text:
Honda S2000

The Honda S2000 is a front-mid engine open top sports car that was manufactured by Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda, from 1999 until 2009. First shown as a concept car called the SSM at the Tokyo Motor Show in 1995, the production version was launched on April 15, 1999, to celebrate the company's 50th anniversary. The S2000 is named for its engine displacement of two litres, while "S" stood for "sports" carrying on in the tradition of the S500, S600, and S800 roadsters of the 1960s.

Several revisions were made throughout the car's production life, including changes to the engine, gearbox, suspension, interior and exterior. Officially two variants exist: the initial launch model was given the chassis code AP1; though cosmetically similar, the facelifted version, known as the AP2 in North America and Japan, incorporated significant changes to the drivetrain and suspension. Production of the S2000 ceased on August 19, 2009.

The Honda S2000 was notable for its exceptional specific power output of about 124 hp per litre, or about two horsepower per cubic inch, the highest of any mass production, naturally aspirated engined car, until 2010.

The S2000 has since become a legitimate modern classic car, having seen a significant appreciation in price for valued examples in good condition. In the JDM community and the car community as a whole, the most sought-after models are special edition productions such as the CR (Club Racer) in the USA market; the standard AP1 and AP2 models have achieved collectible status as well.

Concept car
Introduced at the 1995 Tokyo Motor Show, the Honda Sport Study Model concept car was the design study for the production version of the S2000. The inspirations for the concept car were the first prototype Honda Formula One racing car, the Honda RA270 from 1963 and the Caterham Seven. The SSM was a front-mid engine rear-wheel-drive roadster powered by a 2.0 L inline five-cylinder engine. It featured a rigid 'high X-bone frame' which Honda claimed improved the vehicle's rigidity and collision safety. The concept car was constructed with aluminum body panels and featured a 50:50 weight distribution. The SSM was designed by Honda's own staff, should not be confused with the Argento Vivo roadster concept designed by Pininfarina, introduced same year and powered by a Honda in-line five cylinder engine as well.

The SSM appeared in many automotive shows for several years afterwards, hinting at the possibility of a production version, which Honda announced in 1999.

Development
The whole development process was carried out by Honda designers and engineers. The development team was sticking curiously to the classic Honda values, instead of marketing requirements, as former Chief Engineer Shigeru Uehara revealed in an interview:

"You will be surprised to know that we had very little input from the marketing people. This was a deliberate move, as we wanted to create something to please us as an engineering team, rather than try and please everyone. If you listen to everyone, included everything they ask for, all cars end up the same. We wanted a vehicle that was more focused - more Honda."

The development team focused on keeping the compact size and low weight of the concept car according to Uehara:

"The reaction garnered by the SSM meant we had to keep the S2000 as close as possible to the concept car. Using a Civic CRX Del Sol-based mule, it was obvious the packaging was going to be tight, but the early prototype was tried against rival models at Suzuka, and it looked so right, we felt obliged to continue down the same development path."

The car was tested primarily on race tracks and mountain roads of Japan and Europe, reflecting well the purpose of the roadster:

"As the project evolved, to make sure we were on the right track, we did a lot of real world testing - first in Hokkaido, and then all over Europe, taking in an average of 450 miles (720 km) a day at high speed. We wanted a car that delivered just the right amount of tension for the driver, with direct and linear response, sharp handling and the necessary power and torque for fast progress and safe overtaking, but nothing too excessive. The final fine-tuning was done on the track to ensure the handling was right without being that sharp that the car became unruly, whatever the weather, followed by more road testing, including a fair bit around the Hakone area. Ultimately, overall driving feel and sound were considered more important than outright speed."

AP1 (1999–2003)
The S2000 was introduced in 1999 for the 2000 model year and was given the chassis designation of "AP1". It features a front-mid engine rear-wheel-drive layout with power delivered by a 1997 cc inline four-cylinder DOHC VTEC engine. The engine (codenamed F20C) generates power outputs of 177 - 184 kW, and 208 - 218 N.m of torque depending on the target market. The engine is mated to a six-speed manual transmission and Torsen limited-slip differential. The S2000 achieved what Honda claimed as the highest specific output of a normally aspirated production automobile engine in the world. The most powerful version; the JDM F20C was rated at 184 kW or 92 kW per litre as a result of a higher 11.7:1 compression ratio.

Notable features include independent double wishbone suspension, electrically assisted steering and integrated roll hoops. The car had 16 in wheels with Bridgestone Potenza S-02 tyres equipped. The compact and lightweight engine, mounted entirely behind the front axle, allow the S2000 to achieve a 50:50 front/rear weight distribution and lower rotational inertia. The dashboard got similar design to late eighties-early nineties McLaren-Honda Formula-1 racing cars (MP4/5, MP4/6 and MP4/7), as a reference to the racing pedigree of high rev line and output Honda engines. An electrically powered vinyl top with internal cloth lining and plastic rear window was standard, with an aluminum hardtop available as an optional extra (in 2001). Honda initially offered the S2000 in Berlina Black, New Formula Red, Grand Prix White, and Silverstone Metallic exterior colours in the US domestic market. On some other markets Monte Carlo Blue Pearl and Spa Yellow Pearl / Indy Yellow Pearl were also available from the beginning.

The 2001 model was largely unchanged; Honda added a digital clock to the radio display and made the rear wind blocker standard. Honda also added Spa Yellow exterior colour to the US domestic market lineup. For the 2002 model year, suspension settings were revised and the plastic rear window was replaced by a glass unit incorporating an electric defroster. Other updates included slightly revised tail lamps with chrome rings, an upgraded radio with separate tweeters, a leather-wrapped gearshift knob, leatherette console cover and a revised engine control unit. Honda added Suzuka Blue Metallic and Sebring Silver Metallic exterior colours to the US domestic market lineup.

The AP1 was manufactured until 2003 at Honda's Takanezawa plant, alongside the NSX and Insight hybrid.

Type V (Japan - 2000)
Honda announced the S2000 Type V on July 7, 2000, in the Japanese domestic market. Notable changes from the standard model include variable gear ratio steering (VGS), a steering system that continuously changes steering ratio based upon vehicle speed and steering angle to provide improved handling as well as more comfortable maneuvering in tight low-speed situations such as parking. It was the first system of its kind to be incorporated into a production car. The lock-to-lock steering ratio was reduced to 1.4 turns (versus 2.4 for the base model). Honda outfitted Type V cars with revised damper units, stabilizers and limited-slip differentials to "complement the VGS". Equipped cars came with a special steering wheel and a VGS badge on the rear. The Type V was retired upon the introduction of the Type S in 2007.

20th Anniversary Prototype (Japan - 2019)
To mark the 20th anniversary of the S2000, Honda unveiled the S2000 20th Anniversary Prototype at the 2019 Tokyo Auto Salon. Essentially a restomod, the prototype was based on the AP1 and featured an updated exterior, suspension and audio system. Honda later made parts for the prototype available for purchase, including the Modulo X front bumper, sport suspension system and rear diffuser, alongside other S2000 parts as an effort to help owners keep their cars on the road.

AP2 (2004–2009)
The 2004 model S2000 underwent several significant changes. Production moved to Suzuka. The new model introduced 17 in wheels and Bridgestone RE-050 tyres along with a retuned suspension to reduce oversteer. The spring rates and shock absorber damping were altered and the suspension geometry was modified to improve stability by reducing toe-in changes under cornering loads. The subframe also received a revision in design to achieve high rigidity. In the gearbox the brass synchronizers were replaced with carbon fibre. In addition, cosmetic changes were made to the exterior with new front and rear bumpers, revised headlight assemblies, new LED tail-lights, and oval-tipped exhaust pipes. Although all the cosmetic, suspension and most drivetrain upgrades were included on the Japanese, Australian and European models, they retained the 2.0-litre F20C engines and remained designated as AP1 (facelift) models.

For the North American market, the updates also included the introduction of a larger version of the F20C (with a designation of F22C1); this larger engine gave the new model a chassis designation of AP2. The engine's stroke was lengthened, increasing its displacement to 2157 cc. At the same time, the redline and fuel cutoff were reduced from 8,800 rpm and 9,000 rpm to 8,000 rpm and 8,200 rpm respectively, mandated by the longer travel of the pistons. Peak torque increased by 6% to 220 N.m at 6,800 rpm while power output remained unchanged at 177 kW achieved at a lower 7,800 rpm. In conjunction with the introduction of the F22C1, Honda also changed the transmission gear ratios by shortening the first five gears and lengthening the sixth. People used to call 2004-2005 USDM S2000 ap1.5 due to it is F22C1 with Wire Throttle Body.

In 2006, the F22C1 was also introduced to the Japanese market, with a power output of 178 kW and 221 Nm. The F20C continued in all other markets. The 2006 model introduced a drive by wire throttle, an electronic stability control system, new wheels, and one new exterior color, Laguna Blue Pearl. Interior changes included revised seats and additional stereo speakers integrated into the headrests.

