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Talladega Superspeedway

Talladega Superspeedway, nicknamed "Dega", and formerly named Alabama International Motor Speedway (AIMS) from 1969 to 1989, is a motorsports complex located in Lincoln, Alabama, north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base. A tri-oval, the track was constructed in 1969 by the International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France Family. , the track hosts the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, and ARCA Menards Series. Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval, with a length of 2.660 mi, compared to the Daytona International Speedway, which is 2.500 mi long. The total peak capacity of Talladega is around 175,000 spectators,  with the main grandstand capacity being about 80,000. As of 2023, Talladega is one of NASCAR's three drafting tracks, alongside Daytona International Speedway and Atlanta Motor Speedway.

History
During the 1960s, William "Bill" France, Sr. wanted to build a track faster and longer than his Daytona International Speedway. After failed attempts to negotiate with local government in Orange County, North Carolina, with the Occoneechee Speedway, he attempted to find a new spot for a race track and make his idea a reality. After failing to secure a location near the research triangle around Raleigh, France then looked around between Atlanta and Charlotte around Greenville, South Carolina to build the track as it would take away business from the tracks there. However, Sunday blue laws prevented races from being held on Sundays in South Carolina. The Southern 500 was held on Labor Day at the time, after failing to agree to terms with officials, France set his sights elsewhere. He then looked between Atlanta and Birmingham along Interstate 20. With the support of Alabama Governor George Wallace, France broke ground on an old airfield 47 mi east of Birmingham and 100 mi west of Atlanta on May 23, 1968. The track opened on September 13, 1969, costing $4 million. The track was named the "Alabama International Motor Speedway". The name would remain for twenty years until 1989, when the facility's name was changed to "Talladega Superspeedway".

In the first race at the track, all the original drivers aside from Bobby Isaac, Richard Brickhouse, Jim Vandiver abandoned the track due to tire problems, which forced France to hire substitute drivers, the winner being Brickhouse. After the first race, Talladega hosted two Cup Series races a year, one of which would become part of the 10-race NASCAR Cup Series playoff format.

Since its opening year, Talladega has hosted many races and has been repaved four times. Talladega has also had many first-time winners, such as Richard Brickhouse, Ron Bouchard, Bobby Hillin Jr, Davey Allison, Brian Vickers, Brad Keselowski, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and Bubba Wallace.

A 4.000 mi infield road course operated from the track's founding until 1983. In the 1970s, six IMSA GT Championship races were held at the speedway, including a 6-hour race in 1978. The International Motorsports Hall of Fame museum was opened in 1983. The road course itself, roughly 1.200 mi, can still be used and is separated from the speedway. It is scheduled to host the National Finals for the United States version of the UK-based Greenpower Electric Car Challenge at Talladega Superspeedway, for student-built electric cars, in May 2022.

In May 2006, Talladega started to re-surface the track and the apron. Construction started on May 1 and lasted until September 18. The first race on the resurfaced race track was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race on October 7.

In December 2013, the ISC announced removal of the 18,000-seat Allison Grandstand on the backstretch, reducing the track's seating capacity to 80,000. The 4,000-ft backstraightaway was renamed the "Alabama Gang Superstretch" in time for the 2014 Aaron's 499 held in the spring.

"The Big One"
Speeds in excess of 200 mph are commonplace at Talladega. Talladega has the record for the fastest recorded speed by a NASCAR vehicle on a closed oval course, with the record of 216.309 mph set by Rusty Wallace on June 9, 2004. Wallace circled the 2.660 mi trioval in 44.270 seconds, which surpassed the previous record held by Bill Elliott (212.809 mph) set in 1987, but did not replace the record because it was a radio test and not a NASCAR sanctioned event. Buddy Baker was the first driver to run at a speed over 200 mph, with a 200.447 mph lap during "testing" on March 24, 1970. Bill France himself invited Chrysler to run a 200 lap for publicity for the April race. The car was fully NASCAR inspected and certified. NASCAR sanctioned the event and Bill Gazaway was there with the official timing equipment. Baker's 200 mph lap was set while driving the No. 88 Chrysler Engineering Charger Daytona. It is currently undergoing restoration in Detroit, after being found in the late 1990s in Iowa. Benny Parsons was the first driver to qualify at over 200 mph, doing so in 1982 with a speed of 200.176 mph.

In May 1987, Bobby Allison, after contacting debris from a blown engine, cut his right-rear tire while going through the tri-oval section of the track. The car was vaulted airborne. His car damaged a section of the frontstretch catch fence but did not enter the spectator area. NASCAR imposed rule changes to slow the cars after the incident, with a 1988 rule requiring cars running there and at Daytona to again use restrictor plates. The most often cited reason is a fear that the increasing speeds exceeded the tires' capabilities at the time, as high-speed tire failure had led to some terrific crashes at slightly lower speeds. The plates limit the amount of air and fuel entering the intake manifolds of the engine, significantly reducing the power of the cars and hence their speed. Like restrictor plates, NASCAR changed the package for Daytona and Talladega to use tapered spacers, which are larger throttle bodies than the plates, and restrict less airflow, allowing larger horsepower, increased closing rates, and slightly higher speeds. This has led to a highly competitive racing style at Talladega and Daytona. Allison's crash was very similar to Carl Edwards's airborne crash at the 2009 Aaron's 499. The reduced power affects not only the maximum speed reached by the cars but also the time it takes them to achieve their full speed, which can be nearly one full circuit of the track. The racing at Talladega is exceptionally tight, often in rows of three or four cars, and sometimes even five lanes wide on the straightaways throughout most of the field, as the track is wide enough to permit such racing. Breaking away from the pack is nearly impossible.

Such close quarters make it extremely difficult for a driver to avoid an incident as it unfolds in front of them. The slightest mistake can lead to a multi-car accident dubbed "the Big One" by fans and drivers. It is uncommon but possible to see 20 or more cars collected in the crashes. Occasionally, cars go airborne and barrel-roll or slide on their roofs. However, NASCAR has made several advances in safety over the years to lessen the chance of a car going airborne.

The Talladega Curse
Numerous strange occurrences at the track have led to rumors of Talladega being cursed. Stories of the origin of the curse vary. Some claim that a local Native American tribe held horse races in the valley where the track currently resides, where a chief was killed when he was thrown from his horse. Others say that the site of the superspeedway was once an Indian burial ground. Still another version says that after the local tribe was driven out by the Creek nation for their collaboration with the forces of Andrew Jackson, a shaman put a curse on the valley.

Since the construction of the track, many unusual events and untimely deaths have fueled the rumors of a jinx or curse. In the 1973 Talladega 500, NASCAR Rookie of the Year Larry Smith died of massive head injuries in a solo crash, one that was reported by commentators as a heavy hit, but believed by no means bad enough to be fatal. Later in the same race, driver Bobby Isaac parked his car and announced he was quitting racing; he did not participate in another race for the remainder of the 1973 season. Isaac explained, "Something told me to quit. I don't know anything else to do but abide by it." At the time of Isaac's death in 1977, friend and colleague Ned Jarrett told reporters that the reason Isaac parked his car in Talladega was because he "had heard a voice that told him to quit".

During the 1974 Winston 500, Penske Racing crewman Don Miller lost part of his leg in a pit lane accident. Miller was helping service his team's AMC Matador, driven by Gary Bettenhausen. Another driver hit the car in the pit lane, pinning Miller between the pit wall and Bettenhausen's car. In the Talladega 500 a few months later, ten of the top eleven qualifying drivers found that their cars had been mechanically—and elaborately—sabotaged the night before the race. While most of the damage was quietly repaired before the race, the culprit was never found.

In the 1975 Winston 500, Randy Owens, brother-in-law of Richard Petty and a crew member on the family team Petty Enterprises (father of current NASCAR Cup Series crew chief Trent Owens), was killed by an air tank that exploded in the pits.

To some, Bobby Allison's wreck in 1987 described above was yet another reminder of the curse. In 1993, his son, Davey Allison, died in a helicopter crash in the infield of Talladega.

In 1996, Automobile Racing Club of America president Bob Loga died after a traffic accident in a parking lot. ARCA team owner James Hylton was killed in a highway accident following the 2018 ARCA race, 22 years and one day after former ARCA president Bob Loga died.

The Legend of Hallowdega, a comedic short film about the Talladega jinx, was directed by Terry Gilliam and released in 2010.

Scheduled races
Talladega hosts many NASCAR events, including two Cup Series races, one Xfinity Series race, and one Truck Series race. The Cup Series races are the GEICO 500 and the YellaWood 500, which are both 188 laps each or 500.08 mi. The Xfinity Series race has historically been a 311.2-mile/500-kilometer (117 laps) since its 1992 inception, but was cut to 300 mi (113 laps) in 1998 due to a spectator's letter questioning the metric distance, but restored to 500 kilometers by its current sponsor. The Truck Series race is 250 miles (94 laps). Once a 500 kilometer affair, the ARCA race was shortened to 300 miles in 1998 and to 250 miles in 2006 when it was moved to Friday.

