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Pedigree Chump

Pedigree Chump is the first album from the British ska punk band Spunge. It was released following the success of The Kicking Pigeons EP a year earlier which sold 5,000 copies to early followers at pub gigs.

The first 3,000 copies of the album included a five track bonus CD of live recordings. The standard album was re-released in December 2000 as a limited edition digipak without the bonus tracks. In 2004, the album was again re-released as a limited edition in a slipcase. The bonus tracks were bundled back onto this version, plus a rare demo of "Make Me Happy" and an enhanced video of "Kicking Pigeons".

No singles were released from Pedigree Chump. However, the song "Kicking Pigeons" can be found on The Kicking Pigeons EP and an updated version of the same song is the second A-side on "Live Another Day/Kicking Pigeons 2001", a single from their next album Room For Abuse.

Track listing (album)

 * 1) "Intro" – 0:06
 * 2) "Lyrical Content" – 3:05
 * 3) "Idols" – 2:08
 * 4) "Kicking Pigeons" – 2:41
 * 5) "Roving Eye" – 2:48
 * 6) "Angel With a Pint Glass" – 4:08
 * 7) "Make Me Happy" – 2:42
 * 8) "Ode 2 Slimy Bassless" – 2:41
 * 9) "Have Another Go" – 0:04
 * 10) "Whitehouse" – 2:25
 * 11) "Kiss My Face" – 2:59
 * 12) "Sleazoid" – 1:58
 * 13) "Freak" – 2:50
 * 14) "Whinger" – 3:21

"Intro" and "Have Another Go" are short comedic tracks consisting mainly of people talking in strange accents. Also, at the end of "Whinger" there is a hidden comedy track about custard. It is speculated that the track "Ode 2 Slimy Bassless" is about former Spunge bass guitarist Simon Bayliss.

Track listing (bonus tracks)

 * 1) "500 Miles" (live)
 * 2) "Roving Eye" (live at Xposure, Birmingham)
 * 3) "Freak" (live at Xposure, Birmingham)
 * 4) "Pressure Drop" (live)
 * 5) "Alternative Ulster" (live)
 * 6) "Make Me Happy" (demo) (only on 2004 reissue)
 * 7) "Kicking Pigeons" (video) (only on 2004 reissue)

title: Pedigree Chump


text: Talk:Pedigree Chump

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pedigree Chump


text:
User talk:Augustobizarro

Hello "Augustobizarro" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
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 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 23:02, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Augustobizarro


text:
Talk:Router (computing)

motorola cellphone GPRS
I'am using the motorola phone as a modem and it doing will. The phone is giving the bandwith of about 912.26 mbps but it is not stable, it lapse and at to the point of disconnection. I would like to ask you people to discuss about this matter if the cell phone could be able to use as the modem while using the router. Then what kind of router could possible and compatible to the phone.

Forwarding
Some of the material in the beginning of the Applications section can be merged into the Forwarding section. I plan to get back to this but it is no problem if someone else gets to it first. ~Kvng (talk) 21:10, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

The boxes in our homes are not really routers
The boxes in our homes and small businesses do not fit the traditional definition of a router. They simply forward information from our local networks to the ISP. It is most correct to say they are packet forwarders. They do not connect networks to networks, just a network to a single IP address at the ISP. 162.196.138.163 (talk) 11:08, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The usual home router "box" you are referring to integrates router, (often) DSL modem or ONT, switch, and wi-fi access point. For IPv4, they usually NAT but that doesn't make them any less routers. --Zac67 (talk) 11:53, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

 * What kind of routing do they do then? They just act as a gateway, which I don't really think is routing, or is it? TheUnnamedNewbie (talk) 15:34, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Routing is forwarding between different IP networks (e.g. your local network and the ISP access network). Devices are called routers or gateways interchangingly. --Zac67 (talk) 16:36, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

 * When we send a document from our computer to our printer to be printed, our home router is acting as a router. The printer and computer both have different IP addresses and the computer sends packets of data to the router, which forwards them to the printer.  Also when a web page is downloaded from the Internet, our home router has to route the packets to the IP address of the correct device on our home network.    My home Wifi network currently has 5 cell phones, 3 laptops, 2 printers, a WII, 2 Firesticks, and an Alexa registered.  Modern home modem/routers do a good deal of routing. --ChetvornoTALK 16:13, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Not usually. Your printer and your computer are commonly in the very same IP network (subnet) and don't use a router to communicate. They're connected by a switch (forwarding by MAC address), often integrated within the home router (or a repeater hub, repeating everything). Even if one node is on Wi-Fi and the other on wired Ethernet, the home router *bridges* between them like an access point, forwarding just like a switch. --Zac67 (talk) 16:45, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

 * But, the devices in your home network are on a different subnet than the rest of the internet and so a two-port router (and NAT) in the box are in play when contacting devices and servers outside the home network. ~Kvng (talk) 14:55, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Exactly. --ChetvornoTALK 19:16, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

"Access, core, and distribution" section with failed verification tags
Hello! I'm in the middle of work, but I found some possible sources for the section mentioned in this post title. I haven't read the guidelines for updating references yet, but I don't want to forget where I found some sources, so I'm making a note here. Here are some sources for the access/core/distribution layers of the Cisco three-layer hierarchical model. http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2202410&seqNum=4 https://www.mcmcse.com/cisco/guides/hierarchical_model.shtml Thanks! Imperatrixmundi (talk) 23:54, 19 February 2020 (UTC)Imperatrixmundi

Dictionaries contradict common knowledge
The dictionaries confirm that it is pronounced "rooter" or "rauter". I just asked a Cisco employee and she was pretty adamant about "rauter" and so was I, but the dictionaries tell a different story here. Elizium23 (talk) 00:39, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * But this is not a contradiction: the dictionary supports the pronunciation used by you and the Cisco employee, and it also supports the pronunciation used by other people. I'm English, but have lived somewhere else for long enough to be quite confused about it, but I think the BrE pronunciation is generally "rooter", distinguishing it from the tool for shaping wood, called a "router" (which routs). Imaginatorium (talk) 10:49, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

 * In the US, it's mostly a north-vs-south thing. Southerners tend to use which includes the inhabitants of Silicon Valley and makes it more popular in the industry. Webster's Dictionary tells us it's  for the network device, but then again they're based in Massachusetts. --Zac67 (talk) 17:00, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Anecdote for anecdote: Working in the industry for decades in the northern US Midwest and New England, I've never heard anything but . 24.31.139.196 (talk) 21:17, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I've worked internationally and in technical circles outside N. America I've heard the "rooter" pronunciation. ~Kvng (talk) 13:35, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

I've reverted 's recent change. We don't have consensus or even a proposal on this yet. ~Kvng (talk) 14:41, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

RFC
Which reliable sources should be used to cite the pronunciation of "router" in this article? More than one answer is encouraged. Elizium23 (talk) 15:41, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) None (status quo)
 * 2) Merriam-Webster
 * 3) Dictionary.com
 * 4) Oxford English Dictionary
 * 5) Macmillan Dictionary
 * 6) Technical documents: ???
 * 7) Other

 * 2 and 4 for American and British usages. Elizium23 (talk) 15:42, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove pronunciation per MOS:PRON. This is a common word and doesn't require a pronunciation guide. The fact that pronunciation differs regionally isn't by itself sufficient reason to include a guide.  If you really want, include a  link box in the lead for the interested reader. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 16:12, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * None of the above - The note on pronunciation currently claims that the pronunciation is engvar dependent. It is not sufficient to cite an American and British dictionary separately to establish this - that's WP:SYNTH. We need to find a source or two that actually discusses this from all sides. I've tried to find such a source and couldn't come up with anything reliable. Pronunciation is an expected question readers will have so I would prefer to keep this in the article. ~Kvng (talk) 13:31, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * For AE, I've found RSes Merriam-Webster and Oxford Learner's listing both pronunciations, specifically for the network device. An interesting discussion points out there's been a shift in pronunciation in the US (or parts thereof) in the 1960s. I think if we do need to include the pronunciation here it should suffice to list the RS for the two AE variants. --Zac67 (talk)
 * Merriam-Webster is claiming rau̇-tər for woodworking and rü-tər for networking. I don't think we can get a consensus of editors here to go with that alone. Oxford Learner's just lists the two pronunciations. That's one possible resolution for this: Just acknowledge that there are two pronunciations and don't get into which is used where. ~Kvng (talk) 13:38, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * 3: OED The 2010 3rd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary notes difference in pronunciation: Brit. /ˈruːtə/, U.S. /ˈraʊdər/. See: router, n.6, www.oed.com/view/Entry/272580. Alternatively, the pronunciation could be omitted altogether, since it is dependent on the dialectical pronunciation of "route" and follows American vs rest of the world split on that line.
 * Remove pronunciation It's a common word. Regional differences in pronunciation are not reason to include in Wikipedia. Glendoremus (talk) 16:42, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove pronunciation per what others have already said: "router" is an ordinary English word and according to [MOS:PRON we don't give pronunciation for those; that's what dictionaries are for. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 03:43, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove pronunciation Phonetic transcription is enought I think.  AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 07:23, 27 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove pronunciation I agree with others that the word is now in common usage and has multiple pronunciations depending up where in the world you are located. I don't know that it really adds to the article to have the various pronunciations here. - Dyork (talk) 00:52, 30 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment - As we're having here, I've had not insignificant discussions with IT professionals about how this word is pronounced. There has also been significant editing associated with this statement in the article over the years. I think we're doing readers a disservice by removing all discussion of pronounciation. I assure you a new editor will fly in shortly after we've closed this discussion and readd something (uncited) about pronunciation. If we kick the can, it's just going to promptly come back to us. ~Kvng (talk) 14:23, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Proposal – to arrive at a solution I propose to change the current Router is pronounced in British English and is pronounced  in American and Australian English. to Router is pronounced  in British English and is pronounced the same or  in American and Australian English which we've got RS for. --Zac67 (talk) 16:52, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I think it's good point here.

