text:
User talk:Juliet316

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 17:27, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Juliet316


text: User talk:169.147.3.25

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:169.147.3.25


text:
Arryx

Arryx, Inc. was a company that developed tools and technology for manipulation and measurement on the micro and nano length scales. Arryx's technology and products centered around optical trapping. They specialized in holographic optical trapping, a technique for creating and moving many optical traps at once. Their technology was commercialized in the form of a flagship research tool, the BioRyx 200 optical trapping system. Arryx has investigated the application of the technique to an array of problems in different fields including telecommunications, agriculture, healthcare, basic research, and forensics.

Arryx was founded in the fall of 2000, based on technology invented at the University of Chicago by Professor David G. Grier and his student Eric R. Dufresne a couple years earlier. Their BioRyx 200 system was released in early 2002 and won an R&D 100 Award later that year. An IR version of the system was released in 2004 for broader application to biological systems, with support of additional imaging methods including fluorescent microscopy.

In July 2006, Arryx was acquired by Haemonetics, with whom they had an ongoing partnership. On April 30, 2013, Arryx ceased operations, although Haemonetics pledges to continue to support the service agreements for Arryx products.

title: Arryx


text:
User talk:Icairns

January 2012
Your recent editing history at Field hockey shows that you are in danger of breaking the three-revert rule, or that you may have already broken it. An editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Breaking the three-revert rule often leads to a block.

If you wish to avoid being blocked, instead of reverting, please use the article's talk page to discuss the changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection. You may still be blocked for edit warring even if you do not exceed the technical limit of the three-revert rule if your behavior indicates that you intend to continue to revert repeatedly. Intoronto1125 Talk Contributions  20:58, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * It's OK - it doesn't count if you are vandalising. Ian Cairns (talk) 20:59, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing for a period of 24 hours for your disruption caused by edit warring and violation of the three-revert rule at Field hockey. During a dispute, you should first try to discuss controversial changes and seek consensus. If that proves unsuccessful you are encouraged to seek dispute resolution, and in some cases it may be appropriate to request page protection. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the text below this notice, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Courcelles 21:14, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If you were not an admin, I would have pulled your rollback ability for this incident, as you have greatly misused the rollback tool. Courcelles 21:17, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

If you wish to declare hockey = Ice Hockey, then fine. Hockey used to be dependent on the dominant usage. Ian Cairns (talk) 21:18, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * You made four reverts, you grossly misused rollback (and I remind you that WP:ROLLBACK says that in case of repeated misuse, ArbCom may revoke someone's adminship, as the only way to remove rollback from an admin is a desysop, so this mis-use of your administrator access), and declared without basis that another editor was vandalizing. Any editor would have gotten blocked for what you did, and that you're an admin has zero meaning in cases of WP:3RR violations. Possessing admin access is not diplomatic immunity. Courcelles 21:26, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Sadly, I cannot clear my username. I have no wish to be part of this. There was a consensus. An editor changed the consensus. I reverted. I was blocked. I was prevented from cvlearing my username. Ian Cairns (talk) 21:28, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * PS: I said the user was vandalising above - no-one disagreed. No-one is supporting my position - I want out. Ian Cairns (talk) 21:30, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I am no diva - goodnight. Ian Cairns (talk) 21:31, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Good grief, getting blocked for edit warring is not the end of the world. Just avoid edit warring in the future, and nobody will really care. Reaper Eternal (talk) 21:32, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The user broke existing consensus - I reverted. He had me blocked. No-one believed me. Goodnight. The moment I can edit my user page again, I will clear and exit. I have no wish to be part of this. I am no diva. I am real. Ian Cairns (talk) 21:35, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Could any admin reading this please unprotect my user page, and I will remove myself, as mentioned above. Thanks, Ian Cairns (talk) 21:51, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Regarding WP:DIVA and WP:Hitler, please can I refer you to my user page User:Icairns where I hope I assured the world that I was not stuck up. Any assertion to the contrary needs proof. Ian Cairns (talk) 21:54, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The user is obviously in North America, where "hockey" generally refers to ice hockey; it was extremely naive, to put it mildly, to assume that this must be the case the world over, but people sometimes do stupid things. I can't deny that your handling of the ridiculous edit left a lot to be desired, but it would be a great shame if you were to quit over something that could be so easily resolved by discussion. HJ Mitchell  |  Penny for your thoughts?  21:58, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comments - I thought so too. However, it seems that Wiki rules work in mysterious ways. Maybe I could have handled it better - If I had an indefinite amount of time, I could have handled many things better than I may have. I accept your characterisation of the user's editing - it concurs with my description of my documented motivation to correct the issues raised. However, this was not enough to prevent me being blocked. Maybe my vision of an Anglo-American WP future is short-sighted; maybe Wikipedia is becoming North American because of the overwhelming numbers. If so, I am in the wrong place. I need out. I insist that I am no diva. I have been 110% committed to the WP ideal - until now. I appreciate your support above - but you are now in a smaller community of WP editors. Ian Cairns (talk) 22:15, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Please note that user Icairns, with the above "blot" on his editing record, will not be re-joining Wikipedia. As soon as I am able to edit again, I will resign / withdraw. I do not take lightly to walking away from 7-8 yrs editing (and a 25/0/0/ admin vote) - but I will not stand accused of failing to engage an errant user in content dispute discussions when I clearly did so. Others may think this a 'not the end of the world' matter, but I do. Ian Cairns (talk) 23:49, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Block log barnstar

 * I'd like to apologise to anyone who followed my career in Wikipedia - I actually cared. It saddens me that we are now going to get a Canadian-centric view of Hockey going forward. I played hockey (=field hockey for any Canadians listening) for over 25 yrs. There was a consensus that we would call / use "hockey" for the dominant form in each particular country. It is now de facto = ice hockey. This isn't the Wikipedia I joined. Good luck everyone! Ian Cairns (talk) 21:44, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I've attempted to resign on the Bureaucrats' noticeboards, but am currently prevented. I will do so when next enabled or if anyone wishes to edit the board on my behalf. Thanks, 22:00, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

My imminent departure
Editor: 7 yrs 9 months, 19 days (>2850 days) Admin: 6 yrs 11 months 17 days (>2500 days) Edits: 76,800+ (>26 per day) plus all the thousands of interwiki tool edits.

No WP:DIVA, No WP:Hitler, no WP:SOAPBOX.

Say hello, wave goodbye. Ian Cairns (talk) 23:02, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Category:Old Lancastrians
Category:Old Lancastrians, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 16:51, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Category:Old Paludians
Category:Old Paludians, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 13:00, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

New cfds regarding "Old Fooians"
Further to the above from BrownHairedGirl, two new cfds propose the renaming of some twenty categories. Most of those who took part in last year's cfd "Former pupils by school in the United Kingdom" seem unaware of them, so I am notifying all those who took part in that discussion, to improve the quality of the discussion by broadening participation to more fully achieve consensus. Please consider contributing here and here. Moonraker (talk) 13:42, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Dutch Wikipedia

The article Dutch Wikipedia has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable website, per WP:NOTABLE, composed of first-hand sources.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:41, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Genealogics templates

A tag has been placed on Template:Genealogics photo and Template:Genealogics descent requesting that they be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion because they are deprecated or orphaned templates. After seven days, if they are still unused and the speedy deletion tags have not been removed, the templates will be deleted.

