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Abscisic acid

Abscisic acid (ABA or abscisin II ) is a plant hormone. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including seed and bud dormancy, the control of organ size and stomatal closure. It is especially important for plants in the response to environmental stresses, including drought, soil salinity, cold tolerance, freezing tolerance, heat stress and heavy metal ion tolerance.

Discovery
In the 1940s, Torsten Hemberg, while working at the University of Stockholm, found evidence that a positive correlation exists between the rest period and the occurrence of an acidic ether soluble growth inhibitor in potato tubers.

In 1963, abscisic acid was first identified and characterized as a plant hormone by Frederick T. Addicott and Larry A. Davis. They were studying compounds that cause abscission (shedding) of cotton fruits (bolls). Two compounds were isolated and called abscisin I and abscisin II. Abscisin II is presently called abscisic acid (ABA).

Function
ABA was originally believed to be involved in abscission, which is how it received its name. This is now known to be the case only in a small number of plants. ABA-mediated signaling also plays an important part in plant responses to environmental stress and plant pathogens. The plant genes for ABA biosynthesis and sequence of the pathway have been elucidated. ABA is also produced by some plant pathogenic fungi via a biosynthetic route different from ABA biosynthesis in plants.

In preparation for winter, ABA is produced in terminal buds. This slows plant growth and directs leaf primordia to develop scales to protect the dormant buds during the cold season. ABA also inhibits the division of cells in the vascular cambium, adjusting to cold conditions in the winter by suspending primary and secondary growth.

Abscisic acid is also produced in the roots in response to decreased soil water potential (which is associated with dry soil) and other situations in which the plant may be under stress. ABA then translocates to the leaves, where it rapidly alters the osmotic potential of stomatal guard cells, causing them to shrink and stomata to close. The ABA-induced stomatal closure reduces transpiration (evaporation of water out of the stomata), thus preventing further water loss from the leaves in times of low water availability. A close linear correlation was found between the ABA content of the leaves and their conductance (stomatal resistance) on a leaf area basis.

Seed germination is inhibited by ABA in antagonism with gibberellin. ABA also prevents loss of seed dormancy.

Several ABA-mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants have been identified and are available from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre - both those deficient in ABA production and those with altered sensitivity to its action. Plants that are hypersensitive or insensitive to ABA show phenotypes in seed dormancy, germination, stomatal regulation, and some mutants show stunted growth and brown/yellow leaves. These mutants reflect the importance of ABA in seed germination and early embryo development.

Pyrabactin (a pyridyl containing ABA activator) is a naphthalene sulfonamide hypocotyl cell expansion inhibitor, which is an agonist of the seed ABA signaling pathway. It is the first agonist of the ABA pathway that is not structurally related to ABA.

Biosynthesis
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an isoprenoid plant hormone, which is synthesized in the plastidal 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway; unlike the structurally related sesquiterpenes, which are formed from the mevalonic acid-derived precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), the C15 backbone of ABA is formed after cleavage of C40 carotenoids in MEP. Zeaxanthin is the first committed ABA precursor; a series of enzyme-catalyzed epoxidations and isomerizations via violaxanthin, and final cleavage of the C40 carotenoid by a dioxygenation reaction yields the proximal ABA precursor, xanthoxin, which is then further oxidized to ABA. via abscisic aldehyde.

 * [[File:Xanthtoaba.svg]]

Abamine has been designed, synthesized, developed and then patented as the first specific ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, which makes it possible to regulate endogenous levels of ABA.

Locations and timing of ABA biosynthesis

 * Synthesized in nearly all plant tissues, e.g., roots, flowers, leaves and stems
 * Stored in mesophyll (chlorenchyma) cells where it is conjugated to glucose via uridine diphosphate-glucosyltransferase resulting in the inactivated form, ABA-glucose-ester
 * Activated and released from the chlorenchyma in response to environmental stress, such as heat stress, water stress, salt stress
 * Released during desiccation of the vegetative tissues and when roots encounter soil compaction.
 * Synthesized in green fruits at the beginning of the winter period
 * Synthesized in maturing seeds, establishing dormancy
 * Mobile within the leaf and can be rapidly translocated from the leaves to the roots (opposite of previous belief) in the phloem
 * Accumulation in the roots modifies lateral root development, improving the stress response
 * ABA is synthesized in almost all cells that contain chloroplasts or amyloplasts

Inactivation
ABA can be catabolized to phaseic acid via CYP707A (a group of P450 enzymes) or inactivated by glucose conjugation (ABA-glucose ester) via the enzyme uridine diphosphate-glucosyltransferase (UDP-glucosyltransferase). Catabolism via the CYP707As is very important for ABA homeostasis, and mutants in those genes generally accumulate higher levels of ABA than lines overexpressing ABA biosynthetic genes. In soil bacteria, an alternative catabolic pathway leading to dehydrovomifoliol via the enzyme vomifoliol dehydrogenase has been reported.

Effects

 * Antitranspirant - Induces stomatal closure, decreasing transpiration to prevent water loss.
 * Promotes root growth during periods of low humidity.
 * Inhibits fruit ripening
 * Responsible for seed dormancy by inhibiting cell growth – inhibits seed germination
 * Inhibits the synthesis of Kinetin nucleotide
 * Downregulates enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
 * Acts on endodermis to prevent growth of roots when exposed to salty conditions
 * Promotion of plant antiviral immunity

Signal cascade
In the absence of ABA, the phosphatase ABI1-INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1) inhibits the action of SNF1-related protein kinases (subfamily 2) (SnRK2s). ABA is perceived by the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1 (PYR1) and PYR1-like membrane proteins. On ABA binding, PYR1 binds to and inhibits ABI1. When SnRK2s are released from inhibition, they activate several transcription factors from the ABA RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR (ABF) family. ABFs then go on to cause changes in the expression of a large number of genes. Around 10% of plant genes are thought to be regulated by ABA.

In fungi
Like plants, some fungal species (for example Cercospora rosicola, Botrytis cinerea and Magnaporthe oryzae) have an endogenous biosynthesis pathway for ABA. In fungi, it seems to be the MVA biosynthetic pathway that is predominant (rather than the MEP pathway that is responsible for ABA biosynthesis in plants). One role of ABA produced by these pathogens seems to be to suppress the plant immune responses.

In animals
ABA has also been found to be present in metazoans, from sponges up to mammals including humans. Currently, its biosynthesis and biological role in animals is poorly known. ABA elicits potent anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects in mouse models of diabetes/obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and influenza infection. Many biological effects in animals have been studied using ABA as a nutraceutical or pharmacognostic drug, but ABA is also generated endogenously by some cells (like macrophages) when stimulated. There are also conflicting conclusions from different studies, where some claim that ABA is essential for pro-inflammatory responses whereas other show anti-inflammatory effects. Like with many natural substances with medical properties, ABA has become popular also in naturopathy. While ABA clearly has beneficial biological activities and many naturopathic remedies will contain high levels of ABA (such as wheatgrass juice, fruits and vegetables), some of the health claims made may be exaggerated or overly optimistic. In mammalian cells ABA targets a protein known as lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2), triggering an alternative mechanism of activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). LANCL2 is conserved in plants and was originally suggested to be an ABA receptor also in plants, which was later challenged.

Measurement of ABA concentration
Several methods can help to quantify the concentration of abscisic acid in a variety of plant tissue. The quantitative methods used are based on HPLC and ELISA. Two independent FRET probes can measure intracellular ABA concentrations in real time in vivo.

title: Abscisic acid


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Talk:Value-added tax

Cleanup
I don't understand the point of two banners. Nothing has been added to the talk to clarify the addition of either banner. Morphh  (talk) 1:03, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

The example on Ford/Opel sold in Germany/US is a bit confusing mainly because the first example is very different from how it is happening in practice. It shows that there would be massive taxation of the consumer for German cars imported to the US if both VAT and Sales Tax were levied without any provision for exports. I think it may not be clear to all readers that this is a hypothetical example for illustration only. The real situation is explained further below. Germany waives the VAT on exports, so the US consumer only pays US Sales Tax.

In between the unrealistic case and the real case there is one case in which no tax applies anywhere. This is also hypothetical, but also superfluous. What point is meant to be made with the table that has no taxes?

