text:
Stack Attack

Stack Attack was the game for the 2003 FIRST Robotics Competition. Two teams of two robots compete by moving large Sterilite bins into their zones and arranging them into stacks.

Layout
At the beginning of the match, each team is given 4 bins, which they may arrange as they see fit. Each of these bins are marked with a retroreflective tape that is highly visible to the infrared sensors included in the kit of parts. In the center of the field on top of the ramp is a large stack of 29 bins.

Object
The object of this game is for each two player alliance to rack up more points than the other team. Scoring is one point for every bin in an alliance's scoring zone, multiplied by the height of their highest stack. Each robot on the top of the ramp at the end of the match adds 25 points to an alliance's score. Bins that are supported by a robot do not count towards the final score.

Human Player
The Human player period is 10 seconds at the start of the match where one designated person from each team may walk onto the field and pass or receive one or more of their four bins to their allied team's human player. This allowed teams to create stacks higher than the initial 4-high stacks. The human players needed to return to a pressure-sensitive pad before their robot was activated.

Autonomous
The autonomous period was 15 seconds long in Stack Attack. During the autonomous period, teams could use infrared sensors to hunt the opposing team's stacks, use the same sensors to follow white tape or use dead reckoning to navigate to the center stacks.

Human-controlled
The human controlled phase began immediately after the autonomous period. During this phase, robots would attempt to amass the most bins on their side, while preventing the opposing teams from getting bins onto their scoring area and knocking down opposing stacks. Robots that were capable of stacking would use this time to begin building and protecting a stack of bins.

Autonomous
The most successful strategy in autonomous mode was to get the robot to run through the centre stack and push as many bins as possible onto that robot's scoring end. Since it was very difficult to move bins from one end of the field to the other, once most of the centre bins landed in one end, often that team would win. Teams could also try to seek out and knock over the stacks of bins that the human players had placed at the start of the match.

Human Controlled Game
Often the main game was a chaotic period where teams would try and clear out their own zone while attempting to keep as many bins on their scoring section as possible. Robots that were capable of stacking would usually protect their stack for the entire match, then release it just as the match ended.

Events
The following regional events were held in 2003:
 * Arizona Regional - Phoenix, AZ
 * BAE Systems/Granite State Regional - Manchester, NH
 * Buckeye Regional - Cleveland, OH
 * Canadian Regional - Mississauga, ON
 * Central Florida Regional - Orlando, FL
 * Chesapeake Regional - Annapolis, MD
 * Great Lakes Regional - Ypsilanti, MI
 * Johnson & Johnson Mid-Atlantic Regional - Piscataway, NJ
 * Lone Star Regional - Houston, TX
 * Midwest Regional - Evanston, Il
 * NASA/VCU Regional - Richmond, VA
 * New York City Regional - New York City, NY
 * Pacific Northwest Regional - Seattle, WA
 * Peachtree Regional - Duluth, GA
 * Philadelphia Regional - Philadelphia, PA
 * Pittsburgh Regional - Pittsburgh, PA
 * St. Louis Regional - St. Charles, MO
 * Sacramento Regional - Sacramento, CA
 * SBPLI Long Island Regional - Long Island, NY
 * Silicon Valley Regional - San Jose, CA
 * Southern California Regional - Los Angeles, CA
 * UTC New England Regional - Hartford, CT
 * Western Michigan Regional - Grand Rapids, MI

The championship was held at Reliant Park in Houston, TX.

title: Stack Attack


text:
Finvarra

Finvarra, also called Finvara, Finn Bheara, Finbeara  or Fionnbharr, is the king of the Daoine Sidhe of western Ireland in Irish folklore. In some legends, he is also the ruler of the dead. Finvarra is a benevolent figure, associated with horses, who ensures good harvests and rewards mortals with riches.

Location
According to legend, Finvarra lives beneath Cnoc Meadha or Knockma, a hill near Tuam in County Galway; this hill was traditionally associated with the fairies. There is a cairn on the hill, marked as "Finvarra's castle" on at least one map.

Dáithí Ó hÓgáin suggests that Finvarra's name comes from findbharr, “fair top,” originally referring to the top of the hill or a cairn there, and was later repurposed as the name of a deity who lived there.

Mythology
Fionnbharr plays a role in the Fenian Cycle and in bardic poetry, where he is one of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Findbharr of Cnoc Meadha is mentioned in the Agallamh na Seanoach (12th century). In Altram Tighe Dá Mheadar (The Fosterage of the House of the Two Drinking Vessels), Finnbarr Meadha is one of the Dé Dananns, who becomes ruler of the hill of Meadha after they are driven underground by the Milesians. He has a violent argument with his brother Oengus after insulting one of Oengus's foster-daughters. He has seventeen sons according to the Acallam na Senórach, and in one poem it is said that Manannán gave him a wonderful harp named Brégadh Banntrachta.

In the 15th-century Feis Tighe Chondin (The Feast of the House of Conán), Fionnbharr of Magh Feabhail is king of the "Tuatha Dedanans" and leads an army against Fionn mac Cumhaill and the Fenians only to fall in battle at the hands of Goll.

Folk belief
Legends of Finvarra and his connection with Knockma survived into later folklore, where he was considered the king of the fairies, particularly of Connacht. Local beliefs held that the doings of the fairies influenced the local crops. Whenever Finvarra lived in the hill it was a good year for the country, and when he was absent, it would be a bad year. His battles and hurling matches affected the health of the crops; when his people defeated the fairies of other provinces, the crops of Connacht bloomed. There was a rivalry between the Munster fairy king and Finvarra. Famine was attributed to disturbances in the fairy world, and one folk informant claimed to have seen the "good people" fighting in the sky over Knock Ma. According to many tales, Finvarra would invite humans into his underground palace for feasts.

Finvarra has a beautiful queen named Onagh or Una, or other versions, Nuala. However, he often steals away human women as lovers. In the story of "Ethna the Bride," Finvarra kidnaps Ethna, the loveliest woman in Ireland. Her husband is able to win her back by digging into the fairy hill of Knockma and salting the earth. Ethna returns but falls into a deep sleep since Finvarra has kept her soul. Her husband revives her by removing a girdle and fairy pin that she had been dressed in by the fairies. With Finvarra's role as a ruler of the dead, this story bears a resemblance to the ballad of Sir Orfeo. It also has similarities to the story of Midir and Étaín.

In another story, a man who foolishly stays out late on Halloween is swept along with a group of fairies on their way to a fair. He meets their king Finvarra and his wife, and realizes that the people around him are spirits of the dead. They force him to dance until he passes out, and he wakes up the next morning in a stone circle, covered in bruises.

Finnbheara can also be benevolent in folk legends, such as one where he heals a woman. He is strongly associated with horses. In one story, he goes to a blacksmith to have his three-legged horse shod, and the next day a pound note flies to the blacksmith on the wind. In another tradition, Finvar watched over the Kirwan family who lived in Castle Hackett near Knockma. Finvar and his people would carouse and drink in the Castle cellars, but left the cellars always well-stocked and the wine improved. They would also exercise the race-horses late at night, granting them speed and good fortune in the races. In another story, a member of the Hacket family was unable to find a good jockey for a race, so Finnbheara himself appeared, rode the horse, and disappeared after winning the race.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Finvarra


text:
Bengt Lidner

Bengt Lidner (March 16, 1757 – January 4, 1793) was a Swedish poet, born in Gothenburg. His opera Medea was translated to English and played in England during his lifetime, but wasn't played in Sweden until 2004.

His father died when he was 3, his mother when he was 14. In 1774, at age 17, he started studies at Lund University and produced two dissertations within two years, but was expelled just before presenting the second one. In 1776 he joined a ship of the Swedish East India Company from Gothenburg to China, but fled in Cape Town in April and in September he enlisted as a student of the University of Greifswald, which then was situated in Swedish Pomerania. There he wrote a dissertation on the justification of the American declaration of independence, but was told this subject was too sensitive, because of Sweden's diplomatic relation with Great Britain.

In 1779 he moved to Stockholm, where he started a career in literature. Despite a questionable reputation, he received a royal scholarship in 1780 and went to Göttingen in Germany, where he studied and lived beyond his means. From Göttingen he went to Paris, and returned to Stockholm in 1782. In 1787 he went to Finland and in 1788 married Eva Jacquette Hastfer, with whom he moved back to Stockholm the next year. In 1793 he died in poverty. The Swedish Academy in 1860 put a stone on his grave on the cemetery of Church of Adolf Fredrik in Stockholm.

Lidner's collected works have appeared (in Swedish) in many editions, most recently in the text critical edition of Svenska Vitterhetssamfundet in four volumes, 1930-1992.

title: Bengt Lidner


text:
Template talk:Months

This is the talk/discussion page for: Template:Months.

Created
This message is currently used on the pages for the 12 months and on 366 day pages (see Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Months ). The birthstones are more suitable for the month pages (where there are already listed individually) than for the day pages, thus I removed them from this message. -- User:Docu [ 20 May 2004 ]
 * 11-Jan-2008: Back in May 2004, the template really was, as the name stated, links only to 12 months. On 24 October 2006, the "Template:Months" became months+days, as 12+366 = 378 links. -Wikid77 (talk) 08:23, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Jan 32
Jan 32 is linked to the doomsday algo. I dont get it. Is that vandalism or is Jan 32 not supposed to be there? Brusegadi 06:22, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Parenthesis around unusual dates?
How about we put parenthesis around the "unusual" dates, like January 0, February 30 etc? Not Feb 29 though. --Apoc2400 (talk) 18:19, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Days linked after October 2006
11-Jan-2008: During 2004 and 2005 (and most of 2006), the template really was, true to the name, links only to 12 months, displayed as a one-row table. On 24 October 2006, the "Template:Months" became months+days, as 12+366 = 378 links. Adding the options "v-d-e" (plus "January 0"/etc.) later generated a total of 386 wikilinks. -Wikid77 (talk) 08:23, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia overlink crisis
11-Jan-2008: During 2007, large navigation-boxes were added to more than 50 thousand articles, where each navbox propagated wikilinks to each article, generating millions of extra links in the Wikipedia page-link database(s). The resulting "overlink crisis" (or megalink crisis) has increased total wikilinks, within a few months, by a factor of more than 20. As a small example, the Template:Months started as 12 month-name links in 2004, but grew after October 2006, to have 386 wikilinks, more than 32x times the original count. By Jan. 2008, Template:Months had been linked into 418 pages, generating:
 * Template:Months - in 418 articles * 386 = 161_348 propagated links.