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Possibly unfree File:Alexanderspotswood.jpg
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Category:Metaphysical cosmology
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Notice of change
Hello. You are receiving this message because of a [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Administrators&oldid=526254016#Restoration_of_the_tools_.28proposal.29 recent change] to the administrator policy that alters what you were told at the time of your desysopping. The effect of the change is that if you are inactive for a continuous three year period, you will be unable to request return of the administrative user right. This includes inactive time prior to your desysopping if you were desysopped for inactivity and inactive time prior to the change in policy. Inactivity is defined as the absence of edits or logged actions. Until such time as you have been inactive for three years, you may request return of the tools at the bureaucrats' noticeboard. After you have been inactive for three years, you may seek return of the tools only through WP:RFA. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 00:20, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Category:Companies associated with ICL
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Just to let you know
You have been mentioned at Missing Wikipedians. XOttawahitech (talk) 18:32, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Category:Foundation degrees
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Orphaned non-free media (File:SGSbadge.png)
Thanks for uploading File:SGSbadge.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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File:Icairns.jpg listed for deletion
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Category:Artists by publisher
Category:Artists by publisher, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 19:47, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Precious
  "I have been 110% committed to the WP ideal"

Thank you, editor "110% committed to the WP ideal", with knowledge of European languages, for quality articles such as Roger Elliott and succession, Institute of Cancer Research and other places of higher learning, for fighting vandalism and warning users, for gnomish work such as moving articles and creating stubs, redirects and categories, for, - repeating: you are an awesome Wikipedian (12 January 2010) and sadly missed!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 12:43, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

File:Rogerelliott.jpg listed for discussion
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File:Granvilleelliott3.jpg listed for discussion
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Emila Dering listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Emila Dering. Since you had some involvement with the Emila Dering redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Stefan2 (talk) 18:31, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Genealogics
Template:Genealogics has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 14:25, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

File:Granvilleelliott3.jpg listed for discussion
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 * File:Rogerelliott.jpg

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Nomination of Elastance for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Elastance is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Elastance until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. The Banner talk 22:32, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Please see my proposal to upmerge an "Accidental explosion disasters" category

 * Upmerge Category:Accidental explosion disasters in the United States into Category:Industrial fires and explosions in the United States Hugo999 Hugo999 (talk) 01:51, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Category:Musical groups by numbers has been nominated for discussion
Category:Musical groups by numbers, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 07:29, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:SI dimensionless units
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Category:Chancellors by university has been nominated for discussion
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Today's Wikipedian 10 years ago
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:11, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of River Broadwater for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article River Broadwater is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:934 births

A tag has been placed on Category:934 births requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.

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Category:Recipients of the Order of the Dooranee Empire has been nominated for upmerging
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Nomination of Catherine Killigrew for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Slug (projectile)

The article Slug (projectile) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "dictionary definition MOS:NOTDIC"

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. rsjaffe talk  23:25, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:4-polytopes
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Latest stable software release/Apache HTTP Server
Template:Latest stable software release/Apache HTTP Server has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:39, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Category:Chevaliers of the Order of Merit (Ukraine) has been nominated for discussion
Category:Chevaliers of the Order of Merit (Ukraine) has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Baronnet (talk) 13:10, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Comprehensive schools in England

A tag has been placed on Category:Comprehensive schools in England indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

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CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Qwerfjkl talk  09:33, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. –Aidan721 (talk) 19:59, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Deletion discussion about Dilly Braimoh
Hello Icairns, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia.

While your contributions are appreciated, I wanted to let you know that I've started a discussion about whether an article that you created, Dilly Braimoh, should be deleted, as I am not sure that it is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia in its current form. Your comments are welcome at Articles for deletion/Dilly Braimoh (2nd nomination).

Deletion discussions usually run for seven days and are not votes. Our guide about effectively contributing to such discussions is worth a read. The most common issue in these discussions is notability, but it's not the only aspect that may be discussed; read the nomination and any other comments carefully before you contribute to the discussion. Last but not least, you are highly encouraged to continue improving the article; just be sure not to remove the tag about the deletion nomination from the top.

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(Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

 Velella  Velella Talk 13:48, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Icairns


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Internet Infidels

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled The Internet Indidels (since moved to Internet Infidels).

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

 * Delete - advert for web page - Tεx τ urε 17:31, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Isn't even spelled correctly. That said, the online library at Infidels.org is cited as a source in several Wikipedia articles, and the site has an Alexa pagerank of 43,358. They could probably stand having an article. Just not this one, nor at this title. -- Cyrius|&#9998 20:17, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notorious POV site, no encyclopedic value. Indeed, they're being quoted on Wikipedia (e.g. in Judaism), but they really don't deserve a writeup here. JFW | T@lk  22:26, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The writeup needs to be NPOV'd and the title needs to be fixed.  But other then that it is a notable site. --Starx 23:59, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, what Starx said. Yes, the site is POV, but an article about the site can be NPOV. Bryan 00:17, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Is this a mis-spelling of Internet Infidels which is a pretty impressive network of atheist sites, internet indidels doesn't get many Google hits. So keep, but move, and rewrite. Duncharris 18:35, May 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Moved to Internet Infidels, rewrote slightly, added stub message. Still needs more content, but it's a start. Keep. --Pyro 15:23, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Black drop effect

The black drop effect is an optical phenomenon visible during a transit of Venus and, to a lesser extent, a transit of Mercury.

Description
Just after second contact, and again just before third contact during the transit, a small black "teardrop" appears to connect Venus's disc to the limb of the Sun, making it impossible to time the exact moment of second or third contact accurately. This led to the failure of the attempts during the 18th century transits of Venus to establish a truly precise value for the astronomical unit.

The black drop effect was long thought to be due to Venus's thick atmosphere, and indeed it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere. However, it is now thought by many to be an optical effect caused by the combination of the extreme darkening of the Sun's disk near its apparent edge and the intrinsic imperfection of the viewing apparatus.

Observing Mercury simultaneously during its transit in May 1832 with different instruments, Bessel and Argelander noticed a black drop effect (though the term had not been coined yet) with that instrument of less resolution. With precise measurements, a black drop effect was observed from outside the Earth's atmosphere during the 1999 and 2003 transits of Mercury, although Mercury has no significant atmosphere.

transit of Venus, many observers reported that they did not see the black drop effect, or at least that it was much less pronounced than had been reported in earlier centuries' transits. Larger telescopes, better optics, and limb darkening may have been factors.

1832 Mercury transit
The Shuckburgh telescope of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London was used for the 1832 transit of Mercury. It was equipped with a micrometer by Dollond and was used for a report of the events as seen through the small refractor. By observing the transit in combination with timing it and taking measures, a diameter for the planet was taken. They also reported the peculiar effects that they compared to pressing a coin into the Sun. The observer remarked:

title: Black drop effect


text:
Agave amica

Agave amica, formerly Polianthes tuberosa, the tuberose, is a perennial plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, extracts of which are used as a note in perfumery. Now widely grown as an ornamental plant, the species is native to Mexico.

Etymology
The common name derives from the Latin tuberosa through French tubéreuse, meaning swollen or tuberous in reference to its root system.

Description
The tuberose is herbaceous, growing from underground tubers or tuberous roots. It produces offsets. The leaves are a dull green and about 1 – long and up to 0.5 in wide at the base. They are slightly succulent. The inflorescence is a spike, reaching up to 3 ft high, with pure white waxy flowers. The flowers are tubular, with a tube up to 2.5 in long, separating into six flaring segments (tepals) at the end, and are strongly fragrant. There are six stamens, inserted into the tube of the flower, and a three-part stigma.

The double-flowered cultivar 'The Pearl' has broader and darker leaves, and shorter flower spikes, usually reaching only 1.5 –. Orange-flowered forms of the species have been reported. As well due to crossing with other species there are now yellow, pink, red and greenish forms.

Taxonomy
The species was first described for science by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as Polianthes tuberosa. In 1790, Friedrich Kasimir Medikus moved the species to the genus Tuberosa as Tuberosa amica. Both morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Polianthes is embedded within the larger genus Agave, and the genus is now included in a broadly circumscribed Agave. Two incorrect attempts were made to name the species when transferred to Agave. In 1999, Joachim Thiede and Urs Eggli published the name "Agave tuberosa". However, Philip Miller had published this name in 1768, for the species now called Furcraea tuberosa, so it cannot be used again, and Thiede and Eggli's name is illegitimate. In 2001, Thiede and Eggli published a replacement name (nomen novum), "Agave polianthes". However, since Medikus's Tuberosa amica is considered to be a synonym of Polianthes tuberosa, its epithet is the second oldest and according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants should be used when the older epithet is unavailable. Hence Thiede and Eggli's second name is superfluous, and the correct name for the species within Agave is Agave amica, as was explained by Thiede and Rafaël Govaerts when they published this combination in 2017.

