text:
Sale of the Century

Sale of the Century (stylized as $ale of the Century) is an American television game show that originally debuted on September 29, 1969, on NBC daytime. It was one of three NBC game shows to premiere on that date, the other two being the short-lived game shows Letters to Laugh-In and Name Droppers. The series aired until July 13, 1973, and a weekly syndicated series began that fall and ran for one season.

The rights to the show were purchased in 1980 by Australian TV mogul Reg Grundy, who produced a similar show called Great Temptation in the 1970s. Grundy subsequently launched an Australian version of Sale of the Century. Grundy's modified format was then used in a revived American Sale of the Century that aired on NBC from January 3, 1983 to March 24, 1989. It was one of three NBC game shows premiering on the same date, along with Hit Man and Just Men! (both of which aired for only 13 weeks), and—like its predecessor—spawned a syndicated edition that ran from January 7, 1985 to September 12, 1986. Grundy's format has also been adopted in other countries.

The game consists of contestants answering general knowledge questions. At certain points during the game, the player currently in the lead is offered an "Instant Bargain", a prize to keep regardless of the game's outcome, in exchange for a certain amount deducted from that contestant's score.

Actor Jack Kelly hosted the original series from 1969 to 1971, then decided to return to acting full-time. He was replaced by Joe Garagiola, who hosted the remainder of the daytime series plus the one season in syndication. Jim Perry then hosted both the NBC and syndicated 1980s versions. Al Howard was the executive producer of the initial 1969–1974 version, and for a short time was co-executive producer of the 1980s version with Robert Noah.

A short-lived revival of the series entitled Temptation, like the 2005 Australian revival, debuted in syndication on September 10, 2007, following a September 7 preview on MyNetworkTV. This series ran for one year.

Game format
Contestants answered general knowledge toss-up questions posed by the host, earning $5 for a correct answer or losing that amount for a miss. Unlike most other game shows of the time, though, only the first contestant to buzz in could answer a question; a miss took it out of play for the other two.

At certain points during the game, the contestant in the lead participated in an "Instant Bargain" and was offered the opportunity to purchase merchandise at a bargain price. The selling price for the item, generally the value of one or more questions, was then deducted from the contestant's score, and the prize was theirs to keep regardless of the game's outcome.

Depending upon the version, question values either remained at $5 or increased as the game progressed. Additional Instant Bargains were also offered. The contestant in the lead at the end of the game was declared the champion and used their final score to purchase a larger prize, or played a separate end game, which varied depending upon the version of the show.

1969–1974
From 1969 to 1973, the game featured three contestants, who all began with $25. Midway through the game, the question values doubled to $10. At first, the final round consisted of 30 seconds of $15 questions. Later, this was replaced with five $20 questions (called "The Century Round", as the total value of the questions was $100). If a contestant's total was reduced to zero (or lower), that contestant was eliminated from the game.

At certain points during gameplay, all contestants were offered the opportunity to purchase merchandise at a bargain price. The first contestant to buzz in after the prize was revealed purchased that prize, and the price was deducted from his or her score. The prices of all prizes offered were expressed much as one would hear in a department store (ending with "and 95 cents"), and the prices increased as the episode progressed (e.g., $7.95, $11.95, $14.95, $21.95). All prize values were rounded up to the nearest dollar before being subtracted from the score of the contestant who purchased the prize. Each Instant Bargain was hidden behind a curtain, and contestants could not buzz in before the curtain opened. A contestant who did buzz in early was penalized by having the cost of the Instant Bargain deducted from their score and being locked out of purchasing the prize.

The "Open House" round was played in early episodes of the original version, usually about halfway through a particular episode. Five prizes were presented to the contestants and each could buy as many of them as he or she wanted; they had five seconds to list each of the items they wanted to buy. Unlike Instant Bargains, multiple contestants could buy the same item. This was later replaced with an "Audience Sale" round in which three members of the studio audience guessed the "sale price" of an item. The one that bid closest without going over won the item. The three contestants could increase their score by correctly guessing which audience member would win.

During the last thirteen weeks of this series, and the aforementioned follow-up weekly syndicated series, two married couples competed instead of three individual contestants. Each couple was given $20 at the start of the game. On the syndicated version, the first round consisted of questions worth $5, and in the second questions were valued at $10. A series of five questions worth $20 each were asked to conclude the game. If either couple's score reached $0, both couples were given an additional $20.

