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Claiborne Fox Jackson

Claiborne Fox Jackson (April 4, 1806 – December 6, 1862) was an American politician of the Democratic Party in Missouri. He was elected as the 15th Governor of Missouri, serving from January 3, 1861, until July 31, 1861, when he was forced out by the Unionist majority in the Missouri General Assembly after planning to force the secession of the state.

Before the war, Jackson worked with his father-in-law, John Sappington, to manufacture and sell patent medicines, in the form of quinine pills, to treat and prevent malaria.

He became quite wealthy and politically influential, deeply involved in the Democratic party in Saline County and central Missouri. He served twelve years in the Missouri House of Representatives, twice as Speaker. In 1848 he was elected to the State Senate. During the 1860 election, Jackson professed to be a Unionist. However, in 1861, after the Missouri Convention rejected secession, Jackson secretly planned a secessionist coup in league with the Confederate government.

In 1860 Jackson successfully ran for governor as a moderate on the issue of secession. During his inaugural speech of January 3, 1861, however, he declared that Missouri would resist any Union coercion by force of arms. He then called for a convention to pass a secession ordinance, but that body, dominated by Unionists, defeated the measure. After the fall of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April 1861, Jackson denounced President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers and began plotting to seize the U.S. Arsenal in St. Louis. To that end he dispatched secret emissaries to Confederate president Jefferson Davis and received four large cannon.

But Jackson's scheme was defeated by the prompt actions of Cap. Nathaniel Lyon, who attacked and scattered Jackson's “State Guard” at Camp Jackson on May 10, 1861. Jackson fled the state capital, Jefferson City, as Lyon's forces approached and established a rump legislature at Neosho; this body formally voted to secede the following October. However, continuing Union successes under Gen. Samuel R. Curtis sent the secessionist governor and his followers fleeing again, this time into Arkansas, where they erected a temporary capital at Camden.

Jackson died of pneumonia, resulting from complications from stomach cancer on December 7, 1862, in Little Rock, Arkansas.

He was replaced by Lieutenant Governor Thomas C. Reynolds.

The exile government continued, setting up shop in Shreveport, Louisiana and then Marshall, Texas. The government took part in and sent representatives to the Confederate government. The exile government was formally disbanded at the conclusion of the Civil War

Early life
Claiborne Fox Jackson, son of Dempsey Carroll and Mary Orea "Molly" (née Pickett) Jackson, was born in 1806 in Fleming County, Kentucky. He had several older brothers. His father, Dempsey Carroll Jackson, was a wealthy tobacco planter and slaveholder. He was likely tutored at home and taught to be a planter. Claiborne Fox's second cousin was John Jackson and his third cousin was Jarvis Jackson Jr, father and brother of Hancock Lee Jackson (respectively). Hancock Lee Jackson, the 13th governor of Missouri, was also Claiborne Fox Jackson's 3rd cousin. The two shared a great-grandfather, Joseph Jackson Sr. John and Jarvis Jr. later sold the land that would become Laurel County, Kentucky.

Migration to Missouri – career and marriages
In 1826 Jackson moved with several of his older brothers to Missouri, settling in the Howard County town of Franklin. The Jackson brothers established a successful general mercantile store.

In early 1831, Jackson married Jane Breathitt Sappington, daughter of Dr. John Sappington, a prominent frontier physician, and his wife, Jane, in Arrow Rock, Missouri. From Maryland and Nashville, Tennessee, Sappington had met his wife in Kentucky. She was a sister of future Kentucky Governor John Breathitt and two other politically connected brothers. After living in Franklin, Tennessee, they migrated to Missouri in 1817, settling in Arrow Rock a couple of years later. In addition to developing businesses, Sappington eventually acquired thousands of acres of land and became a major slaveholder.

But Jane Jackson died a few months after the wedding. That year her father established the Sappington Cemetery on his plantation for family burials, perhaps because of his daughter Jane's death.

Claiborne Jackson continued to work with his brothers after his wife's death, until 1832 and the outbreak of hostilities in the Black Hawk War. As a young widower, Claiborne Jackson organized, and was elected captain of, a unit of Howard County volunteers for the conflict.

After returning from the war, Jackson decided to make a change, moving to nearby Saline County, where his father-in-law lived. He worked for him for a time in the family businesses. This was also part of the region along the Missouri River known as "Little Dixie."

In 1833 Jackson married Louisa Catherine Sappington, a younger sister of his late wife. He worked with his father-in-law and brother-in-law Erasmus Sappington in the manufacture and sale of "Dr. Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills", a patent medicine preventative and treatment for malaria. The pills were filled with quinine, which Sappington manufactured from ground cinchona bark imported from Peru. He developed wide distribution of the pills, which became best sellers. Malaria was prevalent throughout the Missouri and Mississippi valleys, as were yellow fever, scarlet fever, and influenza. Saline County was relatively near the head of the Santa Fe Trail in neighboring Howard County. Traders and emigrants traveling through the area were also eager to buy pills to treat malaria.

Subsequently, both men and their entwined, extended families became quite wealthy and influential in the region. In May 1838, Jackson's second wife, Louisa, died, likely from complications of childbirth. Their infant son, Andrew Jackson, died the next month. That same year Jackson married again, to the widowed Elizabeth (Eliza) Whitsett (Sappington) Pearson, also a daughter of his parents-in-law. They had two daughters together, Louisa Jane (1841–1918) and Annie E. Jackson (1844–1926).

Political career
Through his family connections with Dr. Sappington, Jackson, along with his brother-in-law Meredith M. Marmaduke, became deeply involved with Missouri Democratic Party politics. Jackson was first elected in 1836 to the Missouri House of Representatives, where he represented Saline County.

He moved to the Howard County seat of Fayette, Missouri—then a center of political power in the state—in 1838 and worked for the local branch of the state bank. This would pay great political dividends later in his career. Claiborne Jackson served a total of twelve years in the Missouri House, including terms as Speaker in 1844 and 1846.

In 1840 Jackson nearly became involved in a duel over politics; duels had been prohibited. Writing anonymously to a Fayette, Missouri newspaper, Jackson made accusations that John B. Clark, the Whig candidate for Missouri Governor that year, was guilty of election fraud. The men exchanged more harsh words, and Clark challenged Jackson to a duel. The matter was settled without gunplay. Later, after Clark had switched party allegiance to the Democrats, he and Jackson became political allies.

Jackson was elected to the state senate in 1848. As leader of the pro-slavery Democrats, he headed efforts to defeat US Senator Thomas H. Benton, a powerful politician who was pro-Union. This was an event with both personal and political implications for Jackson, as his father-in-law and Benton had a longtime friendship. Until that time, like his father-in-law and brother-in-law Marmaduke, Jackson had been an ardent backer of Benton.

Marmaduke chose to side with Benton, as his views on slavery and related issues had changed since the 1840s. This likely cost him the chance to be elected governor in his own right (he had served ten months in the role to fill the term following the suicide of Thomas Reynolds.) The estrangement with Jackson and his other in-laws led to disruption in the extended family.

Amidst increasing tensions related to slavery in the state and nation, Missouri State Senator and Judge Carty Wells of Marion County introduced what were first known as the Calhoun resolutions, developed by US Senator John C. Calhoun (D-SC) for all slaveholding states. These were referred to the committee on foreign relations, which Jackson chaired. He is credited with introducing them to the whole state senate on January 15, 1849. They were afterward known as the "Jackson Resolutions." Asserting that Congress had no constitutional right to legislate on slavery in the states, the resolutions rejected the Missouri Compromise and any effort by outside forces to determine slavery in a territory, but said to preserve harmony it would accept extension of the Compromise to all new territories. It stated that Missouri had much in common with other slaveholding states and needed to resist Northern encroachment. It mandated that the state's U.S. Senators and Congressmen support these resolutions. US Senator Thomas Hart Benton had rejected Calhoun's resolutions in the Senate and strongly opposed the effort to introduce them at the state. But Jackson and the anti-Benton faction had their way. The joint convention of the legislature to vote for US Senator (as was the custom at the time) voted for Whig Henry S. Geyer, and Benton lost his office. Benton supporters retaliated by derailing Jackson's attempts to secure the Democratic nomination for U.S. Congress in 1853 and again in 1855.

In 1857, Jackson was appointed by the governor as Banking Commissioner of Missouri. In that position he established a system of six State Banks, with branch locations. This proved an advantage to business and the general public alike by stabilizing temporary currency shortages that had happened from time to time, especially in the more rural areas of the state. As Commissioner, Jackson traveled to various locations around the state inspecting banking facilities. He used these occasions to build a power base for his next attempt at elected office, as a candidate for Governor of Missouri.

Governor of Missouri
In the fall of 1860 Jackson resigned as Banking Commissioner to run for governor. Jackson campaigned, and was elected as, a Douglas Democrat, supporting presidential candidate Stephen A. Douglas's anti-secession platform. Jackson defeated his nearest challenger, Sample Orr, by nearly ten thousand votes. Immediately after his election, however, Jackson began working behind the scenes for Missouri's secession. Jackson assumed the governor's office on January 3, 1861. During his inaugural address, he declared that Missouri shared a common bond and interest with other states that allowed slavery and could not separate herself from them if the Union should be dissolved. He called for a state convention to decide the issue.

On February 18, Missourians voted to have a special state convention to decide on secession and other matters. The convention delegates voted overwhelmingly 98–1 against secession, despite lobbying by Jackson. Jackson announced that he would continue the policy of his predecessor, Governor Robert M. Stewart, whereby Missouri would be an "armed neutral." The state would refuse to provide arms or men to either side in the approaching Civil War.

After the Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter in South Carolina on April 12–13, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation for the states to call up their militia and provide 75,000 troops to the Federal government to suppress the rebellion. He sent specific requests to all states, including Missouri.

Jackson responded, "Sir: Your dispatch of the 15th instant, making a call on Missouri for four regiments of men for immediate service, has been received. There can be, I apprehend, no doubt that the men are intended to form a part of the President's army to make war upon the people of the seceded states. Your requisition, in my judgment, is illegal, unconstitutional, and revolutionary in its object, inhuman, and diabolical and cannot be complied with. Not one man will the State of Missouri furnish to carry on any unholy crusade."

