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El Capitan

El Capitan (El Capitán; "the Captain" or "the Chief") is a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. The granite monolith is about 3,000 ft from base to summit along its tallest face and is a world-famous location for big wall climbing, including the disciplines of aid climbing, free climbing, and more recently for free solo climbing.

Naming
The formation was named "El Capitan" by the Mariposa Battalion when they explored the valley in 1851. El Capitán ("the captain", "the chief") was taken to be a loose Spanish translation of the local Native American name for the cliff, “Tutokanula” or "Rock Chief" (the exact spelling of Tutokanula varies in different accounts as it is a phonetic transcription from the Miwok language).

The "Rock Chief" etymology is based on the written account of Mariposa Battalion doctor Lafayette Bunnell in his 1892 book. Bunnell reports that Ahwahneechee Chief Tenaya explained to him, forty-one years earlier, in 1851, that the massive formation, called Tutokanula, could be translated as "Rock Chief" because the face of the cliff looks like a giant rock Chief. In Bunnell's account, however, he notes that this translation may be wrong, stating: “I am not etymologist enough to understand just how the word has been constructed… [If] I am found in error, I shall be most willing to acknowledge it, for few things appear more uncertain, or more difficult to obtain, than a complete understanding of the soul of an Indian language.”

An alternative etymology is that "Tutokanula" is Miwok for “Inchworm Rock”. Julia F. Parker, the preeminent Coast Miwok-Kashaya Pomo basket-weaver and Yosemite Museum cultural ambassador since 1960, explains that the name Tutokanula, or “Inchworm Rock”, originates in the Miwok creation story for the giant rock, a legend in which two bear cubs are improbably rescued by a humble inchworm. In the story, a mother bear and her two cubs are walking along the river. The mother forages for seeds and berries while the two cubs nap in the sun on a flat rock. While the cubs sleep, the rock grows and grows, above the trees and into the sky. The mother bear is unable to climb the rock to get to her cubs and she becomes afraid and asks for help. The fox, the mouse, the mountain lion, and every other animal tries to climb to the top of the giant rock but they each fail. Finally, the lowly little inchworm tries the climb and successfully makes it all the way to the top and rescues the cubs. All the animals are happy to see that the little inchworm has saved the two bear cubs and the rock is named in the inchworm's honor.

The “Inchworm Rock” version of the meaning of Tutokanula is also described in the story "Two Bear Cubs: A Miwok Legend from California's Yosemite Valley" by Robert D. San Souci and in the First People Miwok recounting of the El Cap legend.

The top of El Capitan can be reached by hiking out of Yosemite Valley on the trail next to Yosemite Falls, then proceeding west. For climbers, the challenge is to climb up the sheer granite face. There are many named climbing routes, all of them arduous, including Iron Hawk and Sea of Dreams.

Geology
El Capitan is composed almost entirely of a pale, coarse-grained granite approximately 100 MYA (million years old). In addition to El Capitan, this granite forms most of the rock features of the western portions of Yosemite Valley. A separate intrusion of igneous rock, the Taft Granite, forms the uppermost portions of the cliff face.

A third igneous rock, diorite, is present as dark-veined intrusions through both kinds of granite, especially prominent in the area known as the North America Wall.

Along with most of the other rock formations of Yosemite Valley, El Capitan was carved by glacial action. Several periods of glaciation have occurred in the Sierra Nevada, but the Sherwin Glaciation, which lasted from approximately 1.3 MYA to 1 MYA, is considered to be responsible for the majority of the sculpting. The El Capitan Granite is relatively free of joints, and as a result the glacial ice did not erode the rock face as much as other, more jointed, rocks nearby. Nonetheless, as with most of the rock forming Yosemite's features, El Capitan's granite is under enormous internal tension brought on by the compression experienced prior to the erosion that brought it to the surface. These forces contribute to the creation of features such as the Texas Flake, a large block of granite slowly detaching from the main rock face about halfway up the side of the cliff.

Climbing history

Between the two main faces, the Southwest (on the left when looking directly at the wall) and the Southeast, is a prow. While today there are numerous established big wall climbing routes on both faces (for both free climbing and aid climbing), the most popular and most historically famous route is The Nose, which follows this prow.

Pioneering The Nose
The Nose was climbed in 1958 by Warren Harding, Wayne Merry and George Whitmore in 47 days using "siege" tactics: climbing in an expedition style using fixed ropes along the length of the route, linking established camps along the way. The fixed manila ropes allowed the climbers to ascend and descend from the ground throughout the 18-month project, although they presented unique levels of danger as well, sometimes breaking due to the long exposure to cold temperatures. The climbing team relied heavily on aid climbing, using rope, pitons and expansion bolts to make it to the summit. The second ascent of The Nose was in 1960 by Royal Robbins, Joe Fitschen, Chuck Pratt and Tom Frost, who took seven days in the first continuous climb of the route without siege tactics. The first solo climb of The Nose was done by Tom Bauman in 1969. The first ascent of The Nose in one day was accomplished in 1975 by John Long, Jim Bridwell and Billy Westbay.

Expansion of routes
Efforts during the 1960s and 1970s explored the other faces of El Capitan, and many of the early routes are still popular today. Among the early classics are the Salathé Wall (1961, Royal Robbins, Chuck Pratt and Tom Frost) on the southwest face, and the North America Wall (1964, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Chuck Pratt and Tom Frost) on the southeast face. Also climbed in the 1960s are routes such as: Dihedral Wall (1962, Ed Cooper, Jim Baldwin and Glen Denny); West Buttress (1963, Layton Kor and Steve Roper); and Muir Wall (1965, Yvon Chouinard and TM Herbert). Later ascents include: Wall of the Early Morning Light, now known as Dawn Wall, on the Southeast face, adjacent to the prow (1970, Warren Harding and Dean Caldwell); Zodiac (1972, Charlie Porter (solo)); The Shield (1972, Porter and Gary Bocarde); Mescalito (1973, Porter, Steve Sutton, Hugh Burton and C. Nelson); Pacific Ocean Wall (1975, Jim Bridwell, Billy Westbay, Jay Fiske and Fred East); Sea of Dreams (1978, Bridwell, Dale Bard and Dave Diegelman); Jolly Roger (1979, Charles Cole and Steve Grossman); and Wings of Steel (1982, Richard Jensen and Mark Smith). Today there are over 70 routes on El Capitan of various difficulties and danger levels. New routes continue to be established, usually consisting of additions to, or links between, existing routes.

Solo Ascents
After his successful solo ascent of the Leaning Tower, Royal Robbins turned his attention to the Yvon Chouinard-T.M. Herbert Muir Wall route, completing the first solo ascent of El Capitan in 10 days in 1968. The first solo ascents of El Capitan's four classic "siege" routes were accomplished by Thomas Bauman on The Nose in 1969; Peter Hann on the Salathé Wall in 1972; Robert Kayen on the Layton Kor-Steve Roper West Buttress route in 1982; and Beverly Johnson on the Cooper-Baldwin-Denny Dihedral Wall route in 1978. Other noteworthy early solo ascents were the solo first ascent of Cosmos by Jim Dunn in 1972, Zodiac by Charlie Porter in 1972; Tangerine Trip by David Mittel in 1985; and The Pacific Ocean Wall by Rob Slater in 1982. These ascents took 7 to 14 days that required the solo climber lead each pitch, and then rappel, clean the climbing gear, reascend the lead rope, and haul equipment, food and water using a second haul rope. Alex Honnold was the first to free solo El Cap entirely on June 3 of 2017. It took him 3 hours and 56 mins to climb 2,900 ft via the Freerider route.

Ascents by women
Beverly Johnson successfully ascended El Capitan, via the Nose route, with Dan Asay in June 1973. In September 1973, Beverly Johnson and Sibylle Hechtel were the first team of women to ascend El Capitan via the Triple Direct route, which takes the first ten pitches of the Salathe Wall, then continues up the middle portion of El Capitan via the Muir Wall, and finishes on the upper pitches of the Nose route. In 1977, Molly Higgins and Barb Eastman climbed the Nose, to become the second party of women to climb El Capitan and the first to climb it via the Nose. In 1978, Bev Johnson was the first woman to solo El Capitan by climbing the Dihedral Wall. In 1993, Lynn Hill established the first free Ascent of The Nose (IV 5.14a/b). Hazel Findlay has made three free ascents of El Capitan, including the first female ascent of Golden Gate in 2011, the first female ascent of Pre-Muir Wall in 2012, and a three-day ascent of Freerider in 2013 and 'Salathe' in 2017. The oldest woman to climb El Capitan is Dierdre Wolownick, mother to Alex Honnold, who was 66 at the time when she first became the oldest woman to climb El Capitan in 2017, and later broke her own record and again became the oldest woman to climb El Capitan in 2021 on her 70th birthday. On June 12, 2019, 10-year-old Selah Schneiter became the then-youngest person to scale El Capitan, via The Nose route. On November 4, 2020, American Emily Harrington became the fourth woman to free climb El Capitan in a single day and the fourth person (and first woman) to have done so via the route Golden Gate.

Free climbing

As it became clear that any non-crumbling face could be climbed with sufficient perseverance and bolt-hole drilling, some climbers began searching for El Capitan routes that could be climbed either free or with minimal aid. The West Face route was free climbed in 1979 by Ray Jardine and Bill Price; but despite numerous efforts by Jardine and others, The Nose resisted free attempts for another fourteen years. The first free ascent of a main El Cap route, though, was not The Nose, but Salathé Wall. Todd Skinner and Paul Piana made the first free ascent over 9 days in 1988, after 30 days of working the route (graded 5.13b on the Yosemite Decimal System). The Nose was the second major route to be free climbed. Two pitches on The Nose blocked efforts to free the route: the "Great Roof" graded 5.13c and "Changing Corners" graded 5.14a/b. In 1993, Lynn Hill came close to freeing The Nose, making it past the Great Roof and up to Camp VI without falling, stopped only on Changing Corners by a piton jammed in a critical finger hold. After removing the piton she re-climbed the route from the ground. After four days of climbing, Hill reached the summit, making her the first person to free climb The Nose. A year later, Hill returned to free climb The Nose in a day, this time reaching the summit in just 23 hours and setting a new standard for free climbing on El Capitan.

