text:
Sui iuris

Sui iuris ( or ), also spelled sui juris, is a Latin phrase that literally means "of one's own right". It is used in both the Catholic Church's canon law and secular law. The term church sui iuris is used in the Catholic Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) to denote the autonomous churches in Catholic communion. The Catholic Church consists of 24 churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic churches.

Etymology and spelling
The Latin sui iuris (the individual words meaning 'self' and 'law') corresponds to the Greek 'αὐτόνομος', from which the English word autonomy is derived.

The spelling in Classical Latin is sui iuris, and in Medieval Latin sui juris. English Law gets the term from Medieval Latin, and so spells it sui juris.

Catholic canon law
Church documents such as the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches apply the Latin term sui iuris to the particular Churches that are together the Catholic Church, the Roman Catholic Church and those in communion with it.

"A church sui iuris is "a community of the Christian faithful, which is joined together by a hierarchy according to the norm of law and which is expressly or tacitly recognized as sui iuris by the supreme authority of the Church" (CCEO.27). The term sui iuris is an innovation of the CCEO, and it denotes the relative autonomy of the oriental Catholic Churches. This canonical term, pregnant with many juridical nuances, indicates the God-given mission of the Oriental Catholic Churches to keep up their patrimonial autonomous nature. And the autonomy of these churches is relative in the sense that it is under the supreme authority of the Roman Pontiff."

- Thomas Kuzhinapurath, Salvific Law, 1998

By far the largest of the sui iuris churches is the Latin Church. Over that particular church, the Pope exercises his papal authority, and the authority that in other particular churches belongs to a Patriarch. He has, therefore, been referred to also as Patriarch of the West. The other particular Churches are called Eastern Catholic Churches, each of which, if large enough, has its own patriarch or other chief hierarch, with authority over all the bishops of that particular Church or rite.

The same term is applied also to missions that lack enough clergy to be set up as apostolic prefectures but are for various reasons given autonomy and so are not part of any diocese, apostolic vicariate or apostolic prefecture. In 2004, there were eleven such missions: three in the Atlantic, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; two in the Pacific, Funafuti (Tuvalu), and Tokelau; and six in central Asia, Afghanistan, Baku (Azerbaijan), Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Categories of sui iuris churches
According to CCEO, the Oriental Catholic churches sui iuris are of four categories.

Patriarchal churches
A patriarchal church is a full-grown form of an Eastern Catholic church. It is 'a community of the Christian faithful joined together by' a Patriarchal hierarchy. The Patriarch together with the synod of bishops has the legislative, judicial and administrative powers within jurisdictional territory of the patriarchal church, without prejudice to those powers reserved, in the common law, to the Roman pontiff (CCEO 55-150). Among the Eastern Catholic Churches the following churches are of patriarchal status:

 * 1) Coptic Catholic Church (1741): Cairo, Egypt
 * 2) Maronite Church (union re-affirmed 1182): Bkerke, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Syria, Argentina, Brazil, United States, Australia, Canada, Mexico
 * 3) Syriac Catholic Church (1781): Beirut, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United States and Canada, Venezuela
 * 4) Armenian Catholic Church (1742): Beirut, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine, Ukraine, France, Greece, Latin America, Argentina, Romania, United States, Canada, Eastern Europe
 * 5) Chaldean Catholic Church (1552): Baghdad, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, United States
 * 6) Melkite Greek Catholic Church (definitively 1726): Damascus, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Brazil, United States, Canada, Mexico, Iraq, Egypt and Sudan, Kuwait, Australia, Venezuela, Argentina

Major archiepiscopal churches
Major archiepiscopal churches are the oriental churches, governed by the major archbishops being assisted by the respective synod of bishops. These churches also have almost the same rights and obligations of Patriarchal Churches. A major archbishop is the metropolitan of a see determined or recognized by the Supreme authority of the Church, who presides over an entire Eastern Church sui iuris that is not distinguished with the patriarchal title. What is stated in common law concerning patriarchal Churches or patriarchs is understood to be applicable to major archiepiscopal churches or major archbishops, unless the common law expressly provides otherwise or it is evident from the nature of the matter" (CCEO.151, 152). Following are the Major Archiepiscopal Churches:

 * 1) Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (1930): Thiruvananthapuram, India, United Arab Emirates, United States of America
 * 2) Syro-Malabar Church (1923): Ernakulam, India, Middle East, Europe and America
 * 3) Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic (1697): Blaj, Romania, United States of America
 * 4) Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1595): Kyiv, Ukraine, Poland, United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Germany and Scandinavia, France, Brazil, Argentina

Metropolitan churches
A sui iuris church which is governed by a Metropolitan (Bishop) is called a metropolitan church sui iuris. "A Metropolitan Church sui iuris is presided over by the Metropolitan of a determined see who has been appointed by the Roman Pontiff and is assisted by a council of hierarchs according to the norm of law" (CCEO. 155§1). The Catholic metropolitan churches are the following:

 * 1) Ethiopian Catholic Church (1846): Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 * 2) Ruthenian Catholic Church (1646) – a sui juris metropolia, an eparchy, and an apostolic exarchate: United States (594,465), Canada, Ukraine, Czech Republic.
 * 3) Slovak Greek Catholic Church (1646): Prešov, Slovakia.
 * 4) Eritrean Catholic Church (2015): Asmara, Eritrea
 * 5) Hungarian Greek Catholic Church (2015) – Hajdúdorog, Hungary

Other sui iuris churches
Other than the above-mentioned three forms of sui iuris churches there are some other sui iuris ecclesiastical communities. It is "a Church sui iuris which is neither patriarchal nor major archiepiscopal nor Metropolitan, and is entrusted to a hierarch who presides over it in accordance with the norm of common law and the particular law established by the Roman Pontiff" (CCEO. 174). The following churches are of this juridical status:

 * 1) Albanian Greek Catholic Church (1628) – apostolic administration: Albania
 * 2) Belarusian Greek Catholic Church (1596) – apostolic administration: Belarus
 * 3) Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church (1861) – apostolic exarchate: Sofia, Bulgaria
 * 4) Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia (1611) – an eparchy and an apostolic exarchate: Eparchy of Križevci for Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Serbia
 * 5) Greek Byzantine Catholic Church (1829) – two apostolic exarchates: Athens, Greece, Turkey
 * 6) Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (never separated) – two eparchies and a territorial abbacy: Italy
 * 7) Macedonian Greek Catholic Church (1918) – an eparchy: Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
 * 8) Russian Greek Catholic Church (1905) – two apostolic exarchates, at present with no published hierarchs: Russia, China; currently about 34 parishes and communities scattered around the world, including 20 parishes and 5 missions in Russia itself, answering to bishops of other jurisdictions

Former Byzantine Rite Church
The Catholic Church in Georgia used to be able to do the Byzantine Rite. However, after grueling Soviet oppression, their church was effectively forced underground and Georgian Greek Catholics are now a minority.
 * 1) Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics (1900s, with first Uniate movement which joined the Roman Catholic Church appearing in the 1600s) – the Church of Colchin and Iberia

Secular law
In civil law, the phrase sui juris indicates legal competence, and refers to an adult who has the capacity to manage his or her own affairs. It is opposed to alieni juris, meaning one such as a minor or mentally disabled person who is legally incompetent and under the control of another. It also indicates a person capable of suing and/or being sued in a legal proceeding in his own name (suo nomine ) without the need of an ad litem, that is, a court appointed representative, acting on behalf of a defendant, who is deemed to be incapable of representing himself.

title: Sui iuris


text:
Gamelan joged bumbung

Joged bumbung is a style of gamelan music from Bali, Indonesia on instruments made primarily out of bamboo. The ensemble gets its name from joged, a flirtatious dance often performed at festivals and parties. This style of Gamelan is especially popular in Northern and Western Bali, but is easily found all over the island. Unlike many styles of Balinese Gamelan which have sacred roles in religious festivals, Joged music is much more secular, and in many ways has become the folk music of Bali. With the rapid rise of tourism in recent decades, Joged music is now often found being performed at hotels and restaurants.

The bamboo instruments of the Joged, called Grantang (or commonly Tingklik in central Bali), are marimba-like instruments made out of bamboo. 11 to 14 bamboo canes, split halfway down their length, are then carved so that a closed tube resonator remains on the un-split half. The completed keys are mounted to a wooden or bamboo frame with string or rubber strips. Striking the keys with rubber tipped mallets called pangguls results in a dry sound with little sustain. The instruments are played with both hands: the left hand plays the melody on the lower register, while the right hand plays a faster elaborated version of the melody. When the fast elaboration is too fast for one person to play alone, it is broken into two interlocking parts in a style called Kotekan.

