text:
Talk:Glastonbury

Commercial websites
I have twice removed www.glastonbury.co.uk from this wiki article. It says it is run by a not for profit company, yet it still charges local business for listings on the site. This makes it a commercial website and therefore it should not be permitted in the external links section. Furthermore it doesn't add any significant value to the article. Opinions? --Cheesy Mike 12:37, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

User Cooltunes has been indefinitely blocked from Wikipedia for repeatedly listing the Avalon Connections website on this article. Spammers should not be tolerated on Wikipedia and we should all remove spam links then warn / report the offenders. --TimTay (talk) 14:48, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

History and Mythology
I am not quite sure why these items are included in such a way!Harrypotter (talk) 23:52, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Also, all the mythology presented is Christian. Glastonbury Tor was a very important place in pre-christian times for the pagan Celts, from all over Europe. Also, the "Wild Hunt" has been supposedly sighted there... --Grindlyth (talk) 21:20, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * If it was an important place and you have reliable and verifiable sources, add them. But I don't think you will find them. Dougweller (talk) 07:44, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

William Blake
The connection between William Blake's poem and the legend that Christ came to Glastonbury doesn't really work. Blake's poem is a rhetorical question expecting the answer "no". He isn't saying "I once heard that Jesus came to England...I wonder if it is true?" but "Was Jesus born in England? Was Jerusalem built here? No, of course not!"Andrew Rilstone (talk) 17:18, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You could edit the article to reflect this, particularly if you have references to support the view from Reliable sources.— Rod talk 17:28, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

British Isles
Reverted Great Britain to British Isles as the Joseph legend relates to the founding of the Celtic church, which really was present throughout the British Isles and cannot be understood except on this basis. The 'British' in Britsh Isles refers to the Ancient Britons, and so in this case should be uncontroversial. MAG1 (talk) 11:19, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Origin of Name
I just found the following in Green’s Short History of the English People, Volume 1: At the base of this hill Ine established on the site of an older British foundation his famous monastery of Glastonbury. The little hamlet in which it stood took its English name from one of the English families, the Glæstings, who chose the spot for their settlement ; but it had long been a religious shrine of the Britons, and the tradition that a second Patrick rested there drew thither the wandering scholars of Ireland.

Has this bit of history been disproved by now or is it correct and just hadn’t been discovered by the person who wrote the section here about the origin?

Greta Hoostal (talk) 21:55, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Somewhere we had a long discussion about this, I'll try to find out where. Dougweller (talk) 22:05, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * See Glastening - maybe we need to add something from here to the article. Dougweller (talk) 19:03, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks good & has a couple of book references to support it - please add something & a link to that article.— Rod talk 20:06, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * If I remember, I'll do about 2 weeks from now! Dougweller (talk) 21:41, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation of Name
I would dispute the stated pronunciation of the name /ˈɡlæstənbəri/ - I have never heard an English speaker pronounce it with four syllables like most Americans do - I was under the impression that it has only three syllables. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.11.171.130 (talk) 17:11, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

Yes, I believe most people say it in a similar way to my username with three (very long) syllables tee hee!Glaaaastonbury88 (talk) 19:22, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

What else is needed to get this article to GA?
I've been looking at the guidelines at WP:UKCITIES and would be interested in what other editors think is need to get this article to meet the Good article criteria? Obviously we need to reference (or remove) the uncited claims, but is there anything else which would be required?— Rod talk 18:33, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Population
The page says that the population is 8,784 but I was told, by a friend, that the population of Glastonbury has broken the 9000 mark... Its OVER 9000... Is he correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.69.55.18 (talk) 21:38, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * We would need a reliable source such as the Office for National Statistics or Mendip District Council that shows the latest population figure. --Simple Bob (talk) 21:50, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Your friend may be right. The 8,784 number is from the 2001 census, so the population may have risen over 9,000 by now.  ~  Pep  per   16:08, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Civil Parish?
Is Glastonbury a civil parish? I ask, because the governance section seem to mention a town council, and it's my understanding that that is only the case when a settlement is a civil parish within and district. Usually, if a settlement is a civil parish that's mentioned in the first sentence of a settlement article, and the population and area figure for the settlement is the local government area of the civil parish. --Criticalthinker (talk) 18:21, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes it is a civil parish see Ref 1 from ONS. The situation seems to have become muddied over the last few years (and several hundred years of history) as just about any parish that wants to call itself a town and have a town council can. As I understand it "Town" is not defined in UK law. I have seen first lines similar to "XXX is a civil parish and small town" (or similar) so that could be done here.— Rod talk 18:36, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is exatly what I'm talking about. As the article stands, now, you don't get even a hint that this settlement is also a local government until you hit the governance section.  Someone else can add the description in the first sentence and the population and area statistic in the infobox. --Criticalthinker (talk) 21:24, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Glastonbury


text:
Marion Hutton

Marion Hutton (born Marion Thornburg; March 10, 1919 – January 10, 1987) was an American singer and actress. She is best remembered for her singing with the Glenn Miller Orchestra from 1938 to 1942. She was the sister of actress and singer Betty Hutton.

Early life
Hutton was born as Marion Thornburg in Fort Smith, Arkansas, the elder sister of actress Betty Hutton. They were raised in Battle Creek, Michigan. The sisters' father abandoned the family when they were both young; he later committed suicide. Their mother worked a variety of jobs to support the family until she became a successful bootlegger. Both sisters sang with the Vincent Lopez Orchestra.

Discovery by Glenn Miller
Hutton was discovered by Glenn Miller and was invited to join the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1938. "I was only seventeen then [...] and so Glenn and Helen [Miller] became my legal guardians. He was like a father because I never had a father I remembered." Miller wanted Hutton to appear as an all-American girl, so on her first few performances, he introduced her as "Sissy Jones." The pseudonym was not used beyond those first performances.

Hutton was too young to sing legally on her own in nightclubs. Miller and his wife Helen officially became her foster parents, allowing them to serve as Hutton's chaperone while performing in these venues.

Hutton considered herself more an entertainer than a singer, and became an important part of the Miller band. She remained with Miller on and off until the orchestra disbanded when Miller joined the army in 1942.

Film career
Film historian Jeanine Basinger asserts in her 2007 book on the Hollywood studios system The Star Machine that in the early forties Marion Hutton was more popular than her sister Betty.

Marion had a small role in the film Orchestra Wives (1942; Twentieth Century Fox), in which the Glenn Miller Orchestra starred. After Miller joined the Army in 1942, she went with fellow Miller performers Tex Beneke and the Modernaires on a theater tour.

The next important event in her entertainment career was a role in In Society with Abbott and Costello in 1944. Marion appeared with the Desi Arnaz orchestra in October 1947 at the Radio City Theatre in Minneapolis. As the 1940s wound down, so did Marion's career. Her last film role was in 1949, acting in the Marx Brothers' Love Happy.

Radio and television career
In 1949, Hutton became a regular on The Jack Carson Show. As part of the show, Marion toured with Jack Carson and Robert Alda. Hutton appeared on Carson’s television program in 1950 and 1951.

Personal life
Hutton was married three times. She married publicist and television producer Jack Philbin in 1940. They had two sons. Her next marriage, to writer Jack Douglas, produced a third son. Her last and longest marriage was in 1954 to Vic Schoen, an arranger for the Andrews Sisters and Bing Crosby, among other artists in the 1940s. The couple remained married until her death in 1987. Looking back on her first marriage, in 1974 she told George T. Simon, "[W]hat I wanted most of all was to be a wife and mother. I had no drive for a career."

In 1965 according to the New York Times, Hutton sought treatment for various addictions. Hutton went back to school in her late fifties. Starting in 1972, she went on to receive a Bachelor's in psychology and a Master's in family counseling, then found work at a local hospital. During the 1960s and 1970s, Hutton and Schoen lived in Laguna Beach but later moved due to increasing financial problems. In 1981, Hutton and Schoen moved from Irvine, California, to Kirkland, Washington, and founded Residence XII, a drug addiction center to help alcoholics and addicts. She was the executive director.

Schoen arranged music for the PBS production "Glenn Miller - A Moonlight Serenade" commemorating the Miller band’s breakthrough performance at the Glen Island Casino. Produced to recognize the 40th anniversary of Miller's death, it starred Beneke, Johnny Desmond, and Hutton.

Death
Marion Hutton died of cancer on January 10, 1987, at age 67, in Kirkland, Washington.

