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Petersfield

Petersfield is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 15 mi north of Portsmouth. The town has its own railway station on the Portsmouth Direct line, the mainline rail link connecting Portsmouth and London. Situated below the northern slopes of the South Downs, Petersfield lies wholly within the South Downs National Park.

The town is on the crossroads of well-used north–south (formerly the A3 road which now bypasses the town) and east–west routes (today the A272 road) and it grew as a coach stop on the Portsmouth to London route. Petersfield is twinned with Barentin in France, and Warendorf in Germany.

History
Petersfield Heath's burial mounds may be up to 4,000 years old; their distribution is mainly to the east and south east of the Heath. These are considered to be one of the more important lowland barrow groups in this country. The barrows indicate that the area of the Heath was occupied by people who may have come to regard this area as sacred to their religion. As yet no trace has been confirmed for the dwellings of these people as the structures would have been wooden but Petersfield Museum hosts a community project to throw more light on this period of history.

The town was founded during the 12th century by William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, later chartered by his widow, Hawise de Beaumont, and confirmed by charter in 1198 from "John, Count of Mortain" (later to be King John). In 1415 King Henry V granted the burgesses of Petersfield freedom from toll, stallage, picage, pannage, murage, and pontage throughout the realm of England. All charters are preserved in the archive files at Petersfield Town Council.

The town grew in prosperity due to its position on frequently travelled routes, local sheep farming, and cottage industries including leather and cloth. There were weekly markets in the town square for sheep, horse and cattle trading, and two annual fairs, in June (on the feast of St Peter and St Paul) and November (on the feast of St Andrew). An autumn fair which began in the early 19th century was held in October on The Heath, called "The Taro Fair".

The town's market square has an 18th-century statue of King William III by Henry Cheere. The king is mounted and the statue is on an engraved plinth. It is one of only five statues of William in the United Kingdom outside Northern Ireland (the others being in Glasgow, Brixham, Hull and Bristol) and, as such, attracts bands of marching Orangemen in mid-July to commemorate William's victory at the Battle of the Boyne.

Geography
Petersfield is situated in the valley of the Western Rother, on the Lower Greensand at the northern edge of the South Downs. The town lies at the western end of the Greensand Ridge, a sandstone ridge running through Hampshire, Surrey and Kent.

The town is surrounded on all sides by farmed countryside, with the South Downs south of the town, the Hampshire Downs to the west, and forested hills (Durford Wood) to the north east.

The town is a centre for exploring the South Downs National Park.

Close to the town and situated on the South Downs is Queen Elizabeth Country Park, which incorporates Butser Hill (270 metres), and has a variety of scenery including chalk hills, beech woodland and pine forest. The Hangers Way footpath starts from the country park, goes to Buriton, through Petersfield and in to Alton.

On the south east side of the town is Petersfield Heath, 95 acre of heathland including woodland, grassland, a pond, and a picnic and recreation area. Petersfield Heath is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI). It also contains 21 Bronze Age barrows which have resulted in the site being given Scheduled Ancient Monument status.

Heathland is very rare throughout Europe and Petersfield Heath is a typical heathland mosaic of micro habitats. Across the site are sandy heath and acid heath areas, grassland and scrub which gives the area diverse zones for insects, reptiles, birds and small mammals.

Petersfield Heath is at one end of "The Serpent Trail", a 65 mi walk through heath and downland of Hampshire and West Sussex to Haslemere.

Petersfield Cemetery, situated in Ramshill, was opened in 1857.

Fairs and festivals
On the nearest week-end to 6 October every year the Taro Fair is held on Petersfield Heath, a reminder of cattle fairs that were held annually until the 1950s. It is now a fun fair. ("Tarw" is the Welsh shout by the herders for "Bull"; pronounced "Taro" in English).

Free festivals are held throughout the year. The Petersfield Spring Festival over the May Bank Holiday weekend, the Petersfield Summer Festival over the August Bank Holiday weekend and the Petersfield Christmas Festival Market on the first Sunday in December. These are organised by a Community Interest Company called "Petersfield Community Events, based in the town.

The town also plays host to an annual "Scooter Sunday" festival, a mod-themed event which sees several hundred scooter riders gather in the square and live music. The event is organised by The Five Fifteen, a local menswear retailer.

Markets
Petersfield's market square holds markets every Wednesday and Saturday, there are also monthly Farmers' markets. Stallholders and farmers from Petersfield's French twin town Barentin visit Petersfield and hold a French market.

Gardens
In the High Street is the physic garden, which is a recreation of a 17th-century herb garden. It is open to the public nearly every day of the year. Next to the Red Lion public house is the small Charles Dickens garden.

Petersfield has a small volunteer-run community garden, 'The Good Life (Petersfield) Community Garden', situated on the edge of the town next to Sheet railway crossing; the garden is open to members (membership is free).

Arts and institutions
Petersfield has an Arts and Crafts Society which was formed in 1934. One of the founder members was the artist Flora Twort. PACS holds regular demonstrations and workshops and also holds a yearly exhibition in the Petersfield Festival Hall.

Theatre
Petersfield Festival Hall shows plays and concerts during the year.

Petersfield Youth Theatre was formed in 1990 and performs annually at the Festival Hall, as well as delivering projects throughout the year. The artistic director is Nik Ashton, the associate director of Matilda the Musical.

Winton Players was formed in 1947 and is one of the longest running Amateur Dramatics Societies in Petersfield. They are perhaps best known for their yearly pantomime which takes places at the Festival Hall.

The Petersfield Shakespeare Festival takes place every July in the grounds of Bedales School in Steep. Its productions are professionally staged and are augmented with performers from the local community. The artistic director is theatre director Jake Smith.

Music
The Petersfield Musical Festival began in 1901, founded by two sisters, Edith and Rosalind Craig Sellar. It is still held annually in the town's Festival Hall. Musicians associated with it over the years have included Kathleen Merritt (conductor of the Petersfield Orchestra from the 1920s to the 1970s), Dr Hugh Allen, Maurice Blower, Adrian Boult, Wilfred Brown, George Dyson, Sydney Watson, Steuart Wilson and (more recently) Mark Deller and Paul Spicer. Several pubs in the town host live music, open mic nights, and Battle of the Bands competitions. The Studio at The Petersfield School also hosts various live performances.

Museums
Petersfield has one museum, run by the Petersfield Museum Trust. It is situated in the town's old courthouse and police station. Within it are the Flora Twort Gallery, the Bedales Historic costume collection, which consists of over 1,000 pieces dating from 1720, and the Edward Thomas collection. The museum also exhibits social-history collections made up from maps, photographs, archives, oral history and artefacts related to the history of the town. Exhibitions are sometimes also held at the Festival Hall, St Peter's Church, and the Physic Garden.

Petersfield was once home to the world's first Teddy Bear Museum, which opened in 1984. It closed at the end of 2006, and is now a private house.

Youth club
The King's Arms is a youth club situated near the town centre, started by Petersfield Area Churches Together (PACT), a charitable Christian organisation. The Kings Arms now runs independently.

Cinema
Petersfield had a 700-seat cinema, the Savoy, that opened in the late 1930s. It was built on the site of the Petersfield Electric Theatre, which had been built in 1910. During the 1970s its use converted to a Bingo Hall before closure in January 1985. After six years of closure, the building saw use as a nightclub from 1993 for some years, first under the name "Oscars", then from 1999 as "Vertigo". It closed in May 2007 and was demolished in May 2008. The site is now occupied by residential flats and a retail store.

Religion
The parish church of St Peter, after which the town is named, is the Anglican church of Norman origins in the town centre, The Square. Other churches include Methodist (Station Road), Catholic (St Laurence's, Station Road) and United Reformed Church (College Street).

The Evangelical fellowship meets at the Herne Farm Leisure Centre on the eponymous estate, the Religious Society of Friends in the Voluntary Centre, High Street, The Salvation Army in Swan Street and Life Church Petersfield, formerly Petersfield Christian Fellowship, is in Chapel Street.

Sport
Sports venues include the Taro Centre, a leisure centre containing 3 swimming pools, squash courts, gymnasium, a sauna, steam room and other facilities. The town has tennis courts (both public and members only), an open-air pool, a number of playing fields and a golf club. Petersfield has clubs and teams for sports. Petersfield Town F.C. plays in the Wessex League. Several players have gone on to professional sporting careers, such as footballer Maik Taylor, rugby player Tim Rodber and more recently Calum Chambers who plays for Aston Villa and has been called up for England as well. The town has a Triathlon Club.

Petersfield has cycling groups including a local CTC group and The Petersfield Mountain Bikers.

Government
At a national level, Petersfield is part of the Westminster parliamentary constituency of East Hampshire.

At a county level, Petersfield is part of Hampshire County Council.

At a district level, Petersfield is part of East Hampshire District Council (EHDC). Before the creation of the EHDC in 1983, the town had been represented through the Petersfield constituency.

At a town level, Petersfield is represented through the Petersfield Town Council.

The Town Mayor of Petersfield currently exists as a ceremonial role and the mayoral term length is currently one year.

Transport
Petersfield railway station is on the Portsmouth Direct line between London and Portsmouth. A branch line to Midhurst closed in 1955. The main station buildings date from the opening of the line in 1859 and are of a "town" type.

Petersfield stood at a major crossroads until the A3 London to Portsmouth road was bypassed to the west of the town. The A272 bypasses the town via the A3 and a link road to Sheet on its route between Winchester, Hampshire's county town, and Heathfield, East Sussex.

State schools
The local state secondary school is The Petersfield School, usually referred to as 'TPS'. Primary schools are Petersfield Infant School, Sheet Primary School and Herne Junior School. A number of other local primary schools (Langrish, East Meon, West Meon, Steep and Buriton) feed into the Petersfield secondary schools.

Petersfield lacks a state-sector sixth-form. Pupils normally continue their education at Havant and South Downs College, Bohunt Sixth Form or Alton College.

Independent schools
The town and the surrounding villages are home to several independent schools. Churcher's College is in Petersfield, and counts Tim Rodber and Tiny Rowland amongst its former pupils. Ditcham Park School is just outside the town, and Bedales School is in the neighbouring village of Steep.

The former Moreton House School in the town centre was bought by Churcher's College in 1993 to become Churcher's College Junior School, but it soon outgrew these premises and subsequently relocated to Liphook. The old Moreton House school site was converted to housing.

Local media
Regional local news and television programmes are BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Midhurst TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Solent, Heart South and Delta Radio was the local radio station for the area until 2010 when it merged with Kestrel FM from Basingstoke. It became The Breeze in December 2012. That station was closed in September 2020 and replaced by a national service, Greatest Hits Radio. A local volunteer group tested the potential for a non-profit community radio service in January 2019 and began making local speech podcasts that year. In August 2020 it started a 24-hour local radio service for Petersfield called Petersfield's Shine Radio. The service broadcasts online. ITV News Chief Correspondent Richard Gaisford is among the project's supporters.