The Nose saw a second free ascent in 1998, when Scott Burke summitted after 261 days of effort. On October 14, 2005, Tommy Caldwell and Beth Rodden, then husband and wife, became the third and fourth people (and the first couple) to free climb The Nose. They took four days on the ascent, swapping leads with each climber free climbing each pitch, either leading or following. Two days later, Caldwell returned to free climb The Nose in less than 12 hours. Caldwell returned two weeks later to free climb El Capitan twice in a day, completing The Nose with Rodden, then descending and leading Freerider in a combined time of 23 hours 23 minutes.

On January 14, 2015, American climbers Tommy Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson completed the first free climb of a route on the southeast face of El Capitan (known as The Wall of Early Morning Light), which they called The Dawn Wall; the climb took 19 days and created the world's the first-ever multi-pitch climbing route at the grade of. In November 2016, Czech climber Adam Ondra made the first repeat of The Dawn Wall in 8 days, leading every single pitch himself.

In 2016, Pete Whittaker became the first person to make an all-free rope solo ascent–which means on every pitch one free climbs to an anchor, abseils to retrieve gear, and then jumars up again to the high point–of El Capitan's Freerider in one day. He left the ground at 3:02 pm on November 11 and finished at 11:08 am on November 12; a total of 20 hours and 6 minutes.

Free solo
Free solo climbing is a form of rock climbing where the climbers do not use any ropes, harnesses, or other protective equipment. This forces the climbers to only rely on their own individual preparation, strength, and skill.

On June 3, 2017, Alex Honnold completed the first free solo climb of El Capitan. He ascended the Freerider line in 3 hours and 56 minutes, beginning at 5:32 am and reaching the peak at 9:28 am. The climb was filmed for the 2018 documentary Free Solo.

Speed climbing
The speed climbing record for the Nose has changed hands several times in the past few years. The current sub-two-hour record of 1:58:07 was set on June 6, 2018, by Alex Honnold and Tommy Caldwell after two other record-breaking climbs in the days before.

Mayan Smith-Gobat and Libby Sauter broke the speed record for an all-women team with a time of 4:43 on October 23, 2014.

Climber fatalities
Over thirty fatalities have been recorded between 1905 and 2018 while climbing El Capitan, including seasoned climbers. Critics blame a recent increase of fatalities (five deaths from 2013 to 2018) in part on increased competition around timed ascents, social media fame, and "competing for deals with equipment manufacturers or advertisers".

BASE jumping
El Capitan has a controversial history regarding BASE jumping, and the National Park Service has enacted criminal regulations which prohibit the practice. Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert made the first BASE jump from El Capitan on July 24, 1966. Both men sustained broken bones from the jump. During the 1970s, with better equipment and training, many BASE jumpers made successful jumps from El Capitan. In 1980 the National Park Service experimented with issuing BASE-jumping permits. The first permitted BASE jump was performed on August 4, 1980, by Dean Westgaard of Laguna Beach. These legal jumps resulted in no major injuries or fatalities. After a trial lasting only ten weeks, the National Park Service ceased issuing permits and effectively shut down all BASE jumping on El Capitan. On October 22, 1999, BASE jumper and stuntwoman Jan Davis died in a jump conducted as part of a protest event involving five jumpers. The event was intended to protest the death of Frank Gambalie, who had landed safely but drowned while fleeing park rangers, and to demonstrate the assertion that BASE jumping could be performed safely.

In currency
El Capitan is featured on a United States quarter dollar coin minted in 2010 as part of the America the Beautiful Quarters series.

In film
In the opening title sequence of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, James T. Kirk, portrayed by William Shatner, attempts a free solo climb of El Capitan.

In technology
Apple named its 12th major release of macOS after El Capitan.

In music
"El Capitan" is a song by Scottish rock band Idlewild from their fourth studio album, Warnings/Promises (2005). It was released as the third single from the album on 11 July 2005 and charted at No. 39 in the UK Singles Chart.[2]

title: El Capitan


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Claudio Bunster

Claudio Bunster Weitzman (born April 15, 1947) is a Chilean theoretical physicist. Until 2005 his name was Claudio Teitelboim Weitzman.

Biography
Claudio Bunster attended at Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera, a prestigious public high school of Santiago. Bunster was educated at the University of Chile and Princeton University, where he earned his doctorate in physics in 1973. Bunster has conducted frontier research and taught at Princeton University and at the University of Texas at Austin. He has also been "Long Term Member" of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton.

Bunster has been Director of the Center for Scientific Studies (CECS ) from its inception in 1984. Originally operating from Santiago, in 2000 this autonomous institute moved South of Chile, Valdivia, in the 40S parallel, where the search has expanded and deepened in the areas of life, our planet and the cosmos.

In addition to his research in theoretical physics and his work as Director of CECs, Bunster has engaged in public service. He was Scientific Adviser to the President during the administration of President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000). During his tenure as presidential adviser the Presidential Chairs in Science and the Millennium Science Initiative were established. He was also a member of the Panel on Human Rights, established by the government, and involving both the civilian and the military, to address outstanding human rights issues.

Bunster has been especially involved in incorporating the armed forces in scientific endeavors, as a way of strengthening democracy through science. This interest has led to joint work in science among CECs, the Army, Navy and Air Force of Chile and distinguished foreign institutions. Among the fruits of these collaborations are several unprecedented expeditions to Antarctica in which Bunster was directly involved.

He received Chile's National Prize for Exact Sciences in 1995 and was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the United States in 2005 and was made Honorary Member of the Solvay Institutes in Brussels in 2007. The World Academy of Sciences for the advancement of science in developing countries, awarded Bunster in 2013, with the TWAS-Lenovo Prize.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Claudio Bunster


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Affordance

In psychology, affordance is what the environment offers the individual. In design, affordance has a narrower meaning, it refers to possible actions that an actor can readily perceive.

American psychologist James J. Gibson coined the term in his 1966 book, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, and it occurs in many of his earlier essays. His best-known definition is from his 1979 book, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception:"The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. ... It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment."

The word is used in a variety of fields: perceptual psychology; cognitive psychology; environmental psychology; criminology; industrial design; human–computer interaction (HCI); interaction design; user-centered design; communication studies; instructional design; science, technology, and society (STS); sports science; and artificial intelligence.

Original development
Gibson developed the concept of affordance over many years, culminating in his final book, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception in 1979. He defined an affordance as what the environment provides or furnishes the animal. Notably, Gibson compares an affordance with an ecological niche emphasizing the way niches characterize how an animal lives in its environment.

The key to understanding affordance is that it is relational and characterizes the suitability of the environment to the observer, and so, depends on their current intentions and their capabilities. For instance, a set of steps which rises 1 m high does not afford climbing to the crawling infant, yet might provide rest to a tired adult or the opportunity to move to another floor for an adult who wished to reach an alternative destination. This notion of intention/needs is critical to an understanding of affordance, as it explains how the same aspect of the environment can provide different affordances to different people, and even to the same individual at another point in time. As Gibson puts it, “Needs control the perception of affordances (selective attention) and also initiate acts.”

Affordances were further studied by Eleanor J. Gibson, wife of James J. Gibson, who created her theory of perceptual learning around this concept. Her book, An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development, explores affordances further.

Gibson's is the prevalent definition in cognitive psychology. According to Gibson, humans tend to alter and modify their environment so as to change its affordances to better suit them. In his view, humans change the environment to make it easier to live in (even if making it harder for other animals to live in it): to keep warm, to see at night, to rear children, and to move around. This tendency to change the environment is natural to humans, and Gibson argues that it is a mistake to treat the social world apart from the material world or the tools apart from the natural environment. He points out that manufacturing was originally done by hand as a kind of manipulation. Gibson argues that learning to perceive an affordance is an essential part of socialization.

The theory of affordances introduces a "value-rich ecological object". Affordances cannot be described within the value-neutral language of physics, but rather introduces notions of benefits and injuries to someone. An affordance captures this beneficial/injurious aspect of objects and relates them to the animal for whom they are well/ill-suited. During childhood development, a child learns to perceive not only the affordances for the self, but also how those same objects furnish similar affordances to another. A child can be introduced to the conventional meaning of an object by manipulating which objects command attention and demonstrating how to use the object through performing its central function. By learning how to use an artifact, a child “enters into the shared practices of society” as when they learn to use a toilet or brush their teeth. And so, by learning the affordances, or conventional meaning of an artifact, children learn the artifact's social world and further, become a member of that world.

Anderson, Yamagishi and Karavia (2002) found that merely looking at an object primes the human brain to perform the action the object affords.

As perceived action possibilities
In 1988, Donald Norman appropriated the term affordances in the context of Human–Computer Interaction to refer to just those action possibilities that are readily perceivable by an actor. This new definition of "action possibilities" has now become synonymous with Gibson's work, although Gibson himself never made any reference to action possibilities in any of his writing. Through Norman's book The Design of Everyday Things, this interpretation was popularized within the fields of HCI, interaction design, and user-centered design. It makes the concept dependent not only on the physical capabilities of an actor, but also on their goals, beliefs, and past experiences. If an actor steps into a room containing an armchair and a softball, Gibson's original definition of affordances allows that the actor may throw the chair and sit on the ball, because this is objectively possible. Norman's definition of (perceived) affordances captures the likelihood that the actor will sit on the armchair and throw the softball. Effectively, Norman's affordances "suggest" how an object may be interacted with. For example, the size, shape, and weight of a softball make it perfect for throwing by humans, and it matches their past experience with similar objects, as does the shape and perceptible function of an armchair for sitting. The focus on perceived affordances is much more pertinent to practical design problems, which may explain its widespread adoption.

Norman later explained that this restriction of the term's meaning had been unintended, and in his 2013 update of The Design of Everyday Things, he added the concept "signifiers". In the digital age, designers were learning how to indicate what actions were possible on a smartphone's touchscreen, which didn't have the physical properties that Norman intended to describe when he used the word "affordances".

"Designers needed a word to describe what they were doing, so they chose affordance. What alternative did they have? I decided to provide a better answer: signifiers. Affordances determine what actions are possible. Signifiers communicate where the action should take place. We need both."

