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Henry Dworshak

Henry Clarence Dworshak Jr. (August 29, 1894 – July 23, 1962) was a United States Senator and Congressman from Idaho. Originally from Minnesota, he was a Republican from Burley, and served over 22 years in the House and Senate.

Early years
Born in Duluth, Minnesota, Dworshak attended its local public schools and learned the printer's trade. During the First World War, he served as a Sergeant in the U.S. Army Fourth Antiaircraft Machine Gun Battalion in the American Expeditionary Forces. After the war, Dworshak managed a printing supply business in Duluth.

He moved west in 1924 to Burley, Idaho, to become the publisher and editor of the Burley Bulletin, a semi-weekly newspaper in Cassia County. Dworshak became a public figure when he was elected president of the Idaho Editorial Association in 1931, and he was a prominent member of the American Legion and Rotary International. He was also a member of the Elks and a freemason.

House
Dworshak ran for Congress in 1936 in Idaho's 2nd district, but lost to incumbent D. Worth Clark. Two years later, Clark ran for U.S. Senator and won, and Dworshak won the open House seat in 1938 and was re-elected in 1940, 1942, and 1944.

Senate
Republican Senator John Thomas died in office in November 1945, and Democratic Governor Charles C. Gossett resigned to accept an appointment (by his successor) to fill the seat. Gossett failed to secure the nomination for the special election; Dworshak defeated state senator George Donart in the November 1946 election to complete the term. Two years later, Dworshak was defeated for a full term in the 1948 general election by former state attorney general Bert H. Miller.

Miller died of a heart attack in October 1949 after only nine months in office, and Dworshak was appointed his successor by Republican Governor C. A. Robins. Dworshak won a special election in 1950, and was elected to full Senate terms in 1954 and 1960. A staunch isolationist like William Borah, Dworshak stood unwavering against overseas intervention, especially in U.S. affairs. Dworshak voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,  but did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1960.

Source: ^Dworshak was appointed to the vacant seat in November 1946 and October 1949

Death
Dworshak died in office of a heart attack on July 23, 1962, in Washington, D.C., and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His obituary described him as "...a staunchly conservative voice on Capitol Hill..." He was succeeded by former Governor Len B. Jordan, who served until January 1973.

Legacy

 * Dworshak Dam on the North Fork of the Clearwater River, near Orofino in northern Idaho
 * Dworshak Elementary School in Burley

title: Henry Dworshak


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File:Rubéngonzález.jpeg

Summary
"Introducing...Rubén González" album cover.

Fair use rationale for Introducing...Rubén González

 * it is a low resolution copy of an LP cover;
 * it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the LP in any way;
 * no free alternative is available;
 * its use is commensurate with usage throughout discographies and album listings across the World Wide Web;
 * its low resolution means copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on a CD or LP.
 * It is accompanied by critical commentary of the work in question.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Rubéngonzález.jpeg


text:
Don Majkowski

Donald "Majik" Vincent Majkowski (born February 25, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers, Indianapolis Colts, and Detroit Lions. He played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers.

College career
Following graduation from the Fork Union Military Academy in central Virginia, Majkowski played college football at the University of Virginia in nearby Charlottesville. He became the starting quarterback for the Cavaliers partway into the 1983 season, his first year there. The next year, Majkowski led the Cavaliers to the school's first ever bowl appearance and bowl win, in the Peach Bowl. During his college career, Majkowski wore jersey number one.

Green Bay Packers
Majkowski was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the tenth round of the 1987 NFL Draft. He was originally issued jersey #5, but switched to #7 the following season in anticipation that #5 would be retired for Paul Hornung. The jersey was never officially retired. As a rookie in 1987, he split time with Randy Wright, with whom he also shared quarterback duties in 1988. During the 1987 season Majkowski's salary was $65,000; he also received a $10,000 roster bonus.

Nicknamed "The Majik Man", Majkowski broke out during the 1989 season. He was given the starting job and Randy Wright was released. Majkowski had one of the finest seasons in Packers history, with 353 completed passes in 599 attempts. He also threw for 27 touchdowns, and his 4,318 passing yards led the NFL. Notably, the Packers won their first game against the hated rival Chicago Bears since 1984. The key was a touchdown play, first nullified by an illegal forward pass by Majkowski, then upheld by instant replay as a legal pass. The season ended with 10 wins and 6 losses; Majkowski capped the season with being selected to the Pro Bowl.

Majkowski signed a new one-year contract for over $1.5 million in September 1990,  but his success was cut short in the tenth game of the season. He was injured when he was upended and tackled on his shoulder by Freddie Joe Nunn of the Phoenix Cardinals, who drew a personal foul on the play. At first thought to be a bruise, Majkowski's injury turned out to be more serious, a torn rotator cuff. The Packers finished the season with backups Anthony Dilweg and Blair Kiel. During the 1991 season, Majkowski was benched by head coach Lindy Infante and replaced by Mike Tomczak as starter, but resumed starting duties at the beginning of 1992. On a play on September 20 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Majkowski tore a ligament in his ankle in the first quarter. He was replaced by 22-year-old Brett Favre, who completed the game, a one-point victory, and went on to start every Packers game through 2007. In 2005, he was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

Indianapolis Colts
After the Packers elected to keep Brett Favre as their starting quarterback and bench Majkowski, he decided to leave Green Bay after the 1992 season and signed with the Indianapolis Colts as a backup for two seasons.

Detroit Lions
Majkowski finished his football career with the Detroit Lions in 1995 and 1996 as a backup to starter Scott Mitchell. In his final season in 1996, Majkowski faced Favre and the Green Bay Packers on November 3, completing 15 of 32 passes for 153 yards, a touchdown and no interceptions in a 28–10 loss. He was also sacked five times. Majkowski's final career start was two weeks later against the Seattle Seahawks at the Pontiac Silverdome. He went 18 for 23 (78% completion percentage) for 157 yards, one TD and one interception for a passer rating of 91.5. The Lions won the game, 17–16, and improved their record to 5–6. However, this was the Lions' last win of the season; Mitchell started the remaining five games, which the Lions lost to finish 5–11.

Personal life
Majkowski lived in Johns Creek, Georgia with his family. He previously ran a real estate investment company, but sold it due to being unable to keep up with its demands because of a string of serious health issues related to his playing career. His son Bo played baseball at Clemson University.

In 2020, Majkowski and Aveion Cason filed a lawsuit against the NFL and the NFLPA over cuts made to their disability payments. It was dismissed in 2021 by U.S. District Court Judge Trevor N. McFadden.

title: Don Majkowski


text:
Cape Froward

Cape Froward (Cabo Froward) is the southernmost point of mainland South America. It is located in the Magallanes Region of Chile, along the north shore of Magellan Strait, being the southern tip of the Brunswick Peninsula. In January 1587, the English corsair Thomas Cavendish named the place after the region's rough climate (strong rains and winds).

A large metallic cross (Cruz de los Mares, Cross of the Seas) was built on the cape's hill in honor of Pope John Paul II's visit to Chile in 1987. It is the latest cross located on the site, the first of which was built in 1913 and replaced several times since then due to the harsh weather.

title: Cape Froward


text: User talk:80.129.145.105

title: User talk:80.129.145.105


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Pernod Ricard

Pernod Ricard is a French company best known for its anise-flavoured pastis apéritifs Pernod Anise and Ricard Pastis (often referred to simply as Pernod or Ricard). The world's second-largest wine and spirits seller, it also produces several other types of pastis.

Pernod

 * 1797 –, a Swiss distiller, opens his first absinthe distillery in Switzerland.
 * 1805 – Maison Pernod Fils (simply known as Pernod Fils) is founded in Pontarlier, Franche-Comté, eastern France, by Henri-Louis Pernod and begins production of the anise-flavored spirit known as absinthe.
 * 1850 – Henri-Louis Pernod dies.
 * 1871 – Distillerie Hémard is founded near Paris.
 * 1872 – Société Pernod Père & Fils opens in Avignon.
 * 1915 – Production and consumption of absinthe is prohibited in France.
 * 1926 – All 3 distilleries merge to form Les Établissements Pernod.
 * 1951 – Pastis 51 is launched.
 * 1965 – Takeover of Distillerie Rousseau, Laurens et Moureaux, producer of Suze liquor since 1889.Pernod p 006.jpg

Ricard

 * 1932 – Ricard, which soon becomes France's favorite long drink, is founded in Marseille by Paul Ricard.
 * 1940 – Production of pastis is prohibited by the Vichy regime.
 * 1944 – Production of pastis becomes legal again.
 * 1968 – Paul Ricard retires; his son Patrick becomes CEO in 1978.Ricard Pastis 01 09.jpg

Pernod Ricard
In 1975, the companies of Pernod Fils and Ricard, the two largest French aniseed aperitif producers and fierce competitors, merged creating the Pernod Ricard group.

In 1988, Pernod Ricard acquired Irish Distillers makers of Jameson Irish whiskeys.

In 1989, Pernod Ricard acquired Orlando Wyndham makers of Jacob's Creek.

In 1993, Pernod Ricard worked with Cuban companies to create Havana Club.

In 1999, Pernod Ricard acquired the Yerevan Brandy Company.

In 2001, Pernod Ricard acquired 38% of Seagram's Wines and Spirits business including Chivas Brothers Ltd makers of Chivas Regal and owner of 13 Scotch malt distilleries, 1 grain distillery and 2 gin distilleries.

In 2001, Pernod Ricard acquired Jan Becher, makers of Becherovka.

In 2005, Pernod Ricard acquired Allied Domecq, makers of Ballantine's.

In 2008, Pernod Ricard announced its acquisition of Swedish-based V&S Group, which produces Absolut Vodka, from the Swedish government.

In 2013, Pernod Ricard joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers' commitments to reducing harmful drinking.