The winning contestant or couple was given the opportunity to spend their score on at least one of several grand prizes at the "Sale of the Century". Contestants either purchased a prize with their winnings and retired, or elected to return the next day and try to win enough to buy a more expensive prize. Champions could buy more than one prize. Also, when contestants chose to return the next day, they were asked which prizes they were considering buying. As long as the contestant kept winning, those prizes remained while others were replaced by more expensive ones.

The 1973-74 syndicated version featured two different formats. Both offered three possible prizes (almost always a trip, a fur coat, and a car), only one of which the couple could win. Originally, each prize had a sale price, and Garagiola asked questions worth $100 each, which was added to the couple's score from the game. When the amount reached the sale price of a prize, the couple could buy the prize or keep playing for a more expensive prize. Later, this was changed to "The Game of Champions". The three prizes had sale amounts ($150, $300, and $600). The winning couple chose a prize and had to answer three questions (worth $50, $100, or $200 each, depending on the prize) in order to win.

Original format
Three contestants competed each day, usually a returning champion and two challengers, and were each given $20 at the start of the game. Except for Fame Game questions, contestants earned $5 for a correct answer and were penalized $5 for an incorrect answer. A contestant's score, however, could not be reduced below $0. Contestants could buzz-in before the question was finished, but had to answer based only on whatever information the host had read to that point; only one contestant could answer a question.

Three Instant Bargains were played per game, with the prizes' retail values and sale prices increasing as the game progressed. In some cases, the host would reduce the price and/or offer extra cash to entice a contestant to make a purchase. During an Instant Bargain, only the player in the lead could purchase the prize available; in the event of a tie, the first player to buzz-in (if any) received the prize. For a brief time in early 1984, any contestant who bought an Instant Bargain could win back the money they spent by correctly answering a "Money Back Question" immediately afterward. Also, on occasion, any Instant Bargains that were not bought would be packaged as part of a "Garage Sale". If the player(s) in the lead did not elect to buy the Garage Sale package, the other contestants were invited to buy the prize set, unlike the normal Instant Bargains.

Three Fame Game rounds were played per game as well. The first half of each round consisted of a "who-am-I?"-style question, starting with obscure clues and proceeding to easier ones as the host continued. A contestant who buzzed in with a correct answer played the second half of the round; giving an incorrect answer eliminated a player from the round, but with no score penalty. If none of the contestants answered correctly, the second half of the round was skipped.

The contestant who answered correctly was given a choice of nine spaces on the Fame Game board, each displaying the face of a celebrity. Eight of the spaces hid either small bonus prizes or various amounts of cash, some of which offered the contestant a choice between taking either the money or an extra turn. Hidden behind one space was a $25 Money Card, which added that amount to the contestant's score. Spaces were removed from play as they were revealed. After the third playing, the host asked three final $5 toss-up questions to end the game.

The contestant with the highest final score became the champion. If the match ended in a tie, the tied players were asked one more question (originally in the Fame Game format, soon changed to an ordinary toss-up). Buzzing in and answering correctly won the game, while answering incorrectly resulted in a loss. In both cases, the losing contestants kept all cash and prizes they had accumulated, including their final scores in cash.

Bonus Round
The champion was given a chance to buy a bonus prize with the money earned in all main game wins to that point. Six individual prizes were offered, which changed every five shows, and were arranged in ascending order of both retail value and sale price. A new champion was always allowed to buy the least expensive prize for either its sale price or the entire first game winning score, whichever was lower.

After a win, the champion could either buy the highest affordable prize and retire from the show, or return to play another match in the hopes of winning enough money to afford a higher-level prize. A defeated champion left with only the cash and prizes accumulated in the main game. Prizes on the uppermost levels included expensive jewelry, fur coats, and opulent trips with first-class accommodations, with a luxury automobile as the most common top prize.

Any champion who reached the top prize level was offered a chance to continue playing in the hope of earning enough money to buy all six shopping prizes, referred to as "the Lot." For the first five months of the NBC run, any champion who purchased the Lot also received enough cash to bring its value up to $95,000. Later, a progressive jackpot was added to the Lot and made available for purchase by itself as a seventh prize level. This jackpot began at $50,000 and grew by $1,000 for every day it went unclaimed. The syndicated series used a similar prize structure, but its seventh level consisted only of the Lot without the jackpot.

On rare occasions, a champion would enter a match needing a certain amount for one prize (such as a fur coat) and win with a high enough score to reach the one above it (such as a car). When such a situation arose, unless the winning amount was enough to allow him/her to buy the entire Lot, the champion was allowed to buy either of the two prizes but not both. On the syndicated series, the rule was modified slightly and added the penultimate level of all of the shopping prizes on stage; if the champion earned enough to reach that level, choosing to leave at that point would automatically result in him/her winning each individual prize as opposed to being able to choose the highest valued individual prize of the car.

