text:
2014 FIFA World Cup

The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national football teams organised by FIFA. It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007. It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition, the first being in 1950, and the fifth time that it was held in South America.

31 national teams advanced through qualification competitions to join the host nation in the final tournament (with Bosnia and Herzegovina as the only debutant). A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues located in as many host cities across Brazil. For the first time at a World Cup finals, match officials used goal-line technology, as well as vanishing spray for free kicks. FIFA Fan Fests in each host city gathered a total of 5 million people, and the country received 1 million visitors from 202 countries. Spain, the defending champions, were eliminated at the group stage. Host nation Brazil, who had won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, lost to Germany 7–1 in the semi-finals and eventually finished in fourth place.

In the final, Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 after extra time thanks to a Mario Götze half-volley in the 113th minute of the final to win the tournament and secure the country's fourth world title, the first after German reunification in 1990, when as West Germany they also beat Argentina by the same score in 90 minutes in the World Cup final. Germany became the first European team to win a World Cup staged in the Americas, and this result marked the third consecutive title won by a European team, after Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010.

Host selection
In March 2003, FIFA announced that the tournament would be held in South America for the first time since 1978, in line with its policy at the time of rotating the right to host the World Cup among different confederations. With the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted in South Africa, it would be the second consecutive World Cup outside Europe, which was a first for the tournament. It was also sixth time (second consecutive) in the Southern Hemisphere. Only Brazil and Colombia formally declared their candidacy but, after the withdrawal of the latter from the process, Brazil was officially elected as host nation unopposed on 30 October 2007.

Qualification
Following qualification matches played between June 2011 and November 2013, the following 32 teams – shown with their last pre-tournament FIFA world ranking – qualified for the final tournament. Twenty-four of these teams were returning participants from the 2010 World Cup. Bosnia and Herzegovina were the only team with no previous appearance at the World Cup finals. Colombia qualified for the World Cup after 16 years of absence, while Belgium and Russia both returned after 12 years. Paraguay failed to qualify for the first time since 1994. This was also the first World Cup for 32 years that did not feature a representative from the Nordic countries. Iran, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Croatia returned to the tournament after missing the 2010 tournament. The highest ranked team not to qualify was Ukraine (ranked 16th), while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was Australia (ranked 62nd).

 * AFC (4)
 * 🇦🇺 australia (62)
 * 🇮🇷 iran (43)
 * 🇯🇵 japan (46)
 * 🇰🇷 south korea (57)

 * CAF (5)
 * (22)
 * 🇨🇲 cameroon (56)
 * 🇬🇭 ghana (37)
 * 🇨🇮 côte d'ivoire (23)
 * 🇳🇬 nigeria (44)

 * OFC (0)
 * None qualified

 * CONCACAF (4)
 * (28)
 * (33)
 * 🇲🇽 mexico (20)
 * 🇺🇸 united states (13)

 * CONMEBOL (6)
 * 🇦🇷 argentina (5)
 * 🇧🇷 brazil (3) (hosts)
 * (14)
 * 🇨🇴 colombia (8)
 * 🇪🇨 ecuador (26)
 * (7)

 * UEFA (13)
 * 🇧🇪 belgium (11)
 * 🇧🇦 bosnia and herzegovina (21)
 * (18)
 * 🏴 england (10)
 * 🇫🇷 france (17)
 * 🇩🇪 germany (2)
 * (12)
 * 🇮🇹 italy (9)
 * (15)
 * (4)
 * 🇷🇺 russia (19)
 * 🇪🇸 spain (1)
 * (6)

As of 2022, this was the last time Chile, Ivory Coast, Greece, Italy, Honduras, and Algeria qualified for the World Cup finals, and the only time Bosnia and Herzegovina have qualified, and the last time Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Denmark, Poland, and Serbia failed to qualify. This was also the most recent World Cup finals to feature every prior winning team.

