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List of people from Silesia

This is a list of notable people from Silesia.

Nobel laureates

 * Theodor Mommsen (1902, literature)
 * Philipp Lenard (1905, physics)
 * Eduard Buchner (1907, chemistry)
 * Paul Ehrlich (1908, medicine)
 * Gerhart Hauptmann (1912, literature)
 * Fritz Haber (1918, chemistry)
 * Friedrich Bergius (1931, chemistry)
 * Carl von Ossietzky (1935, peace)
 * Gerhard Domagk (1939, medicine)
 * Otto Stern (1943, physics)
 * Kurt Alder (1950, chemistry)
 * Max Born (1954, physics)
 * Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963, physics)
 * Konrad Bloch (1964, medicine)
 * Johannes Georg Bednorz (1987, physics)
 * Hans Georg Dehmelt (1989, physics)
 * Reinhard Selten (1994, economics)
 * Günter Blobel (1999, medicine)
 * Olga Tokarczuk (2018, literature)

A

 * Erich Abraham, officer
 * Andreas Acoluthus, theologian and orientalist
 * Melchior Adam, literary historian
 * bishop Stanisław Adamski
 * Joy Adamson (born Friederike Victoria Gessner), naturalist and writer
 * Eufemia von Adlersfeld-Ballestrem, novelist
 * Kurt Alder, chemist
 * Henryk Alszer, soccer player
 * Johann Baptist Alzog, theologian and historian
 * Zygmunt Anczok, soccer player
 * Adolf Anderssen, chess grandmaster
 * Georg Graf von Arco, physicist, radio pioneer
 * Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, general
 * Iris von Arnim, fashion designer
 * Hans Erasmus Aßmann, statesman and poet
 * Andreas von Aulock, colonel
 * Hubertus von Aulock, general
 * Walter Arndt, zoologist and physician

B

 * Paul Baender, politician and chess player
 * Adolf Aron Baginsky, pediatrician
 * John Baildon, Scottish pioneer in metallurgy in Silesia
 * Michael Ballack, soccer player
 * the House of Ballestrem, de, pl
 * Hans Baluschek, painter
 * Jan Banaś, soccer player
 * Franz Bardon, occultist
 * Walter Bathe, swimmer
 * bishop Herbert Bednorz
 * Johannes Georg Bednorz, physicist
 * Hans Bellmer, painter and sculptor
 * Benedict of Poland, explorer
 * Henryk Bereska; pl, de, translator and poet
 * Max Berg, architect
 * Friedrich Bergius, chemist
 * Saul Berlin, scholar
 * Gottfried Bermann, publisher
 * cardinal Adolf Bertram
 * Petr Bezruč, poet
 * von Bibran-Modlau family
 * Albert Bielschowsky, literary historian
 * Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist
 * Horst Bienek, writer
 * Stanisław Bieniasz, writer; pl
 * Elżbieta Bieńkowska, politician, deputy prime minister of Poland
 * Iva Bittová, violinist, singer, and composer
 * rev. Franciszek Blachnicki
 * William Blandowski, zoologist and mining engineer
 * Leszek Blanik, gymnast
 * Barbara Blida, politician
 * Konrad Emil Bloch, biochemist
 * Josef Block, painter
 * Günter Blobel, biologist
 * Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler, pianist
 * Maurice Bloomfield, philologist
 * Friedrich Blühmel; de
 * Krystyna Bochenek, politician
 * Hermann Boehm, admiral
 * Sebastian Boenisch, soccer player
 * Bishop Bernard Bogedain
 * Lothar Bolz, politician
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer, theologian
 * Karl Bonhoeffer, psychiatrist
 * Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, chemist
 * Klaus Bonhoeffer, lawyer
 * Ernst Borinski, sociologist
 * Max Born, physicist
 * Willibald Borowietz, general
 * Arka Bożek, Silesian politician; pl
 * Josef Božek, engineer and inventor
 * Ernst-Joachim Bradel, colonel
 * Walter Brom, soccer player
 * Lucjan Brychczy, soccer player
 * Ignatz Bubis, politician
 * Andrzej Buncol, soccer player
 * Agata Buzek, actress
 * Jan Buzek, physician and politician
 * Jerzy Buzek, engineer and politician, prime minister of Poland
 * Józef Buzek, economist and politician
 * Jan Bystroń, linguist
 * Jan Stanisław Bystroń, sociologist

C

 * Ernst Cassirer, philosopher
 * Ewald Cebula, soccer player
 * Blessed Ceslaus; (bł. Czesław Odrowąż), Dominican friar
 * Dietrich von Choltitz, general
 * Jerzy Chromik, long-distance runner
 * rev. Jan Piotr Chrząszcz; pl, de, historian
 * Claudia Ciesla, female model
 * Gerard Cieślik, soccer player
 * Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898), biologist
 * Maria Cunitia (Cunitz) (1610–1664), astronomer
 * Richard Courant, mathematician
 * Johannes Crato von Krafftheim (1519–1585), imperial physician
 * bishop Andrzej Czaja; pl
 * Herbert Czaja, politician
 * Richard Czaya; de, chess master

D

 * Kurt Daluege, SS-general, Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia
 * Frank Damrosch, music conductor and educator
 * Ernst Degner, motorcycle road racer
 * Hans Georg Dehmelt, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
 * Hans Karl Graf von Diebitsch-Sabalkanski (Graf Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky), Russian field marshal
 * cardinal Melchior von Diepenbrock, Prince-Bishop of Breslau
 * Leopold Wilhelm von Dobschütz, general
 * the House of Henckel von Donnersmarck
 * Hans-Jürgen Dörner, soccer player and coach
 * Bernard Drzyzga; pl, colonel
 * Ireneusz Dudek; pl, blues vocalist
 * Jerzy Dudek, soccer player
 * Rafał Dutkiewicz, politician
 * Ewald Dytko, soccer player
 * Wojciech Dzieduszycki; pl, count
 * Johann Dzierzon, apiarist

E

 * Katja Ebstein, singer
 * Franz Eckert, musician who composed the national anthem of Japan
 * Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), physiologist
 * Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, poet
 * Bernd Eistert, chemist
 * Norbert Elias (1897–1990), sociologist
 * Józef Elsner, composer, music teacher and theoretician
 * Emin Pasha (Isaak Eduard Schnitzer), physician
 * Leszek Engelking, writer, poet, translator, scholar
 * Berthold Englisch, chess master
 * Anzelm Ephorinus; pl, physician
 * Johann Samuel Ersch, bibliographer

F

 * Eugeniusz Faber, soccer player
 * Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, general
 * Gottfried Bermann Fischer, publisher
 * Grzegorz Fitelberg, conductor, violinist and composer
 * Walenty Fojkis; pl, politician
 * Jan Foltys, chess master
 * Emanuel Aloys Förster, composer
 * Friedrich Heinrich Ferdinand Leopold von Forcade de Biaix (1747–1808), Royal Prussian lieutenant colonel, Knight of the Order of Pour le Mérite
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Ernst Heinrich von Forcade de Biaix (1787–1835), Royal Prussian major and Knight of the Iron Cross 2nd Class
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin, Baron von Forcade de Biaix (1784–1840), Royal Prussian major, Knight of the Iron Cross, Knight of the Order of St. John Bailiwick of Brandenburg (1817), Royal Prussian Chamberlain, and Castellan of Neuenrade in the County of Mark
 * Rudolf Fränkel, architect
 * Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist
 * Egon Franke, fencer
 * Zecharias Frankel, historian
 * Gustav Freytag, writer
 * Fritz von Friedlaender-Fuld; de (1858–1917), industrialist
 * Johnny Friedlaender (1912–1992), painter
 * Max Friedlaender (1852–1934), musicologist
 * Carl Friedländer (1847–1887), bacteriologist
 * Max Friedländer (1829–1872), journalist
 * Max Jakob Friedländer (1867–1958), art historian
 * Walter Friedländer (1873–1966), art historian
 * Anni Friesinger-Postma, speed skater
 * Willy Fritsch, actor
 * rev. August Froehlich
 * Radek Fukala, historian
 * Jan Furtok, soccer player

G

 * Hubert Gad, soccer player
 * Christian Ganczarski, terrorist
 * archbishop Józef Gawlina
 * Dan Gawrecki, historian
 * Adam Gdacjusz, writer
 * Adam Abraham von Gaffron und Oberstradam, Danish general
 * Gunther Gebel-Williams, circus performer, animal trainer
 * Oscar Gelbfuhs, chess master
 * Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, general
 * Eugeniusz Get-Stankiewicz; pl, sculptor
 * Edmund Giemsa, soccer player
 * Georg von Giesche; de, merchant and manufacturer
 * Karl Gilg, chess master
 * Krzysztof Globisz, actor
 * rev. Joseph Glowatzki; de, politician
 * Karl Godulla, industrialist
 * Maria Goeppert-Mayer, physicist
 * Eugen Goldstein, physicist
 * Kurt Goldstein, neurologist
 * Robert Gonera, actor
 * Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, composer, musician
 * Jerzy Gorgoń, soccer player
 * Emil Görlitz; de, soccer player
 * Jerzy Gorzelik, Silesian politician
 * Rudolf von Gottschall, poet, dramatist, chess master
 * Wilhelm Góra, soccer player
 * Halina Górecka, athlete (sprinter)
 * Henryk Górecki, composer
 * Joachim Grallert, watchmaker and jeweler
 * Heinrich Graetz, historian
 * Jerzy Grotowski, theatre director
 * Friedrich Grundmann; pl, businessman, co-founder of Katowice
 * Ignatz Grünfeld; pl, architect
 * Andreas Gryphius, poet
 * Joanna Gryzik von Schomberg-Godula; pl, (Johanna Gräfin von Schaffgotsch); de, industrialist
 * Karol Grzesik; pl, politician
 * Bernhard Grzimek, zoologist
 * cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz
 * Torsten Gütschow, soccer player

H

 * the House of Habsburg; Branch of Toscania/Teschen
 * Fritz Haber, chemist
 * Stanisław Hadyna; pl, composer
 * Richard Hanke, soccer player
 * Daniel Harrwitz, chess master
 * Alfred Hauptmann; de, neurologist
 * Gerhart Hauptmann, dramatist
 * Felix Hausdorff, mathematician
 * Saint Hedwig of Andechs; (św. Jadwiga Śląska), Duchess of Silesia (1174–1243)
 * Johann Heermann, poet and hymnwriter
 * Sigfried Held, soccer player and coach
 * Henry the Bearded, Duke
 * Henry II the Pious, Duke
 * Henry III the White, Duke
 * Henry IV Probus, Duke
 * Lothar Herbst; pl, poet
 * Max Herrmann-Neisse; pl, de, writer
 * Richard Herrmann, soccer player
 * Arno Herzig; de, historian
 * Dieter Hildebrandt, kabarettist
 * Moses Hirschel, writer and chess master
 * Ludwik Hirszfeld, microbiologist
 * cardinal August Hlond; Primate of Poland
 * Hans Heinrich XV von Hochberg, Prince
 * Karl Höfer, general
 * Otto Höhne, general
 * Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau, poet and municipal politician
 * Prince Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, nobleman, soldier, and politician
 * Prince Kraft of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, nobleman and general
 * August, Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen, general, industrialist, landowner and mining business people
 * Karl Eduard von Holtei; poet and actor
 * Richard Holtze; szl, politician, co-founder of Katowice
 * Walther von Holzhausen, chess master
 * Bernhard von Hülsen, general
 * Herbert Hupka, politician
 * Saint Hyacinth; (św. Jacek Odrowąż), Dominican friar, called the Apostle of the North

