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User talk:Eddpayne

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Railway stations
Good work with the railway stations. A couple of things - you might want to add to them - it expands to:

And the links on those list pages have been left unwikied, so you'll need to link then. I've done that with Abbey Wood and Plumstead--   ALargeElk | Talk 16:08, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed, excellent station articles, Edd; first class, as it were. I'm guessing it was your edit that I reverted earlier this evening, on the UK railway stations - H ... glad to see you didn't take it amiss. best wishes --Tagishsimon

Lea Valley Line
Since you have justed started the Lea Valley Line article, do you happen to know if it extends all the way to Cambridge, as that is what I had thought (maybe mistaken though)? If not, do you know what the Liverpool Street-Cambridge, and for that matter, the King's Cross-Cambridge lines are called? Also, I was going to write the Fen Line article, which I was assuming to be Cambridge-King's Lynn, unless you know any better? (Our Phellap 23:25, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC))

LTS Line
Please note this article already exists here London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. recommend redirect LTS Line to here. All the best. Mrsteviec 13:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I was just about to do the redirect as you suggested, but then it occured to me that the first page (LTS Railway) is more about the history of the company pre-grouping, while my page (LTS Line) is more about the line's route and operations today (cf. South Eastern Railway vs Chatham Main Line). I'm willing to merge the articles together, but would prefer that there were two seperate articles - if you look at other articles on Template:Britishmainlines then most are route descriptions rather than the history of companies. Let me know your thoughts - thanks, edd 14:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think c2c, LTS Line and London, Tilbury and Southend Railway are already crossing over each other and 3 articles is a little too much. I would recommend merging 'LTS Line' with 'London, Tilbury and Southend Railway' - with a section in that article about the company and a section about the route. Mrsteviec 14:49, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

stn art lrnk
Sorry to leave it so late telling you but ... Acting on the suggestion of Tagishsimon, I have also created (lrnk not lnk). This is identical to except that the map link goes to a scale which Tagishsimon and I think is prettier for stations outside the area that Multimap covers using the Collins-Bartholomew maps. As long as you know of the existence of stn art lrnk, I don't mind which you use. -- RHaworth 07:33, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)
 * Thanks! — Just tried it out on Pevensey & Westham railway station and it seems a lot better – I'll try and use it from now on (and probably change a few articles to use it!) edd 09:18, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

English has more words than any other language
Don't be so sure a word doesn't exist. 4.250.198.126 18:37, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I've just worked out what this is regarding - edd 12:08, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

East Dulwich railway station
I have added a "" template to the article East Dulwich railway station, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Oo7565 20:02, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

South West Trains services
I've currently cleaning up your clever clever description of train services on the Hounslow Loop Line (eg). Yes, all trains eventually return to Waterloo, but that information is not in the slightest bit enlightening. Can you please get a mop and bucket and help clean up your mess? --88.111.177.208 11:42, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Not really, no. I don't think it's a problem, it details the train service in a way that's easy to understand, and if somebody were to read it and assume that, in the example that you gave, there were 14 direct trains per hour to Waterloo, then maybe next time they'll see the "of which" and the following line which state quite clearly that 8 of those are direct and the other 6 run via a loop. The current version stood for coming up to two years without any problems, and while you're more than welcome to your views and to modify the articles as you see fit, I don't see why I should help you fudge the facts, and try and decide at which points you can say which stations are served, when it seems a lot simpler to give the final destination of the train and major stations en-route.
 * You may want to consult a rail map and clean up all the other circular routes as well, such as trains which run London Bridge - London Bridge via Forest Hill and Tulse Hill, or indeed the entire Circle Line... edd 13:21, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

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AfD nomination of VGASAVE
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Tony Gallardo moved to draftspace
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title: User talk:Eddpayne


text:
Pride-and-ego down

Pride-and-ego down is a US Army term for techniques used by captors in interrogating prisoners to encourage cooperation, usually consisting of "attacking the source's sense of personal worth" and in an "attempt to redeem his pride, the source will usually involuntarily provide pertinent information in attempting to vindicate himself."

Official documents state that such techniques should not go "beyond the limits that would apply to an EPW [enemy prisoner of war]."

US Army definition from FM 2-22.3
8-45. (Interrogation) The emotional-pride and ego-down approach is based on attacking the source's ego or self-image. The source, in defending his ego, reveals information to justify or rationalize his actions. This information may be valuable in answering collection requirements or may give the [human intelligence] HUMINT collector insight into the viability of other approaches. This approach is effective with sources who have displayed weakness or feelings of inferiority. A real or imaginary deficiency voiced about the source, loyalty to his organization, or any other feature can provide a basis for this technique.

8-46. The HUMINT collector accuses the source of weakness or implies he is unable to do a certain thing. This type of source is also prone to excuses and rationalizations, often shifting the blame to others. An example of this technique is opening the collection effort with the question, "Why did you surrender so easily when you could have escaped by crossing the nearby ford in the river?" The source is likely to provide a basis for further questions or to reveal significant information if he attempts to explain his surrender in order to vindicate himself. He may give an answer such as, "No one could cross the ford because it is mined."

8-47. The objective is for the HUMINT collector to use the source's sense of pride by attacking his loyalty, intelligence, abilities, leadership qualities, slovenly appearance, or any other perceived weakness. This will usually goad the source into becoming defensive, and he will try to convince the HUMINT collector he is wrong. In his attempt to redeem his pride and explain his actions, the source may provide pertinent information. Possible targets for the emotional-pride and ego-down approach are the source's—

 * Loyalty.
 * Technical competence.
 * Leadership abilities.
 * Soldierly qualities.
 * Appearance.

8-48. There is a risk associated with this approach. If the emotional-pride and ego-down approach fails, it is difficult for the HUMINT collector to recover and move to another approach without losing his credibility. Also, there is potential for application of the pride and ego approach to cross the line into humiliating and degrading treatment of the detainee. Supervisors should consider the experience level of their subordinates and determine specifically how the interrogator intends to apply the approach technique before approving the interrogation plan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pride-and-ego down


text: User talk:81.155.103.244

title: User talk:81.155.103.244


text: User talk:130.126.122.198

title: User talk:130.126.122.198


text: User talk:80.213.112.202

title: User talk:80.213.112.202


text:
Talk:History of cricket

A few thoughts
Hello. I looked at this to see what it says about Jim Laker, whose article I've just nominated at WP:GAN. He isn't mentioned and, apart from Basil D'Oliveira in the context of apartheid, neither is any other post-war player, not even Gary Sobers. There is only the briefest mention of Don Bradman, a couple of sentences about WG Grace and next to nothing about anyone else. The article is supposed to be a history of cricket. History is made by people and cricket is played by people. The article needs to adjust its focus.

I was interested to see a section called "Historical sources", which includes the sort of list I might expect to see in a history book, but not in an article like this. There is a Bibliography of cricket so I don't see the need for an additional list of books here, especially one with a scope that has been deliberately limited. The whole section reads as if someone has mounted a WP:SOAPBOX. It isn't about historical sources at all – it is an argument about match status prior to an official designation in 1894! I really don't think it belongs here but I'll wait and see if anyone will justify its inclusion.

Perhaps the best way to handle the history of a sport like cricket is to reduce this article to a brief introduction of several main articles that scope particular periods or countries. You already have History of cricket to 1725 and History of cricket (1726–1771), but then it seems to stop, so more articles are needed. You could see how WP:FOOTY have handled this with medieval football, English public school football games and then, from the 1850s, History of association football before diversifying into specialist topics, which are largely by country.

