text:
Talk:Abdullah Gül

Protests and all that
I'm no expert on Turkey, so I don't want to jump in and start editing the page. I do know, however, that this fellow seems to be a hotly divisive figure in Turkey. In particular, a lot of people seem to think that he's not a secularist (which is mentioned in the article). The only elaboration in the article on that topic seems to be his statement that he's a perfectly nice guy. Can we get a mention of why so many people seem to think he's not a secularist? Thanks. --George 15:36, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

The secularism in Turkey is one of the most discussed concepts. It is applied in ways that oppress and discrimate against some parts of the society. Although it is ideally a guarantee for the religious freedom, it does not work that way in Turkey. For instance, wearing headscarfs is banned in schools and public places because of this (mis)interpretation of secularism. Some paranoid individuals consider it as a threat to the republic and try to spread and dominate that fear on public. Because of this ideologic oppression, the public and state are in conflict. The reason is that bureaucratic elits who try to regulate the life in Turkey do not want to lose their power and prestige. They control and press the public, whose beliefs and values are constituting a threat to their selfish interests, by maintaining that imaginative fear in varied aspects of life. Abdullah Gul's possible precidency is something they are scared to death. Becuase the people will see that there is no danger to the republic as they were told when ABdullah Gul will function as a president. This will normalize the life in Turkey, which means that those elits will be seriously criticized and lose their so-called legitimacy. The July 22 elections are one of the signs of this process. Half of the public elected in favor of Abdullah Gul's party. The people/public are now much more aware of who is doing what under what intentions in Turkey. Remember those REPUBLIC PROTESTS before the elections. Now it has been revealed that they were engineered ideologically by the very same center and the same persons/institutions tried to manipulate the public that the republic is in danger. Yes something is in danger, but it is not the republic, it is rather the selfish interests and power of those elits who consider the public as a threat.

 * I just added this part to the republic protest page;
 * Gül was prominently a controversial candidate for several reasons. His background including the two proscribed islamist political parties, and a recently re-revealed interview of him in the Guardian newspaper in 1995 where he stated "We want to change the secular system" was seen as the major concerns of the protesters. Morever her wife, who previously filed a complaint against Turkey in the European Court of Human Rights, is wearing a head scarf; which many had seen as a threat to the secular Republic Regime of Turkey, and thus expressed this inconvinience in the second rally.
 * Hope that helps, don't really have time to work a lot on it. But somebody just nominated the republic protest for the first page so tried to clarify the situation a little
 * Kerem Özcan 16:59, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

This has to be the most inane article on wikipedia. His bio (which was perfectly fine just a week ago) is now replaced with a single line. The main body deals with a current election, as though its the culmination of his life. Would someone kindly stop whoever it is thats erasing his bio, and replace the one previously erased. Thx
 * Unsigned = 04:30 29 April 07

If Wikipaedia is to be respected as a reputable source of information then mere rumours, slanderous comments etc must be ommited. His Excellency Dr. Abdullah Gul, is the first President of the Republic of Turkey to have held such office as a direct result of a national referendum. Hence any question as to His Excellency's legitimacy as President is manifestly absurd. His Excellency is a world renowned academic known for his moderate views. His Excellency has also stated his support for secularism on many occassions. Albeit, he insists on balancing secular rule with the right of religious expression. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.148.209.236 (talk) 10:14, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Comment
Gül's foreign minister office's official page is:

http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupg/default.htm

Is there an accepted protocol on whether links of this type belong in articles on public officials? Ellsworth 17:44, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Gul wasn't CEO of IDB (and IDB doesn't use CEO as titles anyway) - AA.

He isn't someone that respected by all of Turkish Nation like rest of his party anyway.

"He isn't someone that respected by all of Turkish Nation like rest of his party anyway." This is a very stupid statement which has not to be discussed here. If you dont like them fine, but other people in Turkey who finally got rid of conflicts and experience a clear development like him and his party

 * Everybody who took the ECON202 (introduction to macroeconomics) course can understand that the clear development which you are talking about is actually the collapse of the Turkish economy in the long term. Just like Benjamin Franklin said "They who would give up an essential liberty for temporary security, deserve neither liberty or security". Deliogul 09:17, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Stub
May I ask why people keep scrapping the text from length of an article to a stub? Ben T/C 11:19, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

copyvio
I don't think the bio part is copyvio, please see these google searches: , , , even this. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Denizz (talk • contribs) 11:22, 30 April 2007 (UTC).

Statistics?
Martial status? Religion? Children? Etc? Where is all the usual info about key figures?Tourskin 05:39, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * From the article: "On August 21, 1980, Abdullah Gül married Hayrünnisa Özyurt (b. 1965) and the couple has three children, two sons named Mehmet Emre and Ahmet Münir and a daughter named Kübra" We even have the wedding date, which is probably unnecessary. I don't see why stating his religion is necessary (laicite) but he is most likely Muslim, considering his past (he is certainly nominally Muslim). DenizTC 11:50, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Fettullah Gulen..
Abdullah Gul is simply servant of Fethullah Gülen. Everybody knows that in Turkey. It is not a secret (All the videos are available in yuotube 1,2,3). Wikipedia is a free ancyclopedia. And It should give every detail. Fettullah Gulen wants to change the regime in Turkey by settling islamic rules. So in a very near feature regime in Turkey will change. That is why the date 28 August 2007 is a very important in Turkey's History. Because The Army of Ataturk lost and Fettullah won.. It is strange that there is no Fettullah Gulen in article? —Preceding comment added by onur 19:47, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

 * As Atatürk said "Armies of the republic are always ready". This is not a football game but politics. Ability to plan three moves further and ability to stay calm can make you win both the game chess and the game of politics. As Chris Rea said "Fool if you think it's over, it's just begun" ;) Take care, Deliogul 23:12, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The people have spoken. If the Turkish people really want to join the EU, they must appreciate that in the EU the will of the people expressed in their Dmocratic mandate trumps and notions of secularism, or Islamism. If Gul screws up, the people can boot him and his party out and stay in the EU.  If the Army does it, the Turks will not be welcome in Europe. Europe remembers the brute force tactics of the Soviets, and if the Turkish Army replicates that there is no way they will be granted accession.195.7.55.146  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.7.55.146 (talk) 09:53, August 29, 2007 (UTC)
 * If Gul screws up, the people can boot him and his party out and stay in the EU. After being islamic country, who will boot him out? The army of Fethullah? —Preceding unsigned comment added by onur

Yep, Reds and military are always bad and the great notion of democracy which is promoted by US is always good. AKP's policies which make people happy in the short term will end up in a disaster in the long term. As I said before, every ordinary college student who took introduction to macroeconomics course can understand that. So stop blaming the army to defend AKP. AKP is about five years old. On the other hand, the army celebrated its 2216th anniversary of foundation. Do you know the popular song of Aretha Franklin? R-E-S-P-E-C-T :) Deliogul 10:03, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Why are you even mentioning the USA? Does Turkey want to be the 51st State too? In terms of Accession of Turkey to the European Union, The will of the people, all the people, trumps the will of the army. If, as you suppose, the people made a mistake, in a democracy they can correct that mistake. 195.7.55.146 14:17, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

The will of people is a weak answer to the problem in Turkey. There are different kinds of people in Turkey. A group of religious people, a group of conservative people, a group of nationalist people, a group of social democrat people, a group of Kurdish activists etc. Half of the conservative voters, all of the religion freak guys and a considerable number of Kurdish people decided AKP is the best choice, a thing doesn't necessarily mean that they want EU. Other voters insisted that AKP will ruin the country and voted for other parties, a think doesn't necessarily mean that they don't want EU. Many people chose AKP for the food and coal help and many others (AKP supporters from the middle class) chose AKP for the wealth that they gained in the short term. Whatever, time will tell the truth as you stated. Note: I would be so ignorant if I didn't see the close ties between US and AKP. Maybe Turkey is not the 51st state but the government are close to work like a colony headquarters :) Deliogul 14:51, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * As it says at the top of this page, "This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Abdullah Gül article. This is not a forum for general discussion about the article's subject. Thanks! AndrewRT(Talk) 18:07, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright, take it easy brother :) Deliogul 21:11, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

strange sentence
The article currently has this sentence, in the "presidential candidacy" section
 * But a few days later, on May 11 when inquired after the alterations to the Turkish constitution which now allowed the people to elect the president directly rather than a parliamentary vote, Gül announced that he was still intending to run on May 6.

