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University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa

The University of Hawaii at Mānoa (University of Hawaii–Mānoa, UH Mānoa, Hawaiʻi, or simply UH) is a public land-grant research university in Mānoa, a neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii. It is the flagship campus of the University of Hawaiʻi system and houses the main offices of the system. Most of the campus occupies the eastern half of the mouth of Mānoa Valley, with the John A. Burns School of Medicine located adjacent to the Kakaʻako Waterfront Park.

UH offers over 200 degree programs across 17 colleges and schools. It is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission and governed by the Hawaii State Legislature and a semi-autonomous board of regents. It also a member of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities.

Mānoa is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It is a land-grant university that also participates in the sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant research consortia; it is one of only four such universities in the country to participate in all four consortia (Oregon State University, Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University are the others).

UH and its subsidiary, the Applied Research Laboratory, is one of only 14 University Affiliated Research Centers (UARC) of the United States Department of Defense and is one of five UARCs in the country for the United States Navy.

Notable UH alumni include Patsy T. Mink, Robert Ballard, Richard Parsons, and the parents of Barack Obama – Barack Obama Sr. and Stanley Ann Dunham. Forty-four percent of Hawaii's state senators and 51 percent of its state representatives are UH graduates.

Founding
The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa was founded in 1907 as a land-grant college of agriculture and mechanical arts establishing "the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the Territory of Hawaiʻi and to Provide for the Government and Support Thereof". The bill Maui Senator William J. Huelani Coelho through the initiatives of Native Hawaiian legislators, a newspaper editor, petition of an Asian American bank cashier, and a president of Cornell University, was introduced into the Territorial Legislature March 1, 1907 as Act 24, and signed into law March 25, 1907 by Governor George Carter, which officially established the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the Territory of Hawaiʻi under a five-member Board of Regents on the corner of Beretania and Victoria streets (now the location of the Honolulu Museum of Art School). Regular classes began on September 14, 1908, with John Gilmore as the university's first president.

In September 1912 it moved to its present location in Mānoa Valley on 90 acres of land that had been cobbled together from leased and private lands and was renamed the College of Hawaii. William Kwai Fong Yap, an cashier at Bank of Hawaii, and a group of citizens petitioned the Hawaii Territorial Legislature six years later for university status which led to another renaming finally to the University of Hawaiʻi on April 30, 1919, with the addition of the College of Arts and Sciences and College of Applied Science.

In the years following, the university expanded to include more than 300 acres. In 1931 the Territorial Normal School was absorbed into the university, becoming Teacher's College, now the College of Education.

20th century
The university continued its growth throughout the 1930s and 1940s increasing from 232 to 402 acres. The number of buildings grew from 4 to 17. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, classes were suspended for two months while the Corps of Engineers occupied much of the campus, including the Teacher's College, for various purposes. The university's ROTC program was put into active duty, which made the campus resemble a military school. When classes resumed on February 11, 1942, about half of the student and faculty body left to enter the war or military service. Students, who returned to campus, found classes cancelled due to lack of faculty and were required to carry gas masks to classes and bomb shelters were kept at a ready. Once the war was over, student enrollment grew faster than the university had faculty and space for.

In 1947, the university opened an extension center in Hilo on Hawaiʻi Island in the old Hilo Boarding School. In 1951, Hilo Center was designated the University of Hawaii Hilo Branch before its reorganization by an act of the Hawaiʻi State Legislature in 1970.

By the 1950s, enrollment increased to more than 5,000 students, and the university had expanded to include a Graduate Division, College of Education, College of Engineering, College of Business Administration, College of Tropical Agriculture, and College of Arts and Sciences.

When Hawaiʻi was granted statehood in 1959, the university became a constitutional agency rather than a legislative agency with the Board of Regents having oversight over the university. Enrollment continued to grow to 19,000 at the university through the 1960s and the campus became nationally recognized in research and graduate education.

In 1965, the state legislature created a system of community colleges and placed it within the university at the recommendations of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare's report on higher education in Hawaii and UH President Thomas H. Hamilton. By the end of the 1960s, the University of Hawaiʻi was very different from what it had since its beginning. It had become larger and with the addition of the community colleges, a broad range of activities extending from vocational education to community college education, which were all advanced through research and postdoctoral training.

The university was renamed the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa to distinguish it from other campuses in the University of Hawaiʻi System in 1972.

Organization and administration
The University of Hawaiʻi is governed by an 11-member board of regents who are nominated by the Regents Candidate Advisory Council, appointed by the governor, and appointed by the State of Hawaiʻi legislature. The board also appoints the University of Hawaiʻi president, who also serves as the chief executive of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

Presidents and chancellors
With the exception of the university's first semester, there has always been either a president, interim president, or chancellor. From 1907 to 1965, before the Hawaiʻi State Legislature created the University of Hawaiʻi System, which incorporated the technical and community colleges into the university, the president's role expanded to include oversight of all system campuses, with chancellors taking responsibility for individual campuses. As a result, the president has filled the role of chancellor at the university in addition to serving as president of the University of Hawaiʻi System. The chancellor's position was created in 1974 and would be abolished in 1984, with Albert J. Simone becoming acting president on June 1, 1984.

In 2001, the position of chancellor was recreated by UH System president Evan Dobelle over conflict of interest concerns. It was again abolished in April 2019.

Presidents

 * 1907–1908: Willis T. Pope (acting)
 * 1908–1913: John W. Gilmore
 * 1913–1914: John Donaghho (acting)
 * 1914–1927: Arthur L. Dean
 * 1927–1941: David L. Crawford
 * 1941–1942: Arthur R. Keller (acting)
 * 1942–1955: Gregg M. Sinclair
 * 1955–1957: Paul S. Bachman
 * 1957–1958: Willard Wilson (acting)
 * 1958–1963: Laurence H. Snyder
 * 1963–1968: Thomas H. Hamilton
 * 1968–1969: Robert W. Hiatt (acting)
 * 1969: Richard S. Takasaki (acting)
 * 1969–1974: Harlan Cleveland
 * 1974–1984: See list of chancellors below
 * 1984–1992: Albert J. Simone
 * 1992–1993: Paul C. Yuen (acting)
 * 1993–2001: Kenneth P. Mortimer
 * 2001–2017: See list of chancellors below
 * 2017–present: David Lassner

Chancellors

 * 2001–2002: Deane Neubauer (interim)
 * 2002–2005: Peter Englert
 * 2005–2007: Denise Konan (interim)
 * 2007–2012: Virginia Hinshaw
 * 2012–2014: Tom Apple
 * 2014–2017: Robert Bley-Vroman (interim)

Academics
UH Mānoa, the flagship campus of the University of Hawaiʻi System, is a four-year research university consisting of 17 schools and colleges. In addition to undergraduate and graduate degrees in the School of Architecture, School of Earth Science and Technology, the College of Arts, Languages, and Letters, the Shidler College of Business, the College of Education, and the College of Engineering, the university also maintains professional schools in law and medicine.

Together, the colleges and schools of the university offer bachelor's degrees in 93 fields of study, master's degrees in 84 fields, doctoral degrees in 51 fields, first professional degrees in five fields, post-baccalaureate degrees in three fields, 28 undergraduate certification programs, and 29 graduate certification programs.

College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources
Originally called the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the Territory of Hawaiʻi and formerly the College of Applied Sciences, the College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources (CTAHR) is the founding college of the university. Programs of the college focuses on tropical agriculture, food science and human nutrition, textiles and clothing, and Human Resources.

College of Education
The college was established as the Honolulu Training School in 1895 to prepare and train teachers and then Territorial Normal and Training School after Hawaiʻi became a territory in 1905. As the school outgrew its location on the Punchbowl side of Honolulu, a new campus was to be constructed on the corner of University Avenue and Metcalf Street. The first two buildings constructed by the Territorial Department of Public instruction became known as Wist Hall and Wist Annex 1. The normal school was eventually merged into the University of Hawaiʻi in 1931 as the Teacher's College. In 1959, the name was changed to the College of Education.

