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Talk:Monad (functional programming)

Not useful for non-Haskell programmers
Almost any programming language nowadays has some form of monads and thus many people will come here first looking for explanation and find something completely incomprehensible to them. IMHO this page should completely eliminate Haskell from overview and explain terms in plain English and perhaps some JavaScript (or TypeScript since generic types are pretty useful in fully explaining it?) like pseudocode. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.96.108.12 (talk) 15:27, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi there, the page could definitely still use more work so changes are welcome. I did a lot of editing a couple years back here, but mostly worked through my list of ideas; I just watch the talk-page because it's evolving & conceptual discussions still come up (plus I have one table for this page on my to-do list).
 * For the code snippets specifically, there is a pretty clear consensus to minimize Haskell on the page (outside of one or two examples, like IO, for flavor). The catch is there's no real guidance on Wikipedia for functional pseudocode, so when I was doing a lot of editing, I wound up settling on a pseudocode that still looks a lot like Haskell. The thinking there was that it is concise, abstract, de-emphasizes execution order, and often resembles functional math notation, especially if you leave things like lambda calculus implied. But there was also a bit of incrementalism in that decision. I left a long, rambling debriefing for my choices in the talk archives.
 * If you do have something else in mind though, I'd go for it. I think pseudocode as close as possible to basic math notation (mapping arrows, "f(x)" style functions, etc.) fits this topic well, especially for the (granted, probably very rare) non-programmers that stumble onto the article. So I lean more towards something that looks like Haskell than imperative code in this case, even if it's a popular language, but that's just me. --Zar2gar1 (talk) 21:20, 23 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I just rewrote the An Example: Maybe monad section and the introduction to use less haskell as well as being more clear. I used Rust for the code which is my preferred language and I think has similar syntax to other popular languages like Python & C++. I will try to do the rest if I have time. Any critiques? I'm a little new to Wikipedia editing. Zyansheep (talk) 05:44, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Circled back to Graham Hutton's 2016 book to expand/generalize the Rust examples. They all work together to get beyond any H. syntax. Used Failure/ Success as generic concepts from (Hutton 2016) to show the role of bind in the languages used (H., Rust, F#, etc.) --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 05:09, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

We should dehaskelize it
There's a big problem with this article. It's all Haskell. That's not good. We have to be more abstract. Maybe write a bunch of paragraphs regarding how a monad looks like in Scala, Java, JavaScript, C++, Rust, C#, etc. Vlad Patryshev (talk) 19:27, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Haskell is a huge contributor to the use of monads in functional programming, so it's logical that many sections are based on documentation written in it. (Some may say that writing in Haskell is being "more abstract"). We have examples in Javascript and F#. If you know of references that document the usage of monads in those other languages, by all means bring them here and we'll figure out the best way to include them in the article. Diego (talk) 09:55, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

 * A Haskell-oriented explanation would be OK if it also explained enough Haskell details used so readers needn't already know Haskell to follow along. Grokking monads is difficult so we can't really expect readers to simultaneously make lots of successful inferences about Haskell. This is doubly important since you can't get far in Haskell in turn without understanding monads.
 * Please explain the syntax used, also its precedence (or use enough parentheses to avoid that). Are newlines significant? What determines which monadic type's,  , or   get called in presented example expressions such as  ? Type classes, parameterized types, operator overloading, type inference,  , ... What's the relationship between  ,  , and  ? When the article says “a monadic value:  ”, is that really a variable, a type, or both?
 * An alternate way to explain monads would be in a more familiar programming language. Using an object oriented language would answer the question of which  and   get called, but it ought to be a language where types are first class values like JavaScript, Ruby, or Smalltalk.
 * That said, this page has improved dramatically over the last few years. 73.93.185.77 (talk) 01:55, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * There is a (26 Oct 2014) a 5-line, internally consistent, mental model of Haskell--Ancheta Wis    (talk  | contribs) 00:30, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid explaining the syntax of Haskell is outside the scope of this article. What it could do is better identify what features of the language are used in each example (enumerated types, pattern matching, etc).
 * Adding examples in imperative languages wouldn't be a good idea, methinks; monads and object-orientation don't mix well, as the contrived Javascript example shows. IMHO one should have at least a basic grasp of functional programming before trying to understand monads; this is the scope where they are more useful anyway.
 * In imperative languages you can use mutable state, so one of the main selling points of monads for strict functional languages is not needed there. And the other uses, for handling data structures and control threads, would require a syntax in an imperative language too awkward to be useful. Diego (talk) 13:29, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Maybe this could be a starting point to explain things: What would one do in an imperative language? Why is this not possible (or at least not that easy) in a functional language? In what way does the concept of monads solve this problem? 217.61.234.177 (talk) 07:37, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Problem solving can take many forms; please see reframing (in the sense of denotational semantics) for one approach to problem solving. --Ancheta Wis    (talk  | contribs) 13:48, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
 * How does this relate to the suggested way of introducing monads? 217.61.234.177 (talk) 08:08, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Subjunctive mood and reframing are part of Haskell: as an example,   can be read let   be   applied to   where the compose operator   has type (b→c)→(a→b)→a→c

 * be is "Subjunctive = " and part of the Haskell let syntax, as are   (ie, in f applied to tmp) and  , which serve to Reframe the terms of some expression which are used to define a function such as compose, for example. (The section  means f ∘ g, read as f follows g, and the a,b,c are polymorphic type variables, in Haskell. −It may help to mentally separate the concepts reduce, bind, eval, and apply in your further readings. The articles sometimes gloss over differences in these separate concepts when discussing them in examples. A-normal form can be a useful reduction. ) Evaluation strategy says "Haskell only supports side effects (such as mutation) via the use of monads".
 * --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 02:55, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * See Gabriel Gonzalez' Haskell for all (26 Oct 2014) How to desugar Haskell code for a 5-line, internally consistent, mental model of Haskell, and how to reduce/rewrite its expressions into their equivalents (which depends on how you intend to apply those expressions). --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 05:31, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Uncertainty about the term's etymology
The clause "due to category-theorist Saunders Mac Lane" suggests that Mac Lane invented the term. This appears to be an exaggeration: Mac Lane may have popularized it (Categories for the Working Mathematician, 2nd Ed., p.138), but Where does the term “Monad” come from? documents ambiguity about the original source. This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics (Week 200) credits Jean Benabou, whereas OPERADS, ALGEBRAS AND MODULES implies that J. P. May either invented the term or advocated it to Mac Lane before the latter published CftWM.

Mac Lane offers no definitive explanation of the name in CftWM, but his book is clearly the most reputable source among those I cited above. Absent an authoritative source, perhaps we should reword the "due to..." clause to highlight the ambiguity and more conservatively describe Mac Lane's role?

Monad (category theory) is similarly loose regarding attribution and should be clarified. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Monad_(category_theory)#Etymology? Etymology?] contains a brief but inconclusive discussion about the term's origin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maniaphobic (talk • contribs) 03:07, 27 June 2019 (UTC)
 * In the same vein ".. researchers working with Haskell eventually generalized the monad pattern" might be rephrased as ".. in the 2010s researchers working with Haskell eventually recognized that monads are applicative functors". (This leads back to Mac Lane as well.) page 138 of Categories for the Working Mathematician --Ancheta Wis    (talk  | contribs) 06:05, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

List example
§ Another example: List claims • is bind, but then defines it as Kleisli composition, which is quite different. I also have no idea what ° is supposed to mean: is it the Kleisli star? But we don't really need to use it in this pseudocode (it's a trivial embedding of a subset of arrows in one category as arrows in another category - we're not discussing the category-theoretical underpinnings at this point) and "f° := unit•f = f•unit" is nonsense - "unit•f = f•unit" is a law for •, not a definition of °. Hairy Dude (talk) 16:54, 30 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the editor who contributed it might defend it; otherwise I agree it can go. (Note: the citation to Dan Piponi's discussion motivates the contribution, for me.) --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 23:53, 30 June 2019 (UTC)

 * How about now? Just swinging by, but I've done a variation on the diagram similar to one I tried a while back. The original contributor didn't like my changes, and since this is just an occasional hobby / writing practice, I had no interest in an edit war. I don't think they're on Wikipedia anymore though, and they never responded to my points here on the talk-page.As for the old caption, I think that was a misinterpretation of Dan Piponi's post. Since the ° is appended to the individual "sqrt" & "cbrt" functions, I think it was supposed to correspond to the ' in the blogpost. But that's just to distinguish the multivalued, complex functions from the simpler real ones; it can't be the monadic lift for List because you have to consider the individual function semantics to apply it.And the • as bind was only correct in the 1st & 4th identity. Besides not matching up with the article text, I'm pretty sure the old caption was mixing up bind with Haskell function composition (f . g) when reading the 2nd & 3rd identity from the blogpost. --Zar2gar1 (talk) 06:13, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

 * The image has lost the parallelogram/rectangle syntax: parallelograms denote input/output (complex numbers or lists); rectangles denoted functions; input can only be fed into one function (can't feed one input into [cbrt] and [>>=cbrt]); [cbrt] should not accepts a list because it is not lifted.
 * The diagram should look something like this (rotated here for easier typing):