How could he have announced on May 11 that he was intending to run on May 6? --Delirium 22:08, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Güllük Camii
Is Güllük Camii a mosque? It's mentioned in the Early life section but not explained. --Cam 01:42, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Camii means mosque in Turkish. I think you got it :) Deliogul 09:15, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Karısıyla kaç yaşında evlendiği neden ısrarla makaleye sokuluyor?
Türk işi bu. Çok umrumda değil ama adamı pedofil olarak damgalamak istiyor gibisiniz. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.99.201.4 (talk) 05:32, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, love has no boundaries but you have to understand that the age difference and the age of his wife during the time of their marriage is somehow strange. Deliogul 09:19, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Article is about Abdullah Gul, and his all life, his mentality, and his friends.. You can add anything that concerns him.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by onur

I find it strange that you are not disturbed by the fact that he married a child half his age, but rather by people merely stating that fact. And I don't think he is a pedophile either, he is probably just following his prophet's example. Kvorakir 14:20, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Kvorakir, your statement about Muhammed can make religiously sensitive people angry. While, many Turkish people find marrying a child weird and even sick, for a considerable amount of people, it is just a "tradition". I have to add that some traditions of every culture can be impossible to understand or justify in modern understanding. Whatever, we have to mention that Gül was married with a child and we don't have to take this discussion further. Deliogul 15:49, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I was angry, because some people are trying to make their leaders look good by hiding unpleasant facts about them. And some of these people (like the anonymous user above) accuse the writers of sullying their leaders. But you are right; I shouldn't have mentioned Mohammed's wife. WP is not the place for such a discussion. I am not going to further comment on that issue, unless someone removes that section again. Kvorakir 07:32, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This is just plain and simple fact. Abdullah Gul married his wife when she was fifteen years old. Censoring this bit of information is a violation of Wikipedia's neutrality and freedom of speech. Sorry folks.

At the end of the day it was a bona fide marriage hence I don't see any wrong. He saw his future wife, went and asked the girls parents for her hand and followed all the traditional steps. We see this sort of thing in Hollywood everyday. Except in Hollywood the legitimacy of the marriage is in question. It is usually a wealthy man who marries a girl old enough to be his daughter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.148.209.236 (talk) 10:20, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Date Of Birth
The article gives as his date of birth 29 October 1950, but in the infobox the date is 10 October 1950. So, which one is it? Q43 08:47, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Why has this been in the news section on the front of Wiki for so long?
Hasn't this been out there long enough? BCapp 10:07, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * People waited it to happen so desperately. This is why they can't stop celebrations. They say it is the beginning of a bright future, I say it is the first move of a war. Whatever, let them parade in streets when they can ;) Deliogul 21:17, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

His moteher ancestors info has no reference and been deleted because of Mr. Gul is a living person. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.209.206.100 (talk) 00:34, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Arabic?
Why is Arabic script? It is not necessary. As you know Turks don't use Arabic alphabet now.--85.106.156.199 (talk) 20:43, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Ethnic origin?
Is he really turkish? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.0.142.166 (talk) 07:41, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Being Turkish is based on citizenship, not ethnicity. 1907AbsoluTurk (talk) 10:40, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Saved Lives of Many People
It has turned out that the Republic President Abdullah Gül, who is a friend of Dictator Erdoğan, was the one who reduced the tension and prevented deaths of thousands by the order of the dictator on 29 October 2012, in the Republic Day of Turkey. Dictator Erdoğan gave the police and the Governor of Ankara the order "TO KILL CIVILIANS IF NECESSARY". President Gül cancelled the "KILL ORDER". Dictator Erdoğan gets more and more bloodthirsty these days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inspectortr (talk • contribs) 17:48, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Abdullah Gül


text:
Senchus fer n-Alban

The Senchus fer n-Alban (The History of the men of Scotland) is an Old Irish medieval text believed to have been compiled in the 10th century. It provides genealogies for kings of Dál Riata and a census of the kingdoms which comprised Dál Riata.

Description
The Senchus exists in a number of manuscripts, of which the most important belonged to Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh and then to Edward Lhuyd. This, Ms. H.2.7 held by Trinity College Dublin, was compiled in the 14th century by Lúcás Ó Dalláin, probably working with Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin (died 1372), the chief poet and historian of the Uí Maine. This manuscript was once thought to have formed part of the Book of Uí Maine, but this is no longer considered plausible. Other examples are found in the Book of Ballymote (1384x1406), the Book of Lecan (before 1418), and in Mac Fhirbhisigh's 17th-century genealogical compilations. It may have been derived from earlier documents of the 7th century which are presumed to have been written in Latin.

The Senchus is a relatively short document, around 70 or 80 lines of type depending on the variant used. To it is appended the Genelaig Albanensium which contains genealogies of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda and Causantín mac Cuilén, kings of Alba, and of Ainbcellach mac Ferchair and other Dál Riata kings.

Most versions of the Senchus follow the late myth of the Dál Riata origins by beginning with Eochaid Muinremar and the sons of Erc, Fergus Mór among them. Mac Fhirbhisigh's own version of the Senchus traces Dál Riata to the Síl Conairi and Cairpre Riata (Rígfhota), son of Conaire Mór and/or Conaire Cóem, who may be the Reuda of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. The Genelaig Albanensium, and the similar genealogies in the Rawlinson B 502 manuscript, make Cairpre Riata an ancestor in the tenth or fifteenth generation of Fergus Mór mac Eirc.

The historical value of the Senchus rests largely in its later sections, which include historical kings of Dál Riata — myth may end and history begin in the reign of Conall mac Comgaill in the middle of the 6th century. The last king who can be identified in the genealogies contained in the Senchus proper is Conall Crandomna, who died around 660.

The Senchus lists the divisions of Dál Riata—the Cenél nGabráin, the Cenél Loairn, and the Cenél nÓengusa—and their obligations for military service, apparently at a time when the Cenél Comgaill remained part of the Cenél nGabráin. These divisions need not be of great antiquity, and the lists provided are not without problems. The Senchus lists no kindreds or military obligations for the Irish lands, if any, which may have formed part of Dál Riata. One curious feature of the Senchus is the presence of Airgíalla in the lands of the Cenél Loairn. It is not apparent whether these represent settlers from Ireland, or simply people to whom the label "additional clients" was applied.

The Senchus lists what is believed to be the oldest reference to a naval battle in the British Isles. There is a brief record of an engagement between rival Dalriadan groups in 719.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Senchus fer n-Alban


text:
Talk:Municipalities with language facilities

Lack of neutrality
I do think there's a lot of bias on those wiki pages and I'd lack to see less Flemish propaganda. However, I do not have enough time to take part to the editing of the pages. Is there anyway to alert a moderator? I think on such controversial/debated subjects as the linguistic and regional "problems" in Belgium, there's much need for a neutral moderator to overview the wiki pages. It is worth noting that the majority of contributors to wiki Belgium seem to be from the Flemish part of the country. The clear lack of neutrality comes, for example, in listing in this section (Municipalities with language facilities) a whole lot of the negative aspects of the "Actual implementation of language facilities" on the French-speaking side, without putting it into context at all ("In terms of local public services and communication, it seems that the Flemish municipalities with facilities have a correct bilingual communication", while "some Walloon municipalities with facilities appear monolingual in their general communication towards their inhabitants": it would be worth mentioning that some of those great Flemish municipalities which are so nicely multi-lingual are just on the outskirt of a multi-cultural capital with above 70% of French speakers and a good deal of other nationalities, the case of the monolingual Walloon municipalities being maybe a bit different). Even statements of facts can be very manipulative when they come out of context, and this is what propaganda can be all about! Then there are simple wrong statements, with no referencing, such as "It is, however, worth noting that Le Soir (a French-language local Brussels newspaper) supports the demands of the militant Front des Francophones, as many of its editors live in the municipalities with facilities." The statement that Le Soir is a local Brussels newspaper is simply completely wrong, and nothing in this sentence is backed up by facts. Moreover, this sentence brings nothing to the wiki page but yet more Flemish bias. I pointed this out, but there would be much more to discuss about. I do honestly think some of the wiki pages about Belgium lack greatly in quality simply because people cannot stay neutral and no one seems to be moderating the subject with care. A pity. Manoni (talk) 13:02, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * about the lack of neutrality: I do not think there is lack of neutrality on this page. Honestly, this page (or wikipedia in general) can be quite different than what is read in international newspapers on these topics, but I think the bias is in those newspapers, not here. Remeber that the international reporters in Brussels tend to only follow the French as most of them are only fluent in French. 84.195.182.23 (talk) 18:14, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

"It is worth noting that the majority of contributors to wiki Belgium seem to be from the Flemish part of the country" In order to contribute to an English wiki-page, one needs at least a basic knowledge of the language. Most Walloons would't even recognize the English language (or the Dutch for that matter) if it slapped them in the face. I wish I were kidding, but I'm not 81.88.110.49 (talk) 15:17, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Please, 81.88.110.49, if you're going to insult someone, don't hide behind an IP address; and BTW, your English isn't good enough to have spotted the incorrect modifier in the title.Laburke (talk) 02:06, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

German speaking community vs German language region
I wonder whether the title "Municipalities in Wallonia belonging to the German speaking community with French-language facilities" shouldn't be replaced by "Municipalities in Wallonia belonging to the German language region with French-language facilities" ("German language region" comes from Art.4 of the Belgian Constitution: in Dutch "België omvat vier taalgebieden : het Nederlandse taalgebied, het Franse taalgebied, het tweetalige gebied Brussel-Hoofdstad en het Duitse taalgebied." or in French "La Belgique comprend quatre régions linguistiques : la région de langue française, la région de langue néerlandaise, la région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale et la région de langue allemande.") ??? -- Edcolins 17:46, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that would indeed be better, so no problem at all for me if changed. D.D. 20:28, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That might be confusing. te Belgian constitution has two different concepts: regions as one of the instituional levels (3) and linguistic areas (4 such areas). In the French version of the constitution, the same word is used for both (région), while the Ducth has two different words (gewesten (3) and 'taalgebieden', where the word 'taalgebied' translates in English in 'linguitic areas' or something like that. the word gebied translating in 'area', 'region' and 'territories'.

