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The Hindenburg (film)

The Hindenburg is a 1975 American Technicolor disaster film based on the 1937 Hindenburg disaster. The film stars George C. Scott. It was produced and directed by Robert Wise, and was written by Nelson Gidding, Richard Levinson and William Link, based on the 1972 book of the same name by Michael M. Mooney.

A highly speculative thriller, the film and the book on which it is based depict a conspiracy involving sabotage, which leads to the destruction of the German airship Hindenburg. In reality, while the Zeppelins were certainly used as propaganda symbols by Nazi Germany, and anti-Nazi forces may have been motivated to sabotage them, the possibility of such an act was investigated at the time; ultimately, no firm evidence was uncovered to substantiate the theory. A. A. Hoehling, author of the 1962 book Who Destroyed the Hindenburg?, also about the sabotage theory, sued Mooney along with the film developers for copyright infringement as well as unfair competition. However, Judge Charles M. Metzner dismissed his allegations.

Filmed largely in color (with a mock newsreel presented in black-and-white at the beginning of the film), a portion of the film is presented in monochrome, edited between portions of the historical Hindenburg newsreel footage shot on May 6, 1937.

Plot
Kathie Rauch from Milwaukee, Wisconsin sends a letter to the German Embassy in Washington, D.C., claiming the German zeppelin Hindenburg will explode while flying over New York City during its first flight of the season. In the meantime, Luftwaffe Colonel Franz Ritter has been named the security officer to protect the Hindenburg as various threats have been made to sabotage the airship, which some see as a symbol of Nazi Germany.

Ritter is assisted by a Nazi government official, SS/Gestapo Hauptsturmführer Martin Vogel, who poses as the "official photographer" aboard the Hindenburg. However, both operate independently in investigating the background of all passengers and crew on the voyage. Ritter has reason to suspect everyone, even his old friend, Countess Ursula von Reugen, whose Baltic estate in Peenemünde had been taken over by the Nazis for weapons testing and appears to be escaping Germany while visiting her young hearing-impaired daughter in Boston.

Other prime suspects include Edward Douglas, a suspicious German-American advertising executive, card sharps Emilio Pajetta and Major Napier, as well as several crew members and even the Hindenburg captains Max Pruss and Ernst Lehmann. Many possible clues turn out to be red herrings, such as Joe Spah sketching the ship's interior as an idea for a vaudeville show and mysterious names which later turned out to be the name of race horses two of the passengers are making bets on. Two other code names, for carnivorous air and sea animals, turn out to refer to the Hindenburg itself and the RMS Queen Mary, where Douglas's competitor is in a race to beat him to port to secure a business deal in New York.

As the Hindenburg continues to Lakehurst Naval Air Station, events conspire against Ritter and Vogel. They soon suspect crewman Karl Boerth, a former Hitler Youth leader who has become disillusioned with the Nazi regime. Ritter attempts to arrest Boerth but he resists and requests help from Ritter, who sympathizes with him because Ritter's son was killed in an accident the previous year while in the Hitler Youth. Ritter later receives news that Boerth's girlfriend, Freda Halle, was killed while trying to escape the Gestapo, who had arrested her for questioning after she was seen asking too many pointed questions about the ship's exact position and arrival time at Lakehurst. Boerth, upon hearing the news of Halle's death, plans to commit suicide by staying aboard the airship as the bomb goes off, to show that there is a resistance against the Nazi regime. Ritter reluctantly agrees with Boerth to set the bomb to 7:30, when the airship should have landed and passengers disembarked, saying an explosion which kills passengers is the "last thing he wants".

While setting up the bomb, Boerth drops his knife which is recovered by a crew member. To cover up the loss of the knife, Boerth steals a knife from fellow rigger Ludwig Knorr. Vogel starts to work behind Ritter's back, arresting Boerth and confiscating the Countess's passport.

As the airship approaches Lakehurst Naval Air Station, Ritter, now realizing the landing will be delayed, frantically searches for Boerth to find out where the bomb is hidden. Ritter discovers Vogel in the cargo bay torturing Boerth; Ritter fights with Vogel, knocking him unconscious. An injured Boerth tells Ritter the bomb is in the repair patch of gas cell 4. Ritter attempts to defuse the bomb, but is distracted by a now-awakened Vogel and is unable to do so in time. The bomb explodes, killing Ritter instantly and sending Vogel flying down the catwalk. Vogel survives, being carried by ground crewmen. Boerth was injured from being tortured by Vogel and dies of his burns, but manages to set the Channings' Dalmatian dog free before the airship crashes to the ground. The Countess survives and is reunited with her daughter.

The following day, while newsreel footage of the wreckage is shown, a narrator lists some of the survivors and casualties of the disaster, as well as some of the possible theories. The wreckage is examined for the inquiry before being cleaned up. As Herbert Morrison's memorable radio commentary is played, the Hindenburg is seen flying once again, only to disappear again in the clouds as the credits roll.

Characters

 * Colonel Franz Ritter — A Luftwaffe Colonel assigned by Joseph Goebbels to board the Hindenburg as a security officer in response to the bomb threat. Ritter won the Knight's Cross as the chief of intelligence during the Bombing of Guernica. His son Alfred was in the Hitler Youth and died the previous year falling from a synagogue after vandalizing it with slogans. In early versions of the screenplay, the character was known as "Fritz Kessler." Ritter is based upon Colonel Fritz Erdmann who was aboard the final flight, though there is no evidence that he nor the other two Luftwaffe officers were aboard as a security officer to investigate a bomb threat.
 * Ursula von Reugen — Ursula is a Baltic German countess and old friend of Ritter, who lived in her estate in Peenemünde. After it had been taken over by the Nazis, she boards the Hindenburg to fly to America. She previously became acquainted to Ritter through her deceased husband who was in the same flying club with him; she went to live on her estate after he died in a plane crash. Her young daughter, Trudi, is deaf and goes to a school in Boston, living with her friends.
 * Karl Boerth — A rigger, and the saboteur of the airship. Boerth was a former Hitler Youth leader, but claims he became inactive because he helped build the Hindenburg. His girlfriend, Freda Halle, worked with foreigners in a French bank in Frankfurt, and her ex-lover was killed fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, leading the Gestapo to investigate.
 * SS/Gestapo Hauptsturmführer Martin Vogel — The antagonist of the film. Vogel is a Gestapo agent who poses as an official photographer for the airship. Initially, Vogel works cooperatively with Ritter, but after Ritter dismisses the suspicious behavior of some of the passengers and has apparent sympathies for Boerth and the Countess, Vogel begins to work behind Ritter's back. He also has a romantic interest in a young girl, Valerie Breslau, referring to her as a "Jewish model." Vogel is loosely based on Karl Otto Clemens, who was a semi-official photographer for the Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei (a passenger list shown in the film lists him as "Otto Vogel") as well as Luftwaffe Major Hans-Hugo Witt, but there is no evidence that either Clemens or Witt were part of the Gestapo.
 * Rigger Ludecke — A rigger who also works for the Gestapo, helping Vogel catch Boerth.
 * Captain Max Pruss — The ship's commander. Unlike the real Pruss, he acts dismissively towards safety concerns voiced by Ernst Lehmann. In fact, the real Pruss may have been under Lehmann's pressure to rush the landing of the airship.
 * Captain Ernst Lehmann — Senior observer who has been a zeppelin captain since before World War 1. He is on the flight at the request of Ritter, and also to appeal to the United States Congress to supply Germany with helium for their airships. He is portrayed as being wary of the Nazis and on good terms with Dr. Eckener. In actuality, the real Lehmann was well known as a Nazi supporter (or at least pretended to be) in order to advance his career and the fortunes of the Zeppelin Company. However, in 1929 Lehmann filed a declaration of intent to become a United States citizen, but changed his mind when he was given charge of the Hindenburg in 1936. In the film Lehmann reluctantly mentions dropping leaflets from the Hindenburg during a propaganda flight. In reality, he was eager and glad to oblige in this undertaking, to the extent that he attempted to launch the ship in unfavorable wind conditions, resulting in damage to the lower fin. Infuriated, Hugo Eckener, Lehmann's superior in the Zeppelin Company, angrily berated him for endangering the ship to appease the Nazis, resulting in Propaganda Minister Goebbels blacklisting Eckener in the press, despite his being honored as a hero both in Germany and abroad.
 * Reed & Bess Channing — Broadway show promoters and composers, who also own a Dalmatian named Heidi. They took the Hindenburg because Mrs. Channing was pregnant for the first time and did not want to risk the turbulent seas on the RMS Queen Mary. Reed Channing and Joe Späh perform a concert, satirizing the Nazi regime, which is abruptly stopped by an offended Captain Pruss. The Channings are very loosely based upon the Adelts, journalists who were closely affiliated with the Zeppelin Company. In reality, German acrobat Joseph Späh owned a dog, a German Shepherd named Ulla. There was also another dog aboard. The dog in the film survives the disaster. Neither of the two dogs aboard the last flight actually survived, and there was no passenger on board the last flight who was pregnant.
 * The Breslaus — A family of German-Americans, consisting of Albert and Mildred Breslau and their three children Valerie, Peter, and Paul. Albert Breslau was to sell some diamonds hidden in a pen to get funding for his grandmother's family, the Milsteins, out of Germany because they were Jewish. Breslau refused to do this but the pen was given by a Zeppelin staff member to Valerie Breslau before the flight. The family is based upon the Herman Doehner family that was aboard on the last flight (though the Doehners were not Jewish, and while Mrs. Breslau and all three Breslau children survive in the film, Mr. Doehner died in the crash and his daughter Irene died later of burns).
 * Joseph Späh — A German-American Vaudeville acrobat who comes under suspicion for making unaccompanied visits to see the Channings' dog and drawing detailed sketches of the ship's interior as an idea for a theatre show. The real Späh made unaccompanied visits into the hull to visit his own dog, and was accused of sabotaging the airship by some members of the Hindenburg crew.
 * Edward Douglas — A German-American advertising executive who was a cryptographer during World War I. He uses that past experience, during his trip aboard the Hindenburg, to keep track of a rival ad executive sailing aboard the ocean liner RMS Queen Mary. The first person to reach New York City wins a lucrative contract for their agency to handle the advertising for a soon-to-open German branch of General Motors, which has acquired Opel. Although Douglas was a real passenger aboard the Hindenburg on the last flight, this subplot is only mentioned in Mooney's book and has been dismissed as fictional by some airship historians. In addition, Opel was completely acquired by General Motors by 1931.
 * Hugo Eckener — Renowned airship commander and head of the Zeppelin Company, known to be hostile to the Nazi regime. In the film, he claims to have refused to name the LZ129 after the Führer, but in reality, Hitler did not want the airship named after him because he thought airships were too dangerous and his name attached to something that might be destroyed would be bad for him.
 * Captain Fellows — The U.S. Navy commanding officer at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station, based on Commander Charles E. Rosendahl. He is assisted by Lieutenant Hank Truscott, who is based on Lieutenant George F. Watson.

