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John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper

John Colepeper, 1st Baron Culpeper (c. 1600 – 11 July 1660) was an English peer, military officer and politician who, as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1642–43) and Master of the Rolls (1643) was an influential counsellor of King Charles I during the English Civil War, who rewarded him with a peerage and some landholdings in Virginia. During the Commonwealth he lived abroad in Europe, where he continued to act as a servant, advisor and supporter of King Charles II in exile. Having taken part in the Prince's escape into exile in 1646, Colepeper accompanied Charles in his triumphant return to England in May 1660, but died only two months later. Although descended from Colepepers of Bedgebury, Sir John was of a distinct cadet branch settled at Wigsell in the parish of Salehurst.

Colepeper of Wigsell
The Colepeper family resided in Kent and Sussex during the later Middle Ages, and certain of them served in administrative capacities (particularly as High Sheriffs of Kent and in the stewardship of Romney Marsh ) from as early as the reign of King Edward III (1322-1377). Branches of the family settled at various locations. John Colepeper derived from the branch which settled at the manor of Wigsell in the parish of Salehurst, East Sussex. Sir John Colepeper of Bedgebury, in Goudhurst in the county of Kent, had by his wife Agnes two sons, the elder of whom, Alexander, established the Colepepers of Bedgebury, and the younger, Walter, took the ancient Colepeper inheritance of Wigsell as his portion.

Walter Colepeper married Anne (daughter and heir of Harry Aucher of Lossenham, a manor in Newenden, Kent), and at the time of his death in 1514 was Under-Marshal of Calais. Their eldest son William Colepeper married Cicely Barrett in 1530, when the Wigsell estate was settled on William's mother for life, with remainder to William and Anne. William's eldest son was John, born 1530: he married Elizabeth Sidley of Southfleet, Kent around 1560, and was buried at Salehurst in 1612 aged 82.

Birth and young life
The eldest son of John and Elizabeth was Thomas Colepeper (1561-1613), who first married Anne Slaney. Anne was a daughter of Sir Stephen Slaney, citizen and Skinner, Alderman of London 1584-1608 and Lord Mayor of London 1595-96, who died in 1608, and his wife Margaret Fesaunt (died 1619). Thomas and Anne were the natural parents of the future 1st Baron Colepeper of Thoresway. After the birth of two sons and a daughter, Anne died in 1601/02. Thomas Colepeper then remarried to Mary, daughter of Roger Beeston (citizen of London), and widow of Francis Gibbon of Benenden, Kent. By this second marriage there was a son Thomas who died in infancy in 1607, and three daughters. The Wigsell inheritance at first should have descended to Thomas and Anne's elder son, Slaney Colepeper, but he died in 1617. It was then determined by his inquisition post mortem that it should pass to his younger brother John Colepeper, who in fact succeeded as the heir of Wigsell. Their full sister Elizabeth became the wife of Sir Robert Brooke of Yoxford, Suffolk in 1620: Brooke had formerly been married to the stepdaughter of John's aunt Mary Slaney, second wife of Sir Humphrey Weld (died 1610).

John's father, and his uncle John Colepeper of Feckenham (1563-1635), were member of the Virginia Company of London from 1609. John himself was a member from 1617 to 1623. He was knighted in 1621 and sold Wigsell to Cheney Culpeper in 1623. John's first marriage, to Philippa Snelling in 1628, lasted only until her death in 1630, leaving him a son and a daughter. His second marriage, to Judith Colepeper of Hollingbourne, Kent, a distant cousin, was in January 1630/31 and gave rise to a large family (see below).

In Parliament, 1640-1644
John Colepeper began his career in military service abroad, and came first into public notice at home through his knowledge of country affairs, being summoned often before the council board to give evidence on such matters. He was knighted, and after representing Rye in the Short Parliament in April 1640 was elected member later in the year for Kent in the Long Parliament. He then took the popular side, speaking against monopolies on 9 November 1640, being entrusted with the impeachment of Sir Robert Berkeley on 12 February 1641, supporting the attainder of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, and being appointed to the committee of defence on 12 August 1641.

He separated, however, from the popular party on the Church question, owing to political rather than religious objections, fearing the effect of the revolutionary changes which were now contemplated. He opposed the London petition for the abolition of episcopacy, the project of religious union with the Scots, and the Root and Branch Bill, and on 1 September he moved a resolution in defence of the prayer-book. In the following session he opposed the Militia Bill and the Grand Remonstrance, and finally on 2 January 1642 he joined the party of Charles I, taking office as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the same motion by which Lord Falkland was appointed Secretary of State, and both were sworn as Privy Councillors. In 1642, the subject along with Viscount Lucius Cary wrote the King's response to Parliament in regard to the military measure. Describing the growing power of corporations, he is reported to have said "they sip from our cup, they dip in our dish, they sit by our fire".

Colepeper highly disapproved of the king's attempt to arrest John Pym and four other members of the Long Parliament, which was made without his knowledge, but advocated the enterprise for the king's removal to Kingston-upon-Hull. On 25 August 1642 he appeared at the bar of the House of Commons to deliver the king's final proposals for peace: "There standing bareheaded, he looked so dejectedly as if he had been a delinquent rather than a member of the House, or privy counsellor, or messenger from His Majesty" He was afterwards present at the Battle of Edgehill, where he took part in Prince Rupert's charge and opposed the retreat of the king's forces from the battlefield.

In December he was made by Charles Master of the Rolls. He was a leading member of the Oxford Parliament, and was said, in opposition to the general opinion, to have counselled considerable concessions to secure peace. His influence in military affairs caused him to be much disliked by Prince Rupert and the army, and the general animosity against him was increased by his advancement to the peerage on 21 October 1644 by the title of Baron Colepeper of Thoresway in Lincolnshire.

A royalist abroad, 1645-1660
Lord Culpeper was despatched with Edward Hyde in charge of the Prince of Wales to the West in March 1645, and on 2 March 1646, after Charles's final defeat, embarked with the prince for Scilly (the Isles of Scilly in the county of Cornwall) and thence to France. He strongly advocated gaining the support of the Scots by granting them religious concessions, a policy supported by the queen and Mazarin, but opposed by Hyde and other leading royalists, and he constantly urged this course upon the king, while at the same time deprecating any yielding on the subject of the militia. He promoted the mission of Sir John Berkeley in 1647 to secure an understanding between Charles and the army.

In 1648 he accompanied the prince in his unsuccessful naval expedition, and returned with him to The Hague, where violent altercations broke out among the royalist leaders. Colepeper went so far, on one occasion in the council, as to challenge Prince Rupert, and was himself severely assaulted in the streets by Sir Robert Walsh. In the Charter of 1649, he was one-seventh proprietor of Virginia's Northern Neck, and his cousin Thomas Colepeper (1602-1660) (son of John Colepeper of Feckenham), who emigrated to Virginia and died there leaving four children who established themselves in America, held a further one-seventh in 1649. Culpeper and others were named together with Charles and James Stuart, to be proscribed and banished as enemies and traitors to the Commonwealth, and his estates were confiscated to the uses of Parliament. After the execution of Charles I, he continued to press upon Charles II the acceptance of the Scottish proposals. He was sent to Russia in 1650, where he obtained a loan of 20,000 rubles from the Tsar: soon after his return, he was sent to the Netherlands to procure military assistance. Colepeper was obliged to leave France under the terms of the treaty agreed in August 1654 between Oliver Cromwell and Mazarin, and thenceforth he appears to have resided in Flanders. He accompanied Charles II to the south of France in September 1659, at the time of the Treaty of the Pyrenees.

Death, monument, and appreciation
At the Restoration Colepeper returned to England, but he survived only for a few weeks, and died on 11 July 1660. His will, dated 3 July, was proved by his wife Judith, who was buried at Hollingbourne in 1691. His white marble wall monument, with a long inscription, was set up in Hollingbourne church by his son John, 3rd Baron Colepeper, and his daughter Elizabeth Hamilton, in 1695. The epitaph includes part of his Patent of Honour from King Charles I of 1644, given both in Latin and in English:"'Whereas our wellbeloved and most faithfull counsellor Iohn Culpeper Kt Mr of the Rolles of our Chancery of the Antient and Noble family of the Culpepers in our Counties of Kent and Sussex (many Ages past renowned for Persons of Eminent Ability both in War & Peace) hath given us signall testimonies of his apparent Loyalty Singular Manhood and profound judgement, Who in that never to be forgotten Battell of Keinton where both our owne and the publicke safety were manifestly at stake being then Chancellor of our Exchequer acquitted himself like a brave Man at Armes when at Newbery and in other occasions alwayes enobled his gowne with Martiall Atchievements, latterly who in our most perillous junctures by his seasonable and wise counsells hath been a principall support of our Crowne & Dignity &c.'"

Several contemporary writers agree in testifying to Colepeper's great debating powers and to his resources as an adviser, but complain of his want of stability and of his uncertain temper. The Earl of Clarendon, with whom he was often on ill terms, speaks generally in his praise, and repels the charge of corruption levelled against him. His political foresight is shown by a remarkable letter written on 20 September 1658 on the death of Cromwell, in which he foretells with uncommon sagacity the future developments in the political situation, advises the royalists to remain inactive till the right moment and profit by the division of their opponents, and distinguishes George Monck as the one person willing and capable of effecting the Restoration.

Family
Lord Colepeper was twice married.

His first wife was Philippa, daughter of Sir John Snelling of West Grinstead, Sussex, whom he married on 29 October 1628 at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate. She was buried at Hollingbourne, Kent, on 16 September 1630: by her, he had one son and one daughter:
 * Alexander Colepeper, married Katherine, daughter of Sir Edward Ford of Harting, Sussex. He died without issue. Administration of his estate was granted in 1660 to his widow, who remarried to Ralph Grey, Esq.
 * Philippa Colepeper (died before September 1652), married Sir Thomas Harlackenden of Woodchurch, Kent, to whom she brought two sons and two daughters.

