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Quavers

Quavers are a deep-fried potato-based British snack food. Launched in the UK in 1968, they were originally made by Smith's in their factory on Newark Road in the Bracebridge area of Lincoln. Since 1997 they have been produced by Walkers. The name comes from the musical note, quaver.

History
Quavers were launched in 1968 with the advertising slogan "you get a lovely lot of Quavers in a bag", described as "curly potato puffs". The brand was originally sold in cheese and smoky bacon flavours, but over the years flavours like Spicy Beef, Sweet and Sour, Prawn Cocktail, and Ketchup were also part of the range.

In 1993, a Salt and Vinegar flavour was added to the range, and by this time, the packaging transitioned to the Walkers brand name.

Walkers, owned by PepsiCo, purchased the Quavers brand in July 1995, when it became one of the Frito Lay International brand names.

In 1996, a Tangy Tomato flavour was added to the range. By 1997, the brand was part of Walkers' short-lived "Snackshack" range, and was relaunched twice in April 1998 and in March 1999. In October 1998, the first relaunch coincided with the return of Prawn Cocktail with a new recipe (as such, was branded as "New") replacing Tangy Tomato, while the second relaunch coincided with a newly refreshed Cheese flavour. Another packaging refresh took place in July 2000.

In August 2002, a "Streaky Bacon" flavour was added to the range, which contained pink and brown pieces, that resembled bacon.

In September 2004, Ghost-shaped Cheese Quavers were released for Halloween, and returned in September 2005.

In February 2007, Walkers changed the packaging for Quavers, Wotsits, Squares, French Fries and Monster Munch. This packaging reflected the usage of sunseed oil, which was used in all products. The Multipack bags were in a different layout, being in Landscape style. Quavers' logo was changed slightly, and the flavours remained the same.

In December 2009, Quavers, Wotsits, Squares, and French Fries all changed their packaging again to coincide with a "99 Calories or Less" range with a consumers' focus on “New Year New Me”. The Cheese flavour was reduced to 87 Calories for a standard pack.

In February 2011, Quavers packaging updated to a brighter bag colour with the Walkers logo on the packets again. After a while, the brand was sold in simply Cheese flavour.

In July 2013, the six-packs were reduced in size removing 30% of the wrapping but keeping the same amount of bags inside.

In August 2019, the packaging was updated alongside other Walkers Snacks, to inform about a reduction in plastic used on the packet.

In December 2020, Walkers announced that Prawn Cocktail and Salt and Vinegar would return to shelves in January 2021 due to popular demand.

Ingredients
Quavers are currently available in Cheese, Prawn Cocktail and Salt and Vinegar, but have had many other varieties over the years.

The primary ingredient in Quavers is potato starch. They are deep fried to give a snack with a similar texture to krupuk (prawn crackers), but have a different flavour and are smaller with a curled-up rectangle shape (similar in cross-section to a quaver). The product line went on to introduce two other flavours, prawn cocktail and salt and vinegar. These were discontinued in 2012. Ketchup and sweet and sour flavours were also introduced, but for a limited time only and are no longer available. In January 2021, Quavers returned two long-lost flavours (prawn cocktail and salt & vinegar) by popular demand.

Nutrition
A one pack (16.4 g) serving of regular Quavers contains 88 calories, of which 44 are from fat. Quavers contain a mixture of fats (4.9g): saturated fat 0.4g, polyunsaturated fat 0.6g and monounsaturated fat 3.8g. The sodium content is 170mg. Quavers have 86 calories in their Cheese flavour and 83 in the salt and vinegar variety.

Main range

 * Cheese
 * Prawn cocktail
 * Salt and Vinegar (discontinued)
 * BBQ Sauce
 * Bacon (discontinued)
 * Cheese and onion (discontinued)
 * Chinese Spicy Beef (discontinued)

Limited edition

 * Ketchup (discontinued)
 * Sweet and sour (discontinued)

title: Quavers


text:
Category:Congenital heart defects

Congenital heart disease is any disease due to an inborn defect in the heart that is present at birth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Congenital heart defects


text: User talk:69.169.89.64

title: User talk:69.169.89.64


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Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to be bound by the British–Irish Agreement (the bilateral portion of the Good Friday Agreement) and enabled the establishment of shared political institutions between Ireland and Northern Ireland. It also provided a mechanism for a further amendment to the Constitution upon a declaration by the government on the implementation of the Agreement, most notably by changing Articles 2 and 3 from the previous claim over the whole island of Ireland to an aspiration towards creating a united Ireland by peaceful means, "with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island".

The amendment was effected by the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1998 (previously bill no. 24 of 1998) which was approved by referendum on 22 May 1998 and signed into law on 3 June of the same year. The referendum was held on the same day as a Northern Ireland referendum on the Good Friday Agreement and a second referendum in the Republic of Ireland to ratify of the Amsterdam Treaty. The Government declaration envisaged by the Nineteenth Amendment was made on 2 December 1999, bringing the changes to Articles 2 and 3 and certain other parts of the constitution into effect.

Background
The Good Friday Agreement in 1998 was a culmination of the Northern Ireland peace process. The agreement acknowledged nationalism and unionism as "equally legitimate, political aspirations". It comprised two agreements: the Multi-Party Agreement, between the parties of Northern Ireland; and the British-Irish Agreement, between the government of Ireland and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Constitution needed to be amended to allow the Irish state to be bound by its provisions.

The government of Ireland also agreed to amend Articles 2 and 3; however, these changes would only take effect if the government were satisfied that it could make a declaration that the Agreement had taken effect. These changes would remove the claim of the state to the whole island of Ireland, while also providing a mechanism for a poll on a united Ireland. The government of the United Kingdom agreed changes to legislation, which were to be provided in the Northern Ireland Act 1998, for a border poll on the status of Northern Ireland.

Initial changes after referendum (1998)
The Nineteenth Amendment added the text below as Article 29.7 to the constitution. Subsection 3° provides the detail of the amendments to be made to the text and are detailed further below. The text of subsections 3°, 4° and 5°, shown here in italics, are omitted from the published text of the Constitution.

Subsequent changes effected upon Government declaration (1999)
Upon the declaration of the government on 2 December 1999, and under the terms of 29.7.3°, the following changes were made to the text:

Deletion of the entirety of Articles 2 and 3:

and substitution of the Articles with the following:

Insertion of the following as Article 29.8 (see extraterritorial jurisdiction in Irish law):

Bill
A lay litigant named Denis Riordan launched a High Court challenge to the bill the week before the referendum. He claimed the bill was invalid because it purported to allow a mechanism to amend the Constitution by government declaration rather than by referendum. The court rejected the challenge on the grounds that the initial amendment would be by referendum and that by separation of powers the courts could not interfere in the legislative process.

After the referendum
The referendum returning officer certified the result in the High Court, which notified the Oireachtas, and the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1998 was signed into law by the President on 3 June 1998. This ipso facto effected the insertion of Article 28.7 of the Constitution and started the clock for the 12-month window (Article 28.7.5°) within which the British-Irish Agreement would be ratified. The British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 served in Irish law to ratify the treaty and establish the associated cross-border institutions. The act was signed into law on 22 March 1999 but would not be commenced by the Taoiseach until the same date as the corresponding British law (the Northern Ireland Act 1998). Both were dependent on participation of the parties in Northern Ireland.

Political disagreements within Northern Ireland meant that establishment would not take place by the deadline of 2 June 1999, so the Oireachtas rushed through a 12-month extension ("such longer period as may be provided for by law" in Article 28.7.5°). A minor amendment to the British-Irish Agreement was signed on 18 June and the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 was accordingly amended on 25 June. The institutions were established on 2 December 1999, when the Irish government commenced the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 as amended, and the UK government simultaneously commenced the Northern Ireland Act 1998. The Irish government accordingly made the declaration specified by Article 28.7.3°, triggering the replacement of Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution, the insertion of Article 29.8, and the omission of the transitory subsections 3°–5° of Article 29.7.

Later developments
The provision in the amended Article 2 quoted above that "It is the entitlement and birthright of every person born in the island of Ireland, which includes its islands and seas, to be part of the Irish nation" was affected by the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, passed in 2004. That amendment did not alter the text of Article 2 but instead inserted a new section in Article 9 which limited the constitutional right to citizenship by birth to individuals with at least one Irish-citizen parent.


