text:
Talk:Boredom

Does this statement make sense?
In positive psychology, anxiety is described as a response to a moderate challenge for which the subject has more than enough skill.[3] I feel as if the sentence intended to have the word boredom in place of anxiety. 146.145.46.34 (talk) 16:27, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Ennui and Boredom are not synonomous
Ennui is not just boredom. Ennui is a malaise that's created by a sense of meaninglessness in the world; someone is said to suffer from Ennui if they question the use of any action in the world. The typical statement too. You can be bored and not be suffering from ennui. Boredom by itself may mean simply not having anything to do, or being tired of the available options. Ennui suggests a larger existential crisis. Freddie deBoer 18:57, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Fully agree. Boredom is to temporary depression (feeling "blue" for an hour or a day) as Ennui is to long-term/clinical depression. The two are not synonymous. I'm changing it.

 * Changed redirect for Ennui (to boredom) and wrote a "new" article; added etymology and explained the difference between the two. Stoa 00:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The picture adds nothing to the article, so I've removed it. It simply looks like a sleeping girl in a photo studio. And the caption was simply bizarre - "modern" children?? Palefire 15:38, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

I am currently writing a paper on boredom. I agree that boredom is a very important philosophical topic especially since much of normal lives consists of periods of time marked by inactivity (where inactivity is defined as moments that we do not take distinct note of). This article does go some analysis of the concept of boredom but i believe there is a whole lot more that can be expanded upon in this article. So much of our culture in this generation and the last has resulted from the sheer lack of stimuli. You might even be able to go so far as to say that all of our life we are trying to avert boredom by finding activities, causes, hobbies etc. that allow us to consume me because I’m Katy perry and I cheat on all my boyfriends in what otherwise be a quite mundane and primitive existence. I figure I might as well contribute at some point as well if I have the time and research opportunity.

 * In French "ennui" means exactly "boredom". However, "ennui" has another meaning. It describes problems one may experience in life: "ennuis de santé"="medical problems", "ennuis financiers"="financial problems", etc... Usually, "ennui" refers to problems that are not too important. The verb "ennuyer" means "to annoy". So, "tu m'ennuies" means either "you annoy me" or "you bore me". I think the etymology is the same as that "noxious" (="nuisible" in French). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.72.92.4 (talk) 21:46, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Ennui is not the same as boredom, though their meanings are similar. Ennui deserves its own article if you ask me. I think it is usually implies a more severe condition than boredom.

"From the Old French verb a noun meaning "worry, boredom" was derived, which became ennui in modern French."

"Definition of ennui noun [mass noun] a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from a lack of occupation or excitement: 'he succumbed to ennui and despair' "

Mal du siècle and Boredom are not synonymous
I'm unsure why it has been proposed that mal du siècle and boredom be merged. Mal du siècle is quite specific, historically and nationally speaking, in terms of literaure and culture. It was a major theme of the Romantic movement in literature, particularly in France and England. Perhaps it was because the mal du siècle page needed significant updating; it should no longer fall into the scope of only Psychology (if it should fall into that scope at all!). --ponyboy (talk) 19:03, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Does this sentence make sense to anyone else?
It says "Those afflicted with temporary boredom may regard the affliction as a waste of time, but usually characterize boredom as far worse." Is it just me or does that sentence say that boredom is bad but boredom is worse?

This makes no sense to me so I deleted it. I think a lot of the stuff was nonsense or was actually not true once I deciphered it. Cazort 00:15, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Longview?
The song Longview by Green Day isn't about boredom, it's about masturbation.

It's about masturbation and drug use(I think) because of boredom. ;) Tigger89 03:27, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure boredom is mentioned in the song as the cause of all this JordanZed 14:45, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

its about boredom...and what you do when your bored.. =]

Billy clearly stated that its about "boredom, masturbation, and smoking dope" acording to the Wiki page of the song

Causes
boredom stinks I kind of like this article, but I feel that it rambles. Hence, I created the "causes" section. I think a lot of other stuff could be put into this section...made into a more coherent discussion instead of just a rambling narrative? But I don't want to be quick to butcher up everyone else's contributions...

I feel like this article is already shifting...it seems to be started as a goofy, fun article. But it's not really--boredom is a serious issue, and people have actually studied it! It's a symptom of some of the deep underlying problems in American society! Let's develop this! Cazort 00:17, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Boredom has recently led to the death of a young female in the University of Flinders. She had no medical conditions, besides wrinkly left fingertips. This could only mean that the death of rachele could have been either due to boredom or her fingertips looking weird. Not even the peeling of her fingertips were interesting enough to keep her alive. Witnesses say she was very sad to have spent her last moments of her life at a table with a bunch of very boring people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.96.85.219 (talk) 03:11, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

Wow..
This page is vandalized like.. 2 times a day.. amazing.. My question is: every other page on wikia gets protection for repeated vandalism..why isnt this article protected? because people are too bored to protect it? probably. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Big texas lump (talk • contribs) 02:42, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Because you would think we'd find the CURE here. *Reads wikipedia boredom* Zzzzzzzz... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.192.94.145 (talk) 02:57, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

So many puns,,,anyway, I think its been vandalized so many times because a person would search "boredom" and find this article, therefore its an easy target.--97.116.74.119 (talk) 03:05, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

"Boredom" Cures Boredom!
So, this is the most interesting article. Really! I was one of those people who searched "bored" out of sheer boredom. Both the article, and the talk page cured me of my affliction. Thanks to the editors! Now, onto that term paper... Yea, and the picture needs to be moved down a bit; it's covering some of the text. --DarshaAssant that link falls within the bounds of the external links policy. Cheers. --MZMcBride 19:22, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Kierkegaard on boredom
things, even incoherently, and yet still that does not make me bored. Although "ennui" is related to the word "annoy" they don't mean the same thing. Boredom is more closely related to waiting. As it stands, in any case, the article is incoherent because it has internal disagreement. I am sorry, I don't mean to be rude and attacking, but the other material was there before the inconsistent material was introduced. Cdg1072 22:53, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that boredom is not the same as ennui, even though some misguided soul redirected ennui to boredem. By the way, there is a separate article on Mind-wandering. -- Mattisse 14:52, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Remove advertising "Psychosis Through Boredom" section
This is just advertising for someones indie film and should be removed. 80.0.127.94 18:31, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Scientific American Mind Reference
May consider adding as a reference. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bored--find-something-to-live-for —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.151.114.182 (talk) 03:04, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Jazz music?
Saying 'jazz music has a tendency to induce boredom' seems like nothing more than a poorly veiled attack on the genre. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lpoolboy (talk • contribs) 00:19, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

I agree completely. In fact, jazz music (though i'm not a devoted fan) is something I tend to listen to when bored...SOMEBODY just doesn't like that type of music, but is stating as fact that it's boring?--97.116.74.119 (talk) 03:02, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Boreout
The article Boreout has been marked as orphaned. Could this article provide a link to it to solve that problem? Luiscubal (talk) 18:20, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Nice find! Put in in if you like. Totnesmartin (talk) 19:39, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * OK. Done.Luiscubal (talk) 18:34, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Note regarding Marvin the Paranoid Android
Someone with privs might want to add the quick note -- Marvin was bored *and depressed*. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.101.60.186 (talk) 21:14, 5 May 2009 (UTC) Also a secondary note he is a manically depressed robot, not paranoid, though i think in earlier versions of hitchhikers he was, though Douglas Adams had a bent for changing things everytime he redid the books, from any of their incarnations.

