text:
Talk:Day for Night (The Tragically Hip album)

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text: Talk:Trouble at the Henhouse

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title: Talk:Trouble at the Henhouse


text: Talk:Phantom Power (disambiguation)

title: Talk:Phantom Power (disambiguation)


text:
Burwell B. Bell III

Burwell Baxter Bell III (born April 9, 1947) is a retired United States Army four-star general.

Early life and education
Bell was born and raised in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the son of Burwell B. Bell, Jr. His father was a West Point graduate who worked in government nuclear facilities at Oak Ridge. Bell is the great-great-grandson of Arkansas Governor Henry Massie Rector and Mississippi governor and senator James L. Alcorn. He graduated from Oak Ridge High School in 1965 and played high school football for the "Wildcats". In 1969 he graduated from the University of Chattanooga (now the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga), where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity, with a degree in Business Administration. As a Distinguished Military Graduate of the university's ROTC Program, Bell was commissioned in the United States Army in June 1969 as an Armor/Tank second lieutenant. Later, he received a Master of Science in Systems Management from the University of Southern California. Over the years, Bell also received Honorary Doctorate Degrees from the University of Maryland, University College; Keimyung University, South Korea; and the University of Tennessee.

Military career
During his military service, Bell completed the United States Army Armor School, Armor Officer Basic and Advanced Courses, United States Army Command and General Staff College, and the National War College. He also completed the army's Ranger School where he was awarded the Ranger Tab.

From 1969 to 1972, Bell spent his initial assignment in the Army with the 3d Squadron, 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Bad Hersfeld, West Germany. During this initial three-year period of service during the Cold War, he led units patrolling the Iron Curtain between East and West Germany.

During his 39-year active duty career, Bell's command positions included L Troop, 3d Squadron, 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment; D troop, 5th Reconnaissance Squadron; the 2nd Squadron, 9th Cavalry, 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized); and the 24th Infantry Division's 2nd Brigade Combat Team.

In 1994 Bell served as a Senior Military Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City, and has since been selected as a serving member on the council. Bell deployed as General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.'s Executive Officer in Desert Shield and Desert Storm; and later served as Chief of Staff, USAREUR Forward Headquarters, Taszar, Hungary during Operation Joint Endeavor in the Balkans.

From June 1995 through August 1996 and as a brigadier general, Bell served as an Assistant Division Commander in both the 3d and 1st Infantry Divisions located at Warner Barracks in Bamberg, Germany.

From August 1996 to July 1999 Bell served as Chief of Staff of V Corps, and as Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations and subsequently Chief of Staff, United States Army, Europe and Seventh United States Army.

As a major general Bell commanded the United States Army Armor Center and Fort Knox from July 1999 through August 2001 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. As a lieutenant general, Bell commanded the Army's III Corps from August 2001 to November 2002, headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. Following Corps Command, Bell was promoted to four-star general and commanded the United States Army, Europe and 7th Army, as well as NATO's Land Component Command, Heidelberg, Germany. On completion of his command assignments in Europe, in 2006 Bell was reassigned to South Korea where he commanded U.S. Forces, Korea, the Korea—U.S. Combined Forces Command, and the United Nations Command.

He retired from the Army in 2008.

Bell's staff positions included service as an ROTC instructor at Texas Tech University; Force Plans Analyst for the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans in the Pentagon; and Joint Staff Officer responsible for the Unified Command Plan in the J5, Joint Chiefs of Staff, also in the Pentagon. Additionally, he was a tank battalion Operations Officer in Korea and the Chief of Staff of 3rd Infantry Division in Würzburg, Germany.

Personal life
Bell endorsed Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump in 2016.

title: Burwell B. Bell III


text: Talk:Music @ Work

title: Talk:Music @ Work


text:
Talk:In Violet Light

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Wengen (disambiguation)

Wengen is a village and winter resort in Switzerland.

Wengen may also refer to:

Places

 * Wengen railway station, Switzerland
 * La Val (Wengen), a commune in South Tyrol, Italy
 * a village in the municipality of Weitnau im Allgäu, Germany
 * a village in the municipality of Dießen am Ammersee in Bavaria, Germany

People

 * Gu Wengen (born 1946), Chinese retired vice-admiral
 * Liang Wengen (born 1956), Chinese billionaire entrepreneur

title: Wengen (disambiguation)


text:
Pirandello

Pirandello is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Fausto Pirandello (1899–1975), Italian painter, son of Luigi
 * Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936), Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer
 * Stefano Pirandello (1895–1972), Italian dramatist and writer, son of Luigi

title: Pirandello


text:
Talk:John Williams (disambiguation)

Me
I have removed "John Williams, (1988-present),Me". "Me" was technically inaccurate, as my name was not John Williams, and I'm not from Orrville. -- Oliver P. 19:04, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Disambig/Composer
Does anyone else think that John Williams (composer) should be here, and make this page into John Williams (disambiguation)? Nearly all the Google results are for the composer. National Parks [[User_talk:Nationalparks|(talk)]] 07:21, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Just spent some time tidying the links to this page.  Currently we have over 250 links to John Williams the composer, less than fifty for the guitarist and just over fifty for this page itself (closer to twenty if you ignore the links from user space and talk pages.  By a large margin the composer John Williams seems to be the most notable.  AlistairMcMillan 19:56, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll leave this for a week. If no one disagrees I'll move the pages and fix all the links next weekend.  AlistairMcMillan 19:58, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I just went ahead and added it. Fantumphool (talk) 18:13, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:John Williams which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:44, 21 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Closed, as request withdrawn after discussion. . . dave souza, talk 08:05, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Divisions
I don't understand why you would have an entire division labeled "People" when there are only one or two other divisions, each with one item. When readers see a name, they know that usually means "people". They don't have to be told. Why not divide by subject like all the other disambig pages on Wikipedia? Vmavanti (talk) 19:56, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Williams (disambiguation)


text:
Joseph Wolpe

Joseph Wolpe (20 April 1915 in Johannesburg, South Africa – 4 December 1997 in Los Angeles) was a South African psychiatrist and one of the most influential figures in behavior therapy.

Wolpe grew up in South Africa, attending Parktown Boys' High School and obtaining his MD from the University of the Witwatersrand.

In 1956, Wolpe was awarded a Ford Fellowship and spent a year at Stanford University in the Center for Behavioral Sciences, subsequently returning to South Africa but permanently moving to the United States in 1960 when he accepted a position at the University of Virginia.

In 1965, Wolpe accepted a position at Temple University.

One of the most influential experiences in Wolpe's life was when he enlisted in the South African army as a medical officer. Wolpe was entrusted to treat soldiers who were diagnosed with what was then called "war neurosis" but today is known as post traumatic stress disorder. The mainstream treatment of the time for soldiers was based on psychoanalytic theory, and involved exploring the trauma while taking a hypnotic agent – so-called narcotherapy. It was believed that having the soldiers talk about their repressed experiences openly would effectively cure their neurosis. However, this was not the case. It was this lack of successful treatment outcomes that forced Wolpe, once a dedicated follower of Freud, to question psychoanalytic therapy and search for more effective treatment options. Wolpe is most well known for his reciprocal inhibition techniques, particularly systematic desensitization, which revolutionized behavioral therapy. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Wolpe as the 53rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century, an impressive accomplishment accentuated by the fact that Wolpe was a psychiatrist.

Reciprocal inhibition
In Wolpe's search for a more effective way in treating anxiety he developed different reciprocal inhibition techniques, utilizing assertiveness training. Reciprocal inhibition can be defined as anxiety being inhibited by a feeling or response that is not compatible with the feeling of anxiety. Wolpe first started using eating as a response to inhibited anxiety in the laboratory cats. He would offer them food while presenting a conditioned fear stimulus. After his experiments in the laboratory he applied reciprocal inhibition to his clients in the form of assertiveness training. The idea behind assertiveness training was that you could not be angry or aggressive while simultaneously assertive at same time. Importantly, Wolpe believed that these techniques would lessen the anxiety producing association. Assertiveness training proved especially useful for clients who had anxiety about social situations. However, assertiveness training did have a potential flaw in the sense that it could not be applied to other kinds of phobias. Wolpe's use of reciprocal inhibition led to his discovery of systematic desensitization. He believed that facing your fears did not always result in overcoming them but rather lead to frustration. According to Wolpe, the key to overcoming fears was "by degrees". This idea was not necessarily original to Wolpe as a similar concept was discussed in works of Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, who lived about 1000 years earlier.

Systematic desensitization
Systematic desensitization is what Wolpe is most famous for. Systematic desensitization is when the client is exposed to the anxiety-producing stimulus at a low level, and once no anxiety is present a stronger version of the anxiety-producing stimulus is given. This continues until the individual client no longer feels any anxiety towards the stimulus. There are three main steps in using systematic desensitization, following development of a proper case formulation or what Wolpe originally called, "behavior analysis". The first step is to teach the client relaxation techniques.