College of Arts, Languages & Letters
The College of Arts, Languages, and Letters (CALL) is the newest and largest college at the university. It was created following the dissolution of the College of Arts and Science and the merger of the Colleges of Arts and Humanities, Languages, Linguistics, and Literature (LLL) and the School of Pacific and Asian Studies. The college's core focus is the study of arts, humanities, and languages with a particular focus on Hawaiʻi, the Pacific, and Asia Studies.

Shidler College of Business
The College of Business Administration was established in 1949 with programs in accounting, finance, real estate, industrial relations, and marketing. The college was renamed the Shidler College of Business on September 6, 2006, after real-estate executive Jay Shidler, an alumnus of the college, who donated $25 million to the college.

Nancy Atmospera-Walch School of Nursing
The School of Nursing was established in 1951, even though courses in nursing had been offered since 1932 with a partnership with Queen's Hospital School of Nursing.

Honors program
The UH Mānoa offers an Honors Program to provide additional resources for students preparing to apply to professional school programs. Students complete core curriculum courses for their degrees in the Honors Program, maintain at least a cumulative 3.2 grade-point average in all courses, and complete a senior thesis project.

Library
The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library, which provides access to 3.4 million volumes, 50,000 journals, and thousands of digitized documents, is one of the largest academic research libraries in the United States, ranking 86th in parent institution investment among 113 North American members of the Association of Research Libraries.

Rankings
The National Science Foundation ranked UH Mānoa 45th among 395 public universities for Research and Development (R&D) expenditures in fiscal year 2014.

According to U.S. News & World Report's rankings for 2021, UH Mānoa was tied at 170th overall and 159th for "Best Value" among national universities; tied at 83rd among public universities; and tied at 145th for its undergraduate engineering program among schools that confer doctorates.

Distance learning
The university offers over 50 distance learning courses, using technology to replace either all or a portion of class instruction. Students interact with their instructors and peers from different locations to further develop their education.

Research
With extramural grants and contracts of $436 million in 2012, research at UH Mānoa relates to Hawaii's physical landscape, its people and their heritage. The geography facilitates advances in marine biology, oceanography, underwater robotic technology, astronomy, geology and geophysics, agriculture, aquaculture and tropical medicine. Its heritage, the people and its close ties to the Asian and Pacific region create a favorable environment for study and research in the arts, genetics, intercultural relations, linguistics, religion and philosophy.

According to the National Science Foundation, UH Mānoa spent $276 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 84th in the nation. Extramural funding increased from $368 million in FY 2008 to nearly $436 million in FY 2012. Research grants increased from $278 million in FY 2008 to $317 million in FY 2012. Nonresearch awards totaled $119 million in FY 2012. Overall, extramural funding increased by 18%.

For the period of July 1, 2012 to June 20, 2013, the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) received the largest amount of extramural funding among the Mānoa units at $92 million. SOEST was followed by the medical school at $57 million, the College of Natural Sciences and the University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center at $24 million, the Institute for Astronomy at $22 million, CTARH at $18 million, and the College of Social Sciences and the College of Education at $16 million.

Across the UH system, the majority of research funding comes from the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Defense, the Department of Education, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Commerce, and the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA). Local funding comes from Hawaii government agencies, non-profit organizations, health organizations and business and other interests.

The $150-million medical complex in Kakaʻako opened in the spring of 2005. The facility houses a biomedical research and education center that attracts significant federal funding and private sector investment in biotechnology and cancer research and development.

Research (broadly conceived) is expected of every faculty member at UH Mānoa. Also, according to the Carnegie Foundation, UH Mānoa is an RU/VH (very high research activity) level research university.

In 2013, UH Mānoa was elected to membership in the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, the leading consortium of research universities for the region. APRU represents 45 premier research universities—with a collective 2 million students and 120,000 faculty members—from 16 economies.

Cancer Center
The University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center is part of the Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Its facility in Kakaʻako was completed in 2013. It is designated as cancer center by the National Cancer Institute and represents Hawaiʻi and the Pacific. It was founded in 1971 and was named the Cancer Research Center of Hawaiʻi before 2011. , Naoto Ueno serves as the center's director.

Demographics
UH is the fourth most diverse university in the U.S. According to the 2010 report of the Institutional Research Office, a plurality of students at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa are Caucasian, making up a quarter of the student body. The next largest groups were Japanese Americans (13%), native or part native Hawaiians (13%), Filipino Americans (8%), Chinese Americans (7%) and mixed race (12%). Pacific Islanders and other ethnic groups make up the balance (22%).

Student housing
All UH Mānoa residence halls are coeducational. These include the Hale Aloha Complex, Johnson Hall, Hale Laulima, and Hale Kahawai. Suite-style residence halls include Frear Hall and Gateway House. First year undergraduates who choose to live on campus live in the traditional residence halls.

Two apartment-style complexes are Hale Noelani and Hale Wainani. Hale Noelani consists of five three-story buildings and Hale Wainani has two high rise buildings (one 14-story and one 13-story) and two low-rise buildings. Second-year undergraduates and above are permitted to live in Hale Noelani and Hale Wainani.

The university reserves some low-rise units for graduate students and families.

Charles H. Atherton YMCA
The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and the YMCA of Honolulu has enjoyed a close and robust partnership since the university's founding. Beginning informally in 1908, the YMCA held bible classes and discussions at the University of Hawaiʻi, when it was the College of Hawaiʻi. In 1912, the YMCA of Honolulu followed the college to Mānoa valley and continued its work in Hawaiʻi Hall. In 1922, the relationship was formalized and it was one of the largest and most active groups on the university's campus, including hosting events for high school and incoming students.

In 1932, through funding by the Atherton family, the YMCA moved across the street to a three-story cement building on University Avenue. The building, called the Charles H. Atherton House or the "Pink Building", in addition to being the center for YMCA activities, also served as student housing and dining hall. In 1995, the YMCA purchased the Mary Atherton House next door to provide additional residential and activity space.

In 2017, the Atherton building was sold to the university and University of Hawaiʻi Foundation. Today, its main offices are located in the Queen Lili'uokalani Center for Student Services building on the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where they continue serve UH students and families throughout Hawaiʻi.

The Atherton building has since been closed and renovations began July 2021 to turn the Pink Building into student housing and an innovation center.

Associated Students of the University of Hawaiʻi
The Associated Students of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa (ASUH) is the undergraduate student government representing the 10,000+ full-time, classified, undergraduate students at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. ASUH was founded in 1910 as the Associated Students of Hawaiʻi and was chartered by the University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents in 1912.

Off-campus

 * The Lyon Arboretum is the only tropical arboretum belonging to any US University. The Arboretum, located in Mānoa Valley, was established in 1918 by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association to demonstrate watershed restoration and test tree species for reforestation, as well as to collect living plants of economic value. In 1953, it became part of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Its over 15,000 accessions focus primarily on the monocot families of palms, gingers, heliconias, bromeliads and aroids.
 * The Waikiki Aquarium, founded in 1904, is the third-oldest public aquarium in the United States. A part of the University of Hawaiʻi since 1919, the Aquarium is located next to a living reef on the Waikiki shoreline.

Athletics

The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa competes in NCAA Division I, the only Hawaii school to do so. It competes in the Mountain West Conference for football only and the Big West Conference for most other sports. UH competes in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in men's and women's swimming and diving, and indoor track and field while the coed and women's sailing teams are members of the Pacific Coast Collegiate Sailing Conference.

Men's teams are known as Rainbow Warriors, and women's teams are called Rainbow Wahine. "Wahine" means "woman" in Hawaiian. They are most notable for men's and women's basketball, volleyball, baseball, and football programs. The university won the 2004 Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships. The women's volleyball program won NCAA championships in 1982, 1983 and 1987. The men's volleyball won an NCAA championship in 2021. The men's volleyball team had previously won an NCAA championship title game in 2002, but the title was later vacated due to violations.