I

 * Salomon Isaac; pl, merchant

J

 * Anton Jadasch; de, politician
 * Lech Janerka, composer
 * Janosch, children's writer
 * Michael Jary, composer
 * Grzegorz Jarzyna; pl, theatre director
 * Otylia Jędrzejczak, swimmer
 * Jens Jeremies, soccer player
 * Moritz Jursitzky, writer

K

 * Ryszard Kaczmarek; pl, historian
 * Zbigniew Kadłubek; pl, classical philologist
 * Helmut Kajzar; pl, playwright, theatre director
 * Theodor Kalide, sculptor
 * David Kalisch, writer and humorist
 * bishop Maximilian Kaller
 * Theodor Kaluza, mathematician and physicist
 * Tomasz Kamusella, linguist
 * Manfred Kanther, politician
 * Anna Louisa Karsch, poet
 * Adolf Kaschny; pl, Silesian politician
 * Georg Katzer, composer
 * Lars Kaufmann, handball player
 * Bernhard Kempa; de, handball player
 * Alfred Kerr, art critic
 * Jan Kidawa-Błoński; pl, film director
 * Leon Kieres, historian
 * Wojciech Kilar, composer
 * Gustav Kirchhoff, physicist
 * Martin Kirschner, surgeon
 * August Kiss, sculptor
 * Eckart Klein; de, social scientist
 * Norbert Klein, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1923–1933)
 * Otto Klemperer, conductor and composer
 * Karl Ludwig Klose; de, historian
 * Miroslav Klose, soccer player
 * Samuel Benjamin Klose; de, historian
 * Baladine Klossowska, painter
 * Bernhard Adalbert Emil Koehne, botanist
 * Alexander Kohut, orientalist
 * Józef Kokot; pl, soccer player
 * Heinz Kokott, general
 * Jan Jakub Kolski, film director and writer
 * cardinal Bolesław Kominek
 * Jerzy Konikowski, chess master
 * Richard Konwiarz; architect
 * Kopaynski or Kopanski family
 * cardinal Georg von Kopp
 * Rudolf Koppitz, photographer
 * Wojciech Korfanty, politician
 * Julian Kornhauser, poet and literary critic
 * Hubert Kostka, soccer player
 * Jan Kotrč, chess master
 * Viktor de Kowa, actor and singer
 * Józef Kożdoń, Silesian autonomist
 * Marek Krajewski, classical philologist and crime-story writer
 * Adolf Kramer, chess master
 * Paul Krause; de (December 27, 1905, † October 19, 1950), politician
 * Emil Krebs, polyglot and sinologist
 * Otto Kretschmer, commodore
 * Rodolphe Kreutzer (father was born in Silesia), violinist and composer
 * Henryk Kroll, politician
 * Jan Kropidło, Duke of Opole, bishop of Chełmno, Kamień Pomorski, Kuyavia, Poznań, archbishop of Gniezno, Primate of Poland
 * Rafał Kubacki, judo fighter and politician
 * bishop Teodor Kubina; pl
 * Richard Kubus, soccer player
 * Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1414–1422)
 * Wojciech Kuczok, writer
 * Hans Kudlich, politician and physician
 * Quirinus Kuhlmann, poet and mystic
 * Walter Kuhn, historian
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert, painter
 * Jerzy Kukuczka; alpine and high-altitude climber
 * Ernst Kunik; sv, historian and archeologist
 * Theofil Kupka, Silesian politician
 * Jan Kustos, Silesian politician
 * Martin Kutta, mathematician
 * Kazimierz Kutz, film director and politician

L

 * Fritz Laband, soccer player
 * Ferdinand Lassalle, politician
 * Maciej Łagiewski; pl, historian
 * Hans Lammers, politician
 * Georg Landsberg, mathematician
 * Otto Landsberg de, politician
 * Benno Landsberger (1890–1968), linguist
 * Franz Landsberger de, art historian
 * Julius Landsberger de, orientalist and rabbi
 * Horst Lange; de, writer
 * Walter Laqueur, historian
 * Ewald Latacz, Silesian politician
 * Waldemar Legień, judoist
 * Philipp Lenard, physicist
 * Roman Lentner, soccer player
 * Jan Liberda, soccer player
 * the House of Lichnowsky
 * Felix Graf von Lichnowsky, politician
 * the House of Liechtenstein
 * Felix Liebrecht, folklorist
 * Paul Löbe, politician
 * Friedrich von Logau, epigrammatist
 * Daniel Casper von Lohenstein, diplomat and writer
 * Stanisław Ligoń; pl, writer and painter
 * Józef Lompa; pl, poet
 * rev. Józef Londzin; pl, politician
 * Fritz London, physicist
 * Ortwin Lowack; de, lawyer and politician
 * Fred Lowen, designer
 * Erich Löwenhardt, fighter pilot, Oberleutnant
 * Arthur Löwenstamm, rabbi
 * Heinz A. Lowenstam, paleoecologist
 * Włodzimierz Lubański, soccer player
 * Emil Ludwig, writer
 * Hans Lukaschek; de, Silesian politician
 * Bobby E. Lüthge; de, screenwriter
 * Alojzy Lysko, writer and politician
 * Mariusz Łukasiewicz; pl, businessman
 * Olgierd Łukaszewicz, actor
 * Ondra Łysohorsky, poet

M

 * Gottlieb Machate, chess master
 * Wacław Maciejowski, historian
 * Lech Majewski, film and theatre director
 * Anton Franz Graf von Magnis; de, colonel
 * Franz Magnis-Suseno; priest, missionary man and Indonesian public figure.
 * Leonard Malik; pl, soccer player
 * Richard Malik, soccer player
 * Adam Małysz, ski jumper
 * Andrzej Markowski; pl, linguist
 * Martin of Opava, historian, archbishop of Gniezno, Primate of Poland
 * Vojtěch Martínek; cs, writer
 * Kurt Masur, conductor
 * Michael Graf von Matuschka, politician
 * Joachim Marx, soccer player
 * Zygmunt Maszczyk, soccer player
 * Franz Mauve, admiral
 * Martin Max, soccer player
 * Ludwig Meidner, painter
 * cardinal Joachim Meisner
 * Friedrich von Mellenthin, general
 * Erich Mende, German politician of the FDP and CDU
 * Gregor Mendel, biologist
 * Adolph Menzel, painter
 * Wolfgang Menzel, poet
 * Blessed Maria Merkert
 * Zbigniew Messner, economist, politician, prime minister of the Polish People's Republic
 * Mieszko I Tanglefoot, Duke of Upper Silesia
 * Jan Miodek, linguist
 * Fr. Leopold Moczygemba, founder of the first Silesian-American parish in Panna Maria, Texas.
 * Helga Molander, actress
 * Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, jurist and politician
 * Theodor Mommsen, historian and writer
 * Gustaw Morcinek, writer
 * Oskar Morgenstern, economist
 * Ludwig Moshamer, architect
 * Moritz Moszkowski, composer, pianist
 * Czesław Mozil, singer
 * Paul Mross, chess master
 * Bogdan Musioł, bobsledder
 * Joseph Musiol, politician
 * bishop Jan Muskata

N

 * bishop Nanker
 * Benjamin Neukirch, poet
 * Albert Neisser, physician
 * Gustav Neumann, chess master
 * Ernst Niekisch, politician
 * Jaromír Nohavica, poet and songwriter
 * archbishop Alfons Nossol; pl
 * Erwin Nyc, soccer player

O

 * Teofil Ociepka; pl, naïve painter
 * Jan Olbrycht, politician
 * Reinhold Olesch, linguist
 * Paul Ondrusch, sculptor
 * Martin Opitz, poet
 * Władysław Opolczyk, Duke of Opole
 * Edmund Osmańczyk, writer
 * Carl von Ossietzky, publicist
 * Stanisław Oślizło, soccer player

P

 * Franz Pacher, engineer
 * Idzi Panic, historian
 * Helmuth von Pannwitz, general and ataman
 * Rudolf Pannwitz, writer and philosopher
 * Eduard Pant, politician
 * Joseph Partsch, geographer
 * Ildefons Pauler, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1970–1988)
 * rev. Paul Peikert; pl
 * Teodor Peterek, soccer player
 * the House of Piast
 * Ryszard Piec, soccer player
 * Wilhelm Piec, soccer player
 * Antoni Piechniczek, soccer player and coach
 * Franciszek Pieczka, actor
 * bishop Tadeusz Pieronek
 * Jerzy Pilch, writer
 * David Pindur; cs, pl, historian
 * Józef Pinior, politician
 * Ferdinand Piontek, vicar
 * Hans Piontek, Silesian politician
 * Heinz Piontek, poet and writer
 * Klaus Piontek, actor
 * Leonard Piontek, soccer player
 * Sepp Piontek, soccer player and coach
 * Richard Pipes, historian
 * Łukasz Piszczek, soccer player
 * Bartholomaeus Pitiscus, mathematician and astronomer
 * Marek Plawgo, athlete
 * the House of Pless
 * Lukas Podolski, soccer player
 * Ernest Pohl, soccer player
 * Hugo von Pohl, admiral
 * Ewald Stefan Pollok, historian
 * Yosef Porat, chess master
 * Hans Poelzig, architect
 * Vincenz Priessnitz, hydrotherapist
 * Alfred Pringsheim, mathematician
 * Ernst Pringsheim Sr., physicist
 * Ernst Pringsheim Jr., biochemist and botanist
 * Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist
 * Rudolf Pringsheim, railway magnate
 * Maximilian von Prittwitz, general
 * the House of Promnitz
 * Alfons Proske, Silesian politician
 * Igor Przegrodzki, actor

R

 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, engineer
 * Jan Reginek; pl, politician
 * rev. Tomasz Reginek; pl, politician
 * Eva Gabriele Reichmann, historian and sociologist
 * Johannes Reinelt, known as Philo vom Walde, poet
 * Hanna Reitsch, aviator
 * Erwin Respondek, politician
 * Bolko von Richthofen, archeologist
 * Ferdinand von Richthofen, traveller, geographer
 * Hermann von Richthofen, diplomat
 * Lothar von Richthofen, fighter pilot
 * Manfred von Richthofen, fighter pilot
 * Wolfram von Richthofen, fighter pilot, General Field Marshal
 * Ryszard Riedel, blues/rock vocalist
 * Fritz Riemann, chess master
 * Günther Rittau, camera operator and film director
 * Horst Rittner, chess master
 * Abraham Robinson, mathematician
 * Julius Roger, entomologist and folklorist
 * Ottomar Rosenbach, physician
 * Philipp Roth, cellist
 * Walenty Roździeński; pl, industrialist and poet
 * Tadeusz Różewicz, poet
 * Johann Christian Ruberg, pioneer in the metallurgy of zinc
 * Hans-Ulrich Rudel, fighter pilot, colonel
 * Andrzej Rudy, soccer player
 * Otto Rüster, chess master
 * Wanda Rutkiewicz, mountain climber
 * Józef Rymer, politician

