text:
Talk:Rajiv Gandhi

here is a citation about the asian games - https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20070702-1982-ninth-asian-games-held-in-delhi-748344-2007-07-02 -- Dialsraves (talk) 22:13, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request
Please add the category Parsi people as his father was a Parsi.2603:8081:1606:19E3:5C08:D9B3:6E7F:A047 (talk) 22:09, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * ❌. We need a WP:RS saying Rajiv identified as Parsi. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 02:39, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

Alma mater
It says Rajiv Gandhi failed to pass from both the college hence the word drop out. I found a link, it says he passed with second division. Moreover alma mater doesn't have reference to claim what it's mentioned in the article.-- 25 CENTS VICTORIOUS 🍁 06:15, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The reference is at the "Early life and career" section. Your link could also be right. It says he "passed the Senior Cambridge examination in the second division", it doesn't say that he completed the course.  Jay (Talk) 14:41, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

Social science
Hjjkk 103.70.153.94 (talk) 10:35, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:53, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Rajiv Gandhi in 1986.jpg

Full name
Hi, it is regarding this change. The source used in the lead sentence has an image of the subject's pilot license which clearly mentions his full name as Rajiva Ratna Gandhi. Why change it when explicitly sourced? - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:44, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * That pilot license image was shared by Shashi Tharoor which SS questionable similar to a picture shared by Subrahmaniam swami showing Rahul Gandhi as British citizen. None of the government document confirmed this. Even Indian government prime minister website has no mention of Ratna. https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former-prime-ministers/
 * His wife Sonia Gandhi’s nationality certificate also only has only Rajiv Gandhi. it’s easy now a days to create a picture showing all the fake information.
 * finally my uncle worked at Prime minister house in 8os and he confirmed that Congress party used Ratna word to justify name of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna in his name. Anni in (talk) 16:02, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. In that case, I'm replacing the contentious source, with this one. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 16:46, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks Anni in (talk) 20:12, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rajiv Gandhi


text: Talk:Battle of St Albans

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Battle of St Albans


text:
Talk:USS Scorpion (SSN-589)

like K-129
What little material we got shows the bow section with little damage. From there the U.S.Navy's one goal is to not have another Project Azorian happen. In addition to nuclear torpedoes Scorpion's prize does include a nuclear reactor somewhere on the ocean bed, as opposed to K-129. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.83.108.100 (talk) 13:14, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

About Peter Huchthausen paragraph
How does the paragraph talking about Peter Huchthausen in Red Star Rogue paragraph relate to the Red Star Rogue book ? Is it in the book ? Could this paragraph be moved to make a own one ? Solsticedhiver (talk) 16:40, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Citation needed - no mention of the Scorpion at all
& A sailors history of the US Navy, by Thomas J Cutler- I hope I did this correctly, if not please reverse (Khanada (talk) 03:29, 8 February 2008 (UTC))

 * I undid your removal of the fact tag because you did not actually put in a citation in the article. There is part of one in your removal comment, and I guess the rest of it in your line above.  But the two book references actually need to be put into the article, since most readers aren't going to find them in the change history or here in the talk page.  I am not sure enough of getting your citation text right to put them in myself.

 * You can add a reference by using <ref> reference goes here </ref> in the inline text where the fact tag is. A footnote number will be generated in the text and your reference placed at the bottom of the article in the references section.
 * For more information see Citing sources.

 * Ps: There are other fact tags in various places in the article. If you have any references that could help out any of those spots they would be greatly appreciated!
 * Thanks, Loren.wilton (talk) 17:37, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

In his Book 'Haunted Planet' John Keel makes reference to a distress call supposedly made by the U.S.S. Scorpion. He claims the U.S.Navy later dismissed the call as a 'Hoax'. There are a number of problems with this 'Hoax'. The 'real time' location of the Scorpion was a closely guarded secret by the U.S.Navy. How did the Hoaxes even know Scorpion had been lost? (she was not even reported missing outside the Navy at the time). John Keel is normally a reliable source of information. If his "Scorpion Distress call" is accurate it raises serious questions about the alleged international subversive effort to attack the U.S.Navy at that time (U.S.S. Piablo; U.S.S. Liberty; all Spy Ships). Is the High level of Classification still given to the Scorpion because she was a Spy vessel too?.Johnwrd (talk) 03:51, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

I found what sounds a reasonable explanation for the 'mystery distress call' on the Web. It seems the C.I.A. had been maintaining an 'unofficial' Acoustical Listening Station in the North East Atlantic. When C.I.A. Staff heard the explosion in the Area they immediately suspected some misfortune had befallen the Scorpion. They immediately contacted Washington who scrambled a rescue operation to search for the Scorpion. The so called 'distress call' was probably just a cover story to protect the secrecy of the C.I.A. Station.Johnwrd (talk) 02:00, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

Moved around
Moved around the paragraphs to establish some logic. -- Esemono (talk) 06:43, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

New article
The London Times has a new article today regarding Ballard's 1985 search. I'll leave it up to the article's primary author to determine if inclusion is warranted. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3994955.ece

14:45, 26 May 2008

Putting up a link on the page
I recently put up a link to the only web page which has all the information and pictures of all the crew who went down with the Scorpion. In addition, this web page has much information about the Scorpion itself including a log of the ships activities during the time it was in commission. This link was then erased as it was felt that it was for advertising. This is not true and the web page is donated and the thousands of hours that have been spent putting in the information on this ship and hundreds of others have been donated. It was not done for any rating scheme either, but merely to allow many who are looking for a place to find information on their family members or on the families of other crew members of the Scorpion. There are other web pages by individuals still listed on this page and other than outdated news, and some individual personal information, not much is on these pages. In conjunction with two other people, I recently spent a long time listing links to Wiki for over 7000 navy ships, so that people looking at our free pages could use the Wiki info also. I see no reason why whoever makes these big decisions on Wiki could not share a little the other way. IT's for sure we could take all our Wiki links off if Wiki doesn't want to support others the same way they are supported. I was intending to go in and also add to the page to put in information that is not there, but I certainly am not going to argue with people who never spent the three years I did on the boat about what should be there and shouldn't.I think if you look at the first link you have left up there, you'll see it is a web page by a shipmate with the same basic format as the one I attempted to put up, with the exception that the one I was putting up has much information that many of the children, grandchildren, nephews, nieces, etc are looking for about relatives they never got to meet. I get notes and letters on a weekly basis wanting this type of information which is why the web page was created. I also feel that if what exists and is true is not allowed to be on this page, then why are things which are obviously nothing but advertisements allowed there. For instance, One author is referenced as being a Nuclear Engineer. In fact, there were no Nuclear Engineers in the Nuclear Navy. That is a special degree awarded at a very few Universities and certainly the designation can not be given to someone who at the time didn't have a college degree. I could list item after item that is incomplete or false, but that is beyond the point of this note. I am very disappointed that Wiki decides to limit information that is available to people who are looking for it. Since a comment was made that I made an unsigned insertion, I'll leave my name and my email address as I am not afraid to stand behind what I write. Bill Lee sub_ssn589@yahoo.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by ELT589 (talk • contribs) 00:30, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
 * "In fact, there were no Nuclear Engineers in the Nuclear Navy."-well, that statement is factually untrue, and I'm wondering how you made that determination. HammerFilmFan (talk) 11:36, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

On this page there is information about a new analyzes of the sound from the sink: http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08589a.htm

Ballard on John Stewart Show
I'll have to check the air date, since my wife DVRs it, but a couple nights ago Bob Ballard was on John Stewart's show talking about the Titanic search, and he mentioned the tie-in to the Scorpion. I was three-quarters asleep, but he said something that sounded like "looking for two nuclear weapons for the Navy, and by the time we found them we didn't have much time to find Titanic.

Not to jump to unfounded speculation, but as Ballard was a reserve Navy officer at the time, anyone think the Navy/Ballard might have recovered the Mk45's and kept it quiet? They're not exactly forthcoming with details about the whole thing as it is anyway, and Ballard kept the details of the combined search quiet for some years....WiseguyThreeOne (talk) 03:25, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Nope. No one in 1986 had any equipment to get inside the torpedo room where the nukes remain. They are still there, no one has touched them. The Titanic search was no a U.S. Navy sponsored event nor was it a cover story for a routine site inspection. Ballard's team visited the site in 1985 and in 1986. Only took sled pictures in 85, but in 86 dove with Alvin. Ballard was not searching for Scorpion, the Navy knew exactly were it lay. Very dangerous listening to Ballard.Brandywine589 (talk) 01:45, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Great article
Why so few references?--andreasegde (talk) 16:49, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Disagree. This one's above start-class but needs a lot of work. Too much reliance on a book that's not held all that high by many authorities. HammerFilmFan (talk) 17:51, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Court of inquiry
The reference to the court of inquiry needs to be fleshed out -- do we have details like date of publication, convening authority, etc?

