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Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is an American multinational tire manufacturer headquartered in Akron, Ohio. Goodyear manufactures tires for passenger vehicles, aviation, commercial trucks, military and police vehicles, motorcycles, RVs, race cars, and heavy off-road machinery. It also licenses the Goodyear brand to bicycle tires manufacturers, returning from a break in production between 1976 and 2015. As of 2017, Goodyear is one of the top four tire manufacturers along with Bridgestone (Japan), Michelin (France), and Continental (Germany).

Founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling, the company was named after American Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), inventor of vulcanized rubber. The first Goodyear tires became popular because they were easily detachable and required little maintenance. Though Goodyear had been manufacturing airships and balloons since the early 1900s, the first Goodyear advertising blimp flew in 1925. Today, it is one of the most recognizable advertising icons in America.

The company is the sole tire supplier for NASCAR series and the most successful tire supplier in Formula One history, with more starts, wins, and constructors' championships than any other tire supplier. They pulled out of the sport after the 1998 season. Goodyear was the first global tire manufacturer to enter China when it invested in a tire manufacturing plant in Dalian in 1994. Goodyear was a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average between 1930 and 1999. The company opened a new global headquarters building in Akron in 2013.

Early history 1898–1926
The first Goodyear factory opened in Akron, Ohio, in 1898. The company originally manufactured bicycle and carriage tires, rubber horseshoe pads, and poker chips, and grew with the advent of the automobile.

In 1901, Goodyear founder Frank Seiberling provided Henry Ford with racing tires. In 1903, Goodyear president, chairman and CEO Paul Weeks Litchfield was granted a patent for the first tubeless automobile tire. In 1910, the company purchased an existing rubber factory in Bowmanville, Ontario, in Canada, which expanded their manufacturing outside of the United States for the first time.

In 1916, Litchfield found land in the Phoenix area suitable for growing long-staple cotton, which was needed to reinforce its rubber in tires. The 36,000 acres purchased were controlled by the Southwest Cotton Company, formed with Litchfield as president. (This included land that would develop into the towns of Goodyear and Litchfield Park.)

In 1924, Litchfield forged a joint venture with the German Luftschiffbau Zeppelin Company to form the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation. From the late 1920s to 1940, the company worked with Goodyear to build two Zeppelins in the United States. The partnership continued even when Zeppelin was under Nazi control and only ended after World War II began.

Expansion 1926–1970
On August 5, 1927, Goodyear had its initial public offering and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

By 1930, Goodyear had pioneered what would later become known as "tundra tires" for smaller aircraft—their so-called low inflation pressure "airwheel" aviation wheel-rim/tire sets were initially available in sizes up to 46 inches (117 cm) in diameter.

Over the next few decades, Goodyear grew to become a multinational corporation. It acquired their rival Kelly-Springfield Tire in 1935. During World War II Goodyear manufactured F4U Corsair fighter planes for the U.S. Military. Goodyear ranked 30th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. WWII forced the dissolution of the Goodyear-Zeppelin partnership in December 1940. By 1956 they owned and operated a nuclear processing plant in Ohio.

In 1944, Goodyear created a subsidiary in Mexico in a joint venture with Compañía Hulera, S.A. de C.V., Compañía Hulera Goodyear-Oxo, S.A. de C.V. or Goodyear-Oxo.

Radial tire transition
Goodyear is the only one of the five biggest tire firms among US tire manufacturers in 1970 to remain independent into the 21st century. Goodyear's success was partly due to the challenge posed by radial tire technology, and the varied responses. At the time, the entire US tire industry produced the older bias-ply technology. Estimates to fit factories with new machinery and tools for making the new product were between $600 million and $900 million. This was a substantial amount in a low margin business with sales revenue in the low billions. The US market was slowly shifting towards the radial tire, as had already been the case in Europe and Asia. In 1968, Consumer Reports, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of radial construction, which had been developed in 1946 by Michelin.

When Charles J. Pilliod Jr. became CEO in 1974, he faced a major investment decision regarding the radial tire, which today has a market share of nearly 100%. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories and tooling to build the radial tire. Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear "wouldn't be around today."

Sales for 1969 topped $3 billion. Five years later sales topped $5 billion and Goodyear operated in 34 countries. In 1978, the original Akron plant was converted into a Technical Center for research and design. By 1985, worldwide sales exceeded $10 billion.

Goodyear Aerospace, a holding that developed from the Goodyear Aircraft Company after World War II, designed a supercomputer for NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center in 1979, the MPP. The subsidiary was sold in 1987 to the Loral Corporation as a result of restructuring.

In 1987, Goodyear formed a business partnership with Canadian tire retailer Fountain Tire.

Diversification and Goldsmith affair 1986
In the 1980s, incoming Goodyear CEO Robert E. Mercer argued that the tire and automobile-related businesses that formed the core of Goodyear to that date were slow growing and a handicap. He set a strategy "to get away from the cyclical nature of the automobile business through mergers or purchase of businesses unrelated to tires or vehicles."

In 1983, Goodyear acquired the natural gas company Celeron Corporation in exchange for stock valued at more than $740 million. It went on to invest heavily in gas exploration including the 1,200 mile crude oil "All American" pipeline from California to Texas. The project was initially estimated to cost $600 million but ultimately cost almost $1 billion.

In October 1986 British financier James Goldsmith in conjunction with the investment group Hanson purchased 11.5% of Goodyear's outstanding common stock. This was viewed as a greenmail attack by some, and as shareholder activism by Goldsmith, who viewed the company's move into areas far removed from tire development production and sale as commercially ill-advised and wanted the company to divest, especially, its oil interests which he viewed as depressing the value of the company.

On November 20, 1986, Goodyear acquired all of the stock held by Goldsmith's group (12,549,400 shares) at an above-market price of $49.50 per share. Goodyear also made a tender offer for up to 40 million shares of its stock from other shareholders at $50 per share. The tender offer resulted in Goodyear buying 40,435,764 shares of stock in February 1987.

As a result of the stock buyback, Goodyear took a charge of $224.6 million associated with a massive restructuring plan. It sold its Goodyear Aerospace business to Loral Corporation for $588 million and its motor wheel business to Lemmerz Inc. for $175 million. Two subsidiaries involved in agricultural products, real estate development, and a resort hotel in Arizona were sold for $220.1 million. The company also sold the Celeron gas and oil corporation. In 1998, the All American Pipeline, Celeron Gathering, and Celeron Trading and Transportation were sold, largely completing what Goldsmith's hostile takeover had suggested good management should do. In the years following 1987, the company invested in its tire business. President Tom Barrett succeeded Chairman Robert Mercer in 1989, and began a process of modernizing and expanding Goodyear plants in cities like Lawton, Oklahoma, Napanee, Canada, Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Scottsboro, Alabama. In the 2000s, the move of business into low-wage countries, facilitated by GATT (which Goldsmith had warned government against, calling it "a policy to impoverish" ), resulted in plants across North America being shuttered, for instance Cumberland, Maryland; New Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Windsor, Vermont were closed.

1990 to present
The last major restructuring of the company took place in 1991. Goodyear hired Stanley Gault, former CEO of Rubbermaid, to expand the company into new markets. The moves resulted in 12,000 employees being laid off.

In 2005, Titan Tire purchased the farm tire business of Goodyear, and manufactures Goodyear agricultural tires under license. This acquisition included the plant in Freeport, Illinois.

In the summer of 2009, the company announced it would close its tire plant in the Philippines as part of a strategy to address uncompetitive manufacturing capacity globally by the end of the third quarter of that year.

Goodyear announced plans to sell the assets of its Latin American off-road tire business to Titan Tire for $98.6 million, including the plant in Sao Paulo, Brazil and a licensing agreement that allows Titan to continue manufacturing under the Goodyear brand. This deal is similar to Titan's 2005 purchase of Goodyear's US farm tire assets.

In 2011, more than 70 years after the dissolution of the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation, it is announced that Goodyear will partner with Zeppelin again (the legacy company Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik) to build more zeppelins together.

In 2018, Goodyear and Bridgestone announced the creation of TireHub, a joint wholesale distribution network across the United States. At the same time, Goodyear also announced that it was ending its distribution relationship with American Tire Distributors, which is the largest tire wholesaler in the US.

In 2018, Goodyear was ordered to pay $40.1 million to J. Walter Twidwell, who claimed he developed mesothelioma because of exposure to asbestos. After the trial, Goodyear asked the New York Supreme Court for a new trial. Goodyear attorney James Lynch said Goodyear did not receive proper consideration from the jury. Lynch said that the other side's attorneys engaged in character assassinations against expert witnesses. During closing remarks, the attorneys for Twidwell put up a slide with the heads of Goodyear's expert witnesses pasted onto "insulting caricatures."

In December 2018, Goodyear ceased operations in Venezuela due a lack of materials and rising costs resulting from hyperinflation.

In February 2021, Goodyear announced that it will acquire the Cooper Tire & Rubber Company for $2.5 billion. The transaction is expected to close in the second half of 2021.