All the shopping prizes were swapped out for different ones every five shows. If a contestant's reign was to continue past the Friday of a particular week, the host offered a reminder that a different set of prizes would be offered beginning on the next show and told the champion what the next available prize in line would be.

Main game
By July 1983, the Fame Game underwent two changes. The first involved the use of three Money Cards, worth $10, $15, and $25, which were added to the board one at a time in ascending order. Occasionally, a fourth card worth $5 was placed on the board with the $10 card. Later in March 1984, the famous faces on the Fame Game board were replaced by numbers, and for a brief time in late 1984, there was a "$5+" Money Card, entitling the contestant who found it to immediately pick another number and receive whatever was behind it in addition to the $5 score boost. Even later, in October 1985, a randomizer was added to the Fame Game board and the player in control hit their buzzer to freeze it and thus choose a number, similar to the CBS game show Press Your Luck. When this change was made, the locations of the Money Cards were shown to the players and the $5 card was discontinued.

The regular game format also underwent a significant change in March 1984 when the series followed the Australian Sale lead by replacing the final three questions after the last Fame Game with a 60-second speed round. Beginning in May 1984, a "Sale Surprise" was occasionally and secretly added to certain Instant Bargains. It was only revealed after the contestant either purchased or passed on a prize, and consisted of a cash bonus in addition to any money the host might have already offered.

In March 1986, the third Instant Bargain was replaced by an "Instant Cash" game. The leading contestant was offered a chance at a cash jackpot at the cost of their entire lead over the second-place player. In case of a tie, the host named a starting price and gradually lowered it until one contestant buzzed in. Accepting the deal gave the player a choice of three boxes, two of which contained $100 each. The third box held the jackpot, which started at $1,000 and increased by that amount every day it went unclaimed.

Beginning in late December 1987, a prize was awarded to the winner of the match. Originally, there were six prizes on offer each week, each hidden behind a number, and the winner of the game received one of them. The prize was determined at first by the champion's selection of one number during the game, and later by the winner's selection at its end. Beginning in August 1988, the prize was predetermined before the show and the host announced it at the beginning of the match.

Bonus round #2: The Winner's Board
The shopping bonus round was later replaced with a game called the "Winner's Board", which was introduced in October 1984 on NBC and on November 18, 1985 in syndication. On the Friday before the switch was made on both series, the champion was awarded the highest-level shopping prize he/she could afford with the money accumulated to that point.

Unlike the shopping format, in which the champion took the risk of being defeated and leaving without a bonus prize if he/she chose to play a new game, the Winner's Board guaranteed that the champion would receive a prize after every victory. A new champion faced a full board of 20 squares, with 10 prizes available. The two largest prizes, a car and $10,000 cash, were each hidden behind one square, while eight smaller prizes (always including $3,000 cash) were behind two squares each. Two "WIN" cards were also hidden on the board. Prizes were changed out at the end of each broadcast week.

The champion selected one square at a time and won the first prize matched. Uncovering a "WIN" card automatically awarded the next prize found; this was the only way to win either the car or the $10,000 after any of the champion's first eight victories. No special bonus or prize was awarded for finding both "WIN" cards on consecutive turns.

Once a prize was won, it was removed from play for all subsequent visits to the Winner's Board by that champion, but the two "WIN" cards were always in play. After a ninth victory, these cards were removed and two numbers were displayed, each concealing one of the two remaining prizes. The champion picked one number and won its prize, then automatically received the other one for a tenth win. If a champion was defeated before clearing the board, he/she kept all prizes won to that point.

Any champion who won all 10 prizes from the board was given the option to retire undefeated or put those prizes at risk in one final match against two new challengers on the next show. A win awarded a $50,000 bonus in addition to all previous winnings, while a loss forfeited all the Winner's Board prizes.

Bonus round #3: The Winner's Big Money Game
In December 1987, the show changed bonus rounds again and introduced a new round called the "Winner's Big Money Game". At the start of this round, the champion selected one of three envelopes, each containing a set of six-word puzzles that served as clues to a famous person, place, or thing. To win, the champion had to solve a set amount of them within a time limit. The limit was originally five puzzles in 25 seconds, later reduced to four in 20 seconds. The clock began when the first word of a puzzle was revealed and stopped when the champion hit a plunger and gave an answer. Passing was allowed, and the champion could continue playing after one wrong guess or failure to respond immediately upon hitting the plunger. A second such mistake ended the round immediately.