So unless I'm misunderstanding something, I think some cleanup of the example section is definitely needed. Aecur (talk) 14:08, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

bad numbers in chevy vs opel example.
I'm just stopping by and probably won't be back to check this. But someone needs to alter the table showing the different prices of chevrolets and opels in the US and Germany. It says that both a chevy and an opel is produced for $25,000. It says that the US has a 10% sales tax. Therefore I would expect the price in the US would be $27,500 (=25,000 + 2,500). Instead, the price is 27,778. OK, so maybe that's profit. But Germany has a VAT of 20%, and the Opel in Germany sells for $30,000 (= 25,000 + 20%). So no profit is added. Thus the comparison is not apples to apples. Suggest that no profit be included (that just confuses the example), and that the cost of a chevrolet be listed as $27,500. I just looked this over quickly, so someone check my understanding - perhaps I'm wrong. But if I'm wrong, additional explanation is needed because if I don't understand it, lots of others don't as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Commandkirk (talk • contribs) 22:38, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Corrected the numbers. However, the section is still too confusing for readers to understand. If someone can simplify the section, then it will be easier to understand. Great50 (talk) 20:00, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * It seems to me the final example is flawed, there would still be VAT being payed in Germany on the Opel. Whoever wrote this section seems to think that VAT acts like an import tariff, which it does not. Sammatthews99 (talk) 16:45, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

For exports from the European Union to the US there is no VAT to be paid. Exports are really exempt. This has sometimes been labelled a means of unfair competition, but the calculated example shows that this is not the case. Exports have to be exempt in order to avoid a massive taxation of US consumers. The very first table shows this hypothetical situation. - Greetings from Germany. Aecur (talk) 14:16, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Increased VAT to include carbon tax
See this discussed here KVDP (talk) 07:08, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Recently created articles Value Added Tax in Bangladesh and Value added taxation in Bangladesh bring to three the number of articles that cover the topic. I propose they be merged into the Bangladesh section of Value-added tax, unless the result of doing so would be a section longer than five or six paragraphs.

 * Value Added Tax in Bangladesh started as a copy of the target section. It was then expanded, but with undesirable content - a few unsourced sentences and a repository of links to primary sources.
 * Value added taxation in Bangladesh is sourced, which neither of the other two are, but it covers much the same ground as the target, and at no greater length.

I think that the content in the two new articles can be explained in the context of Value-added tax, and that if tightly written it would not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. (If it can't be kept to five or six paragraphs, or later grows beyond that size, I would have no objection to it being spun off into one new article, although for consistency the best title would use a parenthetical disambiguation: Value added tax (Bangladesh)) --Worldbruce (talk) 21:08, 29 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I support the merger. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 21:52, 29 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support the merger, with the proviso that the Bangladesh section doesn't grow too large as per Worldbruce above. JezGrove (talk) 19:46, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

I support the merger with the prerequisites set by JezGrove Cloaker416 (talk) 04:19, 11 June 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 21:17, 19 January 2019 (UTC)

China’s VAT revenue
It seems dubious at best that China’s total VAT revenue for 2007 was just 15.47 billion yuan, supposedly “33.9 percent of China's total tax revenue for the year”. This page from the State Administration of Taxation reports a total tax revenue of 4945.2 billion yuan for the same year. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.25.141.184 (talk) 21:19, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

"Approximately 193 countries..." ??
Quote from article "166 of the world's approximately 193 countries employ a VAT,..." - I just wonder how 193 can be approximateted (the numbers of countries has to be an integer). Guess I understand the reason for this formulation, but still strongly suggest a rephrasing. Boeing720 (talk) 17:03, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

 * There's no universally agreed list of countries. However, 193 seems to be the number of members of the UN rather than some general approximation. I think it's better to just say that in the article. Sakkura (talk) 11:44, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

Swedish OMS
has twice added the old Swedish OMS (omsättningsskatt) to the table of EU VAT rates, in addition to the current MOMS (meromsättningsskatt). However, OMS was not a value-added tax. "Meromsättning" (added revenue) means essentially the same as value-added, but OMS omits the "added" part - it was a plain sales tax.

Many other countries had a similar progression from sales tax to VAT; Denmark even used practically the same words, and exactly the same contractions, apart from not capitalizing "oms" and "moms." I don't think these non-VAT taxes should be listed in the table of European VATs. Sakkura (talk) 23:09, 9 February 2019 (UTC)
 * As you are Danish, I'm certain you could read the source I added. There was a OMS during World War II, I don't refer to that - but the OMS that was introduced in 1959. The only difference compared to MOMS is so little that one very well can state OMS was the very first VAT in Sweden and OMS predates MOMS. To the final consumer of no difference whatsoever. The abbreviation MOMS (as of imposing 1969) = m ervärdes och oms ättningsskatt. (litteral translation of the first part "more value's" (genitive) whilst the last part means "revenue tax", or "revenue taxation". Such abbreviations are next to always capitalized. In Denmark too (Og hvad med SKAT ?) - no one writes or spells Scandinavian Airlines (Scandinavian Airline System) as anything else than SAS, pronounced "sass". Although I'm very familiar with the Greater Copenhagen Area - and more, I would say Copenhagen is my Capital City, but I've never thought of oms/moms there, and haven't comment on that. I just think it is somewhat interesting trivia. Boeing720 (talk) 03:58, 10 February 2019 (UTC)
 * And just by the way, during a few years in the early 70's (halvfjerdserne) I remember the MOMS was higher on Sundays (!). Boeing720 (talk) 04:03, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The only difference compared to MOMS is that OMS was not a value-added tax, it was a sales tax. That's specifically why it should not be in this article, except perhaps for mention as a non-VAT forerunner to the present VAT (the problem with that approach is you'd have to make such mentions for lots of other countries). It would be more at home in the articles on sales tax and consumption tax. As for your source, it's paywalled. As for the spelling in Danish, moms is lower-caps according to SKAT (tax agency) and Dansk Sprognævn (the Danish language council). Sakkura (talk) 11:11, 10 February 2019 (UTC)
 * If only Wikimedia coukd be more flexible, I could have shown you "Pris 6:85 inkl. OMS" or "Pris 4:95 inkl. MOMS". It was capitalized for many decades. Whats the actual difference, both OMS and MOMS is only paid by the end-user, in the end. It's not wrong to say MOMS is OMS with more bureaucracy within each step of selling & developing. Boeing720 (talk) 23:41, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Please also read this In Swedish, with forgotten capitalization, but still. Boeing720 (talk) 23:45, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The actual difference is that with a VAT, the value added in each stage of production etc. is taxed. With a sales tax, only the final price at one stage is taxed. This has a different economic and administrative impact. The available sources clearly establish that OMS was a sales tax. Sakkura (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

Saudi Arabia VAT
in the map it says that Saudi Arabia has no VAT which is incorrect. Saudi Arabia has had a 5 percent VAT for a couple of years and now it has a 15 percent VAT. Map needs updating. Unfortunately I don't know how to do that. Source: https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/06/29/Saudi-Arabia-VAT-triples-to-15-percent-on-July-1-Here-s-everything-you-need-to-know Rayansb (talk) 19:33, 30 June 2020 (UTC)

value added tax — purpose
recommendable usage by purpose of value added tax.

2003:E0:8F04:481:683C:CB8F:F31D:A81 (talk) 03:55, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

EU VAT list
Hi, quick note on the EU VAT list, why is it separated from the rest of the world especially when an article about EU VAT already exists, European Union value added tax. I think we should at least have a single table on this article, or possibly an article with a list of VAT, GST and sales tax that would be more organised and easy to understand. Also, I'm thinking of proposing a request to split List of countries by tax rates to seperate lists that discuss each tax on its own as I don't see a point in having a table that is very messy and difficult to read. Notes on any point are more than welcome :). Vyvagaba (talk) 14:46, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

India VAT to GST and Estonia VAT increase to 22%
Since 1st July 2017, the VAT in India has been called GST (Goods and services tax), and the rates vary from 5 to 28% with the majority of products at 18%.

In the document, the local name of the tax is still mentioned as VAT.

Ramtin.abadi (talk) 06:33, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Starting from 1 Jan 2024, the VAT rate of Estonia has increased to 22%

In the document, the VAT rate is stated as 20%

Ramtin.abadi (talk) 06:44, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Pinchme123 (talk) 03:31, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 March 2024
In the ‘Examples’ sections under the subheading ‘With a value-added tax’, the following clause needs to be deleted in its entirety: “but only by successfully selling the value-added product to the buyer or consumer in the next stage. In the previously shown examples, if the retailer fails to sell some of its inventory, it suffers a greater financial loss in the VAT scheme, in comparison to the sales tax regulatory system, by having paid a higher wholesale price on the product it wants to sell.”