Most ensembles are tuned to a slendro scale, except in Northern and Western Bali where pelog scales are more common. A typical ensemble will have 4 to 6 grantangs and are accompanied by Suling (flutes), Kendang (Drum), Ceng-ceng (cymbals), and a beat keeping instrument made out of bamboo or bronze. There will also be gongs of various types and a larger bass gramtang called a Jegog playing the underlying melody. In recent years ensembles that incorporate bronze instruments have become more popular and often play compositions from the Gamelan Gong Kebyar repertoire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gamelan joged bumbung


text:
User:Hpc

Greetings. I fear this will only serve as a temporary filler on this page until I have sufficient leave to write a proper blurb. I am a classicist and historian-in-training, and also a practicing martial artist. Most of my contributions have been minor additions to articles on classical topics, as I feel I am best able to write knowledgeably on that subject.

For you other classicists out there, especially those interested in Silver Latin, the next time you're in the library check out Greece & Rome Second Series Volume IX (1962), for a crossword puzzle by H. H. Huxley based on Lucan.

title: User:Hpc


text:
Classic (snooker)

The Classic was a professional snooker tournament, which began in 1980 and ended in 1992. It was originally a non-ranking event, but became ranking in 1984. Steve Davis won the event six times and was the last champion.

History
The tournament started as the Wilsons Classic in January 1980. It was an eight-man invitation event recorded by Granada Television. John Spencer defeated Alex Higgins 4–3 in the final to become the inaugural champion. The second event was held in December the same year, with Steve Davis defeating Dennis Taylor 4–1 in the final.

In 1982, the Russian automobile manufacturer Lada became the sponsor of the event and it was renamed to Lada Classic. Steve Davis made the first televised maximum break (147) in his quarter-finals match against John Spencer. Terry Griffiths won in the final 9–8 against Steve Davis. In 1983 the field was expanded to 16 players and moved to the Spectrum Arena in Warrington. Bill Werbeniuk reached the only final of his career, but lost 9–5 against Steve Davis.

In 1984, the event was granted ranking status. Steve Davis met Tony Meo in the final. Davis was level at 8 frames each with Tony Meo and only the colours were left in the deciding frame. As Meo lined up on the yellow, a spectator yelled out "Come on, Tony!". Although Meo took time to compose himself after the shout, he missed the yellow and Davis cleared the colours to win.

Mercantile Credit took over the sponsorship for the 1985 and the event was renamed Mercantile Credit Classic. Willie Thorne won the only ranking tournament of his career, by beating Cliff Thorburn 13–8 in the final. In 1986 Jimmy White won his first ranking tournament by defeating Thorburn 13–12 in the final. In 1987 the event moved to the Norbreck Castle Hotel in Blackpool, but only just the last 16 played in the final stages, as the opening rounds were played earlier in the season. Steve Davis won in the final 13–12 against Jimmy White. Davis won the event the following year, this time defeating John Parrott 13–11.

In 1989, Doug Mountjoy won his second consecutive ranking tournament, having previously won the UK Championship, by defeating Wayne Jones 13–11. The following year was a tournament of upsets, as only of four of the top sixteen players reached its seeded place. Steve James won his only ranking tournament by defeating Warren King 10–6 in the final. The tournament moved to the Bournemouth International Centre in 1991. Stephen Hendry reached the final of the tournament in 1991 and 1992, but lost 4–10 against Jimmy White and 8–9 against Steve Davis respectively. After the 1992 event, it was discontinued and replaced with the Welsh Open.

Winners
Sources:

title: Classic (snooker)


text: User talk:63.184.96.53

title: User talk:63.184.96.53


text:
Zonohedron

In geometry, a zonohedron is a convex polyhedron that is centrally symmetric, every face of which is a polygon that is centrally symmetric (a zonogon). Any zonohedron may equivalently be described as the Minkowski sum of a set of line segments in three-dimensional space, or as a three-dimensional projection of a hypercube. Zonohedra were originally defined and studied by E. S. Fedorove, a Russian crystallographer. More generally, in any dimension, the Minkowski sum of line segments forms a polytope known as a zonotope.

Zonohedra that tile space
The original motivation for studying zonohedra is that the Voronoi diagram of any lattice forms a convex uniform honeycomb in which the cells are zonohedra. Any zonohedron formed in this way can tessellate 3-dimensional space and is called a primary parallelohedron. Each primary parallelohedron is combinatorially equivalent to one of five types: the rhombohedron (including the cube), hexagonal prism, truncated octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron, and the rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron.

Zonohedra from Minkowski sums
Let $$\{v_0, v_1, \dots\}$$ be a collection of three-dimensional vectors. With each vector $$v_i$$ we may associate a line segment $\{ x_i v_i \mid 0 \leq x_i \leq 1 \}$. The Minkowski sum $\{ \textstyle \sum_i x_i v_i \mid 0 \leq x_i \leq 1 \}$  forms a zonohedron, and all zonohedra that contain the origin have this form. The vectors from which the zonohedron is formed are called its generators. This characterization allows the definition of zonohedra to be generalized to higher dimensions, giving zonotopes.

Each edge in a zonohedron is parallel to at least one of the generators, and has length equal to the sum of the lengths of the generators to which it is parallel. Therefore, by choosing a set of generators with no parallel pairs of vectors, and by setting all vector lengths equal, we may form an equilateral version of any combinatorial type of zonohedron.

By choosing sets of vectors with high degrees of symmetry, we can form in this way, zonohedra with at least as much symmetry. For instance, generators equally spaced around the equator of a sphere, together with another pair of generators through the poles of the sphere, form zonohedra in the form of prism over regular $$2k$$-gons: the cube, hexagonal prism, octagonal prism, decagonal prism, dodecagonal prism, etc. Generators parallel to the edges of an octahedron form a truncated octahedron, and generators parallel to the long diagonals of a cube form a rhombic dodecahedron.

The Minkowski sum of any two zonohedra is another zonohedron, generated by the union of the generators of the two given zonohedra. Thus, the Minkowski sum of a cube and a truncated octahedron forms the truncated cuboctahedron, while the Minkowski sum of the cube and the rhombic dodecahedron forms the truncated rhombic dodecahedron. Both of these zonohedra are simple (three faces meet at each vertex), as is the truncated small rhombicuboctahedron formed from the Minkowski sum of the cube, truncated octahedron, and rhombic dodecahedron.

Zonohedra from arrangements
The Gauss map of any convex polyhedron maps each face of the polygon to a point on the unit sphere, and maps each edge of the polygon separating a pair of faces to a great circle arc connecting the corresponding two points. In the case of a zonohedron, the edges surrounding each face can be grouped into pairs of parallel edges, and when translated via the Gauss map any such pair becomes a pair of contiguous segments on the same great circle. Thus, the edges of the zonohedron can be grouped into zones of parallel edges, which correspond to the segments of a common great circle on the Gauss map, and the 1-skeleton of the zonohedron can be viewed as the planar dual graph to an arrangement of great circles on the sphere. Conversely any arrangement of great circles may be formed from the Gauss map of a zonohedron generated by vectors perpendicular to the planes through the circles.

Any simple zonohedron corresponds in this way to a simplicial arrangement, one in which each face is a triangle. Simplicial arrangements of great circles correspond via central projection to simplicial arrangements of lines in the projective plane. There are three known infinite families of simplicial arrangements, one of which leads to the prisms when converted to zonohedra, and the other two of which correspond to additional infinite families of simple zonohedra. There are also many sporadic examples that do not fit into these three families.

It follows from the correspondence between zonohedra and arrangements, and from the Sylvester–Gallai theorem which (in its projective dual form) proves the existence of crossings of only two lines in any arrangement, that every zonohedron has at least one pair of opposite parallelogram faces. (Squares, rectangles, and rhombuses count for this purpose as special cases of parallelograms.) More strongly, every zonohedron has at least six parallelogram faces, and every zonohedron has a number of parallelogram faces that is linear in its number of generators.

Types of zonohedra
Any prism over a regular polygon with an even number of sides forms a zonohedron. These prisms can be formed so that all faces are regular: two opposite faces are equal to the regular polygon from which the prism was formed, and these are connected by a sequence of square faces. Zonohedra of this type are the cube, hexagonal prism, octagonal prism, decagonal prism, dodecagonal prism, etc.

In addition to this infinite family of regular-faced zonohedra, there are three Archimedean solids, all omnitruncations of the regular forms:
 * The truncated octahedron, with 6 square and 8 hexagonal faces. (Omnitruncated tetrahedron)
 * The truncated cuboctahedron, with 12 squares, 8 hexagons, and 6 octagons. (Omnitruncated cube)
 * The truncated icosidodecahedron, with 30 squares, 20 hexagons and 12 decagons. (Omnitruncated dodecahedron)

In addition, certain Catalan solids (duals of Archimedean solids) are again zonohedra:
 * Kepler's rhombic dodecahedron is the dual of the cuboctahedron.
 * The rhombic triacontahedron is the dual of the icosidodecahedron.

