text:
Jianwen Emperor

The Jianwen Emperor (5 December 1377 – ?), personal name Zhu Yunwen (朱允炆), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Huizong of Ming and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Hui of Ming, was the second emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1398 to 1402. Zhu Yunwen's father was Zhu Biao, the eldest son and crown prince of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dynasty. Zhu Biao died at the age of 37 in 1392, after which the Hongwu Emperor named Zhu Yunwen as his successor. He ascended the throne after the Hongwu Emperor's death in June 1398.

As emperor, he surrounded himself with Confucian-educated officials who immediately began revising Hongwu's reforms. However, the most significant change was the attempt to limit or eliminate the princes, who were the sons of the Hongwu Emperor and had been the main support of the previous government. Fearing the potential power of his uncles, the Jianwen Emperor attempted to restrict their influence. One of the most dangerous uncles was Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, who was put in charge of the Beijing region and was responsible for guarding the border with the Mongols. When the emperor ordered the imprisonment of his uncle's followers, Zhu Di plotted against him. In 1399, Zhu Di rebelled under the pretext of protecting the emperor from corrupt court officials. This sparked a civil war known as the Jingnan campaign, which aimed to eliminate disorder. In 1402, Zhu Di captured the capital of Nanjing and the imperial palace was burned to the ground. It is believed that the emperor, along with his empress, mother, and eldest son, perished in the fire. However, their bodies were never found, leading to rumors of the emperor's survival and refuge in a Buddhist monastery.

After conquering Nanjing, Zhu Di ascended to the throne as the Yongle Emperor. He abolished the reforms implemented by the Jianwen Emperor and declared his predecessor illegitimate—thus, he did not grant him a temple or posthumous name and abolished the era of Jianwen, extending the era of Hongwu from 1398 to 1402.

Early life
Zhu Yunwen was born on 5 December 1377, the second son of Zhu Biao and his wife Lady Lü. Zhu Biao was the eldest son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty. Upon assuming the imperial title, the Hongwu Emperor named his eldest son as his heir to the throne. In 1382, after the death of his elder brother, Zhu Yunwen became the eldest son of Zhu Biao. He was described as a mature and direct child who was well-liked by the emperor.

In May 1392, Zhu Biao died at the age of thirty-seven after several months of illness. As the eldest surviving son, Zhu Yunwen was named the new crown prince on 28 September 1392. He spent the next six years carefully preparing for his future role as regent. Like his father, Zhu Yunwen was not physically fit and preferred scholarly pursuits. He was known for his polite demeanor and adherence to Confucian values. However, the Hongwu Emperor had doubts about his grandson's ability to rule, as he believed him to lack the necessary toughness. This may have been the reason for the purges of potentially dangerous generals in the first half of the 1390s.

Accession
The Hongwu Emperor died on 24 June 1398. Just six days later, on 30 June 1398, Zhu Yunwen took the throne. His gentle nature and adherence to Confucian principles made him acutely aware of the harshness of Hongwu's policies. As a result, he sought to bring about significant changes in the political landscape. The era name of his reign, "Jianwen", means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp change in tone from "Hongwu" ("vastly martial"), the era name of the reign of his grandfather and predecessor, the Hongwu Emperor.

Instead of relying on accomplished generals or members of the imperial family, he turned to Confucian scholars for guidance. His closest advisors were Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai, and Fang Xiaoru, all of whom were idealistic reformers. However, they lacked practical experience in governing the country.

Reforms
During the reign of the Jianwen Emperor, the civilian part of the administration gained more influence, while the military commanders and the emperor's uncles saw a decrease in their power. Additionally, there was a partial revival of the position of "Chancellor" (, chengxiang), the head of the civil administration. This came after the Central Secretariat was abolished in 1380, leaving no central office in the Ming administration to coordinate the work of ministries and other civil offices. Instead, all of these offices were directly under the emperor's control. The Jianwen Emperor relied on Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai, and Fang Xiaoru to lead the government, discussing policies with them and overseeing their implementation by the ministries. Although they effectively acted as chancellors, they did not hold the official title. This reform proved beneficial for the administration of the empire, but it went against the edict of the Hongwu Emperor, which strictly prohibited the restoration of the chancellery in any form.

The ministers were elevated from the second rank to the first in the hierarchy of rank classes, placing them on equal footing with the highest-ranking generals (the military commissioners). The number of departments and ministry officials was altered, and the status and number of positions in the Hanlin Academy and the National University were increased. He also strengthened the academy's influence in educating princes. A series of changes were made to the powers and titles of offices, following the patterns of the Zhou dynasty. However, after the Jianwen Emperor's overthrow, his reforms were criticized for deviating from the principles of the dynasty's founder and were subsequently repealed.

As crown prince, he criticized some of the laws and statements of the previous emperor, the Hongwu Emperor, as being too harsh. After taking the throne, he cancelled these laws, but his successor, the Yongle Emperor, later restored them. Additionally, the emperor abolished the unfair tax system of the previous era, particularly the excessive taxes imposed on Jiangnan, specifically Suzhou and Songjiang prefectures. In 1400, taxes in Jiangnan were reduced to a more reasonable level. The following year, the tax exemptions for Taoist and Buddhist clergy were limited, and they were required to hand over land exceeding a certain amount to be distributed to the needy. However, it seems that the government did not have enough time to fully implement these changes before its fall. Despite this, there was still a noticeable shift towards supporting Yongle among the Buddhist community.

Reduction of the princes' power
The Jianwen government aimed to reduce the influence of the emperor's uncles, the sons of the Hongwu Emperor. These uncles were granted the title of prince (, wang) and were given significant income and privileges by their father. They were stationed in various provinces and had their own personal guards, which could range from 3,000 to 15,000 men. Some of them even led the Ming armies in the 1390s, particularly on the northern border. The most powerful and eldest among them was Zhu Di, who was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor.

The policy of "reducing the feudatories" (, xuefan) was supported by Qi Tai and, most notably, by Huang Zicheng, who cited past dynastic experiences, such as the Rebellion of the Seven States during the Han dynasty. Princedoms were either directly suppressed or had their powers limited for both real and perceived offenses. The government forbade the princes from participating in public life, in direct contradiction to the laws of the late Hongwu Emperor, which stated that they were to be the backbone of the throne at the head of the government's armies.

The first victim of the new order was Zhu Su, the Prince of Zhou based in Kaifeng, and a close friend of Zhu Di. In the fall of 1398, the emperor stripped him of his title and exiled him to Yunnan. In February 1399, Zhu Gui (1374–1446), the Prince of Dai, was placed under house arrest in Datong. Zhu Bai (1371–1399), the Prince of Xiang, set fire to his palace in Jingzhou on 1 June 1399, taking his own life and that of his family. In the following two months, in June and July, Zhu Fu (1364–1428), the Prince of Qi based in Jingzhou, and Zhu Pian (1379–1400), the Prince of Min based in Yunnan, were also stripped of their titles.

The main long-term target of the government's measures and the most dangerous opponent was Zhu Di. He was based in Beijing and had shown himself to be a capable military leader and energetic administrator during campaigns against the Mongols. However, since 1392, when he was not named as a successor, he has considered himself unjustly neglected. The princes saw the efforts of the new emperor and his government as a personal threat and a violation of the laws of the Hongwu Emperor, which everyone, including the emperor, was obliged to obey.

Conflict with Zhu Di
The government was cautious towards Zhu Di, which gave him the opportunity to prepare and gather forces. However, the Nanjing government had been systematically limiting Zhu Di's power. For instance, his personal guard of 15,000 men was transferred outside of Beijing, and the generals serving in the northeast, close to Zhu Di, were gradually replaced by followers of the emperor.

In June 1399, the emperor finally permitted Zhu Di's sons, who had been effectively held as hostages in Nanjing since the Hongwu Emperor's funeral, to return to Beijing. This event seemed to remove Zhu Di's inhibitions, and the immediate pretext for his rebellion was the arrest of two of his lower officials for "subversive activity". With the support of Beijing's provincial dignitaries, Zhu Di responded by occupying the districts and prefectures around Beijing, calling the war a campaign to clear away disorders (Jingnan campaign). He justified his rebellion in letters sent to the court in August and December 1399, as well as in a public statement.

He justified his actions by claiming that he was trying to end internal political disorder and confusion, defend the Hongwu Emperor's statutes and laws defining the duties of princes, and honor his deceased father. He accused the emperor and his ministers of persecuting the princes, who were falsely accused of preparing an uprising. He presented his actions as a reasonable act of self-defense. He also stated that he had no interest in the throne, but as the eldest surviving son of the deceased founder of the dynasty, he felt obligated to restore the law and legality that had been subverted by the emperor's criminal advisers and ministers.

Course of the war
At the beginning of the war, Zhu Di had a force of 100,000 men and only controlled the immediate vicinity of Beijing. In contrast, the Nanjing government had three times the number of soldiers and significantly more resources. However, the government's superiority was not as clear-cut as it seemed. Zhu Di was a decisive and exceptionally capable commander, leading elite units of the Ming armies that included a large number of Mongolian cavalry. On the other hand, the imperial party was weakened by the indecision and poor coordination of its commanders, as well as the conflicting views between those who supported aggressive tactics and those who favored a more conciliatory approach. Additionally, the emperor and his closest ministers lacked military experience.

In August 1399, the emperor appointed Geng Bingwen as the commander of the troops tasked with suppressing the rebellion. Geng Bingwen led 130,000 troops to Zhengding, a city southwest of Beijing, but was ultimately defeated by Zhu Di in late September, resulting in heavy losses for the imperial army. In November 1399, the new commander of the imperial army, Li Jinglong, took advantage of Zhu Di's absence from Beijing and laid siege to the city. However, Zhu Di quickly returned and forced the imperial army to retreat.

In the year 1400, there were numerous rebel attacks and government army counterattacks. The Imperial forces were unable to utilize their numerical advantage or mobilize additional troops, allowing Zhu Di to strengthen his position in the north. The emperor, who was dissatisfied with Li Jinglong, dismissed him and appointed Sheng Yong as the new commander of the anti-rebellion forces. Following the advice of his supporters in Nanjing, Zhu Di focused on a war of attrition starting in the autumn of 1400. Through small raids, he disrupted the enemy's communications in southern Beijing and western Shandong.

In January 1401, the government army used firearms and rocket weapons to kill tens of thousands of rebels at Dongchang in Shandong. During the retreat to Beijing, Zhu Di narrowly escaped capture. In late February, the rebels launched an attack, and in April and May, they were successful in crushing the government armies. In response, the emperor promoted Zhu Chang and Li Jinglong, who were leaders of the "peace party" at court. However, Zhu Di rejected their offer for peace negotiations. Throughout the summer, the insurgents continued to raid the enemy's supply lines, while the front in Shandong and southern Beijing moved back and forth.

