text:
DTIME

In computational complexity theory, DTIME (or TIME) is the computational resource of computation time for a deterministic Turing machine. It represents the amount of time (or number of computation steps) that a "normal" physical computer would take to solve a certain computational problem using a certain algorithm. It is one of the most well-studied complexity resources, because it corresponds so closely to an important real-world resource (the amount of time it takes a computer to solve a problem).

The resource DTIME is used to define complexity classes, sets of all of the decision problems which can be solved using a certain amount of computation time. If a problem of input size n can be solved in $O(f(n))$, we have a complexity class $\mathsf{DTIME}(f(n))$ (or $\mathsf{TIME}(f(n))$). There is no restriction on the amount of memory space used, but there may be restrictions on some other complexity resources (like alternation).

Complexity classes in DTIME
Many important complexity classes are defined in terms of DTIME, containing all of the problems that can be solved in a certain amount of deterministic time. Any proper complexity function can be used to define a complexity class, but only certain classes are useful to study. In general, we desire our complexity classes to be robust against changes in the computational model, and to be closed under composition of subroutines.

DTIME satisfies the time hierarchy theorem, meaning that asymptotically larger amounts of time always create strictly larger sets of problems.

The well-known complexity class P comprises all of the problems which can be solved in a polynomial amount of DTIME. It can be defined formally as:

 * $$\mathsf{P} = \bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{DTIME}(n^k)$$

P is the smallest robust class which includes linear-time problems $$\mathsf{DTIME}\left(n\right)$$ (AMS 2004, Lecture 2.2, pg. 20). P is one of the largest complexity classes considered "computationally feasible".

A much larger class using deterministic time is EXPTIME, which contains all of the problems solvable using a deterministic machine in exponential time. Formally, we have
 * $$ \mathsf{EXPTIME} = \bigcup_{k \in \mathbb{N} } \mathsf{DTIME} \left( 2^{ n^k } \right) . $$

Larger complexity classes can be defined similarly. Because of the time hierarchy theorem, these classes form a strict hierarchy; we know that $$\mathsf{P} \subsetneq \mathsf{EXPTIME} $$, and on up.

Machine model
For robust classes, such as P, the exact machine model used to define DTIME can vary without affecting the power of the resource. The Computational Complexity literature often defines DTIME based on multitape Turing machines, particularly when discussing very small time classes. A multitape deterministic Turing machine can never provide more than a quadratic time speedup over a singletape machine.

Due to the Linear speedup theorem for Turing machines, multiplicative constants in the time bound do not affect the extent of DTIME classes; a constant multiplicative speedup can always be obtained by increasing the number of states in the finite state control and the size of the tape alphabet. In the statement of Papadimitriou, for a language $L$,

 * Let $$L \in \mathsf{DTIME}(f(n))$$. Then, for any $$\epsilon > 0$$, $$L \in \mathsf{DTIME}(f'(n))$$, where $$f'(n) = \epsilon f(n) + n + 2$$.

Generalizations
Using a model other than a deterministic Turing machine, there are various generalizations and restrictions of DTIME. For example, if we use a nondeterministic Turing machine, we have the resource NTIME. The relationship between the expressive powers of DTIME and other computational resources are very poorly understood. One of the few known results is
 * $$\mathsf{DTIME}(O(n)) \neq \mathsf{NTIME}(O(n))$$

for multitape machines. This was extended to
 * $$\mathsf{DTIME}(O(n\sqrt{\log^*n})) \neq \mathsf{NTIME}(O(n\sqrt{\log^*n}))$$

by Santhanam.

If we use an alternating Turing machine, we have the resource ATIME.

title: DTIME


text:
NTIME

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NTIME(f(n)) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine which runs in time O(f(n)). Here O is the big O notation, f is some function, and n is the size of the input (for which the problem is to be decided).

Meaning
This means that there is a non-deterministic machine which, for a given input of size n, will run in time O(f(n)) (i.e. within a constant multiple of f(n), for n greater than some value), and will always "reject" the input if the answer to the decision problem is "no" for that input, while if the answer is "yes" the machine will "accept" that input for at least one computation path. Equivalently, there is a deterministic Turing machine M that runs in time O(f(n)) and is able to check an O(f(n))-length certificate for an input; if the input is a "yes" instance, then at least one certificate is accepted, if the input is a "no" instance, no certificate can make the machine accept.

Space constraints
The space available to the machine is not limited, although it cannot exceed O(f(n)), because the time available limits how much of the tape is reachable.

Relation to other complexity classes
The well-known complexity class NP can be defined in terms of NTIME as follows:

 * $$\mathsf{NP} = \bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{NTIME}(n^k)$$

Similarly, the class NEXP is defined in terms of NTIME:

 * $$\mathsf{NEXP} = \bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{NTIME}(2^{n^k})$$

The non-deterministic time hierarchy theorem says that nondeterministic machines can solve more problems in asymptotically more time.

NTIME is also related to DSPACE in the following way. For any time constructible function t(n), we have

 * $$\mathsf{NTIME}(t(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}(t(n))$$.

A generalization of NTIME is ATIME, defined with alternating Turing machines. It turns out that

 * $$\mathsf{NTIME}(t(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{ATIME}(t(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}(t(n))$$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NTIME


text:
Talk:Märklin

Untitled

 * Although called third rail, Märklin acually has a two rail system and is the only brand using AC.

Although it's safe to say it only has two visible rails, the studs in the middle of the track do provide power, so technically it is a three-rail system, correct? I'm going to change this. -- Dave Farquhar 14:44, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * no, it is a two rail system; the two outer, visible rails are connected, the middle 'rail' is insulated from the other two. Also, the wheels on Märklin cars are not insulated and if used on other track brands they will cause a short circuit. Standard Märklin cars can only be used on other, say Fleischman, tracks if the wheels/axles are changed for insulated ones. Due to Märklin's use of the symmetry in the common outer and insulated middle tracks, a turning loop can be made without problem. The only true 'three rail system' is made by Trix Express - with three insulated rails. (MH, 2004-05-16)

 * The outer rails on large-scale three-rail track are connected as well, the notable exception that I know of being O gauge GarGraves track, which isolates the three rails. But traditional tubular O gauge track has always been called three-rail even though its outer rails are connected. I've edited the page to hopefully clarify all of this. How's it look? -- Dave Farquhar 15:44, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, you may want to mention that people convert Märklin AC engines to DC to be used on DC lay outs. Märklin itself now also has DC engines - Märklin-Hamo (IIRC). (MH, 2004-05-17)

 * Any thoughts on it now? -- Dave Farquhar 19:37, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There should be an article explaining two and three rail systems in model railways. MH 213.51.209.230 22:02, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent idea. I'll start thinking on that, maybe get something written up later this week. Dave Farquhar 02:22, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Märklin construction sets
I was disappointed to find no mention of Märklin's long heritage of mechanical construction sets. My father, who grew up in Germany, played with both their electric trains and construction sets, even building trestles and bridges for his layouts with the construction set materials. He introduced me to the construction sets in the late 1950's, and it was quite a while before I even learned that Märklin also made electric trains! That said, I added a brief mention of that former product line.