For COI see http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/USS%20SCORPAIN%2027%20MAY%2068.pdfBrandywine589 (talk) 02:35, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

POV problems with sinking theories
There is a POV battle between adherents to the sinking theories, which is quite condescending at times (e.g. "Craven had no data to support his claim and he was informed of his errors", "He has not changed his story despite the facts", "However, even Admirals get technical details twisted about and confused.", etc.). I've tagged it accordingly. Superm401 - Talk 08:28, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I've stripped a lot for reasons I've given in the edit log, namely neutral point of view, original research, editorialising and statements being unsupported by the sources. I have only looked at the "Unsubstantiated theories about the loss" section and not in too much depth so am leaving the tag for now as I suspect there are problems else where as well. Dpmuk (talk) 17:44, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Accidental activation of torpedo
I'm trying to clarify what some believed to have happened. The torpedo was believed by some to have started running (while still inside the sub). My (possibly wrong) understanding is that it activated while in the torpedo room. At this point, the torpedo would think it has been launched on a heading away from the sub, although it is still inside the sub. The crew would have notified the captain, who would have immediately ordered a 180 degree turn. This is done to convince the torpedo's guidance system that the torpedo has turned back toward the sub that supposedly launched the torpedo. Once the torpedo thinks it is on a heading back to where it came from (a 180 degree turn), its own safety measures deactivate the torpedo. For my argument to make any sense, the paragraph about "Accidental activation of torpedo" would have to state that the torpedo was not released from the tube. Then, the statement about Dr. Craven saying that the sub moved back to its original course, would also need to be changed. Dr. Craven said that the sub headed West (the approximate original course home) to go home, but that the acoustic signals led him to believe the sub had turned back toward the East (back toward Rota). That would have happened if a torpedo accidentally activated inside the sub, but could not be launched. That being the case, the turn would have been 180 degrees - not 360. The sub would not have been on a Westerly course, done a 360 degree turn, ending up going Westerly again. A full circle turn is not a measure that would get the sub away from a launched torpedo that turned back toward where it came from. Dr. Craven asserted that the sub was going East when the various implosions (acoustic events) occurred. As noted, Hamilton said the acoustical data did not indicate that was what happened. However, using Bayesian search theory, and assuming the sub did turn 180 away from its home course, Dr. Craven's assumptions lead to the discovery of the Scorpion.

I'm new to editing information, so if I am stepping on anyone's toes, please let me know. Note: I changed "360" to "180" in the text, but then realized that the paragraph would need further editing. I have done nothing more because of my newbie status. The only source I have is Blind Man's Bluff. Dennis Clark — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dnc45 (talk • contribs) 22:55, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Edit War
The claim be some editors about references is a bit far fetched. Making a comment that there is no evidence of explosive damage does not have a reference as there is no evidence of explosive damage to reference.

Would the warring editor please explain himself. Commentary on the lack of evidence is germane to the article. An article that references fiction books claiming explosions is of no value if there are no legitimate references that provide evidence of a an explosion. So stating that there is no evidence of an explosion is simply stating the reality of the article. Please put my edits back. You are doing a disservice to the people who lost their lives and providing more disinformation to the family members. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brandywine589 (talk • contribs) 00:39, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:V and WP:RS. Nothing I've seen you add has any sourced evidence to support it. That is not how WP works. You may even be right, but without showing the sources that you are using to come to this conclusion, your additions count as WP:OR and are considered unreliable. They're not considered to be wrong (we simply can't judge), but they are considered to be unreliable, as there's no evidence to support them. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:52, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

SUBSAFE deferment
"On 20 July (1966), McDonald deferred SUBSAFE extensions, otherwise deemed essential until 1963."

As you can't defer something to a date in the past, presumably this is supposed to be '... deemed essential since 1963' (SUBSAFE having been introduced then) or '... deemed essential until (some date in the future) '

Which? Lovingboth (talk) 14:09, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

Hypothesis: USS Scorpion Sunk By Undersea Earthquake
I am a retired commercial captain with an unlimited master's license and 50 years of ocean going experience. I spent 25+ years trying to unravel the USS Scorpion mystery. I suspected an undersea earthquake all along but was unable to prove it until a few years ago. I have now posted my hypothesis and proofs at http://www.deafwhale.com/uss-scorpion/

I hope you enjoy it. I will also be more than willing to discuss the finer points with any knowledgeable person. In fact, I believe other researchers might be able to expand on my work.

Thank You, Capt. David WilliamsDw2938 (talk) 09:20, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

New book
The Disappearance of the USS Scorpion: The History of the Mysterious Sinking of the American Nuclear Submarine

https://www.amazon.com/Disappearance-USS-Scorpion-Mysterious-Submarine-ebook/dp/B01K6IY8E4/ref=pd_typ_k_sp_1_6/159-7260906-6500813?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=1X4449KGME0ECEGS0HYQ

It's a longer collection of theories here discussed here and other places about what happened. Which sometimes is exactly what you people who come to wikipedia are looking for, so valuable for all that.

Lacreighton (talk) 10:18, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Scorpion
Has anybody read the book Scorpion Down: Sunk by the Soviets, Buried by the Pentagon: The Untold Story of the USS Scorpion? I had a few years ago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MajorJared29 (talk • contribs) 19:13, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

What about a theory of being rammed by a Soviet sub?
I was talking recently to a person who was involved in one of the search operations for the sub; he mentioned a theory about a Soviet submarine ramming Scorpion in a badly failed chicken run maneuver. The current article has one confusing paragraph which does mentions collisions but is not specific to this event, this may need more referencing and clarification. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:38, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

What does this phrase mean?
"Intensive vetting of submarine component quality, SUBSAFE, was required, coupled with various improvements and intensified structural inspections – particularly, hull-welding inspections using ultrasonic testing – and reduced availability of critical parts like seawater piping."? Seems like a nonsequitor to me; please rewrite. Autodidact1 (talk) 23:49, 2 July 2019 (UTC)

Internal waves
An oceanographer I knew once declared (I do not remember with what level of confidence) that internal waves (waves in stratified layers of the deep ocean) had crushed the Scorpion. Was he talking through his hat? --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 22:14, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Submarines have several depth ratings, including one called the crush depth. As for your question, the article cites a reliable source, Silent Steel by Stephen Johnson, that discusses various explanations by experts for the sinking. --50.39.105.219 (talk) 13:54, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Scorpion (SSN-589)


text:
Talk:Killing of Chandra Levy

last internet search by Chandra
This statement is incorrect based on testimony given by FBI in Guandique trial: "The last search at 12:24 p.m. was for the location of the Pierce-Klingle Mansion,[7] a historic house in Rock Creek Park that is used as the park's administrative office."

I pulled up two news articles from my 2001 archives that states she signed off internet about 1 p.m. This was widely reported and I document in my book Murder on a Horse Trail.

Then in 2010 Guandique trial, it was specified in more detail: McClatchy October 28, 2010

....FBI supervisory special agent Jane Dombowski traced Levy’s last virtual steps.... At 12:59 p.m. May 1, with a final, unexplained search for information on the French province of Alsace-Lorraine, the user of Levy’s computer signed off the Internet. “That was the last Internet file I was able to find,” Dombowski testified....

end quote

Generally when incorrect information is posted in this article, it's to further an agenda of Chandra being a jogger in Rock Creek Park. This also for some reason a time given which is supposed to bolster Condit not being involved because he had a meeting with Cheney at 12:30.

In any event this information posted in the article has no basis whatsoever and is in direct conflict with testimony given by FBI. I'm not comfortable just editing the article but if moderators could consider who entered this info and based on what this incorrect information could be replaced with the FBI testimony I quoted above. Note the [7] and [8] references are to generic information about the Rock Creek Park building. The last search at 12:24 on Rock Creek Park implies that she was off the internet a half hour earlier, is meant to coincide with Condit's meeting, and implies as last thing she did that she then went there. This of course is all false and has an agenda behind it.

I will post this on my site and at least alert who I can of this scam. It came to my attention tonight because a cable host of a crime show is citing this information in documentaries on Chandra for said agenda.

Thanks for your consideration.--Ralphdaugherty (talk) 06:03, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The addition of 12:24 pm as the timing of the last internet search was introduced to the article with this edit in December 2010, the edit performed by, a veteran editor who was very much interested in a wide variety of crime topics on Wikipedia. The text added by KimChee is partly supported by the cited source, the Washington Post piece by Sari Horwitz published in July 2008. All of that makes me conclude there was no agenda-driven Wikipedia editor trying to mislead the reader.
 * I think the next thing to do here is to take out the contradictory "last search" statement being 12:24 pm and add the 12:59 last search supported by the McClatchy news piece from October 2010. Binksternet (talk) 07:04, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

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Proposed rename
I formally propose renaming to "Murder of Chandra Levy", as the article overwhelmingly focuses on the murder. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Volvlogia (talk • contribs)
 * You are IMO absolutely 100% correct. However, look through the archives ... you'll see that in 2013 and 2016 formal proposals to rename the article appropriately were sufficiently opposed by dubious arguments to fail. If you want to start another one, especially now that it's been more than 20 years since the disappearance and death of a non-notable young woman became a notable event (as you have noticed), go ahead, but be forewarned. Daniel Case (talk) 20:28, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

In popular culture section
Hello, Any thoughts on adding a section titled "In popular culture", there are many television episodes reporting on the Chandra Levy case. Thank you, Vwanweb (talk) 04:49, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

Clarification?
Hello, all. Perhaps it's just me, but I really feel that the following sentence requires clarification:

"Police commanders ordered the search perimeters to 100 yards of each road and trail but a miscommunication had the officers only searching within 100 yards of every road."