Timeline
Source:

 * 1898: Goodyear founded
 * 1899: Automobile tires added to the original product line of bicycle tires, carriage tires and horseshoe pads
 * 1901: Seiberling makes racing tires for Henry Ford
 * 1903: Paul Litchfield granted patent on first tubeless automobile tire (Litchfield would go on to become president of Goodyear-Zeppelin, then board chairman)
 * 1908: Ford's Model T is outfitted with Goodyear tires
 * 1909: First pneumatic aircraft tire
 * 1911: First airship envelope
 * 1912: Goodyear blimp first debuts
 * 1917: Made airships and balloons for the U.S. military during World War I
 * 1919: Tires on the winning car at the Indianapolis 500
 * 1924: Zeppelin patents acquired, joint venture Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation formed with the German company
 * 1925: Pilgrim is launched, the first commercial non-rigid airship to use helium
 * 1926: World's largest rubber company, based on sales of $230,161,356
 * 1927: Initial public offering
 * 1929: Construction of world's largest airship dock started in Akron
 * 1929: Introduction of first-known example of low-pressure tundra tires for aviation, invented by Alvin J. Musselman as Goodyear "Airwheels"
 * 1935: Acquired Kelly-Springfield Tire
 * 1937: First American-made synthetic rubber tire
 * 1940: In December, Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation dissolved with WWII straining partnership
 * 1942: Awarded contract to build FG-series Corsair naval fighter planes
 * 1944: Tire testing begins near San Angelo, Texas
 * 1947: First nylon tires developed
 * 1949: First television advertising with sponsorship of "The Goodyear Review," hosted by Paul Whiteman
 * 1954: First nationwide strike in company's history lasted 52 days
 * 1956: Goodyear-operated U235 atomic processing plant opens in Ohio
 * 1957: Goodyear Proving Grounds for tire testing, near San Angelo, Texas, is rebuilt
 * 1958: Production of foam-padded instrument panels begun for 1959 model cars
 * 1962: Goodyear racing tires used on more winning stock and sports cars than any other brand
 * 1963: Goodyear produces its one billionth tire
 * 1965: Radial-ply tires made available in a full range of sizes to auto manufacturers
 * 1967: Goodyear introduces the Polyglas tire, one of the first wide-tread bias-belted fiberglass tires, which along with similar tires from competitors such as the Firestone Wide-Oval would become regular equipment on 1970 to 1974 models, which would be superseded by radial tires beginning in 1975.
 * 1969: Sales reach $3 billion
 * 1970: First tires on the moon (Apollo 14)
 * 1974: Sales reach $5 billion
 * 1975: All tires used in Indianapolis 500 supplied by Goodyear
 * 1976: Chemical Division shipped first shatterproof polyester resin bottles
 * 1977: Industry's first all-season tire (Tiempo) introduced
 * 1978: Akron plant converted into Technical Center for R&D
 * 1983: Three billionth tire produced
 * 1984: Worldwide sales exceed $10 billion
 * 1986: James Goldsmith takeover attempt and resulting restructuring
 * 1987: Completion of the California–Texas "All American" oil pipeline
 * 1991: Aquatred tire introduced
 * 1992: Began selling tires at Sears stores
 * 1993: Opened first tire store in Beijing, China
 * 1993: Inauguration of Dalian plant, China
 * 1994: "electronic store" opened on CompuServe
 * 1995: Worldwide sales exceed $13 billion
 * 1995: Bought Polish Tire Company Dębica
 * 1998: Sold the All American Pipeline and Celeron businesses
 * 1999: Announced $1 billion global alliance with Japan's Sumitomo Rubber Industries, which had rights to the Dunlop Tyres brand in much of the world, to establish six joint ventures in North America, Europe and Japan
 * 2000: Formed an Internet-based purchasing alliance with five other rubber companies called RubberNetwork.com
 * 2003: Quarterly dividend to shareholders eliminated
 * 2004: Assurance TripleTred and ComforTred tires introduced
 * 2005: North American farm tire operations sold to Titan Tire Corporation
 * 2006: Goodyear blimp made maiden voyage in China
 * 2007: Engineered Products Division sold to Carlyle Group; EPD is renamed Veyance Technologies
 * 2008: Voluntary Employees' Beneficiary Association trust (VEBA) approved by U.S. District Court, funded with $1 billion
 * 2009: Goodyear Assurance Fuel Max tire introduced in North America
 * 2010: Plans announced to sell European and Latin American farm tire businesses
 * 2011: After being dissolved during WWII, Goodyear and Zeppelin's legacy company partner again to build more airships together
 * 2013: New headquarters complex opens in Akron
 * 2015: Goodyear and Sumitomo announced that they would dissolve their worldwide partnership.
 * 2018: The company ranked 187th on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States companies by revenue marking its 24th year on the list
 * 2020: The company unveiled a self-regenerating concept tire with artificial intelligence features that allow the tire treads to change according to the environment and climate. The technology also uses sensors to learn from driver behavior. Information is sent to Goodyear's cloud servers where it is processed to build drivers' profiles, allowing predictions to be made based on drivers' data.

Board of directors

 * James A. Firestone.
 * Werner Geissler.
 * Peter S. Hellman.
 * Richard J. Kramer.
 * W. Alan McCollough.
 * John E. McGlade.
 * Roderick A. Palmore.
 * Stephanie Streeter.
 * Thomas H. Weidemeyer.
 * Michael R. Wessel.
 * Laurette T. Koellner
 * Thomas L. Williams

Former Board members include Shirley D. Peterson, William J. Contay, James C. Boland and Rodney O'Neal. Mark Stewart is the chief executive officer and president of the company (since 2024), succeeding Richard Kramer.

Subsidiaries

 * Cooper Tire & Rubber Co.
 * Dunlop Tyres (North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand)
 * The Kelly Springfield Tire Company (United States)
 * Douglas Tires
 * Fierce
 * Lee
 * Sava (Slovenia)
 * Fulda (Germany)
 * Dębica (Poland)
 * Wingfoot Commercial Tire Systems, LLC
 * Bluestreak (Indonesia)
 * Regetta (Australia) Distributed by KMART
 * LS2000 (Japan) Distributed by Goodyear Autocare
 * Goodyear Auto Service Centers
 * Goodyear Chemical
 * Just Tires
 * Raben Tire

Foreign relations with Indonesia in the 1960s
Following the military coup in Indonesia in 1965, the Indonesian president Suharto encouraged Goodyear to return and offered rubber resources and political prisoners as labor. In an NBC special aired in 1967, reporter Ted Yates aired footage showing former Communist rubber union workers escorted at gunpoint to the rubber plantation.

"Bad as things are in Indonesia, one positive fact is known. Indonesia has a fabulous potential wealth in natural resources and the New Order [the fascist regime headed by pro-U.S. General Suharto] wants it exploited. So they are returning the private properties expropriated by Sukarno's regime. Goodyear's Sumatran rubber empire is an example. It was seized [by the rubber workers] in retaliation for U.S. aggression in Vietnam in 1965. The rubber workers union was Communist-run, so after the coup many of them were killed or imprisoned. Some of the survivors, you see them here, still work the rubber – but this time as prisoners, and at gunpoint."

Pay discrimination lawsuits
United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg stated,

"Lilly Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber's plant in Gadsden, Alabama, from 1979 until her retirement in 1998. For most of those years, she worked as an area manager, a position largely occupied by men. Initially, Ledbetter's salary was in line with the salaries of men performing substantially similar work. Over time, however, her pay slipped in comparison to the pay of male area managers with equal or less seniority. By the end of 1997, Ledbetter was the only woman working as an area manager and the pay discrepancy between Ledbetter and her 15 male counterparts was stark: Ledbetter was paid $3,727 per month; the lowest paid male area manager received $4,286 per month, the highest paid, $5,236."

Lilly Ledbetter sued Goodyear claiming she was paid less than men doing the same work. She won the suit and was awarded $360,000, the jury deciding that Goodyear had clearly engaged in discrimination. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court. In Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 550 U.S. 618 (2007), Justice Alito held for the five-justice majority that employers are protected from lawsuits over race or gender pay discrimination if the claims are based on decisions made by the employer 180 days ago or more. The United States Congress overturned this decision by passing the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 which was the first bill signed into law by President Obama.

This was a case of statutory rather than constitutional interpretation. The plaintiff in this case, Lilly Ledbetter, characterized her situation as one where "disparate pay is received during the statutory limitations period, but is the result of intentionally discriminatory pay decisions that occurred outside the limitations period." In rejecting Ledbetter's appeal, the Supreme Court said that "she could have, and should have, sued" when the pay decisions were made, instead of waiting beyond the 180-day statutory charging period.

Justice Ginsburg dissented from the opinion of the Court, joined by Justices Stevens, Souter, and Breyer. She argued against applying the 180-day limit to pay discrimination, because discrimination often occurs in small increments over large periods of time. Furthermore, the pay information of fellow workers is typically confidential and unavailable for comparison. Ginsburg argued that pay discrimination is inherently different from adverse actions, such as termination. Adverse actions are obvious, but small pay discrepancy is often difficult to recognize until more than 180 days of the pay change. Ginsburg argued that the broad remedial purpose of the statute was incompatible with the Court's "cramped" interpretation. Her dissent asserted that the employer had been, "Knowingly carrying past pay discrimination forward" during the 180-day charging period, and therefore could be held liable.

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Goodyear as the 19th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 4.16 million lbs of toxins released into the air annually. Major pollutants included sulfuric acid, cobalt compounds, and chlorine. The Center for Public Integrity reports that Goodyear has been named as a potentially responsible party in at least 54 of the nation's Superfund toxic waste sites. On February 8, 2008, Goodyear announced the launch of an environmentally friendly tire produced using a cornstarch-based material. The Goodyear Eagle LS2000 partially replaces the traditional carbon black and silica with filler materials derived from corn starch thanks to "BioTRED compounding technology". The new technology increases the tires "flexibility and resistance to energy loss", which extend the tires life-span and lessen the impact on the environment. Similarly, Goodyear announced on April 22, 2008, that it had joined the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay Transport Partnership. The transport partnership is an attempt between the truck transportation industry and the EPA to reduce air pollution and greenhouse emissions as well as increase energy efficiency. The SmartWay partnership's tractors and trailers will use Goodyear's Fuel Max linehaul tires that increase fuel efficiency while reducing emissions. According to Goodyear and EPA officials "the fuel-efficient line-haul tires deliver up to 4% improved truck fuel economy, and when used with other SmartWay-qualified components, each 18- wheel tractor and trailer used in long-haul can produce savings of up to 4,000 gallons per year, or more than $11,000 annually."

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act charges
On February 24, 2015, Goodyear agreed to pay more than $16 million to settle Foreign Corrupt Practices Act "FCPA" charges that two of its African subsidiaries allegedly paid $3.2 million in bribes that generated $14,122,535 in illicit profits. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission "SEC" FCPA charges involved Goodyear subsidiaries in Kenya and Angola for allegedly paying bribes to government and private-sector workers in exchange for sales in each country. According to the SEC because "Goodyear did not prevent or detect these improper payments because it failed to implement adequate FCPA compliance controls at its subsidiaries" and, for the Kenyan subsidiary, "because it failed to conduct adequate due diligence" prior to its acquisition. It was not alleged that Goodyear had any involvement with or knowledge of its subsidiaries' improper conduct.

Internal training and discrimination
On August 18, 2020, WIBW, a local CBS-affiliate television station, reported that an internal PowerPoint slide on political attire from a Topeka, Kansas, training seminar was circulating on social media. The leaked slide depicted a "zero tolerance" policy towards some political movements. President Donald Trump called for a boycott of Goodyear tires the following day, as Trump campaign attire such as MAGA hats were among the banned products. Goodyear responded via Twitter, stating "the visual in question was not created or distributed by Goodyear corporate, nor was it part of a diversity training class". Following release of the audio that went with the slide, Goodyear admitted the slide was used at its Topeka factory.