In this period, Jackson was carrying on secret correspondence with Confederate President Jefferson Davis, making plans to take Missouri out of the Union by a military coup. The key asset was the U.S. Arsenal in St. Louis, which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition. Jackson plotted to seize the Arsenal, and asked Davis to send artillery to breach the Arsenal's walls.

The commander of the Arsenal was Captain Nathaniel Lyon, a pro-Union regular Army officer. On April 26, 1861, under orders from Secretary of War Simon Cameron, Lyon worked with Missouri Volunteers and Illinois troops to secretly move 21,000 weapons (of 39,000 small arms held in the Arsenal) across the Mississippi River to Alton, Illinois, in order to protect them.

Capture of Camp Jackson
On May 3, 1861, Jackson ordered the Missouri Volunteer Militia to assemble at various encampments throughout Missouri, including St. Louis, for six days of training. They assembled in Lindell's Grove on the city's western outskirts, in an encampment now called Camp Jackson. Governor Jackson's order to assemble the militia was legal according to the Missouri state constitution, if the encampment was intended only for training, and not for offensive action against Federal forces. But, the St. Louis Militia was commanded largely by secessionists, and had recently enlisted a new regiment (2nd Regiment MVM) composed almost completely of secessionists. Also, Confederates had shipped artillery seized from the U.S. Arsenal in Baton Rouge. Arriving by steamboat, the artillery was secretly delivered to Camp Jackson.

Lyon responded to the perceived threat to control of the Arsenal with force. On May 10, 1861, Lyon surrounded Camp Jackson with pro-Union volunteer "Home Guards" (mostly drawn from the German immigrants of St. Louis), and took the Militia prisoner. As the prisoners were marched to the Arsenal, a riot broke out on the streets. During two days of rioting and gunfire, several soldiers, prisoners, and civilian bystanders were killed. Alarmed by the incident, the Missouri Legislature immediately acted on Governor Jackson's call for a bill dividing the state into military districts and authorizing a State Guard.

American Civil War
On May 11, 1861, Jackson appointed Sterling Price to be Major General of the Missouri State Guard; he ordered him to resist action by federal forces and Missouri Unionist Volunteers in Federal service. On May 12, Price met with General William S. Harney, the Federal commander in Missouri. They agreed to the Price-Harney Truce, which permitted Missouri to remain neutral for the moment.

Theoretically, Price promised that the state forces, and the state government, would hold the state for the Union and prevent the entry of Confederate forces. But, at the same time Governor Jackson had secretly dispatched envoys to CSA President Jefferson Davis and Confederate commanders in Arkansas asking for an immediate invasion of the state. He promised that the State Guard would cooperate with the Confederate Army in a campaign against Federal forces to effect the "liberation" of St. Louis. In addition, Lieutenant Governor Thomas C. Reynolds traveled to Richmond, with the agreement of Major General Price, to ask President Davis to order an invasion of the state. Missouri Unionists were dismayed at what they perceived as Harney's one-sided adherence to the "truce," and petitioned for Harney's removal from command. Harney was removed on May 30, and temporarily replaced with Lyon. He was promoted from captain to brigadier general of volunteers.

On June 11, 1861, Jackson met with Lyon, hoping to extend the truce, but Lyon refused. Lyon marched on Jefferson City with his forces, entering on June 13. Jackson and other pro-Confederate officials fled to Boonville, Missouri. Union forces routed the State Guard, commanded by Jackson's nephew John Sappington Marmaduke, at Boonville on June 17. At Carthage on July 5, Jackson took command of 6,000 State Guardsmen (becoming the second sitting U.S. Governor to lead troops in battle after Isaac Shelby of Kentucky did so during the War of 1812), and drove back a much smaller Union detachment led by Colonel Franz Sigel. But, the Union forces held a dominating position, and Lyon chased Jackson and Price to the far southwest of the state.

Exile
On July 22, 1861, the Missouri State Convention reconvened in Jefferson City. The convention again voted against secession, and on July 31, it declared the governor's office vacant. The same day the convention appointed Hamilton R. Gamble, former Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court, as provisional governor. He acted as governor for the remainder of the war.

Jackson did not recognize their actions; on August 5 he issued a proclamation declaring that Missouri was a free republic, and dissolving all ties with the Union. He traveled to Richmond, Virginia, to meet with Confederate President Davis to seek support for General Price's militia forces and official recognition by the Confederate government.

On October 28, 1861, in Neosho, Missouri, some secessionist members of the Missouri General Assembly met (with Jackson present) and passed an ordinance of secession. On November 28, 1861, the Confederacy recognized Missouri as its twelfth state, with Jackson as governor. The Neosho group elected senators and representatives to the Confederate Congress. But, Union forces occupied almost all of Missouri at the time, making the recognition and elections moot.

Jackson took refuge in Arkansas with General Price and the Missouri militia. They were soundly defeated by Union forces at the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862. Jackson traveled to southern Arkansas in the spring of 1862 to regroup and meet with other wealthy Missouri secessionists who had fled south. They discussed organizing a new campaign to retake Missouri, but Jackson died of pneumonia and stomach cancer before such actions took place. The invasion was never mounted.

Death
His health grew increasingly poor throughout 1862, Jackson traveled to Little Rock, Arkansas, in November of that year for military planning meetings for the aforementioned campaign. On December 6, 1862, Jackson died from pneumonia at age 56 in a Little Rock rooming house, as he had become weakened from stomach cancer.

He was initially denied a burial in Missouri because of having led a secession movement. Jackson was buried in Little Rock's Mount Holly Cemetery. Following the end of the Civil War, he was exhumed, and reinterred in the family Sappington Cemetery of his in-laws in Saline County, Missouri. All three of his wives are buried there as well.

In 1967 the cemetery was acquired by the state as part of an effort to recognize the burial places of the state's governors. It has been preserved as a State Historic Site. Jackson's brother-in-law and governor Meredith Miles Marmaduke also died during the Civil War and was buried here. Their father-in-law, John Sappington, had founded the two-acre cemetery in 1831, and it has 111 plots.

Legacy
A provisional camp of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Caimito, Panama, was named after Claiborne Jackson.

title: Claiborne Fox Jackson


text: User talk:67.20.251.16

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title: User talk:67.20.251.16


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Talk:Cardiganshire

translation
Note that Ceredigion is not technically a Welsh translation of Cardiganshire.

Prior to 1974 it was know as Sir Aberteifi in Welsh. Abertfi being the correct name for the town as used by it's Welsh speaking inhabitants. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.1.220 (talk • contribs) 21:33, 31 May 2004
 * Although Cardigan is an anglicization of Ceredigion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cap (talk • contribs) 14:50, 2 September 2004
 * This is not strictly true. By the late 1960s, Cardiganshire County Council was using the forms Sir Geredigion and Cyngor Sir Geredigion, which they continued to use until they were abolished in 1974.  This was also the form that the county boundary signs displayed.  The town of Cardigan continued to be known, in Welsh, as Aberteifi.  Skinsmoke (talk) 03:22, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The editors above you are, strictly speaking, both exactly true. Your confusion seems to arise in the translations back into Welsh from the English forms based on English legal divisions long postdating the medieval fiefs around Ceredigion. — Llywelyn II   14:41, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cardiganshire


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Harp seal

The harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), also known as Saddleback Seal or Greenland Seal, is a species of earless seal, or true seal, native to the northernmost Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean. Originally in the genus Phoca with a number of other species, it was reclassified into the monotypic genus Pagophilus in 1844. In Greek, its scientific name translates to "ice-lover from Greenland," and its taxonomic synonym, Phoca groenlandica translates to "Greenlandic seal." This is the only species in the genus Pagophilus.

Description
The mature harp seal has pure black eyes. It has a silver-gray fur covering its body, with black harp or wishbone-shaped markings dorsally. Adult harp seals grow to be 1.7 to 2.0 m long and weigh from 115 to 140 kg. The harp seal pup often has a yellow-white coat at birth due to staining from amniotic fluid, but after one to three days, the coat turns white and stays white for 2–3 weeks, until the first molt. Adolescent harp seals have a silver-gray coat spotted with black.

Physiology
Harp seals are considered sexually dimorphic, as the males are slightly larger, and more decorated. Males weigh an average of 135 kg, and reach a length up to 1.9 m, while females weigh an average of 120 kg and reach up to 1.8 m. Males generally have a more defined dorsal harp marking and a darker head, while some females never develop the marking and remain spotted.

Diving
Compared to other phocid seals, the harp seal dives from shallow to moderately deep depths. Dive depth varies with season, time of day and location. In the Greenland Sea sub-population, the average dive rate is around 8.3 dives per hour and dives range from a depth of less than 20 to over 500 m. Dive duration ranges from less than two minutes to just over 20 minutes. During the spring and summer when seals forage along the pack ice in the Greenland Sea, most dives are less than 50 m. In the late fall and winter, dive depth has been found to increase, particularly in the Denmark Strait, where the mean dive depth was found to be 141 m.

Lactating female harp seals spend about 80% of the time in the water and 20% of the time on the fast ice weaning or near their pups. However, almost half of the time spent in the water is at the surface, well beyond what is expected to recover from dives. This behavior allows the mother harp seal to conserve energy and avoid the harsh conditions of the fast-ice while remaining near her pup. As with most phocids, she requires vast amounts of energy to ensure sufficient mass transfer to her growing, weaning pup. Harp seals remain within their aerobic dive limit for 99% of dives.

Thermoregulation
Harp seal insulation changes over the course of a seal's lifetime. Young harp seals rely on a lanugo pelt from nursing all the way up to their weaning age. The insulating quality of this fur depends on its ability to keep a layer of air trapped inside or between the hairs. It takes a year for their blubber to develop and for their first-year pelage to grow. This transition from thick lanugo fur to blubber is important because lanugo fur does not insulate well in water. Adult harp seals primarily use blubber for insulation.