Final draw
The 32 participating teams were drawn into eight groups. In preparation for this, the teams were organised into four pots with the seven highest-ranked teams joining host nation Brazil in the seeded pot. As with the previous tournaments, FIFA aimed to create groups which maximised geographic separation and therefore the unseeded teams were arranged into pots based on geographic considerations. The draw took place on 6 December 2013 at the Costa do Sauípe resort in Bahia, during which the teams were drawn by various past World Cup-winning players. Under the draw procedure, one randomly drawn team – Italy – was firstly relocated from Pot 4 to Pot 2 to create four equal pots of eight teams.

Officials
In March 2013, FIFA published a list of 52 prospective referees, each paired, on the basis of nationality, with two assistant referees, from all six football confederations for the tournament. On 14 January 2014, the FIFA Referees Committee appointed 25 referee trios and eight support duos representing 43 countries for the tournament. Yuichi Nishimura from Japan acted as referee in the opening match whereas Nicola Rizzoli from Italy acted as referee in the final.

Squads
As with the 2010 tournament, each team's squad consisted of 23 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers). Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23-player squad no later than 10 days before the start of the tournament. Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury, at any time up to 24 hours before their first game. During a match, all remaining squad members not named in the starting team were available to be one of the three permitted substitutions (provided the player was not serving a suspension).

Venues
12 venues (seven new and five renovated) in twelve cities were selected for the tournament. The venues covered all the main regions of Brazil and created more evenly distributed hosting than the 1950 finals in Brazil. Consequently, the tournament required long-distance travel for teams. During the World Cup, Brazilian cities were also home to the participating teams at 32 separate base camps, as well as staging official fan fests where supporters could view the games.

The most used stadiums were the Maracanã and Brasília, which hosted seven matches each. The least-used venues were in Cuiabá, Manaus, Natal, and Curitiba, which hosted four matches each; as the four smallest stadiums in use at the tournament, they did not host any knockout round matches.

Team base camps
Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament. On 31 January 2014, FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team, having earlier circulated a brochure of 84 prospective locations. Most teams opted to stay in the Southeast Region of Brazil, with only eight teams choosing other regions; five teams (Croatia, Germany, Ghana, Greece and Switzerland) opted to stay in the Northeast Region and three teams (Ecuador, South Korea and Spain) opted to stay in the South Region. None opted to stay in the North Region or the Central-West Region. Campo Bahia, the base camp of the eventual champion Germany, attracted much interest.

FIFA Fan Fests
For a third consecutive World Cup tournament, FIFA staged FIFA Fan Fests in each of the 12 host cities throughout the competition. Prominent examples were the Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro, which already held a Fan Fest in 2010, and São Paulo's Vale do Anhangabaú. The first official event took place on Iracema Beach, in Fortaleza, on 8 June 2014.

Technologies
In order to avoid ghost goals, the 2014 World Cup introduced goal-line technology following successful trials at, among other competitions, the 2013 Confederations Cup. The chosen Goal Control system featured 14 high speed cameras, 7 directed to each of the goals. Data were sent to the central image-processing centre, where a virtual representation of the ball was output on a widescreen to confirm the goal. The referee was equipped with a watch which vibrated and displayed a signal upon a goal. France's second goal in their group game against Honduras was the first time goal-line technology was needed to confirm that a goal should be given.

Following successful trials, FIFA approved the use of vanishing spray by the referees for the first time at a World Cup Finals. The water-based spray, which disappears within minutes of application, can be used to mark a ten-yard line for the defending team during a free kick and also to draw where the ball is to be placed for a free kick.

The Adidas Brazuca was the official match ball of the 2014 FIFA World Cup   and was supplied by Forward Sports of Sialkot, Pakistan. Adidas created a new design of ball after criticisms of the Adidas Jabulani used in the previous World Cup. The number of panels was reduced to six, with the panels being thermally bonded. This created a ball with increased consistency and aerodynamics compared to its predecessor. Furthermore, Adidas underwent an extensive testing process lasting more than two years to produce a ball that would meet the approval of football professionals.

Cooling breaks
Due to the relatively high ambient temperatures in Brazil, particularly at the northern venues, cooling breaks for the players were introduced. Breaks could take place at the referee's discretion after the 30th minute of each half if the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature exceeded 32 C; the breaks would last 3 minutes, with this time made up by an extended period of stoppage time at the end of the half.