Cast
Many of the fictional characters are based on actual people. For example: Franz Ritter is based on Fritz Erdmann, Karl Boerth is based on Eric Spehl.

(*) Beside name indicates actual historical person

This was the second film released in 1975 to feature the actors William Atherton, Burgess Meredith and Richard Dysart after The Day of the Locust.

Production notes
Director Robert Wise, known for an attention to detail and background research, began to collect documents and film footage on the real-life Hindenburg for over a year at the National Archives in London, the National Air and Space Museum Library and Archives in Washington, D.C. as well as in Germany. In 1974, while casting took place in United States, pre-production photography was undertaken in Munich (doubling for Frankfurt), Milwaukee, New York and Washington, D.C. Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey would also be a primary location, but Marine Corps Air Station Tustin near Los Angeles (and the Universal Studios sound stages), where two 1,000 ft hangars constructed for airships still existed, doubled for the original Hindenburg mooring station (MCAS Tustin officially was closed by BRAC action in 1999). Additional locations in Southern California were also chosen.

Wise also intended to shoot the entire film in black and white and not just the disaster sequence. When Universal objected, he and production designer Edward Carfagno incorporated black and dark colors in the sets to "give an impression of black-and-white in a color film."

Studio and special effects work was carried out at Sound Stage 12 in the Universal Studios complex. Wise's research was used to advantage, since the bulk of Zeppelin blueprints were destroyed in World War II. Using photographs, a recreated passenger area, gondola and superstructure of the giant airship was constructed to create a realistic exterior and interior set for the actors. A team of 80 artists and technicians working double shifts for four months, assembled a "giant Erector Set" consisting of eight tons of aluminum, 11000 yd of muslin, 24000 ft of sash cord and 2,000,000 rivets. The Hindenburg made extensive use of matte paintings to bring the Zeppelin to life. A highly detailed 25 ft model of the airship was "flown" via an elaborate setup where the stationary model was photographed by a mobile platform consisting of a camera and dolly on a track on Universal Studios' largest and tallest sound stage, Stage 12. For the scene where the airship drops water ballast, a matte painting was used, and sugar was dropped through a hole in the windows as water. To recreate the initial explosion of the airship, which was missed by the newsreel cameras, matte paintings and animation were used to make a superimposed explosion of the airship beside its mooring mast. The model of the Hindenburg was hung on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. along with the gondola as part of its Balloons and Airships gallery. (photo at right). When the gallery closed in 1990, the model was relocated to the outside of the museum's gift shop, while the gondola was sold to NAS Lakehurst. In 2022, the Hindenburg model was moved a second time to the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center following the Smithsonian's renovation.

A tragedy nearly happened during the filming of the Hindenburg's fiery demise. A full-scale section of the Zeppelin's nose was built for the film on Universal Studios' Stage 12, and was set to be destroyed by fire for the film's final destruction sequence. A half-dozen stunt artists wearing fire-retardant gear were placed in the nose replica as it was set afire; however, the fire quickly got out of control, causing several stunt artists to get lost in the smoke, damaging several cameras filming the action, and nearly destroying the sound stage. Only 4 seconds of footage from this sequence appears in the final cut of the film; the entire sequence, as it had been planned, was not included.

Newsreel footage
An interesting aspect was the film's transition from black and white to technicolor and back to grayscale, beginning with a simulated Universal Newsreel that gave an educated view to the history of the lighter-than-air craft. While a narrator talks about the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, footage of the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II being christened in 1938 is erroneously shown, indicating the newsreel was not from 1936. This ends with images of the Hindenburg's construction, immediately transitioning to a color matte painting of the Hindenburg shown outside its hangar, and along with the opening credits the airship flies by before disappearing into the clouds.

Historical accuracy
Although the film is largely accurate to its setting, there were numerous differences between the film and reality. Some aspects were added for dramatic purposes. The scene when the port fin's fabric rips did not happen to the Hindenburg, but a similar event occurred on the Graf Zeppelin during its first flight to America in 1928. Additionally, although the Hindenburg did have a specially constructed aluminum Blüthner baby grand piano aboard for the 1936 season, it was not aboard the final flight in 1937. While the interior of the ship was accurately recreated utilizing original blueprints and photographs, a stairway was added to the lower fin for dramatic purposes; in the real Hindenburg, access to the fin was provided by a ladder from the interior of the ship for crew members to use. Several aspects of the airship's takeoff and landing procedures were also inaccurate. The zeppelin hangar seen when the Hindenburg departs Germany for America is actually a World War II US Navy blimp hangar located at Tustin, California, the architecture of which is quite different from the actual German zeppelin hangars (the same hangar is also used in the scenes at Lakehurst; a similar hangar was built at Lakehurst in the 1940s, but did not exist in 1937). The mooring mast used in the landing sequence is black, while the real mooring mast was red and white. During the landing sequence the ship drops water ballast through windows near the nose instead of at the tail section, as it did during the final approach. The Hindenburg's former captain Ernst A. Lehmann is portrayed in the film as having died immediately from severe burns after the crash at the crash site while in reality he died one day after the crash in hospital from severe burns.

A few anachronisms occur as well: At the beginning of the story, two senior Luftwaffe Generals discuss the possibility of Colonel Franz Ritter receiving the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for actions in the Spanish Civil War. The Knight's Cross did not exist in 1937 (when the film is set), first being created at the start of World War II in 1939. Also, at one point, Edward Douglas refers to the fact that the German car manufacturer Opel is to be taken over by General Motors "the next day." In fact, Opel had been taken over completely by General Motors during the Great Depression in 1931, six years previously. When Col. Ritter empties the fountain pen in the sink, it is clearly a modern stainless steel design with modern taps. At Berlin, there are French Citroën HY delivery vans which were built in the late 1940s. And Ursula is seen reading a paperback version of Gone With The Wind, which did not exist in paperback form in 1937.

Several dramatic escapes depicted were based on fact, slightly altered for dramatic purposes, including:

 * Werner Franz, a 14-year-old cabin boy, escaped the flames after a water ballast tank overhead burst open and soaked him with water. He then made his way to the hatch and turned around and ran the other way, because the flames were being pushed by the wind toward the starboard side. In the film, however, he is depicted being doused by the water after he jumped out.
 * Passenger Joseph Späh, a circus performer, escaped by smashing a window with his home movie camera (the film survived the disaster), and held on to the side of the window, jumping to the ground when the ship was low enough, surviving with only a broken ankle. In the film he is depicted grabbing a mooring rope, but in reality there was no rope.
 * Ursula survives the fire by walking down a stairway, similar to the real life escape of Margaret Mather. However, Mather escaped this way only after the ship had crashed to the ground.
 * In the film, Radio Officer Willy Speck is seen jumping to his death from a high altitude. In reality he was trapped in the control car when the ship crashed, and later died of his injuries.

Reception
Although well received by the public as typical "disaster movie" fare, critical reception of The Hindenburg was generally unfavorable. Roger Ebert's one-star review from the Chicago Sun-Times dismissed it as a failed project, writing: "The Hindenburg is a disaster picture, all right. How else can you describe a movie that cost $12 million and makes people laugh out loud at all the wrong times?" Vincent Canby of The New York Times described the film as "brainless" and "pricelessly funny at the wrong moments ... Yet I wouldn't have missed a single foolish frame of it. I sort of like disaster movies, even bad ones, for reasons that have to do with the special effects and with other things that probably go back to the prenatal state." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote "Dull and formula scripting, a lack of real empathy and phoned-in acting shoot down some good though unspectacular special effects." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four, faulting it for "really dumb dialog" and a "fake story" but finding it redeemed somewhat by "terrific" special effects and David Shire's music. He concluded, "As it stands, the only way to enjoy the film is to get in the mood for trash and to laugh a lot." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote "Technically, the film is a triumph; dramaturgically, it is somewhat less than that. Its climax is terrifyingly, horrendously spectacular, but the two hours getting there are not as gripping as they might have been." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote "The film has begun to drag by the time the climatic explosion occurs, and the climax itself is somewhat less than thrilling. Wise has tried to integrate the newsreel footage of the disaster with vignettes of the fictional characters inside attempting to escape, but there's an impossible esthetic gulf between the documentary and staged scenes." Pauline Kael voiced her disapproval of the film and Wise's direction with the phrase "One gasbag meets another." Frank Rich, in his year-end review of films released that year, named The Hindenburg the year's worst disaster film, stating "The hero is a Nazi and the special effects couldn't fool Gerald Ford." Similar reactions were recounted, and when the film eventually made it to television screens, the TV Guide summed up a near-universal review: "This insipid, boring, implausible, senseless, deliciously funny, and expensively mounted film... There's no tension whatsoever and none of the characters is remotely interesting, let alone sympathetic."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 33% based on 15 reviews.

The Hindenburg opened on Christmas Day 1975 (Thursday) and in its opening four-day weekend (Thursday to Sunday) grossed $3,729,907 from 289 theatres in the United States.

Awards
The Hindenburg was noted for its use of special effects and won two Special Achievement Academy Awards in 1976:
 * Peter Berkos for Sound Effects Editing
 * Albert Whitlock and Glen Robinson for Visual Effects

The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Edward Carfagno; Set Decoration: Frank R. McKelvy), Best Cinematography and Best Sound (Leonard Peterson, John A. Bolger Jr., John L. Mack and Don Sharpless).

In the same year, The Hindenburg was nominated for an "Eddie" in the category of Best Edited Feature Film in the American Cinema Editors Awards.