The above is factually inaccurate in basically all jurisdictions with a VAT or GST tax. A business is able to claim a purchase/input tax credit on its VAT return regardless of whether it is successful in selling the inventory created from whatever input it was charged tax on in the previous production stage. There is no way of even knowing what exact inputs relate to what exact outputs and a valid tax invoice is generally sufficient for a business to substantiate its claim, and request for refund of, if applicable, a purchase/input tax credit on its VAT return. 2601:681:8A01:2E40:393B:C20:205B:F437 (talk) 10:13, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. RudolfRed (talk) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Subjectivist POV
This article appears to have some serious subjectivist/marginalist POV, which is poorly cited to boot. For example it simply presents supply/demand curves as if these were actually existing things. It presupposes a general equilibrium. It suggests there exists such a thing as "consumer surplus". I would at the very least expect this POV to be clearly marked ("The neoclassical school of economics argues that ..."). Within classical political economy none of these things exist. KetchupSalt (talk) 12:58, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

Products excluded from VAT
products excluded from VAT Esonasiphiwo (talk) 18:47, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Value-added tax


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LERG Routing Guide

The Local Exchange Routing Guide (LERG) is a database of telecommunications numbering resources for use in the administration and operation of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) by the NANP administrator (NANPA) and telecommunications service providers. This data supports the local exchange network of the NANP and identifies planning changes in the network.

The database has been maintained by private sector entities assigned by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to perform the NANPA function.

The database is produced in the TruOps Telecom Routing Administration (TRA) product group of iconectiv, LLC, formerly named Telcordia, a division of Ericsson since 2012.

Content and purpose
The LERG provides data to support the routing of telephone calls by service providers in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the interconnection points of the PSTN with Internet Protocol (IP) networks.

title: LERG Routing Guide


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The Juliana Theory

The Juliana Theory is an American rock duo from Greensburg and Latrobe, Pennsylvania, United States. They signed to Tooth & Nail Records, and later to Epic Records for the release of the album Love. They released four studio albums before disbanding in 2006. The band has since reunited three times: once in 2010 for eight shows, again in 2017 for a tour celebrating their 20th anniversary, and finally in 2020 when The Juliana Theory announced signing with Equal Vision Records.

The Juliana Theory has cited numerous bands as influences, including the Beatles, the Cure, the Smashing Pumpkins, U2, Rush, Roger Waters, and Pink Floyd.

Formation
The Juliana Theory was formed in 1997 by Joshua Fiedler and Neil Hebrank (formerly of the band Noisome) along with Chad Monticue (former singer for Pensive), Jeremiah Momper, and Brett Detar (who also split his time as a guitarist for Zao and Pensive at the time).

Detar and Monticue were childhood friends while Fiedler met Detar as classmates at a nearby high school. The members formed The Juliana Theory in 1997 as a side-project while they played in other bands. "We really started out as a joke," recalls Detar. "Slowly, we started to like the music we were making in The Juliana Theory more than the music we were making in our regular bands. Eventually, everyone committed to make this their full-time band".

According to an interview on the website Tapout Zine, there was never a real concept behind the band's name. "We used to have an elaborate story that we told involving sociology students and a huge experiment involving music and people's responses to it, but we got tired of telling the story. The band was supposed to be a side project that wouldn't last and we just came up with a name before our first show. It has no meaning at all". In an interview lead singer Brett Detar told Lina Lecaro of the Los Angeles Times that the band's name was "pretty stupid," adding, "Let's just say this: Every band has a name and for better or worse, this is ours".

Their first performance was at a concert at Saint Vincent College booked by Christopher Pecoraro, as an opening act, but their fame grew quickly. They were spotted by Brandon Ebel of Tooth & Nail Records on the Cornerstone Music Festival impromptu stage, which showcased unsigned talent. A split EP with the band Dawson High on Arise Records marked the band's recorded debut. Shortly after The Juliana Theory signed a multi-album deal with Seattle-based Tooth & Nail records.

The Tooth & Nail Era
After spending time on the road touring, the band signed with the independent record label Tooth & Nail. The label released The Juliana Theory's debut studio album Understand This Is a Dream on March 23, 1999. Around this time Joshua Kosker, originally of the group Dawson High, replaced Momper when he left the band after the band's first album was released. The following year The Juliana Theory and Tooth & Nail released the follow-up record Emotion Is Dead (2000). Together, the albums sold around 130,000 units.

After the release of Emotion Is Dead, Tooth & Nail and The Juliana Theory clashed heads in terms of creative and promotional areas of the group's marketing. "Most things that we asked them to do for us they couldn't do or didn't do. Now, almost everything we asked for at the time is just protocol for the label. They do all of the stuff we wanted them to do back then very well now." The group left to find a new label shortly afterwards.

The Epic Era
In 2001, the Juliana Theory signed a recording contract with Epic/Sony. Dates on the 2001 Warped Tour followed. On October 23, 2001, The Juliana Theory released six new songs as the Music from Another Room EP on Tooth & Nail Records.

A change in the line up meant that original drummer Neil Hebrank was replaced by Josh "Chip" Walters before the recording of Love, the band's third-full-length album for Epic Records.

Recorded at locations in California and also at lead singer Brett's home Studio at Greensburg, Pennsylvania, Love was produced by Jerry Harrison of Talking Heads who also worked with successful acts Live and No Doubt. Love sold over 100,000 albums with little radio or label support behind it. This led to over 260 tour dates the year of its release and the record debuted on Billboard 200 chart at No. 71 and remained in the top 200 for 5 weeks.

Around the time of the release of Love, the band co-headlined a tour with Something Corporate for tour dates which included New York, Los Angeles and many cities in between. Between January and March 2003 both the Juliana Theory and Something Corporate shared the stage, along with support act Vendetta Red all three groups had moved from independent to major record labels since the release of their previous records.

In a 2003 interview Brett Detar shared his thoughts about the group's time with Sony. "It's not nearly as good as we had hoped," he said. "We've never really had a great time at any record label we've been at".

The band soon parted ways with Epic Records after the release of the Love album and signed a deal with Rykodisc. In a MySpace blog written by Detar, he explains that after a change in management and direction of the label, "...at the last second we wormed our way out of the deal and headed into the studio with our own funds and with the help of Josh Karchmer, our manager."

Paper Fist Era
Following the separation of the group from Epic Records the band subsequently began their own label affiliated with Abacus Recordings called Paper Fist (in reference to The Juliana Theory song, "To the Tune of 5,000 Screaming Children"). Their fourth studio album Deadbeat Sweetheartbeat was released on September 13, 2005.

Deadbeat Sweetheartbeat was produced and recorded by John Travis and was co-produced by frontman Brett Detar. The album was recorded at Seedy Underbelly Studios, Valley Village California between November and December 2004 and also at Studio 66 in Greensburg, Pennsylvania between the months of December 2004 and January 2005.

The limited edition release of Deadbeat Sweetheartbeat features a 25-minute making of documentary filmed by the band, Jeff Calhoun and Jason Hopkins. In the documentary Brett shared that around 30 pieces of music and 25 complete songs were made in preparation of the finished record.

In the documentary the band claim that the record is driven by the four songs, four pillars which hold the rest of record, the songs they specify include: "This Is a Lovesong... For the Loveless", "This Valentine Aint' No Saint", "French Kiss Off" and "Shotgun Serenade". The DVD also features four previously unreleased exclusive tracks only available with the limited edition set.

Chad shares in regard to the album "I can honestly say we made a record about love, cars, drinking, and drugs and sex and murder, all those things are elements of our record and I think that's pretty cool, what else do you want to listen to?, there's nothing better to listen to". Brett also shares that the record benefits from having "bite and venom" and that "the album lyrically packs a lot more punch".

Breakup
On February 9, 2006, the band announced they were breaking up. Reasons cited for the group's disbandment include issues with record labels Tooth and Nail and Epic.

Post-breakup
An official MySpace blog posted on February 8, 2007, gave an update on Josh Fiedler starting new band Vesta and Josh "Chip" Walters playing drums in his new band called Crushing Ground.

An August 16, 2009, Drive By Media story teased that The Juliana Theory may be reforming after comments left by the official Juliana Theory Twitter page suggested "good things are coming. we promise".

On October 5, 2009, former lead singer Brett Detar posted an announcement on his official website that a Juliana Theory Rarities & B-Sides Album was in the works and will be available sometime in the near future.

Vesta
In 2008 The Juliana Theory members Joshua Fiedler, Joshua Kosker and Chad Alan began writing and recording music with a new band called Vesta. The group played their first show on April 25, 2009, in Bowling Green, Ohio. Around this time the group was working on their first album. The recording was done by Pittsburgh musician and recording engineer, Jonathan Gunnell.

On October 6, 2009, Vesta, released their debut EP independently called 0.1 Daylight's Coming. Once again Gunnell recorded and mixed the release, but mastering was completed by Garrett Haines at Treelady Studios. In 2010, two additional songs were added and the album was released by Paper Fist Recordings.

