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List of Star Trek novels

The Star Trek franchise's first tie-in publications were James Blish's 1967 volume of episode novelizations and Mack Reynolds's 1968 young adult novel Mission to Horatius. Since 1968, more than 850 original novels, short story collections, episode and film novelizations, and omnibus editions have been published.

Novels based on Star Trek, The Next Generation, Discovery, and Picard are currently in print. As recently as 2020, novels based on Deep Space Nine, Enterprise, and Voyager were published. Original concept and flagship series such as New Frontier, Titan, Seekers, and Vanguard have also been published since 1994.

Official publishers of Star Trek novels include Simon & Schuster and U.K. publisher Titan Books. Bantam Books published novels from 1967 to 1981. Past publishers include: Western Publishing, Random House imprints Ballantine and Del Rey Books, Science Fiction Book Club. Publishers Heyne and Cross Cult publish German-language translations of Star Trek novels.

In 2001, Pocket Books estimated there were 85 million copies in print. Michael Epstein, writing for Television Quarterly in 1996, said Star Trek was "by far the biggest series of fiction in the history of western literature".

Bantam Books (1967–1994)
Bantam Books was the first licensed publisher of Star Trek tie-in fiction. Bantam published all their novels as mass market paperbacks. Bantam also published Star Trek Lives! (1975) by Jacqueline Lichtenberg.

Episode novelizations (1967–1994)
Short story adaptations of The Original Series episodes written by James Blish and J. A. Lawrence. Mudd's Angels (1978) includes the novelizations of "Mudd's Women" and "I, Mudd", and an original novella by Lawrence. The Day of the Dove (1985) is a variant of Star Trek 11 (1975). Mudd's Enterprise (1994) is a variant of Mudd's Angels.

Star Trek Adventures (1970–1981)
Novels based on The Original Series. Bantam never applied an official series name to the novels, instead marketing each volume as a new or original "Star Trek Adventure". The novels are not numbered; however, library catalogs and booksellers applied numbers to the novels in publication order, including Mudd's Angels and The New Voyages. In 1993, the series was reprinted by Titan Books as Star Trek Adventures using a different number scheme. The name given to the reprint series has been retroactively applied to Bantam's series by book discovery websites such as Goodreads and LibraryThing.

New Voyages (1976–1978)
Star Trek: The New Voyages collects fan-submitted fiction curated and edited by Sondra Marshak and Myrna Culbreath. Two additional volumes were announced, but none were published. Pocket Books Strange New Worlds (1998–2016) series, edited by Dean Wesley Smith, has a similar premise.

Classic Episodes (1991)
In 1991, Bantam collected The Original Series episode adaptations as a three volume omnibus edition organized by television season. Included new material by D. C. Fontana, Norman Spinrad, and others. The adaptations of "Mudd's Women" and "I, Mudd" were not included.

Random House (1974–1996)
Ballantine Books and Del Rey Books are imprints of Random House.

Star Trek Log (1974–1993)
Star Trek Log is a series adapted from episodes of The Animated Series, written by Alan Dean Foster. Published by Ballantine Books, and later Del Rey. Each volume includes original material by Foster which links the adapted episodes together.

Discount editions (1993)
Omnibus editions made available to discount book retailers and comics shops. Log Ten (1978) was excluded. Many printings included advertising for other Random House novels and comics on the covers, as well as coupons and other perforated inserts.

The Animated Series (1996)
Star Trek: The Animated Series omnibus editions of Star Trek Log were published by Del Rey Books as part of Star Trek 30th Anniversary celebration. A serialized essay by Foster was included, in addition to revisions of several stories. Some printings distributed outside of North America omitted The Animated Series subtitle. Not all printings included a volume number.

Gibraltar Library Binding (1977)
Illustrated middle-grade novels published exclusively for libraries as part of Random House's Gibraltar Library Binding service. Solicitations for additional novels were released to libraries in 1978 and 1979, but were later withdrawn.

Simon & Schuster (1979–present)
Simon & Schuster imprints known to have published Star Trek novels include: Archway, Aladdin, Paula Wiseman, Wanderer, Minstrel, Byron Preiss, Wallaby, Weekly Reader, Pocket, Pocket Star, Viz, Simon Spotlight, Simon & Schuster Interactive, and Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers. Imprints vary by book line, series, miniseries, printing, and market (e.g. country or language area).

Star Trek (1979–present)
Star Trek: The Original Series book line is based on the television series of the same name. From 1987 to 1996, Titan reprinted numbered novels for the United Kingdom market using a different scheme. Novels published since 2013 have included The Original Series subtitle.

Film novelizations (1979–1992)
Based on the Star Trek film series.

Numbered novels (1979–2002)
Numbered paperback releases:

Film tie-ins for children (1982–1986)
Published by Pocket Books. Some printings are badged as Wanderer, Minstrel, Archway, or Simon & Schuster Just for Boys.

Original novels (1986–present)
Includes hardcover and paperback releases. Novels published before 2013 omitted The Original Series subtitle, with few exceptions. Beginning with Allegiance in Exile (2013), most novels have maintained a shared continuity.

Starfleet Academy (1996)
Star Trek: Starfleet Academy young adult miniseries explores the lives of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) crew as Starfleet Academy cadets. Starfleet Academy (2010–2012) series is based on the Kelvin Universe films, and is unrelated. Starfleet Academy (1997), a video game novelization by Diane Carey, is also unrelated.

Eugenics Wars (2001–2005)
Star Trek: The Eugenics Wars miniseries explores the life of Khan Noonien Singh on Ceti Alpha V. The series was developed by Greg Cox and John J. Ordover.

Janus Gate (2002)
Star Trek: The Janus Gate miniseries follows the events of "The Naked Time".

Errand of Vengeance (2002)
Star Trek: Errand of Vengeance miniseries is a retelling of USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) "Five Year" mission from an undercover Klingon agent's point of view.

Vulcan's Soul (2004–2007)
Star Trek: Vulcan's Soul miniseries follows Spock's life after The Next Generation episode "Unification".

Errand of Fury (2005–2008)
Star Trek: Errand of Fury miniseries is a continuation of Errand of Vengeance (2002).

Mere Anarchy (2006–07)
Star Trek: Mere Anarchy miniseries explores the effects of an off-world disaster on the crew of the Enterprise over a thirty-year period. Inspired by the W. B. Yeats poem "The Second Coming". Published as ebook exclusives. An omnibus edition was published in 2009.

Crucible (2006–07)
Star Trek: Crucible miniseries focused on the triumvirate of McCoy, Spock, and Kirk. An omnibus edition to include new material was announced in 2008 but was cancelled in 2011. The cover art by John Picacio forms a triptych.

Legacies (2016)
Star Trek: Legacies miniseries was published as part of Star Trek 50th Anniversary celebration. The novels feature characters from other booklines.

The Next Generation (1988–present)
Star Trek: The Next Generation book line is based on the television series of the same name. The book line was relaunched with the publication of Death in Winter (2005), by Michael Jan Friedman.

Episode novelizations (1987–1994)
Based on select episodes from the television series.

Numbered novels (1988–2001)
Numbered paperback releases:

Original novels (1990–present)
Includes hardcover and paperback releases:

Starfleet Academy (1993–1998)
Star Trek: The Next Generation – Starfleet Academy young adult series explores the lives of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) crew as Starfleet Academy cadets. Starfleet Academy (1997), a video game novelization by Diane Carey, is unrelated. The Best and the Brightest (1998), by Susan Wright, is thematically similar to the series. Novellas written by Peter David tie into New Frontier (1997–2015).

Film novelizations (1994–2002)
Based on The Next Generation film series.

Young adult film novelizations (1994–2002)
Film novelizations intended for younger readers.

Genesis Wave (2000–2003)
Star Trek: The Next Generation – The Genesis Wave miniseries follows the crew of the Enterprise as they attempt to prevent the weaponization of the Genesis Device.

Maximum Warp (2001)
Star Trek: The Next Generation – Maximum Warp miniseries follows the crew of the Enterprise as they search for a solution to a disruption in subspace which prevents warp travel. The titles do not appear on the cover art, only the series name and book number.

A Time to... (2004)
Star Trek: A Time to... crossover miniseries explores events prior to Nemesis (2002). Conceived by John J. Ordover, and edited by Keith DeCandido. Originally intended to be a sequence of twelve novels. Not all printings include a number stamp.

Relaunch novels (2005–2019)
Interlinked novels set after the film Nemesis (2002):

Slings and Arrows (2007–08)
Star Trek: The Next Generation – Slings and Arrows miniseries explores events between Generations (1994) and First Contact (1996). Published as ebook exclusives.

Cold Equations (2012)
Star Trek: The Next Generation – Cold Equations miniseries explores the effect artificial life has on Starfleet and the Federation.

Deep Space Nine (1993–2021)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine book line is based on the television series of the same name. The book line was relaunched with the publication of three thematically linked works: the short story collection Lives of Dax (1999), edited by Marco Palmieri; A Stitch in Time (2000), by Andrew J. Robinson; and the two-part novel Avatar (2001), by S. D. Perry.

Episode novelizations (1993–1999)
Based on select episodes from the television series. Call to Arms (1998) and Sacrifice of Angels (1998) are based on a seven episode arc from Deep Space Nine fifth and sixth seasons.

Numbered novels (1993–2000)
Numbered paperback releases:

Young adult novellas (1994–1998)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine young adult series follows the adventures of Jake Sisko and Nog while living aboard Deep Space Nine.

Original novels (1995–2021)
Includes hardcover and paperback releases:

Millennium (2000)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Millennium miniseries explores an alternate-timeline accidentally created by the crew of the USS Defiant. The series was partially adapted as The Fallen (2000), a third-person shooter video game developed by The Collective. An omnibus edition was published in 2002.

Relaunch novels (2001–2017)
Interlinked novels set after the episode "What You Leave Behind". The Lives of Dax (2001), a short story collection edited by Marco Palmieri, and A Stitch in Time (2000), by Andrew J. Robinson, are linked to the relaunch.

Mission Gamma (2002)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Mission Gamma miniseries follows the crew of the USS Defiant under the command of Elias Vaughn. These Haunted Seas (2008) omnibus collects Twilight (2002) and This Gray Spirit (2002). The cover art by Cliff Nielsen forms a polyptych. Original Sin (2017), by David R. George III, has a similar premise.