"Portrait of Dorian G"
It may be relevant to add which character states that ennui is a sin that cannot be forgiven, as this can greatly change the meaning of the sentence. I'm familiar with the plot of "Portrait" in general but not with this quote, and I would interpret it differently depending on whether it's stated by Dorian's devilish mentor or by the virtuous painter, as this would say a lot about what Oscar Wilde's intentions and opinions on ennui himself.68.197.217.41 (talk) 20:37, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Note about Religion
God is stated as the "Ultimate Answer" to boredom I'm sorry but thats a personal opinion and completely baseless why is it here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jellinator (talk • contribs) 08:41, 12 May 2009 (UTC) WTF —Preceding unsigned comment added by Davis444 (talk • contribs) 16:44, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

why is this protected?
anyone? 93.86.201.173 (talk) 19:02, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

As Big texas lump commented: "This page is vandalized like.. 2 times a day.. amazing.." Phsyco ant (talk) 14:01, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * hmm, maybe by someone bored? 93.86.201.173 (talk) 14:40, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Inappropriate reference to Yellow Pages
The reference to Boring in the Yellow Pages does not belong here because that's a totally different sense of the word. I propose that the reference be deleted. If there are no objections within the next week I shall delete it. DQweny (talk) 07:42, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I reviewed the Chicago Sun Times article added as a reference here and it supports the humorous/ambiguous use of the word "boring," so I now think it should be left in. DQweny (talk) 00:03, 17 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, and am therefore reverting its recent deletion. – Fayenatic  L ondon 18:40, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Should all wikipedia entries that have homonyms include humorous/ambiguous uses of the word? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.233.80.119 (talk) 14:34, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * No, only those that have independent sources confirming notability – as this one has. – Fayenatic  L ondon 22:32, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

highly religious/biast oppinion
"Boredom also plays a role in existentialist thought. In contexts where one is confined, spatially or otherwise, boredom may be met with various religious activities, not because religion would want to associate itself with tedium, but rather, partly because boredom may be taken as the essential human condition, to which God, wisdom, or morality are the ultimate answers. "

Some christian has put this in the document, as with the rules of wiki, it must be neutral. Boredom has no link to religion, just a lack of stimuli.92.81.167.46 (talk) 15:01, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Religion does relate to boredom, specifically boredom during sermons. 86.184.131.125 (talk) 21:13, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

I was bored so I looked up Boredom on Wikipedia
Reading this article gave me something to do and now I'm not bored anymore. I find the irony quite amusing.

Cheers, Vechs (talk) 03:15, 28 March 2011 (UTC) haha - I did the very same thing Thetiesthatbind (talk) 13:13, 27 March 2013 (UTC) hard relate --Lallint (talk) 14:14, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Claim that Dickens invented the word
http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/ar-dic1.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.169.250.185 (talk) 23:48, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Not according to that article: Dickens used it in 1853 but it had been used in 1841. – Fayenatic  L ondon 22:36, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

Women's Sports redirects to this page
Typing in women's sports in the search redirects to this page guys. Not funny at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Strangeseraph (talk • contribs) 12:38, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Looks like a piece of vandalism from a few hours ago. Thanks for reporting it; I've now restored the original women's sports article. --McGeddon (talk) 12:41, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Persons mentioned in Psychology section
C. D. Fisher and M. R. Leary are quoted in the Psychology yet the reader has no idea who these people are. Xxavyer (talk) 18:28, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Monty Python
"The 1969 Vocational Guidance Counsellor sketch on Monty Python's Flying Circus established a lasting stereotype of accountants as boring."

I really doubt it. I think the skit exploited an already long-lasting stereotype of accountants as boring. GeneCallahan (talk) 20:02, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

Conflicting history in the article
Up top: "The first recorded use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852." Under Philosophy: "Blaise Pascal in the Pensées discusses the human condition in saying "we seek rest in a struggle against some obstacles. And when we have overcome these, rest proves unbearable because of the boredom it produces." That would beat Dickens to the punch by about 200 years. --Rhododendrites (talk) 12:36, 24 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it's a modern translation of whatever term Pascal used in the original French? Using an earlier translation of the same work would be less confusing, if this is the case. --McGeddon (talk) 12:42, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Types of Boredom
A syndicated radio program made reference to a German scientific study which found a new type of boredom. The radio program mentioned 4 types which were currently known.Is this study worth citing? I have not found it yet. Also, is the concept of the 4 known types of boredom a popular or well established idea? If it is I would have liked to see this when I found the entry for "Boredom."108.56.5.177 (talk) 17:32, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Reasons for boredom
This article should have a section 'Reasons for boredom' and that section should have many subjections listing many different reasons that lots of people would be able to get bored by. It should state that boredom almost always comes from life being too repetitive and list one subsection for each way it could be too repetitive, such as shortscale boredom like being locked in your room and longscale boredom like your work job acting pretty much the same way every day. It should also list another 2 ways it could feel too repetitive, such as what somebody's learning in school being too easy because you repeat seeing somebody else consistently learning and forgetting what they're supposed to learn and seeming repetitive from being too hard because if you're not smart enough to notice a pattern in a changing system, the system seems random and although it's not repetitive, the laws that describe the probability a future outcome will happen a certain way seem repetitive. There should also be a 5th subsection explaning the wierd phenomenom that it sometimes seems like it's possible for somebody for to be bored by being forced to do one thing that's not very repetitive instead of another thing that's extremely repetitive and give an explanation that what's really happening is that they can tolerate one type of repetitiveness more than another type of repetitiveness and that they would make the choice to make their life extremely repetitive in one aspect that they can tolerate in order to avoid a much smaller amount of repetitiveness in another aspect that they can't tolerate. One example of this is a kid who doesn't want to do homework because it's boring and playing with toys is more repetitive but in a different way that they can tolerate but if they had to choose between doing homework for 4 hours or their arms, legs and neck being chained up for 4 hours unable to move with nobody else in the room they're in and what they see not chaning at all for the entire 4 hours, they would choose to do the homework because not a single aspect of being chained up like that is less repetitive than that of doing homework. There should also be one more section discussing whether some people if they lived for ever, after a certian point in time they would be bored regardless of what was going on in their life because for anyone who lives forever, there will come a time when from then on, all 5 minute patches of their life are a duplicate of a 5 minute patch that has already occured earlier in their life. It should also discuss possibe coping stratigies for being bored of life entirely like thinking now that all 5 minute patches of my life are repititions, I will instead pay attention to how the last 10 minutes of my life went which is not a repitition. It should state the sourced information like people's quotes and discussions about the possibility to get bored by life entirely, not the unsorced information of whether it's actually possible to get bored of life entirely. If somebody who originally wanted to live forever changes there mind and then wants to die from being bored of life, the most sensible purpose of doing so is not to get the boredom over faster because it's useless to do it for that reason if doing so doesn't effect how bored they are during the last part of their life which is the most important to be good. The only good reason to change their mind about living for ever would be to avoid themself becoming even more bored than they already are. An additional possible reason to be bored by life entirely could be because once someone's really old, they're so experienced that they ran out of new information to learn that's so useful that it changes how they run their life entirely. Maybe the article could explain that maybe what's really happening is that the really old person thinks that they're bored of life entirely when it's really the impossibility to give them enviornmental factors that always give them more and more complex new experiences for them to learn as they get older but since they haven't been given those environmental factors, they don't realize that such environmental factors would have removed their boredom. I'm using the phrase 'bored of life entirely' to mean that no enviornmental factors with the person living for ever would stop there from coming a time when they're bored all the time from then on with no exception to the environmental factors. Blackbombchu (talk) 04:59, 21 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The subsection about being bored of life entirely I guess is way less necessary than the other 5 I suggested. Blackbombchu (talk) 05:13, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Kierkegaard reference
This sentence would be grammatical and better if the "since" was deleted:

In Kierkegaard's remark in Either/Or, that "patience cannot be depicted" visually, since there is a sense that any immediate moment of life may be fundamentally tedious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.175.151.48 (talk) 01:39, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 July 2014
Please add something to the following wikipedia post on the topic of boredom so it reads:

"that boredom proneness is clearly associated with failures of attention, including ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Sources include the just released book The Elephant in the ADHD Room: Beating Boredom As the Secret to Managing ADHDItalic text by Letitia Sweitzer (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2014) and this article Dodson, W.W. (2002). "The Basics and the Controversies."  www.davidsongifted.org/db/Articles_id_10262.aspx

The original post: Recent research has found that boredom proneness is clearly and consistently associated with failures of attention.[8] Boredom and its proneness are both theoretically and empirically linked to depression and similar symptoms.[9][10][11] Nonetheless, boredom proneness has been found to be as strongly correlated with attentional lapses as with depression.[9]Boredom expert (talk) 16:23, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

Boredom expert (talk) 16:23, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. —Mr. Granger (talk · contribs) 23:47, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

The interdisciplinary academic field "Boredom Studies" should have a section here
This article discusses scholarly treatments of boredom in the disciplines of psychology and philosophy, but in the past decade or so there has been the growth of what the sociologist Michael Gardiner has called "boredom studies" in its own right - an "emerging" interdisciplinary field Gardiner and colleague Julian Jason Haladyn have an edited collection coming out in 2016 that aims to consolidate this field. Other notable contributions include Haladyn's own forthcoming book Boredom and Art, Peter Toohey's Boredom: A Lively History, an edited collection called Essays on Boredom and Modernity by Barbara Dalle Pezze and Carlo Salzani, and Elizabeth Goodstein's landmark Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity. These are all from within the past ten years, but there are others who paved the way a little before these, but long after Kierkegaard and Baudelaire, and even Benjamin and Heidegger, notably, Reinhard Kuhn with The Demon of Noontide: Ennui in Western Literature, Patricia Meyer Spacks with Boredom: The Literary History of a State of Mind, and Michael Raposa with Boredom and the Religious Imagination.

Would a section to this effect be appropriate? Many of these materials treat boredom in art and literature that isn't currently discussed in the article and is important to mention, but probably should be elaborated within other sections. MonstreDélicat (talk) 17:22, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

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Claim of first use in Dickens is incorrect
According to this:. Equinox ◑ 20:06, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 January 2017
69.113.32.150 (talk) (Boredom means you don't have anything to do.)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  05:57, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 February 2017
The following sentence requires a source: "The automobile requires fast reflexes, making its operator busy and hence, perhaps for other reasons as well, making the ride more tedious despite being over sooner." A find-in-text search of the keywords "automobile", "auto", "car", "driving" in the two above cited works by Heidegger (lecture and essay; available on Google Scholar / Google Books) didn't reveal the statement. Perhaps it is in a third, not-cited work by Heidegger?

131.181.158.29 (talk) 23:59, 26 February 2017 (UTC) 131.181.158.29 (talk) 23:59, 26 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — Train2104 (t • c) 19:46, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Edit request
Please replace

with

This adds links to boredom (disambiguation) and bored (disambiguation); and handles the incoming redirect

-- 65.94.169.56 (talk) 05:37, 17 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: I tried to do a more complete job cleaning up the hatnotes. Your proposal would have resulted in 5 hatnotes when the hatnote policy discourages using more than one. I ended up with three, which I suppose is better than five. Thanks. — KuyaBriBri Talk 14:35, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

 * The solution provided is still missing Bored (disambiguation) to handle the incoming redirect . This can be solved with a change to the

changed to

 * -- 65.94.169.56 (talk) 05:55, 18 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  07:35, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 18 November 2017
In the first sentence of Etymology and Terminology, after "The first recorded use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852," replace ref to Oxford Old English Dictionary with citation-needed tag. (A) There is no Oxford Old English Dictionary. (B) The first example in the original Oxford English Dictionary (sorry, no modern edition to hand) is from Bleak House, but that may only indicate the limits of the sources available to the compiler then and doesn't mean that other dictionaries or reference works mention earlier uses. Indeed, a quick bit of online OR throws up one 1835 occurrence which seems almost too casual to be a deliberate first coining. 92.19.24.9 (talk) 16:10, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

 * There are five more examples from before Bleak House here. It might be better to change
 * "The first recorded use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852,[4] in which it appears six times, although the expression to be a bore had been used in print in the sense of "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.[5]"
 * to
 * "The expression to be a bore had been used in print in the sense of "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768 at the latest.[5]" 92.19.24.9 (talk) 16:21, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done The word seems to have been used before Bleak House. Gulumeemee (talk) 06:48, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Boring (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:31, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boredom


text:
Triquetral bone

The triquetral bone (also called triquetrum, pyramidal, three-faced, and formerly cuneiform bone) is located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones. It is on the ulnar side of the hand, but does not directly articulate with the ulna. Instead, it is connected to and articulates with the ulna through the Triangular fibrocartilage disc and ligament, which forms part of the ulnocarpal joint capsule. It connects with the pisiform, hamate, and lunate bones. It is the 2nd most commonly fractured carpal bone.

Structure
The triquetral is one of the eight carpal bones of the hand. It is a three-faced bone found within the proximal row of carpal bones. Situated beneath the pisiform, it is one of the carpal bones that form the carpal arch, within which lies the carpal tunnel.

The triquetral bone may be distinguished by its pyramidal shape, and by an oval isolated facet for articulation with the pisiform bone. It is situated at the upper and ulnar side of the carpus. To facilitate its palpation in an exam, the hand must be radially deviated so that the triquetrium moves out from under the ulnar styloid process. The triquetrum may be difficult to find, since it also lies under the pisiform.

The triquetral bone has nutrient foramina for entering the nutrient vessels into the bone which comes from branches of the radial, ulnar, and interosseous arteries.

Ossification
The triquetral bone ossifies between 9 months and 50 months (4 years and 2 months).

Surfaces
The superior surface presents a medial, rough, non-articular portion, and a lateral convex articular portion which articulates with the triangular articular disk of the wrist.

The inferior surface, directed lateralward, is concave, sinuously curved, and smooth for articulation with the hamate. The dorsal surface is rough for the attachment of ligaments.

The volar surface presents, on its medial part, an oval facet, for articulation with the pisiform; its lateral part is rough for ligamentous attachment.

The lateral surface, the base of the pyramid, is marked by a flat, quadrilateral facet, for articulation with the lunate.

The medial surface, the summit of the pyramid, is pointed and roughened, for the attachment of the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist.

In animals
In reptiles and amphibians, the bone is instead referred to as the ulnare, since (at least in the most primitive fossils) it articulates with the ulna.

Function
The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand.

Fracture
Triquetral fractures can occur due to forceful flexion of the wrist, causing an avulsion of the dorsal aspect of the bone that is often hidden on anterior radiographs, but can be seen as a tiny bone fragment on lateral views.

Etymology
The etymology derives from the Latin triquetrus which means "three-cornered." Therefore, it is sometimes also called the triangular bone or os triangulare. However, os triangulare may also refer to a nearby accessory bone.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Triquetral bone


text:
University of Innsbruck

The University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669.