Petersfield has three weekly newspapers, The Petersfield Messenger, Petersfield Post and Petersfield Herald. There is a monthly community magazine, Life in Petersfield.

Commerce, business, industry
There is employment in shops and offices in the town centre, and farms in nearby villages, while other people commute to London and Portsmouth. Light industry tends to be concentrated on the Bedford Road estate on the west side of Petersfield, including Whitman Laboratories (part of Estée Lauder). In 2007 the Norwegian-owned oil-supply giant Aibel Ltd added an engineering office in addition to their UK head office in Petersfield.

Rubber products were manufactured in the town from 1919 to the 1980s, making parts for footwear, and in the 1930s sets of interlocking bricks as construction toys, marketed as Minibrix, pre-dating the plastic versions created by Lego.

Notable people
Anatomist and surgeon William Cowper (c. 1666 – 1709), who gave his name to Cowper's gland, was born in Petersfield. John Goodyer (botanist), Thomas Horder, 1st Baron Horder (Royal physician), Stuart Piggott (archaeologist), Professor David Wands (cosmologist) and John Worlidge (agriculturalist) have links to the town.

Jamie Campbell Bower, Arthur Brough, Tamsin Egerton, Alex Lawther and Miranda Hart were all born or live in Petersfield, as are the BBC Radio 4's soap opera The Archers actors Charles Collingwood (Brian Aldridge) and Edward Kelsey (Joe Grundy). Sir Alec Guinness and his wife are buried at St Peter's Church in Petersfield and lived in Kettlebrook Cottage in Steep a village next to Petersfield.

In the music world, conductor Kathleen Merritt (who lived at Bridge House in the centre of town), opera director Ella Marchment, tenor Wilfred Brown, Sir William Henry Harris and composer Michael Hurd have connections to the town. Mark Owen of Take That lives in Petersfield.

Children's author Michelle Magorian lives in Petersfield. Author Ursula Moray Williams (1911–2006) was born there and John Wyndham (1903–1969), who wrote Day of the Triffids, lived in the town. H. G. Wells also had links to the town, and The Old Drum public house bears a blue plaque commemorating his regular dining and writing at the site.

Vice Admiral Sir Stuart Bonham Carter (1972) and Sir Percy Wyn-Harris, mountaineer and Governor of The Gambia (1979) died in Petersfield. Victoria Cross holder Commander Loftus William Jones, killed at the Battle of Jutland, was born in Petersfield. From the citation:"Commander Jones was hit by a shell, which took off his leg above the knee, but he continued to give orders to his gun's crew, while a Chief Stoker improvised a tourniquet round his thigh. Noticing that the Ensign was not properly hoisted, he gave orders for another to be hoisted."

The Right Reverend Arthur Chandler, Bishop of Bloemfontein, retired to Petersfield where he died in 1939. The Right Reverend Christopher Lowson, Bishop of Lincoln, was vicar of Petersfield from 1991 to 1999.

In the sporting world, John Small, shopkeeper, cobbler, and Hambledon cricketer is buried in the churchyard of St Peter's. Footballer Calum Chambers was born in Petersfield in 1995. John Westwood, a notable football fan, lives in the town and is a partner in Petersfield Bookshop, which has two Royal Warrants and celebrated its centenary in 2018. Erika Roe, known for streaking at Twickenham in 1982, was working at the bookshop at the time.

Twin towns
Petersfield is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Barentin, France (since 1992).
 * 🇩🇪 Warendorf, Germany (since 2006).

title: Petersfield


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Talk:START II

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Removed from article:
 * The START II Treaty was never ratified by the USA, and Russia withdrawed from it on on June 13, 2002, as the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty.

Wrong. See http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/start2/ --mav 06:47, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Above "wrong" statement could be misleading, in that most people interpret "ratification" as entry into force, or activation. There's a difference. While ratified, the START II treaty was never entered into force. Later, one day after the U.S. withdrew from the ABM treaty, Russia withdrew from the START II treaty on June 14, 2002:

 * "The START II Treaty did not enter into force because the Russian ratification act made entry into force conditional on U.S. Senate consent to ratification of the September 1997 protocol and approval of the Agreed Statements on ABM-TMD Demarcation. Neither of these occurred because of opposition to the latter in the U.S. Senate, where a strong faction objected to any action that might be seen as supporting the ABM Treaty.  On June 14, 2002, one day after the U.S. withdrew from the ABM Treaty, Russia announced that it would no longer consider itself to be bound by START II provisions."

 * Based on the above I'm restoring a modified version of the removed statement which clarifies the START II treaty was never in force. I'm sure that was the intent of the original statement, although technically the treaty was ratified. Joema 15:04, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Why does "the same argument applies to new American SLBMs"? If you can't destroy an opponent's missiles with your own (because they're in submarines) then what advantage does anyone get by launching first? Ojw (talk) 20:24, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've removed it, as you're quite right, and in any case it seemed a bit off topic for the article. 152.91.9.219 (talk) 02:56, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:START II


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Culture of Honduras

The wealth of cultural expression in Honduras owes its origins primarily to being a part of Latin America but also to the multi-ethnic nature of the country. The population comprises 90% Mestizo, 7% Amerindian, 2% Black, and 1% Caucasian. This influences all facets of the culture: customs, practices, ways of dressing, religion, rituals, codes of behavior and belief systems.

Popular culture
Popular culture in Honduras, as in most countries, is expressed not so much through sophisticated artistic creations, but rather by popular events that draw big crowds. In Honduras, such artistic and cultural events are held on specific days of the year and through special celebrations. Punta, a kind of dance and music the Hondurans proudly gather to do.

Hondurans celebrate national holidays and special events in the form of carnivals, fairs and parades throughout the year. For instance, in La Ceiba the annual carnival is a week-long celebration with music, exhibitions and special food, culminating in the most popular carnival in the country: "The Carnival of Friendship".

The Feria Juniana (June Fair) of San Pedro Sula includes musical concerts performed throughout the week, sporting events and exhibitions.

Puerto Cortés celebrates its fair in August with a "Venice" theme which includes parades of gondolas and other boats in the bay, and an evening fireworks display launched from boats.

Being a predominantly Catholic country, Honduras gives special attention to the celebrations of Holy Week. In some regions of the country, such as Comayagua, Choluteca, Copán and Intibucá, processions are held, especially during Thursday and Good Friday. Through these events, Hondurans commemorate the sacrifice Jesus Christ made for humanity by reenacting the events during the week between Palm Sunday and Jesus Christ crucifixion. Probably the most outstanding event is the creation of the sawdust carpets. People will decorate the trail where Jesus will walk through (to his crucifixion) to make the walk less painful for Christ. Some people - particularly the inhabitants of the North and South Coast - use this week as an opportunity to visit beaches, rivers and swimming pools, to escape the stifling heat.

Hondurans celebrate Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve on 24 and 31 December respectively. During these celebrations, the majority of Honduran homes cook special dishes to mark the occasion. Favorites include tamales wrapped with banana leaves, roast pigs' legs, and pastries. All of these celebrations are complemented at the end of the night with fireworks and firecrackers.

Other celebrations of special interest to Hondurans include Mothers' Day, Children's Day, Labor Day, Teachers' Day and Friendship Day.

Ethnic cultures
The predominant ethnic group in Honduras are the mestizo - people of mixed native and European (mostly Spanish) descent. Mestizos account for over 84% of the population of Honduras. There are several other minority ethnic groups. Amongst them are people who descend from native tribes that lived in the area before the Spanish arrived: Lencas, Chortís, Tolupanes, Pechs (also called Payas), Tawahkas, and Miskitos.

There is also a group called the Garífunas who descend from African slaves from the Caribbean islands.

According to the 2001 census the Amerindian population in Honduras included 381,495 people (6.3% of the total population). With the exception of the Lenca and the Ch'orti' they still keep their language.

Six different Amerindian groups were counted at the 2001 census:
 * the Lenca (279,507 in 2001;4.6% of the total population) living in the La Paz, Intibucá, and Lempira departments;
 * the Miskito (51,607 in 2001; 0.8%) living on the northeast coast along the border with Nicaragua.
 * the Ch'orti' (34,453 in 2001;0.6% of the total population), a Mayan group living in the northwest on the border with Guatemala;
 * the Tolupan (also called Jicaque, "Xicaque", or Tol; 9,617 in 2001; 0.2% of the total population), living in the department of Yoro and in the reserve of the Montaña de la Flor and parts of the department of Yoro;
 * the Pech or Paya Indians (3,848 in 2001; 0.1% of the total population) living in a small area in the Olancho department;
 * the Sumo or Tawahka (2,463 in 2001; <0.1%)

Lenca culture
The Lenca society forms the majority indigenous group, they gave resistance to the Spanish conquerors, who had to resort to various tactics and tricks to be able to subdue them. Chief Lempira, one of the Honduran heroes, was part of the Lencas tribe. His death at the hands of Rodrigo Ruiz, meant the final conquest of Honduran territory by the Spanish. In the cultural part, the Lencas have lost their language and most of their religious practices, although they still practice peace pacts among themselves, as well as offerings to their ancestral gods, and some of them still retain their original way of dressing. Its food base comes from the sowing of basic grains, especially corn; from where they contributed culturally to Honduras the ‘Chicha’. While in the artistic-economic plane the Lencas stand out for their pottery.

Garifuna culture
The Garífuna of Honduras come from the Lesser Antilles and more specifically from the island of San Vicente. From this place, the Garífunas were deported by the English in small boats, reaching the Bay Islands in 1797. This group of approximately 2000 Garífunas was later joined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. , another considerable number of Garifuna immigrants with the purpose of alleviating the labor shortage in Honduras. Throughout its history, the Garífuna have settled on the Atlantic coast of Honduras, being the departments of Islas de la Bahía, Cortés, Atlántida and Colón where the largest number of Honduran Garífunas are concentrated.

This territory has allowed this group to depend on the marine resources provided by the northern coast of Honduras. Seafood, grains, fruits, and coastal legumes are part of the nutritional base of this ethnic group, among which are: Fish, bananas and yucca. From the latter they take the famous ‘casabe’, which is served almost daily in Garífuna households.