Club Racer (U.S. - 2008)
The 2008 model year marked the first time the S2000 was offered in more than one trim level in the United States. In addition to the base model, Honda offered a more track-oriented version of the S2000, distinguished by reduced weight, fewer amenities, and an increase in performance. The S2000 Club Racer made its world debut at the New York International Auto Show on 4 April 2007. Changes for the CR included a lower ratio steering rack, revised exhaust system, black lug nuts, darker colored wheels, clear side markers, stiffer suspension and new Bridgestone Potenza RE070 tyres that were 10mm wider at the rear (255/40R-17 vice the base model's 245/40R-17). A revised body kit, composed of a redesigned front lip, and a large spoiler, were wind-tunnel tested and claimed to reduce the overall coefficient of lift by 70–80%. The power folding soft top was removed and replaced with a Berlina Black hard top (regardless of the car's body paint colour), while the space into which the soft top would normally fold when lowered was filled with additional chassis bracing and topped off with a body-color tonneau cover. Honda also used a CR-unique yellow-lettered spherical aluminum shift knob which rests 12.6 mm lower than the base model's cylindrical shift knob (aluminum/leather wrapped). The CR knob provided a 6 percent reduction in shift stroke, and correspondingly presented a 10 percent higher shift load effort.

CR models were only available with yellow and black Alcantara interiors. Faux carbon fiber overlays on the center console and radio door were unique to the CR trim, as was a peak power indicator light on the instrument gauge cluster, which flashes when the engine is producing its peak power output. To reduce weight and lower the center of gravity, the spare tire was omitted and air conditioning and stereo were offered only as options. Net weight savings without the additional hardtop came to 41 kg relative to the standard model. The engine in the S2000 CR was unchanged from the standard trim. Shigeru Uehara, the designer of the S2000, stated that the CR was positioned between the Type S and a hypothetical Type R. However, Honda never made an official Type R S2000 variant.

Production volume of fewer than 2,000 units was expected at launch, and 668 were made for the 2008 model year, representing just over a quarter of the total U.S. production. Honda continued to offer both the standard and CR versions unchanged for the 2009 model year, but with flagging sales caused by the 2008 automotive industry crisis, the S2000 was cancelled mid-model-year. Just 355 U.S. S2000s were manufactured for 2009, of which 31 were CR models. Thus, total CR production over the two model years was 699 units.

Type S (Japan - 2008)
The Japanese domestic market received the Type S edition for the last two years of production (2008–2009). Changes are similar to the U.S. market's CR edition, sharing the weight loss, a purpose built bodykit providing much higher downforce, bespoke wheels and interior. Although it shares the wheels with the CR edition, the Type S retains the rear tyre size of 245/40R-17 for better handling. A specific Type S suspension setup with improved geometry was designed to enhance the handling, the setup is stiffer but more compromising than the CR setup to suit it better to everyday spirited driving and the Japanese touge experience. The Type S retains its soft top folding mechanism.

The interior is a Type S specific yellow and black Alcantara material scheme (similar to the CR). Leather interior from the standard S2000 was available as a no cost option. The aluminum shift knob with reduced shift stroke is shared with the CR. While the CR is designed to be a pure track car, the Type S is designed for improved handling and retains some creature comforts. Only 1,755 units of the Type S were made and sold exclusively in Japan. (2007:168 units, 2008:827 units, 2009:737 units, 2010 [Jan-Jun]:23 units)

GT (U.K. - 2002)
In the United Kingdom, from 2002, the S2000 was offered in both roadster and GT trim. The GT featured a removable hard-top and an outside temperature gauge. On-the-road prices of these trims were £27,300 and £27,850 respectively.

Ultimate Edition and GT Edition 100 (Europe - 2009)
The S2000 Ultimate Edition (continental Europe) and GT Edition 100 (UK market) were limited versions of the S2000 released to commemorate the end of production. Notable changes on both of the cars included Grand Prix White body colour, a removable hard top, graphite-colored alloy wheels with black wheel bolts, aluminium ball gear lever, black S2000 badging and red leather interior with red coloring for stitching on the gear lever gaiter.

The Ultimate Edition was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show and went on sale in March 2009. The GT Edition 100 was a limited run of 100 units made specifically for the UK market. In addition to the Ultimate Edition's specification, it features a numbered plaque on the kick-plate indicating which vehicle in the series it is (numbers ranging from 1 to 101. Number 49 was omitted).

Specifications
Notes:
 * US: United States
 * EU: Europe
 * JP: Japan
 * f: front
 * r: rear

Safety
In 2002, the Honda S2000 received a 4-star Euro NCAP rating.

NHTSA crash test ratings (2006):

 * Frontal Crash Test – Driver:
 * Frontal Crash Test – Passenger:
 * Side Impact Rating – Driver:
 * Rollover Rating: 8.2%

Reviews and awards
The S2000 has received much praise from critics and motoring journalists and has received favourable reviews from such publications as Car and Driver. Highlighted are the high output of the engine, the high redline, the balanced handling, and the smooth gearbox. User surveys have named the S2000 as a favorite for overall customer satisfaction.
 * The S2000 was the Cabrio of the Year at 1999 Geneva International Motor Show where Honda held the roadster's world premiere.
 * The S2000 was awarded the "Best of What's New" title by Popular Science.
 * The design of the S2000 won the Red Dot Design Award in 2001 in the "Best of the Best" Category.
 * The S2000 was named the "Best Performance Car" by Motorweek, when it was new.
 * The S2000 was on Car and Driver's 10Best list for 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004.
 * The S2000 was the highest-ranked model in the J. D. Power and Associates Vehicle Dependability Study "Premium Sports Car" class for 2004, 2006, and 2008 and consistently held one of the top three positions.
 * The S2000 won Car and Driver 's 2003 open-top sports car comparison test against the Nissan 350Z, Porsche Boxster, BMW Z4, and Audi TT.
 * The S2000 was ranked number #1 in the BBC Top Gear survey in 2003, 2005, and 2006.
 * The S2000 was voted as favourite car of Top Gear Magazine readers in 2005, 2006 and 2007.
 * The S2000 was ranked as "Best Affordable Sports Car" by U.S. News & World Report in 2008 and 2009
 * The S2000 was on Edmunds Consumers' Most Wanted Vehicles list for 2004, 2005 and 2007.
 * The S2000 was the most reliable car in consumer report of AutoExpress UK in 2005 and 2006.
 * The S2000 was voted in AutoExpress UK's Driver Power survey as the Best Performance Car 2003 and 2004, Best Gearbox 2003, Best Braking 2004 and Used Car Honours 2003 for Best Roadster. The S2000 was also the Auto Express Driver Power 2005 and 2006 overall winner across all categories.
 * The S2000 was one of Jalopnik's Best 10 Cars Of The Decade.
 * The S2000 was one of Road & Track's Best All-Around Sports Cars.
 * The F20C engine of the S2000 was ranked as the best engine respective its size category in the competition "International Engine of the Year" for five consecutive years between 2000 and 2004.
 * The F20C engine of the S2000 was one of Ward's 10 Best Engines in 2000 and 2001.
 * In 2017, Ferrari's chief engineer Francesco Morettini rated the S2000's engine as the non-Ferrari engine he admired the most.
 * In 2023, the S2000 was voted as the third-best sports car of the previous 25 years by the PistonHeads community.

Motorsport
The Honda S2000 has been used in various forms of motorsport. In the Super Taikyu Series, the car has won numerous championships in the ST-4 class and scored class victories at the Tokachi 24 Hours race. It has also won its class at the Nürburgring 24 Hours, and won at the SCCA National Championship Runoffs. The S2000 is popular in autocross and track day events.

In time attack competition, an S2000 modified by Top Fuel set the lap record for rear-wheel drive cars at the Tsukuba Circuit in 2008, which it held for three years. With further modifications, the car produced tuning car lap records at Fuji Speedway, Suzuka Circuit, Okayama International Circuit and Autopolis in 2014 and 2015, while its laptime of 51.762 seconds at Tsukuba set in 2016 ranks among the fastest ever recorded for time attack cars.

In drifting, the S2000 scored several podiums in Formula D during the mid-2000s, including a win at an invitational event at Irwindale, which featured the top 16 drivers from the series' 2004 season. Tetsuya Hibino competed with a 2JZ-powered S2000 in the D1 Grand Prix series between 2017 and 2018, taking a solo run win at the 2017 Tsukuba round.

Sales and production
After several years of steady production, sales of the roadster began falling dramatically starting in 2006, and the trend accelerated during the 2008 automotive industry crisis. In 2008, only 2,538 units were sold in the U.S. - a 74% decline from the 2002 sales peak. In November of that year, for the first time since its launch, only 90 new S2000s were sold nationwide during a calendar month.