Worlds of Deep Space Nine (2004–05)
Worlds of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine explores the various home worlds of the crew and residents of Deep Space Nine. The series was created and edited by Marco Palmieri.

Gamma (2017)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Gamma miniseries follows the crew of Robinson (NCC-71842) under the command of Benjamin Sisko. Only one novel has been published. Mission Gamma (2002) has a similar premise.

Voyager (1995–2020)
Star Trek: Voyager book line is based on the television series of the same name. The book line was relaunched with the publication of Homecoming (2003), by Christie Golden.

Episode novelizations (1995–2001)
Based on select episodes from the television series:

Numbered novels (1995–2000)
Numbered paperback releases:

Original novels (1996–2002)
Includes hardcover and paperback releases:

Starfleet Academy (1997)
Star Trek: Voyager – Starfleet Academy young adult miniseries explores the lives of the Voyager crew as Starfleet Academy cadets.

Relaunch novels (2003–2020)
Interlinked novels set after the episode "Endgame":

Spirit Walk (2004)
Star Trek: Voyager – Spirit Walk miniseries follows Chakotay's first mission as captain of USS Voyager (NCC-74656).

String Theory (2005–06)
Star Trek: Voyager – String Theory was published on the tenth-anniversary of the pilot episode, "Caretaker". The first novel opens on a violent encounter with the Nacene, the extra-galactic race seen in the episodes "Caretaker" and "Cold Fire". The novels included explanations for visual and narrative inconsistencies which developed during the televisions series run, as well as conclusions to unresolved plots.

Star Trek Log reprints (1995)
Star Trek Log reprints of the novelizations based on The Animated Series originally published by Ballantine Books. The printings include corrections to the text.

Shatner and Reeves-Stevens series (1995–2006)
The series explores James Kirk's life after the events of Generations (1994). Created by William Shatner, the novels were co-written by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, who were not credited until Captain's Peril (2002). Collision Course (2007) ties into The Ashes of Eden (1995). Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Simon & Schuster never applied a series brand or name to the novels. The fannish name, or nickname, for the series is "Shatnerverse", which was adopted by Memory Alpha, Goodreads, and the ISFDB. Some bookseller listings have included the name "Shatnerverse", but it is unclear if those listings originated from Simon & Schuster. Fans have organized the series into three unofficial trilogies: "Odyssey", "Mirror Universe", and "Totality". The continuity within the series is independent of other Star Trek book lines.

Invasion! (1996)
Star Trek: Invasion! crossover miniseries spanned each of the Star Trek television series broadcast prior to 1996. An omnibus edition was published in 1998 which included additional material. The series was created and edited by John J. Ordover.

New Frontier (1997–2015)
Star Trek: New Frontier was the first book line not to be based on a Star Trek television series or film. The novels follow the crew of the Excalibur (NCC-26517) under the command of Mackenzie Calhoun. Created by John J. Ordover.

Numbered novels (1997–2001)
Numbered paperback and hardcover releases. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Original novels (2003–2015)
Includes paperback and ebook exclusives:

Day of Honor (1997)
Star Trek: Day of Honor crossover miniseries is inspired by the Voyager episode "Day of Honor". Created by Paula M. Block and John J. Ordover. Honor Bound (1997), a Corps of Engineers novella by Diana G. Gallagher, and Michael Jan Friedman's novelization of the titular episode, tie into the series. An omnibus edition including all six works was published in 1999.

Captain's Table (1998)
Star Trek: The Captain's Table crossover miniseries is narrated by various starship captains during their visits to a trans-dimensional bar called The Captain's Table. An omnibus edition was published in 2000. Tales from the Captain's Table (2005), a short story collection edited by Keith DeCandido, ties into the series. The cover art by Keith Birdsong was intended to form a polyptych; however, design and printing errors resulted in the six images not aligning. Reprints have included new cover art.

Strange New Worlds (1998–2016)
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds is a series of short story collections edited by Dean Wesley Smith. Each volume collected fan-submitted stories similar to the New Voyages (1976–1977) originally published by Bantam. The book line based on the Strange New Worlds television series is unrelated.

Dominion War (1998)
Star Trek: The Dominion War crossover miniseries depicts events leading up to the Dominion War. The first and third novels focus on the crew of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E), while the second and fourth novels are novelizations of a seven-episode arc from Deep Space Nine sixth and seventh seasons. The Battle for Betazed (2002), by Charlotte Douglas and Susan Kearney, and Tales of the Dominion War (2004), a short story collection edited by Keith DeCandido, tie into the series.

Corps of Engineers (2000–2010)
Star Trek: Corps of Engineers follows the crew of the Da Vinci (NCC-81623). The series was marketed as ebook exclusives on various platforms, which were later collected into print bind-ups with similar titles but a different numbering scheme. The series was originally published as Star Trek: Starfleet Corps of Engineers, frequently abbreviated as S.C.E. The series features Montgomery Scott following events in The Next Generation episode "Relics".

Original novellas (2000–2006)
All novellas were later collected in bind-ups, or omnibus editions:

Novella bind-ups (2002–2010)
Each volume is a bind-up of three or four novellas in mass market paperback format. Volumes released after 2005 were published in the larger trade paperback format, and included the updated Corps of Engineers logo. Out of the Cocoon (2010) and What's Past (2010) did not receive ebook releases.

Relaunch novellas (2006–07)
Relaunch of the novella series as Corps of Engineers. Published as ebook exclusives. The novellas have not been collected in any print editions.

Section 31 (2001)
Star Trek: Section 31 crossover miniseries was inspired by the clandestine, paramilitary organization introduced in the Deep Space Nine episode "Inquisition". The series was relaunched in 2014.

Gateways (2001)
Star Trek: Gateways crossover miniseries explores various Starfleet crews' interactions with trans-dimensional "gates" left behind by the extinct Iconian civilization. The series was created by Robert Greenberger and John J. Ordover. An omnibus edition was announced in 2001, but was never published. Here There Be Monsters (2001), a Corps of Engineers novella by Keith DeCandido, serves as an epilogue to the series.

Challenger (2001)
Star Trek: Challenger is a flagship concept series featuring the UFPF Challenger (OV91951L). The crew was introduced in the New Earth (2000) miniseries. Only one novel was published.

Enterprise (2001–2017)
Star Trek: Enterprise book line is based on the television series of the same name. Originally published as Enterprise, without the Star Trek prefix. The book line was relaunched with the publication of Last Full Measure (2006), by Andy Mangels and Michael A. Martin. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Episode novelizations (2001–2003)
Based on select episodes from the television series:

Original novels (2002–2006)
The novels were more closely plotted to events of the television series compared to previous book lines. Daedalus (2003) and Daedalus's Children (2004) form a two-part novel that explores the aftermath of a prototype warp ship's disastrous launch thirteen years prior to the launch of the USS Enterprise (NX-01).

Relaunch novels (2006–2008)
Interlinked novels set after the episode "These Are the Voyages...":

Romulan War (2009–2011)
Star Trek: Enterprise – Romulan War explores the events of the Earth–Romulan War from the perspective of the Enterprise crew.

Rise of the Federation (2013–2017)
Star Trek: Enterprise – Rise of the Federation explores the creation of the United Federation of Planets, and the rise of Jonathan Archer to President of the Federation.

Stargazer (2002–2004)
Star Trek: Stargazer follows Jean-Luc Picard in command of the Stargazer (NCC-2893) prior to his promotion to captain of the Enterprise. Reunion (1991) and The Valiant (2000), also by Friedman, tie into the series.

Lost Era (2003–2014)
Star Trek: The Lost Era explores events prior to The Next Generation episode "Encounter at Farpoint". The Buried Age (2007), by Christopher L. Bennett, and the Terok Nor (2008) series, were marketed as "Tales of the Lost Era". Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

I.K.S. Gorkon (2003–2005)
Star Trek: I.K.S. Gorkon follows the exploits of a Klingon destroyer ordered into unexplored space to find new planets to conquer on behalf of the Klingon Empire. The series was relaunched as Klingon Empire in 2008.

Signature Edition (2003–04)
The Signature Edition series collects novels from the Star Trek and The Next Generation book lines. The omnibus editions include amplifying material such as author's notes, essays, and interviews. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Titan (2005–2017)
Star Trek: Titan is a flagship series set aboard the Titan (NCC-80102), under the command of William Riker. The starship Titan was introduced in Nemesis (2002), and later appeared in several episodes of the TV series Lower Decks. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Vanguard (2005–2012)
Star Trek: Vanguard is a flagship concept series concurrent with the events of The Original Series. The novels are set aboard Starfleet Starbase 47 positioned on the edge of the Taurus Reach known as Vanguard to its residents and crew. The series was created and written by Dayton Ward, Kevin Dilmore, and David Mack. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

The Corps of Engineers novella Distant Early Warning (2006), by Dayton Ward and Kevin Dilmore, is a prequel to Vanguard. In Tempest's Wake (2012), by Dayton Ward, serves as an epilogue to the series. The Seekers (2014–15) flagship series is an indirect sequel to Vanguard.

Mirror Universe (2007–2011)
Star Trek: Mirror Universe explores the Mirror Universe introduced in Star Trek episode "Mirror, Mirror". The Sorrows of Empire (2009) was expanded from a novella collected in Glass Empires (2007). Fearful Symmetry (2008) and The Soul Key (2009), by Olivia Wood, and Disavowed (2014), by David Mack, tie into the series. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Academy (2007)
Star Trek: Academy was intended to be a new flagship series featuring a young Midshipman Jim Kirk. A sequel, Trial Run, was announced but was never published.

Excelsior (2007)
Star Trek: Excelsior was a flagship series concept set aboard the Excelsior (NCC-2000), under the command of Hikaru Sulu. Only one novel has been published, which was marketed as part of The Original Series book line.

Klingon Empire (2008)
Star Trek: Klingon Empire is a relaunch of I.K.S. Gorkon (2003–2005). Only one novel has been published.

Terok Nor (2008)
Star Trek: Terok Nor explores the history of the Deep Space Nine station during the Bajoran Occupation when it was known as Terok Nor. The series is linked to the Lost Era (2003–2014). The cover art by John Picacio forms a triptych. Marketed as part of the Deep Space Nine book line.