Harp seals combine anatomical and behavioral approaches to managing their body temperatures, instead of elevating their metabolic rate and energy requirements. Their lower critical temperature is believed to be under −10 degrees Celsius in air. Blubber insulates the harp seal's core but does not insulate the flippers to the same extent. Instead, the flippers have circulatory adaptations to help prevent heat loss. A thick coat of blubber insulates its body and provides energy when food is scarce or during fasting. Blubber also streamlines its body for more efficient swimming. Brown fat warms blood as it returns from the body surface as well as providing energy, most importantly for newly weaned pups.

Flippers act as heat exchangers, warming or cooling the seal as needed. On ice, the seal can press its fore flippers to its body and its hind flippers together to reduce heat loss. They can also redirect blood flow from the periphery to minimize heat loss.

Senses
The harp seal's eyes are large for its body size and contain a large spherical lens that improves focusing ability. Its mobile pupil helps it adapt to the intense glare of the Arctic ice. Its retina is rod-dominated and backed by a cat-like and reflective tapetum lucidum, enhancing its low light sensitivity. Its cones are most sensitive to blue-green spectra, while its rods help sense light intensity and may provide some color discrimination. Its cornea is lubricated by lacrimal glands, to protect the eye from sea water damage. The lack of tear ducts to drain secretions to the nasal passages contribute to the harp seals "eye rings" on land. This can be an indication of the hydration level of the seal.

On ice, the mother identifies her offspring by smell. This sense may also warn of an approaching predator. Underwater, the seal closes its nostrils, disabling its sense of smell.

Its whiskers, called vibrissae, lie in horizontal rows on either side of its snout. They provide a touch sense with labeled line coding, and underwater, also respond to low-frequency vibrations, such as movement.

Diet
Like most pinnipeds, harp seals are carnivorous. They have a diverse diet including several dozen fish and invertebrate species. The White Sea population migrates northward in the summer to forage extensively in the Barents Sea. Where common prey items include krill, capelin (Mallotus villosus), herring (Clupea harengus), flat fish and Gadiform fish. Harp seals prefer some prey, though their diet depends largely on prey abundance. Diet and abundance analysis of the Svalbard population found that this population predominantly eats krill, followed closely by polar cod (Arctogladus glacialis). Some individuals from the Greenland Sea sub-population have foraged in the Barents Sea alongside the White Sea sub-population during late summer and fall. Barents Sea harp seals eat mostly herring and polar cod but less krill or amphipods, likely because these seals usually dive deeper than such prey. Western North Atlantic harp seals forage both near and offshore of Newfoundland, most preferring such prey as Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), capelin, Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides). As in other populations and foraging areas, diet varies with distance from shore, with arctic cod comprising more of it nearshore and capelin more of it offshore. However, capelin is the preferred prey in both locales.

Life history

Harp seals spend relatively little time on land compared with time at sea. They are social animals and can be quite vocal in groups. Within their large colonies, smaller groups with their own hierarchies form. Groups of several thousand form during pupping and mating season. Harp seals can live over 30 years in the wild. On the ice, pups call their mothers by "yelling," and "mumble" while playing with others. Adults "growl" and "warble" to warn off conspecifics and predators. Underwater, adults have been recorded using more than 19 types of vocalization during courting and mating.

Reproduction and development
The harp seal is a fast ice breeder and is believed to have a promiscuous mating system. Breeding occurs between mid-February and April. Courtship peaks during mid-March and involves males performing underwater displays, using bubbles, vocalizations, and paw movements to court females. Females, who remain on the ice, will resist copulation unless underwater.

Females mature sexually between ages five to six. Annually thereafter, they may bear one pup, usually in late February. The gestation period lasts about 11.5 months, with a fetal development phase of 8 months. There have been reported cases of twin births, but singletons are vastly more common. The fertilized egg grows into an embryo which remains suspended in the womb for up to three months before implantation, to delay birth until sufficient pack ice is available. Harp seal births are rapid, with recorded lengths as short as 15 seconds in duration. In order to cope with the shock of a rapid change in environmental temperature and undeveloped blubber layers, the pup relies on solar heating, and behavioral responses such as shivering or seeking warmth in the shade or even water.

Newborn pups weigh 11 kg on average and are 80 – long. After birth, the mother feeds only her own pup. During the approximately 12-day long nursing period, the mother does not hunt, and loses up to 3 kg per day. Harp seal milk initially contains 25% fat (this number increases to 40% by weaning as the mother fasts) and pups gain over 2.2 kg per day while nursing, quickly thickening their blubber layer. During this time, the juvenile's "greycoat" grows in beneath the white neonatal coat, and the pup increases its weight to 36 kg. Weaning is abrupt; the mother turns from nursing to promiscuous mating, leaving the pup behind on the ice. While courtship starts on the ice, mating usually takes place in the water. After abandonment, in the post-weaning phase, the pup becomes sedentary to conserve body fat. Within a few days, it sheds its white coat, reaching the "beater" stage. This name comes from the sound a beater's tail makes as the seal learns to swim. Pups begin to feed at 4 weeks of age, but still draw on internal sources of energy, relying first on energy stored in the body core rather than blubber. During this time the ice begins to melt leaving them vulnerable to polar bears and other predators. This fast can reduce their weight up to 50%. As many as 30% of pups die during their first year, due in part to their early immobility on land.

Around 13–14 months old, the pups molt again, becoming "bedlamers". Juveniles molt several times, producing a "spotted harp", before the male adults' harp-marked pelt fully emerges after several years. In females, it does not emerge.

Seals congregate annually on the ice to molt, pup and breed before migrating to summer feeding grounds. Their lifespan can be over 30 years.

Distribution
Global harp seal population estimates total around 4.5 million individuals. The number of pups born in the traditional pupping area of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence was greatly reduced, with an estimated pup production of only 18,300 (95% CI, 15,400-21,200 rounded to the nearest hundred). Another 13,600 (95% CI, 7,700-19,500) pups were born in the northern Gulf. An estimated 714,600 (95% CI, 538,800-890,400) pups were born off the northeastern coast of Newfoundland (Front); accounting for 96% of all pupping in 2017. Combining the estimates from all areas resulted in an estimated total pup production of 746,500 (95% CI, 570,300-922,700). Due to their dependence on pack ice for breeding, the harp seal range is restricted to areas where pack ice forms seasonally. The western North Atlantic stock, which is the largest, is located off eastern Canada. This population is further divided into two separate herds based on the breeding location. The Front herd breeds off the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland, and the Gulf herd breeds near the Magdalen Islands in the middle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A second stock breeds on the "West Ice" off eastern Greenland. A third stock breeds on the "East Ice" in the White Sea, which is off the north coast of Russia below the Barents ea. Breeding occurs between mid-February and April, and varies somewhat for each stock. The three stocks are allopatric and do not interbreed.

There are two recognised subspecies:

Migration and vagrancy
Harp seals are strongly migratory, the northwest population regularly moves up to 4000 km northeast outside of the breeding season; one individual was located off the north Norwegian coast, 4640 km east northeast of its tagging location. Their navigational accuracy is high, with good eyesight an important factor. They are occasionally found as vagrants, south of their normal range. In Great Britain, a total of 31 vagrants were recorded between 1800 and 1988.

More recently, they reached Lindisfarne in Northumberland in September 1995, and the Shetland Islands in 1987. The latter was linked to a mass movement of harp seals into Norwegian waters; by mid-February 1987, 24,000 were reported drowned in fishing nets and perhaps 30,000 (about 10% of the world population) had invaded fjords as far south as Oslo. The animals were emaciated, likely due to commercial fishing causing competition for the seals' prey.

Harp seals can strand on Atlantic coasts, often in warmer months, due to dehydration and parasite load. In March 2020, a harp seal was spotted near Salvo, North Carolina. Harp seals often consume snow to stay hydrated, but in mild winters may not have enough available. Several centers are active in seal rescue and rehabilitation, including IFAW, NOAA, and the New England Aquarium. Harp seals are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act in the United States.

Seal hunting
All three populations are hunted commercially, mainly by Canada, Norway, Russia and Greenland.

In Canada, commercial hunting season is from November 15 to May 15. Most sealing occurs in late March in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and during the first or second week of April off Newfoundland, in an area known as "the Front". This peak spring period is generally what is referred to as the "Canadian seal hunt". Hunting Canadian whitecoats has been banned since 1987. Since 2000, harp seals that are targeted during the hunt are often found to be less than a year old, known as "beaters". In 2006, the St. Lawrence hunt officially started on March 25 due to thin ice caused by the year's milder temperatures. Inuit living in the region hunt mainly for food and, to a lesser extent, commerce.

In 2019, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans estimated sustainable harvest levels for the next five years. The identified annual Canadian Total Allowable Catch (TAC) levels were 425,000 assuming harvest age structures of 95% young of the year (YOY). In 2016, 66,800 harp seals and 1,612 grey seals were harvested in Atlantic Canada.

In 2005, the Independent Veterinarians' Working Group (IVWG) recommended a three-step process for hunters to kill the seals with little or no pain for the seals, as long as the process is completed in rapid succession. The process is as follows:

 * 1) Stun the seal on the head using tools, such as a rifle or a club, to immediately kill the animal or cause it to permanently lose consciousness.
 * 2) Ensure that step 1 was completed correctly, and the skull is irreversibly damaged.
 * 3) Cut the axillary arteries along both armpits and cut along the belly to prevent blood from reaching the brain, confirming its death.

In 2009, this process was included in both the 'Conditions of License' for the Canadian hunt as well as the Canadian Marine Mammal Regulations.

The Canadian seal hunt is monitored by the Canadian government. Although approximately 70% of the hunt occurs on "the Front", most private monitors focus on the St. Lawrence hunt, due to its more convenient location.

The annual quota off the coast of Greenland for 2017–2019 was set at 26,000 1+ animals, where two pups are equivalent to removing one 1+ animal. The total catches of harp seals were 2000 (including 1934 pups) in 2017, 2703 (including 1218 pups) in 2018, and 5813 (including 2168 pups) in 2019.

The 2004 West Ice total allowable catch (TAC) was 15,000, almost double the sustainable catch of 8,200. Actual catches were 9,895 in 2004 and 5,808 in 2005. The 2004 White Sea TAC was 45,000. The catch was 22,474.