Wolpe received the idea of relaxation from Edmund Jacobson, modifying his muscle relaxation techniques to take less time. Wolpe's rationale was that one cannot be both relaxed and anxious at the same time. The second step is for the client and the therapist to create a hierarchy of anxieties. The therapist normally has the client make a list of all the things that produce anxiety in all its different forms. Then together, with the therapist, the client makes a hierarchy, starting with what produces the lowest level of anxiety to what produces the most anxiety. Next is to have the client be fully relaxed while imaging the anxiety producing stimulus. Depending on what their reaction is, whether they feel no anxiety or a great amount of anxiety, the stimulus will then be changed to a stronger or weaker one. Systematic desensitization, though successful, has flaws as well. The patient may give misleading hierarchies, have trouble relaxing, or not be able to adequately imagine the scenarios. Despite this possible flaw, it seems to be most successful.

Achievements
Wolpe's effect on behavioral therapy is long-lasting and extensive. He received many awards for his work in behavioral science. His awards included the American Psychological Associations Distinguished Scientific Award, the Psi Chi Distinguished Member Award, and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, where he was the second president. In addition to these awards, Wolpe's alma mater, University of Witwatersrand, awarded him an honorary doctor of science degree in 1986. Furthermore, Wolpe was a prolific writer, some of his most famous books include, The Practice of Behavior Therapy and Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Joseph Wolpe's dedication to psychology is clear in his involvement in the psychology community, a month before his death he was attending conferences and giving lectures at Pepperdine University even though he was retired. Moreover, his theories have lasted well beyond his death.

Wolpe developed the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) for assessing the level of subjective discomfort or psychological pain. He also created the Subjective Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Fear Survey Plan that are used in behavior research and therapy.

Wolpe died in 1997 of mesothelioma.

title: Joseph Wolpe


text: User talk:146.95.224.105

title: User talk:146.95.224.105


text:
Talk:Mixing and blending (audio)

This page should still be at Mixing and blending, given that there is no other "mixing and blending" topic and thus no need for disambiguation. See: Disambiguation. Hyacinth 19:06, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mixing and blending (audio)


text:
Web traffic

Web traffic is the data sent and received by visitors to a website. Since the mid-1990s, web traffic has been the largest portion of Internet traffic. Sites monitor the incoming and outgoing traffic to see which parts or pages of their site are popular and if there are any apparent trends, such as one specific page being viewed mostly by people in a particular country. There are many ways to monitor this traffic, and the gathered data is used to help structure sites, highlight security problems or indicate a potential lack of bandwidth.

Not all web traffic is welcomed. Some companies offer advertising schemes that, in return for increased web traffic (visitors), pay for screen space on the site.

Sites also often aim to increase their web traffic through inclusion on search engines and through search engine optimization.

Analysis
Web analytics is the measurement of the behavior of visitors to a website. In a commercial context, it especially refers to the measurement of which aspects of the website work towards the business objectives of Internet marketing initiatives; for example, which landing pages encourage people to make a purchase.

Control
The amount of traffic seen by a website is a measure of its popularity. By analyzing the statistics of visitors, it is possible to see shortcomings of the site and look to improve those areas. It is also possible to increase the popularity of a site and the number of people that visit it.

Limiting access
It is sometimes important to protect some parts of a site by password, allowing only authorized people to visit particular sections or pages.

Some site administrators have chosen to block their page to specific traffic, such as by geographic location. The re-election campaign site for U.S. President George W. Bush (GeorgeWBush.com) was blocked to all internet users outside of the U.S. on 25 October 2004 after a reported attack on the site.

It is also possible to limit access to a web server both based on the number of connections and the bandwidth expended by each connection.

From search engines
The majority of website traffic is driven by search engines. Millions of people use search engines every day to research various topics, buy products, and go about their daily surfing activities. Search engines use keywords to help users find relevant information, and each of the major search engines has developed a unique algorithm to determine where websites are placed within the search results. When a user clicks on one of the listings in the search results, they are directed to the corresponding website and data is transferred from the website's server, thus counting the visitors towards the overall flow of traffic to that website.

Search engine optimization (SEO), is the ongoing practice of optimizing a website to help improve its rankings in the search engines. Several internal and external factors are involved which can help improve a site's listing within the search engines. The higher a site ranks within the search engines for a particular keyword, the more traffic it will receive.

Increasing traffic
Web traffic can be increased by the placement of a site in search engines and the purchase of advertising, including bulk e-mail, pop-up ads, and in-page advertisements.

Web traffic can also be purchased through web traffic providers that can deliver targeted traffic.

Web traffic can be increased not only by attracting more visitors to a site, but also by encouraging individual visitors to "linger" on the site, viewing many pages in a visit. (see Outbrain for an example of this practice)

If a web page is not listed in the first pages of any search, the odds of someone finding it diminishes greatly (especially if there is other competition on the first page). Very few people go past the first page, and the percentage that go to subsequent pages is substantially lower. Consequently, getting proper placement on search engines, a practice known as SEO, is as important as the website itself.

Traffic overload
Too much web traffic can dramatically slow down or prevent all access to a website. This is caused by more file requests going to the server than it can handle and may be an intentional attack on the site or simply caused by over-popularity. Large-scale websites with numerous servers can often cope with the traffic required, and it is more likely that smaller services are affected by traffic overload. Sudden traffic load may also hang your server or may result in a shutdown of your services.

Denial of service attacks
Denial-of-service attacks (DoS attacks) have forced websites to close after a malicious attack, flooding the site with more requests than it could cope with. Viruses have also been used to coordinate large-scale distributed denial-of-service attacks.

Sudden popularity
A sudden burst of publicity may accidentally cause a web traffic overload. A news item in the media, a quickly propagating email, or a link from a popular site may cause such a boost in visitors (sometimes called a flash crowd or the Slashdot effect).

Fake traffic
Interactive Advertising Bureau estimated in 2014 that around one third of Web traffic is generated by Internet bots and malware.

Traffic encryption
According to Mozilla since January 2017, more than half of the Web traffic is encrypted with HTTPS. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, and it secures information and data transfer between a user's browser and a website.

title: Web traffic


text:
Wengen

Wengen is a mountain village in the Bernese Oberland of central Switzerland. Located in the canton of Bern at an elevation of 1274 m above sea level, it is part of the Jungfrauregion and has approximately 1,300 year-round residents, which swells to 5,000 during summer and to 10,000 in the winter. Wengen hosts the classic Lauberhorn ski races of the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in January.

History
Wengen was first mentioned in official documents in 1268, and the origin of the name is unknown.

Primarily an alpine farming community, the village began to be visited by tourists in the early 19th century. Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley's History of a Six Weeks' Tour and Byron's Manfred, in which the scenery of the area is described, were published in 1817. This literature became the advent of the modern tourism industry for the village. Felix Mendelssohn, to whom there is a memorial above the village, also visited in the early nineteenth century.

Guesthouses and hotels began to be built in the mid-19th century, with the opening of the Launerhaus in 1859, with accommodation for 30 guests, and in 1880 the Pension Wengen was available to 100 guests. The building and opening of the Wengernalpbahn in the 1890s made the village more accessible to tourists who previously had to walk up the steep slopes to the alpine village, opening the area for an expansion of tourism and the beginning of the ski industry.

In the early 20th century, British tourists started ski-clubs in the area, beginning in the nearby village of Mürren. By 1903 Wengen had an Anglican Church and two years later, Sir Henry Lunn formed the Public Schools Alpine Sports Club with Wengen as a destination ski area for the members. A British Methodist minister, Lunn first visited the area to organize a meeting of Protestant churches in nearby Grindelwald where he learned about winter sports such as skiing. He returned to the area in 1896 with his son Arnold, who quickly learned to ski, and both father and son realized the potential in the future of winter sports. The club was established a few years later. Members of the Public Schools Alpine Sports Club were required to have attended an English public school or one of the "older universities". Wengen's Curling Club was established in 1911.

The first ski races were held in the early 1920s with the British downhill championship held in 1921; the following year a ski race was held between Oxford and Cambridge. These events were the first to have downhill races as opposed to Nordic races, which were held in other Swiss resorts. In Wengen, skiers requested use of the train system for access to the slopes; for some years trains were the earliest ski-lifts in the area. Arnold Lunn used the natural terrain of the mountains for the courses; the downhill event followed the slopes above Wengen and was called the "straight down": skiers went straight down the mountain. Also during this period, Lunn invented, and introduced in Wengen, the first slalom race, in which skiers followed the terrain through the trees, replaced with ski gates in later years. These events are considered the birth of modern ski racing and Alpine skiing.

From August 1944 to the end of World War II, Wengen served as a sort of open-air internment camp for allied prisoners, mostly US bomber crews. Since the only practical way in or out of Wengen was via the cog railway, it was difficult for internees to escape.

Churches
Wengen has three churches; Protestant English and Swiss and Roman Catholic.

The Swiss church was rebuilt in the 1950s and overlooks the Lauterbrunnen Valley.

