text:
Equity swap

An equity swap is a financial derivative contract (a swap) where a set of future cash flows are agreed to be exchanged between two counterparties at set dates in the future. The two cash flows are usually referred to as "legs" of the swap; one of these "legs" is usually pegged to a floating rate such as LIBOR. This leg is also commonly referred to as the "floating leg". The other leg of the swap is based on the performance of either a share of stock or a stock market index. This leg is commonly referred to as the "equity leg". Most equity swaps involve a floating leg vs. an equity leg, although some exist with two equity legs.

An equity swap involves a notional principal, a specified duration and predetermined payment intervals.

Equity swaps are typically traded by delta one trading desks.

Examples
Parties may agree to make periodic payments or a single payment at the maturity of the swap ("bullet" swap).

Take a simple index swap where Party A swaps £5,000,000 at LIBOR + 0.03% (also called LIBOR + 3 basis points) against £5,000,000 (FTSE to the £5,000,000 notional).

In this case Party A will pay (to Party B) a floating interest rate (LIBOR +0.03%) on the £5,000,000 notional and would receive from Party B any percentage increase in the FTSE equity index applied to the £5,000,000 notional.

In this example, assuming a LIBOR rate of 5.97% p.a. and a swap tenor of precisely 180 days, the floating leg payer/equity receiver (Party A) would owe (5.97%+0.03%)*£5,000,000*180/360 = £150,000 to the equity payer/floating leg receiver (Party B).

At the same date (after 180 days) if the FTSE had appreciated by 10% from its level at trade commencement, Party B would owe 10%*£5,000,000 = £500,000 to Party A. If, on the other hand, the FTSE at the six-month mark had fallen by 10% from its level at trade commencement, Party A would owe an additional 10%*£5,000,000 = £500,000 to Party B, since the flow is negative.

For mitigating credit exposure, the trade can be reset, or "marked-to-market" during its life. In that case, appreciation or depreciation since the last reset is paid and the notional is increased by any payment to the floating leg payer (pricing rate receiver) or decreased by any payment from the floating leg payer (pricing rate receiver).

Equity swaps have many applications. For example, a portfolio manager with XYZ Fund can swap the fund's returns for the returns of the S&P 500 (capital gains, dividends and income distributions). They most often occur when a manager of a fixed income portfolio wants the portfolio to have exposure to the equity markets either as a hedge or a position. The portfolio manager would enter into a swap in which he would receive the return of the S&P 500 and pay the counterparty a fixed rate generated from his portfolio. The payment the manager receives will be equal to the amount he is receiving in fixed-income payments, so the manager's net exposure is solely to the S&P 500 (and risk that the counterparty defaults). These types of swaps are usually inexpensive and require little in terms of administration.

Applications
Typically equity swaps are entered into in order to avoid transaction costs (including Tax), to avoid locally based dividend taxes, limitations on leverage (notably the US margin regime) or to get around rules governing the particular type of investment that an institution can hold.

Equity swaps also provide the following benefits over plain vanilla equity investing:

 * An investor in a physical holding of shares loses possession on the shares once he sells his position. However, using an equity swap the investor can pass on the negative returns on equity position without losing the possession of the shares and hence voting rights.
 * For example, let's say A holds 100 shares of a Petroleum Company. As the price of crude falls the investor believes the stock would start giving him negative returns in the short run. However, his holding gives him a strategic voting right in the board which he does not want to lose. Hence, he enters into an equity swap deal wherein he agrees to pay Party B the return on his shares against LIBOR+25bps on a notional amt. If A is proven right, he will get money from B on account of the negative return on the stock as well as LIBOR+25bps on the notional. Hence, he mitigates the negative returns on the stock without losing on voting rights.

 * It allows an investor to receive the return on a security which is listed in such a market where he cannot invest due to legal issues.
 * For example, let's say A wants to invest in company X listed in Country C. However, A is not allowed to invest in Country C due to capital control regulations. He can however, enter into a contract with B, who is a resident of C, and ask him to buy the shares of company X and provide him with the return on share X and he agrees to pay him a fixed / floating rate of return.

Equity swaps, if effectively used, can make investment barriers vanish and help an investor create leverage similar to those seen in derivative products. However a clearing house is needed to settle the contract in a neutral location to offset counterparty risk.

Investment banks that offer this product usually take a riskless position by hedging the client's position with the underlying asset. For example, the client may trade a swap – say Vodafone. The bank credits the client with 1,000 Vodafone at GBP1.45. The bank pays the return on this investment to the client, but also buys the stock in the same quantity for its own trading book (1,000 Vodafone at GBP1.45). Any equity-leg return paid to or due from the client is offset against realised profit or loss on its own investment in the underlying asset. The bank makes its money through commissions, interest spreads and dividend rake-off (paying the client less of the dividend than it receives itself). It may also use the hedge position stock (1,000 Vodafone in this example) as part of a funding transaction such as stock lending, repo or as collateral for a loan.

title: Equity swap


text: Category:Linguistics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Linguistics


text: Category:Geography

title: Category:Geography


text:
Category:Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion or philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha.

title: Category:Buddhism


text:
Lepidopteran diversity

180,000 species of Lepidoptera are described, equivalent to 10% of the total described species of living organisms. This is a list of the diversity of the Lepidoptera showing the estimated number of genera and species described for each superfamily and, where available, family. See Lepidoptera for a note of the schedule of families used.

title: Lepidopteran diversity


text:
Category:Political science

Subfields of political science include international relations, comparative politics, public law, and political theory. Each subfield tends to overlap with other academic disciplines, such as history, philosophy, law, sociology, and anthropology.

title: Category:Political science


text: User:PeR

title: User:PeR


text:
Category:Short story writers

This is a category of writers of short stories. See also List of short story authors.

title: Category:Short story writers


text:
Chop Suey!

"Chop Suey!" is a song by the Armenian-American heavy metal band System of a Down. It was released on August 13, 2001, as the first single from their second album, Toxicity (2001). The single earned the band its first Grammy nomination in 2002 for Best Metal Performance. "Chop Suey!" is often considered the band's signature song, and has reached one billion views on YouTube.

Overview
In an interview, the guitarist, Daron Malakian, explained, "The song is about how we are regarded differently depending on how we pass. Everyone deserves to die. Like, if I were now to die from drug abuse, they might say I deserved it because I abused dangerous drugs. Hence the line, 'I cry when angels deserve to die.'" The lyrics for the midsection ("Father into your hands I commend my spirit" ...) were randomly picked out by the singer, Serj Tankian, from the producer Rick Rubin's book collection after Tankian was struggling for ideas. Although it was not revealed what book the lines were taken from, they are quoted from the sayings of Jesus on the cross (Luke 23:46 and Mark 15:34).

Song title
The song was originally titled either "Suicide" (according to the bassist, Shavo Odadjian) or "Self-Righteous Suicide" (according to Rubin), but the name was changed in response to real or anticipated pushback from Columbia Records. According to Odadjian, the song title is a wordplay: "Suey" is "suicide", "chopped" in half. Most pressings of the album include an intro to the track where the singer, Serj Tankian, can faintly be heard saying "we're rolling 'Suicide while the drummer, John Dolmayan, is counting the band in.

Music video
The music video was the band's first collaboration with the director Marcos Siega, and is set in the parking lot of the Oak Tree Inn motel in Los Angeles, hometown of the band. The members are performing the song on stage, surrounded by approximately 1,500 fans. Editing devices are used to create the effect of the band members "walking through" one another and teleporting on and off the stage. One scene briefly shows Tankian eating chop suey with some fans, the only reference to the title dish in either the song or the video. The video makes use of the SnorriCam technique, in which an actor will have a camera attached to them with a harness, making it appear as though the background is moving and the actor is stationary. In the middle of the video, the Armenian Flag can be seen. The video reached one billion views on YouTube in November 2020.

Reception
Loudwire included the song in its list of "The Best Hard Rock Songs of the 21st Century", where it was ranked at number one. Loudwire and Kerrang! both named it as System of a Down's best song. In March 2023, Rolling Stone ranked "Chop Suey!" at number 37 on their "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Songs of All Time" list. As of March 2024, “Chop Suey!” has 1.2B streams on Spotify making it System of a Down’s most streamed song.

Controversy
"Chop Suey!" was the first single off of Toxicity, an album that was at number one on the Billboard 200 chart during the week of the September 11 attacks. A controversy surrounding the popular single, especially the line ' "I don't think you trust in my self-righteous suicide" ', at the time led to Clear Channel Radio placing the song on a list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles. Although it was never actually banned completely from the air, radio stations were advised against playing any of the songs on the list.