Tire blowouts
Defective tires are suspected to be the cause of multiple truck accidents and fatal injuries that occurred in France, Spain and other European countries in the 2010s, according to an investigation published in the French daily Le Monde in March 2024. According to the journalists, although Goodyear was aware of the problems, it did not recognize them. While the company quietly withdrew defective tires from the market and offered indemnities to the family of victims, it did not initially recognize the tires were defective and did not implement the European Union rapid alert system for unsafe consumer products, called Rapex.

Automotive

 * Assurance (Passenger All Season)
 * TripleTred All Season
 * Triplemax
 * Duraplus
 * ComforTred Touring
 * FuelMax
 * CS Fuel Max (SUV)
 * CS TripleTred All Season (SUV)
 * Weather Ready
 * ComfortDrive
 * MaxLife
 * All-Season
 * Outlast (Exclusively sold at Walmart Auto Care Centers)
 * Integrity (OE All Season)
 * Fortera (SUV)
 * Silent Armor
 * TripleTread
 * HL
 * SL
 * Wrangler (truck)
 * Silent Armor
 * All Terrain Adventure
 * AT/R
 * AT/S
 * AT/SA
 * RS/A
 * RT/S
 * SR-A
 * TG
 * HP
 * HP AW
 * MTR with Kevlar
 * DuraTrac
 * DuraGrip
 * SteadFast HT
 * Radial (235/75R15 only)
 * EfficientGrip (Summer Tires)
 * EfficientGrip Performance
 * EfficientGrip Compact
 * Eagle (Touring/Performance/OE)
 * Eagle F1
 * Eagle F1 Asymmetric SUV
 * Eagle F1 Supercar
 * Eagle F1 GS-D3
 * Eagle F1 Directional 5
 * Eagle F1 Asymmetric
 * Eagle F1 Asymmetric 2
 * Eagle F1 Asymmetric 3
 * Eagle F1 Asymmetric 5
 * Eagle F1 Asymmetric 6
 * Eagle Efficient Grip
 * Eagle Efficient Grip Performance
 * Eagle GT3
 * Eagle LS
 * Eagle LS2
 * Eagle NCT
 * Eagle RS-A
 * Eagle RS-A 2
 * Eagle RV
 * Eagle Sport
 * Excellence
 * Response Edge
 * Carbon Fiber Technology
 * Nordic (Winter tires)
 * UltraGrip Ice (Winter tires)
 * UltraGrip Ice WRT (Winter tires)
 * UltraGrip Winter (Winter tires)
 * Winter Command (Winter tires)
 * KhADI-27

Commercial

 * Commercial Truck
 * Cargo G26
 * Cargo Marathon
 * Cargo Marathon 2
 * Cargo Vector
 * Cargo Vector 2
 * Fuel Max
 * Duraseal
 * Off The Road Tires
 * Articulated Dump Truck
 * Rigid Haulage Truck
 * Mobile Crane
 * Scaper
 * Port & Container Handling
 * Dozer and Loader
 * Mine Service
 * Motor Grader
 * ATV Tires
 * Rawhide Camo
 * Rawhide MT/R
 * RV Tires
 * Unisteel series (G670RV, G149RSA, G169RSA, G647RSS, G614RST)
 * Wrangler HT (all weather)
 * Marathon (trailer towing)
 * Aviation

Non-tire industrial

 * Airsprings (licensed to Infinity Engineered Products)
 * Industrial hose
 * Hydraulic products
 * Conveyor belt products
 * Power transmission products
 * Molded transportation products (vibration control)
 * Rubber Track
 * Isoprene monomer
 * Synthetic rubber for medical applications
 * Synthetic rubber for chewing gum

Veyance Technologies was purchased by ContiTech and no longer has the rights to Goodyear's licenses.

Goodyear-branded wiper blades are made under license by Saver Automotive, in Ohio. The wipers were never under the Veyance umbrella.

Goodyear also produces the rubber for Lacoste tennis shoes, the AG-LT 21 and AG-LT 21 Ultra.

Goodyear blimp "Spirit of America"
In August 2015, Goodyear Airship Operations announced the retirement of the "Spirit of America" blimp. This GZ-20A model airship, based in Carson, California, was part of a transition to a more high-tech fleet of airships.

Retirement and transition
The "Spirit of America," christened on September 5, 2002, was retired after 13 years of service. Its retirement was part of Goodyear's initiative to introduce a new generation of NT Zeppelin model airships. A series of final events marked the blimp's retirement, including coverage of the ESPYS, Crossfit Games, and the Special Olympics World Games LA 2015 Opening Ceremony. The blimp's final voyage was a 29-day West Coast Tour culminating in its decommissioning in mid-August 2015.

Goodyear organized a public retirement celebration on August 7 and 8, 2015, offering a last opportunity for the community to view the blimp up close. The "Spirit of Innovation," the "Spirit of America's" twin ship, was set to replace it in the Los Angeles market by late September 2015.

Operational achievements
During its operational years, "Spirit of America" conducted 8,005 flights, carrying 30,280 passengers for a total of 13,436 flight hours. The blimp was named as a tribute to American patriotism following September 11, 2001. It appeared at numerous events, including the Rose Parade and Academy Awards, and was featured in television shows. In 2011, it was rebranded for the premiere of "Cars 2."

title: Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company


text:
Talk:Ectotherm

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 January 2021 and 21 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BarredOwl.00, Physiolanim.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Unclear what the difference is between Ectotherm and Poikilotherm. Can you explain?
 * I don't know personally, I just found the two separate articles and created links between them. A biologist should look at both pages and decide if they need to be merged. --IanM 23:19, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

Ectotherm means derives heat from the environment, i.e. not primarily from metabolism of food. Poikilotherm means having varying body temperature. Many ectotherms are poikilothermic; probably almost all poikilotherms are ectothermic. The confusion comes from the fact that poikilothermic is a term that is not so much used anymore, precisely for this reason.

This whole article needs to be rewritten. There are numerous grammatical and syntax error (e.g. note the nonsensical sentence about geckos) and it seems that someone who was not up to the task copied (badly) some text from books. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.10.137.52 (talk) 23:18, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

cold-blooded?
Doesn't 'ectotherm' mean 'cold-blooded'? Or similar? The term doesn't appear in the article at all. It also mentions Endotherm but not 'warm blooded', the informal term. OsamaBinLogin (talk) 07:37, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

Potential Sources to Include
Buckley, L. B., Hurlbert, A. H., & Jetz, W. (2012). Broad‐scale ecological implications of ectothermy and endothermy in changing environments. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21(9), 873-885.

Glanville, E. J., & Seebacher, F. (2006). Compensation for environmental change by complementary shifts of thermal sensitivity and thermoregulatory behaviour in an ectotherm. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(24), 4869-4877.

Gunderson, A. R., & Leal, M. (2015). Patterns of thermal constraint on ectotherm activity. The American Naturalist, 185(5), 653-664.

Huey, R. B., & Berrigan, D. (2001). Temperature, demography, and ectotherm fitness. The American Naturalist, 158(2), 204-210.

Huey, R. B., & Kingsolver, J. G. (1989). Evolution of thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance. Trends in ecology & evolution, 4(5), 131-135.

Partridge, L., & French, V. (1996). Thermal evolution of ectotherm body size: why get big in the cold. Animals and temperature: Phenotypic and evolutionary adaptation, 59, 265.

Wright, R. K., & Cooper, E. L. (1981). Temperature effects on ectotherm immune responses. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 5, 117-122.

BarredOwl.00 (talk) 15:12, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ectotherm


text:
GKS Katowice

GKS Katowice (GKS stands for Górniczy Klub Sportowy, lit. 'Miners Sporting Club') is a Polish professional football club based in Katowice. They will compete in the Ekstraklasa in the 2024–25 season after gaining promotion from the I liga in 2024.

History
In 1963 in Katowice a special organizational committee was called with the purpose of uniting all the clubs and sporting organizations of the city into one large club which would encompass many disciplines. In mid-1963 Rapid Wełnowiec and Orzeł Wełnowiec merged, creating Rapid/Orzeł. In 1964 Rapid/Orzeł, Górnik Katowice, Koszutka Katowice, Katowicki Klub Łyżwiarski (Katowice Skating Club), Katowicki Klub Sportowy Górnik, Górniczy Klub Żeglarski Szkwał (a sailing club) amongst other clubs from Katowice merged creating GKS Katowice. Four years later on the 9 August 1968, Dąb Katowice also amalgamated with GKS Katowice. GKS Katowice made its debut in Polish football's top league (now called the Ekstraklasa) on 8 August 1965 when GKS Katowice took on local rivals Górnik Zabrze.

GKS Katowice's debut season in the top flight was in the 1965–66 season. The new team quickly gained experience and ability. A bad patch for the club came in 1971 when Katowice was relegated to the 2nd Division. The club's problems were quickly overcome, and GKS returned to the top flight where they played with pride and passion. From 1982 the club consistently found itself up the top end of the ladder, as well as playing off in several Polish Cup finals. In 1985 GKS Katowice played in its first Polish Cup final but lost in a penalty shootout to Widzew Łódź. The following year GKS played off in a memorable final at Stadion Śląski against Górnik Zabrze; GKS triumphed 4–1. From that moment the city of Katowice began to live and breathe football. The next year GKS finished third and the two following years they were runners-up. In the 1989–90 season GKS again came third, and in the 1991–92 season GKS were runners-up. From 1986 to 1995 to GKS Katowice were four times runners-up in the league, twice the winners of the Polish Super Cup and three-time Polish Cup winners.

The biggest moments for the club and fans were always when the team took part in European cups. The first time GKS faced European opposition was in 1970, in the now defunct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, GKS took on Spanish club Barcelona in a two-legged tie. Katowice didn't lose by much (2–4 on aggregate), the fans were proud of their club. The second time GKS took part in European football they showed more and played better football. In the first round of the 1986–87 UEFA Cup Winners Cup, GKS defeated Icelandic side Fram Reykjavík before losing in the second round to Switzerland's Sion. For the next 10 years, GKS Katowice took part in European football. Over the years fans of GKS got to witness their team take on the likes of Sportul Studentsc Bucharest, Rangers, Club Brugge, Galatasaray, Benfica, Aris, Girondins Bordeaux and twice Bayer Leverkusen. GKS's record in European football stands at 10 wins, 7 draws, and 19 losses.