Production of the S2000 ceased in June 2009 and plans for a successor were scrapped in the aftermath of the automotive industry crisis; Honda reaffirmed their stance on plans for a successor for the S2000 after patents and trademark filings for what would be the Honda Sports Vision Gran Turismo surfaced in 2015, following the launch of the aforementioned concept car specifically designed for the Gran Turismo series. During the 2009 announcement of the vehicle's production end, Honda reported that worldwide sales through the end of 2008 totaled 110,673 units. The final official production figure was 113,889 by the end of 2009. Different sources indicate different sales numbers for Europe, presumably because Honda indicates final numbers including States entered the EU during the production run, but it should be around 19,800-20,700. On the UK market more than 70% of the originally registered cars are still remain, means currently nearly 6,300 cars registered out of 8,500 sold. *Note: No new cars were produced in 2010 and 2011; sales represent clearance of residual inventory. Figures are not directly comparable as they are obtained through different methodologies in different markets.

title: Honda S2000


text:
Sixth-rate

In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a sixth-rate was the designation for small warships mounting between 20 and 28 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. 28-gun sixth-rates were classed as frigates, those smaller as 'post ships', indicating that they were still commanded by a full ('post') captain, as opposed to sloops of 18 guns and less, which were under commanders.

Rating
Sixth-rate ships typically had a crew of about 150–240 men, and measured between 450 and 550 tons. A 28-gun ship would have about 19 officers; commissioned officers would include the captain, and two lieutenants; warrant officers would include the master, ship's surgeon, and purser. The other quarterdeck officers were the chaplain and a Royal Marines lieutenant. The ship also carried the standing warrant officers, the gunner, the bosun and the carpenter, and two master's mates, four midshipmen, an assistant surgeon, and a captain's clerk. The rest of the men were the crew, or the 'lower deck'. They slept in hammocks and ate their simple meals at tables, sitting on wooden benches. A sixth-rate carried about 23 marines, while in a strong crew the bulk of the rest were experienced seamen rated 'able' or 'ordinary'. In a weaker crew there would be a large proportion of 'landsmen', adults who were unused to the sea.

The larger sixth-rates were those of 28 guns (including four smaller guns mounted on the quarterdeck) and were classed as frigates. The smaller sixth-rates with between 20 and 24 guns, still all ship-rigged and sometimes flush-decked vessels, were generally designated as post ships. These vessels could perhaps be considered comparable to the light cruisers and destroyers of more recent times, respectively.

Regardless of armament, sixth-rates were known as "post ships" because, being rated, they were still large enough to have a post-captain in command instead of a lieutenant or commander.

During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), the now elderly sixth-rate frigates were found to be too small for their expected duties, which were more easily performed by fifth-rate frigates. Most were phased out without replacement, although a few lasted in auxiliary roles until after 1815.

In fiction
The Aubrey–Maturin series of novels by Patrick O'Brian features the sixth-rate ship HMS Surprise as the frigate captained by Jack Aubrey. It is based on the actual historical frigate of the same name, formerly the French ship Unité, which was captured and renamed by the Royal Navy in 1796. The Surprise was portrayed in the 2003 film Master and Commander which was adapted from the novels.

In the novel Mason and Dixon by Thomas Pynchon, the title characters set sail for Sumatra in 1761 to view the Venus transit in the sixth-rate ship HMS Seahorse.

The novel The Watering Place of Good Peace by Geoffrey Jenkins includes a fictional sixth-rate ship called HMS Plymouth Sound, which is described as being one of the fastest sailing ships in the Royal Navy.

In Hornblower and the Atropos by C.S. Forester, the titular character – Horatio Hornblower – commands a sixth-rate ship of 22 guns.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sixth-rate


text:
Talk:Candombe

Untitled
I'd love to read more about Candombe...

The article states that Candombe is played in "Montevideo's central neighbourhoods". Actually Candombe is played in every neighbourhood of Montevideo. Traditonally it had been played mostly in Barrio Sur and Barrio Palermo, the neighbourhoods where the afro-descendants traditionally have lived. Now it is played all over Montevideo, even in the upscale neighbourhoods. It is also played in different cities of the country. There is even an event called "Las llamadas del interior" which takes place in Durazno. --200.125.25.88 04:19, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Great Article!
The funny thing ,is that this article is more accurate that the spanish version. Here are no lies and it's correct, maybe you can say more and it is true that candombe is played all around Uruguay, but the information is truthful. sometimes wikipedia fails when it comes to information regarding small countries. Thanks for this one! Another uruguayan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.135.34.98 (talk) 01:27, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

candombe is music from uruguay, all references to argentina and brasil are misleading, and factually incorrect
the style of afrolatin drums known as 'candombe' in southern south america is strictly montevideano (from the capital city of uruguay) in origin, with roots in west africa. this is historical fact, and this article is being compromised daily by people who want to distort truth. playing candombe in argentina and brasil is very, very recent, while it has been played in montevieo for centuries. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.227.158.153 (talk) 06:35, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

If you watch the videos, you look at the photos (specially at the photo of 1938), and you read the references, you will "discover" that the afro-argentine candombe it's alive since the first slaves brought to Argentina. Please, I only just ask objectivity. --Edipo yocasta (talk) 13:41, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

WOW HOW WRONG CAN IT GET
WOW what a train wreck, this article is only about 80% wrong! Candombe is from EL BARRIO SUR / PALERMO in Montevideo Uruguay, not Buenos Aires Argentina. It dates back centuries. This article is totally focused on the wrong country & wrong city. Even the pictures of the so called Argentine-Candombe are wrong.... those are not candombe drums, they don't look anything like the real thing and I'm sure don't sound anywhere near what they are supposed to sound like, they are all being played with both hands. Candombe is ONLY played with 1 hand and 1 stick. This is like reading an article about the origins of Rock-n-Roll and seeing London, England, England, London, England, London + with acustic guitars. Do they NOW play Candombe in Argentina, I'm sure they do there are about half a million Uruguayans living in Buenos Aires (report pubished in 1996) so I'm sure they have formed groups, Candombe is now played in Australia & Europe too. I've grown up amongst Argentinos & Uruguayans & I've never once heard anything at all about any kind of so-called Agentine Candombe??? ''' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.88.230.3 (talk) 13:03, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

The article cites written references. Please supply the same for what you have written, and it will be welcomed to the article. Also, sections without references may be deleted, per wikipedia policies. Steve Pastor (talk) 16:56, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

There is a music called Candombe in Argentina, with the same origin as the one in Montevideo, despite being completely different in its present form. If my school teacher was right, the word "candombe" means "music of the black", making it a quite wide and encompassing name. By following IPs logic we would not be able to call neither Uruguayan or Argentinian Murga "Murga", because Murga is from Cádiz and it is only sung in unison and with no drum accompaniment. In the Spanish Wikipedia, Uruguayan, Gaditan, and even Colombian Murga have their own pages linked from the main article. Perhaps this should be split too. Promethea.Manos (talk) 11:54, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

Actually, it would be nice if someon etook the time to make some of text sound like it wasn't translated, poorly, from (probably) Spanish. Anything without a reference can be removed. Steve Pastor (talk) 23:46, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

complete mess
there is no such thing as uruguayan candombe, or argentinean candome.

there is just candombe. and it is an afrolatin musical form from the city of montevideo uruguay.

this article is being played with by people from argentina with a sick sense of humor —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.227.158.153 (talk) 06:51, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

So anyone can go on Wikipedia and make stuff up
Candombe is from Uruguay & Uruguay ONLY. There is no such thing as Brasilian Candombe or Argentine. Those pictures from argentina looks like a basic hippy drum circle. People have hippy drum circles all over the world, it is not Candombe. Candombe is played with a stick and hand not 2 hands. This article looks like a desperate attempt of an argentine idiot trying to change history and take ownership once again of something else that is uniquely Uruguayan. 74.90.162.122 (talk) 19:09, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

This article has been clearly written by a non native english speaker
It is practically un readable —Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.23.23.110 (talk) 17:28, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

sabotage/electronic warfare
i am denouncing the sabotage of a cultural musical manifestation known as candombe. a music of montevideo the capital city of uruguay. all references to brazil or argentina are misleading. candombe is the music of the afro-latins of montevideo uruguay. thats it. all there is to it. consult a real encyclopedia, like the BRITANNICA

and don't accuse me of not citing sources, you cant get better than the britannica (for english) look it up http://www.britannica.com/

"The candombe is a folk dance performed at Carnival mainly by Uruguayans of African ancestry"

if you crazy people want to re-write history, know that the real published encyclopedias maintain a semblance of rationality and truth

not to mention clarity, objectivity and good sense

you would love to edit the http://www.britannica.com/ article on candombe, wouldn't you? well you can't

you can try all you want, but you cannot modify history to your liking.

there is no candombe but candombe, and it is from montevideo, uruguay.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.227.158.153 (talk) 09:13, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