Selected discography

 * 1939 "Ding Dong the Witch is Dead", with Glenn Miller and his Orchestra, Bluebird (recorded July 12, 1939)
 * 1942 "That's Sabotage" with Glenn Miller and his Orchestra, Victor (recorded June 17, 1942)
 * 1940 "The Rhumba Jumps" vocal with Tex Beneke, with Glenn Miller and his Orchestra, Bluebird (recorded January 26, 1940)
 * 1940 "Say 'Si Si'" with Glenn Miller and his Orchestra, Bluebird 10622 (recorded January 26, 1940)
 * 1942."(I've Got a Gal in) Kalamazoo" vocal with Tex Beneke and the Modernaires, with Glenn Miller and his Orchestra, Victor 27934-A (recorded May 20, 1942)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marion Hutton


text:
Petasites frigidus

Petasites frigidus, the Arctic sweet coltsfoot or Arctic butterbur, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Arctic to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant producing flowering stems in early spring, and large leaves through the summer. The upright flowering stems are 10–20 cm tall, and bear only 5-12 inflorescences, yellowish-white to pink in colour. The leaves are rounded, 15–20 cm broad, with a deeply cleft base and shallowly lobed margin, and rise directly from the underground rootstock. The underside of the leaves is covered with matted, woolly fuzz. It grows in moist shaded ground, preferring stream banks and seeping ground of cut-banks.

While there is some disagreement, some sources identify five varieties of P. frigidus:
 * Petasites frigidus var. frigidus
 * Petasites frigidus var. nivalis, sometimes referred to as P. nivalis or P. hyperboreus. This variety is common at subalpine and alpine elevations.
 * Petasites frigidus var. palmatus, sometimes referred to as P. palmatus, palmate coltsfoot, or western coltsfoot; mâl-ē-mē’ (Konkow language); or tä-tä-tē’; pē’-wē ''' is the root.
 * Petasites frigidus var. sagittatus, arrowleaf sweet coltsfoot.
 * Petasites frigidus var. vitifolius

Uses
The leaf stalks and flower stems (with flowers) are edible, and can be used as a vegetable dish. A salt-substitute can also be made by drying and then burning the leaves. This black, powdery substance will provide a salty taste. However, given the high likelihood of the presence of toxic unsaturated, diester pyrrolizidine alkaloids in this species, consumption should be very limited.

title: Petasites frigidus


text:
Petasites hybridus

Petasites hybridus, also known as the butterbur, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to Europe and northern Asia.

Although used over centuries in traditional medicine to treat various disorders, there are no approved medical uses, but it is sold as a dietary supplement. Concerns about the potential toxic effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in butterbur limit its use in human and animal studies.

Common names
Butterbur may have derived from the use of leaves to wrap butter centuries ago. It is also called bog rhubarb, Devil's hat, and pestilence wort.

Description
The species is dioecious, the male and female flowers being borne on separate plants. In Britain, the male flowers are widespread, but the female flowers have a restricted distribution in northern and central England.

The flowers are produced in the early spring, before the leaves appear. They are pale pink, with several inflorescences clustered on a 5–20 cm stem. The leaves are large, on stout 80–120 cm tall stems, round, with a diameter of 40–70 cm with petioles up to 1.5 m.

Distribution
It is native to central Europe, extending from the British Isles to the Caucasus, and from southern Italy to southern Scandinavia. It is present as an introduced species in North America. In the British Isles, female plants are rarely found outside central and northern England and the species may be naturalized as clonal populations outside this area, propagating via rhizome fragments. The preferred habitats are moist, fertile soils often by rivers, streams, and in wet meadows.

Dietary supplement and research
As there are no approved clinical uses of butterbur or its extracts, preparations are sold in some countries as a dietary supplement. There is no evidence that butterbur is useful for treating skin allergies, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, asthma, or other disorders.

Migraines
Although some preliminary studies indicate that butterbur may reduce the frequency of migraine headaches in adults and children, clinical neurology associations do not recommend it because of concerns of possible liver toxicity.

Rhinitis
Although there have been studies of butterbur root or leaf extracts as possible therapies for symptoms of hay fever (allergic rhinitis), the results were insufficient to determine effectiveness and safety.

Traditional medicine
Petasites hybridus leaves were used in Austrian and Czech traditional medicine internally (as tea or cold maceration in ethanol) and externally (as compresses or maceration in vinegar) for treatment of infections, fever, flu, colds, hay-fever, and allergies.

Phytochemicals
Petasites hybridus contains senecionine and other toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in its leaves and roots. Also present are the sesquiterpene esters – petasin, isopetasin, and neopetasin.

Potential toxicity
Butterbur extracts have been found to contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids at the retail level. These extracts are not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

The adverse effects of butterbur reported in clinical trials include mainly gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, flatulence, and belching. In 2015, the American Academy of Neurology withdrew its original endorsement of butterbur due to safety concerns.

Long-term health effects and interaction of butterbur with other drugs have not been well documented. However, it can theoretically interact with certain blood pressure and heart medications, as well as with drugs that can induce a liver enzyme called CYP3A4. Prior cases of liver damage have been reported from people taking butterbur, with cases varying in adverse effects from cholestasis and inflammation to liver failure.

title: Petasites hybridus


text:
Lee Falk

Lee Falk, born Leon Harrison Gross (April 28, 1911 – March 13, 1999), was an American cartoonist, writer, theater director, and producer, best known as the creator of the comic strips Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom. At the height of their popularity, these strips attracted over 100 million readers every day. Falk also wrote short stories, and he contributed to a series of paperback novels about The Phantom.

A playwright and theatrical director/producer, Falk directed actors such as Marlon Brando, Charlton Heston, Paul Newman, Chico Marx and Ethel Waters.

Life and career
Falk was born in St. Louis, Missouri, where he spent his boyhood and his youth. His mother was Eleanor Alina (a name he later, in some form, used in both his Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom story lines), and his father was Benjamin Gross. Both of his parents were Jewish. Lee was born and raised Jewish. Gross died when Falk was just a boy, and after a time, his mother Eleanor married Albert Falk Epstein, who became the father figure for Lee Falk and his brother, Leslie. Falk changed his surname after leaving college. He took the middle name of his stepfather, but "Lee" had been his nickname since childhood, so he took that name also. His brother, Leslie, also took the name "Falk".

Falk married three times: to Louise Kanaseriff, Constance Moorehead Lilienthal, and Elizabeth Moxley. Elizabeth sometimes helped him with scripts in his later years and finished his last Phantom stories after he died. Falk had three children, Valerie (his daughter with Kanaseriff), and Diane and Conley (his daughter and son with Lilienthal).

Falk died on March 13, 1999.

Creation of Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom
Falk had had a fascination for stage magicians ever since he was a boy. Falk, according to his own recollections, sketched the first few Mandrake the Magician comic strips himself. When asked why the magician looked so much like himself, he replied, "Well, of course he did. I was alone in a room with a mirror when I drew him!".

The Phantom was inspired by Falk's fascination for myths and legends, such as the ones about El Cid, King Arthur, Nordic and Greek folklore heroes and popular fictional characters like Tarzan and Mowgli from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. He was fascinated by the Thuggee of India, and hence based his first Phantom comic on the Singh Brotherhood. Falk originally considered the idea of calling his character "The Gray Ghost", but finally decided that he preferred "The Phantom". Falk revealed in an interview that Robin Hood, who was often depicted as wearing tights, inspired the skin-tight costume of The Phantom, which is known to have influenced the entire superhero industry. In the A&E Network's Phantom biography program, Falk explained that Ancient Greek stone busts inspired the notion of pupils of the eyes of The Phantom not showing whenever he wore his mask. The old Greek busts had no eye pupils, which Falk felt gave them an inhuman, interesting look.

Theater
Falk's next large passion after cartooning was the theater and stage plays. During his lifetime, Falk ran five theaters, at one time or another, and he produced about 300 plays, and also directed about 100 of them. Falk wrote 12 plays, including two musicals: Happy Dollar and Mandrake the Magician, which were both based on his comic strip character.

Awards and recognition
Falk won numerous awards for comics and theatre, including:
 * Yellow Kid Award (1971)
 * Roman Lifetime Achievement Award
 * Adamson Award for best foreign comics creator (Sweden, 1977)
 * Golden Adamson (Sweden, 1986)
 * National Cartoonists Society's Silver T-Square Award (1986)
 * In 1989, he was awarded the Inkpot Award.
 * In May 1994, his birthplace St. Louis honored him with Lee Falk Day.
 * In 2013, he was entered into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame.

Lee Falk has also been a candidate for a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame many times, and was so honored in a ceremony on what would have been his 104th birthday, April 28, 2015.

title: Lee Falk


text:
George Gair

George Frederick Gair (13 October 1926 – 17 August 2015) was a New Zealand politician. He was once deputy leader of the National Party in the New Zealand Parliament, and was considered by many to be a possible contender for the leadership itself. He was known for his polite and diplomatic style, which often contrasted with the political situation around him – Michael Laws described him as "a refugee from the age of manners."