Commercial performance
"Chop Suey!" was a moderate success on the charts around the world. In Australia, after hitting No. 3 on the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2001, with virtually no airplay on commercial radio, it debuted and peaked at No. 14 in February 2002. It is System of a Down's highest-charting single in Australia. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 76, making it the band's lowest peaking song on the Hot 100 due to the fact it was taken off the radio for its political lyrics. On the Modern Rock Tracks, "Chop Suey!" peaked at No. 7, becoming the band's first top ten single. In the UK Singles Chart, it debuted and peaked at No. 17.

Lil Uzi Vert version
On June 30, 2023, American rapper and singer Lil Uzi Vert released a cover of "Chop Suey!", titled "CS", as a part of their third studio album, Pink Tape.

The System of a Down singer, Serj Tankian, posted on Facebook: "Covers are always the biggest compliment to artists and songwriters." The bassist, Shavo Odadjian, also reacted positively to the cover on Instagram.

title: Chop Suey!


text:
Expressionist dance

Expressive dance from German Ausdruckstanz, is a form of artistic dance in which the individual and artistic presentation (and sometimes also processing) of feelings is an essential part. It emerged as a counter-movement to classical ballet at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe. Traditional ballet was perceived as austere, mechanical and tightly held in fixed and conventional forms. Other designations are modern dance and (especially in the historical context) free dance, expressionist dance or new artistic dance, in Anglo-American countries German dance. In 2014, modern dance with the stylistic forms and mediation forms of rhythmic and expressive dance movements was included in the German List of intangible Cultural Heritage as defined by the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. German Expressionist dance is related to Tanztheater.

History
Expressionist dance was marked by the passage of modernism, vitalism, expressionism, avant-garde and a general protest against artistic stagnation and the old society. Ballet was perceived to have been superficial entertainment. The new dance would be art, both individual and artistic creation. The dance was described as the art of movement.

It was a revolution. It would be more expressive, and show more spirit and emotion and less virtuosity. The dance would be improvisational, uninhibited and provocative. Future spiritual and bodily reform movements expressed themselves in a new "natural" naked dance. The women took centre stage. A key protagonist was Isadora Duncan, who around 1900 had taken from classical dance technique and costume. She had even taken off dancing shoes – "you do not play the piano with gloves on". She wanted to unite the body, mind and spirit in her art, and searched with Olga Desmond for inspiration in ancient Greek and Egyptian art, during the time of Orientalism.

The revolutionary movements in Germany and the USA were most obvious, two countries that had no older rooted ballet tradition. The forerunners in Europe included Clotilde von Derp, Hertha Feist, Hilde Holger, Loie Fuller, Jo Mihaly and especially Mary Wigman.

Schools for expressionist dance had special philosophies and emphases for dance, such as naturalness, breathing, tension / relaxation etc. It was often associated with floor contact, "weight" of dance movements, and experiments with music. Body and physicality were strongly emphasized. Rudolf von Laban was a theoretical prominent figure who was based on metaphysical ideas and one of the pioneers of Ausdruckstanz in Germany. From 1913-1918, Laban operated a school for art on the colony Monte Verità in Ascona, Switzerland, which became a teaching centre for the new dance. Among his students were Kurt Jooss and Mary Wigman.

Mary Wigman was an important trendsetter as a dancer, choreographer and teacher. In her school in Dresden (opened in 1920) she taught Europe's premier aspiring dancers Gret Palucca, Harald Kreutzberg, Jeanna Falk, Dore Hoyer and Yvonne Georgi. Hanya Holm brought her theories to the United States, while Birgit Åkesson went her own way with her dance research.

The Denishawn School in the United States was founded by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn, with such students as Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey. Its independent and pioneering dance came to form the backbone of modern dance, whose many branches stretched forth up until today.

Butoh is inspired by the German expressionist dance of the 1950s.

The British choreographer and live performer Liz Aggiss, who trained with Hanya Holm and Hilde Holger, has been making expressionist dance works since 1986. Her first solo show, Grotesque Dancer, was inspired by Valeska Gert. In 1992, Holger revived four dances for Aggiss from her repertoire: Die Forelle (The Trout) (1923), Le Martyre de San Sebastien (1923), Mechaniches Ballett (1926) and Golem (1937). These were first performed, as Vier Tanze, at the Manchester Festival of Expressionism in 1992. Sophie Constanti wrote that 'Together all four pieces danced with great sensitivity and aplomb by Aggiss...provided a fascinating insight into the lost Ausdruckstanz of central Europe.'

Indian dancer Patruni Sastry has been working on choreographic style "Indian expressionism" where the major work is focused on queer rights and other social elements

Literature

 * Bergsohn, H. and Partsch-Bergsohn, I. (2003) The Makers of Modern Dance in Germany: Rudolf Laban, Mary Wigman, Kurt Jooss. Independent Publishers Group. ISBN 0-87127-250-4
 * Robinson, J. (1998) Modern Dance in France, 1920-1970: An Adventure. Routledge. ISBN 90-5702-015-7
 * Vernon-Warren, B. and Warren, C. (Eds) (1999) Gertrud Bodenwieser and Vienna's Contribution to Ausdruckstanz. Routledge. ISBN 90-5755-035-0
 * Kolb, A. (2009). Performing Femininity: Dance and Literature in German Modernism. Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-351-4
 * Amelie Soyka (Hrsg.): Tanzen und tanzen und nichts als tanzen. Tänzerinnen der Moderne von Josephine Baker bis Mary Wigman. Aviva, Berlin 2004. ISBN 3-932338-22-7
 * Hermann und Marianne Aubel: Der Künstlerische Tanz unserer Zeit. Die Blauen Bücher. K. R. Langewiesche, Leipzig 1928, 1935; Neudruck der Erstausgabe nebst Materialien zur Editionsgeschichte. Einführender Essay von Frank-Manuel Peter. Published by the Albertina Wien. Langewiesche, Königstein i. Ts. 2002. ISBN 3-7845-3450-3
 * Silke Garms: TanzBalance. Ausdruckstanz für Frauen. Rosenholz, Kiel/Berlin 1999. ISBN 978-3-931665-01-2
 * Silke Garms: Tanzfrauen in der Avantgarde. Lebenspolitik und choreographische Entwicklung in acht Porträts. Rosenholz, Kiel/Berlin 1998. ISBN 3-931665-11-9/ ISBN 978-3-931665-11-1
 * Hedwig Müller: Die Begründung des Ausdruckstanzes durch Mary Wigman. Köln, Phil.Diss. 1986
 * Hedwig Müller: Mary Wigman. Leben und Werk der großen Tänzerin. Hrsg. von der Akademie der Künste Berlin. Beltz/Quadriga, Weinheim/Berlin 1992. ISBN 3-88679-148-3
 * Hedwig Müller, Frank-Manuel Peter, Garnet Schuldt: Dore Hoyer. Tänzerin. Hentrich, Berlin 1992. ISBN 3-89468-012-1

title: Expressionist dance


text:
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Possible articles

 * Sort out naming problem on Norman Foster
 * Constantin Brancusi
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 * Sir George Frampton (1860 - 1928) British sculptor.
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 * Stourbridge Fair with links from Isaac Newton (in depth) and Nottingham Goose Fair.
 * Shredded Wheat the first breakfast cereal (1989? Quaker Oats - 1891), with white tiled factory built at Niagara Falls in ~1920. See
 * Cornelia Parker
 * expand Louise Bourgeois
 * Proteus Cabinet of Tobin and Pepper of the Polytechnic Institution, see also Pepper's ghost
 * David Duvant Victorian magician at the Egyptian Hall. Introduced motion pictures to UK and invented most cinematic special effects, founded the Magician's Circle, cf George Melliere.
 * Glenfinnan Viaduct
 * Shower as in bath.
 * Expand / re-writePost-Impressionism.
 * Margaret Hughes - first appearance of a regular professional actress in Britain 1660 as Desdemona. Also Ann Marshall
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 * Argand & Lewis Lamps http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/argand/lewis-lamp.htm
 * Hurley Weir - Kayaking.
 * Image:TOYOTA IMTS.jpg Toyata Intelligent Multimode transit system
 * Bateleur Eagle - common large snake eagle in Africa
 * Chris Wise bio
 * Aphrodite of Cnidus - statue of Aphrodite by Praxiteles, quite possibly the first fully nude female figure which established the canon of the female nude in Western Art. In particular establishing the pose and form for the Venus de Milo and much later Botticelli's The Birth of Venus. In its day, it also put Cnidus on the map as a tourist attraction.
 * Opisthodomos - part of an ancient temple at the back of the cella. Been deleted, but is a valid article.
 * Inigo Jones - brought the King Post Truss from Italy, then extended it to produce the Queen Post Truss, used in the Banqueting House (King-post exists).
 * David Hume and atempted excommunication trial by Rev George Anderson(?)
 * Varaztad Kazanjian expand and merge with Varaztad Hovhannes Kazanjian (or are they a coincidence) an engineer who retrained as a dentist and became a founding father of reconstructive surgery during WWI even though he was still a dentist. He had to retrain again as a surgeon in order to continue to practice when he returned to America.