NASCAR Cup Series records
(As of 3/24/19) * minimum fifteen starts

Current races

 * NASCAR Cup Series
 * GEICO 500
 * YellaWood 500
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series
 * Ag-Pro 300
 * Sparks 300
 * NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
 * Chevrolet Silverado 250
 * ARCA Menards Series
 * General Tire 200

In the winter, the circuit's infield also hosts the Birmingham Ultimate Disc Association Mud Bowl tournament.

Lap Records
The outright fastest track record set during a race weekend on the 2.660 mi Tri-Oval is 44.998 seconds, set by Bill Elliott in a Ford Thunderbird, during qualifying for the 1987 Winston 500. As of October 2020, the fastest official lap records at Talladega Superspeedway (formerly Alabama International Motor Speedway) are listed as:

Records

 * March 24, 1970: Buddy Baker, driving the Chrysler Engineering No. 88 Dodge Charger Daytona, officially became the first driver in NASCAR history to break the 200 mph barrier by turning a lap of 200.447 mph. This was also a world record at the time for any vehicle on a closed course. It was achieved using official NASCAR scoring and timing equipment.
 * August 20, 1971: Paula Murphy, "Miss STP" made a record closed course run for a female at 171.449 mph.
 * August 3, 1974: A. J. Foyt set a closed-course exhibition record in an Indy car with a lap of 217.854 mph.
 * August 9, 1975: Mark Donohue set a closed-course world record in a Porsche 917-30 at 221.160 mph. It stood as a world record for four years, and as a United States record until 1986.
 * May 6, 1984: The Winston 500 set a motorsports record with 75 lead changes in a single race.
 * May 5, 1985: Bill Elliott set a 500-mile race record, winning the Winston 500 at an average speed of 186.288 mph. Elliott won the race despite losing nearly two laps during a lengthy early pit stop to fix a broken oil line, and despite the race only having two caution flags. Elliott made up the entire distance he lost under one lengthy, green-flag period. The record stood as the fastest 500-mile race of any kind until 1990, when Al Unser Jr. broke it by winning the CART Michigan 500 at Michigan International Speedway at an average speed of 189.727 mph. Mark Martin later broke the record for fastest 500-mile NASCAR race (see below).
 * November 26, 1985: Lyn St. James set a record closed course run for a female, at over 200 mph.
 * March 24, 1986: Bobby Unser set a closed-course speed record for four-wheel drive vehicles with an Audi 5000CS Turbo Quattro at 206.825 mph with a top speed over 350 km/h. The car was compliant with NASCAR rules.
 * 1986: The Saab Long Run – set 2 world and 21 international records with three series SAAB 9000 Turbos – 100000 km with an average speed of 213.299 km/h and 50000 miles with an average speed of 213.686 km/h.
 * April 30, 1987: Bill Elliott set the all-time NASCAR qualifying record, winning the pole for the Winston 500 at a speed of 212.809 mph(44.998 seconds). The record still stands due to the use of the carburetor restrictor plates, mandated from 1988 to 2019.
 * October 11, 1988: Lyn St. James set a record closed course run for a female at 212.577 mph, driving a Ford Thunderbird.
 * December 14, 1989: Patty Moise set a record closed course run for a female at 216.607 mph, driving a Buick.
 * January 23, 1990: Patty Moise set a record closed course run for a female at 217.498 mph, driving a Buick.
 * 1996: Saab set endurance and speed record-breaking runs in their 900 Talladega.
 * May 10, 1997: Mark Martin won the Winston Select 500, a race which had no caution flags, at a NASCAR 500-mile record speed of 188.354 mph, nearly ten years after the introduction of restrictor plates.
 * October 15, 2000: Dale Earnhardt set a record for the most wins at the track with 10. This was also his 76th and final win before his death in the 2001 Daytona 500.
 * April 6, 2003: Dale Earnhardt Jr. won his fourth consecutive Cup race at Talladega. The race also saw NASCAR's largest NASCAR Cup Series wreck to date, when 27 cars piled up in turn one on lap four.
 * June 10, 2004: Rusty Wallace, while testing a stock car without a restrictor plate for series sponsor Nextel to test communication capabilities, got an overall lap time of 44.27 seconds at 216.309 mph, beating Elliott's old record by more than seven-tenths of a second. Wallace topped out at 228 mph in testing and said that speeds of about 235 mph were attainable.
 * April 25, 2010: The Aaron's 499 broke the 1984 mark of 75 lead changes with 88; it also set a new motorsports record with 29 different leaders.
 * October 7, 2012: A crash involving 25 cars erupted on the final lap when Tony Stewart and Matt Kenseth were battling for the win; Stewart made contact with Michael Waltrip and went up the track in turn four; he flipped over as the field plowed into a suddenly blocked track. Jeff Gordon and Kyle Busch escaped the crash as Kenseth went on to win. The race lead changed a season-high 54 times.

First-time winners
Many drivers won the first race of their careers at Talladega. As of October 4, 2021, twelve Cup drivers and two Xfinity drivers have won their first race at Talladega.

* As of April 2022, this was their only career win in the series.
 * Richard Brickhouse*
 * Dick Brooks*
 * Lennie Pond*
 * Ron Bouchard*
 * Bobby Hillin Jr.*
 * Davey Allison
 * Phil Parsons*
 * Ken Schrader
 * Brian Vickers
 * Brad Keselowski
 * Ricky Stenhouse Jr.
 * Bubba Wallace

Film and television

 * 1983: Stroker Ace
 * 2005: The Amazing Race: Family Edition
 * 2006: Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby
 * 2007: Postcards from Buster This Just In!

title: Talladega Superspeedway


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Baldrs draumar

Baldrs draumar (Old Norse: 'Baldr's dreams') or Vegtamskviða is an Eddic poem which appears in the manuscript AM 748 I 4to. It describes the myth of Baldr's death consistently with Gylfaginning. Bellows suggest that the poem was composed in the mid 10th century as well as the possibility that the author also composed Völuspá or at least drew from it, pointing at the similarity of stanza 11 in Baldrs draumar and stanzas 32-33 in Völuspá. Additionally, the 14th stanza of Þrymskviða is almost identical to Baldrs draumar's 1st stanza. Only in the last sentence do the two diverge from one another. Guðni argued that Þrymskviða was the younger poem of the two and it had received the stanza from Baldrs draumar.

Synopsis and text
Baldr has been having nightmares. Odin rides to Hel to investigate. He finds the grave of a völva and resurrects her. Their conversation follows, where the völva tells Odin about Baldr's fate. In the end Odin asks her a question which reveals his identity and the völva tells him to ride home.

Form and date
The poem is one of the shortest Eddic poems, consisting of 14 fornyrðislag stanzas. Some late paper manuscripts contain about five more stanzas, those are thought to be of young origin. Sophus Bugge believed them to have been composed by the author of Forspjallsljóð, which is thought to have been written in the 17th century. Bellows, on the other hand, suggests the poem is much older but could not date it earlier than the tenth century.

Influence
The confrontation between The Wanderer (Wotan) and Erda in Act 3, Scene 1 of Richard Wagner's opera Siegfried is based upon Baldrs draumar.

The poem inspired a ballet, Baldurs draumar (Baldur's Dreams), by the Norwegian composer Geirr Tveitt, first staged in 1938.

English translations

 * Baldrs Draumar Translation and commentary by H. A. Bellows
 * Baldrs Draumar English translation by Eiður Eyþórsson, along with the Old Norse version.

Old Norse editions

 * Vegtamskviða Sophus Bugge's edition of the manuscript text
 * Baldrs draumar Guðni Jónsson's edition of the text with normalized spelling
 * AM 748 I 4to Facsimile of the original manuscript

Other links

 * Baldrs draumar: literally and literarily Article by Mats Malm
 * MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations of Baldrs draumar from manuscripts and early print books.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baldrs draumar


text:
1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum

A referendum on joining the European Union was held in Norway on 27 and 28 November 1994. After a long period of heated debate, the "no" side won with 52.2 per cent of the vote, on a turnout of 88.6 per cent. Membership of what was then the European Community had previously been rejected in a 1972 referendum, and by French veto in 1962.

Campaign
The "No" campaign was led by Anne Enger Lahnstein, leader of the Centre Party. The main themes of the "No" campaign were loss of sovereignty if Norway should join the Union, as well as the fundamental differences in economic structure between Norway and the EU, as Norway has an economy based heavily on natural resources (especially oil and fish), in contrast to the EU's more industrial economy.

Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland led the "Yes" campaign. Her party, the Labour Party, was divided on the question of Norwegian membership of the Union. Unlike Trygve Bratteli in 1972, she refused to threaten to resign if the referendum failed to result in a "Yes" vote, on the grounds that more serious divisions could have arisen in the Labour Party. The main arguments of the "Yes" side were that as a European country, Norway belonged in the European Union, and that Norway's economy would benefit from membership.

According to John Erik Fossum, a political science professor at ARENA, Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, "the fact that Norway had already signed the EEA agreement made it easier for people to vote no because they knew that Norway had assured EU market access."


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User talk:Addicted

Hello, any comments are welcome - but - in urgent cases please notify me on my german talk page it's the one I use more frequently. --Addicted

title: User talk:Addicted


text:
Talk:Patrick Moore

Strange lunar nomenclature in Patrick Moore's Atlas of the universe.
Perhaps there's someone in Wikipedia who could give me one or more answers to questions I have asked myself since the day I started exploring the rich history of selenography (the art of making moonmaps). Many years ago I explored and investigated the somewhat greenish colored map of the moon's near side in Patrick Moore's Atlas of the Universe (the 1983 edition), and I came across several names which look'd rather strange, such as the Loro basin near crater Parrot, the Lothrop hills near crater Euler, the Andreus hills near crater Gassendi, the Leon hills near crater Wichmann in Oceanus Procellarum, the Mishqui basin south of Mare Crisium, Morotcha near the upper rim of Mare Vaporum, the Mitika peak near crater Jansen in Mare Tranquillitatis, etc... These names are not IAU-related (they do not appear in the lists of the International Astronomical Union), and also not in the list of 100 "new names" from Hugh Percy Wilkins and his Spanish friends (Gerard P. Kuiper didn't want to know about these 100 "new" names). Could they (those strange names on that greenish colored moonmap) have been from Patrick Moore himself? -Danny Caes, Ghent-Belgium, tuesday the 14th of april, 2020.

Patrick Moore was a known flake when it came to the truth, it would be entirely in character for him to make a map and name some features as he desired, IAU and everyone else be damned. He claimed in his autobiography to have personally discovered Mare Orientalis, for example. Dr.gregory.retzlaff (talk) 04:23, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * According to https://www.the-moon.us/wiki/Mysterious_names_on_Rand_Mc.Nally%27s_moonmap, these names, along with the name Golubiz cluster (hillocks between Campanus and Kies), appear on Rand Mc.Nally's moonmap. This may have been Moore's source for these names; if so, they were not his own invention. 86.31.65.236 (talk) 23:08, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Lorna
Just for the record, an IP made this edit on 18 March 2021, adding this text:
 * "The Commonwealth War Graves online database does have a record of a Lorna Gertrude Wittrick, killed aged 22 in Mortlake, 7th November 1940, and a Lorna Margaret Noble, killed aged 25 at Gabalfa, Cardiff, 18th May 1943."

This was correctly removed here with the edit summary "rv good faith edit, this is completely WP:OR and it changes nothing, because Moore never gave enough details for Lorna to be traced as a real person". Yes, it is WP:OR, and yes it changes nothing, but it just goes to show that Moore's claim that Lorna was "was killed in London in 1943 by a bomb which struck her ambulance" is not currently supported by that Commonwealth War Graves Commission online database. I have no idea how comprehensive or accurate the database may be. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:20, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

 * There can't be many people called Lorna who were killed in London in 1943 when a bus struck an ambulance, so if this happened the incident would probably have been traced by now. What the article doesn't say is that Martin Mobberley heard Moore tell various stories about Lorna, some of them inconsistent, and Mobberley believed that Lorna may have been a fictional character. This is discussed in several previous talk page threads (see above).-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 20:03, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

 * You assume that Lorna is her "proper" name, not always the case people can use a name other than what was registered. MilborneOne (talk) 20:07, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Nobody has been able to trace a matching civilian casualty from 1943, and this has set off some suspicion about the Lorna story. Mobberley says that the Lorna story did not appear until many years after the war, and that it may have been used to explain why he never married.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 20:11, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

"Not found in cited source"
Re this edit: since I can't see what is in this source, it's hard to know what it says. Can someone give more detail?-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 14:12, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added the GoogleBooks url to Mobberley (2013) and using that link I'm able to see mention of "Lorna" on pages 28 and 29 (as well as on a few others). So I'm not sure what that edit summary was intended to mean. I think the text should be reinstated. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:30, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * OK, I've read this (thank goodness for Google Books) and agree to some extent that it is "not found in cited source" as it would be more accurate to say that no-one has been able to pinpoint a person who might have been Lorna due to Moore's vague and often varying accounts. The wording could be improved here, but the basic point is in the book.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 17:34, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Maybe it's the "despite the meticulous records kept of wartime civilian casualties" that's the problem? (although the word "meticulous" is used 10 times in that book) Martinevans123 (talk) 17:43, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Moore said that the incident occurred in "early July 1943", but this never proved to be enough to identify her.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 18:04, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I propose we reinstate "Some doubt has arisen over Moore's account, as researchers have been unable to identify Lorna." with the same p.28 source. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:16, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Done, incidentally Moore's claim to have met Orville Wright is also questioned in Mobberley's 2013 book. Mobberley says that Moore told varying stories about this as well and they never quite added up. It's the old WP:AUTO problem.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 18:50, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Ah, not this one, then. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:54, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * As matter of interest, I tried googling for Lorna's (with no surname) in the CWGC Debt of Honour database who died during 1943. There were only two Lornas altogether, neither of them civilians killed in this country. (The majority of names that came up in response to my goggle were Lorne's.Cloptonson (talk) 18:02, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Mare Orientale non-discovery
The article states that Moore claimed to have discovered Mare Orientale, then goes on to say he conceded that someone else discovered it, and then the article also goes on to state that Mare Orientale had been observed for a couple centuries. Thus Moore certainly did not discover it; this is shown twice untrue in the article. Thus his claim to discovery does not belong here, it has been twice disproved.

Dr.gregory.retzlaff (talk) 17:45, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Some readers might consider the fact that he claimed the discovery to be notable in itself. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:53, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No, him making a ridiculous claim is not newsworthy. Someone making a false claim then retracting it is not notable nor does it belong on Wikipedia.  If Margaret Thatcher claimed to have helped Britain win the World Cup, then retracted it, would that be notable and belong on Wikipedia??
 * Dr.gregory.retzlaff (talk) Dr.gregory.retzlaff (talk) 18:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that would have been ample evidence of mental instability on Thatcher's part. So, yes, quite notable. Happy to hear what other editors say about the Mare Oriental claim. It seems that Moore may have invented a few things over the years. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:33, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I see you had just removed it anyway, before you opened this discussion thread. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:43, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, I did remove it at the same time as I opened discussion; I am new and not aware of the procedures, I apologize if I did it wrong. But it seems to be a bit of a no brainer edit. Dr.gregory.retzlaff (talk) 18:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No worries. Other editors may not object. But I think that detail has been in the article for quite some time. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:49, 11 March 2022 (UTC) p.s. I would certainly agree that the Mare Oriental claim is not "newsworthy". But Wikipedia is not meant to be a newspaper.
 * It's part of a pattern where Moore made WP:AUTO claims about himself and his career that were not properly backed up by external evidence. Lorna is the most famous example, and the Mare Oriental claim is another example where Moore himself backtracked on the claim.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 19:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * There is a pattern. Removing such claims allows for whitewashing. The ‘story’ of Mare Oriental claim should be reinstated to ensure that the pattern remains discernable. Ian Yorston (talk) 12:12, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Political views
I wonder if this section needs reorganising into chronological order. At the moment, it jumps back and forth a great deal (1970s, 1980s, 2001, 1950s, 2003, 1980s...) ElectronicsForDogs (talk) 22:49, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Moore


text:
Kana: Little Sister

Kana: Little Sister (加奈～いもうと～), is a Japanese visual novel originally developed and released by D.O. in 1999. G-Collections translated and published the English version in 2002.

Kana: Little Sister has received widespread attention from the eroge player community. The plot was well-received by critics. However, reactions to the endings and the relationship between Takamichi and Kana were mixed.

Gameplay
Kana: Little Sister is a visual novel, which falls into the subgenre of "nakige". The player assumes the role of Takamichi Toudou. Most of the gameplay is spent reading text, representing the story's dialogue. In the PSP version, the text is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Takamichi is talking to, over background art. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork in the story.

Kana: Little Sister follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. Being an erotic visual novel, relationships between characters become sexual; this include the sexual relationship between Takamichi and his younger sister Kana Toudou. The game has six different endings.

Plot
Kana Toudou (藤堂 加奈) suffers a chronic kidney disease that requires her to be hospitalized for long periods of time. Although her older brother Takamichi Toudou (藤堂 隆道) resents the resulting diversion of attention from their parents, he changes his attitude towards Kana during a family trip; Kana and her family are separated, so Takamichi must find her in the forest. During the searching process he makes a promise to always will protect Kana no matter what.

