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Mesentery

In human anatomy, the mesentery, an organ that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall, comprises the double fold of the peritoneum. It helps (among other functions) in storing fat and allowing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the intestines.

The  (the part of the mesentery that attaches the colon to the abdominal wall) was formerly thought to be a fragmented structure, with all named parts—the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid mesocolons, the mesoappendix, and the mesorectum—separately terminating their insertion into the posterior abdominal wall. However, in 2012, new microscopic and electron microscopic examinations showed the mesocolon to be a single structure derived from the duodenojejunal flexure and extending to the distal mesorectal layer. Thus the mesentery is an internal organ.

Structure
The mesentery of the small intestine arises from the root of the mesentery (or mesenteric root) and is the part connected with the structures in front of the vertebral column. The root is narrow, about 15 cm long, 20 cm in width, and is directed obliquely from the duodenojejunal flexure at the left side of the second lumbar vertebra to the right sacroiliac joint. The root of the mesentery extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocaecal junction. This section of the small intestine is located centrally in the abdominal cavity and lies behind the transverse colon and the greater omentum.

The mesentery becomes attached to the colon at the gastrointestinal margin and continues as the several regions of the mesocolon. The parts of the mesocolon take their names from the part of the colon to which they attach. These are the transverse mesocolon attaching to the transverse colon, the sigmoid mesocolon attaching to the sigmoid colon, the mesoappendix attaching to the appendix, and the mesorectum attaching to the upper third of the rectum.

The mesocolon regions were traditionally taught to be separate sections with separate insertions into the posterior abdominal wall. In 2012, the first detailed observational and histological studies of the mesocolon were undertaken and this revealed several new findings. The study included 109 patients undergoing open, elective, total abdominal colectomy. Anatomical observations were recorded during the surgery and on the post-operative specimens.

These studies showed that the mesocolon is continuous from the ileocaecal to the rectosigmoid level. It was also shown that a mesenteric confluence occurs at the ileocaecal and rectosigmoid junctions, as well as at the hepatic and splenic flexures and that each confluence involves peritoneal and omental attachments. The proximal rectum was shown to originate at the confluence of the mesorectum and mesosigmoid. A plane occupied by perinephric fascia was shown to separate the entire apposed small intestinal mesentery and the mesocolon from the retroperitoneum. Deep in the pelvis, this fascia coalesces to give rise to presacral fascia.

Flexural anatomy
Flexural anatomy is frequently described as a difficult area. It is simplified when each flexure is considered as being centered on a mesenteric contiguity. The ileocaecal flexure arises at the point where the ileum is continuous with the caecum around the ileocaecal mesenteric flexure. Similarly, the hepatic flexure is formed between the right mesocolon and transverse mesocolon at the mesenteric confluence. The colonic component of the hepatic flexure is draped around this mesenteric confluence. Furthermore, the splenic flexure is formed by the mesenteric confluence between the transverse and left mesocolon. The colonic component of the splenic flexure occurs lateral to the mesenteric confluence. At every flexure, a continuous peritoneal fold lies outside the colonic/mesocolic complex tethering this to the posterior abdominal wall.

Mesocolon regions
The transverse mesocolon is that section of the mesentery attached to the transverse colon that lies between the colic flexures.

The sigmoid mesocolon is that region of the mesentery to which the sigmoid colon is attached at the gastrointestinal mesenteric margin.

The mesoappendix is the portion of the mesentery connecting the ileum to the appendix. It may extend to the tip of the appendix. It encloses the appendicular artery and vein, as well as lymphatic vessels, nerves, and often a lymph node.

The mesorectum is that part attached to the upper third of the rectum.

Peritoneal folds
Understanding the macroscopic structure of the mesenteric organ meant that associated structures—the peritoneal folds and congenital and omental adhesions—could be better appraised. The small intestinal mesenteric fold occurs where the small intestinal mesentery folds onto the posterior abdominal wall and continues laterally as the right mesocolon. During mobilization of the small intestinal mesentery from the posterior abdominal wall, this fold is incised, allowing access to the interface between the small intestinal mesentery and the retroperitoneum. The fold continues at the inferolateral boundary of the ileocaecal junction and turn as the right paracolic peritoneal fold. This fold is divided during lateral to medial mobilization, permitting the surgeon to serially lift the right colon and associated mesentery off the underlying fascia and retroperitoneum. At the hepatic flexure, the right lateral peritoneal fold turns and continues medially as the hepatocolic peritoneal fold. Division of the fold in this location permits separation of the colonic component of the hepatic flexure and mesocolon off the retroperitoneum.

Interposed between the hepatic and splenic flexures, the greater omentum adheres to the transverse colon along a further band or fold of peritoneum. Dissection through this allows access to the cephalad (top) surface of the transverse mesocolon. Focal adhesions frequently tether the greater omentum to the cephalad aspect of the transverse mesocolon. The left colon is associated with a similar anatomic configuration of peritoneal folds; the splenic peritoneal fold is contiguous with the left lateral paracolic peritoneal fold at the splenic flexure. Division of the latter similarly allows for the separation of the left colon and associated mesentery off the underlying fascia and frees it from the retroperitoneum. The left lateral paracolic peritoneal fold continues distally at the lateral aspect of the mobile component of the mesosigmoid.

Microanatomy
Determination of the macroscopic structure of the mesenteric organ allowed a recent characterisation of the histological and electron microscopic properties. The microscopic structure of the mesocolon and associated fascia is consistent from ileocecal to mesorectal levels. A surface mesothelium and underlying connective tissue is universally apparent. Adipocytes lobules within the body of the mesocolon are separated by fibrous septa arising from submesothelial connective tissue. Where apposed to the retroperitoneum, two mesothelial layers separate the mesocolon and underlying retroperitoneum. Between these is Toldt's fascia, a discrete layer of connective tissue. Lymphatic channels are evident in mesocolic connective tissue and in Toldt's fascia.

Dorsal mesentery
The primitive gut is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the dorsal mesentery. The gastrointestinal tract and associated dorsal mesentery are subdivided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut regions based on the respective blood supply. The foregut is supplied by the celiac trunk, the midgut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and the hindgut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). This division is established by the fourth week of development. After this, the midgut undergoes a period of rapid elongation, forcing it to herniate through the navel. During herniation, the midgut rotates 90° anti-clockwise around the axis of the SMA and forms the midgut loop. The cranial portion of the loop moves to the right and the caudal portion of the loop moves toward the left. This rotation occurs at about the eighth week of development. The cranial portion of the loop will develop into the jejunum and most of the ileum, while the caudal part of the loop eventually forms the terminal portion of the ileum, the ascending colon and the initial two-thirds of the transverse colon. As the foetus grows larger, the mid-gut loop is drawn back through the umbilicus and undergoes a further 180° rotation, completing a total of 270° rotation. At this point, about 10 weeks, the caecum lies close to the liver. From here it moves in a cranial to caudal direction to eventually lie in the lower right portion of the abdominal cavity. This process brings the ascending colon to lie vertically in the lateral right portion of the abdominal cavity apposed to the posterior abdominal wall. The descending colon occupies a similar position on the left side.

During these topographic changes, the dorsal mesentery undergoes corresponding changes. Most anatomical and embryological textbooks say that after adopting a final position, the ascending and descending mesocolons disappear during embryogenesis. Embryology—An Illustrated Colour Text, "most of the mid-gut retains the original dorsal mesentery, though parts of the duodenum derived from the mid-gut do not. The mesentery associated with the ascending colon and descending colon is resorbed, bringing these parts of the colon into close contact with the body wall." In The Developing Human, the author states, "the mesentery of the ascending colon fuses with the parietal peritoneum on this wall and disappears; consequently the ascending colon also becomes retroperitoneal". To reconcile these differences, several theories of embryologic mesenteric development—including the "regression" and "sliding" theories—have been proposed, but none has been widely accepted.

The portion of the dorsal mesentery that attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach, is known as the dorsal mesogastrium. The part of the dorsal mesentery that suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum.

Ventral mesentery
The development of the septum transversum takes part in the formation of the diaphragm, while the caudal portion into which the liver grows forms the ventral mesentery. The part of the ventral mesentery that attaches to the stomach is known as the ventral mesogastrium.

The lesser omentum is formed, by a thinning of the mesoderm or ventral mesogastrium, which attaches the stomach and duodenum to the anterior abdominal wall. By the subsequent growth of the liver, this leaf of mesoderm is divided into two parts – the lesser omentum between the stomach and liver, and the falciform and coronary ligaments between the liver and the abdominal wall and diaphragm.

In the adult, the ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel.

Clinical significance
Clarifications of the mesenteric anatomy have facilitated a clearer understanding of diseases involving the mesentery, examples of which include malrotation and Crohn's disease (CD). In CD, the mesentery is frequently thickened, rendering hemostasis challenging. In addition, fat wrapping—creeping fat—involves extension of mesenteric fat over the circumference of contiguous gastrointestinal tract, and this may indicate increased mesothelial plasticity. The relationship between mesenteric derangements and mucosal manifestations in CD points to a pathobiological overlap; some authors say that CD is mainly a mesenteric disorder that secondarily affects the GIT and systemic circulation.

Thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein can cause mesenteric ischemia also known as ischemic bowel. Mesenteric ischemia can also result from the formation of a volvulus, a twisted loop of the small intestine that when it wraps around itself and also encloses the mesentery too tightly can cause ischemia.

The rationalization of mesenteric and peritoneal fold anatomy permits the surgeon to differentiate both from intraperitoneal adhesions—also called congenital adhesions. These are highly variable among patients and occur in several locations. Congenital adhesions occur between the lateral aspect of the peritoneum overlying the mobile component of the mesosigmoid and the parietal peritoneum in the left iliac fossa. During the lateral to the medial approach of mobilizing of the mesosigmoid, these must be divided first before the peritoneum proper can be accessed. Similarly, focal adhesions occur between the undersurface of the greater omentum and the cephalad aspect of the transverse mesocolon. These can be accessed after dividing the peritoneal fold that links the greater omentum and transverse colon. Adhesions here must be divided to separate the greater omentum off the transverse mesocolon, thus allowing access to the lesser sac proper.