Thanks. All the best and stay safe. No Great Shaker (talk) 10:17, 13 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I'd forgotten this but the vandalism just now has reminded me. No one else has commented so I'll look at the issue again soon and take some action. I really don't see how the historical sources section can possibly be justified. No Great Shaker (talk) 08:07, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

The historical sources section has been deleted although some of the factual points seemed useful and I've moved those into the earlier narrative. The article will need a lot of hard work to get anywhere near our GA standard. I think there is probably a lot of WP:OR and it really needs someone with access to several high quality book sources to take a hand and sort it all out. It definitely needs greater focus on what people accomplished, rather than just chucking a few well known names in as an afterthought – for example, a previous editor apparently decided that Don Bradman should be mentioned and tucked him in at the end of a sentence about the bodyline controversy. Never mind any of Bradman's remarkable achievements. Although History of association football has sourcing issues and isn't up to GA standard either, it is streets ahead of this and could provide some guidance on how to write a historical summary of a global sport. No Great Shaker (talk) 10:04, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Deletion
Most of the portions of this article do not contain any type of reliable source or reference. A template regarding it is already placed in the top of the article. If the uncited parts are not cited immediately, then they will be removed. I am creating this section to draw the attention of the editors who regularly edit this article. Thank you.Michri michri (talk) 08:16, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Maybe tagging individual sections as unsourced or needing more sources would be better than blanking vast-swathes of text.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 13:07, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Given a number of things about the article, I'm not sure that removing stuff is the way to go - tag it as Lugnuts suggests. Part of my concern is the reliability of some of the "hard facts" which do have sources; part is the intersection between this long article and the ones at History of cricket to 1725, History of cricket (1726–1771), History of cricket (1772–1815), History of English cricket (1816–1863) (and we should probably do something about List of earliest references in English cricket) - and I think there are articles about some other countries as well, aren't there? There'd be little point gutting this one, for example, the World Series section - which would be easy to source - if we retain a load of dubious references and over-detail about the day of the week something happened in 1300. If it did. And then do nothing about the other history articles.
 * I'm not sure who the best person to re-work this would be right now, but it needs time and attention throughout. Blue Square Thing (talk) 18:19, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Michri michri seems either not to have read or to have ignored the above two comments, and has gone ahead anyway. I fear that it's going to leave huge gaps in the article. Why not tag those sections with cn? JH (talk page) 09:42, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I've reverted this morning's removals because they're ridiculously easy to source in general and in no way contentious. Blue Square Thing (talk) 09:49, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I've sourced the balls per over bit (and cut it down a bit - that detail belongs elsewhere - but does anyone know if the last statement is still true, what with the five ball thing in The Hundred? Blue Square Thing (talk) 10:01, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I've taken the balls per over cite from here, but agree on the question over the H.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 10:11, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I can't remember what they call it, but iirc it's specially not called an over is it? Blue Square Thing (talk) 10:28, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

 * And the 20th century stuff is sourced easily. Not quite sure what this needs to do - the distinction between test and odd cricket seems a bit odd here - I think it can be worked in to the section rather than split off. The SA section is easy to source and is probably needed as a separate sub-section but I think can be quite a lot briefer - thoughts??? Blue Square Thing (talk) 10:28, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

JH (talk page), honestly speaking that I did not open the talk page before removing a massive portion yesterday. Had I seen it before, then I would not have made such edits. I'm really sorry. Anyway, my intention was to draw the attention of some veteran editors who are capable of handling this article. I think I have succeeded in doing so. When the experienced editors like Blue Square Thing and  Lugnuts  look into the matter, then a novice like me perhaps has nothing to do. Ny the way, I agree that parts of this article are filled with some unnecessary and superfluous stuff, which need to be briefed. Thanks --Michri michri (talk) 08:22, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Cricket
Who developed cricket 45.121.2.90 (talk) 14:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This is answered in the Origin sub-section of the article. HiLo48 (talk) 21:51, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Hi
where is first cricket game started 2409:40E7:B:3426:8000:0:0:0 (talk) 07:03, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Try reading the article! JH (talk page) 08:46, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Icelandic claim of inventing cricket
Iceland's national cricket team claims Egill Skallagrímsson invented cricket in 911, see https://www.krikket.is/history. I'm not exactly sure it is a strong claim but as a national cricket team, it should merit a mention at the very least. Ufoolme (talk) 10:45, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

 * From what is quoted, all that we learn is that it was a team game involving a bat, and there seems to be no good reason to assume that it had any resemblance to cricket. Based on that, I don't think it merits even a mention. JH (talk page) 15:11, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of cricket


text:
Lotan (disambiguation)

Lotan or Litanu (Ugaritic: Ltn) was a Levantine sea monster who fought the god Baʿal and developed in Hebrew lore as Leviathan.

Lotan may also refer to:

 * Lotan, Israel, a Kibbutz in southern Israel
 * Lotan Baba or Mohan Das, Indian holy man promoting peace by rolling his body along the ground when he travels
 * Lotan son of Seir, a person named in the Bible
 * Loton, a village in Naraingarh, Haryana, India

Surname

 * Jonah Lotan (born 1973), Israeli actor
 * Nili Lotan, Israeli-American fashion designer

title: Lotan (disambiguation)


text: User talk:204.69.4.81

title: User talk:204.69.4.81


text:
Garwolin

Garwolin is a town on the Wilga river in eastern Poland, capital of Garwolin County, situated in the southeast part of the Garwolin plateau in Masovian Voivodeship, 62 km southeast of Warsaw, 100 km northwest of Lublin. As of December 2021, the town has 17,566 inhabitants.

History
The name of the town occurs in the medieval notes in 1386 and 1404. Name Garwolin comes from a Garwoł, which is a name. However, there is a popular legend connecting the town's name with rooks (Polish: gawrony).

Traces of settlement on terrains of present days boundaries of Garwolin are more than 2000 years old. It is believed that Garwolin received its city charter in 1423, but the exact date is unknown; it is almost certain that the document from 1423 was only acknowledgement of before-stated city laws. In time of the Deluge casualties exceeded 90%.

During the Polish–Soviet War, the town was captured and briefly occupied by the invading Russians, before it was recaptured by the Poles led by Gen. Konarzewski on August 16, 1920. Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski stayed in the town the next day.

During World War II and the Nazi occupation of Poland, about 70% of the city was destroyed. The town and the powiat were administered by Kreishauptmann Karl Freudenthal, who was responsible for the murder of more than 1000 inhabitants, the deportation of several thousand local Poles to concentration camps and slave labor in Nazi Germany, and the transfer of the local Jews to various ghettos in the region. For his war crimes, Freudenthal was sentenced to death by the Polish underground, and the sentence was carried out by the Home Army on 5 July 1944, as part of Operacja Główki ("Operation Heads").

Two Poles from Garwolin were also murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in 1940, and six died in Soviet Gulag camps between 1939 and 1947.

At the end of July 1944 the Red Army's 2nd Guards Tank Army, under the command of Alexei Radzievsky, routed the German 73rd Infantry Division at Garwolin, capturing its commander, Friedrich Franek.

After the war Garwolin was restored to Poland and enlarged. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Siedlce Voivodeship. The Neo-Baroque church, dating from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, is a notable building.

Education

 * The Józef Piłsudski secondary school - founded in 1918, in the beginning served as a primary school that included only the first 3 levels of education (introductory, first and second grade) and functioned in a building belonging to another school. In the year 1934 the school has moved to a new building in which it functions to this day. In 1937 the school was named after Józef Piłsudski. In the year 2022 the school managed to take 256th place in a national ranking of secondary schools.
 * The Cyprian Norwid Catholic secondary school - founded in 1996 by Andrzej Banasiuk, it is the only Catholic school in the town of Garwolin. Since 1999 it has been a public school and is located on the grounds belonging to the Collegiate church of Transfiguration in Garwolin. The school focuses on a religious and patriotic upbringing of its students and cultivating national, religious and school traditions through mass events taking place at the school. In the year 2022 the school managed to take 97th place in a national ranking of secondary schools.
 * The Tadeusz Kościuszko upper-secondary school complex nr 2 in Garwolin - founded in 1969 it is one of the two vocational schools in Garwolin. In 1978 it was named after the Polish military engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko. In 2003 the school administration decided to open a non-vocational secondary school in the same building. It was closed down in 2009 after just 6 years of operation
 * The Westerplatte heroes upper-secondary school complex nr 1 in Garwolin - established in 1961 by decision of the Board of Trustees of the School District of Warsaw, it was a vocational school focused on education in the field of economics. The school building was built in 1977 and it is used to this day. The design of the building included a 60 square meter mosaic commemorating the achievements of the Polish army. In the year 1997 the school was given the name of "Bohaterów Westerplatte".
 * Academy of Management in Łódź, branch in Garwolin.

Economy
Centre of industry and services; machine, means of transport, nutritive (milk co-operative, meat) industries, clothing, leather, construction materials, furniture and cosmetics manufactures.

Roads

 * S17 expressway: direction Warsaw-Garwolin-Lublin-Hrebenne,
 * National road 76: direction Łuków-Garwolin-Wilga.

Rail
Garwolin railway station is located 5 km west from the center of town in the nearby village Wola Rębkowska, on rail route Warszawa-Lublin.