[cbrt°] ↘     ↗ < 8> → [cbrt°] → < 2,  2e...,  2e...> ↘ <64> → [sqrt°] → <8, -8> → [map]                                          [concat] → < 2,  2e...,  2e..., -2, -2e..., -2e...> ↘ <-8> → [cbrt°] → <-2, -2e..., -2e...> ↗
 * ...which represents this far less comprehensible equasion:

sxrt(64) = (cbrt°•sqrt°)(64) = concat(map(cbrt°,sqrt°(64))) = concat(map(cbrt°,concat(map(sqrt,unit(64))))) = concat(map(cbrt°,[8,-8])) = concat(cbrt°(8),cbrt°(-8)) = concat(concat(map(cbrt,unit(8)),map(cbrt,unit(-8))) = concat([2,2e...,2e...],[-2,-2e...,-2e...]) = [2,2e...,2e...,-2,-2e...,-2e...]
 * Using concat (append), map, lift (°), unit, and bind (•) as defined in the cited source. I hope I got that right. CrossCriss (talk) 17:11, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Hi there, so I think you make some good points about the flowchart, such as the boxes. My intent was actually for them to make a slightly more general distinction: rectangles for (first- or higher-order) functions that allow evaluating the expression further, parallelograms for the expression itself, including self-contained rewrites. That's not immediately clear though, and perhaps a couple more style variations would be good (for example, to point out that map is a higher-order function). You're also right that cbrt (without >>=) only accepts a simple input, not the list. Putting cbrt with the list in that 1st parallelogram on the left, without further reduction, was meant to show the expression can't be evaluated until map is applied. That's not particularly clear though, so if you can think of a clearer way to put it, that would be great. That said, like I wrote above, I think the ° (' in the original blog-post) should only be considered as a shorthand to distinguish monadic functions (like the use of x' variables in physics), not an official, valid lift. A few of his examples are derived by lifting, but if you notice in the multivalued trig example, he never formally defines how to go from the real-valued cube root to the multi-valued complex one. To do so requires facts about the underlying function (how to do complex roots), but the lift should be a property of the monad, which is only a generic list. Or another way to look at it: in his first example with the writer monad (what he calls "debuggable functions"), when he does explicitly describe lifting a function f, he doesn't specify anything particular for a debug message. He only tags the function with the empty string because anything more implies knowledge of the function's specifics, but the lift has to be generic to the monad, which only specifies that comments will be appended. To specify what comment a monadic function should output, that needs to be defined along with the monadic function itself. I'm still not sure it's correct to consider the • a bind either. One immediate issue is that it doesn't match a valid infix bind's type signature: one input should be a monadic value, not a 2nd monadic function (funny enough, IIUC in category theory terms, bind is itself a "lift" from (a -> Mb) functions to (Ma -> Mb) ones). Now if it's meant to be like the * from the blog-post, that's actually monadic composition (our articles uses >=> like in Haskell for now); that does have the correct type-signature, but it's not directly equivalent to bind or the composition of join & map. --Zar2gar1 (talk) 07:02, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

"Non-technical explanation" and the monad tutorial fallacy
The "Non-technical explanation" section was awful. I've removed the whole thing as it's actually more confusing than the technical introductory section. Monads are easy to describe once you know how they work using any number of analogies, but is there any reasonable way of describing monads to someone who hasn't already learnt the concept the hard way?

This blog post on the "monad tutorial fallacy" is I think insightful; there's really no substitute for doing the hard work of understanding, and once you've done it, your insight is still hard (impossible?) to communicate with others, because the hard work simply cannot be avoided. -- The Anome (talk) 13:25, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Except that's only true in a limited way. Mathematics pedagogy has known for a long time that often the best way to get someone to understand something is to begin by describing concrete instances and only once the intuition has been developed for the concrete do we generalize and abstract.  Think about how you learned about the real numbers.  Did you start by sayings its the unique Dedekind complete ordered field or hand you a definition in terms of equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences?  Of course not!  You started by learning to manipulate concrete examples of reals, first the rationals and then you started to add some special definable real numbers like pi which you can approximate  and then we say ok now it's like that but we generalize even to values which you can't define and give a fully formal definition.

 * I think the linked article does have a good point but I'd phrase it as this. When introducing a new abstraction it's important to be clear on whether you are giving a concrete example of a type of thing that falls under the concept or something that can kinda motivate the concept or if you are suggesting that a description captures the complete nature of the concept.   Peter M. Gerdes (talk) 16:25, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

"f returns a defined value of type Maybe U"
One of the comments in >>= operator for Maybe says:

"f returns a defined value of type Maybe U".

Is that "defined" correct?

(It sounds like it's saying that that function call can't return Nothing. However, function f's return type is Maybe U, so can't the function return _either_ "a defined value of type Maybe U" _or_ the Nothing value of type Maybe U?)

100.36.43.9 (talk) 18:36, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I think the main gist of the comment is correct, since it's placed with the 1st branch of the if statement. You're right though that it does sort of imply that Nothing wouldn't be a valid Maybe value, which isn't correct. I'll tweak the wording to emphasize it wraps a defined Just value within the Maybe type. --Zar2gar1 (talk) 23:11, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Consistency in notation
The first section of the article seems to be using `:` for type declarations, e.g.

while the Analysis section is using it to indicate the definition of the function, e.g.

This is confusing - it would be good to rewrite the Analysis section to be more consistent with the intro. We could potentially write both the type and the definition:

Also, in the Analysis section, I think we should explicitly state the types of,  , etc, to avoid confusion (I found it hard to work out). --Jordan Mitchell Barrett (talk) 21:11, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The part that has been left unsaid in the article is that 'whitespace is an operator' . Thus in the pseudocode in the article, whitespace can mean function application, or even more, depending on the language. The pseudocode is written in mathematical style, or in functional programming style (which dates back to Miranda (programming language)). --Ancheta Wis    (talk  | contribs) 11:30, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi there, first off, the : symbol is actually one bit I really didn't think through much. IIRC Haskell uses it for type signatures, and it's not that different from its use in plain English or function signatures in math. So I just ran with it without thinking too much about it; if some inconsistency jumps out at you, I don't see a reason not to change it.
 * As for the the use of  in the Analysis section, I'm not sure I follow about making the types explicit. Do you mean include the signatures in an expanded form? I tried to stay concise, but if you think adding some details clarifies things, that's always an improvement.
 * It is a little tricky because the laws are pretty generic, as long as  is monadic and the same variable means the same thing on both sides of an expression. Repeating the variable for the monad type was the simplest way I could think of to express the nesting you see in the laws (and like in the List example, when you're in that transition state after mapping the monadic function but before reducing again with join). Zar2gar1 (talk) 21:24, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

IFF or equality?
Maybe I'm just being dumb bc I'm just a mathematician who doesn't do category theory and may be unfamiliar with some of the programming/category theory specific notation but shouldn't the statement of the Monad laws use an equals symbol not a double arrow (as it appears in iPhone Wikipedia app)? If it is correct as written it might help to add a note explaining that it's not meant to be read as the usual logical connective. Peter M. Gerdes (talk) 16:06, 2 October 2021 (UTC)
 * No, you're definitely not being dumb or missing some deep secret; while the choice was intentional, it was mainly a compromise for the pseudocode. I thought it could act as a (metalanguage?) hint that the monad laws aren't necessarily programmed, but ultimately logical propositions about a potential monad. They may or may not be true, based on whether the object is actually verified to be a monad.
 * If anyone wants to change it, I'm definitely not opposed. I'd just stay away from the single = sign since that's used for assignment in so many programming contexts, but a == or === is pretty common for equality in several languages. Ideally though, we'd still want to emphasize the laws (typically) aren't checked within the program, but outside of it logically. Zar2gar1 (talk) 21:24, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

Informal style
Occasionally I'm seeing sentences that read more like a blog post than an encyclopedia:

With just a little extra functional spice on top, this Maybe type transforms into a fully-featured monad.

Having to rewrite functions to take Maybes in this concrete example requires a lot of boilerplate (look at all those Just expressions!).

I'm not up on the latest Wikipedia guidelines, so I'm not confident about what is allowed. I'm curious about what the current thinking is from anyone who knows more about this topic. modify 15:16, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Pseudo-code in the article
The meaning of the pseudo-code needs to be clarified:
 * (f >=> g) x =  (f(x) → mb) >>= g(y = b)

 * 1: My personal reading is that this is an equation. The left hand side is
 * 2: The right hand side is
 * Let functor  be the functor resulting from substituting mb for y in g;
 * 3: The (y=b) on the right hand side is not an equation; but g(y=b) is an application of g to the type y where b
 * 4: The f → mb is a functor from type x to monadic value mb where b

The Kleisli compose operator   means if some m >>= f then f is the continuation of m. -- Ancheta Wis    (talk  | contribs) 18:59, 27 October 2022 (UTC), 01:42, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Alexis King notes that if m >>= f >>= g >>= h then the continuation of m is f >=> g >=> h --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 19:18, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

 * The notation doesn't make much sense and seems to have been introduced quite randomly and without references in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monad_(functional_programming)&diff=next&oldid=867467071, along with a few other strange changes by user:Zar2gar1 in the vicinity. To me, user:Nbrader's edit is a correction. --Daniel5Ko (talk) 23:27, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * So which is it,
 * (f >=> g) x =  (f x) >>= g
 * or some other parenthesization needed?
 * (f >=> g) x =  f x >>= g
 * ping user:Zar2gar1 --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 00:14, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

@user:Zar2gar1, Thank you for your pseudocode in the article, which attempts to accomodate the requests of the readership to avoid Haskell. Because of the objections above, I propose the use of Bartosz Milewski's 2019 book Category Theory for Programmers pages 202 through 205, which uses Haskell notation to explain Kleisli composition. Dr. Milewski uses Kleisli composition  and   to implement Monad. In fact Dr. Milewski implements Monad in Haskell three ways on those pages. --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 01:08, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

 * @"which is it": The two alternatives have the same meaning. Even more: They already have identical parse trees. --Daniel5Ko (talk) 00:40, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Firstly, sorry for replacing the pseudo-code with Haskell code without reading the talk page first: I didn't realize there was an effort to avoid Haskell code. I will say though I found the pseudo-code confusing. My feeling (for what it's worth) is that psuedo-code that has no clear meaning to most people defeats the point of pseudo-code and you're better off going with an actual language like Haskell. Nbrader (talk) 01:21, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

The equation "(f >=> g) x = (f(x) → mb) >>= g(y = b)" is very confusing, it's unclear where mb and y are bound; I have never seen anything similar. The explanation in this thread is also misguided: x is not a type and there is no substitution happening that forms functors.

It makes sense to avoid Haskell-specific notation, but here the only notation used is function application written as "f x", and binary operator "f >=> g". I restored the equation, using f(x) as function application. That should be understandable without additional prerequisites. 2001:861:3F42:1B60:AEFC:B99:1842:A29E (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 07:57, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi everyone, I'm still going to be away from Wikipedia for the foreseeable future, but I did get the ping for this conversation. I'm going to try to keep my response simple. For the specific expression about monadic composition, just like you guessed @Ancheta Wis, the "g(y=b)" expression is a kludge to show variable binding and application in the few cases leaving them implicit is ambiguous. It's not the cleanest way for sure, but it does allow avoiding lambda calculus as a pre-req to understand the article.

