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Musepack

Musepack or MPC is an open source lossy audio codec, specifically optimized for transparent compression of stereo audio at bitrates of 160–180 (manual set allows bitrates up to 320) kbit/s. It was formerly known as MPEGplus, MPEG+ or MP+.

Development of MPC was initiated in 1997 by Andree Buschmann and later assumed by Frank Klemm, and as of 2004 is maintained by the Musepack Development Team (MDT) with assistance from Buschmann and Klemm. Encoders and decoders are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X, and plugins for several third-party media players available from the Musepack website, licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or BSD licenses, and an extensive list of programs supporting the format.

Technical details
Musepack was developed using the MP2 codec as a starting point, but many features have since been added, including:
 * subband selectable M/S encoding (as in AAC)
 * Huffman coding (as in MP3 and AAC, but more efficient). Since SV8 the bitstream is compressed by highly optimized canonical huffman tables that yields 2% smaller files and faster decoding
 * noise substitution techniques (as in ATSC A-52 and MPEG-4 AAC V2)
 * pure variable bitrate between 0 and 1300 kbit/s (when needed)

The psychoacoustic model of MPC is based on MPEG ISO model 2, but is extended by CVD (clear voice detection). The quantization algorithm of the MPC encoder performs spectral shaping of the noise, called adaptive noise shaping (ANS), in order to overcome the low frequency resolution of the polyphase quadrature filter bands.

MPC uses the APEv2 tag metadata container.

Musepack is mainly optimized for transparent encoding at the "--standard" preset (175-185 kbit/s). Very few optimisations have been made at lower bitrates (like 128 kbit/s). Nevertheless, various listening tests have been conducted in which Musepack has performed well at both lower and higher bitrates.

Features

 * Container-independent format. An SV8 MPC is a container file for a Musepack stream. Raw stream encoding is possible.
 * Packetized stream allows muxing into audio and video containers (e.g. MKA/MKV, NUT).
 * Sample-accurate, fast seeking independent of file length.
 * Sample-accurate cutting. Application included in download package (mpccut) allows losslessly cutting stream segments based on selected start/end samples.
 * Chapters. Chapter editor (mpcchap) included, for embedding chapters into MPC files.
 * No internal clipping.
 * Streamable.

Test results
Despite being optimized for 100% transparency at moderately high bitrates, MPC has also scored highly on many 128 kbit/s tests. In May 2004, a series of double-blind listening tests (as reported on Slashdot ) suggested that Musepack and Ogg Vorbis (which was the 1.1 "aoTuV" fork at the time) were the two best available codecs for high-quality audio compression at bitrates around 128 kbit/s, beating MP3, AAC, WMA, and ATRAC.

Listening tests of MPC:
 * 2004 – rjamorim's second 128 kbit/s group listening test – between 14 and 27 listeners. MPC and Vorbis tied for first.
 * 2003 – rjamorim's first 128 kbit/s group listening test – between 14 and 29 listeners. AAC, MPC, Vorbis, and WMA tied for first.
 * 2002 – ff123's second 128 kbit/s group listening test
 * 2001 – ff123's 128 kbit/s group listening test

Hardware and software support
Devices supporting The Core Pocket Media Player can play MPC. This includes devices running Palm OS, Symbian OS, Windows, Windows CE and Windows Mobile (Pocket PC). All devices with software audio decoding that are supported by Rockbox, including older revisions of iPod, can also play Musepack files. Playback on Roku Photobridge HD is supported with a plugin. There is a plethora of media players for Android supporting Musepack (among them is the ported Rockbox media player).

Musepack distributes the libmpcdec library for decoding MPC content. Various plugins have been developed, using that library, including for the XMMS player (on Unix). Asunder and Jack! The Knife allows ripping Audio CD tracks directly into Musepack files.

title: Musepack


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Talk:Chin Na

Untitled
I've put Praying Mantis back in. I've sparred with many of them, their Chin Na is awesome, and a huge part of their style, the praying mantis bug's arms seizing their victims the way they do. It is also a big part of the style I study, but it doesn't predominate, so I don't include T'ai Chi in the article, for example.Fire Star 19:47, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

I hope it's not in bad taste to mention one school, but everything I've heard about Yang puts him head and shoulders above anybody else. RussNelson 04:52, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have to agree with RussNelson. There should be a mention of Dr. Yang.

I'm not going to change it but the last line does look awkward and random. It feels like an advertisement although I am sure you did not intend for it to be so.69.181.82.210 06:34, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I will change it. While Yang's books are relatively famous in the West, to say that he is highly regarded by the international martial art community compared to other practitioners isn't necessarily accurate. Qin na is a style of training that is found in most Chinese martial arts, I train it and teach it myself. If anything, there should only be a listing of Yang's book here, Yang himself should more accurately be mentioned at the White Crane Kung Fu complex of articles. Fire Star 13:31, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Dr Yang was Black Belt's martial artist of the year one year, though I don't know what other languages and countries that is in The snare 07:15, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

Legacy....
Put bluntly this confuses things a lot and is all unsourced. Yes many MA techniques travelled between Japan & China, but mention of Aikido & the gentle way (i.e. Judo) that are Gendai budo (i.e. 19/20th century arts) seems odd. Samari learning from monks sound far a bit ropey to go unsourced soundign alot like the Bodhidharma legend, and term slike "widley considerd the mother of" are just trouble. Ignoring the national anagoism between Japan & China, it is not widely known about & most people don't know the the differance between kendo & capoeira and in MA circles the is largely "MY art is the real original". I would stongly suspect that japanese & chinese techniques have linked origins but it also dose not allow for later development of arts.

In short, this needs sourcing & re-wording to be neutral. --Nate1481 12:07, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Chinese invented the Gi now? NO. Stop. The Keikogi was created by Kano in the late 19th century early 20th centuary after kodokan judo was developed form the existant jujutsu, impling that the Japanese only use sumo till the Chinese civilised them is simply wrong, I'm reverting on mass as filletering out the plausable and the quetionable bits from the simple factual errors will be a nightmare I don't have time for. --Nate1481 11:24, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

point by point
While I don't doubt that Japnese and Chines marial arts are interelated, but imply that "judo is dressed up chin na and Kano tried to hid it" is misleading an dsimply inacurate. I have tied ot provide a balanced version but at least please pay attenion to the tone and style changes I have made.--Nate1481 14:22, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Qinna features both standing and ground-based grappling techniques. Nowhere in the linked reference mentioned that Qinna features ground-based grappling techniques. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.213.18.215 (talk) 19:59, 15 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Qin Na is also attributed in creating Judo ... and developed what eventually became today's Judo & Jiu Jitsu. Who, where? If joint locking techniques were shared between china and japan it is dose not mean they are just based on Chin Na. If you were looking here: (some is almost a direct quote) it qualifies it twice, saying "Many martial arts historians believe that it was Chinese wrestling that greatly influenced" not "Chin na created all Japanese arts"
 * Judo was developed from jujutsu practices that can be traced roughly to the late 17th - early 18th century Yes, developed from somthing that was develpoed form somthing else i.e. changed There were already techiniques and methods present and a 300 year disconnection for adaptation & improvement, also have you ever heard of Parrallel evolution?
 * Kitō-ryū, openly admitted that they were directly influenced by Chen Yuan-Yun, - Unsourced.
 * Kitō-ryū also accredited Chen Yuan-Yun for his contributions to the creation of "gi" techniques in their school. - The Judogi was developed by kano from kimono so how beople were learnign 'clothing' (literal translation) technickes then i don't know.
 *  The discovery of Qin Na's influence has caused many jiu jitsu/judo practitioners to research/adopt Qin Na techniques in order to make comparisons and expand their grappling knowledge. and This has caused many practitioners to research Qin Na and make comparisons. WHO? Name some. Or again it's UNSOURCED.
 * Many martial artists, practicing styles such as Judo (柔道 Ruo Dao), [Jujutsu]] (柔術道 Rou Shu Dao), Aikido (合氣道 He Qi Dao), and Acudo ryu (shaolin qinna)have started to realize that a portion of the things they learned originated from the Chinese martial art of Chin Na. ... (as stated in Yang Jwing-Ming's "Analysis of Shaolin Chin Na Instructor's Manual for all Martial styles"). - as Yang Jwing-Ming is a chin na instructor this is not a secondary source, I have lost count of the dubious origins I have read about by someone promoting there art. Up to Alexander the great introduced Bodhidharma to pankration and it all comes from there or Roman gladiators fighting with samauri and teaching them techniques, the first it I think you will agree are far fetched or and the second plain wrong (teh 1000 year gap being the give away). This claim needs secondary sources that art independent of the subject, to prove it is not just as dubious as, while it is more plausabel, it is far from certain.

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Chin Na is absolutely both a generic term AND its own artform.
Guys, no one "in martial arts" agrees.

However there seems to be a rampant misconception here that Chin Na is somehow only the term of a series of locks and related sub-techniques incorporated in other established artforms.

This is simply not true. Chin Na stands as its own form. I've had my son training in it for years in one of the few Chin Na schools in the country under a Grandmaster. It comes from a very deep and old history, and as a result, much of it can be found to be later subsumed into other forms. Chin Na in the form that my son studies under is using the original more than 300 techniques, and it is jaw-dropping to watch.Tgm1024 (talk) 15:04, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chin Na


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Mansfield District

Mansfield District is a local government district in Nottinghamshire, England. It is named after the town of Mansfield, where the council is based. The district also contains Mansfield Woodhouse (which forms part of the Mansfield urban area) and Warsop.

The neighbouring districts are Bassetlaw, Newark and Sherwood, Ashfield and Bolsover.

History
The town of Mansfield had been governed by improvement commissioners from 1823. They were replaced in 1891 when it was incorporated as a municipal borough.

The modern district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The new district covered the whole area of three former districts, which were all abolished at the same time:
 * Mansfield Municipal Borough
 * Mansfield Woodhouse Urban District
 * Warsop Urban District

The new district was named Mansfield after its main town. Unusually for a district taking the same name as a former borough, the new Mansfield district was not granted borough status. Instead charter trustees were established for the area of the former borough of Mansfield, with responsibility for looking after the civic regalia of the town.

Since 2002 the council has been led by a directly elected mayor.

Governance
Mansfield District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Nottinghamshire County Council. Warsop is also a civil parish, which is a third tier of local government for that part of the district.