Those 161,348 links are stored (after the servers are updated) into the Wikipedia page-link database(s) to allow quick display (such as for "What links here"). There are ways to easily avoid overlinks, as discussed below. -Wikid77 (talk) 09:02, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Avoiding overlinked navboxes
11-Jan-2008: Propagating links with navboxes can be avoided by using a navbox-reference to connect the live navbox-links only as a 2nd-article navbox, or a spawned navbox as a menu in a 2nd window of the browser. Although websites have the option to automatically spawn a new menu window, Wikipedia articles could simply rely on right-clicking a navbox reference to spawn that navbox into a 2nd browser window. By spawning navboxes, those links occur only on the navbox menu page. For Template:Months, by changing the template to spawn a days-navbox, the wikilinks could be reduced to about 10 (rather than 386), to generate about 4180 total links, rather than the current 161,348 propagated links. The net improvement would be 157,000 fewer links for the Wikipedia page-link database(s). Plus, users would see navboxes as small, centralized menu windows, not a section scrolled down at the bottom of various article pages. -Wikid77 (talk) 09:24, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Merge with MonthsSource, and rename
Why was this template's main code split into MonthsSource in October 2006? Can they be merged back together, so that only one template needs to be watchlisted, and so that only one template needs to be transcluded to each instance?

Should this template be renamed, now that it encompasses days? To something like Monthsanddays, perhaps? (As a list of just the months, Month header is currently in use on the 12 pages.) -- Quiddity (talk) 20:24, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I was never quite sure how the Template:MonthsSource was used. It seems to me that it is not usable on its own but needs to be wrapped in something like Template:Months does.  Can it be used standalone?  Template:Months is a nice wrapper.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:31, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at it, we could easily merge Template:MonthsSource into Template:Months. I like the way the latter looks.  I think that merge would go very smoothly.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:43, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Per edited comments above by Quiddity: It doesn't make sense to me.  Perhaps User:Eleassar will be watching this and comment on why it was done.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 21:39, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Some of the contents of Months was moved to a separate template MonthsSource in October 2006 in order to be included in the List of historical anniversaries without the table formatting of the template Months. It seems this is not needed anymore so I have no objections in merging together. --Eleassar my talk 10:01, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Merge done.
 * And the rename? -- Quiddity (talk) 17:16, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think it needs to be renamed, but I wouldn't put up a fuss if it was. So long as the redirect is handled properly.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 17:37, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Non-standard dates
It seems to me that this template should list only standard dates (i.e. not February 31, etc.). What is the general feeling on this? -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 18:53, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm intrigued by the currently-included nonstandard dates (February 31, 0 January, March 0), but I understand the sentiment of not wishing to include them. They've been added and removed a few times recently. Perhaps they could be moved to the end, in a See also line? -- Quiddity (talk) 20:01, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think a see also line would be disruptive. I don't have strong feelings either way but I wouldn't expect to see those dates in a regular calendar, why here?  If they are included, perhaps they should be distinguished by being in italics (as some are).  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:07, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * There were comments saying see discussion before removing, but this is about the only discussion about this. Since the general emphasis seems to be to remove non standard dates, that was done. -- ČσъяạβҜ  †Talk† 16:36, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Since this is the only discussion, I don't really see any big consensus one way or the other. I don't see the need for all the 0s, but I do think February 30 should be on there since that date has actually been used, and since the template is only used on the date and month articles, I don't see a reason to leave off the ones that actually have articles, and it also seems kind of silly to have the template on a page that doesn't include the article on it. PaulGS (talk) 22:54, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, how about adding "Gregorian calendar" to the header? Revert if at all problematic. -- Quiddity (talk) 00:02, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem. You already did it. Georgia guy (talk) 00:04, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The pages don't cover just the Gregorian calendar, though, since they include plenty of events from before 1582, and the only difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars is the leap-day rule. PaulGS (talk) 18:54, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Adding Gregorian doesn't seem right. Doesn't the Julian Calendar use the same month lengths (after 45BC)?  In that case wouldn't it be the same either way? -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 23:31, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Just a comment to throw into the mix-- I learned about the Doomsday method because I was curious about "March 0" on this template several months ago. I'm really glad I stumbled across that article-- it's been really useful!  So for what it's worth, I'd vote to keep the 0s in. Brakiton (talk) 04:28, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Gregorian removed, and a new test made. As before, improve or revert if problematic. Ideas welcome. Thanks :) -- Quiddity 06:11, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

What Links here?
While I understand the point of this template, it makes things difficult if I click "What links Here", as it now brings up at least 365 links of dates. Could the use of this template be voted on for its usefulness or not?? I don't think it helps users who want to see which pages are related to this to see 365 useless pages... Jez ☎ ✉ ✍ 19:49, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

 * That's an interesting request because really the only pages that use this template are the date pages. What are you expecting to see when you click what links here?  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:19, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * You're right. The only pages that host Template:Months are the date pages. However, If I go to September 11, quite a symbolic date, I see only 8 of the first 50 links that are not dates because of this template. Its very difficult to see what other articles have the date inside them. I think that instead of the additional 365+ links it creates, it should just be the months. At the top of the article it shows another date box for that month Jez ☎ ✉ ✍ 06:38, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, now I get it. I wonder if there is a way to keep links that are in a template from showing up in what links here - or maybe there's a hack for this case.  It's really the template that should be in what links here, not every page that the template is on.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 11:24, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Navbox
I've converted the template to navbox, which is what has been done with almost every other footer template. The version before Quiddity's had very little white space and I've reverted to that. Navbox allows a standard look all across Wikipedia, it is simpler, and most importantly, it is allowed to collapse. Epson291 (talk) 03:34, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * But it looks awful at 1024x768 (with my default font settings). Image:Wikipedia-months-template-layout.png. The original design works well at all screen resolutions.
 * Also, please see WP:BRD for the best way of resolving disagreements.
 * Also, the template • should not have a space before it (but removing the extra space only removes a small gap, and doesn't fix the linewrap problem.
 * Lastly, the original table is collapsible.
 * I agree with the idea of replacing bad table layouts with standard navboxes, but not at the expense of visual clarity. Please test extensively, or ask for additional input, before re-implementing. -- Quiddity (talk) 19:25, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I see no reason to make such changes to the template. And since the most important stated reason for making the change turns out to be false, no need for change.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 19:30, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Fixed. I think. -- Quiddity (talk) 22:12, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I reverted your edit because Mufka cited too much whitespace as the reason, that was not true with my version.  (Please see WP:AGF, I wasn't doing what you were suggesting). I agree with you the table looked terrible on your setup, the latest edit you made is certainly better then what was here before.  Regards. Epson291 (talk) 07:00, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

February 29
I would like to add a special note about the parentheses around February 29. They make it take up more space, not less, meaning that it can suggest that that day is superior, not inferior, to other days. (Specifically, "(29)" is a total of 4 characters; the (, the digits 2 and 9, and the ). On the other hand, "29" is just 2 characters, the digits 2 and 9. Georgia guy (talk) 15:02, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Since it is a real date, I see no reason to differentiate it. Removing pending further discussion here.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 15:15, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It's a real date. It's a special date for obvious reasons. The attributes of 'superiority' and 'inferiority' don't seem to be relevant(?)
 * I understand your point, but I don't think it is a critical problem. However, to avoid argument, I've italicized 29, which hopefully makes everyone content. -- Quiddity (talk) 19:33, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The italics were used before for dates like January 0, which doesn't really exist but is used in certain calculations, and February 30, which actually occurred but only twice. February 29 is a perfectly standard date, and doesn't need to be differentiated from the others. I've removed the italics. PaulGS (talk) 06:11, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Leave as-is.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 17:30, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Why link common calendar terms?
The purpose of this template is to provide navigation to the full set of month-day articles. It's not there to provide links to basic calendar terms such as 'month', 'day', year', or the 12 month names. I suggest that all these should be delinked, just leaving the month-day links. Colonies Chris (talk) 13:36, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Why can't the purpose be both? The usability or layout of the template isn't any worse because of these links, and some people may be interested in them. Delinking them makes th template less useful, with no benefit. PaulGS (talk) 16:34, 2 July 2012 (UTC)
 * WP has a general principle of not linking anything and everything just in case someone might find it useful - we link only to places that the reader might reasonably find helpful. Both overlinking and underlinking are harmful: overlinking is a problem because the reader can't immediately distinguish relevant links (the month-day links) from stuff that practically everyone already knows. Links like those only add value for a tiny minority of readers, and actively put some readers off clicking on links because they find they end up at a page that's completely useless to their purpose in reading that template. If anyone really wants to learn about the calendar, they wouldn't be looking at a table of 'events on month-day' links to do it. Colonies Chris (talk) 17:14, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 19 October 2012
203.99.208.3 (talk) 12:11, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Not done: please make your request in a "change X to Y" format. Jared Preston (talk) 12:39, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 January 2020
The part showing the "Today" shows the incorrect date (shows January 7, 2020 when it is January 14, 2020) 64.158.197.100 (talk) 20:21, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The template looks correct when I'm viewing the page. Are you sure you're not viewing an old/cached version of the page? Sak ura Cart elet Talk 21:38, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Months


text:
Tony Sunshine

Antonio Cruz (born April 23, 1977), known professionally as Tony Sunshine, is an American R&B singer of Puerto Rican descent. He is best known for as a member of Fat Joe's hip hop group Terror Squad in the late 1990s, and notably guest featured on group cohort Big Pun's 2000 single, "100%." His guest appearance alongside Armageddon on Fat Joe's 2003 single, "All I Need" peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100, while his guest appearance on Lumidee's 2007 cover single, "She's Like the Wind" peaked at number 43 on the chart. He was led by Joe to sign with Jive Records to release his 2004 debut single "Oh My God" (featuring Diddy and Dirtbag), which failed to chart.