In January 1402, Zhu Di launched an offensive. On the advice of the Nanjing eunuchs, he chose to advance westward instead of through the fortified cities along the Grand Canal. This strategic decision proved successful as the government forces in the west were weaker, allowing the rebels to disrupt their lines. Despite the government's attempt to stop the rebel advance by sending General Xu Huizu to the north, they were unable to do so. The rebels continued their march south and by the beginning of March, they had captured Xuzhou in the north of Zhili. As a result, the government was forced to withdraw its troops from Beijing and Shandong provinces to defend Zhili.

From April to June 1402, the rebel army engaged in fierce battles and successfully advanced from Xuzhou to the banks of the Yangtze River. The commander of the government fleet defected to the rebels, giving them an open road to Nanjing. The emperor, who was gathering forces to defend the capital, was unable to stop the rebels. Taking advantage of the chaos, members of the "peace party" in the government opened the gates of Nanjing to the rebels on 13 July 1402. In the ensuing clashes, the imperial palace was burned down. Three bodies found at the cremation site were later identified as those of the emperor, empress, and their eldest son. Beginning in the Jiajing era (1522–1567), non-state historians who were sympathetic to the Jianwen Emperor propagated a folk legend in their writings that he lived in anonymity as a Buddhist monk.

On 17 July, Zhu Di ascended the imperial throne as the successor of the Hongwu Emperor. He denied legitimacy to his overthrown nephew, canceled his reforms, and attempted to erase them from history. The Jianwen Emperor's younger son, Zhu Wengui, and other relatives spent the rest of their lives in prison. (Zhu Wengui was released in 1457 by Emperor Yingzong, who himself lived under house arrest from 1450 to 1457 out of compassion. However, Zhu Wengui did not enjoy his freedom for long; he died after a few days.) The followers of the deceased emperor were punished, and his closest advisers were executed. Although the Yongle Emperor hoped that Fang Xiaoru, known for his integrity and honesty, would join his side and bring confidence to the new government, he was resolutely rejected. As punishment, the emperor not only executed his relatives but also his pupils. The purges, executions, imprisonments, and exiles affected tens of thousands of people.

Ministers
Shortly after the Jianwen Emperor ascended the throne, he re-elected the officials of the six ministries, many of whom had died in the Jingnan campaign; had died in battle, refused to cooperate with the Prince of Yan Zhu Di and committed suicide or died unyielding, including Minister of Rites Chen Di, Ministers of War Qi Tai and Tie Xuan, Ministers of Justice Bao Zhao and Hou Tai , Left Censor-in-Chief Jing Qing , Right Censor-in-Chief Lian Zining , Fang Xiaoru of the Hanlin Academy, etc.

Legacy
In an attempt to erase the memory of the defeated emperor, the era of Jianwen was retroactively cancelled and the era of Hongwu was extended from 1399 to 1402. Many official documents from his government were destroyed, and private notes were also eliminated. Historians' views of the Jianwen Emperor were closely tied to their opinions of the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule. The official history of the Hongwu Emperor's reign, known as Taizu Silu (Veritable Records of Emperor Taizu, i.e. the Hongwu Emperor), was compiled from 1399 to 1402, but was rewritten in 1402–1403 and again in 1411–1418. The Yongle Emperor's historians portrayed the Jianwen Emperor as a weak and immoral ruler who showed little interest in governing and was surrounded by corrupt and treacherous ministers. However, later versions of the history paint the Jianwen Emperor as an honest and benevolent leader who followed the advice of devoted Confucians and worked to correct the cruelties of his predecessor.

His reign was restored to the official history of the dynasty by the decision of the Wanli Emperor in October 1595. However, he was not given a posthumous temple name until July 1644, when Zhu Yousong gave him the temple name Huizong ('Magnanimous Ancestor') and the posthumous name Emperor Rang ('Abdicated Emperor', the name related to the legend of his abdication and the anonymous life of a Buddhist monk). However, Zhu Yousong was not recognized by the Qing as legitimate and his decisions were not considered valid. It was not until September 1736 that the Jianwen Emperor was given the posthumous name Emperor Gongmin Hui by the Qianlong Emperor.

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 * Empress Xiaominrang, of the Ma clan (孝愍讓皇后 馬氏; 1378–1402)
 * Zhu Wenkui, Crown Prince Hejian (和簡皇太子 朱文奎; 30 November 1396 – 1402), first son
 * Zhu Wengui, Prince of Runhuai (潤懷王 朱文圭; 1401–1457), second son

title: Jianwen Emperor


text:
Friday Harbor

Friday Harbor may refer to:

 * Friday Harbor, Washington
 * Friday Harbor Laboratories, a marine biology field station of the University of Washington
 * Friday Harbor (series), a series of romance novels by Lisa Kleypas
 * Friday Harbour Resort, a mixed-use development in Innisfil, Ontario, Canada.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Friday Harbor


text:
User:Lvl

My todo list

 * Cell envelope (found through Random Page) is almost empty and has no links either to or from it.
 * Create a Maps of Belgium page? (See Belgium, Maps on Wikipedia)
 * Create an Englandspiel entry? (mentioned on the Leo Marks page, "they were being toyed with by the Germans (who among themselves actually did call it a game)")
 * Barry Kolster
 * www.englandspiel.nl
 * nl:Englandspiel
 * Upload Galápagos pictures (check size restrictions/conventions?)
 * List of common misspellings in English
 * misspelling: parseable (ok) vs. parsable (wrong). See wiktionary.

title: User:Lvl


text:
Talk:Walter Staunton Mack Jr.

Untitled
Page doubtless created from List of encyclopedia topics/Biographies M. The automated nature of that list involves quite frequent mishandling of titles (such as Jr., in this case). Needs watching.

Charles Matthews 11:53, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Title wrong
Jr must be taken off title of article. I do not know how.

Walter S Mack Jr, his son, married Consuelo Mack.

See reference at end of this article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Mack?wprov=sfti1 Ccirulli (talk) 23:41, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walter Staunton Mack Jr.


text:
Nail bomb

A nail bomb is an anti-personnel explosive device containing nails to increase its effectiveness at harming victims. The nails act as shrapnel, leading almost certainly to more injury in inhabited areas than the explosives alone would. A nail bomb is also a type of flechette weapon. Such weapons use bits of shrapnel (steel balls, nail heads, screws, needles, broken razors, darts and other small metal objects) to create a larger radius of destruction.

Nail bombs are often used by terrorists, including suicide bombers since they cause larger numbers of casualties when detonated in crowded places. Nail bombs can be detected by electromagnetic sensors and standard metal detectors.

pre-2000s

 * On 6 March 1970, in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, three members of the Weather Underground were killed in the accidental explosion of a nail bomb intended to be set off at a non-commissioned officers dance at the Fort Dix, New Jersey Army base.
 * Several nail bombings occurred during The Troubles in Northern Ireland, both by Republicans and Loyalists.
 * American Mafia figure Philip Testa was killed by a nail bomb in Philadelphia in 1981.
 * Mark Hofmann, convicted of murdering two people with a nail bomb in 1985.
 * In 1989, football hooligans threw nail bombs at supporters of a rival club in the Netherlands.
 * A number of nail-bombings occurred in 1999 when the neo-Nazi David Copeland planted several devices in London targeted against ethnic minorities and LGBT people.

2000s

 * On 11 October 2002 in Myyrmäki, Finland, a 19-year-old named Petri Gerdt committed a nail bombing in a local mall. Seven people died including Gerdt, and 159 were injured.
 * On 9 June 2004, a nail bomb was detonated in Cologne, Germany, by the Nazi terrorist group National Socialist Underground (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund) in a popular Turkish shopping quarter called "Little Istanbul", wounding 22 people and damaging several shops and parked cars. According to the magazine Der Spiegel, the Nazi group claimed responsibility for the attack in a DVD found in the ruins of a house in Zwickau (D) that exploded on 4 November 2011.
 * On 31 December 2005, an Indonesian marketplace was nail-bombed, and a second undetonated bomb was found nearby.
 * On 29 June 2007, a nail bomb that was assumed to be a part of a terror plot was discovered in a car and was consequently defused by police in the West End of London. There was a second car bomb, further down the street that was apparently scheduled to detonate as evacuees and survivors fled down the street, to a nearby tube station.
 * On 21 December 2007, a nail bomb was detonated in Sherpao, Pakistan by a suicide bomber. Detonation occurred inside a tightly packed mosque, filled with holiday worshippers.  At least 50 people were killed, with over 100 injured.
 * In the 22 May 2008 Exeter bombing, a nail bomb explosive was detonated in the toilets of Giraffe café in the Princesshay Shopping Centre in Exeter, Devon. The homemade bomb exploded in the attacker's face as he was trying to arm it in the café toilet. Police then found another nail bomb inside the café after everybody had been evacuated.

2010s

 * On 11 April 2011, a nail bomb was detonated in Minsk Metro, Belarus. 15 people were killed and 204 people were injured.
 * During the 2011 Syrian uprising, security forces have been reported to have used nail bombs against crowds of protesters.
 * On 15 April 2013, pressure cooker bombs filled with bits of metal, nails, and ball bearings were used in the Boston Marathon bombing.
 * On 22 March 2016, nail bombs were used by ISIL during the terrorist attacks on Brussels Airport, Zaventem and the metro station in Maalbeek.
 * On 24 September 2016, a nail bomb was detonated in Budapest, Hungary. Two policemen and a taxi driver were injured in the attack.
 * On 22 May 2017, a nail-bomb attack occurred at the Manchester Arena where American singer Ariana Grande was performing. The total number of people killed was 22 and 1,017 were injured. Among the 22 dead were children, including one who was 8 years old.
 * On 17 October 2018, Vladislav Roslyakov killed 20 people using nail bomb and a pump-action shotgun during attack on Kerch Polytechnic College.

title: Nail bomb


text:
List of New Zealand musicians

This is a list of New Zealand musicians of any genre.

