text:
Area codes 613, 343, and 753

Area codes 613, 343, and 753 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Ottawa and surrounding Eastern Ontario, Canada. Area code 613 is one of the 86 original North American area codes assigned in October 1947. Area code 343 was assigned to the numbering plan area in an overlay plan activated on May 17, 2010. Area code 753 was assigned as an additional overlay code for the numbering plan area, activated on March 26, 2022.

History

Area code 613 was originally assigned to a numbering plan area that included all of Ontario with the exception of the Golden Horseshoe, which was assigned the area code 416. The numbering plan area has been split twice. In 1953, the southwestern Ontario portion of 613 was combined with the western portion of 416 to become numbering plan area 519. In 1957, the vast northwestern portion of 613 was combined with the northern portion of 519 to receive area code 705. Since 1957, 613 covers only eastern Ontario, an area extending from Brighton and Deep River eastward to Saint Regis, Quebec.

Ottawa and its twin city in Quebec, Gatineau, fall on the boundary between 613 and Quebec's area code 819. However, Ottawa shares a local calling area with the former city of Hull, Quebec (now part of the city of Gatineau). As a result, for 46 years, a call could be completed between Ottawa and Hull with only seven digits.

While there are fewer than two million people in the geographic area served by 613, the bulk of that population lives in the Ottawa area. To preserve seven-digit dialling between Ottawa and Hull, an exchange code protection scheme was implemented so that the same seven-digit local number could not be assigned on both sides of the National Capital Region. Technically, it was only necessary that no two prefixes within the same local calling area be duplicates, but the code protection as implemented reserved the numbers across both area codes. This meant that if a 819-number was being used in Hull, the corresponding 613-number could not be used anywhere in eastern Ontario, even in areas a safe distance from the National Capital Region such as Brighton. Similarly, if a 613-number was being used in Ottawa–Carleton, the corresponding 819-number could not be used anywhere in western Quebec. Federal government offices in Hull duplicated their entire allocation of multiple exchanges worth of numbers available in 613 as part of a "dual dialability" scheme.

By the turn of the century, both 613 and 819 were close to exhaustion due to Canada's inefficient number allocation system. Every competitive local exchange carrier received blocks of 10,000 numbers (corresponding to a single prefix) in every rate centre in which it planned to offer local service, no matter how small. A tiny unincorporated village (like Odessa, Ontario, with no telephone central office but still listed as a rate centre) usually received multiple 10,000-number blocks. Once a number is assigned to a rate centre and CLEC, it is unavailable for use elsewhere, even in cases when a rate centre has more numbers than it needs. Larger municipalities have multiple rate centres and multiple competing carriers in each. For instance, even though Ottawa has been a single municipality since merging with the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton in 2001, it still has 11 rate centres (plus portions of other rate centres primarily located beyond the city limits) – most with very similar local calling areas – which have never been amalgamated. The "Ottawa–Hull" exchange only covers the area that was the city of Ottawa prior to the 2001 amalgamation, plus the former suburbs of Nepean (central part) and Vanier and small sections of other urban communities.

Since Canada does not use number pooling as a relief measure, many telephone numbers of the area code remained unused. The proliferation of cell phones and pagers, particularly in the larger cities in the 613 area (Ottawa, Kingston, Belleville, etc.) only magnified the problem. By 2006, the only remaining unassigned exchange prefixes in the entire 819 region were numbers which could not be assigned to the Quebec side of the Ottawa–Hull area without breaking seven-digit dialling between Hull and Ottawa.

Ten-digit dialling in 613 and 819 became mandatory on October 21, 2006. Intraprovincial calls from rate centres with no local calling beyond a small fragment of their own area code were returning intercept messages if dialled as seven digits. Exchange protection in the National Capital Region was ended, except for the "dual dialability" scheme for government numbers on both sides of the river. This situation could have been avoided had some 1-613 versions of seven-digit Ottawa-Hull numbers been assigned to areas a safe distance from the National Capital Region years earlier.

Within two years, it became apparent that a new area code was necessary due to the continued number allocation problem – an issue exacerbated by the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. A geographic split was quickly ruled out. Local telephone companies did not want the expense and burden of changing existing customers' numbers, which would have required en masse reprogramming of cell phones. As a result, overlay area codes were proposed for both 613 and 819.

Area code 343, an overlay proposed in 2007, and approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on September 10, 2008, was activated for the region on May 17, 2010, several years earlier than originally anticipated.

On 10 November 2021, the Canadian Numbering Administrator approved an additional overlay code for the numbering plan area 613/343. Area code 753 was assigned for activation on March 26, 2022.

Carriers
The main incumbent local exchange carrier in area code 613 is Bell Canada, but there are some five independent companies serving rural exchanges: the Lansdowne Rural Telephone Company, serving Lansdowne; the North Frontenac Telephone Company, serving Sharbot Lake and Parham; the North Renfrew Telephone Company, serving Beachburg, Westmeath, and the area outside Pembroke; the Roxborough Telephone Company, serving Moose Creek; and the Westport Telephone Company, serving Westport.

Also served by area code 613 and Bell Canada is Saint-Régis, Quebec. The exchange covers the Mohawk nation territory of Akwesasne, which straddles the Ontario–Québec–New York border. Calls from Saint-Régis to Fort Covington, New York, are local although they cross an international border.

In the west, Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec, shares an exchange with the adjacent Rolphton, Ontario.