Home media
The Hindenburg has been released on a number of home video formats, including VHS, Betamax, Laser Disc, and DVD. On February 7, 2017, the film was released on Blu-ray in a bare bones edition as a Wal-Mart exclusive, and a wide release followed on May 2, 2017.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Hindenburg (film)


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SABRE (rocket engine)

SABRE (Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine ) is a concept under development by Reaction Engines Limited for a hypersonic precooled hybrid air-breathing rocket engine. The engine is being designed to achieve single-stage-to-orbit capability, propelling the proposed Skylon spaceplane to low Earth orbit. SABRE is an evolution of Alan Bond's series of LACE-like designs that started in the early/mid-1980s for the HOTOL project.

The design comprises a single combined cycle rocket engine with two modes of operation. The air-breathing mode combines a turbo-compressor with a lightweight air precooler positioned just behind the inlet cone. At high speeds this precooler cools the hot, ram-compressed air, which would otherwise reach a temperature that the engine could not withstand, leading to a very high pressure ratio within the engine. The compressed air is subsequently fed into the rocket combustion chamber where it is ignited along with stored liquid hydrogen. The high pressure ratio allows the engine to provide high thrust at very high speeds and altitudes. The low temperature of the air permits light alloy construction to be employed and allow a very lightweight engine—essential for reaching orbit. In addition, unlike the LACE concept, SABRE's precooler does not liquefy the air, letting it run more efficiently.

After shutting the inlet cone off at Mach 5.14, and at an altitude of 28.5 km, the system continues as a closed-cycle high-performance rocket engine burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen from on-board fuel tanks, potentially allowing a hybrid spaceplane concept like Skylon to reach orbital velocity after leaving the atmosphere on a steep climb.

An engine derived from the SABRE concept called Scimitar has been designed for the company's A2 hypersonic passenger jet proposal for the European Union-funded LAPCAT study.

History
The precooler concept evolved from an idea originated by Robert P. Carmichael in 1955. This was followed by the liquid air cycle engine (LACE) idea which was originally explored by General Dynamics in the 1960s as part of the US Air Force's aerospaceplane efforts.

The LACE system was to be placed behind a supersonic air intake which would compress the air through ram compression, then a heat exchanger would rapidly cool it using some of the liquid hydrogen fuel stored on board. The resulting liquid air was then processed to separate the liquid oxygen for combustion. The amount of warmed hydrogen was too great to burn with the oxygen, so most was to be expelled, giving useful thrust, but greatly reducing the potential efficiency.

Instead, as part of the HOTOL project, the liquid air cycle engine (LACE) based RB545 engine was developed with more efficient cycle. The engine was given the Rolls-Royce name "Swallow". In 1989, after funding for HOTOL ceased, Bond and several others formed Reaction Engines Limited to continue research. The RB545's precooler had issues with embrittlement and excess liquid hydrogen consumption, and was encumbered by both patents and the UK's Official Secrets Act, so Bond developed SABRE instead.

In 2016 the project received £60m in funds from the UK government and ESA for a demonstrator involving the full cycle. In July 2021 the UK Space Agency provided a further £3.9m for continued development.

Concept
Like the RB545, the SABRE design is neither a conventional rocket engine nor a conventional jet engine, but a hybrid that uses air from the environment at low speeds/altitudes, and stored liquid oxygen at higher altitude. The SABRE engine "relies on a heat exchanger capable of cooling incoming air to -150 C, to provide oxygen for mixing with hydrogen and provide jet thrust during atmospheric flight before switching to tanked liquid oxygen when in space."

In air-breathing mode, air enters the engine through an inlet. A bypass system directs some of the air through a precooler into a compressor, which injects it into a combustion chamber where it is burnt with fuel, the exhaust products are accelerated through nozzles to provide thrust. The remainder of the intake air continues through the bypass system to a ring of flame holders which act as a ramjet for part of the air breathing flight regime. A helium loop is used to transfer the heat from the precooler to the fuel and drive the engine pumps and compressors.

Inlet
At the front of the engine, the concept designs propose a simple translating axisymmetric shock cone inlet which compresses and slows the air (relative to the engine) to subsonic speeds using two shock reflections. Accelerating the air to the speed of the engine incurs ram drag. As a result of the shocks, compression, and acceleration the intake air is heated, reaching around 1000 C at Mach5.5.

Bayern-Chemie, through ESA, have undertaken work to refine and test the intake and bypass systems

Precooler
As the air enters the engine at supersonic or hypersonic speeds, it becomes hotter than the engine can withstand due to compression effects. Jet engines, which have the same problem but to a lesser degree, solve it by using heavy copper or nickel-based materials, by reducing the engine's pressure ratio, and by throttling back the engine at the higher airspeeds to avoid melting. However, for a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spaceplane, such heavy materials are unusable, and maximum thrust is necessary for orbital insertion at the earliest time to minimise gravity losses. Instead, using a gaseous helium coolant loop, SABRE dramatically cools the air from 1000 C down to −150 C in a counterflow heat exchanger while avoiding liquefaction of the air or blockage from freezing water vapour. The counterflow heat exchanger also allows the helium to exit the engine at a sufficiently high temperature to drive pumps and compressors for the liquid hydrogen fuel and helium working fluid itself.

Previous versions of precoolers such as HOTOL put the hydrogen fuel directly through the precooler. SABRE inserts a helium cooling loop between the air and the cold fuel to avoid problems with hydrogen embrittlement in the precooler.

The dramatic cooling of the air created a potential problem: it is necessary to prevent blocking the precooler from frozen water vapour and other air fractions. In October 2012, the cooling solution was demonstrated for 6 minutes using freezing air. The cooler consists of a fine pipework heat exchanger with 16,800 thin-walled tubes, and cools the hot in-rushing atmospheric air down to the required −150 C in 0.01s. The ice prevention system had been a closely guarded secret, but REL disclosed a methanol-injecting 3D-printed de-icer in 2015 through patents, as they needed partner companies and could not keep the secret while working closely with outsiders.

Compressor
Below five times the speed of sound and 25 kilometres of altitude, which are 20% of the speed and 20% of the altitude needed to reach orbit, the cooled air from the precooler passes into a modified turbo-compressor, similar in design to those used on conventional jet engines but running at an unusually high pressure ratio made possible by the low temperature of the inlet air. The compressor feeds the compressed air at 140 atmospheres into the combustion chambers of the main engines.

In a conventional jet engine, the turbo-compressor is driven by a gas turbine powered by combustion gases. SABRE drives the turbine with a helium loop, which is powered by heat captured in the precooler and a preburner.

Helium loop
The 'hot' helium from the air precooler is recycled by cooling it in a heat exchanger with the liquid hydrogen fuel. The loop forms a self-starting Brayton cycle engine, cooling critical parts of the engine and powering turbines. The heat passes from the air into the helium. This heat energy is used to power various parts of the engine and to vaporise hydrogen, which is then burnt in ramjets.

Combustion chambers
The combustion chambers in the SABRE engine are cooled by the oxidant (air/liquid oxygen) rather than by liquid hydrogen to further reduce the system's use of liquid hydrogen compared with stoichiometric systems.

Nozzles
The most efficient atmospheric pressure at which a conventional propelling nozzle works is set by the geometry of the nozzle bell. While the geometry of the conventional bell remains static the atmospheric pressure changes with altitude and therefore nozzles designed for high performance in the lower atmosphere lose efficiency as they reach higher altitudes. In traditional rockets this is overcome by using multiple stages designed for the atmospheric pressures they encounter.

The SABRE engine must operate at both low and high altitude scenarios. To ensure efficiency at all altitudes a sort of moving, Expanding nozzle is used. First at low altitude, air-breathing flight the bell is located rearwards, connected to a toroidal combustion chamber surrounding the top part of the nozzle, together forming an expansion deflection nozzle. When SABRE later transitions into rocket mode, the bell is moved forwards, extending the length of the bell of the inner rocket combustion chamber, creating a much larger, high altitude nozzle for more efficient flight.

Bypass burners
Avoiding liquefaction improves the efficiency of the engine since less entropy is generated and therefore less liquid hydrogen is boiled off. However, simply cooling the air needs more liquid hydrogen than can be burnt in the engine core. The excess is expelled through a series of burners called "spill duct ramjet burners", that are arranged in a ring around the central core. These are fed air that bypasses the precooler. This bypass ramjet system is designed to reduce the negative effects of drag resulting from air that passes into the intakes but is not fed into the main rocket engine, rather than generating thrust. At low speeds the ratio of the volume of air entering the intake to the volume that the compressor can feed to the combustion chamber is at its highest, requiring the bypassed air to be accelerated to maintain efficiency at these low speeds. This distinguishes the system from a turboramjet where a turbine-cycle's exhaust is used to increase air-flow for the ramjet to become efficient enough to take over the role of primary propulsion.

Development
Tests were carried out in 2008 by Airborne Engineering Ltd on an expansion deflection nozzle called STERN to provide the data needed to develop an accurate engineering model to overcome the problem of non-dynamic exhaust expansion. This research continued with the STRICT nozzle in 2011.

Successful tests of an oxidiser (both air and oxygen) cooled combustion chamber were conducted by EADS-Astrium at Institute of Space Propulsion in 2010

In 2011, hardware testing of the heat exchanger technology "crucial to [the] hybrid air- and liquid oxygen-breathing [SABRE] rocket motor" was completed, demonstrating that the technology is viable. The tests validated that the heat exchanger could perform as needed for the engine to obtain adequate oxygen from the atmosphere to support the low-altitude, high-performance operation.

In November 2012, Reaction Engines announced it had successfully concluded a series of tests that prove the cooling technology of the engine, one of the main obstacles towards the completion of the project. The European Space Agency (ESA) evaluated the SABRE engine's precooler heat exchanger, and accepted claims that the technologies required to proceed with the engine's development had been fully demonstrated.

In June 2013 the United Kingdom government announced further support for the development of a full-scale prototype of the SABRE engine, providing £60M of funding between 2014 and 2016 with the ESA providing an additional £7M. The total cost of developing a test rig is estimated at £200M.

By June 2015, SABRE's development continued with The Advanced Nozzle Project at Westcott. The test engine, operated by Airborne Engineering Ltd., is being used to analyze the aerodynamics and performance of the advanced nozzles that the SABRE engine will use, in addition to new manufacturing technologies such as the 3D-printed propellant injection system.