The Winner's Big Money Game had a series of eight prize levels. The first six levels were played for cash prizes that started at $5,000 and increased by $1,000 for each subsequent game the champion won, up to $10,000. The seventh level was played for a car, and any champion who failed to win it was forced to retire. Winning the car allowed the champion to return for one last match, with $50,000 available in the Winner's Big Money Game if he/she won.

Personnel
The 1969–1974 version began with Jack Kelly as host, who was replaced by Joe Garagiola in 1971. Bill Wendell, then on the staff of NBC, served as announcer for the entire 1969–1974 version. Madelyn Sanders, an African-American model, served as hostess for most of the run, along with several other female models.

The 1980s version was hosted by Jim Perry, who was initially joined by Sally Julian as co-host. Two months later, Lee Menning replaced her until December 28, 1984, when Summer Bartholomew joined the program and remained as co-host until the 1989 finale. Jay Stewart announced until his retirement in January 1988, when he was replaced by Don Morrow.

Broadcast history
Sale of the Century premiered on September 29, 1969, on NBC's daytime schedule at 11:00a.m. (10:00a.m. Central), replacing the two-year-old Personality, which was hosted by Larry Blyden. It aired at that time slot for the whole of its initial four years on the network, ending its first run on July 13, 1973, after which The Wizard of Odds—the first American program hosted by Alex Trebek—made its debut. Shortly after NBC cancelled the daytime version of the program, it returned in first-run weekly syndication in September 1973, with the same format as in the final NBC weeks. However, relatively few stations took the program, which usually aired on a weeknight before primetime programming, and not enough of them were interested in a second season, so the New York-based production was discontinued in 1974.

The 1983 revival debuted on NBC on January 3 of that year at 10:30a.m. (9:30a.m. Central) and remained there until January 2, 1987. Replacing Wheel of Fortune, the show that belonged in the time slot from April 1982 to December 1982, the show faced competition against Child's Play at the same time slot on CBS (ABC did not begin programming until 11:00a.m.) from January to September 1983, then Press Your Luck from September 1983 to January 1986, then Card Sharks (a revival of Jim Perry's former show) from January 1986 to 1987. On January 5, 1987, the network moved the show ahead thirty minutes to 10:00a.m. (9:00a.m. Central). Sale of the Century stayed in that timeslot for the remainder of its run, enjoying respectable ratings. It faced competition with three CBS game shows airing at that same timeslot: The $25,000 Pyramid (for the entirety of 1987 and the spring of 1988), Blackout (which aired from January to April 1988), and Family Feud (which premiered in July 1988). The program's 1,578th and final episode aired on March 24, 1989.

Its place on the schedule was taken by Reg Grundy stablemate Scrabble, which had been airing in the afternoons for several years, in a shuffle that also saw Super Password end after four-and-a-half seasons (its timeslot of 12:00 PM was given back to its affiliates) and the soap opera Generations inherit its place and Scrabble's old timeslot.

The revival series spawned an accompanying daily syndicated edition that premiered on January 7, 1985, and was distributed by Genesis Entertainment. The syndicated Sale of the Century was renewed for a full second season, but not enough stations were willing to pick it up for a third season and the series came to an end following the 1985–86 season.

Episode status
Most episodes of the original NBC 1969–1973 series are believed to have been destroyed, but nine episodes of that run are held by the UCLA Film and Television Archive. The status of the 1973–74 syndicated run is unknown.

The USA Network aired reruns of the entire 220-episode 1985–86 syndicated series, and 170 episodes (July 1988 – March 1989) of the NBC daytime series from September 14, 1992, to July 29, 1994, for a total of 390 episodes.

GSN carried the series from April 1, 2013, until March 27, 2015. The network initially started out by airing the final sixty-five episodes of the NBC series. As part of the weekend beginning with that year's Black Friday, the network aired a four-hour marathon of episodes from the first season of the syndicated series to pay tribute to many retailers offering sales. GSN added the syndicated episodes to its daytime lineup in place of the network episodes that Monday and aired most of the run before dropping Sale from their schedule.

On October 18, 2015, Buzzr added the syndicated episodes to their Sunday night lineup, which later moved to the weeknight lineup in the summer of 2017. In July 2018, the show moved to the weekday morning lineup, and in July 2019, the network added NBC episodes to its rotation, starting from episode 1410, in July 1988.

Theme music
The original 1969–1974 theme was composed by Al Howard and Irwin Bazelon.

The main theme on the 1980s version was composed in 1982 by Ray Ellis and his son, Marc, and was more or less a reworking of Jack Grimsley's original 1980 recording for the Australian version of the show. The show introduced a synthesized version of the Ellis theme in 1987.

