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Solomon Volkov

Solomon Moiseyevich Volkov (Соломон Моисеевич Волков; born 17 April 1944) is a Russian journalist and musicologist. He is best known for Testimony, which was published in 1979 following his emigration from the Soviet Union in 1976. According to him, the book was the memoir of Dmitri Shostakovich, as related to him by the composer.

Life
Volkov was born in Uroteppa (Russian: Ura-Tyube, now Istaravshan), near Leninabad, Tajik SSR (today Khujand, Tajikistan. He studied violin at the Leningrad Conservatory and graduated with honors in 1967. He continued graduate work in musicology there until 1971. He also served as artistic director of the Experimental Studio of Chamber Opera.

He emigrated to the United States in June 1976. Early on, he was a research associate at the Russian Institute of Columbia University. He lives in New York City with his wife, Marianna (née Tiisnekka), a pianist and photographer. He reportedly became a United States citizen.

Expertise
His primary area of expertise has been the history and aesthetics of Russian and Soviet music, as well as the psychology of musical perception and performance. He published numerous articles in scholarly and popular journals and wrote the book Young Composers of Leningrad in 1971. This book, which contained a preface by Shostakovich, was reportedly well received.

Since taking residence in the United States, he has written various articles for The New York Times, The New Republic, Musical America, The Musical Quarterly and other publications.

Controversy over Testimony
Volkov's book Testimony (Russian: Свидетельство), which Volkov said represents the memoirs of Shostakovich, was published in October 1979.

Questions about Testimony's authenticity are summarized in Malcolm H. Brown's book A Shostakovich Casebook (2004), whereas a defense of the memoirs and their authenticity is presented in Allan B. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov's Shostakovich Reconsidered (1998). The latter also have written The Shostakovich Wars, a 220-page long response to Brown's Shostakovich Casebook.

Some have asserted the book's authenticity due to Shostakovich's son Maxim's alleged about-face on the accuracy of the book. After he defected to the West in 1981, he told the Sunday Times that it was a book "about my father, not by him". However, in a BBC television interview with composer Michael Berkeley on 27 September 1986, Maxim said, "It's true. It's accurate.... The basis of the book is correct." American scholar Laurel E. Fay stated that whilst Maxim said that the general context of the times and what it would have been to live as a composer under Soviet rule are generally correct, that Shostakovich's individual portrait was "grossly misconstrued"

To Dmitry Feofanov, Maxim emphasized repeatedly in 1997: "I am a supporter both of Testimony and of Volkov." Maxim also was the guest of honor at the launching of the Czech edition of the memoirs in 2005 and, with his sister Galina, contributed an introduction to the second Russian edition of Volkov's Shostakovich and Stalin in 2006, which includes the following: "We, Shostakovich’s children, who watched his life pass before our eyes, express our profound gratitude to Solomon Volkov for his marvelous work, the naked truth of which will undoubtedly help our contemporaries and future generations better to see the difficult fate of our unforgettable father, and through it, better to understand his music."

Shostakovich's widow's later reaction to the book was one of skepticism: "Volkov saw Dmitrich three or maybe four times. ... He was never an intimate friend of the family — he never had dinner with us here, for instance . ... I don't see how he could have gathered enough material from Dmitrich for such a thick book." The critics of Testimony said that this further calls into question the book's authenticity. However, Volkov had a 15-year professional relationship with Dmitri Shostakovich. It started in 1960 when Volkov reviewed Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 8, and Shostakovich wrote a preface for Volkov's book Molodyye Kompozitory Leningrada ("Young Composers of Leningrad") in 1971. In addition, Irina Shostakovich is now the only member of the Shostakovich family who denounces Testimony. Son Maxim and daughter Galina endorse it.

In 1984, during an interview in Brussels for the Flemish Classical Radio (KlaRa), Yuri Ahronovich recalled that - while in Rome - he was the first who had seen Volkov's manuscript. He said : «Ich wörde sagen daß sehr viel in diesem Buch steht daß könnte sein ...» But he added that for sure there is one mistake : Volkov writes that Shostakovich didn't respect Prokofiev and vice-versa. This is not true («stimmt nicht»).

Although Volkov remains reluctant to respond to criticisms of himself and of Testimony, on February 15, 1999, he appeared with Vladimir Ashkenazy, Allan B. Ho, and Dmitry Feofanov at an open forum at the Mannes College of Music to answer questions about the memoirs. Unfortunately, none of his principal critics attended this session. Volkov provided input into the books by Ho and Feofanov.

Despite its translation into 30 different languages, the Russian original has never been published, prompting speculation from the critics that Volkov is afraid to publish it in Russian because "Anybody who has heard Dmitri Dmitrievich's living voice even once would realize right away that it is a forgery." The copyrights of Testimony, however, belong to Volkov's American publisher, and it is not up to Volkov to allow or to deny a Russian-language publication of Testimony. Moreover, Maxim and Galina Shostakovich and many others have read copies of the original Russian typescript and believe the book to be genuine. In an interview with Feofanov in 1995, Galina stated: "'I am an admirer of Volkov. There is nothing false there [in Testimony]. Definitely the style of speech is Shostakovich’s — not only the choice of words, but also the way they are put together.'"

Other works
His other books include St. Petersburg: A Cultural History (1995), Shostakovich and Stalin: The Extraordinary Relationship Between the Great Composer and the Brutal Dictator (2004), The Magical Chorus: A History of Russian Culture from Tolstoy to Solzhenitsyn (2008), and Romanov Riches:  Russian Writers and Artists Under the Tsars (2011). In Russia, Solomon Volkov is also well known due to his dialogues with Joseph Brodsky, collected and published in 1998. He has also published volumes of memoirs with other major figures, including Balanchine's Tchaikovsky: Conversations with Balanchine on his Life, Ballet and Music (1985) and From Russia to the West:  the Musical Memoirs and Reminiscences of Nathan Milstein (1990). In 2013, Volkov was the interviewer in a three-hour film "Dialogues with Yevtushenko," which was shown during prime time on Russian TV. In 2014, Volkov followed the film about Yevtushenko with a film about Vladimir Spivakov, a world-known Russian violinist and conductor, "Dialogues with Vladimir Spivakov." In addition to the film, Volkov wrote a book with the similar title.

title: Solomon Volkov


text: User talk:81.5.150.113

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.5.150.113


text:
Antiformalist Rayok

Antiformalist Rayok (Антиформалистический раёк), also known as Learner's Manual, without opus number, is a satirical cantata for four voices, chorus, and piano by Dmitri Shostakovich. It is subtitled As an aid to students: the struggle of the realistic and formalistic directions in music. It satirizes the conferences that resulted from the Zhdanov decree of 1948 and the anti-formalism campaign in Soviet arts which followed it.

The work includes quotations from Andrei Zhdanov's speech at the Conference of the Musicians at the Central Committee of the all-Union Party in Moscow in January 1948. The libretto also incorporates Dmitri Shepilov's speech at the Second Congress of Composers in 1957, in which he mispronounces the name of the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (KorSAkov). In regard to music, there are references to the traditional Georgian folk song "Suliko", Joseph Stalin's favourite song, and the popular Russian folk tunes “Kalinka” and “Kamarinskaya”. It also contains musical excerpts from Tikhon Chrennikov's film music True friends and Robert Planquette's operetta Les cloches de Corneville. In addition, the note sequence D–E♭–C–B, the composer's own monogram based on German note names (D–S–C–H), occurs once in the cantata in a different key.

Antiformalist Rayok was not performed publicly during the composer's lifetime. Nonetheless, Shostakovich planned to publish the work in the early 1960s and had intended Opus No. 114 for it. Particularly, the premiere of Symphony No. 13 “Babi Yar” (1962), which had provoked enormous disapproval among the Soviet leadership of the Communist Party (the symphony's song text denounces the Soviet anti-Semitism of the time), was probably the main reason why Shostakovich had not considered publishing his satirical cantata. Antiformalist Rayok was premiered 14 years after the composer's death in 1989.

Background
Conflicting dates are documented for the composition of Antiformalist Rayok. According to Isaak Glikman and the Shostakovich family, the score was begun in 1948, with further revisions in 1957, followed by a finale composed between 1965 and 1968. The finale was not discovered until May 1989 by Veniamin Basner. Lev Lebedinsky recalled that the whole work dates from 1957 and that he, rather than Shostakovich, wrote the text. Current scholarship has not verified Lebedinsky's statements. According to some of the composer's diary notes, it can be assumed that the Soviet poet Yevgeny Dolmatovsky, who had written the lyrics for the cantatas “Song of the forests” op. 81 and “The Sun Shines Over Our Motherland“ op. 90, also contributed to the libretto.

Its first public performance was on 12 January 1989 conducted by Mstislav Rostropovich at the Kennedy Center Concert Hall in Washington, D.C. At this concert, the cantata was sung in English and performed without the finale composed in the late 1960s. The premiere of the work in its original version took place at the Bolshoi Hall of the Moscow Conservatory on the composer's 83rd birthday (25 September 1989).

