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Karl-August Fagerholm

Karl-August Fagerholm (31 December 1901, in Siuntio – 22 May 1984, in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician. Fagerholm served as Speaker of Parliament and three times Prime Minister of Finland (1948–50, 1956–57, and 1958–59). Fagerholm became one of the leading politicians of the Social Democrats after the armistice in the Continuation War. As a Scandinavia-oriented Swedish-speaking Finn, he was believed to be more to the taste of the Soviet Union's leadership than his predecessor, Väinö Tanner. Fagerholm's postwar career was, however, marked by fierce opposition from both the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of Finland. He narrowly lost the presidential election to Urho Kekkonen in 1956.

Early life
Fagerholm was born in Siuntio as the youngest child of stonecutter Johan August Fagerholm and Olga Serafina Worbs (née Nordman). The elder Fagerholm died of tuberculosis in June 1901, six months before the birth of his youngest son. Fagerholm had in his youth worked as a paperboy for Hufvudstadsbladet and later as a barber, and was also briefly chairman (1920–1923) of the Barbers' Union. In 1930, he was elected member of Finland's Parliament. In the 1920s and the 1930s, the main challenge for the Social Democrats was the rehabilitation after the Finnish Civil War, in which the Social Democrats had belonged to the defeated side. A revival of anti-socialist opinion had in Finland like in many countries in Continental Europe led to a right-wing shift in public opinion and the emerge of the semi-fascist Lapua Movement. One consequence was that socialists were barred from the Cabinet 1929 to 1937. Principles of parliamentarism again were finally heeded in 1937, when Fagerholm became Minister for Social Affairs in a series of Cabinets from 1937 to 1943.

In government, Fagerholm was one of the chief executors of the neutralist Scandinavia-orientation, which had increasingly been seen by Conservatives and Socialists in the 1930s to be Finland's deliverance from the danger of Soviet expansionism. That danger seemed to have increased with fierce Soviet anticapitalist sentiments being met with equally fierce anticommunist sentiments in Finland. As a native Swedish speaker, Social Democrat, former Union leader, and head of the Ministry for Social Affairs, he was just cut out for that task, but the time that he had was too short.

Winter War and the Continuation War
When the Winter War broke out, suspicions against Finland's "hazardous foreign politics" remained strong, most importantly among leading Social Democrats in Sweden. As the Winter War ended with the loss of Finnish Karelia, that was generally seen as the failure of the neutralist Scandinavia-orientation. As the Soviet Union's disapproval ended the discussions on a Swedish-Finnish defence co-operation in 1940, the Scandinavist line had run into a blind alley; and Fagerholm had no more say in the policy discussions that ultimately led to close dependency of Nazi Germany, German troops on Finnish soil, revanchism and to co-belligerence in the Continuation War.

During the Continuation War, controversies on 68,000 refugees' internment in labour camps in the vicinity of German troops, particularly on the Anthonio scandal in which eight Jewish refugees were deported to the Gestapo on 6 November 1942, prompted Fagerholm to raise the question of his resignation. After the Battle of Stalingrad, when it increasingly became obvious that Nazi Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the Cabinet of Edwin Linkomies was appointed to seek peace with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. Fagerholm was not included.

The end of hostilities in September 1944 found Finland in a thoroughly weakened state economically. In addition to its human and physical losses, Finland had to deal with more than 400,000 evacuees from the territories once again lost to the Soviet Union. War reparations were another burden for Finland. The reparations paid from 1944 to 1952 amounted to an annual average of more than 2% of Finland's gross national product. The reparations were delivered according to a strict schedule, with penalties for late shipments. By inciting strikes and other disturbances at moments critical for scheduled delivers, the Soviet Union tried to strengthen the influence of the domestic Communists and to exert direct pressure on the government.

Postwar years
Fagerholm was elected chairman of Finland's Social Democrats. Väinö Tanner had to resign since he was seen with the uttermost suspicion by Finnish Communists by many Social Democrats, by the leadership in Sweden and, most importantly, by the Soviet Union. For the third time, like in 1920 and 1930, Fagerholm's main task was to rehabilitate and consolidate the Social Democrats. This time, however, the accusations came from the left. Fagerholm appeared to be the least enthusiastic of the leading advocates for the Continuation War and so could be elected as sort of a compromise candidate, accepted by both the Tanner-supporting majority and by the critics of the war, sympatisants of the Six and the so-called "peace opposition" concentrated in the Swedophone part of the Labor Union and Social Democracy.

The Soviet victory in World War II had greatly improved the prestige of their supporters in Finland. When, in 1946, the Communist-allied Mauno Pekkala finally won an election and became the prime minister of a coalition cabinet that included also the Social Democrats, Fagerholm could concentrate on his role as party chairman and remained outside the cabinet. It was Fagerholm's conviction that Communists could not be defeated with repressive methods that had been tried since the Civil War. Communism was to be countered in free debate and free elections. The battle of the late 1940s was that in the trade unions in which boards and representatives were elected proportionally. The Social Democrats succeeded more often than not to fend off or reverse Communist takeovers.

1948 elections and Fagerholm as PM
When new parliament elections were held in July 1948, the Communists suffered a sharp drop in support, falling from 51 to 38 seats. Communists had demanded the posts of prime minister and either ministry for foreign affairs or internal affairs and so were not included in the new minority cabinet, led by Fagerholm. (There was no communist participation in Finland's government again until 1966. Fagerholm's minority government relied mostly on support by deputies of the National Coalition Party and Liberal parties plus the conservative wing of the Agrarian League. In social policy, Fagerholm's government was notable for passing a public pension law.

As leader of the Social Democrats, he was prime minister from 1948 to 1950 despite fierce Communist opposition and accusations by the Soviet Union that he intended to undermine the Finnish-Soviet Treaty by taking Finland into NATO. Even Finland's growing integration into the world economy, as demonstrated by its joining the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1949, was viewed with similar suspicion although it served Soviet interests since it contributed to Finland's ability to meet the harsh war reparations requirements of the Paris Peace Treaty.

Opposition from the domestic Communists, under Soviet guidance, exemplified by communist strike agitators who in 1949 tried to take over the dockworker's union and indirectly threatened the stability of the government of Karl-August Fagerholm.

1950s
The war and the post-war times of economic hardship had motivated government control of prices and wages attempting to hamper inflation. One of the themes in the elections and one of the important objectives for Fagerholm's government was to transfer the handling of incomes policy to negotiations between the unions and the employers' organizations. In January 1950, the Parliament agreed to increase wages and to end wage controls.

Soon afterward, a minority cabinet under Kekkonen assumed power. Wage negotiations ended in an impasse in the spring. A warning of general strike was issued to speed up the negotiations. In the tense situation, Fagerholm, now Speaker of Parliament, brokered a solution that was supported in ballot by a clear majority of trade union members.