S

 * Julius von Sachs, botanist
 * Otto Sackur, chemist
 * Valery Salov, chess grandmaster
 * Saint John Sarkander, priest
 * the House of Schaffgotsch
 * Hans Ulrich von Schaffgotsch, general
 * Hans Ulrich von Schaffgotsch: de, industrialist
 * Raphael Schäfer, soccer player
 * Reinhard Schaletzki, soccer player
 * Robert Schälzky, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1936–1948)
 * cardinal Leo Scheffczyk, theologian
 * Theodor von Scheve, chess master
 * bishop Emanuel von Schimonsky; de
 * Friedrich Schleiermacher
 * Ludwig Schmitt, chess master
 * August Schneider; de, politician
 * August Scholtis; de, pl, writer
 * Arnold Schottländer, chess master
 * Heinrich Schulz-Beuthen, composer
 * Peter Schumann, artist, puppeteer, theatre director
 * Johann Gottlieb Schummel; de, writer
 * Theodor Emil Schummel, entomologist
 * Caspar Schwenckfeld, theologian and writer
 * Hanna Schygulla, actress
 * Karl Sczodrok; pl, writer
 * bishop Leopold von Sedlnitzky
 * Josef von Sedlnitzky; de
 * Paul Segieth; de, painter
 * Oskar Seidlin, writer
 * Reinhard Selten, economist
 * Gustavus Sidenberg, financier
 * Janusz Sidło, athlete
 * Tomasz Sikora, biathlete
 * Angelus Silesius, poet
 * Edward Simoni; de, pan flute musician
 * Gerhard Skrobek, sculptor
 * archbishop Wiktor Skworc; pl
 * Aleksandra Śląska, actress
 * Henryk Sławik, diplomat
 * Bohdan Smoleń, comedian
 * Michał Smolorz; pl, publicist
 * Franciszek Smuda, soccer player and coach
 * Monika Soćko, chess grandmaster
 * Emanuel Sperner, mathematician
 * Edith Stein, philosopher, Roman Catholic saint
 * Hugo Steinhaus, mathematician
 * Fritz Stern, historian
 * Otto Stern, physicist
 * Ernst Steinitz, mathematician
 * Feliks Steuer, Silesian educationist
 * Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz, general
 * Moritz von Strachwitz, writer
 * Pavle Jurišić Šturm, Serbian general
 * Czesław Suszczyk, soccer player
 * Carl Gottlieb Svarez, jurist
 * Dariusz Świercz, chess grandmaster
 * Waldemar Świerzy, poster artist
 * rev. Józef Szafranek; pl, politician
 * Karina Szczepkowska-Horowska, chess grandmaster
 * Thomas Szczeponik, Silesian politician
 * rev. Leopold Szersznik (Leopold Jan Šeršník); pl, bibliophile
 * Sławomir Szmal, handball player
 * Józef Szmidt, athlete
 * Zygfryd Szołtysik, soccer player
 * rev. Emil Szramek; pl (born Emil Michael Schramek)
 * Edward Szymkowiak, soccer player

T

 * Siegbert Tarrasch, chess grandmaster
 * Max Tau, writer
 * Adam Taubitz, musician
 * Johannes Thiele, chemist
 * Wolfgang Thierse, politician
 * Georg Thomalla, actor
 * Harry Thürk, writer
 * prince-bishop Johannes V. Thurzo; de
 * Olga Tokarczuk, writer
 * Henryk Tomaszewski, mime
 * Klaus Töpfer, politician
 * Alfons Tracki, priest
 * Ludwig Traube, physician
 * Moritz Traube, biochemist
 * Wilhelm Traube, chemist
 * Oscar Troplowitz, pharmacist, inventor of Nivea
 * rev. Jiří Třanovský, pastor and hymnwriter, the "Luther of the Slavs"
 * Paul Tschackert, theologian and historian
 * Szczepan Twardoch; pl, writer
 * Sebastian Tyrała, soccer player

U

 * Tomáš Ujfaluši, soccer player
 * Alexander Ulfig; de, philosopher and sociologist
 * Arnold Ulitz; de, writer
 * rev. Carl Ulitzka; de, Silesian politician
 * Kurt Urbanek; de, politician
 * Zacharias Ursinus, theologian and author of the Heidelberg Catechism

V

 * Julius von Verdy du Vernois, general and military writer
 * Hieronymus Vietor, printer and publisher
 * Ingmar Villqist; sv, writer

W

 * Andrzej Waligórski; pl, actor and poet
 * Henryk Waniek; pl, painter and writer
 * Walter Warzecha, admiral
 * Krzysztof Warzycha, soccer player
 * Franz Waxman, composer
 * Martin Websky; de, mineralogist
 * Karl Weigert, pathologist
 * Erich Weinitschke, chess master
 * Edmund Weiss, astronomer
 * Friedrich Weißler, lawyer
 * rev. Augustin Weltzel; pl, historian
 * Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt, Governor of Silesia (1629–1639)
 * Carl Wernicke, neurologist
 * archbishop Stefan Wesoły; pl
 * Robert Więckiewicz, actor
 * Ernest Wilimowski, soccer player
 * Wincenty of Kielcza, poet
 * Franz von Winckler; de, industrialist
 * Johann Heinrich Winckler, physicist and philosopher
 * Hubert von Tiele-Winckler; de, industrialist
 * Eva von Tiele-Winckler; de, diakonissa
 * Walter Winkler, soccer player
 * Witelo ca.1230-ca.1300, physicist
 * Paul Wittich, mathematician and astronomer
 * Erwin von Witzleben, field marshal
 * Peter Wlast, palatine
 * Gerard Wodarz, soccer player
 * Erich Peter Wohlfarth, physicist
 * Józef Wojaczek, priest, member of the Mariannhill Missionaries.
 * Rafał Wojaczek, poet
 * Balduin Wolff, drawer and painter
 * Konstanty Wolny; pl, politician
 * Johann Gottlob Worbs; de, historian
 * Jerzy Wostal, soccer player
 * Dariusz Wosz, soccer player
 * Remus von Woyrsch, general
 * Tomasz Wylenzek, canoer
 * Klaus Wyrtki, geophysicist

Y

 * Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, jurist and politician

Z

 * Rudolf Žáček; cs, historian
 * Adam Zagajewski, poet
 * Vilém Závada; cs, poet
 * Jolanta Zawadzka, chess grandmaster
 * Karl Abraham von Zedlitz, politician
 * Hans Zenker, admiral
 * Alfons Zgrzebniok; pl, military officer and politician
 * Jerzy Ziętek, politician
 * Krystian Zimerman, pianist
 * archbishop Damian Zimoń
 * Benedict Zuckermann, scientist
 * Arnold Zweig, writer
 * Stefanie Zweig, writer

The major Silesian cities

 * Bielsko-Biała
 * Bohumín
 * Brzeg
 * Bruntál
 * Bytom
 * Cieszyn
 * Chorzów
 * Frýdek-Místek
 * Gliwice
 * Głogów
 * Görlitz
 * Hoyerswerda
 * Jelenia Góra
 * Jeseník
 * Katowice
 * Karviná
 * Kłodzko
 * Kluczbork
 * Krnov

 * Legnica
 * Lubin
 * Oleśnica
 * Opava
 * Opole
 * Ostrava
 * Mysłowice
 * Nysa
 * Prudnik
 * Pszczyna
 * Racibórz
 * Ruda Śląska
 * Rybnik
 * Tarnowskie Góry
 * Tychy
 * Wałbrzych
 * Wrocław
 * Zabrze
 * Zielona Góra
 * Żagań

Literature

 * Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse: Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City, London: Jonathan Cape, 2002. ISBN 0-224-06243-3
 * Marek Czapliński, Elżbieta Kaszuba, Gabriela Wąs, Rościsław Żerelik: Historia Śląska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2002. ISBN 83-229-2213-2
 * Hugo Weczerka: Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-520-31602-1.
 * Historia Górnego Śląska, ed. Joachim Bahlcke, Dan Gawrecki, Ryszard Kaczmarek, Dom Współpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej, Gliwice 2011. ISBN 978-83-60470-41-1.
 * Arno Herzig, Krzysztof Ruchniewicz, Małgorzata Ruchniewicz: Śląsk i jego dzieje, Wydawnictwo Via Nova, Wrocław 2012. ISBN 978-83-60544-91-4

title: List of people from Silesia


text: User talk:82.117.193.250

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.117.193.250


text:
Kim Zimmer

Kimberly Jo Zimmer (born February 2, 1955) is an American actress, best known for her role as Reva Shayne on the CBS soap opera Guiding Light. For this portrayal, she has won four Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.

Career
Zimmer's career began with stage work; an early television role was her portrayal of the character of Bonnie Harmon on One Life to Live in 1978. In 1979, she was tapped to replace Kathleen Turner as Nola Dancy Aldrich on The Doctors. (She later appeared opposite Turner in the 1981 film Body Heat in a plot that addressed similarities in their appearance.) For much of her stint, she was the show's leading lady, but left the show in July 1982 on a maternity leave, escorted off the show by her real life husband, A.C. Weary, who played Nola's newest conquest. She would return one last time later in the year for the funeral of her former mother-in-law, Mona Croft. She had a brief return to One Life to Live from February through November 1983 as Echo DiSavoy.

In 1983, Zimmer was cast in the role for which she is best known, the character of Reva Shayne on the television soap opera Guiding Light. Her portrayal of Reva was a focus of the show until Zimmer left in 1990. She returned to Guiding Light in April 1995 and portrayed Reva until the show's conclusion in September 2009. While Zimmer's Reva was paired with several leading men, her work with Robert Newman (Josh) earned them the label of "supercouple."

Zimmer left Guiding Light in July 1990 and moved to the West Coast for five years, during which she played Jodie DeWitt Walker on Santa Barbara from 1992 to 1993. In 1995, Zimmer appeared in an episode of Seinfeld ("The Diplomat's Club"), as Mr. Pitt's attorney, who suspected Elaine and Jerry were trying to kill Mr. Pitt.

In 2010, Zimmer returned to the role of Echo on One Life to Live. Zimmer was featured in a story along with former Guiding Light co-star Jerry verDorn (Clint Buchanan), Robin Strasser (Dorian Cramer) and Erika Slezak (Viki Lord).

Zimmer has also appeared in several episodic television programs, including Designing Women, MacGyver, Models, Inc., and Babylon 5 (episode "And Now For a Word", year 1995). She also appeared in several made-for-television movies.

Zimmer has starred in a number of theater roles, including several at Augusta's Barn Theatre. In 2011, it was announced that Zimmer would be cast in the Off-Broadway international hit Love, Loss, and What I Wore. She starred as Mrs. Hayes in Connecticut Repertory Theatre's production of Odysseus D.O.A., running through March 4, 2012. Zimmer made her musical theatre debut when she joined the first North American tour of Broadway's Wicked. She played the role of Madame Morrible from 14 August 2012 through 13 December 2013. Zimmer returned to the role with the first North American tour on 30 September 2014. Zimmer has also appeared in several productions of the musical Gypsy, first in 2006 at the Barn Theatre in Augusta, Michigan, and in 2015 at the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera opposite former Guiding Light leading man Robert Newman.

In 2011 she released her memoir called '' I'm Just Sayin'!: Three Deaths, Seven Husbands and a Clone! My Life as a Daytime Diva''.

In 2023, after several years off-screen, Zimmer returned to acting starring in the drama film You Sing Louder, I Sing Louder starring opposite Ewan McGregor and her son Jake Weary.

Personal life
Zimmer was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the daughter of Burdina Elva (known as "Dede") Zimmer and Walter Jack Zimmer. She has an older sister Karen Ann (née Zimmer) Witzel. She graduated from Forest Hills Central High School in Ada Township, which is just east of Grand Rapids, and then studied at Hope College in Holland, Michigan, and at American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She is married to actor/director A.C. Weary (Allen Cudney Weary), and they have three children: Rachel, Max, and Jake Weary. Jake is also an actor; he appeared on As the World Turns as Luke Snyder in 2005, and has had various guest roles, including on Law and Order: Special Victims Unit and currently stars as Deran Cody in Animal Kingdom. She resides in Montclair, New Jersey.

