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List of people from Assam

This is a list of notable people from Assam, India.

Administrators, diplomats and justices
• Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, 5th president of India; first Assamese to be the president of India

• Devakanta Barua, first Assamese to be the president of Indian National Congress

• Ananda Ram Baruah, first Indian district magistrate in India; first person to qualify for the civil services (ICS) from Assam and sixth from India; first graduate from Assam; Sanskrit scholar

• Ranjan Gogoi, 46th Chief Justice of India, first Assamese and also the first person from northeast to held this prestigious position

• Bishnuram Medhi, Governor of Madras State from January 1958 to May 1964; first Assamese governor of an Indian state

• Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam before independence;Chief Minister after independence; politician; writer; first Bharat Ratna awardee from Assam

• Parbati Kumar Goswami, first Assamese Justice in Supreme Court of India

• Harishankar Brahma, first election commissioner of India from Assam and the second from North-East India

• Baharul Islam, judge of the Supreme Court of India

• Anowara Taimur, First lady Chief Minister of Assam

• Jamchonga Nampui, first person from Scheduled Tribe of Assam to qualify for the civil services (IAS)

Academicians and scholars
• Krishna Kanta Handiqui

• Nabakanta Barua

• Amalendu Guha

• Mamoni Raisom Goswami

• K M Baharul Islam, professor at Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, Fellow, Indian Institute of Advanced Study

• Jugal Kalita

• Mrinal Miri

• Bhabendra Nath Saikia

• Indira Miri

Actors and models
• Pramathesh Barua

• Jamuna Baruah

• Kashmiri Saikia Baruah

• Kenny Basumatary

• Jaya Battacharya

• Jaya Seal

• Ashima Bhalla

• Aimee Baruah

• Biju Phukan

• Devoleena Bhattacharjee

• Jupitora Bhuyan

• Barsha Rani Bishaya

• Seema Biswas

• Jatin Bora

• Kopil Bora

• Panchi Bora

• Pranami Bora

• Asha Bordoloi

• Parineeta Borthakur

• Plabita Borthakur

• Priyadarshini Chatterjee, Femina Miss India 2016

• Rewati Chetri

• Chetana Das

• Rimpi Das

• Tapan Das

• Utpal Das

• Angoorlata Deka

• Monikangana Dutta

• Zubeen Garg

• Amrita Gogoi

• Moloya Goswami

• Nishita Goswami

• Nipon Goswami

• Aideu Handique

• Ashraful Haque

• Diganta Hazarika

• Adil Hussain

• Baharul Islam

• Pabitra Rabha

• Rishi Kaushik

• Urmila Mahanta

• Shamin Mannan

• Mohini

• Moghai Ojah

• Rati Pandey

• Papon

• Prastuti Parashar

• Renu Saikia

• Brajanath Sarma

• Phani Sarma

• Ravi Sarma

• Arunima Sharma

• Dipannita Sharma

• Mahika Sharma

• Tara

• Zerifa Wahid

Film directors
• Jyoti Prasad Agarwala

• Pramathesh Barua

• Jahnu Baruah

• Munin Barua

• Manju Bora

• Bhupen Hazarika

• Zubeen Garg

• Reema Kagti

• Bhabendra Nath Saikia

• Phani Sarma

• Parvati Prasad Baruva

• Samarendra Narayan Dev

• Lakshyadhar Choudhury

• Suman Haripriya

• Rima Das

• Biswajeet Bora

• Rajni Basumatary

• Simple Gogoi

• Kenny Basumatary

Musicians
• Jyoti Prasad Agarwala

• Bishnu Prasad Rabha

• Bhupen Hazarika

• Parvati Prasad Baruva

• Dipali Barthakur, singer

• Khagen Mahanta

• Pratima Barua Pandey

• Rameshwar Pathak

• Parveen Sultana- singer

• Jayanta Hazarika - composer, singer

• Beauty Sharma Barua

• Rudra Baruah

• Jitul Sonowal - singer

• Manas Robin - composer

• Bhitali Das - singer

• Zubeen Garg - composer, singer

• Papon - composer, singer

• Joi Barua - singer

• Rupam Bhuyan - singer

• Sagarika

• Kalpana Patowary - singer

• Jim Ankan Deka - singer

• Dhrubajyoti Phukan

• Queen Hazarika - singer

• Mayukh Hazarika

• Padmanav Bordoloi - singer

• Simanta Shekhar - singer

• Anindita Paul - singer

• Anurag Saikia - composer

Activists

 * Kiran Bala Bora, freedom fighter and social activist
 * Muzammil Haque, first martyr of Madhyam movement.
 * Nabin Chandra Bardoloi, freedom fighter, social activist and writer
 * Akhil Gogoi
 * Hema Bharali, freedom fighter and social activist
 * Birubala Rabha, social activist
 * Chobilal Upadhyaya, freedom fighter and Nepali social activist

Journalists
• Siva Prasad Barooah

• Arnab Goswami

• Ananda Chandra Barua

• Radha Govinda Baruah, founder of The Assam Tribune

• Parag Kumar Das

• Gauri Shankar Kalita

• Mahendra Nath Deka Phukan

• Khiren Roy

• Wasbir Hussain

Writers

 * Amrit Bhushan Dev Adhikari
 * Ananda Chandra Agarwala
 * Chandra Kumar Agarwala
 * Jyoti Prasad Agarwala
 * Nabin Chandra Bardoloi
 * Debo Prasad Barooah
 * Amulya Barua
 * Ananda Chandra Barua
 * Binanda Chandra Barua
 * Chandradhar Barua
 * Hem Barua
 * Hem Barua (Tyagbir)
 * Hemchandra Barua
 * Jahnavi Barua
 * Jnanadabhiram Barua
 * Kanaklal Barua
 * Nabakanta Barua
 * Ananda Ram Baruah
 * Bhubanmohan Baruah
 * Padmanath Gohain Baruah
 * Parvati Prasad Baruva
 * Lakshminath Bezbaroa
 * Debananda Bharali
 * Chandra Bharati
 * Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya
 * Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
 * Nalinidhar Bhattacharya
 * Hiren Bhattacharyya
 * Bhattadeva
 * Nakul Chandra Bhuyan
 * Dhrubajyoti Bora
 * Mahim Bora
 * Satyanath Bora
 * Rajanikanta Bordoloi
 * Homen Borgohain
 * Abani Chakraborty
 * Saurabh Kumar Chaliha
 * Raghunath Choudhary
 * Ambika Charan Choudhury
 * Lakshyadhar Choudhury
 * Rebati Mohan Dutta Choudhury
 * Mithinga Daimary
 * Jogesh Das
 * Birendra Nath Datta (1935-)
 * Bhabananda Deka
 * Harekrishna Deka
 * Nalini Bala Devi
 * Robin Dey
 * Utpal Dutta
 * Srutimala Duara
 * Jatindra Nath Duwara
 * Bhusana Dvija
 * Pitambar Dvija
 * Gopalacharana Dwija
 * Ganesh Gogoi
 * Hiren Gohain
 * Gopaldev
 * Hemchandra Goswami
 * Sarat Chandra Goswami
 * Krishna Kanta Handique
 * Atul Chandra Hazarika
 * Dhruba Hazarika
 * Mafizuddin Ahmed Hazarika
 * Tabu Taid
 * Banikanta Kakati
 * Ananta Kandali
 * Madhava Kandali
 * Rudra Kandali
 * Durgabar Kayastha
 * Madhavdev
 * Syed Abdul Malik
 * Rongbong Terang
 * Kaliram Medhi
 * Gopala Mishra
 * Dimbeswar Neog (1899–1967)
 * Nilmani Phookan (1933-)
 * Anandaram Dhekial Phukan
 * Mitra Phukan
 * Arupa Kalita Patangia
 * Sarmistha Pritam
 * Anuradha Sharma Pujari
 * Bishnuprasad Rabha
 * Benudhar Rajkhowa
 * Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa
 * Khiren Roy
 * Bhabendra Nath Saikia
 * Sankardev
 * Hema Saraswati
 * Brajanath Sarma
 * Phani Sarma
 * Siddhartha Sarma
 * Imran Shah
 * Arun Sharma
 * Benudhar Sharma
 * Sonaram Chutia
 * Harivara Vipra

Poets
• Gopaldeva Bhawanipuria Aata (1551–1611)

• Hem Barua, Member of Parliament; poet and writer

• Hiren Bhattacharyya, poet

• Haribar Bipra (fl. 14th century)

• Nalinibala Devi, poet

• Ananta Kandali (fl. 16th century)

• Madhav Kandali (fl. 14th century)

• Madhavdev (1489–1596)

• Sankardev (1449–1568)

• Hem Saraswati (fl. 14th century)

• Jayadhwaj Singha (died 1663), Ahom King, poet

• Rudra Singha, Ahom King, poet

Historical figures
• Kanaklata Baruah

• Kumārila Bhaṭṭa

• Badan Chandra Borphukan

• Lachit Borphukan

• Chilarai

• Maniram Dewan

• Bagh Hazarika

• Kushal Konwar

• Joymoti Konwari

• Tarun Ram Phukan

• Sati Sadhani

• Kumar Bhaskara Varman

• Bhimbor Deori

Politicians
• Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, fifth President of India

• Badruddin Ajmal, President of All India United Democratic Front

• Atul Bora, Cabinet Minister; A Member of the Assam Legislative Assembly from the regional party Asom Gana Parishad.

• Abdul Matlib Mazumder, He was one among the prominent muslim MLA and also Cabinet Minister of Assam.As a Muslim leaders of eastern India, he also support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. Mazumdar along with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country.