Others with congruent rhombic faces:
 * Bilinski's rhombic dodecahedron.
 * Rhombic icosahedron
 * Rhombohedron

There are infinitely many zonohedra with rhombic faces that are not all congruent to each other. They include:
 * Rhombic enneacontahedron

Dissection of zonohedra
Every zonohedron with $$n$$ zones can be partitioned into $$\tbinom{n}{3}$$ parallelepipeds, each having three of the same zones, and with one parallelepiped for each triple of zones.

The Dehn invariant of any zonohedron is zero. This implies that any two zonohedra with the same volume can be dissected into each other. This means that it is possible to cut one of the two zonohedra into polyhedral pieces that can be reassembled into the other.

Zonohedrification
Zonohedrification is a process defined by George W. Hart for creating a zonohedron from another polyhedron.

First the vertices of any seed polyhedron are considered vectors from the polyhedron center. These vectors create the zonohedron which we call the zonohedrification of the original polyhedron. If the seed polyhedron has central symmetry, opposite points define the same direction, so the number of zones in the zonohedron is half the number of vertices of the seed. For any two vertices of the original polyhedron, there are two opposite planes of the zonohedrification which each have two edges parallel to the vertex vectors.

Zonotopes
The Minkowski sum of line segments in any dimension forms a type of polytope called a zonotope. Equivalently, a zonotope $$Z$$ generated by vectors $$v_1,...,v_k\in\mathbb{R}^n$$ is given by $$Z = \{a_1 v_1 + \cdots + a_k v_k | \; \forall(j) a_j\in [0,1]\}$$. Note that in the special case where $$k \leq n$$, the zonotope $$Z$$ is a (possibly degenerate) parallelotope.

The facets of any zonotope are themselves zonotopes of one lower dimension; for instance, the faces of zonohedra are zonogons. Examples of four-dimensional zonotopes include the tesseract (Minkowski sums of d mutually perpendicular equal length line segments), the omnitruncated 5-cell, and the truncated 24-cell. Every permutohedron is a zonotope.

Zonotopes and Matroids
Fix a zonotope $$Z$$ defined from the set of vectors $$V = \{v_1,\dots,v_n\}\subset\mathbb{R}^d$$ and let $$M$$ be the $$d \times n$$ matrix whose columns are the $$v_i$$. Then the vector matroid $$\underline{\mathcal{M}}$$ on the columns of $$M$$ encodes a wealth of information about $$Z$$, that is, many properties of $$Z$$ are purely combinatorial in nature.

For example, pairs of opposite facets of $$Z$$ are naturally indexed by the cocircuits of $$\mathcal{M}$$ and if we consider the oriented matroid $$\mathcal{M}$$ represented by $${M}$$, then we obtain a bijection between facets of $$Z$$ and signed cocircuits of $$\mathcal{M}$$ which extends to a poset anti-isomorphism between the face lattice of $$Z$$ and the covectors of $$\mathcal{M}$$ ordered by component-wise extension of $$0 \prec +, -$$. In particular, if $$M$$ and $$N$$ are two matrices that differ by a projective transformation then their respective zonotopes are combinatorially equivalent. The converse of the previous statement does not hold: the segment $$[0,2] \subset \mathbb{R}$$ is a zonotope and is generated by both $$\{2\mathbf{e}_1\}$$ and by $$\{\mathbf{e}_1, \mathbf{e}_1\}$$ whose corresponding matrices, $$[2]$$ and $$[1~1]$$, do not differ by a projective transformation.

Tilings
Tiling properties of the zonotope $$Z$$ are also closely related to the oriented matroid $$\mathcal{M}$$ associated to it. First we consider the space-tiling property. The zonotope $$Z$$ is said to tile $$\mathbb{R}^d$$ if there is a set of vectors $$\Lambda \subset \mathbb{R}^d$$ such that the union of all translates $$Z + \lambda$$ ($$\lambda \in \Lambda$$) is $$\mathbb{R}^d$$ and any two translates intersect in a (possibly empty) face of each. Such a zonotope is called a space-tiling zonotope. The following classification of space-tiling zonotopes is due to McMullen: The zonotope $$Z$$ generated by the vectors $$V$$ tiles space if and only if the corresponding oriented matroid is regular. So the seemingly geometric condition of being a space-tiling zonotope actually depends only on the combinatorial structure of the generating vectors.

Another family of tilings associated to the zonotope $$Z$$ are the zonotopal tilings of $$Z$$. A collection of zonotopes is a zonotopal tiling of $$Z$$ if it a polyhedral complex with support $$Z$$, that is, if the union of all zonotopes in the collection is $$Z$$ and any two intersect in a common (possibly empty) face of each. Many of the images of zonohedra on this page can be viewed as zonotopal tilings of a 2-dimensional zonotope by simply considering them as planar objects (as opposed to planar representations of three dimensional objects). The Bohne-Dress Theorem states that there is a bijection between zonotopal tilings of the zonotope $$Z$$ and single-element lifts of the oriented matroid $$\mathcal{M}$$ associated to $$Z$$.

Volume
Zonohedra, and n-dimensional zonotopes in general, are noteworthy for admitting a simple analytic formula for their volume.

Let $$Z(S)$$ be the zonotope $$Z = \{a_1 v_1 + \cdots + a_k v_k | \; \forall(j) a_j\in [0,1]\}$$ generated by a set of vectors $$S = \{v_1,\dots,v_k\in\mathbb{R}^n\}$$. Then the n-dimensional volume of $$Z(S)$$ is given by
 * $$\sum_{T\subset S \; : \; |T| = n} |\det(Z(T))|$$

The determinant in this formula makes sense because (as noted above) when the set $$T$$ has cardinality equal to the dimension $$n$$ of the ambient space, the zonotope is a parallelotope.

Note that when $$k<n$$, this formula simply states that the zonotope has n-volume zero.

title: Zonohedron


text:
Lada Classic

Lada Classic may refer to:

 * Classic (snooker), a professional snooker formerly tournament held in Bournemouth
 * Lada English Golf Classic, a professional golf tournament on the European Tour held at The Belfry, Warwickshire in 1979
 * A series of medium-sized Lada-branded family cars built by Russian car manufacturer AvtoVAZ, based on the design of the Fiat 124:
 * VAZ-2101
 * VAZ-2102
 * VAZ-2103
 * VAZ-2106
 * Lada Riva

title: Lada Classic


text:
User:Quackor

Hey you all, im faroese and i am studying in Denmark. I'm mostly active on fo.wikipedia.org where im a bureucrat, and on en.wikipedia.org where i try to fix up faroese related articles.

If you have any questions or helping hints please post them on my discussion.

Projects i have started

 * http://fo.wikipedia.org
 * http://fo.wiktionary.org
 * http://fo.wikisource.org
 * http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsíða/Fo
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Forsíða/Fo
 * http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Forsíða/Fo

de:User:Quackor da:User:Quackor fo:User:Quackor is:User:Quackor kl:User:Quackor

title: User:Quackor


text:
Alford Windmill

Alford Windmill is a five-sailed windmill in Alford, Lincolnshire and the only surviving windmill out of four. Though the windmill has been restored to working order, it no longer  supplies flour for sale.

Construction
Alford Windmill is a seven-storeyed Lincolnshire type tower windmill with a stage – featuring a slender, tapering brick tower, tarred to keep the moisture out, covered with a white onion-shaped (ogee) cap with fan-stage, huge fantail, and white sails. She has five patent-shutter sails and originally three, later on four, pairs of stones (two pairs of grey or peak stones (cut from rock found in the Peak District) and two French "quartzite" stones).

The Seven Storeys

 * 1) ground floor (contains a hurst frame with the engine-driven (from the outside) fourth pair of (grey) stones)
 * 2) storage floor
 * 3) spout (stage) floor (also called meal floor)
 * 4) stones floor (with the original three pairs of stones (one grey pair, two French pairs)
 * 5) lower bin floor
 * 6) upper bin floor (with the sack hoist)
 * 7) dust or cap floor (providing access to the inside of the cap)

The mill provides a flywheel at the mill's base connected by pulley to a town gas driven engine in the adjacent shed. This engine makes the mill independent of wind if it is insufficient to drive the sailcross. In its heyday Alford Mill was capable of grinding 4 to 5 tonnes of corn a day.

History
Built as a seven-storeyed windmill in 1837 by the well-known local millwright John Oxley the mill belonged to a group of four windmills and is the sole survivor today. At the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century Alford featured a four-sailed mill, Wallace's or Station Mill, now a stump; a five-sailed windmill, Hoyles's Windmill, today's Alford Mill; and a six-sailer, the six-storeyed Myers's Windmill, built in 1827 with six left-handed sails, and also called the Alford Mill dismantled in 1973.