In 1989, Boris Tishchenko orchestrated the piano part. In the 1990s, Vladimir Milman and Vladimir Spivakov made another orchestral version. This version was recorded in 2003 and released by Capriccio.

title: Antiformalist Rayok


text:
Ophioglossum vulgatum

Ophioglossum vulgatum, commonly known as adder's-tongue, southern adder's-tongue or adder's-tongue fern, is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae.

The chloroplast genome was reported to have a size of 138,562 base pairs.

Description
Ophioglossum vulgatum grows from a rhizome base to 10–20 cm tall (rarely to 30 cm). It consists of a two-part frond, separated into a 4-12 cm rounded diamond-shaped leaf sheath and narrow branchless spore-bearing spike. The spike has around 10-40 segments on each side.

It reproduces by means of spores.

Taxonomy
Linnaeus described adder's-tongue with the binomial Ophioglossum vulgatum in his Species Plantarum of 1753.

Distribution
It is native to many regions with a wide scattered distribution: throughout temperate through tropical Africa and throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere in Europe, northeastern North America, temperate Asia, and Eurasia.

Habitat
This small, hard-to-spot plant can occur singly in unimproved pastures, rock crevices and grassy path-sides, but also can occur in colonies of hundreds of plants in sand dunes.

In Finland, unlike elsewhere, it grows on seashores, unlike other parts of the world where it tends to be a calciphile. Finland has fitting lime rich soil habitat sparsely, but the plant has found an equivalent living habitat from Finland's seashores affected by a post-glacial rebound: land just risen from the sea is often quite neutral and cointains mineral salts in addition to being open and bare enough.

Rarity
This species is rare in most European countries. In Ukraine, there were recorded 280 loci: 152 before 1980, after 1980 – 120, as before and after 1980 – 8 locations.

Uses
Traditional European folk use of leaves and rhizomes as a poultice for wounds. This remedy was sometimes called the "Green Oil of Charity". A tea made from the leaves was used as a traditional European folk remedy for internal bleeding and vomiting.

title: Ophioglossum vulgatum


text:
Hank Blalock

Hank Joe Blalock (born November 21, 1980) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers and Tampa Bay Rays.

High school
Blalock attended Rancho Bernardo High School in San Diego, California. He was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 3rd round of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft.

Minor leagues
Blalock broke into professional baseball with the Gulf Coast League Rangers of the Rookie League in 1999. Blalock ended 1999, and spent all of 2000 with the Low-A Savannah Sand Gnats. Blalock burst into the public's consciousness with a huge 2001 season. Splitting time between the Charlotte Rangers of the Florida State League and the Tulsa Drillers of the Texas League, Blalock put up huge offensive numbers and hit for the cycle twice in one week, establishing himself as one of the top prospects in the game.

Blalock began the 2002 season as the Rangers' starting third baseman, but after a slow start was sent back to the minors, and spent most of the year playing for the Triple-A Oklahoma Redhawks of the Pacific Coast League.

Major leagues
In 2003, Blalock had a breakthrough year, hitting 29 home runs and 90 RBIs with a .309 batting average. A combination of being able to hit for power and for average drew early comparisons to George Brett and helped him to get voted to the All-Star Game in his first full season as a Ranger, where he hit the game-winning home run off Los Angeles Dodgers closer Éric Gagné in the bottom of the 8th inning to give the American League a 7-6 victory.

Blalock finished the 2004 season with 32 home runs and over 100 RBIs, and was voted to his second All-Star Game, when he participated in the Home Run Derby. A disappointing 2005 season made Blalock the center of many trade rumors. He was not traded, however, and he played 2006 with the Rangers.

Hank had his own fan club called Hank's Homies during his time with the Rangers. They were a group of guys who wore cowboy hats, eyeblack, and Blalock jerseys to the games. The Rangers even installed hooks for the Homies to hang their sign to support Hank.

On Mother's Day, May 14, 2006, Blalock was one of more than 50 hitters who brandished a pink bat to benefit the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. He hit his 100th career home run on June 23, 2006, in the sixth inning of a game against the Colorado Rockies.

Blalock's decreasing performance since his breakout 2003 season led many to believe that he would be traded to make room for Mark DeRosa to take a full-time position in the Rangers' infield. However, the hiring of new manager Ron Washington, who was credited with improving the play of Oakland Athletics third baseman Eric Chavez, seemed to guarantee that Blalock would not be traded; and in fact, the Rangers declined to sign DeRosa, allowing him to file for free agency.

Blalock was diagnosed with Thoracic outlet syndrome during the 2007 season and underwent surgery in May 2007 to remove his first rib. He returned to the lineup in September, but did not take the field at third base until 2008 in spring training.

During the 2008 season, Blalock injured a hamstring, placing him on the disabled list again for the second time in two seasons. On May 18, 2008, Blalock and the Rangers announced that upon his return to the team, he would return as a first baseman. Blalock had never played first base as a professional, but he felt it was the best move for the team, as the Rangers had not seen much offensive production from their first basemen in 2008. Blalock worked with Ron Washington and spoke with Phil Nevin (who made a similar switch from third to first with San Diego in 2002) to start learning the position. With the emergence of Chris Davis at first base, Blalock temporarily returned to third, but eventually switched positions with Davis to avoid more shoulder problems.

Blalock signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays for the 2010 season. His contract was purchased on May 15. He was designated for assignment on June 29, 2010 to make room for Gabe Kapler, and was released on July 8.

Blalock retired after the 2010 season, and currently resides in San Diego.

Family in baseball
Hank's younger brother, Jake Blalock, played in the Texas Rangers organization from 2006–2007, after being acquired from the Philadelphia Phillies along with Robinson Tejeda in exchange for outfielder David Dellucci on the eve of the 2006 season. Jake returned to the Phillies system in July 2007 as a free agent.

Hank's uncle, Sam, is a high school baseball coach.

title: Hank Blalock


text:
Mikhail Zoshchenko

Mikhail Mikhailovich Zoshchenko (Михаил Михайлович Зощенко; ;10 August 1894 – 22 July 1958) was a Soviet and Russian writer and satirist.

Biography
Zoshchenko was born in 1894, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, according to his 1953 autobiography. Other sources suggest that he was born in Poltava, in present-day Ukraine. His Ukrainian father was an artist and a mosaicist responsible for the exterior decoration of the Suvorov Museum in Saint Petersburg. His mother was Russian. The future writer attended the Faculty of Law at the Saint Petersburg University, but did not graduate due to financial problems. During World War I, Zoshchenko served in the army as a field officer, was wounded in action several times, and was heavily decorated. In 1919, during the Russian Civil War, he served for several months in the Red Army before being discharged for health reasons. He was associated with the Serapion Brothers and attained particular popularity in the 1920s as a satirist, but, after his denunciation in the Zhdanov decree of 1946, Zoshchenko lived in dire poverty. He was awarded his pension only a few months before he died. Zoshchenko developed a simplified deadpan style of writing which simultaneously made him accessible to "the people" and mocked official demands for accessibility: "I write very compactly. My sentences are short. Accessible to the poor. Maybe that's the reason why I have so many readers." Volkov compares this style to the nakedness of the Russian holy fool or yurodivy. In 1940 Zoshchenko published a series of short stories for children about Vladimir Lenin.

Criticism
A critical anthology'' Мих. Зощенко: pro et contra, антология'' was published in 2015. It included a 1926 article by Iakov Moiseyevich Shafir.

Selected bibliography (in English translation)

 * A Man Is Not A Flea, trans. Serge Shishkoff, Ann Arbor, 1989.
 * Before Sunrise. Trans. Gary Kern, Ann Arbor, 1974.
 * Nervous People and Other Satires, ed. Hugh McLean, trans. Maria Gordon and Hugh McLean, London, 1963.
 * Scenes from the Bathhouse, trans. Sidney Monas, Ann Arbor, 1962.
 * Youth Restored. Trans. Joel Stern, Ann Arbor, 1984.
 * The Galosh. Trans. Jeremy Hicks, New York, 1996.
 * Sentimental Tales. Trans. Boris Dralyuk, New York, 2018.
 * Pассказы о Ленине ("Stories about Lenin". In Russian. Moscow, 1974.)

title: Mikhail Zoshchenko


text: User talk:68.65.138.123

title: User talk:68.65.138.123


text:
Edie Brickell & New Bohemians

Edie Brickell & New Bohemians is an alternative rock jam band that originated in Dallas, Texas, in the mid-1980s. The band is widely known for their 1988 hit "What I Am" from the album Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars. Their music contains elements of rock, folk, blues, and jazz. Following the 1990 release of their second album Ghost of a Dog, lead singer Edie Brickell left the band and married singer-songwriter Paul Simon. In 2006, she and the band launched a new web site and released a new album, Stranger Things.

Early years and beginnings
New Bohemians started as a trio in the early 1980s, gaining experience in the Deep Ellum neighborhood of downtown Dallas, Texas. The original line-up featured Brad Houser on vibraslap, Eric Presswood on guitar, and Brandon Aly on drums.

