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Thomas P. Stafford

Thomas Patten Stafford (September 17, 1930 – March 18, 2024) was an American Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut, and one of 24 astronauts who flew to the Moon. He also served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1969 to 1971.

After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Stafford was commissioned in the United States Air Force, flying the F-86 Sabre before becoming a test pilot. He was selected to become an astronaut in 1962, and flew aboard Gemini 6A in 1965 and Gemini 9A in 1966. In 1969, he commanded Apollo 10, the second crewed mission to orbit the Moon. Here, he and Gene Cernan became the first to fly an Apollo Lunar Module in lunar orbit, descending to an altitude of nine miles.

In 1975, Stafford was the commander of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) flight, the first joint U.S.-Soviet space mission. A brigadier general at the time, he became the first general officer to fly in space. He was the first member of his Naval Academy class to pin on the first, second, and third stars of a general officer. He made six rendezvous in space and logged 507 hours of space flight.

Stafford flew more than 120 types of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft and three types of spacecraft. After the deaths of Wally Schirra, Eugene Cernan, and John Young, he was the last surviving crew member of Gemini 6A, Gemini 9A, and Apollo 10.

In 1993, the Stafford Air & Space Museum was founded in his hometown of Weatherford, Oklahoma. Originally just two rooms, it has grown to over 63,000 square feet (5,850 m2) of artifact space. It is a Smithsonian affiliate and is the only museum in the world to house test-fired engines that would have been used in the Space Race: a U.S. F-1 engine and a Soviet NK-33 engine. It holds the Gemini 6 spacecraft that he and Schirra flew in a rendezvous with Gemini 7.

Early life and education
Thomas Patten Stafford was born on September 17, 1930, in Weatherford, Oklahoma, to Dr. Thomas Sabert Stafford, a dentist, and Mary Ellen Stafford (Patten), a former teacher. Thomas Sabert Stafford was diagnosed with skin cancer in 1944, and died on June 22, 1948. Mary Stafford remained in Weatherford until her death in August 1987. Stafford became interested in aviation following the start of World War II, as the nearby city El Reno has an Army Air Corps training base. Stafford began making model airplanes, and made his first flight at the age of 14 in a Piper Cub. He attended Weatherford High School and graduated in 1948.

In his senior year of high school, Stafford was recruited to play football at the University of Oklahoma, where he had received a Navy ROTC scholarship. Stafford applied to the United States Naval Academy, and was accepted to the Class of 1952. Stafford intended to play football for the Navy Midshipmen, but sustained a career-ending knee injury during a preseason practice session. After his freshman year, he sailed aboard the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63), where his roommate was John Young, his future Apollo 10 command module pilot. After his second year, Stafford spent a summer at NAS Pensacola, where he was exposed to naval aviation and flew in the SNJ Trainer. On a trip home to Weatherford, Stafford began dating his future wife, Faye Shoemaker. After his third year, he served aboard USS Burdo (APD-133), a destroyer escorting USS Missouri. While visiting home during his fourth year, Stafford became engaged to Faye in December 1951. In the spring of 1952, he was selected in a lottery to join the United States Air Force upon graduation. Stafford graduated from the Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering with honors in 1952, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Air Force.

Military service
In high school, Stafford served in the 45th Infantry Division in the Oklahoma National Guard. Soon after, he transferred to the division's 158th Field Artillery Battalion, where he plotted targets for artillery fires.

Stafford attended the first phase of pilot training at Greenville AFB, Mississippi, San Marcos AFB, Texas and Connally AFB, Texas, where he flew the T-6 Texan and the T-33 Shooting Star. While on a training mission at San Marcos AFB, he was involved in a mid-air collision with another student pilot. Stafford and his instructor were able to land, but the other student pilot was killed. He graduated from pilot training on September 1, 1953, and moved to Tyndall AFB, Florida, for F-86 Sabre training. In 1954, Stafford was assigned to the 54th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota, where he flew the F-86 mission for Arctic defense. In 1955, Stafford transferred to the 496th Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Hahn Air Base (now Frankfurt-Hahn Airport), West Germany, again flying interceptor mission in the F-86 Sabre. In addition, he served as an assistant maintenance officer, developing his interest in applying for the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School.

In 1958, Stafford attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, California, where he finished first in his class, and received the A. B. Honts Award. After graduation, he remained at Edwards AFB as a flight instructor. While working as an instructor, Stafford created the first civilian instructor position at Test Pilot School to ensure continuity, and co-wrote the Pilot's Handbook for Performance Flight Testing and the Aerodynamics Handbook for Performance Flight Testing. At the end of his assignment, Stafford was accepted at Harvard Business School, and moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in September 1962. Three days after arriving, he was accepted to NASA Group Two.

NASA career
In April 1962, while working as a flight instructor, Stafford applied for the next round of astronaut selection. The required interviews and medical screenings occurred over the summer of 1962 at Brooks Air Force Base and in Houston. On September 14, 1962, Stafford was selected for Astronaut Group 2, alongside eight other future astronauts.

Gemini 6A

Stafford was originally scheduled to fly with Alan Shepard on the first crewed Gemini mission, Gemini 3, but was replaced when Shepard was removed from the flight rotation after being diagnosed with Ménière's disease. Stafford was paired with Wally Schirra as pilot and commander, respectively, and the pair was reassigned as the backup crew for Gemini 3, and primary crew for Gemini 6.

The original Gemini 6 mission profile involved docking with an Agena target vehicle. On October 25, 1965, Schirra and Stafford were inside Gemini 6 before liftoff when the Agena vehicle exploded on ascent. After the original mission was canceled, it was redesignated Gemini 6A and was planned to rendezvous with the long-duration Gemini 7 mission. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965. On December 12, 1965, Gemini 6A's ignition was followed by an immediate engine shutdown. Schirra and Stafford did not eject, and the cause of the shutdown was found to be an electrical issue and a cap inadvertently left on a fuel line.

On December 15, 1965, Gemini 6A lifted off and rendezvoused with Gemini 7. The two spacecraft kept station for about five hours, coming within feet of each other. Gemini 6A splashed down on December 16, and was recovered by USS Wasp (CV-18).

Gemini 9A

Before Gemini 6A, Stafford was assigned as the backup commander for Gemini 9 with Eugene Cernan as the backup pilot. Charlie Bassett and Elliot See were the primary crew. On February 28, 1966, both crews flew in T-38 Talons to Lambert Field to visit the McDonnell Douglas Gemini assembly facility. Bassett and See crashed on landing, and were killed. Stafford and Cernan became the Gemini 9 primary crew, with Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin as their backup crew.

On May 17, 1966, the Agena target vehicle went off course and was shut down before entering orbit. As there was no replacement Agena rocket, the new target for the mission was the Augmented Target Docking Adapter (ATDA), which achieved orbit on June 1, 1966. The Gemini 9A launch, scheduled for later the same day, was canceled due to a computer error. Gemini 9A launched on June 3, and rendezvoused with the ATDA on the second orbit. Its shroud had only partially opened and Gemini 9A was unable to dock with it. Stafford and Cernan instead conducted orbital rendezvous maneuvers with it, including a simulated rescue of a lunar module in a lower orbit.

The following day, Cernan attempted an extravehicular activity (EVA), with the primary mission of testing the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (AMU). After exiting the spacecraft, Cernan quickly experienced mobility issues, followed by environmental regulation and communication issues. The EVA was aborted, and Cernan returned to the capsule after two hours. On June 6, Gemini 9A landed, and was recovered by USS Wasp.

Apollo program

After Gemini 9A, Stafford was assigned as the backup command module pilot on what was then planned as Apollo 2, with Frank Borman as the commander and Mike Collins as the lunar module pilot. For his technical assignment, Stafford was tasked as an astronaut liaison for the development of Apollo guidance and navigation systems, as well as the command and service module. In late 1966, he was reassigned to Apollo 2 backup commander, with Apollo 10 crewmates John Young as the command module pilot and Gene Cernan as the lunar module pilot. While testing the command module, they received word of the Apollo 1 fire and subsequent suspension of the Apollo program.

Apollo 10
In the spring of 1968, Deke Slayton announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo 2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10. In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a color camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before from space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission. The command module (CM) was nicknamed "Charlie Brown"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed "Snoopy".

Apollo 10 lifted off on May 18, 1969. Despite heavy oscillation during ascent, Apollo 10 achieved orbit without incident, docked the LM and CM, and achieved its translunar injection burn. Upon arriving in lunar orbit, Stafford and Cernan undocked in the LM and entered an elliptical orbit with a periapsis (the closest distance) of nine miles over the lunar surface. To provide reconnaissance, the periapsis coincided with the Sea of Tranquility, the intended landing site for Apollo 11. Upon ascent, the LM began turning rapidly from a misaligned switch on the Abort Guidance System; Stafford was able to regain control and conduct the burn to rendezvous with the CM. The LM docked with the CM to return the astronauts and was jettisoned. After two days in lunar orbit, Apollo 10 began its return trajectory. Along the return, the capsule traveled at 24791 mph, setting the record for the fastest speed by a human being. Apollo 10 splashed down east of Samoa and was recovered by USS Princeton (CV-37).