GKS Katowice again fell on hard times during the mining crisis. Following the 1998–99 season, the team was relegated from the Ekstraklasa, but was back in the topflight only a year later. Piotr Dziurowicz became president who, despite growing debts and financial troubles, kept the team in the top flight. In 2003, the team even managed to qualify for the UEFA Cup by finishing third in the league under coach Jan Żurek. This was hailed as one of the biggest surprises ever in the history of the Ekstraklasa. Despite the success, the debts under Piotr Dziurowicz began to grow to a significant sum.

From 27 March 2003 to 11 June 2004, the club played under the name of its main sponsor Dospel Katowice; this was not taken well by the fans of the club. GKS Katowice Sportowa Spółka Akcyjna finished its reins at the helm of the club in the summer of 2005 after the disastrous 2004–05 season where GKS finished 14th (and last) in the Ekstraklasa and was relegated to the second division. To make matters worse, the team had to drop to the fourth division due to financial problems and their involvement in the 2003–2005 match-fixing scandal. After the drop to the 4th division, a group of dedicated fans known as the "Stowarzyszenie Sympatyków Klubu GKS Katowice" (which loosely translates into Society of Well Wishers Club of GKS Katowice) took over the helm at the club. In June 2006, the club was promoted to the third-tier, and in June 2007 the team advanced to the second division, which in 2008 was renamed I liga.

On 26 May 2024, they clinched promotion during the last matchday of the 2023–24 season after a 1–0 away victory over Arka Gdynia, tying them on points, but finishing ahead in the standings on head-to-head difference. They were promoted to Ekstraklasa as runners-up, ending their 19-year absence from the top tier.

Domestic

 * Ekstraklasa:
 * Runners-up (4): 1987–88, 1988–89, 1991–92, 1993–94
 * Third Place (4): 1986–87, 1989–90, 1994–95, 2002–03
 * Polish Cup:
 * Winners (3): 1985–86, 1990–91, 1992–93
 * Runners-up (5): 1984–85, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1996–97
 * Polish Super Cup:
 * Winners (2): 1991, 1995

International

 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Round of 16 (2): 1986–87, 1991–92
 * UEFA Cup Round of 16 (1): 1994–95

Youth teams

 * Polish Under-19 Championship
 * Third place (2): 1995, 2002

Notable players

 * 🇵🇱 Jan Furtok
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Piekarczyk
 * 🇵🇱 Roman Szewczyk
 * 🇳🇪 Moussa Yahaya
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Rudy
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Świerczewski
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Jojko
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Koniarek
 * 🇵🇱 Mirosław Kubisztal
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Świerczewski
 * 🇵🇱 Mirosław Sznaucner
 * 🇵🇱 Sławomir Wojciechowski
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Ledwoń
 * 🇧🇦 Admir Adžem
 * Gija Guruli
 * 🇵🇱 Bartosz Karwan
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Brożek
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Węgrzyn
 * 🇵🇱 Mirosław Widuch
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Rzeźniczek

Managers

 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Brzeżańczyk (1964–65)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Nikiel (1965–66)
 * 🇭🇺 Tibor Kemény (1966–67)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Foryś
 * 🇵🇱 Augustyn Dziwisz
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Oślizło (1979–80)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Jan Żmuda (1980–81)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Nowok (1981–83)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Góralczyk (1983)
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Podedworny (1984–85)
 * 🇵🇱 Alojzy Łysko (1985–87)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Jan Żmuda (1987–90)
 * 🇵🇱 Orest Lenczyk (1990–91)
 * 🇵🇱 Alojzy Łysko (1991–92)
 * 🇦🇹 Adolf Blutsch (1992–93)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Piekarczyk (1993–94)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Góralczyk (1995)
 * 🇵🇱 Orest Lenczyk (1995–96)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Piekarczyk (1996–98)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Koniarek (1998–99)
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Kowalski (2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Bogusław Kaczmarek (2000–01)
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Białek (2001–02)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Żurek (2002–03)
 * 🇵🇱 Edward Lorens (2003)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Żurek (2003–04)
 * 🇵🇱 Lechosław Olsza (2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Borecki (2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Broniszewski (2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Furtok (2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Lechosław Olsza (2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Górnik (2005–06)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Piekarczyk (2006–08)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Nawałka (2008–09)
 * 🇵🇱 Robert Moskal (2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Fornalak (2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Stawowy (2010–11)
 * 🇵🇱 Rafał Górak (2011–13)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Moskal (2013–14)
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Skowronek (2014–15)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Piekarczyk (2015)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Brzęczek (2015–17)
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Jojko (2017)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Mandrysz (2017–18)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Paszulewicz (2018)
 * 🇵🇱 Jakub Dziółka (caretaker) (2018)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Dudek (2018–2019)
 * 🇵🇱 Rafał Górak (2019–present)

title: GKS Katowice


text: Talk:List of gardens in England

title: Talk:List of gardens in England


text:
Polonia Warsaw

Polonia Warsaw (Polonia Warszawa, ), founded on 19 November 1911, is the oldest existing sports club in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, best known for its football and basketball teams. It also has track and field, swimming, chess, mountain biking, and contract bridge sections. Historically it also had sections in ice hockey, fencing, tennis, volleyball, hazena, cycling and boxing.

The football team competes in the I liga, the second level of the Polish football league system.

Beginnings
Polonia Warsaw was formed in the autumn of 1911 as a union of several gimnazjum school teams (including "Stella" and "Merkury"). Alongside co-founders Wacław Gebethner, Stefan Pronaszko, and Tadeusz Gebethner, Wacław "Denhoff" Czarnocki was the co-founder of the club who also came up with its name. "Polonia" is Latin for "Poland" and is often used by Polish migrants in reference to the diaspora communities of Poles living abroad in other countries. The choice of such a name was a brave decision in the early 20th century, since Poland was not an independent country at this time, and Warsaw was part of the Russian partition; Poles living there were often subjected to repression and cultural imperialism from the Russian authorities ruling the Vistula Land. Due to this, Polonia could not be registered officially until political changes brought about by the advance of German troops into Russian-controlled lands in the First World War.

Initially, the players played in black-and-white striped shirts, but in the spring of 1912 they switched to their now traditional design of all black shirts. This was thanks to Janusz Mück, longtime player of the team, who bought the new tops. The legendary patriotic explanation for this colour scheme was that it was a sign of mourning for the occupied and divided motherland of Poland. This lasting devotion to tradition resulted in the club's popular name: Czarne koszule ("The Black Shirts"). The uniform's white shorts and red socks come from the colours of the Polish flag.

The club's first match on 19 November 1911 was against a strong local rival, Korona, and ended 3:4 in favour of Korona. Two years later, in February 1913, the Black Shirts defeated Korona 4:0. During World War I, German occupiers were slightly more liberal in their ways than their previous Russian counterparts, and allowed the official registration of sports clubs on Polish territory. Thus on 15 October 1915 Polonia officially became a football club, despite already existing illegally for four years prior to this event.

The first match between Polonia and its younger rival Legia Warsaw (formed in 1916) was played on 29 April 1917, ending in a 1:1 draw. It was the first historic "Great Derby of Warsaw" – the clash of these two rival teams from the Polish capital. A month later, there was a second match between the teams, ending with the same score. Hatred divided their supporters early in the clubs' history and continues to this day, driving strong emotions during the matches and sometimes even violence between matches.

Interwar period
In 1921, the Black Shirts came second in the first ever season of the Polish football championship. In 1926, they also finished the season as joint-champions. Polonia was Warsaw's favourite club at the time – the great majority of the city's inhabitants were devoted Black Shirt supporters. In the late 1930s, Polonia became one of the powerhouses of Polish football, with players such as: Jerzy Bulanow, Władysław Szczepaniak, Erwin Nyc, and Henryk Jaźnicki capping for the national team. The friendship between Polonia and KS Cracovia – the prewar Polish football legend (formed in 1906) and the first ever champions of Poland (1921) – dates back to these days, when both teams readily accepted players from foreign nationalities and religious backgrounds in what was a highly politicised time for Polish football.

KSP achieved many successes during the two decades between the world wars, establishing itself as a club with sections in: hockey, athletics, football, fencing, tennis, volleyball, basketball, swimming, hazena, cycling, and boxing. Although the first match between the two teams occurred earlier in 1917, the official beginning of the Varsovian derby is dated to 10 June 1921, when the Black Shirts beat Legia Warszawa 8:0. The rivalry between these two clubs continued to grow in the interwar period, during which they played against each other a total of 27 matches; Polonia secured 14 victories, Legia won 8 times, whereas 5 games ended in a draw. Construction of Polonia's own stadium began in 1925 and ended in 1928. Ten years later, the Union of Polish Sports Associations proclaimed Klub Sportowy Polonia Warszawa the best Polish sports club of 1938.

World War II
After the Second World War began, Poland was divided between the occupying forces of the Third Reich and the USSR. Warsaw ended up in the Nazi German occupied zone known as the General Government. Under the policies of Generalplan Ost and Lebensraum, Slavs were to become a race of slaves and eventually exterminated. Authorities of the German occupying forces thus forbid Poles from practicing sports; despite this, KSP continued to play illegally, taking part in various underground initiatives and winning the secret Varsovian Championship in 1942 and 1943.

Many of Polonia's players were involved in the resistance movement against the Nazis; some perished in concentration or death camps, some were executed, while others managed to survive the war. A prominent example is that of Tadeusz Gebethner, one of the club's founders as well as its first president and captain. An experienced soldier, he joined the Union of Armed Struggle (precursor of the Armia Krajowa) in 1940. Starting from 1942, Gebethner provided shelter to a family of Jews in his own home while risking his life as a member of the Home Army. He would go on to take part in the Warsaw Uprising, during which he was wounded twice. After the fall of the uprising he was transferred by the German forces to the Stalag XI-A POW camp, where he perished from sustained wounds on 14 October 1944. Tadeusz Gebethner was posthumously recognised as Righteous Among the Nations in 1981.