In April 2015, the SABRE engine concept passed a theoretical feasibility review conducted by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. The laboratory was to reveal two-stage-to-orbit SABRE concepts shortly afterwards, as they considered that a single-stage-to-orbit Skylon space plane is "technically very risky as a first application of SABRE engine".

In August 2015 the European Commission competition authority approved UK government funding of £50 million for further development of the SABRE project. This was approved on the grounds that money raised from private equity had been insufficient to bring the project to completion. In October 2015 British company BAE Systems agreed to buy a 20% stake in the company for £20.6 million as part of an agreement to help develop the SABRE hypersonic engine. In 2016, Reaction CEO Mark Thomas announced plans to build a quarter-sized ground test engine, given limitations of funding.

In September 2016 agents acting on behalf of Reaction Engines applied for planning consent to build a rocket engine test facility at the site of the former Rocket Propulsion Establishment in Westcott, UK which was granted in April 2017, and in May 2017 a groundbreaking ceremony was held to announce the beginning of construction of the SABRE TF1 engine test facility, expected to become active in 2020. However, development of the TF1 facility has since been quietly dropped, and the site has now been taken on by aerospace and defence group Nammo.

In September 2017 it was announced the United States Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) had contracted with Reaction Engines Inc. to build a high-temperature airflow test facility at Front Range Airport near Watkins, Colorado. The DARPA contract is to test the Sabre engine's pre-cooler heat exchanger (HTX). Construction of the test facilities and test articles began in 2018 with testing focusing on running the HTX at temperatures simulating air coming through a subsonic intake travelling at Mach5 or around 1800 F beginning in 2019.

The HTX test unit was completed in the UK and sent to Colorado in 2018, where on 25 March 2019 an F-4 GE J79 turbojet exhaust was mixed with ambient air to replicate Mach3.3 inlet conditions, successfully quenching a 420 C stream of gases to 100 C in less than 1/20 of a second. Further tests simulating Mach5 were planned, with temperature reduction expected from 1000 C. These further tests were successfully completed by October 2019.

The successful HTX test could lead to spin-off precooler applications which could be developed before a scalable SABRE demonstrator is completed; suggested uses are to expand gas turbines capabilities, in advanced turbofans, hypersonic vehicles, and industrial applications. In March 2019, the UKSA and ESA preliminary design review of the demonstrator engine core confirmed the test version to be ready for implementation.

In 2019, Airborne Engineering conducted a test campaign on subscale air/hydrogen injectors for the SABRE preburners.

In 2020, Airborne Engineering conducted a test campaign on an "HX3 module" (preburner to helium loop heat exchanger)

In 2022, a Foreign Comparative Testing of Reaction’s precooler heat exchanger was performed. The testing was successfully completed by the company’s US subsidiary (Reaction Engines Incorporated – REI) and the US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). “The FCT test program greatly expanded the demonstrated capabilities of our engine precooler technology”, said REI’s director of engineering, Andrew Piotti. “During these recent tests, the precooler successfully achieved our objective of over 10 megawatts of transferred thermal energy from the high-temperature airflow, which is three times higher than our previous test program.”

Engine
Due to the static thrust capability of the hybrid rocket engine, the vehicle can take off under air-breathing mode, much like a conventional turbojet. As the craft ascends and the outside air pressure drops, more and more air is passed into the compressor as the effectiveness of the ram compression drops. In this fashion the jets are able to operate to a much higher altitude than would normally be possible.

At Mach5.5 the air-breathing system becomes inefficient and is powered down, replaced by the on-board stored oxygen which allows the engine to accelerate to orbital velocities (around Mach25).

RB545
Designed for use with HOTOL.

The engine had no air-breathing static thrust capability, relying on a rocket trolley to achieve takeoff

SABRE
Designed for use with Skylon A4.

The engine had no air-breathing static thrust capability, relying on RATO engines.

SABRE 2
Designed for use with Skylon C1.

The engine had no static thrust capability, using LOX until the air-breathing cycle could take over.

SABRE 3
Designed for use with Skylon C2.

This engine included a fuel rich preburner to augment the heat recovered from the airstream used to drive the helium loop, giving the engine static thrust capability.

SABRE 4
SABRE 4 is no longer a single engine design, but a class of engines, e.g. a 0.8 - 2 MN instance of this engine is used with SKYLON D1.5, a 110000 - 280000 lbf for a USAF study into a partially reusable TSTO.

Performance
The designed thrust-to-weight ratio of SABRE is fourteen compared to about five for conventional jet engines, and two for scramjets. This high performance is a combination of the denser, cooled air, requiring less compression, and, more importantly, the low air temperatures permitting lighter alloys to be used in much of the engine. Overall performance is much better than the RB545 engine or scramjets.

Fuel efficiency (known as specific impulse in rocket engines) peaks at about 3500 seconds within the atmosphere. Typical all-rocket systems peak around 450 seconds and even "typical" nuclear thermal rockets at about 900 seconds.

The combination of high fuel efficiency and low-mass engines permits an SSTO approach, with air-breathing to Mach5.14+ at 28.5 km altitude, and with the vehicle reaching orbit with more payload mass per take-off mass than just about any non-nuclear launch vehicle ever proposed.

The precooler adds mass and complexity to the system and is the most aggressive and difficult part of the design, but the mass of this heat exchanger is an order of magnitude lower than has been achieved previously. The experimental device achieved heat exchange of almost 1 GW/m3. The losses from carrying the added weight of systems shut down during the closed cycle mode (namely the precooler and turbo-compressor) as well as the added weight of Skylon's wings are offset by the gains in overall efficiency and the proposed flight plan. Conventional launch vehicles such as the Space Shuttle spend about one-minute climbing almost vertically at relatively low speeds; this is inefficient but optimal for pure-rocket vehicles. In contrast, the SABRE engine permits a much slower, shallower climb (thirteen minutes to reach the 28.5 km transition altitude), while breathing air and using its wings to support the vehicle. This trades gravity drag and an increase in vehicle weight for a reduction in propellant mass and a gain from aerodynamic lift increasing payload fraction to the level at which SSTO becomes possible.

A hybrid jet engine like SABRE needs only reach low hypersonic speeds inside the lower atmosphere before engaging its closed cycle mode, whilst climbing, to build speed. Unlike ramjet or scramjet engines, the design is able to provide high thrust from zero speed up to Mach5.4, with excellent thrust over the entire flight, from the ground to very high altitude, with high efficiency throughout. In addition, this static thrust capability means the engine can be realistically tested on the ground, which drastically cuts testing costs.

In 2012, REL expected test flights by 2020, and operational flights by 2030.

title: SABRE (rocket engine)


text:
Daqing

Daqing is a prefecture-level city in the west of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. The name literally means "Great Celebration" and refers to the tenth anniversary of the PRC. Daqing is known as the "Oil Capital of China" and has experienced a phenomenal boom since oil was discovered at the Daqing Oil Field in 1959.

Its population was 2,781,562 as of the 2020 census, of whom 1,574,389 lived in the built-up (or metro) area in four out of the total of five urban districts: Sartu, Longfeng, Ranghulu and Honggang.

History
The region now known as Daqing Prefecture was a reasonably insignificant place until the Qing dynasty, known only as an unsettled hunting ground of Dörbet Oirat tribes due to its wetland and prairies. The region began to grow slightly after the Russian Empire constructed the Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) through the area in 1898. The railway has a station at Sartu in today's Sartu District. It was not until 1959 that oil was discovered in the region as part of the large scale oil exploration put into motion across the Northeast China Plain.

The Daqing oilfield was discovered in the late 1950s, and drilling began in 1958. A town with the same name was founded in 1959 to house workers extracting oil and gas from the oilfield and to host industries which could take advantage of the energy and petrochemicals, shortly before the 10th anniversary of the founding of the PRC. The successful construction of the Daqing oil field despite harsh weather conditions and supply limitations became a model held up by the Party as an example during subsequent industrialization campaigns. The project also delivered critical economic benefits because without the production of the Daqing oil field, crude oil would have been severely limited after the Soviet Union cut off supplies as a result of the Sino-Soviet split.

Original plans for Daqing included the development of a "new socialist mining district" (rather than a city) with families in which the husband would work in industry and the wife would work in agriculture.

The name Daqing literally means "Great Celebration". On 26 May 1960, Anda City was established at former Anda town (today's Anda City in Suihua prefecture), administering Daqing oilfield area. Five months later, the administrative organs of the oilfield relocated in Sartu. On 23 June 1964, the city was established Anda special administrative region, with Anda county administering its surrounding area.

The first two years of the Cultural Revolution resulted in major disruptions to China's petroleum industry and an oil shortage by 1967. In March of that year, the People's Liberation Army was called to Daqing to maintain order so that oil production could proceed. This made Daqing one of the first places brought under military control during the Cultural Revolution. In May 1968, the Daqing Revolutionary Committee was established. Iron Man Wang Jinxi became its vice director. The oil field continued to be a major driver of economic growth during the chaotic Cultural Revolution period.

The Daqing Oil District became a city in 1980. Its first master plan set a goal of growing Daqing into "a new industrial city" through a development strategy of "relative dispersion with several modest concentrations. Academic Hou Li summarizes that as a result "new settlements became much more concerntrated. The three existing towns, thirty-four central villages, and 260 settlement points were restructured into six workers' towns, twenty-four central villages, and twenty-seven resident villages."

The city revised its master plan in 1989, setting a new goal of building an oil city centered in Saertu, Dongfeng, and Longfeng. This plan shifted Daqing's urban planning focus away from decentralization to centralization.

In 1990, the city received the top recognition in the Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Awards. In 1994, its population reached one million. After the mid-1990s, urban expansion in Saertu was halted in order to provide more space for oil production. Urban construction was instead transferred to East Town and West Town areas.

Since its foundation, Daqing has been advocated as a model of good practice in industry and healthcare by the Chinese government.

Learn from Daqing in industry
The fact that Mao Zedong promulgated his Supreme Directive, Learn from Daqing in Industry, in the 1960s reflects how important a role Daqing has historically played in industry in China. Learn from Daqing in industry was a slogan during the Cultural Revolution telling the people to use the city as an example for industrial production.