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Talk:Alectrona

Comments
There are a lot of bizarre unsourced mythology stubs on individuals not present in my rather comprehensive Meridian Handbook of Classical Mythology. In addition to this one, I note Penia and Porus, and possibly others. Can I list for deletion? john k 21:36, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

On further research, there are some 1000 google hits for Alectrona. most of the early ones are either not related to any mythological figure, or wikipedia mirror sites. I've seen no actual sourced accounts for the actual existence of this deity. john k 22:03, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * There seems to be a couple sites mentioning her in connection with Rhodes, which had the Helios cult; see and, which don't seem to be WP-sourced, and , which mentions a sanctuary on Rhodes. Probably a single line out of one of the minor authors not normally translated. Stan 22:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Got it - Diodorus Siculus 5.56.3 - she was one of the seven "Heliades", offspring of Helios by Rhodos, better transliterated "Elektryone"; organizes some of this. Funny, I came here because of cleaning up Porus, who was identified with a Purushotthama that  I can find mentioned nowhere outside WP derivatives... Stan 22:57, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * On a roll! Check out, which has "ELEKTRYONE: identified with Alektrona on Rhodes, daughter of Helios and Rhodos, who receives heroic honors on the island of Rhodes (Diod. 5.56.5; schol. Pindar Ol. 7.24). An inscription from Ialysos (Rhodes) gives rules for her cult (Sokolowski [1969] no.136)", which is where the bit about mules in the sanctuary must come from. Greek transliterations just don't work well with Google... Stan 23:02, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * And the crowning moment, "we already got one" - Elektryo, linked from Helios. Hiding in plain sight... Stan 23:16, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Well, I'm glad something was found. There's a bunch of weird articles like this, though. john k 23:17, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Should this article be a redirect to Elektryo? Or should we have both redirect to Electryone? Or what? john k 23:18, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It would certainly be good for one's karma to go through all these random little articles and add the sources - you can see from the websites how the original data has been twisted and mangled. Not sure what do in this case, still pondering - Electryo seems idiosyncratic, but Elektryone is ambiguous with another mythology figure. Stan 23:55, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Well, Alcmene has her own article. We could just have a disambiguation notice for that. john k 00:20, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I've merged this article with Electryone, and made this a redirect. I also created a disabiguation page Electryone (disabiguation). Paul August ☎ 21:23, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alectrona


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User talk:Rhadc

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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title: User talk:Rhadc


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Bottega University

Bottega University is a for-profit, accredited distance learning university headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

Accreditation and institutional recognition
Bottega University is nationally accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC), an agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education.

Bottega University is also an institutional member of the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), the American Council on Education (ACE), the Council for Adult & Experiential Learning (CAEL) and the American Association of Collegiate Registrars & Admissions Officers.

History
Bottega University was launched as Andrew Jackson University in 1994 by Robert McKim Norris Jr. and D. Michael Barrett, both graduates of the Cumberland School of Law and colleagues at a Birmingham, Alabama law firm. The school was designed as a university catering the needs of adult learners that was both accessible and affordable. Andrew Jackson University was founded as a not-for-profit. The first classes took place in 1994 in Birmingham, Alabama.

UniversityNow, Inc. acquired the school in December 2010 and officially changed its name to New Charter University in early 2011. As part of the transition, the university was reestablished in San Francisco, California as a for-profit institution. In June 2012, the university was awarded a grant from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through its Next Generation Learning Challenges organization, and the William & Flora Hewlett Foundation to fund research into innovative delivery models in higher education that have the potential to generate high student outcomes at an affordable cost. UniversityNow's funding to relaunch the university came from investors including Kapor Capital, University Ventures, Novak Biddle Venture Partners, Charles River Ventures, Greylock Partners, SV Angel, Floodgate, and 500 Global, with $42 million in total capital raised over four rounds, ending in September 2013. During an October 2013 interview regarding UniversityNow’s decision to pursue venture funding and eschew federal, Title IV, funds, UniversityNow co-founder and President Emerita of Mills College, Dr. Janet Holmgren, described its approach as having “married for-profit with social justice.”

In January 2015, the university relocated to Salt Lake City, Utah when it was acquired by Global Heritage Education and its parent, Knod Global Learning Foundation. Knod's leadership and board included Graham Doxey, cofounder of Neumont College, William Hansen, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Education, Dr. Henry Eyring, president of Brigham Young University, and Dr. Nicholas Donofrio, Connecticut Board of Regents Chair for Higher Education. Knod’s leadership and investors had successfully established new institutes of higher education in the United States, Malaysia, China, and Australia. The foundation’s stated mission was to help develop the global middle-class by enabling students, educators and employers to collaborate on real-world projects together, generating the hands-on experiences its graduates would need to jumpstart their careers. In May 2015, Knod announced an investment of $6.2 million and extended the university’s bachelor’s degree program to students in Africa. The program, launched in Kenya, offered sponsored, hybrid-online education, with a focus on project-based learning and corporate competencies development. In July 2015, the university signed an agreement with the European School of Economics to offer degrees in finance, management, and marketing, as well as internship programs located in London, New York, Rome, Milan, Florence, and Madrid.

In April 2018, New Charter and Bottega announced a strategic partnership to integrate their respective technologies to offer students a new software development learning management system and educational platform called Code Lab. During a keynote speech at Utah’s annual technology conference, Silicon Slopes, Bottega announced a donation of more than $5 million worth of Code Lab programs to high school students and teachers in Utah. The company further committed to donate another $5 million by the summer of 2024. According to Eric Wold, Bottega’s CEO at that time, the programs aimed to address the skills gap and the digital divide in the state, while also collecting insights to improve the companies’ learning platforms. Wold stated two main goals for the donations of coding programs to Utah. The first goal was to introduce coding to thousands of young people, especially young women, who made up more than one-third of the participants, and Wold indicated that this percentage was higher than the national average and that the participants learned advanced computer science skills. The second goal was to address the lack of instructors with computer science teaching credentials, which limited the availability of computer science classes in schools. Bottega said that it had received approval from the Utah State Board of Education to offer its training to public teachers for free. At the time of the announcement, 119 teachers had started the training, which the company expected to increase the number of computer science classes in Utah schools. Wold explained the motivation behind the donations as a belief that technology education could benefit everyone and that the private sector had a responsibility to contribute to the state’s economic and educational development; he credited Utah Governor Gary Herbert, with whom Wold announced the programs, for creating the favorable environment for novel educational programs such as these. In August 2019, following the public launch of the Code Lab, Global Heritage and the university were acquired by Bottega, LLC, and DEAC granted Bottega permission in June 2020 to change the university's name to Bottega University.

In October 2019, Paul Ahlstrom of Alta Global Ventures announced an investment of $10 million in Bottega to train 6,000 students in Jamaica annually. The program, Coding Foundations, was designed to train 1,000 students in full stack engineering and 5,000 students in computer science. The first year of training was supported through the Bottega Perpetual Endowment Fund, partly funded by Ahlstrom and other investors at Alta Global Ventures.

In April 2020, the VASS Group, a global solutions consultancy headquartered in Madrid, announced that its foundation led an investment with Bottega to launch bilingual versions of its courses in Spain. The round was led by the VASS Foundation in partnership with the Adecco Foundation, the Mapfre Foundation, the Bankinter Foundation, the Universia Foundation, la Caixa Foundation, and the Endesa Foundation. The launch and partnership were crafted in response to the European Union's deployment of the economic recovery programme Next Generation EU, which made boosting employable, digital skills among Spain's population a top priority for the government. Starting in 2021, Spain's Autonomous Communities and City Councils embarked on several actions. Madrid's City Council and the VASS Foundation funded a selective and immersive training pilot in basic programming skills. For the pilot, 120 people were trained and introduced to the world of programming using Bottega's devCamp LMS. In the second half of 2022, the Basque Employment Service, LANBIDE, with the support of the VASS Foundation, announced the Developers From Euskadi project, as a public-private partnership. The challenge was to train 400 unemployed citizens in the basics of programming in six weeks. Bottega's Coding Foundations provided the platform to acquire basic knowledge of various programming languages through 60 hours of interactive lessons. All participants were to be graded on the outcomes of a web programming capstone project, and 100 of those students would graduate to a second, fully-funded, 600-hour full-stack specialisation provided by Bottega, together with local mentors and counselors to integrate the students into employment opportunities. The challenge was not a trivial one for the Basque region, which ranks near the top in Spain for per capita income, and the pilot experienced some challenges during rollout. Although the English-Spanish methodology allowed access to the original material with subtitles, and contact with specialist mentors was available in either language, the bilingual format was a deterrent for some students. Additionally, while accessing coursework was easier than attending in-person by removing the need to travel, this methodology required additional programme overhead, and online training was not common in Spain's public programmes. Despite these challenges, the pilot was well received by the local government and program sponsors. Of the almost 600 applicants, 404 people were finally admitted and only 6.2% of the students dropped out of the experience. Of those who successfully completed, 46% were women. In the programme's mandated completion surveys, students gave the experience an average score of 9.3 points out of 10, and the average mark achieved by the second-phase students was 9.1 out of 10. The success was such that the Basque Employment Service and the VASS Foundation increased funding to ensure that 200 people, not just the 100 originally planned, would take part in the second phase of training. As a result of these pilots' outcomes, in June 2023 the VASS Group extended the partnership with Bottega to launch a bilingual, global technology training campus. Coursework includes certifications in full stack development, agile project management, communication, and management.

Academics
Bottega University offers associate, bachelor’s, and master’s degree programs in business, communication, computer science, and technology. Specializations include entrepreneurship, finance, health care management, human resource management, marketing, and technology management. Certificates in business and full-stack development are offered as well.

Distance learning
From the time of its founding in 1994, the university has delivered all of its programs through distance learning, allowing students to learn remotely, without being physically present in a classroom. Its founders and subsequent leadership cited social justice factors including affordability, class mobility, and accessibility as being their primary motivators for this approach. The history of providing distance learning as an act of social justice dates back to the 19th century, when the University of London offered remote examination and correspondence courses through its External Program, now known as University of London Worldwide. Referred to at the time as the “People’s University” by Charles Dickens, the External Program provided access to higher education to students from less affluent backgrounds, and its charter by Queen Victoria in 1858 made the University of London the first university to offer distance learning degrees to students. However, it wasn't until the late 20th century that distance learning began to gain broader popularity, with the founding of the Open University in the United Kingdom and Athabasca University in Canada. In 1985, The New School, in the United States, launched the world’s first fully accredited degree delivered entirely online, with no in-person requirements.