 * Counter-proposal - as suggested multiple times in this discussion, remove pronunciation. Glendoremus (talk) 15:50, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
 * 2 and 4 for American and British usages. Per the previous section, there seem to be enough people convinced there is only one correct way for it to be worth showing otherwise. Johnbod (talk) 02:48, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

End of RFC

 * The RfC was started on June 12, 2020. I suggset to request someone un-involved to formally close it (as per WP:RFCEND, WP:CLOSE, WP:NHC). AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 15:04, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I would assume an uninvolved closer would say there's a consensus to remove the pronounciation. And we can go ahead and do that. I've predicted that it will be restored in some form within a year's time. I wish we could agree on a more durable solution but maybe that's not possible right now. ~Kvng (talk) 20:55, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

Router definition in intro
At the very beginning of the article it only reads that the router is just a networking device that performs this and that, however a router is actually a fully fledged computer, and this article's intro omits this important fact for an unknown reason. The fact that it is a computer always used to be a more or less standard definition across textbooks, educational courses, and any other definitions.

The router is a computer in the sense that it has all the main elements of such: it of course has a CPU and RAM, it also has a storage device, input and output ports, it has a fully featured OS that runs on top of that, you can run different apps and utilities within that OS, create and edit files, etc. and etc. This in big contrast to e.g. a switch (a classic unmanaged one) which doesn't have all that and is controlled by firmware (like e.g. your washing machine, which is also not a computer in the general sense).

In fact a router is very little different from any PC running a server OS and remotely accessed (i.e. no monitor and keyboard directly attached). In another fact, the router functionality is essentially realised simply by software on any PC with at least 2 NICs (network adapters), highlighting the fact that the hardware router is merely a computer with hardware optimized for the task, but you could in theory use any desktop PC given that it runs the relevant software.

I propose amending the intro with the fact that a router is foremost a specialised computer.

77.85.6.55 (talk) 10:25, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

 * The fact that most routers are specialized computers isn't all too relevant for their router functionality. The majority of digital devices are specialized computers today: smartphones, smartwatches, MP3 players, TVs, Bluray players, managed network switches, firewalls, etc – even cars or bikes. On most routers you can't run generic apps and utilities however, you can only use what's provided in the box. And many routers include hardware for forwarding or filtering, only very simple or virtual routers are software only. --Zac67 (talk) 11:04, 2 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with these arguments. The important facts that a device is a computer are that you can run arbitrary programs written for that computer, and also that the device is under the control of an OS and not a firmware. Most devices you listed (players, smart-devices, etc., etc.) are electronic stuff, but not computers in the sense that they are running a fixed firmware which doesn't allow starting and running of applications (programs).
 * You do can run generic apps and utilities on routers, when those are written for that platform and OS, of course (similarly to being only able to run apps made for Windows in the Windows OS), and if the OS is not some closed/prohibitive type. Routers are classic computers, not just some sort of electronics.
 * Now, of course when I say "router" I don't mean the home "Wi-Fi routers" most private people have, but those aren't true routers anyway.
 * Also I do not agree that these particulars are not relevant because they don't affect the functionality. We are running an encyclopedia here which is supposed to describe what stuff truly is and how it internally works -- not just describe its "consumer merits" outside of the "black box" of the device.
 * 77.85.6.55 (talk) 11:48, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Well, let's agree to disagree and see what other editors might say. --Zac67 (talk) 12:20, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

I agree with 77.85.6.55, I think it should be characterized as a “specialized computer” in the intro. I feel the present intro isn’t sufficiently clear for nontechnical readers about what a router is. All routers are run by microprocessors. The word ‘computer’ is an adequate umbrella term for what it is, suitable for general readers --ChetvornoTALK 12:38, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I can agree with the argument about the generic non-tech reader. For laypeople the umbrella term "computer" is appropriate here, as for them it usually implies a machine that can run arbitrary code (i.e. random apps and utilities), while "non-computer" electronics usually imply that their functionality is fixed (think of unmanaged switches or various modems).
 * I also wanted to reiterate, that the router function is predominantly a software one (think of a server, like Apache). It is just that manufacturers like Juniper or Cisco sell their router software (e.g. IOS) running atop specialized hardware (just like with the hardware servers), but otherwise all of that (i.e. Cisco IOS, Apache, Microsoft IIS) can run atop an ordinary desktop PC, it's just that it isn't practical.
 * However, lots of non-computer electronics' (a switch or modem) predominant feature is not a software, but a hardware one. And the software is not the main thing, it is just to enable the hardware, hence it is a "simple" firmware. You cannot practically make a switch out of a PC because the main thing about a switch are the 24 network ports, not its software. Same with a modem -- main purpose is hardware one, not the software.
 * So by this logic, a router is like a "network server". You wouldn't call a server a "networking device" or some other ambiguous term, would you? Servers are outright computers that run special server software. Same with routers. They are outright computers running special router software. In both cases that software runs atop a normal, albeit specialised, OS, and in turn this OS, generaly speaking, can run on any general-purpose PC.
 * 77.85.6.55 (talk) 14:33, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * 77.85.6.55 (talk) 14:33, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm entirely OK with mentioning that a router is (usually) a specialized computer, although I fail to see the importance. However, some of your claims are plainly wrong, including
 * the router function is predominantly a software one – Many/most enterprise-grade routers use a hardware forwarding plane, just the control plane is software. They're very similar to a layer-3 switch with added functionality, much of which is realized be using TCAM hardware. You simply can't run a BGP router with the entire global routing table efficiently in software, not even today.
 * It is just that manufacturers like Juniper or Cisco sell their router software (e.g. IOS) running atop specialized hardware (just like with the hardware servers), but otherwise all of that (i.e. Cisco IOS, Apache, Microsoft IIS) can run atop an ordinary desktop PC – partially true but very often even virtualized routers use special hardware features present in the specialized hardware, e.g. Cisco ASA on Firepower. And you can't run IOS on generic hardware.
 * You cannot practically make a switch out of a PC because the main thing about a switch are the 24 network ports, not its software. – you can add as many network ports as possible into a standard PC (a dozen doesn't seem hard) and run a bridging software, making it a (software) switch. Also, virtual switches used by hypervisors are software generally.
 * Same with a modem -- main purpose is hardware one, not the software. – Mind you, some time ago telephone modems were added using AMR or CNR/ACR boards, running most functions on the host CPU, in software. DSL/cable modems very often include management functions, requiring some kind of CPU.
 * The fact that you can use a standard PC with a bit of software as a router doesn't mean that a router is nothing more than a PC. 90%+ of all routers are purpose designed and there's no way to run arbitrary software on them. It's really not all black and white like the distinction you seem to be trying to make (somewhat arbitrarily imho). --Zac67 (talk) 15:49, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Zac67 has described the situation well. Is there a proposal for precise wording or an edit with the proposal? If someone produced a box which performed routing functions yet was not a specialized computer, the box would still be a router. It may be true (given the number of home appliances) that most routers are specialized computers but it's not a defining characteristic. Johnuniq (talk) 06:51, 5 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you're right in your comments Zac67, and I was aware of some of the facts you mentioned. However, your comments are more on the practical side, while I was purposefully trying to pinpoint the principal (theoretical) difference between a specialized computer and "non-computer electronics". Think of a class in Theory of computation where they don't discuss any practicalities at all, just the underlying fundamentals.
 * To clarify what I say here -- yeah, you couldn't run a router fully in SW, or you could build a PC with 30 NICs, but that doesn't change the primary theoretical fact, that routing is a programmatic (applicational) task and the routing hardware is just an optimization to help with that. While layer-2 switching isn't like that, the SW there is just to control the hardware "connections" between the ports. Think of the washing machine. It has a SoC and firmware (much like any non-computer electronic device), but its task is mechanical (washing your clothes) and the SoC is merely a controller. The washing machine isn't a computer because of that (because it has a SoC).
 * Please concentrate more on the theoretical differences, and not the practical ones, because we're trying to get the fundamentals right, not the practicalities, Johnuniq.
 * (about the modems, I meant dsl/docsis standalone devices)
 * 77.85.6.55 (talk) 11:23, 5 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Sources:
 * "A router is a specialized computer that handles three functions: packet forwarding, routing, and specialized services" Medhi & Ramasamy, Network routing: Algorithms, protocols, and architectures, p.19
 * "Different networks can be connected together by specialized computers called routers." Kundu, Fundamentals of computer networks, p.124
 * "The router is a specialized computer that receives data from any device on the network and routes it to its destination" Dainow, Understanding computers, smartphones, and the internet
 * "The computers that decide how best to forward each packet are called routing computers, router computers, routers, gateway computers, or border routers''" Venkateswarlu, Essential computer and IT fundamentals,  p.803
 * "A router is a specialized computer and has many of the same hardware components that a typical PC does"   Cannon & Caudle, CCNA guide to Cisco networking, 4th Ed., p.132
 * "A router is a specialized computer..." Campbell, Discovering the internet, 5th Ed., p.286
 * --ChetvornoTALK 07:14, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I work professionally near the cutting edge of this stuff and I agree with 's description of the state of things. But, hey, this is Wikipedia and we go by what the reliable sources say and in that sense, makes a strong point. So, assuming Chetvorno has not cherry-picked sources, everyone's right here. Sources are lagging or fail to appreciate the state of the art. ~Kvng (talk) 15:56, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Be my guest, check my cites.
 * To me, this is an example of a very common debate on WP on the level of terminology to use in the introduction: jargon or plain language. Of course someone who works in the field like Kvng is not going to call a router a “computer”, he uses more specialized terminology. But the introduction should be written for general readers. Virtually every router is run by software, even if it’s only microcode. It is a “computer” in the broadest descriptive sense to nontechnical readers.