The last commercial operators of the windmill were the Hoyles family. Purchased by Harry Hoyles, a local farmer and land owner, in the early 20th century, the business of milling and baking continued until 1955, run by his sons Walter, Arthur and Winston (The Miller). In those times the mill was known as the Hoyles's Mill. The business closed due to advancements in technology in 1955 and the mill was initially sold to Fred Banks of Kirton in Lindsey in 1957, a private buyer and owner of Mount Pleasant Mill, who subsequently restored the windmill to working order. The last surviving windmill became then known as the Alford Windmill.

In 1978, miller Fred Banks had to replace the mill's cap and all five sails. The same year the mill changed hands to the Lincolnshire County Council which took care for the mill's restoration over many years. The mill remained leased to Mr Banks, the former owner, until 1986 when he gave up his milling business, his place being taken by James Waterfield of Boston in the following year, owner of the famous Maud Foster Windmill. The mill was then leased to Geoff Dees for some years, until the lease was sold in January 2010 to the current lease holder, Ian Shepherd.

title: Alford Windmill


text:
Talk:Al Arabiya

هذا كذب قناة العربية ليست حكومية ولا تتبع للحكومة السعودية بل هي قناة خاصة يملكها سعودي من آل سعودي ولاةيعني هذا انها قناة تابعة للحكومة

Saudi royal family
owned by members of the Saudi royal family,

I deleted this part of the article. I just heard them cite this page on C-Span's Washington Journal asking an Al-Arabiya official if it was true. He claimed that no member of the Saudi Royal Family had ownership in Al-Arabiya. If it is verified (through reputable sources) that some member of the Saudi Royal family do hold ownership in Al-Arabiya then it should be put back, however until this is verified it should not be placed in the article.-Jersey Devil 13:16, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Good edit, I don't believe there is any clear data on MBC ownership. (Collounsbury 00:30, 16 February 2006 (UTC)).

A quote from the New York Times does mention Saudi Royal Family ownership: "Al Arabiya and its parent network, the Middle East Broadcasting Center are owned by Sheik Walid al-Ibrahim, the brother-in-law of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.   * Samantha M. Shapiro, "The War Inside the Arab Newsroom (http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/magazine/02ARAB.html)," New York Times, January 2, 2005. I am going to put this info back in. Elizabeth M Ross 16:51, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

As a regular reader of its website, I can tell that its headlines are always spun to reflect what the Saudi government would like the readers to know. Also it always contains news that are about sexal abnormalities in the Saudi society which makes it more like a tabloid than a news site —Preceding unsigned comment added by Marwan123 (talk • contribs) 06:51, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Official Name
According to the official website (http://www.alarabiya.net/english.htm) it is spelled: "Al Arabiya". There is a space between "Al" and "Arabiya". (Note: Alhurra doesn't have a space since its website is spelled that way) --SirYoda 02:06, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Iraq ban
According to the BBC

 * The station said on Friday it had been accused by the Iraqi government of inciting sectarianism and promoting violence - allegations it has rejected. The most influential Arab station, al-Jazeera, was thrown out of Iraq two years ago and has not returned. Al-Arabiya said police moved into its office on Thursday to close it down. The station said it had been told by Iraqi officials that the ban was a final warning. Earlier this year, the Iraqi prime minister, Nouri Maliki, warned television stations not to broadcast anything that could undermine Iraq's stability.

Going to add this tomorrow. Hypnosadist 23:50, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Controversy
spreading "dangerous and odious rumors about the organization" is rather POV, first of all -- but secondly, the source for the material is the attacked organization itself. I'm really under the impression that this does noes not constitute a legitimate source on this particular matter. Lxx 16:12, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Absolutely right. It can hardly be said that presenting a statement like "Group X did such-and-such to Group Y" is factually reliable just by citing Group Y's own claims as source material.  I removed the section (AGAIN) because it was not written in a tone appropriate for inclusion in encyclopedia.  If other users feel that this information is actually worth keeping, then it should be clearly stated that these are claims/accusations made by a particular organization.  Regardless whether they are true or not, until there is some evidence to support these claims (made by a verifiable source, NOT just by the accuser), these statements are neither FACTUAL or NPOV.  And until this information is rewritten to be both FACTUAL and NPOV, these statements do not belong in this article, regardless of any claims to the contrary made by Ahmadac/Matt57.  -Grammaticus Repairo 19:03, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Jewish investors?
I removed a line about funds from Jewish investors Unless you're going to specify and cite who these "Jewish investors are, you shouldn't put it in there. In fact overall all the investors should be cited —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.52.215.67 (talk) 00:42, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Arabiya vs. Jazeera
There's been language in the introduction to the effect that "unlike Jazeera, Arabiya doesn't put jihaddis in a positive light." This is essentially saying Jazeera puts jihaddis in a positive light, in an introduction to an article that isn't about jazeera. Flat out doesn't belong. It's like saying in the introduction to an article on George Washington that "unlike Benedict Arnold, George Washington was a patriot." The correct sentence would be "George Washington was considered a great patriot." Keep the arnold stuff for the arnold article.

It is true that there are vast differences between the coverage on the two stations, and that Arabiya has at least in the past (haven't been paying attention to them for the past year) been more critical of Islamist violence. So i think it is notable to say that they have a reputation for critical reporting on this phenomenon. This seems appropriate for the intro, and is true irrespective of whatever any other tv station does or doesn't do.

There might be an argument for a section lower down on where Arabiya fits within the spectrum of the Arab media landscape. I might try to do this later (both want to think if it warrants inclusion and decide if i can be bothered.) If anyone else is thinking of starting such a section, a good place to begin would be abuaardvark.com. The author, Marc Lynch is an expert commentator on the arab media in his own right and his archives should have multiple links to discussions of bias or the lack of it and political pressures on all the major arab satellite stations, from various perspectives.Bali ultimate (talk) 18:36, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Look at the whole statement: "Unlike its rival, the Qatar-based Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya is not well known for frequent airing of video statements from Islamic militant groups." As you can see, this sentence doesn't state that Al Jazeera supports jihadists. Rather, it says that Al Jazeera frequently airs video tapes from jihadists; and this is true, indisputably. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that Al Arabiya criticizes Islamic militants as you have rewritten. We are only to mention what the channel does/doesn’t, and not to judge its intent, unless we are to violate NPOV. Also, if you are saying that arguments on this article should be irrespective of any other channel then we should also remove the statement claiming Al Jazeera’s viewership to be more than Al Arabiya’s. In fact, there is another reason to remove: viewership of TV channels is not stable and it changes with time. For example, ‘Ipsos Stat’ in 2006 claimed that Al Arabiya is the leading news channel of the region by number of viewers. Please return the two statements to their previous form. MassimoAr (talk) 20:50, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Purely as a matter of style and due weight, no comparison like this belongs in the intro to an article on Al Arabiya. It's like having in intro to an obama article "unlike john mcain, obama supports x."

That out of the way, the question becomes what does belong vis a vis the IHT article, which i read in full. It's a single source article, in which the Al Arabiya boss obliquely contrasts his operation to Al Jazeera. I'll put a sentence or two below the intro to reflect rashed's opinions. But again, the "unlike Al Jazeera" construction in the intro is clear pov pushing.Bali ultimate (talk) 19:41, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I've corrected the sentence about Abdul Rahman al-Rashed as he is not the first director of the channel. MassimoAr (talk) 21:45, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Why Arabia was founded
Arabia was founded in 2002. The United States invaded Iraq in March 2003. The existence of "insurgents" in Iraq starts sometime after march 2003. So it is impossible for untoward bias towards Iraqi insurgents by other stations to have been the reason for the stations foundation. That uncontroversially has to go (bonus reason: Rashed never said this -- he went to work at Arabiya in 2004). Here are the relevant quotes from that IHT/NYT article.

"You have to remember, it was television that made bin Laden into a celebrity," said Rashed, an affable, soft-spoken 52-year-old, as he sat back in his ultramodern glass and steel office at Al Arabiya, the news network based here. "That made Al Qaeda, and its recruiting, and this is how violence spread throughout the region."

"Three years ago, most of the TV stations - and you can add to that the newspapers and Web sites - were taking one side on most issues," he says. "They were very much for the resistance in Iraq."

As for Al Qaeda, led by bin Laden, "it was, if not celebrated by the media, then accepted and in a big way defended by them."

Today, that is no longer true, he feels. "Now Jazeera is a very soft, reasonable station when it comes to the Iraqis," Rashed says, with an ironic twinkle in his eyes.