The film Entrepreneurial Pioneers (创业), made in the early 1970s, is a literary rendition of the history of Daqing. During the Mao era, Daqing's agricultural counterpart was Dazhai, a village in the hilly Xiyang county, Shanxi Province, for which Chairman Mao issued the directive In agriculture, learn from Dazhai, also in the 1960s.

Administrative divisions
Daqing is divided into 9 county-level divisions: 5 districts, 3 counties and 1 autonomous county.

Climate
Located in the north temperate zone, Daqing has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) and is affected by the Siberian high and the East Asian monsoon. Generally, winter is bitterly cold with occasional snowfalls, and spring and autumn are prevailed by monsoons. The vast majority of the annual rainfall occurs during summer. The diurnal temperature variation can be up to 14 C-change during the growing period. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −18.5 °C in January to 23.3 °C in July, and the annual mean is +4.2 °C. A majority of the annual precipitation falls in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in July to 70% in February, the city receives 2,726 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperature ranges from -39.2 °C to 39.8 °C

Demographics
Daqing has a population of 2.9 million, of them mainly Han Chinese, with a few population of other 31 minority ethnic groups including Manchu, Mongolian, Korean, and Hui nationalities. The population density is 112.69/km2, urban population density 205.07/km2.

Economy

Daqing's economy highly depends on petroleum and related industries. Daqing's oilfield is China's largest and the world's fourth most productive. Petroleum accounts for 60.8% of GDP. In 2011, Daqing's gross domestic product (GDP) was RMB374 billion yuan, representing a rise of 12.1% year on year. Primary industries output (including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and the fisheries) increased by 13.5% to RMB13.29 billion. Secondary and value-added industries and construction output experienced an increase of 10.1%, reaching RMB307 billion, while the tertiary industry output increased 22.9% to RMB53.74 billion. In 2015 Daqing had a GDP of RMB 298.35 billion.

Foreign trade
Daqing exports over 10 million tons of crude oil each year. Over 160 varieties of paraffin wax, ethylene, tar oil and benzene are exported to more than 10 nations and regions including the US, the UK, Thailand and Hong Kong.

In 2011, total import and export volume in Daqing reached US$2.16 billion, up by 40.1%. Export volume was US$550 million and import volume was US$1.61 billion. Daqing's main exports include six categories of petrochemical products, construction materials, processed foodstuffs, office furniture and mechanical and electronic equipment.

Banking and insurance
There were 32 banking institutions in Daqing by the end of 2006; none were foreign-invested banks. In 2011, savings deposits in Renminbi and foreign exchange totaled 170.5 billion RMB. The local finance sector plays an important role in building up Daqing's Century Oilfield and in developing new industries.

The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Agricultural Bank, China Construction Bank, Bank of China, China Communications Bank, the Everbright Bank, Guangdong Development Bank, the Daqing Urban Commercial Bank, Daqing Rural Credit Cooperative Union and the County Urban Credit Cooperative are the major banks serving Daqing.

Railway
Daqing is a major railway hub in western Heilongjiang province and is located on the junction of Harbin-Manzhouli Railway and Tongliao-Ranghulu Railway. Daqing has three major railway stations: Daqing station, Daqing West station (formerly Ranghulu railway station) and Daqing East station. Trains from Daqing connect the city with Beijing, Harbin, Dalian and several other cities in China. The newly built Harbin–Qiqihar Intercity Railway has stops at both Daqing West station and Daqing East station.

Airport
Daqing Sartu Airport was opened on 1 September 2009. There are flights to several large cities including Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Qingdao and Shanghai.

Highway
Daqing is linked to the national highway network through the G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway and G10 Suifenhe-Manzhouli Expressway.

Daqing spirit
Generated by the history of the city, Daqing has a culture centering around the "Daqing Spirit, the Daqing People," which is said to represent deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor.

"Daqing Spirit, Daqing People" was the title of an April 20, 1964 article in People's Daily which extolled the success of Daqing oil field workers. The most influential of many articles praising Daqing that appeared in state media around that time, "Daqing Spirit, Daqing People" was the first text to compare Daqing to Yan'an, the revolutionary base area where the Communist Party re-grouped following the Long March before going on to win the Chinese Civil War.

Wang Jinxi (, known as "Iron Man" Wang), a petroleum worker on the Daqing Oilfield who led No. 1205 drilling team, was honored as a national hero due to his contributions to the petroleum industry of China. Daqing was established by the central government as a model for the secondary industry during the 1960s. In order to illuminate the entrepreneurial history of Daqing and its people, several films were made by companies in China.

In 1964, chief director of the Central Experimental Theater Sun Weishi and her husband, the actor Jin Shan, traveled to Daqing to live and work with the oil workers and their families. The next year, the Communist Party journal Red Flag published an article by Sun which praised the Daqing people. After living in Daqing for two years, Sun Weishi returned to Beijing to produce the play The Rising Sun, which was based on the experiences of people in Daqing, particularly Daqing women.

Sports
The most popular sport in Daqing is association football. The largest sports venue by capacity is the 32,000-capacity Daqing Olympic Park Stadium.

Domestic

 * Dongying, Jinan
 * Karamay, Xinjiang

International

 * 🇿🇦 East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
 * 🇨🇦 Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * 🇷🇺 Tyumen, Tyumen Oblast, Russia
 * 🇰🇷 Chungju, North Chungcheong, South Korea

title: Daqing


text:
Talk:Switch (BDSM)

Reversing the merger
This merger was to highly contra productive. The Spanish, Italian, Dutch and German articles clearly show that at least Switch, Top (BDSM) and Bottom (BDSM) are relevant single lemmata. Literature given there proofs this as well. Additionaly the merger was not tagged as described in Merging and moving pages.

The argument about this being an "good compare-and-contrast article" is doesn't make any sense. I would like to see what would happen if I had merged capitalism&communism into an "compare-and-contrast article" deleting the original ones only because nobody answered to my merger ideas. Its really strange that there was allegedly no response to the pre-merger suggestions, nevertheless even the smallest amount of thoughtfulness should have prevented this. The intention to merge homosexual and BDSM topics in order to "compare-and-contrast" them while deleting the source article is at least original research if not POV. --Nemissimo 12:51, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

LGBT?
There doesn't seem to be anything in this article that is specific to the LGBT community. Should it be in the LGBT WikiProject? -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 05:33, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Switch (BDSM)


text:
Talk:The Smiths (album)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Smiths (album)


text:
Carl Allen

Carl Allen may refer to:

 * Carl Allen (cornerback) (1955–2021), American football player
 * Carl Allen (tailback) (1920–2008), American football player
 * Carl Allen (drummer) (born 1961), jazz drummer
 * Carl Ferdinand Allen (1811–1871), Danish historian
 * Carl Meredith Allen (1925–1994), American merchant marine; associated with the Philadelphia Experiment

title: Carl Allen


text:
Kane

Kane or KANE may refer to:

Fictional entities

 * Kane (comics), the main character of the eponymous comic book series by Paul Grist
 * Kane (Command & Conquer), character in the Command & Conquer video game series
 * Kane (fantasy), fantasy character created by Karl Edward Wagner
 * Kane, a character in the Doctor Who story, Dragonfire
 * Adam "Kane" Marcus, one of the title characters in Kane & Lynch: Dead Men
 * Kane, a character in the science fiction film Alien
 * Kane, a character in the Outlanders science fiction novel series
 * Kane family, a fictional family on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children
 * Kane family in The Kane Chronicles, book series by Rick Riordan
 * Charles Foster Kane, lead character in the film Citizen Kane
 * Daniel "Dan" Kane (Captain Terror), ally of Puck
 * Garrison Kane, a Marvel Comics character
 * Reverend Henry Kane, a fictional villain from the Poltergeist film series
 * Lord Kane of Runefaust, from the video game Shining Force
 * Killer Kane, a villain character in the Buck Rogers film series
 * Marcus Kane, the vice chancellor on the TV series The 100
 * Roland Kane, the main antagonist of the 2008 videogame Turok
 * Will Kane, lead character in the film High Noon

Music

 * Kane (instrument), Japanese bell
 * Kane (American band), American Southern rock band
 * Kane (Dutch band), Dutch rock band

Other uses in arts, entertainment and media

 * KANE (AM), radio station licensed to New Iberia, Louisiana, United States
 * Kane 103.7 FM, community radio station in Guildford, United Kingdom
 * Kane (video game), 1986 home computer game published by Mastertronic
 * Citizen Kane, a 1941 film directed by Orson Welles
 * Kane & Abel (novel), a 1979 novel by Jeffrey Archer

Gods

 * Kāne, major Hawaiian god
 * Kāne Milohai, minor Hawaiian god

People

 * Kane (given name), shared by several notable people
 * Kane (surname), shared by several notable people
 * Kane (wrestler) (born 1967), ring name of American professional wrestler and Knox County, Tennessee mayor Glenn Jacobs
 * Stevie Ray, American professional wrestler Lash Huffman (born 1958), who has used the ring name Kane
 * The Undertaker, American professional wrestler Mark Calaway, who briefly used the ring name Kane in November 1990 immediately upon his arrival in the WWF (hence its later use by alleged "brother" Jacobs)
 * Big Daddy Kane (born 1968), rapper
 * Daniel "Kane" Garcia, of the American hip hop duo Kane & Abel
 * Harry Kane (born 1993), English football player

Places

 * Kane (ancient city), Turkey

Illinois

 * Kane, Illinois, US
 * Kane County, Illinois, US

Elsewhere

 * Kane Township, Benton County, Iowa
 * Kane, Pennsylvania, US, founded by American Civil War general Thomas L. Kane
 * Kane County, Utah, US
 * Kane Mountain, mountain in Fulton County, New York
 * Anoka County–Blaine Airport, Minnesota, US (ICAO airport code: KANE)
 * Cape Kane, Greenland

title: Kane


text:
Steve Miller Band

The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco, California. The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals. The group had a string of mid- to late-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock, as well as several earlier psychedelic rock albums. Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band. Shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the band's contract with Capitol Records in 1967, the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band. In February 1968, the band recorded its debut album, Children of the Future. It went on to produce the albums Sailor, Brave New World, Your Saving Grace, Number 5, The Joker, Fly Like an Eagle, Book of Dreams, among others. The band's Greatest Hits 1974–78, released in 1978, sold over 13 million copies. In 2016, Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

History

In 1965, after moving to Chicago to play the blues, Steve Miller and keyboardist Barry Goldberg founded the Goldberg-Miller Blues Band along with bassist Roy Ruby, rhythm guitarist Craymore Stevens, and drummer Maurice McKinley. The band contracted to Epic Records and recorded a single, "The Mother Song", which they performed on Hullabaloo, before Miller left the group and moved to San Francisco.