Political control
The council has been under Labour majority control since the 2023 election.

The first election to the modern district council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Since 1974 political control of the council has been as follows:

Leadership
From 1974 until 2002, political leadership was provided by the leader of the council. Only one person served as leader in that time:

In 2002 the council changed to having a directly elected mayor. The mayors since 2002 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election and a By-election in June 2024, the composition of the council (excluding the elected mayor's seat) was:

The next full election is due in May 2027.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2023 the district has been divided in 36 wards, each of which elects one councillor. Elections are held every four years.

Premises
The council is based at the Civic Centre on Chesterfield Road South in Mansfield. The building was purpose-built for the council at a cost of £6.7million and opened on 1 September 1986.

Geography

Mansfield and Mansfield Woodhouse form a single urban area, which also includes Forest Town. The only civil parish in the district is Warsop; the rest of the district, corresponding to the combined area of the pre-1974 borough of Mansfield and Mansfield Woodhouse urban district, is an unparished area. The parish of Warsop contains the settlements of Market Warsop, Church Warsop and Meden Vale plus surrounding rural areas, including areas of woodland which form part of Sherwood Forest. Part of the urban area of Pleasley, most of which is in the Bolsover district of Derbyshire, extends across the border into Mansfield district.

title: Mansfield District


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Talk:Octo-

Octo is also the first name of MUMPS pioneer Octo Barnett. Does anyone know anything more about "Octo" as a person's first name? Is there any language in which it is a common first name? Dpbsmith 19:52, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If you create an article for him, his article would have to be at Octo Barnett, and this article is at octo-. Wikipedia articles for people are never at simply their first name, excluding people such as Sacagawea who have only one name. 66.245.107.192 23:55, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Octagon
Twice in this article's history, octagon has been added. This is incorrect. Octagon belongs at the octa- article, the article for the Greek numerical prefix for 8. This article is the octo- article, the article for the Latin numerical prefix for 8. Why is this error common?? 66.245.30.85 17:04, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)YA WHAT HE SAID

Language of Octo-
In the prefix articles, as well as the 8 (number) article, it says that octa- is Greek and octo- is Latin. However, elsewhere in Wikipedia, namely, at Octopus, it says that octo- can be either Greek or Latin. Any comments on changing what the articles say?? 66.245.124.50 02:59, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It is pretty clear that octo- came from both Greek and Latin, sharing a common ancestor. The divergence that made hept- in Greek and sept- in Latin for 7 just didn't happen for 8.  Since this is mentioned on the duplicate articles page Duplicate pages, I would suggest that all the information get merged into octo-, and that octa- and oct- redirect there.  On the other hand, wouldn't this be better in Wictionary? Dpv 20:32, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octo-


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Nadia Petrova

Nadezhda Viktorovna "Nadia" Petrova (Надежда Викторовна Петрова ; born 8 June 1982) is a Russian former professional tennis player. A former top-five player in both singles and doubles, she reached a career-high ranking of No. 3 in the world in both disciplines (doing so in doubles on 21 March 2005, then in singles on 15 May 2006). Petrova won a total of 37 titles on the WTA Tour in her career, 13 in singles and 24 in doubles, as well as over $12.4 million in prize money, making her one of the most successful Russian tennis players of all time.

Petrova's career highlights in singles include reaching a total of nine Grand Slam quarterfinals across all four major tournaments (including two Grand Slam semifinals at the French Open in 2003 and 2005), and qualifying for the WTA Tour Championships on three separate occasions. Her largest singles titles came at two Tier-I tournaments, Charleston and Berlin in 2006 (during a span in which she won three consecutive tournaments and a career-best 15 matches in a row), one Premier 5 title in Tokyo in 2012, and winning the year-end Tournament of Champions in 2012. From June 2003 to September 2013, Petrova was continuously ranked inside the top 30 (a period of 538 weeks), was inside the top 20 for over 500 of them, and spent over 150 weeks ranked inside the top 10. Over a 10 year period from 2003 to 2012, she finished the year ranked inside the top 30 on every single occasion, and inside the top 20 in all of them except 2011.

Equally successful in doubles, Petrova's career highlights included winning the year-ending WTA Championships twice, with Meghann Shaughnessy in 2004, and with compatriot Maria Kirilenko in 2012. With Kirilenko, she also won the bronze medal in the doubles competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She also reached two Grand Slam finals in doubles, doing so at the 2010 US Open with Liezel Huber and the 2012 French Open with Kirilenko. She also won a total of nine Tier I/Premier Mandatory titles (including three in Miami in 2004, 2012 and 2013), was a seven-time Grand Slam doubles semifinalist, a twenty-time Grand Slam quarterfinalist, and finished with a year-end top-ten ranking four times.

Petrova announced her retirement from professional tennis on 11 January 2017 at the age of 34, due to a multitude of injuries. and a nearly three-year absence from the tour (she played her last professional match in April 2014).

Early life
Petrova was born in Moscow. Her father Viktor was a hammer thrower, while her mother Nadezhda Ilyina won a bronze medal at the 1976 Montreal Olympics in the 400 meter relay. Her father is still an athletics coach, and her mother was an athletics coach until her death in 2013. As a child, Nadia did a lot of travelling around the world with her parents. She eventually settled in Egypt, where she trained with Mohammed Saif and her parents.

Playing style
Petrova is an all-court aggressive player who is capable of hitting winners off both wings, but particularly off her back-hand and which she hits flat and with slice. Nadia's weaknesses are her movement and exhibiting mental fragility during key points in highly contested matches.

Early years
As a junior, Petrova won the 1998 French Open, beating Jelena Dokić in the final. The same year, she finished runner-up at the Orange Bowl to Elena Dementieva and she also finished runner-up at the junior event of the 1999 US Open to Lina Krasnoroutskaya. In May 1998, she played her first WTA tournament at the J&S Cup as a wildcard entrant. She also received a wildcard for her home event in Moscow, the Kremlin Cup, where she picked up her first top-20 win over Iva Majoli. By the end of 1999, Petrova had reached the top 100.

In 2000, she reached the third round of the Australian Open and the quarterfinals of the Miami Open, beating Julie Halard-Decugis for her first top-ten win before losing to Lindsay Davenport. She finished the season at No. 50. She reached the fourth round of both French Open and the US Open in 2001 and her ranking hit a high of No. 38 during the season. Petrova also broke through in doubles in 2001, winning her first two WTA titles in Rosmalen and Linz (the latter of which alongside Dokic, by then a top-10 player). However, her 2002 season was marred by injuries causing her singles ranking to drop out of the top 100. During this time, Petrova mainly focused on doubles, reaching the semifinals of the US Open with Nicole Pratt, two Tier I finals in Moscow and Zurich with Dokic, and reaching the top 20.

2003–2004: First Grand Slam singles semifinal, doubles prominence, and top 10 rankings
At the 2003 Australian Open, Petrova defeated Gréta Arn 6–2, 6–1 and then upset 21st seed Ai Sugiyama 6–4, 6–4 in the second round. She then lost to world No. 15, Patty Schnyder, 2–6, 6–4, 3–6 in the third round.

Petrova was ranked world No. 76 going into the French Open. In the first round, she beat the three-time champion and world No. 12, Monica Seles 6–4, 6–0, on what was to be Seles' last professional match. She then defeated Silvija Talaja 6–1, 6–1 and Marissa Irvin 6–1, 6–1 to reach the fourth round. Here, Petrova stunned seventh seed and 2001 French Open champion Jennifer Capriati, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3. In the quarterfinals, she won again in three sets over 21st seed Vera Zvonareva 6–1, 4–6, 6–3 to reach her first ever Grand Slam semifinal. Petrova faced world No. 2, Kim Clijsters, and despite having a set point in the first set, Petrova was beaten in straight sets 7–5, 6–1. However, her ranking increased to world No. 30.

Petrova reached the semifinals of Rosmalen, defeating Elena Dementieva en route but lost to world No. 3, Justine Henin, in three sets. At Wimbledon, Petrova was seeded 29th and made it to the third round, before losing to Venus Williams, 1–6, 2–6. She was seeded 19th at the US Open and defeated 14th seed Amanda Coetzer, 6–0, 6–1 in the third round. In the fourth round, Petrova lost to third seed Lindsay Davenport 0–6, 7–6, 2–6. She continued her success by reaching the semifinals of Zurich, beating fellow Russian, world No. 8 and US Open finalist, Elena Dementieva, before losing to Henin 4–6, 4–6.

The following week in Linz, Petrova beat Paola Suárez and Patty Schnyder to reach her first WTA Tour singles final. However, she fell to Ai Sugiyama 5–7, 4–6. Petrova ended 2003 ranked world No. 12, with a 45–23 singles record.

Petrova reached her second WTA singles final at Gold Coast, losing once again to Sugiyama 6–1, 1–6, 4–6. Although seeded 10th at the 2004 Australian Open, she was upset in the first round by Anikó Kapros, losing 3–6, 3–6.

In March 2004, she entered the top 10 singles rankings after reaching the semifinals of the Tier-1 Miami Open, climbing to No. 9 in the world. She reached the semifinals at Amelia Island, beating second-seeded Serena Williams before losing to Lindsay Davenport. After this, her ranking elevated to a career high of No. 7. However, she failed to defend her semifinal points from the 2003 French Open, losing to Marlene Weingärtner in the third round, 3–6, 2–6. Petrova fared slightly better at Wimbledon, reaching the fourth round before losing to Capriati.

At the US Open, she pulled off the biggest win of her career by defeating world No. 1 and defending champion, Justine Henin-Hardenne, 6–3, 6–2 in the fourth round. It was Petrova's first victory over a world No. 1. She lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Svetlana Kuznetsova, 6–7, 3–6.

Petrova reached the semifinals of Linz, losing to Elena Bovina in three sets, before reaching the semifinals of Philadelphia, losing to Vera Zvonareva. She finished the year ranked world No. 12 in singles (with a 40–25 record) but qualified for the WTA Championships in doubles for the first time with Meghann Shaughnessy after a season that saw the pair win six doubles titles (including three at Tier I level). The pair defeated the second seeds Kuznetsova and Elena Likhovtseva in the semifinals, then beat Cara Black and Rennae Stubbs to win the title, the biggest of Petrova's career. As a result of her doubles success in 2004, she finished the year inside the top 10 for the first time at world No. 7.