Early life and family
Gair was born in Dunedin, but moved to Wellington when young. He was a graduate of Victoria University and University of Auckland. He worked as a journalist at The New Zealand Herald from 1945 to 1947 then travelled to Japan before moving to Melbourne where he worked for The Sun News-Pictorial from 1949 to 1950 before returning to New Zealand after accepting a position at the Auckland Star between 1950 and 1952. Gair married Esther Mary Fay Levy in about 1950, and the couple went on to have three children, including make-up artist and body painter Joanne Gair.

From 1952 to 1957 Gair was a public relations officer in Auckland. He also became involved in the organisational wing of the National Party, and briefly served on the parliamentary staff of Keith Holyoake from 1958 to 1960. From 1960 to 1966 he was the personal assistant to the general manager of Air New Zealand.

Member of Parliament
He was an organiser for the National Party in the Onehunga and Roskill electorates. He then became the deputy chairman of National's Auckland division and a dominion councillor of the party.

Gair first stood for the National Party nomination for the Remuera electorate in the 1966 election, losing the nomination to Allan Highet. Gair then went across the bridge and contested and won the North Shore nomination from retiring National MP Dean Eyre. He was successful, and was elected to Parliament that year. In 1969 he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of Education and Science.

Cabinet minister
In Parliament, Gair came to be regarded as a competent and diligent administrator. He briefly became Minister of Customs in 1972  at the end of the Second National government, but this was interrupted when National lost the 1972 election to the Labour Party under Norman Kirk. After National's defeat party leader Jack Marshall appointed Gair as Shadow Minister of Customs. Gair had supported Marshall for the leadership and liked him on a personal level, however by early 1974 had come to the belief that National would have a better chance of winning the next election under the then deputy leader Robert Muldoon. In the lead up to a leadership spill Gair advised Marshall that Muldoon had the numbers to win which led Marshall to retire from the leadership and not contest the leadership ballot. When Muldoon became leader he promoted Gair from 13th to 6th in the caucus rankings and switched him from Customs to Shadow Minister of Housing instead.

When National was returned to power in the 1975 election, Gair was returned to cabinet in the Third National government. Between that time and National's defeat in the 1984 election, Gair held a number of challenging portfolios, including serving as Minister of Health and Minister of Social Welfare. He also served as Minister of Housing, Minister of Energy, Minister of Transport, Minister of Railways and a number of other roles.

Political views
Gair also distinguished himself for some of his personal views. Gair, although a member of the country's main conservative party, generally adopted a "live and let live" approach to social and moral issues, rejecting what he saw as "intolerance" in some of his colleagues. These beliefs were especially noticeable when, in the late 1970s, Gair opposed measures to restrict abortion. Barry Gustafson, in his history of the National Party, called Gair "the most effective strategist of the parliamentary pro-abortion lobby".

Gair's support of abortion earned him the hostility of many National Party colleagues, including that of the party's leader, Robert Muldoon. Muldoon was already somewhat distrustful of Gair, as Gair had occasionally been spoken of as an alternative party leader. The political styles of Muldoon and Gair were radically different – Muldoon had a reputation as being tough and confrontational, while Gair was seen as polite and diplomatic. Some members of the party who disliked Muldoon's "dictatorial" style saw Gair as a possible alternative.

Colonels' Coup
In 1980, when a number of party dissidents began to plot against Muldoon's leadership, Gair was on the list of potential replacements. However, Gair was regarded as too liberal to gain majority support within the party. The dissidents eventually decided to encourage Brian Talboys, the party's deputy leader, to make a leadership bid (now called the "Colonels' Coup"). Gair was not involved in planning this bid, but was supportive of it, and worked hard to convince Talboys that a challenge was a good idea. In the end, however, Talboys bailed out, and the coup collapsed without a vote ever being taken. Gair continued to advocate a challenge, but Talboys was adamant that preserving party unity was more important than curbing Muldoon's damaging leadership style. Later, after Talboys had retired from politics, Gair supported another Muldoon opponent, Derek Quigley, to replace Talboys as deputy leader.

After National's defeat in 1984 Muldoon designated Gair Shadow Minister of Transport, Railways, Civil Aviation and Meteorological Services. Gair, among others, wished for Muldoon to be replaced as leader as soon as possible. This pressure resulted in a scheduled leadership election being brought forward from February 1985 to November 1984 despite Muldoon's objections. Gair, alongside Jim McLay, Jim Bolger and Bill Birch, entered the race to replace Muldoon as leader. However both Birch and himself were to drop out of contention prior to the election being held (with Gair's support generally transferring to McLay and Birch's to Bolger). Ultimately McLay was successful. Gair was appointed by McLay as Shadow Minister of Labour and Employment.

In a surprise reshuffle in February 1986, Gair (along with Muldoon ally Bill Birch) were demoted considerably. This was intended to make room for new, younger figures, who McLay hoped would "rejuvenate" the party. The move was highly damaging to McLay, however, as it placed both Gair and Birch directly in opposition to him. As two of the most experienced people in the National Party, the two were able to mobilise substantial support in favour of McLay's main rival, Jim Bolger. Bolger quickly defeated McLay, and Gair himself took the position of deputy leader. He was additionally given the coveted finance portfolio by Bolger.

Deputy leader
Shortly after Gair became deputy leader, he found himself at odds with a number of his colleagues once again. The Homosexual Law Reform Bill, a private bill by Labour's Fran Wilde to lift restrictions on homosexuality, was being hotly debated. Gair was somewhat ambivalent towards the bill, believing that while change was "long overdue", certain aspects of the bill went too far. On 2 July 1986, Gair's vote blocked a motion of closure on the bill, which would have brought it to a vote – because of bad weather, a number of the bill's supporters were unable to be in Parliament that day, and since a few votes could potentially decide the fate of the bill, Gair believed it unfair to let the vote go ahead. Had he voted for closure, the bill would probably have been defeated, and many of the bill's opponents therefore blamed Gair for its subsequent success. One week later, when the vote actually occurred, it passed only by a narrow majority – Gair himself eventually voted in favour. Gair found the entire episode highly stressful, and spoke of his desire for reconciliation.

Following National's loss at the 1987 election Gair was challenged for the position of deputy leader by Ruth Richardson. Rather than attempt to beat off the challenge, the genial Gair retired voluntarily and backed Bolger's preferred deputy Don McKinnon who narrowly defeated Richardson by a single vote to take his place as deputy leader. Deciding to retire at the end of the term, Gair opted to sit on the backbench. Bolger designated him as spokesperson for accident compensation.

Diplomatic career
Gair retired from Parliament at the 1990 election. He later served as the High Commissioner to London. He lived in Northcross on the North Shore.

Mayor of North Shore City
Gair served as the 3rd Mayor of North Shore City from 1995 until 1998, defeating incumbent Paul Titchener.

Later life and death
In 2010 Gair completed a master's degree at Auckland University of Technology, with a thesis on managing change as a minister of the Crown supervised by Marilyn Waring and Grant Gillon. Gair died on 17 August 2015. His wife, Fay Gair, died in 2018.

Honours and awards
In the 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours, Gair was made a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services. In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

title: George Gair


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288 Glauke

Glauke (minor planet designation: 288 Glauke) is a stony, tumbling asteroid and slow rotator from the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1890, by Robert Luther at Düsseldorf-Bilk Observatory in Germany. It was the last of his asteroid discoveries. It is named after Creusa (known as Glauce or Glauke), a daughter of Creon, a king of Corinth in Greek mythology.

Glauke has an exceptionally slow rotation period of about 1200 hours (50 days). This makes it one of the slowest-rotating asteroids in the Solar System. The rotation is believed to be "tumbling", similar to the near-Earth asteroid 4179 Toutatis.

It is a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification.

title: 288 Glauke


text:
Samsun

Samsun, historically known as Sampsounta and Amisos (Ancient Greek: Ἀμισός), is a city on the north coast of Turkey and a major Black Sea port. Over 700,000 people live in the city. The city is the capital of Samsun Province which has a population of over 1,350,000. The city is home to Ondokuz Mayıs University, several hospitals, three large shopping malls, Samsunspor football club, an opera house and a large and modern manufacturing district. A former Greek settlement, the city is best known as the place where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence in 1919.

Name
The present name of the city is believed to have come from its former Greek name of (Αμισός) by a reinterpretation of  (meaning "to Amisós") and  (Greek suffix for place names) to  (Σαμψούντα: ) and then Samsun.

The early Greek historian Hecataeus wrote that Amisos was formerly called Enete, the place mentioned in Homer's Iliad. In Book II, Homer says that the ἐνετοί (Enetoi) inhabited Paphlagonia on the southern coast of the Black Sea in the time of the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC). The Paphlagonians are listed among the allies of the Trojans in the war, where their king Pylaemenes and his son Harpalion perished. Strabo mentioned that the inhabitants had disappeared by his time.

Samsun has also been known as Peiraieos by Athenian settlers and even briefly as Pompeiopolis by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.