So, i'm going to get my hands dirty now in an attempt to make the article reflect what's reported by reliable sources.Bali ultimate (talk) 15:10, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Blasphemy Prosecution?
http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=100945&sectionid=351020205

Apparently Al-Arabiya is being prosecuted by the Jeddah courts for Blasphemy. Do we have any information on what they are being prosecuted for? I cant find any other articles on the subject.--70.100.0.44 (talk) 21:51, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

"propagandist and unislamic"
Two editors seem bent on keeping this sentence: "The channel is much more propagandist and more unislamic than Al Jazeera." in the article. The sentence seems to be a clear violation of POV: describing a news organization as "propagandist" is clearly not impartial. Furthermore, the reference cited for the claim says nothing of the sort. In fact, the only thing it says about Al Arabiya is "perceived to be credible and also more moderate than Al Jazeera". Can the editors reverting my removal of this sentence please justify its addition. Glaucus (talk) 22:22, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The text involved was a blatant misrepresentation of the source. You described.  In addition, the Blasphemy Prosecution section was copyvio of .  Normally, if copyvio is being reintroduced, the revisions would be revdeleted to avoid the possibility of reintroduction, but I think a better solution would be a block of the involved editor. Ryan Vesey 00:50, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, something should be done about this brutal misuse of Twinkle/Rollback. Automatic  Strikeout  00:54, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
 * See User talk:Ironholds. It was restored twice by Egeymi.  In addition, the offending material was modified by PESO44 here with the summary "rephrased for infants" (labelled as a minor edit).  Should the sourced statement "The channel is much more reliable and more moderate than Al Jazeera." be restored?  If it is, it should probably be restored with an "according to..." prepending the text.  Reliability and moderation are subjective so they should be presented as the opinion of the organization if we include them. Ryan Vesey 01:08, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think the original statement belongs here to begin with. That citation appears to be little more than an MBA class project on Al Jazeera, with only the most incidental mention of Al Arabiya. Glaucus (talk) 01:36, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Al Arabiya Studies
Is the Al Arabiya Studies (also Al Arabiya Institute for Studies) at http://studies.alarabiya.net/ part of the same organization? The logo is the same. There's no mention of this in this article and no article for it.~Technophant (talk) 18:39, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

Inline Links
Is it appropriate to create a link with some text in the article? Surely statements should be sourced and that is where the link comes in, although in fairness they are cited... except those sources are the website which the article discusses. This seems rather biased and could be deemed as advertising. Mere Mortal (talk) 11:23, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

AFP pulls Al Jazeera story?
The link for this allegation (footnote #28) goes nowhere and a google search brings up no independent confirmation of this. Mcdruid (talk) 01:16, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Al Arabiya. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100210024257/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/01/27/65087.html to http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/01/27/65087.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081014083351/http://www.ameinfo.com/79335.html to http://www.ameinfo.com/79335.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081013002715/http://kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NzQ3MTI5OTg1 to http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NzQ3MTI5OTg1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090202195403/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/iraq/memorial/20040915-0943-iraq-helicopters.html to http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/iraq/memorial/20040915-0943-iraq-helicopters.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:41, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Al_arabiya
Al_arabiya 195.158.5.133 (talk) 05:21, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

ز
٣٣٣٣٣٣٣٣٣٣٣٣ه٣٤٤٥٨ خمخ.مم٧ خ٦ ٤عص٥خ٤ؤ٤٦٦٦٥٦٦٦٥٥٥٦6 185.237.102.124 (talk) 22:30, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

2001:56B:9FF6:576C:0:5E:46DD:1601 (talk) 01:32, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Allo 2001:56B:9FF6:576C:0:5E:46DD:1601 (talk) 01:32, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Arabiya


text:
Carlos Moyá

Carlos Moyá Llompart (born 27 August 1976) is a Spanish former world No. 1 tennis player. He is the 1998 French Open singles champion and the runner-up at the 1997 Australian Open. In 2004, he was part of his country's winning Davis Cup team. He has been Rafael Nadal's primary coach since 2016.

Tennis career
In November 1995, at the age of 19, Moyá won his first tournament at the top-level in Buenos Aires, defeating Félix Mantilla in the final. In May 1996, Moyá defeated the clay-court champion Thomas Muster, in the semifinals of the tournament in Munich, ending Muster's streak of winning 38 matches in a row on clay-courts. It was the fourth time in four weeks that Moyá had played a match against Muster. In the final of Munich, Sláva Doseděl defeated Moyá.

In 1997, Moyá reached his first Grand Slam final at the Australian Open, defeating defending champion Boris Becker in the first round of the tournament, Jonas Björkman in the fourth round, and world No. 3 Michael Chang in the semifinals, in straight sets, before losing in straight sets to Pete Sampras. Before the US Open, he won brilliantly in Long Island. His opponent in the final was the future winner of US Open a few days later, the Australian Patrick Rafter. Moyá lost due to an injury in the first round of the US Open.

In 1998, Moyá won the French Open. He defeated Sébastien Grosjean, Pepe Imaz, Andrew Ilie and Jens Knippschild before beating the tournament favourite, Marcelo Ríos in the quarterfinal. He then defeated Félix Mantilla Botella in the semifinal and fellow-Spaniard Álex Corretja in the final with a straight-sets win. He also won his first Tennis Masters Series tournament that year at Monte Carlo. He reached the semifinals of the US Open, losing to Mark Philippoussis. He concluded the year by finishing runner-up at the ATP World Championships (now known as the ATP World Tour Finals), where he lost in a five-set final to Corretja, having won the first two sets.

In March 1999, after finishing runner-up at Indian Wells, Moyá reached the world No. 1 singles ranking, the first Spanish player in history to achieve this feat. He held the top spot for two weeks. Later that year, he entered the French Open as defending champion and lost in the fourth round to eventual winner Andre Agassi. At the US Open, Moyá withdrew in the second round with a back injury and only played in two tournaments for the rest of the year.

Despite being hampered with a stress fracture in his lower back from the 1999 US Open through the early part of 2000, Moyá still finished in the top 50 in the world for the fifth straight year. He reached the fourth round of the US Open, where he held a match point in the fourth set, but eventually lost to Todd Martin in five sets, 7–6, 7–6, 1–6, 6–7, 2–6. Moyá's best result for the rest of 2000 was winning at the Portugal Open final over his countryman Francisco Clavet.

In 2001, Moyá won the title at Umag. He also finished runner-up at Barcelona, where he lost in a four-hour marathon final to countryman Juan Carlos Ferrero.

2002 saw Moyá win four titles from six finals. He captured his second career Tennis Masters Series title, and the biggest hard-court title of his career, at Cincinnati, where he defeated world No. 1, Lleyton Hewitt, in the final.

Moyá captured three clay-court titles in 2003. He also helped Spain reach the final of the Davis Cup, compiling a 6–0 singles record. In the semifinals, he won the deciding rubber against Gastón Gaudio as Spain beat Argentina, 3–2. He beat Mark Philippoussis on grass in the final. But that proved to be Spain's only point, as they lost the final 1–4 to Australia.

In 2004, Moyá helped Spain go one better and win the Davis Cup. In the final, he won two critical singles rubbers against Andy Roddick and Mardy Fish, as Spain beat the United States 3–2. The year also saw Moyà capture his third career Masters Series title at Rome, where he defeated David Nalbandian in the final. He was the only player on the tour to win at least 20 matches on both clay courts and hardcourts that year.

In July 2004, Moyá's kind-hearted gesture to hit with ball boy Sandeep Ponniah at the 2004 Tennis Masters Series Toronto event captured audiences during an injury timeout against opponent Nicolas Kiefer of Germany. To the crowd's surprise, Ponniah shuffled Moyá across the baseline and received an ovation for an overhead smash on a Moyá lob.

Moyá won his 18th career title in January 2005 at Chennai. He donated his prize money for the win to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami victims.

In January 2007, Moyá was the runner-up at the Sydney International, losing to defending champion James Blake.

In May 2007, at the Hamburg Masters, he defeated Mardy Fish, world No. 12 Tomáš Berdych, world No. 9 Blake, and world No. 6 Novak Djokovic, a run which saw him reach his first Masters semifinal since 2004 Indian Wells, where he lost to Roger Federer.

Moyá lost against Rafael Nadal in straight sets in the quarterfinals of the 2007 French Open.

During Wimbledon, Moyá lost in the first round to Tim Henman in a five-set thriller, the fifth set stretching to 24 games (Henman won 13–11). Despite the loss, Moyá had no points to defend (he had not played a grass-court match in a few years), resulting in his moving to world No. 20, his first time inside the top 20 since 13 June 2005.

In July 2007, Moyá won the Croatia Open in Umag, defeating Andrei Pavel. The win brought him to world No. 18 in the rankings, his highest rank since 23 May 2005, when he was world No. 15. In 2007 at Cincinnati, he reached the quarter-finals, where he lost to Lleyton Hewitt.

In 2008 at the Cincinnati Masters, Moyá defeated Nikolay Davydenko, the match being played over the course of two days because of rain. Hours after his match with Davydenko, Moyá beat Igor Andreev.

