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Leo Kanner

Leo Kanner (born Chaskel Leib Kanner; June 13, 1894 – April 3, 1981) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist, physician, and social activist best known for his work related to infantile autism. Before working at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Kanner practiced as a physician in Germany and South Dakota. In 1943, Kanner published his landmark paper Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact, describing 11 children who displayed "a powerful desire for aloneness" and "an obsessive insistence on persistent sameness." He named their condition "early infantile autism". Kanner was in charge of developing the first child psychiatry clinic in the United States and later served as the Chief of Child Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is one of the co-founders of The Children's Guild, a nonprofit organization serving children, families and child-serving organizations throughout Maryland and Washington, D.C., and dedicated to "Transforming how America Cares for and Educates its Children and Youth." He is widely considered one of the most influential American psychiatrists of the 20th century.

Early life
Leo Kanner was born as Chaskel Leib Kanner in Klekotów, Austria-Hungary (present day Klekotiv, Ukraine) on June 13, 1894, to Abraham Kanner and Clara Reisfeld Kanner. In this area, approximately 70% of the total population was of Jewish descent. Kanner despised his given names, "Chaskel," which is the Yiddish version of "Ezekiel," and "Leib," instead choosing to go by "Leo”. Growing up in a traditional Jewish household, Kanner received both a religious and a secular education. Kanner spent the first years of his life in Klekotów with his family and was brought up according to Jewish tradition and custom.

In 1906, Kanner was sent to Berlin to live with his uncle. Later, the rest of his family followed. At a young age, Kanner appreciated the arts and wanted to pursue a career as a poet; unfortunately, he was not able to get his works published. In 1913, Kanner graduated from the Sophien-Gymnasium, a public state high school in Berlin, where he excelled in the sciences. He then passed the graduating Staatsexamen exam in 1919 and enrolled at the University of Berlin medical school. However, Kanner's medical education was interrupted during World War I, when he was recruited to serve in the Austro-Hungarian Army in the medical service of the 10th Infantry Regiment. After the war, Kanner went back to medical school in Berlin and officially received his medical degree in 1921. Later that year, Kanner married June Lewin, with whom he would eventually have two children: Anita (born in 1923) and Albert (born in 1931).

Early career
After graduating medical school, Kanner worked as a cardiologist at the Charité Hospital in Berlin. Kanner began doing work with normal heart sound to the relationship of the electrocardiogram. At that time, the atmosphere at the Charité clinics and institutes inspired rapid progress in science, teaching and patient care. The Charité, situated in the middle of Berlin, attracted students, physicians and scientists from all over the world, resulting in a group of outstanding personalities and renowned clinicians.

Motivated by the post-war hyperinflation and poor economic conditions of Weimar Germany, Kanner immigrated to the United States in 1924. If he had stayed in Germany his fate might have been similar to other Jewish professionals who lost their lives during the war. He stated: "Little did I know, if I had remained in Germany I would have been perished by Hitler in the Holocaust".

When he emigrated to the United States in 1924, he worked at the state hospital in Yankton, South Dakota, where he started his pediatric and psychiatric studies. Upon arrival, Kanner was appointed assistant physician at the Yankton State Hospital. It was there Kanner would learn the subtleties of pediatrics and psychiatry, two fields in which he was not experienced. To enhance his command of the English language, Kanner did the crossword puzzles in The New York Times. During his time in South Dakota, Kanner published his first works, which were on general paralysis and syphilis. Kanner also studied the effects of adrenalin on the blood pressure of patients with functional paralysis. Additionally, he published his first book, Folklore of the Teeth, an analysis of dental practices around the world in relation to customs and folklore, in 1928.

Career at the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital
After serving four years in South Dakota, Kanner attained a fellowship position at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland in 1928, after attracting the attention of Adolf Meyer who was the Psychiatrist-in-Chief and Director of the psychiatric clinic. In 1930, with monetary support from the Macy and Rockefeller Foundations, Meyer and Edward A. Park were able to establish the Children's Psychiatry Service at the Harriet Lane Home at Johns Hopkins, which was the first child psychiatry clinic in the United States, and appointed Kanner to develop the program. Despite his inexperience in the fields of pediatrics and child psychiatry, Kanner was able to teach himself pediatric psychiatry. In 1933, Meyer promoted Kanner to associate professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University. In 1935 the first edition of his textbook, Child Psychiatry was published. This was the first English language textbook on child psychiatry.

Beyond his revolutionary clinical research, Kanner's concern for the mentally ill manifested as social activism for which he is also remembered today. In the 1930s, a group of lawyers and judges arranged for 166 state-institutionalized, mentally ill residents to be released and assigned as unpaid domestic servants for affluent families around Baltimore. The release of these patients was justified through the Habeas Corpus writs and the claim to familial rights. Out of his own concern, Kanner decided to track down the 166 patients and found them plagued with a variety of dreadful outcomes such as STDs, tuberculosis, prostitution, imprisonment, institutionalization, and even death. Kanner reported that the 166 released patients had a total of 165 children, many of whom became orphans or died due to neglect. Kanner's report on these patients, "Scheme to Get Morons to Work in Homes Free Charged," made the headlines of The Baltimore Sun and The Washington Post in 1938. The publicity helped spark community action and led to the better treatment of the mentally ill. Apart from his social activism for the mentally ill, during the run-up to World War II, Kanner was instrumental in rescuing hundreds of Jewish physicians from the horrors of the Nazis by relocating them to work in the United States. He and his wife opened their home to many of these European refugees.

Beginning in 1938, Kanner observed eleven of his patients and chronicled the lives and behavioral characteristics of the children in his seminal paper, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact," published in 1943. In this landmark publication, Kanner describes these children, all born in the 1930s, as living very disparate lives, but appearing to share something he labeled as "infantile autism," which is now simply known as autism. Later on, Kanner served as the Chief of Child Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins until his retirement from the position in 1959 and attaining the position of Emeritus. He was replaced by Leon Eisenberg. After retirement, Kanner continued to publish papers regarding autism until 1973. Moreover, he served as a visiting professor at Stanford University, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of Minnesota, and ran an active consulting practice until a few years before his passing.

Studies of autism
Kanner expressed a great deal of concern about the usual mistreatment of neurodivergent children. He expressed concern about a society where 'intellectual haves' look down on the 'intellectual have-nots', which led many to look down on the child with intellectual disability as an object of adult manipulations rather than as a human being who reacts to affection and hostility, to acceptance and rejection, to approval and disapproval, to patience and irritability as any other child would. This led to his major work in 1943, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact," published in 1943. In this paper, Kanner characterizes eleven cases, 3 girls and 8 boys, and would later call his observations 'autism'.

Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact (1943)
Published in the journal Nervous Child, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" was one of the most cited papers on autism in the twentieth century. In his landmark paper, Kanner took the term "autism," which Eugen Bleuler previously attributed to the inward, introspective symptoms typical in adult schizophrenia patients, and labeled the eleven children in his study as having "infantile autism." However, rather than relating his observations to the qualities and symptoms seen in schizophrenic adults, Kanner classified his description of "autism" to be independent from the psychotic disorder of schizophrenia, explaining how autism was not a precursor to schizophrenia, and that the symptoms of autism appeared evident and present at birth and early life. A significant work, this paper on "Kanner Syndrome" formed the basis for later research conducted by Kanner and others on what later became known as childhood autism spectrum disorder.