His second wife was his cousin Judith Culpeper (married 12 January 1630/31), daughter of Sir Thomas Colepeper of Hollingbourne Manor. (Sir John had sold Wigsell to Judith's brother Cheney Culpeper (1601-1663) in 1623. Sir Thomas purchased Leeds Castle in Kent in 1634. ) They had several children, all of whom were baptized at Hollingbourne, Kent:
 * Elizabeth Colepeper, baptized and buried in 1632.
 * Thomas Colepeper, baptized in 1633, buried in 1634.
 * Thomas Colepeper, baptized 1635, died 1689, 2nd Baron Colepeper of Thoresway, succeeded in title in 1660. He married Margaret, daughter and coheir of Johan van Hesse, Heer van Perschill en Wena, (by which he became brother-in-law to the royalist Sir John Sayer of Whitehall. ) He was Crown Governor of Virginia from 1680 to 1683. His wife survived him: they had one daughter Catherine, who married Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. He also had a mistress Susanna Willis by whom he had two daughters, namely Susan (wife of Sir Charles Englefield) and Charlotte.
 * Elizabeth Colepeper, baptized 1637, in 1661 married James Hamilton, Groom of the Bedchamber to King Charles II; they were the parents of James Hamilton, who became 6th Earl of Abercorn. She was living in 1695 when she and her brother John set up the memorial to their father. She was buried in February 1709/10 at Hollingbourne.
 * Judith Colepeper, baptized in 1638, died in 1691.
 * John Colepeper, baptized 1640, died 1719, 3rd Baron Colepeper of Thoresway, succeeded to the title in 1689. He married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Colepeper of Hollingbourne by Alice, daughter of Sir William Colepeper of Aylesford, and died without issue.
 * Cheney Colepeper, baptized 1642, died 1725, 4th Baron Colepeper of Thoresway, succeeded to the title in 1719: he never married, and the title became extinct with his death.
 * Francis Colepeper, died without issue.
 * Philippa Colepeper, baptized 1649, died 1719.

title: John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper


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User:Wheynne

 * Full name: Wain Wheynne Wane Way-in
 * Age: 28
 * Home: Americus, GA
 * Occupation: Dispatch
 * Education: BFA from GSW
 * Hobbies: Reading, Drawing, Painting, Music, Cooking
 * Favorite Place: Pat's Place

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Wheynne


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John Cassidy (magician)

John Cassidy is a professional comedian, magician, and balloon artist who holds several Guinness World Record speed records for balloon sculpting. In November 2007, Cassidy inflated and sculpted a record 747 balloons in one hour. He secured another record when he created thirteen balloon sculptures within one minute.

Cassidy has appeared numerous times on television as either a stand-up comedian, magician or as a Guinness Book of Records celebrity. He has been a guest on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Martha Stewart Living, The Weakest Link, NBC's Today Show, Live With Regis and Kelly, and the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon four years in a row. He has also been featured in numerous periodicals including Better Homes and Gardens and The Philadelphia Inquirer, and he has performed at The White House, The Magic Castle, Foxwoods Casino, the Golden Nugget Las Vegas, the Flamingo Las Vegas and The Comedy and Magic Club in Hermosa Beach, CA.

The more unusual staples of his stage show include a lawn dart cannon, a "telekinetic" cymbal-banging monkey toy, and a six-foot red balloon that Cassidy climbs into to complete a magic trick.

Cassidy and his wife Jennifer are lifelong residents of the greater Philadelphia metropolitan area but regularly tour and perform dates nationwide.

title: John Cassidy (magician)


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Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull

Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull (6 August 1584 – 25 July 1643) was an English nobleman who joined the Royalist side in the English Civil War after some delay and became lieutenant-general of the counties of Lincoln, Rutland, Huntingdon, Cambridge and Norfolk. He was killed in a friendly fire incident after being captured by Parliamentary forces.

Early life
Pierrepont was the second son of Sir Henry Pierrepont of Holme Pierrepont, Nottinghamshire, and his wife Frances Cavendish, a daughter of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick. His sister became Grace, Lady Manners, of Haddon Hall.

In 1596 he became an undergraduate of Oriel College, Oxford, and was later a benefactor in the rebuilding of the college's Front Quad.

Career
Pierrepont was one of the two Members of Parliament for Nottinghamshire in 1601. He became a JP for Nottinghamshire in 1608 and was appointed High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire in 1615. He was created Baron Pierrepont and Viscount Newark in 1627 and Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull the following year.

In 1633 he bought Thoresby Park.

Pierrepont remained neutral on the outbreak of the Civil War, declaring, in what was later taken to be a prophetic curse:

"When… I take arms with the King against Parliament, or with the Parliament against the King, let a cannon-ball divide me between them."

He eventually became a Royalist, joining King Charles, and was appointed lieutenant-general of royal forces in the counties of Lincoln, Rutland, Huntingdon, Cambridge and Norfolk.

Whilst defending Gainsborough he was taken prisoner, and was killed on 25 July 1643, aged 58, while being conveyed to Hull by boat along the River Trent. Royalist forces fired at his captors from the river bank, accidentally killing the Earl whose body was cut in two by a cannonball.

Personal life
Pierrepont married Gertrude Talbot, a daughter of Henry Talbot (1554–1596), a younger son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth Reyner (born 1556) on 8 January 1601 in Overton Longueville, Huntingdonshire.

Pierrepont had five sons, the eldest of whom was his heir Henry Pierrepont, later created first Marquess of Dorchester. Other sons included Francis Pierrepont (died 1659), a colonel in the parliamentary army and afterwards a member of the Long Parliament, and William Pierrepont (1608–1679), father-in-law of Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare, and of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle.

Pierrepont's daughter Lady Frances (born 1615) married Philip Rolleston, Esquire.

He was succeeded in his peerage by his son Henry, who built the first Thoresby Hall in 1670. The author Frances Catherine Barnard was a descendant.


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Teracom

Teracom Group AB is a Swedish state-owned company that delivers information and communication services aimed at operators of essential functions within the Swedish civilian and military systems.

Teracom was established in 1992, as a spin-off from the Swedish Televerket telecommunications agency, ahead of its corporatisation into the Swedish incumbent operator Telia. The reason behind the spin-off was to separate what became Teracom from the commercial aspect of the now-deregulated Swedish telecom business. In October 2018, Teracom sold its Danish subsidiary (Teracom A/S) to the London-based investment company Agilitas Private Equity LLP, which subsequently changed the latter's name to Cibicom A/S in January 2019. In 2019, Teracom acquired the Swedish subsidiary of the mobile wireless broadband operator Net 1, now Teracom Mobil AB. The background to Teracom's acquisition of Net1 was to secure telecommunications via mobile broadband to authorities and companies via the 450 MHz band with government control and in the long term.

title: Teracom


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Talk:Excimer laser

Previous discussions without headers
Excimer lasers (excited dimer) are very important in the fields of optometry and ophthalmology. Equal numbers of males and females, who commonly were pre-existing contact lens wearer have decidided for reasons such as sport, work and inconvienience to have photorefractive surgery performed (laser eye surgery). This surgery should remove any need of spectacles.

there are two main photorefractive procedures. The first is Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK), and the second is Laser instu Keratomeilus (Lasik.

In both procedures, the laser is used to change the shape of the cornea. For myopes the corneal profile is flattened, for hyperopes the peripheral cornea is abblated effectively flattening the cornea.

PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY

Procedure:

A speculum is inseterd to separate the eye lids. The cornea is anaestatised. The patient fixates on a target. The corneal epithelium is removed via manual, mechanical (amoils rotary brush), or means of alcohol. The laser ablates the cornea at descemets membrane and the anterior stroma.

Post operatively: Pain, poor vision, ocular lubricats given to the patient, the vision will stabalise in 6 to 12 weeks

Complications: (Early), Sterile infiltrates, haloes, glare and mild ptosis.

Removed
I removed this line:
 * Some examples of excimer lasers:Aluminum Nitride, Aluminum Oxide, Beryllium Oxide, Aluminum Alloy are just some examples.

Since this doesn't seem to be anything to do with excimer lasers. Perhaps someone was mixing them up with semiconductor lasers? --Bob Mellish 19:26, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

I had also removed the table entries for F2, Cl2, and N2 which are of course not excimers (but you sometimes see F2 lasers mentioned in the same context). K64u69 tried to reintroduce F2 but I reverted that, for the same reason. Maybe these UV lasers need mention, but cannot properly be called "excimer" as I understand it. Or change the article to "UV lasers." Interferometrist (talk) 13:20, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

By the way, K64u69 please do NOT mark an edit as "minor" unless it really doesn't change the meaning (beyond fixing a typo) and CAN'T be controversial. If you mark it minor then people don't notice your edit on their watchlist. OK? :-) Interferometrist (talk) 17:26, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Comment about removal of the F2 laser. The majority of the chemical literature and manufacturers refer to the fluorine laser as an excimer laser. True, the Cl2 and N2 are not usually referred as such. I almost always see the F2 referred to as an excimer.Davidbaddison (talk) 07:02, 6 February 2011 (UTC)Davidbaddison

 * I don't mind including it in the article as long as the text isn't misleading. But we agree that "excimer" would be a misnomer in the case of F2. With that stipulation it could be mentioned, but there wasn't anything special said about it anyway. How about a line (why don't YOU edit it!) saying that "manufacturers refer to the fluorine laser as an excimer laser...." even though it technically isn't? But please provide a reference then.Interferometrist (talk) 19:49, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Changed
Changed the longest pulse length to accomendate the Sirius1000 laser. Geraldebberink (talk) 10:20, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:50, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Excimer Laser Annealing
Excimer Laser Annealing for low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) is a crucial step in the production of cellphone and tablet displays. It's a major application for the excimers, and is used to make the majority of cellphones produced today. This topic should definitely be included here. 70.175.149.15 (talk) 18:11, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Excimer laser


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Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester

Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, PC, FRS, FRCP (March 1606 – 8 December 1680) was an English peer. He was the son of Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, and his wife, the former Gertrude Talbot, daughter of George Talbot and Elizabeth Reyner, and cousin of the Earl of Shrewsbury.

