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Peter Stothard

Sir Peter Stothard (born 28 February 1951) is a British author, journalist and critic. From 1992 to 2002 he was editor of The Times and from 2002 to 2016 editor of The Times Literary Supplement, the only journalist to have held both roles. He writes books about Roman history and his four books of memoir cover both political and classical themes.

Early life
He was the son of Max Stothard, an electrical engineer who worked at the Marconi Research Centre, Great Baddow. He grew up on the nearby Rothmans Estate. He was educated at Brentwood School, Essex (1962–68); and Trinity College, Oxford, where he became editor of Oxford University student newspaper Cherwell.

Career
Stothard joined the BBC after leaving university, and wrote for the New Statesman, New Society and Plays and Players. He joined The Sunday Times in 1978 and The Times in 1981, becoming chief leader writer, deputy editor and, based in Washington, US editor. He published Thirty Days: An Inside Account of Tony Blair at War in 2004, based on observations inside Downing Street during the Iraq War.

During a stage of Stothard's editorship, The Times reached an average sale of over 900,000 – the highest in its history. This was, in part, the result of the so-called "price war" that started in 1993 when The Times reduced its cover price and started intense circulation battles against The Daily Telegraph and The Independent.

In 1999, he became involved in a controversial legal dispute over political funding with the Conservative Party treasurer Michael Ashcroft. Lord Ashcroft sued, but subsequently withdrew his suit after a statement agreed by both parties.

Stothard was named as Editor of the Year in the same year by Granada Television's What the Papers Say.

In 2000, he was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer and was away from The Times for 10 months for successful treatment. It returned in 2012 and 2013.

Whilst editor of The Times Literary Supplement, he often wrote about Greek and Roman literature.

In 2010, his first book of memoir, On the Spartacus Road, combined an account of the Spartacus uprising with elements of autobiography. His second, Alexandria, The Last Nights of Cleopatra, extended the same form, including accounts of newspaper life alongside the story of his engagement with Greece, Rome and Egypt. Alexandria... won the 2013 Criticos Prize for literature on themes from ancient or modern Greece. The Senecans: Four Men and Margaret Thatcher, his memoir of the 1980s and '90s, was published in September 2016. The critic Stuart Kelly described Stothard as "one of the most avant-garde practitioners of the form".

He was chairman of judges for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction (2012) and president of the Classical Association. In 2017, he was appointed a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery, London. Stothard appears as a character briefly in the first scene of a one-level Tomb Raider expansion videogame made by Core Design in association with The Times. The expansion is called Times Exclusive Level and was released in 2000.

Personal life
Stothard is married to the biographer and critic Ruth Scurr. He has a son, Michael (born 1987), and a daughter, the novelist Anna Stothard (born 1983) from his marriage to novelist Sally Emerson (1980-2021), and six grandchildren from that marriage.

Honours
He was knighted for services to the newspaper industry in 2003.

In 2013, he was awarded the President's Medal by the British Academy and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2023.

title: Peter Stothard


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Sexlessness

Sexlessness is the state of being either without sexual activity, or without a biological sex. It may refer to:

 * Asexuality, the lack of sexual attraction to others, or low or absent interest in or desire for sexual activity
 * Sexual abstinence, the practice of refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity
 * Celibacy, the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both
 * Incels, a controversial online subculture of "involuntary celibates"
 * Sexless marriage, a marital union in which little or no sexual activity occurs between the two spouses
 * Gonadal agenesis, when a male child is born without gonads and consequently develops no testes
 * Aphallia, a congenital malformation in which the phallus (penis or clitoris) is absent

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sexlessness


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Roger Sessions

Roger Huntington Sessions (December 28, 1896 – March 16, 1985) was an American composer, teacher, and writer on music. He had initially started his career writing in a neoclassical style, but gradually moved further towards more complex harmonies and postromanticism, and finally the twelve-tone serialism of the Second Viennese School. Sessions' friendship with Arnold Schoenberg influenced this, but he would modify the technique to develop a unique style involving rows to supply melodic thematic material, while composing the subsidiary parts in a free and dissonant manner.

Life
Sessions was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a family that could trace its roots back to the American Revolution. His mother, Ruth Huntington Sessions, was a direct descendant of Samuel Huntington, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence. Roger studied music at Harvard University from the age of 14. There he wrote for and subsequently edited the Harvard Musical Review. Graduating at age 18, he went on to study at Yale University under Horatio Parker and Ernest Bloch before teaching at Smith College. With the exception, mostly, of his incidental music to the play The Black Maskers, composed in part in Cleveland in 1923, his first major compositions came while he was traveling Europe with his first wife in his mid-twenties and early thirties.

Returning to the United States in 1933, he taught first at Princeton University (from 1936), moved to the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught from 1945 to 1953, and then returned to Princeton until retiring in 1965. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961. He was appointed Bloch Professor at Berkeley (1966–67), and gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University in 1968–69. He continued to teach on a part-time basis at the Juilliard School from 1966 until 1983.

He was a friend of both Arnold Schoenberg and Thomas Mann.

In 1968 Sessions was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal for outstanding contribution to the arts by the MacDowell Colony. Sessions won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1974 citing "his life's work as a distinguished American composer." In 1982 he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Concerto for Orchestra, first performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra on October 23, 1981.

Sessions married Barbara Foster in June 1920. They divorced in September 1936. He married Sarah Elizabeth Franck in November 1936. They had two children, John Porter Sessions (1938–2014) and Elizabeth Phelps Sessions (born 1940). John Sessions became a professional cellist. Roger Sessions died at the age of 88 in Princeton, New Jersey.

Style
His works written up to 1930 or so are more or less neoclassical in style. Those written between 1930 and 1945 are more or less tonal but harmonically complex. The works from 1946 onwards are atonal and, beginning with the Solo Violin Sonata of 1953, serial although not consistently employing Viennese twelve-tone technique. Only the first movement and the trio of the scherzo of the Violin Sonata, for example, employ a twelve-tone row strictly, the rest employing a scalar-constructed dissonant style. Sessions's usual method was to use a row to control the full chromaticism and motivic-intervallic cohesion that already marks his music from before 1953. He treated his rows with great freedom, however, typically using pairs of unordered complementary hexachords to provide “harmonic” aspects without determining note-by-note melodic succession, or conversely using the row to supply melodic thematic material while freely composing the subsidiary parts.

Major works

 * 3 Chorale Preludes for Organ (1924–26)
 * Symphony No. 1 (1927)
 * The Black Maskers Orchestral Suite (1928)
 * Piano Sonata No. 1 (1930)
 * Violin Concerto (1935)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (1936)
 * From My Diary (Pages from a Diary) (1940)
 * Duo for Violin and Piano (1942)
 * Piano Sonata No. 2 (1946)
 * Symphony No. 2 (1946)
 * The Trial of Lucullus (1947), one-act opera
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1951)
 * Sonata for Solo Violin (1953)
 * Idyll of Theocritus (1954)
 * Mass, for unison chorus and organ (1956)
 * Piano Concerto (1956)
 * Symphony No. 3 (1957)
 * String Quintet (1957 or 1957–58)
 * Symphony No. 4 (1958)
 * Divertimento for orchestra (1959)
 * Montezuma (ca. 1940–1962, 1940s–1962, orchestration finished 1963, 1935–63, or 1941–64), opera in three acts (libretto by Giuseppe Antonio Borgese)
 * Symphony No. 5 (1964)
 * Piano Sonata No. 3 (1965)
 * Symphony No. 6 (1966)
 * Six Pieces for Violoncello (1966)
 * Symphony No. 7 (1967)
 * Symphony No. 8 (1968)
 * Rhapsody for Orchestra (1970)
 * Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (1970–1971)
 * When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd (1971)
 * Three Choruses on Biblical Texts (1971)
 * Concertino for Chamber Orchestra (1972)
 * Five Pieces for Piano (1975)
 * Symphony No. 9 (October 1978)
 * Concerto for Orchestra (1981)
 * Duo for Violin and Violoncello (1981), incomplete

Some works received their first professional performance many years after completion. The Sixth Symphony (1966) was given its first complete performance on March 4, 1977, by the Juilliard Orchestra in New York City.

The Ninth Symphony (1978), commissioned by the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra and Frederik Prausnitz, was premiered on January 17, 1980, by the same orchestra conducted by Christopher Keene.

Writings

 * Sessions, Roger. Harmonic Practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace. 1951..
 * —. Reflections on the Music Life in the United States. New York: Merlin Press. 1956..
 * —. The Musical Experience of Composer, Performer, Listener. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1950, republished 1958.
 * —. Questions About Music. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1970, reprinted New York: Norton, 1971. ISBN 0-674-74350-4.
 * —. Roger Sessions on Music: Collected Essays, edited by Edward T. Cone. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-691-09126-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-691-10074-8 (pbk)

Notable students

 * List of music students by teacher: R to S

title: Roger Sessions


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Royal Theatre

Royal Theatre or Royal Theater may refer to:

Australia

 * Royal Theatre, Canberra

Belgium

 * Royal Theatre of La Monnaie, Brussels
 * Royal Park Theatre, Brussels
 * Royal Flemish Theatre, Brussels

Canada

 * Royal Theatre, Victoria, British Columbia
 * Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto

Denmark

 * Royal Danish Theatre, Copenhagen

France

 * Théâtre Royal de Bourbon, Paris, destroyed in 1660 ("Royal Theater of Bourbon" in English)

Italy

 * Teatro Regio, Parma ("Royal Theater" in English)
 * Teatro Regio, Turin
 * Teatro Regio Ducale, Milan, a predecessor of La Scala ("Royal Ducal Theater" in English)

The Netherlands

 * Koninklijke Schouwburg, The Hague ("Royal Theater" in English)

Spain

 * Teatro Real, Madrid ("Royal Theater" in English)

Sweden

 * Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm

United Kingdom

 * Royal Theatre, Northampton, England
 * Royal National Theatre, London, England
 * Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, England

United States

 * Royal Theater, Danville, Indiana
 * Royal Theatre, Benton, Arkansas, listed on the NRHP in Arkansas
 * Royal Theater, St. Petersburg, Florida
 * Royal Theater, Hogansville, Georgia, listed on the NRHP in Georgia
 * Royal Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland, now demolished
 * Royal Theater, New York City, a Yiddish theater built c. 1913–14, known as "Malvina Lobel's Royal Theater"
 * Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre, New York City, formerly known as the "Royale Theatre" (from 1927 to 1932 and from 1940 to 2005)
 * Royal Theater, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, listed on the NRHP in Pennsylvania
 * Scotland Royal Theater, Scotland, South Dakota, listed on the NRHP in South Dakota
 * Royal Theatre, Ashland, Wisconsin, built in 1914 and part of the city's downtown Historic District

Other uses

 * The Royal Theatre, a 2004 album by the Scottish group Ballboy

title: Royal Theatre


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Garry Shandling

Garry Emmanuel Shandling (November 29, 1949 – March 24, 2016) was an American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer.

