text:
Michel Corrette

Michel Corrette (10 April 1707 – 21 January 1795) was a French composer, organist and author of musical method books.

Life
Corrette was born in Rouen, Normandy. His father, Gaspard Corrette, was an organist and composer. Little is known of his early life.

In 1726, Corrette entered into a competition for the post of organist at the Church of Sainte Marie-Madeleine in Paris, but was not selected. He then earned his living as a music teacher (which in fact made him more money than he would have as an organist), and in 1727 he published his first collections of sonatas for various instruments such as the flute, violin, brass, musette, and hurdy-gurdy.

On 8 January 1733, Corrette married Marie-Catherine Morize, with whom he had two children, Marie-Anne (1734 - ca. 1822), and a son, Pierre-Michel (1744 - 1801), who also became an organist.

In 1737, Corrette was appointed as the organist at the Church of Sainte Marie du Temple in Paris - a position he held for 54 years until 1791. In 1742, he wrote a so-called "Turkish" concerto in honour of the Ottoman Ambassador to France, Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha, who was a great admirer of French culture. In addition to his post at the Sainte Marie Church, he served as organist at the Jesuit College in Paris from 1758 until his dismissal in 1762. It is also known, based on annotations in his methodic pieces for double bass, that he traveled to England before 1773. In 1780 he was appointed organist to the Duke of Angoulême.

In 1791, he lost his longtime position at the Sainte-Marie Church due to the dechristianization of France during the French Revolution. (The church was sold to a private citizen and would be demolished several years later.) Despite this, he took a keen interest in the events taking place in his country, and wrote several musical paeans celebrating the Revolution, all now lost.

Michel Corrette died on 21 January 1795 in Paris, the city in which he spent almost all of his career, at the age of 87. A street in Rouen, his birthplace, bears his name.

Music
Corrette was prolific. He composed ballets and divertissements for the stage, including Arlequin, Armide, Le Jugement de Midas, Les Âges, Nina, and Persée. He composed many concertos, notably 25 concertos comiques. Aside from these works and keyboard concertos, he also composed sonatas, songs, instrumental chamber works, harpsichord pieces, cantatas, and other sacred vocal works. Most of his sacred works have not survived, some exceptions being the Laudate Dominum and Four Masses for Two Voices from 1788.

Despite living well into the Classical era (he outlived Mozart by four years, dying in 1795 just a few months short of 88), Corrette's musical idiom was very conservative, and he continued to compose in the Baroque style at least up to the 1770s.

His teaching
Aside from playing the organ and composing music, Corrette organized concerts and taught music. He wrote nearly twenty music method books for various instruments—the violin, cello, bass, flute, recorder, bassoon, harpsichord, harp, mandolin, voice and more—with titles such as l'Art de se perfectionner sur le violon (The Art of Playing the Violin Perfectly), le Parfait Maître à chanter (The Perfect Mastersinger) and L′école d′Orphée (The School of Orpheus), a violin treatise describing the French and Italian styles. These pedagogical works by Corrette are valuable because they "give lucid insight into contemporary playing techniques."

Method books

 * L'École d’Orphée, Méthode de violon dans le goût Français et Italien (1738; 1779 edition lost).
 * Méthode de flûte (1740, retir. 1753, rééd. 1773).
 * Méthode pour apprendre le violoncelle (1741, 1783)
 * Méthode de par-dessus de viole à 5 et à 6 cordes avec des Leçons à I. et II. Parties (1748).
 * Les Amusemens du Parnasse, Méthode courte et facile pour apprendre à toucher le clavecin (1749, 1779).
 * Le Maître de clavecin pour l’accompagnement (1753, c. 1775, 1790).
 * Prototipes contenant des leçons d’Accompagnement par demandes et par réponses (1754, 1762, 1775).
 * Le Parfait Maître à chanter (Méthode de solfège chanté) (1758, 1782).
 * Les Dons d’Apollon, méthode de guitare par musique et tablature (1762).
 * Nouvelle méthode de mandoline (et tablature du cistre) (1772).
 * Méthodes de contre-basse à 3, à 4, à 5 cordes, de la quinte ou alto et de la viole d’Orphée (1773).
 * Méthode de harpe (1774), lost.
 * La Gamme du hautbois et du basson (1776), lost.
 * Méthode de quinte ou alto (1785), lost.
 * L’Art de se perfectionner dans le violon (1782).
 * La Belle Vielleuse, Méthode de vielle (1783, c.1825).
 * Le Berger Galant, Méthode de flûte à bec (1784), lost.

Concertos
25 Concertos comiques :

 * 1) Le Mirliton, ouvrage utile aux mélancoliques, 1732.
 * 2) L'Allure, 1732.
 * 3) Margoton, ouvrage récréatif.
 * 4) Le Quadrille, 1733.
 * 5) La femme est un grand embarras, 1733.
 * 6) Le Plaisir des dames, 1733 (les 6 premiers concertos forment un recueil, Œuvre VIII "Ouvrage amusant et très récréatif").
 * 7) La Servante au bon tabac, 1733.
 * 8) Biron, 1734.
 * 9) Les Tricotets, 1735.
 * 10) Ma mie Margo, 1735.
 * 11) La Tante Tourelourette et le Plaisir d'être avec vous, 1736.
 * 12) La Découpure, 1737.
 * 13) La Béquille du Père Barnaba, 1737.
 * 14) La Choisy, 1741.
 * 15) Concerto Turc, 1742.
 * 16) Vla c'que c'est qu'd'aller aux bois, 1743.
 * 17) Les Pantins, 1748.
 * 18) La Tourière, 1748.
 * 19) La Turque et la Confession, 1749-50.
 * 20) Nous nous marierons dimanche, 1751.
 * 21) Les Amours de Thérèse et de Colin, 1755.
 * 22) La Prise de Port-Mahon, 1756, lost.
 * 23) Ramponau, c. 1760. lost.
 * 24) La Marche du Huron ; Comme l'Amour, soyons enfants ; On dit qu'à quinze ans, on plaît, on aime, on se marie, c.1773.
 * 25) Les Sauvages et la Furstemberg, c.1773.

Other concertos

 * for flute, violin, oboe
 * Œuvre III, 1728.
 * Œuvre IV, 1728.
 * for hurdy-gurdy or musette
 * Le Berger Fortuné, 1737.
 * Les Récréations du Berger Fortuné, 1737.
 * Les Voyages du Berger Fortuné aux Indes Orientales, 1737.
 * L'Asne dort, 1740.
 * for organ or harpsichord:
 * VI Concerti a sei Strumenti, Cimbalo o Organo obligati, Opera XXVI, 1756.
 * for cello :
 * Le Phenix, concerto pour quatre Violoncelles, Violes ou Bassons, c. 1735.
 * works written for Christmas
 * 1) Concerto Spirituel, 1731.
 * 2) Pastorale, 1732.
 * 3) III Concerto de Noëls, 1735.
 * 4) Noëls Suisses, 1737.
 * 5) Noël Allemand "Lobt Gott, ihr Christen, alle gleich", 1741.
 * 6) Concerto de noëls, 1754, lost.

Orchestral

 * Les Ages. Ballet Pantomime, œuvre X (28 juillet 1733)
 * Concert de Simphonies, œuvre XV, incomplet, 1735.
 * Six Symphonies en Quatuor sur les Noëls, 1762
 * Carillon, ajouté à la Messe des Morts de Jean Gilles, 1764.

Harpsichord

 * Premier Livre de Pièces de clavecin, Œuvre, 1734.
 * Livre de sonates pour le clavecin avec accompagnement de violon, Opera XXV, 1742.
 * Livre I. Les Amusemens du Parnasse. Méthode courte et facile pour apprendre à toucher le Clavecin, avec les plus jolis airs à la mode, où les doigts sont chiffrés pour les Commençans, 1749.
 * Livre II. Les Amusemens du Parnasse, Brunettes et les plus jolis airs à la mode avec des variations, c. 1752.
 * Livre III des Amusemens du Parnasse, contenant les belles Ariettes Italiennes qui ont été chantées au Concert Spirituel et à l'Opéra Italien, mises en pièces de clavecin, 1754.
 * Livre IV des Amusements du Parnasse, contenant les Belles Arietes Italiennes, Chansons, Menuets, et autres jolis airs, le tout ajusté pour le Clavecin, 1762.
 * Livre V des Amusements du Parnasse, contenant des ariettes de l'opéra-comique et autres jolis airs. Le tout arrangé pour le clavecin, 1769, lost.
 * Livre VI des Amusemens du Parnasse, contenant la Marche des Gardes Françaises et celle des Gardes Suisses, avec des Ariettes choisies accommodées pour le clavecin, 1769.
 * Livre VII des Amusemens du Parnasse, contenant des Ariettes choisies, Marches, Menuets et Romances avec des variations pour le clavecin. Plusieurs de ces pièces peuvent se jouer sur la harpe, 1771, lost.
 * Livre VIII des Amusemens du Parnasse, contenant des Ariettes Italiennes Romances avec des variations accommodées pour le clavecin. Ces Marches font un bel effet sur les Grands Jeux de l'orgue, 1772.
 * Divertissements pour le clavecin ou le forte piano, avec le Combat naval, 1779.

Organ

 * Premier Livre d'orgue (Magnificat tons 1-4), 1737.
 * IIe Livre d'Orgue. Œuvre XXVI (sic) (Magnificat tons 5-8), 1750.
 * Nouveau Livre de Noëls avec un Carillon pour le Clavecin ou l'Orgue (1741, rééd. 1753).
 * IIIe Livre d'Orgue contenant les messes et les hymnes de l'Église.., 1756.
 * XII Offertoires: I. La St. Augustin - II. La St. Benoist - III. La St. Louis - IV. La St. Bernard - V. La St. Dominique - VI. La S. Pierre S. Paul - VII. La St. François - VIII. La saint Jean - IX. La Ste. Cécile (in part) - X. ? (lost) - XI. ? (in part) - XII. La Renommée. (1766). These Offertories, once considered lost, have been recently rediscovered and are in the possession of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
 * Noëls avec des variations, l'O Filii et un Carillon... qui peuvent s'exécuter sur l'orgue et le piano-forte, 1782, lost.
 * Pièces pour l'orgue dans un genre nouveau... avec le mélange des jeux et la manière d'imiter le tonnerre, 1787.