However, the definition from his original book has been widely adopted in HCI and interaction design, and both meanings are now commonly used in these fields.

Following Norman's adaptation of the concept, affordance has seen a further shift in meaning where it is used as an uncountable noun, referring to the easy discoverability of an object or system's action possibilities, as in "this button has good affordance". This in turn has given rise to use of the verb afford – from which Gibson's original term was derived – that is not consistent with its dictionary definition (to provide or make available): designers and those in the field of HCI often use afford as meaning "to suggest" or "to invite".

The different interpretations of affordances, although closely related, can be a source of confusion in writing and conversation if the intended meaning is not made explicit and if the word is not used consistently. Even authoritative textbooks can be inconsistent in their use of the term.

When affordances are used to describe information and communications technology (ICT) an analogy is created with everyday objects with their attendant features and functions. Yet, ICT's features and functions derive from the product classifications of its developers and designers. This approach emphasizes an artifact’s convention to be wholly located in how it was designed to be used. In contrast, affordance theory draws attention to the fit of the technology to the activity of the user and so lends itself to studying how ICTs may be appropriated by users or even misused. One meta-analysis reviewed the evidence from a number of surveys about the extent to which the Internet is transforming or enhancing community. The studies showed that the internet is used for connectivity locally as well as globally, although the nature of its use varies in different countries. It found that internet use is adding on to other forms of communication, rather than replacing them.

Mechanisms and conditions framework of affordances
Jenny L. Davis introduced the mechanisms and conditions framework of affordances in a 2016 article and 2020 book. The mechanisms and conditions framework shifts the orienting question from what technologies afford to how technologies afford, for whom and under what circumstances? This framework deals with the problem of binary application and presumed universal subjects in affordance analyses. The mechanisms of affordance indicate that technologies can variously request, demand, encourage, discourage, refuse, and allow social action, conditioned on users' perception, dexterity, and cultural and institutional legitimacy in relation to the technological object.

This framework adds specificity to affordances, focuses attention on relationality, and centralizes the role of values, politics, and power in affordance theory. The mechanisms and conditions framework is a tool of both socio-technical analysis and socially aware design.

Three categories
William Gaver divided affordances into three categories: perceptible, hidden, and false.

 * A false affordance is an apparent affordance that does not have any real function, meaning that the actor perceives possibilities for action that are nonexistent. A good example of a false affordance is a placebo button.
 * Affordance is said to be hidden when there are possibilities for action, but these are not perceived by the actor. For example, it is not apparent from looking at a shoe that it could be used to open a wine bottle, but such a feat is possible by placing the bottle into the shoe and tapping it repeatedly against a wall until the cork starts to be pushed out.
 * Affordance is said to be perceptible when there is information available such that the actor perceives and can then act upon the existing affordance.

This means that, when affordances are perceptible, they offer a direct link between perception and action, and, when affordances are hidden or false, they can lead to mistakes and misunderstandings.

Affordance in robotics
Problems in robotics indicate that affordance is not only a theoretical concept from psychology. In object grasping and manipulation, robots need to learn the affordance of objects in the environment, i.e., to learn from visual perception and experience (a) whether objects can be manipulated, (b) to learn how to grasp an object, and (c) to learn how to manipulate objects to reach a particular goal. As an example, the hammer can be grasped, in principle, with many hand poses and approach strategies, but there is a limited set of effective contact points and their associated optimal grip for performing the goal.

Fire safety
In the context of fire safety, affordances are the perceived and actual properties of objects and spaces that suggest how they can be used during an emergency. For instance, well-designed signage, clear pathways, and accessible exits afford quick evacuation. By understanding and applying affordance principles, designers can create environments that intuitively guide occupants towards safety, reduce evacuation time, and minimize the risk of injury during a fire. Incorporating affordance-based design in building layouts, emergency equipment placement, and evacuation procedures ensures that users can effectively interact with their surroundings under stressful conditions, ultimately improving overall fire safety. This theory has been applied to select best design for several evacuation systems using data from physical experiments and virtual reality experiments.

Affordances in language education
Based on Gibson’s conceptualization of affordances as both the good and bad that the environment offers animals, affordances in language learning are both the opportunities and challenges that learners perceive of their environment when learning a language. Affordances, which are both learning opportunities or inhibitions, arise from the semiotic budget of the learning environment, which allows language to evolve. Positive affordances, or learning opportunities, are only effective in developing learner's language when they perceive and actively interact with their surroundings. Negative affordances, on the other hand, are crucial in exposing the learners’ weaknesses for teachers, and the learners themselves, to address their moment-to-moment needs in their learning process.

title: Affordance


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Sulęcin

Sulęcin (Zielenzig) is a town in western Poland with 10,117 inhabitants (2019), the capital of Sulecin County, since 1999 in Lubusz Voivodeship.

Geography
Sulęcin is located in the center of Lubusz Voivodeship (Lubuskie province), by the river Postomia, tributary of the Warta River, in the historical Lubusz Land. The surrounding landscape is formed by many hillocks on the plateau of Lubusz. The highest of them is the Bukowiec (227 m). The closest big city is Gorzów Wielkopolski (45 km). Over 50% of the area of the Sulecin Commune is occupied by forests.

Middle Ages
Excavations have shown that the area around Sulęcin was inhabited already in the 2nd century BC. The area formed part of Poland after the establishment of the state in the 10th century. The town developed from a Slavic settlement. The town was mentioned for the first time in documents in 1241 when bishop Henry granted nobleman Mrotsek the right to build a new settlement for Germans. Until the 12th century under dominion of the Silesian line of the Piast dynasty, the town with 10 surrounding villages was handed over by Polish Duke Henry I the Bearded to Mroczko from Pogorzela, who in 1244 gave it to the Knights Templar. In 1249 Zielenzig became a part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In 1269 Otto, the Margrave of Brandenburg ordered to build a castle in the town. It was destroyed by the Polish army of Duke Bolesław the Pious in retaliation for a Brandenburg invasion. After disbanding of the Knights Templar Order by Pope Clement V in 1312 Sulęcin was ruled by the Knights Hospitaller. They leased the town in 1318 to the Brandenburg Margrave Woldemar. After a war broke out over control of the region in 1319, the town came under Polish control again, as part of the Duchy of Głogów. Duke Henry IV the Faithful confirmed the rights of the Knights Hospitaller to the town and the castle, by virtue of a document issued in 1322 in nearby Lubniewice. By 1326 the town fell to Brandenburg again. It stayed under the supremacy of the Knights Hospitaller until 1810.

Between 1373 and 1415 it was part of the Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown. In 1419 Sulęcin suffered a severe damage, as the Hussite Wars reached the city.

Modern era
In 1574 the Polish nobility and clergy of Greater Poland welcomed in Zielenzig the first elected King of Poland, Henry of Valois. In 1591, the first school was established in the town. In 1689, Polish princess Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska stayed in Sulęcin.

From the 18th century the town was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, under the Germanized name Zielenzig. In 1733 Frederick William I, King of Prussia visited the town. During the Napoleonic Wars, from 1806 to 1812 the town remained under French control.

As a result of the new Prussian district division of 1818 a new district Landkreis Sternberg was established. Zielenzig was its capital of until 1852. In 1873 Sternberg was divided into Oststernberg district with Zielenzig as a capital and Weststernberg district. At that time the city's industry was based on textile production and mills. In the middle of the 19th century the number of inhabitants reached 4500. After the discovery of lignite in the vicinity of the city a briquette factory was set up in Zielenzig. This led to the development of infrastructure and resulted in an increase of the population to 5769 inhabitants in 1885. After World War I a number of companies involved in timber processing set up in the town. The number of residents in 1939 according to the last German census was 5867. On 2 May 1945 Sulęcin was taken by the Red Army. Although there was no resistance, the houses in the city center were plundered by the soldiers and set on fire. As a result, around 50% of Sulęcin was completely destroyed.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the town once again became part of Poland, and its German population was expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. It was initially renamed as "Cielęcin" in 1945 and finally Sulęcin in 1946, it was repopulated mostly by Poles expelled from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union and settlers from nearby Greater Poland. From 1945 to 1975 it was the capital of its county, at first in Poznan Voivodeship (1946–1950), later Zielona Gora Voivodeship (1950–1975). It was demoted as a borough (gmina) centre in Międzyrzecz county of Gorzow Wielkopolski Voivodeship between 1975 and 1999. It has been a county center in Lubusz Voivodeship since 1999.

Education

 * Szkoła Podstawowa im. Polskich Olimpijczyków – Primary School Homepage
 * Gimnazjum im. Jana Pawła II – Secondary School Homepage
 * I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Adama Mickiewicza – High School Homepage
 * Zespół szkół licealnych i zawodowych – High School Homepage

Monuments

 * St. Nicholas church, Gothic church built by the Knights Templar, rebuilt after war damage of 1945
 * Defensive walls with remains of gates and a tower
 * Old town houses from 18th and 19th century

Notable people

 * Ernst Krause (1839–1903) German biologist
 * Siegfried Schnell (1916–1944), Luftwaffe officer
 * Ulli Lommel (1944–2017), German actor

Twin towns – sister cities
See twin towns of Gmina Sulęcin.

title: Sulęcin


text:
Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure

The Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure (SSCLI), previously codenamed Rotor, is Microsoft's shared source implementation of the CLI, the core of .NET. Although the SSCLI is not suitable for commercial use due to its license, it does make it possible for programmers to examine the implementation details of many .NET libraries and to create modified CLI versions. Microsoft provides the Shared Source CLI as a reference CLI implementation suitable for educational use.

History
Beginning in 2001, Microsoft announced they would release part of the .NET Framework infrastructure source code in Shared source through ECMA, as part of the C# and CLI standardization process.

In March 2002, Microsoft released version 1.0 of the Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure, also called Rotor. The Shared Source CLI was initially pre-configured to run on Windows, but could also be built on FreeBSD (version 4.7 or newer), and Mac OS X 10.2. It was designed such that the only thing that needed to be customized to port the Shared Source CLI to a different platform was a thin Platform Abstraction Layer (PAL).