In December 2018, Elliott Management Corporation purchased a 2.5% stake in Pernod Ricard.

According to the Anti-Corrida Alliance, Pernod Ricard was the major funder of bullfighting in France, financing bullfighting clubs and sponsoring corridas despite the opposition of a majority of French citizens to blood sports. In 2020, Pernod Ricard ended the association with bullfighting clubs.

In 2022, Pernod Ricard acquired the French ready-to-serve cocktail brand, Cockorico.

In December 2022, Pernot Ricard announced plans to open a US$250 million carbon-neutral whiskey distillery in Marion County, Kentucky in 2025.

In 2023, Pernod Ricard decided to resume limited exports of Beefeater Gin and Jameson Irish Whiskey to Russia. After been faced with protests and calls for a portfolio-wide boycott of all its brands Pernod Ricard decided to end all exports of its international brands to Russia.

In December 2023, Pernod Ricard has released The Chuan Pure Malt Whisky, its inaugural Chinese whisky.

Subsidiaries

 * Pernod Ricard Armenia – Armenian subsidiary and owner of Yerevan Brandy Company
 * Pernod Ricard Hellas – subsidiary in Greece
 * Pernod Ricard India – Indian subsidiary
 * Pernod Ricard Rouss – subsidiary in the Russian Federation
 * Pernod Ricard Winemakers – owner of Jacob's Creek, Brancott Estate, Campo Viejo, Ysios, Tarsus, Aura, Azpilicueta, and Siglo
 * Chivas Brothers Ltd – whisky and gin branch of Pernod Ricard, makers of Chivas Regal and Royal Salute
 * Corby Distilleries – Canadian subsidiary; owner of Wiser's whisky, Lamb's rum; Hiram Walker & Sons Limited is majority shareholder of Corby and itself unit of Pernod Ricard
 * Irish Distillers – Irish subsidiary and makers of Jameson Irish Whiskey, Powers, Redbreast and Midleton Very Rare

Brands
Pernod Ricard beverage brands include:

 * Apéritif: Italicus, Lillet, Pernod, Ricard, Suze
 * Brandy & Cognac: Ararat, Augier, Macieira, Martell
 * Gin: Beefeater, Cork Dry, KI NO BI, Malfy, Monkey 47, Plymouth Gin, Seagram's Gin, Ungava
 * Liqueurs & Bitters: Becherovka, Kahlúa, Minttu, Ramazzotti
 * Rum: Gosling Rum, Havana Club, Malibu
 * Tequila & Mezcal: Avión, Código 1530, Del Maguey, Olmeca, Olmeca Altos
 * Vodka: Absolut, Explorer, L’Orbe, Luksusowa, Ostoya, Renat, Wyborowa
 * American whiskey: Jefferson's Bourbon, Rabbit Hole’s, Smooth Ambler, TX Whiskey
 * Canadian whisky: J.P. Wiser's, Lot No. 40
 * Chinese whisky: The Chuan Pure Malt Whisky
 * Irish whiskey: Clontarf, Crested Ten, Green Spot, Jameson, Method and Madness, Knappogue Castle, Midleton Very Rare, Powers, Redbreast
 * Indian whisky: Blenders Pride, Royal Stag, Imperial Blue

 * Scotch whisky:
 * Single malt Scotch whisky: Aberlour, Glen Keith, The Glenlivet, Longmorn, Scapa
 * Blended Scotch whisky: Ballantine's, Chivas Regal, Long John, Passport, Royal Salute, Something Special, 100 Pipers
 * Wine: Jacob's Creek, Brancott Estate, Campo Viejo, Church Road, George Wyndham, Kenwood Vineyards, West Coast Cooler, Helan Mountain
 * Champagne: G. H. Mumm, Perrier-Jouët
 * Pernod Ricard previously owned the non-alcoholic chocolate beverage Yoo-hoo, which was acquired from a group of private investors in 1989. Pernod Ricard also previously owned the carbonated citrus drink Orangina. Both brands were sold in 2001 to Cadbury Schweppes.

title: Pernod Ricard


text:
User talk:LordShitzu

Hi Lord S :) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Check out the New user log, or here's some stuff you can do, if you want:

I woulda reverted sooner, but I was staring at something in another tab :) I'm glad you're impressed by the Wiki-way of things, and will keep contributing! Dysprosia 07:14, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed, I've become quickly addicted, spending all last night flipping through different entries and making some small contributions. I can already tell, however, that it's a shame to see a number of good articles be contested or faught over due to natural bias. Or find writers of excellent articles have become disillusioned and jaded by the Wikipedia style and see their names at Missing Wikipedians. Still, for every contested article there is a number where compromise and discussion has yielded excellence, so I still think Wikipedia is an awesome idea. Thanks for all the links and well wishes! >8) Lord Shitzu 22:38, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

Gundam Seed
It may interest you to know that in the Yzak Joule page the characters names are being changed to their japanese spelling including changing Le Creuset into Kluze and no matter how many times I try to stop these pointless edits they keeping on being changed back by muliple based unregistered users. Since I noticed what you did on the Rau Le Creuset page I would want to tell you this because I would appriciate the help. --Adv193

 * I got your message and the interesting thing is after I submitted the original message the unregistered users seemed to stop changing Le Creuset's name around although the other part of the problem is that a speculative claim about Yzak and Dearka's relationship is being readded as part of these vandalism edits, and this is something that both the User Calaschysm and I have been trying to get rid of. To that end I am keeping the Yzak Joule page in my watchlist and if this keeps up I will have to request semi-protection as I had done before with that page. --Adv193

Gankutsuou
Still interested in making a section detailing the differences between Gankutsuou and TCoMC? Ladlergo 17:51, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Behelit neck.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Behelit neck.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 20:37, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Behelit scream.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Behelit scream.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 20:38, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:LordShitzu


text:
PPS

PPS commonly refers to:
 * Post-postscript, an afterthought, usually in a document.

PPS may also refer to:

Aviation

 * Puerto Princesa International Airport, Palawan, Philippines (by IATA code)
 * Priority Passenger Service, in Singapore Airlines' frequent flyer programme

Business and finance

 * Pay per sale, a payment method used in affiliate marketing
 * Premium Packaged Spirits or Pre-Packaged Spirits, a term for alcopops
 * Purchasing power standard, an artificial currency unit
 * Public Procurement Service, a South Korean government agency

Government

 * Parliamentary Private Secretary, a UK and New Zealand civil service post
 * Parliamentary Protective Service, a Canadian law enforcement agency
 * Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean, an agreement between nations in the Caribbean region
 * Personal Public Service Number, an identifier used in the Republic of Ireland
 * Planning Policy Statements, under the UK's Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
 * Prospective payment system, a health care payment model in the United States
 * Public Prosecution Service (disambiguation), various bodies charged with bringing criminal prosecutions to court
 * Public Procurement Service, South Korea
 * Provincial Police Service, a state civil service for police in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh

Education

 * Paterson Public Schools, a school district in New Jersey, US
 * Pawhuska Public Schools, a school district in Oklahoma, US
 * Princeton Public Schools, another New Jersey school district
 * Pittsburgh Public Schools, a school district in Pennsylvania, US
 * Portland Public Schools (Oregon), another US school district
 * Politics, Psychology and Sociology, an undergraduate degree course at the University of Cambridge

Political parties

 * Pact for Sicily (Patto per la Sicilia), Italy
 * Party of Progress and Socialism, Morocco
 * Pirate Party Switzerland
 * Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Brazil)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)

Computing

 * .pps, or PowerPoint Show, a file format used by the Microsoft PowerPoint presentation software
 * Packets per second, a measure of throughput
 * PPS.tv, Chinese peer-to-peer streaming video network software
 * Programmable power supply
 * Proofpoint Protection Server, a commercial product to detect and quarantine spam
 * Pulse per second signal, in the Network Time Protocol

Medicine

 * Parkinson plus syndrome, a group of neurodegenerative diseases
 * Pentosan polysulfate, a drug used to treat interstitial cystitis
 * Popliteal pterygium syndrome, an inherited condition affecting the face, limbs, and genitalia
 * Post-polio syndrome, a condition that affects some people who have previously survived an acute attack of poliomyelitis
 * Puppy pregnancy syndrome, a delusional illness in humans

Military technology and weapons

 * Precise Positioning Service, a military Global Positioning System feature
 * PPS submachine gun, a Soviet WWII-era submachine gun
 * Walther PPS, a compact semi-automatic pistol

Organic chemistry

 * Poly(p-phenylene sulfide), a thermoplastic polymer
 * PPS film capacitor, with a polyphenylene sulfide dielectric
 * PPS Silent Surfactant, a cleavable detergent in biochemistry

Other uses

 * Popular Patristics Series, a book series by [[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary
 * St. Vladimir's Seminary]] Press
 * Project for Public Spaces, a US nonprofit organization
 * Puyo Puyo Sun, a 1996 puzzle video game
 * Princess Peach: Showtime!, an upcoming 2024 video game
 * Premier Program Service (a.k.a. PPS), a proposed, but never launched, fifth television network that would have been operated by MCA Inc. & Paramount Communications

title: PPS


text:
Talk:Polyrhythm

3 over 2 Polyrhythms
3 over 2 polyrhythms are not symmetric. Why did you undo my edit? To play 3/2 polyrhythms as quater note, eighth, eighth, quater note is defiant of the basic principles of polyrhythmic technique. I'm going to undo the edit, if you wanna argue with me about it, you can do it here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.245.99.216 (talk) 23:15, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

When the solution for a 3:2 or 2:3 lies so obviously in compound time, it's hard to see the application of 'polyrhythmic technique' to 3 vs 2. The article disagress with itself right away (albeit the weaselly 'perception' may mollify some) with 'hemiola' disagreeing with the initial definition! I don't think 'defies' is something we want to say here. It is doable, it may be salient to the thought, really. I wouldn't like your edit either. This quality of article suffers from being a work of too many cooks as it is, it lacks coherence. It totally shows hemiola after stating "conflicting rhythms, that are not readily perceived as deriving from one another, or as simple manifestations of the same meter." You're arguing about a simple manifestation of the meter and your contention is 'polyrhythmic technique'. This is confusing. J Civil 23:19, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Maybe art need clearance is 2 over 3 and 3 over 2 different, and why. 178.36.8.150 (talk) 01:23, 23 June 2013 (UTC) It needs to be sorted better than what we have, certainly. J Civil 23:19, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Meshuggah
The death metal band Meshuggah also have complex polyrhythms in their music.