• Pramod Boro, current CEM of BTC; president of UPPL

• Siva Prasad Barooah, politician, tea planter, philanthropist, and humanist

• Debakanta Barua, former president of Indian National Congress.

• Gopinath Bordoloi, first Chief Minister of independent Assam; freedom fighter; only Assamese to date who has been conferred the civil honour of Bharat Ratna by the Indian Government.

• Upendranath Brahma, Bodo-Fa, the father of Bodoland

• Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary, Bodo nationalist

• Bimala Prasad Chaliha, former Chief Minister of Assam

• Mahendra Mohan Choudhury, former Chief Minister of Assam; former Governor of Punjab

• Tarun Gogoi, former Chief Minister of Assam

• Bijoy Krishna Handique, former Union Minister of state

• Bhabesh Kalita, State President BJP Assam Pradesh

• Jogendra Nath Hazarika, former Chief Minister of Assam

• Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, former Chief Minister of Assam

• Bishnuram Medhi, former Chief Minister of Assam; former Governor of Madras State; first Assamese governor

• Santosh Mohan Dev, former Union Minister

• Hagrama Mohilary, ex-BLTF chief, former CEM of BTC

• Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary, former Governor of Meghalaya

• Ajanta Neog, Minister of Finance in Govt of Assam; first woman Finance Minister of Assam; Member of the Assam Legislative Assembly from Bharatiya Janata Party.

• Kabindra Purkayastha, former Union Minister

• Syed Muhammed Saadulah, first Chief Minister of Assam under British colonial

• Hiteswar Saikia, former Chief Minister of Assam, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Mizoram

• Himanta Biswa Sarma, current Chief Minister of Assam & Convener of the Election Management Committee; Cabinet Minister, Govt. of Assam (2002-2014) (2016-2021)

• Sarat Chandra Sinha, former Chief Minister of Assam

• Sarbananda Sonowal, Former Chief Minister of Assam; former Union Minister

• Syeda Anwara Taimur, first woman Chief Minister of Assam.

Religious leaders
• Kalicharan Brahma

• Rupnath Brahma

• Damodardev

• Ajan Fakir

• Pitambar Deva Goswami

• Madhavdev

• Sankardev

Archer

 * Jayanta Talukdar

Athletes

 * Tayabun Nisha
 * Bhogeswar Baruah, won gold medal at 1966 Asian Games
 * Hima Das

Badminton player

 * Dipankar Bhattacharjee, Indian badminton player
 * Ashmita Chaliha

Boxers

 * Jamuna Boro
 * Shiva Thapa
 * Lovlina Borgohain, won a bronze medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Bodybuilding

 * Mahadev Deka
 * Gautam Kalita

Cricketers

 * Abu Nechim, former Mumbai Indians fast bowler
 * Gokul Sharma
 * Riyan Parag, plays for Rajasthan Royals in IPL
 * Jogeswar Bhumij

Footballers

 * Debashish Roy, former Indian national footballer
 * Gilbertson Sangma, former Indian national footballer
 * Babul Phukan, former Indian national footballer
 * Jewel Bey, former Indian national footballer
 * Anjana Saikia, Indian national woman footballer
 * Holicharan Narzary, ISL and Indian national footballer
 * Alen Deory, ISL and Indian national footballer
 * Durga Boro, former ISL footballer
 * Baoringdao Bodo, ISL and Indian national footballer
 * Pranjal Bhumij, ISL footballer
 * Pragyan Gogoi, ISL footballer
 * Vinit Rai, ISL and Indian national footballer
 * Gaurav Bora, ISL footballer
 * Milan Basumatary

Tennis player

 * Somdev Devvarman

Table tennis player

 * Monalisa Baruah Mehta

Naturalists

 * Robin Banerjee
 * Ananda Chandra Dutta
 * Jadav Payeng
 * Anwaruddin Choudhury

Others
• Hemendra Prasad Barooah, entrepreneur, tea planter and philanthropist

• Jitendra Nath Goswami, astrophysicist

• Ranjit Barthakur, businessman

• Sailadhar Baruah, film producer

• Uddhab Bharali, inventor

• Nomal Chandra Borah, neurologist and founder of GNRC hospitals

• Harishankar Brahma, election commissioner of India

• Ramesh C. Deka, former Director of AIIMS

• Gunaram Khanikar, herbalist

• Achyut Lahkar, father of Assamese mobile theatre

• Tarun Ram Phukan, freedom fighter

• Joyanti Chutia, scientist, one of the only two women to head any scientific institution in India

• Sonaram Chutia, Vaishnav scholar, freedom fighter, educationist

• Anandita Dutta Tamuly, world record holder

• Nayandeep Deka Baruah, mathematician

• Anupam Saikia, mathematician

• Dhaniram Baruah, heart surgeon, popularly known as India's Pig Heart Doctor

title: List of people from Assam


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Talk:Exponential hierarchy

Can I ask for references where this concept is defined? I tried searching for "exponential hierarchy" on google but found a paper with a different definition. Andris 14:13, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I was relying on Papadimitriou, "Computational Complexity", page 498. The paper you cite is discussing the strong exponential hierarchy (which generalizes E and NE rather than EXPTIME and NEXPTIME). Gdr 11:23, 2004 May 20 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I found Papadimitriou's book and it's there. I am still wondering if the exponential hierarchy with quantifiers that he briefly defines on page 497 is the same as the one from page 498 that you quote. I will think about that. Andris 22:13, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, these two mentions of "exponential hierarchy" are in adjacent paragraphs and are referring to the same thing! Gdr 15:38, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

This article is extremely misleading. In every single paper I’ve seen, except for the (rather unclear, because it seems to use the term in two completely different meanings) offending quote from Papadimitriou, the unqualified term “exponential hierarchy” refers to one of the following two things:
 * $$\mathrm{EH}=\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty\Sigma^E_n$$, where $$\Sigma^E_n=\mathrm{NE}^{\Sigma^P_{n-1}}$$ (mind the P). One also defines $$\Pi^E_n=\mathrm{coNE}^{\Sigma^P_{n-1}}$$, $$\Delta^E_n=\mathrm E^{\Sigma^P_{n-1}}$$. Equivalently, a language L is in $$\Sigma^E_n$$ iff it can be written as
 * $$x\in L\iff\exists y_1\,\forall y_2\dots Qy_n\,R(x,y_1,\dots,y_n),$$
 * where $$R(x,y_1,\dots,y_n)$$ is computable in time $$2^{O(|x|)}$$ (which implicitly bounds the length of yi, so that I don’t have to write it in the formula above). Also equivalently, EH = ATIMEALT(2O(n),O(1)).

 * $$\mathrm{EXPH}=\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty\Sigma^{EXP}_n$$, where $$\Sigma^{EXP}_n=\mathrm{NEXP}^{\Sigma^P_{n-1}}$$, and again $$\Pi^{EXP}_n=\mathrm{coNEXP}^{\Sigma^P_{n-1}}$$, $$\Delta^{EXP}_n=\mathrm{EXP}^{\Sigma^P_{n-1}}$$. Equivalently, a language L is in $$\Sigma^{EXP}_n$$ iff it can be written as
 * $$x\in L\iff\exists y_1\,\forall y_2\dots Qy_n\,R(x,y_1,\dots,y_n),$$
 * where $$R(x,y_1,\dots,y_n)$$ is computable in time $$2^{|x|^{O(1)}}$$ (which again implicitly bounds the length of yi). Equivalently, $$\mathrm{EXPH} = \mathrm{ATIMEALT}(2^{n^{O(1)}},O(1))$$.

We have $$\mathrm{EH}\subseteq\mathrm{EXPH}\subseteq\mathrm{EXPSPACE}\subseteq2\text{-}\mathrm{EXPTIME}$$ (in Papadimitrou’s notation; more commonly, 2-EXPTIME is denoted EEXP), so these hierarchies are much smaller than what this article defines. The so-called “strong exponential hierarchy” is yet something different, and I’ve only encountered it in the Hemachandra paper which shows that it collapses (and which, incidentally, also defines plain “exponential hierarchy” to stand for EH as above).—Emil J. 14:26, 9 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I fixed the article.—Emil J. 17:31, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Exponential hierarchy


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Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd

is a Welsh natural history organisation whose name commemorates the great Welsh natural historian, geographer and linguist Edward Llwyd (1660–1709).

The Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd organises regular country walks throughout Wales in sites of interest of the Welsh environment, including SSSIs and post-industrial landscapes. These are Welsh-language walking groups, although learners are just as welcome.

They also organise a variety of nature and environmental activities, including lectures, publications and conservation work. They have worked on collecting and documenting the names of natural species.

in 2010 society held a conference on Welsh toponymy, at which it was agreed to form the Welsh Place-Name Society.

title: Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd


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List of International League champions

The International League (IL) is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in the United States at the Triple-A level, which is one grade below Major League Baseball. A champion has been determined at the end of each season since the league was formed in 1884.

Through 1932, champions were usually the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the season. From 1933 to 2020, postseason playoffs were held to determine champions. Participants from 1933 to 1987 were usually the four teams with the highest winning percentages. From 1988 to 2020, the four qualifiers were the division winners and one or two wild card teams. The winner of each season's playoffs was awarded the Governors' Cup. These playoffs and the issuing of trophy were discontinued in 2021, when the winner was the team with the best regular-season record. In 2022, the league championship was determined by a single playoff game between the East and West division winners. Beginning with the 2023 season, the league adopted a split season format, in which the league championship is determined by a best-of-three playoff series between the winners of each half of the season, with the winner meeting the champion of the Pacific Coast League in the Triple-A National Championship Game.