The first cooling break in a World Cup play took place during the 32nd minute of the match between the Netherlands and Mexico in the round of 16. At the start of the match, FIFA listed the temperature at 32 C with 68% humidity.

Anti-doping
The biological passport was introduced in the FIFA World Cup starting in 2014. Blood and urine samples collected from all players before the competition, and from two players per team per match, were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses. FIFA reported that 91.5% of the players taking part in the tournament were tested before the start of the competition and none tested positive. However, FIFA was criticised for how it conducted doping tests.

Format
The first round, or group stage, was a competition between the 32 teams divided among eight groups of four, where each group engaged in a round-robin tournament within itself. The two highest ranked teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage. Teams were awarded three points for a win and one for a draw. When comparing teams in a group over-all result came before head-to-head.

In the knockout stage there were four rounds (round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final), with each eliminating the losers. The two semi-final losers competed in a third place play-off. For any match in the knockout stage, a draw after 90 minutes of regulation time was followed by two 15 minute periods of extra time to determine a winner. If the teams were still tied, a penalty shoot-out was held to determine a winner.

The match schedule was announced on 20 October 2011 with the kick-off times being confirmed on 27 September 2012; after the final draw, the kick-off times of seven matches were adjusted by FIFA. The competition was organised so that teams that played each other in the group stage could not meet again during the knockout phase until the final (or the 3rd place match). The group stage began on 12 June, with the host nation competing in the opening game as has been the format since the 2006 tournament. The opening game was preceded by an opening ceremony that began at 15:15 local time.

Opening ceremony

On 12 June 2014, the 20th edition of the FIFA World Cup began with the opening ceremony at Arena de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. The event saw 660 dancers take to the stadium and perform in a ceremony which celebrated the nature of the country and its love of football. Following the dancers native singer Claudia Leitte emerged on centre stage to perform for the crowd. She was later joined by Cuban-American rapper Pitbull, and American singer Jennifer Lopez to perform the tournament's official song "We Are One (Ole Ola)" which had been released as an official single on 8 April 2014. Following the ceremony, the opening match was played, which saw the hosts come from behind to beat Croatia 3–1.

Group stage
The group stage of the cup took place in Brazil from 12 June 2014 to 26 June 2014: each team played three games. The group stage was notable for a scarcity of draws and a large number of goals. The first drawn (and goalless) match did not occur until the 13th match of the tournament, between Iran and Nigeria: a drought longer than any World Cup since 1930. The group stage produced a total of 136 goals (an average of 2.83 goals per match), nine fewer than were scored during the entire 2010 tournament. This is the largest number of goals in the group stage since the 32-team system was implemented in 1998 and the largest average in a group stage since 1958. World Cup holders Spain were eliminated after only two games, the quickest exit for the defending champions since Italy's from the 1950 tournament. Spain also became the fourth nation to be eliminated in the first round while holding the World Cup crown, the first one being Italy in 1950 (and again in 2010), Brazil in 1966, and France in 2002. For the first time, two teams from Africa advanced to the second round, a feat that would be repeated in the 2022 tournament.

Bracket
Results decided after extra time are indicated by (a.e.t.), and results decided via a penalty shoot-out are indicated by (p).

Round of 16
All the group winners advanced into the quarter-finals. They included four teams from UEFA, three from CONMEBOL, and one from CONCACAF. Of the eight matches, five required extra-time, and two of these required penalty shoot-outs; this was the first time penalty shoot-outs occurred in more than one game in a round of 16. The goal average per game in the round of 16 was 2.25, a drop of 0.58 goals per game from the group stage. The eight teams to win in the round of 16 included four former champions (Brazil, Germany, Argentina and France), a three-time runner-up (Netherlands), and two first-time quarter-finalists (Colombia and Costa Rica). Belgium reached the quarter-finals for the first time since 1986.

All times listed below are at local time (UTC−3)

Quarter-finals
With a 1–0 victory over France, Germany set a World Cup record with four consecutive semi-final appearances. Brazil beat Colombia 2–1, but Brazil's Neymar was injured and missed the rest of the competition. Argentina reached the final four for the first time since 1990 after a 1–0 win over Belgium. The Netherlands reached the semi-finals for the second consecutive tournament, after overcoming Costa Rica in a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw at the end of extra time, with goalkeeper Tim Krul having been substituted on for the shoot-out and saving two penalties.