2005: Second French Open semifinal, first career singles title, and top 10 finish
Petrova reached the fourth round of the Australian Open, losing to the eventual champion Serena Williams, in three sets. Over the next two months, her best result was a semifinal appearance at the Open Gaz de France. In doubles, she reached the final at Indian Wells with Meghan Shaughnessy, where they lost to Paola Suárez and Virginia Ruano Pascual. Following Indian Wells, Petrova rose to her career-high doubles ranking of No. 3 in the world.

After making the semifinals in Amelia Island and the quarterfinals in Charleston, Petrova reached her third career final (and first at Tier I level) at the German Open in May, beating Mary Pierce, Amélie Mauresmo and Jelena Janković, before losing to Justine Henin-Hardenne. This performance lifted her ranking to No. 9, starting a two-plus year period of continuously being ranked inside the top 10.

At the French Open, Petrova defeated 17-year-old Ana Ivanovic in the quarterfinals before losing to Henin-Hardenne 6–2, 6–3 in the semifinals; her performance at the tournament saw her ranking rise to world No. 8. She also reached the semifinals in doubles with Shaughnessy, but the pair would split shortly afterwards to Shaughnessy's multiple injuries. A few weeks later at Wimbledon, she reached the quarterfinals before losing to defending champion Maria Sharapova, 6–7, 3–6. After Wimbledon, she was defeated in the quarterfinals of the next five tournaments she entered. This included the events in Los Angeles, Toronto, Luxembourg, and Filderstadt. Between Toronto and Luxembourg, Petrova also competed at the US Open, where she made her third consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal. However, she was beaten by Sharapova (the new World No. 1) in straight sets for the second time in a row at Grand Slam level.

After losing the final in Bangkok to 16 year-old Nicole Vaidišová, Petrova finally won her first singles title on her fifth attempt at the Generali Ladies Linz (where she had reached her first ever WTA final in 2003) with a comeback three-set win over Patty Schnyder in the final. Her successful singles season meant she qualified for the WTA Championships in Los Angeles. She thrashed Maria Sharapova 6–1, 6–2, but lost here other two singles matches to Patty Schnyder and Lindsay Davenport meaning she exited at the round robin stage. She ended 2005 ranked world No. 9 (her first top-10 finish) and a 56-22 record, a career-high single season wins total.

2006: Five singles titles, Top 3 ranking in both singles and doubles
At the Australian Open, Petrova was seeded sixth and defeated Sophie Ferguson, Martina Müller, Maria Elena Camerin, and Elena Vesnina on her way to her first quarterfinal at the Australian Open, the only major in which she had not yet advanced to that round. She lost to fourth-seeded Maria Sharapova, 6–7, 4–6 in the quarterfinals.

At the Qatar Open, Petrova picked up her first title of the year and second overall by beating second-ranked and top-seeded Amélie Mauresmo, 6–3, 7–5, in the final. The victory took her ranking to No. 7. She followed it with a quarterfinal showing at the NASDAQ-100 Open, losing to Mauresmo, 3–6, 1–6.

Petrova then began a run that would take her to three titles, winning fifteen straight matches. At Amelia Island, she defeated Francesca Schiavone in the final to pick up her third career title. One week later, she won her second consecutive title and the biggest of her career in Charleston with a victory over Patty Schnyder. This was Petrova's first Tier I title.

She next entered the German Open in Berlin, defeating Justine Henin-Hardenne in three sets for her fifth career singles title, her third consecutive singles title, and her second consecutive Tier I title. With this win, Petrova extended her winning streak to a career-best 15 matches and ascended to her career-high singles ranking of world No. 3.

However, despite being one of the favorites for the French Open, Petrova suffered an ankle injury during training just days before the start of the tournament and was upset in the first round by Akiko Morigami, 2–6, 2–6. This marked the first time Petrova lost in the opening round of a Grand Slam since the 2004 Australian Open – Women's singles, snapping her 15-match winning streak, as well as her streak of four consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinals. Petrova's injury forced her to later withdrew from Wimbledon. Her return a few weeks later went poorly as she did not win a match in the US Open Series, going 0–3. During this time, however, she won her first doubles title since the 2004 WTA Championships at the Tier I Canadian Open, alongside the great Martina Navratilova. More significantly, this was the 177th and final WTA doubles of Navratilova's career (an all-time record) before her permanent retirement at the end of the year. The US Open went poorly, however, as Petrova was upset in the third round by French teenager Tatiana Golovin.

After winning just one match in her next two tournaments, Petrova rebounded by winning the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. She avenged her loss at the US Open to Golovin by beating the 18-year old in straight sets to earn her fifth title of the year and her first since the ankle injury. She then continued her return to form by reaching her seventh singles final of the year at the Kremlin Cup in Moscow, losing to compatriot Anna Chakvetadze.

At the WTA Championships in Madrid in November 2006, her lone victory was over top-ranked Amélie Mauresmo, 6–2, 6–2. She finished the year at No. 6 (her best ever year-end ranking) and a 48-19 match record.

2007: Dip in form
At the Australian Open, Petrova reached the third round, before falling to Serena Williams, the eventual champion, after holding a 5–3 lead in the second set.

At the Open Gaz de France in Paris, Petrova picked up her seventh career tour title and first of the season by beating Lucie Šafářová. Petrova reached the quarterfinals in Key Biscayne, losing to Justine Henin. Petrova then reached the final in Amelia Island where she was the defending champion, but lost to Golovin. After choosing not to compete in Charleston, Petrova failed to defend her title in Berlin, losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the quarterfinals, before retiring from her third-round match at the Italian Open due to low back pain.

She was the eleventh-seeded player at the French Open, but was upset by Květa Peschke, 5–7, 7–5, 0–6. After the loss, she claimed that the lower-back pain sustained in Rome had been bothering her. It was her second consecutive first-round loss at the French Open because of an injury. At Wimbledon, Petrova lost to 19 year-old Ana Ivanovic 1–6, 6–2, 4–6 in the fourth round.

In the 2007 Fed Cup tie against the USA in July, Petrova played a pivotal role in securing the victory for her team. While losing on the first day against Venus Williams, she won her singles match against Meilen Tu on the second day, and then teamed with Elena Vesnina to beat Williams and Lisa Raymond in the decisive doubles rubber.

At the LA Championships, Petrova reached her third final of the year, losing to Ana Ivanovic in straight sets. At the US Open, Petrova was seeded seventh, but lost to Ágnes Szávay in the third round, 4–6, 4–6. The loss meant that she had not gone past the fourth round of any Grand Slam tournament all year, the first time since 2002.

She finished 2007 ranked No. 14, her lowest year-end ranking in five years.

2008: Wimbledon Quarterfinal, multiple titles
Petrova started her 2008 season on a two-match losing streak going into the Australian Open, losing in the first round in Gold Coast as the second seed to Tathiana Garbin, 7–5, 5–7, 3–6, and in Sydney 5–7, 3–6 to Sybille Bammer. She still managed to reach the fourth round of the Australian Open though as the 14th seed with wins over Nicole Pratt, Anne Kremer, and Ekaterina Makarova, all in straight sets. There she played Agnieszka Radwańska, who beat her 6–1, 5–7, 0–6. Petrova held a 6–1, 3–0 lead and looked to be on her way to an easy victory. In the third set, she won just four points.

Petrova's injuries continued to strike -when she was forced to retire in the second round of Miami with a right quad strain while trailing 1–2 in the first set against Zheng Jie.

At the German Open in Berlin, Petrova returned to action as the 16th seed and defeated Katarina Srebotnik, 7–6, 3–6, 7–6, in the first round, before losing in the second round to Maria Kirilenko, 3–6, 3–6. As a result, she dropped out of the top 20 for the first time since August 2003. Petrova was once again defeated by Kirilenko in the first round of Rome, but this time in three sets, 6–3, 5–7, 4–6. At her final warm-up tournament in Istanbul, Nadia was seeded third and got past Lilia Osterloh in the first and Marta Domachowska in the second round. She lost to Akgul Amanmuradova, 6–7, 6–1, 4–6, in the quarterfinals.

These losses put Petrova in poor stead going into the French Open. As the 25th seed, she beat Aravane Rezaï and Alisa Kleybanova in straight sets, before being thrashed by Svetlana Kuznetsova in the third round, 2–6, 1–6.

Petrova's grass-court season began at Eastbourne, where she reached her first final of the year showing good form. She was beaten in a close match by Pole Agnieszka Radwańska, 4–6, 7–6, 4–6.

At Wimbledon, Petrova was 21st seed and was on track after wins over Olga Govortsova and Mara Santangelo. Petrova then pulled off an excellent win over the in-form teenager and 16th seed Victoria Azarenka in the third round. In the fourth round, she faced unseeded Alla Kudryavtseva who just came off a win over third seed Maria Sharapova; Petrova won to reach her second quarterfinal at Wimbledon, and her seventh at Grand Slam level. This was also the first time that Petrova had reached a Grand Slam quarterfinal since the 2006 Australian Open. She lost a tough two and a half hour marathon match against the fifth seed Elena Dementieva, 1–6, 7–6, 3–6. Petrova rallied from 6–1, 5–2 down and saved match points throughout the second set, but eventually lost the match in the third set. Her ranking improved to world No. 17 after the tournament.

Bouncing back from a first-round defeat at Stanford to Dominika Cibulková, Petrova reached the quarterfinals at Los Angeles, defeating fifth seed Zvonareva en route, before losing to Janković, 5–7, 4–6. At Montreal, she again suffered a surprise defeat by Cibulková in the third round, this time losing 6–7, 2–6.

Nadia then played in Cincinnati, as she did not gain entry into the Beijing Olympics because she was not in the top-four ranked Russian players at the time. After easy wins over Galina Voskoboeva, Julie Ditty, and Lilia Osterloh, Petrova once again found herself up against Maria Kirilenko for a place in the final. This time though, Petrova was victorious, coming back from a set down to win, 1–6, 6–2, 6–1. Petrova then thrashed Nathalie Dechy, 6–2, 6–1, in the final to win her first singles title of the year, the eighth of her career, and her first since February 2007. She also won the doubles title in Cincinnati, partnering with Kirilenko, beating Hsieh Su-wei and Yaroslava Shvedova in the final in a third-set tiebreak. This marked Petrova's 13th career doubles title and her first in two years.