Not really. They're mostly dealing in polymetrics; odd-metered (like 11/16, 23/16 and 13/8 and so forth), repeating "cells" over 4/4, repeated x many times so they resolve over 4/4 (which the snare and crash/stack cymbals keep steady). Some pure polyrhythms here and there but not really complex at all.

 * Ah, but all polymetres are polyrhythmic! NcLean

They're not dealing in polytempo. Frank Zappa would be a much better example, or drummers like Pete Magadini and Virgil Donati.

It could be argued that Meshuggah isn't a DEATH metal band either, but that's sort of splitting hairs. I'd just write "metal band".

 * Go ahead and make the changes in the article :) Be bold! Dysprosia 07:18, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Polyrhythm, polymetrics, cross-rhythm, hemiola
Polyrhythm can be used to describe several effects, not only the one described in the article. In fact, "polyrhythmic" means nothing more than "more than one rhythm at the same time". As such, virtually every polyphonic work can be called polyrhythmic. There are several polyrhythmic devices though. They can be divided into three groups. The first one is "n against m", which means that while one part plays n time units, the other part play m time unit (e.g. "3 against 2", which means triplets, 3:2). This is the effect described in the article. The second one is "n in (over) m", which means that both parts use the same time unit, but one of them accents them in groups of n, while the other uses groups of m units. Hemioles and cross-rhythms, as well as polymetrics are manifestations of this. The last group is that of rhythmic displacement, meaning that a rhythmic fragment is played at an "inappropriate" moment. African music frequently features several patterns starting at different points in relation to each other. Of course, effects from all 3 groups can be combined and cascaded.

FZ and Peter Magadini are excellent examples. A simple example is Eric Dolphy playing Monk's 'Epistrophy'. He often used a repeating Db-Ab-Db-Eb-Bb-Eb (making it 6/8) for the bass and piano. Over that was the melody in 4/4 played by bass clarinet (usually) and drums. An example you can do right now is: tap out 4/4 with your foot and 3/4 with your hand so that the four foot-taps and the 3 hand-taps take the same amount of time to do. Each measure (and each note group and/or sub-group if it's FZ) of each time signature must take the same time to complete or it isn't a polyrhythm. cliard@hotmail.com

 * Please Sign your posts on talk pages. Thanks. Hyacinth 20:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You also may want to look at the Hemiola article, which explains that "A hemiola is not an example of a polyrhythm." As this article clarifies, a polyrhythm is the "simultaneous sounding of two or more independent rhythms" not successive sounding, as in a hemiola. Hyacinth 20:26, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

No. Hemiola vs independent is not a true dichotomy. Also, 'polyrhythm' as a necessary property of 'independence' is surely not a universal in the first place. And relying on the other wiki article as an appeal to authority is not good either. J Civil 23:25, 28 December 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jan civil (talk • contribs)

Order of rhythms
please note: I have reversed the order of the rhythms in the exmples, placing the "quick" beats on the top, and the "slow" beats on the bottom. This is to allow people trying to learn these polyrhythms visually to associate which rhythm is played on which hand, and more easily distinguish the beat. If you find, however, that this a more difficult way of learning, please feel free to change things back.

Well, you should realize that this article isn't merely for snare drummers, and that many non-handed instruments use these techniques too. Though I doubt it matters in any form which table goes on top. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.245.99.216 (talk) 23:27, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

--DrumMan 18:37, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Cultural bias
I find it exceedingly curious that, in an article on polyrhythm, the first musician cited is Frank Zappa. Keep in mind that, hands down, the most rhythmically complex music known is commonly considered by musicologists to be West African. (The next, IMO, is likely the ragas of India.) It seems that some appropriate mention of the cultural context of the phenomenon is in order here -- perhaps a mention of how European classical music is, and much of Western music (before African/African-American influence) was, heavily linear and flat/unsyncopated. And how on earth one could mention Zappa and not, say, Babatunde Olatunji is absolutely absurd. deeceevoice 12:21, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Since no one else saw fit to add anything about the true origins of polyrhythmic musical expression in Western music, I did so. It's outrageous to mention Zappa and white musicians and no mention of the source, Africa.  Someone might also want to mention the ragas of India, where the sounds of the tabla correspond to spoken sounds.  deeceevoice 02:04, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

You are mistaken if you think Zappa's nested tuplets approach owes to Africa. This is not pertinent to anything but perhaps political correctness. J Civil 23:28, 28 December 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jan civil (talk • contribs)

 * It's true that most European classical music is linear and unsyncopated, bit I think that statements such as "By contrast, most traditional European music has a flat linearity" don't mean much without a jargon decoder. Can someone please rephrase this?  NcLean 13th September 2006

[The most likely reason that Mr. Zappa's name was mentioned first as a user of polyrhythms (see article above) is that this is an encyclopaedia. The purpose of the articles here is explanation. Most readers will be more familiar with Western music than with that from other areas of the world. Mr. Zappa frequently played rock music - a particularly popular type. Thus, while perhaps not musicologically correct, it is didactically correct to use music that is as familiar as possible to readers as a source of examples. cliard@hotmail.com]

 * This isn't a teaching device. It is an encyclopedia, a reference work.  Frankly, the reason the article mentioned Zappa first is that a white person likely wrote it, and far too many white people are only familiar with white people and what white people do.  And that means that people of color are excluded, with the result being a eurocentric worldview and works like this "encyclopedia" that are tragically lacking in content related to contributions of people of color to world history and civilization.  Wikipedia should not pander to such ignorance, but seek to replace not knowing with knowing.  Certainly, as a reference that is supposed to be worldwide in scope, your suggested approach, which is to take the narrowest possible approach is utterly indefensible and, some might conclude, racist -- if not by design, certainly in effect; it is exclusionary.  And that is unacceptable.  deeceevoice 07:15, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree, Deecevoice. If an encyclopedia doesn't inherently teach, then why should it exist in the first place? You had a problem with the article, and you contributed, thank you. I certainly see, agree with, and appreciate many of your points. But I also think that cliard's point is also valid. Even as a "person of color" myself, what I find offensive, and frankly ridiculous, is that you want to accuse contributors as being "racist." Look--if you have a problem with an article, then contribute and fix it. Don't get on your perceived soapbox and start accusing people of things that are not necessarily true.

 * Here's one thing to think about in your complaints about a "Eurocentric" viewpoint in music. It is the Eurocentric theory of music that created the label of "polyrhythm" to begin with. The Africans did not have that term. It just was for them, correct? So the whole reason why we even have this entry in Wikipedia is because of Eurocentric music theory. The European desire to study the mechanics of music, which originates long before you or I, is why we as a community are having this discussion on polyrhythm at all. You are also displaying a bias when you proclaim that Africa is the "true origins of polyrhythmic musical expression in Western music." As I mentioned in a previous post under "Bias against classical music," there are overlooked European examples of polyrhythm that are being neglected such as the French ars subtilior. I do not think that the French in this era had much knowledge of African polyrhythms to use as creative inspiration. So like I said, thank you for your contribution. It is both informative and educational, which is what an encyclopedia and Wikipedia should be. B0cean (talk) 14:37, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Last four paragraphs of first section
The last four paragraphs of the first section (beginning with "Every time a beat is introduced possessing a metronomical correlation to the faster portion of the polyrhythmic interval...") do nothing but confuse me - they are completely unclear and read to me as almost deliberately obfuscated. The phrasing and diction is unnecessarily complex. Are there any objections to removing these paragraphs? 24.21.60.255 03:36, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * For the record, that was me - I forgot to sign in first. cfallin|(talk) 03:36, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Great
the how to is great! David G Brault 03:40, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Bias against classical music
I find it hard to believe that the European classical tradition (for want of a better term) is almost completely overlooked in this article. I am particularly puzzled by the (unsourced) statement that 'Traditional West African music is considered by musicologists to be the most rhythmically complex music in the world'. Also suspect is the statement that 'European classical music, although generally less percussive than other musical genres, makes use of polyrhythms as a contrastive device' (as if rhythm were an exclusively percussive phenomenon!). Apart from two marginal figures (Cowell and Nancarrow) no mention is made of 20th classical composers in the article, yet the polyrhythms of Elliot Carter's String Quartets far exceed anything found in West African Music, Jazz or progressive metal. The most rhythmically complex music in existence without question (since this is something that can be decided empirically) belongs to composers of the New Complexity School, such as Bryan Ferneyhough, Michael Finnissey, etc. Furthermore, the polyrhythms in pieces by these composers often involve a single player, rather than a group (for example, Ferneyhough's piano piece 'Lemma-Icon-Epigram', which has many passages of inhumanly complex polyrhythmy, at the very borders of playability). Christopher Melen 06:56, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "The most rhythmically complex music in existence without question (since this is something that can be decided empirically) belongs to composers of the New Complexity School, such as Bryan Ferneyhough, Michael Finnissey, etc"
 * try listening to some breakcore/drill'n'bass some time. 65.81.149.73 12:50, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm very familiar with it. It's a bit silly getting into into a slanging match on 'which is the most complicated music', but if you read music then take a look at this []. Christopher Melen 03:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Your URL is a dead link. Please update. Would love to see what you have. --B0cean (talk) 04:48, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

I deleted the sentence, "Traditional West African music is considered by musicologists to be the most rhythmically complex music in the world." Without a source, it doesn't really belong, as there are other styles of very rhythmically complex music. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.180.231.27 (talk)

I think these comments about European vs. African music are gravely missing the point. In West African music, polyrhythm is part of the basic music vocabulary, and has been so for a very long time. The basic musical forms taught to beginning musicians are usually accompaniment parts of polyrythmic ensemble pieces. Polyrhythm, quite simply, is an African Music 101 topic.