Fagerholm's relation to the aged president of Finland, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, remained controversial, but the release of the latter's diary has thrown some light on the issue. Supporters of Fagerholm argue that his line in foreign politics was considerably closer to that of Paasikivi, but Fagerholm, in many aspects, was ideologically remote from the Conservative fennoman Paasikivi. Supporters of Kekkonen argue that Fagerholm's contact with the US embassy and pecuniary support from the US could not have been approved by Paasikivi. Although Paasikivi considered both contenders for the position as prime minister as skilful and politically capable, he actually came down more often in favor of Kekkonen, who enjoyed the support of the Soviet leadership.

In the 1956 Finnish presidential election Fagerholm would have won if two electors had voted otherwise; he got 149 votes to Urho Kekkonen's 151. Fagerholm instead succeeded Kekkonen as prime minister for a four-party coalition cabinet.

Third term as Prime Minister
During his second term as prime minister, in 1956 to 1957, he visited the Soviet Union, and relations appeared to have improved. After a period out of office, the general elections of July 1958 again brought a Fagerholm-led coalition cabinet to office. Their chief opponents were the Communists, who had become the largest party in Parliament. Kekkonen did nothing to mitigate a Kremlin fear that Finland would abandon the careful course steered by Paasikivi and Kekkonen since the late 1940s that sought to ensure that Finland would do nothing that conflicted with the interests of the Soviet Union.

Finnish membership in the Nordic Council in 1955 and a progressive increase in trade with the Western world were seen in Moscow as harbingers of the loss of Finland to the West, particularly under a politician like Fagerholm known for Nordic sympathies and US connections. Therefore, in 1958, the Soviet government pursued an escalating policy of economic and other sanctions against the Fagerholm government, canceling discussions on a range of economic issues and trying to leave little doubt in the minds of Finns that having Fagerholm as prime minister would be exceedingly costly. Finally, on 21 October 1958, Soviet Ambassador Viktor Lebedev was suddenly recalled from Finland.

Immediately afterwards, there was a new crisis over the memoirs of Yrjö Leino, who had been Finland's Communist Minister of the Interior in the crucial period from 1945 to 1948 period and had been living in retirement ever since. The Soviets were highly displeased with Leino's writing his memoirs, and the Soviet Chrgé d'Affaires Ivan Filippov demanded for Fagerholm's government to prevent their publication. Fagerholm said that the government could legally do nothing since the work had not yet been released and that there was no censorship in Finland. Filippov advised that if Leino's book was published, the Soviet Union would draw "serious conclusions". Later the same, day Fagerholm called Untamo Utrio of the Tammi publishing house and convinced him to cancel the January launch of the book. (Eventually, the entire print run of the book was destroyed, but that was long after the end of Fagerholm's term.) Deputy director of Tammi Jarl Hellemann later argued that the fuss about the book was completely disproportionate to its substance, describing the incident as the first instance of Finnish self-censorship motivated by concerns about relations to the Soviet Union.

That concession, however, was not enough to remove the Soviet pressure on Fagerholm. On 4 December 1958, Fagerholm filed his resignation. In January 1959, after Kekkonen had traveled to Leningrad to personally assure Nikita Khrushchev that Finland would be a "good neighbor" and a prime minister from Kekkonen's Agrarian Party was appointed, all economic intercourse resumed.

Personal life
Fagerholm married Judith Jormala in 1905, and had three children: Brita (1927–2013), Stina (b. 1929) and Einar (b. 1935). His granddaughters Jannica (b. 1961) and Catarina (b. 1963) are well known in Finland as economists.

Cabinets

 * Fagerholm I Cabinet
 * Fagerholm II Cabinet
 * Fagerholm III Cabinet

title: Karl-August Fagerholm


text:
Hour Glass (band)

Hour Glass was an American soul band based in Los Angeles, California in 1967 and 1968. Among their members were two future members of the Allman Brothers Band (Duane Allman and his brother Gregg) and three future studio musicians at the FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama (Pete Carr, Johnny Sandlin and Paul Hornsby).

History
Formed by members of two disbanded rival groups that had played the same southern circuit, The Allman Joys (based in Florida) and the Men-its (based in Alabama), the group was booked in early 1967 into a month-long engagement in St. Louis, Missouri, where they met members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, whose manager, Bill McEuen, arranged for them a contract with Liberty Records.

Moving to Los Angeles, they were soon opening for groups like The Doors and Buffalo Springfield and recording their eponymous debut album, full of lighthearted poppy soul that was unlike what the group was performing in clubs and theatres in California such as The Fillmore Ballrooom and Troubadour. These songs were chosen from a pool of staff writers, including Jackson Browne and Jimmy Radcliffe, whose song "Nothing But Tears" was the A-side of the Hour Glass' debut single. The ensuing album flopped, perhaps in part because the material did not really reflect the group's tastes or strengths. In fact, the Hour Glass generally refused to perform these songs in their live shows, focusing instead on their gritty, blues- and R&B-inflected southern sounds, along with a couple of originals by Gregg Allman.

The group members were unhappy at not being able to perform as often as they had been accustomed due to the label's concern with overexposure. Losing bassist Mabron McKinney and his successor Bob Keller, they soldiered on, performing concerts and recording a second album, Power of Love, which featured bassist Pete Carr from Daytona Beach. However, Power of Love, which also featured the songwriting skills of Gregg Allman and material that fit the group much better than the material on their debut, nonetheless flopped.

In a last-ditch effort, the members left Los Angeles to work at the FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, where they recorded a handful of tracks that showed their full potential in the studio. After these tracks were rejected by Liberty, the group returned to the Southeast, did a few more gigs, and called it quits.

Duane and Gregg Allman went to Jacksonville, Florida, where they jammed with folk-rockers The 31st of February, featuring drummer Butch Trucks. The others went back to Alabama and did some session work in Muscle Shoals.

After the 31st of February demos were rejected by that group's label, Gregg Allman decided to return to Los Angeles to pick up the pieces of the Hour Glass' deal with Liberty. He recorded several tracks in Los Angeles with studio musicians. A single, a remake of Tammy Wynette's country hit "D.I.V.O.R.C.E.," was released on Liberty under the name "Gregg Allman and the Hour Glass." However, it too failed to chart, and the remaining tracks for a planned album were scuttled and only issued twenty-five years later as bonus tracks on reissues of the Hour Glass's Liberty recordings.

Duane Allman re-joined his former Hour Glass bandmates in Muscle Shoals, where he met drummer J. Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson. Interested in recruiting bassist Berry Oakley of Jacksonville psychedelic blues band the Second Coming, whom he had met the previous July at an Hour Glass performance at Jacksonville's Comic Book Club, Allman and Johanson left Muscle Shoals for Florida, where Allman began sitting in with Oakley's band. Impressed with Second Coming guitarist Dickey Betts' playing, Allman decided to add him to his fledgling line-up as well. With the addition of a second drummer, former 31 February drummer Butch Trucks, and brother Gregg on vocals and organ, who would at this point abandon his solo career in Los Angeles, the new line-up became the Allman Brothers Band.