Drummer Aly, guitarist Kenny Withrow, and percussionist John Bush went to the same arts magnet high school in Dallas: Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. Singer Edie Brickell also went to this school; however, the other members of the band didn't know her until later, and according to Houser, Edie was there for art. Houser attended Hillcrest High School and lived in the same neighborhood as other band members. He played in various neighborhood bands like The Knobs which included Kenny Withrow, and was also in the Munch Puppies.

The additional core members joined in 1985. Edie became the singer after being encouraged to join the band onstage during a show. It was soon after such first show that a local agent who was booking bands at Rick's Casablanca was brought to hear the band. The band signed a six-month management contract which brought with it better paying gigs at Rick's. When the six months ended, they started regular gigging in the Deep Ellum neighborhood of the city. Presswood left and Kenny Withrow joined as guitarist, playing his first show in July 1985 at the Starck Club in Dallas. John Bush joined on percussion in September of that year: his first show with the band was September 12, 1985, at Poor David's Pub in Dallas, when the band was backing Bo Diddley.

New Bos, the name the band assumed then, were a local favorite, packing in the fans at now-famous Deep Ellum venues such as "Theater Gallery", "500 Cafe", and "Club Dada". They were also regular performers at the annual Fry Street Fair on the University of North Texas campus in Denton, Texas. During this period of the band history, Edie's name was not used in that of the band.

Release of the albums and the successful first one
Their debut album, Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars, was released in 1988 and became a commercial success. It produced the US top 10 hit "What I Am". The following album, Ghost of a Dog, was released in 1990 and was less successful. New Bohemians disbanded soon after the album's release. In the mid-1990s, Brickell, Bush and Withrow gave birth to The Slip, a side project.

Years later, New Bohemians released both a compilation and a live album. In 2006, current members reunited to record and tour, with the release of the album Stranger Things on July 25 that year. On September 3, 2007, the group mourned the murder of band member Carter Albrecht, who was killed in Dallas that day.

On October 12, 2018, the band released the album Rocket. On February 19, 2021, the band released the third album after the reunion, Hunter and the Dog Star.

Live shows and concerts
The band played live at the "North Oak Cliff Music Festival" in October 2014 with the current lineup as well as keyboardist and multi-instrumentalist Matt Hubbard. The band reunited again in April 2017 with three concerts at the "Kessler Theater" in "Oak Cliff".

Current members

 * Brandon Aly – drums
 * Edie Brickell – vocals, guitar
 * John Walter Bush – percussion
 * Kenneth Neil Withrow – guitar

Previous members

 * Carter Albrecht – keyboards, electric guitar, harmonica, vocals (died 2007)
 * Wes Burt-Martin – guitar
 * Matt Chamberlain – drums
 * John Bradley Houser – bass guitar, woodwinds (died 2023)
 * Eric Presswood – guitar
 * Chris Wheatley – keyboards
 * Chris Whitten – drums
 * Paul "Wix" Wickens – keyboards

Awards and nominations
{| class=wikitable ! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result
 * 1988
 * Billboard Music Awards
 * "What I Am"
 * Top Modern Rock Track
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|1989
 * International Rock Awards
 * Themselves
 * Newcomer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Pollstar Concert Industry Awards
 * rowspan=2|Tour
 * Small Hall Tour of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Best Debut Tour
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=1|MTV Video Music Awards
 * "What I Am"
 * Best New Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|1990
 * ASCAP Pop Music Awards
 * "What I Am"
 * Most Performed Song
 * Won
 * MTV Video Music Awards
 * "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"
 * Best Video from a Film
 * Nominated
 * 1991
 * MTV Video Music Awards
 * "Mama Help Me"
 * Best Art Direction
 * Nominated
 * Best Video from a Film
 * Nominated
 * 1991
 * MTV Video Music Awards
 * "Mama Help Me"
 * Best Art Direction
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Edie Brickell & New Bohemians


text:
User talk:Aidfarh

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Aidfarh


text: User talk:69.58.12.118

title: User talk:69.58.12.118


text:
String Quartet No. 15 (Shostakovich)

The String Quartet No. 15 in E-flat minor, Op. 144 by Dmitri Shostakovich is the composer's last. It was his first quartet since the Sixth (and only one of three) which did not bear a dedication.

History
According to Sofia Khentova, the Fifteenth Quartet was intended as a "milestone" heralding the next nine string quartets that Shostakovich intended to compose for the Beethoven Quartet. He had previously promised them a cycle of 24 quartets in all major and minor keys. Shostakovich told the quartet's leader, Dmitri Tsyganov, that the next quartet would be dedicated to the Beethoven Quartet as a testament to his loyalty to the ensemble. Shostakovich's Fifteenth Quartet was modeled on the Third Quartet by his former pupil, Boris Tchaikovsky, which is composed entirely of slow movements.

On May 2, 1974, Shostakovich telephoned Isaak Glikman and told him he had begun work on a new string quartet. Despite difficulties with his right hand, he continued to compose while convalescing in a Moscow hospital. After being discharged, he and his wife traveled to their dacha in Repino for the summer. He completed the quartet on May 17, 1974. On June 3, Glikman visited Shostakovich, who told him he had completed the quartet: "I don't know how good it is, but I had some joy in writing it." The Fifteenth was his first quartet since the Sixth and one of only three that did not bear a dedication. It was also only one of two that were not premiered by the Beethoven Quartet.

In September, Shostakovich returned to Moscow and presented his new quartet to the members of the Beethoven Quartet. By that point, poor health left Shostakovich unable to give a preliminary performance on the piano as he had with his previous quartets. He handed the score to Tsyganov and told him, "I cannot play it. Just see it for yourself." The quartet's cellist, Sergei Shirinsky, one of the group's two remaining founding members, had a heart attack earlier that year and was also having health problems at the time. As a result, the Beethoven Quartet delayed rehearsals for the Fifteenth's premiere, which worried Shostakovich. During the rehearsals, he asked the members to play the opening movement "so that flies drop dead in mid-air and the audience start leaving the hall from sheer boredom." After rehearsals on the morning of October 18, Shirinsky died. Shostakovich asked the Taneyev Quartet, whom he had already familiarized with the score, to take over the responsibility of the world premiere, an offer which they accepted.

Prior to the Moscow premiere, Dmitri Tsyganov, the Beethoven Quartet's last surviving founding member, visited Shostakovich in the hospital for interpretive advice. The composer said to him that he had begun to think over his next quartet, then added: "You know, Mitya, I will not be able to finish the cycle of 24 quartets I had promised you."

Music
The String Quartet No. 15 consists of six movements played without pause. All but one of its movements are marked "Adagio", with the outlier being the "Funeral March" marked "Adagio molto":

1. Elegy: Adagio

2. Serenade: Adagio

3. Intermezzo: Adagio

4. Nocturne: Adagio

5. Funeral march: Adagio molto

6. Epilogue: Adagio

A fugue based on a folk-like theme makes up the opening "Elegy," the longest of the six movements. It is followed by a "Serenade" in which a series of sforzandi frame a fragmented waltz melody, both of which are constructed from a twelve-note series. This gives way to the "Intermezzo," which conceals a self-quotation from The Nose, a score which had been revived in the Soviet Union for the first time in 45 years while the quartet's premiere was being prepared. A lyrical "Nocturne" follows, after which a characteristic dotted-motif played unison announces the "Funeral March." The quartet closes with an "Epilogue" which briefly recalls the preceding movements, before fading away diminuendo.

In an article published by the Information Bulletin of the Copyright Agency of the Soviet Union, Shostakovich wrote, "I tried to make [the Fifteenth Quartet] a dramatic work; it is hard to say whether I succeeded."

A typical performance lasts approximately 37 minutes. It is the longest of Shostakovich's quartets.

Premieres
The world premiere took place in Leningrad on November 15, 1974, at the Glinka Maly Theatre with the composer in attendance. On January 11, 1975, the Beethoven Quartet premiered the work in Moscow, with cellist Yevgeny Altman replacing Shirinsky.

The first performance outside the Soviet Union took place in Coventry, England on March 11, 1975, at the University of Warwick's Arts Centre; the work was performed by the Fitzwilliam Quartet. The American premiere followed on January 23, 1976, at Diablo Valley College in Concord, California. It was performed by a quartet of local amateur musicians in a program dedicated to Shostakovich's memory; the performers were violinists Charles Strong and Charles Blossom, violist David Green, and cellist Anna Jovanovich. The latter had received a copy of the score from Irina Shostakovich, the composer's widow, during a visit to the Soviet Union.

Reception
After listening to a private performance by the Taneyev Quartet at his apartment, Shostakovich thanked them for "having penetrated so deeply the essence of this philosophical work, which I hold most dear." In an article published in Vecherniy Leningrad on November 15, 1974, Shostakovich called the Taneyev Quartet "first-class musicians who play the [Fifteenth Quartet] superbly."