Surgery
While the total mesorectal excision (TME) operation has become the surgical gold standard for the management of rectal cancer, this is not so for colon cancer. Recently, the surgical principles underpinning TME in rectal cancer have been extrapolated to colonic surgery. Total or complete mesocolic excision (CME), use planar surgery and extensive mesenterectomy (high tie) to minimise breach of the mesentery and maximise lymph nodes yield. Application of this T/CME reduces local five-year recurrence rates in colon cancer from 6.5% to 3.6%, while cancer-related five-year survival rates in patients resected for cure increased from 82.1% to 89.1%.

Radiology
Recent radiologic appraisals of the mesenteric organ have been conducted in the context of the contemporary understanding of mesenteric organ anatomy. When this organ is divided into non-flexural and flexural regions, these can readily be differentiated in most patients on CT imaging. Clarification of the radiological appearance of the human mesentery resonates with the suggestions of Dodds and enables a clearer conceptualization of mesenteric derangements in disease states. This is of immediate relevance in the spread of cancer from colon cancer and perforated diverticular disease, and in pancreatitis where fluid collections in the lesser sac dissect the mesocolon from the retroperitoneum and thereby extend distally within the latter.

History
Mesentery has been known for thousands of years, however it was unclear whether mesentery is a single organ or there are several mesenteries. The classical anatomical description of the mesocolon is credited to British surgeon Sir Frederick Treves in 1885, although a description of the membrane as a single structure dates back to at least Leonardo da Vinci. Treves is known for performing the first appendectomy in England in 1888; he was surgeon to both Queen Victoria and King Edward VII. He studied the human mesentery and peritoneal folds in 100 cadavers and described the right and left mesocolons as vestigial or absent in the human adult. Accordingly, the small intestinal mesentery, transverse, and sigmoid mesocolons all terminated or attached at their insertions into the posterior abdominal wall. These assertions were included in mainstream surgical, anatomical, embryological, and radiologic literature for more than a century.

Almost 10 years before Treves, the Austrian anatomist Carl Toldt described the persistence of all portions of the mesocolon into adulthood. Toldt was professor of anatomy in Prague and Vienna; he published his account of the human mesentery in 1879. Toldt identified a fascial plane between the mesocolon and the underlying retroperitoneum, formed by the fusion of the visceral peritoneum of the mesocolon with the parietal peritoneum of the retroperitoneum; this later became known as Toldt's fascia.

In 1942, anatomist Edward Congdon also demonstrated that the right and left mesocolons persisted into adulthood and remained separate from the retroperitoneum—extraretroperitoneal. Radiologist Wylie J. Dodds described this concept in 1986. Dodds extrapolated that unless the mesocolon remained an extraretroperitoneal structure—separate from the retroperitoneum—only then would the radiologic appearance of the mesentery and peritoneal folds be reconciled with actual anatomy.

Descriptions of the mesocolon by Toldt, Congdon, and Dodds have largely been ignored in mainstream literature until recently. A formal appraisal of the mesenteric organ anatomy was conducted in 2012; it echoed the findings of Toldt, Congdon, and Dodds. The single greatest advance in this regard was the identification of the mesenteric organ as being contiguous, as it spans the gastrointestinal tract from duodenojejunal flexure to mesorectal level.

In 2012 it was discovered that the mesentery was a single organ, which precipitated advancement in colon and rectum surgery and in sciences related to anatomy and development.

Etymology
The word "mesentery" and its Neo-Latin equivalent mesenterium use the combining forms mes- + enteron, ultimately from ancient Greek μεσέντερον (mesenteron), from μέσος (mésos, "middle") + ἔντερον (énteron, "gut"), yielding "mid-intestine" or "midgut". The adjectival form is "mesenteric".

Lymphangiology
An improved understanding of mesenteric structure and histology has enabled a formal characterization of mesenteric lymphangiology. Stereologic assessments of the lymphatic vessels demonstrate a rich lymphatic network embedded within the mesenteric connective tissue lattice. On average, vessels occur every 0.14 mm, and within 0.1 mm from the mesocolic surfaces—anterior and posterior. Lymphatic channels have also been identified in Toldt's fascia, though the significance of this is unknown.

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Symbol level

In knowledge-based systems, agents choose actions based on the principle of rationality to move closer to a desired goal. The agent is able to make decisions based on knowledge it has about the world (see knowledge level). But for the agent to actually change its state, it must use whatever means it has available. This level of description for the agent's behavior is the symbol level. The term was coined by Allen Newell in 1982.

For example, in a computer program, the knowledge level consists of the information contained in its data structures that it uses to perform certain actions. The symbol level consists of the program's algorithms, the data structures themselves, and so on.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Symbol level


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Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/Friends of Wikipedia/Personal home pages and bookmarks

What's the point of having a "legend" with symbols so obscure they won't be on most computers? -- Jmabel 01:53, 6 May 2004 (UTC)


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Henri Belolo

Henri Belolo (27 November 1936 – 3 August 2019) was a French music producer and songwriter active during the disco era.

Born in Morocco, he started his career as a club DJ and A&R man. In the 1970s, with his friend, composer Jacques Morali, he worked in the United States, creating The Ritchie Family as well as their most successful group, Village People.

Life and career
Belolo was born in Casablanca, Morocco, and grew up there listening to music introduced by US troops as well as that of African musicians. He studied business in Casablanca, before traveling in 1956 to Paris, France, where he met record company owner and producer Eddie Barclay. Belolo worked with Barclay, importing and promoting records, and started working as a club DJ, work which he continued after returning to Casablanca.

In 1960, he was recruited by Polydor Records in Paris to work in A&R and as a producer, where he worked on albums by Georges Moustaki, Serge Renée, and Jeanne Moreau. He also organized concerts in Paris by James Brown, the Bee Gees and others. He then set up his own record label, Carabine, and music publishing company, Scorpio Music, and in the early 1970s began licensing disco records.

In 1973, he moved to the US and set up Can't Stop Productions in New York City, with an associated talent scout office in Philadelphia. He met Jacques Morali in early 1975, and the pair produced the single "Brazil" by the Ritchie Family, recorded in Philadelphia and arranged by Richie Rome who gave the group its name. The song became a US club hit, and then a worldwide success, in 1975, helped by promotion from DJ Frankie Crocker. Belolo and Morali continued to work together, with Belolo predominantly writing lyrics and Morali the music.

Unlike his associate Morali, Belolo was not gay, but visited clubs with Morali and saw the potential of appealing to the gay nightclub scene. In 1977, they created the group Village People, seeing their image of gay stereotypes as a way to embody a certain partying spirit. Belolo and Morali began working with the band and presented their demos to Neil Bogart of Casablanca Records, who agreed to release the band's records. Belolo continued to contribute to the Village People records, including "Y.M.C.A.", "In the Navy", and "Go West", with Morali and, in some cases, the band's lead singer Victor Willis. In 2015, Willis won a legal case against Can't Stop Productions, successfully claiming that he and Morali had written the songs together, without any involvement from Belolo. The production company claimed that Belolo had written French lyrics that were then adapted by Willis, but this claim was rejected by the court which ruled that Belolo's name as co-writer should be removed.

In the 1980s, Belolo and Morali introduced and produced records by Break Machine. Belolo continued to work in France as a music producer, until his death on 3 August 2019 in Paris, France.

Decorations

 * Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters (2015)

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Jean-Jacques Pelletier

Jean-Jacques Pelletier (born 1947 in Montreal, Quebec) is a French Canadian philosophy professor and author. Pelletier was a long-time philosophy teacher with the Lévis-Lauzon post-secondary school, but is best known in several media as an author of French-language thrillers, some of which have an element of fantasy. Many of his works have received critical acclaim, as his short story "La Bouche barbelée" won a CBC/Radio-Canada contest in 1993.

Pelletier has had several other works published as well, and his works Blunt - Les treize derniers jours and La Chair disparue were published as serials in the popular Montreal magazine La Presse in 1997–1998.

La Chair disparue was chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2005, where it was defended by pianist Alain Lefèvre.

Novels

 * L'Homme trafiqué (1987)
 * L'Homme à qui il poussait des bouches (1994, novella)
 * La Femme trop tard (1994)
 * Blunt - Les treize derniers jours (1996)
 * L'Assassiné de l'intérieur (1997)
 * Les Gestionnaires de l'Apocalypse series:
 * La Chair disparue (1998)
 * L'Argent du monde (1 & 2) (2001)
 * Le Bien des autres (1 & 2) (2003–2004)
 * La Faim de la Terre (1 & 2) (2009)
 * Les visages de l'humanité (2012)
 * Dix petits hommes blancs (2014)

Essays

 * "Caisse de retraite et placements" (1994)
 * "Écrire pour inquiéter et pour construire" (2002)
 * "Les taupes frénétiques" (2012) Hurtubise Editions
 * "La fabrique de l'extrême" (2012) Hurtubise Editions
 * "La Prison de l'urgence" (2013) Hurtubise Editions
 * "Questions d'écriture" (2014) Hurtubise Editions

Short stories

 * "L'Homme qui avait avalé un gouffre" (1992)
 * "La Bouche barbelée" (1993)
 * "L'Enfant bosselé" (1994)
 * L'Assassiné de l'intérieur (1997, collection)
 * "La Mort aux dents" (2001)

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User talk:Lee1026

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks very much for your contribution. We already have a page on All Quiet on the Western Front--your version had a non-capitalized Q. You can edit that article, or any article, of course. In fact, we greatly appreciate it. To learn more about editing, you can try the Tutorial, read FAQ, and ask any remaining questions at Help desk. Best wishes, Meelar 02:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. Is there any chance you could run a spell checker before posting? Your contribution to World War I has lots of glaring spelling errors. Also, could you substantiate where those so-called motives have been delinieated? RickK 01:31, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Pershing Tank
Howdy. The Pershing is listed under Limited service combat vehicles as it saw very little action during World War II. Oberiko 00:08, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Box on C programming language
Hey, I noticed your addition of an infobox of major programming languages to the bottom of C programming language. While I don't object to this idea, here are a few style guidelines I hope you find helpful: I hope this helps. Deco 02:24, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Generally, infoboxes, particularly ones to be placed on many pages, are put into templates, such as Template:Major programming languages small, and then included in pages using (for example) . This facilitates future editing of the box. I chose this name because the template Template:Major programming languages already exists, and is a long sidebar.
 * Infoboxes are not generally placed in article sections, or given any explanation in the text; they are seen as auxiliary. They are never placed after interwiki links.