Career
Styled Viscount Newark from 1628, he was member of parliament for Nottingham from 1628 until 1629, and was summoned to the House of Lords in his father's Barony of Pierrepont in 1641. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull in 1643.

During the earlier part of the English Civil War he was at Oxford in attendance upon the King, whom he represented at the negotiations at Uxbridge. In 1645 he was made a Privy Counsellor and created Marquess of Dorchester; but in 1647 he compounded for his estates by paying a large fine to the parliamentarians. Afterwards, Lord Dorchester, who was always fond of books, spent his time mainly in London engaged in the study of medicine and law, his devotion to the former science bringing upon him a certain amount of ridicule and abuse. His collection of books is now part of the library of the Royal College of Physicians.

In 1658 he was made a Fellow of the College of Physicians. After the Restoration he was restored to the Privy Council, and was made Recorder of Nottingham and a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Personality
He was notorious for his bad temper and violent outbursts. He challenged his son-in-law, the future Duke of Rutland, to a duel in 1660; Dorchester blamed Rutland for the fact that his marriage to Dorchester's daughter Anne was notoriously unhappy. In 1638 he had to sue for a royal pardon for an assault on one Philip Kinder committed within the precincts of Westminster Abbey, during a religious service. In 1666, on a trivial pretext, he and George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, came to blows in the Painted Chamber at Westminster during a Parliamentary conference. They were both imprisoned in the Tower of London for violating the dignity of Parliament as a result, but they were soon released after apologising.

Marriages and children
He married first Cecilia Bayning, a daughter of Paul Bayning, 1st Viscount Bayning, and his wife Anne Glemham, daughter of Sir Henry Glemham. They had four children:
 * Lady Anne Pierrepont (born 9 March 1630), married John Manners, future Duke of Rutland. In an unprecedented step, Manners was granted a divorce by an Act of Parliament in 1670.
 * Grace Pierrepont.
 * Henry Pierrepont (died 1649).
 * Robert Pierrepont.

He was secondly married to Lady Catherine Stanley, a daughter of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby and Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby. This marriage was childless.

Dorchester survived his sons and when he died in London on 8 December 1680 the Marquessate of Dorchester became extinct. He was succeeded as 3rd Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull by Robert (died 1682), a son of Robert Pierrepont of Thoresby, Nottinghamshire, and as 4th Earl by Robert's brother William (died 1690).


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Bachmann Industries

Bachmann Industries (Bachmann Brothers, Inc.) is a Bermuda-registered, Chinese-owned company, globally headquartered in Hong Kong; specialising in model railroading.

Founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the home of its North American headquarters, Bachmann is today part of the Kader group, whose model products are made at a Chinese Government joint-venture plant in Dongguan, China. In the past, Bachmann specialised in entry level train sets. In 1988, the Spectrum line of high-quality, detailed models was introduced to cater to more experienced hobbyists. In the past few years, Bachmann has retooled most of its product line, increasing the quality of its standard line products and discontinuing most of the Spectrum line. Many of the Spectrum products have been slightly modified and are now sold as higher-quality standard line models. Bachmann produces models in HO scale, N scale (1:160 and 1:148), On30, 00 gauge, HOn30 (H0 scale on N tracks) and G scale. They also own the Williams line of tinplate O gauge trains and related products. The turnover for Bachmann model trains for the year ended 31 December 2006 was approximately $146.87 million, a slight increase of 3.36% as compared to 2005.

History
Founded in 1833 by Henry Carlisle, the company originally specialized in vanity products such as parasol handles and Spanish combs made of ivory horns. Its target market was aristocracy in the American South and Louisiana. After the Civil War it continued to make other types of hair ornaments and handles for walking canes now out of Tortoise shell and ivory. In 1899 Carlisle's firm merged with a competing firm run by Henry G. Bachmann and changed its name to Bachmann Bros. By 1902 Bachmann Bros. started to use celluloid for its products and by 1912 introduced optical frames that were made from it. It was around this time that Bachmann Bros. began experimenting in plastic. In 1927, shortly before they moved to their final Philadelphia address, they became the first American manufacturer of sunglasses. The line, "Solarex" would become very popular worldwide and would later be purchased by the US Army and United States Army Air Forces for their personnel during WWII. During WWII Bachmann Bros. was awarded the coveted Army-Navy "E" Award for outstanding contribution to the war effort by an American company.

Other notable products include Birds of the World Model kits, Plasticville USA, shooting glasses for Winchester Repeating Arms Company (now the U.S. Repeating Arms Company), and Stein Eriksen ski goggles.

Model railroading products
Because of the sudden popularity of N scale model railroading around 1966, Bachmann entered the trains market by starting its N scale trains products in June 1968, with cars packaged in white jewel cases. However, problems of initial run led to a retooling the following year. In 1970 Bachmann entered the HO trains market. A second retooling occurred around 1973, when trains started to be packaged in black jewel cases. In 1978 Bachmann changed its logo to the present one. Trains began to be packaged in blue jewel cases. Bachmann Bros. held exclusive licenses to produce models of trains manufactured by Budd Company passenger trains and United Aircraft's high-speed train.

Several product lines are produced under the Bachmann name including:

Spectrum
In 1988 Bachmann introduced the "Spectrum" line of higher quality equipment, including updated motors, more realistic paint schemes, and better detail. Spectrum was considered a totally different company from the regular Bachmann company. The initial offering was a GE 44 Ton Diesel. Later on, the Spectrum line expanded to include a Pennsylvania Railroad K-4 Pacific, an EMD GP30, and a General Electric Dash 8-40C. In 1998, Bachmann introduced their Spectrum H0 scale 2-8-0 Consolidation, which was selected "Model of the Year" by the readers of Model Railroader magazine. By 2000 Spectrum was no longer considered a separate product and became one of the Bachmann product lines, as Spectrum was finally included in Bachmann's regular catalogues.

In recent years, Bachmann has begun phasing out the Spectrum brand, moving most of the products in the line to the Standard Line (sometimes with minor changes).

Big Haulers and Spectrum large scale models
In 1988 Bachmann started to produce large scale (also known as G Scale or garden scale) train sets called the Big Haulers. They were first introduced in sets consisting of a locomotive, one or two freight cars and a caboose, Set 90100 was the first set. The locomotives were battery powered and were radio controlled. In 1989 they began making train sets using track powered electric locomotives. In 1989 Bachmann also began selling locomotives, freight Cars, and passenger cars as separate items. Since the early years Bachmann introduced a high quality line of prototype 1:20.3 locomotives and rolling stock in their Spectrum Line.

Williams
In 2007 Bachmann purchased the Williams Electric Trains company, which has allowed the company to expand into the O scale market. Williams offers a more "traditional" train layout reminiscent of the 1950s, with diesel engines, and rolling stock similar in look to the same O gauge products introduced by Lionel Trains during the golden ages of model railroads. Steam engines include semi-scale and scale representations. Williams by Bachmann has produced a new 44 ton switcher that has been introduced in 2015 the company still remains a value leader in the O gauge segment.

Today and DCC
In an effort to fill the quality gap between the Spectrum brand and the regular Bachmann trains, Bachmann introduced a mid-ranged "Bachmann plus" series in 1992 when production was moved to China. Eventually the entire standard product line would be upgraded to the quality level of the plus series, which led to the drop of the plus series and the birth of the current silver series in 1997. Bachmann doubled the MSRP of its products, and cars are now packaged in clear plastic display jewel cases. In 2001, Bachmann started to produce trains in On30 scale (O scale on HO tracks). In 2002, Bachmann introduced its Thomas and Friends range in H0 scale. In 2007, a new line of structures was released. In 2010, Bachmann released several Garden Scale models of Thomas & Friends characters, a range which has seen steady releases since. In 2019, it was announced that the Thomas license would also see releases in N scale beginning in 2020.

Since 2006 Bachmann has been concentrating on implementing a Digital Command Control ("DCC") system and products in its product lines, with the help and partnership of the German company, Lenz Elektronik, GmbH. Bachmann released its Dynamis DCC system in 2007 which enabled Bachmann to catch up technologically with other DCC companies. Currently, Bachmann HO Spectrum lines are DCC on board, while the vast majority of its N Spectrum lines are DCC-ready.

Plasticville
Following the war's end, Bachmann came up with the product which made their name a household word..."Plasticville USA"...an assemble yourself kit of homes, stores, and other buildings to enhance train layouts. Plasticville USA products are still popular accessories for Lionel and American Flyer trains. Bachmann's Plasticville products, originally in O scale, and later expanded to HO scale, and N scale were originally manufactured by Bachmann in Philadelphia, but later manufactured in Hong Kong. They have been made exclusively in China by plastics moulding manufacturer Kader Holdings Company Limited since 1999. The hobby of collecting Plasticville has increased in recent years to the point that the Plasticville Collectors Association was founded in 1999 and incorporated in 2001.

E-Z Track
Originally like most other train manufacturers, Bachmann's train sets used conventional snap-track (originally in brass, then switching to steel in the early 1980s.) In 1994, Bachmann introduced the then-revolutionary E-Z track, that featured HO track built onto a moulded plastic roadbed that could be assembled like typical HO track. This allowed for operating HO trains on the floor without worry of dust, lint and carpet fibres, though traditional tabletop layouts could also be designed using this track system.

While integrated-roadbed track was not invented by Bachmann (foreign train manufacturers such as Kato Precision Railroad Models and Märklin Trains all had their own types of roadbed track), the E-Z Track was still new and innovative to the North American HO train market. Originally offered only in steel, a nickel-silver version of the track line came out in 1996, and a wide variety of track length and turnout selections became available in the line, including E-Z Command DCC turnouts. After the success of the HO track line, E-Z Track was also made available in N scale as well.

Train sets manufactured by Athearn also come with E-Z Track, as they do not make their own HO track.