Early life
Raised in the Bronx, Cruz was discovered by fellow Bronx native Fat Joe at the age of thirteen, who attempted to secure a recording contract for the teen. Cruz then adopted the name Tony Sunshine, and ultimately became a member of Terror Squad. Fat Joe, the group's leader, said he respected and understood Cruz's talent.

Career
Cruz performed vocals for Terror Squad cohort Big Pun, on his songs "100%", "Laughin at You", and "My Dick". He has also appeared on Fat Joe's songs "TS Piece", and "All I Need". Terror Squad's self-titled debut album was released in 1999, on which Cruz made numerous appearances.

Cruz signed with Jive Records to release his 2004 single "Oh My God", which failed to chart. Far Joe was then able to finalize a record deal for Cruz in 2005 with Epic and Sony BMG, although he was dropped in May of the following year and subsequently signed to Urban Box Office. In November 2006, the label collapsed and left Cruz as an independent artist. In 2007, he guest featured on fellow New York singer Lumidee's single, "She's Like the Wind". There is an English version and a Spanglish version.

In 2010, he independently released the single "Say Hey" (featuring Swizz Beatz) in July of that year. In 2015, Cruz released the mixtape No Filter. In 2016, Cruz reunited with Fat Joe and Terror Squad, although this resulted in no major releases.

Singles

 * 2003: "Grey Goose" (featuring Fat Joe)
 * 2004: "Oh My God" (featuring Diddy and Dirtbag)
 * 2010: "Say Hey"
 * 2011: "#1 Baby"
 * 2013: "Don't Deserve"
 * 2015: "Crying"
 * 2016: "Danger" (featuring Chris Rivers)
 * 2017: "Talk About it"
 * 2018: "Take Me Away"
 * 2019: "Bruce Leroy"
 * 2019: "Shots Fired"
 * 2020: "Wandas Son" (featuring Dre of Cool & Dre)
 * 2021: "You Said"

Featured singles

 * 2000: "100% (Big Pun featuring Tony Sunshine)
 * 2003: "All I Need" (Fat Joe featuring Tony Sunshine and Armageddon)
 * 2007: "She's Like the Wind" (Lumidee featuring Tony Sunshine)

Mixtapes

 * 2015: No Filter

title: Tony Sunshine


text:
Pedigree chart

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next,   most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.

Definition
The word pedigree is a corruption of the Anglo-Norman French pé de grue or "crane's foot", either because the typical lines and split lines (each split leading to different offspring of the one parent line) resemble the thin leg and foot of a crane or because such a mark was used to denote succession in pedigree charts.

A pedigree results in the presentation of family information in the form of an easily readable chart. It can be simply called as a "family tree". Pedigrees use a standardized set of symbols, squares represent males and circles represent females. Pedigree construction is a family history, and details about an earlier generation may be uncertain as memories fade. If the sex of the person is unknown a diamond is used. Someone with the phenotype in question is represented by a filled-in (darker) symbol. Heterozygotes, when identifiable, are indicated by a shade dot inside a symbol or a half-filled symbol.

Relationships in a pedigree are shown as a series of lines. Parents are connected by a horizontal line and a vertical line leads to their offspring. The offspring are connected by a horizontal sibship line and listed in birth order from left to right. If the offspring are twins then they will be connected by a triangle. If an offspring dies then its symbol will be crossed by a line. If the offspring is still born or aborted it is represented by a small triangle.

Each generation is identified by a Roman numeral (I, II, III, and so on), and each individual within the same generation is identified by an Arabic numeral (1, 2, 3, and so on). Analysis of the pedigree using the principles of Mendelian inheritance can determine whether a trait has a dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance. Pedigrees are often constructed after a family member afflicted with a genetic disorder has been identified. This individual, known as the proband, is indicated on the pedigree by an arrow. These changes may occur yearly or monthly.

In human use
In England and Wales pedigrees are officially recorded in the College of Arms, which has records going back to the Middle Ages, including pedigrees collected during roving inquiries by its heralds during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The purpose of these heraldic visitations was to register and regulate the use of coats of arms. Those who claimed the right to bear arms had to provide proof either of a grant of arms to them by the College, or of descent from an ancestor entitled to arms. It was for this reason that pedigrees were recorded by the visitations. Pedigrees continue to be registered at the College of Arms and kept up to date on a voluntary basis but they are not accessible to the general public without payment of a fee.

More visible, therefore, are the pedigrees recorded in published works, such as Burke's Peerage and Burke's Landed Gentry in the United Kingdom and, in continental Europe by the Almanach de Gotha.

A pedigree may be used to establish the probability of a child having a particular disorder or condition. It may be used to discover where the genes in question are located (x, y, or autosome chromosome), and to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive. When a pedigree shows a condition appearing in a 50:50 ratio between men and women it is considered autosomal. When the condition predominantly affects males in the pedigree it is considered x-linked.

Some examples of dominant traits include: male baldness, astigmatism, and dwarfism. Some examples of recessive traits include: small eyes, little body hair, and tall stature.

In animal husbandry
In the practice of selective breeding of animals, particularly in animal fancy and livestock, including horses, pedigree charts are used to track the ancestry of animals and assist in the planning of suitable breeding programs to enhance desirable traits. Breed registries are formed and are dedicated to the accurate tracking of pedigrees and maintaining accurate records of birth, death and identifying characteristics of each registered animal.

title: Pedigree chart


text:
Pasyon

The Pasyón (Pasión) is a Philippine epic narrative of the life of Jesus Christ, focused on his Passion, Death, and Resurrection. In stanzas of five lines of eight syllables each, the standard elements of epic poetry are interwoven with a colourful, dramatic theme.

The uninterrupted chanting or pabasa (“reading”) of the entire book from start to end is a popular Filipino Catholic devotion during the Lenten season, particularly during Holy Week.

In 2011, the Pabasa was cited by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines under the Performing Arts category that the government may nominate for inclusion in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

History
The text is an adaptation of the pre-Hispanic Filipino art of chanting epic poems as a part of oral tradition. After Christianity was introduced by the Spaniards in the 16th century, the Passion cycle was adapted into this native narrative form.

The indigenous form of the Pasyón was first written down by Gaspar Aquino de Belén in Ang Mahal na Pasión ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola (modern orthography: “Ang Mahál na Pasyón ni Hesukristong Panginoón Natin na Tulà”, "The Sacred Passion of Jesus Christ, Our Lord, Which is a Poem"), written in 1703 and approved in 1704.

An 1852 recension by Aniceto de Merced, El libro de la vida ("The Book of the Life [of Jesus]") did not gain popularity with the masses.

Pasyóng Genesís
The most popular Tagalog version of the Pasyón today is the Casaysayan nang Pasiong Mahal ni Hesucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Sinomang Babasa (modern orthography: “Kasaysayan ng Pasyóng Mahál ni Hesukristong Panginoón Natin na Sukat Ipág-alab ng Pusò ng Sínumang Babasa”, "The Story of the Passion of Jesus Christ, Our Lord, which Rightly Shall Ignite the Heart of Whosoever Readeth"). This version is also called the “Pasyóng Genesís” as the Genesis creation narrative immediately follows the prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary and Trinitarian catechesis, and precedes the main section concerning the Life of Christ. Another name for this text is “Pasyóng Pilapil” after the foreword by [Rev.] Dr. Mariano Pilapil, found in the 1814 edition. The book's title page describes it as being commissioned by former Archbishop of Manila José Seguí, O.S.A., and former Augustinian provincial Fr Manuel Grijalvo, O.S.A., with corrections to the Latin terms and phrases done by a certain Fr Amador W. Cruz.

A widely-circulated reprint of the Pasyóng Genesís is the 1949 edition, whose title begins with “Awit at Salaysay...” ("Song and Narrative") instead of “Casaysayan”, and was published by Ignacio Luna and Sons, Co. in Manila.

Devotional use
The Pasyón is normally heard during Holy Week in the Philippines, where its recitation is known as the pabása ("reading"). The rite can span one to several days, extending no later than Black Saturday. It is often ended on Good Friday at noon or before 3:00 PM PST (UTC+8) – the “ninth hour” of Jesus' death on the Cross according to the Gospels.

Readers chant the Pasyón from beginning to end uninterrupted; this non-stop recitation is done by devotees chanting in shifts. The chanters usually perform the rite as a panatà ("vow"), or votive offering in request, or as an ex voto in thanksgiving. Devotees are frequently older women and some men, but in recent years more younger Filipinos have shown interest in the custom.

The Pasyón is almost always chanted while facing the family’s permanent house altar, or a temporary altar decorated with religious icons, particularly those related to the suffering and death of Christ. Temporary altars may be built inside or outside the house, with outdoor venues decked with palm leaf walls. The pabasa may also be performed at a local visita/kapilya (chapel of ease) or some other community space, and even along the streets.

As per Filipino etiquette, the host of the pabasa (often the master or lady of the house) is responsible for feeding the shifts of chanters as well as other guests.

Musical setting
There are various traditional melodies or tono for the Pasyón that have been passed down through the centuries. Recent innovations include setting the epic to modern ballads, pop music, and contemporary hymns; in some places a rap or hip hop variant is used especially by youths, though in 2012 the practice of "rap pabasa" was banned in Valenzuela as it was deemed irreverent and against the solemnity of the occasion. Pedro Quitorio III, spokesman for the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, saw nothing wrong with the youths' take on the Pasyón: “What is important is the intention. But there should be reverence because it’s also not good if it’s not solemn.”

Instrumental accompaniment to the Pabasa is not as popular nor uniform in practice as most devotees would chant a capella, using tonos from memory. If there is accompaniment, the guitar and electronic keyboard are commonly used.

title: Pasyon


text:
Cubic crystal system

In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.