Virtual Learning Environment
For its relaunch in 2012 and through multiple funding rounds, the university developed a proprietary, online, virtual learning environment (VLE) to conduct courses, facilitate proctored examinations, and manage all student information, including applications and admissions. Historically, VLEs have been used in distance learning to facilitate the management of educational courses by teachers for their students. VLEs are digital spaces that include learning management systems, student information systems and other educational technology. Following the university’s rollout in Africa, faculty subsequently published research on the difficulties that virtual learning faced in developing countries, with Kenya as the basis for the study. The findings cited socio-economic factors, internet connectivity limitations from low public sector investment, and inadequate teacher training as critical factors that hindered broader virtual learning expansion for the region at the time.

For invigliation, Bottega utilizes virtual proctoring technology developed by then-president of Andrew Jackson University, Donald Kassner. With the acquisition by UniversityNow, Kasser spun-off the technology platform as a standalone company, Meazure Learning, which licenses its solution to education institutions including Athabasca University, the Law School Admissions Council, McGraw-Hill Education, University of Iowa, University of Mississippi, University of Texas - Austin, and Western Governor’s University.

With the funding it received from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Hewlett Foundation, UniversityNow undertook the development of its own competency-based learning management and student information systems. The LMS was featured in studies by Educause and awarded a grant by its Next Generation Learning Challenges program. After agreeing to the acquisition of New Charter by Global Heritage and the Knod Foundation, UniversityNow sold the LMS to National University for an undisclosed sum.

Bottega acquired coding learning management system, devCamp, in January 2017. The LMS delivers project-driven learning for software developers though the use of generative artificial intelligence and machine learning to produce learning content and assess student progress. In February 2017, Bottega announced at the Silicon Slopes technology conference that devCamp had trained more than twenty thousand students, and in August 2019, the university announced, at the same conference, that number had risen to forty thousand students.

Competency-based learning
With its relaunch in June 2012, the university redesigned its educational framework to utilize competency-based learning.

Competency-based learning (CBL) is a framework for teaching and assessment of learning that focuses on outcomes and real-world performance. In a CBL framework, students demonstrate their learned knowledge and skills in order to achieve specific competencies. The set of competencies for a specific course or at a specific educational institution is sometimes referred to as competency architecture.

CBL is an evolution from traditional educational models because it is learner-directed. In a CBL framework, students have more control over their learning and can therefore pace themselves. Additionally, CBL allows different students to move at varying paces within a course, which can help ensure that each student has the opportunity to master the material. CBL also focuses on the demonstration of competence when considering students' progress and measures it by formative assessments. This approach is different from traditional learning methods that use summative testing. Finally, CBL provides individualized support for students, which can help ensure that each student has the resources they need.

One of the biggest challenges with CBL is ensuring that the competencies being assessed are relevant and meaningful. Additionally, CBL requires a significant amount of time and effort to develop and implement. Despite these challenges, CBL has the potential to improve educational outcomes by ensuring that students are prepared for success in the workforce.

Other universities leveraging competency-based learning include:

 * Purdue Global: Purdue Global offers CBL bachelor's and master's degrees in business administration, information technology, and nursing.
 * Texas A&M University: Texas A&M University offers a competency-based bachelor's degree in fields like Organizational Leadership.
 * University of Louisville: University of Louisville offers competency-based programs in fields like Healthcare Leadership, cybersecurity, information technology, and career and technical education.
 * University of Massachusetts Global: UMass Global offers competency-based programs in  like business administration, information technology, and organizational leadership.
 * University of Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin offers associate and bachelor's degrees in biomedical sciences, business administration, and nursing.

Project-based learning
With the rollout in Africa through the Knod Foundation, the university integrated a project-based learning model into its curricula. Project-Based Learning (PBL) is a teaching and learning approach that emphasizes real-world problem-solving and collaboration over traditional delivery models. In a higher education context, PBL is a pedagogical approach that involves students working on projects that are designed to be complex and open-ended. These projects are often interdisciplinary and require students to apply knowledge and skills from multiple disciplines in order to solve real-world problems.

In a PBL framework, students work in teams to identify a problem or challenge, conduct research, develop a solution, and present their findings to an audience. The process of working on a project helps students develop a range of skills, including critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, and collaboration. Additionally, PBL can help students develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter and its relevance in real-world contexts. Knod’s method utilized sponsors from corporate environments who were mentors and coaches to the students in the program.

PBL can be an improvement over traditional educational models because it is learner-centered and emphasizes learner engagement over traditional delivery models. By working on projects that are relevant to their interests and goals, students have shown increased motivation to learn and are more likely to retain what they have learned. Additionally, PBL can help students develop a range of skills that are valued by employers, including teamwork, communication, and problem-solving.

Other universities leveraging project-based learning include:

 * Olin College of Engineering: Olin College is a private undergraduate engineering college located in Needham, Massachusetts, USA. The college has a curriculum that is entirely project-based and emphasizes hands-on learning and collaboration.
 * Aalborg University: Aalborg University is a public research university located in Aalborg, Denmark. The university is known for its problem-based learning approach, which is similar to project-based learning.
 * Iowa State University: Iowa State University is a public land-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, USA. The university has a strong focus on technology and offers a range of undergraduate and graduate programs that incorporate project-based learning.

Schools and affiliations
Bottega operates two schools, the College of Business and a Career Training Division. The curricula of the College of Business focus on professional competency development for adult learners; Institutional Learning Outcomes are used to assess analytical abilities, business knowledge, collaboration and adaptability, critical thinking skills, communication aptitude, social responsibility, personal ethics, and quantitative acumen. The curricula in the Career Training Division focus on technical competency in full-stack software development by emphasizing a project-based learning approach, including the delivery of capstones and the development of project portfolios. The university maintains academic and corporate university partnerships, including articulation agreements and opportunities to transfer credits among affiliate institutions through its partnership with Sophia Learning:

 * Alabama State University
 * Colorado State University Global
 * European School of Economics
 * Istituto Marangoni
 * Liberty University
 * Purdue Global
 * University of Arizona Global Campus
 * University of Maryland Global Campus
 * University of Massachusetts Global
 * Upper Iowa University
 * The Workshop School
 * Waldorf University
 * VASS University

Bottega University is recognized by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) associate, the International Association of Universities (IAU). The IAU maintains UNESCO's World Higher Education Database (WHED), an authoritative record of accredited higher education institutions, higher education systems, and credentials in 196 countries and territories. Each institution in the WHED has a unique identifier, the Global WHED ID, which is IAU-029669 for Bottega University. Bottega University's presence in the WHED validates its accreditation and recognition with the global higher education community.

The United Nations and the IAU lead two higher education sustainability programs, Higher Education and Research for Sustainable Development (HESD) and the Higher Education Sustainability Initiative (HESI), which focus on the critical role that higher education institutions play in achieving global sustainable development. HESD monitors trends, develops expertise, and shares knowledge related to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals via peer-to-peer learning among higher education leaders globally, and it fosters whole-institution approaches at the leadership level to integrate sustainable development priorities. The IAU collaborates with international and national entities, including being a key partner of the UNESCO Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development. HESI is an open partnership between several United Nations entities and the higher education community, which includes hundreds of university networks, student organizations, and higher education institutions. The UN's stated mission for HESI is to enhance the role of higher education institutions in advancing sustainable development.

Bottega University was advanced as a recognized member of HESI because of its direct contributions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The university's admissions, tuition, and academic models were designed for inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, which support Sustainable Development Goal 4. Because Bottega University is operated entirely online, requiring neither printed materials such as textbooks, nor in-person participation, which would induce travel, shipments, construction, residency, and physical campus maintenance, the university follows sustainable consumption and production patterns, addressing Sustainable Development Goal 12. Bottega also advances United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3, which focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, through its medical and scientific leadership series, the Congresses.

Lecture series
The university hosts an annual lecture series, The Congresses, offered to honors students pursuing careers in medicine, science, or technology. The series is chaired by Scientific Director, Dr. Mario Capecchi, winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Speakers include Nobel Laureates, university deans, and leaders in scientific research and technology. Past speakers have included:

 * James P. Allison, Ph.D., 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Sidney Altman, Ph.D., 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Michael R. Barratt, M.D., NASA astronaut
 * Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Ph.D., 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, President of the Salk Institute
 * Larry Brilliant, M.D., M.P.H, CEO of Skoll Global Threats Fund
 * Michael S. Brown, M.D., 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1998 National Medal of Science
 * George M. Church, Ph.D., Co-Inventor of CRISPR, Board Member of The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
 * Jennifer Doudna, Ph.D., 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * M. Joycelyn Elders, M.D., Surgeon General of the United States (1993-1994)
 * Joachim Frank, Ph.D., 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Leland Hartwell, Ph.D., 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * William G. Kaelin Jr., M.D., 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Mary E. Klotman, M.D., Dean of Duke University School of Medicine
 * Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D., 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2007 National Medal of Science
 * Virginia Man-Yee Lee, Ph.D., 2020 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
 * Thomas H. Marshburn, M.D., NASA astronaut, Medical Operations Lead for the International Space Station
 * Stephen Ray Mitchell, M.D., Dean for Medical Education at Georgetown University
 * Ferid Murad, M.D., Ph.D, 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * David Roberts, M.D, Dean of External Education at Harvard Medical School
 * Sir Richard Roberts, Ph.D., 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Michael Rosbash, Ph.D., 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Paul B. Rothman, M.D., Dean of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine
 * Robert Satcher, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., NASA astronaut
 * Gregg Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Jack Szostak, Ph.D., 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * J. Craig Venter, Ph.D, 2008 National Medal of Science, Founder of Celera Genomics
 * Drew Weismann, M.D., Ph.D. 2023 Nobel Prize Physiology or Medicine
 * George M. Whitesides, Ph.D., 1998 National Medal of Science