From 1938, Kanner began to study a group of eleven young children (eight boys and three girls) who came to see him at his clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. For each of the cases, Kanner provides a detailed account of the symptoms, health, results of diagnostic tests, familial background, and future development and progression of the children. Adding to his own observations, Kanner further contextualized the lives of his patients by including typically epistolary inputs from family members and other individuals with whom the children interacted. Generally, all of the children shared certain core symptoms and came from similar socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds (all but two of the families were of Anglo-Saxon descent). The following are summaries of each of the eleven cases: After profiling each of the patients, in the "Discussion" and "Comment" portions of the paper, Kanner stated that the common characteristics observed in the children formed a "unique syndrome" that may have been more frequent than what was reported at the time given the small sample size in the study.
 * 1) Donald T.: Born on September 8, 1933, Donald Triplett was first seen in October, 1938 when he was five years old. At birth, Donald was healthy, with his only complication being eating, which according to an account from his father, "has always been a problem with him. He has never shown a normal appetite." From an early age, Donald demonstrated "an unusual memory for face and names" and "could hum and sing many tunes accurately," being able to memorize phrases that rhymed or were of a similar nature. Donald's parents observed that "he was happiest when left alone," neither paying much attention to anyone in the room nor reacting to the absence or homecoming of his mother or father. What amused him was spinning round objects, such as pans and spinning blocks, but he was afraid of "self-propelling vehicles," like tricycles and swings. Donald had erupted into destructive, terrible temper tantrums when he was disrupted. At his first meeting with Kanner, Donald was observed shaking his head from side-to-side, repeating the same three-note tune, spinning anything he could get his hands on, and organizing objects by color, much to his own merriment. Most of his actions were repetitious, "carried out in exactly the same way in which they had been performed originally." Often, he would utter random words of phrases, and this formed much of his verbal output and speech. Another problem Donald had with language was his understanding of the meaning of words. Words had a "literal, inflexible meaning" to Donald, and he was unable to recognize and apply the denotation of a word to another context; each word had a definite, designated definition and association in his mind. For the most part, conversations with Donald consisted of a barrage of questions. Finally, Kanner noted that the relationship Donald had with others was of a nature insofar as when he needed or wanted to know about something.
 * 2) Frederick W.: An only child of two university graduates, Frederick was born May 23, 1936, in breech position and was referred to see Kanner in 1942 at the age of six. Described as being "self-sufficient," Frederick was capable of entertaining himself happily and was easily absorbed by objects, demonstrating "good attention and perseverance" in playing with toys. In turn, he paid little attention to other people, viewing them as "unwelcome intruders," ignoring them as much as possible in order to maintain his attention to his playthings. Furthermore, Frederick feared mechanical objects, such as vacuum cleaners and egg beaters, even running away at the sight of or hearing the things. Similar to Donald, Frederick liked a regimented lifestyle in which everything had to have been placed and arranged in the same fashion and pattern. Frederick had limited verbal interactions, ejaculating unintelligible sounds and responding to commands in "echolalia fashion," but he was able to sing twenty to thirty songs, including a French lullaby. Due to a lack of cooperation during the Grace Arthur performance scale diagnostic tests, Frederick's results were difficult to evaluate. He performed the best on the Seguin form board, which consisted of inputting variously shaped objects back into their respective form holes on a board, with a best time of 58 seconds. In the mare and foal test, it appeared that he put the pieces in the appropriate places based on their configuration because it did not matter to him whether the pieces were right side up or not. During the form board tests, he was very concentrated and determined, working on them in an interested manner, but between tests, he wandered about the room examining various objects, paying no attention the people in the room.
 * 3) Richard M.: Originally, Richard was referred to Johns Hopkins Hospital at the age of three on suspicion that he was deaf because he did not talk and did not respond to questions. Born on November 17, 1937, Richard was relatively healthy and developed in an ordinary fashion, but his mother noted that in comparing Richard to her younger child, the elder child failed to show any "physiognomic or postural sign of preparedness" when being picked up. It was first observed at the clinic that Richard seemed quite intelligent, "playing with the toys in his bed and being adequately curious about instruments used in the examination." Like the other patients, he was described as being self-sufficient. Richard was deeply focused in active play with toys and did not care for the people in the room. Occasionally, he looked at the walls, smiled, and uttered "Ee! Ee! Ee!" sounds. It was noted that Richard "performed well with the unrotated form board, but not with the rotated form board." Both of the subsequent times he was seen by Kanner, Richard paid little attention to those in his presence, fell into fusses when something was disagreeable with him or when he wanted something, and consistently turned on and off the lights of the rooms once he entered it. Eventually, his mother sent him to a foster home to a woman who was known to have a "remarkable talent for dealing with difficult children," and during his stay, she heard him say his first intelligible words, "Good night."
 * 4) Paul G.: Viewed as feebleminded as a result of his "incoherent speech, inability to conform, and reaction with temper outbursts to any interference," Paul was referred to see Kanner when he was five years old. Paul was noted to have good manual dexterity when performing tasks. Rarely, he responded when spoken to, even when directly addressed, though an energetic "Don't!" caused him to interrupt what he was doing at the moment. There was a distinct difference in the way he interacted with people and objects; when entering a room, Paul directly went after the objects, using them correctly and treating them with special attention, whereas he disregarded people, behaving as if they were not there. In terms of speech, Paul typically uttered words or phrases that were directly related to what he was doing at the time, but he sometimes ejaculated random declarations unrelated to the immediate situation. Paul clearly enunciated, had a good vocabulary, and had a satisfactory understanding of sentence construction and syntax, with the significant exception of the fact that he did not use the first-person pronoun nor his own name when addressing himself. Whenever he made statements pertaining to himself, he referred to himself in the second person as literal reiterations of statements said to him in the past. Although no formal testing was carried out, Kanner concluded that Paul was clearly not feebleminded, given his intelligence.
 * 5) Barbara K.: Born normally on October 30, 1933, Barbara came to the clinic at eight years of age. Verbal expression was limited as she had difficulties with diction and syntax, but she had the phenomenal ability to spell, read, and write. Common with the other children, she was repetitious and obsessive over the order and placement of objects and phrasing. Barbara was very timid and afraid of things that would change, like the wind and large animals. Upon request, she would shake hands and greet others by limply offering her hand, demonstrating a lack of affective contact. During the battery of tests, she was not engrossed because it appeared that the "concept of test, or sharing an experience or situation, seemed foreign to her." On the Binet test, she read excellently, finishing the ten-year Binet fire story in 33 seconds with no errors, but when asked to recall anything from the story she read, Barbara failed to reproduce any from her memory. After repeated questions or commands, she complied almost immediately. Barbara frequently referred to "motor transports" and "piggy-back," and was fascinated with appendages, such as pendulums and smoke stacks. Barbara is also the only child whose mother Kanner did not denigrate.
 * 6) Virginia S.: From an account by another psychologist, Virginia was recorded as being distinct from the other children at the training school she attended because she was neat and tidy, did not interact and play with the other students, and was not deaf, but did not talk. Rather, she spent much of her time amusing herself in her own company by putting picture puzzles together. Notably, her older brother commented on the cold nature of their home life, describing that he and Virginia lived in "a frosty atmosphere" with two inapproachable strangers for parents as both of them did not contribute much to raising the children. When seen in October 1942, Virginia stood "listlessly, looking into space," and sometimes answered questions by muttering "Mamma, baby." Appearing to be self-absorbed, Virginia did not interact with the other children grouped around the piano, seemingly not noticing what was occurring. Kanner mentioned that she had "an intelligent physiognomy," but her eyes lacked any expression.
 * 7) Herbert B.: Thought to have been intellectually disabled and deaf, on account of his failure to interact with others, Herbert was born on November 16, 1937. Herbert was terribly frightened by many mechanical objects and devices, such as running water and gas burners, and became upset when any alterations were made to his routine or accustomed patterns. On his first visit, he was observed to be highly intelligent with a good motor coordination.  Completely absorbed in whatever he did, with great difficulty could Herbert be distracted from his self-chosen tasks at hand, and when interfered, he would get annoyed by shoving intruders away or screaming. In later visits, he continued to not communicate verbally and entered the room paying no attention to the people present. Never seen smiling, Herbert would occasionally produce unintelligible sounds in a "monotonous singsong manner." Herbert also had an elder sister, Dorothy, whose behavior in early childhood indicates that she too was autistic.
 * 8) Alfred L.: Noted by his mother to develop a specialized interest that would consume his whole day and to prefer to be a "lone wolf," Alfred was born in May 1932 and was brought to see Kanner at three and a half years old. Entering the office, he paid no attention to the examiner, instead immediately going towards the toys in the room and getting absorbed by play with the toy train. A Binet test was attempted on Alfred, and it was initially difficult, but he finally complied in a manner which Kanner assessed as being indicative of Alfred wanting to get through with the intrusion; he achieved an I.Q. of 140. Later on, he began to play with children younger than he was, but continued to be fully immersed in his play and was fearful of mechanical sounds. In terms of speech, he was very specific with his definition of terms and was often confused by the meaning of words.
 * 9) Charles N.: Charles was brought to the clinic on February 2, 1943, at four and a half years of age. When he entered the examination room, he did not pay any attention to the people in the room. On the Seguin form board, he was interested with the name of each of the pieces before putting them in the appropriate holes. In a repetitious pattern, he spun the forms and reacted excitedly when they were spinning. In terms of language, he did not use it to communicate with others, but had a good memory for the names of numerous objects.
 * 10) John F.: Born September 19, 1937, John had difficulty in feeding and appeared to be slow in development. At the office, he wandered about the room aimlessly, but did not bring two objects into relation with each other. When interacting with objects, he was destructive with them, throwing them onto the ground. Unlike most of the other children observed, John had a pretty good command of language, being able to form elaborate and grammatically sentences, with the exceptions of using the second pronoun when he referred to himself and being unable to make comparisons between two things. Markedly obsessive, he had a rigid daily routine and had an excellent rote memory, capable of reciting numerous songs, rhymes, and prayers. Furthermore, similar to the other children, words had stiff, designated meanings, as in the case when he asked his father about a group photograph on the wall of the office. Whenever he saw anything broken or incomplete, John would get extremely upset. In December 1942 and January 1943, John had two series of right-sided convulsions, with "conjugate deviation of the eyes to the right and transient paresis of the right arm." The electroencephalogram indicated that there were focal disturbances in the left part of the occipital lobe, but there was difficulty reading the results because of John's lack of cooperation.
 * 11) Elaine C.: Elaine was brought by her parents because of her "unusual development": she had difficulty playing with other children, appearing to be in a world of her own. She was deeply engrossed by all types of animals and would often mimic them by making noises and walking on all fours. Elaine started to talk at around five years old, but she communicated through simple sentences that were "mechanical phrases" typically not related to what was going on at the time. Moreover, she had difficulty with using pronouns properly as well as negatives, but she was able to recognize the meaning of the latter when others used them. Like many of the other patients, she was afraid of moving objects and mechanical sounds, such as that of a vacuum cleaner. In response to questions, she would produce an "echolalia type reproduction" of what was asked.

Kanner indicated that the fundamental issue of this disorder is the children's inability to relate to people and objects in an ordinary way from birth. Distinguishing between the symptoms of the two disorders, Kanner explained that a person with schizophrenia steps outside his or her world and departs from already existing relationships, whereas the children he described had never established such relationships, experiencing an extreme aloneness from very early on. The notion of the innate nature of what Kanner called "extreme aloneness" was evident by recurrent reports of the failure of the children to "assume at any time an anticipatory posture" and adjust their bodies upon being picked up by their parents. The preferences the children had towards solitude manifested in complete disregard and ignorance of any external outputs that may interfere with them, such as direct physical contact, sound, or motion. Regarding the children's lack of interest towards people, Kanner stated that 'it would be best to get these interferences over with, the sooner to be able to return to the still much desired aloneness".