Miller then formed The Steve Miller Blues Band. Harvey Kornspan, managing partner, wrote and negotiated the band's contract ($860,000 over five years as well as $25,000 of promotion money that was to be spent at the band's discretion) with Capitol/EMI Records then-president Alan Livingston in 1967. Shortly after, the band's name was shortened to The Steve Miller Band at the recommendation of George Martin in order to broaden its appeal. The band, consisting of Miller, guitarist James Cooke, bassist Lonnie Turner, drummer Tim Davis (who replaced the departing Lance Haas) and Jim Peterman on Hammond B3 organ, backed Chuck Berry at a gig at the Fillmore Auditorium that was released as the live album, Live at Fillmore Auditorium. Guitarist Boz Scaggs joined the band soon after and the group performed at the Magic Mountain Festival (festival was held June 10/11, 1967) and the following week at the Monterey Pop Festival (festival was held June 16/17/18, 1967).

In March 1968, while in England, the band recorded their debut album, Children of the Future, at Olympic studios with Glyn Johns as engineer/producer. The album did not score among the Top 100 album chart. The visit itself got off to a poor start also as the group and their entourage were arrested for 'importing drugs and possession of a dangerous firearm'. Kornspan's wife had called Johns asking if he would appear as a character witness in the magistrate's court the day after the arrest and, hopefully, stand bail for them. Johns agreed and the group was released on condition that Johns would 'stand surety for their good behavior' for the rest of their time in England. Both accusations were dropped. The 'dangerous firearm' turned out to be a non-working flare gun that was being used as a wall decoration in the house where the group was staying. The 'imported drugs' happened to be some hash that was buried in the middle of a large fruitcake that had been sent to the group by a stateside friend, unbeknownst to anyone in the group.

The second album Sailor appeared in October 1968 and climbed the Billboard chart to. Successes included the single "Living in the USA". Brave New World (, 1969) featured the songs "Space Cowboy" and "My Dark Hour". Paul McCartney, credited as "Paul Ramon", played drums, bass and sang backing vocals on "My Dark Hour". This was followed by Your Saving Grace (, 1969) and Number 5 ( , 1970). In 1971, Miller broke his neck in a car accident. Capitol Records released the album Rock Love, featuring unreleased live performances and studio material. This is one of two Steve Miller Band albums not to be reissued on CD until 2022, the other being Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden. In 1972, the double album compilation Anthology was released, containing 16 songs from five of the band's first seven albums.

The style and personnel of the band changed radically with The Joker (, 1973), concentrating on straightforward rock and leaving the psychedelic blues side of the band behind. The title track, "The Joker", became a  single and was certified platinum, reaching over one million sales. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on January 11, 1974.

Three years later, the band returned with the album Fly Like an Eagle, which charted at. Three singles were released from the album: "Take the Money and Run", "Fly Like an Eagle" and their second   success, "Rock'n Me". Miller credits the guitar introduction to "Rock'n Me" as a tribute to the Free song, "All Right Now".

Book of Dreams (, 1977) also included three successes: "Jet Airliner" , "Jungle Love" (later becoming the song played over the opening credits of the 8th season of the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond), and "Swingtown". 1982's Abracadabra album gave Steve Miller his third  success with the title track. Miller's hit pushed Chicago's "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" out of the  spot, just as his "Rock'n Me" had knocked Chicago's "If You Leave Me Now" out of the   spot in 1976.

Released in 1978, The Steve Miller Band's Greatest Hits 1974–78 has sold over 13 million copies.

Bingo!, an album of blues and R&B covers, was released on June 15, 2010. Let Your Hair Down, a companion release to Bingo!, was released 10 months later, on April 18, 2011.

Founding member Tim Davis died from complications due to diabetes on September 20, 1988, at the age of 44. Long-time band member Norton Buffalo died from lung cancer on October 30, 2009. John King (drummer during "The Joker" era) died after a short bout with kidney cancer on October 26, 2010. James Cooke died from cancer on 16 May 2011. Original bassist Lonnie Turner died from lung cancer on April 28, 2013. His time with the band led to songs such as Jet Airliner, Swingtown, Take the Money And Run, Jungle Love and many more. Blues guitarist Jacob Petersen officially joined the band before the Spring 2011 tour. Following Petersen joining the band, longtime guitarist Kenny Lee Lewis switched instruments to become the band's full-time bassist. In 2014, Steve Miller Band toured with fellow San Francisco rock band Journey.

When it was announced that Steve Miller would be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist without his band, Miller told Rolling Stone, "It wasn't my decision, and I didn't have any input into any of it. If they had asked me what do, I think I would have said, 'Here's a list of everyone that was ever in my band. They all ought to be here.'"

Members
Current members
 * Steve Miller – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards (1966–present)
 * Kenny Lee Lewis – bass (1983–1987, 2011–present), guitar (1982–1983, 1987–1988, 1994–2011), backing vocals (1982–1988, 1994–present)
 * Joseph Wooten – keyboards, backing vocals (1993–present)
 * Jacob Petersen – guitar, backing vocals (2011–present)
 * Ron Wikso – drums (2021–present)

Former members
 * Lonnie Turner – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1966–1970, 1975–1978, died 2013)
 * Boz Scaggs – guitar, lead and backing vocals (1967–1968)
 * Jim Peterman – keyboards, backing vocals (1966–1968)
 * Tim Davis – drums, backing vocals (1966–1970, died 1988)
 * James "Curley" Cooke – guitar (1967, died 2011)
 * Ben Sidran – keyboards (1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1987–1991)
 * Nicky Hopkins – keyboards (1969, 1970, died 1994)
 * Bobby Winkelman – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1969–1970)
 * Ross Valory – bass, backing vocals (1970–1971)
 * Jack King – drums (1970–1972)
 * Gary Mallaber – drums, keyboards, backing vocals (1972, 1975–1987)
 * Roger Allen Clark – drums (1972, died 2018)
 * Dick Thompson – keyboards (1972–1974)
 * Gerald Johnson – bass, backing vocals (1972–1974, 1981–1983)
 * John King – drums (1972–1974, died 2010)
 * Les Dudek – guitar (1975)
 * Doug Clifford – drums (1975)
 * David Denny – guitar, backing vocals (1975–1978)
 * Norton Buffalo – harmonica, guitar, backing vocals (1975–1978, 1982–1987, 1989–2009, died 2009)
 * Greg Douglass – slide guitar, backing vocals (1976–1978)
 * Byron Allred – keyboards (1976–1987, 1990, died 2021)
 * John Massaro – guitar, backing vocals (1982–1983)
 * Billy Peterson – bass, backing vocals (1987–2011)
 * Bob Mallach – saxophone (1987–1996)
 * Paul Peterson – guitar (1988, 1991–1992)
 * Ricky Peterson – keyboards (1988, 1991)
 * Keith Allen – guitar, backing vocals (1989–1990)
 * Sonny Charles – backing vocals (2008–2011)
 * Gordy Knudtson – drums (1987–2021)

Discography
The group has been releasing albums and singles since 1968 and currently has released 18 studio albums, six live albums, seven (official) compilation albums, and at least 29 singles.
 * Studio albums
 * Children of the Future (1968)
 * Sailor (1968)
 * Brave New World (1969)
 * Your Saving Grace (1969)
 * Number 5 (1970)
 * Rock Love (1971)
 * Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden (1972)
 * The Joker (1973)
 * Fly Like an Eagle (1976)
 * Book of Dreams (1977)
 * Circle of Love (1981)
 * Abracadabra (1982)
 * Italian X Rays (1984)
 * Living in the 20th Century (1986)
 * Born 2 B Blue (1988)
 * Wide River (1993)
 * Bingo! (2010)
 * Let Your Hair Down (2011)

Awards

 * ASCAP Golden Note Award, 2008.
 * Star for "Recording" on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 1750 Vine Street.
 * Steve Miller inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame in 2016

title: Steve Miller Band


text:
Talk:The Lady and the Unicorn

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Theladyamalthea.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:05, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Anonymous Reply to Ian Ison
Im sorry but I just cant take you seriously, you mention Prieur de Sion which is by now well known as a pataphysic surrealist joke and fraud, and cite it as a real organisation. I have no problem with the alernative versions of christianity as a research subject but your conclusions are at best layed on shakey grounds. I do question the theory of the tapestries as a secret correspondence of love. It's way to ineffective to correspond with large tapestries that take several years each in the making. There are easier and cheaper ways to communicate in secret with. You will have to do a better job in presenting that paper of yours, you even lack a comprehensable abstract and the introduction is just a mess and where is your presentation of methodology? I saw your CV, I'm sure you do a good job as a computer programer but as an accademic and historic reseracher you will need to do quite a lot to create better quality work. Start off by at the very least follow either MLA, MHRA or Harvard style guides for accademic papers.

Ian Ison replies on the Theory of the Tapestry Texts relating to Henry of Anjou and Eleanore
If you read my words closely, you will see that I describe the designs as dating to the earlier period. Modifications to bring them up to date with current fashions etc at the time of weaving would only be normal. The millefleurs background seems to be an irrelevancy to the narrative, though it certainly seems to have given the rabbits something to chew over.

I have, since my original posting, come to the conclusion that some dating conflicts could only be explained by placing part of the narrative in the era around the time of their weaving. This adds the complication that I should either recant my original claim (which I do not) or ask the reader to accept that additional narrative, relevant to the needs of the sponsor of the actual weaving, has been added to that already present. I believe that sponsor was René d'Anjou and that he was also courting an Eleanore (in this case, d'Aragon - mother to the famous d'Estes - see the commentary for his association with her mother's family). There seems to be a deliberate display of the parallels between his own intended elopement to found a new, powerful claimant branch of the Aragonese royal house and the earlier one I highlight.