The last 2.0 version of SSCLI was released in March 2006, and contains most of the classes and features of version 2.0 of the .NET Framework. SSCLI 2.0 can be downloaded directly from Microsoft downloads and requires Perl and Visual Studio 2005 running on Windows XP SP2 to compile. Microsoft has not updated the source and build requirements since 2006. Even Microsoft MVPs, important part of Microsoft community ecosystem, complained about the lack of support for other Visual Studio versions and operating systems. However, a non-official patch for Visual Studio 2008 was provided by a Microsoft employee in the MSDN Blog and another for Visual Studio 2010 was released by the community.

Later versions of .NET, originally known as .NET Core and now referred to simply as .NET, have been open sourced under the more permissive MIT license.

License
The Shared Source CLI use the non-free Microsoft Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure license. This license allows modifications and redistribution of the code for personal or academic usages, but they can't be used for commercial products.


text:
Talk:Papilio rutulus

Untitled
oop! I had a wrongly identified picture on this page - what I had thought was a Western Tiger Swallowtail was on closer examination an Anise Swallowtail. Has anyone got a genuine photo of Papilio rutulus? seglea 05:29, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Is this the kind of butterfly on Paramore's Brand new eyes? If so, can I add it to the information?

 * No, I believe that the butterfly on Paramore's newest album is an Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. You can add the information to that article. Megan| talkcontribs 22:17, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

I have linked this page to two other pages that are also members of the Papilio genus. Ashleynlin (talk) 20:30, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papilio rutulus


text:
Index of literature articles

Articles related to literature include:

A
Accent - Accentual verse - Accentual-syllabic verse - Aesthetic movement - Allegory - Alliteration - Allusion - Ambiguity - Anecdote - Antagonist - Apostrophe - Assonance - Author's purpose - Autobiography

B
Ballad - Biography - Blank verse - Breve - Broadside - Burlesque

C
Character - Characterization - Chronological order - Climax - Comedy - Conceit - Concrete poem - Conflict - Connotation - Context - Contrast - Consonance -Cordel literature - Couplet

D
Dead metaphor - Detail - Denouement - Description - Dialect - Dialogue - Diary - Didactic literature - Diphthong - Doggerel - Drama - Dramatic monologue - Dramatic poetry

E
Elegy - Elision - Emblematic poem - English studies - Epic - Epigram - Epitaph - Epithalamium - Essay - Eulogy - Exaggeration - Excerpt - Existentialism - Explorative strategies - Exposition - Expressionism - Extended metaphor - Eye rhyme

F
Fable - Fantasy - Farce - Feminine ending - Fiction - Flash prose - Figurative language - Flashback - Folk tale - Foot - Foreshadowing - Frame story - Free verse

G
Genre

H
Haiku - Half rhyme - Hero/heroine - Hubris - Humour - Hyperbole

I
Ictus - Idiom - Idyll - Imagist - Implicit metaphor - Internal rhyme - Inciting moment - Invocation - Irony

L
Legend - Light verse - Limerick - Literary criticism - Literature - Litotes - Lyric

M
Macaronic verse - Main character - Masculine ending - Masculine rhyme - Memoir - Merism - Metamorphosis - Metaphor - Metaphysical poet - Meter - Metonymy - Minor character - Mock heroic - Moral - myth

N
Narrative poem - Narrator - Naturalism - Non-fiction - Novel

O
Octet - Ode - Onomatopoeia - Oral tradition - Oxymoron

P
Parable - Parody - Pastoral - Pathetic fallacy - Personification - Persuasion - Playwright - Plot - Poetic diction - Poetry - Point of view - Prose - Protagonist

Q
Quantitative verse - Quatrain - Quintain (poetry) - Quotation

R
Realism - Refrain - Repetition - Resistance literature - Resolution - Rhyme - Rhyme scheme - Rhythm

S
Sarcasm - Scan (poetry) - Science fiction - Sensory language - Sextet - Short story - Simile - Slash - Socratic irony - Soliloquy - Sonnet - Sprung rhythm - Stage direction - Stanza - Style - Subliterature - Surprise ending - Surrealism - Suspense - Syllabic verse - Symbol - Symbolism - Synecdoche - Synaesthesia

T
Tall tale - Theater - Theme - Transferred epithet

U
Ubi sunt - Ultraist movement - Unanimism - Understatement - University Wits - Ut pictura poesis

V
Variorum - Vers de société - Vers libre - Verse - Verse novel - Verse paragraph - Vice (character) - Victorian literature - Vignette (literature) - Villain/villainess - Villanelle - Virelai - Volta (literature)

W
War poet - Whodunit

Y
Yellow back

Z
Zeugma

title: Index of literature articles


text:
Anjeza Shahini

Anjeza Shahini (born 4 May 1987) is an Albanian singer. She is best known for being the first representative of Albania at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004, after winning the 42nd edition of Festivali i Këngës.

2003–2009
Anjeza Shahini was born on 4 May 1987 in the city of Tirana, then part of the People's Republic of Albania, present Albania. In 2003, Shahini won the first edition of "Ethet e së premtes mbrëma". In later 2003, along with 29 other singers, she competed in the Festivali I Këngës 42 with the song "Imazhi yt". After two preliminary rounds, Shahini reached the final on 20 December, at the end of which, hosts Adi Krasta and Ledina Çelo presented her as the winner of the combined jury and televote. That meant she would represent Albania in the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul, Turkey, in Albania's debut year in the competition. For the ESC finals, a three-minute English version of the song entitled "The Image of You" was created. Anjeza sang in the semi-final of ESC on 12 May 2004, and finished fourth out of twenty-two. This top-ten finish, secured Anjeza a place in the final where on 15 May she competed with contestants from twenty-four other countries and finished seventh with a total of 106 points.

In 2004, Anjeza recorded a song ("Në mes nesh") with Kosovo-Albanian band Marigona. In 2005 she signed a contract with an artist management agency based in Vienna. During her two years in Vienna she continued private studies in music and collaborated with the well known Austrian producer Harald Hanisch, including the song "Pse Ndal" (Why Stop) which was used at the Albanian National Song Festival (Festivali i Këngës), the Albanian selection process for the Eurovision Song Contest. Anjeza Shahini made it through the two semi-finals to the last twenty at the National Final and was one of the favourites to win. However, at the final, which aired on 18 December 2005, the winner was announced as the song "Zjarr e ftohtë", sung by Luiz Ejlli.

On 3 June 2006, Anjeza Shahini was a special guest performer at the Euro Video Grand Prix contest, which was held in Albania. She opened the contest with the song "Welcome to Europe".

In 2007, Anjeza returned to Albania and signed a contract with the Albanian record label "Eurostar". She performed at Këngët e Shekullit 2, a successful series on TV Klan consisting of remakes of the best Albanian songs from the past century. She took part in Kënga Magjike 2007 with the song "Nxënësja më e mirë" ("The best student"), where the other singers' votes landed her in 4th place, but she did receive the critics' award.

In August 2008, Anjeza Shahini released her first album, Erdhi momenti, containing only new songs, all in Albanian. Some of the songs were composed by Adrian Hila, but she also collaborated with other well known composers such as Pirro Cako, Alfred Kacinari and Genti Myftaraj and some of the lyrics were written by Anjeza's sister, Bela. The songs "Erdhi Momenti" and "Lot Pendimi" were promoted with a music video produced by Max Production.

Anjeza Shahini took part in Festivali i Këngës 48 with the ballad "Në pasqyrë" (In the mirror), placing second.

2010s
In 2010, Shahini finished her contract with Eurostar and became an independent artist. In the same year she completed her studies in International Relations at the European University of Tirana. In 2011, she participated for the first time in Top Fest performing a duet with Kosovo band Dren Abazi & Zig Zag Orchestra. Their song "Ti dhe une" got "Best Interpretation" award. A music video was released after in partnership with "PinkMoon" production. In 2012, she released the ballad "Te desha shume", composed by Endrit Shani and produced by Sebastian Video Production.

Anjeza Shahini was again very close to winning ""Festivali I Kenges"" in 2012 2013 with the song "LOVE", but the jury placed her second.

Anjeza Shahini was a guest in the new release of the German artist Martin Kilger in the song "Kastanien Lied" a song dedicated to Albania,she plays the role of Albanian girl, singing her part in the Albanian language.

During 2014 she released three singles in collaboration with the songwriter Mario Deda. Together they produced "Ujë në shkretëtirë" a triphop ballad. The video was produced in partnership with ID Production. Soon that year they released the song "Magnet" a project supported by an Albanian development company. The video produced by Entermedia showcases tall and new buildings of Tirana projecting a new, futuristic capital city of Albania, (electronic pop-dance).

In October 2014, Shahini released the song "Energji" (Energy), an electronic pop-drum & bass, the song was performed at Kenga Magjike and received the award "Tendence" (Best Trend Song).

Anjeza appeared on the BBC Eurovision 2017 semi-final show with Scott Mills and Lucie Jones and performed at the second annual Eurostarz event in London, together with other Eurovision former acts, including Anne Marie David, Kurt Calleja, Mihai Traistariu, Karl William Lund and Salena Mastroianni.

2020s
On 27 October 2023, Shahini co-hosted, alongside Adi Krasta and Besim Dina, the second night of the Kosovan version of Festivali i Këngës, at its inaugural edition.