The Atlantic coast of Honduras also allows the Garífunas to preserve their Afro-Caribbean customs, among which are: Their Garífuna language, their religious system known as ‘Dugú’. Although it is to be noted that today, the majority have come to accept the Catholic religion. The most important cultural contribution of the Honduran Garífuna in the world is the dance 'Punta' which reached high levels of popularity in the early 1900s after the musical success' Sopa de Caracol ', promoted by the group' Banda Blanca ' from Honduras. At the sporting level, the Garífuna have excelled greatly, particularly in soccer. Many have been the members of this ethnic group, who have been part of the Honduras soccer team.

As of 2019, the National Autonomous University of Honduras celebrates the Garífuna National Interuniversity Cultural, Artistic and Academic Encounter annually.

Famous Hondurans
Honduran Cardinal Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga was a candidate to replace Pope John Paul II after his death in 2005 and Pope Benedict XVI after his retirement in 2013. Salvador Moncada is a scientist of Honduran origin. He is married to Princess Marie-Esméralda of Belgium. His principal area of study is pharmacology, especially with respect to the effects of products of the metabolism of diverse acids, as well as the synthesis, action, and degradation of the biological mediator nitric oxide. America Ferrera, an American actress, was born in Los Angeles to Honduran parents. Best known for the lead role in ABC's "Ugly Betty", she has also been successful on the big screen with her role in Real Women Have Curves. She has also won a Golden Globe Award and received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild. Juan Carlos Fanconi, is the most famous Honduran film director of the last decade, within his filmography he has collaborated with actors of Colombian, Argentine, and Mexican origin in many Honduran productions.

David Archuleta, finalist and runner-up of season 7 of "American Idol," and Jive Records artist, was born in Miami, Florida to a Honduran mother, Lupe, and an American father, Jeff. On September 17, 2009, he was awarded Male Music Rising Star at the 2009 ALMA Awards (American Latino Media Arts Awards). David performed "Contigo En La Distancia" on the show, receiving strong praise and recognition from critics and viewers alike. He has also won five Teen Choice Awards.

Neyda Sandoval and Satcha Pretto work with Univisión of the United States. Renán Almendárez Coello from Honduras is the morning man on radio station KLAX-FM of Los Angeles. He has been active in charity work, assisting the poor of Central America and Mexico.

Athletes
The most popular sport in Honduras is Association football. Among the most outstanding players are José Cardona who played for Atlético Madrid in Spain; Gilberto Yearwood who played in Elche, Spain; Porfirio Betancourt, who played in France, Spain, and the United States, Carlos Pavón, who currently plays for Real España; and David Suazo, who used to be a player of Internazionale, who was named The Most Valuable Foreign Player of the Italian league in 2006.

Others footballers include Wilson Palacios in Stoke City of England, Maynor Figueroa in Hull City of England; Amado Guevara in Motagua, Honduras; and Carlo Costly in SC Vaslui of Romania.

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Musicians
Music in Honduras has flourished since pre-Hispanic periods, long before the colony, some of the autochthonous pre-Hispanic instruments are the following: Aerophones, Yaxchilan Mud Frog, Zampoñas, Quenas, Charangos, Drums. After colonization, new musical instruments were created: the snail, flutes, some percussion instruments and the Marimba. Within Creole or folk music we have the following: "El Candú", "El Pitero", "Torito Pinto", "Flores de Mimé", "El Bananero".Some of the notable musicians from Honduras include: Rafael Coello Ramos, Francisco Díaz Zelaya, Miguel Sierra, Lidia Handal, Francisco "Chico Lara", Victoriano López, Guillermo Anderson, Diana Lara, Melina Pineda, José Yeco, Mario de Mezapa, Matilde de Quan, María Isolina, Julio Quan, Víctor Donaire, Francisco Carranza, Camilo Rivera Guevara, Javier Monthiel, Moisés Canelo, Karla Lara, Hunty Gabbe, Jorge Mejía, Eduardo (guayo) Cedeño, Camilo Corea, Jackie Espinal, The pianist Óscar Rossignoli, Rudy Thopmsom, José Antonio Velásquez, Yireh Wilson, Ángela Bendeck, Grupo Natural, Los Bohemios del Reggaeton, Polache, Javier Reyes, Jorge Santos, Héctor David, Ángel Ríos, Norma Erazo, Sergio Suazo, Manu Martínez, among others.

At an international level, the musical group stood out: 'Banda Blanca'; with his hits "Sopa de Caracol", "Fiesta", "Saben Quien Llegó", among many others. Although the group produces merenguero rhythms, the calypso and other Afro-Antillean rhythms, their specialty is the 'Punta' rhythm. Which popularized in the 1990s.

Some notable Honduran musicians include Rafael Coello Ramos, Lidia Handal, Victoriano López, Jorge Santos, Norma Erazo, Sergio Suazo, Hector David, Angel Ríos, Jorge Mejia, Javier Reyes, Guillermo Anderson, Victor Donaire, Francisco Carranza, Camilo Rivera Guevara, Héctor David, Javier Monthiel and Moisés Canelo.

Escuela de Música Victoriano López in San Pedro Sula city.

At the international level the musical group Banda Blanca stands out, with their hits "Sopa De Caracol", "Do you Know Who Came?" and "Fiesta". Although the group produces merengueros rhythms, the Calypso and other Caribbean rhythms, their specialty is the Punta style, which they popularized during the 1990s.

Other musical groups include The Professionals, The Gran Banda, The Rolands, Angeles negros, Cafe Guancasco, and Atomic Rose.

Writers
The literature in the territory of present-day Honduras dates back more than 1,500 years ago, it was developed by the Mayan civilization in the city of Copán, the Mayan Script of our ancestors that used logograms and syllabic glyphs Mayan literature is preserved in the stelae, pyramids and temples at Copán. The city of Copán is home to the most informative pyramid in America, the Pyramid of Hieroglyphs that has more than 2,500 glyphs.

Among the most notable writers from Honduras are David Fortin, Froylán Turcios Juan Ramón Molina, Rafael Heliodoro Valle, Antonio José Rivas, Clementina Suárez, Ramón Amaya Amador, Marco Antonio Rosa, Roberto Sosa, Lucila Gamero de Medina, Roberto Quezada, Armando García, Helen Umaña, Alberto Destephen, Argentina Díaz Lozano, Rony Bonilla and Julio Escoto. Contemporary writers include Ernesto Bondy Reyes, Giovanni Rodríguez, Glenn Lardizábal, Bayardo de Campoluna, Venus Ixchel Mejía, Alex Darío Rivera, Azucena Ordoñez Rodas, among others.

Gallery

Arts and Media
The first printing press was brought to Honduras by General Francisco Morazán from Guatemala. He used it to begin publication in 1830 of The Gazette of the government. Bulletins and informative weekly papers soon followed.

In 1831, the newspaper known as The Beam was born, which had a short duration. At the end of the 19th century, The Chronicle commenced publication; next came The Newspaper of Honduras and The People (an official newspaper of the Honduran Liberal Party, which later ceased publication).

Honduras has a good number of newspapers and magazines, through which the Honduran people stay well informed. Of these the oldest is La Prensa, founded on October 26, 1964 in San Pedro Sula. El Tiempo was in publication from 1970 to 2015. In the capital city of Tegucigalpa, The Tribune and later The Herald appeared in the mid 1970s.With the Internet came Proceso Digital and the English weekly paper Honduras This Week. Recently sports magazines such as AS and Diez have appeared, with an emphasis on association football.

Television was introduced in Honduras in 1959 with the arrival of channel 5. Today there are various channels produced in Honduras.

With the arrival of the cable system, Hondurans have the opportunity to watch programs from round the world. The cultural impact of these programs remains to be seen.

Radio also has contributed to the cultural development of Honduras. Major players include Radio America and HRN, a member of the National System of Broadcasting Stations.

Theatre
Theatrical performances in Honduras date from the colonial period, they began in the 16th century, the first theatrical performance in Honduras was held in the year 1750, outdoors, in the city of Comayagua, the play represented was the Devil Cojuelo. In 1915 the Manuel Bonilla National Theater was founded. Theatrical training centers in Honduras are as follows:

 * National Theater School
 * La Fragua Theater Performing Arts Training Center (CC-ARTES) San Pedro Sula Art Department
 * National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH) Art Department
 * General Francisco Morazán National Pedagogical University (UPNGFM)
 * Bonsai Theater Group in Puerto Cortés (they filmed the first short film of the most important port in Central America)
 * José Francisco Saybe Theater - San Pedro Sula

Cinema
The first Honduran professional film director was Sami Kafati, he studied cinematography in Rome in the 1960s. His first cinematographic work was the experimental film Mi Amigo Ángel, produced in 1962 and is the first film in the cinematography of Honduras.

Other national productions are "No Land Without Owner" (1984-1996), a fictional feature film by Sami Kafati. Currently, the playwrights Hispano Durón Gómez, Mario Jaén, among others, stand out.

Some of the films produced in Honduras more recently are the following:

 * "Anita, the insect hunter", produced by Hispano Durón,
 * "Amor y frijoles" by Guacamaya Films in 2009,
 * "Midnight Souls", (2001) by Juan Carlos Fanconi,
 * "The Strange Body", by José A. Olay,
 * "El Reyecito", by Fosi Bendeck,
 * "High Risk", by René Pauck,
 * "Voice of Angel", by Francisco Andino,
 * "Side", by Esau Adonai,
 * "The Last Kidnapping", by José A. Olay, starring Marianela Ibarra, Nelyi Larice, Glen Lopez, Mario Sarmientos
 * "Nos Vale Verga" by Regina Águila.
 * "Unos Pocos con Valor" (The Birds of Bethlehem) by Mario Berrios, Produced by Ismael Bevilacqua, directed by Douglas Martin (2010)
 * "Who pays the bill" by Guacamaya Films (2013) with the performance of Jorge Flores, Nelyi Larice, Ozcar Izacas, Sandra Ochoa, Maritza Perdomo, Anuar Vindel
 * "El Xendra" by Juan Carlo Fanconi (2012)
 * "A place in the Caribbean" by Juan Carlo Fanconi (2017)

Honduran cinema has had a boom in the last decade, the growth of filmmakers and the support by institutions and private companies for competitions has motivated young students of communications-related careers to create their own short films, documentary shorts and documentaries. The Icaro Festival is the most important international film festival in Central America and the Caribbean.