Other products
During the 1960s Bachmann produced plastic models of animals (Animals of the World series, Birds of the World series, and Dogs of the World series) called Nature Craft Kits. They also produced their own Mini-planes, Slot cars (to compete better with former rival Tyco Toys's own HO-scale trains and slot cars) marketed in both HO and a slightly smaller version of 1/32 scale cars and sets, with 1/32 scale track purchased from Strombecker Corporation, whom by the early 1970s closed down its slot car business; military models (with Fujimi) that include fighter planes, helicopters, and Tanks; and toy robots called "Toys of Tomorrow" (with Tomy). Bachmann would drop the toy robots within a couple of years. The Bachmann-Fujimi models would be dropped during the 1970s. Bachmann dropped Slot Cars and Mini-Planes from its product lines after the Kader takeover (see below) but instead entered the Radio-controlled model market. In 1982 they revived their Nature Craft Kits as Birds of the World. By 1987 they have dropped all other toys and only concentrated on Model Trains and Accessories. In 1998 Bachmann did try to sell a short lived product, a radio controlled motorcycle.

Bachmann's Mini-planes list included several commercial airline models, such as Boeing 707 in American Airlines, Pan American World Airways, Trans World Airlines and fictional Bachmann Airlines marking, Convair CV880 in Delta Air Lines and TWA marking, Boeing 727 in Delta, Eastern Airlines TWA and United Airlines marking, Douglas DC-9 in Delta, Eastern and TWA marking, Douglas DC-8 in United and Japan Airlines marking, Boeing 747 in Japan Airlines, Pan Am and Lufthansa marking, Douglas DC-10 in American marking, Ford Tri-motor in TWA marking, and Douglas DC-3 in American Airlines marking.

Kader acquisition
In light of dwindling interest in model railroading, the Crowther brothers decided, in 1981, to sell to their manufacturer, the Kader Group. Kader changed the name to Bachmann Industries and used the new brand to expand worldwide, such as the European market. It is also part of the strategy to take over other failing companies in Europe and put them under one single name. The packaging changed from plastic jewel cases to white paper boxes with cellophane window. Starting from 1982 Bachmann began to slowly retool individual product lines one by one. A typical example would be the replacement of metal gears to cheaper plastic ones in the Diesel locomotives. By 1992 all cars were manufactured in China.

Global expansion
As well as introducing its own brands to North America, Kader, under the Bachmann brand, built itself up as the largest volume seller of model railways by purchasing other failing companies, using the Bachmann name to front a series of purchases in the rest of the world to combat the then poor perceptions of Hong Kong-based production quality.

By 1985 Bachmann had established agencies in Corcieux, France, and also in Bologna, Italy. In 1989 a European division was set up initially reusing the moulds previously used for the Palitoy Mainline model railway products to create the Bachmann Branchline models. It took over Palitoy's location and established its European headquarters in Barwell, Leicestershire, England, which continues today as the Bachmann UK headquarters.

In 1991 Bachmann established a sales office in Ontario, Canada, but had it closed down in 1996.

In 1992 it bought Liliput of Austria, and established its Continental Europe headquarters in Fürth, Germany. In 1997 it moved to Altdorf bei Nürnberg, Germany, which continues today as the German Liliput headquarters.

In 2000 it bought Graham Farish.

Bachmann started to work with the Chinese National Railway in 1999, and in 2000 started to produce its first model "East Wind 11 Diesel". Chinese outline models under the Bachmann China name, opening the world's first Bachmann speciality retail shop in Shanghai in 2005. Bachmann China is based in Shanghai.

Kader's business model for each take over, from its original purchase of Bachmann to the present day, is to buy a perceived quality brand in the target market or country. The company then closes local in-country production facilities. Armed with state-of-the-art manufacturing machines and AutoCAD systems, Bachmann then improves quality by re-engineering the models in Hong Kong, and reduces cost by producing the models in its jointly owned plant in Dongguan, China.

International
Bachmann sells model trains in HO scale, N scale (1:160 and 1:148), On30, 00 gauge, HOn30 (HO scale on N tracks) and G scale around the world, in addition to buildings and accessories:
 * North America – Bachmann Industries HO scale, N scale (1:160), On30 and G scale. Plasticville O scale and S scale. Williams (O scale).
 * United Kingdom – Bachmann Europe Plc offer 00 gauge models under the Branchline name, and British scale (1:148) N gauge models under the Graham Farish name.
 * Europe – Liliput HOn30 and HO scale.
 * China – Bachmann China HO scale.
 * Bachmann UK and Bachmann Europe sell G scale models by Aristo-Craft.

title: Bachmann Industries


text: Category:Japan

title: Category:Japan


text:
Talk:Digital light processing

This article has printing problem
I tried to print this article, and got page 3, 4, 5 as blank pages out of total 7 pages. I tried Adobe Acrobat printer too, and got same error. Then, I switched to "Printable Version", and this problem went away. I don't know how to fix this by myself, only thing I can do is to report this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hoonham (talk • contribs) 04:28, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

 * @Hoonham sent 199.250.32.47 (talk) 22:41, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

DLP vs DMD resolution
I tried to fix some errors in the DMD section. For example the article said that each mirror represented a single pixel. That is generally not true in modern DLPs due to Wobulation. I think what I wrote better reflects the current state of DLP TVs, but it still implies that DMDs come in 1920x1080. My understanding is that the vast majority of DLPs sold as 1080p sets, do not have a 1920x1080 DMD in them, but one half that size. I could not find the website where I read this and was working from memory, so I did not want to get into too much detail about it. Maybe someone else could make it a bit clearer which sizes modern DMDs come in, and how they correspond to the HD resolutions.128.117.194.163 21:30, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Color primaries and mixing
Actually, red, blue and green are not primary colors. They are base colors for subtractive color mixing, but by definition, the primary colors are red, blue and yellow. -Anon

The anon has it the wrong wko;hkl;jay round. Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 16:23, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC) Double Anon April 27th, 2005

Actually, neither is right. Red, green, and blue, (RGB) are the base colors for additive color mixing. Additive color mixing is commonly used when the light source is integral to the system (think television, computer monitor, LCD screen etc.).

Cyan, magenta, and yellow are the base colors for subtractive color mixing commonly used when an external light source is utilized (think paintings, printed documents etc.). It helps to think of Cyan, magenta, and yellow as being anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue.

Yellow is often included in the list of primary colors due to a fluke in synthetic pigments. As described here: http://science.howstuffworks.com/light7.htm

I personally dislike the term 'primary colors' when it is used in reference to red, green, and blue in discussions of color science. It's use implies that color mixing is property inherit to the nature of light when in reality its root lies in the nature of human physiology and the nature of the human eye.

-NPW

NPW is right. Red Green and Blue are that way because we have cones in our eyes sensitive to red, green and blue light. Some people (all of them are women due to the nature of the genetic anomaly) have a fourth set of cones sensitive to another primary color. Fortunately (or unfortunately) that fourth color is aparently very close to red. Otherwise TV would probably look very artificial to them. Nsayer 19:02, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

The "Rainbow Effect" and three-DMD systems
The article makes the claim:

 * Three-chip projectors do not suffer from the "rainbow effect", since all three components are present at the same time.

While it's true that three-DMD devcies are far less prone to the "rainbow effect", it's not true that they are completely immune. Because the DMDs are (fundamentally) binary devices, they are operated as Pulse Width Modulators and the red, green, and blue beams are each individually turned on and off. This means that for certain colors, there are definite times when a (say pink) displayed object is illuminated solely by the red beam and at other times by all three beams. If your eyes are in motion, such an object could still be perceived as being striped in red and white, even in a three-DMD system. The reason the effect isn't seen as much in a 3-DMD system is that the pulse-width modulators operate a lot faster than the frame rate of the color wheel in a single-DMD system so there's less distance separating the colors when your eyes are in motion. Also, the produced color artifacts are (usually) a lot less distinguishable than the obvious red, green, and blue artifacts.

This isn't so important that I'm going to edit the article, but we should be aware of this.

Atlant 17:34, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've actually been to a DLP presentation by the head of Texas Instruments UK (who's personally quite heavily involved in DLP products) and they actually have a clever way of doing the modulation that means (in your example) the blue and green would modulate very very quickly while the red stays on, meaning the interval is so small that no one could possibly see it - unlike the color wheel problem, which is (or used to be) only just outside the bounds of normal human vision, hence some people can. --Dtcdthingy 20:29, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

You're correct that the DMD mirror isn't simply switched on and off once per frame for a single variable-width pulse, but the switching rate of a DMD mirror isn't all that high; it's only about 5 kHz tops so a given mirror won't switch more than (say) 82 times per field for about 41 "pulses" of light. (The switching time isn't zero and there is a wear-out mechanism in the torsion beams that suspend the mirrors.) Your eye can sweep across an entire screen width in one field, so do the math and then tell me that you wouldn't be able to see the banding for certain well-chosen colors.

As I said, the effect is far less noticeable than with a single DMD device, but it's still there.

Atlant 01:05, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Let's go with your numbers. The eye moves across the frame in 1/60th of a second, during which time 41 pulses of light are sent. The other number we need is the "shutter speed" of the eye - let's assume it's also 1/60th of a second. What you'd get is 41 images printed on top of each other on the retina during the exposure, equivalent to taking a photo, moving the film 1/41st of a frame, and repeating 40 times. If we imagine that film, the motion blur from the movement of the film would appear in 41 separate steps rather than being completely smooth. I really don't think the brain would be able to tell the difference, to be honest. --Dtcdthingy 02:01, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

(For ease of discussion, let's assume there's a single line of 50%-saturated pink displayed from top to bottom on an otherwise-black field.)

You don't need the "shutter speed" of the eye at all. If your eye sweeps left or right across the field in 1/60 of a second, then what you will see (thanks to persistence of vision and the like) is a screen that has 82 stripes. Half of the stripes will be white and half of the stripes will be red.