I'm quite confused about what this means as phrased. Can someone perhaps clarify it? It's an important point vis-a-vis the mishandling of the search for Levy, so it seems to me it warrants correction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.110.242.175 (talk) 22:13, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Not sure if adding Italics does enough to emphasize that they didn't search 100 yards from trails, but that's what I've done. Rivselis (talk) 14:34, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 19 January 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Move to Killing of Chandra Levy as per nominated. There is a consensus that the article satisfy WP:BIO1E, thus the request to move from the current title, Chandra Levy, is not disputed. Pertinent to the request is the new naming of the article. There are alternatives proposed to the nominated title: 'Death/Murder of' with contention between 'Killing of' and 'Death of'. The reasoning for both are persuasive, however having going through the arguments, I lean slightly more towards 'Killing of', particularly due to the homicide ruling. There is also a rough consensus to move to Killing of Chandra Levy among the participants. The discussion has run for long enough, with the start being 1 month and 8 days ago from now, and the last message here being 18 days ago. I am closing this discussion with the option to bring this up to WP:MRV as allowed under WP:NOGOODOPTIONS if anyone feels strongly against the move. – robertsky (talk) 06:09, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Chandra Levy → Killing of Chandra Levy – Three years ago, it was noted above, here on this page, that the article seemed to really be about her death and the fallout from it, not her. I responded that there had been two previous RM discussions on exactly this premise, both of which did not succeed. A 2013 discussion was closed as no consensus; its 2016 sequel, prompted by my own move (which I believed would be uncontroversial) was closed as no move on the basis of "no coherent arguments supporting the move that would provide substantial benefit to WP readers." An issue in those previous discussions was the lack of clear naming policy behind the move. That is no longer the case. Since then, further discussions of the issue have led to WP:NCDEATH, the flowchart for which leads us to the more appropriate title of Killing of Chandra Levy: the medical examiner ruled her death a homicide. A suspect was convicted, but after that verdict was overturned on appeal the prosecution decided against a retrial, dropping the charges and having the suspect deported to his native El Salvador instead. So homicide - conviction="Killing of ..." Beyond that is the question, doggedly answered as "yes" by so many opponents of the move in the previous discussions, of whether Levy was notable enough apart from her disappearance and death to justify her name alone as the article title. Sentimentality prevailed, or was allowed to prevail, in 2016, even though no one arguing from that premise could really say what we might have known about her but for her demise. Similarly, in 2013, we had less of these articles about a notable event centered around a non-notable, usually dead or missing, person, and those that we had were often still titled after the person, rather than the event. There were so few of those latterly-titled articles that one participant in that debate could somewhat credibly claim at the time that this attempt to rename the article was a symptom of institutional sexism and that no article about a similarly situated straight white man would even get considered for such a rename (even though evidence to the contrary had already been introduced). Again, that no longer holds. Due to the work of myself and others, we have today many more articles about the dead and missing, regardless of gender, all of which are generally titled "Death/Murder/Disappearance of ..." without objection, save for those notable for something else during their lives that would be notable by our standards even if they had not met such an ignoble end. It is 2022. It has been more than two decades since Ms. Levy's disappearance and the intrigues it revealed captured the idle fancies of America over that last good summer before 9/11 (and made some history, I think, as the first major missing persons case where the disappeared person's Internet search results were a possible clue). It is almost that much time since her remains were found. A whole generation of Americans has grown up and reached college since then. I cannot imagine that they, looking upon this article, would not ask the same question that the 2018 poster whose remarks that I belatedly discovered last month did. And even for those of us well graced with the years to remember this affair, it is "a distant ship, smoke on the horizon". While no one would want it so, the dark clouds that hover still are her fate, not her life, and it is so that this article should be retitled. Daniel Case (talk) 05:42, 19 January 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. — Coffee  //  have a ☕ //  beans  // 08:57, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment: Please see my previous comments about the unknown manner of her death in the previous discussion at Talk:Chandra Levy/Archive 3. That might justify "Death of" rather than "Killing of", although I agree with the basic WP:BIO1E rationale here. As noted, the murder conviction was overturned, and the medical examiner said that "It's possible we will never know specifically how she died." — BarrelProof (talk) 23:11, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * But he nevertheless officially found it a homicide. That's what matters. Daniel Case (talk) 23:33, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Definitely don't keep it at the current title; prefer move to "Death of" or "Disappearance and death of": That may be enough for you to reach a conclusion for "Killing of", but not for me. The remains did not really provide evidence of the manner of her death, and the medical examiner also stated that. "Death of" would be accurate and conservative, and the further detail can be provided in the article. If we were on a jury together, we would have lengthy discussions about the question, but we are not a jury. — BarrelProof (talk) 17:25, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support. Rreagan007 (talk) 04:49, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you wanna give reason for your vote, Rreagan007? --George Ho (talk) 19:34, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support move as proposed (only if there's no commonly used name) or move to "death of Chandra Levy" (only if commonly used more than any other title) – According to flowchart, there should've been a common name for her death investigation. WaPo article uses "killing". Reuters and SFGate use "death". NBC Washington and CNN use "disappearance" and "death". ABC News uses "murder" and "death". Christian Science Monitor uses "murder". BTW, agreeing that Levy hasn't been notable as much as her disappearance and then death has been. Also, I started those RMs years back. --George Ho (talk) 19:34, 21 January 2022 (UTC); amended, 05:54, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It's "killing" because that is what NCDEATHS now says we call articles about officially unsolved homicides. What the media calls it really has no bearing. Daniel Case (talk) 04:45, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * What the media calls it really has no bearing. Only when there's no commonly used name describing the event per WP:NCDEATHS and WP:NCDEATHS (image). Have you found a commonly used name yet? George Ho (talk) 05:43, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem from the examples you've quoted that the media really agree. They are understandably not calling it a murder since Guandique's conviction was overturned and the charges dropped. "Death" doesn't fit with our conventions because the medical examiner ruled it a homicide after looking over her remains. He wasn't sure exactly how, but he signed his name to "homicide". Honestly I think the "common name" thing was meant to cover situations like, say, the Good Hart murders, where the crime gains a briefly popular sobriquet based on some aspect other than its victim or victims (note that that link now redirects to the article named for the slain family). The only single-victim homicide I can think of whose popular name persists at the expense of the victim's name would be Black Dahlia, which if that name ever faded from use we'd rename to Killing of Elizabeth Short. Daniel Case (talk) 06:04, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Another WaPo article uses "disappearance", "slaying", "death", and "killing". A San Francisco Chronicle article and National Post  uses "death". Commentary  referred Levy as "murdered". More can be found via The Wikipedia Library. I don't know what conventions you were referring to, but I hope you were referring to an official policy or guideline. Seems that the Flowchart is supposed to be the last resort if a common name isn't yet found. However, one discussion raised concerns about misusing the flowchart. George Ho (talk) 07:43, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Like I said, no clear media consensus on how to refer to it. And there are some constraints on what terms of theirs we can adopt, due to our own policies. We can't use "murder" because the conviction was overturned and the charge dropped instead of a retrial (and IMO it was recent enough that the BLP/NPOV/OR reason not to use that in the absence of a conviction applies to any actual perpetrator, unidentified and unknown though they may be). There was an official finding of homicide from the medical examiner, which has not been changed, so I think "Death of" is overly generalized and inaccurate (Also, most media coverage refers to her "death" only in the context of Guandique having been charged and convicted of causing it in the past, or a sense that clearly implies she was killed. I would consider it only if there is ever some credible, reliably sourced speculation that she was not murdered). Daniel Case (talk) 18:39, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Addendum: I also do not find that linked discussion helpful. I agree that the move in question was incorrect and would have opposed it due to the officer in the case not being convicted of murder even if he was convicted of a lesser homicide charge, but it seems to me that the user in question misapplied that flowchart. Also, that discussion concerned a police shooting, around which we have had naming issues that do not come into play here. Daniel Case (talk) 18:50, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Move to Death of Chandra Levy. BarrelProof makes a convincing case above, that we don't have conclusive evidence backed up by our reliable sources, that the death was a killing. It is currently regarded as unexplained, with homicide probable but not certain. Furthermore, George Ho makes a good point about common usage, and it seems from the articles provided that many do indeed prefer "death", e.g. . — Amakuru (talk) 08:59, 27 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Certainly that's preferable to the current title, but only in a relative way. The lede of our cited source is unambiguous: "Chandra Levy was murdered, by means unknown, the Washington D.C. medical examiner said Tuesday in a disclosure that deepened the mystery behind the demise of the 24-year-old intern who disappeared more than a year ago." His later remarks may seem to contradict that, but that's an exercise for the reader. To flinch from calling this case a homicide ourselves is to reflect our own subjective and unverifiable, rather OR-ish, POV perhaps even, opinion of the medical examiner's remarks. This is where we do not substitute our judgement for the reader's. What he put on the death certificate is all that matters, as far as we should be concerned. Note that within last year, the Washington Post called her death a killing (paywalled) without qualifying that language in any way. I contrast this with two articles I've worked on extensively about contentious deaths, both of which interestingly have a connection to Middlesex County, New Jersey, near where I grew up. I renamed, without controversy, Death of Timothy Wiltsey from "Murder of Timothy Wiltsey" a month ago after the New Jersey Supreme Court vacated his mother's conviction. As in that case, we had only bones to work from, bones found exposed after months in (presumably) open air, bones which led to a murder conviction which also no longer stands. So why not "Killing of ..."? Certainly the Middlesex County prosecutor's office still sees the case that way, but ... the only official finding of the cause of death came from the medical examiner who looked at the bones when they were originally discovered and said that there was not enough evidence to make a finding, therefore the death was of undetermined cause. Yes, at his mother's 2016 trial another pathologist who'd worked for the county (she was retired by then and testified because the medical examiner who made the earlier finding had died) said the death was a homicide. But her opinion, though given under oath, does not displace the original finding because they didn't reissue the death certificate as far as I've been able to tell. (And it was largely, she admitted, because she eliminated other possible causes, like accident or suicide, as unlikely, and because of the other aspects of the prosecution case). So I am comfortable with that article staying "Death of ...". Likewise, Killing of Geetha Angara is so named because that's still what the county prosecutor's office considers it, even if its investigation produced no arrests or suspects. A pathologist who is one of the leading international experts on drowning deaths, when sent the records from her case, has expressed the possibility that the signs of apparent strangulation that have led to "homicide" as the official finding may in fact be the results of drowning in cold water. And while that's certainly notable and is indeed discussed at some length in the article, it still hasn't changed the official finding and therefore the name. Again, this is the same logic that here leads me to make the distinction in how we name the article. Daniel Case (talk) 21:30, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support. The reliable sources presented in this thread sometimes use the word "death" instead of "murder" or "killing", but none of them seriously question the conclusion that Levy was murdered. Rublov (talk) 19:53, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support, no preference between Death/Murder/Killing. There are at least 20 paragraphs about her death and the investigations/trials afterwards, and only 2 that are about her life. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 23:41, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support move, "Killing of" would be my first choice, given that this was ruled a homocide' "Death of" would be my second choice. BD2412  T 04:29, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support, this is a WP:BIO1E. 162 etc. (talk) 05:07, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
 * For clarity, what article title do you want it to be? George Ho (talk) 10:07, 9 February 2022 (UTC)
 * "Killing of", per nom. 162 etc. (talk) 16:40, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Killing of Chandra Levy


text:
Cecilia Bartoli

Cecilia Bartoli OMRI (born 4 June 1966) is an Italian coloratura mezzo-soprano opera singer and recitalist. She is best known for her interpretations of the music of Bellini, Handel, Mozart, Rossini and Vivaldi, as well as for her performances of lesser-known music from the Baroque and Classical period. She is known for singing both soprano and mezzo roles.