Shandling began his career writing for sitcoms, such as Sanford and Son and Welcome Back, Kotter. He made a successful stand-up performance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson where he became a frequent guest host. Shandling was, for a time, considered the leading contender to replace Johnny Carson. In 1986, he created It's Garry Shandling's Show, which aired on Showtime. It was nominated for four Emmy Awards (including one for Shandling) and lasted until 1990.

Shandling's second show, The Larry Sanders Show, began airing on HBO in 1992. He was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards for the show and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series in 1998, along with Peter Tolan, for writing the series finale. In film, he had a recurring role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Iron Man 2 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier. He also lent his voice to Verne the turtle in Over the Hedge. Shandling's final performance was as the voice of Ikki in the live-action remake of The Jungle Book, and the film was dedicated to his memory.

During his four-decade career, Shandling was nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, along with many other awards and nominations. He served as host of the Grammy Awards four times and as host of the Emmy Awards two times.

Early life
Garry Emmanuel Shandling was born into a Jewish family in Chicago on November 29, 1949, the son of pet store proprietor Muriel Estelle (née Singer) and print shop owner Irving Shandling. He grew up in the Casa Loma Estates area of Tucson, Arizona, having moved there with his family so that his older brother Barry could receive treatment for cystic fibrosis. Barry died of the disease when Shandling was 10. After graduating from Palo Verde High School, Shandling attended the University of Arizona to major in electrical engineering, but instead completed a degree in marketing and pursued a year of postgraduate studies in creative writing.

Early work
When Shandling was 19, he drove two hours to a club in Phoenix and showed some jokes to George Carlin, who was performing there. The next day, on a repeat round-trip, Carlin told him that he had "funny stuff on every page" and should keep at it. In 1973, he moved to Los Angeles and worked at an advertising agency for a time, then sold a script for the popular NBC sitcom Sanford and Son. He also wrote scripts for the sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter and attended a story meeting for Three's Company.

Stand-up comedy
Shandling said that he became a stand-up comedian because of an incident that happened one day at a story meeting for Three's Company, in which one of the show's producers complained about a line of dialogue and said, "Well, Chrissy wouldn't say that." He recalled, "I just locked. I said, 'I don't think I can do this.' And I stopped right there and went on to perform."

In 1978, Shandling performed his first stand-up routine at the Comedy Store in Los Angeles. A year later, he was one of the few performers to cross the picket line when a group of comedians organized a boycott against the Comedy Store, protesting owner Mitzi Shore's policy of not paying comedians to perform. According to William Knoedelseder, Shandling "was the scion of a family with decidedly antiunion views. He had not shared the struggling comic experience. He was a successful sitcom writer trying to break into stand-up, and prior to the strike, Shore had refused to put him in the regular lineup because she didn't think he was good enough. Of course, that changed the minute he crossed the picket line."

Shandling's onstage persona was an anxiety-ridden, nervous, uptight, conservative man on the verge of a breakdown. After a couple of years on the road, he was booked by a talent scout from The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to appear as a guest in 1981. Shandling substituted for Carson on a regular basis until 1987, when he left to focus on his cable show, leaving Jay Leno as permanent guest host and Carson's eventual successor.

In 1984, Shandling performed his first stand-up special, Garry Shandling: Alone in Vegas for Showtime, followed by a second televised special in 1986, The Garry Shandling Show: 25th Anniversary Special, also for Showtime. In 1991, a third special, Garry Shandling: Stand-Up, was part of the HBO Comedy Hour.

It's Garry Shandling's Show
In 1985, Shandling and Alan Zweibel went on to create It's Garry Shandling's Show. Through 1990, it ran for 72 episodes on Showtime. The edited reruns played on the Fox network beginning in 1988. Shandling wrote 15 of the episodes.

The series subverted the standard sitcom format by having its characters openly acknowledge that they were all part of a television series. Building on a concept that hearkened back to The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, in which George Burns would frequently break the "fourth wall" and speak directly to the audience, Shandling's series went so far as to incorporate the audience and elements of the studio itself into the storylines, calling attention to the show's artifice.

The series was nominated for four Emmy Awards, including one for Shandling. He won an American Comedy Award for Funniest Male Performance in a Series; and four CableACE awards, two for Best Comedy Series. The show also won an award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy from the Television Critics Association.

The Larry Sanders Show
In 1992, Shandling launched another critical and commercial success by creating the mock behind-the-scenes talk show sitcom The Larry Sanders Show, which ran for 89 episodes through to 1998 on HBO. It garnered 56 Emmy Award nominations and three wins. Shandling based the series on his experiences guest-hosting The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

In 1993, NBC offered Shandling $5 million to take over Late Night when David Letterman announced his highly publicized move to CBS, but Shandling declined. He was subsequently offered The Late Late Show, but also declined in favor of continuing The Larry Sanders Show.

Shandling wrote 38 episodes of the series and directed three in its final season. He was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards for the series: five for acting, seven for writing, and six for being co-executive producer with Brad Grey. He won one Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the series finale "Flip". He was also nominated for two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) in 1994 and 1995. He won two American Comedy Awards for Funniest Male Performance in a Comedy Series, eight CableACE Awards, and a BAFTA Award. The series influenced other shows, such as Entourage, 30 Rock, and Curb Your Enthusiasm, where guest stars portray themselves.

In 2002, TV Guide named The Larry Sanders Show as 38th Greatest Show of All Time. In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 28th Best Show of the past 25 years, and it was included on Time magazine's 100 Greatest Shows of All Time.

The first season was re-released in 2007, along with a Not Just the Best of the Larry Sanders Show, Shandling's picks of the best 23 episodes.

In October 2012, Shandling returned with fellow cast members from The Larry Sanders Show for Entertainment Weekly's Reunions issue, where he was reunited with co-stars Rip Torn, Jeffrey Tambor, Sarah Silverman, Penny Johnson Jerald, Wallace Langham and Mary Lynn Rajskub.

Other work
Shandling hosted the Grammy Awards in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. He hosted the Emmy Awards in 2000 and 2004, and co-hosted (doing the opening monologue) in 2003. He appeared occasionally in films, beginning with a cameo as Mr. Vertisey in The Night We Never Met. He had supporting roles in Love Affair and Mixed Nuts; Dr. Dolittle (1998), as the voice of a live-action pigeon; the David Rabe play adaptation Hurlyburly (1998); and Trust the Man (2001). He wrote and starred in Mike Nichols's What Planet Are You From? (2000) and co-starred with Warren Beatty and others in Town & Country (2001).

In October 1999, Shandling, with David Rensin, published Confessions of a Late Night Talk Show Host: The Autobiography of Larry Sanders, written in the voice of his alter-ego Larry Sanders.

He also appeared in a brief cameo in Zoolander (2001). Again voicing an animal, Shandling co-starred as Verne in Over the Hedge (2006), which became one of his best-known roles. He appeared in Iron Man 2 (2010) as Senator Stern, and reprised the role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). He appeared in an uncredited cameo as a health inspector in The Dictator (2012).

He starred as himself representing Fox Mulder, alongside Téa Leoni as Dana Scully in The X-Files season 7 spoof episode "Hollywood A.D."

In February 2010, Shandling was staying at the same Waipio Valley hotel that Conan O'Brien checked into after his departure from The Tonight Show. They spent their entire vacations together, Shandling helping to rehabilitate O'Brien.

Shandling was a longtime friend of Jerry Seinfeld. In January 2016, he appeared on Seinfeld's show Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.

Personal life
In 1977, Shandling was involved in a car crash in Beverly Hills that left him in critical condition for two days and hospitalized for two weeks with a crushed spleen. While in the hospital, he had a near-death experience and later said, "I had a vivid near-death experience that involved a voice asking, 'Do you want to continue leading Garry Shandling's life?' Without thinking, I said, 'Yes.' Since then, I've been stuck living in the physical world while knowing, without a doubt, that there's something much more meaningful within it all. That realization is what drives my life and work." The accident inspired him to pursue a career in comedy, and he later turned the accident into part of his routine.

Shandling never married and had no children. He shared an apartment with his fiancée, actress Linda Doucett, from 1987 until they split in 1994. He subsequently had her dismissed from The Larry Sanders Show, and she filed a lawsuit against his production company Brillstein Entertainment Partners for sexual discrimination and wrongful termination. The case was settled out of court in 1997 for $1 million.

Although Doucett did sue him and the show's producer, when Shandling died, Doucett shared some details of their time together, including that the only reason they split in 1994 was that he didn't want to enlarge his family. She was in her late 30s and early 40s during their relationship, wanted children, and Shandling was afraid his kids might be born with cystic fibrosis, the genetic problem that killed his brother Barry.