The Rochester Red Wings have won 19 International League championships, more than any other team, followed by the Columbus Clippers (11) and the Baltimore Orioles, original Buffalo Bisons, and Toronto Maple Leafs (10). Among active IL franchises, Rochester has won 19 championships, the most of all teams, followed by Columbus (11) and the Durham Bulls and Syracuse Mets (8). During the era of the Governors' Cup playoffs from 1933 to 2020, the most cup titles were won by Columbus (11), followed by Rochester (10) and Syracuse (8).

Pre-playoff era (1884–1932)
The International League was founded in 1884. The modern circuit traces its roots from several predecessor leagues: the Eastern League (1884), New York State League (1885), International League (1886–1887), International Association (1888–1890), Eastern Association (1891), and Eastern League (1892–1911). It adopted consistent use of the International League name in 1912. After the cancellation of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the league was known as the Triple-A East in 2021 before reverting to the International League moniker in 2022.

A league champion has been determined at the end of each season. With few exceptions, champions from 1884 to 1932 were simply the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the regular championship season. The first league champions were the Trenton Trentonians, who won by four games over the Lancaster Ironsides in 1884. The 1891 and 1892 seasons were contested as split seasons or "double seasons". Under this format, the schedule was split into two parts. The team with the best record at the end of the first season won the first pennant. Standings were then reset so that all clubs had clean records to begin the second season. If the same team won both seasons, they were declared the league champion. This was the case in 1891 when the original Buffalo Bisons won both halves. If a different team won the second season, the two winners would meet in a playoff series to determine the champion. This happened in 1892 when the Binghamton Bingoes, winners of the second season, defeated the Providence Clamdiggers, winners of the first season, four games to two. In 1932, the Newark Bears became the last team to win the championship by virtue of winning the regular-season pennant before a recurring series of playoffs were instituted.

Governors' Cup era (1933–2020)
Frank Shaughnessy, general manager of the International League's Montreal Royals, was interested in developing a way for multiple clubs to share in the excitement of postseason play. His new playoff format, devised to maintain the interest of fans and players alike during the Great Depression, provided an opportunity for four teams to compete for the league's championship. In 1933, he introduced his plan to league president Charles H. Knappe, and the result was the Governors' Cup playoffs. Several other leagues noticed the success of the "Shaughnessy Plan" and began using the system as well.

The governors of Maryland, New Jersey, and New York and the lieutenant governors of the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, in which the league's eight teams were located at the time, sponsored a trophy to be awarded annually to the winner of the International League playoffs. The original trophy, designed by the supervisor of the league's umpires and silversmith W. B. Carpenter, was created out of solid silver. In 1988, IL president Harold Cooper donated the trophy to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, where it is on permanent display. A new trophy was minted in its place to be presented to the winner of the Governors' Cup playoffs.

Under this system, the top four teams in the league, based on winning percentage, competed for the championship. From 1933 to 1987, the first round typically consisted of a best-of-seven-games series between the first and fourth-place teams and a series between the second and third-place teams. The winners of these semifinals then faced one another for the championship in a best-of-seven series. The first Governors' Cup was won in 1933 by the original Buffalo Bisons, who defeated the Rochester Red Wings, 4–2. Sporadically from 1966 to 1980, one or both rounds were reduced to best-of-five series. From 1981 to 2020, both rounds were the best-of-five.

The IL utilized a divisional alignment for the first time in 1963. The first-place teams from each division, North and South, met in the first round, as did the second-place teams, with the winners meeting in the finals. The circuit reverted to having no divisions in 1964 but returned to the same playoff format with North and South Divisions for 1973 and 1974.

From 1988 to 1991, the International League held an interleague partnership with the American Association, called the Triple-A Alliance, in which they played an interlocking schedule, and the leagues' champions met in the Triple-A Classic. During this period, the IL was divided into East and West Divisions, and the division winners faced off in a best-of-five series to determine champions. After the dissolution of the Triple-A Alliance following the 1991 season, the International League maintained this divisional alignment but returned to having a semifinal round wherein the top two teams in each division played each other to qualify for the Governors' Cup finals.

The league was split into three divisions, North, South, and West, from 1998 to 2020. Under this arrangement, the three division winners and a wild card team, the team with the best second-place record, qualified for the playoffs. The best-of-five semifinals pitted the North Division winner against the wild card team, and the South and West Division winners against each other. The winners then played in a best-of-five round to determine the champion. The last team to win the championship this way was the Columbus Clippers, who won the last Governors' Cup in 2019. The 2020 season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Current era (2021–present)
The International League ceased operations before the 2021 season in conjunction with Major League Baseball's (MLB) reorganization of Minor League Baseball. In place of the International League, MLB created the Triple-A East, a circuit divided into three divisions, Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast. Prior to the 2022 season, MLB renamed the Triple-A East the International League, and it carried on the history of the IL prior to reorganization. Rather than hold playoffs for its championship, the Triple-A East's 2021 title was awarded to the team with the best regular-season record. The Durham Bulls won this championship by four-and-a-half games ahead of the Buffalo Bisons.

Along with these changes, all references to the Governors' Cup as the championship of the International League were discontinued and a different trophy was awarded. In 2022, the league was reorganized in East and West Divisions. Under this alignment, the winners of each division met in a single game to determine the league champion.

Beginning in 2023, the regular-season was split into two halves, and the winners of each half meet in a best-of-three series for the league championship.

2021–present
For the 2024 season, the Omaha Storm Chasers, champions of the first half of the season, will host the best-of-three championship series against the champion of the second half of the season.

Wins by team
Active International League teams appear in bold.

title: List of International League champions


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Alka Yagnik

Alka Yagnik (born 20 March 1966) is an Indian playback singer who works predominantly in Hindi cinema. One of the most prominent singers of 90s era Bollywood, she has received several accolades, including two National Film Awards, two Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards and a record seven Filmfare Awards for Best Female Playback Singer from a record of thirty-six nominations.

Yagnik is one of the most prolific female playback singers and artists, and has sung a large number of female solos in her Bollywood career. In her career spanning over four decades she has sung songs for more than thousand films and recorded over twenty-one thousand songs in over 25 different languages. Twenty of her tracks feature in BBC's list of top forty Bollywood soundtracks of all-time. She is ranked No.1 on the YouTube's Music Charts & Insights list of top global artists as of June 2024. She has been on the chart for years, with around 360-400 million views per week, around 18 billion views per year, an all-time unmatched record.

Yagnik has been recognised as the most streamed artist in the world by Guinness World Records with 15.3 billion YouTube views in 2022, with which some 12.3 billion or 80% are registered users from India, she is also the most listened to artist in Pakistan garnering 683 million views. The record book further reported that, "Kolkata-born Yagnik, 56, has been the most popular artist on the platform for the past three years, with 17 billion streams in 2021 and 16.6 billion in 2020."

Early life
Yagnik was born in Kolkata on 20 March 1966 to a Gujarati family. Her father's name is Dharmendra Shankar. Her mother Shubha was a singer of Indian classical music. In 1972 at age six, she started singing for Akashvani (All India Radio), Calcutta. At age 10, her mother brought her to Mumbai as a child singer. She was advised to wait until her voice matured, but her mother remained determined. On a subsequent visit, Yagnik got a letter of introduction to Raj Kapoor from his Kolkata distributor. Kapoor heard the girl and sent her with a letter to noted music director Laxmikant Shantaram Kudalkar. Impressed, Laxmikant gave her two alternatives – an immediate start as a dubbing artist or a later break as a singer; Shubha chose the latter for her daughter. Yagnik mentioned that she was a bright student but didn't like studies.

Career
Trained in the classical style, Yagnik began singing Bhajans for Akashvani (All India Radio), Calcutta at the age of six. Her first song was for the film Payal Ki Jhankaar in (1980). This was followed by Laawaris (1981) with the song "Mere Angane Mein", followed by the film Hamari Bahu Alka (1982). She got her big break with the song "Ek Do Teen" from the film Tezaab (1988). She has said that she had a high fever on the day she recorded "Ek Do Teen". The song won her the first out of seven Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer. In addition to Hindi, she has sung in more than twenty-five languages, including Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Marathi, Manipuri, Odia, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Tamil and Telugu, besides singing 15 Pakistani songs. She has also performed in live concerts around the world. In an interview with Mid-Day, Yagnik told that she records five songs daily during her time.

In 1993, Yagnik sang a seductive song "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai" with Ila Arun. The song created controversy because of the lyrics written by Anand Bakshi. She got a second Filmfare award for the song, which she shared with Ila Arun.

In 1994, she sang another seductive song "Din Mein Leti Hai" from the film Amaanat with co-singer Kumar Sanu and Ila Arun, composed by Bappi Lahiri and lyrics by Anwar Sagar. Besides the duet version, she also sang the female version of the song with Ila Arun. She has performed several shows with Kalyanji-Anandji and Laxmikant-Pyarelal.

Throughout the 90s Yagnik and Kavita Krishnamurthy were singing most of the songs for heroines.

Yagnik worked on private albums like "Tum Yaad Aaye" in 1997 in close collaboration with award-winning lyricist Javed Akhtar and composer Raju Singh, "Tum Aaye" in 2002 with Javed Akhtar and singer Hariharan and "Shairana" in 2003 with Javed Akhtar and singer-composer Shankar Mahadevan. She has also performed the Hanuman Chalisa and various devotional songs. Her song "Chamma Chamma" from China Gate was featured in the song "Hindi Sad Diamonds" from the soundtrack of the film Moulin Rouge!.

In 2012, she along with Sonu Nigam sang a song 'Shiksha Ka Suraj' as part of the National Literacy Mission of India for which she was felicitated by Union Minister For Human Resource Development Kapil Sibal. Also in 2012, on the occasion of 100 years of Hindi Cinema, her song "Taal Se Taal Mila" from the movie Taal was voted as the best song of the century in a poll conducted by DesiMartini, Hindustan Times and Fever 104. Also, her song "Choli Ke Peeche" from the movie Khalnayak was voted as the hottest song of the century in a poll conducted by Sanona.