Petrova was in good form heading into the final Grand Slam tournament of the year at the US Open, where she was seeded 19th. She handidly beat Olivia Sanchez in the first round and Hsieh Su-wei in the second but was ousted, 4–6, 6–4, 6–3, by the 16th seed Flavia Pennetta in the third round.

Petrova bounced back to good form at the Bali Tennis Classic. Seeded fourth, Nadia defeated fifth seed Francesca Schiavone in the quarterfinals, but she lost in the semifinals to second seed and eventual champion Patty Schnyder, 5–7, 1–6.

At the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Petrova was unseeded, but beat two top–10 players, Ana Ivanovic, the second seed in the second round, and Agnieszka Radwańska to reach the semifinals, where she lost 1–6, 0–6 to Dinara Safina, the eventual champion. In the doubles tournament with Vania King, the duo managed to beat three out of the four seeded teams to win the title. Two weeks later in Stuttgart, she reached her third final of the season, after an impressive run, beating Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová, Patty Schnyder, Li Na, and Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. She failed to win the title, this time losing to Jelena Janković, the world No. 2, 4–6, 3–6. Despite not winning the title, Petrova's ranking moved back into the top 15 to world No. 14 as a result of reaching the final.

Petrova was a quarterfinalist at her home event, the Kremlin Cup in Moscow, beating teenager Caroline Wozniacki, before losing to compatriot and third seed Elena Dementieva, 4–6, 6–4, 6–7. However, she won the doubles title (her third of the season) with Katarina Srebotnik as the pair defeated the defending champions, Cara Black and Liezel Huber, in the final. She was also a quarterfinalist in Linz, losing 3–6, 2–6 to Radwańska.

At her final tournament of the season in Quebec City, Petrova won her second title of the year (and ninth of her career), beating lucky loser Angela Haynes in the semifinals and Bethanie Mattek-Sands, 4–6, 6–4, 6–1, in the final. This title also secured her status as the second alternate for the Tour Championships should a second player withdraw. This did indeed happen, and Petrova came in replacing Serena Williams, who pulled out after her second round-robin with a stomach injury. She lost her only match to Dementieva, 4–6, 6–4, 4–6.

Petrova finished the 2008 season ranked world No. 11 with a 47-24 match record.

2009: Poor results
Petrova started 2009 playing at the Sydney International, where she was seeded seventh. She lost in the first round to Alizé Cornet, 2–6, 4–6. Petrova was seeded tenth at the Australian Open in Melbourne. She lost to seventh–seeded Vera Zvonareva in the fourth round, 5–7, 4–6. Nevertheless, because of defending champion Maria Sharapova's absence due to shoulder surgery and Ana Ivanovic's third round loss, Petrova's ranking moved back inside the top 10 for the first time since early 2007.

Petrova did not play in the Indian Wells, a Premier Mandatory event due to injury. In Miami, Nadia entered as ninth seed, but lost to world No. 54, Ekaterina Makarova, in the third round, 5–7, 1–6.

Petrova next headed to Ponte Vedra Beach as the top seed, where she defeated Olga Govortsova, Madison Keys (who had just won her first main-draw match), and Alona Bondarenko. She fell in the semifinals to eventual finalist Aleksandra Wozniak, 4–6, 6–4, 2–6. Petrova fell in the second round at Charleston to Melinda Czink, but won the doubles title partnering Bethanie Mattek-Sands. At the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Petrova was seeded sixth, but lost in the second round to Flavia Pennetta, 2–6, 2–6. Despite the poor singles result, she did well in doubles once more, winning the title with Mattek-Sands. She next went to the Rome Masters as eighth seed, where she had a first-round bye before defeating giant-killer Carla Suárez Navarro. In the third round, Petrova was ousted by María José Martínez Sánchez, 4–6, 7–6, 4–6.

Petrova's next tournament was Wimbledon, the third Grand Slam of the year, where she was the tenth seed. She beat Anastasiya Yakimova in the first round. Petrova won her second-round match against Shahar Pe'er, and then came from a set down to beat Gisela Dulko. Petrova lost to Victoria Azarenka in three sets in the fourth round.

Petrova began her US Open Series campaign at Stanford, where she was seeded fifth. After defeating her doubles partner Bethanie Mattek-Sands in three sets in the first round, Petrova lost again to Sharapova, 1–6, 2–6, in just over an hour. In Los Angeles, she was also seeded fifth, but lost to tenth seed Flavia Pennetta, 3–6, 3–6, in the third round. Petrova then headed to Cincinnati, where she was the defending champion and the tenth seed. She was unable to defend her title, losing in the first round to Alona Bondarenko, 2–6, 3–6. This caused her ranking to slip out of the top 10 (where she had been since the end of the Australian Open) to world No. 12. Petrova next played in Toronto as the tenth seed, where her poor form continued as she fell again to Maria Sharapova in the first round. Continuing her campaign on the US Open Series, she then received a wildcard as the fourth seed at the New Haven, but again lost to compatriot Anna Chakvetadze in the first round.

Her next tournament was the final Grand Slam of the year, the US Open. Petrova was the 13th seed and defeated Katarina Srebotnik and Julie Coin in the first and second round in straight sets. Petrova then got past world No. 22, Zheng Jie. Petrova was defeated in the fourth round by the 17 year-old unseeded American Melanie Oudin, 6–1, 6–7, 3–6. However, her ranking improved one spot to world No. 12.

Petrova then headed to Quebec to defend her title at the Bell Challenge. Petrova was the top seed and advanced to the quarterfinals with wins over Carly Gullickson and Madison Brengle in straight sets. Here, Petrova faced fifth seed Melinda Czink and was a set down when she was forced to retire due to a viral illness. Czink would go on to win the title. However, Nadia quickly returned to action in Tokyo as 13th seed, but continued a dismal season, losing in the second round to Magdaléna Rybáriková, 2–6, 2–6. She slipped to world No. 17 as a result of this bad form. Nadia then participated at China Open, where she was 13th seed. She beat her compatriot Alla Kudryavtseva in the first round and world No. 24, Daniela Hantuchová in the second round. She played one of her best matches in 2009 by beating Serena Williams in a thriller three-set match in the third round, despite the fact that Williams was just about to snitch back the world No. 1 ranking from Dinara Safina the following week. Petrova then survived another three-setter against Peng Shuai in the quarterfinals. This was only Petrova's second semifinal of the year, but she lost to the reigning French Open Champion, Svetlana Kuznetsova, 1–6, 3–6.

Petrova then competed in the Kremlin Cup in both singles and doubles. Seeded fifth, she defeated Yana Buchina in the first round, but fell to Alona Bondarenko in the second round. Alongside Maria Kirilenko, the pair won the doubles title by beating Maria Kondratieva and Klára Zakopalová in the final. This was her third doubles title of the season (all at Premier level), her third Kremlin Cup title, and the 18th of her career.

Petrova finished her poor year with a 30–21 singles record and ranked world No. 20. It was by far her worst year on tour as she captured no singles titles for the first time since 2004, and failed to reach at least one final for the first time since 2002. Her highlights of the year are reaching the semifinals in Ponte Vedra Beach and Beijing and reaching the quarterfinals in Quebec City.

2010: Two Grand Slam singles quarterfinals, First Grand Slam doubles final
Her year started at the Brisbane International in Australia. After drawing comeback queen Justine Henin, Petrova lost in a close 5–7, 5–7 match. She then competed in the Sydney International, but lost again in the opening round to 39-year-old Kimiko Date-Krumm, 3–6, 7–5, 4–6.

Seeded 19th at the Australian Open, Petrova reached the third round by defeating Edina Gallovits and Kaia Kanepi. In the third round, she caused a huge upset by mothballing 15th seed Kim Clijsters 6–0, 6–1 in just 52 minutes. Clijsters, who had won the 2009 US Open in just her third tournament after coming back from retirement, was the bookmaker's second favourite to win the tournament. Petrova followed that with another upset in the fourth round over third seed and 2009 French Open champion Svetlana Kuznetsova. This was the second time in her career that she had reached the quarterfinals at the Australian Open. She fell to former world No. 1 and eventual runner-up Justine Henin (who had just come out of retirement herself), 6–7, 5–7, in a tight match after leading 3–0 in the second set.

After a first-round defeat to Stefanie Vögele in Dubai, Petrova next competed at the Premier Mandatory events in Indian Wells and Miami. At Indian Wells, Petrova was seeded 16th. After receiving a bye to the second round, she dispatched Patty Schnyder and then Peng Shuai, before losing in the fourth round to second seed Caroline Wozniacki, 3–6, 6–3, 0–6. At the Miami Open, Petrova was again seeded 16th, but fell in the third round to 19th seed Daniela Hantuchová, 2–6, 4–6. She also played doubles with Samantha Stosur in both tournaments. The pair was able to reach the finals of both events, but could not come away with the elusive Sunshine Double, falling to Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik at Indian Wells and Gisela Dulko and Flavia Pennetta in Miami. Nevertheless, these results brought Petrova back into the top 10 in doubles for the first time since August 2005.

Petrova began her clay-court season in Charleston and won her first two matches in straight sets against Vania King and Aleksandra Wozniak, before losing to Wozniacki in the quarterfinals. Partnering with Liezel Huber for the first time at this tournament, the duo won the title over Vania King and Michaëlla Krajicek.

On the red clay, Petrova was seeded 14th at the Italian Open. She advanced to the quarterfinals by defeating Tathiana Garbin, Katarina Srebotnik, and Alexandra Dulgheru, but lost here to world No. 58, Ana Ivanovic, 2–6, 5–7. Petrova was seeded 16th at the Madrid Open, where she beat Elena Vesnina and Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova to advance to the third round. Here, she had a fantastic win as she upset world No. 1, Serena Williams, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3. However, she fell to world No. 30, Lucie Šafářová, in the quarterfinals.

Petrova was seeded 19th at the French Open. She defeated Zhang Shuai in the first round and the talented Ágnes Szávay in the second round. In the third round, she fell a set behind against the in-form 15th seed and recent Madrid champion Aravane Rezaï, before coming back to take the second set. In the third set, Petrova saved three match points, as Rezaï served for the match at 5–4, before Petrova came back to serve for the match herself at 7–6. She too held three match points. Rezaï, however, broke back, and the match was postponed due to bad light. The match was completed the following day, when Petrova won, 6–7, 6–4, 10–8. She continued her success in the fourth round, where she stunned the world No. 2 Venus Williams, 6–4, 6–3 to advance to her ninth career Grand Slam quarterfinal and her first at the French Open since 2005. Petrova led by a set in her quarterfinal match against fifth seed Elena Dementieva, but required treatment twice by the trainer during the match and limped to the finish line with Dementieva winning 2–6, 6–2, 6–0. Despite this loss, her quarterfinal run caused her ranking to improve to world No. 13. Playing doubles with Stosur, the fourth seeds retired in their third round match due to Petrova's ailment.