Takamichi falls in love with his classmate Yumi Kashima (鹿島 夕美) while studying in Year 5, so he writes her a love letter and leaves it on her desk. However, other classmates know about his feelings towards Kashima and start teasing him the next day. He believes that Kashima deliberately showed the love letter to everyone, stops communicating with her until he graduates from high school, and concentrates on looking after his younger sister. Kana relies on her brother for emotional support as she rarely goes back to school.

Kana develops romantic feelings for Takamichi when he graduates from high school. During that same period, Kashima confesses her feelings for Takamichi. At this time, however, Kana's condition deteriorates, and she is given a few months left to live at most. Takamichi begins a relationship with Kashima while studying at university. However, his feelings for Kana begin to bother him, and he becomes aware of the fact that Kana is not related to him by blood. After this, the plot will unfold differently depending on the player's previous choices, and Kana dies in most endings.

Development and release
Kana: Little Sister is the first visual novel developed by D.O., and was released for Windows on June 25, 1999. The game's First Press Limited Edition included a Kana-themed mobile phone charm. The novel marked Hajime Yamada's debut as a scenario writer. Yamada continued to work for D.O. after the game's release, going on to write the scenario for the visual novels Hoshizora ☆ Planet and Family Project. Alongside Kana: Little Sister, these three works became known as "Hajime Yamada Trilogy" by D.O staff.

The development team stated in an interview that, despite the "novel-like game" moniker, they still consider Kana: Little Sister a proper game because it allows the player to unravel the story's contents, as other video games do. They also regard games in the visual novel genre as sharing the same advantages as a novel, including the use of an interesting writing style and the involvement of the player's imagination when self-inserting as the protagonist. The team prioritized these aspects of the genre when developing Kana: Little Sister. According to Japanese magazines BugBug and Tech Gian, the novel portrays a feeling of caring for each other that goes beyond "love" or "physical attraction." The team also stated that the game has a gentle atmosphere.

An email application featuring Kana, where the user was prompted by Kana on-screen when an email was sent, was released on March 17, 2000. On that same day, a remastered Windows edition of the game was released under the title Kana... Okaeri‼ (加奈⋯おかえり！！). This new version retains the original story line but features new character designs and full voice acting. A Mac OS version was subsequently published on June 30, 2000. In 2003, Panther Software announced plans to release an Xbox port, which was ultimately cancelled.

As reported by GNN News and Game Watch in July 2010, Cyber Front announced that the game would be ported to the PlayStation Portable in two different editions, Regular Edition and Limited Edition. The latter was to be bundled with the game's soundtrack and art book. The PSP version of the game featured the character designs and artwork from the original PC version of the game, although with re-recorded voices and artwork created specifically for it. Cyber Front released two demo videos in July and August 2010. Both editions were released on October 7 2010. An English translation of Kana... Okaeri!! was released in 2015 by JAST USA.

Reception
Kana: Little Sister has received widespread attention from the eroge player community. Some players have registered as bone marrow donors after playing the game. However, Kazuya Haneda's comment on Bishōjo Games Maniacs indicated that the game has received mixed reviews from players. When the game was released, it quickly became a hot topic on the Internet, with most online reviews focused on the plot and artwork; other online reviews have accused the game of sexualising minors because of Kana's appearance. In her Introduction to Cultural Studies on Adult Games, Naoki Miyamoto stated that Kana: Little Sister was considered, along with other games developed by Key, as masterpieces of "nakige" genre during the late 1990s.

The plot of Kana: Little Sister was well-received by critics, who felt that it deals with themes such as love, life and family. Au Yeung Yu Leung of IGN Japan voted the game as the best video game of 1999, comparing it to Air, and praised the game for its emotional portrayal of the relationship between Takamichi and Kana, as well as its ability to make one realize the value of life. In Complete Work on the History of PC Bishōjo Games this feeling was attributed to all players in general. The game is known for its "depressing" and "touching" story line. Pasokon bishōjo gēmu rekishi taizen: 1982-2000 specifically commented that the development of Takamichi and Kana's romantic relationship under their "tragic encounter" was "touching". In addition to the character's encounters, The Escapist Leigh Alexander also found "simple empathy" for "well-drawn individuals". Haneda, on the other hand, criticized its setting as "too common", but also praised it for its unexpected mid-to-late development.

Another aspect of Kana: Little Sister that was commended includes the player's empathy. According to Pasokon bishōjo gēmu rekishi taizen: 1982-2000, the player would experience the same psychological pain as Takamichi. Au Yeung felt that Kana was her real-life younger sister while playing, and attributed this to the plot's focus on Kana. In Boku-tachi no bishōjo gēmu Kuronikuru 2, Hiroyuki Maeda surmised that the player's empathy came from the text, especially the psychological description of the characters.

Critics' responses to the endings and the relationship between Takamichi and Kana were mixed. Alexander said the incest was "handled delicately" in regards to Takamichi and his younger sister's relationship, which distinguishes it from other eroge. Au Yeung criticized the team for setting Kana as an adopted younger sister due to public's perception. Regarding the endings, Haneda mentioned the "Recollection" ending as the most touching, and felt that the ending where Kana survives became meaningful only after completing the other endings. Au Yeung, however, criticized the latter, calling it "unnatural" compared to the other endings as there's no explanation of Kana's miraculous recovery.

title: Kana: Little Sister


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E. H. Carr

Edward Hallett Carr (28 June 1892 – 3 November 1982) was a British historian, diplomat, journalist and international relations theorist, and an opponent of empiricism within historiography. Carr was best known for A History of Soviet Russia, a 14-volume history of the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1929, for his writings on international relations, particularly The Twenty Years' Crisis, and for his book What Is History? in which he laid out historiographical principles rejecting traditional historical methods and practices.

Educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and then at Trinity College, Cambridge, Carr began his career as a diplomat in 1916; three years later, he participated at the Paris Peace Conference as a member of the British delegation. Becoming increasingly preoccupied with the study of international relations and of the Soviet Union, he resigned from the Foreign Office in 1936 to begin an academic career. From 1941 to 1946, Carr worked as an assistant editor at The Times, where he was noted for his leaders (editorials) urging a socialist system and an Anglo-Soviet alliance as the basis of a post-war order.

Early life
Carr was born in London to a middle-class family, and was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School in London and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a First Class Degree in Classics in 1916. Carr's family had originated in northern England, and the first mention of his ancestors was a George Carr who served as the Sheriff of Newcastle in 1450. Carr's parents were Francis Parker and Jesse (née Hallet) Carr. They were initially Conservatives, but went over to supporting the Liberals in 1903 over the issue of free trade. When Joseph Chamberlain proclaimed his opposition to free trade and announced in favour of Imperial Preference, Carr's father, to whom all tariffs were abhorrent, switched his political loyalties.

Carr described the atmosphere at the Merchant Taylors School: "95% of my school fellows came from orthodox Conservative homes, and regarded Lloyd George as an incarnation of the devil. We Liberals were a tiny despised minority." From his parents, Carr inherited a strong belief in progress as an unstoppable force in world affairs, and throughout his life a recurring theme in Carr's thinking was that the world was progressively becoming a better place. In 1911, Carr won the Craven Scholarship to attend Trinity College at Cambridge. At Cambridge, Carr was much impressed by hearing one of his professors lecture on how the Greco-Persian Wars influenced Herodotus in the writing of the Histories. Carr found this to be a great discovery—the subjectivity of the historian's craft. This discovery was later to influence his 1961 book What Is History?

Diplomatic career
Like many of his generation, Carr found World War I to be a shattering experience as it destroyed the world he had known before 1914. He joined the British Foreign Office in 1916, resigning in 1936. Carr was excused from military service for medical reasons. He was at first assigned to the Contraband Department of the Foreign Office, which sought to enforce the blockade on Germany, and then in 1917 was assigned to the Northern Department, which amongst other areas dealt with relations with Russia. As a diplomat, Carr was later praised by the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax as someone who had "distinguished himself not only by sound learning and political understanding, but also in administrative ability".