Reunion
On December 14, 2009, the band announced that they will be playing 2 reunion shows in the summer of 2010 to celebrate the 10 year anniversary of the release of Emotion Is Dead. They plan on playing the entire record, in order, as well as a selection of other fan favorites.

A Facebook update on January 20, 2010, gave the seven final tour dates that the band would be playing.

On January 25, 2010, a NYC show was announced at Highline Ballroom for Friday, August 20, 2010. The band played Emotion Is Dead as well as a greatest hits set.

On March 23, 2010, Mightier Than Sword Records released Understand This Is a Dream on vinyl as the second installment in their 10th Anniversary Series.

In August 2010, the band released a 28-song B-sides and Rarities album for online purchase only. The album was mastered by Jonathan Gunnell who had been working with Vesta on their debut release.

On Saturday September 11, 2010, the band said one final goodnight at The Altar Bar (since closed) in Pittsburgh where they donated all of the ticket sales to the Mario Lemieux Foundation.

On August 19, 2016, American record label Mind Over Matter Records re-issued Deadbeat Sweetheartbeat as a double LP with four bonus tracks.

On April 17, 2017, the band announced a North American summer reunion tour, celebrating their 20th anniversary. The tour also included the Vans Warped Rewind at Sea, sailing from New Orleans to Cozumel October 28 through November 1, 2017.

Equal Vision Records Era
On November 20, 2020, the band announced they had signed with Equal Vision Records and released new single "Can't Go Home".

On January 1, 2021, The Juliana Theory released a new track titled "Better Now", which premiered on YouTube.

They released their first album since 2005, A Dream Away, on March 26, 2021, via Rude/Equal Vision Records, which included "Better Now" as well as re-imagined versions of several earlier hits including "Into the Dark" and "If I Told You This Was Killing Me, Would You Stop?".

In the summer of 2022, The Juliana Theory played select dates on Dashboard Confessional and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness's Hello Gone Days tour.

In summer 2023, the band toured as an acoustic duo, supporting select dates for The Rocket Summer on their Shadowkasters tour.

Band members
Current members
 * Brett Detar – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, programming (1997–2006, 2010, 2017–present)
 * Joshua Fiedler – lead guitar, backing vocals (1997–2006, 2010, 2017–present); bass (2017–present)

Former members
 * Chad Alan – bass, backing vocals (1997–2006, 2010, 2017)
 * Joshua Kosker – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals (1999–2006, 2010, 2017)
 * Josh "Chip" Walters – drums (2001–06, 2010, 2017)
 * Jeremiah Momper – rhythm and lead guitar (1997–1999)
 * Neil Hebrank – drums (1997–2001)

Timeline

title: The Juliana Theory


text:
Talk:Kashykk

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to redirect to Kashyyyk. For an archive of the discussion, see Talk:Kashykk/Delete.''

title: Talk:Kashykk


text:
Talk:Madrid Metro

Ridership
Does anybody know the ridership of the system and the individual lines? Lee Haber 04:47, 06 Aug 2006 (UTC)

British side circulation of trains
Does anybody know why the trains ride on the left side as opposed to the way cars and buses go? I don't know many metro systems but the ones I do know, run accordingly with their street systems: London undergorund, trains ride on the left, like their streets. Paris, NYC, Mexico City, trains ride on the right, like their streets and so on alfonso.lomeli —Preceding comment was added at 22:57, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Madrid Metro trains ride on left side because when first line was built on 1919 there was no united running in one side for cars all over the nation. Each city or province had different regulations. In 1919 cars run on left side on Madrid, so Metro did the same. The running on streets and roads was regulated nationwide to the right on 1930, but Metro kept running on the left due to high costs of changing all signals in stations and semaphores to the opposite side. Subsequent enlargements of the network (new lines) were built the same in terms of having a unified system and not to bother users with lines running on different sides. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mike T2008 (talk • contribs) 22:45, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Unusually deep
I was just there in Dec of 05 and I though they were very deep compared to other subways (Boston,London, Montreal,Washington), is this significant. Were they designed that way as blast shelters?Tjb891 03:46, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe, but it could also be because of all the underground car parks and the sewer system - Madrid has no river to dump everything in so needs more sewerage than most western cities.

the depth is the result of a Madrid using the Madrid Method, a mining technique suitable for Madrid's soft soil. Steve chiu (talk • contribs) 17:02, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Also, there's nothing on this article about the new station under construction between colombia and mar de cristal on line 8. I only saw it briefly, called pino del rey or something similar... anyone know? Proto ::  type  22:27, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

It's "Pinar del Rey", I think that it's already open but not sure. 81.44.222.149 14:03, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That is because Madrid's topography, which is really hilly (the altitud ranges from ~500m at the river to 800m at Plaza Castilla). For example, line 6 (circular) is almost at the river altitud at Ciudad Universitaria and three stops later, it is almost at Plaza Castilla altitud in Cuatro Caminos, so, while at Ciudad Universitaria Metro is close to the surface, at Cuatro Caminos it is 50m depth.137.121.1.26 (talk) 16:14, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Ghost stations
Isn't there another ghost station between Avenida de la Ilustración and Lacoma, or Lacoma and Pitis? At the very least, there is a perfectly workable station, which isn't being used because there is a huge gitano camp nearby, or so I heard. I passed it once, and I believe it was called Arroyofresno. I don't know if that could be called a ghost station, but isn't it worth mentioning in the article? Does anyone know more about it? Raystorm 11:43, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Why take away the info on the ghost stations? I thought it was pretty interesting, even if it was anecdotic. It could be put in a trivia section. Please put it back? Raystorm 23:08, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

It is not exactly a ghost station. The name is Arroyo del Fresno, after the zone's name. It is located between Lacoma and Pitis (end of the line). When Line 7 was extended in late 90's from Avenida de América to Pitis, the station was built for a future urban development in the zone, scheduled to be made in the next few years. That development still today is very incomplete, so the station still remains closed due to low population of the zone. The overall structure is all finished, so when the station be needed, it will just need cleaning and light refurbishment. Mike T2008 (talk) 22:55, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

New Map
This: http://estaticos.elmundo.es/documentos/2007/04/16/metromadrid.pdf will be the new Madrid's Metro Map after May 2007. The Madrid's people don't like the new map... but foreigns understand it better. 81.44.222.149 14:30, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

I have removed the map that claims extension projects up to 2016, as the information rendered there seems to be largely the rendering of wishful thinking of metro aficionados from discussion boards such as Anden 1 or Skyscrapercity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.180.176.188 (talk) 09:12, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

Light Metro
Does Light Metro in the table in this article mean Light rail or the meaning it does in Moscow Metro when it comes to Butovskaya?? Georgia guy 00:20, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * no, the Light Metro in Madrid is more akin to standard LRTs around the world. Steve Chiu 12:04, Nov 28 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the light rail lines should be included in the current article because there is no other tram-like service in Madrid. Feel free to revert me if you have objections. Habbit 16:11, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Fares
Does anyone familiar with the fare structure think it should be included in the article. It is nice to be able to compare costs associated across the different metros, and other important systems have them listed in their WP articles. 24.68.249.197 23:06, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

317 km??????
Why 317, from where does the source come. The spanish page states 281.780 km and 27.774 km of light rail. Please correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.54.197.181 (talk) 18:10, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I have removed the following unsourced statement:

 * the round of expansions completed in spring 2007 increased its length to 322,3 km, making it the second largest in Europe after Moscow.

 * Even by adding the length of all lines, inluding the tram lines, it does not make up to 322 km. 282 km seem to be more correct. I have also changed the number of stations to 231, according to Metro Bits. Transfer stations should only be counted once. -- Kildor (talk) 08:47, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Line icons in text.
Hi. Just as a heads up, per WP:ICON and WP:MOS the little pictures of the line numbers that are sprinkled throughout the text should be removed. I was going to be bold and just do it myself, but thy appear to have a strange formatting I'm unfamiliar with. So I ask for help for those who've worked on the article before to help bring this article in compliance. oknazevad (talk) 03:56, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Late to the game, but I've cleaned up the icons in text that don't need them as requested. Hope I helped. Nutfield001 (talk) 20:28, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

Any info on the logo?
The Madrid Metro has a very distinct logo that seems to be very consistently used, almost like the London Underground one. What's its history? Who designed it and when? SergioGeorgini (talk) 23:17, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Finances
Something should be said about its financial state and the price hikes that are combined with ridership descent. --Error (talk) 17:43, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Madrid Metro


text: User:Ajvanari

title: User:Ajvanari


text:
Aras Habib

Aras Habib was a colonel in the Free Iraqi Fighters and the long-term director of intelligence for Ahmed Chalabi and the Iraqi National Congress (INC). He may have been the man in charge of the INC’s quest to hunt down former high-level Ba’athists in Iraq, using Ba'athist Party archives they had seized; in this area information relayed to US-led forces proved far more reliable than the inferences of weapons of mass destruction that had lured the US into Iraq. Chalabi's Pentagon connection, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz, decided to close off funding following emerging disclosures that some of Chalabi's INC aides supplied sensitive information about U.S. security operations in Baghdad to the Iranian government.

