text:
New Zealand Party

The New Zealand Party operated as a political party in New Zealand from 1983 to 1993. Established by millionaire property tycoon Bob Jones, the party promoted economic liberalisation—it was the first political party to promote free market reforms. It failed to win any seats in Parliament, but it purportedly played a role in causing the defeat of Robert Muldoon's National government in the 1984 election by splitting the vote (as a spoiler).

Foundation
At the time of the New Zealand Party's foundation in 1983, the Prime Minister was Robert Muldoon. Muldoon was a social conservative but also a strong believer in the need for state intervention in the economy, claiming that only with government involvement could New Zealand be prosperous. In accordance with his economic theories, Muldoon introduced the so-called "Think Big" program, which saw massive overseas borrowing to finance large government construction projects. Later, as New Zealand's economy declined and its deficit increased, Muldoon introduced wage and price controls.

Bob Jones, a self-made millionaire and author, strongly opposed these policies, comparing them to what he had recently observed in the Soviet bloc. In a number of newspaper opinion pieces, Jones spoke out against the government, claiming that the National Party had betrayed its principles of individual liberty and free enterprise. For example, Jones advocated a flat tax, while the top rate at the time was 66%. Since Jones had previously been a strong supporter of the National Party and a personal friend of Muldoon, his attacks on the government marked an end to both associations.

Jones attracted considerable attention with his comments. Although he had not originally considered it, a number of people encouraged him to start a new political party. Jones himself believed that a new party could conceivably split the National Party's vote, bringing the government down. Jones appears to have hoped that losing an election would help to purge the National Party of "Muldoonism". Along with some of the people who had contacted him about the matter, Jones began to lay the foundations for a new organization. The party's name and motto were chosen, and its primary policies were set out.

When Muldoon heard of Jones's plans, he initially dismissed them as a hoax, saying that the rumours were a publicity stunt by Jones. The comments galvanized Jones and his supporters into action, and it was decided to officially launch the new party on 21 August. The launch, which coincided with the release of the party's manifesto, was well covered by the media, and the New Zealand Party gained considerable public recognition. Not long after it was founded, some polls showed the party with nearly 20% of the vote.

Early days
The policies established by the New Zealand Party differed substantially from those of most of the country's other parties. Perhaps its most well-known views related to economic matters, particularly the liberalization of the economy and the adoption of laissez-faire principles. The party also, however, put forward a number of other significant proposals. One example was the party's unorthodox defence policy, which advocated a large reduction in military expenditure and the abandonment of New Zealand's defence links with Australia and the United States (particularly the ANZUS alliance). Jones himself favoured the total abolition of New Zealand's armed forces, but that was considered too radical to be adopted as New Zealand Party policy.

While the New Zealand Party attracted considerable support, it also attracted a considerable amount of criticism. Muldoon labeled the party "greedies", pointing to Jones's personal wealth and to the fact that much of the party's support came from the richer sections of society. The party was also attacked by left-wing groups, which objected to its support of free market economics. Both Muldoon and left-wing groups claimed that the New Zealand Party was out of touch with ordinary New Zealanders. In addition, the party also struggled to shake off the perception that it was "the Bob Jones Party" and not a full-fledged political movement. Jones himself was sometimes criticised for his blunt and "politically incorrect" style, but others found it refreshing.

Other prominent figures within the New Zealand Party included Janie Pearce (the deputy leader), Josephine Grierson (an economic policy specialist), Michael Batchelor (spokesman for defence) and Gordon Dryden. Dryden, whose views often clashed with those of other party members, was highly charismatic, and gained a substantial following within the party. In May 1984, he left the party after a major disagreement with Jones.

1984 election
When Muldoon unexpectedly called an early election, the New Zealand Party was caught by surprise and had only a month to prepare its campaign. Opinion polls gave a mixed view of the party's strength. Some gave it up to 20% of the vote, but others gave it only around 2–3%. Perhaps unwisely, the party did not decide to focus on specific seats, but instead spread its efforts equally across the country.

On election day, the New Zealand Party failed to win any seats. New Zealand then used the plurality voting system, which made it hard for third parties to gain representation in Parliament. The party gained second place in several electorates, and gained third place in many more. However, its votes were dispersed, rather than concentrated in any one area, so it was unable to enter Parliament. In total, the New Zealand Party gained 12.2% of the vote, putting it in third place. The Social Credit Party, although winning only 7.6% of the vote, won two seats, probably as the result of having specifically focused its attention on them since the 1950s.

While its failure to win seats was a major disappointment to the New Zealand Party, it took comfort in the fact that it likely caused the defeat of the government. The opposition Labour Party soundly defeated Muldoon and the National Party, and many commentators believe that the New Zealand Party played a major role in drawing voters away from National. Once in power, the Labour Party (prompted by Finance Minister Roger Douglas) actually adopted many of the New Zealand Party's economic policies, much to the resentment of traditional Labour supporters. Douglas even wanted a flat tax, but was stymied by the Labour Prime Minister David Lange. Shortly after the election, the National Party dropped Muldoon as leader and eventually came to embrace free market economics as well.

Decline
After the election, the New Zealand Party quickly deteriorated as a significant political force. Jones, his primary objective of ending the Muldoon government having been accomplished, and disappointed by the Party's electoral performance in the 1985 Timaru by-election, unilaterally made a decision to put the Party into recess. He later said that with the "Rogernomics" reforms being undertaken by the new administration, he considered his party to be redundant. A few other prominent figures, most notably Party President Malcolm McDonald, also left the party at this stage. Not surprisingly, many in the Party's ranks considered Jones' move to put the party into recess without reference to Party Members to be undemocratic and, despite Jones' opposition, proceeded to hold the scheduled annual conference in July 1985. At that conference, delegates elected John Galvin, a dairy farmer from Matamata, as Party Leader. In 1986, with its policy platform largely implemented by a reforming Labour Government, beset by funding problems and falling support, the New Zealand Party opted to "merge" into the National Party as an attempt to keep its strong free enterprise and libertarian philosophy alive. The merger was overshadowed by a leadership coup in National that occurred the same day.

However, the name "New Zealand Party" continued to be used by some individuals beyond that point as a Rump party. Galvin was replaced as leader with Stephen Greenfield, the Managing Director of a travel company, who led the remaining party members who opposed the merger with National. Greenfield (who stood in ) led the remaining New Zealand Party in the which saw a huge drop in support. Eventually the remaining members of the party ended up as part of a supposedly centrist party known as the New Zealand Coalition after joining together with fragments of Social Credit and the United NZ Party.

Some commentators see the modern ACT New Zealand party as being the successor of the New Zealand Party, and Bob Jones is counted among ACT's supporters. Not everyone would agree with the link, however, and there are a number of notable differences in policy between the two. For example, ACT's foreign and defence policies are directly contrary to New Zealand Party policy, with ACT advocating increased defence expenditure and the strengthening of traditional alliances. Even, ACT has never won as many votes as the New Zealand Party gained in 1984.

title: New Zealand Party


text:
Talk:Human Rights Act 1998

Untitled
I have a question regarding the current controversy in the Episcopal Church in America. One party claims by virtue of its connection the "the Anglican Communion", that is, the worldwide collaboration of churches sprung from the Church of England, that the American Church should not have the right or the authority to elect a practicing homosexual a bishop in the American Episcopal Church. Does the position of the people who are opposed to gay bishops in America violate the Human Rights Act of 1998? I realize there are many ancillary questions arising from this query, and I am not a lawyer, but I would like to hear a comment from anyone who knows more about these issues than I do.
 * No. (1) The HRA does not apply to the Episcopal Church of the USA - they are governed by the laws of the United States and not those of the United Kingdom. In any case it only applies to acts of public authorities and not to the opinions of individuals. (2) The Anglican Communion is a voluntary confederation of independent churches. The Church of England has no formal authority over the other member churches. Duncan Keith 00:08, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

I expanded the introduction and the jurisdiction section, to set out more clearly the way in which the HRA works, and to whom it applies. However, it now overlaps and contradicts the 'mechanics' section: this section is not wholly correct, because the Act works in more ways than the ones set out there - perhaps someone with more time than me can correct this? user: Eduardogill 11:08, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"The passing of the act gave the ability to Britons who believe their rights have been violated to defend their right in a British court. Previously they would have had to resort to the European Court of Human Rights." This could (erroneously) be interpreted as saying that no human rights-cases at all could be tried in British courts prior to the act, as if freedom of speech, freedom of religion, etc. we're granted for the first time by the passing of this act. Anyone know of a good way to rephrase this? --Gabbe 12:06, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

Speed cameras: against self-incrimination
Wasn't this case refered to the Privy Council? Why should they have jurisdiction in England? Wasn't it said that the right to a fair trial could be qualified in the interests of justice? Article 6 creates an unqualified right.... Does anyone have anything on this that does not amount to Original Research? lmno 02:01, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * A report of this states:
 * However the five law lords, sitting as the Privy Council, which is now the final court of appeal on devolution cases from Scotland, have now ruled that such evidence is admissible, as the driver's right to a fair trial and privacy has to be balanced with the right to safety of the wider community.
 * The judgment would not be binding in England, since the House of Lords is the final court of appeal there; it still appears that Article 6 right to a fair trial, as an unqualified right (which is fundamental to a democratic state), cannot be "balanced with the right to safety of the wider community" - it may only be derogated from in whole. Does anyone care? lmno 12:01, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Neutral point of view
This article seems to breech Wikipedia:Neutral point of view from para. 6 onwards in the last section?

 * Para 6 being??