Moreover, as of today, altough many german-speakers (including theur minister-president) would like to obtain the regional institutions (and thus seperate from Wallonia), maybe  using German language area  or German language territory  is more precise. Just an idea. --Rudi Dierick 14:55, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Belgium is divided in 3 regions (Brussels, Flanders and Wallonia) and 3 communities (German speaking, French speaking and Dutch speaking).Julien Tuerlinckx 00:22, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

railways
In "in addition, in certain such municipalities, there are also publicly funded schools for the language minority, as well as railway services", I don't grasp the "railway" part. Does this allude to the extension of the Brussels's STIB/MIVB tram network outside of Brussels and inside Flanders ? Regardless of who's paying for these rails, I fail to see how they relate to facilities. Rails don't talk, AFAIK. --FvdP 03:22, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Information given in railway stations in municipalities with language facilities is also gibven in the minority language. Regards

Factual sources of the information needed
Removed two subjective parts:
 * "Most of those French-speakers did want to respect the equal rights of the local Flemish population. They acted as if they had superior rights."

and
 * "That Flemings who migrate towards Wallonia integrate fairly well, whereas many French-speakers migrating to the Flemish region do not, or only partially."

Are there any opinion polls showing this? Please cite your sources. Verifiable facts needed. --Edcolins 13:47, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is indeed a HUGE typographic error in the first sentence, correct wording being "Most of those French-speakers did not want to respect the equal rights of the local Flemish population. They acted as if they had superior rights.". This is generally accepted knowledge among all scientists publishing on these topics. One of the indications is that the same 30 and 50% thresholds were used to determine these muncipalities, and how the percentages evolved since: in Wallonie, the minority integrated and its percentage of the population rather declined. Around Brussels, the percentage of French-speakers hugely increased, and in the other Flemish cities onthe border with Wallonie, it apparently remained more or less stable (or decreased slightly). Do you deny this? Or are you just sceptical?  --Rudi Dierick 20:25, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Please cite your sources. Claiming "This is generally accepted knowledge among all scientists publishing on these topics" is not enough to allow everyone to verify your claims. Your interpretation seems to be original research of yours. --Edcolins 08:25, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Some sources (I assume, as you insist on discussing community issues in belgium, that you are certainly capable of understandng the foolowing quotes): De Morgen van 5 feb 2005, p.30-31, tweepaginalang interview met Beatrice Delvaux en Luc Delfosse, resp. hoofdredacteur en adjunct-hoofdredacteur van Le Soir.

 * Delvaux: "Franstaligen die in Vlaanderen wonen en geen Nederlands spreken, dat gaat er bij mij niet in. Ik woon zelf in Vlaanderen en heb met mijn buren nog nooit spontaan Frans gesproken."

 * Waar in Vlaanderen woont u?
 * Delvaux: "Dilbeek. (hilariteit). Ja, ja, Dilbeek, 'waar Vlamingen thuis zijn'. Ik vind het normaal dat ik in de winkel en op de voetbalclub Nederlands praat. En ik kan me ergeren aan Franstaligen die in een Nederlandstalige school hardnekkig Frans blijven spreken."

 * Delfosse: "Laat me het even wat brutaler zeggen. De Franstaligen in Vlaanderen kunnen zich zo niet blijven gedragen. De tijd van het kolonialisme is voorbij: in Kongo, in Indonesië, maar ook in de Brusselse rand. Franstaligen die zich in de Vlaamse rand vestigen, moeten Nederlands leren. Ik woon in Waals-Brabant, waar zich de laatste jaren duizenden Vlamingen vestigden. Zij spreken Frans, hun kinderen gaan naar een Franstalige school. Hun integratie verloopt heel snel en natuurlijk."

 * Dear, I do agree with your desire to obtain more authoritative information on this. However, as you know that I'm contributing quite a lot overhere, I am getting the feeling that there is a huge imbalance in this. Furthermore, I'm getting the feeling that several of the other contributors -speaking in general, not about you- on these pages are incapable of properly understanding Ducth. This creates the situation where people insist on their version of 'facts' where they are incapable of analysing relevant sources, and thus being reduced to what (in the case of Nicnac25) a very hostile and anti-Flemish press says about Flanders. --Rudi Dierick 11:40, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In addition, I have a very bad experience with providng sources on this kind of articles: whenever I do provide sources (and spend time looking things up), teher is only poor aknowledgemenet and acceptance, and certain contributors as Nicnac25 just continue as if I provided nothing at all, and continue imposing their partisan points of view (including, to give a recent example) the statement that in Flanders and Wallonia, the communiti--Rudi Dierick 11:40, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)es would have authority over the municipalities (which is a plain error, as it are the regions, everywhere).
 * As a final remark, most of the references I have on Flanders are in print, and often spread over a large number of books, making it a significant effort to get to precise references. As a general remark: the statements you asked for sources, are based on writings of different autors as prof. Philippe van Parijs (UCL), prof. Rudy Janssens (VUB), and press articles from Hugo Fonteyn (DS) and others.
 * To conclude: it is so cheap (as some others do) to erase whatever you don't like, never to provide any relevant, authoritative sources, and then to shout that I have to provide references. This is really not a 'satisfacory' working technique for Wikipedia, especailly as there is no 'sanction' at all for those who are systematically wrong and whom erronuously deleted information. Whenever I write opinion articles for the press (as my last on the referendum on the European constitution from friday 27 Jan in De Tijd), I make sure that I can substantiate any fact I mention. However, I hope you understand that with these forums so 'polluted' by people as Nicnac25, Im becoming very selective what requests for further information and sources I do answer and which not. By the way, if you prefer, we can continue this discussion on how to proceed also via email (rudi.dierick@skynet.be).

official denomination
Karel Anthonissen replaced 'Their official denomination is 'municipalities with a special status'.' by 'They are so-called 'municipalities with a special status'.' I don't understand why: this is the official denomination, the expression "communes à facilités" does not exist in legal texts. There are several official denominations: 'communes dotées d'un régime spécial en vue de la protection de leurs minorités' (communes that have been given a special regime in view of the protection of their minorities) or 'communes à régime spécial', divided into 2 categories, 'communes périphériques' (around Brussels) and 'communes de la frontière linguistique' (see: '18 JUILLET 1966. - Lois sur l'emploi des langues en matière administrative'). The other original law on this matter ('30 JUILLET 1963. - Loi concernant le régime linguistique dans l'enseignement') also refers to 'communes dotées d'un régime spécial en vue de la protection de leurs minorités'. For the rest, his modifications indeed neutralize the previous excesses of a Flemish nationalist, 'Rudi Dierick', about whom I think it would be wise to look at all his modifications on wikipedia, he seems obsessed by his Flemish nationalism and by his opposition against Turkey becoming a EU member, and his 'contributions' are mostly non-neutral. --Pylambert 10:58, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your observation. I can answer your question: the only reason for that particular change was that http://www.juridat.be/cgi_loi/legislation.pl only gives general acces to Belgian legislation, which is of no direct use to readers. It is nevertheless possible to make a more concrete link, for example the Law of July 18, 1966: in Dutch or in French.  But even these are not very usefull to English readers.  Karel Anthonissen 14:46, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Move to most commonly used terminology in English
The former article name 'Municipalities with linguistic facilities' became 'Municipalities with language facilities'. The Wikipedia guidelines leave no option other than to use the term with most common usage in English for an article title, and a glance at Google results (as suggested by the guidelines for this determination) delivers nearly five times as many 'language facilities' [265] for Belgium than 'linguistic regions' [58] (just counting the actual pages shown by Google, not the uninformative and entirely unverifiable 'hits'). My advanced Google search was on pages in English including one of the words 'Belgium' or 'Belgian', and the specific terms as exact phrase (and excluded 'programming'). Furthermore, it is also more normal and unambiguous English because 'linguistic' can refer to linguistics, the study of languages, and that usage is more common than simply referring to plain languages spoken somewhere. Full details: 813 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "language areas" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

357 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "language regions" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

439 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "linguistic regions" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

374 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "linguistic areas" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

'language area' most common; within this context, 'language' is also more common than 'linguistic', and 'area' is more common than 'region'

265 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "language facilities" -programming -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

58 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "linguistic facilities" -programming -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

'language facilities' most common; hence'language' is also in this context more common than 'linguistic'

4 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "municipalities with language facilities" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

1 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "communes with language facilities" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

9 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "municipalities with linguistic facilities" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

13 English pages for Belgium OR Belgian "communes with linguistic facilities" -wiki -wikimedia -wikipedia -wikimiki.

'communes' (14) is equally common than 'municipalities' (13) and 'linguistic' more common than 'language', both in this highly specific context, but the total number of availabe pages is far too low to draw any valid conclusions as to "common usage in English", the expression is simply too rare and occurrances may well originate from even fewer sources. Closer inspection of the 13 'communes with linguistic facilities' confirms this (mainly originating at the Council of Europe or referring to it as a source, and another even states "the linguistic facilities accorded to the French-speaking residents of the six communities ").

