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Édouard Verreaux

Jean Baptiste Édouard Verreaux (16 September 1810 – 14 March 1868) was a French naturalist, taxidermist, collector, and dealer. Botanist and ornithologist Jules Verreaux was his older brother.

Career
In 1830, Verreaux travelled to South Africa to help his brother pack up a large consignment of specimens. He returned in 1832 before continuing to Sumatra, Java, the Philippines and Indo-China. In 1834, he took control of the family's natural history business in Paris.

Lion Attacking a Dromedary
Verreaux designed and constructed the orientalist taxidermy diorama Lion Attacking a Dromedary for the Paris Exposition of 1867, where it won a gold medal. After the exposition, it was sold to the American Museum of Natural History, who exhibited it at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. The diorama was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1898, where it was displayed until its removal in 2020. The museum cited the work's lack of cultural accuracy and concerns raised by the Black Lives Matter movement as the reasons for the removal. In 2021, the diorama was put back on display at the Pittsburgh museum.

Associated writings

 * L'Océanie en Estampes, ou description géographie et historique de toutes les Îles du grand océan et du continent de la Nouvelle Hollande ... (with Jules Verreaux), 1832 – Prints of Oceania, or geographical and historical description of all the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the continent of New Holland.
 * Catalogue des objets d'histoire naturelle : composant le cabinet de Mm. Veraux, pére et fils, naturalistes préparateurs, boulevard Montmartre, No. 6, 1833 – Cataloged objects of natural history, component of the firm Veraux, father and son, preparer-naturalists, Boulevard Montmartre, No. 6.
 * Catalogue d'oiseaux, 1849 – Catalog of birds.
 * Catalogue des Oiseaux disponibles dans la maison d'E. Verreaux, 1868 – Catalog of birds found in the house of E. Verreaux.

title: Édouard Verreaux


text:
Talk:Jeff Cohen (actor)

Untitled
I've fixed some incorrect facts in this article: He can't be in his thirties if he was born June 25, 1974. He won't be thirty till June 25, 2004. Also, The Goonies was not directed by Spielberg, but was produced by him. I've changed the word "film" to "production." Taco Deposit 20:26, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Ham Sandwich
I initiated a vandalism about Mr. Cohen and a ham sandwich in order to demonstrate the unreliablity of wikipedia. I removed the vandalism shortly after the demonstration.

Tragically, the article for Mama Cass choked on the aforementioned ham sandwich before it was removed. Lesson? Don't fuck with Wikipedia!!1

Notability
I believe Jeff Cohen meets notability guidelines, which state, "A person is generally notable if they meet any of the following standards. [Actors] Travisl 18:38, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) With significant roles in notable films, television, stage performances, and other productions.
 * 2) Has a large fan base or a significant "cult" following."

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Film missing
Cohen starred in 'Ask Max' 1986. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_Max 108.36.88.94 (talk) 22:18, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jeff Cohen (actor)


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Vera Zvonareva

Vera Igorevna Zvonareva (Вера Игоревна Звонарёва; born 7 September 1984) is a Russian professional tennis player. Her career-high singles ranking by the WTA is No. 2 and in doubles world No. 7. Zvonareva has won twelve career singles titles, including the 2009 Indian Wells Open, and reached the finals of the 2008 WTA Tour Championships, 2010 Wimbledon Championships, and 2010 US Open. She was also a bronze medalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

In doubles, Zvonareva has won five major titles. Three came in women's doubles, first at the 2006 US Open, partnering Nathalie Dechy, and the 2012 Australian Open, with Svetlana Kuznetsova. Following her return to tennis, Zvonareva won her third women's doubles major title at the 2020 US Open, partnering Laura Siegemund. Her other two major titles came in mixed doubles, the first at the 2004 US Open with Bob Bryan, and her second at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, with Andy Ram. She also won the doubles title at the 2023 WTA Finals partnering Siegemund.

Early life
Zvonareva was born in 1984 in Moscow to Igor Zvonarev and Natalia Bykova. Igor played Bandy in the USSR championship with Dynamo Moscow, and Nataliya played field hockey and was the bronze medalist at the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. Zvonareva was introduced to tennis at age six by her mother.

1999–2002: Early career, ITF titles and top 50
Zvonareva started to compete on the ITF Women's Circuit in 1999, debuting at a tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. She won three qualifying matches there to reach the main draw before losing in the first round.

The following year 2000, she turned professional and won an ITF event in Moscow, without dropping a set, despite being unranked. The event was just the second event she had played in her professional career. Five weeks later, she made her WTA-level debut at the Tier I tournament in Moscow, beating world No. 148, Elena Bovina, before losing to world No. 11, Anna Kournikova, in the second round. In 2001, she failed to qualify for WTA Tour events in Key Biscayne and Moscow, but reached a semifinal at the ITF tournament in Civitanova, Italy. During this time, she won the Orange Bowl Under-18s event in 2000 and 2001.

In 2002, Zvonareva won her second ITF title in Naples, Florida and in July reached her first singles final on the WTA Tour at Palermo, losing to Mariana Díaz Oliva, in three sets. She also achieved semifinal finishes in Warsaw and Sopot, plus a quarterfinal finish in Bol, Croatia. Zvonareva won three qualifying matches at the French Open to reach the main draw for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. She lost there in the fourth round to eventual champion, Serena Williams, in three sets. Her ranking was high enough for a direct entry into the Wimbledon Championships, where she lost in the second round to the 23rd seed Iva Majoli. At the US Open, Zvonareva lost to world No. 7, Kim Clijsters, in the third round. Her ranking rose into the top 100 after the French Open and into the top 50 after the US Open.

2003–2004: French Open quarterfinal, top-10 debut and first major doubles title
In 2003, Zvonareva won the title at the Tier-III event in Bol, beating Conchita Martínez Granados in the final, and reached three other semifinals (including the Tier-II event in Linz). She defeated a top-10 player for the first time when she beat world No. 10, Anastasia Myskina, in Berlin. At the French Open, Zvonareva defeated world No. 3, Venus Williams, in the fourth round, before losing in the quarterfinals to world No. 76, Nadia Petrova. Her French Open results caused her ranking to enter the top 20. She reached the quarterfinals in six out of the seven Tier I events she contested. Her debut for Russia in Fed Cup was in the World Group quarterfinals against Slovenia. Russia won 5–0, but lost to France 2–3 in the semifinals. In doubles, she reached her first WTA Tour final at Moscow with Myskina. She ended the year ranked No. 13.

In 2004, Zvonareva won her first career Grand Slam title, winning the mixed doubles competition at the US Open with Bob Bryan. She won one singles title, in Memphis and reached the final of the events in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, losing to top-10 players Lindsay Davenport and Amélie Mauresmo. In the final of the Memphis event, Zvonareva trailed hometown favorite Lisa Raymond 5–2 in the third set, before saving three match points and winning the last five games of the match to win the title. In addition to this, she reached the semifinals of three Tier-I tournaments in Rome, San Diego, and Montreal. She lost in San Diego to fellow Russian Anastasia Myskina in a match that featured a final set tiebreak that ended 17–15. Zvonareva and Myskina teamed in the final of the Fed Cup, playing in the crucial final rubber against Marion Bartoli and Émilie Loit, which the pair won, 7–6, 7–5, to seal Russia's first Fed Cup title.

Zvonareva ended 2004 the year ranked world No. 11. In August, she reached her then-career high of world No. 9. Because of several withdrawals, Zvonareva was able to compete at the WTA Championships, an event reserved for the top eight players in the world. She was unable to win a match and exited at the round-robin stage.

2005: First injury
Zvonareva obtained an invitation from the Hong Kong Tennis Patrons' Association to play in the Watsons Water Champions Challenge. She defended her Memphis title, defeating Meghann Shaughnessy but she was injured in the second half of 2005. Her ranking dropped from No. 11 to 42.

2006: Two major doubles titles
In 2006, Zvonareva won her first women's doubles major tournament at the US Open, partnering Nathalie Dechy of France. She obtained a second mixed doubles title at Wimbledon, partnering Andy Ram of Israel. They defeated Bob Bryan and Venus Williams, in straight sets. She garnered some success in singles competition, winning two titles in a season for the first time in her career. This included her first tournament win on grass, at the Birmingham Classic in England. Her other title came in Cincinnati, where she played a nearly flawless match against Serena Williams in the semifinals, and beat Katarina Srebotnik in the final.

2007: Second injury
The 2007 season was a year of mixed fortune for Zvonareva. At Indian Wells, she stunned world No. 1, Maria Sharapova, who was the defending champion, in three sets in the fourth round, marking her first victory over a reigning world No. 1. However, she fell in the next round to Li Na. At her next tournament, the Charleston Open, she retired when playing Dinara Safina and down a set, due to a left wrist injury. This injury kept her out of the European clay-court season, the grass-court season, and most of the North American hard-court season. On returning to the tour, she reached the third round of the US Open, losing to Serena Williams. At the remaining tournaments on her schedule, she reached the quarterfinals or better at four out of five, with semifinal finishes in Luxembourg and Quebec. Her one final came during the first week of the year, in Auckland, New Zealand.

2008: Back into top 10, Olympic bronze and WTA Tour Championships final
Zvonareva began the year by losing to wildcard Marina Erakovic, then ranked world No. 153, at Auckland, and then reached the final of the Hobart International. She did not play the final against Eleni Daniilidou because of an ankle injury, and this injury also forced her to retire in her first-round match at the Australian Open against Ai Sugiyama, trailing 3–6, 1–1.

She then reached the final of the Tier I Qatar Open in Doha, beating Dinara Safina, Sybille Bammer, and Li Na along the way. In the final against world No. 5 and fourth-seeded Maria Sharapova, Zvonareva lost in three sets. In March, at the Bangalore Open, Zvonareva lost in the quarterfinals to Venus Williams. Zvonareva then reached the quarterfinals of the Tier I Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, before losing to eventual champion Ana Ivanovic, 1–6, 4–6. Two weeks later, Zvonareva reached the semifinals of the Tier I Miami Open in Key Biscayne, where she lost to fourth seed Jelena Janković, 1–6, 4–6.

On clay, Zvonareva then reached her third final overall and second Tier I final of the year at the Charleston Cup. En route to the final, she defeated world No. 5, Jelena Janković, and world No. 8, Elena Dementieva, the first time in her career that she beat two top-10 players in the same tournament. In the final, she lost to fifth seed Serena Williams in three sets. In May, Zvonareva won her first WTA title in nearly two years. At the Tier IV ECM Prague Open, Zvonareva defeated third seed Victoria Azarenka in the final. This was her sixth career singles title. She then lost to Venus Williams in the third round of the Tier I Italian Open, and to Dementieva in the fourth round of the French Open.