There are three main varieties of these crystals: Note: the term fcc is often used in synonym for the cubic close-packed or ccp structure occurring in metals. However, fcc stands for a face-centered-cubic Bravais lattice, which is not necessarily close-packed when a motif is set onto the lattice points. E.g. the diamond and the zincblende lattices are fcc but not close-packed. Each is subdivided into other variants listed below. Although the unit cells in these crystals are conventionally taken to be cubes, the primitive unit cells often are not.
 * Primitive cubic (abbreviated cP and alternatively called simple cubic)
 * Body-centered cubic (abbreviated cI or bcc)
 * Face-centered cubic (abbreviated cF or fcc)

Bravais lattices
The three Bravais latices in the cubic crystal system are:

The primitive cubic lattice (cP) consists of one lattice point on each corner of the cube; this means each simple cubic unit cell has in total one lattice point. Each atom at a lattice point is then shared equally between eight adjacent cubes, and the unit cell therefore contains in total one atom ($1/undefined$ × 8).

The body-centered cubic lattice (cI) has one lattice point in the center of the unit cell in addition to the eight corner points. It has a net total of two lattice points per unit cell ($1/undefined$ × 8 + 1).

The face-centered cubic lattice (cF) has lattice points on the faces of the cube, that each gives exactly one half contribution, in addition to the corner lattice points, giving a total of 4 lattice points per unit cell ($1/undefined$ × 8 from the corners plus $1/undefined$ × 6 from the faces).

The face-centered cubic lattice is closely related to the hexagonal close packed (hcp) system, where two systems differ only in the relative placements of their hexagonal layers. The [111] plane of a face-centered cubic lattice is a hexagonal grid.

Attempting to create a base-centered cubic lattice (i.e., putting an extra lattice point in the center of each horizontal face) results in a simple tetragonal Bravais lattice.

Coordination number (CN) is the number of nearest neighbors of a central atom in the structure. Each sphere in a cP lattice has coordination number 6, in a cI lattice 8, and in a cF lattice 12.

Atomic packing factor (APF) is the fraction of volume that is occupied by atoms. The cP lattice has an APF of about 0.524, the cI lattice an APF of about 0.680, and the cF lattice an APF of about 0.740.

Crystal classes
The isometric crystal system class names, point groups (in Schönflies notation, Hermann–Mauguin notation, orbifold, and Coxeter notation), type, examples, international tables for crystallography space group number, and space groups are listed in the table below. There are a total 36 cubic space groups.

Other terms for hexoctahedral are: normal class, holohedral, ditesseral central class, galena type.

Single element structures

As a rule, since atoms in a solid attract each other, the more tightly packed arrangements of atoms tend to be more common. (Loosely packed arrangements do occur, though, for example if the orbital hybridization demands certain bond angles.) Accordingly, the primitive cubic structure, with especially low atomic packing factor, is rare in nature, but is found in polonium. The bcc and fcc, with their higher densities, are both quite common in nature. Examples of bcc include iron, chromium, tungsten, and niobium. Examples of fcc include aluminium, copper, gold and silver.

Another important cubic crystal structure is the diamond cubic structure, which can appear in carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin. Unlike fcc and bcc, this structure is not a lattice, since it contains multiple atoms in its primitive cell. Other cubic elemental structures include the A15 structure found in tungsten, and the extremely complicated structure of manganese.

Multi-element structures
Compounds that consist of more than one element (e.g. binary compounds) often have crystal structures based on the cubic crystal system. Some of the more common ones are listed here. These structures can be viewed as two or more interpenetrating sublattices where each sublattice occupies the interstitial sites of the others.

Caesium chloride structure

One structure is the "interpenetrating primitive cubic" structure, also called a "caesium chloride" or B2 structure. This structure is often confused for a body-centered cubic structure because the arrangement of atoms is the same. However, the caesium chloride structure has a basis composed of two different atomic species. In a body-centered cubic structure, there would be translational symmetry along the [111] direction. In the caesium chloride structure, translation along the [111] direction results in a change of species. The structure can also be thought of as two separate simple cubic structures, one of each species, that are superimposed within each other. The corner of the chloride cube is the center of the caesium cube, and vice versa.

It works the same way for the NaCl structure described in the next section. If you take out the Cl atoms, the leftover Na atoms still form an FCC structure, not a simple cubic structure.

In the unit cell of CsCl, each ion is at the center of a cube of ions of the opposite kind, so the coordination number is eight. The central cation is coordinated to 8 anions on the corners of a cube as shown, and similarly, the central anion is coordinated to 8 cations on the corners of a cube. Alternately, one could view this lattice as a simple cubic structure with a secondary atom in its cubic void.

In addition to caesium chloride itself, the structure also appears in certain other alkali halides when prepared at low temperatures or high pressures. Generally, this structure is more likely to be formed from two elements whose ions are of roughly the same size (for example, ionic radius of Cs+ = 167 pm, and Cl− = 181 pm).

The space group of the caesium chloride (CsCl) structure is called Pm$\overline{3}$m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or "221" (in the International Tables for Crystallography). The Strukturbericht designation is "B2".

There are nearly a hundred rare earth intermetallic compounds that crystallize in the CsCl structure, including many binary compounds of rare earths with magnesium, and with elements in groups 11, 12, and 13. Other compounds showing caesium chloride like structure are CsBr, CsI, high-temperature RbCl, AlCo, AgZn, BeCu, MgCe, RuAl and SrTl.

Rock-salt structure

The space group of the rock-salt or halite (sodium chloride) structure is denoted as Fm$\overline{3}$m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or "225" (in the International Tables for Crystallography). The Strukturbericht designation is "B1".

In the rock-salt structure, each of the two atom types forms a separate face-centered cubic lattice, with the two lattices interpenetrating so as to form a 3D checkerboard pattern. The rock-salt structure has octahedral coordination: Each atom's nearest neighbors consist of six atoms of the opposite type, positioned like the six vertices of a regular octahedron. In sodium chloride there is a 1:1 ratio of sodium to chlorine atoms. The structure can also be described as an FCC lattice of sodium with chlorine occupying each octahedral void or vice versa.

Examples of compounds with this structure include sodium chloride itself, along with almost all other alkali halides, and "many divalent metal oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides". According to the radius ratio rule, this structure is more likely to be formed if the cation is somewhat smaller than the anion (a cation/anion radius ratio of 0.414 to 0.732).

The interatomic distance (distance between cation and anion, or half the unit cell length a) in some rock-salt-structure crystals are: 2.3 Å (2.3 × 10−10 m) for NaF, 2.8 Å for NaCl, and 3.2 Å for SnTe. Most of the alkali metal hydrides and halides have the rock salt structure, though a few have the caesium chloride structure instead.

Many transition metal monoxides also have the rock salt structure (TiO, VO, CrO, MnO, FeO, CoO, NiO, CdO). The early actinoid monocarbides also have this structure (ThC, PaC, UC, NpC, PuC).

Fluorite structure
Much like the rock salt structure, the fluorite structure (AB2) is also an Fm$\overline{3}$m structure but has 1:2 ratio of ions. The anti-fluorite structure is nearly identical, except the positions of the anions and cations are switched in the structure. They are designated Wyckoff positions 4a and 8c whereas the rock-salt structure positions are 4a and 4b.

Zincblende structure
The space group of the Zincblende structure is called F$\overline{3}$3m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or 216. The Strukturbericht designation is "B3".

The Zincblende structure (also written "zinc blende") is named after the mineral zincblende (sphalerite), one form of zinc sulfide (β-ZnS). As in the rock-salt structure, the two atom types form two interpenetrating face-centered cubic lattices. However, it differs from rock-salt structure in how the two lattices are positioned relative to one another. The zincblende structure has tetrahedral coordination: Each atom's nearest neighbors consist of four atoms of the opposite type, positioned like the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. In zinc sulfide the ratio of zinc to sulfur is 1:1. Altogether, the arrangement of atoms in zincblende structure is the same as diamond cubic structure, but with alternating types of atoms at the different lattice sites. The structure can also be described as an FCC lattice of zinc with sulfur atoms occupying half of the tetrahedral voids or vice versa.

Examples of compounds with this structure include zincblende itself, lead(II) nitrate, many compound semiconductors (such as gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride), and a wide array of other binary compounds. The boron group pnictogenides usually have a zincblende structure, though the nitrides are more common in the wurtzite structure, and their zincblende forms are less well known polymorphs.

This group is also known as the II-VI family of compounds, most of which can be made in both the zincblende (cubic) or wurtzite (hexagonal) form.

This group is also known as the III-V family of compounds.

Heusler structure
The Heusler structure, based on the structure of Cu2MnAl, is a common structure for ternary compounds involving transition metals. It has the space group Fm$\overline{3}$m (No. 225), and the Strukturbericht designation is L21. Together with the closely related half-Heusler and inverse-Huesler compounds, there are hundreds of examples.

Iron monosilicide structure

The space group of the iron monosilicide structure is P213 (No. 198), and the Strukturbericht designation is B20. This is a chiral structure, and is sometimes associated with helimagnetic properties. There are four atoms of each element for a total of eight atoms in the unit cell.

Examples occur among the transition metal silicides and germanides, as well as a few other compounds such as gallium palladide.

Weaire–Phelan structure
A Weaire–Phelan structure has Pm$\overline{3}$n (223) symmetry.

It has three orientations of stacked tetradecahedrons with pyritohedral cells in the gaps. It is found as a crystal structure in chemistry where it is usually known as a "type I clathrate structure". Gas hydrates formed by methane, propane, and carbon dioxide at low temperatures have a structure in which water molecules lie at the nodes of the Weaire–Phelan structure and are hydrogen bonded together, and the larger gas molecules are trapped in the polyhedral cages.

title: Cubic crystal system


text:
Vertical launching system

A vertical launching system (VLS) is an advanced system for holding and firing missiles on mobile naval platforms, such as surface ships and submarines. Each vertical launch system consists of a number of cells, which can hold one or more missiles ready for firing. Typically, each cell can hold a number of different types of missiles, allowing the ship flexibility to load the best set for any given mission. Further, when new missiles are developed, they are typically fitted to the existing vertical launch systems of that nation, allowing existing ships to use new types of missiles without expensive rework. When the command is given, the missile flies straight up far enough to clear the cell and the ship, then turns onto the desired course.