In Western classical music, polyrhythm really is a fringe curiosity, and when it shows up, it is treated as an advanced topic. The nature of the argument I'm responding to is evidence of that: the commenters are arguing that the most complex musical pieces in the world are specific Western classical pieces, by composers who seem to have set out to create just that. Look at the bulk of the musical tradition, however, and the picture is different.

There's also the fact that citing 20th century classical composers as an example is problematic on other grounds—20th century European art has in many cases looked to African arts for inspiration (e.g., Picasso). I don't know whether that's the case for each of the composers cited, but my point is that the examples need more detail than what's provided. 63.80.102.4 (talk) 19:59, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Spot-on. Co-signing. My point(s) precisely! ;) deeceevoice (talk) 12:20, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

"I think these comments about European vs. African music are gravely missing the point. In West African music, polyrhythm is part of the basic music vocabulary, and has been so for a very long time.  The basic musical forms taught to beginning musicians are usually accompaniment parts of polyrythmic ensemble pieces.  Polyrhythm, quite simply, is an African Music 101 topic.

In Western classical music, polyrhythm really is a fringe curiosity, and when it shows up, it is treated as an advanced topic. The nature of the argument I'm responding to is evidence of that: the commenters are arguing that the most complex musical pieces in the world are specific Western classical pieces, by composers who seem to have set out to create just that. Look at the bulk of the musical tradition, however, and the picture is different.

There's also the fact that citing 20th century classical composers as an example is problematic on other grounds—20th century European art has in many cases looked to African arts for inspiration (e.g., Picasso). I don't know whether that's the case for each of the composers cited, but my point is that the examples need more detail than what's provided."

You must be dreaming. :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.159.94.4 (talk) 10:22, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Still, the article appears to overlook the role of polyrhythm in Western European music - e.g. listen to some dance music from the 15th or 16th century. Rp (talk) 07:39, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

I find it ironic that this topic is a WikiProject Classical Music when it only gives a token amount of material about Western classical music. Along with other 20th c. composers already mentioned elsewhere that are excluded from this article (Carter, Ives, Stravinsky, etc.), what should also be included is the post-Machaut 14th c. French ars subtilior that had complex polyrhythm and is very difficult to read and perform. --B0cean (talk) 04:50, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Proposed restructuring
This article has a lot of good things in it, but I think the "Usage and history" section is a bit of a jumble. I'd like to propose reorganising it for three reasons: one, to improve the flow and make clearer separations between polyrhythm and its uses in different traditions; two, to help address some of the "cultural bias" issues mentioned by others; three, to make the article more amenable to future expansion. Here's a suggested outline:

West African Music (1st two paragraphs of current version)

Popular Music (subsequent paragraphs)

Western Classical Music (Renaissance usage into 20th century classical)

For this last section, the earliest example of which I'm aware is Christopher Tye's "infamous" Sit Fast -- is anyone aware of others? I would also mention John Baldwine, Elway Bevin, Anthony Holborne, and Peeter Phillips, all of whom delighted in polyrhythms in their surviving œuvre. I'm unsure how to bridge the gulf between the Tudor flowering of rhythmically complex pieces, and those arising from 20th century experimentalism... or if there are other examples contemporaneous with but outside of the English Renaissance. Hopefully the composers mentioned will provide a good start on which to expand. Thoughts? Chang E 16:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Good suggestions. With regard to (at least partially) bridging that gulf one would have to mention Schummann and Brahms, composers who were rhythmically very experimental (lots of polyrhythms in the music of both composers). But of course the mediaeval and early Renaissance periods employed very complex rhythms, polymetres, etc - so there's lots to talk about there (Dufay, Ockeghem, et al). But the twentieth century needs extensive treatment, I think. I mean, how can an article on polyrhythm effectively ignore composers such as Ives, Messiaen, Carter, Ferneyhough, etc? Christopher Melen 09:58, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * And don't forget Stravinsky, Bartók and Hindemith. --B0cean (talk) 04:35, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

These comments were made in 2007 -- that usage and history section remains an utter mess. There has got to be some rhyme or reason to including particular performers or songs there. As it is, anyone who thinks a band they like has a sound that sounds 'polyrhythmic' just sticks it in there and you've got an incoherent jumble —Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.16.180.101 (talk) 11:01, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

This will probably never be quality. Exactly the sort of subject where wikipedia's weaknesses show through the most. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.16.180.101 (talk) 11:06, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Removed this paragraph
[I have just reinseted this paragraph as the gentleman below said I am free to do. I have read Mr. Magadini's material, seen him play live, and can attest to his existence as a musician and one who should me mentioned in this section:]

"Two recognized methods for teaching and learning Polyrhythms were written by drummer/percussionist and educator Peter Magadini in the late 20th century. The first ( for all musicians ) " Polyrhythm The Musicians Guide" ( originally published by Bob Yeager and Try Publishing ) now with: Hal Leonard Publishing USA and " Polyrhythms for the Drumset" with: Alfred Publishing USA. Both works are published and in print or contact" cliard@hotmail.com

Two recognized methods for teaching and learning Polyrhythms were written by drummer/percussionist and educator Peter Magadini in the late 20th century. The first ( for all musicians ) " Polyrhythm The Musicians Guide" ( originally published by Bob Yeager and Try Publishing ) now with: Hal Leonard Publishing USA  and " Polyrhythms for the Drumset"  with: Alfred Publishing USA. Both works are published and in print or contact : http://www.petermagadini.com

I removed this paragraph as it seemed suspiciously spammy to me... followed the history back and found that it was the user's only contribution. If I've jumped the gun and this is really useful content, please feel free to add it again. Alexforcefive 22:09, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite Article
Clearly, there is misuse of terminology and bias in the article. Do we have any Ethnomusicologists and Music Theorists willing to collaborate and rewrite? It really should be done, b/c this article really gets at the messiness and (likely unintentional) misinformation that Wikipedia is really most famous for. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.20.129.255 (talk) 13:55, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

I couldn't agree more. There are a number of discussions in this article that have nothing to do with music. cliard@hotmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.232.71.154 (talk) 23:56, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

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Labels wrong on box notations?
I think the 2 vs 3 and 3 vs 4 box diagrams are labeled the wrong ways round aren't they? Isn't the 2 rhythm the rhythm having 2 beats in the measure and the 3 rhythm the one having 3? Rather than the 2 and 3 denoting the number of common subdivisions per beat? 213.68.15.100 (talk) 17:14, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Labels on boxes incorrect
The labels on the boxes showing polyrhythms (using the X notation) for 2 against 3 & 3 against 4 need to be switched. I took the liberty of reversing them, in addition to all passages referring to them for clarification (3 aginst 4 changed to 4 against 3, etc.). 76.235.13.115 (talk) 14:49, 4 October 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.235.13.115 (talk) 14:42, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

also the 4vs 3 is wrong it is:

== 4 rythem    x 2 3 4 x 2 3 4 x 2 3 4 x 3 rythem     x 2 3 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 2 3 x ==  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.145.36.97 (talk) 18:44, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Southern Italian Folk Music
Mostly unknown outside the very provincial and remote regions of southern Italy, the southern Italian music, particularly that found in the region of Calabria, Campania, and Sicily is very heavy in polyrhythm. I'm mainly referencing the dance tunes played on the zampogna (bagpipe) and organetto (diatonic folk accordian) and accompanied by the tamborello (tambourine). Listen to the first few videos on this page to understand what I'm talking about: http://usonu.blogspot.com/. My question is whether or not there is room in this article to include this or is it too obscure of a tradition unlike African polyrhythm and Frank Zappa? I would be willing to write something up on this for the article but I don't have the technological ability to link to sources - all of which are in the Italian language. There is very little info on this area of music in the English language. I just happen to be an expert on it ;) But from an ethnomusicological perspective I think it is very appealing.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zampognaro (talk • contribs) 23:57, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Piano Phase
Anybody else think Piano Phase by Steve Reich would be a great example of how polyrhythm can exhibit emergent properties depending on the precise resonance of the individual rhythms? FusionKnight (talk) 18:14, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Britten "War Requiem" III. Movement "Offertorium"
Does anyone remember Brittens War Requiem? I think this is a very good example of polyrhythm. I've even sung this myself attending a choir roughly 20 years ago, and we had a hard time to stay in rhythm in the 3rd movement because the soloists constantly tried to distract us (but they had to, because it was in the score that way, so ... ;)) What I especially mean is the "Hostias et preces" "boys'" choir part, where the Great Orchestra had a completely different rhythm than the following which the choir had (6/8; occasionally time change to 9/8) and would irregularly INTERRUPT the choir with their arythmic singing. Weird part. -andy 92.229.179.194 (talk) 22:49, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Spelling
Why isn't it spelt "polyrrhythm", with rrh as in other Greek compound words (arrhythmia, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids)?