On grass court, Zvonareva lost her first match at the Eastbourne International and her second-round match against Tamarine Tanasugarn at Wimbledon.

During the North American summer hard-court season, commonly known as the US Open Series, she lost in the first round of the Stanford Classic, the second round of the L.A. Championships, and the first round of the Tier I Rogers Cup in Montreal. At the Beijing Olympics, Zvonareva lost in the semifinals to fifth seeded Dementieva, 4–6, 6–7, but then defeated Li Na to win the bronze medal. With these results Zvonareva's ranking rose to a career-high-equaling world No. 9. Two weeks later, Zvonareva was seeded eighth at the US Open, but lost in the second round to Tatiana Perebiynis of Ukraine, 3–6, 3–6.

In September, Zvonareva helped Russia to victory against Spain in the final of the Fed Cup. Zvonareva won the opening match of the tie in Madrid, defeating Anabel Medina Garrigues, in straight sets. At the Guangzhou International Open, a Tier III event, she defeated Zheng Jie in straight sets in the semifinals, before beating Peng Shuai in the final. She then reached the semifinals at the China Open in Beijing, losing a three-set match to top-seeded Janković. At the Tier II Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart, Zvonareva lost in the quarterfinals, again to Janković, 6–7, 6–7. In her hometown event, the Kremlin Cup in Moscow the next week, Zvonareva beat second seed Dinara Safina in straight sets in the semifinals, but lost to Janković for the third time in three weeks in the final in straight sets. In a second-round match against Medina Garrigues at the Zurich Open, Zvonareva retired from the match while trailing 3–6, 0–3. However, she then reached the final of the Linz Open in Austria, beating Marion Bartoli in the semifinals, 6–0, 6–1, before losing the final to Ivanovic in straight sets, hitting 32 unforced errors.

To finish off the year, Zvonareva qualified for the year-end WTA Finals (open to the top eight players) for the second time in her career. To accrue enough points to qualify, she had played six consecutive tournaments after the US Open. In her first round-robin match, she won against compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova, 6–2, 6–3. Zvonareva then beat Ivanovic, before completing a clean sweep of her group by defeating world No. 1, Janković, again on three sets. She reached the final by defeating Olympic gold medalist Dementieva, but lost a three-setter to Wimbledon champion Venus Williams.

2009: First major semifinal and Indian Wells champion
Zvonareva was seventh seed at the Australian Open. She defeated tenth seed Nadia Petrova in the fourth round, and 16th seed Marion Bartoli in the quarterfinals both in straight sets. She then lost to world No. 3, Dinara Safina, in the semifinals. This tournament, however, caused Zvonareva's ranking to rise to world No. 5, the highest of her career at the time.

In February, she won the Pattaya Open in Thailand where she defeated Sania Mirza in the final. She also played the Dubai Championships, a Premier 5 event, where she defeated Marion Bartoli in the third round, before losing to Virginie Razzano in the quarterfinals, 6–7, 5–7.

In March, Zvonareva was the fourth seed at the first Premier Mandatory event of the year, the Indian Wells Open. She won the title, overcoming Santa Ana winds and defending champion Ana Ivanovic in the final. In the doubles final, she and Victoria Azarenka beat unseeded Gisela Dulko and Shahar Pe'er.

At Key Biscayne, at the second Premier Mandatory event of the year, Zvonareva beat Tathiana Garbin of Italy in the second round, before being upset in the third round by Li Na. Zvonereva had beaten Li the previous week in the fourth round of the Indian Wells Open.

At the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, Zvonareva was the third seed and received a first-round bye. She beat Rossana de los Ríos in the second round, 6–3, 6–2. In the third round against Virginie Razzano, she was forced to retire due to an ankle injury. Zvonareva tore two ligaments in her ankle, which later forced her to withdraw from Russia's Fed Cup tie with Italy. The ongoing ankle injury forced her to withdraw from the Italian Open in Rome and the Madrid Open, and ultimately the French Open.

Zvonareva was seeded seventh at the Wimbledon and met Georgie Stoop in the first round. The game was close, being abandoned due to bad light at the end of the first day at one set apiece. Zvonareva went on to win beating Mathilde Johansson, before she withdrew in the third round against the 26th seed, Virginie Razzano, due to a recurrence of the ankle injury.

In the Istanbul Cup, she was upset by Mariya Koryttseva. In her first tournament of the US Open Series, she competed in the L.A. Championships, where she lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Flavia Pennetta. She then reached the third rounds of the Cincinnati Open and the Rogers Cup, losing to Daniela Hantuchová and to Maria Sharapova,. She defeated Nuria Llagostera Vives, Anna Chakvetadze, and Elena Vesnina, before missing six match points and crumbling to Flavia Pennetta, 6–3, 6–7, 0–6, at the US Open. She then competed in the Pan Pacific Open, where she lost to compatriot Alisa Kleybanova, in three sets in the second round, after receiving a bye in the first round. She followed it up by competing in the China Open, where she reached the quarterfinals, losing to Marion Bartoli in another three-setter.

Zvonareva competed in the Kremlin Cup in Moscow as the top seed but was defeated in the second round by Tsvetana Pironkova, 6–0, 6–2. Because of her loss, she did not qualify for the Tour Championships in Doha, but did win a spot as an alternate. Due to the withdrawal of Dinara Safina, Zvonareva was set to play two matches there. However, she played only one match and lost to Caroline Wozniacki, 0–6, 7–6, 4–6, in a dramatic match in which both players suffered injuries. She then withdrew from the tournament, citing ankle injury (the last match was played by her co-alternate Agnieszka Radwańska). She finished the year ranked world No. 9.

2010: Wimbledon and US Open finals and world No. 2
Zvonareva obtained an invitation from the Hong Kong Tennis Patrons' Association once again to play in the Hong Kong Tennis Classic and won the championships with her compatriots Maria Sharapova and Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeded ninth at the Australian Open, she made it to the fourth round, winning her first three matches against Kristína Kučová, Iveta Benešová, and Gisela Dulko. She eventually lost to Victoria Azarenka, 6–4, 4–6, 0–6, after leading 6–4, 4–1. Due to this loss, Zvonareva fell out of the top 10. As the top seed and defending champion at the Pattaya Open, she defeated Ksenia Pervak in the first round, Alberta Brianti in the second round, fifth seed Sybille Bammer in the quarterfinals, and fourth seed Yaroslava Shvedova in the semifinals. In the final, she defeated local favorite Tamarine Tanasugarn in straight sets, thereby defending her title. At Dubai, Zvonareva defeated compatriot Elena Vesnina in three sets in the first round, and then following it up with a double bagel against qualifier Kirsten Flipkens. She then defeated Jelena Janković in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, before she lost to Azarenka, 1–6, 3–6.

Despite being the defending champion at Indian Wells, Zvonareva lost her fourth-round match against Samantha Stosur. With this loss, she fell out of the top 20. At the Miami Open, Zvonareva lost to Justine Henin, 1–6, 4–6, in the fourth round, after defeating Melanie Oudin and Sara Errani in straight sets.

Her next tournament was the Charleston Cup, where she was seventh seed. She beat Melanie Oudin in straight sets, 7–5, 6–2, in the quarterfinals. She advanced to her second final of the year and second Family Circle Cup final, after top seed and world No. 2, Caroline Wozniacki retired while trailing 5–2 in the semifinals due to a sprained ankle. Zvonareva was then overwhelmed in the final by Samantha Stosur, 0–6, 3–6.

Zvonareva's next tournament was the Internazionali d'Italia, where, as 15th seed, she lost to Petra Kvitová, 4–6, 0–6, in the second round. At the Madrid Open, she lost to Venus Williams, 5–7, 3–6, in the second round, after defeating Melanie Oudin, 6–3, 6–4. Zvonareva was seeded 21st at the French Open. She defeated Alberta Brianti in the first round, but was then upset by Anastasia Rodionova in the second round, in straight sets.

Her next tournament was the Eastbourne International in England, where she lost to María José Martínez Sánchez in three tight sets, in the opening round.

Zvonareva reached her first Grand Slam singles final at Wimbledon, where she was 21st seed. She defeated Nuria Llagostera Vives, Andrea Hlaváčková, 15th seed Yanina Wickmayer, fourth seed Jelena Janković, eighth seed Kim Clijsters, and Tsvetana Pironkova to reach the final, where she fell in straight sets to world No. 1, Serena Williams. Later the same day, she lost the women's doubles final in straight sets as well, playing with Elena Vesnina. Zvonareva rose to world No. 9 in singles following the tournament.

Zvonareva was seeded third at the San Diego Open. She defeated Dominika Cibulková in three sets in the first round, before falling to CoCo Vandeweghe. Seeded sixth at the Cincinnati Open, Zvonareva received a bye into the second round, where she faced compatriot Maria Kirilenko. In a match with several rain interruptions, Zvonareva found herself down 2–5 in the third set before another rain delay. Coming back onto court, Zvonareva rallied to take the third set and the match, 7–5, 2–6, 7–6. She lost to 11th seed Flavia Pennetta in the third round. At the Rogers Cup, Zvonareva had a bye in the first round and beat Yaroslava Shvedova in the second round, Ágnes Szávay in the third round, and Kim Clijsters in the quarterfinals. After two days of rain, Zvonareva returned on Monday, winning her semifinal against Victoria Azarenka, who retired when trailing, 7–6, 1–0. She was then beaten by Caroline Wozniacki in the final.

As the seventh seed, Zvonareva reached her second career and second straight Grand Slam final at the US Open, where she lost to second seed Kim Clijsters, 2–6, 1–6. She had defeated Zuzana Kučová, Sabine Lisicki, 25th seed Alexandra Dulgheru, Andrea Petkovic, 31st seed Kaia Kanepi, and top seed Caroline Wozniacki. Zvonareva attained her then career-high ranking of world No. 2 following the US Open.

Zvonareva's first tournament after the US Open was the Pan Pacific Open, where she was second seed. She advanced to the quarterfinals, before falling to world No. 10 and seventh seeded Elena Dementieva. She then competed in the China Open, rallying from a set down against Kirilenko in the third round, and beating French Open champion Schiavone, 6–2, 6–0, in the quarterfinals. This was her tenth victory over the Italian in ten career meetings. This win ensured that Zvonareva would rise to world No. 3. She then defeated Li Na in the semifinals, before falling to top-seeded Wozniacki in the final, in three sets. Zvonareva qualified for the year-end Tour Championships in Doha, where she was the second seed. She was in the White Group with Kim Clijsters, Jelena Janković, and Victoria Azarenka. Zvonareva went 3–0 in her group and advanced to the semifinals, where she lost to Caroline Wozniacki. She finished the season ranked world No. 2.