Communities and central office codes

 * Adolphustown (Greater Napanee) – (613): 373
 * Addington Highlands (township): see Denbigh, Northbrook
 * Alexandria (North Glengarry) – (343): 432 474, (613): 525, 642
 * For the municipality "Alfred and Plantagenet", see Alfred and Plantagenet
 * Alfred (Alfred and Plantagenet) – (343): 371, 691, 789, (613): 605, 679, 708
 * Almonte – (343): 372, 760, (613): 256, 461
 * Arden (Central Frontenac) – (343): 268, (613): 335
 * Arnprior – (343): 373, 761, (613): 622, 623, 626
 * Athens – (613): 924, 927
 * Avonmore (North Stormont) – (343): 433, (613): 346
 * Bancroft – (343): 269, 357, 401, 476, 943, (613): 202, 303, 318, 332, 334, 412, 442, 553, 630
 * Barry's Bay – (343): 241, (613): 756
 * Bath (Loyalist Township) – (613): 351, 352, 881
 * Beachburg (Whitewater Region) – (613): 582
 * For the municipality of Belleville, see Belleville and Thurlow (former township now in the city)
 * Belleville – (343): 261, 263, 270, 355, 362, 367, 600, 645, 889, (613): 210, 242, 243, 391, 403, 438, 480, 554, 661, 689, 707, 743, 771, 779, 813, 827, 847, 848, 849, 885, 902, 919, 920, 921, 922, 961, 962, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970
 * Bloomfield (Prince Edward County) – (613): 393
 * Bourget – (343): 374, 762, (613): 426, 487, 603
 * Brighton – (343): 271, (613): 439, 475, 481, 814
 * Brockville – (343): 225, 264, 300, 320, 327, 480, (613): 213, 246, 340, 341, 342, 345, 349, 423, 498, 499, 556, 640, 704, 802, 803, 865
 * Calabogie (Greater Madawaska) – (613): 752
 * Cardiff (Highlands East) – (613): 338
 * Cardinal (Edwardsburgh/Cardinal) – (613): 655, 657, 671
 * Carleton Place – (343): 213, 285, 375, 503, 763, (613): 250, 251, 253, 257, 418, 434, 451, 452, 456, 492, 508, 621, 964
 * Carp – (343): 376, 764, (613): 470, 839
 * Casselman – (343): 377, 765, (613): 427, 764
 * Central Frontenac (township): see Arden, Parham
 * Chalk River – (613): 589
 * Chesterville (North Dundas) – (343): 378, 766, (613): 436, 448
 * For the city "Clarence-Rockland", see Clarence Creek and Rockland
 * Clarence Creek (Clarence-Rockland) – (343): 379, 767, (613): 420, 488
 * Cobden – (613): 646, 647
 * Coe Hill (Wollaston) – (613): 337
 * Constance Bay (Ottawa) – (343): 380, 768, (613): 578, 832
 * Cornwall – (343): 288, 301, 330, 356, 370, 431, 444, 475, 585, 885, (613): 209, 330, 360, 361, 362, 363, 505, 551, 571, 577, 662, 703, 861, 870, 930, 931, 932, 933, 935, 936, 937, 938
 * Crysler (North Stormont) – (343): 381, (613): 987
 * Cumberland – (343): 382, 769, (613): 467, 517, 573, 833, 892
 * Deep River – (613): 584
 * Delta – (613): 616, 928
 * Denbigh (Addington Highlands) – (613): 333
 * Deseronto – (343): 265, (613): 309, 396
 * Douglas (Admaston/Bromley) – (613): 649
 * East Hawkesbury (township): see St. Eugene
 * Edwardsburgh/Cardinal (township): see Cardinal, Spencerville
 * Eganville – (613): 628
 * Elgin (Rideau Lakes) – (613): 359
 * Embrun – (343): 383, 770, (613): 370, 443, 557
 * Enterprise (Stone Mills) – (613): 358
 * Finch (North Stormont) – (343): 434, (613): 984
 * Foymount – (613): 754
 * Frankford (Quinte West) – (613): 398, 486
 * For the municipality of Frontenac Islands, see Wolfe Island, Kingston
 * Gananoque – (343): 479, (613): 381, 382, 463, 718, 815
 * Gilmour (Tudor and Cashel) – (613): 474
 * Glen Robertson (North Glengarry) – (343): 435, (613): 874
 * Gloucester (Ottawa) – (343): 384, 771, (613): 425, 455, 502, 822
 * Golden Lake (North Algona Wilberforce) – (613): 625
 * For Greater Madawaska (township), see Calabogie
 * For the municipality "Greater Napanee", see Adolphustown, Napanee, Selby
 * Harrowsmith – (613): 372
 * Hawkesbury – (343): 500, (613): 306, 307, 632, 636
 * Ingleside (South Stormont) – (343): 436, (613): 522, 537
 * Inverary (South Frontenac) – (613): 353, 653
 * Iroquois (South Dundas) – (343): 437, (613): 652, 669
 * Jockvale (Ottawa) – (343): 212, 303, 385, 772, (613): 440, 459, 512, 823, 825, 843
 * Kanata–Stittsville (Ottawa) – (343): 359 386 667 690, 773, (613): 254, 270, 271, 280, 287, 383, 435, 457, 509, 519, 576, 591, 592, 595, 599, 609, 663, 801, 831, 836, 886, 895, 963, 974, 977
 * Kemptville (North Grenville) – (343): 387, 774, (613): 215, 258, 713
 * Killaloe – (613): 757
 * Kingston – (343): 266, 290, 302, 333, 344, 358, 363, 364, 422, 477, 884, 989, (613): 214, 217, 305, 328, 329, 331, 344, 384, 389, 417, 449, 453, 483, 484, 507, 514, 530, 531, 532, 533, 536, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 561, 572, 583, 634, 650, 766, 767, 770, 776, 777, 817, 840, 856, 876, 877, 887, 888, 893, 900, 929, 985
 * L'Orignal (Champlain Township) – (343): 438, (613): 675
 * Lanark Highlands (township), see Lanark, McDonalds Corners
 * Lanark – (613): 259
 * Lancaster (South Glengarry) – (343): 439, (613): 313, 347
 * Lansdowne (Leeds and the Thousand Islands) – (613): 659
 * Leeds and the Thousand Islands (township): see Lansdowne, Mallorytown, Seeleys Bay
 * Long Sault (South Stormont) – (343): 440, (613): 534, 550
 * Loyalist Township, see Bath and Odessa
 * Maberly (Tay Valley) – (613): 268
 * Madoc – (343): 472, (613): 473, 666
 * Maitland – (613): 320, 348, 664
 * Mallorytown – (613): 923, 973
 * Manotick (Ottawa) – (343): 214, 388, 775, (613): 491, 692, 908
 * Marmora – (613): 472, 644
 * Martintown (South Glengarry) – (343): 441, (613): 528
 * Maxville (North Glengarry) – (343): 442, (613): 527
 * Maynooth (Hastings Highlands) – (613): 338
 * McDonalds Corners (Lanark Highlands) – (613): 278
 * Merrickville (Merrickville-Wolford) – (343) 340 389, (613): 269
 * Metcalfe (Ottawa) – (343) 390, 776, (613): 574, 821
 * Mississippi Mills (township): see Pakenham
 * Moose Creek (North Stormont) – (613): 538
 * Morrisburg – (343): 443, (613): 543, 643
 * Napanee (Greater Napanee) – (343): 267, 478, (613): 308, 354, 409, 462
 * Navan (Ottawa) – (343) 391, 778, (613): 429, 835
 * Newburgh (Stone Mills) – (613): 378
 * North Algona Wilberforce: see Golden Lake
 * North Augusta – (613): 665, 926
 * North Dundas (township): see Chesterville, South Mountain and Winchester
 * North Glengarry (township): see Alexandria, Glen Robertson, Maxville
 * North Gower (Ottawa) – (343): 392, 779, (613): 489, 493
 * North Stormont (township): see Avonmore, Crysler, Finch, Moose Creek
 * Northbrook (Addington Highlands) – (343): 272, 336
 * Odessa (Loyalist Township) – (613): 386, 896
 * Orleans (Ottawa) – (343): 221, 393, 780, (613): 424, 458, 510, 590, 824, 830, 834, 837, 841, 845
 * Osgoode (Ottawa) – (343): 394, 467, 781, 955 (613): 465, 469, 516, 826, (753): 200
 * In Ontario, the Ottawa–Hull exchange covers the pre-2001 city of Ottawa, from Nepean to Vanier only. For the municipality of Ottawa, see Ottawa–Hull, Constance Bay, Gloucester, Jockvale, Kanata, Manotick, Metcalfe, Navan, North Gower, Orléans, Osgoode.
 * Ottawa–Hull city centre – (343): 200, 201, 203, 244, 262, 291, 292, 360, 488, 540, 541, 542, 666, 688, 689, 700, 777, 882, 883, 887, 888, 925, 988, 998, 999, (613): 203, 204, 212, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 252, 255, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 274, 276, 277, 282, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 304, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 350, 355, 356, 357, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 380, 400, 402, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410, 413, 415, 416, 421, 422, 437, 447, 454, 462. 482, 500, 501, 513, 514, 515, 518, 520, 521, 523, 526, 552, 558, 560, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 569, 580, 581, 593, 594, 596, 597, 598, 600, 601, 604, 606, 607, 608, 612, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 620, 627, 656, 660, 667, 668, 670, 680, 683, 686, 688, 690, 691, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 709, 710, 712, 714, 715, 716, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 733, 734, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 755, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 765, 768, 769, 773, 778, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 816, 818, 820, 828, 829, 842, 844, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 857, 858, 859, 860, 862, 863, 864, 866, 867, 868, 869, 875, 878, 880, 882, 883, 884, 889, 890, 891, 894, 897, 898, 899, 901, 903, 904, 907, 909, 910, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 934, 940, 941, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 951, 952, 953, 954, 956, 957, 960, 971, 978, 979, 981, 983, 986, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 934p, 939p, 953p, 956p, 994p, 997p
 * Pakenham (Mississippi Mills) – (343): 395, (613): 624
 * Palmer Rapids (Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan) – (613): 758
 * Parham (Central Frontenac) – (613): 375
 * Pembroke independent – (613): 638
 * Pembroke – (343): 369, 430, 544, (613): 281, 312, 401, 504, 559, 585, 602, 629, 631, 633, 635, 639, 717, 732, 735, 775
 * Perth – (343): 341, 400, 402, (613): 200, 201, 264, 267, 300, 326, 390, 464, 466, 714, 772, 812
 * Petawawa – (613): 506, 588, 685, 687
 * Picton (Prince Edward County) – (343): 222, (613): 471, 476, 503, 645, 654, 846, 906
 * Plantagenet (Alfred and Plantagenet) – (343): 396, 783, (613): 405, 673
 * Plevna (North Frontenac) – (343): 273, (613): 479
 * Portland (Rideau Lakes) – (613): 272, 972
 * Prescott – (613): 529, 918, 925, 975
 * For the municipality of Quinte West, see Frankford, Trenton and Wooler
 * Renfrew – (343): 361, (613): 431, 432, 433, 570
 * For the municipality of Prince Edward County, see Picton, Bloomfield, Wellington
 * Richmond – (343): 200, 397, 784, (613): 444, 838
 * Rideau Lakes (township): see Elgin, Portland
 * Rockland (Clarence-Rockland) – (343): 200, 398, 785, (613): 419, 446
 * Rolphton (Laurentian Hills) – (613): 586
 * Russell – (343): 399, 786, (613): 445, 496
 * Seeleys Bay (Leeds and the Thousand Islands) – (613): 387
 * Selby (Greater Napanee) – (613): 388
 * Sharbot Lake – (613): 279
 * Smiths Falls – (343): 800, 881, (613): 205, 206, 207, 283, 284, 285, 414, 418, 430, 485, 682, 706, 855, 980, 982, 988
 * South Dundas (township): see Iroquois, Morrisburg, Williamsburg
 * South Frontenac (township): see Harrowsmith, Inverary, Sydenham, Verona
 * South Glengarry (township): see Lancaster, Martintown
 * South Mountain (North Dundas) – (343): 345, (613): 989
 * South Stormont (township): see Ingleside, Long Sault
 * Spencerville (Edwardsburgh/Cardinal) – (613): 648, 658
 * Saint Regis (Akwesasane) – (343): 447, (613): 575
 * St. Eugene (East Hawkesbury) – (343): 445, (613): 674
 * St. Isidore – (343): 446, (613): 524
 * Stirling (Stirling–Rawdon) – (613): 395, 490
 * Stone Mills (township): see Enterprise, Newburgh, Yarker
 * Sydenham (South Frontenac) – (613): 376
 * Tamworth – (613): 379
 * Thurlow (Belleville) – (613): 477, 494
 * Toledo (Elizabethtown-Kitley) – (613): 275
 * Trenton (Quinte West) – (613): 208, 392, 394, 495, 651, 681, 955, 965
 * Tweed – (613): 478
 * Vankleek Hill – (343): 304, 448, 473 886, (613): 676, 677, 678, 684, 872
 * Verona (South Frontenac) – (613): 374
 * Wellington (Prince Edward County) – (613): 399
 * Westmeath (Whitewater Region) – (613): 587
 * Westport – (613): 273
 * Whitewater Region: see Beachburg, Westmeath
 * Whitney (South Algonquin) – (613): 637
 * Williamsburg (South Dundas) – (343): 449, (613): 535, 641
 * Winchester (North Dundas) – (343) 346, 787, (613): 441, 774
 * Wolfe Island (Frontenac Islands) – (613): 385
 * Wollaston: see Coe Hill
 * Wooler (Quinte West) – (613): 397, 497
 * Yarker (Stone Mills) – (613): 377
 * shared-cost service – (613): 310

p = Protected against assignment in both 819 and 613 – Government of Canada offices

title: Area codes 613, 343, and 753


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User:Silas~enwiki

always around. if not home then maybe at class... checked a few times a week: psyles@hotmailFORTHELOVEOFGODNOSPAM.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Silas~enwiki


text:
Bob Forward

Robert D. Forward (born 1958) is an American writer, producer, and director. He is the production director and president of his independent company, Detonation Films. Forward has been the writer of many animated television series, as well as a film, The Owl, based on his novel of the same name, which was republished in 2014.

Forward is the son of the Robert L. Forward, who was an American physicist and science fiction writer. His sister is Eve Forward. Forward currently resides in Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California, while Detonation Films is located in Simi Valley, California. Forward is also known to have registered at least one patent under his name.

Writer

 * series head writer denoted in bold

Novels
Forward (writing as Robert D. Forward) is the author of two novels, The Owl (1984) and its sequel The Owl 2 (1990).

title: Bob Forward


text:
Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College

Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College (ABAC) is a public college in Tifton, Georgia. It is part of the University System of Georgia and offers baccalaureate and associate degrees. The college is named after Abraham Baldwin, a signer of the United States Constitution from Georgia and the first president of the University of Georgia.

ABAC was established in 1908 as the Second District A&M School. The name was changed to the South Georgia A&M College in 1924, and to the Georgia State College for Men in 1929. It became Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College in 1933 when ABAC became a part of the newly formed University System of Georgia. At that time, ABAC's mission was devoted to associate level studies in agriculture, home economics, and related fields. Today, ABAC offers a variety of bachelor's degree programs as well as associate degrees.