Kanner further noted the centrality of speech disturbances in this neurodivergence, observing that many of the children were delayed in their speech, and that those who did speak often used speech in peculiar ways (e.g., echolalic repetition of phrases and/or inflexible use of language as seen in the exact repetition of pronouns).

Additionally, Kanner observed that the children's behavior was governed by an anxious and obsessive desire for sameness, and that this resulted in their repetitions of actions, such as their verbal utterances, as well as limited spontaneous activity. A related cognitive attribute noted by Kanner was that many of the children had an excellent rote memory, which led their parents to "stuff" them with verse, lists of animal and botanical names, favorite songs, and random facts. Kanner indicated that four of the children had been considered deaf or hard of hearing early on. He also reported early difficulties with eating and suggested that eating may have represented the first intrusion into the children's extreme aloneness. He noted that the children had no particular health difficulties and that their EEG results were normal. He did, however, observe that 5 of the 11 children had relatively large heads, and a few were somewhat clumsy in their gait.

Recounting his observations of the children's families, Kanner noted the high level of intelligence characterizing parents and relatives, while at the same time asserting that there were few warm-hearted parents among the families he observed. He stated his opinion that the marriages of the parents of the children he observed seemed to be "rather cold affairs," but also stated his opinion that the children's autism were "inborn autistic disturbances of affective contact."

Other studies
Kanner's first research publication, "General Paralysis Among The North American Indians," explored the rarity of general paralytic dementia, a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs in late-stage syphilis, in the Native Americans he treated at the Yankton State Hospital. In his premier paper, Kanner stated that in what he considered the more "civilized" countries of Europe, there was a higher susceptibility to paralytic dementia from syphilis compared to the "less civilized" Native Americans. Although syphilis was very common amongst the Native Americans, Kanner only came across one patient, Thomas T. Robertson, who was Native American and had symptoms of the late-stage syphilis dementia. Kanner concluded that Native Americans rarely got general paralytic dementia because syphilis had been in their population for so long that it lost the power to produce general paralysis. On the other hand, Kanner argued, syphilis was relatively new to the white populations of Europe so it was more likely to produce general paralysis. However, Kanner believed that with time, the white race could also gain a similar resistance to general paralysis like that of the Native Americans.

In 1949, Kanner published another notable study, "Problems of Nosology and Psychodynamics of Early Infantile Autism*." Kanner explored the issues surrounding "early infantile autism" as it moved from having a well-defined symptomatology to being ready for a place in psychiatric nosology. Kanner focused on how early infantile autism was related and unrelated to the "intrinsic nature" of other conditions such as dementia infantilis and childhood schizophrenia. While early infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia have virtually identical symptoms, Kanner argued that they differ in onset. Prior to the onset of childhood schizophrenia, there is a period of normal mental state. However, early infantile autism manifests itself essentially right after birth. Kanner reported that the babies with early infantile autism were unusually apathetic, did not respond normally to people, did not assume proper posture to be picked up, startled at anything that disrupts their isolation, and lacked responsiveness. Kanner raised doubts about the necessity of separating infantile autism entirely from the schizophrenias because it can be considered as "the earliest possible manifestation of childhood schizophrenia." Unlike his other studies, Kanner decided to focus closely on the adult parents of the children and found something an intriguing pattern. Most of the adult parents had extremely successful careers: scientists, college professors, artists, clergymen, and business executives. In fact, Kanner had trouble finding autistic children of unsophisticated parents. This sparked Kanner's curiosity about the attitudes of the parents and the relationship dynamic between the parents and the children. He found that most of the parents had unaffectionate, mechanical relationships with their autistic children and would oftentimes dismiss them entirely. Kanner concluded that this unaffectionate dynamic potentially causes the autistic children to turn away and "seek comfort in solitude." He even argued that the children's obsessive preoccupations and remarkable memory feats represent "a plea for parental approval."

Death and legacy
On April 3, 1981, Kanner died of heart failure in Sykesville, Maryland. In his lifetime, Kanner founded the field of child psychiatry and his research contributions laid the foundation for the fields of psychology, pediatrics, autism, and adolescent psychiatry. He is now known as the Father of Child Psychiatry. Kanner was the first physician in the United States to be identified as a child psychiatrist. His textbook, "Child Psychiatry" (1935) was the first English language textbook to focus on the psychiatric problems on children. In 1943, Kanner first described the syndrome of early infantile autism. His concise and cogent clinical descriptions of children with autism continues to inform, and is the standard against which current diagnostic criteria are measured. In his lifetime, Kanner published over 250 articles and eight books spanning the fields of psychiatry, pediatrics, psychology and history of medicine.

Since Kanner's demarcation of childhood autism, research on autism continues to be an area of increasing interest. Although much progress has been made, this field is still in its infancy, and many avenues of research are just beginning to be pursued. Despite the time that has passed, the syndrome Kanner identified and his comments about the children he observed continue to have meaning today, and although some of his suggestions about the etiology and presentation of autism were grounded in the thinking of his day, many of his observations were quite prescient.

Currently, studies of autism focus on the genetic mechanisms that underlie the syndrome. There has been vast research into DNA mutations, epigenetic modifications, and rearrangements that may contribute to the onset of autism. In addition, environmental research, quantitative functional anatomy, and quantitative estimates of gene expression may help us understand "the entire cast of characters" involved in autism. These promising avenues of research heavily stem from Leo Kanner's life research.

In honor of Kanner's work, all Johns Hopkins Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellows are now called Kanner Fellows. The Dr. Leo Kanner Award was created by the Mind Research Foundation for those who actively serve children with autism and their families. Now there are numerous buildings, schools, and institutes that honor Leo Kanner both in the United States and abroad.

Papers

 * Reprinted in
 * Reprinted in
 * Reprinted in
 * Reprinted in

Books

 * History of Dentistry Folklore of the Teeth MacMillan Co. (1928)
 * Child Psychiatry. (1935).
 * In Defense of Mothers. How to Bring Up Children In Spite of the More Zealous Psychologists (1941)
 * Childhood Psychosis: Initial Studies and New Insights. (1973).

Awards

 * First Award given by the National Organization for Mentally Ill Children in 1960
 * Gutheil Memorial Medal by the Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy in 1962
 * Stanley R. Dean Award by the Fund for Behavioral Sciences in 1965
 * Agnes Bruce Greig Award in 1965
 * Agnes Purcell McGavin Award by the American Psychiatric Association in 1967
 * Citation from the National Society for Autistic Children in 1969
 * Salmon Award by New York Academy of Medicine in 1974

title: Leo Kanner


text:
Talk:Netherlands in World War II

Comments

 * Article: nl:Nederland in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
 * Corresponding English-language article: Netherlands in World War II
 * Worth doing because: Not well covered in English wiki.
 * Originally Requested by: Peking Duck 21:31, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Other notes: I may do it myself some day.

I have changed "preamble" to "prelude" because the former only refers to documents and texts (e.g. the introduction to a constitution), and not to events. --Garethhamilton 22:20, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Rise of Nazism
Sander1234 changed The poverty caused by the Great Depression helped the rise of Nazism in the Netherlands, saying that it didn't help the rise of nazism, adding that they got few votes. But that doesn't mean it didn't rise. That's determined by how much nazism there was before, and as far as I know nazism (at least under that name) didn't even exist earlier. So I changed that back, but left the addition. DirkvdM 06:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC) Somewhere it says almost no dutch fought on the side of teh germans. Thats a ridiculous falsification.. the ditch provided teh biggest group of non german combatants in the german army. Not many survivded though. Also teh statement most dutch formed one front against the germans is false. 95% of (military) police and civil authorities have collaborated with teh germans. Often handing lists of jews eg. Notwithstanding all this, resistance against fascism has also been strong and involved most of the rest of the population, esp. the lower classes. Gl with this correction that offcial dutch history won't like. --81.191.62.33 (talk) 23:31, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Choice of illustrations
Currently the article has four illustrations: one of a ruined Rotterdam, one of a statue of/for Anne Frank, and two related to collaboration with the occupying force. Somehow this seems totally out of whack for this article? 81.191.62.33 (talk) 23:31, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Jewish Refugee Internment Camps
According to my history books, Jews that flew Nazi Germany to the Netherlands, were taken into internment camps. Which were happily taken in by the occupying Nazis. The text states rather unnoticed: "an existing internment camp for immigrants". Which brings me to something else. Where I live, we believe the Dutch were somewhat 'less active' in the resistance movements, at least much less then this article and the dutch resistance article mentions. But since it's a perception, it may violate the NPOV, so I'm not editing or something.

Two edits
Please clarify 'Nazi Germany's occupation of the Rhineland' in the Interbellum section. The Rheinland was, is and always has been a Land or province in Germany on its border with France, i.e., in Germany, part of Germany, Nazi-era or otherwise. One doesn't 'occupy' one's own country. The Treaty of Versailles had a French-inspired portion that said Germany could not station troops along the border, which Germany then did, but that's not an 'occupation.' Last section on reprisals--Anne Frank and her family were in fact Germans, from Frankfurt am Main, the father having moved his business from Germany to Amsterdam. Interesting to wonder if they then would have been deported by the Dutch post-war.72.81.16.200 00:09, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

I've tidied up the misleading comments on the Rhineland. Norvo 17:04, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

The Germans shipped Dutch to Britain?
"A German airborne landing at The Hague, intended to capture the Dutch royal family and the government failed and the troops that had not been killed were captured and shipped to Britain " —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.149.78.217 (talk) 06:38, 23 January 2007 (UTC).
 * The German airborn troops were defeated by the Dutch, the surviving German troops were shipped to Britain by the Dutch.Rex 17:12, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

The German airborne and airlanding troops were not defeated by the Dutch.