Shandling and Sharon Stone were students of acting coach Roy London and dated briefly,  and she appeared on The Larry Sanders Show in the episode "The Mr. Sharon Stone Show". They remained close friends until Shandling's death in 2016. In the documentary Special Thanks to Roy London, interviews with Stone and Shandling     discuss their relationship. A Los Angeles Times article reads:

"His interest in Zen certainly must have primed him for Roy London, the acting teacher who received a 'special thanks' credit on every episode of The Larry Sanders Show and whom Shandling calls 'the most important man ever in my life'. [Shandling said] 'A lot of questions I had about life and about art and psychology he had answers to. And he was guiding people in that class to eliminate everything but their essence and just be, so you're working on life and acting at the same time.'"

Shandling preferred to reveal little about his personal life during interviews. He was a Buddhist who enjoyed meditating, playing basketball, and boxing four times per week. He co-owned a boxing gym in Santa Monica, TSB 44 (Tough Strong Bold No. 44), with actor and director Peter Berg. He was also a licensed amateur radio operator. Starting as a teenager, he held the callsigns WA7BKG, KD6OY, and KQ6KA. The latter he held with a pseudonym, Dave Waddell, to avoid undue attention when he operated.

Death
Garry Shandling died from a blood clot in his lungs after developing blood clots in his legs. He felt unwell during a trip to Hawaii for major dental surgery, and "had complained of leg pain and shortness of breath at the time."

Shandling suffered from hyperparathyroidism, a serious disease which often goes undiagnosed or untreated. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure, kidney stones, kidney failure, stroke, and cardiac arrhythmias.

On March 24, 2016, at the age of 66, he died at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. The LAPD reported that he had suddenly collapsed in his home and was rushed to the hospital, suffering from an apparent medical emergency. When paramedics arrived, he was unconscious. The autopsy showed that he died from a pulmonary embolism.

Shandling left behind a liquid estate worth around $668,000, which was given to his lawyer and best friend Bill Isaacson, as Shandling had no family or relatives. The bulk of his wealth, however, was held in a private trust he had created. On February 4, 2019, his estate bestowed $15.2 million to benefit medical research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. His gift will establish and endow the Garry Shandling Endocrine Surgery Research Fund, the Garry Shandling Infectious Diseases Innovation Fund, and the Garry Shandling Pancreatic Diseases Fund. The remainder of the bequest will establish the Garry Shandling Medical Research Fund, which will operate under the direction of the medical school's dean. In his memory, UCLA also has named the Garry Shandling Learning Studio, a 6400 sqft multipurpose space in Geffen Hall, the school's medical education building.

Shandling has no surviving family members or relatives.

Awards and nominations
During his four-decade career, Shandling was nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards.

Additionally, Shandling won two British Comedy Awards, twelve CableACE Awards (including eight for The Larry Sanders Show and four for It's Garry Shandling's Show), a BAFTA Award and was nominated for two Writers Guild of America Awards for The Larry Sanders Show. He received three American Comedy Awards, two Satellite Award nominations, and in 2004, he was presented with the Austin Film Festival's Outstanding Television Writer Award.

Books

 * Confessions of a Late-Night Talk-show Host: The Autobiography of Larry Sanders was written in-character as Larry Sanders by Shandling with David Rensin. It was released October 4, 1999, and was the topic of season five's episode "The Book".

title: Garry Shandling


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Tayseer Allouni

Tayseer Allouni (تيسير علوني; also: Taysir, Tayseer, Alluni, Aluni, Alony) is a journalist from the Al Jazeera news channel. He was born in Deir ez-Zor in Syria in 1955 then in 1983 he moved to Spain, where he studied Economics, and has lived there ever since, adopting Spanish citizenship in 1988. He interviewed Osama bin Laden following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, and was controversially convicted on terrorism-related charges in Spain in 2005.

Life
Alluni was born in Deir ez-Zor, Syria in 1955 and went on to obtain a bachelor's degree in economics from a Syrian university. He traveled to Spain in 1985 to continue his studies but due to economic hardships he worked as a trader instead. He married in 1987 and is a father of five children.

After becoming a Spanish citizen in 1988 he held a number of jobs in Spain, including teaching Arabic and working in the municipality taxation office of the city of Ceuta. In 1996, he joined the Arabic service of the Spanish news agency EFE as a translator. During his work there, he started freelancing for Al Jazeera. During this same year he also began working with the Institute of Peace and Dispute Studies in Granada. In 1999, he joined Al Jazeera as their correspondent in Afghanistan and headed the Kabul office for a period of two years before 11 September 2001. During the US war against the Taliban and al-Qaida, he was the only foreign journalist to remain in Kabul and broadcast to the world images of the unfolding events.

After the US bombing of the Al Jazeera office in Kabul, he returned to Doha, Qatar, to continue his work for Al Jazeera as a newsroom journalist. During the Iraq War in 2003, he went to Baghdad and covered the US-led invasion.

Work
Highlights of his career include
 * working as a correspondent for Al Jazeera in Afghanistan; he was the only international correspondent in Kabul in October 2001 and had previously covered the destruction of the Buddha statues of Bamiyan by the Taliban in March 2001
 * interviewing Osama bin Laden on October 21, 2001
 * being deported from Iraq prior to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein
 * being arrested in Spain while investigating the Madrid train bombings
 * sentenced by Audiencia Nacional of Spain on 26 September 2005 to seven years imprisonment for being a financial courier for Al-Qaida. Allouni defends himself by saying that he merely interviewed Bin Laden after the September 11th attacks on the United States.
 * set free on 6 October 2006 under home detention due to his medical condition.
 * interviewing Abu Muhammad al-Golani, the head of al-Nusra Front in Syria on December 19, 2013

Prosecution after the 2004 Madrid train bombings
On Monday September 26, 2005, a Spanish court found Alluni guilty of collaboration with al-Qaida, sentencing the Syrian-born, naturalized Spaniard to seven years in jail. Allouni, who insisted on his innocence throughout Europe's biggest al-Qaida trial, interviewed the group's leader Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan weeks after the September 11 attacks in the United States. Accused of acting as a financial courier to the group while in Afghanistan, Alluni, who had faced a maximum nine-year term, said in testimony he was only doing his job as a journalist. A campaign regarding his innocence has been mounted by amongst others Al Jazeera and the Arab Commission for Human Rights. On January 17, 2012, a European court decided that the seven-year term Allouni was given over charges of collusion with a terror organization was not legal. He was freed in March 2012, and returned to Doha.

He has now continued working in Doha and reunited with his family which he continues to raise, despite the long prison sentence he received.

title: Tayseer Allouni


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Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum

The Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum are six Tang (618–907) Chinese stone reliefs of horses (1.7m x 2.0m each) which were located in the Zhao Mausoleum, Shaanxi, China. Zhao Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626–649).

By tradition the reliefs were designed by the court painter, and administrator for public works, Yan Liben, and the relief is so flat and linear that it seems likely they were carved after drawings or paintings. Yan Liben is documented as producing other works for the tomb, a portrait series that is now lost, and perhaps designed the whole structure.

The steeds were six precious war horses of Taizong, which he rode during the early campaigns to reunify China under the Tang, and all bear names which are not Chinese but rather transliterations of Turkic or Central Asian terms, indicative of the horses' probable origin as gifts or tributes from the Tujue to the Tang forces. They are:
 * Quanmaogua (拳毛騧), Taizong's steed during the campaign against Liu Heita.
 * Shifachi (什伐赤), ridden during the Battle of Hulao against Dou Jiande. Its name derives from the Turkic term Shad.
 * Baitiwu (白蹄乌), ridden during the campaign against Xue Rengao.
 * Telebiao (特勒骠), ridden during the campaign against Song Jingang. Its name is originally 特勤 Teqin, derived from the Turkic term Tegin.
 * Qingzhui (青骓), ridden during the campaign against Dou Jiande.
 * Saluzi (飒露紫), ridden during the campaign against Wang Shichong. Its name derives from the Turkic 'Isbara', itself a derivation from the Sanskrit 'Isvara' meaning prince.

The sculptures are regarded as ancient Chinese art treasures. Two (Quanmaogua and Saluzi) were sold by C.T. Loo in 1914 and are exhibited at the Penn Museum at University of Pennsylvania, USA. The remaining four are exhibited in the Stele Forest museum of Xi'an.

title: Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum


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Michael de Larrabeiti

Michael de Larrabeiti (18 August 1934 – 18 April 2008) was an English novelist and travel writer. He is best known for writing The Borrible Trilogy, which has been cited as an influence by writers in the New Weird movement.

Early life
One of five children, de Larrabeiti was born in St Thomas' Hospital and was mostly brought up in Battersea, South London. His mother was of working-class Irish descent and lived most of her life in the Lavender Hill area of London; his father was a Basque from Bilbao and was often absent.

In 1939 he was evacuated to Arundel in West Sussex, before returning to London in 1940, only to be evacuated again to Askern, a mining village near Doncaster in Yorkshire, in the winter. At the end of the Second World War he returned to London and, after failing the 11-plus, was educated at Clapham Central Secondary School. The teachers he had here, often men who had returned from fighting in the war determined to make a better world, were a great influence on de Larrabeiti, something he would later fictionalise in Journal of a Sad Hermaphrodite.

Youth
After leaving school at sixteen, de Larrabeiti initially worked as a librarian at a public library on Magdalen Road in Earlsfield, south London. In 1952 he began attending Battersea Polytechnic with a view towards taking A-Levels and attending university. This ambition took nine years to fulfill, mainly because of economic reasons. During this period de Larrabeiti, guided by his elder brothers, worked at many things, initially as a cinema projectionist in a 3D cinema in Festival Gardens, Battersea Park during the Festival of Britain. His experiences in the Gardens are recorded in A Rose Beyond the Thames. He later worked as a cameraman in documentary films and as a travel guide in France and Morocco.