Flute, Violin

 * Sonates pour violon et basse continüe. Œuvre I, 1727, lost.
 * Sonates pour 2 flûtes traversières sans basse. Œuvre II, 1727 ; rééd. 1740.
 * Menuets dans le goût français et italien pour les flûtes, hautbois et violons avec la basse continüe, 1733.
 * Sonates pour la flûte traversière ou violon avec la basse continue composée pour le violon de Chelle ou basson, Opera XIII, 1734.
 * Sonates en trio pour la flûte traversière et violon avec la basse continue. Opera XIV, c. 1735.
 * Menuets nouveaux pour le violon avec la basse pour le violoncelle, viole et basson, exécutés à la Comédie Française par la Nouvelle Orchestre, 1736-37.
 * Trois livres de contredanses, 1742, lost.
 * Sonatilles, solo pour la flûte traversière ou violon avec la basse. Œuvre XIX, 1739.
 * Trois Livres de Duos pour la flûte. Œuvre 21, 22 & 23, 1740, lost.
 * VI Duetti a due Violini o a flauti traversi, Opera XXIIIa, 1740.
 * Les plus beaux vaudevilles, chansons, et contredanses anglaises accommodés pour deux flûtes ou violons, 1740, lost.

Cello

 * Les Délices de la Solitude, sonates pour le violoncelle, viole, basson avec la basse continüe chiffrée. Œuvre XX, 1738-9.
 * Noël pour deux violoncelles et basse, 1781, lost.

Musette, hurdy-gurdy

 * Pièces pour la musette ou vièle, flûte à bec, flûte traversière, hautbois, dessus de viole et violon. Œuvre V, 1729.
 * Six fantaisies à trois parties pour la vièle ou musette, flûte et basse continue. Œuvre VI, 1729.

Horn or Trumpet

 * Divertissemens pour deux cors de chasse ou trompettes. Œuvre Septième, c. 1730, Rééd., c. 1737.
 * Tons de chasse et fanfares pour le cor de chasse, lost.
 * Divertissement pour cor, 1764, lost.

For voice

 * for the Opéra Comique
 * Recueil des Divertissements de l'Opéra Comique... Foire Saint Laurent. Œuvre IXe, 1733.
 * IIe Recueil de l'Opéra Comique...Foire Saint Germain. Œuvre XIe, 1734.
 * Troisième Livre d'Airs à chanter. Œuvre XVIIe, 1735-1736, lost.
 * Quatrième Livre d'Airs à chanter. Œuvre XIX, 1737 ; titre remplacé par Les Délassemens de l'esprit. Vaudevilles et Ariettes de l'Opéra Comique. Tome I, 1737.
 * Les Délassemens de l'Esprit. Tome II, 1738.
 * Les Délassemens de l'esprit. Tome III, 1742, lost.
 * Les Délassemens. Tome IV, 1754-1758.
 * Ariettas, Cantatas, Cantatilles, Vaudevilles:
 * Jeanne, Cantatille avec symphonie, 1738.
 * Vaudeville au sujet de l'Alliance de Madame de France et Philippe II, infant d'Espagne, 1739.
 * La Naissance de la Musette, IIe Cantatille avec Symphonie, 1743.
 * Epouvante tes bords. Air de Basse-Taille. In: Mercure de France, avril 1744.
 * Le Retour du Roy, Cantatille, c. 1742-1748.
 * Je n'avais jamais engagé mon cœur, c. 1755.
 * Epithalame à l'occasion du mariage de Monseigneur le Comte de Marche avec Mademoiselle d'Este, 1759 (ms.).
 * Polymnie, Cantatille, avec Simphonie dans laquelle il y a un violoncelle obligé, 1760.
 * Malbrough, Ariette Nouvelle à voix seule, 1783.
 * Works commemorating the French Revolution, all lost
 * Ariette patriotique sur le refrain : « Ah, ça ira, ça ira, ça ira », 1790.
 * Chaconne du Tiers-État, 1790.
 * Le Triomphe de la Garde Nationale, contenant 2 Ariettes militaires que l'on peut chanter en Duo, avec violons, cors de chasse et basse, 1790.
 * Sacred works for voice
 * Laudate pueri Dominum, Psaume, 1745, lost.
 * Levavi oculos, motet à grand Chœur, 1745, lost.
 * Lauda Jerusalem, motet à Grand Chœur, 1748, lost.
 * Te Deum, 1752, lost.
 * Laudate Dominum de cælis. Psaume 148. Motet à grand chœur arrangé dans le concert du Printemps de Vivaldi, 22 novembre 1765.
 * Messe avec symphonie à grand chœur et Ecce quam bonum, motet, 22 novembre 1769, lost.
 * Motets à voix seule avec accompagnement pour l'orgue à l'usage des dames religieuses, 1775, lost.
 * Leçons de Ténèbres à voix seule avec accompagnement de l'orgue, pour le premier de chaque jour, le Mercredi, le Jeudi et le Vendredi Saint, 1784.
 * Quatre Messes à deux voix égales. Avec l’accompagnement de l’Orgue à l’usage des Dames Religieuses mêlées de Solo, Duo et Chœurs qui peuvent aussi se chanter par les haute-contres et tailles, (1788).
 * IVe Messe pour le tems de Noël, pour deux dessus et orgue.

Free scores

 * Les pantins (from Maîtres français du clavecin des XVIIme et XVIIIme siècles) From Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
 * Les pantins (from Maîtres français du clavecin des XVIIme et XVIIIme siècles) From Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection

title: Michel Corrette


text:
Presles, Calvados

Presles is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Presles, Calvados


text:
Moana Hotel

The Moana Hotel is a historic hotel building in Honolulu, Hawaii, located at 2365 Kalākaua Avenue in the Waikiki neighborhood. Built in the late 19th century as the first hotel in Waikiki, the Moana opened in 1901. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hotel was also inducted into Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, in 1989. The building is currently part of the resort complex known as Moana Surfrider, A Westin Resort & Spa and is managed by Westin Hotels & Resorts.

Moana Hotel
The wealthy Honolulu landowner Walter Chamberlain Peacock, in an effort to establish a fine resort in the previously neglected Waikiki area of Honolulu, incorporated the Moana Hotel Company in 1896. Working with a design by architect Oliver G. Traphagen and $150,000 in capital, The Lucas Brothers contractors completed the structure in 1901. Construction of The Moana marked the beginning of tourism in Waikiki, becoming the first hotel amidst the bungalows and beach houses. In Hawaiian, moana means open sea or ocean.

The Moana's architecture was influenced by European styles popular at the time, with Ionic columns and intricate woodwork and plaster detailing throughout the building. The Moana was designed with a grand porte cochere on the street side and wide lānais on the ocean side. Some of the 75 guest rooms had telephones and bathrooms (unusual at the time), and the hotel featured a billiard room, saloon, main parlor, reception area, and library. Peacock installed the first electric-powered elevator in the islands at the Moana, which is still in use. Design features of the original structure that survive to this day include extra-wide hallways (to accommodate steamer trunks), high ceilings, and cross-ventilation windows (to cool the rooms prior to air conditioning).

The Moana officially opened on March 11, 1901. Its first guests were a group of Shriners, who paid $1.50 per night for their rooms. Peacock did not find success with his endeavor and sold the hotel on May 2, 1905 to Alexander Young, a prominent Honolulu businessman who also owned the adjacent Honolulu Seaside Hotel and the Alexander Young Hotel in downtown Honolulu. After Young died in 1910, his Territorial Hotel Company operated the hotel.

The Moana grew along with the popularity of Hawaiian tourism. Two floors were added in 1918, along with Italian Renaissance-styled concrete wings on each side of the hotel, creating its H-shape seen today. In 1925, the hotel opened a series of wood frame bungalows on a large plot of land directly across Kalakaua Avenue, where the ʻĀinahau estate of Princess Kaʻiulani had been located.

The Matson Navigation Company and Castle & Cooke bought a controlling interest in the Territorial Hotel Company in 1925, in order to demolish their Honolulu Seaside Hotel and construct the Royal Hawaiian Hotel on the site. Tourism to Hawaii collapsed due to the Great Depression and the Territorial Hotel Company declared bankruptcy in September 1933, with Matson assuming control of their hotels through its Hawaii Properties Ltd. division, and Castle & Cooke writing off their investment.

Throughout the 1930s, the hotel was known as the Moana-Seaside Hotel & Bungalows, taking on the name of its demolished neighbor.

In 1941, Hawaii Properties Ltd. was dissolved and Matson assumed direct control of the hotel.

The hotel's outward appearance was altered slightly over the years, including "updates" to such designs as Art Deco in the 1930s and Bauhaus in the 1950s.

From 1935 to 1975, the Moana's courtyard hosted the Hawaii Calls live radio broadcast. Legend has it that listeners mistook the hiss of the radio transmission as the waves breaking on the beach. Upon learning of this, the host instructed the sound man to run down to the waterfront to actually record the sound, which became a staple of the show.

In 1952, Matson built a new hotel adjacent to the Moana on the southeast side, called the SurfRider Hotel. In 1953, Matson demolished the Moana's bungalows across the street and, two years later, opened the new Princess Kaiulani Hotel on the site. Matson sold all of their Waikiki hotel properties to the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts in 1959.

Sheraton sold the Moana and the SurfRider to Japanese industrialist Kenji Osano and his Kyo-Ya Company in December 1963 for $10.7 million, though Sheraton continued to manage them. In 1969, Kyo-Ya built a towering new hotel on the Moana's northwest side. They named it the Surfrider Hotel. The older SurfRider Hotel on the other side was turned into part of the Moana, named the Diamond Head Wing.

Moana Surfrider
In 1989, a $50 million restoration restored the Moana to its 1901 appearance and incorporated the 1969 Sheraton Surfrider Hotel and the 1952 SurfRider Hotel buildings with the 1901 Moana Hotel building into one beachfront resort, the Sheraton Moana Surfrider. The property has been recognized with the President's Historic Preservation Award, the National Preservation Honor Award, the Hawaii Renaissance Award, and the Hotel Sales and Marketing Association International Golden Bell Award. The main historic section of the hotel, the Banyan Wing, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The hotel was the base of operations for about 24 White House staff members who accompanied President Barack Obama to his Winter White House at Plantation Estate during Christmas visits.

In 2007, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, the management company of the Moana, rebranded the hotel from Sheraton Hotels and Resorts to Westin Hotels & Resorts.

The banyan tree
In the center of the Moana Surfrider's courtyard stands a large banyan tree. The Indian banyan tree was planted in 1904 by Jared Smith, Director of the Department of Agriculture Experiment Station. When planted, the tree was nearly seven feet tall and about seven years old. It now stands 75 ft high and spans 150 ft across the courtyard.

In 1979, the historic tree was one of the first to be listed on Hawaii's Rare and Exceptional Tree List. It has also been selected by the Board of Trustees of the America the Beautiful Fund as the site for a Hawaii Millennium Landmark Tree designation, which selects one historic tree in each state for protection in the new millennium.

Rich and famous
As soon as the Moana Hotel opened, a non-stop flood of tourists from the mainland United States poured through its doors. Its most famous guest came in 1920. The Prince of Wales, who would later become King Edward VIII, gallivanted around the Moana Hotel property and reportedly fell in love with the private pier, from which he frequently dove into the ocean.