Pre-war footballers of Polonia, Adam Kogut and Julian Niemczycki, and athletes Wincenty Fryszczyn and Wacław Znajdowski, were among Poles murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.

The Kazimierz Sosnkowski Stadium sustained major damage during the war, particularly during the Warsaw Uprising – since Polish insurgents used it as a battlefield against Nazi forces – and the systematic destruction of Warsaw that followed. It was finally rebuilt by the 1950s. Murals dedicated to the Polish partisans who fought against the German invaders have been painted along the walls of the stadium by the club's supporters in remembrance of these events.

The first Championship, the first Polish Cup, and relegation
In 1946, Polonia finally won the Polish Championship title. It was symbolic among the ruins of the bombed and burned capital. The final match was played on "Wojska Polskiego" Stadium (the Polish Army's – Legia's – ground) on Łazienkowska Street, because Polonia's stadium on 6 Konwiktorska Street (which lay close to the Jewish ghetto area) had been ruined during the war. The Black Shirts defeated AKS Chorzów in the final.

During the Stalinist period, Polonia's name and colours were changed; every Polish football club received a national sponsor, such as the army, militsiya, mining industry, etc. – Warsaw's oldest club was renamed Kolejarz ("Railroad worker"), as the team was now tied to the Polish State Railways. At the time, the railroad was one of the poorest sponsors, even choosing another club, Lech Poznań, as the main club they were investing in. Polonia's management also struggled to face the problems that the club came across, which contributed to its eventual relegation to the Polish second division. The traditional black shirts of the team's kit were banned, as the Stalinist regime was trying to erase everything which was associated with Warsaw from before the war. In 1952, Polonia Warsaw won their first Polish Cup. In the final, Polonia managed to outscore local rivals Legia Warsaw 1:0, much to the delight of Warsaw's fans, who would still continue to mainly support KSP until the 1960s. Several years after Stalin's death, the thaw in the politics of the Eastern Bloc allowed KSP to return to its original name of Polonia Warszawa in 1956.

Years later, there were still thousands of fans on Konwiktorska Street as nobody thought it would take 40 years for Polonia to come back to top-flight football, but Legia was becoming more popular and achieving greater successes. One of the reasons behind this was that all the young men, promising footballers to be from all over Poland, and especially the Warsaw youth academies, were called up for compulsory army training, which in the PRL lasted about 5 years or sometimes even longer. Many of the players received an offer to play for the army-sponsored Legia Warsaw, which led to some of the biggest successes of Polonia's bitter rivals in the 1960s. To this day, many of KSP's fans attribute Legia's current popularity in Warsaw to the backing that the Legioniści received in the PRL regime as well as Legia's "stealing" of talented players.

Back to the top flight
In the 1992–1993 season, after 40 years of playing in the lower leagues, Polonia Warsaw was finally promoted to the first division again. However, the organisation of the club was insufficient to compete with the strongest clubs in Polish football – the biggest problems being a lack of money and no sound training base. After one season, the team was relegated yet again, but only for a year as in the 1995–1996 season Polonia Warszawa won promotion again. In 1996, Janusz Romanowski took over as chairman of Polonia, having just backed out from sponsoring local rivals Legia Warszawa, and brought the Poloniści back to Ekstraklasa. In 1998, the Czarne koszule finished runner-up in the top flight and in 1999 reached the semi-finals of the Intertoto Cup.

The second Championship, the second Polish Cup, and another relegation
In the 1999–2000 season, Polonia were not considered challengers for the title. And yet by the end of the autumn round, the Black Shirts were leading the entire league. That team had two managers – Jerzy Engel (who later became the coach of the Poland national team, which qualified for the 2002 World Cup) and Dariusz Wdowczyk (former Polish international player). During the winter break, Polonia signed two talented players in Tomasz Wieszczycki and Tomasz Kiełbowicz. Financially, KSP benefited by securing a sponsorship from the Hoop Cola soft drinks producer that was popular in Poland at the time. In the spring round, the Black Shirts lost only two games and drew one.

KSP won the Polish Championship in 2000 after triumphing over Legia Warsaw at their rivals' stadium with a score of 3:0. Prior to that, the team also won a League Cup yet again beating Legia Warszawa away 2:1. In July, they confirmed their place as the best that year, by winning the Super Cup in a match against Polish Cup winners Amica Wronki by a score of 4:2. These were also the times of Emmanuel Olisadebe, a Nigerian footballer who migrated to Poland and eventually became a Polish football legend after acquiring citizenship and playing for the national team in 2000–2004 (thus becoming the first black player on the Poland national team); Olisadebe initially began his career in Poland with Polonia Warszawa in 1997 and remained there until 2001.

In the UEFA Champions League qualifiers, the Black Shirts won in the 2nd qualification round against Dinamo București (3:1, 7:4 aggregate), only to lose at the hands of Panathinaikos Athens (1:2, aggregate 3:4) in the final qualification round. Despite losing the battle for the Champions League, Polonia Warszawa started in 1st round of the UEFA Cup where they lost to Udinese Calcio twice with scores of 0:1 and 0:2.

Come the 2000/2001 season and the Black Shirts began to lose their form, playing poorly in the 1st division, yet still managing to win The Polish Cup. During the next few years, Polonia managed to stay in the top division, however finishing mainly in the bottom part of the table. During this time, the club was owned and sponsored by a longtime supporter, Jan Raniecki, a car parts company entrepreneur. Unfortunately, Raniecki died after a heart attack on 1 March 2006. His family, who inherited the club, were not interested in running and sponsoring Polonia, so the search for a new owner began.

Start of the JW era
In March 2006, the club was bought out by a new owner, Józef Wojciechowski, the owner of JW Construction, the biggest housing development company in Poland. The club budget was strengthened and, at first, it seemed that Polonia would quickly become one of the main forces in Polish football yet again. However, the club was relegated to the 2nd division after ending in last place in 2005/2006.

In the 2006/2007 season, Polonia struggled to get promoted to the 1st division again, coming close but ultimately failing, finishing in sixth place. There were reports in the newspapers that some older players in the squad were not interested in promotion, as they probably would have lost their places in the team had Polonia gone up. In 2007, a bar/cafe called Czarna Koszula (Black Shirt) for fans of the club was opened at the stadium by Paweł Puchalski, former KSP driver; featuring memorabilia from the team's history, it serves as both a social venue and a small museum for the club. The little pub, praised for its positive and friendly atmosphere, has positive ratings and over the years became an important meeting place for the fans, players, and staff of Polonia alike.

In July 2008, Polonia Warsaw merged with Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski (3rd in the Ekstraklasa in 2007/08) and took over its place in the Polish top division. Most of Dyskobolia's players moved to Warsaw to form the core of Polonia's new team. Several players from Polonia's old squad stayed in the club too. The team managed to finish 4th at the end of the 2008/2009 season, and subsequently reached the 3rd qualification round of the Europa League. After beating Budućnost Podgorica 2:1 and winning 5:9 against Juvenes/Dogana, Polonia gave in 1:4 to the Dutch side NAC Breda during the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League.

In 2009/2010, after several changes in managerial positions, and with the team performing below expectations (15th place – mid-season), the club chairman Józef Wojciechowski decided to employ the former FC Barcelona captain José Mari Bakero as manager. Although the team was last in the league at that point, Bakero managed to save the season by avoiding relegation and winning against the local rivals Legia Warszawa for the first time in 10 years. It was also Polonia's first win against its bitter rivals at home in 60 years, sending supporters into the summer break ecstatic.

100th birthday and end of JW
For the 100th anniversary of Polonia Warszawa's (season 2010/11), its owner Józef Wojciechowski strengthened the squad significantly, by signing 6 new players – including Ebi Smolarek and Artur Sobiech – raising the expectations and hopes of fans for the new season dramatically.

Things got off to a good start with 3 wins (including a 3–0 prestigious victory over Legia Warsaw) and a draw from 4 matches and first place in the standings. However, the press was reporting difficulties with the relationship between the team owner and the coach. After suffering the first defeat of the season to Korona Kielce at home, Józef Wojciechowski and José Mari Bakero parted company – against the supporters' wishes. The former Polish national team manager Paweł Janas, already working at the club as football director, was installed as a replacement for the Spaniard, signing a 2-year contract.

It all went from bad to worse for Polonia from that point on. A string of unconvincing performances from the team left Polonia in 8th place, 10 points from the top of the table after the 1st round. On 6 January 2011, Dutch national Theo Bos was confirmed as the new manager of the club. However he lasted only 5 matches and was dismissed after losing in the Polish Cup and amassing just 1 point from 3 league games, leaving the club only 3 points above the relegation zone. Assistant coach Piotr Stokowiec had been promoted to the head role, but like his predecessors he didn't last long, being sacked after just one defeat to Widzew Łódź. Tarnobrzeg-born Jacek Zieliński, who had been sacked from Polonia Warsaw back in 2009 by Józef Wojciechowski, was appointed as the new head coach. Polonia won 5 out of 7 matches under Zieliński, saving itself from relegation, and finally finished in 7th place in 2010–11 Ekstraklasa. On 6 June 2011, Polonia's star playmaker Adrian Mierzejewski was sold to Trabzonspor for a record fee in Polish football history of 21 million zł (5,3 mln euro). On 11 October 2011, Polish football legend Włodzimierz Lubański was appointed as vice-chairman/sports director to relieve Józef Wojciechowski of his duties, in order to secure Polonia's immediate future. Lubański lasted a mere 3 months.

To celebrate the 100th anniversary of Polonia Warsaw in 2011, the National Bank of Poland issued commemorative general circulation 2 zł and 5 zł coins, depicting the club's crest. This was the first such honour for a football club in Poland.

On 28 March 2012, Jacek Zieliński was replaced by Czesław Michniewicz as KSP's manager. Despite a 3–0 victory over champions to be Śląsk Wrocław in his debut, Michniewicz had a string of poor results and failed to win the title; worse yet, Polonia failed to qualify for the European league, finishing "only" 6th in the Ekstraklasa. For Józef Wojciechowski this was too much and he decided to withdraw from football altogether, offloading the club to Ireneusz Król in July after an unseen by European standards deconstruction of the team in which over 15 players left; the club ceased to exist for a week, ending the "JW era" on a massive low and causing an outpouring of hatred from fans for Wojciechowski due to his capricious decisions.