 * I agree this is not consistent terminology, as pointed out above if software is the criterion, washing machines could be called computers. Contributing to the router’s “computerness” to ordinary people is the fact it is mounted in a rack in a data center, or next to a PC, plugged into networking cables, and does computer networking tasks, not wash your clothes.
 * --ChetvornoTALK 17:49, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I souped up the 'specialized computer' text a bit, from half a sentence to a short paragraph. I think it's quite appropriate in the lede but to not give undue weight I've moved the text to its end. Surely there's room for improvement but I think the additional context is worth it. --Zac67 (talk) 19:17, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * In practice we call this class of equipment Network hardware. I don't think that's too jargony. If you want to emphasize the computer in them, they are Embedded systems which is jargony but we have a bluelink to help; that's a more useful description than specialized computer. ~Kvng (talk) 15:14, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * My main point in all of this is that we should put fundamentally/theoretically correct descriptions into the intro of the article, not practical ones. As Chetvorno says above, we can get a host of cutting edge field practitioners who will speak professional jargon and describe things from the practical side, however I think we should rather take the opinion of computer scientists who work "with the papers" at a desk in a plain room (not tech guys from a NOC). In other words, it doesn't matter at all whether the subject of our discussion here makes any practical difference. Please understand this last sentence. If it looks like a router, smells like a router and behaves like a router it doesn't mean at all that it is a router. So this is one half of our discussion here.
 * Now the other half. I think I have sufficiently argumented the implied difference between a "computer" and "microprocessor-powered electronics", and that difference is not the presence or absence of any code or a processing unit. (but whether the computing machine is there to sit and wait to run "arbitrary" software written for its (also present) OS, or it is a firmware-powered controller of some different sort of activity). So I think I'm not going to argument this anymore.
 * Also, the whole point of writing that a router is a specialized computer is exactly to highlight the fact I just mentioned above, and I believe this is very close to a layman's understanding of a computer, as marking a router a "computer" brings their understanding of a computer much closer to the router's abilities, than marking it a "device" or similar.
 * I am sorry I am not giving any concrete or real-world examples like the guys above, I am doing this on purpose to depart from any practical implementations.
 * 77.85.6.55 (talk) 13:27, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to having the term network hardware in the intro, as you say it should be there. But as a sole description it is too jargony, it is insufficiently specific and won't mean anything to many readers.  To many (probably most) laypeople, anything from a coaxial cable up would be "network hardware".--ChetvornoTALK 16:14, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @Chetvorno It would be a stretch to classify wiring as network hardware. Using the common synonym network equipment instead may make the scope of the term more clear. Your references clearly demonstrate that specialized computer is a common description and so I'm not opposed to using that term but I just wanted to be clear that this is not a term I or my peers that practice in this area use with any frequency. ~Kvng (talk) 16:55, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * You know that and I know that, but the majority of readers coming to this page, who are not familiar with networking terms, won't know that. So describing a router as a "networking device" tells these readers almost nothing.  Thats why "specialized computer" needs to be in the lead sentence. --ChetvornoTALK 21:53, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I think the term "specialized computer" should be in the lead sentence, to tell readers what a router is. This is clearly not WP:undue weight, as the 6 sources I gave above have it in their defining sentence. --ChetvornoTALK 16:14, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I've improved this new paragraph with a link to Embedded system and trimmed stuff that is not well supported in the body of the article. ~Kvng (talk) 15:44, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

I see that after so many people and arguments in favour, and time elapsed, the lead sentence still doesn't name the router as a computer :D At least the last one says that... 77.85.6.55 (talk) 10:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Router (computing)


text: User talk:68.49.21.190

title: User talk:68.49.21.190


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User:Sethbot

Sethbot is a bot operated by Seth Ilys, currently running us-states.py, written by Andre Engels, creating appropriate redirects for US locations (so CityName, SN redirects to CityName, StateName).

Yes, I know about the bug with the parentheses. It's not a big deal. Fix them if you like.

Sethbot is also the fictional entity used to flirt with marbot via gchat. Typical marbot-sethbot communications use the protocol of having brackets around each transmission to simulate robots communicating in lines of code. e.x. [sethbot thinks that marbot is a beautybot]. Also please note the use of normal words combined with the word 'bot' for added emphasis and sexual tension.

title: User:Sethbot


text: File:Pedigree Chump album cover.jpg

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Talk:Low-discrepancy sequence

Are these the same as quasi-random or sub-random sequences (that terminology is used in Numerical Recipes)? If so it would be good to say so. Josh Cherry 23:10, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi Josh. Yes, they are the same. I have added quasi-random and sub-random as synomyms, and put NR on the list of references. The NR discussion will probably be more comprehensible to many readers. I've also made quasi-random, sub-random, quasirandom, and subrandom redirect to low-discrepancy sequence in an effort to head of duplication of the topic. Hope this helps, Wile E. Heresiarch 16:17, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

entry for Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma
Hi,

This page should have a reference to Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma, after whom some of the items on this page are named. He was a professor at the University of Amsterdam.

Explicit discrepancy calculations
Hello, I wonder if we can put in the discrepancy calculated for some examples. E.g. uniform distribution of points, pseudo-random, maybe some other patterns. I think that those examples would shed some light on low-discrepancy sequences in comparison. Have a good day. 64.48.193.123 18:36, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Error in definition?
Is there perhaps an error in the definition given in the first sentence? It says, "for all N, the subsequences x1, ..., xN and x1, ..., xN+1 are almost uniformly distributed." But that x1, ..., xN+1 is almost uniformly distributed follows immediately from the fact thet x1, ..., xN is (for all N), when used for N + 1. -- Meni Rosenfeld (talk) 13:12, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I noticed the same. Further, the intro promises that the notion "almost uniformly distributed" will be made precise, but it is never defined. Presumably the definition is something like "having a low discrepancy", but, although "discrepancy" ("Star-Discrepancy"?) is defined (in an unnecessarily hard-to-understand way; what the h*** is "Niederreiter's notation"?), it is never defined what counts as "low" here. Also, presumably, it is a stronger notion than equidistributed, but no relation is made. --Lambiam Talk 21:50, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Rearrangement
I've created discrepancy of a sequence as a redirect "with possibilities". I'm thinking of moving some of the definitions and properties from here and from equidistributed sequence across to make that into a proper article. Richard Pinch (talk) 06:26, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Clarification needed
What is

 * $$ \prod_{i=1}^s [a_i, b_i) $$

(in Definition of discrepancy). Is it an intersection of sets / intervals? Then one should be using $$\cap $$. TomyDuby (talk) 02:38, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It's an s-dimensional interval or box which is the Cartesian product of s one-dimensional half-open half-closed intervals. I've expanded the definition in the article.  Richard Pinch (talk) 05:51, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge
It seems to me that the new article subrandom numbers should be merged here. Is anyone willing and able to do this? Sławomir Biały (talk) 11:48, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

 * ✅. The previous "low-discrepancy sequence" article seemed to be much more technical than the "subrandom numbers" article, so my first draft of a merged article simply put all the text of the "subrandom numbers" article up front, in accordance with WP:UPFRONT.
 * But I still wonder -- is "low-discrepancy sequence" really exactly synonymous with "subrandom numbers"? Originally one of these articles said yes, they are completely synonymous, while the other article implied they were not exactly synonymous, but there was a lot of overlap. I hope someone will improve this article by adding a clear explanation of what (if anything) is different between these two categories of sequences. I hope that now that it's been merged into one article, such inconsistencies will be easier to see and fix. --DavidCary (talk) 17:15, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Constructions of low-discrepancy sequences
There seems to reason for that to be a separate article. Deltahedron (talk) 16:52, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Conclusion from Koksma-Hlawka
In the article it is said that since the KH inequality is sharp

"... the quality of a numerical integration rule depends only on the discrepancy D*N(x1,...,xN)."

I think that may lead people to wrong conclusions, as it's is valid only, if all that you know about the function to integrate is, that it has bounded variation. If you know more (e.g. continuity, differentiability, ...) there may indeed be better integration rules. Thus I would like to extend the sentence a little bit in that sense. Would that be ok? Ezander (talk) 16:58, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Merge from Constructions of low-discrepancy sequences
Per the talk page suggestion by Deltahedron, I've boldly merged the prose from Constructions of low-discrepancy sequences into this article and rearranged the sections a bit. With two merges, there is more work to be done to get the article flowing nicely. --Mark viking (talk) 00:35, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Per WP:MTAA it might be an idea to put the concrete examples first, to motivate the subject in a qualitative way, before the presentation of the more general theoretical results. Jheald (talk) 07:54, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

"Additive recurrence" section: Useful information removed & incorrect information added
Over the past few months, people seem to have removed the most useful information from the "Additive recurrence" section, namely a couple good examples that are valid and easily verifiable. When I happened upon this page before, I checked them, and they were indeed both better than the ones I'd already found; it's information that's hard to find but easy to verify. When I came back to this page today to check what the numbers were, (because I needed a good additive recurrence sequence again), the examples had been removed. Nobody is about to remove the useful examples on the Taylor series page for lack of citations, because they're easily verifiable, correct, and useful examples, so I'm going to add these easily verifiable, correct, and useful examples back. The importance of always using different coefficients for each dimension in multiple dimensions is also critical to note, since you'll effectively lose an entire dimension of coverage if even two of them are the same.

Sure enough, a highly misleading (effectively incorrect) sentence has also been added: "Note, however, that such a generator is known to have severe statistical flaws. The list of pseudorandom number generators provides better alternatives." It appears that someone was under the incorrect impression that the purpose of the additive recurrence is to generate independent random numbers, which is not at all the case. The entire point of low discrepancy sequences is to have better coverage than independent random numbers, so pseudorandom number generators are not "better alternatives" at all, and there is no "statistical flaw", let alone a "severe" one. They produce significantly higher discrepancy sequences. I'll change this sentence to a clarification that this does not generate random numbers, even though it's made fairly clear in the introduction of the article.