It is the largest education facility in the Austrian Bundesland of Tirol, and the third largest in Austria behind the University of Vienna and the University of Graz. Significant contributions have been made in many branches, most of all in the physics department. Further, regarding the number of Web of Science-listed publications, it occupies the third rank worldwide in the area of mountain research.

History
In 1562, a Jesuit grammar school was established in Innsbruck by Peter Canisius, today called "Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck". It was financed by the salt mines in Hall in Tirol, and was re-chartered as a university on October 15, 1669, by Leopold I with four faculties. In 1782 this was reduced to a mere lyceum (as were all other universities in the Austrian Empire, apart from Prague, Vienna and Lviv), but it was reestablished as the University of Innsbruck in 1826 by Emperor Franz I. The university is therefore named after both of its founding fathers with the official title "Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck" (Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea).

During the National Socialist era, the university was renamed the "Deutsche Alpenuniversität" in March 1941 at the suggestion of the then Rector Raimund von Klebelsberg. As at all universities, Säuberungsaktionen took place: opponents of the National Socialists were deprived of their powers and excluded from academic life. In 1945, after the end of World War II, it was reopened under the name "University of Innsbruck".

The second half of the 20th century brought further expansion of the university: in 1969 the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture and in 1976 the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, which emerged from the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences. In 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was spun off, and in 2012 the School of Education was established, which was later renamed the Faculty of Teacher Education.

In 1991, Lauda Air Flight 004 crashed in Thailand, killing all aboard, including 21 members of the University of Innsbruck. The passengers included professor and economist Clemens August Andreae, another professor, six assistants, and 13 students. Andreae had often led field visits to Hong Kong. In 2005, copies of letters written by the emperors Frederick II and Conrad IV were found in the university's library. They arrived in Innsbruck in the 18th century, having left the charterhouse Allerengelberg in Schnals due to its abolition.

Ceremonial equipment
In the 1850s, the Habsburgs gradually closed the University of Olomouc as a consequence of the Olomouc students' and professors' participation in the 1848 revolutions and the Czech National Revival. The ceremonial equipment of the University of Olomouc was then transferred to the University of Innsbruck. The original Olomouc ceremonial maces from the 1580s are now used as the maces of Innsbruck University and Innsbruck Medical University. Olomouc University Rector's mace from ca. 1572 is nowadays used as the mace of the Innsbruck Faculty of Theology and Olomouc Faculty of Law Dean's Mace from 1833 is nowadays used as Innsbruck's Faculty of Law Mace.

Since the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the Czechs have been unsuccessfully requesting the return of the University of Olomouc's original ceremonial equipment. Many years later, in 1998, Innsbruck donated an exact copy of the rector's mace to Palacký University, but it is still, in 2015, using the Olomouc University original maces and other regalia as its own ceremonial equipment.

Academics
Around 28,000 people study at the University of Innsbruck, making it one of the largest universities in Austria alongside the University of Vienna and the University of Graz. Every year, more than 4,000 students start a new degree program. Approximately the same number complete their studies at the university each year. Around 4000 courses are offered in the various subjects each academic year.

Programs
The university sees itself as a comprehensive university and covers a wide range of subjects with about 150 programs in 16 faculties: from architecture to zoology.

The university offers 41 bachelor's degree programs including teacher training programs, 60 master's degree programs, 4 diploma programs and 26 PhD/doctoral degree programs (as of the academic year 2022/23) in the fields of architecture, humanities, natural sciences, law, social sciences and economics, as well as theology and technical sciences.

For the bachelor's degree programs in architecture, biology, computer science, pharmacy, psychology, economics, the teacher training programs, the diploma program in international economics, and the master's degree programs in psychology, pharmaceutical sciences, and peace and conflict studies, special admission regulations apply prior to general admission. However, admission procedures are currently suspended for a majority of these studies.

Many studies can be supplemented with freely selectable packages on a wide variety of specializations such as digitalization, sustainability, media or corporate communications. A two-semester extension study program can be used to expand subject-specific competencies thematically. Currently, the university offers extension studies in entrepreneurship, computer science and scientific computing.

The Digital Science Center (DiSC), founded in 2019, teaches students digital skills. These range from programming languages to skills in data management and analysis to non-technical aspects of digitization.

After the separation of the Faculty of Medicine in 2004, medical studies are offered at the Medical University of Innsbruck.

In October 2021, a controversy arose about a Peace Studies course. As a result, the university management declared that, despite the name Master's program, it was not a regular master program, but an extraordinary course on peace, development, security and international conflict transformation.

Since 2022, a regular master's program in Peace and Conflict studies is taught at the university. In 2023, Rina Alluri was inaugurated as the new UNESCO Chair of Peace Studies.

Student representation
The Austrian Students' Association (ÖH) is the legal representation of all students in Austria. All students are automatically members of the ÖH and pay a fee of 21,20 Euro (incl. 0,70 Euro for insurance) per semester (WS2022/2023), which is collected together with the tuition fee by the study department of the university.

Tuition fee
Regular students with EU/EEA/CH citizenship and students of equal status who are admitted to a bachelor's, diploma, master's or doctoral program pay only the ÖH fee at the beginning of their new studies. After exceeding the non-contributory period of study, a tuition fee of 363.36 euros (A, EU/EEA, CH) or for third-country nationals 726.72 euros per semester is charged.

The faculties
The new plan of organisation (having become effective on October 1, 2004) installed the following 16 faculties to replace the previously existing six faculties:
 * Faculty of Architecture,
 * Faculty of Biology,
 * Faculty of Catholic Theology,
 * Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
 * Faculty of Economics and Statistics,
 * Faculty of Education,
 * Faculty of Technical Sciences (formerly Faculty of Engineering Science and before that Faculty of Civil Engineering),
 * Faculty of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences,
 * Faculty of Humanities 1 (Philosophy and History),
 * Faculty of Humanities 2 (Language and Literature),
 * Faculty of Law,
 * Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics,
 * Faculty of Psychology and Sports science,
 * School of Political Sciences and Sociology,
 * School of Management,
 * School of Education (teacher training).

As of 1 January 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was sectioned off from the main university to become a university in its own right. This is now called the Innsbruck Medical University (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck).

The inter-disciplinary unit called the Digital Science Center (DiSC) was founded in 2019 to integrate and promote digitalisation of scientific research as well as to support high-quality science.

Buildings
The university buildings are spread across the city and there is no university campus as such. The most important locations are:

 * Theology faculty was opened 1562 as a Jesuit School in 1766 and the university used buildings from the Jesuit church in the Leopoldsaal (the original university).
 * In 1924, main building and the university library opened.
 * 1969 the scientific faculty and the construction faculty in Hotting west was opened.
 * 1976 construction began on "Geiwi tower" for the former Philosophy faculty, an addition to the main building.
 * 1997 The Social Science faculty (built in the former Fenner barracks) was opened.
 * 2012 Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine was opened.
 * 2023 Ágnes-Heller-House was opened.
 * Several university clinics of the medical university in the area became Tyrolian national hospitals.