 * Yup, could also use some references. Reads like a blog rant. 84.9.92.72 22:13, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've put in a NPOV-check. -Admbws 17:16, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Needs references, but it's certainly not biased; it's indisputable that there have been many claims of abuse of the Human Rights Act, none of which are justified. 24.59.105.229 04:57, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The whole section on 'political context' is a biased leftist rant from beginning to end. Phrases such as "have therefore been exploited by the ignorant and the reactionary as an opportunity to criticise judges and the Act" can hardly be viewed as NPOV. I intend to rewrite parts of this section, unless anyone objects. Walton monarchist89 11:42, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have cleared up the POV comments, and also moved the detailed account of the Afghan hijackers case to a new article. I have removed the neutrality tag. Walton monarchist89 14:35, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleaning up this article
Reviewing this article I think it's need of rather a lot of clean-up. I have began by fleshing out (and renaming) the "Mechanics of the Act" section (now: Rights protection under the Act). The original version provided no references to the sections of the Act and made some rather loose statements. This section no longer provides any sort of commentary on the sections. I do not believe that it should. I will however add verifiable and non-POV commentary in future by reworking the "history of the Act section" (which is also largely unsourced at the moment) and developing the coverage of subsequent case law under the Act. A more rational approach to subsequent political treatment of the Act is also needed, it is presently lumped in with the "history" and amounts to no more than a series of out of date, unsourced remarks. What about David Cameron suggesting he would replace the Act altogether with a British Bill of Rights? Antisthenes 00:58, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I think David Cameron's comments in this respect should be given the coverage they deserve - absolutely none. I think its doubtful that the Conservatives would waste time replacing the HRA rather than simply amend it if they see fit. It is simply political rhetoric, and ignores the fact that if the UK courts don't enforce these ECHR rights, then there will always be the possibility for an individual to have them enforced in Strasbourg (the HRA simply means it is cheaper and easier for individuals in the UK). Trying to remain objective here, but as someone else has pointed out already - the idea of the HRA being abused is grossly exaggerated (is it so terrible that prisoners can rely on the HRA to avoid having to "slop out" for example?). The government white paper on the HRA even pointed out itself - the HRA is already in a sense a British bill of rights. I think adding more political aspects to the article brings a danger of wandering into un-encyclopaedic territory. - SCL 14:17, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Section 10
Section 10 (Power to take remedial action) only says a Minister ‘may’, but not ‘must’, change the law; nor does it place a time-limit on the change. This has become interesting in the DNA database case and the case about prisoners voting. – Kaihsu (talk) 17:45, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Bias
Rebuttals are made to an old Conservative criticism - no such rebuttal is offered in the article to the Left wing criticism. How unbiased, how fair! 98.176.7.5 (talk) 01:24, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Sections 6,7 and 8 HRA: The Duty on Public Authorities
HRA imposing a duty on public authorities. What is a public authority???? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ArKaranasiou (talk • contribs) 12:10, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The act doesn't define the term, although it does say that it includes courts and tribunals and excludes parliament. There's a lot of case law on the subject. Francis Davey (talk) 12:06, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

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Talk:Galloway

[Untitled]
This article needs to be split up as there is also a breed of cow by this name. GerardM 12:07, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Bernicia?
Wans't Bernicia on the east coast?

 * Yes it was. There was some Anglian settlement (cf Ruthwell Cross), but I find the idea that the entire area became Bernician a stretch. The article is very Anglo-Saxonist in many ways. --MacRusgail 21:50, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed there. This article is of low quality, esp. compared with the information otherwise available on wiki on the ancient kingdom. I'm tempted to put a clean-up tag on it. It certainly does badly need to be rewritten. Calgacus 22:51, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely needs a rewrite. I think the other problem is that of Galloway, which has fluctuated in size over the centuries. There's definitely better stuff in other articles like you say... perhaps a paragraph or two could be pinched from elsewhere if it's relevant? --MacRusgail 21:03, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Bernicia wasn't English because England didn't then exist (except in the more general sense of the lands where Angles lived). Neither did Scotland as such. Bernicia was just one kingdom of the Angles - whilst the north west was home to a kingdom of the Scotii. So maybe Anglic is a better word than English. (The historic existence of Bernicia is of course the reason that Scots speak English and not Scots i.e. Gaelic, as did the Scotti tribe from Ireland who eventually gave their name to the whole country of Scotland, but not their language or culture). The Scots-gaelic word 'sassenach', today commonly used to mean the English in England, originally meant the 'Saxons' i.e. the English-speaking peoples who lived (and live)  in the lowland half of what is now Scotland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.5.10.115 (talk) 10:56, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Another vote for a rewrite
OK, well, I am a biased and partial observer, since I am the son and literary executor of the 'popular author' who happens to be the major serious scholar of dark age Galloway over the past half century (see if you can find any professional Scottish early medieval historian who disagrees with that assessment).

But the passages in the article as it currently stands on the early history of Galloway are a half understood mishmash of prejudice, willful misunderstanding, and ahistorical nonsense. There are only two or three references to 'Gall-Gaidhill' ('foreign Gails') in history - in the Irish annals, to be precise - all are ambiguous, and none refer to people said to be from Galloway or in any way related to it. There is absolutely no historical basis to associate the name 'Galloway' with 'Gall-Gaidhill'; even if Galloway were a Gaelic name it would make not etymological sense, and, in any case, the name was in use long before Gealic was even spoken in Galloway. How do I know that? Oh... because I gifted to the Stewartry Museum the popular author's copious and detailed research notes compiled over sixty years of reading every existing document surviving from Galloway pre 1500 in its original form, and indexing every occurance of every placename.

The fourth/fifth century forest of Caleddon (Cit Coit Caleddon) was in Eskdale, not in the area now known as Galloway. However, we don't know how large the province known as Caleddon was; it may have been the whole of Rheged north of the wall, or it may only have been the eastern part of that area, in which case if Caleddon and Galloway are the same name then the name must have moved. But the phonetic mutation from Caleddon to Galloway fits with the phonetic mutations of other Brythonic placenames, so it's a more likely candidate than not.

Gaelic placenames start to appear in Galloway from the tenth century, spreading from the west; somewhat later than Anglian placenames, which begin to appear in the seventh/eighth century (e.g. Whithorn, Kelton, Gelston). Before this date all placenames are Brythonic (e.g. Threave). There is evidence of very major depopulation and population shift through the Wars of Independence, with some settlements disappearing altogether and others having name-shifts from Welsh or Anglian to Gaelic, e.g. Hazelfield ('stony field') becomes 'Auchencairn' (also 'stony field').

But then, hey, what do I know? Simon Brooke (talk) 21:35, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Upper and Galloway
Morwen - I'm reverting your additions on Upper and Lower Galloway. This source suggests a north-south split rather than an east-west split. By the way, I'm not sure the upper/lower terminology is common enough to merit first-paragraph inclusion. Any better sources would be welcome. Regards, - Crosbiesmith 18:28, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Lived in Galloway for very many years, and have never heard the upper-west/lower-east phraseology. It also doesn't logically sit well, "upper" containing the most southern point not only in the area but also in the whole of Scotland.  TBH as the gazetteer says, the more common split on things is to divide the relatively flat, settled, farmed, costal plain from the sparsely populated (large areas up there with the highlands for people per sq mile) upland hills/mountains - thus usage of upper implies upland and lower lowland rather than east/west.  I have reverted the Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire definitions for consistency - I don't know what should be done with UG, WG & LG, currently they are implying incorrect definitions - but are probably far too specific for individual articles. SFC9394 18:49, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * See the comments on Talk:Counties of Scotland. Seems like these East/West Upper/Lower splits were common in the C19th. Cheers, Angus McLellan (Talk) 21:09, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * They certainly aren't incorrect! Check any c. 19th gazetteer.  "I've never heard of ths usage" is not a reason to believe it is incorrect.  I'm going to reinstate my changes, with a specific source this time. Morwen - Talk 21:40, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a reason to not have it in the intro of an article - to do otherwise is to misinterpret - I quote from the content you inserted "comprising two areas: West or Upper Galloway .... and East or Lower Galloway," - to people in 19C it was - to people today it is not. SFC9394 21:48, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You removed it entirely, as if i had made it up or it was spurious. I'm not inclined to make stuff up, even if I don't always cite things perfectly.  Looking at my sources I see "East" and "West" Galloway are far more established.  I shall be sure qualify things to your satisfaction.  I think however that fact that at one point Galloway was being treated as a single unit, with Kirkcudbright and Wigtown as subdivisions, is very relevant to an article about Galloway.  The articles about the 2 had in fact said "it was also sometimes known as" which actually is a pretty weak statement.  Morwen - Talk 21:51, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

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Curcuma

Curcuma is a genus of plants in the family Zingiberaceae that contains such species as turmeric and Siam tulip. They are native to Southeast Asia, southern China, the Indian Subcontinent, New Guinea and northern Australia. Some species are reportedly naturalized in other warm parts of the world such as tropical Africa, Central America, Florida, and various islands of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Generally, most curcuma grows well in loose and sandy soil in shaded areas.

Botanical description
Curcuma is a perennial, herbaceous plant that can reach a height of 1 meter. It emits numerous, edible rhizomes whose interiors are yellow or orange. These rhizomes are reduced to a powder, which is the spice called curcuma. Its lanceolate leaves are oblong or elliptical and are of a uniform green, and about 50cm long and 7 to 25 cm wide.

Uses
The name is derived from the Sanskrit kuṅkuma, referring to turmeric. Turmeric is used to flavour or colour curry powders, mustards, butters, and cheeses; it may also be used as a substitute for saffron or other yellowish pigments.