", but of better quality."
Does anyone have evidence/proof/citations of how Maerklin was "better" then Erector or Meccano? Thanx 69.142.2.68 21:25, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * That appears a bit WP:POV, so I removed it. --Janke | Talk 22:44:57, 2005-09-04 (UTC)

Yes. Personal experience. I played with both Maerklin and Erector building sets as a child. The Erector components were of thinner gauge metal, flimsy, and had sharp edges that could injure. The comment about "better" should go back in. Since Maerklin sets are no longer on the market, unless someone has personal experience with it, a reader would have no way of obtaining a point of reference. Quicksilver 16:57, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't have personal experience with Meccano sets, but see the article at Erector_Set, wherein the writer rated Meccano inferior to Erector, with specific reasons. Stating that Maerklin building sets were of better quality than Erector and Meccano is not merely POV. Both 69.142.2.68 and Janke could have avoided this question by reading both Erector_Set and Meccano articles. Quicksilver 17:12, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, to start with, the Märklin and Meccano products were mostly identical ... for the simple reason that the original Märklin product was Meccano, manufactured in Germany for or by Meccano Ltd.'s German offshoot company. Märklin had been Meccano Ltd's German distributor - when WW1 broke out, "Meccano Germany" got taken over and Märklin acquired it (along with the German manufacturing rights), sold the existing stock as "Märklin Meccano" and then continued to manufacture their own sets after the war, with a change of product name and a number of deliberate divergences from the parent product to avoid confusion, and avoid being sued for misrepresentation. I've handled both, and don't see any obvious reason for singling out the Märklin product as being better quality. ErkDemon (talk) 19:00, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Regarding Märklin Metall vs Gilbert Erector, the original Erector did use thinner, shape-stamped trusses, but Gilbert then acquired the rights to make Meccano in the US, and the American Erector sets increasingly ended up incorporating a lot of Meccano-specification parts (and then their US variations), and essentially became "American Meccano" by another name. Much later, Meccano France bought the rights to the Erector name, and started selling the same boxes as either Meccano sets or Erector sets, depending on what name was regarded with most affection in a given sales territory. So for very recent sets, there's no difference between "modern Meccano" and "modern Erector", other than the name and logo used on the packaging and paperwork. ErkDemon (talk) 19:00, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

C Track Geometry
For what it's worth, I've started an article over on Wikibooks where I'll hopefully be putting some notes on Marklin's C track. --65.57.245.11 21:18, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Märklin bankrupt ?
"Märklin kann seine Mitarbeiter nicht bezahlen

Märklin kann seinen Mitarbeitern das Januar-Gehalt nicht überweisen. Das gab es noch nie - selbst als das Unternehmen 2006 kurz vor der Insolvenz stand. Verhandlungen mit den Hausbanken sollen eine Lösung bringen, doch diese sind skeptisch, ob Märklin überhaupt sanierungsfähig ist."

From www.handelsblatt.com - Erik Baas (talk) 16:00, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

H0 or HO?
It seems that folks have been changing this back and forth. I never noticed this distinction before today and took a look around. Now, while I prefer HO as in Half O Scale, as in Lionel, I have to admit that it should be H0, at least if we are going to discuss Märklin. They use H0, or 'H'Zero; http://www.maerklin.de/de/produkte/spur_h0.html. Maerklin44 (talk) 06:16, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

This confusion comes from the discrepancy between NMRA and NEM model railway standards. NMRA uses letter 'O' while NEM is using numbers like in H0 (HO), 0 (O) or 1 (I). Since Märklin is an European company, they obviously prefer the European style, hence 'H0'. Z220info (talk) 10:01, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

 * It's got nothing to do with which side of the Atlantic you are. Zero is correct, and use of the letter O simply shows a misunderstanding of where these designations came from. The original designations were 1, 2, 3 etc. Then a smaller scale than 1 was introduced so it was designated 0 (zero). Some time later, someone introduced a scale which was half the size of 0, hence H0 (half zero). A slightly different scale introduced about the same time was designated 00 (double zero) to distinguish it from H0. --Roly (talk) 11:35, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually, the 1930s Märklin catalogues describe their early 16.5mm-track model railways as being "00", not "H0". ErkDemon (talk) 19:43, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * There was an early tendency to refer to any new attempted model railway format as "00" if it was smaller than 0-gauge, before things settled down and became standardised, so I'd be surprised if the name H0 was earlier. Remember that with construction sets such as Meccano, there was already a precedent for referring to a set smaller than a "set 0" as a "set 00", so "00" would probably have been the default name to use.
 * "4mm/ft 00" and "H0" use the same basic track size but have differently-scaled superstructures: 00 uses an oversized 4mm/foot, whereas H0 uses 3.5mm/ft, to better match the track scale. The 4mm/ft scale compromise was a solution to the "early adopter" problem of trying to fit primitive early motors and mechanisms into locos that could run on half-size track before the technology was really ready, which again supports the idea that H0 was a later development.
 * The 4mm/ft scale was championed by Henry Greenly, an engineer affiliated with Bassett-Lowke Ltd., who worked on both the 1930s "Trix Twin Railway" (TTR) system and on its 1920s "Bing Table Railway" predecessor, which was arguably the first commercially successful(ish) 00-gauge system (although the BTR superstructure was so toyish that assigning a true scale to it was problematic). ErkDemon (talk) 19:43, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

Third rail
Older Maerklin tracks did not have studs; they had an actual third rail, see, e.g., http://www.bidorbuy.co.za/item/84571706/Marklin_TIN_PLATE_3_RAIL_TRAIN_TRACKS_5_Curves.html.Kdammers (talk) 05:44, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

German site has way more content
The German wiki page for Marklin has way more content. I would like to translate and transfer the German language content to the English page. What say you ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paul Matcalfe (talk • contribs) 19:42, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

+Brighton Toy and Model Museum link
I've added a link to the Märklin section on the Brighton Toy and Model Index site. It lists most of the Brighton Toy and Model Museum collection, and also has subsections for most of the Märklin product ranges up until the mid-C20th (like Märklin Metall), and has around ~1,200 restored Märklin catalogue images. I work at the museum. However the usual WP "conflict of interest" rules discouraging the posting of links to one's own organisation seem not to apply for people associated with organisations in the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums) sector. I'm hoping that there will be no objections to this. ErkDemon (talk) 18:41, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 29 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Maerklin VW Variant.jpg

title: Talk:Märklin


text:
Mark Lanegan

Mark William Lanegan (November 25, 1964 – February 22, 2022) was an American singer, songwriter and poet. First becoming prominent as the lead singer for the early grunge band Screaming Trees, he was also known as a member of Queens of the Stone Age and The Gutter Twins. He released 12 solo studio albums as well as three collaboration albums with Isobel Campbell and two with Duke Garwood. He was known for his baritone voice, which was described as being "as scratchy as a three-day beard yet as supple and pliable as moccasin leather" and has been compared to Tom Waits, Leonard Cohen and Nick Cave.