Distribution
The tuberose is believed to be native to central and southern Mexico. It is no longer found in the wild, probably as a result of being domesticated by the Aztecs. It is currently grown in many tropical and temperate countries. It is also found in Tamil Nadu (சம்பங்கி) in south of India. Polianthes tuberosa is the only Polianthes species in commercial cultivation.

In perfumery
The overwhelming fragrance of the tuberose has been distilled for use in perfumery since the 17th century, when the flower was first transported to Europe. French Queen Marie Antoinette used a perfume called Sillage de la Reine, also called Parfum de Trianon, containing tuberose, orange blossom, sandalwood, jasmine, iris and cedar. It remains a popular floral note for perfumes, either in stand-alone Tuberose fragrances or mixed floral scents, but it generally must be used in moderation because the essence is overpowering and can become sickly to the wearer.

Others
In India and Bangladesh they are widely used in making flower garlands which are offered to the gods or used as wedding ornaments.

While once associated with funerals, it is now used in floral arrangements for other occasions.

In Indonesia, tuberose flowers are also used in cooking.

In Hawaii, they are one of the main flowers used in the construction of leis. Some others are plumerias, ginger, orchids, and pikake (jasmine).

Cultivation

Tuberoses can be overwintered outdoors in hardiness zones 8-10. In colder zones, tuberoses are grown as summer annuals, in pots or mixed-flower borders where they can be enjoyed for their scent. To flower the plants require around 4 months of warm temperatures from the time the rhizome is planted. Gardeners usually start the rhizomes in pots in greenhouses beginning in late-winter or early spring, moving them outdoors in late spring once frost danger has passed. If they are started directly in the ground at this time, they may not bloom until September, greatly reducing the period in which their blooms may be enjoyed. Once the foliage begins to yellow in October, the leaves should be clipped, the rhizomes dug and stored in a cool, dry and dark place for the winter.

The most popular variety is a double-flowered cultivar known as 'The Pearl' that grows to 2.5 ft tall and features pale pink buds opening to cream. The more common variety is called 'Mexican Single', which, although not as decorative as 'The Pearl', makes for a longer lasting cut flower.

Tuberoses were especially beloved by Louis XIV of France, who had them planted in the hundreds in the flower beds of the Grand Trianon at Versailles so that the scent was overpowering, which no doubt helped cover the smells from the poor sanitation of the palace. They were grown in clay pots and planted directly in the ground; to keep the perfume consistently strong new specimens were rotated in, sometimes daily.

title: Agave amica


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Talk:Oriental Shorthair

“What’s up with the completely racist content in the introductory paragraph?” — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:101:BBC0:B54E:8855:D11A:E16D (talk) 04:35, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

Photo
I have an Oriental Shorthair (ebony-ticked variant coat tabby) with two Grand Champion parents; he's not perfect to type, obviously, or he wouldn't have been sold as a pet (dangling tummy pouch and too-Roman nose were his flaws) but certainly good enough for illustrative purposes. I'm going to be trying to take a photo of him for Wikipedia, though getting him to not act up for the camera is rather hard ... —Morven 17:36, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Update: the darn creature will not stand still long enough to be photographed in other than resting poses. I uploaded one of the latter.  I'll try with an assistant to distract him at a later time ... —Morven 19:14, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Pictures
Rather than simply having a section called "great pictures", it would be helpful if the pictures were included in the individual sections to illustrate the colors and pattersn. (Great idea, by the way, to break those out individually.) --LQ 13:58, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Origins section
The bicolor reference is unclear. Currently it says:

 * It was not until 1977 that the Oriental Shorthair was accepted for competition into the CFA. In 1985, the CFA recognized the bicolor oriental shorthair. The bicolor is any one of the accepted oriental shorthair color patterns with the addition of white to the belly, face, and legs/paws.

Does that mean that the bicolor was "recognized" as its own competition/breed in CFA? Or that it was recognized as one of the acceptable types of the OSH? Someone with more knowledge than me should rewrite the entry for clarity.--LQ 14:05, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oriental Shorthair


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Buttress

A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall. Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings, as a means of providing support to act against the lateral (sideways) forces arising out of inadequately braced roof structures.

The term counterfort can be synonymous with buttress and is often used when referring to dams, retaining walls and other structures holding back earth.

Early examples of buttresses are found on the Eanna Temple (ancient Uruk), dating to as early as the 4th millennium BC.

Terminology
In addition to flying and ordinary buttresses, brick and masonry buttresses that support wall corners can be classified according to their ground plan. A clasping or clamped buttress has an L-shaped ground plan surrounding the corner, an angled buttress has two buttresses meeting at the corner, a setback buttress is similar to an angled buttress but the buttresses are set back from the corner, and a diagonal (or 'French') buttress is at 135° to the walls (45° off of where a regular buttress would be).

The gallery below shows top-down views of various types of buttress (dark grey) supporting the corner wall of a structure (light grey).

title: Buttress


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Conservative Party (South Africa)

The Conservative Party (Konserwatiewe Party) was a far-right South African political party that sought to preserve many aspects of apartheid in the system's final decade, and formed the official opposition in the white-only House of Assembly in the last seven years of minority rule. It declined quickly after apartheid ended, before being merged with the Freedom Front in 2004.

Foundation and early support
It was formed in 1982 by 23 MPs from the ruling National Party who opposed Prime Minister PW Botha's reforms to apartheid and power sharing proposals, that resulted in the Tricameral Parliament, which they saw as a threat to white minority rule, and the racial segregation known as Separate Development. It was led by Andries Treurnicht, a former Dutch Reformed Church minister popularly known as 'Doctor No'. The CP's English-language programme booklets from 1987 to 1989 stated that the party was established "to continue the policy of self-determination after the [NP] government had exchanged self-determination" (something the CP described as an "infallible policy"), for power-sharing. It drew support from white South Africans, mostly Afrikaners in the rural heartlands of South Africa. All members of the new party that belonged to the Afrikaner Broederbond had to leave that organization as they were not welcome anymore.

Official opposition
It became the official opposition in the whites-only House of Assembly of South Africa in the elections of 6 May 1987, when it surpassed the liberal Progressive Federal Party, winning 550,000 votes. Donald Simpson, writing in the South African newspaper, The Star, went as far as to predict that the National Party would lose the next election and that the Conservative Party would become the new government of South Africa.

In the local elections of 1987 the Conservative Party won 60 municipalities out of 110 in the Transvaal, and 1 out of 4 in the Orange Free State. The Conservative Party received 45% of the Afrikaner votes and 7.5% of the English-speaking votes. It won 50% of the Afrikaner vote in the Transvaal and Orange Free State provinces in the 1989 general elections. It won 40% of the White popular vote in the Transvaal, and 45% in the Orange Free State provinces in the 1989 elections.

In the late 1980s, the party established links with the British conservative anti-communist pressure group, the Western Goals Institute.

Opposition to negotiations to end apartheid
In the general election of 1989, the last before non-racial elections, the party strengthened its vote to 31.52% of the white electorate and 41 seats in the House of Assembly.

The Conservative Party led the "no" campaign during the 1992 referendum, when white South Africans were asked to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms started by the government. Apart from Treurnicht, the official Leader of the Opposition, and Clive Derby-Lewis, the Shadow Finance Minister, the no side was supported by former President P W Botha, who denounced de Klerk's reforms as irresponsible and perilous to the stability of the country. The result was a defeat for the "no" side, when 68% of white voters voted "yes".

Clive Derby-Lewis was found guilty in 1993 (under the emergency legislation enacted by the House of Assembly) of involvement in the assassination of South African Communist Party leader Chris Hani. In 1997, party leader Ferdi Hartzenberg testified before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that the assassination had been carried out on the party's behalf.