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

In July 1969, Stafford replaced Alan Shepard (who had returned to flight status) as Chief of the Astronaut Office. Along with Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton, Stafford oversaw assignments to the upcoming Apollo and Skylab missions until Shepard resumed the position after Apollo 14 in July 1971. During this period, U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin agreed to the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). Stafford was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in late 1972, and was soon named the commander of ASTP, along with Slayton (who had also returned to flight status) and Vance Brand.

Beginning in 1973, the ASTP team trained extensively in Russia and the United States. Soyuz 19, carrying Alexei Leonov and Valery Kubasov, launched on July 15, 1975, at 12:20 UTC, followed by Apollo at 19:50 UTC. After two days in space, Soyuz and Apollo docked on July 17, where the crews met and conducted joint experiments and held press conferences. After remaining docked for 44 hours, the two spacecraft undocked on July 19. Soyuz returned to Earth on July 21; Apollo remained in orbit until July 24. While descending, the Apollo command module began filling with nitrogen tetroxide from the reaction control thrusters. The crew donned oxygen masks, but Brand lost consciousness and had to be assisted by Stafford. All crew were safely recovered aboard USS New Orleans (LPH-11), and were hospitalized in Hawaii for edema (swelling) from fuel inhalation.

Post-NASA career

In June 1975, before ASTP, Stafford was offered command of the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB. He accepted and assumed the assignment on November 15, 1975. Stafford oversaw the Air Force and NASA test facilities at Edwards AFB, as well as test ranges in Utah and Nevada. He continued to fly (including foreign aircraft such as the MiG-17 and Panavia Tornado) and was involved in the interview of Viktor Belenko after his defection. Stafford also managed the development of the XST, which would later evolve into the F-117 Nighthawk. In March 1978, he was promoted to lieutenant general and became Deputy Chief of Staff, Research Development and Acquisition in Washington, D.C. While working in Washington, Stafford advocated for the creation of the mobile MX missile, and began developing the Advanced Technology Bomber, the predecessor to the B-2 stealth bomber.

With no statement of need or requirements, Stafford pushed for and started a larger attack stealth aircraft named Senior Trend, which was later designated the Stealth Attack F-117A. The F-117A flew in just two years and eight months after the contract with Lockheed was signed. The aircraft became operational in less than five years. During Desert Storm, it was the only plane that secured airspace above Baghdad on the opening night of combat in 1991. The F-117A flew less than two percent of the air-to-ground combat missions, but it was responsible for attacking 43 percent of the Iraqi strategic targets.

In early 1979, before giving a speech at the Chicago chapter of the Air Force Association, Stafford met with the Chairman of Northrop whose company had started a low-speed experimental stealth reconnaissance program for DARPA and the U.S. Army using smooth surfaces. On a piece of hotel stationery, Stafford wrote specs for range, payload, radar cross-section, and gross take-off weight for an advanced stealth technology bomber, which later became designated as the B-2. To further enhance his emphasis on stealth, he started a competition between the firms of Boeing, General Dynamics, and also included Lockheed because of their stealth technology, to develop a stealth supercruise missile. Out of that came the AGM-129 Stealth Cruise missile developed by General Dynamics. It was a 2,000 nautical mile super stealth nuclear-armed cruise missile with a W-80-1 warhead and 130 Kilotons yield. He then started the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program to replace the F-15 (now the F-22) as an air superiority fighter. Stafford retired to Norman, Oklahoma, on November 1, 1979.

Following his retirement, Stafford served on several corporate boards, including Omega SA, Gibraltar Exploration, and Gulfstream Aerospace. He originally intended to reunite with his ASTP crewmates in Russia, but the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the subsequent 1980 Olympics boycott, left them unable to travel to Russia. Stafford created a consulting firm, Stafford, Burke, and Hecker, with two recently retired United States Air Force general officers, Lieutenant General Kelly H. Burke, and Major General Guy L. Hecker Jr. In July 1990, Vice President Quayle and Admiral Richard Truly, then the NASA administrator, asked Stafford to chair a committee (the "Synthesis Committee") that advised NASA on their overall effort toward long-term lunar and Mars missions, the Space Exploration Initiative. Stafford and his team of 42 full-time members and 150 part-time members created a long-term plan with lunar missions in 2004 and a Mars mission in 2012. In 1992, Stafford began work as an advisor for Space Station Freedom, the precursor to the International Space Station (ISS). While coordinating Russian involvement, Stafford became a technical advisor for the Shuttle–Mir program, particularly STS-63 and STS-71. He also served on a review committee for the Progress-Mir Collision.

In 2002, Stafford published an autobiography written with Michael Cassutt, titled We Have Capture: Tom Stafford and the Space Race. He also wrote the epilogue of the 2011 book Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon by fellow Apollo astronaut Al Worden.

Stafford and Soviet commander Alexey Leonov, became lasting friends, with Leonov being the godfather of Stafford's younger children. Stafford gave a eulogy in Russian at Leonov's funeral in October 2019.

Personal life and death
In 1953, Stafford married Faye Shoemaker from Weatherford, Oklahoma. Faye and Stafford had two daughters, Dionne (born 1954) and Karin (born 1957). Faye and Stafford divorced in 1985. Stafford later married Linda Ann Dishman in December 1988. They had two adopted sons, Michael Thomas and Stanislav "Stas" Patten. Stafford enjoyed hunting, weight lifting, gliding, scuba diving, fishing and swimming.

Stafford died from liver cancer at a care home in Satellite Beach, Florida, on March 18, 2024, at the age of 93.

Awards and honors
Throughout his career, Stafford received numerous awards for his accomplishments. He was a recipient of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Award (1969), the Harmon International Aviation Trophy (1966), the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award (1969), the Society of Experimental Test Pilots James H. Doolittle Award (1979) and the Elmer A. Sperry Award (2008). Stafford received recognition from the U.S. and Russian governments, with the U.S. Congressional Space Medal of Honor (1993) and the Russian Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (2011).

Stafford's military decorations and awards include: the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, Air Force Commendation Medal and Air Force Outstanding Unit Award ribbon with three oak leaf clusters. Other awards presented to Stafford include: NASA Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, NASA Exceptional Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Octave Chanute Award (1976), the Veterans of Foreign Wars National Space Award, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1976), the National Geographic Society's General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy (1975), and the A. B. Honts Award as the outstanding graduate from the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School. He was awarded the Gold Space Medal from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) in 1976. FAI created an exception that allowed Leonov to be awarded it alongside him; typically the award is restricted to one person per year. The RNASA Foundation awarded him with their highest honor, the National Space Trophy, in 1993.

In 2011, Stafford was awarded the National Aeronautic Association Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, and the Air Force Association's Lifetime Achievement Award. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2014. Stafford is an inductee of the National Aviation Hall of Fame, Oklahoma Aviation and Space Hall of Fame, International Air & Space Hall of Fame, the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame, and the International Space Hall of Fame. He was a fellow of the American Astronautical Society, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, and a member of the Explorers Club. In 2019, he was awarded the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.

Honoraria: Stafford was the recipient of a Doctorate of Science from Oklahoma City University; a Doctorate of Laws from Western State University; a Doctorate of Communications from Emerson College, and a Doctorate of Aeronautical Engineering from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

In his hometown of Weatherford, Stafford was honored with a building at Southwestern Oklahoma State University named in his honor, the Thomas P. Stafford Airport, and the Stafford Air & Space Museum. The Stafford Building at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City is named after him. In September 2018, Stafford was depicted in a corn maze in Hydro, Oklahoma.

In media

 * 1974 TV movie Houston, We've Got a Problem – played by himself
 * 1990 album Impurity by British rock band New Model Army – quotes Stafford in the song "Space"
 * 1996 TV movie Apollo 11 – was played by Tony Carlin.
 * 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon – played by Steve Hofvendahl.
 * 2013 Pilot episode of The Americans on FX, played by an uncredited actor

title: Thomas P. Stafford


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Cumberland School of Law

Cumberland School of Law is an ABA-accredited law school at Samford University in Homewood, Alabama, United States. It was founded in 1847 at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee and is the 11th oldest law school in the United States.

The school offers two degree programs: the 90-hour Juris Doctor (J.D.), and the Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), which is designed to educate foreign lawyers in the basic legal principles of the United States. The school also offers eight dual-degree programs and a Master of Laws (LL.M) program with concentrations in financial service regulatory compliance, health law and policy, higher education law and compliance, and legal project management.

Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, Kentucky, and is no longer a part of Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee.

History

This summary is based on From Maverick to Mainstream, a review of Cumberland's history and the development of the American legal education system.

Langum and Walthall summarize the history of Cumberland Law School as:

"From its very local, Tennessee origins in 1847, Cumberland...emerged as a premier law school with a national status. It excelled in faculty, teaching methodology, and numbers of students. Following the American Civil War, Cumberland rebuilt itself and ultimately succeeded on a grand scale with its single-year curriculum."

Early years and founding
Cumberland School of Law was founded on July 29, 1847 in Lebanon, Tennessee at Cumberland University. At the end of 1847, there were 15 law schools in the United States.