Bartoli is considered a coloratura mezzo-soprano with an unusual timbre. According to Nicholas Wroe in 2001, her voice was known for its "fully developed sumptuousness of the lower register, the vibrancy of the middle range...the top was limpid and powerful", and she was one of the most popular opera singers of recent years.

Early life
Bartoli was born in Rome. Her parents, Silvana Bazzoni and Pietro Angelo Bartoli, were professional singers and gave her her first music lessons. She first performed publicly at age nine as the shepherd boy in Tosca. Bartoli later studied at the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia in Rome. At the age of 19, she made her singing debut on the Italian television show Fantastico. She did not win the competition but was asked to sing with Paris Opera for an homage concert for Maria Callas.

Performing career
Bartoli made her professional opera debut in 1987 at the Arena di Verona. The following year she undertook the role of Rosina in Rossini's The Barber of Seville at the Cologne Opera, the Schwetzingen Festival and the Zurich Opera earning rave reviews. Working with conductors Daniel Barenboim and Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Bartoli focused on Mozart roles, such as Zerlina in Don Giovanni and Dorabella in Così fan tutte, and from then on her career developed internationally.

In 1990, she made her debut at the Opéra Bastille as Cherubino in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro and her debut at the Hamburg State Opera as Idamantes in Mozart's Idomeneo, followed by her La Scala debut as Isolier in Le comte Ory in 1991, a performance that solidified her reputation as one of the world's leading Rossini singers.

In 1996, Bartoli made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Despina in Così fan tutte and returned in 1997 to sing the title role of La Cenerentola and in 1998 to sing the role of Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro. In 2000, she sang in another Mozart soprano role, Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. In 2001, she made a long-awaited Royal Opera House debut, taking the roles of Euridice and the Genio in the London stage premiere of Haydn's L'anima del filosofo.

Work in Baroque music
In addition to Mozart and Rossini, Bartoli has spent much of her career performing and recording Baroque and early Classical era music by such composers as Gluck, Vivaldi, Haydn and Salieri. In early 2005, she sang Cleopatra in Handel's Giulio Cesare. She often performs with the Baroque ensemble Il Giardino Armonico.

In 2012, Bartoli produced a project entitled Mission, which premiered the works of Agostino Steffani, a lesser-known Baroque composer. Bartoli produced the music of the composer in CD form as well as an extended music video that portrays her as the priest-composer Agostino in the palace of Versallies. The video is known for its historic and visual accuracy of the Baroque period. Cecilia Bartoli's performance and production of Mission reflect the music and aesthetic of Steffani's time period through the setting, wardrobe, and cinematography."

Work in bel canto
In 2007/08, Bartoli devoted her time to studying and recording the early 19th-century repertoire – the era of Italian Romanticism and bel canto – and especially the legendary singer Maria Malibran, the 200th anniversary of whose birth was celebrated in March 2008. The album Maria was released in September 2007. In May 2008, Bartoli sang the title role written for Malibran in a revival of Fromental Halévy's 1828 opera Clari at the Zurich Opera. In June 2010, she sang the title role of Bellini's Norma for the first time with conductor Thomas Hengelbrock in a concert at the Konzerthaus Dortmund. In March 2011, Bartoli toured five Australian cities with two programs drawn from Sacrificium and Maria.

Salzburg Whitsun Festival
In 2012, Bartoli became the artistic director of the Salzburg Whitsun Festival, an extension of the traditional Salzburg Festival, which produces performances during Whitsun (Pentecost) weekend. Forgoing the academic programming of her predecessors, she reformulated the festival's programming—returning to "the old recipe of organizing beautiful programs and inviting great artists"—resulting in record ticket sales and placing the festival on the international opera calendar. In 2012, she sang Cleopatra in Handel's Giulio Cesare, in 2013 the title role in Vincenzo Bellini's Norma, and in 2014 Rossini's La Cenerentola.

Opéra de Monte-Carlo
In December 2019, it was announced that Bartoli would succeed Jean-Louis Grinda as the director of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, effective on 1 January 2023. She became the first woman to hold the position.

Personal life
Bartoli lives with her husband, Swiss baritone Oliver Widmer, in Zollikon on the Goldcoast shore of Lake Zurich, Switzerland, and in Rome, part of the year. The couple married in 2011 after twelve years together. Bartoli lived in Monaco in the early 2010s.

Awards and honours
Bartoli was appointed Chevalier of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1995), and Commander of Monaco's Order of Cultural Merit (November 1999).

In 2003, she received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music at the Classic Brit Awards.

In 2010, she was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music from University College Dublin.

In 2011, she won a fifth Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance for Sacrificium. In 2012, she was voted into the magazine's Gramophone's Hall of Fame. She is the 2012 recipient of the Herbert von Karajan Music Prize.

Opera

 * Rossini: La scala di seta (Fonit Cetra, 1988)
 * Rossini: Il barbiere di Siviglia (Decca, 1989)
 * Mozart: Così fan tutte (Erato, 1990)
 * Mozart: Lucio Silla (Teldec 1991)
 * Rossini: La Cenerentola (Decca, 1993)
 * Puccini: Manon Lescaut (Decca, 1993)
 * Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro (DG, 1994)
 * Mozart: La clemenza di Tito (Decca, 1995)
 * Haydn: L'anima del filosofo, ossia Orfeo ed Euridice (Decca, 1997)
 * Rossini: Il turco in Italia (Decca, 1998)
 * Mozart: Mitridate (Decca, 1999)
 * Haydn: Armida (Teldec 2000)
 * Handel: Rinaldo (Decca, 2000)
 * Mozart: Don Giovanni (Arthaus, 2001, DVD)
 * Bellini: La sonnambula (Decca, 2008)
 * Halevy: Clari (Decca, 2008, DVD)
 * Rossini: Otello (Decca, 2012)
 * Bellini: Norma (Decca, 2013)

Recitals with orchestra

 * Rossini Arias (1989)
 * Mozart Arias (1991)
 * Rossini Heroines (1992)
 * Mozart Portraits (1994)
 * Mozart Arias (1996)
 * The Vivaldi Album (1999)
 * Cecilia and Bryn (1999)
 * Gluck Italian Arias (2001)
 * The Salieri Album (2003)
 * Opera Proibita (2005)
 * Viva Vivaldi! Arias & Concertos (Arthaus, 2005, DVD)
 * Maria (A Tribute to Maria Malibran) (2007)
 * Sacrificium (Arias written for castrati) (2009)
 * Mission (Arias and duets of Agostino Steffani) (2012)
 * St. Petersburg (2013)
 * Antonio Vivaldi (2018)
 * Farinelli (2019)
 * Queen of Baroque (2020)
 * Unreleased (2021)

Recitals with piano

 * Rossini Recital (1990)
 * If You Love Me – "Se tu m'ami": Eighteenth-century Italian Songs (1992)
 * The Impatient Lover – Italian Songs by Beethoven, Schubert, Mozart, Haydn (1993)
 * Chant D'Amour (1996)
 * An Italian Songbook (1997)
 * Live in Italy (1998)

Recitals with cello

 * Dolce Duello: Cecilia & Sol – with Sol Gabetta (Decca Classics) released 11 November 2017

Sacred

 * Rossini: Stabat Mater (1990)
 * Mozart: Requiem (1992)
 * Scarlatti: Salve Regina, Pergolesi: Stabat Mater, Salve Regina (1993)
 * Rossini: Stabat Mater (1996)

Cantatas

 * Rossini Cantatas Volume 2

Compilations

 * A Portrait (1995)
 * The Art of Cecilia Bartoli (2002)
 * Sospiri (2010)

title: Cecilia Bartoli


text:
Westport, New Zealand

Westport (Kawatiri) is a town in the West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand. Established in 1861, it is the oldest European settlement on the West Coast. Originally named Buller, it is on the right bank and at the mouth of the Buller River, close by the prominent headland of Cape Foulwind. It is connected via State Highway 6 with Greymouth, 100 km to the south, and with Nelson 222 km in the northeast, via the Buller Gorge. The population of the Westport urban area was as of. The Buller District had a population of.

Name
The Māori language name for the river and the region is Kawatiri, meaning deep and swift. The town is thought to have been named after Westport, County Mayo in Ireland, although the choice of name was no doubt also guided by its location.

History
From an archaeological excavation site, near the mouth of the Buller River (Kawatiri), it is clear that Māori were living close to Westport by the early 14th century. Māori mostly lived in coastal areas, though they explored the mountains for pounamu (jade or greenstone), which they then traded with other iwi.