Yagnik has also been involved in various projects to empower girls. In 2014, Yagnik again teamed up with Sonu Nigam to sing the song "Phool Khil Jayenge" for child health awareness. She also sang a song titled "Maine Li Jo Angdai" for the album Women's Day Special: Spreading Melodies Everywhere. It was composed by Farid Sabri, Harish Chauhan, and Gurudatt Sahil; and penned by Sudhakar Sharma.

In 2015, she sang 'Agar Tum Saath Ho'; she explained that the music director of the song, A.R. Rahman, wasn't present in the studio but gave her instructions on a Skype video call and told her she should sing the song her own way.

Yagnik shares the title for the greatest number of Filmfare Awards with Asha Bhosle (seven) by a female playback singer. She has sung 2,486 Hindi songs in 1,114 films. She is the fifth most prolific Bollywood singer of all time after Asha Bhosle (7886 songs), Mohammed Rafi (7405 songs), Lata Mangeshkar (5596 songs) and Kishore Kumar (2,707 songs). She is the third topmost female playback singer after Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhonsle who has sung the maximum number of female solos in her Bollywood career.

Artistry
Yagnik credits her mother as her first guru, who began singing at the age of four. Besides her mother, Alka learned singing from Kalyanji-Anandji and Laxmikant–Pyarelal. Although she has sung many genres of songs but according to Alka, her voice suits the romantic genre best. Alka has acknowledged veteran singer Lata Mangeshkar as her inspiration, She has sung romantic, sad, peppy, seductive and item number songs.

Yagnik has sung more than 9000 songs in over 300 films. Most of her duets were with Kumar Sanu, followed by Udit Narayan and Sonu Nigam. She sang maximum numbers of romantic songs with Kumar Sanu and flamboyant numbers of songs with Udit Narayan and she is known with Kumar Sanu and Udit Narayan, as the trinity of 90s playback singing.

In the media
Yagnik is cited as "the queen of playback singing". On Mother's Day 12 May 2019, Alka became the most-streamed Indian artist-mom on Spotify. The Times of India cited her as 'honey-voiced singer'. Hindustan Times mentioned her as "magical voice". Mid-Day included her in the list of notable 90s playback singers. One of the most well known and leading contemporary singer Sunidhi Chauhan once said that she can't even dream of getting where Lataji, Ashaji and Alkaji (Alka Yagnik) have reached.

Personal life
Yagnik married Shillong-based businessman Neeraj Kapoor in 1989, with whom she has a daughter named Syesha.

She lost her hearing ability in 2024.

Filmography
Besides singing, Yagnik also judged several singing reality shows on television.

She also appeared in Star Voice of India as a judge. She appears as a guest with Udit Narayan in Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs.

Awards and nominations
Yagnik has won several accolades including two National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her songs: "Ghoongat Ki Aad Se" from Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) and "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" from Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998). She has won a record seven Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her songs: "Ek Do Teen" from Tezaab (1988), "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai" from Khalnayak (1993), "Zara Tasveer Se Tu" from Pardes (1998), "Taal Se Taal" from Taal (2000), "Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se" from Dhadkan (2001), "O Re Chhori" from Lagaan (2002) and "Hum Tum" from Hum Tum (2005) from a record thirty-eight nominations. Additionally she has won two Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. For her contribution in the field of music, Yagnik was bestowed with the Lata Mangeshkar Award in 2019.

title: Alka Yagnik


text:
Udit Narayan

Udit Narayan Jha (born 1 December 1955) is an Indian playback singer whose songs have been featured mainly in Hindi films. He has also sung in various other languages including Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Bengali, Sindhi, Odia, Bhojpuri, Nepali, Malayalam, Assamese, Bagheli and Maithili. He has won four National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards with twenty nominations among many others. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2009 and the Padma Bhushan in 2016 for his contribution towards arts and culture. As many as 21 of his tracks feature in BBC's "Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time".

He got to sing with Mohammed Rafi in his Hindi playback debut in Unees-Bees in 1980 and also with Kishore Kumar in the 1980s. He finally made his mark in the 1988 film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla, his song "Papa Kehte Hain" was his notable performance which earned him his first Filmfare Award in the 1980s and he established himself in Bollywood Playback Singing. The soundtrack became one of the highest selling albums in the 1980s. The soundtrack was a breakthrough for the careers of Anand–Milind, as well as T-Series, one of India's leading record labels. after which he was one of the favourites of music directors. In the 1990s he sung for a thousands of songs including Hindi and Nepali languages.

Recognising his contribution, the King of Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev honoured him with the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu in 2001 after his contribution to Indian cinema and music, and Chitragupta Cineyatra Samman 2015 for his contribution towards Bhojpuri cinema. He is the only male singer in the history of the Filmfare Awards to have won in over three decades (the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s).

Early life
Udit Narayan Jha was born on 1 December 1955 in an ethnic Maithil Brahmin family to Harekrishna Jha, a Nepalese national, and Bhuvaneshwari Jha, an Indian national. In 2009, when Narayan was awarded India's fourth highest civilian honour Padma Shri, there were reports questioning his Indian citizenship, claiming that he was born in Nepal. However, Udit Narayan himself branded these reports as "completely false", and stated that he was born in the Baisi village of Supaul district in Bihar at his maternal grandparents' home near the India-Nepal border. When his acceptance of the Padma Shri led to his criticism in Nepal, he told the Nepalese daily Kantipur that he was "from Nepal but his mother's home was in Bihar." In a 2017 interview with the Indian magazine Outlook, he clarified that he was born in Baisi, and clarified that his father Harekrishna was a native of Bhardaha, Saptari District, Sagarmatha Zone (present-day Madhesh Province), Nepal on the border with India. In September 2018, Udit Narayan revealed at a ceremony held by the Bihar Jharkhand Association of North America, that he identifies as a Bihari.

Narayan studied at Jageshwar High School, Kunauli, Supaul, Bihar, India, where he finished his SSC and later obtained his intermediate degree from Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Campus of Tribhuvan University in Kathmandu, Nepal. His father Harekrishna Jha was a farmer and his mother Bhuvneshwari Devi was a folk singer who encouraged his career.

Personal life
In 2006, Ranjana Narayan claimed to be Narayan's first wife, but Narayan consistently denied it. Later, he accepted her as his wife and promised to provide for her maintenance. Narayan has been married twice, first to Ranjana Narayan Jha and then to Deepa Gahatraj. He began his relationship with Deepa Gahatraj while he was still married to Ranjana Narayan. Narayan and Deepa were married in 1985. With Deepa Gahatraj, he has one son, Aditya Narayan, who is also a playback singer.

Career
Narayan is one of the most prominent singers of Bollywood throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. He has been the on-screen singing voice for various Bollywood stars. He has sung for Bollywood actors Amitabh Bachchan, Rajesh Khanna, Dev Anand, Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar and Ajay Devgn. Most of his duets are with Alka Yagnik. He began his career in 1970 as a Maithili folk singer (staff artist) for Radio Nepal, singing mostly popular folk songs in Maithili and Nepali. Gradually, he started singing modern Nepali songs. After eight years, Narayan moved to Bombay on a musical scholarship for Nepalese from the Indian Embassy in Nepal to study classical music at Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan.

Narayan started his Bollywood career in 1980 when he was noted by music director Rajesh Roshan, who asked Narayan to playback sing for the Hindi film Unees-Bees. Narayan was given the opportunity to sing with the singer Mohammed Rafi. He sang for Devanand a couplet in Swami Dada.His first duet was in the film Sannata. Soon after, Narayan sang for a number of other films, including Bade Dil Wala in 1983, where he sang a duet with senior singer Lata Mangeshkar, composed by senior music director R. D. Burman. In the same year, Narayan sang with Kishore Kumar in the film Kehdo Pyar Hai. Another singer he sang with was Suresh Wadkar with music composed by Bappi Lahiri. A significant milestone in his career occurred in 1988 when Anand–Milind gave him the opportunity to sing all the songs for the Bollywood film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, with Alka Yagnik, which earned him a Filmfare Award. In a 2014 interview with The Times of India, Narayan said: "The song I've sung, "Manzilein", is the best song of my career after "Pehla Nasha", which gave me superstardom!". Narayan remained prolific through the 2000s, singing numbers in films such as Pukar, Dhadkan, Lagaan, Devdas and Veer-Zaara.

In 2002, Narayan sang "Bairi Piya" with newcomer Shreya Ghoshal, from the film Devdas, of which Rediff.com mentioned: "Narayan successfully captures the eternal romanticism of Devdas". In 2014, Narayan sang a song titled "Naa Hum Jo Kah De" along with Shreya Ghoshal, for the album Women's Day Special: Spreading Melodies Everywhere. The song was composed by Ram Shankar and penned by A. K. Mishra.

He competed with his closest professional rival Kumar Sanu who won five consecutive Filmfare awards in the 1990s.

Narayan's work has been praised by his contemporaries Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy and music director Ankit Tiwari. Mid-Day included him in the list of notable 90s playback singers. Narayan is considered one of the most prominent singers of his generation.