After the US Pentagon's public break with Chalabi surface, a warrant for Aras Habib's arrest was released but not executed. He remains at large.

title: Aras Habib


text:
Talk:Groucho Club

Website
official site (link) seems to be down or gone. --Waltonics 05:16, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

"club"?
Unless you move in these sorts of circles, it's not really clear what is meant by "club" other than, "something that members belong to." The best I can summon up is an image of an "Adventurer's Club" from some old movie, or a country club (which I'm not really sure what one is either). All of which is to say, it would be nice if "club" linked to something useful, even if it seems self-explainatory to some. 216.75.170.81 20:43, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Name origin
A section ought to be added explaining the origin of the name (presumably from the quote from Groucho Marx about not wanting to belong to any club that would have him as a member: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx ) 143.252.80.100 (talk) 11:20, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Editing suggestions
What do experienced wiki editors think can be done to improve this article? I'm fairly new to this but have knowledge of the place. Irinir (talk) 04:26, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Groucho Club


text:
Childers, Queensland

Childers is a rural town and locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Childers had a population of 1,682 people.

Geography
Childers is in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia, situated on the Bruce Highway and lies 325 km north of the state capital Brisbane and 52 km south-west of Bundaberg. The Isis Highway runs south from the Bruce Highway in Childers.

History
The Childers area was traditionally inhabited by the Dundaburra group who are part of Kabi Kabi nations in the northernmost area of the Wide Bay Burnett. Their descendants still live in the region.

Europeans first arrived in the area in the 1850s. Pastoralists established properties soon after to raise cattle on the fertile lands. Back then, sugar was (as it is now) the key crop grown in the Isis.

The town was established in 1885. The Isis railway line to Childers opened in 1887 and was pivotal in the early development of the area. Childers Post Office opened on 14 November 1887. The town is reportedly named after Hugh Childers, British statesman, who was the Auditor-General of Victoria in the 1850s.

Circa 1888–1889, an Anglican church was erected in Childers. The present Christ Church Anglican was opened and dedicated on 9 May 1901.

The Childers Uniting Church was originally constructed as the Methodist Church in Horton in 1886. Due to the decline of the Horton township the church was subsequently moved to Childers. It became the Childers Uniting Church in June 1977 following the amalgamation of the Methodist Church into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977.

Childers Provisional School opened on 28 January 1889. In 1891, it became Childers State School. A secondary department was added in January 1913 and operated until Isis District State High School was established in 1961. A pre-school was added in 1976.

Isis Central Mill Provisional School opened on 23 January 1899. On 1 January 1909, it became Isis Central Mill State School. It closed on 11 December 1987.

St Joseph's Catholic School was established on 24 January 1926 by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart.

On 28 September 1941, Archbishop James Duhig laid the foundation stone for the Sacred Heart Catholic Church.

The foundation stone of Grace Lutheran Church was laid by Pastor K Scholz on 16 April 1961.

The town made international headlines in June 2000, when an arsonist set fire to the Palace Backpackers Hostel, claiming the lives of 15 tourists. The Palace Building reopened in 2002, and includes a memorial to those lost in the blaze, a Regional Art Gallery and an Information Centre.

The Childers Library opened in 2000 with a major refurbishment in 2014.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Childers had a population of 1,584 people. 80.1% of people were born in Australia and 87.0% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 23.0%, Anglican 21.2% and Catholic 17.8%.

In the, the locality of Childers had a population of 1,682 people.

Heritage listings
Childers has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Bruce Highway: Childers Post Office
 * Churchill Street: Childers Court House
 * 45 Churchill Street: Isis District War Memorial and Shire Council Chambers
 * 50 Churchill Street: Queensland National Bank
 * 54–58 Churchill Street: Shops and Cafe
 * 55 Churchill Street: Childers RSL Club
 * 59 Churchill Street: Hotel Childers
 * 60 Churchill Street: Chemist
 * 61 Churchill Street: National Australia Bank
 * 62 Churchill Street: Ellwood & Co Drapery
 * 63 Churchill Street: Pizzey Memorial Clock
 * 66–70 Churchill Street: Jeffery's Building
 * 69 Churchill Street: Childers Ambulance Station
 * 71 Churchill Street: Federal Hotel
 * 72 Churchill Street: Palace Hotel
 * 74–78 Churchill Street: Hardware Store
 * 75 Churchill Street: Paragon Theatre
 * 80 Churchill Street: Lloyd's Barber Shop
 * 82 Churchill Street: Bakery
 * 84–86 Churchill Street: Kerr's Building
 * 88–90 Churchill Street: Childers Pharmaceutical Museum
 * 92–94 Churchill Street: Dittmer's Store
 * 102–108 Churchill Street: Coronation Building
 * 106–110 Churchill Street: Grand Hotel, Childers
 * Macrossan Street: Christ Church
 * 18 Macrossan Street: Isis Masonic Lodge
 * 6 North Street: Old Butcher's Shop

Economy
Childers is renowned for its heritage character and is classified a National Trust town. The historic colonial buildings of the main street (Bruce Highway) are set amongst large, shady leopard trees. The sugar cane industry features prominently in Childers and has sustained the town over the years. Fruit and vegetable cropping is common on the lands around town.

The local tourism organisation "Stay in Childers" is a not for profit incorporated association made up of local businesses.

Facilities
The Isis Town and Country is the town's local newspaper, available once a week on Thursday. Childers is also served by a monthly community newspaper, the Childers Chit Chat, and commercial FM radio stations Breeze 102.5 and Rebel 106.7.

In addition, the town services the surrounding areas with its small hospital. Childers has its own courthouse. The town has several emergency service faculties including a police station, ambulance station and fire station housing Fire and Rescue Queensland Staff and Queensland Rural Fire Service volunteers. It also hosts a branch of the State Emergency Service and PCYC Emergency Services Cadets program.

Education
Childers State School is a government primary (Early Childhood to Year 6) school for boys and girls at Mungomery Street (-25.2311°N, 152.2803°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 308 students with 24 teachers (22 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Isis District State High School is a government secondary (7–12) school for boys and girls at 3 Ridgway Street (-25.2331°N, 152.2739°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 504 students with 48 teachers (46 full-time equivalent) and 33 non-teaching staff (22 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Joseph's School is a Catholic primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 40 Churchill Street (-25.2359°N, 152.2811°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 75 students with 8 teachers (7 full-time equivalent) and 9 non-teaching staff (5 full-time equivalent).

Amenities
Childers has many general local services, an art gallery (Bundaberg Regional Art Gallery- BRAG) and Information Centre. Cultural entertainment facilitated through the Childers Cultural Centre- a town hall hired through the Bundaberg Regional Council.

Bundaberg Regional Libraries operate a public library at 49 Churchill Street.

The Childers branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 1 Crescent Street.

Christ Church Anglican Church is at 11 Mcilwraith Street. It is within the Anglican Archdiocese of Brisbane.

Sacred Heart Catholic Church is at 40 Churchill Street. It is within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane.

Childers Uniting Church is at 36 Macrossan Street (-25.2374°N, 152.2757°W). It is part of the Uniting Church in Australia.

Grace Lutheran Church is at 226 Churchill Street. It is part of the Lutheran Church of Australia.

The Childers Apostolic Church of Queensland is at 13 Nelson Street. It is part of the Apostolic Church of Queensland.

Childers Wesleyan Methodist Church is at 6 Broadhurst Street (-25.2362°N, 152.2743°W). It is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia.

Childers Gospel Chapel is at 34 Churchill Street. It is part of the Christian Community Churches of Australia.

Events
Childers holds a Multicultural Festival once a year on the final weekend in July. The town also hosts an agricultural show; which in the past was held in early August, but is now hosted in late May or early June.