My opinion about candombe
I’m going to give my point of view: I disagree with two specific things, which I will object and I’m ready to listen to someone who disagrees: One: “Candombe is practiced in Argentina”. The corrected saying will be "candombe is Argentinean too and it’s also practiced in this country." Because I could say "tango is practiced in Finland", but that phrase doesn’t say that tango is Finnish; it just said a kind of music is played in a certain place. And I could write "tango is Argentinean, and also practiced in Uruguay" and surely an Uruguayan could rightly be angry, because I’m asking the sentence not well-formulated. The other: “Regional scenes Montevideo Uruguay”, I would add "and Argentina", especially the neighborhoods (barrios) of the city of Buenos Aires, although other towns of some provinces. Candombe is a music of Rio de la Plata region. I will not argue in a bad way about whether its origin, if it is Argentinean or Uruguayan to see who wins the World Cup; it does seem well suited to discuss in the appropriate field being each one as unbiased as possible (this is difficult because you have to forget the nationality you has). Absolute truth doesn’t have anyone, and requires joint research and review by two brotherly countries to get to the heart of the matter (and even might happen that this doesn’t reach), that really make a good to the History because you can rebuild on concise and so we all get out. Based on this view of thought I will try to build and not to compete to see which country wins the championship. More than once I've altered in discussions with Uruguayan brothers on common issues that concern us, and then I will try to vindicate me, obviously quieter. Argentineans and Uruguayans have a very similar idiosyncrasies, and music too. It is unfortunate that our people for various reasons are not more twinned, especially after the controversy of the cellulose pulp mill. And who better than the great Alfredo Zitarrosa to describe us: So there will be no way don’t walk together, treat the same subject Easterns and Argentineans. From “Ten stanzas of greeting to people of Argentina”, by Zitarrosa. (In Río de La Plata, always people said Eastern –orientales- is the same as they said Uruguayan).

If we go back to candombe Genesis, and tango also, we must focus our optical in slaves of colonial Rio de la Plata, who were of Bantu origin, they are people from the southern half of Africa (south equatorial Africa, such as Angola, The Congo and Mozambique). Came contingents of slaves from Western Central Africa (Benguela and Luanda), Gulf of Benin, South East Africa (Mozambique), Western Central Africa (Congo, Angola and Loango) Gulf of Biafra (Bonny and Calabar), Gold Coast and Western Guinea; being the largest percentage of Bantu ethnicity. In 1517, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, pitying by natives who worked in the mines of America, called Black contingents were sent to labor supply of those, thus giving the kickoff for the slave trade from Africa. The first black-auctioned in Santa Maria de los Buenos Ayres were Macián and Vicencio (obviously, these aren’t their real names but the Spanish nicknames imposed by their handlers), in 1538. In 1778 (after creation of Viceroyalty of Río de La Plata in 1776) is performed the first census in Rio de la Plata, which yields the following results regarding the black population: for Catamarca and Tucumán: 60 to 70% negroes, Cordoba: more than 50%, Buenos Aires: 30%. Just in 1791 Montevideo is enabled to download the slave ships. Then, in 1810 there were approximately one-third of blacks (in that year in province of Buenos Aires, color castes -Negroes, mulattoes, zambos- accounted for 27.7%). The Assembly of year XIII declared freedom of wombs (this is, freedom for the children of slaves). In 1853 constitution provides the abolition for Argentinean Confederation; Buenos Aires will come later, in 1860. Popular negroes were Antonio “Falucho” ("Felucca") Ruiz, Sgt. Cabral, the minstrel (bard) Gabino Ezeiza, so on. In the Casa Mínima (Minimum House), which is on the passage San Lorenzo st. # 380 San Telmo neighborhood, is said to inhabit the first free black, although this maybe not asserted. War of Independence (1810-1825, although it could be cited its inception in 1806) and yellow fever epidemic (1871-1873) made impair suddenly, with Paraguay War (or War of Triple Alliance with this country, during the presidency of Sarmiento), which took place between 1865 and '70, even before that was in Buenos Aires more than 20% of negroes belonging to ethnicity aforementioned; after sending many negroes to the battlefront while whites stayed here resting (like today do first world countries), were significantly reduced, so that censuses of that time throw to after 1st Great War, a result of 70% European immigrants and the rest almost all Creoles, although black gene still continues in Mulattoes, Zambos (negroe+Amerindian), women and children left here. But, although sometimes go unnoticed due to miscegenation with whites settled for generations, perhaps because they are inclusive quinterons (mulatto mixed with white over 3 generations), today there are about 4 to 6% African descendants in several cities, according to a census conducted by University of Tres de Febrero Municipality (City Council) to mid-2000s. Remember that “history is written by who win... money manufacturing it”. So: that negroes completely disappeared victims of epidemics, to be sent as cannon fodder in the battles or as product of miscegenation with whites, it's all working or social construction, or rather, say, genocide in Argentine pro European discourse. This on purpose invisibility makes many Afros ignore their ancestry.

The first tangos, coming directly from candombe, n’ were danced at the site of the Black woman Paulina, and already by 1865 are published in newspapers of black community. These Afro-porteños newspapers (porteño is the demonym/gentilic of people born in Buenos Aires city) start with La Raza Africana (The African race) in 1858, and during 1870 circulating the following: El Unionista (The Unionist), El Aspirante (The Applicant) (1882), La Perla (The Pearl), La Igualdad (Equality) (1873/4), La Juventud (Youth) (1876/9), La Broma (The Joke) (1876-1882), the bulk of these publications remains until 1885, and La Protectora (The Protective) and La Verdad (The Truth) until 1910. This would be the primitive era of tango, before the Guardia Vieja (Old Guard), which doesn’t yet exist. In the beginning tango was the word used to refer to Negroes meeting and its meaning is drum or dance in Bantu. At first tangos were instrumental, and is conjectured they originate in the cifra, the estilo and the milonga campera -countryside milonga, the primary kind of milonga, throwed to country ambit by Ezeiza merit- (three rural folk genres of the province of Buenos Aires, hypothesis defended by Carretero and Villar; it`s the first Carlos Gardel repertory), candombe (according to Gabino Ezeiza, Etchebarne, Rossi, Borges and Lanuza) that still exists, the Cuban habanera and the Andalusian tango (defended by Carlos Vega, Selles & Matamoro) also. All this wake up controversies. The time signature of the milonga has its origin in Central Africa. And, what they have to do the tango with candombe? Much, and at that time even more, and also serves as my argument to demonstrate the presence of Afro population in Buenos Aires. The first tango wasn’t it today we know as tango. Candombe in its Buenos Aires musical branch was danced exclusively in the Shimmy Club, an association of Afro-Argentineans of the colonial trunk founded in 1882 under another name, as Alfredo Núñez, grandson of the afroporteño (African descendant born in Buenos Aires town) who instituted it for their carnival dances, which lasted eight nights. In opposition to Montevidean, Buenos Aires candombe remained hidden in brotherhoods during 20th Century. The Shimmy Club was the most paradigmatic Afro institution of the twentieth century and is still living memory throughout any Afro of colonial trunk greater than 40 years old. The main influencing nation in candombe was the Congo. In 1836 Juan Manuel de Rosas called for all negroes to have a party, which he attended with his family. When Rosas was overthrown, was the end of the protection of these nations, along with that the natives and gauchos, and began his debacle, after the much talked civilization of Sarmiento. "Civilization doesn’t suppress the barbarism; it perfects it." (Voltaire).

Allegorical & historical works to Argentinean afros & candombe: -Federal Candombe or The Congo Tambo in 1820 - Oil painting of Martín Boneo 1841 - Juan Manuel de Rosas and friends witness a slave’s party. -"Slavery" by Francisco Cafferata (La Boca 1861-1890), considered the first Argentinean sculptor. Summoned in Palermo, Buenos Aires 1881. -In Chascomús, there is still standing a church exclusively for black people, created in 1871. -Popular song El negro schicoba, by Mc Key and Palazuelos, Argentina, 1865/67. -First tangos by Gabino Ezeiza and Higinio Cazón, recorded 1905 in wax cylinders. -El negro alegre, by Villoldo, 1907. -Los amores de Silva, by Florio Silva, 1908. -Pico a pico, by Arturo Mathon, 1912. -Bakongo, Argentinean candombe band. -Misibamba, Argentinean organization of afros. -And so.

Other data: First foundation of Buenos Aires town was in 1536 by Pedro de Mendoza (lasted only until 1541). Second foundation of the same city was in 1580 by Juan de Garay. Both times belonged to Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1776 was designated capital of Rio de la Plata Viceroyalty. Montevideo was founded in year 1724, 144 years after 2nd. Foundation of Buenos Aires. So, if Buenos Aires precedes Montevideo above in almost 150 years since its founding, in 1580, there were black people here, so I solve the porteño candombe has such historical legitimacy as its Montevidean counterpart, and even I hypothesized it is earlier. From 1791 onwards the slaves landed in Montevideo. Since the beginning of slave trade in Buenos Aires from 1538 to that year, spent 253 years, that is: during 253 years slaves landed in Buenos Aires, and yet was enabled then the eastern (Uruguayan) harbor, there was circulating the "legal" smuggling and not the illegal one; of legal slaves’ traffic, a large percentage also came to Buenos Aires.