Thus on the English language Wikipedia, the terms 'language area' and 'language facilities' need to be used for titles of articles, and in absence of sufficient data for 'municipalities/communes with...' shown neither to be common nor to have formed a coined expression, hence 'common usage' will be that which is found to be most common comparing 'language facilities' and 'linguistic facilities'. — SomeHuman 12 Jun2007 00:55 (UTC)

remadiate about the boycot
Some of the English language here needs to be cleaned-up by a native speaker. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 10:00, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Stop it, Belgians!!!
Please, I beg of you, don't use the English Wikipedia to play out your internecine squabbles. Also, you might rate the importance of this article as being high, but do you really want the rest of the world to know how high you rate an article such as this? Ah, but perhaps they should know. By the way, a native English speaker might get a laugh out of the title. It's akin to saying, Cities with toilet facilities. The usual meanings of facility do not have the same connotation as facilité nor faciliteit. I suggest, Belgian cities with a choice of language, if you insist on even having this article. Affectionately,Laburke (talk) 01:50, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

Well, I did my best to explain in the Introduction the two meanings of Facilities as they apply here. BTW, I believe the Flemish should fear the influences of English on their language much more than of French. Laburke (talk) 03:36, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Actual implementation of language facilities
I think this part, should be rewritten

Especially, the: " In terms of Objective observations". Because, this is not objective.

1. "That the Flemish authorities finance French-speaking schools in the Flemish municipalities with facilities for the French-speakers (see below for a list; annual subvention nearly 10 millionEuro)"=> Not correct. The Flemish authorities, receive an annual sum allocated by the federal state to pay the schools. This sum depends on the number of students, so, the flemish receive also money for the French-speaking students from Flanders ( about 2600 students )

2. In contrast, the authorities of the French-speaking community do not finance Dutch-speaking schools in the Walloon municipalities with facilities for the Dutch-speakers => Again not true. The French speaking community finance ( via the federal state, see above ) a flemish school in Moucron ( Moescroen ), the "Broeders Maristen Instituut"

3. In terms of local public services and communication, it seems that the Flemish municipalities with facilities have a correct bilingual communication (e.g. their websites are bi- or even multi-lingual), whereas some Walloon municipalities with facilities appear monolingual in their general communication towards their inhabitants.=> Can someone please provide some sources ? I checked the 4 wallon municipalities websites, and only 1 is monolingual, the others are bi or multi lingual. On the other hand, 4 flemish municipalities with facilities for the french speakers do not have a french version : Mesen, Spiere-Helkijn, Ronse and Herstappe. ( Check done on 01/10/2010 )
 * Herstappe (the smallest comunity in Belgium, does not have a website. So, indeed no French version, but also no Dutch version, so what's the point? 87.66.141.86 (talk) 21:50, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

4. ... although it de facto already severely restricts the facilities for Flemings, e.g. the monolingual communication of the Walloon municipalities involved, the blocking of all funding for Dutch-speaking schools, and at least one of the four municipalities required to offer facilities for Dutch-speakers, demands similar repeated requests for documents in their language per every instance.[2]=> Not correct. Monolingual communication ?( see above ). Blocking founding ? ( see above ).

Sources: http://www.rtbf.be/info/belgique/politique/quand-la-flandre-ment-155737

http://pourquoipas.lalibreblogs.be/archive/2009/11/03/mythes-flamands-6-la-communaute-francaise-refuse-de-financer.html#more

http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/article/392035/la-wallonie-a-aussi-ses-ecoles-a-facilites.html

And again in recent trends:

"Worse, the Experts of Venise, legal experts working on behalf of the Council of Europe,.....

If this report says that the french speakers cannot be concider as a national minority they are on the other hand a regional minority in Flanders and should be protected, and I'm quoting:" At the regional level, having regard to the distribution of competences between the various regions and communities and of the territorial division of the country, the Commission considers that French-speakers in the Dutch-language Region and in the German-language Region may be considered as a minority in the sense of the Framework Convention, as may Dutch-speakers and German-speakers in the French-language Region." ( See last point of the conclusion ) http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2002/CDL-AD%282002%29001-E.asp?MenuL=E Le Liegeois (talk) 16:15, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

September 2011: Removal of doubtful and harmful material as per Wikipedia Guidelines
1) Under the title Actual implementation of language facilities, a sub-section titled Communication used to include one single statement (cited below) which seems to have been written by Kvdh  on 25 September 2008 at 21:35 and later moved to this separate sub-section "Communication" by SPQRobin on 13 October 2010 at 12:35. The allegation was not referenced; harmful to the Walloon municipalities with language facilities for Dutch-speakers; and it was based on a wrong statement (evidence provided below). Consequently, in accordance with Wikipedia guidelines, this statement was simply removed and the title of the sub-section combined with the next one (also dealing with communication matters):

 * “In terms of local public services and communication, it seems that the Flemish municipalities with facilities have a correct bilingual communication (their websites are bilingual or even multi-lingual), whereas most Walloon municipalities with facilities for Flemish appear monolingual in their general communication towards their inhabitants.”

 * The above satement about websites is wrong:
 * The official websites of Dutch-speaking municipalities with language facilities for French-speakers are (on 1st September 2011):
 * not available in French for 4 municipalities: Ronse/Renaix, Herstappe; Mensen/Messines (the French link reverts to “under construction”)) and Spiere-Helkijn/Espierres-Helchin (the French link provides a few titles in French below which the whole information is written only in Dutch).
 * bilingual or multilingual for all other municipalities with language facilities (mainly thanks to the local council's will whose compositions reflects in most cases the French-speaking majority among the local population). The French version might be slightly lighter than the Dutch version in some instances (e.g. Biévène) but ensures proper access in French to most information.
 * For comparison: the official websites of French-speaking municipalities with language facilities for Dutch-speakers are (on 1st September 2011):
 * not available in Dutch for 1 municipality: Comines-Warneton
 * bilingual or multilingual for all other municipalities with language facilities. The Dutch version is slightly lighter than the French version for the municipality of Mouscron/Moeskroen but ensures proper access in Dutch to most information.
 * Links to the official website of every Dutch/French municipalities with language facilities in French/Dutch:
 * Official website for the municipality of Drogenbos
 * Official website for the municipality of Kraainem / Crainhem
 * Official website for the municipality of Linkebeek
 * Official website for the municipality of Sint-Genesius-Rode / Rhode-Saint-Genèse
 * Official website for the municipality of Wemmel
 * Official website for the municipality of Wezembeek-Oppem
 * Official website for the municipality of Bever / Biévène
 * Official website for the municipality of Herstappe
 * Official website for the municipality of Mesen / Messines
 * Official website for the municipality of Ronse / Renaix
 * Official website for the municipality of Spiere-Helkijn / Espierres-Helchin
 * Official website for the municipality of Voeren / Fourons
 * Official website for the municipality of Comines-Warneton / Komen-Waasten
 * Official website for the municipality of Enghien / Edingen
 * Official website for the municipality of Flobecq / Vloesberg
 * Official website for the municipality of Mouscron / Moeskroen

 * The rest of the statement is not referenced nor backed by any evidence and is harmful to “most Walloon municipalities with facilities for Flemish”.

Consequently, in accordance with Wikipedia guidelines, this statement was simply removed. Aramidae (talk) 23:04, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

2) Under the title Actual implementation of language facilities, the sub-section recently renamed Communication and Translated documents used to include the following paragraph :
 * Nationalistic French speakers have generally considered that the ruling of the Flemish Chambers of the Council of State was politically motivated and legally unsound. The Walloon Region has not taken any formal step to restrict the use of facilities in a similar way for Dutch-speakers or German-speakers: although it de facto already severely restricts the facilities for Flemish: (the unilingual communication of the Walloon municipalities involved, the blocking of all funding for Dutch-speaking schools, and at least one of the four municipalities required to offer facilities for Dutch-speakers demands similar repeated requests for documents in their language per every instance) .

 * The term “nationalistic” (which seems to have been added by 62.235.179.164 on 3 May 2010 at 10:28) induces a biased POV and can not be reasonably applied to French-speaking Belgians in general. Unlike the largest Flemish political party that received in 2010 the largest number of votes among Flemish electors (NVA), none of the 4 major French-speaking political parties representing all together the large majority of French-speaking Belgians uses the terms “nationalist” or “nationalistic” to qulify themselves or their electors, nor in their respective programmes. Therefore, the term was removed.