Cuisine
Honduras has a variety of traditional dishes: The baleada is one of the most representative dishes of Honduran Gastronomy. It is basically composed; for a flour tortilla, which is folded and filled with fried beans, dry cheese and cream butter. Others add to it; roast meat or scrambled eggs to taste, sometimes avocado or chorizo is also added but with any of these ingredients it is very delicious. In addition to the baleadas, they are also popular: Roast beef with chimol, chicken in corn rice, fried fish with pickled onion, and the typical Garífuna dish that is fish fried in coconut oil. There is another very popular food called macheteada, which is a sugary flour dough frying with three slits, hence its name macheteados. The slices with meat or chicken are also very popular in Honduras and chicken with slices is better known as chicken chuco by Hondurans and is sold in many corners as well as the baleadas and people make them homemade and sell them and usually they It goes very well. Other dishes are montucas, enchiladas, corn nacatamales, "tripe" or tripe soup and an abundant selection of tropical fruits such as: mango, papaya, pineapple, plum, sapotes and passion fruit (maracuyá). Grilled meat, pork and chicken chops are also frequently prepared with tortillas, red beans, rice and, of course, fried plantains.

In coastal areas and in the Bay Islands, seafood is prepared in various ways and some dishes are prepared with coconut. The tourist areas have restaurants with international cuisine and American-style dishes.

Religion
Honduras enjoys freedom of worship. Hondurans are predominantly Catholic Christians with an increasing number practising evangelicalism.

The second Before the conquest of Honduras in the national territory, each ethnic group had its own religion and its own gods, they were polytheistic and animistic religions, among them the Mayan Religion stands out, as well as the Chorotega Religion, the Lenca Religion and the Pech Religion.During colonial times, Christianity and some African religions such as the Garífuna Dugú religion were introduced to Honduras, which is a mixture of African, Christian (Catholic) and indigenous beliefs. Honduras was the country where the second Catholic Mass was celebrated in continental America. This was held on August 14, 1502, in Punta Caxinas, two weeks after the discovery of Honduras by Christopher Columbus. Since then, the Spanish were in charge of instilling the Christian faith among the natives of Honduras.

After the independence of Honduras in 1821 and in the first constitution of the country promulgated on December 11, 1825, Honduras is declared a secular state, this supposes the null interference of any organization or religious confession in the government of the same, either in the executive, the legislative or the judicial.

In recent years, both the Catholic Church and Protestant churches have experienced significant growth in terms of the number of committed parishioners and communicate with the new mass media, have television channels, radio stations, newspapers, schools, colleges, universities and Internet pages. In addition to these religions, there are smaller-scale groups in Honduras that profess other religions, such as: Islam, Judaism, and members of the Rastafari movement among others.

Today a low percentage of the population is considered atheist, another low percentage of Hondurans consider themselves agnostic, 50% of the believers are Catholic and an important part of the autochthonous ethnic groups conserve their original religion.

Tribal and Indigenous Culture and Struggles within Honduras There are several different tribes located in the country of Honduras known as the Lenca, Miskitu, Tawahka, Pech, Maya Chortis, Xicaques, and many more. Each tribe has its own history, cultural traditions, and livelihood within Honduras. These indigenous people fight environmental justice-related issues daily throughout their lives. Many indigenous people face the risk of eventually being forced to change their culture and historical practices within their own land to adopt the new modern-day culture of Honduras. Hence, there is growing popularity in the belief that indigenous people stand in the way of the country’s national development.

The Lenca tribe, for example, is one of the largest in the country and has a population of around 100,000 and around 612 different Lenca communities. The majority of these communities are located in areas that are home to rough, mountainous terrain and are extremely difficult to reach. For those living in said conditions, essential daily tasks can be hard to complete in some locations as there is no roadway, running water, or even transportation. The Lenca tribe was unable to keep their language strong despite being somewhat isolated from the rest of the country. Income is made from selling coffee, weaving, and pottery; with their location, not a lot of money is made each day. The Lenca people have a true connection with the rivers, land, and nature. Non-indigenous people of Honduras pushed the Lenca people to live in the mountains, causing a lot of resistance between the two groups.

Along with the remote living conditions, hydroelectric facilities and mining are becoming popular in Lenca’s territory. The Lenca are ready to fight, even if it means losing their lives and some already have. Young Lenca people face challenges such as finding employment as there is little way of making a consistent income within most locations that the Lenca tribe inhabits. Instead, they must leave and likely will find themselves working in the military. The Lenca tribe is striving to find any possible solution to these problems and wants young Lenca people to be able to stay within their communities. There are major injustices occurring within the Lenca’s people and land. With these injustices, a complex multitude of issues arise. These problems all tie together and include isolation, unemployment, loss of aspects of their culture such as their own native language and land, and mining/other environmental hazards.

Hydroelectric, dams, and mining are all becoming very common in Honduras and tend to be located on tribal or indigenous lands. For instance, a damn was set to be constructed on the Gualcarque River. This river happened to be a very important and culturally significant river to the Lenca people and anyone surrounding that area. This dam’s main purpose would be to fuel hydroelectricity and mining for gold, silver, iron, and other valuable materials. A law was passed known generally as the “2013 mining law” that allowed open-pit mines and the use of harmful substances such as cyanide which is a threat to both the environment and human health. The law also required that the inhabitants of the land approve of the mining operations. However, the law often backfires and violent threats are used frequently as tactics to gain approval for the new construction of a mine or dam. Resistance often occurs with the Lenca tribe combined with other groups however it can become very dangerous even if the resistance is represented by means of a peaceful protest. The Honduran government has been present at these peaceful protests and often, violence such as shootings and other dangerous acts are at risk for breaking out.

In 2009, the Honduran government underwent a military coup d'état. During this event, mass corruption occurred and individuals from marginalized groups such as those from Lenca and Garifuna tribes were restored to the streets. It has been an uphill battle for all in this position since then. Honduras still remains in a coup-like atmosphere with electoral frauds, increased deaths, a large migration of its people, activists being arrested and killed, and so on. Honduras has one of the highest murder rates of activists and these people face a massive amount of danger each day. The organization known as the Civil Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH) plays a great role in activism towards these issues that the Lenca tribe and others face. Members of the COPINH group, such as Thomas Garcia, have been shot and killed during these protests against building dams and mining. The Miskitu tribe sums up around 5% of the indigenous population within the country of Honduras and is very large.

Similar to the Lenca tribe, these people are often marginalized and do not have proper access to healthcare, or educational opportunities. Miskitu people are extremely hard workers which can cause them many health problems. In addition, agriculture, being part of nature and the land is a major part of their traditions and ways of living. These people often face problems that arise from the Honduran government forcing them from their land, thus making them cut ties with the agricultural roots and values of their own land. Over a period of many years, tropical rainforests along the Caribbean coast, home to much of the Miskitu tribe as well as others, have been experiencing issues with groups such as miners, ranchers, and other illegal groups and people wrongfully utilizing the tribal land. As of 2009, the Honduras government has finally handed over a large chunk of land to the Miskitu people however, a major plan to construct a dam known as the Patuca 3 hydroelectric project was funded in the main cultural lands of the Miskitu and other tribes. As soon as this land was handed over, the government also began pestering these tribes about potential gas and oil uses within the land.

There are 41+ dam constructions which are all occurring in an area of tribal land. There have been several meetings between the tribes including the Tulupanes, Pech, Miskito, Maya-Chortis, Lenca, and Garifuna. The government of Honduras continues to jeopardize these tribal communities and utilize rivers that hold a huge link to the tribe's traditions, culture, and roots. With such resistance between indigenous peoples and the government, there is a popular belief that indigenous people are against any further development of their land. When, in reality, indigenous people are open to changes and modifications within their land if the choice is made by their own people. This strong willed-attitude and belief are held as if the changes to the land occur as a decision made within the tribe then they will not lose connection with the land and can continue on with their way of life. All members of the tribes are ready to fight for the rights and title of their land if the construction of dams becomes an official plan.

Despite many tribes such as Garifuna having a long history with their land and their presence in Honduras, their and other tribes' lands are sometimes deemed to be practically non-existent. Not only is their land within Honduras also experiencing issues with the construction of dams and or mining locations but also with recent tourism that is steadily increasing. With tourism becoming popular, the Garifuna face an increased risk of losing their land, as do many other tribes of Honduras. Some are promised employment within this new wave of tourism however, their culture is also becoming more visible to others, making it not as sacred. In addition, because of this increase in tourism, new developers have begun stomping the lands of the Garifuna and constructing upon their land (large resorts for tourists, etc), taking their land, and ripping their culture away from them. There are massive conflicts over the land being utilized in this way.

In recent years, indigenous tribe members are still experiencing discrimination and a true lack of human rights toward their culture, land, and people. In 2016, 600+ activists gathered in the capital of Honduras known as Tegucigalpa. The event was known as the Summit for Indigenous and Peasant Communities in the Struggle Against Extractivism and was hosted by the Platform of Social and Popular Movement of Honduras. Struggles were shared by each tribe such as the problem of logging within the Tolupane tribes' land, extreme dam construction, and mining faced by the Lenca, members of the Garifuna tribe facing increased tourism and drilling within their lands, and so on. The groups combined in an effort to support one another and design resistance strategies together. Extraction methods are increasing rapidly and are often targeted to occur within indigenous people’s land instead of other prime locations. Activists are rising to promote these issues and improvements are being made but it will take a great deal of time to see them.

title: Culture of Honduras


text:
RJ

RJ, R&J, or Rj may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Radio jockey, a person who hosts a radio talk show
 * RJ, a raccoon in the comic strip and feature film Over The Hedge
 * R.J. MacReady, the helicopter pilot in the 1982 sci-fi/horror film The Thing
 * RJ, an alpaca in the BT21 brand of Line Friends

Businesses and organizations

 * R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
 * Las Vegas Review-Journal, major daily newspaper in Nevada
 * Les Brasseurs RJ, a brewery in Québec
 * Royal Jordanian airlines, of Jordan (IATA airline designator RJ)

In arts and entertainment

 * RJ (rapper) (born 1984), American rapper
 * RJ Mitte (born 1992), American actor
 * RJ Rosales (1974–2011), Australian-Filipino actor and singer
 * R. J. Haddy, special effects artist, contestant on seasons 2 and 5 of the TV series Face Off
 * R. J. Helton (born 1981), an American Idol finalist
 * Ron Jeremy (born 1953), pornographic actor
 * RJ Cyler (born 1995), American actor

In sport

 * RJ Barrett (born 2000), Canadian professional basketball player for the New York Knicks
 * Richard Jefferson (born 1980), former American professional basketball player and ESPN analyst
 * Rick Jeanneret (1942-2023), Canadian hockey announcer for the Buffalo Sabres
 * Roy Jones Jr. (born 1969), former American boxer
 * R.J. Oben (born 2001), American football player (son of Roman Oben)

In other fields

 * RJ Mical (born 1956), inventor and engineer
 * R. J. Scaringe, founder and CEO of Rivian

Places

 * Rio de Janeiro, a Brazilian city
 * Rio de Janeiro (state), a state in Brazil
 * Rajasthan, a state in India

Technology

 * Registered jack, a standardized telecommunication network interface
 * Regional jet, a 35- to 100-passenger class of short-haul airliner
 * Boeing RC-135 Rivet Joint, an American intelligence-gathering aircraft

Other uses

 * RJ (New York City Subway service), a former NYC Subway service, whose route is now served by the J, R, and Z trains.
 * Reproductive justice, a concept that links reproductive rights with social justice
 * Rim job, a sexual act
 * The R Journal, a statistical computing periodical (R J. per ISO 4)

title: RJ


text: User talk:203.20.58.1

title: User talk:203.20.58.1


text:
Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet

Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet (27 January 1603 – 2 January 1685) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1640 and 1685 and was Speaker in 1660. During the English Civil War he remained a Parliamentarian but was sympathetic to the Royalists.