In 1959 he fell in with a group of Provençal shepherds and went with them on the transhumance, herding three thousand sheep from their winter pasture to summer pasture in the French Alps. He then taught English in Casablanca, and in 1961 was the photographer on the University of Oxford's Marco Polo Expedition, travelling four months overland on a pair of BSA motorcycles and sidecar with Stanley Johnson and Tim Severin to Afghanistan and India. The adventure led to the publication of Severin's 1964 book Tracking Marco Polo with photographs by de Larrabeiti.

Between 1961 and 1965 he read French and English at Trinity College Dublin, from where he won a scholarship to the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he studied in 1965–66; he later began a DPhil at Keble College, Oxford which he later abandoned to take up full-time writing.

Writing career
De Larrabeiti continued to work as a guide and tour manager in the travel business for Clarksons and, later, as a freelance contributor to the Sunday Times travel section, for which he wrote acclaimed travel essays. His books have also been critically well-received, with recent work being long-listed for the Booker Prize. 2006 saw the publication of his most recent novel, Princess Diana's Revenge; a collection of memoirs entitled Spots of Time was published in early 2007. His 1992 novel Journal of a Sad Hermaphrodite is also set to be republished, after having been out of print for over ten years.

In his early years he espoused Marxism and remained a left-winger throughout his life. He lived in the Oxfordshire village of Great Milton with his wife Celia, and had three daughters. The last years of his life were blighted by cancer.

The Borrible Trilogy

 * The Borribles (1976); reissued in the United States in 2005, ISBN 0-7653-5005-X
 * The Borribles Go for Broke (1981); reissued in the United States in 2005, ISBN 0-7653-5006-8
 * The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis (1986); reissued in the United States in 2005, ISBN 0-7653-5007-6
 * Reissued in the UK in one volume as The Borrible Trilogy (2002) ISBN 0-330-49085-0

Other works

 * The Redwater Raid (1972)
 * A Rose Beyond the Thames (1978)
 * The Bunce (1980)
 * Jeeno, Heloise and Igamor, the Long, Long Horse (1983)
 * The Hollywood Takes (1983)
 * The Provençal Tales (London: Pavilion Books, 1988; New York: St Martin's Press, 1989)
 * Journal of a Sad Hermaphrodite (1992)
 * Foxes' Oven (2002)
 * French Leave (2002)
 * Princess Diana's Revenge (2006)
 * Spots of Time: A Memoir (2007)

title: Michael de Larrabeiti


text:
Broadfield, West Sussex

Broadfield is one of 14 neighbourhoods within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Broadfield is located in the south west of the town. It is bordered by Bewbush to the north, Southgate to the north east and Tilgate to the east.

Broadfield is split across three local government wards, Broadfield, Bewbush & North Broadfield and Gossops Green & North East Broadfield.

Broadfield was built in several stages and is relatively densely populated. There is a mixture of property types, including private estates, housing association, council houses and self-build.

Broadfield has one central shopping parade, the Barton, which is one of the largest neighbourhood parade in the town. Unlike many of the parades in the town, which are council run, the Barton is owned and managed by the shop-owners. There is a wide variety of shops, a library, a church (shared by Anglicans, Catholics and Broadfield Christian Fellowship), a nearby mosque and a large medical centre. There is also a community centre which is run as a charitable organisation overseen by trustees from the churches.

There are two infant/primary schools in the neighbourhood, an adventure playground, several open spaces with football pitches, and Broadfield Stadium, home to Crawley Town Football Club. In 2005 a purpose-built Sure Start Children's Centre was opened on Creasys Drive providing support and facilities for families of under 5's. The Broadfield centre works closely with a similar establishment in Bewbush.

Next to the stadium is Broadfield Park which used to be part of the Tilgate Estate. Broadfield House was the hunting lodge for the estate, and the park contains a small lake and some woods.

To the south of Broadfield are the Buchan Country Park and part of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty at Pease Pottage. The latter is currently home to a Scout camp.

Broadfield is served by various bus services including the 24-hour Fastway bus service to Gatwick Airport.

title: Broadfield, West Sussex


text:
Víctor Martínez (baseball)

Víctor Jesús Martínez (born December 23, 1978), also known by his nickname "V-Mart", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball designated hitter and catcher. Martínez played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, and Detroit Tigers. After joining the Tigers, he played mostly as a designated hitter.

Martínez was a five-time MLB All-Star. He won the Silver Slugger Award twice, and the Edgar Martínez Award once. He finished runner-up for the American League Most Valuable Player award in 2014. When he retired in 2018, he was 7th among all active players in RBIs (1,178).

Cleveland Indians (2002–2009)
Martínez was signed by the Indians as an amateur free agent in 1996. He was named the Indians 2001 and 2002 Minor League Player of the Year (receiving the "Lou Boudreau Award"). After a pair of minor league MVP awards and batting titles in 2001 and 2002, he made his debut with Cleveland as a September call-up on September 10, 2002.

In 2003, Martínez played for the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons and the Indians. He finished with a combined .315 batting average, hitting at a .349 clip in August and September with the big league club. Exhibiting knowledge of the strike zone and an ability to make contact, he reduced his strikeout totals and produced a combined .376 on-base percentage. He also drove in 63 runs, hitting .323 with runners in scoring position, and was selected to participate in the All-Star Futures Game played at Chicago's U.S. Cellular Field. From 2001 to 2003, the Venezuelan slugger batted a combined .330 with 40 home runs and 194 RBI.

2004
In his first full major league season, Martínez hit .283 with 23 home runs as the Indians starting catcher for 2004. He set a record for Indians catchers with 108 RBIs, earned his first All-Star selection, and shared the Silver Slugger honor as the top-hitting American League catcher with Iván Rodríguez. For the first time since the awards began in 1980, there was a tie at one position. On July 16, Martínez also had the best offensive night by an Indians catcher in franchise history; he hit three home runs, singled twice, drew a walk, and drove in a career-high seven runs in a perfect 5-for-5 game against the Seattle Mariners.

2005
In June 2005, Martínez was batting .207, but he came into the season's final weekend batting .382 (96-for-251) after the All-Star break, the best for any Major League player in that stretch. He finished the season with a .305 average, 20 home runs and 80 RBIs.

2006
Beginning in 2006, the Indians occasionally played Martínez at first base. As a catcher in 2006, he allowed 100 stolen bases, the most in Major League Baseball. He had a successful season at the plate, hitting .316 with 37 doubles, 16 home runs and 93 RBI.

2007
In 2007, he hit .301 with 25 home runs, led all major league catchers with 114 RBI, and finished seventh in the American League MVP voting. He made his second AL All-Star team this season.

2008
2008 was an injury-marred season for Víctor, as he played in only 73 games and posted a career-low .278 batting average.

2009
On June 19, 2009, Victor hit his 100th career home run against Rich Harden of the Chicago Cubs. On July 5, Martínez was selected for the third time to represent Cleveland in the 2009 All Star Game. On July 31, 2009, Martínez was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Justin Masterson, Nick Hagadone, and Bryan Price. His departure from the Indians created a public relations problem for the ballclub. The team had scheduled two separate Martínez-related promotional giveaways (bobbleheads on August 1, chest protector backpacks five days later) for dates subsequent to the transaction. Despite the trade, both promotions went off as planned.

2009
After joining the Red Sox in mid-2009, Martínez played both first base and catcher, splitting time behind the plate with Red Sox captain Jason Varitek. His combined totals for the 2009 season (with Cleveland and Boston) included a .303 batting average, 23 home runs, and 108 RBI. He also established a career high in walks, with 75.

Following the season, the Red Sox exercised his 2010 option for $7.1 million.

2010
On June 28, 2010, Martínez suffered a fractured left thumb, and was placed on the 15-day DL. He was limited to 127 games, finishing the 2010 season with a .302 batting average, 20 home runs, and 79 runs batted in.

2011
On November 23, 2010, Martínez and the Tigers organization reached an agreement on a four-year, $50 million free agent contract. On March 31, 2011, Martínez made his debut for the Tigers as a designated hitter against the New York Yankees. Martínez was used almost exclusively as a designated hitter for the 2011 season, playing only 26 games at catcher and 6 games at first base. He had a slow start to the season, batting .250 in the month of April with two home runs, but he then batted .337 in May and .370 in June. On September 11, in a game at home against the Twins, he had perhaps his worst-ever game at the plate, going 0 for 4 and hitting into four double plays (three of them GIDPs, one a line drive); his team managed to win anyway, 2–1. It was the first time a batter had hit into four double plays in the American League since hall of famer Goose Goslin did so in 1934, also while playing for the Tigers, and also in a game the Tigers won, 4–1. Although his power numbers were down, with only 12 home runs all season, Martínez posted his best career batting average (.330, good for fourth best in the American League), tied his career high with 40 doubles, and had his fourth career 100+ RBI season (103). He also led the Major Leagues in batting average with runners in scoring position, hitting .394.

2012
Martínez tore his ACL during off-season training in Lakeland, Florida and missed the entire 2012 season. On March 12, Martínez was placed on the 60-day disabled list. On June 22, owner Mike Ilitch optimistically reported that Martínez's rehab was progressing better than expected, and speculated that he might rejoin the Detroit Tigers in August or September. However, on August 17, athletic trainer Kevin Rand officially announced that Martínez would in fact not return for the 2012 season, and that his rehab would instead target a return in 2013.

2013
Martínez started slowly in 2013. Through the end of June, he was hitting just .232. From July 1 onward, however, he hit at a .367 clip, contributing to a final line of .301, 14 home runs and 83 RBIs. It marked the sixth season that Martínez topped .300, and he also set career highs in hits (182) and at-bats (605).