Spain

 * Salida Procesional - not sure of best English translation - possibly 'Penitents March'
 * Primera salida procesional del Señor de la Paz de Fátima (in Spanish)
 * Mp3s of procesional bands mostly from Seville
 * CD of procesional bands
 * video of procesional in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2004
 * article on The Brotherhoods of Penance of Seville
 * Flickr collection (cc-by-sa)

 * Rewrite masking for primary graphic design usage.

 * Andalusia
 * White Towns of Andalusia
 * Seville
 * Córdoba, Spain
 * Mezquita
 * Detailed article on Mezquita with photos
 * alfiz - architectural term for blind arch related to Mihrab
 * additional discussion on Mihrab and Alfiz
 * Chapel for Henry of Trastamara (1334-1379) near the centre, with fine plaster work in the mudejar style
 * Mezquita on andalucia.com
 * Mezquita photos on islamicarchitecture.org
 * Ronda
 * Bullfighting
 * Antonio Ordóñez for photo of statue at Ronda
 * Granada
 * Alhambra

Cambridge

 * Grantchester orchard - Rupert Brooke's favourite place - 'and is it perchance time for tea'.
 * Byron pool on river to Granchester - popular with Lord Byron and later Rupert Brooke for swimming naked.
 * PA Technology Center, Richard Rogers - Melbourn

East Anglia

 * Happisburgh in Norfolk for coastal erosion
 * Southend hotrod cruisers - Friday and Saturday nights hotrodding.org

London

 * The Ritz Hotel
 * Clarence House
 * Dulwich Picture Gallery
 * Apsley House - Hyde park corner
 * Tyburn tree site of gallows next to Marble Arch - Death of Mrs Lions - poem Shakespear.
 * Food Theater Cafe, Daniel Libeskind - Serpentine Gallery, Hyde Park
 * 88 Wood Street, Richard Rogers - near Barbican

 * Sainsbury's and Housing in Camden, Nicholas Grimshaw - 17 Camden Road NW1 and Kentish Town road
 * Alexandra Road Housing, Neave Brown - Near Abbey Road, St Johns Wood, NW London

 * Financial Times Printworks, Nicholas Grimshaw - Blackwall
 * The Thames Barrier - Blackwall Tunnel and Greenwich
 * London City Hall, Foster and Partners - Near Tower Bridge

 * Myrtle Avenue 747 approach - Heathrow Airport - Off Hatton Road, Hatton Cross tube
 * Dray horses from Young's Brewery, Wandsworth SW18 4JD - soon to be retired
 * Traffic light tree, Heron Quay, Pierre Vivant 1998 at junctions of Heron Quay Bank, Marsh Wall and Westferry Road.
 * Movida night club - Samy Sass owner - 7-8 Argyll Street, London, W1F 7TF

Manchester

 * George Best's house in Blossoms Lane, Bramhall - modernist split level house designed by architect Frazer Crane in 1969.

George Best's house

Elsewhere

 * Nottingham Goose fair - start of October
 * Walsall Bus Station - see last para A Matter of Life and Death
 * Livingston, Scotland skate park - next to Almondvale Centre

Places to visit

 * West Kennet long barrow
 * Caledonian Forest at Kinrara and Balavail
 * Weald & Downland Open Air Museum - Sash Window restoration
 * Montparnasse Cemetery can be found statues carved by Brancusi for a few fellow artists
 * Oscar Wilde Memorial by Jacob Epstein 1911 - Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
 * Laxton Nottinghamshire the last village in England to use the open field system.
 * Barberton, South Africa some of the oldest exposed rocks on the Earth (3.5 bn yrs)
 * Far Leys, Bates Lane, in Tanworth in Arden, Warwickshire - Nick Drake
 * Stair Hole, Lulworth Cove, Dorset for the Lulworth Crumple

Lose threads
Robert_Irwin could benefit from rewriting.

Write / group / interlink articles on photorealism or photoreal / hyper-realism / super-realism

Remove the section on the Night Watch on Rembrandt and merge with Night Watch (painting)

 * Sort out rot as disambig for wet rot and dry rot etc.

 * Satsuki azalea possible ident for bonsai

Current Refs

 * Erotic art
 * http://www.archaeology.org/0203/abstracts/moche.html
 * http://digilander.libero.it/Gaia_xx/Peru.htm
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/pompeii.shtml
 * Secret Museum review http://www.spectacle.org/597/yee.html
 * Secret Museum book http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0520207297/103-7886244-7381459?v=glance
 * Baree catalogue to the - musee secret - the secret museum
 * Cern abbess giant - chalk figure
 * History of post boxes
 * http://www.thisislimitededition.co.uk/item.asp?category=Country&ID=316
 * http://accessibility.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?WCI=NewsItem&WCE=218&redirected=1

FPC possibles

 * Image:Cardinal.jpg in Northern_Cardinal - needs larger version from USgov, featured as on German Wiki.
 * Image:Comet Hale-Bopp Death Valley.jpg - needs copyright tag - requested.
 * List of Orchidaceae genera, probably Image:Ansellia-africana.jpg
 * Image:MunichAirport20021029.JPG at Munich International Airport - should be dreary but isn't
 * Image:VaticanMuseumStaircase.jpg at Vatican Museum by User:Tille
 * Image:Swabian Alb-lionman.jpg the oldest human-animal sculpture (32K yrs)
 * Image:Esplanade-nite view.jpg at Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay
 * Image:Flying_Vespula_vulgaris.jpg or Image:Vespula vulgaris.jpg need to split Common wasp from Yellowjacket
 * de:Bild:Wasserläufer bei der Paarung crop.jpg needs moving to Commons and translating article
 * de:Bild:Uhu-muc.jpg needs moving to Commons, = Eagle Owl?
 * de:Bild:Gestreifter-korallenwaechter.jpg needs moving to Commons and translating article
 * Image:Skyline-New-York-City.jpg at New York City
 * Image:09-February-2004-ChiangKaiShek-MemorialHall-LanternFestival.jpg at Taipei
 * Hot air balloons at night needs placing on a page
 * Great Grey Owl at Great Grey Owl.
 * Image:Hallimasch3.jpg some type of mushroom
 * Port at Buenos Aires, possibly at Buenos Aires or List of seaports
 * Image:Gunung Rinjani from Gili Trawangan 1.jpg at Gili Trawangan
 * Image:Cordages-mutin.jpg at Rope.
 * Image:Alligator_Heads.jpg
 * Image:Cleaning up after bullfight.jpg at Bullfighting
 * Image:Monument Valley 2.jpg at Monument Valley

FPA possibles

 * Hayao Miyazaki

Image sources

 * http://www.sxc.hu/
 * http://www.pdphoto.org/
 * http://geekphilosopher.com/MainPage/photos.htm
 * http://yotophoto.com/

 * http://geekphilosopher.com/bkg/objLuckyHorseshoe.htm horseshoe
 * http://epod.usra.edu/archive/epodviewer.php3?oid=106208 lava fall
 * http://www.usda.gov/oc/photo/95c0069.jpg goat head

Image links

Palace of Westminster

Image Options

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People persecuted by the Christian church

 * Giordano Bruno burnt at the stake in 1600 for suggesting that the universe is infinite.
 * Galileo Galilei interned 1633 for insisting that the Earth was not at the centre of the solar system

Interesting

 * Ivar Kreuger - the Swedish match king
 * Hypatia of Alexandria - the endpoint of Classical learning is marked by her murder at the hands of a Christian mob.
 * Sakichi Toyoda - The King of Inventors and founder of Toyota cars.

title: User:Solipsist/notes


text:
Wendy Matthews

Wendy Joan Matthews (born 13 January 1960) is a Canadian-born Australian singer-songwriter who has been a member of Models and Absent Friends and is a solo artist. She released Top 20 hit singles in the 1990s including "Token Angels", "Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)", "The Day You Went Away" and "Friday's Child" with Top 20 albums, You've Always Got The Blues (duet album with Kate Ceberano), Émigré, Lily, The Witness Tree and her compilation, Stepping Stones. She has won six Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Awards. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane she provides "extraordinary, crystal-clear vocals [...] a soulfulness that was the mark of a truly gifted singer".

Matthews appeared on three series of It Takes Two—an Australian TV celebrity singing competition—partnered with Richard Champion (2006), Russell Gilbert (2007) and John Mangos (2008). On 27 October 2010, Models were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame by Matthews.