Other work
Narayan's friend Jiyand Nawab Deedag suggested he change his work from old to modern in order to be selected as a playback singer, but this did not work and, considering old films in 1973, Narayan sang a song for a Nepali film called Sindoor. This was a comedy song for the Nepali comedians GopalRaj Mainali (Chankhe) and Basundhara Bhushal (Nakkali). Narayan sang this song with Sushma Shrestha, now known as Poornima in Hindi films. Narayan has also acted in two Nepali films – Kusume Rumal  and Pirati in 1985. In 2004, he released his first non-movie Nepalese album, Upahaar, in which he sang duets with his wife Deepa Jha. Narayan has many solo albums as well, such as Bhajan Sangam, Bhajan Vatika, I Love You, Dil Deewana, Yeh Dosti, Love is Life, Jaanam,Jhumka de Jhumka, Sona No Ghadulo, Dhuli Ganga and Ma Tarini.

Narayan has performed in many stage shows in India and abroad and is the recipient of many awards. These include Screen Videocon Award, MTV Best Video Award and Pride of India Gold Award. In 2010, Narayan with Madhushree sang for the English independent film When Harry Tries to Marry.

Narayan also sang the title song for the TV show Yeh Duniyan Gazab Ki, with Kumar Sanu. In 2015 he was involved in a mega series campaign Melancholy, where 421 Nepali artists had sung a 33 minutes 49-second long environmental song, in which 365 artists set a Guinness World Record on 19 May 2016 at Radio Nepal Studio, Singhadurbar, Kathamandu. It is written, composed and directed by environmentalist Nipesh DHAKA.

Television
Narayan was on the panel of judges of Indian Idol 3 in 2007 with music composer Anu Malik and playback singer Alisha Chinai on Sony TV.

Narayan was on the panel of judges on Sony TV for Waar Parriwar, a reality show based on the bringing together of a singing gharana (family of singers). He shared judging duties with fellow playback singer Kumar Sanu and Jatin Pandit of the music duo Jatin–Lalit.

Narayan has appeared on Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star and Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs as a guest. In mid May 2024, he appeared as guest in Colors TV's Mangal Lakshmi for Kartik and Lakshmi's Sangeet caremony.

As an actor
Udit Narayan Jha acted in and sang all the songs in a 1985 Nepali film called Kusume Rumal which is one of the All Time Classics in Nepali film industry starring himself with Bhuwan K.C. and Tripti Nadakar, which spent 25 weeks on the box office top ten list and became the highest-grossing Nepalese film of all time until overtaken in 2001 by another Tulsi Ghimire film, Darpan Chaya.

Work with other singers
Udit Narayan career started in 1980 and flourished during 90's. During the huge span of playback singing, other than the duet songs with notable female playback singers, Udit Narayan was fortunate to collaborate with playback singers from all generations. Udit Narayan debuted with legendary singer Mohammad Rafi and then got opportunity to share songs with Kishore Kumar, Amit Kumar, Suresh Wadkar, Mohammad Aziz and others during 80's. Most of his male duets are with Kumar Sanu & Abhijeet.Though his best discography songs were duets with singer Abhijeet Bhattacharya.Khudko kya samjhti ha, mai khiladi tu anari, lagi lagi ye dilka. Some of the rest selected and notable songs are as follows

Awards and nominations
Narayan has won four National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards.

Jury member of awards
In 2012, Narayan was one of the jury members of the film music jury for the Global Indian Music Academy Awards In 2015, he was one of the jury members in Mirchi Music Awards, and the same year he was the judge of the Jagran Film Festival.

Civil honours

 * Prabal Gorkha Dakshina Bahu, Fourth Class of Prestigious Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu (Order of Gorkha Right Arm), one of the highest civil honours in Nepal, by the King of Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, 2001
 * Padma Bhushan : third highest civil honour from Indian Government, 2016
 * Madhya Pradesh government's National Lata Mangeshkar Award, 2015
 * National Bravery Award from Maharashtra at Raj Bhavan 2016
 * Padma Shri : fourth highest civil honour from Indian Government, 2009
 * Honoured at Swabhimani Mumbaikar Awards, 2016
 * Special Jury Salute Award from Radio Mirchi Award, 2016
 * Receiving the Kishore Kumar Memorial Award for Music from S. Krishna Kumar
 * Dr. Ambedkar Awards in Mumbai, 2015
 * Awarded for his exceptional performance Bhojpuri industry, 2015
 * Received BIFA awards, 2015
 * 1st, Chitragupta Cineyatra Film Award, 2015
 * Maharashtra Ratna Awards from Government of Maharashtra 2011
 * First Mohammed Rafi award, 2010
 * 2nd Medscape India National Awards
 * Chitragupta Cineyatra Samman for Bhojpuri Cinema, 2015
 * Received Samrat Vikramaditya Sangeet Alankaran Samman, 2006

Outstanding honours and awards

 * Big Entertainment Award 2017 Udit Narayan won the 92.7FM Suhana Safar Legend Award
 * Mirchi Music Awards 2016 Jury Special Salute

International honours and awards

 * International Brandlaureate Personality Award from Malaysia, 2011

Lifetime achievement awards

 * Lifetime Achievement Award from Kalashri Award, 2010
 * Sahara Awadh Samman Awardee, 2006
 * Lifetime Achievement Award from Suryadatta National Awards, 2016

title: Udit Narayan


text:
Democracy and Boundary Commission Cymru

The Democracy and Boundary Commission Cymru (Comisiwn Democratiaeth a Ffiniau Cymru) is a Welsh Government sponsored body, responsible for defining local government boundaries and Senedd constituency boundaries in Wales, also known as Cymru.

The Commission was established originally as the Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales (Comisiwn Ffiniau Llywodraeth Leol i Gymru) keep under review all local government areas in Wales, and the electoral arrangements for the principal areas, and to make such proposals to the Welsh Government as seem desirable in the interests of effective and convenient local government. The name of the commission was changed in 2013 to the Local Democracy and Boundary Commission for Wales (Comisiwn Ffiniau a Democratiaeth Leol Cymru), as a result of the Local Government (Democracy) (Wales) Act 2013. It was renamed again by the Senedd Cymru (Members and Elections) Act 2024 to its current name and given responsibility over reviewing the borders of Senedd constituencies.

Electoral arrangements in six authorities were reviewed after the penultimate round of Welsh local elections in 1999, and the changes were implemented at the elections on 10 June 2004.

In 2002, the commission also reviewed and amended some of the boundaries of the preserved counties of Wales.

In February 2009 the Minister for Local government and Social Justice issued Directions to the commission to begin an Electoral Review across all the 22 local authorities in Wales. His stated aim was to rationalise representation at "... no lower than a ratio of 1 councillor to 1,750 electors ".

As part of electoral reform in the Senedd it will create 16 new constituencies by pairing the 32 Westminster constituencies, these are to be used in the next Senedd election in 2026. Following that election the Commission will conduct a full review of Senedd boundaries and do so every 8 years.

title: Democracy and Boundary Commission Cymru


text:
Orders of magnitude (data)

An order of magnitude is usually a factor of ten. Thus, four orders of magnitude is a factor of 10,000 or 104.

This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for units of information measured in bits and bytes.

The byte is a common unit of measurement of information (kilobyte, kibibyte, megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, terabyte, tebibyte, etc.). For the purpose of this article, a byte is a group of 8 bits (octet), a nibble is a group of four bits. Historically, neither assumption has always been true.

The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega, giga, tera, etc., are powers of 103 = 1000. The binary prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi, tebi, etc. respectively refer to the corresponding power of 210 = 1024.

In casual usage, when 1024 is a close enough approximation of 1000, some of the decimal prefixes have been used in relation to computer memories to mean the binary power, but increasingly from 1998, standards bodies have chosen to limit the resultant confusion by disallowing when software displays a binary quantity with a decimal prefix. Microsoft operating systems still report file and free spaces on a storage device in this casual sense.

Note: this page mixes between two kinds of entropies: These two definitions are not entirely equivalent, see Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory.
 * 1) Entropy (information theory), such as the amount of information that can be stored in DNA
 * 2) Entropy (thermodynamics), such as entropy increase of 1 mole of water

For comparison, the Avogadro constant is $6.022$ entities per mole, based upon the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope.

In 2012, some hard disks used ~984,573 atoms to store each bit. In January 2012, IBM researchers announced they compressed 1 bit in 12 atoms using antiferromagnetism and a scanning tunneling microscope with iron and copper atoms. This could mean a practical jump from a 1 TB disk to a 100 TB disk.

title: Orders of magnitude (data)


text:
User talk:Gene s/Archive 2004 05-09

Hello and welcome,

I was going to post my standard welcome text here but I see you've been around a while and made plenty of edits already, so it might seem a little patronising. If there's anything you're not clear on, please ask me any questions here and I'll attempt to answer them.--ALargeElk 14:28, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Hebbian theory
Thanks for your rewording of the fire together, wire together summary of Hebbian theory. You're correct that the popular phrase reads fire together, wire together, (not wire together, fire together), but the phrase needs a bit more context. IMO, saying "Hebbian theory is often summarized as fire together, wire together" is just too vague (e.g. What fires together? What gets wired together?) so I've changed the phrase to "...cells that fire together, wire together." --Diberri | Talk 08:27, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * That's fine also. I have no objections Gene s 09:36, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

About Salakhov
Hi!