The city was called Simisso by the Genoese. It was during the Ottoman Empire, that its present name was written as صامسون (Ṣāmsūn). The city has been known as Samsun since the formation of the Turkey in 1923.

Ancient history
Paleolithic artifacts found in the Tekkeköy Caves can be seen in Samsun Archaeology Museum.

The earliest layer excavated of the höyük of Dündartepe revealed a Chalcolithic settlement. Early Bronze Age and Hittite settlements were also found there and at Tekkeköy.

Samsun (then known as Amisos, Greek Αμισός, alternative spelling Amisus) was settled in about 760–750 BC by Ionians from Miletus, who established a flourishing trade relationship with the ancient peoples of Anatolia. The city's ideal combination of fertile ground and shallow waters attracted numerous traders.

Amisus was settled by the Ionian Milesians in the 6th century BC, it is believed that there was significant Greek activity along the coast of the Black Sea, although the archaeological evidence for this is very fragmentary. The only archaeological evidence we have as early as the 6th century is a fragment of Wild Goat style Greek pottery, in the Louvre.

Persian Period
The city was captured by the Persians in 550 BC and became part of Cappadocia (satrapy). In the 5th century BC, Amisus became a free state and one of the members of the Delian League led by the Athenians; it was then renamed Peiraeus under Pericles. Starting the 3rd century BC the city came under the control of Mithridates I, later founder of the Kingdom of Pontus. The Amisos treasure may have belonged to one of the kings. Tumuli, containing tombs dated between 300 BC and 30 BC, can be seen at Amisos Hill but unfortunately Toraman Tepe was mostly flattened during construction of the 20th century radar base.

Roman Period
The Romans conquered Amisus in 71 BC during the Third Mithridatic War. and Amisus became part of Bithynia et Pontus province. Around 46 BC, during the reign of Julius Caesar, Amisus became the capital of Roman Pontus. From the period of the Second Triumvirate up to Nero, Pontus was ruled by several client kings, as well as one client queen, Pythodorida of Pontus, a granddaughter of Marcus Antonius. From 62 CE it was directly ruled by Roman governors, most famously by Trajan's appointee Pliny. Pliny the Younger's address to the Emperor Trajan in the 1st century CE "By your indulgence, sir, they have the benefit of their own laws," is interpreted by John Boyle Orrery to indicate that the freedoms won for those in Pontus by the Romans was not pure freedom and depended on the generosity of the Roman emperor.

The estimated population of the city around 150 AD is between 20,000 and 25,000 people, classifying it as a relatively large city for that time. The city functioned as the commercial capital for the province of Pontus; beating its rival Sinope (now Sinop) due to its position at the head of the trans-Anatolia highway.

In Late Antiquity, the city became part of the Dioecesis Pontica within the eastern Roman Empire; later still it was part of the Armeniac Theme.

Samsun Castle was built on the seaside in 1192, it was demolished between 1909 and 1918.

Early Christianity

Though the roots of the city are Hellenistic, it was also one of the centers of an early Christian congregation. Its function as a commercial metropolis in northern Asia Minor was a contributing factor to enable the spread of Christian influence. As a large port city – the commercial capital of Pontus – travel to and from Christian hotbeds like Jerusalem was not uncommon. According to Josephus, there was large Jewish diaspora in Asia Minor. Given that the early evangelist Christians focused on Jewish diaspora communities, and that the Jewish diaspora in Amisus was a geographically accessible group with a mixed heritage group, it is not surprising that Amisus would be an appealing site for evangelist work. The author of 1 Peter 1:1 addresses the Jewish diaspora of the province of Pontus, along with four other provinces: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia." (Peter 1:1) As Amisus would have been the largest commercial port-city in the province, it is believed certain that the spread of Christianity in the region would have begun there. In the 1st century Pliny the Younger documents accounts of Christians in and around the cities of Pontus. His accounts center on his conflicts with the Christians when he served under the Emperor Trajan and describe early Christian communities, his condemnation of their refusal to renounce their religion, but also describes his tolerance for some Christian practices like Christian charitable societies. Many great early Christian figures had connections to Amisus, including Caesarea Mazaca, Gregory the Illuminator (raised as a Christian from 257 CE when he was brought to Amisus) and Basil the Great (Bishop of the city 330–379 CE).

Christian bishops of Amisus include Antonius, who took part in the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Erythraeus, a signatory of the letter that the bishops of Helenopontus wrote to Emperor Leo I the Thracian after the killing of Patriarch Proterius of Alexandria; the late 6th-century bishop Florus, venerated as a saint in the Greek menologion; and Tiberius, who attended the Third Council of Constantinople (680), Leo, the Second Council of Nicaea (787), and Basilius, the Council of Constantinople of 879. The diocese is no longer mentioned in the Greek Notitiae Episcopatuum after the 15th century and thereafter the city was considered part of the see of Amasea. However, some Greek bishops of the 18th and 19th centuries bore the title of Amisus as titular bishops. In the 13th century the Franciscans had a convent at Amisus, which became a Latin bishopric some time before 1345, when its bishop Paulus was transferred to the recently conquered city of Smyrna and was replaced by the Dominican Benedict, who was followed by an Italian Armenian called Thomas. No longer a residential diocese, it is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Medieval history
Samsun was part of the Seljuk Empire, the Sultanate of Rum, the Empire of Trebizond, and was one of the Genoese colonies. After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire into small principalities (beyliks) in the late 13th century, the city was ruled by one of them, the Isfendiyarids. It was captured from the Isfendiyarids at the end of the 14th century by the rival Ottoman beylik (later the Ottoman Empire) under sultan Bayezid I, but was lost again shortly afterwards.

The Ottomans permanently conquered the town in the weeks following 11 August 1420.

In the later Ottoman period, it became part of the Sanjak of Canik (Canik Sancağı), which was at first part of the Rûm Eyalet. The land around the town mainly produced tobacco, with its own type being grown in Samsun, the Samsun-Bafra, which the British described as having "small but very aromatic leaves", and commanding a "high price." The town was connected to the railway system in the second half of the 19th century, and tobacco trade boomed. There was a British consulate in the town from 1837 to 1863.

Previously, the last Armenian Zoroastrians, the Arewordik, or children of the sun, lived in Samsun.

Modern history
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the Turkish national movement against the Allies in Samsun on May 19, 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk, appointed by the Ottoman government as Inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate of the Empire in eastern Anatolia, left Constantinople aboard the now-famous SS Bandırma on May 16 for Samsun. Instead of obeying the orders of the Ottoman government, then under the control of the occupying Allies, he and a number of colleagues declared the beginning of the Turkish national movement. The Allies claimed that the Greek population of Samsun was subject looting by Turkish irregular groups, as noted by representatives of the American Near East Relief, an Allied organization. The Turkish National Movement became alarmed due to the presence of Greek warships in the vicinity of Samsun and undertook the deportation which entailed the deportation of 21,000 local Greeks to the interior of Anatolia. By 1920, Samsun's population totaled about 36,000, though this figure declined due to the impacts of war and deportations.

Later, in early June 1922, the city was bombarded by the Allied navy, consisting of American and Greek warships. The Allied bombardment against the Turks was a strategic failure. Following Turkey's victory, the Greek population left for Greece after the 1923 Population Exchange founding villages including Nea Sampsounda in Preveza, Greece.

After the establishment of the Republic, Samsun was declared a province with five districts Bafra, Çarşamba, Havza, Terme and Vezirköprü. Samsun added additional districts in later years. In 1928, Ladik was established as a district. In 1934, district was Kavak was established followed by Alaçam in 1944 which brought the number of districts in Samsun Province to eight. With the law number 3392 adopted on 19 June 1983 Salıpazarı, Asarcık, Ondokuzmayıs and Tekkeköy districts were established. With the law number 3644 adopted on 9 May 1990, Ayvacık and Yakakent two more districts were established. Samsun entered into a period of economic and population recovery in the years after the establishment of the Republic and quickly restored its status as a vital Black Sea port for Turkey.

Reconstruction of Samsun began quickly after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. In 1929, the region's first electric power plant began operations. Railway access to the city was established in the early 1950s with service to Sivas and Ankara. Major investments in the regions road network were made beginning in the 1960s. In 1975, per law No. 1873, Ondokuz Mayıs University was established in neighboring Atakum. The construction of the university was a major development to the region, bringing a highly regarded and well-funded educational institution and state hospital to Samsun. The region was connect by air in 1998 with the construction of Samsun-Çarşamba Airport 23 km east of the city center. The airport is primarily serviced by Turkish Airlines with service to Istanbul Airport and Ankara Esenboğa Airport but also has international service to Germany and Iraq. In 2008, the Metropolitan Municipality opened the 36.5 km Samsun Tram network which connects Ondokuz Mayıs University to Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium.