Post apartheid decline and dissolution
Its support rapidly declined after majority rule in 1994. The decision not to participate in the first non-racial parliamentary elections in 1994 resulted in much of its support base defecting to the newly formed Freedom Front, another party of similar views which had been joined by one of its MPs Pieter Mulder. In the 1995–1996 municipal elections, the CP won 57 seats (out of 11 368) and a mere fraction of the votes compared to the FF and the NP.

In 2002, the Conservative Party became more active again after a largely dormant period. The party gained two seats at local level in the North West province when councillors representing a regional party joined the CP, and in the 2003 floor crossing period a Freedom Front MPL defected to the CP, giving the party one seat in the Gauteng Provincial Legislature. This was followed by several more defections from FF members at regional or branch level. Party leader Hartzenberg explained that the CP had re-considered its stance not to contest elections. However, it soon became apparent that increasing its participation within the modern South African political system meant that it would merge with the larger Freedom Front, now led by Mulder, to form the Freedom Front Plus. Besides Mulder, two other former Conservative Party MPs, Corné Mulder and Pieter Groenewald, also serve as Freedom Front Plus MPs.

The merger was consolidated when its remaining two municipal councillors joined the FF+ during the September 2004 floor crossing period, thus bringing a formal end to the Conservative Party.

Legacy
A new political party was founded by former members of the Conservative Party on 16 April 2016, with similar beliefs, policies and logo, namely the National Conservative Party of South Africa.

title: Conservative Party (South Africa)


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South Havra

South Havra (Sooth Haevra; Hafrey), formerly Hevera, is an uninhabited island in the Scalloway Islands, Shetland, Scotland.

Geography and geology
South Havra lies south of Burra and west of the southern peninsula of the Mainland.

The island's rock is "epidiotic syenite with undifferentiated schist and gneiss."

The soil is fairly fertile, but the lack of running water meant that, unusually for Shetland, the islanders resorted to building a windmill to grind corn.

Geological features on the island include caves and natural arches.

Little Havra is to its west.

History
Olaf Sinclair, foud (a kind of magistrate) of all Shetland lived here in the 16th century.

The island's ruined windmill is an unusual sight in the Shetland Islands, especially as some have pointed out, that the Dutch were amongst the archipelago's most frequent visitors.

At the censuses of 1871 and 1881 South Havra had a population of 32 and 35, respectively. The island has been uninhabited since 1923. Previously the population was big enough to support a school.

title: South Havra


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List of NASCAR tracks

This is a list of tracks which have hosted a NASCAR race from 1948 to present. Various forms of race track have been used throughout the history of NASCAR, including purpose-built race tracks such as Daytona and temporary tracks such as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.

NASCAR national series race tracks
The following is a list of race tracks currently used by NASCAR as part of its NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, or NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series for the 2024 racing season.

 * Bold – Indicates exhibition race.

Defunct or inactive regular NASCAR tracks
The following tables list all of the tracks previously used by NASCAR at least two times. Most of these racetracks are now closed or demolished.

Key to tables

 * Track: Name of the track. Either the current name of the track (as it exists today) or the last known name of the track is shown.
 * Type and layout: Approximate course length (in miles), shape, and surface type. For course length, the last known measurement provided by NASCAR is shown. Note that this figure may differ in various sources depending on the method that NASCAR or other sanctioning bodies have used to measure the track.
 * Location: The state (or province, for Canadian tracks) and city (or nearest city) where each track is located.
 * Named race(s): For many years, specific names have been given to races during a given season as a way of marketing the event. Where these names are known, they are noted next to the seasons in which that name was used.
 * Season(s): NASCAR seasons in which the track hosted an event. Note that only points-paying races are counted as part of a given series' season; tracks where additional exhibition or special races have been held are included in a separate table.
 * Notes: Any additional information or clarification that may be useful. This includes details on the track's current status, or whether the track saw further use in other NASCAR series.
 * Permanently closed or demolished tracks are marked with grey background.

Tracks used one time for NASCAR championship event
The following table shows all tracks that had only one single points paying event in NASCAR (Cup, Xfinity, Trucks) and were not visited again. Some racetracks are temporary and were built on airfields or fairgrounds or in stadiums.

Other tracks used by NASCAR
This table includes tracks used by NASCAR solely for exhibition races, non-points races or other special events that were not part of any regular NASCAR season.

title: List of NASCAR tracks


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Talk:Korean adoptee

I am creator/author of the sites from which some of the content is taken from http://www.geocities.com/kadnation/kadnation.html

Sunny Jo midnight.sun@canada.com sunny_jo888@yahoo.com

This should possibly be merged with International adoption of South Korean children. Saforrest 16:19, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Although the article might need some NPOV work, the politics behind this writing is lovely. --Yonghokim 23:58, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I made some edits to this page because I felt that the conception of KAD identity that the page presented was artificially unitary and somewhat outdated. While the first generation of KADs certainly may have faced experiences of aggressive assimilation and strong feelings of isolation/inferiority, I do not feel that those experiences are uniformly characteristic of the KAD experience today, at least in the US. Emphasizing notions of "inferiority" risks mischaracterizing the adoption process as normatively "bad," and fails to capture the complexities of KADs' ongoing negotiation of issues of identity, culture, and belonging. It also fails to recognize the increasingly enthusiastic efforts that adoptive families today are making to embrace Korea and Korean culture in their lives. Furthermore, KADs today have very diverse experiences and feelings about Korea, Korean culture, and identity -- some strongly identify themselves as Korean, some as Korean-American (or whatever the appropriate post-hyphen adoptive country is), some as simply American (again, or whatever their adoptive country is), etc. GroupX 15:46, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Your comments are a perfect example of KADpropriation - the appropriation of KAD identity and issues by non-KADs who are using them for their own purposes and agendas. Also note how the article is NOT called US KADs or American KADs, so the use of "Korean Americans" is inappropriate. Instead, the point should come across by using terms such as "local Korean communities" or something similar. In short, your editions are both KADpropriation and Americentrism.

Assertions about Susanne Brink
I think there's reason for concern that the statements made about Susanne Brink in this article -- specifically the unsourced allegations, presented as fact, that "the accusations of abuse and racism in the movie to are false" {sic} and that Brink "has been neglecting and abusing her own daughter" -- might fall under Wikipedia's "Biographies of living persons" category (see Biographies_of_living_persons). Accusations of child abuse are a very serious matter. Can someone provide a specific source for these statements? Cactus Wren 11:31, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Susanne Brink passed away on 23rd January 2009. Santoki (talk) 14:18, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Although the article could benefit from a 'make over' (e.g. adding of references), I agree that it is valuable in it's current form. I've taken the liberty of conducting some minor corrections and changing KAD (Korean Adoptee) into SKIAD (South Korean International Adoptee). Although 'Korean-American' is a recognized ethnic category in the US, I would refrain from involving North Korea in the large scale emigration of adoptee's from South Korea in the post Korean War era. One important distinction between North and South Korea is: (han'guk/South Korea) and (Choseon/North Korea). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kibeco (talk • contribs) 19:15, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't understand why you would just go ahead and change KAD to SKIAD. First at all KAD is an abbreviation that is being used by many Korean adoptees. Secondly there are no adoptees from North Korea, which means that it's automatically clear who you are referring to in case of using KAD. I will change back the abbreviation to KAD. Santoki (talk) 08:14, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

References are needed and NPOV
There are no references on this page in proper form. It also lacks some NPOV, so I think it needs an overhaul. How about replacing the clean up tag with those two tags? I'll give this a week. --Hitsuji Kinno 14:23, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Strongly Biased
This article is strongly biased and to say the least, misleading. It needs an overhaul. E.g. the use of Korean Adoptee, should be changed into Korean International Adoptee etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kibeco (talk • contribs) 16:36, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

While this article is extremely valuable and informative, I would agree that it reads somewhat biased. Many KAD's have never known a life outside of the one they were raised in. While I respect those who believe in "biological heritage," I personally find the notion incredulous and a bit offensive. The fact that I might "look Asian" means I must be from Asia, and be familiar with Asian culture? Nonsense.