English churches were established during the nineteenth century in nearby Grindelwald, Meiringen, and Murren. By 1912, Anglican services were taking place in Wengen's Swiss church twice on Sundays. Desiring their own building, the Continental & Colonial Church Society erected a new English church, which was consecrated on 15 January 1928 by the Bishop of Fulham. The building is on the road formerly leading to the Mannlichen cable car lift. The new cable car station is however nearer the centre of Wengen. St Bernard's has been used for over 90 years for Sunday services and occasional offices, such as the memorial in 1949 for Anthony Carrick, a schoolboy who died in the mountains. The congregation in 1954 was described as consisting 'of people from many parts of the British Commonwealth and America as well as English-speaking Continentals'. The congregation continues to be diverse.

The Roman Catholic church stands adjacent to the Falken Hotel and has a distinctive onion dome. Mass is celebrated on most Sundays in-season.

Politics
Together with villages of Mürren, Isenfluh, Gimmelwald, Stechelberg and Lauterbrunnen, Wengen forms the political commune of Lauterbrunnen.

Transport
There are generally no roads to Wengen/Mürren. It is one of very few car-free resort villages in Europe, although there are a few service vehicles, local farm vehicles, electric vehicles for taxiing to and from the railway station. This creates a tranquil atmosphere throughout the village and reduces traffic noise. For ecological reasons other resorts are considering following the car-free example. Across the Lauterbrunnen valley, Mürren, too, is largely car free.

Wengen is serviced by the Rack railway system Wengernalpbahn (WAB), and the village is accessible directly from Lauterbrunnen, or by train from Grindelwald via Kleine Scheidegg, as well as by a series of gondola lifts from Grindelwald via Mannlichen. In Kleine Scheidegg, the mountain pass at the foot of the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau, passengers must disembark and change trains to travel down to Grindelwald and Grund. The rail service from Lauterbrunnen to Wengen railway station runs daily from early in the morning until very late at night and is the most intensively operated section of the Wengernalpbahn. There are approximately 40 services between Lauterbrunnen to Wengen every day. Each service may consist of up to 4 separate trains, running closely behind each other because during busy periods, the scheduled train can be followed by additional trains as necessary, optimizing capacity The uphill journey takes around 14 minutes, and the downhill journey takes 17 minutes. The downhill services take longer because they arrive at the midpoint passing place below Wengwald slightly earlier than the uphill services, allowing the uphill services to pass them and proceed to Wengen without stopping. All trains now use the less steep but slightly longer route via Wengwald. The old route runs across the footpath to Wengen. It was used for freight transport after the new route was created, but has since been abandoned. All freight is delivered by rail from Lauterbrunnen into a depot underneath the passenger railway station, and refuse is returned from the village also by rail. Every day one or two goods trains goes from Lauterbrunnen to Wengen and back carrying large items such as furniture.

The cable car Luftseilbahn Wengen-Männlichen operates seasonally. The view from the tram and from Männlichen above, affords clear vistas of Wengen and much of Lauterbrunnen Valley and small villages.

Recreation
Wengen hosts the internationally well-known Lauberhorn ski races, and it is on the route of the Jungfrau Marathon.

The classic ski races have been held in Wengen since 1930, and traditionally consist of a downhill, a slalom, and a combined event. In addition to being one of the technically most challenging downhill races, the Lauberhorn is the longest race in the FIS World Cup circuit and arguably the most scenic. The top racers complete the 4.455 km run in about 2½ minutes and the top speeds reached at Haneggschuss are the highest on the circuit, approaching 160 km/h a half-minute prior to the finish.

Culture
A special cultural feature of Wengen is the so-called "Pfeifende Lurch" (German for "whistling amphibian"). It is a legendary creature from myths and tales that only exists in Wengen.

title: Wengen


text: User talk:64.65.188.14

title: User talk:64.65.188.14


text:
Phantom Power (The Tragically Hip album)

Phantom Power is the sixth studio album by the Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. The album was released in 1998. It won the 1999 Juno Awards for Best Rock Album and Best Album Design.

Songs
The album's first single, "Poets", reached #1 on RPM's alternative chart, and stayed #1 for 12 weeks straight, longer than any other song in the history of that chart.

"Bobcaygeon" was also released as a single, and won the Juno Award for Single of the Year in 2000. It has since become recognized as one of the band's most enduring and beloved signature songs.

The song "Escape Is at Hand for the Travellin' Man" is a tribute to Jim Ellison of Material Issue. The band recorded the song "Something On" while stuck in the studio during the ice storm of 1998.

Commercial performance
Phantom Power debuted at No. 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart with 108,000 units sold. The album has been certified triple platinum in Canada. By February 1999, the album had sold more than 400,000 copies in Canada. Between 1996 and 2016, Phantom Power was the seventh best-selling album by a Canadian band in Canada.

Reissue
In August 2023, the band announced the release of a 25th anniversary box set edition of the album, set for November 23, 2023. Along with remastered versions of the original album's songs, the anniversary edition will also feature a two-disc live set performed at the Metropol in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1998, five outtakes not included on the original album, and seven alternate versions of songs on the album.

Track listing
All songs were written by The Tragically Hip.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

The Tragically Hip
 * Gord Downie – lead vocals
 * Rob Baker – lead guitar
 * Paul Langlois – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Gord Sinclair – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Johnny Fay – drums

Additional musicians
 * Steve Berlin - keyboards, flute, percussion
 * Bob Egan - lap steel, pedal steel, mandolin

Production
 * Steve Berlin - Producer
 * Mark Vreeken - Recording, Mixing
 * Don Smith - Mixing
 * Jim Rondinelli - Mixing
 * Stephen Marcussen - Mastering
 * Andrew McLachlan and Brock Ostrom - Art direction
 * Bernard Clark and David Ajax - Photography


text:
The Ultimate Foe

The Ultimate Foe is the fourth and final serial of the larger narrative known as The Trial of a Time Lord which encompasses the whole of the 23rd season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was first broadcast in two weekly parts on BBC1 on 29 November and 6 December 1986. This segment is also cited in some reference works under its working title of Time Incorporated (or Time Inc.). The title The Ultimate Foe is never used on-screen and was first used in relation to these episodes for the 1988 novelisation, with the two episodes that comprise the serial being referred to as The Trial of a Time Lord Parts Thirteen and Fourteen. This was the last story to feature Colin Baker as the Sixth Doctor, as Baker declined to do the regeneration (when he was dismissed from the role) for the following story, Time and the Rani.

In the serial, continuing from the events of Terror of the Vervoids, the genocide charges against the alien time traveller the Sixth Doctor for destroying the Vervoids are interrupted by the Doctor's enemy the Master (Anthony Ainley), who seeks to have the Doctor and his prosecutor the Valeyard (Michael Jayston) destroy one another in the virtual micro-universe the Matrix, and to create a power vacuum where the High Council of the Time Lords is deposed so the Master can take command.

Plot
The Sixth Doctor boldly claims the Valeyard's evidence has been falsified, and the Matrix has been tampered with. The Keeper of the Matrix insists this is impossible. Glitz and Mel arrive unexpectedly in the courtroom. The Master appears on the Matrix screen to claim responsibility and to demonstrate it's possible to breach the Matrix. At the Master's insistence, Glitz reveals the data he tried to obtain on Ravolox included technological secrets from the Matrix, which was stolen by the Sleepers. The Time Lords traced the Sleepers to their base on Earth and dragged the planet across space to the location in which the Doctor found it, nearly annihilating all life on the planet in the process. The Doctor denounces the Time Lords as decadent and corrupt. The Master explains that the Valeyard is a manifestation of the Doctor's darker side "somewhere between [the Doctor's] twelfth and final incarnation"; the High Council offered the Valeyard the Doctor's remaining regenerations in exchange for falsifying evidence.

When the Doctor demands to halt the trial as he cannot be both the defendant and prosecutor, the Valeyard flees into the Matrix, a virtual reality where normal logic does not apply. The Doctor pursues with Glitz, emerging next to a building labelled "The Fantasy Factory (proprietor: J. J. Chambers)". A clerk named Mr. Popplewick sends them to a deserted wasteland. To the Doctor's horror, hands emerge from the ground and grab him, dragging him underground. Glitz is unable to rescue him, but the Doctor rises from the ground unharmed, insisting correctly that nothing that happens in the Matrix is real. The Valeyard appears and taunts the Doctor before unleashing nerve gas, forcing the Doctor and Glitz to take refuge in a run-down cottage. As they stumble inside, it dematerialises – it is the Master's TARDIS.

The Master reveals that he wishes the Doctor to prevail over the Valeyard, since he fears the Valeyard's ability to defeat him. He puts the Doctor into a catatonic state and sends him out of his TARDIS to lure the Valeyard out of hiding. The Valeyard emerges onto a balcony, but fires upon the Master, forcing him to flee. Mel emerges from a tunnel and the Doctor, recognising her voice, emerges from his trance. She leads him out of the Matrix and into the trial room. They agree that she should tell the truth, and she confirms to the court that the scenes of the Vervoids' destruction, the basis of the Valeyard's charge of genocide, are as she witnessed them. The Inquisitor finds the Doctor guilty and declares that his life is forfeit. He accepts the verdict as the fulfilment of justice and is led off to execution.