Shostakovich invited his colleague Dmitry Kabalevsky to the rehearsals for the new quartet's premiere. Kabalevsky was initially moved emotionally by the quartet, but later expressed reservations. His suggestion that each movement should bear a programmatic title borrowed from Romain Rolland was not received positively by Shostakovich. According to Krzysztof Meyer, the Fifteenth Quartet was greeted with a standing ovation at its premiere, which Shostakovich acknowledged with difficulty because of his deteriorating physical abilities.

The critical reception following the Fifteenth Quartet's British and American premieres was mostly positive. Gerald Larner in The Guardian called it "a beautiful work, a credible and more than worthy companion to the recent symphonies" and that it was "yet another demonstration how fruitful, in creative terms, is Shostakovich's present preoccupation with death." In a review for the Birmingham Post, John Falding wrote that Shostakovich's ability to sustain the quartet's "haunting sadness and [its] atmosphere of total desolation" was a "mark of [his] brilliance". Charles Shere in the Oakland Tribune felt the music was an homage to Ludwig van Beethoven's late music, while a review in The Daily Telegraph called the quartet "a daring and often touching conception, even if its feelings and mannerisms have already appeared often in Shostakovich's work." Stephen Walsh in The Observer appraised the work negatively and compared it unfavorably to the Eighth Quartet. He also described the composer's late style as having "more than a trace of surrender" and prone to repeating itself:

"But whereas in the [Eighth Quartet] this style was still new and obviously expressed something deeply personal for the composer, in the [Fifteenth] it takes on an altogether more negative aspect—becomes, in fact, the mere absence of resource. It's as if the composer established long ago what his elegiac style ought to be, and was now simply using it again, but without the feeling of newness."

Kurt Sanderling, a friend of the composer, speculated that he meant the work as an epitaph for himself: "Perhaps because it was so unfathomably terrifying that he could not dedicate it to anyone." In her overview of Shostakovich's quartets, Wendy Lesser wrote that what the composer "feelingly realizes in this quartet is that there can be no settling into comfortable resignation, no weak or even fearless embrace of death, because something in us always wants to live."

title: String Quartet No. 15 (Shostakovich)


text:
Talk:National Committee of Labor Committees

Is this supposed to be National Caucus of Labor Committees (as in the first line of text), rather than the National Committee of Labor Committees? I see the other page already exists -- should they be merged? Catherine - talk 01:59, 13 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Romualdo Pacheco

José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco (October 31, 1831 – January 23, 1899) was a Californio statesman and diplomat. A Republican, he is best known as the only Hispanic person to serve as Governor of California since the American Conquest of California, and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S. Congress. Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state, federal, and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career, including serving as a California State Treasurer, California State Senator, and three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Early life
José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a Californio, born in Santa Barbara, California, to a family with prominent connections. His father, José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco, had moved to Alta California from Guanajuato in 1825, and served as an aide to José María de Echeandía during his tenure as Governor of Alta California. Pacheco's father was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831, when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old. His father had shot José María Avila, who had attacked Alta California Governor Manuel Victoria with a lance, but died when Avila's lance struck him.

His mother, María Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco, was a sister-in-law of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and a daughter of María Ygnacia López de Carrillo, the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa. After the death of his father, Romualdo's mother married Captain John D. Wilson, a Scotsman, who sent Pacheco to Honolulu, Hawaii, for his education.

At age twelve, Pacheco began an apprenticeship aboard a trading vessel. The Mexican–American War broke out two years later, and he was briefly held by American forces during the Conquest of California while on one trip in July 1846, as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena (modern day San Francisco). The ship he was on was searched, and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released.

Politics
Pacheco's association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s. He was also well respected by Anglos coming into the area. Early in his political career in the 1850s, he was a Democrat. He became affiliated with the National Union Party in the 1860s, but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the Republican Party.

In 1853, at age 22, Pacheco successfully sought the position of judge in San Luis Obispo County. Pacheco was elected to the state senate in 1857, succeeded his cousin Pablo de la Guerra. He was re-elected two times, serving until 1863. During the American Civil War Pacheco was appointed the rank of brigadier general by Governor Leland Stanford and directed to disarm military companies in the Los Angeles area that were not loyal to the Union.

Pacheco served as state treasurer from 1863 to 1867, then returned to the State Senate until becoming lieutenant governor. He served as Lieutenant Governor of California under Newton Booth until Booth was elected to the United States Senate in 1875. Pacheco then served as governor from February 27 to December 9, 1875, when Lieutenant Governor William Irwin, winner in the September elections that year, was inaugurated.

After briefly serving as governor, Pacheco ran for a U.S. House seat, defeating incumbent Peter D. Wigginton by just one vote. Wigginton contested the election, eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the House Committee on Elections refused Pacheco's certificate of election. Returning to California, he went into business until winning a House seat again in September 1879. He was reelected in 1880.

Diplomacy and death
After leaving Congress, Pacheco lived on a cattle ranch in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila for five years until he was appointed as U.S. Minister to various countries in Central America in 1890.

He returned to California in 1893, and he died in Oakland, at the home of his brother-in-law, in 1899. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery.

Personal life
On October 31, 1863, he married Mary McIntire, a 22-year-old playwright. They had three children, Maybella Ramona, Romualdo, and Enrique.

Legacy
Pacheco not only was the first Hispanic Governor of California, but (as of 2024) the only one in California's history as a state. He is also remembered for being the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S. House of Representatives. Latinos had served as non-voting delegates of territories before, but Pacheco was the first Latino member of Congress with full voting rights.

He was the last Hispanic Republican elected to represent California in the U.S. Congress until Mike Garcia was elected to represent the 25th district in a special election in May 2020, although Frank Coombs, whose mother was Mexican, was a Republican U.S. representative from California from 1901 to 1903, and Mexican-American U.S. Representative Matthew G. Martínez switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party on July 27, 2000 and served in Congress as a Republican until his term concluded on January 3, 2001.

title: Romualdo Pacheco


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/On teh spoke

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled On teh spoke.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

No context, no explanation as to where it comes from, origin unknown, link to All your base are belong to us doesn't explain it. RickK 01:57, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Joke. AYBBTU and its variants are hacker's jargon claiming to have taken a system, teh has many uses but this is one of them too. The author of this article, user:Wikisux, says on their user page I have strong philosophical objections to the concept of Wikipedia, and I have been guilty of vandalism in the past, so watch out. Interesting. Andrewa 03:09, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Nonsense. --Starx 04:59, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Burgundavia 06:18, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete this nonsense. Alcarillo 06:41, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ditto...and block the user - Lucky 6.9 16:32, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing vote to delete only if unsubstantiated. - Lucky 6.9 23:54, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I spent a good half hour searching for the origin of this phrase in vain, and it's not hard to imagine others interested in its etymology as well. If we delete this stub, how do we justify keeping All your base, goatse.cx, or Naked and Petrified? These pages are no less nonsense than "On teh spoke." - Wikisux 20:26, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but they're nonsense with a lot of history, information, and culture behind them - just look at how many games mention "all your base"! "On teh spoke", on the other hand, has little history. If it was that hard to find the origin of it, how significant can it be? PMC 20:28, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, I've seen quite a few pages referencing "On teh spoke" (I'm ashamed to admit). It's true that its origins are obscure, but the phrase itself is everywhere you look, if you frequent the same retarded sites on which the aforementioned no-nonsense memes tend to be found.
 * Actually, I just found this Slashdot thread (http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=104379&cid=8890172) that indicates at least three people, besides me, are curious about the phrase's history, and that's just among people who would read to the bottom of a boring Slashdot thread with fewer than 200 comments. I'll update the article with this information. -- Wikisux 20:49, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Thought you all might like to see the mature and sportsmanlike manner in which my delete and block motion was answered:  Where do you get off suggesting I be blocked for starting an article? Jerk. -- Wikisux 20:28, May 14, 2004 (UTC)  Nice. From an admitted vandal, yet.  - Lucky 6.9 21:21, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I had previously thought that since this was a matter between the two of us, it would be more appropriate to take it to your private user page. But if you really think this discussion belongs out here, I'm happy to oblige you. -- Wikisux 21:28, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've stricken my last comment as possibly inappropriate to the debate and have informed Wikisux of same. I don't want to start a war. - Lucky 6.9 21:42, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Ben Brockert 23:15, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Teh" is not a word. 66.32.132.150 23:52, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trivial. If it's still around in six months, maybe try again. DS 22:29, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter

Notable appearances in media
I see that this section has the comment text:

All content about the aircraft in fictional and gaming use has been moved to Aircraft in fiction, please see WP:AIRPOP

I've put the mention of Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters in here because as far as I can tell, a musical recording doesn't count as fictional or gaming use. If I've got it wrong, please let me know so I don't repeat the mistake. Michael F 1967 (talk) 21:29, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * it's a commentary on the crash record, Lockheed bribery scandal etc with fictional elements but it's not an academic analysis either. I agree it's definitely not in the A-robot-turns-into-a-plane-that-looks-a-lot-like-it category of media appearances.GraemeLeggett (talk) 21:41, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for commenting.