Notable alumni

 * Afaf Abdrabou Aly, MBE, Chair, Egyptian Society of Northern Ireland
 * Dustin Burleson, M.D., Assistant Clinical Professor at Children's Mercy Hospital and Fellow at McLean Hospital
 * J. Shane Hatcher, Chief of International Affairs, Security Cooperation & Foreign Disclosure Officer, United States Military Academy at West Point
 * Jason Knapp, Chief of Staff, United States Army Joint Munitions Command
 * Conrad Leigh, Chief Executive Officer, Networks, Rain Telecommunications South Africa
 * Nicholas Mwendwa, President, Football Kenya Federation
 * Sara Beysolow Nyanti, Foreign Minister of Liberia and Former United Nations Assistant Secretary General
 * Jochen Schmidt, Deputy Chief of Party, World Vision and Chief Executive Officer, World Relief Deutschland
 * Michael Whittaker, Chief Executive Officer, California Correctional Health Care Services
 * Christopher Withrow, Chief Technology Officer, Warren County Schools and Board Director, Stride Inc.

title: Bottega University


text:
Category:Ice hockey players

This category categorizes ice hockey players.

title: Category:Ice hockey players


text:
Category talk:Roman mythology

Would it perhaps be more indicative the surviving literature that we call Greek mythology and Roman mythology to use instead a category to be called Classical mythology?

E.g. the story of the Siege of Troy in general is Classical mythology, the Odyssey is Greek mythology, and the Aeneid is Roman mythology.

Juno the Godess, related research
I've done a little surface research on Roman mythology. After some probing, the godess Juno took on many names as she assisted females in marriage. An authorative source can be found here. There are many stubs in Roman ancient mythology that can be expanded and this could be looked into with someone with greater understanding.

That site may be a good for other information in ancient mythology. --..micky 10:20, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Another site with reference to juno:

title: Category talk:Roman mythology


text:
Category talk:Alternative medicine

Not category:pseudoscience again
The criteria for using category:pseudoscience are given at WP:FRINGE/PS: "obvious pseudoscience" (i.e. obscure tiny-minority things like Time Cube, or "generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community" (i.e., well-known topics that have attracted commentary by scientific bodies, like astrology).  While some alt-med's qualify as such, not all do, and I don't know of any reliable source that says the entire field of alt-med, or CAM, is generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community.  Please also see WP:RS, which clarifies that "claims of consensus must be sourced".  I welcome efforts to locate and include such a source, but till then, WP's NPOV policy is clear that the category doesn't belong here. --Jim Butler (t) 18:32, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Not all of astrology is pseudoscience either... it's just generally pseudoscience. The reliable sources which discuss alt med. all agree as long as they aren't written by alt med proponents. Therefore the category is appropriate and has been restored PER WP:FRINGE/PS. ScienceApologist (talk) 01:37, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Per WP:FRINGE/PS, Alternative Medicine is not an obvious pseudoscience. Nor is it generally considered pseudoscience. It's not even something masquerading as science. It's not something which can be labeled scientific or pseudoscientific. Why not? Because it is merely a category; a descriptive term when incorporates many forms of healing outside the mainstream. If you are going to label "Alt Med" pseudoscience, then you would be effectively labeling all of its member pseudoscience. And we know that not to be the case. After all, following that logic we could say that since Alt Med falls under the category Medicine and Alt Med has some pseudoscienctific disciplines contained within, then we could also label Medicine pseudoscience because it therefore contains some pseudoscientific disciplines with it. No? If you need to label, label the individual disciplines and not the overarching category where it only sometimes applies. -- Levine2112 discuss 04:18, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Levine2112 that WP:FRINGE/PS would prohibit the alternative medicine article or category from being classified under the Pseudoscience category. The association is strong, but not universal enough to warrant inclusion. It's a very different matter for the individual articles in the altmed category, since many of them would properly, according to WP:FRINGE/PS, be classed as pseudoscientific. -- Fyslee / talk 14:16, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * What a relief, I get to argue against categorization of something as pseudoscience. Broad swaths of alternative medicine qualify to one extent or another, but as long as diet, exercise, and vitamin supplementation are claimed by the movement (and, more importantly, described as "alternative" by reliable sources), it would seem inappropriate to use Category:Pseudoscience. - Eldereft (cont.) 14:29, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * There is strong consensus here that it should not be classified as "Pseudoscience". I too agree with this. Hence I replaced the cat by "fringe science".Biophys (talk) 15:10, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Now I realize that assigning this to "fringe science" was also incorrect. This is simply not science.Biophys (talk) 15:21, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Wow! This is a blast from the past. Above (my old username was Fyslee) I even agreed not to use the PSI category here or on the article and it was effected immediately. I didn't realize that in May 2010 it was restored and you were just fixing that situation, so I'll self-revert to your version. Thanks for catching it. Now what? -- Brangifer (talk) 16:11, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I whole-heartedly agree with Eldereft; such a sensible bloke, that. - 2/0 (cont.) 20:20, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * LOL! -- Brangifer (talk) 20:26, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Rethinking category tree
Done. Now we have Category:Alternative medicine under Holism | Medicine | New Age practices | Fringe science. Since alternative medicine is a collection of widely diverse practices that belong in many different categories, what's the best approach? Since they claim to be "alternatives" to medicine, they belong as a subcategory under medicine, so that's correct. Not all are holistic, new age, fringe science, or pseudoscience (just removed). Should we remove this category from Holism, New age practices, and Fringe science as well? -- Brangifer (talk) 16:18, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, let's remove it from fringe science. Certain sub-cats and articles maybe belong to fringe science (those funded by the NIH), but not shamanism and things like that. Same probably with Holism.Biophys (talk) 17:11, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Category:Traditional medicine makes sense in some ways, but that is currently a subcategory of this, which I think works better. This leaves the categorization of this category a bit sparse, but I am not sure that that is a problem. Category:Health movements might apply as long as it does not imply central organization or unanimity on all points. - 2/0 (cont.) 20:20, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * That sounds like a pretty good category to use instead of the others. Let's try it. -- Brangifer (talk) 20:26, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. Biophys or anyone, just revert if we need more discussion. - 2/0 (cont.) 21:26, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Ionized bracelet
It is against US law to refer to the above as any kind of medicine.Redheylin (talk) 05:02, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * False advertising laws, at least. As for the term alternative medicine, it's often used as a blanket term for all sorts of unscientific snake oil. There's significant professional criticism regarding the use of the term for such things. –Gunslinger47 20:05, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

ANY kind of medicine. Even use of the term itself is strongly deprecated by the court's decision. Redheylin (talk) 23:10, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

RfC: Mass removal of "Category:Alternative medicine" from most articles
Was such mass deletion appropriate, and would it be appropriate to undo these mass deletions?

 * A long series of edits (not all new) by User:Sticky Parkin has removed this category from nearly all articles that formerly were in this category. Now it is very difficult to keep track of subjects related to alternative medicine. If I understand things correctly, it isn't improper for an article to be in both a subcategory and the main category. I would like to see a discussion of the appropriateness of restoring those edits so this category will once again serve its major purpose. Right now it is severely crippled.

 * I am not questioning the good faith efforts by Sticky Parkin, but am only questioning their wisdom and (lack of) usefulness. In several instances the removal was substituted with a very proper inclusion in a subcategory. This should not be undone, and we can be thankful to this user for doing so. I am basically requesting that all articles in this major category and its subcategories be listed in both this major category and the appropriate subcategory.

 * It is especially important to be able to do this because of the nature of the subject matter. These are some of the most contentious articles at Wikipedia. They are all subjects that are by definition not accepted by mainstream medical science. They are often fringe subjects; often unhealthful or dangerous; often used for spam, promotion, and forbidden advocacy; sometimes involve very deceptive marketing practices; sometimes involve directly criminal practices, etc.. They are thus magnets for true believers, flakes, promoters, and scammers whose activities often disrupt Wikipedia in many significant ways and waste the time of many editors. The seriousness of these disruptions make it imperative that all editors, including newbies and casual readers, can easily keep track of every single article.

 * Besides being listed in this major category, they should all be listed in the List of branches of alternative medicine, and some of them would logically be appropriate for the Health and Medicine section of List of pseudosciences and pseudoscientific concepts.