A VLS allows surface combatants to have a greater number of weapons ready for firing at any given time compared to older launching systems such as the Mark 13 single-arm and Mark 26 twin-arm launchers, which were fed from behind by a magazine below the main deck. In addition to greater firepower, VLS is much more damage tolerant and reliable than the previous systems and has a lower radar cross-section (RCS). The U.S. Navy now relies exclusively on VLS for its guided missile destroyers and cruisers.

The most widespread VLS in the world is the Mark 41, developed by the United States Navy. More than 11,000 Mark 41 VLS missile cells have been delivered, or are on order, for use on 186 ships across 19 ship classes, in 11 navies around the world. This system currently serves with the US Navy as well as the Australian, Danish, Dutch, German, Japanese, Norwegian, South Korean, Spanish, and Turkish navies, while others like the Greek Navy preferred the similar Mark 48 system.

The ZS-14 VLS was developed in Russia and is used in sea-based as well as land-based TEL systems such as the S-400 missile system.

The advanced Mark 57 VLS is used on the Zumwalt-class destroyer. The older Mark 13 and Mark 26 systems remain in service on ships that were sold to other countries such as Taiwan and Poland.

When installed on an SSN (nuclear-powered attack submarine), a VLS allows a greater number and variety of weapons to be deployed, compared with using only torpedo tubes.

Launch type

A vertical launch system can be either hot launch, where the missile ignites in the cell, or cold launch, where the missile is expelled by gas produced by a gas generator which is not part of the missile itself, and then the missile ignites. "Cold" means relatively cold compared with rocket engine exhaust. A hot launch system does not require an ejection mechanism but does require some way of disposing of the missile's exhaust and heat as it departs the cell. If the missile ignites in a cell without an ejection mechanism, the cell must withstand the tremendous heat generated without igniting missiles in adjacent cells.

Hot launch
An advantage of a hot-launch system is that the missile propels itself out of the launching cell using its own engine, which eliminates the need for a separate system to eject the missile from the launching tube. This potentially makes a hot-launch system relatively light, small, and economical to develop and produce, particularly when designed around smaller missiles. A potential disadvantage is that a malfunctioning missile could destroy the launch tube. American surface-ship VLSs have missile cells arranged in a grid with one lid per cell and are "hot launch" systems. The engine ignites within the cell during the launch and so requires a way of venting rocket exhaust. France, Italy and Britain use a similar hot-launching Sylver system in PAAMS.

Cold launch
The advantage of the cold-launch system is in its safety: if a missile engine malfunctions during launch, the cold-launch system can eject the missile, reducing or eliminating the threat. For this reason, Russian VLSs are often designed with a slant so that a malfunctioning missile will land in the water instead of on the ship's deck. As missile size grows, the benefits of ejection launching increase. Above a certain size, a missile booster cannot be safely ignited within the confines of a ship's hull. Most modern ICBMs and SLBMs are cold-launched. Russia produces both grid systems and a revolver arrangement with more than one missile per lid for its cold launch system. Russia also uses a cold launch system for some of its vertical launch missile systems, e.g., the Tor missile system.

The UK's Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) family of missiles utilises a similar cold-launching system, referred to as soft-vertical-launch, and actively markets the advantages of the system. Soft-launch provides the missile with a reduce interception rate allowing for shorter ranged engagements, reduces the IR signature of the ship and the obscurant of visibility by rendering the ship in efflux for several minutes; and most notably, the lack of hot efflux and reduced stress on the ship's structure allows for a much greater choice of launch systems, such as the lighter Mushroom Farm launcher whilst also still enabling installation into the heavier Mark-41 in a quad-pack or dual-packed configuration (4 or 2 missiles per cell) for a costly, but more space efficient option.

Concentric canister launch
Some warships of China's People's Liberation Army Navy use a concentric canister launch (CCL) system that can launch using both hot and cold methods in the cell module, onboard the Type 052D destroyer and the Type 055 destroyer. The universal launch system is offered for export.

Older Chinese ships use single launch system: Type 052C destroyers use a cold launch system, while Type 054A frigates use a hot launch system.

Other platforms
Transporter erector launchers are wheeled or tracked land vehicles for the launch of surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles. In most systems the missiles are transported in a horizontal out-of-battery configuration: in order to fire, the vehicle must stop and the transport/launch tube must be raised to the vertical before firing.

BAE Systems has filed patents relating to the use of Vertical Launch missiles from modified passenger aircraft.

NATO
In 2021, the Centre for Military Studies published the total number of VLS cells in use with fourteen NATO navies. The results are displayed below.

Note: The above table does not include NATO navies which do not possess vertical launching systems, namely Albania, Croatia, Estonia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania and Slovenia.

Other

 * El Radii class frigates – Umkhonto (32 cells)
 * Anzac-class frigate – Mark 41 Mod 16 (8 cells)
 * Hobart-class destroyer – Mark 41 (48 cells)
 * Hunter-class frigate – Mark 41 (32 cells)
 * Tamandaré-class frigate – GWS.35 (12 cells)
 * Karel Doorman-class frigate – Mark 48 Mod 1 (16 cells)
 * Type 23 frigate – GWS.26 (32 cells)
 * Adelaide-class frigate – Mark 41 Mod 16 (8 cells)
 * Surface
 * Type 055 destroyer – GJB 5860-2006 Concentric Canister Launch System (112 cells)
 * Type 052D destroyer – GJB 5860-2006 Concentric Canister Launch System (64 cells)
 * Type 052C destroyer – H/AJK03 HHQ-9 (48 cells)
 * Type 051C destroyer – 48N6E (48 cells)
 * Type 051B destroyer – H/AJK16 HQ-16 or Yu-8 (32 cells)
 * Sovremenny-class destroyer – H/AJK16 HQ-16 or Yu-8 (32 cells)
 * Type 054A frigate – H/AJK16 HQ-16 or Yu-8 (32 cells)
 * Tahya Misr (FFG1001) – SYLVER A43 (16 cells)
 * Hamina-class missile boat – Umkhonto (8 cells)
 * Hämeenmaa-class minelayer – Umkhonto (8 cells)
 * Surface
 * INS Vikrant – Barak 8 (64 cells)
 * INS Vikramaditya – Barak 1 and Barak 8 (48 cells)
 * Visakhapatnam class destroyer - Barak 8 (32 cells) and BrahMos (16 cells)
 * Kolkata-class destroyer – Barak 8 (32 cells) and BrahMos (48 cells)
 * Delhi-class destroyer – Barak 1 (32 cells)
 * Rajput-class destroyer – BrahMos (8 cells) and Barak 1
 * Shivalik-class frigate – Club or BrahMos (8 cells) and Barak 1 (32 cells)
 * Talwar-class frigate – Club or BrahMos (8 cells)
 * Brahmaputra-class frigate – Barak 1 (24 cells)
 * Kamorta-class corvette – Barak 1 (16 cells)
 * Submarine
 * Arihant-class submarine – K-4 or K-15 (8 cells)
 * Shahid Soleimani-class corvette – Mehrab (22 cells)
 * Zolfaghar-class fast-attack boats – Navvab (4 cells)
 * Bung Tomo-class corvette – VL MICA (16 cells)
 * Martadinata-class frigate – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Ahmad Yani-class frigate – Yakhont VLS (4 cells) Ex-Van Speijk-class frigate
 * Kamorta-class corvette – Barak 1 (16 cells)
 * Submarine
 * Arihant-class submarine – K-4 or K-15 (8 cells)
 * Shahid Soleimani-class corvette – Mehrab (22 cells)
 * Zolfaghar-class fast-attack boats – Navvab (4 cells)
 * Bung Tomo-class corvette – VL MICA (16 cells)
 * Martadinata-class frigate – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Ahmad Yani-class frigate – Yakhont VLS (4 cells) Ex-Van Speijk-class frigate
 * Martadinata-class frigate – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Ahmad Yani-class frigate – Yakhont VLS (4 cells) Ex-Van Speijk-class frigate
 * |Sa'ar 5-class corvette |Sa'ar 6-class corvette– Barak 1 Barak 8 (2 x 32 cells)
 * Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer – Mark 41 (16 cells)
 * Kongō-class destroyer – Mark 41 (90 cells)
 * Atago-class destroyer – Mark 41 (96 cells)
 * Maya-class destroyer – Mark 41 (96 cells)
 * Murasame-class destroyer – Mark 41 (16 cells) + Mark 48 (16 cells)
 * Takanami-class destroyer – Mark 41 (32 cells)
 * Akizuki-class destroyer – Mark 41 (32 cells)
 * Asahi-class destroyer – Mark 41 (32 cells)
 * Mogami-class frigate - Mark 41 (16 cells)
 * JS Asuka - Mark 41 (8 cells)
 * Lekiu-class frigate - GWS.26 (16 cells)
 * Mohammed VI – SYLVER A50 (16 cells)
 * ARM Benito Juárez (POLA-101)– Mark 41 8 cells.
 * Anzac-class frigate – GWS.35 (20 cells)
 * Khareef-class corvette – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Mohammed VI – SYLVER A50 (16 cells)
 * ARM Benito Juárez (POLA-101)– Mark 41 8 cells.
 * Anzac-class frigate – GWS.35 (20 cells)
 * Khareef-class corvette – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Anzac-class frigate – GWS.35 (20 cells)
 * Khareef-class corvette – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Khareef-class corvette – VL MICA (12 cells)
 * Tughril-class frigate – HQ16 (32 cells)
 * Babur-class corvette – GWS.35 (12 cells)
 * Valour-class frigate – Umkhonto (16 cells)
 * Surface
 * Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier – Granit (12 cells) + Kinzhal (192 cells)
 * Kirov-class battlecruiser – Granit (20 cells) + Fort/Fort-M (96 cells) + Kinzhal (128 cells)
 * Slava-class cruiser – Fort (64 cells)
 * Udaloy-class destroyer – Kinzhal (64 cells)
 * Neustrashimy-class frigate – Kinzhal (32 cells)
 * Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate – 3S14 for Kalibr or BrahMos (8 cells) + 3S90M for 9M317M (24 cells)
 * Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (16 cells) + Redut system for different type of missiles (32 cells)
 * Gepard-class frigate – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
 * Steregushchy-class corvette – Redut (12 cells)
 * Gremyashchy-class corvette – Redut (2 x 8 cells) + 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks ( 8 cells)
 * Buyan-M-class corvette – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
 * Karakurt-class corvette – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
 * Project 22160E patrol ship – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
 * Korsar escort ship – 3S14 for Kalibr (8 cells)
 * Submarine
 * Amur 950 – 3S14 for Kalibr or BrahMos (10 cells)
 * Oscar-class submarine – Granit (24 cells) + RPK-2 Vyuga (28 cells)
 * Yasen-M – 3S14 for Kalibr (40 cells) or Oniks (32 cells)
 * Typhoon-class submarine – R-39 Rif (20 cells)
 * Delta III-class submarine – R-29 Vysota (16 cells)
 * Delta IV-class submarine – R-29RMU Sineva or R-29RM Shtil (16 cells)
 * Borei-class submarine – RSM-56 Bulava (16 cells)
 * Formidable-class frigate – SYLVER (32 cells)
 * Victory-class corvette – Barak 1 (2 x 8 cells)
 * Independence-class littoral mission vessel – VL MICA-M (12 cells)
 * Surface
 * Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer (KDX-I) – Mark 48 (16 cells)
 * Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin-class destroyer (KDX-II) – Mark 41 (32 cells) + Korean Vertical Launching System (K-VLS) (24 cells / 32 cells)
 * Sejong the Great-class destroyer (KDX-III) – Mark 41 (80 cells) + K-VLS (48 cells)
 * Nampo-class minelayer – K-VLS (4 cells)
 * Cheon Wang Bong-class LST – K-VLS (4 cells)
 * Daegu-class frigate – K-VLS (16 cells)
 * Submarine
 * Dosan Ahn Changho-class submarine – K-VLS (10 cells)
 * Naresuan-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)
 * Daegu-class frigate – K-VLS (16 cells)
 * Submarine
 * Dosan Ahn Changho-class submarine – K-VLS (10 cells)
 * Naresuan-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)