Myriad Universes (2008–2010)
Star Trek: Myriad Universes series explores alternate realities, and how those settings affect the analogues of characters from various television series and films. The Last Generation (2008–09) comics miniseries, by Andrew Steven Harris, ties into the series. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Destiny (2008)
Star Trek: Destiny crossover miniseries explores the origin of the Borg, and the Federation's response to a destructive invasion by them. Followed by Typhon Pact (2010–2013). An omnibus edition was published in 2012.

Kelvin Universe (2009–2020)
Based on Star Trek (2009) film reboot and its sequels, Into Darkness (2013) and Beyond (2016). The novels are marketed as part of the Kelvin Timeline or Kelvin Universe, adapted from Kelvin (NCC-0514) whose destruction created the alternate timeline explored in the films and novels.

Film novelizations (2009–2013)
Star Trek Beyond (2016) did not receive a novelization.

Starfleet Academy (2010–2012)
Star Trek: Starfleet Academy young adult miniseries explores the lives of the Enterprise crew as Starfleet Academy cadets. The series is unrelated to a 1996 series of the same name. Starfleet Academy (1997), a video game novelization by Diane Carey, is also unrelated.

Original novels (2020)
The following novels were originally scheduled for publication in 2010.

Star Trek Online (2010)
Star Trek Online is based on the MMORPG of the same name. Only one novel has been published.

Typhon Pact (2010–2012)
Star Trek: Typhon Pact series explores the political chaos following the destruction of the Borg in Destiny (2008). A Singular Destiny (2009), by Keith DeCandido, introduced the supranational Typhon Pact as the Federation's primary antagonist. Many storylines conclude in The Fall (2013–14). An omnibus edition of the concluding trilogy was published as The Khitomer Accords Saga (2013). Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Department of Temporal Investigations (2011–2017)
Star Trek: Department of Temporal Investigations, is based on the fictional Federation agency responsible for investigating time travel incidents. The protagonists, Lucsly and Dulmur, were introduced in the Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations". Forgotten History (2012) was collected in The Continuing Missions, Vol. 1 (2013). Watching the Clock (2011) received a paperback release in 2014. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

The Fall (2013)
Star Trek: The Fall is a continuation of Typhon Pact (2010–2013). Events in the novels occur over a two-month period, alternating between Deep Space Nine and The Next Generation settings.

Seekers (2014–15)
Star Trek: Seekers is an indirect sequel of Vanguard (2005–2012). The series follows the crews of the Endeavour (NCC-1895) and it's companion scout ship, Sagittarius (NCC-1894).

Section 31 relaunch (2014–2017)
Star Trek: Section 31 miniseries is a relaunch of the Section 31 (2001) crossover miniseries. Events continue in Collateral Damage (2019). Marketed as part of the Deep Space Nine book line. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Prey (2016)
Star Trek: Prey follows the exploits of a company of thieves. The series includes characters from The Undiscovered Country (1992), The Next Generation, and Deep Space Nine.

Discovery (2017–present)
Star Trek: Discovery book line is based on the television series of the same name. Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Picard (2020–present)
Star Trek: Picard is based on the television series of the same name. The Last Best Hope (2020) is a prequel to "Remembrance", the first episode of the television series. The Dark Veil (2021) is linked to Titan (2005–2017). Numbering of the novels varies by language and market.

Coda (2021)
Star Trek: Coda crossover series follows the crews of several starships attempting to prevent the destruction of the universe by the vampiric species encountered in The Next Generation two-part episode "Time's Arrow". Coda serves as a conclusion to the continuity shared by the various relaunch book lines from 2001 until 2021.

Prodigy (2023)
Star Trek: Prodigy is a chapter book series based on the television series of the same name. Published by Simon Spotlight.

Strange New Worlds (2023–present)
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds is based on the television series of the same name. The first novel is an introduction to the crew of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) under the command of Christopher Pike. The Strange New Worlds short story series published from 1998 to 2016 is unrelated.

Video game novelizations
Novelizations of the Star Trek video games. Star Trek: Klingon (1996) was also dramatized as an audiobook by Hilary Bader. A novelization of Star Trek: Borg (1996), to be written by Diane Carey, was announced but never published.

Crossover novels
Crossover novels that feature characters and settings from the various television series and films:

Omnibus editions
Novels from various book lines collected into omnibus editions:

Short story collections
Collections of short fiction from various book lines:

Titan Books (1987–present)
A division of the Titan Publishing Group, Titan Books reprinted Simon & Schuster and Bantam Books originals for the United Kingdom market from 1987 to 1995. Penguin Random House distributes Titan's licensed publications to the United States and Canada. Outside of North America, Titan's reprints are the most widely available editions. Many reprints include spelling corrections and unexplained prose changes to the original text.

Star Trek reprints (1987–1993)
Reprints of Pocket Book's Star Trek novels with a different number scheme from the original publication:

Giant Novel reprints (1987–1990)
Reprints of select novels marketed as Star Trek Giant Novels, each featuring step-back cover art by Boris Vallejo. The reprint of Enterprise: The First Voyage, by Vonda N. McIntyre, was scheduled for a September 1987 release but was withdrawn for unknown reasons. Not all printings include a number stamp.

New Voyages reprints (1992)
Reprints of Star Trek: The New Voyages short story collections. Both volumes include spelling corrections and unexplained prose changes.

Star Trek Adventures reprints (1993–1995)
Reprints of Bantam's Star Trek Adventures excluding Spock Must Die! (1970) and Spock, Messiah! (1976). Some printings include spelling corrections and unexplained prose changes. Not all printings include a number stamp.

Autobiography series (2015–2023)
Autobiographies as written by the titular characters. The authors are credited as "editors". The series follows the continuity of films, television series, and relaunch book lines. The Autobiography of Mr. Spock was previously scheduled for release in 2018, but was rescheduled for unknown reasons. Not all printings include a number stamp.

Prometheus English reprints (2017–18)
English-language reprints of Star Trek: Prometheus. The novels received a continuity edit by Keith DeCandido.

Star Trek Explorer Presents (2022–2024)
Illustrated short fiction commissioned by Star Trek Explorer magazine. Published by Titan Comics in 'bookazine' format.

Other licensed works
Below is an incomplete list of licensed works from other publishers:

Mission to Horatius (1968–1999)
Star Trek: Mission to Horatius (1968) was the first young adult novel to be based on the television series, and the only novel to be published while the series aired on NBC. Published by Whitman Books as part of a book line based on popular television properties. As with other Whitman titles, the novel was released to libraries, booksellers, and news agents, on different dates. A facsimile edition was published by Pocket Books in 1999.

Star Trek Reader (1976–1978)
The Star Trek Reader is a four-volume, limited-edition collection of Jame's Blish's adaptations of The Original Series. Spock Must Die! (1970), also by Blish, was included in Volume IV. Published by E. P. Dutton. Variants were made available to the Science Fiction Book Club from 1976 to 1979.

Science Fiction Book Club (1998–2007)
The Science Fiction Book Club has published omnibus editions of Star Trek miniseries exclusively to club members. Variants intended for libraries are also known to exist. Below is an incomplete list:

Classic Episodes (2016)
Star Trek: The Classic Episodes (2016) collects many of James Blish's and J. A. Lawrence's adaptations of The Original Series into a single volume. Published by Barnes & Noble as part of the Collectible Editions series.

Prometheus (2016)
Star Trek: Prometheus is a German-language flagship concept series commissioned by Cross Cult as part of Star Trek 50th Anniversary celebration. English translation was published by Titan Books in 2017.

Unpublished novels
Below is an incomplete list of unpublished Star Trek novels:

Bantam Books (1978–1981)
The following is an incomplete list of unpublished novels attributed to Bantam Books:

Simon & Schuster (1979–2019)
The following is an incomplete list of unpublished novels attributed to Simon & Schuster:

title: List of Star Trek novels


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Linwood Cemetery (Dubuque)

Linwood Cemetery is located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. It is located on Windsor Avenue in the north end of Dubuque.

History
The cemetery is one of the main cemeteries in Dubuque. Originally established for the Protestants of the city, the cemetery now serves members of all faiths. If current burial procedures are followed in the future, the cemetery is estimated to have enough room for the next 1,200 years.

The cemetery is noted for the large gates at the entrance to the cemetery. The gates were given in memory of a local businessman and banker. It is also noted for the well cared for grounds, part of which sit on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River.

Notable burials
A number of famous people have been interred at Linwood Cemetery. These include Iowa Governor Stephen P. Hempstead, for whom Hempstead High School is named, a U.S. Senator William Boyd Allison, and former Speaker of the US House David Bremner Henderson. Other notable local people buried at the cemetery include the author Eunice Gibbs Allyn, local tailor Rocco Buda, and former city councilman Donald Deich. Oran Pape - the first member of the Iowa State Patrol to have been murdered in the line of duty, as well as the first State Trooper to die in the line of duty - is also buried at Linwood. Major Stuart Anderson - a member of the U.S. Army Reserve who died in the January 7, 2006 UH-60 Black Hawk near Tal Afar, Iraq was also recently buried at Linwood. Len Kruse, a forty-year veteran of the US Postal Service turned local historian is also interred here. Len's writings appeared in numerous local publications, including the Telegraph Herald and Julien's Journal.

Management
The cemetery is owned and operated by the Linwood Cemetery Association. They have operated the cemetery since 1875. Prior to that, the cemetery was owned by the city. However the city had not done a good job maintaining the cemetery, which resulted in the cemetery being in poor condition. This led to a number of citizens voting to turn over control to the Association.

Recently, the cemetery has built a mausoleum that also includes a number of columbarium niches. The cemetery plans to build several more similar mausoleums.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Linwood Cemetery (Dubuque)


text:
Kevin Thorn

Kevin Matthew Fertig (born January 17, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working with WWE under the ring names Mordecai and Kevin Thorn.

Fertig made his professional wrestling debut in 2000, and quickly began working for the Memphis Championship Wrestling promotion in his hometown, under the ring name Seven. There he won the Hardcore, Southern Tag Team and Southern Heavyweight Championships. He signed a contract with WWE in April 2002, and was assigned to their developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). He competed in OVW for two years, winning the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship with Travis Bane, before being called up to the SmackDown brand as Mordecai, a religious zealot. The character only lasted a few months, and he returned to OVW before being released in mid-2005.