The Dutch managed to retake the three seized AFB's and denied the Germans access to prime target the Hague. Save the aforesaid successes the Germans were able to maintain isolated pockets of resistance that the Dutch failed to clean up. Of the captured Germans around the Hague and Rotterdam, as well as about 250 elsewhere in the country (mainly downed Luftwaffe crews), a mere 1,300 were eventually expedited to the UK. A bigger lot was liberated by their comrades after the Dutch armistice. Grebbegoos (talk) 23:27, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Home demolition
I've revised some portions of this article (which appeared to have been written by non-native English speakers), but I'm confused about some of these figures. Here is a current portion from the article:

''Some towns, such as Scheveningen, were evacuated because of this. In the Hague, 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move.''

Is there some kind of distinction between a "demolished" house and a "dismantled" one, or are these two difference sources? In other words, were there 5,794 homes taken down in The Hague, or just 3,200 (or 2,594)?

Also, is the latter figure (20,000) for the Netherlands as a whole? Thanks for anyone who can help. Funnyhat 21:30, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Someone vandalised the article.

Hendrik A. Seyffardt
The Dutch Lieutenant-General Hendrik A. Seyffardt was called a low-level collaborator. Aoccording to the English Wikipedia he was a former head of the Dutch General Staff and headed the recruiting campaign for the Dutch elements of the Waffen-SS. This also explains the bloody repression that answers his killing. Calling such a person low-level is somewhat unfortunate. I changed the text and added some more context information. Let's hope the rest of the article is better researched.

--Ft93110 (talk) 15:46, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Some tidying up
I tidied up the statements about the Rhineland and also about hyperinflation in Germany. The German Mark had been stablilized in 1923-24. The severe depression of the early 1930s in Germany led to falling prices (as one would expect), not inflation. Norvo 17:08, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:4SSNL-PGDA1.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:22, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Dutch weaponary and other May 1940 stuff
Grebbegoos (talk) 23:14, 22 April 2009 (UTC) I was little surprised to recognize the following nonsense once again in this lemma: "The German forces faced little resistance at first, but their advance was eventually slowed by the Dutch army, which was mostly fighting with weaponry made before 1900" I deleted the last bit of this sentence.

This is pure fiction, well preserved by some badly informed yet well read Dutch historians like Brongers.

The Dutch rifle was a 1895 Mannlicher design weapon, which did excellent service in 1940. The German Mauser was a 1898 design, so was the Belgian Mauser, the French Fusil was a 19th century design and the British Lee Enfield [1895].

 * ...and the British Lee Enfield [1895]. The Lee Enfield MkIV was a 1930s redesign issued in 1939. Please don't insert information if you don't have the operational details.74.13.36.31 (talk) 20:38, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

The Dutch MG's were 20th century weapons. The mortar was the Brandt Stokes licence, 8.1 cm. AT guns were highly modern, only the few light infantry guns were late 19th century. AAA was 90% modern or even state of the art.

The bulk of the Dutch artillery was 20th century, the main 7,5 cm dramatically modified in the late twenties. The 10,5 cm guns were 1926 make, all howitzers 1918 or 1920 with exception of a few Bofors 12 cm guns from 1908. In total 170 of the artillery pieces in third line defences were indeed 1880 weapons. But all belligerents had their own score of outdated, sometimes obsolete guns.

Please stop the hoax story that the Dutch army was fighting its war as an archaic fraction. That nonsense has clearly been rubbished by scientifically sound publications issued in the last two decades. The Dutch did have a small army and lacked any tanks. That would have been a fair statement.

I also changed the victim quotes. The Dutch did not lose 3,500 KIA (but 2,300) and not 6,000 WIA (but over 7,000). Besides the Germans lost 2,200 (not 2,500) KIA and around 7,000 WIA (not 6,000). There were only a mere 1,300 German POW's expedited to the UK (not 2,000).

Furthermore I added the fact that the Dutch laid down arms at 14 May 1900 hrs.

I added Rotterdam as one of the (now) four main points of resistance and I deleted the hoax that Germany expected the Dutch to yield in one day. That well preserved hoax was only applicable if the operation to capture Royal Family and Army HQ had succeeded. The OKH had calculated a battle of four days. Three to reach Moerdijk and another to decisively penetrate Fortress Holland. Their estimates proved remarkably just. Please read the accurate and true story of the invasion in Holland on http://www.waroverholland.nl Grebbegoos (talk) 23:14, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

when did ana frank died? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.215.243.60 (talk) 00:39, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Ommission: Behavior of German troops
This article should state that immediately after the Dutch surrender the German troops behaved surprisingly disciplined and did not harass/steal from/plunder/rape the Dutch population. Things grew gradually worse for the Dutch population, but that is another matter. Andries (talk) 08:34, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * And contrast this with the behaviour of Allied troops. --41.151.69.14 (talk) 20:15, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The Germans in 1940 had not recently entered Holland after a long series of bloody-battles all the way from Normandy. In 1940 Holland had been defended by the Dutch army. In 1944 that defending army the Allies had to fight was German and it didn't give up after five days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.150.11.221 (talk) 12:38, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

everybody always complains about Nazi's penchant for mass genocide, but nobody compliments them for how disciplined they were while murdering millions of innocent people.86.7.240.104 (talk) 18:03, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

Fortress Holland
Hi. When I type Fortress Holland for searching, Wikipedia redirects me to History of the Netherlands (1939–1945) (this article). Does it mean that Fortress Holland is used about the whole country or it is a place anywhere in Netherlands? --Djuneyt tr (talk) 16:40, 26 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Fortress Holland was the defensive plan in the early 1900s that failed to keep the Germans out in 1940. Maybe you should be redirected to Dutch_Water_Line Preslav (talk) 20:43, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Casualties
The figure states more then 200.000. What is this comprised of? Does that include Jews deported to concentration camps? What about Dutch people killed in Allied bombing raids? --41.151.69.14 (talk) 19:56, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

History of Wageningen (1939-1945)
I'm considering starting a new article on History of Wageningen (1939-1945), focused on that city's experience and history of WWII. If you have comments, ideas or suggestions for such an article, please make not of them under the appropriate section of Talk:Wageningen. Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 18:42, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

After the War
Should include references to numerous stories (especially former Dutch SS) who were used as "counterterrorism" experts in the anticolonial war in the Dutch East Indies in the late 1940s (also many fought in the Korean War, as part of a deal to regain Dutch citizenship).Historian932 (talk) 05:26, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move to Netherlands in World War II. Indeed, The Netherlands in World War II is out of touch with WP:THE and other articles that start with "Netherlands in". --  tariq abjotu  03:21, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

History of the Netherlands (1939–1945) → The Netherlands in World War II – "Country x in war y" is a well-established form on Wikipedia and seems more logical, given that 1939 is an arbitrary date in the Netherlands' case anyway. Given the scope of the article, it would not need to be altered and would give more flexibility in the scope to include the Dutch background to the conflict. As I understand it, these "History of X (1939-45)" articles were created on the understanding that they would form part of several articles (i.e. History of Poland (1918–39)) on the history of a country, which is not true of the Netherlands where it is just confusing. Brigade Piron (talk) 08:39, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Strong support per nom. Red Slash 17:02, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
 * support good idea. Rjensen (talk) 21:06, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
 * SupportAndries (talk) 09:52, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - very sensible suggestion and reasoning. GraemeLeggett (talk) 21:38, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment:This discussion dovetails with a similar discussion at Talk:Occupation of Denmark. Perhaps we should create a common standard for these types of articles (or perhaps not...). Belgium and the Netherlands seem to be set under the "country X in World War II" format. Then we have: German occupation of Estonia during World War II, Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany, Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany, German occupation of Norway and Occupation of Denmark which follow a fairly common standard under "occupation of". Many other countries have a separate article for the occupation and then the military activity: see Axis occupation of Greece,Military history of Greece during World War II; German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II, Luxembourg in World War II. There doesn't seem to be a whole lot of logic behind the distinctions, except that countries with extensive military campaigns tend to make a distinction which is logical. But not sure that there is so much of a distinction between the Benelux countries and their Scandinavian and possibly Baltic cousins that we should use a different nomenclature. Or should we just leave the organic naming conventions be? Peregrine981 (talk) 22:14, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that this article could ever be entitled "Occupation of the Netherlands", though I personally think that it could be complemented by a new article with that title that could go into this in more depth:

 * 1) Invasion and pre-war politics (ditto liberation and aftermath) would not fit or at least could not be looked at in detail
 * 2) Forces/government in exile would not fit
 * 3) Mention of the role of the Netherlands' colonies in the war would not be able to get more than a mention etc.
 * I'm not sure I see your main point though; are you suggesting that the Occupation of these countries equals their entire relevance to the conflict - surely it's just an aspect? I'd also add that the "Country X in War Y" is not restricted to WWII, see New Zealand in the Vietnam War, Soviet Union in the Korean War, Mexico in World War I etc. But I agree, we do need a standard! Still, whatever is decided, I hope we can avoid the title that the article carries currently. Brigade Piron (talk) 07:27, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree with Brigade Piron that the "Occupation" title does not work well--it's too narrow. In this case the Neth. govt, merchant marine & Navy & some colonies continued to function. If there was such an article on "XX Occupation" it would mostly be about the what the Germans were doing & their collaborators.  Rjensen (talk) 10:10, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * In the case of NL it may well be that "occupation" doesn't work as well, mainly because of the colonies. But I just thought it was an opportune time to point out the inconsistency of nomenclature on these articles, which maybe doesn't matter. For the record I have no problem with the proposed new name. Peregrine981 (talk) 13:14, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment: Please note that the war in Dutch popular perception did not start in 1939 but on 10 May 1940. However I personally think it is a good idea to include the war year 1939 in the article. Andries (talk) 11:37, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Absolutely! I'd also add that the Dutch language article is entitled Nederland in de Tweede Wereldoorlog which would seem to go in favour of the move! ---Brigade Piron (talk) 12:25, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Support in principle, but prefer Netherlands in World War II. See WP:THE. This is in line with titles for similar articles, such as Netherlands and articles beginning with "Netherlands in." None begin with "The Netherlands in." --BDD (talk) 19:14, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support move, with or without the 'The'. Abductive  (reasoning) 04:51, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Neutrality of the netherlands is in dispute.
According to historian Loe de Jong, there were staff conversation with the Allies. https://archive.org/details/LoeDeJongHetKoninkrijkDerNederlandenInDeTweedeWereldoorlogDeel02Neutraal ; Britain took a strange interest as well: https://archive.org/details/PreparationForBritishInterventionInHollandANDBelgium - I think there is far more in the archives. --154.69.55.10 (talk) 08:18, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * So? "What ifs" aside, the Netherlands did remain neutral. —Brigade Piron (talk) 10:35, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * As for the British plans, it is the job of the war planners to think ahead. In this case to figure out what Britain should do if Germany made war on the Netherlands and Belgium (as it did). The answer was to hurt Germany as much is possible AFTER it invaded the neutral countries. Rjensen (talk) 10:52, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Netherlands in World War II


text:
File:Galaga.png

Summary
Screenshot from the arcade game Galaga, stage one.

title: File:Galaga.png


text:
Owen Moore

Owen Moore (12 December 1886 – 9 June 1939) was an Irish-born American actor, appearing in more than 279 movies spanning from 1908 to 1937.

Early life and career
Moore was born in Fordstown Crossroads, County Meath, Ireland. Along with his parents, John and Rose Anna Moore, brothers Tom, Matt, and Joe, and sister Mary, he emigrated to the United States as a steerage passenger on board the S.S. Anchoria. The Moore family were inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896 and settled in the Toledo, Ohio area. Moore and his siblings went on to successful careers in motion pictures in Hollywood, California.

While working at D. W. Griffith's Biograph Studios, Moore met a young Canadian actress named Gladys Smith, whom he married on January 7, 1911. Their marriage was kept secret at first because of the strong opposition of her mother. However, Smith soon overshadowed her husband under her stage name, Mary Pickford. In 1912, he signed on with Victor Studios, co-starring in a number of their films with studio owner/actress Florence Lawrence.

Pickford left Biograph Studios to join the Independent Moving Pictures (IMP) to replace their star, Florence Lawrence. Carl Laemmle, the owner of IMP (IMP later merged into Universal Studios), agreed to sign Moore as part of the deal. This humiliation, together with his wife's meteoric rise to fame, drastically affected Moore, and alcohol became a problem that led to violent behavior and his physically abusing Pickford. In 1916, Pickford met actor Douglas Fairbanks. In 1920, Pickford filed for divorce from Moore when she agreed to his demand of $100,000 settlement. Pickford and Fairbanks married days later.

Moore appeared in many successful films for Lewis J. Selznick (father of producer David O. Selznick and agent Myron Selznick), in the late teens and early 1920s. He was a popular star at Selznick Pictures along with Olive Thomas, Elaine Hammerstein, Eugene O'Brien and Conway Tearle. He also appeared in films for his own production company as well as Goldwyn and Triangle.

Moore married a second time to silent film actress, Katherine Perry, in 1921. With the advent of sound film, Moore's career declined, and he became a supporting actor for newer stars. He competed, as the third lead, with Cary Grant and Noah Beery, Sr. for the attentions of Mae West in She Done Him Wrong, Paramount's most lucrative film of 1933. His last film appearance was as a movie director in the 1937 drama A Star Is Born, starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March – ironically a movie about a former film star who turned to alcohol, much like himself at that time.

Death
After years of fighting alcoholism, Moore was found dead on June 9, 1939, in his apartment in Beverly Hills, California. An Associated Press news report said that he "apparently had been dead two days". An autopsy was scheduled for the next day.

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Moore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6727 Hollywood Boulevard.

Selected filmography

 * The Guerrilla (1908, Short)
 * The Valet's Wife (1908, Short)
 * The Honor of Thieves (1909, Short) as Ned Grattan
 * The Sacrifice (1909, Short)
 * A Rural Elopement (1909, Short) as In Crowd
 * The Criminal Hypnotist (1909, Short) as The Man
 * The Welcome Burglar (1909, Short) as In Office / In Bar
 * The Brahma Diamond (1909, Short)
 * The Golden Louis (1909, Short) as The Good Samaritan
 * Trying to Get Arrested (1909, Short) as Passerby
 * The Prussian Spy (1909, Short) as The Spy
 * His Wife's Mother (1909, Short) as Restaurant Patron
 * A Fool's Revenge (1909, Short) as The Duke
 * The Roue's Heart (1909, Short) as Nobleman
 * The Deception (1909, Short) as The Rich Patron
 * A Burglar's Mistake (1909, Short) as At Folsom's
 * Lady Helen's Escapade (1909, Short) as The Boyfriend
 * Resurrection (1909, Short) as At Court / At Prison
 * Two Memories (1909, Short) as Party Guest
 * A Sound Sleeper (1909), Short) as Police Officer
 * Jones and the Lady Book Agent (1909, Short) as Office Employee
 * The Lonely Villa (1909, Short) as A Burglar
 * The Little Darling (1909, Short) as In Boarding House
 * The Hessian Renegades (1909, Short) as Colonial Army Messenger
 * Leather Stocking (1909, Short) as Leather Stocking
 * Pippa Passes (1909, Short) as Sibald
 * Nursing a Viper (1909, Short) as Fleeing Aristocrat
 * The Red Man's View (1909, Short) as Indian (uncredited)
 * In Little Italy (1909, Short) as At the Ball
 * To Save Her Soul (1909, Short) as At Party
 * The Rocky Road (1910, Short)
 * The Time-Lock Safe (1910, Short) as The Friend
 * What the Daisy Said (1910, Short) (uncredited)
 * In the Border States (1910, Short)
 * Love in Quarantine (1910, Short)
 * Their First Misunderstanding (1911, Short)
 * Behind the Times (1911, Short) as Billy Thompson
 * The Lesser Evil (1912, Short)
 * The Angel of the Studio (1912, Short)
 * So Runs the Way (1913, Short)
 * Caprice (1913) as Jack Henderson
 * The Battle of the Sexes (1914) as Cleo's lover
 * Home, Sweet Home (1914) as The Tempter
 * The Escape (1914) as Dr. von Eiden
 * Aftermath (1914) as Allan Buchannan
 * Cinderella (1914) as Prince Charming
 * Mistress Nell (1915) as King Charles II
 * Pretty Mrs. Smith (1915) as Mr. Smith No. 3, Frank
 * Help Wanted (1915) as Jack Scott
 * Betty in Search of a Thrill (1915) as Jim Denning
 * Mabel Lost and Won (1915, Short) as Mabel's Sweetheart
 * The Little Teacher (1915, Short) as Teacher's Fiancé
 * Nearly a Lady (1915) as Jack Rawlins
 * 'Twas Ever Thus (1915) as Long Biceps / Frank Warren / Jack Rogers
 * Jordan Is a Hard Road (1915) as Mark Sheldon
 * Betty of Greystone (1916) as David Chandler
 * Little Meena's Romance (1916) as The Count
 * Susan Rocks the Boat (1916) as Larry O'Neil
 * Under Cover (1916) as Steven Denby
 * Rolling Stones (1916) as Dave Fulton
 * Intolerance (1916) as Extra (uncredited)
 * The Kiss (1916) as Jean-Marie
 * A Coney Island Princess (1916) as Pete Milholland
 * A Girl Like That (1917) as Jim Brooks
 * The Little Boy Scout (1917) as Thomas Morton
 * The Crimson Gardenia (1919) as Roland Van Dam
 * Piccadilly Jim (1919) as James Braithwaite Crocker / Piccadilly Jim
 * Sooner or Later (1920) as Patrick Murphy
 * The Desperate Hero (1920) as Henry Baird
 * The Poor Simp (1920) as Melville G. Carruthers
 * The Chicken in the Case (1921) as Steve Perkins
 * A Divorce of Convenience (1921) as Jim Blake
 * Oh, Mabel Behave (1922) as Randolph Roanoke
 * Reported Missing (1922) as Richard Boyd
 * Love Is an Awful Thing (1922) as Anthony Churchill
 * Modern Matrimony (1923) as Chester Waddington
 * Hollywood (1923) as himself
 * The Silent Partner (1923) as George Coburn
 * Thundergate (1923) as Robert Wells / Kong Sur
 * Her Temporary Husband (1923) as Thomas Burton
 * Torment (1924) as Hansen
 * East of Broadway (1924) as Peter Mullaney
 * The Parasite (1925) as Arthur Randall
 * Code of the West (1925) as Cal Thurman
 * Go Straight (1925) as John Rhodes
 * Camille of the Barbary Coast (1925) as Robert Morton
 * False Pride (1925) as James Mason Ardsley
 * The Blackbird (1926) as Bertram P. Glayde aka West End Bertie
 * The Skyrocket (1926) as Mickey Reid
 * Married ? (1926) as Dennis Shawn
 * Money Talks (1926) as Sam Starling
 * The Road to Mandalay (1926) as The Admiral
 * The Red Mill (1927) as Dennis
 * The Taxi Dancer (1927) as Lee Rogers
 * Women Love Diamonds (1927) as Patrick Michael Regan
 * Tea for Three (1927) as Philip Collamore
 * Becky (1927) as Dan Scarlett
 * Husbands for Rent (1927) as Herbert Willis
 * The Actress (1928) as Tom Wrench
 * Stolen Love (1928) as Curtis Barstow
 * High Voltage (1929) as Det. Dan Egan
 * Side Street (1929) as Dennis O'Farrell
 * What a Widow! (1930) as Gerry Morgan
 * Outside the Law (1930) as Harry 'Fingers' O'Dell
 * Extravagance (1930) as Jim Hamilton
 * Stout Hearts and Willing Hands (1931, Short) as Lookalike Bartender 1
 * Hush Money (1931) as Steve Pelton
 * As You Desire Me (1932) as Tony Boffie
 * She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Chick Clark
 * A Man of Sentiment (1933) as Stanley Colton
 * A Star Is Born (1937) as Casey Burke - Director (final film role)