The first wave of European settlers came to Westport in 1861 as gold miners, and the first European vessel said to have entered the river was the sealing schooner Three Brothers in 1844, though other sealing vessels were recorded in the Cape Foulwind area in the 1820s. The 1880s saw many exploratory parties of geologists and surveyors combing the area for the presence of valuable resources and taking the measure of the land. Amongst them were Charles Heaphy, William Fox and Thomas Brunner. While gold brought initial interest to the area, and for example, led to large areas of the coastal areas (covered by sediment from the river) being dredged for the valuable mineral, the area soon became much more famous for coal mining, still a dominant concern in the region today.

A coal mining company was formed in 1878 called the Westport Colliery Company Ltd, and then became The Westport Coal Company in 1881 when a group of Dunedin businessmen purchased the mines. The coal fields were at Coalbrookdale (Denniston) and Granity Creek (Millerton) and coal was transported to the Westport harbour to be shipped out. By 1905 The Westport Coal Company was New Zealand's largest coal producer.

Westport was administrated as part of the Nelson Province from 1853 to 1876.

Westport has been damaged by several earthquakes, the worst the 1929 Murchison earthquake, in which several buildings collapsed, including the post office tower. The town now has a number of Art Deco buildings that were constructed after the earthquake, for example the Clock Tower Chambers.

Flooding
Westport and the Buller District have had several floods since 1846. In January 1868, heavy rain led to flooding, which destroyed two wharves. The town was flooded again in October and November 1926, and yet again in 1970, 2012, and 2015. In 2018, Westport was damaged by Cyclone Fehi during the 2017–18 South Pacific cyclone season. According to Land River Sea Consulting founder and river engineer Matthew Gardner, Westport is sited on a flood-prone catchment and climate change is causing water levels to rise. A West Coast Regional Council spokesperson expressed concern about the under-investment in flood protection including dredging and river management work in Westport. In July 2021, wet weather throughout New Zealand caused more flooding, leading to the evacuation of about 2,000 people, roughly half of the town's 4,600 residents. The flood caused millions of dollars in damages and damaged hundreds of homes in Westport. 563 homes were damaged with 70 homes being red stickered and 393 homes being yellow stickered. 23% of the town's 983 dwellings required repairs. By mid-October 2021, 450 homes remained uninhabitable or damaged. 140 remained in temporary accommodation including cabins, motels, or relatives' homes.

In February 2022, Westport and the Buller District had heavy rain and significant flooding, which damaged homes, infrastructure, farms, and roads. Residents were also evacuated. On 10 February, a state of emergency was declared in the Buller District. Minister of Rural Affairs Damien O'Connor described the February flooding in Westport as "one of the worst he had seen" and attributed it to climate change. On 23 February, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced a NZ$500,000 scheme to assist farmers in Westport and the wider West Coast region with flood damage called "Task Force Green."

In July 2022, Stuff reported that over 400 homes in Westport had not been fully repaired since the floods that struck the city in July 2021. Of the 563 flood damaged homes, just over 100 had fully completed their repairs. The Buller District Council and the West Coast Regional Council submitted a NZ$54 million business case for the region which includes investing in flood walls, subsidising people to move from flood-prone areas, and investing in Westport's stormwater system.

Climate
The Westport climate is strongly influenced by the high amount of precipitation from the Tasman Sea, with all months being rather wet on average. Despite very high annual rainfall, Westport is often prone to drought and conservation measures are sometimes triggered. While colder than the more northern parts of New Zealand, average temperature changes over the year are not extreme.

Demographics
Westport covers 11.53 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Westport had a population of 4,389 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 366 people (−7.7%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 120 people (−2.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,998 households, comprising 2,214 males and 2,172 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female, with 729 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 651 (14.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,911 (43.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,092 (24.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.9% European/Pākehā, 12.1% Māori, 1.8% Pasifika, 2.7% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 33.6% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 303 (8.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,179 (32.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 351 people (9.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,398 (38.2%) people were employed full-time, 561 (15.3%) were part-time, and 159 (4.3%) were unemployed.

Rural surrounds
Westport Rural surrounds Westport on the west, south and east, and includes Carters Beach. It covers 90.06 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Westport Rural had a smaller boundary, covering 88.76 km2. Using that boundary, Westport Rural had a population of 1,260 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (2.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 285 people (29.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 498 households, comprising 624 males and 639 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 50.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 249 people (19.8%) aged under 15 years, 96 (7.6%) aged 15 to 29, 606 (48.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 306 (24.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.0% European/Pākehā, 8.8% Māori, 0.7% Pasifika, 1.7% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.7% had no religion, 32.9% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 129 (12.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 285 (28.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 144 people (14.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 441 (43.6%) people were employed full-time, 192 (19.0%) were part-time, and 21 (2.1%) were unemployed.

Economy
Economic activity is based around fishing, coal mining and dairy farming. Historically, gold mining was a major industry, and coal mining was much more extensive than today (especially in terms of employment numbers). However, the region still is home to New Zealand's largest opencast mining operation in Stockton. Some native forest logging occurred in the area until cessation around 1999.

The Holcim company had a large cement plant in the southwest side of town until its closure on 30 June 2016.

Westport is also home to EPIC Westport an innovation hub, which houses software developers and business startups.

Media
A daily local newspaper is published in Westport, the Westport News. The Westport News building also houses coast-wide local radio station Coast FM.

Tourism
Tourist attracts in the area include Cape Foulwind, Tauranga Bay with its large fur seal colony, and fine surfing beaches. The opening of the Old Ghost Road which runs between Lyell and Seddonville to the north of Westport has seen an explosion in the number of mountain bikers visiting the area. The Kawatiri Coastal Trail is under development between Westport, Carters Beach, Cape Foulwind, and Charleston.The Pūwaha Section of the trail from Westport to Carters Beach was the first of nine sections to be built. It was officially opened on 6 December 2020. The remaining sections are expected to be completed by June 2022.

Rafting and jetboating in the Buller Gorge are popular. Westport is a base for trips to Karamea and the Oparara Basin Arches with the only road access to the area running north from Westport. Paparoa National Park is also located nearby.

Transport
Westport is served by State Highway 67, and the 8.9 km spur State Highway 67A to Carters Beach and Cape Foulwind which terminates at the former Holcim cement plant location.

The Holcim company managed the day-to-day operations of Westport's port until ceasing operations in the district, using it to ship their cement product to market, for example to the Port of Onehunga in Auckland.

The first railway of the area in 1864 ran from Westport 18 km to the coal fields, most of them north of town. The first section of railway from Westport to Fairdown via Sergeants Hill opened on 31 December 1875; this line ultimately reached Seddonville in 1895 and was known as the Seddonville Branch. From this beginning, an isolated network of branch lines was developed: a Westport-Inangahua branch line of about 12 miles (19 km) was authorised by the Railways Authorisation Act, 1904. But the lines were not linked to the national network until the completion of the Stillwater–Westport Line through the Buller Gorge in 1942.

Westport Airport is a small airport. It was formerly served twice daily on weekdays and daily in the weekend by Air New Zealand from Wellington, and prior to that, flights to Christchurch and Hokitika were also operated. The Air New Zealand service from Wellington service ceased in April 2015 and its place was taken by Sounds Air.

Facilities
The town used to have one cinema/theatre, the St James Theatre, able to seat 424 patrons for film screenings, theatre productions or other activities. After being found structurally unsound, the theatre had to be demolished. A new theatre has since opened. The NBS theatre has two movie theatres, one which seats 55 people and a boutique theatre that seats approximately 20 people. This theatre also has a large facility with seating for approximately 370 people and a stage for performing.

The township also has a links-style, 18-hole, par-72 golf course. The course measures around 5600 m with medium to narrow fairways and small "target" greens.

The Pulse Energy Recreation Centre (originally named the Solid Energy Centre), a sports complex, was opened on 18 April 2009.

Te Taha o Te Awa Marae is based at Westport. It is a marae (tribal meeting ground) of Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō and its Pūaha Te Rangi hapū, and includes a wharenui (meeting house), also called Te Taha o te Awa.

The Coaltown Museum, opened in 2013, illustrates the area's local history.

Sue Thomson Casey Memorial Library, Buller District's library, is located on Palmerston Street.

Education
Buller High School is a secondary (years 9–13) school with a roll of. The school celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1997 but also claims to have been operating for over 100 years, due to its connection to earlier secondary schooling in the district.

Westport North School and Westport South School are full primary (years 1–8) schools with rolls of and, respectively. The schools were founded in 1942 and 1941

St Canice's School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of. It is a state integrated Catholic school and has operated since at least 1882.

All these schools are coeducational. The town's primary schools all have a decile rating of 4, and Buller High School has a decile rating of 3. School rolls are as of

Notable people

 * Marlene J Bennetts – poet and children's author
 * Ben Blair – rugby union player
 * James Colvin – politician
 * G. F. J. Dart – educationalist, playwright
 * Alan Deere – World War II fighter ace
 * Anna Harrison – netball player
 * Peter Hawes – playwright, author, actor
 * Laura Suisted – journalist

title: Westport, New Zealand


text:
User:Diderot/Sandbox

List of rough draft pages

 * User:Diderot/Gothic
 * User:Diderot/Gothic phonology
 * User:Diderot/Radical

title: User:Diderot/Sandbox


text:
Hechsher

A hechsher or hekhsher (הֶכְשֵׁר "prior approval"; plural: hechsherim) is a rabbinical product certification, qualifying items (usually foods) that conform to the requirements of Jewish religious law.