He competed on the independent circuit for the next year, before returning to WWE to wrestle on its ECW brand as Kevin Thorn, a vampire character. He gained Ariel as a valet, and later joined the New Breed faction in early 2007. After Ariel was released in mid-2007, Thorn continued to wrestle on ECW, but was sent to OVW in late 2007, after undergoing an image change. He wrestled in both OVW and WWE's other developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling, until January 2009, when he was released from his contract. He then returned to the independent circuit, and also wrestled in Europe as Seven Thorn.

Early Career (2000–2002)
Fertig first got involved in professional wrestling by working out with wrestler Sid Vicious in Gold's Gym in Memphis. Beginning his career in 2000, Fertig quickly began wrestling as Seven in Memphis Championship Wrestling and some other independent promotions. Seven was a gimmick based on the seven deadly sins. He won the MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship on July 7, 2001. He also won the MCW Southern Tag Team Championship with Thrash, and held the MCW Hardcore Championship.

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2002−2004)
In April 2002, Fertig signed a developmental deal with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was assigned to their development territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he continued to use the Seven gimmick. After wrestling sporadically in OVW throughout 2002 and 2003, against wrestlers including Chris Cage and Johnny Jeter, he joined the Disciples of Synn stable. Along with stable-mate Travis Bane, he won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on March 5, 2003, by defeating Lance Cade and René Duprée. After holding the championship for just over a month, they were forced to vacate it on April 10, when Bane suffered an injury. In late 2003 and early 2004, Seven and Bane began competing in dark matches prior to the Raw television show, using their real names of Kevin Fertig and Travis Tomko respectively.

Mordecai (2004)
In 2004, Fertig pitched the idea of a religious character named Mordecai to Vince McMahon. In late April 2004, Fertig was called up to the SmackDown! brand with vignettes playing on the show announcing his new character, Mordecai, a religious Zealot-type character, which was partially based on his previous Seven gimmick. During numerous promos, Mordecai claimed to be on a crusade to rid the world of sin. He consistently wore white and had blonde hair and a beard as a sign of his purity. Mordecai debuted in-ring for the SmackDown! brand on May 16, 2004, during the Judgment Day pay-per-view, defeating Scotty 2 Hotty. In later appearances, Mordecai condemned the audience for their sins, and led them in prayer. At The Great American Bash, Mordecai defeated Hardcore Holly. On the July 1 episode of Smackdown, Mordecai lost to Rey Mysterio. In early July, however, the gimmick was dropped and Fertig was sent back to OVW for more training.

Return to OVW and departure (2004−2005)
Fertig's return to OVW was also due to his involvement in a bar fight, and subsequent impending lawsuits meant that WWE decided to take Fertig off television. Fertig returned to OVW, wrestling under a mask as Vengeance, and competed only sporadically against wrestlers including Elijah Burke, Mark Henry, Johnny Jeter, and Matt Cappotelli. He was soon released in July 2005.

Independent circuit (2005–2006)
Following his WWE release, Fertig began using the Mordecai name again while working on the independent circuit. He wrestled for Memphis Wrestling, where he won the Southern Title in March 2005. He went on to retain the championship in a match against Garrison Cade on April 16. He also worked for UCW, and wrestled against competitors including Marty Jannetty and Shayne Maddox.

ECW (2006–2007)
Fertig made his return in June 2006 on WWE's ECW brand as a vampire. His first appearances on ECW on Sci Fi saw him appear in several vignettes, looking into the camera and spitting blood, while remaining unnamed and unofficially known as the "ECW Vampire". The idea behind the vignettes was that Fertig was to be part of a 'vampire' faction with Gangrel and Ariel; however, the faction did not materialise on television. The vignettes later expanded to include Ariel as a tarot card reader.

Fertig's televised in-ring debut for the brand on the July 25 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, defeating Little Guido Maritato, with Ariel acting as his valet. The next week, in another vignette, Ariel revealed his name to be Kevin Thorn. Ariel then increased her ringside presence during Thorn's matches, often interfering in his matches, and Thorn began a scripted feud with Balls Mahoney. In order to counteract Ariel's interference, Mahoney began bringing in Francine as an equalizer. The two teams feuded until early October, until Francine was released by WWE. As Ariel began to feud with Kelly Kelly, Thorn became caught up in the feud and at the December to Dismember pay-per-view, Thorn and Ariel defeated Kelly and Kelly's on-screen boyfriend Mike Knox in a mixed tag team match, after Knox walked out on Kelly.

On February 6, 2007, Thorn and Ariel joined Elijah Burke, Matt Striker, and Marcus Cor Von in forming The New Breed stable, with Thorn taking on the enforcer role and describing himself as the "muscle" of the group. The New Breed immediately engaged themselves in a feud with the ECW Originals (Rob Van Dam, Tommy Dreamer, Sabu and The Sandman). Different members of the New Breeds wrestled members of the ECW originals over several weeks, leading up to WrestleMania 23. At WrestleMania, the New Breed was defeated by the ECW Originals in an 8-man tag team match, but won a rematch on the following episode of ECW. In April, CM Punk aligned himself with the New Breed after weeks of recruiting. Just two weeks later, however, Punk betrayed the New Breed and attacked Burke after a match. The following week, Burke announced a match between Thorn and Punk, but Thorn lost. After the match, Thorn quit the New Breed, as none of the other members interfered during the match to help him.

On May 18, Ariel was released by WWE. The following week, Thorn appeared by himself, with the commentators claiming that Thorn was "flying solo". After leaving Ariel, Thorn was pushed, defeating superstars such as Tommy Dreamer and Stevie Richards. His winning streak came to an end on July 3, however, when he lost to CM Punk on ECW. Thorn then began a feud with Stevie Richards, after Richards defeated Thorn in an upset on two consecutive occasions. Following this, Thorn attacked Richards backstage. He later pinned Richards in a match, but the referee reversed the decision, and awarded the match to Richards, when Thorn attacked Richards after the match. Despite this, Thorn defeated Richards the following week, and then teamed up with Elijah Burke to defeat Richards and Tommy Dreamer in a tag team match. On the September 18 episode of ECW, Thorn along with Burke, Dreamer, and Richards involved themselves in an Elimination Chase to No Mercy to face Punk. In their first match, a fatal four-way, Thorn was victorious, eliminating Richards, but was eliminated himself the following week, due to being pinned in a triple threat match.

On November 20, 2007, Thorn debuted a new look, with shorter hair and different ring attire, while defeating Nunzio. Soon after this image change, Thorn was taken off of television and sent to the WWE developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling.

Developmental territories (2008–2009)
In early 2008, Fertig made his return to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), and began wrestling under his real name. He competed against wrestlers including Pat Buck, J.D. Michaels, and Kofi Kingston. In mid-2008, Fertig moved to the new developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and reverted to the Kevin Thorn name. His first match in FCW was on May 3, when he defeated Afa Anoa'i Jr. in a Street Fight. On May 6, he teamed up with Atlas DaBone to defeat Afa, Jr. and "The Upgrade" Tyrone Jones. His first loss in FCW was on June 3, when he was defeated by Shawn Spears, following a distraction from Sinn Bowdee.

Fertig was part of plans for a faction to feud with The Undertaker in mid-2008, however, he underwent hip surgery in September, and the plans did not proceed. He competed in his final match in FCW on December 4, when he, Sheamus, and Gavin Spears were defeated by Joe Hennig, Johnny Prime, and Eric Escobar in a six-man elimination match. In January 2009, he was offered a new contract with WWE, but turned it down. As a result, WWE announced that he had been released from his contract by request on January 9, although his contract did not technically end until April 5, preventing him from wrestling for other promotions.

Return to Independent circuit (2009–2011, 2015–present)
Following his release from WWE, Fertig toured Europe, and stated he was considering working in Mexico and Puerto Rico. He has been using the Kevin Thorn vampire gimmick, in various independent promotions, such as One Pro Wrestling and Dynamic Pro Wrestling, and has also wrestled as Seven Thorn. At the September 1, 2009, tapings of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Impact! television show Fertig wrestled in a dark match under the ring name Serpent, losing to Kip James.

Fertig appeared at German Stampede Wrestling shows in September 2010 as Seven Thorn. He wrestles for Frontier Elite Wrestling as 'Kevin Thorn', and won the FEW Heavyweight Championship. In 2011, he took a hiatus from wrestling.

In 2015, he returned to wrestling.

Personal life
Fertig has a son. He also is friends with Matt and Jeff Hardy. As of 2020, Fertig is a realtor in the Indianapolis, Indiana metro area.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Frontier Elite Wrestling
 * FEW Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
 * Memphis Championship Wrestling
 * MCW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * MCW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Trash
 * Memphis Wrestling
 * Memphis Wrestling Southern Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Travis Bane
 * Vanguard Championship Wrestling
 * VCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Gangrel
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Worst Gimmick (2004)

title: Kevin Thorn


text:
Peoria people

The Peoria are a Native American people. They are enrolled in the federally recognized Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma.

The Peoria people are descendants of the Illinois Confederation. The Peoria Tribe were located east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River. In the colonial period, they traded with French colonists in that territory.

After 1763, when the British took over those lands following victory in the Seven Years' War, the Peoria were moved west across the Mississippi. In 1867 their descendants moved to Indian Territory with remnants of related tribes and were assigned land in present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma, which was primarily occupied by the Quapaw.

Language and name
The Peoria speak a dialect of the Miami–Illinois language, a Central Algonquian language in which these two dialects are mutually intelligible.

The name Peoria, also Peouaroua, derives from their autonym, or name for themselves in the Illinois language, peewaareewa (modern pronunciation peewaalia). Originally it meant, "Comes carrying a pack on his back." No native speakers of the Peoria language survive. The Peoria Language was revitalized in August 2022 by a 10-week online course offered by the tribe. Along with the Miami language, a smaller number of historic members of the Peoria tribe of Oklahoma once spoke related Algonquian languages of Cahokia, Moingwea, and Tamaroa.

Government
The Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma is headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Ottawa County, in the northeast corner of the state. Of the 3,713 enrolled tribal members, some 777 live within the state of Oklahoma. Craig Harper is the tribe's elected Chief, and is serving a four-year term.