Attractions
Noakes Lookout is off Rankin Road (-25.2211°N, 152.2845°W). At 128 m above sea level, it is one of the highest points in the area, providing 360 degree panoramic views. However, as at 2013, regrowth of bushland surrounding the lookout has obscured the views and, as the lookout is on private land, there is no guaranteed right of access to the public.

title: Childers, Queensland


text:
User:Tim Wilson

I'm the Director of Technology for the Buffalo-Hanover-Montrose School District in Buffalo, Minnesota, USA. I'm interested in how wikis can be used with our students.

title: User:Tim Wilson


text: User talk:4.60.113.11

title: User talk:4.60.113.11


text:
Gruppenführer

Gruppenführer (, lit. 'Group leader') was an early paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), first created in 1925 as a senior rank of the SA. Since then, the term Gruppenführer is also used for leaders of groups/teams of the police, fire departments, military and several other organizations.

History
In 1930, Gruppenführer became an SS rank and was originally bestowed upon those officers who commanded SS-Gruppen and also upon senior officers of the SS command staff. In 1932, the SS was reorganized and the SS-Gruppen were reformed into SS-Abschnitte. A Gruppenführer commanded an SS-Abschnitt while a new rank, that of Obergruppenführer, oversaw the SS-Oberabschnitte which were the largest SS units in Germany.

Initially in the SA, NSKK, and SS, the rank of Gruppenführer was considered equivalent to a full general, but became regarded as equivalent to Generalleutnant after 1934. During the Second World War, when the Waffen-SS began using the rank, an SS-Gruppenführer was considered equal to a Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht and was referred to as SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS. Waffen-SS Gruppenführer also displayed the shoulder boards of a Wehrmacht Generalleutnant.

The insignia for SS-Gruppenführer consisted of three oak leaves centred on both collars of an SS uniform. From 1930 to 1942, the SS insignia was the same as the SA badge of rank; however the SS modified the Gruppenführer insignia slightly to include a collar pip (stern, a star), upon the creation of the rank SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer in April 1942.

In the SA, a Gruppenführer was typically in charge of a number of regiments (known as Standarten) which were formed into SA-Gruppen. The rank of Gruppenführer was also used in several other Nazi paramilitary groups, among them the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) and the National Socialist Flyers Corps (NSFK). In October 1944, the rank of Gruppenführer was adopted by the Volkssturm as a low level non-commissioned officer position in charge of squad sized formations (Gruppe) of Volkssturm soldiers. The term is also a generic term for the function of a leader of a squad of infantry (9 or 10 men – Gruppe) in the German Army (Heer), Waffen-SS, or Luftwaffe ground troops.

title: Gruppenführer


text:
Talk:Municipalities of Sonora

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see /Delete.''

Should not be deleted. We know exactly what it is now. Danny 01:05, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've removed the SpeedyDelete msg (I am allowed to do that, aren't I?).
 * Also, from the edit history, "Delete. No French, please" and "obviously nonsense", both within 3 mins of the anon posting the article -- wow, guys! Banging "Aconchi Agua-Prieta Álamos" into Google would have resolved the mystery in approx. another minute. Whatever happened to Don't bite the newcomers and Assume good faith? –Hajor 01:24, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations
Wow -- articles for all 72 munis now! That's impresssive. Good work, guys! Cheers, Pete Tillman (talk) 22:24, 18 August 2008 (UTC), who'll have to go through the list some dull day to see how many he's been to...

Gabriela Gonzalez Guerrero Was One A Head Leader In The Game Of Life In Sonora° She Was Known To Be A Wolf In Action — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.127.133.50 (talk) 08:35, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

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Orphaned references in Municipalities of Sonora
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Municipalities of Sonora's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "census2015": From Municipalities of Colima:  From Municipalities of Coahuila:  From Municipalities of Guerrero:  From Municipalities of Guanajuato:  From Municipalities of Baja California Sur:  From Municipalities of Zacatecas:

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title: Talk:Municipalities of Sonora


text:
Obergruppenführer

Obergruppenführer (, lit. 'senior group leader') was a paramilitary rank in Nazi Germany that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the Sturmabteilung (SA) and adopted by the Schutzstaffel (SS) one year later. Until April 1942, it was the highest commissioned SS rank after only Reichsführer-SS. Translated as "senior group leader", the rank of Obergruppenführer was senior to Gruppenführer. A similarly named rank of Untergruppenführer existed in the SA from 1929 to 1930 and as a title until 1933. In April 1942, the new rank of SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer was created which was above Obergruppenführer and below Reichsführer-SS.

Creation and history
The rank of Obergruppenführer was created in 1932 by Ernst Röhm and was intended as a seniormost rank of the Nazi stormtroopers for use by Röhm and his top SA generals. In its initial concept, the rank was intended to be held by members of the Oberste SA-Führung (Supreme SA Command) and also by veteran commanders of certain SA-Gruppen (SA groups). Some of the early promotions to the rank included Ernst Röhm, Viktor Lutze, Edmund Heines, August Schneidhuber, and Fritz Ritter von Kraußer.

The rank of SA-Obergruppenführer was the most senior rank of the Sturmabteilung until the spring of 1933, when Röhm made the title position of Stabschef (SA Chief of Staff) into a rank and promoted himself accordingly.

Also in the summer of 1933, Heinrich Himmler was promoted by Adolf Hitler to the newly created rank of SS-Obergruppenführer with the intent being to make Himmler the equivalent of the senior commanders of the SA, to which the SS was still subordinated. Although Himmler usually referred to himself as Reichsführer-SS, before the summer of 1934, this was simply a title for the SS commander, and not yet an actual rank. Shortly after Himmler's promotion, Hitler further promoted Franz Xaver Schwarz, with Himmler's date of rank backdated to 1 January 1933 in order to confirm his seniority as the top officer within the SS. Shortly after Rudolf Hess was appointed as his deputy in April 1933, Hitler promoted him to SS-Obergruppenführer. However, in September, Hitler decreed that Hess should no longer use the title of Obergruppenführer but only use the title of Deputy Führer.

A number of men were promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer in 1934, these being Fritz Weitzel, Richard Walther Darré and Walter Buch. After the Night of the Long Knives in July 1934, Sepp Dietrich was promoted to the rank. On 9 September 1934, so as to prevent a power struggle within the SS, Hitler further promoted Kurt Daluege who commanded most of the SS in the Berlin region. Daluege's promotion was to avoid the SS splitting into two separate entities, one based in Northern Germany under Daluege and the other in Bavaria under Himmler. This early SS disunity became a non-issue after a common ground was found amongst SS leaders in their general hatred of the SA.

Udo von Woyrsch and Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger were promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer in 1935 while Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, and Max Amann received the rank a year later along with Karl von Eberstein and Philipp Bouhler. The year 1936 saw several promotions to the rank, including Friedrich Jeckeln who would become one of the most infamous SS and police leaders on the Eastern Front during World War II. The last pre-war promotion to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer was in 1937 for Ernst-Heinrich Schmauser. Upon the outbreak of World War II, there were seventeen men who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer.

Promotion history
During the Second World War, there were 88 promotions to the rank, of which 22 were considered regular officers of the Waffen-SS and the rest members of the Allgemeine SS. The first wartime promotions to SS-Obergruppenführer occurred in April 1940 when the rank was granted to Joachim von Ribbentrop, Martin Bormann and Hans Lammers; Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Otto Dietrich were promoted a year later. All five promotions were honorary SS ranks with the first promotion of an active SS officer occurring in September 1941 when the rank was granted to Reinhard Heydrich. The Waffen-SS commander, Paul Hausser was promoted to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer on 1 October 1941. Waffen-SS commander Theodor Eicke was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS on 20 April 1942. Sepp Dietrich remained senior, having served as General der SS-VT (SS-Verfügungstruppe) upon the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Two SS officers would be demoted from the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer: Rudolf Hess and Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff. Hess was stripped of his rank and expelled from both the SS and Nazi Party after his abortive flight to Scotland in 1941. Helldorff was stricken from the SS rolls in 1944 after the 20 July plot against Hitler. Helldorff was a unique case, in that his SS rank had been bestowed for technical reasons in order to command the Berlin Police. While holding SA membership, Helldorff was never actually an SS member although for administrative purposes he held SS rank and was ranked as the 15th most senior SS officer.

A total of 106 men would eventually hold the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer with 97 such officers listed on the SS seniority list in 1944. Several men with the rank would die during World War II; some of the more notable being Heydrich, Eicke, and Artur Phleps. The last promotion was made in March 1945 to Hans Kammler.

Rank usage
The rank of Obergruppenführer was used by four major paramilitary groups of the Nazi Party, these being the SA, SS, National Socialist Motor Corps, and National Socialist Flyers Corps. The rank would remain the highest SS general officer rank until April 1942, when the rank of SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer was created.

Standard practice for SS generals serving as an SS and police leader, as well as those senior SS personnel of the RSHA, was to hold dual police rank as SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei. SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS was the equivalent in the armed SS; in 1944, most active SS generals received this designation in order to command military troops during the last days of the war. Approximately fifteen SS generals were ranked as SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei und Waffen-SS.