Albums

 * Erdhi Momenti (2008)

Singles

 * Nëse të ndodh (2003)
 * The Image of You (2004)
 * Mes nesh ft. Marigona Band (2004)
 * Pse ndal (2005)
 * Welcome to Europe (2006)
 * Nxënësja më e mirë (2007)
 * Ne pasqyrë (2009)
 * Ti dhe unë ft. Dren Abazi & ZZOrchestra (2011)
 * Të desha shume (2012)
 * Nesër nuk do të jetë njësoj (2012)
 * Love (2012)
 * Ujë në shkretëtirë (2014)
 * Magnet (2014)
 * Energji (2014)
 * Neser nuk do te jete njesoj (2013)

Guest appearance
 * Kastanien Lied (2013)

Soundtracks
 * Dashuria e Bjeshkëve te Nemuna 2 (2013 film)

Awards
Festivali i Këngës

Kënga Magjike
 * 2003
 * "The Image of You"
 * First Prize
 * Won
 * 2008
 * "Në pasqyrë"
 * Contestant
 * 2nd
 * 2012
 * "Love"
 * Contestant
 * 2nd
 * }
 * Contestant
 * 2nd
 * }

 * 2007
 * "Nxënësja më e mirë"
 * Critic Prize
 * Won
 * 2014
 * "Energji"
 * Trend Prize
 * Won
 * }
 * Won
 * }

Zhurma Show Awards

 * 2009
 * "'Erdhi momenti'"
 * Best Rock
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

Netët e Klipt Shqiptar

 * 2010
 * "Lotë pendimi"
 * Best Performer
 * Won
 * }
 * }

Top Fest

 * 2012
 * "Ti dhe unë (ft. Dren Abazi)"
 * Best Performer
 * Won
 * }
 * }

Video Fest Awards

 * 2012
 * "Ti dhe unë (ft. Dren Abazi)"
 * Best Collaboration
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

title: Anjeza Shahini


text:
Talk:S. E. Hinton

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 12 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ADRUTA2020. Peer reviewers: Kpeif3.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:30, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Little-known facts about S. E. Hinton's novel The Outsiders
Material from Little-known facts about S. E. Hinton novels

The Outsiders
 * Ponyboy's full name is Ponyboy Michael Curtis
 * Sodapop's full name is Sodapop Patrick Curtis
 * Darry's full name is Darrel Shayne Curtis, Jr.
 * The reason Darry has such a 'boring' name compared to his two brothers is because he is named after his father.
 * Two-Bit's real name is Keith Matthews
 * Sandy, Sodapop's girlfriend, who is only briefly mentioned in the book, leaves Soda to go live in Florida with her Grandmother.
 * Cherry's real name is Sherri Valance
 * Cherry and Marcia and some nurses are the only girls present in the entire book, others are mentioned but not seen.
 * Marcia is prononunced like Marsha

''all the above text contributed from IP 205.188.117.12, 14:31, 16 May 2004. Andrewa 05:34, 16 May 2004 (UTC)''

What is S.E. Hinton doing today?
uhh... maybe she's just living her own life, minding her own business, doing what she enjoys, living like a normal person?

From her website: "My hobby is horse-back riding; I've shown both jumping and dressage.

I read constantly, and occasionally take a class at the university not for credit - it's more fun when you don't have to take the tests!

A writer's life is not very exciting - usually you're alone in a room with your tools - paper, pen, imagination. (I usually write long-hand first, then put it on a computer.)

I walk the dog, ride my horse, wander the grocery store wondering what to cook for dinner.

So much for my glamourous life.

I have a great husband, a wonderful son; I won't invade their privacy by saying any more." Lonewuf 18:18, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * She wrote a really, really bad vampire novel recently. I'll try to find publication info for the article. Don't worry, I'll leave my opinion of the novel (absolutely atrocious) out of the article. thx1138 06:40, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I did a quick google and found a review. [] Hawkes Harbor its called.--Xiahou 23:16, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * That is pretty cool 69.46.51.8 (talk) 19:40, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Age?
It's impossible that somebody born in 1948 was 16 in 1967. --OliverTraldi 04:18, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * She was sixteen when she wrote it, she was older by the time it was published ( it can take years before a novel finishes editing, etc.) F-451 18:18, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * She was 16 when she wrote the majority of it during her sophomore/junior year (1964/1965), it was published in 1967, her first year of college. She was born in 1948.

 * Some other sources like the Encyclopædia Britannica Online state 1950. --Asdert 11:06, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * There's an interesting discussion of the question at Who2.com, "S.E. Hinton, Staying Gold (Plus Two Years)", that makes a convincing case for 1948, which simply makes more sense relative to established facts about her life (e.g. graduating from high school in 1966).-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  13:10, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * IMDB uses 1950. Infoplease uses 1950... and says "or 1949".sinneed (talk) 00:36, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * imdb has corrected itself to 1948: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386023/bio Quanyinsdottir (talk) 10:25, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * others have updated to 1948 as well: http://www.infoplease.com/biography/var/sehinton.html http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1948/july_22_1948_393083.html http://answers.encyclopedia.com/question/s-e-hinton-born-166548.html Quanyinsdottir (talk) 10:29, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * As this seems to be a source of many edits, I have added a source saying 1950. I added text mentioning the DoB dispute, but an IP objected.  I have reinstated the note as a comment in the code, and reinstated the reference killed by the IP as well.sinneed (talk) 22:26, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Hinton was born in 1948. Go to http://www.ussearch.com/consumer/index.jsp (which gathers public info from driver licenses and tax records) and type in her married name Susan Inhofe. image cap: http://i43.tinypic.com/o6xjko.jpg clearly states age is 61. Quanyinsdottir (talk) 08:44, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * And please restore the comments, as there have been many wrangles over this.- Sinneed  09:30, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * http://movies.nytimes.com/person/32477/S-E-Hinton/biography says 1948, as well Quanyinsdottir (talk) 10:47, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Three years later I replaced two long comments with "1948/1940 see Talk:S. E. Hinton". Here is the longer of those two comments (quote):
 * "Year varies from 1948 to 1950, but recent sources seem to stick to 1950. See body and talk page. Changed at 09/09/01 > Now almost all sources say 1948"
 * --P64 (talk) 23:58, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

P.S. Library of Congress authorities (LCCN in footer) quotes her thus, perhaps from A. Wilson (2002): "I began the first draft of The Outsiders when I was fifteen; nobody believes that, so I usually say sixteen; my editors say seventeen, just in case"

--P64 (talk) 00:40, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Her Wikidata item currently has both dates (1948 and 1950) with many references for each, and the 1948 date "preferred". I believe this correctly represents the conclusions of this discussion. Cheers, Bovlb (talk) 19:03, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

 * A search of the Oklahoma State Department of Health Information at https://ok2explore.health.ok.gov/App/BirthSearch for Susan E Hinton returns the birth date of July 22, 1948. Kaltenmeyer (talk) 22:26, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Ref improve
I am concerned that a great deal of this may be OR ... and some of it seems to be or to have been fiction. I axed a few things that were dubious, but there is a good bit of it. The article is vandalized so heavily I am very very doubtful. This author states that she is a very private person, so I am especially dubious of personal details here.sinneed (talk)

 * Found a 2005 NYT interview. Cited for some of the conflicting information.  It doesn't help with DoB...she refuses to say.  Still could be anywhere from 48 to 50.sinneed (talk) 05:49, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Recent addition, unsourced, cutting to here for discussion of possible inclusion
She continues to participate in the annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books in association with UCLA. In the 2009 festival, she will have a conversation with Jane Smiley.

Since the Times appears to be the sponsor, surely there would be a wp:RS? Cutting this to here to avoid losing the editor's work.sinneed (talk) 01:49, 14 April 2009 (UTC

Hawkes Harbor
OK - 'The Outsiders' is one of my all time favrite books, and I nearly worshipped S.E. Hinton when I started writing as a teenager. But somebody has to say something about "Hawkes Harbour". I like a good vampire story as much as the next guy, but reading this trash, and thinking this was written by S.E. Hinton. All I could think is WTF? (please pardon the language). Did she lose her mind? I don't want her to be trashed... but.. really? Is this the same author that gave us Ponyboy and Dally, and the greatest teen story ever?

Full name?
What is the objection to her full name in the 1st para? It seems to be in keeping with biographical articles in WP.- Sinneed  06:11, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

OR, weak sources, removal of tags, no edit summaries
A great deal of change was made to the article tonight. My initial reaction is to roll it all back, then see if there is any of the that should be kept. Hopefully the editor will join the discussion, fix some of the errors (restore tags, stick to wp:RS, etc.)- Sinneed  09:28, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

J.K. Rowling?
Maybe I'm being a little too critical about this, but why is there mention of J.K. Rowling using initials to pen her books in the opening paragraph of the article? The article is about Hinton, not Rowling, and unless someone can cite a source saying that Rowling was inspired by this author to use her initials to increase her credibility, then I strongly believe it should be removed. It seems a little irrelevant and is likely already stated elsewhere on Wikipedia; I do not see a valid reason why this trivial information needs to be placed on an unrelated author's page.199.126.194.204 (talk) 07:50, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

FAQ
Evidently the FAQ at sehinton.com has been unavailable. These notes (essentially by previous editors) may be useful if that recurs. (which may refer to a more recent version of FAQ) --P64 (talk) 00:40, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * current url[when?] http://sehinton.com/misc/faq.php --unavailable on live site currently

Gang reference
S.E. Hinton was not influenced by "two rival gangs". The Greasers and the Soc's (pronounced soash) are classifications for social groups at the time the terms were used. Greasers were usually from the poorer areas of town, blue-collar working class. Soc's were upper middle class or wealthy families, much like the term Preppie which was used in the 80's and 90's. Greasers usually drove souped up older cars or motorcycles, males greased their hair back so it looked like the tail on a duck, or Duck's Ass or also a DA, hence the name Greaser's. Think of Fonzie in the TV show Happy days. Richie Cunningham would have been a Soc because his father owned a business and they lived in a fairly nice home. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oldgreenfrog (talk • contribs) 09:05, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

I agree the with the comment above. I went to the same High School as S.E. Hinton, Will Rogers High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Soc's and Greasers were not gang but two different social groups. The Soc's were the popular kids with nice cars, usally clean cut, often cheerleaders or class officers, hung out together. Greasers-male had longer greased hair that was combed back sometimes into a duck tail. Girls and the boys smoked in in the back of the school, weren't afraid to cuss to shock someone, some came from a lower social economic status. During that time there were social clubs for guys that for the more upper class. On of the Tulsa high school's in Tulsa Thomas Edison, fell into a wealthy district. Those were the real Soc's.  Mary J. McCauley  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.56.0.93 (talk) 06:17, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

s.e.hinton
I love the outsiders — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.135.8.251 (talk) 15:47, 28 September 2016 (UTC)
 * thanks for the sentiment. Coolabahapple (talk) 08:38, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 September 2016
71.70.193.79 (talk) 22:26, 30 September 2016 (UTC) hello its me
 * No edit requested. CIreland (talk) 22:30, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 April 2018
She was born on july 22 lol get rekt nerd Licloc123 (talk) 12:38, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  12:48, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

S. E. Hinton instead of S.E. Hinton!? Why, Wikipedia?! Why! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.68.2.144 (talk) 12:51, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Edit request
In the 'Career' section, it is stated that over 14 million copies of 'The Outsiders' have been sold since 1967. Citing a different source, it is then claimed that the novel 'still sells more than 500,000 a year.'