Salakhov uses Myakzyum Salakhov becose ksu site was made by Russians before renovating of Tatar alphabet. One man couldn't have more than one name in Latin alphabet (Tatars write Shakespeare, not Şeykspir)! Hi has only official Latin and Cyrillic name, another names are transliteration : tt:Mäğzüm Säläxev - ru:Ìÿêçþì Ñàëàõîâ - en:Myakzyum Salakhov. But this three-step transliteration is mistakely. RUSSIAN NAMING VIOLE THE CONVENTION (by Russian naming tradition only). Russian name Myakzyum is not origin!

yours --Untifler 17:10, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This is an English wikipedia. Not a Tatar or a Russian wikipedia. Noone uses Russian (Cyrillic) spelling for article titles. Article title should be either a common English name, or an official English name. If the transliteraion from Russian is the most common or official, it should be used. If the most common or official is from Tatar, Tatar transliteration should be used. In neither case a foreign character set should be used for the article title. Gene s 06:28, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It's irrelevant who made the ksu web site. It's an official web site in English. Thus it's an authority. If you don't like it, petition the site maintainer for a change. Wikipedia is not a political forum. It's an encyclopedia. If you don't know a common English name for something, search google. You should not use foreign character sets for article titles. You should not use "alternative" city names for article titles. What you are doing is a violation of Naming conventions. Gene s
 * I was impressed buy Talk:Kiev, so... Is it normal to use Tatar Transliteration names in brakets, becose they are really used in English speaking Tatar emmigration all over the world (they do not know what is Naberezhnye Chelny or something else). And I'm not sure, that Naberazhnye Chelny word is most commonly word in English... Of, course, I'l not violate the Wikipedian laws, but I really don't know which names are mre commonly in use...

So, I stop the discussion... --Untifler 12:39, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Continued at Talk:Tatarstan Gene s 14:15, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

ps How to make appilation to Nameconvention?
 * Go to that page and write to the Talk there. You can also use the page Requests_for_comment Gene s 14:15, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Category:Wealthy_people
Deleted the category per discussion on [Wikipedia:Categories for deletion]. - UtherSRG 11:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks.Gene s 11:37, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hryvnia
Hi Gene, I'm a wikipedian who wrote the German article Hriwnja and just saw your additions to history of the currency name which is partially missing in the german version. I find them quite interesting, do you have any sources at russian/ukrainian websites or literature, where I could find this information? It's not that I do not believe you, but I prefer translating information from as close to the source as possible ;-). Thanks for an answer, (maybe here) --elya 18:16, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * thanks, Ill give it a try. --elya 19:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Neural Network Resources
Gene s:

I definitely believe that Neural Network Resources at www.neoxi.com/NNR/ are more than appropriate for Neural Network category - have a look at the site! It's a professional selection of publically available resources on the web.
 * Then leave it in one article, maybe in a couple of articles with general information on the subject. What you are currently doing is self-promotion and search engine spam. You should not add the link to every article no matter how relevant it is. Your link is certainly no more useful than the section in dmoz.org directory. 13:43, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Have you seen the site? It's quite broad! Very well, which articles would you suggest?
 * Yes, I visited it. It's a link collection. No better and no worse than other sites with links. It's not adding much value beyond the original sites it links to. I guess placing a link to your site to Neural network is OK. Otherwise, I can't think of any place where else it should be. I understand that you want to increase the number of visitors to your site. Then maybe you should actually provide some useful content beside the links. Search engine spam is a bad practice. Gene s 13:59, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed, it is what it sais: Neural Network Resources. Well selected collection. Whether it's better or worst than the other sites, that one I leave on the reader - who has free access to all the materials. If one finds it useful, let it be so. The visitors may benefit from the variety rahter than supression. Search engine spam is not an issue here.
 * Yes, spam is an issue. By placing a link to your site in dozens of articles regardless of relevancy you are spamming. Spam will not be tolerated. Gene s 14:21, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you about not tolerating spam, naturally. However, I may object about you (and only you) beeing the one deciding about the relevancy.

 * First of all it's not only me who objected to your spam. At least two other people reverted your edits, and two more wrote to article talk pages. I was the quickest and the most active in reverting your edits. If it were left for longer time, other people would join in in removing it. Gene s 15:03, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Why did you remove it also from the neural network category - to which it is clearly relevant?

 * It's not clearly relevant. It's mildly relevant to a point that I would not have bothered to remove it if it were the only article where you posted it. But you did not. You posted it to dozens of articles where it clearly did not belong. So far it remains in the Neural Network page. I will not remove it unless you start posting it again elsewhere. Gene s 16:39, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * So, you are the ONE to decide? I put it to the place where I found it relevant. You indiscriminantly removed from any place you found it irrespective of relevancy. Well, that seems like very biased, subjective and selfish act.

 * Yes, I make decisions. Just like you made a decision to spam, I made a decision to revert your spam. I am speaking only for myself. When I say I will not remove it, I mean just that - I will not remove it. Others still might remove the link if they feel so. If you look at the articles where I removed your spam, there is not a single article where anyone but you reverted my edits. Obviously noone but you thinks your site is valuable. If you start spamming again, I'll chaise after you and remove your spam on sight. If you disagree, put up an arbitration request. As far as I am concerned, this talk is over. Gene s 03:45, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

смолка and смола
Ok, I won't fight for this one, but I was always taught that смола means both tar and resin, with the earlier meaning being the basic one. Altavista goes here in conflict with my paper dictionaries (PWN and Wiem). However, you might now better so I withdraw. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 14:19, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * As in most cases, the ethymology of a Slavic toponym is problematic. They all are... The cases where the name can be traced without any doubt (Narva or Kaliningrad) are indeed very rare. How about creating a separate section explaining the possible ethymologies? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 20:46, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)

A place for replies ?
Hi Gene S,

Do you want to dispute in here or there ?

BIR 07:54, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The discussion should be carried on the talk page of the disputed article. --Gene s 07:58, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

BIR @ Chechnya.
Dear Gene's,

thank you for your patience in dealing BIR and other inaccurate and biased contributors into the Chenchnya article. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 11:23, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Are you on the separatists' side ?
Dear Gene S,

Firstly, in this regards of Akhmadov, you have to prove that the word "separatist" is precise, if you really want to use it.

If the term is penned freely in this historic context, then equally the re-born Russian federation in the form of the Yeltsin-established regime, still in-force, is just "separatist", because both these two entities, namely present Russia and the ChRI together, among the many others like the Baltic states etc. etc., separated from the Soviet Union.

If the entities are accepted as "separatists", then we also accept, among other things, that so called Yanayev's junta was legal and all others are just separatist, which should return back to that infamous junta.

Unfortunately, I can't Russian properly, but I thing the mentioned word has there a specially loaded meaning, becuase you like to pen it everywhere Chechens are mentioned on the Wikipedia.

I also thank you and other anti-separatists for your telling contributions. Just let me know if you'll establish Yanayev's junta anew one day.--BIR 06:40, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Please discuss matters regarding specific articles on the talk page of the article. Do not do it here again. --Gene s 06:43, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ok. There it is.--BIR 06:50, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Gmail invite
hey, i got some more so i sent you one, just now. if you don't see it, check spam folders. i hear hotmail doesn't like gmail invites. blankfaze | (беседа!)  03:25, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Drekavac
I was pleasantly surprised by your edits of drekavac - when I created it I was surprised that noone is editing it, and I was wondering when someone will - well, you showed up after almost two months :) Maybe I should start introducing intentional grammatical errors in my articles ;)

As a sidenote, Baba Roga and Baba Yaga probably deserve separate articles, but for now it can stay this way. Nikola 15:28, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, it may not be such a bad idea after all :-)
 * I believe Drekavac is pronounced Drekavach. Maybe it should be spelled that way too. What do you think?

 * Sorry to barge in, I happened to notice this while answering your other comment :) Drekavac is actually pronounced dre-kah-vats (not -ch at the end). --Joy [shallot]

 * Do you have any English language links for Baba Roga? I can't find any - everything is in Croatian.
 * --Gene s 03:58, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Baba Roga/Yaga
I'm not sure what's the difference, but I believe there is some slight difference. They could probably be lumped together until you find a more exact answer anyway. --Joy [shallot]   08:59, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

User:128.231.88.3
If you look at the changes 128.231.88.3 made to List of Jews you could see that s/he most definitely was a vandal: with the exception of De Niro (who is often mistaken for half-Jewish due to an error in Adam Sandler's The Chanukah Song) all the others are very famously Jewish, as any Google search will attest:

 * Dustin Hoffman, Camille Pissaro, Heinrich Heine, Franz Kafka and Karl Marx fully Jewish (though Marx was raised Lutheran)
 * Harrison Ford, Paul Newman and Marcel Proust half Jewish (as stated)
 * Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor converts to Judaism (though how sincere Marilyn Monroe's conversion was is another question).

The changes in the other lists are of more obscure people, but since I personally verified most of the entries removed from List of Russian Jews (such as Vladimir Zworykin) I thought it justified to revert this, and the other changes. (Though just to make myself certain, I might try to confirm/refute the other changes). Udzu 16:47, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

PS Out of interest, which names did you have trouble confirming?

PPS Oops, s/he's done it again! S/he's just removed André Weil, Herman Minkowski, John von Neumann and Georg Cantor, four of the most famous Jewish mathematicians, from List of Jewish scientists and philosophers.
 * I reoplied on your talk page. --Gene s 07:20, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If you have a suggestion on how to elicit a response from em – beyond a silent revert – that would be most welcome. Note however that even if e is trying to remove people who don't identify as Jewish by religion (which I doubt, since I've never seen any claims that Kafka, Hoffman, Weil or Minkowski don't identify as Jewish) then that's still vandalism, since the discussed concensus is that due to the nature and history of Judaism the lists should anyone of Jewish ethnicity (including atheists), not just adherents to Judaism. Udzu 09:22, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * PS I might being a bit quick to judge, but my main gripe is the lack of comments in the changes (meaning that the only conribution made by that IP in the last month has been removing things).

Rus
Dear Gene, we really need someone to flesh out the anti-normanist part of Rus' (people). I think you have a lot to contribute there.--Wiglaf 08:15, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't consider myself to be an anti-normandist. I think it is the most believable conjecture. I simply object to the current wording which casually dismisses all alternative theories. --Gene s 06:39, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

RSFSR
Nice pick up on Kronstadt.Sfahey 21:54, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Dear fellow-nitpicker !
Shall we continue whole winter ahead, or ahall we be contribute more productively?