Semi-finals
Germany qualified for the final for the eighth time with a historic 7–1 win over Brazil – the biggest defeat in Brazilian football since 1920. Miroslav Klose's goal in this match was his 16th throughout all World Cups, breaking the record he had previously shared with Ronaldo. Klose set another record by becoming the first player to appear in four World Cup semi-finals. Argentina reached their first final since 1990, and their fifth overall, after overcoming the Netherlands in a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw at the end of extra time.

Third place play-off
The Netherlands defeated Brazil 3–0 to secure third place, the first for the Dutch team in their history. Overall, Brazil conceded 14 goals in the tournament; this was the most by a team at any single World Cup since 1986, and the most by a host nation in history, although their fourth-place finish still represented Brazil's best result in a World Cup since their last win in 2002.

Final
The final featured Germany against Argentina for a record third time after 1986 and 1990.

This marked the first time that teams from the same continent had won three consecutive World Cups (following Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010). It was also the first time that a European nation had won the World Cup in the Americas. On aggregate Europe then had 11 victories, to South America's nine.

Goalscorers
In total, 171 goals were scored by a record 121 players, with five credited as own goals. Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted.

Discipline
The most notable disciplinary case was that of Uruguayan striker Luis Suárez, who was suspended for nine international matches and banned from taking part in any football-related activity (including entering any stadium) for four months, following a biting incident on Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini. He was also fined CHF100,000. After an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, Suárez was later allowed to participate in training and friendly matches with new club Barcelona.

Awards
The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament:

The members of the Technical Study Group, the committee that decided which players won the awards, were led by FIFA's head of the Technical Division Jean-Paul Brigger and featured:
 * Technical Study Group

 * 🇫🇷 Gérard Houllier
 * 🇲🇽 Raul Arias
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Calderón
 * 🇳🇿 Ricki Herbert
 * 🇸🇩 Abdel Moneim Hussein
 * 🇭🇰 Kwok Ka Ming
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Lupescu
 * 🇪🇸 Ginés Meléndez
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuneyasu Miyamoto
 * 🇳🇬 Sunday Oliseh
 * 🇫🇮 Mixu Paatelainen
 * 🇸🇻 Jaime Rodríguez
 * 🇯🇲 Theodore Whitmore

There were changes to the voting procedure for awards for the 2014 edition: while in 2010 accredited media were allowed to vote for the Golden Ball award, in 2014 only the Technical Study Group could select the outcome.

All-Star Team
As was the case during the 2010 edition, FIFA released an All-Star Team based on the Castrol performance index in its official website.

Dream Team
FIFA also invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Dream Team.

Prize money
The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US$576 million (including payments of $70 million to domestic clubs and $100 million as player insurances), a 37 percent increase from the amount allocated in the 2010 tournament. Before the tournament, each of the 32 entrants received $1.5 million for preparation costs. At the tournament, the prize money was distributed as follows:

 * $8 million – To each team eliminated at the group stage (16 teams)
 * $9 million – To each team eliminated in the round of 16 (8 teams)
 * $14 million – To each team eliminated in the quarter-finals (4 teams)
 * $20 million – Fourth placed team
 * $22 million – Third placed team
 * $25 million – Runner-up
 * $35 million – Winner

Final standings
Per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

 * colspan="11"|Eliminated in the quarter-finals
 * colspan="11"|Eliminated in the quarter-finals

 * colspan="11"|Eliminated in the round of 16
 * colspan="11"|Eliminated in the round of 16

 * colspan="11"|Eliminated in the group stage
 * colspan="11"|Eliminated in the group stage

 * }

Preparations and costs
Costs of the tournament totalled $11.6 billion, making it the most expensive World Cup to date, until surpassed by 2018 FIFA World Cup which cost an estimated $14.2 billion. FIFA was expected to spend US$2 billion on staging the finals, with its greatest single expense being the US$576 million prize money pot.