title: Owen Moore


text:
Matt Moore (actor)

Matt Moore (January 8, 1888 – January 20, 1960) was an Irish-born American actor and director. He appeared in at least 221 motion pictures from 1912 to 1958.

Biography
Born in Fordstown Crossroads, County Meath, Ireland, he and his brothers, Tom, Owen, and Joe, and a sister Mary Moore emigrated to the United States as steerage passengers on board the S.S. Anchoria and were inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896. They all went on to successful movie careers.

Once his brothers made a name for themselves, Moore made his debut in the role as the minister in the silent short Tangled Relations (1912) starring Florence Lawrence and Owen Moore. In 1913, Matt Moore had a prominent role in the "white slavery" drama, Traffic in Souls.

Moore played the role as Hector MacDonald in the MGM crime/drama The Unholy Three (1925) co-starring Lon Chaney and Mae Busch, which was a huge hit that year. He played the role as Stanley "Stan" Wentworth in Coquette (1929) opposite Mary Pickford and Johnny Mack Brown. Coquette was the first talkie of Pickford, ex-wife of his brother Owen.

As time passed, Moore took smaller character roles and remained active in the motion picture industry. His final appearance was in the uncredited role as Charlie Bates in the horror/thriller I Bury the Living (1958), which starred Richard Boone and Theodore Bikel.

Moore has a star for his work in motions pictures on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard. He was very fond of his two cats, having them appear in several of his movies, and both have a star in the animal section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Death
Moore died of undisclosed causes on January 20, 1960, in Hollywood, California, aged 72.

Selected filmography

 * Traffic in Souls (1913) - Officer Burke - Officer 4434
 * A Singular Sinner (1914)
 * 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916) - Lieutenant Bond
 * The Pride of the Clan (1917) - Jamie Campbell
 * Runaway Romany (1917) - Bud Haskell
 * Heart of the Wilds (1918) - Val Galbraith
 * The Bondage of Barbara (1919) - Harry Chambers
 * A Wild Goose Chase (1919)
 * Getting Mary Married (1919) - Ted Barnacle
 * The Unpardonable Sin (1919) - Nol Windsor
 * The Unwritten Code (1919) - Dick Tower
 * Sahara (1919) - John Stanley
 * The Dark Star (1919) - Prince Alak
 * The Glorious Lady (1919) - The Duke of Loame
 * A Regular Girl (1919) - Robert King
 * Don't Ever Marry (1920) - Joe Benson
 * Whispers (1920) - Pat Darrick
 * The Sport of Kings (1920) - Sale Kernan
 * Hairpins (1920) - Rex Rossmore
 * Love Madness (1920) - Lloyd Norwood
 * The Passionate Pilgrim (1921) - Henry Calverly
 * Straight Is the Way (1921) - 'Cat' Carter
 * The Miracle of Manhattan (1921) - Larry Marshall
 * A Man's Home (1921) - Arthur Lynn
 * Back Pay (1922) - Jerry Newcombe
 * Sisters (1922) - Peter Joyce
 * The Storm (1922) - Dave Stewart
 * The Jilt (1922) - George Prothero
 * Minnie (1922) - newspaper man
 * Drifting (1923) - Capt. Arthur Davis
 * Strangers of the Night (1923) - Ambrose Applejohn
 * White Tiger (1923) - Dick Longworth
 * No More Women (1924) - Peter Maddox
 * The Breaking Point (1924) - Judson Clark
 * A Self-Made Failure (1924) - John Steele
 * Fools in the Dark (1924) - Percy Schwartz / Percy Primrose
 * The Wise Virgin (1924) - Bob Hanford
 * Another Man's Wife (1924) - Phillip Cochran
 * A Lost Lady (1924) - Neil Herbert
 * The Narrow Street (1925) - Simon Haldane
 * The Way of a Girl (1925) - George
 * How Baxter Butted In (1925) - Henry Baxter
 * Grounds for Divorce (1925) - Maurice Sorbier
 * The Unholy Three (1925) - Hector McDonald
 * His Majesty, Bunker Bean (1925) - Bunker Bean
 * Where the Worst Begins (1925) - Donald Van Dorn
 * Three Weeks in Paris (1925) - Oswald Bates
 * His Jazz Bride (1926) - Dick Gregory
 * The First Year (1926) - Tom Tucker
 * The Caveman (1926) - Mike Smagg
 * Early to Wed (1926) - Tommy Carter
 * The Mystery Club (1926) - Dick Bernard
 * Diplomacy (1926) - Robert Lowry
 * Summer Bachelors (1926) - Walter Blakely
 * The Honorable Mr. Buggs (1927, Short) - Mr. Buggs
 * Tillie the Toiler (1927) - J. Cornelius MacDougall
 * Married Alive (1927) - Charles Orme
 * Phyllis of the Follies (1928) - Howard Decker
 * Beware of Blondes (1928) - Jeffrey
 * Dry Martini (1928) - Freddie Fletcher
 * Coquette (1929) - Stanley Wentworth
 * Side Street (1929) - John O'Farrell
 * Call of the West (1930) - Lon Dixon
 * The Squealer (1930) - John Sheridan
 * The Front Page (1931) - Kruger
 * Stout Hearts and Willing Hands (1931, Short) - Lookalike Bartender 3
 * Penrod and Sam (1931) - Henry Schofield
 * Consolation Marriage (1931) - The Colonel
 * Cock of the Air (1932) - Terry
 * Rain (1932) - Dr. Macphail
 * The Pride of the Legion (1932) - Cavanaugh
 * Little Orphan Annie (1932) - Dr. Griffiths
 * Deluge (1933) - Tom
 * All Men Are Enemies (1934) - Allerton
 * Such Women Are Dangerous (1934) - George Ryan
 * Anything Goes (1936) - Capt. McPhail
 * Absolute Quiet (1936) - Pilot
 * Bad Boy (1939) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Range War (1939) - Jim Marlow
 * Santa Fe Marshal (1940) - Watchman (uncredited)
 * The Trial of Mary Dugan (1941) - Bailiff (uncredited)
 * My Life with Caroline (1941) - Walters
 * Unexpected Uncle (1941) - Detective (uncredited)
 * The Vanishing Virginian (1942) - Chas. Inglestadt (uncredited)
 * Mokey (1942) - Mr. Pennington
 * The Mayor of 44th Street (1942) - Jerry, Office Clerk (uncredited)
 * Harrigan's Kid (1943) - Racing Judge (uncredited)
 * Dr. Gillespie's Criminal Case (1943) - Harper (uncredited)
 * Happy Land (1943) - Mr. Prentiss (uncredited)
 * Wilson (1944) - Albert S. Burleson - Postmaster General (uncredited)
 * Mrs. Parkington (1944) - Ball Guest (uncredited)
 * Spellbound (1945) - Policeman at Train Station (uncredited)
 * She Went to the Races (1945) - Duffy, Hilda's Trainer (uncredited)
 * The Hoodlum Saint (1946) - Father Duffy
 * Love Laughs at Andy Hardy (1946) - Traffic Policeman (uncredited)
 * That's My Man (1947) - Bowler's Owner (uncredited)
 * B.F.'s Daughter (1948) - Connecticut Mansion Butler (uncredited)
 * Good Sam (1948) - Mr. Butler
 * Joan of Arc (1948) - Judge Courneille (uncredited)
 * Neptune's Daughter (1949) - Swim Race Official (uncredited)
 * That Forsyte Woman (1949) - Timothy Forsyte
 * Malaya (1949) - George - Prison Official (uncredited)
 * The Reformer and the Redhead (1950) - Parkers' Butler (uncredited)
 * Please Believe Me (1950) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * The Big Hangover (1950) - Mr. Rumlie
 * Mystery Street (1950) - Dr. Rockton (uncredited)
 * The Happy Years (1950) - Travers Family Butler (uncredited)
 * Grounds for Marriage (1951) - Critic (uncredited)
 * Three Guys Named Mike (1951) - Mr. Tannen (uncredited)
 * Inside Straight (1951) - Broker (uncredited)
 * Mr. Imperium (1951) - Gateman (uncredited)
 * The Great Caruso (1951) - Matt - the Doorman (uncredited)
 * Night into Morning (1951) - Prof. Joe Goodman (uncredited)
 * Rich, Young and Pretty (1951) - Doctor (uncredited)
 * The Law and the Lady (1952) - Senator Scholmm (uncredited)
 * Too Young to Kiss (1951) - Charles, Wainwright's Butler (uncredited)
 * Invitation (1952) - Paul, the Butler
 * Plymouth Adventure (1952) - William Mullins (uncredited)
 * Scandal at Scourie (1953) - Kenston (uncredited)
 * Latin Lovers (1953) - Board Member (uncredited)
 * The Great Diamond Robbery (1954) - Preacher (uncredited)
 * Executive Suite (1954) - Servant (uncredited)
 * Gypsy Colt (1954) - Tourist (uncredited)
 * Yankee Pasha (1954) - Bearded Slave (uncredited)
 * Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) - Ruth's Uncle
 * The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954) - Englishman (uncredited)
 * The King's Thief (1955) - Gentleman (uncredited)
 * The Birds and the Bees (1956) - Passenger (uncredited)
 * Pardners (1956) - Cowboy (uncredited)
 * These Wilder Years (1956) - Ed, the Gateman (uncredited)
 * Designing Woman (1957) - Stage Doorman (uncredited)
 * An Affair to Remember (1957) - Father McGrath (uncredited)
 * The Helen Morgan Story (1957) - Bum (uncredited)
 * I Bury the Living (1958) - Charlie Bates (uncredited) (final film role)