At first, Carr knew nothing about the Bolsheviks. He later recalled of having some "vague impression of the revolutionary views of Lenin and Trotsky" but of knowing nothing of Marxism. By 1919, Carr had become convinced that the Bolsheviks were destined to win the Russian Civil War, and approved of the Prime Minister David Lloyd George's opposition to the anti-Bolshevik ideas of the War Secretary Winston Churchill on the grounds of realpolitik. He later wrote that in the spring of 1919 he "was disappointed when he [Lloyd George] gave way (in part) on the Russian question in order to buy French consent to concessions to Germany". In 1919, Carr was part of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference and was involved in the drafting of parts of the Treaty of Versailles relating to the League of Nations. During the conference, Carr was much offended at the Allied, especially French, treatment of the Germans, writing that the German delegation at the peace conference were "cheated over the 'Fourteen Points', and subjected to every petty humiliation". Beside working on the sections of the Versailles treaty relating to the League of Nations, Carr was also involved in working out the borders between Germany and Poland. Initially, Carr favoured Poland, urging in a memo in February 1919 that Britain recognise Poland at once, and that the German city of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland) be ceded to Poland. In March 1919, Carr fought against the idea of a Minorities Treaty for Poland, arguing that the rights of ethnic and religious minorities in Poland would be best guaranteed by not involving the international community in Polish internal affairs. By the spring of 1919, Carr's relations with the Polish delegation had declined to a state of mutual hostility. Carr's tendency to favour the claims of the Germans at the expense of the Poles led Adam Zamoyski to note that Carr "held views of the most extraordinary racial arrogance on all of the nations of Eastern Europe". Carr's biographer, Jonathan Haslam, wrote that Carr grew up in a place where German culture was deeply appreciated, which in turn always coloured his views towards Germany throughout his life. As a result, Carr supported the territorial claims of the Reich against Poland. In a letter written in 1954 to his friend Isaac Deutscher, Carr described his attitude to Poland at the time: "The picture of Poland that was universal in Eastern Europe right down to 1925 was of a strong and potentially predatory power."

After the peace conference, Carr was stationed at the British Embassy in Paris until 1921, and in 1920 was awarded a CBE. At first, Carr had great faith in the League, which he believed would prevent both another world war and ensure a better post-war world. In the 1920s, Carr was assigned to the branch of the British Foreign Office that dealt with the League of Nations before being sent to the British Embassy in Riga, Latvia, where he served as Second Secretary between 1925 and 1929. In 1925, Carr married Anne Ward Howe, by whom he had one son. During his time in Riga (which at that time possessed a substantial Russian émigré community), Carr became increasingly fascinated with Russian literature and culture and wrote several works on various aspects of Russian life. Carr learnt Russian during his time in Riga, to read Russian writers in the original. In 1927, Carr paid his first visit to Moscow. He was later to write that reading Alexander Herzen, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the work of other 19th-century Russian intellectuals caused him to re-think his liberal views. Starting in 1929, Carr began to review books relating to all things Russian and Soviet and to international relations in several British literary journals and, towards the end of his life, in the London Review of Books. In particular, Carr emerged as the Times Literary Supplement's Soviet expert in the early 1930s, a position he still held at the time of his death in 1982. Because of his status as a diplomat (until 1936), most of Carr's reviews in the period 1929–36 were published either anonymously or under the pseudonym "John Hallett". In the summer of 1929, Carr began work on a biography of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and, in the course of researching Dostoevsky's life, Carr befriended Prince D. S. Mirsky, a Russian émigré scholar living at that time in Britain. Beside studies on international relations, Carr's writings in the 1930s included biographies of Dostoyevsky (1931), Karl Marx (1934), and Mikhail Bakunin (1937). An early sign of Carr's increasing admiration of the Soviet Union was a 1929 review of Baron Pyotr Wrangel's memoirs.

In an article entitled "Age of Reason" published in the Spectator on 26 April 1930, Carr attacked what he regarded as the prevailing culture of pessimism within the West, which he blamed on the French writer Marcel Proust. In the early 1930s, Carr found the Great Depression to be almost as profoundly shocking as the First World War. Further increasing Carr's interest in a replacement ideology for liberalism was his reaction to hearing the debates in January 1931 at the General Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, and especially the speeches on the merits of free trade between the Yugoslav Foreign Minister Vojislav Marinkovich and the British Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson. It was at this time that Carr started to admire the Soviet Union. In a 1932 book review of Lancelot Lawton's Economic History of Soviet Russia, Carr dismissed Lawton's claim that the Soviet economy was a failure, and praised the British Marxist economist Maurice Dobb's extremely favourable assessment of the Soviet economy.

Carr's early political outlook was anti-Marxist and liberal. In his 1934 biography of Marx, Carr presented his subject as a highly intelligent man and a gifted writer, but one whose talents were devoted entirely to destruction. Carr argued that Marx's sole and only motivation was a mindless class hatred. Carr labelled dialectical materialism gibberish, and the labour theory of value doctrinal and derivative. He praised Marx for emphasising the importance of the collective over the individual. In view of his later conversion to a sort of quasi-Marxism, Carr was to find the passages in Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism criticising Marx to be highly embarrassing, and refused to allow the book to be republished. Carr was to later call it his worst book, and complained that he had written it only because his publisher had made a Marx biography a precondition for publishing the biography of Bakunin that he was writing. In his books such as The Romantic Exiles and Dostoevsky, Carr was noted for his highly ironical treatment of his subjects, implying that their lives were of interest but not of great importance. In the mid-1930s, Carr was especially preoccupied with the life and ideas of Bakunin. During this period, Carr started writing a novel about the visit of a Bakunin-type Russian radical to Victorian Britain who proceeded to expose all of what Carr regarded as the pretensions and hypocrisies of British bourgeois society. The novel was never finished or published.

As a diplomat in the 1930s, Carr took the view that great division of the world into rival trading blocs caused by the American Smoot–Hawley Act of 1930 was the principal cause of German belligerence in foreign policy, as Germany was now unable to export finished goods or import raw materials cheaply. In Carr's opinion, if Germany could be given its own economic zone to dominate in Eastern Europe—comparable to the British Imperial preference economic zone, the US dollar zone in the Americas, the French gold bloc zone, and the Japanese economic zone—then the peace of the world could be assured. In an essay published in February 1933 in the Fortnightly Review, Carr blamed what he regarded as a punitive Versailles treaty for the recent accession to power of Adolf Hitler. Carr's views on appeasement caused much tension with his superior, the Permanent Undersecretary Sir Robert Vansittart, and played a role in Carr's resignation from the Foreign Office later in 1936. In an article entitled "An English Nationalist Abroad" published in May 1936 in the Spectator, Carr wrote: "The methods of the Tudor sovereigns, when they were making the English nation, invite many comparisons with those of the Nazi regime in Germany". In this way, Carr argued that it was hypocritical for people in Britain to criticise the Nazi regime's human rights record. Because of Carr's strong antagonism to the Treaty of Versailles, which he viewed as unjust to Germany, Carr was very supportive of the Nazi regime's efforts to destroy Versailles through moves such as the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936. Of his views in the 1930s, Carr later wrote: "No doubt, I was very blind."

International relations scholar
In 1936, Carr became the Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and is particularly known for his contribution on international relations theory. Carr's last words of advice as a diplomat were a memo urging that Britain accept the Balkans as an exclusive zone of influence for Germany. Additionally, in articles published in The Christian Science Monitor on 2 December 1936 and in the January 1937 edition of Fortnightly Review, Carr argued that the Soviet Union and France were not working for collective security but rather "a division of the Great Powers into two armored camps", supported non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War, and asserted that King Leopold III of Belgium had made a major step towards peace with his declaration of neutrality of 14 October 1936. Two major intellectual influences on Carr in the mid-1930s were Karl Mannheim's 1936 book Ideology and Utopia, and the work of Reinhold Niebuhr on the need to combine morality with realism.

Carr's appointment as the Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics caused a stir when he started to use his position to criticise the League of Nations, a viewpoint which caused much tension with his benefactor, Lord Davies, who was a strong supporter of the League. Lord Davies had established the Wilson Chair in 1924 with the intention of increasing public support for his beloved League, which helps to explain his chagrin at Carr's anti-League lectures. In his first lecture on 14 October 1936 Carr stated that the League was ineffective.

In 1936, Carr began to work for Chatham House, where he chaired a study group tasked with producing a report on nationalism. The report was published in 1939.

In 1937, Carr visited the Soviet Union for a second time, and was impressed by what he saw. During his visit, Carr may have inadvertently caused the death of his friend, Prince D. S. Mirsky. Carr stumbled into Prince Mirsky on the streets of Leningrad (modern Saint Petersburg), and despite Prince Mirsky's best efforts to pretend not to know him, Carr persuaded his old friend to have lunch with him. Since this was at the height of the Yezhovshchina, and any Soviet citizen who had any unauthorised contact with a foreigner was likely to be regarded as a spy, the NKVD arrested Prince Mirsky as a British spy; he died two years later in a Gulag camp near Magadan. As part of the same trip that took Carr to the Soviet Union in 1937 was a visit to Germany. In a speech given on 12 October 1937 at Chatham House summarising his impressions of those two countries, Carr reported that Germany was "almost a free country". Apparently unaware of the fate of Prince Mirsky, Carr spoke of the "strange behaviour" of his old friend, who had at first gone to great lengths to try to pretend that he did not know Carr during their accidental meeting.