The principal sports venues are Clarence T. C. Ching Athletics Complex, Stan Sheriff Center, Les Murakami Stadium, Rainbow Wahine Softball Stadium, and the Duke Kahanamoku Aquatic Complex.

The university's athletic budget in FY 2008–2009 was $29.6 million.

Notable alumni and faculty
Notable alumni of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa include:
 * Daniel Inouye, (B.A. 1950), U.S. Senator
 * Alice Augusta Ball (M.S. Chemistry, 1915), Chemist
 * Daniel Akaka, (B.A. 1952, M.Ed. 1966), U.S. Senator
 * Patsy Mink, (B.A. 1948), former U.S. Congresswoman
 * Neil Abercrombie, (M.A. 1964, PhD 1974) former governor of Hawaiʻi
 * Robert Ballard, (M.S. 1966), oceanographer
 * Rick Blangiardi, (M.A 1973), 15th mayor of Honolulu
 * Robert Blust, (B.A. 1967, PhD 1974), linguist and Austronesian language expert
 * Richard Parsons, (B.A. 1968), businessman, former chairman of Citigroup
 * Mazie Hirono, (B.A. 1970), U.S. Senator
 * Ana Paula Höfling, dance researcher and academic
 * Mark Takai, (B.A. 1989, M.P.H. 1991), U.S. Congressman
 * Tammy Duckworth, (B.A. 1990), U.S. Senator
 * Janet Mock, (B.A. 2004), writer
 * Georgia Engel, (B.A. 1967), actress
 * Esther T. Mookini, linguist and translator
 * Sonny Ganaden, (J.D. 2006 ), lawyer, journalist and Member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from the 30th District; later a faculty member
 * Robert Huey, Japanologist
 * Michael Savage, (M.S., 1970, M.A., 1972), author
 * Robyn Ah Mow-Santos, 1996, USA Volleyball Team member and former Olympian
 * Arsenio Balisacan, PhD, 1985, Socioeconomic Planning Secretary and Director General of the National Economic and Development Authority of the Philippines
 * Colleen Hanabusa, (B.A. 1970, M.A. 1975, J.D. 1977), former U.S. Congresswoman
 * Linda Taira, (B.A. 1978), former chief congressional correspondent for CNN
 * Nainoa Thompson, (B.A. 1986) navigator and former trustee of Kamehameha Schools
 * Mark Takai, (B.A. 1990, M.P.H. 1993) U.S. Congressman
 * Jay H. Shidler, (B.B.A. 1968) entrepreneur and benefactor of the Shidler College of Business
 * Ann Dunham, (Ph.D. 1992) American anthropologist and mother of President Barack Obama
 * Pat Saiki, (B.S. 1952), former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and teacher
 * Ed Lu, Postdoctoral fellow, former NASA astronaut
 * Corinne K. A. Watanabe (J.D. 1971 ), judge

Notable faculty of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa include:
 * Lee Altenberg, theoretical biologist
 * Mapuana Antonio, public health academic
 * Tom Apple, physical chemist
 * Kim Binsted, computer scientist
 * Lyle Campbell, linguist
 * Monique Chyba, mathematician
 * Edward DeLong, atmospheric science, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Milton Diamond, anatomist
 * Mike Douglass, urban planner
 * David Cameron Duffy, conservation biologist
 * Kathy Ferguson, political scientist
 * Ruth Haas, mathematician
 * Richard S. Hamilton, mathematician, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Bruce Houghton, vulcanologist
 * Hope A. Ishii, geophysicist
 * Reece Jones, geographer, Guggenheim Fellow
 * Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro, evolutionary biologist
 * David Karl, microbiologist and oceanographer, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Klaus Keil, geophysicist
 * Patrick Vinton Kirch, archaeologist, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Denise Konan, economist
 * Michelle Manes, mathematician
 * Margaret McFall-Ngai, biologist, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Karen Jean Meech, astronomer
 * Michael J. Shapiro, political scientist
 * Manfred B. Steger, sociologist
 * Steven M. Stanley, paleontologist and evolutionary biologist, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Stephen Vargo, marketing
 * Bin Wang, meteorologist
 * Ryuzo Yanagimachi, biologist, member of the National Academy of Sciences

Notable former faculty members include:
 * Isabella Abbott, ethnobotanist
 * Glenn Cannon, theatre
 * Hampton L. Carson, evolutionary biologist
 * Jim Dator, Political-Social Science
 * Wilbur Davenport, communications engineering, member of the National Academy of Engineering
 * Ruth D. Gates, marine biologist
 * George Herbig, astronomer, member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Robert A. Kinzie III, biologist and zoologist
 * W. Wesley Peterson, computer scientist and mathematician
 * Joseph Rock, botanist
 * Shunzo Sakamaki, Japanese studies
 * Richard Schmidt, linguist
 * Lani Stemmermann, botanist, conservation biologist
 * Harold St. John, botanist
 * Satosi Watanabe, theoretical physicist
 * Reina Whaitiri, English literature

Art on campus
Campus art includes:
 * The John Young Museum of Art
 * The Jean Charlot collection at the Hamilton Library
 * Murals by Jean Charlot: The Relation of Man and Nature in Old Hawaii (1949), Commencement (1953), Inspiration, Study, Creativity (1967), and Mayan Warrior (1970)
 * Sculptures by Edward M. Brownlee: Maka Io (Hawk's Eye) (1984), and an untitled reflecting pool with copper and iron sculpture (1962)
 * Sculptures by Bumpei Akaji: Maka a e Ike Aku i ke Awawa Uluwehi i na Kuahiwi o Mānoa (Glowing Eyes Looking at the Lush Valley in the Mountains of Mānoa) (1979), Manaoio (Confidence and Faith) (1981), and VVV (1995)
 * Murals by Mataumu Toelupe Alisa: Backyard Cooking (1977), and Hula (1982)
 * Works by Shige Yamada: Alae a Hina (Mud Hen of Hina) (1977), and Rainbows (1997)
 * Sculptures by Greg Clurman: Sumotori (Sumo Wrestler, 1975), and Hina o na Lani (Mother of the Universe, 1975)
 * Wa (Harmony), ceramic sculpture by Wayne A. Miyata, 1982
 * Founders' Gate, stone arches by Ralph Fishbourne, 1933
 * Neumes o Hawaii, ceramic tile bench and planter by Suzi Pleyte Horan, 1976
 * Chance Meeting, cast bronze sculpture by George Segal, 1991
 * Three untitled murals by Frank M. Moore, 1919
 * Silent Sound, brass bas relief by Paul Vanders, 1973
 * The Net Effect, cast bronze sculpture by Fred H. Roster, 1982
 * Rainbow Spirit, painted copper sculpture by Babs Miyano-Young, 1997
 * Untitled ceramic wall sculpture by Isami Enomoto, 1964
 * Gate of Hope, red-orange painted steel sculpture by Alexander Liberman, 1972
 * Divers, red brass sculpture by Robert Stackhouse, 1991
 * Krypton 1 x 6 x 18, mixed media monolith by Bruce Hopper, 1973
 * Wisdom of the East, fresco by Affandi, 1967
 * Pulelehua (Kamehameha Butterfly), ceramic mural by Bob Flint, 1986
 * Makahiki Hookupu (Harvest Celebration), charcoal and sanguine mural by Juliette May Fraser, 1938
 * Nana i ke Kumu (Look to the Source), batik triptych by Yvonne Cheng, 1978
 * GovDocs, mural by Judith Yamauchi, 1982
 * Anuenue #2 (Rainbow #2), three-part woven wall hanging by Reiko Brandon, 1977
 * Seated Amida Buddha, 15th-century Japanese wood sculpture with gold over black lacquer
 * Epitaph, bronze, steel and granite sculpture by Harold Tovish, 1970
 * Grid/Scape, terrazzo and aluminum landscape sculpture by Mamoru Sato, 1982
 * The Great Manoa Crack Seed Caper, by Lanny Little and student assistants, 1981
 * The Bilger Frescoes representing Air, Water, Earth and Fire by Juliette May Fraser, David Asherman, Sueko Matsueda Kimura and Richard Lucier, 1951–1953
 * The Fourth Sign, painted steel sculpture by Tony Smith, 1976
 * Varney Circle Fountain, by Henry H. Rempel and Cornelia McIntyre Foley, 1934
 * Spirit of Loyalty, cast glass sculpture Rick Mills, 1995
 * Mind and Heart, metal sculpture by Frank Sheriff, 1995
 * To the Nth Power, steel sculpture by Charles W. Watson, 1971
 * Bamboo Forest, mural painted on bricks by Padraic Shigetani, 1978
 * Peace Pole, painted obelisk, 1995
 * Hawaiʻi Kaʻu Kumu (Hawaiʻi My Teacher), pair of murals by Calley O'Neill and assistants, 1982
 * Untitled painted photorealist mural by Donald Yatomi, 1990
 * Arctic Portals, stainless steel sculpture by Jan-Peter Stern, 1975
 * Adam, bronze sculpture by Satoru Abe, 1954