1960–1981: early years
Wendy Joan Matthews was born in 1960 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with Abenaki (First Nations tribe), Spanish and Scottish ancestry. Peter and Joan Matthews already had a son, Gary born a year earlier and another son, Glenn followed a year after Matthews. She listened and sang along to Joni Mitchell, Linda Ronstadt and Barbra Streisand records. Her parents separated when she was 14, Peter became a Vancouver advertising executive and Joan took up yoga instructing near Quebec. At the age of 15 Matthews joined friends in the Little Benny Blues Band (named after Little Benny Park where they hung out). She left school at 16 and went busking across North America including south to Mexico with friends. By 1978, she was in Los Angeles where she busked, made jewellery and worked as a session singer. In February 1981, Matthews sang lead vocal for "Willow Pattern" on Osamu Kitajima's album Dragon King (1982). She met Japanese musician, Hiroshi Sato, and travelled to Japan to record lead vocals for his fourth album, Awakening, which was released in June on Alfa Records.

1982–1990: soundtracks, Rockmelons and Absent Friends
Back in Los Angeles, Australian singer Glenn Shorrock (ex-Little River Band) asked her to provide backing vocals on his solo album Villain of the Peace (1982) and to join him on his subsequent six-week tour of Australia in 1983. Matthews decided to stay in Sydney at the tour's completion and found herself in demand as a session vocalist and singing jingles. She sang on albums by Jimmy Barnes, Richard Clapton, Tim Finn and Icehouse. After singing backing vocals on Models' 1985 album Out of Mind, Out of Sight, she became a regular vocalist for the band. Matthews and Models' guitarist and vocalist, Sean Kelly, had an 11-year personal relationship. Other backing singers for Models included Kate Ceberano and Zan Abeyratne, both members of I'm Talking – the two bands often toured together. In 1986, Matthews joined Peter Blakeley and The Resurrection, with Blakeley (ex-Rockmelons) on lead vocals, Chris Abrahams on bass guitar and piano (ex-The Benders), Jim Benjamin on drums and Mark Punch on guitar (Renée Geyer Band). Her second album with Models, Models' Media appeared in December which reached the top 30.

In 1985, Matthews recorded vocals for the soundtrack of Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) TV series Dancing Daze (1986) with musical production by Martin Armiger. Her tracks were, "Dancing Daze" (duet with Jenny Morris), "Dare to Be Bold", "Might Have Been" (trio with Morris and Mark Williams) and "Lost in a Dancing Daze". First three of her tracks were released as singles but neither they nor the related album, Dancing Daze – Rock reached the top 50. ABC-TV and Armiger asked Matthews to sing with Ceberano on the soundtrack to the series Stringer in 1987. The soundtrack You've Always Got The Blues was released as a duet album by Ceberano and Matthews in April 1988 and reached No. 4 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart.

Matthews was a member of Noel's Cowards, a short term project, including ex-Split Enz members Noel Crombie on drums, Nigel Griggs on bass guitar and Phil Judd on guitar. Noel's Cowards, with Matthews on lead vocals, provided six tracks for the Australian movie Rikky and Pete (1988). She was featured vocalist on the single "Jump" released in October from Rockmelons' debut album Tales of the City. Tales of the City peaked at No. 14 on the ARIA Albums Chart. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1989, Rockmelons won 'Breakthrough Artist – Album' and Stringer won 'Best Original Soundtrack / Cast / Show Recording'.

Matthews joined the Australian supergroup, Absent Friends, in 1989 with Kelly and James Valentine of Models, Garry Gary Beers of INXS, Roger Mason and Mick King. She sang lead vocals on "I Don't Want to Be with Nobody but You" which reached No. 4 on the ARIA Singles Chart; the related album, Here's Looking Up Your Address peaked at No.7. The band toured Australia and then supported INXS on a European tour. During this period, Matthews continued her session work, singing on the Cher album Heart of Stone in 1989 and on Blakeley's solo album Harry's Café De Wheels in 1990. Absent Friends disbanded and Matthews pursued her solo career.

1990–1999: solo success
In 1990, Matthews recorded her debut solo album Émigré with the assistance of Absent Friends members, Beers, Kelly, King, Mason, Valentine, Francois and Andrew Duffield as well as Tim Finn and Blakeley. It was produced by Ricky Fataar and released on the rooArt label owned by INXS manager, Chris Murphy; Émigré became a hit, being certified platinum. She won the Australian Rolling Stone magazine award for best female vocalist in 1990 for her debut album and her work with Absent Friends.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1991, "I Don't Want to Be with Nobody but You" won the ARIA Award for Single of the Year for Absent Friends; while Matthews won two ARIA Awards, ARIA Award for Best Female Artist and ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Single for "Token Angels", which hit No. 18. Subsequent hits from the album were "Woman's Gotta Have It" (No. 34) and "Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)" (No. 14). Her touring band included Ron François on bass guitar (ex-Teardrop Explodes), Amanda Brown on oboe and violin (ex-The Go-Betweens), Robbie James on guitar (Ganggajang), King on guitar (Absent Friends), Lisa Maxwell on backing vocals, Mark Meyer on drums (Moving Pictures), Mark O'Connor on keyboards and Valentine on saxophone. On 31 May, she performed at Dallas Brooks Hall, Melbourne which was released as the live album The Way It Has to Be in October. She also supported the Neville Brothers on their Australian tour.

In February–March 1992 Matthews recorded her second solo studio album Lily in Los Angeles with T-Bone Burnett producing, it was released on 28 September while she was on tour supporting Simply Red. Her album peaked at No. 2 and achieved double-platinum in Australia selling over 140,000 copies. The lead single "The Day You Went Away" hit No. 2 while the album spawned two further hits in "Friday's Child" (No. 15) and "If Only I Could" (No. 41). At the ARIA Music Awards of 1992, Matthews was nominated for Best Female Artist. The Canadian CD release of Lily included a French-language version of "The Day You Went Away". Matthews toured internationally in 1993 including gigs in London, Montreal and New York. She won 'Best Female Artist' for Lily and both 'Best Single' and ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single for "The Day You Went Away" at the ARIA Music Awards of 1993. Matthews had a film role as a nightclub singer in Flynn (1993) which starred Guy Pearce as Australian-born actor Errol Flynn.

Matthews released her next album The Witness Tree on 14 November 1994, featuring the Top 40 hit "Standing Strong". The album went platinum selling 100,000 copies and she won her third ARIA award for Best Female Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 1994 for "Friday's Child". In 1995, Matthews became an Australian citizen. Her single "Standing Strong" won 'Most Performed Australian Work' at the APRA Awards of 1995. She returned to Canada for a visit before the release of her next album Ghosts in 1997. The single "Beloved" from the album peaked at No. 49 on the Australian charts. In 1999, Matthews released Stepping Stones, a greatest hits package which hit No. 4, earning her another platinum certification. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane in his Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop, Matthews provides "extraordinary, crystal-clear vocals [...] a soulfulness that was the mark of a truly gifted singer".

2000–present: music, TV and other activities
In 2000, Matthews joined the cast of a new Australian musical theatre production of Godspell alongside Angry Anderson, Jimmy Barnes, Debra Byrne, Marie Wilson, Fiona Horne, Belinda Emmett, Paul Mercurio and Terence Trent D'Arby. In February, with rehearsals commencing, Matthews released her cover of "Day by Day" but financial difficulties prevented the musical from being staged. She contributed "Pure Inspiration" to Olympic Record – an album for the Sydney Olympics by various Australian artists.

In 2001, Matthews relocated from Sydney to a property near Coffs Harbour on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales. Her solo album, Beautiful View, was released on 17 July and made the Top 40. Produced by Michael Szumowski, it was her first with BMG records, and included three singles, "Free", "Beautiful View" and "Like the Sun" which did not reach the top 50. A limited edition of Beautiful View included a bonus six-track disc.

In 2003, Matthews sang a duet with Rod Stewart on the track "My Heart Stood Still" on the Australian release of his album As Time Goes By: The Great American Songbook, Volume II. She released her own covers album, Café Naturale in May 2004. Matthews explained why she recorded it acoustically, "To keep creative you have to break down your own personal barriers. With this record that meant moving away from pop and crafting something instrument-driven, something that feels like me playing live". The album includes acoustic versions of U2's "One" from the Achtung Baby and Massive Attack's "Protection" from the album of the same name. The first single "All I Need" is a version of the Air song from the Moon Safari album. Matthews' album debuted in the top 50 of the ARIA charts.