Culture and sports

 * "Wilga" cinema 3D
 * Centre of Sports and Culture
 * "Garwolanka" swimming pool
 * Wilga Garwolin sports Club.

title: Garwolin


text:
5000 Volts

5000 Volts is the name of a British disco recording act that achieved success throughout Europe during the 1970s. The group consisted of vocalists Tina Charles and Martin Jay, with a changing group of session musicians.

Career
They released several singles in the mid-1970s, but did not achieve success until radio stations began playing the B-side to their 1975 single, "Bye Love". The song, "I'm on Fire", was released in its own right and became a major hit throughout Europe, peaking at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart; and at number 1 on the German Top100 Singles chart and the Swedish chart and also number 10 in South Africa. It was also a major top 10 hit in Australia and charted in the United States where it reached number 26, competing against Jim Gilstrap's version of the song, which hit number 78.

Although Tina Charles provided the vocals, she was not publicly acknowledged as the group's singer and for the band's 1975 appearance on BBC Television's Top of the Pops they were fronted by singer/actress Luan Peters.

In 1975, the group was expanded by record producer Tony Eyers into a permanent five piece, with the inclusion of Martin Cohen (bass and vocals), Kevin Wells (drums) and Mike Nelson (keyboards). Subsequent singles failed to attract widespread interest in the UK, although the group became popular in South Africa and Germany. Charles left the group after a dispute with the record label and continued with her solo career. She was replaced by Linda Kelly.

The next single "Doctor Kiss Kiss" reached number 8 in the United Kingdom, and number 6 in South Africa, but the band struggled to maintain public interest. The group disbanded in 1978.

Martin Jay launched a solo career without success, before returning to his earlier role as a session musician, working for bands such as Enigma, Tight Fit in 1981 and the UK Mixmasters in 1990.

In 2012, Tina Charles and Martin Jay reunited to re-record some of their hits. The album Reunited was the result of their reunion.

Albums

 * 1976: 5000 Volts (Philips Records 9109-215) – SWE #30
 * 1997: 5000 Volts (Rem!nd Records 5300211 - The Netherlands, compilation)
 * 2012: Reunited

title: 5000 Volts


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User talk:Reubenator

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Reubenator


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Global Frequency

Global Frequency is an American comic book science fiction limited series created and written by Warren Ellis and published by Wildstorm Productions, an imprint of DC Comics.

The series is set in the present day, consisting of single-issue, standalone stories. The 12 issues were published between October 2002 and June 2004. Each issue was drawn by a different artist, with uniform covers by Brian Wood, and interior artwork colored by David Baron.

Overview
The Global Frequency is an independent, covert intelligence organization headed by a former intelligence agent who uses the alias of Miranda Zero. Reportedly, 1,001 people are on the Global Frequency, forming an active smart mob communicating by specially modified video mobile phones through a central dispatch system coordinated by a young woman code-named Aleph.

The purpose of the organization is to protect and rescue the world from the consequences of the various secret projects that the governments or individuals of the world have established, which are unknown to the public at large. The people on the Global Frequency are chosen and called on for their specialized skills in a variety of areas, and include military personnel, intelligence agents, police detectives, scientific researchers, academics, athletes, former criminals and assassins. The threats addressed by the organization are equally varied and usually world-threatening, including rogue military operations, paranormal phenomena, terrorist attacks and religious cults.

The existence of the organization is an open secret, but its membership list is anonymous, the identities of its field agents unknown to even each other before they meet on a mission. Often, the only way to tell a member of the Global Frequency is by the phones that they carry or the Global Frequency symbol—a circle with four points on its perimeter 90°s apart that they sport somewhere on their person.

Who exactly funds the Global Frequency is not known. Zero has said that at least some of the money comes from the G8 governments that pay the Frequency for not revealing the various secret horrors that they combat. Although the presence of an independent, unaccountable agency with strike capability makes some authorities nervous, they also recognize the fact that the Frequency has the skills, the reach, and more importantly, the will to act where governments cannot. As a result, the organization gets tacit approval for its activities, and is sometimes called on by governments to deal with extraordinary crises. Mostly, the organization acts proactively as it discovers such threats.

Ellis designed the comic series like a television series with standalone "episodes", allowing the reader to begin with any issue and be able to understand what was going on. As a result, the only regular characters in the series are Miranda Zero and Aleph, with only a few other characters making a reappearance in the 12th issue of the series. This also heightened the suspense for the reader, as the survival of these characters was not guaranteed.

Collected editions
The series has been collected into two trade paperbacks. After the WildStorm imprint was discontinued, the entire series was collected under the Vertigo label in 2013, with a Deluxe Edition under the DC Comics label in 2018.

 * Global Frequency Volume 1: Planet Ablaze (collects Global Frequency #1–6, ISBN 1-4012-0274-8)
 * Global Frequency Volume 2: Detonation Radio (collects Global Frequency #7–12, ISBN 1-4012-0291-8)
 * Global Frequency (collects Global Frequency #1–12, ISBN 978-1-4012-3797-4)
 * Global Frequency, The Deluxe Edition (collects Global Frequency #1–12, ISBN 978-1-4012-7820-5)

Awards
The series was nominated for "Best Limited Series" in the 2004 edition of the Eisner Award.

In other media
Mark Burnett prepared a Global Frequency television series for 2005 with Michelle Forbes as Miranda Zero, Josh Hopkins as Sean Flynn, Jenni Baird as Dr. Katrina Finch and Aimee Garcia as Aleph. The characters of Sean Flynn, an ex-policeman who accidentally stumbled on a Global Frequency mission, and Katrina Finch, a brilliant scientist with expertise in multiple fields, were created especially for the series.

Unlike the comic book, which had an ever-changing cast of field agents, Flynn and Finch were to be regulars along with Zero and Aleph, with other Frequency members coming in as and when necessary in supporting roles. This would allow for the character continuity expected of a television series and yet allow other characters to be killed off as in the comic book.

A pilot episode, based heavily on the first issue of the comic book, was produced, but The WB (the original intended network) did not commission the series. John Rogers was the principal creative force behind the television incarnation, writing the pilot episode, with Ellis credited as producer and creator. Other writers waiting to come on board included David Slack, Ben Edlund and Diego Gutierrez. The pilot was directed by Nelson McCormick.

The unaired pilot was leaked onto the Internet in June 2005. Although it received positive reactions from those who watched it, Ellis said that the leak annoyed Warner Brothers to the extent that they killed the project.

In November 2009, Production Weekly's Twitter feed revealed that a new television adaptation of Global Frequency was being worked on by The CW Television Network and writer Scott Nimerfro, while a new pilot by Jerry Bruckheimer and written by Rockne S. O'Bannon was reportedly being produced by Fox in November 2014, but by February 2015, Fox did not order the pilot due to problems with the script.

title: Global Frequency


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Music of Manitoba

Manitoba has produced much Canadian music, especially since the early 1960s.

The University of Manitoba and Brandon University both include schools of music. Brandon University's music school and its Queen Elizabeth II Music Building are hubs for music in southwestern Manitoba.

Traditional music
Manitoba is a center for the old-time fiddling of the Métis people. The tune "Whiskey Before Breakfast" was popularized there by the Métis fiddler Andy DeJarlis (1914–1975), who was from the Red River region.

Bob Nolan was a cowboy singer famous for writing Tumbling Tumbleweeds, while Winnipeg-born Oscar Brand was an important figure in folk music.

In the early 1990s Susan Aglukark, born in Churchill, achieved national country music and adult contemporary chart success with songs incorporating Inuit folk music traditions.

1960s – mid-1970s
The Canadian 1960s supergroup "Chad Allen and the Expressions" (later known as The Guess Who) became the first rock musicians to be recognized outside Canada. Their 1965 hit "Shakin' All Over" gave them instant success in Canada and Great Britain. The band was renamed the Guess Who in 1966, and with Chad Allen gone and new keyboardist Burton Cummings on vocals, they began to realize their full potential as a rock band. Their hits "American Woman", "No Time", "Clap for the Wolfman", "These Eyes", and "No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature" made them one of the most successful rock bands to ever come from Canada. A version of the band featuring original dummer Garry Peterson continues to perform as the Guess Who, but the band as most fans know it broke up in 1975.

Neil Young was also a product of the 1960s Winnipeg music scene, and has deep family roots in Western Manitoba. Neil played in community clubs in Winnipeg with his band, the Squires, during the mid-1960s. Those days were recounted in the song "Prairie Town", recorded in 1992 with Randy Bachman. Early in Neil's career he played with Stephen Stills in the band Buffalo Springfield, and again with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. However, Neil Young is best known as a solo artist, producing albums like Harvest and a string of hits. As of 2022, his career has spanned more than five decades. He is referred to by some as the Godfather of Grunge, having inspired grunge pioneers like Nirvana’s Kurt Cobain and Pearl Jam’s Eddie Vedder. Some regard him as one of the most influential Canadian musicians of all time.