Many people raised by adopted parents would not trade the life they have had for anything. The experiences we have growing up defines us as the people we are today. The article implies that accepting that, and being happy with our "fully assimilated" identities is somehow a "bad thing." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.156.53.217 (talk) 23:04, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Taking out PoV again
So I took out the PoV and another person couldn't understand why I took out the PoV statements because they were referenced. It's because not all KADs feel the same way. I also put in a global perspective and it was taken out. I bothered to reference that. Sorry, but this is NOT just international adoptions. There are also domestic KADs too. KAD does NOT just refer to international adoptees. So stop effing up the article and putting back PoV statements and taking out that the Korean government has been encouraging domestic adoption. Stop navelgazing. Because not all KADs feel the same way. So that's why I took those opinions out. Because I don't feel that way. Because others don't 100% feel that way. And maybe it's not about whiteness. Because you're ignoring people like GOWE, who is a Korean adopted to Chinese parents. Stop making sweeping statements that are untrue.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 18:43, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korean adoptee


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PAD

PAD written in all-caps, such as in an acronym, may refer to:

Media and entertainment

 * Peter Allen David, American writer
 * Poker After Dark, a poker television show which features sit and gos and cash games
 * Puzzle & Dragons, a 2012 Japanese mobile game developed by GungHo Online Entertainment

Organizations

 * Pädagogischer Austauschdienst, a German scholastic exchange service
 * Pakistan Association of the Deaf, a Pakistani organisation representing deaf people
 * Pakistan Association Dubai, a Pakistani expatriate organisation
 * People's Action for Development, an Indian NGO
 * People's Alliance for Democracy, a political group in Thailand
 * Phi Alpha Delta, a fraternity
 * Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea

Computing

 * Packet Assembler/Disassembler, a communications device
 * PAD, a C1 control code used for padding
 * Portable Application Description, a document format
 * Program-associated data, a type of broadcast information

Medicine and psychology

 * PAD emotional state model, a psychological model based on pleasure, arousal and dominance
 * Peripheral artery disease, a vascular disease that causes ulcers (wounds) to develop on the legs and feet
 * Peroral anti-diabetics, a group of medications to treat diabetes mellitus
 * Pre-Operative Autologous Donation, when a patient's own blood is taken for possible use during surgery

Other technologies

 * Prithvi Air Defence, a missile

Transport

 * PAD, London Paddington station's station code
 * PAD, Paderborn Lippstadt Airport's IATA code

Other uses

 * Pontoon Assembly Detachment of the U.S. Navy Seabees
 * Pre-Authorized Debit or direct debit, a financial transaction in which one withdraws funds from another person's account

title: PAD


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Talk:Piano sextet

A few comments:
1) The piece by Chausson really is entitled Concert, not Concerto. It was Chausson's first major public success, receiving an extremely enthusiastic response from audiences, critics, and fellow musicians alike after its premier in Brussels in 1892. Chausson uses the term Concert in his diary when he writes of the work, and the first edition published in Paris by Rouart, Lerolle & Cie uses the title Concert en R&eacute majeur. The French word for "concert" is "concert"; the French word for "concerto" is "concerto". Please do not "correct" the "typo". I think it is fair to say that, along with the string quartets of Debussy and Franck, Chausson's Concert remains one of the best-known and most popular works of French 19th century chamber music. The mistranslation of Concert continues to haunt the work.

2) There seems to be some question as to whether the piano sextet actually exists as a distinct genre of chamber music. Since the term is in use, albeit perhaps infrequently, I think it makes sense to have a page on it. However, a possible alternative would be to fold the current piano sextet page into the sextet page, and create a redirect from piano sextet to sextet. I am not going to do this, since I prefer the current arrangement, but if this page meets with widespread opposition, then I will not protest too vehemently.

3) Because I view this as a minor genre, I kept the original entry brief. If, however, we are going to have a list (which I now feel is a good idea), then let us use a uniform format. I have tried to impose one, leaving logical blanks only where I was unaware of the required information.

4) I have rewritten the text, attempting to retain the key points introduced by Camembert, but stripping away some redundancies and inaccuracies that had crept in. For example, with the works list now at ten entries (and growing?), we can no longer claim that there are only a "handful" of compositions. An error of 100% is unacceptable.

Physicist 17:42, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * To be fair, it didn't actaully say "a handful" but "a few", but I take your point, and agree your version is better.

 * Basically I think this page is OK, and I don't want it to be removed or merged or anything like that. However, I do have a bit of a problem with it.

 * The thing is, while it's true in one way that a "piano sextet" can be anything written for a piano and five other instruments, the title implies more than just that (at least it does to me). It implies similar things to what "string quartet" implies: a piece of chamber music, something more than a miniature, probably in multiple movements, for a piano and five other diverse instruments, in a broadly classical idiom, in which each instrument is more or less an equal partner.

 * I think the Chausson is particularly troublesome in this regard. I admit I don't know the piece at all, but from what I can gather, the piano and violin are treated as solo instruments with the string quartet accompanying them. That's quite different to a piece made up of equal partners, as suggested by the name "sextet". Martinu's La revue de cuisine is another one which troubles me a little; it is a ballet score, and while I would certainly be happy to call it a ballet score for sextet, I'd balk at actually calling it a sextet.

 * Now, that said, I agree that this is a nice page - it's good to have a list of pieces for piano and five other instruments - and "piano sextet" is probably a better title for it than "pieces of music scored for a piano and five other instruments". So could we, perhaps, keep the page here, but make it clear than some - maybe even most - of these works wouldn't normally be called "piano sextets"?

 * Sorry, I feel like I've whittered on for far too long there about something of relatively little consequence. Been one of those days... --Camembert

title: Talk:Piano sextet


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Jacquie O'Sullivan

Jacquie O'Sullivan (born 7 August 1960) is an English singer and songwriter, best known as a member of the pop group Bananarama from 1988 until 1991, replacing Siobhan Fahey, who left in early 1988. The line-up with O'Sullivan had UK top five hits with "I Want You Back" (1988) and a cover of The Beatles' "Help!" (1989), recorded with comedy duo French and Saunders for the charity Comic Relief. In 1989, O'Sullivan joined the group on their first world tour. Prior to Bananarama, O'Sullivan was the lead singer of the band Shillelagh Sisters.

Early years
O'Sullivan appeared in the music video for the song "Visage" performed by Visage, in 1981. She also appeared in the music video for Eurythmics' 1983 hit single ""Who's That Girl?"", with the original Bananarama members also being featured in the video. O'Sullivan joined the country/punk/rockabilly group Shillelagh Sisters in early 1983. It was "a sort of a fun band, a kind of trendy band". The band name came about courtesy of their Irish connections. They released their first single "Give Me My Freedom" in April 1984. The band's dissatisfaction with their record label CBS, along with differences between the band members, led to the band's demise in late 1984. O'Sullivan later stated that she felt the records they released "weren't very good".

1988–1991: Breakthrough with Bananarama
In March 1988, she was chosen by Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward (who had known O'Sullivan since they were eighteen) to become a member of Bananarama, as a replacement for outgoing member Siobhan Fahey, who also approved of the choice. Bananarama's hit streak continued with the addition of O'Sullivan. They re-recorded the vocals for the songs "I Want You Back" and "Nathan Jones" with O'Sullivan to replace versions previously recorded by Fahey. The group scored eight consecutive Top 40 hits in the UK with O'Sullivan.

She appeared on Bananarama's fund-raising cover of The Beatles' "Help!" for Comic Relief alongside comedians French and Saunders and Kathy Burke, who appeared as Lananeeneenoonoo. The record peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart in 1989. She also participated in Band Aid II's 1989 re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?".

O'Sullivan's only songwriting credit with Bananarama appeared on the song "Love, Truth and Honesty" from the compilation album Greatest Hits Collection.