Licensed merchandise
Milton Bradley released two home editions based on the 1969–1974 version. A version based upon the 1983–1989 version of the show (made by American Publishing Corp and featuring the Quizzard game) was released in 1986.

As part of their "Game Show Greats" lineup, IGT released a video slot machine in 2003.

International versions
Prior to purchasing the rights to Sale of the Century in 1980, media mogul Reg Grundy produced Great Temptation, a similar show that aired on Australian television from 1970 to 1974. His Australian version of Sale of the Century ran from 1980 to 2001. Reg Grundy Productions distributed the format internationally until 1995 when the company was sold to Pearson Television, which became known as Fremantle in 2001.

title: Sale of the Century


text: User talk:62.252.64.12

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:62.252.64.12


text: User talk:68.3.190.85

title: User talk:68.3.190.85


text:
Talk:Miller v. California

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 October 2018 and 12 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Avivaw23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:03, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:11, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

I moved
I moved the main Miller v. California case back here because it's invariably the case intended. The others are at the bottom just in case someone sees a reason to create them. Jamesday 03:26, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia and this article contain no entry on Pope v. Illinois, which clarifies and restricts the "community standards" test described here significantly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.16.59.182 (talk) 21:31, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

= Duplication = It seems paragraphs 5 & 6 of the "History" section in this article is a word-for-word duplication of paragraphs 6 & 7 of the "The case" section in Roth v. United States. I don't know if this is acceptable Wiki-policy or not, but I thought I'd mention it in case it's not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.129.94.61 (talk) 19:04, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I removed it. Malke 2010 (talk) 23:08, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Synthesis
I added the Synthesis template for whole article. This article contains large amounts of analysis based solely on primary sources (the case opinions) not independent analysis (secondary sources). - Stillwaterising (talk) 18:55, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

texts and citations
I have added some citations for New York v. Ferber, Ashcroft V. Free Speech Coalition, Ashcroft v. ACLU, and a citation for Justice Potter Stewart rulings and quotes. I have added text concerning Justice rulings prior to the miller case, and text pertaining to community standard and the Internet.Ron Q Craig (talk) 02:56, 31 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Miller v. California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://swap.stanford.edu/20080725073644/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faclibrary/case.aspx?case=Miller_v_CA to http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faclibrary/case.aspx?case=Miller_v_CA

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:11, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Removed section and added new one
I removed the "case law" section because it repeated verbatim the 3 prongs of the Miller test that were already established in earlier sections multiple times.

Avivaw23 (talk) 20:01, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Also separated last section into "Definition of obscenity post-Miller" and "Effects of the decision" to separate legal and other effects. Agree with above user that the Pope v Illinois decision is important but doesn't have a page.

Avivaw23 (talk) 17:28, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miller v. California


text:
Talk:Alt.tv.simpsons

Comment
adding much more to fend of the VfD. My a.t.s. experience is from the late 1990's...

"It was established during the third week of 1990, four months after the first airing of a regular episode of the program, which was the Christmas special that aired on December 17, 1989."

Can't possibly be right, not nearly four months, but I don't know if the error is the four months or the third week of 1990. Everyking 03:50, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oops, my fault, I left out "March." Corrected now. Krupo 04:09, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't the title of this article be alt.tv.simpsons (with the lowercase alt)? Throughout the article the lower case a is used. --Roisterer 02:21, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, the first letter of an article must be uppercase. --Conti|✉ 15:24, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, but this article is ridiculously POV, especially the trolls section...needs to be cleaned up.130.39.109.204 03:51, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like something a troll would say. ;) Krupo 05:28, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Capsules
Why are the capsules taking so long to make? They used to make a new capsule every month or two, but now there's over a year break before a new one gets added. Just throwing that out there. SykoNachoman 00:48, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Alt.tv.simpsons. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090226063311/http://archive.salon.com/ent/tv/feature/2000/01/24/simpsons/ to http://archive.salon.com/ent/tv/feature/2000/01/24/simpsons/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040525011836/http://www.snpp.com/ to http://www.snpp.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:52, 2 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Alt.tv.simpsons. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090214141221/http://snpp.com/guides/lisa-1.html to http://www.snpp.com/guides/lisa-1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040525011836/http://www.snpp.com/ to http://www.snpp.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:32, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alt.tv.simpsons


text:
Lasse Virén

Lasse Artturi Virén (born 22 July 1949) is a Finnish former long-distance runner, winner of four gold medals at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. Virén recaptured the image of the "Flying Finns" promoted by runners like Hannes Kolehmainen, Paavo Nurmi and Ville Ritola in the 1920s. He was elected Finnish Sportsman of the Year in 1972 and 1976 and later became a politician and a member of Finland's parliament in 1999–2007 and 2010–2011.