While each of the two citations are valid - that is, the numbers referenced in the Wikipedia page reflect the numbers given by the two sources - the math doesn't add up. If the book has been averaging over 500,000 copies sold each year, it would have sold in excess of 27.5 million copies - and that is a conservative estimate, as it likely sold many more copies in the first few years after its publication.

I did a little digging; it seems that many independent sources estimate that the total number of copies sold is indeed around 14 million. However, only one source is ever cited when referencing the 500,000 copies sold per year - Viking Books, which is a subdivision of Penguin Random House, and the publisher of 'The Outsiders.' My guess is that this annual sales figure is artificially inflated. I would suggest changing the page to only reflect the total number of books sold, and omit the claim of 500,000 books sold each year.

Not that any of this really matters, I just found the contradictory numbers to be interesting. And evidently I have too much time on my hands...

WikiPeterPan (talk) 07:32, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Wikipedia's policy when sources differ is as follows: "If reliable sources disagree, then maintain a neutral point of view and present what the various sources say, giving each side its due weight ... Our job as editors is simply to summarize what reliable sources say." (WP:V). I've adjusted the wording to be more clear. Additionally, it's entirely possible that the book sold poorly before the 2000s, and picked up recently. — PerfectSoundWhatever  (t; c) 21:03, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:S. E. Hinton


text:
Jaguar XJ

The Jaguar XJ is a series of mid-size/full-size luxury cars produced by British automobile manufacturer Jaguar Cars (becoming Jaguar Land Rover in 2013) from 1968 to 2019. It was produced across four basic platform generations (debuting in 1968, 1986, 2003, and 2009) with various updated derivatives of each. From 1970, it was Jaguar's flagship four-door model. The original model was the last Jaguar saloon to have been designed under the leadership of Sir William Lyons, the company's founder, and the model has been featured in countless media and high-profile appearances.

Overview
The first generation Jaguar XJ was produced for a total period of 24 years, with two major facelifts – in 1973 and in 1979, with a raised front bumper and less tall grilles.

For four years, the 1968 introduced XJ was always a four-door, straight-six saloon on a 108.75 in wheelbase. In 1972, a more spacious, 4 in longer wheelbase (LWB) option, and a 5.3 litre V12 engine were added. On the XJ series II (from 1973), the standard wheelbase (SWB) saloons were cancelled in 1974 – but a SWB two-door (series II only) coupé was sold from 1975–1978.

The 1979 series III saloons received a redesigned greenhouse (upper body) and bumpers. The 6-cylinder series III models were replaced by the second generation Jaguar XJ in 1987, but the V12 models not until 1992.

Series 1 (1968–1973)
The XJ6, using the 2.8-litre (2792 cc) and 4.2-litre (4235 cc) straight-six cylinder versions of Jaguar's renowned XK engine, replaced most of Jaguar's saloons – which, in the 1960s, had expanded to four separate ranges. Apart from the engines, the front and rear suspensions carried over from previous models as well: the widest version of Jaguar's IRS unit from the Mark X, and the subframe-mounted independent front suspension first seen in the 1955 Mark 1, with new anti-dive geometry. An upmarket version was marketed under the Daimler brand as the Daimler Sovereign, continuing the name from the Daimler version of the Jaguar 420. The car was introduced in September 1968. Power-assisted steering and leather upholstery were standard on the 2.8 L De Luxe and 4.2 L models. Air conditioning was offered as an optional extra on the 4.2 L Daimler versions, which were launched in October 1969 in a series of television advertisements featuring Sir William. In these advertisements, he referred to the car as "the finest Jaguar ever". An unusual feature inherited from the Mark X and S-Type saloons was the twin fuel tanks, positioned on each side of the boot, and filled using two separately lockable filler caps: one on the top of each wing above the rear wheel arches. Preliminary reviews of the car were favourable, noting the effective brakes and good ride quality.

In March 1970, it was announced that the Borg-Warner Model 8 automatic transmission, which the XJ6 had featured since 1968, would be replaced on the 4.2-litre XJ6 with the Borg-Warner Model 12. The new transmission had three different forward positions accessed via the selector lever, which effectively enabled performance oriented drivers to hold lower ratios at higher revs to achieve better acceleration. "Greatly improved shift quality" was also claimed for the new system. Around this time other, minor changes were made as well, such as moving the rear reflectors from beside to below the rear lights; on the interior the chrome gauge bezels were replaced with black ones, to cut down on distracting reflections. In 1972, the option of a long-wheelbase version, providing a 4-inch increase in leg room for passengers on the rear seats, became available.

A high-performance version called the XJ12 was announced in July 1972, featuring a simplified grille treatment, and powered by a Jaguar's 5.3 L V12 engine coupled to the Borg-Warner Model 12 transmission. At the time, it was the only mass-produced 12-cylinder, four-door car in the world and, with a top speed of "around" 225 kph, it was the "fastest full four-seater available in the world".

Although it had been the manufacturer's intention from launch that the XJ would use the 12-cylinder engine its installation was nonetheless a tight fit, and providing adequate cooling had been a challenge for Jaguar's engineers. Bonnet louvres such as those fitted on the 12-cylinder E-Type were rejected and instead the XJ12 featured a complex "cross-flow" radiator divided into two separated horizontal sections supported with coolant feeder tanks at each end. The engine fan was geared to rotate at 1¼ times the speed of the engine, subject to a limiter which cut in at a fan speed of 1,700 rpm. The fuel system incorporated a relief valve that returned fuel to the tank when pressure in the lines to the carburettors exceeded 1.5 psi, to reduce the risk of vapour locks occurring at the high operating temperatures, while the car's battery had its own thermostatically-controlled cooling fan.

3,228 Series 1 XJ12s were built. A badge-engineered version, the Daimler Double-Six, was introduced in 1972, reviving the Daimler model name of 1926–1938.

Series 2 (1973–1979)
The XJ line received a facelift in Autumn 1973 for the 1974 model year, thereafter known as the Series II; retrospectively the earlier cars were referred to as the Series I. The 4.2 L XJ6 straight-6 engine (most popular in the United Kingdom) and the 5.3 L V12 XJ12 were continued with an addition of a 3442 cc version of the XK engine available from 1975. The Series II and Series II coupé were the last Jaguar models with direct input by Sir William Lyons before his retirement.

Initially, the Series II was offered with two wheelbases, but at the 1974 London Motor Show Jaguar announced the withdrawal of the standard wheelbase version: subsequent saloons all featured the extra 4 inches (10 cm) of passenger cabin length hitherto featured only on the long-wheelbase model. By this time, the first customer deliveries of the two-door coupe, which retained the shorter standard-wheelbase (and which had already been formally launched more than a year earlier) were only months away.

Series II cars are visually differentiated from their predecessors by raised front bumpers to meet US crash safety regulations, which necessitated a smaller grille, complemented by a discreet additional inlet directly below the bumper. The interior received a substantial update, including simplified heating and A/C systems to address criticisms of the complex and not very effective Series I systems.

In April 1975, the North American models got a slightly revised set of front bumpers which had rubber over-riders covering the full length of the bumper with embedded turn signals at each end, and the Zenith-Stromberg carburettors of the V12-powered cars were replaced by Bosch-Lucas electronic fuel injection. In 1978 the carburetors were similarly replaced with EFI in the 4.2 L 6-cylinder XJ6L. In May 1977, it was announced that the automatic transmission used behind the 12-cylinder engine would be changed to General Motors' three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 400 transmission, in place of the British-built Borg-Warner used hitherto.

The 1978 UK model range included the Jaguar XJ 3.4, XJ 4.2, XJ 5.3, Daimler Sovereign 4.2, Double-Six 5.3, Daimler Vanden Plas 4.2 and Double-Six Vanden Plas 5.3. In New Zealand, knock-down kits of the Series II were assembled locally by the New Zealand Motor Corporation (NZMC) at their Nelson plant. In the last year of production in New Zealand (1978), a special 'SuperJag' (XJ6-SLE) model was produced which featured half leather, half dralon wide pleat seats, vinyl roof, chrome steel wheels and air conditioning as standard. New Zealand produced models featured speedometers in km/h, and the black vinyl mats sewn onto the carpets in the front footwells featured the British Leyland L logo.

Though worldwide production of the Series II ended in 1979, a number were produced in Cape Town, South Africa until 1981. A total of 91,227 Series II models were produced, of which 14,226 were fitted with the V12 engine.

Engines Note that HP varies depending on emission standards imposed on particular vehicles

Production count

Short–long wheelbase

XJ Coupé
A 9,378 car production run of two-door XJ coupés with a pillarless hardtop body called the XJ-C was built between 1975 and 1978. The car was originally shown at the London Motor Show in October 1973, but it subsequently became clear that it was not ready for production, and the economic troubles resulting from the 1973 oil crisis unfolding in the Western world at that time seemed to have reduced any sense of urgency about producing and selling the cars. It was reported that problems with window sealing delayed production. XJ coupés finally started to emerge from Jaguar show-rooms some two years later. The coupé was based on the short-wheelbase version of the XJ. The coupé's elongated doors were made out of a lengthened standard XJ front door (the weld seams are clearly visible under the interior panels where two front door shells were grafted together with a single outer skin). A few XJ-C cars were modified by Lynx Cars and Avon into a convertible body style with a retractable canvas top, but this was not a factory product. Lynx conversions (16 in total) did benefit from powered tops. Both six and twelve-cylinder models were offered, 6,505 of the former and 1,873 of the latter were made. Even with the delay, these cars suffered from water leaks and wind noise. The delayed introduction, the labour-intensive work required by the modified saloon body, the higher price than the four-door car, and the early demise promulgated by the new XJ-S, all ensured a small production run.