In August 1922, author Agatha Christie and her husband, Colonel Archie Christie, stayed on holiday. They were traveling around the world as part of the Dominion Mission of the British Empire Exhibition, promoting the exhibition to be held in England in 1924.

In February 1905, Jane Stanford, co-founder of Stanford University, died of strychnine poisoning in a room at the Moana Hotel. Stanford is believed to have been murdered, but the source of the strychnine was never identified.

title: Moana Hotel


text:
Tender Prey

Tender Prey is the fifth studio album by Australian rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, released on 19 September 1988 on Mute Records. Produced by Flood, the album was recorded during several sessions over the course of four months in London and West Berlin (where the band were based at the time of its release) and dedicated to Fernando Ramos da Silva.

Details
The album opens with frontman Nick Cave's signature song, "The Mercy Seat", which has been subsequently played at almost all of the band's live performances since 1988, and was later covered by one of Cave's influences, Johnny Cash, on American III: Solitary Man (2000). "The Mercy Seat" was released as a single in May 1988 prior to the album's release and "Deanna" was released in September. On the CD version, the video mix of "The Mercy Seat" is also included as the last track.

Upon its release, Tender Prey received positive reviews and charted in the United Kingdom and Greece. However, the album failed to chart in either the band's native Australia or the United States Billboard charts. The album was remastered and reissued on 29 March 2010 as a collector's edition CD/DVD set and in October 2010. It was also listed in the book 100 Best Australian Albums, alongside The Boatman's Call (1997), in the Top 30.

Cave later said, "It was a nightmare, that record. It is reflective of a group—particularly myself—who was just writing songs and there was no larger idea behind it. Sometimes some of the group was there, sometimes they weren't. I hear bad production and I hear bad performances as well." Cave later admitted that the album, "was made at a difficult time in my life when things were spiralling out of control in a lot of areas."

In 2012, the album was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Mercy Seat" – 7:17
 * 2) *Nick Cave – vocals, Hammond
 * 3) *Blixa Bargeld – slide guitar
 * 4) *Mick Harvey – bass loops, piano, guitar, backing vocals
 * 5) *Roland Wolf – guitar
 * 6) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 7) *Strings – Gini Ball, Audrey Riley and Chris Tombling
 * 8) "Up Jumped the Devil" – 5:16
 * 9) *Nick Cave – vocals
 * 10) *Blixa Bargeld – guitar, backing vocals
 * 11) *Mick Harvey – bass, xylophone, backing vocals
 * 12) *Kid Congo Powers – guitar
 * 13) *Roland Wolf – piano
 * 14) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 15) "Deanna" – 3:45
 * 16) *Nick Cave – vocals, Hammond
 * 17) *Blixa Bargeld – guitar
 * 18) *Mick Harvey – drums, bass, acoustic guitar
 * 19) *Kid Congo Powers – guitar
 * 20) "Watching Alice" – 4:01
 * 21) *Nick Cave – vocals, piano, harmonica
 * 22) *Mick Harvey – bass
 * 23) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 24) *Hugo Race – guitar
 * 25) "Mercy" – 6:22
 * 26) *Nick Cave – vocals, vibes, harmonica
 * 27) *Blixa Bargeld – slide guitar, backing vocals
 * 28) *Mick Harvey – bass, backing vocals
 * 29) *Kid Congo Powers – guitar, backing vocals
 * 30) *Roland Wolf – piano
 * 31) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 32) *Hugo Race – backing vocals
 * 33) "City of Refuge" – 4:48
 * 34) *Nick Cave – vocals, Hammond, harmonica
 * 35) *Blixa Bargeld – guitar
 * 36) *Mick Harvey – bass, acoustic guitar, percussion
 * 37) *Kid Congo Powers – guitar
 * 38) *Roland Wolf – organ
 * 39) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 40) *Backing vocals – The Bad Seeds & Friends
 * 41) "Slowly Goes the Night" – 5:23
 * 42) *Nick Cave – vocals, Hammond
 * 43) *Blixa Bargeld – guitar
 * 44) *Mick Harvey – bass, xylophone, backing vocals
 * 45) *Roland Wolf – piano, organ
 * 46) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 47) *Ian Davis – backing vocals
 * 48) "Sunday's Slave" – 3:40
 * 49) *Nick Cave – vocals, piano
 * 50) *Blixa Bargeld – guitar
 * 51) *Mick Harvey – acoustic guitar, drums, bass
 * 52) "Sugar Sugar Sugar" – 5:01
 * 53) *Nick Cave – vocals
 * 54) *Mick Harvey – acoustic guitar, bass, percussion
 * 55) *Kid Congo Powers – guitar
 * 56) *Roland Wolf – piano
 * 57) *Thomas Wydler – drums
 * 58) "New Morning" – 3:46
 * 59) *Nick Cave – vocals, piano, harmonica, tambourine
 * 60) *Blixa Bargeld – guitar, backing vocals
 * 61) *Mick Harvey – acoustic guitar, drums, bass, organ, backing vocals
 * 62) "The Mercy Seat" (video mix) – 5:05 (CD only)

Note: Early issues of the CD version of the album had a track indexing issue in which "Sunday's Slave" and "Sugar Sugar Sugar" were indexed as the same track.

Writing

 * Tracks written by Nick Cave, except where noted.
 * Track 1, 5, 9 & 11 (words: Cave, music: Cave / Mick Harvey)
 * Track 2 (words: Cave, music: Cave / Harvey / Roland Wolf / Blixa Bargeld / Kid Congo Powers / Thomas Wydler)
 * "Deanna" is loosely based on The Edwin Hawkins' Singers version of the hymn "Oh Happy Day". Subsequently, Cave issued an acoustic version of a medley of both songs. Hawkins' version was later issued on Original Seeds Vol. 1.
 * "City of Refuge" is noted in the credit listing as being inspired by a Blind Willie Johnson song "I'm Gonna Run to the City of Refuge". This was later issued on Original Seeds Vol. 1.

Personnel

 * Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
 * Nick Cave – vocals, Hammond organ (1, 3, 6, 7), harmonica (4–6) , piano (4, 8, 10) , tambourine (10) , vibraphone (5)
 * Mick Harvey – bass (2–10), backing vocals (1, 2, 5–7, 10) , acoustic guitar (3, 6, 8–10) , drums (3, 8, 10) , percussion (6, 9) , xylophone (2, 7) , guitar (1) , bass loops (1) , piano (1) , organ (10)
 * Blixa Bargeld – guitar (2, 3, 6–8, 10), backing vocals (2, 5, 6, 10) , slide guitar (1, 5)
 * Roland Wolf – piano (2, 5, 7, 9), organ (6, 7) , guitar (1) , backing vocals (6)
 * Kid Congo Powers – guitar (2, 3, 5, 6, 9), backing vocals (5, 6)
 * Thomas Wydler – drums (1, 2, 4–7, 9), backing vocals (6)

Guests

 * Hugo Race – backing vocals, guitar
 * Gini Ball – strings
 * Audrey Riley – strings
 * Chris Tombling – strings
 * Ian Davis – backing vocals

title: Tender Prey


text:
Mohammad Fazel Lankarani

Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Fazel Lankarani (1931 – June 16, 2007) was an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja'. He was student of Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi. He was a child of a Persian mother and an Azerbaijani father.

Biography and clerical activities
Lankarani was born in Qom, Iran. His father was from Lankaran (now in today's Azerbaijan Republic) who studied in Najaf and Qom and eventually settled in the latter. His mother was a woman of Sayed descent. Lankarani was fluent in Arabic, Azerbaijani, Persian, and Russian.

Lankarani received his ijtihad, the permission of independent interpretation of the legal sources (the Qur'an and the Sunnah), from Ayatollah Boroujerdi at the age of 25. He led the prayer in the haram of Bibi Masouma A.S in Qum.

Grand Ayatollah Fazel Lankarani was declared as the most knowledgeable specialist in the field of Islamic law (Marja al-taqlid) by the central Shi'a school of religious studies in Qom, Hawza 'Ilmiyyah, after the death of Ayatollah Khomeini. At the time of his death, he was one of seven Grand Ayatollahs in Iran. His Resalah, the book including his interpretation of Islamic laws on different topics, is available in Arabic, English, Persian, Turkish, and other languages. Lankarani taught in the areas of the interpretation of Islamic law (fiqh) and Usul al-fiqh for the last 25 years of his life.

As a Shia Grand Ayatollah, he received generous contributions from his many followers. According to author Hooman Majd "one of Lankarani's aides" told him that "approximately ten million dollars a month flows" into Lankarani's treasury "from his supporters alone."

Fazel Lankarani was a strong supporter of Ayatollah Khomeini, being jailed several times and exiled once prior to the Iranian revolution. After the Iranian Revolution, he was a member of the Assembly of Experts, Iran's leading religious body.

As his health conditions deteriorated he moved from the holy city of Qom to Tehran and then to London to receive medical treatment then on Friday 15 June 2007 he moved to Qom and he died on Saturday, June 16, 2007.

Views and fatwas
Politically, Lankarani followed the traditions of the Islamic Republic in criticizing western corruption in the Islamic world.

Fazel Lankarani supported Ayatollah Khomeini's fatwa calling for the death of Salman Rushdie following the publication of The Satanic Verses in 1989 and called on Muslims to kill that author. He (along with some other senior clerics) continued to call the killing of Rushdie a "duty" for all Muslims although the Iranian government itself ceased to do so in a 1998 compromise with the British government. In 1998, Lankarani called for the Iranian government to do "its utmost" to protect Shiites in Afghanistan, then reportedly endangered by the Taliban.

Lankarani also issued a fatwa calling for the deaths of another author, Rafiq Tağı, an Azeri writer, and Tagi's editor, Samir Sədaqətoğlu, who were accused of criticizing Islam. Tagi's writings sparked recent demonstrations outside the Azerbaijani embassy in Teheran. According to Iranian and Islamic law, these sentences are only applicable if either individual freely and wilfully enters Iran and submit themselves to the authorities. Possibly related to the fatwa, Rafiq Tağı died in a Baku hospital on November 19, 2011, after having been stabbed with a knife seven times in public.

Lankarani believed strongly in the separation of sexes and opposed President Ahmadinejad's declaration that women have the right to attend soccer matches at stadiums despite the fact that they would see male soccer players. He "famously refused for weeks" to meet with President Ahmadinejad in early 2007 after the president attempted to open soccer events to women. Lankarani was also staunchly opposed to Iran joining CEDAW. When the parliament (the Iranian Majles) was going to debate the signing and ratification of CEDAW, he announced that joining CEDAW and moving toward gender equality would contradict Islamic values.