Matthews embarked on the national Fallen Angels Tour during May–June 2008 and then co-headlined with Ian Moss in October–November. On 8 November, Matthews released the album She on her own independent record label, Barking Bear. The album is a personal collection of favourite songs by women who have inspired her, Bonnie Raitt, Aretha Franklin, Emmylou Harris, Chrissie Hynde, Joni Mitchell, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Lucinda Williams and Jane Siberry. In June 2010, she combined with country musician, Adam Harvey for the Both Sides Tour. In October 2010, Matthews performed at the Opening Ceremony of the Alice Springs Masters Games. On 27 October, her former band, Models were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame by Matthews. The line-up of Duffield, Ferrie, Kelly, Mason, Price and Valentine performed "I Hear Motion" and "Evolution". Matthews recalled meeting the group for the first time at a recording session – she was due to provide backing vocals but they were busy playing indoor cricket in the studio.

Matthews independently released Billie and Me: The White Room Sessions on 27 July 2015. The live album, available through her official website only, was recorded in the winter of 2012 with Brendan St Ledger on piano and Greg Royal on standup bass. The album celebrates the centenary year birth of Billie Holiday, who Matthews describes Holiday as an "iconic woman whose soul and music has been long admired."

In November 2016, Matthews featured on the Catherine Britt single, "F U Cancer" alongside Kasey Chambers, Beccy Cole, Lyn Bowtell, Josh Pyke and Wes Carr.

TV appearances
Matthews has appeared on three series of Channel Seven's celebrity singing competition It Takes Two. The first series premiered on 28 May 2006, she was partnered by former Australian Rules footballer, Richard Champion, they were voted off in week six. On 1 May 2007, ahead of the second series, Matthews, David Hobson and Troy Cassar-Daley sang "Got to Get You into My Life" on celebrity dancing competition Dancing with the Stars grand final, which was won by Ceberano and her professional dance partner John Paul Collins. It Takes Two second series premiered on 8 May, where Matthews was paired with comedian Russell Gilbert, they were voted off in week four of the competition. The third series commenced on 12 February 2008 with John Mangos, news reader for Sky News Australia, and Matthews being voted off in week two. Matthews appeared on the TV show RocKwiz on 1 November 2008, she performed Toto's "Hold the Line" as a duet with Johnny Galvatron from The Galvatrons.

Discography

 * You've Always Got The Blues (duet album with Kate Ceberano) (1988)
 * Émigré (1990)
 * The Way It Has to Be (1991)
 * Lily (1992)
 * The Witness Tree (1994)
 * Ghosts (1997)
 * Beautiful View (2001)
 * Café Naturale (2004)
 * She (2008)
 * The Welcome Fire (2013)
 * Billie and Me: The White Room Sessions (2015)

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

 * 1995 || "Standing Strong" – (Wendy Matthews, Glenn Skinner) || Most Performed Australian Work || Won
 * 1995 || "Standing Strong" – (Wendy Matthews, Glenn Skinner) || Most Performed Australian Work || Won

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Matthews has won six awards from twenty-two nominations as a solo artist.

 * 1987 || "Dancing Daze" || Best Female Artist|| Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 1989 || rowspan="3"| You've Always Got The Blues (with Kate Ceberano) || Best Female Artist || Nominated
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Best Jazz Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="5"| 1991 || rowspan="2"| Émigré || Best Female Artist || Won
 * Breakthrough Artist – Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "(I Don't Want to Be With) Nobody but You – (Absent Friends featuring Wendy Matthew) || Single of the Year || Won
 * rowspan="2"| Breakthrough Artist – Single || Nominated
 * "Token Angels" || Won
 * 1992 || "Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)" || Best Female Artist || Nominated
 * rowspan="5"| 1993 ||rowspan="3"| Lily || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * Best Female Artist || Won
 * rowspan="2"| "The Day You Went Away" || Single of the Year || Won
 * Highest Selling Single || Won
 * rowspan=2"| 1994 || "Friday's Child" || Best Female Artist || Won
 * Lily || Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1995 || The Witness Tree || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * The Witness Tree ||Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * 1997 || "Then I Walked Away" || Best Female Artist || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1998 || Ghosts || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Ghosts except "Halcyon Days" – Tony Espie || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * 2001 || Beautiful View || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * Best Female Artist || Won
 * rowspan="2"| "The Day You Went Away" || Single of the Year || Won
 * Highest Selling Single || Won
 * rowspan=2"| 1994 || "Friday's Child" || Best Female Artist || Won
 * Lily || Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1995 || The Witness Tree || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * The Witness Tree ||Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * 1997 || "Then I Walked Away" || Best Female Artist || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1998 || Ghosts || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Ghosts except "Halcyon Days" – Tony Espie || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * 2001 || Beautiful View || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1995 || The Witness Tree || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * The Witness Tree ||Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * 1997 || "Then I Walked Away" || Best Female Artist || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1998 || Ghosts || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Ghosts except "Halcyon Days" – Tony Espie || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * 2001 || Beautiful View || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 1998 || Ghosts || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Ghosts except "Halcyon Days" – Tony Espie || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * 2001 || Beautiful View || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * 2001 || Beautiful View || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * 2001 || Beautiful View || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated

Matthews has also won awards as a member of Rockmelons and projects (Stringers soundtrack album, You've Always Got the Blues – Songs from the ABC TV Series "Stringer").

 * rowspan="2"| 1989 || Tales of the City || Breakthrough Artist – Album || Won
 * Stringer various Australia (Kate Ceberano, Matthews, Martin Armiger, Joy Smithers) || Best Original Soundtrack/Cast/Show Album || Won
 * Stringer various Australia (Kate Ceberano, Matthews, Martin Armiger, Joy Smithers) || Best Original Soundtrack/Cast/Show Album || Won
 * Stringer various Australia (Kate Ceberano, Matthews, Martin Armiger, Joy Smithers) || Best Original Soundtrack/Cast/Show Album || Won

Country Music Awards of Australia
The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, in Tamworth, New South Wales, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. Matthews has won one awards from one nominations.

 * 2017 || "F U Cancer" (Catherine Britt with Kasey Chambers, Beccy Cole, Lyn Bowtell, Josh Pyke and Wes Carr)|| Vocal Collaboration of the Year || Won
 * 2017 || "F U Cancer" (Catherine Britt with Kasey Chambers, Beccy Cole, Lyn Bowtell, Josh Pyke and Wes Carr)|| Vocal Collaboration of the Year || Won

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Wendy Matthews won one award in that time. (wins only)
 * 1990
 * Wendy Matthews
 * Female Rock Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * Won

Rolling Stone Awards
The Rolling Stone Awards. (wins only)
 * 1990
 * Wendy Matthews
 * Best Female Vocalist
 * Won
 * Won

title: Wendy Matthews


text:
Category:Linguistic typology

These are articles about linguistic typology or types of languages.

title: Category:Linguistic typology


text:
Fejér kernel

In mathematics, the Fejér kernel is a summability kernel used to express the effect of Cesàro summation on Fourier series. It is a non-negative kernel, giving rise to an approximate identity. It is named after the Hungarian mathematician Lipót Fejér (1880–1959).

Definition
The Fejér kernel has many equivalent definitions. We outline three such definitions below:

1) The traditional definition expresses the Fejér kernel $$F_n(x)$$ in terms of the Dirichlet kernel: $$ F_n(x) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}D_k(x) $$

where
 * $$D_k(x)=\sum_{s=-k}^k {\rm e}^{isx}$$

is the kth order Dirichlet kernel.

2) The Fejér kernel $$F_n(x)$$ may also be written in a closed form expression as follows

$$ F_n(x) = \frac{1}{n}  \left(\frac{\sin( \frac{nx}{2})}{\sin( \frac{x}{2})}\right)^2 = \frac{1}{n} \left(\frac{1 - \cos(nx)}{1 - \cos (x)}\right)$$

This closed form expression may be derived from the definitions used above. The proof of this result goes as follows.