Lanegan began his musical career in 1984 in Screaming Trees, with whom he released seven studio albums and five EPs before their disbandment in 2000. During his time with the band, he also began a solo career and released his first solo studio album, The Winding Sheet, in 1990. He then released 10 more solo albums, which received critical recognition but only moderate commercial success. Following the end of Screaming Trees, he became a frequent collaborator of Queens of the Stone Age and was a full-time member between 2001 and 2005 during the Songs for the Deaf and Lullabies to Paralyze eras.

Lanegan collaborated with various artists during his career. In the 1990s, he and Kurt Cobain recorded an album of Lead Belly covers that was ultimately never released. He also joined Layne Staley and Mike McCready in the band Mad Season, and formed the alternative rock group The Gutter Twins with Greg Dulli in 2003, as well as contributing to releases by Moby, Bomb the Bass, Soulsavers, Tinariwen, The Twilight Singers, Manic Street Preachers, and Unkle, among others.

Lanegan struggled with addiction to drugs and alcohol throughout his life but had been sober for over a decade at the time of his death. Encouraged by his friend Anthony Bourdain, he released the memoir Sing Backwards and Weep in 2020. He followed this up in 2021 with the memoir Devil in a Coma, which focused on his near-death experience with COVID-19. He and his wife Shelley Brien left the U.S. in 2020 and settled in the Irish town of Killarney, where he died two years later at the age of 57. No cause of death was revealed.

Early life
Mark William Lanegan was born in Ellensburg, Washington on November 25, 1964. During an interview with The Rocket in 1996, he said that he drove a combine harvester when he was younger. He was of Irish, Scottish and Welsh descent. He said that he developed an alcohol use disorder by age 12 and began using drugs heavily by the age of 18, having already been arrested and sentenced to one year's imprisonment for drug-related crimes.

Screaming Trees (1984–2000)
Screaming Trees was formed in late 1984 by Lanegan, guitarist Gary Lee Conner, bassist Van Conner, and drummer Mark Pickerel. Along with Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Mudhoney, The Melvins, and Nirvana, Screaming Trees were part of Seattle's emerging grunge scene in the early 1990s. Pickerel would later be replaced with Barrett Martin. Lanegan originally joined as the drummer but later said, "I was such a shitty drummer that they made me sing." The band released the Other Worlds EP in 1986; recorded in 1985 and originally available only on cassette tape, the album was re-released on CD and LP by SST Records in 1987. Although the band was being courted by major labels, they signed to Velvetone Records in 1985 and released their debut album, Clairvoyance, in 1986. The album was a combination of psychedelic music and hard rock, and bears many similarities to early grunge.

In 1987, the band released their second effort, and their first for SST Records, Even If and Especially When. After the release of the album in 1987 the band began working on the American indie circuit, playing shows across the United States. Their follow up album Invisible Lantern was released in 1988. 1989's Buzz Factory was the fourth full-length album by Screaming Trees and their final record released through SST.

In 1991, the band released their fifth effort, and their first for a major label. Uncle Anesthesia was released in 1991 and was produced by Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Uncle Anesthesia included the single "Bed of Roses", which gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations. The song peaked at number 23 on the Modern Rock Tracks and was the first Screaming Trees release to chart. Barrett Martin replaced previous drummer Pickerel and the new line up recorded Sweet Oblivion in 1992.

Sweet Oblivion was the band's breakout album and included the singles "Nearly Lost You", "Dollar Bill", "Shadow of the Season", and "Butterfly". The first two singles gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations, while the video for "Nearly Lost You" became an MTV and alternative radio hit in the fall of 1992, thanks to the momentum of the soundtrack of the film Singles, which features the song. "Nearly Lost You" peaked at number 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks and number 50 in the United Kingdom and was the band's first single to chart outside the United States. Sweet Oblivion sold a total of 300,000 copies in the United States.

After a hiatus brought about by in-fighting and uncertainty over the quality of the music they were recording, the band's final album, Dust, was released in 1996. The album spawned several singles, including "All I Know" and "Dying Days", and peaked at number 134 on the Billboard 200. Reaching number 39 on the Canadian album chart, it was the only Screaming Trees album to chart outside the United States. Despite consistently favorable reviews, the album did not match the commercial success of Sweet Oblivion. Following the Dust tour in the United States, Screaming Trees took another hiatus for Lanegan to begin his work on his third solo album, Scraps at Midnight. The band headed back into the studio in 1999 and recorded several demos and shopped them around to labels, but no label was willing to take them on. The band played a few surprise shows in early 2000, and then following a concert to celebrate the opening of Seattle's Experience Music Project they unexpectedly announced their official breakup.

When asked in 2021 about the '90s grunge movement, Lanegan commented, "It's not something that was contrived or cooked up around the campfire somewhere. It just happened organically. It's hard for me to comment, because there's always great new music and there probably always will be — as long as the sun keeps shining."

Solo work and other projects

In 1990, Lanegan released his first solo album, The Winding Sheet via label Sub Pop (which at the time was home to friends Nirvana and The Afghan Whigs). Lanegan had intimated that the album came around following a Leadbelly project he was working on with Mark Pickerel, Kurt Cobain, and Krist Novoselic. The project was short lived and eventually other musicians became involved in the evolution to the debut solo record. From the Leadbelly sessions a version of "Where Did You Sleep Last Night?" appeared on The Winding Sheet. "Ain't It a Shame" is available on the Nirvana box set, With the Lights Out. Cobain also supplied backing vocals on "Down in the Dark" on Lanegan's debut. The majority of the album was recorded with Pickerel on drums, Mike Johnson on guitar, Steve Fisk on piano and organ, and Jack Endino on bass.

His second solo record, 1994's Whiskey for the Holy Ghost, was a more cohesive recording, with songs "The River Rise", "Kingdoms of Rain", "Riding the Nightingale", and "Beggar's Blues". Taking nearly three years to make, the album came close to not seeing the light of day as Lanegan was set to throw the master tapes in a pond outside of the recording studio, only to be stopped by producer Jack Endino at the last moment.