Early career
Virén began his running career in the United States at Brigham Young University, in Provo, Utah. Virén ran on the Varsity Cross-Country team for BYU for one season, before returning home to his native Finland. A police officer from Myrskylä, Virén debuted on the international scene in 1971. His performances at the 1971 European Championships in Helsinki were overshadowed by fellow Finn Juha Väätäinen, who captured gold medals in both the 5000 and 10,000 metres events with Virén settling for modest seventh and 17th placings, respectively. According to Virén himself and his coach, Rolf Haikkola, Virén could have placed better in the 1971 European Athletics Championships, if he had done the "emptying exercise" of his system earlier – according to Haikkola, he followed the Finnish Athletics Federation's leaders' bad advice – and if he hadn't been pushed almost to the point of falling at the start of the last lap in the 5000 metres final. The "emptying exercise" of top runners means that they push their bodies to a total exhaustion or lack of energy so that their bodies can again receive much energy, and so that they can repeat their top race performances. Shortly after those European Championships, he broke Väätäinen's fresh Finnish record at 5,000 metres.

Buoyed by a brutal training regimen in Thomson's Falls, Kenya, and very impressive results, which included the smashing of the 2-mile world record and wins against Great Britain and Spain in a meet held in Helsinki in the summer of 1972, Lasse Virén entered the Munich Games as a dark horse.

1972 Olympics
At the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich, Virén won both the 5,000 and the 10,000 metres events. At the 10,000 metres final held on 3 September, Virén broke Ron Clarke's 7-year-old world record despite falling in the twelfth lap after getting tangled with Emiel Puttemans. Mohamed Gammoudi also fell after being tripped by Virén's legs. In less than 150 metres, Virén caught up with the leading pack after losing about 20 metres. With 600 metres to go, Virén started an unprecedented lap-and-a-half kick to which only Puttemans was able to respond. The Finn won the race in 27:38:40 (which is still the current record for the Olympiastadion).

Virén became the fourth athlete to win both events in the same Olympics, joining fellow Finn Hannes Kolehmainen (1912), Czechoslovakia's Emil Zátopek (1952) and Russian Vladimir Kuts (1956). After them, Miruts Yifter (1980) and Kenenisa Bekele (2008), both from Ethiopia, and Mo Farah from Great Britain (2012 and 2016), accomplished the coveted "double". However, only Kolehmainen, Virén and Yifter had to endure 10,000 metres heats to qualify for the 10,000 metres final. In the 5,000-metres final one week later, Viren could keep up with Steve Prefontaine, Gammoudi, Puttemans and Ian Stewart, in the race's quick final four laps. He sprinted past Gammoudi with around 110 to 120 metres to go, and won in 13:26.4, one second before Gammoudi. Four days later, despite the wet, chilly and windy weather in the Helsinki Olympic Stadium, he set a new world record at 5,000 metres by running 13:16.4. Six days later, Puttemans broke the record by roughly three seconds.

One factor in Virén's Olympic victories, especially at the 1972 Olympics 5,000 and 10,000 metres, has received little attention: his careful running of almost all the bends (curves) near the inner edge of the first lane, which spared him tens of metres compared to his chief rivals. More specifically, Steve Prefontaine gave Virén an advantage of more than forty metres over 5,000 m in 1972, while Emiel Puttemans gave about fifty metres over 10,000 m, by running many bends wide on the outer edge of the first lane or sometimes even on the second lane. This metre-saving practice is called "bend (curve) mathematics".

1976 Olympics
Virén ran at lower levels between the Olympics. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, Virén again won both events, coined later as the "double double", and became the first repeat winner of the 5,000 metres race in Olympic history (since joined by Mo Farah). He won the 10,000-metre final comparatively easily, because even Great Britain's Brendan Foster dropped from the steadily accelerating pace of Portugal's Carlos Lopes at 8,000 metres, and because Lopes back then was unable to radically increase his pace in the last lap or so of track races. Virén passed Lopes at around 9,550 metres and defeated him by 4.79 seconds.

Following his 10,000 metres final win at the Montreal games, he took off his Onitsuka Tiger (ASICS) Runspark shoes and waved them to the crowd on his victory lap. The International Olympic Committee accused Virén of malicious intent, such as showing the tiger stripe logo on the shoes, but he claimed that he had a blister. Thus, the IOC suspended Virén from taking place in the 5,000-metres final after qualifying in his heat. An appeal followed and he was allowed to enter the race, two hours before gun time.