Someone said in a James Bond novel something like first time is a coincidence, second time is a conjunction, third time is a declaration of war ;=)--BIR 13:29, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know how I have to explain to you, so that you would understand. Use the talk page of the article in question. This is the third time I have to tell it to you. Use the Talk Page Of The Article. Understand? Ymmärtää? --Gene s

Anlamadim, ama ne olsa olsun. Ok. I stay there --BIR 13:41, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gene s/Archive 2004 05-09


text:
List of geological features on Oberon

This is a list of named geological features (mostly craters) on Oberon.

Chasmata
There is one named chasm on Oberon.

Craters
Oberonian craters are named after characters in the plays of William Shakespeare.

title: List of geological features on Oberon


text:
List of Pacific Coast League champions

The Pacific Coast League (PCL) is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in the United States at the Triple-A level, which is one grade below Major League Baseball. A champion has been determined at the end of each season since the league was formed in 1903.

Through 1927, champions were usually the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the regular season. From 1928 to 1954, postseason playoffs were the predominant method of determining champions. Participants from 1936 to 1954 were the four teams with the highest winning percentages. After a period of postseason dormancy, the playoffs returned in 1963 along with the advent of a divisional alignment. From 1963 to 1977, the winners of each of two divisions vied for the championship. The league operated using a split season format from 1978 to 1997, with the winners of each half facing off for the right to play for the PCL crown. From 1998 to 2020, the league was split into two conferences of two divisions each. The division winners within each conference met to determine conference champions, and those winners competed for the league championship. The 2021 winner was the team with the best regular-season record. In 2022, the league championship was determined by a single playoff game between the East and West division winners. Beginning with the 2023 season, the league adopted a split season format, in which the league championship is determined by a best-of-three playoff series between the winners of each half of the season, with the winner meeting the champion of the International League in the Triple-A National Championship Game.

The San Francisco Seals won 14 Pacific Coast League championships, more than any other team, followed by the Los Angeles Angels (12) and the Albuquerque Dukes and Portland Beavers (8). Among active PCL franchises, the Tacoma Rainiers have seven championships, the most of all teams, followed by the Sacramento River Cats (5) and the Oklahoma City Dodgers (3).

Pre-playoff era (1903–1927)

The Pacific Coast League was founded in 1903. A league champion has been determined at the end of each season. With few exceptions, champions from 1903 to 1927 were simply the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the regular championship season. The first league champions were the Los Angeles Angels, who won by $27 1/2$ games over the Sacramento Senators in 1903.

The 1904 and 1905 seasons were contested as split seasons. Under this format, the schedule was split into two parts. The team with the best record at the end of the first season won the first pennant. Standings were then reset so that all clubs had clean records to begin the second season. If the first season winner also won the second season, they were declared the league champion. If a different team won the second season, the two winners would meet in a playoff series to determine the champion. The Tacoma Tigers, winners of the first half of the 1904 season, won the first PCL playoff championship by defeating Los Angeles, who tied with Tacoma for the best record in the second half, 5–4–1, in a best-of-ten-games series. Roles were reversed in 1904 as Los Angeles bested Tacoma, 5–1.

The only other playoffs during this period occurred in 1918. After two PCL cities, San Francisco and Salt Lake City, passed "work or fight" laws to aid the effort to win World War I, league directors voted to suspend the season after the games of July 14. A postseason series between the first-place Vernon Tigers and second-place Los Angeles was held to decide the champion. Los Angeles won, 4–2.

Rise and fall of the Governors' Cup (1928–1962)
Playoffs were held briefly from 1928 to 1931, again involving a split season with the winners of each half meeting in a best-of-seven series to determine champions. In 1928, the San Francisco Seals defeated the Sacramento Senators, 4–2, to win the first Governors' Cup. The Seals and future winners of the playoffs were awarded a trophy cup named in recognition of the three states with PCL teams at the time: California, Oregon, and Washington. The league returned to recognizing pennant winners as champions from 1932 to 1935.

The Governors' Cup playoffs were revived and expanded from 1936 to 1954. Utilizing the Shaughnessy playoff system, the top four teams in the league, based on winning percentage, competed for the championship. The first round typically consisted of a best-of-seven series between the first and fourth-place teams and a series between the second and third-place teams. The winners of these semifinals then faced one another for the championship in a best-of-seven series. The first four-team Governors' Cup was won in 1933 by the Portland Beavers, who defeated the Oakland Oaks, 4–1. Financial problems resulted in the cancellation of the playoffs in 1950, 1952, and 1953 and the shortening of the final round to best-of-three series in 1951 and 1954. The last Governors' Cup, awarded in 1954, was won by Oakland, who swept San Francisco for the title.

Postseason play and the awarding of the Governors' Cup was discontinued from 1955 to 1962. During this time, regular-season pennant winner were declared champions. The trophy itself was placed in the Helms Athletic Foundation Museum in Los Angeles in 1954, sold to a collector when the museum closed, and was subsequently stolen. A number of other trophies have been awarded to championship teams in later years during which postseason play occurred. The one given in the 1980s and early 1990s was four feet tall and incorporated three full-size baseball bats and a glove. One design from the mid-1990s resembled Major League Baseball's Commissioner's Trophy issued to World Series champions. From 1998 to 2019, the trophy was an engraved glass wedge fixed to a wooden base.

Divisional era (1963–present)

The Pacific Coast League divided its teams into two divisions for the first time in 1963 after absorbing three teams from the former American Association, which had disbanded after the previous season. From 1963 to 1977, the winners of each division met in a best-of-seven series (sometimes five) to determine a champion. The playoffs were expanded to include two wild card teams in 1978. The winners of each division faced the second-place team in their own division, and the winners of these semifinals then played for the PCL championship, with each series being the best-of-five games.

From 1979 to 1997, the PCL adopted a split season format while maintaining its divisional alignment. Typically, the first and second-half champions within each division played a semifinal series to decide division champions. The winners of these then played for the league championship. In some instances, a team that won both halves of the season received a bye into the championship round, while in others the team in that division with the second-place full-season record was awarded a wild-card berth and became the first-place team's opponent. The divisional round began as a best-of-three contest, but it was expanded to the best-of-five in 1983. The championship round was usually contested as a best-of-five series, but it became the best-of-seven in some seasons.

The PCL expanded again in 1998 when the American Association, which had been revived in 1969, dissolved for a final time after the 1997 season. The league was then split into two eight-team conferences consisting of two four-team divisions. The division winners within each conference met in a best-of-five series to determine conference champions. Then, the conference winners played a best-of-five series to decide the league champion.

The 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Pacific Coast League ceased operations before the 2021 season in conjunction with Major League Baseball's (MLB) reorganization of Minor League Baseball. In place of the league, MLB created the Triple-A West, a circuit divided into two divisions of four teams each. Prior to the 2022 season, MLB renamed the Triple-A West the Pacific Coast League, and it carried on the history of the PCL prior to reorganization. Rather than hold playoffs for its championship, the Triple-A West's 2021 title was awarded to the team with the best regular-season record. The Tacoma Rainiers won this championship by two games ahead of the Sugar Land Skeeters. In 2022, the winners of each division, East and West, met in a single game to determine the league champion. Beginning in 2023, the regular-season was split into two halves, and the winners of each half meet in a best-of-three series for the league championship.

Champions
For the 2024 season, the Sugar Land Space Cowboys, champions of the first half of the season, will host the best-of-three championship series against the champions of the second half of the season.

Wins by team
Active Pacific Coast League teams appear in bold.

title: List of Pacific Coast League champions


text:
New Orleans Buccaneers

The New Orleans Buccaneers were a charter member of the American Basketball Association. After three seasons in New Orleans, Louisiana, the franchise moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where it became the Pros, Tams, and Sounds for four years before an abortive move to Baltimore in 1975.

Origins
With the founding of the ABA on February 2, 1967 a charter franchise was awarded to a group of seven investors, including Morton Downey, Jr. The group obtained their franchise for $1,000 as opposed to the $30,000 fronted by most other original teams. Charles G. Smither, one of the seven owners, served as team president; another of the investors, Maurice M. Stern, was operations manager. The team was named the New Orleans Buccaneers and former Mississippi State University head coach Babe McCarthy was signed as its first coach. Among the team's first players were Doug Moe, Larry Brown, Gerald Govan, Jimmy Jones and Red Robbins.

1967–1968 season
The Buccaneers played their home games at the Loyola University Fieldhouse during their first season and averaged 2,337 fans per game there. Doug Moe, Red Robbins, Larry Brown and Jimmy Jones played in the ABA All Star game and Babe McCarthy coaches the West team in the game. Larry Brown was the Most Valuable Player of the inaugural ABA All Star game and led the ABA in assists that season en route to being named Second Team All ABA. Doug Moe was named First Team All ABA and Jimmy Jones made the ABA All Rookie Team. The Buccaneers recruited Jackie Moreland, originally from Minden, who had played for the Detroit Pistons from 1960–1965.

The Buccaneers finished the season in first place in the Western Division with 48 wins and 30 losses, putting them two games ahead of the Dallas Chaparrals and three games ahead of the Denver Rockets. The Buccaneers then defeated the Denver Rockets 3 games to 2 in the Western Division semifinals and then defeated the Dallas Chaparrals 4 games to 1 to win the Western Division championship. The Buccaneers then advanced to the first ever ABA Championship series, facing the Pittsburgh Pipers. The Buccaneers and Pipers split the first six games but the Pipers won the decisive seventh game 122-113 to win the 1968 ABA championship.