Although organisers originally estimated costs of US$1.1 billion, a reported US$3.6 billion was ultimately spent on stadium works. Five of the chosen host cities had brand new venues built specifically for the World Cup, while the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in the capital Brasília was demolished and rebuilt, with the remaining six being extensively renovated.

An additional R$3 billion (US$1.3 billion, €960 million, £780 million at June 2014 rates) was earmarked by the Brazilian government for investment in infrastructure works and projects for use during the 2014 World Cup and beyond. However, the failed completion of many of the proposed works provoked discontent among some Brazilians.

The Brazilian government pledged US$900 million to be invested into security forces and that the tournament would be "one of the most protected sports events in history."

Marketing
The marketing of the 2014 FIFA World Cup included sale of tickets, support from sponsors and promotion through events that utilise the symbols and songs of the tournament. Popular merchandise included items featuring the official mascot as well as an official video game that has been developed by EA Sports. As a partner of the German Football Association, part of German major airline Lufthansa's fleet was branded "Fanhansa" for the time being. Branded planes flew the Germany national team, media representatives and football fans to Brazil.

The Sony Xperia Z2 was dubbed the "official smartphone of the 2014 FIFA World Cup".

Sponsorship
The sponsors of the 2014 World Cup are divided into three categories: FIFA Partners, FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters.

Mascot
The official mascot of this World Cup was "Fuleco"

Match ball
The official match ball was "Brazuca", manufactured by Adidas.

Music
The official song of the tournament was "We Are One (Ole Ola)" with vocals from Pitbull, Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte.

The official mascot song was "Tatu Bom de Bola".

The official anthem was "Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)".

Media
For a fourth consecutive FIFA World Cup Finals, the coverage was provided by HBS (Host Broadcast Services), a subsidiary of Infront Sports & Media. Sony was selected as the official equipment provider and built 12 bespoke high definition production 40-foot-long containers, one for each tournament venue, to house the extensive amount of equipment required. Each match utilised 37 standard camera plans, including Aerial and Cablecam, two Ultramotion cameras and dedicated cameras for interviews. The official tournament film, as well as three matches, will be filmed with ultra high definition technology (4K resolution), following a successful trial at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

The broadcasting rights – covering television, radio, internet and mobile coverage – for the tournament were sold to media companies in each individual territory either directly by FIFA, or through licensed companies or organisations such as the European Broadcasting Union, Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana, International Media Content, Dentsu and RS International Broadcasting & Sports Management. The sale of these rights accounted for an estimated 60% of FIFA's income from staging a World Cup. The International Broadcast Centre was situated at the Riocentro in the Barra da Tijuca neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro.

Worldwide, several games qualified as the most-watched sporting events in their country in 2014, including 42.9 million people in Brazil for the opening game between Brazil and Croatia, the 34.1 million in Japan who saw their team play Ivory Coast, and 34.7 million in Germany who saw their national team win the World Cup against Argentina, while the 24.7 million viewers during the game between the US and Portugal is joint with the 2010 final as the most-watched football game in the United States. According to FIFA, over 1 billion people tuned in worldwide to watch the final between Germany and Argentina.

Controversies
The 2014 FIFA World Cup generated various controversies, including demonstrations, some of which took place even before the tournament started. Furthermore, there were various issues with safety, including the death of eight workers and a fire during construction, breaches into stadiums, an unstable makeshift staircase at the Maracanã Stadium, a monorail collapse, and the collapse of an unfinished overpass in Belo Horizonte. The houses of thousands of families living in Rio de Janeiro’s slums were cleared for redevelopments for the World Cup in spite of protests and resistance. Favela do Metrô, near the Maracanã Stadium, was completely destroyed as a result, having previously housed 700 families in 2010.

Protests

Prior to the opening ceremony of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup staged in Brazil, demonstrations took place outside the venue, organised by people unhappy with the amount of public money spent to enable the hosting of the FIFA World Cup. Both the Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff and FIFA president Sepp Blatter were heavily booed as they were announced to give their speeches at the 2013 tournament's opening, which resulted in FIFA announcing that the 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony would not feature any speeches. Further protests took place during the Confederations Cup as well as prior to and during the World Cup.