What think ye? -- Fyslee / talk 16:34, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Please provide some specific examples as the issue seems too vague currently. Colonel Warden (talk) 17:20, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment Although listing a page in both the main category and a subcategory is not actually wrong, it is certainly preferable to list the page only in the subcat. If you just want to have a handy way to keep track of AltMed topics, try the Category:WikiProject Alternative medicine articles category tree instead of this one.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:52, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestion. Unfortunately that category suffers from the same problem as this one. One has to enter each subcategory to find anything. It suffers even more from another (greater) problem, in that it is not easily available for the public, but is mostly for editors, since it's only on talk pages. All articles on alternative medicine subjects should have a tag of some sort that announces that they are about alternative medicine, and which also automatically adds them to the main category. That's my wish. -- Fyslee / talk 08:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but that just doesn't seem like a substantial burden to me. So you have to click on half a dozen categories to see the whole list:  it really isn't that hard to do.  But it sounds (below) like you've got a start on a replacement system that will actually have much better functionality than the category anyway; if it works as well as you hope, please let us all know!  WhatamIdoing (talk) 07:07, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment After an unsystematic stroll through Sticky Parkin's health-related contributions in November, they all seem to be perfectly correct. He added the alternative medicine banner to lots of talk pages – I would guess that that was his main motivation. While at it, he occasionally found categorisation problems, such as an article being in a too wide category (in one case it was Health) as well as in a more appropriate subcategory. At this point I am not sure if you are misapplying WP:CAT, if you want to use categories for something they were not designed for (such as labelling articles), or if I overlooked some really problematic edits. As a general statement, I believe removing the categorisation as alternative medicines from articles such as Nishi Shiki and colon cleansing when they are already in a subcategory is exactly the right thing to do; see WP:CAT. I also have the impression that using the word "mass" in connection with these edits is quite misleading. I actually had trouble finding a few edits where he did in fact remove the alternative medicine category. --Hans Adler (talk) 21:43, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Comments:
 * Arguments favoring removal:
 * The first point under "this page in a nutshell" on WP:CG says: "Categories help users navigate through Wikipedia via multiple taxonomies."  Including both the parent and child cats on a page does not seem to further that end.  Clicking on the child category at the bottom of the page takes the reader straight to the parent category, here.
 * Per Hans, I'm not sure why it's necessary to "label" the article (but see point below, favoring retention). However, if a topic's "alternative-medicine-ness" is truly salient, that fact should appear in the article body, or even the TOC.
 * "Be frugal when vertical." See the third and fourth para's under WP:CG:  "In the "vertical" dimension, Wikipedia is more frugal, placing articles only in the most specific categories they reasonably fit in."

 * Argument favoring retention:
 * The second point under "this page in a nutshell" on WP:CG says: "Categories are for defining characteristics, and should be specific, neutral, inclusive and follow certain conventions." To the extent that editors come to a consensus that "alternative medicine" is a characteristic sufficiently defining as to warrant overriding the above considerations, then "Category:Alternative medicine" should be replaced where appropriate.
 * (At the moment, I'm net neutral regarding the overriding salience of the term "Alternative Medicine", and thus tend to favor the weight of argument against retaining it on pages that already come under one of its child categories.)
 * regards, Jim Butler (t) 00:59, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Erm, people could have informed me of this discussion:) All I am doing is trying to move things into the relevant subcategories because the top of the page Category:Alternative medicine says it should consist mainly only of the subcats and should be routinely maintained to ensure it stays like that. When I got to it there were 260 or more articles directly in Category:Alternative medicine, which makes it difficult for people to find more specifically related articles. Please note they are not being moved out of category alternative medicine, they're still in it, just in its subcategories where they should be.  Anyway this is a wiki so if anyone dislikes a particular article's subcategory please feel free to change it, while appreciating what I'm trying to do as I've just explained.

Yes and they are all new, I've done them all over the last couple of months and I'm very proud of my work. My first task was refining the categories, putting things in the subcategories of Category:alternative medicine a category which they are still in. My second task is I am assigning a wikiproject alternative medicine banner and class to the articles' talk page. The reason for this is that for the editorial assessment and for ease of helping people to find the Category:Alternative medicine articles by quality, because once I've gone through them (which I nearly have) I want to start work on improving all the stubs, and others may wish to work on other classes of the alternative medicine articles, such as get them up to Good or Featured Article status. Someone could have discussed things with me on my talk page before talking about me- they did not as far as I know:) As I said above, I'm very proud of what I've been doing, and really want to improve these articles so if there's anything you want me to do differently just say, but these are still in the category where they always were and I'm just following the guideline at the top of the page.:) But I don't appreciate being talked about without the talkee first discussing it with me, otherwise how can I change what he dislikes or how can I explain to him they are still in the cat? What's the point of subcategories if we do not use them, I am just obeying the instruction at the top of the page. But obviously I have no personal attachment as such although it would be nice if the hours of work I put in refining the categories was useful to people. If anyone has a problem with anything I'm doing in future, please let me know on my talk page, otherwise I am just working for hours just to have my work possibly undone behind my back, and if you told me sooner I could change anything you dislike earlier and saved myself some work and you the trouble of writing something about me.:) But I hope you understand what I'm trying to do now.:)

It says:-

'''Articles in this category should be moved to subcategories when appropriate. This category may require frequent maintenance to avoid becoming too large. It should list very few, if any, article pages directly and should mainly contain subcategories.'''

So you see what I'm doing is entirely in accordance with policy and stanndard practice as far as I'm aware. But people are welcome to discuss these things with me on my talk page at any time-so I wonder why that wasn't done.:)  Sticky   Parkin  04:29, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation, and I do apologize for not approaching you about this matter first. I noticed it at one point, then got away from it and forgot to get back to you. As you can see above, I definitely assume good faith and give you credit for good work, and I don't wish it (use of subcategories) to be undone. In fact you have done more than I was aware of, and kudos to you for doing it! My request is obviously a matter of personal preference, because what was a great tool for me was suddenly depopulated and rendered quite difficult to use. That's basically it. Now if we could create some kind of category that could serve the same purpose, but without subcategories, everything would be okay. Any suggestions? Maybe we could create a subcategory that is a megadump of all the contents of the subcategories, but then we'd be back to what we originally had, but with an extra step and an extra category tag on each article. How about a hidden category that is only visible to logged in editors, since we are already denying normal readers of the opportunity I suggest? At least that way editors could keep track of all the articles in one place. I just tried a transclusion to my talk page, but that placed my talk page in the category, so that didn't work. Anyone got any brillant ideas for a user talk subpage? -- Fyslee / talk 08:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You could create some sort of list. That's sort of what lists are about. You can keep it organized and structured, and put it on your watchlist. I'd be willing to help keep it updated maybe. Per WP:CSL, categories and lists are synergistic. Personally I tend to like lists more. Also, if you want to keep track of new AltMed articles, start a section in WP:ALTMED for new articles and list them there. Such sections exist in WP:JOURNAL, and I added one to WP:ECONOMICS recently as well. II  | (t - c) 09:43, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Fyslee, be sure you call that list List of Total-Ass Quackery and other Alarming Bullshit, so that there are no NPOV problems with the title.... ;-) --Jim Butler (t) 11:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Jim, I appreciate the humor ;-)... II's suggestion is probably a very workable solution. Since we already have List of branches of alternative medicine, maybe we can make one like it, but with a purely alphabetical listing. It even has the advantage of being placed on a watchlist. To avoid any duplication, how many other such lists of altmed subjects currently exist in various places? -- Fyslee / talk 14:45, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment. I would do the same as Sticky Parkin.  For looking over all articles in a project, I like pages such as Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Alternative medicine articles by quality and its kin.  --Una Smith (talk) 17:38, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment SP has tidied up lots of categories and done a great job, but there is a problem when the connection with subsubsubcategories to the parent category is not at all clear. It would help if there was some sort of tree structure for categories, and we could choose which categories to display on each page - eg, for homeopathic corporations we don't need to see homeopathy, but for a category called "centennial dilutions" (were it to exist) it would be helpful to also show the parent category but still have it only appear in the child. That would involve devs or something, but maybe a temporary solution is to amend the wording and allow the super categories on some pages where it makes sense. I generally think List articles can be a bit of a mess, but this could also be a solution. My second choice is Jim's title ;) It should at least be a redirect... Verbal   chat  18:31, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Discovery. Is THIS TEMPLATE what I'm looking for? Can someone explain its function to me? -- Fyslee / talk 20:52, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry if I was annoyed, it's just because I've spent weeks doing this and I thought all my work might be undone cruelly.:) Verbal said in an email that we could make some sort of 'category tree' to help with the category.  Do other categories have that off the main one?  It sounds a good iidea, I don't have any skill with any technical or even filling-in jobs like that at all, but for someone who was good at things like that it would be easy for them.  Sticky   Parkin  21:18, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Dear Sticky, I am very, very sorry for any anguish and worry I have caused you. I didn't handle this very well. I should have contacted you first but forgot to do so. I fully believe you have handled in a fully appropriate manner by following the instructions on the page. My use of the words "mass removal" can apparently be misunderstood to mean something akin to vandalism, and that was definitely not my intention. My apologies for that. Those words were just what came to mind when I saw you rapidly removing the main category from so many articles. I have never questioned your intent or good faith, since you were moving everything into subcategories, but I was also admittedly irritated that a tool I was accustomed to using became pretty useless all of a sudden. Now I have to "open" many "doors" and search many different "rooms" to discover their contents, which is a time consuming task. The fault of all this is NOT yours, but my preference and those instructions.

 * If anything were to be done to prevent this situation, it would be to revise those instructions, or to create some type of mega-subcategory that automatically includes all the contents of all the ordinary subcategories. I probably wouldn't have even considered it a problem (it had worked fine until then) if I didn't know that there are (or were, just like this one) categories where far from everything is removed from the main category, even though it is likely also in a subcategory. That has always made more sense to me and has provided more than one method for searching for information, which is the purpose of all the various synergistically functioning categories, lists, etc.. They are designed to provide many methods for the different ways we like to do things. Some like categories, and others like lists.