title: Matt Moore (actor)


text:
Talk:Brindleyplace

Anon
I have re-edited the content of this page so that it is my original work.

Image
Why do two users keep re-adding an image, which does not show Brindleyplace, other than for a fragment of one plain brick wall? Andy Mabbett 21:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It shows the area and atmosphere of Brindleyplace perfectly well - an area around the canals. Unless your going to use a really pedandic and narrow definition of the area as being only buildings. G-Man 21:40, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not "pedantic" to point out that the canals and the tow-path, are not part of Brindleyplace; it's factually correct. This is an encyclopaedia, not a tourist brochure and not a holiday photo album. Andy Mabbett 21:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Barbarellas
Legendary Brum music venue was where RBS now stands — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.53.164.151 (talk) 07:43, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
User:Disciple of CPCTC

Disciple of CPCTC

Hello everybody. CPCTC is my favorite Math Theorem, which i learned from geometry. I am in the 9th grade in the Commonwealth Governors School. Which is very boring, thus i am a user.

title: User:Disciple of CPCTC


text:
Metropolitan Borough of St Helens

The Metropolitan Borough of St Helens is a local government district with borough status in Merseyside, North West England. The borough is named after its largest settlement, St Helens, but also includes neighbouring towns and villages such as Earlestown, Rainhill, Eccleston, Clock Face, Haydock, Billinge, Garswood, Rainford and Newton-le-Willows.

The Metropolitan Borough Council is made up of 48 councillors, three representing each of the 16 wards.

History
The Metropolitan Borough was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the former County Borough of St Helens, along with the urban districts of Haydock, Newton-le-Willows and Rainford, and parts of Billinge-and-Winstanley and Ashton-in-Makerfield urban districts, along with part of Whiston Rural District, all from the administrative county of Lancashire.

Between 1974 and 1986 (when it was abolished), the borough council shared functions with Merseyside County Council. After abolition, the functions of this body were in part devolved to the boroughs and in part transferred to ad hoc agencies.

St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council composition
Elections to St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council are held in three out of every four years, with one-third of the 48 seats on the council being elected at each election.

The Labour Party has had a majority on the council since the first election in 1973, except for a period between the 2004 election and the 2010 election when no party had a majority. This allowed an alliance between the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives to take control after the 2006 election until Labour regained control in 2010.

Since then Labour has strengthened its position on the council, and following the 2022 election the council is composed of the following councillors:

Parliamentary constituencies

 * St Helens North
 * St Helens South and Whiston

Liverpool City Region Combined Authority
The Metropolitan Borough of St Helens is one of the six constituent local government districts of the Liverpool City Region. Since 1 April 2014, some of the borough's responsibilities have been pooled with neighbouring authorities and subsumed into the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.

The combined authority has effectively become the top-tier administrative body for the local governance of the city region, and the leader of St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council, along with the five other leaders from neighbouring local government districts, takes strategic decisions over economic development, transport, employment and skills, tourism, culture, housing and physical infrastructure.

Geography
The borough borders the borough of Knowsley, in the south-west, the district of West Lancashire in the north, the Borough of Wigan in the north-east, and to the south the boroughs of Warrington and Halton.

The St Helens Borough covers roughly 30 km2 over an area of soft rolling hills used primarily for agricultural purposes, mainly arable. The highest point in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, and the whole of Merseyside, is Billinge Hill, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north from St. Helens centre. The borough is landlocked with a stream running through, Mill Brook/Windle Brook running through Eccleston and connecting with the (disused) St. Helens Branch/Section of the Sankey Canal in the town centre. The centre of St Helens is around 160 feet (50 m) above sea level.

From the top of Billinge Hill the cities of Manchester and Liverpool are visible on a clear day as well as the towns of Bolton and Warrington.

Carr Mill Dam is Merseyside's largest body of inland water, offering picturesque lakeside trails and walks as well as national competitive powerboating and angling events.

The Burgies are two tailings on the site of the old Rushy Park coal mine. They were created by the dumping of toxic chemical waste from the manufacture of glass, they have since been covered with tall grass and woodland.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council was adopted in 1974. The crest above the helmet is that of Lord Newton representing Newton U.D.C. and Haydock U.D.C. The crest is suitably differenced by the inclusion of two red (gules) fleur-de-lys on the body of the ram.

The escutcheon is split into quarters by the Black (sable) Cross of Haydock & Eccleston and the Blue (azure) Bars of Parr. Each quarter contains a different charge:
 * First Quarter: a saltire couped Gules - representing Ashton and Seneley Green,
 * Second Quarter: a griffin Sable - representing Rainhill,
 * Third Quarter: a cross flory - representing Windle,
 * Fourth Quarter: a cross crosslet fitchy - representing Billinge.

Beneath the escutcheon is a scroll bearing the motto ' Ex Terra Lucem ' meaning 'From the Earth, Light'.

Twin Town
St Helens is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Stuttgart, Germany

Freedom of the Borough
The following people, military units and Organisations and Groups have received the Freedom of the Borough of St Helens.

Individuals

 * Lord Pilkington of St Helens: 1968.
 * John Evans, Baron Evans of Parkside: 1997.
 * David Watts, Baron Watts: 13 May 2022.
 * James Roby: 1 December 2023.
 * Michael Smith: 1 December 2023.
 * Marie Rimmer : 1 December 2023.

Military Units

 * The Royal Military Police Association (Merseyside Branch): 29 February 2012.
 * The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment: 1 December 2023.

Organisations and Groups

 * The St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust: 13 May 2022.

title: Metropolitan Borough of St Helens


text:
Charlotte Hornets (WFL)

The Charlotte Hornets were an American football team in the short-lived professional World Football League. Despite their brief existence, the Hornets were North Carolina's first attempt at a major league football team, predating the Carolina Panthers by two decades. They were relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, from New York City in the middle of the 1974 season.

Origins in Boston
The Charlotte Hornets franchise began in 1973 in Boston as the Boston Bulldogs, which was also the name of the relocated Pottsville Maroons, Boston's first professional football franchise. The name was shortened in October to Bulls. They were owned by Howard Baldwin, president and minority owner of the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association. Unlike most other WFL owners, he didn't have to pay a franchise fee because of his close ties to WFL founder and Commissioner Gary Davidson. He hired Vito "Babe" Parilli, who had been a backup to New York Jets quarterback Joe Namath in Super Bowl III, as head coach.

Baldwin was unable to find more investors, or even a suitable place to play. Realizing that he had no hope of putting together a viable product in Boston, Baldwin opted to merge with the WFL's as-yet-unnamed New York franchise on January 26, 1974. That team was owned by Whalers and Boston Celtics majority owner Bob Schmertz and three of his New York-based limited business partners; Henry Fujawski, John Lander and Steven Cohen who together made up the core of the Stars ownership and like Baldwin hadn't had to pay a franchise fee. The two teams had already worked together very closely in the draft. The merged team took the name New York Stars.

New York Stars
Finding a home field for the fledgling team in New York also proved difficult, partly due to bad timing. Yankee Stadium was closed for renovations right after the Yankees finished the 1973 season in October; it would not reopen until 1976. Shea Stadium was fully booked as the Yankees shared the park with the Mets as well as the NFL's Jets and Giants. (Giants Stadium, future home of both New York football teams, wouldn't open its doors until 1976.) The Stars had only two other options in the city proper: Downing Stadium, a 22,000-seat facility built during the Depression as a WPA Project on Randall's Island near the East River, or Baker Field, the 32,000-seat wooden stadium that served as the home of Columbia University's teams. Unable to come to terms with Columbia, Downing Stadium was ultimately chosen. The legendary Bob Sheppard, longtime voice of the New York Yankees, handled public address duties for the Stars.

Parilli signed a number of former Super Bowl III Jets including wide receiver George Sauer, who was coming out of retirement after three years, and former All-Pro defensive men Gerry Philbin, as well as John Elliott.