Forms
A hechsher may be a printed and signed certificate displayed at a commercial venue or on a media advertisement advising the consumer that the subjected product is kosher. Such certificates usually display the name of the rabbinical court issuing the hechsher, the name of the business or product, date of issue, expiry date and stamp of rabbi who issued the certificate.

It may also be a certification marking on individual retail packaging of items which have been certified as Kosher. This marking is usually a basic stamp or emblem indicating the issuing rabbinical court. Modern hechsherim display sophisticated holograms and seals which are hard to forge.

Types
A hechsher is typically issued for food products, and is also issued on non-food items which come in contact with foods, such as cleaning agents and disposable cutlery, certifying that its ingredients do not contain any animal extracts or other halakhically prohibited substances.

The dietary laws of kashrut specify food items that may be eaten and others that are prohibited as set out in the commandments of the Torah.

Observant Jews will generally only eat permitted foods. To assist Jewish consumers, rabbinic authorities produce and regulate their own hechsherim. It is usually Orthodox rabbis who assume the jobs of mashgichim (singular masculine mashgiach or singular feminine mashgicha, "supervisor"). This means that they will "supervise" the products and processes that manufacture kosher food to ensure compliance with the required standards. The mashgichim allow the manufacturer to apply a hechsher to the packaging of the product only if it is found to contain only kosher ingredients and produced following halakha.

The rabbi may also apply additional words or letters after the hechsher to denote whether the product contains meat (often denoted "Meat"), dairy (D or Dairy), neither meat nor dairy (Pareve), whether the product is Kosher for Passover because it contains no chametz (P), whether the product is Pas Yisroel (bread baked at least in part by a Jew), cholov yisroel (milk whose extraction was done by or under the supervision of a Jew), or whether the product is yoshon (lit. "old": all grain contents took root before the previous Passover).

It is also common for rabbis to issue a hechsher on religious accessories, such as tefillin, mezuzot and tzitzit, which must be produced according to specific halakhic procedures and requirements. Other items which are used for religious practice such as Four Species bear a hechsher testifying that they confirm to halakhic requirements.

In Israel, it is common for manufacturers of all kinds to display a hechsher on products or in commercial advertisements, certifying that their production was not done during the Shabbat.

Seals
The Babylonian Talmud cites an early example of a kashrut seal: the seal of the Kohen Gadol on jugs containing olive oil used in the Jewish Temple for the lighting of the Menorah.

'LMLK seals' (bearing the Hebrew letters למלך, equivalent to LMLK) were stamped on the handles of large storage jars mostly in and around Jerusalem during the reign of King Hezekiah (circa 700 BC), based on several complete jars found in situ buried under a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib at Lachish. None of the original seals have been found, but about 2,000 impressions (also referred to as stamps) made by at least 21 seal types have been published.

The practice of marking food as a sign of kashrut can be dated back as far as the 6th century CE. A clay stamp bearing a Menorah image from this period was discovered in an excavation near Acre, Israel in 2011. According to archeologists, local Jews stamped their dough with Menorah impressions while preparing bread, in order for consumers to verify its kashrut.

In New York City in the late 18th and early 19th centuries a shochet (kosher slaughterer) sold meat from the animals he slaughtered, with a seal affixed certifying it was kosher, to butchers who also sold non-kosher meat. In 1796 the city's Common Council suspended the butcher license of a non-Jewish butcher, Nicholas Smart, for seven weeks for selling non-kosher meat with a counterfeit seal. In 1805 another non-Jewish butcher, Caleb Vandenburg, also had his butcher license temporarily suspended after Jacob Abrahams, who had been the shochet in New York since 1803, inspected meat to which Vandenburg had affixed a seal saying it was kosher and testified that he had not slaughtered the animal the meat came from.

Certification
An 11th-century certificate found in the Cairo Geniza written by a rabbinical court, testified the kosher status "according to rabbinic law" of the cheeses being sold by a Karaite grocer, Yefet b. Meshullam of Jerusalem. The document explains that the cheese was produced in a factory on the Mount of Olives that followed rabbinic practice. The certificate reads: "The cheeses are kosher and it is appropriate for Rabbanite Jews to purchase them. We grant this permission only after having made a formal purchase from him and having witnessed an oath he took on the holy Torah."

Specific authorities
In America, one of the best known hechsher symbols is the "OU" from Orthodox Union Kosher the world's largest kosher certification agency, under the auspices of the Orthodox Union. As of 2010, it supervises more than 400,000 products in 8,000 plants in 80 different countries.

In Britain, the largest hechsher symbol in Europe, is the "KLBD" of the London Beth Din based in London. The "MK" symbol of the Manchester Beth Din is also a globally recognised symbol, listed by many international brands.

Other hechsher include: OK Kosher Certification based in Brooklyn, New York, Star-K based in Baltimore, Maryland, EarthKosher Kosher Certification Agency with offices in Colorado, New York and Israel, the logo of both the Johannesburg and Cape Town Beth Din used in South Africa, MK Va'ad Ha'ir based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and The Kashrut Authority based in Sydney, Australia. The largest number of agencies is in the USA.

Kashrus Magazine publishes a bi-annual guide to almost all kosher supervision agencies worldwide; its 2019 Kosher Supervision Guide (226 pages including an index) features 1,427 agencies. A bi-annual supplement of some 32 pages is published in alternate years. The latest supplement was published in September 2021 and brought the number of agencies listed to 1,493.

In popular culture
At the 2006 Scripps National Spelling Bee, contestant Saryn Hooks correctly spelled "hechsher", but her spelling was ruled incorrect. A few minutes later, the judges realized their printed spelling of "hechscher" was incorrect and reinstated Hooks, thanks to 7th grader Lucas Brown, who noticed the error and called it to the attention of his father.

title: Hechsher


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Indian Parliamentary Group

The Indian Parliamentary Group is an autonomous body, membership of which is open to all current or former members of the Indian Parliament. Speaker of Lok Sabha is its ex-officio President. It was founded in 1949, following a Motion adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 16 August 1948.

A Member of Parliament can become a life Member of the Group on payment of life subscription. On ceasing to be a Member of Parliament, a life member of the Group is designated as ‘Associate Life Member’. The management and control of the affairs of the Group are vested in the Executive Committee. The Speaker, Lok Sabha is the ex-officio President of the Group.

A link between the Indian Parliament and its foreign counterparts, the group functions as the National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), and the Main Branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) in India.

The Indian Parliamentary Group awards the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award.

title: Indian Parliamentary Group


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Jago Eliot

Jago Nicholas Aldo Eliot, Lord Eliot (24 March 1966 – 15 April 2006) was the son of Peregrine Eliot, 10th Earl of St Germans, and Jacquetta Eliot, Countess of St Germans (née Lampson).

Biography
In 1988, on the death of his grandfather, he became styled Lord Eliot. He was educated at Millfield School.

Eliot was an early collaborator with Eddie Izzard at Covent Garden as a busker, he then moved to Brighton in the late 1980s where he promoted a number of nights at the ZAP club, including Fundamental and Pow Wow. He returned to Cornwall in the mid-1990s and in 2002 founded the Port Eliot Literature Festival, an annual event held in the grounds of the house.

Eliot worked with digital and creative projects, either with the Arts Council or the Port Eliot Literary Festival, and London Arts projects. Shortly before his death, Eliot had been awarded an Artist Fellowship in Creative Technology by Hewlett-Packard and was exploring invisible sculpture and 3D soundscapes.

He also began to develop strategies to ensure Port Eliot would continue to be a vibrant cultural laboratory, building on the legend of the Elephant Fayre and helping define the ethos of the Port Eliot Literary Festival, through conversations with friends such as Tom Hodgkinson of the Idler magazine. His passion for the arts saw him also involved with the A Foundation, through his Literati project and i-DAT with the A Conversation at Port Eliot in 2006. This was the first in a proposed series on emerging ideas in art, science and technology organised by Jago Eliot and The Institute of Digital Art and Technology at the University of Plymouth. The themes for this seminar were 'art and irrationality' and 'a geography of the immaterial'.

Marriage & children
Eliot married former model Bianca Ciambriello. The couple were first "married" in the "Lost Vagueness" garden at the Glastonbury Festival, before a more formal ceremony at Port Eliot, the seat of the Eliot family. The alternative wedding is featured in Julian Temple's 2006 film Glastonbury. They had one son and twin daughters.

Death
Eliot died on 15 April 2006. He was determined to have died from epilepsy, which he had developed in 2004.

title: Jago Eliot


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Sarehole

Sarehole is an area in Hall Green, Birmingham, England. Historically in Worcestershire, it was a small hamlet in the larger parish, and manor, of Yardley, which was transferred to Birmingham in 1911. Birmingham was classed as part of Warwickshire until 1974, and since then has been part of the West Midlands.

W. H. Duignan's Worcestershire Place Names conjectures that the name derives from Old English Syrfe, "Service tree", and hyll, "Hill".

Sarehole gave its name to a farm (now built over) and a mill. It extended from the ford at Green Lane (now Green Road), southwards for about a mile, along the River Cole to the Dingles. Birmingham City Council has named the segment of the path along the Cole southwards from Sarehole Mill the John Morris Jones Walkway after a local historian.

J. R. R. Tolkien lived here as a child in the 1890s. The area influenced his description of the green and peaceful country of the Shire in his books. The nearby Moseley Bog (now a nature reserve) may have been the inspiration for the Old Forest. Tolkien stated:

"It was a kind of lost paradise. There was an old mill that really did grind corn with two millers, a great big pond with swans on it, a sandpit, a wonderful dell with flowers, a few old-fashioned village houses and, further away, a stream with another mill. I always knew it would go - and it did."