If you don't think you'll be able to see this (a pattern of 82 white-and-red stripes occupying the full field), then perhaps you need to get your eyeglass presrciption checked. :-)

The point is that your eye, in moving, "breaks up" what would otherwise be perceived (through persistence of vision and the like) as a static object. Again, the effect is nowhere as obvious as with a single-DMD system, but it is still there. Why don't you call your TI guy and ask him to contribute to our discussion?

Atlant 13:35, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Human eyes perception is around 85Hz, few might see around 100Hz, given that those 4X models of the single-ship aren't creating rainbow effects anymore, I wonder how one can perceive that in three-chip DLP? It doesn't even have color wheels.  Remember that our brains interprets the signals from the eyes, and by the rule of Persistence_of_vision I found your argument "technically sound" but not "realistically" possible, because if we can actually see the Rainbow Effect in 3-chip DLP at 5kHz, then there is just no way we can settle with 24 frames per second as we will be seeing 24 frames of photos instead of a movie. Kenimaru 09:29, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * 1. The rainbow effect occurs when an object is moving relative to your retina. This can be because the object is moving on the screen or because your eye is moving relative to the screen.

 * 2. Because the light source from a DLP projector is binary (fully on or fully off) pulse width modulated, it is not continuous. Furthermore, for certain colors (I used pink in my example above), the duty cycle of the R, G, and B components is not identical. Therefore, in a three DLP projector projecting "pink" light, there are times when the "pink" light source is actually saturated red and other times when it is unsaturated white.

 * 3. Therefore, if the object is moving relative to your eye (so that persistence of vision transforms a pattern in time into a pattern in space), your eye will therefore see areas of two different colors: some red and some white.

 * Feel free to argue that my example is pathological, but there is no doubt that if you try my example you will produce some degree of the rainbow effect, even on a three DLP projector; it's a natural fallout of the technology. Three DLPs helps compared to one DLP and a color wheel. Better (smarter) PWM algorithms helps also, but there's an upper bound on how fast you can cycle the mirrors and it's only in the low KHz range. Given a carefully-designed experiment, you'll still see the rainbow effect.

 * There's another good way to demonstrate the effect I'm describing. Take a set of LED Christmas lights. These flicker at the mains frequency (so 50Hz in most of the world and 60 Hz in North America) and spend about 50% of their time "off". Sweep your eyes across the lights and see if you don't get a pattern of dots.

 * Alternatively, go to the Boston's Museum of Science and go look at the line of red LEDs in the Thompson Electrical Theatre. That is, they look like a plain line of LEDs until you sweep your eyes across them rapidly. THEN you find that you're looking at dinosaurs, fish, and other objects. (I think the Exploratorium has an even better version of this in red and green.) This is because the motion of your eyes provides the X-axis scan that allows full fields of light to be painted across your retina. The DLP experiment I'm proposing exploits exactly this same effect.

 * Atlant 13:41, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I exploited this once when debugging a bit-banged serial line and I didn't have an oscilloscope. I hooked it to an LED and quickly swept my eyes across it. Persistence of vision acted like the oscilloscope screen, and I could easily see the waveform and debug it. This was probably running at 1200 bits/sec. You can do this with many Mac power LEDs, as they use PWM for brightness control. Hell, every time you look at a CRT and see a complete image rather than a tiny spot moving, your eyes are demonstrating massive persistence of vision, as the electron beam "moves" extremely fast and paints the entire image. 72.48.75.131 (talk) 16:48, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Additionally, the statement "Studies have long shown that only a small number of people ever experience the phenomenon" is questionably vague and needs a citation at least. 85.183.233.7 (talk) 16:59, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

Marketplace
I really like this segment, could people who know add it to other television types. Especially the pros/cons. I'll start researching it, but it may be a while before I get it done.

Pros/Cons - DLP Lag?
An item on the Cons list says, "Lag time between input and display with video consoles such as the PlayStation 2, making video game play nearly impossible."

Do we have a citation for this? - I can't see how this problem would be a consequence of using a DLP element in a display. My guess would be that since most DLP displays are very high resolution (and most consoles very low) the lag would be coming from upscaling the video. Either way I suppose the point could use some clarification?

— Mobius 08:32, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That entire thing was worded oddly. I hope I did a decent job rewriting it, but I ended up removing the statement to the effect of "TI's new stuff is better" because I can find no supporting statements anywhere. This article was the first return on one search on the matter.  If anyone can find a citation, feel free to re-add it.

 * Also, I put in a citation to a faq posted on a forum. I don't have any clue as to its permanence, this might be a bad citation.

 * - GTMoogle 03:21, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

- I think it needs to be added that this was only an issue with the 1st generation DLP chips, and hasn't been a problem in DLP sets for 2 years now.--Indiearmy 03:19, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * DLPs buffer the entire frame and then display it all at once, as opposed to CRTs (and maybe LCDs?) which start displaying the frame as soon as it is recieved. Therefore there is at least an additional half frame of lag on average.4hodmt 17:37, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that's a technically-accurate statement. DLPs are organized just like Dynamic RAM chips and are accessed in much the same way, so the "write" doesn't take place "all at once". And, of course, since they are using pulse width modulation to achieve grey scales, any given pixel can be written many times in a given display frame. It wouldn't surprise me if the video processors only delay the data as much as they need to finish the processing algorithms (so the initial RAM write takes place a few video linetimes after the actual video data first appears).

 * Atlant 17:55, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That's not accurate. Each frame is loaded into a buffer within the DMD chip and then loaded onto the mirrors themselves all at once by removing the bias charge. Also, video processors need to buffer a frame or two to do de-interlacing/scaling/motion interpolation properly. --Dtcdthingy 18:20, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Are there actually cons?
The Cons section essentially states that "LED is the end of all troubles." Does someone have a citation for this? Supposedly according to a different part of the article LED DLP projectors are not even released yet. Iamthebob 02:17, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * LED DLPs are released. I just got my Samsung HL-S5679W yesterday.  It is the end of all of those troubled listed in the CON section, but my particular set introduced some new problems in Color banding which probably has more to do with the image processing than the fact that the light source is LEDs. Eric.frederich 16:31, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The article makes a zillion references to LED driven DLPs eliminating rainbow effect, but is this actually true? All the LEDs do are replace the color wheel with a sequence of flashing lights. The image is still an additive process with different colors being projected at different times. I'm sure that the LEDS can flash faster than a color wheel, so as to even further minimize the rainbow effect except for those with superhuman vision, but the way the article is worded implies that the rainbow effect is just not even possible with LED DLPs. I don't believe that to be true. 216.85.117.123 00:22, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The preceding comment is actually me before logging in. adavidw 00:23, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I added that material. Your understanding is basically correct -- you'd need superhuman vision to see a rainbow effect with a LED DLP. Feel free to edit if you feel I didn't get that across clearly. Jerry Kindall 20:50, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That's really excellent wording. Thanks! adavidw 02:32, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

I have the last LED DLP model (HL61A750) that Samsung produced before abandoning DLP rear projection. It's harder, but if I blink or move my eyes across the screen I can still perceive color flashes. Of course, I once tried a 2005 DLP set, and it gave me such terrible headaches and eye strain that I had to return the set. The new set is much, much better, but it is still noticeably less stable than an SXRD-style projection set, an LCD, or a plasma. Jonabbey (talk) 23:39, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

How do the damned things work?
I came here hoping to find something more than the marketroid stuff written by TI/DLP themselves, after discovering that practically everything on the web is just a regurgitation of that: was disappointed, of course. Well, there is additional material, including the pro/con stuff, but what's missing, at least for me, is some basic information, like: how does this technology work? What operates the hinged mirrors? Some kind of tiny electrostatic motor? I'm very curious to know this. +ILike2BeAnonymous 00:36, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * To partly answer my own question, I did find some stuff on the How Stuff Works page on the subject; it has an intriguing illustration of the mirror assembly, but a totally inadequate explanation. Apparently, it does operate electrostatically as I had guessed, but I need details, man, details! +ILike2BeAnonymous 00:47, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, electrostaics drive the tiny mirrors. The mirrors themselves are made from a layer of aluminum metalization which is then etched into the required shape and then under-etched to make the space for the mirrors to tilt. The mirrors are suspended by tiny portions of the aluminum metalization that are left to remain as a sort of "taut band" hinge (like a taut band-suspended d'Arsonval meter movement). Because the suspension bands are very thin, they have an adequate life before metal fatigue sets in. Because the distance between the mirrors and the substrate is so small, the voltage required to flip the mirror is also miniscule, so when we say "electrostatics", we're still only talking about IC-level voltages.

 * By tipping a few degrees left or right (and banging up against a mechanical stop), each mirror simply steers its portion of the light to the screen or to a "light sink". The switches are purely binary; grey scales are achieved by pulse width modulating the mirrors, with the mirrors switching thousands of times per second.

 * All of this is documented in technical papers that you can find somewhere on the the TI site; Google found them for me once and can probably find them for you as well.

 * Atlant 01:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The details you're looking for are in Digital Micromirror Device --Dtcdthingy 18:16, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

NuVision LED spam and forward-looking statements
All the contributions of User:65.118.181.114 are about a not-yet-out NuVision DLP projector with LEDs, and therefore probably classifiable as commerical spam. That's why I marked some of them with citation needed (fact) tags. They should probably just be removed unless somehas has a published source. Dicklyon 21:42, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

LED?
Looks like the Samsung LED stuff was also all forward-looking spam, since these still don't exist. Please put correct info back when it becomes verifiable, not before. Dicklyon 13:53, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * wasn't me in the 1st place, but looks like there are some.