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Points of interest

 * Alpengarten Patscherkofel, the university's alpine garden atop Patscherkofel
 * Botanischer Garten der Universität Innsbruck, the university's botanical garden

Nobel laureates

 * Anton Zeilinger (Physics 2022)
 * Victor Franz Hess (Physics 1936)
 * Hans Fischer (Chemistry 1930)
 * Adolf Windaus (Chemistry 1928)
 * Fritz Pregl (Chemistry 1923)

Notable faculty

 * Clemens August Andreae, professor and economist
 * Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, economist
 * Wilhelm Ehmann, musicologist
 * Karl Rahner, theologian
 * Anton Pelinka, professor of political science
 * Leopold Vietoris, mathematician and oldest verified Austrian man.
 * Anton Zeilinger, physicist
 * Peter Zoller, physicist

Notable alumni

 * James Demske, S.J., president of Canisius College (1966–1993)
 * Andreas Benedict Feilmoser, theologian
 * Walter Guggenberger, Austrian civil servant and politician
 * Maria Luise Thurmair, hymnwriter
 * Alexander van der Bellen, President of Austria
 * Josef Hoop, Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (1928-1945)
 * Herbert Willi (born 1956) composer
 * Armin Wolf, journalist
 * Matthias Strolz, founder and first chairman of the political party NEO
 * Ivo Sanader, ex-prime Minister of Croatia
 * Günther Rupprechter, head of the Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien)

Victims of political persecution and terror

 * Ludwig Wahrmund was professor of Canon Law in 1908 who was ousted from his post following critical remarks about the Catholic Church's interference in academic freedom.
 * Christoph Probst (born 6 November 1919 in Murnau am Staffelsee : executed 22 February 1943 in Munich) was a student of medicine and a member of the White Rose (Weiße Rose) resistance group.
 * Ignacio Ellacuría, S.J. (Portugalete, Biscay, Spain, 9 November 1930 – San Salvador, 16 November 1989) was a Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian. Ignacio Ellacuría was a close friend and colleague of the scholars Ignacio Martín-Baró and Segundo Montes, all of whom were assassinated with Ellacuría by the Salvadoran army, along with three colleagues and two employees. He earned his master's degree at Innsbruck University.
 * Segundo Montes, S.J. (Valladolid, Spain, 15 May 1933 – San Salvador, El Salvador, 16 November 1989) was a scholar, philosopher, educator, sociologist and Jesuit priest. Segundo Montes was a close friend and colleague of the scholars Ignacio Martín-Baró and Ignacio Ellacuría, all of whom were murdered with Montes by the Salvadoran army, along with three other colleagues and two other employees. He earned his master's degree at Innsbruck.
 * Kurt von Schuschnigg (1897–1977) was Austria chancellor and was imprisoned until 1945 after the anschluss (1938).

title: University of Innsbruck


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title: User:Cecropia/Testbed 1


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Medical University of Innsbruck

The Medical University of Innsbruck (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck) is a university in Innsbruck, Austria. It used to be one of the four historical faculties of the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and became an independent university in 2004.

History
The medical tradition dates back long before the foundation of the university, with the foundation of the first hospital in the nearby silver-mining city Schwaz in 1307. A medical faculty was included in the initial university, established in 1669 by emperor Leopold I.

Ceremonial equipment
In the 1850s the Habsburgs gradually closed the University of Olomouc as a consequence of the Olomouc students' and professors' participation on the 1848 revolutions and the Czech National Revival. The ceremonial equipment of the University of Olomouc was then transferred to the University of Innsbruck. The original Olomouc ceremonial maces from the 1580s are now used as maces of the University of Innsbruck, its faculties and of the Medical University of Innsbruck. The Medical University uses the ceremonial mace of Olomouc Faculty of Philosophy from 1588 and Olomouc Rector's Chain made sometime between 1566 and 1573.

The ceremonial mace currently used by the Medical University of Innsbruck was given by Olomouc bishop Stanislav Pavlovský to the University of Olomouc in ca. 1588. It is 163 centimeters high, it is made of silver and has gold plating. It bears inscription S. P. E. O. (Stanislaus Pawlowski Episcopus Olomucii) and other ornaments.

Within the framework of the University Act of 2002, the medical faculty was separated from the Leopold-Franzens University, and the Medical University of Innsbruck was established as a university in its own right. Today, the Med-Uni has some 3,000 students and 1,800 employees. It is the most important medical research and training facility in western Austria and the home university of many Tyroleans, South Tyroleans and students from the Province of Vorarlberg.

Nobel Prize laureates

 * Fritz Pregl, 1923 (chemistry - for his contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis)
 * Adolf Windhaus, 1928 (chemistry - for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins)
 * Hans Fischer, 1930 (chemistry - for the synthesis of haemin)

title: Medical University of Innsbruck


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List of Staten Island neighborhoods

This is a list of neighborhoods on Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City.

 * Annadale
 * Arden Heights
 * Arlington
 * Arrochar
 * Bay Terrace
 * Bloomfield
 * Brighton Heights
 * Bulls Head
 * Castleton Corners
 * Charleston
 * Chelsea
 * Clifton
 * Concord
 * Dongan Hills
 * Egbertville
 * Elm Park
 * Eltingville
 * Emerson Hill
 * Fort Wadsworth
 * Graniteville
 * Grant City
 * Grasmere
 * Great Kills
 * Greenridge
 * Grymes Hill
 * Hamilton Park
 * Heartland Village
 * Huguenot
 * Lighthouse Hill
 * Livingston
 * Manor Heights
 * Jefferson
 * Mariners Harbor
 * Meiers Corners
 * Midland Beach
 * New Brighton
 * New Dorp
 * New Springville
 * Oakwood
 * Old Place
 * Old Town
 * Pleasant Plains
 * Port Ivory
 * Port Richmond
 * Prince's Bay
 * Randall Manor
 * Richmond Valley
 * Richmondtown
 * Rosebank
 * Rossville
 * Saint George
 * Sandy Ground
 * Shore Acres
 * Silver Lake
 * South Beach
 * Stapleton
 * Stapleton Heights
 * Sunnyside
 * Todt Hill
 * Tompkinsville
 * Tottenville
 * Tottenville Beach
 * Travis
 * Ward Hill
 * West New Brighton
 * Westerleigh
 * Willowbrook
 * Woodrow

title: List of Staten Island neighborhoods


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Île d'Yeu

Île d'Yeu or L'Île-d'Yeu, is an island and commune just off the Vendée coast of western France. The island's two harbors, Port-Joinville in the north and Port de la Meule to the south, in a rocky inlet of the southern granite coast, are famous for tuna and lobster fishing, respectively.

Administratively, the commune of L'Île-d'Yeu is part of the Vendée department and the Pays de la Loire region of France.

History

Neolithic markings in the native stone and an unusual concentration of megalithic dolmens and menhirs attest to the island's early sanctity.

Irish monks from Bangor, County Down, dedicated their monastery on the Île d'Yeu to Hilaire; Saint Amand from Poitou received early training there, but it was destroyed by Viking raiders in the ninth century. During the tenth century, monks from Marmoutier near Tours and monks of Saint-Cyprien at Poitiers built a new monastery and dedicated it to Saint Stephen.

A wooden stockade was built by the lords of Belleville to protect their maritime commerce in the area from pirates but this was eventually demolished and a stone castle built by Jeanne de Belleville and improved by her husband Olivier IV de Clisson. The castle built on an islet linked to the coast by a bridge is first mentioned in 1356.

Since the nineteenth century Île d'Yeu has attracted many artists. Jean Rigaud (1912–1999), official painter to the French Navy, had a house there, as did Maurice Boitel (1919–2007). Jean Dufy (1888–1964) made about twenty paintings of l'Ile d'Yeu during several summer stays between 1926 and 1930.

Philippe Pétain, the proclaimed hero of Verdun during World War I who later became the leader of France's wartime collaborationist Vichy régime, was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason on Île d'Yeu. He died in a private home in Port-Joinville in 1951, and is buried in the local cemetery (Cimetière communal de Port-Joinville).