In 1993, Samsun was established as a metropolitan municipality by decree of the national government in Ankara. The decree further enhanced Samsun's status as one of Turkey's largest and most important cities. As Samsun grew, as did its environs. Neighboring Atakum, a suburb to the west of the city center was established in 2008 with the merger of Atakent, Kurupelit, Altınkum, Çatalçam and Taflan towns into one municipality. Atakum in recent years has become a bedroom community to Samsun and home to much of the region's professional class.

Multiple other large developments have further established Samsun as a major urban center. In 2013, Piazza Samsun a 160 store shopping mall, the largest in the Central Black Sea region, opened in the city center. The opening of the mall was followed by the construction of 115 m tall Sheraton Hotel Samsun. Now the second tallest building in the region, the hotel at the time was the first building in Samsun's history to stand more than 100 m. In 2017, Samsunspor opened a new 30,000 person stadium in Tekkeköy. Gökdelen Towers is now the tallest building in the Samsun region and representative of a recent trend towards high-rise residential housing.

Under the leadership of Metropolitan Mayor Mustafa Demir, the Samsun regional government has undertaken several major transportation and housing development projects in the city center. Projects include the restoration of the Mert River, the construction of the new National Garden, the restoration of Tarihi Şifa Hamamı and the construction of Samsun Saathane Square.

Geography
Samsun is a long city which extends along the coast between two river deltas which jut into the Black Sea. It is located at the end of an ancient route from Cappadocia: the Amisos of antiquity lay on the headland northwest of the modern city center.

The city is growing fast: land has been reclaimed from the sea and many more apartment blocks and shopping malls are currently being built. Industry is tending to move (or be moved) east, further away from the city center and towards the airport.

Rivers
To Samsun's west, lies the Kızılırmak ("Red River", the Halys of antiquity), one of the longest rivers in Anatolia and its fertile delta. To the east, lie the Yeşilırmak ("Green River", the Iris of antiquity) and its delta. The River Mert reaches the sea at the city.

Climate
Samsun has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), typical for the region, but Samsun is nevertheless drier during summer and milder during winter than most of the southern Black Sea coast.

Summers are warm, the average maximum temperature is around 27 °C in August. Winters are cool to mild and wet, the lowest average minimum temperature is around 4 °C in January.

Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter. Snow sometimes occurs between the months of December and March, but temperatures below the freezing point rarely last more than a couple of days.

The water temperature is generally mild, fluctuating between 8 - 20 °C throughout the year.

Demographics

During the Tanzimat period and the subsequent wars, Ottoman Muslims were exiled from the Balkans and Circassians were expelled from the Caucasus region. Many of the present inhabitants trace their origins from further west or east on the Black Sea coast. The overwhelming majority of people are Muslim. Due to depressed economic conditions, Samsun saw slow but gradual population growth until 1990. Beginning with the economic liberalization Turkey, the city's population began to rapidly increase. In 1990, the city reported a population of 322,982. That figure grew to 388,509 by 2000, 461,640 in 2008, to 511,601 in 2015. In 2020, the city had an estimated population of 710,000.

Government
Samsun holds an important historical role in the political development of the Republic of Turkey. The city is where the first branch of the Free Republican Party and the first provincial branch of the Democrat Party were opened. For that reason, the city occupies an important place in the history of politics in Turkey. Samsun has traditionally voted for right-wing and nationalistic parties both in local and national elections. In this respect, in Samsun, which is described as the "vote depot of the right". Until the 2018, nearly 80% of the populace voted for right-wing parties while the membership rate to political parties is around 20%. The majority of the deputies have been from the right in all general elections since 1950. Only in 1989 and 1994 did a candidate from a left-wing party, Muzaffer Önder was elected mayor.

Today, 6 of the 9 deputies of Samsun's delegation to the Turkish Grand National Assembly are members of right-wing parties with the exception of those from Atakum. The mayor of the Metropolitan Municipality Mustafa Demir is a member of the Justice and Development Party. Of the members of parliament from Samsun, Ahmet Demircan, Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz, Çiğdem Karaaslan, Fuat Köktaş and Orhan Kırcalı are from the Justice and Development Party, while two are from the Republican People's Party, one from Good Party and one from the Nationalist Movement Party.

Pollution
Air pollution is a problem in some parts of the city, especially in winter when free coal is supplied to poor families by the government. NOx levels from traffic on Yüzüncüyıl Boulevard are among the highest in the country.

Architecture
Samsun like many Ottoman Empire cities was composed of stone mosques, baths, markets and government buildings while the residential vernacular was almost exclusively wood. The city was populated with wooden konak style homes with more elaborate yali (residence) style homes for the wealthy. Beginning in the 1950s as the city's population grew many of these older wooden structures burned down or torn down and replaced with concrete frame apartment buildings which are now the predominant form of construction in the city center. The city's explosive population growth outpaced its ability to formally build housing for its new residents leading to the construction of vast areas of gecekondu on the city's suburban periphery. As the region has modernized, the Turkish government has made a full force effort to replace gecekondu with formally designed and built housing. TOKİ, the state agency tasked with housing development has invested heavily in Samsun, building several large social housing developments for the city's growing population.

Mosques

 * Pazar Mosque, Samsun's oldest surviving building, a mosque built by the Ilkhanate Mongols in the 13th century.
 * Central Great Mosque (Samsun) was built by Batumlu Hacı Efendi in 1884. Its name "Valide" comes from the mother of Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz.
 * Hacı Hatun Mosque dates from 1694.

Churches

 * Samsun Protestant Church - located in Atakum
 * Mater Dolorasa Church - located in Ilkadim

Samsun used to have several Greek Orthodox churches however most were destroyed or converted to mosques following the Turkish War of Independence.

Public squares and parks

 * Republic Square (Samsun)
 * Samsun Saathane Square
 * Anit Park

Tallest buildings
Samsun's tallest building is Gökdelen Towers Tower 1 at 115 m followed by the Sheraton Hotel Samsun at 115 m. In recent years dozens of mid-rise residential and commercial buildings have come to populate the city's formerly low-rise skyline.

Transport
Long distance buses the bus station is outside the city centre, but most bus companies provide a free transfer there if you have a ticket. Passenger and freight trains run to Sivas via Amasya. The train station is in the city center. Freight trains are taken by ferry to railways at Kavkaz in Russia, and will later see service to the port of Varna in Bulgaria and Poti in Georgia.

The Samsun Tram operates between the eastern district of Tekkeköy and Ondokuz Mayıs University. There is a plan to run electrically powered bus rapid transit between the railway station and Tekkekoy. Some city buses are electric. Dolmuş, the routes are numbered 1 to 4 and each route has different color minibuses. The 320 m long Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola serves from Batıpark the archaeological area on the Amisos Hill, where ancient tombs in tumuli were discovered.

Samsun-Çarşamba Airport is 23 km east of the city center. It is possible to reach the airport by Havas service buses: they depart from the coach park close to Kultur Sarayi in the city center. Horse-drawn carriages, (Turkish: fayton) run along the seafront. There was automated bike rental along the seafront, but it is not currently operational.

Economy
Samsun has a mixed economy with a cluster of medical industries.

Ports and shipbuilding
Samsun is a port city. In the early 20th century, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey funded the building of a harbor. Before the building of the harbor, ships had to anchor to deliver goods, approximately 1 mile or more from shore. Trade and transportation was focused around a road to and from Sivas. The privately operated port fronting the city centre handles freight, including RORO ferries to Novorossiysk, whereas fishing boats land their catches in a separate harbour slightly further east. A ship building yard is under construction at the eastern city limit. Road and rail freight connections with central Anatolia can be used to send inland both the agricultural produce of the surrounding well rained upon and fertile land, and also imports from overseas.

Coal imports from Donbas
Donbas anthracite, imported via the Russian ports of Azov and Taganrog, is said to be illegally exported Ukrainian coal. In 2019 some crew were rescued but 6 died after a ship sank in the Black Sea.

Manufacturing and food processing
There is a light industrial zone between the city and the airport. The main manufactured products are medical devices and products, furniture (wood is imported across the Black Sea), tobacco products (although tobacco farming is now limited by the government), chemicals and automobile spare parts.

Flour mills import wheat from Ukraine and export some of the flour.

Local government and services
Provincial government and services (e.g. courts, prisons and hospitals) support the surrounding region. Agricultural research establishments support provincial agriculture and food processing.

Shopping

Most of the many new shopping malls are purpose built, but the former tobacco factory in the city center has been converted into a mall. Samsun's largest mall is the Piazza Samsun.

Nature Tourism
Samsun has one of the longest coastlines of the Black Sea Region and this strip stretches from Canik until May 19. 90% of this 35 km long coastline consists of fine sandy beaches suitable for swimming, and alternative sports such as surfing, jet skiing and sailing can be practiced besides swimming. There are a total of 39 beaches in Samsun, with the highest number of beaches in Atakum with 19 of them. After Atakum, Alaçam and Çarşamba come with three beaches each. Bafra, Ilkadım and May 19 each have two beaches, and Canik also has one beach. There are no beaches in Asarcık, Ayvacık, Havza, Kavak and Ladik. As of August 2018, all of the beaches measured by the Environmental Health Department are classified as very clean. In addition, 13 beaches, 10 of which are in Atakum, are awarded the Blue Flag beach.