First, we use the fact that the Dirichlet kernel may be written as:
 * $$D_k(x)=\frac{

\sin(k +\frac{1}{2})x}{\sin\frac{x}{2}}$$ Hence, using the definition of the Fejér kernel above we get:
 * $$F_n(x) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}D_k(x) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{

\sin((k +\frac{1}{2})x)}{\sin(\frac{x}{2})} = \frac{1}{n} \frac{1}{\sin(\frac{x}{2})}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \sin((k +\frac{1}{2})x) = \frac{1}{n} \frac{1}{\sin^2(\frac{x}{2})}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} [\sin((k +\frac{1}{2})x) \cdot \sin(\frac{x}{2})] $$

Using the trigonometric identity: $$\sin(\alpha)\cdot\sin(\beta)=\frac{1}{2}(\cos(\alpha-\beta)-\cos(\alpha+\beta))$$
 * $$F_n(x) =\frac{1}{n} \frac{1}{\sin^2(\frac{x}{2})}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}

[\sin((k +\frac{1}{2})x) \cdot \sin(\frac{x}{2})] = \frac{1}{n} \frac{1}{2\sin^2(\frac{x}{2})}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} [\cos(kx)-\cos((k+1)x)] $$ Hence it follows that:
 * $$F_n(x) = \frac{1}{n} \frac{1}{\sin^2(\frac{x}{2})}\frac{1-\cos(nx)}2=\frac{1}{n} \frac{1}{\sin^2(\frac{x}{2})}\sin^2(\frac{nx}2) =\frac{1}{n} (\frac{\sin(\frac{nx}2)}{\sin(\frac{x}{2})})^2 $$

3) The Fejér kernel can also be expressed as:

$$ F_n(x)=\sum_{ |k| \leq n-1} \left(1-\frac{ |k| }{n}\right)e^{ikx} $$

Properties
The Fejér kernel is a positive summability kernel. An important property of the Fejér kernel is $$F_n(x) \ge 0$$ with average value of $$1 $$.

Convolution
The convolution Fn is positive: for $$f \ge 0$$ of period $$2 \pi$$ it satisfies

 * $$0 \le (f*F_n)(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^\pi f(y) F_n(x-y)\,dy.$$

Since $$f*D_n=S_n(f)=\sum_{|j|\le n}\widehat{f}_je^{ijx}$$, we have $$f*F_n=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}S_k(f)$$, which is Cesàro summation of Fourier series.

By Young's convolution inequality,
 * $$\|F_n*f \|_{L^p([-\pi, \pi])} \le \|f\|_{L^p([-\pi, \pi])} \text{ for every } 1 \le p \le \infty \text{ for } f\in L^p.$$

Additionally, if $$f\in L^1([-\pi,\pi])$$, then
 * $$f*F_n \rightarrow f$$ a.e.

Since $$[-\pi,\pi]$$ is finite, $$L^1([-\pi,\pi])\supset L^2([-\pi,\pi])\supset\cdots\supset L^\infty([-\pi,\pi])$$, so the result holds for other $$L^p$$ spaces, $$p\ge1$$ as well.

If $$f$$ is continuous, then the convergence is uniform, yielding a proof of the Weierstrass theorem.

 * One consequence of the pointwise a.e. convergence is the uniqueness of Fourier coefficients: If $$f,g\in L^1$$ with $$\hat{f}=\hat{g}$$, then $$f=g$$ a.e. This follows from writing $$f*F_n=\sum_{|j|\le n}\left(1-\frac{|j|}{n}\right)\hat{f}_je^{ijt}$$, which depends only on the Fourier coefficients.
 * A second consequence is that if $$\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n(f)$$ exists a.e., then $$\lim_{n\to\infty}F_n(f)=f$$ a.e., since Cesàro means $$F_n*f$$ converge to the original sequence limit if it exists.

title: Fejér kernel


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Category:Cartoonists

This category lists cartoonists who primarily produce either single panel editorial cartoons or gag cartoons. For cartoonists who work mainly in comic strips, please see Category:Comic strip cartoonists. For cartoonists working in animation, please see Category:Animators

title: Category:Cartoonists


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Frinton-on-Sea

Frinton-on-Sea is a seaside town and (as just Frinton) a former civil parish, now in the parish of Frinton and Walton, in the Tendring district of Essex, England. In 2018 it had an estimated population of 4,837.

History
The place-name 'Frinton' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Frientuna. The name may mean 'fenced-in or enclosed town or settlement'.

Until late Victorian times, Frinton-on-Sea was a church, several farms and a handful of cottages. In the 1890s, the original developer of the town, Peter Bruff, was bought out by the industrialist Richard Powell Cooper, who had already laid out the golf course. Powell Cooper rejected Bruff's plans for a pier, stipulated the quality of housing to be built and prohibited boarding houses and pubs. The Sea Defence Act 1903 established a project to stabilise the cliffs, with the Greensward, which separates the Esplanade from the sea, put in place to stabilise the land further.

In the first half of the 20th century the town attracted visitors from high society. Connaught Avenue, named after the Duke of Connaught and opened by his wife, was nicknamed East Anglia's Bond Street. Other attractions included a lido, complete with palm trees, hotels along the Esplanade, and an amateur tennis tournament. The Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) frequented the golf club and Winston Churchill rented a house. Frinton was the last target in England attacked by the Luftwaffe, in 1944.

The town has a reputation for a conservative nature (although it was in a Labour constituency from 1997 to 2005). Until recently, there were no pubs, although there have long been bars in seafront hotels and at the golf and War Memorial clubs. The first pub, the Lock and Barrel, opened in 2000.

Governance
An electoral ward in the name of Frinton exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 4,002. On 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished to form "Frinton and Walton". In 1931 the parish had a population of 2196.

Geography
Frinton has three points of entry by road: an unadopted road from Walton-on-the-Naze in the north, a residential road, and a CCTV monitored level crossing adjacent to the railway station which replaced the older gated crossing in 2009. Frinton was once geographically distinct, but housing estates now line the roads between Frinton and Walton-on-the-Naze, Kirby Cross and Kirby-Le-Soken.

The town has sandy and stone beach washed daily, more than a mile (1,600 m) long, with wardens in season, and an area of sea zoned for swimming, sailing and windsurfing. The shore is lined by a promenade with several hundred beach huts. Landward from the promenade is a long greensward, popular with young and old alike, stretching from the boundary with Walton-on-Naze to the golf club in the south.

Six miles offshore lies Gunfleet Lighthouse, constructed in 1850 but abandoned in 1921.

Religion
There are two Anglican parish churches: St Mary the Virgin is Norman in parts. The church of St Mary Magdalene was built in 1928 to accommodate worshippers from St Mary the Virgin. Across the road from St Mary Magadalene is the Evangelical Gospel Chapel. Frinton's Catholic church, the Church of the Sacred Heart and St Francis, was built in 1904, as a public hall known as Queen's Hall; the architect was William Hayne. It was acquired as a church in the 1920s. There is also a Methodist church, and a Free church.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from the Sudbury TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Essex on 103.5 FM, Heart East on 96.1 FM, Greatest Hits Radio East (formerly Dream 100 FM) on 100.2 FM and Actual Radio an DAB station. The town is served by the local newspaper, Clacton and Frinton Gazette which publishes on Thursdays.

Frinton in popular culture
Frinton is home to the Frinton Summer Theatre Season at the McGrigor Hall every summer. Started in 1937, by the Cambridge Academic T. P. Hoar as an amusement whilst he studied corrosion, it quickly developed a life of its own, employing many later famous actors at the start of their career. Michael Denison, Vanessa Redgrave, Timothy West, Jane Asher, David Suchet, Gary Oldman, Owen Teale, Lynda Bellingham, Jack Klaff, Antony Sher and Neil Dudgeon all started their careers at Frinton. For many years it was run by the British actor Jack Watling, and his son Giles and son-in-law Seymour Matthews. His daughters Debbie and Dilys often appeared on stage, as did 'Allo 'Allo! cast member John D. Collins. It is now run by Clive Brill.

Frinton's population of retirees makes it the butt of jokes, with the LNER advertising slogan "Harwich for the Continent" being appended "Frinton for the incontinent". However, its genteel nature has ensured that property 'within the gates' is well sought after.

Frinton was used in a recent Subway Sandwiches commercial for the UK, although the advert was not actually filmed in Frinton.

In Season 1 Episode 2 of the television series Minder Terry says in response to Arthur swearing on his mother's grave that he knows for a fact his mother is alive and well and living in Frinton.

Notable residents
The actor Ross Davidson was living in Frinton-on-Sea at the time of his death in October 2006.

T.E.B. Clarke, novelist and writer of several Ealing comedies, including Passport To Pimlico and The Lavender Hill Mob, lived there as a child.

Disc jockeys Mike Read, Adrian John and David Hamilton lived in the town whilst broadcasting on Big L.

Richard Cobb (1917 - 1996), Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford, was born in the town.

In the 1920s and 1930s Turret Lodge on the Esplanade was owned by Fritz Dupre, the "manganese ore king", for use as his family's holiday home.

The late Group Captain Alfred 'Ken' Gatward DSO, DFC and bar, who flew a mission to occupied Paris during the Second World War to drop a French Tricolour on the Arc de Triomphe, lived in the town.

Actress Deborah Watling, best known for her role in Doctor Who as a companion to the second Doctor, lived in the town until her death in 2017.