The poet Marc-Adolphe Guégan, an early French exponent of haiku, lived on the island until his death in 1959.

The island's seaweeds have been the subject of studies by the French marine biologist Françoise Ardré.

The children's author Ludwig Bemelmans, who summered on the island, took inspiration from a hospital stay after a bicycle crash for his first Madeline book, published in 1939.

A two year pilot program, called Harmon'Yeu, was initiated in the spring of 2020 to interconnect 23 houses in the Ker Pissot neighborhood and surrounding areas with a microgrid that was automated as a smart grid with software from Engie. Sixty-four solar panels with a peak capacity of 23.7 kW were installed on five houses and a battery with a storage capacity of 15 kWh was installed on one house. Six houses store excess solar energy in their hot water heaters. A dynamic system apportions the energy provided by the solar panels and stored in the battery and hot water heaters to the system of 23 houses. The smart grid software dynamically updates energy supply and demand in five minute intervals, deciding whether to pull energy from the battery or from the panels and when to store it in the hot water heaters. This pilot program was the first such project in France.

Transport
The island is reached by ferry from Fromentine or Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie. Air transportation is available at Île d'Yeu Aerodrome, with commercial service from Nantes Airport.

Climate
Île d'Yeu has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with mild weather year-round and significantly more precipitation in winter than in summer.

title: Île d'Yeu


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Northavon

Northavon was a district in the English county of Avon from 1974 to 1996.

The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974 as part of a reform of local authorities throughout England and Wales. Under the reorganisation, the area surrounding the cities of Bath and Bristol was formed into a new county of "Avon", named after the river that ran through the area. The county was divided into six districts, one of which was formed from the areas of Sodbury Rural District (except the parish of Alderley) and most of Thornbury Rural District (16 out of 21 parishes) in Gloucestershire. The district was given the name "Northavon" in 1973, denoting the district's position in the county.

In 1991 the county boundaries of Avon and Gloucestershire were realigned. The main effect of the change was that the Hillesley and Tresham area was transferred from Northavon to the neighbouring District of Stroud in Gloucestershire.

Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, both the County of Avon and District of Northavon were abolished on 1 April 1996. Northavon was merged with the neighbouring Borough of Kingswood to form the unitary authority of South Gloucestershire.

Northavon was a parliamentary constituency. It was abolished ahead of the 2010 general election, with the area being split between the constituencies of Filton and Bradley Stoke and Thornbury and Yate.

Premises
In 1986 Northavon District Council built a civic centre on Castle Street in Thornbury, at the corner with Stokefield Close. The building remained the council's meeting place and main offices until the council's abolition in 1996. The building was subsequently used by South Gloucestershire Council until 2013. It has since been demolished and Alexandra Lodge, a development of retirement homes, has been built on the site.

title: Northavon


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Anaesthetic machine

An anaesthetic machine (British English) or anesthesia machine (American English) is a medical device used to generate and mix a fresh gas flow of medical gases and inhalational anaesthetic agents for the purpose of inducing and maintaining anaesthesia.

The machine is commonly used together with a mechanical ventilator, breathing system, suction equipment, and patient monitoring devices; strictly speaking, the term "anaesthetic machine" refers only to the component which generates the gas flow, but modern machines usually integrate all these devices into one combined freestanding unit, which is colloquially referred to as the "anaesthetic machine" for the sake of simplicity. In the developed world, the most frequent type in use is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine or "Boyle's machine", which is designed to provide an accurate supply of medical gases mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour, and to deliver this continuously to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. This is distinct from intermittent-flow anaesthetic machines, which provide gas flow only on demand when triggered by the patient's own inspiration.

Simpler anaesthetic apparatus may be used in special circumstances, such as the triservice anaesthetic apparatus, a simplified anaesthesia delivery system invented for the British Defence Medical Services, which is light and portable and may be used for ventilation even when no medical gases are available. This device has unidirectional valves which suck in ambient air, which can be enriched with oxygen from a cylinder, with the help of a set of bellows.

History
The original concept of continuous-flow machines was popularised by Boyle's anaesthetic machine, invented by the British anaesthetist Henry Boyle at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, United Kingdom in 1917, although similar machines had been in use in France and the United States. Prior to this time, anaesthesiologists often carried all their equipment with them, but the development of heavy, bulky cylinder storage and increasingly elaborate airway equipment meant that this was no longer practical for most circumstances. Contemporary anaesthetic machines are sometimes still referred to metonymously as "Boyle's machine", and are usually mounted on anti-static wheels for convenient transportation. Many of the early innovations in anaesthetic equipment in the United States, including the closed circuit carbon-dioxide absorber (a.k.a. the Guedel-Foregger Midget) and diffusion of such equipment to anaesthesiologists within the United States can be attributed to Richard von Foregger and The Foregger Company.

Flow rate
In anaesthesia, fresh gas flow is the mixture of medical gases and volatile anaesthetic agents which is produced by an anaesthetic machine and has not been recirculated. The flow rate and composition of the fresh gas flow is determined by the anaesthetist. Typically the fresh gas flow emerges from the common gas outlet, a specific outlet on the anaesthetic machine to which the breathing attachment is connected.

Open circuit forms of equipment, such as the Magill attachment, require high fresh gas flows (e.g. 7 litres/min) to prevent the patient from rebreathing their own expired carbon dioxide. Recirculating (rebreather) systems, use soda lime to absorb carbon dioxide, in the scrubber, so that expired gas becomes suitable to re-use. With a very efficient recirculation system, the fresh gas flow may be reduced to the patient's minimum oxygen requirements (e.g. 250ml/min), plus a little volatile as needed to maintain the concentration of anaesthetic agent.

Increasing fresh gas flow to a recirculating breathing system can reduce carbon dioxide absorbent consumption. There is a cost/benefit trade-off between gas flow and use of adsorbent material when no inhalational anaesthetic agent is used which may have economic and environmental consequences.

 * High flow anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow which approximates the patient’s minute ventilation, which is usually about 3 to 6 litres per minute in a normal adult.
 * Low flow anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow of less than half the patient's minute ventilation of the patient, which is usually less than 3.0 litres per minute in a normal adult.
 * Minimal flow anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow of about 0.5 litres per minute.
 * Closed system anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow as needed to make up the recirculated gas volume to compensate for the patient’s need for oxygen and anesthetic agents.

Anaesthetic vapouriser
An anesthetic vaporizer (American English) or anaesthetic vapouriser (British English) is a device generally attached to an anesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent. It works by controlling the vaporization of anesthetic agents from liquid, and then accurately controlling the concentration in which these are added to the fresh gas flow. The design of these devices takes account of varying: ambient temperature, fresh gas flow, and agent vapor pressure. There are generally two types of vaporizers: plenum and drawover. Both have distinct advantages and disadvantages. The dual-circuit gas-vapor blender is a third type of vaporizer used exclusively for the agent desflurane.

Plenum vaporizers
The plenum vaporizer is driven by positive pressure from the anesthetic machine, and is usually mounted on the machine. The performance of the vaporizer does not change regardless of whether the patient is breathing spontaneously or is mechanically ventilated. The internal resistance of the vaporizer is usually high, but because the supply pressure is constant the vaporizer can be accurately calibrated to deliver a precise concentration of volatile anesthetic vapor over a wide range of fresh gas flows. The plenum vaporizer is an elegant device which works reliably, without external power, for many hundreds of hours of continuous use, and requires very little maintenance.