Life
Grimston was born at Bradfield Hall, near Manningtree, the son of Sir Harbottle Grimston, 1st Baronet (d. 1648). He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and became a barrister of Lincoln's Inn. He was recorder of Harwich and recorder of Colchester and elected MP for Harwich in 1628.

As member for Colchester, Grimston sat in the Short Parliament of 1640, and he represented the same borough during the Long Parliament, speedily becoming a leading member of the popular party. He attacked Archbishop Laud with great vigour and was a member of the important committees of the parliament, including the one appointed in consequence of the attempted seizure of the five members. He became deputy-lieutenant of Essex after the passing of the militia ordinance in January 1642.

Harbottle disliked taking up arms against the king, but remained nominally an adherent of the parliamentary party during the Civil War. In the words of Clarendon, he continued rather than concurred with them. Grimston does not appear to have taken the Solemn League and Covenant, but after the conclusion of the first period of the war he again became more active. He was president of the committee which investigated the escape of Charles from Hampton Court in 1647, and was one of those who negotiated with the king at Newport in 1648, when, according to Burnet, he fell upon his knees and urged the king to come to terms. Also in 1648 succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father as his elder brother had pre-deceased him.

From this time Grimston's sympathies appear to have been with the Royalists. He was turned out of the House of Commons when the assembly was purged by Colonel Pride and was imprisoned. After he promised to do nothing detrimental to the parliament or the army, he was released and spent the next few years in retirement.

In 1656 Grimston was returned to the Second Protectorate Parliament as MP for Essex. However he was not allowed to take his seat, and with 97 others who were similarly treated he issued a remonstrance to the public. Grimston was among the secluded members who re-entered the restored Rump Parliament in February 1660, was then a member of the council of state. He was chosen Speaker of the House of Commons in the Convention Parliament of 1660. As Speaker he visited Charles II at Breda, and addressed him in very flattering terms on his return to London; but he refused to accede to the King's demand that he should dismiss Burnet from his position as chaplain to the Master of the Rolls, and in parliament he strongly denounced any relaxation of the laws against papists.

Grimston did not retain the office of Speaker after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament, but he was a member of the commission which tried the regicides, and in November 1660 he was appointed Master of the Rolls. Report says he paid Clarendon £8,000 for the office, while Burnet declares he obtained it without any application of his own. His friend and chaplain, Burnet, speaks very highly of his piety and impartiality, while not omitting the undoubted fact that he was much sharpened against popery.

In 1661, Harbottle was re-elected MP for Colchester in the Cavalier Parliament. He was re-elected in the two elections of 1679 and in 1681.

Works
Harbottle translated the law reports of his father-in-law, the judge Sir George Croke (1560–1642), which were written in Norman-French, and five editions of this work appeared. Seven of his parliamentary speeches were published, and he also wrote Strena Christiana (London, 1644, and other editions).

Family
Grimston's first wife Mary, a daughter of Sir George Croke, bore him six sons and two daughters, He married secondly Anne Meautys, widow of Thomas Meautys and daughter of Sir Nathaniel Bacon, K.B., a grandson of Sir Nicholas Bacon and by her had one daughter.

His son George married Sarah (later fourth duchess of Somerset Seymour) but he died in 1655. Only one son, Samuel (1643–1700), survived his father, and when Samuel died in October 1700 the baronetcy became extinct. Sir Harbottle's eldest daughter, Mary, married Sir Capel Luckyn, 2nd Baronet, and their grandson, William Luckyn, succeeded to the estates of his great-uncle, Sir Samuel Grimston, and took the name of Grimston in 1700. This William Luckyn Grimston (c. 1683–1756) was created Baron Dunboyne and Viscount Grimston in the peerage of Ireland in 1719. He was succeeded as 2nd viscount by his son James (1711–1773), whose son James Bucknall (1747–1808) was made an English peer as baron Verulam of Gorhambury in 1790. Then in 1815 his son James Walter Grimston (1775–1845), 2nd baron Verulam, was created Earl of Verulam. Sir Harbottle Grimston bought Sir Nicholas Bacon's estate at Gorhambury, the residence of his descendants.

title: Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet


text: User talk:81.69.37.75

title: User talk:81.69.37.75


text:
Hugh Wheeler

Hugh Callingham Wheeler (19 March 1912 – 26 July 1987) was a British novelist, screenwriter, librettist, poet and translator. He resided in the United States from 1934 until his death and became a naturalized citizen in 1942. He had attended London University.

Under the nom de plume Patrick Quentin, Q. Patrick and Jonathan Stagge, Wheeler was the author or co-author of many mystery novels and short stories. In 1963, his 1961 collection, The Ordeal of Mrs. Snow was given a Special Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America. He won the Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical in 1973 and 1974 for his books for the musicals A Little Night Music and Candide, and won both again in 1979 for his book for Sweeney Todd.

Wheeler is credited as "research consultant" for the film Cabaret, though numerous sources list him as co-writer of the screenplay.

Stage musical credits

 * Candide (1973)
 * Irene (new libretto) (1973)
 * A Little Night Music (1973)
 * Truckload (musical) (1975)
 * Pacific Overtures ("additional material") (1976)
 * Sweeney Todd (1979) (based on a version of the play by Christopher Bond)
 * The Little Prince and the Aviator (1982)
 * Meet Me in St. Louis (1989)

Plays

 * Big Fish, Little Fish (1961)
 * Look, We've Come Through (1961)
 * We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1966)

Screenplays

 * Something for Everyone (1970)
 * Travels with My Aunt (1972)
 * A Little Night Music (1978)
 * Nijinsky (1980)

Novels

 * The Crippled Muse (1951)

title: Hugh Wheeler


text:
John Weidman

John Weidman (born September 25, 1946) is an American librettist and television writer for Sesame Street. He has worked on stage musicals with Stephen Sondheim and Susan Stroman.

Career
Weidman was born in New York City and grew up in Westport, Connecticut, the son of Peggy Wright and librettist and novelist Jerome Weidman. He received a B.A. from Harvard University with a major in East Asian history and a J.D. from Yale Law School.

Theatre
Weidman collaborated on three stage musicals with Stephen Sondheim, all of which are politically themed to some degree. The first was Pacific Overtures, about the Westernization of Japan in the 19th century; it premiered on Broadway in 1976 and was revived in 2004 at Studio 54. Assassins, a musical about the men and women who attempted (with or without success) to murder the President of the United States, first opened Off-Broadway in December 1990 at Playwrights Horizons, and later opened in the West End in October 1992 at the Donmar Warehouse. The musical was revived on Broadway in 2004 in a Roundabout Theater Company production. Road Show, a musical based on the lives of Wilson and Addison Mizner, opened Off-Broadway at the Public Theatre in 2008. The musical had productions at the Goodman Theatre and Kennedy Center in 2003 prior to the Off-Broadway production.

Weidman has worked with choreographer/director Susan Stroman three times. He wrote the book for the musical Big, the Musical, with Stroman as choreographer. The musical opened on Broadway in April 1996 at the Shubert Theatre. He and Stroman co-created the Tony Award-winning musical Contact, which opened Off-Broadway in October 1999 at the Newhouse Theatre at Lincoln Center and on Broadway at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in March 2000. He wrote the book for the new musical Happiness, which ran at Lincoln Center in February 2009. Directed and choreographed by Stroman, the composer was Scott Frankel with lyrics by Michael Korie.

He has been nominated for the Tony Award for Best Book for a Musical three times and has been inducted into The Theater Hall of Fame.

Other work
In the 1970s, Weidman wrote for National Lampoon. Weidman has also written for Sesame Street, for which he and the writing team have won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing For A Children's Series more than a dozen times.

From 1999 to 2009 he was president of the Dramatists Guild of America.

Stage work (libretti)

 * Pacific Overtures - 1976 (Tony Award nominee, Best Book of a Musical)
 * Anything Goes - 1987 (revised original book with Timothy Crouse; Tony Award, Best Musical Revival)
 * Assassins - 1990 (revived on Broadway in 2004) (Drama Desk Award nominee, Outstanding Book of a Musical; Tony Award, Best Musical Revival)
 * Big - 1996 (Tony Award nominee, Best Book of a Musical)
 * Contact - 1999 - Off-Broadway; 2000 - Broadway (Tony Award nominee, Best Book of a Musical; Tony Award, Best Musical)
 * Take Flight - 2007
 * Road Show - 2008
 * Happiness - 2009
 * I Can Get It for You Wholesale - 2023 (revised the show's book, originally written by his father Jerome Weidman)

title: John Weidman


text:
James Lapine

James Elliot Lapine (born January 10, 1949) is an American stage director, playwright, screenwriter, and librettist. He has won the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical three times, for Into the Woods, Falsettos, and Passion. He has frequently collaborated with Stephen Sondheim and William Finn.

Early life
Lapine was born on January 10, 1949, in Mansfield, Ohio, the son of Lillian (Feld) and David Sanford Lapine. He graduated from Franklin and Marshall College in 1971. Though he did not actively pursue theatre in childhood, Lapine did play Jack in an elementary school production of Jack and the Beanstalk.

Career
Lapine studied photography and graphic design at the California Institute of the Arts, where he received an MFA in 1973. He was a photographer, graphic designer, and architectural preservationist, and taught design at the Yale School of Drama. At Yale University he wrote an adaptation of and directed Gertrude Stein's Photograph, which was produced Off-Broadway at the Open Space in SoHo in 1977. He went on to write and direct Off-Broadway plays and musicals, directing composer William Finn's March of the Falsettos in 1981; the musical won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Off-Broadway Play. Frank Rich, the New York Times theater critic, noted "Mr. Lapine's wildly resourceful staging".