Prior to the law school's official founding, Cumberland University facilitated the study of law and admitted a diverse student body, evidenced by graduates such as George W. Harkins, a Choctaw chief, who received a law degree from Cumberland and became a judge in 1834.

Antebellum years
Prior to the founding of the United States' first law schools, the primary means for a legal education was apprenticeship. Establishing law schools was difficult in the early 19th century. Harvard was only able to reestablish its law school in 1829 and Yale in 1826. By 1859, Cumberland, Harvard, and the University of Virginia School of Law were the three largest law schools in the United States. A year later, in 1860, only 21 university law schools existed in the country, and, in no school did the curriculum extend beyond two years.

During the Antebellum years, Cumberland enjoyed success. Nathan Green Jr., son of then professor Nathan Green Sr., stated that Cumberland enjoyed "the highest degree of prosperity", with a beautiful 20 acre campus, picturesque trees and fences, and fine architecture. Cumberland's first graduate Paine Page Prim ultimately became chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.

Students were taught through reading treatises, approximately two hours worth of recitations each morning, and a mandatory moot court program. Caruthers considered the law a science and the Socratic Method a necessity. The cost was $50 a session and a $5 "contingent fee". After the Civil War, this treatise method, the legal formalism of the school's approach, and Nathan Green Jr.'s unwillingness to make changes, were all considered reasons for Cumberland's drift out of the mainstream.

Civil war
At the start of the American Civil War, the campus split within a week; some students joined the northern army; many joined the southern. Nathan Green Jr.'s father, a law professor, went home, but in fear of arrest, Abraham Caruthers fled to Marietta, Georgia, where he died a year later.

During the war, professors John Carter and Nathan Green Jr. fought as Confederate officers. Carter was killed, but Green survived. The campus did not. The trees were cut down and fences destroyed and burned. The Confederate Army burned the University buildings, apparently because a Confederate major was offended that Black Union soldiers had used them as barracks.

Reconstruction
The law school began the slow process of rebuilding. In July 1866, Cumberland adopted the image of the phoenix, the mythological Egyptian bird that is reborn from its own ashes. The new motto was E Cineribus Resurgo or "I rise from the ashes."

In September 1865 classes resumed with 11 students, which soon grew to 20. The 1865 class included a Confederate General and Union colonel, enemies only a few months earlier. Nathan Green Jr. kept the school together until Henry Cooper, a circuit judge, Andrew B. Martin, and Robert L. Caruthers, brother of deceased founder Abraham Caruthers, joined the faculty. Robert Caruthers had previously served as the state attorney general and had been elected Governor of Tennessee during the war in 1863, but was never inaugurated. In 1873 Robert Caruthers purchased Corona Hall from the Corona Institute for Women for $10,000, which he immediately donated to the University for use by the law school.

The destruction of the campus and the devastation of war had impoverished the school, and it was almost 15 years before it saw students enter from outside the South, when a student from Illinois and a member of the Choctaw Nation enrolled at Cumberland. But there were few students from outside of the defeated Southern states, which Langum and Walthall claim underscored "how terribly the Civil War blighted Cumberland."

Robert Caruthers persisted, despite the setbacks, and in 1878 Caruthers Hall was dedicated in his honor. This new school replaced Corona Hall, which had limitations. The new hall apparently had "excellent acoustics and hard seats" and is described as a:

"splendid structure, built after the latest architectural style, is nearly one hundred feet from base to spire, and contains two recitation rooms for the Law Department, two Society Halls, a Library, and a chapel whose seating capacity is about seven hundred."

National shift in legal education

Despite the heroic efforts to keep the school alive, Cumberland was falling into the minority at the turn of the 20th century. It maintained a one-year curriculum when other schools moved toward longer terms, and it was entrenched with legal formalism, which had reached its peak in the 1870s and would soon be on the decline. In 1876, for instance, Harvard Law School began to encourage a three-year curriculum. Through 1919, Cumberland did not adapt to the shift in legal education.

Historian Lewis L. Laska observed that:

"Cumberland, which had once marked the high point of professional education, had become a captive of its own success. Unwilling to adopt modern techniques such as the case method, or to expand and deepen its curriculum by opting for the three-year standard, Cumberland became the symbol of the democratic bar."

In 1903 Nathan Green Jr. became the first dean of the law school. For the prior 57 years the school did not have this position, which was becoming more and more popular among law schools.

Cumberland first admitted women in 1901, and the library grew from 600 volumes in 1869 to 3000 in 1878. Today, the Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library contains 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents.

In 1915 Cumberland refurbished its halls with an $8000 grant from the U.S. government as reparation for federal occupancy during the Civil War.

When Cordell Hull graduated from Cumberland, he commented on the diploma privilege, which granted the right to practice law without taking a bar exam, saying that

"according to custom, we members of the graduating class, the moment we received our diplomas, took them to the courthouse, where a district judge awaited us. He swore us in as members of the bar. I was not 20 years old."

Cordell Hull is today honored at Cumberland with a Moot Court room bearing his name.

Cumberland eventually did adapt to the changing times, moving from Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, to Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama in 1961. It is one of a few law schools in the United States to have been sold from one university to another (others include the University of Puget Sound selling its law school to Seattle University and the Quinnipiac University School of Law, formerly part of the University of Bridgeport).

Planning
In December 2005 Cumberland adopted a long-term plan for the school. One call of the plan is to gradually downsize the number of students in order to provide smaller classes and closer individual attention to students. In 1995 the entering class was 212 and by 2023 that number had been reduced to 152.

Today the law school is known for its emphasis on trial advocacy and is building a biotechnology emphasis through its Biotechnology Center.

Institution

The law school emphasizes practical skills and integrity. Former dean, former federal judge John L. Carroll (class of '74), has stated that:

"The prevailing philosophy is simple: Practical skill outweighs raw knowledge, and application transcends erudition. If the goal were to produce great law students, the tenets might be exactly the opposite. Our goal is to produce exceptional lawyers. That's why Cumberland’s curriculum emphasizes the core competencies of legal practice: research, writing and persuasion."

Curriculum
The first-year required classes are Civil Procedure, Contracts, Property, Torts, Criminal Law, and Evidence. Students are divided into one of three sections, where the students remain together in their respective classes for the entire first year. First-year students are also enrolled in smaller sections for Lawyering and Legal Reasoning, a class that focuses on honing the students' ability to think and write like a lawyer. Second- and third-year courses allow students more choices and some degree of specialization. Cumberland offers a balance of traditional courses, such as Criminal Procedure, Family Law, and Basic Federal Income Tax, and practical courses, such as Basic and Advanced Trial Skills, Business Drafting, Real Estate Transactions, and Law Office Practice and Management.

Students must also take Professional Responsibility and the MPRE, an exam that is required to practice in addition to the bar exam.

Students are taught using the Socratic method, typical of law school pedagogy.

The Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library
The library building is 42500 sqft with 13 conference rooms, 474 study spaces, carrels equipped with electrical and data connections, and three computer labs.

The collection consists of approximately 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents. The library also offers electronic and audiovisual resources. There are seven full-time librarians, eight full-time support staff members, and four part-time support staff members.

The Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics
The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics focus is on the research and study of the ethical and legal issues arising from the biotechnology industry, which is important to the City of Birmingham. Each year the Center sponsors a major symposium which attracts nationally known experts.

The 2007 Symposium, entitled "The United States Health-Care System: Access, Equity and Efficiency", focused on the issues of health care delivery in the United States, particularly to the poor, the problems that exist and potential solutions to those problems. The symposium brought together experts from the University of Minnesota, the Saint Louis University School of Law and Texas A & M University and Cumberland.

The keynote address, which was also the Thurgood Marshall Lecture, was presented by United States Congressman Artur Davis, a leader on issues relating to the delivery of health care services.

Other research centers include the Center for Law & Church, and the  Alabama Center for Law and Civic Education

Admissions statistics
For the Fall 2023 entering class, the school offered admission to 55.67% of applicants, with 38.14% of accepted students enrolling. The class consisted of 152 students with an average LSAT score of 155 and average GPA of 3.61. The top 75th percentile of the class has an LSAT score of 157 and 3.79 GPA, and the bottom 25th percentile has an LSAT score of 152 and 3.37 GPA. The entering group had 61 male students, 89 female, and two that did not report a sex. There were 37 students of color and 23 students identifying as African American.

Rankings
U.S. News & World Report in its 2024 ranking places Cumberland tied at #103 in Best Law Schools out of 196 ABA accredited schools.

Bar examination passage
In 2023, the overall bar examination passage rate for the law school’s first-time examination takers was 78.36%. The Ultimate Bar Pass Rate, which the ABA defines as the passage rate for graduates who sat for bar examinations within two years of graduating, was 93.80% for the class of 2021.

Employment
According to Samford's official 2022 ABA-required disclosures, 80.7% of the Class of 2022 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. The largest number of students were employed in law firms of 1 – 10 attorneys. Samford's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 19.3%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2022 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Costs
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Samford for the 2022-2023 academic year is $65,900. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $238,529.