Population dynamics
Hunting has tremendously affected the population size of harp seals. Over the past 150 years, the harp seal population has fluctuated from over 9 million to as little as 1 million. As of 2019, the current population is estimated to be 7.6 million. The Northwest Atlantic populations was found to have decreased by at least 50 percent from 1952 to 1970 but nowadays, seal populations all are hunted under quotas and other restrictions.

title: Harp seal


text:
List of rivers of Massachusetts

List of rivers of Massachusetts (U.S. state).

All Massachusetts rivers flow to the Atlantic Ocean. The list is arranged by drainage basin from north to south, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name, arranged travelling upstream along the larger stream.

Gulf of Maine north of Cape Ann

 * Blackwater River
 * Little River
 * Merrimack River
 * Back River (Merrimack River tributary)
 * Powwow River
 * Back River (Lake Attitash)
 * Back River (Powwow River tributary)
 * Artichoke River
 * Indian River
 * East Meadow River
 * Little River
 * Cochichewick River
 * Shawsheen River
 * Spicket River
 * Concord River
 * Assabet River
 * Sudbury River
 * Beaver Brook
 * Salmon Brook
 * Nashua River
 * Nissitissit River
 * Squannacook River
 * Still River
 * South Nashua River
 * Quinapoxet River
 * Stillwater River
 * North Nashua River
 * Whitman River
 * Phillips Brook
 * Souhegan River (New Hampshire)
 * South Branch Souhegan River
 * Parker River
 * Little River
 * Mill River
 * Rowley River
 * Roger Island River
 * Egypt River
 * Eagle Hill River
 * Ipswich River
 * Miles River
 * Martins Brook
 * Skug River
 * Castle Neck River
 * Essex River
 * Farm Creek
 * Walker Brook
 * Annisquam River
 * Jones River
 * Little River
 * Mill River

Massachusetts Bay

 * Danvers River
 * North River
 * Bass River
 * Forest River
 * Saugus River
 * Pines River
 * Mill River
 * Mystic River
 * Chelsea Creek
 * Island End River
 * Malden River
 * Alewife Brook
 * Little River
 * Aberjona River
 * Charles River
 * Muddy River
 * Stop River
 * Mill River
 * West Branch Charles River
 * Stony Brook (Waltham)
 * Stony Brook (Boston) (covered culvert)
 * Neponset River
 * Canton River, a.k.a. East Branch Neponset River
 * Mother Brook
 * Weymouth Fore River
 * Monatiquot River
 * Cochato River
 * Farm River
 * Blue Hill River
 * Weymouth Back River
 * Fresh River
 * Mill River
 * Old Swamp River
 * Weir River
 * Crooked Meadow River
 * Plymouth River
 * Bound Brook (In 1640, Bound Brook formed the border between the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies.)
 * Aaron River
 * North River
 * East Branch North River
 * Indian Head River
 * Drinkwater River
 * West Branch North River
 * South River

Cape Cod Bay

 * Green Harbor River
 * Back River
 * Pine Point River
 * Great Wood Island River
 * Little Wood Island River
 * Duck Hill River
 * Bourne Wharf River
 * Bluefish River
 * Jones River
 * Town Brook
 * Eel River
 * Boat Meadow River
 * Pamet River
 * Little Pamet River
 * Herring River (Wellfleet, Massachusetts)

Nantucket Sound

 * Mitchell River
 * Oyster Pond River
 * Andrews River
 * Red River
 * Swan Pond River
 * Bass River
 * Parkers River
 * Centerville River
 * Bumps River
 * Marstons Mill River
 * Little River
 * Santuit River
 * Mashpee River
 * Quashnet River
 * Childs River
 * Seapit River
 * Coonamesset River

Martha's Vineyard

 * Tiasquam River

Buzzards Bay

 * Wild Harbor River
 * Pocasset River
 * Back River
 * Wareham River
 * Crooked River
 * Broad Marsh River
 * Agawam River
 * Wankinco River
 * Weweantic River
 * Sippican River
 * East Branch Sippican River
 * West Branch Sippican River
 * Mattapoisett River
 * Nasketucket River
 * Acushnet River
 * Keene River
 * Little River
 * Slocums River
 * Paskamanset River
 * Westport River
 * East Branch Westport River
 * Shingle Island River
 * Copicut River
 * West Branch Westport River

Narragansett Bay

 * Taunton River
 * Quequechan River
 * Assonet River
 * Cedar Swamp River
 * Segreganset River
 * Three Mile River
 * Rumford River
 * Wading River
 * Mill River
 * Snake River
 * Canoe River
 * Forge River
 * Cotley River
 * Nemasket River
 * Winnetuxet River
 * Matfield River
 * Satucket River
 * Poor Meadow Brook
 * Shumatuscacant River
 * Stream River
 * Salisbury Plain River
 * Town River
 * Hockomock River
 * Lees River
 * Cole River
 * Kickemuit River
 * Warren River (Rhode Island)
 * Barrington River (Rhode Island)
 * Runnins River
 * Palmer River
 * East Branch Palmer River
 * West Branch Palmer River
 * Seekonk River (Rhode Island)
 * Ten Mile River
 * Wilde River
 * Sevenmile River
 * Bungay River
 * Blackstone River
 * Abbott Run
 * Peters River
 * Mill River
 * Branch River (Rhode Island)
 * Clear River (Rhode Island)
 * Nipmuc River (Rhode Island)
 * Chockalog River
 * West River
 * Mumford River
 * Quinsigamond River
 * Middle River
 * Kettle Brook

Long Island Sound

 * Thames River (Connecticut)
 * Shetucket River (Connecticut)
 * Quinebaug River
 * French River
 * Little River
 * South Fork Little River
 * Connecticut River
 * Farmington River (Connecticut)
 * East Branch Farmington River (Connecticut)
 * Hubbard River
 * West Branch Farmington River
 * Clam River
 * Buck River
 * Fall River (Farmington River tributary)
 * Scantic RiverWestfieldrivermap.png
 * Westfield River
 * Great Brook
 * Little River (Westfield River, South)
 * West Branch Westfield River
 * Middle Branch Westfield River
 * Little River (Westfield River, North)
 * Swift River
 * North Branch Swift River
 * Mill River (Springfield, Massachusetts)
 * North Branch Mill River
 * South Branch Mill River
 * Chicopee River
 * Quaboag River
 * East Brookfield River
 * Sevenmile River
 * Cranberry River
 * Fivemile River
 * Ware River
 * Swift River
 * Quabbin Reservoir
 * West Branch Swift River
 * East Branch Swift River
 * East Branch Fever Brook
 * West Branch Fever Brook
 * Middle Branch Swift River
 * Prince River
 * Burnshirt River
 * East Branch Ware River
 * West Branch Ware River
 * Stony Brook
 * Manhan River
 * North Branch Manhan River
 * Mill River (Northampton, Massachusetts)
 * East Branch Mill River
 * West Branch Mill River
 * Fort River
 * Mill River (Hatfield, Massachusetts)
 * Mill River (Hadley, Massachusetts)
 * Sawmill River
 * Deerfield River
 * Green River (Deerfield River tributary)
 * South River
 * Bear River
 * North River
 * East Branch North River
 * West Branch North River
 * Chickley River
 * Cold River
 * Green River (Cold River tributary)
 * Fall River (Connecticut River tributary)
 * Millers River
 * Tully River
 * East Branch Tully River
 * West Branch Tully River
 * Otter River
 * Priest Brook
 * North Branch Millers River
 * Housatonic River
 * Blackberry River (Connecticut)
 * Whiting River
 * Konkapot River
 * Umpachene River
 * Green River
 * Williams River
 * Hop Brook
 * Mad River
 * West Branch Housatonic River
 * Southwest Branch Housatonic River
 * East Branch Housatonic River

New York Harbor

 * Hudson River (New York)
 * Kinderhook Creek
 * Hoosic River
 * Green River
 * North Branch Hoosic River