In the 5,000 metres final, he held off all-time greats Dick Quax, Rod Dixon and Brendan Foster (all world-class at 1,500 m) with a devastating display of front-running over the last few laps. To those who watched him, the display was awesomely inspiring to the point that his last 1,500 metres in that final would have placed him 8th in the 1,500-metres final held at those Games. The top four runners sprinted to the finish line inside six metres, a rare occurrence in major international championships. He competed in the men's marathon, his first marathon and finished fifth in 2:13:11.

1980 Olympics
Virén ended his career after the 1980 Summer Olympics, where he placed fifth in the 10,000 metres. Virén qualified for that final, placing fourth and having clocked a disappointing 28:45 in his heat. Only after Ireland's John Treacy collapsed during his heat, due to heat stroke, was Virén given an automatic place in the final. Otherwise, he would have qualified for the final as a fastest loser. He pushed that final's leading pack until the last 300 metres, before succumbing to the spurt of Miruts Yifter, the eventual gold medalist. Some people claimed that Viren could have run better in the 1980 Olympics if he had not done so much marathon-like training. Viren himself believes that if he had not injured his leg shortly before the Olympics, he would have run clearly better. Another account suggests that the main issues arose from the fact that Virén had neglected to bring a masseur to his months long endurance training camps in Colombia and on the Canary Islands during the preparation phase for the Moscow Olympics, resulting in stiffened leg muscles during the following speed training phase of the preparation, which made the speed training inefficient, caused the above-mentioned injuries, and left him with an insufficient top speed. Viren skipped the 5,000-metres race and chose to compete in the Olympic marathon, where he started quite well, running over 20 kilometres in the lead group. Stomach problems, however, caused him to drop out before 30 kilometres. In the autumn of 1980, he announced his retirement from active competitive running.

Outside the Olympics
After a complex leg surgery early in 1974, and between his Olympic double victories, he won a bronze medal in the 5,000 m at the European championships behind the British athlete Brendan Foster with a time of 13:24.57. Two days later, in Helsinki, Virén won a 5,000 m race in 13:26.0, defeating Anders Gärderud (Sweden). Three days after this Helsinki race, Virén again encountered Foster in a 2-mile (3.2-km) race at the Coca-Cola international meet in London at the Crystal Palace. Foster was again victorious, with Virén finishing fourth, only 0.06 seconds behind the second place runner. Virén recorded his fastest 10,000 m for the 1974 season with a winning time of 28:22.6 at a Finland vs. Soviet Union international meet on 21 September.

Virén had broken the world records for both the 2-mile and the 5,000 m outside the Olympics. Both were done in close proximity to the 1972 Olympics: his 8:14.0 for two miles was on 14 August 1972 and his 13:16.4 for a 5,000 m race on 14 September 1972.

Virén's success outside the Olympics in running near his best Olympic-year times was better in 5,000m events than in 10,000m ones. Virén broke 13:36 in the 5000m consistently outside Olympic years and sometimes even broke 13:30. At 10,000m he only broke 28 minutes in the Olympic years.

In 1979, Virén competed in New Zealand, running the summer international series there while in the midst of his endurance training for the Moscow Olympics of 1980.

Established in 1977 by the Finnish sculptor Eino, the Lasse Virén Finnish Invitational, later the "Lasse Virén 20K", was an annual off-road running race in Sycamore Canyon, part of Point Mugu State Park near Malibu, California, held through 2012.

Since his career ended he has become a well-known figure in Finland, eventually holding a seat in the Finnish Parliament with the National Coalition Party from 1999 until 2007 and from 2010 to 2011. Virén did not seek re-election in 2011.

In 2014 Virén was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations' Hall of Fame.

title: Lasse Virén


text:
Darkcutter

A darkcutter or dark cutter (also known as DFD, or Dark Firm Dry) is a carcass of beef that has been subjected to undue stress before slaughter, and is dark in color. Sometimes referred to as dark cutting beef, they have a dark color which makes the meat appear less fresh, making them undesirable to consumers. Darkcutters fetch a lower price than otherwise ordinary beef on the market.

Desirable meat has a slightly acidic pH level, from 5.3 to 5.7, which is a result of the conversion of glycogen to lactic acid. Poor feeding or handling will mean that no glycogen is available, so lactic acid cannot be produced to lower the pH. Stress ante mortem causes a depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. Thus the glucose normally used post mortem to produce ATP anaerobically and in turn resulting in lactic acid production before the development of rigor mortis, is unavailable. The muscle pH stays high (above 6.0), resulting in higher water-holding capacity (sticky protein) and more translucent muscle, which looks darker because light travels deeper into the muscle before being refracted.