 * I've gone ahead and done this. Your box is now on Template: Major programming languages small, and the box has been added to the bottom of every article in the box. I added ML to the box as well, since Ocaml is in fact a dialect of ML. Deco 21:38, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lee1026


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Jacques Morali

Jacques Morali (4 July 1947 – 15 November 1991 ) was a French disco and dance music record producer and songwriter, known for creating acts like The Ritchie Family and Village People.

Early life
Morali was born in Casablanca, French Morocco. He may have had Jewish ancestry.

Beginning in France
Morali made his start in the music business at the end of the 1960s, writing music for orchestras in Paris, for the Crazy Horse, for himself as a solo artist (he played in 1967 show "Elle aime, elle n'aime pas" and released a single of the same title) but also for performers like Peter Fersen. Viva Zapata (Venus VS-71451), one of his first French productions, was sung by "Clint Farwood" - a pseudonym for a member of King Harvest. In the early 1970s, Morali met French music producer Henri Belolo. But he thought quickly that his success in France was not as great as expected and decided to try his luck in North America. Through meeting José Eber, Elizabeth Taylor and Cher's hairdresser, he became familiar with Philadelphia International Records. At the time, Morali proposed several projects to Belolo without convincing him.

International
In 1975, Morali told Belolo about his intention to adapt the Brazilian song "Brazil" from a musical starring Carmen Miranda. The idea was to make an epic record for the clubs, sung by larger-than-life female singers. Seduced by the idea, Belolo agreed to finance a long-lasting Morali residency at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia. That was the start of their collaboration. They cast three girls (Cheryl Jacks, Cassandra Wooten and Gwendolyn Oliver) and named the band The Ritchie Family. "Brazil" was a solid success, the first of many that made them long-term partners ("The Best Disco In Town" (1976), "Life Is Music" (1977), "African Queens" (1977), "Quiet Village" (1977) & "American Generation" (1978)), both as creator and author, on top of also being writer and editor (Black Scorpio Publishing).

Mainstream
While in New York, Morali attended a costume ball at "Les Mouches", a gay disco in Greenwich Village. Seeing the types of costumes and some common ensembles worn by the party guests, the idea came to him to put together a group of singers and dancers, each one playing a different gay fantasy figure. At first, Belolo was not involved in this project, but when he saw that Morali had succeeded in signing a licensing deal with Casablanca Records (one of the more famous disco labels), Belolo decided to become his close sidekick on the project. The Village People's songs include "San Francisco (You've Got Me)" (1977), "YMCA" (1978), "Macho Man" (1978), "In the Navy" (1979), "Go West" (1980) and "Sex Over the Phone" (1985) and they became one of the more successful acts of the disco era with their flamboyant concept albums.

Jacques Morali's music was characterized by simple arrangements, a unique sense of camp, simplistic lyrics and simple catchy melodies that could be remembered easily. Between 1974 and 1982, he recorded over 65 albums. He co-wrote songs for many artists including Patrick Juvet, Régine, Dalida, Eric Russell, Cher, Patricia Norton, Julius Brown, Starlight, Diva, Dennis Parker, David London, Wayne Scott, Lova Moor and Pia Zadora. After the post-1970s disco backlash, he began collaborating with Fred Zarr, precipitating work with Break Machine and 1984's Eartha Kitt album I Love Men.

In the late 1970s, he had a sexual relationship with singer/actor/adult film star Wade Nichols/Dennis Parker.

Death
Morali contracted HIV in the mid-1980s. On 15 November 1991, he died of AIDS-related causes at a hospital in Paris at the age of 44. Morali was buried in Saint-Paul-de-Vence.

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Eric Abetz

Eric Abetz (born 25 January 1958) is an Australian politician. He was a Senator for Tasmania from 1994 to 2022, representing the Liberal Party, and since March 2024 has been a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly for the Franklin electorate.

He was the Minister for Employment and the Leader of the Government in the Senate in the Abbott government from 2013 to 2015. He previously also served as Special Minister of State in the Howard government from 2001 to 2006 and as Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation from 2006 to 2007.

Born in Germany, Abetz emigrated to Australia as a small child, when his father came to work for Tasmania's Hydro Electric Commission. He was educated at the University of Tasmania and was a barrister and solicitor before entering politics. He is a former national president of the Australian Liberal Students' Federation and was state president of the Tasmanian Liberals from 1990 to 1994.

Family and personal life
The youngest of six children, Abetz emigrated from Germany to Australia with his parents in 1961. His father, Walter Abetz, a radio technician in the Nazi Germany armed forces who lost a leg fighting on the Russian Front, came to Australia to work for Tasmania's Hydro Electric Commission, which had advertised for skilled workers in German newspapers.

Eric Abetz's great uncle, Otto Abetz, was a Nazi SS officer, German ambassador to Vichy France, and a convicted war criminal. Eric's grandfather was Karl Abetz, a professor of forestry science, who joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and became general consultant of the Reich Forestry Office in 1942.

Abetz married Michelle Oates in 1991, and they had three children. His wife died of cancer in 2019. He is a Christian.

Abetz's brother, Peter Abetz, was the Liberal member for Southern River in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from the 2008 state election until 2017.

Studies
Abetz studied at Taroona High School, Hobart Matriculation College and the University of Tasmania, earning degrees in law and arts in 1981. He served as president of the University of Tasmania Liberal Club, and in 1980–1981, he became the first Tasmanian to become national president of the Australian Liberal Students' Federation, during which time he came into political conflict with Nick Sherry and Sue Mackay, both later to be Australian Labor Party senators.

Early political career: 1993–2007 in opposition and Government
He won preselection as a candidate for the Senate in the 1984 and 1993 elections but did not win a seat. He was then chosen to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Brian Archer in 1994, and was elected in his own right at the subsequent 1998 election and re-elected in 2004, 2010 and 2016. Abetz was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Defence 1998–2001 and was Special Minister of State from January 2001 until 2006.

He has served as Chairman of the Native Title and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund Committee and Chairman of the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee. He also served as Chairman of the Attorney-General and Justice Government Members' Committee.

He was a member of a Parliamentary Delegation which visited France and Belgium in June and July 1997, and made an official visit to the United Kingdom in September 1999.

He was Minister for Forestry from a reshuffle of the Howard ministry in January 2006 until its defeat at the 2007 election. He commenced his portfolio by attacking the Australian Greens and environmentalists in general as anti-Australian. He described the campaign against woodchipping as "akin to treason" and branded the Greens an "extreme left" party. This allowed him to position the government's priorities as mainstream issues which both major parties wanted action on.

Abetz is a member of the National Right faction of the Liberal Party.

2009 OzCar affair
In mid-2009 Abetz was a central figure in the OzCar affair, which involved false allegations that Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Treasurer Wayne Swan had improperly given favourable treatment to a car dealer, John Grant, who was a friend of the Prime Minister. At a Senate inquiry on 19 June, Abetz asked a series of questions of a Treasury official, Godwin Grech, who testified that he had a "recollection" that a member of Rudd's staff had sent him an email in February, asking that he provide preferential treatment to Grant. Abetz read out the text of what he said was an email, which purported to ask for preferential treatment for Grant. On 4 August 2009, Grech admitted that he had forged the email. Abetz then issued an apology, saying: "I am not only sorry to Malcolm Turnbull but to the Australian people and any anguish that may have been occasioned to Kevin Rudd and other people."

Eligibility to hold Senate office
On 30 July 2010, Tasmanian resident John Hawkins lodged an objection to Abetz's nomination for re-election, alleging that Abetz still held dual citizenship of both his birthplace, Germany, and Australia and thus was ineligible under Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia. Hawkins subsequently withdrew the petition to the High Court of Australia.

Minister under the Abbott government
In September 2013 Abetz was appointed Minister for Employment in the Abbott government and oversaw the drafting of legislation to reestablish the Australian Building and Construction Commission, the establishment of a Registered Organisations Commission following the Craig Thomson Affair, and the launching of the Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption and Fair Work Act Review. Abetz also designed and implemented the Government's Jobactive Employment Services Reforms.

In August 2014 Abetz received criticism from the media and politicians such as the Greens' Adam Bandt for making claims of a link between abortion and breast cancer when appearing on The Project. He had been on The Project to discuss his association with the World Congress of Families.

It was reported in May 2015 that Abetz was quoted as saying of Joe de Bruyn, national president of the SDA, the largest private sector trade union in Australia, that "he is a role model of trade union officialdom. He is the type of official that gives trade unionism a good name." De Bruyn spent 36 years as National Secretary of the SDA, known for its close relationships with major employers such as Coles and Woolworths. De Bruyn had also been known for his staunch and vocal opposition to same-sex marriage.

Dropped from ministry
Abetz was dropped from the First Turnbull Ministry upon the ascension of the Turnbull government, with George Brandis succeeding Abetz as Leader of the Government in the Senate. In the three days where Abetz was Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's representative in the Senate Abetz said "The King is dead, long live the King" in reference to the leadership change.

Abetz is a Christian and a member of the Christian Reformed Churches of Australia. Throughout his political career he has been variously associated with conservative groups, including the Association of Christian Parent Controlled Schools, Salt Shakers, Focus on the Family, Lyons Forum, Endeavour Forum, Family Council of Victoria, Fatherhood Foundation, Australian Christian Lobby, Australian Family Association and Right to Life Australia. In October 2015, Abetz attracted controversy after referring to Justice Clarence Thomas of the U.S. Supreme Court as a "negro American" during a radio interview.

In 2017 when Cory Bernardi moved a motion to ban abortion on gender grounds Abetz was 1 of the 10 who voted Yes on the Motion. It was voted down with (10–36).

Abetz is a public opponent of same-sex marriage, and was one of twelve senators who voted against the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017, which legalised same-sex marriage in Australia.

During Senate debates regarding the Nuclear Fuel Cycle (Facilitation) Bill, presented by Senator Cory Bernardi in November 2017, Abetz strongly endorsed the prospect of nuclear power in Australia. He described nuclear power as "the very best source of energy production that science has to offer the world" and claimed that it offered "affordable and reliable energy, with no emissions at all."