Economic development
The Peoria issue their own tribal vehicle tags and operate their own housing authority. The tribe owns one casino and the Peoria Ridge Golf Course. The estimated annual economic impact of the tribe in the area is $60 million. Tribal businesses, the Peoria Gaming Center, Buffalo Run Casino and Hotel, and Joe's Outback are all located in Miami, Oklahoma, their tribal lands.

History
The Peoria are Algonquian-speaking people. Their ancestors traditionally lived in what are now the state jurisdictions of Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, and Missouri. The Peoria are related to, and partially descended from, the Cahokia people, not to be confused with Cahokia Mounds.

The Peoria were one of the many Illinois tribes encountered by early French explorers, Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet. French Jesuit missionaries converted tribal members to Roman Catholicism. Father Jacques Gravier, superior of the Illinois mission, compiled the most extensive bilingual dictionary of Kaskaskia Illinois and corresponding French terms, nearly 600 pages and 20,000 entries.

After 1763 France ceded its Illinois Country and other territories east of the Mississippi River to the British, who had defeated them in the Seven Years' War. Like many of the French colonists in villages in this area, the Peoria migrated southwest into Missouri Territory. For instance, Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis were founded in that era by French colonists from east of the river who did not want to live under British Protestant rule.

In 1818, after the United States (US) had taken over former British territory east of the Mississippi following their gaining independence, they pressed the Peoria to sign the Treaty of Edwardsville, which provided for the cession of Peoria lands in Illinois to the US. The US pressed for Indian Removal from areas desired by European-American settlers, who kept pushing west, and President Andrew Jackson signed the act of that name in 1830. By the 1832 Treaty of Lewisville, the Peoria ceded Missouri lands in exchange for land in Kansas near the Osage River, which was then part of Indian Territory.

The tribe suffered from introduced new infectious diseases and intertribal wars in new areas of resource competition. In 1849, remnant members of the Kaskaskia, Peoria, Piankeshaw, and Wea tribes formed a confederacy under the Peoria name. The confederation included the last members and descendants of the Cahokia, Moingwena, Michigamea and Tamaroa tribes, who had assimilated with the Peoria many year before. The Pepikokia also joined, having merged with the Wea and Piankashaw in the later part of the 18th century. In 1851, an Indian agent reported that the Peoria and the Kaskaskia, along with their allies, had intermarried among themselves and among white people to such an extent that they had practically lost their identities. An 1854 treaty recognized this as a factual union and classified these groups as the Confederated Peoria. The treaty also provided for opening the Peoria-Kaskaskia and the Wea-Piankashaw reserves in Kansas to settlement by non-Indians.

After the Civil War, most of the confederated tribe signed the 1867 Omnibus Treaty. By this means, the US federally government purchased land from the Quapaw tribe and relocated the majority of the Confederated Peoria tribe onto a 72000 acre reservation in Indian Territory, part of present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Congress enacted a law to unite the Miami tribe, then also in Kansas, and assign them to lands with the Confederated Peoria.

In 1893, under the Dawes Act, the US broke up communal lands in Indian Territory to speed assimilation and make more land available for sale to non-Indians. Allotments were made to enrolled heads of households over the next few years, to extinguish Indian claims and enable the territories to be admitted as a state. In 1907, after admission of Oklahoma, any "surplus" land as determined by the US in former Confederated Peoria territory was transferred to Ottawa County, which could sell it.

Under the Dawes Act and Curtis Act of 1898, the US government conducted registration of tribal members in order to make individual allotments of land to heads of families. They believed that encouraging subsistence agriculture was the way to bring the tribal members into European-American practices. It also enabled them to break up the communal culture and make land available for sale to whites. At the same time, they forced tribal governments to dismantle before Oklahoma was admitted as a state. The Peoria lost much of their land in these transactions and suffered with the pressure to give up their culture. For decades, the Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed tribal chiefs, who previously had been selected by hereditary roles.

The federal government changed its approach during the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, after realizing the adverse effects of those actions. In 1934 it passed a law encouraging federally recognized tribes (generally those who had been on reservations) to reorganize their governments, encouraging a constitutional, representative model similar to that of the US and states. Similarly, the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act was passed in 1939. Under that, the Confederated Peoria reorganized and re-established its historical form of council government.

During the 1950s, the US government changed policies again, promoting Indian termination to end its special relationship with tribes that it believed were ready to be independent. It terminated the Peoria tribal government, which lost federal recognition in 1959. Tribal members objected and began the process to regain federal recognition, because it provided important education and welfare benefits. They achieved federal recognition in 1978. The Miami tribe was never 'terminated'.

Descendants of the Piankeshaw, Kaskaskia, and Wea, who were all members of the Illinois Confederacy, are also enrolled in the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.

Namesakes

 * The city of Peoria, Illinois, and the surrounding Peoria County are named after the tribe that traditionally lived in that area.
 * The Peoria War occurred in their historic territory but is named for the town, as the tribe had migrated to Missouri before this conflict occurred.
 * Paola, Kansas, and Peoria, Oklahoma, are named directly for the tribe.
 * Many other places named Peoria and some U.S. Navy ships were named after the town in Illinois.

Notable Peoria people

 * Charles Edwin Dagenett (1873–1941), founder and leader of the Society of American Indians
 * Ruthe Blalock Jones (b. 1939), Shawnee/Peoria artist and educator
 * Moscelyne Larkin (1925-2012), Peoria/Shawnee ballerina

title: Peoria people


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coin directory

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Coin directory.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Ad. Mikkalai 02:52, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. Delete. Alcarillo 05:08, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - SimonP 11:45, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Quite blatant too - Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 16:26, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - PlatinumX 07:44, 2004 May 21 (UTC)
 * Delete - Mud 12:18, 2004 May 25 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wan Ling Record

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Wan Ling Record.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

A poem. Not sure if it's famous one or original poetry by a Wikipedian but it does not belong here. Andris 02:52, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Reads like someone was indulging in the same psychedelics as the individual responsible for that "Yellow Submarine" thing a few days ago. This sure doesn't strike me as famous.  Redirect if legit, delete otherwise. - Lucky 6.9 16:51, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This was written by a one-day user name of Zenslut a couple months ago. The current page should definitely go.  The Wan Ling Record is by Huangbo Xiyun.  Redirect there or delete. - Nat Krause 13:20, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Djwerder

I work full-time and live in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. I have recently discovered Wikipedia through the Webby Awards.

External Link: Werder Site

title: User:Djwerder


text:
Sawatch Range

The Sawatch Range or Saguache Range  is a high and extensive mountain range in central Colorado which includes eight of the twenty highest peaks in the Rocky Mountains, including Mount Elbert, at 14440 ft elevation, the highest peak in the Rockies.

The range is oriented along a northwest–southeast axis, extending roughly 80 mi from 39.62667°N, -106.53694°W in the north to 38.0975°N, -106.06333°W in the south. The range contains fifteen peaks in excess of 14000 ft, also known as fourteeners. The range forms a part of the Continental Divide, and its eastern side drains into the headwaters of the Arkansas River. The western side of the range feeds the headwaters of the Roaring Fork River, the Eagle River, and the Gunnison River, tributaries of the Colorado River.

The Sawatch mountains in general are high, massive, and relatively gentle in contour. While some peaks are rugged enough to require technical climbing, most can be climbed by a simple, yet arduous hike. Notable summits include Mount Elbert, Mount Massive, La Plata Peak, Mount of the Holy Cross, and the Collegiate Peaks (Mounts Columbia, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Belford, and Oxford).

State Highway 82 traverses the range at Independence Pass (Colorado). It is also traversed by Cottonwood Pass, which connects the town of Buena Vista with Gunnison County. Both Independence Pass and Cottonwood Pass are over 12000 ft, making them 2 of the highest passes in Colorado and are typically open only from late spring to mid autumn. Hagerman Pass is another pass to the north, connecting the Arkansas Headwaters near Leadville with the upper valley of the Fryingpan River. Hagerman Pass is traversable with four-wheel drive vehicles and on foot during summer and early autumn months. The range contains numerous hiking trails within the San Isabel National Forest and White River National Forest.

title: Sawatch Range


text:
Nirmala Srivastava

Nirmala Srivastava (née Nirmala Salve; 21 March 1923 – 23 February 2011), also known as Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, was the founder and guru of Sahaja Yoga, a new religious movement. She claimed to have been born fully realised and spent her life working for peace by developing and promoting a simple technique through which people can achieve their self-realization.

Early life
Born in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India to a Hindu father and a Christian mother Prasad and Cornelia Salve, her parents named her Nirmala, which means "immaculate". She said that she was born self-realised. Her father, a scholar of fourteen languages, translated the Quran into Marathi, and her mother was the first woman in India to receive an honours degree in mathematics. Shri Mataji descended from the royal Shalivahana/Satavahana dynasty. The former union minister N.K.P. Salve was her brother and the lawyer Harish Salve is her nephew. The Salve surname is one of several in the Satavahana Maratha clan.

She passed her childhood years in the family house in Nagpur. In her youth she stayed in the ashram of Mahatma Gandhi. Like her parents, she was involved with the struggle for Indian independence and, as a youth leader when a young woman, was jailed for participating in the Quit India Movement in 1942. Taking responsibility for her younger siblings and living a spartan lifestyle during this period infused the feeling of self-sacrifice for the wider good. She studied at the Christian Medical College in Ludhiana and the Balakram Medical College in Lahore.

Shortly before India achieved independence in 1947, Shri Mataji married Chandrika Prasad Srivastava, a high-ranking Indian civil servant who later served Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri as Joint Secretary, and was bestowed an honorary KCMG by Elizabeth II. They had two daughters, Kalpana Srivastava and Sadhana Varma. In 1961, Nirmala Srivastava launched the "Youth Society for Films" to infuse national, social and moral values in young people. She was also a member of the Central Board of Film Certification.

Sahaja Yoga

Nirmala Srivastava founded Sahaja Yoga in 1970.

Later work

In 2003 a charity house for the rehabilitation of destitute women was set up in Delhi (the Vishwa Nirmala Prem Ashram). She set up the Shri P.K. Salve Kala Pratishthan in Nagpur as an international music school in the same year, to promote classical music and fine art.