In 1991, Bananarama recorded the album Pop Life, the only full-length album on which O'Sullivan appeared. Later that year, O'Sullivan left the group, a decision that was amicable with Dallin and Woodward. O'Sullivan later stated in interviews that her role in Bananarama was that of a paid employee and that she was given no say in the creative, musical or visual direction of the group. She said that this lack of input, along with the continued emphasis by the music press that she was the "new girl" and constant questions of "How does it feel to replace Siobhan?", contributed to her exit.

When French and Saunders parodied Bananarama in their 1988 Christmas special as "Lananenenoonoo", O'Sullivan was portrayed by Kathy Burke as "Kim". O'Sullivan's perceived lack of input into the group was used as a source of humour, with Kim ignored and dismissed in interviews and group discussions.

1992–96: Slippry Feet
When she left Bananarama, O'Sullivan formed the disco act Slippry Feet from 1992 to 1996. They recorded songs for a record titled Freak Time Viewing and then disbanded.

2001–present: New management, Freak Time Viewing and The Jacquie O Collection
In 2001, O'Sullivan signed a three-album deal with AlmaFame Records, featuring unreleased songs from throughout her music career. The first release in late 2001 was the Slippry Feet album Freak Time Viewing. In early 2002, the Shillelagh Sisters album, Sham'Rock & Roll, was released and a third album, tentatively titled The Jacquie O Collection, featuring new songs and re-recordings of her hits with Bananarama, was announced but the record label folded and nothing was released.

In 2005, she appeared briefly on the second video clip (also called 'whitey version') of Siobhan Fahey's song "Pulsatron".

1994–2015: Yoga teacher and massage therapist
O'Sullivan went to India and in 1994 trained to be a yoga teacher. She continued to teach and on her travels has taught yoga all over the world. She continued with her yoga education, taking teacher training with the Prana Yoga College.

title: Jacquie O'Sullivan


text:
Repository

Repository may refer to:

Archives and online databases

 * Content repository, a database with an associated set of data management tools, allowing application-independent access to the content
 * Disciplinary repository (or subject repository), an online archive containing works or data associated with a particular subject area
 * HAL (open archive), an open archive where authors can deposit academic documents
 * Information repository, a central place in which an aggregation of data is kept and maintained in an organized way, usually in computer storage
 * Institutional repository, an archive for keeping digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution
 * Open-access repository, a platform for freely available research results

Publications

 * The Repository, a newspaper in Ohio
 * Ackermann's Repository, a British periodical published 1809–1829

Software

 * Repository (version control), a data structure which stores metadata for a set of files or directory structure
 * Software repository, a storage location for software packages

title: Repository


text:
National Council of Provinces

The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) is the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa under the (post-apartheid) constitution which came into full effect in 1997. It replaced the former Senate, but is very similar to that body, and to many other upper houses of legislatures throughout the world, in that its purpose is to represent the governments of the provinces, rather than directly representing the people.

Composition
The NCOP consists of ninety delegates, ten delegates for each of the nine provinces regardless of the population of the province. Each province is equally represented in the NCOP.

A provincial delegation is composed of six permanent delegates and four special delegates. The party representation in the delegation must proportionally reflect the party representation in the provincial legislature, based on a formula included in the Constitution.

The permanent delegates are selected by the nine provincial legislatures. The four special delegates include the Premier of the province and three other delegates. They are nominated by each province from the members of the provincial legislature and are contingent on the subject matter being considered by the NCOP. The premier leads the province's delegation in the NCOP, but they can choose any of the others delegates to head of the delegation in their absence.

The South African Local Government Association is also part of the NCOP. SALGA has 10 delegates who may partake in the debates and other activities, but they do not vote.

Current composition
After the elections of 29 May 2024, the new provincial legislatures met on 13 and 14 June 2024 to elect NCOP delegations. The first sitting of the NCOP took place on 15 June 2024. The delegations elected are described in the following table.

Role in the legislative process
The NCOP may consider, amend, propose amendments to, or reject the legislation. It must consider all national bills, and also has the power to initiate legislation in the functional areas where Parliament and the provincial legislatures have concurrent legislative power.

The NCOP has four decision-making mechanisms depending on the type of bill:
 * Section 74 bills; they may not deal with any matters other than constitutional amendments and matters related to the amendments. A bill that amends section 1 of the constitution (which defines South Africa as a constitutional democratic republic), or amends the Bill of Rights, or amends any constitutional provision affecting the NCOP itself, provincial boundaries or powers, or other specifically provincial matters, must be passed by the NCOP. Each delegation has one vote, and six of the nine delegations must approve the bill for it to pass. Other constitutional amendments do not have to be passed by the NCOP, but they must be debated publicly in the NCOP.
 * Section 75 Bills; These bills are managed with regard to the process specified in section 75 of the Constitution. When voting on these Bills, delegates vote individually. The Bill is approved when a simple majority of delegates vote for the Bill.
 * Section 76 Bills; Bills that concern the provinces are mainly those that correlate with areas of combined national and provincial legislative powers. These Bills are dealt with in the provision of the procedure in section 76 of the Constitution. When voting on these bills, the nine provincial delegations vote in line with the instruction communicated to them by their respective provincial legislatures. Each delegation has one vote. The Bill is approved if a majority of delegations vote for the Bill.
 * Section 77 Bills; These are Bills which cover the appropriation of money, the enactment of national taxes, levies, duties or surcharges. They are handled with reference to the process delineated in section 77 of the Constitution. Delegates vote individually. The Bill is accepted when the majority of delegates vote to approve it.

Chairperson and deputy chairperson
The office of President of the Senate was succeeded by the office of chairperson of the National Council of Provinces in 1997. The inaugural holder of the position was Mosiuoa Lekota. He served as chairperson from 1997 to 1999. The chairperson is elected from the permanent delegates for a five-year term. The election of the chairperson is presided over by the Chief Justice of South Africa. The Chief Justice can, however, designate another judge to preside. The chairperson, in turn, presides over the other elections that takes place in the chamber. The legislative body also elects a permanent deputy chairperson. A second deputy chairperson is elected for a one-year term. The position rotates between the nine provinces, enabling the provinces to have its members elected second deputy chairpersos.,

The chairperson chairs all the sittings of the National Council of the Provinces. If the chairperson is not present at the sittings, the deputy chairperson or House Chairpersons can preside over the sitting of the chamber.

The current chairperson is Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane who took office on 15 June 2024. The following people have served as chairperson of the NCOP:

Chairperson of the Committees
The chairperson of the committees is appointed by the members of the legislature. The position holds the following roles, including presiding over the meeting of the committee of chairpersons, approve the budget and expenditures of the committees and to preside over sittings of the House, when requested or when the chairperson and deputy chairperson are not available.

Chief Whips and Party Whips
Whips represent their individual parties' interests and ensure the discipline of their members. They also ensure that their parties function effectively. There are two Chief Whips who are official office bearers, the Chief Whip of the majority party and the Chief Whip of the largest opposition party. The smaller parties have Senior Whips assisted by a number of whips. The Chief Whips are formally appointed by the chairperson. The Chief Whip of the majority party is responsible for the detailed arrangement of the legislative business.

Leader of the Opposition
The position is designated to the leader of the largest opposition party in the legislature. Cathlene Labuschagne of the Democratic Alliance has been serving as Leader of the Opposition since her election in September 2016.

title: National Council of Provinces


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Richard Rush

Richard Rush (August 29, 1780 – July 30, 1859) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat who served as the 8th United States Attorney General from 1814 to 1817 and the 8th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1825 to 1829. He served as John Quincy Adams's running mate on the National Republican ticket during the 1828 United States presidential election.

He served as Attorney General of Pennsylvania in 1811 and as Comptroller of the Treasury during the James Madison administration. Rush became one of Madison's closest advisers during the War of 1812 and Madison elevated him to United States Attorney General in 1814. Rush remained in that position after James Monroe took office. He served as the acting Secretary of State briefly in 1817 and negotiated the Rush–Bagot Treaty, which limited naval forces on the Great Lakes.