Campus
The ABAC campus is used as an open-air classroom for students in the School of Agriculture and Natural Resources due to the large number of trees, plants, shrubs, and fields on campus. ABAC faculty, staff, students and visitors also enjoy the well-manicured grounds of the college. A renovation project was recently completed for the original three buildings on campus, Tift, Lewis, and Herring Halls. New landscaping and a new front lawn for ABAC were also a part of the renovation process. ABAC has a lab science building that was opened in 2016. ABAC also has an instructional site in Bainbridge.

The college became the owner of Possum Poke in 1999.

Academics
The School of Agriculture and Natural Resources is the largest area of study at ABAC. The Forestry track of the Natural Resources Management program is accredited by the Society of American Foresters. Nursing is the largest single major. This associate degree program prepares students to be certified as a Registered Nurse (R.N.).

Learning laboratories such as the J.G. Woodroof Farm and the Forest Lakes Golf Club enhance the academic curriculum. ABAC's 516-acre campus also includes the Georgia Museum of Agriculture and Historic Village, located one mile south of the main campus. Key components of the museum include an 1890s village, a blacksmith shop, a grist mill, a cotton gin, a print shop, a saw mill, and a steam locomotive.

Student life
There are numerous student organizations on the ABAC campus. Students have the opportunity to get involved with organizations ranging from the Student Government Association to the Forestry-Wildlife Club.

Campus media
The Stallion is the premier student newspaper in both the state and the southeast region. It wins annual awards for excellence in all categories, such as editorials, feature writing, photography, layout and design, given by the Georgia Press Association. Staff of the literary magazine, Pegasus, and creative writing faculty sponsor numerous poetry readings each year. Other events include a Writer's Harvest and contributions to the George Scott Day festival.

ABAC also has its own radio station, WPLH 103.1.

Athletics, music, and clubs
Intercollegiate sports teams include baseball, golf, and tennis for men, and softball, tennis, and soccer for women. ABAC has five national championships, three in softball and two in men's tennis.

ABAC has achieved international attention through its music program. The music program at ABAC includes a jazz band, jazz choir, concert band, concert choir, bluegrass band, and pep band. The ABAC jazz band has been on three tours of Europe. ABAC vocalists performed in 2011 at Lincoln Center.

The ABAC Arts Connection brings art and cultural events to Tifton and surrounding counties. The Baldwin Players theatre troupe stage performances during the fall and spring semesters. Recently, ABAC became a member institution of the Georgia Poetry Circuit.

ABAC has a Greek system on campus with the Sigma Gamma Rho, Sigma Alpha, Lambda Sigma Upsilon, Alpha Gamma Rho and Kappa Sigma fraternities.

One of the more active clubs on campus is the Agricultural Engineering Technology Club. It is known for holding truck and tractor pulls on campus each fall and spring. The club maintains the ABAC Crackerjack pulling tractor, an Allis Chalmers 190XT, built in the 1970s by former staff member Jimmy Grubbs. The AET club has also recently completed work on a new pulling tractor, an AGCO Allis 9650, making the ABAC AET club the only college organization in the U.S. that currently has two running and competitive Super Farm pulling tractors. Almost all of the work building the new tractor and the work needed to maintain Crackerjack is performed by the students in the club. The club uses both tractors as recruiting tools not only for the organization, but for the school as well.

Housing
Over 1,200 students live on the ABAC campus in modern housing units. In ABAC Place, every student has a private bedroom in a four-bedroom, two-bath apartment. The ABAC Lakeside facility offers suite-style living for freshmen on the north shore of Lake Baldwin.

Notable alumni

 * Fred Bond, Jr., tobacco industry representative and politician
 * Ralph Bryant, former major league baseball player who played with the Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Tom Cheney, struck out the highest number of batters in a single Major League Baseball game playing for the Washington Senators
 * Cathy Cox, former Secretary of State of Georgia
 * Harris DeVane, stock car racing driver
 * Kyle Farnsworth, former journeyman relief pitcher.
 * George Thornewell Smith, only person to win contested elections in all three branches of the state of Georgia government; former lieutenant governor
 * Boo Weekley, professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour
 * Harold Bascom Durham Jr. received Medal of Honor for his actions in Vietnam.
 * Tyler Harper former Georgia Senator, current Georgia Department of Agriculture Commissioner.

title: Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College


text:
Leo T. McCarthy

Leo Tarcissus McCarthy (August 15, 1930 – February 5, 2007) was an American politician and businessman. He served as the 43rd Lieutenant Governor of California from 1983 to 1995.

Early life and education
McCarthy, whose parents were both natives of Tralee, Ireland, was himself born in Auckland, New Zealand, on August 15, 1930 but emigrated to the United States with his parents Daniel and Nora McCarthy, and siblings when he was three years old. The McCarthy family sailed from the Port of Wellington, New Zealand on the Union Steam Ship Makura, which arrived at the Port of San Francisco, California, on February 9, 1934. He went to elementary school at Mission Dolores. He then went to high school at St. Ignatius College Preparatory. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of San Francisco and a law degree from San Francisco Law School, now integrated to Alliant International University.

Career
McCarthy joined the United States Air Force in March 1951, and served for twenty-one months until the end of 1952, as an enlisted man. He was in an intelligence unit at the Strategic Air Command and was stationed at Lake Charles, Louisiana for seventeen months. While at the Strategic Air Command, he spent a few weeks deployed to Saudi Arabia taking part in a mission to simulate the start of World War III. He also served in the United States Air Force Reserves for a few years.

California Assembly
In 1958, the year that saw the Democrats capture statewide offices for the first time since World War II, McCarthy managed the successful campaign for State Senate of J. Eugene McAteer. After the election, McCarthy served as McAteer's administrative assistant.

McCarthy first ran for office in 1963, when he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. He served there until 1967. In 1968, he was elected to the State Assembly, serving as speaker of the Assembly from 1974 to 1980. (Art Agnos, elected mayor of San Francisco in 1988, had his political start as McCarthy's first legislative assistant, and later as the speaker's chief of staff.) As speaker, McCarthy earned a reputation as a partisan, take-no-prisoners insider in Democratic Party politics.

McCarthy unexpectedly lost the speakership to Willie Brown in 1980. McCarthy had been facing a stiff challenge from Howard Berman. Seeing his fellow Democrats so divided, Brown worked with Republicans to gain the speakership. Both of the losers in this struggle soon left the legislature. Berman ran for Congress and McCarthy ran for statewide office.

Lieutenant Governor of California (from 1983 to 1995)
McCarthy was first elected to statewide office to the first of three consecutive four-year terms as lieutenant governor of California in 1982, at the same time that Republican George Deukmejian was elected governor. In 1986, the incumbent McCarthy ran against Republican Mike Curb, the former Lieutenant Governor and McCarthy's immediate predecessor as well as a former film producer and music promoter with a reputation for opposing drug use by artists. In a hotly-contested race for lieutenant governor that centered largely around violent crime and drug policy, McCarthy alleged that Curb made a fortune in making 'exploitation films' that glorified drugs, sex, and violence. Curb was so incensed at the charges that he filed a $7-million libel and slander suit against McCarthy, who ultimately won the election.

After his failed 1988 Senate campaign, McCarthy won a third term as lieutenant governor in 1990, while his 1988 opponent Pete Wilson won the election for governor.

1988 U.S. Senate campaign
In 1988, McCarthy ran for the U.S. Senate. He easily won the Democratic Party nomination but was defeated in the general election by the Republican incumbent and future Governor Pete Wilson. As of 2021, this was the last time a Republican won a U.S. Senate seat in California. McCarthy's 4,287,253 votes set a record for the most votes given to a losing Democratic Senate candidate that lasted until it was broken by MJ Hegar of Texas in 2020. McCarthy was the first person ever to get more than 4 million votes in a losing Senate campaign.

1992 U.S. Senate campaign and retirement
In 1992, McCarthy entered the Democratic primary election for the U.S. Senate but lost the nomination to US Representative (and later general election winner) Barbara Boxer.

McCarthy retired from public office at the end of his third term as the state's longest-serving Lieutenant Governor after 12 years in office on January 2, 1995, choosing not to seek re-election to a fourth term in 1994, even though he was eligible for one more term and would not have been term-limited until 1998. He was succeeded by a fellow Democrat, then-State Controller and later future Governor Gray Davis. McCarthy's 12 years are the longest any California lieutenant governor has served. Upon leaving politics, he created an investment company, The Daniel Group, named for his father and located in San Francisco.

Leo T. McCarthy Center
He helped found the Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and the Common Good at the University of San Francisco.

Personal life and death
McCarthy was married on December 17, 1955, to the former Jacqueline Lee Burke. They had four children (Sharon, Conna, Adam, and Niall) and eleven grandchildren.

After a long illness, McCarthy died from a kidney ailment at his home in San Francisco on February 5, 2007.

title: Leo T. McCarthy


text:
Antonio de los Reyes Correa

Antonio de los Reyes Correa (c. 1665 – June 9, 1758), also known as El Capitán Correa, was a Puerto Rican native who served as a captain in the Spanish Marine Infantry. Correa and his men defended the town of Arecibo from a British invasion in 1702.

Early years
Correa was born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, to Jose Rodriguez Correa and Francisca Rodriguez de Valdez Colon. He was in charge of a small militia whose job was to protect the city of Arecibo from any attack which the city may be subject to, either by pirates or foreign forces. His claim to fame came as a result of his defense of the city from an attack and possible invasion by the British on August 5, 1702.

Defense of Arecibo
During the early part of the 18th century the United Kingdom was at war with Spain, and Great Britain ordered an attack on the Spanish possessions in the New World. On August 5, 1702, two British warships approached the coastal town of Arecibo. Two smaller boats with a company of British soldiers landed on Arecibo's beach. The Puerto Rican militia - headed by Correa - had only thirty men, armed with just spears and machetes, who fought the British, who were better armed with muskets and swords. At the end of the battle there were twenty-two British dead on land and 8 at sea, including the captain in charge of the landing troops, who had died at the hands of Correa. Correa himself was wounded but the British left and the city of Arecibo was saved. As a result Correa was declared a Puerto Rican national hero.