Back from the dead, only to fall with the "King"
On 24 July 2012, a week after buying out Polonia's players to move them to Katowice, the new owner Ireneusz Król (his surname literally meaning "King" in Polish) acquired the rights to the club name and the emblem for a symbolic "1zł" and kept the club in its rightful place, despite rumours of a merger with GKS Katowice in which Król had "invested" in previous years. By then the youth coach Piotr Stokowiec was appointed as Polonia's first coach, and started building the new team based around literally 11 survivors from the previous season, mixing them with young (ME) talents and lower leagues players, notably the promising Under-21 Polish central midfielder Tomasz Hołota was signed.

Mid-season however, with Polonia surprisingly sitting in 3rd place in Ekstraklasa, merit to young coach Piotr Stokowiec, the worst possible scenario turned out to be true as Król was revealed as a financially unreliable owner. Delays in contract payments caused a repeat of the turmoil from the summer; in 2013 Polonia lost more than half of its first team again, and nearly all the high-priced players left on free transfers. Adding insult to injury, Polonia's star players joined main title rivals, Georgian National striker Vladimir Dvalishvili and influential winger Tomasz Brzyski switched to Legia Warsaw, whereas young talented Poland national poacher Łukasz Teodorczyk joined Lech Poznań. Additionally KSP's enfant terrible and top scorer from the previous season, Edgar Çani, joined Catania – leaving Polonia with only one striker (of four at the beginning) to finish the season. Almost the entire defensive block was destroyed with Đorđe Čotra, Adam Kokoszka, and the experienced Marcin Baszczyński leaving the club; the recently signed midfielder Hołota escaped Król's mismanagement too.

On the positive side, Paweł Wszołek rejected a last-minute move to German outfit Hannover 96 to stay at Polonia till the end of the season. Sebastian Przyrowski and Łukasz Piątek – two players with around a hundred caps for Polonia (Przyrowski had 99, Piątek 122) – along with defender Aleksandar Todorovski decided to stay at the club a bit longer, despite the financial situation being very unclear and debts mounting. Manager Piotr Stokowiec, after the success of the first round, had to re-build the team from scratch again – just like he did at the beginning of the season, and both times he succeeded far above expectations. Among last-minute deals and loans of young talented players, Polonia surprisingly signed the experienced 23-year-old Estonian national defender Igor Morozov from Levadia Tallinn. Stokowiec converted a few players' positions to fill in the gaps, notably Polonia's only striker and new captain Daniel Gołębiewski was shifted to left-back, leaving Polonia with only midfielders to play up front.

Despite performances remaining at a high level, KSP witnessed a string of poor results mainly due to off-pitch troubles. On 3 April 2013, Ireneusz Król's "IDEON" filed for a strategic bankruptcy (with the possibility of an agreement). With increasing debts, doubts over Polonia's future existence were mounting as the licensing process for the next season coincided with the exact date of IDEON's financial debt clearing deadlines. There have been accusations of fraud on Król's part.

Despite efforts from the association of Polonia fans to regain control over the club to clear the debts with new sponsors and ensure KSP's survival, Król was not interested. On 28 May 2013, Polonia did not receive a license for the coming season in the Ekstraklasa, due to an outstanding debt of around 8 million Polish złoty. Subsequently, the club lost its place in the PZPN (Polish football association) ranks. On 17 June 2013, Ireneusz Król filed for bankruptcy of Polonia Warszawa S.A.. Due to the circumstances, despite finishing 6th in the 2012–13 Ekstraklasa, KSP automatically dropped five league levels to the lowest level in its 101-year history.

Another year, another resurrection
On 20 June 2013, the Mazovian Football Association (MZPN) confirmed a place in the semi-professional Mazovian Liga okręgowa (6th tier in Poland) for the newly formed Polonia Warszawa (senior) team, which was created by an association of Polonia's supporters led by Grzegorz Popielarz, and based on the youth players of MKS Polonia Warszawa, a local youth academy, which was not a part of KSP Polonia Warszawa S.A. (Ltd.) owned and destroyed by Ireneusz Król. Due to "sporting merits" MZPN along with PZPN (Polish Football Association) changed their previous decision, and Polonia was moved up one tier to the IV liga (5th tier in Poland) – the bottom of the professional league in the PZPN structure.

Piotr Dziewicki was named as the new manager, and along with sports director Paweł Olczak they managed to find and sign 26 players, within a month – most of whom were connected with the MKS Polonia academy recently or played in the main Polonia Warsaw team at higher levels before; the club managed to regain control over its stadium and restarted with its historical coat of arms (since the rights to the old official logo were still left with Król), as well as switching to a kit with black-and-white striped tops reminiscent of the club's pre-1912 colours.

The debut for the newly formed Polonia Warsaw team was set for Łomianki, a nearby town just outside of the capital. The game started very well for the Black Shirts, with the experienced Polonia legend Jacek Kosmalski (109 caps for Polonia) scoring only after 10 minutes, and Michał Strzałkowski adding another goal 5 minutes later. Unfortunately the game had to be suspended after 36 minutes, due to third party hooligans as fans of Legia Warsaw (supposedly supporting KS Łomianki) put up illegal banners, threw objects onto the playing field, and finally invaded the pitch in numbers, resulting in riots with the police and subsequently ending the match for both clubs.

However, only a week later, on 25 August 2013 the dream debut was realised. Polonia's community proved their worth organising an unforgettable footballing spectacle with the stadium at almost full capacity (unseen before at 5th tier football); during the match Polonia Warsaw's newly resurrected team beat Wkra Żuromin 6:0, with Michał Strzałkowski scoring a hat-trick, and more importantly leaving the thus far unknown Polonia team as the main title contender in the league. The team was strengthened mid-season, with experienced Mariusz Ujek replacing Kosmalski, joined by ex-Polonia Warszawa ME (youth) players that used to train with the Ekstraklasa team a few years earlier, notably Dominik Lemanek and Michał Gliński. Two Nigerian players, Adeniyi Lekan and Tony Uzoma Chukwuemeka, also joined the club to follow in the footsteps of KSP legend Emmanuel Olisadebe. Polonia speedily won the promotion to III liga in June 2014, with one game to spare.

Against the supporters' wishes, Piotr Dziewicki was let go, despite proving his worth, after the club and Dziewicki were unable to come to an agreement. Mid-season, at the end of 2014, more dubious decisions were taken by the club – after a very poor round with an almost unknown coach, Polonia hired coach Dariusz Dźwigała, only to let him go after just a few successful games. A few strong players were let go by the club with no official explanation: Błenszykowski, Gliński, and notably Lemanek as well as Szymanek left the club. Piotr Szczechowicz had a short episode as manager of the club, only to be dropped a few games before the end of a poor season. Club legend Igor Gołaszewski became the head coach for the last six games of the season (of which he won five). For the 2014/2015 season the club finished just above relegation, at 14th place out of the 18 teams competing in the Łódź-Mazovia group of the 4th tier of Polish football (the III liga).

Jerzy Engel & Co.
On 25 June 2015, Polonia Warszawa S.A. (under the leadership of Jerzy Engel) took over the senior team from the MKS Polonia Warsaw Academy, which helped to reinstate Polonia Warsaw back from nonexistence, to the bottom-half of the 4th tier (III liga) of professional football in Poland. Under Engel the club returned to the previous emblem and the sponsor from the Polish Title winning season (1999/2000).

The stem of the team from the previous season was kept, Igor Gołaszewski remained as main coach. Wojciech Szymanek, Jacek Kosmalski, and Radosław Majdan all returned to the club as coaching staff. The club signed four experienced offensive players: Kosiorowski, Marczak, Truszkowski, and Obłuski to help Polonia in the promotion fight. Polonia Warszawa S.A. at their first press conference also made a strong intent of building a modern Kazimierz Sosnkowski Stadium within five years (until 2020), with the goal of returning to the Ekstraklasa in the meantime.

In late 2018, Jerzy Engel resigned as the club did not see much sporting success and the club's finances deteriorated. The city authorities were uninterested in collaborating with the clubs shareholders to build a new commercially self-sufficient stadium to stabilise KSP's financial troubles, but opted for building a municipal youth centre instead. Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz, as one of her last decisions as the president of Warsaw, announced a design contest for the new municipal stadium at Konwiktorska 6 – Polonia's homeground, along with 158 mln zł reserved in the 2019 Warsaw budget to kick off the project. In May 2019, the results of the competition were announced with JSK Architekci (who already designed two other major stadiums in Warsaw) as the winners, with a 15,500 seat stadium and an open sports complex project, to be built at Konwiktorska 6.

Meanwhile, Polonia's finances crippled, the new chairman Peter Kaluba was unable to bring stability or financial backing to the club, and once again in recent history Polonia found itself on the verge of bankruptcy. To add insult to injury, the vice-president of the city Renata Kaznowska suspended works on the stadium in late 2019. Many players left the club with the final blow dealt during the break of 2020, when much liked coach Krzysztof Chrobak left the club along with the fan favourite footballer Krystian Pieczara – Polonia's top scorer of the last decade, the captain and number 10, who followed suit.

Bonjour Grégoire
In mid-February 2020, Polonia's rival fans from Legia Warsaw launched media attacks on Grégoire Nitot – the chairman of the IT company Sii Poland, originally from France, who was negotiating a Polonia takeover. As a reaction, the Polish footballing community started an anti-hate campaign called "#BonjourGregoire", to welcome the support for Polonia. On 5 March 2020, Grégoire Nitot acquired the controlling stake of Polonia Warszawa S.A. from Krystyna Bnińska-Jędrzejowicz. On the 19th he was named the chairman, as all of the football came to a halt, due to the Coronavirus pandemic, with Polonia sitting in the relegation zone of the III liga. Wojciech Szymanek remained as coach, and on the 30 of April Piotr Kosiorowski was named as the sporting director, along with the presentation of ambitious plans for the future to reach the Ekstraklasa by 2029. By May 2020, with Polonia sitting in the relegation zone, WMZPN confirmed that no relegations would take place, despite the season coming to an end due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

After normal play resumed and the 2020–2021 season of the III liga ended, Polonia finished in 4th place out of the 22 teams competing in group 1. Come August 2021, after 64 years, KSP reactivated its women's football section. Due to Polonia's recognisable brand and long history, this move was seen as an important event in Polish women's football in general; Jacek Sękowski from Piastovia Piastów became the team's first coach. The Czarne syrenki ("Black Mermaids"), as the KSP women's football team is known, won their first sparring match with a score of 2:1 against AKS Zły. They continued their success in the league games, winning 6:0 against the reserves of AZS Uniwersytet Warszawski in their inauguration match of the IV liga mazowiecka and followed it up with another high victory of 11:3 against Świt Barcząca.