All coupés came with a vinyl roof as standard. Since the coupé lacked B-pillars, the roof flexed enough that the paint used by Jaguar at the time would develop cracks. More modern paints do not suffer such problems, so when coupés are repainted it is advisable to remove the vinyl. Today many XJ-Cs thus no longer have their vinyl roof, which also minimises the threat of roof rust. Some owners also modified their XJ-C by changing to Series III bumpers. This lifted the front indicators from under the bumper and provided built in rear fog lights. A small number of Daimler versions of the XJ-C were made. One prototype of the Daimler Vanden Plas XJ-C was also made; however, this version never went into production.

Production count

Series 3 (1979–1992)
The car was significantly facelifted again in April 1979, known as the Series III, incorporating a subtle exterior redesign by Pininfarina. Changes from the Series II included thicker and more incorporated rubber bumpers with decorative chrome only on the top edge, flush door handles, one-piece front door glass without a separate quarter light, a grille with only vertical vanes, reverse lights moved from the boot plinth to the larger rear light clusters, and a revised roofline with narrower door frames and increased glass area. The C-pillar was also subtly modified with a more prominent "Hofmeister kink" at its base. The option of a sunroof and cruise control were also offered for the first time. Also For the series 3 Jaguar asked Pirelli to develop a new tyre the Cinturato P5 to improve the handling and performance of these luxury cars in 205/70R15 Cinturato P5 for the 6 cylinder cars and 215/70R15 Cinturato P5 for the V12.

The 5.3 L V12, 4.2 L and 3.4 L straight-six engines carried over from the Series II, with minor changes. The larger six-cylinder and V12 models incorporated Bosch fuel injection (made under licence by Lucas) while the smaller six-cylinder remained carburetted. The smaller six-cylinder engine was never offered in the US, and the V12 was no longer offered there after 1980.

The 1979 UK model range included the Jaguar XJ6 3.4 and 4.2, XJ12 5.3, Daimler Sovereign 4.2 and Double-Six 5.3, and Daimler Vanden Plas 4.2 and Double-Six Vanden Plas 5.3. In 1981, the cylinder heads of the V12 engine were replaced by the new Fireball high-compression design by Swiss racing driver Michael May, and were badged from this time onwards to 1985 as "HE" (High Efficiency) models.

In late 1981, the Daimler Sovereign and Double Six models received a minor interior upgrade for the 1982 model year with features similar to Vanden Plas models. Also for the 1982 model year, a top spec Jaguar Vanden Plas model was introduced in the US market. In late 1982, the interior of all Series III models underwent a minor update for the 1983 model year. A trip computer appeared for the first time and was fitted as standard on V12 models. A new and much sought-after alloy wheel featuring numerous distinctive circular holes was also introduced, commonly known as the "pepperpot" wheel. Pirelli tyres were also fitted as standard equipment.

For the 1984 model year, the Sovereign name was transferred from the Daimler marque to a new top-specification Jaguar model, the Jaguar Sovereign. A base Jaguar XJ12 was no longer available, with the V12 engine only being offered as a Jaguar Sovereign HE or Daimler Double Six. The Vanden Plas name was also dropped at the time in the UK market, due to Jaguar being split from British Leyland and privatised; the name was used on top-of-the-range Rover-branded cars. Daimler models became the Daimler 4.2 and Double Six and were the most luxurious XJ Series III models, being fully optioned with Vanden Plas spec interiors. The Vanden Plas trademark was retained by Jaguar in North America, and top-of-the-line XJs were still sold there with the Vanden Plas name. The 1984 UK model range included the Jaguar XJ6 3.4 and 4.2, Sovereign 4.2 and 5.3, and Daimler 4.2 and Double Six 5.3.

Production of the six-cylinder Series III XJs continued until early 1987, after which it was replaced by the all-new XJ40, while production of 12-cylinder Series III XJs continued until 1992. The last 100 cars built were numbered and sold in Canada as part of a special series commemorating the end of production. These 100 cars featured the option of having a brass plaque located in the cabin. It was the original purchaser's option to have this plaque, which also gave a number to the car, such as No. 5 of 100, fitted to the glove box, to the console woodwork or not fitted at all. This brass plaque initiative did not come from Jaguar in Coventry: it was a local effort by Jaguar Canada staff and the brass plaques were engraved locally.

132,952 Series III cars were built, 10,500 with the V12 engine. In total between 1968 and 1992 approximately 318,000 XJ6 and XJ12 cars were produced.

XJ40, X300, and X308 (1986–2003)
The second generation of the XJ was produced for a total of 17 years with the arrival of the XJ40 in 1986 with its X300 and X308 derivatives being introduced later.

XJ40 (1986–1994)
The intended replacement for the Series XJ models was code-named XJ40, and development on the all-new car began in the early 1970s (with small scale models being built as early as 1972). The project suffered a number of delays due to problems at parent company British Leyland and events such as the 1973 oil crisis. The XJ40 was finally unveiled on 8 October 1986 at the British International Motor Show.

With the XJ40, Jaguar began to place more emphasis on build quality as well as simplification of the XJ's build process. With 25% fewer body panel pressings required versus the outgoing model, the new process also saved weight, increased the stiffness of the chassis, and reduced cabin noise.

The new platform came with significantly different styling, which was more squared-off and angular than the outgoing Series III. Individual round headlamps were replaced with rectangular units on the higher-specification cars, either 390mm millimetric tyres or 15" wheels with 225/65R15 Pirelli Cinturato P5 tyres and all models came with only a single, wide-sweeping windshield wiper. The interior received several modernisations such as the switch to a digital instrument cluster, although this was eventually discontinued for the 1990 model year in favour of analogue instruments.

The six-cylinder XJ40s are powered by the AJ6 inline-six engine, which replaced the XK unit used in earlier XJs. The new unit featured a four-valve, twin overhead cam design. In 1993, one year before XJ40 production ended, the V12-powered XJ12 and Daimler Double Six models were reintroduced.

X300 (1994–1997)
The X300, introduced in October 1994 at the Paris Motor Show, was stylistically intended to evoke the image of the more curvaceous Series XJ models. The front of the car was redesigned significantly to return to four individual round headlamps that provided definition to the sculptured bonnet. Mechanically, it was similar to the XJ40 that it replaced.

Six-cylinder X300 models are powered by the AJ16 inline-six engine, which is a further enhancement of the AJ6 engine that uses an electronic distributorless ignition system. The V12 remained available until the end of the X300 production in 1997, although it ended one year earlier in the United States market due to problems meeting OBD-II-related emissions requirements. Jaguar first introduced the supercharged XJR model in the X300's production run; the first supercharged road car manufactured by the company.

Design of the X300 was directly affected by Ford's ownership of Jaguar (between 1990 and 2007). According to Automotive News, this was evident in general "product development processes", more than the use of Ford components. The X300's traction control system was obtained from the Ford Mondeo and it also featured a Denso air conditioner purchased through Ford channels. In a Car and Driver's comparison test, it was stated that the X300 Jaguar XJ is less roomy than the E39 BMW 5 Series and W210 Mercedes-Benz E-Class despite being longer dimensionally.

X308 (1997–2003)
After the XJ40, Jaguar's intention was to launch a brand new saloon with a new V8 engine. Ford halted development of the saloon, termed XJ90, and proposed to install its new engine and front and rear ends onto the centre section of the XJ40 model; however, the V8 was not ready until after the X308 model, and the X300 went on to become one of Jaguar's most successful models. With the introduction of the X308 generation in 1997 came a switch from the XJ6 and XJ12 nomenclature to XJ8, reflecting the fact that the X308 cars were powered by a new V8 engine. The exterior styling of the X308 is similar to the X300 with minor refinements. The biggest change in the appearance was the switch to a stylistically rounded design for all of the exterior lights, indicators and interior trim and fittings, including information displays and switches.

The X308 kept much of the same exterior styling as its predecessor, carrying its rounded four-headlamp bonnet, low roofline, sloping tail, and wrap-around rear light clusters. From the front, the two generations can be differentiated by the shape of the indicator lenses (rectangular on the X300, oval on the X308), and also by the shape of the fog lamps and lower valance air intake, both of which are more rounded on the X308. The interior was updated to eliminate the rectangular instrument binnacle that had gone largely unchanged since the original XJ40; instead, three large gauges were set into recesses in the walnut-faced dashboard in front of the driver similar in design to the recently launched Jaguar XK (X100). The front and rear bumpers were both changed along with the taillights which had red/clear lenses rather than red/grey lenses. The grill surround and badging was slightly changed. The headlight fixtures also included forward parking lights housed with the brights, new to X308.

The biggest change to the interior on the X308 was to the dashboard, which had remained essentially the same since the original XJ40 with only detail changes over the years. The rectangular instrument binnacle gave way to three deeply recessed dials similar in style to the recently introduced Jaguar XK8. The new fascia also allowed for the restoration of a proper glove compartment, which had been lost when the original XJ40 dash had been retrofitted with a passenger side airbag. Door trim and the design of the center console were also slightly revised.

The major mechanical change was the replacement of both the inline-six and V12 engines with new eight-cylinder AJ-V8 in either a displacement of 3.2 L or 4.0 L, with the 4.0 L also available in supercharged form in the Jaguar XJR, a sport-oriented model. Certain markets, such as the United States, only received cars powered by the 4.0 L version. No manual transmission was available, and all X308 models were supplied with a five-speed automatic gearbox. Computer-controlled active suspension was available as a feature named Computer Active Technology Suspension (CATS).

XJ (X350) (2003–2007)
In 2003, Jaguar introduced the re-engineered and newly designed third generation of the XJ, continuing with the XJ8 model designation. Designated internally as the X350, it featured an all-aluminium body and chassis, a new V8 engine, as well as greater interior and luggage spaces. It was the first Jaguar XJ to be completely designed under Ford ownership and used electronics and computer-controlled systems sourced through existing partner suppliers or directly produced by Ford. Just under 85,000 were manufactured over its seven year production run.