Honors and later years
Correa was awarded "La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie" (The Gold Medal of the Royal Image), by King Philip V of Spain and given the title of "Captain of Infantry" on September 23, 1703. It was within Spanish tradition to name its Captain of Infantry to the position of Mayor. Correa served as temporary mayor of Arecibo from 1700 to 1701 and then as official mayor from 1701 to 1705. He also served as mayor from 1710 to 1714 and from 1716 to 1744.

Captain Antonio de los Reyes Correa, who was married to Estefanía Rodríguez de Matos y Colón Luyando, died on June 9, 1758. Arecibo is known as the "Villa del Capitan Correa" (Captain Correa's Village), an honour bestowed by the people of the town. The people of Arecibo also honored Correa by including a gold colored belt in their Coat of Arms with the words "Muy Leal", which means "Very Loyal", in representation of Correa. On January 8, 2004, the Government of Puerto Rico approved public law #29 (P. de la C. 4029 LEY NUM. 29. 8 DE ENERO DE 2004) establishing August 5 as the Day of Antonio de los Reyes Correa. In the southern Puerto Rican city of Ponce a street was named after him. It runs from Barrio Segundo through Barrio Primero and ends in the northern portion of Barrio Canas Urbano at Avenida Las Américas.

title: Antonio de los Reyes Correa


text:
Vidalia (fly)

Vidalia is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae. Vidalia are commonly found distributed from the Eastern Palearctic to Oriental and Australasian. They breed in the fruits of Heptapleurum oxyphyllum var. oxyphyllum, a member of family Araliaceae, in West Malaysia.

Species

 * Vidalia accola (Hardy, 1973)
 * Vidalia armifrons (Portschinsky, 1891)
 * Vidalia bicolor Hardy, 1987
 * Vidalia bidens Hendel, 1915
 * Vidalia buloloae (Malloch, 1939)
 * Vidalia ceratophora Bezzi, 1913
 * Vidalia diffluata Hering, 1938
 * Vidalia dualis Permkam & Hancock, 1995
 * Vidalia duplicata (Han & Wang, 1994)
 * Vidalia eritima (Han & Wang, 1994)
 * Vidalia fletcheri Munro, 1938
 * Vidalia furialis Ito, 1984
 * Vidalia himalayensis (Bezzi, 1913)
 * Vidalia imbellis Ito, 2011
 * Vidalia impressifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 * Vidalia kijanga Chua & Ooi, 1997
 * Vidalia langatensis Chua, 2000
 * Vidalia placabilis Ito, 2011
 * Vidalia spadix Chen, 1948
 * Vidalia thailandica Hancock & Drew, 1994
 * Vidalia tuberculata Hardy, 1970

title: Vidalia (fly)


text:
User:Zigmar/sandbox

Just some tesing for my own

Tests
This page link: sandbox

test page

Special: My contributions

Zigmar 13:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Zigmar/sandbox


text: User talk:146.95.224.174

title: User talk:146.95.224.174


text:
Homo faber

is the concept that human beings are able to control their fate and their environment as a result of the use of tools.

Original phrase
In Latin literature, Appius Claudius Caecus uses this term in his Sententiæ, referring to the ability of man to control his destiny and what surrounds him: Homo faber suae quisque fortunae ("Every man is the artifex of his destiny").

In older anthropological discussions, Homo faber, as the "working man", is confronted with Homo ludens, the "playing man", who is concerned with amusements, humor, and leisure. It is also used in George Kubler's book, The Shape of Time as a reference to individuals who create works of art.

Modern usage
The classic homo faber suae quisque fortunae was "rediscovered" by humanists in 14th century and was central in the Italian Renaissance.

In the 20th century, Max Scheler and Hannah Arendt made the philosophical concept central again.

Henri Bergson also referred to the concept in Creative Evolution (1907), defining intelligence, in its original sense, as the "faculty to create artificial objects, in particular tools to make tools, and to indefinitely variate its makings."

Homo Faber is the title of an influential novel by the Swiss author Max Frisch, published in 1957.

title: Homo faber


text:
Lerna

In classical Greece, Lerna (Λέρνα or Λέρνη) was a region of springs and a former lake located in the municipality of the same name, near the east coast of the Peloponnesus, south of Argos. Even though much of the area is marshy, Lerna is located on a geographically narrow point between mountains and the sea, along an ancient route from the Argolid to the southern Peloponnese; this location may have resulted in the importance of the settlement.

Its site near the village Mili at the Argolic Gulf is most famous as the lair of the Lernaean Hydra, the chthonic many-headed water snake, a creature of great antiquity when Heracles killed it, as the second of his labors. The strong Karstic springs remained; the lake, diminished to a silt lagoon by the 19th century, has vanished.

Lerna is notable for several archaeological sites, including an Early Bronze Age structure known as House of the Tiles, dating to the Early Helladic period II (2500–2300 BC).

Myths
The secret of the Lernaean spring was the gift of Poseidon when he lay with the "blameless" daughter of Danaus, Amymone. The geographer Strabo attests that the Lernaean waters were considered healing: "Lake Lerna, the scene of the story of the Hydra, lies in Argeia and the Mycenaean territory; and on account of the cleansings that take place in it there arose a proverb, 'A Lerna of ills.' Now writers agree that the county has plenty of water, and that, although the city itself lies in a waterless district, it has an abundance of wells. These wells they ascribe to the daughters of Danaus, believing that they discovered them ... but they add that four of the wells not only were designated as sacred but are especially revered, thus introducing the false notion that there is a lack of water where there is an abundance of it."

Lerna was one of the entrances to the Underworld, and the ancient Lernaean Mysteries, sacred to Demeter, were celebrated there. Pausanias (2.37.1) says that the mysteries were initiated by Philammon, the twin "other" of Autolycus. Heroes could gain entry to the netherworld via the Alcyonian Lake. Prosymnus aided Dionysus in his search for his mother Semele by guiding him to this entrance. For mortals the lake was perilous; Pausanias writes: "There is no limit to the depth of the Alcyonian Lake, and I know of nobody who by any contrivance has been able to reach the bottom of it since not even Nero, who had ropes made several stades long and fastened them together, tying lead to them, and omitting nothing that might help his experiment, was able to discover any limit to its depth. This, too, I heard. The water of the lake is, to all appearance, calm and quiet but, although it is such to look at, every swimmer who ventures to cross it is dragged down, sucked into the depths, and swept away."

At Lerna, Plutarch knew (Isis and Osiris), Dionysus was summoned as "Bugenes", "son of the Bull" with a strange archaic trumpet called a salpinx, while a lamb was cast into the waters as an offering for the "Keeper of the Gate." The keeper of the gate to the Underworld that lay in the waters of Lerna was the Hydra.

Archaeology
Excavations at the site were initiated under John L. Caskey in 1952, whose efforts initiated the series of publications of Bronze Age Lerna, Lerna I-V, inspiring many other publications.

Lerna was occupied in Neolithic times, as early as the fifth millennium BCE, then was abandoned for a time before the sequence of occupation from the Early to Late Bronze Age (Early Helladic through Late Helladic or Mycenaean period). On-site techniques of flint-knapping with imported obsidian and chert attest to cultural continuity over this long stretch of time, with reduction in the supply of obsidian from Melos testifying to reduced long-distance trade at the end of Early Helladic III, corresponding to Lerna IV.

The site of Lerna is one of the largest prehistoric tumuli in Greece (ca. 180 m by 160 m across), which accumulated during a long Neolithic occupation. The crest of the mound was levelled and extended in the Early Bronze Age (Early Helladic II period, ca. 2500–2200 BC), as at Eutresis and Orchomenus, for the construction of a new settlement, known as Lerna III in the site's stratigraphy. Lerna III lacks signs of continuity with the previous occupation. It was strongly fortified by a double ring of defensive walls with towers and was the site of a two-storey palace or administrative center known as House of the Tiles, for the terracotta tiles that sheathed its roof (an early example of tile roofing). This building was destroyed by fire at the end of the Early Helladic II period. In the following period (Lerna IV = Early Helladic III) the site of the "House of the Tiles" was covered by an earthen tumulus and not built upon again, whether through respect or fear, until, at the end of the Middle Helladic period, shaft graves were cut into the tumulus, suggesting that the significance of the monument had been forgotten. Lerna was used as a cemetery during the Mycenaean age (Late Helladic period), but was abandoned about 1250 BCE.

Ceramics of Lerna III include the hallmark spouted vessels that archaeologists name "sauceboats", with rims that sweep upwards into a curved spout, as well as bowls with incurving rims, both flat-bottomed and with ring bases, and wide saucers, sometimes with glazed rims, more pleasant for the drinker's lips. Jars and hydria have swelling curves. Painted decoration is sparse; stamped sealing form decorative patterns on some pieces, or rolled scribed cylinders have been used to make banded patterns. Remarkably, banded patterns made with the self-same seal have been found at Lerna, Tiryns and Zygouries. The burning of the House of Tiles brought the Third Period at Lerna to a decisive close; a low round tumulus marked its undisturbed, apparently sacrosanct site.

Lerna IV (Early Helladic III) marked a fresh start, not as a fortified seat of central authority this time, but as a small town, with houses of two and three rooms with walls of crude brick set upon stone foundations; several had central circular hearths. Narrow lanes separated houses. A great profusion of unlined pits (bothroi) was characteristic of this phase: eventually they became filled with waste matter, bones, potsherds, even whole pots. The pottery, markedly discontinuous with Lerna III, shows a range of new forms, and the first signs— regular spiral grooves in bases and parallel incised lines— marking the increasing use of the potter's wheel. Painted linear decoration in dark glaze on the pale body is characteristic of Lerna IV. Caskey identified early examples of the ware that in Middle Helladic contexts would be recognized as Minyan ware, and, among the few examples of imported pottery, a winged jar characteristic of Troy, perhaps Troy IV.

Lerna V is continuous with the preceding phase, distinguished largely by new styles in pottery with the sudden, peaceful introduction of matte-painted ware, the thick-slipped Argive version of gray Minyan ware, and a vigorous increase in the kinds of imported wares, coming from the Cyclades and Crete (Middle Minoan IA). A new custom of burying the dead in excavations within the houses or between them is universal at the period.

Modern geological techniques such as core drilling have identified the site of the vanished sacred Lake Lerna, which was a freshwater lagoon, separated by barrier dunes from the Aegean. In the Early Bronze Age Lake Lerna had an estimated diameter of 4.7 km. Deforestation increased the rate of silt deposits and the lake became a malarial marsh, of which the last remnants were drained in the nineteenth century.