In Samsun, where activities for winter tourism can be carried out in addition to beach tourism, Akdağ Winter Sports and Ski Center, especially in Ladik, is the most important investment in this area with its 1675 m ski track and 1300 m chair lift, attracting tourists from the surrounding cities. Akdağ also stands out as a paragliding, mountaineering and highland tourism center together with Kocadağ; Nebiyan Mountain is visited by mountaineers, and Kunduz Mountains are visited by transhumance. In addition to natural areas such as Asarağaç Hill, Gölalan Waterfalls and Kabaceviz Waterfall, Çamgölü, Sarıgazel, Vezirköprü nature parks and Çakkır and Hasköy recreation areas have also been brought into tourism in recent years. The Çarşamba Plain and the Galeriç Floodplain, especially the Kızılırmak Delta is frequently visited by bird watchers. May 25 Thermal Tourism Center in Havza, which has been given the status of a tourism center, is the most important health tourism point in Samsun, and the thermal springs in Havza and Ladik are also among the tourism centers of the city. The waters coming out of the hot springs, which are visited by 200 thousand people a year, have been used in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatic diseases, gynecological diseases, nervous diseases, joint diseases and calcification for two thousand years.

The Atatürk Culture Center
Atatürk Kültür Sarayı (AKM – Palace of Culture). Concerts and other performances are held at the Kultur Sarayi, which is shaped much like a ski jump. "Samsun State Opera and Ballet" performs in The Atatürk Culture Center. Founded in 2009 it is one of the six state opera houses in Turkey. The Samsun Opera have performed Die Entführung (W. A. Mozart) in the annual Istanbul Opera Festival. In collaboration with The Pekin Opera, The Samsun Opera performed Puccini's Madama Butterfly in the Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival in 2012. Other performances include La bohème, La traviata, Don Quijote, Giselle. The current musical director is Lorenzo Castriota Skanderbeg.

Museums

 * Archaeological and Atatürk Museum. The archaeological part of the museum displays ancient artifacts found in the Samsun area, including the Amisos treasure. The Atatürk section includes photographs of his life and some personal belongings.
 * Atatürk (Gazi) Museum. It houses Atatürk's bedroom, his study and conference room as well as some personal belongings.
 * Samsun City Museum. A new museum.
 * Surgical Instruments and Health Museum, opened in 2021.

Folk dancing
There is an annual international festival.

Education
There are two universities in Samsun: the state run Ondokuz Mayıs University and the private sector Samsun University. There is also a police training college and many small private colleges.

Parks, nature reserves and other greenspace

 * Parks
 * Batı Park (West Park) is a large park on land reclaimed from the sea
 * Doğu Park (East Park)
 * Atatürk Park contains his statue by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel, which was completed in 1931. The statue was depicted on the obverse of the Turkish 100,000 lira banknotes of 1991–2001.

 * Nature reserves
 * Çakırlar Korusu

 * Other greenspace

There are several army bases in the city (Esentepe Kışlası, Gökberk Kışlası, 19 Mayis Kışlası and others). Should they become surplus to military requirements in future, for example due to reduced conscription in Turkey, it is currently unclear whether they would become urban open space or be further built on.

Sports

In ancient Roman times gladiator sword fighting apparently took place in Amisos, as depicted on a tombstone dating from the 2nd or 3rd century CE.

Tekkeköy Yaşar Doğu Arena opened in 2013.

Football is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city center children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's main club is Samsunspor, which plays its games at the Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium.

Basketball, volleyball, tennis, swimming, cable skiing (in summer), horse riding, go karting, paintballing, martial arts and many other sports are played. Cycling and jogging are only common along the sea front, where recreational fishing is also popular.

Twin towns—Sister cities

Samsun is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 North Little Rock, Arkansas, United States (2006)
 * Gorgan, Iran (2006)
 * İskele, Northern Cyprus (2006)
 * 🇷🇺 Novorossiysk, Russia (2007)
 * Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (2007)
 * 🇸🇪 Kalmar, Sweden (2008)
 * 🇫🇷 Bordeaux, France (2010)
 * 🇩🇪 Kiel, Germany (2010)
 * 🇧🇦 Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012)
 * 🇹🇳 Bizerte, Tunisia
 * 🇺🇦 Donetsk, Ukraine
 * 🇬🇭 Accra, Ghana
 * 🇰🇬 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Footballers who played for Samsunspor or were born in Samsun

 * Mete Adanır (1961–1989), Turkish Cypriot football forward
 * Nuri Asan (1940–1989), football player and manager
 * Serkan Aykut (born 1975), former football forward
 * Müslüm Can (born 1975), retired footballer
 * Tanju Çolak (born 1963), Samsun-born former football forward
 * Cenk İşler (born 1974), former football striker and manager
 * Mehmet Nas (born 1979), former footballer
 * Mehmet Özdilek (born 1966), retired footballer born in Samsun

Others

 * A. I. Bezzerides, (1908–2007), Greek-American novelist and screenwriter
 * Ahmet Demircan (born 1954), Turkish doctor, politician and former Minister of Health of Turkey
 * Orhan Gencebay (born 1944), Arabesque music artist
 * Levent Kırca (1950–2015), comedian, actor, newspaper columnist and politician

Mayors of Samsun Metropolitan Municipality

 * 1968-1980 and 1984-1987 Kemal Vehbi Gül AP, ANAP
 * 1987-1989 Ruhat Çetinkaya ANAP
 * 1989-1999 Muazffer Önder SHP, CHP
 * 1999-2018 Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz ANAP, AK Party
 * 2018-2019 Zihni Şahin AK Party
 * 2019-2024 Mustafa Demir AK Party
 * 2024-present Halit Doğan AK Party

title: Samsun


text: File:LorraineDukes.png

title: File:LorraineDukes.png


text:
Ockendon railway station

Ockendon railway station is located on a passing loop on a single-track branch of the London, Tilbury and Southend line, serving the town of South Ockendon, Essex. It is 18 mi down the line from London Fenchurch Street via Upminster; the following station on the branch is Chafford Hundred. Its three-letter station code is OCK.

The station was opened in 1892 by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR). Today, all passenger train services are operated by c2c, which also manages the station. Although the station is outside the London fare zones 1 to 6, it became part of the Oyster card pay-as-you-go network in 2010.

History
The single-track line through the area was opened in 1892 by the LTSR as part of a branch from Romford to Grays via Upminster. By the late 20th century, service on the line had been reduced to a relatively infrequent shuttle between Upminster and Grays. However, service levels increased following the opening of a new station on the branch at Chafford Hundred and the shuttle train service was eventually extended beyond Upminster to Fenchurch Street in London and beyond Grays to Southend Central in Southend-on-Sea.

Services
The station has two platforms. As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 2 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street
 * 2 tph eastbound to Southend Central

Connections
NIBS Buses route 269 and London Buses route 347 serve the station.

title: Ockendon railway station


text:
Talk:HiperMAN

THIS IS MY SECOND REWRITE!

HIPERMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network and is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) group to provide a wireless network communication in the 2 - 11 GHz bands across Europe and other countries which follow the ETSI standard. HIPERMAN is a European alternative to [[WiMax or the IEEE 802.16 standard.

Hi, I stumbled upon this article "http://portal.etsi.org/radio/HiperMAN/HiperMAN.asp" and noticed that the text in the see also section is directly taken from it. Therefore, wouldn't surrounding the text with quotes and citing its reference make it more legitimate ?

yokad

title: Talk:HiperMAN


text:
HiperMAN

HiperMAN (High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network) is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) group to provide a wireless network communication in the 2–11 GHz bands across Europe and other countries which follow the ETSI standard. HiperMAN is a European alternative to WiMAX (or the IEEE 802.16 standard) and the Korean technology WiBro.

HiperMAN is aiming principally for providing broadband Wireless Internet access, while covering a large geographic area. The standardization focuses on broadband solutions optimized for access in frequency bands below 11 GHz (mainly in the 3.5 GHz band). HiperMAN is optimised for packet switched networks, and supports fixed and nomadic applications, primarily in the residential and small business user environments.