November 2021 brought Polonia's 110th anniversary, which was celebrated boisterously. The club and its ultras produced unique memorabilia for the event whereas the Poczta Polska introduced a special postage stamp for the occasion, which was designed by Agnieszka Sancewicz on fluorescent paper and printed in a circulation of 135,000. Thanks to fan initiatives: a new song was recorded; the Palace of Culture and Science, the National Stadium, and the Śląsko-Dąbrowski Bridge were illuminated in KSP colours; and messages were displayed on screens throughout Warsaw's public transport to remind the capital of its oldest existing club's history. Polonia triumphed 2:0 over Wissa Szczuczyn on the main day of the celebrations, ending the autumn round of games in a strong second position of the league table and leaving the fans in an ecstatic mood on the 110th birthday of the Czarne koszule.

The Polonia men's basketball team secured advancement from the second league to the first after a series of 36 victories in a row and not a single defeat, becoming the only team to do so in the season. The 2021/2022 season brought many more triumphs for the entire club, as the men's football team came first in group I of the III liga, finally returning after 5 years to the II liga. The victorious sold-out match between then-group-leader Legionovia Legionowo that finally put KSP in the lead attracted 5000 fans to the home stadium, and many online viewers, who took part in and witnessed a display of Ekstraklasa-level support. Success was also reached by the U12 group, the women's football team, and the men's reserves – all of whom advanced to higher leagues. In the 2022/2023 season, Polonia Warsaw was officially promoted to the I liga after defeating Olimpia Elbląg 2–0 and securing the title as leaders of the II liga.

Friendships
The friendship between Polonia and KS Cracovia used to be the oldest in Poland (starting in the 1930s); though officially it was ended in 2017 due to disagreements between ultras, friendly relations between the clubs and their supporters persist. Polonia fans have friendships with fans of Sandecja Nowy Sącz and the Ligallo Fondo Norte group of Real Zaragoza. The antifa section of Polonia's supporters, known as "Black Rebels", maintained links with antifascist supporters of Partizan Minsk and Arsenal Kyiv.

Support and notable fans
The shirt number 12 is reserved for the club's supporters.

Famous supporters include Doman Nowakowski, Maciej Dowbor, Jan Englert, Michał Listkiewicz, Stanisław Tym, Kazimierz Górski, Krzysztof Ibisz, Marek Jurek, Grzegorz Jankowski, Wojciech Wysocki, Hanna Śleszyńska, Henryk Chmielewski, and Tomasz Konatkowski. Adam Bahdaj wrote a famous book entitled Do przerwy 0:1 (0:1 at half-time) which centres around local children playing football inspired by Polonia's team.

When fascist hooligan groups started becoming a problem in Polish football during the 1990s, some Polonia fans banded together to form an antifascist movement against what was happening on the stands. The first such group was known as Kibice Polonii przeciw faszyzmowi ("Polonia Fans Against Fascism"), formed in 1993, and was one of the pioneering of its kind in Poland. There were about 200 people associated with this milieu and they took on the name "Black Rebels" in 2011. In 2013, a series of physical attacks on the Black Rebels were carried out by far-right elements among KSP fans; messages of support for the Black Rebels from ultras and fans of various other clubs out-poured around Europe.

In August 2004, the Polonia fans adopted a black jaguar called Beata from the Warsaw Zoo, and rechristened her Beata Konwiktorska VI (a name that resembles the title of a queen as well as being an homage to the street address of the Kazimierz Sosnkowski Stadium – 6 Konwiktorska). She lived at the zoo with her partner Kalim, with whom she had 7 cubs and 4 grand-cubs. The animal became a popular club and fan symbol. She was chosen as the most beautiful cat of the Varsovian zoo by internet voters in 2019. Aged 16 years and 9 months, she died on 16 January 2020.

Warsaw derby
The main rival is the local team Legia Warsaw with whom they contest the Warsaw derby. For many years, these two teams played in the Ekstraklasa. After Polonia's relegation from the Polish top division in 2013, the games of Polonia Warsaw against Legia Warsaw II became a substitute for such matches.

The matches between them currently stand at:

Domestic

 * Ekstraklasa
 * Champions: 1946, 1999–2000
 * I liga
 * Champions: 1992–93 (East), 1995–96 (East)
 * II liga
 * Champions: 2022–23
 * III liga
 * Champions: 2021–22 (group I)
 * Polish Cup:
 * Winners: 1952, 2000–01
 * Polish Super Cup:
 * Winners: 2000
 * Polish League Cup
 * Winners: 1999–2000

Youth teams

 * Polish U19 Championship
 * Champions: 1977
 * Runners-up: 1991, 2000, 2005, 2008
 * Third place: 2001, 2015
 * Polish U17 Championship
 * Runners-up: 1998

Coaching managers (1992–present)

 * 🇵🇱 Mirosław Jabłoński (July 1992–June 1993)
 * 🇵🇱 Stefan Majewski (April 1994–June 1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Mirosław Jabłoński (July 1994–June 1995)
 * 🇵🇱 Stefan Majewski (April 1995–October 1996)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Engel (July 1995–June 1996)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Broniszewski (October 1996–September 1997)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Wdowczyk (November 1998–December 2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Albin Mikulski (December 2000–June 2001)
 * 🇨🇿 Verner Lička (June 2001–May 2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Białek (May 2002–Nov 2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Chrobak (November 2002–March 2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Broniszewski (March 2004–June 2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Motyka (June 2004–June 2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Kubicki (June 2005–October 2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Żurek (January 2006–April 2006)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Wiśniewski (April 2006–August 2006)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Engel, jr. (August 2006–October 2006)
 * 🇵🇱 Waldemar Fornalik (October 2006–October 2007)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Wdowczyk (October 2007–April 2008)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Kowalik (April 2008–September 2008)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Zieliński (August 2008–March 2009)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Grembocki (April 2009–August 2009)
 * 🇸🇰 Dušan Radolský (August 2009–November 2009)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Libich (interim) (November 2009)
 * 🇪🇸 José Mari Bakero (November 2009–September 2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Janas (September 2010–December 2010)
 * Theo Bos (January 2011–March 2011)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Zieliński (March 2011–March 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Stokowiec (interim) (March 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Czesław Michniewicz (March 2012–May 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Stokowiec (July 2012–18 June 2013)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Dziewicki (July 2013–August 2014)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Szczechowicz (August 2014–October 2014)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Dźwigała (Nov 2014–December 2014)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Końko (January 2015–May 2015)
 * 🇵🇱 Igor Gołaszewski (May 2015–March 2017)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Szymanek (March 2017–July 2017)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Chrobak (July 2017–December 2019)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Szymanek (January 2020–June 2021)
 * 🇵🇱 Rafał Smalec (July 2021–present)

Notable players
Internationally capped players

 * Albania
 * 🇦🇱 Edgar Çani
 * Austria
 * 🇦🇹 Daniel Sikorski
 * Azerbaijan
 * 🇦🇿 Sasha Yunisoglu
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇧🇦 Ensar Arifović
 * Brazil
 * 🇧🇷 Bruno Coutinho
 * 🇧🇷 Marcelo Sarvas
 * Chile
 * César Cortés
 * Croatia
 * Branko Hucika
 * Ivan Udarević
 * Czech Republic
 * 🇨🇿 Radek Mynář
 * 🇨🇿 Lumír Sedláček
 * 🇨🇿 Pavel Šultes
 * Spain
 * 🇪🇸 Andreu
 * 🇪🇸 José Isidoro
 * Georgia
 * Vladimir Dvalishvili
 * Ghana
 * 🇬🇭 Seth Ablade
 * 🇬🇭 Annor Aziz
 * 🇬🇭 Emmanuel Tetteh
 * Guatemala
 * Luis Swisher
 * Israel
 * 🇮🇱 Aviram Baruchyan
 * Lithuania
 * 🇱🇹 Tomas Žvirgždauskas
 * 🇱🇹 Donatas Vencevičius
 * 🇱🇹 Gražvydas Mikulėnas
 * 🇱🇹 Robertas Poškus

 * North Macedonia
 * 🇲🇰 Filip Ivanovski
 * 🇲🇰 Vlade Lazarevski
 * 🇲🇰 Aleksandar Todorovski
 * Nigeria
 * 🇳🇬 Emmanuel Ekwueme
 * 🇳🇬 Martins Ekwueme
 * 🇳🇬 Benjamin Imeh
 * 🇳🇬 Kelvyn Igwe
 * 🇳🇬 Stanley Udenkwor
 * 🇳🇬 🇵🇱 Emmanuel Olisadebe
 * Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Mateusz Bartczak
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Baszczyński
 * 🇵🇱 Arkadiusz Bąk
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Bąk
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Bonin
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Brzyski
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Chałbiński
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Citko
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Dziekanowski
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Dziewicki
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Dźwigała
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Engel
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Gancarczyk
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Gliwa
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Gilewicz
 * 🇵🇱 Igor Gołaszewski
 * 🇵🇱 Daniel Gołębiewski
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Jodłowiec
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Kiełb
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Kieszek
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Kokoszka
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Kosmalski
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Kuś
 * 🇵🇱 Kamil Kuzera
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Loth
 * 🇵🇱 Stefan Loth
 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Łukasiewicz

 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Majdan
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Majewski
 * 🇵🇱 Adrian Mierzejewski
 * 🇵🇱 Daniel Mąka
 * 🇵🇱 Erwin Nyc
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Nykiel
 * 🇵🇱 Arkadiusz Onyszko
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Pawełek
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Pawlak
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Piątek
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Pietrasiak
 * 🇵🇱 Sebastian Przyrowski
 * 🇵🇱 Patryk Rachwał
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Sadlok
 * 🇵🇱 Ebi Smolarek
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Sobiech
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Sokołowski
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Stokowiec
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Szczepaniak
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Borucz
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Szczęsny
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Szymanek
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Jagoda
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Świerczewski
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Tataj
 * 🇵🇱 Błażej Telichowski
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Teodorczyk
 * 🇵🇱 Jakub Tosik
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Trałka
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Wieszczycki
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Wszołek
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Zasada
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Żewłakow
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Żewłakow
 * Slovakia
 * 🇸🇰 Martin Baran
 * 🇸🇰 Róbert Jež
 * Serbia
 * 🇷🇸 Đorđe Čotra
 * 🇷🇸 Dimitrije Injac

title: Polonia Warsaw


text:
Richard Grey

Sir Richard Grey (1457 – 25 June 1483) was an English knight and the half-brother of King Edward V of England.