Publications

 * 1) The Cumberland Law Review, whose members are selected by a write-on competition from the top 15% of the first-year class.
 * 2) The American Journal of Trial Advocacy, whose members are selected by a write-on competition from the top 33% of the first-year class.

Selected student organizations

 * Alabama Defense Lawyer's Association
 * The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy
 * Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA)
 * Black Law Students Association
 * Christian Legal Society
 * Cordell Hull Speakers Forum
 * Federalist Society
 * Henry Upson Sims Moot Court Board
 * Law, Science and Technology Society
 * Phi Alpha Delta
 * Student Bar Association
 * Trial Advocacy Board
 * Women in the Law

In 2007, student teams from Cumberland won both the Criminal Justice Trial Competition held in Hamden, Connecticut and the Lone Star Classic Mock Trial Competition in San Antonio, Texas.

In 2008, Cumberland placed first out of 256 other teams in the American Association for Justice National Student Trial Advocacy Competition and in 2009 placed second, losing by one point. The same year, Cumberland made the finals of the ABA National Appellate Advocacy competition. It was one of four from 30 teams in its region that went to the national finals in Chicago. Cumberland won third best brief in the region.

In 2009, a Cumberland team won the regional round of the National Trial Competition in Tallahassee, Florida, advancing to the national championship round in San Antonio. Cumberland was the only school in the competition to have both of its teams advance to the semi-final round. Cumberland also won the American Association for Justice Mock Trial Competition regional championship advancing to the national championship round in West Palm Beach, FL.

Student life
Cumberland offers numerous extracurricular activities.

Housing for law students is not available on campus. Students typically rent apartments or buy houses in the surrounding community.

Notable alumni
The school has more than 11,000 graduates, and its alumni include two United States Supreme Court Justices,   Nobel Peace Prize recipient Cordell Hull, "the father of the United Nations", over 50 U.S. representatives, and numerous senators, governors, and judges.
 * John David Roy Atchison (1954–2007), Assistant US Attorney and children's sports coach, committed suicide in prison after being charged with soliciting sex from a 5-year-old girl.
 * Brady E. Mendheim Jr., Supreme Court of Alabama Associate Justice.
 * John H. Smithwick, Democratic congressman from Florida (1919-1927).
 * Randall Woodfin, Mayor of Birmingham, Alabama (2017–present).
 * Doug Jones, United States Senator from Alabama (2018-2021).
 * T. J. Johnston, environmental lawyer and Anglican bishop.
 * Jimmy Rane, founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of Great Southern Wood Preserving

Cabinet members and cabinet-level officers

 * Cordell Hull (D) – United States Secretary of State under Franklin D. Roosevelt, Nobel Peace Prize recipient, 11 terms as U.S. Representative, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, co-initiated the United Nations

Supreme Court

 * Howell Edmunds Jackson
 * Horace Harmon Lurton – United States Supreme Court Justice, Tennessee Supreme Court, justice U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, dean of Vanderbilt University law department

Court of Appeals

 * Benjamin Franklin Cameron -- judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
 * Joel Fredrick Dubina – Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, former federal Magistrate Judge and District Judge.
 * William H. Pryor Jr. – judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, former Alabama Attorney General, adjunct professor

U.S. District Court

 * James V. Allred - United States District Judge (United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas)
 * Charles E. Atchley, Jr. - United States District Judge (United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee)
 * Karon O. Bowdre – United States District Judge (United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama)
 * Harry E. Claiborne – United States District Judge (United States District Court for the District of Nevada), impeached
 * Max O. Cogburn Jr. – United States District Judge (United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina)
 * James I. Cohn – United States District Judge (United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida)

Other federal courts

 * John L. Carroll – former United States Magistrate judge and dean of Cumberland School of Law, Legal Director of the Southern Poverty Law Center

Senators

 * Henry Cooper (U.S. Senator) (D) – United States Senator from Tennessee.
 * Thomas P. Gore - U.S. Senator (D) from Oklahoma
 * Carl Hatch (D) – U.S. Senator from New Mexico, author of the Hatch Act of 1939
 * Doug Jones (D) - U.S. Senator from Alabama
 * William F. Kirby (D) – U.S. Senator from Arkansas, associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, Attorney General for Arkansas, author of Kirby’s Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas
 * Joshua B. Lee (D) – U.S. Senator and Representative from Oklahoma
 * Bert H. Miller (D) – U.S. Senator from Idaho and Idaho Attorney General
 * Tom Stewart (D) – U.S. Senator from Tennessee, chief prosecutor during the Scopes Trial

U.S. Representatives

 * 1) Thomas G. Abernethy (D)- U.S. Representative from Mississippi (1943–1973)
 * 2) Robert Aderholt (R)- U.S. Representative from Alabama (1997– )
 * 3) Clifford Allen (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 4) Richard Merrill Atkinson (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 5) Maecenas Eason Benton (D) – U.S. Representative from Missouri.  Father of famed artist Thomas Hart Benton
 * 6) Joseph Edgar Brown (R) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 7) Foster V. Brown (R) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee, father of Joseph Edgar Brown
 * 8) Omar Burleson (D) – U.S. Representative from Texas
 * 9) Robert R. Butler (R) – U.S. Representative from Oregon
 * 10) Adam M. Byrd (D) – U.S. Representative from Mississippi
 * 11) William Parker Caldwell (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee, Tennessee State Senator
 * 12) Samuel Caruthers (W) – U.S. Representative from Missouri
 * 13) Frank Chelf (D) – U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * 14) Judson C. Clements (D) – U.S. Representative from Georgia
 * 15) Wynne F. Clouse (R) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 16) William B. Craig (D) – U.S. Representative from Alabama
 * 17) Jere Cooper (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 18) John Duncan Sr. (R) – 12 term U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 19) Harold Earthman (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 20) Benjamin A. Enloe (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 21) Joe L. Evins (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 22) Lewis P. Featherstone (D) – U.S. Representative from Arkansas
 * 23) Aaron L. Ford (D) – U.S. Representative from Mississippi
 * 24) William Voris Gregory (D) – U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * 25) Edward Isaac Golladay (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 26) Isaac Goodnight (D) – U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * 27) Oren Harris (D) – U.S. Representative from Arkansas
 * 28) Robert H. Hatton (O) – U.S. Congressman, Confederate brigadier general, Opposition party member, killed during the Battle of Fair Oaks
 * 29) Goldsmith W. Hewitt (D) – U.S. Representative from Alabama
 * 30) Wilson S. Hill (D) – U.S. Representative from Missouri
 * 31) George Huddleston (D) – U.S. Representative from Alabama and father of George Huddleston Jr.
 * 32) Howell Edmunds Jackson (D) – also a United States Supreme Court Justice, brother of General William Hicks Jackson
 * 33) Evan Jenkins (R) – U.S. Representative from West Virginia
 * 34) Abraham Kazen (D) – U.S. Representative from Texas
 * 35) Wade H. Kitchens (D) – U.S. Representative from Arkansas
 * 36) John C. Kyle (D) – U.S. Representative from Mississippi
 * 37) John Ridley Mitchell – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 38) Tom J. Murray (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 39) Wright Patman (D) – U.S. Representative from Texas
 * 40) Herron C. Pearson (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 41) Andrew Price (D) – U.S. Representative from Louisiana
 * 42) Haywood Yancey Riddle (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 43) Martha Roby (R) – U.S. Representative from Alabama
 * 44) Dennis A. Ross (R) – U.S. Representative from Florida
 * 45) Thetus W. Sims (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 46) James Edward Ruffin (D) – U.S. Representative from Missouri
 * 47) Thomas U. Sisson (D) – U.S. Representative from Mississippi
 * 48) John H. Smithwick (D) – U.S. Representative from Florida
 * 49) Charles Swindall (R) – U.S. Representative from Oklahoma
 * 50) John May Taylor (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 51) Anthony F. Tauriello (D) – U.S. Representative for New York
 * 52) J. Will Taylor (R) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 53) Zachary Taylor (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * 54) Richard Warner (D) – U.S. Representative from Tennessee

Military

 * George Doherty Johnson – Confederate brigadier general, United States Civil Service Commissioner, superintendent of The Citadel (military college)

Miscellaneous United States government

 * Mauricio J. Tamargo – 14th Chairman of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission

Governors

 * James V. Allred (D) – 2 term Governor of Texas
 * Albert Brewer – Governor of Alabama, Distinguished Professor of Law and Government
 * Gordon Browning (D) – Governor of Tennessee, U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * Robert L. Caruthers – Governor of Tennessee, Tennessee Attorney General
 * Sidney J. Catts (P) – Governor of Florida (22nd), Prohibition party candidate
 * LeRoy Collins (D) – Governor of Florida
 * Charlie Crist (R) – Governor of Florida, Former Florida Attorney General
 * Edward H. East (W) – Secretary of State for Tennessee and Acting Governor of Tennessee in 1865
 * William J. Holloway (D) – Governor of Oklahoma

State Attorneys General

 * Charles Graddick (R)- Former Attorney General of Alabama, candidate for Governor during the famous 1986 race
 * Crawford Martin (D) – Texas State Senator, Texas Secretary of State, Attorney General of Texas, and mayor of Hillsboro, Texas
 * Joseph Turner Patterson (D) - Former Attorney General of Mississippi