If anyone takes issue with these changes, please discuss here. Ndickson (talk) 03:49, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I removed a sentence that was sourced to a blog here: the blog being http://mollwollfumble.blogspot.com. In general we don;t accept such things as reliable sources, see WP:SPS.  In that case, the sentence was too terse to make sense.  I see that this addition is sourced to the same blog.  It seems that the material was originally at Subrandom numbers, created by User:Mollwollfumble.  Even though it reads better now, we cannot accept material that is not attributable to an independent reliable source.  Deltahedron (talk) 11:12, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I completely appreciate the need to indicate that the material requires more independent reliable sources, since there's no reference to any independent, reliable source regarding the entire "Additive recurrence" section. (The reference to The Art of Computer Programming was actually about LCG random number generators, not low discrepancy sequences.)  Despite that, I wouldn't recommend deleting the section, because it contains information that's verifiably true and useful.  (At least, I've found it useful in two completely unrelated scenarios now.)  It should really just be marked as needing more reliable sourcing.

 * I managed to find a published academic paper briefly discussing this type of low discrepancy sequence (http://www.math.ucla.edu/~caflisch/Pubs/Pubs1990-1994/Morokoffsisc1994.pdf in section 4), and it mentions this type before any other, but it doesn't cite anything for the origin of it or determine exact discrepancy for different coefficients, (just mentioning that its discrepancy scales as ((log N)^s)/N, where s is the number of dimensions), seeming to dismiss it as being too simple to be worth analysing. Everything else I looked at seems to be behind a paywall or not discussing this particular type of sequence. Ndickson (talk) 03:38, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

Missing documentation of the 2D sequence in the figure (c1 = 0.5545497, c2 = 0.308517)
A comment related to the topic "Additive recurrence": I am aware that an earlier contributor has done a thorough optimization study, and concluded that c1 = 0.5545497, c2 = 0.308517 are optimal for 2D additive recurrence sequences. However, some of this documentation seems to have been removed by later edits, and only the 2D figure remains, with caption text. I do not know which discrepancy criterion was used by the contributor. It would therefore be greatly appreciated if any contributor can add documentation about the source of these two coefficients (or re-calculate them), together with the discrepancy criterion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peter.schild (talk • contribs) 07:27, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

LHS
Hi, should LHS appear there ?195.83.81.127 (talk) 13:35, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Latin hypercube sequences? If so, there are sources out there comparing the utility of LHS and LDS in Monte Carlo simulations, so I think it would be appropriate to include a summary of those comparisons. Latin squares are already mentioned in the article. --Mark viking (talk) 16:04, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

"Random numbers" section
The section Low-discrepancy_sequence has no citations, and I think it's basically totally wrong. Meaning, alternating between r_i and r_i + 1/2 will reduce your discrepancy almost not at all compared to drawing samples from the full uniform distribution. Any objections to me removing the section? Danstronger (talk) 00:43, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

"QRNG" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect QRNG. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Chumpih. (talk) 08:02, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Using Incorrect Sample Sizes
This article is filled with "Examples" of QMC sequences using invalid sample sizes. Using a Sobol sequence with 1,000 points, for example, is incorrect, as Sobol sequences must have exactly 2^n points. Using non-powers of 2 destroys the (t, m, s)-net (equidistribution) property, which is what guarantees faster convergence than you get from pseudo-random numbers. Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 00:48, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

 * +1 here. Art Owen wrote a paper about it, see Owen2020 for extended discussions. Tupui (talk) 09:17, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Low-discrepancy sequence


text:
Algoma Steel

Algoma Steel Inc. (formerly Algoma Steel; Essar Steel Algoma) is an integrated primary steel producer located on the St. Marys River in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Its products are sold in Canada and the United States as well as overseas. Algoma Steel was founded in 1902 by Francis Clergue, an American entrepreneur who had settled in Sault Ste. Marie. The company emerged from bankruptcy protection in 2004. In April 2007, Algoma Steel was purchased by India's Essar Group for US$ 1.63 billion, continuing operations as a subsidiary known as Essar Steel Algoma Inc. It was purchased again in 2017, by a group of US investors.

In May 2021, it was announced that Algoma "was to become a public company again" as it had agreed a merger with New York–based acquisition firm Legato Merger Corp, which is a NASDAQ-listed special-purpose acquisition company. The deal would give Algoma just over $1.1 billion US worth of new shares in Legato.

History
Construction of the steelworks started in February, 1901. On February 18, 1902, the first Bessemer converter was put in operation using pig iron made from the Helen mine, owned by Algoma. The first rails were produced by the complex in May 1902. However, blast furnaces for pig iron manufacture were not completed at the site until 1904. Unlike most other steel producers, Algoma had no access to local coal, forcing it to import coal and coke from the United States. The Bessemer process was felt to produce steel that was well-suited to manufacture of rails, which was the Algoma complex's primary product for the first two decades of its existence.

Shortly after founding Algoma, Clergue's various financial operations suffered reverses, having to shutter operations in 1903, causing the 1903 Consolidated Lake Superior riot. After restructuring, he lost control of the Sault Ste. Marie complex, being replaced as general manager in 1903 and by 1908 was no longer on the company's board of directors. Initially the company specialized in manufacture of rails for Canadian railways, but this soon became a dead-end as railway construction passed its peak.

During the First World War Algoma made steel for artillery shells but after the war continued to rely on rail production. The necessity of importing ore and coal from the United States due to the low quality of Canadian iron ore, as well as the absentee owners' greater interest in annual dividends than building a viable industrial complex, held back Algoma during the 1920s. At the height of the Great Depression, the company was insolvent and in receivership until Sir James Dunn gained control in 1935 and restored it to profitability. Dunn's policy of never paying a dividend to stockholders, coupled with extensive modernization and expansion during the Second World War, and an extended period of steel demand up until the mid-1950s, allowed Algoma to expand and become a more balanced steel producer.

From 1988 to 1991 Algoma was owned by Dofasco, making the combined company the largest steel producer in Canada. However, a strike at Algoma and other Dofasco subsidiaries in 1990 caused Dofasco to abandon ownership.

The high value of the Canadian dollar coupled with competition from mini mills, lower-cost and currency-strong Asian countries and dumping by Japanese companies has hurt Canadian primary steel producers. In 2002, the company emerged from bankruptcy protection for the second time in a decade, having previously gone into bankruptcy in 1990. Denis Turcotte, the President and CEO, was largely credited with Algoma's resurgence, making it one of the most efficient steelmakers in North America.

Algoma Steel announced on August 3, 2005, that the company was no longer for sale after a $64.7 million second quarter profit. The company stated that they are going to focus on value-enhancing, non-sale alternatives. Algoma also announced a special dividend of $6.00 per share payable on August 31, 2005, to shareholders of record on August 17, 2005, and a normal course issuer bid for up to 3.3 million shares.

On February 8, 2006, Algoma Steel announced a $55 million profit for their fourth quarter ending December 31, 2005. As a result of this and redemption of their 11% notes on January 9, 2006 the company declared themselves debt free and had an operating surplus of over $400 million in cash. This cash surplus attracted the attention of some shareholders who wanted to see the cash distributed as dividends, echoing Algoma's historic problems almost exactly a century earlier.

In October 2006, Algoma Steel was awarded a power purchase agreement by the Ontario Power Authority to build, own and operate a co-generation power plant utilizing by-product fuels such as blast furnace gas (BFG) and coke oven gas (COG); Algoma Steel has founded a limited partnership company called Algoma Energy LP to own and operate the co-generation facility. The facility's contract capacity was said to be 63MW.

On 15 April 2007, Essar Global made an offer to acquire Algoma Steel Inc. for 1.85 billion CAD in cash. It was announced on 20 June that Essar had completed its purchase of all outstanding shares.

On June 23, 2008, following its purchase by Essar Group, Algoma Steel Inc. announced that its name had been changed to Essar Steel Algoma Inc. This came along with a logo change to the Essar Steel company logo.

On May 26, 2017, Essar Steel Algoma was rebranded once again, simply called Algoma. The announcement was made in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. For legal purposes, the factory will remain "Essar Steel Algoma Inc." until the company emerges from insolvency protection.

In May 2021 Algoma had a yearly production capacity of 2.8 million tonnes of steel, for which it employed around 2,700 people.

Steel making facilities
Algoma currently has a capacity of 4 million tons per year. Primary steel making facilities include two blast furnaces, three coke batteries, two 260 short ton basic oxygen furnaces, with two ladle metallurgy stations for refining and alloying. Algoma has a direct strip production complex manufactured by Danieli of Italy, which casts strip directly and then rolls it to finished strip in the range of 0.047 inches to 0.625 inches in thickness, and widths to 64 inches. Algoma also operates a hot strip mill, a plate mill, and a cold strip mill. Algoma also manufactures welded structural beams.

Current status
Algoma currently is the second largest steel producer in Canada. It is the largest employer in Sault Ste. Marie and currently has 2800 employees at the main plant. Algoma now produces hot and cold rolled steel (i.e. sheet and plate).

Algoma's products are used in the automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing, pipe and tube, and steel distribution industries.

On June 15, 2009, Essar Steel Algoma successfully started up a new, 85 MW cogeneration facility, to produce electricity and steam from the by-products of the coke making and iron making processes.

It features two 375,000 lb/hr boilers and a 105MW turbine combined with other related components such as a generator, a blast furnace gas holder, condensate and feed-water systems, a water treatment plant, a cooling tower, a transformer, and a distributed control system. Essar has set a precedent as the first integrated steel manufacturer in Canada to construct a co-generation facility fueled with by-product gas from the operation.

title: Algoma Steel


text:
Faith Prince

Faith Prince is an American actress and singer, best known for her work on Broadway in musical theatre. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in Guys and Dolls in 1992, and received three other Tony nominations.

Life and career
Prince was born in Augusta, Georgia, and raised in Lynchburg, Virginia, where she attended E.C. Glass High School, and later studied theater at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music. She made her Broadway debut as the Gypsy character Tessie Tura in Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989) and followed this with a role in the ill-fated Nick & Nora.

She was established as a Broadway star with her portrayal of Miss Adelaide in the 1992 revival of Guys and Dolls, for which she won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award as Best Actress in a Musical. In 2001, Prince was once again nominated for Tony and Drama Desk Awards for her portrayal of Ella Peterson in the revival of Bells Are Ringing. She was featured in the 2008 Broadway musical A Catered Affair, for which she received Tony and Drama Desk nominations.