 * The allegation (which seems to originate from Manoni on 25 November 2008 at 13:05) whereby the Walloon Region “de facto already severely restricts the facilities for Flemish: (the unilingual communication of the Walloon municipalities involved, the blocking of all funding for Dutch-speaking schools” is wrong, harmful and not backed by any reference. Until proven otherwise (with serious references backing such allegation):
 * -Apart from the specif case of Enghien in 2005 (kept in the article), the language facilities in Wallonia are generally implemented in accordance with the relevant linguistic laws and, since the Flemish region started to implement the measures decided by Leo Peeters and Luc Vandenbrande, in a less restrictive way than in Flanders.
 * - the French-speaking Community finances Dutch-speaking school(s) in accordance with the relevant linguistic laws (see the section “School” recently complemented with additional referenced information). Regarding to the Dutch-speaking school of Comines-Warneton (to which the author of this paragraph was probably reffering), the binding criteria of 16 heads of households had not been met. Therefore, the French-sepaking Community was not required to finance it and it would have been even entitled to oppose its establishement (whether financed by the Flemish Community or not).

Consequently, this part of the statement was removed in accordance with Wikipedia guidelines

The rest of the paragraph ("at least one of the four municipalities required to offer facilities for Dutch-speakers demands similar repeated requests for documents in their language per every instance" (including the reference), "French speakers have generally considered that the ruling of the Flemish Chambers of the Council of State was politically motivated and legally unsound" and "The Walloon Region has not taken any formal step to restrict the use of facilities in a similar way for Dutch-speakers or German-speakers") was maintained, though rephrased in order to be more specific and to better reflect the content of the cited article. Aramidae (talk) 06:22, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

3) In the section Recent trends, the following paragraph aimed at formulatinga wrong statement (see evidence below). Therefore, in accordance with Wikipedia guidelines, it was removed.
 * “The Experts of Venise, legal experts working on behalf of the Council of Europe, formulated a set of four criteria for determining if 'a minority' might qualify as a 'national minority'. Two of those criteria cannot be said to be satisfied for the French-speakers in Flanders (being lack of historic and peaceful relations between the minority and the national authority from which they request recognition and a 'sufficient number'). Other legal specialist also mention the historic nature of the minority and specific areas where the minority is established in sufficient number.”

The Resolution 1301 (2002) on Protection of minorities in Belgium recalls (among other things) that: “The Venice Commission concluded that, “at the regional level, having regard to the distribution of competences between the various regions and communities and of the territorial division of the country, the commission considers that French-speakers in the Dutch-language region and in the German-language region may be considered as a minority in the sense of the framework convention, as may Dutch-speakers and German-speakers in the French-language region.”  The reading of the whole resolution (only 1-2 page(s) long) helps understanding the difference between the status of French-speakers at State level -co-dominance even though they are less numerous than Dutch-speakers- and at regional level in Flanders where they should be, according the Council of Europe's aforementionned resolution be considered as a  “minority” in the sense of the framework convention. --Aramidae (talk) 09:14, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 01:51, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

easing up on language restrictions?
This article seems to imply that language facilities is simply the easing up on language restrictions. As in 'the official language of Mouscron is French, but since it's a municipality with language facilities the Walloon government and the city council can't say that only French can be used.'

This is a wrong depiction of the facts. In municipalities with language facilities the municipality is obligated to provide certain services to the designated linguistic group.--Wester (talk) 13:24, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz

Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (, born 13 September 1950) is a Polish politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland for a year from 7 February 1996 to 31 October 1997, after being defeated in the Parliamentary elections by the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS). He was born in Warsaw.

Career
Cimoszewicz was a member of the left-wing Democratic Left Alliance the leftist candidate in the Polish presidential election of 1990, receiving 9 percent of the vote.

Cimoszewicz was the Prime Minister of Poland from 1996 to late 1997. October 1996, he became the chairman (office in the rank of minister) of the newly established Committee for European Integration, responsible for preparing Poland for accession negotiations with the European Union. He held this position until 31 October 1997.

Cimoszewicz was the Foreign Minister of Poland in the governments of Leszek Miller (2001–2004) and Marek Belka (2004–2005). It was during this time that he, along with Leszek Miller, signed the Accession Treaty that paved way to Polish membership in the European Union.

Cimoszewicz was the speaker of the Sejm (lower chamber of the Polish parliament) from January to October 2005.

Cimoszewicz was for a time a candidate for the 2005 Polish presidential election; but he withdrew before the elections and promised to abandon politics.

On 28 June 2005, Cimoszewicz declared his intent to run for Polish President (see: Election 2005). He instantly became a leader in the polls. He ran previously in 1990 and received 9.21 percent of the vote. In 1990, Lech Wałęsa and Stan Tymiński went on to the second round. Cimoszewicz did not run in the years 1995 and 2000 giving way to his close colleague Aleksander Kwaśniewski who twice became president. His election committee was chaired by the wife of President Kwaśniewski, Jolanta Kwaśniewska.

On 9 July 2005, Cimoszewicz caused a major political uproar by refusing to testify in front of the Orlen commission. He accused seven of its eight members of being politically motivated, partial and bent on undermining his presidential bid. Constitutional experts are split on whether his move was constitutional or if Cimoszewicz broke the law. Fifty-eight percent of Poles disapproved of Cimoszewicz's behaviour before the commission.

According to a poll by Rzeczpospolita, Cimoszewicz was a "hands down" leader on 5 July 2005:

 * Cimoszewicz: 28%
 * Kaczyński: 19%
 * Lepper: 17%
 * Religa: 15%
 * Tusk: 11%
 * Borowski: 5%

He was predicted to win the second round, independent of who was going to reach it from second place. The election was won by Lech Kaczyński.

Cimoszewicz returned to politics during the 2007 parliamentary election, when he won a Senate seat as an independent candidate. He kept his senator's seat until the end of term in 2015.

In 2009, he was one of two candidates to replace Terry Davis as Secretary General of the Council of Europe. However, in September 2009, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe elected candidate Thorbjørn Jagland as the new secretary general.

Since 2015 Cimoszewicz is workstream leader for the Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine (AMU), where he is responsible for combatting corruption.

In the 2019 European Parliament election Cimoszewicz was elected as the MEP for the Warsaw constituency.

On Ukraine
In May 2014 Cimoszewicz told an audience that he was unhappy with the way the Russian annexation of Crimea was handled. "The democratic West has so far not reacted in a proper way... If we do not stop that aggressive [Russian] policy at an early stage then we can face a much more difficult situation requiring more efforts taking higher risks... There is one element of that crisis which will be very difficult to be solved: the fate of Crimea."

title: Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz


text:
User talk:SailorMoon14

Hi people anyone want to chat?

title: User talk:SailorMoon14


text:
Stewart Elliott

Stewart "Stewie" Elliott (born March 1, 1965) is an American thoroughbred jockey.

Elliott was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He grew up in horse racing; his father was a jockey for many years, his mother rode show horses and was a riding instructor, and his uncle owns a racing stable in Canada. At age seven, his family moved to race in Hong Kong, where they remained for six years before going to the United States. Stewart began riding professionally at age 16, mainly at Philadelphia Park Racetrack, a small racetrack in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He has been the racetrack's most successful jockey for a number of years and for the past three seasons has been named Pennsylvania's top rider. On May 13, 2003, he reached a prestigious milestone, riding his 3,000th career winner. On January 18, 2009, he won the 4,000th race of his career at Philadelphia Park.

On May 1, 2004, Elliott became the first jockey in twenty-five years to win the Kentucky Derby in his first appearance in the race. His horse, Smarty Jones, became the first unbeaten Derby winner since Seattle Slew in 1977. To add to his victory was Elliott's 10% share of the almost $6 million in purse and bonuses that represented the largest payday for any jockey and horse in racing history. Two weeks later, Elliott rode Smarty Jones to a record-breaking win in the second leg of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, the Preakness Stakes. In the Belmont Stakes, the third leg, Elliott took Smarty Jones out early in the backstretch, and Birdstone passed him late in the race. Some have criticized Elliott's ride, saying he "pushed" the horse too early in the race, but other experts have said: "he was doing the only thing he could do to win the race."

During his breakthrough year in 2004, he won 262 races out of 1,363 mounts with earnings of $14,533,061.

In 2005, he won 143 races out of 860 mounts with earnings of $5,393,661.

On January 11, 2008, Elliott rode four winners on one racecard at Aqueduct Racetrack.

On June 1, 2010, Woodbine Entertainment announced that Elliott had been voted the Avelino Gomez Memorial Award for his contribution to the sport of Thoroughbred racing.

In 2017 Stewart Elliott was voted the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award, a prestigious honor voted on by thoroughbred horse racing jockeys in North America. It is given to a jockey who has demonstrated high standards of personal and professional conduct, on and off the racetrack.

On August 9, 2020, Elliot became the 36th North American jockey to have won more than 5,000 races.

title: Stewart Elliott


text:
Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied

Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (23 September 1782 – 3 February 1867) was a German explorer, ethnologist and naturalist. He led a pioneering expedition to southeast Brazil between 1815 and 1817, from which the album Reise nach Brasilien, which first revealed to Europe real images of Brazilian Indians, was the ultimate result. It was translated into several languages and recognized as one of the greatest contributions to the knowledge of Brazil at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1832 he embarked on another expedition, this time to the United States, together with the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer. Prince Maximilian collected many examples of ethnography, and many specimens of flora and fauna of the area, still preserved in museum collections, notably in the Lindenmuseum, Stuttgart. The genus Neuwiedia Blume (Orchidaceae) was named for him. Also, Prince Maximilian is honored in the scientific names of eight species of reptiles: Hydromedusa maximiliani, Micrablepharis maximiliani, Bothrops neuwiedi, Polemon neuwiedi, Pseudoboa neuwiedi, Sibynomorphus neuwiedi, Xenodon neuwiedii, and Ramphotyphlops wiedii.