However, this is another illusion. Mel is frantic that the Doctor needs help, grabbing the Keeper's key and entering the Matrix. She finds the Doctor and warns him – but he had already realised the courtroom was a fake and merely wished to reach a final confrontation with the Valeyard. Bribed by the Master, Glitz returns to the Fantasy Factory; he finds the master tape of the data he thought was destroyed on Ravolox. Glitz escapes with the data to the Master's TARDIS, while the Doctor asks Popplewick for Chambers; Popplewick doesn't comply. The Doctor and Mel lay hold of him, and the Doctor peels away his face to reveal Popplewick as a disguised Valeyard. They realise that a concealed machine in the room is a particle disseminator, with which the Valeyard plans to murder the members of the court.

The Inquisitor learns the High Council has been deposed. The Master appears on the Matrix screen to offer to impose order in return for power. He loads Glitz's master tape into his TARDIS systems, but a booby-trap is triggered, paralysing him and Glitz. Mel emerges from the Matrix to warn the Time Lords. They cannot turn off the Matrix screen, but the Doctor sabotages the Valeyard's weapon and the Fantasy Factory explodes; he flees the Matrix, back to the courtroom. The Inquisitor drops the charges against him and reveals that Peri survived the events on Thoros Beta and became Yrcanos's queen. She urges the Doctor to stand for Lord President of the new Council, but he suggests she should stand. He urges the Time Lords to be lenient towards Glitz, while he returns Mel back to her proper time.

As the Inquisitor leaves the trial room, she gives instructions to the Keeper of the Matrix. As he looks up at the camera, he is revealed to be the Valeyard.

Production
Robert Holmes was originally commissioned to write the two episodes. However, he died from a chronic liver ailment after completing a draft of the first and left nothing beyond a plot outline of the second. The series script editor Eric Saward resigned around this time due to disagreements with the producer, John Nathan-Turner, but agreed to write the final episode based on Holmes' outline, and also rewrite Holmes' draft to tie the two together, for which he was credited as Script Editor. Much of Holmes's original draft, involving as it did a reenactment of one of the Whitechapel Murders ascribed to Jack the Ripper, was felt to be unsuitable, and most of the material set in the Matrix in the episode credited to Holmes is in fact Saward's work. The original ending to the segment as a whole (and, indeed, the whole Trial story and possibly the series) would have seen the Doctor and the Valeyard in an inconclusive cliffhanger, both (seemingly) plunging into a void to their deaths as an extra "hook". However, Nathan-Turner felt this was too downbeat and believed that it was important that the season did not end on an inconclusive note to demonstrate the series was back in business and avoid providing an excuse for BBC management to cancel the series altogether. Saward refused to change the ending and withdrew permission to use his script very late in the day, by which point the production team had been assembled and the segment was entering rehearsals.

John Nathan-Turner commissioned Pip and Jane Baker to write a replacement final episode. For copyright reasons they could not be told anything of the content of Saward's script (and there were lawyers observing all the commissioning meetings). The only similarity between the two is the announcement that the High Council of the Time Lords have resigned, which was a natural development of the earlier scripts. The new script ended on an optimistic note, with the Doctor departing for new adventures. In keeping with this more optimistic stance, Nathan-Turner decided to amend the script at the last minute to show how Peri had not died as shown in Mindwarp but had in fact survived and became Yrcanos's warrior queen. Her apparent death was a part of the Valeyard's tampering with the Matrix. A shot from the earlier story was used to show this. Nicola Bryant was absolutely disappointed to learn how the fate of her character had been changed. The working title of this story was Time Incorporated. This title did not appear in the final scripts or on-screen.

Although the other episodes of this season were the usual 25 minutes in length, it proved impossible to edit episode 14 down to that length. Nathan-Turner applied for and received special permission for the episode to run 5 minutes over its scheduled time slot, making it 30 minutes.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Pip and Jane Baker, was published by Target Books in April 1988 as The Ultimate Foe. The Ultimate Foe was the working title for the 9th to 12th parts of the season, now generally called Terror of the Vervoids. The novel ends with an additional scene in which Mel is returned to the Doctor's future, and hints that the events of the following serial Time and the Rani took place after several other adventures and before the Sixth Doctor's regeneration.

Home media
In October 1993, this story was released on VHS as part of the three-cassette The Trial of a Time Lord set. On 29 September 2008, it was released on Region 2 DVD, similarly boxed with the other three stories of this season. This serial was scheduled to be released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in Issue 132 on 22 January 2014.

A limited edition Blu-Ray set of the series was released in October 2019 featuring optional extended versions of all 14 episodes as part of the extra features package.

Target novelisation

 * On Target – The Ultimate Foe
 * On Target – The Ultimate Foe

title: The Ultimate Foe


text:
Cobham Analytic Solutions

Cobham Analytic Solutions (formerly SPARTA, Inc.) is a United States defense contractor based in Lake Forest, California. It was started in 1979 and has more than 20 offices around the United States. The acronym, SPARTA, stood for "Systems Planning Analysis Research and Technology Associates."

Prior to its acquisition by Cobham plc, SPARTA was unusual for a U.S. defense contractor in that it was publicly held but privately traded; it was more than 98% owned by its 1,300 employees. Employees were granted stock options based on various criteria, including corporate profit and individual contribution to bringing in new business. Employees could sell stock back to the company when their options vested, at a price determined by a formula for valuing the company.

Prior to the acquisition, some benefits and company procedures were decided upon by a council of employees which met annually. Slightly fewer than one third of the representatives to the council were elected by the employees.

In June 2008, SPARTA was acquired by Cobham plc for US$407 million. It was renamed Cobham Analytic Solutions.

title: Cobham Analytic Solutions


text:
Talk:International Mobile Equipment Identity

List of countries where it is illegal to change the IMEI?
It sounds sensible that any local regulation that restrict changes of personally owned device should be listed here, along with the penalty for such activity. Currently I can confirm that the UK have legal framework to go after user that do change the IMEI. I can not confirm that France has the same thing as the only regulation was about having the network to block the device on any of the national mobile network.

 * -UK: the Law is called the "Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act 2002" (source: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/31/contents): 5 years of prison

 * -France: the regulation is the "Code des postes et des communications électroniques" Article L34-3 (see http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=B6C77698F4194387756F43B5E6597A42.tpdjo16v_1?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070987&dateTexte=20120220) modified by the "LOI n° 2011-267 du 14 mars 2011 d'orientation et de programmation pour la performance de la sécurité intérieure" Article 42 (see http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=B6C77698F4194387756F43B5E6597A42.tpdjo16v_1?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000023708761&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000023707312&dateTexte=20120220). I could not see any penalty for user to modify the IMEI, although it has been mentioned in the French media over the last few years.82.41.180.21 (talk) 17:06, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

 * "Many countries have acknowledged the use of the IMEI in reducing the effect of mobile phone theft. For example, in the United Kingdom, under the Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act, changing the IMEI of a phone, or possessing equipment that can change it, is considered an offence under some circumstance.[3] Such an action is also considered a criminal offence in Latvia."

is this really true? because I own a notebook and a cable to connect to my cell phone. this equipments are capable of changing the IMEI. therefore all the people that own a notebook and a cable should be charged with a criminal ofense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.246.253.206 (talk) 22:51, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Legitimate reasons for changing the IMEI?
On Mediatek based phones the service menu can be used to change the IMEI very easily, it's just a simple AT command? So is everyone in the UK with one of these phones breaking the law, because they are possessing equipment to change it? Also the law in the UK mentions 'mobile wireless communications device', so I guess reprogramming the IMEI on a mains powered 4G router would be legal, because it's not a mobile device then? Of course it is really important that any change to the IMEI does not impair the functionality of the network (e.g. avoiding duplicate numbers, and allowing malfunctioning or out-of-compliance equipment to be barred from the network). Assuming no harm is done to anyone by changing it, should doing so be illegal in the first place?

Also there are very legitimate reasons to change the IMEI - particularly for privacy reasons - to ensure that our fundamental human rights are not being illegally violated by the state (mass surveillance). Also changing the IMEI allows victims of false accusations and certain pernicious forms of domestic violence, where the abuser threatens to make a false allegation to the Police, for the victim remain safe and untraceable when done in combination with using an anonymous SIM card.

In the modern age the smartphone has become the equivalent of a GPS ankle tracker bracelet that everyone has to wear in order to participate in society. Allowing change of IMEI together with SIM card paid by cash nullifies this Orwellian development.

Also, it is ethically justified to employ a mechanism which contributes to putting the entire population under surveillance just to protect against relatively rare mobile phone theft? Imagine someone in the 1960s hearing that 60 years later everyone's movements were being tracked everywhere they would go - that person would be legitimately outraged. The fact that few people are angry nowadays shows just how much the 'frog has boiled'.

Now imagine how they would react if they were then told that attempts to curtail the tracking would be made illegal (as changing the IMEI is).

