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Francis Darwin

Sir Francis Darwin (16 August 1848 – 19 September 1925) was a British botanist. He was the third son of the naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin.

Biography
Francis Darwin was born in Down House, Downe, Kent in 1848. He was the third son and seventh child of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma Wedgwood. He was educated at Clapham Grammar School.

He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge, first studying mathematics, then changing to natural sciences, graduating in 1870. He then went to study medicine at St George's Medical School, London, earning an MB in 1875, but did not practise medicine.

Darwin was married three times and widowed twice. First he married Amy Richenda Ruck in 1874, but she died in 1876 four days after the birth of their son Bernard Darwin, who was later to become a golf writer. In September 1883 he married Ellen Wordsworth Crofts (1856–1903) and they had a daughter Frances Crofts Darwin (1886–1960), a poet who married the poet Francis Cornford and became known under her married name. His third wife was Florence Henrietta Fisher, daughter of Herbert William Fisher and widow of Frederic William Maitland, whom he married in 1913, the year in which he was knighted. Her sister Adeline Fisher was the first wife of Darwin's double first cousin once removed Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Francis Darwin worked with his father on experiments dealing with plant movements, specifically phototropism. They co-authored The Power of Movement in Plants (1880) and Francis Darwin published a second expanded edition of Insectivorous Plants (1888) after his father's death. Their experiments showed that the coleoptile of a young grass seedling directs its growth toward the light by comparing the responses of seedlings with covered and uncovered coleoptiles. These observations would later lead to the discovery of auxin.

Darwin was nominated by his father to the Linnean Society of London in 1875, and was elected as a Fellow of the Society on 2 December 1875. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 June 1882, the same year in which his father died. Darwin edited The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1887), and produced some books of letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin; The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887) and More Letters of Charles Darwin (1905). He also edited Thomas Huxley's On the Reception of the Origin of Species (1887).

Darwin was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1909. That same year, Cambridge University awarded him an honorary doctorate (DSc). He also received honorary doctorates from Dublin, Liverpool, Sheffield, Brussels, St Andrews, Upsala, and Prague. He was knighted in 1913.

He is buried in Cambridge. His daughter, Frances Cornford, was later buried with him.

Family
His first wife, Amy Ruck, died in 1876, a few days after the birth of her son Bernard, and was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Corris, North Wales. According to a letter written by Charles Darwin to his close friend, Joseph Dalton Hooker: " I never saw anyone suffer so much as poor Frank. He has gone to N. Wales to bury the body in a little church-yard amongst the mountains".

He married his second wife, Ellen Wordsworth Crofts, in 1883. She was a Fellow and lecturer at Newnham College. She was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge. She died in 1903, and is buried in the churchyard of St. Andrew's Church, Girton.

In 1913, he married his third wife, Lady Florence Henrietta Fisher, the widow of Frederic William Maitland. She died in 1920 and is interred in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground, Cambridge, opposite the grave of Sir Francis Darwin and his daughter Frances Cornford.

Publications

 * Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1880); (revised 2nd edition, 1887); 2nd printing of revised edition, 1888
 * The Power of Movement in Plants (1880)
 * The Practical Physiology of Plants (1894)
 * Elements of Botany (1895)
 * Rustic Sounds and Other Studies in Literature and Natural History (1917)

title: Francis Darwin


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Talk:Symbolic capital

Multiple choice
The following are worlds that describes symbolic capital EXCEPT 175.176.68.124 (talk) 02:37, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Symbolic capital


text: User talk:62.101.126.235

title: User talk:62.101.126.235


text:
Lourenço Marques (explorer)

Lourenço Marques was a 16th-century Portuguese trader and coloniser.

Biography
Lourenço Marques explored the area that is now Maputo Bay in 1544 and settled permanently in present-day Mozambique, where he spent most of his life with his indigenous wife and their children. By order of King John III, Maputo Bay was named Baía de Lourenço Marques in his honour, but this name was never in common use among the foreign community.

Other uses
Maputo, the capital city of Portuguese Mozambique since 1898, was founded as Lourenco Marques before this Overseas Province of Portugal, the so-called Portuguese East Africa where was the seat of the governor-general, became independent from the colonial power in 1975: the city got its present name on 3 February 1976, giving its name to one of the six districts into which the province was divided.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Harm J. De Blij, The Functional Structure and Central Business District of Lourenço Marques, Mocambique, Economic Geography, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 56–77.
 * Catholic Encyclopaedia
 * WorldStatesmen- Mozambique

title: Lourenço Marques (explorer)


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Judith Chalmers

Judith Rosemary Locke Chalmers (born 10 October 1935) is a British television presenter who is best known for presenting the travel programme Wish You Were Here...? from 1974 to 2003.

Early life
Chalmers was born in Gatley, Cheshire. Her father was an architect and her mother a medical secretary. She had a sister, Sandra Chalmers. Both sisters were educated at Withington Girls' School, an independent day school in Fallowfield near Withington, Manchester.

Career
Chalmers began broadcasting for the BBC when she was only 13, after being selected for BBC Northern Children's Hour by producer Trevor Hill. Her younger sister Sandra, who was later editor of Woman's Hour, also performed on Children's Hour. Chalmers presented many programmes from Manchester, including Children's Television Club which later metamorphosed into Blue Peter based in London. She spent some time at secretarial college in Manchester in the early 1950s.

In the 1960s, Chalmers presented two major BBC radio programmes: Family Favourites and Woman's Hour. She also appeared as the original Susan in The Clitheroe Kid, and was a foil for Ken Dodd in his radio show. Chalmers presented ballroom dancing competition programme Come Dancing for the BBC from 1961 to 1965.

During the 1970s, Chalmers regularly presented ITV's daytime magazine programme Good Afternoon and its successors, which included Afternoon Plus and A Plus. She started presenting ITV's holiday programme Wish You Were Here? in 1974 and continued in this role until 2003, initially working alongside Chris Kelly, and later with John Carter.

In the 1980s Chalmers was a regular host of the Miss World contest on ITV, also presenting the associated UK beauty pageants such as Miss United Kingdom and the British Beauty Championships. Chalmers presented BBC Radio 2's mid-morning show from 1990 to 1992, taking over from Ken Bruce, who took over the show again following Chalmers's departure from the station in 1992.

In 2001, Chalmers appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. She took part in an episode of the BBC Two series Celebrity Antiques Road Trip, with her son Mark, in 2013.

Her television appearances in later years have been limited to short spots on chat show programmes such as Good Morning Britain, Lorraine and Graham Norton's chat shows. In 2017, Chalmers took part in Channel 5’s Celebrity Taste of Italy.

Personal life
Chalmers has been married to sports commentator Neil Durden-Smith since 1964. The couple live in north London and have two children, television presenter Mark and Emma. Chalmers has six grandchildren.

She was awarded an OBE in 1994.

title: Judith Chalmers


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Serine protease

Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins. Serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site. They are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Serine proteases fall into two broad categories based on their structure: chymotrypsin-like (trypsin-like) or subtilisin-like.

Classification
The MEROPS protease classification system counts 16 superfamilies (as of 2013) each containing many families. Each superfamily uses the catalytic triad or dyad in a different protein fold and so represent convergent evolution of the catalytic mechanism. The majority belong to the S1 family of the PA clan (superfamily) of proteases.

For superfamilies, P: superfamily, containing a mixture of nucleophile class families, S: purely serine proteases. superfamily. Within each superfamily, families are designated by their catalytic nucleophile, (S: serine proteases).

Substrate specificity
Serine proteases are characterised by a distinctive structure, consisting of two beta-barrel domains that converge at the catalytic active site. These enzymes can be further categorised based on their substrate specificity as either trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like or elastase-like.

Trypsin-like
Trypsin-like proteases cleave peptide bonds following a positively charged amino acid (lysine or arginine). This specificity is driven by the residue which lies at the base of the enzyme's S1 pocket (generally a negatively charged aspartic acid or glutamic acid).

Chymotrypsin-like
The S1 pocket of chymotrypsin-like enzymes is more hydrophobic than in trypsin-like proteases. This results in a specificity for medium to large sized hydrophobic residues, such as tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan.

Thrombin-like
These include thrombin, tissue activating plasminogen and plasmin. They have been found to have roles in coagulation and digestion as well as in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's induced dementia. Many highly-toxic thrombin-like serine protease isoforms are found in snake venoms.

Elastase-like
Elastase-like proteases have a much smaller S1 cleft than either trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like proteases. Consequently, residues such as alanine, glycine and valine tend to be preferred.