See also the categories:
 * New Zealand musical groups
 * New Zealand musicians
 * New Zealand songwriters

0-9

 * 1814
 * 3 The Hard Way – hip-hop band; "Hip Hop Holiday" (1994) reached #1
 * The 3Ds
 * 48May
 * 8 Foot Sativa

A

 * Aaradhna
 * Able Tasmans
 * Chris Abrahams
 * Richard Adams
 * Adeaze
 * Rudy Adrian
 * Age Pryor
 * The Fan Club
 * Alien Weaponry
 * Steve Allen
 * Anderson and Wise
 * Annah Mac
 * Antagonist A.D.
 * Ardijah
 * Atlas
 * Autozamm
 * Avalanche City

B

 * Bailter Space
 * Bang Bang Eche
 * Christopher Banks
 * The Bats
 * Beastwars
 * Daniel Bedingfield
 * Benee
 * Betchadupa
 * The Beths
 * Carly Binding
 * Birchville Cat Motel
 * Bird Nest Roys
 * Black River Drive
 * The Black Seeds
 * Blacklistt
 * Ginny Blackmore – singer, songwriter
 * Blam Blam Blam
 * Bleeders
 * Blerta
 * Blindspott
 * Jack Body – composer
 * Kevin Borich
 * Boyband
 * John Christopher Bradshaw
 * Graham Brazier
 * Breaks Co-Op
 * Breathe
 * Jonathan Bree
 * Bressa Creeting Cake
 * Bridgette Allen
 * Broods
 * The Brunettes
 * Rosina Buckman – opera singer
 * Richard James Burgess – drummer
 * Bulldogs Allstar Goodtime Band

C

 * The Cakekitchen
 * Edwin Carr
 * Shayne Carter
 * Cassandra's Ears
 * Che Fu
 * The Checks
 * The Chicks
 * The Chills
 * Clap Clap Riot
 * Jemaine Clement – member of folk/pop/comedy duo Flight of the Conchords
 * Darcy Clay
 * The Clean
 * Chanel Cole
 * Coconut Rough
 * Confessor
 * Ray Columbus – Invaders singer, TV presenter
 * Concord Dawn
 * Ashley Cooper
 * Crowded House
 * Annie Crummer
 * Cut Off Your Hands

D

 * The D4
 * David Dallas
 * Maria Dallas
 * Dam Native
 * Dance Exponents
 * The Datsuns
 * Mark de Clive-Lowe
 * Julia Deans
 * Delaney Davidson
 * Dawn of Azazel
 * DD Smash
 * Leo De Castro
 * The Dead C
 * Dead Famous People
 * Deep Obsession
 * Dei Hamo
 * Deja Voodoo
 * Demoniac
 * Devilskin
 * Johnny Devlin
 * Lynette Diaz
 * Die! Die! Die!
 * Dimmer
 * Bill Direen (Bilderine)
 * Disasteradio
 * DLT (Darryl Thomson)
 * Dave Dobbyn – singer, songwriter
 * The DoubleHappys
 * Graeme Downes
 * Dr Kevorkian & the Suicide Machine
 * Dragon
 * Drax Project
 * Dribbling Darts
 * Brooke Duff
 * The Dukes

E

 * Electric Confectionaires
 * Elemeno P
 * The Enemy
 * The Enright House
 * Evermore
 * The Exponents
 * Eye TV

F

 * Andrew Fagan
 * The Fan Club
 * David Farquhar – composer
 * Fast Crew
 * Fat Freddy's Drop
 * Annabel Fay
 * Fazerdaze
 * The Feelers
 * Liam Finn
 * Neil Finn – singer, songwriter
 * Tim Finn – singer, songwriter
 * Flight of the Conchords
 * Fly My Pretties
 * Foamy Ed
 * The Fourmyula
 * Brooke Fraser
 * Fred Dagg (John Clarke)
 * From Scratch
 * The Front Lawn
 * Frontline
 * Ruby Frost
 * Fur Patrol
 * Futurians

G

 * Garageland
 * Steve Gilpin
 * Golden Harvest
 * Goldenhorse
 * Goodnight Nurse
 * Goodshirt
 * GST

H

 * Nathan Haines
 * Ria Hall
 * Mika Haka
 * Hallelujah Picassos
 * Joan Hammond – violinist, soprano
 * Hammond Gamble
 * John Hanlon
 * Aldous Harding
 * Headband
 * Headless Chickens
 * Hello Sailor
 * Jan Hellriegel
 * George D. Henderson
 * Herbs
 * Herriot Row
 * Hieronymus Bosch
 * High Dependency Unit
 * Head Like A Hole
 * Hogsnort Rupert
 * Paul Holmes
 * Home Brew
 * Calum Hood – from Australian band 5 Seconds of Summer
 * Horomona Horo
 * House of Downtown
 * House of Shem
 * Howard Morrison Quartet
 * Fanny Howie
 * Al Hunter
 * Marc Hunter – singer (moved to Australia)
 * Human
 * Human Instinct
 * Luke Hurley

I

 * I Am Giant
 * In Dread Response
 * Ivy Lies

J

 * J.Williams (Joshua Williams) – singer, dancer
 * Jakob
 * Billy T. James
 * Mitch James
 * Jean-Paul Sartre Experience
 * Peter Jefferies
 * Jennie – singer and member of Blackpink (lived in New Zealand for some years)
 * Greg Johnson

K

 * K'Lee
 * K.One
 * Katchafire
 * KERI
 * Kerretta
 * Kids of 88
 * Kidz in Space
 * Alphonso Keil
 * Eliza Keil
 * Freddie Keil
 * Herma Keil
 * Olaf Keil
 * David Kilgour
 * Kimbra
 * Kimo
 * Ken Kincaid
 * King Kapisi
 * Knightshade
 * The Knobz
 * Chris Knox
 * Kora
 * Kraus

L

 * L.A.B.
 * The La De Da's
 * Ladi6
 * Ladyhawke
 * Shona Laing
 * Larry's Rebels
 * Dinah Lee
 * Like A Storm
 * Douglas Lilburn – composer, educator
 * Jody Lloyd
 * Look Blue Go Purple
 * Lorde
 * Eddie Low
 * Low Profile
 * Jordan Luck
 * Luger Boa
 * Ben Lummis
 * Bruce Lynch
 * Suzanne Lynch

M

 * Tim Maddren
 * Malvina Major – opera singer
 * Moana Maree Maniapoto
 * Midge Marsden
 * Dennis Marsh
 * Elizabeth Marvelly
 * Massad
 * Renee Maurice- singer musical playwright
 * Ma-V-Elle
 * Ricky May
 * Dave McArtney
 * Jamie McDell
 * John McGough
 * Bret McKenzie – member of folk/pop/comedy duo Flight of the Conchords
 * Ryan McPhun and the Ruby Suns
 * Merekotia Amohau
 * Max Merritt
 * Metal Fusion
 * Midnight Youth
 * The Midnights
 * Mild Orange
 * Minuit
 * The Mint Chicks
 * Mi-Sex
 * Misfits of Science
 * Anika Moa
 * Moana and the Moahunters (also known as Moana and the Tribe)
 * Connan Mockasin
 * The Mockers
 * Monte Video and the Cassettes
 * Roy Montgomery
 * Willy Moon
 * Moorhouse
 * Jenny Morris – singer, songwriter
 * Sir Howard Morrison – entertainer
 * Mother Goose
 * Motocade
 * Mt Eden (formerly Mt Eden Dubstep)
 * Mumsdollar
 * Muroki
 * Michael Murphy
 * Warwick Murray
 * The Mutton Birds

N

 * The Naked and Famous
 * The Narcs
 * Nash Chase
 * Oscar Natzka – opera singer
 * Tami Neilson
 * Nesian Mystik
 * Netherworld Dancing Toys
 * Ngaire
 * Mike Nock
 * Nocturnal Projections
 * Nurture

O

 * OMC
 * Sharon O'Neill
 * Simon O'Neill – opera singer
 * Openside
 * Opensouls
 * Opshop

P

 * Pacifier – See Shihad
 * Emma Paki
 * Parachute Band
 * Rosy Parlane
 * Parmentier
 * Pātea Māori Club
 * Suzanne Paul
 * Payola
 * Peking Man
 * Abe Phillips
 * The Phoenix Foundation
 * Pitch Black
 * Pluto
 * P-Money
 * The Politicians
 * Pop Mechanix
 * Peter Posa
 * Suzanne Prentice
 * Anita Prime
 * Dalvanius Prime
 * Prince Tui Teka
 * Princess Chelsea
 * The Puddle
 * Push Push

R

 * The Rabble
 * The Radars
 * John Rae (musician)
 * Randa
 * Rapture Ruckus
 * Nadia Reid
 * The Renderers
 * Jordan Reyne
 * Don Richardson
 * The Rising Stars
 * Dean Roberts
 * Rosé – singer and member of Blackpink (was born and lived in New Zealand until at the age of 7)
 * John Rowles – singer
 * Rubicon
 * The Ruby Suns
 * Mike Rudd
 * Dane Rumble
 * The Rumour
 * Bic Runga
 * Bruce Russell

S

 * Salmonella Dub
 * Satellite Spies
 * Savage
 * Screaming Meemees
 * Craig Scott
 * Scribe
 * The Shadracks
 * Shapeshifter
 * Rhian Sheehan
 * Shihad – Also known as Pacifier
 * Shocking Pinks
 * Shoes This High
 * The Simple Image
 * Sinate
 * Sisters Underground
 * Six60
 * SJD
 * Skallander
 * The Skeptics
 * Slim
 * Smashproof
 * Snapper
 * Sneaky Feelings
 * Southside of Bombay
 * Space Waltz
 * Spacifix
 * Split Enz
 * Nigel Stanford
 * Stellar*
 * The Stereo Bus
 * Steriogram
 * Frankie Stevens
 * Jon Stevens
 * Straitjacket Fits
 * Strawpeople
 * Suburban Reptiles
 * Superette
 * Supergroove
 * Surf City
 * The Swingers

T

 * Tiki Taane
 * Tadpole
 * Tahuna Breaks
 * Tall Dwarfs
 * Dame Kiri Te Kanawa – opera singer
 * Inia Te Wiata – opera singer
 * Th' Dudes
 * This Kind of Punishment
 * The Tigers
 * Tiny Ruins
 * Benny Tipene
 * Aaron Tokona (Also known as AHoriBuzz)
 * Tomorrow People
 * Jon Toogood – lead singer of the band Shihad
 * Topp Twins
 * Toy Love
 * TrinityRoots
 * TrueBliss
 * Truth
 * The Tutts
 * Two Lane Blacktop

U

 * Ulcerate
 * Unity Pacific
 * Unknown Mortal Orchestra
 * Upper Hutt Posse
 * Keith Urban – singer
 * Margaret Urlich

V

 * Rosita Vai
 * Peter van der Fluit
 * The Veils
 * The Verlaines
 * Villainy
 * Voom

W

 * Miho Wada – jazz flautist and saxophonist, founder of Miho's Jazz Orchestra
 * Stan Walker
 * Bunny Walters
 * Dean Wareham – singer and guitarist with Galaxie 500, Luna and Dean & Britta
 * The Warratahs
 * Darren Watson
 * Waves
 * Hayley Westenra – singer
 * Weta
 * When the Cat's Away
 * Annie Whittle
 * Gin Wigmore
 * Pere Wihongi
 * Marlon Williams
 * Pixie Williams – singer
 * Martin Winch – guitarist
 * Working With Walt
 * Dion Workman
 * Wreck Small Speakers On Expensive Stereos

Y

 * The Yandall Sisters
 * Yulia
 * Yumi Zouma

Z

 * Zed
 * Zowie

title: List of New Zealand musicians


text:
Thomas Pingo

Thomas Pingo (1714–1776) was an English medallist and die engraver. He worked for the Royal Mint in London. Originally thought to have come from Italy in 1742, and born there in 1692, he was in fact the son of Thomas Pingo Sr (1688 – after 1743) of Plumbtree Court, London. The Pingo family first appeared in London in the 1650s in the Parish of St Martins-in-the-Fields.