Alphabetically

 * Aaron River
 * Abbott Run
 * Aberjona River
 * Acushnet River
 * Agawam River
 * Alewife Brook
 * Andrews River
 * Annisquam River
 * Artichoke River
 * Assabet River
 * Assonet River
 * Back River (Buzzards Bay)
 * Back River (Lake Attitash)
 * Back River (Massachusetts Bay)
 * Back River (Merrimack River tributary)
 * Back River (Powwow River tributary)
 * Barrington River
 * Bass River (Danvers River tributary)
 * Bass River (Nantucket Sound)
 * Batchelor Brook
 * Bear River
 * Beaver Brook
 * Blackstone River
 * Blackwater River
 * Blue Hill River
 * Bluefish River
 * Boat Meadow River
 * Bourne Wharf River
 * Broad Marsh River
 * Buck River
 * Bumps River
 * Bungay River
 * Burnshirt River
 * Canoe River
 * Castle Neck River
 * Cedar Swamp River
 * Centerville River
 * Charles River
 * Chickley River
 * Chicopee River
 * Childs River
 * Chockalog River
 * Clam River
 * Cochato River
 * Cochichewick River
 * Cold River
 * Cole River
 * Concord River
 * Connecticut River
 * Coonamesset River
 * Copicut River
 * Cotley River
 * Cranberry River
 * Crooked Meadow River
 * Crooked River
 * Deerfield River
 * Drinkwater River
 * Duck Hill River
 * Eagle Hill River
 * East Branch Green River
 * East Branch Housatonic River
 * East Branch Mill River
 * East Branch Neponset River
 * East Branch North River
 * East Branch Palmer River
 * East Branch Sippican River
 * East Branch Swift River
 * East Branch Tully River
 * East Branch Ware River
 * East Branch Westport River
 * East Brookfield River
 * East Meadow River
 * Eel River
 * Egypt River
 * Essex River
 * Fall River (Connecticut River tributary)
 * Fall River (Farmington River tributary)
 * Farm River
 * Five Mile River
 * Forest River
 * Forge River
 * Fort River
 * French River
 * Fresh River
 * Great Brook (Westfield River tributary)
 * Green Harbor River
 * Green River (Cold River tributary)
 * Green River (Deerfield River tributary)
 * Green River (Hoosic River tributary)
 * Green River (Housatonic River tributary)
 * Herring River
 * Hockomock River
 * Hoosic River/Hoosac River
 * Housatonic River
 * Hubbard River
 * Indian Head River
 * Indian River
 * Ipswich River
 * Jones River (Annisquam River tributary)
 * Jones River (Kingston Bay)
 * Keene River
 * Kettle Brook
 * Kickemuit River
 * Kinderhook Creek
 * Konkapot River
 * Lees River
 * Little Pamet River
 * Little River (Alewife Brook tributary)
 * Little River (Annisquam River tributary)
 * Little River (Blackwater River tributary)
 * Little River (Cotuit Bay)
 * Little River (French River tributary)
 * Little River (Merrimack River tributary)
 * Little River (Parker River tributary)
 * Little River (Slocums River tributary)
 * Little River (Westfield River, North)
 * Little River (Westfield River, South)
 * Little Wood Island River
 * Long Pond River
 * Mad River
 * Malden River
 * Manhan River
 * Marstons Mill River
 * Mashpee River
 * Matfield River
 * Mattapoisett River
 * Merrimack River
 * Middle Branch Swift River
 * Middle Branch Westfield River
 * Middle River
 * Miles River
 * Mill River (Annisquam River tributary)
 * Mill River (Charles River tributary)
 * Mill River (Hadley, Massachusetts)
 * Mill River (Hatfield, Massachusetts)
 * Mill River (Massachusetts–Rhode Island)
 * Mill River (Northampton, Massachusetts)
 * Mill River (Parker River tributary)
 * Mill River (Saugus River tributary)
 * Mill River (Springfield, Massachusetts)
 * Mill River (Taunton River tributary)
 * Mill River (Weymouth Back River tributary)
 * Millers River
 * Mitchell River
 * Monatiquot River
 * Mother Brook
 * Muddy River
 * Mumford River
 * Mystic River
 * Nashua River
 * Nasketucket River
 * Nemasket River
 * Neponset River
 * Nissitissit River
 * North Branch Hoosic River
 * North Branch Manhan River
 * North Branch Mill River
 * North Branch Millers River
 * North Branch Swift River
 * North Nashua River
 * North River (Danvers River tributary)
 * North River (Deerfield River tributary)
 * North River (Massachusetts Bay)
 * Old Swamp River
 * Otter River
 * Oyster Pond River
 * Palmer River
 * Pamet River
 * Parker River
 * Parkers River
 * Paskamanset River
 * Peters River
 * Phillips Brook
 * Pine Point River
 * Pines River
 * Plymouth River
 * Pocasset River
 * Poor Meadow Brook
 * Powwow River
 * Priest Brook
 * Prince River
 * Quaboag River
 * Quashnet River
 * Quequechan River
 * Quinapoxet River
 * Quinebaug River
 * Quinsigamond River
 * Quiquechan River
 * Red River
 * Roger Island River
 * Rowley River
 * Rumford River
 * Runnins River
 * Salisbury Plain River
 * Salmon Brook
 * Santuit River
 * Satucket River
 * Saugus River
 * Sawmill River
 * Scantic River
 * Schneelock Brook
 * Seapit River
 * Segreganset River
 * Seven Mile River (East Brookfield River tributary)
 * Sevenmile River (Tenmile River tributary)
 * Shawsheen River
 * Shingle Island River
 * Shumatuscacant River
 * Sippican River
 * Skug River
 * Snake River
 * South Branch Mill River
 * South Branch Souhegan River
 * South Fork Little River
 * South Nashua River
 * South River (Deerfield River tributary)
 * South River (Massachusetts Bay)
 * Southwest Branch Housatonic River
 * Spicket River
 * Squannacook River
 * Still River
 * Stillwater River
 * Stony Brook
 * Stop River
 * Stream River
 * Sudbury River
 * Swan Pond River
 * Swift River (Ware River tributary)
 * Swift River (Westfield River tributary)
 * Sudbury River
 * Taunton River
 * Ten Mile River
 * Three Mile River
 * Tiasquam River
 * Town Brook
 * Town River
 * Tully River
 * Umpachene River
 * Wading River
 * Walker Brook
 * Wankinco River
 * Ware River
 * Wareham River
 * Weir River
 * West Branch Charles River
 * West Branch Farmington River
 * West Branch Green River
 * West Branch Housatonic River
 * West Branch Mill River
 * West Branch North River
 * West Branch Palmer River
 * West Branch Sippican River
 * West Branch Swift River
 * West Branch Tully River
 * West Branch Ware River
 * West Branch Westfield River
 * West Branch Westport River
 * West River
 * Westfield River
 * Westport River
 * Weweantic River
 * Weymouth Back River
 * Weymouth Fore River
 * Whiting River
 * Whitman River
 * Wild Harbor River
 * Williams River
 * Winnetuxet River

title: List of rivers of Massachusetts


text:
Mapocho River

The River Mapocho (Río Mapocho) (Mapudungun: Mapu chuco, "water that penetrates the land") is a river in Chile. It flows from its source in the Andes mountains onto the west and divides Chile's capital Santiago in two.

Course
The Mapocho begins at the confluence of the San Francisco River and Molina River in the Andes. The main tributary of the former is Yerba Loca Creek, which drains the protected area that bears its same name. Molina River is fed by Iver Glacier, which lies on Cerro El Plomo. A few kilometres westward from its source, the Mapocho receives the waters of the Arrayán Creek and enters to the urban area of Santiago.

The last western spurs of the Andes in this area force a change in the direction of the river, making that it begin to flow toward the south. In the vicinity of Cerro San Cristóbal and just to the side of the Costanera Center project, the river collects the waters of the Canal San Carlos. From here, the river flows in a generally southwesterly direction to Plaza Baquedano area, which is a focal point of the city and the site where formerly the Mapocho split into two branches. The southern branch was turned into a promenade during the early years of the republic, and is now the Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins avenue.

The river then turns northwest. In this portion of its course, some of the most meaningful landmarks of the city, arose along its southern bank. Those include the Parque Forestal, the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, the Mercado Central and the Estación Mapocho. Farther northwest, two highway bridges connect the north and south sides of the river, which are part of the two branches of the Autopista Central.

Approximately at the longitude of the summit of Cerro Renca, the Mapocho changes its northwesterly flow to a southwesterly direction. From the southern portion of Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport, the river turns south, to its outfall into the Maipo River.

Cultural role
Until the 19th century, the river was the north border of Santiago, hence it was the arrival place for trains from north Chile, at the Estación Mapocho, later also the bus station to the north. Also the Vega Central, the main business place for provisioning Santiago with foods as well as the Mercado Central. Until the first half of the 20th century the (channeled) riverbed was meeting point of homeless people and petty criminals.

Since the 1970s the walls of the "channel" in Santiago, seen daily by thousands "Santiaguinos" have been used for political propaganda. Every year a Hazing Regatta sails the river downwards during the celebrations of the beginning of the year at the University of Chile.

Pollution
In March 2009, only 68% of the wastewater in Santiago was treated, though this increased to 81% by the end of the year.

The Mapocho remains contaminated by household, agricultural and industrial sewage, and by upstream copper-mining waste (from the several copper mines in the Andes, east of Santiago), being dumped unfiltered into the river. Laws force industry and local governments to process all their wastewater, but are loosely enforced. There are now a number of large wastewater processing and recycling plants under construction. There are ongoing plans to decontaminate the river and make it navigable.

Floods
In April 2016, following heavy rain, the swollen river flooded property in Santiago and contaminated the drinking water supply for millions of people.

title: Mapocho River


text:
Category:Political parties

In addition, see the Elections and Parties series.

title: Category:Political parties


text:
William Lowndes (congressman)

William Jones Lowndes (February 11, 1782 – October 27, 1822) was an American lawyer, planter, and politician from South Carolina. He represented the state in the U.S. Congress from 1811 to May 8, 1822, when he resigned for health reasons.

Early life
The son of Rawlins Lowndes (1721–1800), multi-term legislator and briefly governor of South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War, William Lowndes was one of three children born to Rawlins Lowndes' third wife, the former Sarah Jones (1757-1801), daughter of Col. Charles Jones of Georgia.

His paternal grandfather, Charles Lowndes, had moved his family from St. Kitts in the British West Indies in 1730 to South Carolina, but his extravagant spending led to financial ruin. After he committed suicide, his sons Charles and Rawlins were placed in the care of Robert Hall, then the provost-marshal of South Carolina (its chief law enforcement officer). Rawlins Lowndes succeeded Hall in 1745 but resigned for health reasons in 1754. In addition to his legal practice and civic duties, Rawlins Lowndes acquired plantations through marriage, which he farmed using enslaved labor. He acquired his first plantation along the Stono River in St. Paul Parish in 1748 (which qualified him for a seat in the lower house of the South Carolina Assembly), although that wife died in childbirth in 1750. Rawlins Lowndes' second wife, Mary Cartwright Lowndes (1736–1770) bore seven children, including future Congressman Thomas Lowndes before her death. Like his elder half-sibling, William Lowndes received a classical education appropriate to his class in South Carolina and England, then studied law.

In 1802, William Lowndes married Elizabeth Pinckney (1781–1857), daughter of plantation owner and Federalist leader Thomas Pinckney, and they would have son Thomas Pinckney Lowndes (1808–1838) and daughter Rebecca Motte Lowndes Rutledge (1810–1892).

Career
Admitted to the bar in 1804, William Lowndes began his legal practice in Charleston. He also owned several rice plantations on South Carolina's Atlantic coast, which he operated using enslaved labor.

Politics
William J. Lowndes first served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1804 to 1808.

Elected to the Twelfth United States Congress as a Representative from the Charleston area, Lowndes was a key member of the 'War Hawk' faction along with Speaker of the House Henry Clay, future President of the Second Bank of the United States Langdon Cheves, Tennessee representative Felix Grundy, and future Vice President and South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun. The War Hawks agitated throughout the Congressional session for declaration of the War of 1812, which they achieved on June 19. Lowndes roomed at the same boardinghouse as Calhoun in Washington, D.C., and they became close friends; Lowndes's granddaughter, twenty years after his death, stated that Calhoun told his widow "that there had never been a shadow between them."