Subtilisin-like
Subtilisin is a serine protease in prokaryotes. Subtilisin is evolutionarily unrelated to the chymotrypsin-clan, but shares the same catalytic mechanism utilising a catalytic triad, to create a nucleophilic serine. This is the classic example used to illustrate convergent evolution, since the same mechanism evolved twice independently during evolution.

Catalytic mechanism
The main player in the catalytic mechanism in the serine proteases is the catalytic triad. The triad is located in the active site of the enzyme, where catalysis occurs, and is preserved in all superfamilies of serine protease enzymes. The triad is a coordinated structure consisting of three amino acids: His 57, Ser 195 (hence the name "serine protease") and Asp 102. These three key amino acids each play an essential role in the cleaving ability of the proteases. While the amino acid members of the triad are located far from one another on the sequence of the protein, due to folding, they will be very close to one another in the heart of the enzyme. The particular geometry of the triad members are highly characteristic to their specific function: it was shown that the position of just four points of the triad characterize the function of the containing enzyme.

In the event of catalysis, an ordered mechanism occurs in which several intermediates are generated. The catalysis of the peptide cleavage can be seen as a ping-pong catalysis, in which a substrate binds (in this case, the polypeptide being cleaved), a product is released (the C-terminus "half" of the peptide with amino group visible), another substrate binds (in this case, water), and another product is released (the N-terminus "half" of the peptide with carboxyl group visible).

Each amino acid in the triad performs a specific task in this process:
 * The serine has an -OH group that is able to act as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the scissile peptide bond of the substrate.
 * A pair of electrons on the histidine nitrogen has the ability to accept the hydrogen from the serine -OH group, thus coordinating the attack of the peptide bond.
 * The carboxyl group on the aspartic acid in turn hydrogen bonds with the histidine, making the nitrogen atom mentioned above much more electronegative.

The whole reaction can be summarized as follows:
 * The polypeptide substrate binds to the surface of the serine protease enzyme such that the scissile bond is inserted into the active site of the enzyme, with the carbonyl carbon of this bond positioned near the nucleophilic serine.
 * The serine -OH attacks the carbonyl carbon, and the nitrogen of the histidine accepts the hydrogen from the -OH of the [serine] and a pair of electrons from the double bond of the carbonyl oxygen moves to the oxygen. As a result, a tetrahedral intermediate is generated.
 * The bond joining the nitrogen and the carbon in the peptide bond is now broken. The covalent electrons creating this bond move to attack the hydrogen of the histidine, breaking the connection. The electrons that previously moved from the carbonyl oxygen double bond move back from the negative oxygen to recreate the bond, generating an acyl-enzyme intermediate.
 * Now, water comes into the reaction. Water replaces the N-terminus of the cleaved peptide, and attacks the carbonyl carbon. Once again, the electrons from the double bond move to the oxygen making it negative, as the bond between the oxygen of the water and the carbon is formed. This is coordinated by the nitrogen of the histidine, which accepts a proton from the water. Overall, this generates another tetrahedral intermediate.
 * In a final reaction, the bond formed in the first step between the serine and the carbonyl carbon moves to attack the hydrogen that the histidine just acquired. The now electron-deficient carbonyl carbon re-forms the double bond with the oxygen. As a result, the C-terminus of the peptide is now ejected.

Additional stabilizing effects
It was discovered that additional amino acids of the protease, Gly 193 and Ser 195, are involved in creating what is called an oxyanion hole. Both Gly 193 and Ser 195 can donate backbone hydrogens for hydrogen bonding. When the tetrahedral intermediate of step 1 and step 3 are generated, the negative oxygen ion, having accepted the electrons from the carbonyl double bond, fits perfectly into the oxyanion hole. In effect, serine proteases preferentially bind the transition state and the overall structure is favored, lowering the activation energy of the reaction. This "preferential binding" is responsible for much of the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme.

Regulation of serine protease activity
Host organisms must ensure that the activity of serine proteases is adequately regulated. This is achieved by a requirement for initial protease activation, and the secretion of inhibitors.

Zymogen activation
Zymogens are the usually inactive precursors of an enzyme. If the digestive enzymes were active when synthesized, they would immediately start chewing up the synthesizing organs and tissues. Acute pancreatitis is such a condition, in which there is premature activation of the digestive enzymes in the pancreas, resulting in self-digestion (autolysis). It also complicates postmortem investigations, as the pancreas often digests itself before it can be assessed visually.

Zymogens are large, inactive structures, which have the ability to break apart or change into the smaller activated enzymes. The difference between zymogens and the activated enzymes lies in the fact that the active site for catalysis of the zymogens is distorted. As a result, the substrate polypeptide cannot bind effectively, and proteolysis does not occur. Only after activation, during which the conformation and structure of the zymogen change and the active site is opened, can proteolysis occur.

As can be seen, trypsinogen activation to trypsin is essential, because it activates its own reaction, as well as the reaction of both chymotrypsin and elastase. Therefore, it is essential that this activation does not occur prematurely. There are several protective measures taken by the organism to prevent self-digestion:
 * The activation of trypsinogen by trypsin is relatively slow
 * The zymogens are stored in zymogen granules, capsules that have walls that are thought to be resistant to proteolysis.

Inhibition
There are certain inhibitors that resemble the tetrahedral intermediate, and thus fill up the active site, preventing the enzyme from working properly. Trypsin, a powerful digestive enzyme, is generated in the pancreas. Inhibitors prevent self-digestion of the pancreas itself.

Serine proteases are paired with serine protease inhibitors, which turn off their activity when they are no longer needed.

Serine proteases are inhibited by a diverse group of inhibitors, including synthetic chemical inhibitors for research or therapeutic purposes, and also natural proteinaceous inhibitors. One family of natural inhibitors called "serpins" (abbreviated from serine protease inhibitors) can form a covalent bond with the serine protease, inhibiting its function. The best-studied serpins are antithrombin and alpha 1-antitrypsin, studied for their role in coagulation/thrombosis and emphysema/A1AT, respectively. Artificial irreversible small molecule inhibitors include AEBSF and PMSF.

A family of arthropod serine peptidase inhibitors, called pacifastin, has been identified in locusts and crayfish, and may function in the arthropod immune system.

Role in disease
Mutations may lead to decreased or increased activity of enzymes. This may have different consequences, depending on the normal function of the serine protease. For example, mutations in protein C can lead to protein C deficiency and predisposing to thrombosis. Also, some proteases play a vital role in host cell-virus fusion activation by priming virus's Spike protein to show the protein named "fusion protein" (TMPRSS2 activate SARS-CoV-2 fusion). Exogenous snake venom serine proteases cause a vast array of coagulopathies when injected in a host due to the lack of regulation of their activity.

Diagnostic use
Determination of serine protease levels may be useful in the context of particular diseases.
 * Coagulation factor levels may be required in the diagnosis of hemorrhagic or thrombotic conditions.
 * Fecal elastase is employed to determine the exocrine activity of the pancreas, e.g., in cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis.
 * Serum prostate-specific antigen is used in prostate cancer screening, risk stratification, and post-treatment monitoring.
 * Serine protease, as released by mast cells, is an important diagnostic marker for type 1 hypersensitivity reactions e.g., anaphylaxis. More useful than histamine due to the longer half-life, meaning it remains in the system for a clinically useful length of time.

Antimicrobial effect
Due to their catalytic activity, some serine proteases possess potent antimicrobial properties. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the efficacy of some proteases in reducing virulence by cleaving viral surface proteins. Viral entry into host cells is mediated by the interaction of these surface proteins with the host cell. When these proteins are fragmented or inactivated on the viral surface, the viral entry is impaired, leading to a reduction in infectivity of a broad spectrum of pathologically relevant microorganisms like Influenza, hRSV and others.

title: Serine protease


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Dargoire

Dargoire is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

title: Dargoire


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List of English words of Yiddish origin

This is a list of words that have entered the English language from the Yiddish language, many of them by way of American English. There are differing approaches to the romanization of Yiddish orthography (which uses the Hebrew alphabet); thus, the spelling of some of the words in this list may be variable (for example, is a variant of, and , ).

Background
Yiddish is a Germanic language, originally spoken by Jews in Central and later Eastern Europe, written in the Hebrew alphabet, and containing a substantial substratum of Hebrew words as well as numerous loans from Slavic languages. For that reason, some of the words listed originated in Hebrew or Slavic languages, but have entered English via Yiddish.

Yiddish is closely related to modern German, and many Yiddish words have German cognates; in some cases it is difficult to tell whether a particular word was borrowed from Yiddish or from German. Yiddish is written in the Hebrew alphabet, and Yiddish words may be transliterated into Latin spelling in a variety of ways; the transliterated spelling of Yiddish words and the conventional spelling of German are usually different, but the pronunciations are frequently the same (e.g., שוואַרץ in Yiddish is pronounced the same way as schwarz in German).