State judges, politicians and others

 * Oscar Adams – the first African-American Alabama Supreme Court justice and the first African American elected to statewide office in Alabama (including the Reconstruction era), taught classes in appellate and trial advocacy.
 * John Amari – Circuit judge in Birmingham; former member of both houses of the Alabama State Legislature
 * Roger Bedford Jr. (D) – seven term Alabama State Senator
 * John F. Cosgrove (D) – Florida legislator and first mayor of Cutler Bay, Florida
 * Ryan DeGraffenried (D) – Alabama State Senator, President Pro Tempore of state Senate, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Alabama
 * Read Fletcher (D) – Arkansas House of Representatives
 * Grafton Green – associate justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court, presided over the appeal of John T. Scopes
 * Ralph Haben (D) – Former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
 * Van Hilleary (R) – Tennessee politician and lobbyist
 * James Edwin Horton – Judge who presided over the retrial of the Scottsboro Boys who set aside the jury's conviction and sentence of death and was then removed by the Alabama Supreme Court. He is remembered by a plaque on the courthouse.
 * Jeff Hoover (R) – Kentucky House of Representatives
 * Carolyn Hugley (D) – Minority Whip, Georgia House of Representatives
 * Douglas S. Jackson (D) – State Senator from Tennessee, executive director of the Renaissance Center
 * Napoleon B. Johnson (D) – Justice, Oklahoma State Supreme Court
 * Zeb Little (D) – Majority Leader and Floor Leader of the Alabama Senate
 * John Marks Moore (D) - Secretary of State of Texas from 1887 to 1891
 * Horace Elmo Nichols – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1975–1980
 * Charles H. O'Brien (D) – Tennessee State Senator, Tennessee State Supreme Court
 * William Y. Pemberton – Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court
 * DuBose Porter (D) – Minority Leader, Georgia House of Representatives
 * Paine Page Prim – chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, first graduate of Cumberland Law School
 * Janie Shores – Alabama Supreme Court Justice

City and county government

 * Beverly Briley (D) – mayor of Nashville, Tennessee
 * Ben West – mayor of Nashville, Tennessee

Non-U.S. government

 * Ashby Pate – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Palau

Arts and letters

 * Joe Hilley – New York Times Best Selling author, born in Birmingham, Alabama. Hilley wrote Sarah Palin: A New Kind of Leader (Zondervan/HarperCollins), which reached The New York Times Best Seller list during the final two weeks of the 2008 Presidential Election campaign.
 * Mike Papantonio – head of mass tort department at Levin, Papantonio in Pensacola, Florida, one of America's 15 most successful plaintiff's firms; host of the radio show Ring of Fire (radio program); a Methodist and featured on the documentary Jesus Camp.
 * Mike Stewart – American writer
 * John Strohm (JD 2004) – entertainment lawyer and former member of the Blake Babies and The Lemonheads

title: Cumberland School of Law


text:
1980 in ice hockey

The following is a chronicle of events during the year 1980 in ice hockey.

National Hockey League

 * Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer during the regular season: Marcel Dionne, Los Angeles Kings
 * Hart Memorial Trophy: for the NHL's Most Valuable Player: Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton Oilers
 * Stanley Cup - New York Islanders defeat the Philadelphia Flyers 4 games to 2.

Canadian Hockey League

 * Ontario Hockey League: Peterborough Petes won J. Ross Robertson Cup.
 * Quebec Major Junior Hockey League: Cornwall Royals won President's Cup (QMJHL)
 * Western Hockey League: Regina Pats won President's Cup (WHL)
 * Memorial Cup: Cornwall Royals defeated Peterborough Petes

World Hockey Championship

 * Men's champion: Olympic year, no tournament
 * Junior Men's champion: Soviet Union defeated Finland

Winter Olympics

 * February - 1980 Winter Olympics: The United States men's hockey team wins the gold medal, defeating Finland in their last medal round game. Their extraordinary upset victory over the heavily favoured Soviet Union team in their previous medal round game became known as the "Miracle on Ice" in the US press.

Minor League hockey

 * American Hockey League: Hershey Bears Calder Cup
 * IHL: The Kalamazoo Wings capture the Turner Cup.

title: 1980 in ice hockey


text:
Talk:George-Étienne Cartier

Untitled
Historian Herman Laraby would be appauled at this lack of knowledge referring to Cartier. Veh! -Burnadette

 * Well why don't you add some then? Adam Bishop 17:55, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Adding small bits
Just made a couple add'ons. Come on Canadians.! Where are you? :) Lets build this up. Hubert Derus 03:22, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm here! And may I say I love the template on the article page!! And the to-do list. Thanks for organising this.--Anchoress 11:42, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

- I added some schools that were named after him. Since I went to it as a kid, I thought it might be non important.

Trivia discussion
I say restore it, at least for now. John A Macdonald's article has trivia. -- Usgnus 22:24, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I think its better gone. It looks cheeze. Mabey if it was expanded. Till then i removed it. Sorry but i didnt see this new Usgnus messege before doing it. Feel free to restore it but it should be expanded. I belive Atrian is just bent on redoing everything i do rather then makeing a meaningful contribution. Sadly this wasnt the first time ive had to deal with him. But im guessing if noone ever respects you in real life you have to act like somekind of authority on the net. Whatever helps you sleep at nite Atrian.Hubert Derus 22:27, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Pronounciation
What the hell is that pronounciation system? I need to know which to properly convert it into IPA. Circeus 23:53, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

It looks to me like the system that dictionaries use Josepy (talk) 00:52, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Political life in Dominion of Canada
I noticed that this section is pretty close to the text as it appears on the Library and Archives Canada website's biography for Cartier. I don't know who wrote it but it could almost be plagiarism. I think this section may need a rewrite. Geroge-Etienne Cartier bio. --Atrian 17:29, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Rural Municipality of Cartier
I don't know if you want this type of stuff. Someone, in their wisdom, has renamed the above article "Cartier, Manitoba", which doesn't exist. Stormbay 21:21, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

''Rural Municipality of Cartier is part of the Central Plains Region in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is named after Sir George-Étienne Cartier who was a leader in bringing Quebec into Confederation. It was part of a larger municipality St. Francois Xavier until 1914.''

 * P.S.
 * The Manitoba Historical Society,, will yield a number of hits on Cartier. The one that most focuses on him is Cartier West. I hope this aids someone. Stormbay 21:37, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Early career content deleted by 206.116.66.207 without explanation
This content:

Early career
- 	Cartier was born in Saint-Antoine, Quebec (then known as Lower Canada). Cartier was educated at Sulpician College de Montreal and was called to the bar in 1835 where he began to practise his profession. He was also involved in the railway business, and Grand Trunk Railway was one of his legal clients. - 	Early in his career, Cartier was friends with Louis-Joseph Papineau. Through this connection, Cartier became a member of the Société des Fils de la Liberté (“Sons of Liberty”) and took part in the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 (also called the “Papineau-MacKenzie” or “Pap-Mac” Rebellion). For his part in the uprising, Cartier was exiled and he took temporary refuge in Vermont. However, he was allowed to return to Montreal in 1838 to resume his law practice.

was deleted. As it was deleted without explanation, but is included without cited source, I am not sure whether it should just be added back. Comments? KenWalker | Talk 07:42, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't see your comment here until after I reverted the article, but given that it was deleted by an anon and had no edit summary, I think it was deleted as vandalism and not because it was unsourced. Indefatigable 02:52, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
After an intensive search, I could not find any proof what so ever that he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), besides maybe some websites which seems to be all a copy of the Wikipedia site, or those referring just to Wikipedia as a source. Also on the official London Gazette I couldn't find anything, which publishes official statements about persons who are given an honour. On other hand, there is proof he was ever made a Baronet (with the Sir distinction). I have removed the text about the knighthood; to my knowledge it was an invented edit without historical proof. Mr. D. E. Mophon (talk) 08:30, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

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External links modified
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title: Talk:George-Étienne Cartier


text:
History of Go

The game of Go (Old Chinese: *ɢʷəj grə "surrounding game" ) originated in China in ancient times. It was considered one of the four essential arts of a cultured Chinese scholar in antiquity and is described as a worthy pastime for a gentleman in the Analects of Confucius. It reached Korea by the 5th century, in the 7th century it had reached Japan. The game was described by Matteo Ricci in 1615 and by Thomas Hyde in 1694, but it did not become popular in the West until the late 19th century.

According to legend, the game was created as a teaching tool after the ancient Chinese Emperor Yao 堯 (2356–2255 BCE) designed it for his son, Danzhu 丹朱, to learn discipline, concentration, and balance. Another suggested genesis for the game is that Chinese warlords and generals used pieces of stone to map attacking positions. Other plausible theories relate Go equipment to divination or flood control.

Origin in China
Go's early history is debated, but there are myths about its existence, one of which assuming that Go was an ancient fortune telling device used by Chinese astrologers to simulate the universe's relationship to an individual.