On May 16, 2024, during an appearance on a special Stand Up to Cancer benefit episode of the YouTube podcast series The Locher Room, Zimmer revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer in November 2023 and was undergoing treatment.

title: Kim Zimmer


text: File:Msu-Languagebuilding-seabhcan.JPG

title: File:Msu-Languagebuilding-seabhcan.JPG


text:
Samples per inch

Samples per inch (SPI) is a measurement of the resolution of an image scanner, in particular the number of individual samples that are taken in the space of one linear inch. It is sometimes misreferred to as dots per inch, though that term more accurately refers to printing resolution. Generally, the greater the SPI of a scanner, the more detailed its reproduction of the scanned object.

Typical consumer-level flatbed scanners are capable of optical resolution ranging from 100 to 2400 SPI; high-end scanners may have an optical resolution of 4800 SPI or more. Many scanners use interpolation techniques to achieve a higher effective SPI rating, with some manufacturers offering nearly one million SPI, though the quality is primarily limited by the optical resolution; interpolated SPI does not provide additional pixels in the scanned image.

Horizontal and vertical SPI ratings may differ for a given scanner; typical flatbed scanners use a horizontal array of sensors that are passed across the bed using an electric stepper motor. The density of the array of sensors determines the horizontal scanning resolution, while the minimum step size of the motor determines the vertical resolution. Similar characteristics are present in drum scanners, which continuously spin the item being scanned past the sensor array for numerous imaging passes.

To calculate the number of raw data bytes that a scanned image will take up, you can use the follow formula : $$\tfrac{vSPI\ *\ hSPI\ *\ area\ *\ color~depth~encoding}{8}$$

Where :

vSPI is the vertical SPI

hSPI is the horizontal SPI (can be considered the same as vSPI if not specified specifically)

area is the squared area of the scanned document in inches²

color depth encoding is the number of bits used to encode a given amount of color information (256 colors=8; 65'536 colors=16; 16million colors=24)

Remember that this will give raw data bytes, images are almost always compressed when saved to disk using lossless (like PNG, TIFF) or lossy image formats (like JPEG).

title: Samples per inch


text:
Irna Phillips

Irna Phillips (July 1, 1901 – December 23, 1973) was an American scriptwriter, screenwriter, casting agent and actress. She is best remembered for pioneering a format of the daytime soap opera in the United States geared specifically toward women. Phillips created, produced, and wrote several radio and television daytime serials throughout her career, including Guiding Light, As the World Turns, and Another World. She was also a mentor to several other pioneers of the American daytime soap opera, including Agnes Nixon, William J. Bell and Ted Corday.

Personal life
Phillips was one of 10 children born to a German-Jewish family in Chicago. Her father died when she was 8, leaving her mother alone to raise the children. She claimed to be a lonely child always given hand-me-down clothes and making up long and involved stories for her dolls to live out. At 19, she was pregnant, abandoned by her boyfriend, and then gave birth to a still-born baby. She studied drama at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (where she became a member of Phi Sigma Sigma sorority), receiving a Master of Arts degree before going on to earn a master's degree in journalism at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Phillips wanted to be an actress, but her teachers told her she was too plain to have any real success. From 1925 to 1930, she worked as a school teacher in Dayton, Ohio, teaching drama and theatre history to schoolchildren. While working in this capacity she continued to attempt a career as an actress, and after performing several acting roles for radio productions at WGN in Chicago, she left her career as a teacher. At the age of 42, Phillips adopted a son, Thomas Dirk Phillips. A year later, she adopted a daughter, Katherine Louise Phillips.

Early radio career: Painted Dreams and Woman in White (1930–40)
After working as a staff writer on a daytime talk show, Phillips created the serial Painted Dreams, which aired daily except Sundays on local Chicago station WGN. Phillips wrote every episode of the series in addition being a starring cast member as the characters Mother Moynihan and Sue Morton. Mother Moynihan was a widowed matriarch of a large Irish-American family. Phillips based Mother Moynihan's struggles on her own mother's obstacles. After creating, producing and starring in Painted Dreams, Phillips became credited with innovating a daytime serial format for radio geared toward women. Later known as “Queen of the Soaps”, she introduced techniques such as the organ bridge to give a smooth flow between scenes and the cliff-hanger ending to each episode.

Phillips endured much disapproval for her writing, especially from sponsors like Procter & Gamble. The radio business during the 1930s was heavily male-dominated, and as result, it was claimed the audience for Phillips' serials were childlike, unrealistic, vulgar, and distasteful. In reality, her female characters were depicted as strong women with options, education, and personality. Phillips' characters were not something of the ordinary for the stereotypical 1930s women. No regular male roles were introduced until later in the series' run. The conflict most basic to the programs' dramatic structure was that between traditional and changing gender roles: Irene Moynihan, the daughter was characterized as the “aspiring modern girl, with ambitions toward a career”, against Mother Moynihan's and Sue Morton's more traditional views. Although Painted Dreams began as an unsponsored program, Phillips believed that a radio series must be a "utility to its sponsors" and that it must "actually sell merchandise; otherwise the object of radio advertising has failed". With this in mind, she wrote in an engagement and a wedding which provided the possibility of product tie-ins.

In 1932, Phillips urged WGN to sell Painted Dreams to a national network. When they refused, Phillips took them to court, claiming the series as her own property. WGN manager Henry Selinger claimed to have come up with the original daytime serial to sell products for women. However, Phillips was hired to write as well as perform in this first series. Disputes of ownership over the innovative serial ended Phillips' association with WGN and she was picked up by opponent station WMAQ. Painted Dreams was then changed to Today’s Children featuring the same plot and debate over starting a career or starting a family. Phillips had then learned to retain all rights and ownership to her newly titled show and the many that followed during her career.

By 1938, Painted Dreams emerged from the courts and was purchased by CBS. The nature of the court settlement prohibited Phillips from any future involvement with the series. That year, when Phillips's mother died, she demanded that Today's Children be discontinued out of respect. CBS agreed and replaced it with her new series, Woman in White, a serial which focused on the internal workings of a hospital; it was one of the first daytime serials to be set in a hospital. It was on Woman in White that Phillips first began working with Agnes Nixon. William J. Bell also began his apprenticeship under Phillips during her radio days.

Radio and television series: The Guiding Light and As the World Turns (1940–60)
In 1937, Phillips collaborated with Emmons Carlson on her third radio serial, The Guiding Light (shortened to simply Guiding Light after 1975), basing it on personal experiences; after giving birth to a stillborn child at age 19, she found spiritual comfort listening to sermons by a preacher of a church centered on the brotherhood of man. It was these sermons that formed the nucleus of the creation of The Guiding Light. From 1937 to 1946, the series was broadcast from Chicago on the NBC radio network. The show was cancelled by NBC twice; once in 1939, and once in 1946. After the first time on October 13, 1939, it was brought back by popular demand of the listening audience and began again only four months later on January 22, 1940. NBC cancelled the series a second time on November 29, 1946, coinciding with the U.S. Federal Communications Commission forcing a split of NBC and the creation of the ABC network. CBS would pick up the series seven months later on June 2, 1947, where it transferred to television in June 1952, and where it would stay for the remainder of its run until its television conclusion in September 2009.

In the 1940s, Phillips wrote two million words a year, dictated six to eight hours a day, and earned $250,000 a year. Her other serials of the era included The Right to Happiness (1939–60) and The Brighter Day (1954–62). In 1938, Phillips supervised the creation of the tie-in book, The Guiding Light, published by The Guiding Light Co. of 360 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois. The book traced the backstory of the radio series, told from the point of view of the "keeper of the guiding light", Reverend John Ruthledge.

In 1949, Phillips created the first serial broadcast on a major television network, These Are My Children, which ran on NBC for one month. In 1956, she created As the World Turns, one of the first two daytime serials to run a half-hour in length (the other being The Edge of Night, which premiered on CBS the same day). Within two years, As the World Turns had become the highest-rated drama, a position it would retain for over two decades. Within six months of the series' debut, Phillips fired lead actress Helen Wagner because she reportedly did not like the way she poured coffee. Procter & Gamble and CBS both backed Wagner, and Phillips was forced to rehire her. Wagner remained as a cast member on the series until her death in 2010, just months before As the World Turns concluded.

Final years: Another World, Love is a Many Splendored Thing and return to As the World Turns (1964–73)
Phillips co-created Another World with William J. Bell in 1964, originally planned as a sister show to As the World Turns. Although Procter & Gamble owned both series, CBS had no room for the program and rival network NBC acquired broadcast rights. Phillips fired veteran actor John Beal from Another World after only one episode, and actress Fran Sharon after two weeks. Actress Kay Campbell stated, "I'll never forget once on As the World Turns, Rosemary Prinz did a scene, and when we were only off the air five minutes, Irna was on the phone and tore her to pieces. I don't think Irna liked actors." Phillips and Bell would cede the head writing role at Another World to James Lipton; Agnes Nixon would succeed him.

In 1965, Phillips was a story editor for Days of Our Lives and was a story consultant on Peyton Place before co-creating Our Private World, the first primetime series to be spun off from a daytime serial. The series featured the As the World Turns character Lisa Miller; the series ran during the spring, summer and early fall of 1965, before being cancelled. She left Love is a Many Splendored Thing when CBS censors refused to fully tell a love story involving an Amerasian woman (born out of the love affair in the original film) and a white man. CBS and Twentieth Century-Fox Television were co- producers of the show. All 1,430 episodes of Love Is a Many Splendored Thing were recorded on videotape at CBS Broadcast Center Studio 41 in New York.

Phillips was the unofficial story editor for A World Apart, an ABC soap opera that was created by her daughter, Katherine. One of the main characters was a soap opera writer who lived in Chicago and was in charge of a soap opera in New York. Soon after, As the World Turns asked her to come back and write for them. Phillips introduced a number of characters to the show and integrated them with the core Hughes family. Her new story, and the show's new heroine, Kimberly Sullivan (Kathryn Hays), became involved with longtime hero, Bob Hughes (Don Hastings). Bob was married to Kim's sister Jennifer, but Phillips had Kim seduce Bob. She became pregnant. P&G fired Phillips in early 1973; it was to be her last writing gig.

On January 25, 2007, in an episode celebrating the 70th Anniversary of Guiding Light, the current cast portrayed actors and behind-the-scenes personnel from the early years of the series (both radio and TV). Beth Ehlers played Phillips, and several incidents in her life were fictionalized in the series.

Phillips was a fiercely independent entrepreneur who retained ownership rights to all her series, producing through Carl Wester and Company and allowing agencies, sponsors, and networks little control over her soap opera empire.

Programs
Phillips created (and co-created) radio and TV soap operas including:
 * Painted Dreams (radio 1930–1932)
 * Guiding Light (radio 1937–1956, television 1952–2009)
 * The Road of Life (radio 1937–1959, television 1954)
 * Young Dr. Malone (radio 1939–1960, television 1958–1963)
 * The Brighter Day (radio 1948–1956, television 1954–1962)
 * These Are My Children (1949)
 * As the World Turns (1956–2010) a sister show to Guiding Light (character crossovers)
 * Another World (1964–1999) a sister show to As the World Turns (character crossovers)

 * Our Private World (1965) a spinoff of As The World Turns
 * Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (1967–1973)

Phillips also was a creative consultant on Peyton Place (1964–69), and was an unofficial consultant on A World Apart, which was created by her adopted daughter Katherine. Phillips was also a story editor on Days of Our Lives.

Death
Irna Phillips died in Chicago on December 23, 1973, aged 72, from undisclosed causes. Harding Lemay wrote her obituary and he and his wife paid to have the words placed in The New York Times. Agnes Nixon learned of Phillips' death when she called her mentor to wish her well on Christmas Day. According to Nixon, Phillips had not wanted anyone to know that she had died.