Former Guess Who guitarist, Randy Bachman, started a band called Brave Belt not long after he left the Guess Who. Brave Belt was later renamed to Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO for short). Bachman–Turner Overdrive became popular with such hits as "Takin' Care of Business", the Billboard Hot 100 #1 hit "You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet" from 1974, and "Let it Ride". Burton Cummings, who had been the lead singer of the Guess Who, also had a successful solo career with softer hits including "Stand Tall", "Scared", and "Break it to Them Gently". In spite of the breakup of the Guess Who, several of Cummings’ solo songs featured Bachman on guitar. Bachman and Cummings continue to perform together on occasion under the banner Bachman-Cummings.

Between 1970 and 1974, four different Winnipeg artists had #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, including the aforementioned The Guess Who, Bachman Turner Overdrive, Neil Young, and Terry Jacks with 1974's "Seasons in the Sun."

Mid 1970s – mid-1990s
Tom Cochrane, a rocker originally from the town of Lynn Lake in Northern Manitoba, rose to fame with his band Red Rider, producing such hits as "Lunatic Fringe", "Boy Inside the Man" and "Big League". As a solo artist Cochrane recorded five albums, producing the hit "Life Is a Highway", a song later covered by country band Rascal Flatts, among others.

The late 1970s and early-to-mid 1980s brought a new arena rock vibe to the local music scene, featuring made-in-Manitoba rockers Harlequin, and the Chris Burke-Gaffney-lead bands The Pumps, Orphan and later the Deadbeat Honeymooners. Harlequin was arguably the most popular band to come out of Manitoba in the early 1980s, producing several radio-friendly hits including "Sweet Things in Life", "Innocence", and "Superstitious Feeling". Winnipeg was also a second home and regular stop for Regina-based Streetheart — a band with several linkages to Winnipeg including original member Ken “Spider” Sinnaeve.

In the late 1980s, an indie folk/pop band from Winnipeg called Crash Test Dummies was formed featuring singers Brad Roberts and Ellen Reid. In 1991, Crash Test Dummies had success in Canada with their first album The Ghosts that Haunt Me, which included the single “Superman's Song”. They found mainstream success in the US, UK and Australia with their second album, featuring the folk rock Billboard Modern Rock Tracks #1 single in 1994 "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm", as well as their third album and the single "The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead" which was featured in the movie Dumb & Dumber.

The Watchmen formed in Winnipeg in 1988, releasing their first album, McLaren Furnace Room in 1992. It was named for the space in Winnipeg's McLaren Hotel, where the band would rehearse. The Watchmen released seven albums and are known for Daniel Greaves’ unique vocals and songs like "Boneyard Tree", "Incarnate" and "Stereo", among others.

Originally formed in Seattle, Econoline Crush is a band based in Vancouver, led by singer Trevor Hurst, who was born and raised in Virden, Manitoba. Econoline Crush had several hit songs in Canada, including "You Don't Know What It's Like", "Sparkle and Shine", and "All That You Are".

The New Meanies, originally called the Blue Meanies, are a Canadian four piece rock band from Winnipeg. Formed around 1990 by high school friends Damon Mitchell (lead vocals, guitar, harmonica), Jeff Hondubura (guitar, vocals), Sky Onosson (bass, vocals, keyboards) and Jason Kane (drums, percussion) started playing blues-influenced rock. After releasing two independent albums, Experience is Lost (independently released on cassette only) and The Blue Meanies, they toured extensively throughout Western Canada in the early 1990s. The band signed with Virgin Records in 1996. The band changed its name to the New Meanies due to the existence of another Blue Meanies based in Chicago, and recorded a new album Three Seeds in the Los Angeles area with producer Howard Benson. The album was released in 1998, and the single "Letting Time Pass" achieved airplay on radio and television, charting at No. 14 on RPM Magazine's Canadian rock/alternative chart. In 1999, the band performed in Toronto with Danko Jones and Tricky Woo. In 2000, the band went indie again and released a new album, Highways, in 2001.

Recent rock and pop music
Born in India, and currently living in Vancouver, Bif Naked spent her teen and young adult years in Winnipeg where she developed into the unique artist that she is today. The heavily tattooed Naked has earned a loyal following with her unique and personal brand of rock music and poetry. Several of her songs have received airplay over the years, including “Spaceman”, “I Love Myself Today”, and “Tango Shoes”. Bif Naked continued recording while she battled breast cancer, releasing her album The Promise in 2009.

Juno Award-winning artist Chantal Kreviazuk released her first album in 1997 and recorded several hits, but is perhaps most successful as a songwriter. Kreviazuk has co-written songs for and with many other artists including Avril Lavigne, Gwen Stefani, Kelly Clarkson, and her husband Raine Maida of Our Lady Peace fame.

Brent Fitz a multi-instrumentalist born in Winnipeg, currently resides in Las Vegas and has recorded and toured with a vast array of Canadian and International artists including Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, Alice Cooper, Mötley Crüe vocalist Vince Neil, Theory Of A Deadman, Streetheart, Harlequin and The Guess Who.

Hard Rock band Jet Set Satellite secured a record deal and burst on to the Canadian music scene in 2000 with two hits: "Best Way to Die" and "Baby, Cool Your Jets". They left their label after only one album but continue to record as an indie band. Also in 2000, dance-pop duo McMaster & James made the leap from playing gigs at the Bank Cabaret in downtown Winnipeg to pop music fame with their one and only self-titled album.

Remy Shand also enjoyed a successful music career. His 2002 debut album, The Way I Feel, earned him a Juno Award for Best R&B/Soul Recording, and four Grammy nominations. In the spring of 2013, Shand released a cover of Marvin Gaye's "Where Are We Going?" to YouTube, and added "Springtime" to his Bandcamp site. The song is dedicated to his late mother.

Propagandhi is a punk rock band from Winnipeg (originally from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba) that incorporates politics and ethics in its music and performances. Though not heavily played on the radio, the band parlayed a renewed interest in punk music in the late 1990s into a successful touring career, and won the 2006 ECHO songwriting award for their song "A Speculative Fiction".

Juno-nominated indie-rockers The Weakerthans formed in 1997. Critical recognition soon followed, as did a local fan base, although they are best known to many for their tongue-in-cheek salute to their home town “One Great City!”, which features the line “I hate Winnipeg”.

Other Manitoba artists and bands in the rock and pop genres include The Waking Eyes, Royal Canoe, Imaginary Cities, and Chic Gamine.

Other genres
Manitoba also has made significant contributions in other areas of music besides pop. There is a choral tradition that goes back to the beginnings of the 20th century. Manitoba has an opera tradition, a vaudeville tradition and a classical music tradition as well. Manitoba's multi-cultural make up is influenced by the cultures of the world.

The late jazz legend Lenny Breau, also a Winnipegger, had a profound impact on the music of Randy Bachman. He is a world-renowned jazz guitarist known for his rapid finger picking style and ability to sound like three guitars at once. Jazz guitarist Ed Bickert was also born in Manitoba.

The country band Doc Walker is also popular in Manitoba's country music scene, as well as Canada's country music scene. Formed in Portage la Prairie in 1996, the band has gone on to produce an expansive discography which features numerous singles and albums. Popular songs by Doc Walker include Do It Right, Rocket Girl, and Beautiful Life. As of 2022, country musician William Prince has been popular as well.

Additionally, electronic musician Aaron Funk, also known as Venetian Snares, is from and based out of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Venetian Snares has been creating computer-based electronic music since the middle of the 1990s and is a pioneer of the breakcore genre. In 2016, he released an album entirely made with modular analog synths. He released a collaborative album with celebrated Canadian producer/musician Daniel Lanois in 2018.

title: Music of Manitoba


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Ulysses (American band)

Ulysses is an American indie rock band formed by Robert Schneider (lead vocalist of The Apples in Stereo) along with John Ferguson and Ben Fulton in early 2003. Robert Beatty (of Hair Police) joined later that year. They released their first album, 010, on October 26, 2004, through Eenie Meenie Records. The album was released in mono.

Band history
While touring Spain with The Apples in Stereo, Schneider was inspired to write "Push You Away", the first song written for 010. Schneider began writing other songs for the album as well.