Many of these words have slightly different meanings and usage in English from the Yiddish originals. For example, chutzpah usually has a negative connotation in Yiddish, meaning improper audacity, while in English it is more positive. In Yiddish, שלעפּ is usually a transitive verb for carrying (or dragging) something else, while the English word, schlep, is also used as an intransitive verb, for dragging oneself, and as a noun for an insignificant person or hanger-on. In Yiddish, גליטש means 'slip', while in English, glitch means malfunction.

List of words
These English words of Yiddish origin, except as noted, are in the online editions of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD), or the Merriam-Webster dictionary (MW). The parentheses-enclosed information at the end of each word's entry starts with the original Yiddish term in Hebrew script, the Latin script transliteration, and the literal English translation (if different from the English definition given earlier). This may be followed by additional relevant languages (mostly Hebrew and German). One or more dictionary references appear at the end.

A

 * alter kacker or alte kacker (Yid. אַלטער קאַקער): literally "old crapper". Sometimes abbreviated as AK or A.K. ; equivalent to English "old fart".

B

 * Bagel: A ring-shaped bread roll made by boiling or steaming, and then baking, the dough (from בײגל, from Old High German boug with diminutive -el suffix; OED, MW).
 * Balabusta, balabosta, balebosta (Yid. בעל־הביתטע): a Jewish mistress of the house; usually applied with positive connotations MW).
 * Blintz: A sweet cheese-filled crepe (בלינצע, from блінцы (plural); AHD).
 * Bris: The circumcision of a male child. (ברית, from ברית; OED, MW)
 * broigus (Yid. ברוגז broygez): (n) a bitter feud of anger; (adj.) angry, irritated; from Hebrew ברוגז (berogez, "angry") (OED)
 * Boychik: Boy, young man. (English boy + Eastern Yiddish: טשיק, diminutive suffix (from Slavic); AHD)
 * bubbeh, bubbe (Yid. באָבע): grandmother; elderly woman (OED)
 * bubbeleh (Yid. באָבעלע): a term of endearment; esp. for a young boy-child or elderly relative (OED)
 * Bupkis (also Bupkes, Bupkus, Bubkis, Bubkes): Emphatically nothing, as in 'He isn't worth bupkis' (באָבקעס; of uncertain origin (OED); perhaps originally meaning '[goat] droppings', from a word meaning 'beans', of Slavic origin) (MW, OED)

C

 * cholent, cholnt, tcholent, etc. (Yid. טשאָלנט tsholnt): traditional slow-simmering Sabbath stew prepared overnight (OED, AHD, MW)
 * Chutzpah : Nerve, gall, guts, balls, daring, self-confidence, audacity, effrontery (חצפּה, from Hebrew; AHD)

D

 * Daven: To recite Jewish liturgical prayers (דאַוונען; AHD)
 * Dreck, drek: Worthless, distasteful, or nonsensical material (דרעק, from Middle High drec; cognate with German: Dreck; AHD, MW)
 * Dybbuk: The malevolent spirit of a dead person that enters and controls a living body until exorcised (דבּוק; AHD)
 * Dreidel: דרײדל, a four-sided spinning top (OED)

F

 * Fleishig: Made with meat (פֿליישיק, from, 'meat'; cf. German: fleischig; MW)
 * frum (Yid. פֿרום): adjective; religious, observant of Judaism laws (cf. German "Fromm" = pious) (OED)

G

 * Ganef or Gonif: A thief, scoundrel, rascal (גנבֿ, from Hebrew: גנב; AHD)
 * Gelt : Money in general; also the chocolate coins given to children on Hanukkah (געלט; cognate with German: Geld; related to 'gold'; AHD, MW)
 * Glitch: A minor malfunction (גליטש, from גליטשן; cf. German: glitschen; AHD)
 * Golem: A man-made humanoid; an android, Frankenstein monster (גלם, from Hebrew: גלם; OED, MW)
 * Goy: A gentile, term for someone not of the Jewish faith or people (גוי; plural גויים or גוים; from Hebrew: גויים or גוים, plural of גוי; AHD)

H

 * Haimish (also Heimish) : Home-like, friendly, folksy (היימיש; cf. German: heimisch; AHD).

K

 * Kibitz : To offer unwanted advice, e.g. to someone playing cards; to converse idly, hence a kibitzer, gossip (קיבעצן; cf. German: kiebitzen, may be related to German: Kiebitz; OED, MW)
 * Klezmer, instrumental musical tradition of the Ashkenazi Jews of Central and Eastern Europe (OED)
 * Klutz: A clumsy person (קלאָץ; cf. German: Klotz; OED, MW)
 * Knish : A doughy snack stuffed with potato, meat, or cheese (קניש, from knysz; MW, AHD)
 * Kosher: Correct according to Jewish law, normally used in reference to Jewish dietary laws; (slang) appropriate, legitimate (originally from כּשר; AHD)
 * kishke (Yid. קישקע): A kind of sausage stuffed with finely chopped potatoes, carrots, onions, spices, etc., rather than meat; in the plural kishkes, the abdomen (MW OED) (AHD)
 * klutz: clumsy person (from Yiddish קלאָץ klots 'wooden beam') (AHD OED)
 * kugel (Yid. קוגעל): a casserole or pudding, usually made from egg noodles or potatoes (AHD)
 * Kvell: To express great pleasure combined with pride (קװעלן, from an old Germanic word; cognate with German: quellen; OED, MW)
 * Kvetch : to complain habitually, gripe; as a noun, a person who always complains (קװעטשן; cognate with German: quetschen; OED, MW) There is also a connection to the Hebrew and Aramaic radix "k.w.z", meaning "squeeze".

L

 * Latke : Potato pancake, especially during Hanukkah (לאַטקע, from ладка or оладка; AHD)
 * Litvak: A Lithuanian Jew or a dialect of Yiddish used by Lithuanian Jews (ליטוואַק; OED)
 * Lox: Cured salmon, sometimes referred to as Nova, often used loosely to refer to smoked salmon (לאַקס; cf. German: Lachs; OED, MW)

M

 * mama-loshen / mame-loshen (Yid. מאמאלושן): one's first or native language, from Yiddish mama (mother) plus Hebrew לשון lashon, tongue or language; usually meaning "Yiddish" (https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=mama-loshen OED)
 * Mamzer: Bastard (from Yiddish/Hebrew: ממזר; OED)
 * Maven: Expert, aficionado (מבֿין, from Hebrew: מבין; OED, MW, AHD)
 * Mazeltov, also Mazal tov: Congratulations! (מזל־טובֿ, from Hebrew מזל טוב: מזל or 'luck' + טוב; OED)
 * Megillah: A tediously detailed discourse (מגלה, from מגלה; OED, MW). Usually used in American English as "the whole Megillah" meaning an overly extended explanation or story. *Mensch: An upright person; a decent human being (מענטש; cognate with German: Mensch; OED, MW)
 * Meshuga, also Meshugge, Meshugah, Meshuggah : Crazy (משגע, from Hebrew: משוגע; OED, MW). Also used as the nouns meshuggener and meshuggeneh for a crazy man and woman, respectively.
 * Meshugaas, also Mishegaas or Mishegoss : Crazy or senseless activity or behavior; craziness (משוגעת, from Hebrew: משוגעת, a form of the above; OED, AHD)
 * Milchig: made with milk (מילכיק, from מילך; cf. German: milchig; MW)
 * Minyan: The quorum of ten adult (i.e., age 13 or older) Jews that is necessary for the holding of a public worship service; in Orthodox Judaism ten adult males are required, while in Conservative and Reform Judaism ten adults of either sex are required. (מנין, from Hebrew: מנין; OED)
 * Mishpocha : relative or extended family member (משפּחה, from Hebrew: משפּחה; OED)

N

 * Naches : The feeling of pride and/or gratification in 1: the achievements of another; 2. one's own doing good by helping someone or some organization (נחת, from Hebrew: נחת; OED)
 * Narrischkeit : Foolishness, nonsense (נאַרישקייט, from נאַריש + ־קייט; cf. German: närrisch; OED)
 * Nebbish, also Nebbich: An insignificant, pitiful person; a nonentity (from interjection נעבעך, perhaps from Czech nebohý or other Slavic source; OED, MW)
 * Noodge, also Nudzh: To pester, nag, whine; as a noun, a pest, whiner, or anxious person (נודיען, from Polish nudzić 'to bore' or Russian nudit '  'to wear out'; OED)
 * Nosh: Snack (noun or verb) (נאַשן; cf. German: naschen; OED, MW)
 * Nu: A multipurpose interjection analogous to "well?", "so?", or "so what?" (נו, perhaps akin to Russian: ну; OED)
 * Nudnik: A pest, "pain in the neck"; a bore (נודניק, from the above נודיען; cf. Polish: nudny; OED, MW)