Personnel

 * Duane Allman - guitars, electric sitar, vocal
 * Gregg Allman - vocal, organ, piano, guitar
 * Paul Hornsby - piano, organ, guitar, vocal
 * Johnny Sandlin - drums, guitar, gong
 * Mabron McKinney - bass (1967)
 * Bob Keller - bass (1967)
 * Pete Carr - bass, guitar, vocal (1967–1968)

Albums

 * Hour Glass (Liberty, 1967)
 * Power of Love (Liberty, 1968)
 * The Hour Glass (compilation of the two studio albums) (United Artists, 1973)
 * Southbound (The Rare Liberty Recordings) (compilation) (Acadia, 2004)

Singles
October 1967: "Nothing But Tears" / "Heartbeat" - from Hour Glass (1967) March 1968: "Power of Love" / "I Still Want Your Love" - from Power of Love (1968) June 1968: "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" / "Changing of the Guard" (as Gregg Allman and the Hour Glass) - Side "A" new recording by Gregg Allman and session musicians, Side "B" from Power of Love (1968) September 1968: "She Is My Woman" / "Going Nowhere" (as Gregg Allman and the Hour Glass) - Side "A" new recording by Gregg Allman and session musicians, Side "B" from Power of Love (1968) October 1968: "Now Is the Time" / "She Is My Woman" (as Gregg Allman and the Hour Glass) - Side "A" from Power of Love (1968), Side "B" previously released on 45 in September 1968 January 1969: "I've Been Trying" / "Silently" (as Gregg Allman and the Hour Glass) - from Hour Glass (1967)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hour Glass (band)


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Abbotsford (electoral district)

Abbotsford is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Demographics
The riding has the lowest proportion of Catholics in Canada, with just 10.6% of the population adhering to Catholicism., as well as the highest proportion (9.8%) of "Christian, not included elsewhere" (non-Protestant, non-Catholic, non-Orthodox). 12.2% of its population claim Dutch ethnic origin, the highest such figure for any Canadian federal riding.

Geography
As of the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution, the district includes the southeastern portion of the City of Abbotsford and the Upper Sumas 6 Indian reserve.

History
The electoral district was created in 2003. 56.1% of the riding was taken from Fraser Valley riding, and 43.9% from Langley—Abbotsford.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Abbotsford should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name will be contested in future elections. The redefined Abbotsford loses portions of its current territory in the north and west to the new districts of Mission—Matsqui—Fraser Canyon and Langley—Aldergrove. These new boundaries were legally defined in the 2013 representation order, which came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015.

The 2015 Canadian general election marked the first time a Conservative candidate was elected in Abbotsford with less than 50% of the popular vote.

Under the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding will be replaced by Abbotsford—South Langley.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Current member of Parliament
Abbotsford's MP is Ed Fast. He is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada and was first elected in the 2006 election. He is a former Abbotsford city councillor and has worked as a lawyer, having earned a law degree at University of British Columbia. During the 40th Parliament, since January 2009, he was the chair of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights and a member of the Liaison Committee.

title: Abbotsford (electoral district)


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André Patry

André Patry (22 November 1902 – 20 June 1960) was a French astronomer and discoverer of 9 minor planets in the late 1930s. Patry was orphaned at a young age, and began working as a 17-year-old at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. He studied asteroids and discovered several himself. The inner main-belt asteroid 1601 Patry was named in his honor (M.P.C. 2196).

title: André Patry


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Lavash

Lavash (լավաշ; ) is a thin flatbread usually leavened, traditionally baked in a tandoor (tonir or tanoor) or on a sajj, and common to the cuisines of South Caucasus, West Asia, and the areas surrounding the Caspian Sea. Lavash is one of the most widespread types of bread in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey. The traditional recipe can be adapted to the modern kitchen by using a griddle or wok instead of the tonir.

In 2014, "Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia" was inscribed in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In 2016, making and sharing flatbread (lavash, katyrma, jupka or yufka) in communities of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey was inscribed on the list as well. Lavash is similar to yufka, but in Turkish cuisine lavash (lavaş) is prepared with a yeast dough while yufka is typically unleavened.

Etymology
Hrach Martirosyan tentatively connects Armenian with dialectal լափ lapʿ, լուփ lupʿ, լովազ lovaz 'palm, flat of the hand', լափուկ lapʿuk, լեփուկ lepʿuk 'flat, polished stone for playing', լավազ lavaz 'very thin' and assumes derivation from Proto-Armenian *law 'flat'. He remarks that semantically this is conceivable since this bread is specifically flat and thin.

Sevan Nişanyan connects the Persian word for lavash to the Aramaic לושׁ lwš root meaning 'to knead' and recorded al-Faraj ba'd ash-Shiddah from 1451 as the oldest text to use the term in Turkish. Compare especially to Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܠܵܘܵܫܵܐ lawasha, a flap of thin bread.

History
Gil Marks traces the history of lavash to the early innovation of cooking thin flatbreads on terracotta griddles. The earliest forms of bread were cooked as cakes either on heated rocks or in embers, but when griddles started to be used breads had to be made thinner to fully cook through without burning like the bread rakik described in the Bible. With the innovation of early ovens, thicker loaves became possible.

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language lavash is "a thin unleavened flatbread of Armenian origin". In 2014, Lavash was described by the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as "an expression of Armenian culture". This decision led to protests in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan over claims that the food was "regional", not "Armenian".

The origin of lavash is often attributed to Armenia,   or Iran. Food historian Gil Marks identifies the origin more generally as the Middle East.

Preparation
Lavash is made with flour, water, yeast, sugar and salt. It can also be made in an unleavened version by omitting sugar and yeast. Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking. Traditionally the dough is rolled out flat and slapped against the hot walls of a clay oven, but modern recipes may adapt for cooking on a wok or tava.

Usage
While quite flexible when fresh, lavash dries out quickly and becomes brittle and hard. The soft form is easier to use when making wrap sandwiches.

In Armenian villages, dried lavash is stacked high in layers to be used later, and when the time comes to rehydrate the bread, it is sprinkled with water to make it softer again. The dried bread is broken up into khash (խաշ), while fresh lavash is used to wrap the Armenian specialty dish khorovats (խորոված) and to make other wraps with herbs and cheese.

In Iran, Turkey and some Middle Eastern countries lavash is used with kebabs to make dürüm wraps like tantuni. In its dry form, leftover lavash is used in Iran to make quick meals after being rehydrated with water, butter, or cheese.