 * Big picture, anyone that wants to think through & change the code has my full support. I left a lot of comments and notes in the Talk archives while finishing up my changes though. My main opinions are pretty much:
 * Avoid making mostly independent concepts like lambda calculus or currying pre-reqs to understand the article
 * Try to be consistent and head-off misinterpretations around things like order of evaluation
 * The "right thing to do" would probably be to hash out functional pseudo-code guidelines for Wikipedia at large
 * Barring that, I do feel math-ish notation is preferable, followed by something like an established functional language (just looser & more accessible)

 * I don't expect people to read my notes (they're long), but if you are willing to, you may still want to factor in my rationale at some points. Zar2gar1 (talk) 05:49, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Monad versus monoid
Talk for BRD -- Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 02:03, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Permutation?
It was added at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=438062307 that the monoid being "non-commutative and idempotent" implies permutation. I think the property as described cannot mean "free and idempotent", as [a, b, a] wouldn't be called a permutation. Is there a way to clarify the property to really give permutations? Otherwise, is it even meaningful to name the collection type arising from free and idempotent monoid? Junghyeon Park (talk) 04:27, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Rust example
Hi all. I would like to ask regarding the Rust example. It is written in Monad (functional programming)#An example: Maybe that the Rust example is using,  , and  , while Rust actually uses  ,  , and   respectively. Is this intended to be written this way? Mangkoran (talk) 11:19, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

 * It is not claiming to be in std namespace. While it is probably influenced by the crate https://crates.io/crates/rsmonad, I'm not sure if it's worth mentioning since the API seems pretty generic. Would some clarification help maybe? Junghyeon Park (talk) 07:36, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monad (functional programming)


text: Category:Culture of Sweden

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Culture of Sweden


text:
António Egas Moniz

António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery, having developed the surgical procedure leucotomy— better known today as lobotomy— for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949 (shared with Walter Rudolf Hess).

He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911, he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944.

Early life and training
Moniz was born in Avanca, Estarreja, Portugal, as António Caetano de Abreu Freire de Resende. He attended Escola do Padre José Ramos and the Jesuit-run College of Saint Fidelis and studied medicine at the University of Coimbra, graduating in 1899. For the next 12 years, he served as a lecturer for basic medical courses at Coimbra. In 1911, he became a neurology professor at the University of Lisbon, where he worked until his retirement in 1944.

His uncle and godfather, Father Caetano de Pina Resende Abreu e Sá Freire, convinced his family to change his surname to Egas Moniz since he was convinced that the Resende family was descended from medieval nobleman Egas Moniz o Aio.

Politics
Politics was an early passion for Moniz. He supported a republican government, diverging from his family's support for the monarchy. As a student activist, he was jailed on two separate occasions for participating in demonstrations. While serving as Dean of the Medical School at the University of Lisbon, he was arrested a third time for preventing police from settling a student-run protest.

Moniz's formal political career began when he was elected to parliament in 1900. During World War I, he was appointed the Ambassador to Spain, and afterward, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1917, and in 1918 led the Portuguese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. He retired from politics in 1919 following a duel resulting from a political quarrel.

Cerebral angiography
In 1926, at age 51, Moniz returned to medicine full-time. He hypothesized that visualizing blood vessels in the brain with radiographic means would allow for more precise localization of brain tumors. During his experiments, Moniz injected radiopaque dyes into brain arteries and took X-rays to visualize abnormalities. In his initial tests, Moniz used strontium and lithium bromide in three patients with a suspected tumor, epilepsy, and Parkinsonism, but the experiment failed and one patient died. After a set of trials in rabbits, dogs, and cadaver heads, he achieved success using 25% sodium iodide solution on three patients, developing the first cerebral angiogram.

Moniz presented his findings at the Neurological Society in Paris and the French Academy of Medicine in 1927. He was the first person to successfully visualize the brain using radiopaque substances, as previous scientists had only visualized peripheral structures. He also contributed to the development of Thorotrast for use in the procedure and delivered many lectures and papers on the subject. His work led to the use of angiography to detect internal carotid occlusion, as well as two Nobel Prize nominations in this area.

Prefrontal leucotomy
Moniz thought that mental illness originated from abnormal neural connections in the frontal lobe. He described a "fixation of synapses," which in mental illness, was expressed as "predominant, obsessive ideas." Moniz also referenced the experiments of Yale physiologists John Farquhar Fulton and C.F. Jacobsen, who found that removing the frontal lobes of a chimpanzee made it calmer and more cooperative. In addition, Moniz observed "changes in character and personality" among soldiers who had had injuries to their frontal lobes.

Moniz hypothesized that surgically removing white matter fibers from the frontal lobe would improve a patient's mental illness. He enlisted his long-time staff member and neurosurgeon Pedro Almeida Lima to test the procedure on a group of 20 patients, mainly with schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. The surgeries took place under general anesthesia. The first psychosurgery was performed in 1935 on a 63-year-old woman with depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and insomnia. The patient experienced a rapid physical recovery, and two months later, a psychiatrist noted that she was calmer, less paranoid, and well oriented. In the first set of surgeries, Moniz reported a total of seven cures, seven improvements, and six unchanged cases.

Moniz never performed a surgery himself, partially because of his lack of neurosurgical training but also because he had limited use of his hands as a complication of gout. Instructed by Moniz, Lima performed ten of the first twenty surgeries by injecting absolute alcohol to destroy the frontal lobe. Later on, Moniz and Lima developed a new technique using a leucotome, a needle-like instrument with a retractable wire loop. By rotating the wire loop, they were able to surgically separate white matter fibres.

Moniz judged the results acceptable in the first 40 or so patients he treated, claiming, "Prefrontal leukotomy is a simple operation, always safe, which may prove to be an effective surgical treatment in certain cases of mental disorder." He also claimed that any behavioral and personality deterioration that may occur was outweighed by reduction in the debilitating effects of the illness. He conceded that patients who had already deteriorated from the mental illness did not benefit much. The procedure enjoyed a brief vogue, and in 1949 he received the Nobel Prize "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."

Critics accused Moniz of understating complications, providing inadequate documentation, and not following up with patients. After his initial procedures, other physicians, such as Walter Jackson Freeman II and James W. Watts, adopted a modified technique in the United States and renamed it "lobotomy."

Writing
Moniz was a prolific writer, publishing work in Portuguese literature, sexology, and two autobiographies. Upon graduating from medical school, he gained notoriety for publishing a series of controversial books, called A Vida Sexual (The Sexual Life). His other writings included biographies of Portuguese physician Pedro Hispano Portucalense and José Custódio de Faria, a monk and hypnotist. In the field of medicine, Moniz published 112 articles and 2 books on angiography alone. He also wrote on neurological war injuries, Parkinson's disease, and clinical neurology.

Later life and death
In 1939, Moniz was shot multiple times by a patient with schizophrenia. Subsequently, Moniz used a wheelchair. He continued in private practice until 1955. Moniz died from an internal haemorrhage on 13 December 1955.

Legacy
After Moniz's death, antipsychotic medications were developed and put into use, and leucotomies fell out of favour. Moniz's legacy suffered towards the end of the 20th century, as leucotomies were then perceived overwhelmingly negatively, thought of as an outdated experimental procedure. Well-known experts including Elliot Valenstein, a psychologist, and Oliver Sacks, a neurologist, were particularly critical of Moniz's methods and of his Nobel Prize.

There have been calls to rescind Moniz's Nobel Prize, especially from relatives of family members that underwent leucotomies. However, others have defended Moniz for his scientific contributions, stressing the need to examine his legacy in context.

In his native Portugal, Moniz is highly regarded, being featured on commemorative banknotes and postage stamps. A statue of him stands outside the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, and his country house in Avanca is now a museum.

In 2020, a biographical made-for-television film was produced by RTP2 titled O Ego de Egas ("The Ego of Egas"), which explores Moniz's work and motives.

Important publications
According to the Nobel Prize, his more important publications are:

 * Alterações anátomo-patológicas na difteria (Anatomo-pathologic changes in diphtheria), Coimbra, 1900.
 * A vida sexual (fisiologia e patologia) (Physiological and pathological aspects of sex life), 19 editions, Coimbra, 1901.
 * A neurologia na guerra (Neurology in war), Lisbon, 1917.
 * Um ano de política (A year of politics), Lisbon, 1920.
 * Júlio Diniz e a sua obra (Júlio Dinis and his works), 6 editions, Lisbon, 1924.
 * O Padre Faria na história do hipnotismo (Abbé Faria in the history of hypnotism), Lisbon, 1925.
 * Diagnostic des tumeurs cérébrales et épreuve de l'encéphalographie artérielle (Diagnostics of cerebral tumours and application of arterial encephalography), Paris, 1931.
 * L'angiographie cérébrale, ses applications et résultats en anatomie, physiologie et clinique (Cerebral angiography, its applications and results in anatomy, physiology,  and clinic), Paris, 1934.
 * Tentatives opératoires dans le traitement de certaines psychoses (Tentative methods in the treatment of certain psychoses), Paris, 1936.
 * La leucotomie préfrontale. Traitement chirurgical de certaines psychoses (Prefrontal leucotomy. Surgical treatment of certain psychoses), Turin, 1937.
 * Clinica dell'angiografia cerebrale (Clinical cerebral angiography), Turin, 1938.
 * Die cerebrale Arteriographie und Phlebographie (Cerebral arteriography and phlebography), Berlin, 1940.
 * Ao lado da medicina (On the side of medicine), Lisbon, 1940.
 * Trombosis y otras obstrucciones de las carótidas (Thrombosis and other obstructions of the carotids), Barcelona, 1941.
 * História das cartas de jogar (History of playing-cards), Lisbon, 1942.
 * Como cheguei a realizar a leucotomia pré-frontal (How I came to perform prefrontal leucotomy), Lisbon, 1948.
 * Die präfrontale Leukotomie (Prefrontal leucotomy), Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1949.