Beginning the grass-court season in Eastbourne, Petrova was unseeded and came back from a set down to win in a final set tie-break against Karolina Šprem in the first round. In the second round, she was heavily defeated, 6–2, 6–0, by the eventual champion Ekaterina Makarova. Petrova was seeded 12th at the Wimbledon Championships. She defeated Tatjana Malek in the first round and Chan Yung-jan in the second. Petrova then fell to 17th seed Justine Henin in the third round, 1–6, 4–6. This caused her ranking to slip to world No. 19. In doubles, Petrova and Stosur reached the third round once again but fell to the eventual champions Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova.

Petrova next played at the Southern California Open in San Diego in her first event of the 2010 US Open Series. Unseeded, she was defeated in three sets in the first round by world No. 32 Yaroslava Shvedova, 5–7, 6–4, 6–1. Petrova was seeded 15th at Cincinnati, but was forced to retire due to heat stress while trailing 7–6, 5–3 to Christina McHale. Petrova was seeded 18th at the Rogers Cup in Montreal and won a tough opener against Lucie Šafářová. In the second round, she faced former world No. 1 Dinara Safina and despite serving 15 aces, she was defeated, 7–5, 4–6, 6–4. Petrova played the final event of the US Open Series at the New Haven Open, where she received a wildcard to play as the eighth seed. In the first round, she came from a set down to beat Varvara Lepchenko. She defeated her former doubles partner Bethanie Mattek-Sands to advance to the quarterfinals, and then had an impressive 6–2, 6–1 victory over second seed Samantha Stosur for her fourth top-ten win of the season. She defeated Maria Kirilenko in her semifinal match, but was beaten by Caroline Wozniacki in the final, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3.

Petrova was seeded 17th at the US Open. Despite her recent final appearance in New Haven, she suffered a shock first-round defeat at the hands of world No. 38, Andrea Petkovic, 2–6, 6–4, 6–7. However, partnering up with Liezel Huber once again, she reached her first Grand Slam final, where they faced Wimbledon champions Shvedova and King. Despite winning the first set and having a championship point, they eventually lost, 6–2, 4–6, 6–7, after the match got postponed due to rain.

Petrova bounced back in singles at the Korea Open in Seoul. As the top seed, her first-round opponent, was the world No. 41 Jarmila Groth, who had captured her first WTA title the previous week in Guangzhou. However, Petrova came through comfortably. She then defeated Vania King, 6–3, 6–4, to advance to the quarterfinals, where she thrashed Belgian Kirsten Flipkens, 6–2, 6–1. She then fell to Klára Zakopalová in the semifinals.

Petrova was the 15th seed at the Pan Pacific Open, but fell to Roberta Vinci in the first round. She ended her cooperation with her coach Vladimir Platenik and finished the 2010 season ranked world No. 15 in singles, but No. 8 in doubles, her first top-10 doubles ranking since 2004.

2011: Mediocre results
Petrova began 2011 by suffering two first round losses at Brisbane and Sydney in the hands of Czechs Petra Kvitová and Záhlavová-Strýcová, respectively. At the Australian Open, where she was the 13th seed, she reached the third round after defeating Ksenia Pervak and Alicia Molik. There, she lost to Ekaterina Makarova in a tight three-setter. Playing with Liezel Huber, Petrova reached the semifinals in doubles for the first time, losing to eventual champions Dulko and Pennetta. She then reached the second round at Paris where she lost to Jelena Dokic after defeating Virginie Razzano in the first round. At Doha, Petrova defeated Roberta Vinci in the opening round before succumbing to Caroline Wozniacki in straight sets. She reached the doubles final with Huber, losing to Peschke and Srebotnik.

At the Indian Wells Open, Petrova was the 20th seed and received a first round bye. She reached the fourth round, losing to Peng Shuai. She then retired against Sabine Lisicki in the second round at Miami after receiving a first-round bye, and reached the doubles final with Huber, where they were beaten by Daniela Hantuchová and Agnieszka Radwańska. On the green clay in Charleston, Petrova lost in the third round to Peng again. During the clay-court season, Petrova suffered early losses in the opening round at Madrid and Rome to Vania King and Ana Ivanovic respectively. She then reached the quarterfinals at Strasbourg, losing to Daniela Hantuchová in straight sets. At the French Open, Petrova was the 26th seed and suffered a first round loss to Australian Anastasia Rodionova. Having split her doubles partnership with Huber, she chose to play with Rodionova instead. The pair reached the quarterfinals where they lost to Shvedova and King, Petrova's third loss to the duo in the last four Grand Slams.

At Eastbourne, Petrova lost to seventh seed Samantha Stosur in the first round. She then reached the fourth round at Wimbledon after defeating Vesna Dolonc, 14th seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Kateryna Bondarenko. She consequently lost to Victoria Azarenka in straight sets. In doubles, Petrova and Rodionova reached the quarterfinals where they lost to Samantha Stosur and Sabine Lisicki. Petrova kicked off her US Open series campaign with a bang by winning the inaugural Washington Open. She defeated Alexandra Mueller, 17 year-old phenom Eugenie Bouchard, Bojana Jovanovski, and top seed Shahar Pe'er in the final, winning her tenth career singles title and her first in nearly three years. In Toronto, she lost in the second round to third seed Vera Zvonareva. The following week at Cincinnati, Petrova managed to reach the quarterfinals after defeating Vinci, Ivanovic and Christina McHale. There, she lost to Andrea Petkovic. The week before the US Open, Petrova lost to Polona Hercog in the first round at New Haven. At the US Open, Petrova lost to ninth seed and eventual champion Stosur in the third round in a marathon three-set match. At three hours and 16 minutes in length, it was (at that time) the longest women's singles match in US Open history. Petrova chose to reunite with countrywoman Maria Kirilenko in doubles; the pair reached the semifinals before falling to defending champions Shvedova and King, her fourth loss to the duo in the last six Grand Slams.

At the China Open, Petrova an opening round loss to Klára Zakopalová. At the Kremlin Cup, she defeated Evgeniya Rodina before losing to Vera Dushevina in the second round. Petrova qualified for the Tournament of Champions in Bali. She advanced to the semifinals where she lost to Ivanovic. While Petrova capped off the year finishing at No. 29 for her ninth consecutive top 30 year-end singles ranking, her 25 match wins were the fewest she had recorded in a season since 2002.

2012: Major bounce-back in singles and doubles
Petrova began the 2012 season playing doubles at the Sydney International. Seeded fourth with her partner, Maria Kirilenko, they lost in the semifinals to second seeds Liezel Huber/Lisa Raymond. Seeded twenty-ninth at the first Grand Slam of the season, the Australian Open, she defeated qualifier Andrea Hlaváčková in the first round. Petrova lost in the second round to Sara Errani. In doubles, she and Kirilenko retired from their third-round match between Irina-Camelia Begu/Monica Niculescu.

Playing for Russia in the Fed Cup tie versus Spain, Petrova played one rubber and lost to Carla Suárez Navarro. Despite her loss, Russia ended up beating Spain 3-2 to move on to the semifinals versus Serbia. Petrova failed to gain traction in singles over the remainder of the early hard-court season, but won the doubles title in Miami with Maria Kirilenko over the Italian team of Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci. This marked Petrova's 20th career doubles title and her first at a Premier Mandatory event.

She began the clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup, where she was seeded 13th. She upset eighth seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the third round. She lost in the quarterfinals to Polona Hercog, 1–6, 2–6. Her next tournament was the Estoril Open, where she was the seventh seed and lost in the quarterfinals to the top seed Roberta Vinci, 2–6, 6–1, 4–6. The rest of her clay-court season was dismal, with a 3–3 win–loss record from Madrid through Brussels. She was the 27th seed at the French Open and lost in the third round to sixth seed Samantha Stosur, 3–6, 3–6. In doubles, Petrova reached her second career Grand Slam final with Kirilenko, but lost to Errani and Vinci in a rematch of the Miami Open final.

Her only Wimbledon warm-up tournament was the Rosmalen Open, where she was seeded eighth. She beat Kiki Bertens in the first round, Anabel Medina Garrigues in the second round, and third seed Dominika Cibulková in the quarterfinals to reach her first semifinal of the year. There she defeated Kirsten Flipkens, 6–4, 6–2. In this, her first WTA final of the year, she defeated Urszula Radwańska, 6–4, 6–3 to win her 11th career WTA singles title. It was her first career title on grass, and she also bounced back inside the top 20, the first time she had been there since March 2011. In doubles, Petrova and Kirilenko reached the final, but again were defeated by Errani and Vinci. She then played at Wimbledon, where she lost in the third round to Camila Giorgi, 3–6, 6–7. This was the second time she had lost to Giorgi this year.

Petrova reached the semifinals of the Mercury Insurance Open in Carlsbad, losing to Dominika Cibulková, 6–7, 1–6. She then travelled back to Europe to play at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was being held at Wimbledon. In singles, she was defeated by top seed Victoria Azarenka in the third round. In doubles with Kirilenko, the duo lost to defending (and eventual) gold medalists Serena and Venus Williams in the semifinals, but came back from a set down to defeat the No. 1 seeds Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond to win the bronze medal. After first round exits in Montreal and Cincinnati, Petrova reached the fourth round at the US Open, where she fell to third seed and compatriot Maria Sharapova, despite being up 2–0 in the deciding set.