In Turkish cuisine lavaş can be used also for sweet dishes and served alongside some traditional Turkish dessert dishes like kaysefe, hasude, pestil kavurması ('braised fruit leather'), ağuz and helva.

In Kashmiri cuisine, lavas is traditionally used with the morning tea, also known as Noon Chai or Sheer Chai.

In modern recipes lavash can be used like pizza dough.

Traditions and customs
In Armenia, it is traditional for the mother of the groom to feed the newly wed couple lavash and honey as a wish of good fortune, fertility and sweetness for the couple. Dried lavash can be stored over a long time period (almost one year) and is used instead of leavened bread in Eucharist traditions by the Armenian Apostolic Church.

In Sabirabad District of Azerbaijan after a wedding when the bride comes into her new house, her mother-in-law puts lavash on her shoulder and says: "Let you come to the house of wealth, let your foot be lucky". In the Novkhani settlement, after a funeral, it is customary for people to prepare kyulchya, which sometimes consists of halva wrapped up in lavash.

In art
Women baking lavash is a common theme that has inspired Armenian painters. One such portrait by the famous Soviet-era painter Minas Minassian is displayed at the National Museum of Art in Yerevan. A print of the painting Armenian Ladies Baking Lavash by Armenian American artist Manuel Tolegian was selected by U.S. President Gerald Ford to hang in the White House Bicentennial Collection. The weekend open-air arts-and-crafts market in downtown Yerevan offers many lavash-related paintings and handiworks, with renditions of happy women making lavash having become a common sight.

title: Lavash


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Louis Boyer (astronomer)

Louis Boyer (1901–1999) was a French astronomer who worked at the Algiers Observatory, North Africa, where he discovered 40 asteroids between 1930 and 1952.

In the 1950s and 1960s. he worked on identifications of small Solar System bodies at Nice Observatory in southeastern France. The asteroid 1215 Boyer, discovered by his colleague Alfred Schmitt at Algiers in 1932, was named after him. In turn Boyer named the 1617 Alschmitt asteroid in honor of Schmitt.

Boyer also named 1713 Bancilhon after Odette Bancilhon his colleague and wife of astronomer Alfred Schmitt.

title: Louis Boyer (astronomer)


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Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette

Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette (formerly known as Dauphin and Dauphin—Swan River) was a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 2015. Its population in 2011 was 74,800. The riding became known as Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa for the 2015 federal election.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census

Languages: 83% English, 2.03% French, 14.97% Other

 * According to the 2006 Canadian census

Racial groups: 75.02% White, 24.21% Aboriginal

Average income: $16,388

Religions (2001): 47.30% Protestant, 32.18% Catholic, 14.45% Non religious, 3.27% Christian Orthodox, 1.99% Other Christian

Riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties:

Geography
The riding was located in between southern and central Manitoba, west of Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba.

History
The electoral district was created as "Dauphin" riding in 1903 from Macdonald, Marquette and Saskatchewan (Provisional District) ridings.

In 1983, it was renamed "Dauphin–Swan River".

In 2004, it was renamed "Dauphin–Swan River–Marquette".

Members of Parliament
The riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Last member of Parliament
The seat was last held by Robert Sopuck, a fisheries biologist. When the riding became known as Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa, Sopuck handily won the election.

Election results
Dauphin—Swan-River—Marquette was a conservative riding for much of the last half-century of its existence. It was held by the Liberals from 1993–1997, with that party's sweeping victory in the 1993 general election. The only other time that it was not represented by a centre-right party after 1958 was from 1980 to 1984, when it was held by the NDP.

Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette, 2004–present

 * 2010 by-election

Dauphin—Swan River, 1983–2004
^ Change is from the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance votes in the 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to Reform Party vote in 1997 election.

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"| -18.85
 * align="right"|

Dauphin, 1904–1983
Note: NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election.

title: Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette


text: Talk:Live (They Might Be Giants album)

title: Talk:Live (They Might Be Giants album)


text:
Talk:Mount Rainier

Infobox photo choice
Rising*From*Ashes (talk) 10:46, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

Rename request
Following other mountains from WikiProject Mountains, it is common to name the category on geography as 'Geography.' Here, it is named 'Geographical setting.' Might one rename it for consistency? Aonus (talk) 09:03, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Name of Mt. Rainier
I realize I was wrong to unilaterally change the opening sentence to exclude “also known as Tacoma or Tahoma.” I am not going to do that anymore. I am genuinely trying to reach a consensus. I live in Eatonville Washington near Mt. Rainier and nobody calls it Tahoma/Tacoma. The official name is Mt. Rainier. I was wondering if the native name could be in the info box but in the lead sentence it could just say “Mt. Rainier.” I will abide by whatever is reached through consensus. I’m just offering a suggestion. NapoleonX (talk) 05:21, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:42, 3 July 2021 (UTC)
 * 2007 WA Proof.png

Parent peak of mt. rainier in Mexico ???
This is insane 2600:6C4E:B7F:F850:F84E:C532:603A:9555 (talk) 04:03, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The source explains: The prominence parent for a peak is the nearest ridgewalk-connected higher peak with greater prominence than the given peak. It will always be both higher and more prominent than the peak itself. Schazjmd   (talk)  13:43, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by WZ2372 (talk) 07:22, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

Native Names of Rainier
Per MOS:LEADLANG, only one non-English name for a place can be in the lead sentence if that name is a common variant. Otherwise, other names must be elsewhere in the article. TaivoLinguist (Taivo) (talk) 06:02, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
 * "Tahoma" certainly qualifies, as it has fairly wide use in geographic names (Little Tahoma, Tahoma National Cemetery, Tahoma State Forest, Tahoma School District, etc.) and has been used as a substitute or second mention for Rainier by non-local outlets, such as the LA Times and the Washington Post.  Sounder Bruce  06:08, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Tahoma is an English name, təqʷubəʔ is a non-English name. Like @SounderBruce said, Tahoma is a common secondary English usage word for the mountain, so, in my opinion, both should remain. PersusjCP (talk) 06:12, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, since its a common name in English, "Tahoma" certainly qualifies under MOS:LEADLANG as an alternate, but not the Lushootseed original. The Lushootseed original can be in the "Name" section and is certainly appropriate there.  --TaivoLinguist (Taivo) (talk) 06:20, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Is this a reliable source?
Can I trust this article? For school research? Because no one at my school believes Wikipedia is a reliable source. Foofy Plop (talk) 15:39, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Foofy Plop, the reliable sources are listed in the References section at the bottom of the article. Schazjmd   (talk)  15:40, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

Tahoma
Mount Rainier isn't called Tahoma. It's near Tahoma though. Right? Foofy Plop (talk) 17:39, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Tahoma is another name for the mountain. There is no "place" named Tahoma. Schazjmd   (talk)  17:51, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Last eruption
The infobox listed the last eruption as 1450, but the text of the article lists recorded 19th century activity. This is a contradiction in the article, and the way we normally handle it is by noting both sources since both are reliable. I've moved the 1450 date and citation to the body of the paragraph and out of the infobox so not as to overweight it. Happy to discuss, but came across this as a reader and it was fairly confusing, so I went ahead and made the change. If people think there's a better way to address it, I'm all ears. Just don't think the status quo is the right presentation. TonyBallioni (talk) 03:51, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Rainier


text:
Vancouver East (federal electoral district)

Vancouver East (Vancouver-Est) is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935. It is currently represented by New Democratic Party MP Jenny Kwan.