After the war, Lowndes served as Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee for four years. He authored and shepherded through Congress the Tariff of 1816 in consultation with Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Dallas. He also rose to chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department. His reputation for financial expertise made Lowndes a chief lieutenant of Calhoun in authorizing the Second Bank of the United States during the Fourteenth Congress. Extremely well-respected by his colleagues and the press, Lowndes was offered several Cabinet positions by both James Madison and his successor James Monroe, including Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of War. When Lowndes refused the latter, it was offered to Calhoun, who accepted the position and held it until his inauguration as Vice President in 1825.

Staying in the House, Lowndes was a major player in the negotiations surrounding what would become the Missouri Compromise; Southern support for the Compromise was at least partially due to Lowndes's advocacy. William Lowndes also developed the Lowndes Apportionment Method, which would have given more power to smaller states, but could not secure its passage in Congress. In 1821, Lowndes was nominated for President of the United States for the 1824 election by the South Carolina legislature over the more ambitious Calhoun, which impeded Calhoun's own incipient candidacy.

Death and legacy
Perennially ill after an accident in his youth, Lowndes' health took a serious downturn in 1822, and he resigned from Congress. At his wife's urging, the Lowndes family embarked for a recuperative visit to England, but William died en route on October 27, 1822, at the age of 40. He was buried at sea, although a cenotaph in his honor stands at Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Following Lowndes' resignation, South Carolina Governor James Hamilton, Jr. replaced him in Congress. During the Nullification Crisis, Hamilton and John C. Calhoun had led the states' forces for Nullification in support of slavery. Lowndes's most recent biographer considers the juxtaposition of these two figures and Lowndes's position as one of the last Southern nationalists a "transition of Southern politics."

In March–April 1824, electors from South Carolina honored William Lowndes posthumously with a single vote at the Democratic-Republican Party caucus, as the party's candidate for the Office of U.S. Vice President for the upcoming election.

As shown by a historical marker, Lowndesville, South Carolina, was named in his honor. Lowndes County, Georgia, was named in his honor in 1825 and Alabama and Mississippi both named counties in his honor in 1830.

title: William Lowndes (congressman)


text: Talk:Music of Chile

title: Talk:Music of Chile


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sexdecillion

There's an excessive list of numbers, which don't need to each be expanded into an article unless a significant number is related to it (ie. the Googol related numbers). None of these pages, Sexdecillion, Quindecillion, Quattuordecillion, Tredecillion, Undecillion, have that.
 * Don't delete articles about large numbers. They are to be kept in the case of any special numbers in the ranges, including:
 * twin primes
 * factorials
 * super-exponentiation
 * etc. 66.32.242.104 02:33, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've consolidated it down to one debate, which should be enough. The issue is the same, and voters can list exceptions. --Ben Brockert 02:49, May 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, you need to remember to sign your entry, 132.205.15.4, and you should both realise that "anonymous" entries aren't given as much weight as those by registered users. Registering is trivial and has many benefits, I highly recommend it. Oh, and don't forget the edit summaries. --Ben Brockert 02:55, May 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Each of these gets more than 500 google hits. If I saw one of these used, I'd need to look it up to find out what it was.  - TB 14:33, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Enter each into the table I've provided for that very purpose at Large numbers, then replace each with a redirect to Large number. But, please, someone, include the authority for the existence and usage of the word. In most cases that will just be the name of a dictionary, but we should have it. I believe many of these names have no real use and were coined simply for the pleasure of creating the name. (And while you're at it... I couldn't get the wiki-markup table to come out the way I wanted it...) . Dpbsmith 15:35, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Rossami 17:22, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. blankfaze | &#9835 18:04, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If these names were just coined for pleasure, then does this mean that they should be discontinued?? What, then, is the largest number name that should stay in the English language?? And how should larger numbers be named?? 66.32.147.97 18:05, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The English language is like Wikipedia. It has no central authority, and consists of whatever words English-speaking people happen to use. Compilers of dictionaries use their judgement in deciding what words are used enough to warrant including them.
 * Some words are so obscure or so rare that it's not clear whether you can really call them legitimate words, because almost nobody uses them. Thus, the Oxford English Dictionary, and I believe only that dictionary, includes floccinaucinhilipilification because they have some record of its being used somewhere. But Merriam-Webster doesn't think it's a word. The Merriam-Webster Unabridged 2nd edition, and I think only that dictionary, included pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. But the Oxford English dictionary doesn't think that is a word.

 * Trigintillion is another example of such a word. It's not really needed, because there simply aren't a trigintillion of anything. Not the number of grains of sand on the seashore, not the U. S. national debt in pennies, not the number of atoms in the universe. It's not a useful word, because you never need to talk about a trigintillion. And if you did, you should just say "ten-to-the-ninety-third." It would be silly to use the word "trigintillion" because (a) almost nobody would know what you meant, and (b) even the people who did know wouldn't know whether you meant ten-to-the-ninety-third or ten-to-the-one-hundred-and-eightieth. Even sextillions, septillions, etc. are a little dubious; the only people that need to use numbers that large are scientists and astronomers, and they don't use these words; they just use numeric notation, or SI prefixes, or special units like light years and parsecs.

 * My position is that, in the interest of being comprehensive, it's OK to include these names as entries, but a) they don't deserve entire articles, since they will never be much more than dictionary definitions; they should redirect to some kind of simple tabular summary; and b) since their status as real English words is a little dubious, we should cite the authority we're using. A dictionary (a mathematics dictionary if you like), a manual of style, whatever. If someone says "quattuordecillion is a word," I want to know who said so. Personally, as to how high it is sensible to go, I think that if the American Heritage Dictionary doesn't need a word, Wikipedia doesn't need it, either. That's just my $0.02 I challenge you to find any use of the word quattuordecillion--or "septillion," for that matter in any context other than discussions of names for large numbers. Dpbsmith 19:13, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Where is the border to be exact?? Is it between quintillion and sextillion?? In other words, should we consider it acceptable to use million, billion, trillion, quadrillion, quintillion, but after that, we discontinue names like these and go 10^21, 10^24, etc.?? 66.32.66.12 19:18, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a matter of judgement. I've seen "quadrillion" in print, in newspaper articles about the energy consumptions of entire nations. I don't know that I've personally seen anything larger. Have you? Where? As I said, the American Heritage Dictionary goes up to a vigintillion. THat's one answer.

 * P.S. I don't know when I'll have a chance to get to the library and consult some dictionaries and other sources about this, so I won't be working on this myself in the immediate future. I don't have a problem with the entry in the "authority" column being something like a math textbook, or even "Dr. Nerd's Trivia Fun Facts'n'Trivia Website". As time goes on if we find better authorities we can include them. But if we're going to include, say, "septilliard" because http://www.uni-bonn.de/~manfear/numbers_names.php says it's British for 1045 I really do want the reference—just in case www.uni-bonn.de/~manfear/numbers_names.php is wrong. Dpbsmith 19:27, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Good argument. Merge and redirect is the way to go. --Ben Brockert 01:38, May 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * To what article?? 66.32.95.180 01:40, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * To the article Dpbsmith posted, Large number, specifically in the nice table at Large number. --Ben Brockert 01:51, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment. I'm now actively tinkering with this page, but there's a lot of work to be done, including fact-checking, since a lot of loose statements found in various place on the Web and in Wikipedia about Nicolas Chuquet, etc. don't seem to be exactly right. I've moved Very large numbers to Names of large numbers, which I think is where it should go. I think it's time to draw a distinction between large numbers themselves and the art/science/game/history of naming them. The list I added to Large number I have now copied to Names of large numbers, and improved (but I have not yet removed it from Large number).
 * FYI It turns out that Chuquet did not exactly invent billion, trillion, quadrillion and friends. First of all, he spelled them with a y, byllion, tryllion, quadryllion etc, so Knuth collides with Chuquet's namespace. Second, one Jehan Adam used them before Chuquet did. Third, neither Adam nor Chuquet claimed authorship, and apparently the context of their references to the names suggests they were in use earlier. Fourth, Chuquet's work remained unpublished for a very long time, so he didn't directly influence anyone. In other words, the whole topic is a maze of twisty little trivia, all of them hard to pin down. I'm going to keep nibbling away at it but I could certainly use help. (And I'm keeping a copy in my user space just in case it's decided that this page should really be deleted after all).
 * Meanwhile, anyone who want to add names to this page by all means do so but please document who coined them, where, and when and whether they've received any acceptance. Dpbsmith 02:27, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just a note, but I've seen sextillion--the earth weighs 6 sextillion tons. Meelar 07:46, 31 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Montreal Exchange

The Montreal Exchange (MX; Bourse de Montréal), formerly the Montreal Stock Exchange (MSE), is a derivatives exchange, located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada that trades futures contracts and options on equities, indices, currencies, ETFs, energy and interest rates. Since 1965, it has been located in the Tour de la Bourse (Stock Exchange Tower), Montreal's third-tallest building. It is owned by the Toronto-based TMX Group.

Montreal Stock Exchange (1874-1982)
The first exchange in Canada began in 1832 as an informal stock exchange at the Exchange Coffee House in Montreal. In 1874, Lorn MacDougall, along with his brothers Hartland St. Clair MacDougall and George Campbell MacDougall, James Burnett and Frank Bond were the driving force behind the creation of the Montreal Stock Exchange (a name that was used until 1982 when it became the Montreal Exchange). The shareholders voted Lorn MacDougall its first Chairman of the Governing Committee, a position he held until poor health forced him to retire in 1883.

By 1910, the number of trades amounted to about $2.1 million whereas the Toronto Stock Exchange only amounted to $900,000. The prosperity of the Montreal Stock Exchange led to the creation of major corporations like Dominion Textile and Montreal Light, Heat & Power.

At that time, many major financial institutions established their headquarters on and around Saint Jacques Street. In 1903, the same year as the construction of New York's now famous Exchange Building, the Montreal Stock Exchange commissioned the same architect, George B. Post, to design its building on St. Francois-Xavier Street.

World War I marked the end of Canada's dependence on London's market. By contributing greatly to the war effort, Canada's economy was greatly strengthened by the war. All through the 1920s, Montreal's market experienced strong growth, reaching $3.5 million. In 1926, the "Montreal Curb Market" was created to allow trading in speculative and junior stocks. If successfully grown, they could apply for a transfer to the main Exchange. In 1953, the Curb Market was renamed the Canadian Stock Exchange.