 * I feel I should mention (since this is the talk page) that Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters is a lot more than just that - although obviously nothing remotely like a formal analysis. If you ask me, it skewers almost everything that gets a look-in - pilots, mechanics, the uncouth Biergarten type, aircraft designers, and so on; and references all sorts of aspects of culture all over the place. You could write a dissertation on it, as a significant cultural artefact of its time, if you were that way inclined.

 * But judgements like that aren't relevant here: where does the link belong, that's the question. Should relevant musical albums turn up in this sort of place?  Or perhaps the article 'Aircraft in fiction' needs to be given an extended range - or maybe just a range description that's comprehensible by bears of lesser brain such as myself.

 * Okay, okay, I've got Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters on vinyl and CD and first listened to it in the mid 1980s. But right here and now: where should this link go? Michael F 1967 (talk) 22:31, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

XB-70 photo?
Should this article include the XB-70 photo in the §Safety section?

It's a well-known photo and highly relevant to the XB-70 article. However is it also relevant here? The F-104 is widely seen as an "unsafe" aircraft (however true, false or narrowly specific that is) and this photo adds to that. However, is that warranted? Is there any indication that the XB-70 crash was due to the F-104's characteristics? So should we give that impression? Andy Dingley (talk) 21:29, 13 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I think it's equally relevant to this article as well. The safety record section covers mainly the accident rates of the various operators (it doesn't attempt to address the "why", just the "what") and then lists some of the notable pilots who lost their lives. The photo was added to support the text regarding one of these pilots, Joseph A. Walker, who was flying the F-104 that day. While the collision wasn't due to an inherent design flaw of the F-104 or anything like that (or of the XB-70, for that matter), it certainly was a notable accident and covered in some detail in multiple Starfighter-specific sources. What's currently in the article and in the caption are what I would consider to be neutral statements about the two aircraft colliding, with no attempt to assign blame or cause.  C Thomas3   (talk) 23:09, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Copy edit comments and queries
Hi Tom, here we go:

 * "became widely used as a fighter-bomber" I am not sure that it was widely used; perhaps something like 'was frequently deployed in a fighter-bomber role'?
 * "it was developed into an all-weather fighter in the late 1960s. It was originally developed by" It would be nice to replace one of these with a synonym.
 * The first paragraph of the lead jumps around chronologically. Any chance of rearranging the sentences in date order?
 * "who contributed to the development of" Maybe 'who also contributed to the development of'?
 * "his outspoken opposition to the selection of the F-104" Selection of the F-104 as what?
 * "The final production version of the fighter model was" If this was the final production version, then "of the fighter model" should be deleted.
 * Overall the lead seems short for a 8,000+ word article. I note that it contains nothing on "Operational history" or "Flying characteristics" which occupy a lot of the main article. Are you happy that it meets MOS:LEAD, especially re being "a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies."

I have also made some copy edits. Shout if you are unhappy with, or don't understand the rationale for, any of them.

I shall continue working through the article, but just based on the lead, I don't think that it is currently FAC-ready. I would recommend putting it into MilHist's A class review system. You can do this straight away, and my comments would become a formal review. (Feel entirely free to partially QPQ by reviewing my current ACRs Battle of the Lipari Islands and First Punic War .) There is more slack in the ACR process and it is accepted that articles may need more work. I would also recommend that you find at least one subject expert - which I am not - to review it. If you don't have at least a couple of editors lined up willing to review this once it gets to FAC then can I recommend that you commence searching.

Gog the Mild (talk) 15:48, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you,, for the initial review. Admittedly I didn't spend a great deal of time revising the lead, and I agree with all of your edits to it. It will not be difficult to add a summary of the sections you mentioned, and make it more chronologically consistent. For the most part I do think it meets the intent of MOS:LEAD, but it certainly could meet it better.I'm happy to go through an A-class review. Regarding editors for FAC: how many editors are typically needed?  C Thomas3   (talk) 17:03, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * OK. Well get it nominated - see here. Ah, you are ahead of me.
 * Assuming that editors step forward to do the source and image reviews, which are relatively specialist, at least four others; more would be better, although if it has successfully gone through an ACR then four or five will probably do. I will be one. It is difficult to know how many editors would be spontaneously interested - the length and specialised nature of the article will count against it; as will it being your first - they are harder work; and as, I assume, you won't have reviewed others' FACs, there won't be any feeling of "owing you a favour". Actually, formally reviewing a few FACs against the criteria is a good way to get a grip on them.
 * Let's see how the ACR goes. Gog the Mild (talk) 17:22, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Doesn't appear to be a clear link to the A class review, should it be in the header boxes? There are quite a few factual errors, I can review the article but I stopped editing it many years ago due to daily instability. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  19:49, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
 * , there is a link at WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. It's under the MILHIST banner, underneath the "Additional information..." section. I agree that it's a bit hidden where it is.
 * I would absolutely welcome the review; I'm hoping I've fixed most/all of the factual errors, as I spent several months collecting as many of the available sources as I have been able to get my hands on (27 through interlibrary loan at last count, plus whatever was available online). If there were things I couldn't reference, I have taken them out, and if there were discrepancies in the sources, I have tried to include only what the sources have mostly agreed upon.  C Thomas3   (talk) 21:19, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
 * It is very hidden, the box is closed by default and it's not immediately clear that the black 'additional information' text also needs to be opened. Not sure where would be best to list my comments, here, the review or a sandbox page. I have sheparded two articles through the Featured Article process so I also know what is required for that standard. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  09:25, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, and that's probably something we should point out at WT:MILHIST. Your comments and suggestions are appreciated in whatever form they come; adding them to the review page would work just fine, I would think. Your advice and assistance for the FA process would also be extremely helpful.  C Thomas3   (talk) 15:15, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, and that's probably something we should point out at WT:MILHIST. Your comments and suggestions are appreciated in whatever form they come; adding them to the review page would work just fine, I would think. Your advice and assistance for the FA process would also be extremely helpful.  C Thomas3   (talk) 15:15, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Pakistan combat section
The paragraph starting "On 7 September 1965, a Griffin F-104A flown by Flight Lt. Amjad Hussein Khan intercepted 6 Indian Dassault Mysteres..." is totally incorrect. 12 IAF Mystere aircraft of No 1 Sqn IAF were detailed for the dawn attack, but four got lost in the dark in the pre-dawn zero R/T take off and returned to base. A lone Mystere flown by Sqn Ldr Tubby Devayya had taken off three minutes after the last foursome as standby to the mission, instead of staying on the ground, making it a 13-aircraft mission. My CO and Flt Cdrs took part. Sqn Ldr Handa and his foursome (Nos 9-12) got lost. NINE aircraft attacked Sargodha, eight of which exited safely. Amjad Hussain, who was the least experienced in the F-104 Sqn, was one of a pair of F-104s scrambled. They took off in the three minute interval between the first two sets of four Mysteres. This was to be a futile chase of aircraft exiting at high speed in different directions in pairs, BENEATH radar cover. The CAP controller picked up the ninth attacker four minutes later as he pulled up for his attack and Amjad also spotted him, only to lose him in the exit mode as he was perched at 10,000 feet. He was to pick him up again a minute later, descending rapidly to below 5000' when the raider was still within the radar coverage zone. The story emerged in 1972 when Amjad, the only pilot to eject from a Starfighter in two successive wars was captured and kept as a POW. His story was a complete book by itself and cleared all doubts about No 13. I commanded this Sqn, 1 Sqn AF, much later. '''More details to follow as references. I need to read my Sqn Diary and the ATC log again, if it still exists...this was 57 years ago'''. As a matter of interest, Amjad told his interlocutor, the wartime CO, and in 1972, Gp Capt OP Taneja, that he had hit the Mystere with his second Sidewinder but apparently not fatally, as this Mystere pulled up and back into him, guns blazing wildly. He was travelling too fast to avoid him and the Mystere hit the underside of his belly. He was sure he wasn't downed by gunfire, as widely reported, but by the massive inertia/ pitiful aerodynamics of the F-104 that led to the collision and had to eject. He didn't see a second parachute anywhere. Based on this evidence, OP Taneja took up this case in 1972 to recognise Devayya, but met with only apathy, till 1980, when Pop Bhasin, his close friend, became an Air Marshal. Devayya was recognised in 1988 and bestowed a Maha Vir Chakra posthumously.
 * Will be tough to get through, as personal experiences/original research won't count. That said, I find this section written with a pro-Pakistan bias; it indirectly reflects that shooting IAF ac down is an achievement, losing one is a tragedy. Moitraanak (talk) 12:55, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

 * India vs. Pakistan issues are some of the most contentious subjects we deal with on Wikipedia. Articles about Indian aircraft are generally very similar in tone, but with the opposite viewpoint, naturally. It's gets very tiresome to watch, and unfortunately, the tendency is to just laugh and ignore it. Unfortunately, most of the users who come here don't understand what is required to be neutral, and write solely from a nationalistic viewpoint. Every once in a while, we get some Indian and Pakistani editors that do understand how to write neutrally, but the last few have moved on from Wikipedia. It's practically a full-time job trying to keep these sections neutral, and Wikipedia doesn't pay us enough to make it worth the headache (as we are all unpaid volunteers!) I'd rather just remove all India vs. Pakistan combat descriptions altogether, and link to a relevant article on the war, engagement, or incident. That would at least keep the never-ending battles in one place where it's easier to keep on eye on things. BilCat (talk) 21:48, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Train attack in the Netherlands
According to Dutch media, the front area of the train, where the hijackers were, was sprayed with bullets from the Starfighters. There are enough pictures that show the size of the bullet holes. Basvossen (talk) 05:44, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