2011: Mixed results
At the Hong Kong Tennis Classic, she joined Russia's group and won in the final against Europe with Maria Kirilenko and Yevgeny Kafelnikov. As the second seed at the Sydney International, Zvonareva received a bye into the second round, where she was defeated by Flavia Pennetta, 7–5, 7–5. Zvonareva was seeded second at the Australian Open in singles. She defeated Sybille Bammer in the first round, breaking Bammer four times in a row, and defeated unseeded Bojana Jovanovski in the second. In the third round, Zvonareva defeated 31st seed Lucie Šafářová in straight sets. She beat unseeded Iveta Benešová in the round of 16, and then 25th seed Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinal. In the semifinal, she was defeated by third seed and eventual champion Kim Clijsters, 6–3, 6–3.

At the Pattaya Open, Zvonareva was the top seed and was seeking her third consecutive title and second title defence. She defeated Tamira Paszek in the first round, qualifier Nungnadda Wannasuk in the second, and Peng Shuai in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, Zvonareva was upset by fourth seed Daniela Hantuchová, in two sets sets. As the second seed at the Dubai Tennis Championships, Zvonareva received a bye into the second round. There, she defeated Roberta Vinci, but in the third round, she was upset by 15th seed Alisa Kleybanova, in straight sets.

Zvonareva picked up her first title of 2011 in late February at the Qatar Ladies Open. She was the second seed, receiving a bye into the second round, where she defeated Dominika Cibulková, 6–1, 6–2. In the quarterfinals, she defeated Daniela Hantuchová, in a close match lasting over three hours, after trailing 5–4 in the third set. She defeated former world No. 1, Jelena Janković, 6–1, 2–6, 6–4, in the semifinals, and current world No. 1 and top-seed Caroline Wozniacki, in straight sets in the final. It was Zvonareva's first title in over a year and the third time she had defeated the reigning world No. 1.

Zvonareva was the third seed at the Indian Wells Open and had a bye into the second round. Despite letting a 6–3, 5–1 lead escape her, she defeated Timea Bacsinszky, 6–3, 7–6. In the third round, in a match that lasted over three hours, she was upset by 25th seed Dominika Cibulková, despite saving five match points. Zvonareva was the third seed at the Miami Open with a bye into the second round, where she defeated Dinara Safina, in three sets. In the third round, she faced 28th seed Jarmila Groth, defeating her in straight sets. In the fourth round, she faced the 15th seed Marion Bartoli, prevailing 2–6, 6–3, 6–2. Then in the quarterfinals, Zvonareva faced ninth seed Agnieszka Radwańska, whom she defeated, 7–5, 6–3, to reach the semifinals in Key Biscayne for the second time, the last time being in 2008. Despite winning two of her four previous matches after trailing a set in the tournament, Victoria Azarenka, the eighth seed, dispatched Zvonareva in the semifinals, 6–0, 6–3. Zvonareva led the Russian Fed Cup team in their semifinal tie against Italy. She defeated both Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in straight sets to ensure a spot for Russia in the final.

Zvonareva kicked off her clay-court season at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart. As the second seed, she received a bye into the second round, defeating Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, before losing to Sam Stosur in the quarterfinals. She was the second seed at the Madrid Open, where she beat Patty Schnyder and Elena Vesnina, before being upset by 16th seed and eventual champion Petra Kvitová in the third round. At the inaugural Brussels Open, after a first round bye, she defeated qualifier Galina Voskoboeva, after dropping the first set in the second round. In the quarterfinals, she blew out world No. 28 and sixth seed Alexandra Dulgheru of Romania, 6–0, 6–1, losing just one point on serve. Her run ended in the semifinals, where she was upset 6–3, 6–3 by eighth seed Peng Shuai. Zvonareva was seeded third at the French Open and defeated unseeded Lourdes Domínguez Lino in the first round, 6–3, 6–3. In the second round, she defeated Sabine Lisicki, 4–6, 7–5, 7–5, despite trailing 5–2 in the third set and having to save a match point. Zvonareva avenged her loss at the previous year's French Open by defeating Anastasia Rodionova in the third round, 6–2, 6–3. In the fourth round, where she was the top remaining seed, Zvonareva came up against the 15th seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. The match showed sporadic form by both women, until Pavlyuchenkova prevailed, 7–6, 2–6, 6–2.

Beginning the grass-court season at Eastbourne as the top seed, Zvonareva defeated Heather Watson, 6–3, 6–3, and Serena Williams, 3–6, 7–6, 7–5, but lost to Samantha Stosur, in three sets in the quarterfinals. Zvonareva was second seed at Wimbledon, defeating Alison Riske, 6–0, 3–6, 6–3, in the first round and Elena Vesnina, 6–1, 7–6, in the second, before falling to Tsvetana Pironkova, in straight sets in a rematch of the previous year's semifinal match. Zvonareva suffered an ankle injury during her singles match and subsequently withdrew from the doubles competition.

Zvonareva's hardcourt summer began at the inaugural Baku Cup, where she was the top seed. Zvonareva defeated Nigina Abduraimova, Kristína Kučová, Anna Tatishvili, and Mariya Koryttseva to reach the final, where she defeated Ksenia Pervak for her 12th WTA Tour title. At the Carlsbad Open in California, she was the top seed and made it to the final, where she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska. By making it to the final, Zvonareva achieved a career-high winning streak of nine matches. Zvonareva then went on to play in the Canadian Open in Toronto, where she was third seed. After receiving a bye into the second round, she defeated Nadia Petrova, before again falling to Agnieszka Radwańska. Despite the early loss compared to her 2010 performance, Zvonareva rose to world No. 2, matching her career-high ranking. At the Cincinnati Open, she was second seed and received a bye into the second round. She defeated Ekaterina Makarova, Petra Martić, and Daniela Hantuchová en route to the semifinals, where she fell to the fourth seed and eventual champion Maria Sharapova, in three sets. At the US Open, Zvonareva was second seed and defeated qualifier Stéphanie Foretz Gacon, Kateryna Bondarenko, 30th seed Anabel Medina Garrigues, and the 22nd seed Sabine Lisicki to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to ninth seed and eventual champion Samantha Stosur, 6–3, 6–3. Unable to defend her runner-up points from 2010, she fell to world No. 4.

Zvonareva began her Asian hard-court swing at the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, where she was the fourth seed and received a bye into the second round, then defeating Tsvetana Pironkova, Iveta Benešová, Maria Kirilenko, and Petra Kvitová—all in straight sets to progress to the final for the first time, where she lost to ninth seed Agnieszka Radwańska, 3–6, 2–6. She next played at the China Open in Beijing, where she was third seed and received a bye into the second round as a result of making the final in Tokyo. She lost in the third round to Ana Ivanovic. After Beijing, Zvonareva became the sixth qualifier for the year-end Tour Championships. At her home tournament, the Kremlin Cup, she reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to the No. 8 seed and eventual champion Dominika Cibulková.

At the Tour Championships, Zvonareva was placed in the Red Group alongside world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki, 2011 Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová, and Agnieszka Radwańska. In round-robin play, she fell to Kvitová 2–6, 4–6, before rebounding to defeat Wozniacki 6–2, 4–6, 6–3, her fourth victory over a reigning world No. 1. She then faced Radwańska in her final round-robin match, eventually falling in three sets after not being able to capitalize on three match points serving at 5–3. By virtue of the highest games won percentage of her group after Kvitová, Zvonareva became the second qualifier for the semifinals from the Red Group. She lost to Victoria Azarenka 2–6, 3–6, and ended the year as world No. 7.

2012: Fourth Grand Slam doubles title and third injury
Zvonareva began her season at the Sydney International. Seeded sixth, she lost in the opening round to Svetlana Kuznetsova. Seeded seventh at the Australian Open, she was defeated in the third round by compatriot Ekaterina Makarova. She experienced more success in the doubles tournament with partner Kuznetsova. As an unseeded pair, they reached the final, beating defending champions Gisela Dulko and Flavia Pennetta in the process. She and Kuznetsova defeated Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci for the title.

As the top seed at the Pattaya Open, Zvonareva retired during the third set of her quarterfinals match against seventh seed Sorana Cîrstea due to a left hip injury. Seeded sixth and the defending champion at the Qatar Ladies Open, she retired in the second set of her second-round match against Monica Niculescu due to that same injury. Seeded ninth at the Indian Wells Open, she pulled out of her third-round match versus Klára Zakopalová due to a viral illness. As the ninth seed at the Miami Open, she was stunned in the second round by 18-year-old wildcard Garbiñe Muguruza.

Zvonareva began her clay-court season at the Charleston Open. Seeded fourth, she lost in the quarterfinals to ninth seed and eventual finalist Lucie Šafářová. Seeded tenth at the Madrid Open, she was defeated in the first round by Petra Cetkovská. She missed the French Open due to a right shoulder injury.

Seeded 12th at Wimbledon, Zvonareva retired during her third-round match against Kim Clijsters due to a respiratory infection.

Representing Russia at the Summer Olympics, Zvonareva suffered the worst defeat of her entire playing career, losing to eventual gold medalist Serena Williams in the third round.

Zvonareva withdrew from the US Open due to the same illness which forced her to retire from her Wimbledon match against Kim Clijsters in June.

Zvonareva ended the year ranked 98, her lowest ranking since 2002.

2013: Shoulder surgery
Zvonareva announced her withdrawal from the Australian Open, citing a shoulder injury, which wound up being serious enough to necessitate surgery. She ended up missing the entire season.

In October, Zvonareva confirmed her intention to return at the Shenzhen Open.

2014: Comeback
After one-and-half-year hiatus, Zvonareva officially came back at the Shenzhen Open as a wildcard. She drew top seed and defending champion Li Na in the first round and lost in straight sets. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the first round by Australian wildcard Casey Dellacqua.

Playing as a wildcard at the Pattaya Open, Zvonareva defeated fellow wildcard Peangtarn Plipuech in the first round for her first win since the 2012 Summer Olympics. She lost in the second round to fourth seed and eventual champion Ekaterina Makarova. In March, she entered the Indian Wells Open as a wildcard but fell in the first round to Peng Shuai.

At the Wimbledon Championships, Zvonareva reached the third round where she lost to Zarina Diyas.

Zvonareva ended the year ranked 251.

2015: Injury lay-off
Zvonareva began her 2015 season by playing a $10,000 prize money event in Hong Kong. She played as the second seed; she advanced to the quarterfinals but withdrew from the tournament. Zvonareva used her protected ranking to play at the Shenzhen Open. She reached the quarterfinals where she retired against eighth seed and eventual finalist Timea Bacsinszky due to a lower back injury. At the Australian Open, Zvonareva won her first-round match against qualifier Ons Jabeur. She lost in the second round to world No. 1 and eventual champion, Serena Williams.