Etymology
The lake is called "the Lake of Darkness" in Shakespeare's King Lear; see Nero in the arts and popular culture

title: Lerna


text:
Margot Asquith

Emma Margaret Asquith, Countess of Oxford and Asquith (' Tennant; 2 February 1864 – 28 July 1945), known as Margot Asquith''', was a British socialite and author. She was married to British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith from 1894 to his death in 1928.

Early life
Emma Margaret Tennant was born in Peeblesshire, of Scottish and English descent, the sixth daughter and eleventh child of Sir Charles Tennant, 1st Baronet, an industrialist and politician, and Emma Winsloe. Known always as Margot, Tennant was brought up at The Glen, the family's country estate; Margot and her sister Laura grew up wild and uninhibited. Margot was a "venturesome child", for example roaming the moors, climbing to the top of the roof by moonlight, riding her horse up the front steps of the estate house. Riding and golf were her lifelong passions.

The two girls were inseparable, entering society together in London in 1881. She and Laura became the central female figures of an aristocratic group of intellectuals called "The Souls" ("You are always talking about your souls," complained Lord Charles Beresford, thereby providing them with a suitable label). Laura married Alfred Lyttelton in 1885 and died in 1888, and Margot's life was strongly impacted by these events.

Mrs Asquith
On 10 May 1894, Margot married H. H. Asquith and became a "spur to his ambition". She brought him into the glittering social world, which he had in no way experienced with his first wife, who Margot had known and always spoke of warmly. Margot also became an unenthusiastic stepmother to five children, who were bemused by Margot, so different from their quiet mother. Violet Asquith wrote: "She flashed into our lives like some dazzling bird of paradise, filling us with amazement, amusement, excitement, sometimes with a vague uneasiness as to what she might do next." In 1908, when Asquith became prime minister, Violet was the only child of his first wife still at home, and the two shared a deep interest in politics. In contrast, relations between stepmother and stepdaughter were frequently strained, prompting H. H. Asquith to write lamentingly of how the two were "on terms of chronic misunderstanding".

Margot bore five children of her own, two of them surviving infancy. Elizabeth Asquith, born in 1897, later married Prince Antoine Bibesco of Romania in 1919 and became a writer of some note. Anthony Asquith, born in 1902, became a leading English film director.

Until they moved to the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street in 1908, the Asquith home was a huge house in Cavendish Square in London, with a staff of 14 servants. The residence of most importance in the life of the Asquiths was The Wharf in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, built in 1912. It became their weekend home away from home, and it was there that literary, artistic and political luminaries would gather.

Views on Suffrage and Politics
Her husband was in office as British Prime Minister from April 1908 to December 1916.

Margot Asquith was a staunch opponent of women's suffrage, once saying in a letter that "women have no reason, very little humour, hardly any sense of honour...and no sense of proportion". In 1909, on holiday in Clovelly Court, Devon, the Asquiths were followed by suffragettes Elsie Howey, Jessie Kenney and Vera Wentworth, whom Margot recognised again at church. They also hid in her garden, covering plants with the colours of the movement: purple, white and green. With other politicians' wives, she attended the debate on the aborted Conciliation Bill and, in 1911, she "seemed highly amused at the earnestness" of women's suffrage lobbyists, whilst near to Constance Lytton and Annie Kenney, who remembered her as unpleasant and sarcastic. In 1912, an article in the newspaper Votes for Women told of Asquith's "stealth" journey when travelling with her husband as Prime Minister, via Wolverhampton and the Holyhead ferry, to Dublin, where the ferry was met by a yacht of Irish Women's Franchise League demanding the female vote be included in the Irish Home Rule Bill.

During World War I Margot Asquith's outspokenness led to a public outcry. For example, she visited a German prisoner of war camp, and she accused her shell-shocked stepson, Herbert, of being drunk. The negative public and media response may well have contributed to the political downfall of her husband. In 1918, she was publicly attacked in court by Noel Pemberton Billing, a right-wing MP, who was convinced that the nation's war effort was being undermined by homosexuality in high society. He hinted that she was associated with the conspirators. Billing also published a poem, written by Lord Alfred Douglas, which referred to "merry Margot, bound With Lesbian fillets".

After the war
In 1920 the mansion in Cavendish Square was sold and the Asquiths moved to 44 Bedford Square, a beautiful house formerly occupied by salonière Ottoline Morrell. She became Countess of Oxford and Asquith in 1925 when her husband was granted a peerage.

Writings
Margot published her autobiography in 1920. Her writing style was not always critically accepted—the most famous review of Margot's work came from New York wit Dorothy Parker, who wrote, "The affair between Margot Asquith and Margot Asquith will live as one of the prettiest love stories in all literature". Margot’s autobiography was part of a new trend of revelatory political books written close in time to the events described, including Lytton Strachey’s Eminent Victorians in 1918, John Maynard Keynes' The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919 and Lord Beaverbrook’s Politicians and the War in 1928. In 1921 humorist Barry Pain published a book called Marge Askinforit, described on the cover as "a rollicking skit on the Margot Asquith memoirs". Pain wrote in his author's note that "There was a quality in that autobiography which seemed to demand parody."

Margot was known for her outspokenness and acerbic wit. A possibly apocryphal but typical story has her meeting the American film actress Jean Harlow and correcting Harlow's mispronunciation of her first name – "No, no; the 't' is silent, as in 'Harlow'." The story was recorded by the Liberal MP Robert Bernays in his diary entry for 26 June 1934, but Bernays does not claim to have witnessed the alleged encounter himself.

Publication of her diaries
Margot's diaries covering 1914–16 were published by Oxford University Press in June 2014 as Margot Asquith's Great War Diaries.

List of Publications

 * An Autobiography, 1920
 * My Impressions of America, 1922
 * Places & Persons, 1925
 * Lay Sermons, 1927
 * Octavia, 1928
 * More Memories, 1933
 * More or Less about Myself, 1934
 * "Off the Record", 1943
 * Margot Asquith's Great War Diaries (2014)

Later Years
In the late 1920s, Margot and her husband were seriously in debt: she admitted to owing £15,000 (over £800,000 at 2015 prices) and having pawned her pearls for £2,000 despite, she claimed, having made £18,000 from books and £10,000 from various writings. A whip-round of Liberal sympathisers had to be organised to provide for them.

Her husband left her only £300 (just over £16,000 at 2015 prices) on his death in 1928 as he had to use his life insurance to provide for his children. She was left in near penury and her financial position caused her constant concern. Thereafter she made money by advising on “matters of taste” in interior design and advertising Wix cigarettes, often issued "IOU"s which she hoped would never be cashed and, beginning before her husband's death, was given regular gifts of money by Lord Beaverbrook. After her husband's death Margot slowly moved down the residential rungs to rooms at the Savoy Hotel. Her final home was in Thurloe Place, Kensington. She told Harold Nicolson that Neville Chamberlain was "the greatest Englishman that ever lived" for signing the Munich Agreement.

Her final overwhelming sadness was the separation from her daughter, Elizabeth, who had been trapped in Bucharest since 1940. Margot schemed for her rescue, but Elizabeth died of pneumonia in April 1945; heartbroken, she outlived her daughter by three months.

In literature and popular culture
Margot's autobiographical revelations about her boisterous youth and early suitors were satirised by Neil Munro in his Erchie MacPherson story, "Reminiscences", first published in the Glasgow Evening News on 8 November 1920.

title: Margot Asquith


text:
Naranja

Naranja is a Spanish word meaning 'orange fruit' and can refer to:

 * Naranja, Florida, a census-designated place
 * Renato Naranja (born 1940), International Master of chess from the Philippines
 * Naranja, one of the two academies in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet

title: Naranja


text:
Effect system

In computing, an effect system is a formal system that describes the computational effects of computer programs, such as side effects. An effect system can be used to provide a compile-time check of the possible effects of the program.

The effect system extends the notion of type to have an "effect" component, which comprises an effect kind and a region. The effect kind describes what is being done, and the region describes with what (parameters) it is being done.

An effect system is typically an extension of a type system. The term "type and effect system" is sometimes used in this case. Often, a type of a value is denoted together with its effect as ''type ! effect'', where both the type component and the effect component mention certain regions (for example, a type of a mutable memory cell is parameterized by the label of the memory region in which the cell resides). The term "algebraic effect" follows from the type system.

Effect systems may be used to prove the external purity of certain internally impure definitions: for example, if a function internally allocates and modifies a region of memory, but the function's type does not mention the region, then the corresponding effect may be erased from the function's effect.

Examples
Some examples of the behaviors that can be described by effect systems include:
 * Reading, writing or allocating memory: the effect kind is read, write, allocate or free, and the region is the point of the program where allocation was performed (i.e., each program point where allocation is performed is assigned a unique label, and region information is statically propagated along the dataflow). Most functions working with memory will actually be polymorphic in the region variable: for example, a function that swaps two locations in memory will have type forall r1 r2, unit ! $\{read r1, read r2, write r1, write r2\}$.
 * Working with resources, such as files: for example, the effect kind may be open, read and close, and again, the region is the point of the program where the resource is opened.
 * Control transfers with continuations and long jumps: the effect kind may be goto (i.e. the piece of code may perform a jump) and comefrom (i.e. the piece of code may be the target of a jump), and the region denotes the point of the program from which or to which the jump may be performed.

From a programmer's point of view, effects are useful as it allows for separating the implementation (how) of specific actions from the specification of what actions to perform. For example, an ask name effect can read from either the console, pop a window, or just return a default value. The control flow can be described as a blend of yield (in that the execution continues) and throw (in that an unhandled effect propagates down until handled).

Core Feature

 * Koka is a statically typed functional programming language with algebraic effect handlers as a main feature.
 * Eff is a statically typed functional programming language centered around algebraic effect handlers.
 * Unison is a statically typed functional programming language with algebraic effect handlers (called "abilities" in the language) as a core part of the type system.
 * Effekt is a research language centered around effect handlers and polymorphic effects.

Full Support

 * Haskell is a statically typed functional programming language with several packages that allow for encoding of effects. However, Haskell is generally more focused on monads.
 * OCaml 5.0 introduced support for experimental effect handler primitives, with plans to introduce a proper high-level syntax in the future.