These artworks are off the main campus:
 * East-West Center gallery
 * Pleiades, overhead installation of mounted prisms at the Institute for Astronomy by Otto Piene, 1976
 * Shadow of Progress mixed media sculpture at the Pacific Biomedical Research Center by Rebecca Steen, 1990
 * Woven wall hanging at KHET (2350 Dole Street) by Jean Williams, 1972

title: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa


text:
Momo (novel)

Momo, also known as The Grey Gentlemen or The Men in Grey, is a fantasy novel by Michael Ende, published in 1973. It is about the concept of time and how it is used by humans in modern societies. The full title in German (Momo oder Die seltsame Geschichte von den Zeit-Dieben und von dem Kind, das den Menschen die gestohlene Zeit zurückbrachte) translates to Momo, or the strange story of the time-thieves and the child who brought the stolen time back to the people. The book won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1974.

Plot
In the ruins of an amphitheatre just outside an unnamed city lives Momo, a little girl of mysterious origin. She came to the ruin, parentless and wearing a long, used coat. She is illiterate and cannot count, and she doesn't know how old she is. When asked, she replies, "As far as I remember, I've always been around." She is remarkable in the neighbourhood because she has the extraordinary ability to listen—really listen. By simply being with people and listening to them, she can help them find answers to their problems, make up with each other, and think of fun games. The advice given to people "go and see Momo!" has become a household phrase and Momo makes many friends, especially an honest, silent street-cleaner, Beppo, and a poetic, extroverted tour guide, Gigi (Guido in some translations).

This pleasant atmosphere is spoiled by the arrival of the Men in Grey, eventually revealed as a species of paranormal parasites stealing the time of humans. Appearing in the form of grey-clad, grey-skinned, bald men, these strange individuals present themselves as representing the Timesavings Bank and promote the idea of "timesaving" among the population: supposedly, time can be deposited in the Bank and returned to the client later with interest. After encountering the Men in Grey, people are made to forget all about them, but not about the resolution to save as much time as possible for later use. Gradually, the sinister influence of the Men in Grey affects the whole city: life becomes sterile, devoid of all things considered time-wasting, like social activities, recreation, art, imagination, or sleeping. Buildings and clothing are made exactly the same for everyone, and the rhythms of life become hectic. In reality, the more time people save, the less they have; the time they save is actually lost to them. Instead, it is consumed by the Men in Grey in the form of cigars made from the dried petals of the hour-lilies that represent time. Without these cigars, the Men in Grey cannot exist.

Momo, however, is a wrench in the plans of the Men in Grey and the Timesavings Bank, thanks to her special personality. The Men in Grey try various plans to deal with her, to derail her from stopping their scheme, but they all fail. When even her closest friends fall under the influence of the Men in Grey in one way or another, Momo's only hope to save the time of mankind are the administrator of Time, Master Secundus Minutus Hora, and Cassiopeia, a tortoise who can communicate through writing on her shell and can see thirty minutes into the future. Momo's adventure takes her from the depths of her heart, which her own time flows from in the form of hour-lilies, to the lair of the Men in Grey themselves, where the time that people believe they are saving is hoarded.

After Master Hora stops time, but gives Momo a single hour-lily to carry with her, she has exactly one hour to defeat the Men in Grey in a frozen world where only they and she are still moving. She surreptitiously follows them to their underground lair and observes as they decimate their own number in order to stretch their supply of time as far as possible. With the advice of Cassiopeia and by using the hour-lily, Momo is able to shut the door to the vault where the stolen lilies are kept. Now facing extinction as soon as their cigars are consumed, the few remaining Men in Grey pursue Momo, perishing one by one. The last Man in Grey finally begs her to give him the hour-lily so that he can open the vault. When she refuses, he too vanishes remarking that "it is good it is over".

Using the last minute she has before her hour-lily crumbles, Momo opens the vault again, releasing the millions of hour-lilies stored within. The stolen time returns to its proper owners and goes back to their hearts, causing time to start again (without people knowing it had ever halted). Momo is reunited with her friends, and elsewhere Master Hora rejoices together with Cassiopeia.

Major themes
The main theme of Momo can be seen as a criticism of consumerism and stress. It describes the personal and social losses produced by unnecessary consumption, and the danger to be driven by a hidden interest group with enough power to induce people into this life style. Michael Ende has also stated to have had the concept of currency demurrage in mind when writing Momo.

Childhood is also an important subject in many of Ende's books. In Momo it is used to offer contrast with the adult society. As children have "all the time in the world", they are a difficult target for the Men in Grey: children can't be convinced that their games are time-wasting. The author uses a mockery of Barbie dolls and other expensive toys as symbols to show how anyone can be persuaded, even indirectly, into consumerism.

Robert N. Peck described that Momo has five principle elements: taking time, listening, imagining, persons and music.

Literary significance
An article by philosopher David Loy and literature professor Linda Goodhew called Momo "one of the most remarkable novels of the late twentieth century". They further state that: "One of the most amazing things about Momo is that it was published in 1973. Since then, the temporal nightmare it depicts has become our reality."

Ende himself has said that "Momo is a tribute of gratitude to Italy and also a declaration of love," indicating that the author idealized the Italian way of life. Loy and Goodhew suggested that Ende's perspective on time coincided with his interest in Buddhism and that for example the deliberately slow character of Beppo might be regarded as a Zen master, even though Ende wrote the book long before his visits to Japan.

When the book was published in the U.S. in 1985, Natalie Babbit from the Washington Post commented: "Is it a children's book? Not here in America." Momo was republished by Puffin Press on January 19, 2009.

Then Norwegian Prime Minister Thorbjørn Jagland, in his New Year Address to the nation on January 1, 1997, referenced Ende's book and its plot: "People are persuaded to save time by eliminating everything not useful. One of the people so influenced cuts out his girlfriend, sells his pet, stops singing, reading and visiting friends. In this way he will supposedly become an efficient man getting something out of life. What is strange is that he is in a greater hurry than ever. The saved-up time disappears - and he never sees it again." Prime Minister Jagland went on to say that to many people, time has become the scarcest resource of all, contrary to their attempt at saving as much of it as possible.