2021 alleged "slut-shaming" comments
On 24 March 2021, two days after Tasmanian House of Assembly speaker Sue Hickey resigned from the Liberal Party to sit as an independent, Hickey accused Abetz in the House of making "slut-shaming" comments on Brittany Higgins, who allegedly had been raped by a male staffer in the Federal Parliament in Canberra. Hickey claimed that Abetz had told her at a citizenship ceremony in Hobart on 1 March: As for that Higgins girl, anybody so disgustingly drunk who would sleep with anybody could have slept with one of our spies and put the security of the nation at risk. Hickey also alleged that Abetz had told her "not to worry" about the separate allegation against federal Attorney-General Christian Porter that he had raped a woman in 1988, as "the woman is dead and the law will protect [Porter]". Abetz "categorically denied" making any of these comments and accused Hickey of "trying to destroy the [Liberal] party". Hickey responded to Abetz by accusing him of "grubby politics" and said that she stood by her statement.

Later on 24 March, Tasmanian Premier Peter Gutwein wrote to Prime Minister Scott Morrison, stating that Hickey had raised the matter of Abetz's comments with him weeks earlier and requested Morrison to "consider the matters raised".

Defeat at 2022 federal election
Since entering the Senate, Abetz was always placed first in Liberal Party preselection for Senate elections, which all but guaranteed him winning one of the six Senate seats normally available for the state. On 8 May 2021, it was announced that, for the next federal election, he had been dropped to third place, substantially reducing his prospect of re-election. This ended up costing him his seat at the election in May 2022, as Jacqui Lambie Network candidate Tammy Tyrrell won the state's sixth Senate seat ahead of Abetz. As a result, his Senate term ended on 30 June 2022.

On 31 August 2022, the Australian Monarchist League announced Abetz as Campaign Director of the Vote No Republic campaign.

State politics
On 7 January 2024, it was reported that Abetz would seek the preselection of the Liberal Party as a candidate for Franklin at the 2024 Tasmanian state election.

On 23 March 2024, Abetz was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for the Franklin electorate. Eric was appointed as a minister in the Rockliff Government and as well as leader of the House.

title: Eric Abetz


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Only Yesterday (1991 film)

Only Yesterday (おもひでぽろぽろ) is a 1991 Japanese animated drama film written and directed by Isao Takahata, based on the 1982 manga of the same title by Hotaru Okamoto and Yuko Tone. It was animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Hakuhodo, and distributed by Toho. It was released on July 20, 1991. The ending theme song is a Japanese translation of Amanda McBroom's composition "The Rose".

The film was a surprise box office success, attracting a large adult audience and becoming the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1991 in the country. It has also been well received by critics outside of Japan—it has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

To celebrate the film's 25th anniversary, GKIDS released the film for the first time in an English-language format on February 26, 2016, featuring the voices of Daisy Ridley, Dev Patel, Alison Fernandez, Laura Bailey and Ashley Eckstein.

On August 31, 2020, it was announced a live-action special based on the manga would air on NHK's subchannels BS Premium and BS4K in January 2021. The special follows a 64-year-old Taeko with her daughter and granddaughter.

Plot
In 1982, Taeko Okajima lives in Tokyo as an unmarried workaholic that has always liked visiting the rural countryside. She decides to take another trip to visit her eldest sister Nanako’s in-laws to help with the safflower harvest. While traveling at night on a sleeper train to Yamagata, she begins to recall memories of herself as a ten-year-old schoolgirl in 1966, and her intense desire to go on holiday like her classmates, all of whom have family outside of the big city. This precipitates a series of memories from the same school year, including how she met her first boyfriend (a baseball star in an adjacent class), the first time she and her family ate a pineapple, and how she learned about and indirectly dealt with puberty.

When Taeko arrives, she is surprised to find that her brother-in-law's second cousin Toshio, whom she barely knows, is the one who came to pick her up. Toshio himself moved back from the city to become a farmer and help his family, but became passionate about farming and decided to stay. Taeko continues to experience memories of her ten-year-old self, and decides to tell her family about them. When she sees her young cousin Naoko unsuccessfully ask her mother for Puma sneakers, Taeko tells her about how she once similarly wanted a purse. She was eventually granted a hand-me-down from the family middle sister Yaeko, but when she refused to give it to her, the ensuing confrontation led Taeko’s father to hit her. Taeko reflects that she was partially in the wrong herself for begging, convincing Naoko to move on.

Later, when having lunch with Toshio, Taeko recalls about how she always struggled with the concept of fractions in school, and asks him if he ever similarly struggled with something. Toshio mentions his compulsion as a farmer has troubled him due to the industry dying out, and muses how the entire rural landscape was built by farmers in spite of this. Seeing how they all connect with each other, Taeko realizes that the rural country is making her nostalgic, and that her past memories are wielding a tapestry for her present self to reminisce on. With this, she recalls to Toshio and Naoko about how she once discovered a talent for acting and was nearly cast in an university play, only for her father - thinking she would get harassed as an actress - to shut the idea down, breaking the rest of the family’s hearts; Taeko eventually moved on by high school, however.

On the eve of Taeko’s departure, Toshio’s grandmother - sensing Taeko wishes to stay - suddenly suggests that Taeko stay in the country and marry Toshio, flustering her. As she runs out to get fresh air, she recalls an incident where she declined to move her seating assignment away from a poor kid, only for him to reject her anyways. Toshio soon finds Taeko in the rain, and she tells him about the same kid as he drives her back. Toshio bluntly suggests that he may have liked her, while also implying his own feelings for her. Realizing how easy it is to talk with Toshio, Taeko starts to realize her own feelings for him.

Taeko leaves the next day, promising to visit again in the winter. As she sits on the train, however, she is approached by the memories of all her classmates including her past self, who wordlessly convince her that what she really wants is to stay. She gets off the train and meets with Toshio, who - after the two affirm their feelings for each other - drives her back as her past self looks on happily.

Production
Studio Ghibli co-founder and the film's producer Hayao Miyazaki was intrigued by the original Only Yesterday manga, believing there was potential value in depicting the type of children's story it told. However, he felt he was not up to the task of adapting it into a film, but the idea remained in his mind as he directed other children's films such as My Neighbor Totoro, and he eventually brought the idea to Takahata.

The story takes place within the Takase district of Yamagata City, Yamagata Prefecture. The Takase Station (and also Yamadera Station) of the JNR (currently JR East) Senzan Line is featured prominently; though it has since been rebuilt, the scenery remains mostly unchanged. During the course of the film, characters visit prominent locales, including the resort destination of Mount Zaō.

Unlike the typical Japanese character animation style, the characters have more realistic facial muscles and expressions due to the dialogue being recorded first (the tradition in Japan is to record it after the animation is completed) and the animators fit the animation to the spoken dialogue. Takahata also had voice actors record some of their lines together, using footage of their performances as a guide for both design and the animation. However, the scenes of Taeko's childhood past were animated before the voices were recorded, giving a subtle contrast between the anime style of her childhood and the adult "reality" of the framing story.

Those scenes set in 1966 with the 10-year-old Taeko are taken from the source material. Takahata had difficulty adapting the episodic manga into a feature film, and he, therefore, invented the framing narrative wherein the adult Taeko journeys to the countryside and falls in love with Toshio.

Taeko recalls her childhood favorite puppet show Hyokkori Hyotan Jima (ひょっこりひょうたん島) which was an actual puppet show that aired every weekday on NHK from 1964 to 1969.

Music
There is a repeated Eastern European theme in the film, particularly in the soundtrack reflecting the peasant lifestyle still present in the area and the parallels this draws with Japanese rural life. Folk songs from the area repeatedly occur in the film. For example, "Frunzuliță Lemn Adus Cântec De Nuntă" (Fluttering Green Leaves Wedding Song) is a Romanian folk song written by Gheorghe Zamfir and occurs in the film repeatedly during the landscape shots, for example arriving at the farm. Instruments used include the prominent nai played by Zamfir himself, cimbalom and violins.

There is also Hungarian music in the film, using pieces of music such as Brahms' "Hungarian Dance No. 5" in a scene where Taeko is eating lunch, and making references to Hungarian musicians when she is in the car with Toshio ("Teremtés" performed by Sebestyén Márta & Muzsikás. Adaptation from a Hungarian traditional folk song). The music of Márta Sebestyén with Muzsikás is used in several scenes as well. Bulgarian folklore music is also used in the soundtrack. When Taeko is on the field, one can first hear Dilmano, Dilbero, followed by Malka Moma Dvori Mete. These are typical Bulgarian folklore songs and the lyrics of both are connected to topics mentioned in the film – the life of farmers and marriage.

Release
The film released in Japan on July 20, 1991 by Toho in theaters. Despite the movie's success in the Japanese box office, Only Yesterday was not released to other Western countries for over a decade. Germany was the first country to release the film on June 6, 2006, dubbed in the German language. Australia and the United Kingdom would follow suit in 2006 and distribute the film in their region under Madman Entertainment and Optimum Releasing respectively.

In North America, the film held the longest distinction of being the only theatrical Studio Ghibli feature not yet released on home video. Walt Disney Studios, which had then owned the North American distribution rights to Studio Ghibli's catalog, refused to release it because of its candid treatment of menstruation in the flashback sequences. A subtitled version of the film was aired on Turner Classic Movies in January 2006, as part of the channel's month-long salute to Miyazaki and Ghibli.

In 2015, GKIDS announced it would release the film in theaters in North America in 2016 along with an English dub, with actors Daisy Ridley, Dev Patel, Ashley Eckstein and Alison Fernandez confirmed to lend their voices. The film premiered in New York City on January 1, 2016, with a wider North American release on February 26, 2016. It was later released on Blu-Ray and DVD on July 5, 2016 by GKIDS and Universal Pictures Home Entertainment, earning $1,780,357 in sales revenue.

Box office
Only Yesterday was the highest-grossing Japanese film on the domestic market in 1991, grossing ¥3.18 billion at the Japanese box office. The 2016 English-language release later earned $525,958, including $453,243 in the United States.