Until 2004, during her travels, she gave numerous public lectures, pujas, and interviews to newspapers, television and radio. In 2004 her official website announced that she had completed her work and Sahaja Yoga centers exist in almost every country of the world. She continued to give talks to her devotees and allowed them to offer her puja.

She spoke on several occasions about the harms of drinking alcohol and that many people were cured from addiction when they got their self realization through Sahaja Yoga.

Honors and recognition

 * Italy, 1986. Declared "Personality of the Year" by the Italian Government.
 * New York, 1990–1994. Invited by the United Nations for four consecutive years to speak about means to achieve world peace.
 * St. Peterburg, Russia, 1993. Appointed as honorary member of the Petrovskaya Academy of Art and Science.
 * Romania, 1995. Awarded honorary doctorate in cognitive science by the Ecological University Bucharest.
 * China, 1995. Official guest of the Chinese Government to speak at the United Nations International Women's Conference.
 * Pune, India, 1996. On the occasion of the 700th Anniversary of Saint Gyaneshwara, she addressed the "World Philosophers Meet '96 - A Parliament of Science, Religion and Philosophy" at Maharashtra Institute of Technology.
 * London, 1997. Claes Nobel, grandnephew of Alfred Nobel, chairman of United Earth, honoured her life and work in a public speech at the Royal Albert Hall.
 * A road in Navi Mumbai, near the Sahaja Yoga Health and Research Center, was named in her honor.
 * Cabella Ligure, Italy, 2006. She was awarded honorary Italian citizenship.
 * Cabella Ligure, Italy, 2009. Bhajan Sopori and his son Abhay Sopori composed the raag Nirmalkauns in her honour.

title: Nirmala Srivastava


text:
John Edwards (disambiguation)

John Edwards (born 1953) is an American politician who was a candidate for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination.

John Edwards may also refer to:

Entertainment

 * John Edwards (1699–1776), Welsh poet
 * John Edwards (1747–1792), Welsh poet
 * John Edwards (1751–1832), Irish poet
 * John Edwards (painter) (1742–1815), English painter, designer, illustrator and botanist
 * John Kelt Edwards (1875–1934), Welsh artist and cartoonist
 * John Paul Edwards (1884–1968), American photographer
 * John Uzzell Edwards (1934–2014), Welsh painter
 * John Edwards (singer) (born 1944), American R&B singer for the Spinners
 * John Edwards (musician) (born 1953), English bass guitarist for Status Quo
 * John Edwards (producer) (born 1953), Australian television drama producer
 * Johnny Edwards (musician), singer for the band Foreigner

United States

 * John Edwards (Kentucky politician) (1748–1837), Anti-Administration party
 * John Edwards (Charleston politician) (1760–1798), mayor of Charleston, South Carolina
 * John Edwards Caldwell (1769–1819), consular agent for the West Indies and San Domingo
 * John Stark Edwards (1777–1813), Ohio's 6th congressional district
 * John Edwards (New York politician) (1781–1850), 15th congressional district, 1837–1839
 * John Edwards (Pennsylvania politician) (1786–1843), 4th congressional district Anti-Mason (1839–1841) and Whig (1841–1843)
 * John Cummins Edwards (1804–1888), Democrat from Missouri; Congress at-large (1841–1843); governor (1844–1848)
 * John Edwards (Arkansas politician) (1805–1894), 3rd congressional district (March 1871 – February 1872)
 * John Edwards (Wisconsin politician) (1831–1891), Wisconsin State Assembly
 * John H. Edwards (banker) (1875–1955), Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
 * John S. Edwards (Virginia politician) (born 1943), in the Senate of Virginia
 * John Edwards (Rhode Island politician) (born 1958), state legislator in Rhode Island
 * John Bel Edwards (born 1966), Governor of Louisiana
 * John Charles Edwards, Arkansas House of Representatives

United Kingdom

 * John Edwards (MP for Bridgwater) (fl. 1562–1573), MP for Bridgwater
 * John Edwards (MP for Denbighshire) (c. 1562–1625), MP for Denbighshire
 * John Edwards (MP for Flint Boroughs) (died 1635), MP for Flint Boroughs
 * Sir John Edwards, 1st Baronet, of Garth (1770–1850), British MP for Montgomery (1833–1841)
 * John Edwards-Vaughan (1772–1833), British MP for Glamorganshire and Wells
 * John Passmore Edwards (1823–1911), British Liberal MP for Salisbury, elected in 1880; also newspaperman and philanthropist
 * J. Hugh Edwards (1869–1945), British Liberal MP for Mid Glamorgan (1910–1918); Neath (1918–1922); Accrington (1923–1929)
 * John Edwards (Welsh politician) (1882–1960), British Liberal MP for Aberavon (1918–1922)
 * John Edwards (Labour politician) (1904–1959), British MP for Blackburn (1945–1950); Brighouse and Spenborough (1950–1959)

Elsewhere

 * John Edwards (Australian politician) (1820–1872), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 * John Wesley Edwards (1865–1929), Conservative politician from Ontario; House of Commons (1908–1921 and 1925–1929)
 * John Edwards (regulator), New Zealand-born Information Commissioner for the United Kingdom

Religion

 * John Edwards (divine) (1637–1716), English Calvinistic divine
 * John Edwards (minister) (1714–1785), English dissenting minister at Leeds, Yorkshire
 * John Edwards (Unitarian minister) (1768–1808), English nonconformist and political radical
 * John Edwards (missionary) (1828–1903), American protestant minister to the Choctaw Nation, best known for work at Wheelock Mission in present-day Oklahoma
 * John Edwards (hymnist) (1805–1885), Welsh Anglican priest and hymn composer
 * John Edwards (archdeacon of St Asaph) (1889–1976), Welsh Anglican priest

Sports

 * John Hawley Edwards (1850–1893), footballer in England and Wales; a founder of Welsh Football Association
 * Jack Edwards (cricketer, born 1860) (John Dunlop Edwards, 1860–1911), Australian cricketer
 * John Edwards (footballer, born 1875) (1875–?), English soccer player
 * John Edwards (Canadian football) (1912–2005), Canadian football player
 * John Edwards (cricketer, born 1928) (1928–2002), Australian cricketer
 * John Edwards (Barbadian cricketer) (1909–1976), Barbadian cricketer
 * John Edwards (Australian footballer) (born 1942), Australian rules footballer
 * John Edwards (canoeist) (born 1954), Canadian sprint canoer
 * John Edwards (basketball) (born 1981), American basketball player
 * John Edwards (racing driver) (born 1991), American racing driver

Other

 * John Edwards (academic) (1600–1660?), professor of Natural Philosophy at Oxford University 1638–1648
 * John Edwards (Siôn Treredyn) (1605/6–1656), Welsh translator who used the pen name "Siôn Treredyn"
 * John Edwards (American Civil War sailor) (1831–1902), member of U.S. Navy who was awarded Medal of Honor during the Civil War
 * John Newman Edwards (1839–1889), American frontier writer and newspaperman
 * John D. Edwards (1885–1918), American naval officer awarded the Navy Cross
 * John Bryn Edwards (1889–1922), Welsh ironmaster and philanthropist
 * John Ellis Edwards (1922–1979), Tuskegee airman
 * John Menlove Edwards (1910–1958), English child psychologist and poet
 * John H. Edwards (1928–2007), British medical geneticist
 * John Robert Edwards (born 1947), professor of psychology and language in Nova Scotia
 * John A. Edwards (born 1960), Irish judge
 * John M. Edwards, professor of surgery
 * John Edwards (British Army officer) (1896–?)
 * John Edwards (antiquarian) (1846–1937), Scottish lawyer, palaeographer and collector, see Edwards Professor of Medieval History

title: John Edwards (disambiguation)


text:
Gordon Elliott (journalist)

Gordon Elliott (born 30 September 1956) is a British Australian journalist and producer, radio and television personality and producer, based now in the United States.

Elliott was the executive producer of ABC's former daytime cooking related talk show The Chew, and had his own eponymous TV talk show program, between 1994 and 1997 The Gordon Elliott Show and Door Knock Dinners.

Early life and early career
Elliott was born in Everton, Liverpool, England, but grew up in Lewisham, New South Wales, Australia. He was educated at Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham and attended the University of Sydney for a law degree. While studying as a Sydney student, Elliott worked part-time on a radio show and ended up on Good Morning Australia  He also appeared as the Australian anchorman for the 1984 Olympic Concert Gala. The gala marked his third trip to Los Angeles, as he had earlier flown to Los Angeles to fill in as host of American Top 40 first in 1979 and again in 1980. At the time of his first AT40 appearance, which introduced him to American audiences, he was the youngest substitute host in the program's history.

After several jobs hosting morning news programs and landing work as the feature reporter on the Fox Television show A Current Affair (produced by New York's WNYW) in 1987, Elliott appeared as the house-entering feature reporter on WNYW's morning news program Good Day New York.

Mid-1990s to present
The 1990s had him take turns hosting game and talk shows, including The Gordon Elliott Show from 1994 to 1997. In 1990, Elliott also hosted To Tell the Truth for two months before being replaced by Lynn Swann. In 1991 he was the presenter for the Australian TV show, Hard Copy. In 2000, he hosted It's Your Chance of a Lifetime.

Recently he has hosted the TV Food Network's programs Doorknock Dinners, Follow That Food, and the Fine Living network's The Genuine Article, and was the TV pitchman for Campbell's Soup in the early 2000s. He had a recurring role on Oz as the host of a game show that was popular with the inmates. He formed his own production company, Follow Productions, in 1999. This company produces Paula Deen's Home Cooking, Paula's Best Dishes, and Paula's Party for Food Network. In 2007, he won a daytime Emmy for Best Lifestyle Series for his work on Paula Deen's Home Cooking.

His company has produced many other lifestyle series for cable networks, including Simply Wine with Andrea Immer, Pairings with Andrea, Best For Less, the first four seasons of Sandra Lee's Semi Home Made, We Live Here, and Pocket The Difference, and Pati Jinich's "Pati's Mexican Table" beginning with season three. He is executive producer of both Food Network shows hosted by Pat and Gina Neely: Down Home with the Neelys and Road Tasted with the Neelys.

In 2010, he began producing Spice & Easy for Food Network. He was also the executive producer and off-screen announcer for the lifestyle show The Chew, which aired from 2011 to 2018 as a part of ABC's daytime lineup.