O

 * Oy, Oy vey: Interjections of grief, pain, or horror (אוי וויי or 'oh, woe!'; cf. German: oh weh; OED; AHD)

P

 * Pareve : Containing neither meat nor dairy products (פּאַרעווע; OED, MW)
 * Pisher: a nobody, an inexperienced person (פּישער, from פּישן; cf. German: pissen or dialectal German: pischen; OED)
 * Potch also Petch: Spank, slap, smack (פּאַטשן; cf. German: patschen; OED)
 * Plotz: To burst from strong emotion; often used humorously to express minor shock or disappointment (פּלאַצן; cf. German: platzen; OED)
 * punim: the face (Yiddish פּנים ponem, from Hebrew פָּנִים panim) (OED AHD)
 * Putz: (vulgar) A penis, term used as an insult (פּאָץ; AHD). Also an insignificant person, incompetent, or loser.  As a verb, to idle, bodge, goof off.

S

 * Schav: Sorrel soup. (שטשאַוו, from Polish: szczaw; AHD)
 * Schlemiel : An inept clumsy person; a bungler; a dolt (שלעמיל or שלימיל, probably from the Hebrew name Shelumiel; OED) The word is widely recognized from its inclusion in the Yiddish-American hopscotch chant "...schlemiel, schlimazel..." from the opening sequence of the American sitcom Laverne & Shirley.
 * Schlep: To drag or haul (an object); to walk, esp. to make a tedious journey (שלעפּן; cf. German: schleppen; OED, MW). Also a noun, a lackey, hanger-on, or loser.
 * Schlimazel also Schlemazl: A chronically unlucky person (שלימזל, from [Middle Dutch: slimp or Middle High German: slimp or schlimm] + Hebrew: מזל; cf. German: Schlamassel; OED). The difference between a schlemiel and a schlimazel is described through the aphorism, "The schlemiel spills his soup on the schlimazel."
 * Schlock: something cheap, shoddy, or inferior (perhaps from שלאַק; cf. German: Schlag; OED, MW)
 * Schlong: (vulgar) A penis (שלאַנג; cf. German: Schlange; OED)
 * Schlub: A clumsy, stupid, or unattractive person (זשלאָב, perhaps from Polish: żłób; OED, MW)
 * Schmaltz: Melted chicken fat; metaphorically, excessive sentimentality (שמאַלץ or German: Schmalz; OED, MW, AHD); adjective: schmaltzy
 * Schmatte: A rag (שמאַטע, from Polish: szmata; OED)
 * Schmeer also schmear: from Polish 'smarowac' to smear, to spread, coll. to bribe; (noun or verb) Spread (e.g., cream cheese on a bagel); bribe (שמיר; cf. German: schmieren; OED, MW)
 * Schmo: A stupid person (akin to schmuck according to AHD, but disputed by OED)
 * Schmooze: To converse informally, make small talk or chat (שמועסן, from Hebrew: שמועות; OED, MW). To persuade in insincere or oily fashion; to "lay it on thick". Noun: schmoozer, abbr. schmooze.
 * Schmuck: (vulgar) A contemptible or foolish person; a jerk; (שמאָק, probably from Old Polish smok; MW, EO)
 * Schmutter: Pieces of clothing; rubbish (שמאַטע; cf. schmatte; OED)
 * Schmutz : Dirt (שמוץ or German: Schmutz; OED)
 * Schnook: An easily imposed-upon or easily cheated person, a pitifully meek person, a particularly gullible person, a cute or mischievous person or child (perhaps from שנוק; cf. Northern German: Schnucke; OED)
 * Schnorrer: beggar, esp. "one who wheedles others into supplying his wants" (שנאָרער; cf. German: Schnorrer; OED, MW)
 * Schnoz or Schnozz also Schnozzle: A nose, especially a large nose (perhaps from שנויץ; cf. German: Schnauze; OED, MW)
 * Schvartze: (offensive) A Black person (from שוואַרץ; cf. German: schwarz; OED)
 * Shabbos, Shabbas, Shabbes: Shabbat (שבת, from Hebrew: שבת; AHD)
 * Shammes or Shamash : The caretaker of a synagogue; also, the ninth candle of the Hanukkah menorah, used to light the others (שמשׂ, from Hebrew: שמש; OED, MW)
 * Shamus: a detective (possibly שאַמעס or the Irish name Seamus; OED, Macquarie)
 * Shegetz: (derogatory) a young non-Jewish man (שגץ or שײגעץ, from Hebrew: שקץ; AHD)
 * Shemozzle: (slang) Quarrel, brawl (perhaps related to schlimazel, q.v.; OED). This word is commonly used in Ireland to describe confused situations during the Irish sport of hurling, e.g. "There was a shemozzle near the goalmouth". In particular, it was a catchphrase of 1940s–1980s television commentator Michael O'Hehir.
 * Shikker, Shicker, Shickered: Drunk (adjective or noun) (שכּור, from Hebrew: שיכור; OED)
 * Shiksa or Shikse : (often derogatory) A young non-Jewish woman (שיקסע, a derivative of sheygets, from Polish: siksa; AHD)
 * Shmendrik or Shmendrick: A foolish or contemptible person (from a character in an operetta by Abraham Goldfaden; OED)
 * Shtetl: A small town with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Eastern Europe (שטעטל, diminutive of שטאָט; cf. German: Städtl, South German / Austrian colloquial diminutive of Stadt; AHD)
 * Shtibl: A small synagogue or place of prayer (שטיבל; cf. German: Stüberl; OED)
 * Shtick: Comic theme; a defining habit or distinguishing feature or business (שטיק; cf. German: Stück; AHD)
 * Shtum: Quiet, silent (שטום; cf. German: stumm); OED)
 * Shtup: (vulgar slang) To have sexual intercourse (שטופּ; cf. German: stupsen; OED)
 * Shul: a synagogue (שול, from Middle High German: schuol; cf. German: Schule; MW)
 * Shvitz: to sweat (v.), a sauna or steam bath (n.) (שוויצן; cf. German: schwitzen; OED)
 * Spiel or Shpiel: A sales pitch or speech intended to persuade (שפּיל or German: Spiel; AHD)

T

 * Tchotchke: A knickknack, trinket, curio (צאַצקע, טשאַטשקע, from Polish: cacko; OED, MW)
 * Tref or Trayf or Traif : Not kosher (טרייף, from Hebrew: טרפֿה; AHD)
 * Tsuris : Troubles, grief (צרות, from Hebrew: צרות; OED, MW, AHD)
 * Tuchus (also tuches, tuchis, tukus, tuchas, or tukhus) : The buttocks, bottom, rear end (תחת, from Hebrew: תחת; OED).
 * Tummler: An entertainer or master of ceremonies, especially one who encourages audience interaction (טומלער, from טומלען; cf. German: (sich) tummeln or 'cavort'; OED, MW)
 * Tush (also Tushy): The buttocks, bottom, rear end (תּחת; cf. tuchus; OED, MW)
 * Tzimmes: A sweet stew of vegetables and fruit; a fuss, a confused affair, a to-do (צימעס; OED, MW)

V

 * Vigorish (also contraction Vig): That portion of the gambling winnings held by the bookmaker as payment for services (וויגריש, from Russian: выигрыш; OED, AHD)
 * Verklempt: Choked with emotion (פֿאַרקלעמט, originally 'pressed, gripped'; cf. German: verklemmt meaning 'uptight' MW)

Y

 * Yarmulke: A round cloth skullcap worn by observant Jewish men (יאַרמלקע, possibly from Polish: jarmułka and Ukrainian: ярмулка, possibly from yağmurluk; see yarmulke; OED, MW)
 * Yekke: (mildly derogatory) A German Jew; its most common usage derives from the British Mandate period to describe Fifth Aliyah German Jews, who were perceived to be more formal in dress and manners. (יעקע; cf. German: Jacke; OED)
 * Yenta (variants: yente, yentl): A talkative woman; a gossip; a scold (יענטע, from a given name; OED, MW)
 * Yiddish: The Yiddish language (ייִדיש; cf. German: jüdisch; AHD)
 * Yontef also Yom Tov: A Jewish holiday on which work is forbidden, e.g. Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Pesach (יום- טובֿ, from Hebrew: יום טוב; OED)
 * Yutz: A fool (יאָנץ, perhaps derived from putz; NPD, AHD)

Z

 * Zaftig, also Zaftik : Pleasingly plump, buxom, full-figured, as a woman (זאַפֿטיק; cf. German: saftig; OED, MW)
 * Zayde (Yid. זײדע zeyde): grandfather, old man, often a term of respect or endearment (OED)

title: List of English words of Yiddish origin


text:
User talk:Iratxe gonzalez

All of your edits so far today appear to be copyright violations. Before you do anything else can you please look at the copyvios page and ascertain whether they are or not? If nothing else large clumps of unwikified text are not what we like to see in new articles. -- Graham :) | Talk 11:07, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Howdy, nice to see an ethusiastic new wikipedian.