2014
Entering the 2014 season, new Tigers manager Brad Ausmus indicated that he wanted Martínez to be prepared to catch, particularly during interleague games in a National League ballpark where there is no designated hitter. Martínez had the best statistical year of his career in 2014, setting career highs in several hitting categories.

April 23, 2014, Martínez singled in the ninth inning of a game against the Chicago White Sox for his 1,500th career hit. On July 6, Martínez was selected in the player voting to participate in his fifth AL All-Star game, and his first as a Tiger. Martínez did not participate in the All-Star game due to side soreness, and was replaced by teammate Ian Kinsler. In a game against the New York Yankees on August 27, Martínez hit his 26th home run of the 2014 season, establishing a new career high. His previous high mark was 25 home runs for the Cleveland Indians in 2007.

Martínez was named the American League Player of the Month for August 2014. Martínez tied for the Major League lead in hits with 41 in the month, along with a .350 batting average in 31 games. Martínez slugged at a .547 clip in August, hitting six home runs and driving in a league-leading 30 runs. He also had 14 multi-hit games and was third in the AL in on-base percentage (.442) thanks to 19 walks.

Martínez finished the 2014 regular season with a career-high .335 batting average (second best in the American League), 33 doubles and 103 RBI, while setting career highs with 188 hits and 32 home runs. He led the major leagues in OPS (.974) and intentional walks (28), and also led the American League with a .409 on-base percentage. Victor led the Tigers with 70 walks, and struck out only 42 times. He became the third player since 1990 to have 30 or more home runs, and 42 or fewer strikeouts, following Barry Bonds in 2004 and Gary Sheffield in 1992, and the first Tiger to do so since 1901. Martínez was 93-for-276 with two strikes, a .337 average, the second best two-strike average since 1914. On November 4, 2014, the BBWAA announced that Martínez was one of the three finalists for the American League MVP Award, along with Michael Brantley and Mike Trout. He finished second to Trout in the voting. On November 6, 2014, it was announced that Martínez won his second Silver Slugger Award, as the top-hitting American League designated hitter. Martínez was awarded the Edgar Martínez Award for 2014.

Martinez became a free agent after the 2014 season. On November 12, 2014, the Tigers re-signed Martínez to a four-year, $68 million contract.

2015
On February 5, 2015, it was announced that Martínez had suffered a torn medial meniscus in his left knee during offseason workouts. Martínez underwent successful surgery on his knee, and was expected to rejoin the team by the start of the regular season. Martínez did start the season, but reaggravated the left knee injury a couple weeks into April and began to struggle at the plate. In a game on May 18, Martínez landed clumsily at first base while running out a ground ball, tweaking the knee again. The Tigers put him on the 15-day Disabled List the next day. At the time, Victor was hitting .216 with just four extra-base hits (3 doubles, 1 home run) in 111 at-bats. He hit particularly poorly from the left side (.141 average in 85 at-bats), being unable to put weight on his back knee without pain. Victor returned to the Tiger lineup on June 19 in a game against the New York Yankees.

On September 23, 2015, Martínez hit his 200th career home run, against Frankie Montas of the Chicago White Sox, becoming the sixth Venezuelan to reach the milestone. The injury-marred 2015 season led to a career-low .245 batting average with his worst-ever left/right splits. For the season, Martinez hit .348 as a right-handed batter, but just .219 as a left-hander. He had the slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.4 feet/second.

2016
On April 6, 2016, Martínez became the first player in modern Major League history to hit a pinch-hit home run in his team's first two regular-season games of the season. He was the first player to do so since at least 1914, and the only player to achieve this feat hitting one home run from each side of the plate. On April 20, Martínez recorded his 1,000th career RBI, becoming the fifth Venezuelan-born player in MLB history to reach the milestone.

Martínez was named the American League Player of the Week for the week ending May 1, 2016. Martinez batted .519 (14-for-27) for the week with three home runs, five doubles, eight RBIs and eight runs scored. It was the first Player of the Week award for Martínez since May 15, 2011, and his fifth award overall. On May 11 against the Washington Nationals during Max Scherzer's 20-strikeout game, Martínez went a perfect 5-for-5. On June 16 against the Kansas City Royals, Martinez hit three home runs in a game for the second time in his career. The first two came from the right side of the plate against Royals starter Danny Duffy, and the third was hit from the left side against reliever Chien-Ming Wang. Victor's only other three-homer game came on July 16, 2004, against the Seattle Mariners. Martínez became the first Tigers player to hit a home run from each side of the plate in the same game since Carlos Guillén in 2009.

Martinez finished the 2016 season with a .289 batting average, 27 home runs and 86 RBI. He had the slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.6 feet/second.

2017
On June 15, 2017, Martínez was replaced with a pinch runner in the seventh inning after complaining about a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and cold sweats. He ended up hospitalized with an irregular heartbeat and was placed on the 10-day disabled list the next day.

On July 7, Martínez recorded his 2,000th career hit with a single off Carlos Carrasco of the Cleveland Indians, becoming the ninth active player to reach the milestone.

On August 27, Martínez was again placed on the 10-day disabled list due to the irregular heartbeat symptoms returning. On September 2, it was revealed that Martínez would undergo cardiovascular surgery due to his irregular heartbeat, effectively ending his 2017 season. He played in 107 games in 2017, hitting .255 with 10 home runs and 47 RBIs. He had the second-slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.6 feet/second.

2018
Having undergone successful cardiovascular surgery and treatment, Martínez participated in a full 2018 spring training and began the season as the Tigers' designated hitter. After struggling much of the 2018 season, Martínez stated on August 15 that 2018 would more than likely be his last in major league baseball. He said that he was just going to enjoy the last six weeks, and then go home to his cattle ranch in central Florida, where he now lives. The Cleveland Indians, where Martínez started his career and played for eight seasons, honored him before a game on September 15 in one of his last games in Cleveland before his announced retirement. The Tigers announced on September 19 that they would have a ceremony for him before the game on September 22. Martínez then announced that the game would be his final one so that he would take his last at-bat in front of his home crowd. After the pre-game ceremony, Martínez started the game at first base for the first time since 2016 at his request. He then beat out an infield single in his final at-bat in the bottom of the first inning, and was replaced with a pinch runner. As he walked off the field, he was greeted by teammates and two players from the Kansas City Royals gave him a hug.

In his final season, Martinez hit .251 with 9 home runs and 54 RBI. He had the slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league designated hitters, at 23.2 feet/second. When he retired in 2018, he was 7th of all active players in RBIs (1,178) and intentional walks (119).

Career statistics
In 1973 games over 16 seasons, Martinez posted a .295 batting average (2153-for-7297) with 914 runs, 423 doubles, 246 home runs, 1178 RBI, 730 walks, .360 on-base percentage, and .455 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded an overall .993 fielding percentage playing 858 games at catcher and 214 games at first base. He was productive in postseason play, batting .315 (47-for-149) in 39 games, with 22 rins,8 doubles, 6 home runs, 22 RBI and 11 walks.

Post-playing career
Martinez founded a 2,400 acre cattle operation called Victoria's Ranch at the end of his baseball career. In 2020, his horse King Guillermo won the Tampa Bay Derby at odds of 49/1.

On February 16, 2023, Martínez joined the front office of the Toronto Blue Jays as a special advisor.

title: Víctor Martínez (baseball)


text: User talk:65.137.140.162

title: User talk:65.137.140.162


text:
Manuel Ramirez

Manuel Ramirez may refer to:

 * Manny Ramirez (born 1972), Major League Baseball player
 * Manny Ramírez (American football) (born 1983), American football player
 * Manuel Ramírez (athlete) (born 1957), Colombian Olympic sprinter
 * Manuel Ramírez (Venezuelan baseball player) (born 1982), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Manuel Ramírez (guitar maker), guitar maker who trained Domingo Esteso
 * Manuel Ramírez (soccer), Chilean soccer player who played in the South American Championship 1926
 * Manuel Ramírez Gómez, Colombian economist
 * Manuel Ramirez, character in Seize the Night (novel)

title: Manuel Ramirez


text:
Kenneth and Mamie Clark

Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 24, 1914 – May 1, 2005) and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983) were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU). Kenneth Clark was also an educator and professor at City College of New York, and first Black president of the American Psychological Association.

They were known for their 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v. Elliott (1952), one of five cases combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v. Board of Education opinion, "To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone."

Early life
The oldest of three children, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, to Harold and Katie Phipps. Her father was a doctor, a native of the British West Indies. Her father also supplemented his income as a manager at a nearby vacation resort. Her mother helped him in his practice and encouraged both their children in education. Her brother became a dentist. Even though Phipps Clark grew up during the Depression and a time of racism and segregation, she had a privileged childhood. Her father's occupation and income allowed them to live a middle-class lifestyle and even got them into some White-only parts of town. Phipps Clark, however, still attended segregated elementary and secondary schools, graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in 1934 at only 16 years old. This upbringing gave her a unique perspective on how society treated White and Black people differently. This realization contributed to her future research of racial identity in Black children. Despite the small number of opportunities for Black students to pursue higher education, Phipps Clark was offered several scholarships for college. Phipps Clark received scholarship offers from two of the most prestigious Black universities at that time, Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C.

Francis Sumner allowed her to work part-time in the psychology department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. During her senior year in 1937 Kenneth, another mentee of Sumner's, and Mamie Clark got married; they had to elope because her mother did not want her to get married before she graduated. A year later, she earned her B.A. magna cum laude in psychology (1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie went on for additional study at Columbia University. They later had two children together, Katie Miriam and Hilton Bancroft.