In 1982, Lapine was introduced to Stephen Sondheim. The pair developed Sunday in the Park with George: Lapine wrote the book and directed; Sondheim created the music and lyrics. The play was first produced Off-Broadway in 1983, and moved to Broadway in 1984. Their next musical was Into the Woods, which premiered on Broadway in 1987, for which Lapine won the Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for Best Book of a Musical. They next collaborated on the musical Passion, for which Lapine wrote the book and directed. The musical ran on Broadway in 1994 and in the West End in 1996, receiving a nomination for the Olivier Award for Best New Musical, and winning the Tony Award for Best Musical and the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, among other awards and nominations. Their last collaboration was the revue Sondheim on Sondheim. Presented on Broadway in 2010, it won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Revue.

In 1992, Lapine returned to working with William Finn, and wrote the book and directed the Broadway musical Falsettos. Lapine wrote the book and Finn composed the music for A New Brain, which premiered Off-Broadway in 1998. They later worked together on Finn's musical The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, which premiered Off-Broadway in 2005 and later moved to Broadway. The New York Times reviewer wrote of the Spelling Bee Broadway transfer that "Mr. Lapine has sharpened all the musical's elements without betraying its appealing modesty." The latest Finn-Lapine work is Little Miss Sunshine, which premiered in 2011 at the La Jolla Playhouse in California.

Lapine has also directed dramas, including Dirty Blonde, which ran Off-Broadway and then on Broadway in 2000. Conceived by Claudia Shear and Lapine and written by Shear with direction by Lapine, Ben Brantley called Lapine's direction "stylish and compassionate". Lapine was nominated for the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for Best Direction of a Play.

Lapine directed the 2012 Broadway revival of Annie. He wrote a stage adaption of the Moss Hart autobiography Act One, which premiered on Broadway at the Lincoln Center Vivian Beaumont Theater in April 2014.

Lapine wrote the book for and directed the new musical Flying Over Sunset. A staged singing/reading was presented at the Vineyard Arts Project (Martha's Vineyard) in August 2015. The composer is Tom Kitt and lyrics are by Michael Korie. The musical premiered on Broadway at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on November 11, 2021 in previews with the official opening scheduled for December 13. The production was originally scheduled to open on April 16, 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 1991, Lapine directed his first film, Impromptu, which has a screenplay by his wife, Sarah Kernochan. The story revolves around the romance of George Sand and Chopin, and stars Judy Davis and Hugh Grant. He followed with Life With Mikey, with Michael J. Fox for Disney. In 1993, he directed Passion, starring the original Broadway cast, for television. He directed the film version of Anne Tyler's novel Earthly Possessions, starring Susan Sarandon and Stephen Dorff, for HBO in 1999. He wrote the screenplay for Disney's film version of Into the Woods (2014), directed by Rob Marshall. He wrote and directed the film Custody in 2016 with Viola Davis, Hayden Panettiere, and Catalina Sandino Moreno.

Lapine received the 2015 Mr. Abbott Award at a special gala on October 19, 2015. The award is presented by the Stage Directors and Choreographers Foundation "in recognition of a lifetime of exceptional achievement in the theatre." Lapine's book Putting It Together: How Stephen Sondheim and I Created Sunday in the Park with George was released on August 3, 2021, and reviewed by Alan Cumming in a cover story in the New York Times Book Review on August 8, 2021.

Personal life
Lapine is married to American screenwriter and director Sarah Kernochan. The couple's daughter is food writer Phoebe Lapine. James Lapine's niece, Sarna Lapine, directed the 2016 concert version and the 2017 Broadway revival of Sunday in the Park with George.

Theater

 * As a director, Lapine has worked on:
 * Photograph by Gertrude Stein (1977)
 * Twelve Dreams (1978; 1981; 1995) – 1981 Public Theater
 * Table Settings (1979; 1980) – Playwrights Horizons
 * March of the Falsettos (1981) – composed by William Finn
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (1982) – written by William Shakespeare
 * Sunday in the Park with George (1984) – composed by Stephen Sondheim
 * Merrily We Roll Along (1985, La Jolla Playhouse) – composed by Stephen Sondheim
 * Into the Woods (1987; 1997; 2002) – composed by Stephen Sondheim
 * The Winter's Tale (1989) – written by William Shakespeare
 * Falsettoland (1990) – composed by William Finn
 * Falsettos (1992; 2016) – composed by William Finn
 * Passion (1994) – composed by Stephen Sondheim
 * Luck, Pluck, and Virtue (1995) – La Jolla Playhouse and Atlantic Theatre Company
 * Golden Child (1996; 1998) – written by David Henry Hwang
 * The Diary of Anne Frank (1997) – written by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, revised by Wendy Kesselman
 * Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (1999, original Berlin version) – composed by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz
 * Dirty Blonde (2000) – written by Claudia Shear
 * Amour (2002) – composed by Michel Legrand
 * Fran's Bed (2003; 2005) – Long Wharf Theatre; Playwrights Horizons
 * Modern Orthodox (2004)
 * The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee (2005) – composed by William Finn
 * King Lear (2007) – written by William Shakespeare
 * Sondheim on Sondheim (2010) – musical revue of Stephen Sondheim work
 * Little Miss Sunshine (2011, La Jolla Playhouse; 2013) – composed by William Finn
 * Annie (2012) – Music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin, and book by Thomas Meehan
 * Act One (2014) – Broadway, Lincoln Center
 * Mrs. Miller Does Her Thing (2016) – Signature Theatre (Virginia)
 * Flying Over Sunset (2021)

He has written the libretti for the following musicals:
 * Writer, musicals
 * Sunday in the Park with George – 1984
 * Into the Woods – 1987
 * Falsettoland – 1990
 * Falsettos – 1992
 * Passion – 1994
 * Der Glöckner von Notre Dame – 1999 (original Berlin version)
 * A New Brain (Off-Broadway) – 1999
 * Little Miss Sunshine – 2011
 * Flying Over Sunset – 2021

 * Writer, plays
 * Table Settings – 1979 and 1980 at Playwrights Horizons
 * Twelve Dreams – 1978; 1981 Public Theater
 * Luck, Pluck, and Virtue – 1995, La Jolla Playhouse and Atlantic Theatre Company, both starring Neil Patrick Harris
 * The Moment When – 2000, Playwrights Horizons, featuring Mark Ruffalo and Phyllis Newman
 * Fran's Bed – 2003, Long Wharf Theatre, starring Mia Farrow; 2005 Playwrights Horizons
 * Act One – 2014, Broadway, Lincoln Center
 * Mrs. Miller Does Her Thing – 2016, Signature Theatre (Virginia), featuring Debra Monk

Published works

 * Putting It Together: How Stephen Sondheim and I Created Sunday in the Park with George (2021) ISBN 9780374200091

title: James Lapine


text:
George Furth

George Furth (born George Schweinfurth; December 14, 1932 – August 11, 2008) was an American librettist, playwright, and actor.

Life and career
Furth was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of George and Evelyn (née Tuerk) Schweinfurth. He was of German and Irish ancestry, and was raised as a Christian Scientist. He received a bachelor of science in speech at Northwestern University in 1954 and received his master's degree from Columbia University.

A life member of the Actors Studio, Furth made his Broadway debut as an actor in the 1961 play A Cook for Mr. General, followed by the musical Hot Spot two years later. He was also known for his collaborations with Stephen Sondheim: the highly successful Company, the ill-fated Merrily We Roll Along, and the equally ill-fated drama Getting Away with Murder. Furth wrote the plays Twigs, The Supporting Cast, and Precious Sons as well as the book for the Kander and Ebb musical The Act.

One of Furth's latter writing projects was a foray into an area where he had not previously explored. He wrote the lyrics for a musical revue, with music by Doug Katsaros. Furth and Katsaros shaped the work with San Francisco director Mike Ward into The End-a new musical revue. The piece was performed at San Francisco's New Conservatory Theatre Center during the summer of 2004 and was billed as a "Pre-U.S. Tour Workshop Production". The piece was reworked twice, with the title changing to Last Call and Happy Hour, respectively.

Frequently cast as a bespectacled, ineffectual milquetoast, Furth appeared in The Boston Strangler, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (as a devoted railroad employee travelling in the car that contains the safe that Butch and his gang twice rob), Myra Breckinridge, Blazing Saddles, Shampoo (as a bank officer dealing with Warren Beatty’s character’s loan request), Oh, God! (as a newspaper editor who refuses to publicize John Denver’s character’s claims that God has communicated with him), The Cannonball Run, The Man with Two Brains, and Bulworth. His many television credits include Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman; Tammy; McHale's Navy; Ironside; I Dream of Jeannie; That Girl; Green Acres; The Monkees; Batman; The Odd Couple; Bonanza; Happy Days; All in the Family; Murphy Brown; L.A. Law; Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman; Murder, She Wrote; Little House on the Prairie; Love, American Style; Adam-12; F Troop; and the 1980 TV movie The Scarlett O'Hara War, in which he portrayed George Cukor. He was a regular in the cast of the short-lived 1976 sitcom The Dumplings.

He adapted his play Twigs as a 1975 television production, starring Carol Burnett. He also worked as a voice actor in several episodes of the animated television series The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda for Hanna-Barbera Productions.

Personal life and death
Furth was gay. He and Stephen Sondheim both repeatedly refused to update Company to give it a gay slant.

Furth died at a hospital in Santa Monica, California, on August 11, 2008, at age 75.

Awards
Furth won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical for Company and was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play for Precious Sons.

Filmography

 * The Best Man (1964) as Tom
 * The New Interns (1964) as Dr. Phil Osterman
 * A Very Special Favor (1965) as Pete
 * A Rage to Live (1965) as Paul Rutherford

 * The Cool Ones (1967) as Howie
 * Tammy and the Millionaire (1967) as Dwayne Whitt
 * Games (1967) as Terry, Party Guest
 * Nobody's Perfect (1968) as Hamner
 * How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life (1968) as Roger
 * P.J. (1968) as Sonny Silene
 * What's So Bad About Feeling Good? (1968) as Murgatroyd
 * The Boston Strangler (1968) as Lyonel Brumley
 * Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) as Woodcock
 * Myra Breckinridge (1970) as Charlie Flager Jr.
 * The Third Girl from the Left (1973) as Zimmy
 * Sleeper (1973) as Guest at Luna's Party (uncredited)
 * Blazing Saddles (1974) as Van Johnson
 * Shampoo (1975) as Mr. Pettis
 * Norman... Is That You? (1976) as Mr. Sukara
 * American Raspberry (1977) as President
 * Airport '77 (1977) as Gerald Lucas
 * Oh God! (1977) as Briggs
 * Hooper (1978) as Bidwell
 * The Cannonball Run (1981) as Arthur J. Foyt
 * Megaforce (1982) as Professor Eggstrum
 * Young Doctors in Love (1982) as The Patients - Disgusting Looking Patient
 * Doctor Detroit (1983) as Arthur Skridlow
 * The Man with Two Brains (1983) as Timon
 * Murder, She Wrote (1986) as Farley Pressman
 * Foofur (1986) as Additional voices
 * The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda (1990) as Additional voices
 * The Munsters Today (1990) as Dr. Carver (in "Just Another Face")
 * Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (1993) as Jedidiah Bancroft
 * Goodbye Lover (1998) as Mr. Merritt
 * Bulworth (1998) as Older Man

title: George Furth


text:
Burt Shevelove

Burt Shevelove (September 19, 1915 – April 8, 1982) was an American musical theater playwright, lyricist, librettist, and director.