Entering the main draw as a wildcard at the Thailand Open, Zvonareva advanced to the quarterfinals after defeating Wang Qiang and eighth seed Zhang Shuai. She was defeated in her quarterfinal match by Marina Erakovic. Competing at Dubai, Zvonareva lost in the first round to Camila Giorgi. In Mexico at the Monterrey Open, Zvonareva upset sixth seed Alison Riske in the first round. She was defeated in the second round by Kristina Mladenovic. Zvonareva lost in the first round at Indian Wells to Polona Hercog. In Miami, Zvonareva was defeated in the first round by Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Competing in Poland at the Katowice Open, Zvonareva beat sixth seed Karin Knapp in the first round. She lost in the second round to Klára Koukalová. This was the last match that Zvonareva would play for two years.

Zvonareva ended the year ranked 182.

2017: Comeback
Zvonareva came back to tennis from a two-year hiatus – her last match being at the Katowice Open in April 2015 – and debuted in the $15k tournament in Istanbul. She lost in the main draw to Brit Katie Boulter after retiring in the second set. She then qualified for the $25k tournament in Fergana, Uzbekistan, having been an alternate in the qualifying draw. Zvonareva won her first ITF title in Sharm El Sheikh since 2002's $50k tournament in Naples, Florida. She defeated Slovak Tereza Mihalikova in three sets. This became her overall third ITF title in her career.

Zvonareva won her first match when she returned to the WTA Tour and played at the Connecticut Open. By receiving a wildcard in the qualifying draw, she defeated Anastasia Rodionova in three sets. However, she retired from her second round match against Magdaléna Rybáriková with an Achilles injury, after losing the first set 7–5. Zvonareva then got into the US Open qualifying rounds, reaching the second round where she lost to Jamie Loeb in three sets. She then participated in the WTA 125 Dalian Open, reaching the final which she lost to Kateryna Kozlova. At the Tashkent Open, she reached her first WTA Tour semifinal in nearly six years as a qualifier.

2018: First WTA Tour title in six years
Zvonareva began her 2018 season at the Playford International. She retired from her quarterfinals match against sixth seed Marie Bouzková. At the Australian Open, she fell in the first round of qualifying to compatriot, Anna Kalinskaya.

After the Australian Open, Zvonareva received a wildcard for the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy. She won the first set of her first-round match against Kiki Bertens. However, her opponent retired due to illness. She lost in the second round to second seed Jeļena Ostapenko. In doubles, she and Timea Bacsinszky won the title beating Alla Kudryavtseva/Katarina Srebotnik in the final. This was her first WTA doubles final in six years and her first title as a mother. In Doha, she was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Duan Yingying.

Zvonareva qualified for the main draw at the Wimbledon Championships, her first Wimbledon main-draw appearance since 2014. However, she lost to eventual champion Angelique Kerber in a tight match in the first round. She then won her second WTA title of the year at the Moscow River Cup alongside compatriot Anastasia Potapova.

At the US Open, the Russian reached the main draw after saving five match points against Zhu Lin in the final qualifying round. For the first time since 2015, she advanced into the second round of a Major after beating compatriot Anna Blinkova in the first round, although she lost to Aryna Sabalenka in straight sets.

Zvonareva had a strong end to the year at the Kremlin Cup, after reaching the quarterfinals as a qualifier, notching a top 10 win over Karolína Plíšková with the loss of just three games. Her last tournament of the year was the Open de Limoges, where she reached the singles semifinal and the doubles final alongside Galina Voskoboeva.

2019: Back to top 100 in singles, wrist injury
Zvonareva started the 2019 season at the Shenzhen Open. She reached the semifinals where she was set to face two-time finalist Alison Riske. She retired from the match due to a left hip injury. As the top seed for qualifying at the Australian Open, she fell in the first round of qualifying to Australian Astra Sharma.

After the Australian Open, Zvonareva competed in St. Petersburg where she upset fifth seed Julia Görges in the second round in three sets. She then beat third seed and compatriot, Daria Kasatkina, in the quarterfinals. She lost in the semifinals to eighth seed Donna Vekić. At the Hungarian Open, she was defeated in the first round by top seed, defending champion, and eventual champion, Alison Van Uytvanck. In doubles, she and Ekaterina Alexandrova won the title beating Fanny Stollár/Heather Watson in the final. In Indian Wells, she was forced to retire from her qualifying match against American Christina McHale.

Starting her clay-court season at the Stuttgart Open, Zvonareva fell in the final round of qualifying to Mandy Minella. However, due to Garbiñe Muguruza pulling out of the tournament due to illness, she got a lucky loser spot into the main draw. She lost in the first round to Victoria Azarenka. At the Morocco Open, she was defeated in the first round by Lara Arruabarrena. Getting past qualifying at the Madrid Open, she was eliminated in the first round by Danielle Collins. In doubles, she and Jeļena Ostapenko reached the semifinals where they lost to Gabriela Dabrowski/Xu Yifan. In Rome, she was beaten in the first round of qualifying by Maria Sakkari. Ranked 78 at the French Open, she lost her first-round match to qualifier Aliona Bolsova.

Zvonareva played doubles with Raquel Atawo at the Eastbourne International. They reached the quarterfinals; however, Zvonareva withdrew from the match due to a left wrist injury. This same injury caused her to pull out of Wimbledon.

Due to not playing any more tournaments, Zvonareva ended the year ranked 141.

2020: Back to top 100 in doubles and first major title in eight years
Zvonareva missed the Australian Open due to problems with her left wrist. She started her season in February at the $25k tournament in Trnava, Slovakia. Seeded eighth, she lost in the second round to qualifier and compatriot, Vlada Koval. In St. Petersburg, she fell in the final round of qualifying to Alizé Cornet. At the Qatar Open, she was defeated in the second round by Zheng Saisai. At the Indian Wells Challenger, she reached the semifinals before she withdrew from her match against Misaki Doi. The WTA Tour was suspended from the week of March 9 through July due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

When the WTA resumed tournament play in August, Zvonareva competed at the Lexington Challenger where she was eliminated in the first round by Jessica Pegula. In doubles, she and Anna Blinkova reached the semifinals and lost to Hayley Carter/Luisa Stefani. The Cincinnati Open was held at the USTA BJK National Tennis Center for the first time, lowering the risk of the transmission of the virus behind closed doors. Getting past qualifying, she made it to the third round before falling to eighth seed Johanna Konta. Ranked 178 at the US Open, she was beaten in the first round by Leylah Fernandez. In doubles, she and Laura Siegemund won the title defeating Nicole Melichar/Xu Yifan in the final.

Zvonareva then played at the Italian Open where she lost in the first round to qualifier and compatriot, Daria Kasatkina. At the French Open, she was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Monica Niculescu.

In October, Zvonareva competed at the first edition of the Ostrava Open. Playing doubles with Jeļena Ostapenko, they reached the quarterfinals where they fell to eventual champions Elise Mertens/Aryna Sabalenka. Seeded seventh at the $25k tournament in Istanbul, she made it to the final where she was beaten by top seed Kaia Kanepi. At the Linz Open, her final tournament of the season, she lost in the second round to second seed and eventual finalist, Elise Mertens, in three sets.

Zvonareva ended the year ranked 163 in singles and 40 in doubles.

2021: Back to top 100 in singles and top 50 in doubles
Zvonareva began the year at the first edition of the Abu Dhabi Open. She lost in the second round to second seed Elina Svitolina. At the first edition of the Yarra Valley Classic, she made it to the third round where she was defeated by eighth seed Markéta Vondroušová. At the Australian Open, she was eliminated in the first round by 17th seed Elena Rybakina.

In Dubai, she was beaten in the final round of qualifying by Kaia Kanepi. She reached the semifinals at the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy where she lost to compatriot Margarita Gasparyan.

In April, Zvonareva competed at the Istanbul Cup. She lost in the second round to Fiona Ferro. Getting past qualifying at the Madrid Open, she was defeated in the first round by fifth seed and eventual champion, Aryna Sabalenka. Passing through qualifying at the Italian Open, she upset 11th seed and world No. 10, Petra Kvitová, in her second-round match. She lost in the third round to ninth seed and 2019 champion, Karolína Plíšková. For the first time since August 2019, she returned to the top 100 in singles by climbing 17 spots to No. 96, on 17 May 2021. At the first edition of the Serbia Open, she played doubles alongside Tímea Babos. As the second seeds, they reached the semifinals where they fell to eventual champions Aleksandra Krunić/Nina Stojanović. At the French Open, she was eliminated in the final round of qualifying by Anna Karolína Schmiedlová.

Coming through qualifying at the Eastbourne International, Zvonareva retired during her first-round match against Daria Kasatkina due to a hip injury. Ranked 96 at Wimbledon, she won her first-round match over Marie Bouzková but was beaten in the second round by seventh seed and 2020 French Open champion, Iga Świątek.

Seeded fourth at the Thoreau Open, Zvonareva reached the semifinals where she fell to eventual champion Magdalena Fręch. At the Cincinnati Open, she lost in the first round of qualifying to compatriot Liudmila Samsonova. Competing at the first edition of the Cleveland Open, she beat qualifier Ulrikke Eikeri in the first round. She withdrew from her second-round match against seventh seed Sara Sorribes Tormo due to a right ankle injury. Ranked 101 at the US Open, she was defeated in the first round by top seed Ashleigh Barty.

In December, Zvonareva played at the first edition of the Open Angers Loire. Seeded sixth, she was eliminated in the second round by qualifier Natalia Vikhlyantseva. However, in doubles, she and Monica Niculescu reached the final and lost to Tereza Mihalíková/Greet Minnen. She competed in her final tournament of the season at the Open de Limoges. Seeded sixth, she made it to the semifinals where she lost to second seed and eventual champion, Alison Van Uytvanck. In doubles, she and Niculescu won the title beating Estelle Cascino/Jessika Ponchet in the final.

Zvonareva ended the year ranked 87 in singles and 53 in doubles.

2022: Resurgence & back to top 25 in doubles, out of top 250 in singles
Zvonareva started her 2022 season at the first edition of the Melbourne Summer Set 1. She upset ninth seed Alison Riske in the first round. She lost in the second round to qualifier Zheng Qinwen. In doubles, she and Viktória Kužmová fell in the semifinals to eventual champions, Asia Muhammad/Jessica Pegula. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the first round by 19th seed and 2018 semifinalist, Elise Mertens.