After the US Open, Petrova entered the Pan Pacific Open and was seeded 17th. In the first round, she swept past Peng of China with a comfortable win. In the second round, she faced Romanian Simona Halep, whom she defeated. In the third round, she faced a tough battle against Petra Martić, but eventually prevailed. In the quarterfinals, Petrova upset the sixth seed Sara Errani. Next she faced the eighth seed Sam Stosur, whom she eventually defeated comfortably. This meant that Petrova reached her second final of the year, where she faced third seed Agnieszka Radwańska, the defending champion. In the final, Petrova defeated Radwańska, 6–0, 1–6, 6–3, to win her biggest tournament to date. This was Petrova's 12th career WTA singles title. After reaching the final in Moscow with Kirilenko, the pair qualified for the WTA Tour Championships in Istanbul to compete in doubles. The pair caused a major upset by defeating world No. 1 pairing Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in the semifinals, then followed it up by beating the second seeded Czech team Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká to win the title. This marked Petrova's second WTA Tour Championship crown in doubles, after winning in 2004, and enabled her to finish with her best ever year-end doubles ranking of world No. 5. She then traveled to Sofia to compete in the WTA Tournament of Champions for the first time. After winning all three of her round-robin matches, she beat Vinci in the semifinals in three sets, and Caroline Wozniacki in the final to win her 13th career WTA singles title and her third of the year. This helped Petrova finish the year ranked No. 12 in the world in singles, her highest since 2008.

2013: Downfall
Petrova began season as the eighth seed at Sydney and she lost in the first round to Roberta Vinci. However, in doubles, she and Katarina Srebotnik won the title, defeating top seeds Sara Errani/Roberta Vinci in the final. Seeded twelfth at the Australian Open, Petrova suffered a first-round upset at the hands of world No. 100 and 42 year old Kimiko Date-Krumm. Seeded fifth in doubles with Katarina Srebotnik, they lost in the third round to twelfth seeds Serena & Venus Williams.

In February, Petrova competed at the Qatar Open. Seeded 11th, she won her first two rounds over Andrea Hlaváčková and Hsieh Su-wei. Petrova was defeated in the third round by seventh seed Petra Kvitová. Seeded second in doubles with Katarina Srebotnik, they lost in the final to top seeds Sara Errani/Roberta Vinci. Next, Petrova played at the Dubai Championships. She advanced to the quarterfinals after wins over Dominika Cibulková and lucky loser Carla Suárez Navarro. She lost in her quarterfinal match to fifth seed and eventual finalist Sara Errani. In doubles, she and Srebotnik were defeated in the final by Bethanie Mattek-Sands/Sania Mirza. In March, Petrova played at Indian Wells. As the tenth seed, she won her first two rounds over lucky loser Stefanie Vögele and twenty-first seed Julia Görges. She was defeated in the fourth round by eighth seed Caroline Wozniacki. In doubles, she and Srebotnik lost in the final to Ekaterina Makarova/Elena Vesnina. Seeded 11th at Miami, Petrova lost in the third round to twenty-second seed Jelena Janković. In doubles, she and Srebotnik won the title beating Lisa Raymond/Laura Robson in the final.

Petrova began her clay-court season at the Porsche Grand Prix. Seeded eighth, she won her first-round match over German qualifier Dinah Pfizenmaier. In the second round, she was defeated by Ana Ivanovic. Seeded second in doubles with Srebotnik, they suffered a first-round upset at the hands of Bethanie Mattek-Sands/Sania Mirza. In May, Petrova competed at the Madrid Open. Seeded 11th, she earned a first-round victory over Italian qualifier Camila Giorgi. She lost in the second round to Svetlana Kuznetsova. Seeded second in doubles with Srebotnik, they were upset in the second round by Janette Husárová/Sabine Lisicki. Petrova played her final tournament before the French Open at the Italian Open. Seeded 11th, she lost in the first round to Carla Suárez Navarro. In doubles, she and Srebotnik suffered a semifinal upset at the hands of Hsieh/Peng. At the French Open, Petrova was the 11th seed. She suffered a first-round upset at the hands of world No. 86, Monica Puig. In doubles, she and Srebotnik were defeated in the semifinals by Sara Errani/Roberta Vinci.

Petrova only played one grass-court tournament leading up to Wimbledon. Seeded eighth at Eastbourne, she lost in the first round to wildcard Sam Stosur. In doubles, she and Srebotnik won the title defeating Monica Niculescu/Klára Zakopalová in the final. Seeded 13th at Wimbledon, Petrova was stunned in the first round by world No. 77, Karolína Plíšková. In doubles, she and Srebotnik were defeated in the quarterfinals by seventh seeds Grönefeld/Peschke.

Petrova withdrew from the Washington Open due to a hip injury. Petrova then missed the Canadian Open and the Cincinnati Open due to a left leg injury. Seeded 20th at the US Open, she lost in the first round to qualifier Julia Glushko. In doubles, she and Srebotnik lost in the quarterfinals to fifth seeds Andrea Hlaváčková/Lucie Hradecká.

Petrova withdrew from the Pan Pacific Open, the tournament she won last year, due to her hip injury. She also missed the China Open due to the same injury. Petrova returned for the Luxembourg Open. Only playing doubles at this event, she and Srebotnik lost in the semifinals to Kristina Barrois/Laura Thorpe. Petrova played in her final tournament of the year at the Tour Championships since she and her doubles partner qualified. Despite being the defending champion, she and Srebotnik lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Hsieh/Peng.

Petrova ended the year ranked one hundred and two in singles and eight in doubles.

2014: Out of top 300
Petrova withdrew from the Australian Open due to the death of her mother.

Petrova played in her first tournament of the year at Paris. She lost in the second round of qualifying to Dinah Pfizenmaier. Partnering with compatriot Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in doubles, they lost in the first round to Monica Niculescu/Klára Zakopalová. Petrova qualified for the Qatar Open defeating Marta Domachowska and Yuliya Beygelzimer. She was defeated in the first round by Peng Shuai. In doubles, she and Pavlyuchenkova lost in the semifinals to second seeds Hsieh/Peng. Playing as a wildcard in Dubai, Petrova was defeated in the first round by Suárez Navarro. In doubles, she and Pavlyuchenkova lost in the first round to top seeds Sara Errani/Roberta Vinci. In March, Petrova competed at Indian Wells. She retired during her first-round match against Sílvia Soler Espinosa due to a lower right leg injury. In Miami, Petrova got her first WTA singles victory of the season when she beat Urszula Radwańska in the first round. She was defeated in the second by 14th seed Sabine Lisicki.

Playing as a wildcard at the Family Circle Cup, Petrova was ousted from the tournament in the first round by Marina Erakovic. Partnering with Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in doubles, they lost in the first round to Alla Kudryavtseva/Anastasia Rodionova.

Petrova did not play any more tournaments for the rest of the year. As a result, she dropped out of the top 300 in singles. She ended the year ranked 374 in singles and 174 in doubles.

2015-2016
Petrova did not play during the 2015 or 2016 season.

2017: Retirement
On 11 January 2017, Petrova announced her retirement from tennis due to injury struggles.

title: Nadia Petrova


text: File:Pet Your Friends Album Cover.jpg

title: File:Pet Your Friends Album Cover.jpg


text: Template:History of Brazil

title: Template:History of Brazil


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Potter's field

A potter's field, paupers' grave or common grave is a place for the burial of unknown, unclaimed or indigent people. "Potter's field" is of Biblical origin, referring to Akeldama (meaning field of blood in Aramaic), stated to have been purchased after Judas Iscariot's suicide by the chief priests of Jerusalem with the coins that had been paid to Judas for his identification of Jesus. The priests are stated to have acquired it for the burial of strangers, criminals, and the poor, the coins paid to Judas being considered blood money. Prior to Akeldama's use as a burial ground, it had been a site where potters collected high-quality, deeply red clay for the production of ceramics, thus the name potters' field.

Origin
The term "potter's field" comes from Matthew 27:3–27:8 in the New Testament of the Bible, in which Jewish priests take 30 pieces of silver returned by a remorseful Judas:

"Then Judas, who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, repenting himself, brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and ancients, saying: 'I have sinned in betraying innocent blood.' But they said: 'What is that to us? Look thou to it.'  And casting down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed, and went and hanged himself with a halter.  But the chief priests, having taken the pieces of silver, said: 'It is not lawful to put them into the corbona, because it is the price of blood.'  And after they had consulted together, they bought with them the potter's field, to be a burying place for strangers.  For this the field was called Haceldama, that is, the field of blood, even to this day. — Douay–Rheims Bible"

The site referred to in these verses is traditionally known as Akeldama, in the valley of Hinnom, which was a source of potters' clay. After the clay was removed, such a site would be left unusable for agriculture, being full of trenches and holes, thus becoming a graveyard for those who could not be buried in an orthodox cemetery.

The author of Matthew was drawing on earlier Biblical references to potters' fields. The passage continues, with verses 9 and 10:

"Then what the prophet Jeremiah had said came true: 'They took the thirty silver coins, the amount the people of Israel had agreed to pay for him, and used the money to buy the potter's field, as the Lord had commanded me.'"

This is based on a quotation from Zechariah. However, Matthew attributes the quote to Jeremiah. The author of Matthew may have been mistaken. There are two other possible reasons for the reference. First, Jeremiah also speaks of buying a field, in. That field is a symbol of hope, not despair as mentioned in Matthew, and the price is 17 pieces of silver. The author of Matthew could have combined the words of Zechariah and Jeremiah, while only citing the "major" prophet. Secondly, "Jeremiah" was sometimes used to refer to the Books of the Prophets in toto as "The Law" is sometimes used to refer to Moses' five books – Genesis through Deuteronomy, the Pentateuch.

Craig Blomberg suggests that the use of the blood money to buy a burial ground for foreigners in Matthew 27:7 may hint at the idea that "Jesus' death makes salvation possible for all the peoples of the world, including the Gentiles." Other scholars do not read the verse as referring to Gentiles, but rather to Jews who are not native to Jerusalem.