title: Vertical launching system


text:
Tanaga

The Tanaga is an indigenous Filipino poem, traditionally in the Tagalog language, consisting of four lines with seven syllables each. It can also have rhymes schemes like AABB and ABAB.

Format
The Tanaga consists of four lines with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line --- that is to say a 7-7-7-7 Syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme.

=== Archaic orthography  === "Catitibay ca tolos sacaling datnang agos! aco’I momonting lomot sa iyo,I popolopot."

Modern orthography
"Katitibay kang tulos Sakaling datnan ng agos! Ako'y mumunting lumot sa iyo'y pupulupot."

Translation
"Oh be resilient you stake Should the waters be coming! I shall cower as the moss To you I shall be clinging."

The above Tanaga is attributed to Friars Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar by Vim Nadera, and quoted them as saying “Poesia muy alta en tagalo, compuesta de siete silabas, y cuatro versos, llena de metafora.” (16th century) ("Poetry is quite high in Tagalog, composed of seven syllables, and four verses, full of metaphor.")

Like the Japanese haiku, Tanagas traditionally are untitled. Most are handed down by oral history, and contain proverbial forms, moral lessons, and ethics.

A poetic form similar to the Tanaga is the Ambahan. Unlike the Ambahan whose length is indefinite, the Tanaga is a seven-syllable quatrain. Poets test their skills at rhyme, meter and metaphor through the Tanaga because is it rhymed and measured, while it exacts skillful use of words to create a puzzle that demands an answer.

It was a dying art form, but the Cultural Center of the Philippines and National Commission of the Arts is attempting to revivify it. Poetry groups, like the PinoyPoets, promote Filipino poetry in English; the vernacular are also advocating the spread of this art form.

Modern form
The modern Tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD. Modern writers may opt to give them titles.

title: Tanaga


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Sir John Orde, 1st Baronet

Sir John Orde, 1st Baronet (22 December 1751 – 19 February 1824) was a British Royal Navy officer. The third son of John Orde, of Morpeth, Northumberland, and the brother of Thomas Orde-Powlett, 1st Baron Bolton, he is remembered as a professional enemy of Nelson. Orde's quarrel was actually more with Lord St Vincent and he never attacked Nelson personally.

Orde joined the Royal Navy in 1766, gained the rank of rear-admiral in 1795, vice-admiral in 1799 and eventually Admiral of the Red. In 1805, despite being asked to strike his flag, he was made Admiral of the Blue and Admiral of the White in 1810.

As a vice admiral in 1805 he commanded a squadron of six ships of the line off Cadiz, in the flagship HMS Glory.

Orde served as the Governor of Dominica between 1783 and 1793 and was created 1st Baronet Orde, of Morpeth, co. Northumberland on 9 August 1790. From 1807 he served as Member of Parliament for Yarmouth.

American Revolutionary War
Orde joined the Royal Navy in 1766 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1774. He served throughout the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and was promoted to post captain on 19 May 1778, making him senior to Nelson by less than a month. Orde served as Governor of Dominica from 1783 until 1793 and on 9 August 1790 was made a baronet. He returned to naval service and was promoted rear admiral 1795.

Relationships with Jervis and Nelson
In early 1798, Orde was appointed to the Mediterranean fleet as third in command under John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent. In May 1798, acting on his own initiative but with the support of Lord Spencer, the First Lord of the Admiralty, St Vincent gave command of a special squadron to Nelson. As Nelson's senior, Orde felt he had been unfairly passed over and complained to St Vincent who, annoyed at his subordinate's questioning of his orders, relieved Orde and ordered him home. Orde requested that he be court-martialled in order that he might have the opportunity to clear his name. The Board refused. Orde then requested that St Vincent be brought before a court-martial. Again, the Board refused. The Board did go so far as to censure Jervis for not having supported his subordinates. Orde, unhappy with the outcome, challenged the earl to a duel. The challenge became public knowledge and the king ordered Jervis to decline. Before the challenge was formally declined, however, Orde wrote to the Board to inform them that he had withdrawn it. Neither side came out of the situation well. Had Nelson not won such an extraordinary victory at the Battle of the Nile, Jervis may have faced a court martial for not having supported Orde. Unfortunately for Orde, Nelson's victory was so complete that any criticism of Nelson or Jervis fell on deaf ears. Nelson naturally took Jervis's side and regarded Orde as a personal enemy but Orde maintained that it was the principle of the appointment he objected to, not the person who had been chosen.

Things became worse for Orde when St Vincent was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. St Vincent now controlled appointments and Orde found himself left ashore. St Vincent left the Admiralty in 1804 and Orde was offered command of a newly formed squadron off Cadiz. This further angered Nelson who saw it as a deliberate diminution of his authority.

The Spanish squadron
Orde's squadron of six ships of the line were stationed off Cadiz when Villeneuve arrived with the Toulon fleet in April 1805. Orde's ships, which were busy revictualling at the time, cast off their store ships and hastily formed line of battle. Villeneuve however, with his eleven ships of the line and six frigates, made no attempt to engage the squadron. Greatly outnumbered, Orde retired, an act that earned him condemnation from some, Nelson included. Villeneuve gathered the ships that were ready to sail and put to sea again. Orde believed they were bound for the English Channel but in fact Villeneuve was on his way to the West Indies. Orde therefore took his squadron north to rendezvous with the Channel Fleet. Although technically correct, Orde's behaviour was not in accordance with the country's mood at the time and he was ordered to strike his flag. He never served at sea again.

In 1807, Orde became the member of Parliament for Yarmouth, Isle of Wight and served in that capacity until his death on 19 February 1824.

Orde never appeared to reciprocate Nelson's animosity and was one of the pall-bearers at Nelson's funeral in January 1806.

Family
Sir John Orde was married twice, to Margaret Emma Stephens in 1781, who died in 1790; and Jane Frere in 1793, with whom he had two children: John Powlett Orde, born 9 June 1803 and Anna Maria Fenn Orde, born 1806.

title: Sir John Orde, 1st Baronet


text:
Kuusankoski

Kuusankoski is a neighbourhood of city of Kouvola, former industrial town and municipality of Finland, located in the region of Kymenlaakso in the province of Southern Finland. The population of Kuusankoski was 20,392 (2003) and the total area was 129.5 km2 of which 114 km2 was land and 14.56 km2 water. It is located some 130 km northeast of the Finnish capital Helsinki. Kuusankoski is primarily known for paper manufacturing and three large factory complexes. It is sometimes nicknamed the "Paper capital of Finland".

History
Kuusankoski (as a municipality, not the settlement), was founded in 1921 from the parts of neighbouring Iitti and Valkeala. It gained the status of kauppala (literally "a place of commerce") in 1957 and became a town in 1973.

The history of Kuusankoski during the last one and a half centuries has been closely linked to the establishment of the paper factories and their development. The establishment of the factories dates back to the 1870s and 1890s, when the rapids of the river Kymijoki were made to deliver electricity to a waking industry. Since then, and until the modern age of automation, the factories have offered jobs to many generations of Kuusankoski citizens, making the area somewhat more prosperous than the neighbouring regions. Today, the influence of the factories on everyday life has somewhat lessened, but their historical importance remains well known.

The cityscape of Kuusankoski consists mostly of element-based blocks of flats built during the 1960s. However, there are some exceptions, such as a school and a church built at the beginning of the last century. Another kind of architecture is represented by the culture building Kuusankoskitalo, a typical creation of modern Finnish architecture, and a library built in a functionalistic style. The cityscape is also characterised by the river Kymijoki which curves through the town.

Footballer Sami Hyypiä is from Kuusankoski. Ex-Nightwish singer Tarja Turunen also lives in the town.

As of 2009, the six municipalities – Kouvola, Kuusankoski, Elimäki, Anjalankoski, Valkeala and Jaala – were consolidated, accounting for the new municipality of Kouvola with a population of over 80,000, being the 10th largest city in Finland.