She appeared in a concert version of Sweeney Todd with the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra in Orlando, Florida in March 2009. On April 7, 2009, she took over the role of Ursula from Heidi Blickenstaff in the Broadway musical The Little Mermaid.

She appeared in such films as The Last Dragon (1985), Dave (1993), Picture Perfect (1997), and Our Very Own (2005), among others. Her television credits include the short-lived High Society (1995); recurring roles on Spin City (1997–2000) and Huff (2004–2005), as well as guest appearances on such shows as Remington Steele, Law & Order, Monk, Frasier, House, Grey's Anatomy, Drop Dead Diva, Ugly Betty, and Happy Endings.

A live recording of her 2005 cabaret debut at Joe's Pub, at The Public Theater, entitled A Leap of Faith, was released on the DRG Records label. A second recording, titled Total Faith was recorded at the Royal Room, Palm Beach, Florida. She participated in studio recordings of scores from Breakfast at Tiffany's and Jerry Herman's unproduced musical, Miss Spectacular.

She performs her cabaret act in various venues, such as the Orange County Performing Arts Center, California, in April 2010, and at the Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts, Westchester County, New York, in May 2010. Prince appeared in the concert version (and accompanying recording) of the revue Life Begins at 8:40 at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., on March 22, 2010. She also performed the closing show in the 2002–2003 theatre season at Eisenhower Hall at West Point.

Prince played Mrs. Wilkinson in the second United States national tour of Billy Elliot the Musical, which began performances in October 2010 and ended in August 2011.

In 2012, Prince worked with long-term friend Jason Graae on The Prince and the Showboy, a show which pays tribute to composer Jerry Herman (La Cage aux Folles, Hello Dolly!) whom Graae described as "a survivor of the highest degree [who] lives his life as an eternal optimist." Prince and Graae won the New York Nightlife Award for outstanding musical comedy performer in January 2013.

She returned to the Broadway stage replacing Jane Lynch as Miss Hannigan in the revival of Annie beginning July 19, 2013. She then appeared as Shirley in the Broadway production of Disaster!

She had a recurring role in the ABC Family sitcom, Melissa & Joey, as Gloria Longo, and in the Fox musical drama Monarch as Nellie Cantrell.

Personal life
Prince has been married to trumpeter Larry Lunetta since 1992; the couple resides in Sacramento, California, with their son. She has been predeceased by her brother, Philip.

Prince is a Presbyterian.

Stage productions

 * Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989)
 * Falsettoland (1990)
 * Guys and Dolls (1992 revival)
 * What's Wrong with This Picture? (1994)
 * The King and I (1996 revival)
 * Little Me (1998 revival)
 * James Joyce's The Dead (2000)
 * The Torch-Bearers (2000)
 * Noises Off (2001 revival)
 * Bells Are Ringing (2001 revival)
 * A Man of No Importance (2002)
 * A Catered Affair (2008)
 * The Little Mermaid (2009)
 * Billy Elliot (Second National Tour) (2010–2011)
 * The Prince and the Showboy (2012)
 * Annie (2013–2014)
 * Disaster! (2016)

title: Faith Prince


text:
Women's International Zionist Organization

The Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO; ויצו Vitzo) is a volunteer organization dedicated to social welfare in all sectors of Israeli society, the advancement of the status of women, and Jewish education in Israel and the Diaspora.

History
WIZO was founded in England on 7 July 1920 by Rebecca Sieff, Dr. Vera Weizmann (wife of Israel's first president, Dr. Chaim Weizmann), Edith Eder, Romana Goodman, and Henrietta Irwell to provide community services for the residents of Mandatory Palestine. Among WIZO's early social welfare projects in Mandatory Palestine were the establishment of Tipat Halav well-baby clinics and clothing distribution centers, many of which are still in operation today. WIZO opened the country's first day care center in Tel Aviv in 1927.

WIZO branches opened across Europe, such as that run by Julia Batino in Macedonia, but many were closed down in the wake of Nazi occupation and the Holocaust. Branches in Latin America continued to operate during the war.

In 1949, after the establishment of the State of Israel, WIZO moved its headquarters to Israel and Sieff became president of the world WIZO organization. In 1966 Sieff died, she was replaced by Rosa Ginossar, who had been acting President since 1963. Other past presidents include Raya Jaglom and Michal Har'el, former Miss Israel and wife of Israeli politician Yitzhak Moda'i.

Presidents Evelyn Sommer (WIZO) and Ilana Ben Ami (WIZO Israel) tried to negotiate with Mexican president Luis Echeverría in 1975 to dissuade him from condemning Zionism as racism during the World Conference on Women in Mexico. Despite Echeverría's promises, UN General Assembly, after the impulse of Arab countries and the support of the Non-Aligned Movement countries and the Soviet bloc, adopted Resolution 3379 against Zionism. Almost 20 years passed before the UN Resolution 46/86 revoked the 1975 determination.

In 2008, WIZO, together with two other women's organizations, received the Israel Prize for its lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel.

Political activity in Israel
WIZO formed a party and ran for Knesset in Israel's first elections in 1949, receiving 1.2% of the vote. It won one seat and was represented by Rachel Cohen-Kagan, chairwoman of WIZO at the time. Cohen-Kagan later ran in elections for the fifth Knesset as a member of the Liberal Party (though she was a member of the group that broke away to form the Independent Liberals).

Today
Today, WIZO runs 180 day care centers in Israel, caring for 14,000 children of working mothers, new immigrants and needy families. The organization also runs summer camps, courses for single-parent families and therapeutic frameworks for children removed from their homes by court order.

WIZO is now the largest women's Zionist organization in the world. In 2008, 36 member countries sent delegates to Israel to celebrate the organization's 88th birthday.

The current World WIZO president is Esther Mor, who replaced Tova Ben-Dov, in 2016.


text:
Saint Vincent Panels

The Saint Vincent Panels, or the Adoration of Saint Vincent panels, are a polyptych consisting of six panels that were perhaps painted in the 1450s. They are attributed to the Portuguese painter Nuno Gonçalves, who was active from 1450 to 1471. Traditionally, the polyptych is dated to the 1450s due to the putative prominence of Prince Henry the Navigator among the persons represented in the panels (Henry died in 1460). Controversy concerning the true nature of Henry's presence in the panels – if any – along with the inclusion of figures that can be identified as his brothers, all of whom died before 1450, renders it difficult to assign any secure date for the creation of the panels other than sometime during the floruit of the painter Gonçalves.

The original retable, during its stay in the Cathedral of Lisbon, contained "over twelve" panels, as a source from 1767 states. They were displayed in the cathedral at least until 1690 and were set aside in the cathedral until 1742. They were then transferred to the palace of Mitra, where they escaped the devastating earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.

The panels are now housed in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Antique Art), in Lisbon, Portugal.

Discovery
Found during the late 1880s in the monastery of Saint Vicente de Fora in Lisbon, the panels depict scenes associated with the veneration of Saint Vincent of Saragossa. This polyptych consists of six separate panels of oak painted with oil or tempera.

The only reference that art historians can use to support the attribution of the creation of the panels to the painter Gonçalves was written in the 16th century by Francisco de Holanda. The reference mentions a great work of art made by him that is inferred to be these panels. There has also been speculation that the father of Hugo van der Goes collaborated in the painting of the panels, but no firm evidence to support this hypothesis exists. In any case, the Saint Vincent Panels are regarded as the greatest achievement of pre-modern Portuguese art.

Interpretations
Since their discovery in the late 19th century, there has been a continuing dispute over the identity of the painter and the subjects portrayed on the panels. Some basic questions, still unanswered, are these:

 * What scene, or scenes, are depicted in the panels?
 * Who are the sixty persons portrayed?
 * What symbolism is expressed in the panels?
 * Who commissioned these panels to be painted?

The majority of experts who have studied this polyptych agree that the panels display several social groups of 15th-century Portugal. They also agree that the children of King John I are represented on these panels, but there is disagreement about their placement and identity.

Panel of the Prince: alternative hypothesis

One of the more controversial issues concerning the panels is the depiction of Prince Henry the Navigator. At first glance, the appearance of the man in black in the third panel is quite compatible with traditional conceptions of Prince Henry's likeness: a man with a light moustache and distinctive black round chaperon such as can be found in numerous representations today. However, there are strong reasons to doubt that this is him.

The most basic problem in identifying the man-in-the-chaperon in the Saint Vincent Panels derives from the lack of confirmed portraits of Prince Henry that date from his lifetime. The only other 15th-century image of the man-in-the-chaperon is found in the frontispiece of a copy (currently held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France) of Gomes Eanes de Zurara's Crónicas dos Feitos de Guiné, written in 1453. Zurara's book is an account of the early Portuguese discoveries in Africa along with a hagiography of Prince Henry, to whom the author assigned singular credit for the discoveries. As a result, it has been assumed that the frontispiece depicts Henry, especially since the motto underneath it seems to have been Henry's own. One alternative hypothesis postulates that the man-in-the-chaperon in Zurara's book might actually be King Edward of Portugal (r. 1431-38), Prince Henry's brother. It has been pointed out that critical phases of the discoveries were launched during his reign, and it would not be unusual for a portrait of a king to adorn a chronicle of events that occurred during his reign.

This alternative hypothesis can be used to help clarify the identity of the figures surrounding St. Vincent in the Panel of the Prince. Specifically, it offers an explanation for the symmetrical arrangement of men and women as pairings of kings and queens. In this interpretation, the standing pair would be King Edward (in a black chaperon), standing at the right and balanced on the left by his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aragon. Below them would be their son, King Afonso V of Portugal, kneeling on the right and facing his consort, Queen Isabella of Coimbra, who is kneeling on the left. The boy in the panel would then be Edward's heir, the future King John II of Portugal.