I noticed you had created an article called "History of translation". If you're planning an article about translation through the ages (for example, roman translations of greek texts that were originally phonecian) I'd be interested in helping. However, if your interest is in machine translation I was wondering if your article would be better named History of machine translation perhaps ?

- TB 16:52, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

If you will persist in putting copyrighted material here, you will be banned from editing. Mikkalai 23:30, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to wikipedia. Please take a look at what wikipedia is not. Wikipedia is not a link farm. Your contributions will be deleted accordingly. --Jiang 02:12, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Don't revert copyright violation warnings, or you will be blocked from editing. RickK 02:55, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iratxe gonzalez


text:
Talk:1911

Year in topic
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same BozMo(talk)

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:54, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

Addition
I added jazz guitarist Freddie Green to the 'Births' section. Flingotravels 00:44, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Two additions needed for 1911
1911 is an interesting year:

Ramanujan's first problem was posed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan Ishi was discovered: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi Machu Picchu discovered by Hiram Bingham: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu

the wikipedia entry for 1911 itself does not have the first two of the above listed. Blufoxxx (talk) 01:55, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

The first aerial photograph
January 10 - Major Jimmie Erickson takes the first aerial photograph (over San Diego, California). But in the Aerial photograph article you can find this: Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Nadar in 1858 over Paris, France. --78.69.155.123 (talk) 20:47, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

9 entries for aspects of the Mexican Revolution
Ridiculous. Which part of b-a-l-a-n-c-e do you people not understand ? 213.246.124.90 (talk) 19:25, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Good point. I'll try and get around to trimming/consolidating the entries in the next few days. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 21:06, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Frank De Vol
I reverted the entry for his death because it appeared to be a redlink, this was actually due to incorrect capitalisation. On looking at his article 5 foreign language articles would appear to indicate that he was internationally notable (as required for inclusion in a Year article). However, all the foreign language articles are small clones of the English one with no independent citations. ANd while his career is extensive it doesn appear to be particularly significant. If anyone has a convincing argument for inclusion I would have no strong objections. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 04:14, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

 * 4 Academy Award nominations for scoring films, in and of itself, is far above the notability threshold.(He received a fifth nomination for best song for the title track to Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte, which is not listed in his bio.) Even without those five nominations, he meets the notability guidelines. (The relevant subsection of the notability guideline is WP:ANYBIO. I will be restoring him to the list shortly.  Horologium  (talk) 18:15, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually, I won't do it right now, because the article is protected due to your edit warring. (I can edit it, but I won't.) When the article is unprotected, I will restore him to the page.  Horologium  (talk) 18:20, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

Republic of China
Republic of China should be piped to Republic of China (1912–1949). It's currently a redirect to Taiwan. Kauffner (talk) 04:19, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Although the article is fully protected, this appears to be an uncontroversial change, especially since the October 10th entry was already pointing to the correct link (the only change I made was to the December 29th entry; I am assuming that is the entry to which you are referring). For future reference, use the edit protected tag for requesting uncontroversial edits to protected pages; that tag adds it to a queue for administrator attention. Otherwise, it will sit until an admin notices the request on the talk page, which could be quite some time for a lower-profile page.  Horologium  (talk) 13:33, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Almaty
Almaty is a new name. In 1911, it was called something else (I think Alma-Ata at that time). Shouldn't the then-current name rather than today's name be used?

title: Talk:1911


text:
User:Aythamy

AREAS OF THEORICAL LINGUISTICS Theorical linguistics is normally divided in separate branches, because in this way it can be studied independently. The different areas are: Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, stylistics and pragmatics.

PHONETICS, is the study of speech sounds and how they are used in a language or transmited and received, also is the study of all the sounds that human voice is capable of creating. Most of the principles that can be apply to the study of phonetics are also apply to the study of phonology.

PHONOLOGY, this is a subbranch of grammar and consists in the description of the way that sounds function within a given language.

MORPHOLOGY, is a subdiscipline of linguistics so studies the word structure. Words are the interface between phonology, syntax and semantics. There are many access current to morphology.

SYNTAX, is the study of the rules, that explains how the words in a sentence come together. This makes that a category of words like nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjuctions,etc.and this words after are involved in what is called clauses which make the sentences.

SEMANTICS, is the study of the meaning of the words and how this meaning make sense to the sentence.Semantics are always in connection with syntax due to are the opposites, one, semantics, is the meaning of the words and the other, syntax, is the meaning in the sentence.

STYLISTICS,is the study that explains the used of the language and how the writer or the speaker whises to communicate and how the reader or the hearer receives the information.

PRAGMATICS, is a branch of linguistics and is the study of the influation on the context from the interpretation of meaning.

These areas are not universally recognized.

DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS Although the centre of theorical linguistics consists on the languages studies at a particular point of time often in the present, diachronic linguistics studies how the languages have been developed and changed over the centuries.

APPLIED LINGUISTICS While theorical linguistics manage to describe the generalities and the diferences among the languages, applied linguistics takes this information and applies it to other areas.For example, speech synthesis and speech recognition use linguistic knowledge to supply voice interfaces to computers.

CONTEXTUAL LINGUISTICS Contextual linguistics is that control which makes that linguistics conect with other academic disciplines. While theorical linguistics concern with studing language on its own motive the inder-disciplinary areas relate the language with the rest of the world. Social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact are: Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics and linguistic anthropology. Other areas that are included in linguistics are: evolutionary linguistics, cognitive science, language acquisition and stratificational linguistics.

INDIVIDUAL SPEAKERS, LANGUAGE COMMUNITIES, AND LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS Linguists also show regard for how extensive is the group of language uses they study. Some analyze the language development. Some of this studies refers to speech community, others try to find linguistic universals that apply to all users of human language everywhere.

DESCRIPTION AND PRESCRIPTION The work done about linguistics is mainly descriptive.The linguists try to look for the nature of language without passing value judgements or brank the future of the language. Prescriptivists want to correct the incorrect usage of the language and descriptivists want to find the root of such usage.

title: User:Aythamy


text:
Talk:1909

Layout
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page BozMo(talk)

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:24, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

Would it belong?
Did the Rockefeller, Morgan & Kennedy families establish a Pure Trust in 1909?Mifren (talk) 08:44, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If they did that entry might belong in 1909 in the United States (if anyone ever gets around to creating it!), not here. Cheers, 21:20, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Suez Canal?
Why is the Suez Canal listed in the "see also" section? There is no reference whatever to 1909 events on the Suez Canal page. I'll check back, and if there has been no answer in the next month or so, I'll remove the link. StavinChain (talk) 18:17, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * None of those See Also links was particularly relevant to this article, I suspect they might have been left in after some c&p. I've removed them. (Talk Contribs) 20:47, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

1909 was an election year
william howard tart became president of the united states —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.181.168.172 (talk) 04:19, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * This is an international article, for internationally notable events. It isn't 1909 in the United States, which is where the election of a President of the United States belongs. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 06:57, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Recent repetitive revert of non-notable entries
As per the WP:YEARS guidelines I have, yet again, removed entries which do not seem to be sufficiently important (as specified in the guidelines) for inclusion in this article. Also, as per the recent "discussion" at WP:AN this removal needs to be discussed here.

For example: Frank Albertson, has been removed as not being sufficiently important for inclusion. The two non-English articles are stubs with a list of films and both are cloned from the English article. A lengthy career (of mostly minor roles) and a star on the Hollywood walk of fame indicate sufficient notability for inclusion 1909 in the United States and 1909 in film but do not indicate sufficient notability in the parent Year article which is (as per WP:YEARS for the most important events and people.