The riding of Vancouver East is the poorest in Canada with a median individual income of $24,374 (2010).

Vancouver East is known as a New Democratic Party stronghold; the NDP and its Co-operative Commonwealth Federation predecessor have won all but two elections in the riding since its creation in 1933. Both losses (1974 and 1993) have come at the hands of Liberal candidates who failed to retain the seat at the next election. The Conservative Party and its right-leaning predecessors have always fared poorly in the riding, rarely garnering more than 20 percent of the vote.

In the 2006 federal election, the NDP won a higher percentage of the vote in Vancouver East than in any other riding in the country: 56.6 percent. In the 2011 election, the NDP increased its majority win to 62.83 percent.

Geography
The district includes the City of Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, Mount Pleasant, Grandview–Woodland, and Hastings–Sunrise.

Federal riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties:

Demographics
Though Vancouver East is home to a predominantly impoverished underclass populace, it is also home to a prominent industrial and working-class riding. The district is well-known for hosting North America's largest Chinatown, in addition to being one of the poorest areas in the Metro Vancouver Regional District, known as the Downtown Eastside. 42 percent of the riding's inhabitants are immigrants and 22 percent are of Chinese ancestry. A high number, 63 percent, of residents are renters. 24 percent of residents over age 25 have a university certificate or degree. Manufacturing, tourism, shipping, accommodation and food service industries are vital to the employment base in this riding. The average family income is over CA$61,000. The unemployment rate is about 7.7 percent.

The ethnically diverse area is home to many of the city's artists and socio-political activists. In recent years, the area has been negatively affected by an influx of hard drugs and the concomitant social consequences associated with their use.

The riding is the least religious in Canada, with 55.1 percent of the population not adhering to any religion.

History
The electoral district was created in 1933 from Vancouver South and Vancouver—Burrard ridings.

Vancouver East was one two electoral districts in British Columbia that saw no changes to its boundaries proposed following the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution.

Current member of Parliament
Its member of Parliament (MP) is Jenny Kwan. She is a member of the New Democratic Party.


text:
Talk:New Imperialism/Archive 15

 * What's with all these new links? This looks like a curse. 172 09:49, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

--

New Imperialism final settlement
The 14-day old page protection has been lifted, and here we go again. The article is reverted to one of the two competing versions hours afterwards.

Since the creation of New Imperialism in December 2002, a stable Revision history (i.e. no edit wars) has consistently been contingent on a ban/block of a single user who has created numerous accounts and/or a page protection of the article.

The edit wars, the ban/block of an overall constructive but stubborn user, and the protection of NI are three major problems. Often, we have temporally kept the lid on 2/3 of these problems at a time. But we have never been able to resolve 3/3 of these problems at once for any significant amount of time in the past 16 months.

However, I've finally figured out a way to get 3/3. A number of active editors and I prefer the 02:29, 14 Mar 2004 version of New Imperialism. User:Lir prefers the 19:38, 28 Mar 2004 version. So, a binding poll on Current polls could determine whether the 02:29, 14 Mar 2004 or the 19:38, 28 Mar 2004 version is posted.

Support 02:29, 14 Mar 2004 version

 * 1) 172 07:11, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ryan_Cable 16:26, 2004 Apr 2 (UTC)

Undecided/comments

--- I also propose a binding poll on whether or not to permanently disallow edits to NI by either User:Lir or me. Such a decision could be enforced by auto-revert.

Ban 172 from editing New Imperialism

 * 1) Support. 172 07:11, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

ban Lir from editing New Imperialism

 * 1) Support. 172 07:11, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ryan_Cable 16:26, 2004 Apr 2 (UTC)

For now we ought to consult Polling guidelines. These two binding polls would work miracles. It would put an end to the 16 months of protections, bans, and edit wars for good.

With the benefit of nearly a year and a half of hindsight, I now realize that the disruptiveness of the edit wars far outweighs all other problems. In the entire history of WP, the NI-related edit wars have been by far more disruptive over time than those related to any of the other 236,185 additional articles. While I'm sure that this claim won't be contested by any of the parties involved for the past 16 months, I'll cite Most-edited talk pages as strong evidence. One of the twelve archives built into Talk:New Imperialism (Talk:New_Imperialism/archive_9) is listed as #2. 1/12 talk archives is trailed only trailed by Talk:Main Page. The additional eleven archives in Talk:NI and Talk:New Imperialism rank high up on this list as well.

As an aside, I honestly regret having had anything to do with this page (keep in mind that this is coming from the main author). IMHO, the disruptiveness associated with 16 months of edit wars has been far worse than not even having a WP article on the subject. I say this despite evidence of the article series' overall success. NI did fairly well, e.g., in Pages from English Wikipedia with more than 1000 hits in Feb 2004 (believe it or not, a month w/o major NI edit wars!); only one "History of..." article (History of Europe) ranked higher. It also does well in yahoo or google searches. In searches I've also seen it cited from time to time in other sites (ex) too.

I'll try one more attempt to revert to a version preferred by a number of other contributors, along with these binding poll proposals. If the polls don't work out, then we all may as well give up on the article entirely. No WP article is so important that it warrants so much hassle over an indefinite period. 172 05:54, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Then why are you making such a hassle over it? A year and a half ago, I offered to discuss the entire article -- sentence by sentence! If you aren't interested in discussing it, then go do something else. I don't see any evidence that active users prefer the version you have reverted to. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Our differences stem from matters of presentation and style more or less. So why not let the readers and editors decide which version they prefer? They may vote on your version. And if that's they case, I'll congragulate you and say that the better editor has won. I know you that mean well, and I don't like doing this. But let's give the poll a chance. In the meantime, I favor the version up for the past 14 days. 172 14:16, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

172, if you can't discuss articles -- you need to leave the wikipedia. In a year and a half, you have never tried to discuss much of anything. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * I disagree, but let's not make this personal. I was very careful in my postings to keep my references to you positive or neutral. 172 15:01, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Who cares! Im not interested in your references to me. Im interested in why you are reverting my edits to this article. Lirath Q. Pynnor