HiperMAN will be an interoperable broadband fixed wireless access system operating at radio frequencies between 2 GHz and 11 GHz. The HiperMAN standard is designed for Fixed Wireless Access provisioning to SMEs and residences using the basic MAC (DLC and CLs) of the IEEE 802.16-2001 standard. It has been developed in very close cooperation with IEEE 802.16, such that the HiperMAN standard and a subset of the IEEE 802.16a-2003 standard will interoperate seamlessly. HiperMAN is capable of supporting ATM, though the main focus is on IP traffic. It offers various service categories, full quality of service, fast connection control management, strong security, fast adaptation of coding, modulation and transmit power to propagation conditions and is capable of non-line-of-sight operation. HiperMAN enables both PTMP and Mesh network configurations. HiperMAN also supports both FDD and TDD frequency allocations and H-FDD terminals. All this is achieved with a minimum number of options to simplify implementation and interoperability.

title: HiperMAN


text:
Emerson Park railway station

Emerson Park is a London Overground station in the Emerson Park neighbourhood of Hornchurch in the London Borough of Havering, east London. The station is on the Romford–Upminster line and is the only intermediate station on that single-track line, located 1 mi from Romford and 1 mile 66 chains (2.9 km) from Upminster. The station was opened in 1909 by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway on a branch line which had connected Romford with Upminster and Grays since 1893. The station entrance is on Butts Green Road, with minimal station buildings other than a canopy over the single platform. Emerson Park is one of the least used stations in London and the least used London Overground station.

Steam era
The Romford to Upminster line was constructed in 1893 as a branch of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR). The branch connected at Upminster with the main line from London Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness and the branch line to Grays that had opened in 1892. The new line passed mostly through fields and skirted the northern limits of the town of Hornchurch, which was already served by an LTSR station a similar distance to the south of the town. The LTSR was prompted to open a station at Emerson Park because of property development in the immediate area and in 1908 the Great Eastern Railway (GER) proposed a new railway station at Gidea Park, approximately 1 mile to the northwest on the line from Liverpool Street. The LTSR station opened on 1 October 1909 as Emerson Park Halt and the rival station at Gidea Park in 1910. A run-round loop was constructed 500 yards to the west to enable extra trains to run between Emerson Park and Upminster. When push-pull working began in 1934 the loop was no longer needed and taken out in c. 1936.

In the April 1920 timetable there are 27 down (towards Tilbury) and 22 up (towards Romford) trains a day. Destinations varied with most services running between Romford and Upminster. There were six through trains to Grays, four to Tilbury and five short runs between Emerson Park and Upminster, with a similar number of return trains. On Sundays there were nine trains in each direction. By 1939 this had increased to 35 down trains and 27 up services on weekdays, still with nine in each direction on Sundays and a similar service pattern. Originally named Emerson Park Halt, and shown in some timetables and on some signage throughout its history as Emerson Park & Great Nelmes, the station name was later simplified to 'Emerson Park', but the date of this change is not recorded. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway was purchased by the Midland Railway in 1912 and was amalgamated into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 1 January 1923. The station and line became part of British Railways on 1 January 1948, initially as part of the London Midland Region and then the Eastern Region from 20 February 1949. The short workings between Emerson Park and Upminster were eliminated with all services at Emerson Park calling at both Romford and Upminster from the 1949 timetable.

Diesel era
Diesel multiple unit operation began on 15 September 1956 and the current service pattern was established when through service beyond Upminster ceased. The September 1957 timetable shows a regular half hourly service at the station with services to Romford and Upminster from 06:00 to 21:30 and no service on Sundays. The station became part of the London & South Eastern sector in 1982 that became Network SouthEast in 1986. The last day of diesel multiple unit operation was on Saturday 10 May 1986.

Electric era
Electric train service began operating on Monday 12 May 1986. Following the privatisation of British Rail the station and train services were operated by First Great Eastern from 1997 to 2004, National Express East Anglia from 2004 to 2012 and Greater Anglia from 2012 to 2015. Oyster pay as you go has been available at the station since 2010. The station was taken over by London Overground, a subsidiary of Transport for London, on 31 May 2015 and a Sunday service was restored from 13 December 2015.

Design
The station consists of a side platform located to the north of the single track. Access to the street is provided by a ramp. The station is of basic design and has no buildings other than a canopy covering part of the platform. The Havering Council local register of historic interest describes the building as "Canopy over single platform. Simple iron ‘H’ posts holding up a steel frame, with corrugated sheeting forming a curved roof. Timber valances edging roofline." There are Oyster card validators and a ticket vending machine. Digital display boards and voice announcements provide departure information.

Location
The station is named after the Emerson Park housing estate, located to the northeast. The entrance is situated at the southern end of Butts Green Road at the point it becomes North Street, 0.5 mi north of Hornchurch town centre. Hornchurch is additionally served by Hornchurch and Upminster Bridge stations, both on the London Underground's District line. London Buses routes 165, 256 and 370 serve the station.

Services
The station is in London fare zone 6. Service from the station is two trains per hour to Upminster and two per hour to Romford. The timetabled journey time to Upminster is five minutes and to Romford is four minutes. Services run Monday to Saturday between approximately 06:15 and 22:00, and on Sundays from approximately 08:45 to 20:00. Emerson Park is one of the least used stations in London and the least used London Overground station. The numbers of passenger entries and exits at the station have been recorded as follows:

Note: due to a change in methodology of counting entries/exits, the change from 2014–15 to 2015–16 may be overstated.

title: Emerson Park railway station


text:
Talk:Hiperman

THIS IS MY SECOND REWRITE.

title: Talk:Hiperman


text:
International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences

The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS) is an organization that was founded in 1998 in New York City to recognize and acknowledge excellence in interactive content across emerging technologies. According to the organization, the academy was founded to help drive the creative, technical, and professional progress of the Internet and evolving forms of interactive and new media.

History
The academy selects the Nominees and Winners for the Webby Awards and the Lovie Awards, which have been described as the leading honors for websites and individual achievement in technology and creativity. The Webby Awards have been described as the "Oscars of the Internet" in the media, and popular television series such as the Masterpiece has won the Webby Awards in 2017. In 2021, the academy also introduced the Anthem Awards to honor the purpose and mission-driven work of people, companies and organizations worldwide.

According to the IADAS website, their purpose is: In 2011, IADAS pinpointed five challenges the internet would face in the following five years in response to the exponential growth of the internet and its users. An article in Huffington Post described IADAS's perspective on the five challenges stating that the organization believed that the next five years had to see improvements in privacy protection, copyright law, net neutrality, the open web and Internet security."
 * To recognize and acknowledge excellence in interactive content across emerging technologies
 * To connect a diverse group of luminaries to facilitate growth and development in the digital arts and sciences
 * To educate industry professionals and the public-at-large about what is relevant, making technology accessible and integrating it into the general culture

Members
Membership in the academy is by invitation only. IADAS describes its members as "Leading industry experts, evangelists, and visionaries working to advance the electronic medium" and divides its members into four types - Associate, Executive, Europe, and Anthem.

Executive members include Richard Branson, Vint Cerf, Arianna Huffington, Julia Child, Luvvie Ajayi, among many others.

Associate members include Sara Ackerman, Matthew Ball, Brian Edelman, Andrew Jackson, James Naleski, Mirko Pallera, among many others.

Webby Awards
Established in 1996 during the Web's infancy, The Webbys is presented by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS)—a 2000+ member judging body. In 2006, The Webby Awards was described as the "Internet's Highest Honor" by the New York Times following the 10th annual Webby Awards that was hosted in the heart of New York's Financial District. This popular occasion had attendance from the executive director of UNICEF - Ann Veneman, Pop legend Prince among others.

Since then, the Webby awards have been honoring excellence on the internet in 8 major media types: Websites and Mobile Sites, Video, Advertising, Media & PR, Social, Apps, dApps & Software, Games, Podcasts, and Metaverse, Immersive & Virtual.

The Webby Awards presents two honors in every category—The Webby Award and The Webby People's Voice Award. Members of the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS) select the Nominees for both awards in each category, as well as the Winners of The Webby Awards. In the spirit of the open Web, The Webby People's Voice is awarded by the voting public. Each year, The Webby People's Voice Awards garners millions of votes from all over the world. In April 2022, NASA won 3 Webby Awards, 5 People's Voice Awards with the awards being NASA's 24th, 25th, and 26th Webby Awards since 1998.

Lovie Awards
In 2010, The Webby Awards launched its European sister award program, The Lovie Awards. The Lovie Awards recognizes the unique and resonant nature of the European Internet community – from Europe's top web and creative networks and content publishers to cultural and political organizations and individual creators. The Lovie Awards is the European counterpart to the Webby's, which honor contributions and contributors to the internet and digital media. The jury accepts work in many languages, including English, French, Spanish, Italian and German

The Lovie award winners get press coverage from leading media such as the Huffington Post, BBC, The Sunday Times among many others. The 2022 winner list included social media fame Khaby Lame and Jaap Haartsen among others.

Anthem Awards
In 2021, The Webby Awards launched the brand new Anthem Awards to celebrate purpose & mission-driven work from people, companies and organizations worldwide, across seven core purposes: Diversity, Equity & Inclusion; Education, Art & Culture; Health; Human & Civil Rights; Humanitarian Action & Services; Responsible Technology; and Sustainability, Environment & Climate.