In 1995, Lanegan appeared on the album Above by Mad Season. The project was fronted by friend Layne Staley (Alice in Chains) and was formed in late 1994 by Staley, Mike McCready of Pearl Jam, Barrett Martin of Screaming Trees, and John Baker Saunders of The Walkabouts. Lanegan appeared on "Long Gone Day" and "I'm Above". Lanegan also appeared on stage at Mad Season's concerts to perform the songs. After Staley's departure from the band, Mad Season began work on a potential second album featuring Lanegan as the primary vocalist. Three of these previously unreleased songs featuring Lanegan were eventually made available on the 2013 deluxe rerelease of Above.

In 1998, Scraps at Midnight was released. The album was recorded the previous winter at Rancho de la Luna in Joshua Tree, California, and produced by long-time friend and collaborator Mike Johnson. and featured Rancho de la Luna owners Fred Drake and Dave Catching

Lanegan's fourth studio album was released in 1999. The album began life as B-Sides for singles from Scraps at Midnight (two tracks from the sessions appear on the single Hotel). Liking the way the sessions were shaping up, a few more were added and the recording was entitled I'll Take Care of You. The album features covers of songs by prominent folk, R&B and punk artists such as Tim Hardin, Booker T. and the MGs, and country icon Buck Owens, as well as friend Jeffrey Lee Pierce of Gun Club. Lanegan stated that Jeffrey Lee Pierce was one of his early musical heroes and got him interested in making music. Also in 1999, Lanegan participated in the tribute album for Moby Grape co-founder, Skip Spence, who was terminally ill. In 2009 Lanegan sang lead vocals on 'The Last Time', an A side track on 'The Breeders' EP Fate to Fatal.

In 2001, he released his fifth studio album, Field Songs. The album featured friend Duff McKagan, as well as major contributions from Soundgarden's bassist, Ben Shepherd. 2003 saw him appear on Greg Dulli's The Twilight Singers record Blackberry Belle, sharing lead vocal duties on the epic closing track, "Number Nine". This would be the first of many collaborations with Dulli and The Twilight Singers.

Prior to releasing his fourth album, Mark Lanegan released 'Here Comes That Weird Chill,' which included Methamphetamine Blues (later to appear on 'Bubblegum') as well as a number of b-sides and rarities (including Captain Beefheart cover 'Clear Spot') featuring collaborations with many who would feature on Bubblegum, such as Josh Homme, Dean Ween, Nick Oliveri and Chris Goss, as well as (notably) Natasha Shneider, Greg Dulli and Aldo Struyf.

On his next solo album, Bubblegum (2004), Lanegan was joined by a cadre of prominent artists, including P. J. Harvey, Josh Homme and Nick Oliveri of Queens of the Stone Age, Greg Dulli of The Afghan Whigs and Twilight Singers, Dave Catching of Rancho de la Luna, Dean Ween of Ween, and Duff McKagan and Izzy Stradlin, previously of Guns N' Roses. Also appearing on Bubblegum is Lanegan's ex-wife, Wendy Rae Fowler now in We Fell to Earth. The favorably reviewed album was his most commercially successful to date, reaching number 39 on Billboard's Top Independent Albums chart. Some would assume this is due to the appearance of several prominent musical figures, although the album did receive glowing review by critics. In 2013, the track "Strange Religion" was used in season 6 of the Showtime television series Californication.

Lanegan's seventh solo album, Blues Funeral, was released in February 2012. Josh Homme, Dave Catching, Alain Johannes, and Martyn LeNoble contributed to the creation of the album. In November 2012 Lanegan self-released a Christmas album titled Dark Mark Does Christmas 2012, including a Roky Erickson cover "Burn the Flames". The limited six-track EP had only been available at his concerts.

Released on Heavenly Recordings in 2013, Lanegan released his first collaboration with Duke Garwood entitled 'Black Pudding'. It featured a largely acoustic guitar driven sound, not unlike his first solo albums on Sub Pop, as well as long-time solo collaborator Alain Johannes.

Lanegan released a five-track EP entitled No Bells on Sunday in the United States on July 29, 2014, followed by a European release on August 25. A music video was released on July 15 for "Sad Lover", the third track off the EP. Lanegan's next full-length album, Phantom Radio, was released on October 21, 2014. It was produced by Alain Johannes and has a similar sound aesthetic to Blues Funeral.

Lanegan's second collaborative album with Duke Garwood, With Animals, was released on August 24, 2018. The pair toured Europe in October 2018 to support the release.

Lanegan released three further solo albums between 2017 and 2020 on Heavenly Recordings; Gargoyle in 2017, Somebody's Knocking in April 2019, and Straight Songs of Sorrow in May 2020.

Queens of the Stone Age (2000–2014)
Lanegan's first appearance on a Queens of the Stone Age album was on Rated R. He sang the lead vocals on "In the Fade" and background vocals on "Leg of Lamb", "Autopilot", and "I Think I Lost My Headache". Rated R became a commercial success and became the first Queens of the Stone Age album to chart.

Shortly after the release of Field Songs, Lanegan became a full-time member of Queens of the Stone Age. He appeared on the 2002 release Songs for the Deaf, singing lead on the tracks "Song for the Dead", "Hangin' Tree", "Song for the Deaf", and "God Is in the Radio". The album became the band's big breakthrough and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA. He also toured in support of the album over the next two years. Lanegan toured full-time as a third vocalist for Queens of the Stone Age in support of Songs for the Deaf, joining his friend Joshua Homme, who supported the Screaming Trees as their touring guitarist in 1996. The album received two Best Hard Rock Performance Grammy nominations for the singles "No One Knows" (2003) and "Go with the Flow" (2004).

In 2005, Lanegan released his last album with Queens of the Stone Age, Lullabies to Paralyze, where he sang lead vocals on the first track of the album called "This Lullaby". The album was delayed during 2004 because of some changes to the line-up: bassist Nick Oliveri was fired and Lanegan went on tour to support Bubblegum. Lanegan would later appear in support of the album.

Lanegan continued to collaborate with Queens of the Stone Age and its members after leaving the band. In 2007, he appeared on their album, Era Vulgaris, contributing background vocals to the track "River in the Road". On August 12, 2010, Lanegan re-joined Queens of The Stone Age on stage at the Nokia Club in Los Angeles, where he sang four encore songs with the band. The concert was put together to raise funds for Eagles of Death Metal bassist Brian O'Connor, who was diagnosed with cancer a few months prior to the event. In 2013, Lanegan appeared on their sixth album, ...Like Clockwork, co-writing the song "Fairweather Friends" and contributing background vocals to the track "If I Had a Tail".