I prefer the 14 Mar 2004 version. I went over my concerns regarding your changes on your talk page some weeks ago (7 Feb 2004 and 12 Feb 2004 postings on User talk:Lir. The 131.247.157.96 was posted up for 14 days, raising no objections from anyone but yourself. You also had troubles dealing with Viajero and some other users in a series revert wars taking place between Dec 2003 and the most recent page protection. If you are certain that you a in the right, then regard the idea of a poll as a way of affirming your stance. 172 18:24, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The only thing I am interested in is discussing the article. You have always refused to discuss this. Lirath Q. Pynnor

I have protected the current article as per request. I have no particular view on the merits of this or Lir's version. It is imperative that efforts are made to merge the current article and the other very different version. Please try to discuss this here. Warofdreams 16:57, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for following up on the requests made by Lir and me on Requests for page protection. BTW, would you be interested in facilitating a binding poll on Current polls in order to permanently resolve the 16 months of edit wars on New Imperialism? 172 17:23, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

\

I have resumed editing the page, let the record show that for 16 months 172 has consistently refused to discuss even 1 sentence of this article. I am more than willing to discuss the whole thing. Lirath Q. Pynnor

title: Talk:New Imperialism/Archive 15


text:
Scrabble (game show)

Scrabble is an American television game show based upon the board game Scrabble. Contestants competed in a series of rounds to fill in words within a crossword puzzle for cash. Muriel Green of Exposure Unlimited developed the idea for a television game show based upon the board game concept. During 1983, Green convinced Selchow and Righter, who at that time owned the Scrabble board game, to license Exposure Unlimited to produce the game show. Exposure Unlimited co-produced the show with Reg Grundy Productions, and licensed the show to NBC. Scrabble aired on NBC from July 2, 1984, to March 23, 1990, and again from January 18 to June 11, 1993. Chuck Woolery hosted the program. Jay Stewart was the announcer for the first year. Charlie Tuna replaced him in mid-1985 and remained through the original run and the entirety of the 1993 revival.

Game play
All words used in the game were between five and nine letters in length. For each word, Woolery gave a clue that often involved a pun or play on words (e.g., "Some people want him to get off their case" for "detective"). Viewers could win a Scrabble T-shirt by submitting a word and clue and having them selected for use in the show's opening title sequence.

Crossword Round
The first round of every game was the Crossword round, in which two contestants competed to guess words as they were laid out on a computer-generated Scrabble board. Each matchup in Crossword was always male vs. female and was played until one contestant won by solving three words.

Originally, the Crossword round was played to determine who would face the show’s returning champion, if there was one, in the Scrabble Sprint. In cases where there was no returning champion, two Crosswords were played and the winners faced each other in the Sprint to determine the new champion.

Beginning on September 29, 1986, as part of a broader format change, the show began featuring two Crossword rounds per episode. The winners would square off in the Sprint to determine the winner. The change was made as part of a special tournament that was taking place at the time. Once the show returned to regular play in December 1986, the first Crossword of the day began featuring the returning champion.

A horizontal or vertical row of squares was outlined to indicate the number of letters, with one already filled in and referred to as the letter the contestants were "building on". The first word of each game was oriented horizontally and built on a letter placed in the center square of the board. Each subsequent word built on one of the letters in the previous word and was laid out perpendicular to it (i.e., the first word was played horizontally, the second vertically, and so on). If a game went on so long that the board became too crowded to hold any more words, it was cleared and the next was played horizontally from a letter in the center square.

Initially, the winner of a backstage coin toss got to start each game. When the second Crossword was introduced and the champion was inserted into the first game, his/her opponent started. If a champion retired after five days, a backstage coin toss in the first Crossword determined who began the first game. The second game used a coin toss to determine who began.

The contestant with initial control of a word could either try to guess it immediately or draw two numbered tiles from a rack. Each tile represented a letter, which was revealed on a screen when the contestant inserted it into a slot at his/her desk. Once a contestant had drawn, he/she could only guess after playing at least one of the two letters.

The number of tiles available for any given word was always two more than the number of letters it contained. These tiles represented all of the remaining letters in the word, plus three "stopper" letters that did not belong in it. When a contestant played a letter that belonged in the word, it appeared in its proper place. Hitting a stopper or giving an incorrect guess forfeited control of the word to the opponent, and the opponent could either guess or draw enough tiles to put a total of two letters in play.

Once all but one letter had been filled in, the contestant in control had to guess. A miss gave the opponent a chance to solve the word; if he/she also missed, the last letter was filled in and neither player scored the word.

For each word after the first, the trailing contestant had initial control. If the score was tied, control went to the contestant who had not solved the previous word.

If all three stoppers were revealed during a word, the contestant that had not played the last one was given a chance to guess. If he/she declined to do so, a rapid-fire game called "Speedword" was played. The remaining letters would be automatically placed, one at a time, until someone rang in with a correct guess; however, a miss locked that contestant out of the rest of the word. If both contestants missed, or if neither one rang in after every letter but one had been placed, the word was revealed and removed from play. If a contestant gave an incorrect guess after his/her opponent played the third stopper, the opponent was allowed to play Speedword alone.

Speedword was also played if a match went to a fifth word without a winner. Later, once the format changed, Speedword would be played if time ran short during a match. During the original show format, each match was played to its conclusion. A match could begin at any time and resume on the next episode. Originally, when this happened a fresh board would always be used when the match resumed. This later changed to having the same board in place for an entire match regardless of whether or not it straddled.

Pot
In the first seven shows, a cumulative money pot was used in the Crossword round. Each letter placed in a normal square was worth $25, with blue squares adding $50 and pink squares $100. The winner of the round collected all the money in the pot. After that week, the Crossword winner received a flat $500.

Bonus squares
Beginning in October 1984, contestants could win a cash bonus by placing a letter in a colored square and immediately solving the word. Blue squares awarded $500, while pink squares awarded $1,000. Beginning in 1985, the bonus rule was added to Speedword, provided a contestant guessed the word right after a letter was placed into a bonus square. Also, if a word was being built on a letter in a bonus square, the contestant who started the word could win the bonus with an immediate solve. If a contestant either placed a letter in a bonus square and gave an incorrect guess, or could not solve the word after placing the next-to-last letter in a bonus square, the opponent could win the bonus with a correct guess. Both contestants kept any bonus money they won, regardless of who won the Crossword round. The maximum a player could win in the crossword round was $3,500.

For the 1993 version, money won from bonus squares was added to the Bonus Sprint jackpot instead of being awarded directly to the contestant.

Spelling format
The Crossword rules and payout structure were changed in April 1985. Once the contestant in control believed they could solve a word, they hit their buzzer and then had to fill in all the missing letters in order, one at a time. A mistake turned control over to the opponent and left all correctly given letters on the board; the opponent could then either try to complete the solution, otherwise draw/play tiles if no letters had been filled in, or the word would be removed from play.