He is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.

title: Mohammad Fazel Lankarani


text:
Presles, Belgium

Presles (Préle) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Aiseau-Presles, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

 * Postal area: 6250 (old zone 6072)
 * District: Charleroi

The village has a Walloon language theatre company, Les Nerviens (meaning Nervian in English).

History
The assumption a long time was put forth that the battle of Julius Caesar against the Nervians would have occurred in Presles, which was cancelled in around 1940.

Presles belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège until the French occupation, after which it was added to the new department Jemappes.

title: Presles, Belgium


text:
User:SeitiYamashiro

Roberto Seiti Yamashiro

My site - interests: Linux, programming, gaming, photos

title: User:SeitiYamashiro


text:
Oakey, Queensland

Oakey is a rural town and locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. The Museum of Army Aviation is located at Oakey Airport.

In the, the locality of Oakey had a population of 4,756 people.

Geography
The town is situated on the eastern side of the Darling Downs and the Toowoomba Region local government area. Oakey Creek, a tributary of the Condamine River, passes through the town.

Oakey is one of the towns contained in the Queensland State Electoral district of Condamine and at the federal level it lies within the Division of Groom.

The town is surrounded by farms.

The town is bypassed by the Warrego Highway (National A2), and is also on the main rail link connecting Brisbane and Toowoomba with south-western Queensland.

The Western railway line passes through the locality which is served by two railway stations:

 * Boolee railway station, on a spur line west of the town (-27.4294°N, 151.7036°W)
 * Oakey railway station, serving the town (-27.4311°N, 151.7203°W)

Oakey Airport is an airport (-27.4126°N, 151.7356°W). It is located on the site of the World War 2 airbase. The Oakey Army Aviation Centre is the major user of the airport.

History
Oakey and the creek around which the town is located were named for the river oaks that dominate the banks of the creek.

19th century
The area was first settled in the early 1840s when pastoralists moved into the area and found the land to be suitable for grazing.

In 1859, the Jondaryan Woolshed was built to the west of the town to service the rapidly growing wool industry. The first shearing took place in 1861. The Jondaryan pastoral station dominated the area, encompassing over 400000 acre. The woolshed was responsible for over 200,000 head of sheep and could cater for in excess of 50 shearers working simultaneously. Following World War I, the homestead landholding was reduced and separated to allow for soldier settlement programs.

The building of the Western railway line through the area in 1867 prompted the growth of a township to service the pastoral community. Growth of the town was slow, however featured some enterprising ventures, including a short-lived meatworks near the town, which planned to tin and export kangaroo and wallaby under the marketing name 'Australian Game'. The enterprise was unsuccessful and closed down in 1876.

The town was surveyed in 1868, with the first sale being 28 June 1870. Originally named Oaky, the spelling of Oakey was officially adopted in August 1940.

Oakey Creek Post Office opened on 1 June 1869. It was renamed Oakey by 1878.

Oakey Creek Vested School opened on 10 August 1874, with a number of celebrations:"'A grand picnic and ball was held here on the 3rd instant in honor of the opening of the above school. The school-house is a neat weatherboard building, shingled, and with a verandah on each side, and capable of accommodating between sixty and seventy children, and will amply supply the requirements of the district for years to come. The teacher's residence is a smart little four roomed cottage, but I should think rather small. The appointment of Mr. Tait as teacher is sure to give satisfaction.'"The school was later renamed Oakey Creek State School. In 1905, it was renamed Oakey State School.

20th century
Scots Presbyterian Church opened in 1906. A new church was built in 1957.

St Monica's Catholic Church was opened on Sunday 14 February 1909 by Reverend D. Fouhy. The land was 2.5 acre and the church was a Gothic structure, 48 by 25 ft with 14 ft walls, capable of seating 200 people. Messrs Marks and Lane were the architects and Mr Andrews was the contractor. The church was enlarged in 1919 to accommodate a school. A new brick church was built in 1957.

The Cooyar railway line serviced the areas to the north of Oakey between 1913 and 1968. Between 1914 and 1984 the area to the southwest was serviced by the Cecil Plains railway line.

St Monica's Catholic School was officially opened on Sunday 26 October 1919 by Archbishop James Duhig. The church building had been enlarged to accommodate both the church and the school.

The Oakey War Memorial in Campbell Street was unveiled on 28 August 1922 by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Matthew Nathan. It was made "of Rockhampton marble on a pedestal of sandstone, with a polished granite centre piece, on which are inscribed in gold letters the names of no fewer than 332 soldiers of the Oakey district who took part in the Great War."

The Country Women's Association opened a branch in Oakey in 1924, which was noted to be 'thriving' in 1925, and celebrated 90 years of activity in 2014.

The racehorse Bernborough was foaled at Rosalie Plains in 1939. He became well-known on the tracks around Toowoomba. Eventually the horse was sold to a businessman in Sydney and raced in three states, winning 15 consecutive races between 22 December 1945 and 19 October 1946.

During World War II, the requirement for aircraft maintenance and construction exceeded the capabilities of Brisbane-based facilities. To expand the capability, a 934 acre site at Oakey was purchased to facilitate the raising of Number 6 Aircraft Depot (6AD). An airbase was sited approximately 2 mi north of the town, and runways were built. With a full complement of RAAF personnel, the base housed almost 2,000 troops. The Depot serviced, assembled and conducted test flights of Bristol Beaufort, P-51 Mustang, Norsemen, CAC Wirraway and Supermarine Spitfire aircraft. This airfield became an Army Aviation Training Centre in the 1970s, now Swartz Barracks, a major helicopter pilot and maintenance training facility for the Defence forces.

After the war, the Oakey airport was serviced by Macair Airlines commercial air services originating in Brisbane, however the failure of Macair saw services commenced by Skytrans Airlines being routed via Toowoomba. The establishment of the Wellcamp Airport south of the town, servicing Toowoomba, saw Skytrans being replaced by Qantaslink and REX airlines, and the reduction of airspace for the Army Aviation Centre.

The Oakey Veterinary Hospital was established in 1952.

Oakey State High School opened on 28 January 1964. Since 1916, there was community interest in the establishment of a high school in Oakey, with the disadvantage of "scholars having to reside in Dalby, Warwick, or Toowoomba, after passing the examination" acting as a deterrent to many parents from pursuing higher education for their children. In response to a skills shortage in transport and logistics Oakey State High developed an innovative program called "Transport and Logistics Employees for our Community". In 2007, the successful partnership between school, training organisations and industry was recognised as the winner of the Showcase Award for Excellence in Community or Industry Partnerships by the Department of Education, Training and Employment.

In 1975, Jondaryan Woolshed Historical Museum and Park was established to present the history of Jondaryan Station and its role in the development of pastoralism on the Darling Downs. The woolshed has been in continuous operation since it was built.

Oakey State School celebrated its centenary in 1974.

The Oakey Library opened in 1975 and underwent a major refurbishment in 2014.

On Sunday 31 May 1987, the Oakey Uniting Church was officially opened and dedicated by Reverend Barry Dangerfield, the Queensland Moderator of the Uniting Church in Australia. The hall beside the church was formerly the Maclagan Union Church.

The Oakey Power Station is a 332 MW dual liquid/gas-fired plant and was commissioned in December 1999.

21st century
The main town centre was redeveloped during 2005 by the council and now includes new shops, landscaping and tree plantings.

In January 2011 the Oakey Creek flooded, impacting 120 homes and businesses. In 2014 a Flood Early Warning System was installed upstream.

In 2014, the Department of Defense investigated a contamination caused by fire-fighting foams used at the Army Aviation Training Centre and warned residents not to drink bore water. The chemicals have been identified as perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. The chemicals were used from 1970 until 2008. A lack of testing of these chemicals means no conclusive impact on human health has been proven. In 2020, a class action by residents by Oakey, Katherine, and Williamtown (all communities where the fire-fighting foams were used) was successful in establishing that news of the foam contamination had caused property prices in the affected communities to plummet. In December 2021, a 3-year study conducted by the Australian National University announced they did not find conclusive evidence of an increased risk of cancer or other disease because of the contamination.

Local government administration
Oakey has been part of Toowoomba Regional Council since 2008. However, like many small towns in regional Queensland it has been administered by various local government entities over its history.
 * 1) Jondaryan Division (1879–1903)
 * 2) Jondaryan Shire (1903–2008) gaining Gowrie Shire (1903–1913) (part) in 1913, losing part to Millmerran (1913–2008) and Pittsworth (1913–2008) in 1913, gaining Newtown (1913–1917) (part) in 1917, gaining Drayton (1903–1949) (part) in 1949.
 * 3) Toowoomba Region (2008–present)

Demographics
In the, the locality of Oakey had a population of 4,529 people.

In the, the locality of Oakey had a population of 4,705 people.

In the, the locality of Oakey had a population of 4,756 people.

Economy
Industry is rural based, processing livestock and grain. The district has a high concentration of cattle feedlots, an abattoir, a stockfeed manufacturer, grain trading and transport businesses. There is a coal mining operation in the surrounding district, and a business servicing the coal seam gas (CSG) industry farther west.

The township also provides services for agricultural and mining activities in the local area.

The Oakey Veterinary Hospital has a specialist equine reproduction centre.

Education
Oakey State School is a government primary (Early Childhood to Year 6) school for boys and girls at 24 Campbell Street (-27.4393°N, 151.7205°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 344 students with 30 teachers (27 full-time equivalent) and 21 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Monica's School is a Catholic primary (Preparatory to Year 6) school for boys and girls at 75 Lorrimer Street (-27.4408°N, 151.7193°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 138 students with 12 teachers (10 full-time equivalent) and 12 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).

Oakey State High School is a government secondary (7–12) school for boys and girls at 1 Campbell Street (-27.445°N, 151.7193°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 454 students with 44 teachers (42 full-time equivalent) and 32 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

The University of Queensland has a campus for Equine Studies in the town.

Amenities
The township has many amenities, including an Olympic-sized swimming pool and golf course. The golf course is located at the corner of the Warrego Highway and Mount Tyson Road.

The local RSL (Returned Services League) Club provides convention style facilities, and is the hub of the war remembrance activities for the local area on Anzac Day and Remembrance Day.

The town has well established daycare and pre-school centres.

Oakey has a local hospital providing emergency services and inpatient care as well as a large co-located nursing home facility known as the EAF McDonald nursing home. There are two private GP practices in the town.

The Oakey Library is located in the Oakey Civic Precinct at 60 Campbell Street between the swimming pool and the Community Centre. It boasts a 500-seat capacity Cultural Centre, and two multi-purpose sports halls at the two primary schools.

Oakey has a number of churches, including:

 * St Monica's Catholic Church, 19 Campbell Street
 * Oakey Uniting Church, 13 Cherry Street
 * Scots Oakey Presbyterian Church, 4 Connelly Lane

The Oakey branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the Kenmore Library at the Anglican Church Hall at 5 Creek Street.