The following have also been removed:

 * "August 14 – The first motor races took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway" The first race at a particular track belongs in the Year country article and the Year in sport articles.
 * "February 28 – Olan Soule, American actor (d. 1994)" As above for Frank Albertson, only even less notable.
 * "August 12 – Bruce Matthews, Canadian Army officer and businessman (d. 1991)" 3 cloned articles, 2 minimal stubs. Any international notability seems to rest on military service and he does not seem quite important enough in theat respect.
 * "December 10 – Sylvia Coleridge, British stage, radio, and television actress (d. 1986)" English article is a stub, no non-English articles. Clearly no international notability.

DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 23:19, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Charles Werner
Removed as deing of insufficient notability for inclusion as per WP:YEARS (see above). Article is barely more than a stub and there are no non-English articles indiciating limited international notability, he belongs more appropriately in 1909 in the United States. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 23:21, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Insufficiently notable entries
As noted above the guideline at WP:YEARS year article should include only important events and births/deaths. As these are international articles the events/people need to be of international importance, the sub-pages are for those that are important by topic and/or nationality but whose international importance has not been demonstrated. In the case of persons notability can by established by the quantity/quality of the non-English articles and/or any information in their article which indicates they were recognized for their achievements outside their own country.

In the case of Andreas Tzimas] he has 2 non-English articles, one a copy/paste from the other, while the English article is also a copy/paste from the Greek article. This is insufficient to indicate international notability. There is also nothing in his article which indicates that he was notable outside Greece. As I have noted in a previous edit summary the fact that there are currently people included in this article that are apparently even less notable does not justify his inclusion and violates WP:OTHERSTUFF. There are certainly many others who do not belong in this article, or indeed many other Year articles. There is nothing to stop any editor removing such non-notable persons/events. As such I am going to remove Tzimas again, unless/until his international notability has been established. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 00:40, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but this "In the case of persons notability can by established by the quantity/quality of the non-English articles and/or any information in their article which indicates they were recognized for their achievements outside their own country." is complete crap. There is no guideline in Wikipedia stating anything of the sort, and this is purely your subjective opinion. I know of several articles that did not exist in any version of Wikipedia until somebody created them. Until Wikipedia becomes not a work in progress, but a complete and accurate repository of all human knowledge, inclusion in it is not the standard by which a subject's importance can be measured. Second, "while the English article is also a copy/paste from the Greek article" is also complete nonsense. You obviously can't read Greek, so please don't pretend you know what is what. Third, WP:OTHERSTUFF exists, but it is not an excuse for everything: if a WP article exists, it is deemed to be ipso facto sufficiently notable. If a WP user thinks a subject is non-notable, the correct course is to bring it for AfD on these grounds (and there you can invoke WP:OTHERSTUFF at your heart's content), not removing it from being mentioned elsewhere within WP as "non-notable". I can speak Wikipedese just as well, and to me this is behaviour that smacks of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Fourth, WP:YEARS has no guideline the likes of which you reference: for one, it is a WikiProject's recommendation, and not a MOS guideline, and it says "important events", nothing about births or deaths. Finally, as for "international notability", I have said it clearly: he was one of the three people in charge of the armed wing of the largest WW2-era resistance movement in Greece, numbering some 100,000 people at its peak, he played a political role in negotiations with Tito's partisans, and in the negotiations with the Greek government in exile. That directly ties him to the background of such events as the Dekemvriana and the Greek Civil War, which was the first hot front of the Cold War and led to such interesting things as the Truman Doctrine. Yes he is obscure in comparison to Madonna or Picasso, but non-notable? Give me a break... Constantine   ✍  15:58, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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First transmission of images
"The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. " (from Wikipedia article on the history of television. I think this is notable enough to be included.  The source is publication-dated December 1909, but I couldn't find a specific date -- and it's possible that the source actually came out in 1910. Kdammers (talk) 05:13, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:1909


text:
Talk:1908

Layout
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page BozMo(talk)

Smoking
Hey, I don't know anything about it, but the Jan 21st entry (Sullivan Ordinance) struck interest with me-- casual Googling brought up an ordinance (dated the 20th or 21st, depending on source) that has to do with restricting women, not aliens, smoking in public. Not sure if they were together in the ordinance or if one of us is wrong; does anyone know more about this? -(unsigned) 20:21, 11 February 2005

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:32, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

Vandalism
Is it me, or do I see a penis in front of the article? It does so on my computer.--Triple-Quadruple 2.0 (talk) 05:19, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

I guess it was some sort of glitch, I guess. --18:45, 1 January 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Triple-Quadruple 2.0 (talk • contribs)

Baseball World Series
The baseball World Series is NOT an international event therefore it does not generally belong on year pages. The only exception would probably be the first ever "World" Series as this would be the first instance of the most important baseball series in the world (despite the fact that it is not actually truly international). There may be other instances where it might belong on a year page (although I can't think of any) but the fact that the Cubs (or any team) last won it more than 100 years ago is not internationally AND historically significant. ALL other annual sports of international significance belong on the year in sports pages. Whether each years baseball World Series qualifies for those pages should be discussed there or at WikiProject Years. Otherwise it should be included on the year in the United States page. The fact that so few Year in the United States pages have been created is a failure of editors interested in the United States to create them. The non-existence of these pages has led to an enormous number United States-specific entries being included on (supposedly) international year pages. In fact many of them belong more appropriately in specific U.S. state pages or in one of the topic-specific year pages. DerbyCountyinNZ (talk) 11:17, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Your overly rigid application of a (frankly) arbitrary 'international' standard aside, the Chicago Cubs' long losing streak is historic, distinctive, calendar-based and certainly known of outside of North America. And your implication notwithstanding, whether every other World Series tournament is included is an irrelevant issue, as that's not why this is being included (though if you want to discuss that, feel free to do so in the appropriate venue), nor does the existence or non-existence of any Year in the United States pages have any relation. --CalendarWatcher (talk) 16:23, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll also note that Chicago Cubs and World Series have 21 and 22 foreign-language articles, respectively, so some people outside of North America would appear to be familiar with these subjects, well, internationally. --CalendarWatcher (talk) 16:29, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The Cubs' page says: "The franchise's 100-year title drought is the longest of any major North American professional sports teams.[1][2]" That's good enough for me, at least for now. Wrad (talk) 17:14, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Baseball, especially this early, is NOT and international sport. I have moved the entry to 1908 in the United States which I had to personally create as it seems none of the millions of US wiki editors could be bothered! (Talk Contribs) 01:17, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Er, Derby County Baseball Club? --Jameboy (talk) 19:57, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Non international entries
This article is full of entries which are clearly not of international notability. I have moved the US ones to 1908 in the United States (to help start the article) and will move other nationalities as soon as possible. If other users could refrain from reverting or complaining about what has or has not been moved until I have finished (should only be another day) that would help. (Talk Contribs) 01:26, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I have now removed all event entries which do not seem sufficiently notable for this page. Where possible I have included them in the relevant Year in Country page. I have also removed all the Births and Deaths which are not particularly notable but only if there is a Year in Country page for them to go in. (Talk Contribs) 01:52, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Bridget D'Oyly Carte
This article is for internationally notable events and people. Bridget D'Oyly Carte has no foreign language articles. Her notability is certainly British but not international so she belongs in 1908 in the United Kingdom, not here. (Talk Contribs) 19:44, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Recent reptitive revert of non-notable entries
As per the WP:YEARS guidelines I have, yet again, removed entries which do not seem to be sufficiently important (as specified in the guidelines) for inclusion in this article. Also, as per the recent "discussion" at WP:AN this removal needs to be discussed here.

For example: Jean S. MacLeod has been removed as not being sufficiently important for inclusion. Someone who did not even get an article until well over a year after their death can hardly be of international importance. While not conclusive in itself this combined with the fact that there are no non-English articles would seem to indicate that she should be included in 1908 in the United Kingdom rather than here.

Ditto Diana Morgan (screenwriter).

"February 3 – Panathinaikos, Greece's most successful sports club is founded in Athens, Greece by Georgios Kalafatis." Removed as not internationally significant. Hundreds of sporting clubs are established every year. Being the "most successful" club in Greece might make this notable in Greece but not internationally. Belongs in 1908 in Greece (if it existed) and 1908 in sports but not here. Ditto the "F.C. Internazionale Milano is founded." entry.

"March 4 The Hamstead Colliery disaster, causing the deaths of twenty-five miners and one rescuer John Welsby. Disasters on this scale may be nationally important but not internationally significant as many such disasters happen every year. Internationally significant disasters would usually be expected to have an article on the disaster itself. Belongs in 1908 in the United Kingdom.

"A team from Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition becomes the first to reach the crater of Mount Erebus in Antarctica." Incidental geographic discovery, hardly a significant international and historical event.