Collaboration with Isobel Campbell (2004–2011)
In April 2004, Lanegan released an EP with former Belle & Sebastian vocalist Isobel Campbell, titled Time Is Just the Same. They would later release a single entitled "Ramblin' Man" for their collaboration album Ballad of the Broken Seas. Campbell wrote and recorded the majority of the album's tracks in Glasgow, with Lanegan adding vocals in Los Angeles. The record was well received by critics.

In addition to providing vocals, Lanegan also wrote the track "Revolver" with Campbell. The album was nominated for the 2006 Mercury Prize. Lanegan and Campbell played four UK concerts in January 2007, with the London date being moved to a larger venue as a result of high demand for tickets. When making the decision to make a follow-up to Ballad of the Broken Seas, Campbell reflected: "It was because he kinda disappeared for a year but in my heart I wanted to do another one because as soon as we'd finished Ballad of the Broken Seas I was writing new songs and I was like; 'Oh God, I've got to get Mark to sing these.'"

After a concert with Lanegan in January 2007, Campbell asked Lanegan if he would consider making a new album, Lanegan replied: "in a heartbeat". This time Lanegan flew to Glasgow to record the new album at the end of March for nine days to record the songs Campbell had written. After working with Lanegan, Campbell remarked: "It is his classic, effortless American voice that I love". She added "I think I was playing about with that a lot so there's a few of what Mark would call raunchy songs and a few ballads too". The album, Sunday at Devil Dirt, was released on May 5, 2008, with the track "Who Built the Road" being the only single released from it.

A third collaborative album with Campbell was released on August 16, 2010, entitled Hawk. The pair toured to promote the album, including a set at All Tomorrow's Parties, December 10–12, 2010 (Bowlie 2) curated by Belle & Sebastian and shows in Australia in 2011. By the end of the tour the duo had ceased to function and each went their separate ways.

The Gutter Twins (2003–2009)

The Gutter Twins was a collaboration between Lanegan and Afghan Whigs/Twilight Singers vocalist Greg Dulli. Working on a collaborative album since at least 2003, the pair first played as The Gutter Twins in Rome in September 2005.

Saturnalia was released on March 4, 2008, on Sub Pop, a label both Dulli and Lanegan had worked with before. The duo's first tour commenced on February 14, 2008, in New York City and continued in March and April throughout Europe and the United States.

The album was a big hit and Blast Magazine's Liz Raftery ended up praising the album calling it "an audial descent into the dark emotions that often lurk beneath the surface." The album's highest position was at number 7 in Belgium. The album also peaked at number 117 on the Billboard 200. It meant that Saturnalia was the first album since Screaming Trees' Dust that had charted on the Billboard 200 with Lanegan as a permanent band member. On September 2, 2008, The Gutter Twins released an EP called Adorata exclusively on iTunes. Adorata contains eight tracks, most of them are covers, but also two Gutter Twins songs that never made it to the album.

Collaborations (2006–2022)
Lanegan appeared on three releases with The Twilight Singers (Blackberry Belle, She Loves You, and A Stitch in Time). In 2006, Lanegan toured with the band in Europe and Israel on an excursus which later expanded to include the United States. In 2008, Lanegan collaborated with Tim Simenon on a track entitled "Black River" which appeared on Simenon's fourth album under his Bomb the Bass moniker, Future Chaos.

In 2007, English electronica duo Soulsavers' album It's Not How Far You Fall, It's the Way You Land featured Lanegan on 8 out of 10 album tracks. As well as appearing as a vocalist, the tracks "Revival", "Ghosts of You and Me", "Paper Money", and "Jesus of Nothing" are credited as written by Lanegan and Soulsavers. The album also features a re-working of "Kingdoms of Rain", which was initially released on Lanegan's second solo album, Whiskey for the Holy Ghost. "Revival" and "Kingdoms of Rain" were released as singles from the album. Soulsavers recorded the tracks in England in 2005 and 2006, with Lanegan recording the vocal parts at Conway Studios in Los Angeles.

In 2009, Soulsavers again enlisted Lanegan with him contributing vocals for several tracks on their third studio album Broken. This led to a significant run of touring in support of the album, beginning on September 6, in Portland, Oregon. Following the tour of the United States, Lanegan continued to perform with them throughout their extensive run of European shows. These varied between headline gigs and slots in support of Depeche Mode. Having completed touring duties for Soulsavers, Lanegan announced a solo European tour. Shows focused specifically on his solo back catalogue, having not done so since touring finished in support of Bubblegum.

Also in 2009, Lanegan followed in Josh Homme's footsteps in collaborating with Unkle, the British electronic act masterminded by James Lavelle. He contributed his vocals to "Another Night Out", the final track of the album Where Did the Night Fall (released in May 2010).

In 2011, Lanegan's music was featured in a trailer and end credits for the video game Rage and the soundtrack for the film The Hangover Part II. Lanegan collaborated on a track "So Long Sin City" with Slash who recorded music for the 2011 indie film This Is Not a Movie, directed by Olallo Rubio, and starring Edward Furlong, Peter Coyote, Miguel Ferrer, and more.

On April 16, 2013, Lanegan and Duke Garwood released their first studio collaboration, Black Pudding. Lanegan collaborated with Warpaint and Massive Attack for a cover of the xx's song "Crystalised". Lanegan, Warpaint, and Martina Topley-Bird recorded the cover of "Crystalised" and released it as a single in 2013.

For Record Store Day 2013, Lanegan collaborated with Moby to release a 7-inch record called The Lonely Night. Of working with Lanegan, Moby stated: "I've been a fan of Mark's from his early SST records days, and I've always wanted to work with him. He has one of the best and most distinctive voices of the last 25 years. Now that we live near each other it ended up being really easy working on a song together." The Lonely Night also appeared on Moby's album Innocents.

In 2013, Lanegan teamed up with Seattle producer Martin Feveyear, to work on a covers record, Imitations. Prior to its release, Lanegan had only issued one previous record of covers, 1999's I'll Take Care of You. On Imitations, Lanegan offers contemporary songs, standards, and obscure numbers that, according to him, reveal the effect his parents' record collection had on him. He enlisted the help of Seattle composer Andrew Joslyn for the string arrangements and performances, as well as Seattle rock icons Duff McKagan, Barrett Martin, and others. The record was released September 17, 2013, through Vagrant Records.

Lanegan and Josh Homme co-wrote the theme song for Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown, which first aired in 2013 on CNN. Lanegan contributed vocals on two tracks on Earth's 2014 album Primitive and Deadly, released on September 2, 2014, and on one track on Manset's 2014 album Un oiseau s'est posé. He also worked with Unkle on the track "Looking for the Rain" from their 2017 album The Road: Part I, along with Eska. He also contributed vocals and songwriting to Tuareg rock band Tinariwen's "Nànnuflày" off their 2017 album Elwan.