In the fall of 1938 Mamie Clark went to graduate school at Howard University to get a master's degree in psychology and while she was enrolled her father would send her an allowance of fifty dollars a month. The summer following her undergraduate graduation Mamie worked for Charles Houston as a secretary at his law office. At the time, Houston was a popular civil rights lawyer and Mamie was privileged to see lawyers such as Thurgood Marshall come into the office to work on important cases. She admits that she did not think anything could be done about segregation and racial oppression until after this experience. Believing in a tangible end to segregation inspired Phipps Clark's future studies, the results of which would help lawyers, such as Houston and Marshall, to win the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case in 1954.

While working on her master's degree, Phipps Clark became increasingly interested in developmental psychology. The inspiration for her thesis came from working at an all Black nursery school. She contacted psychologists Ruth and Gene Horowitz for advice. At the time they were conducting psychological studies about self-identification in young children and suggested that she conduct similar research with her nursery school children. Her master's thesis was entitled "The Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-School Children." This thesis was the basis from what would later become the Clarks' famous doll study on racial preference. Her husband Kenneth was fascinated by her thesis research and after her graduation they worked together on the research. They developed new and improved versions of the color and doll tests used in her thesis for a proposal to further the research. In 1939 they received a three-year Rosenwald Fellowship for their research that allowed them to publish three articles on the subject and also permitted Phipps Clark to pursue a doctoral degree at Columbia University.

During her time at Columbia, Mamie was the only black student pursuing a doctorate in psychology and she had a faculty adviser, Dr. Henry Garrett, who believed in segregation. Despite their differences in beliefs, Phipps Clark was able to complete her dissertation, "Changes in Primary Mental Abilities with Age." In 1943, Mamie Phipps Clark was the first African-American women to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University. She was the second Black person to receive a doctorate in psychology from Columbia University, following her husband Kenneth.

Career
After Phipps Clark graduated, she struggled being a psychologist as an African-American woman living in New York. She found it difficult to get a job; she lost some opportunities to less qualified White men and women. In the summer of 1939, Mamie took one of her first jobs as a secretary in the legal office of African-American lawyer Charles Hamilton Houston. This law firm involved the planning of legal action that would challenge the segregation laws. In 1944, she found a job through a family friend at the American Public Health Association analyzing research about nurses, which she hated. She stayed at that job for one year but was grossly overqualified for the position, which she found embarrassing. She then obtained a position at the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist but she still felt pigeonholed. In 1945 she was able to get a better job working for the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist; but, as World War II ended they did not feel the need to employ her anymore. She was fired in 1946. Later that year, Phipps Clark got a job in New York at the Riverdale Children's Association where she saw potential to perform meaningful work. Founded by Quakers in 1836 as the Colored Orphan Asylum, in 1944, just two years before Dr. Clark arrived, the then 108 year old institution had changed its name. At Riverdale, she conducted psychological tests and counseled young, homeless Black people. While there, she saw first hand how insufficient psychological services were for minority children. Many of the children were being called mentally retarded by the state but Clark tested them and found they had IQs above then accepted levels for such claims. She saw society's segregation as the cause for gang warfare, poverty, and low academic performance of minorities. This was a "kick start" to her life's work and led to her most significant contributions in the field of developmental psychology.

Kenneth and Mamie Clark decided to try to improve social services for troubled youth in Harlem as there were virtually no mental-health services in the community. Kenneth Clark was then an assistant professor at the City College of New York and Phipps Clark was a psychological consultant doing testing at the Riverdale Children's Association. Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark approached social service agencies in New York City urging them to expand their programs to provide social work, psychological evaluation, and remediation for youth in Harlem. None of the agencies took up their proposal. The Clarks "realized that we were not going to get a child guidance clinic opened that way. So we decided to open it ourselves."

Together in 1946 the Clarks created the Northside Center for Child Development, originally called the Northside Testing and Consultation Center. They started in a one-room basement apartment of the Dunbar Houses on 158th Street (Manhattan). Two years later in 1948, Northside moved to 110th Street, across from Central Park, on the sixth floor of what was then the New Lincoln School. In 1974, Northside moved to Schomburg Plaza. As of 2023, Northside continues to serve Harlem children and their families from its center at the intersection of E. 108th Street and Park Avenue, New York.

The Clark's goal was to match or surpass for poor African Americans, the mental health services then available for other children. Northside provided a homelike environment for poor Black children that provided pediatric and psychological help. It served as a location for initial experiments on racial biases in education and the intersection of education and varying theories and practices around social psychology. The psychological work they did led them to the conclusion that the problems of minority children are "neither purely psychiatric, purely social, nor purely environmental, but psychosocial." Northside was the first center that offered psychological services to minority families around Harlem.

Mamie remained the director of the Northside Center for 33 years. Upon her retirement, Dora Johnson, a staff member at Northside, captured the importance of Mamie Clark to Northside. "Mamie Clark embodied the center. In a very real way, it was her views, philosophy, and her soul that held the center together". She went on to say that "when an unusual and unique person pursues a dream and realizes that dream and directs that dream, people are drawn not only to the idea of the dream, but to the uniqueness of the person themselves." Her vision of social, economic, and psychological advancement of African-American children resonates far beyond the era of integration.

Phipps Clark did not limit her contributions to her Northside work. She was a very involved member of the community. She was on the boards of directors for several community organizations, along with being involved with the Youth Opportunities Unlimited Project and the initiation of the Head Start Program. She also volunteered in the psychiatric clinic of the Domestic Relations Court while she was completing her doctorate at Columbia and went on to teach at Yeshiva University.

Published work
One of Phipps Clark's early, published studies was titled The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children. This research was an investigation of early level of conscious racial identity in Black preschool children. The study included 150 Black children from segregated, nursery schools in Washington, D.C. with 50% of the participants being girls and 50% boys. There were 50 three-year-old, 50 four-year-old, and 50 five-year-old children in the study. Each participant was shown a set of pictures that included a white boy, a black boy, a lion, a dog, a clown, and a hen. The participants were asked to point to the drawing that represented who or what they were asked about. An example of this procedure would be a Black boy being asked to point to his cousin or brother. The results showed that the group tended to choose the drawing with a black child over the white child but as age increased, there was still some increase in the ratio of those identifying with black over white. Their finding indicated that a great amount of self-conscious development and racial identity happens between ages three and fours years old. Once past four years old, this identification with the Black boy plateaus. This plateau may imply that the picture study is not sensitive enough for children over four. It also suggests that maybe five-year-old children have reached a self-awareness and now see themselves in an intrinsic way and are less capable of external representations.

Legacy
Phipps Clark's work provided key contributions to the fields of developmental psychology and the psychology of race by shedding light on the impact of racial discrimination. She made lasting contributions at the United States Armed Forces Institute and the Public Health Association. Her unrelenting research on the identity and self-esteem of Black people expanded work on identity development.

Clark is not as famous as her husband. It has been noted that she adhered to feminine expectations of the time and often took care to "remain in the shadows of her husband's limelight". She often presented as shy. It should also be noted, that Phipps Clark's tendency to remain in her husband's shadow occurred in the backdrop of blatant sexism and racism in the psychological field and it is believed that the extent of her contributions was significantly downplayed.

Together, the Clarks devoted their entire lives to improving the mental health of Black people. For her contributions, Phipps Clark received a Candace Award for Humanitarianism from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1983.

Phipps Clark retired in 1979 and died of lung cancer on August 11, 1983, at 66 years old.

Early life and education
Kenneth Clark was born in the Panama Canal Zone to Arthur Bancroft Clark and Miriam Hanson Clark. His father worked as an agent for the United Fruit Company. When he was five, his parents separated and his mother took him and his younger sister Beulah to the US to live in Harlem in New York City. Miriam Clark worked as a seamstress in a sweatshop, where she later organized a union and became a shop steward for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Kenneth Clark arrived in New York City as ethnic diversity of Harlem was disappearing such that his elementary school was predominantly black. Clark noted that he first "became aware of color" when he was taught by a black teacher, who happened to be Hubert Thomas Delaney. Clark was to be trained to learn a trade, as were most black students at the time. Miriam wanted more for her son and transferred him to George Washington High School in Upper Manhattan. Clark graduated from high school in 1931 (Jones & Pettigrew, 2005).

Clark attended Howard University, a historically black university, where he first studied political science with professors including Ralph Johnson Bunche. During his years at Howard University, he worked under the influence of mentor Francis Cecil Sumner, the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology. He returned in 1935 for a master's in psychology. Clark was a distinguished member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. After earning his master's degree, Sumner directed Clark to Columbia University to work with another influential mentor, Otto Klineberg (Jones & Pettigrew, 2005).

While studying psychology for his doctorate at Columbia, Clark did research in support of the study of race relations by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal, who wrote An American Dilemma. In 1940, Clark was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University.

Career
During the summer of 1941, after Clark was already asked to teach a summer session at City College of New York, the Dean of Hampton Institute in Virginia asked Clark to start a department of psychology there. In 1942 Kenneth Clark would become the first African-American tenured, full professor at the City College of New York. Clark also managed to start a psychology department at Hampton Institute in 1942 and taught a few courses within the department. In 1966 he was the first African American appointed to the New York State Board of Regents and the first African American to be president of the American Psychological Association.

Much of Clark's work came as a response to his involvement in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court desegregation decision. Lawyers Jack Greenberg and Robert L. Carter, with resources and funding from the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and Topeka Jewish Community Relations Bureau, hired Clark to present his work on the effects of segregation on children. After the Brown v. Board of Education case, Clark was still dissatisfied by the lack of progress in school desegregation in New York City. In a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro?, Clark expressed his doubts about the efficacy of certain busing programs in desegregating the public schools. Clark also felt very discouraged by the lack of social welfare organizations to address race and poverty issues. Clark argued that a new approach had to be developed to involve poor blacks, in order to gain the political and economic power needed to solve their problems. Clark called his new approach "internal colonialism", with hope that the Kennedy-Johnson administration's War on Poverty would address problems of increasing social isolation, economic dependence and declining municipal services for many African Americans (Freeman, 2008).