Note this is written from the point of a UK citizen, where SIM registration is not mandatory. In other countries, there is absolutely no escape from this surveillance other than not carrying a smartphone.

Also, the UK law specifies that it's only illegal to change the IMEI of the device if you are not the manufacturer of the mobile communications device. If you decide to make your own mobile broadband dongle by designing your own PCB and mounting a SIMCom 4G module (which allows IMEI change via an AT command) that can be obtained on AliExpress - I guess that qualifies you as the manufacturer of the device - and thus changing the IMEI would be legal then? Or is SIMCom the real manufacturer - or is that just a component of the dongle you made yourself?

Of course the IMEI is one of multiple serial numbers that the device could have - ideally two different SIMCom modules flash should be dumped and compared to see what changes between them. Of even more concern is a potential baseband processor serial number stored in eFuse ROM, but I'm not sure if it's even possible or not to read it remotely from the cell network. I still didn't consider RF fingerprinting as well... It depends on what level of security you need - most people would just want to avoid mass surveillance and thus don't care about RF fingerprinting, etc... 86.130.94.30 (talk) 19:08, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Luhn algorithm needed?
The Luhn algorithm is adequately documented at its own article. Is there any reason to duplicate it here? If not I'll delete it. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 18:04, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 14 January 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to International Mobile Equipment Identity (non-admin closure). feminist (talk) 03:05, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity → IMEI – The acronym is the common name, and it already redirects here. I can't see anything else which would be commonly referred to as IMEI either. Also, the current title (including "Station") is not mentioned in the article at all. nyuszika7h (talk) 11:56, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Mixed – I agree the current title is wrong. The referenced doc that prompted the move to the current title says "International Mobile station Equipment Identities (IMEI)", in which the caps are used to indicate the acronym; obviously it does not support the current proper-name-like title.  Acronyms, on the other hand, are generally only used when they're very familiar.  Not sure what's best here. Dicklyon (talk) 04:49, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Move to International Mobile Equipment Identity; weak support original proposal as second choice - The proposed title is often used by most sources. Using IMEI may be good for the whole article content. I'm uncertain whether it's a good encyclopedic title, but I won't oppose the acronym. However, the alternative title omits "Station" and is often used. Google the sources, and you get the idea. Or, WP:NCA says that an acronym may be used as a page title at discretion, especially for readers familiar with the subject. --George Ho (talk) 07:43, 22 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Move to International Mobile Equipment Identity, the article's original title. As has been pointed out, the current title is not supportable, but acronyms should be used as titles only when the topic is primarily known only by its acronym, which does not appear to be the case here. Station1 (talk) 18:49, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Use of 'whitelist' and 'blacklist' racial stereotyping
The UK cyber-security agency (NCSC) have made a decision to stop using 'whitelist' and 'blacklist' due to racial stereotyping.

They have suggested the use of "allow list" and "deny list" going forward.

Blocklist and Safelist are other commonly used alternatives.

From the article:

"However, there's an issue with the terminology. It only makes sense if you equate white with 'good, permitted, safe' and black with 'bad, dangerous, forbidden'.    There are some obvious problems with this," she added.

and

The issue was also a talking point inside Chromium, the open-source browser engine at the base of Chrome, Edge, Vivaldi, Opera, Brave, and many other modern-day web browsers. Microsoft engineers asked, and Google engineers agreed to stop using the whitelist and blacklist terms.

https://www.zdnet.com/article/uk-ncsc-to-stop-using-whitelist-and-blacklist-due-to-racial-stereotyping/ Paraphrased (talk) 11:27, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

 * There is an element of righting great wrongs here. The fact that the National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom) decided to stop using it does not mean that all instances of the word are banned. The term "IMEI blacklist" is still in common use while Wikipedia has a spam blacklist. Maybe there will come a time when this changes, but it isn't helpful to shout "racist" and to remove things without a consensus or against what the sourcing says.-- ♦Ian Ma c  M♦  (talk to me) 09:28, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

Thats a good point, so I contacted a few providers of IMEI services today to get their views, this is the first response I've had, will add more here as they arrive:

Blacklist is a widely used industry term that has been in use for too long. We agree it's time for a change; this is something we've discussed internally and are in the process of changing. Thanks, -Ben E Swappa - Customer Service Paraphrased (talk) 18:57, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

The proposed change to IETF language conventions are strongly in favour of this change: https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-knodel-terminology-02.html Paraphrased (talk) 22:46, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

GitHub position: https://developer-tech.com/news/2020/jun/15/github-replace-slavery-terms-master-whitelist/ Paraphrased (talk) 23:41, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

Twitter engineers pushed to replace ‘master’ and ‘slave’ programming terms https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/2/21311330/twitter-engineers-master-slave-github-programming-racism Paraphrased (talk) 16:01, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

Stack Overflow position: "For these reasons, we believe that continued use of master/slave and blacklist and whitelist terms should be discouraged wherever possible. In that vein, we would like to announce that we have made the following changes on all user-facing portions of the sites:   We can confirm that no instances of master/slave are shown in the UI    All instances of “blacklist” have been converted to “blocklist”    All instances of “whitelist” have been converted to “allowlist”

These changes affect any text showing up in the user interface, in server logs, on mod pages, on dev routes and dev-pages, and we will work to ensure that these terms will no longer be used moving forward for any new feature work. Additionally, from this point forward, we will use the term “blocklists” instead of “blacklists” when handling requests to block tags, words in titles, and usernames from appearing on the site." https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/352702/629190 Paraphrased (talk) 08:36, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

This kind of political correctness is putting me off contributing to Wikipedia and Open Source, especially when people are punished for using 'improper' language. The mass surveillance of the Internet is bad enough already, now we have language policing, with peoples careers being destroyed for making a joke that was offensive. So sad to see what has come of the modern Internet. 86.130.94.30 (talk) 19:13, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Very shady internet businesses at external links
...are offering deals on nonexistent(!) equipment, "pro" subscriptions, etc. And none of them was even able to process that conveniently dash-splitted Alcatel IMEI example from the article. Any libre tools available? 46.242.17.135 (talk) 22:58, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

In 2002?
What was the IMEI's structure in 2002? The article only says that before 2002, the FAC was nonzero, and that the FAC being 00 started in January 1, 2003. Alfa-ketosav (talk) 17:43, 18 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Lauberhorn

The Lauberhorn is a mountain in the Bernese Alps of Switzerland, located between Wengen and Grindelwald, north of the Kleine Scheidegg. Its summit is at an elevation of 2472 m above sea level.

Lauberhorn ski races
The mountain is best known for the Lauberhorn World Cup alpine ski races, held annually in mid-January above Wengen. The downhill course is currently (as of 2016) the longest in the world; its length of 4.48 km results in run times of two and a half minutes.

The Lauberhorn ski races (downhill, slalom, and combined) are among the highest-attended winter sports events in the world, attracting around 30,000 spectators each year.

Races are held on two famous courses "Lauberhorn" (downhill) and "Männlichen" (slalom).

title: Lauberhorn


text:
British Columbia Highway 9

Highway 9, the Agassiz-Rosedale Highway, is a north-south route in the eastern part of the Fraser Valley. It acts as the last connection between the Trans Canada Highway (Highway 1) and the Lougheed Highway (Highway 7) eastbound before Hope, and is the main access to the resort village of Harrison Hot Springs. The highway first opened in 1953, originally going between Yale Road in Rosedale and Highway 7, with a ferry across the Fraser River. A bridge for Highway 9 across the Fraser opened in 1956. When the section of Highway 1 east of Chilliwack opened in 1961, Highway 9 was extended south to a junction with the new Highway 1 alignment, which replaced Yale Road as the main route between Chilliwack and Hope.

Route details
Highway 9 is 16 km long. In the south, the Highway starts at an interchange on Highway 1 between Rosedale and the Bridal Falls area. Highway 9 travels north for 2.8 km to its 1.9 km bridge over the Fraser River. After crossing the Fraser, Highway 9 travels north for 2.5 km to the centre of Agassiz. On the north side of Agassiz, Highway 9 meets Highway 7, and the two highways share a common alignment for 1.6 km. Highway 9 then travels 6.4 km north to terminate at Harrison Hot Springs.

Major intersections
From south to north. The entire route is in the Fraser Valley Regional District.

title: British Columbia Highway 9


text:
Muster (Texas A&M University)

Aggie Muster is a tradition at Texas A&M University which celebrates the camaraderie of the university while remembering the lives of alumni who have died, specifically those in the past year. Muster officially began on April 21, 1903, as a day for remembrance of fellow Aggies. Muster ceremonies today take place in approximately 320 locations globally. The largest muster ceremony occurs in Reed Arena, on the Texas A&M campus. The "Roll Call for the Absent" commemorates Aggies, alumni and current students, who died that year. Alumni, family, and friends light candles and as they answer “here” when the name of their loved one is “called”. Campus muster also serves as a 50th-year class reunion for the corresponding graduating class. Some non-campus muster ceremonies do not include the pageantry of the campus ceremony, and might consist simply of a barbecue.