This alternative hypothesis seems more logical than the original hypothesis that insists on identifying the man-in-the-chaperon as Prince Henry. Since Henry was a bachelor, it is not obvious what woman would be suitable to pair with him as the standing figure on the left. His closest female relatives were his mother Philippa and sister, Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy, both of whom would be more properly paired with their husbands. Moreover, Isabella did not live in Portugal after 1430, thus her lack of involvement with Portuguese society at the time the panel was painted would probably disqualify her from inclusion. If the uncle of a king were to be incorporated in the panel, it would more properly be Peter, Duke of Coimbra, who was once the regent of Afonso V and the father of his bride.

Another interpretation of the figures includes Henry in the panel, but proposes Edward as the kneeling king and Afonso V as the boy. Regardless, all traditional means of explaining Henry's presence in the panel strike one as forced, formulated simply to accommodate a preconceived notion that Henry must be the man-in-the-chaperon. Since Edward was the brother of Henry, it is perfectly possible that he bore a close enough resemblance to Henry that the traditional identification in the Zurara book is perfectly correct, and that Edward's appearance in the panel is only coincidentally similar to what is depicted for Henry in the Zurara book.

The alternative hypothesis with King Edward as the man-in-the-chaperon is more logical; pairs of kings and queens are all that are featured in the panel, with no intrusion from other family members, except for the minor son of one of the royal pairs. Other relatives are featured in a panel of their own (see below). In consideration of this, the Panel of the Prince perhaps ought to be called the Panel of Kings instead, with the king intended to be featured most prominently apparently Afonso V, who was the reigning king of Portugal throughout the floruit of Nuno Gonçalves, thus the most likely candidate as patron for the preparation of the panels.

Panel of the Knights: alternative hypothesis

Hypotheses that assert Henry the Navigator is not the man-in-the-chaperon identify him in another panel: the fifth panel known as the "Panel of the Knights". This alternative interpretation posits that the four knights featured in the panel are the four younger brothers of King Edward of Portugal, as follows:
 * On the right is Peter, Duke of Coimbra, who was prince regent during the minority of Afonso V; he is wearing a belt of the Order of the Garter.
 * On the left is John of Reguengos, Constable of Portugal, in the red color and blade-holding pose typical of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, of which he was the master.
 * On top, helmeted and bearded in black, is Ferdinand the Holy Prince, who died after spending many years as a hostage in a Moroccan prison. His beard, long hair and emaciated face may reflect his long captivity.  It is possible that the reflection on his helmet is intended to represent the end of a Moorish prison window or (in conjunction with his beard), a Cross fleury, the badge of the Order of Aviz, of which he was the master.
 * Below, kneeling in purple, is Prince Henry the Navigator, master of the Order of Christ, with what seems like that order's cross pendant on his neck and a loose belt of the Order of the Garter. The face of this grey-haired Henry is very different from traditional portrayals.

There has also been much discussion around the possible political significances of this panel. It seems, in particular, that by the poses, this panel aims to humiliate Henry the Navigator, possibly for allying himself with Afonso of Braganza against his full brother Peter, Duke of Coimbra, in the Battle of Alfarrobeira in 1449. These features of the portrait have been noted:
 * Henry is on his knees, seemingly begging for forgiveness, while Peter and John seem to "stand guard" over him.
 * The pendant Order of Christ cross around Henry's neck is broken.
 * Henry's garter belt is untied and disheveled, whereas Peter's is worn properly.
 * The pommel of Henry's sword is twisted, dull and draped in black thread, whereas Peter and John's swords are shiny, laced with gold and silver threads.
 * Henry's head is penitently uncovered, whereas Peter and John wear the caps of nobles.
 * Peter and John are wearing white gloves, perhaps to denote guilt-free "clean hands", whereas Henry is ungloved.
 * Henry seems to gaze straight across to another panel, as if he were asking forgiveness from the royal dynasty he had "wronged", whereas Peter and John look at the spectators.

It is worth remarking that the colors chosen for the princes seem to match the liturgical colors of the Roman rite—black (Ferdinand) for mourning of the dead, green (Peter) for ordinary, red (John) for passion and sacrifice and purple (Henry) for penance and mortification.

If this interpretation is valid, then the polyptych of St. Vincent may very well have been conceived by Nuno Gonçalves as a piece of anti-Braganza political propaganda, one possible reason it might have remained hidden for years. It would also set up a terminus post quem for the creation of the panels; they would have to have been painted after 1449 (the date of the Battle of Alfarrobeira). That would tend to support the traditional belief that they date from the 1450s (when passions left over from that conflict would still have been fresh), however if the boy depicted in the Panel of the Prince can be identified as the future King John II (b. 1455), his height and appearance would certainly indicate a child older than five years' old, thus a date in the 1460s would be more likely.

title: Saint Vincent Panels


text:
Amiodarone

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent a number of types of cardiac dysrhythmias. This includes ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and wide complex tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Evidence in cardiac arrest, however, is poor. It can be given by mouth, intravenously, or intraosseously. When used by mouth, it can take a few weeks for effects to begin.

Common side effects include feeling tired, tremor, nausea, and constipation. As amiodarone can have serious side effects, it is mainly recommended only for significant ventricular arrhythmias. Serious side effects include lung toxicity such as interstitial pneumonitis, liver problems, heart arrhythmias, vision problems, thyroid problems, and death. If taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding it can cause problems in the fetus or the infant. It is a class III antiarrhythmic medication. It works partly by increasing the time before a heart cell can contract again.

Amiodarone was first made in 1961 and came into medical use in 1962 for chest pain believed to be related to the heart. It was pulled from the market in 1967 due to side effects. In 1974 it was found to be useful for arrhythmias and reintroduced. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 235th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Amiodarone has been used both in the treatment of acute life-threatening arrhythmias as well as the long-term suppression of arrhythmias. Amiodarone is commonly used to treat different types of abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial arrhythmias (supraventricular arrhythmias) and ventricular arrhythmias.

Atrial arrhythmias and supraventricular arrhythmias are terms often used interchangeably to refer to abnormal heart rhythms originating from the upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. These types of arrhythmias include conditions such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. They are collectively referred to as supraventricular or atrial arrhythmias because they occur above (supra) the ventricles in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

Ventricular arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that originate in the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. These arrhythmias can be potentially life-threatening and may disrupt the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

Amiodarone can be effective in treating conditions like ventricular fibrillation (a rapid and irregular heartbeat), ventricular tachycardia (fast heartbeat originating from the lower chambers), and cardiac arrest due to shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation.

In cases where a patient is experiencing shock-resistant ventricular arrhythmias including stable ventricular tachycardia or unstable ventricular fibrillation, amiodarone may be used. A recent study suggested that another antiarrhythmic, procainamide, may be more effective in stopping ventricular tachycardia – with less side effects and a higher survival rate in patients requiring multiple shocks. However, due to a small sample size and lack of statistical significance, more evidence is required, and amiodarone remains the drug of choice in ventricular arrythmias.

Amiodarone is also commonly used as the first-line therapy for patients who receive shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators caused by ventricular arrhythmias. Combining amiodarone with beta-blockers has been shown to reduce the likelihood of experiencing appropriate shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Cardiac arrest
Defibrillation is the treatment of choice for ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia resulting in cardiac arrest. While amiodarone has been used in shock-refractory cases, evidence of benefit is poor. Although amiodarone does not appear to improve survival in those who had a cardiac arrest in-hospital, some studies suggested that early administration of amiodarone was associated with better survival and positive outcomes for people who had a cardiac arrest out-of-hospital.

Ventricular tachycardia
Amiodarone may be used in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in certain instances. Individuals with hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia should not initially receive amiodarone. These individuals should be cardioverted.

Amiodarone can be used in individuals with hemodynamically stable ventricular tachycardia. In these cases, amiodarone can be used regardless of the individual's underlying heart function and the type of ventricular tachycardia; it can be used in individuals with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, but is contraindicated in individuals with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia as it is associated with a prolonged QT interval which will be made worse with anti-arrhythmic drugs.

Atrial fibrillation
Individuals who have undergone open heart surgery are at an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (or AF) in the first few days post-procedure. In the ARCH trial, intravenous amiodarone (2 g administered over 2 d) has been shown to reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery when compared to placebo. However, clinical studies have failed to demonstrate long-term efficacy and have shown potentially fatal side effects such as pulmonary toxicities. While amiodarone is not approved for AF by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it is a commonly prescribed off-label treatment due to the lack of equally effective treatment alternatives.

So-called 'acute onset atrial fibrillation', defined by the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) in 2003, responds well to short-duration treatment with amiodarone. This has been demonstrated in seventeen randomized controlled trials, of which five included a placebo arm. The incidence of severe side effects in this group is low.

Amiodarone is an effective, antiarrhythmic-of-choice in achieving cardioversion to sinus rhythm in critical care populations with new onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF). However, other anti-arrhythmic agents may exert superior rhythm control, rate control and lower mortality rate which may be more favourable than amiodarone in specific cases.

Contraindications
Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant are strongly advised not to take amiodarone. Since amiodarone can be expressed in breast milk, women taking the drug are advised to stop nursing.

It is contraindicated in individuals with sinus nodal bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and second or third-degree heart block who do not have an artificial pacemaker.

Individuals with baseline depressed lung function should be monitored closely if amiodarone therapy is to be initiated.

Formulations of amiodarone that contain benzyl alcohol should not be given to neonates, because the benzyl alcohol may cause the potentially fatal "gasping syndrome".

Amiodarone can worsen the cardiac arrhythmia brought on by digitalis toxicity.

Contraindications of amiodarone also include:
 * hypersensitivity to amiodarone or any of its components;
 * severe hepatic impairment;
 * sinus node dysfunction, including severe sinus bradycardia or sinoatrial block, since amiodarone can cause significant bradycardia and sinus nodal arrest;
 * second- or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, due to its negative chronotropic (affecting the heart rate) and dromotropic (affecting the conductivity) effects on the AV conduction system, unless a pacemaker is implanted;
 * thyrotoxicosis that cannot be controlled by conventional means, such as Graves' disease.