Filmography

 * Casey Kasem's American Top 40 (substitute host, 9/8/1979 & 9/6/1980)
 * Good Morning Australia (breakfast TV) (1981–1987)
 * A Current Affair (1987–1991)
 * To Tell the Truth (1990)
 * Hard Copy/Hard Copy Australian Edition (1991)
 * Good Day New York
 * CBS This Morning (1993)
 * Ryori no tetsujin ("Iron Chef") (1993) (in the 2000 special "New York Battle")
 * The Gordon Elliott Show (talk show) (1994–1997)
 * World's Dumbest Criminals (1997)
 * Rencontre à New York (1998)
 * Trifling With Fate (2000)
 * It's Your Chance of a Lifetime (2000)
 * Oz (2001)
 * Follow That Food (2002)
 * The Genuine Article (2004)
 * The Next Food Network Star (2005)
 * Gordon Elliott's Door Knock Dinners

title: Gordon Elliott (journalist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cognitive Research Trust

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) Logan Talk Contributions 11:41, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Update: I count 1 to delete, 3 to keep. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:01, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Ad. (from cleanup) Mikkalai 03:06, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We have an article on Edward De Bono that looks quite legitimate.  I think this is also therefore legitimate.  It just needs a lot of work.  Isomorphic 05:54, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the page, just not the text. In serious need of a cleanup, reads like a puff-piece press release. Average Earthman 08:45, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a real and significant organisation. Agree the article needs work. Andrewa 20:15, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

content is wrong
CoRT is a kit for teaching thinking skills in the classroom. Maybe it could be useful in management, but that's a weird way to describe the package. Creativity is treated in one of the 6 books(10 out of 60 lessons), it's not the central theme of the course. Critical thinking also gets a book. There is a summary of the course at http://www.edwdebono.com/debono/cort.htm. A related package could be the Productive Thinking Program (Covington).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
National Citizens Coalition

The National Citizens Coalition (NCC) is a Canadian conservative lobby group that was incorporated in 1975 by Colin M. Brown, a successful insurance agent who strongly opposed public health insurance—medicare. In response to what he perceived to be excessive government spending in Canada, Brown had begun an advertisement campaign in 1967. Its slogan is “More freedom through less government.” campaigns against public sector unions and in favour of smaller government and lower taxes.

From 1998 to 2002, the president of the group was Stephen Harper, who served as the 22nd prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015.

Mandate
The NCC has supported privatization, tax cuts and government spending cuts; it also opposes electoral laws that limit third-party spending. It has been heavily involved in advertising, political campaigns and legal challenges in support of its goals of "more freedom through less government." The Tyee on March 23, 2011, described the NCC as an "Alberta-based think tank that crusades for smaller government and less taxes".

Overview
In the 1970s, the three federal political parties—the Liberals under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, the Conservatives under Robert Stanfield and the NDP under David Lewis—gave no voice to corporate Canada or the business elite in policy making in the Canadian parliament. Stanfield was supportive of state intervention, as a Red Tory. Lewis thought that big business received too many tax breaks and subsidies as "corporate welfare bums." In the 1970s, labour was increasing its power, public safety nets were being introduced, and participatory government was growing. To reverse this trend, from 1974 to 1976, CEOs took major initiatives. The Business Council on National Issues (BCNI), the Fraser Institute—a conservative and libertarian  public policy think tank established in 1974, and the National Citizens' Coalition—incorporated in 1975—were formed to change the political culture to support the business elite. The two latter organizations focussed on changing public opinion.

Incorporated in Ontario in 1975, the NCC was founded by insurance agent Colin M. Brown, who had begun an advertising campaign in 1967 against what he perceived as excessive government spending.

In 1987, David Somerville became the NCC's leader.

In 1993, the NCC successfully supported Stephen Harper's bid to become a Reform Party Member of Parliament for Calgary West.

In the 1990s, the NCC founded and funded Ontarians for Responsible Government, a lobby group that played a large role in electing the Progressive Conservative Harris government in Ontario of 1995–2003.

It has also legally challenged electoral financing laws limiting third-party advertising spending during election campaigns, but unsuccessfully, in Harper v. Canada (Attorney General).

In 1997, Harper resigned as Member of Parliament and joined the NCC and became the NCC's vice-president. From 1998 to 2002, Stephen Harper served as NCC president with Gerry Nicholls as vice-president. In 2002, Harper resigned as NCC's president to seek the leadership of the Canadian Alliance. Harper served as 22nd Prime Minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015.

At a June 1997 meeting of the American political organization, the Council for National Policy (CNP), held in Montreal, Quebec, Harper said that the American "conservative movement" was a light and an inspiration to [Canada] and across the world."   Harper compared Canada with the United States in the 1990s, saying that the "standard of living" was "substantially lower" in Canada while the unemployment rate was almost double that of the United States and that there was a "massive brain drain of young professionals". The Council for National Policy is a "little-known group that has served for decades as a hub for a nationwide network of conservative activists and the donors who support them". It was established during the Reagan administration in 1981 by right-wing conservative Christians. . Its members are a "few hundred of the most powerful conservatives in the country," who meet "behind closed doors at undisclosed locations for a confidential conference, according to the New York Times. In his speech. Harper summarized his perspective on the federal parties in 1997 with a focus on the Reform party, its leader Preston Manning, its strengths, weaknesses and future as a Christian conservative movement.

In 2003 Peter Coleman became NCC's full-time as Chief Operating Officer and in 2006 NCC's President and CEO.

The NCC holds no annual general membership meetings and provides no financial statements to its members. The organization's constitution distinguishes between 'voting' and 'public' members. Public members pay dues but do not have formal mechanisms for influencing the organization's policies or priorities. Public members are not entitled to be notified of or to attend any meetings, and they are not entitled to vote at any such meetings.

It is headquartered in Toronto and reports an annual budget of $2.8 million. The organization has fought to keep information about itself confidential, and opposed amendments to the Canada Elections Act that would have required third-party organizations like the NCC to publish the names of all contributors donating more than $250.

Campaigns against medicare
Brown was vehemently opposed to public health insurance, although the NCC is now reluctant to take such a stand on this issue, as it would be unpopular with the electorate. The NCC would go on in subsequent years to campaign against "socialized medicine" and other government programs.

Anti-labour campaigns
The NCC campaigned against the general strike organized by the Canadian Labour Congress against wage and price controls imposed by the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau in 1975.

Anti-union activity
In 1995 the NCC launched the "Canadians against forced unions" with spokesman Rob Anders saying, "The time has come to free Alberta's workers." The project was dedicated to the introduction of anti-union "right-to-work" legislation.

The NCC provided CA$1 million in financial support in a series of cases filed by Francis Lavigne, a former Ontario community college teacher who alleged that  Ontario Public Service Employees Union  fees were being used to support causes he opposed, which he claimed infringed his rights under the freedom of expression section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In a leading Supreme Court of Canada 1991 decision Lavigne v Ontario Public Service Employees Union, Lavigne lost.

Anti-immigration
During the refugee crisis, the Vietnamese boat people in 1979 and 1980, the NCC staged a campaign against admitting the refugees of the Viet Nam war into Canada. They placed newspaper advertisements "questioning whether the government has been forthcoming about the number of Vietnamese refugees they will allow into Canada." David Somerville appeared on the CBC Sunday Morning show to present the NCC's case.

Campaigns
The NCC has campaigned against :
 * the Canada Health Act,
 * the Canadian Wheat Board,
 * the general strike organized by the Canadian Labour Congress against wage and price controls imposed by the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau in 1975
 * the admittance of Vietnamese boat people (post-Vietnam War refugees) to Canada in 1979–1980
 * closed-shop unions
 * the so-called "gold-plated" pension plan for Members of Parliament
 * real or perceived government waste in general
 * the mandatory long-form census
 * Quebec's Charter of the French Language (Bill 101)

title: National Citizens Coalition


text:
Lernu!

lernu! is a multilingual, web-based free project for promoting and teaching Esperanto. The name Lernu comes from the imperative form of the Esperanto verb lerni, meaning "to learn". The site is run by E@I, an international youth organization, which started as a working group of the World Esperanto Youth Organization.

The site's content includes various tools for learning Esperanto, such as exercises, games, dictionaries, grammatical overviews, an examination system and a multimedia library with books, music, voice-narrated stories and videos. The site also provides communication services such as an instant messenger, discussion forums on various topics, and news about Esperanto events. Esperantists and Esperanto organizations can advertise their activities and services on the website.

History
The lernu! project was first proposed at the first Esperanto@Interreto (now E@I) seminar in Stockholm, Sweden in April 2000, and was developed in October 2001 at the second seminar of E@I, in Uppsala. In July 2002, the project received monetary support from the American Esperantic Studies Foundation (ESF), and work on the website started in August of the same year. It was publicly launched on 21 December 2002, and from then on has been supervised and developed by E@I with the ESF support and the help from many individual supporters and assistants.

During four years of the project's development, several people contributed. The core team was responsible for the overall supervision and development of lernu!. It was assisted by several designers and programmers. Dozens of translators used a specially-made online translation system to make the website available in more than 20 languages.

Courses
There are multiple courses on the website, ranging from simple word learning (Bildoj kaj Demandoj) to difficult rewriting of stories (Kio okazas)

Interface
Users are able to view the site's interface in their choice of 24 languages – Catalan, Chinese (both simplified and traditional characters), Danish, English, Esperanto, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Kirundi, Kiswahili, Norwegian (Bokmål), Persian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Swedish and Ukrainian; a further five languages—Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Indonesian and Spanish—have at least 70 percent of the interface localized; nine additional languages – Dutch, Greek, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Polish, Thai, Turkish and Vietnamese – are in varying stages of completing the interface translation.