 * I personally like both, but find lists more usable since I can place a list on my watchlist and keep track of edits to every single wikilink in the list. The way to do it is by using the "Related changes" link at the left side of each page. Unfortunately I edit widely and have many interests, so my regular watchlist starts with this: "You have 3,337 pages on your watchlist (excluding talk pages)." So that keeps me busy enough, and I rarely use my own private watchlists, which I will introduce to you now.

 * Here is a subpage I made 1½ years ago where I use this method:

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fyslee/Watchlists

 * If you'll try those links you'll discover that I can keep track of edits to every single wikilink in an article or list. That's a pretty nifty trick. Now if we had a list with wikilinks to every single alternative medicine article (I don't think this works well for categories), a "Related changes" link to just that one list would provide a watchlist which showed edits to every single article on the list. That's what I really want. I can do it myself, but if we make it a regular list in mainspace, it will be maintained by the community and anyone who wishes to use my method can keep track of changes to every single article on the list.

 * If this sounds like a usable idea, I hope that everyone will support the new List of alternative medicine subjects which I have just started. Let's see where this takes us. If I've chosen a less-than-ideal title, it can be changed, but give me a chance to get it started first before changing or deleting things. I have chosen a format and inclusion/exclusion criteria which should reduce the chance for edit wars and conflicts. I think you will all like the idea -- Fyslee / talk 04:30, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Adding Watchlist: List of alternative medicine subjects -- Fyslee / talk 04:38, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow, nice job on the List of alternative medicine subjects; did you do that all by hand? And that watchlist generated by the "Related Changed" link is quite useful.  Never knew what that button was for. --Jim Butler (t) 07:53, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Starting with an existing list helped save some time, but alot still had to be done by hand. That watchlist is indeed a great tool. I hope that we all can benefit from the list and from the watchlist. -- Fyslee / talk 08:08, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Since this seems to have been resolved weeks ago, would anyone object to removing the RFC tag? WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:13, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Category:New Age Practices?
While this category applies to some alternative medicines, it doesn't apply to all of them, particularly traditional Asian medicines. The category should go on particular individual articles (or subcategories, if applicable) rather than this broad parent category. --Middle 8 (talk) 06:07, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

 * And the same reasoning remains true for Category:Pseudoscience, over which there was a low-level edit war recently, and which I just removed with an ES explaining the consensus discussed above at Category_talk:Alternative_medicine. --Middle 8 (talk) 16:11, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

Pseudoscience category being added again
There is another edit war, adding the category to this. Per the consensus above on this page, I am removing it, again. , please join the discussion here and explain your reasoning.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 20:42, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * We have had a consensus on this for a while now, and we periodically get someone coming in claiming some older discussion is the consensus. We need to A) put the pseudoscience category back, B) put this category and the article under protection, and C)conspicuously identify problem editors and ban them from editing both the category page and the article. Greg Bard (talk) 22:01, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi, could you please point me to the discussion where this consensus was established? I don't see it. If I look at the edit history, I see you adding it, and then being reverted. if you look further back in the history, every time pseudoscience was added, it was quickly reverted, using the same arguments I have used, and the same arguments from above. Namely, not all of alternative medicine is considered pseudoscience- some aspects of it are, and some aspects of it are considered to have clinical effectiveness (e.g massage for relaxation, certain herbs for treatment of certain conditions, etc). Using "see also", as I've set up now, is a much better way to connect these topics which have overlap but not subset/parent relationship.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 22:07, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Looking higher up on this page, I see a consensus against adding the cat.
 * Another question might be: Shamanism is alt med.  What about that spiritual practice says "fake science" to you?  Would you really want to list religious beliefs under the "actively pretends to be science, even though it's not" category?  WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:50, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

You are free to search through the enormous quantity of discussion at Talk:Alternative medicine, where you will discover that "WhatamIdoing" is one of the problem editors I was talking about. We got the situation under control a few months ago, and now it's scab pulling time apparently. Greg Bard (talk) 23:31, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * per eponcat, the eponymous category for a topic need not always be in the same places as the lead article. So even if there is consensus to add the article about alternative medicine to pseudoscience if the topic alt med is regularly spoken of as such, the category is more of a catchall and contains a number of things that would be disputed for inclusion here, so we need to have a consensus for the cat, which historically looks like nyet to me. Your comments about problematic editors fall on deaf ears Greg - the history on this cat shows you being one of the problematic ones.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 00:57, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Alternative medicine


text:
Thavory Meas Bong

Thavory Meas Bong (ថាវរីមាសបង) is a Cambodian melodramatic film of the late 1960s directed by Uon Kon Thuok of Korng Chak Pheap Yun. The film stars Kong Som Oeurn, Saom Vansodany, Vichara Dany and So Hean.

Cast

 * Kong Som Oeurn
 * Saom Vansodany
 * Vichara Dany
 * So Hean

title: Thavory Meas Bong


text:
Correlation ratio

In statistics, the correlation ratio is a measure of the curvilinear relationship between the statistical dispersion within individual categories and the dispersion across the whole population or sample. The measure is defined as the ratio of two standard deviations representing these types of variation. The context here is the same as that of the intraclass correlation coefficient, whose value is the square of the correlation ratio.

Definition
Suppose each observation is yxi where x indicates the category that observation is in and i is the label of the particular observation. Let nx be the number of observations in category x and
 * $$\overline{y}_x=\frac{\sum_i y_{xi}}{n_x}$$  and   $$\overline{y}=\frac{\sum_x n_x \overline{y}_x}{\sum_x n_x},$$

where $$\overline{y}_x$$ is the mean of the category x and $$\overline{y}$$ is the mean of the whole population. The correlation ratio η (eta) is defined as to satisfy

 * $$\eta^2 = \frac{\sum_x n_x (\overline{y}_x-\overline{y})^2}{\sum_{x,i} (y_{xi}-\overline{y})^2}$$

which can be written as
 * $$\eta^2 = \frac{{\sigma_{\overline{y}}}^2}{{\sigma_{y}}^2}, \text{ where }{\sigma_{\overline{y}}}^2 = \frac{\sum_x n_x (\overline{y}_x-\overline{y})^2}{\sum_x n_x} \text{ and } {\sigma_{y}}^2 = \frac{\sum_{x,i} (y_{xi}-\overline{y})^2}{n},$$

i.e. the weighted variance of the category means divided by the variance of all samples. If the relationship between values of $$x $$ and values of $$\overline{y}_x$$ is linear (which is certainly true when there are only two possibilities for x) this will give the same result as the square of Pearson's correlation coefficient; otherwise the correlation ratio will be larger in magnitude. It can therefore be used for judging non-linear relationships.

Range
The correlation ratio $$\eta$$ takes values between 0 and 1. The limit $$\eta=0$$ represents the special case of no dispersion among the means of the different categories, while $$\eta=1$$ refers to no dispersion within the respective categories. $$\eta$$ is undefined when all data points of the complete population take the same value.

Example
Suppose there is a distribution of test scores in three topics (categories): Then the subject averages are 36, 33 and 78, with an overall average of 52.
 * Algebra: 45, 70, 29, 15 and 21 (5 scores)
 * Geometry: 40, 20, 30 and 42 (4 scores)
 * Statistics: 65, 95, 80, 70, 85 and 73 (6 scores).

The sums of squares of the differences from the subject averages are 1952 for Algebra, 308 for Geometry and 600 for Statistics, adding to 2860. The overall sum of squares of the differences from the overall average is 9640. The difference of 6780 between these is also the weighted sum of the squares of the differences between the subject averages and the overall average:
 * $$5 (36-52)^2 + 4 (33-52)^2 +6 (78-52)^2 = 6780.$$

This gives
 * $$\eta^2 = \frac{6780}{9640}=0.7033\ldots$$

suggesting that most of the overall dispersion is a result of differences between topics, rather than within topics. Taking the square root gives
 * $$\eta = \sqrt{\frac{6780}{9640}}=0.8386\ldots.$$

For $$\eta = 1$$ the overall sample dispersion is purely due to dispersion among the categories and not at all due to dispersion within the individual categories. For quick comprehension simply imagine all Algebra, Geometry, and Statistics scores being the same respectively, e.g. 5 times 36, 4 times 33, 6 times 78.

The limit $$\eta = 0$$ refers to the case without dispersion among the categories contributing to the overall dispersion. The trivial requirement for this extreme is that all category means are the same.

Pearson vs. Fisher
The correlation ratio was introduced by Karl Pearson as part of analysis of variance. Ronald Fisher commented: "'As a descriptive statistic the utility of the correlation ratio is extremely limited. It will be noticed that the number of degrees of freedom in the numerator of $\eta^2$ depends on the number of the arrays'" to which Egon Pearson (Karl's son) responded by saying "'Again, a long-established method such as the use of the correlation ratio [§45 The 'Correlation Ratio' η] is passed over in a few words without adequate description, which is perhaps hardly fair to the student who is given no opportunity of judging its scope for himself.'"

title: Correlation ratio


text:
User talk:Regimeofmisery

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:Regimeofmisery


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Chad Varah

Edward Chad Varah (12 November 1911 – 8 November 2007) was a British Anglican priest and social activist from England. In 1953, he founded the Samaritans, the world's first crisis hotline, to provide telephone support to those contemplating suicide.

Life
Varah was born in the town of Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, the eldest of nine children of the vicar at the Anglican church of St Peter. His father, Canon William Edward Varah, a strict Tractarian, named him after St Chad, who, according to Bede, had founded the 7th-century monastery ad Bearum ("at Barrow"), which may have occupied an Anglo-Saxon enclosure next to Barton Vicarage.