Moyá made a slow start in 2009. He failed to progress beyond the second round of his first four tournaments, including a first-round loss at the Australian Open. In March 2009, he announced that he would have an indefinite hiatus from tennis to recover from injured tendons and ischium in his hip. He returned to professional tennis in January 2010, losing against Janko Tipsarević in the first round of the Chennai Open, then losing in the first round of the 2010 Australian Open to Illya Marchenko.

On 17 November 2010, he announced his retirement from tennis owing to a long-standing foot injury from which he failed to recover. He received a special ceremony at the O2 Arena in London during the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals, with all top eight singles and doubles players attending. Other players who attended included Fernando Verdasco, Mikhail Youzhny, Àlex Corretja, Jonas Björkman, and Thomas Johansson.

He has won ATP Tour singles titles in eleven countries: Argentina, Croatia, France, Italy, India, Mexico, Monaco, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United States.

Team
2004 – Davis Cup winner with Spain

Top 10 wins

 * He has a record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10.

Personal life
In July 2011, Moyá married actress Carolina Cerezuela. They have two daughters and a son.

title: Carlos Moyá


text:
Hollywood Heritage Museum

The Hollywood Heritage Museum, also known as the "Hollywood Studio Museum," is located on Highland Ave. in Hollywood, California, United States.

The museum is opposite the Hollywood Bowl and is housed in the restored Lasky-DeMille Barn, which was acquired in February 1983 by Hollywood Heritage, Inc., and moved to its present site. It was dedicated on December 13, 1985.

Hollywood Heritage was founded in 1980 to address the preservation, restoration and maintenance of early Hollywood treasures. The first major success was acquiring, moving, and restoring the Lasky-DeMille Barn, opening it in 1985 as its museum. The museum features archival photographs from the silent era of motion pictures, movie props, historic documents and other movie related memorabilia. Also featured are historic photographs and postcards of the streets, buildings and residences of Hollywood during its golden age. Special events entitled 'Evenings at the Barn' are open to the public and regularly programmed including speakers, screenings and/or slideshows with a focus toward Hollywood's early history. Occasionally, historic silent films are screened in cooperation with the Silent Society.

Building history
The building which houses the Hollywood Heritage Museum (Lasky-DeMille Barn; known from 1985 to 2003 as The Hollywood Studio Museum) was built in 1901 as a stable by the landowner, Col. Robert Northam, whose estate extended to both sides of Vine Street, the East side beginning at Selma and extending down to Sunset. A few other individually owned parcels were also contained within the eastern block. Col. Northam's home was on the West side, where the Hollywood Plaza Hotel is currently located. Col. Northam sold the property in 1903 to Jacob Stern, a realtor interested in the then-booming Hollywood real estate market. Hollywood became a city that year and the prohibitionist sentiments of the populace also made it illegal to show movies in Hollywood. Hollywood merged with the City of Los Angeles in 1910, and in October 1911, the first movie studio was located in the former Blondeau Tavern at Sunset Blvd. and Gower St. The Stern barn became the 2nd studio following the establishment of the Burns and Revier Company in May 1912. Louis Loss Burns (founder of Western Costume Company) and Harry Revier rented the barn from Mr. Stern sometime before May 1912, as a building permit to create an office within the barn was issued in May 1912. The Burns and Revier had the advantage of having a film laboratory on the lot; it was renamed the Burns and Revier Studio and Laboratory. The barn structure was used for dressing rooms and editing rooms, while the office served the heads of the company.

In December 1913, Cecil B. DeMille, as a partner in the newly formed Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, which consisted of Lasky, DeMille and Lasky's brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish (before name change to Samuel Goldwyn), traveled to California and met with Burns and Revier at the Alexandria Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. They drove DeMille to the studio and on December 22, a lease agreement between the three parties was executed on Hotel Alexandria stationery, followed by a second agreement between Stern and DeMille allowing them to sublease the Burns and Revier Studio. They leased the barn and studio facilities for $250.00 a month and began production of The Squaw Man (February 14, 1914), the first feature film to be produced in the Hollywood area. At the same time, DeMille bought out the interests of Burns and Revier and entered into lease extensions with Stern.

In 1916, the Lasky Company merged with Adolph Zukor's Famous Players to become The Famous Players - Lasky Corporation, and in 1917 merged with Paramount Distributing Company and would in time, become Paramount Pictures Corporation. In 1926, the company moved from the two square city block lot that had grown from the small barn, to a larger site composed of the former Brunton, Peralta, and United Studios on Melrose Ave., where Paramount Studio remains. The sentimental founders moved the barn to the new lot with them; it went through several uses as a film set, research library, conference area and later the Paramount gymnasium (1929). It remained as the gym until 1979. It was moved to a couple of different locations on the Paramount lot, its last location being adjacent to Cecil B. DeMille's office and becoming an integral part of Paramount's Western Street backlot. The barn is visible in a number of movies including "The Rainmaker" and in series such as "Bonanza."

In a ceremony attended by its founders, the Lasky-DeMille Barn was dedicated on December 27, 1956, as "Hollywood's First Major Film Company Studio" and designated California State Historic Landmark No. 554, representing the birth of the Hollywood motion picture industry and becoming the first landmark associated with it.

Path to museum
In 1979 Paramount donated the building to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce's Hollywood Historic Trust and it was moved to a parking lot on the West side of Vine Street.

Hollywood Heritage, Inc., a California State non-profit, was founded in 1980 by Marian Gibbons, Christy Johnson McAvoy, Frances Offenhauser McKeal, and Susan Peterson St. Francis. The organization's goal is the preservation, restoration and maintenance of early Hollywood treasures.

The building remained in the Vine Street parking lot until the Chamber and Paramount donated it to Hollywood Heritage. The Chamber moved it to the parking lot of The Hollywood Palace theater, where it was boarded up and fenced in until a permanent site could be found.

Hollywood Heritage learned of land on Highland Ave. that had been designated in 1960 for a film museum; the museum had not been built, but it had received a good deal of publicity due to a former marine who resisted vacating his home until such time as budgeted and approved plans for an actual museum had been put in place. Hollywood Heritage merged their efforts with the 1960 plan, moving the Lasky-DeMille Barn to the designated Highland Ave. site in February 1982; the following three years were spent in restoring the building with donated goods and services and with volunteer labor. The building was officially opened in December 1985, on the 72nd anniversary of the various contracts and agreements between the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, the Burns and Revier Company, and Stern.

It was closed from 1997 to 2003 due to a fire, which although damaging a small portion of the building, did not damage any part of the museum's permanent collection.

California Historical Landmark Marker
The Lasky-DeMille Barn, already a California State Historic Landmark (see above), was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013, 100 years after the arrival of Lasky and DeMille.

California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 554 the site reads:
 * NO. 554 CECIL B. DeMILLE STUDIO BARN - Cecil B. DeMille rented half of this structure, then used as a barn, as the studio in which was made the first feature-length motion picture in Hollywood-The Squaw Man-in 1913. Associated with Mr. DeMille in making The Squaw Man were Samuel Goldwyn and Jesse Lasky, Sr. Originally located at the corner of Selma and Vine Streets, in 1927 the barn was transferred to Paramount Studios.

title: Hollywood Heritage Museum


text:
Yercaud

Yercaud, also spelt Erkad, is a town and hill station in Salem District in Tamil Nadu, India. Located in Servarayan Hills in the Eastern Ghats, it is situated at an altitude of 1515 m.

History
Stone-age implements have been found near an ancient shrine located in the Servarayan Hills, about 5 km from the Yercaud lake. In the 1820s, M. D. Cockburn, the collector of Salem district facilitated the establishment of coffee plantations and citrus fruit saplings imported from South Africa. It was later discovered by Thomas Munro, the Governor of Madras Presidency in 1842 and popularized as a recreation retreat.

Geography
It is located in the Shevaroy hills in the Eastern Ghats. The total extent of Yercaud taluk is 382.67 km2 including reserve forests. It is situated at an altitude of 1515 m above sea level, and the highest point in Yercaud is the Servarayan temple, at 5342 ft.

Demographics
As per the 2011 census, Yercaud has population of 11,582. The sex ratio was 974 against the state average of 996. Literacy rate was 83.17%, higher than state average of 80.09%. Scheduled caste constituted 33.33% while Scheduled tribes were 15.50% of the total population. The town had 2,652 houses.

Administration and politics
The taluk is administered as a township with a panchayat union headquartered at Yercaud. Yercaud is part of the Yercaud Assembly constituency which forms part of the Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency).

Economy
The economy of Yercaud is majorly dependent on tourism and agriculture. Coffee, orange, jackfruit, guava, black pepper and cardamom are grown around the region. Yercaud lake is a natural lake in the center of the town where there are boating facilities. Other places of interest include the deer park, bears cave, Kiliyur falls, rose garden, various view points and temples including Servarayan temple, Raja Rajeswari temple and Rama temple at Pagoda point.