The accumulating pot from the earliest episodes returned, but money was added to it only while a contestant was giving letters after buzzing in. Regular, blue, and pink squares respectively added $50, $100, and $200 (later $500), and the first contestant to solve three words won the entire pot.

While it likely had little to nothing to do with the eventual dropping of the spelling format in September, one match played during this time featured two contestants who made repeated errors while trying to spell the word “mosquitos”. A clip of the incident has made the rounds on various blooper specials over the years.

Scrabble Sprint
The Scrabble Sprint round was the second part of the game and determined the show's champion. In this round, the goal was to solve a set of words of increasing length as quickly as possible. There were two different formats.

From the premiere until September 26, 1986, the Crossword rounds were played to determine who faced the reigning champion in the Sprint Round. If there was no champion, two Crossword rounds were played and the winners of those rounds faced off to determine a new champion.

First format
In the first format, both the champion and the Crossword winner played separate sets of words against the clock. The Crossword winner played first and chose one of two envelopes, leaving the other for the champion. A row of blanks was shown, and Woolery read a clue. Once the contestant stated that he/she was ready, the clock began to count up from zero and two letters were displayed, which the contestant called one at a time to place in the word. Additional letters were then displayed one at a time, but as in Crossword, the last letter was not given. Every displayed letter appeared in the word; no stoppers were used in the Sprint.

Before trying to guess the word, the contestant had to press a plunger in order to stop the clock. If the guess was correct, the remaining letters were filled in; if not, or if the contestant did not immediately offer a guess, a 10-second penalty was added to the clock and play continued with the same word. Once all but one of the letters were placed, the contestant had five seconds to guess. If he/she either missed the word or did not press the plunger, the word was removed and an alternate was played.

Once the Crossword winner correctly solved three words, the champion took his/her turn with the unused envelope. The clock counted toward zero, starting at the Crossword winner's final time, and any penalties were deducted from it. If the champion completed his/her words before time ran out, he/she won the Scrabble Sprint; if not, the opponent became the new champion. The prize for winning was originally three times the pot from the preceding Crossword round, but was changed to a flat $1,500 after the first week. A contestant received a $20,000 bonus for winning five consecutive Sprints, and a further $20,000 for winning 10; in the latter case, the contestant also retired as an undefeated champion.

March 1985 changes
In March 1985, both contestants began using the same set of words. The champion was placed in isolation while the Crossword winner played, then tried to beat the time set. In addition, after a contestant called one of the two displayed letters, the other one disappeared and two new letters were presented as long as there were at least three blanks left in the word. The contestant was shown only one letter when there were two blanks. This change remained in place for the remainder of the series run, and a fourth word was later added to the Sprint.

In addition to the contestants now using the same set of words, the Sprint bonus rules changed. Champions had their total winnings increased to $20,000 for five Sprint victories, or to $40,000 for 10, still retiring undefeated in the latter case.

Second format
On September 29, 1986, Scrabble began a 13-week-long contest titled The $100,000 All-American Scrabble Tournament. This tournament was conducted with a different format from usual Scrabble matches, and these changes were eventually made permanent.

A total of 188 contestants were selected via a nationwide search, with four competing on each episode in preliminary matches from Monday through Thursday over the first 12 weeks. Two Crossword rounds were played, each worth $500 and with the bonus square payouts in effect, and each was followed by a four-word Scrabble Sprint. The first Crossword winner set a time for the second one to beat, and the Sprint winner received $1,000 and advanced to a quarterfinal match played on Friday of that week. The winner of the Sprint round in that match received an additional $5,000 and advanced to the semifinals, held during the 13th and final week of the tournament.

Only three episodes were broadcast during the week of November 24–28, due to NBC's coverage of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and a special block of Saturday morning cartoons airing on Thursday and Friday of that week, respectively. A quarterfinal match was held on the following Monday (December 1) to choose a semifinalist from those three preliminary winners; over the remainder of that week (December 2–5), three more preliminary matches and a quarterfinal were played in similar fashion.

Four wild-card semifinalists were chosen from the eliminated contestants, and they and the 12 quarterfinal winners competed in four semifinal matches on Monday through Thursday of the final week. The four winners advanced to a final match that Friday; the winner of the Sprint received a grand prize of $100,000, while the runner-up received $10,000.

With slight adjustments, this tournament structure became the new permanent Scrabble format on December 29, 1986. As noted above, each episode now featured four contestants and two Crossword games worth $500 each. The champion played in the first Crossword, whose winner set a Sprint time for the second winner to beat, and the Sprint winner received $1,000 and took or retained the championship. With this format change, each episode of Scrabble became a self-contained competition and straddling games were eliminated.

Bonus Sprint
With the adoption of the new format came a new final round, the Bonus Sprint, which gave the day's champion a chance to win a cash jackpot.

The champion played two words, one each of at least six and seven letters, under the standard Sprint rules and was given 10 seconds to solve them both. Doing so awarded the jackpot, which began at $5,000 and increased by $1,000 for every game it went unclaimed. If the champion gave an incorrect guess or failed to respond immediately after pressing the plunger, it counted as an automatic loss.

Champions remained on the show until they lost in either the Crossword or Sprint round or had played the Bonus Sprint five times.

1993 changes
When the series returned in 1993, the Bonus Sprint jackpot began at $1,000 and increased only if a contestant landed on a blue or pink square in the Crossword game and solved the word immediately, adding either $500 or $1,000 respectively. No cash bonuses were given directly to contestants in this version. The Bonus Sprint jackpot carried over from one episode to the next until it was won.

Licensed merchandise
A board game based on this version was released by Selchow & Righter as TV Scrabble in 1987. It was the only home version which was originally a board game itself until Trivial Pursuit: Game Show released by Parker Brothers in 1993 and Celebrity Name Game released by Playmonster (formerly Patch) in 2016.

Original Run
Scrabble premiered in the 11:30 am time slot on July 2, 1984. The time slot had been occupied by the Bob Eubanks-hosted game show Dream House for the past 20 months. The show went up against the highly-rated CBS game show The Price Is Right and four ABC game shows (Family Feud, All-Star Blitz, Double Talk, and Bargain Hunters) in its time slot during the first three years of its run. On September 7, 1987, Scrabble was moved to the 12:30p.m. time slot in order to make room for the daytime version of Win, Lose or Draw (replacing Wordplay, which had been canceled by NBC earlier that summer). The competitors in that time slot were the soap operas The Young and the Restless and Loving. The show lasted $1 1/2$ years in that time slot, as it was moved to the 10:00a.m. time slot on March 27, 1989 after both Sale of the Century (another Reg Grundy show) and Super Password ended their runs. The 12:30p.m. time slot was taken over by the soap opera Generations. Scrabble aired against the CBS version of Family Feud in that time slot, and remained there until its final episode aired on March 23, 1990. Three days later, the show's time slot was occupied by reruns of 227.