Species

Plants of the World Online currently includes:

 * Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.
 * Curcuma albiflora Thwaites
 * Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. : Siam tulip
 * Curcuma amada Roxb. : mango-ginger
 * Curcuma amarissima Roscoe
 * Curcuma andersonii (Baker) Škornick.
 * Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.
 * Curcuma antinaia Chaveer. & Tanee
 * Curcuma arida Škornick. & N.S.Lý
 * Curcuma aromatica Salisb. : wild turmeric
 * Curcuma arracanensis W.J.Kress & V.Gowda
 * Curcuma attenuata Wall. ex Baker
 * Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp
 * Curcuma australasica Hook.f.
 * Curcuma bakeriana Hemsl.
 * Curcuma bella Maknoi, K.Larsen & Sirirugsa
 * Curcuma bhatii (R.M.Sm.) Škornick. & M.Sabu
 * Curcuma bicolor Mood & K.Larsen
 * Curcuma caesia Roxb.
 * Curcuma campanulata (Kuntze) Škornick.
 * Curcuma candida (Wall.) Techapr. & Škornick.
 * Curcuma cannanorensis R.Ansari, V.J.Nair & N.C.Nair
 * Curcuma caulina J.Graham
 * Curcuma ceratotheca K.Schum.
 * Curcuma clovisii Škornick.
 * Curcuma cochinchinensis Gagnep.
 * Curcuma codonantha Škornick., M.Sabu & Prasanthk.
 * Curcuma coerulea K.Schum.
 * Curcuma colorata Valeton
 * Curcuma comosa Roxb.
 * Curcuma coriacea Mangaly & M.Sabu
 * Curcuma corniculata Škornick.
 * Curcuma cotuana Luu, Škornick. & H.Ð.Tran
 * Curcuma decipiens Dalzell
 * Curcuma ecomata Craib
 * Curcuma elata Roxb.
 * Curcuma euchroma Valeton
 * Curcuma exigua N.Liu
 * Curcuma ferruginea Roxb.
 * Curcuma flammea Škornick.
 * Curcuma flaviflora S.Q.Tong
 * Curcuma glans K.Larsen & Mood
 * Curcuma glauca (Wall.) Škornick.
 * Curcuma gracillima Gagnep.
 * Curcuma graminifolia (K.Larsen & Jenjitt.) Škornick.
 * Curcuma grandiflora Wall. ex Baker
 * Curcuma gulinqingensis N.H.Xia & Juan Chen
 * Curcuma haritha Mangaly & M.Sabu
 * Curcuma harmandii Gagnep.
 * Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp
 * Curcuma ignea Ruchis. & Jenjitt.
 * Curcuma inodora Blatt.
 * Curcuma involucrata (King ex Baker) Škornick.
 * Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural.
 * Curcuma kayahensis Nob.Tanaka & M.M.Aung
 * Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S.Pillai & Amalraj
 * Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee & C.F.Liang
 * Curcuma larsenii Maknoi & Jenjitt.
 * Curcuma latiflora Valeton
 * Curcuma latifolia Roscoe
 * Curcuma leonidii Škornick. & Luu identified at Bu Gia Map National Park
 * Curcuma leucorrhiza Roxb.
 * Curcuma loerzingii Valeton
 * Curcuma longa L. : turmeric - type species
 * Curcuma longispica Valeton
 * Curcuma macrochlamys (Baker) Škornick.
 * Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp
 * Curcuma meraukensis Valeton
 * Curcuma montana Roxb.
 * Curcuma mukhraniae R.Kr.Singh & Arti Garg
 * Curcuma mutabilis Škornick., M.Sabu & Prasanthk.
 * Curcuma myanmarensis (W.J.Kress) Škornick.
 * Curcuma nankunshanensis N.Liu, X.B.Ye & Juan Chen
 * Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight
 * Curcuma nepalensis M.Sabu, Kasaju & S.Subedi
 * Curcuma newmanii Škornick.
 * Curcuma oligantha Trimen
 * Curcuma ornata Wall. ex Baker
 * Curcuma pambrosima Škornick. & N.S.Lý
 * Curcuma parviflora Wall.
 * Curcuma parvula Gage
 * Curcuma pedicellata (Chaveer. & Mokkamul) Škornick.
 * Curcuma peramoena Souvann. & Maknoi
 * Curcuma petiolata Roxb.
 * Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton
 * Curcuma picta Roxb. ex Škornick.
 * Curcuma pierreana Gagnep.
 * Curcuma plicata Wall. ex Baker
 * Curcuma porphyrotaenia Zipp. ex Span.
 * Curcuma prakasha S.Tripathi
 * Curcuma prasina Skornick.
 * Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham
 * Curcuma purpurascens Blume
 * Curcuma putii Maknoi & Jenjitt.
 * Curcuma pygmaea Škornick. & Šída f.
 * Curcuma reclinata Roxb.
 * Curcuma rhabdota Sirirugsa & M.F.Newman
 * Curcuma rhomba Mood & K.Larsen
 * Curcuma roscoeana Wall.
 * Curcuma roxburghii M.A.Rahman & Yusuf
 * Curcuma rubescens Roxb.
 * Curcuma rubrobracteata Škornick., M.Sabu & Prasanthk.
 * Curcuma sahuynhensis Škornick. & N.S.Lý
 * Curcuma saraburiensis Boonma & Saensouk
 * Curcuma sattayasaiorum Chaveer. & Sudmoon
 * Curcuma scaposa (Nimmo) Škornick. & M.Sabu
 * Curcuma sessilis Gage
 * Curcuma sichuanensis X.X.Chen
 * Curcuma singularis Gagnep.
 * Curcuma sparganiifolia Gagnep.
 * Curcuma stenochila Gagnep.
 * Curcuma strobilifera Wall. ex Baker
 * Curcuma sumatrana Miq.
 * Curcuma supraneeana (W.J.Kress & K.Larsen) Škornick.
 * Curcuma sylvatica Valeton
 * Curcuma thorelii Gagnep.
 * Curcuma tongii Y.H.Tan & Li X.Zhang
 * Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep.
 * Curcuma vamana M.Sabu & Mangaly
 * Curcuma viridiflora Roxb.
 * Curcuma vitellina Škornick. & H.Ð.Tran
 * Curcuma wallichii M.A.Rahman & Yusuf
 * Curcuma wilcockii M.A.Rahman & Yusuf
 * Curcuma woodii N.H.Xia & Juan Chen
 * Curcuma xanthella Škornick.
 * Curcuma yingdeensis N.H.Xia & Juan Chen
 * Curcuma yunnanensis N.Liu & S.J.Chen
 * Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. : temu lawak
 * Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe : zedoary
 * Curcuma zedoarioides Chaveer. & Tanee

title: Curcuma


text:
Milton Ager

Milton Ager  (October 6, 1893 – May 6, 1979) was an American composer, regarded as one of the top songwriters of the 1920s and 1930s. His most lasting compositions include "Ain't She Sweet” and “Happy Days Are Here Again”.

Biography
Ager was born to Jewish couple Fannie Nathan and Simon Ager, who worked as a livestock dealer. in Chicago, Illinois, the sixth of nine children. He taught himself to play the piano, and attended McKinley High School, but left after only three years and embarked on a career in music.

He worked as a song plugger for music publishers Waterson, Berlin & Snyder in Chicago, and also accompanied touring singer Gene Greene and provided accompaniment to silent movies. He moved to New York City in 1914, as an arranger for the publishing firm, and began composing music in association with Pete Wendling. After some time in the US Army's Morale Division in Fort Greenleaf, Georgia, he returned to work in 1918 and wrote his first hit song, "Everything is Peaches Down in Georgia" with lyricist Grant Clarke, for Al Jolson. He then started working with lyricist Jack Yellen, and they wrote together for the 1920 Broadway show What's in a Name, featuring the song "A Young Man's Fancy". He continued to have success over the next few years with the songs "I'm Nobody's Baby" (1921, written with Benny Davis and Lester Santly), and "Who Cares?" (1922, written with Yellen).

In 1922, Ager and Yellen co-founded the publishing company of Ager, Yellen and Bornstein. He composed many hit songs over the next decade, many with lyrics by Yellen, including “The Last of the Red Hot Mamas!”, "Lovin' Sam (The Sheik of Alabam')” (1922), “Hard Hearted Hannah (The Vamp of Savannah)” (1924), "Ain't She Sweet” (1927), and “Happy Days Are Here Again” (1929). In 1930, he moved to Hollywood, and contributed to such films as Chasing Rainbows and King of Jazz (both 1930). Together with "A Bench in the Park", "Happy Days Are Here Again" was included in the latter film, and was adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his 1932 presidential election campaign. After Warner Brothers bought the firm of Ager, Yellen and Bornstein, Ager continued to write lyrics successfully in Hollywood for several years, his later successes including "Auf Wiedersehen My Dear" (1932) and "Trust in Me" (1937). He effectively retired in the 1940s.

Ager was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1979. He died in Inglewood, California, in the same year, aged 85, and was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

In 2007, a revue of Ager's music called Vampin' Lady opened in New Hope, Pennsylvania, performed by singer Joyce Moody under the direction of Earl Wentz and transferred to New York City as part of the American Composer Series.

Family
Ager's wife was columnist Cecelia Ager. He was the father of columnist Shana Alexander. His niece, Joy Eden Harrison, a singer-songwriter with three albums to her credit, claims his work has been influential on her own musical career.