Schneider's main influences for the band's songs were The Velvet Underground and My Bloody Valentine.

In Lexington, Kentucky, the band formed by impulse when Schneider invited Ferguson and Fulton to organize songs for Schneider's other side project, Marbles. Schneider asked them to first play his set of 10 songs, and Ulysses was born. The band recorded the album 010 live in Schneider's garage studio, in mono with the drums and amplifiers situated symmetrically around a single microphone. The album was released on Eenie Meenie Records.

In the process of writing and recording 010, Schneider's marriage with Apples in Stereo bandmate Hilarie Sidney ended.

Discography

 * 010

title: Ulysses (American band)


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Centaurea scabiosa

Centaurea scabiosa, or greater knapweed, is a perennial plant of the genus Centaurea. It is native to Europe and bears purple flower heads.

Greater knapweed is found growing in dry grasslands, hedgerows and cliffs on lime-rich soil. Upright branched stems terminate in single thistle-like flowerheads, each having an outer ring of extended, purple-pink "ragged" bracts which form a crown around the central flowers. The plant has deeply dissected leaves which form a clump at the base.

This species is very valuable to bees. It is also a magnet for many species of butterfly. Among them is the marbled white.

This is the only known food plant for caterpillars of the Coleophoridae case-bearer moth Coleophora didymella. Centaurea scabiosa has been used in traditional herbal healing as either a vulnerary or an emollient.

The plant is sometimes confused with devils-bit scabious, however the leaves on this plant are arranged alternately, whereas in devils-bit they are opposite.

Description
This perennial herb grows with an erect grooved stem up to 90 cm high. The leaves are alternate, pinnatifid and with stalks. The flower heads are 5 cm across and on long stalks. The florets are red-purple.

Habitat
Dry grassland, roadsides and calcareous substrate.

Distribution
Found in Great Britain and Ireland.

title: Centaurea scabiosa


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Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance

ISTAR stands for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. In its macroscopic sense, ISTAR is a practice that links several battlefield functions together to assist a combat force in employing its sensors and managing the information they gather.

Information is collected on the battlefield through systematic observation by deployed soldiers and a variety of electronic sensors. Surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance are methods of obtaining this information. The information is then passed to intelligence personnel for analysis, and then to the commander and their staff for the formulation of battle plans. Intelligence is processed information that is relevant and contributes to an understanding of the ground, and of enemy dispositions and intents. Intelligence failures can happen.

ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)
ISR is the coordinated and integrated acquisition, processing and provision of timely, accurate, relevant, coherent and assured information and intelligence to support commander's conduct of activities. Land, sea, air and space platforms have critical ISR roles in supporting operations in general. By massing ISR assets, an improved clarity and depth of knowledge can be established. ISR encompasses multiple activities related to the planning and operation of systems that collect, process, and disseminate data in support of current and future military operations.

On 28 July 2021 the NDAA budget markup by the House Armed Services Committee sought to retain ISR resources such as the RQ-4 Global Hawk, the E-8 Joint Surveillance Radar and Attack System (JSTARS) which the Air Force is seeking to divest. Examples of ISR systems include surveillance and reconnaissance systems ranging from satellites, to crewed aircraft such as the U-2, to uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS)   such as the US Air Force's Global Hawk and Predator and the US Army's Hunter and PSST Aerostats, to unmanned ocean-going vessels,  to other ground-, air-, sea-, or space-based equipment, to human intelligence teams, or to AI-based ISR systems.

The intelligence data provided by these ISR systems can take many forms, including optical, radar, or infrared images or electronic signals. Effective ISR data can provide early warning of enemy threats as well as enable military forces to increase effectiveness, coordination, and lethality, and demand for ISR capabilities to support ongoing military operations has increased. In December 2021, the US Navy began testing the usefulness and effectiveness of unmanned "saildrones" at recognizing targets of interest on the high seas.

For space-based targeting sensors, in a 2019 Broad Agency Announcement, the US government defined ISR in this case as "a capability for gathering data and information on an object or in an area of interest (AOI) on a persistent, event-driven, or scheduled basis using imagery, signals, and other collection methods. This includes warning (to include ballistic missile activity), targeting analysis, threat capability assessment, situational awareness, battle damage assessment (BDA), and characterization of the operational environment." Persistence was in turn described: "Persistent access provides predictable coverage of an area of interest (AOI). Most space-based intelligence collection capabilities consist of multiple satellites operating in concert, or supplemented by other sensors, when continuous surveillance of an area is desired. Persistent sensors must provide sufficient surveillance revisit timelines to support a weapon strike at any time." The United States Space Force, National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) share the satellite-based ISR task as of 2021. See Space Delta 7

NGA uses Data transformation services (DTS), a program begun in 2018, to convert raw sensor data into a format usable by its mission partners, who are government agencies whose names are classified. In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NGA has taken operational control of DoD's Project Maven, the AI ISR project for area defense, to identify point targets for ISR. NGA is currently using OREN, the Odyssey GEOINT Edge Node for National System for Geospatial Intelligence, or NGS; the Joint Regional Edge Node (JREN) is on-deck for distributing nearly a petabyte to the Combatant Commands in the next year (for 2023, an increase by a factor of 10).

NRO "has a proven track record in [ISR]", insists one of the founders of the US Space Force, who defends the capability of the NRO over the ambition of the Space Force to take over the role of ISR. GMTI (ground moving target indicator) data is an objective for Space Force, NGA, and NRO. Junior (3rd year) and Senior (4th year) cadets at West Point had hands-on experience building and using drones with various tactical capabilities, guided by faculty from the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments in tactical applications during Cadet Leadership Development Training in July 2022. Ukraine's soldiers are using FPV drones on the battlefield, armed with munitions.
 * ISR at platoon level

ISR concepts are also associated with certain intelligence units, for instance Task Force ODIN, ISR TF (Company+) in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan.

In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, commercial satellite imagery is being used to track troop movements, broadcast world events in real time, and conduct war.—NHK World-Japan
 * Commercial ISR

ISTAR
ISTAR is the process of integrating the intelligence process with surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance tasks in order to improve a commander's situational awareness and consequently their decision making. The inclusion of the "I" is important as it recognizes the importance of taking the information from all the sensors and processing it into useful knowledge.

ISTAR can also refer to:

 * a unit or sub unit with ISTAR as a task (e.g.: an ISTAR squadron)
 * equipment required to support the task

Variations of ISTAR
There are several variations on the "ISTAR" acronym. Some variations reflect specific emphasis on certain aspects of ISTAR.

Surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (STAR)
A term used when emphasis is to be placed on the sensing component of ISTAR.

Reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA)
RSTA is used by the US Army in place of STAR or ISTAR. Also, a term used to identify certain US Army units: for instance, 3rd Squadron, 153rd RSTA. These units serve a similar role to the below mentioned US Marine Corps STA platoons, but on a larger scale.

Surveillance and target acquisition (STA)
Used to designate one of the following:
 * A US Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) - specifically a STA United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper
 * The role of a unit (e.g. STA patrol) or equipment
 * A doctrine similar to ISTAR; for the US, and its allies and partners, its basis is the US National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) as realized by layered constellations of Earth satellites and Earth stations