I hope not to offend anyone, as you may have noticed I am Argentinean, it I am neither pride me nor drive me mad, and I defend my position and I am expectant if I wrote something that could be refuted with historical references as I have appointed in everything I said, I will accept. My personal conclusion: both, tango and candombe are from Rio de la Plata, understand as it Argentina and Uruguay, but tango is more homogeneous and candombe presents 2 variants by country. You cannot talk about history ignoring the political divisions or countries. It would have been very nice a world without countries or borders as Lennon imagined, but we have this horrible world and on it I have to go on. I am convinced in Montevideo people play Montevidean candombe, unique of that place and not Argentinean, and most of cases people referred to it saying it as candombe curtly without the adjective that I believe should be together him. Also, I am convinced that in neighborhoods of city of Buenos Aires, San Telmo and Montserrat especially, people play candombe of Buenos Aires, which is also unique and it is no Montevidean. Both sub branches have a main trunk from the primal candombe. I agree candombe is more popular in Uruguay than in Argentina (I'm not stubborn), unfortunately for us, and this doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist in my country. But I love both candombes, which are one. “Candombe is a plant that grows and even the sky vibrates itself.” I spoke almost exclusively of Argentina, because of Uruguay there is much more information of most suitable people than me, and there is a little information about Argentina. One day I would also hanging out with an Uruguayan to finish a book started in 1997 with an Uruguayan friend died, called: The music of Rio de la Plata told by two inhabitants of it. A hug to all who believe that what I wrote is constructive. Sorry my English. --Luis Blaugen-Ballin (talk) 20:26, 24 February 2013 (UTC)Luis Blaugen-Ballin

This article should be titled "Historic analysis of Argentinian Candombe", not Candombe. The person who wrote this is using some obscure historic accounts, to prove his/her point about Candombe also being an Argentinin thing, but for anyone trying to find information about what Candombe is today, it is very misleading. Despite the obscure historic origins of Candombe, today it is the number one cultural marker and brand of Uruguay which Uruguay uses to export its cultural identity and heritage (like Brazil and the Samba, or Argentina and the Tango). The history of Argentinian afro-community has a value in itself and doesn't need to be sneaking in under the disguise of a massive cultural phenomenon like the Candombe we all know and love in Uruguay. Please fix the title, or the article so that people who want to know what Candombe is, and those interested in the Afro-Argentinian history, can actually find the (separate) right information.

Manupiensa (talk) 11:08, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Candombe. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110706082327/http://www.revistaquilombo.com.ar/documentos/cirioargentina.pdf to http://www.revistaquilombo.com.ar/documentos/cirioargentina.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110929144457/http://www.eumus.edu.uy/docentes/jure/perico/perico.html to http://www.eumus.edu.uy/docentes/jure/perico/perico.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130525185951/http://www.indooruruguay.com/en/tour/dinner-show-tango-milonga-candombe to http://www.indooruruguay.com/en/tour/dinner-show-tango-milonga-candombe

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:34, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Candombe


text:
Huittinen

Huittinen (Vittis) is a town and municipality in Finland. It is located in the Satakunta region, 63 km southeast of Pori and 75 km southwest of Tampere. The town has a population of 0 and covers an area of undefined km2 of which undefined km2 is water. The population density is undefined PD/km2.

The town is unilingually Finnish. Municipality of Vampula was consolidated with Huittinen on 1 January 2009.

The Huittinen coat of arms is designed by Erkki Honkanen in 1953.

Risto Ryti, the president of Finland in 1940–44, was born in Huittinen in 1889.

History
In 1904, one of Finland's most famous ancient objects, the Elk's Head of Huittinen from the Stone Age, was found in the village of Palojoki in Huittinen. It is now in the National Museum. In addition to the artefact finds, there is a comb ceramic residence in Korkeakoski and a younger burial site in Sammu village, as well as some cemeteries. Researchers have concluded that the Huittinen got their first inhabitants mainly from the northwest, from the direction of the lower course of the Kokemäenjoki.

Huittinen is mentioned as a churchwarden in 1414. The gray stone church of the Huittinen was built at the end of the 15th century. The church burned down in 1783 and a high tower was added during the repair. On flat terrain, the tower can be seen far into the surroundings. Before the stone church, there was a wooden church in Huittinen.

The Juusela farm in Nanhia village has been considered the seat of the Juslenius family. The most famous member of the family was bishop Daniel Juslenius. Vicar Nils Idman Sr., known for his financial and scientific interests, also came from the same house. Archbishop Erkki Kaila's father, Jonatan Johansson, served as assistant keeper of Huittinen in the 1860s.

Lauttakylä, the center of Huittinen, became Southwest Finland's most important land transport hub long before the age of cars. The railways were far away and the waterways were not navigable for long distances. However, a passenger ship operated from Lauttakylä along the Kokemäenjoki to the Kyttälä railway station on the Tampere–Pori line right from the completion of the line until the 1930s. Lauttakylä was born at the intersection of the old Helsinki–Pori and Turku–Tampere roads, where Loimijoki was crossed by ferry. Bus service from Lauttakylä to all directions started as early as the early 1920s.

Geography
In terms of surface forms, Huittinen is mostly flat and the lowest areas are located along the rivers in the central part of the city. The bedrock, which is mostly granodiorite, is not visible anywhere in the city area. The highest hills, reaching more than 100 meters above sea level, are located in the south in the direction of Vampula. Well-known viewpoints are Ripovuori, Kännönvuori and Korkeakallio. A ridge section runs through Huittinen, which comes from the northwest from the Kokemäki side and continues through Huhtamo to the Punkalaidun side.

Politics
Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Huittinen:

 * True Finns  29.7%
 * Centre Party  24.1%
 * National Coalition Party  18.1%
 * Social Democratic Party  13.9%
 * Left Alliance  7.2%
 * Green League  3.4%
 * Christian Democrats  3.1%

Religion
According to the 2018 regional distribution, Huittinen has the following congregations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland:

 * Huittinen congregation
 * Vampula chapel congregation

Among the congregations of the Finnish Orthodox Church, the Turku Orthodox congregation operates in the Huittinen area.

Economy
The Jokisivu gold mine in Huittinen is operated by Polar Mining, with an annual production of around 300–400 kilos of gold.

Transport
Thanks to its location, Huittinen is a very busy hub for bus traffic. The current bus station was completed in 1965. Before Huittisten became a town, Lauttakylän Auto was Finland's largest company operating bus services from the rural municipality, and Huittinen bus station was Finland's busiest rural bus station.

There is no train station in Huittinen, but there is a section of the Tampere-Pori railway line of about one hundred meters running in the municipality's territory – at the northern end of Kuukinmaantie. The nearest train stations are in Kokemäki and Sastamala.

Twin towns — Sister cities
Huittinen is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇪 Keila, Estonia
 * 🇳🇴 Odda, Norway
 * 🇸🇪 Stenungsund, Sweden
 * 🇩🇰 Frederiksværk, Denmark
 * 🇩🇪 Hoyerswerda, Germany

title: Huittinen


text:
Wading River (New Jersey)

The Wading River is a tributary of the Mullica River, approximately 10.1 mi long, in southern New Jersey in the United States. The river drains a rural forested area of the Pinelands, one of the most pristine areas along the coast of the northeastern United States.

Course
The primary source of the Wading River is its 22.7 mi West Branch, which rises north of Chatsworth in central Burlington County, south of Brendan T. Byrne State Forest, and flows generally south through Wharton State Forest. It joins the Oswego River near Harrisville to form the main stem of the Wading River. The Wading flows southeast and joins the Mullica River from the north near its mouth, approximately 10 mi north of Atlantic City. The lower 3 mi of the river forms a navigable estuary, an arm of the estuary of the Mullica, just west of the Garden State Parkway.

Like the Mullica, the river is noted for its extensive wetlands, including large runs of striped bass.

Tributaries

 * Oswego River
 * Tulpehocken Creek
 * West Branch Wading River

title: Wading River (New Jersey)


text:
Zaman Shah Durrani

Zaman Shah Durrani, or Zaman Shah Abdali (Persian: ; 1767 – 1844) was the third King of the Durrani Empire from 1793 until 1801. An ethnic Pashtun of the Sadozai clan, Zaman Shah was the grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani and the fifth son of Timur Shah Durrani.

Early years
Zaman Shah was born as the son of Timur Shah Durrani. The year of his birth is disputed however. Fayz Muhammad gives 1767 as his year of birth, while Noelle-Karimi gives the year as 1770. Zaman Shah had always wanted to follow his father, Timur Shah Durrani with his conquests in Punjab, however Timur Shah Durrani did not allow it, and Zaman Shah very early grew interests of being like his grandfather, Ahmad Shah Durrani, as a child he had dreamt of conquering Hindustan, but to no avail, as his father did not allow Zaman Shah to accompany him on his campaigns. Zaman Shah Durrani took the Durrani throne in 1793 after his father's death.