Early life
Richard Grey was the younger son of Sir John Grey of Groby and Elizabeth Woodville. Richard was a 3-year-old child when his father was killed fighting for the House of Lancaster at the Second Battle of St Albans on 17 February 1461. When Richard was 6 his mother married the Yorkist king, Edward IV, in secret, on 1 May 1464. Richard first appeared on the public scene when he took part in the jousts to celebrate the creation of his half-brother Richard as Duke of York in 1474, a feat he repeated at the 4-year old Duke's marriage celebrations in 1478 to the 5-year old Anne de Mowbray.

Knighthood
Grey was knighted in 1475 and was nominated four times to membership of The Most Noble Order of the Garter between 1476 and 1482. His political role also started in 1475, the year he was knighted, when he began to serve in Wales and the bordering English counties as part of the political rule of the council of his other half-brother, Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward V). Grey served as a justice of the peace in Herefordshire from 1475 and sat at sessions of the peace in Hereford and Ludlow in 1476 and 1477.

Career as constable
In 1479, he was appointed constable of Chester Castle and in the same year was considered important enough for the city of Bristol to appeal to him for his aid. He served on a number of other judicial commissions in the region through the remainder of the reign of his stepfather. In 1482, he was granted the Welsh lordship of Kidwelly, and in the same year was given a greater role in the upbringing of the Prince of Wales. Grey had become a very important person in Edward IV's rule in Wales and the bordering English counties. Grey was also being given a broader geographic field of activity, serving as constable of Wallingford Castle from 1482 and the following year being granted the Holland manors in Essex and Northamptonshire.

Imprisonment and execution
On the death of Edward IV, on 9 April 1483, Grey's half-brother became King Edward V. On 30 April 1483, while accompanying Edward V to London from Wales with their uncle Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, Grey was arrested by Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III) at Stony Stratford and, with Rivers, imprisoned in the north of England.

Within a few weeks, Grey's lands and offices had been redistributed to others, even though he had not legally been deprived of them.

After Edward V was declared illegitimate, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, acceded to the throne as Richard III. Grey and his uncle were then executed at Pontefract Castle on 25 June 1483. Richard Grey was aged around 26 at the time of his execution.

title: Richard Grey


text:
Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte

'''Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte''' was a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 2015.

Demographics
Ethnic groups: 96.2% White, 3.4% Native Canadian

Languages: 99.3% English

Religions: 73.8% Protestant, 23.2% Catholic, 2.1% no affiliation

Average income: $20 573

Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte is the riding with the highest percentage of people with English ethnic origin in all of Canada (46.8% - multiple responses).

Geography
The district included the Great Northern Peninsula, the Baie Verte Peninsula, the area along the southwest coast of Notre Dame Bay, the Bay of Islands, and the Corner Brook area. It also included most of Glover Island, the Grey Islands (Groais Island and Bell Island), and the Horse Islands.

The neighbouring ridings were Labrador, Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor, and Random—Burin—St. George's.

According to Elections Canada, the geographic boundaries for the 39th General Election (2006) were:

 * "All that area consisting of that part of the Island of Newfoundland lying westerly and northerly of a line described as follows: commencing at a point midway between the towns of Triton and Leading Tickles in Notre Dame Bay; thence southerly in said bay to Seal Bay; thence southerly in a straight line to Frozen Ocean Lake at approximate latitude 49°11'N and approximate longitude 55°41'W; thence westerly in a straight line to Hinds Lake; thence southerly in a straight line to the mouth of Lloyds River at the westernmost extremity of Red Indian Lake [now known as Beothuk Lake]; thence westerly in a straight line to Georges Lake; thence westerly in a straight line to Bluff Head on the eastern shoreline of Port au Port Bay. Including St. John Island, Quirpon Island, Sop's Island, Bell Island and Groais Island of the Grey Islands, Horse Islands and all other islands adjacent to the shoreline of the above-described area."

History
The electoral district was created in 1987 from Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador and Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe. Following the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, this riding was dissolved and divided between Long Range Mountains (80%) and Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame (20%), with the new boundaries taking effect at the 2015 federal election.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Previous elections
Canadian Alliance changes from 1997 are based on the results of its predecessor, the Reform Party.

title: Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte


text:
Images and Words

Images and Words is the second studio album by American progressive metal band Dream Theater, released on July 7, 1992, through Atco Records. It is the first Dream Theater release to feature James LaBrie on vocals. Since its release, the album has maintained its position as the band's most commercially successful studio album, and the song "Pull Me Under" has the distinction of being the only Top 10 hit (radio or otherwise) the band has had to date. This particular song has also had more recent success as it has appeared in the 2008 video game Guitar Hero World Tour.

History
After Charlie Dominici's departure from Dream Theater, the band auditioned nearly 200 individuals across the nation, until James LaBrie, who at that point was part of Canadian glam metal band Winter Rose, sent the band an audition tape. After a short jam session, he was named Dream Theater's new lead singer, and has remained with them ever since.

With LaBrie as the new vocalist, the band was signed to a seven-album contract by Atco Records, and shortly thereafter, they began recording their new album in late 1991. The album's production was marred with tensions, as the band clashed with producer David Prater, including incidents where Prater would lock the band out of the studio while infamously forcing drummer Mike Portnoy to use triggered snare and bass drum samples, with the snare sample being the exact one used on FireHouse's 1992 album Hold Your Fire, another album Prater produced around the same time.

The lead single, "Pull Me Under", gained the band considerable commercial success with its airplay on MTV and radio, garnering them a top 10 hit on Billboard's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. When the album was released, it sold at a steady pace, helped by an extensive world tour.

Dream Theater originally intended to release a double album, but that plan was rejected by ATCO, causing several songs to be omitted from the album. One of these songs, "A Change of Seasons", would later be re-recorded by the band and released on an EP of the same name in 1995.

The song "Take the Time" includes samples from Kurtis Blow's "Christmas Rappin'" ("Hold it now"), Frank Zappa's "Dancin' Fool" ("Wait a minute"), and Public Enemy's "Power to the People", ("Come on"). The song also features a quote from Giuseppe Tornatore's movie Cinema Paradiso: "Ora che ho perso la vista, ci vedo di più" ("Now that I have lost my sight, I see more"), sung and paraphrased by LaBrie shortly before in the song ("I can see much clearer now, I'm blind"). LaBrie had appeared as a guest vocalist on Fates Warning's 1991 album Parallels, for which the band was credited as "Dream Theatre" in the "special thanks" of the album's credits. Dream Theater responded by thanking "Fatez Warning" in the credits of Images and Words.

Images and Words was played in its entirety on several occasions during the European leg of the 2007 "Chaos in Motion" tour, in celebration of its 15th anniversary. On July 7, 2012, at a concert in Austin, Texas, the songs "Pull Me Under", "Another Day", and "Metropolis" were performed as an encore to celebrate the album's 20th anniversary; additionally, "Surrounded" was performed during the main set. In 2017, Dream Theater celebrated the 25th anniversary of the album on the "Images, Words & Beyond" tour in Europe, which started on January 30 at the Auditorium Parco Della Musica in Rome, Italy.

In a 2019 interview with Greg Prato in SongFacts, LaBrie listed Images and Words as the Dream Theater album he is most proud of, because "that established what Dream Theater really is. I think it's a phenomenal album from beginning to end."

The album was reissued in 2013 on vinyl as a limited edition 180 gr. double LP.

Reception
The album has received acclaim from music critics since its release. The German magazine Rock Hard elected Images and Words Album of the Month and lauded Dream Theater, using "the old [1970s] term 'supergroup; according to the reviewer, they set "standards and still perfect them, although they hardly appear to do so" and, even considering the many influences in their music, the "versatility, the linking of different grooves and melody elements within each songs" shows how Dream Theater are "style-transcending like no other band." In another contemporary review, Select gave the album a lower rating, referring to the album as "elaborate, layered prog-metal" and stated that "if this was a book, it'd be for the coffee-table, glossy but not essential." Phil Carter of AllMusic was taken by the band members' "impressive ability on their respective instruments" and by LaBrie's vocal range, writing also that the album is an "excellent mix of progressive metal stylings with heartfelt vocals and thought-provoking lyrics". Metal Storm reviewer calls Images and Words "a masterpiece and also a historical album", because it "brought something totally new to the scene, this famous progressive metal sound that would become Dream Theater's signature". Canadian journalist Martin Popoff in his Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal praised the band's musicianship and "the tricky arrangements", but was not thrilled by the album, which he found "a bit too self-aware and calculated to be in the true spirit of progressive rock."

Images and Words was a moderate commercial hit, reaching number 61 on the US Billboard 200 chart. It is also Dream Theater's only album to be certified gold by the RIAA, and remains their best-selling album to date, selling more than six hundred thousand copies.

Accolades
On April 9, 2013, Images and Words won Loudwire's fan-voted March Metal Madness award for best metal album of all time.

The song "Under a Glass Moon" was awarded the 98th best guitar solo by an About.com guitar expert.

In October 2011, Images and Words was ranked number 7 on Guitar World magazine's top ten list of guitar albums of 1992.

In 2015, the album was ranked first on the website Prog Report's list of the top 50 progressive rock albums of 1990–2015. Four other Dream Theater albums made the list: Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory (third), Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence (14th), Awake (18th), and Train of Thought (38th).

In 2017, it was ranked 95th at Rolling Stone ' s "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time".

Personnel
Dream Theater
 * James LaBrie – lead vocals
 * John Petrucci – guitars, backing vocals
 * Kevin Moore – keyboards
 * Mike Portnoy – drums, percussion, backing vocals on "Pull Me Under"
 * John Myung – bass

Additional musicians
 * Jay Beckenstein – soprano saxophone on "Another Day"

Production
 * David Prater – producer, mixing
 * Doug Oberkircher – engineer, mixing
 * Steve Regina – assistant engineer
 * Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Larry Freemantle – art direction

title: Images and Words