The 1929 crisis hit Montreal especially hard. In 1934, due to multiple factors, the Toronto Stock Exchange surpassed Montreal. Still, Montreal's position in Canada's economy recovered, and it was not until the mid-1970s that Toronto became the metropolis of Canada after a decade of political troubles in Montreal.

Decline

For the separatist group Front de libération du Québec, the Montreal Stock Exchange represented a bastion of Anglo-Canadian power. On February 13, 1969, they detonated a bomb at the Stock Exchange that blew out the northeast wall and injured 27 people.

Montreal Exchange (1982–present)
In 1982, the Montreal Stock Exchange changed its name to the Montreal Exchange to reflect the growing importance of financial instruments other than stocks–primarily options and futures–on its trading floor. In 1999, the Vancouver, Alberta, Toronto and Montreal exchanges agreed to restructure the Canadian capital markets along the lines of market specialization, resulting in the Montreal Exchange assuming the position of Canadian Derivatives Exchange for the following 10 years. Trading in the shares of large companies was transferred to the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), and in the trading of smaller companies to the new Canadian Venture Exchange (now: TSX Venture Exchange). This change, which reflected the economic reality that most equity trading had moved to the TSE, caused consternation among those in favour of political independence for the province of Quebec.

At the end of 2001, the Exchange had completed its migration from an open outcry environment to a fully automated trading system, becoming the first traditional exchange in North America to complete this transformation. In the process, it modified the market model for trading, from a traditional specialist model to a competing market making model for the equity option market.

In February 2004, the Exchange became the sole provider of electronic trading systems and support for the Boston Options Exchange (BOX), making it the first foreign exchange to be responsible for the day-to-day technical operations of an American exchange using the Sola Trading electronic platform. That contract now provides the Montreal Exchange with a significant part of its revenue. The Montreal Exchange has a 31.4% stake in the Boston Option Exchange (BOX), percentage that has since risen to over 51% (as of September 2009).

On December 10, 2007, TSX Group announced that it had acquired Montreal Exchange Inc. for C$1.31 Billion. The acquisition was completed on 1 May 2008 and the corporation subsequently was renamed TMX Group Inc.

On February 9, 2011, the London Stock Exchange announced that they had agreed to merge with the TMX Group, Montreal Exchange's parent, hoping to create a combined entity with a market capitalization of $5.9 trillion (£3.7 trillion). Xavier Rolet, who currently is CEO of the LSE Group, would head the new enlarged company, while TMX Chief Executive Thomas Kloet would become the new firm president. Based on data from December 30, 2010 the new stock exchange would be the second largest in the world with a market cap 48% greater than the Nasdaq. Eight of the fifteen board members of the combined entity will be nominated by LSE and seven by TMX. The provisional name for the combined group would be LTMX Group plc.

On June 13, 2011, a rival, and hostile bid from the Maple Group of Canadian interests, was unveiled. A cash and stock bid of $3.7 billion CAD, in hopes of blocking the LSE Group's takeover of TMX. The group is composed of the leading banks and financial institutions of Canada.

Montreal Curb Market/Canadian Stock Exchange
The Montreal Curb Market was a stock exchange created in 1926 for trading in stocks that were considered to be too speculative or junior to be traded on the Montreal Stock Exchange (MSE). As these companies matured, trading in their shares was transferred to the MSE.

In 1953, the Montreal Curb Market changed its name to Canadian Stock Exchange. In 1974, the Canadian Stock Exchange merged with the Montreal Stock Exchange, retaining the larger exchange's name.

On November 29, 1999, the small-cap portion of the equities market of the Montreal Exchange was merged into the Canadian Venture Exchange (CDNX), along with the Alberta Stock Exchange (ASE) and the Vancouver Stock Exchange (VSE). The Canadian Dealing Network and Winnipeg Stock Exchange also merged with CDNX. The Canadian Venture Exchange is today known as the TSX Venture Exchange and is based in Calgary, although still has offices in Montreal.

Montreal Climate Exchange
The Montreal Climate Exchange or MCeX was started as a joint venture between the Montreal Exchange and the now-defunct Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX). It trades futures contracts on greenhouse gases. Established on July 12, 2006, and launched on May 30, 2008, MCeX is the first regulated environmental market in Canada.

Background
As part of the 2008 federal climate plan, in addition to internal reductions, large regulated industrial emitters in Canada are able to choose to buy emission units on the domestic carbon market. Regulated emitters’ credits are issued by government authorities at the end of a compliance year to regulated emitters that reduce the intensity of their GHG emissions below the target established by the federal government. These emitters are able to sell their credits on the market or keep them for subsequent compliance years. Futures contracts sold on the MCeX are equal to 100 Canada carbon dioxide equivalent units (one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent).

Timeline

 * On July 12, 2006, the Montréal Climate Exchange was established as a partnership between the MX and the CCX. The two exchanges finalized the preliminary agreement announced in Montreal on Dec. 7, 2005 during the first meeting of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
 * On Oct. 2, 2006 the exchange said the federal government appeared to be moving in the right direction on emissions regulation.
 * On Oct. 23, 2006 the exchange promoted a market-based solution to help meet environmental challenges.
 * On May 10, 2007, the MX filed for regulatory approval of market rules for trading of MCeX environmental products.
 * On July 25, 2007, the Montreal Climate Exchange announced its carbon futures contract would be launched by year end.
 * On March 14, 2008, the Montreal Climate Exchange announced plans to launch trading of futures contracts on Canada carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) units on May 30, 2008, subject to regulatory approval.

MCeX Market Makers

 * Orbeo
 * TD Securities Inc.
 * TradeLink LLC

title: Montreal Exchange


text: Category:Swedish politicians

title: Category:Swedish politicians


text:
Talk:Sexdecillion

VfD discussion at Talk:Sexdecillion/Delete

title: Talk:Sexdecillion


text: Category:Palestinian writers

title: Category:Palestinian writers


text:
User talk:24.220.0.60

Nomination of Jennifer Walcott for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Jennifer Walcott is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Jennifer Walcott until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Damiens .rf 01:56, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Jaime Koeppe for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Jaime Koeppe is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Jaime Koeppe until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. IW. (talk) 11:09, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.220.0.60


text:
HMS Conway (school ship)

HMS Conway was a naval training school or "school ship", founded in 1859 and housed for most of her life aboard a 19th-century wooden ship of the line. The ship was originally stationed on the Mersey near Liverpool, then moved to the Menai Strait during World War II. While being towed back to Birkenhead for a refit in 1953, she ran aground and was wrecked, and later burned. The school moved to purpose-built premises on Anglesey where it continued for another twenty years.

Origins
In the mid-19th century, the demand for a reliable standard of merchant navy officers had grown to the point where ship owners decided to set up an organisation to train, and indeed educate, them properly—the Mercantile Marine Service Association.

One of the first sites chosen for a school ship was Liverpool, in 1857. The ship they chose to accommodate the school, to be provided by the Admiralty and moored in the Sloyne, off Rock Ferry on the River Mersey, was the corvette HMS Conway. There were to be three Conways over the years, the name being transferred to the new ship each time it was replaced. In 1861 HMS Winchester took the name, but the one that housed the school for most of its life was lent by the Royal Navy to the Mercantile Marine Service Association in 1875. This was the two-decker HMS Nile (1839), a 92-gun second-rate line-of-battle ship. She was 205 ft (62.5 m) long on the gundeck, 54 ft (16 m) in beam, and displaced 4,375 long tons. During her operational life she was equipped with ten 8-inch (200 mm) guns and eighty-two 30-pounders. Launched in June 1839, she was entirely built from West African hardwoods and copper fastened, with copper sheathing anti-fouling to her under parts. She had survived the Baltic Blockade during the Crimean War, later protecting British possessions in the Caribbean and 'showing the flag' along the eastern seaboard of North America 50 years after the British surrender at Yorktown. In 1876 she was renamed Conway and moored on the Mersey.

The ship, already a century old, was refitted in the dry dock at Birkenhead between 1936 and 1938. She was also fitted with a new figurehead representing Nelson, which was ceremonially unveiled by the then Poet Laureate John Masefield, an alumnus of the school (1891–1893).

By 1953 she had already outlived both her sisters, Rodney and London, by more than 70 years.

From Mersey to Menai
In 1941, with air raids on the Liverpool docks taking place, Conway had already survived several near misses. It was decided to move the ship from the Mersey to Anglesey, where she remained moored for the duration of the war between the former Bishop's Palace at Glyn Garth and the Gazelle Hotel, in line with the Catalina flying boat moorings along the Anglesey shore. This being wartime there was no official announcement of the move and local residents were startled one evening to see a picturesque Nelson-era ship of the line, a "wooden wall", entering the Menai Strait. Subsequently, ship-to-shore traffic was across the Menai Strait to the pier-head at Bangor or to the Gazelle Hotel ferry terminal and she became something of a local tourist attraction.

At the end of the 1940s there was a surge in demand for merchant navy cadets. The ship did not have space for more cadets so the ship's superintendent, Captain Goddard, started looking for space ashore with playing fields and a shore establishment. He picked on Plas Newydd, the stately home of the Marquess of Anglesey, a large part of which had been vacated by the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps at the end of the War. This site seemed ideal, except that the seabed provided very poor anchorage, so four five-ton anchors were sunk there. Only one problem remained: could the ship be moved there in one piece? She would need to be towed by tugs through a stretch of water between Anglesey and the mainland, known as the "Swellies". This area, bounded by the two Menai bridges (the Menai Suspension Bridge and Britannia Bridge), is notorious for underwater shoals and dangerous, complex tidal streams as well as a non-tidal current varied by the wind and atmospheric pressure. Captain Goddard was proud of his experience as a hydrographic surveyor, and having studied the problem, believed it was possible.