The earliest written reference of the game is usually taken to be the historical annal Zuo Zhuan (c. 4th century BCE), referring to a historical event of 548 BCE. It is also mentioned in Book XVII of the Analects of Confucius and in two of the books of Mencius (c. 3rd century BCE). In all of these works, the game is referred to as (弈; Old Chinese: *ɢrak).

Chinese archaeologists have discovered a broken piece of a pottery go board from the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 24 CE) in Shaanxi Province. This is the earliest discovery of an existing board unearthed in China. The board was found in the ruins of a watchtower at the tombs of Emperor Jingdi and Empress Wang Zhi of the Western Han dynasty. The broken fragment of the board measures 5.7 cm to 28.5 cm long, 17 cm to 19.7 cm wide and 3.6 cm thick. Li Gang, a research fellow with the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute, said that this board might have been made from a floor tile, and that it did not belong to the royal family since the carvings are too rough. Li said the board could have been made by the tomb guards who played go to pass the time. "That proves that go was being played not only by nobles, but also by ordinary people like tomb guards, more than 2,000 years ago", Li noted.

In 1954 a complete Go board made out of stone was found in a tomb dating to the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220) in Wangdu County, Hebei Province. This board has a 17 × 17 grid, which confirms the statement by the 3rd century author Handan Chun in the Classic of Arts that Go was at this time played on a 17 × 17 grid:

The go board has 17 lines along its length and breadth, making 289 points in all. The black and white stones each number 150.

The earliest board with a 19 × 19 grid to have been found is a ceramic board dating to the Sui dynasty (581–618) that was excavated from Anyang in Henan Province, so sometime between the 3rd and 6th centuries a change in grid size must have taken place. However, the 17 × 17 board has survived in the version of Go played in Tibet.

The first book dedicated to Go is the Dunhuang Go Manual (c. 6th century CE), and was found in the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, and discusses the game as played on a 19 x 19 board. More books devoted to the game were written during the Tang and Song dynasties.

In ancient China, Go was often seen as the refined pastime of the scholars, while xiangqi was the game of the masses. According to Japanese historian Miyoshi, Go flourished in China from about 200 to 600 CE, when the interest in art and literature was at a high point. Go was one of the four cultivated arts of the Chinese scholar gentleman, along with calligraphy, painting and playing the musical instrument guqin, and examinations of skill in those arts was used to qualify candidates for service in the bureaucracy.

Growth in east Asia

Go is believed to have been introduced to Japan by Kibi no Makibi who had studied in Tang China at the beginning of the 8th century. But the Taihō Code, enacted in 701 CE, has a description of Go and therefore the game may have been introduced a little earlier. The approximate period can be confirmed by the Middle Chinese pronunciation 圍棋 *ɦʉi ɡɨ, which was loaned into Old Japanese as *wigə/wigo2 (= man'yōgana 井碁), later becoming the modern Japanese mixed kan-on/go-on reading 囲碁 igo.

After it was introduced from China, Go came to be actively played during the Nara period (710–794 CE), and during the following Heian period (794–1185 CE) Go was a favourite aristocratic pastime, as is described in typical literary works of this period such as The Pillow Book and The Tale of Genji.

During the Muromachi period (1336–1573), potentates employed semi-professional Go players, called Go-uchi (碁打ち) or Jouzu (上手) who competed against other clans. At the end of the 16th century, Nikkai (Hon'inbō Sansa) served Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu as a Go teacher, and in 1578 was recognized as the first Meijin of Go by Oda Nobunaga; he also became the first Hon'inbō. Around this time, free opening of the game started; before, the game started from a set position of several stones on the board.

In 1612, at the beginning of the Edo period (1603–1868), the Tokugawa shogunate established Four hereditary "houses" to teach the game of Go: Hon'inbō (本因坊), Hayashi (林), Inoue (井上) and Yasui (安井). These four houses (iemoto) competed with each other throughout the 300 years of the Edo period. Professional matches between the four houses, as well as other high-profile players, were called oshirogo ("castle Go"), because they were held at castles of the shogun.

The wave of Westernization and modernization accompanying the Meiji Restoration in 1868 caused the dissolution of the official iemoto Go system and a wane in general popularity for the game. In the wake of this upheaval, the Hon'inbō title was transformed into a tournament title.

Development in the West
Despite its widespread popularity in East Asia, Go has been slow to spread to the rest of the world, unlike other games of ancient Asian origin, such as chess. Schädler speculates that chess has more widespread appeal because culturally congruent game pieces can be created in chess (e.g. Queen and Bishop in Western Chess, Advisor and Elephant in Chinese Chess), while Go is totally abstract. Also, there is no climactic ending in Go (such as checkmate in chess). New players often have trouble figuring out when a game of Go is over. Other theories center around the existence of fundamental differences in the level and type of thinking required by Go players as opposed to chess players. While pure analytical thought and the ability to plan many moves in advance are advantageous in chess, in Go a more intuitive approach based on pattern recognition and experience is stressed. A purely analytical approach, due to the sheer number of moves available for consideration, can be paralyzing.

The first detailed description of Go in a European language, De Circumveniendi Ludo Chinensium (About the Chinese encircling game), was written in Latin by Thomas Hyde, and included in his 1694 treatise on Oriental board games, De Ludis Orientalibus (About Oriental games), pp. 195–201; Oskar Korschelt, a German engineer, is credited with being the first person to try to popularize Go outside of East Asia. He learned about the game from Hon'inbō Shūho (Murase Shūho) when he worked in Japan from 1878 to 1886. Korschelt published a detailed article on Go in 1880. A few years later he published a book based on this article. He brought the game to Europe, especially to Germany and Austria, and thus became the first person to systematically describe Go in a Western language. Since he learned Go in Japan, the terms of Go in Western languages come from Japanese, and Westerners generally refer to the game by its Japanese name go instead of its Chinese name weiqi.

By the early 20th century, Go had spread throughout the German and Austro-Hungarian empires. In 1905, Edward Lasker learned the game while in Berlin. When he moved to New York, Lasker founded the New York Go Club together with (amongst others) Arthur Smith, who had learned of the game while touring the East and had published the book The Game of Go in 1908. Lasker's book Go and Go-moku (1934) helped spread the game throughout the US, and in 1935, the American Go Association was formed. Two years later, in 1937, the German Go Association was founded. World War II put a stop to most Go activity, but after the war, Go continued to spread.

Western players' interest increased in the 1950s. In 1978, Manfred Wimmer became the first Westerner to receive a professional player's certificate from an East Asian professional Go association. It was not until 2000 that a Westerner, Michael Redmond, achieved a professional 9 dan rating, the top rank awarded by East Asian Go associations.

For most of the 20th century, the Japan Go Association played a leading role in spreading Go outside East Asia, publishing the English-language magazine Go Review in the 1960s, establishing Go centers in the US, Europe and South America, and often sending professional teachers on tour to Western nations. By 2005, the European Go Federation had a total of 35 member countries.

In 1996, NASA astronaut Daniel Barry and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata became the first people to play Go in space, they used a special Go set designed by Wai-Cheung Willson Chow. Both astronauts were awarded honorary dan ranks by the Nihon Kiin.

In 2016 Lee Sedol was defeated by the computer program AlphaGo.

Trivia
The first recorded game of Go in Europe was played in 1872 between Kido Takayoshi and Ōkubo Toshimichi. Both were vice ambassadors of the Iwakura Mission, which traveled to the United States and Europe between 1871 and 1873. Kido was an enthusiastic Go player, as can be seen from his diary (translated by Sidney DeVere Brown and Akiko Hirota as The Diary of Kido Takayoshi, Vol. I–III, Tokyo, The University of Tokyo Press, 1983–1986). During his journey, after arriving at Birmingham on 1 November 1872 and staying at the Queen's Hotel in Room No. 10, Kido notes two days later in his diary (Vol. II, p. 243):

"3 November 1872 [Meiji 5/10/3] Fair, then rain. I stayed in my room all day to recuperate from my illness, and had a special diet. I played go with Ōkubo. (Note) Sunday."

title: History of Go


text:
Santa Ana County, New Mexico Territory

Santa Ana County was one of the seven original partidos created in New Mexico under Mexican rule. Under U.S. rule, it became a U.S. Territorial county from 1852 until 1876, when it was absorbed by Bernalillo County. It does not exist today as an administrative unit. The original county seat of Santa Ana County is what is now Fort Defiance, Arizona. The county was named after the Pueblo of Santa Ana.

The area enclosed by the original Santa Ana County was in Judicial District No. 1 from 1847 to 1863, then in JD 2 until 1876, when it was absorbed by Bernalillo County.

title: Santa Ana County, New Mexico Territory


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Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)

Edward Hallowell (1808 – February 20, 1860) was an American herpetologist and physician.

He studied and practiced medicine in Philadelphia. He also was a renowned herpetologist who described 61 new species of reptiles.

In 1851, Hallowell was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Hallowell is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of frogs: Hyla hallowellii and ''Leptodactylus hallowelli.