Clark in 1962 was among the founders of Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), an organization devoted to developing educational and job opportunities. With HARYOU, Clark conducted an extensive sociological study of Harlem. He measured IQ scores, crime frequency, age frequency of the population, drop-out rates, church and school locations, quality of housing, family incomes, drugs, STD rates, homicides, and a number of other areas. It recruited educational experts to help to reorganize Harlem schools, create preschool classes, tutor older students after school, and job opportunities for youth who dropped out. The Johnson administration earmarked more than $100 million for the organization. When it was placed under the administration of a pet project of Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. in 1964, the two men clashed over appointment of a director and its direction.

Clark used HARYOU to press for changes to the educational system to help improve black children's performance. While he at first supported decentralization of city schools, after a decade of experience, Clark believed that this option had not been able to make an appreciable difference and described the experiment as a "disaster".

Following race riots in the summer of 1967, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson appointed the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission). The Commission called Clark among the first experts to testify on urban issues. In 1973, Clark testified in the trial of Ruchell Magee for his role in the Marin County Civic Center attacks.

Clark retired from City College in 1975, but remained an active advocate for integration throughout his life, serving on the board of the New York Civil Rights Coalition, of which he was Chairman Emeritus until his death. He opposed separatists and argued for high standards in education, continuing to work for children's benefit. He consulted to city school systems across the country, and argued that all children should learn to use Standard English in school.

Clark died in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York in May 2005. He was 90.

Books

 * Prejudice and Your Child (1955)
 * Dark Ghetto (1965)
 * The Negro and the American Promise (1963)
 * A Relevant War Against Poverty (1968)
 * A Possible Reality (1972)
 * Pathos of Power (1975)
 * King, Malcolm, Baldwin: Three Interviews (1985)

The Coloring Test
The coloring test was another experiment that was involved in the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Mamie and Kenneth did this experiment in order to investigate the development of racial identity in African American children and examine how a negro child’s color and "their sense of their own race and status" influenced "their judgment about themselves" and their "self esteem." The coloring test was administered to 160 African American children between the ages of five and seven years old. The children were given a piece of coloring paper with a leaf, an apple, an orange, a mouse, a boy and a girl on it. They were all given a box of crayons and asked to first color the mouse to make sure they had a basic understanding of the relationship between color and object. If they pass, they were then asked to color a boy if they were a boy and a girl if they were a girl. They were told to color the boy or girl the color that they are. They were then told to color the opposite sex the color that they want that sex to be. The Clarks categorized the responses into reality responses (accurately colored their skin color), fantasy responses (very different from their skin color), and irrelevant responses (used bizarre colors like purple or green). The Clarks examined the reality and fantasy responses to conclude that children typically color themselves noticeably lighter than their actual color, while the phantasy responses reflect children trying through wishful thinking to escape their situation. Although 88% of the children did draw themselves brown or black, they oftentimes drew themselves a lighter shade than the mouse. Children that were older generally were more accurate at determining how dark they should be. When asked to color the picture of the child that was the opposite sex, 52% put either white or an irrelevant color.

Doll experiments
The Clarks' doll experiments grew out of Mamie Clark's master's degree thesis. They published three major papers between 1939 and 1940 on children's self-perception related to race. Their studies found contrasts among African-American children attending segregated schools in Washington, DC versus those in integrated schools in New York. The doll experiment involved a child being presented with two dolls. Both of these dolls were completely identical except for the skin and hair color. One doll was white with yellow hair, while the other was brown with black hair. The child was then asked questions inquiring as to which one is the doll they would play with, which one is the nice doll, which one looks bad, which one has the nicer color, etc. The experiment showed a clear preference for the white doll among all children in the study. One of the conclusions from the study is that a Black child by the age of five is aware that to be "colored in American society is a mark of inferior status." This study was titled, "Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children," and was not created with public policy or the Supreme Court in mind, lending credibility to its objectiveness. The study was published only in the Journal of Negro Education before appearing before the Court. These findings exposed internalized racism in African-American children, self-hatred that was more acute among children attending segregated schools. This research also paved the way for an increase in psychological research into areas of self-esteem and self-concept.

This work suggests that by its very nature, segregation harms children and, by extension, society at large, a suggestion that was exploited in several legal battles. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in several school desegregation cases, including Briggs v. Elliott, which was later combined into the famous Brown v. Board of Education (1954). In 1954, Clark and Isidor Chein wrote a brief whose purpose was to supply evidence in the Brown v. Board of Education case underlining the damaging effects racial segregation had on African-American children. Brown v. Board was a test case supported by the NAACP to end the precedent of legal segregation when conditions are "separate but equal," established by the case Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. In a 9–0 decision for Brown, the Court decided that segregation based on race in public schools violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

The Supreme Court declared that separate but equal in education was unconstitutional because it resulted in African American children having "a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community." The Doll Study is cited in the 11th footnote of the Brown decision to provide updated and "ample" psychological support to the Kansas case. The Brown decision quotes that, "segregation of white and colored children in public schools has detrimental effect upon the colored children" and this sense of inferiority "affects the motivation of a child to learn." The evidence provided by Clark helped end segregation in the public school systems. Regarding Brown, this question of psychological and psychic harm fit into a very particular historical window that allowed it to have formal traction in the first place. It was not until a few decades prior (with the coming of Boas and other cultural anthropologists) that cultural and social-science research—and the questions that they invoked—would even be consulted by the courts and therefore able to influence decisions.

Response to Doll tests
Not everyone accepted the Doll tests as valid scientific studies. Henry E. Garrett, Mamie Clark’s former professor and advisor at Columbia, was an avid supporter of segregation and a witness in Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, VA (one of the five court cases that combined to form Brown v. Board). Garrett argued that no tests could adequately gauge a student’s attitudes toward segregation, and that the Clarks’ tests in Virginia were biased and had too small of a sample size. Garrett advocated in his Virginia school board testimony that if a negro child had access to equal facilities surrounded by his own teachers and friends, "he would be more likely to develop pride in himself as a Negro, which I think we would all like to see him do – to develop his own potential, his sense of duty…" and Garrett even claimed that they would "prefer to remain as a Negro group" instead of mixing and facing hostility, animosity, and inferiority. Garrett and his colleague Wesley C. George’s 1964 letter to the Science journal further questioned the Brown decision, claiming the only reference to science in the entire decision is in footnote 11. Garrett and George argue that the Court overlooked the "mental difference" between races, and that Clark’s evidence was invalid and misleading because "integration, not segregation, injured the Negro child’s self-image." In an alternative interpretation of the Clark doll experiments, Robin Bernstein has recently argued that the children's rejection of the black dolls could be understood not as victimization or an expression of internalized racism but instead as resistance against violent play involving black dolls, which was a common practice when the Clarks conducted their tests. Historian Daryl Scott also critiqued the logic of the Doll Study, because contemporary studies suggest that black children with greater contact with whites experience more psychological distress. The Clark Doll Study was influential scientific evidence for the Brown v. Board decision, but a few academics questioned the study.

In 2005, filmmaker Kiri Davis recreated the doll study and documented it in a film entitled A Girl Like Me. Despite the many changes in some parts of society, Davis found the same results as did the Drs. Clark in their study of the late 1930s and early 1940s. In the original experiments, the majority of the children chose the white dolls. When Davis repeated the experiment 15 out of 21 children also chose the white dolls over the black doll.

CNN recreated the doll study in 2010 with cartoons of five children, each with different shades of skin color. The experiment was designed by Margaret Beale Spencer, a child psychologist and University of Chicago professor. Children were asked to answer the same doll test questions, such as "who is the nice child" or "who has the skin color most adults like" and choose between the cartoon people arranged in order of lightest to darkest skin. The results were interpreted as indicating "white bias," meaning that children (mostly white, but also "black children as a whole have some bias") continue to associate positive attributes with lighter skin tones, and negative attributes with darker skin tones.

Family
The Clarks had two children: a son Hilton and daughter Kate. During the Columbia University protests of 1968, Hilton was a leader of the Society of Afro-American Students; his father negotiated between them and the university administration. The Clarks were happily married for forty-five years, until Mamie's death. Kate Clark Harris directed the Northside Center for Child Development for four years after her mother's death.

A 60 Minutes report in the 1970s noted that the Clarks, who supported integration and desegregation busing, moved to Westchester County in 1950 because of concerns about failing public schools in the city. Kenneth Clark said: "My children have only one life and I could not risk that."

Legacy and honors

 * 1961 – Kenneth Clark received the Spingarn Medal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for his contributions to promoting integration and better race relations.
 * 1966 – Columbia University awarded each Clark the Nicholas Murray Butler Silver Medal, for the significance of their work.
 * 1970 – Kenneth B. Clark was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) by Columbia University.
 * 1975 – Kenneth B. Clarks was awarded the William L. Dawson Award, Congressional Black Caucus
 * 1983 – Mamie Phipps Clark receives a Candace Award for Humanitarianism from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women
 * 1985 – Four Freedoms Award in the category Freedom of Speech
 * 1986 – Presidential Medal of Liberty
 * 1994 – 102nd annual meeting of APA, 40 years after Brown v. Board of Education, Clark was presented with the APA Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology. He was only one of six psychologists to receive that prestigious award.
 * 2002 – Molefi Kete Asante named Kenneth Clark on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
 * 2003 – American Psychological Foundation establishes the Kenneth B. and Mamie P. Clark Fund, to support "research and demonstration activities that promote the understanding of the relationship between self-identity and academic achievement with an emphasis on children in grade levels K-8".
 * 2017 – Columbia University Department of Psychology established the Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark Distinguished Lecture Award, which recognizes "extraordinary contributions of a senior scholar in the area of race and justice".

title: Kenneth and Mamie Clark


text:
Talk:Benjamin

Name
True or false: This page should be moved to Benjamin (Bible), followed by changing "Benjamin" from a re-direct to a dis-ambiguation page for Benjamin (Bible) and a nickname for a $100 bill. 66.245.69.176 22:55, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

False. I think that most people who search Benjamin will be looking for the biblical figure. They can go to disamguation if they actually want the money.