Early years
On June 26, 1883, alumni of Texas A&M University gathered together to "live over again their college days, the victories and defeats won and lost upon the drill field and in the classroom." The same year, the Ex-Cadets Association established the "Roll Call for the Absent". The event grew into a loosely organized annual tradition, but did not have a permanent date set aside until several decades later, when it merged with a different tradition.

In 1889, Texas A&M administrators declared that April 21 (which in Texas is known as San Jacinto Day, the anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto whereby Texas gained its independence from Mexico) would be an official school holiday. Each year on San Jacinto Day, the cadets would have a track and field competition. In 1903, then-A&M President Davis Houston encountered much student resistance to the idea of cancelling the holiday. Houston agreed to retain the holiday as long as the students promised to use it for constructive purposes.

Beginning April 21, 1903, the tradition of Aggie Muster merged with the Texas Independence celebration, featuring athletic events and banquets to honor alumni. For the next 15 years, the event would occur unchanged as a day of play, celebration and fellowship. In 1918, though, with many alumni away involved in World War I and unable to return to campus, A&M President Bizzell encouraged alumni and the student body to gather wherever they were on April 21, becoming the first Aggie administrator to officially support the tradition.

A. and M. Day
In the early 1920s, as alumni returned from the war and settled throughout Texas, regional A&M clubs formed to reunite alumni. With the proliferation of these groups, the Muster tradition began to have a more formal atmosphere. In 1923, the student radio station WTAW broadcast a statewide program for over two dozen Aggie groups who had gathered at points across Texas. The March 1923 Texas Aggie urged, "If there is an A&M man in one-hundred miles of you, you are expected to get together, eat a little, and live over the days you spent at the A&M College of Texas."

The tradition of reading aloud the roll call of the dead began in 1924, with the addition of the tune "Taps" in 1927. The following year, 23 alumni were added to the roll call. During the Great Depression, alumni continued to celebrate April 21, calling it "A. and M. Day", and using the gathering to help raise money to support current students and alumni, as well as advancing job-placements.

World War II
The most well-known Aggie Muster took place during World War II in 1942 on the Philippine island of Corregidor. At this time, Corregidor was the last American stronghold against the Japanese forces in the Philippines, and Japanese artillery and warplanes were constantly attacking. The American artillery commander on Corregidor was Brigadier General George F. Moore, a 1908 graduate of Texas A&M. With the help of Major Tom Dooley, class of 1935, Moore gathered the names of 25 other Aggies under his command. Despite the fierce fighting as the Japanese laid siege to the island, on April 21, 1942, Moore held a roll call—known as muster in army terms—calling the names of each of the Aggies under his command.

Only 12 of the 25 survived the battle and the POW camps to which the survivors were sent. Dooley told a United Press correspondent about the gathering, and the reporter sent an article back to the USA about the 25 Aggies who had "Mustered". The story captured the imagination of the country and "helped boost American spirits at a time a lift was badly needed." Lt. Col. (Ret.) William A. Hamilton, Jr., Class of 1940, recognized as the last living survivor of the "Muster on the Rock", died on January 4, 2018, at age 99.

Association of Former Students Executive Secretary E. E. McQuillen, Class of 1920, credited with refocusing San Jacinto Day as a remembrance for fallen Aggies. He changed the April 21, 1943, celebration to be the first known as an Aggie Muster and sent packets to each A&M club, Aggie Moms club, and to US military bases around the world with a detailed program of events for April 21. It included greetings from the A&M President and the Muster Poem. The response was overwhelming, with 10,000 alumni worldwide mustering in 500 locations. The following year, McQuillen added a list of recently deceased Aggies to the packets, asking each local group to choose names from the list and call them aloud during their ceremony, and "as each name is called a comrade will answer 'Here'."

In April 1945, just eight weeks after Corregidor had been recaptured by the Allies, three Aggies conducted a Muster "on the Rock". They wrote letters home to McQuillen to let him know about their impromptu Muster. A year later, on April 21, 1946, an even larger Muster occurred on Corregidor. With the war now over, A&M held a special Victory Homecoming Muster on Easter morning in 1946. Over 15 thousand Aggies gathered at Kyle Field to listen to a speech by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Lt. Col. Tom Dooley also presented the "Muster Tradition" and conducted a WWII Roll Call. To represent the 900 alumni who died in World War II, the names of the four deceased WWII Aggie Medal of Honor recipients were called.

Muster became a student organization in 1950, and students now coordinate all aspects of the campus Muster in College Station, Texas.

Modern Muster
Randy Matson, the keynote speaker at the 2000 campus Muster, vowed, "we're here (tonight) to pledge that none of you will be forgotten as long as there are two Aggies left in the world."

The largest Muster each year, with over 12,000 in attendance, is held in Reed Arena on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station. This campus Muster is dedicated to the 50-year reunion class of that year, demonstrating unity among Aggies. During the day, a Camaraderie Barbecue is held at the Academic Plaza around noon to rekindle the spirit of the original Muster celebration. The evening Muster ceremony begins with a keynote speaker. Several poems are read, including "The Last Corps Trip", which imagines a Judgement Day in which Aggies are welcomed into heaven with open arms. Following the readings, the room is darkened for the Roll Call of the Absent. This Roll Call honors alumni who have died since the last Muster. As the names are called, a family member or friend answers "Here", and lights a candle in remembrance of that person. Following the Roll Call, the Ross Volunteers perform a three-volley salute, and buglers play "Silver Taps", a version of the US military's melody of farewell.

Smaller Musters are held in over 300 other locations, including in Kosovo, Germany, Istanbul, Seoul, and almost every county in Texas. Names can be called at multiple Muster ceremonies. For example, a person may be honored at the Muster in his hometown, while the Muster in the town where his parents live may also choose to call his name. Most of the smaller Musters do not have the pageantry of the campus Muster. In all cases, a Roll Call for the Absent is held, but the ceremony may take place in conjunction with a barbecue or fish fry, to allow for fellowship.

In 2018, a Sunrise Muster has been added to the Campus Muster activities. In addition to the traditional muster activities, the name of every Aggie that died in the previous year, worldwide that year is read at the Clayton W. Williams Jr. Alumni Center at 6:51 am. This is to ensure that each alumna and each alumnus who has died in the preceding year will have someone say "here" for them. The event is streamed live on AggieNetwork.com.

Keynote speakers (College Station)

 * 2019 Dwight A. Roblyer '84
 * 2018 Kathleen Gibson '81
 * 2017 Eddie Joe Davis Jr. '67
 * 2016 R.C. Slocum
 * 2015 Will Hurd '99
 * 2014 Bill Youngkin '69
 * 2013 Bill Jones '81
 * 2012 John R. Hoyle '57
 * 2011 Toby Boenig '95
 * 2010 Major Stephen G. Ruth '92
 * 2009 Robert Gates
 * 2008 John Adams '73
 * 2007 Brooke Leslie Rollins '94
 * 2006 Bill Carter ’69
 * 2005 Clayton W. Williams ’54
 * 2004 Jon L. Hagler ’58
 * 2003 Edwin H. Cooper ’53
 * 2002 Gov. James R. “Rick” Perry ’72
 * 2001 Dr. Joe West ’54
 * 2000 Randy Matson ’67
 * 1999 Mike Baggett '68
 * 1998 Eugene Clifton Stallings, Jr. ’57
 * 1997 H. B. Zachry, Jr. ’54
 * 1996 E. Dean Gage ’65
 * 1995 Lee Phillips ’53
 * 1994 Andres Tijerina ’67
 * 1993 Jack G. Fritts ’53
 * 1992 Frank W. Cox III ’65
 * 1991 Adm. Jerome L. Johnson ’56
 * 1990 M. L. “Red” Cashion ’53
 * 1989 Thomas Chester "Chet" Edwards ’74
 * 1988 Gerald D. Griffin ’56
 * 1987 Robert L. Walker ’58
 * 1986 A. W. “Head” Davis ’45
 * 1985 Lt. Gen. Ormond R. Simpson ’36
 * 1984 Jack M. Rains ’60
 * 1983 Haskell M. Monroe
 * 1982 William B. Heye, Sr. ’60
 * 1981 Frederick D. McClure ’75
 * 1980 Henry G. Cisneros ’68
 * 1979 Lee H. Smith ’57
 * 1978 Col. Tom Dooley ’35
 * 1977 Maj. James E. Ray ’63
 * 1976 Charles G. Scruggs ’47
 * 1975 Reagan V. Brown ’43
 * 1974 Sheldon J. Best ’63
 * 1973 Capt. James E. Ray ’63
 * 1972 Larry Kirk ’66
 * 1971 Jack K. Williams
 * 1970 Yale B. Griffis ’30
 * 1969 Mayo J. Thompson ’41
 * 1968 Maj. Gen. Wood B. Kyle ’36
 * 1967 Maj. Gen. Raymond L. Murray ’35
 * 1966 Penrose B. Metcalfe ’16
 * 1965 C. Darrow Hooper ’53
 * 1964 E. King Gill ’24
 * 1963 L. F. Peterson ’36
 * 1962 Eli L. Whiteley ’41
 * 1961 James W. Aston ’33
 * 1960 Lt. Gen. A. D. Bruce ’16
 * 1959 Olin E. “Tiger” Teague ’32
 * 1958 Gen. Bernard A. Schriever ’31
 * 1957 No Campus Muster due to Easter recess
 * 1956 Maj. Gen. James Earl Rudder ’32
 * 1955 Gen. Otto P. Weyland ’28
 * 1954 Texas Governor Allan Shivers
 * 1953 Colorado Governor Daniel I.J. Thornton
 * 1952 Searcy Bracewell ’38
 * 1951 James H. Pipkin ’29
 * 1950 Gen. Louis Henturvey ’29
 * 1949 James W. Aston ’33
 * 1948 A. E. “Red” Hinman ’25
 * 1947 Lt. Col. Lewis B. Chevaillier ’39
 * 1946 General Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * 1945 Lt. Clifton H. Chamberlain ’40
 * 1944 E. E. McQuillen ’20

title: Muster (Texas A&M University)


text:
Long weekend

A long weekend is a weekend that is at least three days long (i.e. a three-day weekend), due to a public or unofficial holiday occurring on either the following Monday or preceding Friday.