Songs
Among the best known Milton Ager songs are:

 * "Rockaway Hunt Fox Trot" (1915)
 * "Erin Is Calling" (1916)
 * "Tom, Dick and Harry and Jack (Hurry Back)" (1917)
 * "Everything is Peaches Down in Georgia" (1918), With George W. Meyer
 * "France We Have Not Forgotten You" (1918)
 * "Anything is Nice" (1919)
 * "Freckles" (1919)
 * "There's a Lot of Blue-Eyed Marys Down in Maryland" (1919)
 * "A Young Man's Fancy" (1920)
 * "I'm Nobody's Baby" (1920), his first big hit
 * "Lovin' Sam" (1920)
 * "Who Cares?" (1920)
 * "Stay Away From Louisville Lou" (1923) [also known as "Louisville Lou (That Vampin' Lady)"
 * "Hard Hearted Hannah (The Vamp of Savannah)" (1924)
 * "I Wonder What's Become of Sally" (1924)
 * "Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now)" (1924)
 * "I Certainly Could" (1926)
 * "Hard-To-Get Gertie" (1926)
 * "Ain't She Sweet" (1927)
 * "Vo-Do-De-O" (1927)
 * "I Still Love You" (1928)
 * "If You Don't Love Me" (1928)
 * "Oh Baby" (1928)
 * "Glad Rag Doll" (1928)
 * "Happy Days Are Here Again" (1929)
 * "I May Be Wrong" (1929)
 * "Happy Feet" (1930) – a notable version is by Canadian children's entertainer Fred Penner
 * "Some Day We'll Meet Again" (1932)
 * ”If I Didn’t Care” (1934)
 * "Trust in Me" (1937)
 * "I Keep Coming Back for More" (1938)
 * "Keep 'em Smiling" (1942)

Works for Broadway include:

 * What's in a Name? (1920) – musical – composer
 * Rain or Shine (1928) – musical – co-composer
 * Murray Anderson's Almanac (1929) – revue – co-composer

title: Milton Ager


text:
Laurie Foell

Laurie Foell (born Laurence Foel on 10 February 1968) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her portrayal of both Angela "Angie" Russell and her cousin Josie, in the successful Australian television soap opera Home and Away. Foell also starred as Dr. Justine Jones in the long running New Zealand hospital soap Shortland Street.

Home and Away
Foell first appeared in Home and Away in 1999 in a small role playing Kelly McCane. She returned to the show as the conniving and psychotic super-bitch Angie Russell in September 2002, when the show's ratings were slipping. Her character quickly became one of Australia's favourite villainesses with many fans referring to her six months on the show (ending in April 2003) as the "Angie Era". The storylines revolving around her – ultimately ending in her murder, and subsequent investigation – are credited with giving the show a resurgence in popularity.

Half a year later, viewers were shocked with the revelation in the 2003 season finale that new girl Tasha (played by Isabel Lucas) was Angie's daughter – a move which led to Foell returning to the show briefly as Angie in 2004 as visions haunting Tasha. Foell returned to the show in August 2004 in a new role as Angie's cousin Josie Russell, whom she played until June 2005.

Shortland Street
In 2005 she appeared in a six-week recurring guest role on Shortland Street as Justine Jones, an ambitious career driven doctor hired to assist Dr. Chris Warner (played by Michael Galvin) with the Plastics Unit. Justine used her position to undermine Chris and eventually stole the contract away from him and took it to Australia. In July 2006, Laurie Foell reprised her Shortland Street role full-time, with Justine being controversially given a senior surgeon role at the hospital.

It was announced on 22 November 2006 that Shortland Street would replace Foell in the role of Justine Jones with actress Lucy Wigmore. South Pacific Pictures, which makes the show, said Foell's departure was a "mutual decision". There was some speculation into the details of this due to anonymous postings on a fan website, which suggested the departure was less than mutual. Shortland Street producer Jason Daniel said Justine Jones was a popular character, central to both current and upcoming storylines, hence the decision to recast the role, a first for the kiwi soap opera.

Other work
Foell's other acting credits include a starring role in the New Zealand soap opera City Life in 1996 and several small parts in various films.

title: Laurie Foell


text:
Talk:Maurice Wilkins

DNA Pioneers dropdown menu: addition of King's College London
Is the addition of KCL to the list a joke or is someone seriously unbalanced? I claim equal rights for the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge of course; so why just add KCL to the list? Nitramrekcap

Article needs infobox
This article needs Template:Infobox Scientist

195.92.67.75mp195.92.67.75

=Wilkins always thought DNA was a helix and Franklin said it wasn't, with #4 Klug reference== Seemingly not. I am reading the cited Aaron Klug's account and it doesn't say this at all. Whoever cited this reference apparently didn't read Klug. As so often, it's more complicated than that (and much more interesting). At the risk of oversimplifying, while Franklin interpreted her earlier DNA images as meaning that DNA was helical, a bad batch of DNA fibres sent her looking for a further explanation and Wilkins agreed with her that something else was going on.Eperotao (talk) 01:00, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

 * yeah, that is bizarre. i was really confused by "It should be noted that Wilkins was consistent in his belief that DNA was helical even when Rosalind Franklin expressed strong views to the contrary." as well.

 * it looks like the above statement was attributed to Klug in this edit on 30 december 2013; it was uncited before that, being added in this edit on 7 october 2013.
 * both edits done by User:Reson8r.

 * the following quotes are from Klug's paper: "There is no question that all along she held the view that B form was helical. p 14" "... an unfortunate mechanical accident in one of the specimens led Franklin to take a wrong path. In the spring of 1952, one DNA fibre gave an X-ray pattern showing strong “double orientation” ... in the A form ... This suggested to her that the symmetry of the crystallite was far from cylindrical, which might rule out a helical structure in the A form. Franklin concluded that this possibility had to be considered. It is this view of hers which gave rise to her supposed “anti-helical” stance, but for her it was a question which had to be answered. p.14" "In fact she seems to have persuaded Wilkins, even though relations were strained between them, to the same view. Thus, ironically, while Franklin does not mention this in a Report written in late 1952 for an MRC Subcommittee on the work of the King’s Unit, Wilkins does so, and accepts the possibility of a non-helical interpretation of the A form. p.14" "One correct result which emerged ... was that the A form contained two chains, and that they ran in opposite directions ... p.15" "Franklin’s ... analysis ran into an impasse ... she turned to her B-form, the X-ray pattern which was clearly characteristic of some kind of helical structure. Her notebooks show her shuttling back and forth between the two forms. She had by now abandoned her attempts to interpret the A form in non-helical terms. p.15" "... she is at last making the correct connection between the A and B forms—both have two chains. p.16" "Watson wrote later in his book “The Double Helix” that Franklin’s instant acceptance on first seeing their model surprised him. He had then no idea how close she had come to it. p.16"

 * i can't reconcile the statement in the article, and the information in Klug. it seems like it's either an honest misinterpretation of the information, or an axe is being ground. i'm just going to add Badref tag for now. ∈sensorsweep 20:25, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

I've deleted the offending sentence "Throughout this period Wilkins was consistent in his belief that DNA was helical even when Rosalind Franklin expressed strong views to the contrary", as it came to opposite conclusions from the supporting source material! Thus "There is no question that all along she held the view that B form was helical" and "In fact she seems to have persuaded Wilkins, ... Wilkins does so, and accepts the possibility of a non-helical interpretation of the A form." Also it has been here a year with no challenge. Aarghdvaark (talk) 04:25, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * A seemingly contradiction between the original text in the article and Klug's paper is not really a contradiction. Some points to bear in mind are:
 * There are two structurally related but different forms of DNA — the dry or crystalline A-DNA, and the wet or hydrated B form, discovered by Rosalind Franklin.
 * Although Franklin made the "best" X-ray image of B-DNA (Photo 51) in March 1952, without anlysing it, she pursued the A form because it was easier to work with.
 * It was by then generally believed (but no hard evidence) that B-DNA was helical.
 * Wilkins also surmised that A-DNA was probably helical.
 * But Franklin's best X-ray images indicates no evidence of a helix.
 * This even led Franklin to remark upon Wilkins that B-DNA might be helical, but not the A form. With her data supporting antihelix, Franklin even posted a satirical funeral certificate for the demise of helical notion for A-DNA. But she was mistaken, and was taken by surprise to see that both her A- and B-DNA data actually supported the double helical model of Watson and Crick in 1953. Hence, the original text should have read something like:

"It should be noted that Wilkins was consistent in his belief that both A- and B-DNA were helical even when Rosalind Franklin expressed strong views on the antihelical nature of A-DNA"
 * No need to reintroduce this in the article. Better treatment of the account is given in Rosalind Franklin. Chhandama (talk) 13:17, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maurice Wilkins


text:
Walter Bishop Jr.

Walter Bishop Jr. (October 4, 1927 – January 24, 1998) was an American jazz pianist.

Early life
Bishop was born in New York City on October 4, 1927. He had at least two sisters, Marian and Beverly. His father was composer Walter Bishop Sr. In his teens, Bishop Jr.'s friends included future jazz musicians Kenny Drew, Sonny Rollins, and Art Taylor. He was brought up in Harlem. He left high school to play in dance bands in the area. In 1945–47 he was in the Army Air Corps. During his military service in 1947 Bishop was based near St Louis and met touring bebop musicians.

Later life and career
Later in 1947, he returned to New York. That year (or 1949 ) he was part of drummer Art Blakey's band for 14 weeks and recorded with them. Bishop developed his bebop playing in part by playing in jam sessions at Minton's Playhouse.

He recorded with Milt Jackson and Stan Getz in 1949, then played with Charlie Parker (1951–54), Oscar Pettiford, Kai Winding, and Miles Davis (1951–53). At this time he was also a drug addict, which led to imprisonment and the withdrawal of his New York City Cabaret Card. In 1956, he recorded with Hank Mobley. According to the New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, "at some point he became a Muslim and took the name Ibrahim ibn Ismail, but he did not use this publicly." In the early 1960s he also led his own trio with Jimmy Garrison and G. T. Hogan.

After studying at The Juilliard School with Hall Overton in the late 1960s, Bishop taught music theory at colleges in Los Angeles in the 1970s. At some point prior to moving from New York to Los Angeles, Bishop met and married the former Valerie Isabel Paul. They then moved to Los Angeles. According Jay Blotcher, Valerie Bishop's son from a previous relationship, after divorcing Walter Bishop in the mid-1970s, Valerie Bishop worked as an assistant for Ike and Tina Turner in California. Valerie Bishop was cited by Tina Turner in Turner's memoir I, Tina as the person who inspired Turner to pursue Buddhism.