Opposition
When Zaman had taken the throne, he was opposed by many of his brothers. Among whom were Mahmud Shah Durrani and Humayun who had their respective regional zones of influence. To deal with these claims over succession, an election was held in Kabul over who the next Durrani ruler would be, Abbas Mirza was a running candidate and would have taken the vote if the election was held right after Timur Shah Durrani's death, however with the given time, Barakzai tribal leaders and Zaman's influence had by then grew, allowing him to receive the popular vote and become the ruler, specifically supported by Chief Payandah Khan.

Securing the throne
Having now been declared King of the Durrani Empire and recognized by all but his brothers, he led his brothers to Kabul, where he imprisoned his opposing brothers. He implicated a diet to starve his brothers, with a diet of two to three ounces of bread each day, with the effect, the brothers gave in on the sixth day, where they had given in and recognized Zaman Shah as the King of the Durrani Empire. The Princes were then freed but kept under surveillance in the Bala Hissar, Kabul.

Reforms
Zaman Shah had wanted a ministry and cabinet that would be loyal to him and of his people, as a result he had replaced his old ministry and replaced them with loyal Pashtuns devoted to Zaman Shah, strengthening his position on the throne. Zaman Shah had also led hard campaigns to tie himself to the chiefs who had opposed him in the Kabul election, where in most cases he succeeded, bringing more strength to his rule and throne, to those who did oppose him still as the chiefs, he put them to death.

March on Kandahar against Humayun
Zaman Shah, wanting to further secure his throne from the growing popularity of Mahmud Shah in Herat and older brother Humayun in Kandahar wanted to mobilise his army to march on Kandahar to prevent them uniting against his rule. Humayun, disregarded the advise to stay in defense within Kandahar's great walls and wait for Mahmud Shah reinforcements to arrive from Herat, and marched out to meet Zaman Shah's army and was defeated at Qalati Ghilji and forced to flee to Baluchistan. With his victory, Zaman Shah, secured Kandahar.

Before being able to move against Mahmud Shah in Herat, he had received news of possible rebellion on the outer provinces of the empire, and that his presence was urgently required in Kabul. He signed a truce with Mahmud Shah and returned to Kabul as a result.

Return to Kabul
Having then recaptured Kandahar and being recalled, he had led a reign of terror, seeing his father, Timur Shah Durrani's implicated systems as too lenient, every person correlating to any influence within the Durrani Empire was watched upon. Zaman Shah also ordered the execution of anybody who opposed him, leading to often massacres within the city to rout out small groups of resistance and opposition. The same Barakzai tribal leaders, who had led Zaman Shah in effort to consolidate his holdings and capture the throne were deprived of all power, with other chiefs also being arrested, or put to death. The outerlying provinces of the empire, having heard of the news in the capital had led prolific revolts in return, not wanting to meet the same fate as many of the nobles in Kabul; revolts broke out in Kashmir and Punjab; and Sindh had severed itself of influence and correlation to the Durrani Empire; and the Uzbeks had crossed the Oxus.

Second march to Kandahar and Sindh
Zaman Shah, now seeing his realm disintegrating, had marched to Peshawar, where he heard the news of his brother, Humayun, with the assistance of the Talpur in Sindh had seized Kandahar. He turned from Peshawar to meet him at Kandahar. Humayun was betrayed by the Afghans in Kandahar, forcing him to flee again, this time to Sindh, but then attempted to escape to Herat in the domain of his brother Mahmud Shah. Humayun was captured with a detachment of horses and ordered by Zaman Shah to be put to death, making sure Kandahar wouldn't be under threat from him once again.

Zaman Shah, having been forced to turn his expedition because of the Talpur had marched on Sindh, enraged and with the ideal of reintegrating the province into the Durrani Empire ever since it started to drift off from his father, Timur Shah Durrani's reign. When Zaman Shah entered Sindh, he heard the news of his brother, Mahmud Shah had been marching on Kandahar to cut him off from Afghanistan. Zaman Shah had then spared the Talpur but put under the conditions that they would tribute to the Durrani Empire once again, and confirmed the Talpur chief, Fath Ali Khan. With the Talpur's dealt with, he returned to Kandahar to deal with his brother Mahmud Shah.

Battle with Mahmud Shah
Zaman Shah, after dealing with the Talpur had marched back to Kandahar to prevent Mahmud Shah from seizing Kandahar. Mahmud Shah, having heard the news of his brother returning had set up position in the Siah-band range, remaining there until he heard further news of Zaman Shah's movements. Mahmud Shahhad heard his brother, Zaman Shah, was but three marches away from him after leaving Kandahar, as a result he broke up his armies and moved to the plains, meeting Zaman Shah's army at Gurak Village. The two armies had fought, with the fight seemingly a close victory for Mahmud Shah initially, however his men finally gave way, leading to the decisive victory for Zaman Shah. Mahmud Shah had first fled to Farah, Afghanistan, then moving to Herat, where by inciting the Uzbeks to attack had made Mahmud Shah pardoned by Zaman Shah, allowing Mahmud Shah to continue his affairs in government.

Dealing with revolts and march to Punjab
Zaman Shah, having dealt with Mahmud Shah had coerced the Uzbeks into a treaty after they heard of Mahmud Shah's defeat in Garuk Village. In revolt, Kashmir was also put down by a dispatchment of forces under Zaman Shah. Now having consolidated his realm, Zaman Shah, wanting to remake his grandfather's conquests in India had mobilized in Peshawar, planning to invade Punjab. In November 1796, Zaman Shah had readied his army and was prepared to march to Punjab, however there was pressing issues throughout the empire that always needed him, when he marched on Punjab, and had just captured Lahore. However, intelligence in Kabul had notified Zaman Shah about Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's invasion of Khorasan Province and had taken Mashhad on May 14, which was ruled by the Afsharid dynasty (vassals of the Durrani Empire). As a result, Zaman Shah was forced to withdraw and prepare an army to invade Khorasan. However, due to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's assassination on 17 June 1797, one of Nader's grandsons had resumed control and declared his independence.

Zaman Shah retakes Herat
Zaman Shah, seeing Mahmud Shah as a future threat if the Persians had ever invaded again, had decided to try and retake Herat and strip Mahmud of his administrative titles. Zaman Shah had met Mahmud at a battle near Girishk. He defeated Mahmud Shah and this allowed him to besiege Herat. The city however, held out. Eventually, Mahmud Shah's mother had broken a deal between the two brothers. The terms of which would be Zaman Shah being recognized as King of the Durrani Empire in exchange for keeping his governorship of Herat. However, nobody had seemed to give notice to Kamran Mirza, Son of Mahmud Shah. Kamran Shah, with the army of the city, noticing Zaman Shah leaving back to Helmand, led his armies in pursuit. Once Kamran had left, Qilij Khan, the governor of Herat in place for Kamran, while he was on his campaign had led a rebellion and opened the gates to Zaman Shah. Mahmud Shah and Kamran had then fled to Tehran in Persia.

Second and Third march to Punjab
With the Khorasan Province situation having blown over, Zaman Shah had returned to Peshawar to invade Punjab again, he advanced as far as Lahore and had planned to further invade into India. Zaman Shah had then heard the news that Mahmud Shah was in revolt and was planning to march on Kandahar once again. Zaman Shah, annoyed, and having enough of these constant issues had brought over one of Mahmud Shah's chief generals, occupied Herat, and forced him to flee to Persia.

Having now dealt with Mahmud Shah, Zaman Shah had resumed his plans for invading Punjab and India, he led his armies to Peshawar and had advanced as far as Lahore once again, before he was recalled by his intelligence, that the Persians, under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, were threatening Khorasan Province once again, this had forced Zaman Shah to withdraw to Peshawar and then Herat. The action that had prompted the Qajars to threaten the Durranis was provocated by the British East India Company, where the East India company had heard of Zaman Shah's attempts to repeat his fathers success in Hindustan. However, despite the Persian invasion, its attempted were foiled as Fath-Ali Shah Qajar had advanced as far as Sabzwar, and then withdrew. Though the invasion had failed, it had distracted Zaman Shah and forced him to hole in Kandahar for the winter. According to historian Hari Gupta, Zaman Shah's costly failed campaigns against the Sikhs, specifically failure to reach Delhi, led him to lose his crown as well as his eyes.

Mahmud Shah's return to Herat
Mahmud Shah, having seen Zaman Shah distracted, had mobilized a force of over 10,000 men from the outer lying provinces of Persia, he had then led these forces to Herat, where Zaman Shah, having heard of the news had also led his armies to march to Herat. However, Mahmud Shah's allies had seen how he failed against Zaman Shah before, as a result they had little confidence and low morale for the circumstances he was facing. Zaman Shah, seeing this had capitalized on this by creating doubts and fights in Mahmud Shah's camp. With this, Zaman Shah had broken Mahmud Shah's morale and his allies belief to fight, as a result, Mahmud Shah had then fled to Khiva, and then the court of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, where he led a petition to depose his brother, Zaman Shah. Mahmud Shah had attempted to seek help from Persia to invade the Durrani Empire to topple Zaman Shah's regime, however, nobody sought to help him. As a result, Mahmud Shah, retired to the mountains of Persia.