According to local legend, the hill on which Spring Hill College stands is criss-crossed with secret tunnels and could easily have become Tolkien's Bag End. Sarehole Mill, which also influenced the young Tolkien, is a water-driven mill, now a museum, within the Shire Country Park. During the 18th century the mill was leased by Matthew Boulton, one of the pioneers of the Industrial Revolution and leading figure of the Lunar Society, for scientific experimentation.

title: Sarehole


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Time stretching

Time stretching may refer to:
 * Audio time stretching and pitch scaling, in audio
 * Time stretching, in video
 * Time dilation, in physics (relativity theory)
 * Time stretch analog-to-digital converter, in electronics

title: Time stretching


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Belvedere railway station

Belvedere railway station is a railway station in South East London between Abbey Wood and Erith. It is 12 mi measured from London Charing Cross. It is served by Southeastern.

A level crossing beyond the western end of the platforms was closed before the westerly extension of the platforms around 1994, and the ticket office and platform shelters were rebuilt soon afterwards.

Services
All services at Belvedere are operated by Southeastern using, , and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to London Cannon Street (2 of these run via Greenwich and 2 run via Lewisham)
 * 2 tph to Barnehurst, returning to London Cannon Street via Bexleyheath and Lewisham
 * 2 tph to Dartford

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street via Sidcup call at the station during the peak hours.

Connections
London Buses routes 180, 229, 401 and 469 serve the station.

title: Belvedere railway station


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Netsplit

In computer networking, specifically Internet Relay Chat (IRC), netsplit is a disconnection between two servers. A split between any two servers splits the entire network into two pieces.

Cause and effects
Consider the graph to the right, which represents the computer network. Each line represents an established connection. Therefore, the server C is connected directly to A, which is also connected to B and D.

If a disruption in the connection between C and A occurs, the connection may be terminated as a result. This can occur either by a socket producing an error, or by excessive lag in which the far server A anticipates this case (which is called a timeout).

When the connection between A and C is severed, users who were connected to other servers that are no longer reachable on the network appear to quit. For example, if user Sara is connected to server A, user Bob is connected to server B, and user Joe is connected to C, and C splits, or disconnects, from A, it will appear to Joe as if Sara and Bob both quit (disconnected from the network), and it will appear to both Sara and Bob that Joe quit. However, Joe can still talk to anyone who is connected to the same server (in this case server C). This happens because the servers to which they are connected are informed of the change in the network status, and update their local information accordingly to display the change.

Later, server C may relink (reconnect) to a server (or servers) on the network and the users who appeared to have quit will rejoin; the process of sending this updated information to all servers on the network is called a netburst (or sync).

Security issues
Occasionally, users will attempt to use netsplits to gain access to private channels. A denial-of-service attack can be used to cause a netsplit by overloading an IRC server's network connection or Internet infrastructure between two servers. If none of the channel users were on server C, a user could join a private channel and later gain access when the servers relink. This is commonly known as split riding or riding the split.

Another typical netsplit-oriented IRC attack is Nickname Colliding. In this attack, a user on a split segment of the network would change nicknames to that of a user on the other side of the split network. Upon reconnection, the network would disconnect both users because only one nickname may be in use at one time. Modern IRC server software has largely eliminated this method, but servers using older software may still be vulnerable.

Appearance
Below are examples of a typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.

title: Netsplit


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Vascular resistance

Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the systemic circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) or may sometimes be called by the older term total peripheral resistance (TPR), while the resistance offered by the pulmonary circulation is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Systemic vascular resistance is used in calculations of blood pressure, blood flow, and cardiac function. Vasoconstriction (i.e., decrease in blood vessel diameter) increases SVR, whereas vasodilation (increase in diameter) decreases SVR.

Units for measuring
Units for measuring vascular resistance are dyn·s·cm−5, pascal seconds per cubic metre (Pa·s/m3) or, for ease of deriving it by pressure (measured in mmHg) and cardiac output (measured in L/min), it can be given in mmHg·min/L. This is numerically equivalent to hybrid resistance units (HRU), also known as Wood units (in honor of Paul Wood, an early pioneer in the field), frequently used by pediatric cardiologists. The conversion between these units is:

$$ 1\, \frac{\text{mmHg} \cdot \text{min}}{\text{ L }} (\text{HRUs}) = 8\, \frac{\text{MPa} \cdot \text{s}}{\text{m}^3} = 80\, \frac{\text{dyn} \cdot \text{sec}}{\text{cm}^5} $$

Calculation
Hydraulic resistance is calculated as driving pressure divided by volumetric flow rate:

 * $$R = \Delta P / Q $$

where This is Darcy's law, the hydraulic version of Ohm's law, in which the pressure difference is analogous to the electrical voltage difference, volumetric flow is analogous to electric current flow, and vascular resistance is analogous to electrical resistance.
 * R is resistance
 * ΔP is the difference in pressure across the circulation loop (systemic / pulmonary) from its beginning (immediately after exiting the left ventricle / right ventricle) to its end (entering the right atrium / left atrium)
 * Q is the flow through the vasculature (when discussing SVR this is equal to cardiac output)

SVR
The SVR can therefore be calculated in units of dyn·s·cm−5 as

 * $$\frac {80 \cdot (mean\ arterial\ pressure - mean \ right \ atrial \ pressure)} {cardiac\ output}$$

where the pressures are measured in mmHg and the cardiac output is measured in units of litres per minute (L/min). Mean arterial pressure is the cycle average of blood pressure and is commonly approximated as 2 x diastolic blood pressure + systolic blood pressure/3 [or diastolic blood pressure + 1/3(systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure)]. Mean right atrial pressure or central venous pressure, is usually very low (normally around 4mmHg), and as a result, it is frequently disregarded.

As an example: if systolic blood pressure = 120 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure = 80 mmHg, right atrial mean pressure = 3 mmHg and cardiac output = 5 L/min, Then mean arterial pressure = 2 x diastolic pressure + systolic pressure/3 = 93.3 mmHg, and SVR = (93 - 3) / 5 = 18 Wood units, or equivalently 1440 dyn·s/cm5.

It is difficult to measure or monitor SVR in most locations outside the ICU. An invasive catheter is necessary. SVR, BP and CO are related to each other but only BP is easily measured. In the typical situation at the bedside we have an equation with three variables, one known, that is the BP and two unknown, CO and SVR. For this reason the BP is frequently used as a practical but somewhat inadequate definition of shock or the state of blood flow.

PVR
The PVR can be calculated similarly (in units of dyn·s·cm−5 ) as:

 * $$\frac {80 \cdot (mean\ pulmonary\ arterial\ pressure - mean \ pulmonary \ artery \ wedge \ pressure)} {cardiac\ output}$$

where the units of measurement are the same as for SVR. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure (also called pulmonary artery occlusion pressure or PAOP) is a measurement in which one of the pulmonary arteries is occluded, and the pressure downstream from the occlusion is measured in order to approximate the left atrial pressure. Therefore, the numerator of the above equation is the pressure difference between the input to the pulmonary blood circuit (where the heart's right ventricle connects to the pulmonary trunk) and the output of the circuit (which is the input to the left atrium of the heart).

Regulation
There are many factors that influence vascular resistance. Vascular compliance is determined by the muscle tone in the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media and the elasticity of the elastic fibers there, but the muscle tone is subject to continual homeostatic changes by hormones and cell signaling molecules that induce vasodilation and vasoconstriction to keep blood pressure and blood flow within reference ranges.

In a first approach, based on fluids dynamics (where the flowing material is continuous and made of continuous atomic or molecular bonds, the internal friction happen between continuous parallel layers of different velocities) factors that influence vascular resistance are represented in an adapted form of the Hagen–Poiseuille equation:

 * $$R = \frac{8 L \eta} {\pi r^4} $$

where
 * R = resistance to blood flow
 * L = length of the vessel
 * η = viscosity of blood
 * r = radius of the blood vessel

Vessel length is generally not subject to change in the body.

In Hagen–Poiseuille equation, the flow layers start from the wall and, by viscosity, reach each other in the central line of the vessel following a parabolic velocity profile.

In a second approach, more realistic and coming from experimental observations on blood flows, according to Thurston, there is a plasma release-cell layering at the walls surrounding a plugged flow. It is a fluid layer in which at a distance δ, viscosity η is a function of δ written as η(δ), and these surrounding layers do not meet at the vessel centre in real blood flow. Instead, there is the plugged flow which is hyperviscous because holding high concentration of RBCs. Thurston assembled this layer to the flow resistance to describe blood flow by means of a viscosity η(δ) and thickness δ from the wall layer.

The blood resistance law appears as R adapted to blood flow profile :

 * $$R = \frac{c L \eta(\delta)}{\pi \delta r^3} $$

where
 * R = resistance to blood flow
 * c = constant coefficient of flow
 * L = length of the vessel
 * η(δ) = viscosity of blood in the wall plasma release-cell layering
 * r = radius of the blood vessel
 * δ = distance in the plasma release-cell layer

Blood resistance varies depending on blood viscosity and its plugged flow (or sheath flow since they are complementary across the vessel section) size as well, and on the size of the vessels.

Blood viscosity increases as blood is more hemoconcentrated, and decreases as blood is more dilute. The greater the viscosity of blood, the larger the resistance will be. In the body, blood viscosity increases as red blood cell concentration increases, thus more hemodilute blood will flow more readily, while more hemoconcentrated blood will flow more slowly.

Counteracting this effect, decreased viscosity in a liquid results in the potential for increased turbulence. Turbulence can be viewed from outside of the closed vascular system as increased resistance, thereby countering the ease of flow of more hemodilute blood. Turbulence, particularly in large vessels, may account for some pressure change across the vascular bed.