In the 1930s, Carr was a leading supporter of appeasement. In his writings on international affairs in British newspapers, Carr criticised the Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš for clinging to the alliance with France, rather than accepting that it was his country's destiny to be in the German sphere of influence. At the same time, Carr strongly praised the Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck for his balancing act between France, Germany, and the Soviet Union. In the late 1930s, Carr started to become even more sympathetic toward the Soviet Union, as he was much impressed by the achievements of the Five-Year Plans, which stood in marked contrast to the failures of capitalism during the Great Depression.

His famous work The Twenty Years' Crisis was published in July 1939, which dealt with the subject of international relations between 1919 and 1939. In that book, Carr defended appeasement on the ground that it was the only realistic policy option. At the time the book was published in the summer of 1939, Neville Chamberlain had adopted his "containment" policy towards Germany, leading Carr to later ruefully comment that his book was dated even before it was published. In the spring and summer of 1939, Carr was very dubious about Chamberlain's "guarantee" of Polish independence issued on 31 March 1939.

In The Twenty Years' Crisis, Carr divided thinkers on international relations into two schools, which he labelled the utopians and the realists. Reflecting his own disillusion with the League of Nations, Carr attacked as "utopians" those like Norman Angell who believed that a new and better international structure could be built around the League. In Carr's opinion, the entire international order constructed at Versailles was flawed and the League was a hopeless dream that could never do anything practical. Carr described the opposition of utopianism and realism in international relations as a dialectic progress. He argued that in realism there is no moral dimension, so that for a realist what is successful is right and what is unsuccessful is wrong.

Carr contended that international relations was an incessant struggle between the economically privileged "have" powers and the economically disadvantaged "have not" powers. In this economic understanding of international relations, "have" powers like the United States, Britain and France were inclined to avoid war because of their contented status whereas "have not" powers like Germany, Italy and Japan were inclined towards war as they had nothing to lose. Carr defended the Munich Agreement as the overdue recognition of changes in the balance of power. In The Twenty Years' Crisis, he was highly critical of Winston Churchill, whom Carr described as a mere opportunist interested only in power for himself.

Carr immediately followed up The Twenty Years' Crisis with Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy From The Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War, a study of British foreign policy in the inter-war period that featured a preface by the Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax. Carr ended his support for appeasement, which he had so vociferously expressed in The Twenty Years' Crisis, with a favourable review of a book containing a collection of Churchill's speeches from 1936 to 1938, which Carr wrote were "justifiably" alarmist about Germany. After 1939, Carr largely abandoned writing about international relations in favour of contemporary events and Soviet history. Carr was to write only three more books about international relations after 1939, namely The Future of Nations; Independence Or Interdependence? (1941), German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939 (1951) and International Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939 (1955). After the outbreak of World War II, Carr stated that he had been somewhat mistaken in his prewar views on Nazi Germany. In the 1946 revised edition of The Twenty Years' Crisis, Carr was more hostile in his appraisal of German foreign policy than he had been in the first edition in 1939.

Some of the major themes of Carr's writings were change and the relationship between ideational and material forces in society. He saw as a major theme of history the growth of reason as a social force. He argued that all major social changes had been caused by revolutions or wars, both of which Carr regarded as necessary but unpleasant means of accomplishing social change.

World War II
During World War II, Carr's political views took a sharp turn towards the left. He spent the Phoney War working as a clerk with the propaganda department of the Foreign Office. As Carr did not believe that Britain could defeat Germany, the declaration of war on Germany on 3 September 1939 left him highly depressed.

In March 1940, Carr resigned from the Foreign Office to serve as the writer of leaders (editorials) for The Times. In his second leader, published on 21 June 1940 and entitled "The German Dream", Carr wrote that Hitler was offering a "Europe united by conquest". In a leader during the summer of 1940, Carr supported the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States.

Carr served as the assistant editor of The Times from 1941 to 1946, during which time he was well known for the pro-Soviet attitudes that he expressed in his leaders. After June 1941, Carr' s already strong admiration for the Soviet Union was much increased by the Soviet Union's role in defeating Germany.

In a leader of 5 December 1940 entitled "The Two Scourges", Carr wrote that only by removing the "scourge" of unemployment could one also remove the "scourge" of war. Such was the popularity of "The Two Scourges" that it was published as a pamphlet in December 1940, during which its first print run of 10,000 completely sold out. Carr's left-wing leaders caused some tension with the editor of the Times, Geoffrey Dawson, who felt that Carr was taking the Times in too radical a direction, which led to Carr being restricted for a time to writing only on foreign policy. After Dawson was ousted in May 1941 and replaced with Robert M'Gowan Barrington-Ward, Carr was given a free rein to write on whatever he wished. In turn, Barrington-Ward was to find many of Carr's leaders on foreign affairs to be too radical for his liking.

Carr's leaders were noted for their advocacy of a socialist European economy under the control of an international planning board, and for his support for the idea of an Anglo-Soviet alliance as the basis of the post-war international order. Unlike many of his contemporaries in war-time Britain, Carr was against a Carthaginian peace with Germany, and argued for a post-war reconstruction of Germany along socialist lines. In his leaders on foreign affairs, Carr was very consistent in arguing after 1941 that, once the war ended, it was the fate of Eastern Europe to come into the Soviet sphere of influence, and claimed that any effort to the contrary was both vain and immoral.

Between 1942 and 1945, Carr was the Chairman of a study group at the Royal Institute of International Affairs concerned with Anglo-Soviet relations. Carr's study group concluded that Stalin had largely abandoned Communist ideology in favour of Russian nationalism, that the Soviet economy would provide a higher standard of living in the Soviet Union after the war, and that it was both possible and desirable for Britain to reach a friendly understanding with the Soviets once the war had ended. In 1942, Carr published Conditions of Peace, followed by Nationalism and After in 1945, in which he outlined his ideas about how the post-war world should look. In his books, and his Times leaders, Carr urged for the creation of a socialist European federation anchored by an Anglo-German partnership that would be aligned with the Soviet Union against the United States.

In his 1942 book Conditions of Peace, Carr argued that it was a flawed economic system that had caused World War II and that the only way of preventing another world war was for the Western powers to adopt socialism. One of the main sources for ideas in Conditions of Peace was the 1940 book Dynamics of War and Revolution by the American Lawrence Dennis. In a review of Conditions of Peace, the British writer Rebecca West criticised Carr for using Dennis as a source, commenting: "It is as odd for a serious English writer to quote Sir Oswald Mosley". In a speech on 2 June 1942 in the House of Lords, Viscount Elibank attacked Carr as an "active danger" for his views in Conditions of Peace about a magnanimous peace with Germany and for suggesting that Britain turn over all of her colonies to an international commission after the war.

The next month, Carr's relations with the Polish government were further worsened by the storm caused by the discovery of the Katyn massacre committed by the Russian NKVD in 1940. In a leader entitled "Russia and Poland" on 28 April 1943, Carr blasted the Polish government for accusing the Soviets of committing the Katyn massacre and for asking the Red Cross to investigate.

Lord Davies, who had been extremely unhappy with Carr almost from the moment that Carr had assumed the Wilson Chair in 1936, launched a major campaign in 1943 to have Carr fired, being particularly upset that, although Carr had not taught since 1939, he was still drawing his professor's salary. Lord Davies's efforts to have Carr fired failed when a majority of the Aberystwyth staff, supported by the powerful Welsh political fixer Thomas Jones, sided with Carr.

In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist front organisation ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times leader sided with the Greek Communists, leading to Winston Churchill to condemn him in a speech to the House of Commons. Carr claimed that the Greek EAM was the "largest organised party or group of parties in Greece", which "appeared to exercise almost unchallengeable authority", and called for Britain to recognise the EAM as the legal Greek government.

In contrast to his support for EAM/ELAS, Carr was strongly critical of the legitimate Polish government in exile and its Armia Krajowa (Home Army) resistance organisation. In his leaders of 1944 on Poland, Carr urged that Britain break diplomatic relations with the London government and recognise the Soviet-sponsored Lublin government as the lawful government of Poland.

In a May 1945 leader, Carr blasted those who felt that an Anglo-American "special relationship' would be the principal bulwark of peace. As a result of Carr's leaders, the Times became popularly known during World War II as the three-pence Daily Worker (the price of the Daily Worker being one penny). Commenting on Carr's pro-Soviet leaders, the British writer George Orwell wrote in 1942 that "all the appeasers, e.g. Professor E. H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin".

Reflecting his disgust with Carr's leaders in the Times, the British civil servant Sir Alexander Cadogan, the Permanent Undersecretary at the Foreign Office, wrote in his diary: "I hope someone will tie Barrington-Ward and Ted Carr together and throw them into the Thames."