Conspiracy and deposition of Zaman Shah
With Zaman Shah at his zenith of power, he ushered through an era of prosperity not seen for a while within the Durrani Empire, however all was not good, with the Barakzais chiefs then planning for the topple of Zaman Shah, they had laid the constituent articles that Zaman Shah should be overthrown and replaced by his brother, Sujah Mirza, the Durrani crown should be elective, with the chiefs voting in for these. And that the kings who have been proven unworthy can be deposed by the chiefs.

Despite setting their main framework of ideals and plans, Zaman Shah's prime minister, Wafadar Khan, had found out about this, and invited the Barakzai chiefs separately to the palace, where he had executed them. One of his victims was Payandah Khan, one of the same chiefs that helped Zaman Shah to the Durrani throne. However it did not stop there, with Wafadar Khan then ordering the complete capture of all Mohammadzai and Barakzai chiefs. Prominent of this was Fathi Khan, the son of Payandah Khan. Fathi Khan had fled to Khorasan Province, where he met Mahmud Shah Durrani. Mahmud Shah had given up on his attempts of capturing the Durrani throne, however, after hearing news of what happened, Mahmud Shah had agreed, where they had marched to Farah with 18 supporters. Mahmud Shah had led fiery speeches and rallies against Zaman Shah, talking about his oppressive government and the tyrannies of Zaman Shah and Wafadar Khan. He had announced his intention to become the Durrani king and march on Kabul with their support. With this, the Barakzais had risen and flocked to his support, with many of the Durrani doing the same, with his support now large, Mahmud Shah had marched on Kandahar.

Mahmud Shah had begun sieging the city, for 42 days the city garrison held fierce, however, on the 43rd day, Fathi Khan had managed to gain the support of two tribal chiefs in Kandahar. With insurrection now fighting in the city and Mahmud Shah closing in, Kandahar fell to Mahmud Shah's forces. Zaman Shah, unaware of the events at Kandahar, had been focused on the King of Persia's movements, or what the Barakzais might do next in Kabul had then faced the reality of the situation. Instead of sending a force against his rebel brother, he left most of his forces with Shah Shujah Durrani at Peshawar. Zaman Shah, sensing his weakened position in Kabul had retreated in form to Jalalabad and had attempted to raise a large army, he failed to do this and only rallied around 400 artillerymen, and 200 cavalrymen. He marched to a fort not far from the Lataband Pass, where he appealed to the Afghans and tried to rally more support. Zaman Shah had succeeded in doing so, with many partisan fighters also flocking to his support such as Ahmad Khan. With this, his force numbered around 30,000. With Zaman Shah now ready, he marched ahead to meet Mahmud Shah once again in battle. The two armies met near Zabul. Ahmad Khan, leading the advance of Zaman Shah's army had flocked and deserted to Mahmud Shah's army. Zaman Shah, recognizing his situation had fled to a fort near again the Lataband Pass. Zaman Shah had also heard the news that Mahmud Shah had then captured Kabul. Mahmud Shah Durrani had led efforts to imprison Zaman Shah, with Zaman Shah leading a messenger to Mahmud Shah. The next day, Zaman Shah found out that he would be prisoner to Mahmud Shah, after conflicting with himself, he resigned to his fate, hiding his jewels including the Koh-i-Noor diamond, he was then led by a guard to Kabul. He had then met Asad Khan, a surgeon, where he was ordered to blind Zaman Shah from orders of Mahmud Shah. With Zaman Shah being defeated, Mahmud Durrani had now started his first reign on the Durrani throne.

Zaman Shah escaped out of Kabul and took refuge at Rawalpindi where he was met by Ranjit Singh who gave him a house to stay in but later due to his safety concerns, Ranjit Singh welcomed him to stay in Lahore, with a monthly allowance of 1,500 rupees. Later, from Lahore, Zaman Shah moved to Ludhiana where he lived for the rest of his life.

Death and legacy
Zaman Shah died at Ludhiana on 13 September 1845. He is buried at the Ahmad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī Mazar in Sirhind, Punjab (India).

Zaman Shah was seen by many Afghans as a kind and strong leader, however, after Wafadar Khan had begun murdering prominent tribal leaders, especially from the Barakzais, Zaman Shah and his regime were seen as cruel. Zaman Shah had attempted to repeat his Grandfathers success in India, advancing as far as Lahore, however having to give up the campaign due to many issues complicating things, usually being Zaman's brother, Mahmud Shah in open revolt, or the Persians threatening Durrani northern territories in Khorasan Province. Despite all these, under Zaman Shah, the Durrani Empire had faced a prosperous state once again, having not been seen since the times of Zaman Shah's grandfather, Ahmad Shah Abdali. From all of Zaman Shah's efforts, he fell as he rose, having attempted to consolidate power through brutal methods, usually by killing tribal chiefs who opposed him, including stripping people of their ranks, and thwarting their influence.

title: Zaman Shah Durrani


text:
Side-channel attack

In computer security, a side-channel attack is any attack based on extra information that can be gathered because of the fundamental way a computer protocol or algorithm is implemented, rather than flaws in the design of the protocol or algorithm itself (e.g. flaws found in a cryptanalysis of a cryptographic algorithm) or minor, but potentially devastating, mistakes or oversights in the implementation. (Cryptanalysis also includes searching for side-channel attacks.) Timing information, power consumption, electromagnetic leaks, and sound are examples of extra information which could be exploited to facilitate side-channel attacks.

Some side-channel attacks require technical knowledge of the internal operation of the system, although others such as differential power analysis are effective as black-box attacks. The rise of Web 2.0 applications and software-as-a-service has also significantly raised the possibility of side-channel attacks on the web, even when transmissions between a web browser and server are encrypted (e.g. through HTTPS or WiFi encryption), according to researchers from Microsoft Research and Indiana University.

Attempts to break a cryptosystem by deceiving or coercing people with legitimate access are not typically considered side-channel attacks: see social engineering and rubber-hose cryptanalysis. General classes of side-channel attack include:

 * Cache attack — attacks based on attacker's ability to monitor cache accesses made by the victim in a shared physical system as in virtualized environment or a type of cloud service.
 * Timing attack — attacks based on measuring how much time various computations (such as, say, comparing an attacker's given password with the victim's unknown one) take to perform.
 * Power-monitoring attack — attacks that make use of varying power consumption by the hardware during computation.
 * Electromagnetic attack — attacks based on leaked electromagnetic radiation, which can directly provide plaintexts and other information. Such measurements can be used to infer cryptographic keys using techniques equivalent to those in power analysis or can be used in non-cryptographic attacks, e.g. TEMPEST (aka van Eck phreaking or radiation monitoring) attacks.
 * Acoustic cryptanalysis — attacks that exploit sound produced during a computation (rather like power analysis).
 * Differential fault analysis — in which secrets are discovered by introducing faults in a computation.
 * Data remanence — in which sensitive data are read after supposedly having been deleted. (e.g. Cold boot attack)
 * Software-initiated fault attacks — Currently a rare class of side channels, Row hammer is an example in which off-limits memory can be changed by accessing adjacent memory too often (causing state retention loss).
 * Allowlist — attacks based on the fact that the allowlisting devices will behave differently when communicating with allowlisted (sending back the responses) and non-allowlisted (not responding to the devices at all) devices. Allowlist-based side channel may be used to track Bluetooth MAC addresses.
 * Optical - in which secrets and sensitive data can be read by visual recording using a high resolution camera, or other devices that have such capabilities (see examples below).

In all cases, the underlying principle is that physical effects caused by the operation of a cryptosystem (on the side) can provide useful extra information about secrets in the system, for example, the cryptographic key, partial state information, full or partial plaintexts and so forth. The term cryptophthora (secret degradation) is sometimes used to express the degradation of secret key material resulting from side-channel leakage.

Examples
A  works by monitoring security critical operations such as AES T-table entry  or modular exponentiation or multiplication or memory accesses. The attacker then is able to recover the secret key depending on the accesses made (or not made) by the victim, deducing the encryption key. Also, unlike some of the other side-channel attacks, this method does not create a fault in the ongoing cryptographic operation and is invisible to the victim.

In 2017, two CPU vulnerabilities (dubbed Meltdown and Spectre) were discovered, which can use a cache-based side channel to allow an attacker to leak memory contents of other processes and the operating system itself.

A timing attack watches data movement into and out of the CPU or memory on the hardware running the cryptosystem or algorithm. Simply by observing variations in how long it takes to perform cryptographic operations, it might be possible to determine the entire secret key. Such attacks involve statistical analysis of timing measurements and have been demonstrated across networks.

A power-analysis attack can provide even more detailed information by observing the power consumption of a hardware device such as CPU or cryptographic circuit. These attacks are roughly categorized into simple power analysis (SPA) and differential power analysis (DPA). One example is Collide+Power, which affects nearly all CPUs. Other examples use machine learning approaches.