Radio

 * Painted Dreams (1930–1943)
 * Today's Children (1932–1938, 1943–1950)
 * Judy and Jane (1932–1943)
 * Woman in White (1938–1942)
 * Joyce Jordan, Girl Interne (aka Joyce Jordan, M.D.) (1938–1955)
 * The Road of Life (1937–1959)
 * The Guiding Light (1937–1956)
 * The Right to Happiness (1939–1960)
 * Lonely Women (1942–1943)
 * Masquerade (1948–1952)
 * The Brighter Day (1948–1956)

Television

 * These Are My Children (1949)
 * Guiding Light (1952–2009)
 * The Brighter Day (1954–1962)
 * The Road of Life (1954)
 * As the World Turns (1956–2010)
 * Another World (1964–1999)
 * Our Private World (1965)
 * Days of Our Lives (1965–present)
 * Love Is a Many Splendored Thing (1967–1973)
 * A World Apart (1970–1971)

title: Irna Phillips


text:
Talk:Hallasan

North Korean Hangul / pronunciation
I feel that I should leave a message here why they are as written in the article. Here's how the phrase "from Paektu to Halla (mountains)" is written and pronounced:

Proof: This page here writes out the aforementioned phrase. Proof: Listen to the "Reunification Rainbow" song on this page. Fourth line in the song (not counting the squeaking at the beginning of the song) is the aforementioned phrase.
 * 1) The "한라" part is written as 한나 in North Korea.
 * 1) It is however still pronounced as Halla.

Additionally, I read that ㄴ + ㄴ is mostly pronounced nn but can be ll in Chinese loan words, but that's in a book... -- KittySaturn 14:29, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

volcano
dormant or extinct?

 * Wait and see... -- Visviva 09:47, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Karoly.hidas 11:13, 7 June 2007 (UTC) Only one comment. "...Depending on the season, the circumference of the lake is up to 2 kilometres with a depth up to about 100 metres..." If I am not mistaking, this sentence refers to Baengnokdam which is the "Crater lake on Hallasan" (see first photo). It means that a 100 m deep lake with 4 km in diameter can be present at the very top of Hallasan. I can hardly believe that in any season this amount of water can be retained inside the crater. Please check the data, or make it clear. Thanks, karoly

Name
The Naming section mentions all the variant names, but it doesn't explain what any of them (especially Hallasan) mean, or whether it's just an arbitrary name with no known origin or significance. --Gwern (contribs) 11:42 24 August 2010 (GMT)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071123232351/http://www.hallasan.go.kr/ to http://www.hallasan.go.kr/

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Most recent eruption
Infobox says 1007 CE, article body says 5000 years ago. volcano.si.edu (cited in the article) cites (Lee, Moon Won 1982) which, if google translate and/or the OCR aren't lying, seems to state that "there is a record of an eruption in 1570". The article also cites the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty, which I can't find for the correct time period in a language I can read. 07jay (talk) 23:37, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

Excessive guide-like writing
This article needs a good chunk of work; may get around to it eventually 104.232.119.107 (talk) 23:02, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hallasan


text:
Halla

Halla may refer to:

 * Halla (horse), a show jumping horse that won a record three Olympic gold medals
 * Halla (name), list of people with the name
 * Halla Group, a South Korean chaebol
 * Anyang Halla, a professional hockey team in Asia League Ice Hockey
 * MS Halla, a ro-ro ferry in service with Seaboard during 1987
 * Challah, a type of bread

Places

 * Halla, Punjab, a town in the Punjab province of Pakistan
 * Halla, Estonia, a village in Vastseliina Parish, Võru County, Estonia
 * Hallasan (Mount Halla), a mountain in South Korea
 * Halla University, a Korean University
 * Halla, an exoplanet orbiting 8 Ursae Minoris

Fictional places

 * Halla (fictional kingdom), a fictional kingdom depicted in Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne
 * Halla, a name given to the multiverse featured in The Pendragon Adventure by DJ MacHale
 * Halla (Stargate), a planet in the fictional universe of Stargate SG-1
 * Halla (Dragon Age), a white deer like creature sacred to the video games' "dalish" wood elves.

title: Halla


text:
Sunset Beach (TV series)

Sunset Beach is an American television soap opera that aired on NBC from January 6, 1997, to December 31, 1999. The show follows the loves and lives of the people living in the Orange County coastal area named Sunset Beach, on the coast of California. Although there is a real community named Sunset Beach (now part of the city of Huntington Beach), the show's beach scenes were shot in nearby Seal Beach, California. The show was co-produced by NBC and Spelling Television.

Sunset Beach won two Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated another eleven times. The show also received 22 nominations for various other awards.

Conception and development
Sunset Beach was created in 1996, having replaced Santa Barbara (1984–1993) in an attempt to both rebuild NBC's daytime lineup and target younger audiences. It was the first daytime soap opera produced by Aaron Spelling, the chief of Spelling Television (Spelling had also produced several primetime soap operas, and was the executive producer of the 1991 film Soapdish, a satirical look at daytime soap operas). Jonathan Levin, one of the show's consulting producers, commented on the change that a new soap opera brings to the lineup, and the tough process of a viewer getting to know a new soap: "It is very difficult to change the loyalty of the daytime viewer, and we’re talking about shows that have been on for 30 years. That's one of the reasons we’re targeting young viewers — they’re the most available and the most flexible in their viewing habits."

In the process of making the show, Spelling liked the idea of naming it Never Say Goodbye, as suggested by Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone during a dinner with Spelling, but later tests proved that the viewers were more drawn to the title Sunset Beach.

Cast and crew
When the show began, it had 21 contract actors, including Lesley-Anne Down (Olivia Richards), Sam Behrens (Gregory Richards), Leigh Taylor-Young (Elaine Stevens), Peter Barton (Eddie Connors), Laura Harring (Paula Stevens), Hank Cheyne (Ricardo Torres) and Kathleen Noone (Bette Katzenkazrahi). In its first year and a half on air, seven actors left the show. Adrienne Frantz was the first to be let go from her role of Tiffany Thorne. The character was recast to Jennifer Banko-Stewart, but this was not successful and she was eventually written out. Kelly Hu left the show in June 1997, due to her character not mixing well with the others. By the end of the year, when Meg Bennett took over as a new head writer, Taylor-Young and Harring also left the series, followed by the exit of Nick Stabile, whose character Mark Wolper was written out in a serial killer storyline. Elizabeth Alley had a short stint playing the role of Melinda Fall. The final original character to be written out was Eddie Connors (Barton), who exited in May 1998.

Shortly after the show premiered, Dominique Jennings, V. P. Oliver, and Russell Curry joined the cast as Virginia Harrison, Jimmy Harrison, and Tyus Robinson respectively. Oliver was let go in December 1997, and his character was recast with a younger actor, Jeffery Wood. Both Jennings and Wood were written out by March 1999, exactly two years after the introduction of their characters. The remaining 14 original characters stayed on the show until its end, and three of those characters were recast during the three-year run. The first recast happened soon after the show started airing. The role of Cole Deschanel a male jewel thief, initially played by Ashley Hamilton, was recast to Eddie Cibrian. In mid-1998, Vanessa Dorman vacated the role of Cole's partner Caitlin Deschanel due to a change in storyline direction, and Kam Heskin was cast. The final recast was a temporary one. When Susan Ward left to film a movie, Sydney Penny stepped in to replace her, with Ward later returning to play the character for the show's final few weeks.

The exits of many characters opened the doors to the introduction of new ones. Carol Potter and John H. Martin, who had been recurring during the show's first year, were promoted to contract status, and the expansion of Meg's family also included the arrival of her sister Sara Cummings. The role was first played by then-unknown actress Lauren Woodland, but she was fired two weeks later and replaced by Shawn Batten, who played the role for the remainder of the series. Aside from Meg's family, Ricardo Torres got his family expanded, including the introduction of his mother Carmen (Margarita Cordova), brother Antonio (Nick Kiriazis), and the sudden reappearance of his sister Maria (Christina Chambers), Ben Evans' presumed dead wife.

The teen scene was revived in 1998, when Bette's daughter Emily Davis (Cristi Harris) arrived in town and fell in love with Sean, prompting Amy (Krissy Carlson) and Brad (Michael Strickland) to intervene. The final teen cast was Leo Deschanel, Cole's brother (David Mathiessen), but he was quickly written out. A long-time legend and Cole's father, A.J. Deschanel, was also cast in the form of Gordon Thomson, and a female jewel thief named Francesca (Lisa Guerrero) was added to the cast in mid-1998. However, Guerrero was written out in early 1999 since her character was killed by Gregory.

In 1999, the show cast only three contract roles, the first two being in March, when Tracy Lindsey Melchior and Chasen Parker stunned the soap with their sudden arrival in town. The final role to be cast on the show was the one played by Sean Kanan in late August. Things changed at the end of the year, when Cibrian left the show to pursue a career in primetime. Several other cast members, including a few original ones, considered leaving, but the show's cancellation came before they could make a decision.

During its three-year run, Sunset Beach was executive produced by Aaron Spelling, E. Duke Vincent, and Gary Tomlin. However, the head writing history was much different. Robert Guza Jr. was the first head writer (and also a co-creator), but he exited the show on October 21, 1997, when Meg Bennett, who had been serving as Associate Head Writer was promoted as head writer as of October 22. Four months after being the sole head writer, Bennett received a co-head writer in the form of Christopher Whitesell, on January 8, 1998. Bennett was dismissed during the summer of 1998 and her final episode aired October 5, 1998. She was replaced by Margaret DePriest, who stayed with the show until its cancellation.

Main cast
In first opening credits order

Storylines
Storylines in its nearly three-year run ranged from the traditional to the supernatural. One of the first storylines concerned an Internet romance. Kansas farm girl Meg Cummings discovered her fiancé, Tim Truman, cheating on her on their wedding day. Meg had been talking online with SB, a man who lived in Sunset Beach, California. And after catching Tim with her maid of honor, Meg fled to Sunset Beach in search of SB, who turned out to be wealthy, widowed businessman Ben Evans.

"When the moon rises early, just as the Santa Ana winds kicks up out of nowhere, and the sun is just dropping out of sight, whoever you meet at the far side of the pier, is who you're destined to be with. Elaine Stevens (the legend of Sunset Beach)"The first year of the show revolved around Meg's pursuit of Ben (including her briefly breaking into his house, stealing a journal she found there, and dressing up in his late wife's clothes), who was initially not interested in her, and the gradual development of a romance between them. A side plot showed the antagonistic relationship between Meg and Annie Douglas, Ben's longtime best friend. Meg hated Annie for being close to Ben and wanted to cut her out of his life; Annie hated Meg out of jealousy for her developing romance with Ben. Their problems reached a head with a physical fight in a hot tub. Meg's ex-fiancé Tim Truman followed her to Sunset Beach to win her back, and ended up becoming Annie's ally and almost love interest. Once Meg and Annie had overcome their differences, Meg soon had a new problem when she began to suspect Ben was a murderer, although this plot line was developed to lead up to the Terror Island storyline. After the Terror Island/Derek storyline (see below) none of the issues raised were ever mentioned again.

Meg and Ben became one of the show's first couples, along with jewel thief Cole Deschanel and local heiress Caitlin Richards. Cole slept with and impregnated both Caitlin and Caitlin's unhappy alcoholic mother Olivia Richards. Olivia and her fiendish ex-husband, Gregory Richards, planned to steal Caitlin's baby and pass it off as Olivia's (telling Caitlin her baby had died) in order to break up Caitlin's relationship with Cole, who her parents disapproved of because of his criminal past. Caitlin lost the child in a car accident when she found out about her parents' horrible plan, and planned to fake the rest of her pregnancy and adopt a baby to pass off as her own, as she was worried her inability to have children (caused by the accident) would cause problems in her marriage to Cole. She enlisted the help of Annie, who was secretly trying to break up Olivia and Gregory, due to a term in her father's will that stated she would only get her inheritance if she wed Gregory (her father's way of breaking up his marriage to Olivia, who he had been having an affair with) Annie drugged Olivia and stole her baby, telling her the baby had been stillborn. Caitlin (unknowingly) raised her baby half-brother (who was also her step-son, having been fathered by her husband) until a grief-stricken Olivia discovered the truth. Olivia was eventually reunited with her son.