Furthermore, I believe that this failed courtship is represented briefly in Shakespeare's 'Merchant of Venice'. Why? Because "Shakespeare" is largely a reworking of d'Este court plays written about the family. Frankly, I am appalled at how much this brilliant family's work has been attributed to later owners - often purloiners. I am even able to cite the ancestral links between Renée de France-d'Este and her sister Queen Claude, friend in her youth to Elizabeth i's mother and aunt, Ann and Mary Boleyn, and a long-term correspondent. Also, the French Angevin descent of Claude, last independent Duchess of Brittany, Queen Anne's daughter.

It is my understanding that the Le Viste armorial claim stood in the male line only for Jean, the wealthy parvenu, whose daughters also used it. I do not discount his existence - only that he would have actually been involved in these events as anything other than a pawn.

If you read the jesting English-French-Gaelic description of the heraldry as I do in my analysis of the tapestry known as Le Viste, you will see that it describes a bad case of Vnrl Dss, with the lady standing accused. There are some great jokes here. Perhaps M. Le Viste didn't 'get' any of them. Gaelic has given me many key words in the texts and seems to date back to ancient links between the Druidic schools of the Bards and the early Troubadours.

I find it annoying that entrenched religious views are clouding the vision of research historians as regards the suppression of all knowledge of unorthodox religion in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. It is wicked to suggest that only the persecuting institution's official histories should be accepted on the story of the Cathars (or Gnostics, if you will).

Please Properly Research Before Posting Unfounded Theories
Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry of Anjou (later Henry II of England, Duke of Normandy, etc) were married in 1154, over 300 years before the creation of this tapestry series. Aside from scientific testing, the tapestries can be dated to the late 15th century, based on the millefleurs designs and the style of the dress.

The three crescents argent on a bar sinistre azure, are the heraldic arms of the Le Viste family, of which the patron, Jean Le Viste, was a member.

1.144.111.63 (talk) 04:57, 6 February 2018 (UTC) An article in the Daily telegraph by Troy Lennon (Australia) mentions that people once believed the numerous crescents in the tapestry had an Islamic origin, but then says that crescents were used by many European households in their escutcheons. The crescents do not symbolize the moon, they symbolize the 'tressures' (treasures) worn by the women of the court of Charlemagne (Karl der Grosse). These were golden head ornaments in the form of a semi-circle, a tiara designed to hold their tresses in place. The use of the crescents in heraldry are supposed to represent a connection with Charlemagnes' court. Probably their inclusion in the tapestry is meant to imply nobility. This association is also connected to the Flemish nobility which was believed to have originated with Charlemagne. http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk/distinctive4.html

Hidden history and esoteric meanings
I would very much doubt about all those esoteric/hidden meanings mentioned below. And the link does not work btw. (Now e-mended - Ian Ison)

I would propose for the last picture (A Mon Seul Désir) the parallel from the Aberdeen Bestiary -> The head, caput, is the principal part of the body and gets its name because all the senses and nerves take, capere, their beginning from there, and the entire source of energy springs from it. It is the seat of all the senses. In a certain way it takes the role of the soul itself [my bold], which takes thought for the body.

(Aethralis 09:56, 27 September 2005 (UTC))

The true history of the lady of the unicorn
http://home.iprimus.com.au/ian_ison/Y%20Is%20I%20Web/la%20Dame%20a%20la%20Licorne%20Tapestries.html

Their design was the secret courtship correspondence between Eleanor of Aquitaine when Queen of France and Henry of Anjou who sought her hand. To achieve this exchange they used the intermediary Villon, an ancestor of Francois Villon who brought the designs to the attention of Good King Rene.

That they are far more important than even this snippet of information reveals will be seen when it is shown that she reveals herself in the first tapestry to him (le Desir) to be a Cathar Pure. Furthermore, that the mysterious armorial used throughout appears to be a clandestine reference to the Priory of Sion deepens the intrigue.

Puns, anagram, triple entendres, papal bribery - even grave-robbery - it's all there.

Some confirmation comes from the apparently associated punning Provençal poem by the Comtessa de Dia titled "A Cantar m'er".

Mary Tudor - Suffolk, the mysterious Lady of The The Lady and the Unicorn ?
You will see, with The Lady and the Unicorn, we are far from the simple interpretation usually known of the Five Senses !

The tapestries of The Lady and the Unicorn were woven for Antoine Le Viste, perhaps in Brussels, Tournai or Bruges.

They can be the work of the painter Jean Perréal, known as Jehan of Paris.

The mysterious Lady is Mary Tudor, third wife of Louis XII and sister of Henry VIII, who was the queen of France from August to December 1514.

The second woman is Claude of France, wife of François 1st.

The six tapestries, currently visible in the Museum of the Middle Ages and the Thermal Baths of Cluny in Paris, part of a series of eight tapestries, tell various episodes of Mary's life in France.

My interpretation is the result of a deep, meaningful and serious examination of all the details which, for some people, had gone unnoticed or were never considered with enough rigour.

I would be very happy to read your remarks and your suggestions about my interpretation : please, write me on : jacky.lorette@laposte.net

1- The Taste : Mary, queen of France, sends jewels to her brother. The supposed candies and fruits are pearls.

2- The Hearing : Louis XII died in the night of December 31, 1514 to January 1, 1515. Mary (called White Queen) has been locked up for 40 days in the Hotel of Cluny, the current museum where the tapestries are exhibited, a time to know if she is pregnant of the late king. Let us notice that Mary and the unicorn are pregnant. To save time until the arrival of Charles Brandon or to get revenge for the attitude of Louise of Savoy, Mary simulated a pregnancy by dissimulating on her belly fabrics of linen.

3- The Sight : Mary fears her return to England. To persuade her brother Henry VIII, she sends him the "Mirror of Napoli" brought back with so many other treasures of Naples by Charles VIII, a diamond of very great value. She marries secretly, again at the Hotel of Cluny, Charles Brandon (that the unicorn represents), the duke of Suffolk.

4- The Smell : Mary is not queen any more, she loses her French crown. She removes one by one the French eyelets from her crown which she will replace by English roses.

5- The Touch n° 1 (the Tent - My only desire) : Mary waits in Calais for the boat to Dover. It is the moment for each one to formulate his desire, that of Mary, that of Antoine Viste, and why not that of the painter. Two remarks which indicate the achievement of a cycle : Mary wears a red dress like the one she wore on her arrival in Abbeville, the same dress as in the Taste and she puts in the jewel case the necklace that she wears in the Taste, at the very beginning of the series. The painter insists on showing that the French cycle of Mary is completed and that she finds her original purity back, without fault and sin.

6- Pavie - The Touch n°2 : Mary is not present on this tapestry weaved to evoke the anger of the financier and the painter against François the 1st after the defeat of the French army to Pavie in 1525. François the 1st, loser and prisoner in Madrid, is depicted under the lines of animals carrying a necklace or an obstacle. The coalition so appears : Henry VIII is the unicorn, Charles the Fifth is the lion, The "Connétable" of Bourbon is the Lady under the lines of his aunt in Athéna, Anne de Beaujeu, who was the one that Louis XII called with Mary when she came in France in 1515.

About ‘The Hunt of the Unicorn’ and ‘The lady of the Unicorn’ : http://pagesperso-orange.fr/jacky.lorette —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.24.8.204 (talk) 10:15, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

78.111.186.121 (talk) 16:52, 26 March 2013 (UTC)====Add to Popular culture part====

The "Desire"part of the tapestry also appears in the "Clive Barker's Undying"video game http://www.undyingitalia.it/public/mkportal/modules/gallery/album/a_132.jpg

title: Talk:The Lady and the Unicorn


text:
Talk:Common Garter Snake

Untitled
Some of the text of this article is based on the public domain Description from the California Department of Fish and Game. Lupo 12:17, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That link is now dead. I'm removing it from the article body, but it will stay here as a record. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 00:03, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

..."their average length is about 1-1.5 metres (2-3.5 ft)."

The metric units here don't match the English; whichever set of measurements is true needs to be converted correctly into the other system. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.160.250.253 (talk) 13:29, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Under 'Life history' it states "The species is oviparous; females give birth to a litter of 12-40 live young...." and later under 'Reproduction' "Unlike most snakes, Garter snakes do not lay eggs—they give live birth" If they give live birth they are not oviparous, but either viviparous or ovoviviparous. Which is correct? Adcoon (talk) 12:54, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Found a source claiming the common garter snake to be ovoviviparous. Fixed the article accordingly. The source is: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Thamnophis_sirtalis.html don't know if I should include it as a source in the article itself?--Adcoon (talk) 12:02, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Care as Pets
Not only is it inaccurate (Do NOT keep a snake in a 10 gallon aquarium, that is FAR too small, even for a baby, no matter how slow and sluggish they may seem), but as the Wikipedia suggestion said, it is not a 'fact' but a 'how-to', which has no place here. So I removed most of it, but left a little blurb saying that yes, they can do well in captivity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.108.93.159 (talk) 14:06, 18 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree with the previous user. This really isn't the best place for a care sheet, and some of the instructions provided may not be helpful.  I suggest that, instead of publishing a care sheet here on the wiki, why not link to an outside resource where good quality care instructions can be provided?  Like Thamnophis.com.  It's a forum where professional breeders and hobbyists have been sharing information on their snakes for ages.  It has a diversity of opinions and a wealth of experience, and lots of good information.

 * I went ahead and replaced the article with a link to Thamnophis.com. Their care sheet is much more comprehensive, and much better organized anyway.

Alternative Image
I uploaded the above image, with the white background it might look better in the infobox, but due to the pretty decent image already in the infobox I posted here instead of replacing. The one in the infobox shows it on a natural background. I'll leave it up to someone else to decide if addition of this image is warranted. — raeky  t  03:50, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Merger needed?
There are currently two separate articles, this one titled "Common Garter Snake" and another one called simply Garter snake. They are very similar and clearly about exactly the same subject. In my opinion the "Garter snake" article is a little better. Is there any objection to eliminating this page, and changing the "Common Garter Snake" page to a re-direct to the "Garter Snake" page? Dunncon13 (talk) 13:14, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Additional information
One thing that could be added is a discussion on the relationship between the garter snake and newts. The article does not mention anything about the co-evolution between the two organisms. More information could be added on how the newt and garter snake evolved together.