Biography
Wied was born in Neuwied, the grandson of the ruling count (after 1784 prince) Johann Friedrich Alexander of Wied-Neuwied. Born at the end of the European Enlightenment, Maximilian became friends with two of its major figures: Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a major comparative anthropologist under whom he studied biological sciences, and Alexander von Humboldt, who served as Maximilian's mentor. He joined the Prussian army in 1800 during the Napoleonic Wars, rising to the rank of major in the Zieten Hussars. He was given a leave of absence from the army in 1815 (prior to Napoleon's escape from Elba).

Wied led an expedition to southeast Brazil from 1815 to 1817. In 1816 he found the tribe of the Botocudos, about which he gave exact details for the first time. On account of the war among the different tribes of the country he was obliged to abandon his original route and remained for some time near some ruins that he had come across. North of the Belmonte river he made his way through the woods, and after many difficulties arrived in the province of Minas Gerais. His delicate health forced him to abandon his expedition, and he was detained on unfounded suspicions for four days, and robbed of a large part of his collection of insects and plants. After this he resolved to leave the country, and embarked for Germany on 10 May 1817. On his return, he wrote Reise nach Brasilien (1820–21) and Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien (1825–33).

In 1832 he travelled to the Great Plains region of the United States, accompanied by the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer on a journey up the Missouri River, and wrote Reise in das Innere Nord-Amerikas (1840) on his return. During his travels, he was a sympathetic recorder of the cultures of many of the Native American tribes he encountered, notably the Mandan and the Hidatsa, who lived in settled villages on the banks of the Missouri, but also such nomadic peoples as the Sioux, Assiniboine, Plains Cree, Gros Ventres and Blackfoot. Bodmer's watercolour paintings of individuals, artefacts and customs among the Indians are acknowledged as among the most accurate and informative ever made. Many were adapted as hand-coloured engravings to illustrate the publication of 1840.

In 1845, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

title: Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied


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Libjpeg

libjpeg is a free library with functions for handling the JPEG image data format. It implements a JPEG codec (encoding and decoding) alongside various utilities for handling JPEG data. It is written in C and distributed as free software together with its source code under the terms of a custom permissive (BSD-like) free software license, which demands attribution. The original variant is maintained and published by the Independent JPEG Group (IJG). Meanwhile, there are several forks with additional features.

JPEG JFIF images are widely used on the Web. The amount of compression can be adjusted to achieve the desired trade-off between file size and visual quality.

Utilities
The following utility programs are shipped together with libjpeg:
 * cjpeg and djpeg: for performing conversions between JPEG and some other popular image file formats.
 * rdjpgcom and wrjpgcom: for inserting and extracting textual comments in JPEG files.
 * jpegtran: for transformation of existing JPEG files.

jpegtran
The command-line program jpegtran provides several features for reformatting and recoding the representation of the DCT coefficients, for transformation of actual image data and for discarding auxiliary data in JPEG files, respectively. The transformations regarding the representation of the coefficients comprise: These transformations are each completely lossless and reversible. The transformations on the image data comprise: These are lossless and reversible only regarding the image data that is kept. Reencoding with repeated lossy quantisation of the image data (generation loss) does not take place.
 * optimisation of the Huffman coding layer of a JPEG file to increase compression,
 * conversion between progressive and sequential JPEG formats,
 * conversion between Huffman and arithmetic coding in the entropy coding layer.
 * eliminate non-standard application-specific data inserted by some image programs,
 * perform certain transformations on a file, such as:
 * discarding of colour channels (conversion to greyscale),
 * rotating and flipping in steps of 90 degrees,
 * cropping or joining at image block borders (every 8×8 or 16×16 pixels),
 * rescaling.

There is an associated Windows application, Jpegcrop, which provides a user interface to jpegtran. On Macintosh there is the app SquarePusher. For Unix-like systems like Linux there is the free CropGUI with similar functionality. More programs supporting JPEG lossless transformation functions based on the IJG code are given on the Lossless Applications List.

History
The JPEG implementation of the Independent JPEG Group (IJG) was first publicly released on 7 October 1991 and has been considerably developed since that time. The development was initially mainly done by Tom Lane. The open-source implementation of the IJG was one of the major open-source packages and was key to the success of the JPEG standard. Many companies incorporated it into a variety of products such as image editors and web browsers.

For version 5, which was released on September 24, 1994, the whole code base was rewritten. It introduced the utility programs rdjpgcom and wrjpgcom for handling embedded text comments. The version 6 from 2 August 1995 came with support for progressive JPEG and for the first time with the utility program jpegtran. This utility was extended with features to rotate and flip images and grayscale reduction in version 6b.

libjpeg-turbo and descendants
From version 6b of libjpeg of 27 March 1998, Miyasaka Masaru forked a branch named libjpeg/SIMD, which included x86 SIMD optimisations. It got substantial contributions from the TigerVNC and the VirtualGL projects in 2009. On that basis the libjpeg-turbo project was created in 2010.

On 4 March 2014, the first version of the filesize-optimising fork MozJPEG was published. For this version Josh Aas from Mozilla Research reworked the Perl script jpegcrush from x264's main developer Loren Merritt and integrated it into the code base of libjpeg-turbo.

On 10 July 2014, Mozilla released version 2.0, which mainly added trellis quantisation and is now able to reduce the size of baseline JPEGs also. Facebook, Inc. donated $60,000 dollars$ for the development of the next version, and CloudFlare assigned a developer for the improvement of MozJPEG.

In 2019, libjpeg-turbo became the ISO and ITU endorsed reference implementation for the JPEG format.

In April 2024, Google introduced Jpegli, a new JPEG coding library that offers enhanced capabilities and a 35% compression ratio improvement at high quality compression settings, while the coding speed is comparable with MozJPEG.

Change in IJG leadership
After 11 years and a change in leadership, the IJG under Guido Vollbeding released new versions of libjpeg (7 through 9), of which each broke ABI compatibility with previous versions. The changes that were held in prospect after the 6x series were not delivered. In version 7, support for arithmetic coding was introduced, which earlier has been rejected because of the patent situation, as well as the crop feature in jpegtran.

Versions 8 and 9 served basically for the introduction of controversial incompatible format extensions. These are widely regarded as ineffective and inferior to existing, standardised solutions. Their standardisation was rejected after submission to the ITU-T. The original organiser Tom Lane and others criticize these changes as a break from the goals of the IJG.

Forks
Well-known forks are libjpeg-turbo, which optimises for speed of execution, and MozJPEG, which optimises for smaller file sizes.

There is also a similarly named library from the ISO, which aims to be a complete implementation of JPEG, JPEG XT and JPEG-LS standards.

libjpeg-turbo
libjpeg-turbo is a fork of libjpeg that uses SIMD instructions to accelerate baseline JPEG encoding and decoding. Many projects are now using libjpeg-turbo instead of libjpeg, including popular Linux distributions (Fedora, Debian, Mageia, openSUSE, ...), Mozilla, and Chrome. Apart from performance, some projects have chosen to use libjpeg-turbo because it allows them to retain backward ABI compatibility with the older libjpeg v6b release. libjpeg v7, v8 and v9 broke ABI compatibility with prior releases.

libjpeg-turbo implements the standard-compliant arithmetic coding and lossless crop features seen in libjpeg v7. It can also be configured to be compatible with the libjpeg v7 or v8 ABI, but it does implement DCT scaling and the proprietary SmartScale, which builds on DCT scaling. libjpeg-turbo chooses not to support SmartScale, because it is not an ITU-T standard and because their own research finds it (and DCT scaling) ineffective. By extension, since the only major new feature in libjpeg v9 is specific to the SmartScale format, the libjpeg-turbo Project has chosen to forgo emulating libjpeg v9.

Since 2019, libjpeg-turbo is one of the two JPEG reference implementations, available as ISO/IEC 10918-7 and ITU-T T.873. The other reference implementation is ISO libjpeg which also includes support for JPEG XT and JPEG LS.

MozJPEG
MozJPEG is a fork from libjpeg-turbo done by Josh Aas and others from Mozilla Research. It aims to speed up loading times of webpages by achieving a reduction in file size (of about 10%) and therefore transmission time through improvement of coding efficiency while retaining image quality. To achieve this, it uses more processing power for the encoding (asymmetry) while retaining full compatibility with the JPEG standard and requiring no changes on the decoder side.

The techniques MozJPEG uses to achieve high compression include optimising Huffman trees, using progressive coding to optimally split the spectrum of DCT coefficients into separate scans, and through the use of trellis quantisation. Additionally, the presets are aggressively tuned towards the minimisation of file sizes.

Besides libjpeg-turbo, MozJPEG also builds upon jpegcrush, a Perl script by Loren Merritt.