Attractions
The Museum of Army Aviation is located at the airport. It displays aircraft and memorabilia dating from World War I to the present.

There are several motels and hotels in town providing accommodation, as well as a caravan park catering for tourists.

Climate
Oakey's climate varies through the year, ranging from hot, humid and stormy summers to cool, dry and sunny winters. Oakey frequently records temperatures below 0 °C, often approaching −5 °C in winter and above 35 °C in summer, occasionally rising to above 40 °C. Its lowest recorded temperature is −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) and its highest recorded temperature is 42.8 °C (107.2 °F).

Transport
Oakey is connected to Toowoomba and Brisbane by bus.

In popular culture
Oakey has been regularly mentioned on the Australian soap opera, Neighbours, with characters both originating from the town and moving to the town. One of the most well-known Oakey residents was Drew Kirk, and the town served as an important location for him and his family. In the 2001 season finale, Libby Kennedy went into labour in a barn while Drew and Stuart Parker were at a rodeo. Then, in 2002, Drew Kirk was thrown from a horse, sadly dying as a result. The Kirk family was revisited in 2018 when Drew’s son Ben visited the town to try and connect with the father he never knew. He is offered a job at his uncle’s garage and leaves his home in Erinsborough.

title: Oakey, Queensland


text:
Memory transfer

Memory transfer was a biological process proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s. Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory termed memory RNA which can be passed down through flesh instead of an intact nervous system. Since RNA encodes information living cells produce and modify RNA in reaction to external events, it might also be used in neurons to record stimuli. This explained the results of McConnell's experiments in which planarians retained memory of acquired information after regeneration. Memory transfer through memory RNA is not currently a well-accepted explanation and McConnell's experiments proved to be largely irreproducible.

In McConnell's experiments, he classically conditioned planarians to contract their bodies upon exposure to light by pairing it with an electric shock. The planarians retained this acquired information after being sliced and regenerated, even after multiple slicings to produce a planarian where none of the original trained planarian was present. The same held true after the planarians were ground up and fed untrained cannibalistic planarians, usually Dugesia dorotocephala. As the nervous system was fragmented but the nucleic acids were not, this seemed to indicate the existence of memory RNA but it was later suggested that only sensitization was transferred, or that no transfer occurred and the effect was due to stress hormones in the donor or pheromone trails left on dirty lab glass. However, other experiments seem to support the original findings in that some memories may be stored outside the brain.

title: Memory transfer


text:
Grevenmacher District

The District of Grevenmacher (1843 – 3 Oct 2015) was one of three districts of Luxembourg. It contained three cantons divided into 25 communes:

 * 1) Echternach
 * 2) *Beaufort
 * 3) *Bech
 * 4) *Berdorf
 * 5) *Consdorf
 * 6) *Echternach
 * 7) *Rosport-Mompach
 * 8) *Waldbillig
 * 9) Grevenmacher
 * 10) *Betzdorf
 * 11) *Biwer
 * 12) *Flaxweiler
 * 13) *Grevenmacher
 * 14) *Junglinster
 * 15) *Manternach
 * 16) *Mertert
 * 17) *Wormeldange
 * 18) Remich
 * 19) *Bous
 * 20) *Burmerange
 * 21) *Dalheim
 * 22) *Lenningen
 * 23) *Mondorf-les-Bains
 * 24) *Remerschen
 * 25) *Remich
 * 26) *Stadtbredimus
 * 27) *Waldbredimus
 * 28) *Wellenstein

It bordered the districts of Luxembourg to the west and Diekirch to the north, the German Länder of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland to the east, and the French département of Moselle, Grand Est to the south. It had a per capita income of $57,800.

After the reorganization of Luxembourg's administrative divisions in 2015, all three districts were abolished per 3 October 2015.

title: Grevenmacher District


text:
User:Scout32

Articles that I have written:

 * Grouseland
 * Vincennes University
 * George Rogers Clark
 * Professional Chess Association
 * General Washington Johnston

Articles that I have contributed to:
 * Jaycees (not done yet)
 * Stamp Act
 * Midwest (still needs work)

I enjoy "tinkering" and adding interesting information. I often overlook my own mistakes and am appreciative of any editorial help. I look forward to increased visibility in the Wiki community.

title: User:Scout32


text:
Test the Nation

Test the Nation is a television programme, first broadcast in 2001 by BNN in the Netherlands. The concept is owned by Eyeworks Holding who license it to TV production companies around the world.

Show format
The format is designed to allow viewers to answer a number of questions in order to measure their IQ or their ability in some other 'intellectual' area. For instance, in the UK (where the show ran between 2002 and 2007) there have been editions of the show devoted to general knowledge, knowledge of the UK itself, and the English language. There is also an annual test of the year's events just before Christmas.

Typically there is a studio audience who answer the questions along with the viewer. The studio demography is broken down into categories often designed to challenge or affirm stereotypes. For example, in the United Kingdom, white-van men and fashion models are commonly thought to be less intelligent, whilst doctors and scientists are expected to score highly. The fun is in comparing your score against your compatriots. There is also a group of celebrities pitting their wits against the audience, and one or more 'experts', who comment on aspects of the particular show's topic.

Versions
The format has now been made around the world in countries including Australia, Germany, Belgium, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Indonesia, Spain (Antena 3TV), New Zealand, Denmark, Japan, Ireland and in the Middle East on the Arabic language MBC1.

United Kingdom
The British version, made by Talent Television for the BBC, was originally presented by Anne Robinson and Phillip Schofield. It ran for 17 editions between 2002 and 2007. The BBC tests were devised and standardised by the academic Colin Cooper, of Queen's University Belfast, who was sometimes referred to on the programme as 'Sooperman Cooperman'.

Viewers could play along using interactive television, log onto the BBC website, or just use a pen and paper to keep score.

The first show, in May 2002, was an IQ test and the six groups of 50 studio participants included blondes, builders, publicans, teachers and students. They were pitted against a group of 10 celebrities including EastEnders star Adam Woodyatt, pop music presenter Fearne Cotton, Olympic athlete Jonathan Edwards and former Sunday Times editor and broadcaster Andrew Neil. The teachers came out on top. The last IQ test in the UK was shown on 27 August 2007, when the studio groups were reality show contestants, clairvoyants, surgeons, removal men, Robinsons, Wallaces and celebrities. In this episode Danny Wallace, a successful writer, made his first appearance as co-host. He replaced Phillip Schofield, who had joined ITV at the time. Experts who joined Dr Colin Cooper on the IQ test panel have included Sylvia Herbert, a director of British Mensa (2002 and 2003) and Baroness Susan Greenfield, scientist and polymath (2004).

Although there was usually an end-of-year test in the UK each year around Christmas, there wasn't one at the end of 2006. But at the start of 2007 there was a similar programme broadcast on BBC One called Your Country Needs You, presented by Patrick Kielty, with the same general format.

From 2002 to 2004, the colour scheme used to change with every test. As of 2005, a red colour scheme was implemented for the questions and blue for the answer section. A bevel-like shape was added with the new graphics, title sequence and colour scheme, but it is unclear why.

The fonts used were Reaction Ultra (for the title) and a font called "iq font improved 2" for the question graphics. As of 2005, "DIN Mittelschrift" was used for the questions.

United States
The American version aired as a two-hour special on Fox TV on 9 June 2003 and on 5 March 2004 as Test the Nation 2. Hosted by Mark L. Walberg and Leeza Gibbons.

Ireland
Test the Nation is an RTÉ Television programme, based on the successful BBC concept, Test the Nation.

First airing on RTÉ One on 5 June 2006, the show follows the UK format almost identically. In studio, two presenters oversee proceedings, which feature 6 teams of 40 contestants from various sectors of society. Members of the public participate by SMS or via the internet. The Macromedia Flash applications used are identical to those used by the BBC. A trial version of the application appeared prior to the first quiz night, featuring 12 questions on a number of topics, including the Birmingham Six, the former occupants of the Grafton Street site now occupied by Brown Thomas, and which Irish alcohol company Toto Schillaci advertised for.

This version of Test the Nation covers the whole island of Ireland as opposed to just the Republic; thus there is overlap between the content of the RTÉ and BBC versions of the show. As opposed to the BBC system of division by nearest city (which let people in Ireland enter if they chose Belfast), RTÉ divide results by historical Irish county.

The first show

The show first aired on RTÉ One on 5 June 2006, with Miriam O'Callaghan and Ray D'Arcy overseeing proceedings. As well as historical Irish counties, other questions asked for demographic division included the participants preference for tea or cappuccino, and their support for Roy Keane or Mick McCarthy during The Saipan Incident.

Their in-studio teams were Hairdressers, Football fans, an extended family from County Clare, employees of Revenue, Estate Agents, a collection of people who had done their Leaving Certificate in 1986, and the "RTÉ Allstars", a collection of RTÉ presenters including Eddie Hobbs and Charlie Bird.

The show was nominally part of, and the last show in, an RTÉ series The Time of Our Lives, covering the 20 years from 1986 to 2006, during which the Irish economy changed the country unrecognisably.

The second show

This aired on 1 January 2007 and was presented by Miriam again but this time Craig Doyle was her co-host. It was a test of the nation's IQ. It was revealed that the county with the highest IQ was Monaghan. Panelists included Neil Delamere, Cathy Kelly and Aoibhinn Ní Shúilleabháin.

Canada
Test the Nation debuted in Canada 18 March 2007 on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation with the episode Test the Nation: IQ. A second episode called Test the Nation: Watch Your Language was broadcast on 9 September 2007, a third episode aired on 20 January 2008, called Test the Nation: Trivia, and a fourth episode Test the Nation: Sports aired on Sunday 25 May at 8 pm (8:30 NT) on CBC Television. A fifth episode Test the Nation: Canada Eh? aired on Sunday 7 September at 8 pm (8:30 NT) on CBC Television.

The sixth episode called "Test the Nation IQ" was broadcast on 24 January 2010 and was the second version of the IQ edition. People were tested on their IQ through a test that was designed by Professor James Parker from Trent University and Professor Don Saklofske. Celebrities that had their IQ's tested included Justin Trudeau, Dragon's Den's W. Brett Wilson and Our Lady Peace's Jeremy Taggart. In an interesting twist, Test the Nation had professional hypnotherapist Donald Currie hypnotize members of each team to see if hypnosis could help them achieve better IQ test scores. 1/3 of the hypnotized group did experience a jump in IQ score of up to 10 points.

The Canadian show was hosted by Wendy Mesley and Brent Bambury for the first five editions, except Test the Nation: Sports, which was hosted by Ron MacLean and Wendy Mesley. The sixth edition was hosted by George Stroumboulopoulos and Carole MacNeil.