Breaches into stadiums
At the Group B match between Spain and Chile, around 100 Chilean supporters who had gathered outside Maracanã Stadium forced their way into the stadium and caused damage to the media centre. Military police reported that 85 Chileans were detained during the events, while others reached the stands. Earlier, about 20 Argentinians made a similar breach during Argentina's Group F game against Bosnia and Herzegovina at the same stadium.

Bridge collapse
On 3 July 2014, an overpass under construction in Belo Horizonte as part of the World Cup infrastructure projects collapsed onto a busy carriageway below, leaving two people dead and 22 others injured.

Head injuries
During the tournament, FIFA received significant criticism for the way head injuries are handled during matches. Two incidents in particular attracted the most attention. First, in a group stage match, after Uruguayan defender Álvaro Pereira received a blow to the head, he lay unconscious. The Uruguayan doctor signaled for the player to be substituted, but he returned to the match. The incident drew criticism from the professional players' union FIFPro, and from Michel D'Hooghe, a member of the FIFA executive board and chairman of its medical committee.

Second, in the Final, German midfielder Christoph Kramer received a blow to the head from a collision in the 14th minute, but returned to the match before collapsing in the 31st minute. During that time, Kramer was disoriented and confused, and asked the referee Nicola Rizzoli whether the match he was playing in was the World Cup Final.

title: 2014 FIFA World Cup


text:
Louvigny

Louvigny or Louvigné is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

 * Louvigny, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Louvigny, Moselle, in the Moselle département
 * Louvigny, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département
 * Louvigny, Sarthe, in the Sarthe département
 * Louvigné, in the Mayenne département
 * Louvigné-de-Bais, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Louvigné-du-Désert, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Louvignies-Quesnoy, in the Nord département

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louvigny


text:
Permethrin

Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide. As a medication, it is used to treat scabies and lice. It is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto outer clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them.

Side effects include rash and irritation at the area of use. Use during pregnancy appears to be safe. It is approved for use on and around people over the age of two months. Permethrin is in the pyrethroid family of medications. It works by disrupting the function of the neurons of lice and scabies mites.

Permethrin was discovered in 1973. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 339th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 100,000 prescriptions.

Insecticide

 * In agriculture, to protect crops (a drawback is that it is lethal to bees)
 * In agriculture, to kill livestock parasites
 * For industrial and domestic insect control
 * In the textile industry, to prevent insect attack of woollen products
 * In aviation, the WHO, IHR and ICAO require arriving aircraft be disinsected prior to embarkation, departure, descent, or deplaning in certain countries. Aircraft disinsection with permethrin-based products is recommended only prior to embarkation. Prior to departure (after boarding), at the top of descent or on arrival, d-phenothrin-based (1R-trans phenothrin) aircraft insecticides are recommended.

Insect incapacitation

 * As a personal protective measure, 0.5% permethrin is applied to outer clothing. It is a cloth impregnant, notably in mosquito nets and field wear. While permethrin may be marketed as an insect repellent, it does not prevent insects from landing. Instead it works by incapacitating or killing insects on contact before they can bite. In 2016, Consumer Reports found that, as consecutive washes reduce permethrin concentration, incapacitation becomes too slow to prevent bites. In these cases, other common topical repellents such as icaridin may be applied to the clothing, though some, such as DEET and IR3535, can damage certain synthetic fabrics.
 * In pet flea preventive collars or treatment (safe for use on dogs but not cats )
 * In timber treatment

Medical use
Permethrin is available for topical use as a cream or lotion. It is indicated for the treatment and prevention in exposed individuals of head lice and treatment of scabies. It has an excellent safety profile; its main drawback is its cost.

For treatment of scabies: Adults and children older than 2 months are instructed to apply the cream to the entire body from head to the soles of the feet. Wash off the cream after 8–14 hours. In general, one treatment is curative. A single application of permethrin is more effective than a single oral dose of ivermectin for scabies. In addition permethrin provides more rapid symptomatic relief than ivermectin. When a second dose of ivermectin is days later, the efficacy between permethrin and ivermectin approach parity.