ISTAR units and formations

 * Space Delta 7 (U.S. Space Force)
 * Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) Units (U.S. Army)
 * Long-Range Surveillance (LRS) Units (U.S. Army)
 * Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS, Raytheon Sentinel, Alliance Ground Surveillance Aircraft
 * Sayeret Matkal (Israeli Army)
 * Shaldag Unit (Israeli Air Force)
 * Brigade de renseignement (French Army)
 * 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment (French Army)
 * [Intelligence battalion Norwegian Army)
 * Jegerkompaniet (Norwegian Army)
 * Kystjegerkommandoen (Norwegian Coastal Ranger Command)
 * Artillerijeger (Norwegian Army)
 * Garnisonen i Sør-Varanger (Borderguard, Norwegian Army)
 * ISTAR battalion (Norwegian Army)
 * ISTAR HQ platoon (Norwegian Army)
 * Joint ISTAR Command (Dutch Army)
 * 103 ISTAR battalion (Dutch Army)
 * Cavalry Corps (Irish Army)
 * Jagers te Paard Battalion (Belgian Army)
 * ISTAR Battalion (Portuguese Army)
 * NBG ISTAR TF (EU Nordic Battle Group)
 * ISTAR (Canadian Army)
 * 62nd Svarzochna Brigada (Bulgarian Armed Forces)
 * Särskilda Inhämtningsgruppen (SIG) (Swedish Armed Forces)
 * 61 Special Reconnaissance Regiment (Jordan Royal Guard, Jordanian Armed Forces)
 * Strategic Reconnaissance Company (28th Ranger Brigade, Jordanian Armed Forces)
 * Acquisition and Survey Regiment (Jordanian Armed Forces)
 * Special Support & Reconnaissance Company - SSR (Danish Defence)
 * ISTAR Bat TF 11 ad hoc] (Swiss Armed Forces)
 * 350. military intelligence battalion ( 350. vojnoobavještajna bojna ) (Croatian Army)
 * Razuznavacki bataljon na ARM, Republika Makedonija
 * 5. obveščevalno-izvidniški bataljon, 5th Intelligence-Reconnaissance Btn, Military of Slovenia
 * ISTAR battalion (Slovakian army)
 * Regimiento de Inteligencia 1 (1st Intelligence Regiment, Spanish Army)
 * 32nd Regiment Royal Artillery UAS Regiment (British Army)
 * 47th Regiment Royal Artillery UAS Regiment (British Army)
 * 30 Commando Information Exploitation Group (Royal Marines)
 * 21 SAS and 23 SAS (British Army), now part of 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade
 * Special Reconnaissance Regiment (British Army)
 * Honourable Artillery Company (British Army)
 * Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Intelligence Group (SRIG) U.S. Marine Corps
 * STA Sniper U.S. Marine Corps
 * 6th Brigade (Australia)
 * Intelligence Center (Središnjica za obavještajno djelovanje) (Croatia)
 * Fernspäher (German Bundeswehr)
 * Meritiedustelupataljoona (Coastal Brigade, Finnish Defence Forces)


text:
Ordered subset expectation maximization

In mathematical optimization, the ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) method  is an iterative method that is used in computed tomography.

In applications in medical imaging, the OSEM method is used for positron emission tomography (PET), for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and for X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) scans.

The OSEM method is related to the expectation–maximization (EM) method of statistics. The OSEM method is also related to methods of filtered back projection.

title: Ordered subset expectation maximization


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Agulhas Negras Peak

Agulhas Negras Peak (Pico das Agulhas Negras,, lit. 'Black Needles Peak') is the fifth-highest mountain in Brazil, standing at 2791 m above sea level, making it one of the highest in the Brazilian Highlands. It is located in Itatiaia National Park, in the Mantiqueira range, on the border of the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. It is the highest point in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the third-highest in Minas Gerais, and the second-highest in the Mantiqueira range.

The climb to the top of the mountain was first attempted by Franklin Massena in the year 1856. Further attempts were made by André Rebouças in 1878 and by Horácio de Carvalho in 1898, but the summit was only reached by Carlos Spierling and Osvaldo Leal in 1919.

Etymology
Its name means Black Needles Peak, because of the sharp dark rocks on its top, which give it a distinctive shape. The peak's massif is known as Itatiaia, which means "stone with many sharp points" in the Tupi language. The highest rock, with the summit, is known as Itatiaiaçu, or simply Açu (a Tupi suffix meaning "big") among Brazilian mountaineers.

Geography
Agulhas Negras Peak can be seen to the northwest of Resende when driving between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro on the Via Dutra highway, but this is only possible at a few points on the road, because a lower mountain range closer to the road stands in the line-of-sight at most other nearby spots.

A mountain shelter called Abrigo Rebouças is located near the base of the peak, at an elevation of about 2350 m. It is accessible by a gravel road (BR-485) from the BR-354 federal highway at the Garganta do Registro mountain pass, via Itatiaia National Park's north entrance. The access road reaches an altitude of 2460 m at the entrance of the park, and a short spur from it leading to a communications tower of the Eletrobras Furnas electricity company reaches 2662 m; these are the highest points one can reach in a regular car (as opposed to off-road vehicles) in Brazil.

Elevation measurements
For years, Agulhas Negras was thought to be the highest mountain in Brazil. The title later went to Pico da Bandeira, in the Caparaó range between the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo (now known to be at 2891 m). In 1965, it was found that Pico da Neblina, in the state of Amazonas, was, in fact, the highest, with a currently revised height of 2995 m.

Even then, Agulhas Negras was still thought to be the highest point in the Mantiqueira range, until a 2001 GPS measurement (later confirmed by an official joint expedition of the Brazilian Army and the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics - IBGE) showed that nearby Pedra da Mina was that mountain range's highest point at 2798 m, about seven metres higher than Agulhas Negras. Pedra da Mina was higher even though Agulhas Negras was also found to be slightly higher than previously thought, at 2791.55 m, rather than its previous official altitude of 2787 m. Agulhas Negras remains the highest point in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

In 2015, IBGE completed a new and more accurate mapping of the Brazilian territory regarding the geoid, the irregular imaginary surface based on the Earth's gravitational field that is the reference for altitude measurements. This led the institution to recalculate the altitude of the mountains measured in the earlier project, according to the new reference. The new data were published in February 2016. Agulhas Negras was then found to stand at 2790.94 m, a difference of 61 cm or about two feet.

title: Agulhas Negras Peak


text:
Seth Cohen

Seth Ezekiel Cohen is a fictional character on the Fox television series The O.C., portrayed by Adam Brody. Seth is one of the "core four" characters on The O.C. alongside Ryan Atwood, Marissa Cooper, and Summer Roberts. Seth's friendship with Ryan, who eventually became his adoptive brother, formed a focal point of the series along with their romances. Seth married Summer in the series finale. His other relationships were with Anna Stern and Alex Kelly. Seth's goal was to attend Brown University, but he ends up going to Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) and continuing work on his comic book Atomic County. The role saw Brody win four Teen Choice Awards from five nominations, from 2004 to 2006.

Casting and creation
Brody did not immediately get the part of Seth Cohen after his first audition because he improvised the dialogue. However, the producers called him back a month later for another test, and he was cast in March 2003. Schwartz said about Brody that he is "naturally talented, a funny guy, and has a Point of View on the world (and an initial perspective on Seth) that made him feel very specific, and had a little attitude." The character is based on Schwartz, who said: "The dynamic between Sandy and Seth is very much based on me and my dad. It was as much Seth's choice not to fit in, as it was the Water Polo players rejecting him, and a lot of that came from Brody, as well as a love for Death Cab for Cutie.

Characterization
Carina Chocano of Entertainment Weekly described Seth as "a nuanced portrait of a true-to-life dork [whose] relationship to Ryan is full of nice little ironies." The New York Times characterized him as "eccentric and literate" while the show's website compared him to Holden Caulfield for being an existential hero. He has also been described as "gawky".

Seth is very sarcastic and uses irony to find the humor in the events that occur around him. He has a positive nature, and although sometimes his humor is misconceived as ill-mannered, he tries to joke his way out of sticky situations and is more likely to laugh off the negatives and be overwhelmingly enthusiastic about the positives in his, and everyone else's, life. He is shown throughout the series to be self-obsessed and neurotic, with a tendency to make himself the center of attention. However, in many episodes, he proves to be a sweet and genuine guy with good intentions and a good heart, and this is often overlooked by others. Seth is a very bubbly character, thanks to the likes of his "only true friend" Ryan, and is prone to not knowing when to keep his mouth shut, however this is more endearing and humorous, than irritating. He is a self-proclaimed geek and likes comic books, science fiction, video games, and old movies. He also has a toy horse named Captain Oats. Seth is close to both of his parents and often playfully teases them. Though he occasionally will not accept their help or advice, he does so sometimes and seems to value their opinions and knows they would do anything for him and vice versa. Seth is shown to care very much about his mother. His actions are demonstrated in episodes such as "The Dearly Beloved" when Seth hesitates to send his mother to rehab and in "The Man of the Year" when he takes care of her when she relapses in her drinking.

At school, Seth's social awkwardness results in him being either ignored or bullied, making him a popular target for the jocks. Prior to Ryan's arrival, he was routinely bullied by the jocks (namely, the water polo players), who would intentionally urinate on his shoes and slam him into the lockers, and had hated Newport so much that he wanted to go to a boarding school on the East Coast. If not bullied, he was largely ignored by his other peers; Summer treated him with disdain, calling him "Death Breath Seth," while Marissa, who lived next door since they were in elementary school, did not speak to him until after Ryan's arrival. He would go out on his sailboat, the Summer Breeze, to escape Newport; in Season 2 he admitted to Ryan that he sold it for cash while docked at Santa Barbara and caught a Greyhound to Portland. Besides his awkwardness, his naivety in social norms and relationships contributes to his propensity to draw trouble to himself and not realizing until it's too late, a running gag in the show; for example, he has to be physically stopped by both Zach Stevens and Ryan when he tries to call his crush Alex Kelly even after she hinted for him to stay away because her ex is in town. He quickly forms a friendship with Ryan as the latter was the first person who befriended him without any preconceived notions and without judging him.