He was educated at Worksop College in north Nottinghamshire and won an exhibition to study natural sciences at Keble College, Oxford, quickly switching to Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). He was involved in the university Russian and Slavonic clubs and was founder-president of the Scandinavian Club. He graduated with a third-class degree in 1933.

Clerical career
Varah was initially reluctant to follow his father's vocation, but his godfather persuaded him to study at Lincoln Theological College, where he was taught by the Revd Michael Ramsey, later Archbishop of Canterbury. He was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1935 and priest in 1936. He first served as curate at St Giles, Lincoln, from 1935 to 1938, then at St Mary's, Putney, from 1938 to 1940 and Barrow-in-Furness from 1940 to 1942. He became vicar of Holy Trinity, Blackburn, in 1942 and moved to St Paul, Battersea, in 1949. He was also chaplain of St John's Hospital, Battersea.

The Grocers' Company offered him the living of St Stephen Walbrook in 1953. He became rector of the church, designed by Christopher Wren, adjacent to the Mansion House in the City of London. The church was closed for structural repairs from 1978 to 1987. His son, Andrew, built chairs to replace its pews. Great controversy followed the installation of a large circular altar in travertine marble by Henry Moore, commissioned by Varah and his churchwarden Peter Palumbo. The matter was finally settled by the Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved in 1987, which granted a retrospective faculty for its installation.

He was a supporter of women priests, but preferred the traditional 17th century Book of Common Prayer (1662) to the more modern liturgical changes authorized in 1966. Despite the absence of a permanent congregation, the church remained popular for weddings. He officiated at the marriage of Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, only daughter of Princess Margaret, to actor Daniel Chatto in 1994.

He was made an honorary prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral in 1975, becoming senior prebendary in 1997. He retired in 2003, aged 92, by which time he was the oldest incumbent in the Church of England.

Samaritans
Varah began to understand the problems facing the suicidal when he was taking a funeral as an assistant curate in 1935, his first church service, for a fourteen-year-old girl who had taken her own life because she had begun to menstruate and feared that she had a sexually transmitted disease. He later said "Little girl, I didn't know you, but you have changed the rest of my life for good." He vowed at that time to encourage sex education, and to help people who were contemplating suicide and had nowhere to turn.

To that end, Chad Varah founded the Samaritans in 1953 in the crypt of his church, with the stated aim that it would be an organisation "to befriend the suicidal and despairing." The phone line, MAN 9000 (for MANsion House), received its first call on 2 November 1953, and the number of calls increased substantially after publicity in the Daily Herald on 7 December 1953.

He was director of the central London branch of Samaritans until 1974, and president from 1974 to 1986. He was also founder chairman of Befrienders Worldwide (Samaritans International) from 1974 to 1983, and then its president from 1983 to 1986.

Future association with Samaritans
Later in life, Varah became disillusioned with the Samaritans organisation. He announced in 2004 that "It's no longer what I founded. I founded an organisation to offer help to suicidal or equally desperate people. The last elected chairman re-branded the organisation. It was no longer to be an emergency service. It was to be an emotional support for the whole bloody population whether they wanted it or not."

However, by the Summer of 2005, a rapprochement appeared to be reached when Varah met with The Samaritans' new chief executive and chairman. Varah enthusiastically listened to the new essential work of the organisation, building on the work he had started in 1953. In 2006, Varah's eldest son, Michael Varah, was appointed to sit on the newly created board of trustees.

Other works
He was also closely associated with the founding of the comic The Eagle by fellow clergyman Marcus Morris in 1950. He supplemented his income by working as a scriptwriter for The Eagle and its sister publications Girl, Robin and Swift until 1961. He used his scientific education to be "Scientific and Astronautical Consultant" (as Varah put it) to Dan Dare.

In line with a long-standing commitment to sex education, he was a member of the board of reference of the British edition of the adult magazine 'Forum' from 1967 to 1987. He was patron of the Terrence Higgins Trust from 1987 to 1999 and an original patron of the Cult Information Centre.

He wrote a television play, Nobody Understands Miranda, which was broadcast by the BBC as part of a six-part series about the Samaritans in 1972.

He continued his campaigning work into his later life, founding Men Against Genital Mutilation of Girls (MAGMOG) in 1992, and publishing his autobiography, Before I Die Again, referring to his interest in reincarnation, the same year.

Honours and awards
Varah was awarded the Albert Schweitzer Gold Medal in 1972, and became an Honorary Fellow of Keble College in 1981. He held several honorary doctorates, and was awarded the Romanian Patriarchal Cross.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1961 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre.

He was appointed OBE in 1969, and advanced to CBE in 1995. He was created a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 2000.

In 2012, three items of rolling stock in Britain were named Chad Varah:
 * Direct Rail Services' 57302
 * London Midland's 350232
 * Virgin Trains West Coast's 390157

Personal life
Chad Varah married Susan Whanslaw in 1940 in Wandsworth, south London. They had four sons (including triplets) and a daughter. His wife became World President of the Mothers' Union in the 1970s. She died in 1993. Varah died in a hospital in Basingstoke, four days before his 96th birthday. He was survived by four of his children, his son Michael having died several months before his father.

Writings

 * Before I Die Again: The Autobiography of the Founder of Samaritans. (London: Constable, 1992).
 * The Samaritans in the '80s. (London: Constable, 1980).

title: Chad Varah


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John M. Pattison

John M. Pattison (June 13, 1847 – June 18, 1906) was an American Democratic politician from Ohio. Pattison was for five months the 43rd governor of Ohio, serving for a shorter period than any other person elected to the office before his death.

Biography
Pattison was born near Owensville, Ohio. He joined the Union Army during the American Civil War in 1864. After the war ended, Pattison attended Ohio Wesleyan University, graduating in 1869. He graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1872, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. Pattison briefly served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1873 before working as an executive at an insurance company. Pattison was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1890 after briefly serving in the Ohio State Senate. He served one term from 1891 to 1893 but lost an 1892 bid for re-election. Pattison was elected governor in 1905. He entered office in January 1906 and served until his death in June.

Pattison attended his inauguration but returned home ill that day. He never again returned to the executive office. Pattison directed the government from his bed until he died at his home Promont, near Milford, Ohio. His cause of death was Bright's disease.

He is buried in Greenlawn Cemetery in Milford, Ohio.

Pattison was married twice. He married Aletheia Williams, who died leaving three children. Another daughter had died. His second wife was Anna Williams, sister of his first wife.

Pattison was a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason.

In 2004, Pattison Elementary School was built in Milford as John Pattison's namesake. The school educates students in kindergarten through sixth grade. Pattison Park, located on US Highway 50 west of Owensville, is also named in his honor.

External sources
Retrieved on 2008-11-05

title: John M. Pattison


text: Category:Drama films

title: Category:Drama films


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American Topical Association

The American Topical Association (ATA) is a US-based philatelic society and the largest organization devoted to topical stamp collecting. It was established in 1949 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin by Jerome (Jerry) Husak. It currently serves members in over 60 countries. ATA publishes Topical Time, its bimonthly journal. It also publishes numerous handbooks and maintains many checklists listing hundreds of stamps by topic. The organization runs the National Topical Stamp Show as well as supporting 50+ study units on various topics and 40+ local chapters.

The American Topical Association is an affiliate of the American Philatelic Society.

Member Services
The ATA offers a variety of member services to Topical Collectors so they may enjoy the hobby of Topical Stamp collecting to the fullest extent. The ATA's office is located in Greer, South Carolina. Among the services included in annual dues payment are:

Topical Time is available in print and digital formats. for a complete list of ~50 current study units. information for the handbooks have been researched and collated in some cases by members of some of the Topical Study units. This information is then made available in printed or digital form by the ATA. Topic, Country, date of issue, denomination, Scott catalogue number, brief description, and non Scott number if known. Checklists supplement the ATA handbooks an particular topics. The handbook serves as a reference item while the checklist is a spreadsheet for collectors to use when shopping at dealer booths at stamp shows or on the internet.
 * 1) Six bi-monthly issues of Topical Time. Topical Time is the official journal of the American Topical Association, a 92-page bi-monthly publication. The journal includes illustrated and informative topical articles, checklists and dealer advertising. Among the regular features in Topical Time are: "Topics on Postmarks," "Chapter Chatter," and "Units in Action" and at least one multi-page feature article.
 * 1) The ability to participate in one of the many Chapters of the ATA. American Topical Association Chapters are geographical stamp clubs who have affiliated with the ATA. These chapters meet throughout the United States. There are currently 40 chapters, including 5 Canadian and 4 international chapters located in Australia, Great Britain and South Africa. For a complete list of ATA Chapters.
 * 2) Specific Topical Study Units. The American Topical Association is composed of members who specialize in thematic or topical philatelic collecting. Those who share a specific topic band together to form "study units." These units promote their specific topic and encourage research on that topic. The topics of study cover a wide range of areas from Americana  on Stamps of the world to Wine on worldwide stamps.
 * 1) Handbooks. Handbooks play a vital role in making available to the topical collector research guides on various specific topics. The
 * 1) Checklists Service The ATA provides Checklist for hundreds of topics large and small, popular and little known areas of interest. They run from A (i.e. abacus, acrobatics, actors on stamps) to Z (zebras, zinnias, zoos on stamps). For each stamp listed the following is given:

Distinguished Topical Philatelist Service Award
The Distinguished Topical Philatelist (DTP) is the highest service award offered by the ATA and is given for service to topical philately in general and to the ATA in particular. It was established in 1952 by ATA's founder Jerry Husak and has been presented to over 120 individuals, including residents of Canada, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States, since its inception. This is the most prestigious award given by the ATA. The first Distinguished Topical Philatelist award was presented to Allyn H Wright in 1952. The annual award ceremony is held during the ATA's National Topical Stamp Show.