His subjects included Charles Edward Stuart (Bonny Prince Charlie, King George III of Great Britain and Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, last Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück (1763 - 1827) ]. His was appointed Assistant Engraver at the Mint in 1771.

Private life
He married Mary in 1711 and they had 14 children, four of whom were notable. Their daughter Mary Pingo was an artist and designer; baptised in 1741, she died unmarried in 1819. Their sons Lewis Pingo (bap. 1743–1830) and John Pingo (bap 1738- 1827) also became noted medallists, Lewis succeeding his father as the Mint's Assistant Engraver in 1776. Another son, Benjamin Pingo (1749–94), was Rouge Dragon Pursuivant (1780–1786) and York Herald (1786–1794) in the College of Arms.

title: Thomas Pingo


text:
Thiele

Thiele is a German-language surname.

Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 78.0% of all known bearers of the surname Thiele were residents of Germany, 10.9% of the United States, 2.3% of Australia, 2.0% of Brazil, 1.0% of Canada and 1.0% of South Africa.

In Germany, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,741) in the following states:
 * 1. Brandenburg (1:477)
 * 2. Saxony-Anhalt (1:522)
 * 3. Saxony (1:624)
 * 4. Bremen (1:1,058)
 * 5. Thuringia (1:1,132)
 * 6. Lower Saxony (1:1,241)
 * 7. Hamburg (1:1,465)
 * 8. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1:1,689)
 * 9. Berlin (1:1,708)

People

 * Alfonso Thiele (1922–1986), American Italian racing driver
 * Allen Thiele (1940–2017), Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard
 * Annekatrin Thiele (born 1984), German rower
 * Arthur Thiele (1860–1936), German illustrator
 * August Thiele (1894–1967), Vizeadmiral with the Kriegsmarine
 * Aurelie Thiele, French professor using optimization algorithms to control costs in the healthcare industry
 * Bob Thiele (1922–1996), producer and record executive, who co-composed "What a Wonderful World", and discovered Buddy Holly and the Crickets
 * Bob Thiele Jr. (born 1955), American musician and music producer, son of Bob
 * Carol J. Thiele, American microbiologist and cancer researcher
 * Charles Thiele (1884–1954), American-Canadian bandmaster, musician and industrialist
 * Colin Thiele (1920–2006), Australian writer of popular children's stories, including Storm Boy
 * Dave Thiele (born circa 1952), Canadian politician
 * Edwin R. Thiele (1895–1986), missionary and archaeologist, best known for his Old Testament chronology
 * Ernest Thiele (1895–1993), influential chemical engineer
 * Fred W. Thiele Jr. (born 1953), American politician
 * Fritz Thiele (1894–1944), German member of the 20 July conspiracy to kill Hitler
 * Gerhard Thiele (born 1953), ESA astronaut and geophysicist, who was on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission in February 2000
 * Georg Thiele (1881–1914), Imperial German Navy officer
 * Hans Thiele, Filipino professional basketball player
 * Heinz Hermann Thiele (1941–2021), German businessman and chairman of Knorr-Bremse
 * Hertha Thiele, German actress
 * Holger Thiele (1878–1946), Danish-American astronomer
 * Ilse Thiele (1920–2010), East German politician
 * Jacob Thiele, musician for the rock group The Faint
 * Johan Rudolph Thiele (1736–1815), Danish book printer
 * Johannes Thiele (1860–1935), German zoologist, and curator of the Museum of Natural History in Berlin
 * Johannes Thiele (chemist) (1865–1918), chemist at the university of Munich
 * Jürgen Thiele (born 1959), German rower
 * Just Mathias Thiele (1795–1874), Danish writer and art historian
 * Keith Thiele (1921–2016), New Zealand World War II pilot
 * Kevin Thiele (born 1959), Australian botanist and taxonomist
 * Klaus Thiele (born 1958), German athlete
 * Leslie Thiele, American political scientist
 * Neville Thiele, Australian Engineer, known for having simplified and made into practical approach the algorithms for calculating loudspeaker cabinets similarly as Richard H. Small (thus Thiele/Small loudspeaker parameters)
 * Ria Thiele (1904–1996), German actress, dancer and choreographer
 * Rolf Thiele (1918–1994), German film director
 * Rüdiger Thiele (born 1943), German mathematician and historian of mathematics
 * Thorvald N. Thiele (1838–1910), Danish astronomer, mathematician, and statistician, one of the founders of the insurance company Hafnia
 * Timmy Thiele (born 1991), German footballer
 * Walter Thiele (born 1921), German inventor
 * Walter G. Thiele (1885–1968), associate Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
 * Wilhelm Thiele (1890–1975), Austrian screenwriter and film director

Other uses

 * Thiele (Aar), a river of Hesse, Germany, tributary of the Aar
 * Thiele modulus, in Chemistry
 * Thiele tube, laboratory glassware
 * German destroyer Z2 Georg Thiele, built for the German Navy during the mid-1930s
 * 1586 Thiele, a minor planet

title: Thiele


text:
Steenstrup

Steenstrup is a last name. Notable people with this last name include:
 * Carl Steenstrup (1934–2014), Danish japanologist
 * Christian Steenstrup (1873–1955), Danish inventor
 * Henriette Steenstrup (born 1974), Norwegian actress, comedian, and screenwriter
 * Hjalmar Steenstrup (1890–1945), Norwegian resistance member
 * Japetus Steenstrup (1813–1897), Danish zoologist, biologist, and professor
 * K. J. V. Steenstrup (1842–1913), Danish geologist
 * Morten Steenstrup (born 1953), Norwegian barrister and politician
 * Paul Steenstrup Koht (1844–1892), Norwegian educator and politician
 * Peter Severin Steenstrup (1807–1863), Norwegian naval officer and businessperson
 * Poul Steenstrup (1772–1864), Norwegian industrialist and politician

title: Steenstrup


text:
Fodder

Fodder, also called provender , is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves (called forage). Fodder includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and legumes (such as bean sprouts, fresh malt, or spent malt). Most animal feed is from plants, but some manufacturers add ingredients to processed feeds that are of animal origin.

The worldwide animal feed trade produced 1.245 billion tons of compound feed in 2022 according to an estimate by the International Feed Industry Federation, with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial (see food vs. feed); some types of feed, such as corn (maize), can also serve as human food; those that cannot, such as grassland grass, may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans. In many cases the production of grass for cattle fodder is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption, because it builds the organic matter in the soil. When evaluating if this soil organic matter increase mitigates climate change, both permanency of the added organic matter as well as emissions produced during use of the fodder product have to be taken into account. Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by humans.

Common plants specifically grown for fodder

 * Alfalfa (lucerne)
 * Barley
 * Common duckweed
 * Birdsfoot trefoil
 * Brassica spp.
 * Kale
 * Rapeseed (canola)
 * Rutabaga (swede)
 * Turnip
 * Clover
 * Alsike clover
 * Red clover
 * Subterranean clover
 * White clover
 * Grass
 * Bermuda grass
 * Brome
 * False oat grass
 * Fescue
 * Heath grass
 * Meadow grasses (from naturally mixed grassland swards)
 * Orchard grass
 * Ryegrass
 * Timothy-grass
 * Corn (maize)
 * Millet
 * Oats
 * Sorghum
 * Soybeans
 * Trees (pollard tree shoots for "tree-hay")
 * Wheat

Types

 * Biochar for cattle
 * Bran
 * Conserved forage plants: hay and silage
 * Compound feed and premixes, often called pellets, nuts or (cattle) cake
 * Crop residues: stover, copra, straw, chaff, sugar beet waste
 * Fish meal
 * Freshly cut grass and other forage plants
 * Grass or lawn clipping waste
 * Green maize
 * Green sorghum
 * Horse gram
 * Leaves from certain species of trees
 * Meat and bone meal (now illegal in cattle and sheep feeds in many areas due to risk of BSE)
 * Molasses
 * Native green grass
 * Oilseed press cake (cottonseed, safflower, sunflower, soybean, peanut or groundnut)
 * Oligosaccharides
 * Processed insects (i.e. processed maggots )
 * Seaweed (including Asparagopsis taxiformis which is used mainly as a supplement to reduce methane emissions by up to 90%)
 * Seeds and grains, either whole or prepared by crushing, milling, etc.
 * Single cell protein (can also be made from atmospheric )
 * Sprouted grains and legumes
 * Yeast extract (brewer's yeast residue)

Health concerns
In the past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred. Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds, toxins, or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed.

Droughts
Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.

Production of sprouted grains as fodder
Fodder in the form of sprouted cereal grains such as barley, and legumes can be grown in small and large quantities.

Systems have been developed recently that allow for many tons of sprouts to be produced each day, year round. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock. In addition, they use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in a carefully-controlled environment. Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at 150 mm tall with a 50 mm root mat is at its peak for animal feed.

Although products such as barley are grain, when sprouted they are approved by the American Grassfed Association to be used as livestock feed.

title: Fodder


text:
Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati

"Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati" is the national anthem of Eswatini. It is a compromise between Swazi and Western styles of music and was adopted after independence in 1968. The lyrics were authored by Andrease Enoke Fanyana Kukies Simelane, and the composer of the tune was David Kenneth Rycroft.

History
At the time of Swaziland's upcoming independence from the United Kingdom on 6 September 1968, a new flag was adopted, and it was decided to set up an Anthem Committee and hold a 'National Anthem Competition'. Firstly, a local competition for suitable lyrics in siSwati was held, then a competition for the best musical settings was advertised in The Musical Times in London in early 1967, offering a prize for the winner, with composers being invited to apply to Swaziland's Ministry of Local Administration.