There are no specific guidelines for endurance or high-intensity exercise while taking amiodarone. However, since amiodarone may cause bradycardia and QTc prolongation which can affect exercise capacity and increase the risk of arrhythmias during intense exercise, it would generally be advisable for patients taking this medication to consult their healthcare provider before engaging in high-intensity physical activities such as strenuous endurance exercises.

Side effects
At oral doses of 400 mg per day or higher, amiodarone can have serious, varied side effects, including toxicity to the thyroid gland, liver, lung, and retinal functions, requiring clinical surveillance and regular laboratory testing. Allergic reactions to amiodarone may occur. Most individuals administered amiodarone on a chronic basis will experience at least one side effect. In some people, daily use of amiodarone at 100 mg oral doses can be effective for arrhythmia control with no or minimal side effects.

Some common side effects include:
 * nausea and vomiting;
 * taste disturbances (changes in taste perception, often described as a metallic or bitter taste in the mouth);
 * photosensitivity of the skin, also known as photodermatitis, where exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation may lead to skin reactions such as rashes or sunburn-like symptoms;
 * corneal microdeposits (deposits may accumulate on the cornea over time, resulting in blurred vision or visual halosbright circles or rings around a light source, such as headlights; still, these corneal deposits typically do not affect vision significantly);
 * thyroid dysfunction (in approximately 15-20% of patients, amiodarone treatment results in thyroid dysfunction, either amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism or amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis; the drug can lead to both hypo- and hyperthyroidism);
 * pulmonary toxicity   (lung problems such as pulmonary fibrosis or interstitial lung disease may occur rarely but have the potential for serious consequences if left untreated);
 * liver abnormalities (liver damage, including elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT) and hepatotoxicity, although severe cases are rare);
 * bradycardia and heart block (since it slows down heart rate by affecting the sinus node function and AV conduction system, it can increase the risk of heart block);
 * QT Interval prolongation.

Amiodarone can potentially cause renal toxicity, but solid studies on whether amiodarone may be toxic to the kidneys are lacking.

Lung
Side effects of oral amiodarone at doses of 400 mg or higher include various pulmonary effects. The most serious reaction is interstitial lung disease. Risk factors include high cumulative dose, more than 400 milligrams per day, duration over two months, increased age, and preexisting pulmonary disease. Some individuals were noted to develop pulmonary fibrosis after a week of treatment, while others did not develop it after years of continuous use. Common practice is to avoid the agent if possible in individuals with decreased lung function.

The most specific test of pulmonary toxicity due to amiodarone is a dramatically decreased DLCO noted on pulmonary function testing.

Thyroid
Induced abnormalities in thyroid function are common. In approximately 15-20% of patients, amiodarone treatment results in thyroid dysfunction, either amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism or amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Both under- and overactivity of the thyroid may occur.

Amiodarone is structurally similar to thyroxine and also contains iodine. Both of these factors contribute to the effects of amiodarone on thyroid function. Amiodarone also causes an anti-thyroid action, via Plummer and Wolff–Chaikoff effects, due its large amount of iodine in its molecule, which causes a particular "cardiac hypothyroidism" with bradycardia and arrhythmia.

Thyroid function should be checked at least every six months.
 * Hypothyroidism (slowing of the thyroid) occurs frequently; in the SAFE trial, which compared amiodarone with other medications for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, biochemical hypothyroidism (as defined by a TSH level of 4.5–10 mU/L) occurred in 25.8% of the amiodarone-treated group as opposed to 6.6% of the control group (taking placebo or sotalol). Overt hypothyroidism (defined as TSH >10 mU/L) occurred at 5.0% compared to 0.3%; most of these (>90%) were detected within the first six months of amiodarone treatment.
 * Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT), can be caused due to the high iodine content in the drug via the Jod-Basedow effect. This is known as Type 1 AIT, and usually occurs in patients with an underlying predisposition to hyperthyroidism such as Graves' disease, within weeks to months after starting amiodarone. Type 1 AIT is usually treated with anti-thyroid drugs or thyroidectomy. Type 2 AIT is caused by a destructive thyroiditis due to a direct toxic effect of amiodarone on thyroid follicular epithelial cells. Type 2 AIT can occur even years after starting amiodarone, is usually self-limited and responds to anti-inflammatory treatment such as corticosteroids. In practice, often the type of AIT is undetermined or presumed as mixed with both treatments combined. Thyroid uptake measurements (I-123 or I-131), which are used to differentiate causes of hyperthyroidism, are generally unreliable in patients who have been taking amiodarone. Because of the high iodine content of amiodarone, the thyroid gland is effectively saturated, thus preventing further uptake of isotopes of iodine. However, positive radioactive iodine can be used to rule in type 1AIT.

Eye
Corneal micro-deposits (cornea verticillata, also called vortex or whorl keratopathy) are almost universally present (over 90%) in individuals taking amiodarone longer than 6 months, especially doses greater than 400 mg/day. These deposits typically do not cause any symptoms. About 1 in 10 individuals may complain of a bluish halo. Anterior subcapsular lens deposits are relatively common (50%) in higher doses (greater than 600 mg/day) after 6 months of treatment. Optic neuropathy, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (N-AION), occurs in 1–2% of people and is not dosage dependent. Bilateral optic disc swelling and mild and reversible visual field defects can also occur.

Loss of eyelashes has been linked to amiodarone use.

Liver
Abnormal liver enzyme results are common in people taking amiodarone. Much rarer are jaundice, hepatomegaly (liver enlargement), and hepatitis (inflammation of the liver).

In clinical observations, it has been noted that the administration of amiodarone, even at lower therapeutic doses, has been associated with the development of a condition mimicking alcoholic cirrhosis. This condition, often referred to as pseudo-alcoholic cirrhosis, presents with similar histopathological features to those observed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. However, this extreme adverse event manifestation—pseudo-alcoholic cirrhosis caused by low dose amiodarone—is very rare.

Skin
Long-term administration of amiodarone (usually more than eighteen months) is associated with a light-sensitive blue-grey discoloration of the skin, sometimes called ceruloderma; such patients should avoid exposure to the sun and use sunscreen that protects against ultraviolet-A and -B. The discoloration will slowly improve upon cessation of the medication, however, the skin color may not return completely.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Use during pregnancy may result in a number of problems in the infant including thyroid problems, heart problems, neurological problems, and preterm birth. Use during breastfeeding is generally not recommended though one dose may be okay.

Other
Long-term use of amiodarone has been associated with peripheral neuropathies.

Amiodarone is sometimes responsible for epididymitis. Amiodarone accumulates in the head of the organ and can cause unilateral or bilateral inflammation. It tends to resolve if amiodarone is stopped.

Some cases of gynecomastia have been reported in men on amiodarone.

A retrospective cohort study found an increased risk of digestive, liver, head and neck and liver cancers amongst male patients exposed to amiodarone versus female participants in the same study and the general population. This study also identified that the Standardized Incidence Ratio of cancer occurrence increased significantly in males aged 20-59 and >80 years old who were exposed to a higher dose of Amiodarone in comparison to those exposed to a lower dose. This suggests that there is a dose-effect relationship. These results should be interpreted with caution due to limitations of the study design and care should be taken prior to altering current clinical and prescribing practices. Amiodarone and its effect on cancer is still a topic that requires more robust research.

Drug-drug interactions
The pharmacokinetics of numerous drugs, including many that are commonly administered to individuals with heart disease, are affected by amiodarone.

Amiodarone has particularly important interactions with the following drugs:
 * class I antiarrhythmics (amiodarone should not be combined with other class I antiarrhythmic drugs, such as disopyramide, flecainide, procainamide, quinidine, etc., due to an increased risk of QTc prolongation and potential arrhythmias);
 * beta blockers and calcium channel blockers (combining amiodarone with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers, such as sotalol, can further slow down heart rate and cause bradycardia or heart block);
 * digoxin (amiodarone inhibits a protein called P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which transports digoxin out of cells in the gut, liver, and kidneys, therefore, concurrent use of these medications increases digoxin levels in the body, potentially leading to digoxin toxicity)
 * statins (amiodarone can inhibit enzymes in the liver responsible for metabolizing certain statins, such as simvastatin, atorvastatin, etc., therefore interaction elevates plasma concentrations of these statins, increasing the risk of myopathy, that is muscle damage, or rhabdomyolysis, that is severe muscle breakdown);
 * warfarin (since the anticoagulation effects of warfarin depend on metabolism of warfarin by both cytochromes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, coadministation leads to rise in international normalized ratio (INR)—the amount of time taken for the blood to form a clot—placing patient at higher bleeding risks); Amiodarone potentiates the action of warfarin by inhibiting the clearance of both (S) and (R) warfarin. Individuals taking both of these medications should have their warfarin doses adjusted based on their dosing of amiodarone and have their anticoagulation status (measured as prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR)) measured more frequently. Dose reduction of warfarin is as follows: 40% reduction if the amiodarone dose is $400 mg$ daily, 35% reduction if the amiodarone dose is $300 mg$;mg daily, 30% reduction if the amiodarone dose is $200 mg$ daily, and 25% reduction if amiodarone dose is $100 mg$ daily. The effect of amiodarone on the warfarin concentrations can be as early as a few days after initiation of treatment; however, the interaction may not peak for up to seven weeks;
 * anti-HIV medications (several HIV medications, such as ritonavir, indinavir, etc., interact with amiodarone by inhibiting CYP3A4 enzyme hence leading to decreased clearance of amiodarone, i.e., increasing the concentration of amiodarone in the organism).

Amiodarone inhibits the action of the cytochrome P450 isozyme family; such inhibition reduces the clearance of many drugs, including the following:
 * ciclosporin,
 * digoxin,
 * flecainide,
 * procainamide,
 * quinidine,
 * sildenafil,
 * simvastatin,
 * theophylline,
 * warfarin.

In 2015, Gilead Sciences warned healthcare providers about people who began taking the hepatitis C drugs ledipasvir/sofosbuvir or sofosbuvir along with amiodarone, who developed abnormally slow heartbeats or died of cardiac arrest.