Sport
Kuusankoski Speedway track (60.89111°N, 26.63611°W) is a motorcycle speedway on the southern outskits of the neighbourhood, off the Kuusaantie road. The speedway track held the final of the Finnish Individual Speedway Championship in 2007.

Notable people

 * Kalevi Laitinen (1919 – 1995)
 * Eeva-Kaarina Volanen (1921 – 1999)
 * Veikko Kansikas (1923 – 1991)
 * Erkki Kataja (1924 – 1969)
 * Aulis Kallakorpi (1929 – 2005)
 * Kaj Chydenius (1939 – )
 * Maija-Liisa Peuhu (1942 – )
 * Esa Jokinen (1958 – )
 * Janne Lindberg (1966 – )
 * Jukka Heinikainen (1972 – )
 * Jani Uotinen (1978 – )
 * Jukka Rajala (1982 – )
 * Sami Hyypia (1973 – )
 * Tero Aarnio (1984 – )
 * Jani Sutelainen (1985 – )

title: Kuusankoski


text: Talk:I Have Returned

title: Talk:I Have Returned


text: User:Imjustmatthew

title: User:Imjustmatthew


text:
Dalit (poem)

The dalit is a type of short Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with eight syllables each.

There is a controversy regarding its origin. One school of thought states that the dalit is Spanish in origin, particularly because its syllabification is even or pares. Hence, it is said that the Spanish popularized the dalit in the Philippines. Another view holds that the dalit is indigenous, but the friars used its popularity to promote Catholicism, in the form of meditative verses.

title: Dalit (poem)


text:
The Borrowers

The Borrowers is a children's fantasy novel by the English author Mary Norton, published by Dent in 1952. It features a family of tiny people who live secretly in the walls and floors of an English house and "borrow" from the big people in order to survive. The Borrowers also refers to the series of five novels including The Borrowers and four sequels that feature the same family after they leave "their" house.

The Borrowers won the 1952 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's outstanding children's book by a British author. In the 70th anniversary celebration of the medal in 2007 it was named one of the top ten Medal-winning works, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite.

Harcourt, Brace and Company published it in the U.S. in 1953 with illustrations by Beth and Joe Krush. It was also published in four parts, with illustrations by Erik Blegvad, during the summer of 1953 (June, July, August, September) in Woman's Day magazine. There have been several adaptations of The Borrowers in television and film.

Series
All five Borrowers novels feature the Clock family; Pod, Homily and Arrietty. In the first book they live in a house reportedly based on The Cedars where Norton was raised. The sequels are titled alliteratively and alphabetically: The Borrowers Afield (1955), The Borrowers Afloat (1959), The Borrowers Aloft (1961), and The Borrowers Avenged (1982). All were originally published by J. M. Dent in hardcover editions. Puffin Books published a 700-page trade paperback omnibus edition in 1983, The Complete Borrowers Stories with a short introduction by Norton.

The primary cause of trouble and source of plot is the interaction between the minuscule Borrowers and the "human beans", whether the human motives are kind or selfish. The main character is teenage Arrietty, who often begins relationships with Big People that have chaotic effects on the lives of herself and her family, causing her parents to react with fear and worry.

The Borrowers are miniature people who live below a clock in a house located in England. Homily, Pod and Arrietty are their names. Pod goes 'Borrowing' for items, Homily does the usual motherhood jobs and Arrietty becomes even more curious about the human being life each and every day.

As a result of Arrietty's curiosity and friendships with Big People, her family are forced to move their home several times from one place to another, making their lives more adventurous than the average Borrower would prefer. After escaping from their home under the kitchen floorboards of an old English manor they finally settle down in the home of a caretaker on the grounds of an old church.

Along the way, they meet more characters: other Borrowers, including a young man around Arrietty's age who lives outdoors and whose only memory of his family is the descriptive phrase, "Dreadful Spiller", which he uses as a name (introduced in The Borrowers Afield), the Harpsichord family who are relatives of the Clock family, and Peregrine ("Peagreen") Overmantel; and also Big People such as Mild Eye the gypsy, Tom Goodenough, the gardener's son, and Miss Menzies, a sweet but overly helpful woman.

The short, separate book Poor Stainless (1966) was revised as a novelette and re-published posthumously with a short author's note in 1994. The narrative, told by Homily to Arrietty, occurs before the first of the full-length Borrower novels, and concerns a small adventure Stainless has when he gets lost. (Like most Borrower names "borrowed" from human objects, Stainless is named after items in the kitchen cutlery drawer.

Summary of The Borrowers
The story begins with a frame story of young Kate sewing a quilt with her aunt Mrs May. Kate complains that some of her sewing supplies have gone missing and wonder where all the small household items that disappear really end up. Mrs May tells Kate about the Borrowers: miniature human-like creatures who live unseen in houses and "borrow" such items from the "human beans" that live there. She goes on to tell the story of how her younger brother once befriended a young Borrower named Arrietty.

Arrietty Clock lives with her parents Pod and Homily under the floor beneath a grandfather clock (Borrowers take their surnames from their living place.) One day Pod comes home shaken from a borrowing expedition. After Arrietty goes to bed, Pod tells Homily that he has been seen by a human boy who had been sent from India to live with his great-aunt while recovering from an illness. Remembering the fate of their niece Eggletina, who disappeared after the "human beans" brought a cat into the house, Pod and Homily decide to tell Arrietty. In the course of the ensuing conversation, Homily realizes that Arrietty ought to be allowed to go borrowing with Pod.

Several days later, Pod invites Arrietty to accompany him on a borrowing trip. Since Arrietty has only ever seen the outdoors through a grating, she is allowed to explore the garden, where she meets the Boy. After some trepidation on both their parts, Arrietty and the Boy strike a bargain: the Boy, who is bilingual and slow to learn English, will bring the highly literate Arrietty books if she will read to him. At one point, Arrietty tells the Boy that the world cannot possibly have enough resources to sustain very many humans. He disagrees and tells her that there are millions of people in India alone. Arrietty becomes upset when she realizes she cannot know that there are any Borrowers other than her own family. The Boy offers to take a letter to a badger sett two fields away where her Uncle Hendreary, Aunt Lupy, and their children are supposed to have emigrated.

Meanwhile, Arrietty learns from Pod and Homily that they get a "feeling" when big people approach. Concerned that she had no "feeling" when near the Boy, she practices by going to a passage below the kitchen, which is more frequently trafficked by humans than the rest of the house. There she overhears the cook Mrs Driver and the gardener Crampfurl discussing the Boy. Driver dislikes children in general and believes the Boy is up to no good, particularly when Crampfurl suspects that the Boy is keeping a pet ferret after seeing him in a field calling for "Uncle something."

The Boy delivers Arrietty's letter and returns with a mysterious response asking Arrietty to tell Aunt Lupy to come back. Pod catches Arrietty taking the letter from the Boy and brings her home. After Arrietty confesses everything she has told the Boy, Pod and Homily fear they will be forced to emigrate. The Boy soon finds the Clocks' home and brings them gifts of dollhouse furniture from the nursery. They experience a period of "borrowing beyond all dreams of borrowing" as the Boy returns with gift after gift. In return, Arrietty is allowed to go outside and read to him.

Driver suspects the Boy of stealing after catching him trying to open a curio cabinet full of valuable miniatures. One night she finds Arrietty's house from the bright candle light shining through the floorboards. Believing this is where the Boy cached his stolen goods, Driver peers beneath the boards and is horrified to discover the Borrowers in their home. To prevent the Boy from helping the Borrowers escape, she locks him in his room until it is time for him to return to India. Meanwhile, she hires a rat catcher to fumigate the house in order to trap the Borrowers. Driver cruelly allows the Boy out of his room so that he can watch when the Borrowers' bodies are found. The Boy manages to escape her and, running outside, break open the grating in hopes of providing an escape route. As he waits for the Borrowers to emerge, the cab arrives to take him away. Driver drags him to the cab and forces him inside, leaving the fate of the Borrowers unknown.

Some time later, the Boy's sister (a young Mrs May) visits the home herself in hopes of proving her brother's stories were real. She leaves small gifts at the badgers' sett, which are gone the next time she checks. Later she finds a miniature memoranda book in which the entire story of the Borrowers has been written, presumably by Arrietty. When Kate rejoices that the book means that the Borrowers survived and that the whole story was true, Mrs May points out that "Arrietty's" handwriting was identical to Mrs May's brother's.

Characters

 * Borrowers
 * Arrietty Clock: An adventurous and curious fourteen-year-old Borrower. She knows how to read, owns a collection of pocket-sized books, and is fascinated with "human beans" after meeting The Boy. She is also the only Borrower educated enough to comprehend that the Borrowers may be dying out. In later books, her interactions with humans frequently cause concern for her parents.
 * Pod Clock: Arrietty's father. A talented Borrower and a shoemaker who creates button boots out of beads and old kid gloves. He is cautious, but not opposed to new ideas, and a quick inventor and improviser.
 * Homily Clock: Arrietty's mother, a nervous woman who likes her tidy domestic world and can't bear the thought of hardship or discomfort. Nevertheless, she often shows fortitude in difficult or dangerous situations, though she complains constantly through them. She is extremely proud of Arrietty and encourages her to educate herself through reading.
 * Hendreary Clock: Arrietty's uncle and Pod's brother. He and his family were one of many Borrower families who used to live in the house, but they were eventually forced to leave after Hendreary was "seen." When he finally appears in later books, he is a weary, dispirited man who allows his wife to make all their important decisions.
 * Lupy (Rain-Pipe Harpsichord) Clock – Uncle Hendreary's wife and a distant relation to Homily. Homily dislikes Lupy for putting on airs because she was once a member of the prestigious Harpsichord family, though she envies Lupy's elegance and refinement. She has three sons from a previous marriage and a stepdaughter, Eggletina. She is prissy, bossy, and dominating.
 * Eggletina Clock: Hendreary's daughter from his first marriage. Eggletina's family attempted to protect her by lying about the Big House and failed to inform her that her father had been "seen." Unaware of the dangers, Eggletina was also unaware that the "human beans" had brought in a cat. She wandered out to explore and was presumed eaten, though, in the second book, Arrietty learns that she is still alive and that she is a thin, shy girl.
 * The Overmantels: A family of Borrowers who lived on the drawing-room mantelpiece, they were snobbish and given to airs, but Homily pities them because they were forced to live on nothing but breakfast food and often went hungry. The Overmantels were one of many Borrower families that emigrated once there were too few humans to sustain them.
 * The Rain-Pipes: A family of Borrowers who lived in a drainpipe, they were considered lower-class because their home was prone to flooding, frequently wiping out all their possessions and leaving them destitute. Aunt Lupy was born a Rain-Pipe until she married into the Harpsichord family. Their fate is unknown but presumably they, too, moved away.
 * The Harpsichords: Another family of Borrowers who lived in the drawing-room wainscot where a harpsichord used to stand. They mixed with the Overmantels and were likewise prone to putting on airs. Lupy married into the Harpsichord family and had three sons before presumably being left a widow. The Harpsichords had lovely manners but likewise suffered from a lack of food. They too emigrated once the drawing room stopped being used.
 * The Bell-Pulls: Homily's parents. It is implied that they died of natural causes between Homily's marriage and Arrietty's early childhood, as Arrietty cannot remember them.
 * The Rainbarrels, the Linen-Presses, the Boot-Racks, the Stove-Pipes, the Hon. John Studdingtons: Former Borrower families who once lived in the house. All moved away after their respective areas of the house ceased to be used. (In the case of the Hon. John Studdingtons, they lived behind a portrait of The Boy's great-uncle.)