In 2020, Lanegan contributed a spoken-word vocal performance to the song "The Mirror" by English rock band Hey Colossus, from their album Dances/Curses.

He also wrote lyrics and recorded lead vocals for "A Drink Of Poison Water" on Spanish duo Agrio's La Murga Ep.

Lanegan contributed vocals on the song "Inside of a Dream" on Cult of Luna's EP The Raging River, released on February 5, 2021, "The Music Becomes a Skull" on The Armed's album Ultrapop, released April 16, 2021, and "Blank Diary Entry" on Manic Street Preachers' 2021 album The Ultra Vivid Lament. In October 2021, Lanegan released a collaborative album with former The Icarus Line member Joe Cardamone entitled Dark Mark vs. Skeleton Joe.

Books
In 2017, Lanegan released the book I Am the Wolf: Lyrics & Writings, a collection of lyrics accompanied by explanations and anecdotes. His memoir, Sing Backwards and Weep, was published on April 28, 2020. Lanegan and Cold Cave frontman Wesley Eisold published a book of poetry Plague Poems in 2020. Another memoir Devil in a Coma was released in 2021, which details Lanegan's experiences contracting COVID-19, and being admitted to Kerry Hospital in March 2021. Leaving California, a final book of 76 new poems, was released in 2021.

Additionally, books have been written about Lanegan by other authors, including 2022's Confessions, Lyrics & Nostalgia Dark Mark Lanegan by Iman Kakai-Lazell (which features photos, lyrics, and text) and 2023's Lanegan by Greg Prato (which includes new interviews with over 20 of Lanegan's collaborators, friends, and admirers).

Personal life
Lanegan struggled with alcoholism and heroin addiction during the 1990s and early 2000s. In his 2020 memoir, he claimed that he was "reviled as the town drunk before [he] could even legally drink" at the age of 12. During a Screaming Trees tour in 1992, his arm became so badly infected from using heroin needles that doctors considered amputating it. After leaving Screaming Trees, he became homeless for a period, then entered rehab in 1997. He credited Courtney Love, who recommended and paid for a year of his rehab and months of rental payments, with saving his life. After his first stint in rehab, he entered a halfway house and was given a job looking after Duff McKagan's house. He relapsed in 2004 and briefly went into a coma. After this relapse, he supported himself financially by painting sets for television shows. He entered rehab again in 2006.

Lanegan was a friend of Kurt Cobain and had been invited to his home a few hours before Cobain's death. He was also a friend of Anthony Bourdain, who encouraged Lanegan to pursue writing a memoir. He wrote an obituary for Bourdain in The Observer after Bourdain's suicide in 2018. He was close friends with Layne Staley and had a highly publicized feud with Liam Gallagher. He supported the Seattle SuperSonics basketball team while growing up and switched allegiances to the Los Angeles Clippers upon moving to Los Angeles, though he remained a fan of the Seattle Mariners baseball team.

Lanegan was married twice. He met musician Wendy Rae Fowler in 1998 and married her in 2002, with the couple relocating from Los Angeles to North Carolina. The day after their wedding, Lanegan departed for a tour with Queens of the Stone Age and the couple divorced soon afterwards. His second wife was Shelley Brien, with whom he remained until his death. The two left the U.S. and moved to the Irish town of Killarney in 2020.

In March 2021, Lanegan was hospitalized with a severe infection of COVID-19 and almost died. The virus led to him temporarily going deaf, losing the ability to walk, and slipping in and out of a coma for several months. Nine months later, he said he had concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic was a "natural event" and admitted, "I was one of those knuckleheads who was wary of the vaccine. But I learned my lesson. I'll be the first one to get a booster shot when it's available in Ireland."

Death
Lanegan died at his home in Killarney on the morning of February 22, 2022, at the age of 57. No cause of death was revealed. Artists including Eddie Vedder, Iggy Pop, Moby, Scott Lucas, Simon Bonney, John Cale, Sleaford Mods, Badly Drawn Boy, Anton Newcombe, Peter Hook, Slash, Nick Cave, and the members of Manic Street Preachers paid tribute. Locals of Killarney, described as a "tightly knit community", also expressed a sense of loss.

An obituary in The Guardian by Stevie Chick remembered him as "one of his generation's most soulful singers". In Variety, music writer Chris Morris described him as "impassioned" and "adventurous".

Lanegan was laid to rest at Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.

Discography
Solo albums

 * The Winding Sheet (1990)
 * Whiskey for the Holy Ghost (1994)
 * Scraps at Midnight (1998)
 * I'll Take Care of You (1999)
 * Field Songs (2001)
 * Bubblegum (2004)
 * Blues Funeral (2012)
 * Imitations (2013)
 * Phantom Radio (2014)
 * Gargoyle (2017)
 * Somebody's Knocking (2019)
 * Straight Songs of Sorrow (2020)

title: Mark Lanegan


text:
Talk:Nm

nautical mile
Is there any proof that NM is actually used for nautical mile? The most common abbreviation seems to be nm, although that's the ugliest thing there is. I'm taking the easy way here anyway, changing "nm" to "nautical miles" whereever I see it. -- Jao 14:49, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * NM is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - see Nautical mile. --Wisdood (talk) 11:23, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

What about Named Mob? From MMORPG games! (unsigned 13 April 2005 at 15 h 32 by IP 65.27.255.45)
 * Not encyclopedic. --Wisdood (talk) 11:23, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Internet abbreviation for not much
how about the well known abbreviation for 'not much' on the internet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.205.197.35 (talk) 21:35, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not the Wiktionary. --Wisdood (talk) 11:23, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Nm
Nevermind 212.19.64.188 (talk) 07:09, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nm


text:
P (complexity)

In computational complexity theory, P, also known as PTIME or DTIME(nO(1)), is a fundamental complexity class. It contains all decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a polynomial amount of computation time, or polynomial time.

Cobham's thesis holds that P is the class of computational problems that are "efficiently solvable" or "tractable". This is inexact: in practice, some problems not known to be in P have practical solutions, and some that are in P do not, but this is a useful rule of thumb.

Definition
A language L is in P if and only if there exists a deterministic Turing machine M, such that

 * M runs for polynomial time on all inputs
 * For all x in L, M outputs 1
 * For all x not in L, M outputs 0

P can also be viewed as a uniform family of Boolean circuits. A language L is in P if and only if there exists a polynomial-time uniform family of Boolean circuits $$\{C_n:n \in \mathbb{N}\}$$, such that

 * For all $$n \in \mathbb{N}$$, $$C_n$$ takes n bits as input and outputs 1 bit
 * For all x in L, $$C_{|x|}(x)=1$$
 * For all x not in L, $$C_{|x|}(x)=0$$

The circuit definition can be weakened to use only a logspace uniform family without changing the complexity class.