 * Presumably the well established English prefix "poly-" and root word "rhythm", as opposed to the nonexistent "hemor-" and "rhoid". Hyacinth (talk) 06:13, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Because it is not a loan word from revived Attic Greek, where πολυρρυθμός/polyrrhythmos has indeed -rrh- (the rule being that in compound words ῥ/rh (etymologically from Proto-Greek σρ/sr) becomes ῤῥ/rrh after a short vowel; e.g.: αἱμο+ρροΐδες vs. ἀνω+ροή "upflow"), but instead it is a Neolatin construction based on Greek roots (poly+rhythmus). In Neolatin, the ῥ rule does not apply; confer Eurynorhynchus, instead of *Eurynorrhynchus. --Omnipaedista (talk) 20:06, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

King Crimson
I know that on the King Crimson album "Discipline" they use polyrhythms (e.g. "Frame by Frame", "Thela Hun Ginjeet" and "Discipline"), but what kind of polyrhythms are they? Or how are they "officially" polyhythms? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.147.183 (talk) 09:46, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Great Article
Thx guys, expecially for the reference to the Dave Penalosa book.

I added some info on Schillinger's theory of rhythm, which I think looks gives an interesting perspective on rhythm, meter and polyrhythm. Actually, from Schillinger's interference perspective, 2:1 could be seen as the simplest "polyrhythm" with a resulting "accent pattern" (for example, 8th notes with every other one accented). Now make that 4:2:1 and you got the accent pattern or meter of one bar of 2/4. Make it 8:4:2:1 and you got the accent pattern of one bar of 4/4. That would sort of unify the "theory of cross rhythms" with the theory of "meter" - which was one of Schillinger's aims, a "general theory of rhythm". Maybe that perspective can help clear up some of the (sometimes confusing) terminology that western music theorists have come up with for rhythm. --Thewolf37 (talk) 12:32, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

"It is with even greater confidence that 'syncopations' or 'downbeat anticipations' are quoted as typically 'black' musical traits. Now, if we were talking about the polyrhythm of many West and central Sudanic musics, this would be understandable, because I know of no European musics using rhythmical structures like a metric unit of, say, twenty-four sub-beats being consistently used to produce a complex of simultaneous metres like 3/8, 2/4, 3/4, 6/8, 4/4, 2/2, 3/2, 4/2 (and possible additive asymmetric subdivisions of these) on top of each other."

What does it mean? Is it true that no European musics using rhythmical structures like a metric unit of, say, twenty-four sub-beats being consistently used to produce a complex of simultaneous metres like 3/8, 2/4, 3/4, 6/8, 4/4, 2/2, 3/2, 4/2 (and possible additive asymmetric subdivisions of these) on top of each other? This is sounds funny because I've been heard various European music play polyrhythms that much complex than any African polyrhythms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.13.34.247 (talk) 12:37, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

Cultural understanding of polyrthyms
... needs work. It's currently an autobiography. More references would be good as well - does anyone know any related sources apart from Ladzekpo? Hyarmendacil (talk) 08:13, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

It does seem less than optimal to quote Ladzekpo's writings off of his webpage. However, his online articles are some of the best writings on the subject. Those articles are quoted in the most informative books on African music. I am surprised to find no published works (Ladzekpo has retired from writing) that do a better, or more thorough job than Ladzekpo in explaining the cultural significance of polyrhythm in sub-Saharan societies. The only thing I've come across is a paragraph by Meki Nzewi ("Social-Dramatic Implications of Performance-Composition in Igbo Music" International Musicological Society (1977: 39)) quoted in Kofi Agawu's Representing African Music; Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions (2003; 92,93). Agawu then compares Ladzekpo's and Nzewi's view of cross-rhythm: "Nzewi conveys the internal dynamism of the interacting parts while Ladzekpo insists on a hierarchic explanation. Both authors imply that the threat to a correct explanation comes from rampant atomisation of what is in effect a holistic practice." There are a couple of the quoted Nzewi sentences that might be useful. Is the main problem with the Ladzekpo blockquote that it's too large, and/or his references to himself?Dr clave (talk) 03:37, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Carol of the Bells reference in article
"One of the best known examples of a 3 against 2 polyrhythm is the Ukrainian Bell Carol, 'Carol of the Bells'."

This is wrong on three levels. First, as I state in Talk in the Carol of the Bells article, I think it is dubious to claim that the ostinato is, in fact, a polyrhythm. The origins of the song belongs to the Ukrainian text syllabification. I would like to see the research that allows this claim.

Second, for it to be polyrhythmic, there needs to be more than one part (as per definition) to create the polyrhythm character. So the third note of the four-note motive would need to have the feel of an accented beat. But in the "Carol of the Bells," it is not. The emphasized beat, as in most non-jazz 3/4 meter pieces, is on beat 1 and only beat 1. In other words, you would have to say/sing the English lyrics like this for it to have polyrhythmic qualities: HARK hark THE bells. However it is correctly performed (vocally and instrumentally) like this: HARK hark the bells (NO emphasis on "the"). Based on this, "Carol of the Bells" cannot even be used as a memorable phrase to learn a 3 vs. 2 pattern. (And the article just above this talks about "emphasizing.")

Lastly, I think the phrase "the best known" is exaggerated. In the many theory classes I have attended in three university degrees that has discussed polyrhythm, "Carol of the Bells" was never used as an example nor even mentioned. Yes, that's anecdotal, but since my profession (choral conducting) is a major performer of this piece, you would think that if this was THE "best known" example of 3 vs. 2 polyrhythm, we would have known it by now.

I'm deleting the sentence. --B0cean (talk) 06:55, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I was extremely confused (more than I've ever been on an encyclopedia page) with the Carl of the Bells reference. I went over it in my head for a while and couldn't understand what it was getting at. Not only is it arguably not a polyrhythm, but it is so badly explained I could not even understand why it might be considered one! I searched on google and found nothing relating to 'composite polyrhythms'. I think the whole section should be deleted or explained more thoroughly. 72.230.117.65 (talk) 21:31, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

In fine arts section
I'm not sure if this section is accurate, as it is unsourced and I can't find any information about the subject. Regardless of its accuracy, I feel it would be more appropriate at the end of the article, or in a separate article entirely. Redeyeglasses 20:56, 18 December 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Redeyeglasses (talk • contribs)

Romantic era classical music, and notation
It's a bit odd that no mention is made of, for example Arthur Sullivan, who wrote dozens of polyrhythmic songs. Also, the romantic-era method of writing polyrhythm as, for example,, marking one bar 9/8 and another 3/4 (Night has spread her pall, The Yeomen of the Guard), or many other variations, isn't even touched upon in the article. Adam Cuerden (talk) 09:29, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

We need to get this cleared up
In the "use in popular music" section, there is a LOT of bogus claims that have nothing with polyrhythms to do. We need to clear up the difference between polymeter and polyrhythm.

[[User:McLennonSon|–– ♫ Ellie ]][[User talk:McLennonSon|♫ ]] 18:59, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

List of polyrhythmic pieces
The page about polytonality leads to a list of polytonal pieces. Perhaps polyrhythmic works should be listed as well. Holdonspirit (talk) 16:25, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

"non-Saharan"--should be "sub-Saharan"?
The phrase "non-Saharan" occurs a few times on the page. This should be "sub-Saharan" (used many times also on this page), right?

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:07, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Brahms Symphony No. 2, finale, bars 126-142.wav

examples of music with 3 beats against 4 beats
I was looking for examples of music with 3 beats against 4 beats, so I could remember them when I wanted to practice it. Dpes anyone have any suggestions? WordwizardW (talk) 08:28, 28 December 2022 (UTC) "Does" WordwizardW (talk) 08:28, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Pantera
Is not mentioned at all- aint they amingst the most famous prog metal geoups? 77.20.157.224 (talk) 20:09, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polyrhythm


text:
A Taste of Honey (band)

A Taste of Honey is an American recording act, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1972 by associates Janice-Marie Johnson and Perry Kibble. In 1978, they had one of the best known chart-toppers of the disco era, "Boogie Oogie Oogie". After their popularity waned during the 1980s, Johnson went on to record as a solo artist and released the album One Taste of Honey. In 2004, Janice–Marie Johnson and Hazel Payne reunited to perform on the PBS specials Get Down Tonight: The Disco Explosion and My Music: Funky Soul Superstars. In 2022, A Taste of Honey featuring Janice-Marie kicked off the celebration of 50 years of impact in the music and entertainment industries. A Taste of Honey now consists of Janice-Marie Johnson and other accomplished musicians.

Biography
The band was formed in 1972, A Taste of Honey hailed from Los Angeles, California, United States. The members of the band consisted of Janice-Marie Johnson (vocals, co-writer, bass), Carlita Dorhan (vocals, guitar), Perry Kibble (keyboards, co-producer, co-writer) and Donald Ray Johnson (drums). Longtime friends Kibble and Janice-Marie Johnson were the original members of the band. Each had left a band to join forces, and after employing several drummers, they settled on Donald Johnson (no relation to Janice-Marie). Singer Greg Walker joined the band for a time before leaving in 1975 to join Santana. Carlita Dorhan left the band in early 1976, and Hazel Payne was added.

A Taste of Honey began to improve its sound over a period of six years prior to being discovered by Capitol Records. Hitting major cities outside of Los Angeles, they also began doing USO tours, with spots in Spain, Morocco, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea and Japan. Upon returning to Los Angeles, while playing in a nightclub, they were spotted by record producers, Fonce and Larry Mizell, who convinced Capitol Records' then vice-executive-producer, Larkin Arnold, to give them an audition. They signed a five-album contract, and billed themselves after Herb Alpert's song, "A Taste of Honey". The first single, "Boogie Oogie Oogie", from their debut album A Taste of Honey, spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978, and sold two million copies. A Taste of Honey was awarded two platinum records for the single and album, and won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist at the 20th Grammys on February 15, 1979. Janice–Marie Johnson calls the single her "lifeline" and credits Capitol Records executive, Larkin Arnold, with ensuring they owned their own publishing. Their subsequent disco releases, such as "Do It Good" (number 79 in 1979) from Another Taste, and "Rescue Me" (1980) failed to attract attention, and by 1980 the group had become a duo consisting of Johnson and Payne.