The WFL needed New York in order to have a presence in the largest U.S. media market. The Stars sold between 5,500 and 8,000 season tickets. After losing 14–7 at Jacksonville in front of a league high crowd of 59,112 at the Gator Bowl, the Stars' first home game against the Birmingham Americans attracted 17,943 New Yorkers. After leading 29–3 at halftime, the Stars were toppled by the efforts of Americans quarterback George Mira, who threw for three touchdowns and ran for another as Birmingham pulled out a 32-29 comeback win. The Stars achieved their first win as kicker Moses Lajterman kicked the winning field goal for a 17–15 win at Philadelphia. The Stars and Bell performed in front of the largest-ever WFL crowd, with 64,179 on hand; it later came out that most of the tickets were sold at large discounts or were given away free, to make the league appear more successful than it was.

New York then went on a tear, winning five in a row. Among the victims were the Jacksonville Sharks, Southern California Sun, Portland Storm, and Houston Texans. Coincidentally, the team's winning streak was stopped by those same Texans a week later, with a surprise addition to the Houston roster: John Matuszak, who had been AWOL from the NFL's Houston Oilers just 48 hours earlier. The Stars had mixed results in the next few weeks, beating Portland again, but losing to Florida in the rain and The Hawaiians in the sun. To improve the roster, New York picked up several NFL players from the waiver wire, including cornerback John Dockery (who played with Parilli for the Jets) and Don Highsmith, a running back released by Oakland who turned out to be a great addition to the Stars running attack.

The Stars could have been a real alternative to the NFL's Giants and Jets, both of whom were at historic low-points on the field. But despite their on-field success (and cheaper ticket prices), the Stars were dragged down by serious off-field financial problems; like most WFL teams, they were badly under-capitalized. The Stars opening-night crowd was the largest of the season; by September, they were drawing barely 5,000 per contest (ultimately, they drew just 74,692 total to their seven home games, an average of 10,670 per game, second-worst in the WFL.) Their fiscal structure began to founder when Schmertz's construction company ran into trouble. He was also involved in a nasty divorce, as well as a legal dispute over his ownership of the Celtics.

The Stars' biggest problem was Downing Stadium. Located on an island in the East River and accessible primarily on foot, it was nearly inaccessible from most parts of the city, and it had not been well-maintained in at least twenty years. (Indeed, it had hosted little football in that time, most notably a partial season of the old Continental Football League in 1966.) Schmertz pumped over $200,000 into renovations, but it wasn't enough to bring it to anything even approaching professional standards. The field was mostly sand and dirt, and amenities for fans, players and the press were virtually nonexistent. The toilets in the locker room frequently overflowed. During the home opener, the Stars' radio announcers John Sterling and Matt Snell had to sit on orange crates because there were no chairs in the press box; their Birmingham counterparts had to stand. Lighting was provided by four-decade-old light towers from Ebbets Field that were not nearly strong enough to completely illuminate the field. The lights were so dim that WFL's national television broadcaster, TVS, pronounced them unfit for broadcast and refused to air any games from the stadium.

It soon became obvious that Schmertz and Baldwin were in no position to finish the season. With the Stars over a million dollars in debt and a stadium that was inadequate even for temporary use, the WFL resigned itself to abandoning the nation's biggest market.

September 24, 1974 was their final game at New York, against the Detroit Wheels (the game was moved from Wednesday because of Yom Kippur). Coincidentally, that same day, the Wheels' 33 owners filed for bankruptcy, leading reporters to call the game the "Bankrupt Bowl." The Stars blew out the destitute Wheels, 37–7, in front of 4,220 fans. The game was originally scheduled to be carried nationally by TVS, but the network begged off. Even without Downing's inadequate lighting, it was clear by this time that both teams were headed for extinction.

Charlotte Stars/Hornets
While they were packing up for the next night's game against the Chicago Fire, Parilli announced the team was moving to Charlotte for the rest of the season as the Charlotte Stars. Part-owner Bob Keating told reporters that poor attendance and Downing Stadium's substandard playing conditions made it impossible for the team to go on in New York.

The league had found a buyer in Upton Bell, the son and heir of former NFL commissioner Bert Bell and himself a former executive with the New England Patriots, after Charlotte mayor John M. Belk helped engineer a deal that made the move feasible. Forced to find a new logo literally at the last minute, the equipment man simply stuck the Chicago Bears' "C" logo over the old New York logo. Despite everything, the Stars—renamed the Hornets a few days later—put out the Fire, 41–30. Shortly after they arrived in Charlotte, however, their uniforms were impounded due to an unpaid laundry bill from New York; the Hornets had to practice in shorts and T-shirts until Bell posted a bond for the equipment. The team's first home game at Charlotte (the city's first-ever "big league" franchise) was a rousing success, selling out all 25,133 tickets at American Legion Memorial Stadium, leaving some 5,000 out of luck. The visiting Memphis Southmen ruined their debut, winning 27–23. In four games at Charlotte, the Hornets sold over 80,000 tickets compared to just 75,000 in seven games at Downing Stadium.

Toward the end of the season, the Hornets struggled on the field, losing their last four games. Off the field, things were not much better, as Bell was still scrambling to get more financing; a public offering hadn't attracted any investors. After their penultimate game, a federal judge ordered the seizure of most of the team's equipment (again) to compensate creditors back in New York.

Despite their late-season slump, the Hornets finished second in the Eastern Division behind the Florida Blazers, earning them a playoff spot and a date against the Blazers in Orlando. Unfortunately, by November 16, six days before the game, Florida had only sold 1,000 advance tickets (the final attendance was reported as 9,712), leading to concerns that the Hornets' cut of the gate would not even begin to meet their travel expenses. The players would have been lucky to get $100 for the game, nowhere near enough to justify the trip. League executive committee chairman and Memphis Southmen owner John F. Bassett called Bell and told him that the game was off. Bell had little choice but to agree. The players hadn't been paid since the third week of October, and he still hadn't been able to attract enough financing to field a team for 1975. Additionally, he was still paying Schmertz for buying the team. The Philadelphia Bell, who finished one game behind the Hornets (and with a losing record) but had somewhat more robust finances, replaced the Hornets as the second Eastern qualifier.

The Hornets returned for the 1975 campaign. Meanwhile, the reconstituted Chicago Winds franchise looked to sign quarterback Joe Namath, offering him a multi-million dollar contract to jump leagues. (Part of the deal called for Namath's eventual ownership of a WFL franchise in New York, which apparently would have involved moving the Hornets back to the Big Apple, perhaps playing in the refurbished Yankee Stadium.) But when Namath said no, league television partner TVS tore up its contract. The Hornets, like the rest of the league, felt the loss of TV coverage and revenue very hard. Despite fielding a competitive team (winning four in a row at one point), the Hornets didn't come close to selling out any of their contests in '75, drawing 43,761 fans for their four home games, less than half of capacity. Finally, the WFL ceased operations in mid-season, and the Hornets finished with a 6–5 record.

1974 regular season
Source:
 * † first game after announcing move to Charlotte
 * ‡ first home game in Charlotte

1975 regular season
Source:

title: Charlotte Hornets (WFL)


text:
File talk:Fgm map.gif

Pure BS
This map is not only pure BS. It's also based on shoddy statistics work. --Yellowfiver (talk) 00:05, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Remove this image. I strongly recommend that this image is removed. The date indicated in the chart cannot be verified or confirmed. The information is inaccurate and biased and completely lacks any scientific method in preparation or analysis. The data shown on the image lacks both scientific clarity and precision. At best, the statements indicated in the chart are guesses but the authors of the chart "afrol" cannot show any information indicating that the data is either accurate, neutral or collected with any form of scientific basis.... or even that any form of research was undertaken at all to confirm their conclusions. As an example: Nigeria is claimed to have a prevalence of 60-90% (!!!!), Benin 5-50% (that's a wide range...). I wonder if they even visited the countries before concluding on their "bold research". These types of images are better suited for sci-fi books and it shames the Wikipedia community to include unsubstantiated and poorly sourced research material as "fact material". The allegations made by chart are lies and borderline libel (if a country could sue). It does nothing but spread misunderstanding, rumours and lies about Africa. Just because someone publishes a report or chart doesn't make the conclusions facts. Science is based on method and facts - this is not an argument that FGM takes place (it does), it's an argument against dangerous practices of levering myths and speculations as facts. This is just to state that afrol's statistics have no underlying data, only fragments from stories and articles. The map is their own fabrication and at their own admission, without scientific method. Another consideration is the fact that the chart only shows a limited and partial view of africa where afrol on the website makes it clear that they have "no data". Not that prevalence is zero but they have no data. As such the chart incorrect. This is an extract from the afrol website: "There are no exact data on the prevalence of FGM in Africa. The map is based on data selected from various sources, destined not to have used the same methology collecting them. Most available data were on a country basis, though often named peoples were singled out as practising FGM. These data were thus projected on the approximate areas these people inhabit. Note that the map's scale is very coarse, the presentation not giving room for the very many local variations in prevalence." Please - ensure that material is appropriately referenced AND confirmed to ensure that wikipedia does not become the forum for statistical nonsense. (Cragrat (talk) 16:01, 3 November 2008 (UTC))
 * So why isn't this image being reconsidered? --72.241.86.106 (talk) 01:41, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Could someone tell me ( and put it on the page ) what 'local' means on this chart?, is it: 'only practiced in isolated local communities and isn't widespread.' or something else? --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 18:36, 2004 May 5 (UTC)

Overlap?
Why are there overlapping ranges? -- Mikeblas 01:45, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

title: File talk:Fgm map.gif