Notable problems in P
P is known to contain many natural problems, including the decision versions of linear programming, and finding a maximum matching. In 2002, it was shown that the problem of determining if a number is prime is in P. The related class of function problems is FP.

Several natural problems are complete for P, including st-connectivity (or reachability) on alternating graphs. The article on P-complete problems lists further relevant problems in P.

Relationships to other classes
A generalization of P is NP, which is the class of decision problems decidable by a non-deterministic Turing machine that runs in polynomial time. Equivalently, it is the class of decision problems where each "yes" instance has a polynomial size certificate, and certificates can be checked by a polynomial time deterministic Turing machine. The class of problems for which this is true for the "no" instances is called co-NP. P is trivially a subset of NP and of co-NP; most experts believe it is a proper subset, although this belief (the $$\mathsf{P} \subsetneq \mathsf{NP}$$ hypothesis) remains unproven. Another open problem is whether NP = co-NP; since P = co-P, a negative answer would imply $$\mathsf{P} \subsetneq \mathsf{NP}$$.

P is also known to be at least as large as L, the class of problems decidable in a logarithmic amount of memory space. A decider using $$O(\log n)$$ space cannot use more than $$2^{O(\log n)} = n^{O(1)}$$ time, because this is the total number of possible configurations; thus, L is a subset of P. Another important problem is whether L = P. We do know that P = AL, the set of problems solvable in logarithmic memory by alternating Turing machines. P is also known to be no larger than PSPACE, the class of problems decidable in polynomial space. Again, whether P = PSPACE is an open problem. To summarize:

 * $$\mathsf{L} \subseteq \mathsf{AL} = \mathsf{P} \subseteq \mathsf{NP} \subseteq \mathsf{PSPACE} \subseteq \mathsf{EXPTIME}.$$

Here, EXPTIME is the class of problems solvable in exponential time. Of all the classes shown above, only two strict containments are known:

 * P is strictly contained in EXPTIME. Consequently, all EXPTIME-hard problems lie outside P, and at least one of the containments to the right of P above is strict (in fact, it is widely believed that all three are strict).
 * L is strictly contained in PSPACE.

The most difficult problems in P are P-complete problems.

Another generalization of P is P/poly, or Nonuniform Polynomial-Time. If a problem is in P/poly, then it can be solved in deterministic polynomial time provided that an advice string is given that depends only on the length of the input. Unlike for NP, however, the polynomial-time machine doesn't need to detect fraudulent advice strings; it is not a verifier. P/poly is a large class containing nearly all practical problems, including all of BPP. If it contains NP, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to the second level. On the other hand, it also contains some impractical problems, including some undecidable problems such as the unary version of any undecidable problem.

In 1999, Jin-Yi Cai and D. Sivakumar, building on work by Mitsunori Ogihara, showed that if there exists a sparse language that is P-complete, then L = P.

P is contained in BQP, it is unknown whether the containment is strict.

Properties
Polynomial-time algorithms are closed under composition. Intuitively, this says that if one writes a function that is polynomial-time assuming that function calls are constant-time, and if those called functions themselves require polynomial time, then the entire algorithm takes polynomial time. One consequence of this is that P is low for itself. This is also one of the main reasons that P is considered to be a machine-independent class; any machine "feature", such as random access, that can be simulated in polynomial time can simply be composed with the main polynomial-time algorithm to reduce it to a polynomial-time algorithm on a more basic machine.

Languages in P are also closed under reversal, intersection, union, concatenation, Kleene closure, inverse homomorphism, and complementation.

Pure existence proofs of polynomial-time algorithms
Some problems are known to be solvable in polynomial time, but no concrete algorithm is known for solving them. For example, the Robertson–Seymour theorem guarantees that there is a finite list of forbidden minors that characterizes (for example) the set of graphs that can be embedded on a torus; moreover, Robertson and Seymour showed that there is an O(n3) algorithm for determining whether a graph has a given graph as a minor. This yields a nonconstructive proof that there is a polynomial-time algorithm for determining if a given graph can be embedded on a torus, despite the fact that no concrete algorithm is known for this problem.

Alternative characterizations
In descriptive complexity, P can be described as the problems expressible in FO(LFP), the first-order logic with a least fixed point operator added to it, on ordered structures. In Immerman's 1999 textbook on descriptive complexity, Immerman ascribes this result to Vardi and to Immerman.

It was published in 2001 that PTIME corresponds to (positive) range concatenation grammars.

P can also be defined as an algorithmic complexity class for problems that are not decision problems (even though, for example, finding the solution to a 2-satisfiability instance in polynomial time automatically gives a polynomial algorithm for the corresponding decision problem). In that case P is not a subset of NP, but P∩DEC is, where DEC is the class of decision problems.

History
Kozen states that Cobham and Edmonds are "generally credited with the invention of the notion of polynomial time," though Rabin also invented the notion independently and around the same time (Rabin's paper was in a 1967 proceedings of a 1966 conference, while Cobham's was in a 1965 proceedings of a 1964 conference and Edmonds's was published in a journal in 1965, though Rabin makes no mention of either and was apparently unaware of them). Cobham invented the class as a robust way of characterizing efficient algorithms, leading to Cobham's thesis. However, H. C. Pocklington, in a 1910 paper, analyzed two algorithms for solving quadratic congruences, and observed that one took time "proportional to a power of the logarithm of the modulus" and contrasted this with one that took time proportional "to the modulus itself or its square root", thus explicitly drawing a distinction between an algorithm that ran in polynomial time versus one that did not.

title: P (complexity)


text:
Rainis

Jānis Pliekšāns (11 September 1865 – 12 September 1929), known by his pseudonym Rainis, was a Latvian poet, playwright, translator, and politician. Rainis' works include the classic plays Uguns un nakts (Fire and Night, 1905) and Indulis un Ārija (Indulis and Ārija, 1911), and a highly regarded translation of Goethe's Faust. His works had a profound influence on the literary Latvian language, and the ethnic symbolism he employed in his major works has been central to Latvian nationalism.

Early life
Rainis was born on "Varslavāni" farm, Dunava parish in Jēkabpils municipality. His father, Krišjānis Pliekšāns (ca. 1828–1891), was a tenant farmer. His mother was Dārta, née Grikovska (ca. 1828–1899), and he had two sisters, Līze (1854–1897) and Dora (1870–1950). During his education at the Riga City Gymnasium he met and befriended Pēteris Stučka, Dora Pliekšāne's future husband, who later become a prominent Latvian communist.