Examples

 * Blue Plains, in the Anacostia area of Washington, D.C., contains remains of executed international spies including Nazi spies from Operation Pastorius.
 * Eloise Cemetery in Westland, Michigan, was used by the Eloise hospital complex; some 7,000 people were buried there between 1894 and 1948.
 * Golden Gate Cemetery in San Francisco, California, was used from 1870 to 1909, with some 29,000 burials in sections, one of which was a potter's field.
 * Hart Island in the Bronx is New York City's current potter's field and one of the largest cemeteries in the United States with at least 800,000 burials.
 * Holt Cemetery in New Orleans contains the remains of known and unknown early jazz musicians, including Charles "Buddy" Bolden. The battered remains of Robert Charles, at the center of the 1900 New Orleans race riot were briefly interred there, then dug up and incinerated.
 * Hudson County Burial Grounds in Secaucus, New Jersey.
 * Lincoln Park, on Chicago's North Side, found its origin in the 1840s as Chicago City Cemetery. The southernmost portion of the cemetery, where one may now find a number of baseball fields (north of LaSalle Dr., west of North Avenue Beach), was the location of the City Cemetery potter's field from 1843 to 1871. More than 15,000 people, including 4,000 Confederate soldiers, were buried here on marshy land near the water's edge. The baseball fields have occupied these grounds since 1877.
 * Madison Square Park, Washington Square Park and Bryant Park in New York City originated as potter's fields.
 * Music Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio was built over a 19th-century potter's field.
 * Potter's Field (Omaha) in Omaha, Nebraska
 * Queen Lane Apartments. Work on the project was delayed by the discovery of a potter's field on an adjacent plot.
 * Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground in Richmond, Virginia, came to be labeled as Potter's Field on maps in the 1870s. It was/is likely the largest burial ground for free people of color and the enslaved in the United States. The number of estimated interments made between 1816 and 1879 is upwards of 22,000.
 * Strangers' Burying Ground, Toronto open from 1826 to 1855 with total 6,685 burials.
 * Washington Park (Albany) was the site of the State Street Burying Grounds, a municipal cemetery which included a potter's field. Some maps identify the section as the "strangers" burial ground.
 * Washington Square (Philadelphia)
 * Puticuli, an ancient Roman mass grave for poor people and waste.
 * The Green Bay, WI Potter's Field was neglected and forgotten until 2014, when VFW Post 9677 launched a fundraising campaign, spruced up the area, and identified many of the 296 people buried there from 1853 to 1973. The City Public Works now maintains the property.
 * Harris County Cemetery in Houston
 * Harris County Eastgate Cemetery in unincorporated Harris County, near the Crosby census-designated place and with a Crosby mailing address.

title: Potter's field


text:
Ruth Lawrence

Ruth Elke Lawrence-Neimark (רות אלקה לורנס-נאימרק, born 2 August 1971) is a British–Israeli mathematician and a professor of mathematics at the Einstein Institute of Mathematics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a researcher in knot theory and algebraic topology. In the public eye, she is best known for having been a child prodigy in mathematics.

Early life
Ruth Lawrence was born in Brighton, England. Her parents, Harry Lawrence and Sylvia Greybourne, were both computer consultants. When Lawrence was five, her father gave up his job so that he could educate her at home. She is Jewish.

Education
At the age of nine, Lawrence gained an O-level in mathematics, setting a new age record (later surpassed in 2001 when Arran Fernandez successfully sat GCSE mathematics aged five). Also at the age of nine she achieved a Grade A at A-level pure mathematics.

In 1981 Lawrence passed the Oxford University entrance examination in mathematics, joining St Hugh's College in 1983 at the age of 12.

At Oxford, her father continued to be actively involved in her education, accompanying her to all lectures and some tutorials. Lawrence completed her bachelor's degree in two years, instead of the normal three, and graduated in 1985 at the age of 13 with a congratulatory first and special commendation. Attracting considerable press interest, she became the youngest British person to gain a first-class degree, and the youngest to graduate from the University of Oxford in modern times.

Lawrence followed her first degree with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1986 and a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in mathematics at Oxford in June 1989, at the age of 17. Her doctoral thesis title was Homology representations of braid groups and her thesis adviser was Sir Michael Atiyah.

Academic career
Lawrence and her father moved to America for Lawrence's first academic post, which was at Harvard University, where she became a junior fellow in 1990 at the age of 19. In 1993, she moved to the University of Michigan, where she became an associate professor with tenure in 1997.

In 1998, Lawrence married Ariyeh Neimark, a mathematician at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and adopted the name Ruth Lawrence-Neimark. The following year, she moved to Israel with him and took up the post of associate professor of mathematics at the Einstein Institute of Mathematics, a part of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Research
Lawrence's 1990 paper "Homological representations of the Hecke algebra", in Communications in Mathematical Physics, introduced, among other things, certain novel linear representations of the braid group — known as Lawrence–Krammer representations. In papers published in 2000 and 2001, Daan Krammer and Stephen Bigelow established the faithfulness of Lawrence's representation. This result goes by the phrase "braid groups are linear."

Awards and honors
In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

title: Ruth Lawrence


text:
University of Rostock

The University of Rostock (Universität Rostock) is a public university located in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Founded in 1419, it is the third-oldest university in Germany. It is the oldest university in continental northern Europe and the Baltic Sea area, and 8th oldest in Central Europe. It was the 5th university established in the Holy Roman Empire.

The university has been associated with three Nobel laureates: Albrecht Kossel, Karl von Frisch and Otto Stern. It is a member of the European University Association. According to a ranking published by Times Higher Education in 2018, it is the most beautiful university in Germany and the fourth most beautiful university in all of Europe. The language of instruction is usually German and English for some postgraduate studies.

1419–1919
The university was founded in 1419 by confirmation of Pope Martin V and thus is one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe.

In Germany, there are only five universities that were founded earlier, while only Heidelberg and Leipzig operated continuously since then: Heidelberg (1386), Cologne (1388), Erfurt (1392/1994), Würzburg (1402/1582) and Leipzig (1409). That makes Rostock University the third oldest German university in continuous operation.

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the University of Rostock had about 400 to 500 students each year and was among the most important universities in Germany and Northern Europe at the time, with many of its students originating from the Low Countries, Scandinavia or other countries bordering the Baltic Sea.

In the course of political struggles and due to pressure from the church, the university moved to Greifswald in 1437 and remained there until 1443. From 1487 to 1488 teaching took place in Lübeck. A few years after the city of Rostock, the university became Protestant in 1542. Henceforth, Humanism and Lutheranism were defining characteristics of the university.

In the 16th century, Rostock was the first university to teach Copernicanism, which was introduced by Professor Duncan Liddel. After the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), however, for about two centuries the University of Rostock played only a regional role. After the "ownership" of the university had moved from the city to the state (Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) in 1827, however, things changed for the better. The second half of the 19th century saw generous building activity in Rostock's alma mater and the university soon regained its old reputation amongst German universities.

1919 to present
On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the university, Albert Einstein and Max Planck received honorary doctorates on 12 November 1919. This made the University of Rostock the world's first institute of higher learning to award this honour to Einstein. The doctorate was not revoked during the Nazi rule in Germany (1933–1945), despite such orders by the Nazis. The reason for this remains unknown. Psychologist David Katz and professor of dentistry and dean of the medical faculty lost their posts in 1933 among others.

The end of the Second World War in 1945 brought many changes. The university, now finding itself in the Soviet Zone of Germany (the later German Democratic Republic), was re-opened on 24 February 1946. The Faculty of Law was closed in 1951, a Faculty of Agriculture was introduced in 1950 and in 1951 saw the opening of a Department of Shipbuilding (renamed Faculty of Technology in 1963). The University of Rostock was the first traditional university in Germany to open a technical faculty. In 1952, the Faculty of Aviation was opened, but eventually relocated to Dresden.

In 1976 the university was renamed Wilhelm-Pieck-Universität after Wilhelm Pieck, the first president of the German Democratic Republic. The renaming was annulled after the German reunification.

External funding increased by 83 % between 2005 and 2010 alone and currently is above 65 million euros per year. Over 500 million Euros have been invested in the university infrastructure since 1991, reaching 750 million euros by 2015. The numbers of young people from Germany and of international students who choose Rostock as a place to study are increasing every year. As of today [when?], students from at least 99 different countries have studied at Rostock. In 2007, the University of Rostock reorganized its research capacities into three profile lines: Life, Light & Matter, Maritime Systems, and Aging of Individuals and Societies. In 2010, a fourth profile was added, called Knowledge – Culture – Transformation.

Organization and structure
Like many continental European universities, the University of Rostock is divided into academic faculties (German: Fakultät). Those can be sub-divided into academic departments (German: Institut) and chairs (German: Lehrstuhl).

Faculties
It is divided into the following nine faculties:

 * Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
 * Plants and Soil
 * Ecology and (Coastal)-Landscape
 * Biomass, Aqua and Livestock Sciences
 * Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
 * Institute of Computer Science
 * Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing
 * Institute of Electrical Engineering
 * Department of Computational Engineering
 * Faculty of Law
 * Department of Law
 * International Commercial Law
 * International Business Administration
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Marine Technology
 * Mechatronics
 * Biomedical Technology
 * Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
 * Institute of Biology
 * Institute of Chemistry
 * Institute of Mathematics
 * Institute of Physics
 * Interdisciplinary Faculty
 * Department of Life, Light and Matter
 * Department of Maritime Systems
 * Department of Knowledge – Culture – Transformation
 * Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration
 * General Medicine
 * Dental Medicine
 * Anatomy
 * Medical Biotechnology
 * Informatics in Medicine and Gerontology
 * Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
 * Experimental Surgery
 * History of Medicine
 * Immunology
 * Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
 * Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 * Medical Biology
 * Medical Genetics
 * Medical Microbiology
 * Medical Psychology and Sociology
 * Pathology
 * Pharmacology and Toxicology
 * Physiology
 * Proteome Center Rostock
 * Forensic Medicine
 * Transfusion Medicine
 * Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Tumor Research
 * Cell Biology
 * Faculty of Theology
 * Institute of Image Theory
 * Institute of Text and Culture
 * Faculty of Humanities
 * Institute of General and Social Pedagogy
 * Institute of Educational Psychology Rosa and David Katz
 * Institute for School Pedagogy and Educational Research
 * Institute for Elementary School Pedagogy
 * Institute for Special Education Development and Rehabilitation
 * Institute for Vocational Education
 * Institute for English/American Studies
 * Institute for German Studies
 * Institute for Romance Studies
 * Heinrich Schliemann Institute of Classical Studies
 * Historical Institute
 * Institute for Media Research
 * Institute of Philosophy
 * Institute of Sports Science
 * Wossidlo Research Center for European Ethnology/Folklore
 * Moritz Schlick Research Center
 * Uwe Johnson Research Center
 * Research and Documentation Center of the State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania on the History of Dictatorships in Germany
 * Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences
 * Institute of Business Administration
 * Institute of Marketing and Services Research
 * Institute of Sociology and Demography
 * Institute of Political and Administrative Sciences
 * Institute of Economics

Rostock University Library

The Rostock University Library consists of 3 divisional libraries and several specialized libraries provides scientific literature and information for research, education and study. The university statistics shows about 3 million physical volumes recorded in the catalogue. It provides access to electronic journals (EZB) and specialized databases (DBIS). The library possesses large special collections of culturally historical and scientifically historical old books. In the Patents and Standards Centre (PNZ), all DIN norms and regulations as well as the VDI guidelines are provided. Moreover, the library also contains the university archive and the art treasure collection.