SS-Obergruppenführer was considered the highest rank of the Allgemeine SS until April 1942; equivalent to a lieutenant general (three-star general) in the American and British armies. It was only outranked by Himmler's special rank of Reichsführer-SS. However, within the Waffen-SS, the rank of SS-Gruppenführer was equivalent to a Generalleutnant, and an SS-Obergruppenführer came to be considered the equivalent of a General; holders were titled in full SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS.

title: Obergruppenführer


text:
Jorge Costa

Jorge Paulo Costa Almeida (born 14 October 1971) is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a central defender, currently a manager.

Nicknamed Bicho (animal) and Tanque (tank) by his colleagues and fans for his aggressive and physical playing style, he spent most of his professional career with Porto, being team captain for several seasons and winning a total of 24 major titles, notably eight Primeira Liga championships and the 2004 Champions League.

Having earned 50 caps for Portugal, Costa represented the nation at one World Cup and one European Championship. After retiring, he worked as a manager for several clubs as well as the Gabon national team.

Club
Born in Porto, Costa made his professional debut with Penafiel on loan from hometown club Porto. The following season he was also loaned, to fellow Primeira Liga side Marítimo, appearing in 31 games including a controversial one in the Estádio das Antas where he scored an own goal; despite it being clearly unintentional the accusations of scoring for his team continued, forcing Porto's president Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa to forbid further loaned players to play against them, a decision that stood for several decades.

Costa finally joined Porto in the 1992–93 campaign, eventually becoming a starter. Five seasons later he switched to jersey No. 2, previously worn by João Pinto, also being named team captain as the veteran retired. His career three only met four black spots: two serious knee injuries (during 1995–96, which ruled him out of UEFA Euro 1996 and during 1997's pre-season in Sweden) and a feud with coach Octávio Machado early in 2001–02, which forced him into "exile" at Charlton Athletic. However, the image of Costa as the captain went untouched, and Porto fans turned against Machado with massive criticism of his team management and coaching, eventually forcing him outside the club; during his time in South London, he played in defence alongside Luke Young, Mark Fish and Jonathan Fortune, in a back-line remembered for its pun name of "Young Fish Costa Fortune".

Additionally, in 1996–97's UEFA Champions League, Costa was involved in an incident with A.C. Milan's George Weah on 20 November 1996, with the Liberian breaking his nose, alleging that he had been racially abused. Costa strenuously denied the accusations of racism and was not charged by UEFA as no witnesses could verify Weah's allegations, not even his Milan teammates. Weah, on the other hand, was suspended for six matches, and later attempted to apologise to Costa but this was rebuffed by the Portuguese, who considered the charges of racist insults levelled against him to be defamatory and took the Liberian to court; the incident resulted in the latter being sidelined for three weeks, also having to undergo facial surgery.

Costa returned to Porto in the summer of 2002 as José Mourinho was now in charge, and was unanimously chosen as captain of a side that went on to win a championship-cup–UEFA Cup treble, making him the third Porto skipper in a row to lift cups at international level (following Pinto and Fernando Gomes). The player's winning streak continued as the next season he lifted the Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup.

In January 2006, after having been deemed surplus to requirements by new coach Co Adriaanse, Costa signed for Standard Liège from Belgium, reuniting with former Porto teammate Sérgio Conceição and helping his new team to a runner-up finish in the league. He decided to retire in June for personal reasons, despite having a contract running until 2007.

International
Costa made his full international debut for Carlos Queiroz' Portugal on 11 November 1992 in a 2–1 friendly win over Bulgaria in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France. He played alongside Fernando Couto as the team reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands.

Costa scored the first of two goals on 15 November 2000, in a 2–1 exhibition defeat of Israel at the Estádio 1º de Maio in Braga. He retired from international football following group-stage elimination at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan, having played 50 games; in that competition, he scored an own goal in the 3–2 loss to the United States.

Previously, in 1991, Costa was first-choice as the Portugal team won the FIFA U-20 World Cup.

2000s
In the 2006–07 season, Costa began his coaching career with Braga, first as assistant to Rogério Gonçalves, whom he replaced in February 2007. In his first season he led the Minho side to the fourth place and the semi-finals of the domestic cup, also reaching the round of 16 in the UEFA Cup, being ousted by Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 on aggregate.

After again guiding Braga to the UEFA Cup group stage, Costa was fired midway through his second year. He moved to Segunda Liga club Olhanense ahead of 2008–09, eventually finishing as champion and returning the Algarveans to the first division after 34 years. After helping them to 13th place the following campaign – thus safe from relegation – he left, joining fellow top-division Académica de Coimbra.

Costa announced his departure from Académica and his retirement from coaching on 21 December 2010, citing personal reasons. The team was placed ninth after the 14th round, eventually narrowly escaping relegation.

2010s
In May 2011, Costa reneged on his retirement and signed a contract with Romania's CFR Cluj. He was dismissed the following 8 April with the team five points clear in first place with nine games to go in Liga I, following a 5–0 home loss to nearest challengers Dinamo București.

On 24 October 2012, AEL Limassol appointed Costa as their new manager, on the eve of a Europa League group stage tie against Fenerbahçe. He stayed in Cyprus the following summer, agreeing to a 1+1 deal with Anorthosis.

Costa coached the Gabon national team from 2014 until November 2016, being ousted from the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations group stage after one win and two losses. He returned to club duties on 15 May 2017, being appointed at Sfaxien. He moved back to his homeland in the following off-season, signing at Segunda Liga side Arouca and leaving by mutual consent less than three months later due to a poor string of results.

On 22 November 2017, Costa was hired at Tours, last-placed in France's Ligue 2. At the end of the season, with the club relegated in the same position, he resigned with a year remaining on his contract.

In August 2018, Costa signed for Mumbai City for the upcoming campaign of the Indian Super League. After a third-place finish, the team lost 5–2 on aggregate to Goa in the play-off semi-finals, conceding all of those goals in the first leg at home. On 5 March 2020, after finishing one place off qualification for the post-season, he was allowed to leave.

2020s
On 23 September 2020, Gustavo Ndong Edu, president of the Equatoguinean Football Federation, announced that Costa would be the new coach of the national team. Six days later, however, he decided to join Romania's Gaz Metan Mediaș instead.

Costa returned to the Portuguese top tier on 4 February 2021, replacing the dismissed Sérgio Vieira at Farense on a four-month contract. In spite of relegation to the second division, he signed a new deal; on 30 August, however, he left by mutual consent after only one point in four matches to start the new campaign.

On 3 February 2022, Costa returned to Sfaxien for the remainder of the season. He was dismissed on 7 April after a six-game winless run, concluding with a 1–1 draw at home to Hammam-Sousse.

Costa went back to his country's second tier on 7 September 2022, being hired by Académico de Viseu in place of Pedro Ribeiro. On 20 December, he led the team to a 2–1 home win over top-flight club Boavista to make the semi-finals of the Taça da Liga for the first time; they were eliminated there by Porto, as in the quarter-finals of the national cup. In spite of collecting 20 victories in 34 matches, and with his side placed fourth (17th at the time of his arrival), he left by mutual consent on 20 April 2023.

On 10 June 2023, Costa was confirmed as the manager of AVS of the same league; he was the first manager of the club after Vilafranquense relocated to Vila das Aves due to poor infrastructure. On 7 December, he received a 17-day suspension and a fine for, five days prior, having insulted and threatened the referee in a match against Benfica B. He eventually achieved top-division promotion in the play-offs, beating Portimonense 4–2 on aggregate.

Costa returned to Porto in June 2024, as director of football.

International

 * }

Player
Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2003–04
 * Taça de Portugal: 1993–94, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004
 * UEFA Champions League: 2003–04
 * UEFA Cup: 2002–03
 * Intercontinental Cup: 2004

Portugal
 * FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1991

Individual
 * Portuguese Golden Ball: 2000

Manager
Olhanense
 * Segunda Liga: 2008–09

Cluj
 * Liga I: 2011–12

Individual
 * CNID Breakthrough Coach: 2008–09
 * Liga Portugal 2 Manager of the Month: October/November 2022, September 2023, December 2023

title: Jorge Costa


text:
Happy Felsch

Oscar Emil "Happy" Felsch (August 22, 1891 – August 17, 1964) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago White Sox from 1915 to 1920. He is best known for his involvement in the 1919 Black Sox scandal.

Early life
Felsch was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to German immigrant parents. He dropped out of school in the sixth grade and played baseball on Milwaukee sandlots. He began his professional baseball career in the Wisconsin-Illinois League in 1913. The next season, he batted .304 and slugged .512 for the American Association's Milwaukee Brewers, and was purchased by the White Sox.