Adaptations

 * Momo was made into a film of Italian/German production in 1986, in which Michael Ende himself played a small role as the narrator who encounters Professor Hora (performed by John Huston) at the beginning of the film (and at the end of the book). The role of Momo was performed by German actress and model Radost Bokel.
 * Momo (2001) is an Italian animated film based on the novel. It is directed by Enzo D'Alò and features a soundtrack by Gianna Nannini, an Italian popular singer. In 2003, a 26-episode animated television series based directly on this adaptation was released, serving as an extended re-telling of the film.
 * The book has also been acted in radio programmes.
 * A German dramatized audiobook under the title Momo (Karussell/Universal Music Group 1984, directed by Anke Beckert, narrated by Harald Leipnitz, music by Frank Duval, 3 parts on LP and MC, 2 parts on CD)
 * There have been a number of stage adaptations, including an opera written by Ende himself and an English-language version by Andy Thackeray.
 * Legend of Raana (2014), animated miniseries directed by Majid Ahmady
 * In 2015, the Royal Danish Opera commissioned composer Svitlana Azarova to write Momo and the Time Thieves. Its world premiere occurred at the Copenhagen Opera House in October, 2017.
 * In January 2023, it was announced that Christian Ditter would direct an English-language film adaptation of the novel with Christian Becker producing.
 * In January 2023, it was announced that Christian Ditter would direct an English-language film adaptation of the novel with Christian Becker producing.

Translations
The book was originally published in 1973 in Germany as Momo.

Momo has been translated into various languages including Arabic, Asturian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Galician, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Mongolian, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Thai, Ukrainian, Vietnamese and Sinhalese.

The original English translation The Grey Gentlemen by Frances Lobb was published in 1974. A new English translation, Momo, was published in 1984. A newly translated, newly illustrated U.S. edition was released by McSweeney's in August 2013, in celebration of the book's fortieth anniversary. The McSweeney edition was scheduled for a new release in January 2017. However, some illustrations (created by Marcel Dzama) in the McSweeney release, such as Momo's appearance, do not conform to the text in the book.

The Spanish translation Momo, o la extraña historia de los ladrones del tiempo y la niña que devolvió el tiempo a los hombres was made by Susana Constante in 1978 for Ediciones Alfaguara: it was a great success in Spain and Latin America, having dozens of reprints since.

The Persian translation was published several times (first time in 1988) by Zarrin Publishers in Tehran. At the time of publication, it enjoyed great popularity in Iran, but due to the absence of any new printings since 1992, it is now inaccessible to the Iranian children. This, along with a stop in publishing other children's books by German and other European writers, is part of an ongoing trend in publishing American and English children's fiction in Iran.

In popular culture

 * An episode of the anime adaptation of Sailor Moon features a plot similar to the plot of the Men in Grey where the villain Jadeite steals the time of the people of Tokyo.
 * The story of Momo plays a role in the Korean TV series My Lovely Sam Soon, where the main character's niece chooses to not speak due to post-traumatic stress of having both her parents killed in a car accident. The lead character buys the book and reads it (by himself and also to his niece) to try to understand his love interest more.
 * The novel is referred to in each episode of the Japanese TV series A Girl of 35, starring Ko Shibasaki and Kentaro Sakaguchi (2020). The lead character wakes up after 25 years in a coma and feels her time has been stolen. She uses the Momo characters to learn how to grow up and come to terms with the tragic consequences her accident had for her whole family.
 * The Korean girl group Momoland was named after this novel.
 * One of the short stories within the Monogatari Series (Yotsugi Future) focuses on one of the characters' perception of the novel, which she compares the concept of time to herself, and adults who waste valuable time.
 * K-pop singer and leader of the group Exo, Suho, was inspired by the novel in creating the concept and title for his sophomore album Grey Suit, as well at the title-track.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Momo (novel)


text:
Tejas

Tejas may refer to:

Places

 * Texas
 * Spanish Texas, colonial province
 * Mexican Texas, territory of post-independence Mexico
 * Coahuila y Tejas, a state under the 1824 Mexican constitution that included the region of present-day Texas
 * Tejas, Humacao, Puerto Rico, a barrio
 * Tejas, Las Piedras, Puerto Rico, a barrio
 * Tejas, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, a barrio

People

 * Tejas, a Native American tribe of the Hasinai confederation of North America (present day Texas)
 * Vernon Tejas, American mountain climber and mountain guide

Arts, entertainment, media

 * Tejas (album), the fifth album by the blues-rock band ZZ Top
 * Tejas (film), a Bollywood film
 * Tejas (musician), an Indian singer-songwriter and guitarist

Transportation and vehicular

 * Tejas Express train of India
 * HAL Tejas, an Indian combat aircraft

Other uses

 * Tejas, roofing tiles used in late (post-1790) California mission architecture
 * Tejas and Jayhawk, code names for a microprocessor developed by Intel
 * Tejas Club, a student organization at the University of Texas at Austin

title: Tejas


text:
Talk:Miguel Primo de Rivera

Article Issues

 * I have placed an "article issues" template on the main page of this article. Several items need to be addressed with this article:
 * 1) It needs to have more references and inline citations (it presently has two of both).
 * 2) NPOV is a big problem with this article and it could need a rewrite (see: "infrastructure for his economically backward country")
 * 3) The article has an "essay-like" tone to it and is not in encyclopedic form. Again; NPOV needs to be addressed with this article.
 * Also: I removed the dead link to Bartleby's, and moved all of the un-cited "reference" material into a "See Also" section (which I created).

Other
Why is there a link to Primo de Rivera just at the beginning ? The only use I can think of such an article is to disambiguate btw Miguel and Jose Antonio P. de R., but it shouldn't be linked from here anyway (since we refer to J.A. later anyway). 82.41.79.253 20:53, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Catalan wasn't banned and nor was the sardana, although some poorly researched history books (eg Kaplan, Red City, Blue Period: Social Movements in Picasso’s Barcelona) claim without documentation that they were. Kalebeul (talk) 19:15, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

The article states that Catalan was banned in churches, which is not the case. The regime attempted to replace Catalan clergy suspected of being separatists, or of fomenting separatism, and language was central to this issue. It carried out this policy without the support of the Vatican, and so with limited success. Language became an issue of dispute between the dictatorship and the Catalan Catholic Church, but it was not banned in church. [see: William J. Callahan, The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875-1998, (Catholic University of America Press: 2000) pp158-161]. With regard to sardanas the Civil Governor of Barcelona, General Losada, did ban one particular type, which he witnessed being used as a Catalan nationalist anthem (or so he believed). He banned it in public places. I know of no evidence of a blanket ban on the dances. [see: Josep M. Ainaud de Lasarte, El Llibre Negre de Catalunya, (La Campana: 1995) p52]. 2.127.36.199 (talk) 14:14, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:22, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Bias?
This article seems incredibly favorable for a commonly described dictator, there aren't any negatives written about, and his fall from power goes almost completely unmentioned. --69.118.102.57 (talk) 03:30, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I would agree that Primo is presented in a positive light here. His repression of Catalonia in particular was harsh, and if explored just a little more deeply, would provide more balance to the article.  The pacification of Spanish Morocco was less widely praised than is suggested.  2.127.36.199 (talk) 13:51, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree, this reads like a very biased and hopelessly old-fashioned hagiography, sentences like "Grateful Spaniards rejoiced to think etc. " don't belong here! 79.154.191.129 (talk) 19:48, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

Who are these "many Spaniards" under Franco who looked back with fondness at Primo Rivera's regime? That needs attestation, and the comparison seems unnecessary anyways. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.58.58.46 (talk) 15:44, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

I have to disagree! Had he been as weak, inept and incompetent as is implied in the main text, how could he have led a coup and remained in power for seven years? As for discrediting the monarchy, we can understand that some monarchists would take such a view, but had the Spanish monarchy not been long discredited, would Primo de Rivera have come to power in the first place? It simply reads like a poor article. What is most worrying is that given the significance of this period in the build up to the Spanish Civil War no one seems to give a damn about it. Are there no Spanish historians? Optymystic (talk) 19:35, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

The ridiculousness of the section ("Promoting infrastructure") praising the dictator's achievements becomes evident in its very first paragraph. Primo de Rivera grabbed power in September 1923, and as key evidence that he "worked to build infrastructure for his economically backward country" we are told that just months later, in 1924, lo and behold, the Barcelona Metro opened. Clearly, cause and effect. Perhaps someone with Photoshop experience could also provide an image of the dictator cutting the ribbon? That would really seal his great contribution. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.153.29.22 (talk) 11:30, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 22:27, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Consider the discussion hereby no longer dormant, furthermore the discussion is not only regarding the facts but more fundamentally about the tone of the article which is clearly inappropriate. 79.154.191.129 (talk) 19:48, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

courage and initiative
"He showed courage and initiative in battles against the Berbers of the Rif region"