A six-match losing streak in singles saw Zvonareva fall in the first round of the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy to Tereza Martincová, and at the Dubai Tennis Championships to top-10 player Ons Jabeur in a tight three-setter and consecutive losses to Alison Van Uytvanck at the Qatar Open and at the Lyon Open. However, she managed to reach the doubles semifinals in St. Petersburg alongside Anastasia Potapova and won the doubles title in Lyon with former partner Laura Siegemund. Her losing streak ended in Miami where she started from qualifying, but won four matches in a row, including a straight-sets win over 19th seed Tamara Zidanšek in the round of 64, before losing to ninth seed Danielle Collins in the round of 32. With this result, she returned to the top 100 in singles rankings.

She finished the year ranked No. 273 in singles and No. 31 in doubles.

2023: Another major final, WTA Finals champion & back to top 10
In singles, she dropped out of the top 500 on 3 April 2023.

In doubles, she reached the final at the US Open with Laura Siegemund. At the same tournament she qualified for the singles main draw.

She received a wildcard for the singles main draw at the China Open. Ranked No. 369, she qualified for the main draw of the WTA 500 Zhengzhou Open and defeated ninth seed and compatriot Veronika Kudermetova, her first top-20 win since Rome in May 2021.

She then won her second doubles title of the season at the Ningbo Open with Laura Siegemund. Following her third doubles title for the season at the Jiangxi Open, she qualified with Siegemund for the WTA Finals in Cancun. It was her second qualification in doubles for the year-end prestigious event. Next the pair Siegemund/Zvonareva reached the final, a first time at this level for both players. They won the title defeating Nicole Melichar-Martinez and Ellen Perez.

She finished the year ranked No. 256 in singles and No. 9 in doubles.

Zvonareva vs. Wozniacki
Zvonareva and Caroline Wozniacki have met nine times, with Zvonareva leading their head-to-head 5–4.

They have met in three finals, Wozniacki winning two of them: in rain-delayed finals at the 2010 Rogers Cup and the China Open, the latter of which was contested whilst they reigned as two of the top three players in the world, whilst Zvonareva prevailed in Qatar in 2011. In 2010, they met in two important semifinals: Zvonareva winning at the US Open and Wozniacki prevailing at the 2010 WTA Tour Championships in a match which decided which of the two would finish 2010 ranked world No. 1.

Zvonareva vs. Radwańska
Zvonareva had a rivalry with the Polish player Agnieszka Radwańska, which began in 2007. Radwańska led the series 4–2.

Throughout their meetings, Radwańska matched Zvonareva's pace and movements around the court, with Zvonareva considered the more powerful of the two, but Radwańska noted as more focused at times, utilizing what Sports Illustrated ' s Courtney Nguyen dubbed "selective aggression" during their matches in 2011.

At the 2007 Kremlin Cup, Zvonareva won their first meeting in straight sets. The two did not play again until 2011, when Radwańska won four of their five matches, including the finals of the Mercury Insurance Open and the Pan Pacific Open. Their final meeting of 2011 was an acclaimed match at the WTA Championships. In the third set, Zvonareva served for the match while leading 5–3. However, Radwańska saved three match points and went on to win 1–6, 6–2, 7–5. The victory marked Radwańska's fourth straight win against Zvonareva, whom she described as "very consistent and always tough to beat."

Zvonareva vs. Clijsters
Zvonareva has a 3–7 record against Kim Clijsters.

The Belgian won their first five matches, from 2002 until Clijsters' first retirement in 2007. When Clijsters returned in 2010, Zvonareva won the next three matches, including one at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, then lost the US Open final. Clijsters won their meeting at the 2011 Australian Open. They met for the final time at Wimbledon 2012, where Zvonareva retired after the second set for medical reasons.

Zvonareva vs. Stosur
Zvonareva has a 3–8 head-to-head record against Samantha Stosur. She lost eight times in a row to the Australian before coming from behind to win 4–6, 6–2, 6–2 at the 2020 Indian Wells Challenger. Zvonareva has never lost to any other player eight times in a row.

Stosur puts heavy topspin onto the ball, which has proven detrimental to Zvonareva's ball-striking ability. Stosur's style has impeded Zvonareva's ability to predict where Stosur is going to place the ball when she runs around her backhand to hit her forehand inside out.

Personal life
In 2007, Zvonareva graduated from the Russian State University of Physical Education with a degree in Physical Education. She studied for a second degree in international economic relations at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Moscow.

On 23 August 2016, Zvonareva announced her marriage. Her husband Alexander Kucher is a former officer who worked in the administration of the Moscow Oblast and currently works in the logistic division of the German hardware store OBI. Their daughter Evelina was born in 2016.

Legal issues
In July 2023 Zvonareva was controversially denied entry into Poland after she tried entering with a French visa to play at the 2023 WTA Poland Open.

title: Vera Zvonareva


text:
Television Centre, London

 Television Centre (TVC), alternatively BBC Studioworks Television Centre, is a building complex in White City, West London, which was the headquarters of BBC Television between 1960 and 2013. After a refurbishment, the complex reopened in 2017 with three studios in use for TV production, operated by BBC Studioworks. The first BBC staff moved into the Scenery Block in 1953, and the centre was officially opened on 29 June 1960. It is one of the most readily recognisable facilities of its type, having appeared as the backdrop for many BBC programmes. Parts of the building are Grade II listed, including the central ring and Studio 1.

Most of the BBC's national television and radio news output came from Television Centre, and in later years most recorded television was output from the nearby Broadcast Centre at 201 Wood Lane, care of Red Bee Media. Live television events from studios and routing of national and international sporting events took place within Television Centre before being passed to the Broadcast Centre for transmission.

The building is 4 mi west of central London, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The nearest Underground stations are White City on the Central Line and Wood Lane on the Circle and Hammersmith & City Lines.

History
On Friday 1 April 1949, Norman Collins, the Controller of the BBC Television Service, announced at the Television Society's annual dinner at The Waldorf Hilton, London that a new TV centre would be built in Shepherd's Bush. London broadcasts at the time came from Alexandra Palace and Lime Grove Studios (from 1949). It was to be the largest television centre in the world.

It was planned to be 6 acre, but turned out to be twice the size. The building was commissioned in 1949 with work starting in 1950. However government restrictions on building, through its loan sanction and licensing of materials, ensured that building work was halted until 1953. Intended as stopgaps, the BBC remodelled the former Gaumont Studios at Lime Grove, the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith and the Shepherd's Bush Empire for television production spaces and studio use; many of these facilities were still being used by the corporation decades later.

Work resumed in 1953 on the TVC scenery block (Stage 1) and work began in 1954 on the canteen block (Stage 2), which doubled as a rehearsal space. Work on Stage 3, the central circular office block and studios, began in March 1955 on studios TC4, 5 and 2. The shells of studios TC1, TC6 and TC7 were constructed around the same time but they were not fitted out until a few years later. BBC Television Centre officially opened with TC3 operational on 29 June 1960. When it opened in June 1960, the Director of BBC television was Gerald Beadle, and the first programme broadcast was First Night with David Nixon in Studio Three.

In 1997, the BBC News Centre was opened, in a new complex at the front of the building. The decision to move radio news to this building was attributed to Director General John Birt, a move that was resisted by the managing director of BBC Radio, Liz Forgan, who resigned after failing to dissuade the governors. Birt's decision caused problems; for example some politicians accustomed to travelling to interviews at Broadcasting House in Central London were reluctant to make the journey to White City, despite being only 4+1/2 mi west.

Redevelopment
It was announced on 18 October 2007 that in order to meet a £2 billion shortfall in funding, the BBC intended to "reduce the size of the property portfolio in west London by selling BBC Television Centre by the end of the financial year 2012/13", with the then Director General, Mark Thompson, saying the plan would deliver "a smaller, but fitter, BBC" in the digital age. A BBC spokesman has added that "this is a full scale disposal of BBC Television Centre and we won't be leasing it back". The corporation officially put Television Centre on the property market in June 2011.

BBC Sport and BBC Children's moved to dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford Quays in 2012, with Children's Learning, Radio 5 Live and part of BBC Future Media & Technology. The move saw up to 1,500 posts at TV Centre and 700 posts at New Broadcasting House relocate to Salford Quays. BBC Breakfast, part of BBC News, moved to Salford in April 2012.

On 16 July 2012, the BBC agreed to sell the site to Stanhope for £200 million. The building closed on 31 March 2013 and was redeveloped to include flats, office space, a cinema and hotels. Studios 1, 2 and 3 along with part of the basement and offices have been refurbished and leased back to the BBC on a 15-year lease. The original schedule would have seen Studios 1, 2, & 3 back in production by Autumn of 2014 however on 17 July 2014 the BBC announced that due to the extensive building work, programme production would not recommence at Television Centre until 2017 when much of the demolition and groundwork has been completed. The BBC's commercial business, BBC Studios, will lease back Stage 6 as office space which is the part formerly occupied by BBC News.

All BBC News, national radio and BBC World Service broadcasts were relocated to Broadcasting House between July 2012 and March 2013, which is said to include one of the largest live newsrooms in the world. The final news broadcasts from Television Centre took place on 18 March 2013, when the BBC News channel and remaining news output completed the move to Broadcasting House. This was one of the final live broadcasts from the building.

A 90-minute documentary titled Tales of Television Centre was broadcast on BBC Four in 2012 ahead of the move out. On 22 March 2013, BBC Four devoted its evening schedule to programmes commemorating Television Centre. At the heart of the evening was Goodbye Television Centre, a two-hour history presented by former BBC1 controller and BBC chairman Michael Grade. The last live programme broadcast was Madness Live: Goodbye Television Centre, shown that day on BBC Four.

In March 2013, the BBC and Stanhope formed a joint venture, Television Centre Developments, to manage the redevelopment of the 14-acre site. Only three of the eight production studios were earmarked for continued use by the BBC, with the rest being demolished for flats, and it was argued that this would leave insufficient facilities in the capital for independent television production, and a Save Television Centre Studios website and petition was set up.

In December 2013, Stanhope was granted planning permission from the London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham.

In October 2014, UK magazine Private Eye reported that having spent £60 million to remove broadcasting equipment from the building, the BBC planned to spend £12 million a year to lease back parts of the building. This decision was in direct contradiction of the BBC's promise in 2007 that the sale of TVC was a "full-scale disposal" and that it would not be leasing back any part of the building.

Demolition work began in February 2015.

As of April 2016, only Studios TC1, TC2 and TC3 remained – the other studios TC4, TC5, TC6, TC7 and TC8 had all been demolished. The statue of Helios, the Greek God of Sun, had been removed for renovation before it returned later in 2016; developer Stanhope and construction manager Mace had carefully removed the gilded bronze figure with heritage experts PAYE Conservation for repair and renovation. The Helios has stood in the rotunda at Television Centre since the former BBC headquarters opened in 1960.