In the 1980s, Bishop taught at the University of Hartford. By this time, he made frequent appearances at clubs and festivals in New York. He also wrote a book, A Study in Fourths, about jazz improvisation based on cycles of fourths and fifths. His debut recording as a leader was in the 1960s. He continued performing into the 1990s.

Bishop died of a heart attack at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Manhattan on January 24, 1998. He was survived by his wife, Keiko; his mother, and two sisters.

Playing style
Bishop was influenced at an early stage by Bud Powell. Later, Bishop was "known for holding back on the beat, a device that added tension to the music."

Compilation

 * 1965 The Walter Bishop Jr. Trio / 1965 (Prestige), compiles A Pair of "Naturals" and Summertime

As sideman
With Gene Ammons With Shorty Baker and Doc Cheatham With Art Blakey With Rocky Boyd With Miles Davis With Kenny Dorham With Curtis Fuller With John Handy With Bill Hardman With Milt Jackson With Ken McIntyre With Jackie McLean With Blue Mitchell With Hank Mobley With Charlie Parker
 * Up Tight! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Boss Soul! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Shorty & Doc (Swingville, 1961)
 * Blakey (EmArcy, 1954)
 * Art Blakey Big Band (Bethlehem, 1957)
 * Ease It (Jazztime, 1961)
 * Dig (Prestige, 1951)
 * Collectors' Items (Prestige, 1956)
 * Kenny Dorham Quintet (Debut, 1953)
 * Inta Somethin' (Pacific Jazz, 1961)
 * Boss of the Soul-Stream Trombone (Warwick, 1960)
 * The Magnificent Trombone of Curtis Fuller (Epic, 1961)
 * Fire and Filigree (Bee Hive, 1978)
 * Jazz (Roulette, 1962)
 * Focus (Muse, 1980 [1984])
 * Politely (Muse, 1981 [1982])
 * Meet Milt Jackson (Savoy, 1949)
 * Looking Ahead (New Jazz, 1960)
 * Swing, Swang, Swingin' (Blue Note, 1959)
 * Capuchin Swing (Blue Note, 1961)
 * Blue Mitchell (Mainstream, 1971)
 * Vital Blue (Mainstream, 1971)
 * Mobley's 2nd Message (Prestige, 1956)
 * Swedish Schnapps (Verve 1951) side 2
 * Fiesta (Verve 1952)
 * Charlie Parker Plays Cole Porter (Verve, 1954)
 * One Night in Birdland (Columbia, 1950 [1977])
 * Live at Rockland Palace (Parker Records, 1952 [1983])

With Oscar Pettiford With Dizzy Reece With Charlie Rouse With Archie Shepp With Sonny Stitt With Harold Vick With Stan Getz Zoot Sims etc.
 * The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet (Debut, 1953)
 * Soundin' Off (Blue Note, 1960)
 * Takin' Care of Business (Jazzland, 1960)
 * On Green Dolphin Street (Denon, 1978)
 * Broadway Soul (Colpix, 1965)
 * Commitment (Muse, 1967 [1974])
 * The Brothers (Prestige, 1949)

title: Walter Bishop Jr.


text:
Bedroom

A bedroom or bedchamber is a room situated within a residential or accommodation unit characterised by its usage for sleeping. A typical western bedroom contains as bedroom furniture one or two beds, a clothes closet, and bedside table and dressing table, both of which usually contain drawers. Except in bungalows, ranch style homes, ground floor apartments, or one-storey motels, bedrooms are usually on one of the floors of a dwelling that is above ground level. Beds range from a crib for an infant; a single or twin bed for a toddler, child, teenager or single adult; to bigger sizes like a full, double, queen, king or California king). Beds and bedrooms are often devised to create barriers to insects and vermin, especially mosquitoes, and to dampen or contain light or noise to aid sleep and privacy.

History
In larger Victorian houses it was common to have accessible from the bedroom a boudoir for the lady of the house and a dressing room for the gentleman. Attic bedrooms exist in some houses; since they are only separated from the outside air by the roof they are typically cold in winter and may be too hot in summer. The slope of the rafters supporting a pitched roof also makes them inconvenient. In houses where servants were living in they often used attic bedrooms.

In the 14th century the lower class slept on mattresses that were stuffed with hay and broom straws. During the 16th century mattresses stuffed with feathers started to gain popularity, with those who could afford them. The common person was doing well if he could buy a mattress after seven years of marriage. In the 18th century cotton and wool started to become more common. The first coil spring mattress was not invented until 1871. The most common and most purchased mattress is the innerspring mattress, though a wide variety of alternative materials are available including foam, latex, wool, and even silk. The variety of firmness choices range from relatively soft to a rather firm mattress. A bedroom may have bunk beds if two or more people share a room. A chamber pot kept under the bed or in a nightstand was usual in the period before modern domestic plumbing and bathrooms in dwellings.

Furnishings
Furniture and other items in bedrooms vary greatly, depending on taste, local traditions and the socioeconomic status of an individual. For instance, a master bedroom (also referred to as a "masters bedroom" in the Philippines   ) may include a bed of a specific size (double, king or queen-sized); one or more dressers (or perhaps, a wardrobe armoire); a nightstand; one or more closets; and carpeting. Built-in closets are less common in Europe than in North America; thus there is greater use of freestanding wardrobes or armoires in Europe.

An individual's bedroom is a reflection of their personality, as well as social class and socioeconomic status, and is unique to each person. However, there are certain items that are common in most bedrooms. Mattresses usually have a bed set to raise the mattress off the floor and the bed often provides some decoration. There are many different types of mattresses.

Night stands are also popular. They are used to put various items on, such as an alarm clock or a small lamp. In the times before bathrooms existed in dwellings bedrooms often contained a washstand for tasks of personal hygiene. In the 2010s, having a television set in a bedroom is fairly common as well. 43% of American children from ages 3 to 4 have a television in their bedrooms. Along with television sets many bedrooms also have computers, video game consoles, and a desk to do work. In the late 20th century and early 21st century the bedroom became a more social environment and people started to spend a lot more time in their bedrooms than in the past.

Bedding used in northern Europe (especially in Scandinavia) is significantly different from that used in North America and other parts of Europe. In Japan futons are common.

In addition to a bed (or, if shared by two or more children, a bunk bed), a child's bedroom may include a small closet or dressers, a toy box or computer game console, bookcase or other items.

Modern bedrooms
Many houses in North America have at least two bedrooms—usually a master bedroom and one or more bedrooms for either children or guests.

In some jurisdictions there are basic features (such as a closet and a "means of egress") that a room must have in order to legally qualify as a bedroom. In many states, such as Alaska, bedrooms are not required to have closets and must instead meet minimum size requirements.

A closet by definition is a small space used to store things. In a bedroom, a closet is most commonly used for clothes and other small personal items that one may have. Walk in closets are more popular today and vary in size. However, in the past wardrobes have been the most prominent. A wardrobe is a tall rectangular shaped cabinet that clothes can be stored or hung in. Clothes are also kept in a dresser. Typically nicer clothes are kept in the closet because they can be hung up while leisure clothing and undergarments are stored in the dresser.

In buildings with multiple self-contained housing units (e.g., apartments), the number of bedrooms varies widely. While many such units have at least one bedroom—frequently, these units have at least two—some of these units may not have a specific room dedicated for use as a bedroom. (These units may be known by various names, including studio, efficiency, bedsit, and others.)

Sometimes, a master bedroom is connected to a dedicated bathroom, often called an ensuite or master bathroom.

Culture
Bedrooms typically have a door for privacy (in some cases lockable from inside) and a window for ventilation. In larger bedrooms, a small desk and chair or an upholstered chair and a chest of drawers may also be used. In Western countries, some large bedrooms, called master bedrooms, may also contain a bathroom. Where space allows bedrooms may also have televisions and / or video players, and in some cases a personal computer.

Japan
In Japan, the notion of having a bedroom is much less important than it is in the west, especially as it pertains to having a private space for personal use. Indeed, having a unified house corresponds to having a unified family, a concept so important that areas are seldom personalized, even those pertaining to relationships. Everything is subject to the concept of primitive cohesion. This makes for flexibility in terms of the way various spaces are utilized: Each evening, the Japanese unroll their futon directly on their tatami mats, typically close to one another. They then put them away come morning in the oshiire. The unity of the household is also reinforced by the use of sliding partitions (shoji) lined with rice paper and insulating in every way.

Materially, the Japanese tatami room, as opposed to its western counterpart (deemed The Western Room), has no door, bed, or even wall, making it barely detectable in space.

This room is typically situated towards the back of the home, close to the place dedicated to the family ancestors and opposite of the southern façade, the gardens, and the general exterior.

The second half of the twentieth century saw a considerable change in the bedroom style. Almost non-existent before World War Two, The Western Room continued to gain traction in new constructions to the point where there is a clear relationship between age of a building and presence of western-style bedrooms. Cultural habits, however, have not shifted as rapidly.

In the most densely populated cities, there exists a type of hotel essentially consisting of stacks of individual rooms so cramped they hardly allow one to do more than lie down and sleep. These are called capsule hotels, and have spread to areas such as Singapore and Taiwan.

title: Bedroom


text:
Galloway cattle

The Galloway is a Scottish breed of beef cattle, named after the Galloway region of Scotland, where it originated during the seventeenth century.

It is usually black, is of average size, is naturally polled and has a thick coat suitable for the harsh climate of Scotland. It is reared mainly for beef.

In 2022 the Galloway was reported by twenty-three countries. The worldwide population stood at about $26,800$ head, of which the majority were in Northern Europe, with the largest populations in Denmark and Germany.

Etymology
The word 'Galloway' derives from the name of a people, the Gall Gaidheil, meaning 'Scandinavian Gaels'.

History
Polled black cattle were known in Scotland by the sixteenth century at the latest; one is mentioned in an instrument of sasine dated 1523.