Publications in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

 * (1844). "Description of New Species of African reptiles". 2: 169-172.
 * (1844). "Description of new species of Reptiles from Africa". 2: 118-120.
 * (1844). "Descriptions of new species of African Reptiles". 2: 58-62.
 * (1841). "Description of a new species of Chameleon from Western African". 1: 111-115.
 * (1845). "Descriptions of reptiles from South America, supposed to be New". 2: 241-247.
 * (1845). "Descriptions of new species of African Reptiles". 2: 247-250.
 * (1847). "Description of a New Species of Coluber inhabiting the United States". 3: 278-281.
 * (1847). "On the Horned Viper of Western Africa". 3: 319-321.
 * (1848). "Description of two new species of Onychocephalus, from the Western Coast of Africa". 4: 59-61 + plate.
 * (1848). "Description of a species of Eryx, from Madras". 4: 184 + plate.
 * (1848). ["Remarks on the young of Coluber venustus "]. 4: 245.
 * (1852). "Descriptions of new Species of Reptiles inhabiting North America". 6: 177-182.
 * (1852). "Descriptions of New Species of Reptiles from Oregon". 6: 182-183.
 * (1852). "On a new Genus and two new species of African Serpents". 6: 203-205.
 * (1852). "On a New Genus and three New Species of Reptiles inhabiting North America". 6: 206-209.
 * (1853). "On some New Reptiles from California". 6: 236-238.
 * (1852). "Description of new species of Reptilia from Western Africa". 6: 62-65.
 * (1854). "Descriptions of new Reptiles from Guinea". 7: 193-194.
 * (1854). "Description of new Reptiles from California". 7: 91-97.
 * (1854). "On a genus and species of serpent from Honduras, presumed to be new". 7: 97.
 * (1854). "Remarks on the Geographical distribution of Reptiles, with descriptions of several species supposed to be new, and corrections of former papers". 7: 98-105.
 * (1854). "Notices of new Reptiles from Texas". 7: 192-193.
 * (1856). ["A large collection of living specimens of Sternothaerus odoratus "]. 8: 106-108.
 * (1856). "On several new species of Reptiles in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences". 8: 153-156.
 * (1856). "Notes on the Reptiles in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philad’a". 8: 221-238.
 * (1856). "Notice of a Collection of Reptiles from Kansas and Nebraska, presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences, by Dr. Hammond, U. S. A." 8: 238-253.
 * (1856). "Note on the collection of Reptiles from the neighborhood of San Antonio, Texas, recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences by Dr. A. Heermann". 8: 306-310.
 * (1856). "Description of a new genus of Colubriform Serpents from California". 8: 310-311.
 * (1857). "Description of several new North American Reptiles". 9: 215-216.
 * (1857). "Notice of a collection of reptiles from the Gaboon country, West Africa, recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Dr. Henry A. Ford". 9: 48-72.
 * (1856). "Notes on the Reptiles in the collection of the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences". 8: 146-153.
 * (1860). "Report upon the Reptilia of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under command of Capt. John Rogers, U. S. N." 12: 480-510.

Source

 * Kelly, Howard A., Burrage, Walter L. (1928). Dictionary of American Medical Biography: Lives of Eminent Physicians of the United States and Canada, from the Earliest Times. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

title: Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)


text: User talk:198.234.255.231

title: User talk:198.234.255.231


text:
Jean de Gisors

Jean de Gisors (1133–1220) was a Norman lord of the fortress of Gisors in Normandy, where meetings were traditionally convened between English and French kings. It was here, in 1188, a squabble occurred that involved the cutting of an elm.

Initially he was a vassal of the king of England - Henry II and then Richard I. During this time he also owned property in Sussex and the manor of Titchfield in Hampshire in England.

Some time between 1170 and 1180 he purchased the manor of Buckland, Hampshire from the de Port family. On this newly purchased land he founded the town of Portsmouth as one end of a trade route between England and France. The original settlement of Portsmouth was a planned town on a medieval grid pattern, of which other examples can be found in places like Salisbury. Much of this original grid pattern is still visible in the Old Portsmouth district of Portsmouth.

One of the first acts ordered by de Gisors in Portsmouth was the donation of land to the Augustinian canons of Southwick Priory so that they could build a chapel "to the glorious honour of the martyr Thomas of Canterbury, one time Archbishop, on (my) land which is called Sudewede, the island of Portsea", Thomas Becket having spent much time in Gisors. This foundation of the Church of St Thomas of Canterbury was to eventually become Portsmouth Cathedral.

However the royal patronage of de Gisors was not to last, as after his support for an unsuccessful rebellion in Normandy in 1194 he paid the price by forfeiting all his lands, including Portsmouth, to Richard I.

In popular culture
In conspiracy theories, such as the one promoted in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Jean de Gisors has been alleged to be the first Grand Master of the Priory of Sion (1188–1220).

title: Jean de Gisors


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Non-belligerent

A non-belligerent is a person, a state, or other organization that does not fight in a given conflict. The term is often used to describe a country that does not take part militarily in a war.

A non-belligerent state differs from a neutral one in that it may support certain belligerents in a war but is not directly involved in military operations. The term may also be used to describe a person not involved in combat or aggression, especially if combat or aggression is likely. In a situation of civil unrest such as a riot, civilians may be divided into belligerents, those actually fighting or intending to fight, and non-belligerents who are merely bystanders.

Spain
During World War II, Spain allowed and promoted the Spanish Blue Division of volunteers and conscripts to join the German forces on the condition that they would fight against the Soviet Union only and they would do it with German equipment and uniforms. At the same time, allied aircraft made emergency landings in Spanish territories (Melilla, Mallorca) and the Spanish government returned the crews home safely. The aircraft were either scrapped due to poor condition or repaired and allocated in the Spanish Air Force if not reclaimed, or after a negotiated purchase.

United States
A notable example of a non-belligerent in an environment of total war was the United States' military support of the Allies in World War II, prior to their entry into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The military support given by the Americans was through the Destroyers-for-bases deal in which the United States provide the United Kingdom "all possible assistance short of war" in the words of Winston Churchill.

Italy
From September 1939 to June 1940, when it joined the war with Germany, Italy was a non-belligerent.

Ireland
Although officially Ireland declared itself neutral in World War II, it can be disputed whether it was a non-belligerent or not, as The Cranborne Report drew up by the Viscount Cranborne to the British War Cabinet noted regarding Irish-British collaboration. An example of such collaboration was the permission for Allied use of Irish airspace for military means.

Sweden
While Sweden did not officially fight in the Winter War, a new Flying regiment was formed out of volunteers to aid Finland and took charge of defending Finnish Lapland; the aircraft for the regiment came directly from Swedish Air Force inventory.

Japan
The Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan denies the right of belligerence of states, in order to accomplish "international peace based on justice and order".

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's government showed support for the United States in the Vietnam War, but the country did not send troops to fight in the war.

NATO
During the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, the NATO states provide military equipment and economic support to Ukraine.

Others
Along with the US, the political stance of Peru during the Falklands War and that of the Netherlands during the 2003 invasion of Iraq was described by politicians as "political support, but no military support".

title: Non-belligerent


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University of Tennessee at Martin

The University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin or UTM) is a public university in Martin, Tennessee. It is one of the five campuses of the University of Tennessee system. UTM is the only public university in West Tennessee outside of Memphis.

UTM operates a large experimental farm and several satellite centers in West Tennessee.

History
Although UT Martin dates from 1927, it is not the first educational institution to use the current site. In 1900, Ada Gardner Brooks donated a site on what was then the outskirts of Martin to the Tennessee Baptist Convention for the purposes of opening a school. The school opened as the Hall-Moody Institute, named for two locally prominent Baptist ministers - John Newton Hall and Joseph Burnley Moody. It originally offered 13 years of study, from elementary grades to the equivalent of the first years of collegiate work. The institute changed its name to Hall-Moody Normal School in 1917, as teacher training became its primary focus. Five years later, Hall-Moody changed its name again to Hall-Moody Junior College. Due to declining enrollment and financial difficulties in the mid-1920s, Hall-Moody Junior College was in danger of closing. In 1927, the Tennessee Baptist Convention made the decision to consolidate Hall-Moody with a similar institution, Union University, in nearby Jackson.

Upon hearing of the impending closure of the Hall-Moody campus, area civic and political leaders asked the state of Tennessee to step in and take over the former Hall-Moody facilities under the auspices of the University of Tennessee. University of Tennessee president Harcourt Morgan agreed to accept the proposition on the condition that the Martin community would acquire the property as well as space for expansion. The City of Martin and Weakley County sold bonds to purchase the campus and some surrounding land. On February 10, 1927, Senate Bill Number 301 established the University of Tennessee Junior College in Martin. On March 29, it was officially approved by Governor Austin Peay. Hall-Moody closed for the last time on June 1, and the new UT Junior College began operations on September 2 with 120 students.

UT Martin nearly closed twice during its first quarter-century. During the hard times of the Great Depression, with tight state budgets and slow-growing enrollment that by 1933 had only increased slightly to 137 students, Tennessee slashed its annual budget by half to $36,000. Support from UT acting president James Hoskins kept UT Martin alive but could not save chief executive Porter Claxton's position.