Biography
Born in Newark, New Jersey, he graduated from Brown University and Yale (Master's degree). At Brown in 1935, he acted in the first ever Brownbrokers musical titled Something Bruin. After serving as a volunteer ambulance driver in World War II, he began working as a writer, director and producer for radio and television. At the time of his death he had lived in London for many years.

His Broadway career started in 1948 with writing material, co-producing and directing for the revue Small Wonder. Among his successes were A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum and No, No, Nanette, for which he won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical.

He died at his apartment in London, where he had been living for about 15 years, on April 8. 1982. He was survived by his mother and a sister.

Libretti

 * A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum 1962, revived 1972, 1996
 * No, No, Nanette revisions made in 1971, from an original libretto by Otto Harbach and Frank Mandel.
 * The Frogs adapted from Aristophanes' play in 1974; in 2004 Nathan Lane further adapted Shevelove's libretto for the work's Broadway premiere
 * Happy New Year 1980
 * Jerome Robbins' Broadway 1989; used some of Shevelove's Forum text

Directing

 * Small Wonder (1948)
 * Hallelujah, Baby! (1967)
 * Rockefeller and the Red Indians (1968)
 * No, No, Nanette (1971)
 * A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1972)
 * Sondheim: A Musical Tribute (1973)
 * June Moon (1974 PBS production)
 * Rodgers & Hart (1975)
 * So Long, 174th Street (1976)
 * Happy New Year (1980)

Lyrics

 * Small Wonder 1948

title: Burt Shevelove


text:
Michael Bublé (album)

Michael Bublé is the third studio album by Canadian singer Michael Bublé. It was released on 143 Records and Reprise Records. The album was released on February 11, 2003 and was Bublé's major label debut. It spawned four singles: "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart", "Kissing a Fool", "Sway" and "Spider-Man Theme".

Background
Bublé's career breakthrough came when he performed Kurt Weill's classic track "Mack the Knife" at the wedding of Brian Mulroney's daughter Caroline in September 2000. Mulroney introduced Bublé to David Foster, a multi-Grammy awarding producer and a Warner Bros. Records executive, who had previously worked with the likes of Josh Groban. Foster signed Bublé to his 143 record label, and he started recording the album in 2001, with David Foster as producer. The album features a range of standards from various eras including "Fever", "The Way You Look Tonight", "For Once in My Life", Van Morrison's "Moondance" and Lou Rawls' "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine". Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees performs with Bublé on his version of the group's classic track, "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart".

Reception
The album was released on February 11, 2003, to worldwide commercial success. The album peaked at No. 8 on the Canadian Albums Chart, as well as peaking at No. 1 in Australia and New Zealand, and achieving 2× platinum status, and No. 47 on the Billboard 200. The album also peaked at No. 6 in the United Kingdom, achieving platinum status. The album was eventually certified 4× platinum in Canada during 2006, 2× Platinum in the United Kingdom during 2007, and 7× Platinum in Australia during 2007. Bublé also won the "Best New Talent" award at the Juno Awards of 2004, and the album itself was nominated for "Album of the Year", only losing out to Sam Roberts.

Singles
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart", a cover of the original by the Bee Gees, was released as the album's lead single on February 4, 2003. The single was only released in the United States. It managed to reach the top thirty of the Billboard adult contemporary chart. No music video was released for the single.

"Kissing a Fool", a cover of the original by George Michael, was released as the album's second single on May 8, 2003, exclusively in the United States and Japan, also reaching the top thirty of the Billboard adult contemporary chart. No official music video was released for the single, despite strong radio airplay.

"Sway", originally performed by Dean Martin, was released as the album's third single on June 22, 2004. It also reached the top thirty of the adult contemporary chart, while a remix of the song by Junkie XL reached the top twenty in Australia in July 2004. "Moondance" was released alongside "Sway" in Australia.

"Spider-Man Theme" was released as the album's fourth and final single in certain territories, appearing on a special edition of the album released in Italy and other select areas of Europe. The single was most successful in Italy, peaking at No. 2 on the Italian Singles Chart. A re-recorded version was featured in the end credits to Spider-Man 2.

Musicians

 * Michael Bublé – vocals
 * Mike Melvoin – acoustic piano (1)
 * Jochem van der Sagg – programming (1)
 * Randy Waldman – acoustic piano (2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13), keyboards (10)
 * David Foster – acoustic piano (3, 5, 7, 11), bass (5), synth bass (8, 10), strings (10)
 * Neil Devor – synthesizer programming (3, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * Felipe Elgueta – synthesizer programming (10)
 * Michael Thompson – guitars (1), electric guitar (9)
 * Dean Parks – guitars (2, 8), acoustic guitar (5, 9), electric guitar (5), percussion (10)
 * John Pisano – guitars (6, 13)
 * Heitor Pereira – guitars (7), acoustic guitar (11)
 * Brian Bromberg – bass (1–4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13)
 * Dave Tull – drums (1–4)
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11)
 * Joe LaBarbera – drums (9, 12)
 * Frank Capp – drums (6, 13)
 * Rafael Padilla – percussion (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11)
 * Bob Sheppard – saxophone solo (6)
 * David Boruff – saxophones (12)
 * Gary Grant – trumpet solo (2)
 * Barry Gibb – backing vocals (5)
 * Sherree Ford – vocals (7)

Arrangements
 * David Foster – arrangements (1, 2, 3, 5, 7–11), string arrangements (1), horn arrangements (10)
 * Bill Holman – arrangements (1)
 * Chris Boardman – string arrangements (1)
 * John Clayton – arrangements (2)
 * Mike Melvoin – arrangements (3)
 * Don Costa – arrangements (4)
 * Johnny Mandel – arrangements (6, 13)
 * William Ross – string arrangements (7, 9, 11)
 * Michael Bublé – horn arrangements (8, 10)
 * Don Sebesky – horn arrangements (8)
 * Randy Waldman – arrangements (9), horn arrangements (10)
 * Billy May – orchestrations (12)
 * Sammy Nestico – re-orchestrations (12)

Production

 * David Foster – producer
 * Humberto Gatica – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Johnny Mandel – producer (6, 13)
 * Chris Brooke – assistant engineer
 * Neil Devor – assistant engineer (1–11, 13), additional Pro Tools engineer, engineer (12), production coordinator
 * Alejandro Rodriguez – assistant engineer (1–11, 13), engineer (12)
 * Dave Reitzas – guitar engineer (2, 5, 8, 9), engineer (12)
 * Nick Marshall – assistant guitar engineer (2, 5, 8, 9), assistant engineer (12)
 * Jon Merchant – vocal recording (Barry Gibb's vocals on 5)
 * Joe Wolmuth – Pro Tools mixing engineer
 * Kevin Guarnieri – additional Pro Tools engineer
 * Christian Robles – additional Pro Tools engineer
 * Vlado Meller – mastering
 * Greta Detrick – production assistant
 * Kathy Frangetis – production assistant
 * Mick Haggerty – art direction, design, package photography
 * Stephen Danelian – cover photography, package photography
 * Zak Jenkinson – grooming

Studios
 * Recorded and Mixed at Chartmaker Studios (Malibu, California).
 * Barry Gibb vocals recorded at Middle Ear Studios (Miami, Florida).
 * Orchestra recorded at Westlake Audio, Signet Sound Studios and Warner Bros. Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California); Paramount Recording Studios (Hollywood, California).
 * Mastered at Sony Music Studios (New York City, New York).

title: Michael Bublé (album)


text:
Greg Evigan

Gregory Ralph Evigan (born October 14, 1953) is an American film, stage, and television actor. He began his career in theater, appearing in the Broadway production of Jesus Christ Superstar, followed by a stage production of the musical Grease, in which he portrayed the lead, Danny Zuko. Evigan made his feature film debut in Scorchy (1976), then was cast as the lead in the comedy series B. J. and the Bear, in which he starred between 1979 and 1981.

Evigan continued to appear as a guest star on numerous television series throughout the 1980s before being cast as the lead Joey Harris in the comedy series My Two Dads (1987–1990). He later appeared on the science fiction series TekWar (1995–1996), and had guest-starring roles on Melrose Place (1996–1997) and 7th Heaven (1997). He subsequently had starring roles on the soap opera Pacific Palisades (also 1997), and portrayed a record executive in the Canadian series Big Sound from 2001 to 2002.

Evigan's other film credits include the Joey Travolta–directed drama films Mel (1998) and Arizona Summer (2004), the Western film 6 Guns (2010), and the Hallmark Channel film Once Upon a Holiday (2015). In 2018, he guest-starred in a multi-episode arc as Jim Harvey on the soap opera General Hospital.

Early years
Evigan was born October 14, 1953, in South Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Ralph Milan Evigan, an electrician, and his wife, Barbara Elizabeth Evigan, a homemaker. Beginning at age 8, Evigan was classically trained in piano, and went on to play the organ and saxophone. As a teenager, he played in several rock bands. Evigan grew up in Sayreville, New Jersey, and attended Sayreville War Memorial High School, graduating in 1971. In 2007 he was inducted into the school's Alumni Hall of Fame for his contributions to the arts.

Career
Evigan began his career after graduating high school, appearing as a replacement in small ensemble roles in the Broadway production of Jesus Christ Superstar in 1971, as well as the touring production. Between 1972 and 1973, he starred as Danny Zuko in the Broadway production of Grease, reprising the role for the show's residency in Chicago, alongside Marilu Henner. Evigan moved to Los Angeles and was cast in his feature film debut in the exploitation film Scorchy (1976), starring Connie Stevens.

In 1978, he was cast as Billie Joe "B.J." McKay, a truck driver whose best friend was a chimpanzee named Bear, in the series B.J. and the Bear. Following the series' conclusion in 1981, Evigan continued to work in television, with recurring guest roles on Masquerade (1984) and Murder, She Wrote (1986), then was cast in the comedy series My Two Dads (1987–1990), in which he portrayed a man who co-parents the daughter of his deceased girlfriend alongside her ex-boyfriend.