Critical reception
The film received widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 100%, based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 8.40/10. The critical consensus states "Only Yesterday's long-delayed U.S. debut fills a frustrating gap for American Ghibli fans while offering further proof of the studio's incredibly consistent commitment to quality." It has a score 90 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 19 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Roger Ebert gave the film a very favorable review in his essay regarding anime and the other work of Studio Ghibli calling it "a touching, melancholy meditation on the life of the same woman at ages 10 and 27." Nicolas Rapold, of The New York Times, gave the film a positive review, saying, "Mr. Takahata's psychologically acute film, which was based on a manga, seems to grow in impact, too, as the adult Taeko comes to a richer understanding of what she wants and how she wants to live." Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com awarded it a similarly positive review, saying "Like Kaguya, it functions as a highly sensitive and empathetic consideration of the situation of women in Japanese society—but it's also a breathtaking work of art on its own."

title: Only Yesterday (1991 film)


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WGCT-CD

WGCT-CD (channel 39) is a low-power, Class A television station in Columbus, Ohio, United States, affiliated with Tri-State Christian Television (TCT). The station is owned by the Central Ohio Association of Christian Broadcasters, and is relayed on WOCB-CD in Marion, WXCB-CD in Delaware and WQIZ-LD in Ashland.

W08BV era (1983–1998)
In 1983, the station's construction permit was assigned by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The station began broadcasting in 1985, under the callsign of W08BV, as the first low-power television station in the Columbus media market. In its first years on the air, it aired syndicated programming, and it also boasted an in-house sports broadcasting unit. Sports coverage on W08BV included football and basketball games involving more than 30 high schools in the area, mainly in Franklin County. It also held a contract to cover Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball, women's gymnastics, as well as hockey and wrestling.

WINJ-LP/WGCT-CA era (1998–2010)
It changed its calls to WINJ-LP ("We're Into Jesus") in 1998 and WGCT-CA in 2006. Prior to the purchase by its current owners, the station showed a variety of programs, the bulk of which were old public domain movies, old cartoons, and religious programs, as well as children's programming created by the station. Former owner Ella Flowers (1938–2017) was featured prominently in many of the musical and religious programs. The animated segments produced by Flowers would later gain some notoriety online after a few clips of the program were uploaded to YouTube back in 2007 with no context as to their production or origins, with one upload titling the show as the Pink Morning Cartoon. Eventually, the uploads of these animated segments would be brought to the attention of many on the Internet, which set forth a search for any information and more potential footage of the cartoon.

WGCT-CD era (2010–present)
The station switched to digital on June 13, 2010, and changed its call letters to WGCT-CD. It previously broadcast at 83 watts, but has recently increased its power to 3,000 watts.

The station is not available on any local cable TV outlets. Even with the power increase, its signal is limited to the immediate Columbus area.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: WGCT-CD


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Argus (bird)

An argus, or argus pheasant, is a member of a clade in the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae, containing two species of bird that are closely related to peafowl.

Description
It has hundreds or thousands of tiny white spots on its plumage pattern, and thus its naming might have been in reference to the mythical hundred-eyed giant, Argus Panoptes. These birds have a body shape similar to that of a turkey, however the males have long wing and tail feathers. Males are over six feet long while females are just under three feet long. Their feathers are brown or tan, with black mottling. The Male Argus have round, eye-like circles on their feathers. Males have quite long tails, with some tails measuring nearly five feet long. Females choose males with the longest tails because it means they are the fastest and smartest of the other birds. This species of birds is primarily found in tropical regions, or places with lots of plant growth and rainfall. The Great Argus lives in Sumatra, Southeast Asia, and Borneo. In Asia, they primarily inhabit the Malaysian Peninsula, Thailand, and south Myanmar. Their population density depends on the region at hand. Populations in some areas are healthy and more common, while others are low and rare. The lifespan of the Argus in the wild is unknown, but zoos have reported the species living up to 20 years of age.

Taxonomy
Two genera of birds are considered arguses: Rheinardia and Argusianus. Within these genera there are a total of three recognized species. Argusianus has also been credited with a mysterious second species that is sometimes thought to have gone extinct, but this is most likely based on a simple genetic aberration in the established species. Both genera are thought to be sister taxa to one another and are otherwise most closely related to the peafowl (genera Pavo and Afropavo), and slightly more distantly to the genus ''Tropicoperdix. ''

Genus and distribution

 * Genus Argusianus Rafinesque, 1815
 * Great argus (Argusianus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) )
 * Genus Rheinardia Maingonnat, 1882
 * Vietnamese crested argus (Rheinardia ocellata (Elliot, 1871) )
 * Malayan crested argus (Rheinardia nigrescens ( Rothschild, 1902) )

title: Argus (bird)


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The Dogs of War

The Dogs of War or Dogs of War may refer to:

Literature

 * "The dogs of war" (phrase), a phrase from the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
 * The Dogs of War (novel), a 1974 novel by Frederick Forsyth
 * Dogs of War (comics), a 1994 series published by Defiant
 * Dogs of War, an anthology of short stories edited by David Drake
 * The Dogs of War (comics), a supervillain duo
 * Dogs of War, a 2017 novel by Adrian Tchaikovsky

Film

 * Dogs of War! (film), a 1923 short film in the Our Gang series
 * The Dogs of War (film), a 1980 film based on the Forsyth novel
 * War Dogs (2016 film), an American film directed by Todd Phillips

Television

 * "The Dogs of War" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 * "The Dogs of War" (The West Wing), an episode of The West Wing
 * "Dogs of War", an episode of Wilfred

Gaming

 * Dogs of War (1989 video game), a run and gun game published in 1989
 * Dogs of War (2000 video game), a science fiction real-time strategy game
 * Dogs of War (Warhammer), several groups in the Warhammer universe
 * Medal of Honor: European Assault or Medal of Honor: Dogs of War, a first-person shooter video game

Music

 * Dogs of War (album), a 1995 album by Saxon, or the title song

Songs

 * "The Dogs of War" (song), a 1987 song by Pink Floyd
 * "Dogs of War", a song by The Exploited from Punks Not Dead
 * "Dogs of War", a song by Ghostface Killah from Fishscale
 * "Dogs of War", a song by Motörhead from Snake Bite Love
 * "Dogs of War", a song by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band from SAHB Stories
 * "Dogs of War", a song by Biohazard from New World Disorder
 * "Dogs of War", a song by AC/DC from Rock or Bust
 * "Dogs of War", a song by Blues Saraceno from the album Dark Country 3 by Various artists
 * "Dogs of War", a 2024 non-album single by Mötley Crüe

Sport

 * Dogs of War, a nickname briefly attributed to Everton F.C., by former manager and player Joe Royle.
 * Dogs of War, a wrestling stable in the Raw brand consisting of Dolph Ziggler, Drew McIntyre, and Braun Strowman

Warfare

 * Mercenaries, soldiers who take part in a conflict for personal gain
 * Dogs in warfare, the use of dogs in combat

title: The Dogs of War


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Lyn Allison

Lynette Fay Allison (born 21 October 1946) is an Australian politician. She was a member of the Australian Senate from 1996 to 2008, representing the state of Victoria. she is the national president of the Australian Democrats.

Early life and background
Allison was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and grew up in the suburb of Fairfield with her younger brother and sister. Her father was a fitter and turner and her mother was involved in the local church, bowls club, and school tuckshop. Allison was educated at Rosanna High School, and left briefly in year 10 to become a dental nurse, before returning to complete high school. From 1964 to 1986 she worked as an administrator. She gained a Bachelor of Education at the University of Melbourne, and from 1987 to 1991 was a high school art teacher at St Joseph's Technical School Abbotsford and St Paul's College in Altona North.

Political career
Allison was an Independent councillor of the City of Port Melbourne from 1992 to 1994.

In 1994 Allison contested the state by-election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly district of Williamstown after the resignation of Joan Kirner, the former Premier of Victoria. Standing as the Democrat candidate, Allison gained 39% of the two-candidate preferred vote, with the seat won by Labor candidate Steve Bracks.

Australian Senate
Allison won pre-selection on the Democrats ticket, was elected to the Australian Senate in 1996, and re-elected for a second term in the 2001 federal election.

Between 1998 and 2006, Allison served on the Legislation and References Committees for Environment, Recreation (later Information Technology), Communications and the Arts; and for Community Affairs. She served as Senate Select for Superannuation (1996–98); the Victorian Casino Inquiry (1996); the Lucas Heights Reactor (2000); Medicare (2003–04); and Mental Health (2005). From 1999 to 2001 Allison chaired an inquiry into the health effects of mobile phone towers. In 2002 she was a member of the Parliamentary Delegation to New Zealand.

In August 2002 Allison, along with fellow senators Aden Ridgeway, John Cherry, and Andrew Murray, succeeded in forcing Natasha Stott Despoja to resign from leadership. The media did not portray the spill kindly, labelling them the 'Gang of Four'. Allison was Deputy Leader of the Australian Democrats from 2002 to 2004. On 3 November 2004, following the resignation of Andrew Bartlett after the October 2004 election, she was elected unopposed as Leader. She took over the leadership at a time when the Democrats were at their lowest ever public opinion rating since the party was founded in 1977.

On 5 December 2006, Allison introduced into the Senate a bill titled the Cluster Munitions (Prohibition) Bill 2006, which, if enacted, would prevent Australia from using, possessing and manufacturing cluster munitions. Two months earlier, she had travelled to Lebanon to survey the damage caused by cluster munition use in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon War. Allison, a leading feminist in the Australian parliament, was among a cross-party group of female parliamentarians who introduced legislation into parliament in 2006 which effectively legalised the supply of the abortion pill RU486. She advocated for federal government funding for public schools and nuclear disarmament.

The 2007 Election
The 2007 federal election, including a half-Senate election, was called for 24 November, and the Democrats national campaign launched in Melbourne, Allison's home state, on 10 November. The official slogan 'bring back balance' referred to the contest for the balance of power in the Senate. Allison's seat was up for election along with three other Democrats senators (Natasha Stott Despoja, Andrew Murray and Andrew Bartlett) and was considered vulnerable after the Democrats poor performance in the 2004 election when the last Senate seat was won by Family First and the Coalition government gained control of the Senate for the first time in over 25 years.

During the 2007 election campaign, Allison announced a national preference deal with the Greens to increase the chance of a progressive party taking the balance of power in the Senate. Allison joined Bob Brown and Kate Lundy in a joint political advertisement sponsored by GetUp! urging voters to prevent the Senate from becoming a rubber stamp for the government of the day.