Transport
The nearest airport is Salem airport at a distance of 38 km, which has limited domestic flights. The nearest major airport is Coimbatore International Airport located 170 km away. The nearest railway station is Salem junction at 34.5 km. Government owned TNSTC operates public buses from Yercaud to Salem, which is connected to other major towns.

Education
There are many residential schools in Yercaud including the Monfort school, established in 1917. Shevaroys college is the only institute of higher education in the region.

title: Yercaud


text:
Talk:Referendums in the United Kingdom

Problem with Ealing referendum result
There seems to be a small problem with the Ealing result, which currently shows a 65% No vote and a 55% Yes vote. That's 120%! I have taken the figures and done a graph w/ Microsoft Excel and found 55% voted NO and 45% voted YES. I have corrected the article. -- iHoshie 09:18, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

numerical incongruity
The article claims that West Devon had the highest turnout (with 42%) but the table shows that Berwick-upon-Tweed had a higher turnout. Which is right?

Corrected Deus Ex 14:19, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welsh Sunday opening referendums
I'm surprised nobody mentioned the referendums on whether the pubs should open on Sunday which were a feature of life in parts of Wales every seven years between 1961 and 1996! Anyway, I've fixed the deficiency... -- Arwel (talk) 14:45, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Page title
Referenda is the correct plural for referendum, is it not? The page should be changed. Lenzar 01:41, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * No it's referendums. Timrollpickering (talk) 00:52, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary and other dictionaries I have checked suggest that either form is acceptable. Unless there is some other compelling reason to justify a name change, the article should remain as it is. Road Wizard (talk) 05:23, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This was brought up a long time ago and not yet resolved in the body of the article. Isn't consistency a good reason. It looks a confused muddle to have referenda (plural) alternating with referendas (plural of a plural, or just wrong?). Referendums seems like good common usage for the title. P0mbal (talk) 22:33, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Missing section of regional assemblies
Northern England devolution referendums, 2004 and others are missing

--Abz zeus (talk) 11:00, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Add two rows in the table of referendums for directly elected mayors
The table currently omits Salford and Great Yarmouth. See DFH (talk) 10:13, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

Strathclyde water referendum
What about the Strathclyde water referendum of 1994? What section should that be included under? GDBarry (talk) 07:03, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Referendums in the United Kingdom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071031095304/http://www.purbeck.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=10317 to http://www.purbeck.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=10317

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:39, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Plural of referendum
In this article we have three versions of what appears to be the plural of referendum: referenda, referendas, referendums. Even the title of the page (which seems acceptable common use) differs from the first use. It is irritatingly inconsistent to see this. Can someone explain or correct? Also I have twice corrected referena to referenda - which worries me that it may have been referena for who knows how long and nobody else spotted it.P0mbal (talk) 22:25, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

 * An anonymous IP yesterday made the changes which I've reverted. The fact they changed the name of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 is a sign of a blanket approach which often throws up these messes. Timrollpickering (talk) 07:30, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you P0mbal (talk) 22:53, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

Status of Referendums
The article makes the claim, several times, that referendums are not legally binding (or that they are "advisory) but offers no evidence at all for this position. I believe that in the absence of any specific statement to the contrary, UK referendums are legally binding. Certainly this would be expected with the latest referendum where the Conservative Manifesto stated that it would be, the official government leaflet stated that it was, and the legislation itself certainly indicates, to say the least, that this is so.

Therefore, unless proof of the current statements can be provided, I would suggest that they are either deleted or amended. 86.151.34.217 (talk) 17:59, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

I have since discovered a publication from the Scottish Affairs Committee in relation to the Scottish Referendum I would agree with the statement in Clause 12

″The referendum is not 'consultative' in the sense that separation might or might not follow. All previous referendums in the UK have decided the matter put to the voters, and so will this one.″ 86.151.34.217 (talk) 18:25, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Parliamentary sovereignty means no referendum can bind parliament to act, even if in theory there was some form of clause binding the government to act, so yes referendums in the UK are not legally binding. In practice parliament and the government do act in accordance to the result (evidence pending for the EU referendum), but there is no legal requirement to do so.

 * Local referendums on things like mayors may be legally binding on local authorities, but even then in theory parliament could still legislate to overrule them. QueenCake (talk) 17:27, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Nouns with Dual Plurals - Referendum / Referenda / Referendums
Referendum is one of a handful of nouns that have dual plurals. Compare: Referendum/Referenda/Referendums with Fish/Fish/Fishes and Penny/Pence/Pennies.

The generic and original plural is referenda -- compare referendum/referenda with medium/media.

Referendums is an alternate plural that can be used in specific circumstances. Compare: One fish - a single fish of one species; two fish - two fish, in generic terms; two fishes - two different species of fish. Thus, it is possible to have five fish but only two fishes; i.e. three fish of one species and two fish of another.

Compare also: One Penny - a single coin with the value of one penny; two pence - a single coin with the value of two pennies; two pennies - two coins, each with the value of one penny.

The term referendum is being used generically in this article, so it should be "referenda" -- except when referring to specific situations, such as legislation, that uses the non-generic plural "referendums."

73.162.218.153 (talk) 21:25, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

European Union Act 2011 mention in lead
I've moved the section on the European Union Act 2011 making provision for referenda (in the event of treaty changes) - I've moved it from the lead to "Planned referendums" (as the result of the 2016 referendum makes it less likely that such a provision would need to be used, but it is still relevant information in the event that the UK has not left the EU at the time of an applicable treaty change). — Sasuke Sarutobi (talk) 12:57, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Referendums in the United Kingdom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091116122733/http://www2.prestel.co.uk/rodmell/local.htm to http://www2.prestel.co.uk/rodmell/local.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080731030954/http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml to http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml
 * Added tag to http://eureferendum.com/documents/1975referendum1.pdf
 * Added tag to http://ukreferendumresults.aboutmyvote.co.uk/en/default.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:36, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

North Tyneside Mayor election missing
There was a referendum in 2016 in North Tyneside on whether or not they should retain having a mayor: https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/north-tyneside-keep-mayor-after-11292303. It's a minor one but I think should be included all the same. TheJoff (talk) 23:35, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

 * It's included in England and Wales mayoral referendums. Timrollpickering 23:44, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

2016 European Union Referendum - extra statistic
I notice that the section 2016 European Union membership referendum has an extra statistic "Voting age population and turnout" which should not be compared to other statistics in other sections.

The article thus shows two different turnout statistics 72.21% and 65.38%. I think this is misleading as the second figure is not a recognised turnout figure.

Would anyone object if I edited the second figure to state that "At the time, the UK Voting age population was 51,356,768, of whom 4,856,767 were not registered to vote." without a misleading percentage? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lukew151 (talk • contribs) 12:57, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Referendums in the United Kingdom


text:
Talk:Collared scops owl

Untitled
Indian Scops Owl should probably not redirect to Collared Scops Owl. Indian Scops Owl is now Oriental Scops-Owl 'Otus sunia' Shyamal 09:21, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 20:43, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Taxonomy change?
The binomen of the Collared Scops Owl is Otus lettia. This article says that it is Otus bakkamoena. The latter binomen is used for the Indian Scops Owl. This seems to be a new change and will probably get sorted out when "WikiProjects Birds" moves to the IOC World Bird List, but I thought I should raise the flag now, just in case it's missed.

I did confirm the change from the following sources :

 * IOC World Bird List: http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-owls.html

 * Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide, by Pamela C Rasmussen & John C Anderton

Vndas (talk) 13:50, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, the split should have been the other way. Have done a manual swap of the contents of the two articles. Shyamal (talk) 16:35, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks Shyamal - confusion ends! :) Vndas (talk) 15:28, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collared scops owl


text:
User talk:Asn

Welcome
Hello Asn, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, Tutorial, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should probably read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing (as you've done with your good work on the Chewbacca Defense), and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

You may have already noticed that you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is mostly useful, and is considered good wikiquette, on talk pages. But be aware that the actual wikipedia articles should never be signed - they belong to the community, rather than the individual who created them.

Again, welcome! --ALargeElk 09:28, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

The text you wrote at The Sisters of Mercy sounds oddly familiar - did you put it up somewhere else before, or am I just noticing similarites in tone to the official history? —Morven 08:33, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Edit summary
Please provide an edit summary, thanks. Hyacinth 20:20, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Changing Gothic rock to Alternative rock
Hi. I noticed you went through all of my infobox updates at The Sisters of Mercy's album articles and changed the genre from Gothic rock to Alternative rock with an edit summary saying that you were fixng a mistake. While I am sure that you have some reasoning behind the change, I'd like to point out that it was very unlikely to be a "mistake in updating" on my part, since I had to manually type in the change. I'd also point out that the article on Alternative mentions Gothic rock as a subgenre, without providing any additional information on The Sisters of Mercy, whereas the article on Gothic rock mentions The Sisters of Mercy something like seven times. I'd like to invite you to reconsider the change. Jkelly 23:26, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your response. I've responded at to First and Last and Always' talk page, now that I understand that there is a larger issue involved that effects all of the album articles.  Jkelly 02:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm hoping that you will reply to the discussion at to First and Last and Always' talk page. Thanks.  Jkelly 00:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem RE: Image:Lenin Vilnius.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lenin Vilnius.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikipedia, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 3 basic ways to licence an image on Wikipedia:
 * An open content licence
 * Public Domain
 * Fair Use

 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of their work by licencing it under an open content license such as the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5. The GNU Free Documentation License is another option. Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release their work into the public domain. See here for examples.