Partial Support and Prototypes

 * Scala 3.1 is a statically typed, functional and object oriented programming language with experimental support for effects that is limited to exceptions, in the form of a  capability.
 * Java is a statically typed, object oriented programming language; its checked exceptions are a relatively limited example of an effect system. Only one effect kind —  — is available, there is no way to resume with a value, and they cannot be used with functions (only methods) unless the function implements a custom.
 * JavaScript is a dynamically typed language, it has a proposal that implements algebraic effects.

title: Effect system


text:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) was among the first American Christian missionary organizations. It was created in 1810 by recent graduates of Williams College. In the 19th century it was the largest and most important of American missionary organizations and consisted of participants from Protestant Reformed traditions such as Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and German Reformed churches.

Before 1870, the ABCFM consisted of Protestants of several denominations, including Congregationalists and Presbyterians. However, due to secessions caused by the issue of slavery and by the fact that New School Presbyterian-affiliated missionaries had begun to support the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, after 1870 the ABCFM became a Congregationalist body.

The American Board (as it was frequently known) continued to operate as a largely Congregationalist entity until the 1950s. In 1957, the Congregational Christian church merged with the German Evangelical and Reformed Church to form the United Church of Christ. As a part of the organizational merger associated with this new denomination, the ABCFM ceased to be independent. It merged operations with other missions entities to form the United Church Board for World Ministries, an agency of the United Church of Christ.

Other organizations that draw inspiration from the ABCFM include InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, and the Missionary Society of the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches.

Organization and functioning
The ABCFM conducted an annual meeting with a Prudential Committee (aka Executive Committee) that took care of day-to-day business. It elected a Corresponding Secretary to produce written documents, and a Treasurer to receive donations. It also had board members.

The ABCFM held its first meeting on September 5, 1810, and elected Samuel Worcester as corresponding secretary.

Corresponding Secretaries and other key leaders

 * Samuel Worcester was the first corresponding secretary, starting in 1810.
 * Jeremiah Evarts, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831
 * At the 1822 annual meeting, board members elected officers: Evarts as corresponding secretary, John Treadwell as president, and Rev. Joseph Lyman as vice president. The Prudential Committee consisted of William Reed, Rev. Leonard Woods, Jeremiah Evarts, Samuel Hubbard, and Rev. Warren Fay.
 * Elias Cornelius became corresponding secretary, serving Dec 1831 – February 1832 (his death)
 * Benjamin B. Wisner, Rufus Anderson (1796–1880) and David Greene (1797–1866) became "coequal" secretaries in 1832. When Wisner died (February 9, 1835), William Jessup Armstrong took his place.
 * Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong led as coequals from 1835 to 1846, with Anderson as foreign secretary, Armstrong as domestic secretary, and David Greene as secretary for American Indian missions and editor of the Missionary Herald Rufus Anderson continued as foreign secretary until 1866. Armstrong died in a shipwreck between Boston and New Jersey in 1846.
 * Selah B. Treat was elected in 1843 as recording secretary. Rufus Anderson, Rev. David Greene, and Rev. William J. Armstrong were listed as "Secretaries for Correspondence." (President and vice president were listed respectively as Theodore Frelinghuysen LL. D. and Hon. Thomas S. Williams)
 * By 1858, George Warren Wood was sole corresponding secretary, with Rev. Mark Hopkins as President and abolitionist William Jessup as Vice-President. Hopkins had been the President of Williams College since 1836.
 * By 1866, Rev. Nathan George Clark and Rev G. W. Wood had joined Rufus Anderson and Selah Treat as corresponding secretaries. Wood, as ABCFM Secretary in New York City, held his position from 1850 to 1871. Clark assumed the position of Foreign Secretary when Anderson left in 1866 and remained Foreign Secretary until 1894.
 * Note: After some secessions due to the slavery issue and the movement of New School Presbyterian-affiliated missionaries to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the ABCFM was left as a Congregationalist body after 1870.

 * In 1896, James Levi Barton became secretary when N.G. Clark died, and he retired in 1927.
 * In 1899, James L. Barton, Judson Smith, and Charles H. Daniels are the three Corresponding Secretaries of the ABCFM according to The Congregational Yearbook. It also lists Charles M. Lamson and D. Willis James as ABCFM president and vice president, respectively.
 * Henry H. Riggs' brother Ernest Wilson Riggs (former president of Euphrates College 1910–1921 and Near East Relief worker) joined James Levi Barton as associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1921 to 1932.
 * Note: After 1930, the ABCFM revised its constitution to create the position of "Executive Vice-President" to provide a position that was "first among equals" amongst ABCFM secretaries.

 * Dr. Frank Field Goodsell was the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM, which he led from 1930 to 1948.
 * Alford Carleton served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.
 * Note: when the Evangelical and Reformed Church merged with the Congregational Christian Church in 1957, the Congregationalist-affiliated ABCFM merged with the E&R affiliated Board of International Missions to become the United Church of Christ denomination's United Church Board of World Ministries under Carleton On June 29, 1961, the ABCFM formally concluded. On July 1, 2000, a UCC restructure renamed UCBWM became "Wider Church Ministries" under the UCC's covenanted ministries structure.

Board members
In 1826, the American Board absorbed 26 members of the United Foreign Missionary Society (UFMS) into its board.
 * Timothy Dwight

Early history
In 1806, five students from Williams College in western Massachusetts took shelter from a thunderstorm in a haystack. At the Haystack Prayer Meeting, they came to the common conviction that "the field is the world" and inspired the creation of the ABCFM four years later. The objective of the ABCFM was to spread Christianity worldwide. Congregationalist in origin, the ABCFM also accepted missionaries from Presbyterian (1812–70), Dutch-Reformed (1819–57) and other denominations.

In 1812, the ABCFM sent its first missionaries – Adoniram and Ann Hasseltine Judson; Samuel and Roxana Peck Nott; Samuel and Harriet Newell; Gordon Hall, and Luther Rice—to British India. Between 1812 and 1840, they were followed by missionaries to the following people and places: Tennessee to the Cherokee Indians, India (the Bombay area), northern Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka), the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii); east Asia: China, Singapore and Siam (Thailand); the Middle East: (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, the Holy Land and Persia (Iran)); and Africa: Western Africa—Cape Palmas—and Southern Africa—among the Zulus.

The fight against Indian removal
Jeremiah Evarts served as treasurer, 1812–20, and as corresponding secretary from 1821 until his death in 1831. Under his leadership, the board in 1821 expanded the role of women: it authorized Ellen Stetson, the first unmarried female missionary to the American Indians, and Betsey Stockton, the first unmarried female overseas missionary and the first African-American missionary.

Evarts led the organization's efforts to place missionaries with American Indian tribes in the Southeastern United States. He also led the ABCFM's extensive fight against Indian removal policies in general and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 in particular.

1830 through 1860
By the 1830s, based on its experiences, the ABCFM prohibited unmarried people from entering the mission field. They required couples to have been engaged at least two months prior to setting sail. To help the missionaries find wives, they maintained a list of women who were "missionary-minded": "young, pious, educated, fit and reasonably good-looking." The policy against sending single women as missionaries was not strictly followed and was reversed in 1868. The secretary post was offered to Elias Cornelius in October 1831, but he became ill and died in February 1832. Rufus Anderson was the General Secretary of the Board from 1832 through the mid-1860s. His legacy included administrative gifts, setting of policy, visiting around the world, and chronicling the work of the ABCFM in books. Between 1810 and 1840, the ABCFM sought firstly to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ. At home and abroad, the Board and its supporters undertook every effort to exhort the evangelical community, to train a cadre of agents, and to send forth laborers into the mission field. As a leader in the United Front and early federal American voluntary associations, the Board influenced the nineteenth-century mission movement.

Missionary stations in 1855
By 1850, the American Board had sent 157 ordained, male missionaries to foreign posts.

The January 1855 issue of the Missionary Herald listed the Current missions of the Board as follow:

Africa

 * Mission to Gaboon (Baraka station, Olandebenk station, Negenenge station, one outstation at Nomba)
 * Mission to Zulus (Mapumulo station, Umvoti station, Esidumbini station, Umsunduzi station, Itafamasi station, Table Mountain station, Inanda station, Umlazi station, Ifumi station, Amahlongwa station, Ifafa station, Umtwalumi station)
 * Mission to Angola (Chilesso station)

Europe

 * Mission to Greece (Athens station)
 * Mission to Jews (Constantinople, Smyrna, Thessalonica)

Western Asia

 * Mission to Armenians (Bebek (Constantinople) station, Pera (Constantinople) station, Hass-keuy (Constantinople) station, Koom-kapoo (Constantinople) station, Smyrna station, Marash station, Aintab station, Talas, Turkey station, Sivas station, Tokat station, Marsovan station, Trebizond station, Ezroom station, and Arabkir station)
 * Mission to Syria (Beirut station, Abeih station, Hasbeiya station, Trablous station, Aleppo station, and outstations at Bhamdoun, Kfarshima, Rashaya, Ibel, and Khiam)
 * Mission to Assyria (Mosul station, Diarbekir station, and an out-station at Hainee)
 * Mission to Nestorians (Urmia station [also known as Oroomaih] and nearby Seir station; Gawar station; and outstations at Geog Tapa, Ardeshai, Supergan, and Dizza Takha)

Southern Asia

 * Mission to Bombay (Bombay station)
 * Mission to Ahmednagar (American Marathi Mission Marathi Christians) (Ahmednuggur station, Bhingar station, Seroor station, and outstations at Wudualey, Newasse, and Dedgaum)
 * Mission to Satara (Satara station and Mahabulishwar station)
 * Mission to Kolapoor (Kolapoor station)
 * Mission to Madras ( Royapoorum station, Chintadrepettah station, and Black Town station)
 * Mission to Madura (Madura East station, Madura Fort station, Dindiguel East station, Dindiguel West station, Periacoolum station, Tirumungalum station, Pasumalie station, Mandahasalie station, Tirupoovanum station, and Sivagunga station)
 * Mission to Ceylon (Tillipally station, Baticotta station, Oodooville station, Manepy station, Panditeripo station, Chavagacherry station, Oodoopitty station, Varany station, and outstations at Caradive, Valany, Poongerdive, Kaits, and Atchoovaley

Eastern Asia

 * Mission to Canton (Canton station)
 * Mission to Amoy (Amoy station)
 * Mission to Fuh-Chau (Fuzhou station)
 * Mission to Shanghai (Shanghai station)
 * Mission to Hong Kong/South China (Hong Kong and Canton stations)