October 14 – The Chicago Cubs win the World Series - this is the last time they have done so." Sporting trivia for non-international sporting event. Maybe belongs in 1908 in the United States and 1908 in sports. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 03:18, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Removed again! JRPG (talk) 15:07, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

William F. Knowland
I do not see him as particularly internationally notable. Many politicians have "a voice in foreign policy" but that doesn't make them internationally notable. The fact that the only 2 non-English wiki articles seem to be clones of the English one with only the English citations would seem to bear this out. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 00:09, 29 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Knowland as the Senate leader was the #1 man in Congress and (with Eisenhower) set Cold War policy for the US. He was especially influential re NATO affairs & Korean war and was well-known in Europe & Japan. Rjensen (talk) 00:13, 29 August 2013 (UTC)
 * There is NO evidence of this in his article. The only statements that could be considered international are these:

"Knowland became a caustic critic of the Harry S. Truman administration. He was critical of the actions in the "loss" of China to Communism and the Korean War. However, Knowland admired the former Senator from Missouri personally.

Knowland was known as the "Senator from Formosa" for his strong support for Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist government in China against Mao Zedong and the Communists. A keen opponent of China's accession to the United Nations, Knowland tangled with Indian statesman V. K. Krishna Menon over the issue, leading the latter to acidly recommend psychiatric treatment to the former."
 * Unless some reference to your statements above is included in the article they come across as POV/OR. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 00:25, 29 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Unless that is you read the standard biography by Montgomery, and Johnson, One Step from the White House: The Rise and Fall of Senator William F. Knowland (University of California Press. 1998)--try it before making comments based on Wikipedia alone! Rjensen (talk) 00:30, 29 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Judgements about notability in wiki articles is based SOLELY on what is in wikipedia! Wiki readers and editors are not expected to be clairvoyant. If there is relevant information in that source it should be included in his article. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 00:36, 29 August 2013 (UTC)
 * better look again at the article (I just expanded it). Rjensen (talk) 00:44, 29 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 00:51, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:08, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Tunguska event fallen trees.jpg

title: Talk:1908


text:
Talk:1907

Layout
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page BozMo(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:37, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

Comet
A comet flatterned a large forest over Siberia in 1907. Cant see any information on this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Seb-Gibbs (talk • contribs) 21:41, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The Tunguska event was in 1908. The entry is there. (Talk Contribs) 03:13, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Frederic George Stephens
I've removed him on the basis that neither his English language article nor any of the other 5 language articles have any in-line citations. The other articles seem to be almost entirely clones of the English one. I can't see that this represents an established international notability as required for inclusion in this article. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 23:24, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Csernova events
In 1907 Csernova was the part of Hungary, "Slovakia" didn't exist. I've corrected it. GergelyGergely (talk) 22:51, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Recent reptitive revert of non-notable entries
As per the WP:YEARS guidelines I have, yet again, removed entries which do not seem to be sufficiently important (as specified in the guidelines) for inclusion in this article. Also, as per the recent "discussion" at WP:AN this removal needs to be discussed here.

Mary Howard: Article is barely more than a stub and a list of works. No non-English articles. This does not indicate any international notability and her entry is more appropriately included in 1907 in the United Kingdom.

Freda Maude Jackson Article is barely more than a stub and a list of roles. The 2 non-English articles are specifically noted as being clones of the English article with no locval input. This does not indicate any international notability and her entry is more appropriately included in 1907 in the United Kingdom.

DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 23:00, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

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Panic of 1907
The characterization of the Panic as being stopped is a bit different from the story in https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/panic_of_1907, which says the Panic caused brief but severe economic down-turn. Kdammers (talk) 05:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1907


text:
Talk:1906

Year in topic
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page BozMo(talk)

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:39, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

Error in text
I belive there is a typo in an event for this year:

February 28 - Upton Sinclair publishes The Jungle, a novel depicting the life of an immigrant family living in Chicago during the early 1900s.

Yet the book was published in the early 1900's. Something has to be wrong here... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.42.109.117 (talk) 18:15, 18 March 2007 (UTC).

another error: Stanford White's death is listed in the Birth section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.97.253.179 (talk) 19:57, 13 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed! DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 05:28, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Anthropocentrism
The text is way too antrhopocentric to the U.S. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.17.45.136 (talk) 05:08, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed! Unfortunately so are the vast majority of year pages; trying to fix them all is a never-ending process. 10:26, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Sir Arthur Elton, 10th Baronet
This article is for internationally notable events and people. Sir Arthur Elton is known for being a "pioneer in the British documentary film industry". He has no foreign language articles. His notability is therefore British not international so he belongs in 1906 in the United Kingdom, not here. (Talk Contribs) 19:34, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Sir Alec Issigonis
I gather it must be a difficult task compiling a list of births of people for a specified year, however I feel the birth of Sir Alec Issigonis must be included in the list! Born 18 November 1906. Quite important to the motor car industry! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joplin1 (talk • contribs) 17:27, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Done! (Talk Contribs) 00:14, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Mass revert of non-notable entries
As per the WP:YEARS guidelines I have, yet again, removed entries which do not seem to be sufficiently important (as specified in the guidelines) for inclusion in this article. As the initial removal of these items noted that they were insufficiently notable but the subsequent mass revert of multiple entries has made it impossible to discuss the merits of any individual entry they will need to be discussed individually as per the following entries on this talk page. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 21:33, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

John W. Burton
Removed as insufficiently notable. His article is barely more than a stub. The only non-English article appears to be a clone of the English one. This does not establish a sufficient notability for inclusion here and is more appropriate for 1906 in the United States. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 21:36, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

Buck Ewing
Removed as lacking international notability as required for this article. Parent Year articles such as this one are for internationally notable events and people. Sub-articles are for events and people lacking international notability, that is what one reason they were created! Buck Ewing is notable in a sport which was practically unknown outside the US in 1906, the likelihood that anyone outside the US would even have heard of him at that time is negligible. The same would apply to any other sport which did not have international recognition at the time. The fact that the only 2 articles in other languages are clearly cloned from the English one, indicated by the use of 2 English sources and with no local input, is also a clear demonstration that he is insufficiently internationally notable. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 19:40, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:1906


text:
Talk:Gareth Southgate

Semi-protected edit request on 23 June 2021
Southgate was born in Crawley, no in watford and he also says Crawley is his home town 82.37.19.43 (talk) 00:34, 23 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 01:19, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Here is an interview in which it is said that he was born in Watford. The Watford Observer, also says that he was born there. There is a BBC interview in which he says he was a young boy in Crawley, not that he was born there. There are many other news articles that confirm both these facts. --Samesawed (talk) 13:24, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2024
The page is being repeatedly vandalised following the England national team's performance in the Euro 2024 tournament. Requesting semi-protection through July 15 to prevent further vandalism through the tournament. Marincyclist (talk) 18:41, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 June 2024
2A00:23C8:39F:9900:A1EA:E40F:C45E:9448 (talk) 17:27, 30 June 2024 (UTC) OK

Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. -- AntiDionysius ( talk ) 17:29, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gareth Southgate


text:
Talk:1905

Layout
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page BozMo(talk)

Rory vandalism

 * 1) January 2 - Australian-Rory Johnson War: The Australian Army surrenders at Port Arthur, China; an event which shocked the world.
 * 2) January 22 - Massacre of Australian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, one of the triggers of the massacare was Rory Farting.
 * 3) January 26 - The Rory Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier Mine.

Should that be the case? I don't remember ever hearing about Rory Johnson fighting against Australia, but admitantly, my history of this area is not very good. I would change all these Australia and Rory references, but I don't know what they are supposed to be.
 * I have reverted the changes. Thanks for drawing attention --BozMo|talk 13:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Norwegian/Swedish dissolution
How can you have the referendum on whether to dissolve the partnership after the declaration it's been dissolved?

The referendum was wether the Norwegian people supported the dissolvement. [sp?]

Dupe diamonds
January 26 - The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier Mine.

June 25 - Cullinan Diamond, the largest diamond known, is discovered by Frederick Wells

I would suggest there is a mistake here. How ever wikipedia seems to be the only place (in a quick google search) that suggests an accurate date...every other site just says it was found in 1905. - eps 17/03/06 0224 UTC

February Texas temps
This makes no sense, comparing averages with (apparently) some daily records: "In Austin, Texas and San Antonio, TX, it is the coldest February on record, with average monthly temperature of 42.3°F and 43.9°F degrees (the previous record was -1°F and 4°F on February 12, 1899)." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.147.223.179 (talk) 15:56, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Markas Luckis
Hey everybody, just checking to see if Markas Luckis was in the list of births. He was born the 17th of January in Lithuania. He was a chess player who won a city championship. I've heard about him before and I was wondering why he wasn't in this list. So if someone who has editing capabilities for this page could add his birth.