Allison received the support of community and interest groups such as the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, for her support for refugees and asylum seekers; the Friends of the ABC, for promoting public broadcasting; and endorsements by prominent women and feminists such as Barbara Spalding and Anne Summers.

The Democrats failed to retain their seats in the Senate, with Allison losing her seat to the Labor Party candidate David Feeney. Allison's term expired on 30 June 2008, leaving the Australian Democrats with no federal representation for the first time since its founding in 1977.

Return to politics
Allison is a board member of eight organisations including Berry Street, Vision Australia, Alzheimer's Australia and her local nursing home. In 2012 Lyn Allison was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women for being a member of the Australian Senate from 1996 to 2008.

On 5 October 2019, Allison became the 12th President of the Australian Democrats, resuming an active role within the party.

Personal life
Allison married when she was 21 years old, and three years later they bought a home in East St Kilda for about $11,000. They later divorced. She now lives in Port Melbourne with her long-term partner.

She was Director of the Employment and Economic Development Corporation.

Allison is an atheist who spoke first for the affirmative in a 2008 Australian Radio National debate "Would We Be Better Off Without Religion?".

She was awarded the Australian Humanist of the Year award in 2008 for her work in education, environment and women's rights.

title: Lyn Allison


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Frank Farian

Franz Reuther (18 July 1941 – 23 January 2024), known professionally as Frank Farian, was a German record producer and singer who founded the 1970s disco-pop group Boney M., the Latin pop band No Mercy, and the pop band Milli Vanilli. He frequently created vocal groups in which the publicised members merely lip-synced to songs sung by session members. Farian owned the record label MCI and several subsidiaries. Over the course of his career, Farian sold over 850 million records and earned 800 gold and platinum certifications.

Early life
Farian was born in Kirn on 18 July 1941. He and two siblings were raised by his mother, because his father was killed in World War II before his birth. He trained as a cook before discovering rock and roll, renaming himself Frank Farian, and forming a band called Frankie Boys Schatten. In 1964, they released their first single, "Shouting Ghost", which was a flop.

Career
In April 1967, he released a cover of Otis Redding's "Mr. Pitiful" under the name 'Frankie Farian'. After signing a recording contract as a solo performer, he moved into pop and appeared on the TV programme Hitparade. In 1976, Farian's German-language cover of Dickey Lee's "Rocky" stayed at No. 1 for four weeks and received gold certification. His 1973 single "Was kann schöner sein?", a German language cover of the Lynsey de Paul/Ron Roker song "When You've Gotta Go", was listed as one of the Top 100 all time "Schlagerlieder" by German magazine Popkultur.

Boney M.
In late 1974, he recorded "Baby Do You Wanna Bump" (a remake of Prince Buster's song "Al Capone" from 1967), first released in 1975 as a single and on the 1976 album Take the Heat off Me under the pseudonym Boney M. He recruited a line-up which included vocalists Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett along with a front-man, Bobby Farrell, and a female dancer, Maizie Williams. Under the name Boney M., he achieved his biggest success in Europe as well as world-wide with songs including "Daddy Cool", "Rivers of Babylon", "Rasputin" and a remake of "Mary's Boy Child". As later with Milli Vanilli, Farrell did not actually sing; in performances, he lip-synced to Farian's own vocals.

Far Corporation
Farian also started the supergroup Far Corporation (named after the first syllable of his last name), which featured Steve Lukather, David Paich, Bobby Kimball, Simon Phillips (all from Toto fame), and Robin McAuley. Far Corporation were the first act to chart with a cover version of Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven"; their cover was a top 10 hit in the UK, reaching number 8 in October 1985.

Meat Loaf
In 1986, Farian produced and mixed the Meat Loaf album Blind Before I Stop. He also sang backing vocals on the album's lead single, "Rock 'n' Roll Mercenaries", which was credited to Meat Loaf featuring John Parr.

Milli Vanilli
On 14 November 1990, Farian confessed to orchestrating the events leading to the Milli Vanilli scandal. As a producer, he assembled a group of session musicians and fronted it with physically attractive dancers Robert Pilatus and Fabrice Morvan. Following a 1989 performance where a backing track error first revealed the singers had been lip-syncing, Farian later confirmed to the press that others had sung on the albums. Milli Vanilli's 1990 Grammy Award for Best New Artist was revoked, and at least 26 lawsuits were filed in the United States under U.S. consumer fraud protection laws.

La Bouche, Le Click, Eruption, No Mercy
Following the Milli Vanilli controversy, Farian developed similar Eurodance groups La Bouche and Le Click. He also produced the 1997 version of "Tic, Tic Tac" by Chilli Feat. Carrapicho.

Some other groups and solo acts Farian was involved with are Eruption (whom he managed in 1977), singer Precious Wilson, and Latin pop band No Mercy based in Germany.

Daddy Cool musical
On 15 August 2006, the musical Daddy Cool opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London's West End, featuring Michelle Collins, Michael Harvey, Javine Hylton, and singer/songwriter Darvina Plante. The £3 million show was produced by Farian and Robert Mackintosh. The story, written by Stephen Plaice with Amani Naphtali, is predominantly based on the songs of Boney M., but also has songs by Milli Vanilli, Eruption, La Bouche, and No Mercy. A second show opened on 23 April 2007 in Berlin, Germany, and toured in the Netherlands from August 2011 to February 2012, Spain (Palma de Mallorca) in July 2012, Switzerland from November 2015 to January 2016, and Germany in 2016.

Other activities
In 2006, Farian was credited as co-writing the song "Doin' Fine" with British producers Nathan Thomas and Carl M. Cox. (Other writers involved in the song were Chris Rudall, Baz Qureshi, Peter Wilson, Chris Richards, and George Reyam). Described as paying tribute to the 'sound' of Boney M., the song was essentially a new composition featuring the string arrangement from Boney M.'s 1976 number one hit "Daddy Cool". It was recorded by Australian pop singer Peter Wilson. It was initially released in the UK on 16 April 2007 in its extended format, entitled "Daddy's Cool 12" Mix", and reached number one on the EuroDanceHits EuroNRG Top 40 in May 2007. The original version of "Doin' Fine" was featured on Peter Wilson's debut album, Follow Me, released in the UK on 8 October 2007. It was also recorded in 2008 by Amanda Lear.

Personal life
Latterly Farian resided in Miami, Florida, United States. He had three daughters and a son, with his former common-law wife, Chinya Onyewenjo. His daughter Yanina sang with him in 2021 on a cover of "Cherish" by Kool & the Gang. In 2022, he announced that his life had been saved by surgery to replace an ailing heart valve with tissue from a pig's organ.

Farian died in Miami on 23 January 2024, at the age of 82.

Studio albums

 * So ein Tag (1971)
 * So muß Liebe sein (1973)
 * Rocky (1976)
 * Division One (1985)
 * Solitude (1994)

Compilation albums

 * Star Discothek (1978)
 * The Hit Man – The Best of 25 Years (1994)
 * The Hit Collection – The Best of 25 Years (1994)
 * The Hit Man II (2000)
 * Summer Hits (2001)
 * Dieter Thomas Heck präsentiert: 40 Jahre ZDF Hitparade (2009)
 * Produced by Frank Farian (2009)

Singles

 * "Shouting Ghost" (1964)
 * "Yakety Yak" (1964)
 * "Under the Boardwalk" (1965)
 * "Mr. Pitiful" (1967)
 * "Gipsy" (1968)
 * "Dana My Love" (1968)
 * "Ein Kissen voller Träume" (1969)
 * "Speedy Jack" (1970)
 * "Du bist wunderbar" (1971)
 * "Morgens, mittags, abends – Barbara" (1971)
 * "So ein Tag" (1971)
 * "Gold in Acapulco" (1972)
 * "Leg den Kopf an meine Schulter" (1972)
 * "Was kann schöner sein" (1973)
 * "So muß Liebe sein" (1973)
 * "Wunderbar" (1973)
 * "Bleib bei mir" (1974)
 * "An mir soll es nicht liegen" (1974)
 * "Atlantica" (1975)
 * "My Decision" (1975)
 * "Cara mia bleib" (1975)
 * "Rocky" (1976)
 * "Spring über deinen Schatten, Tommy" (1976)
 * "Sie war erst 17 (und neu in der Stadt)" (1977)
 * "Mother and Child Reunion" (1985)
 * "Stairway to Heaven" (1985)
 * "Fire and Water" (1986)
 * "You Are the Woman" (1986)
 * "One By One" (1987)
 * "Sebastian" (1987)
 * "Rikki Don't Lose That Number" (1994)
 * "Rainy Days" (1994)

Albums produced (selection)

 * Boney M.

 * Take the Heat off Me (No. 2 Germany, No. 1 Sweden)
 * Love for Sale (No. 1 Germany, No. 1 Sweden, No. 2 Netherlands)
 * Nightflight to Venus (No. 1 UK, No. 1 Germany, No. 1 Netherlands)
 * Oceans of Fantasy (No. 1 UK, No. 1 Germany, No. 3 Netherlands)
 * The Magic of Boney M. – 20 Golden Hits (No. 1 UK, No. 2 Germany, No. 2 New Zealand)
 * Gold – 20 Super Hits (No. 2 Netherlands, No. 2 New Zealand)
 * Gilla
 * Help! Help! (1977)
 * Meat Loaf
 * Blind Before I Stop (1986) (No. 28 UK, No. 21 Switzerland, No. 51 Germany)
 * Milli Vanilli

 * All or Nothing (1988) (No. 4 Germany, No. 1 Australia, No. 1 New Zealand)
 * Girl You Know It's True (1989) (No. 1 USA, No. 1 Canada)
 * La Bouche
 * Sweet Dreams (1995) (No. 2 Finland, No. 2 Switzerland, No. 10 Australia)
 * No Mercy
 * My Promise (1996) (No. 4 Australia, No. 3 Netherlands)
 * Eruption
 * Eruption, also released as I Can't Stand the Rain (1977)
 * Leave a Light (1979)
 * Precious Wilson
 * On the Race Track (1980)
 * All Coloured in Love (1982)
 * Funky Fingers (1983)

title: Frank Farian


text:
User talk:Erikp

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

Swamp rabbit
Thank you for your work on this article.