LED section looks more like a marketing for the Samsung and that other led company than actually discussing the principle and merits of LED vs other light sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.247.34.84 (talk) 20:39, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Lights Dimming With Age
I've done a few searches on this online. I've found a few pages here and there that say that Halogen/incandescent lights do not dim with age and a few that say they do dim with age. This, to me, means that the evidence is very inconclusive. Now, I've read on a few forums that people complain about dimming lights after they've used their bulbs for a few months (the same complaint holds true with rear projection), but that dust collects on the bulb and wiping the dust off on a regular basis will alleviate the dimming problem. For the time being, I've removed "* The picture dims as the lamp deteriorates with age." statement from the cons, because I've found no concrete evidence to suggest that the halogen bulbs used in such TVs do, in fact, dim with age.Kakomu 12:22, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Plus, that "con" also applies to other projection technologies such as LCD. Not specific to DLP. Dicklyon 12:17, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * info:
 * do not dim
 * http://wi.essortment.com/headlightcar_rxkh.htm
 * http://www.burnyourbonus.info/alt.energy.homepower/thread75.html

 * do dim
 * http://www.safetyissues.com/magazine/2004/11/16th/cnsmr5Star.htm
 * http://www.christiedigital.com/AMEN/technologyExplained/theProjector/projectorBasics/Lumens.htm

 * So, as you can see, there's a general disagreement. Especially considering two websites, talking about halogens in car headlights, saying two completely opposite things.Kakomu 12:22, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I know this post is quite old, but just to clear it up so no one else becomes confused.
 * The lamps found in DLP (and LCD) projectors and TVs are not halogen or incandescent. They are arc lamps, usually some form of metal halide. Light output does decrease on these types of lamps, it's all covered in the main page. Brock1912 (talk) 06:16, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Colour-absorbing screen
One con that seems to not have been mentioned is the DLP's poor performance when there is a lot of light in the room (eg from windows). Apparently this can now be fixed - Sony's developed a screen which absorbs all colours except for red, green and blue, which means that almost all of the ambient light (only a small part of which consists of those exact wavelengths) is absorbed into the screen. Link:. Anyway, I just thought that maybe this info and the link could be added into the article somehow. Esn 12:08, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This problem is not unique to DLP projectors, of course. Jerry Kindall 00:18, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Since light is only made up from Red, Green, and Blue, how does this magic screen work? The ambient light would be made from the same three colors unless your neighborhood uses an alternate form of physics.
 * That is not correct. Light comes in all colors, but because our eyes are only sensitive to RGB, we can 'fake' all colors with just RG&B.  Check out the wikipedia articles on spectrum or Emission spectrum for more details.

No. These screens are not color selective. The technique is based on retro-reflection. Do your research! Developed by DNP, not Sony. Marcus The box (talk) 20:28, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Um, how about you do your own research! Sony have indeed developed a 'black' screen which uses a different technology to the DNP screens. This is all already mentioned in the Projection Screen article. 122.107.20.56 (talk) 01:41, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You have not provided any valid references. Just a dud link and some speculations. Where is your research? Marcus The box (talk) 20:28, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * LEDs have a fairly narrow spectral width, and lasers even narrower. It might not be easy, but one could makes something that just reflects the narrow lines used for red, green, and blue.  This is unlike colored incandescent lambs with wide spectral width.  Xenon arc and filter wheel are, I suspect, also wide.  Gah4 (talk) 03:25, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

PIP
Do TV's offer picture in picture anymore? I had heard that DLPs have the capability and do offer it. True? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Happinesswiki (talk • contribs).

 * PIP is done by the video signal generator; it doesn't matter if you display it on DLP or something else. Dicklyon 06:35, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Fan noise
A recent editor changed the "con" "Fan noise" to "Some devices may have fan noise"

Are there any DLP devices that don't have fans and fan noise?

Atlant 17:40, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sure all devices have fans (although I guess it's possible for the LED driven ones to not use one). However, it's entirely possible to have a fan without noticeable fan noise, depending on how they build the cabinet. Additionally, whether or not the noise is a con is a subjective judgement that would depend entirely on the noise level and one's own tolerance. adavidw 07:12, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Noise is not particular to LCD or DLP, but in general bigger projectors can have bigger fans. Larger fans can spin more slowly and move more air than a tiny fan spinning at high speed. Also a big projector can have larger internal air ducts for less air resistance so the fan doesn't have to work so hard, compared to a compact projector with very small air channels.

 * Expensive professional projectors costing thousands usually have large slow whisper-quiet fans. Meanwhile the cheap compact portable projectors usually have whiny high-speed fans with lots of airflow noise.

 * This is one of the reasons you see a difference in quietness between a US$ 800 projector and a US$ 4000 projector, whether DLP or LCD. DMahalko (talk) 04:25, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Lamps
Projector lamps are often very expensive, U$ 200-500. Why? Exactly what are the details of design? Can they somehow be replaced cheaper? -69.87.199.199 (talk) 22:16, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It's a type of mercury vapor arc-lamp, similar to a yard/security light, but very high gas pressure and about 10mm in diameter, enclosed within a huge thick ceramic support frame that is also used to dissipate heat, focus the light with a ceramic parabolic mirror, and to keep the bulb from exploding from the heat and pressure of running.

 * Since everything gets so extremely hot, the ceramics are all basically heat-fused to the tiny quartz bulb and cannot be removed without cracking or destroying the whole assembly. All of this gets thrown away every time the lamp is replaced, and there's no way to salvage the parabola mirrors.

 * The outer plastic/metal shroud assembly (usually with a spring and metal clips) aligns the ceramics in the projector, and provides shock absorption. It can be removed and separated from the lamp, and it is possible to buy the ceramic lamp/parabola separate from the housing at a lower cost than the whole works. Often the ceramic lamps are a general part, but put inside differently shaped housings from different manufacturers.

 * But it's not so simple as that. The housing power wires cannot be soldered onto the bulb because solder would melt at the operating temp of the bulb. The wires have to be spot-welded to the lamp terminals, and you're not going to have a tiny spot welder like this just lying around to use for lamp replacement.

 * It hurts to pay practically half the projector cost for a new lamp but it apparently can't be done any cheaper. DMahalko (talk) 04:16, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * That kind of lamp is an absurd choice, and I don't see DLP catching on big time unless they replace it with something better, like lasers. StuRat (talk) 01:22, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

Pro/con size/fluids?
In this section of the pro/con area, it says plasma displays use fluid as the projection medium...

"Unlike their LCD and plasma counterparts, DLP screens do not rely on fluids as their projection medium and are therefore not limited in size by their inherent mirror mechanisms, making them ideal for increasingly larger high-definition theater and venue screens."

That doesn't make a bit of sense. It seems like two different points are being made at once. Might be clearer said this way??:

"DLP displays are limited in size only by the power of the projection lamp and the mechanism's ability to dissipate the heat from a higher powered lamp. This is in contrast to LCD projectors, which create an image by using liquid crystals to block unwanted light.  They are size limited by their ability to adequately block that light, and their ability to function with the higher levels of heat a higher powered lamp would generate.  LCD and plasma direct view panels are size limited by manufacturing constraints and the physical constraints of maintaining the integrity of the panel."

I mean, plasma displays aren't actually fluid based as the original paragraph claims. They are just a grid of (in essence) tiny fluorescent tubes. Instead of using a white phosphor as in fluorescent lighting, they use colored phosphors.67.167.249.170 (talk) 22:02, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Pro/Con = Original research
Guys, i'm sorry, but I think the pros/cons section is definitely original research. At very least with the things that can be said sourced and objectively, change the title of the sections to be more neutral. JoeSmack Talk 17:51, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Max RPM?
The article reads "There is a maximum rotational speed limit for the wheel, typically 10,000 to 15,000 RPM." and goes on to describe how this is related to framerate. Is repeating the colour pattern on the colour wheel not an obvious solution to this problem? It also contradicts an earlier passage that says up to 10x rotation speed is available. This passage seems out of date or just plain incorrect, but I'm not an expert and don't have a primary source to reference.

 * Repeating the color pattern would require a bigger wheel, and there is a limit to wheel size for a given projector size. 72.48.75.131 (talk) 16:56, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Proper name?
TI's page on DLP trademarks says:
 * The DLP® trademark is not an acronym for the words 'digital light processing' and should never be followed by '(digital light processing)'.

On the other hand, a paper by Hornbeck puts a TM after Digital Light Processing.

It looks to me like the opening paragraph should draw some appropriate distinction - perhaps, for instance, it should refer to digital light processing as a technology and DLP® as a TI trademark for its line of products implementing that technology. However I don't know enough of the whole picture to write it myself.

Jordan Brown (talk) 17:12, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It looks simpler to me to simply ignore the DLP® trademark. In fact, it should never be followed by '(digital light processing)', as TI puts it. This clarifies that we are not talking about the DLP® trademark in this page. --Pot (talk) 22:40, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

 * But if we are not talking about the DLP trademark, how do we know that we are talking about the right thing? For some reason, I always thought it was Digital Light Processor, but it seems that neither term is used in the TI web page. Gah4 (talk) 03:36, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

longer life = pro compared to CRTs?
The use of a replaceable light source means a potentially longer life than CRTs and plasma displays (this may also be a con as listed below).

This is not true compared to CRT projectors, because the tubes are exchangeable and have a higher average lifespan then the bulbs used in DLPs:. --80.109.39.94 (talk) 01:43, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

"X is used by Y" versus "Y uses X"
The entire opening section is mainly of an X is Y form, rather than Y X form. It comes across as stilted and verbose. Compare:

 * The single-chip version of DLP and 3LCD are the two main technologies used in modern colour digital projectors, with the two technologies being used in over 95% of the projectors sold in 2008.

Rewritten without is:

 * Modern color digital projectors mainly use single-chip DLP and 3LCD devices; in 2008, over 95% used them.

72.48.75.131 (talk) 17:07, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

The color wheel "rainbow effect"
I am quite sure this or a similar effect happens with plasma TV/monitors, because when I look at them, sometimes I see flashes of green and some other colours.Bolegash (talk) 22:36, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Pixel defects in a beamer
A beamer equipped with a DLP device worked well when new. Over time, individual pixels were not working anymore (turned constantly bright). The number of defective pixels grew to the extent that picture quality was not any more acceptable. The beamer had to be replaced. The new beamer is an EPSON model using three LCD arrays for picture generation instead.