U-2 connection
Lockheed U-2 states "Johnson's design, named CL-282, was based on the Lockheed XF-104 with long, slender wings and a shortened fuselage." I therefore think it should be listed as a related design. However, after @BilCat reverted my change, I came to discover that the XF-104 has a separate article. I would therefore like to open the discussion if the U-2 should be listed as a descendant of the F-104, the XF-104, both, or neither. Sundhaug92 (talk) 17:06, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

 * See discussion at Talk:Lockheed U-2. BilCat (talk) 21:26, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter


text:
Talk:Mount Thielsen

Contradiction?
I'm not a geologist but it seems to me that the statement that "Thielsen was produced by subduction of the Nazca Plate under the North American Plate" conflicts with the statement below that says "The Cascade Range was produced by convergence of the North American Plate with the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate." Isn't the Nazca Plate a bit further south. – droll  [chat]  08:13, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * You're right -- it's the Juan de Fuca plate. —hike395 (talk) 08:17, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Indeed, that was a confusion on my part. Blame my frazzled brain.  ceran  thor 20:28, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
As a southern Oregon native, I have never heard Thielsen pronounced TEAL-sun. There's always a "th" sound at the beginning. I'm thinking the source isn't very reliable because I haven't ever heard Willamette pronounced will-A-mut or Oregon pronounced OARY-gun, either. Thoughts?  Little  Mountain  5   23:39, 31 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not a native but I've lived in the state for about 20 years. I agree with you. – droll  [chat]  23:22, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I removed the incorrect pronunciation and the source.  Little  Mountain  5   23:25, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Thielsen


text: User talk:68.232.36.61

title: User talk:68.232.36.61


text:
Talk:Republic F-105 Thunderchief

Removed from Combat
There doesn't seem to be a section in the article to support this sentence from the opening paragraph: "it was the only U.S. aircraft to have been removed from combat due to high loss rates.[2] "

There is a citation, but that doesn't tell much of the story - it sounds like an interesting point, and worth leaving in, but it seems like it should be supported better. Does anyone know the story? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.207.2.2 (talk) 22:41, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The text in the Lead (or Intro) is a summary; it seems to stand on its own, imo. There's info more later in the article.  The heavy losses combined with a better fighter-bomber to replace it led to the withdrawal of F-105 from combat. -Fnlayson (talk) 23:33, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * It should also be noted that they weren't making F-105's anymore, only 833 had been built, so there were no replacements available. As for getting shot down a lot, I seem to recall that more F-4's were shot down than F-105's in the Vietnam War, but I'm not sure, I'd have to research the matter.  50.202.81.2 (talk) 00:20, 24 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Here's the stats--382 F-105's were lost in Vietnam but more F-4's were lost in Vietnam (445). 50.202.81.2 (talk) 00:31, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

833 105's built-382 Lost One would think mere spare parts would be an issue since Republic Aircraft was no longer producing the "Thud" and the McDonnell/Douglas F-4 "Phantom II" even with the higher loss rate was still in production and a multi-role + multi-service assest. MARINE808 (talk) 07:31, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

It's downright embarrassing that the article still says this, seemingly four years after the first objection was raised. It's simply not accurate. The Thud was NOT withdrawn from combat. According to the CITED SOURCE, it was "withdrawn from the frontline because of attrition." That's a direct quote. Of course, it was "withdrawn from the frontline" after the end of the war, as is STATED IN THE WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE ITSELF. The impression given by the phrasing in the introduction (which is that the aircraft was withdrawn from service IN VIETNAM before the end of the war, and that it was withdrawn as a result of LOSS RATES rather than the overall attrition of what was a relatively rare airframe to begin with) is simply counterfactual, and the people responsible for this ought to be ashamed that it has remained for as long as it has. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.229.123.162 (talk) 00:54, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

What the heck are "operational losses"?
More to the point what is a non-operational loss? From the 2nd paragraph: "The F-105 was one of the primary strike bombers of the Vietnam War; over 20,000 Thunderchief sorties were flown, with 382 aircraft lost (nearly half of the 833 produced) including 62 operational losses." I deduce from this that 320 aircraft were lost to non-operational losses, so what happened to them? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.43.12.61 (talk) 04:12, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

 * If you work your way through these where all the losses are listed:

 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1954.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1957.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1958.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1959.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1960.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1961.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1962.html
 * http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1963.html MilborneOne (talk) 11:58, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Glad I could help--an "operational loss" is a non-combat loss. Say you're operating your airplane and you accidentally fly it into a mountain--that would  be an operational loss.  50.202.81.2 (talk) 00:35, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

The "venerable" Republic F-105 "Thunderchief" was designed to deliver a tactical nuclear device in a high speed low level (once it crossed the line of demarcation) proceed to primary target perform a parabolic arc releasing the weapon or weapons at the apex of the arc and then turn and burn hopefully to a intact friendly airfield. MARINE808 (talk) 06:28, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Unfortunately the Republic F-105 "Thunderchief" was forced into a mission profile it certainly wasn't designed for Fighter/Bomber Loaded with a full load of up to a dozen 750 lb. dumb bombs made it more than a little sluggish on take the take off run not to mention the in flight characteristics the fuel consumption was a constant concern with the KC-135 tankers just out of range of the SAM sites not to say those tanker drivers came danger close when needed (SALUTE) The KC-135's and their brave crews. Back to the point the Republic F-105 was designed for a high speed low level tactical nuclear strike! And out of "Operational Necessity" and the end result of that was it was the only operationally missioned aircraft removed from the southeast Asian theater of combat by order of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon due solely to unsustainable combat loses. i.e.(Operational Loses) MARINE808 (talk) 07:05, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

I may have mission losses and Operational losses confused. My mistake I will research that my apologies. MARINE808 (talk) 07:13, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Largest single engine combat aircraft, or aircraft in general?
I can't think of any other non-combat single-engine aircraft that was heavier than F-105, not just combat aircraft. Why omit that fact? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.28.105.253 (talk) 10:17, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reliable source? MilborneOne (talk) 10:30, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Randomly just looked at the F-35A which has a higher empty weight. MilborneOne (talk) 10:33, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * This has already been discussed - Talk:Republic_F-105_Thunderchief/Archive_1Nigel Ish (talk) 12:19, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

Twin Rail Sidewinder Mount
I made an edit that the F-105 could carry 2 sidewinders on each outer wing station instead of the one mentioned in the article, and it got changed back. There are several photos, and even a video by Republic showing the twin rail installation... MakrisDG (talk) 16:59, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Please cite a Reliable Published Source. Photos are not reliable sources of themselves. I can't comment on the video, as I haven't seen it. - BilCat (talk) 17:27, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

Lede is too long.
Hello folks. I believe the lede section is too long. I think everything except the first paragraph should be moved to the body of the article. Cheers. 73.6.96.168 (talk) 03:04, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Not needed now, imo. The Lead is four paragraphs long and is within recommended length at MOS:LEADLENGTH. -Fnlayson (talk) 03:12, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 October 2023
Hello -- I noticed the it reads F-102B below and is supposed to read F-105B: To fulfill the USAF's requirement for an all-weather attack aircraft, Republic proposed the F-105D variant during 1957. This version featured an enlarged nose and radome housing the AN/ASG-19 Thunderstick bombing/navigation system. The AN/ASG-19 was designed around the Autonetics R-14A radar, which operated in both air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, and the AN/APN-131 Doppler navigation radar. In the cockpit, the F-105D featured vertical-tape instrument displays for adverse weather operation. The ability to carry the TX-43 nuclear weapon was also added. On account of these myriad changes, Republic noted the difficulty of using the same production line as had been used for the F-102B; production times would also be extended from 144 days to 214 days. 2600:8802:470D:E000:C53C:5E08:33FB:8C43 (talk) 05:02, 1 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Later development
 * ✅  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  07:33, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

hydraulics
The fault was that the two systems run very close, so that a single splinter could break both. Mutatis mutandis, this was the cause of the Bismarck loss. If you are interested, I may recover the reference -- in 2024. MCHNY 151.29.149.29 (talk) 16:52, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Bomb capacity
The single-engine F-105 could deliver a bomb load greater than some American heavy bombers of World War II such as the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator.

Reference or source for this statement needed? 2A02:8070:D188:2E20:317A:F46C:689A:EC24 (talk) 15:24, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Republic F-105 Thunderchief


text:
Talk:Jet (band)

Something
There should be a disambiguation at the top specifically regarding the UK band Jet from the 1970's. In most articles where there are two bands named exactly the same there is usually some explanation of what the latter band had to do to use the same name. (I don't know the story behind the two Jets or I would put it in here. Someone must know it, though.) Mseanbrown (talk) 20:03, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

How come the criticism section was removed?