Early career
Rainis studied law at the University of St. Petersburg, where he shared a room with Pēteris Stučka. While still a student, Rainis was already collecting folk songs, writing satirical and lyric poetry, and translating literature. Together with Stučka he edited a collection of epigrams and satire, Mazie dunduri (The Small Gadflies) and published Apdziedāšanas dziesmas (Mocking Songs) about the third All-Latvian Song Festival. The two men, however, would later split because of the differences between socialist and communist ideologies.

After completing his studies, he worked at the Vilnius regional courtrooms and with Andrejs Stērsts in Jelgava. Rainis wrote for Dienas Lapa (The Daily Page), Tēvija (Fatherland) and the Latvian Conversational Dictionary.

From 1891 to 1895 Rainis was editor in chief of Dienas Lapa (Daily Page). The Dienas Lapa scene was mostly a group of young Latvian liberal and socialist intellectuals who came to be known as the New Current. After attending the congress of the Second International in 1893, Rainis began to emphasize socialist ideology and news of socialist events in "Dienas Lapa." He is recognized as the father of Latvian socialism. It was during this period that he met Aspazija (pseudonym of Elza Pliekšāne, born Rozenberga), another Latvian poet and playwright active in the New Current. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, it was while editing the paper that Rainis developed "his own philosophy [which] showed no trace of Marxist materialism—he regarded life as an incessant series of mutations of energy."

Because of their social criticism and calls for various reforms, the New Current was viewed as a seditious movement and was the subject of a Tsarist crackdown. In 1897 Rainis was arrested and deported first to Pskov, and later to Vyatka guberniya (now Kirov Oblast). It was during this period of internal exile that Rainis translated Faust and other works from classical literature. Here he also produced his first collection of poems, Tālas noskaņas zilā vakarā (Far-Off Moods on a Blue Evening, 1903). In addition to Faust, Rainis also translated the works of William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich Heine, and Aleksandr Pushkin into Latvian. These translations helped to expand his native language by adding new words to its vocabulary.

Foreign exile
Rainis was also socially active and politically prominent, being one of the national leaders of the Revolution of 1905 in Latvia and the New Current that foreshadowed it. With the failure of the Revolution, he emigrated to Switzerland together with his wife Aspazija, settling in Castagnola, a suburb of Lugano. As an émigré, Rainis wrote:

 * plays — Zelta Zirgs (The Golden Horse) (translated to English 2012), Jāzeps un viņa brāļi (Joseph and His Brothers), Spēlēju, dancoju (I Played, I Danced), Daugava (The Daugava, 1916), and Ģirts Vilks;
 * poetry — Klusā grāmata (The Quiet Book), Vēja nesta lapas (Leaves Upon the Wind), Tie, kas neaizmirst (Those, Who Do Not Forget), Gals un sākums (The End and the Beginning), Ave sol, and Sveika, brīvā Latvija (Hello, Free Latvia).

His dramatic ballad Daugava contained the first explicit demand for Latvian sovereignty:

"Land, land, what is that land demanded in our song? Land, that is a state."

Those lines were removed by the censor when the work was first published in Moscow. After the defeat of Bermondt-Avalov's forces at Riga in November 1919, the ballad was performed at the National Theater to mark the first anniversary of Latvia's proclamation of independence; many soldiers carried this work into battle.

"Zelta Zirgs" ("The Golden Horse") was translated into English in 2012 by Vilis Inde.

During his exile, Rainis published several more works, such as Gals un sākums (or "End and Beginning" in English, published 1912). These works used political and revolutionary symbolism and also borrowed ideas from Hegelian philosophy. He also penned plays which linked Latvian folklore to the country's modern, political struggles.

Return to Latvia
Rainis and Aspazija returned to Latvia on 4 April 1920 and received a hero's welcome. They had served as the spiritual leaders in the fight for Latvian independence. Rainis, as a member of the Central Committee of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, resumed his political activities and was a member of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia (Satversmes sapulce) and Saeima (Parliament) and of the Ministry of Education Arts Department, founder and director of the Dailes Theater, and director of the Latvian National Theatre from 1921 to 1925, Minister of Education from December 1926 to January 1928, and a member of the Cultural Fund and (Military) Order of Lāčplēsis Council. During this period he wrote:

 * plays — Iļja Muromietis (Ilya Muromets), Mīla stiprāka par nāvi (A Love Stronger Than Death), Rīgas ragana (The Witch of Riga);
 * poetry — Treji loki, Sudrabota gaisma (A Silvery Light), Mēness meitiņa (Moon Girl), Zelta sietiņš (The Gold Strainer), and others;
 * memoirs — Kastaņjola (Castagnola).

Rainis had the ambition of becoming Latvia's president and became less prominent in politics when this ambition was not fulfilled.

Rainis did become one of the first recipients of the Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars of Latvia – the nation's highest award – on 28 February 1925.

He died in Majori in 1929.

Legacy and commemoration
A number of Rainis' poetry collections were published posthumously: Sirds devējs, Dvēseles Dziesma, Lielās līnijas, and Aizas ziedi.

Rainis' statue at the Esplanāde in Riga is a gathering place that highlights the complex way his multi-faceted career and works are interpreted. It is the focal point for the national poetry festival, always held on his birthday, as well as a focus for the left wing, from the Social Democrats to the radical opposition to Latvia's education reform (in part because of Rainis' support for minority schools; he was instrumental to the founding of Belarusian schools in Latvia). Similarly, criticism of his work has often been strongly affected by politics; while the Soviets emphasized his socialism (his image even appeared on a commemorative Soviet rouble coin; being buried next to Rainis' grave in Rainis' Cemetery in Riga was an honour reserved for senior Soviet military), Daugava and other patriotic works were omitted from editions of Rainis' texts prior to the Third Latvian National Awakening.

Works

 * Tālas noskaņas zilā vakarā (1903)
 * Vētras sēja (1905)
 * Zelta zirgs (1909)
 * Klusā grāmata (1909)
 * Ave sol! (1910)
 * Tie, kas neaizmirst (1911)
 * Indulis un Ārija (1911)
 * Pūt, vējiņ! (1913)
 * Krauklītis (1917)
 * Jāzeps un viņa brāļi (1919)
 * Daugava (1919)
 * Spēlēju, dancoju (1919)
 * Zelta sietiņš (1920)
 * Iļja Muromietis (1922)
 * Lellīte Lollīte (1924)
 * Puķu lodziņš (1924)
 * Vasars princīši un princeses (1924)
 * Putniņš uz zara (1925)
 * Saulīte slimnīcā (1927)
 * Rīgas ragana (1928)

title: Rainis