The Galloway breed comes from the cattle native to the south-west region of Scotland, first fully developed in the seventeenth century. Originally, there was much variation within this breed, including many different colours and patterns. The original Galloway herd book only registered black cattle, but the recessive gene for red colour persisted in the population, and eventually dun Galloways were also allowed into the herd book. As a result, although black is still the most common colour for Galloways, they can also be red and several shades of dun. In 1877, the Galloway Cattle Society was formed.

The Galloway was introduced in Canada in 1853, first registered in 1872, and the first Galloway registry was introduced in the United States in 1882. In 1911, $35,000$ cattle were registered in the American Galloway Herd Book which was first created in 1882. The British Galloway Society was founded in 1908. They did not recognise dun coloured Galloway cattle, which was met with outrage and this ban was later lifted. In 1951, Galloway cattle were introduced to Australia.

In the 1950s, the breed enjoyed much success because the beef market demanded low input (feed) cattle with high quality meat. However, the BSE crisis (or mad cow disease) caused an export ban in 1990, although there were no cases of BSE found in Galloway cattle. This created a fear associated with cattle, so breed numbers declined.

Since then, there has been a change in demand as bigger leaner carcasses are now favoured. Some of the adjustments made were the adoption of AI and Embryo Transfer. The breed's original characteristics are now back in demand. This is due to the demand of high quality meat that requires economical production.

From the early nineteenth century, in south-western Scotland and north-western England, Galloway cows were commonly put to Shorthorn bulls to produce a vigorous hybrid. If the bull was white, the calf was blue roan in colour – the Blue Grey. These were easily recognisable and were much in demand. In the later nineteenth century, selection of the Whitebred Shorthorn was begun specifically for production of white sires for these calves.

In 2022 the Galloway was reported to DAD-IS by twenty-three countries, of which seventeen reported population data. The reported worldwide population stood at about $26,800$ head, of which the majority were in Northern Europe; the largest populations were in Denmark and Germany. The breed is 'rare' in the United States and the Livestock Conservancy classifies it as a breed to 'watch'.

Characteristics
Galloway cows are of small to medium size, with weights in the range $450 kg$; bulls normally weigh approximately, but may reach weights of over $1,000 kg$. Heifer calves are born at a weight of some $35 kg$, and reach a weight of about $250 kg$ at an age of thirteen or fourteen months.

Galloways have a thick double-layered coat that is wavy or curly. The coat of hair insulates their bodies so well that they have a minimal outer layer of fat on their bodies, which would otherwise create waste at slaughter. This coat sheds out in the summer months and in warmer climates.

It is naturally polled, without horns. This breed's shaggy coat has both a thick, woolly undercoat for warmth and stiffer guard hairs that help shed water, making them well adapted to harsher climates.

Use
There is evidence of Galloway herds being milked in Cumberland for cheese production.

Societies

 * Galloway Cattle Society of New Zealand
 * American Galloway Breeders Association
 * The Galloway Cattle Society of Great Britain and Ireland
 * Australian Galloway Association

title: Galloway cattle


text:
Euronet

Euronet may refer to:
 * Euronat
 * Euronet Worldwide, a global provider of electronic payment services
 * Euronet (telecommunications network), a telecommunications network in Europe using X.25 (see Packet switching § Euronet)

title: Euronet


text:
Submandibular gland

The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In adult humans, they each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in proportion as parotid gland secretion rises to 50%. The average length of the normal adult human submandibular salivary gland is approximately 27 mm, while the average width is approximately 14.3 mm.

Structure
Each submandibular gland is divided into a superficial lobe and a deep lobe, the two being separated by the mylohyoid muscle:
 * The superficial lobe comprises most of the gland, with the mylohyoid muscle runs under it
 * The deep lobe is the smaller part

Submandibular duct
Secretions are delivered into the submandibular duct on the deep portion after which they hook around the posterior edge of the mylohyoid muscle and proceed on the superior surface laterally. The excretory ducts are then crossed by the lingual nerve, and ultimately drain into the sublingual caruncles – small prominences on either side of the lingual frenulum along with the major sublingual duct. The gland can be bilaterally palpated (felt) inferior and posterior to the body of the mandible, moving inward from the inferior border of the mandible near its angle with the head tilted forwards.

Submandibular gland papilla
The terminal part of the submandibular (Wharton's) duct is located in the mouth floor and opens as an orifice of the submandibular duct papilla. The position of the duct and its 0.5–1.5 mm wide ostium is invariably symmetric, but quite unpredictable; consequently, submandibular duct papillae can occasionally be challenging to recognize. Based on the macroscopic appearance of the papillae and a sialoendoscopic approach, Anicin et al. described four different types of submandibular gland papillae: types A, B, C, and D.

Microanatomy
Lobes contain smaller lobules, which contain adenomeres, the secretory units of the gland. Each adenomere contains one or more acini, or alveoli, which are small clusters of cells that secrete their products into a duct. The acini of each adenomere are composed of either serous or mucous cells, with serous adenomeres predominating. Some mucous adenomeres may also be capped with a serous demilune, a layer of lysozyme-secreting serous cells resembling a half moon.

Like other exocrine glands, the submandibular gland can be classified by the microscopic anatomy of its secretory cells and how they are arranged. Because the glands are branched, and because the tubules forming the branches contain secretory cells, submandibular glands are classified as branched tubuloacinar glands. Further, because the secretory cells are of both serous and mucous types, the submandibular gland is a mixed gland, and though most of the cells are serous, the exudate is chiefly mucous. It has long striated ducts and short intercalated ducts.

The secretory acinar cells of the submandibular gland have distinct functions. The mucous cells are the most active and therefore the major product of the submandibular glands is saliva which is mucoid in nature. Mucous cells secrete mucin which aids in the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the esophagus. In addition, the serous cells produce salivary amylase, which aids in the breakdown of starches in the mouth. The submandibular gland's highly active acini account for most of the salivary volume. The parotid and sublingual glands account for the remaining.

Blood supply
The gland receives its blood supply from the facial and lingual arteries. The gland is supplied by sublingual and submental arteries and drained by common facial and lingual veins.

Lymphatic drainage
The lymphatics from submandibular gland first drain into submandibular lymph nodes and subsequently into jugulo - digastric lymph nodes.

Nerve supply
Their secretions, like the secretions of other salivary glands, are regulated directly by the parasympathetic nervous system and indirectly by the sympathetic nervous system.
 * Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands is provided by the superior salivatory nucleus via the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve, that becomes part of the trigeminal nerve's lingual nerve prior to synapsing on the submandibular ganglion. Increased parasympathetic activity promotes the secretion of saliva.
 * The sympathetic nervous system regulates submandibular secretions through vasoconstriction of the arteries that supply it. Increased sympathetic activity reduces glandular bloodflow, thereby decreasing the volume of fluid in salivary secretions, producing an enzyme rich mucous saliva. Nevertheless, direct stimulation of sympathetic nerves will cause an increase in salivary enzymatic secretions. In sum, the volume decreases, but the secretions are increased by parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.

Relations
The submandibular gland occurs within the submandibular triangle. It is situated posteroinferior to the ramus of mandible,  and between the two bellies of the digastric muscle.

Development
The submandibular salivary glands develop later than the parotid glands and appear late in the sixth week of prenatal development. They develop bilaterally from epithelial buds in the sulcus surrounding the sublingual folds on the floor of the primitive mouth. Solid cords branch from the buds and grow posteriorly, lateral to the developing tongue. The cords of the submandibular gland later branch further and then become canalized to form the ductal part. The submandibular gland acini develop from the cords’ rounded terminal ends at 12 weeks, and secretory activity via the submandibular duct begins at 16 weeks. Growth of the submandibular gland continues after birth with the formation of more acini. Lateral to both sides of the tongue, a linear groove develops and closes over to form the submandibular duct.

Function
The submandibular gland is one of the major three glands that provide the mouth with saliva. The two other types of salivary glands are parotid and sublingual glands.

The submandibular gland releases a host of factors which regulate systemic inflammatory responses and modulate systemic immune and inflammatory reactions. Early work in identifying factors that played a role in the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland (CST-SMG) axis lead to the discovery of a seven amino acid peptide, called the submandibular gland peptide-T. SGP-T was demonstrated to have biological activity and thermoregulatory properties related to endotoxin exposure. SGP-T, an isolate of the submandibular gland, demonstrated its immunoregulatory properties and potential role in modulating the CST-SMG axis, and subsequently was shown to play an important role in the control of inflammation.

Clinical significance

The submandibular gland accounts for 80% of all salivary duct calculi (salivary stones or sialolith), possibly due to the different nature of the saliva that it produces and the tortuous travel of the submandibular duct to its ductal opening for a considerable upward distance.

Benign and malignant tumors can also develop in the submandibular gland (see pie chart).

title: Submandibular gland


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User:Mastgrr

I'll make a better User Page later. Don't have time now.

title: User:Mastgrr


text:
Walter Bishop Sr.

Walter Bishop Sr. (January 9, 1905 – January 8, 1984) was a Jamaican-American drummer, composer and songwriter. Bishop was born in Jamaica, but emigrated to the United States prior to beginning his professional career. He and his family lived in the Sugar Hill district of the Harlem neighborhood of Upper Manhattan.

Bishop played drums on recordings by pianist Alex Hill and trumpeter Jabbo Smith during the 1920s and 1930s. His song "Swing, Brother, Swing" was recorded by Billie Holiday with Count Basie, among other performers. Other songs written by Bishop include "Jack, You're Dead," which was a #1 R&B hit in 1947 as recorded by Louis Jordan, "The Stuff is Here (and It's Mellow)," and "Bop! Goes My Heart," which was recorded by Frank Sinatra. His song "My Baby Likes to Bebop" was recorded by Ella Fitzgerald, and by Nat "King" Cole with Johnny Mercer, and his calypso "Sex is a Misdemeanor" was recorded by Vanessa Rubin.