By large-scale gas warfare against civilians, according to German WP:

"für die flächendeckende Vergasung der aufständischen Rif-Kabylen und Zivilbevölkerung um Al Hoceïma verantwortlich." 2A02:AA1:1017:3AE:256D:697F:AEC4:555F (talk) 10:42, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Passage can (and should) be reworded (and sourced), but merits and promotions in that context prolly refers to Primo de Rivera's deeds in the 1893 Melillan campaign. Connection to war crimes pertaining use of chemical warfare on civilian population during the Rif War (in the 1920s) can be dealt with latter in a different place, even if the initiative predates the 1923 coup d'etat, IIRC.--Asqueladd (talk) 11:27, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Small detail about the definition of "fascism"
Whether or not Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera was a fascist is a matter of scholarly debate and should not be presented as fact. The term "far-right" is much more accurate. JoshuaEriksen (talk) 01:31, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * He was a fascist, Joshua, and sources describe the subject as such.--Asqueladd (talk) 20:55, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Different sources say different things, since it is a matter of scholarly debate. The definition of fascism is also very broad and blurry, especially in these edge cases. Jose Antonio on several occasions stated that his movement was not a fascist movement, hence the term "Falangism." JoshuaEriksen (talk) 22:47, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

Marquis?
He is a marqués. He is not French. Should he be a marquess in English? 99.228.43.228 (talk) 20:50, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Continental nobiliary titles often (if not generally, in the case of Spain) use the French spelling in English-language sources. Just check out there.--Asqueladd (talk) 20:53, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * His son and successor José Antonio Primo de Rivera's article uses the English spelling. Which sources in this article use the French spelling? ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 23:29, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * In a non-exhaustive search, English-language sources using the French spelling include tertiary and secondary sources including the monography about the dictatorship by Shlomo Ben-Ami cited in further reading. As I have said this is not particular for this individual but for Continental peerage in a general sense. The article about the son perhaps should be modified too, I haven't look closely into it, and this is not the place to discuss it, either way.--Asqueladd (talk) 15:28, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n 203.190.14.156 (talk) 16:31, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miguel Primo de Rivera


text:
Midazolam

Midazolam, sold under the brand name Versed among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia, premedication before surgical anesthesia, and procedural sedation, and to treat severe agitation. It induces sleepiness, decreases anxiety, and causes anterograde amnesia.

The drug does not cause an individual to become unconscious, merely to be sedated. It is also useful for the treatment of prolonged (lasting over five minutes) seizures. Midazolam can be given by mouth, intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by spraying into the nose, or through the cheek. When given intravenously, it typically begins working within five minutes; when injected into a muscle, it can take fifteen minutes to begin working.

Side effects can include a decrease in efforts to breathe, low blood pressure, and sleepiness. Tolerance to its effects and withdrawal syndrome may occur following long-term use. Paradoxical effects, such as increased activity, can occur especially in children and older people. There is evidence of risk when used during pregnancy but no evidence of harm with a single dose during breastfeeding.

Midazolam was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1982. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Midazolam is available as a generic medication. In many countries, it is a controlled substance.

Seizures
Midazolam is sometimes used for the acute management of prolonged seizures. Long-term use for the management of epilepsy is not recommended due to the significant risk of tolerance (which renders midazolam and other benzodiazepines ineffective) and the significant side effect of sedation. A benefit of midazolam is that in children it can be given in the cheek or in the nose for acute seizures, including status epilepticus.

Drawbacks include a high degree of breakthrough seizures—due to the short half-life of midazolam—in over 50% of people treated, as well as treatment failure in 14–18% of people with refractory status epilepticus. Tolerance develops rapidly to the anticonvulsant effect, and the dose may need to be increased by several times to maintain anticonvulsant therapeutic effects. With prolonged use, tolerance and tachyphylaxis can occur and the elimination half-life may increase, up to days. Buccal and intranasal midazolam may be both easier to administer and more effective than rectally administered diazepam in the emergency control of seizures.

Procedural sedation
Intravenous midazolam is indicated for procedural sedation (often in combination with an opioid, such as fentanyl), preoperative sedation, for the induction of general anesthesia, and for sedation of people who are ventilated in critical care units. Midazolam is superior to diazepam in impairing memory of endoscopy procedures, but propofol has a quicker recovery time and a better memory-impairing effect. It is the most popular benzodiazepine in the intensive care unit (ICU) because of its short elimination half-life, combined with its water solubility and its suitability for continuous infusion. However, for long-term sedation, lorazepam is preferred due to its long duration of action, and propofol has advantages over midazolam when used in the ICU for sedation, such as shorter weaning time and earlier tracheal extubation.

Midazolam is sometimes used in neonatal intensive care units. When used, additional caution is required in newborns; midazolam should not be used for longer than 72 hours due to risks of tachyphylaxis, and the possibility of development of a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, as well as neurological complications. Bolus injections should be avoided due to the increased risk of cardiovascular depression, as well as neurological complications.

Sedation using midazolam can be used to relieve anxiety and manage behaviour in children undergoing dental treatment.

Agitation
Midazolam, in combination with an antipsychotic drug, is indicated for the acute management of schizophrenia when it is associated with aggressive or out-of-control behaviour.

End of life care
In the final stages of end-of-life care, midazolam is routinely used at low doses via subcutaneous injection to help with agitation, restlessness or anxiety in the last hours or days of life. At higher doses during the last weeks of life, midazolam is considered a first line agent in palliative continuous deep sedation therapy when it is necessary to alleviate intolerable suffering not responsive to other treatments, but the need for this is rare.

Administration
Routes of administration of midazolam can be oral, intranasal, buccal, intravenous, and intramuscular.

Contraindications
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, in alcohol- or other drug-dependent individuals or those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Additional caution is required in critically ill patients, as accumulation of midazolam and its active metabolites may occur. Kidney or liver impairments may slow down the elimination of midazolam leading to prolonged and enhanced effects.

Side effects

Side effects of midazolam in the elderly are listed above. People experiencing amnesia as a side effect of midazolam are generally unaware their memory is impaired, unless they had previously known it as a side effect.

Long-term use of benzodiazepines has been associated with long-lasting deficits in memory, and show only partial recovery six months after stopping benzodiazepines. It is unclear whether full recovery occurs after longer periods of abstinence. Benzodiazepines can cause or worsen depression. Paradoxical excitement occasionally occurs with benzodiazepines, including a worsening of seizures. Children and elderly individuals or those with a history of excessive alcohol use and individuals with a history of aggressive behavior or anger are at increased risk of paradoxical effects. Paradoxical reactions are particularly associated with intravenous administration. After nighttime administration of midazolam, residual 'hangover' effects, such as sleepiness and impaired psychomotor and cognitive functions, may persist into the next day. This may impair the ability of users to drive safely and may increase the risk of falls and hip fractures. Sedation, respiratory depression and hypotension due to a reduction in systematic vascular resistance, and an increase in heart rate can occur. If intravenous midazolam is given too quickly, hypotension may occur. A "midazolam infusion syndrome" may result from high doses, is characterised by delayed arousal hours to days after discontinuation of midazolam, and may lead to an increase in the length of ventilatory support needed.

In rare susceptible individuals, midazolam has been known to cause a paradoxical reaction, a well-documented complication with benzodiazepines. When this occurs, the individual may experience anxiety, involuntary movements, aggressive or violent behavior, uncontrollable crying or verbalization, and other similar effects. This seems to be related to the altered state of consciousness or disinhibition produced by the drug. Paradoxical behavior is often not recalled by the patient due to the amnesia-producing properties of the drug. In extreme situations, flumazenil can be administered to inhibit or reverse the effects of midazolam. Antipsychotic medications, such as haloperidol, have also been used for this purpose.