Hope those 6 song titles helped. MRYFoo5291

Someone should expand at least the two singles links in the section. --ThomasK 10:33, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Timothy
Did Timothy die in his own infancy? Or in Cameron's infancy? DS 21:25, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Timothy died in his own infancy. Cam was essentially the replacement child.

Cam was NOT a 'replacement child'. He was simply the next child lucky enough to be born into his amazing family. If his father had not died of cancer 6 months later there would no doubt have been more younger brothers and sisters.

Look What You've Done is original
I'm a musician, and I'm a huge Beatles fan and a Jet fan. And I don't believe Look What You've Done is a copy of Sexy Sadie. The phrase "making fool of everyone" is there, but in terms of melody, I think Look What You've Done is an original. Just listen to it.

Try listening to it and then One More for Love by Five for Fighting off of The Battle for Everything. The opening chords are all but identical. Maybe they are. Th900bbepr 05:58, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The music isn't ripped off from the Beatles, but the whole feel of the song is. Even if there were no lyrical similarities it would sound Beatles-esque. Mnealon (talk) 04:36, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

"F***. .. We still can't believe we're here with Oasis".
Did he really say "F***"? Cause I'll bet you a thousand dollars he actually said "Fuck". Can we change this? Bihal 04:37, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Absolutely we can - just de-censored it (next time feel free to be bold and do it yourself)...! Cheers, Ian Rose 09:47, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

EP More Light Than Shade has been removed.
This EP was actually an LP by a Glam Rock band called Jet made up of former members of T-Rex in the 1970's.

Charts
Hey guys the singles chart is all to do with the usa...no uk charts or australia. that sux. if anyone is able to find the info for the singles position on the uk or australia charts please add it to the chart.note the only reason im not doing it is because i dont know any sites that will give that info. thx. ChrisMHMChris

-If you changed the chart, then nevermind. but if not, the chart has been changed with UK and Australian charts.l (The ARIA chart represents the Australian chart)

the song move on is on the mucic from the oc mix 1 cd 203.221.62.3 06:47, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Family Style DVD.jpg
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BetacommandBot 07:54, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jet-band.png
Image:Jet-band.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:08, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Genre
Have you heard this group? His music isn't Hard Rock. Only a few songs are good, the vast majority are slow and sad. In my humble opinion, their sound are more like the Pop Rock than Hard Rock. (Sorry for my Google Traductor English :s)Rubiobarga (talk) 22:19, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. To say Jet are a hard rock band is just silly. Mnealon (talk) 04:38, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * What about Copy Rock? Like, you hear it and go "Oh hey, its that AC/DC song... waitaminute, that's not AC/DC.  Who is this?"  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.146.151.14 (talk) 22:08, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Yes 'Copy Rock' sounds great. How about 'Derivative Pop"? They really try and draw out that John Lennon side of the Beatles (like Oasis did before them...)  Hard Rock- no way!114.72.170.85 (talk) 19:56, 25 December 2008 (UTC)PS.

I think their genres are Alternative rock,Hard rock,Garage rock revival,Pop rock and Soft rock. They aren't an American rock band.User:Drew94

I would like to ask a question regarding the genre. Are Jet's music (in terms of its musical genre) distinctively Australian, like it should be, or is it Anglicised or Americanised? If it's one of the latter, then could they make it one of the former? Also in saying this, when "Be My Girl" came out, I thought it was quite Americanized, both in terms of its lyrics (it's essentially about a girl) and in terms of its garage rock influence. Yes, I am Australian, and yes, you are welcome to write back. 114.73.156.88 (talk) 10:22, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Genre - Garage Rock Revival
Garage Rock Revival is more of a new revival type thing, like a movement. its not a genre, id be in support of just putting Garage Rock as a genre, but these guys are more of a pub rock band from what ive heard. just my 2 cents though, if anyones got a problemo, go ahead and fix it how you want, but thats how i felt it should be. 68.103.28.224 (talk) 07:24, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Clarify please?
Brothers Nic Cester and Chris Cester grew up in Dingley Village, a suburb just out of Melbourne, Victoria listening to classic rock from the 1960s and 1970s such as The Who, AC/DC, The Easybeats, Faces, The Loved Ones and particularly The Rolling Stones and The Beatles; these were their father's records. In an interview for the documentary "Take It Or Leave It", which was also recorded on the band's Right! Right! Right! live DVD,

"It's always interpreted that our father had a great record collection, but that's not true. It was actually a really shit collection that Nic managed to find the gems in."

The quote is not attributed to anyone.

114.72.170.85 (talk) 19:27, 25 December 2008 (UTC)PS

Alt. Rock?
I'm removing alternative rock from Jet's genre listing because let's face it, they aren't. They play a traditional rock style influenced by blues and hard rock, which is rock music and not alternative. Admittedly they have a bit of punk rock in their sound as well but it's not an alternative sound (the Ramones aren't an alternative rock band), it's a traditional rock sound. Allmusic cites them as "American Trad Rock" which is in the "Rock 'n' roll/Roots" genre. Feel free to change it back if you disagree but please state exactly why. SurfyDead (talk) 16:26, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

All caps? "Jet" vs. "JET"?
My iTunes Gracenote database wants to display the band's name in all capital letters, and light googling shows nothing to the contrary.

This is kind of a Ten Thousand Maniacs vs. 10,000 Maniacs issue, but can someone clarify which display is official?

Note that this wiki article has the lower case version.

IvyGold (talk) 19:17, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Doesn't matter. Wikipedia style guides prefer that unusual capitalization be ignored. Doceirias (talk) 20:41, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Define unusual. The 70's Swedish band: Abba? ABBA?

Regardless of wikipedia rules, let's say one is emailing his girlfriend about this band's impending new release.

A) I can't wait for Jet's new CD!

B) I can't wait for JET's new CD!

Which is correct? IvyGold (talk) 23:04, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

The correct approach is to use "Jet" throughout the article with a parenthetical in the opening sentence about it being commonly typeset as "JET". This is what is done with Live (band), dredg, and Kiss (band); this is what I'm going to do here. See the talk pages of those articles for links to the appropriate Wikipedia style guidelines. --Snaxe/fow (talk) 21:58, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

This not an Alternative Band
My english is sketch, but this not an 'Alternative' band, they'are a Pop Rock group, Like beatles and Stones, AC/DC. Vandalism is added lots calling this Alternative, but it is not. If vandlas call this Alternative, please remove. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnnybritches (talk • contribs) 23:59, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Moving this discussion to the bottom of the page, since it is new - I didn't see it last time I reverted you. The exact genre of any band is clearly a matter for musical scholars to debate, not me - I only watch this page to find out when their next album's coming out. But I am an experienced Wikipedia editor, and you do need a source to make a change like the one you're proposing. As it stands, there are multiple listings for Jet under different rock sales charts; but none for any pop specific charts. They do indeed sound like the pop music of the 60s, but since pop music doesn't sound anything like that now, I can't really see any justification for it. I encourage you to find a few reliable sources and end the debate over what kind of music Jet are - every time the page pops up on my watch list, it's just someone else changing the genre. So far, it's always ended up back as Alternative/Garage Rock/Hard Rock. Garage Rock seems most accurate to my ears and taste, but I have no source for that either. Doceirias (talk) 06:20, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

-Wrong, its Pop Hard ROck like AC/DC, Beatles, this not alternative, vandalism not allowed on wikipedia website, only u have made alternative. Flame war can get u band, please stop this vandlism, please. -britches

 * Why'd you move the discussion back to the top? Why didn't you sign your post or indent properly? Why do you continue to change this page without a source, in a way that contradicts the existing sources? Why do you continue to assume bad faith by accusing others of vandalism and attempts to make this an actual discussion as flame wars? If you want to change this to pop, find a source. Without a source, you'll just get reverted by me or someone else. That's how Wikipedia works. Doceirias (talk) 15:05, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

allmusic is not. I repeat, Is Not calling this a Pop Rock band.It is calling them GaragE PunK, Hard RocK and American Trad RocK. Look up any band that play any form of Rock, Metal punk etc. on allmusic. They will ALL be listed under the pop/rock genre. The specific Subgenre (which is what matters here), is listed under STYLES on allmusic. There is a difference between the metagenre of pop/rock and the subgenre of Pop Rock. Duck610 (talk) 10:34, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Pop Rock
allmusic lists all bands that play rock, metal, punk etc, under pop/rock. It lists the specific subgenres under styles. Its not saying they play pop rock by definition, its saying they play Hard Rock, Garage Punk and American Trad Rock, not Pop Rock. It shouldn't be listed with allmusic as the source. Duck610 (talk) 12:37, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

American Traditional Rock
American Trad. Rock is several to American rock.American rock include many subgenres. American Traditional rock is a genre similar at Soft Rock. Then i removed American rock to the band's genres and i replaced with Alternative rock. User:Drew 94. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.53.222.195 (talk) 09:28, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Non-notable, unencyclopedic and original research
I've just noted a fair bit of this article contains content that is either original research (what Jet allegedly said at a show), unencyclopedic (an appearance on a TV show in which nothing special or out of the ordinary happened (which is also original research) and simply isn't notable. I've began to remove these things, but please keep an eye out for similar things and try to keep the article free from such information. Also, there are several parts of this article that need adequate references. Teachingwedge (talk) 01:05, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
 * On closer inspection, there are whole sections that make claims without any references. I don't have time at the moment to find citations for these claims, but in the meantime I have tagged several with "Citation Needed". Teachingwedge (talk) 01:34, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Present Tense & Dead Links
In the section "Shaka Rock and break-up (2008–2012)", I changed several parts that were written in the present tense to the past tense. As the band has broken up, it would be incorrect to refer to them as if they were still together - apparently, it did not occur to some people writing the article that this might happen so soon. You might want to check the rest of the article for use of the present tense. I also noticed that there was a "dead link" flag for the following quote:
 * "I think is sort of a step forward for us songwriting-wise. It's sorta got everything wrapped into one, a storyline, and sad to say melancholy. It's rock and roll, it's rocking, it's got all these other albums to it, you know, so I find it really interesting."