The V8 engine was offered in larger 3.5 and 4.2-litre displacements as well in a supercharged variation. A 3.0-litre V6 engine was also offered; neither the V6 petrol nor diesel engines were available in US markets. A new six-speed automatic gearbox was fitted which was lighter and offered better economy with lock-up on all gears and a larger spread of ratios.

Air suspension was fitted at the front and rear, providing adaptive damping as well as rear self leveling— with computer-controlled ride height and suspension mode. Dynamic stability control as well as traction control were standard. Radar based adaptive cruise control was offered. Two-zone climate control was also standard, with four-zone available on long-wheelbase models. An optional touch screen interface controlled default settings, satellite navigation, the Alpine audio system, and bluetooth telephone. Jaguar Voice offered voice control of many functions.

XJ (X356) (2005–2007)
The facelifted X350 debuted in 2005 for the model year 2006, with a revised front grille and with slightly redesigned front fenders. Some vehicle electronics systems were updated.

XJ (X358) (2007–2009)
Jaguar launched the X358 facelift to the X350 at the end of February 2007 with a revised lower grille, prominent faux side air vents, small bootlid spoiler, and revised seating. A Jaguar emblem within the grille replaced the previous bonnet-mounted bonnet mascot. The front lights were revised and door mirrors incorporated side repeaters. The side sills, rear bumper, and taillights were revised. The interior featured redesigned front seats.

X351 (2010–2019)
In July 2009, the redesigned XJ was unveiled at the Saatchi Gallery in London, with Jay Leno and Elle Macpherson unveiling the new car. The unveiling was broadcast live on the Jaguar website.

In keeping with Ian Callum's new design direction for Jaguar, the XJ has an all-new exterior design and a break from the XJ Series mould carried over on all previous generations. It is a longer, wider car that is much bigger than its predecessor. The front has clear links with the XF executive car, although with slimmer, sleeker lights and a larger, squarer grille add a more aggressive appearance. The rear is the contentious part, an unusual design element for a Jaguar automobile. The upright, swooping taillights, nicknamed "cat's claws", and black roof panels at each side of the rear screen, which aim to hide the XJ's width, are the most striking aspects. There is also a standard full-length sunroof, that extends all the way back with just a single body-coloured roof panel that the designer refers as bridges on yachts. The new XJ features an innovative, all-LCD dashboard and console displays. The dashboard can be configured to display various virtual dials in addition to the obligatory speedometer. The console display presents different views to the driver and passenger, including control of a sophisticated video and audio system.

Like several of its predecessors, the X351 is available in both standard and long-wheelbase form, as well as many special editions. Engines are modern units already seen in other JLR products: the 5.0-litre petrol V8 either normally aspirated or supercharged, or a 3.0-litre diesel twin-turbocharged V6 that is predicted to account for most of the sales. For 2013, a 3.0-litre supercharged V6 was introduced to the line-up, primarily as an alternative to the diesel unit for improved fuel economy. The X351 received a minor facelift in 2014, primarily upgrading the suspension and rear seat facilities on the long wheelbase versions, but also introducing small cosmetic changes across the range, and making stop-start technology standard on all engines.

The X351 received another facelift in 2015, adding LED headlights, J-Blade rear taillights, and adding several new driver assistance and safety features such as lane assist, adaptive cruise control with a new feature known as "Queue assist", reverse traffic direction, closing vehicle sensing, a 360 degree camera system, and semi-automated parking features.

The X351 is one of the cars used by the British royal family and an armoured car version was used for transporting three former British prime ministers, such as David Cameron, Theresa May, and Boris Johnson. The prime ministerial car, aside from having classified security measures, has armoured under plates and engine plates.

Electric XJ (cancelled)
On 5 July 2019, Jaguar Land Rover confirmed that they intended to build an all-electric XJ luxury saloon car at their Castle Bromwich plant. The car was expected to be launched in 2020. First official images of new generation's taillights were shown. The taillights were shown and based on them the new generation was rendered again in 2020.

On 15 February 2021, Jaguar Land Rover announced that the all-electric XJ project had been shelved, as it was no longer part of the company's current vision. The company said: "Following a thorough technology review against the exponential change in the automotive industry, we concluded that the planned XJ replacement does not fit with our vision for a reimaged Jaguar brand."

XJ numbering of cars and engines
Just prior to World War II, Jaguar, known then as SS Cars, started using a numbering system beginning with the letter X for internal projects. X meaning experimental, XB for military chassis projects, and XF to XK for engines. This numbering system has never been consistent and there appear to be many omissions and duplications.

Special uses
The Jaguar XJ has been used by British prime ministers. Dating back to the Jaguar XJ (Series III), various versions of the XJ were used by Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and Gordon Brown. On 11 May 2010, David Cameron took delivery of the dark grey car No. 10 Jaguar XJ (X351) Sentinel as his prime ministerial car. In 2011, Cameron took the delivery of another XJ Sentinel featuring bomb proof doors, bullet proof glass, and armoured plating beneath the floor of the car, respectively replacing the previous XJ Sentinel. The XJ Sentinel was used for transporting Theresa May, and was also used by Boris Johnson. Under Johnson, the XJ was replaced for the first time since 1979 by the Range Rover Abio Sentinel as the prime ministerial car in 2019.

title: Jaguar XJ


text:
Talk:Chinese economic reform

Chinese economic miracle?
Compared to other "miracles" in Category:Economic booms, surely the Chinese economy boom could be elevated from "reform" to "miracle"? Bennylin (talk)

title: Talk:Chinese economic reform


text:
Khoums

The khoums (singular and plural in English; خمس, "fifth") is the subdivisory unit of the Mauritanian monetary system, the ouguiya. Five khoums make an ouguiya, hence one khoums can be expressed as 0.2 ouguiya.

When the ouguiya was adapted in 1973, it replaced the CFA franc as 5 francs to the ouguiya, thus a khoums was equal to the franc. As the franc had no subdivisional unit, all wealths in francs could be converted to ouigiya with no rounding. On the khoums coin (minted in Kremnica Mint, Slovakia), the obverse is in Arabic with the date of the Islamic calendar and the reverse in French in the Gregorian calendar with national arms on each side, identical to all other Mauritanian coins. However, on the Arabic side, instead of a number like on the other coins, the word خمس is used.

The khoums is one of only two subdivisions of currency that are not in a multiple of ten, and the only one still in everyday use; the other is the Malagasy iraimbilanja, also based on the franc.

the value of one khoums is about US$0.0054347846/¢0.54347846.

title: Khoums


text: File:Rush Feedback.jpg

title: File:Rush Feedback.jpg


text:
Talk:Mole-rat

i stink duh

title: Talk:Mole-rat


text:
Hon Sui Sen

Benedict Hon Sui Sen (16 April 1916 – 14 October 1983) was a Singaporean politician who served as Minister for Finance between 1970 and 1983. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Havelock between 1970 and 1983.

Early life
Hon was born in a Hakka Chinese family on 16 April 1916 in Penang in the British Straits Settlements. Educated at Saint Xavier's Institution, he earned the top place in the 1932 Senior Cambridge Certificate Examination. In 1935, he commenced studies at Raffles College in Singapore and graduated in 1938 with a Class I Diploma in Science.

Career
After graduation, Hon entered the Straits Settlements Civil Service as a Police Court Magistrate. Following this, he assumed responsibilities as a Deputy Collector of Land Revenue prior to the Japanese occupation of Malaya and Singapore. After the War, Hon remained with the Land Office and by 1957 had become Land Commissioner. In 1960, Hon was attached to the World Bank for an economic management course, where he met Albert Winsemius. Winsemius led the United Nations Survey Mission to Singapore in late 1960 and played a major role in the formulation of Singapore's national economic development strategy.

Economic Development Board
From 1961 to 1968, Hon returned to serve as the first Chairman of the Economic Development Board (EDB) and then from 1968 to 1970 as Chairman of the Development Bank of Singapore (DBS).

As Chairman of the EDB, Hon played a key role in the implementation of Singapore's industrialisation strategy, with the Jurong Industrial Estate (JIE) as the first major project. Sited on swamplands in the west of Singapore, the JIE soon became the centrepiece of an industrialisation programme that stretched from garments and toys to petrochemicals and electronics. The first factory in Jurong, the National Iron and Steel Mill, was opened on 2 August 1963. By 1968, there were about 300 factories employing 21,000 people in Jurong. In conjunction with the development of the industrial estate, satellite towns were built in the west of Singapore, transforming the Jurong area into a centre of both industrial and residential development.

Singapore Institute of Management
From 1965 to 1968, Hon was a council member of the Singapore Institute of Management.

Development Bank of Singapore & Intraco
In 1968, Hon helped to spearhead the formation of the Development Bank of Singapore (DBS) and Intraco. During his time with DBS, Hon was a supporter of the establishment of the Asian dollar market and thus played a key role in the development of Singapore's financial services industry.

Political career
In 1970, Hon succeeded Goh Keng Swee as Minister of Finance and served in that capacity for 13 years until 1983. In a letter by his daughter Joan many years after Hon's passing, Joan wrote that Hon was drawing a salary of $10,000 per month at DBS before he became a Minister, a job that paid him $3,000 instead; by 1983 when he died, Hon received $14,000 in total per month.

In 1982, Hon was named the Economic Minister of the Year by Euromoney.

As Singapore's Finance Minister, Hon established the Bases Economic Conversion Department to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities that had been left behind by the British military following their withdrawal in 1968. Hon also played a major role in the development of Singapore's tourism industry, beginning with the transformation of Pulau Blakang Mati, a previously fortified island off the southern coast of Singapore, into a resort destination under the new appellation of Sentosa Island.

Hon was appointed as the chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) between 1971 and 1980.

Awards
Hon was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in 1967.

Legacy
The National University of Singapore's Hon Sui Sen Memorial Library and Hon Sui Sen Drive in the campus are named after him. His office is also preserved within the library, while some of his legacy artefacts have been donated by family and put on showcase at the National Museum of Singapore as of December 2015.

Personal life
Hon was married to Annie and had four daughters.

Hon died of a heart attack on 14 October 1983 while still in office as Finance Minister.

title: Hon Sui Sen