Statistics

 * About 50,000 lernu.net users possess at least a basic understanding of Esperanto.
 * In 2013, the website reported 150,000 registered users and had between 150,000 and 200,000 visitors each month.
 * As of October 2018, Lernu had 320,000 registered users.
 * Currently, the website is being visited nearly 75 thousand times per month.
 * Most of the visitors come from Europe, South-East Asia and both Americas.

title: Lernu!


text:
Broome

Broome may refer to:

Australia

 * Broome, Western Australia
 * Broome International Airport
 * Broome Tramway
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Broome
 * Shire of Broome
 * Attack on Broome during World War II

United Kingdom

 * Broome Park, Kent
 * Broome, Norfolk
 * Broome, Shropshire
 * Broome, Worcestershire

United States

 * Broome, New York
 * Broome County, New York
 * Broome, Texas
 * Broome Street, New York City

Ships

 * HMAS Broome (ACPB 90), an Armidale class patrol boat
 * HMAS Broome (J191), a Bathurst class corvette
 * USS Broome (DD-210), a Clemson class destroyer

Other uses

 * Broome (name)
 * Broome Sandstone, a Mesozoic geologic formation
 * Broome (horse), thoroughbred racehorse

title: Broome


text:
Harold E. Varmus

Harold Eliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel Prize-winning scientist. He is currently the Lewis Thomas University Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and a senior associate at the New York Genome Center.

He was a co-recipient (along with J. Michael Bishop) of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. He was also the director of the National Institutes of Health from 1993 to 1999 and the 14th Director of the National Cancer Institute from 2010 to 2015, a post to which he was appointed by President Barack Obama.

Early life and education
Varmus was born on December 18, 1939, to Beatrice, a social service worker, and Frank Varmus, a physician, Jewish parents of Eastern European descent, in Oceanside, New York. In 1957, he graduated from Freeport High School in Freeport, New York, and enrolled at Amherst College, intending to follow in his father's footsteps as a medical doctor, but eventually graduating with a B.A. in English literature. He went on to earn an M.A. in English at Harvard University in 1962, before changing his mind once again and applying to medical schools. He was twice rejected from Harvard Medical School. That same year, he entered the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and later worked at a missionary hospital in Bareilly, India, and the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. As an alternative to serving militarily in the Vietnam War, Varmus joined the Public Health Service at the National Institutes of Health in 1968. Working under Ira Pastan, he researched the regulation of bacterial gene expression by cyclic AMP. In 1970, he began postdoctoral research in Bishop's lab at University of California, San Francisco.

Scientific career and research accomplishments
To fulfill his national service obligations during the Vietnam War, Varmus became a member of the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service, working as a Clinical Associate in the laboratory of Ira Pastan at the National Institutes of Health from 1968 to 1970. During this first period of laboratory research, he and Pastan and their colleagues described aspects of the mechanism by which the lac operon of E. coli is regulated transcriptionally by cyclic AMP. In 1970, he and his wife, Constance Casey, moved to San Francisco, where he began post-doctoral studies with Michael Bishop at University of California, San Francisco under a fellowship from the California Division of the American Cancer Society. Appointed as an assistant professor in the UCSF Department of Microbiology and Immunology in 1972, he was promoted to professor in 1979 and became an American Cancer Society Research Professor in 1984.

During the course of his years at UCSF (1970 to 1993), Varmus's scientific work was focused principally on the mechanisms by which retroviruses replicate, cause cancers in animals, and produce cancer-like changes in cultured cells. Much of this work was conducted jointly with Michael Bishop in a notably long scientific partnership. Their best-known accomplishment was the identification of a cellular gene (c-Src) that gave rise to the v-Src oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus, a cancer-causing virus first isolated from a chicken sarcoma by Peyton Rous in 1910. Their discovery triggered the identification of many other cellular proto-oncogenes—progenitors of viral oncogenes and targets for mutations that drive human cancers. Much of this work and its consequences are described in his Nobel lecture and Bishop's, in Varmus's book The Art and Politics of Science, and in numerous histories of cancer research.

Other significant components of Varmus's scientific work over the past four and a half decades include descriptions of the mechanisms by which retroviral DNA is synthesized and integrated into chromosomes; discovery of the Proto-oncogene Wnt-1 with Roel Nusse;  elucidation of aspects of the replication cycle of hepatitis B virus (with Donald Ganem ); discovery of ribosomal frameshifting to make retroviral proteins (with Tyler Jacks ); isolation of a cellular receptor for avian retroviruses (with John Young and Paul Bates ); characterization of mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human lung cancers, including a common mutation that confers drug resistance (with William Pao ); and generation of numerous mouse models of human cancer. Notably, Varmus continued to conduct or direct laboratory work throughout his service in leadership positions at the NIH, MSKCC, and NCI.

Politics and government service
In the early 1990s, following the award of their Nobel Prize, Varmus and Bishop became active in the politics of science, working principally with UCSF colleagues Bruce Alberts and Marc Kirschner, and with the Joint Steering Committee (later renamed the Coalition for the Life Sciences). He also co-chaired Scientists and Engineers for Clinton-Gore during the 1992 presidential campaign.

National Institutes of Health directorship
After the resignation of NIH Director Bernadine Healy in April, 1993, Varmus was nominated for the post by President William J. Clinton in July, and confirmed by the Senate in November. As the NIH director, Varmus was credited with helping to nearly double the research agency's budget; but his tenure was also noted for appointments of outstanding scientists to serve as Institute Directors; for excellent relationships with members of Congress and the Administration; for leadership on clinical and AIDS research; for policy statements about stem cell research, cloning of organisms, gene therapy, and patenting; for promoting global health research, especially on malaria; and for construction of new facilities, including a new Clinical Center and a Vaccine Research Center at the NIH.

Between directorships
Varmus supported the presidential candidacies of Al Gore (2000) and John Kerry (2004). During the George W. Bush presidency, he gave lectures critical of the Administration's science policies. But he has also written a laudatory account of PEPFAR (the President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief), Bush's initiative to combat AIDS globally.

Varmus declared his support for Barack Obama's quest for the presidency early in 2008 and chaired the campaign's Science and Technology Committee. Following Obama's election, he was named by the president-elect as one of three co-chairs of PCAST (the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology). He resigned from that post to assume the directorship of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) on July 12, 2010, after being named to the post by President Obama.

National Cancer Institute directorship
On May 17, 2010, the White House announced that Varmus would become the 14th Director of the NCI, making him the first person to have served as director of an individual NIH Institute after being director of the entire NIH. In this capacity, despite diminishing budgets at all the Institutes including NCI, he started new administrative centers for cancer genomics and global health; initiated novel grant programs for "outstanding investigators," for "staff scientists," and for addressing "Provocative Questions." He also renamed the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and started an initiative there to study RAS oncogenes.

On March 4, 2015, Varmus submitted his resignation to the president, effective March 31, 2015, announcing his intention to return to New York City as the Lewis Thomas University Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and as a senior associate at the New York Genome Center. Deputy NCI Director Douglas Lowy became acting director of the NCI on April 1, 2015.

During his tenure as NCI Director, Varmus took the unusual step of co-authoring with three non-governmental colleagues a critique of several practices prevalent in the biomedical research community. That essay has been the starting point for several subsequent efforts to reduce the hypercompetitive atmosphere in biomedical research.

Presidency of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
After leaving the NIH Directorship at the end of 1999, Varmus became the president and CEO of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City on January 1, 2000. During his ten and a half years at MSKCC, he was best known for enlarging the basic and translational research faculty; building a major new laboratory facility, the Mortimer E. Zuckerman Research Center; starting a new graduate school for cancer biology (the Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences); overseeing renovation and construction of many clinical facilities; and leading a major capital campaign. He also continued to run an active laboratory and to teach as a Member of the Sloan-Kettering Institute. On January 12, 2010, MSKCC reported that Varmus had asked the MSKCC Boards of Overseers and Managers "to begin a search for his successor." He left MSKCC on June 30, 2010, shortly before assuming the NCI directorship.

Publication practices in science
Near the end of his tenure as NIH director, Varmus became a champion of ways to more effectively use the Internet to enhance access to scientific papers. The first practical outcome was the establishment, with David Lipman of the National Center for Biotechnology Information at NIH, of PubMed Central, a public digital library of full-length scientific reports; in 2007, Congress directed NIH to ensure that all reports of work supported by the NIH appear in PubMed Central within a year after publication. Varmus and two colleagues, Patrick Brown at Stanford and Michael Eisen at UC Berkeley, were co-founders and leaders of the board of directors of the Public Library of Science (PLOS), a not-for-profit publisher of a suite of open access journals in the biomedical sciences.

Advisory roles
Varmus has been a frequent advisor to the US government, foundations, academic institutions and industry. Currently, he serves as a member of the Secretary of Energy's advisory board, the Global Health Advisory Board at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the board of directors of the International Biomedical Research Alliance, the Lasker Foundation Prize Jury, and the Scientific Advisory Board of the Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT, and he chairs advisory groups for the Faculty of 1000 and the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health. In the past, he was chairman of the Grand Challenges in Global Health at the Gates Foundation, a member of the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, and an advisor to Merck & Co., Chiron Corporation, Gilead, and Onyx Pharmaceuticals. He has been chair of the World Health Organization's Science Council since its founding in 2021

Varmus has criticized the high cost of many modern cancer drugs, which create barriers to treatment. He advocates for the genetic testing of cancers as a routine reimbursed procedure, and for wider use of the information that genetic testing of cancer can provide. He argues that widespread use of panel tests and exome analyses to identify cancer-causing mutations would be simpler and cheaper than full genome analysis. He has argued for the coverage of such services under Medicare and Medicaid on the grounds of Coverage with Evidence Development, since the data could be used to better evaluate test and treatments. He supports the creation of a database of information that can be correlated with clinical outcomes for use by all oncologists. He is hopeful that researchers will soon use new technologies to move beyond the study of primary tumors, where they have had considerable success, and explore how cancer initiates and the development of metastasic cancers.

Awards and honors

 * 1975: elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1982: Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
 * 1984: Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize
 * 1989: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * 1990: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1994: elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * 2002: Novartis-Drew Award
 * 2005: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
 * 2011: Double Helix Medal
 * 2012: Glenn T. Seaborg Medal

Personal life
Varmus has been married since 1969 to Constance Louise Casey, a journalist and science writer. They live on Manhattan's Upper West Side and have two sons: Jacob, a jazz trumpet player and composer who lives in Queens, and Christopher, a social worker who lives in Brooklyn. Varmus and Jacob have performed a series of lecture-concerts entitled "Genes and Jazz" at the Guggenheim and Smithsonian Museums, the Boston Museum of Science, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the South Asian Summer Festival in Vancouver.

title: Harold E. Varmus