A quick Google search found hundreds of results for the quote, but many of them were from blogs or online stores, which are likely to become dead links. Some of the results were other wikis - it appears that several of them even took their information directly from Wikipedia. It would be very helpful if someone could find a source which predates this quote's appearance on this article, and is unlikely to disappear anytime soon.--Henry hedden (talk) 01:35, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

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Requested move 5 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Per consensus, WP:PDAB. – robertsky (talk) 05:43, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

Jet (Australian band) → Jet (band) – The Australian band are far and away more prominent than the British one, who were together for two years and seemingly didn't chart anywhere. |Jet_(UK_band) Their pageviews bear out the disparity. "Jet (band)" has also redirected here since the article was moved to the current title in 2017. Jjamesryan (talk | contribs) 18:28, 5 February 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment I've bold moved Jet (UK band) to Jet (British band), per WP:BANDDAB. 162 etc. (talk) 18:55, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PDAB. 162 etc. (talk) 18:56, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support, a simple search confirms that the Australian band Jet is well known (and has a great number of search hits) as opposed to the British band, Jet. Dan arndt (talk) 08:51, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Incomplete disambiguation. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:14, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PDAB. Almost opposed but then read and applied PDAB further as this has a lower page view ratio than any of the other ones that have been moved at 24:1 but after some thought I think that is past the cutoff. SportingFlyer  T · C  23:20, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. I believe the gap in pageviews is sufficient to justify a WP:PDAB here. Other primary topic considerations also favor the Australian band, such as the greater level of critical and commercial success. The PRIMARYREDIRECT from also doesn't seem to be confusing to readers; a look at click-through data suggests that a fairly trivial number of people proceed to the British band's article after landing on the Australian one. In sum, the combination of a strong pageview lead (PT1) and a compelling significance gap (PT2) lead me to find cause for partial disambiguation. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 15:41, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jet (band)


text: User talk:65.50.164.147

title: User talk:65.50.164.147


text: User talk:69.193.92.83

title: User talk:69.193.92.83


text:
Inotrope

An inotrope or inotropic is a drug or any substance that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.

The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various drugs that affect the strength of contraction of heart muscle. However, it can also refer to pathological conditions. For example, enlarged heart muscle can increase inotropic state, whereas dead heart muscle can decrease it.

Medical uses
Both positive and negative inotropes are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. The choice of agent depends largely on specific pharmacological effects of individual agents with respect to the condition. One of the most important factors affecting inotropic state is the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Positive inotropes usually increase this level, while negative inotropes decrease it. However, not all positive and negative drugs affect calcium release, and, among those that do, the mechanism for manipulating the calcium level can differ from drug to drug.

While it is often recommended that vasopressors are given through a central line due to the risk of local tissue injury if the medication enters the local tissues, they are likely safe when given for less than two hours through good peripheral intravenous catheterization.

Positive inotropic agents
By increasing the concentration of intracellular calcium or increasing the sensitivity of receptor proteins to calcium, positive inotropic agents can increase myocardial contractility. Concentrations of intracellular calcium can be increased by increasing influx into the cell or stimulating release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Once in the cell, calcium can pass through one of two channels: the L-type calcium channel (long-lasting) and the T-type calcium channel (transient). These channels respond to voltage changes across the membrane differently: L-type channels respond to higher membrane potentials, open more slowly, and remain open longer than T-type channels.

Because of these properties, L-type channels are important in sustaining an action potential, while T-type channels are important in initiating them.

By increasing intracellular calcium, via the action of the L-type channels, the action potential can be sustained for longer and therefore, contractility increases.

Positive inotropes are used to support cardiac function in conditions such as decompensated congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, etc.

Examples of positive inotropic agents include:
 * Digoxin
 * Berberine
 * Calcium
 * Calcium sensitisers
 * Levosimendan
 * Catecholamines
 * Dopamine
 * Dobutamine
 * Dopexamine
 * Adrenaline (epinephrine)
 * Isoproterenol (isoprenaline)
 * Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
 * Angiotensin II
 * Eicosanoids
 * Prostaglandins
 * Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
 * Enoximone
 * Milrinone
 * Amrinone
 * Theophylline
 * Glucagon
 * Insulin

Negative inotropic agents
Negative inotropic agents decrease myocardial contractility and are used to decrease cardiac workload in conditions such as angina. While negative inotropism may precipitate or exacerbate heart failure in the short term, certain beta blockers (e.g. carvedilol, bisoprolol and metoprolol) have been believed to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure.

Examples of negative inotropic agents include:

 * Beta blockers
 * Non-dihydropyridine Calcium channel blockers
 * Diltiazem
 * Verapamil

Class IA antiarrhythmics such as
 * Quinidine
 * Procainamide
 * Disopyramide

Class IC antiarrhythmics such as
 * Flecainide
 * Isovoacangine
 * Voacristine

title: Inotrope


text: User talk:67.167.157.75

title: User talk:67.167.157.75


text:
Carlina

Carlina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is distributed from Madeira and the Canary Islands across Europe and northern Africa to Siberia and northwestern China.

Plants of the genus are known commonly as carline thistles.

Description
Carlina species are very similar to true thistles (genus Cirsium) in morphology, and are part of the thistle tribe, Cardueae. Most are biennial herbs, but the genus includes annuals, perennials, shrubs, and dwarf trees, as well. The largest reach about 80 centimeters tall. The stems are upright and branching or unbranched. The whole plant is spiny. The leaves have toothed or lobed blades with spiny edges and sometimes woolly hairs. The flower heads are solitary or borne in inflorescences. The head is hemispherical to bell-shaped and lined with several layers of spiny phyllaries. The outer phyllaries may be very long and leaflike. It contains tubular or funnel-shaped disc florets in shades of yellow or red. The fruit is a hairy cypsela with a plumelike pappus made up of tufts of bristles.

Taxonomy and relationships
Carlina is closely related to the genus Atractylis. Together they are a sister group to the genus Atractylodes in the subtribe Carlininae. Carlina has been divided into five subgenera: Carlina, Carlowizia, Heracantha, Lyrolepis, and Mitina. There are about 28 to 34 species in the genus. • Carlina acanthifolia

• Carlina acaulis – stemless carline thistle

• Carlina atlantica

• Carlina balfouris

• Carlina barnebiana

• Carlina biebersteinii

• Carlina brachylepis

• Carlina canariensis

• Carlina comosa

• Carlina corymbosa (syn. C. curetum) – clustered carline thistle

• Carlina curetum

• Carlina diae

• Carlina frigida

• Carlina graeca

• Carlina guittonneaui

• Carlina gummifera – stemless atractylis

• Carlina hispanica

• Carlina involucrata

• Carlina kurdica

• Carlina lanata – wooly carline thistle

• Carlina libanotica

• Carlina macrocephala

• Carlina macrophylla

• Carlina nebrodensis

• Carlina oligocephala

• Carlina pygmaea

• Carlina racemosa

• Carlina salicifolia

• Carlina sicula – Sicilian carline thistle

• Carlina sitiensis

• Carlina tragacanthifolia

• Carlina vayredrae

• Carlina vulgaris – common carline thistle

• Carlina xeranthemoides

Etymology
The genus name honors the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558).

Uses
Carlina species have been used as herbal remedies in European systems of traditional medicine. C. acaulis root is known as Carlinae radix and is still used medicinally as a diuretic and a treatment for such conditions as skin lesions and rashes, catarrh, and toothache. Most commercial preparations of Carlinae radix are not C. acaulis, but are in fact adulterated with C. acanthifolia, a related species. The essential oil of both species is mostly composed of carlina oxide, an acetylene derivative. The compound has antimicrobial activity. The young flowerhead of C. acaulis is also eaten like an artichoke.

title: Carlina