 * Images from certain sources are automatically released into the public domain. This is true for the United States, where the Wikimedia servers are located. (See here for images from the government of the USA and here for other governments.)  However, not all governments release their work into the public domain. One exception is the UK (see here for images from the UK government). Non-free licence governments are listed here.

 * Also, in some cases, an image is copyrighted but allowed on Wikipedia because of fair use. To see a) if this image qualifies, and b) if so, how to tag it, see Fair use.

For more information, see Image copyright tags. Please remember that untagged images are likely to be deleted.

If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them. Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. ~MDD4696 03:41, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello
I wanted to thank you for the long-needed Communist Party of Lithuania! I see that you are interested in politics of Lithuania, so I though I might drop you this link to Baltic States notice board. There you can announce your new edits or ask for help. I hope to see you around more often! Renata 20:36, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Album chronologies
Hello there. Regarding changes like this, please note that the correct way to format the current album in a chronologies is with Album Title, not Album Title. See examples at WP:ALBUM. Have a nice day. --PEJL 14:31, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Essential Leonard Cohen cover.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Essential Leonard Cohen cover.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:36, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Sex Pistols template
Hey, I reverted your changes to the Sex Pistols template; the changes you made threw it off center and aligned to the left. Do you want to have another go at adding what it was you were trying to add; but keep it center aligned! Thanks. Ceoil 20:51, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Eek; I don't like that, but thanks for letting me know. Ceoil 21:14, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Morebestof.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Morebestof.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:00, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

AutoWikiBrowser
Hi,

Thanks for applying for AutoWikiBrowser. I have approved you, so you can get to work immediately (you can download it from here ). Good luck!

 jj137  (talk)  21:21, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

External map service links
Hello. You have been identified as having added or removed direct external map service links in articles. There is a discussion at Wikipedia talk:External links about which should be done, and some more opinions would be good to find community consensus. --Para (talk) 17:12, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Templates for Swinging Singers...
The Sinatra template is badass! Well done! I feel like the sole editor of all things Frank sometimes...Roll on GA status Gareth E Kegg (talk) 00:54, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

July 2008
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions on a single page within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. If necessary, pursue dispute resolution. emerson7 22:53, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Dm sofad live.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Dm sofad live.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:25, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asn


text:
NOS

NOS may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Nitrous oxide, also known as nos or laughing gas
 * Nitric oxide synthase, a class of enzymes
 * Nitrous oxide system, an internal combustion engine
 * Not Otherwise Specified, a categorization of illnesses
 * Network operating system, a type of software
 * NOS (operating system), a CDC network operating system
 * KA9Q NOS, a TCP/IP implementation
 * NOS stereo technique, for audio recording

Businesses and organizations

 * National Ocean Service, US
 * National Office of Statistics, Algeria
 * National Orthodox School, Amman, Jordan
 * Nederlandse Omroep Stichting, a Dutch public broadcasting corporation
 * New Orleans Saints, an American football team
 * Nitrous Oxide Systems, a subdivision of Holley Performance Products, an American automotive company
 * NOS (Portuguese company)
 * NOS, the ICAO designator of the now-defunct Norwegian airline, Norway Airlines
 * NOS, the ICAO designator of the Italian airline Neos

Music

 * Nos, an opera by Shostakovich
 * N.O.S, part of the French rap duo PNL

Other uses

 * National Occupational Standards, UK
 * National Orange Show, San Bernardino, California, US
 * New Old Stock, unused old merchandise
 * NOS (drink), named after Nitrous Oxide Systems
 * Nos, Book of the Resurrection, a book by Miguel Serrano
 * Nos. or nos., the numero sign, an abbreviation of "numbers"
 * Fascene Airport, Nosy Be, Madagascar (IATA code)

title: NOS


text:
Talk:Hard Core Logo

Untitled
This page is beautiful. I've read the book and the making-of book for some reason, now I'm definitely going to check out the movie after reading this. Kickass work.

transients?
Punk aficionados are Transients?

15:57, 20 January 2007 (UTC)74.12.64.190 I have some serious problems with this page, particular the synopsis. Rather than being content to summarize the film, the writer gives us his feelings about the subtext he has read into this movie. Most of which I happen to think is wrong, unnescessary, and, worst of all, unsupported.ed

I agree. It's an interesting critical interpretation, but its out of place. One thing you wouldn't get from reading this wikiblurb, is that HCL is a very funny movie 207.47.196.86 04:42, 11 February 2007 (UTC) skgh

I copied the review from All Music Guide, as the Synopsis was missing something, plus Hard Core Logo deserves better treatment/Synopsis (at least I think). 24.68.131.208 18:51, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hcl.jpg
Image:Hcl.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:35, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Hard Core Logo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100222085630/http://www.cbc.ca:80/canada/saskatchewan/story/2010/02/18/sk-hard-core-logo-2.html to http://www.cbc.ca/canada/saskatchewan/story/2010/02/18/sk-hard-core-logo-2.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:36, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Bruce McDonald
he didn't grow up or live in Vancouver. Who wrote this?

title: Talk:Hard Core Logo


text:
Fundamental class

In mathematics, the fundamental class is a homology class [M] associated to a connected orientable compact manifold of dimension n, which corresponds to the generator of the homology group $$H_n(M,\partial M;\mathbf{Z})\cong\mathbf{Z}$$. The fundamental class can be thought of as the orientation of the top-dimensional simplices of a suitable triangulation of the manifold.

Closed, orientable
When M is a connected orientable closed manifold of dimension n, the top homology group is infinite cyclic: $$H_n(M;\mathbf{Z}) \cong \mathbf{Z}$$, and an orientation is a choice of generator, a choice of isomorphism $$\mathbf{Z} \to H_n(M;\mathbf{Z})$$. The generator is called the fundamental class.

If M is disconnected (but still orientable), a fundamental class is the direct sum of the fundamental classes for each connected component (corresponding to an orientation for each component).

In relation with de Rham cohomology it represents integration over M; namely for M a smooth manifold, an n-form ω can be paired with the fundamental class as

 * $$\langle\omega, [M]\rangle = \int_M \omega\ ,$$

which is the integral of ω over M, and depends only on the cohomology class of ω.

Stiefel-Whitney class
If M is not orientable, $$H_n(M;\mathbf{Z}) \ncong \mathbf{Z}$$, and so one cannot define a fundamental class M living inside the integers. However, every closed manifold is $$\mathbf{Z}_2$$-orientable, and $$H_n(M;\mathbf{Z}_2)=\mathbf{Z}_2$$ (for M connected). Thus, every closed manifold is $$\mathbf{Z}_2$$-oriented (not just orientable: there is no ambiguity in choice of orientation), and has a $$\mathbf{Z}_2$$-fundamental class.

This $$\mathbf{Z}_2$$-fundamental class is used in defining Stiefel–Whitney class.

With boundary
If M is a compact orientable manifold with boundary, then the top relative homology group is again infinite cyclic $$H_n(M,\partial M)\cong \mathbf{Z}$$, and so the notion of the fundamental class can be extended to the manifold with boundary case.

Poincaré duality
The Poincaré duality theorem relates the homology and cohomology groups of n-dimensional oriented closed manifolds: if R is a commutative ring and M is an n-dimensional R-orientable closed manifold with fundamental class [M], then for all k, the map
 * $$ H^k(M;R) \to H_{n-k}(M;R) $$

given by
 * $$ \alpha \mapsto [M] \frown \alpha $$

is an isomorphism.

Using the notion of fundamental class for manifolds with boundary, we can extend Poincaré duality to that case too (see Lefschetz duality). In fact, the cap product with a fundamental class gives a stronger duality result saying that we have isomorphisms $$H^q(M, A;R) \cong H_{n-q}(M, B;R)$$, assuming we have that $$A, B$$ are $$(n-1)$$-dimensional manifolds with $$\partial A=\partial B= A\cap B$$ and $$\partial M=A\cup B$$.

See also Twisted Poincaré duality

Applications
In the Bruhat decomposition of the flag variety of a Lie group, the fundamental class corresponds to the top-dimension Schubert cell, or equivalently the longest element of a Coxeter group.

title: Fundamental class