He was the father of American jazz pianist Walter Bishop Jr.

title: Walter Bishop Sr.


text:
Arado Ar 232

The Arado Ar 232 Tausendfüßler (German: "Millipede"), sometimes also called Tatzelwurm, was a cargo aircraft that was designed and produced in small numbers by the German aircraft manufacturer Arado Flugzeugwerke. It was designed during the first half of the Second World War in response to a request by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (German Air Ministry, RLM) for a successor or supplemental transport aircraft to the Luftwaffe's obsolescent Junkers Ju 52/3m. The Ar 232 introduced, or brought together, almost all of the features now considered to be standard in modern cargo transport aircraft designs, including a box-like fuselage slung beneath a high wing; a rear loading ramp (that had first appeared on the December 1939-flown Junkers Ju 90 V5 fifth prototype four-engined transport via its Trapoklappe), a high-mounted twin tail for easy access to the hold and features for operating from rough fields. It was initially requested to be powered by a pair of BMW 801A/B radial engines, however, an alternative arrangement of four BMW Bramo 323 engines was adopted instead due to a lack of capacity.

The first twin-engine prototype performing its maiden flight in June 1941, while the first four-engine prototype followed roughly one year later. The type demonstrated clear performance advantages over the Ju 52/3m and limited pre-production orders were placed, leading to roughly 20 aircraft being constructed. The envisioned mass production of the Ar 232 was never attained, primarily due to Germany having an abundance of transport aircraft in production and thus it did not purchase large numbers of Ar 232s. Several aircraft did see operational use, to aid wartime production efforts and on the front line. Arado's design team continued to work on refinements, including economy measures and the enlarged six-engined Ar 632 variant. At one point, German officials expected quantity production of the type to be attained in October 1945 but the war ended instead. Two Ar 232s were captured by the British and operated for a time between England and Germany following the conflict.

Development
What would become the Ar 232 originated from a tender offered by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM/German Aviation Ministry) issued during late 1939 which sought a replacement for the ubiquitous Ju 52/3m transport. Both Arado and Henschel were requested to design a rear-loading aircraft that was to be powered by a pair of 1,193 kW (1,600 hp) BMW 801A/B radial engines, which was just entering prototype production and not currently used on any front-line designs. Arado's design team was headed by the aeronatical engineer Wilhelm van Nes. The basic configuration selected was that of a cantilever mid-wing smooth-skinned monocoque design with a spacious cargo area that was as low to the ground as feasibly possible. Furthermore, the aircraft was to be relatively robust and capable of operating from austere airstrips and rough terrain, possess short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities, and permit rapid loading and unloading times.

Following a review of the competing aircraft, Arado's design was selected over Henschel's, leading to the company receiving an initial order for three prototypes in 1940. However, challenges for the Ar 232 soon became apparent in the form of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 project, which had been also earmarked to use the same BMW 801A/B engine. However, production of the BMW 801 was deemed to be insufficient to fulfil all of the prospective demands, thus Arado was compelled to adopt an alternative engine for the Ar 232. Eventually, the BMW Bramo 323 Fafnir nine-cylinder radial engine, weighing roughly 550 kg (1,210 lbs) each, from Focke-Wulf's Fw 200 land-based maritime patrol aircraft was selected as the alternate powerplant instead. The Bramo 323 was already in production and could meet requirements if the Ar 232 really did replace the Ju 52/3m in service. The prototypes were far enough along that switching engines would have seriously delayed the program, thus the first two aircraft were to be completed as the Ar 232A, while the third and a newly ordered fourth prototype were designated as the Ar 232B. The third and fourth prototypes (and all production aircraft) used four engines (in place of the two specified in the RLM specification) in order to provide the desired performance.

The first two prototypes, bearing the Stammkennzeichen alphabetic codes GH+GN and VD+YB respectively, were completed in early 1941 and commenced trials as soon as possible. The first flight, while otherwise uneventful, suffered a partial landing gear failure during landing; while the nose gear collapsed, the twenty-two "millipede wheels" saved the aircraft from damage. The cause was determined to be a stuck oleo strut, which was too short when fully extended, and thus easily rectified via the insertion of a ring.

The general performance of the Ar 232 proved to outperform the Ju 52/3m in multiple respects; it carried roughly double the load over longer distances, operated from shorter runways and rougher fields if need be, and cruised about 70 km/h (44 mph) faster. A further ten pre-production aircraft were constructed; these saw operational used as the Ar 232A-0 while awaiting production versions.

The Ar 232B program proceeded in parallel to this effort. With the quartet of 895 kW (1,200 hp) Bramo 323s replacing the twin BMW 801s, each Bramo 323 with its aforementioned 550 kg dry weight apiece; power increased from 2,386 kW (3,200 hp) to 3,580 kW (4,800 hp), solving the Ar 232A's problem of having little excess power in case of engine failure. This change also required the wing to be extended slightly, the span increasing just over 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in total. The extra weight of the Bramo 323 engines also moved the center of gravity forward, which was offset by stretching the cargo area rearward another meter, expanding the cargo capacity it could carry internally.

During May 1942, the first of the two four-engined prototypes, V3, performed its maiden flight. A further 10 aircraft were then ordered as the Ar 232B-0, and were used widely in an operational role. However, this was the only order for the design, as the Luftwaffe gave transport aircraft production a relatively low priority. Many of those aircraft produced were used by Arado to transport aircraft parts between its factories, and did not see front-line service.

Various improvements to the Ar 232 were planned, such as the replacement of the outer wing sections and control surfaces with wooden versions to conserve aluminium. Originally to be known as the Ar 232C, the design effort was protracted and was later redesignated the Ar 432. During June 1944, plans were finally put into place to start production in October 1945, but the conflict came to an end without even a prototype being produced. Two even larger planned versions, the Ar 532 and the Ar 632, would have almost doubled the wingspan to 60 m (196 ft 10 in), as large as Germany's six-engined BV 238 flying boat design, and added another two engines. An amphibian transport, the Ar 430, was also projected for use in the Mediterranean.

Design
The Ar 232 was a multi-engined transport aircraft. It was normally operated by a crew of four, of which the pilot was the only member without two roles. The navigator also operated a 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun in the nose, while the radio operator could also used a 20 mm MG 151 cannon in a rotating turret on the roof, and the loadmaster was provisioned with a 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun that fired rearward from the extreme rear of the cargo bay above the cargo doors.The aircraft could be outfitted with various auxiliary kits to suit certain operational circumstances, such as winter/tropical kits, a radio set, a rubber liferaft, an oil-burning heater, and a emergency power unit.

The cargo bay of the Ar 232, which was directly behind the aircraft's "stepless cockpit", was 6.6 m (21 ft 7¾ in) long, 2.3 m (7 ft 6½ in) wide and 2.0 m (6 ft 6¾ in) high. Unlike typical designs of the era that used a side-mounted door for access, the Ar 232 was furnished with hydraulically powered clamshell-doors on the rear of the bay with a ramp, which permitted cargo to be rolled into the hold. The twin tail configuration tail surfaces were mounted on the end of a long boom to keep the area behind the doors clear so trucks could drive right up to the ramp, much like the 1944-era American Fairchild C-82 Packet of a differing twin boom fuselage configuration. The high-set tail on its "pod-and-boom" configuration fuselage allowed the Ar 232 to be loaded and unloaded faster than other designs. An overhead crane was installed within the cargo bay to assist this process.

The Ar 232 was furnished with a three-piece twin-spar wing, comprising all-through rectangular centrepiece that was attached to a pair of trapezoidal outer wings, each accommodating self-sealing fuel tanks and the main landing gear. The entire rear surface of the wing incorporated Arado's own "travelling flap" design to achieve excellent short-field performance; these flaps were electronically actuated and interconnected with the ailerons. Further measures to reduce the landing distance included a drogue parachute and rockets. Even when loaded to 16,000 kg (35,270 lb), the Ar 232 could take off in 200 m (656 ft); this was in part achieved via a boundary layer control system. The take-off distance could be further reduced via the use of Starthilfe liquid fuelled monopropellant rocket assist (RATO) jettisonable propulsion units.

Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the Ar 232 was the landing gear. Normal operations from prepared runways used a tricycle gear — a then-novel feature for German military aircraft—but the sideways-retracting main gear's lever-action lower oleo strut suspended arm – carrying the main gear's wheel/tire unit at the bottoms of the maingears' struts could "break", or kneel, after landing to place the fuselage closer to the ground and thereby reduce the ramp angle. An additional set of eleven smaller, non-retractable twinned wheels per side, mounted along the ventral centreline of the fuselage from just behind the semi-retractable nosewheel aftwards to just forward of the wing's trailing edge, supported the aircraft once the main landing gear's lever-action lower arm had "knelt", or could be used for additional support when landing on soft or rough airfields. The aircraft was intended to be capable of taxiing at low speeds on its row of small wheels, thus being able to negotiate small obstacles such as ditches up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in width. The appearance of the row of small wheels led to the nickname "millipede". In flight, the main legs fully retracted inwards into the wings, while the fixed support wheels remained exposed and the nose wheel only semi-retracted, with the nosewheel tire's lowest point while retracted never going above the lowest point of the 22 auxiliary centre-line wheels' tires.

Operational history
German officials intended for the aircraft to be used in a wide variety of circumstances, specific mentions including North Africa and the Arctic.

In late 1942, in response to the deteriorating situation of the Wehrmacht's 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad, it was decided to deploy the first two Ar 232 prototypes to the Eastern Front for the purpose of delivering critical supplies and airlifting casualties

The first prototype was promptly lost along with its entire crew after the pilot became disorientated. The second prototype was more successful, completing multiple missions in January 1943, typically flying in and out of Stalingrad unhindered. Its crew occasionally opted to avoid airfields when enemy forces were known to be waiting in ambush, instead landing on rough terrain, a feat that would have been impossible for most transport aircraft of its size at the time.