Applicants received the lyrics 10 months later around October 1967, which were in two forms, as the judges had not been able to agree on a single text. With the competition's closing date by 1968, on 1 November 1967 the Ministry issued a circular updating on their progress in the search for lyrics, now narrowed down to the two proposals, and music, still open to submissions. The Ministry stated that the lyrics were to be decided after the musical settings had been judged. Composers could submit music for one or both verses.

The judges eventually narrowed down to four settings of the lyrics to music, which were then each recorded and performed by the choir of the Ionian Music Society of Johannesburg. The Cabinet was then to decide on which to adopt as the national anthem, but members of the Cabinet wished to hear live performances by a local choir. They requested the choir of Waterford School in Mbabane to sing the four settings for them on 9 July 1968. Ultimately, David K. Rycroft's setting of verse A was chosen as the winner.

On 16 August 1968, it was reported in The Times of Swaziland that Deputy Prime Minister Mfundza Sukati had announced that a choral version of the new anthem would be played on Radio Swaziland every day until Independence Day to give people a chance to learn the anthem. Sukati stated that the words were written by Andrease Fanyana Kukies Simelane of Jerusalem School, near Hlatikulu. He also stated that a member of the British Royal Military School of Music had arranged a musical score based on David Rycroft's setting, which was recorded by the Band of the Irish Guards.

Lyrics
The anthem includes several typically Swazi features, such as intricate polyphony, the principle of 'non-simultaneous entry' of voice parts; certain melodic and harmonic allusions to traditional practice; and a relatively strict adherence to Swazi prosodic conventions, the rhythmic setting of words to music.

title: Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati


text:
Kim Salmon and the Surrealists

Kim Salmon and the Surrealists are an Australian indie rock band formed by Kim Salmon in 1987 when he was living in Perth between the final two tours by The Scientists. When the Scientists stopped, Salmon continued the Surrealists as his main band while playing in Beasts of Bourbon.

Biography
Salmon formed the first lineup of the Surrealists in mid-1987, with Brian Henry Hooper on bass and Tony Pola on drums. He formed the band to record the album Hit Me with the Surreal Feel, using minimalist lo-fi approaches to recording a basic trio: recording the band live with microphones around the studio capturing the entire sound rather than one instrument per track. The recording and mixing cost was A$240 total. The band also played live around Perth in mid-1987. The album was released in October 1988.

The Surrealists did a few songs by the Scientists (particularly "Shine" from The Human Jukebox) and had a similar sound in that Salmon remained the leader and primary songwriter, but the feel of the music was notably different, far less tense and confrontational.

The second album Just Because You Can't See It ... Doesn't Mean It Isn't There was recorded more conventionally in 1989 and released in early 1990. Comparing this album with The Human Jukebox, there is a similarity in songwriting but a difference in feel is readily apparent. The band's third album Essence was released in 1991, followed by Sin Factory in 1993, which arguably gained the most attention for the band. The sound by now was strong rock riffery, also blending their take on Blaxploitation music.

When The Beasts of Bourbon reformed in early 1988, Salmon started touring with that band too. When James Baker and Boris Sujdovic left The Beasts of Bourbon to go full-time with The Dubrovniks, Hooper and Pola joined to replace them.

Salmon fired Tony Pola from the Surrealists in 1993, replacing him with Greg Bainbridge. Brian Hooper later left after the "Kim Salmon and the Surrealists" album and was replaced by Stu Thomas in 1995. This new trio put out Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing in 1997, touring Australia, Europe, and the U.S. A horn section was added to the band that included trumpet player Leon de Bruin and saxophonist Michael Redman.

In 1999, Salmon renamed the band Kim Salmon and the Business, and released one album "Record" in 1999. Stu Thomas remained on bass and Phil Collings was recruited on drums in 2000.

In September 2006, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists 'reformed' for a show in Spain at Azkena Rock Festival. This line-up of Kim Salmon (guitar/vocal), Stu Thomas (bass) and Phil Collings (drums) also played later in Australia.

2010 marked the release of the album Grand Unifying Theory, the first Kim Salmon and The Surrealists record for 13 years. Line-up featured Kim Salmon (guitar/vocal/sampler), Stu Thomas (bass) and Phil Collings (drums). The band was recorded live during rehearsals. The results were sifted through by Salmon and co-producer Mike Stranges, spliced together in some cases (ala Miles Davis' "Bitches Brew"), and made into songs.

In June 2020, during COVID lockdowns the band performed 2 improvised livestream gigs from Rolling Stock Studios, Melbourne. These were seen by 7500 worldwide. The livestreams were also recorded then released as the double-LP "Rantings From The Book Of Swamp".

In 2022 the band completed the "Ya Gotta Let Me Swamp My Rantings" tour of Australia, included the current lineup, plus previous drummer Greg Bainbridge. Two sets featured the 2 different lineups, first performing the current "Rantings" LP, followed by 1997's "Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing" album.

Discography

 * Hit Me with the Surreal Feel (1988), Black Eye Records
 * Just Because You Can't See It ... Doesn't Mean It Isn't There (1989), Black Eye Records
 * Essence (1991), Red Eye/Polydor
 * Sin Factory (1993), Red Eye Records/Polydor Records
 * Kim Salmon and the Surrealists (1995), Red Eye/Polydor Records
 * Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing (1997), Half a Cow Records/Citadel Records
 * Grand Unifying Theory (2010), LTI/Bang! Records
 * Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing (2015), vinyl re-issue, Bang! Records
 * Rantings From The Book of Swamp (2020)

title: Kim Salmon and the Surrealists


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Image:John Maynard Smith.jpg

 * Image:John Maynard Smith.jpg Permission has only been granted to Wikipedia to use this image. Thus we cannot use it. --mav 03:26, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I oppose with the following justification. See email giving permission on the page.  See also Sites that use Wikipedia for content specifically:

 * Wikipedia's copyright, the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) requires that any derivative of works from Wikipedia must be released under that same license, must state that it is released under that license, and must acknowledge the main authors (which some claim can be accomplished with a link back to Wikipedia's article). This does not apply to material that was released into the public domain, to material whose authors have given permission, and to use that can be defended as fair use. (emphasis is mine).

 * Thus we can use it. I believe that User:Maveric149's main problem is other sites copying the image, but that would be their copyright violation problem not Wikipedia's - i.e. Wikipedia will not have done anything illegal. Duncharris 17:41, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * If User:Maveric149 is right, the following images may be in trouble (all internal links, but full urls only seem to work)...

 * Other copyrighted with permission images
 * Non-commercial
 * Copyrighted free use
 * Free used provided...
 * which has serious ramifications for Wikipedia, if User:Maveric149's views are adopted. The image upload information should also be appropriately changed, and the above image copyrights dropped.  Use of other image copyrights should also be questioned.  On the other hand, there is the possibility thatUser:Maveric149 might be wrong... Duncharris 19:19, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Email reprinted here as well:

 * From : Jacqui Bealing
 * Sent : Friday, April 30, 2004 9:30 AM
 * To : Duncan Harris , Press cough sussex.ac.uk
 * Subject : Re: Photograph of John Maynard Smith

 * YOu can use the photo, but can you give a credit to Colin Atherton, copyright University of Sussex.

 * Hi,

 * May we use the photograph of JMS from your press release here http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/media/media399.shtml as part of the Wikipedia project http://www.wikipedia.org, specifically http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith ? Wikipedia is a not-for-profit free-content encyclopedia.

 * You can release the photograph under various copyright agreements.
 * Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags

 * Thankyou,

 * Duncan

 * This appears to show a non-commercial if copyright if copyright and photographer are acknowledged, but just to be safe I put a copyright notice on it.

 * This also violates the principle of avoiding copyright paranoia; the guy was an academic, and a pretty important one at that (see his biography, without picture at John Maynard Smith) and academia is are not generally aversed to a bit of communication. GNU Free Documentation Licence idealism is misplaced. Duncharris 19:36, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Permission was only given to Wikipedia to use it, thus nobody but Wikipedia can use it. While this is technically OK via the GNU FDL it is not in the spirit of it since it hinders the ability of Wikipedia to be used by third parties. Jimbo Wales, the President of the Wikimedia Foundation, says this about "used with permission" images: "These are not acceptable for Wikipedia." See That is not to say that you could not make a case for fair dealing use. But that has not been your defense. --mav 20:56, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Right. I think there has been a misunderstanding on this due to User:Maveric149's communication problems and my lack of complete understanding of this issue.  The terms of use I think would imply a non-commercial provided copyright and photographer are acknowledged.  Is that an acceptable compromise? Duncharris 12:15, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

It's hardly a problem. The page says that it is a press release, which has the purpose of making the image available for publication as widely as possible. Hence, the use is fair in association with effectively every republisher of the article and image in association with it. As a courtesy, we should comply with the attribution request and note the copyright holder in case someone wants to make a non-fair use of it. Just because an image uploader has obtained a license, that doesn't mean that the image is not fair use. Some uploaders may not be able to use fair use because they aren't in a place which allows it, some uploaders may choose to protect themselves by seeking a license even for a fair use image (I always consider doing so, even when I don't really need one - I like protection). Licensed images which are also fair use are very likely to be present from non-US contributors. Jamesday 04:39, 13 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Percy MacKaye

Percy MacKaye (1875–1956) was an American dramatist and poet.

Biography
MacKaye was born in New York City into a theatrical family. His father, Steele MacKaye, was a popular actor, playwright, and producer, while his mother, Mary, wrote a dramatization of Pride and Prejudice, first produced in 1910. His brother James MacKaye was a philosopher, while brother Benton MacKaye was a forester and conservationist. His sister, Hazel MacKaye, became a women's suffrage leader and pageant director.

After graduating from Harvard in 1897, he traveled in Europe for three years, residing in Rome, Switzerland and London, studying at the University of Leipzig in 1899–1900. He returned to New York City to teach at a private school until 1904, when he joined a colony of artists and writers in Cornish, New Hampshire, and devoted himself entirely to dramatic work.

He wrote the plays The Canterbury Pilgrims in 1903, Sappho and Phaon in 1907, Jeanne D'Arc in 1907, The Scarecrow in 1908, Anti-Matrimony in 1910, and the poetry collection The Far Familiar in 1937. In 1950, MacKaye published The Mystery of Hamlet King of Denmark, or What We Will, a series of four plays written as prequels to William Shakespeare's Hamlet. His sister Hazel acted in or helped produce several of his early works.

He was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1914. In the 1920s, MacKaye was poet in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He lectured on the theatre at Harvard, Yale, Columbia and other universities in the United States.

Percy MacKaye is considered to be the first poet of the Atomic Era because of his sonnet "The Atomic Law," which was published in the Christmas 1945 issue of The Churchman.