Midazolam is known to cause respiratory depression. In healthy humans, 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam may cause respiratory depression, which is postulated to be a central nervous system (CNS) effect. When midazolam is administered in combination with fentanyl, the incidence of hypoxemia or apnea becomes more likely.

Although the incidence of respiratory depression/arrest is low (0.1–0.5%) when midazolam is administered alone at normal doses, the concomitant use with CNS acting drugs, mainly analgesic opiates, may increase the possibility of hypotension, respiratory depression, respiratory arrest, and death, even at therapeutic doses. Potential drug interactions involving at least one CNS depressant were observed for 84% of midazolam users who were subsequently required to receive the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Therefore, efforts directed toward monitoring drug interactions and preventing injuries from midazolam administration are expected to have a substantial impact on the safe use of this drug.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Midazolam, when taken during the third trimester of pregnancy, may cause risk to the neonate, including benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, with possible symptoms including hypotonia, apnoeic spells, cyanosis, and impaired metabolic responses to cold stress. Symptoms of hypotonia and the neonatal benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome have been reported to persist from hours to months after birth. Other neonatal withdrawal symptoms include hyperexcitability, tremor, and gastrointestinal upset (diarrhea or vomiting). Breastfeeding by mothers using midazolam is not recommended.

Elderly
Additional caution is required in the elderly, as they are more sensitive to the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines, metabolise them more slowly, and are more prone to adverse effects, including drowsiness, amnesia (especially anterograde amnesia), ataxia, hangover effects, confusion, and falls.

Tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal
A benzodiazepine dependence occurs in about one-third of individuals who are treated with benzodiazepines for longer than 4 weeks, which typically results in tolerance and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome when the dose is reduced too rapidly. Midazolam infusions may induce tolerance and a withdrawal syndrome in a matter of days. The risk factors for dependence include dependent personality, use of a benzodiazepine that is short-acting, high potency and long-term use of benzodiazepines. Withdrawal symptoms from midazolam can range from insomnia and anxiety to seizures and psychosis. Withdrawal symptoms can sometimes resemble a person's underlying condition. Gradual reduction of midazolam after regular use can minimise withdrawal and rebound effects. Tolerance and the resultant withdrawal syndrome may be due to receptor down-regulation and GABAA receptor alterations in gene expression, which causes long-term changes in the function of the GABAergic neuronal system.

Chronic users of benzodiazepine medication who are given midazolam experience reduced therapeutic effects of midazolam, due to tolerance to benzodiazepines. Prolonged infusions with midazolam results in the development of tolerance; if midazolam is given for a few days or more a withdrawal syndrome can occur. Therefore, preventing a withdrawal syndrome requires that a prolonged infusion be gradually withdrawn, and sometimes, continued tapering of dose with an oral long-acting benzodiazepine such as clorazepate dipotassium. When signs of tolerance to midazolam occur during intensive care unit sedation the addition of an opioid or propofol is recommended. Withdrawal symptoms can include irritability, abnormal reflexes, tremors, clonus, hypertonicity, delirium and seizures, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypertension, and tachypnea.

Overdose
A midazolam overdose is considered a medical emergency and generally requires the immediate attention of medical personnel. Benzodiazepine overdose in healthy individuals is rarely life-threatening with proper medical support; however, the toxicity of benzodiazepines increases when they are combined with other CNS depressants such as alcohol, opioids, or tricyclic antidepressants. The toxicity of benzodiazepine overdose and the risk of death are also increased in the elderly and those with obstructive pulmonary disease or when used intravenously. Treatment is supportive; activated charcoal can be used within an hour of the overdose. The antidote for an overdose of midazolam (or any other benzodiazepine) is flumazenil. While effective in reversing the effects of benzodiazepines it is not used in most cases as it may trigger seizures in mixed overdoses and benzodiazepine dependent individuals.

Symptoms of midazolam overdose can include:

 * Ataxia
 * Dysarthria
 * Nystagmus
 * Slurred speech
 * Somnolence (difficulty staying awake)
 * Mental confusion
 * Hypotension
 * Respiratory arrest
 * Vasomotor collapse

 * Impaired motor functions
 * Impaired reflexes
 * Impaired coordination
 * Impaired balance
 * Dizziness
 * Coma
 * Death

Detection in body fluids
Concentrations of midazolam or its major metabolite, 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide, may be measured in plasma, serum, or whole blood to monitor for safety in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to assist in a forensic investigation of a case of fatal overdosage. Patients with renal dysfunction may exhibit prolongation of elimination half-life for both the parent drug and its active metabolite, with accumulation of these two substances in the bloodstream and the appearance of adverse depressant effects.

Interactions
Protease inhibitors, nefazodone, sertraline, grapefruit, fluoxetine, erythromycin, diltiazem, clarithromycin inhibit the metabolism of midazolam, leading to a prolonged action. St John's wort, rifapentine, rifampin, rifabutin, phenytoin enhance the metabolism of midazolam leading to a reduced action. Sedating antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs such as phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine, sedative antihistamines, opioids, antipsychotics and alcohol enhance the sedative effects of midazolam. Midazolam is metabolized almost completely by cytochrome P450-3A4. Atorvastatin administration along with midazolam results in a reduced elimination rate of midazolam. St John's wort decreases the blood levels of midazolam. Grapefruit juice reduces intestinal 3A4 and results in less metabolism and higher plasma concentrations.

Pharmacology
Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine in adults with an elimination half-life of 1.5–2.5 hours. In the elderly, as well as young children and adolescents, the elimination half-life is longer. Midazolam is metabolised into an active metabolite alpha-hydroxymidazolam. Age-related deficits, renal and liver status affect the pharmacokinetic factors of midazolam as well as its active metabolite. However, the active metabolite of midazolam is minor and contributes to only 10% of biological activity of midazolam. Midazolam is poorly absorbed orally, with only 50% of the drug reaching the bloodstream. Midazolam is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and by glucuronide conjugation. Oxidation of midazolam is the major metabolite in human liver microsome (HLM). The half life (t$1/2$) of midazolam in HLM is 3.3 minutes. The therapeutic as well as adverse effects of midazolam are due to its effects on the GABA$A$ receptors; midazolam does not activate GABA$A$ receptors directly but, as with other benzodiazepines, it enhances the effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter GABA on the GABA$A$ receptors (increasing the frequency of Cl$−$ channel opening) resulting in neural inhibition. Almost all of the properties can be explained by the actions of benzodiazepines on GABA$A$ receptors. This results in the following pharmacological properties being produced: sedation, induction of sleep, reduction in anxiety, anterograde amnesia, muscle relaxation and anticonvulsant effects.

History
Midazolam is among about 35 benzodiazepines currently used medically, and was synthesized in 1975 by Walser and Fryer at Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc in the United States. Owing to its water solubility, it was found to be less likely to cause thrombophlebitis than similar drugs. The anticonvulsant properties of midazolam were studied in the late 1970s, but not until the 1990s did it emerge as an effective treatment for convulsive status epilepticus. , it is the most commonly used benzodiazepine in anesthetic medicine. In acute medicine, midazolam has become more popular than other benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam and diazepam, because it is shorter lasting, is more potent, and causes less pain at the injection site. Midazolam is also becoming increasingly popular in veterinary medicine due to its water solubility. In 2018 it was revealed the CIA considered using midazolam as a "truth serum" on terrorist suspects in project "Medication".

Cost
Midazolam is available as a generic medication.

Availability
Midazolam is available in the United States as a syrup or as an injectable solution.