In the Canadian version, celebrity guests are selected to represent one of six in-studio teams. The celebrity guests also take the test and the top celebrity's score is revealed on air. Test the Nation: Trivia featured celebrities: Farley Flex, Debbie Travis, Lorne Cardinal, Carlo Rota, Samantha Bee and Tricia Helfer. Test the Nation: Sports celebrity guests are Paul Coffey, Debra DiGiovanni, Alan Thicke, Brian Bailey, Victoria Pratt and Chris Murphy. All of the episodes were written by Kristeen von Hagen & George Westerholm and Edward Kay.

Australia
The Australian version, titled Test Australia: The National IQ Test, was the most viewed television show in Australia in 2002. Versions of the program aired in 2003 and again in 2010.

Italy
The Italian version, titled Fratelli di Test, was aired in Italy in 2007.

UK

 * 1) The National IQ Test (11 May 2002)
 * 2) The National 2002 Test (23 December 2002)
 * 3) The National Relationship Test (22 March 2003)
 * 4) The National IQ Test 2003 (4 May 2003)
 * 5) The National Quiz (6 September 2003)
 * 6) The 2003 Test (22 December 2003)
 * 7) The Great British Test (20 March 2004)
 * 8) The National IQ Test 2004 (22 May 2004)
 * 9) The Popular Music Test (4 September 2004)
 * 10) The 2004 Test (19 December 2004)
 * 11) The Big Entertainment Test (12 March 2005)
 * 12) The 20th Century Test (4 June 2005)
 * 13) Know Your English Test (8 October 2005)
 * 14) The 2005 Test (18 December 2005)
 * 15) Know Your Planet Test (29 May 2006)
 * 16) The National IQ Test 2006 (2 September 2006)
 * 17) The National IQ Test 2007 (27 August 2007)

Canada

 * 1) Test the Nation: IQ (18 March 2007)
 * 2) Test the Nation: Watch Your Language (9 September 2007)
 * 3) Test the Nation: Trivia (20 January 2008)
 * 4) Test the Nation: Sports (25 May 2008)
 * 5) Test the Nation: Canada Eh? (7 September 2008)
 * 6) Test the Nation: IQ (24 January 2010)

title: Test the Nation


text:
Anarchism in the United Kingdom

Anarchism in the United Kingdom initially developed within the religious dissent movement that began after the Protestant Reformation. Anarchism was first seen among the radical republican elements of the English Civil War and following the Stuart Restoration grew within the fringes of radical Whiggery. The Whig politician Edmund Burke was the first to expound anarchist ideas, which developed as a tendency that influenced the political philosophy of William Godwin, who became the first modern proponent of anarchism with the release of his 1793 book Enquiry Concerning Political Justice.

The development of socialism from radicalism started in the 1860s with the establishment of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), and saw the foundation of a number of workers' societies demanding radical reform and civil liberties. By the 1870s, anarchism had been introduced to the country from Europe and America and the establishment of the Labour Emancipation League (LEL) in 1881 marked the beginning of the organized anarchist movement in the United Kingdom. The LEL was instrumental in the foundation of the Socialist League, which in 1888 came under the control of the anarchist Frank Kitz.

The Socialist League's newspaper Commonweal and Peter Kropotkin's newspaper Freedom saw anarchism through the turn of the 20th century. Anarcho-communism became a major tendency during the Revolutions of 1917–1923, when the Glasgow anarchist Guy Aldred established the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation and later the United Socialist Movement. The rise of anarcho-syndicalism after the Spanish Civil War eventually resulted in the foundation of the Solidarity Federation in 1950, followed by resurgence of anarcho-communism during the 1980s, when the Class War and Anarchist Federation were founded.

History
The historian Peter Marshall traced the roots of British anarchism back to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, during which yeomans rose up against the Bad Parliament's poll tax, fearing it to be an attempt by the nobility to force the yeomanry into serfdom. The peasants were further agitated by the preaching of the radical priest John Ball, who conceived of the Garden of Eden as a state of nature where class stratification did not yet exist, attacked the institutions of private property and social inequality, and called for everything to be brought under common ownership and the creation of a classless society. With Wat Tyler elected as their captain, 100,000 peasant rebels marched from Essex to London, where they were joined by the local population. Although Richard II had promised them that he would free the villeins, the rebels demolished the Savoy Palace, released all the local prisoners and executed Simon Sudbury, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Now that the rebels had captured the capital, they issued their demands, which included the introduction of wage labour, the cessation of feudal duties and the establishment of a free market. The King agreed to most of their demands in his meetings with the rebel leaders, during which Tyler called for the total abolition of serfdom and the expansion of liberty and social equality, while his more radical lieutenant Jack Straw allegedly declared that the noble and clerical classes would need to be exterminated. However, the rebel's demands would never be met as William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London, assassinated Tyler and Straw. The King then revoked his promises and the revolt was definitively crushed. But John Ball's radical egalitarian philosophy lived on through the centuries, most notably being re-invoked in 1888 by William Morris, in his novel A Dream of John Ball.

The English Revolution
Throughout the Middle Ages, the institution of feudalism had constructed a rigidly hierarchical society, where the interests of the individual were subordinated to the divine right of kings. But following the Renaissance and Reformation, the individual first began to be considered as an autonomous entity with rights of their own. It was during the English Revolution that individual rights took their place alongside the old demands for liberty and social equality, leading to the development of recognizable anarchist tendencies. By the 16th century, the word "anarchy" was primarily associated with disorder and lawlessness, while the label of "anarchist" was pejoratively applied to anyone that upset the established order or refused to recognize the ruling power.

In the lead up to the English Civil War, radical republican and democratic ideas were first starting to circulate, advocating the abolition of existing institutions such as the monarchy, church and feudalism. In December 1640, 15,000 Londoners presented Parliament with the "Root and Branch petition", advocating for the abolition of the episcopacy, a proposition which was denounced as "absolute Anarchism" by the royalist MP Edward Dering. When the Bill itself failed to pass, anti-clerical riots erupted in London, eventually forcing Charles I to flee the capital, along with royalist MPs and bishops, which allowed parliament the means to pass anti-clerical bills into law.

The tensions exacerbated by this situation eventually erupted into the First English Civil War, in which Parliamentarians and Covenanters were victorious over the royalist forces. Following the conflict, a radical group known as the Levellers released a series of manifestos regarding the creation of a new constitution, which became subject to debate among the parliamentary forces, as the Levellers advocated for a number of issues including progressive taxation, universal manhood suffrage and equality before the law. The radical democratic theses of the Levellers was rejected by Oliver Cromwell, who accused them of advocating the cantonalist practices of the Swiss Confederacy and declared that such policies would inevitably lead to "anarchy". But the Levellers denied the charge, as they still believed in a form of "good government".

Following the Parliamentarian victory in the Second English Civil War, the removal of dissenting voices from the House of Commons and the execution of Charles I, power lay entirely in the hands of the Grandees of the New Model Army. Unwilling to implement the radical policies advanced by the Levellers, the Grandees instead turned towards mysticism and the implementation of a Puritan religious order. But this new environment of Christian mysticism branched out into a variety of anti-authoritarian strains, with a number of English Dissenters separating entirely from the Church of England. These religious dissenters included the Quakers, Ranters, Anabaptists, Familists and Diggers. Notably, the Ranters and Diggers have been labelled as "anarchists" by historians, due to their radical egalitarian philosophies and communist practices. The Diggers believed in creating an egalitarian society of small agrarian communities and put this into practice by occupying a number of tracts of common land for the purposes of farming it, but these settlements were eventually suppressed by the authorities of the Commonwealth.

By 1653, Parliament had been forcibly dissolved by the New Model Army and the republican Commonwealth was replaced by a military dictatorship known as The Protectorate, with Oliver Cromwell acting as Lord Protector. After Cromwell's death, Parliament was reconvened and held a Convention, which instituted the restoration of the monarchy. Within decades the Stuart-ruled kingdoms of England and Scotland were united into the Kingdom of Great Britain and the British Empire was formally established. The eventual spread of the Age of Enlightenment to Britain and the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution brought about a number of changes to the country, which allowed for the early conception of a formalized anarchist philosophy.

The British Enlightenment
In 1688, the Glorious Revolution definitively established a constitutional monarchy with parliamentary supremacy in Britain. The Revolution was most notably defended by John Locke, whose justifications for democratic governance laid the foundations for classical liberalism. According to Locke, while the "state of nature" represented a state of total liberty and social equality, competition between individuals had caused instability, which made the establishment of a government to protect "life, liberty and property" a necessity. This led Locke to propose the formation of a social contract between the British people and their government, which would have the power make laws and protect the institution of private property. The Lockean proviso soon came to represent a progression from the traditionalist conservatism of the established landed gentry (later known as Tories) to the propertarianism of the emerging middle classes (later known as Whigs). By the turn of the 18th-century, Lockean liberalism started to give way to libertarianism, which centered the individual freedom of citizens within the new constitutional monarchy.

Jonathan Swift, although a conservative and misanthrope, became an early champion of Enlightenment ideals and an opponent of British rule in Ireland. In his 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels, Swift satirised the prevailing social mores of his day, railing against social inequality and the Protestant work ethic, among other subjects. In Book IV, Swift writes of the Houyhnhnms, an intelligent race of horses that believed society could govern itself sufficiently through reason and lived in a kind of primitive communism. Their only form of central government was a representative body, which met once every four years to coordinate resource distribution and existed only in an advisory capacity, having no authority to compel obedience. Swift's vision of a stateless society later inspired William Godwin's anarchist philosophy, although it would also later be criticized as "totalitarian" by George Orwell, who referred to Swift as a "Tory anarchist".

In 1756, Edmund Burke espoused a defense of the "state of nature" in A Vindication of Natural Society, painting a picture of human society being governed by reason until the invention of the state and the episcopacy, in what the historian Peter Marshall described as "one of the most powerful arguments for anarchist society made in the eighteenth century." Burke denounced the state as the sole reason for all social conflict and war, arguing that the division of humanity into different nationalities had created bigotry and that the social stratification of society had concentrated wealth in the hands of those that didn't work for it. When looking at the dominant forms of government, Burke found democracy to be more preferable to despotism and aristocracy, but still considered it lacking, calling for a complete rejection of church and state, and the reclamation of "perfect liberty". Burke would later turn towards conservatism and disown his Vindication, claiming it to be a satire of the parliamentary opposition leader Henry St John, but the text still went on to inspire the anarchist philosophy of William Godwin and the libertarian socialism of George Holyoake.

With the outbreak of the American Revolution, one thinker that rose to prominence was the radical Thomas Paine, who issued calls for women's rights, the abolition of slavery and the prevention of cruelty to animals. In 1776, Paine's pamphlet Common Sense drew considerable attention, with its calls for independence of the Thirteen Colonies and a people's war against the British Empire, in the hope that America could inspire future revolutions abroad. Inspired by the spontaneous order that had emerged following the colonial government's dissolution, Paine clearly elaborated a distinction between society and the state, declaring that "society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worse state an intolerable one." Nevertheless, Paine still believed in the establishment of a limited government through a social contract, with a written constitution guaranteeing the rights to "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness". The end of the American Revolutionary War was followed soon after by the beginning of the French Revolution, with Paine transplanting his revolutionary politics to Europe.

The publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France ignited a fierce pamphlet war in Britain, which became known as the "Revolution Controversy". In this work, Burke espoused a traditionalist conservative view of government, cautioning against radical changes to its functioning, which he believed would transfer power from the clergy and nobility to the "swinish multitude." The Radicals, many of whom had themselves been inspired by Burke's earlier writings, quickly took to the debate. One of the first responses came from the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, whose Vindication of the Rights of Men and subsequent Vindication of the Rights of Woman attacked class stratification, economic inequality and gender inequality, calling for a reformed government to protect natural rights. Thomas Paine himself followed up on Wollstonecraft's treatises with his own Rights of Man, which according to Peter Marshall displayed a "libertarian sensibility [that] took him to the borders of anarchism."

Paine took the side of the "swinish multitude" and criticised Burke for subordinating individual rights to the "authority of the dead", adapting Lockean liberalism in the direction of libertarianism and direct democracy. To protect people's natural rights, he again recommended the establishment of a limited government, which would itself have no authority and would be entirely subjected to the people's authority, in order to ensure "the good of all". In Part II of his pamphlet, Paine approached anarchism with his declaration that societal order would prevail even if all government were abolished, claiming that civil society "performs for itself almost everything which is ascribed to government." He asserted that all order stemmed from human nature, itself fundamentally good but corrupted by established governments, and that individuals were chiefly regulated by their own common interest, rather than by legal codes. Drawing from British history, Paine concluded by calling for the establishment of a self-governing society, declaring that "the instant formal government is abolished, society begins to act. A general association takes place, and common interest produces common security." He therefore considered the ideal form of government to be a limited one, solely in place to secure the natural rights of individual people, looking to the nascent federal government of the United States as an example. Despite his libertarian inclinations, it was his advocacy of constitutionalism, republicanism and propertarianism that would ultimately separate Paine from modern anarchism.

It was during the Revolution Controversy that William Godwin published his Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, which became the first clear expression of philosophical anarchism, with his declaration that all government ought to be abolished. Although the book was rather expensive on release, with the prime minister William Pitt even deciding against banning the book due to its high price, many British workers threw their money together to purchase a copy by subscription, pirated copies were distributed throughout Ireland and Scotland, and Godwin ended up reducing the price. When Pitt's government began to carry out the political persecutions against the British radical movement, Godwin was among those that came to the defense of the Radicals on trial, eventually securing their release. Although alienated by the defeat of the French Revolution, Godwin's influence extended on to the next generation of Radicals. His son-in-law Percy Bysshe Shelley became a widely-renowned poet, putting much of Godwin's anarchist philosophy into verse, while his disciple Robert Owen went on to become the founding father of British socialism. Following his death, Political Justice continued to inspire the Chartists and Owenites, who published new editions of the book, as well as the Ricardian socialism of Thomas Hodgskin and William Thompson, which in turn influenced the Marxist theory of the "withering away of the state".

But by the turn of the 19th century, British radicals still had not adopted the term "anarchist" as their own. Even Godwin associated the word "anarchy" with disorder, although he still considered it preferable to despotism, due to its resemblance to "true liberty". Nevertheless, followers of Godwin's political philosophy found themselves being labelled as "anarchists", most notably by the Tory statesman George Canning, who denounced William Godwin, Thomas Paine and the reformer John Thelwall as anarchists in the Anti-Jacobin Review.

19th century to World War II
The labour movement first began to take form in Britain during the early 19th century. Spearheaded by the utopian socialist Robert Owen, himself a disciple of William Godwin, the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union contributed to the early development of syndicalism in the country, while the noncomformist priest William Benbow popularized the idea of the general strike as a means for social revolution. However, the rise of the Chartists instilled the British labour movement with a largely reformist character, concerning itself mostly with parliamentary politics.

It was the arrival of migrant workers and asylum seekers in London that introduced classical anarchism to Britain, in the wake of the Revolutions of 1848. Over the decades, isolated individuals slowly began to cluster together in political clubs, such as the Rose Street Club in Soho. This process was accelerated when Johann Most moved to London and began printing his newspaper Freiheit, which before long was shut down and forced to move its operations to the United States, after friends of Most signalled their approval of the Phoenix Park Murders.

By 1881, the movement of British revolutionary socialists towards anarchism culminated with the establishment of the Labour Emancipation League (LEL). The LEL quickly gained support for its libertarian socialist platform from the workers of London's East End, declaring themselves against all forms of government, before they merged into the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). But the authoritarianism of the SDF's leader Henry Hyndman caused a split within the organization, resulting in the formation of the Socialist League (SL) by a number of libertarian socialists around William Morris. Though himself a staunch anti-parliamentarian, Morris would end up leaving the SL following the rise of its anarchist faction in 1887, leading to a marked radicalization of the League's publications under H. B. Samuels.

Other anarchist tendencies also began to emerge around this time, including: individualist anarchism, which was developed by Henry Seymour in his publication The Anarchist; anarcho-communism, which was propagated by Peter Kropotkin through his newspaper Freedom; and Jewish anarchism, which congregated around the Yiddish language journal Arbeter Fraynd. Anarchist tendencies also worked their way into the popular literature of the time, with William Morris' News from Nowhere depicting a utopian society and Oscar Wilde's The Soul of Man Under Socialism espousing the importance of individualism, while libertarian ideas were likewise defended by authors such as George Bernard Shaw, Edward Carpenter and Henry Stephens Salt.

But anarchism was unable to win over the more reform-minded labour movement, with anarcho-syndicalism only developing at the turn of the 20th century. In the 1910s, Tom Mann's Industrial Syndicalist Education League attempted to encourage the establishment of industrial unions in Britain, advocating for direct class conflict with the goal of workers' control. But the influence of anarcho-syndicalism waned in the wake of World War I, which caused a split within the anarchist movement. Although anarcho-communists like Guy Aldred attempted to keep the movement alive, by the mid-1920s, the British anarchist movement had almost dissolved, with only a few anarchist groups remaining in urban centers. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War brought with it a revival of the British anarchist movement, which cultivated a new generation of anarchists by the subsequent outbreak of World War II.

Post-war era
When Vernon Richards and three other editors were arrested at the beginning of 1945 for attempting "to undermine the affections of members of His Majesty's Forces.", Benjamin Britten, E. M. Forster, Augustus John, George Orwell, Herbert Read (chairman), Osbert Sitwell and George Woodcock set up the Freedom Defence Committee to "uphold the essential liberty of individuals and organizations, and to defend those who are persecuted for exercising their rights to freedom of speech, writing and action."

The Syndicalist Workers' Federation was a syndicalist group active in post-war Britain, and one of the Solidarity Federation's earliest predecessors. It was formed in 1950 by members of the dissolved Anarchist Federation of Britain (AFB). Unlike the AFB, which was influenced by anarcho-syndicalist ideas but ultimately not syndicalist itself, the SWF decided to pursue a more definitely syndicalist, worker-centred strategy from the outset. The group joined the International Workers' Association and during the Franco era gave particular support to the Spanish resistance and the underground CNT anarcho-syndicalist union, previously involved in the 1936 Spanish Revolution and subsequent Civil War against a right-wing military coup backed by both Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The SWF initially had some success, but when Tom Brown, a long-term and very active member was forced out of activity, it declined until by 1979 it had only one lone branch in Manchester. The SWF then dissolved itself into the group founded as the Direct Action Movement. Its archives are held by the International Institute of Social History, and a selection of the SWFs publications have been digitally published at libcom.org.

Colin Ward was an editor of the British anarchist newspaper Freedom from 1947 to 1960, and founder/editor of the monthly anarchist journal Anarchy from 1961 until it ceased publication in 1970. There were 118 issues. It is not to be confused with the subsequent, shorter-lived magazine of the same name, sometimes referred to as Anarchy (Second Series), which was edited/published by a quite separate group.

Over the years the Freedom editorial group included Jack Robinson, Pete Turner, Colin Ward, Nicolas Walter, Alan Albon, John Rety, Nino Staffa, Dave Mansell, Gillian Fleming, Mary Canipa, Philip Sansom, Arthur Moyse and numerous others. Clifford Harper maintained a loose association for 30 years.

The leading anarcho-pacifist writer and gerontologist Alex Comfort characterised himself as an "aggressive anti-militarist". He held that pacifism rested "solely upon the historical theory of anarchism". An active member of the Peace Pledge Union (PPU) and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, he had been a conscientious objector in World War II. In 1951 Comfort was a signatory of the Authors’ World Peace Appeal. He later resigned from its committee, asserting that Soviet sympathisers now dominated the AWPA. He later in the decade actively supported the Direct Action Committee against Nuclear War. A prominent member of the Committee of 100, he was imprisoned for a month, together with Bertrand Russell and others. They had refused to be bound over, not to take part in a Trafalgar Square mass protest in September 1961. Comfort is Peace and Disobedience (1946), one of many pamphlets he wrote for Peace News and PPU, and Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State (1950). He exchanged public correspondence with George Orwell defending pacifism in the open letter/poem, "Letter to an American Visitor", under the pseudonym "Obadiah Hornbrooke". Comfort's 1972 book The Joy of Sex earned him worldwide fame and $3 million. He regretted that he as a consequence became known as "Dr. Sex" and that his numerous other works received so little attention.

On the last day of July 1964 an 18-year-old Stuart Christie departed London for Paris, where he picked up plastic explosives from the anarchist organisation Defensa Interior, and then Madrid on a mission to kill General Francisco Franco. This was to be one of at least 30 attempts on the dictator's life. After his release he continued his activism in the anarchist movement in the United Kingdom, re-formed the Anarchist Black Cross and Black Flag with Albert Meltzer, was acquitted of involvement with the Angry Brigade, and started the publishing house Cienfuegos Press (later Refract Publications), which for a number of years he operated from the remote island of Sanday, Orkney, where he also edited and published a local Orcadian newspaper, The Free-Winged Eagle. Christie wrote with Meltzer, The Floodgates of Anarchy and later ''We, the Anarchists! A study of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) 1927-1937'' (2000).

Around the turn of the century, Movement Against the Monarchy demonstrated against Britain's monarchy in 1998 and 2000. The anarchists planned a campaign for mid 2002. Demonstrators arrested during the 2002 Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II were later compensated for unlawful arrest.

Anarchists were involved in late-20th-century war opposition, with campaigns like No War but the Class War during the early 1990s First Gulf War.