Civic Theatre
In 1912, he published The Civic Theatre in Relation to the Redemption of Leisure; A Book of Suggestions. Here he presented a concept of Civic Theatre as "the conscious awakening of the people to self-government in its leisure". To this end he called for the active involvement of the public, not merely as spectators, professional staff not dominated by commercial considerations and the elimination of private profit by endowment and public support. This idea is most apparent in his play Caliban by the Yellow Sands (1916). This concept was influential on Platon Kerzhentsev and the Soviet Proletcult Theatre movement.

Plays

 * Beowulf: A Drama of Anglo-Saxon Legend, c. 1899 (unpublished; posthumously performed at Texas A&M University on September 22, 2016)
 * The Canterbury Pilgrims, 1903. This comedy was produced by the Coburn Players in the open air at Harvard, Yale and other universities in 1909–13, and given as a civic pageant in honor of President Taft at Gloucester, Massachusetts, 4 August 1909.
 * Fenris the Wolf, 1905
 * Produced by E. H. Sothern and Julia Marlowe in the United States and England.
 * Produced and acted by Henrietta Crosman.
 * Produced for President Wilson at Meriden Bird Club Sanctuary, New Hampshire.
 * A community masque to commemorate the Shakespeare Tercentenary.
 * The Pilgrim and the Book. 1920. A dramatic "Service" for celebrating the Pilgrim Centenary.
 * Produced for President Wilson at Meriden Bird Club Sanctuary, New Hampshire.
 * A community masque to commemorate the Shakespeare Tercentenary.
 * The Pilgrim and the Book. 1920. A dramatic "Service" for celebrating the Pilgrim Centenary.
 * Produced for President Wilson at Meriden Bird Club Sanctuary, New Hampshire.
 * A community masque to commemorate the Shakespeare Tercentenary.
 * The Pilgrim and the Book. 1920. A dramatic "Service" for celebrating the Pilgrim Centenary.
 * The Pilgrim and the Book. 1920. A dramatic "Service" for celebrating the Pilgrim Centenary.
 * The Pilgrim and the Book. 1920. A dramatic "Service" for celebrating the Pilgrim Centenary.
 * The Pilgrim and the Book. 1920. A dramatic "Service" for celebrating the Pilgrim Centenary.

title: Percy MacKaye


text:
Steele MacKaye

James Morrison Steele MacKaye (June 6, 1842 – February 25, 1894) was an American playwright, actor, theater manager and inventor. Having acted, written, directed and produced numerous and popular plays and theatrical spectaculars of the day, he became one of the most famous actors and theater producers of his generation.

Biography
Steele MacKaye was born in Buffalo, New York. His father, Colonel James M. MacKaye, was a successful attorney and an ardent abolitionist; Steele's mother died when he was young. He had two sisters, Emily MacKaye von Hesse and Sarah MacKaye Warner, and two half-brothers, William Henry MacKaye and Henry Goodwin MacKaye. While young, Steele attended Roe's Military Academy in Cornwall-on-Hudson and the William Leverett Boarding School in Newport. Under the influence from his father, who was also an art connoisseur, MacKaye initially planned to become an artist. During his teens he studied painting with William Morris Hunt, then continued his studies at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. He returned to the U.S. in order to serve for the Union Army during the American Civil War. A member of New York's Seventh Regiment, he eventually rose to the rank of Major before an illness forced his retirement. MacKaye would later model in full uniform for John Quincy Adams Ward's Seventh Regiment Memorial statue, which stands in Central Park.

In 1869, MacKaye traveled to Paris with his family, where he became the disciple of the renowned French acting teacher François Delsarte. Under Delsarte, MacKaye learned to enhance performance through pose and gesture. He would later teach and utilize this system during his career. On his return to the United States a year later, he lectured on the philosophy of ethics and "natural" acting in New York, Boston and elsewhere. In 1873 he became the first American actor to portray Hamlet in London.

MacKaye was the author of thirty plays. As a dramatist, MacKaye is seen as representative of the transition from an older theatrical tradition to a newer one, incorporating realism and naturalistic portrayals. His first play to be published was Hazel Kirke, which was privately printed in New York in 1880. The play, while a smash-hit with audiences, received neutral-to-negative response from theatre critics, who criticized its lack of a primary antagonist. In the mid-1880s he helped establish the first school of acting in the United States, the Lyceum Theatre School, which later became the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (AADA). He was also well known for his theatrical innovations, having invented a variety of devices including flame-proof curtains, folding theater seats and the "Nebulator", a machine for creating clouds onstage. In all, he patented over 100 theatrical inventions.

By 1885, MacKaye had established three theaters in New York City: the St. James, Madison Square and the Lyceum Theatre. For the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, he began to construct a theatre capable of seating 10,000 people—the "Spectatorium"—but the Panic of 1893 deprived the project of necessary funds. The project was left incomplete.

MacKaye married Jeannie Spring, the daughter of Marcus Spring, during the time he was teaching art at Marcus Spring's Eagleswood Military Academy, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. After a brief marriage to Jeannie, which ended in divorce, MacKaye married his second wife, Mary K. Medbery, in 1865. The couple had six children, four of whom attained notability: philosopher James MacKaye, poet and playwright Percy MacKaye, conservationist Benton MacKaye, and suffragist Hazel MacKaye.

Steele MacKaye fell ill in February 1894, and his physicians urged him to move to a warmer climate. He left Chicago on February 22 on a private train headed for San Diego. The train was near Timpas, Colorado on February 25 when MacKaye's health began to rapidly decline up until his death at 7:45 in the morning. His son, Percy, published his father's biography, Epoch: The Life of Steele MacKaye, in 1927.

Inventions
Steele MacKaye was widely known for being an innovator in theater technology. He patented and invented more than 100 inventions including the Folding Theater Chair, the Fire Curtain, and the unique Double-Stage System.

The Double-Stage System was a large elevator-like structure that was used to load scenery on and off of the stage. It was only ever installed in the Madison Square Theatre (not to be confused with Madison Square Garden) because of its cost and complexity. The system cut the time of intermissions between scenes of plays from around 6 minutes to 40 seconds, which made the theatre more enjoyable to go to as a whole.

MacKaye is also responsible for converting the Lyceum Theatre to an overhead-lit theater. This is the first recorded occurrence of an overhead lighting structure in a North-American theater.

Works
He wrote the plays Monaldi and Marriage. Other works include:
 * The Twins (1876) (with Andrew Carpenter Wheeler)
 * Won at Last (1877)
 * Through the Dark (1878), later called Money Mad
 * Hazel Kirke (1880)
 * Anarchy (1887), originally called Paul Kauvar; or Anarchy, later shortened to Anarchy, and then again changed to Paul Kauvar.
 * A Fool's Errand
 * In Spite of All

title: Steele MacKaye


text:
Gotham Central

Gotham Central is a police procedural comic-book series that was published by DC Comics. It was written by Ed Brubaker and Greg Rucka, with pencils initially by Michael Lark. The story focused on the Gotham City Police Department and the difficulties of its officers living and working in Gotham City, home of Batman.

Formation
Greg Rucka and Ed Brubaker collaborated on the "Officer Down" Batman crossover. They wanted to do a series about the police in Gotham City and finally obtained approval from DC executives. The writers wanted Michael Lark for pencils and waited nearly a year to get him onboard due to scheduling, but used the opportunity to plan out the storylines. They plotted out the new series' elements and decided to script the first story arc together, then split the lengthy cast into two shifts: Rucka would write the GCPD's day shift storylines, Brubaker would take the night shift, and Lark would pencil them both. Gotham Central's debut yielded Eisner Award nominations in 2003 for Best New Series, Best Writer (Rucka), Best Writer (Brubaker), and Best Penciller/Inker (Lark).

Sales problems
Gotham Central repeatedly failed to break the top 100 comics in sales. Despite this, DC Comics were encouraged by the improved sales of the trade paperback collected editions. In an interview, Ed Brubaker stated that the book sold pretty well and was never in danger of cancellation, outselling almost all of Vertigo's books at the time. Ultimately Lark and Brubaker moved on to other projects, and, after three years of publication, the series ended amid the Infinite Crisis aftermath. It continued to have sales troubles through to the conclusion: issue #37 ranked 102nd place, and issue #38 ranked 120th place on the distributor's charts.

End of the series
Despite the sales, writer Greg Rucka assured that DC would have continued publishing Gotham Central as long as he wanted to write it and that it was his decision to conclude the series. Rucka felt that the book was a co-creation between himself, Lark and Brubaker and when they left, with issue #25 and #37 respectively, it was time to move on. The year-long break provided by the Infinite Crisis event provided an opportune place to close out the main storylines. At one point, Rucka was in talks to replace Gotham Central with a new series called Streets of Gotham, which would focus on Renee Montoya as a private investigator. Those plans were scrapped in favor of making Montoya a major character in the weekly series 52, with Rucka as a co-writer. In 2009, DC released an unrelated series called Batman: Streets of Gotham that has been described as a mixture of Gotham Central and another canceled Batman series, Batman: Gotham Knights.

Cast of characters
The Gotham Central cast was divided between the day and night shifts, with arcs alternating between both sets of characters. Main characters among the ranks of the detectives were Marcus Driver, Romy Chandler, Renee Montoya, Crispus Allen and Josephine "Josie Mac" MacDonald. Their superiors, Commissioner Michael Akins, Captain Margaret "Maggie" Sawyer and Lieutenant Ron Probson also appeared prominently. Jim Corrigan, a corrupt CSI, features near the end of the series.

The supporting cast was mainly pulled from the large roster of the Gotham City Police Department and some characters were subjects of their own story arcs. Long-time supporting characters of Batman, James Gordon and Harvey Bullock, also made recurring appearances. Batman himself, although not often seen, played a prominent role in the series.

Characters after the series' end

 * Michael Akins left the force under unknown circumstances during the one-year gap with James Gordon taking back the role of Police Commissioner. It is implied that Akins had either become corrupt himself, or had done nothing to curb corruption in the GCPD.
 * The deceased Allen became the Spectre during the events of Infinite Crisis. He was briefly turned into a Black Lantern before regaining the Spectre mantle.
 * Renee Montoya became one of the major characters in 52, a series dealing with the aftermath of Infinite Crisis. During the series she takes up the guise of the Question.
 * Josie Mac and Maggie Sawyer have also appeared in minor roles in 52 and both have made sporadic appearances in Batman-related comic books, with Sawyer eventually becoming a prominent member of Kate Kane's supporting cast. Sawyer and Kane are currently engaged to be married.
 * Marcus Driver and Josh Azeveda appeared in the miniseries Tales of the Unexpected, along with the Spectre (Crispus Allen). Romy Chandler and Stacy also made brief cameos.
 * Harvey Bullock is hired back onto the force under disciplinary probation during the "one-year gap"—the exact reasons are never expressly stated—with the understanding that he is not allowed to make a single mistake. He and Batman have set a "clean slate" for their new working relationship (see Batman: Face the Face).