 * I found this site through Joseph (Biblical) SEARCH and was pleased, yet concerned that Benjamin was there. There is a matter of Times when Benjamin is the child with the coat of many colors and Joseph is the child with the coat of many colors.  I would rather not explain further in this avenue.  Brother of Sky216.215.40.1 05:31, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Should I tell Joseph that it is better to go in his brother's steed than it is to go in his Brother's Place? That was one nasty mob with a dagger that sent Benjamin to his death in the pit. I will agree, it was decent of Joseph to choose to do something for his brother. Many years of servitude is what they got. This article helps to support it. Joseph Fathered Benjamin's Children, Benjamin had none before he died. Gnostics (talk) 04:25, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Total fantasy. This person is an actual imbecile. A "steed" is a horse dick. You mean "in stead" which means a "proxy" but you are probably too ignorant to know what that means. NONE of what you wrote has a single shred of truth. A lot of you are blacks who have recently incorrectly assume they were Benjamin. Benjamin had MANY children, and we know all their names. 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 22:06, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Another idiot. Benjamin's "colors" were all the colors of all the other tribes put together. "Coat of many colors" is also incorrect. It was a "sleeveless coat." 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 22:01, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

True. I came here for the Name and I think it is more appropriate to show the dis-ambiguation page instead of this page. --84.158.108.128 (talk) 22:25, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

True. There are many many important historical names. This is a common name. MKS (talk) 19:37, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Famous Benjamins
Would - Benjamin Bratt, American actor - go here?

I think this whole section should be removed as these modern Benjamins have nothing to do with the biblical Benjamin. Also the section duplicates another article: At the end of the Benjamin (disambiguation) page we have "See also: All pages beginning with Benjamin, for persons with the given name Benjamin". That list contains several hundred Benjamins, so why start another list here?? If no one gives a good reason in a few days I propose to delete the section.
 * A stretch is to say that they got the name from the biblical Benjamin, but I see your point about the list. I thought it was fine four days ago when there were only two names, but now there are Benjamins listed and I have no idea who they are. Padishar 07:27, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ...and here's another totally ignorant person, most probably intelligence level just above an imbecile, which is called "idiot" and maybe that is a "stretch." The very first Benjamin is the archetype for all people named Benjamins even if they are Muslims, Jews or Christians globally. 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 21:47, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Section headers
This article would benefit from section headers so that the content is presented in more manageable pieces. Right now it's really just a heap of text. Chensiyuan 14:39, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

~I need to see more pictures of Saint Benjamin. ~HC —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.58.118.82 (talk) 00:55, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Please, find some that we can use without violating copyright. See WP:IUP. Icy  // ♫ 22:35, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Benjamin was not a "saint" That word saint is a Roman Catholic (pagan) label and belief. There are NO pictures of Benjamin. His many varied highly detailed description(s) is peppered all throughout scripture. 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 22:10, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Picture Problem
The first picture blocks some of the text on the right side, this should be an easy fix. Lnk2128 —Preceding undated comment was added at 01:48, 27 January 2009 (UTC).
 * No such problem for me. Icy  // ♫ 02:15, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

"Benjamin" used figuratively
I think it would be reasonable to mention that "Benjamin" is used figuratively to mean the youngest or smallest, due to the Biblical Benjamin being the youngest brother. As a given name, this is quite common, but as an example of a less direct connection, I once saw a set of clothes hampers where the biggest model was called Jumbo and the smallest was called Benjamin. It is even a noun in French, "le benjamin" or "la benjamine", which means "the youngest (boy or girl)". Kjetilho (talk) 13:20, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Benjamin's Sons' Names
Some of the explanations of meanings do NOT match the translated definitions of the names. For example, "Gera (meaning grain), in reference to Joseph living in a foreign land (Egypt)." Grain and living in a foreign land are not related. Also, "Ard (meaning wanderer/fugitive), in reference to Joseph being like a rose." Aha, it's the missing name that means a wanderer/person living in a foreign land. But what is the unexpected reference to a rose? None of the names seem to mean that. And where is the description of the 'grain' name that refers to Joseph's providing his brothers with grain for their families? Seems like possible vandalism? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.35.9.204 (talk) 13:47, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Ard was Benjamin's son. Period end of story. It is a very uncommon but modern surname of Spanish descendants of old Florida living today. Ards I have known are very tall and wavy haired, another Benjamite trait. The last living Ard I personally know is literally a wanderer and a fugitive. 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 22:20, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Graphic has nothing to do with anything
The graphic File:Benjamin2.JPG has nothing to do with anything. It claims to be a "symbol of the tribe of Benjamin", but that's impossible given there is no such official symbol! The idea that a man born so long ago as to be mentioned in the book of Deuteronomy would have an official symbol is preposterous. The description further states that it was created by some Jewish youth group, i.e. not at all official. User:Soundofmusicals reverted my removal because of the Hebrew on the image. So what? The Hebrew for "Benjamin" is all over the article, this image is not needed at all. To display this image as if it's in any way official makes a mockery of Logos. This image must be removed to keep the integrity of the encyclopedia. Psiĥedelisto (talk) 12:22, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Without rushing into an edit war over this nonsense - where exactly is the claim it is "official" - and where in Wikipedia guidelines is there any suggestion that graphics like this need to be "official" anyway? The idea that the graphic is an assault on "the integrity of the encyclopedia" borders on the hysterical, as I'm sure you'll agree on reflection. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 12:46, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I would point to several policies: MOS:PERTINENCE states Images must be significant and relevant in the topic's context, not primarily decorative.—I feel that this bar is not met by the image in question; MOS:TEXTASIMAGES helps prove my point that the Hebrew in the image, instead of being a reason to keep it, as actually a reason to remove it; WP:OI may also cover the image in question, since it is essentially fan art; MOS:LEADIMAGE states [images in the lead] should not only illustrate the topic specifically, but also be the type of image used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works, which is why I would not remove, say an image of a famous painting or drawing of Benjamin, but would not want a fan-made "emblem" of him to be used; Image_use_policy states The purpose of an image is to increase readers' understanding of the article's subject matter and the images I removed do nothing to help in that regard, but indeed just serve to confuse. Perhaps I was a bit hysterical, but the image(s) cannot be allowed to remain. Psiĥedelisto (talk) 04:52, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

 * As I hinted - not an article I am concerned about really (in was on my watchlist because of "moves" about and over the article now at Benjamin (name) (I have a grandson called Benjamin in his last undergraduate year) - which is why I didn't, and won't, enter into further dispute over this one - even though I can't personally see why it can't remain - many article have less than optimal graphics that can, and will, remain until something better is found. We all get a little hysterical at times - glad you took my point without going all defensive about it. Anyway, I am resolving this (for me, at any rate) by taking it off my watchlist!! Regards, Soundofmusicals (talk) 05:15, 11 April 2019 (UTC)
 * A little postscript: there are a couple a graphics in the body of the article that might very well be "promoted" to the infobox. Do you want to do this, or shall I? Just a little goodbye before I renounce it forever! At least it would (one hopes) write a finis to this whole business. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 05:48, 11 April 2019 (UTC)
 * B"H If you think that Benjamin had no symbol, you are totally ignorant of scripture. I am a Benjamite and an authority on the subject. The scepter will be returned to Benjamin after The City of Ephraim (where the tabernacle stood and is an actual known place in Israel) (a/k/a "Shiloh") actually returns as Esau is "burned to stubble" which is happening right now as I write. (see Obadiah 1:18. Obadiah was a NON-Hebrew warning his people against challenging Israel, and the modern day Islamists are Esau-ites) Benjamin will "divide the spoils" in the very Last Days, which only a monarch can do. Just as Jacob's blessing stated (a nation and a host of nations), there are MILLIONS of Benjamites worldwide, and their western Viking descendants discovered America 1000 years before Columbus was ever thought of. Ask ANY halachic Hebrew authority, and they must agree--if pressed. I just the other day saw FIVE BROTHERS in the IDF -- and all were left-handed and all very tall. Historically, 23% of Benjamites were left-handed and those who were not were trained to fight either left-handed or right-handed. They were the finest archers and deadly marksmen. These five men I just saw on TV is Israel getting ready for war are descendants of the 600 ancient Benjamites who were allowed to live in Israel and take Levite wives, once he vast majority of Benjamin took off in ships with Phoenician traders in what is modern-day Lebanon... and became founders of most of the Baltic States and Ukraine, which was founded way before Russia, who combined with Mongols and so you see the modern-day barbarism of Russians. Benjamin also peopled Belgium, France and Scotland through Norman "genetic donations" (read that: "rape") 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 21:40, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Son of the right, but not necessarily south?
The current article boldly states that "the name means 'Sons / Son of the South'" (and later, "'Son of the south', with south derived from the word for the right hand side") but there seems to be some debate about this. Specifically, while min/yamin/jamin etc. does seem to be used for both 'right' & 'south' in Arabic, in Hebrew it seems it only means 'right' and the word for 'south' is entirely unrelated. If so - I am no expert in this field - should that not be clarified in the article? Ozaru (talk) 15:52, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

Bejamin's son's name
How could these be the so-called meanings of Benjamin's son's names when these 10 boys went to Egypt with everyone - after Joseph was revealed. They must have been born when Benjamin thought Joseph was dead. 2604:3D09:3483:9A00:90C2:4F32:8ACF:3C6F (talk) 08:59, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The 10 who "went to Egypt" were Benjamins BROTHERS not his sons. You don't have a clue either imbecile. 2600:6C5D:577F:5614:85:934D:552C:49B3 (talk) 20:34, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benjamin