After a false start the day before, the ship was moved successfully on 13 April 1949, in spite of what was obviously a great risk. Conway remains by far the deepest ship ever to have passed through the Swellies. Her draft was 22 ft aft and the underwater clearances were marginal. The overhead clearance under Menai Suspension Bridge, which is 100 ft above high water, was estimated to be three feet, all depending upon the actual height of the tide at the time of passing through. "I was glad when it was accomplished," Captain Goddard wrote. "It created a great deal of interest amongst the North Wales seafaring fraternity who had declared the undertaking to be a foolish one."

Loss of the ship
By 1953 another refit was due. This could not be done locally so the ship had to be taken back to Birkenhead dry dock, passing back through the Swellies once more. The operation took place on 14 April 1953. There were the same two Liverpool tugs which had shifted her several times before, Dongarth forward and Minegarth aft. The new Captain Superintendent, Captain E Hewitt, was in command, with two Trinity House local pilots – Mr R D Jones (junior) aboard the head tug, and Mr R J Jones (senior) – advising Captain Hewitt, and the Blue Funnel Liverpool pilot Mr James Miller overseeing the towage.

High water at Liverpool that morning was 11:18, at a height of 32'10" and was the highest tide that year. Laver's Almanac quotes high water at Menai Bridge as 28 minutes before high water Liverpool. What is termed 'slack' in the Swellies is actually a brief period of uneasy equilibrium between two opposing flood streams which typically occurs 1 hour 42 minutes before local high water, or at 09:08 on the morning of the move. Owing to the strength of the southwest-going ebb, which runs at 8 knots during a spring tide, there is a confused complex tidal flow among the numerous rocks and islets generating many powerful eddies. On a big tide in particular it is vital for an outbound vessel to be through the Swellies before the tide turns against her. It is therefore the local practice to start an outward transit with the last of the northeast-going flood 20 minutes before the 'slack', or at 08:48 on the morning of the move. Captain Hewitt had worked with the Caernarfon harbour master, Captain Rees Thomas, in preparing his plan, and had several times made a passage of the Swellies in the Conway's motor boat, checking his timings at 4 kn. He also consulted Conway's old log book for the timings of the previous transit, and had planned to arrive at the bridge at 09:20.

The streams in the Menai Strait are affected by winds outside in the Irish Sea. With a strong north or north-westerly wind both the rate and duration of the southwest-going ebb are increased, and the southwest-going ebb may begin quarter of an hour earlier. The 0600 synoptic chart showed a stationary deep depression west of Norway with a secondary low in the North Sea, and a high steadily closing the west coast of Ireland, which could be expected to result in an increasingly strong northwesterly wind in the Irish Sea. But in the shelter of the Plas Newydd mooring, there was no indication of this. At 0800 as the wind was being recorded in Conway's logbook as northerly force 1–2 (2 to 5 knots), only 13 miles away on station off Point Lynas it was being recorded by the Liverpool pilot boat as northwesterly force 6 (22–27 knots) and her noon entry was NW force 7, (28–33 knots) while during the morning Bidston Observatory was recording gusts up to 49 knots (storm force 10).

The Investigating Subcommittee was later to express its surprise that Captain Hewitt had left the Plas Newydd mooring without a weather forecast, and "had no knowledge of the stormy conditions prevailing at sea at the time Conway was to make the passage" since it was local knowledge that in such weather "abnormal conditions might be encountered." In addition to the tide-generated streams in the Menai Strait there is also a non-tidal current, the Southwest Residual, a dynamic reaction which directly reflects wind stress in the Irish Sea. The north-westerly mean wind speed of 16 meters per second at sea that day would enhance the Residual by 15 cm per second, increasing the strength of the southwest-going ebb at Plas Newydd by as much as 3 knots.

Conway's logbook shows she left the mooring at 0822 and arrived at Britannia Bridge at 0850, which was the locally recommended time for starting the outward transit and Jones the pilot naturally advised keeping her going with the last of the northeast-going flood tide behind her. Instead Captain Hewitt had the ship brought up for half an hour to wait until 0920. The severe wind in the Irish Sea caused the stream in the Strait to turn to the westward earlier which eliminated the brief slack water period. Captain F J Durrant, marine manager of the towing company, observed "The anticipated ten minute slack water did not materialise. The ebb set in immediately the flood ended at 0920." With the ship far too late and sensitive to the adverse conditions the pilot advised going back. Captain Hewitt passed the ship under Britannia Bridge at 0923 even though the ebb tide was already setting against him.

Only 17 minutes later, "At 0940 ..... the forward tug Dongarth was towing at full speed against the tide but making no further progress." By 10:10, 47 minutes after passing under the bridge, the tow was still in much the same position having made good only six tenths of a mile from the bridge, giving the tide another half an hour to develop further, yet it was not until then that Captain Hewitt had the stern tug slipped and sent forward to assist the head tug, when "headway became slight but noticeable." By 1020, already a full hour into the ebb, the pilots had worked the ship across the tide and into the eddy which the Admiralty Sailing Directions states forms near the Anglesey shore close westward of the northern pier of the Suspension Bridge, and intended holding her there in the safety of this until the strength of the tide had abated. Instead, with only 750 ft to go to the bridge, Captain Hewitt ordered that the ship be put back in the channel and this was done. Almost immediately, at 1030, she was caught by an eddy of overwhelming strength which drove the ship ashore over The Platters. "This disastrous sheer occurred and was concluded in a matter of seconds." Contrasting with the 18 minutes she had taken to complete the inbound transit, the outbound ship had been 1 hour 7 minutes covering the 1200 yards from Britannia Bridge where the pilot had advised going back.

After both tugs on full speed for ten minutes had failed to make any impression they were instructed to stand by at Menai Bridge Pier for another attempt to re-float her on the evening tide when there would be a better opportunity if the weather at sea moderated. A third tug, Grassgarth, sent out at 1430 to assist in towing her off was forced to put back to Liverpool through stress of weather.

While her forepart planted firmly on the shelving shore her stern was floating in 30 feet of water. As the tide fell the stern lost its support causing the ship to become severely hogged. Her seams opened, and about her midship sections the height between decks was reduced from over 6 feet (1.8 m) to less than 4 feet (1.2 m). "Conditions on board were very bad with the after end of the ship from the mainmast sagging downwards, and the continuous sound of cracking, twisting, rending timber and rushing water below." When the next tide made the stern failed to lift and the ship flooded freely through her open seams. Being evident that further attempts to tow the ship off would be to no purpose, the tugs were discharged and left for Liverpool the following morning. Two days after the grounding, in the evening of 16 April 1953, surveyors declared Conway a total constructive loss. The ship was not insured.

Last years of the school
The school was first rehoused in tents loaned by the British Army pitched in the grounds of Plas Newydd, the seat of the Marquess of Anglesey, overlooking the Menai Strait. These were quickly replaced by 'The Camp', temporary hutted accommodation in addition to parts of the Marquess's house already in use as a supplement to the ship's limited space. All traces of the huts have now gone but present-day visitors to Plas Newydd use the National Trust cafe that was the school's canteen. During the 1960s permanent premises were built in the grounds of Plas Newydd, where Conway's last ten years passed in what is known in naval parlance as a "stone frigate".

The school closed in 1974 after funding from the Government through Cheshire County Council ceased. The buildings now house the Conway Centre, a residential arts and outdoor education centre.

Famous alumni
Cadets over the years included:

 * Captain Matthew Webb (at Conway 1860–1862), the first man to swim the English Channel from England to France
 * John Masefield (1891–94), Poet Laureate 1930–1967
 * Lionel "Buster" Crabb (1922–1924), the Royal Navy frogman who disappeared in mysterious circumstances while on a diving mission near a Soviet warship in 1956
 * Vice Admiral Sir David Brown (1927–2005)
 * Ian Fraser (1936–38), awarded the Victoria Cross for commanding a midget submarine attack on the Japanese cruiser Takao in Singapore harbour.
 * Iain Duncan Smith (1968–1972), leader of the Conservative Party 2001–2003
 * Sir Clive Woodward (1969–1974), rugby union player and England coach
 * Francis Haffey Brooke-Smith (1934–36), awarded the George Cross for bomb disposal.
 * Harold Kyrle Money Bellew (1869), 19th century stage actor
 * James Paul Moody (1901,1902), sixth officer in RMS Titanic
 * Archibald Day (1912–1914), Hydrographer of the Navy 1950–1955

The Conway Club for ex-alumni still thrives, numbering some 1,600 Old Conways. Several affiliated overseas clubs also exist in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA.

title: HMS Conway (school ship)


text:
Category:American football

This is a category containing articles relating to American football.

title: Category:American football


text:
Talk:Jeremy Sumpter

Interests
This information was removed/modified because it is considered more appropriate for a fan site rather than for an encyclopedia:

 * Sumpter's talent came in handy when training for Peter Pan: "I did all my own stunts except one," the actor says. Prior to start of filming, Sumpter says he was practicing sword fighting as much as five hours a day. In addition, he trained in gymnastics and lifted weights. While filming in Australia, he supplemented his training with cricket and surfing. Says Sumpter: "The best thing about being in Australia was that I got to surf the best surf spots in the world."

 * Sumpter's athletic side is no secret on movie sets. While filming Cyber Seduction, Sumpter entertained fellow young actors by doing hand stands. During The Sasquatch Dumpling Gang, the buff actor showed off his biceps for a photographer.

Born-Again Christian
Does anyone know where that piece of info is fron?Vulturell 06:30, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The only place I had ever seen it was on www.IMDb.com. But I just checked that site, and the info is no longer there. The Wiki article does not mention it either.
 * Well, that's because I took it out of the Wiki article because I couldn't find a good source for it. But if you do let me know and we'll put it back in.Vulturell 00:03, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

First male actor to portray the character live?
Really? I thought that went to Robin Williams in Hook.

Robin Williams played Peter Pan as an adult. That's different. For the role of the book, he was the first one to play it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.231.207.120 (talk) 17:15, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Gnrlotto

Sloane Pursell?
what does this mean: "...playing the part of Sloane Pursell in stage..."? is it a vanity edit? how could he be playing SP while playing Peter Pan? Am i just being stupid? Amo 22:32, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

filmography
HE ALSO PLAYED NUMBER 3 IN I AM NUMBER 4 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.137.208.35 (talk) 13:53, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * No, Number 3 is played by Greg Townley. - Kollision (talk) 05:25, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

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