Extant

 * Freedom Press (1886–)
 * Stapleton Colony (1897–)
 * Solidarity Federation (1950–)
 * Kate Sharpley Library (1979–)
 * Class War (1983–)
 * Anarchist Federation (1986–)
 * Spirit of Revolt Archive (2011–)

Historical

 * Diggers (1649–1651)
 * Rose Street Club (1877–1882)
 * Labour Emancipation League (1881–1884)
 * Socialist League (1885–1901)
 * Legitimation League (1893–1899)
 * Whiteway Colony (1898–1909)
 * Communist League (1919–1920)
 * Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (1921–1945)
 * United Socialist Movement (1934–1965)
 * Anarchist Federation of Britain (1937–1950)
 * Committee of 100 (1960–1968)
 * The Angry Brigade (1970–1972)
 * Anarchist Workers Association (1975–1984)
 * No War but the Class War (1990–2002)
 * Reclaim The Streets (1995–2003)
 * Movement Against the Monarchy (1998–2002)
 * WOMBLES (1999–2010)

title: Anarchism in the United Kingdom


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User talk:Ktmoving

i know he is alive i saw him and talk to him today 5-22-04 he told me that and man name Crazy Wille was no longer in charge. he also told me that must people are afraid of him. he said that he was sorry and, it was never in his wilds dreams that man would try to kill for money. he also told me that must people are kind but,there are a lot of people that want him dead.he said that the men who hold the money want him dead because they want to be him. he said that life we just about make friends and having a goodtime. like the ones at south lake..

title: User talk:Ktmoving


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Talk:Cyclic process

This article is quite similar in scope to thermodynamic cycle which I have made major edits. Perhaps the two could be merged in some way.152.1.22.105 00:51, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyclic process


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Murder Ballads

Murder Ballads is the ninth studio album by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, released in 1996 on Mute Records. As its title suggests, the album consists of new and traditional murder ballads, a genre of songs that relays the details (and often consequences) of crimes of passion.

"Where the Wild Roses Grow", a duet featuring Cave singing with Kylie Minogue, was a hit single and received two ARIA Awards in 1996. Other prominent guest musicians on the album include PJ Harvey and Shane MacGowan.

Details
Murder Ballads was the band's biggest commercial success to date, most likely helped by the unexpected repeated airplay of the "Where the Wild Roses Grow" video on MTV. MTV even nominated Cave for their "best male artist" award of that year, though this nomination was later withdrawn at Cave's request. Cave later said, "I was kind of aware that people would go and buy the Murder Ballads album and listen to it and wonder 'What the fuck have I bought this for?' because the Kylie song wasn't any true indication of what the record was actually like."

The first song written for the album was "O'Malley's Bar", when the band was recording Henry's Dream. According to Cave, the idea for the Murder Ballads album came from this song: "We couldn't use 'O'Malley's Bar' on any of our other records. So we had to make a record, an environment where the songs could exist." Recordings were done towards the end of the Let Love In sessions, and there was some thought that the early material could be made into a film with John Hillcoat. Cave said, "I was going around everywhere with letters of intent, pushing them at everyone I knew, saying 'Do you want to be in this film? For the TV documentary Great Australian Albums members described their work on Murder Ballads.

Songs

 * "Stagger Lee" is based on a traditional song about the African-American murderer of the same name. Cave's version draws most of the lyrics from a 1967 transcription published in the 1976 book The Life: The Lore and Folk Poetry of the Black Hustler, while the music itself is updated into a reggae song.
 * "Death Is Not the End" includes vocalists Anita Lane, Kylie Minogue, PJ Harvey, and Shane MacGowan, along with Cave himself and Bad Seeds drummer Thomas Wydler and guitarist Blixa Bargeld. They each sing a verse in this cover of a Bob Dylan song, the only song in which an actual death does not occur. Cave later described it as, "just kind of a jokey little punctuation mark to the whole thing. There's tongue-in-cheek to that song, even though I think it's quite a beautiful rendition."

Reception
Upon release, Murder Ballads received widespread critical acclaim. Bill van Parys of Rolling Stone wrote that "never before have manic elements elevated Cave's shtick to art as on Murder Ballads", describing the album as "literate, sultry and tortured" and "the performance of Nick Cave's life." Tony Scherman of Entertainment Weekly warned that Murder Ballads was "not for the squeamish," calling it "the rare pop record that resonates with the weight of the ages". In The New York Times, Neil Strauss felt that the album "is about more than storytelling", adding that Cave "meticulously creates a macabre fable and then distills it to a single image of death in much the way a photographer arranges a studio shoot". In a mixed review, Spin's Chris Norris complimented the album's "sordid epics and dark confessionals", but felt that Cave's "rheumy Poe-ish romance" songs were less effective.

In the English music press, Select's Clark Collis remarked that Murder Ballads "weaves itself together into a meditation on death that is both beautiful and genuinely unnerving." Dave Henderson of Q observed that "musically, the Bad Seeds touch on tinkling cabaret jazz, country-paced morbidity and every morose station between." Murder Ballads ranked number 16 on Melody Makers list of 1996's Albums of the Year and number 7 in the NMEs 1996 critics' poll.

In December 2021, the album was ranked at no. 13 in Rolling Stone Australia's "200 Greatest Australian Albums of All Time" list.

Personnel
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
 * Nick Cave – vocals (1–10), piano (1, 5, 8, 9), organ (1, 2, 4, 6, 10), Hammond (1), gun shots (2), string arrangement (5)
 * Blixa Bargeld – guitar (1–8, 10), screams (2), vocals (10)
 * Martyn P. Casey – bass (1–5, 7, 8)
 * Mick Harvey – drums (1), guitar (2, 4, 5, 7, 10), acoustic guitar (3, 5), organ (3), wind organ (4), backing vocals (5), string arrangement (5), bass (6, 9), Hammond (8), space belt (8), percussion (9)
 * Conway Savage – piano (2–4, 7, 10), backing vocals (5), organ (9)
 * Jim Sclavunos – drums (2, 8), percussion (4, 10), bells (5), tambourine (6)
 * Thomas Wydler – maracas (2), drums (3–7, 9, 10), tambourine (8), vocals (10)

Guest musicians
 * PJ Harvey – vocals (3, 10)
 * Terry Edwards – horns (4)
 * Katharine Blake – additional vocals (4)
 * Kylie Minogue – vocals (5, 10)
 * Jen Anderson – violin (5)
 * Sue Simpson – violin (5)
 * Kerran Coulter – viola (5)
 * Helen Mountfort – cello (5)
 * Hugo Race – guitar (6)
 * Warren Ellis – violin (6), accordion (6)
 * Marielle Del Conte – additional vocals (7)
 * Anita Lane – crying (7), vocals (10)
 * Geraldine Johnston – additional vocals (8)
 * Liz Corcoran – additional vocals (8)
 * Shane MacGowan – vocals (10)
 * Brian Hooper – bass (10)

The Moron Tabernacle Choir on "The Curse of Millhaven"
 * Nick Cave
 * Martyn P. Casey
 * Conway Savage
 * Thomas Wydler
 * Warren Ellis
 * Brian Hooper
 * Spencer P. Jones
 * Dave Graney
 * Katharine Blake
 * Clare Moore
 * Rowland S. Howard
 * James Johnston
 * Ian Johnston
 * Geraldine Johnston
 * Astrid Munday

Certifications
the album has sold close to a million copies worldwide.

title: Murder Ballads


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Talk:Badger (occupation)

Is corn used in this article to refer to wheat, or generic grain? --Ben Brockert (talk:) 21:19, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it means generic grain. -- Jim Regan 21:20, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Ok, I'll leave it alone then. --Ben Brockert (talk:) 22:13, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'll change it then. — Pekinensis 18:23, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Badger (occupation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grenivuota pasekeja

Update: I count 4 votes to delete and none to keep. I've deleted the article. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:51, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

I simply don't get the point of this (orphaned) article. It doesn't appear to be Patent nonsense but maybe it is. -- Gauss 21:19, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Very strange. Google finds only Wikipedia mirrors. I vote delete, unless we find a Lithuanian who explains us what it is. Andris 21:50, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I could explain what it is, but couldn't explain who have initiated this nonsense and for what sake. The article, as you have noticed, doesn't mean any significant thing. It is nor definition, for these words are only imitation of Lithuanian words, not meaning anything concrete, neither a normal article about any topic (for example, about Lithuanian mythology), as you can recognize yourselves.   Linas 07:50, 2004 May 24 (UTC)
 * Additionally, on page history. The initial “article” had one sentence in Lithuanian: “here will be a page about” and two Lithuanian word imitations without any sense.  Later some discreet comments in English were added to it. - Delete it away.  Linas 12:09, 2004 May 24 (UTC)
 * Delete. Linas' comment indicates this is a hoax, and even if it is not, the page itself indicates these words are so obscure that no meaning can be derived. The article takes up more semantic space saying it has no meaning than it does in its meaning (if that makes sense). Denni 01:08, 2004 May 25 (UTC)


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Talk:Murder Ballads

--Qirex 14:06, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Untitled
The Kindness of Strangers, the title of which is presumably a play on the early Bad Seeds song "Stranger than Kindness"... - more likely both are references to the famous last line of A Streetcar Named Desire: "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers", which Cave would certainly have been aware of. WP articles shouldn't include unsourced speculation. --Calair 14:58, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Genre
Is the scene really calling this stuff post-punk? 70.48.103.67 (talk) 20:43, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Moron Tabernacle Choir
Could we please get consensus on the correct Choir?

Moron Tabernacle Choir

Mormon Tabernacle Choir

Note Cave, Ellis and Graney's participation in the former. Also the reference to Murder Ballads.

I noticed someone incorrectly reverted an edit citing vandalism. No, it's not.

--Tedd-the-Tiger (talk) 13:34, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Death count
The article states a death count of 64. I believe the correct number is 65, broken down like this: This comes to a sum total of 65 (+ 1 poor dog). Unless anyone objects to this I will change it.
 * 1) 4 (three children and wife)
 * 2) 2 (bartender and Billy Dilly)
 * 3) 1 (Henry Lee)
 * 4) 1 (the "lovely creature")
 * 5) 1 (Elisa Day)
 * 6) 23 (3 mentioned by name + 20 children) + 1 dog (not killed by Lottie). Notice the article says "over 25" - also incorrect.
 * 7) 1 (Mary Bellows)
 * 8) 20 (miners)
 * 9) 12 (townspeople, all mentioned by name)
 * 0

Buzjwa (talk) 07:43, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murder Ballads


text:
Talk:Tender Prey

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 03:44, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Further improvements
Currently repetitious information on credits per track and again per personnel: some tidying up would assist. More prose outside of Lead and reliable sources for in-line cites needed.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 03:35, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

Writers of Songs
Should whoever wrote the songs be included in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.172.88.141 (talk) 20:20, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tender Prey