I would like to draw your attention to the "Show preview" button below the box where you edit. It can be used to view the article formatting without saving the article. Since many of us review changes to articles shortly after they are saved, using "show preview" instead of "save page" is appreciated until you are done with your edits. That way, we only review the article once you're finished.

Again, thank you for your contributions!

UninvitedCompany 18:42, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

File:Libertymasonic.gif missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as: is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the image, and it will be more informative to readers.
 * File:Libertymasonic.gif

If you have any questions, please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 16:11, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erikp


text:
User talk:Plato/archive May 2004

Legal Threat Against Wikipedia Here
Dear Plato,

Because of your determination in opposing anarchy and vigilantism among Wikipedia leadership, you have been selected as a possible complainant against the Wikimedia Foundation for violations of Florida Statutes Title XXXIII, (Regulation of Trade, Commerce, Investments and Solicitations), Chapter 496 (Solicitation of Funds).

The act requires any charitable organization in the state of Florida, such as the Wikimedia Foundation, to register with that state's Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and to disclose their activities in annual statements, available to donors and to the public. Wikipedia Foundation has so far attempted to evade the letter and spirit of Florida law by claiming its published solicitations for editorial contributions and cash donations "is not and should not be considered a solicitation to make a donation." The claim is as false as would be the claim of a panhandler on a sidewalk rattling coins a tin cup that such activity is not panhandling. Wikimedia Foundation, on links provided from every page, solicits readers to contribute editorial content ("edit this page") and presents links to a soliciation to "donate if you can afford it." That is a solicitation, regardless the pages attempt to say black is white. You can form your own opinions if claiming that a request to "donate if you can afford it" is not a solicitation is accurate and neutral information, as Wikipedia claims to provide.

Florida law states "'Solicitation' means a request, directly or indirectly, for money, property, financial assistance, or any other thing of value on the plea or representation that such money, property, financial assistance, or other thing of value or a portion of it will be used for a charitable or sponsor purpose or will benefit a charitable organization or sponsor.

Florida law states "'Solicitation' includes, but is not limited to, the following methods of requesting or securing the promise, pledge, or grant of money, property, financial assistance, or any other thing of value: (a) Any oral or written request; (b) Making any announcement to the press, on radio or television, by telephone or telegraph, or by any other communication device concerning an appeal or campaign by or for any charitable organization or sponsor or for any charitable or sponsor purpose; (c) Distributing, circulating, posting, or publishing any handbill, written advertisement, or other publication that directly or by implication seeks to obtain any contribution;

Wikimedia Foundation solicits cash donations, in-kind donations of editorial services and in-kind donations of technical services. You may pursue prosecution of Wikipedia Foundation by contacting the Florida Division of Consumer Services of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. , and may verify Wikimedia Foundation's lack of compliance at the Division's on-line charitable organizations reporting page. You may make an on-line complaint to the Division at http://www.800helpfla.com/~cs/ccform.html. Thank you for your interest in protecting the integrity of human knowledge, and for whatever interest you might develop in upholding the rule of law regarding charitable contributions, and compliance with the law among rouge on-line charitable organizations.

Your comrade in the struggle for equitable justice under the law,

Enforcer 02:33, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * As long as I'm going out of my way to be nice to you :) have a bit of advice: Ignore this message above and pretend it never happened. If you get involved with this legal threat, then it is likely that you will get into trouble with people who have much more power than I do, and it will not help your cause. Just so you are aware... (I'm not bothering to warn the others who recieved this message.)- Fennec 05:01, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

Plato,

I am working on an article on Witness tampering. I have not posted it yet, because so far all I have is a draft. Under federal law, witness tampering is punishable by up to 10 years in prison. Title 18, Part I, Chapter 73, Sec. 1512. is titled "Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant". Maybe you can suggest a paraphrase, or how to balance this with an overview of the various state laws, such as those of your state. The federal law states, in part:

Whoever knowingly uses intimidation or physical force, threatens, or corruptly persuades another person, or attempts to do so, or engages in misleading conduct toward another person, with intent to - (1)(b) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding; or... (3)hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings; shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.

(c)Whoever intentionally harasses another person and thereby hinders, delays, prevents, or dissuades any person from - (1)attending or testifying in an official proceeding; (2)reporting to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings; causing a criminal prosecution, or a parole or probation revocation proceeding, to be sought or instituted, or assisting in such prosecution or proceeding; or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. Not all laws are the same, though, with regards to threats against people who might report a crime. Starting close to home, I looked at North Carolina's statute, 14-226, intimidating a witness. That law doesn't apply to matters in which the victim of a crime is intimidated as does the federal law, so in North Carolina prosecutors often charge extortion in those matters. I think this is similar to the extortion indictments against Michael Jackson, in which he is charged with making threats in an effort to obtain something of value - immunity, or the victim's silence. The North Carolina felony extortion statute reads:

§ 14-118.4. Extortion Any person who threatens or communicates a threat or threats to another with the intention thereby wrongfully to obtain anything of value or any acquittance, advantage, or immunity is guilty of extortion and such person shall be punished as a Class F felon. ...so probably the extortion article needs to be expanded to explain a broader view than that which probably applied only to the state of residence of the person who wrote it.

I'll get back to this in a little bit ... I need to do some more research and of course, I have other obligations beyond my charitable work at Wikipedia. Enforcer 08:06, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Oh, yes, please do file a lawsuit against Wikipedia. It would be all the incentive needed to get you banned permanently. RickK 20:26, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

In response to your question on Jimbo's talk page: see this mailing list post. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:15, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

No, I am not quitting Wikipedia. See the post above, that's a good answer. Jimbo Wales 14:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

A little, but not all that well. - Hephaestos|§ 13:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

hey dude, I am having my name drug through the mudd and considering I need all the friends I can get I would really appreciate your support of me in Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/GrazingshipIV thanks a simple signature rather than a statement will due-thanks GrazingshipIV 05:26, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

You have to sign under my response for it to count unfortunetly. GrazingshipIV 17:04, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

Go here and post that comment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/GrazingshipIV#Response

ok? There should be 6 people who have signed-sign under the last one. GrazingshipIV 20:57, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

Hello--Jimbo The troll Slayer 05:22, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

bourgeois pig! how dare you mock the GREAT hero of the revolution Lenin, I will get you for that!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!--Ê¹€ì •ì¼ 20:56, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I have aim... GrazingshipIV 00:53, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

Just a note to say thanks! (taking advantage of the current inter-ban) :O) - Yours, - irismeister 18:04, 2004 May 14 (UTC)

There is strength in @)^--
Well, I humbly accept and boldly continue my fight all along, with my rose as a symbol of strength and truth as my weapon. This is the most treasured Wiki award so far, so I feel indebted to you, comrade. Please count on me from now on - so that I might deserve the honor. Sincerely, irismeister 09:25, 2004 May 15 (UTC)

Nexus pagina tua
Salve Plato! I edited your user page in the German Wikipedia. The link to the Latin Wikipedia needed to be correct. The user page on the Latin one should be designated as "usor:user name". KIZU 19:43, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Emergency
Comrade, the WikiRepublic is in danger! Wikipolice make their coup d'êtat! Please add your voice and come help John  here . Thank you ! - Yours, - irismeister 17:25, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

Request for Comments on Theresa Knott
Requests for comment/Theresa Knott has been created as structured way to gather support in the Wikipedian community for action to be taken against Theresa Knott for her consistent use of aggressive editing tactics that are counter productive to the development of high quality encyclopedic articles. Now, is your chance to voice your grievances against Theresa Knott. Please take a few minutes of your time to air your comments. Feel free to expand the list of problem areas by adding problems or grievances of your own. -- John Gohde 04:06, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Pinochet
See discussion at Talk. Your proposed version is definitely not a solution. It has all the problems I have complained about repeatedly. VV 01:51, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry if that sounded too harsh. I appreciate your effort to end the dispute, but the use of U.S.-backed in the intro is intolerable to me, as is the "way out" via a confusing and out-of-place footnote. VV 08:56, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I really dislike the idea of using the footnote at all. It seriously breaks reading of the article, and there's nothing it says that couldn't just be said flat out in the intro.  Furthermore, it's being used as cover to keep controversial wording.  We should either just drop the mention of the US from the intro, leaving the large section of the article to cover the issue, or only state facts which are undisputed and worthy of emphasis. VV 11:12, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Response to your question
I don't think Snowspinner is terribly offended by the statement you quoted, and on the off chance that it was directed at me, neither am I. But the simple fact that you wonder if it might be considered a personal attack should answer the real question about whether statements of this nature are appropriate to make. --Michael Snow 20:25, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Your signature
Your signature renders weirdly -- the link to User_talk:Plato is really screwed up. See, for example, your vote on WP:RFA (near the bottom). cryptfiend64 03:26, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plato/archive May 2004


text:
Liz Mitchell

Elizabeth Rebecca Pemberton-Mitchell (born 12 July 1952) is a Jamaican-British singer, best known as one of the original singers of the 1970s disco/reggae band Boney M.

Early life
Mitchell was born in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica. At the age of eleven, Mitchell and her family emigrated to London, England, in 1963; her childhood home was in the district of Harlesden. By the end of the decade, she auditioned for Hair and eventually moved to West Berlin to join the German cast where she replaced Donna Summer. After Hair, Mitchell joined the Les Humphries Singers for a few years and represented West Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest with the Ralph Siegel title "Sing Sang Song". The band was then reduced to only six singers (Liz was not one of them) for the show (their usual line-ups consisted of 20 performers and up) and came in 15th place with only 12 points, which they regarded as their beginning of the end as a band.

Boney M.
A phone call from Katja Wolff agency in February 1976 persuaded Mitchell to return to West Germany to join a new group being assembled by record producer Frank Farian which would become known as Boney M. Though the group's initial purpose was simply to lip-synch for TV and discothèque performances of Farian's song "Baby Do You Wanna Bump", Boney M. soon became a legitimate recording group with Mitchell, Marcia Barrett, and producer Farian as the vocal core. Mitchell became widely regarded as Boney M.'s lead vocalist.

Although Boney M was largely a Farian vehicle for his own songwriting.

Boney M. disbanded in 1986.