Seth was further designed as an artist in the second season. Plans of him drawing comics started at the end of the first season when executive producer Alan Heinberg impressed by Eric Wight's work asked him to be the "ghost artist". Wight, who said he easily related to Seth, first made sketches of the four main superheroes, and the rest came later as the episodes were being developed.

Season 1
Seth Cohen was born in Berkeley, California, to parents Sanford "Sandy" Cohen and Kirsten Cohen. Raised in Newport Beach, he is Jewish on his father's side and connects and identifies with his father's religious and cultural background. However, he embraces the mutual holiday of Chrismukkah, a joint Christmas and Hanukkah holiday. He was befriended by Ryan Atwood (Benjamin McKenzie) when the latter was brought home by Sandy. Before Ryan's arrival, Seth was ignored by most of his peers due to his awkward nature and unusual hobbies. They quickly strike a friendship as Ryan did not judge him like other "Newpsies" and Seth was the first to accept Ryan as a member of the household without any reservations. Soon after Ryan's arrival, Seth became friends with Marissa Cooper (Mischa Barton) and got the chance to speak to Summer Roberts (Rachel Bilson), a popular girl on whom he had a huge crush since childhood. The pair grew closer after they traveled to Tijuana together, despite Summer's denial of liking him. She quickly turned him down for a date after seeing a few cheerleaders eyeing the pair. After finally admitting she liked Seth, Summer grew jealous of Seth's friend Anna Stern (Samaire Armstrong), whom he met at a cotillion dance practice and he shared many interests with, including comics. They started dating after Seth decided in her favour during a contest for his affection between her and Summer. However, their relationship was short lived as they broke up when Seth made it obvious that he truly wanted Summer instead and had made the wrong choice. Anna soon left to go home to Pittsburgh, but she and Seth remained friends.

Though Summer and Seth started seeing each other and lost their virginity to each other, Summer still wanted their relationship to be secret. Seth refused to put up with this and declared his love for her atop a coffee cart in front of the school. Seth and Summer's relationship became official and continued until Seth's best and pretty much only friend Ryan Atwood announced he'd be returning to his home neighborhood, Chino, after his pregnant ex-girlfriend declared she wanted to keep the baby and raise it in her hometown. Seth tried to make Ryan stay and was distraught at his departure but tried to appear uninterested by it, although it pained him deeply. He couldn't face the idea of becoming a loner once more, and even though he still had Summer, he decided to sail the oceans for the summer in his boat, Summer Breeze, which was named after Summer. He left a note for her, and for his parents, who were distraught over losing both Seth and Ryan in one day.

Season 2 and 3
Early in season 2, Seth is staying with Luke Ward in Portland, Oregon and working at a kayak rental shack. He refuses to come home despite his parents' calls as he was still resentful of his parents for letting Ryan go back to Chino, forcing Sandy to ask Ryan to accompany him to Portland in hopes of persuading Seth to return. Once Seth returned, Summer had moved on with Zach Stevens (Michael Cassidy). After accepting the fact that his relationship with Summer was over, Seth started dating Alex Kelly (Olivia Wilde), a girl with whom he temporarily worked at The Bait Shop in Newport Beach. He attempts to impress her by putting on a "bad boy" image, even entertaining the idea of wearing one of Ryan's trademark wife-beaters to meet her and "stealing" his grandfather's Aston Martin. Their relationship was short-lived after he accidentally discovers her making out with Marissa (Alex is revealed to be bisexual). In the meantime, Seth and Zach became friends as they both had a passion for comics. They created a comic book together titled Atomic County revolving around four Orange County teenagers who have super powers which mirror the "core four". The tension came to a breaking point when Zach, Summer and Seth went on a trip to sell their comic book. Seth subtly admitted his feelings about Summer, who was about to leave on a trip to Italy with Zach a few weeks after, but Seth begged for her to be with him. She couldn't deny her feelings and left Zach for Seth at the airport, sealing the new relationship with a rainy kiss in the style of Spider-Man. Zach ultimately gave Summer up at prom, and Seth swooped in to again tell the school how he loved Summer when she was named Prom Queen. Summer admits to Seth that she loves him for his "little flaws and [his] little quirks". They stayed together and started to apply to colleges, deciding on Brown University, Seth's dream college, because "most importantly, it's 3,000 miles away". Summer decided that if she got into Brown and Seth didn't, she would not attend because she wanted to be with him. Summer got in and Seth did not, but he lied and told her he did because he didn't want her to pass up Brown, which led to their breakup. When he visited Brown, Seth came across Anna and she helped him get an interview for the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). In the season finale, Seth surprised Summer with his acceptance to RISD for the spring semester, and they reunited. They happily graduated from high school, but things got difficult when Marissa died in a car accident.

Season 4
As the story continued six months later, Seth worked at a comic-book store and had problems with Summer, who turned from materialistic gossip into a tree-hugging Vegan (who later protested against poverty at a Thanksgiving meal at the Cohens) at college and would not answer his phone calls. He left long messages on her answering-machine. When they met in Newport, Summer acted cold towards him. After a visit from Taylor, Summer realized that she was isolating Seth because she couldn't deal with what was in Newport - the memory of Marissa. She visited home for Thanksgiving, and Seth confronted her with this concept, which she eventually accepted, telling him via voice mail as she left to return to Brown to deal with it on her own. Though Summer came to terms with Marissa's death through therapy and seemed to return to her old self, she and Seth quickly discovered that her tree-hugging ways had left a deep imprint. Seth supported her by stepping back and giving her space to pursue her new interests; however, this made Summer realize how important Seth was in her life and their relationship grew stronger. False pretenses led to Summer's semester-long suspension from Brown just as Seth was to start at RISD, but Seth decided he would put off college until the following fall so they could return to Providence together. On the eve of the New Year, a pregnancy scare caused Seth to ask for Summer's hand in marriage. Although the scare was false, plans for their marriage remained. Later, Summer backed out of the engagement, but they were still dating. Their relationship was again questioned when Summer was offered a job at GEORGE, while Seth had nothing set for him. When Newport was struck with an earthquake, they barely escape a collapsing streetlight and the Cohens, whose house was destroyed, cram together with Julie and Kaitlin Cooper at Summer's house. For the next six months, Seth was in limbo and Summer challenges him to find something he is passionate about and pursue it. She accepted the offer from GEORGE but promises to stay in contact. The series concluded four years later in "The End's Not Near, It's Here" with the couple getting married in a Jewish ceremony, with Ryan serving as best man.

Reception
Upon the show's premiere, Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of MSNBC described Ryan and Seth's friendship as "the most promising plot".

At the start of the second season, The New York Times wrote that "the relationship between the men is the show's emotional centerpiece."

As of 2004, Seth was named one of the 10 best current characters by Zap2it, writing: "The gangly Adam Brody effortlessly delivers his hilarious and sweetly sarcastic lines. He's positively delightful and brings a level of humor not often seen on prime time soaps. Heck, even his wardrobe is a hoot."

In 2004, he was nominated for Choice Breakout Male TV Star and Choice TV Actor - Drama/Action Adventure, losing the former to Chad Michael Murray of One Tree Hill and winning the latter.

In 2005, he won two awards for Choice TV Actor - Drama/Action Adventure and Choice TV Chemistry with Rachel Bilson who played Summer Roberts.

In 2006, he won again the Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor - Drama/Action Adventure.

In 2009, he was voted the "Best Son" in Zap2it first poll of the best television characters in the 2000s.