Just checking,

--**Najezeko**:) 21:06, 3 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Najzeko (talk • contribs)

Clara Bow
Please let me add Clara Bow to the list of people born in 1905.71.72.151.150 (talk) 04:29, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Founding of college fraternities
"May 17 – Kappa Delta Rho is founded in Room 14 of Old Painter Hall, at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont." found in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1905&oldid=891014076 This looks to me like an aficionado of college fraternities pumping their pet subject. I suggest deletion of the entry. Please, anyone explain to me why this is a significant event given that the article text does not explain the significance. Nor is it self-evident. Pwfen (talk) 10:57, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Last surviving person born in 1905??
Who was it?? --TheLennyGriffinFan1994 (talk) 23:15, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * According to list of oldest people, Antonia de Santa Cruz. Last survivors aren't included in main year articles. Jim Michael 2 (talk) 12:47, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1905


text:
User:Leticia Echevarría

What is dynamic programming?

"The term "Dynamic Programming" (DP) refers to a collection of algorithms (definition) that can be used to compute optimal policies given a perfect model of the environment as a Markov decision process (MDP). Classical DP algorithms are of limited utility in reinforcement learning both because of their assumption of a perfect model and because of their great computational expense, but they are still very important theoretically. DP provides an essential foundation for the understanding of the methods presented in the rest of this book. In fact, all of these methods can be viewed as attempts to achieve much the same effect as DP, only with less computation and without assuming a perfect model of the environment."

This paragraph has been taken from this page: http://www-anw.cs.umass.edu/~rich/book/4/node1.html

Useful links:

http://plus.maths.org/issue3/dynamic http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/dynamicprog.html http://benli.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/~omer/research/dynprog.html

SPEECH RECOGNITION PROJECTS

title: User:Leticia Echevarría


text:
Talk:Daniel Morgan

Daniel and Abigail
I write this for the 'Talk' page instead of the article because I have serious doubts of it authenticity. I found a very interesting explanation of their delayed marriage. The explanation runs:

 * Daniel and Abigail set up housekeeping but didn't marry for a dozen years. She was an indentured bond servant. Her family came to America by signing themselves into virtual slavery for a period of years. Finding the conditions of her service unacceptable, she ran away. Thus, calling legal attention to her presence in the first years would result in her being returned to her master.

Historic author James Graham offered a shorter version of this explanation. I find it credible for the time and customs. But, I have found several inaccuracies in his work. He had a tendency to embroider facts to make a better story. Also, he offered no source or footnote to his observation. I won't put any version of this into the article without at least one other independent source.

I write this for the talk page in the hope that another Wikipedian might find that source. I would especially appreciate help from anyone with access to colonial Virginia records. The question is "Was Abigail Bailey an indentured servant?" Any record of this would probably be in the 1755-1761 time frame. Comment here or on my User Talk page or by E-mail. Thanks, Lou I 11:18, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Henry Morgan?
The article lists Henry Morgan as being related to Daniel Morgan, but there is no cited source. Is this true? And shouldn't a source be listed? If so write it down!

wrong Date given?
The site http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000946 states: "brigadier general in the Continental Army October 30, 1780;"; article gives different date. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.187.235.38 (talk) 23:21, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Discrepancy?
The article says Morgan moved from NJ to VA at age 16, after a fight with his father. That would be 1752, but right before that it says his father died in 1748. Can anyone clarify? Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 15:32, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

First cousin of Daniel Boone?
I wrote up Edward Morgan Log House and a pretty reliable source Morgan Log House, see especially, Genealogy gives Edward Morgan as Daniel Morgan's ancestor, in particular the genealogy gives Edward's son as Joseph, who married Elizabeth Lloyd - which are the same names and approx. same dates as Daniel's parents. In any case I feel confident enough about this source to put in Edward as Daniel's grandfather. But Edward was also the grandfather of Daniel Boone - this connection is solid. So it seems that Daniel Morgan and Daniel Boone were first cousins. That is just one step too far for me without calling it OR - and it's odd that nobody seems to have mentioned this before. I'll keep an eye out for further evidence and sources, but if anybody has better info or comments, please let me know. Smallbones (talk) 18:45, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I have found some possible connection, but it's iffy enough that I'm going to forget about it for now, perhaps it will be useful later.

"9-8, 1728. Marriage of Joseph Morgan, son of Edward of Gwynedd, Co. of Phila., and Elizabeth Lloyd, daughter of Thomas. Witnessed (among others) by Squire Boone, Edward Morgan, William, John, Dorothy and Sarah Morgan (from the records of Radnor (PA) Monthly Meeting)....

It has been stated that one of Sarah Morgan's brothers (a son of Edward) was the father of General Daniel Morgan of Revolutionary fame. There seems reason to doubt this, as Daniel Morgan's biographer, James Graham, who wrote "Life of General Daniel Morgan of the Virginia Line" (New York, 1856), states that Morgan's parentage was unknown, and that General Morgan himself never mentioned his family or parents to his friends and associates. It would be interesting to know that these two famous fighters of the Revolutionary period, Daniel Morgan and Daniel Boone, were first cousins, but we have found no adequate proof of this connection."

in

Title	The Boone family: a genealogical history of the descendants of George and Mary Boone, who came to America in 1717 : containing many unpublished bits of early Kentucky history : also a biographical sketch of Daniel Boone, the pioneer, by one of his descendants

Author	Jesse Procter Crump Compiled by	Hazel Atterbury Spraker

Publisher	Tuttle Co., 1922

The first part states that Squire and Sarah Boone witnessed her brother Joseph's wedding to Elizabeth Lloyd - the same names we have here for Daniel Morgan's parents (where did we get these?)

But the second part says the author can't find proof of the specific question I asked "Are Daniel Morgan and Daniel Boone first cousins?"

Interesting, but I'll leave it to others. Smallbones (talk) 01:03, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

The French and Indian War Addition
The following was added: Eventually, Morgan joined the militia, and was present at Fort Edward, where he is credited with having turned back an Indian attack, by killing four attackers himself, then leading a counter-attack with the shout "Let's follow the red devils!" His superiors recommended him for a promotion to Captain, though the governor failed to do so, promoting him instead to Ensign. The link given make no mention of Morgan *at* Fort Edwards,but merely on the road, running from some Indians. (It would also be helpful if we could get a tribal name, so the readers knows the players.) The governor didn't fail to give him a captain's slot, since there was no opening available. The governor gave him the job that was open. A subtle difference, but it conveys intention. Upon further research, this paragraph can be cut-and-pasted back with corrections.

Saratoga section
A long intro to the Battle of Saratoga was added. I reverted it for two reasons:
 * It definitely needs references
 * It barely mentioned Morgan

The first and hopefully the second problem can be repaired. Probably it should be shortened a bit as well. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 01:35, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

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Advantage of rifles
Rifles were only advantageous if you were a sharpshooter, for normal infantry a smooth-bore musket with bayonet was better. The main drawback of rifles was the slow rate of fire, and the lack of bayonets; hence a determined counter- charge would see most sharpshooters run for their lives. Riflemen could only operate under cover of normal infantry. Hence the statement about the "advantages" of a rifle is greatly exaggerated. Creuzbourg (talk) 19:30, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

 * It's about the range. If you were American, you'd know this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.225.35.17 (talk) 14:04, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

 * You mean, if I was an American, I would buy into the myths propagated by Hollywood. And please, avoid ad hominem attacks. Otherwise it might be a nasty discussion.Creuzbourg (talk) 21:48, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daniel Morgan


text:
User:Isabel Monreal

What is dynamic programming?

"The term "Dynamic Programming" (DP) refers to a collection of algorithms (definition) that can be used to compute optimal policies given a perfect model of the environment as a Markov decision process (MDP). Classical DP algorithms are of limited utility in reinforcement learning both because of their assumption of a perfect model and because of their great computational expense, but they are still very important theoretically. DP provides an essential foundation for the understanding of the methods presented in the rest of this book. In fact, all of these methods can be viewed as attempts to achieve much the same effect as DP, only with less computation and without assuming a perfect model of the environment."

This paragraph has been taken from this page: http://www-anw.cs.umass.edu/~rich/book/4/node1.html

Useful links:

http://plus.maths.org/issue3/dynamic http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/dynamicprog.html http://benli.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/~omer/research/dynprog.html

SPEECH RECOGNITION PROJECTS

title: User:Isabel Monreal