On 17 July 1943, an twin-engined Ar 232 flew from Brandenburg, Germany to Banak, Norway, the northernmost airport in Europe; the flight, which delivered automated weather apparatus, necessitated the fitting of auxiliary fuel tanks. One month later, the aircraft was lost with all onboard due to a single engine failure shortly after take off followed by a collision with terrain.

Outside of conventional military logistics, the Ar 232 found numerous uses; Arado made frequent use of the type to transport high priority aviation components.

At least five Ar 232s are believed to have been operated by Kampfgeschwader 200, a secretive special operations unit of the Luftwaffe. Multiple attempts using Ar 232s were made to infiltrate covert agents behind Soviet lines, including a mission under remit of the top secret Operation Zeppelin which intended to assassinate Joseph Stalin in late 1944.

Starting in December 1944, several Ar 232 were directed to fly supplies to a supposed pocket of German military personnel active behind Soviet lines. Despite such flights continuing for months, this effort was entirely fruitless as it was an NKVD deception operation, known as Operation Scherhorn.

Two Ar 232 B-0s were captured by British forces towards the end of the conflict. Multiple test flights of these aircraft were performed by Eric "Winkle" Brown, who reportedly gave the aircraft an excellent report. Subsequently, they were operated for a time by the Royal Air Force on flights between England and Germany as late as 1946.

Variants

 * Ar 232 V1 & V2
 * Ar 232A prototypes and research aircraft, powered by two 1,193 kW (1,600 hp) BMW 801A/B engines.

 * Ar 232 V3 & V4
 * Ar 232B prototypes and research aircraft, powered by four BMW Bramo 323R-2 Fafnir engines.

 * Ar 232A
 * Pre-production aircraft used for operational trials, powered by two BMW801 engines, only ten built.

 * Ar 232B
 * The first production aircraft powered by four Bramo 323 Fafnir engines, only ten built as Ar 232B-0.

 * Ar 232C
 * A redesigned version using wood for outer wing sections and control surfaces; redesignated Ar 432.

 * Ar 432
 * Redesignation of Ar 232C.

 * Ar 532
 * Planned enlarged four-engined version of the Ar 432.

 * Ar 632
 * Planned enlarged four-engined version of the Ar 432.

Operators

 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Luftwaffe

title: Arado Ar 232


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Harry E. Yarnell

Admiral Harry Ervin Yarnell (18 October 1875 – 7 July 1959) was an American naval officer whose career spanned over 51 years and three wars, from the Spanish–American War through World War II.

Among his achievements was proving, in 1932 war games, that Pearl Harbor was vulnerable to a naval aerial attack. His findings were dismissed by his superiors until the Imperial Japanese Navy's Pearl Harbor attack went just as Yarnell had predicted.

Early life and Naval career
Born near Independence, Iowa, he entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1893. After serving on USS Oregon (BB-3) during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, 3 July 1898, Yarnell was commissioned ensign 1 July 1899 and reported to the Asiatic Station. He served in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War and with the Asiatic Squadron during the Boxer Rebellion. In 1902, he was the commissioning commanding officer of the destroyer USS Dale (DD-4).

Assignments through World War I
From Asia, Yarnell reported to USS Connecticut (BB-18) at her commissioning. On January 13, 1907, he was the officer of the deck when Connecticut ran aground near Culebra, Puerto Rico. Both Yarnell and Connecticut captain William Swift were court-martialed; Swift was convicted but Yarnell was acquitted. Restored to duty, Yarnell sailed around the world with the Great White Fleet.

Next, duty at the Newport Torpedo Station, on CINCLANT's staff, and at the Naval War College occupied him until World War I (WWI), when he served at Gibraltar and then at London, on the staff of Admiral William S. Sims.

At the conclusion of WWI, CAPT Yarnell was awarded the Navy Cross, for his "distinguished services in the ... Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and on the Staff of the Commander, U.S. Naval Forces operating in European waters".

Interwar assignments
Yarnell then rotated between sea and shore duty until ordered to the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) in September 1927, as prospective commanding officer. He served as captain of the carrier from her commissioning until 17 August 1928, when he was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering as Rear Admiral. While in that capacity, advising the General Board on the design of a fleet submarine, Yarnell opposed smaller types, presciently noting, "our prospective opponent [Japan] has always started operations by attacking before a declaration of war".

From January to April 1930, Admiral Yarnell was Naval Adviser to the American delegation at the London Naval Conference 1930, and, in October 1936, he became Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet, with the rank of admiral. His tour there was notable for the sagacious and firm manner with which he handled a most explosive international situation.

In February 1932, Yarnell pioneered carrier tactics in an exercise called Army/Navy Grand Joint Exercise 4. Rear Admiral Yarnell commanded the carriers USS Lexington (CV-2) and Saratoga in an effort to demonstrate that Hawaii was vulnerable to naval air power. The expectation was that Yarnell would attack with battleships, but instead he left his battleships behind and proceeded only with his carriers to the north of Hawaii where it was less likely he would be detected. With a storm as cover, at dawn on Sunday, 7 February, Yarnell's 152 planes attacked the harbor from the northeast, just as the Japanese would ten years later. The army airfields were first put out of commission after which Battleship Row was attacked, with multiple hits on navy ships. No defending aircraft were able to launch. The Navy's war-game umpires declared the attack a total success, prompting Yarnell to strenuously warn of the Japanese threat.

The New York Times reported on the exercise, noting the defenders were unable to find the attacking fleet even after 24 hours had passed. U.S. intelligence knew Japanese writers had reported on the exercise. Ironically, in the U.S., the battleship admirals voted down a reassessment of naval tactics. The umpire's report did not even mention the stunning success of Yarnell's exercise. Instead they wrote, "It is doubtful if air attacks can be launched against Oahu in the face of strong defensive aviation without subjecting the attacking carriers to the danger of material damage and consequent great losses in the attack air force."

Yarnell's carrier tactics were reprised by Ernest King (at the time, Vice-Admiral) in Saratoga during wargames held in winter of 1938, with the same results, both in terms of surprising the defenders and in terms of the tactics being dismissed as "unfair".

World War II
After three years' service commanding the Asiatic Fleet, Admiral Yarnell was transferred to the Retired List, and was elected an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution on February 22, 1940.

On 1 November 1941, as war loomed, Yarnell was recalled to active duty and worked in the office of the Secretary of the Navy as Special Adviser to the Chinese Military Mission. While in this capacity, he testified before House Immigration Committee urging repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts.

Yarnell was relieved of active duty 15 January 1943, but returned in June as Head of a Special Section in the Office of Chief of Naval Operations until December 1944, when he again was relieved of active duty.

Death
Admiral Harry E. Yarnell died on 7 July 1959 at Newport, Rhode Island, his home since his retirement. He is buried at Berkeley Memorial Cemetery in Middletown, Rhode Island together with his wife Emily Carroll Thomas Yarnell (1875–1965). They had one daughter, Ruth (1906–1948), who married late Vice admiral John Sylvester.They also had a son, Phillip, who married Vivian and settled down in the Baltimore area.

Awards
Here is the ribbon bar of Admiral Harry E. Yarnell:

Namesake
The USS Harry E. Yarnell (DLG-17) (later reclassified as (CG-17)) was named in his honor.

title: Harry E. Yarnell


text:
Rosanna Davison

Rosanna Diane Davison (born 17 April 1984) is an Irish actress, singer, writer, model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss World 2003. She is the daughter of musician Chris de Burgh, and the song "For Rosanna" was written by her father for his 1986 album, Into the Light in her honour. Davison is a qualified nutritional therapist and promotes the health benefits of a plant-based diet.

Career
In August 2003, she entered the Miss Ireland finals in Dublin, and winning the competition, found herself competing for the title of Miss World. December 2003 saw Davison, along with 106 other contestants, compete in the Miss World competition in Sanya, China. Rosanna went on to win the crown and is the first Irish entrant to win the Miss World title since it started in 1951. During Davison's reign, she visited the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, China, and Sri Lanka.

She is signed to Storm Model Management in the UK.

In February 2012, she came second in a poll to find Ireland's most desirable Valentines. In the same year, she appeared on the October German issue of Playboy magazine.

From October 2013, she started presenting slots on LFC TV, the dedicated television channel for Liverpool F.C.

In December 2023, Davison was announced as one of the eleven celebrities taking part in the seventh season of Dancing with the Stars.

Personal life
Born in County Dublin, Ireland, Davison's primary school education was at Aravon School, in County Wicklow. She then attended Rathdown School in Glenageary, County Dublin. She was class prefect before graduating and completing her leaving certificate examinations in 2002.

Davison has been in a relationship with Wesley Quirke since 2006. They were engaged in 2013 and wed in the summer of 2014. They had their honeymoon in the Seychelles. They have one daughter, and twin sons.

Davison is a graduate of the College of Naturopathic Medicine. She is a qualified nutritional therapist and obtained her MSc degree in personalised nutrition from Middlesex University. In February 2015 she signed a publishing deal with Gill Books for her first cookbook, Eat Yourself Beautiful, which was released in August 2015 and went on to be a best-seller. The book advocates plant-based nutrition.

In 2019, Davison was criticised by vegan activists for taking part in a paid campaign for Naas Racecourse. In response, Davison stated that she eats a plant-based diet for health reasons and has never claimed to be a vegan.

Filmography

 * Harry Hill: An Audience with Harry Hill (2004)
 * Comic Relief: Red Nose Night Live 05 (2005)
 * Miss Great Britain Final 2010 (2011)
 * Ringsend (2017)
 * The Wake (2017)

Selected publications

 * Eat Yourself Beautiful: True Beauty, From the Inside Out (2015)
 * Eat Yourself Fit: Make Your Workout Work Harder (2016)

title: Rosanna Davison