The plenum vaporizer works by accurately splitting the incoming gas into two streams. One of these streams passes straight through the vaporizer in the bypass channel. The other is diverted into the vaporizing chamber. Gas in the vaporizing chamber becomes fully saturated with volatile anesthetic vapor. This gas is then mixed with the gas in the bypass channel before leaving the vaporizer.

A typical volatile agent, isoflurane, has a saturated vapor pressure of 32kPa (about 1/3 of an atmosphere). This means that the gas mixture leaving the vaporizing chamber has a partial pressure of isoflurane of 32kPa. At sea-level (atmospheric pressure is about 101kPa), this equates conveniently to a concentration of 32%. However, the output of the vaporizer is typically set at 1–2%, which means that only a very small proportion of the fresh gas needs to be diverted through the vaporizing chamber (this proportion is known as the splitting ratio). It can also be seen that a plenum vaporizer can only work one way round: if it is connected in reverse, much larger volumes of gas enter the vaporizing chamber, and therefore potentially toxic or lethal concentrations of vapor may be delivered. (Technically, although the dial of the vaporizer is calibrated in volume percent (e.g. 2%), what it actually delivers is a partial pressure of anesthetic agent (e.g. 2kPa)).

The performance of the plenum vaporizer depends extensively on the saturated vapor pressure of the volatile agent. This is unique to each agent, so it follows that each agent must only be used in its own specific vaporizer. Several safety systems, such as the Fraser-Sweatman system, have been devised so that filling a plenum vaporizer with the wrong agent is extremely difficult. A mixture of two agents in a vaporizer could result in unpredictable performance from the vaporizer.

Saturated vapor pressure for any one agent varies with temperature, and plenum vaporizers are designed to operate within a specific temperature range. They have several features designed to compensate for temperature changes (especially cooling by evaporation). They often have a metal jacket weighing about 5 kg, which equilibrates with the temperature in the room and provides a source of heat. In addition, the entrance to the vaporizing chamber is controlled by a bimetallic strip, which admits more gas to the chamber as it cools, to compensate for the loss of efficiency of evaporation.

The first temperature-compensated plenum vaporizer was the Cyprane 'FluoTEC' Halothane vaporizer, released onto the market shortly after Halothane was introduced into clinical practice in 1956.

Drawover vaporizers
The drawover vaporizer is driven by negative pressure developed by the patient, and must therefore have a low resistance to gas flow. Its performance depends on the minute volume of the patient: its output drops with increasing minute ventilation.

The design of the drawover vaporizer is much simpler: in general it is a simple glass reservoir mounted in the breathing attachment. Drawover vaporizers may be used with any liquid volatile agent (including older agents such as diethyl ether or chloroform, although it would be dangerous to use desflurane). Because the performance of the vaporizer is so variable, accurate calibration is impossible. However, many designs have a lever which adjusts the amount of fresh gas which enters the vaporizing chamber.

The drawover vaporizer may be mounted either way round, and may be used in circuits where re-breathing takes place, or inside the circle breathing attachment.

Drawover vaporizers typically have no temperature compensating features. With prolonged use, the liquid agent may cool to the point where condensation and even frost may form on the outside of the reservoir. This cooling impairs the efficiency of the vaporizer. One way of minimising this effect is to place the vaporizer in a bowl of water.

The relative inefficiency of the drawover vaporizer contributes to its safety. A more efficient design would produce too much anesthetic vapor. The output concentration from a drawover vaporizer may greatly exceed that produced by a plenum vaporizer, especially at low flows. For safest use, the concentration of anesthetic vapor in the breathing attachment should be continuously monitored.

Despite its drawbacks, the drawover vaporizer is cheap to manufacture and easy to use. In addition, its portable design means that it can be used in the field or in veterinary anesthesia.

Dual-circuit gas–vapor blender
The third category of vaporizer (the dual-circuit gas–vapor blender) was created specifically for the agent desflurane. Desflurane boils at 23.5 °C, which is very close to room temperature. This means that at normal operating temperatures, the saturated vapor pressure of desflurane changes greatly with only small fluctuations in temperature. This means that the features of a normal plenum vaporizer are not sufficient to ensure an accurate concentration of desflurane. Additionally, on a very warm day, all the desflurane would boil, and very high (potentially lethal) concentrations of desflurane might reach the patient.

A desflurane vaporizer (e.g. the TEC 6 produced by Datex-Ohmeda) is heated to 39C and pressurized to 194kPa. It is mounted on the anesthetic machine in the same way as a plenum vaporizer, but its function is quite different. It evaporates a chamber containing desflurane using heat, and injects small amounts of pure desflurane vapor into the fresh gas flow. A transducer senses the fresh gas flow.

A warm-up period is required after switching on. The desflurane vaporizer will fail if mains power is lost. Alarms sound if the vaporizer is nearly empty. An electronic display indicates the level of desflurane in the vaporizer.

The expense and complexity of the desflurane vaporizer have contributed to the relative lack of popularity of desflurane, although in recent years it is gaining in popularity.

Historical vaporizers
Historically, ether (the first volatile agent) was first used by John Snow's inhaler (1847) but was superseded by the use of chloroform (1848). Ether then slowly made a revival (1862–1872) with regular use via Curt Schimmelbusch's "mask", a narcosis mask for dripping liquid ether. Now obsolete, it was a mask constructed of wire, and covered with cloth.

Pressure and demand from dental surgeons for a more reliable method of administering ether helped modernize its delivery. In 1877, Clover invented an ether inhaler with a water jacket, and by the late 1899 alternatives to ether came to the fore, mainly due to the introduction of spinal anesthesia. Subsequently, this resulted in the decline of ether (1930–1956) use due to the introduction of cyclopropane, trichloroethylene, and halothane. By the 1980s, the anesthetic vaporizer had evolved considerably; subsequent modifications lead to a raft of additional safety features such as temperature compensation, a bimetallic strip, temperature-adjusted splitting ratio and anti-spill measures.

Components of a typical machine

The breathing circuit is the ducting through which the breathing gases flow from the machine to the patient and back, and includes components for mixing, adjusting, and monitoring the composition of the breathing gas, and for removing carbon dioxide.

A modern anaesthetic machine includes at minimum the following components: Systems for monitoring the patient's heart rate, ECG, blood pressure and oxygen saturation may be incorporated, in some cases with additional options for monitoring end-tidal carbon dioxide and temperature. Breathing systems are also typically incorporated, including a manual reservoir bag for ventilation in combination with an adjustable pressure-limiting valve, as well as an integrated mechanical ventilator, to accurately ventilate the patient during anaesthesia.
 * Connections to piped oxygen, medical air, and nitrous oxide from a wall supply in the healthcare facility, or reserve gas cylinders of oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide attached via a pin index safety system yoke with a Bodok seal
 * Pressure gauges, regulators and 'pop-off' valves, to monitor gas pressure throughout the system and protect the machine components and patient from excessive rises. An adjustable pressure-limiting valve (commonly abbreviated to APL valve, and also referred to as an expiratory valve, relief valve or spill valve) is part of the Breathing circuit which allows excess gas to leave the system while preventing ambient air from entering.
 * Flowmeters such as rotameters for oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide
 * Vaporisers to provide accurate dosage control when using volatile anaesthetics
 * A high-flow oxygen flush, which bypasses the flowmeters and vaporisers to provide pure oxygen at 30-75 litres/minute
 * Systems for monitoring the gases being administered to, and exhaled by, the patient, including an oxygen failure warning device