During a 1945 lecture series entitled The Soviet Impact on the Western World, which was published as a book in 1946, Carr argued that "The trend away from individualism and towards totalitarianism is everywhere unmistakable", that Marxism was the by far the most successful type of totalitarianism as proved by Soviet industrial growth and the Red Army's role in defeating Germany, and that only the "blind and incurable ignored these trends". During the same lectures, Carr called democracy in the Western world a sham, which permitted a capitalist ruling class to exploit the majority, and praised the Soviet Union as offering real democracy. One of Carr's leading associates, the British historian R. W. Davies, was later to write that Carr's view of the Soviet Union as expressed in The Soviet Impact on the Western World was a rather glossy and idealised picture.

Cold War
In 1946, Carr started living with Joyce Marion Stock Forde, who was to remain his common law wife until 1964. In 1947, Carr was forced to resign from his position at Aberystwyth. In the late 1940s, Carr started to become increasingly influenced by Marxism. His name was on Orwell's list, a list of people which George Orwell prepared in March 1949 for the Information Research Department, a propaganda unit set up at the Foreign Office by the Labour government. Orwell considered these people to have pro-communist leanings and therefore to be inappropriate to write for the IRD. In 1948, Carr condemned the British acceptance of an American loan in 1946 as marking the effective end of British independence. Carr went on to write that the best course for Britain was to seek neutrality in the Cold War and that "peace at any price must be the foundation of British policy". Carr took a great deal of hope from the Soviet–Yugoslav split of 1948.

In May–June 1951, Carr delivered a series of speeches on British radio entitled The New Society, that advocated a commitment to mass democracy, egalitarian democracy, and "public control and planning" of the economy. Carr was a reclusive man whom few knew well, but his circle of close friends included Isaac Deutscher, A. J. P. Taylor, Harold Laski and Karl Mannheim. Carr was especially close to Deutscher. In the early 1950s, when Carr sat on the editorial board of Chatham House, he attempted to block the publication of the manuscript that eventually became The Origins of the Communist Autocracy by Leonard Schapiro on the ground that the subject of repression in the Soviet Union was not a serious topic for a historian. As interest in the subject of Communism grew, Carr largely abandoned international relations as a field of study. In 1956, Carr did not comment on the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian Uprising, while at the same time condemning the Suez War.

In 1966, Carr left Forde and married the historian Betty Behrens. That same year, Carr wrote in an essay that in India, where "liberalism is professed and to some extent practised, millions of people would die without American charity. In China, where liberalism is rejected, people somehow get fed. Which is the more cruel and oppressive regime?" One of Carr's critics, the British historian Robert Conquest, commented that Carr did not appear to be familiar with recent Chinese history, because, judging from that remark, Carr seemed to be ignorant of the millions of Chinese who had starved to death during the Great Leap Forward. In 1961, Carr published an anonymous and very favourable review of his friend A. J. P. Taylor's contentious book The Origins of the Second World War, which caused much controversy. In the late 1960s, Carr was one of the few British professors to be supportive of the New Left student protestors, whom, he hoped, might bring about a socialist revolution in Britain. Carr was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1967. In 1970, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Carr exercised wide influence in the field of Soviet studies and international relations. The extent of Carr's influence could be seen in the 1974 festschrift in his honour, entitled Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr ed. Chimen Abramsky and Beryl Williams. The contributors included Sir Isaiah Berlin, Arthur Lehning, G. A. Cohen, Monica Partridge, Beryl Williams, Eleonore Breuning, D. C. Watt, Mary Holdsworth, Roger Morgan, Alec Nove, John Erickson, Michael Kaser, R. W. Davies, Moshe Lewin, Maurice Dobb, and Lionel Kochan.

In a 1978 interview in New Left Review, Carr called Western economies "crazy" and doomed in the long run. In a 1980 letter to his friend Tamara Deutscher, Carr wrote that he felt that the government of Margaret Thatcher had forced "the forces of Socialism" in Britain into a "full retreat". In the same letter to Deutscher, Carr wrote that "Socialism cannot be obtained through reformism, i.e. through the machinery of bourgeois democracy". Carr went on to decry disunity on the left. Although Carr regarded the abandonment of Maoism in China in the late 1970s as a regressive development, he saw opportunities and wrote to his stockbroker in 1978 that "a lot of people, as well as the Japanese, are going to benefit from the opening up of trade with China. Have you any ideas?"

History of Soviet Russia
After the war, Carr was a fellow and tutor in politics at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1953 to 1955, when he became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death in 1982. During this period he published most of A History of Soviet Russia as well as What Is History?.

Towards the end of 1944, Carr decided to write a complete history of Soviet Russia from 1917 comprising all aspects of social, political and economic history to explain how the Soviet Union withstood the German invasion. The resulting work, his 14-volume History of Soviet Russia (14 vol., 1950–78), took the story up to 1929. Like many others, Carr argued that the emergence of Russia from a backward peasant economy to a leading industrial power was the most important event of the 20th century. The first part of the History of Soviet Russia comprised three volumes entitled The Bolshevik Revolution, published in 1950, 1952, and 1953, and traced Soviet history from 1917 to 1922. The second part was originally intended to comprise three volumes called The Struggle for Power, covering 1922–28, but Carr instead decided to publish a single volume labelled The Interregnum that covered the events of 1923–24, and another four volumes entitled Socialism in One Country, which took the story up to 1926. Carr's final volumes in the series were entitled The Foundations of the Planned Economy, and covered the years until 1929. Carr had planned to take the series up to Operation Barbarossa in 1941 and the Soviet victory of 1945, but died before he could complete the project. Carr's last book, 1982's The Twilight of the Comintern, examined the response of the Comintern to fascism in 1930–1935. Although it was not officially a part of the History of Soviet Russia series, Carr regarded it as completing it. Another related book that Carr was unable to complete before his death, and was published posthumously in 1984, was The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War.

Another book that was not part of the History of Soviet Russia series, though closely related due to common research in the same archives, was Carr's 1951 German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939. In it, Carr blamed British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain for the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. In 1955, a major scandal that damaged Carr's reputation as a historian of the Soviet Union occurred when he wrote the introduction to Notes for a Journal, the supposed memoir of the former Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov that was shortly thereafter exposed as a KGB forgery.

Carr was well known in the 1950s as an outspoken admirer of the Soviet Union. His friend and close associate, the British historian R. W. Davies, was to write that Carr belonged to the anti-Cold-War school of history, which regarded the Soviet Union as the major progressive force in the world, and the Cold War as a case of American aggression against the Soviet Union. The volumes of Carr's History of Soviet Russia were received with mixed reviews. It was "described by supporters as 'Olympian' and 'monumental' and by enemies as a subtle apologia for Stalin".

What Is History?
Carr is also famous today for his work of historiography, What Is History? (1961), a book based upon his series of G. M. Trevelyan lectures, delivered at the University of Cambridge in January-March 1961. In this work, Carr argued that he was presenting a middle-of-the-road position between the empirical view of history and R. G. Collingwood's idealism. Carr rejected as nonsense the empirical view of the historian's work being an accretion of "facts" that he or she has at their disposal. Carr divided facts into two categories: "facts of the past", that is, historical information that historians deem unimportant, and "historical facts", information that historians have decided is important. Carr contended that historians quite arbitrarily determine which of the "facts of the past" to turn into "historical facts", according to their own biases and agendas.

Contribution to the theory of international relations
Carr contributed to the foundation of what is now known as classical realism in international relations theory. Carr's work studied history (work of Thucydides and Machiavelli), and expressed a strong disagreement with what he referred to as Idealism. Carr juxtaposes realism and idealism. Hans Morgenthau, a fellow realist, wrote of Carr's work that it "provides a most lucid and brilliant exposure of the faults of contemporary political thought in the Western world... especially in so far as it concerns international affairs."