 * Big People
 * Kate: A "wild, untidy, self-willed little girl" of 10 years. Kate learns of the Borrowers in the first book. In later books, a slightly older Kate makes a habit of trying to find out more clues of their existence.
 * The Boy: A ten-year-old boy sent to recover from an illness at the country home of his great-aunt near Leighton Buzzard. As he was raised in India, he has difficulty reading in English and is often thoughtful and quiet, a trait the servants interpret as "sly" and untrustworthy. He befriends Arrietty and her family.
 * Mrs May/Aunt May: Kate's elderly aunt who tells Kate the story of the Borrowers. The Boy was her brother, and as a young woman, she heard his tales of the Borrowers and spent a good deal of time seeking the truth of them. In subsequent books, an adult May inherits a cottage reputed to be the home of more Borrowers.
 * Great-Aunt Sophy: The Boy's elderly great-aunt, is an invalid who never comes downstairs. The servants (and the Borrowers) refer to her as "Her." She spends most of her time in bed drinking wine. Pod sometimes comes to visit her while she is drunk, leading her to believe that the Borrowers are a hallucination.
 * Mrs Driver: The housekeeper and cook. With Great-Aunt Sophy confined to bed, Mrs Driver is in charge of the whole house. She is grumpy, bossy, gossipy, and resents being required to look after The Boy, whom she dislikes on sight.
 * Crampfurl: The gardener and Mrs Driver's crony. He, too, dislikes The Boy based solely on Driver's suspicions.
 * Rosa Pickhatchet: A former housemaid who quit after seeing a Borrower.

Themes

 * A. N. Wilson considered the work as in part an allegory of post-war Britain – with its picture of a diminished people living in an old, half-empty, decaying “Big House”.

Adaptations
There have been several screen adaptations of The Borrowers:

 * The Borrowers: a 1973 American made-for-TV movie in the Hallmark Hall of Fame.
 * The Borrowers: a 1992 BBC TV series and its 1993 sequel The Return of the Borrowers, both starring Ian Holm, Penelope Wilton and Rebecca Callard.
 * The Borrowers: a 1997 film with a British/American cast including Tom Felton, John Goodman, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Laurie, Bradley Pierce and Mark Williams.
 * Arrietty: a 2010 Japanese animated film from Studio Ghibli, known as The Secret World of Arrietty in North America.
 * The Borrowers: a 2011 BBC production starring Stephen Fry, Victoria Wood, and Christopher Eccleston.
 * The Borrowers, in 2018 reported as a 52-episode animated series in production. As of 2024, described as a 25-episode series.

title: The Borrowers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anmeldung

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Anmeldung.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

--Moved from Pages needing translation into English --

Anmeldung - looks German. Dori| Talk 15:52, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Offhand, it looks like someone just copied a page from the de:Wikipedia namespace. -- Jmabel 18:03, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed it is, it's the German language counterpart to Why_create_an_account? . - Kaare 21:05, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. -- Jmabel 01:38, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - we've already got a copy of this, in English -- Cyrius|&#9998 04:02, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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The Neon Bible

The Neon Bible is John Kennedy Toole's first novel, written at the age of 16. The novel is a bildungsroman about a callow youth named David in rural Mississippi during the late 1930s to early 1950s. He learns of religious, racial, social, and sexual bigotry in the narrator's ten strongest memories, one memory per chapter. The memories begin with David on a train, escaping the past, hoping for freedom. The book is told entirely from the first person.

Plot summary
The story begins with Aunt Mae, a former actress and singer, moving in with David's white working-class family in the middle of a small southern town. Aunt Mae becomes sexually involved with a 70-year-old man, ending when he is arrested on morality charges. From subsequent events David learns he does not get along with the other boys his own age. At this point, suggestive of the Great Depression, David's father, Frank, loses his factory job. The family moves to an older house on a hill overlooking the town.

The family's circumstances worsen and Frank becomes frustrated. One week he spends his entire paycheck on seeds and other farming supplies. His wife insists that crops cannot grow in the clay of the hill soil. An argument ensues and he strikes her with his knee, knocking out one of her teeth. She bleeds badly, but it eventually subsides. Subsequently, Frank is shipped to Italy to fight in World War II.

While Frank is in Italy, a traveling 'revival' ministry visits town. The traveling preacher teaches that popular dance is a prelude to 'immorality'. The town's local preacher opposes this incursion and begins a rival Bible study class. These options divide the town. Through editorials in the newspaper and spots on the town radio station, each side attacks the other. Meanwhile, Aunt Mae takes a job in the local propeller factory as a supervisor. At a company dance which she organizes, Aunt Mae entertains by singing. This leads to her being invited to join the hired band, singing for pay.

David's mother goes insane after learning that Frank had been killed in Italy. She becomes uncommunicative, spending most of her time among the wild pines that have grown over Frank's failed crops, otherwise fixating her attention on a photograph of a graveyard that she received via telegram notifying her of Frank's death. David and Aunt Mae take care of her, as Aunt Mae pursues singing. At age 15, David gets a job at the pharmacy in town. There he encounters Jo Lynne, a girl visiting the valley while her grandfather is ill. After seeing a melodramatic movie, David and Jo Lynne kiss. Shortly thereafter, Jo Lynne abruptly leaves town when her grandfather recovers and angrily rejects David’s pleas to stay, leaving him confused and anguished.

Clyde, a member of Aunt Mae's band, is in love with her, and is certain they would get a record deal in Nashville. She leaves for Nashville, promising that she will immediately send for David and his mother. On strength of this promise, David quits his job. After seeing Aunt Mae off, he reflects on his situation. He does not know his mother's whereabouts, but assumes she is in the house since she is afraid to go out at night. He fixes himself dinner rather than searching the house for his mother. After eating, as he climbs the stairs he steps in blood. He finds his mother collapsed, bleeding profusely from her mouth. He picks her up and puts her into bed. The bleeding quells with the help of an old blanket, but it is too late. After some time, she dies, exhaling one last word — "Frank."

Immediately, the imperious local preacher arrives announcing he is taking David's mother to an asylum. David tells the preacher to leave, but the man is undaunted, and begins to charge up the stairs to get David's mother. David grabs his father's rifle and shoots the preacher through the back of the head, killing him. David then buries his mother in the yard and walks into town, using money given to him by the pharmacy owner, Mr. Williams, to board a train, hoping to start anew wherever he might be destined for.

Publication
Like A Confederacy of Dunces, the novel had a long and difficult road to publication. The Neon Bible was written in 1954, but after initial attempts at securing a publisher proved fruitless, the novel was put aside and Toole eventually began work on Confederacy. Toole, describing the novel during correspondence with an editor he was pitching Confederacy to, wrote of it "In 1954, when I was 16, I wrote a book called The Neon Bible, a grim, adolescent, sociological attack upon the hatreds caused by the various Calvinist religions in the South—and the fundamentalist mentality is one of the roots of what was happening in Alabama, etc. The book, of course, was bad, but I sent it off a couple of times anyway." Toole committed suicide in 1969, leaving the unpublished manuscripts of A Confederacy of Dunces and The Neon Bible in the possession of Thelma Toole, his mother.

Louisiana's Napoleonic code-influenced inheritance law meant that these works technically belonged not only to Thelma Toole, but also to several other relatives on his father's side of the family. However, as the initial print run of Confederacy was only 2,500 copies (and was distributed by the small and non-mainstream Louisiana State University Press) no one figured that owning rights to the book would be especially profitable. Accordingly, Thelma Toole was able to convince these relatives to give up their rights to A Confederacy of Dunces.

When Confederacy became a Pulitzer Prize winner and a commercial success in 1981, the situation changed. Toole's relatives knew that if issued as a follow-up novel, The Neon Bible could bring in a substantial amount of money. Consequently, they refused to give up their shared rights to this novel. Meanwhile, Thelma Toole refused to have the novel published if it meant that large portions of the income it derived would go to these relatives.

Thelma Toole died in 1984, but instructed author W. Kenneth Holditch to act on her behalf and keep the book from being published even after her death. Although Holditch attempted to respect Thelma's wishes (even though he did not agree with them), the relatives eventually filed a formal lawsuit that would have put the book up for auction. Holditch knew that no matter how it was auctioned off, the outcome of the legal action would be that the book would be legally published. He therefore allowed The Neon Bible to see publication in 1989, before the "spectacle" of an auction could be held.

Adaptations
In 1995 a movie of the book was released. The film The Neon Bible was directed by Terence Davies, with a screenplay by Davies based on Toole's novel. The cast includes Drake Bell, Leo Burmester, Denis Leary, Peter McRobbie, Gena Rowlands, Diana Scarwid, and Jacob Tierney.

title: The Neon Bible