North Pacific Ocean

 * Mission to Micronesia (Rono Kittie station (Ascension Island), Shalong Point station (Ascension Island), Strong's Island station)
 * Mission to Hawaii (Kailua station, Kealakekua station, Hilo station, Kohala station, and Waimea station)
 * Mission to Maui (Lahaina station, Lahainaluna station, Wailuku station)
 * Mission to Molokai (Kaluaaha station)
 * Mission to Oahu (Honolulu station, Punahou station, Ewa station, Waialua station, and Kaneohe station)
 * Mission to Kauai (Waimea station, Koloa station, and Waioli station)

North American Indians

 * Mission to Choctaws (Stockbridge station, Wheelock station, Pine Ridge station, Good Water station, Good Land station, Bennington station, Mount Pleasant station, Lenox station, and outstations at Mount Zion and Bok Chito
 * Mission to Cherokees (Brainerd Mission, Dwight station, Lee's Creek station, Fairfield station, Park Hill station, and an outstation at Honey Creek)
 * Mission to Dakotas (Yellow Medicine station and New Hope station) Also Lake Harriet, Shakopee, Lac qui Parle stations.
 * Mission to Ojibwas (Bad River station) (Also...[Leech Lake 1832-1843][LaPointe Mission 1830-1850] [Yellow Lake Mission 1833-1836] [Sandy Lake Mission 1832-1833] [Pokegama Mission 1836–1846 (on Snake River in Minnesota] [Red Lake Mission 1843-1848 in conjunction with Western Evangelical Mission Association] [Bad River/Odanah 1846-abt 1878; mission was taken over by Presbyterian Missions in 1870s])
 * Mission to Senecas (Upper Cattaraugus station, Lower Cattaraugus station, Upper Alleghany station, Lower Alleghany station, and an outstation at Old Town)
 * Mission to Tuscaroras (Tuscarora station and Mount Hope station)
 * Mission to Abenaquis (St. Francis station)

Recruitment efforts
Orthodox, Trinitarian and evangelical in their theology, speakers to the annual meetings of the Board challenged their audiences to give of their time, talent and treasure in moving forward the global project of spreading Christianity. At first reflective of late colonial "occasional" sermons, the annual meeting addresses gradually took on the quality of "anniversary" sermons. The optimism and cooperation of post-millennialism held a major place in the scheme of the Board sermons.

After having listened to such sermons and been influenced at colleges, college and seminary students prepared to proclaim the gospel in foreign cultures. Their short dissertations and pre-departure sermons reflected both the outlook of annual Board sermons and sensitivity to host cultures. Once the missionaries entered the field, optimism remained yet was tempered by the realities of pioneering mission work in a different milieu. Many of the Board agents sought—through eclectic dialogue and opportunities as they presented themselves, as well as itinerant preaching—to bring the cultures they met, observed, and lived in to bear upon the message they shared. The missionaries found the audiences to be similar to Americans in their responses to the gospel message. Some rejected it outright, others accepted it, and a few became Christian proclaimers themselves.

Other North American Missions to the Indians
Among the North American missions of the ABCFM north or west of the displaced Southeast tribes were the 1823 Mackinaw Mission (Mackinac Island and Northern Michigan), the Green Bay mission (Michigan Territory at Green Bay), the Dakota mission (Michigan Territory/Iowa Territory/Minnesota Territory primarily along the Mississippi and the Minnesota (St. Peters) Rivers), the Ojibwe mission (Michigan Territory/Wisconsin Territory/Minnesota Territory/ Wisconsin at La Pointe and Odanah, Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, and Red Lake), and the Whitman mission in Oregon.

Missionaries of the Dakota mission experienced the explosion of Dakota violence in August 1862 at the start of the U.S.-Dakota War. Some of them attended the imprisoned Dakota and accompanied the exiled Dakota when they were forced out of Minnesota in 1863, especially those of the Williamson and Riggs families.

The Dakota mission translated the Bible into Dakota and produced a dictionary and a schoolbook. The Ojibwe mission translated the New Testament into Ojibwe and produced a number of schoolbooks, but used a now-abandoned notation style to do so. Both were among the first to render these languages in print.

Work with indigenous preachers
Indigenous preachers associated with the Board proclaimed an orthodox message, but they further modified the presentation beyond how the missionaries had developed subtle differences with the home leaders. Drawing upon the positive and negative aspects of their own cultures, the native evangelists steeped their messages in Biblical texts and themes. At times, indigenous workers had spectacular or unexpected results. On many occasions, little fruit resulted from their labors. Whatever the response, the native preachers worked on—even in the midst of persecution—until martyrdom or natural death took them.

Native preachers and other indigenous people assisted Board missionaries in Bible translation efforts. The act of translating the Scriptures into a mother tongue reflected a sensitivity to culture and a desire to work within the host society. Second only to the verbal proclamation of the Gospel, Bible translation took place in all sorts of settings: among ancient Christian churches, such as the Armenians and the Assyrian [Nestorian] church; cultures with a written language and a written religious heritage, such as the Marathi; and creating written languages in cultures without them, such as among the animistic people in Hawaii.

Educational, social, and medical roles served by ABCFM missionaries
Printing and literacy played crucial roles in the process of Bible translation. Similarly, the press runs and literacy presentations contributed significantly to the social involvement exhibited by the Board. To a greater or lesser extent, education, medicine, and social concerns supplemented the preaching efforts by missionaries. Schools provided ready-made audiences for preachers. Free, or Lancasterian, schools provided numerous students. Boarding students in missionary homes allowed them to witness Christian life in the intimacy of the family.

Education empowered indigenous people. Mostly later than 1840, it enabled them to develop their own church leaders and take a greater role in their communities. Board missionaries established some form of education at every station. A number of Board missionaries also received some medical training before leaving for the field. Some, like Ida Scudder, were trained as physicians but ordained as missionaries and concentrated on the task of preaching. Others, such as Peter Parker, sought to practice both the callings of missionary and medical practitioner.

ABCFM in China
After the London Missionary Society and the Netherlands Missionary Society, the Americans were the next to venture into the mission field of China. The Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, representing the Congregational Churches of the United States, sent out Revs. David Abeel and Elijah Coleman Bridgman in 1829. They were received in February 1830 by Dr. Robert Morrison. These men worked first among the Chinese and Malays of the Straits Settlements. From 1842 to his death in 1846, Mr. Abeel devoted himself to establishing a mission in Amoy (modern Xiamen).

The American Board followed with many other appointments in rapid succession. Revs. Ira Tracy and Samuel Wells Williams (1812–1884), followed in 1833, settling at Singapore and Macau. In the same year Revs. Stephen Johnson (missionary) and Samuel Munson went to Bangkok and Sumatra. There were four great centers from which smaller stations were maintained. These were Fuzhou, in connection with which were fifteen churches; North China, embracing Beijing, Kalgan, Tianjin, Tengzhou, and Baoding, with smaller stations in the various districts of the center missions; Hong Kong; and Shanxi, with two stations in the midst of districts filled with opium cultivation and staffed by missionaries of the Oberlin Band of Oberlin College.

At Tengzhou missionaries established a college, over which Dr. Calvin Mateer presided. Tengzhou was one of the centers for Chinese literary competitive examinations. Mateer believed that the light of modern science shown in contrast with "superstition" would prove effective. He and his wife taught astronomy, mathematics, natural philosophy, and history. He trained young men to be teachers all over North China. The young men whom he had trained in Biblical instruction began native ministry. Drs. John Livingstone Nevius and Hunter Corbett (1862–1918) co-operated in this latter work, by giving a theological education to candidates for ministry during a portion of each year at Yantai.

At its principal stations in China, the Society maintained large medical dispensaries and hospitals, boarding schools for boys and girls, colleges for native students, and other agencies for effecting the purposes of the mission. It also helped create the Canton Hospital. As of 1890 it had twenty-eight missionaries, sixteen lady agents, ten medical missionaries, four ordained native ministers, one hundred and five unordained native helpers, nearly one thousand communicants, and four hundred and fifty pupils in its schools.

ABCFM in the Middle East
The ABCFM founded many colleges and schools in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans. For example, the American College of Sofia in Bulgaria is the successor to a Boys' School founded by the ABCFM in 1860 in Plovdiv and a Girls' School in Stara Zagora in 1863. They were combined in Samokov, Bulgaria in 1871, and moved to Sofia in the late 1920s.

Africa
• Theresa Robinson Buck (1912–1965), nurse missionary in Southern Rhodesia

• Mary Floyd Cushman (1870–1965), Chilesso, Angola (1922 to 1953)

• James Bennett McCord (1870–1950), Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

• William Cullen Wilcox (1850–1928) with wife Ida Belle Clary Wilcox (1858–1940), Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (1881 to 1887); they arranged for Black South Africans to own land, and as a result they were driven out of South Africa in 1918.

Europe
• Jonas King (1792–1869), Athens, Greece

• Reuben H. Markham (1887–1949), Samokov in Sofia, Bulgaria

• Mary Louisa Matthews (1864–1950), Bitola (Monastir), Albania, North Macedonia (formally European Turkey) (1888 to 1920)

Western Asia
• Caroline C. Bush (1847–1919) Harpoot, Ottoman Empire

• Thomas Davidson Christie (1843–1931) Central Turkey (1877 to 1920)

• Joseph Gallup Cochran (1817–1871), with wife Deborah Wilson Plumb, Urmia and Seir, Qajar Iran

• Oliver Crane (1822–1896), Turkey

• Nancy Jane Dean (1837–1926), Urmia, Qajar Iran

• Wilson Amos Farnsworth (1822–1912) with wife Caroline Elizabeth Palmer (1825–1913), Caesarea, Ottoman Empire (1854 to 1903)

• Fidelia Fisk (1816–1864), Urmia, Qajar Iran

• William Goodell (1792–1867) Beirut, Lebanon (Syria)

• Mary Louise Graffam (1871–1921), Sivas, Ottoman Empire

• Asahel Grant (1807–1844), with wife Judith Grant, Urmia, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.

• Justin Perkins (1805–1869), with wife Charlotte Bass, mission to Urmia, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.