After Boney M.
After the group split up shortly after their 10th anniversary in 1986, fellow group member Bobby Farrell convinced Mitchell, Maizie Williams and a replacement for Marcia Barrett to re-group for a tour in 1987. A recording contract for the group was also arranged. When Farrell and the replacement singer failed to show up for the rehearsals, Mitchell and Williams recruited singer Celena Duncan and dancer Curt Dee Daran for the tour. As Williams had never sung on Boney M.'s recordings, Mitchell ended up recording the scheduled album on her own.

However, it proved difficult for Mitchell to find a record label to release the album, entitled No One Will Force You. It was released in Spain in the Autumn of 1988, supported by the singles "Mandela" (a re-work of Boney M.'s 1979 hit "El Lute") and "Niños De La Playa" (Children of the Beach). The latter was also released on Mega Records in Scandinavia where the group did a tour in October. By this point, Williams had been replaced by Carol Grey.

At the same time, Simon Napier-Bell had produced a remix album of Boney M.'s greatest hits and wanted the original line-up to promote it. Mitchell reluctantly accepted the offer and Boney M. appeared together again on German and Dutch TV, even though Mitchell's new line-up still had gigs to play.

The success of the remix album led Mitchell to sign her album for a French and Dutch release in 1989, and due to personal differences within the group, she eventually decided to focus on her solo career. Even though Madeleine Davis took her place in the group, Farian eventually called Mitchell back for a second remix album by the end of 1989 and also had her front a new Boney M. line-up for the single, "Stories", as an answer-back to an unofficial Boney M. single, "Everybody Wants to Dance Like Josephine Baker", recorded by the other three with Madeleine Davis, without Farian's approval.

In 1990, Mitchell re-formed her 1988 line-up with Patricia Foster replacing Celena Duncan and kept touring the cabaret circuit. In April 1991, she released the single "Mocking Bird", produced by longtime Boney M. collaborator, Helmut Rulofs to minimal attention. After three dire years, the success of Boney M. Gold - 20 Super Hits boosted the career of her line-up, entitled 'Boney M. feat. Liz Mitchell', and they were officially approved by Farian to promote the album and the accompanying singles. For the follow-up More Gold - 20 Super Hits Vol. II, Mitchell recorded four new songs. No One Will Force You with two previously unreleased tracks from 1984 was also re-released in Denmark, five years after it was recorded.

In 1996, Mitchell and her husband Thomas Pemberton built the Dove House Studios and formed Dove House Records. With a newly founded fan club, Mitchell recorded an EP with four Christmas songs as a special Christmas gift for her fans.

In November 1999, Mitchell finally released her album Share the World, which had taken three years to complete. In November 2000, she released the seasonal album Christmas Rose which consisted of partly new material, including the title track, "Lord's Prayer" and "I Want to Go to Heaven" co-written by herself, part re-recordings of Boney M.'s Christmas Album.

Mitchell, now a born-again Christian, continued the inspirational path on Let It Be, her fourth solo album, released in November 2004. Just a few months later, the album Liz Mitchell Sings the Hits of Boney M., recorded in Prague, backed by a Czech symphony orchestra, was released. A song recorded in 2006, called "A Moment Of Love", can be found on the compilation album, The Magic of Boney M..

She is still touring, billed as Boney M. featuring Liz Mitchell.

In 2014 an English Heritage blue plaque was unveiled at Mitchell's childhood home on Wrottesley Road in Harlesden, London, where her father still resided at this time. Mitchell now resides in Caversham, Reading.

Mitchell was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2024 Birthday Honours for services to music and to charity.

Discography
Albums 7" Singles "Got a Man on My Mind" was taken from Boney M.'s 1976 album Take the Heat Off Me. "Perfect" was a 1974 demo with Malcolm Magaron (despite the label crediting Farian as the producer). CD Singles
 * No One Will Force You (1988, re-released 1989 and 1993)
 * Share the World (1999)
 * Christmas Rose (2000)
 * Let It Be (2004)
 * Liz Mitchell Sings the Hits of Boney M. (2005)
 * "Got a Man on My Mind" / "Perfect" (Hansa 11 327 AT, West Germany 1977)
 * "Mandela" / "Reggae People" (Horus 50.067, Spain 1988)
 * "Niños de la Playa" / "Time Is a River" (Horus 50.080, Spain 1988 / Mega Records MRCS 2354, Scandinavia 1988)
 * "Mandela" / "Reggae People" (Dureco 11 008 77, Holland 1989)
 * "Marinero" / "Love Is Bleeding" (Dureco 11 912 07, Holland 1989 / Tréma 410 478 PM 102, France 1989)
 * "Mocking Bird" / "Tropical Fever" (Hansa 114 123-100, Germany 1991)
 * "Mocking Bird" (Radio Version) 3:45 / "Tropical Fever" 3:55 / "Mocking Bird" (Club Mix) 5:25 (Hansa 664 123–211, Germany 1991)
 * "Reggae People" 3:09 / "Mandela" 4:42 (CMC 4938-SCD, Denmark 1993)
 * "Sunshine" (Radio Mix) (4:36) / (Club Mix) (5:50) / (Extended Radio Mix) (5:14)/ (Extended Club Mix) (5:19) (Dove House DHR 0003 CD, 1999)
 * "Christmas Rose" (3:53) / 2. "Lord's Prayer" (3:53) (Dove House DHR 0004 CD, 1999)
 * "Let It Be" (4:08) / "You're Excellent" (3:50) (Dove House DHR 0009 CD, 2004)
 * "My Life Is in Your Hands" (5:04) / "I Want To Go To Heaven" (4:08) / "Share The World" (Remix) (4:26) / "When A Child Is Born" (3:40) / "Grandmother's Song" (4:27) (Dove House DHR 0012 CD, 2006)

title: Liz Mitchell


text:
Bobby Farrell

Roberto Alfonso Farrell (6 October 1949 – 30 December 2010) was an Aruban dancer, singer and DJ. He was a member of the 1970s pop and disco group Boney M.

Birth and early life
Farrell was born and raised on the island of Aruba in the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies (later known as the Netherlands Antilles). He left after finishing school at 15 and was a sailor for two years before moving to Norway. He then went to the Netherlands, where he found occasional work as a DJ before finding better opportunities in Germany.

Years with Boney M.
In Germany, he worked mostly as a DJ until producer Frank Farian spotted him for his new Boney M. group. He became the sole male singer in the group, but Farian revealed in 1978 after already existed rumours that Bobby made no vocal contributions to the group's records, with Farian performing the male parts on the songs in the studio. Liz Mitchell said only she, Marcia Barrett and Farian had sung on the hit recordings, adding that Bobby Farrell limited himself vocally to "growling" when performing live in some of the various incarnations of Boney M., including the main 1970s incarnation. Farrell left the group in 1981, after clashes with Farian just in the time that his voice was recorded for the first time (on the double A-side single We Kill the World/Boonoonoonoos) He was replaced by Reggie Tsiboe. Meanwhile, Farrell tried to build a solo career. He re-joined in 1984 and continued as a member until it finally split in 1986. The end was not caused by the problems but because Frank Farian had planned Boney M. as a 10-year project. The German TV show "10 Jahre Boney M." (10 Years of Boney M.) marked the end of Boney M.

Farrell's daughter Zanillya Farrell says Farian deprived Farrell of his rights over Boney M.'s hits, which caused her father to lose all his income after the band split.

"When Dad asked Farian for 100,000 marks he was told to sign some papers. He signed away everything – image rights, royalties, the lot. My father lost everything. We had to move in with my grandmother in the Netherlands and live on welfare. After that, Dad started getting angry a lot. But Mum was very smart and realised if you own the name you can use it. Farian had not registered Boney M. all over the world. So that's why Dad could perform in certain countries."

In 1988, Farrell and the three original women reunited. Two remix albums were released, and they performed in several television shows. In France one of their singles reached number 1. Nevertheless, the reunion did not last more than a year. Soon after, Farrell started to tour with his own group performing the band's hits under the name Bobby Farrell's Boney M.

He appeared as a dancer in late 2005 in the Roger Sanchez music video for "Turn on the Music".

Later years and death
Farrell lived for many years in Amsterdam, in the neighbourhood of Gaasperdam in the borough of Amsterdam-Zuidoost.

In 1981, he married Macedonian Romani Jasmina Shaban. They had a daughter named Zanillya in 1983, and a son named Zanin. They split in 1995.

He died on the morning of 30 December 2010, in a hotel room in St. Petersburg, Russia, of heart failure. His agent, John Seine said Farrell was complaining of breathing problems after performing with his band the evening before. Farrell's body was discovered by hotel staff after he failed to respond to an alarm call. Coincidentally, he died on the same date and in the same city as Grigori Rasputin, the subject of one of his group's most iconic songs, and who he had dressed as in some live performances. He was buried at Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam.

His daughter, Zanillya Farrell, is a rapper. In December 2011, she won the national music prize Grote Prijs van Nederland in the hip hop category.

In popular culture
In season 6, episode 5 ("Demon 79") of the television series Black Mirror, British actor Paapa Essiedu portrayed Farrell through the character of Gaap, a demon who takes the likeness of Farrell as he appeared on stage in the group Boney M. during a performance of the song "Rasputin".

Singles

 * 1982: "Polizei" / "A Fool in Love"
 * 1985: "King of Dancing" / "I See You"
 * 1985: "Happy Song"
 * 1987: "Hoppa Hoppa" / "Hoppa Hoppa" (instrumental)
 * 1991: "Tribute to Josephine Baker"
 * 2004: "Aruban Style" (Mixes) - S-Cream featuring Bobby Farrell
 * 2006: The Bump EP
 * 2010: "Bamboo Song" (Roundhouse Records)

Various compilations
(as "Bobby Farrell's Boney M." / as "Boney M. featuring Bobby Farrell" / "Bobby Farrell featuring Sandy Chambers")
 * 2000: The Best of Boney M. (DVMore)
 * 2001: Boney M. – I Successi (DVMore)
 * 2001: The Best of Boney M. (II)
 * 2001: The Best of Boney M. (III)
 * 2005: Boney M. – Remix 2005 (featuring Sandy Chambers) (Crisler)
 * 2007: Boney M. – Disco Collection

Note: these releases contain re-recordings of Boney M.'s hits, not the original versions.

title: Bobby Farrell