Reopening
BBC Studioworks, the commercial subsidiary of the BBC operate and maintain Studios 1, 2 and 3 and the production facilities at Television Centre. The newly refurbished facilities officially opened on 1 September 2017. As of April 2017, bookings for the renovated studios were being taken.

The first programme to transmit live from the newly refurbished studios was Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two on BBC Two on Monday 25 September 2017. It was hosted by Zoe Ball.

In April 2018, ITV's daytime programmes Good Morning Britain, Lorraine, This Morning, Loose Women and political discussion programme Peston moved to Television Centre, due to the closure and redevelopment of The London Studios. However, in October 2018, it was announced that ITV would not be returning to the South Bank, and it is thought that ITV Daytime programmes will continue to be broadcast from Television Centre.

On 29 June 2020, Television Centre turned 60 years old and the Royal Television Society released a commemorative programme to celebrate.

Design
The overall design from the air appeared to resemble a question mark in shape. The architect, Graham Dawbarn, CBE (Norman & Dawbarn), drew a question mark on an envelope (now held by the BBC Written Archives Centre) while thinking about the design of the building, and realised that it would be an ideal shape for the site. An article in The BBC Quarterly, July 1946, proposed a circular design, several years before Dawbarn drew up his plans.

The building featured a central circular block (officially known as the Main Block, but often referred to by staff as the "doughnut") around which were studios, offices, engineering areas and the News Centre.

Helios
In the centre of the main block was a statue designed by T. B. Huxley-Jones of Helios, the Greek god of the sun, to symbolise the radiation of television around the world. At the foot of the statue were two reclining figures, symbolising sound and vision, the components of television. It was originally a fountain, but owing to the building's unique shape it was too noisy for the staff in the overlooking offices, and there were problems with water leakage into the videotape area which for a long time was directly beneath. Even though there was a foundation stone marked 'BBC 1956' in the basement of the main building, construction began in 1951.

Arthur Hayes worked on the building from 1956 to 1970 and was responsible for the creation of the original 'BBC Television Centre' lettering on the façade of Studio 1. The lettering was later used all over the building, even in tile work outside lift entrances. Demands from Broadcasting House meant that Hayes had less time than he had thought to design a decor for the façade, leading to him puncturing a scale foam model of the wall with drawing pins, and thus the birth of the iconic : there are 26 across the façade of Studio 1, each one backlit and clearly visible at night.

The building as opened in 1960 was extended a number of times, notably along the 'spur' towards Wood Lane in line with the original masterplan although the actual implementation was completed over a number of decades and by different architects. Despite a number of extensions, the BBC had to seek accommodation elsewhere, such as the nearby BBC White City complex comprising White City One, a 25,000 square metre office building, and the adjacent Broadcast and Media Centres.

Listed status
The development of the Westfield shopping centre nearby led to a sharp rise in property prices and placed the Television Centre under threat. In February 2008, with an amendment in November, English Heritage requested listed status for the scenery workshop, the canteen block adjoining the Blue Peter Garden, and the central building. Previously, under a longstanding deal between the BBC and English Heritage the building was not listed to allow the BBC to make changes necessary in a broadcasting centre. In return, the BBC agreed that if it left, the fabric of the building would be restored to its mid-1960s state, and English Heritage would list notable features.

On 17 June 2009 the Central Ring of the building and Studio 1, noting in particular the John Piper mosaic, central drum with its mosaic tiles, the Huxley-Jones gilded statue of Helios, full-height glazing of the stair and original clock in the Central Ring, received Grade II listed status from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The 'atomic dots' and name of Studio 1, and the cantilevered porch on its exterior were noted as important architectural features of that building. The department did not consider the other buildings, including all other studios, scenery block and canteen of sufficient special interest to warrant listing. Making the protection announcement, the architecture minister Barbara Follett noted that it was where Doctor Who, Fawlty Towers and Blue Peter were made: "It has been a torture chamber for politicians, and an endless source of first-class entertainment for the nation—sometimes both at the same time."

Current studios
Currently, and in the later years of the BBC's occupation of the centre, the studio facilities were run by the wholly owned commercial subsidiary BBC Studioworks. The studios vary in size and all studios were usually abbreviated to initials, such as TC1 (Television Centre 1) for Studio 1.

The studios have hosted a wide variety of television programmes covering a diverse range of genres for a range of broadcasters. Notable productions hosted at the centre prior to 2013 include Strictly Come Dancing, Harry Hill's TV Burp, Match of the Day, Later... with Jools Holland, Miranda, The Alan Titchmarsh Show, The Armstrong & Miller Show, 8 Out of 10 Cats as well as big complex live productions such as Children in Need and Comic Relief. Classic BBC productions hosted at the site include some of Britain's best known television programmes including Fawlty Towers, Monty Python's Flying Circus, Blue Peter, Absolutely Fabulous, the original Doctor Who series and most of the best known BBC drama series.

From the 1980s the use of the complex for such productions declined with the last major drama series to be shot there being The House of Eliott, which ended in 1994, and the last single drama recorded was Henry IV, Part 1, in 1995. The reason for the decline was because drama productions (except for soap operas) shifted almost entirely onto film or single-camera video, and Television Centre was a video-based, multi-camera production environment.

 * Studio 1 - 10250 sqft - Opened on 15 April 1964, it was the fourth largest television studio in Britain, and was one of the four studios to be equipped for HDTV production (along with TC4, TC6 and TC8). In May 2020, Loose Women temporarily moved from TC2 into TC1 to allow for social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in London. In mid-July, Loose Women returned to TC2.

Programmes recorded or transmitted included:

 * Sounds Like Friday Night
 * The Graham Norton Show
 * Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway
 * The Jonathan Ross Show
 * The Russell Howard Hour
 * Blind Date
 * BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards
 * The Last Leg

 * Studio 2 - 2400 sqft Opened in late 1960, the studio was home to many comedy programmes, among those being That Was the Week That Was. Initially, it was not converted for colour production, and closed in 1969, with the studio space being used for storage until it reopened in 1981. It was used by BBC News until they moved in 1997, and has played host to the Sports and Children's department. It was the main studio used for Blue Peter for the 2007 and 2008 series. It was vacated following the move of both departments to dock10. Studio 2 is currently the home of the ITV programmes Lorraine, Loose Women and Peston, in addition to Channel 4's Sunday Brunch.

 * Studio 3 - 6390 sqft - Opened on 29 June 1960, it was designed as a drama studio and had customised panels and fittings. The walls were slightly thicker to insulate it from noise from the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines (then still part of the Metropolitan line) of the London Underground. It was the first studio to be completed and was upgraded to colour in 1969. Studio 3 currently broadcasts ITV programmes Good Morning Britain and This Morning. It was one of two studios that hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1963; the other being Studio 4.

Former studios

 * Studio 0 - 1260 sqft - Opened in 1989 as a music studios, it would later become a control room as Studio 12. Productions for UK Play and, later on, virtual reality programmes, were produced here. It was home to Liquid News between 2000 and 2002 and CBeebies in vision continuity between 2002 and 2008, with the studio subsequently used by BBC R&D.

 * Studio 4 - 6300 sqft - Opened in January 1961, TC4 had a similar layout to TC3, and was designed as a light entertainment studio. It was upgraded for colour production in 1970 and to HDTV and surround sound production in 2008. Programmes such as Z-Cars, Top of the Pops, Strictly Come Dancing, and Room 101 were recorded in TC4.

 * Studio 5 - 2400 sqft - Opened in August 1961, it was initially used to broadcast programmes from BBC Schools, with an adjacent area used for such programming that was linked to the studio. It was converted for colour production in 1973, and was closed in the mid-1980s. Following a two-year refurbishment in 1987, sports programmes such as Match of the Day, Football Focus, and Grandstand were recorded in TC5 until November 2011, when the Sports department moved to MediaCityUK in Salford.

 * Studio 6 - 6440 sqft - Coinciding with BBC Two's switch to colour, TC6 opened in July 1967. It was the first such studio to be equipped for colour production. The initial plan was to build a split studio with a large, removable wall in the middle, but such idea was abandoned. Children's programmes such as Live & Kicking and Dick & Dom in da Bungalow, and Pointless were recorded in TC6. Later, the control room of the studio was moved in 1993 and was used as the control room for the Red Button service. It was converted for HDTV production in July 2010, and later became the first 3D-capable studio in Britain.

 * Studio 7 - 2400 sqft - Opened in 1962, children's programmes such as Going Live! and Play School were initially recorded in TC7. Following BBC News' move to the studio in 1997, news programmes such as BBC Breakfast and BBC News at Six were broadcast, with other news programmes transmitted from various studios in the News Centre. BBC Breakfast ended its broadcast in TC7 on 5 April 2012, with production moving to MediaCityUK, and BBC News at Six ended its broadcast on 15 March 2013, with news programming subsequently moving to Broadcasting House in central London.

 * Studio 8 - 6480 sqft - Opened in 1967, it was considered, by television producers, the best studio for use, owing to its size. It primarily broadcast comedy programmes, sitcoms and quiz shows such as Miranda, Tipping Point and Five Minutes to a Fortune. It was the first studio to be converted for HDTV production, having done so in January 2007.

 * Studio 9 - 900 sqft - Built in 1955 as a foyer of the restaurant block, it was later converted to a store. It was converted to a studio in 1996 for CBBC, and was cited for its convenience and its roominess. CBBC left the studios in 2004, and all in-vision continuity was moved 2 years later to TC12. Programmes such as Sam & Mark's TMi Friday and SMart were recorded from TC9.

Studio 10
111 square metres (1,200 ft2)

Opened as N1 in September 1969, it was used for the BBC1 daytime news bulletins, and the home of BBC World (previously BBC World Service News) from 1993. Closed in spring 1999 when news bulletins moved to the News Centre section of Television Centre, and renamed as TC10. Used for some programmes by channel UK Play until the station's closure. Between 2004 and 2006 it was used for in-vision continuity for CBBC on BBC One and BBC Two, before being used by some programming for CBBC such as Level Up. From 2010 to 2011 it was the home of CBeebies.

Studio 11
186 square metres (2,000 ft2)

Opened as N2 in September 1969, and the same size as N1, it was used for the BBC2 daytime news bulletins. Extended in 1985 to include props store and adjacent lobby, it became home to the Six O'Clock and Nine O'Clock News. In spring 1999, following the completion of the News Centre spur of Television Centre, the news moved out and it was renamed TC11. In 2002 it became home to Liquid News and later to the other BBC Three news programmes 60 Seconds and The 7 O'Clock News. It briefly played host to the domestic BBC News bulletins while their studios were refurbished in 2006, before becoming general purpose. It was home to Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two until 15 December 2011, after which the studio was closed.