1968–1969 season
Prior to the season the Buccaneers traded away Larry Brown and Doug Moe to the Oakland Oaks in exchange for Steve Jones and Ron Franz. New Orleans' Red Robbins and Steve Jones played in the ABA All Star Game. The Buccaneers finished the season with a record of 46 wins and 32 losses which put them in second place in the Western Division, 14 games behind the Oakland Oaks who had posted a remarkable 60-18 (.769) record. The Buccaneers drew an average of 2,834 fans per home game.

The Buccaneers met the Dallas Chaparrals in the Western Division semifinals and prevailed in a close series, 4 games to 3. Advancing to the Western Division finals, the Buccaneers fell to the Oakland Oaks 4 games to none.

1969–1970 season
The Buccaneers moved their home games to Tulane Gym (now known as Devlin Fieldhouse) and the Municipal Auditorium for the season. Jimmy Jones suffered a knee injury in December that limited his action for the season; he was still selected to play in the ABA All Star game along with teammates Steve Jones and Gerald Govan. Babe McCarthy again coached the West team.

The Bucs finished at .500 with 42 wins and 42 losses. This placed the team in fifth (last) place in that season's highly competitive Western Division, keeping the Buccaneers out of the playoffs. (In the Eastern Division that season that record would have tied them for third place and put them in the playoffs.) For the season, New Orleans averaged 2,599 fans per home game.

End of tenure in New Orleans
The team picked up Wendell Ladner in the draft and rechristened itself the Louisiana Buccaneers, planning to play its home games throughout the state during the 1970–1971 season including in New Orleans, Shreveport, Lafayette, Monroe and Baton Rouge. Like most ABA teams, the Bucs were never on strong financial ground, and the move to the smaller Tulane Gym combined with the marked dropoff in their play caused revenue to dry up. It was hoped that becoming a "regional" franchise would provide more capital.

However, on August 21, 1970 the franchise was purchased by a new owner and ten days later it was moved to Memphis, Tennessee and renamed the Memphis Pros.

The Buccaneers nickname was picked up by a new NFL expansion team in 1976. Since 2002, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New Orleans Saints have competed against each other in the NFC South division.

On December 10, 2008, in a game against the now Charlotte Hornets, then Charlotte Bobcats, the Buccaneers were for the first time "revived" by the New Orleans Pelicans, then New Orleans Hornets, the city's current NBA franchise, who played the game in 1967–68 styled Bucs throwback jerseys. The team's cheerleading squad was also dressed in Bucs throwback outfits, Bucs video highlights were played throughout the game, and many of the team's past players and coaches were honored at halftime. The Pelicans would win the game 105-89. The Pelicans wore their Buccaneers throwback jerseys once again in a road game against the Cleveland Cavaliers on January 16, 2009, with Cleveland coming out on top 92-78.

Basketball Hall of Famers
Notes:
 * 1 Inducted as a coach.

Season-by-season
Won division finals Lost ABA Finals|| New Orleans 3, Denver 2 New Orleans 4, Dallas 1 Pittsburgh 4, New Orleans 3 Lost division finals || New Orleans 4, Dallas 3 Oakland 4, New Orleans 0
 * colspan="6" align=center style="background:#ED1C24; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; border:2px solid #000080;"| New Orleans Buccaneers
 * 1967–68 || 48 || 30 || .615 || Won division semifinals
 * 1967–68 || 48 || 30 || .615 || Won division semifinals
 * 1967–68 || 48 || 30 || .615 || Won division semifinals
 * 1968–69 || 46 || 32 || .590 || Won division semifinals
 * 1968–69 || 46 || 32 || .590 || Won division semifinals
 * 1969–70 || 42 || 42 || .500 || colspan=2|Did not qualify
 * 1969–70 || 42 || 42 || .500 || colspan=2|Did not qualify

title: New Orleans Buccaneers


text: User talk:134.2.3.102

title: User talk:134.2.3.102


text:
John Wray

John Wray may refer to:

 * John Wray (politician) (born 1971), Texas House of Representatives
 * John Ray (1628–1705), who wrote his last name as Wray until 1670, English naturalist sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history
 * Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet (1586–1655), English politician
 * Sir John Wray, 3rd Baronet (1619–1664), English politician
 * John Wray (actor) (1887–1940), American character actor of stage and screen
 * John Wray (missionary), first pastor of Mission Chapel, New Amsterdam in Guyana
 * John Wray (novelist) (born 1971), American novelist
 * John Wray (civil servant) (1782–1869), first Receiver of the London Metropolitan Police
 * John Griffith Wray (1881–1929), American film director

title: John Wray


text:
USS Rhode Island (1860)

The first USS Rhode Island was a side-wheel steamer in the United States Navy, commissioned in 1861.

Rhode Island was built in New York City, in 1860 by Lupton & McDermut as John P. King; burned and rebuilt and renamed Eagle in 1861 before being purchased by the U.S. Navy on 27 June 1861 from Spofford, Tileston & Company, at New York; renamed Rhode Island; and commissioned at New York Navy Yard on 29 July 1861, Commander Stephen D. Trenchard in command.

Supply ship
During the American Civil War, Rhode Island was employed as a supply ship, visiting various ports and ships with mail, paymasters officers stores, medicine, and other supplies. She departed New York on her first cruise on 31 July 1861, returning on 2 September. While cruising off Galveston, Texas, Rhode Island captured the schooner Venus attempting to run the blockade with a cargo of lead, copper, tin, and wood. During the remainder of 1861 and 1862 Rhode Island continued her essential support duties. Departing Philadelphia on 5 February 1862, she supplied 98 vessels with various stores before returning to Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 18 March; on another trip from 5 April to 20 May 1862 she supplied 118 vessels. Assigned to support the Gulf Blockading Squadron from 17 April 1862, Rhode Island chased and forced ashore the British schooner Richard O'Bryan near San Luis Pass on 4 July 1862.

Loss of USS Monitor
Returning to the north, Rhode Island's next duties were towing the low-freeboard monitors USS Monitor, USS Passaic (1862), USS Montauk (1862), and USS Weehawken (1862) south from Hampton Roads to Beaufort, North Carolina, or Port Royal, South Carolina. On 29 December 1862 Rhode Island departed Hampton Roads with the famous Monitor in tow and Passaic in company. As the ships rounded Cape Hatteras on the evening of 30 December, they encountered a heavy storm. Monitor's pumps were unable to control flooding caused by underwater leaks so that the order to abandon ship had to be given. Before Monitor's crew could be completely transferred to Rhode Island, the ironclad sank, taking four officers and 12 enlisted men with her. Rhode Island endeavored to remain as near as possible to the position in which Monitor sank so as to fix the location, some 20 mi south-southwest of Cape Hatteras and to await daylight to search for a missing small boat. Seven Rhode Island crewman were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the sinking: Ordinary Seaman Luke M. Griswold, Seaman Lewis A. Horton, Landsman John Jones, Captain of the Afterguard Hugh Logan, Seaman George Moore, Coxswain Charles H. Smith, and Coxswain Maurice Wagg.

Enforcing the blockade
On 29 January 1863 Rhode Island was ordered to the West Indies to join in the search for the Confederate steamers Oreto and Alabama. Unable to help locate the Confederate warships, she did succeed in driving the blockade runner Margaret and Jessie ashore at Stirrup Cay on 30 May. Continuing her cruising on the Atlantic coast, Rhode Island achieved a fourth victory on 16 August when she captured the British blockade runner Cronstadt north of Man of War Bay, Abaco, Bahamas with a cargo of cotton, turpentine, and tobacco.

Conversion to cruiser
With defective boilers requiring repair, Rhode Island entered Boston Navy Yard on 28 March 1864 for overhaul and was decommissioned there on 21 April. Extensive alterations were made transforming Rhode Island into an auxiliary cruiser mounting one 11-inch gun, eight 8-inch (203 mm) guns, one 30-pounder (14 kg) Parrott rifle, and one 12-pounder (5 kg) rifle. Ordered to tow the monitor USS Monadnock (1864) from Boston to New York on 26 September 1864, Rhode Island recommissioned on 3 October 1864 and joined the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron soon afterward.

Employed in cruising along Confederate-controlled coasts Rhode Island's duty was highlighted by the capture of the British blockade runner Vixen on 1 December 1864. Sailing from Hampton Roads on 11 December with the monitor USS Canonicus (1863) in tow, Rhode Island joined the squadron attacking Fort Fisher, taking part in the first assault on 24 December and the second, successful attempt of 13–15 January 1865. Signal Quartermaster Charles H. Foy was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher.

Ordered to tow the monitor USS Saugus (1863) from Federal Point, North Carolina, to Norfolk, Virginia, on 16 January 1865, Rhode Island subsequently cruised in company with the seagoing monitor USS Dictator (1863) in March. In May Rhode Island made a cruise to Mobile, Alabama, returning to Hampton Roads on 22 May.

Maintained in commission in the years immediately following the end of the Civil War, Rhode Island's first duty was to help bring the formidable former Confederate armored ram Stonewall to the United States. Departing on 21 October for Havana in company with USS Hornet (1865), Rhode Island returned with the French-built Stonewall on 23 November.

After the Civil War
Throughout 1866, Rhode Island continued to cruise in the Atlantic and West Indies, from April 1866 flying the flag of Rear Admiral James S. Palmer. On 15 January 1866, Seaman William B. Stacy was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing a drowning crewmate while the ship was in the harbor of Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. Calling once at Halifax in 1867 before being decommissioned, Rhode Island was sold to G. W. Quintard on 1 October 1867. Redocumented as Charleston on 8 November 1867, the side-wheeler remained in merchant service until abandoned in 1885.

title: USS Rhode Island (1860)