Assumption and questions:

As each DLP micro-mirror is supported by a thin, fragile metal suspension band / hinge, it is easy to understand that metal fatigue can set-in by bending the mirror frequently. This is particularly true, because gray-scale pixel information is displayed by pulse width modulating the mirror deflection, with the mirrors switching thousands of times per second.

 * Is this assumption correct?
 * Do other users have similar experiences?
 * Should this type of aging be mentioned under Cons?

BBCLCD (talk) 13:28, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

this article is dated
man oh man this article is dated

It desperately needs to be rewritten to

(everything that sounds like it came from a mftr "product line pamphlet")
 * 1) 1 remove all advertising/marketing/spammy language

 * 1) 2 reset all verb tenses to give the article a neutral tone

 * 1) 3 remove competitive language and replace with comparative language referring to other display technologies — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.93.78 (talk) 03:19, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Updating DLP page
Hi, I work for DLP at Texas Instruments and would like to update this page as it is very out of date. I would like to use content from white papers, which I would reference. I'm a Wikipedia newbie and would appreciate guidance. Thanks. --Txaussie (talk) 16:28, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:59, 25 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Texas Instruments, DLP Cinema Prototype System, Mark V, Paris, 2000 - Philippe Binant Archives.jpg

Requested move 18 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Bensci54 (talk) 16:52, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Digital Light Processing → Digital light processing – Per MOS:CAPS, WP:NCCAPS, MOS:EXPABBR. This is not a proper name, it's an improper over-capitalization of something generic just because capital letters are in the acronym, which is against the guidelines. In fact, this is virtually the same example as the first one that appears at MOS:EXPABBR. DLP is in the same category as LCD, LED, DSP, etc. – generic technologies. It is not like HTML, NTSC, CUDA, and IBM which are (both in abbreviated and full form) proper names, being trademarked standards, product lines, or company names; nor another sort of proper-name acronym/initialism like ANZAC, ACLU, NASA, or USSR. NB: The lower-case version already redirects here, so there is no disambiguation issue to solve. 2001:5A8:4260:3100:C444:87AF:E299:2F41 (talk) 02:35, 18 June 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 12:50, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

PS: See also the thread above. There is in fact a "DLP" trademark, but it explicitly does not stand for "Digital Light Processing". (Or there such a trademark; it has probably been hopelessly genericized at this point.) 2001:5A8:4260:3100:C444:87AF:E299:2F41 (talk) 02:38, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Electronics has been notified of this discussion. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 12:50, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support - per nom. Primergrey (talk) 15:34, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support for the general video projection technology, I agree the term has become generic. But we need to be a bit careful--DLP for 3D printing is written as "Digital Light Processing", e.g., . -- 17:21, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Note that the article about the 3D printing technology also uses lowercase for the same phrase. — BarrelProof (talk) 21:08, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support: Per the article, this was originally a trademarked proper name, but has become genericized and is now used as a general term for a kind of technology. SchreiberBike | ⌨ 21:06, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Is there a WP:RS for the genericizing of the trademark? Gah4 (talk) 22:38, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Is there a WP:RS for the genericizing of the trademark? Gah4 (talk) 22:38, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support – I always thought it was a trademark, but searching the USPTO database, I don't see a live one. I do find a couple of goods and services descriptions using it generically: "Unprocessed photopolymer materials for use in digital light processing 3D printers for creating 3D models" and "Televisions; Liquid crystal display televisions; Digital light processing projection televisions; ..."  Dicklyon (talk) 19:26, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Digital light processing


text:
Talk:List of dance styles

Untitled
a grouped list would be more usefull to understand how the styles relate to each other.

catergories
have re-jigged this page into catergories, it should how how the dance styles are related to each other and the off shoots - the original pages historical dance section with the off shoots was used as a model.

this is not a fully comprehensive list, and needs to be added to. if is is thought that this is not the right place for this list please suggest a new page / entry i can create.

many thanks Ohka- 18:50, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Under International Latin there are dances that are non-arguably Latin, but the title International Latin is already reserved for competitive dancing International Latin / International Standard. I think this should be taken into consideration, since there will be people using a search engine to find "International Latin" dances and they will get a huge list of all kinds of Latin dances instead of the 5 that fall into the reserved category. I would at least list competitive / sports dancing with both International Latin and Standard (5 dances each) and American Rhythm and Smooth even if they are mutually overlapping and also overlapping with other dances / categories on the list. Those competitive dances as categories are well known all over the world and the grouping is a very standardized one. Shiokumi 23:24, 11 March 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shiokumi (talk • contribs)

Chinese traditional dance
If anyone is reading this, I'd like to know detailed information about the ancient types of Chinese traditional dance...That is the Civilian dance and the Military dance.

This goes as far as dance moves, costumes, and music used for the two types of dance.

I have checked the Internet, but it only gives a brief information about these types of dance.

Help in need... Tammy

(this was originally posted in the article itself, but has been moved here) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.160.120.54 (talk) 06:53, 13 May 2007 (UTC).

Swing Dance title and Samba
Jitterbug, Balboa, and Modern Jive are (apparently) listed under "Latin" dances--a problem. I believe the title, "Swing Dance" needs to be added above these. (Perhaps the Lindy Hop should be added below as well).

Also, I believe Samba should be added to the list of Latin dances. I am not a dance expert, so one will need to make this change--I was sure enough about the Swing Dance title to go ahead and add it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.105.8.162 (talk) 00:11, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

The "Jitterbug" is not a specific dance
Jitterbug was listed as a specific dance rather than a category of dance. A dance expert may correct me, but to my research Jitterbug is a vague term which can be applied to a swing dancER or a variety of swing dances, but not to any one specific swing dance. It is essentially an umbrella term for a family of dances, just as is the term "Swing dance". The two are very close to synonomous, but since the term "Jitterbug" is so famous, I believe a good title for the group of dances including Balboa, Lindy Hop, and Modern Jive would be "Swing dance/Jitterbug". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.105.8.162 (talk) 00:51, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

In the Swing/Lindy Hop community, "Jitterbug" specifically refers to single-time East Coast Swing. It's often taught in beginner lessons due to its relative simplicity and versatility. The Jitterbug fits especially well with faster, harder music (e.g. early rock and roll). It was the basis of Rockabilly-style dancing and has a close relationship (though I'm not sure of the exact nature) with Jive. ben-cass (talk) 16:07, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Rock and Roll/Boogie-Woogie
Thanks to the expert who added to the Swing section and radically improved the Ballroom and Latin sections with their subcategories. Shouldn't "Rock and Roll (dance)" also be added under the Swing category? Perhaps even "Boogie-Woogie" should be added. It seems to be Rock and Roll without the acrobatic elements, or perhaps it is just what they call Rock and Roll in Europe. Again I need an expert.

Bad ISBN
Because it is causing a Checkwiki error #73: "ISBN-13 with wrong checksum", I removed the ISBN from the entry:

Shipter Fan, B (2009) "Urban Dance-Jazzdans", ISBN 9878980987850 Bekebooks. Amsterdam, The Netherlands

I have tried unsuccessfully to locate the correct ISBN on the Internet. Based upon my research, I have doubts about the correctness of this entire entry. A book with the exact same title and publisher, but a different author, exists. See here Knife-in-the-drawer (talk) 11:50, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

This list could use some attention..
If there are no objections, I would like to make the following changes to this list:

1) Remove the following entries, because there is no stub, and don't really seem like legitimate dance styles. Rather, some may be specific moves, within a style: a) Boogaloo (under: 'Disco / Electronic Dance' heading) -- No stub. Electric Boogaloo is already mentioned under: 'Street Dance'. b) Cutting shapes -- No stub. This is just slang for shuffling, MAYBE a sub-style? c) Free step -- No stub. d) Penguin -- No stub. e) Watergate -- No stub. f) Default dance -- No stub. g) Alpha -- No stub. h) Adhunik Hanpurian Dance -- No stub. Why does this have its own category? Is it a folk dance? Should there be a category for folk dances? i) Bogo lelo dance -- No stub. j) Samba enredo -- No stub. k) Aggressive Dancing -- No stub. l) Daddy's cat -- No stub. m) Schmoney Dance -- No stub. n) Jaywalk -- No stub. o) Jumpin' Joe -- No stub.

2) 'Jazz dance' should be a main category with subcategories and various styles within it.. Swing Dance sould be a sub category of jazz, as would many ballroom styles, and of course tap dance, which makes no mention on this list.

3) 'Disco / Electronic Dance' should be merged with 'Club Dances' located under 'Street dance'. This category is redundant, and causes confusion.

4) Add a sub-category to 'Novelty and fad dances': 'Meme dances', to include YouTube, Fortnite, TikTok dances, like dabbing and flossing, and maybe some of the other un-stubbed dances marked for deletion above.

5) Finally, is Bossa Nova really a novelty dance? Isn't Bossa Nova traditional Brasilian jazz? Wouldn't the dance then be categorized as either a Latin or jazz style? Maybe It's a novelty dance to Brasilians? This seems misplaced to me. Clg1980 (talk) 20:51, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of dance styles


text:
Category:Japanese people

This category includes people related to Japan. Most of the people listed in this category are of Japanese ethnicity, but the category may also contain people that are not ethnic Japanese, but are primarily known through their actions in Japan. A sorted list can also be found at the List of Japanese people.

title: Category:Japanese people


text:
Category:Musical instruments

 * A musical instrument is a device that has been modified or constructed specifically for the purpose of making music. In principle, anything that somehow produces sound can serve as a musical instrument, but the term is generally reserved for items having this specific purpose.

title: Category:Musical instruments


text:
J. L. Carr

Joseph Lloyd Carr (20 May 1912 – 26 February 1994), who called himself "Jim" or "James", was an English novelist, publisher, teacher and eccentric.

Biography
Carr was born in Carlton Miniott in the North Riding of Yorkshire, next to Thirsk railway station, into a Wesleyan Methodist family. His father Joseph, the eldest of 12 children of a tenant farmer, went to work for the railways, eventually becoming a station master then traffic controller for the North Eastern Railway. Carr was given the same Christian name as his father and the middle name Lloyd, after David Lloyd George, the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer and subsequent Prime Minister. He adopted the names Jim and James in adulthood. His brother Raymond, who was also a station master, and other members of his family called him Lloyd.