Fluctuations in current also generate radio waves, enabling attacks that analyze measurements of electromagnetic (EM) emanations. These attacks typically involve similar statistical techniques as power-analysis attacks.

A deep-learning-based side-channel attack,  using the power and EM information across multiple devices has been demonstrated with the potential to break the secret key of a different but identical device in as low as a single trace.

Historical analogues to modern side-channel attacks are known. A recently declassified NSA document reveals that as far back as 1943, an engineer with Bell telephone observed decipherable spikes on an oscilloscope associated with the decrypted output of a certain encrypting teletype. According to former MI5 officer Peter Wright, the British Security Service analyzed emissions from French cipher equipment in the 1960s. In the 1980s, Soviet eavesdroppers were suspected of having planted bugs inside IBM Selectric typewriters to monitor the electrical noise generated as the type ball rotated and pitched to strike the paper; the characteristics of those signals could determine which key was pressed.

Power consumption of devices causes heating, which is offset by cooling effects. Temperature changes create thermally induced mechanical stress. This stress can create low level acoustic emissions from operating CPUs (about 10 kHz in some cases). Recent research by Shamir et al. has suggested that information about the operation of cryptosystems and algorithms can be obtained in this way as well. This is an acoustic cryptanalysis attack.

If the surface of the CPU chip, or in some cases the CPU package, can be observed, infrared images can also provide information about the code being executed on the CPU, known as a thermal-imaging attack.

An optical side-channel attack examples include gleaning information from the hard disk activity indicator to reading a small number of photons emitted by transistors as they change state.

Allocation-based side channels also exist and refer to the information that leaks from the allocation (as opposed to the use) of a resource such as network bandwidth to clients that are concurrently requesting the contended resource.

Countermeasures
Because side-channel attacks rely on the relationship between information emitted (leaked) through a side channel and the secret data, countermeasures fall into two main categories: (1) eliminate or reduce the release of such information and (2) eliminate the relationship between the leaked information and the secret data, that is, make the leaked information unrelated, or rather uncorrelated, to the secret data, typically through some form of randomization of the ciphertext that transforms the data in a way that can be undone after the cryptographic operation (e.g., decryption) is completed.

Under the first category, displays with special shielding to lessen electromagnetic emissions, reducing susceptibility to TEMPEST attacks, are now commercially available. Power line conditioning and filtering can help deter power-monitoring attacks, although such measures must be used cautiously, since even very small correlations can remain and compromise security. Physical enclosures can reduce the risk of surreptitious installation of microphones (to counter acoustic attacks) and other micro-monitoring devices (against CPU power-draw or thermal-imaging attacks).

Another countermeasure (still in the first category) is to jam the emitted channel with noise. For instance, a random delay can be added to deter timing attacks, although adversaries can compensate for these delays by averaging multiple measurements (or, more generally, using more measurements in the analysis). When the amount of noise in the side channel increases, the adversary needs to collect more measurements.

Another countermeasure under the first category is to use security analysis software to identify certain classes of side-channel attacks that can be found during the design stages of the underlying hardware itself. Timing attacks and cache attacks are both identifiable through certain commercially available security analysis software platforms, which allow for testing to identify the attack vulnerability itself, as well as the effectiveness of the architectural change to circumvent the vulnerability. The most comprehensive method to employ this countermeasure is to create a Secure Development Lifecycle for hardware, which includes utilizing all available security analysis platforms at their respective stages of the hardware development lifecycle.

In the case of timing attacks against targets whose computation times are quantized into discrete clock cycle counts, an effective countermeasure against is to design the software to be isochronous, that is to run in an exactly constant amount of time, independently of secret values. This makes timing attacks impossible. Such countermeasures can be difficult to implement in practice, since even individual instructions can have variable timing on some CPUs.

One partial countermeasure against simple power attacks, but not differential power-analysis attacks, is to design the software so that it is "PC-secure" in the "program counter security model". In a PC-secure program, the execution path does not depend on secret values. In other words, all conditional branches depend only on public information. (This is a more restrictive condition than isochronous code, but a less restrictive condition than branch-free code.) Even though multiply operations draw more power than NOP on practically all CPUs, using a constant execution path prevents such operation-dependent power differences (differences in power from choosing one branch over another) from leaking any secret information. On architectures where the instruction execution time is not data-dependent, a PC-secure program is also immune to timing attacks.

Another way in which code can be non-isochronous is that modern CPUs have a memory cache: accessing infrequently used information incurs a large timing penalty, revealing some information about the frequency of use of memory blocks. Cryptographic code designed to resist cache attacks attempts to use memory in only a predictable fashion (like accessing only the input, outputs and program data, and doing so according to a fixed pattern). For example, data-dependent table lookups must be avoided because the cache could reveal which part of the lookup table was accessed.

Other partial countermeasures attempt to reduce the amount of information leaked from data-dependent power differences. Some operations use power that is correlated to the number of 1 bits in a secret value. Using a constant-weight code (such as using Fredkin gates or dual-rail encoding) can reduce the leakage of information about the Hamming weight of the secret value, although exploitable correlations are likely to remain unless the balancing is perfect. This "balanced design" can be approximated in software by manipulating both the data and its complement together.

Several "secure CPUs" have been built as asynchronous CPUs; they have no global timing reference. While these CPUs were intended to make timing and power attacks more difficult, subsequent research found that timing variations in asynchronous circuits are harder to remove.

A typical example of the second category (decorrelation) is a technique known as blinding. In the case of RSA decryption with secret exponent $$d$$ and corresponding encryption exponent $$e$$ and modulus $$m$$, the technique applies as follows (for simplicity, the modular reduction by m is omitted in the formulas): before decrypting, that is, before computing the result of $$y^d$$ for a given ciphertext $$y$$, the system picks a random number $$r$$ and encrypts it with public exponent $$e$$ to obtain $$r^e$$. Then, the decryption is done on $$y \cdot r^e$$ to obtain $${(y \cdot r^e)}^d = y^d \cdot r^{e\cdot d} = y^d \cdot r$$. Since the decrypting system chose $$r$$, it can compute its inverse modulo $$m$$ to cancel out the factor $$r$$ in the result and obtain $$y^d$$, the actual result of the decryption. For attacks that require collecting side-channel information from operations with data controlled by the attacker, blinding is an effective countermeasure, since the actual operation is executed on a randomized version of the data, over which the attacker has no control or even knowledge.

A more general countermeasure (in that it is effective against all side-channel attacks) is the masking countermeasure. The principle of masking is to avoid manipulating any sensitive value $$y$$ directly, but rather manipulate a sharing of it: a set of variables (called "shares") $$y_1, ..., y_d$$ such that $$y = y_1 \oplus ... \oplus y_d$$ (where $$\oplus$$ is the XOR operation). An attacker must recover all the values of the shares to get any meaningful information.

Recently, white-box modeling was utilized to develop a low-overhead generic circuit-level countermeasure against both EM as well as power side-channel attacks. To minimize the effects of the higher-level metal layers in an IC acting as more efficient antennas, the idea is to embed the crypto core with a signature suppression circuit, routed locally within the lower-level metal layers, leading towards both power and EM side-channel attack immunity.

Articles

 * , Differential Power Analysis, P. Kocher, J. Jaffe, B. Jun, appeared in CRYPTO'99.
 * , Side channel attack: an approach based on machine learning, 2011, L Lerman, G Bontempi, O Markowitch.
 * , Timing Attacks on Implementations of Diffie-Hellman, RSA, DSS, and Other Systems, P. Kocher.
 * , Introduction to Differential Power Analysis and Related attacks, 1998, P Kocher, J Jaffe, B Jun.
 * Nist.gov, a cautionary Note Regarding Evaluation of AES Candidates on Smart Cards, 1999, S Chari, C Jutla, J R Rao, P Rohatgi
 * DES and Differential Power Analysis, L Goubin and J Patarin, in Proceedings of CHES'99, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Nr 1717, Springer-Verlag

title: Side-channel attack


text:
Agua Grande

Agua Grande May refer to:
 * Agua Grande Lagoon in Sinaloa, Mexico
 * Água Grande District on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe

title: Agua Grande


text:
Caue

Caue may refer to:

People

 * Cauê Benicio (born 1978), Brazilian midfielder
 * Cauê Macris (born 1983), Brazilian politician
 * Cauê (footballer, born 1986), Cauê Santos da Mata, Brazilian football midfielder
 * Cauê (footballer, born 1987), Roberto Carvalho Cauê, Brazilian football defender
 * Caue Fernandes (born 1988), Brazilian football defender
 * Cauê (footballer, born 1989), Cauê Cecilio da Silva, Brazilian football midfielder
 * Cauê (footballer, born 2002), Cauê Vinícius dos Santos, Brazilian football forward

Other uses

 * Caué District, district of São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Cauê (mascot), mascot for the 2007 Pan American Games

title: Caue