ATA's National Topical Stamp Show

This ATA-sponsored annual show features an all-thematic philatelic exhibition and a 30+ dealer bourse offering a variety of philatelic material for collectors. In addition several cachet makers offer their distinctive and unique covers. There are also many meetings, seminars, youth activities, free stamp appraisals and special touring events. The picture below is of the ATA table at New York 2016 World Stamp Show Exhibition which was held at the Javits Convention Center in New York City. Vera Felts, the previous Executive Director of the ATA, can be seen on the left side of the photo.

title: American Topical Association


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Bras d'Or Lake

Bras d'Or Lake (Mi'kmawi'simk: Pitupaq) is an irregular estuary in the centre of Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. It has a connection to the open sea, and is tidal. It also has inflows of fresh water from rivers, making the brackish water a very productive natural habitat. It was designated the Bras d'Or Lake Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2011.

Toponym
Pronounced ( or  ), maps before 1872 name it Le Lac de Labrador (or more simply Labrador). Labrador was the name given by the Portuguese to much of eastern Canada. It meant farmer, and is cognate with laborer. An error of folk etymology, the name is spelt to resemble the French language Arm of Gold, a homonym. It is also called locally The Bras d'Or Lakes.

In Mi'kmawi'simk, the lake's name, Pitupaq, refers to the brackish waters, meaning "the long salt water."

Geography
The lake has a surface area of 1099 square kilometers. Three arms stretch out to the north east. At the top, the Great Bras d'Or Channel connects to the ocean via a navigable channel. The maximum depth is 287 m in St. Andrews Channel. It sits in a 3,500 square kilometre drainage basin.

The western side is generally shallow, and is part of an extensive drumlin field. Steep hills rise abruptly on the northwestern side, to the Cape Breton Highlands.

The Denys, Middle, Baddeck, and Georges Rivers all empty into the lake. The lake water has lower salinity than the surrounding ocean, and varies from about 20 parts per thousand near river mouths to 29 parts per thousand in deeper areas.

Ice cover has been declining in recent years.

The lake is connected to the North Atlantic by two natural channels; the Great and Little Bras d'Or Channels which pass on either side of Boularderie Island. The southern tip of the lake is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Peters Canal, built for shipping traffic in the 1860s.

The restricted channels to the ocean cause a reduction in tidal range.

Seaweed populations resemble those found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The warm waters are suitable for eastern oyster. Fish species include the blackspotted stickleback, white hake, blueback herring, Greenland cod, and introduced rainbow trout. These feed double-crested cormorants, bald eagles, and great blue herons.

Human history
In southwestern Nova Scotia, there is archaeological evidence that traces traditional land use and resources to at least 4,000 years. Mi'kmaq peoples occupied lands around Bras d'Or Lake when European explorers first arrived. Named Unama'ki in their language, it is the fire (or capital district) of their country, Mi'kma'ki, part of the greater Wabanaki Confederacy of the Dawnland region. The Mi'kmaq call the lake Pitupaq, meaning long salt water. A French trading post was built in 1650. Alexander Graham Bell built an estate Beinn Bhreagh where he established a research laboratory, and used the lake to test man-carrying kites, airplanes and hydrofoil boats.

Most of the shore is undeveloped, but settlements include Baddeck, Eskasoni, Little Bras d'Or, St. Peter's, and Whycocomagh. Shoreline is under the jurisdiction of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality and the county municipalities of Inverness, Victoria, and Richmond.

Sailboat racing is a long tradition in the Bras d'Or, with events hosted by the Bras d'Or Yacht Club

Today most economic activity around the lake is related to the services in the tertiary sector of the economy.

title: Bras d'Or Lake


text: Category:Ice hockey

title: Category:Ice hockey


text:
San Diego Convention Center

The San Diego Convention Center is a convention center in San Diego, California, United States. It is located in the Marina district of downtown San Diego, near the Gaslamp Quarter. The center is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation, a public-benefit nonprofit corporation created by the City of San Diego.

History
San Diego approved a measure to fund construction of a new convention center in 1983 on land owned by the Port of San Diego. Construction of the original building began in March 1987 and was completed in November 1989. An expansion which doubled the gross square footage of the facility was completed in September 2001. In September 2008, the center took steps to acquire adjacent property for an additional expansion.

Notable events hosted at the convention center include the annual San Diego Comic-Con and the Society for Neuroscience. Television game show Wheel of Fortune filmed live tapings of shows at the convention center, featuring contestants from the San Diego area; the episodes aired nationally in May 1997, 2003, and 2007. It hosted the 1996 Republican National Convention, which nominated Bob Dole and Jack Kemp for president and vice president of the United States, respectively. It was also the venue for the 2007 California Democratic Party Convention.

In 2008, the Hilton San Diego Bayfront opened south of the convention center; this was followed by the Harbor Drive Pedestrian Bridge which opened in the spring of 2011, which links the convention center with the neighborhoods on the other side of Harbor Drive. In 2014, the convention center hosted the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) International Convention, bringing in $56 million to the economy of San Diego. In 2016, the second annual convention for the video game streaming platform Twitch, TwitchCon was hosted at the convention center, in 2019, TwitchCon was hosted again at the convention center, later revealing at the event that it would yet again be hosted at the convention center in September 2020. The event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but was later hosted in October 2022.

Notable events

 * San Diego Comic-Con, held annually since 1979
 * Society for Neuroscience, held in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018, and 2022
 * 1996 Republican National Convention
 * Biotechnology Industry Organization, held in 2014
 * Esri International User Conference, held annually since 1997
 * Wheel of Fortune, held in 1997, 2003, and 2007
 * TwitchCon, held in 2016, 2019, and 2022
 * DreamHack, held in 2023

Design
The convention center offers 615700 ft2 of exhibit space. As of 2009, it was the 24th largest convention facility in North America. It was designed by Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. Capacity for the facility is 125,000.

The center's most distinguishing feature is the Sails Pavilion, a 90000 sqft exhibit and special event area. The Sails Pavilion's roof consists of distinctive Teflon-coated fiberglass "sails" intended to reflect San Diego's maritime history, as well as to advertise the center's proximity to the San Diego shore. The Pavilion was originally built as an open-air facility under the roof. However, the center found it hard to convince potential users to book an open-air facility, so in 2000 the Pavilion area was enclosed in glass, greatly expanding the usable area of the center. Beginning in December 2016, the Sails Pavilion began a renovation period. Renovations to the Sails Pavilion were completed in late February 2018, with a capability addition of a programmable LED lighting system.

Another unusual feature of the convention center is its inclined elevator, which ascends alongside the large exterior staircase.

Proposed expansion
Beginning in 2008, the convention center began to pay the lease owners of the neighboring Fifth Avenue Landing property in a deal which would have bought out the lease. By November 2012, there was a $520 million proposal to expand the convention center. The proposed expansion would have increased the available space within the convention center by 33 percent and had a target completion date of early 2016. In March 2013, judicial approval was received for the funding method for the expansion; the funding would come from a special taxing district consisting of hotels in San Diego. The expansion was approved by the California Coastal Commission in October 2013.

However, on August 1, 2014, a California appeals court ruled the hotel tax unconstitutional, jeopardizing the financing scheme for the convention center expansion, forcing the city to either appeal the decision, seek ballot approval for the tax in accordance with the court's ruling, or come up with an entirely new financing scheme. Attorney Cory Briggs was the filing attorney for the successful lawsuit; in 2015, Briggs had another lawsuit filed regarding the bay front nature of the proposed expansion. The decision was not appealed by the San Diego City Council. The effort to expand the convention center up to August 2014 expended $10 million. Due to the lawsuit, other cities have contacted Comic-Con International regarding the possibility of relocating away from San Diego. In May 2015, the Convention Center stopped paying the lease owners of the Fifth Avenue Landing, having spent $4 million up to that point, losing their rights to the property. In June 2015, the Coastal Commission again approved the convention center expansion plan. In January 2017, Briggs's lawsuit regarding the bayfront nature of the proposed expansion was thrown out.

By 2017, plans to expand the convention center began again. However, the proposed expansion is opposed by a hotel proposal on the Fifth Avenue Landing property which was released when the previous expansion proposal ended. In 2018, a ballot initiative was launched seeking to raise funds and to gain approval for the convention center re-proposed expansion, as well as to fund services for homeless individuals; the ballot initiative will be voted on in 2020.

In November 2018, the City of San Diego paid the lease owners of the Fifth Avenue Landing, to settle a lawsuit out of court regarding development rights. While the lawsuit was occurring, the Port of San Diego and the City of San Diego were in negotiations with the Fifth Avenue Landing to enter into a new lease to allow for convention center expansion on the neighboring property, which would involve an initial $5 million payment, and a total $32 million buyout if the ballot initiative passes. In January 2019, San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer stated that a deal for the Fifth Avenue Landing was still in negotiation, and the lease owners had the right to build a hotel on their leased land, which has been envisioned as where the convention center would expand.

title: San Diego Convention Center