 * Ireland – Irish Derby Stakes won by Phideas
 * English Triple Crown Races:
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Le Ksar
 * The Derby – Mid-day Sun
 * St. Leger Stakes – Chulmleigh
 * United States Triple Crown Races:
 * Kentucky Derby – War Admiral
 * Preakness Stakes – War Admiral
 * Belmont Stakes – War Admiral

Ice hockey

 * April 15 – The Detroit Red Wings defeat the New York Rangers 3–0 to win the 1937 Stanley Cup Finals
 * April 17 – The Winnipeg Monarchs defeat the Copper Cliff Redmen 7–0 to win the 1937 Memorial Cup

Nordic skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
 * 10th FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1937 are held at Chamonix, France

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 24 March — Oxford wins the 89th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league

 * 1936–37 European Rugby League Championship
 * 1937 New Zealand rugby league season
 * 1937 NSWRFL season
 * 1936–37 Northern Rugby Football League season / 1937–38 Northern Rugby Football League season

Rugby union

 * 50th Home Nations Championship series is won by England

Snooker

 * World Snooker Championship – Joe Davis beats Horace Lindrum 32–29

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * Men's All-round Champion – Michael Staksrud (Norway)
 * Women's All-round Champion – Laila Schou Nilsen (Norway)

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Vivian McGrath (Australia) defeats John Bromwich (Australia) 6–3, 1–6, 6–0, 2–6, 6–1
 * Australian Women's Singles Championship – Nancye Wynne Bolton (Australia) defeats Emily Hood Westacott (Australia) 6–3, 5–7, 6–4
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Don Budge (USA) defeats Gottfried von Cramm (Germany) 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Dorothy Round Little (Great Britain) defeats Jadwiga Jędrzejowska (Poland) 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Henner Henkel (Germany) defeats Bunny Austin (Great Britain) 6–1, 6–4, 6–3
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling (Germany) defeats Simonne Mathieu (France) 6–2, 6–4
 * American Men's Singles Championship – Don Budge (USA) defeats Gottfried von Cramm (Germany) 6–1, 7–9, 6–1, 3–6, 6–1
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Anita Lizana (Chile) defeats Jadwiga Jędrzejowska (Poland) 6–4, 6–2
 * 1937 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 4–1  at Centre Court, Wimbledon (grass) London, United Kingdom

Yacht racing

 * The New York Yacht Club retains the America's Cup as Ranger defeats British challenger Endeavour II, of the Royal Yacht Squadron, 4 races to 0

Awards

 * Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Don Budge, Tennis
 * Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Katherine Rawls, Swimming

title: 1937 in sports


text: Category:Dallas Stars players

title: Category:Dallas Stars players


text: Category:International law

title: Category:International law


text:
Category:Florida Panthers players

These are articles about ice hockey players who play or have played in the National Hockey League for the Florida Panthers. There is also a list at List of Florida Panthers players.

title: Category:Florida Panthers players