When the show began, it was the only soap on the air featuring Asian-American characters, though they were written off before the end of the first year. The show also had daytime television's only African-American villainess, Virginia Harrison, who schemed to break up lifeguard Michael Bourne and reporter Vanessa Hart so she could have Michael for herself.

Prominent storylines
In one of the most outrageous storylines on the show, Virginia drugged Vanessa and, using a baster and some stolen sperm, impregnated her with the child of Tyus Robinson, to make it appear Vanessa had been unfaithful to Michael, who was infertile.

The show was known for other outrageous storylines, such as Terror Island in which several of the show's main characters were stranded on an island with a masked serial killer (whose costume bore a close resemblance to that of the killer from Scream) intent on killing them, especially Meg. A handful of characters were killed by the maniac, mostly minor characters introduced as serial killer-fodder, but also one lead character, young runaway made good Mark Wolper. In his dying moments Mark pulled off the killer's mask and audiences were stunned to see Ben's face behind it. As it turned out, Ben had an evil twin, Derek Evans, who plagued Ben and Meg's lives off and on for the rest of the run of the show. Derek was killed after being shot in a struggle with Ben during the show's final weeks, following a long storyline where Derek kidnapped and impersonated his twin for months, sleeping with Ben's wife Maria Torres (having previously also slept with Meg).

Maria Torres, who had wed Ben when she was still a teenager and he was barely in his twenties, had disappeared and been presumed drowned after a boating accident that took place some years prior to the start of the show. Ben was haunted by the terrible secret that he had caught her in bed with Derek (it was later revealed that Derek—who had impersonated Ben to Maria, who was unaware Ben had a twin—had not slept with Maria, as she had stabbed him with scissors when he tried to rape her). Ben's guilt and grief over Maria caused a shadow over his relationship with Meg from the beginning, which worsened when an amnesiac Maria came back from the dead at Ben and Meg's October 1998 wedding. Ben and Maria grew closer while he helped her to regain her memory, and once she did, Ben flip flopped between the two women for much of the rest of the show's run. During the show's last year a strange woman, Tess, turned up on his doorstep with a son she claimed was Ben and Maria's. After a positive paternity test they raised the child, Benjy, together, causing even more problems for Meg, who left Ben and briefly started dating her sister's boyfriend, Casey Mitchum. Derek (who was also wrongfully presumed dead) returned to kidnap Ben again, and it was revealed he and Tess were Benjy's parents.

Another outrageous storyline was the earthquake/tsunami story, in which Sunset Beach was struck by a massive earthquake, trapping many characters – most of them each other's rival – together in life and death situations. While half the cast battled the disaster on land, the rest of the cast was on a pleasure cruise aboard a ship that was overturned – à la The Poseidon Adventure – by a tsunami created by the earthquake.

The tsunami storyline proved so popular that two weeks' worth of episodes were compiled and turned into an hour-long show that was included on NBC's lineup for one night in August 1998. The show took a supernatural turn for a while with some cursed jewels, stolen from a religious icon, that turned those who'd touched them into shrivelled mummies. The story culminated on Christmas Eve with the return of the jewels to the Madonna just in time to prevent the deaths of several key characters.

The show also featured two murder mysteries in its run. The first was the murder of Annie's father Del Douglas by Elaine Stevens. Del had kidnapped Cole as a baby and convinced Elaine the child was dead. The second murder mystery involved the death of seductress and jewel thief Francesca Vargas, whom just about everyone in town wanted dead. The twist in the Who Shot Francesca storyline and the killer was main antagonist character Gregory Richards.

Cancellation
The show was cancelled just before the third anniversary of its original air date. Most of the main characters were given happy endings. Ben and Meg and Michael and Vanessa married in a double wedding. Casey and Sara got engaged, Cole and Caitlin were happy in their marriage, and Olivia was happily raising her children alone. Maria gave Ben a divorce so he could marry Meg and met a new man, Ross English. Maria also adopted Benjy, the little boy she had regarded as her own, and she and Ben planned to raise him together. The 'baddies' all got their comeuppances. Derek was accidentally shot and killed by Ben; his accomplice Tess went to jail, as did Gregory Richards (Francesca's real killer). Tim Truman, who though not a villain spent most of the three years causing problems for Ben and Meg, was murdered by Derek. Virginia remained in a mental hospital of the criminally insane, while reformed Annie also got a happy ending, finding love with relatively new character Jude.

In a twist ending, Meg appeared to wake up in Kansas and realize that the entire three years in Sunset Beach had been a dream – and the characters from the show were actually her friends and family in Kansas (a reference to The Wizard of Oz). However, at the last minute, Meg woke up in Sunset Beach and was in bed with Ben, the day after their wedding. Probably the dream was poking fun at how many writers use the sloppy ending of "it was all a dream" to bring a story to a close, as was done in stories such as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland or more aptly, evoking the dream (9th) season of the prime-time soap, Dallas.

Broadcast history
Upon its premiere, Sunset Beach was made part of NBC's daytime programming block; the show began airing on January 6, 1997. At first, the show was given a one-year deal, with 255 episodes to produce.

NBC reclaimed the 12:00pm hour from its affiliates in order to air it. However, like all the other shows before it, not all of NBC's affiliates would air Sunset Beach at its scheduled time due to their continuous longstanding practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in that hour; this resulted in some NBC stations airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all, often relegating it either to other network affiliates or independent stations in some media markets (especially in WKBD-TV and KTXH, where Graham Media Group, the owner of WDIV-TV and KPRC-TV at the time, preempted it for its entire run). In the markets that did air Sunset Beach at its scheduled time, the show's first half-hour faced off against local newscasts from other network affiliates while its second half-hour went up against the first half-hour of The Young and the Restless on CBS and Port Charles on ABC. Through its short existence, Sunset Beach remained in the daytime Nielsen ratings basement, despite being renewed twice. During the Shockwave storyline, it received its best ratings and showed signs that it might move off the bottom. However, this spike proved to be brief and was not sustained. As a result of all this, NBC cancelled Sunset Beach on September 17, 1999 and aired its last episode on December 31 of that year.

To date, Sunset Beach is the last regularly-scheduled NBC network program to air anywhere in the 12:00pm hour; NBC returned the hour to its affiliates after the show ended its run. As of October 6, 2003, three days after Port Charles aired its last episode, the 12:00pm hour is currently used by all network affiliates, especially those of NBC, for their midday local newscasts as well as other programing; the lone exception is CBS, which continues to air The Young and the Restless at 12:30pm.

The show, however, gained a cult following in the UK, doing especially well in the ratings for Channel 5, with some universities holding Sunset Beach parties where students would go dressed as their favorite character. Channel 5 tried to save the show when its cancellation was announced, offering partially to fund it and trying to get other networks involved, as had happened previously with Baywatch, but NBC was not interested. It did buy NBC's other soap opera, Days of Our Lives, to air in Sunset Beach’s place, even running promos during the show's final week, but Days failed to catch on and Channel 5 dropped the show approximately a year later.

International broadcasting
In Australia, Sunset Beach aired on Network 10 from 1998 to 2000 in an early morning time slot.

In Bulgaria, Sunset Beach aired on Nova weekdays in 2001–2004 (all episodes), and on CBS Drama since January 2015, however only season 1 and 2 were aired.

In Canada, Sunset Beach aired at 3:00PM on independent station CHCH-DT in Hamilton, Ontario; the show was broadcast the same day as NBC.

In Croatia, Sunset Beach aired on HRT1 (all episodes) weekdays at 6.30pm from September 1998 to May 2001.

In France, Sunset Beach aired on TF1. from January 1998 to July 2001 (all episodes) in afternoon and on foxlife (season 1 in 2006).

In Ireland, Sunset Beach aired on TV3 weekdays at 2.30pm from 20 September 1998 to August 2001 – all 755 episodes aired. The final year of episodes replayed between August 2001 and August 2002. After the final episode, TV3 replaced Sunset Beach with Australian hospital drama All Saints.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sunset Beach aired on Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (520 episodes) and Mreža Plus (Season 3).

In Republic of Macedonia, Sunset Beach aired on Macedonian Radio Television.

In Denmark, Sunset Beach aired on TV3.

In Finland, Sunset Beach aired on Nelonen.

In Poland, Sunset Beach aired on TVN 7 from September 1, 1997, to August 31, 2000 (all episodes). As from January 27, 2014, the show is airing again on CBS Drama. However, only the first two seasons were aired.

In New Zealand, Sunset Beach aired on Three from 1998 to 2000 (all episodes).

In Norway, Sunset Beach aired on TV2 and were the first TV network to purchase the series outside of the US, airing the complete series from 1997 – 2000.

In South Africa, Sunset Beach originally aired on SABC 3 for its entire run from 1999 to 2001 weekdays at 4:10pm. Due to its popularity, rival channel e.tv started rebroadcasting the entire series from September 2007 every weekday morning at 10:30am.

In Nigeria, Sunset Beach aired on Africa Independent Television, weekdays 9pm – 10pm, between 2003 and 2004.

In Sweden, Sunset Beach aired on TV4. All episodes aired one time on TV4 between August 17, 1998, to 2000, and the rerun aired on TV4 and TV4 Plus. A second rerun started airing on TV4 in 2004 but was later cancelled.

In Germany, Sunset Beach aired on RTL from January 2, 1998, to January 8, 1999, where it was cancelled. Super RTL took over and aired the soap from September 1, 1999, to March 9, 2001, in a late primetime slot. Local channel BTV aired reruns from 2001 to 2003.

In Russia, Sunset Beach initially aired on NTV from November 12, 1997 to March 2000,   after that, the same first 518 episodes were repeated until mid-2001, 2 episodes a day, but due to the NTV crisis in mid-2001, further showings of the series were suspended. In October 2003-in September 2005 and in July 2006 – July 2008 the TNT TV channel repeated all the same series. The CBS Drama channel also showed, but only the First Season of the series twice from January 9, 2015, and in 2016, after which the license to broadcast the channel in Russia was revoked.

In Ukraine, Sunset Beach aired on 1+1.

In Greece, Sunset Beach aired on Star Channel.

In Cyprus, Sunset Beach aired on Sigma TV.

In Spain, Sunset Beach aired on Antena 3. The channel intended for the series to be their big Summer premiere and launched the series with a 2-hour pilot on a Sunday afternoon in the popular 3:30pm movie slot. Promoting the series as Baywatch meets Beverly Hills, 90210 with a lot of Santa Barbara (the latter having been a massive hit for the channel many years earlier and the only big US daytime soap to have aired in Spain), the series continued with its regular screenings every weeknight in the much coveted 8:00pm Access Primetime slot, the slot previously occupied by Baywatch. Sunset Beach, however, failed to attract any attention, and the series was promptly axed after one week and six episodes, never to return to Spanish TV again.

In Slovakia, Sunset Beach aired on TV Markíza; however, only 260 episodes were broadcast.

In Slovenia, Sunset Beach aired on Kanal A

In Indonesia, Sunset Beach aired on Indosiar. The TV series was dubbed into Indonesian.