National orders

 * PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (3 March 1945)
 * POR Ordem da Instrucao Publica Gra-Cruz BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Instruction and of Benefaction (5 October 1928)

Foreign orders

 * Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
 * Grande ufficiale OCI Kingdom BAR.svg Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy)
 * ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)

title: António Egas Moniz


text:
Category:Opera

 * Note: Individual operas titles can be found in the subcategory.

title: Category:Opera


text:
Sopot (disambiguation)

Sopot may refer to:

Albania

 * Sopot, Albania (Sopoti), a region, mountain and village

Antarctica

 * Sopot Ice Piedmont, an ice piedmont on Livingston Island

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Sopot, Konjic, a village in the municipality Konjic

Bulgaria

 * Sopot, Plovdiv Province, a town and seat of the Sopot Municipality
 * Sopot Municipality, Bulgaria
 * Sopot, Lovech Province, a village in the Ugarchin Municipality

Croatia

 * Sopot, Krapina-Zagorje County, a village in the city of Pregrada
 * Sopot, Zagreb, a neighbourhood of Zagreb
 * Sopot, Vinkovci, an archeological site located near the city of Vinkovci

North Macedonia

 * Sopot, Veles, a village in Veles Municipality
 * Sopot, Kumanovo, a village in Kumanovo Municipality
 * Sopot, Kavadarci, a village in Kavadarci Municipality
 * Sopot, Sveti Nikole, a village in Sveti Nikole Municipality

Poland

 * Sopot (river), a tributary of the Tanew
 * Sopot, a town in Pomeranian Voivodeship

Romania

 * Sopot, Dolj, a commune in Dolj County

Serbia

 * Sopot, Belgrade, a town and municipality
 * Sopot, Pirot, a village in the municipality of Pirot

Kosovo

 * Sopot, Gjakova, a village in the municipality of Gjakova

title: Sopot (disambiguation)


text:
Jesse Haines

Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 – August 5, 1978), nicknamed "Pop", was an American professional baseball pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). After a lengthy stint in minor league baseball, he played briefly in 1918, then from 1920 to 1937. He spent nearly his entire major league career with the Cardinals. Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams. Though he had a kind personality off the field, Haines was known as a fiery competitor during games.

After retiring in 1937 with a 210–158 win–loss record, Haines was a coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938. He left baseball after that season and returned to his native Ohio. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1970. In 2014, he was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum. He ranks second in franchise history in shutouts.

Early life
Haines was born in Clayton, Ohio, but he grew up in nearby Phillipsburg, where he attended local schools. His father Elias worked as an auctioneer. Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg. His parents did not approve of him playing baseball on Sundays, so Haines used to sneak away, hiding his uniform in a corn crib and changing clothes in a cornfield. He left town to play semipro baseball in Dayton in 1912. Soon thereafter, he was signed to play for a minor league team in Dayton.

Spending several seasons in minor league baseball, Haines also pitched for teams in Saginaw, Fort Wayne, Springfield (Springfield Reapers), Topeka and Tulsa. He had played briefly in the major leagues with the Cincinnati Reds in 1918, but he returned to the minor leagues. Across his minor league career, he compiled a 107–61 record and 1.93 ERA over 187 games.

Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals noticed Haines while he was pitching in Kansas City, but the team was struggling with money. He convinced a group of the team's stockholders to take out a $10,000 loan for the purchase of Haines's contract.

During his minor league days, Haines married Carrie M. Weidner. They had one child.

Major league career
Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920. Despite a 13–20 record, he pitched 301$2⁄3$ innings, the highest output of his career, and recorded a 2.98 earned run average (ERA).

Author Paul Doutrich writes that while Haines was a mild-mannered individual, he had no patience for losing games and "became a raging bull when on the mound." Haines threw a no-hitter on July 17, 1924, against the Boston Braves; more than 50 years passed before a St. Louis pitcher threw another no-hitter at home.

Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams, winning two games in the 1926 World Series. In game seven of that series, Haines developed a bleeding blister and had to be removed from the game with the bases loaded in the seventh inning. Grover Cleveland Alexander was inserted into the game and struck out Tony Lazzeri.

As his career went on, Haines became known as "Pop" because of the influence he exerted on younger teammates. His use of the knuckleball allowed him to extend his career after his other pitches became ineffective. Unlike other knuckleball pitchers who gripped the pitch with their fingertips, Haines actually held the ball with his knuckles, throwing it as hard as he could.

Haines began to pitch fewer games in 1932. By 1936, manager Frankie Frisch thought that Haines had become too old and held him out of any games until May. However, he got more opportunities that year as the St. Louis pitching staff struggled with injuries. By June, he made relief pitching appearances three days in a row.

He retired in 1937, having pitched to the age of 43. He won 20 games or more three times for the Cardinals and won three World Series championships (1926, 1931, and 1934), though he did not pitch in the 1931 series. In the 1926 World Series against the Yankees, he went 2–0 with a 1.08 ERA. He retired with a 210–158 record, 981 strikeouts, 3.64 ERA, and 3208$2⁄3$ innings pitched.

Later life
Haines worked on the coaching staff of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938. After that, he was an auditor for almost 30 years in Montgomery County, Ohio.

After failing to gain more than 8.3% of the votes for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame over a 12-year period, Haines was voted in by the Veterans Committee in 1970. Frankie Frisch, a member of the VC, also shepherded the selections of his teammates Dave Bancroft and Chick Hafey in 1971, Ross Youngs in 1972, George Kelly in 1973, Jim Bottomley in 1974, and Freddie Lindstrom in 1976. After the committee selected Haines, Frisch commented that Haines was "a worthy, worthy man... a great competitor, a fine fellow off and on the field." Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Haines as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor.

He died in 1978 in Dayton, Ohio after a 28-year career as Montgomery County (Ohio) Assessor. His grave in Clayton, Ohio, which incorporates the sundial that the Cardinals gave Haines upon his retirement, has become a local attraction.

Legacy
In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Haines among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.

title: Jesse Haines


text:
Moniz

Moniz is a surname in the Portuguese language, namely in Portugal and Brazil. It is believed to derive from a Gothic, or Gascon given names Munnius, Monio, Munino, Monnio, and Munnio used in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages. It is uncertain whether the Galician and Asturian 'Muñiz' or 'Muniz' surnames are in any way related with Moniz. The Portuguese variants of the medieval name were Munio, Monio and Moninho, making Moniz (son of Moninho or Munio) a patronymic surname. It may refer to:

 * António Egas Moniz (1874–1955), Portuguese physician, neurologist and Nobel Prize laureate
 * Bryant Moniz, quarterback for the University of Hawaii Warriors football team
 * Charlie Moniz (born 1980), Canadian musician
 * Diogo Gil Moniz, Portuguese nobleman, son of Gil Aires Moniz
 * Ernest Moniz (born 1944), American physicist and United States secretary of energy
 * Febo Moniz (1515-aft. 1580), Portuguese nobleman
 * Febo Moniz de Lusignan, Portuguese nobleman, grandfather of Febo Moniz
 * Felipa Perestrello Moniz, Portuguese wife of Christopher Columbus
 * Frank Moniz (1911–2004), American soccer player
 * Gil Aires Moniz, Portuguese nobleman
 * Júlio Botelho Moniz (1900–1970), Portuguese soldier and politician
 * Lúcia Moniz (born 1976), Portuguese singer and actress
 * Martim Moniz (died 1147), Portuguese knight noted for his role in the Siege of Lisbon
 * Matt Moniz, an American high-altitude mountaineer and public speaker
 * Michael Moniz, an American business executive and high-altitude mountaineer
 * Pedro Moniz da Silva, Portuguese nobleman, son of Diogo Gil Moniz
 * Ricardo Moniz (born 1964), Dutch former footballer and coach
 * Rui Gil Moniz, Portuguese nobleman, son of Gil Aires Moniz
 * Vasco Gil Moniz (died 1497), Portuguese nobleman, son of Gil Aires Moniz
 * Wendy Moniz (born 1969), American actress

title: Moniz


text:
Michael White (journalist)

Michael White (born 21 October 1945) is a British journalist who was until 2016 an associate editor of The Guardian. He is the paper's former political editor.

Early and personal life
White was raised in Wadebridge, Cornwall. He was educated at Bodmin Grammar School and then studied for a BA in history at University College London.

His son is the political adviser Sam White.

Career
White began his career in journalism at the Reading Evening Post (1966–71) and after a spell at London's Evening Standard (1970–71) he moved to The Guardian, where he worked as a sub/feature writer (1971–74), diary writer (1974–76), political correspondent and sketchwriter (1976–84) and Washington correspondent from 1984. He became the newspaper's political editor in 1990, succeeding Ian Aitken; he relinquished the position to Patrick Wintour at the beginning of 2006. He retired from his Guardian positions in October 2016. In 2003, he was voted Print Journalist of the Year by MPs and Peers in The House/BBC Parliamentary Awards.

He is a regular commentator on the BBC, introducing newspaper reviews and commenting on everything from Newsnight to Breakfast News, BBC News Channel and Question Time. He has also appeared on BBC Radio 4, introducing a programme on political insults, Savaged by a Dead Sheep.

White retired from The Guardian in October 2016 after almost 45 years at the paper. He wrote a regular column for the Health Service Journal from 1977 to 2017.

Political views
Despite being a Labour Party supporter, White has not always had the easiest of relationships with Labour and its leading figures. In November 1991, following the death of Mirror owner Robert Maxwell, he was involved in a physical altercation with the title's political editor Alastair Campbell, later Director of Communications for Tony Blair, over White's use of the "Cap'n Bob, Bob, Bob" refrain.

In February 2006, White detailed the changing attitudes of the Labour Party to The Guardian. He wrote that the Blair government changed its attitude to The Guardian, from hostility towards grudging friendship as the government lost "fair weather friends" on other papers. "It is no secret in the office, for example, that I think its coverage of the protracted crisis over Iraq since 2003, has not always been fair to Blair's position", he wrote. Regarding the Israel–Palestine conflict, in July 2006 he wrote that over time his sympathies are shifting back to Israel "however short-sighted and self-defeating some of its actions are".

White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, said, "I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US Republicans are more straightforward targets."

White has argued against some gay rights, including gay adoption and same-sex marriage.

title: Michael White (journalist)


text:
Category:Actors

This is a category of film, stage, and television actors, of any gender.

title: Category:Actors


text:
Alexander–Spanier cohomology

In mathematics, particularly in algebraic topology, Alexander–Spanier cohomology is a cohomology theory for topological spaces.

History
It was introduced by for the special case of compact metric spaces, and by  for all topological spaces, based on a suggestion of Alexander D. Wallace.