Princeton University's first John T. Maltsberger III, Class of 1955 Associate University Librarian for Special Collections, William G. Noel, grew up in the town in the 1960s and 1970s.

title: Frinton-on-Sea


text: Category:Shinkansen

title: Category:Shinkansen


text:
Pocket Viewer

Pocket Viewer (Casio PV) was a model range of personal digital assistants (PDAs) developed by Casio around the turn of the 21st century.

Description
Pocket Viewer was a model range of PDAs from Casio. Early models used Intel x86 based processors (manufactured by NEC). Later models used Hitachi processors from the SuperH family. Both models ran Casio's proprietary OS 'CASIO PVOS'. The functionality of the pocket viewers extended beyond the digital diary segment and targeted consumers who needed more compute power in their personal organizers. The pocket viewers competed directly with the then market leader in the segment the Palm-pilots. They were priced under $200 at first release.

The pocket viewers, weighing under 5 ounces, were light and portable. The face of the device was almost entirely covered by a monochrome liquid crystal display. Towards the bottom of the LCD there were a few navigation keys. The lower most part of the LCD had quick short cuts to the standard applications permanently indicated. The short-cuts include off, back-light, Scheduler, Contacts, Quick Memo, Sync Start, Escape, Menubar. The standard applications available on the pocket viewer include Expense, PVsheet, Quickmemo, Contacts, Scheduler, ToDo list, Reminder/Calendar and Alarm. The starting interface consisted of a scrollable two column list of icons. Clicking on the icon starts the application. Text was entered via an on-screen keyboard. The pocket viewer did not have in-built hand writing recognition support. A third party GPL addin PVMerlin may have attempted to provide hand writing recognition.

Pocket viewers used conventional 2 x AAA batteries and under normal use a completely charged battery lasted around 2 months. When not actively being used the pocket viewer switches off the display and goes into power saving mode. The specifications stated that it could function for 50 hours on alkaline batteries without use of back-light. Except for PV-S1600 which used Universal Serial Bus (USB) 1.0, all the other pocket viewers used a COM (RS-232) port to communication between a personal computer and the pocket viewer.

Casio made the pocket viewer SDK available. Using the SDK users could create their own applications called add-ins, which could be downloaded to the pocket viewer using the synchronization software. In time, a small user base who created and made their add-in applications available on-line for free or for profit emerged. User forums such as pocketviewer.de, pocketviewer.com, pocket-viewer.ru and pocketviewer webrings flourished in their time and have since closed. During 2005-2010, the second hand market was on the wane. OWBasic, a third party add-in, provided the easy to learn and use BASIC interpreted programming language on the hand-helds, expanding their functionality to also being programmable hand-held calculators/computers. The device had the computer power and functionality as the home computers of the 80s.

The pocket viewers ability to access the internet was limited. PC software could synchronize email with the device which was not convenient. The device had a specialized serial port, and could theoretically communicate with other devices using the Serial Line Internet Protocol and execute modem AT commands.

Casio also provided some additional applications. Enterprise Harmony, which enabled Outlook 2003 synchronization of Outlook contacts, calendar On windows. PVsheet, a spread sheet application, which could upload/download comma separated spread-sheets. Travel phrase guide, which could translate preset text between English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Japanese.

The Casio pocket viewer series was sandwiched between digital diaries and the pocket PC series Casio Cassiopeia. Casio discontinued the pocket viewers as the pocket PCs became popular and their price came down.

Technical details

 * The PV-100 did not have a back light. While the back light was available on PV-200 onwards, Casio by default did not allow the back-light to remain on more than 30 seconds. Casio did not recommend extending the duration of the back light citing damage and battery drain. as A third party application back light extender add in was required to keep the back light on beyond the default duration. The back-light was Casio's trade marked EL-back-light, which is an electro-luminescent panel that causes the entire face to glow.
 * The PV-S1600 did not use a NEC V30MZ processor, but used a Hitachi SH-3. The processor architectures are not compatible hence programs compiled for the earlier architectures do not work on the PV-S1600 without recompilation. OWBasic programs will work as they run in an interpreter.
 * The NEC V30MZ was a 16 bit processor which used a segmented memory space. An indirect consequence is that those models can download a maximum of 16 addins
 * The file system is divided into PVOS modes and sub modes. Each record is part of a file that is specified by mode and submode. Depending on the mode data sets are null-terminated in either binary or text format. Binary data sets are to 3 KB or 32 KB (records that are greater than 3 KB, can be loaded only into the far-segment, PV-S1600 has no restriction), text data sets to 2 KB (PV-S1600: limited 32 KB).
 * The PV-750 has an IrDA port. Using IrDA, it is possible to send and receive email messages using a GSM-enabled mobile phone. SMS can also be sent on the PV-750Plus. The address book of the mobile phone can also be synchronized with that of PV. Casio's operating system update for the PV-750 gives it the same functionality of the PV-750Plus.

title: Pocket Viewer


text:
Talk:Hidden Markov model

First paragraph
In the second sentence we can read:" In a hidden Markov model, the state is not directly visible, but output, dependent on the state, is visible". It's me or it is a little difficult to understand? 141.244.140.173 (talk) 10:42, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Is the reference to Plato's allegory absolutely necessary ? I don't feel like it helps the explanation here.
 * Agreed, Plato's cave seems like a bit of a stretch here. Probably a more down-to-earth explanation would be appropriate. Feel free to rework it if you have a better expression. Happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 15:31, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

First Diagram
is not the whole hidden markov model. The initial probabilities are missing. I think this diagram is confusing, as one cannot continue from the symbols back to the states. I don't really know what this diagram actually shows. It's a markov model of the first step of a hidden markov process, where the observed symbols are illustrated with states. Is this really helpful? It's not a markov model of the whole process and it's not the hidden markov model... Maximilianh (talk) 13:54, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Mental Model
I've added the genie-ball-urn model from Rabiner 89 just at the start of the article. People who search for hmm in wikipedia are searching for something understandable. As it is now, research papers about hmms like Rabiner's one are much more understandable and accessible than wikipedia. I think the urn-model is much more readable to someone who has never attended a lecture on markov processes than the current article. I also discussed why people actually use HMMs and why the urn-model is just one possible model. There is some overlap with the current article. Maximilianh (talk) 11:28, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Just a quick nod that the urn example was insanely helpful. Thanks! --108.199.240.145 (talk) 05:14, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

I clarified the excellent urn example with some things that weren't clear without either knowing them already or referring to the cited work. BubbaRich (talk) 15:06, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

The urn thing makes it sound like the balls aren't replaced but for the process to work they would have to be — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.234.105.209 (talk) 09:09, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

error in image File:HMMsequence.svg (3rd diagram)
state 2 doesn't produce the star so sequences 2 and 4 aren't possible for the observed sequence. I don't know how to correct this error. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Leven101 (talk • contribs) 15:42, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

bioinformatics reference
The use of HMMs in bioinformatics references Durbin et all from 1999:

In the second half of the 1980s, HMMs began to be applied to the analysis of biological sequences, in particular DNA. Since then, they have become ubiquitous in the field of bioinformatics.[3]

I think a far better reference would be Churchill GA (1989) Stochastic models for heterogeneous DNA sequences. Bull Math Biol 51:79–94, which I think might be the first paper suggesting that a DNA sequence is determined by states in a Markove Model. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.222.206.50 (talk) 16:03, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

What is token in this context ?
"over the possible output tokens. "

About rain.
" In this example, there is only a 30% chance that tomorrow will be sunny if today is rainy. "

Rationally, after a rainy day, the likely chance of a sunny day is much higher since rain is a release of water that was deposited in the sky as clouds during sunny days. ..

Shushinla 06:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's only a hypothetical example. --MarkSweep ✍ 06:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

User:Jiali's references
Not every paper that makes use of HMMs belongs in the References section (eg this one doesn't) - what makes these papers suitable? — ciphergoth 08:54, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

I found this interesting as well: HMM used to analyze sequences of HTTPS requests to find the most plausible resources accessed. 88.217.80.238 (talk) 14:49, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

The three functions of HMM
Maybe we can add a paragraph describing the three main functions: Evaluate, Decode and Learn. What do you think? JeDi 09:46, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Formal definition needed, confusing diagram
I think this article needs a more formal definition where the various components (state transition matrix, output probabilities, state space, etc) are listed explicitly.