In Chile, Sunset Beach aired on Mega (Chilean TV channel)

In the Philippines, Sunset Beach aired on Studio 23.

In Hungary, Sunset Beach aired on TV2 in 1998; however, only 355 episodes were broadcast.

In the United Kingdom, Sunset Beach aired on Channel 5 from March 1997 to February 2000 becoming only the second American daytime soap opera to air on a UK terrestrial TV channel (the first being, coincidentally, Santa Barbara on ITV. Others ran only on satellite and cable channels). It became one of Channel 5s earliest successful imports, being part of its daytime launch schedule, so much so, when it ended in 1999, Channel 5 were a part of an international consortium who tried to invest in Sunset Beach to keep it being produced for its large international audience, but this bid failed, and it ended on this channel in 2000. There was then a bidding war for the repeat rights, and the first 130 episodes were repeated on ITV2, a digital channel, from July 2000 to January 2001 before the series was dropped due to low ratings and the high cost of broadcast rights. Channel 5 then started repeating the series again, starting in 2004, but dropped it from the daytime schedule due to low ratings. They continued repeats in double-bills in the early hours of Saturday and Sunday mornings until they had shown all the episodes they had bought the rights for (approx. 215).

In Zimbabwe, Sunset Beach aired on Joy TV.

In Ghana, Sunset Beach aired on TV3 network

In Romania Sunset Beach  aired on TVR1 at 7:00 PM all 755 episodes

In Venezuela Sunset Beach aired on Venezolana de Televisión.

In Kenya, Sunset Beach aired on Citizen TV on Monday to Friday between 6:00 PM to 7:00 PM.

Home media
Sunset Beach was released on DVD on 22 July 2008 by the German company Koch Media. The first 12 episodes were released on four DVDs (in German and English).

Satire and pop culture references
It frequently referenced other television shows: many episodes featured characters fantasizing about their lives and dreams in sequences that show the cast dressed as Charlie's Angels or performing the opening from Friends.

Fantasies involving the character Annie Douglas Richards included take offs of Leeza and The Jerry Springer Show (titled "Murderer of the Day"), which guest-starred their respective hosts. Annie fantasized about being a superhero, had a play of the movie The Wizard of Oz, a play on Wheel of Fortune, and even her own imaginary soap opera titled The Search for Dignity. Plus, the character of Annie was usually the one to deliver funny quotes.

In his biography, the Italian fashion model Den Harrow says that in 1997 he moved to California to take part in the serial.

Stunt casting guest appearances
The show went in for stunt casting guest appearances – Jerry Springer played talk show host Jerry Feller and a census taker, Marla Maples played socialite Barbara Birch, Joseph Wapner played himself – and featured a ripped from the headline story about a Washington intern, Meg's sister Sara Cummings (Shawn Batten), who'd had an affair with a married politician. Her affair was exposed by her supposed friend – Melinda Fall (Elizabeth Alley), a take off on Linda Tripp. Sara went on to develop a relationship with local lifeguard Casey Mitchum, and their relationship and her sibling rivalry with her sister (who at one point started an affair with Casey) made up the bulk of Sara's storylines, although she was also famous for her TV show-inspired fantasy sequences, which included spoofs of the opening titles for Friends and The Mary Tyler Moore Show.

Other notable guest appearances include Finola Hughes as Cole's ex-fiancée Helena, Christopher Darden as Les Gordon, John O'Hurley as the host of Wheel of Misfortune, Kim Alexis as a hotel maid, Jack Wagner as a thief named Jacques Dumont, and Barbara Mandrell as Casey's ill mother Alex Mitchum.

title: Sunset Beach (TV series)


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2003–04 snooker world rankings

Snooker world rankings 2003/2004: The professional world rankings for the top 64 snooker players in the 2003–04 season are listed below.

title: 2003–04 snooker world rankings


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Loving (TV series)

Loving is an American television soap opera that ran on ABC from June 26, 1983, to November 10, 1995, for a total of 3,169 episodes. The serial, set in the fictional town of Corinth, Pennsylvania, was co-created by Agnes Nixon and former actor Douglas Marland.

Loving premiered on June 26, 1983 with a two-hour primetime movie and, on the next day, debuted as a half-hour weekday soap opera.

On July 4, 1995, ABC officially canceled Loving due to low ratings, and its final episode aired on November 10, 1995. On November 13, 1995, the following Monday, ABC replaced Loving with its spin-off The City, which ran until March 28, 1997.

History
With the established and successful ABC daytime soap operas veering into a new trend of youth orientation and storylines with more action and adventure, soap creator Agnes Nixon and actor/writer Douglas Marland sought to create a new serial that would be introduced as a traditional, classic soap opera for the 1980s. Romance would be the show's key centerpiece; its original working title was Love Without End. By early 1983, the new creation was fully developed as Loving, with a cast set for both a primetime premiere and a weekday run.

Loving premiered on June 26, 1983 as a two-hour primetime movie. It starred much of the original cast and featured film actors Lloyd Bridges and Geraldine Page. Set in the fictional town of Corinth, Pennsylvania, the early years of the show revolved around the blue-collar Donovans and the blue-blood Aldens. Major social issues such as incest, alcoholism, and post-traumatic stress syndrome of Vietnam veterans were covered. Marland and Nixon left the series after a few years and in spite of ABC's bumping down Ryan's Hope to give Loving a choice timeslot, and cast additions of such popular All My Children stars as Debbi Morgan and Jean LeClerc, the ratings remained low throughout the show's run. Loving suffered from a constant revolving door of writers and producers, leading to questionable story moments such as a heroine's addiction to cough syrup and one character's selling his soul to the Devil. Circumstances became so desperate in the early 1990s that, in order to keep the show afloat, ABC assigned its own programming executives, network executive Haidee Granger and later, Vice President of Daytime Programming JoAnn Emmerich, to serve as executive producers. Despite its frequent subpar ratings, on June 26, 1993, Loving celebrated its 10th anniversary on ABC.

Long-running characters included Ava Rescott (played by Patty Lotz, 1983–1984; Roya Megnot, 1984–1988; Lisa Peluso, 1988–1995), a schemer whose adventures ranged from stuffing a pillow in her dress to simulate pregnancy to being kidnapped at Universal Studios to being menaced by her lover's identical twin. Other longtime favorites included Stacey Donovan Forbes (portrayed by Lauren-Marie Taylor, the only continuously running original cast member), who was killed off via a poisoned powder puff in summer 1995; boarding house owner Kate Rescott (Nada Rowand), whose tenants often included teen and young adult characters in trouble, or in numerous romantic entanglements; and Gwyneth Alden (played for the majority of the run by Christine Tudor), the long-suffering matriarch who never stopped loving her roguish ex, Clay, or her mentally disturbed children, Trisha and Curtis.

In early 1995, ABC Daytime planned to cancel the show and asked new head writers James Harmon Brown and Barbara Esensten to find a way to salvage a few components of the series. The writers embarked upon the show's last big storyline, the Corinth serial killer. Stacey, Clay, Curtis, Cabot, Isabelle, and Jeremy lost their lives, culminating in the revelation that an insane Gwyn had murdered most of her friends and family in a bid to "make their pain go away." Gwyn then injected herself with poison before the police could take her into custody. Loving characters Ally, Alex, Angie, Buck, Frankie, Jacob, Steffi, Jocelyn, Richard, Tony, Danny and Tess moved to New York City's SoHo District and began a new series, The City, which would run until the series finale on March 28, 1997.

In August 2013, the serial killer storyline was revisited on General Hospital as Luke Spencer and Holly Sutton found their way into the abandoned Alden mansion, in pursuit of an adversary who was hiding out in Corinth. Framed photographs of Gwyneth, Trisha and Cabot Alden could be seen, as Luke and Holly recounted the story of "The Loving Murders". Holly ruminated upon Gwyn's rationale for being the killer as being her need to "spare the people she loved from their pain." Following this, Luke found his ex-wife Laura tied up in the Alden family basement.

Ratings history
Although Loving had low ratings throughout its history, its first few years were relatively encouraging. In its debut year (1983), it finished in 11th place and 3.9, above the then ailing soaps The Edge of Night and Search for Tomorrow. 1984 saw the show's ratings climb to a fairly comfortable 10th place and 4.1, holding that position for the 1985-1986 television season with 4.2. A change in timeslot, with Loving occupying the slot previously held by Ryan's Hope, was a major factor in ratings improvement (albeit having the opposite effect on Ryan's Hope).

The slow but steady ratings growth was not sustained in the long run. Loving fell back to 11th place, hitting last place for the first time, in early 1989 (between the January series finale of Ryan's Hope and the March premiere of NBC's Generations). In 1990, the show ranked 11th place as well. After Santa Barbara went off the air on January 15, 1993, Loving, according to television historian Alex McNeil, "was consistently the lowest rated of the ten network daytime soaps."

When it originally premiered, the show aired at 11:30 AM ET/10:30 AM CT/MT/PT. On October 8, 1984, the show was moved to the later 12:30 PM /11:30 AM timeslot, bumping Ryan's Hope up to Noon/11:00. This caused Ryan's Hope ratings to plummet because many East Coast ABC stations pre-empted network programming at Noon for local news. Some affiliates, such as WSB-TV in Atlanta, chose to keep Ryan's Hope at 12:30, not airing Loving until after Ryan's Hope cancellation in 1989. Despite airing in the 12:30 timeslot, Loving never achieved the ratings Ryan's Hope had during its glory years. In the Central, Mountain and Pacific time zones, Loving was often pre-empted at 11:30 for local newscasts, airing on a one-day delay earlier in the morning or not at all.

On August 17, 1992, ABC officially stopped programming the Noon/11:00am CT timeslot. Loving was then made available to affiliates at Noon/11 or 12:30/11:30. Some affiliates in the Central and Pacific Time Zones moved Loving to 11:00 AM to air local newscasts at 11:30. Despite the time slot changes on some affiliates, the national ratings for the show never improved. In fact, the show's national ratings were never strong enough to climb above tenth place. However, Loving did beat the genre's top-rated program, CBS' The Young and the Restless, in markets such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Philadelphia, which were home to four of ABC's owned-and-operated stations, despite only competing with the first half hour of The Young and the Restless.

The show had a short two-year run in the early years of UK satellite and cable channel Sky One, starting in February 1989. Loving aired in an afternoon slot, Monday to Friday at 14:45, later moved to 14:30, before being cancelled and replaced by Santa Barbara in February 1991.

Other categories

 * 1988 "Outstanding Achievement in Lighting Direction for a Drama Series"

Other awards

 * Writers Guild of America Award (1994)

International broadcasts
The show was broadcast in France under the title Amoureusement vôtre (Lovingly Yours), in Croatia as Ljubav, in Germany as Loving - Wege der Liebe, in Greece as "Έρωτες έρωτες έρωτες" ("Love, Love, Love") and in Italy as Quando si ama (When you're in love). In South Africa as "Loving", broadcast on Mnet was on open time, weekdays. In Turkey as Sevgi Bağları broadcast on Turkish Radio Television channel.

title: Loving (TV series)


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Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser

Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (22 January 1855, Schweidnitz – 30 July 1916, Breslau) was a German physician who discovered the causative agent (pathogen) of gonorrhea, a strain of bacteria that was named in his honour (Neisseria gonorrhoeae).

Life and career
Neisser was born in the Silesian town of Schweidnitz (now Świdnica, in Poland), the son of a well-known Jewish physician, Moritz Neisser. After he completed the elementary school in Münsterberg, Neisser enrolled in the St. Maria Magdalena School in Breslau (now Wrocław, in Poland). In this school, he was a contemporary of another great name in the history of medicine, Paul Ehrlich. He obtained the Abitur in 1872.