Safety features of modern machines
Based on experience gained from analysis of mishaps, the modern anaesthetic machine incorporates several safety devices, including:
 * an oxygen failure alarm (a.k.a. 'Oxygen Failure Warning Device' or OFWD). In older machines this was a pneumatic device called a Ritchie whistle which sounds when oxygen pressure is 38 psi descending. Newer machines have an electronic sensor.
 * Nitrous cut-off or oxygen failure protection device, OFPD: the flow of medical nitrous-oxide is dependent on oxygen pressure. This is done at the regulator level. In essence, the nitrous-oxide regulator is a 'slave' of the oxygen regulator. i.e., if oxygen pressure is lost then the other gases can not flow past their regulator.
 * hypoxic-mixture alarms (hypoxy guards or ratio controllers) to prevent gas mixtures which contain less than 21–25% oxygen being delivered to the patient. In modern machines it is impossible to deliver 100% nitrous oxide (or any hypoxic mixture) to the patient to breathe. Oxygen is automatically added to the fresh gas flow even if the anaesthesiologist should attempt to deliver 100% nitrous oxide. Ratio controllers usually operate on the pneumatic principle or are chain linked (link 25 system). Both are located on the rotameter assembly, unless electronically controlled.
 * ventilator alarms, which warn of low or high airway pressures.
 * interlocks between the vaporizers preventing inadvertent administration of more than one volatile agent concurrently
 * alarms on all the above physiological monitors
 * the Pin Index Safety System prevents cylinders being accidentally connected to the wrong yoke
 * the NIST (Non-Interchangeable Screw Thread) or Diameter Index Safety System, DISS system for pipeline gases, which prevents piped gases from the wall being accidentally connected to the wrong inlet on the machine
 * pipeline gas hoses have non-interchangeable Schrader valve connectors, which prevents hoses being accidentally plugged into the wrong wall socket

The functions of the machine should be checked at the beginning of every operating list in a "cockpit-drill". Machines and associated equipment must be maintained and serviced regularly.

Older machines may lack some of the safety features and refinements present on newer machines. However, they were designed to be operated without mains electricity, using compressed gas power for the ventilator and suction apparatus. Modern machines often have battery backup, but may fail when this becomes depleted.

The modern anaesthetic machine still retains all the key working principles of the Boyle's machine (a British Oxygen Company trade name) in honour of the British anaesthetist Henry Boyle. In India, however, the trade name 'Boyle' is registered with Boyle HealthCare Pvt. Ltd., Indore MP.

A two-person pre-use check (consisting of an anaesthesiologist and an assistant) of the anaesthetic machine is recommended before each case and has been shown to decrease the risk of 24-hour severe postoperative morbidity and mortality. Various regulatory and professional bodies have formulated checklists for different countries. Machines should be cleaned between cases as they are at considerable risk of contamination with pathogens.

title: Anaesthetic machine


text:
John W. Brown (labor leader)

John W. Brown (1867 – June 19, 1941) was a labor union leader.

Born in Canada, he moved to Maine and worked as a joiner at the Bath Iron Works, where he became involved with the labor movement. He became an organizer for the United Brotherhood of Carpenters, then went to the United Mine Workers and was involved with the Colorado conflicts of 1913 and 1914, including the Ludlow Massacre.

In 1934 he was living in Woolwich, Maine, where he helped organize Local 4 of the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, and later served on the union's board. From 1936 on he wrote a regular column for the Shipyard Worker, the union's newspaper.

He died at home, from an accidental discharge of his hunting rifle. Liberty ship SS John W. Brown was named after him the following year; the ship has been preserved as a museum.

title: John W. Brown (labor leader)


text:
South Herefordshire

South Herefordshire was one of nine local government districts of the English county of Hereford and Worcester from 1974 to 1998.

History
South Herefordshire District was formed on 1 April 1974 as part of a general reorganisation of local administration in England and Wales under the Local Government Act 1972. It was formed from part of the administrative county of Herefordshire, and covered the area of four former districts, which were abolished at the same time: The district entirely surrounded the district of Hereford.
 * Dore and Bredwardine Rural District
 * Ross-on-Wye Urban District
 * Hereford Rural District
 * Ross and Whitchurch Rural District.

Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, South Herefordshire and the county of Hereford and Worcester were abolished in 1998. South Herefordshire was combined with the areas of City of Hereford, most of the District of Leominster, and part of the District of Malvern Hills to form a new unitary authority of Herefordshire.

Parishes
The district comprised the following civil parishes:.

 * Abbey Dore
 * Aconbury
 * Allensmore
 * Aston Ingham
 * Bacton
 * Ballingham
 * Bartestree
 * Bolstone
 * Brampton Abbotts
 * Bredwardine
 * Breinton
 * Bridstow
 * Brockhampton
 * Burghill
 * Callow
 * Clehonger
 * Clifford
 * Craswall
 * Credenhill
 * Cusop
 * Dewsall
 * Dinedor
 * Dinmore
 * Dormington
 * Dorstone
 * Dulas
 * Eaton Bishop
 * Ewyas Harold
 * Fownhope
 * Foy
 * Ganarew
 * Garway
 * Goodrich
 * Grafton
 * Hampton Bishop

 * Harewood
 * Haywood
 * Hentland
 * Holme Lacy
 * Holmer and Pipe
 * Hope Mansell
 * How Caple
 * Kenchester
 * Kenderchurch
 * Kentchurch and Kilpeck
 * Kings Caple
 * Kingstone
 * Lea
 * Linton
 * Little Birch
 * Little Dewchurch
 * Llancillo
 * Llandinabo
 * Llangarron
 * Llanrothal
 * Llanveynoe
 * Llanwarne
 * Longtown
 * Lower Bullingham
 * Lugwardine
 * Lyde
 * Madley
 * Marden
 * Marstow
 * Michaelchurch Escley
 * Mordiford
 * Moreton-on-Lugg
 * Much Birch
 * Much Dewchurch
 * Newton

 * Orcop
 * Pencoyd
 * Peterchurch
 * Peterstow
 * Preston Wynne
 * Ross-on-Wye (Town)
 * Ross Rural
 * Rowlstone
 * St Devereux
 * St Margarets
 * St Weonards
 * Sellack
 * Sollers Hope
 * Stoke Edith
 * Stretton Sugwas
 * Sutton
 * Thruxton
 * Tretire with Michaelchurch
 * Treville
 * Turnastone
 * Tyberton
 * Upton Bishop
 * Vowchurch
 * Walford
 * Walterstone
 * Wellington
 * Welsh Bicknor
 * Welsh Newton
 * Westhide
 * Weston Beggard
 * Weston-under-Penyard
 * Whitchurch
 * Withington
 * Wormbridge
 * Yatton

Political control
The first elections to the council were held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council from 1974 until its abolition in 1998 was always held by independent councillors:

Premises
When first created the council inherited various offices from its predecessor authorities. In 1977 it bought a large former house called Brockington at 35 Haford Road in Hereford, outside the council's administrative area. Brockington had been built in 1909 and had served as the headquarters of Herefordshire Constabulary since 1946. The building was converted to become the council's headquarters and was substantially extended. The council also maintained an area office at the old Ross-on-Wye Urban District Council Chambers at 20 Broad Street.

Elections

 * 1973 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1976 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1979 South Herefordshire District Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 1980 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1982 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1983 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1984 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1986 South Herefordshire District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 * 1987 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1988 South Herefordshire District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 * 1990 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1991 South Herefordshire District Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 1992 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1994 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1995 South Herefordshire District Council election
 * 1996 South Herefordshire District Council election

title: South Herefordshire