Rostock Student Services
The Rostock Student Services (German: Studentenwerk Rostock) provides accommodation for newly arrived international students who plan to study at the University of Rostock and the Rostock University of Music and Theatre. International students, who have not lived or studied in Germany, are considered for a Starter Package service. However, short-time students and students on a programme (ERASMUS; Sokrates) are given a low priority.

Rostock University Hospital
The university operates a hospital, which has several teaching and research institutes. Among those are the Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration.

Points of interest

 * Botanischer Garten Universität Rostock, the university's botanical garden
 * Zoological Collection Rostock, founded in 1775 by Oluf Gerhard Tychsen. Parts of the collection are open to the public.

Rankings
According to the 2024 QS World University Rankings, the university is globally positioned in the 761-770 range, while it ranks 40-41st nationally. On the other hand, the 2023 ARWU World rankings place the institution in the 501-600 category globally and 32-36th at the national level.

ARWU ranked University of Rostock among 101–150 in Chemistry in the world in 2014. In 2014, the CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked University of Rostock in the world as 269th in Natural Sciences, 336th in Life Sciences, 463rd in Medical Sciences, 449th in Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, and 245th in Cognitive Science. According to the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), Rostock University was ranked 224th worldwide in Chemistry in 2014.

The CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked University of Rostock as 405th in 2014.

In 2014, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked University of Rostock as 481st in the world.

According to the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), Rostock University was ranked as 34th in Germany and 428th in the world in 2014.

Research
In recent years, the University of Rostock has undergone significant conceptual and organisational changes, which included the bundling of competences and research activities in the interdisciplinary, cross-faculty departments of the Interdisciplinary Faculty. Scientific priorities of the faculties have improved by including the interdisciplinary-based research units: Collaborative Research Centres, Research Training Groups, and Research Units.

The university cooperates with several independent research centres. Among those:
 * Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Kühlungsborn (IAP)
 * Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT)
 * Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde (IOW)
 * Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf
 * Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
 * Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research, Department Rostock (IGD)
 * Fraunhofer Application Centre Large Structures in Production Engineering (AGP)
 * Hanseatic Institute for Entrepreneurship and Regional Development at the University of Rostock (HIE-RO)
 * Institute for Implant Technology and Biomaterials
 * Institute of banking law and bank management
 * Reference- and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy
 * Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change
 * Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research (INF)
 * Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA)
 * Centre of Teacher training and Educational research

Partner universities
Although cooperation and student exchanges are possible with many more institutions, the university has signed cooperation agreements with the following international universities:

Europe
 * 🇨🇿 Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
 * 🇭🇷 University of Zagreb, Croatia
 * 🇩🇰 University of Copenhagen, Denmark
 * 🇫🇮 University of Turku, Finland
 * 🇫🇷 University of Nantes, France
 * 🇱🇻 University of Latvia, Latvia
 * 🇵🇱 Gdańsk University, Poland
 * 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
 * 🇸🇪 University of Kristianstad, Sweden
 * Newcastle University, UK

World
 * 🇦🇷 National University of La Plata, Argentina
 * 🇨🇦 Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
 * 🇨🇦 University of Saskatchewan, Canada
 * 🇨🇦 University of Guelph, Canada
 * 🇯🇵 Science University of Tokyo, Japan
 * 🇿🇦 North-West University, South Africa
 * 🇺🇸 University of Georgia, United States
 * 🇺🇸 Brown University, United States
 * 🇺🇸 University of Utah, United States
 * Arab International University (AIU), Syria
 * 🇺🇸 University of Wyoming, United States
 * 🇺🇸 University of Alabama in Huntsville, United States

Notable alumni and faculty

In nearly six centuries numerous notable students and professors have had ties with the university, for instance:
 * Konrad Gesselen (1409–1469), from Geismar, Hesse, astronomer, mathematician, pastor, taught at Rostock and Thorn, wrote Cisiojanus
 * Hans Teiste, 29th Bishop of Bergen, Norway (Magister in 1468)
 * Hoskuld Hoskuldsson, 28th and last Roman Catholic Bishop of Stavanger (Magister in 1493)
 * Mogens Lauritssøn, 27th and last Roman Catholic Bishop of Hamar (Magister in 1494)
 * Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523), humanist, wrote his first important opus in Rostock in 1509
 * Olaus Magnus (1490–1557), Swedish humanist, ethnologist and cartographer
 * Olav Engelbrektsson, 28th and last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nidaros (Baccalaureus in 1505, Magister in 1507)
 * Levinus Battus (1545–1591), physician (MA in 1559)
 * David Chyträus (1530–1600), theologian, education policy maker and historian, Professor of Theology since 1561
 * Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Danish astronomer (studied in 1566)
 * Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654), Swedish chancellor, strategist and statesman (studied, 1599–1601)
 * Joachim Jungius (1587–1657), mathematician, physicist and philosopher, Professor of Mathematics in Rostock from 1624 to 1628
 * (1669–1725), Superintendent of Lueneburg, poet who wrote baroque poems and song texts, studied theology until 1694
 * Oluf Gerhard Tychsen (1734–1815), Orientalist and Hebrew scholar; taught at the University of Rostock from 1778
 * Samuel Gottlieb Vogel (1750–1837), physician, Professor of Medicine in Rostock since 1789
 * (1751–1829), economist and agricultural economist
 * Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767–1850), natural scientist, Professor of Chemistry, Zoology and Phytology from 1792 to 1811
 * Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783–1850), economist and social reformer (Dr. h.c. in 1830)
 * (1784–1841), jurist, professor from 1816
 * (1789–1875), jurist, vice-chancellor of the University of Rostock, 1836 to 1870
 * Fritz Reuter (1810–1874), novelist, studied law at the University of Rostock from 1831, received an honorary doctorate in 1863
 * John Brinckman (1814–1870), poet, studied law at the University of Rostock from 1834 to 1838
 * Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Brockmann, philosopher (PhD in 1848)
 * Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890), archaeologist (PhD in 1869)
 * August Zillmer (1831–1893), actuary (PhD in 1858)
 * Rudolf Berlin (1833–1897), physician, Professor of Ophthalmology, dean since 1895 and rector since 1897
 * Hermann Roesler (1833–1897), physician, Professor of Ophthalmology, dean and rector
 * Rudolph Sohm (1841–1917), lawyer and Church historian
 * Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927), medical scientist and Nobel Prize laureate (PhD 1878)
 * Eugen Geinitz (1854–1925), geologist and mineralogist, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology, Director of the Mineralogical-Geological Institute
 * Isaac Rülf, philosopher, humanitarian organizer, author (PhD in 1865)
 * Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), Philosopher (Dr. phil. in 1891)
 * Emil Mattiesen (1875–1939), composer, pianist and philosopher, Professor of church music from 1929
 * Felix Genzmer (1878–1959), jurist and expert on Scandinavian studies, translator of the Edda songs, Professor of Public Law from 1920 to 1922
 * Gustav Mie (1868–1957), physicist, studied physics at the University of Rostock from 1886 to 1889
 * Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936), philosopher, habilitation in 1911, lecturer from 1911 to 1921, later initiator of the Viennese Circle; at the Institute of Philosophy of the Faculty of Humanities
 * (1883–1960), physician, co-founder of Hematology, Head of the Rostock University Hospital
 * David Katz (1884–1953), psychologist, from 1919 to 1933 associate professor, later professor, conferred to emeritus status by the National Socialists due to his Jewish origins
 * Constantin Gane (1885–1962), lawyer, novelist and historian, active within the Romanian fascist Iron Guard (Doctor of Law in 1910)
 * (1885–1933), from 1920 on international significant Associate Professor, later Professor of Dentistry, committed suicide after he was dismissed because of his Jewish origins; commemorative plaque in the foyer of the main university building
 * Walter H. Schottky (1886–1976), physicist, Professor of theoretical Physics from 1923 to 1927
 * Karl von Frisch (1886–1980), ethologist and Nobel laureate in medicine (zoology professor, 1921–1923)
 * Otto Stern (1888–1969), Nobel laureate in physics, (experimental physics professor, 1921–1923)
 * Albert Einstein, Nobel laureate in physics (Dr. h.c. in 1919 )
 * Max Planck, Nobel laureate in physics (Dr. h.c. in 1919)
 * Kurt von Fritz (1900–1985), classical philologist, Professor of Greek Studies from 1933 to 1935
 * Walter Hallstein (1901–1982), politician and jurist, first President of the European Commission, State Secretary in the German Chancellors Office and the Foreign Office (law professor 1930–1941)
 * Pascual Jordan (1902–1980), physicist, co-founder of Quantum mechanics, later professor of Physics from 1929 to 1944
 * Eugen Gerstenmaier (1906–1986), theologian and politician, member of the Kreisauer Circle, later President of the German Bundestag, Promotion at the Faculty of Theology in 1935
 * (1906–1971), statistician, studied politology, doctorate degree as Dr. rer. pol. in 1940
 * Gonzalo Rojas (1917–2011), Chilean poet (professor, 1973–1975)
 * Arno Esch (1928–1951), student and liberal politician, active member of the Liberal Democratic Party, condemned to death as declared opponent of communism; commemorative plaque in the foyer of the main university building
 * Joachim Gauck, 11th President of Germany, studied theology in Rostock until 1965, honorary doctor in 1999
 * Walter Kempowski (1929–2007), writer, honorary professor of Contemporary German Literature and Cultural History since 2003
 * Hans Apel (1932–2011), politician, former Federal Minister of Finance, later Minister of Defense, Honorary professor of Financial Policy at the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences since 1993
 * Uwe Johnson (1934–1984), author, studied German language and literature at the University of Rostock from 1952 to 1956
 * Hans-Joachim Schulze (born 1934), German Bach scholar
 * Bettina Meyer, Antarctic researcher in marine biology, received her doctorate from the University of Rostock in 1996
 * Viviana Simon, Professor of Microbiology, received her doctorate in 1997.

title: University of Rostock