Awards

 * Eisner Awards – Best Serialized Story 2004 – Half a Life (Gotham Central #6–10).
 * Harvey Awards – Best Single Issue or Story 2004 – Half a Life (Gotham Central #6–10). Tied with Love & Rockets #9.
 * Gaylactic Spectrum Awards – Best Other Work 2004 – Half a Life (Gotham Central #6–10). Tied with Angels in America.

Television series
In August 2006, Brubaker said that he was told that many people at Warner Bros. loved the comic, and that if they had not had a moratorium on Batman television shows, they "could have set up Gotham Central at WB in a heartbeat".

A television series titled Gotham was in development by Fox in 2013, following the career of Jim Gordon prior to the appearance of Batman. The series premise bears similarities to Gotham Central. It premiered on September 22, 2014. To coincide with Gotham's premiere, DC Comics issued a reprint of Gotham Central #1, at a special price of $1.

An untitled police procedural TV series from Matt Reeves was in development, to be set in the same continuity as the film The Batman. Gotham Central was being considered as a title for the series. The development of the show was revealed to not being moving forward and put on hold in March 2022.

title: Gotham Central


text:
James Morrison

James Morrison or Morison may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Jim Morrison (James Douglas Morrison, 1943–1971), lead singer of the Doors
 * James Morrison (Geordie songwriter) (1800–1830), Newcastle songwriter
 * James W. Morrison (1888–1974), American actor in the 1911 film A Tale of Two Cities
 * James Morrison (fiddler) (1891–1947), Irish fiddler
 * James Morrison (artist) (1932–2020), Scottish artist, co-founder of the Glasgow Group of artists
 * James Morrison (actor) (born 1954), American actor
 * James Neil Morrison (born 1960), aka Jim Bob, English guitarist and member of Carter USM
 * James Morrison (jazz musician) (born 1962), Australian jazz musician
 * James Morrison (singer) (born 1984), English singer and songwriter
 * Jamie Morrison (born 1984), British rock drummer in Stereophonics, Noisettes
 * Jim Morrison, host of American talk show For & Against

Politics and law

 * James Morrison (businessman) (1789–1857), British businessman and politician
 * James L. D. Morrison (1816–1888), American politician from Illinois
 * James Morrison (Western Australia) (1846–1927), Australian businessman and politician
 * James J. Morrison (1861–1936), Canadian farm leader
 * James Morrison (British politician) (1873–1934), British landowner and MP for Nottingham East
 * James H. Morrison (1908–2000), American politician from Louisiana
 * James Morrison, 2nd Baron Margadale (1930–2003), British peer
 * James Morrison (Kansas politician) (1942–2010), American politician from Kansas
 * James Morrison (Indiana politician) (1796-1869), American politician from Indiana

Religion

 * James Morison (evangelical) (1816–1893), founder of the Scottish evangelical union
 * James Dow Morrison (1844–1934), American episcopal bishop of Duluth
 * James Morrison (bishop) (1861–1950), Canadian Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Antigonish, Nova Scotia

Science and medicine

 * James Morison (physician) (1770–1840), British physician
 * James Rutherford Morison (1853–1939), British surgeon
 * Jim Morrison (chemist) (1924–2013), Scottish-born Australian physical chemist

Sports

 * James L. Morrison (fl. 1890s), American college football player and coach at Notre Dame, Hillsdale, Knox, and Illinois College
 * James Morrison (American football) (1871–1939), American college football player and coach at TCU and VPI
 * Jim Morrison (hurler) (born 1923), Irish hurler
 * Jim Morrison (ice hockey) (born 1931), Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and scout
 * James Morrison (cricketer) (born 1936), New Zealand cricketer
 * J. J. Dillon (James Morrison, born 1942), American professional wrestler
 * Jim Morrison (baseball) (born 1952), American Major League Baseball player
 * James Morrison (golfer) (born 1985), English golfer
 * James Morrison (footballer) (born 1986), Scottish pro footballer, West Bromwich Albion
 * James Morrison (boxer) (born 1990), American boxer, son of late Tommy Morrison
 * James Morrison (bowls), Scottish lawn bowls player

Others

 * James Morrison (mutineer) (1760–1807), British seaman and mutineer
 * James M. Morrison (1805–1880), American banker
 * James Augustus Cotter Morison (1832–1888), English essayist and historian
 * James Morrison, Scottish founder of mobile phone firm i-mate

title: James Morrison


text:
Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire

Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire, (also known as "Stoker"; born 27 April 1944), is an English peer. He is the only surviving son of Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, and his wife, the former Deborah Mitford. He succeeded to the dukedom following the death of his father on 3 May 2004. Before his succession, he was styled Earl of Burlington from 1944 until 1950 and Marquess of Hartington between 1950 and 2004. His immediate family are owner-occupiers of Chatsworth House with an estimated net worth of £910 million, and own large estates in Derbyshire, North Yorkshire and Ireland.

Early life and education
Cavendish was born on 27 April 1944 in Chatsworth House, the second child and only surviving son of Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, and Deborah Mitford. His mother was the youngest of the Mitford sisters. His paternal uncle was William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, who married Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy (a member of the Kennedy family and younger sister of U.S. President John F. Kennedy). He is a first cousin of merchant banker Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne (born 1930), the Irish preservationist Desmond Guinness (1931–2020), Max Mosley (1940–2021), former President of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and fourth cousin of Diana, Princess of Wales. His niece was fashion model Stella Tennant (1970–2020).

He was educated at Eton College, Exeter College, Oxford, where he read history, and at the Royal Agricultural College (now the Royal Agricultural University), Cirencester.

Horse racing
The Duke is well known in the world of horse racing and served as Her Majesty's Representative at Ascot and chairman of Ascot Racecourse Ltd. In 1980 he was elected to the Jockey Club and in 1989 he was appointed its Senior Steward (that is, chairman). During his five-year term of office, he oversaw a number of changes within the racing industry, in particular the creation of the British Horseracing Board which is now the governing authority for British racing. He was appointed first chairman of the board in June 1993 and retired at the end of his term in 1996. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to racing in 1997 and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2009 New Year Honours for his services as Her Majesty's Representative at Ascot.

Other interests
The Duke was appointed a trustee of the Wallace Collection in 2007 and is also a trustee of Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust.

He is chairman of the Devonshire Arms Hotel Group, a chain of countryside hotels in North Yorkshire and Derbyshire, and deputy chairman of Sotheby's. He collects modern British and contemporary painting and sculpture, as well as works in other areas, many of which are on display at his family seat Chatsworth House. The Duke and Duchess and the house and estate grounds were featured in the BBC documentary series Chatsworth. In December 2012, he sold Auxiliary cartoon for the Head of a Young Apostle by Raphael for £29.7m at a Sotheby's auction.

As of 2016, he is the owner of Heywood Hill, a notable bookstore in London where his aunt Nancy Mitford used to work. The duke is a current patron of St Wilfrid's Hospice in Eastbourne. The duke has provided a Swaledale Ram as mascot to the Mercian Regiment since the regiment's inception. In 2017, he presented Private Derby to the Regiment.

He was the third chancellor of the University of Derby, serving from 2008 to March 2018. He stepped down from the role in 2018 and his son and heir, William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington was nominated and installed as the fourth and current Chancellor of the university in March 2018.

The Duke is close to the British royal family and attended the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton. The Duke then attended the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey and the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in 2022, as well as the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla in 2023. Later that year, the Duke and Duchess sat in the royal carriage with King Charles III and Queen Camilla in the King's procession at Royal Ascot.

Marriage and children
The Duke married Amanda Carmen Heywood-Lonsdale, daughter of Commander Edward Gavin Heywood-Lonsdale, on 28 June 1967. Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother attended the wedding ceremony. They have three children:

 * William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington (born 6 June 1969), heir apparent to the dukedom.
 * Lady Celina Imogen Cavendish (born 4 October 1971)
 * Lady Jasmine Nancy Cavendish (born 4 May 1973), married to Nicholas Dunne, son of Sir Thomas Dunne KG KCVO

Chatsworth House
One of the homes of the Duke and Duchess is Chatsworth House in Derbyshire. They are involved in the operation of the house as a tourist attraction. In 2019, the Duke and Duchess visited Sotheby's to view "Treasures From Chatsworth", including art and artifacts from Chatsworth House, that would be displayed in New York.

Titles
He succeeded as the 12th Duke of Devonshire, 12th Marquess of Hartington, the 7th Earl of Burlington, the 15th Earl of Devonshire, the 15th Baron Cavendish of Hardwick, and the 7th Baron Cavendish of Keighley on 3 May 2004.

In February 2010, the Duke announced his intention to give up his title if hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords, on the basis that "the aristocracy is dead" and "because then it would be clear-cut what the people wanted, and it would be confusing to maintain hereditary titles".

Honours

 * Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (2008)
 * Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1997)
 * Chancellor of the University of Derby (October 2008 – March 2018)


text: User talk:155.245.34.236

title: User talk:155.245.34.236


text:
Schmorl's nodes

Schmorl's nodes are protrusions of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc through the vertebral body endplate and into the adjacent vertebra.

Signs and symptoms
These are protrusions of disc material into the surface of the vertebral body, which may contact the marrow of the vertebra and lead to inflammation. The protrusions are also associated with necrosis of the vertebral bone and the question of whether these protrusions and inflammation cause the necrosis, or whether the cartilage migrates into areas that have become necrotic due to other conditions, is under investigation.

They may or may not be symptomatic, and their link to back pain is controversial. Williams and colleagues note that this relationship may be due to lumbar disc disease, as the two commonly occur simultaneously.

Causes
Schmorl's nodes are fairly common, especially with minor degeneration of the aging spine, but they are also seen in younger spines. Schmorl's nodes often cause no symptoms, but may simply reflect that "wear and tear" of the spine has occurred over time; they may also reflect that bone strength was at one time somewhat compromised, perhaps due to a vitamin D deficiency although this has yet to be confirmed with studies, or if heavy lifting is done at a young age before the vertebral bodies are completely ossified such as in young farm workers. There is also a strong heritability of Schmorl's Nodes (>70%). While often non-complicating, Schmorl's nodes also tend to occur more often in cases of spinal deformity, specifically Scheuermann's disease. These defects are caused when the vertebra loses its normal function and is not moving/hypomobile/subluxated. During this time the forces normally distributed by the nucleus pulposus (the incompressible gelatinous center of the intervertebral disc) are concentrated in a certain area causing endplates to deform in a concave manner.