Many countries also have four-day weekends, in which two days adjoining the weekend are holidays. Examples are Good Friday / Easter Monday, and Christmas Day / Boxing Day (e.g. when Christmas Day occurs on a Thursday or Monday).

Four-day "bridge" weekends
In many countries, when a lone holiday occurs on a Tuesday or a Thursday, the day between the holiday and the weekend may also be designated as a holiday, set to be a movable or floating holiday, or work/school may be interrupted by consensus unofficially. This is typically referred to by a phrase involving "bridge" in many languages; for example in some Spanish-speaking countries the term is puente ("bridge") or simply "fin de semana largo".

Four-day bridge weekends are commonplace in non-English speaking countries, but there are only a couple of examples in English-speaking countries:

In the United States, the fourth Thursday of November is Thanksgiving, a public holiday on which most workplaces are closed; many workplaces remain closed the following day to create a four-day weekend.

In Melbourne, Australia, the Melbourne Cup holiday is held on a Tuesday. The Monday is not a public holiday, but many people modify their work arrangements to also have the Monday off and many schools will have a "pupil free day", so it is colloquially referred to as the "Cup Day long weekend".

Europe
In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, "brugdag" ("bridge" day) is used. In the Netherlands also "Klemdag" is used.

In France, a bridge idiom is used: faire le pont ("to make the bridge") is used to mean taking additional holiday days. For example, if there is already an official holiday on Thursday, one could "faire le pont" on the Friday and thus have a four-day weekend (Thursday through Sunday inclusive).

In the German language, a bridge-related term is also used: a day taken off from work to fill the gap between a holiday Thursday (or Tuesday) and the weekend is called a Brückentag ("bridge day") in Germany and Switzerland, and a Fenstertag ("window day") in Austria. Since Ascension day is a holiday throughout Germany and Corpus Christi is a holiday in large parts of the country (both of these holidays are always on Thursdays), such "bridge days" are fairly common, though always unofficial in character.

Italians use the idiom 'Fare il ponte', literally, 'Make the bridge.' This could be a Thursday-Sunday weekend if the bridge was over Friday, or a Saturday-Tuesday weekend if the bridge was over a Monday.

In Norway, the term "oval weekend" (oval helg in Norwegian) is used. An ordinary weekend is conceived of as "round" (although this is not stated explicitly), and adding extra days off makes it "oval". Norwegians also refer to "inneklemte" (squeezed in) days, which are between a public holiday and a weekend. This is typical for the Friday after Ascension Day, which always falls on a Thursday. It is common not to work on such days, so as to be able to extend the weekend to four days.

In Poland, long weekends occur several times a year. The term długi weekend (long weekend) is commonly used in the Polish language. As well as the Easter weekend and the Christmas weekend, there is Corpus Christi weekend (Corpus Christi is always on Thursday and people usually take Friday off as well) and it may occur also around other holidays. However, the best-known long weekend is at the beginning of May, when there are holidays of Labour Day on May 1 and 3 May Constitution Day. The weekend can in fact be up to 9 days long (April 28 – May 6) and, taking one to three days off work, Poles often go for small holidays then.

Portugal also uses the bridge idiom with the Portuguese word ponte.

In Slovenian, the term podaljšan vikend ("prolonged weekend") is used for a three-day weekend. Four-day weekends also happen, because May 1 and May 2 are public holidays (both May Day). A peculiar coincidence are Christmas Day and Independence Day, falling on two consecutive dates.

In the United Kingdom, where public holidays are termed "bank holidays" by statute, five of the eight public holidays in England and Wales always fall on a Monday or a Friday. Where a fixed-date holiday in the UK falls on a weekend, the next weekday is normally designated as a substitute holiday. As such, bank holidays normally form an extension of the weekend and are known as bank holiday weekends, terminology which is also common in some Commonwealth countries and the Republic of Ireland. There is, however, no automatic entitlement to time off on a bank holiday under British labour laws, and thus not everyone benefits from long weekends. If an employee is entitled to time off on a bank holiday, it counts towards their 5.6 weeks-equivalent of statutory annual leave, though many companies offer bank holidays as an addition to employees' contracted annual leave entitlement.

In Spain, the bridge becomes a macropuente when the anniversary of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 (December 6) and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (December 8) fall on a Tuesday and Thursday, respectively.

In Sweden, a day between a weekend and a bank holiday is called a klämdag ("squeeze day"). Many Swedes take a vacation day to have a long weekend.

Middle East
In Israel, a "bridge" metaphor is also used: "yom gesher" ("", literally "bridge day").

in iran term of "bane utta'atilane" ("") which means between two holidays in arabic is used.

North America
In the United States, the Uniform Monday Holiday Act officially moved federal government observances of many holidays to Mondays, largely at the behest of the travel industry. The resulting long weekends are often termed "three-day weekends" as a result. A well-known four-day weekend starts with Thanksgiving and Black Friday after.

South America
In Argentina, some national holidays that occur on a Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday (sometimes even on a Saturday) are officially moved to the closest Monday in order to create a long weekend.

In Brazil, when a holiday occurs in a Tuesday or a Thursday, some sectors of the society, as government and education, turn the day between the holiday and the weekend into a holiday. The four-day or even the three-day weekends are called in Brazilian Portuguese feriados prolongados ("Extended holidays") or its popular form feriadão ("big holiday"). The bridge day is usually called "imprensado" ("pressed (in between)") or "enforcado" ("hanged"). To some extent, the term "ponte" is also used. One could also use the verb emendar (splice), saying eu vou emendar o feriado e o fim de semana ("I will splice together the holiday and the weekend.")

In Chile, a "sandwich" is a day that falls between two holidays, independently of whether it's a holiday by itself or not. In the latter case, workers may take it off on account on vacation days, an action called "tomarse el sandwich" (lit.: "taking the sandwich"). In formal writings, the term "interferiado" is used instead of "sandwich". In colloquial contexts, these days, almost always a Monday or a Friday, may be called "San Lunes" or "San Viernes" (lit.: "Saint Monday" and "Saint Friday", respectively) as well.

Asia
In Indonesia, when a non holiday occurs between two holidays or one of them is a weekend, is colloquially termed "Harpitnas" ('Hari Kejepit Nasional') (lit. National Clamped/Pinched Day, a play on Hardiknas, National Education Day) causing some institutions to declare a day off, or some students or employees unilaterally declaring a day off for themselves, thereby creating a long weekend.

In Japan, a weekday which falls between two public holidays is legally a public holiday.

title: Long weekend


text:
Wengernalp

The Wengernalp is an alpine meadow at an elevation of 1874 m, above Wengen in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland.

It lies on the southern slopes of the Lauberhorn, just below Kleine Scheidegg, a mountain pass connecting the valleys of Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. The pass is traversed by a railway bearing its name, the Wengernalp Railway (WAB) with a railway station serving the locality, the Wengernalp station.

The Wengernalp is a popular for its views over the giants of the Bernese Alps. In fact, it directly faces the huge northern walls of the Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger, across the extremely narrow Trümmelbach valley.

In 1841 the hotel De la Jungfrau was opened; it was later rebuilt after a fire in 1865.

In winter, the Wengernalp (and Kleine Scheidegg) are part of a large ski area.

Amongst the many historical, famous people who have spent holidays on the Wengernalp are Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Richard Wagner and Peter Tchaikovsky.

title: Wengernalp


text:
Skynd (troll)

Skynd is the name of a troll in a Danish fairy tale.