Moreover, I think there is a problem with the diagram describing state transitions (i.e. the one at the top right), which, as far as I can tell, is supposed to graphically illustrate the probabilistic parameters of an HMM, i.e. the probabilities of state transitions and of making observations. The first problem that I see is that the diagram uses x1, x2, x3 to denote states, yet x(t) is used elsewhere to denote the hidden state variable at time step t -- i.e. x(t) is a variable that can take on one of the values in a state space S (which here contains x1, x2, x3). Perhaps s1, s2, s3 would be more appropriate as states. Also, quite a few transitions are missing from the diagram. Furthermore, the diagram apparently contains three outputs y1, y2, y3 -- yet not all probabilities are specified through appropriate edges; only three probabilities are given: The probability of observing y1 given that the state is x1 (b1), the probability of observing y2 given state x2 (b2), and the probability of observing y3 given state x3 (b3). Shouldn't the model specify a probability for observing any output given any state, i.e. $$b_i(y_j) = P(y_j | x_i)$$ for $$y_j$$ in the observation space and $$x_i$$ in the state space? As it is, I think the diagram creates more confusion than it resolves; the second diagram showing the general architecture is what I expect to see in an article on HMMs.

Graphs
We does everyone think of the following replacement graphs/diagrams in SVG format? --Thorwald 22:51, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The fonts in the second one are unreadably tiny. linas 02:10, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Computer vision category
I removed this article from the computer vision category. HMM is not unrelated to CV but

 * 1) It is not a methodology developed within CV or specific to CV
 * 2) HMM is already listed under the machine learning category which is linked to the CV category.

--KYN 08:39, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Probability of an observed sequence
"There exist a variety of algorithms that, while not providing exact results, do provide reasonably good results, with considerably less demand on storage and compute time. These include the forward-backward algorithm ..." (emphasis mine)

Please correct me if I'm wrong, but doesn't the forward-backward algorithm actually compute the exact probability of an observed sequence? I'm referring to my Biological Sequence Analysis book (Durbin, Eddy, Krogh, & Mitchison), page 58:

"...the full probability can itself be calculated by ... the forward algorithm." --Loniousmonk 23:22, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Yes indeed, the forward-backward algorithm is exact. Tomixdf 05:58, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Hi, the textbook explanation of HMM's link seems to be broken. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.162.14.226 (talk) 03:50, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Indeed I wondered about the reference to the Viterbi algorithm for speeding up the calculation of posterior probabilities of an observed sequence. It is my understanding that the forward-backward algorithm calculates the posterior probability of a sequence and the Viterbi calculates the most likely path of sequences. This is at least mentioned in the section "Using hidden Markov models". Therefore the sentence "The calculation can however be sped up enormously using the Forward algorithm [1] or the equivalent Backward algorithm" is not consistent in the context of the article and references the wrong algorithm, IMHO. In order to not confuse the article and to leave any modifications to the original author I will not do any changes here but start editing the forward-backward page. Hopefully this will be less confusing.

BJJV (talk) 06:24, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Extensions: about factorial HMMs
I have added a reference to the following article:

That reference seems relevant for the passage. However, I would disagree with the following statement (which is why I added a warning):
 * "Learning in such a model is difficult, as dynamic-programming techniques can no longer be used to find an exact solution"

Indeed, to my understanding, a factorial HMM is a specific instance of an HMM, such that an exact solution is possible. With K HMM chains, and J possible states for each variable for a FHMM, we need an HMM with JˆK states - which means that a straightforward forward-backward algorithm would quickly be intractable. According to the above reference, a more efficient exact inference is possible (through a junction tree? See references therein), but still quickly intractable. At last they propose a variational algorithm to approximate the inference (hence the citation in the main article).

Hope this helps, and if people agree with it, the main article shall be changed accordingly.

Jldurrieu (talk) 13:28, 4 May 2011 (UTC) J.-L. Durrieu

Concrete Example
The concrete example is good; however, the probability of the day being rainy or sunny is stated to be 57% and 43% respectively without giving the basis for the conclusion. These probabilities are dependent solely on the state transition diagram and are not dependent on the output: walk, shop, clean. Starting probabilities only need to be assumed and must total 1.00. Regardless of the starting point, one will arrive at the correct probability of what type of day it was. The probabilities can be solved directly using Gaussian Elimination, the Grassmann Algorithm or indirectly using the Power Method, Jacobi's Method, or The Gauss-Seidel Method,Successive Over-Relaxation.

Here is an implementation in R of the Power Method of solving the probabilities:

P<-matrix(c( .7,.3, .4,.6 ),ncol=2,byrow=T) Identity<-matrix(c( 1,0, 0,1 ),ncol=2,byrow=T) A<-P n<-matrix(c(.6,.4),ncol=2) c<-1 cat(paste(c,n,'\n')) while(TRUE){ c<-c+1 nnew<-n%*%A cat(paste(c,nnew,'\n')) if(abs(nnew-n)/abs(n)<0.00000001){break} if(c>1000){break} n<-nnew }

This solves the probabilities of a rain or sunny day by iterating to convergence.

[User:RMLane1|RMLane1]] ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by RMLane1 (talk • contribs) 21:30, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:53, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

"Typical" Bayesian HMM?
The article claims that a "typical Bayesian HMM" has shared priors for its emission parameters. I'd really like to see some references for that. While a shared prior is used in cases like Dirichlet Process priors, the case given here, which uses Normal-(Inverse) Gamma as a conjugate for Gaussian emissions typically uses separate emission priors for each state, the reason being that otherwise the emission parameters would have to be statistically independent of the state sequence, which they are not. Joint conjugate emission priors aren't even typical for mixture models, which are a special case of HMM (with fixed uniform transitions), cf. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169716105250162. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:6B0:2:2801:49DB:7A89:1E3B:E421 (talk) 11:54, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Proposed Good Article nomination
This article seems in quite good shape, and has been rated B-class and top-importance by WikiProject Computational Biology for just over 6 years now (the other WikiProjects have a Start-class rating, but these may need reassessed). I suggest nominating this article for Good Article review, but as I'm not a significant contributor, I'm opening this discussion as recommended at WP:GAI. Pinging and  as two contributors with recent wiki activity, what are your thoughts? Comments from anyone else are also welcomed, of course. Thanks! Amkilpatrick (talk) 13:00, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It errs slightly on the technical side, but given the nature of the topic it is difficult not to. Overall, I'd suppose a good article proposal. Klbrain (talk) 10:13, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * There are three maintenance tags in the lead that need to be addressed before this can pass GA. Argento Surfer (talk) 18:22, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

"Mathematical description": more context and/or sources needed
This section reads like a random copy-paste from a relevant source without indicating what that source was. Please define the underlying concepts and introduce the subject carefully. StrokeOfMidnight (talk) 04:22, 15 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree. Even the definition provides no context. It is also seriously lacking in inline citations. It needs quite a bit of work if it is to maintain its Good Article status. AIRcorn (talk) 09:52, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

UPDATE: After a number of months, it remains unclear why this section exists and what material it presents. Since no one came forward to address this, I am deleting this section as lacking substance and merely taking up space. StrokeOfMidnight (talk) 01:28, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

Telephone?
Shouldn't that be a mobile phone this day and age. Since it is in a transcluded example (which I think is a very poor choice for plain text content) someone with better transcluded-fu should edit it and maybe just cut and paste it as plain text in the article. No sensible reason for it to be transcluded, unless it is in a huge number of articles, and I doubt the sanity of having it in numbers of articles. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 22:50, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

Structural Architecture
3rd paragraph:

The parameters of a hidden Markov model are of two types, transition probabilities and emission probabilities (also known as output probabilities). The transition probabilities control the way the hidden state at time t is chosen given the hidden state at time t − 1 {\displaystyle t-1}.

Should be three things not two? The preceding weather guessing game model also includes "start probabilities". Don't we need that too?

Also, "Structural Architecture" ... what other kind of architecture is there?

Covariates
I would have like to see something about covariates. --What they are. --Whether they are taken to modify the transition matrix or the probability distributions of the observables. 2601:8C0:2:B940:B485:2759:CFB1:7907 (talk) 15:50, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hidden Markov model


text:
Nanori

Nanori (名乗り) are the often non-standard kanji character readings (pronunciations) found almost exclusively in Japanese names.

In the Japanese language, many Japanese names are constructed from common characters with standard pronunciations. However, names may also contain rare characters which only occur as parts of names, or use non-standard readings of common characters. Often, the readings used are so esoteric that they cannot even be found in dictionaries. For example, the character 希, meaning "hope" or "rare", has standard pronunciations ki (キ), ke (ケ), and mare (まれ). However, as a female name, it can be pronounced Nozomi.

In compounds, nanori readings can be used in conjunction with other readings, such as in the name Iida (飯田). Here, 飯, a character meaning 'meal', is normally read as either meshi (めし) or han (ハン), but in the context of this name the special nanori reading ii (いい) is used instead. The second character 田 is read using its standard kun'yomi reading, da (だ). Often (as in the previous example), the nanori reading is related to the general meaning of the kanji, as it is frequently an old-fashioned way to read the character that has since fallen into disuse.

title: Nanori