Rush served as the ambassador to Britain from 1818 to 1825. He negotiated the Treaty of 1818 which set the boundary between the U.S. and Canada and had discussions with George Canning that led to the announcement of the Monroe Doctrine. He served as minister to France from 1847 to 1849. He helped establish and served on the board of regents for the Smithsonian Institution.

Early life and education
Rush was born on August 29, 1780, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the second son, and third child, of Benjamin Rush and Julia (Stockton) Rush, daughter of Richard Stockton and Annis Boudinot Stockton. He entered the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University) at the age of 14, and graduated in 1797 as the youngest member of his class. He studied law in the practice of William Lewis and was admitted to the bar in 1800.

Rush married Catherine Eliza Murray on the fall of 1809. They were the parents of eleven children including the lawyer and writer Benjamin Rush and Union Army colonel Richard H. Rush.

Career
As a lawyer, Rush first gained attention with a speech he gave which condemned the British naval attack during the Chesapeake-Leopard affair. In 1811 he was appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania. He successfully acquitted William Duane in a libel suit brought forth by the Pennsylvania Governor Thomas McKean. His popularity prompted an offer to run for Congress but he declined. In November 1811, President James Madison appointed Rush Comptroller of the Treasury.

From the position as Comptroller of the treasury, albeit a subordinate position, Rush functioned as one of President Madison's closest friends and confidential advisors throughout the War of 1812. Rush was on the field of battle along with Madison during the Battle of Bladensburg. He was one of the War Hawks who advocated war with Britain. In 1814 Madison offered Rush the choice of Secretary of the Treasury or Attorney General of the United States, and Rush chose Attorney General. With his appointment as Attorney General, Rush became the youngest person to serve in that office. Rush served as United States Attorney General from 1814 to 1817. At this time the attorney generalship was a part-time position, and so Rush also maintained his private law practice while in this office. He edited Laws of the United States, which codified all the federal statutes implemented between 1789 and 1815.

He was acting Secretary of State briefly in 1817. During this time Rush concluded the Rush-Bagot Convention, which demilitarized the Canadian boundary on the Great Lakes.

In October 1817, Rush was appointed Minister to Britain to succeed John Quincy Adams, who had taken the position of Secretary of State upon his return. He remained in Britain for almost eight years, and negotiated a number of important treaties, including the Treaty of 1818.

In 1823, Rush negotiated with George Canning over British proposals that the two countries issue a joint declaration against French involvement in Spain's rebelling American colonies, but Britain would not agree to American demands for recognition of the newly independent republics, leading to the separate American declaration of the Monroe Doctrine. He wrote about his experience as Minister to Britain in A Residence in the Court of St. James.

Upon the election of John Quincy Adams in 1825, Rush (having made a study of Britain, and the British Navy in particular, while he was there) desired to become the Secretary of the Navy. Adams, however, immediately nominated him for the post of 8th Secretary of the Treasury, which he accepted.

In 1828, he was a candidate for Vice President on the re-election ticket with John Quincy Adams, but was defeated.

In 1829, he went overseas at the behest of the cities of Alexandria, Virginia, and Georgetown, to secure funds for the construction of a canal connecting the Chesapeake Bay and the Ohio River.

In 1836, President Andrew Jackson sent him to England as Commissioner to secure for the United States the legacy left the government by James Smithson. He was successful in this undertaking, bringing to this country the sum of $508,318.46, which would eventually be used to establish the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Rush later became one of the first regents of the institution.

After a short time with the Anti-Masonic Party, in the later 1830s Rush became a member of the Democratic Party. He was opposed to anti-slavery sentiments because he believed they threatened the stability of the Union.

In 1847, Richard Rush was appointed as Minister to France by President James K. Polk. When his negotiations were interrupted by the overthrow of King Louis-Philippe, he was among the first foreign diplomats to recognize the new French Second Republic.

Societies
Rush was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. In 1817, Rush elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. During the 1820s, Rush was a member of the prestigious society, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, who counted among their members former presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions.

Death and legacy
He died in Philadelphia on July 30, 1859, and was interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Five United States Coast Guard vessels were named in his honor:
 * USRC Richard Rush 1831 Morris-Taney class cutter
 * USGC Richard Rush 1874 Dexter-class cutter
 * USRC Rush 1885 revenue cutter,
 * USS Rush II (WSC-151) 1927 cutter
 * USCGC Rush (WHEC-723) 1969 Hamilton-class cutter

The USCGC Rush (WMSM-918) Heritage-class cutter is under construction and scheduled for delivery in 2026.

Publications

 * Thoughts on the Administration of Justice in Pennsylvania., Philadelphia: Hopkins and Earle, 1809
 * Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1833
 * Two Letters on Public Subjects., Philadelphia: L.R. Bailey, Printer, 1851
 * Washington in Domestic Life. From Original Letters and Manuscripts., Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Co., 1857

title: Richard Rush


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Utility cooperative

A utility cooperative is a type of cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity, water or telecommunications to its members. Profits are either reinvested for infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are dividends paid on a member's investment in the cooperative.

Each customer is a member and owner of the business. This means that all members have equal individual authority, unlike investor-owned utilities where the extent of individual authority is governed by the number of shares held. Like cooperatives operating in other sectors, many utility cooperatives conduct their affairs according to a set of ideals based on the Rochdale Principles. Some utility cooperatives respect the seventh principle, Concern for community, through Operation Roundup schemes, whereby members can voluntarily have their bill rounded to the next currency unit (e.g. $55.37 becomes $56), with the difference (e.g. 63¢) distributed to a fund for local charities.

Many such cooperatives exist in the rural United States and were created by the New Deal to bring electric power and telephone service to rural areas, when the nearest investor-owned utility would not provide service since it believes that there would be insufficient revenue to justify the capital expenditures required. Many electric cooperatives have banded together to form their own wholesale power cooperatives, often called G&Ts for "generation and transmission", to supply their member-owners with electricity.

Many utility cooperatives strive to bring the best service at the lowest possible cost, but the high cost of maintaining the infrastructure that is needed to cover large rural areas without the support of large cities as a rich customer base often causes high prices. However, a few such co-ops have managed to tap into urban markets because of growth into previously rural territory served by the co-ops, and they have proven to be very cost-effective. More recently, established energy co-ops have offered with national coverage. Co-operative Energy in the United Kingdom and Enercoop in France are examples of consumer cooperatives. Other co-ops have formed to concentrate on the generation of renewable energy, especially wind energy co-operatives.

North America

There are two types of electric cooperatives: distribution cooperatives and generation and transmission (G&T) cooperatives. Distribution electric cooperatives serve end-users, such as residences and businesses, who make up their membership. Generation and transmission cooperatives typically sell wholesale power to distribution cooperatives and are cooperative federations owned by their member co-ops.

Naming
Most electric cooperatives in the United States include the phrase "electric cooperative" in their name, which makes it easy to identify their organization. Most cooperatives have a name that identifies or explains some aspect of their service area. For example, Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative in Texas is named after the Bluebonnet which grows naturally in its service area. Lyntegar Electric Cooperative, also in Texas, is named for the three original counties that came together to organize it, Lynn County, Terry County, and Garza County, and A&N Electric Cooperative in Virginia, is named so because it serves Accomack County and Northampton County. For years after the Rural Electrification Administration was established, many rural residents in the US called cooperatives "REA", regardless of their actual name, and would in turn say they were served by REA instead of the cooperative name if asked who their electric provider was. Today, some cooperatives, either by choice or by the guidance of state charter laws, carry a variation of the cooperative name. These include:

 * Electric Cooperative Association
 * Electric Membership Cooperative (EMC) - used in many states, such as Indiana, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama
 * Electric Power Association (EPA) - mainly used in Mississippi
 * Energy Cooperative
 * Power Cooperative
 * Rural Electric Association
 * Rural Electric Cooperative
 * Rural Electric Cooperative Corporation (RECC) - mainly used in Kentucky
 * Rural Electric Membership Corporation (REMC)

Several states have another variation of the utility cooperative, known as Public Power Districts (PPDs) in Nebraska and Public Utility Districts (PUDs) in Oregon and Washington. In both cases, the laws that created these "quasi-cooperative" utilities were created with the specific intent of taking over territory being served by privately owned power companies in those states. Nebraska's conversion from a mixture of power companies serving the state to a public power empire spanned the 1940s (the last privately owned utility line into the state being cut on December 29, 1949), with the creation of the PUDs in the Pacific Northwest starting about the same time and continuing with varying degrees of success over the following two decades. The key difference between a PPD/PUD and a cooperative is that PPDs/PUDs are publicly controlled by residents of a state or local area and run more like a municipal power system than a cooperative system. A cooperative is owned and operated by the customers they serve within their designated service area. Cooperative owners have voting rights to elect the cooperative's board members each year and generally have more say in the operations than other utility forms.