Studio 12
56 square metres (600 ft2)

Originally built as a control room for the music studio originally located in Studio 0. Studio 12 was converted into an ad-hoc studio in 2004 for CBBC programmes. It was also used for Sportsround for some years, but was eventually converted into a presentation studio in 2006. It was used for in-vision continuity for CBBC and changed into an in-vision continuity studio in summer 2007. The set was transferred to a mini studio in the East Tower. It was used by BBC Research.

Pres A
65 square metres (704 ft2)

Opened in 1960, designed for in-vision continuity for BBC 1, but was used as such for only three years. Became weather studio prior to the move to the BBC Weather Centre in 1990 (also in Television Centre), following which it was used by Children's BBC to supplement presentation from the 'Broom Cupboard', and was used for slots such as birthdays and public holidays. It became full-time home of Children's BBC in 1994 following the vacation of the 'Broom Cupboard'. It closed following CBBC's move to TC9 and was converted into additional presentation control rooms. The substantially thick wall between Pres A and B was removed and a mezzanine floor constructed to house a larger presentation control area for interactive and children's channels CBBC and CBeebies.

Pres B
65 square metres (704 ft2)

Opened in 1964, Pres B was designed for in-vision continuity for BBC 2, but that channel did not use in-vision continuity for more than a few months after launch. Became a general purpose studio housing small productions such as Points of View, the Film series with Barry Norman and The Old Grey Whistle Test. It closed in 1996 and initially remained disused until it was converted (along with Pres A) into additional presentation control rooms. The substantially thick wall between Pres A and B was removed and a mezzanine floor constructed to house a larger presentation control area for interactive and children's channels CBBC and CBeebies.

News studios
In addition to these studios, BBC News used a number of studios for the frequent news bulletins. These studios have a different naming system owing to their permanent usage and were not included on most studio lists, as they were unavailable for hire.

 * N1 – Previously BBC One daytime bulletins. Became TC10
 * N2 – Previously BBC Two daytime bulletins. Became TC11
 * N3 – Small studio off main newsroom, before being made part of newsroom, separated by glass panels.
 * N4 – Studio, became part of the BBC Club bar
 * N5 – Originally studio for BBC Arabic Television service, which closed in 1996. It was a storeroom until 2001 when it was used for the BBCi service, then from 2007 as a home for Click prior to its move to Broadcasting House in 2012.
 * N6 – Formerly home to BBC News at One, BBC News at Ten and the BBC News channel.
 * N8 – Home to BBC World News prior to its move to Broadcasting House in 2013, and by the BBC News channel from 1999 to 2008. BBC News channel still used the studio to allow the BBC News at Ten to rehearse in N6 until 2013
 * N9 – Home to BBC World News until 2008 and BBC News 24 from 1997 to 1999, used as a contingency when N6/N8 unavailable due to technical work and for election coverage
 * N10 – Formerly used by BBC Three to produce 60 Seconds

These studios were located in Stage 5 & Stage 6, commonly known as the BBC News Centre. BBC News moved out of Stage 6 in 2013 to the new BBC News Centre at New Broadcasting House in Central London. After redevelopment, Stage 6 became the new home to the commercial arm of the BBC, BBC Studios.

There was no N7, to avoid confusion with TC7, which housed 'big' news programmes such as BBC Breakfast, Working Lunch, and Newsnight.

Infrastructure
In February 1996, the electricity and heating were transferred to a European Gas Turbines (EGT) 4.9MWe Typhoon gas turbine combined heating, power and cooling unit. It included a 6MW Thermax air conditioning (cooling) vapour absorption machine (VAM). The £6m HVAC system reduced energy costs by 35%, and paid for itself within three years. A second turbine was added, without a second chimney. However, in 2008 the BBC admitted that the energy system was being used for emergency purposes only as it had become cost-ineffective to use full-time. Excess electricity produced at night has not been returned to the National Grid, as originally planned. In November 2003, the turbine's chimneys caught fire, bringing TV output to a halt. After the fire the turbines were no longer used regularly.

BBC productions

 * BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards (TC1: Nov 2019)
 * The Graham Norton Show (TC1: 2018–present)
 * Later... with Jools Holland (1992–2012; TC1: 2019–present)
 * Mock the Week (TC4: 2005–2012; TC1: 2018–2022)
 * QI (TC1: 2019–present)
 * Sounds Like Friday Night (TC1: 2017–2018)
 * Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two (TC2: 2017)
 * Top Gear (Central Courtyard: 2021–2022)

ITV productions

 * The Chase (TC1: Celebrity Specials, 2019)
 * Good Morning Britain (TC3: 2018–present)
 * The Jonathan Ross Show (TC1: 2017–present)
 * Loose Women (TC2: 2018–present)
 * Lorraine (TC2: 2018–present)
 * This Morning (TC3: 2018–present)
 * Peston (TC2: 2018–present)
 * Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (TC1: 2020—2024)

Other productions

 * The Big Narstie Show (TC1: 2018–present)
 * Blind Date (TC1: 2017–2018)
 * El Hormiguero (TC1: Special, 2019)
 * The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice (TC1: 2018–present)
 * The Russell Howard Hour (TC1: 2017–present)
 * Sunday Brunch (TC2: 2019–present)
 * The Last Leg (TC1: 2018–2021)
 * Your Face or Mine? (TC1: 2019–present)

Terrorist target
On 4 March 2001, a bomb placed outside the news centre exploded, with no fatalities. It was attributed to the Real IRA and the culprits were eventually caught. The front of the building suffered moderate damage, but was soon repaired.

Power failures
Television Centre has suffered from power cuts that affected normal broadcasting, but these were not seen as a systemic problem. One such power cut caused the launch night of BBC2, on 20 April 1964, to be cancelled; programmes began the next day.

A major power failure occurred on 20 June 2000 at approximately 5 p.m., affecting the entire Television Centre resulting in services such as BBC One, BBC Two and BBC Radio 4 coming off air and/or altering their schedules. BBC News 24 went off air twice before being relocated to the BBC's Westminster studios and simulcasting with BBC World (making a rare occurrence where BBC World was broadcast to UK viewers). The Six O'Clock News suffered severe lighting problems and had to be cancelled halfway through, and the BBC's backup generator caught fire. Troubles were experienced in the South East region, as Newsroom South East started later than planned. The fire alarms went off at Television Centre later that day, leaving only a skeleton crew. Eventually many programmes returned, from different locations: Newsnight was presented from the main news studio with intermittent technical problems. The issues were attributed to a failing substation in Shepherd's Bush. Normal services resumed the following day.

Just before 8 a.m. on 28 November 2003 an electrical fault caused some equipment to overheat, which set off fire alarms. Although there was no fire, the fault caused widespread power cuts and prevented backup generators from providing alternative power. All output was affected with services transferred across London to alternative studios. The One O'Clock News and BBC News 24 broadcast for much of the day from the BBC's Millbank Studios, and the Today programme and Five Live's Breakfast morning radio shows fell off air for 15 minutes. The Millbank Studios are a fall-back for news operations in the event of TVC failure, and are continually recording the last hour of the BBC News Channel output (without in-vision clock) for this purpose. This power cut came on the week prior to the relaunch of News 24 as well as BBC World, which was postponed for another week to ensure that all problems had been remedied.

Protests

Programmes have been interrupted by protesters gaining access to Television Centre. In 1988, a group of lesbian protestors campaigning against Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 gained access to the studio of the Six O'Clock News during a live broadcast. Newsreader Sue Lawley continued with the broadcast, while co-presenter Nicholas Witchell tackled the intruders off-camera.

On 20 May 2006 during the live broadcast of National Lottery: Jet Set the studio was invaded by members of the Fathers 4 Justice campaign group, causing the show to go briefly off air while the protesters were removed. This was also a problem as that night's lottery broadcast ran straight into the Eurovision Song Contest 2006.

For Question Time on 22 October 2009, the BBC invited the leader of the British National Party, Nick Griffin, onto the programme for the first time causing heated public debate and strong protests outside the studios. Television Centre had its security breached with around 30 anti-fascist protesters storming the reception area and several hundred protesters gathering outside. Police and security staff were forced to close gates leading into the centre and form barriers to prevent any further breaches of security.

On 9 August 2021 a number of anti-vaccine protestors upset with BBC News for "promoting Covid-19 vaccines" attempted to gain access to Television Centre. The BBC's news operations were not on site as they had left the facility in 2013. Police were deployed to prevent the protestors entering BBC Studioworks, and some of the protesters later marched to Broadcasting House where BBC News is based.

title: Television Centre, London


text:
Vrachnaiika

Vrachnaiika (Βραχνέικα or Βραχναίικα, ) is a town and a former municipality in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Patras, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 32.111 km2. It is suburb of a Patras, about 11 km southwest of the city centre, on the Gulf of Patras coast. The community has a disused rail station on the line from Patras to Pyrgos. The Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos) passes south of the centre.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Vrachnaiika is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 * Kaminia
 * Monodendri
 * Theriano
 * Tsoukalaiika
 * Vrachnaiika (Vrachnaiika, Dresthena, Moiraiika)

title: Vrachnaiika


text:
Le Chant des Wallons

"The Song of the Walloons" (Li tchant des Walons; Le Chant des Wallons) is the regional anthem of Wallonia in Belgium. The original lyrics were written by Théophile Bovy in 1900 in the Walloon language. A year later, it was set to music composed by Louis Hillier. Performed for the first time in the city of Liège, the song quickly spread to other parts of French-speaking Belgium and established itself like a "national" anthem for Wallonia.

It was approved on 15 July 1998 by the Parliament of Wallonia, along with the region's coat of arms and flag.

Lyrics
Typically, only the first and third verses are performed.

title: Le Chant des Wallons


text:
Television Centre

Television Centre or TV Centre may refer to:

 * Television Centre, London, former headquarters of BBC, England
 * Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, former headquarters of Tyne Tees Television, England
 * Television Centre, Southampton, former home of three ITV contractors in England
 * TV Centre (Russia), a state-run Russia TV station

title: Television Centre


text:
Klaus von Klitzing

Klaus von Klitzing (, born 28 June 1943, Schroda) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Education
In 1962, Klitzing passed the Abitur at the Artland-Gymnasium in Quakenbrück, Germany, before studying physics at the Braunschweig University of Technology, where he received his diploma in 1969. He continued his studies at the University of Würzburg at the chair of Gottfried Landwehr, completing his PhD thesis entitled Galvanomagnetic Properties of Tellurium in Strong Magnetic Fields in 1972, and gaining habilitation in 1978.

Research and career
During his career Klitzing has worked at the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford and the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory in France (now LNCMI), where he continued to work until becoming a professor at the Technical University of Munich in 1980. He has been a director of the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart since 1985.