The Inaugural Anthem Awards presented Special Achievement Awards to a group of individuals who have dedicated their lives, platform or work to bring attention to some of the most important issues of our time. This list included members such as Jane Goodall, professional tennis player Naomi Osaka, comedian and filmmaker Adam McKay and American Soccer player Megan Rapinoe.


text:
NX bit

The NX bit (no-execute) is a technology used in CPUs to segregate areas of a virtual address space to store either data or processor instructions. An operating system with support for the NX bit may mark certain areas of an address space as non-executable. The processor will then refuse to execute any code residing in these areas of the address space. The general technique, known as executable space protection, also called Write XOR Execute, is used to prevent certain types of malicious software from taking over computers by inserting their code into another program's data storage area and running their own code from within this section; one class of such attacks is known as the buffer overflow attack.

The term NX bit originated with Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), as a marketing term. Intel markets the feature as the XD bit (execute disable). The MIPS architecture refers to the feature as XI bit (execute inhibit). The ARM architecture refers to the feature, which was introduced in ARMv6, as XN (execute never). The term NX bit itself is sometimes used to describe similar technologies in other processors.

x86
x86 processors, since the 80286, included a similar capability implemented at the segment level. However, almost all operating systems for the 80386 and later x86 processors implement the flat memory model, so they cannot use this capability. There was no "Executable" flag in the page table entry (page descriptor) in those processors, until, to make this capability available to operating systems using the flat memory model, AMD added a "no-execute" or NX bit to the page table entry in its AMD64 architecture, providing a mechanism that can control execution per page rather than per whole segment.

Intel implemented a similar feature in its Itanium (Merced) processor—having IA-64 architecture—in 2001, but did not bring it to the more popular x86 processor families (Pentium, Celeron, Xeon, etc.). In the x86 architecture it was first implemented by AMD, as the NX bit, for use by its AMD64 line of processors, such as the Athlon 64 and Opteron.

After AMD's decision to include this functionality in its AMD64 instruction set, Intel implemented the similar XD bit feature in x86 processors beginning with the Pentium 4 processors based on later iterations of the Prescott core. The NX bit specifically refers to bit number 63 (i.e. the most significant bit) of a 64-bit entry in the page table. If this bit is set to 0, then code can be executed from that page; if set to 1, code cannot be executed from that page, and anything residing there is assumed to be data. It is only available with the long mode (64-bit mode) or legacy Physical Address Extension (PAE) page-table formats, but not x86's original 32-bit page table format because page table entries in that format lack the 64th bit used to disable and enable execution.

Windows XP SP2 and later support Data Execution Prevention (DEP).

ARM
In ARMv6, a new page table entry format was introduced; it includes an "execute never" bit. For ARMv8-A, VMSAv8-64 block and page descriptors, and VMSAv8-32 long-descriptor block and page descriptors, for stage 1 translations have "execute never" bits for both privileged and unprivileged modes, and block and page descriptors for stage 2 translations have a single "execute never" bit (two bits due to ARMv8.2-TTS2UXN feature); VMSAv8-32 short-descriptor translation table descriptors at level 1 have "execute never" bits for both privileged and unprivileged mode and at level 2 have a single "execute never" bit.

Alpha
As of the Fourth Edition of the Alpha Architecture manual, DEC (now HP) Alpha has a Fault on Execute bit in page table entries with the OpenVMS, Tru64 UNIX, and Alpha Linux PALcode.

SPARC
The SPARC Reference MMU for Sun SPARC version 8 has permission values of Read Only, Read/Write, Read/Execute, and Read/Write/Execute in page table entries, although not all SPARC processors have a SPARC Reference MMU.

A SPARC version 9 MMU may provide, but is not required to provide, any combination of read/write/execute permissions. A Translation Table Entry in a Translation Storage Buffer in Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011, Draft D1.0.0 has separate Executable and Writable bits.

PowerPC/Power ISA
Page table entries for IBM PowerPC's hashed page tables have a no-execute page bit. Page table entries for radix-tree page tables in the Power ISA have separate permission bits granting read/write and execute access.

PA-RISC
Translation lookaside buffer (TLB) entries and page table entries in PA-RISC 1.1 and PA-RISC 2.0 support read-only, read/write, read/execute, and read/write/execute pages.

Itanium
TLB entries in Itanium support read-only, read/write, read/execute, and read/write/execute pages.

z/Architecture
As of the twelfth edition of the z/Architecture Principles of Operation, z/Architecture processors may support the Instruction-Execution Protection facility, which adds a bit in page table entries that controls whether instructions from a given region, segment, or page can be executed.

title: NX bit


text:
Atira asteroid

Atira asteroids or Apohele asteroids, also known as interior-Earth objects (IEOs), are Near-Earth objects whose orbits are entirely confined within Earth's orbit; that is, their orbit has an aphelion (farthest point from the Sun) smaller than Earth's perihelion (nearest point to the Sun), which is 0.983 astronomical units (AU). Atira asteroids are by far the least numerous group of near-Earth objects, compared to the more populous Aten, Apollo and Amor asteroids.

Naming
There is no official name for the class commonly referred as Atira asteroids. The term "Apohele asteroids" was proposed by the discoverers of, after the Hawaiian word for orbit, from apo 'circle' and hele  'to go'. This was suggested partly because of its similarity to the words aphelion (apoapsis) and helios. Other authors adopted the designation "Inner Earth Objects" (IEOs). Following the general practice to name a new class of asteroids for the first recognized member of that class, which in this case was 163693 Atira, the designation of "Atira asteroids" was largely adopted by the scientific community, including by NASA.

Discovery and observation
Their location inside the Earth's orbit makes Atiras very difficult to observe, as from Earth's perspective they are close to the Sun and therefore 'drowned out' by the Sun's overpowering light. This means that Atiras can usually only be seen during twilight. The first documented twilight searches for asteroids inside Earth's orbit were performed by astronomer Robert Trumpler over the early 20th century, but he failed to find any.

The first suspected Atira asteroid was, which was discovered by David J. Tholen of the Mauna Kea Observatory, but the first to be confirmed as such was 163693 Atira in 2003, discovered by the Arecibo Observatory. , there are 28 known Atiras, two of which are named, eight of which have received a numbered designation, and six of which are potentially hazardous objects. An additional 127 objects have aphelia smaller than Earth's aphelion (Q = 1.017 AU).

Origins
Most Atira asteroids originated in the asteroid belt and were driven to their current locations as a result of gravitational perturbation, as well as other causes such as the Yarkovsky effect. A number of known Atiras could be fragments or former moons of larger Atiras as they exhibit an unusually high level of orbital correlation.

Orbits
Atiras do not cross Earth's orbit and are not immediate impact event threats, but their orbits may be perturbed outward by a close approach to either Mercury or Venus and become Earth-crossing asteroids in the future. The dynamics of many Atira asteroids resemble the one induced by the Kozai-Lidov mechanism, which contributes to enhanced long-term orbital stability, since there is no libration of the perihelion.

Exploration
A 2017 study published in the journal Advances in Space Research proposed a low-cost space probe be sent to study Atira asteroids, citing the difficulty in observing the group from Earth as a reason to undertake the mission. The study proposed that the mission would be powered by spacecraft electric propulsion and would follow a path designed to flyby as many Atira asteroids as possible. The probe would also attempt to discover new NEO's that may pose a threat to Earth.

ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim asteroids
ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim asteroids, which had been provisionally nicknamed "Vatira" asteroids before the first was discovered, are a subclass of Atiras that orbit entirely interior to the orbit of Venus, aka 0.718 AU. Despite their orbits placing them at a significant distance from Earth, they are still classified as near-Earth objects. Observations suggest that ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim asteroids frequently have their orbits altered into Atira asteroids and vice-versa.

First formally theorised to exist by William F. Bottke and Gianluca Masi in 2002 and 2003, the first and to date only such asteroid found is 594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim, which was discovered on 4 January 2020 by the Zwicky Transient Facility. As the archetype, it subsequently gave its name to the class. It has an aphelion of only 0.656 AU, the smallest of any known asteroid.

Vulcanoids
No asteroids have yet been discovered to orbit entirely inside the orbit of Mercury (q = 0.307 AU). Such hypothetical asteroids would likely be termed vulcanoids, although the term often refers to asteroids which more specifically have remained in the intra-Mercurian region over the age of the solar system.

Members
The following table lists the known and suspected Atiras. 594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim, due to its unique classification, has been highlighted in pink. The interior planets Mercury and Venus have been included for comparison as grey rows.

 * (A) All diameter estimates are based on an assumed albedo of 0.14 (except 163693 Atira, for which the size has been directly measured)
 * (B) Binary asteroid

title: Atira asteroid