Dormicum brand midazolam is marketed by Roche as white, oval, 7.5 mg tablets in boxes of two or three blister strips of 10 tablets, and as blue, oval, 15 mg tablets in boxes of two (Dormonid 3x) blister strips of 10 tablets. The tablets are imprinted with "Roche" on one side and the dose of the tablet on the other side. Dormicum is also available as 1, 3, and 10 mL ampoules at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Another manufacturer, Novell Pharmaceutical Laboratories, makes it available as Miloz in 3 and 5 mL ampoules. Midazolam is the only water-soluble benzodiazepine available. Another maker is Roxane Laboratories; the product in an oral solution, midazolam HCl Syrup, 2 mg/mL clear, in a red to purplish-red syrup, cherry in flavor. It becomes soluble when the injectable solution is buffered to a pH of 2.9–3.7. Midazolam is also available in liquid form. It can be administered intramuscularly, intravenously, intrathecally, intranasally, buccally, or orally.

Legal status
In the Netherlands, midazolam is a List II drug of the Opium Law. Midazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the United Kingdom, midazolam is a Schedule 3/Class C controlled drug. In the United States, midazolam (DEA number 2884) is on the Schedule IV list of the Controlled Substances Act as a non-narcotic agent with low potential for abuse.

Marketing authorization
In 2011, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted a marketing authorisation for a buccal application form of midazolam, sold under the brand name Buccolam. Buccolam was initially approved for the treatment of prolonged, acute, convulsive seizures in people from three months to less than 18 years of age. This is the first application of a paediatric-use marketing authorisation by the EMA.

Use in executions

The drug has been introduced for use in executions by lethal injection in certain jurisdictions in the United States in combination with other drugs. It was introduced to replace pentobarbital after the latter's manufacturer disallowed that drug's use for executions. Midazolam acts as a sedative, resulting in the prisoner being in a state of deep anesthesia comparable to that experienced during surgery. One or more other drugs are usually used to stop the prisoner's heart, rendering them medically dead.

Midazolam has been used as part of a three-drug cocktail with vecuronium bromide and potassium chloride in Florida and Oklahoma prisons and has also been used along with hydromorphone in a two-drug protocol in Ohio and Arizona.

Notable incidents
The state of Florida used midazolam to execute William Frederick Happ in October 2013.

The state of Ohio used midazolam in the execution of Dennis McGuire in January 2014; he was heavily anesthetized and unconscious within 4 minutes of starting the administration of midazolam and 20 more minutes after that point before he was declared medically dead. Controversy arose after he was observed gasping and appeared to choke during that time according to reporters who were allowed to be present, leading to questions about the dosing and timing of the drug administration, as well as the choice of drugs.

The usage of midazolam in executions became controversial after condemned inmate Clayton Lockett apparently regained consciousness and started speaking midway through his 2014 execution when the state of Oklahoma attempted to execute him with an untested three-drug lethal injection combination including 100mg of midazolam. Prison officials reportedly discussed taking him to a hospital before he was pronounced dead of a heart attack 40 minutes after the execution began. An observing doctor stated that Lockett's vein had ruptured. It is not clear whether his death was caused by one or more of the drugs or by a problem in the administration procedure, nor is it clear what quantities of vecuronium bromide and potassium chloride were released to his system before the execution was cancelled.

According to news reports, the execution of Ronald Bert Smith in the state of Alabama on 8 December 2016 allegedly went awry due to the fact he displayed movement soon after midazolam was injected, although prison staff confirmed twice that he was still unconcious before injecting the two fatal drugs. This controversy again stirred concern among the public regarding the effectiveness of the drug in question.

In October 2016, the state of Ohio announced that it would resume executions in January 2017, using a formulation of midazolam, vecuronium bromide, and potassium chloride, but this was blocked by a federal judge. On 26 July 2017, Ronald Phillips was executed with a three-drug cocktail including midazolam after the Supreme Court refused to grant a stay. Prior to this, the last execution in Ohio had been that of Dennis McGuire. Murderer Gary Otte's lawyers unsuccessfully challenged his Ohio execution, arguing that midazolam might not protect him from serious pain when the other drugs are administered. He died without incident in about 14 minutes on 13 September 2017.

In April 2017, the state of Arkansas carried out a double-execution, of Jack Harold Jones, 52, and Marcel Williams, 46. Arkansas attempted to execute eight people before its supply of midazolam expired on 30 April 2017. Two of them were granted a stay of execution, and another, Ledell T. Lee, 51, was executed on 20 April 2017.

In October 2021, the state of Oklahoma executed inmate John Marion Grant, 60, using midazolam as part of its three-drug cocktail hours after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to lift a stay of execution for Oklahoma death row inmates. The execution was the state's first since 2015. Witnesses to the execution said that when the first drug, midazolam, began to flow at 4:09p.m., Grant started convulsing about two dozen times and vomited. Grant continued breathing, and a member of the execution team wiped the vomit off his face. At 4:15p.m., officials said Grant was unconscious, and he was pronounced dead at 4:21p.m.

Legal challenges
In Glossip v. Gross, attorneys for three Oklahoma inmates argued that midazolam could not achieve the level of unconsciousness required for surgery, meaning severe pain and suffering was likely. They argued that midazolam was cruel and unusual punishment and thus contrary to the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had failed to prove that midazolam was cruel and unusual when compared to known, available alternatives.

The state of Nevada is also known to use midazolam in execution procedures. In July 2018, one of the manufacturers accused state officials of obtaining the medication under pretences. This incident was the first time a drug company successfully, though temporarily, halted an execution. A previous attempt in 2017, to halt an execution in the state of Arizona by another drug manufacturer was not successful.

title: Midazolam


text:
The Structure of Liberty

The Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law is a book by legal theorist Randy Barnett which offers a libertarian theory of law and politics. Barnett calls his theory the liberal conception of justice, emphasizing the relationship between legal libertarianism and classical liberalism.

Barnett argues that private adjudication and enforcement of law, with market forces eliminating inefficiencies and inequities, is the only legal system that can provide adequate solutions to the problems of interest, power, and knowledge. Barnett uses the term "polycentric constitutional order" for anarcho-capitalism in his argument in favor of this philosophy.

Problems in human interaction
Barnett's argument for the liberal conception focuses on three problems of human interaction: Barnett argues that each of these problems must be solved in order for individuals to be able to pursue their happiness under conditions of social peace.
 * the problem of knowledge – each individual has unique knowledge about his or her own interests and situation and about how resources can best be used.
 * the problem of interest – each individual has self-interests which can be coordinated through the creation of decentralized property rights.
 * the problem of power – given that those with the power to impose punishments will be partial to their own interests, the power to punish or to use force to compel restitution is likely to be abused.

Liberal conception of justice
Barnett argues that these the problems of knowledge, interest, and power can best be solved by a form of social organization that respects the liberal conception of justice. The liberal conception has five elements: Barnett argues that the liberal conception of justice can best be realized by a polycentric constitutional order, which substitutes private police and dispute resolution mechanisms instead of the state ones.
 * 1) Property rights, defined as rights to acquire, possess, use, and dispose of scarce physical resources.
 * 2) The right to acquire property through first possession.
 * 3) The right of freedom of contract, which specifies that a rightholder's consent is both necessary (freedom from contract) and sufficient (freedom to contract) to transfer alienable property rights.
 * 4) The right of restitution, which requires that one who violates the rights of others must compensate the victim.
 * 5) The right of self-defense.

Editions

 * The Structure of Liberty. (2014 edition), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198700920,

title: The Structure of Liberty


text:
User talk:Joakim~enwiki

Hi Joakim, welcome to Wikipedia. I noticed you've added a couple of pages of album listings, would you be able to add a little more information to the pages (including who the album is by) as at the moment they're not very informative. I'm sure they can grow into good articles, they just need a little padding out. Have fun editing -- Ams80 20:54, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking the time to add in some extra detail. Keep up the good work. -- Ams80 22:18, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi and welcome to Wikipedia. First time I see another Joakim here. =) And nice to see an Estonian, as well. (May I say welcome to the EU?) I hope you will like it here, and remember to be bold in updating pages. Have a nice day! -- Jao 11:34, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:27, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joakim~enwiki