In 1989, he starred in the sci-fi film DeepStar Six, and later appeared opposite William Shatner in the sci-fi series TekWar, based on a series of books by Shatner. TekWar originated as a series of two-hour television movies in 1994, and then became a series of hour-long episodes that ran in 1995 and 1996. Between 1996 and 1997, Evigan guest-starred as Dr. Dan Hathaway on the soap opera Melrose Place, followed by a main role on Pacific Palisades, in which he portrayed one of several friends who relocate from the Midwest to California. Evigan had a lead role in Joey Travolta's directorial debut, the drama Mel (1998). In 2001, he starred in the psychological thriller film Spirit opposite Elisabeth Moss, playing the father of a teenage girl who believes their home is haunted. He reunited with director Joey Travolta, appearing in his family drama Arizona Summer (2004), followed by a supporting part in River's End (2005). Evigan returned to theater in 2008, appearing as Gar in a stage adaptation of Mask at the Pasadena Playhouse.

In 2015, Evigan had a supporting role in the Hallmark Channel film Once Upon a Holiday, co-starring his daughter Briana. He had a guest-starring role on the network crime series Bones in 2017, followed by a multi-episode character arc as Jim Harvey on General Hospital in 2018.

Personal life
On June 3, 1979, Evigan married dancer Pamela C. Serpe. The couple has three children. Their daughters, Briana (born 1986) and Vanessa (born 1981) are actresses, while their son Jason (born 1983) is a musician and former frontman of a Los Angeles-based band After Midnight Project.

title: Greg Evigan


text: Category:Computer science

title: Category:Computer science


text:
Counts of Flanders family tree

This is a family tree of the Counts of Flanders, from 864 to 1792, when the county of Flanders was annexed by France after the French Revolution.

title: Counts of Flanders family tree


text:
Category:The Simpsons

Categorization for articles on the television series The Simpsons, which is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:The Simpsons


text: Category:Algorithms

title: Category:Algorithms


text:
HMS Echo (H87)

HMS Echo was the first of two multi-role hydrographic survey ships commissioned by the Royal Navy. With her sister ship, HMS Enterprise (H88), they formed the Echo-class survey ship of survey vessels. She was built by Appledore Shipbuilders in Devon in 2002 and was the ninth Royal Navy vessel to carry the name. She was retired from service in 2022.

Design
Echo and Enterprise are the first Royal Navy ships to be fitted with azimuth thrusters. Both azimuth thrusters and the bow thruster can be controlled through the Integrated Navigation System by a joystick providing high manoeuvrability. Complete control and monitoring for power generation and propulsion, together with all auxiliary plant systems, tank gauging and damage control functions is provided through the integrated platform management system, accessible through workstations around the ship.

Role
Echo and her sister ship were designed to conduct survey operations in support of submarines or amphibious operations. She could provide almost real-time tailored environmental information, and also had a secondary role as a mine countermeasure tasking authority platform, for which she was capable of embarking a dedicated mine counter measures command team.

Manning
Echo operated a lean-manned three-watch rotation system. The total ship's company is 72, with two-thirds of the ship's company on board at any one time. The work cycle of 75 days on followed by 30 days off allowed her sailors to take sufficient leave whilst the ship remained away from her base port for extended periods, potentially for years at a time.

Operational history
Echo was launched on 2 March 2002 and was named on 4 March by Lady Haddacks, wife of Vice Admiral Sir Paul Haddacks. She was accepted into service on 4 October 2002 and formally commissioned on 7 March 2003.

2002–2010
Echo deployed to the Persian Gulf to conduct survey operations in 2004, returning to the UK in April 2005.

Exploiting her rotational manning system, Echo was deployed on a five-year mission to the Far East, conducting ocean survey and diplomatic visits.

In August 2008 she visited Hong Kong, where her commanding officer laid a wreath at the Stanley Military Cemetery. In October of the same year she visited Busan for the Republic of Korea International Fleet Review. Other visits have been conducted to Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia.

2011–2020
February 2012 saw Echo visit the Seychelles to take part in anti-piracy training with the Seychelles Coast Guard. The visit included a stop in the capital Victoria. On 16 August 2012 the ship returned to Devonport after almost a year and a half away. In this time she had been in the Middle and Far East, and had fired on a suspected Somali pirate vessel.

In July 2013 Echo was in the central Mediterranean surveying the approaches to the ports of Tripoli and Khoms on the coast of Libya to improve Admiralty charts of the area. She was looking for wrecks that might be hazards to shipping. In ten days she found the wrecks of one ocean liner, two merchant ships, one landing craft, two fishing vessels, two barges and two large sunken pontoons. She also found at least half a dozen lost shipping containers. The landing craft is believed to be the Libyan Navy Polnocny-class landing ship Ibn Qis, which was burnt out on exercise in 1978.

On 20 March 2014 Echo was in the Persian Gulf when redeployed to an area around 2400 km south west of Perth, Western Australia, to join the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, in response to a request by the Australian authorities to the British Ministry of Defence. Prior to this, she was midway through an 18-month deployment "to improve charts used by seafarers throughout the world". According to the ship's programme, she was next to be conducting hydrographic surveying in the Gulf until her return to the UK later on in 2014.

As of January 2016, Echo was operating in UK waters on fishery protection duties while HMS Mersey (P283) was deployed to the Caribbean. Echo departed Devonport on 4 November 2016 to relieve Enterprise on migrant patrol in the Mediterranean.

On 21 November 2018, the UK defence secretary announced Echo would deploy to the Black Sea in 2019 for a freedom of navigation manoeuvre in support of Ukraine. On 21 December, she was visited by Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson in the port of Odesa.

2021–2022
In May 2022, Echo was reported to have been reduced to low readiness/reserve status. Echo was decommissioned at Portsmouth Naval Base on 30 June 2022.

title: HMS Echo (H87)


text: Category:Data structures

title: Category:Data structures


text:
HMS Enterprise (H88)

HMS Enterprise, the tenth ship to bear this name, was a multi-role survey vessel - hydrographic oceanographic (SVHO) of the Royal Navy along with HMS Echo (H87) that made up the Echo class of survey vessels.

Design
Echo and Enterprise are the first Royal Navy ships to be fitted with azimuth thrusters. Both azimuth thrusters and the bow thruster can be controlled through the integrated navigation system by a joystick providing high manoeuvrability. Complete control and monitoring for power generation and propulsion, together with all auxiliary plant systems, tank gauging and damage control functions is provided through the integrated platform management system (IPMS), accessible through workstations around the ship.

Role
Enterprise and Echo are designed to conduct survey operations in support of submarines or amphibious operations. She can provide almost real-time tailored environmental information, and also has a secondary role as a mine countermeasure tasking authority platform, for which she is capable of embarking a dedicated mine counter measures command team.

Construction
Built by Appledore Shipbuilders under the prime contractor Vosper Thornycroft, Enterprise was launched on 27 April 2002, officially named by the ship's sponsor, Lady Sally Forbes, at her naming ceremony on 2 May 2002, and commissioned on 18 October 2003. She is designed and built to Lloyd's Naval Ship Rules.

Crewing
Enterprise's crew consists of 72 personnel, with 48 on board at any one time, working a cycle of 70 days on, 30 days off. The ship can accommodate 81 personnel if necessary. The ship was operationally available 330 days a year. In support of this high availability, all accommodation and recreational facilities are designed for an unusual (in a warship) degree of comfort. All personnel share double cabins with private facilities, except the captain and executive officer who both have single cabins.

2003–2010
Enterprise's first operational overseas deployment was to the Mediterranean in October 2004, returning to Devonport in April 2005. She participated in a NATO exercise and conducted oceanographic and hydrographic surveys.

Enterprise sailed in September 2005 to conduct survey operations in the Gulf of Aden and Somali Basin. She also conducted a collaborative hydrographic survey with the Saudi military.

In 2007 Enterprise deployed for 19 months to West Africa, South Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. While in the Persian Gulf she worked off the coast of Iraq in support of the UK and Iraqi governments.

Enterprise deployed in June 2009 for two years on an extended deployment to West Africa spending three months there before travelling through the Mediterranean to begin operations east of Suez later in the year.

2011–2023
On 10 June 2011, Enterprise returned to Devonport, having covered over 50,000 mi during the deployment.

Enterprise was dispatched to Libya in August 2014 to evacuate British citizens and diplomatic staff due to the increasing violence in the country. Over the course of two lifts, Enterprise evacuated a total of 217 civilians and landed them safely in Valletta, Malta.

In June 2015, Enterprise replaced HMS Bulwark (L15) in the mission to rescue migrants crossing the Mediterranean from Libya to Italy. By December 2015, Enterprise had been responsible for rescuing more than 2600 migrants. By December 2016, this number had risen to over 9000 before Enterprise was finally relieved by Echo. In recognition of her contribution to the European Union's Operation Sophia and her lifesaving work, the ship was awarded the Firmin Sword of Peace, an award given to units of the UK Armed Forces who have gone above and beyond their normal role.

On 9 January 2017, it was announced Enterprise had deployed to the South Atlantic to perform patrol tasks normally carried out by the Falkland Islands patrol vessel, HMS Clyde (P257), while Clyde underwent three months of maintenance in South Africa. Aside from patrol duties, Enterprise was also tasked with updating charts of the region used by seafarers during her deployment. Enterprise returned to Devonport on 18 April 2017 having steamed 150,000 mi and visited 20 countries over a period of nearly three years. Upon her return to the UK Enterprise underwent a short refit in Falmouth prior to returning to operations.

Sailing from Devonport on 29 June 2017, Enterprise deployed in her secondary role as a mine counter measures command ship, assuming the role of flagship of NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2 (SNMCMG2), primarily operating in the Mediterranean. Returning to the UK a year later, she completed a short refit in Falmouth before deploying to Norway in October 2018 for Exercise Trident Juncture as the mine counter measures command ship for the UK minehunter taskgroup.

In December 2019, she was reported to have sailed through the strait of Taiwan.

On 5 August 2020, she was sent to Beirut to help survey the area around the docks following the 2020 Beirut Docks Explosion.

The ship decommissioned on 30 March 2023.

Affiliations
Enterprise is affiliated with 'D' (Royal Devon Yeomanry) Squadron Royal Wessex Yeomanry and the town of Tiverton, Devon, which includes the freedom of the city with the ship's company able to march through the town with flags flying whilst bearing arms. The ship is also affiliated with two Sea Cadet units; TS Hermes in Tiverton and TS Enterprise in Shirehampton. She is also the affiliated ship of Reading Blue Coat School CCF navy section, the Worshipful Company of Cutlers and Two Moors Primary School, Tiverton.

title: HMS Enterprise (H88)