Carr attended the village school at Carlton Miniott, where there was an innovative headmaster named James Milner, but when the family moved to Sherburn-in-Elmet when he was about 9 years old, the school in the village was poorly run and he learned little. Carr failed the county examination to gain entry to Tadcaster Grammar School, so at the age of 13 his parents enrolled him at Castleford Secondary School as a fee-paying student. After passing his school certificate examination he stayed on for a year in the sixth form and applied for admission to a teachers' training college, because the local authority would pay his fees. However, when he was interviewed at Goldsmiths' College, London, he was asked why he wanted to be a teacher. Carr answered: "Because it leaves so much time for other pursuits." He was not accepted. Over forty years later, after his novel The Harpole Report had become a critical and popular success, he was invited to give a talk at Goldsmiths'. He replied that the college had had its chance of being addressed by him.

He worked for a school year in 1930–31 as a supernumerary teacher at South Milford Primary School, where he played football for South Milford White Rose, a team which got to the semi-final of the Barkston Ash Cup and won the local league. He developed this experience into his novel How Steeple Sinderby Wanderers Won the F.A. Cup, taken to an extreme as the title implies. He then successfully applied to Dudley Training College for Teachers and graduated after two years in 1933 with a Certificate in Education. Carr spent his first two years as a teacher at a school in Bitterne, Hampshire before returning to the Midlands to teach in Birmingham. In 1938 he spent a school year as an exchange teacher in Huron, South Dakota, in the Great Plains. Much of the year was a struggle to survive in a strangely different culture; his British salary converted into dollars was pitifully inadequate to meet the American cost of living. This experience gave rise to his novel The Battle of Pollocks Crossing.

After his year in the United States, Carr travelled back to England across the Pacific, visiting Japan, China, Malaya (now Malaysia), Burma (now Myanmar), India and Iraq, where he learned that war had been declared, so he hastened back to England, arriving home in September 1939. He volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force in October 1940. After spending a year in a salvage unit in Devon, he was trained as an aerial photography technician at RAF Farnborough and was posted to West Africa, where he served at RAF bases in Sierra Leone, Nigeria and the Gambia, experiences that he used in A Season in Sinji. He was commissioned as an officer in October 1943 and served as an intelligence officer for squadrons at RAF bases in Kent, Norfolk and Scotland, experiences that he used in his novel A Day in Summer.

In March 1945 he married Sally (Hilda Gladys Sexton), a Red Cross nurse, and after leaving the RAF in about January 1946 and taking three months' demobilisation leave, he returned to teaching in Birmingham. In 1951 he was appointed headmaster of Highfields Primary School in Kettering, Northamptonshire, a post he filled from 1952 to 1967. He returned to Huron, South Dakota, in 1956 to teach again at the same school for a school year, and wrote and published himself a social history of The Old Timers of Beadle County based on the records of the County Historical Society which he had attended in 1938.

In 1967, having written two novels, he retired from teaching to devote himself to publishing and writing. He produced and published from his own house a series of small books designed to fit into a pocket. Some of them were selections from the works of English poets, while others were brief monographs about historical events or works of reference. To encourage children to read each of these small books was given two prices, the lower of which applied only to children. As a result, Carr received several letters from adults using childish writing in an attempt to secure the discount.

He also carried on a campaign with his wife, Sally, to preserve and restore the redundant parish church of St Faith at Newton in the Willows, which had been vandalised and was threatened with demolition. Carr came into conflict with the vicar of the benefice and the higher church authorities in his campaign. The building was saved, but was converted into a scientific study centre. This is now closed.

In 1986 Carr was interviewed by Vogue magazine and, as a writer of dictionaries, was asked for a dictionary definition of himself. He answered: "James Lloyd Carr, a back-bedroom publisher of large maps and small books who, in old age, unexpectedly wrote six novels, which, although highly thought of by a small band of literary supporters and by himself, were properly disregarded by the Literary World".

Carr died of leukaemia in Kettering on 26 February 1994, aged 81.

Works
When Carr gave up teaching in 1967 his aim was to try to make his living by publishing small books and a series of maps of English counties to be read and discussed, rather than to provide navigational information. These he published himself under the imprint The Quince Tree Press, The original printing plates from several of his maps were mounted on sheets of plywood and used by Carr as stepping stones in his garden. The garden also contained statues he had carved himself, many of which had mirrors set into the stone at such angles that the sun shone through the windows on his birthday.

Carr wrote eight short novels that contain elements of comedy and fantasy, as well as darker passages, based on his varied experiences of life as teacher, traveller, cricketer, footballer, publisher and restorer of English heritage. Six of the eight were published by different publishers, but he published the last two himself through the Quince Tree Press. Many of the characters and incidents, and even much of the dialogue, are drawn from life.

His novel A Month in the Country was nominated for the Booker Prize in 1980, when it won the Guardian Fiction Prize. In 1985 he was shortlisted again for the Booker Prize for The Battle of Pollocks Crossing.

Two of his novels have been filmed: A Month in the Country (1987) and A Day in Summer (1989).

Carr wrote several non-fiction works and published them at his Quince Tree Press. They include a dictionary of cricketers, a dictionary of parsons, and dictionaries of English kings and queens. He also provided the text for several school textbooks published by Macmillan Publishers and Longman, and designed to develop children's English language skills.

Novels

 * A Day in Summer (1963). London: Barrie and Rockliff.
 * A Season in Sinji (1967). London: Alan Ross.
 * The Harpole Report (1972). London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-08610-7
 * How Steeple Sinderby Wanderers Won the F.A. Cup (1975). London: London Magazine Editions. ISBN 0-904388-02-6
 * A Month in the Country (1980). Brighton, Sussex: The Harvester Press. ISBN 0-85527-328-3
 * The Battle of Pollocks Crossing (1985). London: Viking. ISBN 0-670-80559-9
 * What Hetty Did (1988). Kettering: The Quince Tree Press. ISBN 0-900847-91-3
 * Harpole & Foxberrow General Publishers (1992). Kettering: The Quince Tree Press. ISBN 0-900847-93-X

Social history

 * The Old Timers: A Social History of the Homesteading Pioneers in the Prairie States During the First Few Years of Settlement, as Shown by a Typical Community, the "Old-Timers" of Beadle County in South Dakota (1957). Huron, South Dakota: privately printed.

Children's language books

 * (1970). The Red Windcheater, Nippers series. Illustrated by George Adamson. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-01789-7
 * (1972). The Garage Mechanic, What Do They Do? series. Illustrated by Chris Mayger. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-12064-7
 * (1972). The Dustman, What Do They Do? series. Illustrated by Michael Shoebridge. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-12276-3
 * (1974). The Old Farm Cart, Language in Action series, Level 3. Illustrated by Richard Butler. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-16601-9
 * (1974). Red Foal's Coat, Language in Action series, Level 2. Illustrated by Susan Richards. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-16595-0
 * (1976). An Ear-ring for Anna Beer, Language in Action series, Level 3. Illustrated by Trevor Ridley. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-19954-5
 * (1976). The Green Children of the Woods, Whizz Bang series. Illustrated by Bill Sanderson. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-19326-5
 * (1980). Gone with the Whirlwind, Language in Action series, Level 4. Illustrated by Ken Evans. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-28389-9

Dictionaries

 * (1977). Carr's Dictionary of Extra-ordinary English Cricketers. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1977). Carr's Dictionary of English Queens, Kings' Wives, Celebrated Paramours, Handfast Spouses and Royal Changelings. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1979?). Carr's Dictionary of English Kings, Consorts, Pretenders, Usurpers, Unnatural Claimants and Royal Athelings. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (198?). Welbourn's Dictionary of Prelates, Parsons, Vergers, Wardens, Sidesmen and Preachers, Sunday-school teachers, Hermits, Ecclesiastical Flower-arrangers, Fifth Monarchy Men and False Prophets. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1983). Carr's Illustrated Dictionary of Extra-ordinary Cricketers. London: Quartet Books.
 * (1985?). A Dictionary of Extraordinary English Cricketers Volume Two. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1985). Gidner's Brief Lives of the Frontier. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.

Other writings

 * (1981). The Poor Man's Guide to the Revolution of 1381. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1981?) Forefathers. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1982). "Justice Silence, now blind, wits wandering a little and very old, is visited by Sir John Falstaff's page, now a man, and asked for news of Francis Feeble, the woman's tailor, once unfairly conscripted for the army during rebellion." In Shakespeare Stories, ed. Giles Gordon.  London: Hamish Hamilton, pages 82–90. ISBN 0-241-10879-9.
 * (1987). An Inventory and History of The Quince Tree Press to Mark Its 21st Year and the Sale of Its 500,000th Small Book. August 1987. Kettering: The Quince Tree Press.
 * (1990). "The First Saturday in May". In Fine Glances. A Connoisseur's Cricket Anthology, eds Tom Graveney, Mike Seabrook. London: Simon and Schuster, pages 21–25. ISBN 0-671-71025-7
 * (1990). "Looking for Lord". In My Lord's. A Celebration of the World's Greatest Cricket Ground, ed. Tim Heald. London: Willow Books, Harper Collins, pages 15–19. ISBN 0-00-218363-3.
 * (1990). Redundant Churches Fund. Churches in Retirement. A Gazetteer. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Foreword, pages ix–x. ISBN 0-11-701452-4
 * (1993). "Cricket Books, 1992." In Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1993, ed Matthew Engel. Guildford, Surrey: John Wisden, pages 1295 – 1306. ISBN 0-947766-20-0.
 * (1994). Some Early Poems and Recent Drawings by J. L. Carr 1912–1994. Bury St Edmunds: The Quince Tree Press.

Biography

 * Byron Rogers (2003). The Last Englishman: A Biography of J. L. Carr. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-838-7

title: J. L. Carr