For his portrayal of Seth, Brody earned several Teen Choice Awards throughout the show's run.

title: Seth Cohen


text:
Wikipedia talk:Press releases/May 2004

Press release: Wikipedia wins 8th Annual Webby Award for Best Community
Originally at the village pump

I think we should have a press release to announce our Webby Award success. I've started one at Press releases/May 2004. Please add to it. Other sites such as Google and the BBC have made press releases when they have won in the past, so I feel it's important we do too. We haven't had one for over three months, and the last one received little attention in the outside world. Perhaps this one will have more of an effect. Angela. 17:03, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I don't feel in the mood to write PR copy right now (I actually have in the past), but I left some things I could see adding on the talk page. Niteowlneils 01:46, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

This has been five days now. Should it be sent? Or is there not enough interest to bring it up to a sendable standard? Angela. 19:35, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I look at it and find myself at a loss -- how to describe community practices? And I think all the work we went to last time sending out PRs only to get virtually zero response makes it harder to get pepped up. :-)  What work needs to be done to get it in shape -- does it need all the expansion it currently indicates, or will it be fine with simply some quotes from Jimmy and a little expansion in key areas? Jwrosenzweig 19:42, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Part of this is that the idea is that the Webby should be a publicity boost to us in itself. With the weight that the award has.

 * I think the normal wikipedia editing practise is very poorly suited to editing a press release. We wan't to make it express a pointed crisp viewpoint; ours. And we want it to be a stylistically uniform polished text. Not a work in progress, nor NPOV.

 * Having a clear person whose responsibility it is to deal with public relations in general, would be a very good idea. I can envision the Board of Trustees appointing a Public Relations Officer pretty soon after they start their work.

 * Also, personally I think our press releases should be about us, not about what others think of us, but that is a personal leaning. -- Cimon 16:50, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

end of moved village pump discussion

Shameless self promotion
Maybe it's just me, but my head hurts when I to try to go from NPOV mode to shameless self promotion, PR mode. Fuzheado 00:29, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Ideas

 * I don't feel like writing it, at least at the moment, but there's probably something to be said about Meetup/http://wikipedia.meetup.com/. Also, maybe get more specific about consensus, especially in contrast to the more common 'majority rules'. Oh, and #wikipedia. Possibly work in Jimbo's upcoming European tour. Niteowlneils 01:43, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Jimbo's European PR tour I can see, the rest gets just too wordy for an article about an award. Someone being introduced doesn't need to know too many details, or that some Wikipedians are saying hi to each other, though that would be more relevant with a win in the Community category. -- user:zanimum

 * Shouldn't there be a link to something about the GNU Free Documentation License? A lot of readers of the press realease would likely had never heard of it before. I would "edit boldly", but this is a press release, so I'm feeling a bit timid. ;-) Khym Chanur 01:56, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's only a draft press release, so be bold. :) Angela. 07:52, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

Unlike the rest of Wikimedia's content, the text of this press release is placed into the public domain.

Just before the release of the last one, I managed to convince mav that this last line is unhelpful as it gives a misleading impression that the content is not free (the nuance will be lost on rapid-reading editors). Can we change it (or perhaps simply remove it) this time? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I removed it. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:59, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

I don't know if this is a useful factoid, but we are coming close to getting ten million hits on google. -- 213.243.182.62 05:06, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Will this evetually make it to meta so that other language Wikipedias can copy and translate it? Dori | Talk 21:44, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's linked to from meta. I just thought that it would get more attention here, but it hasn't had a great deal anyway. I don't see why the other languages can't have their own version. It's not like they have to translate the English one, so I didn't feel it needed to be on Meta as other languages could develop independently from this one. Angela. 01:54, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I just had some thought of ant feeling left out and being depressed again :) Dori | Talk 04:08, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

Five word acceptance speech
So has anyone given any thought to what we should have as the five word acceptance speech? It would be appropriate to determine the five words by wiki means. Fuzheado 00:14, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Last year's acceptance speeches show they are often related to the sites, rather than to the awards themselves ("Read all views -- Google News" for example), so we could have something like "You can edit this page". Angela. 01:04, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Angela, I like that. I was also thinking of "neutral point of view works" Fuzheado 01:12, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I would definitely go with "You can edit this page". It communicates more to people who haven't actually explored Wikipedia yet, while talking about neutral point of view assumes at least a little prior knowledge of what we're doing here. --Michael Snow 17:13, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Or mabey, "Edit this Acceptance Speech, please". Although "You can edit this page" will work extremly well too. KirbyMeister 14:19, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem is that with MediaWiki 1.3, it appears "Edit this page" no longer is a button or phrase that is used. There is only an "Edit" tab, which I think is less obvious. Fuzheado | Talk 22:53, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No longer true - Centrx 17:57, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * "Neutrality of acceptance speech disputed." is really, REALLY funny! KirbyMeister 17:46, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Acceptance speech suggestions

 * "You can edit this page"
 * "Neutral point of view works"
 * "One big cyber ant colony"
 * "Harnessing the power of perverts" (er, inside joke re: Bomis and Wikipedia)
 * "Edit this page right now"
 * "The best encyclopedia bar none"
 * "Half million pages and counting"
 * "Donate; We need more servers"
 * "An encyclopedia in fifty languages"
 * "Wikipedia kicks Britannica's scrawny ass"
 * "sp fmt rm tyop lk"
 * "Open source is the way"
 * "Open source encyclopedia; editors everywhere"
 * "Wikipedia - everything you ever needia"
 * "Wikipedia - nothing rhymes with it"
 * "We don't do short entries"
 * "You, too, can help write"
 * "Information wants to be Free!"
 * "A great encyclopedia and community"
 * "Freedom of Information Art Squared" Neutrality 02:08, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * "Revert b/c award is POV" Neutrality 02:09, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * "1,000,000 editor-hours -- thank you!!"
 * "To our 50,000 editors: Bravo!"
 * "Edit this free encyclo pedia"
 * "This speech is a stub."
 * "Neutrality of acceptance speech disputed."

So, what happened?
Well, is the press release now ready to be press released? Or is it just that everyone's just so excited about the new servers and stuff that everyone forgot about it? --Vikingstad 22:44, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

Copyedits

 * "...competing against sites such as Friendster and Livejournal.com..."

This use of the "such as", introducing samples of a class, relates Friendster and Livejournal as examples of "sites", so putting Dictionary.com in here would be as valid as including the other actually nominated community sites, whereas "like" relates Friendster and Livejournal as one of some "sites" that are similar to Wikipedia. In other words, here are the full meanings of the two cases, as they would stand. The first is "...competing against sites such as Friendster and Livejournal.com...", the last is ""...competing against sites like Friendster and Livejournal.com...":

 * Wikipedia announced today that it had won a Webby Award for Best Community. It competed against websites, examples of which are Dictionary.com and Yahoo!.

 * Wikipedia announced today that it had won a Webby Award for Best Community. It competed against other community-oriented sites like Friendster and Livejournal.

A way to use "such as" so that the meaning is correctly that of the latter example would be as follows:

 * Wikipedia announced today that it had won a Webby Award for Best Community, competing against other community-oriented sites, such as Friendster and Livejournal.

However, this is redundant because, if Wikipedia is competing in the Best Community category then the other sites are of course community-oriented, so using "such as" would not be appropriate. As for like, the range of similitude includes sameness proper. It does not so strictly mean that, because Wikipedia competed against sites "like" Friendster and Livejournal, it could not have competed against those very sites. Using "like" in this way may not be the best construction, but it is better than using "such as" in this way. So, if there's a better construction, go for it.

As for comprising, in this sense it means more "include", "comprehend", or "contain", which are all faces of the same coin. The key is, though, that it overwhelmingly means the action of containing, rather than the fact of there being containment. So, "...a diverse organization comprising nearly five hundred leading experts..." would be one which is currently embracing or containing within it five hundred experts. A discourse comprises some subject of study; walls comprise parts of a fort; a Wikipedian comprises facts in an article. But, in the sense "to be composed of" or "to consist of", the passive sense is proper. For instance, here are two examples from the OED: "Many of these words are comprised of monemes.", "The voluntary boards of management, comprised..of very zealous and able laymen." Upon further consideration, however, I think that it would be better to remove the comprising entirely, and replace it with, simply: "...a diverse organization of nearly five hundred leading experts...".
 * - Centrx 23:06, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Press releases/May 2004


text:
VFW (disambiguation)

VFW is an initialism for Veterans of Foreign Wars, a U.S. war veterans' organization.

VFW may also refer to:

 * Vancouver Fashion Week, an event in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke, a former German aerospace manufacturer
 * VFW-Fokker GmbH, a joint venture of Fokker and Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke
 * Veterans of Foreign Wars Parkway (VFW Parkway), a major road in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Veterans of Future Wars, an American satirical political organization, founded and disbanded in 1936
 * VFW (film), a 2019 thriller film by Joe Begos
 * VFW Club, a historic building in Hamilton, Montana, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
 * Video for Windows, a video-editing program for Microsoft Windows

title: VFW (disambiguation)