Another thing that could be added to the article is a discussion on the evolution of resistance in the garter snake. Garter snakes have developed such a high resistance to TTX, which is the toxin that newts produce, that they are now the only predator that can feed on the newt.

Finally a discussion on the relationship between location of the garter snake and its level of resistance could be brought up. A study has shown that the location of garter snakes can be correlated to levels of resistance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patterson.662 (talk • contribs) 20:23, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common Garter Snake


text:
Weeping Willow

Weeping willow is an ornamental tree (Salix babylonica and related hybrids)

Weeping willow or Weeping Willows may also refer to:

Art

 * Weeping Willow (painting), a 1918 painting by Claude Monet

Persons

 * Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia or Weeping Willow (1871–1899)

Film and television

 * Weeping Willow (film), a 2014 animated short film
 * "Weeping Willow" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), an episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent
 * "Weeping Willows" (CSI), an episode of CSI

Music

 * Weeping Willows (band), a Swedish pop rock group
 * The Weeping Willows, an Australian country music group
 * "Weeping Willow" (rag), a piano rag by Scott Joplin
 * "Weeping Willow", a song by The Verve from Urban Hymns
 * "Weeping Willow", a song by Sébastien Schuller
 * "The Weeping Willow", an alternate name for the folk song "Bury Me Beneath the Willow"

title: Weeping Willow


text:
Salix alba

Salix alba, the white willow, is a species of willow native to Europe and western and central Asia. The name derives from the white tone to the undersides of the leaves.

It is a medium to large deciduous tree growing up to 10–30 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter and an irregular, often-leaning crown. The bark is grey-brown and is deeply fissured in older trees. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to green-brown. The leaves are paler than most other willows because they are covered with very fine, silky white hairs, in particular on the underside; they are 5–10 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. The flowers are produced in catkins in early spring and are pollinated by insects. It is dioecious, with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are 4–5 cm long, the female catkins 3–4 cm long at pollination, lengthening as the fruit matures. When mature in midsummer, the female catkins comprise numerous small (4 mm) capsules, each containing numerous minute seeds embedded in silky white hairs, which aids wind dispersal.

Ecology
Like all willows, Salix alba is usually to be found in wet or poorly-drained soil at the edge of pools, lakes or rivers. Its wide-spreading roots take up moisture from a large surrounding area. White willows are fast-growing but relatively short-lived, being susceptible to several diseases, including watermark disease caused by the bacterium Brenneria salicis (named because of the characteristic 'watermark' staining in the wood; syn. Erwinia salicis) and willow anthracnose, caused by the fungus Marssonina salicicola. These diseases can be a serious problem on trees grown for timber or ornament.

It readily forms natural hybrids with crack willow Salix fragilis, the hybrid being named Salix × rubens Schrank.

Varieties, cultivars and hybrids
Several cultivars and hybrids have been selected for forestry and horticultural use:
 * Salix alba 'Caerulea' (cricket-bat willow; syn. Salix alba var. caerulea (Sm.) Sm.; Salix caerulea Sm.) is grown as a specialist timber crop in Britain, mainly for the production of cricket bats, and for other uses where a tough, lightweight wood that does not splinter easily is required. It is distinguished mainly by its growth form, very fast-growing with a single straight stem, and also by its slightly larger leaves (10–11 cm long, 1.5–2 cm wide) with a more blue-green colour. Its origin is unknown; it may be a hybrid between white willow and crack willow, but this is not confirmed.
 * Salix alba 'Vitellina' (golden willow; syn. Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes) is a cultivar grown in gardens for its shoots, which are golden-yellow for one to two years before turning brown. It is particularly decorative in winter; the best effect is achieved by coppicing it every two to three years to stimulate the production of longer young shoots with better colour. Other similar cultivars include 'Britzensis', 'Cardinal', and 'Chermesina', selected for even brighter orange-red shoots.
 * Salix alba 'Vitellina-Tristis' (golden weeping willow, synonym 'Tristis') is a weeping cultivar with yellow branches that become reddish-orange in winter. It is now rare in cultivation and has been largely replaced by Salix x sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma'. It is, however, still the best choice in very cold parts of the world, such as Canada, the northern US, and Russia.
 * The golden hybrid weeping willow (Salix × sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma') is a hybrid between white willow and Peking willow Salix babylonica.

Award of Garden Merit
The following have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit
 * Salix alba 'Golden Ness'
 * Salix alba var. serica (silver willow)
 * Salix alba var. vitellina 'Yelverton'
 * Salix × sepulcralis 'Erythroflexuosa'
 * Salix × sepulcralis var. chrysocoma

Uses
The wood is tough, strong, and light in weight, but has minimal resistance to decay. The stems (withies) from coppiced and pollarded plants are used for basket-making. Charcoal made from the wood was important for gunpowder manufacture. The bark tannin was used in the past for tanning leather. The wood is used to make cricket bats.

S. alba wood has a low density and a lower transverse compressive strength. This allows the wood to bend, which is why it can be used to make baskets. Willow bark contains indole-3-butyric acid, which is a plant hormone stimulating root growth; willow trimmings are sometimes used to clone rootstock in place of commercially synthesized root stimulator. It is also used for ritual purposes by Jews on the holiday of Sukkot.

Medicinal uses
Willow (of unspecified species) has long been used by herbalists for various ailments, although it is a myth that they attribute to it any analgesic effect. One of the first references to White Willow specifically was by Edward Stone, of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, in 1763. He 'accidentally' tasted the bark and found it had a bitter taste, which reminded him of Peruvian Bark (Cinchona), which was used to treat malaria. After researching all the 'dispensaries and books on botany,' he found no suggestion of willow ever being used to treat fevers and decided to experiment with it himself. Over the next seven years he successfully used the dried powder of willow bark to cure 'agues and intermittent fevers' of around fifty people, although it worked better when combined with quinine.

Stone appears to have been largely ignored by the medical profession and herbalists alike. There are reports of two pharmacists using the remedy in trials, but there is no evidence that it worked. By the early 20th century, Maud Grieve, an herbalist, did not consider White Willow to be a febrifuge. Instead, she describes using the bark and the powdered root for its tonic, antiperiodic and astringent qualities and recommended its use in treating dyspepsia, worms, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. She considered tannin to be the active constituent.

An active extract of the bark, called salicin, after the Latin name Salix, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicylic acid is a chemical derivative of salicin and is widely used in medicine. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is, however, a chemical that does not occur in nature and was originally synthesised from salicylic acid extracted from Meadowsweet, and is not connected to willow.

title: Salix alba


text:
Dongying

Dongying, a prefecture-level city, lies on the northern (Bohai Sea) coast of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2020 census, 2,193,518 people resided within its administrative area of 7923.26 km2 and 1,188,656 in the built-up area made up of Dongying and Kenli districts. Dongying is home to the Shengli Oilfield, which after the Daqing oilfield is the second largest oilfield in China.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Dongying administers five county-level divisions, including three districts and two counties:

 * Dongying District (东营区)
 * Hekou District (河口区)
 * Kenli District (垦利区)
 * Guangrao County (广饶县)
 * Lijin County (利津县)

These are further divided into 43 township-level divisions, including 23 towns, 13 townships and seven subdistricts.

History
The city was established in 1983, as a base for developing the Yellow River Delta and China's second largest oilfield, Shengli Field. It was named after the establishment of Dongying and Xiying camps during the Eastern Expedition by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty. Later, Dongying Village was formed, and in 1964, the headquarters of the North China Petroleum Exploration Battle was established in this village.The following year, the Dongying Office in the Huimin area was established here. In 1982, the State Council approved the establishment of a prefecture level city, named "Dongying".

Geography
Dongying is located on the banks of the Yellow River Delta of Northern Shandong Province. Bordering prefectures are: The city is located at 36° 55'–38° 10' N latitude and 118° 07′–119° 10' E longitude, and has a total area of 7923 km2. The city's 350 km coastline borders Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay to the east and north respectively.
 * Binzhou to the west
 * Zibo to the southwest
 * Weifang to the south

Climate
Dongying has a monsoon-influenced, four-season humid continental climate Köppen Dwa), with hot, humid summers, and cold but dry winters. The city is dry and nearly rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold (with little snow) in winter. The average annual temperature is 13.5 °C, and the annual precipitation is 527.7 mm, with a strong summer maximum, and high variability from year to year. January is the coldest and driest month, with a mean temperature of -2.2 °C and 5.1 mm of equivalent rainfall. July is the hottest and wettest month; the corresponding numbers are 27.0 °C, and 136.7 mm.

Economy
A large part of the city's economy revolves around petroleum and the nearby Shengli Oil Field.

Industries include petroleum, petrochemistry, saline chemistry, papermaking, machinery, electronics, construction, building materials, foodstuff processing, pneumatic tires and rubber, textiles, and light industries.

Dongying is one of the world's leading producers of rubber tires. It has more tire factories than any other city in the world.

Recently, Dongying's economy has grown significantly, reflecting the high development of China's economy. The city's growing manufacturing sector and its proximity to oil reserves have led to increased company investments. An example is DuPont, which invested five billion yuan in 2005 to build a titanium dioxide factory in the area. After this project's completion, it became the largest investment outside of the US for DuPont.

Transportation

 * Zibo–Dongying railway (Dongying railway station)
 * Dezhou–Dajiawa railway (passenger service available at Dongying South railway station)
 * Dongying Port railway (freight only)
 * Dongying Shengli Airport

A new bus station was built between the east and west sides of the city, on Huanghe Road. Connections to Beijing, Qingdao and Jinan, among many other cities are available on a daily basis.

Education
Dongying is home to one major university, the China University of Petroleum, as well as several colleges and technical schools. There are also many top high schools located in Dongying, one of those is Shengli Oilfield No.1 Middle School. Founded in 1965, rated as the most successful middle and high schools in China in a research hold by Beijing University in 2014, it is the first provincial standardized school in Shandong Province. There are 114 classes in the school with more than 5,300 students.

Explosion
There was an explosion that occurred at a chemical factory starting on Monday, 31 August 2015. Thirteen people died and several were detained by authorities.

Sister city

 * 🇺🇸 Midland, Texas, United States, known for producing oil
 * Samcheok, Gangwon-do, South Korea
 * 🇺🇸 Madisonville, Kentucky, United States

title: Dongying