Definition
If X is a topological space and G is an R module where R is a ring with unity, then there is a cochain complex C whose p-th term $$C^p$$ is the set of all functions from $$X^{p+1}$$ to G with differential $$d\colon C^{p-1} \to C^{p}$$ given by

 * $$df(x_0,\ldots,x_p)= \sum_i(-1)^if(x_0,\ldots,x_{i-1},x_{i+1},\ldots,x_p).$$

The defined cochain complex $$C^*(X;G)$$ does not rely on the topology of $$X$$. In fact, if $$X$$ is a nonempty space, $$G\simeq H^*(C^*(X;G))$$ where $$G$$ is a graded module whose only nontrivial module is $$G$$ at degree 0.

An element $$\varphi\in C^p(X)$$ is said to be locally zero if there is a covering $$\{U\}$$ of $$X$$ by open sets such that $$\varphi$$ vanishes on any $$(p+1)$$-tuple of $$X$$ which lies in some element of $$\{U\}$$ (i.e. $$\varphi$$ vanishes on $\bigcup_{U\in\{U\}}U^{p+1}$ ). The subset of $$C^p(X)$$ consisting of locally zero functions is a submodule, denote by $$C_0^p(X)$$. $$C^*_0(X) = \{C_0^p(X),d\}$$ is a cochain subcomplex of $$C^*(X)$$ so we define a quotient cochain complex $$\bar{C}^*(X)=C^*(X)/C_0^*(X)$$. The Alexander–Spanier cohomology groups $$\bar{H}^p(X,G)$$ are defined to be the cohomology groups of $$\bar{C}^*(X)$$.

Induced homomorphism
Given a function $$f:X\to Y$$ which is not necessarily continuous, there is an induced cochain map

 * $$f^\sharp:C^*(Y;G)\to C^*(X;G)$$

defined by $$(f^\sharp\varphi)(x_0,...,x_p) = (\varphi f)(x_0,...,x_p),\ \varphi\in C^p(Y);\ x_0,...,x_p\in X$$

If $$f$$ is continuous, there is an induced cochain map
 * $$f^\sharp:\bar{C}^*(Y;G)\to\bar{C}^*(X;G)$$

Relative cohomology module
If $$A$$ is a subspace of $$X$$ and $$i:A\hookrightarrow X$$ is an inclusion map, then there is an induced epimorphism $$i^\sharp:\bar{C}^*(X;G)\to \bar{C}^*(A;G)$$. The kernel of $$i^\sharp$$ is a cochain subcomplex of $$\bar{C}^*(X;G)$$ which is denoted by $$\bar{C}^*(X,A;G)$$. If $$C^*(X,A)$$ denote the subcomplex of $$C^*(X)$$ of functions $$\varphi$$ that are locally zero on $$A$$, then $$\bar{C}^*(X,A) = C^*(X,A)/C^*_0(X)$$.

The relative module is $$\bar{H}^*(X,A;G)$$ is defined to be the cohomology module of $$\bar{C}^*(X,A;G)$$.

$$\bar{H}^q(X,A;G)$$ is called the Alexander cohomology module of $$(X,A)$$ of degree $$q$$ with coefficients $$G$$ and this module satisfies all cohomology axioms. The resulting cohomology theory is called the Alexander (or Alexander-Spanier) cohomology theory

Cohomology theory axioms

 * (Dimension axiom) If $$X$$ is a one-point space, $$G\simeq \bar{H}^*(X;G)$$
 * (Exactness axiom) If $$(X,A)$$ is a topological pair with inclusion maps $$i:A\hookrightarrow X$$ and $$j:X\hookrightarrow (X,A)$$, there is an exact sequence $$\cdots\to\bar{H}^q(X,A;G) \xrightarrow{j^*} \bar{H}^q(X;G)\xrightarrow{i^*}\bar{H}^q(A;G)\xrightarrow{\delta^*}\bar{H}^{q+1}(X,A;G)\to\cdots$$
 * (Excision axiom) For topological pair $$(X,A)$$, if $$U$$ is an open subset of $$X$$ such that $$\bar{U}\subset\operatorname{int}A$$, then $$\bar{C}^*(X,A)\simeq \bar{C}^*(X-U,A-U)$$.
 * (Homotopy axiom) If $$f_0,f_1:(X,A)\to(Y,B)$$ are homotopic, then $$f_0^* = f_1^*:H^*(Y,B;G)\to H^*(X,A;G)$$

Alexander cohomology with compact supports
A subset $$B\subset X$$ is said to be cobounded if $$X-B$$ is bounded, i.e. its closure is compact.

Similar to the definition of Alexander cohomology module, one can define Alexander cohomology module with compact supports of a pair $$(X,A)$$ by adding the property that $$\varphi\in C^q(X,A;G)$$ is locally zero on some cobounded subset of $$X$$.

Formally, one can define as follows : For given topological pair $$(X,A)$$, the submodule $$C^q_c(X,A;G)$$ of $$C^q(X,A;G)$$ consists of $$\varphi\in C^q(X,A;G)$$ such that $$\varphi$$ is locally zero on some cobounded subset of $$X$$.

Similar to the Alexander cohomology module, one can get a cochain complex $$C^*_c(X,A;G) = \{C^q_c(X,A;G),\delta\}$$ and a cochain complex $$\bar{C}^*_c(X,A;G) = C^*_c(X,A;G)/C_0^*(X;G)$$.

The cohomology module induced from the cochain complex $$\bar{C}^*_c$$ is called the Alexander cohomology of $$(X,A)$$ with compact supports and denoted by $$\bar{H}^*_c(X,A;G)$$. Induced homomorphism of this cohomology is defined as the Alexander cohomology theory.

Under this definition, we can modify homotopy axiom for cohomology to a proper homotopy axiom if we define a coboundary homomorphism $$\delta^*:\bar{H}^q_c(A;G)\to \bar{H}^{q+1}_c(X,A;G)$$ only when $$A\subset X$$ is a closed subset. Similarly, excision axiom can be modified to proper excision axiom i.e. the excision map is a proper map.

Property
One of the most important property of this Alexander cohomology module with compact support is the following theorem:
 * If $$X$$ is a locally compact Hausdorff space and $$X^+$$ is the one-point compactification of $$X$$, then there is an isomorphism $$\bar{H}^q_c(X;G)\simeq \tilde{\bar{H}}^q(X^+;G).$$

Example

 * $$\bar{H}^q_c(\R^n;G)\simeq\begin{cases} 0 & q\neq n\\ G & q = n\end{cases}$$

as $$(\R^n)^+\cong S^n$$. Hence if $$n\neq m$$, $$\R^n$$ and $$\R^m$$ are not of the same proper homotopy type.

Relation with tautness

 * From the fact that a closed subspace of a paracompact Hausdorff space is a taut subspace relative to the Alexander cohomology theory and the first Basic property of tautness, if $$B\subset A\subset X$$ where $$X$$ is a paracompact Hausdorff space and $$A$$ and $$B$$ are closed subspaces of $$X$$, then $$(A,B)$$ is taut pair in $$X$$ relative to the Alexander cohomology theory.

Using this tautness property, one can show the following two facts:
 * (Strong excision property) Let $$(X,A)$$ and $$(Y,B)$$ be pairs with $$X$$ and $$Y$$ paracompact Hausdorff and $$A$$ and $$B$$ closed. Let $$f:(X,A)\to(Y,B)$$ be a closed continuous map such that $$f$$ induces a one-to-one map of $$X-A$$ onto $$Y-B$$. Then for all $$q$$ and all $$G$$, $$f^*:\bar{H}^q(Y,B;G)\xrightarrow{\sim}\bar{H}^q(X,A;G)$$
 * (Weak continuity property) Let $$\{(X_\alpha,A_\alpha)\}_\alpha$$ be a family of compact Hausdorff pairs in some space, directed downward by inclusion, and let $(X,A) =(\bigcap X_\alpha,\bigcap A_\alpha)$ . The inclusion maps $$i_\alpha:(X,A)\to (X_\alpha,A_\alpha)$$ induce an isomorphism
 * $$\{i^*_\alpha\}:\varinjlim\bar{H}^q(X_\alpha,A_\alpha;M)\xrightarrow{\sim}\bar{H}^q(X,A;M)$$.

Difference from singular cohomology theory
Recall that the singular cohomology module of a space is the direct product of the singular cohomology modules of its path components.

A nonempty space $$X$$ is connected if and only if $$G\simeq \bar{H}^0(X;G)$$. Hence for any connected space which is not path connected, singular cohomology and Alexander cohomology differ in degree 0.

If $$\{U_j\}$$ is an open covering of $$X$$ by pairwise disjoint sets, then there is a natural isomorphism $\bar{H}^q(X;G)\simeq \prod_j\bar{H}^q(U_j;G)$. In particular, if $$\{C_j\}$$ is the collection of components of a locally connected space $$X$$, there is a natural isomorphism $\bar{H}^q(X;G)\simeq \prod_j\bar{H}^q(C_j;G)$.

Variants
It is also possible to define Alexander–Spanier homology and Alexander–Spanier cohomology with compact supports.

Connection to other cohomologies
The Alexander–Spanier cohomology groups coincide with Čech cohomology groups for compact Hausdorff spaces, and coincide with singular cohomology groups for locally finite complexes.

title: Alexander–Spanier cohomology


text: Category:Folk music

title: Category:Folk music


text:
Talk:God's Kingdom

The current contents of this page appear to have been PLAGIARIZED from another source; the paragraph numbers have not even been remove. I suspect that this has been lifted from the pages of some religious magazine.

This is a violation of the terms of Wikipedia. It is also a rather ignorant thing to do.

Even if not plagiarized, this page is not written in the NPOV demanded by Wikipedia. I hope the person that created this page reads this and gives some thought about how this activity is wrong.

BTW, if you want to see how to QUOTE anc CITE a source (rather than simply steal and palgiarize) see

title: Talk:God's Kingdom


text:
Roanoke River

The Roanoke River runs 410 mi long through southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina in the United States. A major river of the southeastern United States, it drains a largely rural area of the coastal plain from the eastern edge of the Appalachian Mountains southeast across the Piedmont to Albemarle Sound. An important river throughout the history of the United States, it was the site of early settlement in the Virginia Colony and the Carolina Colony. An 81 mi section of its lower course in Virginia between the Leesville Lake and Kerr Lake is known as the Staunton River, pronounced, as is the Shenandoah Valley city of that name. It is impounded along much of its middle course to form a chain of reservoirs.