Though enrollment had surpassed 400 students by 1937, many college-age males enlisted in World War II a few years later. Executive officer Paul Meek repurposed a 1940 program training Army Air Corps pilots into a program training naval air cadets. Each cadet brought nine times as much income to UT Martin as a civilian student.

A post-war influx of returning servicemen and the G.I. Bill ushered in rapid growth both in enrollment and educational offerings. In 1951, with the addition of four-year fields of study leading to a bachelor's degree, it was redesignated the University of Tennessee Martin Branch (UTMB).

In 1961, UTMB was the first campus in the University of Tennessee system to begin racial desegregation of undergraduates. (Graduate schools at other campuses had begun desegregation in 1952. )

Until 1967, it was treated as an off-site department of the main campus in Knoxville. As such, its presiding officer was known first as an executive officer (1927–1951), then a dean (1951–1967). In 1967, it was granted equal status with the main campus in Knoxville under its current name, and its presiding officer was granted the title of chancellor. The school grew greatly from the post-World War II era, largely under the influence of the G. I. Bill of Rights, through the 1960s under the leadership of Paul Meek, who led the school from 1934 to 1967. The school had almost as many entering freshmen in 1969 as it had overall students in 1961. Enrollment as of 2017 is listed at approximately 6,800.

Chancellors

 * 1) C. Porter Claxton (executive officer, 1927–1934)
 * 2) Paul Meek (executive officer, 1934–1951; dean, 1951–1967, chancellor, 1967)
 * 3) Archie R. Dykes (chancellor, 1967–1971)
 * 4) Larry T. McGehee (chancellor, 1971–1979)
 * 5) Charles E. Smith (chancellor, 1980–1985)
 * 6) Margaret N. Perry (chancellor, 1986–1997)
 * 7) Philip W. Conn (chancellor, 1998–2000)
 * 8) Nick Dunagan (chancellor, 2001–2007)
 * 9) Thomas A. Rakes (chancellor, 2007–2015)
 * 10) Robert M. Smith (chancellor, 2015–2016)
 * 11) Keith S. Carver Jr.  (chancellor, 2017–2/2023; Dr. Philip A. Cavalier, interim, March - August 2023)
 * 12) Yancy E. Freeman (chancellor, effective 8/9/23)

Academics
Given its rural location, much of the focus of the school has been on undergraduate studies in education and agriculture, although many other courses of study are offered, particularly in the liberal arts, and in recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on business, engineering, and music. There is an active ROTC program and a school of nursing. The school is among the top providers of candidates to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis. There is a growing graduate school, with most graduate degrees being conferred in education and business.

The university is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. For one year, from December 2015 until December 2016, the university was on probation for "falling short of standards related to evidence of institutional effectiveness and general education competencies." During the tenure of Dr. Robert Smith, UT Martin successfully met the challenge and was removed from probation. For this and other accomplishments during his 19 months as interim chancellor, the UT Board of Trustees honored Dr. Smith by removing the designation "interim" and officially named him the university's tenth chancellor. He was also granted the honorary title "chancellor emeritus."

U.S. News & World Report in its 2024 edition ranked the university tied for #27 in Regional Universities South.

Colleges and departments

 * College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences
 * College of Business and Global Affairs
 * College of Education, Health, and Behavioral Sciences
 * College of Engineering and Natural Sciences
 * College of Humanities and Fine Arts

Campus
The rural campus is noted for being particularly scenic and well-landscaped. Students who live on campus are within walking distance of all academic buildings, the library, food services, the Boling University Center, and all recreational and sports facilities. Recent years have seen the demolition of old double-occupancy dormitory halls in favor of the construction of apartment-style housing.

UT Martin is one of the most environmentally responsible colleges in the United States and Canada, according to the second annual edition of The Princeton Review's Guide to 311 Green Colleges: 2011 Edition. UT Martin is one of three public institutions in Tennessee included in the guide. UT Martin is also among the safest public college campuses in Tennessee based on crime statistics released by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation.

UT Martin also has five centers throughout West Tennessee.
 * Jackson
 * Parsons
 * Ripley
 * Selmer
 * Somerville

Athletics
The UT Martin athletic program is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) and competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision.

The school's teams are known as the Skyhawks; the team colors are navy blue, orange, and white; and the mascot is Captain Skyhawk.

Athletic teams have participated in the Ohio Valley Conference since 1991. Previously, UTM was a member of the Gulf South Conference.

The university mascot was changed from "Pacers" to "Skyhawks" in 1995. The reasoning behind the "Skyhawks" moniker was described thus:
 * The first educational institution on the site of UT Martin was Hall-Moody Bible Institute. The school's athletic teams were called "sky pilots", a frontier term for preachers in that day, but perhaps the students were thinking of the glamorous flying aces of World War I.
 * During World War II, UT Junior College contracted with the Naval War Training Service to help train pilots, who completed their flight training at an airport located on the current site of Westview High School.
 * Red-tail hawks are indigenous to the West Tennessee region.

Prior to being known as "Pacers", the university's teams were called "Volunteers". The name was changed in 1971, largely because, on account of the former junior college status of the school, the teams were often referred to as the "Baby Vols".

Print
Founded in 1928, The Pacer is the present day name of the student newspaper. The Office of Student Publications publishes The Pacer every Thursday morning throughout the semester except for holidays and exam periods. As of 2006, the newspaper has a circulation of 3,000 copies. In the spring of 2006, the publication won the distinction of being named "Best in the South" at the Southeastern Journalism Conference, beating out such schools as Vanderbilt and Mississippi State. Throughout its history, the newspaper has also been named The Checkerboard and The Volette.

Beanswitch is a literary magazine run by UT Martin's undergraduates. This magazine publishes non-fiction, fiction, and poetry, in addition to artwork. Each fall, an online edition is published. The spring edition is in print. Submissions are accepted from all students and from staff.

Radio
The campus radio station at the University of Tennessee at Martin has been named the nation's Best Overall Radio Station (2012). The honor—the Abraham & Borst Award—was presented to WUTM at the Intercollegiate Broadcasting System Conference in New York. WUTM was also chosen Best College/University Station under 10,000 enrollment in both 2012 and 2016.

WUTM-FM was named 2015 "Best College Radio Station in the South", the fifth time in seven years for the station to earn the award and earned a Platinum Award, the highest ranking, for the sixth consecutive year from the Intercollegiate Broadcasting System (IBS).

Television
WLJT-TV was launched in the fall of 2015.

Student life
The campus is home to many student life organizations. It also is the location of the 1965 founding of the medical fraternity Mu Epsilon Delta. The Panhellenic sororities at UTM are Alpha Delta Pi (ΑΔΠ), Alpha Omicron Pi (ΑΟΠ), Zeta Tau Alpha (ZTA), and Chi Omega (ΧΩ). The IFC fraternities on campus are Alpha Gamma Rho (ΑΓΡ), Kappa Alpha Order (KA), Phi Sigma Kappa (ΦΣΚ), Pi Kappa Alpha (ΠΚΑ), Sigma Alpha Epsilon (ΣΑΕ), Sigma Phi Epsilon (ΣΦΕ), and Sigma Chi (ΣΧ). There are two music organizations on campus: Phi Mu Alpha (ΦΜΑ) and Sigma Alpha Iota (ΣΑΙ). Religious Life is also a part of student life at UT Martin: Baptist Collegiate Ministry, Church of Christ Student Center, and Wesley Foundation.

Notable alumni

 * Gin Cooley (2016) professional model, Canadian film festival winner, singer-songwriter and human rights advocate
 * Elizabeth Donald (1997) journalist and horror novelist
 * Lin Dunn (1969) head coach of the 2012 WNBA Champions Indiana Fever
 * Doc Gamble (1995) University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff head Football coach
 * Leonard Hamilton (1971) Florida State Seminoles head basketball coach
 * Roy Herron (1975) Chairman for Tennessee Democratic Party and former State Senator
 * Andy Holt (2007) U.S. politician who serves in the Tennessee General Assembly, representing District 76
 * Lester Hudson (2009) Former Memphis Grizzlies point guard
 * Montori Hughes (2013) Nose tackle for the Indianapolis Colts
 * Ed Jones (1932) Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee 1949–1953 and a U.S. Representative from Tennessee from 1969 to 1989
 * Van Jones (1990) attorney and internationally recognized civil and human rights advocate
 * Alec Mills (2012) Chicago Cubs pitcher
 * Jerry Reese (1985) general manager of the New York Giants
 * William C. Rhodes (1987) president and CEO of AutoZone, Inc.
 * Ron Roberts (1990) Southeastern Louisiana University head football coach
 * John Stevens (1996) Tennessee State Senator representing District 24
 * Pat Summitt (1974) Tennessee Lady Vols head basketball coach, all-time leader for games won among NCAA Division I basketball coaches (men's or women's). The court in the basketball arena and a street on campus are named for Summitt.
 * Fred Thomas (1996) Former New Orleans Saints cornerback

title: University of Tennessee at Martin


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User:HawkeyePierce27

I'm a hardworking 27 year old guy..I'm a music,history,talk radio buff..I'm willing to help out most i can to wikipedia-- to make it the most effecient webpedia online....

title: User:HawkeyePierce27