The von Klitzing constant, RK = h/e2 = is named in honor of Klaus von Klitzing's discovery of the quantum Hall effect, and is listed in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. The inverse of the constant is equal to half the value of the conductance quantum.

More recently, Klitzing's research focuses on the properties of low-dimensional electronic systems, typically in low temperatures and in high magnetic fields.

Honours and awards
Von Klitzing has won numerous awards and honours including:

 * 1981 Walter Schottky Prize
 * 1982 EPS Europhysics Prize
 * 1982 Hewlett-Packard Prize
 * 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * 1985 Directorate for life at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
 * 1986 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1986 Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
 * 1988 Honorary Doctorate from the Technical University of Karl-Marx-Stadt
 * 1988 Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
 * 1988 Dirac Medal and Lecture of the University of New South Wales
 * 1992 Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath
 * 1999 Honorary Member of the German Physical Society
 * 2003 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
 * 2005 Carl Friedrich Gauss Medal of the Brunswick Scientific Society
 * 2006 Honorary Doctorate of the University of Oldenburg
 * 2007 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
 * 2007 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
 * 2009 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 * 2012 Distinguished Affiliated Professor at the Technical University of Munich
 * 2016 Honoris Causa Doctorate of the Universidad Nacional de San Martín
 * 2019 Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
 * Professor von Klitzing Strasse in Quakenbrück and Klaus von Klitzing Strasse in Landau are named after von Klitzing
 * 2019 Fray International Sustainability Award given at SIPS 2019 by FLOGEN Star Outreach

title: Klaus von Klitzing


text:
Alexander von Falkenhausen

Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann Freiherr von Falkenhausen (29 October 1878 –31 July 1966) was a German general and military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek. He was an important figure during the Sino-German cooperation to reform the Chinese army. In 1938, Germany ended its support for China under pressure from Japan, and Falkenhausen was forced to return home. Back in Europe, he later became the head of the military government of Belgium from 1940 to 1944 during its German occupation.

Early life and military career
Alexander von Falkenhausen was born at Blumenthal, near Neisse (now Nysa, Poland) in the Prussian province of Silesia, one of seven children of Baron Alexander von Falkenhausen (1844–1909) and his wife, Elisabeth. He attended a Gymnasium in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) and then the cadet school at Wahlstatt (now Legnickie Pole). In his youth, Falkenhausen showed an interest in Eastern Asia and its societies. He travelled and studied in Japan, northern China, Korea and Indochina from 1909 to 1911.

In 1897 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 91st Oldenburg Infantry Regiment of the Imperial German Army, taking part in quelling the Boxer Rebellion, and served as a military attaché in Japan from 1900 up until the First World War. He was awarded the prestigious Pour le Mérite award while serving with the Ottoman Army in Palestine. After the war, he remained in the Reichswehr (German Army) and in 1927 was appointed to head the Dresden Infantry School.

Adviser to Chiang Kai-shek
In 1930, Falkenhausen retired from the service. In 1934, he went to China to join the German military advisors to the Chinese army. He became military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Republic of China. Von Falkenhausen was responsible for most of the military training of the army. The original plans by von Seeckt called for a drastic reduction of the Chinese army to 60 elite divisions modeled on the Wehrmacht. This would require disbanding some of the forces of regional leaders, and the question of which factions' troops would be axed remained a problem.

On June 30, 1934, Alexander's brother Hans Joachim von Falkenhausen, SA-Oberführer and Chief of staff to SA-Gruppenführer Georg von Detten, was killed by the SS in the Night of the Long Knives.

The Germans trained 80,000 Chinese troops, in eight divisions, which formed the elite of Chiang's army. However, China was not ready to face Japan on equal terms. Chiang's decision to commit all of his new divisions in the Battle of Shanghai, despite objections from his own staff officers and von Falkenhausen, would cost him one-third of his best troops. Chiang switched his strategy to preserve strength for the eventual Chinese Civil War.

Von Falkenhausen recommended that Chiang fight a war of attrition as Falkenhausen calculated that Japan could not win a long-term war. He suggested that Chiang should hold the Yellow River line, and not attack until later in the war. Also, Chiang should give up a number of provinces in northern China including Shandong. He also recommended construction of fortifications at strategically important locations to slow the Japanese advance. Falkenhausen also advised the Chinese to establish a number of guerrilla operations behind Japanese lines.

In 1937, Nazi Germany allied with the Empire of Japan which was fighting the Second Sino-Japanese War with China. As a goodwill gesture to Japan, Germany recognized the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo, withdrew German support from China and forced Falkenhausen to resign by threatening to have his family in Germany punished for disloyalty. After a goodbye dinner party with Chiang Kai-shek's family, Falkenhausen promised that he would never reveal any of the battle plans he had devised to the Japanese.

According to some sources (especially from Communist Chinese ones in the late 1930s), Falkenhausen kept in contact with Chiang Kai-shek and occasionally sent European luxury items and food to him, the Chiang household, and his officers. On his 72nd birthday in 1950, Falkenhausen received a $12,000 cheque from Chiang Kai-shek as a birthday gift and a personal note declaring him a "Friend of China". On Falkenhausen's 80th birthday in 1958, Wang Xiaoxi, the Nationalist Chinese ambassador to Belgium, awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Tripod for his contributions in defending China.

Military governor for Belgium
Recalled to active duty in 1938, Falkenhausen served as an infantry general on the Western Front, until he was appointed military governor of Belgium in May 1940, the same post his uncle Ludwig von Falkenhausen held 23 years prior during the First World War. Throughout his period of administration, Falkenhausen had co-operated with both Eggert Reeder and Dr. Werner Best, to try to apply the rules of the Hague Convention in their region, often against the wishes and instructions of their Wehrmacht and SS superiors.

Though opposed to Nazi extremism towards the Jewish population, he yielded to pressure from Reinhard Heydrich's RSHA, leading in June 1942 to the deportation of 28,900 Jews. His deputy for economic affairs, Eggert Reeder, was in charge of the destruction of "Jewish influence" in the Belgian economy, leading to mass unemployment of Jewish workers, especially in the diamond business. While implementation of economic policy led to mass unemployment of Belgian Jewish workers, Reeder's efforts preserved existing national administrative structures and business relations within Belgium and northern France during the German occupation. 2,250 of these unemployed Belgian Jews were sent to forced labor camps in Northern France, in order to build the Atlantic Wall for Organisation Todt.

To ensure that all the Belgian people co-operated in the German occupation, Reeder negotiated an agreement to allow native Belgian Jews to remain in Belgium. Part of this was the non-enforcement of the Reich Security Main Office order for all Jews to be marked by wearing a yellow Star of David at all times, until Helmut Knochen's conference in Paris on 14 March 1942.

He intervened twice to prevent the execution of Belgians for resistance against the Germans, at the request of Qian Xiuling, a Chinese-Belgian woman whose elder cousin, Lieutenant General Qian Zhuolun, was a good friend of Falkenhausen during his time in China and in the post-war trial Qian Xiuling spoke in his defense, saying: "Nothing I did could have been accomplished without General von Falkenhausen's help. Even though he might not deserve an award, neither should he be put on trial, definitely not."

Bomb plot
Falkenhausen was a close friend of the anti-Hitler conspirators, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben and soon came to detest Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. He offered his support to Witzleben for a planned coup d'état against Hitler, but did not take any part in the coup. After the failure of the 20 July Plot to kill Hitler in 1944, Falkenhausen was relieved of his command and later arrested. Falkenhausen spent the rest of the war being transferred from one concentration camp to another. In late April 1945 he was transferred to Tyrol with about 140 other prominent inmates of the Dachau concentration camp.

The SS fled, leaving the prisoners behind and he was captured by the Fifth U.S. Army on 5 May 1945.

Trial and pardon
Falkenhausen and Reeder were sent to Belgium for trial in 1948, where they were held on remand for three years. A trial for their role in the deportation of Jews from Belgium but not for their deaths in Auschwitz, began in Brussels on 9 March 1951 and they were defended by the lawyer Ernst Achenbach.

During the trial, Falkenhausen was vouched for by Qian Xiuling, former French Prime Minister Léon Blum and a number of Belgian Jews, who gave evidence that Falkenhausen and Reeder had tried to save Belgian and Jewish lives. Nevertheless, on 9 July 1951 they were convicted and sentenced to twelve years hard labour in Germany. On their return to West Germany three weeks after the end of the trial, having served one third of their sentence, as required by Belgian law, they were pardoned by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.

Later life
On return to Germany, he first lived near the then inner German border on the estate of his friend Franz von Papen and then, fearing kidnapping by East German agents, in Nassau an der Lahn.

In 1950, Falkenhausen became a widower; in 1960 he married his second wife, Cécile Vent (1906–1977), who had been a Belgian resistance fighter. He had met her during his imprisonment in 1948, when Vent was a member of the administrative commission of the prisons of Verviers.

Dates of rank

 * Sekondeleutnant, March 1897
 * Leutnant, January 1899
 * Hauptmann, March 1910
 * Major, March 1915
 * Lieutenant Colonel, Ottoman Army, June 1916
 * Oberstleutnant, Imperial German Army, December 1920
 * Oberst, April 1924
 * Generalmajor, April 1928
 * Generalleutnant, October 1929
 * General der Infanterie, September 1940

Decorations and awards

 * Pour le Mérite (Prussia) 7 May 1918
 * Order of the Crown, 4th class with Swords (Prussia)
 * Knight's Cross of the Friedrich Order, 2nd class with Swords (Württemberg)
 * Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class
 * Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords [7]
 * Knight of Honour of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
 * Service Award (Prussia)
 * Military Merit Order, 3rd class with Swords (Bavaria)
 * Knight's Cross of the Order of the Crown with Swords (Württemberg)
 * Honorary Knight's Cross, First Class of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis with swords and laurel (Oldenburg)
 * Friedrich August Cross, 1st and 2nd class (Oldenburg)
 * Bravery Medal (Hesse)
 * Hanseatic Cross (Hamburg)
 * Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria)
 * Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary)
 * Order of Osmanieh, 3rd class with sabre (Ottoman Empire)
 * Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class with swords (Ottoman Empire)
 * Imtiyaz Medal in Silver with Sabres (Ottoman Empire)
 * Liakat Medal in Gold with sabre (Ottoman Empire)
 * Gallipoli Star ("Iron Crescent", Ottoman Empire)
 * Wehrmacht Long Service Award
 * War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class with Swords (1939)
 * German Cross in Silver (20 April 1943)
 * Order of the Sacred Tripod, Special Grand Cordon (China) on 28 November 1958

title: Alexander von Falkenhausen