Staunton River is also the name of the northern political district of Pittsylvania County, Virginia, where a large section of the river serves as the boundary between Campbell County, Virginia (to the north) and Pittsylvania County (to the south).

The Roanoke River State Trail is a paddle trail which follows the lower portion of the river, from Roanoke Rapids to the Albemarle Sound.

Description
The river has its headwaters in the Blue Ridge Mountains in southwestern Virginia at Lafayette in Montgomery County where the North Fork and South Fork of the river merge. The North Fork, approximately 30 mi long, rises between two mountain ridges and flows initially southwest, then loops back to the northeast. The South Fork, approximately 20 mi long, rises in several streams in the mountains on the border of Floyd, Roanoke, and Montgomery counties and flows generally north, joining the North Fork from the south.

The combined stream flows northeast between mountain ridges through the Roanoke Valley, approximately 10 mi to Salem, then east through the city of Roanoke, emerging from a gorge in the Blue Ridge Mountains southeast of Roanoke and forming the boundary between Franklin and Bedford counties. The river flows generally east-southeast across the Piedmont of southern Virginia and enters northeastern North Carolina, passing north of Roanoke Rapids at the fall line. The river flows southeast in a zigzag course across the coastal plain through the Roanoke River National Wildlife Refuge and then briefly turns north as it enters Batchelor Bay on the western end of Albemarle Sound. The Roanoke River is also known as the Staunton River for 80 miles between Smith Mountain Lake and convergence with the Dan River at Kerr Lake.

The river is impounded in six locations. The first is the Niagara Dam just south of the City of Roanoke in Roanoke County adjacent to the town of Vinton. It was constructed in 1906 to supply power for the Roanoke Electric Car streetcar system, and is currently owned and operated by Appalachian Power. It is then impounded twice in succession in the Piedmont of southwestern Virginia downstream from Roanoke to form the Smith Mountain Lake and Leesville Lake reservoirs. Farther downstream in southern along the North Carolina border, the river is impounded by the John H. Kerr Dam to form the expansive Kerr Lake. In northeastern North Carolina, 3 mi west of Roanoke Rapids, the river is impounded to form the Lake Gaston reservoir, and is impounded a final time to form Roanoke Rapids Lake.

History
The Roanoke River valley was the homeland of various Native Americans, mostly Virginia Siouan, such as the Occaneechi (today part of the Haliwa-Saponi) and the Tutelo. The name Roanoke is derived from rawrenok, an Algonquian word for wampum. The deadly spring floods earned it the name "River of Death". The river's lower course began to be settled by Virginians about the middle of the 17th century, in what was known as the Albemarle Settlements. The upper reaches of the Roanoke River were explored by fur trading parties sent by Abraham Wood in the late 17th century, but these were not settled by English until the early 18th century.

In 1883, the small town of Big Lick on the river was selected as a major shops and terminal point for the new Norfolk and Western Railway to meet the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. Big Lick was renamed Roanoke for the river that bisected it, as the surrounding Roanoke County had been in 1838.

The Roanoke River was prone to serious flooding prior to the completion of the John H. Kerr Dam in 1953. Construction of the dam was precipitated by the 1940 South Carolina hurricane, which caused record flooding in the Roanoke River basin and led to calls for better flood control mechanisms.

In 1997, the non-profit Roanoke River Partners formed to create a paddle trail along the river in North Carolina. The group established a system of river accesses and camping platforms between Roanoke Rapids and the Albemarle Sound, known as the Roanoke River Paddle Trail.

On November 18, 2021, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a law adding the Roanoke River Paddle Trail as its twelfth State Trail.

title: Roanoke River


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Kannagi

Kannagi (கண்ணகி), sometimes spelled Kannaki, is a legendary Tamil woman who forms the central character of the Tamil epic Cilappatikaram. Kannagi is described as a chaste woman who stays with her husband despite his adultery, their attempt to rebuild their marriage after her unrepentant husband had lost everything, how he is framed then punished without the due checks and processes of justice. Kannagi proves and protests the injustice, then curses the king and city of Madurai leading to the death of the unjust Pandyan King of Madurai, who had wrongfully put her husband Kovalan to death. The society that had made her suffer, suffers in retribution as the city Madurai is burnt to the ground because of her curse. In Tamil folklore, Kannagi has been deified as the symbol – sometimes as goddess – of chastity, with sculptures or reliefs in Hindu temples iconographically reminding the visitor of her breaking her anklet or tearing her bleeding breast and throwing it at the city.

Text
The Kannagi story first appears in the Sangam era poem Narrinai 312. A more extended version appears in the post-Sangam era Tamil epic in Silappatikaram ("Epic of the Anklet).

Legend
Kannagi was the daughter of the merchant and ship captain Manayakan from Puhar. She marries the son of Macattuvan, Kovalan, whose family were sea traders and had the sea goddess Manimekalai as patron deity. Later, Kovalan met a dancer Madhavi and had an affair with her, which prompted him to spend all his wealth on the dancer. At last, penniless, Kovalan realised his mistake and returned to his wife Kannagi. Kovalan hoped to recoup his fortunes by trade in Madurai, by selling the precious anklet of Kannagi.

Madurai was ruled by Pandya king Nedunj Cheliyan I. When Kovalan tried to sell the anklet, it was mistaken for a stolen anklet of the queen. Kovalan was accused of having stolen the anklet and was immediately beheaded by the king without trial. When Kannagi was informed of this, she became furious, and set out to prove her husband's innocence to the king.

Kannagi came to the king's court, broke open the anklet seized from Kovalan and showed that it contained rubies, as opposed to the queen's anklets which contained pearls. Realizing the error, the king committed suicide in shame, after having caused such a huge miscarriage of justice. Kannagi uttered a curse that the entire city of Madurai be burnt. The capital city of Pandyas was set ablaze resulting in huge losses. However, at the request of Goddess Meenakshi, she calmed down and later, attained salvation. The story forms the crux of Silappatikaram written by poet Ilango Adigal.

Worship
Kannagi or Kannaki Amman is eulogized as the epitome of chastity and is worshiped as a goddess in select regions. She is worshiped as goddess Pattini in Sri Lanka by the Sinhalese Buddhists, Kannaki Amman by the Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus and as Kodungallur Bhagavathy & Aatukal Bhagavathy in the South Indian state of Kerala. Keralites believe Kannaki to be an incarnation of Goddess Bhadrakali who reached Kodungallur and attained salvation in the Kodungalloor temple.

Tamil Nadu
Cilappatikāram, and its sequel, Manimekalai, offer evidence that Kannaki was praised as a goddess even during the lifetime of Manimekalai, the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi. Cilappatikāram tells about the Kannaki worship of another Pandyan King "Vetrivel Cheliyan", for relieving the land from the drought and curse of her on Pandya Nadu.

Kannaki Amman's worship involves her identification with the Dravidian folk religion's rain goddess, Mariamman. Cilappatikāram states that Mariamman is none other than Kannaki by stating that Kannaki burnt Madurai on the Friday of the Ādi month. which is identified as the month of Mariamman's veneration in Tamil Nadu.

However, several temples like those Vattapparai Amman at Thiruvottiyur still commemorate the goddess as Kannaki Amman. Siruvachur Mathura Kaliyamman temple and the Mangala Devi Kovil in Idukki District are the other few temples where their connection with Kannaki still remembered.

Kerala
The Kannaki cult, perhaps initiated by the rulers of Chera lineage in Kerala, is still preserved in the form of Bhagavati cult. The famous Bhagavati Temple at Kodungallur, which was the former capital of Cheras, remembers its ancient interaction with the Kannaki cult in its Sthala Puranam. Though the deity of the temple is still observed as Bhadra Kali, she is often praised by the devotees as Kannaki and Muthumari in Kodungallur.

Attukal Bhagavati Temple, Moothanthara Karnaki Amman Temple and so many Bhagavathy temples are believed to be located on the journey of Kannaki to Chera Nadu after the burning of Madurai.

Sri Lanka
According to folklore, after the burning of Madurai, Kannagi traveled to Kerala and eventually arrived at the island of Pungudutheevu, near the ancient Manipallavam, now known as Nainativu. She visited approximately 25 sites in Sri Lanka, mostly along the east coast, and finally reached Vattapalai. Disguised as an old woman, she asked some boys herding buffaloes for food. They offered her Pongal made from buffalo milk instead of cow milk. She then requested a lamp lit with sea water. The boys, fearing she was a witch, sought help from the village. When the villagers arrived, Kannagi asked one of the boys to comb her hair, revealing a miraculous sight of 1,000 eyes in her head. She then ascended to heaven, declaring herself as Kannagi of Poompuhar and instructed the villagers to perform the same ritual each year on the day of Vaikasi. This tradition continues today, with both Sinhalese and Tamils participating in the festival by offering Pongal and lighting sea water lamps. King Gajabahu I recognized Kannagi as Pattini, making her a guardian deity of Sri Lanka for both communities.

Tamil Hindus
Sri Lankan beliefs on Kannaki are intermediate to Cilappatikāram and common Sri Lankan Beliefs. Eastern Sri Lankan and Vanni Tamils praises her as "Kannakai Amman". There are so many evidences in Yalpana Vaipava Malai, chronicle of Jaffna Kingdom confirms that Kannaki cult was also popular in the period of Arya Chakravarthis (1215–1624) in Northern Sri Lanka. The author of Sri Lankan epic on Kannaki equivalent to Cilappatikāram, Kannaki Vaḻakkurai recited in Eastern Kannaki Amman temples, is believed to be written by one of the Aryachakravartis Jeyaveeran (1380 – 1410CE).

The Kannagi cult was especially popular among the coastal folk who consider her as their guardian deity since she was the daughter of a rich sea-trader of Kaveripattinam. Since most of the coastal folk were converted to Catholicism during the Portuguese rule, most of the Kannaki shrines became churches of Our Lady. The remaining temples of Kannaki were transformed into Agamic Raja Rajeshwari and Bhuvaneshvari Temples as Kannaki was considered as a ln incarnation of Shakti by the activists of Saiva movement of 19th Century in Jaffna in the leadership of Navalar.