To prevent and address darkcutting, it is suggested to keep the animals calm and well fed before culling. If the livestock do not consume enough nutrition, or deplete it while stressed by poor handling, the levels of glycogen will be reduced. Severe stress leads to a proportionate depletion in the animal's glycogen.

title: Darkcutter


text:
Talk:Maria-sama ga Miteru

Amount sold
"Over 5.4 million copies of the light novels have been published." --- pardon me if I'm mistaken, but don't you usually say "sold"? It sounds like there are 5.4 million separate published works surrounding the light novels. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.10.3.173 (talk) 09:43, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * They're not exactly the same. I know there are some statistics surrounding the sale numbers of books on Oricon, but the reference cited for that statement says "Shueisha has published 5.4 million copies of the original light novels", so that's the language used in the article. Just because Shueisha had published that many doesn't mean that many were sold at the time, although considering the print runs for these books, the total sales number was probably close to that number, but again, that's not what the reference says.--  十  八  11:47, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Maria-sama ga Miteru. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090113180511/http://cobalt.shueisha.co.jp/osusume/yumenomiya/index2.html to http://cobalt.shueisha.co.jp/osusume/yumenomiya/index2.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130717085801/http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/jW8RGI5c9h4RrSV-GV/browse/item/95124/4/0/0 to http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/jW8RGI5c9h4RrSV-GV/browse/item/95124/4/0/0
 * Added tag to http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/yPR7bYzyj=qRDCiiII/browse/item/78901/4/0/0
 * Added tag to http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/yPR7bYzyj=qRDCiiII/browse/item/78902/4/0/0
 * Added tag to http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/yPR7bYzyj=qRDCiiII/browse/item/87232/4/0/0
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080730061346/http://www.mania.com/maria-watches-over-season-1-collection_article_80231.html to http://www.mania.com/maria-watches-over-season-1-collection_article_80231.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080801225051/http://www.mania.com/maria-watches-over-episode-1-sampler_article_80359.html to http://www.mania.com/maria-watches-over-episode-1-sampler_article_80359.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100405201353/http://www.mania.com/maria-watches-over-season-4-collection_article_121575.html to http://www.mania.com/maria-watches-over-season-4-collection_article_121575.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:43, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maria-sama ga Miteru


text:
Native Forest Action

Native Forest Action (NFA) was set up protect the publicly owned native forests of the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand from logging.

The West Coast has extensive stands of virgin native forests and numerous organisations had lobbied for their protection. In 1986 the West Coast Accord was signed between environmental groups and government agencies. There was discord amongst other environmental groups since it was seen to be too much of a compromise towards the logging interests. This should be seen it light of the fact that New Zealand had lost approximately 75% of its original forest cover since human habitation.

In 1997 the NFA campaign involved protesters setting up camps in the forest and tree sitting. In April 1997, one of these sites was deliberately destroyed by swinging a tree from a helicopter into it, allegedly without ensuring that it was fully clear of protesters.

NFA had a campaign of non-violent direct action which gained it prominence in the media. The New Zealand Labour Party made an election promise in 1999 to halt the logging. One of the most controversial parts of campaign history was when a bomb was found on a helicopter used for logging. NFA, which had always maintained a policy of non-violence denied vigorously any links to the bomb, and no link was found.

It is claimed that the release of the book Secrets and Lies by Nicky Hager prior to the 1999 general election had an influence on the election of the Labour Party. The book made detailed claims about an organised smear campaign against NFA by public relations firm Shandwick on behalf of Timberlands West Coast, the company tasked with sustainably harvesting West Coast beech forests. The Labour/Alliance coalition government halted the logging and the land was transferred to the Department of Conservation.

NFA, which as an organisation always had a very informal structure, is now dormant.

title: Native Forest Action


text:
Buffalo River

Buffalo River may refer to:

Australia

 * Buffalo River (Victoria)

Canada

 * Buffalo River (Alberta), tributary of the Peace River

South Africa

 * Buffalo River (Eastern Cape)
 * Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)
 * Buffalo River (Groot River), Southern Cape

United States

 * Buffalo National River, Arkansas
 * Buffalo River (Georgia)
 * Buffalo River (Minnesota)
 * Buffalo River (New York)
 * Buffalo River (Tennessee)
 * Buffalo Bayou in Houston, Texas
 * Buffalo River (Virginia)
 * Buffalo River (Wisconsin)

title: Buffalo River