When recording their cover version of the Kyu Sakamoto song "Sukiyaki", from their third album, Twice as Sweet (1980), they resisted suggestions to turn it into a dance tune. As a ballad it brought them their second and final major hit of their careers in 1981, when it reached number one on the Billboard R&B and Adult Contemporary charts and number 3 on the Hot 100.

A Taste of Honey released their fourth and final album, Ladies of the Eighties in 1982. It featured their final Billboard Hot 100 single, "I'll Try Something New" (number 41). This cover of the Smokey Robinson and the Miracles hit from 1962 also went to number 9 on the R&B charts and number 29 on the Adult Contemporary.

While preparing to record their fifth album in 1983, Payne left the group and Janice-Marie Johnson went on to record as a solo artist to fulfill contractual obligations, releasing One Taste of Honey, which produced the single "Love Me Tonight", a minor hit on the R&B chart. Payne went on to become an international stage actress.

Upon moving to Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in the early 1990s to play in local night clubs and to write music for a television production, Kibble married a local music teacher, Anne-Marie LaMonde, in 1993, and became stepfather to her three children, Natalie, Marci and Gregory Pilkington. Kibble died in February 1999 of heart failure, at the age of 49. Donald Ray Johnson continues to live and play blues in Calgary, where he also married a local. Johnson released several blues albums under his own name. The following year, Janice-Marie Johnson released her second solo album, Hiatus of the Heart. In 2004, Payne and Janice-Marie Johnson reunited for the first time in over twenty years to perform on the PBS specials Get Down Tonight: The Disco Explosion and My Music: Funky Soul Superstars.

Janice-Marie Johnson was inducted in the Native American Music Association Hall of Fame in 2008.

Guitarist Suzanne "Minnie" Thomas died on June 15, 2015, at the age of 60.

Live albums

 * Divas of Disco: Live (with CeCe Peniston, Thelma Houston, Linda Clifford, & France Joli) (2010, Pegasus)

Compilation albums

 * Golden Honey (1984, Capitol)
 * Anthology (1995, One Way)
 * Beauty and the Boogie (1997, EMI)
 * Classic Masters (2002, Capitol)

title: A Taste of Honey (band)


text:
Talk:Vincent Bugliosi

Ancestry
At what point does ancestry become irrelevant? This is not meant as flamebait, but for someone born and raised in the USA, is it still relevant to mention that his ancestors at one point lived in another country, in this case Italy? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.191.51.36 (talk) 19:34, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It is relevant only to the extent that it is discussed in reliable sources. - Location (talk) 20:47, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Health
Don't know when anyone is going to see this, but I'm watching something on the JFK assassination where he is interviewed recently, and his voice is very different, sounds similar to people that get throat cancer or something. Something definitely happened, don't know what though.Zdawg1029 (talk) 01:28, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

O.J. Simpson Book
This is a very interesting fella but I was a bit put off by this guy being "critical" (according to the article) of the judge, Marcia Clark, Christopher Darden and others but not the jury? The prosecution may have zigged when it should have zagged but come on! They proved Simpson guilty 17 different ways. This was a case of jury nullification if ever there was one. I will bet you Mr. Bugliosi does say so in the book. If so it should be reflected here.--24.177.0.156 (talk) 18:04, 6 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Bugliosi's discussion of "jury nullification" is highlighted here. He states Cochran's argument was improper and that the prosecution failed to object to it. As it is only one example of why he thinks the prosecution failed to do a good job, I don't think it is imperative that it is include. If a secondary source discusses his argument, then I would be OK with putting it in. - Location (talk) 21:02, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Helter Skelter
Helter Skelter is his most famous book. It is not listed in the lead, but several lesser-known books are. This should be fixed. Thanks. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 05:12, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Are you fixing it, or would you like someone else to do it? Inks.LWC (talk) 05:20, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and added it. If you were working on it and I caused an edit conflict for you, I apologize. Inks.LWC (talk) 06:05, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks. No, I am not at all familiar with this article, and I have never worked on it.  So, I felt more comfortable if someone else made the appropriate edits.  Thanks. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 06:18, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Update?
In light of ingormation recently popularized on Bugliosi, I would think this information should be incorporated into the article.

Revelations concerning using State resources to surveil his milkman who he believed got his wife pregnant, and beating a woman he impregnated during an affair he was having. These episodes were published in papers in the 70s when he thought he'd run for DA and AG.

These events were also detailed in Tom O'Neil's Chaos. Rantedia (talk) 07:14, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vincent Bugliosi


text:
1981 New Zealand general election

The 1981 New Zealand general election, held on 28 November 1981, was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 40th New Zealand Parliament. It saw the governing National Party, led by Robert Muldoon, win a third term in office, but the opposition Labour Party, led by Bill Rowling, won the largest share of the votes cast. Social Credit also won over 20% of the vote – their best result ever – but received no new seats.

This was the second consecutive election in which National lost the popular vote to Labour. More electorates were rural and right-leaning than urban and progressive, and therefore National benefitted under the first-past-the-post electoral system. That the unpopular Muldoon was able to continue to govern was a major catalyst for the growing public desire to reform New Zealand's electoral system. This happened within fifteen years, when the 1996 election was the first to use mixed-member proportional representation.

Notable MPs first elected at this election include future Labour Party leader and mayor of Auckland Phil Goff, the first Māori Speaker of the House Peter Tapsell, future Finance Minister Michael Cullen, and future Prime Minister Helen Clark. Future Minister of Foreign Affairs and New Zealand First leader Winston Peters lost his seat of Hunua at this election to Colin Moyle of the Labour Party, whom Robert Muldoon had aggressively accused of being gay as part of a McCarthyist smear campaign in 1977.

Background
Before the election, the National Party governed with 50 seats, while the opposition Labour Party held 40 seats. The Social Credit Party held two seats (one of which they took from National in a 1980 by-election). The National Party had won a landslide victory in the 1975 election, then lost ground in the 1978 election, but remained in government. The style of Robert Muldoon's leadership was growing increasingly unpopular, both with his party and with the public, and there had been an abortive leadership challenge by Brian Talboys in 1980. Some commentators believed that the 1981 election would mark an end to Muldoon's government.

The Labour Party was led by Bill Rowling, who had been leader of the party in the past two elections. While Rowling had performed poorly against Muldoon in 1975, and was generally viewed by the public as weak, he had gradually recovered a measure of public respect. In 1980, Rowling survived a leadership challenge by David Lange. In the 1978 election, Labour had won a plurality of the vote, but did not win a majority of the seats. Many believed that this time, Labour would manage to convert its support into seats, although that did prove not to be the case.

Not all of Muldoon's opponents gave their support to Rowling and the Labour Party, however. The small Social Credit Party, New Zealand's "third party", was enjoying strong support, although the first-past-the-post electoral system made it difficult for them to win seats. After the 1980 East Coast Bays by-election, Social Credit support rose as high as 30% in opinion polls, but then declined.

Some pundits have since claimed that the Springbok Tour increased votes for National in provincial electorates, despite the tour not being seen as a major election issue.

MPs retiring in 1981
Five National MPs and seven Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 39th Parliament.

Election day
The election was held on 28 November. 2,034,747 people were registered to vote, and 91.4% turned out. That was a markedly higher turnout than recorded for the previous election, but as the official statistics for that election are regarded as highly misleading, the comparison is probably not valid. It is likely that turnout in the 1981 election was about the same as in the election before it.

Summary of results
The 1981 election saw the National Party win 47 of the 92 seats in parliament, a drop of three from before the election (National lost Hunua, Kapiti, Miramar and Wellington Central but won Taupo). This meant that National kept its majority by only a single seat, which became highly problematic over the next parliamentary term. The Labour Party won 43 seats, a gain of three (Labour won Hunua, Kapiti, Miramar and Wellington Central but lost Taupo). The Social Credit Party managed to retain its two seats, East Coast Bays and Rangitikei. No party initially held a majority until a recount flipped the seat of Gisborne from Labour to National, which gave National a working majority of one.

For the second election in a row, Labour won more votes than National, but fewer seats, allowing National to retain government despite not winning the popular vote. Social Credit won more than 20% of the popular vote but only two seats. This result, and that of 1978, contributed to New Zealand adopting the Mixed Member Proportional system of proportional representation in the 1990s.

Individual electorate results
The tables below shows the results of the 1981 general election:

Key

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates

| Hauraki | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;" | Leo Schultz | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;background-color:;" | Graeme Lee | style="text-align:right;" | 1,787 | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;" | Gordon Miller

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates

Table footnotes:
 * }

Summary of changes

 * The seats of Hunua, Kapiti, Miramar and Wellington Central were won from incumbent National MPs by Labour challengers. The challengers in question were Colin Moyle, Margaret Shields, Peter Neilson and Fran Wilde, respectively. The defeated incumbents were Winston Peters, Barry Brill, Bill Young and Ken Comber, respectively.
 * The seat of Taupo was won from the incumbent Labour MP by a National challenger. The challenger was Roger McClay and the defeated incumbent was Jack Ridley.
 * The seats of Heretaunga, Mt. Albert, Napier, Palmerston North, Roskill, St. Kilda and Northern Maori passed from incumbent Labour MPs to new Labour MPs.
 * In Nelson, Mel Courtney achieved the best result by an Independent candidate in a New Zealand election in nearly forty years.
 * The seats of Fendalton, Hauraki, Selwyn and Whangarei passed from incumbent National MPs to new National MPs. Two of these changes were the result of MPs retiring, but two (in Selwyn and Whangarei) were the result of controversial challenges to the re-selection of the incumbents. In Selwyn, Ruth Richardson successfully challenged the re-nomination of incumbent Colin McLachlan, and in Whangarei, John Banks successfully challenged the re-nomination of incumbent John Elliott.

title: 1981 New Zealand general election


text:
Gordon Cochrane

Gordon Cochrane may refer to:

 * Mickey Cochrane (Gordon Stanley Cochrane, 1903–1962), baseball player and manager
 * Gordon Cochrane (RNZAF officer) (1916–1994), officer of the Royal New Zealand Air Force during the World War II

title: Gordon Cochrane


text:
Zincite

Zincite is the mineral form of zinc oxide (ZnO). Its crystal form is rare in nature; a notable exception to this is at the Franklin and Sterling Hill Mines in New Jersey, an area also famed for its many fluorescent minerals. It has a hexagonal crystal structure and a color that depends on the presence of impurities. The zincite found at the Franklin Furnace is red-colored, mostly due to iron and manganese dopants, and associated with willemite and franklinite.