• Benjamin Schneider, Bursa (1834 to 1849), and Aintab (? to 1877), Ottoman Empire

• Corinna Shattuck (1848–1910), Urfa, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

• Clarence Ussher (1870–1955), Van, Ottoman Empire

• Mary E. Van Lennep (1821–1844), Istanbul (Constantinople), Ottoman Empire

• George E. White (1861–1946), Marsovan, Ottoman Empire

Southern Asia
• Dan Beach Bradley (1804–1873), Thailand (Siam)

• Cynthia Farrar (1795–1862), Mumbai (Bombay) and Ahmednagar, India (1827 to 1862)

• Gordon Hall (1784–1826), Mumbai (Bombay)

• Asa Hemenway (1810–1892) with wife Lucia Hunt Hemenway (1810–1864), Thailand (Siam) (1839 to 1850)

• Adoniram Judson (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850), first U.S. missionary to Myanmar (Burma)

• John Scudder Sr. (1793–1855), patriarch of the Scudder family of missionaries in India

• Miron Winslow (1789–1864), Sri Lanka

Eastern Asia
• William Scott Ament (1851–1909), controversial missionary to China

• Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801–1861), first U.S. missionary to China

• Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), Canton, China (1834 to 1847)

• Dyer Ball (1796–1866), Singapore (1838 to 1841)/Hong Kong (1843 to 1845)/Canton, China (1845 to 1866)

• Mary Frances Buckhout McVay (1910–2010) Wen Shan Girls School, IngTai (Yongtai), China (1939 to 1941)

• Sidney Lewis Gulick (1860–1945) Kyoto, Japan

• Luella Miner, (1861–1935) Beijing, China

• James Hudson Roberts (1851–1945), Beijing and Zhangjiakou, China

• Albert Shelton (1875–1922), Batang, Tibet

• Arthur Henderson Smith (1845–1932), 54 years in China

• Daniel Vrooman (1818–1895) Canton, China (1852 to 1866)

• Charles Daniel Tenney, (1857–1930), China

• Lucy Bement (1868–1940), China

• Charles Robert Hager (1851–1917), Hong Kong/Canton, China (1883 to 1910)

• Charles Adolous Nelson (1860–1951), Canton, China (1892 to 1922)

North Pacific Ocean
• Lorrin Andrews (1795–1868), Lahaina, Hawaii

• Richard Armstrong (1805–1860), Maui and Oahu

• Hiram Bingham I (1789–1869), Honolulu, Hawaii

• Titus Coan (1801–1882), Haili Church, Hilo, Hawaii

• Charles McEwen Hyde (1832–1899), Honolulu, Oahu

• David Belden Lyman (1803–1884), Haili Church, Hilo, Hawaii

• Lorenzo Lyons (1807–1886), Imiola Church, Hawaii

• Betsey Stockton (c. 1798–1865), former slave, Lāhainā, Maui (Sandwich Islands) (1822 to 1825)

• Asa Thurston (1787–1868), Kailua-Kona, Hawaii

North American Indians
• Daniel Sabin Butrick (1789–1851), Cherokee Nation (1810s to 1850s)

• John Dunbar (1804–1857), Pawnee Indians

• William Montague Ferry (1796–1867), Mackinaw Mission, Michigan Territory

• Stephen Return Riggs (1812–1883), Dakota people (1837 to 1883)

• Cephas Washburn (1793–1860), Cherokee Nation (1818 to 1850)

• Marcus Whitman (1802–1847) with wife Narcissa Prentiss Whitman (1808–1847), Flathead, Nez Perce, Cayuse nations, Oregon

• Samuel Worcester, missionary to Cherokee Nation 1820s–50s
 * Frederic Ayer (1829–1848) and Elisabeth Taylor Ayer (1828–1848) Mackinaw Mission, La Pointe (Frederic only), Sandy Lake (Frederic only), Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Fond du Lac (Minn), Red Lake. All but Mackinaw were specifically Ojibwe missions; Mackinaw served a number of Great Lakes tribes. The Ayers also served under Am. Missionary Assoc. at Atlanta post-Civil War to serve freedmen Frederic 1865-1867 and Elisabeth 1865-1868.
 * Edmund F. Ely and Catherine ElyOjibwe missions at Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, Pokegama, La Pointe.
 * Sherman Hall and Betsy Parker Hall LaPointe Ojibwe mission
 * William Boutwell and Hester Crooks BoutwellLeech Lake & Pokegama Lake Ojibwe missions.
 * Henry Blatchford Pokegama Lake, La Pointe & Odanah Ojibwe missions
 * Sabrina Stevens Yellow Lake & Pokegama Lake. Previously associated with Ohio missions to Maumee at Black River.
 * Leonard Wheeler and Harriet Wood Wheeler La Pointe & Odanah Ojibwe missions.
 * John Seymour and Jane Leavitt Seymour Mackinaw, Yellow Lake, and Pokegama Missions to Ojibwe.
 * Orrin Coe--hired man at Pokegama Mission, later participant in AMA mission at Red Lake with Ayer.

Indigenous workers affiliated with the Board

 * Babajee (b. 1791)
 * Liang Fa (1789–1855)
 * David Malo (1795–1853)
 * Henry Opukahaia (c. 1792–1818; also known as Ōpūkahaia)
 * Puaaiki ( c.  1785–1844)
 * Asaad Shidiak (c. 1797–c. 1832; also known as Asaad Esh Shidiak)
 * Joel Hulu Mahoe (1830–1890) second full-Hawaiian to be ordained.
 * Henry Blatchford, of the Ojibwe mission did translations and lay preaching beginning at Pokegama (Minnesota) in 1836, was ordained eventually and worked at the Odanah mission until he died in the late 19th century.
 * Abdullah Abdul Kadir (1797–1854), known as "Munshi Abdullah", was a Malayan scholar and translator under the employ of Alfred North, an ABCFM missionary stationed in Singapore.

Publications

 * İdris YÜCEL, "An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American in Asia Minor (1880–1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.
 * İdris YÜCEL, "A Missionary Society at the Crossroad: American Missionaries on the Eve of the Turkish Republic", Journal of Modern Turkish History, Vol 8 Issue 15, Spring 2012.
 * İdris YÜCEL,"An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American Board in Asia Minor (1880–1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.
 * İdris YÜCEL, Anadolu'da Amerikan Misyonerliği ve Misyon Hastaneleri (1880–1934), TTK Yayınevi, Ankara 2017.
 * İdris YÜCEL, Kendi Belgeleri Işığında Amerikan Board'ın Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Teşkilatlanması, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2005
 * İdris YÜCEL,"An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American Board in Asia Minor (1880–1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.
 * İdris YÜCEL, Anadolu'da Amerikan Misyonerliği ve Misyon Hastaneleri (1880–1934), TTK Yayınevi, Ankara 2017.
 * İdris YÜCEL, Kendi Belgeleri Işığında Amerikan Board'ın Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Teşkilatlanması, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2005


text:
Michael H. Hart

Michael H. Hart (born April 27, 1932) is an American astrophysicist, author and white nationalist. Since 1978, he has published five books, most notably of the best-selling work, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History.

Fermi paradox
Hart published in 1975 a detailed examination of the Fermi paradox: the contrast between the extreme likelihood of extraterrestrial life somewhere in the universe and the total absence of any evidence for this. Hart's work has since become a theoretical reference point for much of the research into what is now sometimes known as the Fermi-Hart paradox. Concerning Hart's contributions to the study of the paradox, Geoffrey A. Landis writes: "A more proper name for [the paradox] would be the Fermi-Hart paradox, since while Fermi is credited with first asking the question, Hart was the first to do a rigorous analysis showing that the problem is not trivial, and also the first to publish his results". Robert H. Gray views Hart as the proper originator of this argument, in Hart's 1975 paper. Gray argues that the term Fermi paradox is a misnomer; that it is not the work of Fermi, nor is it an actual paradox (rather an argument). He therefore proposes that, instead of the (standard, but in his view incorrect) name Fermi paradox, it should be known as the Hart-Tipler argument – acknowledging Hart's priority as the argument's originator, but also acknowledging Frank J. Tipler's substantial extension of Hart's arguments in his 1980 paper Extraterrestrial intelligent beings do not exist.

Hart is an advocate of the Rare Earth hypothesis; he proposed a very narrow habitable zone based on climate studies. He advocated for this hypothesis in the influential book which he co-edited, "Extraterrestrials: Where are They", in particular in the chapter he contributed to it "Atmospheric Evolution, the Drake Equation and DNA: Sparse Life in an Infinite Universe".

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
Hart's first book was The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (1978), which has sold more than thousand copies and been translated into many languages. The first person on Hart's list was Muhammad, chosen over Jesus or Moses. Hart attributes this to the fact that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms. He also accredits Muhammad for his role in the development of Islam, far more influential than Jesus' contribution to the development of Christianity. Hart claims that Paul the Apostle was more pivotal than Jesus to the growth of Christianity.

White nationalism
Hart has described himself as a white separatist and is active in white separatist causes. In 1996, he addressed a conference organized by Jared Taylor's white separatist organization, New Century Foundation, publisher of American Renaissance. He proposed partitioning the United States into four states: a white state, a black state, a Hispanic state, and an integrated mixed-race state.

At the 2006 American Renaissance conference, Hart, who is Jewish, had a public confrontation with David Duke, the former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan and former Louisiana state representative, over Duke's antisemitic remarks. Hart then stood up, called Duke a Nazi and stormed out and some participants jeered at Hart. After this incident, Hart left American Renaissance.

In 2009, Hart organized a racist conference in Baltimore with the title Preserving Western Civilization. It was billed as addressing the need to defend "America's Judeo-Christian heritage and European identity." Invited speakers included: Lawrence Auster, Peter Brimelow, Steven Farron, Julia Gorin, Lino A. Graglia, Henry C. Harpending, Roger D. McGrath, Pat Richardson, J. Philippe Rushton, Srdja Trifković, and Brenda Walker. In this conference, Hart compared Qur'an to Mein Kampf and Islam to Nazism.

Books

 * The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, 1978 (Revised Edition, 1992)
 * Extra-Terrestrials, Where Are They? (co-edited with Ben Zuckerman), 1982 (Second Edition, 1995)
 * A View from the Year 3000 (Poseidon Press, 1999)
 * Understanding Human History (Washington Summit Publishers, 2007)
 * Restoring America (VDare, 2015)

title: Michael H. Hart


text:
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File source problem with File:Tobi.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Tobi.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 22:16, 29 August 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 22:16, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:KarlMarx.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 21:52, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tmstapf


text:
Narka

Narka may refer to:
 * Narka, California
 * Narka, Kansas

title: Narka