1990 pilot
A pilot produced for daily syndication appeared in the fall of 1990. Steve Edwards took over for Woolery as host, with Tuna returning as announcer. The set was given a modern update. The Crossword round remained the same as the NBC version, but contestants picked numbers from a board that corresponded with letters in the puzzle instead of picking tiles. The Scrabble Sprint and Bonus Sprint rounds remained unchanged. The show failed to sell, but most of the updated set and the new theme song were used in the 1993 NBC revival.

1993 revival
In late 1992, NBC announced that it would return the 3:00pm hour to its affiliates as a result of the cancellation of the soap opera Santa Barbara. After Santa Barbara aired its final episode on January 15, 1993, NBC took back the 12:00pm timeslot from its affiliates and decided to program the revived Scrabble there; the show then returned to the airwaves three days later along with another show it was followed by, Scattergories, which aired at 12:30pm.

However, not all of NBC's affiliates would air the revived Scrabble at its scheduled time due to their continuing practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the 12:00pm hour; this resulted in some NBC stations airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all, often relegating it to independent stations in some media markets. In the markets that did air Scrabble at its scheduled time, the show faced off against local programming on other network affiliates, but never fared well enough against them. As a result, NBC canceled Scrabble after twenty-one weeks of episodes and aired its last episode on June 11, 1993. The show was then replaced on June 14 by reruns of Classic Concentration which moved to 12:00pm from a half-hour earlier and remained there until its final airing on December 31, 1993.

Scrabble Showdown
On September 17, 2011, a new game show based on Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, debuted on The Hub with Justin "Kredible" Willman as the host of the program; this version was based more closely on the rules of the board game, and had almost nothing in common with the NBC program.

Germany

 * RTL plus (as phone-in quiz show.)

Netherlands

 * RTL4 (as phone-in quiz show.)

Indonesia

 * Global TV (Indonesia) (as Main Kata (2011), Masih Main Kata (2012) & Main Kata Indonesia (2019))

title: Scrabble (game show)


text:
Talk:Freedom of association

Undated comments
yeah, i see your point. i think the confusion may have a good deal to do with the Court's muddled jurisprudence in this regard. i adapted the the two "freedoms of association" from roberts v. us jaycees (468 us 609):

"our decisions have referred to constitutionally protected freedom of association in two distinc senses...choices to enter into and maintain human relationships must be secured against undue intrusion by the state...[and] a right to associate for the purpose of engaging in those activities protected by the first amendment..."

After reading the article for the first time i found myself confused with regard to the two cases where the right to Freedom Of Association may be invoked. After further thought, it occurred to me that the source of my confusion was the fact that the two points were not clearly defined and made to appear indistinct. From what i understand, freedom of association covers two issues:

1)Freedom to form intimate relationships with whomever one chooses without intrusion by the state.

2)Freedom to associate for the purpose of protecting civil liberties guaranteed in the constitution.

Now if you include in point 1: Because the role of these relationships (while not explicit in the Constitution's text, see right to privacy) is central to SAFEGUARDING individual freedoms central to the Constitution, they may receive protection from undue intrusion by the State.

While point 2 states:

there is a constitutional freedom to associate as a means of PRESERVING other individual liberties.

From what i understand, in this context safeguarding and preserving are synonymous and the two points would be indistinct making the need for two points redundant.

Freedom: assembly vs. association
I am not a lawyer, and I am suspicious whether Freedom of assembly and Freedom of association are one and the same thing. If they are, then the articles must be merged. If they are not, the distinction must be clarified somewhere for ignoramuses like me. Mikkalai 19:38, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * An informal sense of the difference would be assembly is active organization whereas association involves discontinuing the active participation. I may choose to disassociate with an individual, but it doesn't follow that I want to form some other concern or re-associate with someone else or a group of someone else's. Assembly is a union, Association is just quitting. You could argue though, that assembly is a subset of association. 75.92.15.232 (talk)

US As Special and Important Case
Jagz, please do not destroy the work noting the particular case of the US's civil rights laws as founded upon the insitution of slavery. It is clear that the influential position of the US during the 1960s and beyod had a profound impact on the geopolitics of immigration and integration. Jim Bowery 23:03, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Limitation
"However, the implicit First Amendment right of association in the U.S. Constitution has been limited by court rulings. For example, it is illegal in the United States to consider race in the making and enforcement of private contracts other than marriage or taking affirmative action. This limit on freedom of association results from Section 1981 of Title 42 of the United States Code, as balanced against the First Amendment in the 1976 decision of Runyon v. McCrary.[3]"

I am sorry I might have misread this but is this paragraph saying that discrimination is allowed in marriage, or is saying I can discriminate in my choice of spouse? (Because I totally just shop for spouses like cereal.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ForeverZero (talk • contribs) 05:58, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Libertarians
The middle paragraph, the last two sentences are about Right and Left Libertarians, respectively. However, both sentences effectively say the same thing, with different wording. If there's not a difference between the viewpoint of Right and Left Libertarians on this, it would be less confusing if the two sentences were just merged. Pdxleif (talk) 03:15, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Freedom of not associating
The Freedom of association does also include the freedom not to associate with individuals or groups for any reason. It's kind of a freedom of not including or excluding. That should be worked into the article somehow. 41.150.100.20 (talk) 18:04, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

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Article needs review
Much of this article appears to have been compiled in a slanted way. I removed two assertions in particular that alleged curtailment of this right in the US, when in reality, the examples given conflated freedom of association with the ability to insert a religious test into functions of a public institution, and the ability to discriminate by race or ethnicity. 2601:400:C200:43F1:4DC2:DDC8:2F64:55C7 (talk) 00:09, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freedom of association


text:
Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast

Kedrovy (Кедро́вый) is a town in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, situated in the valley of the Chusik River (Ob's basin). Population: 3,052 (2002 Census);

History
It was founded in 1982 and granted town status in 1987.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Kedrovy Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Kedrovy Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kedrovy Urban Okrug.

Transportation
There is an airport in the town.

title: Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast


text:
Strezhevoy

Strezhevoy (Стрежево́й) is a town in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located on the shores of the Ob River's canal. Population:

History
It was founded in 1966 as a settlement near the village of Strezhevoy and was granted town status in 1978.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Strezhevoy Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Strezhevoy Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Strezhevoy Urban Okrug.

Economy and infrastructure
Joint-stock company Tomskneft, a Tomsk-based oil production company controlled by Rosneft, is located in Strezhevoy, and the town grew up around the company's expanding needs. Most of the town's housing and all of its major public amenities were constructed around the company's needs in the 1960s and 1970s.

Transportation
It is served by the Strezhevoy Airport.

title: Strezhevoy