Peer associations
Small cooperatives often band together to achieve economies of scale, share expertise and stand together on regulatory issues. There are several statewide (and in Canada, province-wide) associations of cooperatives, including Kentucky and Nova Scotia. A cooperative of cooperatives, in which several smaller level cooperatives come together to form a bigger higher level cooperative, is called the secondary cooperative. Secondary cooperative is different from the association. Cooperative of secondary cooperative is called tertiary cooperatives. For example, each village may have a village level cooperative. Several village cooperatives may form a district level secondary cooperative in which village level cooperatives have a share. Several district level cooperatives may form a state level tertiary cooperative, and so on.

Europe
In 2013, REScoop, a European federation of energy co-operatives, both producers' and consumers', was launched. It has 11 members in seven countries.

In the UK, Co-operative Energy was established in 2010 by Midcounties Co-operative and supplies electricity and gas across the country.

Philippines
Electricity in most provinces of the Philippines are served by cooperatives, and all belong to the distribution sector, which serve the end customers, who own the cooperative themselves. Electric cooperatives in the Philippines are overseen by the government through the National Electrification Administration (NEA), and rates set by the cooperatives are regulated by the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC), an agency belonging to the Department of Energy (DOE).

Telephone cooperatives
Telephone cooperatives have today expanded beyond their historical role of providing fixed line telephone services, by also offering broadband and often cable TV services (via DSL, coaxial cable or optical fibre), and mobile/wireless services.

United Kingdom
The UK has a single telephone co-operative, The Phone Co-op, which provides fixed, mobile telephone and internet services, including web hosting and broadband. It is 100% owned by its customer-members who democratically control the business and who share in its profits. The co-op is a social enterprise and was awarded the title of UK customer-facing social enterprise of the year 2015.[1] The business is a living wage employer and is accredited to hold the Fair Tax Mark. It has over 30,000 customers.

United States
There are approximately 260 telephone cooperatives in the US, together employing approximately 23,000 and annual revenues of $3.9B. Many were formed during the New Deal in the 1930s, but some date to the turn of the 20th century. Most operate only one or a small number of exchanges, typically as an Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (ILEC), but some have become regional players through merger and now operate as Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLEC).

title: Utility cooperative


text:
Endre Szemerédi

Endre Szemerédi (born August 21, 1940) is a Hungarian-American mathematician and computer scientist, working in the field of combinatorics and theoretical computer science. He has been the State of New Jersey Professor of computer science at Rutgers University since 1986. He also holds a professor emeritus status at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Szemerédi has won prizes in mathematics and science, including the Abel Prize in 2012. He has made a number of discoveries in combinatorics and computer science, including Szemerédi's theorem, the Szemerédi regularity lemma, the Erdős–Szemerédi theorem, the Hajnal–Szemerédi theorem and the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem.

Early life
Szemerédi was born in Budapest. Since his parents wished him to become a doctor, Szemerédi enrolled at a college of medicine, but he dropped out after six months (in an interview he explained it: "I was not sure I could do work bearing such responsibility."). He studied at the Faculty of Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest and received his PhD from Moscow State University. His adviser was Israel Gelfand. This stemmed from a misspelling, as Szemerédi originally wanted to study with Alexander Gelfond.

Academic career
Szemerédi has been the State of New Jersey Professor of computer science at Rutgers University since 1986. He has held visiting positions at Stanford University (1974), McGill University (1980), the University of South Carolina (1981–1983) and the University of Chicago (1985–1986).

Work
Endre Szemerédi has published over 200 scientific articles in the fields of discrete mathematics, theoretical computer science, arithmetic combinatorics and discrete geometry. He is best known for his proof from 1975 of an old conjecture of Paul Erdős and Pál Turán: if a sequence of natural numbers has positive upper density then it contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. This is now known as Szemerédi's theorem. One of the lemmas introduced in his proof is now known as the Szemerédi regularity lemma, which has become an important lemma in combinatorics, being used for instance in property testing for graphs and in the theory of graph limits.

He is also known for the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem in incidence geometry and the Hajnal–Szemerédi theorem and Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem in graph theory. Miklós Ajtai and Szemerédi proved the corners theorem, an important step toward higher-dimensional generalizations of the Szemerédi theorem. With Ajtai and János Komlós he proved the ct2/log t upper bound for the Ramsey number R(3,t), and constructed a sorting network of optimal depth. With Ajtai, Václav Chvátal, and Monroe M. Newborn, Szemerédi proved the famous Crossing Lemma, that a graph with n vertices and m edges, where m > 4n has at least m3 / 64n2 crossings. With Paul Erdős, he proved the Erdős–Szemerédi theorem on the number of sums and products in a finite set. With Wolfgang Paul, Nick Pippenger, and William Trotter, he established a separation between nondeterministic linear time and deterministic linear time, in the spirit of the infamous P versus NP problem.

Awards and honors
Szemerédi has won numerous awards and honors for his contribution to mathematics and computer science. A few of them are listed here:
 * Honorary John von Neumann Professor (2021)
 * Grünwald Prize (1967)
 * Grünwald Prize (1968)
 * Rényi Prize (1973)
 * George Pólya Prize for Achievement in Applied Combinatorics (SIAM), (1975)
 * Prize of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1979)
 * State of New Jersey Professorship (1986)
 * The Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research (AMS), (2008)
 * The Rolf Schock Prize in Mathematics for deep and pioneering work from 1975 on arithmetic progressions in subsets of the integers (2008)
 * The Széchenyi Prize of the Hungarian Republic for his many fundamental contributions to mathematics and computer science (2012)
 * The Abel Prize for his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science (2012)
 * Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen (2020)

Szemerédi is a corresponding member (1982), and member (1987) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and a member (2010) of the United States National Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the Academia Europaea in 2022. He is also a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and a permanent research fellow at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics in Budapest. He was the Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology in 1987–88. He is an honorary doctor of Charles University in Prague. He was the lecturer in the Forty-Seventh Annual DeLong Lecture Series at the University of Colorado. He is also a recipient of the Aisenstadt Chair at CRM, University of Montreal. In 2008 he was the Eisenbud Professor at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California.

In 2012, Szemerédi was awarded the Abel Prize "for his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, and in recognition of the profound and lasting impact of these contributions on additive number theory and ergodic theory" The Abel Prize citation also credited Szemerédi with bringing combinatorics to the centre-stage of mathematics and noted his place in the tradition of Hungarian mathematicians such as George Pólya who emphasized a problem-solving approach to mathematics. Szemerédi reacted to the announcement by saying that "It is not my own personal achievement, but recognition for this field of mathematics and Hungarian mathematicians," that gave him the most pleasure.

Conferences

On August 2–7, 2010, the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics and the János Bolyai Mathematical Society organized a conference in honor of the 70th birthday of Endre Szemerédi.

Prior to the conference a volume of the Bolyai Society Mathematical Studies Series, An Irregular Mind, a collection of papers edited by Imre Bárány and József Solymosi, was published to celebrate Szemerédi's achievements on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Another conference devoted to celebrating Szemerédi's work is the Third Abel Conference: A Mathematical Celebration of Endre Szemerédi.

Personal life
Szemerédi is married to Anna Kepes; they have five children, Andrea, Anita, Peter, Kati, and Zsuzsi.

title: Endre Szemerédi