Neisser began to study medicine at the University of Breslau, but later moved to Erlangen, completing his studies in 1877. Initially Neisser wanted to be an internist, but did not find a suitable place. He found work, however as an assistant of the dermatologist Oskar Simon (1845–1892), concentrating on sexually transmitted diseases and leprosy. During the following two years he studied and obtained experimental evidence about the pathogen for gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Neisser was also the co-discoverer of the causative agent of leprosy. In 1879 the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen gave to young Neisser (who had visited him in Norway to examine some 100 leprosy patients) some tissue samples of his patients. Neisser successfully stained the bacteria and announced his findings in 1880, claiming to have discovered the pathogenesis of leprosy. There was some conflict between Neisser and Hansen, because Hansen had failed to culture the organism and demonstrate unequivocally its link to leprosy, although he had observed the bacterium since 1872.

In 1882 Neisser was appointed professor extraordinarius by the University at the age of 29, and worked as a dermatologist in the university hospital of Breslau. Later he was promoted to the head of the hospital. In the following year he married Toni Neisser, née Kauffmann.

In 1898 Albert Neisser published clinical trials on serum therapy in patients with syphilis. He injected cell free serum from patients with syphilis into patients who were admitted for other medical conditions. Most of these patients were prostitutes, who were neither informed about the experiment nor asked for their consent. When some of them contracted syphilis Neisser argued that the women did not contract syphilis as a result of his serum injections but contracted the disease because they worked as prostitutes.

In 1905 and 1906 Neisser travelled to Java, in order to study the possible transmission of syphilis from apes to humans. He later cooperated with August Paul von Wassermann (1866–1925) to develop the famous diagnostic test for detecting Treponema pallidum infections, and also in the testing of the first chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis, Salvarsan, which was discovered by his former school fellow Paul Ehrlich in 1910. In 1907, Neisser was promoted to professor ordinarius of dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases at Breslau.

As a scientific leader, Neisser was also very active. In the field of public health, he promoted vigorously preventive and educational measures to the public, and the better sanitary control of prostitutes, in order to combat venereal diseases. He was one of the founder of the Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Geschlechtskrankheiten (German Society for the Fight Against Venereal Diseases) in 1902, and of the Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (German Dermatological Society) in 1888.

Neisser died of sepsis on 30 July 1916, at the age of 61 years, in Breslau.

Albert Neisser Lectureship
The Albert Neisser Lectureship has been awarded since 2005 by the Department of Dermatology at the University of Wrocław to dermatologists who have made significant clinical and research contributions to the field. Past awardees include:

title: Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser


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User:Am088

Hello Everyone!!!
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title: User:Am088


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Lines per inch

Lines per inch (LPI) is a measurement of printing resolution. A line consists of halftones that is built up by physical ink dots made by the printer device to create different tones. Specifically LPI is a measure of how close together the lines in a halftone grid are. The quality of printer device or screen determines how high the LPI will be. High LPI indicates greater detail and sharpness.

Printed magazines and newspapers often use a halftone system. Typical newsprint paper is not very dense, and has relatively high dot gain or color bleeding, so newsprint is usually around 85 LPI. Higher-quality paper, such as that used in commercial magazines, has less dot gain, and can range up to 300 LPI with quality glossy (coated) paper.

In order to effectively utilize the entire range of available LPI in a halftone system, an image selected for printing generally must have 1.5 to 2 times as many samples per inch (SPI). For instance, if the target output device is capable of printing at 100 LPI, an optimal range for a source image would be 150 to 200 PI. Using fewer SPI than this would not make full use of the printer's available LPI; using more SPI than this would exceed the capability of the printer, and quality would be effectively lost.

Another device that uses the LPI specification is the graphics tablet.

Conversion to DPI
Conversion of the LPI to the DPI is done by simple multiplication:

 * 150 LPI x 2 = 300 DPI

Conversion between Lines per inch and Lines per cm
Countries using the metric system tend to use lines per centimeter (L/cm).

In order to convert between L/in and L/cm the following formulas can be used:

Lines per inch to lines per cm: L/cm = 0.394 x L/in

i.e. 254 L/in = 100 L/cm

Lines per cm to lines per inch: L/in = 2.54 x L/cm

i.e. 100 L/cm = 254 L/in

title: Lines per inch


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F-theory

In theoretical physics, F-theory is a branch of string theory developed by Iranian-American physicist Cumrun Vafa. The new vacua described by F-theory were discovered by Vafa and allowed string theorists to construct new realistic vacua — in the form of F-theory compactified on elliptically fibered Calabi–Yau four-folds. The letter "F" supposedly stands for "Father".

Compactifications
F-theory is formally a 12-dimensional theory, but the only way to obtain an acceptable background is to compactify this theory on a two-torus. By doing so, one obtains type IIB superstring theory in 10 dimensions. The SL(2,Z) S-duality symmetry of the resulting type IIB string theory is manifest because it arises as the group of large diffeomorphisms of the two-dimensional torus.

More generally, one can compactify F-theory on an elliptically fibered manifold (elliptic fibration), i.e. a fiber bundle whose fiber is a two-dimensional torus (also called an elliptic curve). For example, a subclass of the K3 manifolds is elliptically fibered, and F-theory on a K3 manifold is dual to heterotic string theory on a two-torus. Also, the moduli spaces of those theories should be isomorphic.

The large number of semirealistic solutions to string theory referred to as the string theory landscape, with $$10^{272,000}$$ elements or so, is dominated by F-theory compactifications on Calabi–Yau four-folds. There are about $$10^{15}$$ of those solutions consistent with the Standard Model of particle physics.

Phenomenology
New models of Grand Unified Theory have recently been developed using F-theory.

Extra time dimension
F-theory has the metric signature (10,2), which means that it includes a second time dimension.

title: F-theory


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Michelin Man

Bibendum, commonly referred to in English as the Michelin Man or Michelin Tire Man, is the official mascot of the Michelin tire company. A humanoid figure consisting of stacked white tires, it was introduced at the Lyon Exhibition of 1894 where the Michelin brothers had a stand. He is one of the world's oldest trademarks still in active use. The slogan Nunc est bibendum ("Now is the time to drink") is taken from Horace's Odes (book I, ode xxxvii, line 1). He is also referred to as Bib or Bibelobis.

Michelin dominated the French tire industry for decades and remains a leading international tire manufacturer. Its famous guidebooks are widely used by travelers. Bibendum was depicted visually as a lord of industry, a master of all he surveyed, and a patriotic exponent of the French spirit. In the 1920s, Bibendum urged Frenchmen to adopt America's superior factory system, but to patriotically excel those factories' "inferior" products. As automobiles became available to the middle classes, the company's advertising followed suit, and its restaurant and hotel guides expanded to a broader range of price categories.

Development

While attending the Universal and Colonial Exposition in Lyon in 1894, Édouard and André Michelin noticed a stack of tires that suggested to Édouard the figure of a man without arms. Four years later, André met French cartoonist Marius Rossillon, popularly known as O'Galop, who showed him a rejected image he had created for a Munich brewery —a large, regal figure holding a huge glass of beer and quoting Horace's phrase Nunc est bibendum ("Now is the time for drinking"). André immediately suggested replacing the man with a figure made from tires, and O'Galop adapted the earlier image into Michelin's symbol. Today, Bibendum is one of the world's most recognized trademarks, representing Michelin in over 170 countries. According to Michelin, a study showed that 90% of the world’s population could instantly recognize him.

The 1898 poster showed him offering the toast Nunc est bibendum to his scrawny Brand X competitors with a glass full of road hazards, with the title and tag C'est à dire : À votre santé. Le pneu Michelin boit l'obstacle (see illustration). The character's glass is filled with nails and broken glass, implying that Michelin tires will easily take on road hazards.

The company used this basic poster format for 15 years, adding its latest products to the table in front of the figure. It is unclear when the name "Bibendum" was adopted. At the latest, it was in 1908, when Michelin commissioned Curnonsky to write a newspaper column signed "Bibendum". In 1922, Michelin held a contest to name the character in the United States.

Rubber tires were originally gray-white, or light or translucent beige. In 1912, they became black when carbon was added to them as a preservative and strengthener. The company changed Bibendum's colour to black as well, and featured him that way in several print ads. They decided to abandon the change, citing printing and aesthetic issues (not racial concerns, as is commonly believed).

The image of the plump tire-man is sometimes used to describe an obese person, or someone wearing comically bulky clothing (e.g. "How can I wrap up warmly without looking like the Michelin Man?").

Bibendum's shape has changed over the years. O'Galop's logo was based on bicycle tires, wore pince-nez glasses with lanyard, and smoked a cigar. By the 1960s, Bibendum was shown running, often rolling a tyre as well, and no longer smoked. In 1998, his 100th anniversary, a slimmed-down version of him (sans glasses) was adopted, reflecting the lower-profile, smaller tires of modern cars. An animated version of Bibendum has appeared in American television ads, with a pet puppy similar in appearance to him.

A history of Bibendum, Le Grand Siècle de Bibendum (Hoëbeke, Paris, 1997), was written by Olivier Darmon.

In popular culture

The "Bibendum chair" was designed by Eileen Gray in 1925.

Cayce Pollard, the main character of William Gibson's novel Pattern Recognition, has a strong aversion to corporate brands and logos. The sight of Bibendum in particular gives her panic attacks.

Bibendum made a brief guest appearance in the Asterix series, as the chariot-wheel dealer in certain translations, including the English one, of Asterix in Switzerland. (The original French version used the Gaulish warrior mascot of French service-station company Antar.)

The mascot appears in a BBC Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch, in which a restaurant waiter, and chef suspect a diner, dressed as Bibendum, might be a food critic for the Michelin Guide.

Michelin sued the performance artist Momus in 1991 for releasing a song about the trademarked Michelin Man. The song, simply titled "Michelin Man", was released the same year as the third track on his album Hippopotamomus (which also had a hippopotamus-headed version of the Michelin Man on its cover) used the mascot as a metaphor for hypersexual rubber fetishism. The use of the Michelin Man in such explicit lyrics were not authorized by the Michelin company, and Momus was sued by the company for depicting their mascot in scenarios of a pornographic nature. As a result, all remaining copies of the album were destroyed, the song was removed from subsequent pressings of the album, and the hippo Michelin Man removed from the cover. The 2018 box set Recreate (containing some of Momus' albums, including the Hippopotamomus album that caused the lawsuit over his song) restored the track to the album, and came with a booklet by Anthony Reynolds titled 'Sons of Pioneers', mentioning the lawsuit but not explaining why the track was reinstated.

French reggae band Tryo sang about Bibendum on their album Grain de Sable. 'Monsieur Bibendum, il est vraiment énorme / Monsieur Bibendum, le bonheur en personne' ('Mr. Bibendum, he is truly enormous, Mr. Bibendum; happiness personified').

In the 2009 animated, Academy Award-winning satire Logorama, a series of Bibendums play police detectives, a sheriff, and a squad of SWAT personnel who all work together to try to bring down a psychotic, ultraviolent criminal played by Ronald McDonald.

In the French dubbed version of Ghostbusters, the giant Stay Puft Marshmallow Man is named "Bibendum Chamallow". ("Chamallow" was originally a confectionery marketed in France under this name, which vaguely resembles the American marshmallow.)

In the Australian Army Training Establishment at Royal Military College, Duntroon, in Canberra, one of the five training companies, Gallipoli Company, uses the Michelin Man as its mascot. The reasons behind this involve an officer candidate who was sent to Turkey for a commemoration of World War One, and told to bring back a meaningful souvenir, but after heavy alcohol consumption instead stole the Michelin Man from the local garage.

title: Michelin Man