Diagnosis
Schmorl's nodes can be detected with X-rays, although they can be imaged better by CT or MRI. They are considered to be vertical disc herniations through the cartilaginous vertebral body endplates. Schmorl's nodes can sometimes be seen radiographically, however they are more often seen on MRI, even when not visible on plain X-rays. They may or may not be symptomatic, and their etiological significance for back pain is controversial. In a study in Spine by Hamanishi, et al., Schmorl's nodes were observed on MRI in 19% of 400 patients with back pain, and in only 9% of an asymptomatic control group. The authors concluded that Schmorl's nodes are areas of "vertical disc herniation" through areas of weakness in the endplate.

Management
Painful Schmorl's node can be diagnosed by discography, which demonstrates an intravertebral disc herniation with concomitant back pain. Surgical treatment should be considered in a patient with persistent disabling back pain. When surgical treatment is indicated, eradication of the intervertebral disc including Schmorl's node and segmental fusion are preferable.

Eponym
Schmorl's nodes are named after German pathologist Christian Georg Schmorl (1861–1932).

title: Schmorl's nodes


text:
Bendixson–Dulac theorem

In mathematics, the Bendixson–Dulac theorem on dynamical systems states that if there exists a $$C^1$$ function $$ \varphi(x, y)$$ (called the Dulac function) such that the expression

 * $$\frac{ \partial (\varphi f) }{ \partial x } + \frac{ \partial (\varphi g) }{ \partial y }$$

has the same sign ($$\neq 0$$) almost everywhere in a simply connected region of the plane, then the plane autonomous system

 * $$\frac{ dx }{ dt } = f(x,y),$$

 * $$\frac{ dy }{ dt } = g(x,y)$$

has no nonconstant periodic solutions lying entirely within the region. "Almost everywhere" means everywhere except possibly in a set of measure 0, such as a point or line.

The theorem was first established by Swedish mathematician Ivar Bendixson in 1901 and further refined by French mathematician Henri Dulac in 1923 using Green's theorem.

Proof
Without loss of generality, let there exist a function $$ \varphi(x, y)$$ such that

 * $$\frac { \partial (\varphi f) }{ \partial x } +\frac { \partial (\varphi g) }{ \partial y } >0$$

in simply connected region $$R$$. Let $$C$$ be a closed trajectory of the plane autonomous system in $$R$$. Let $$D$$ be the interior of $$C$$. Then by Green's theorem,

\begin{align} & \iint_D \left( \frac { \partial (\varphi f) }{ \partial x } +\frac { \partial (\varphi g) }{ \partial y } \right) \,dx\,dy =\iint_D \left( \frac { \partial (\varphi \dot { x }) }{ \partial x } +\frac { \partial (\varphi \dot { y }) }{ \partial y } \right) \,dx\,dy \\[6pt] = {} & \oint_C \varphi \left( -\dot { y } \,dx+\dot { x } \,dy\right) =\oint_C \varphi \left( -\dot { y }\dot { x }+\dot { x }\dot { y }\right)\,dt=0 \end{align} $$

Because of the constant sign, the left-hand integral in the previous line must evaluate to a positive number. But on $$C$$, $$dx=\dot { x } \,dt$$ and $$dy=\dot { y } \,dt$$, so the bottom integrand is in fact 0 everywhere and for this reason the right-hand integral evaluates to 0. This is a contradiction, so there can be no such closed trajectory $$C$$.

title: Bendixson–Dulac theorem


text:
Bolitaeninae

The Bolitaeninae are a subfamily, in the family Amphitretidae, of small, common pelagic octopuses found in all tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The taxonomy of this taxon is not entirely certain; recent research suggests just two genera exist, Bolitaena and Japetella, both of which are thought to be monotypic by some authorities and under this view, the family would represent two very similar species: Bolitaena pygmaea and Japetella diaphana. However, currently a second species of Bolitaena, B. massyae is also recognised.

Physical description
Bolitaenins are characterised by their small size—up to 8.5 cm or 3.3 in mantle length and 12 cm total length in Japetella species—and their comparatively short arms, much shorter than their dome-shaped mantles. The arms have a single series of suckers; in males, these suckers are greatly enlarged on the third right arm. In Bolitaena (but not Japetella) this arm is also modified into a hectocotylus, an appendage used to facilitate transfer of spermatophores during mating.

The eyes of both species are laterally compressed; they are distinctly smaller and set farther apart from the brain on longer optic stalks in Bolitaena than in Japetella—this feature may be the only way to differentiate the two genera when examining subadults. Mature males are rarely encountered. Their translucent, gelatinous bodies are fragile and easily damaged during collection.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the family is seen in mature females; upon maturity a ring-shaped photophore—a light-producing organ—develops to encircle the mouth. This is believed to be an adaptation to life in gloomy, deep ocean waters; the bioluminescent ring may help males and females to find each other.

Habitat
Mature bolitaenins occupy depths in the meso- to bathypelagic zones of the water column, down to about 1,425 m. Younger animals (under 20 mm mantle length) are known to remain in shallower waters, either from 170–270 m or 500–800 m depending on size. Japetella is known to venture into far northern waters.

Reproduction
Mating is thought to occur at or below 1,000 m deep. In the darkness, whether mating is successful or not may depend on the female; she can choose whether to signal the male with her circumoral photophore. The light emitted by the photophore is believed to be of a specific wavelength, possibly both preventing miscommunication and the attraction of predators.

After mating, the female then rises to about 800 m to brood. Her eggs are interconnected by a number of stalks; the whole mass is held safely by means of suckers near her mouth. Due to the cold (4–5 °C) environment, brooding likely takes several months; the female is thought to forgo food during this entire period. After hatching, the young octopuses rise to the productive, upper 300 m of the water column where they remain until reaching a certain size (7–20 mm). As they mature, the young begin their gradual descent to the mesopelagic and eventually bathypelagic zones.

title: Bolitaeninae


text:
James Chin

James (Jim) Chin is a public health epidemiologist. He works in public health surveillance and prevention of communicable diseases, particularly AIDS.

Career
Chin was an international research fellow with the Hooper Foundation, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco and the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 1961–1964, and a research epidemiologist at the California State Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Berkeley and Fort Ord, California from 1964–1967.

He served as head of the general epidemiology unit, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, California State Department of Health Services, Berkeley, from 1968–1971 and was chief of their infectious disease section from 1971–1987.

He has studied the AIDS pandemic from the early 1980s in California, where he was responsible for surveillance and control of communicable diseases, to the late 1980s at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for developing the methods and guidelines for global and regional HIV/AIDS surveillance. He worked as chief of the surveillance, forecasting and impact assessment unit (SFI) of the Global Programme on AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland from 1987–1992.

Since his resignation from GPA/WHO in 1992, he has worked as an independent consultant for different international agencies to evaluate the patterns and prevalence of HIV in developing countries, primarily in Africa and Asia. Some international agencies he has worked with include UNAIDS, WHO, Asian Development Bank, World Bank, USAID, and DFID.

He was a clinical professor of epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, from 1992 until 2009 when he retired from active teaching.

Memberships and board positions
During his public health career, Chin has held leadership positions at state, national, and international organizations and received recognition for his work as an infectious disease epidemiologist.
 * Elected member, American Epidemiological Society (AES), 1973
 * President, Conference of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), 1977–1978
 * Chairman, National Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 1982–1985
 * Member, Armed Forces Epidemiologic Board (AFEB), 1977–1983 and 1993–1998
 * Member, Advisory Council for Public Health Preparedness (An Advisory Council to the Secretary of HHS, 2001–2004)

Literary career
He was a member of the editorial board in the early 1970s. Hundreds of international specialists in infectious disease have contributed to updating the entries. Abram Salmon Benenson was the editor for so long (from 1970 to 1995) that the manual was often known as "Benenson's book".
 * Section editor (Communicable Diseases) for the 11th [1980] and 12th [1986] editions of Maxcy-Rosenau Public Health and Preventive Medicine (John Last, editor) Appleton-Century Crofts, New York
 * Associate editor for the 14th (1985) and 15th (1990) edition of the American Public Health Association (APHA) Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (CCDM)
 * Editor, 17th edition (2000) of the APHA's Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (CCDM).
 * Author, The AIDS Pandemic: The Collision of Epidemiology with Political Correctness (January 2007, Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.)

Awards
Chin was recipient of the John Snow award in 1993 for career contributions to public health epidemiology from the APHA Epidemiology Section.

title: James Chin


text: Talk:Bolitaeninae

title: Talk:Bolitaeninae


text:
Talk:1942

Layout
I have put a general comment on year layout on my talk page, particularly on the way year by topic is dealt with. There are three different variants and I would like agreement to standardise. 1942 is in line with the form I would like for every year BozMo(talk)

Format
[ See Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:02, 13 December 2006 (UTC)]

Discrepancies in date
I noticed that the occurence of Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, is repeated in both May and June, under events. Please verify and clarify.

October 28 is noted as the date for the completion of the Alaska Highway, but the first paragraph of the main article, Alaska Highway states that the road was completed in 1943. Does anybody know? Anewcharliega (talk) 19:54, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Americentric
At time of reading this article seems incredibly Amerocentric: no mention of the end of the German Operation Typhoon to capture Moscow on Jan 7 but mention of arrival of American Air command in the UK; entry of a ship sinking which killed 200 people is valid in 2013, but at the height of WW2 including similar deathtolls would result in an extremely bloated page. --125.230.100.90 (talk) 05:11, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Wrong date for MacArthur's departure from the Philippines
There is currently a curious entry for February 22, 1942, which states "President...Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philipines as American defense of the nation collapses."

Perhaps this was date the President decided MacArthur must leave, although I can find no documentation of this; but it is well documented that MacArthur left on March 12 (Eastern Date). In addition, the defense of the Phillipines was not in a state of collapse in late February; US forces in the Philipines held out until May 10th.

Suggest the item be removed and will do so in a few days if no one objects. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.205.141.26 (talk) 17:45, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

I am the same person who wrote the above. Yesterday I ran across a passage in Ronald Spector's book The Eagle Against the Sun (ISBN 0-394-74101-3) which reads: "Finally, on February 22nd, (General George) Marshall sent a direct order to MacArthur from the President, instructing the General to leave the island to take command of a new American force in Australia (p. 118)." I am therefore re-instating the item which I removed, with clarification, and without the language concerning the "collapse" of the American/Filipino defense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.147.76.248 (talk) 15:48, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Battle of the Barents Sea 12/31/1942
What happened to this critical battle? Hitler almost scrapped his surface ships because of it! 71.175.200.165 (talk) 23:59, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 01:38, 6 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Brian Jones 1965.jpg

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title: Talk:1942