Kannaki is mainly praised once in a year during the Vaikasi month (May–June) of Tamil Calendar in Batticaloa and Ampara Districts. The Festival is called as "Cadangu", "Kathavu Thiraththal" and so on. Kalyanak Kāl Naduthal (Planting Wedding Pillar), Vaḻakkurai Pāduthal (Reciting the verses of "Kannaki Vaḻkkurai"), Kulirthi Paaduthal ("Singing Cooling verses") are the common rituals observed in these days. The festival days are differing temple to temple from three days to seven days. In the end of Festival the sanctum of Kannaki temple is closed and it will be only opened before starting next year "Cadangu".

Sinhalese Buddhists
Although the hierophant of Kannaki is fully transformed into the Bhagavati Cult and Mariamman Cult in Kerala and Tamil Nadu respectively, Sri Lanka still preserves the Kannaki Cult in its own form. The Sinhalese praise her as "Pattini Deviyo" (The chaste goddess). Their stories on that goddess also differ from Cilappatikāram and see her as an avatar of Bodhisattva. She was born as a mango in the garden of Pandi King and neglected by him and kept in a boat to sea and grows up at Choli country and at last, she fulfilled her purpose - killing the evil Pandi King and hired as one of the guardian gods of Lanka by Buddha.

The grant Festival of Sri Lanka - "Kandy Perahera" was initially started for hailing only the Hindu gods Kannaki, Vishnu, Kataragama along with Natha. The holy tooth relic of Buddha was annexed in the procession during the period of Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy Kingdom. (1747 - 1782) according to the request of Upali Thera, a Burmese Buddhist monk.

"Polkeliya"(Coconut fight), "Gammaduwa"(village rituals) and "Ankeliya" (horn play) are the main three aspects of the Sinhalese Buddhist Pattini cult. There are well known Devales are at Kandy, Nawagamuwa and Panama for Pattini Deviyo.

In popular culture
A Tamil epic film Kannagi directed by R.S Mani released in 1942. This was the first Tamil film based on the epic Silapadhigaaram. A similar movie named Poompuhar released in 1964. A statue of Kannagi holding her anklet, depicting a scene from Cilappatikaram was installed on Marina Beach, Chennai. It was removed in December 2001 citing reasons that it hindered traffic. The statue was reinstalled in June 2006.

A Sinhala film called Paththini was released on 5 May 2016 in Sri Lanka. The role of the goddess Paththni or Kannagi was played by Pooja Umashankar.

title: Kannagi


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Mike Ferguson (politician)

Michael A. Ferguson (born July 22, 1970) is an American Republican Party politician who served as member of the United States House of Representatives representing New Jersey's 7th congressional district from 2001 to 2009. Ferguson is now executive vice president at AT&T and leader of the company's federal legislative relations team.

Life and early career
Ferguson was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey. Ferguson is the son of Thomas Ferguson, former chairman and CEO of CommonHealth USA, a healthcare marketing and communications group. He attended the Delbarton School, the University of Notre Dame, and has an MPA from the Georgetown University. He attended the University of Notre Dame with punk musician Ted Leo, where it is claimed that he adhered to more left-leaning politics, voiced in the song "The Anointed One" off the album Hearts of Oak.

Before running for Congress he worked as a teacher at a private school, and worked as a part-time as an instructor at a community college.

Congressional career
Ferguson was the Republican nominee for 6th Congressional District in 1998, but lost to Democratic incumbent Frank Pallone. In 1999, Ferguson moved to the more Republican 7th district, where incumbent Bob Franks was retiring to run for the United States Senate. Ferguson defeated Thomas Kean Jr. and future West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey in the primary. He faced a difficult general election campaign against the Democratic candidate, former Fanwood mayor Maryanne Connelly but narrowly won, receiving 50% of the vote. At 30 years old, Ferguson was the youngest member of the New Jersey Congressional delegation.

Ferguson initially was a Member of the House Financial Services Committee, the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, and the Small Business Committee. Early in his career he played an active role in committee hearings on corporate accounting scandals at Enron and Worldcom,  and cosponsored the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. He also served on the House–Senate conference committee which produced the first terrorism risk insurance law in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In his second term, Ferguson joined the House Energy and Commerce Committee, where he served as Vice Chairman of the Health Subcommittee, and also served on the Telecommunications and Internet Subcommittee and the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee. During his time on the Energy and Commerce Committee, Ferguson became a key Republican Member on health care issues broadly and a champion for the life sciences industry which employed large numbers of his constituents. This included working with his colleagues to ensure passage of the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit.

In 2002 and 2004, Ferguson defeated challenges from Democrats Tim Carden and Steve Brozak by comparatively large margins.

In 2005, citing his family's own experience in providing care to his mother as she fought cancer, Ferguson sponsored the Lifespan Respite Care Act, which authorized $289 million in grants to states to train volunteers and provide respite care services to sick and elderly family members or children with special needs. President George W. Bush signed Ferguson's legislation into law December 21, 2006.

In 2006, Ferguson won reelection in a tight race with Democratic state legislator Linda Stender. Stender attempted to portray him as too conservative for the district and tie him with President Bush, who was extremely unpopular at the time in New Jersey. The 7th district had a slight Republican lean, and Stender won the more liberal suburban counties of Middlesex and Union. Ferguson managed to win reelection by winning large margins in the more conservative areas in Somerset and Hunterdon counties, and holding Stender to only a small lead in Union. Overall, he defeated Stender by just over 3,000 votes and a margin of less than 2 percentage points.

Ferguson announced on November 19, 2007, that he would not run for re-election in 2008, stating that he wanted to spend more time with his family. He was succeeded by fellow Republican Leonard Lance, a state senator. Ferguson and his wife Maureen have five children.

Ferguson was the recipient of the 2005 Outstanding Legislator of the Year award from the New Jersey Veterans of Foreign Wars, the 2006 Legislator of the Year Award from the National Visiting Nurses Association, and the 2007 Congressional Award from the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.

Overall, Ferguson's voting record was moderate by national Republican standards, as is typical of Republicans from New Jersey. He was known as a social conservative and staunch advocate for anti-abortion causes, obtaining a 100% rating by the National Right to Life Committee.

Post-congressional career
Upon his retirement from Congress effective January 3, 2009, Ferguson became chairman and CEO of Ferguson Strategies LLC, a government affairs and strategic business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. The firm provided services to Fortune 100 companies as well as start-ups, with an emphasis on health care and life sciences as well as financial services and energy.

Ferguson co-chaired New Jersey Governor Chris Christie's victorious 2009 campaign, and after the election served as Chairman of the Treasury Subcommittee for Christie's transition team. Christie later nominated Ferguson to be a board member of the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority; Ferguson's nomination was approved March 10, 2011, by the Democratic-controlled New Jersey Senate Judiciary Committee and March 21, 2011, by the full Senate.

Ferguson is also a senior fellow at the non-profit Center for Medicine in the Public Interest.

In 2016, Ferguson joined the law firm BakerHostetler as a senior advisor and leader of the firm's Federal Policy team.

In 2022, Ferguson joined AT&T as executive vice president of federal legislative relations, where he is responsible for managing the team that represents AT&T before Congress, the White House, and executive branch departments.

Electoral history
* Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2000, Shawn Gianella received 386 votes and Mary T. Johnson received 283 votes.

title: Mike Ferguson (politician)


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Category:College football in the United States

This is a main category for topics related to college football, that is American football played at colleges and universities in the United States. For college athletics programs in the United States, including college football and other sports, see Category:College sports teams in the United States.


text: Category:British cuisine

title: Category:British cuisine


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World Lacrosse Championship

The World Lacrosse Men's Championship, formerly World Lacrosse Championship, is the international men's field lacrosse championship organized by World Lacrosse that occurs every four years.

The WLC began before any international lacrosse organization had been formed. It started as a four-team invitational tournament which coincided with Canada's centennial lacrosse celebration in 1967. Canada, the United States, Australia, and England participated. Seven years later, Australia celebrated its lacrosse centenary and another four-team invitational tournament was held between the same countries. After that tournament in 1974, the first international governing body for men's lacrosse was formed, the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF). The ILF merged with the women's governing body in 2008 to form the Federation of International Lacrosse, which changed its name to World Lacrosse in 2019.

The US has won the championship ten times and Canada the other three. With 46 nations competing, the 2018 WLC in Israel was the largest tournament and was the first championship held outside of Australia, Canada, England or the United States.

The oldest world Lacrosse championship match was recorded on April 22, 1870, in Montreal. The Montreal Lacrosse club accepted a challenge vs the Caughnawaga Lacrosse team.

2006 Championship
Canada defeated the United States 15–10 in the gold medal game of the 2006 World Championship in London, Ontario. Geoff Snider of Team Canada was named tournament MVP.

2010 Championship
The 2010 WLC was held in Manchester, England from July 15 to 24. For the first time, a World Lacrosse Festival was sanctioned to run alongside the world championships.

With more nations entering, the Round Robin stage of the tournament featured 30 nations and was split into 7 divisions, considerably larger than ever before. The Iroquois Nationals were unable to participate because the host nation did not recognize the validity of passports issued by the Iroquois confederacy.

The United States defeated Canada 12–10 in the gold medal game to capture their ninth victory at the World Lacrosse Championship.

2014 Championship
The 2014 WLC was held on July 10–19, 2014 in Commerce City, Colorado, at Dick's Sporting Goods Park, home of the Colorado Rapids soccer team. 38 nations participated in over 142 games. The countries with the top six rankings - Australia, Canada, England, Iroquois, Japan, and the United States - competed in the Blue Division.

Belgium, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Israel, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, and Uganda all competed in the event for the first time.

Canada defeated the United States 8–5 in the gold medal game to capture their third World Lacrosse Championship

2018 Championship
The 2018 WLC was held on July 11–21, 2018 in Netanya, Israel, at Netanya Stadium and Wingate Institute. 46 nations participated in tournament games. The countries with the top six rankings - Australia, Canada, England, Iroquois, Scotland, and the United States - competed in the Blue Division.

United States defeated Canada in the gold medal game, dramatically scoring the controversial game-winning goal at the last second.