Jpegli
In April 2024, Google introduced Jpegli, a new JPEG coding library that offers enhanced capabilities and a 35% compression ratio improvement at high quality compression settings, while the coding speed is comparable with MozJPEG.

ISO libjpeg
ISO/IEC Joint Photography Experts Group maintains a reference software implementation for base JPEG (ISO/IEC 10918-1 and 18477-1) and JPEG XT extensions (ISO/IEC 18477 Parts 2 and 6-9), as well as lossless JPEG-LS (ISO/IEC 14495). It also includes some of the optimizations of MozJPEG. Though also named libjpeg, it is not related to the source code provided by Independent JPEG Group (IJG) and does not support proprietary extensions introduced by IJG since 2007.

title: Libjpeg


text:
H. E. Francis

Herbert Edward Francis Jr. (January 11, 1924 – February 2, 2024) was an American scholar, academic and writer.

Life and career
Herbert Edward Francis was born in Bristol, Rhode Island, on January 11, 1924. He studied at the University of Wisconsin and earned a master's degree from Brown University.

Francis was a professor of English at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. He travelled three times as a Fulbright professor to Argentina. An author in his own right, he published five collections of stories, some of which have been anthologized in the O. Henry, Best American, and Pushcart Prize volumes.

Francis turned 100 on January 11, 2024, and died weeks later, on February 2. At the time of his death he had been residing at a retirement home in Huntsville, Alabama.

The University of Alabama in Huntsville has named its national short fiction prize in his honor.

Books

 * The Itinerary of Beggars. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1973.
 * Naming Things: Stories. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
 * A Disturbance of Gulls and Other Stories. New York: G. Braziller, 1983.
 * The Sudden Trees and Other Stories. Savannah, GA: Frederic C. Beil, 1999.
 * Goya, Are You With Me Now?. Savannah, GA: Frederic C. Beil, 1999.
 * The Invisible Country. Savannah, GA: Frederic C. Beil, 2003.
 * I'll Never Leave You: Stories. Kansas City, MO: BkMk Press, 2004.

Short non-fiction

 * Animal World, by Antonio di Benedetto. Translated from Spanish by H. E. Francis, with an Afterword by Jorge García-Gómez. Grand Terrace, CA: Xenos Books.  (Cover art by Peter Zokosky.)
 * The Arrival of the Autumn in Constantinople, by es:Norberto Luis Romero. Translated from Spanish by H. E. Francis. Green Integer, CA: Book 176, 2010.
 * Last Night of Carnival and Other Stories, by es:Norberto Luis Romero. Translated from Spanish by H. E. Francis.  Leaping Dog Press, 2004. (Cover photograph by Philip Coblentz.)

title: H. E. Francis


text:
Erispoe

Erispoe (Erispoë; Herispoius, Herispogius, Respogius; died 2 or 12 November 857) was Duke of Brittany from 851 to his death. After the death of his father Nominoe, he led a successful military campaign against the Franks, culminating in his victory at the Battle of Jengland. He is subsequently referred to as "King of Brittany".

Erispoe's recorded titles include provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps ("prince of the province of Brittany"), dux Brittonum ("duke of the Bretons"), and Rex tyrannicus Brittonum ("usurping king of the Bretons"). However, if Erispoe was usurping regality in Brittany at that time (857), it is not attested in other sources. It may imply continued Frankish resentment of the title. He is called rex Brittonum ("king of the Bretons") by Regino of Prüm (d. 915).

War with the Franks
Erispoe was born to Nominoe's wife Argentaela, but the date of his birth is not known. He was involved in his father's campaigns to take control of the Frankish counties of Rennes and Nantes. In 843, in alliance with Lambert II of Nantes, Erispoe took command of the Breton army while his father was ill. Lambert had been displaced as ruler of Nantes by Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, who had installed Renaud d'Herbauges in his place. Ambushed by Count Renaud, Erispoe was badly defeated at the initial engagement at Messac. However, the Brittons quickly rallied their troops and took the complacent Franks by surprise shortly thereafter at the Battle of Blain, inflicting a serious defeat resulting in the death of Count Renaud.

Having regained his health, Nominoe took command once more. The victory at Blain having secured control of Nantes and Rennes, he raided into Frankish territory, defeating the Franks at the Battle of Ballon in 845. A truce followed, but after Charles regained control of Nantes, Nominoe and Erispoe renewed their offensive in 849. While on campaign, Nominoe died suddenly. Erispoe was proclaimed leader, but immediately after his father's death, his power was challenged by Charles the Bald, still his nominal suzerain. Charles crossed the river Vilaine with an army. Erispoe defeated Charles in the decisive Battle of Jengland on 22 August 851.

Treaty of Angers
Erispoe met Charles in Angers (possibly in secret ) in the days following the battle and concluded a peace treaty in return for being invested with the counties of Rennes and Nantes. South of the Loire, the Pays de Retz was detached from the County of Poitou and granted to him as well. Charles and Erispoe also created a baptismal alliance, whereby Charles stood as godfather at the baptism of Erispoe's infant son Conan, but whether in 851 or 856 is unknown. Finally, in 851 Charles gave Erispoe royal regalia (robes at least) and Erispoe in turn pledged himself to Charles with the giving of hands and an oath of fidelity. Erispoe subsequently overate at the banquet given in his honour.

According to the Annales Bertiniani, at Louviers in February 856 Erispoe's daughter (unnamed in the sources) was betrothed to Charles's young son, Louis the Stammerer, who was granted the ducatus Cenomannicus as subking of Neustria with Le Mans as his capital. With the consent of the Frankish magnates, Louis received the regnum Neustriae from his father: Karlus rex cum Respogio Brittone paciscens, filiam eius filio suo Ludoico despondet, dato illi ducatu Cenomannico usque ad viam quae a Lotitia Parisiorum Cesaredunum Turonum ducit. King Charles, making peace with Erispoe of Brittany, the daughter of whom was betrothed to his son Louis, gave the duchy of Maine as far as the road from Paris to Tours as duke. Erispoe was at peace with Charles for the whole of his reign after Jengland and he governed as a typical Carolingian regional official might, with the added dignity of a consors regni (royal consort). Erispoe's use of a royal seal has led to the false belief that he was a king (rex), but in fact he probably received the right to use such a seal from Charles, who himself used an imperial seal.

Later life
Erispoe was a benefactor of the abbey of Redon, as his father had been; his power base lay in the Vannetais and southeast Brittany (even more easterly than his father). In 853 the town of Nantes was plundered by the Vikings. Erispoe launched a war against them but it came to an end when they departed a few years later.

Death and succession
In November 857 he was assassinated at the altar of a church, which was then considered a place of asylum, by his cousin and successor Salomon, aided by an obscure Almarchus (Almarus). He was buried at Redon Abbey.

Family
By his wife Marmohec (who predeceased him) he had at least two children, the aforementioned Conan and a girl, who eventually married Gurvand of Rennes.

title: Erispoe


text:
Salomon, King of Brittany

Salomon (Salaün) (died 874) was Count of Rennes and Nantes from 852 and Duke of Brittany from 857 until his assassination in 874. In 867, he was granted the counties of Avranches and Coutances, and he used the title King of Brittany intermittently after 868.

In popular tradition within Brittany he was canonised as "Saint Salomon" after his death and raised to the rank of martyr.

Rise under Erispoe
Salomon was the son of Riwallon III of Poher, who himself was the son of Count Erispoë I of Poher, King of the Browaroch (775–812), and older brother of Nominoe. In 851, Charles the Bald, after his defeat at the Battle of Jengland, made peace with Salomon's cousin Erispoe, son of Nominoe, and granted him the counties of Rennes and Nantes and the Pays de Retz in Poitou as far as the river Mayenne. In 852, Salomon swore an oath to Charles and became his loyal follower (fidelis); in return, in a manner similar to Erispoe, he was granted Rennes, Nantes, and Retz as a "third" of Brittany to be held from Charles in fee. He and Erispoe were the dominatores of Rennes in 853. Salomon was the most powerful aristocrat at Erispoe's court.

Revolt of 858–863
Probably because he feared losing his benefices (which he held under Erispoe) if Louis the Stammerer were allowed to become king at Le Mans, Salomon colluded with the otherwise unknown Almarchus to assassinate his cousin Erispoe and seize the Breton throne in 857. In 858, he was behind the large-scale revolt of the Frankish nobles of Neustria against Charles the Bald. Bretons were involved in the chasing of Louis from Le Mans in the spring of that year. In September, Louis the German marched as far as Orléans, where a Breton delegation from Salomon met him and took oaths on Salomon's behalf. In 859, a synod met at Savonnières near Toul and tried to order Salomon to remember his oath of 852 and to resume paying the tribute which Brittany had paid in years past.

By 862, Salomon was the centre of the revolt against Charles the Bald, though he had not made war on the king himself since 860. In that year he hired the services of a band of Vikings with which to fight Robert the Strong, who himself had hired mercenary Vikings to help him. Salomon also lent a force of Bretons to aid Louis the Stammerer, now in league with the rebels, in his war with Robert. In 863, Charles gathered an army and began marching on Brittany, but held off near Entrammes and negotiated a peace with Salomon whereby western Anjou was recognised as a part of Brittany and the lay abbacy of Saint-Aubin in Angers was granted to Salomon, who commended himself to Charles and paid tribute.