Metabolism
Amiodarone is extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4, a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes, therefore, amiodarone and can affect the metabolism of numerous other drugs that depend on cytochrome P450, such as digoxin, phenytoin, warfarin, etc.

The major metabolite of amiodarone is desethylamiodarone (DEA), which also has antiarrhythmic properties.

The metabolism of amiodarone is inhibited by grapefruit juice, leading to elevated serum levels of amiodarone.

On 8 August 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning of the risk of rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to kidney failure or death, when simvastatin is used with amiodarone. This interaction is dose-dependent with simvastatin doses exceeding 20 mg. This drug combination, especially with higher doses of simvastatin, should be avoided. Amiodarone is extensively metabolized in the liver. The primary metabolic pathway of amiodarone is by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. The metabolism of amiodaron can be characterized by two phases:
 * phase I metabolism, when amiodarone undergoes oxidative processes mainly mediated by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP2C8; these reactions result in the formation of several active metabolites, including desethylamiodarone (DEA) and di-desethylamiodarone (DDEA); DEA is the most abundant metabolite and exhibits similar pharmacological effects as amiodarone;
 * phase II metabolism, when both amiodarone and its major metabolite DEA can undergo conjugation reactions with glucuronic acid;t his process increases water solubility of these compounds for their efficient elimination from the body.

Amiodarone has an exceptionally long half-life due to a combination of several factors:
 * high lipid solubility, given that amiodarone has high lipid solubility, which allows it to distribute throughout various tissues in the body rapidly; the extensive tissue distribution of amiodarone contributes to a large volume of distribution that leads to slow clearance from plasma compartments;
 * extensive tissue binding, so that amiodarone extensively binds to different tissues, including fat deposits, muscles, heart tissue, and other organs; this binding creates reservoirs where drug release can occur slowly over time, resulting in an extended duration of action even after stopping the therapy;
 * enterohepatic recycling, meaning that amiodarone undergoes enterohepatic recycling, where it is reabsorbed from the intestines after being excreted into bile, which contributes to its prolonged presence.

Excretion
Excretion is primarily via the liver and the bile duct with almost no elimination via the kidney and it is not dialyzable. Elimination half-life average of 58 days (ranging from 25 to 100 days [Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st edition]) for amiodarone and 36 days for the active metabolite, desethylamiodarone (DEA). There is 10-50% transfer of amiodarone and DEA in the placenta as well as a presence in breast milk. Accumulation of amiodarone and DEA occurs in adipose tissue and highly perfused organs (i.e. liver, lungs), therefore, if an individual was taking amiodarone on a chronic basis if it is stopped it will remain in the system for weeks to months.

Whereas amiodarone is primarily eliminated from the body through hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion, a very small portion of amiodarone and its metabolites are excreted unchanged in urine or feces.

The liver plays a significant role in the elimination of amiodarone. After being extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2C8, amiodarone is transported into bile via multidrug-resistant protein 2 (MRP2) transporter. Bile containing amiodarone and its metabolites is then released into the gastrointestinal tract.

Some of these compounds can be reabsorbed back into systemic circulation through enterohepatic recirculation, where they may undergo additional rounds of metabolism before eventually being excreted again into bile.

Although renal excretion contributes only minimally to the elimination of amiodarone, dose adjustment based on kidney function is generally not necessary. This is because most patients with normal renal function can adequately clear the drug through hepatic metabolism and biliary elimination pathways.

Pharmacology
Amiodarone is categorized as a class III antiarrhythmic agent, and prolongs phase 3 of the cardiac action potential, the repolarization phase where there is normally decreased calcium permeability and increased potassium permeability. It has numerous other effects, however, including actions that are similar to those of antiarrhythmic classes Ia, II, and IV.

Amiodarone is a blocker of voltage gated potassium (KCNH2) and voltage gated calcium channels (CACNA2D2).

Amiodarone slows the conduction rate and prolongs the refractory period of the SA and AV nodes. It also prolongs the refractory periods of the ventricles, bundles of His, and the Purkinje fibers without exhibiting any effects on the conduction rate. Amiodarone has been shown to prolong the myocardial cell action potential duration and refractory period and is a non-competitive β-adrenergic inhibitor.

It also shows beta blocker-like and calcium channel blocker-like actions on the SA and AV nodes, increases the refractory period via sodium- and potassium-channel effects, and slows intra-cardiac conduction of the cardiac action potential, via sodium-channel effects. It is suggested that amiodarone may also exacerbate the phenotype associated with Long QT-3 syndrome causing mutations such as ∆KPQ. This effect is due to a combination of blocking the peak sodium current, but also contributing to an increased persistent sodium current.

Amiodarone chemically resembles thyroxine (thyroid hormone), and its binding to the nuclear thyroid receptor might contribute to some of its pharmacologic and toxic actions. The mechanisms of action of amiodarone include blocking potassium ion channels (prolonging repolarization), blocking sodium ion channels, and antagonizing alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. The action of amiodarone can be characterized by the following effects:
 * potassium channel blockade, since amiodarone blocks potassium channels involved in cardiac repolarization during phase 3 of the action potential, so that this blockade prolongs the duration of cardiac action potentials, resulting in an increased refractory period and decreased excitability;
 * sodium channel blockade, characterized by inhibiting sodium ion influx through voltage-gated sodium channels, so that amiodarone reduces the conduction velocity of electrical impulses in cardiac tissue that leads to a slowed heart rate and improved rhythm control;
 * calcium channel blockade, by inhibiting L-type calcium channels in myocardial cells, decreasing intracellular calcium concentration during ventricular contraction;
 * noncompetitive adrenergic receptor antagonism, meaning that amiodarone has both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonistic effects, which help reduce sympathetic stimulation on the heart.

History
The original observation that amiodarone's progenitor molecule, khellin, had cardioactive properties, was made by the Russian physiologist Gleb von Anrep while working in Cairo in 1946. Khellin is obtained from a plant extract of Khella or Ammi visnaga, a common plant in north Africa. Anrep noticed that one of his technicians had been cured of anginal symptoms after taking khellin, then used for various, non-cardiac ailments. This led to efforts by European pharmaceutical industries to isolate an active compound. Amiodarone was initially developed in 1961 at the Labaz company, Belgium, by chemists Tondeur and Binon, who were working on preparations derived from khellin. It became popular in Europe as a treatment for angina pectoris.

As a doctoral candidate at Oxford University, Bramah Singh determined that amiodarone and sotalol had antiarrhythmic properties and belonged to a new class of antiarrhythmic agents (what would become the class III antiarrhythmic agents). Today the mechanisms of action of amiodarone and sotalol have been investigated in more detail. Both drugs have been demonstrated to prolong the duration of the action potential, prolonging the refractory period, by interacting among other cellular functions with K+ channels.

Based on Singh's work, the Argentinian physician Mauricio Rosenbaum began using amiodarone to treat his patients who have supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, with impressive results. Based on papers written by Rosenbaum developing Singh's theories, physicians in the United States began prescribing amiodarone to their patients with potentially life-threatening arrhythmias in the late 1970s.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was reluctant to officially approve the use of amiodarone since initial reports had shown an increased incidence of serious pulmonary side effects of the drug. In the mid-1980s, the European pharmaceutical companies began putting pressure on the FDA to approve amiodarone by threatening to cut the supply to American physicians if it was not approved. In December 1985, amiodarone was approved by the FDA for the treatment of arrhythmias.

Name
Amiodarone may be an acronym for its IUPAC name (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)-[4-[2-(diethyl am ino)ethoxy]-3,5-di iod o phen yl]methan one , where  ar  is a placeholder for phenyl. This is partially supported by dronedarone which is noniodinated benzofuran derivative of amiodarone, where the ar ylmethan one  is conserved.

Dosing
Amiodarone is available in oral and intravenous formulations.

Orally, it is available under the brand names Pacerone (produced by Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc.) and Cordarone (produced by Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories). It is also available under the brand name Aratac (produced by Alphapharm Pty Ltd) in Australia and New Zealand, and further in Australia under the brands Cardinorm and Rithmik as well as a number of generic brands. Also Arycor in South Africa (Produced by Winthrop Pharmaceuticals.). In South America, it is known as Atlansil and is produced by Roemmers.

In India, amiodarone is marketed (produced by Cipla Pharmaceutical) under the brand name Tachyra. It is also available in intravenous ampules and vials.

The dose of amiodarone administered is tailored to the individual and the dysrhythmia that is being treated. When administered orally, the bioavailability of amiodarone is quite variable. Absorption ranges from 22 to 95%, with better absorption when it is given with food.

title: Amiodarone


text:
SBA

SBA may refer to:

Computing

 * Search-based application
 * Space-based architecture
 * Simple Bus Architecture, an architecture for the SoC implementation based in VHDL
 * sba, sparse bundle adjustment software

Healthcare

 * Skilled birth attendant, a health care practitioner in childbirth care

Organizations and institutions

 * SBA Communications, communications structures company in America
 * Sergeants Benevolent Association of NYPD
 * Singapore Badminton Association
 * Small Business Administration
 * Sport Boys Association, a Peruvian football (soccer) club
 * Saint Benedict at Auburndale, a Catholic school in Cordova, Tennessee
 * State Board of Administration of Florida
 * Student bar association
 * Steam Boat Association of Great Britain

Transportation

 * Brewster SBA, naval attack aircraft
 * SBA Airlines
 * Santa Barbara Airport, FAA airport identifier code SBA
 * Santa Barbara station, Amtrak station code SBA

Other uses

 * SAFE Banking Act
 * Susan B. Anthony, American political activist
 * School-based assessment, component of Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education
 * Short backfire antenna
 * Simulation Based Acquisition
 * Single Best Answer, style of examination questions typically used in medical education
 * Small Business Act for Europe
 * Sovereign Base Areas
 * Soybean agglutinin, a soybean lectin antinutrient
 * Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961, a U.S. federal law
 * Structure-based assignment
 * Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the "Clean India Mission" which began in 2014

title: SBA