Zincite crystals can be grown artificially, and synthetic zincite crystals are available as a by-product of zinc smelting. Synthetic crystals can be colorless or can range in color from dark red, orange, or yellow to light green.

Both natural and synthetic zincite crystals are significant for their early use as semiconductor crystal detectors in the early development of crystal radios before the advent of vacuum tubes. As an early radio detector it was used in conjunction with another mineral, galena, and this device was known as the cat's-whisker detector.

title: Zincite


text:
List of Coupling episodes

Coupling is a BBC Television sitcom. Written by Steven Moffat, it is based on his relationship with Sue Vertue, the show's producer. Martin Dennis directed all 28 episodes for Hartswood Films. The first episode was transmitted on 12 May 2000, and the final transmitted on 14 June 2004. The first three series were first broadcast on BBC Two, whereas the final series was broadcast on BBC Three.

The show centres on the dating and sexual adventures and mishaps of six friends in their thirties, often depicting the three women and the three men each talking amongst themselves about the same events, but in entirely different terms.

title: List of Coupling episodes


text:
Implacable hostility

In family law in the United Kingdom implacable hostility denotes the attitude shown by one parent to another in denying access to, or contact with, their child(ren) after separation or divorce. What differentiates implacable hostility from the typical hostility that may arise after separation/divorce is that the deep-rooted nature of the hostility cannot be justified on rational grounds and measures taken by third parties including mediators and the family courts are to no avail.

title: Implacable hostility


text:
Boeing C-135 Stratolifter

The Boeing C-135 Stratolifter is a transport aircraft derived from the prototype Boeing 367-80 jet airliner (also the basis for the 707) in the early 1950s. It has a narrower fuselage and is shorter than the 707. Boeing gave the aircraft the internal designation of Model 717, a name later assigned to a completely different aircraft.

Since the first one was built in August 1956, the C-135 and its variants have been a fixture of the United States Air Force.

It was developed from the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.

Origins and operational history
In the early 1960s, the Military Air Transport Service operated a fleet consisting almost entirely of propeller-driven aircraft such as the piston-powered Douglas C-124 Globemaster II and C-133 Cargomaster turboprop. While capable of carrying large, outsized payloads, they were becoming increasingly obsolescent and lacked the global reach required of the rapidly-modernizing Air Force. In May 1960, Congress approved the purchase of 50 C-135 aircraft; it was selected in part because of its low development cost, being a straightforward derivative of the KC-135 tanker already in production. Ultimately, only 15 C-135As would be produced (in addition to three converted from KC-135s while still on the assembly line), with 30 additional aircraft being delivered as C-135Bs with the improved Pratt & Whitney TF33 turbofan engine.

The C-135 was largely intended as an interim measure pending the development of more specialized jet transports such as the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, and as such it incorporated numerous compromises in its strategic airlift capability. The aircraft's load floor was some 10 ft off the ground, which required ground-handling equipment, its single side-loading cargo door was limited in what could fit through it, and its useful range was approximately 6,000 mi, insufficient to reach many of the Air Force's operating locations in Asia and the Pacific Rim. While range was greatly improved over earlier transports, it could not be augmented by aerial refueling, as C-135s were not configured with refueling receptacles. Additionally, its takeoff and landing performance required long runways available only at the largest military bases or commercial airports, which were not necessarily located in close proximity to potential combat areas.

The Lockheed C-141 entered front-line service in April 1965, which finally gave MATS and its successor, Military Airlift Command, the strategic airlift capability it needed. By the early 1970s, the C-135 fleet had been modified and relegated to other duties, which included staff/VIP transport, systems testing, and strategic reconnaissance.

Variants
The large majority of the 820 airframes of this type built were KC-135A Stratotankers, equipped to provide mid-air refueling to other aircraft. Forty-five base-model aircraft were built as C-135A or C-135B transports with the tanking equipment excluded; three more aircraft originally ordered as KC-135A were factory converted to C-135A. The C-135/KC-135 type was also known internally at Boeing as the Model 717, a name later assigned to a completely different aircraft.

C-135A/E
Eighteen C-135As (Boeing model number 717-157 ), powered by Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojets, were built. In later years, almost all were upgraded with Pratt & Whitney TF33 turbofan engines and wide-span horizontal stabilizers, and were re-designated C-135E. Most were converted to various special roles, including airborne command posts, missile-tracking platforms, and VIP transports, and were withdrawn throughout the 1990s. The C-135E designation was also applied to EC-135Ns that were used in the combat support role.

C-135B

Thirty C-135Bs (Boeing model number 717-158 ) were built new with the TF33 turbofan and improved wide-span horizontal stabilizers. Ten were modified for a weather reconnaissance (flying through radioactive clouds from nuclear tests or other agents) role and designated WC-135B Stratolifter (Constant Phoenix in later versions). Additional airframes were converted to RC-135s from the 1970s to 2006, and remain in service with further equipment upgrades installed.

C-135C
The C-135C designation applies to three WC-135B (originally converted from C-135B) weather reconnaissance aircraft, which were de-modified to transport status. Most of the other C-135Bs were converted to various special mission variants following their service with the Military Airlift Command. C-135Cs also retained their air refueling receptacle, added during modifications to WC-135 standard.

Although most of the remaining C-135 aircraft are used for transporting senior military leaders and other high-ranking dignitaries, the C-135C communications aircraft serves as an aerial test-bed for emerging technologies. Developmental tests using this aircraft have demonstrated the capability to fly precision approaches using a local area differential GPS system. This modified C-135 has been fitted with a millimeter wave camera and a radome to test the camera's generation of video images of the forward scene in low-visibility conditions. The aircraft, which in the VIP/Distinguished Visitor (DV) transport role seats 14 passengers, also gives a Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC) a limited ability to plan and control the simulated battle while in the air en route to the crisis area.

Speckled Trout

Speckled Trout is the official name of a combined SAF/CSAF support mission and concurrent test mission. It was also the official nickname given to a modified C-135C, serial number 61–2669, that was used by the Secretary and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force for executive transport requirements. Fully equipped with an array of communications equipment, data links and cryptographic sets, the aircraft served a secondary role as a testbed for proposed command and control systems and was also used to evaluate future transport aircraft design. The 412th Flight Test Squadron (412 FLTS) of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) at Edwards AFB, California operated the C-135 Speckled Trout airframe and managed its test mission.

The name Speckled Trout applies to both the organization and the aircraft. The name was chosen in honor of an early program monitor, Faye Trout, who assisted in numerous phases of the project. Trout reportedly had many freckles, hence the addition of "Speckled."

Speckled Trout acquired the C-135C, serial number 61–2669, in 1974 and retired the aircraft on 13 January 2006. An interim aircraft was in use for the Speckled Trout mission until the 2008 delivery of the current aircraft, a modified KC-135R Stratotanker serial number 63–7980 with a more modern communications architecture testbed. The current KC-135R Speckled Trout also supports additional tests and air refueling requirements that the C-135C could not.

C-135F
C-135F (Boeing model number 717-164 ) was new-built variant for France as a dual-role tanker/cargo and troop carrier aircraft. 12 were built for the French Air Force with the addition of a drogue adapter on the refueling boom. 11 surviving C-135Fs upgraded to C-135FRs with CFM International F108 turbofans between 1985 and 1988. Later modified with MPRS wing pods.

C-135K
One former EC-135K modified for VIP use for CINCPAC.

Accidents and incidents

 * 23 October 1962: A USAF/MATS C-135B (serial number 62-4136) stalled and crashed on approach to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba after a flight from McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. All seven crew members aboard were killed.
 * 11 May 1964: A USAF/MATS C-135B, (serial number 61-0332), was on a Military Air Transport Service (MATS) flight from Fairfield-Travis AFB, CA (SUU) to Clark AB in the Philippines via Honolulu-Hickam AFB, HI (HIK). Thunderstorms were in the area as the flight approached Clark AB. An indefinite ceiling was at 300 feet and visibility was 2000 m. The crew carried out a Precision approach radar (PAR) approach to runway 02. The aircraft descended below the glidepath and the crew were urged to initiate go around as the C-135 had descended below the PAR lower safety limit. By then, the co-pilot had the runway in sight and the approach was continued. On final, the undercarriage struck the perimeter fence. The airplane struck a TACAN facility, hit the ground and slid across a road, striking a cab and killing the driver. The airplane broke up and caught fire. Five of the ten crewmembers and all 74 passengers were fatally injured, along with the unfortunate cab driver.
 * 25 June 1965: A USAF/MATS C-135A, (serial number 60-0373), carrying 85 US Marine Corps personnel was flying from MCAS El Toro to Okinawa. Weather was poor at El Toro when the airplane was ready to depart: thick fog and light drizzle. Takeoff was accomplished at night at 01:45 from runway 34R. After takeoff, the pilot should have made a prescribed left turn. Instead, the airplane continued straight ahead. It contacted the 1,300-foot Loma Ridge, some 150 feet below the crest. The aircraft broke up and burst into flames. The crash killed all 12 crewmembers and 72 other personnel on board.