Revolt of 865–867
Salomon did not give up his war with Robert or his alliance with the Vikings quite so readily, however. In 865 and 866, the Vikings and Bretons ravaged the vicinity of Le Mans and Robert was killed in the Battle of Brissarthe against the Vikings allied with the Bretons. This was the start of a new insurrection; even Pope Nicholas I wrote letters to Salomon urging him to resume the halted tribute payments. Charles marched on Brittany in 867, but Salomon sent his son-in-law Pascweten to negotiate a peace at Compiègne in August. Charles sent hostages to Salomon and Pascweten swore oaths of fealty to Charles on Salomon's behalf.

Peace and regalia
This peace was to last until the end of Salomon's life. Charles rewarded his now faithful vassal with a gift of regalia in 868, including a golden, jewelled crown. It is also likely that Salomon's two-year-old son Wigo was baptised on this occasion and that Charles acted as godfather to him, thus making Salomon and Charles linked by "blood" as co-fathers. Though Salomon thereafter began to call himself king, he was not king in any official capacity, as an eleventh-century historian at Redon monastery wrote: Salomon was called king, not because it was true in fact, but because he wore a gold coronet and purple robes by a grant of the Emperor Charles, and for this reason was designated by this name.

Salomon expended some effort in the mid-860s trying to have Pope Nicholas send the pallium to the Bishop of Dol to create an archdiocese for all the Breton bishoprics, which did not recognise the Archdiocese of Tours, their legal metropolitan. Salomon may have wanted an archbishop which was pliable to his wishes or who could consecrate him as king. Perhaps he simply wished to break the deadlock which had ensued following Nominoe's deposition of five Breton bishops a decade and a half earlier.

In 874, a conspiracy involving Pascweten, Wrhwant, and Wigo, son of Riwallon, Count of Cornouaille, plotted to kill Salomon. They succeeded in this, though they quickly fell out with each other and a civil war followed until 876.

Veneration
Salomon III of Bretagne is honored in the Catholic Church on 25 June.

title: Salomon, King of Brittany


text:
Talk:Mireya Moscoso

Untitled
I changed this to reflect yesterday's election. Someone add stuff about her successor? -Prometheus

estudiante
hola señora MIreya E. Moscoso En la Escuela De Lincoln Center of the Arts. Yo te escoji porque tu eres la primer mujer que fue Presidenta en Panama. Y por eso yo la respeto Si usted puede sacar tiempo escribirme una carta ala escuela de lincoln

Gracias por tu tiempo Ruth

Lack of sources
This page suffers from a serious lack of sources. For example:

"Her term in office began with huge popularity and hope for change. Nevertheless, throughout her five-year government, numerous corruption scandals were aired on the media and none of her close allies, allegedly involved, were investigated."

"Her popularity at the end of her government was the lowest for a Panamanian president."

...and more. There isn't a single cited source in this article as of now. --69.139.5.241 21:53, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 00:01, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Political career
Was she directly involved with politics whilst her husband was alive ? When did she become active after his death ? -- Beardo (talk) 03:53, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mireya Moscoso


text:
User:SailorMoon14

Hi my name is sailormoon14 and i love anime!!!!!! anyone else like anime??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? cause if you do please reply to this message. Sailor Moon14 <@;)

title: User:SailorMoon14


text:
Pascweten

Pascweten (died 876) was the count of Vannes and a claimant to the rule of Brittany. He was a son of Ridoredh of Vannes, a prominent and wealthy aristocrat first associated with the court of Erispoe in the 850s. He owned vast landed estates and salt works (as at Guérande) in southeastern Brittany and was a patron of Redon Abbey.

Pascweten was a son-in-law of Salomon, Duke of Brittany, in August 867, when he negotiated a lasting peace at Compiègne with Charles the Bald on behalf of his father-in-law and prevented the king from marching on Brittany. Pascweten swore an oath of fidelity to Charles on Salomon's behalf.

In 874 Pascweten, Wrhwant, and Wigo, son of Riwallon, Count of Cornouaille, conspired against Salomon and assassinated him, but since each hailed from a different regional party, they soon found themselves at odds with Salomon gone. Pascweten and Wrhwant fought over the succession to Breton rule for the next two years. They divided the country between them, though Regino of Prüm records that the latter received a larger share. By mid 876 both were dead and Pascweten's brother, Alan the Great, had succeeded him in Vannes and carried on the fight against Judicael of Cornouaille.

title: Pascweten


text:
Gurvand

Wrhwant, Gurwant, Gurwent or Gurvand (Vurfandus) (died 876) was a claimant to the Kingdom of Brittany from 874 until his death in opposition to Pascweten, Count of Vannes.

Wrhwant was complicit in the conspiracy which assassinated Salomon in 874. However, he was of the faction which had been outside Salomon's court and he hailed from northwest Brittany. He was, however, never styled "Count". He mustered 200 men to fight the Vikings in 874. After Salomon's death, he and Pascweten divided the country between them, though Regino of Prüm records that the latter received a larger share. The two soon fell out and fought over the succession. He had died by the middle of 876 and his son Judicael had taken up his role.

His wife was a daughter of Erispoe, and in some reconstructed genealogies their one daughter was married to Berengar of Rennes.

 * unknown daughter, married to Berengar of Rennes, Count of Rennes. grandmother or great-grandmother of Judicael Berengar.
 * Judicael
 * Oreguen(?)

title: Gurvand


text:
Alan I, King of Brittany

Alan I (Alain; died 907), called the Great, was the Count of Vannes and Duke of Brittany (dux Brittonium) from 876 until his death. He was probably also the only King of Brittany (rex Brittaniæ) to hold that title by a grant of the Emperor.

Expulsion of Vikings
Alan was the second son of Count Ridoredh of Vannes. He succeeded his brother Pascweten in Vannes when the latter died, probably in the middle of 876, and contended for leadership of Brittany with Judicael of Poher. Alan represented the power bloc of southeastern Brittany while Judicael represented western Breton interests. Eventually he and Judicael made peace in order to fight the Vikings. Judicael died in the Battle of Questembert in 888 or 889, after which Alan gained sole leadership of Brittany. In 890, Alan defeated the Vikings at Saint-Lô, chasing them into a river where many drowned.

King of Brittany
After the death of Judicael, Alan ruled all of Brittany as it had been during the time of Salomon. He ruled not only the Breton territories of Léon, Domnonée, Cornouaille, and the Vannetais, but also the Frankish counties of Rennes, Nantes, Coutances, and Avranches, as well as the western parts of Poitou (the so-called pays de Retz) and Anjou. In the east his rule extended as far as the river Vire. He was the first Breton ruler to rule this entire territory without great opposition within the west and the last to rule the whole bloc of Franco-Celtic countries. His strongest opponent was Fulk I of Anjou, who disputed control of the Nantais with him, though Alan seems to have had the upper hand in his lifetime. His power base remained in the southeast and he was powerful and wealthy in land in around Vannes and Nantes.

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, after the death of Carloman II in 884, Charles the Fat succeeded to all of West Francia save Brittany, thus making Brittany an independent kingdom; but this does not seem to have been true. A charter datable to between 897 and 900 makes reference to the soul of Karolus on whose behalf Alan had ordered prayers to be said in the monastery of Redon. This was probably Charles the Fat, who, as emperor, probably granted Alan the right to be titled rex. As emperor he would have had that prerogative and he is known to have had contacts with Nantes in 886, making it not improbable that he came into communication with Alan. Charles also made a concerted effort to rule effectively in the entirety of his empire and to make former enemies, with dubious ties to the empire, like the Viking Godfrid, men of standing in return for their loyalty. Throughout his reign, Alan used Carolingian symbols of regalia and Carolingian forms in his charters. Alan augmented his power during the weak reigns of Odo and Charles III.

Death and succession
Alan I died in 907. The succession was disputed and Count Gourmaëlon of Cornouaille seized the throne. Brittany was soon overrun by Vikings, who defeated and slew Gourmaëlon in battle in 913/914 and held the region until 936 when Alan I's grandson Alan II returned to Brittany from exile in Æthelstan's England, vanquished the Vikings, and succeeded in reestablishing Christian rule. However, Brittany's geographic territory was never as extended as in Alan I's time and no future Breton rulers were called kings until the Breton Ducal crown was merged with the French crown in the 16th century (q.v. List of rulers of Brittany).

Reputed connection with House of Rennes
According to an 11th-century genealogy composed for the Count of Anjou, Alan I's son, Pascweten the Younger, was the father of Judicael Berengar, whose son was Conan I of Rennes, founder of the House of Rennes.

Children
By his wife Oreguen, Alan had the following children:
 * Pascweten (died c. 903), married Gerberga.
 * Guerec
 * Budic
 * Rudalt, Count of Vannes, fled the Viking invasion c. 919
 * Daughter, name unknown, who married Mathuedoï I, Count of Poher, and was the mother of Alan II
 * Daughter, name unknown, who married Tangui, Count of Vannes, died before 913

title: Alan I, King of Brittany