The tale was recorded by Just Mathias Thiele in Danmarks folkesagn, who localised it to Skjelverød, near Ringsted, where it was supposedly the origin of the place-name "Kirstens Bjerg" (Kirsten's hill), and in English by Thomas Keightley in his The Fairy Mythology. Edwin Sidney Hartland included it in his The Science of Fairy Tales, as a double example of the power of the knowledge of names. Keightley stated that the tale was "orally related to Mr. Thiele", but Thiele attributed it to Seyer Mahling Beyer's En geographisk-historisk og oeconomisk, physisk-antiqvarisk Beskrivelse over Bringstrup og Sigersted Sogne ved Ringsted (published in 1791) and noted a similar tale from Normandy.

The story is that a hill-troll living in the hill of that name had stolen three wives in succession from a man in the village of Englerup. Late one night, the man was riding home from Ringsted and saw a crowd of hill-dwellers dancing and making merry, among whom he recognised all three of his former wives. He called out to Kirsten, his second wife, whom he had loved best; the troll, whose name was Skynd (the imperative mood of the Danish verb skynde (to hurry), asked him why he presumed to call her name, and the man explained how much he had cherished her and begged to be allowed to take her home again. Finally Skynd granted his wish, on condition that he must never hurry (skynde) her. For a long time the man obeyed, but one day when she took a long time bringing something down from the loft, he called out "Skynd dig Kirsten!" (Hurry up, Kirsten!), and at once she vanished, forced to return to the troll in the hill, which since then has been called Kirsten's Bjerg.

According to Thiele, Beyer also wrote that the chalice in the church at Alsted had been taken from the underground dwellers (underjordiske) of Kirstens Bjerg.

The crater Skynd, on Uranus's moon Umbriel, is named after the troll.

title: Skynd (troll)


text: User talk:136.235.12.7

title: User talk:136.235.12.7


text:
User:Crazyeddie

On extended hiatus.

title: User:Crazyeddie


text:
Breidbart Index

The Breidbart Index, developed by Seth Breidbart, is the most significant cancel index in Usenet.

A cancel index measures the dissemination intensity of substantively identical articles. If the index exceeds a threshold the articles are called newsgroup spam. They can then be removed using third party cancel controls.

Cancel Index

 * Crossposting is the act of posting the same message to multiple newsgroups
 * Multiposting is the act of posting the same contents multiple times

The principal idea of the Breidbart-Index is to give these methods different weight. With a crossposted message less data needs to be transferred and stored. And excessive crossposts (ECP) are also a likely beginner's error, while excessive multiposts (EMP) suggest deliberate usage of special software.

The crucial issue is categorizing multiple articles as substantively identical. This includes
 * byte-for-byte identical messages
 * otherwise identical postings minimally customized for each group it appears in
 * advertising the same service
 * articles that consist solely of the same signature
 * articles which consist of inclusions of other user's postings, but are otherwise identical

Breidbart Index (BI)
The Breidbart Index of a set of articles is defined as the sum of the square root of n, where n is the number of newsgroups to which an article is cross posted.

$$\mbox{BI} = \sum_{k=1}^m \sqrt{n_k}$$
 * Formula

Two copies of a posting are made, one to 9 groups, and one to 16.
 * Example

$$\sqrt{9} + \sqrt{16} = 3 + 4 = 7$$

Breidbart-Index, Version 2 (BI2)
A more aggressive criterion, Breidbart Index Version 2, has been proposed. The BI2 is defined as the sum of the square root of n, plus the sum of n, divided by two. A single message would only need to be crossposted to 35 newsgroups to breach the threshold of 20.

$$\mbox{BI2} = \sum_{k=1}^m \frac{n_k + \sqrt{n_k}}{2}$$
 * Formula

Two copies of a posting are made, one to 9 groups, and one to 16.
 * Example

$$\frac{\sqrt{9} + \sqrt{16} + 9 + 16}{2} = \frac{3 + 4 + 9 + 16}{2} = \frac{32}{2} = 16$$

Skirvin-Breidbart Index (SBI, BI3)
The name Skirvin-Breidbart Index and the abbreviation SBI are mentioned in the Spam Thresholds FAQ. However, in hierarchy nl.* this index is called BI3.

The SBI is calculated similar to the BI2 but adds up the number of groups in Followup-to: (if present) instead of the number of groups in Newsgroups:. This encourages the use of Followup-to:.

Two posts contain the same text. One is crossposted to 9 groups. The other is crossposted to 16, with four groups in Followup-to:.
 * Example

$$\frac{\sqrt{9} + \sqrt{16} + 9 + 4}{2} = \frac{3 + 4 + 9 + 4}{2} = \frac{20}{2} = 10$$

BI7 and BI30
In hierarchy de.* the Breidbart index is used with a time range of seven days instead of 45. This is denoted by the abbreviation BI7.

In hierarchy  the Breidbart index is used with a time range of 30 days instead of 45. This is denoted by the abbreviation BI30.

Cancel Index in at.*
This is defined in the FAQ of the group at.usenet.cancel-reports. The term used in the Call for Votes and in the FAQ is "Cancel-Index". Unofficial abbreviations are CI and ACI.

The ACI of a single post equals 3 plus the number of groups that the post was sent to. The index of multiple posts is the sum of the indices of the individual posts.

Thresholds

 * According to RFC 1036 only the author of the target message or the administrator of the site that injected the message is allowed to send a cancel.
 * According to the Spam Thresholds FAQ a BI of 20/45 applies to all hierarchies. Series of articles above this limit may be canceled by everyone.
 * In some hierarchies alternative (stricter) limits were defined through a public vote.
 * No cancel messages or any derivatives thereof are allowed within free.*.

In fact a cancel message is a just a non-binding request to remove a certain article. News server operators can freely decide on how to implement the conflicting policies.

title: Breidbart Index


text:
Injective hull

In mathematics, particularly in algebra, the injective hull (or injective envelope) of a module is both the smallest injective module containing it and the largest essential extension of it. Injective hulls were first described in.

Definition
A module E is called the injective hull of a module M, if E is an essential extension of M, and E is injective. Here, the base ring is a ring with unity, though possibly non-commutative.

Examples

 * An injective module is its own injective hull.
 * The injective hull of an integral domain (as a module over itself) is its field of fractions.
 * The injective hull of a cyclic p-group (as Z-module) is a Prüfer group.
 * The injective hull of a torsion-free abelian group $$A$$ is the tensor product $$\mathbb Q \otimes_{\mathbb Z} A$$.
 * The injective hull of R/rad(R) is Homk(R,k), where R is a finite-dimensional k-algebra with Jacobson radical rad(R).
 * A simple module is necessarily the socle of its injective hull.
 * The injective hull of the residue field of a discrete valuation ring $$(R,\mathfrak{m},k)$$ where $$\mathfrak{m} = x\cdot R$$ is $$R_x/R$$.
 * In particular, the injective hull of $$\mathbb{C}$$ in $$(\mathbb{C}t,(t),\mathbb{C})$$ is the module $$\mathbb{C}((t))/\mathbb{C}t$$.

Properties

 * The injective hull of M is unique up to isomorphisms which are the identity on M, however the isomorphism is not necessarily unique. This is because the injective hull's map extension property is not a full-fledged universal property. Because of this uniqueness, the hull can be denoted as E(M).
 * The injective hull E(M) is a maximal essential extension of M in the sense that if M⊆E(M) ⊊B for a module B, then M is not an essential submodule of B.
 * The injective hull E(M) is a minimal injective module containing M in the sense that if M⊆B for an injective module B, then E(M) is (isomorphic to) a submodule of B.
 * If N is an essential submodule of M, then E(N)=E(M).
 * Every module M has an injective hull. A construction of the injective hull in terms of homomorphisms Hom(I, M), where I runs through the ideals of R, is given by.
 * The dual notion of a projective cover does not always exist for a module, however a flat cover exists for every module.

Ring structure
In some cases, for R a subring of a self-injective ring S, the injective hull of R will also have a ring structure. For instance, taking S to be a full matrix ring over a field, and taking R to be any ring containing every matrix which is zero in all but the last column, the injective hull of the right R-module R is S. For instance, one can take R to be the ring of all upper triangular matrices. However, it is not always the case that the injective hull of a ring has a ring structure, as an example in shows.

A large class of rings which do have ring structures on their injective hulls are the nonsingular rings. In particular, for an integral domain, the injective hull of the ring (considered as a module over itself) is the field of fractions. The injective hulls of nonsingular rings provide an analogue of the ring of quotients for non-commutative rings, where the absence of the Ore condition may impede the formation of the classical ring of quotients. This type of "ring of quotients" (as these more general "fields of fractions" are called) was pioneered in, and the connection to injective hulls was recognized in.

Uniform dimension and injective modules
An R module M has finite uniform dimension (=finite rank) n if and only if the injective hull of M is a finite direct sum of n indecomposable submodules.

Generalization
More generally, let C be an abelian category. An object E is an injective hull of an object M if M → E is an essential extension and E is an injective object.

If C is locally small, satisfies Grothendieck's axiom AB5 and has enough injectives, then every object in C has an injective hull (these three conditions are satisfied by the category of modules over a ring). Every object in a Grothendieck category has an injective hull.

title: Injective hull