Major league career
From 1916 to 1920, Felsch was one of the best hitters in the American League, finishing in the top 10 in more than a few major batting categories. His 102 runs batted in was good enough for second place in 1917, as the White Sox won the World Series. He missed most of the 1918 season due to military service.

Felsch continued his good hitting and fielding in 1919. He had a strong throwing arm and was highly regarded as a center fielder; He led the AL in outfield putouts and assists in 1919. The White Sox won the pennant going away.

That fall, Felsch agreed to join a group of White Sox players that planned to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series in exchange for monetary payments from a network of gamblers. He was reluctant to go along with the plan at first but then eventually did because of the money. There was little doubt of Felsch's guilt on the field, as he not only hit poorly, but also misplayed flyballs in key situations. Chicago lost the series, five games to three.

For his part in the fix, Felsch received $5,000, which was more than his entire regular season salary of $2,750. However, after the scandal broke in late 1920, Felsch, along with seven other players, was made permanently ineligible for organized baseball by Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis. 1920, his last season in the majors, was his best. He hit .338 with 14 home runs and 115 runs batted in and it is possible that he would have put up more big numbers in the live-ball era.

Felsch later said, as quoted by the Chicago American: "Well, the beans are spilled and I think I'm through with baseball. I got $5,000. I could have got just about that much by being on the level if the Sox had won the Series. And now I'm out of baseball—the only profession I know anything about, and a lot of gamblers have gotten rich. The joke seems to be on us."

Career statistics
In 749 games over 6 seasons, Felsch posted a .293 batting average (825-for-2812) with 385 runs, 135 doubles, 64 triples, 38 home runs, 443 RBI, 88 stolen bases, 207 bases on balls, .347 on-base percentage and .427 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .975 fielding percentage playing primarily at center field. In the 1917 and 1919 World Series, he hit .229 (11-for-48) with 6 runs, 1 home run and 6 RBI.

Later life
Felsch spent the next 15 years touring the country with various amateur and semi-pro teams, including Scobey, Montana Outlaws in 1925 and 1926; Regina, Saskatchewan in 1927 (Regina Balmorals of the Southern Saskatchewan Baseball League), in Virden, Manitoba of the Winnipeg Senior League; and finally in Plentywood, Montana in 1928.

After his playing days ended, he opened up a grocery store as well as a number of drinking establishments.

Felsch died of a liver ailment in Milwaukee in 1964, just five days before his 73rd birthday. He was survived by his wife Marie and three children. He is buried at Wisconsin Memorial Park in Brookfield, Wisconsin.

In the 1988 film Eight Men Out, Felsch was portrayed by Charlie Sheen.

title: Happy Felsch


text:
User talk:Brolap

 Greetings

Brolap,

Welcome to being a registered editor at Wikipedia. I hope your liking the place continues! Consider assigning the edits you did before you got an account to your username. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at The Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help and FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk. Utilities is also very useful.

P.S.  One little tip: You know how to use the ~ (tilde) feature to sign your name to talk pages with a timestamp; if you type only (three tildes), it will translate to just  nickname  when you save the page; occasionally that is useful. Also, Don't forget to edit your User Preferences to enhance your experience. In particular, there's a discussion right now at Village pump about the trick i use for including a link to my talk page in my sig, in case you like that idea.

Enjoy, Jerzy(t) 01:08, 2004 May 22 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brolap


text:
Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut is the legislative assembly for the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The seat of the Assembly is the Legislative Building of Nunavut in Iqaluit.

Prior to the creation of Nunavut as a Canadian territory on 1 April 1999, the 1999 Nunavut general election was held on 15 February to determine the 1st Nunavut Legislature. The Legislative Assembly was opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, on 7 October 2002, during her Golden Jubilee tour of Canada. In her speech the Queen stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory."

Prior to the opening of the Legislative Building in October 1999 the members met in the gymnasium of the Inuksuk High School.

The Hansard of the assembly is published in Inuktitut (syllabics) and English, making the territory one of three Canadian jurisdictions to produce a bilingual Hansard, along with the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick and both houses of the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.

The territory operates by consensus government; there are no political parties. Approximately two weeks after an election, the newly elected legislature meets in a special session called the Nunavut Leadership Forum to select the Executive Council, or cabinet.

Members of the Legislative Assembly are sworn in by the commissioner of Nunavut.

Current members

There are currently 22 seats in the legislature. The current assembly is the sixth in the territory's history, and had its membership selected in the 2021 election. Two electoral districts did not have their results finalized on election night, due to margin of less than two percent between two candidates, necessitating a judicial recount. The results of the recount were confirmed by 2 November.

G7 Summit 2010
G7 finance ministers met at the Legislative Building in February 2010 for a two-day meeting. Security at the summit was provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

title: Legislative Assembly of Nunavut


text:
Johann Georg Hiedler

Johann Georg Hiedler (baptised 28 February 1792 – 9 February 1857) was a journeyman miller who was officially considered to be the paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler by Nazi Germany. However, whether Hiedler was in fact Hitler's biological paternal grandfather remains disputed by modern historians.

Life
Johann Georg Hiedler was born to Martin Hiedler (11 November 1762 – 10 January 1829) and his wife Anna Maria Göschl (23 August 1760 – 7 December 1854) in Spital – a part of Weitra, Austria. He was baptized as a Roman Catholic. Hiedler left his family farm and applied for an apprenticeship in milling, and he ended up successfully completing the required qualifications of the apprenticeship, becoming a journeyman miller and lived a nomadic lifestyle. He married a peasant girl in Hoheneich in late 1823, but she died five months later in 1824.

On 10 May 1842, Hiedler married Maria Schicklgruber and became the legal stepfather to her illegitimate five-year-old son, Alois. It was claimed later that Johann Georg had fathered Alois prior to his marriage to Maria, although Alois had been declared illegitimate on his birth certificate and baptism papers; the claim that Johann Georg was the true father of Alois was not made after the marriage of Maria and Johann Georg or during their lifetime. In June 1876, Johann's brother Johann Nepomuk Hiedler and Alois both returned to Weitra and Johann declared before a Catholic notary that Johann Georg was Alois' biological father, who had abandoned the child as he himself was living in extreme poverty and was unable to raise him, and had handed over his fatherhood responsibilities to Johann Nepomuk. With the help of three close relatives, Alois was legitimized, and officially changed his name on 6 January 1877, to Alois Hitler, and the parish priest in Döllersheim where the original birth certificate of Alois resided, then changed the details on the baptismal certificate from "Catholic, Male, Illegitimate" to "Johann Georg Hitler" under his father's name. He was 39 years old and was known well in the community as Alois Schicklgruber.

Johann Georg Hiedler is one of two people most cited by modern historians as having possibly been the actual paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler. The other one is Johann Nepomuk Hiedler himself, the younger brother of Johann Georg.

During the Nuremberg trials, a claim was made by Hans Frank that Hitler had commissioned him to investigate Hitler's family in 1930 after a "blackmail letter" had been received from Hitler's nephew, William Patrick Hitler, who allegedly threatened to reveal embarrassing facts about his uncle's ancestry. Frank said that the investigation uncovered evidence that Maria Schicklgruber, Hitler's paternal grandmother, had been working as a cook in the household of a Jewish man named Leopold Frankenberger before she gave birth to Hitler's father, Alois, out of wedlock. Frank claimed that he had obtained from a relative of Hitler's by marriage a collection of letters between Maria Schicklgruber and a member of the Frankenberger family that discussed a stipend for her after she left the family's employ. According to Frank, Hitler told him that the letters did not prove that the Frankenberger son was his grandfather but rather his grandmother had merely extorted money from Frankenberger by threatening to claim his paternity of her illegitimate child.

Frank accepted this explanation, but added that it was still just possible that Hitler had some Jewish ancestry. But he thought it unlikely because, "from his entire demeanor, the fact that Adolf Hitler had no Jewish blood coursing through his veins seems so clearly evident that nothing more need be said on this."

Given that all Jews had been expelled from the province of Styria (which includes Graz) in the 15th century and were not allowed to return until the 1860s, decades after Alois' birth, scholars such as Ian Kershaw and John Toland dismiss as baseless the Frankenberger hypothesis, which before had only Frank's speculation to support it. There is no evidence outside of Frank's statements for the existence of a "Leopold Frankenberger" living in Graz in the 1830s, and Frank's story is inaccurate on several points such as the claim that Maria Schicklgruber came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones near the village of Döllersheim.

title: Johann Georg Hiedler