2023 Championship
Originally, the championship was scheduled to be held in 2022 in Coquitlam, British Columbia, however due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the games were delayed to 2023 and moved to Los Angeles, California,  but ultimately were relocated to San Diego, California.

The 2023 WLC was held from June 21–July 1, 2023. Pool games and placement games were held at San Diego State's Sports Deck and the University of San Diego's Torerro Stadium, while playoff games were held at San Diego State's Snapdragon Stadium. 30 nations participated in tournament games, marking both the first time qualifiers were used to determine tournament entry and the first time the number of competing teams decreased from the previous tournament.

The countries with the top five rankings - Australia, Canada, England, Haudenosaunee, and the United States - competed in Pool A.

After the tournament, the Philippines' standing was demoted to 30th (last place) due to the team's failure to comply with eligibility requirements, the team initially finished in 15th place.

Championship hosts
Hosting responsibilities for the 12 championships from 1967 to 2014 were evenly divided between four countries, with the United States, Canada, Australia, and England each hosting three times.

The 2018 championship in Israel was the first time the tournament expanded beyond the traditional four hosts. For the 2018 edition, World Lacrosse had originally selected England in 2013, but English Lacrosse withdrew in 2017, citing “unacceptable financial risk”, and Israel was selected instead.

title: World Lacrosse Championship


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Category:Food and drink

Food is the main source of energy and of nutrition for animals, and is usually of animal or plant origin.

title: Category:Food and drink


text: Category:Culture

title: Category:Culture


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Category:Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans.

Note: Physical anthropology is located at .

title: Category:Anthropology


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Category:Opera librettists

Classification: Performing arts: Opera: Opera librettists Category of Opera Librettists

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Category:Opera librettists


text: User talk:64.12.113.38

title: User talk:64.12.113.38


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Ridgeway, New Jersey

Ridgeway is an unincorporated community located within Manchester Township, in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Ridgeway is located approximately 2 mi northeast of Lakehurst, on the north bank of the Ridgeway Branch.

A station of the New Jersey Southern Railroad was located in Ridgeway as early as 1876.

title: Ridgeway, New Jersey


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Category:Cereals

Cereals are the edible seeds of any grasses, and other seeds of similar use or characteristics.

title: Category:Cereals


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Category:Crops

This category includes crop species as well as agricultural techniques related to crop farming.

title: Category:Crops


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Category:Agriculture

Agriculture, also known as farming, is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals. For the science, technology, and techniques of agricultural production, see subcategory Category:Agronomy.

title: Category:Agriculture


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Category:One Piece

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:One Piece


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Category:Industries (economics)

For other meanings of "industries", see Category:Industries.

title: Category:Industries (economics)


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Category:Grasses

 * This category is for the plants in the grasses category with native habitat information in the family Poaceae

title: Category:Grasses


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Second Battle of Springfield

The Second Battle of Springfield took place during the American Civil War on January 8, 1863, in Springfield, Missouri. It is sometimes known as The Battle of Springfield. (The First Battle of Springfield was fought on October 25, 1861, and there was also the better-known Battle of Wilson's Creek, fought nearby on August 10, 1861.) Fighting was urban and house-to-house, which was rare in the war.

Prelude
On December 31, 1862, three columns of cavalry under the command of Confederate Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke left Pocahontas, Arkansas and Lewisburg, Arkansas, and moved north on separate roads toward Missouri and the Union supply line. Marmaduke’s immediate objective was the destruction of the Union Army of the Frontier’s wagon trains and supply line between Rolla and Springfield. If successful, Marmaduke would cause elements of the Army of the Frontier to withdraw from Arkansas and pursue Marmaduke's Division.

Marmaduke's main column proceeded north through Forsyth, Missouri, where Marmaduke learned from scouts that the Union army's major supply depot at Springfield was weakly defended. To clear the way for his Confederates, Marmaduke marched on Ozark, Missouri. The Union garrison stationed at Ozark withdrew and the Confederates burned its abandoned fort. A second column, commanded by Colonel Emmett MacDonald, destroyed the Union fort ("Fort Lawrence") at Lawrence Mill on Beaver Creek, about ten miles (16 km) southwest of Ava. A dispatch to the third column under Colonel Joseph C. Porter directed Porter to join Marmaduke at Springfield rather than at Hartville. If everything went as planned, all three commands would converge on Springfield in an attempt to capture the city's lightly defended warehouses of military supplies.

Preparation
Late in the afternoon of January 7, 1863, Federals from the Ozark garrison reached Springfield and informed the local commander, Brigadier General Egbert Brown, that a Confederate cavalry force, with an estimated strength somewhere between 4,000 and 6,000 men, was headed for Springfield. Having only 1343 veteran soldiers, Brown mulled over two options. He could destroy all of the Union Army of the Frontier's winter supplies at Springfield and retreat, or he could defend the town. General Grant on December 23, 1862 had published a major censure of the Union commander and forces stationed at Holly Springs, Mississippi, which had participated in the disgraceful surrender of Grant's Holly Springs supply depot. No doubt, Brown recalling this censure, had a strong reason to favor the defense of Springfield.

Brown's subordinates favored the defense of the city also. The Fourth Military District's commanding general, Colley B. Holland, immediately sent dispatches to the surrounding communities, calling the Enrolled Missouri Militia to active duty with orders to hurry to Springfield. Brown also ordered the removal of 50,000 rations from Springfield into Fort Number 1 and prepared for the burning of the armory in the event of defeat. Meanwhile, at Dr. Samuel Melcher's suggestion, Captain Byron Carr mounted three cannon onto wagon wheels.

During the following morning, the Federals issued arms and ammunition to soldiers and civilians alike. Although Springfield was lightly garrisoned, it had one distinct advantage. It was surrounded by a network of four nearly completed earthen forts and a stockaded college building. Each of the five points commanded the high ground.

Battle
As the morning of January 8, 1863 dawned, two of the Confederate columns under Marmaduke approached Springfield from the south. Since Porter's and MacDonald's columns had yet to arrive, Marmaduke occupied the early morning with foraging and capturing some of the Enrolled Missouri Militia about five miles (8 km) from Springfield. With MacDonald finally present by 10:00 a.m., the Confederates dismounted two regiments about three miles (5 km) from Springfield and advanced to feel out the Union lines and develop their strength. After the Confederates had pushed two Union Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiments two miles (3 km) north, the smoking ruins of burning homes on the outskirts of Springfield came into view. To provide an unobstructed view for his artillery inside Fort No. 4 (located on the east side of South Avenue between Elm and Cherry Streets), Brown at the last minute ordered ten homes burned along South Avenue.

Colonel Joseph Orville Shelby took command of the tactical operations, launching piecemeal assaults upon the Union center and west flank. The Confederates advanced over open ground against Fort Number 4, seeking such shelter as they could get from tree stumps, piles of rock, and the charred remains of the homes burned by the Union forces. Despite repeated efforts, the assault on the fort failed.

Shelby then resolved to take Springfield by an oblique attack from the west. The Confederates were drawn by the cover offered by a ravine that led uphill toward town from what is now the intersection of Grand Avenue and Grant Street. At the head of this draw stood a two-story brick academy surrounded by a stockade. Used by the Federals as a prison, it stood near the northwest corner of what is now the intersection of Campbell Avenue and State Street. The Union forces failed to garrison the college stockade, so the Confederates were able to seize the building easily and use it as their own fortress to return the fire from Fort No. 4. However, heavy fighting soon erupted around the stockade as the Union forces attempted to retake the college and stockade. The Confederates found a local advantage in numbers and pressed their own attack. This phase of the assault saw the most severe casualties, hand-to-hand fighting, and the capture of a cannon by the Confederates. Union troops on the west flank also were pushed back to College Street from their original position along the Old Wire Road and State Street. But Union reinforcements halted the Confederate drive and even pushed back the Confederates to the vicinity of State Street.

With the sun sinking, Marmaduke launched a final assault against Fort No. 4. The Union forces again repelled the attack. As night fell, the Confederates withdrew down the Ozark Road to the Phelps farm (now Phelps Grove Park). The Battle of Springfield had ended, and the Union supply depot was safe.

Aftermath
Of the approximately 2,099 Union troops engaged, 19 were killed or missing and 146 were wounded for a total loss of 165 men (7.9 Percent). Two months later the total killed would reach 30, the missing in action would stand at 6, and 195 had been wounded. Of the approximately 1,870 Confederate troops present, at least 45 were killed or missing and 105 were wounded for a total loss of at least 150 men (8.0 percent). Marmaduke admitted that the Confederate returns were incomplete. Author Frederick Goman uses several period reports to arrive at an estimate of 70–80 killed, 12 captured, and 200 wounded.

The absence of Porter's column greatly impacted Marmaduke's chance for success at Springfield. Within four days, the Confederate raiders retreated to Arkansas. Springfield continued to remain an important supply and medical center for the Union army in the West.

A series of twelve interpretive markers have recently been placed throughout downtown Springfield at the important sites of the battle. They are intended to be visited in sequence on a walking tour. The first marker is located at Park Central Square, where it was removed from its original location at Street and Water Street.

Among the Confederate dead was Spencer McCoy, son of Kansas City, Missouri founder John C. McCoy. The elder McCoy was allowed to come to Springfield to claim his son who is buried with him in Union Cemetery in Kansas City.

title: Second Battle of Springfield


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Category:Military writers

This category is the root category for all military writers and historians; please see the category guidelines for more information.

title: Category:Military writers


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Luxembourg Football Federation

The Luxembourg Football Federation (Lëtzebuerger Foussballfederatioun; Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Football, FLF; Luxemburger Fußballföderation) is the governing body of football in Luxembourg. It organises the Luxembourg Football League and the Luxembourg national football team. It is based in Mondercange, to the south of Luxembourg City.

List of presidents

 * Max Metz (1908–1913)
 * Jules Fournelle (1913–1915)
 * René Leclère (1915–1917)
 * J. Geschwind (1917–1918)
 * Guillaume Lemmer (1918–1920)
 * Gustave Jacquemart (1921–1950)
 * Émile Hamilius (1950–1961)
 * Albert Kongs (1961–1968)
 * René Van Den Bulcke (1969–1981)
 * Remy Wagner (1981–1986)
 * Norbert Konter (1986–1998)
 * Henri Roemer (1998–2004)
 * Paul Philipp (2004 – present day)

title: Luxembourg Football Federation