Aircraft on display

 * 60-0374 – The Bird of Prey Built as a C-135A, later converted to EC-135N, and later to EC-135E. Retired Nov 2, 2000.  On display at National Museum of the US Air Force, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio; nose art remains.
 * 60-0377 – Built as a C-135A. Used as B-2 avionics flying testbed.  To Edwards AFB museum, California in 1996; in museum storage.
 * 61-0327 – Built as a C-135A, later converted to EC-135N, but with E-model engines installed. On display at Museum of Aviation (Warner Robins) at Robins, AFB, Georgia.
 * 61-2669 – Built as a C-135B, later converted to WC-135B. Spent a few months at MASDC in 1972.  Later used as a Speckled Trout research aircraft and redesignated C-135C.  Also the personal transport of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Henry Hugh Shelton, from 1997 to 2001.  Made last flight Jan 13, 2006.  Now with the Edwards AFB Museum, California; in museum storage.
 * 61-2671 – Built as a C-135B, later converted to WC-135B. Involved in a landing accident in 1970, but was repaired.  Later converted to C-135C executive transport.  Now on display at Tinker AFB Air Park, Oklahoma.

title: Boeing C-135 Stratolifter


text:
Australia First Party

The Australia First Party (AFP), officially known as the Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated, is an Australian nationalist political party founded in 1996 by Graeme Campbell, a former member of the Australian Labor Party. The policies of the party have been described as nationalist, anti-multicultural and economically protectionist, advocating for strict immigration controls, the prioritization of Australian citizens in employment, and the promotion of Australian culture and values. The party's logo includes the Southern Cross of the Eureka Flag.

The AFP's current leader, Jim Saleam, is a Lebanese Australian, a convicted arsonist, a former member of the National Socialist Party of Australia and founder of the militant Australian white nationalist group National Action. The party has been accused of having ties with fascism and neo-Nazism. In October 2022, the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism (GPAHE) released a report in which it classified the AFP as a "white nationalist" and "anti-immigrant" group.

As of July 2024, the party is only registered for local government elections with the New South Wales Electoral Commission (NSWEC) as "Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated (Councils)".

Campbell era
The Australia First Party was established in June 1996 by Graeme Campbell, and registered as a political party by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) on 13 September 1996. Campbell had been the federal Labor member for Kalgoorlie since 1980. However, he was disendorsed by Labor in 1995, and continued to sit in parliament as an independent. He was reelected as an independent at the 1996 Australian federal election, and formed AFP soon after. However, AFP was not successful at the 1998 federal election and Campbell lost his seat, blaming his loss on Australia First being eclipsed by One Nation. In 2009, he claimed that, if not for the presence of a One Nation candidate, he would have picked up an additional 8.5% of the vote, which would have been enough to keep him in the race.

Campbell remained Australia First's leader until June 2001, when he left the party to stand (unsuccessfully) as a One Nation Senate candidate in Western Australia. At the 2004 federal election, Campbell attempted unsuccessfully to regain his old federal seat as an independent. He again stood for the Senate in Western Australia at the 2007 federal election as an independent, but only achieved 0.13% of the vote.

Saleam era
Saleam has served two jail terms, one for property offences and fraud in 1984 and one for being an accessory before the fact in 1989 for his involvement in the shotgun attack on the home of African National Congress representative Eddie Funde.

In 2002, Jim Saleam ran as an AFP candidate for a seat on Marrickville council, New South Wales, claiming "to oppose Marrickville being a Refugee Welcome Zone". Later that year the party formed its youth wing, the Patriotic Youth League. AFP was deregistered by the AEC on 13 August 2004 for failing to nominate candidates at elections for four years. By 2007, Saleam had reestablished AFP, and in July 2009, Saleam claimed that the party had 500 members, and announced that he was registering its New South Wales branch, Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated, with the AEC. The branch was registered by AEC on 13 June 2010, in time for the 2010 federal election.

At the 2013 federal election, AFP was involved in Glenn Druery's Minor Party Alliance. Saleam stood in the seat of Cook on a platform to end refugee intakes, running against Scott Morrison, and received 617 votes, or 0.67% of the vote.

On 14 July 2015, the AEC de-registered the AFP due to its failure to demonstrate the required 500 members. It was re-registered on 1 March 2016 as "Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated".

AFP contested the 2016 federal election, without any success. Saleam stood in the seat of Lindsay, New South Wales, receiving 1068 votes or 1.2% of the vote. In October 2016, the Australia First Party joined with the Australian Protectionist Party, Nationalist Alternative, Eureka Youth League, and Hellenic Nationalists of Australia to form the Australian Coalition of Nationalists, as a framework for cooperation between these entities.

Saleam also stood for AFP in the 2018 Longman by-election, receiving 709 votes or 0.8% of the vote.

Saleam stood in the seat of Cootamundra, New South Wales, in the 2017 by-election as an independent, though still a member of Australia First, as the party was not registered for NSW elections. He received 453 votes, 1% of the total. He again stood in the seat at the 2019 New South Wales state election as an independent. Saleam's platform included the reintroduction of the White Australia policy and opposition to Chinese immigration.

On 2 May 2014 the party aligned itself with the Golden Dawn party of Greece, an ultranationalist organisation, and on 24 July 2016, the party endorsed former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan David Duke for the 2016 Louisiana election via Twitter.

On 12 January 2022, the party was de-registered by the Australian Electoral Commission for failing to meet the increased requirement of 1,500 members.

Policies and electoral performance
The party stands on a nationalist, anti-multicultural and economic protectionist platform. It advocates for strict immigration controls, the prioritization of Australian citizens in employment, and the protection of national sovereignty. The party follows eight core policies in their programme:

The Australia First Party has been largely unsuccessful electorally. It has been elected to two local council seats, one in City of Penrith and one in City of Prospect. Saleam ran as a candidate in the 2018 Longman by-election, receiving 684 votes or 0.8% of the vote.
 * Ensure Australia retains full independence.
 * Rebuild Australian manufacturing industries.
 * Control foreign ownership.
 * Reduce and limit immigration.
 * Abolish multiculturalism.
 * Introduce Citizen's Initiated Referendums.
 * Strengthen the family.
 * Strive to rebuild a united Australia.

In the 2019 Australian federal election, the party put up three candidates: Susan Jakobi in Lalor, Peter Schubeck for Longman, and Michael Chehoff for Swan.

Activities
The Australia First Party's activities have mainly consisted of distributing anti-immigration and racist pamphlets and protesting, although they denied involvement in some highly racist leaflets dropped in mailboxes in 2010 Campbelltown.

Cronulla riots (2005)
The group played a large role in the 2005 Cronulla riots. In the week prior to the riots, the AFP encouraged members to go to the seaside suburb of Cronulla. Its website called for "patriots" to show solidarity with victims of "anti-Australian race and hate and violence". AFP claim that 120 members and supporters attended the riots, and both members of the AFP and their youth wing the Patriotic Youth League were seen handing out anti-immigration leaflets and supplying alcohol there. Their website later described the riots as a "civil uprising of the Australian people".

Nathan Sykes arrest
On 20 March 2019, Australia First member Nathan Sykes, described as a "prolific online troll and a lieutenant of Australia's most prominent white supremacist Jim Saleam", was charged with at least eight offences, after allegations that he made repeated and detailed violent threats to Melbourne journalist and lawyer Luke McMahon. He had previously made numerous racist and intimidating online comments targeting high-profile Australians, including ex-Racial Discrimination Commissioner Tim Soutphommasane, activist Mariam Veiszadeh and Guardian journalist Van Badham.

Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
The Patriotic Youth League was formed in 2002 by former One Nation activist Stuart McBeth as the youth wing of the Australia First Party. It was described by numerous media commentators and academics as a far right, white nationalist youth organisation that has been linked to neo-Nazism, including the now-disbanded US-based Volksfront, and hate crimes.

The group was mainly active in the northern suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne, and played a large role in the 2005 Cronulla riots. They distributed white power leaflets in the days prior to the riots, displayed banners saying "Aussies fighting back" at the riots, and also distributed pamphlets and alcohol during the riots.

The league disbanded in 2006, but was reincarnated as the Eureka Youth League in 2010 (not to be confused with the historical Eureka Youth League). the Eureka Youth League has a website and Facebook group, although the last post on the latter was in October 2017.

Racism allegations
Australia First Party is led by convicted criminal and far-right activist Jim Saleam. Saleam was a member of the short-lived National Socialist Party of Australia as a teenager during the early 1970s and the founder of the militant Australian white nationalist group National Action.

Australia First also endorsed independent candidate John Moffat, who was later criticised by B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation Commission chairman Michael Lipshutz, Cronulla Liberal MLA Malcolm Kerr and Lebanese Muslim Association spokesman Jihad Dib for "inciting racial hatred".

On 10 July 2009, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that David Palmer, the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan in Australia, said several Klan members had secretly joined Australia First. Palmer said Australia First had been identified as an Aryan party and would prove useful "in case the ethnics get out of hand and they need sorting out." The Australia First Party later endorsed former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan David Duke for the 2016 Louisiana election via Twitter.

In July 2010, it was reported that Australia First was distributing leaflets comparing Africans to monkeys, and "blaming Africans for the social problems in Sydney's west". Australia First denied responsibility for the leaflets, claiming that they had been distributed in an attempt to discredit the party.

The Australia First Party used Sinophobia and fear of African Australians in their campaign during the 2019 election.

title: Australia First Party