Selected works

 * Dostoevsky (1821–1881): A New Biography, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.
 * The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait Gallery, London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.
 * Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism, London: Dent, 1934.
 * Michael Bakunin, London: Macmillan, 1937.
 * International Relations Since the Peace Treaties, London: Macmillan, 1937, revised edition 1940.
 * The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939: an Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1939, revised edition, 1946.
 * Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy from the Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War, London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939.
 * Conditions of Peace, London: Macmillan, 1942.
 * Nationalism and After, London: Macmillan, 1945.
 * The Soviet Impact on the Western World, 1946.
 * A History of Soviet Russia, London: Macmillan, 1950–1978. Collection of 14 volumes: The Bolshevik Revolution (3 volumes), The Interregnum (1 volume), Socialism in One Country (4 volumes), and The Foundations of a Planned Economy (6 volumes).
 * Studies in revolution, London: Macmillan, Abingdon-on-Thames: Routlegde, 1950.
 * The New Society, London: Macmillan, 1951.
 * German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1952.
 * The October Revolution: Before and After, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.
 * What Is History?, London: Macmillan, 1961; revised edition ed. R.W. Davies, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
 * 1917 Before and After, London: Macmillan, 1969; American edition: The October Revolution Before and After, New York: Knopf, 1969.
 * The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin (1917–1929), London: Macmillan, 1979.
 * From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
 * The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935, London: Macmillan, 1982.
 * The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War, New York: Pantheon, 1984.

title: E. H. Carr


text:
Clava cairn

The Clava cairn is a type of Bronze Age circular chamber tomb cairn, named after the group of three cairns at Balnuaran of Clava, to the east of Inverness in Scotland. There are about 50 cairns of this type in an area round about Inverness. They fall into two sub-types, one typically consisting of a corbelled passage grave with a single burial chamber linked to the entrance by a short passage and covered with a cairn of stones, with the entrances oriented south west towards midwinter sunset. In the other sub-type an annular ring cairn encloses an apparently unroofed area with no formal means of access from the outside. In both sub-types a stone circle surrounds the whole tomb and a kerb often runs around the cairn. The heights of the standing stones vary in height so that the tallest fringe the entrance (oriented south west) and the shortest are directly opposite it.

When Clava-type tombs still contained burial remains, only one or two bodies appear to have been buried in each, and the lack of access to the second sub-type suggests that there was no intention of re-visiting the dead or communally adding future burials as had been the case with Neolithic cairn tombs.

Balnuaran of Clava
At Balnuaran of Clava itself there is a group of three Bronze Age cairns which lie close together in a line running north east to south west. The tombs at either end are of the passage grave sub-type. The central cairn is of the ring cairn sub-type, and uniquely has stone paths or causeways forming "rays" radiating out from the platform round the kerbs to three of the standing stones. The cairns incorporate cup and ring mark stones, carved before they were built into the structures. The kerb stones are graded in size and selected for colour, so that the stones are larger and redder to the south west, and smaller and whiter to the north east. All these elements seem to have been constructed as one operation and indicate a complex design rather than ad hoc additions.

The ring round the northern Balnuaran of Clava cairn was measured and analysed by Professor Alexander Thom. He found that the ring was slightly egg-shaped with a complex geometry of circles and ellipses which could be set out around a central triangle, using sizes which are close to whole multiples of what he called the Megalithic yard. While the geometry of the shape is generally accepted, the Megalithic Yard is more controversial.

title: Clava cairn


text:
List of settlements in Elis

This is a list of settlements in Elis, Greece.

 * Achladini
 * Aetorrachi
 * Agios Andreas, Katakolo
 * Agia Anna
 * Agia Kyriaki
 * Agia Mavra
 * Agia Triada
 * Agioi Apostoloi
 * Agios Charalampos
 * Agios Dimitrios
 * Agios Georgios
 * Agios Ilias, Amaliada
 * Agios Ilias, Pyrgos
 * Agios Ilias, Zacharo
 * Agios Ioannis
 * Agnanta
 * Agrapidochori
 * Agridi
 * Alfeiousa
 * Alifeira
 * Alpochori
 * Amaliada
 * Ampelokampos
 * Ampelonas
 * Amygdalies
 * Andravida
 * Andritsaina
 * Anemochori
 * Anilio
 * Anthonas
 * Antroni
 * Archaia Ilida
 * Archaia Olympia
 * Archaia Pisa
 * Areti
 * Arini
 * Artemida
 * Arvaniti
 * Aspra Spitia
 * Astras
 * Avgeio
 * Avgi
 * Borsi
 * Charia
 * Chavari
 * Cheimadio
 * Chelidoni
 * Chrysochori
 * Dafni
 * Dafniotissa
 * Dafnoula
 * Diasella
 * Dimitra
 * Doukas
 * Douneika
 * Dragogio
 * Efyra
 * Elaionas
 * Epitalio
 * Fanari
 * Figaleia
 * Flokas
 * Foloi
 * Fonaitika
 * Frixa
 * Gastouni
 * Geraki
 * Giannitsochori
 * Goumero
 * Graikas
 * Granitsaiika
 * Gryllos
 * Irakleia
 * Kafkonia
 * Kakotari
 * Kakovatos
 * Kalidona
 * Kallikomo
 * Kallithea
 * Kalyvakia
 * Kalyvia Ilidos
 * Kalyvia Myrtountion
 * Kamena
 * Kampos
 * Kapeleto
 * Karatoula
 * Kardamas
 * Kardiakafti
 * Karya
 * Kastro
 * Katakolo
 * Kato Panagia
 * Kato Samiko
 * Katsaros
 * Kavasila
 * Kentro
 * Keramidia
 * Kladeos
 * Klindia
 * Koliri
 * Korakochori
 * Koroivos
 * Koryfi
 * Koskinas
 * Koufopoulo
 * Koumanis
 * Kourtesi
 * Koutsochera
 * Krestena
 * Kryoneri, Figaleia
 * Kryoneri, Olympia
 * Kryonero
 * Kryovrysi
 * Kyllini
 * Laganas
 * Lalas
 * Lampeia
 * Lanthi
 * Lasteika
 * Latas
 * Latzoi
 * Lechaina
 * Lefkochori
 * Lepreo
 * Leventochori
 * Linaria
 * Linistaina
 * Livadaki
 * Loukas
 * Louvro
 * Lygia
 * Machos
 * Mageiras
 * Magoula
 * Makistos
 * Makrisia
 * Manolada
 * Matesi
 * Mazaraki
 * Melissa
 * Milea
 * Milies
 * Minthi
 * Mouria
 * Mouzaki
 * Myronia
 * Myrsini
 * Myrtia
 * Nea Figaleia
 * Nea Manolada
 * Neapoli
 * Nemouta
 * Neochori, Zacharo
 * Neochori Myrtountion
 * Neraida
 * Nisi
 * Oinoi
 * Oleni
 * Oreini
 * Palaiochori
 * Palaiovarvasaina
 * Pefkes
 * Pefki
 * Pelopio
 * Peristeri
 * Perivolia
 * Persaina
 * Petralona
 * Platanos
 * Platiana
 * Ploutochori
 * Pournari
 * Prasidaki
 * Prasino
 * Pyrgos
 * Raches
 * Rodia
 * Rodina
 * Roupaki
 * Rovia
 * Roviata
 * Salmoni
 * Samiko
 * Savalia
 * Schinoi
 * Sekoulas
 * Simiza
 * Simopoulo
 * Skafidia
 * Skillountia
 * Skliva
 * Skourochori
 * Smerna
 * Smila
 * Sopi
 * Sosti
 * Stafidokampos
 * Stomio
 * Strefi
 * Strousi
 * Taxiarches
 * Theisoa
 * Tragano
 * Trypiti
 * Tsipiana
 * Varda
 * Vartholomio
 * Varvasaina
 * Vasilaki
 * Velanidi
 * Vouliagmeni
 * Vounargo
 * Vresto
 * Vrina
 * Vrochitsa
 * Vytinaiika
 * Xenies
 * Xirochori
 * Xirokampos
 * Xylokera
 * Zacharo

title: List of settlements in Elis


text:
Hymiskviða

Hymiskviða (Old Norse: 'The lay of Hymir'; anglicized as Hymiskvitha, Hymiskvidha or Hymiskvida) is a poem collected in the Poetic Edda. The poem was first written down in the late 13th century.

Summary
The Æsir consult their augury twigs and decide, since Ægir owns a lot of kettles for making beer, that he should be their host frequently. Ægir has to reluctantly agree, but as this will be a lot of work, he makes a condition (that he hopes they won't be able to meet) that they bring a kettle large enough for him to make beer for all of them at once. That presents a problem, until Týr remembers a particularly large kettle in the possession of his father Hymir. So the Æsir set off. Eventually they find Hymir's place, where Þórr (Thor) eats so much that Hymir and his guests have no alternative but to go fishing. The poem then tells the story of how Þórr almost caught the Jörmungandr, which is also recounted in the Prose Edda. Þórr shows off his strength, but Hymir taunts him and says that he could hardly be called strong if Þórr couldn't break Hymir's chalice. The chalice was a magic one and could not be broken unless slung against Hymir's head. Þórr is eventually told so and proceeds to do it. Hymir is annoyed but says that they can take the kettle and leave. There follows the slaying of hordes of jötnar, whereupon the Æsir leave with the kettle and booze contentedly at Ægir's place ever after (or at least until Lokasenna).

The poem contains fragments of a number of myths, and it shows. There is little structure to it, and scenes follow each other in a very rough logical order. Some of the allusions are not known from other sources and it contains unusually many kennings for an Eddic poem.

Comparative mythology
Similarities between the Hymiskviða and the Indian Samudra manthan have been pointed out by Georges Dumézil and others; see.

title: Hymiskviða