The major regulator of vascular resistance in the body is regulation of vessel radius. In humans, there is very little pressure change as blood flows from the aorta to the large arteries, but the small arteries and arterioles are the site of about 70% of the pressure drop, and are the main regulators of SVR. When environmental changes occur (e.g. exercise, immersion in water), neuronal and hormonal signals, including binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine to the α1 receptor on vascular smooth muscles, cause either vasoconstriction or vasodilation. Because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius, changes to arteriole diameter can result in large increases or decreases in vascular resistance.

If the resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius, the resulting force exerted on the wall vessels, the parietal drag force, is inversely proportional to the second power of the radius. The force exerted by the blood flow on the vessel walls is, according to the Poiseuille equation, the wall shear stress. This wall shear stress is proportional to the pressure drop. The pressure drop is applied on the section surface of the vessel, and the wall shear stress is applied on the sides of the vessel. So the total force on the wall is proportional to the pressure drop and the second power of the radius. Thus the force exerted on the wall vessels is inversely proportional to the second power of the radius.

The blood flow resistance in a vessel is mainly regulated by the vessel radius and viscosity when blood viscosity too varies with the vessel radius. According to very recent results showing the sheath flow surrounding the plug flow in a vessel, the sheath flow size is not neglectible in the real blood flow velocity profile in a vessel. The velocity profile is directly linked to flow resistance in a vessel. The viscosity variations, according to Thurston, are also balanced by the sheath flow size around the plug flow. The secondary regulators of vascular resistance, after vessel radius, is the sheath flow size and its viscosity.

Thurston, as well, shows that the resistance R is constant, where, for a defined vessel radius, the value η(δ)/δ is constant in the sheath flow.

Vascular resistance depends on blood flow which is divided into 2 adjacent parts : a plug flow, highly concentrated in RBCs, and a sheath flow, more fluid plasma release-cell layering. Both coexist and have different viscosities, sizes and velocity profiles in the vascular system.

Combining Thurston's work with the Hagen-Poiseuille equation shows that blood flow exerts a force on vessel walls which is inversely proportional to the radius and the sheath flow thickness. It is proportional to the mass flow rate and blood viscosity.

 * $$F = \frac{Q c L \eta(\delta)}{\pi \delta r} $$

where
 * F = Force exerted by blood flow on vessel walls
 * Q = Volumetric flow rate
 * c = constant coefficient of flow
 * L = length of the vessel
 * η(δ) = dynamic viscosity of blood in the wall plasma release-cell layering
 * r = radius of the blood vessel
 * δ = distance in the plasma release-cell layer or sheath flow thickness

Other factors
Many of the platelet-derived substances, including serotonin, are vasodilatory when the endothelium is intact and are vasoconstrictive when the endothelium is damaged.

Cholinergic stimulation causes release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) (later it was discovered that EDRF was nitric oxide) from intact endothelium, causing vasodilation. If the endothelium is damaged, cholinergic stimulation causes vasoconstriction.

Adenosine most likely does not play a role in maintaining the vascular resistance in the resting state. However, it causes vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance during hypoxia. Adenosine is formed in the myocardial cells during hypoxia, ischemia, or vigorous work, due to the breakdown of high-energy phosphate compounds (e.g., adenosine monophosphate, AMP). Most of the adenosine that is produced leaves the cell and acts as a direct vasodilator on the vascular wall. Because adenosine acts as a direct vasodilator, it is not dependent on an intact endothelium to cause vasodilation.

Adenosine causes vasodilation in the small and medium-sized resistance arterioles (less than 100 μm in diameter). When adenosine is administered it can cause a coronary steal phenomenon, where the vessels in healthy tissue dilate more than diseased vessels. When this happens blood is shunted from potentially ischemic tissue that can now become ischemic tissue. This is the principle behind adenosine stress testing. Adenosine is quickly broken down by adenosine deaminase, which is present in red cells and the vessel wall. The coronary steal and the stress test can be quickly terminated by stopping the adenosine infusion.

Systemic
A decrease in SVR (e.g., during exercising) will result in an increased flow to tissues and an increased venous flow back to the heart. An increased SVR, as occurs with some medications, will decrease flow to tissues and decrease venous flow back to the heart. Vasoconstriction and an increased SVR is particularly true of drugs the stimulate alpha(1) adrenergic receptors.

Pulmonary
The major determinant of vascular resistance is small arteriolar (known as resistance arterioles) tone. These vessels are from 450 μm down to 100 μm in diameter (as a comparison, the diameter of a capillary is about 5 to 10 μm). Another determinant of vascular resistance is the pre-capillary arterioles. These arterioles are less than 100 μm in diameter. They are sometimes known as autoregulatory vessels since they can dynamically change in diameter to increase or reduce blood flow.

Any change in the viscosity of blood (such as due to a change in hematocrit) would also affect the measured vascular resistance.

Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) also depends on the lung volume, and PVR is lowest at the functional residual capacity (FRC). The highly compliant nature of the pulmonary circulation means that the degree of lung distention has a large effect on PVR. This results primarily due to effects on the alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels. During inspiration, increased lung volumes cause alveolar expansion and lengthwise stretching of the interstitial alveolar vessels. This increases their length and reduces their diameter, thus increasing alveolar vessel resistance. On the other hand, decreased lung volumes during expiration cause the extra-alveolar arteries and veins to become narrower due to decreased radial traction from adjacent tissues. This leads to an increase in extra-alveolar vessel resistance. PVR is calculated as a sum of the alveolar and extra-alveolar resistances as these vessels lie in series with each other. Because the alveolar and extra-alveolar resistances are increased at high and low lung volumes respectively, the total PVR takes the shape of a U curve. The point at which PVR is the lowest is near the FRC.

Coronary
The regulation of tone in the coronary arteries is a complex subject. There are a number of mechanisms for regulating coronary vascular tone, including metabolic demands (i.e. hypoxia), neurologic control, and endothelial factors (i.e. EDRF, endothelin).

Local metabolic control (based on metabolic demand) is the most important mechanism of control of coronary flow. Decreased tissue oxygen content and increased tissue CO2 content act as vasodilators. Acidosis acts as a direct coronary vasodilator and also potentiates the actions of adenosine on the coronary vasculature.

title: Vascular resistance


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Glanmire

Glanmire is a suburban town 9 km from Cork city centre, in the civil parish of Rathcooney, County Cork, Ireland. Glanmire is within the administrative area of Cork City Council and the Dáil constituency of Cork North-Central. The greater Glanmire area encompasses the communities of Riverstown (Baile Roisín), Brooklodge (Cill Ruadháin) and Sallybrook (Sruthán na Saileach).

History
Glanmire's history dates to Early Christian Ireland, with the nearby church site at Rathcooney in use since 1291. The stone bridge located in Riverstown dates to c.1760. At the parish church located on a hill above the village, Sarah Curran, lover of the hanged Robert Emmet, married Captain Henry Sturgeon in 1805.

In the 1800s Glanmire was a small yet industrialised village with woolen factories and mills lining the banks of the river Glashaboy.

The town expanded substantially in the late 20th century. Originally administered by Cork County Council, in 2019 Glanmire, as part of the boundary expansion of the city, was brought within the administrative area of Cork City Council.

Education
There are six primary schools serving the Glanmire area. These include Scoil na nÓg (An Irish Language, boarding and day boarding Primary School, founded in 1958), Scoil Naomh Micheál (Saint Michael's - Upper Glanmire), Scoil Naomh Iosaf (Saint Joseph's - Riverstown), Scoil Chill Ruadháin (Brooklodge Primary School), New Inn and Gaelscoil Uí Drisceoil which opened in 2006.

Glanmire has two secondary schools. Glanmire Community College (GCC), established in 1997, is located on a twelve-acre site. Coláiste an Phiarsaigh, opened in 1973, is located in Glanmire Village. It has around 550 students - both day students and weekly boarders. Coláiste an Phiarsaigh is part of the Gaelachas Teoranta Organisation.

Irish language
There are several Irish language schools in the Glanmire area, with approximately 300 pupils attending the Gaelscoil (primary) and 550 in the Gaelcholáiste (secondary). Gaelachas Teoranta also hosts residential summer courses in Irish, and there is a "mini-Gaeltacht" in Ard Bharra whose founders include musician Tomás Ó Canainn. "The Miller of Glanmire" is a jig named for the town.

Churches
Glanmire Parish extends from midway on Tivoli dual carriageway to within three miles of Watergrasshill, thence to White's Cross via Templemichael.

There are two Catholic churches in the Glanmire: Saint Michael's church in Upper Glanmire and St Joseph's in Riverstown. St. Michael's was dedicated and reopened for worship in 1808 following restructuring. The bi-centenary of this church was celebrated in 2008, and a special Mass of Thanksgiving was celebrated with Bishop John Buckley as principal celebrant. St. Joseph's is the Glanmire Parish Church and was dedicated in 1837. Both St. Joseph's and St. Michael's are built on or near the sites of pre-penal times churches.

Notable people

 * Billy Kelleher, Member of the European Parliament
 * Teddy McCarthy, Gaelic footballer and hurler
 * David G. O'Connell, Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles

title: Glanmire


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Outstanding Parliamentarian Award

The Outstanding Parliamentarian Award is an award given by the Indian Parliamentary Group to an outstanding sitting Member of the Indian Parliament for overall contribution in the Indian Parliament. It was instituted in 1995 by Shivraj Patil, who was the Speaker of Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996.

Criticism
It has been observed that the award has been awarded in a pattern to senior leaders of major political parties. Questions have been raised on the need, seriousness and authenticity of the exercise to present the ‘Outstanding Parliamentarian Award’.

title: Outstanding Parliamentarian Award