For treatment of head lice: Apply to hair, scalp, and neck after shampooing. Leave in for 10 minutes and rinse. Avoid contact with eyes.

Mechanism of action
Permethrin acts on the nerve cell membrane to disrupt the sodium channel current by which the polarization of the membrane is regulated. Delayed repolarization and paralysis of the pests are the consequences of this disturbance.

Pest control / effectiveness and persistence
In agriculture, permethrin is mainly used on cotton, wheat, maize, and alfalfa crops. Its use is controversial because, as a broad-spectrum chemical, it kills indiscriminately; as well as the intended pests, it can harm beneficial insects, including honey bees, as well as cats and aquatic life.

Permethrin kills ticks and mosquitoes on contact with treated clothing. A method of reducing deer tick populations by treating rodent vectors involves stuffing biodegradable cardboard tubes with permethrin-treated cotton. Mice collect the cotton for lining their nests. Permethrin on the cotton kills any immature ticks feeding on the mice.

Permethrin is used in tropical areas to prevent mosquito-borne disease such as dengue fever and malaria. Mosquito nets used to cover beds may be treated with a solution of permethrin. This increases the effectiveness of the bed net by killing parasitic insects before they are able to find gaps or holes in the net. Personnel working in malaria-endemic areas may be instructed to treat their clothing with permethrin as well.

Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineola bisselliella.

To better protect soldiers from the risk and annoyance of biting insects, the British and US armies are treating all new uniforms with permethrin.

Permethrin (as well as other long-term pyrethroids) is effective over several months, in particular when used indoors. International studies report that permethrin can be detected in house dust, in fine dust, and on indoor surfaces even years after the application. Its degradation rate under indoor conditions is approximately 10% after 3 months.

Resistance
In Aedes aegypti permethrin resistance is via "knockdown resistance" (kdr) mutations which is common to pyrethroids and DDT. This differs to the most common mechanism of insecticide resistance evolution which is selection for preexisting, low-frequency alleles. García et al. 2009 found that a kdr allele has rapidly spread throughout Mexico and become dominant there.

Adverse effects
Permethrin is moderately toxic if ingested, causing abdominal pain, sore throat, nausea and vomiting. If inhaled, permethrin may cause headache, respiratory irritation, difficulty breathing, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Inhalation is more likely from aerosols than from vapors from surfaces and clothing, as permethrin has a low vapor pressure and volatilizes slowly.

Topical application of permethrin can cause mild skin irritation, burning and paresthesia. Permethrin has little systemic absorption, and is considered safe for topical use in adults and children over the age of two months. The FDA has assigned it as pregnancy category B. Animal studies have suggested that it may cause endocrine disruption by interfering with estrogenic activity and have shown no effects on fertility or teratogenicity, but studies in humans have not been performed. The excretion of permethrin in breastmilk is unknown, and it is recommended that breastfeeding be temporarily discontinued during treatment. Skin reactions are uncommon. Excessive exposure to permethrin can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, excessive salivation, shortness of breath, and seizures. Worker exposure to the chemical can be monitored by measurement of the urinary metabolites, while severe overdose may be confirmed by measurement of permethrin in serum or blood plasma.

Permethrin does not present any notable genotoxicity or immunotoxicity in humans and farm animals, but is classified by the EPA as a likely human carcinogen when ingested, based on reproducible studies in which mice fed permethrin developed liver and lung tumors. An 2018 review failed to link permethrin exposure in humans to cancer.

Pharmacokinetics
Permethrin is a chemical categorized in the pyrethroid insecticide group. The chemicals in the pyrethroid family are created to emulate the chemicals found in the chrysanthemum flower.

Absorption
Absorption of topical permethrin is minimal. One in vivo study demonstrated 0.5% absorption in the first 48 hours based upon excretion of urinary metabolites.

Distribution
Distribution of permethrin has been studied in rat models, with highest amounts accumulating in fat and the brain. This can be explained by the lipophilic nature of the permethrin molecule.

Metabolism
Metabolism of permethrin occurs mainly in the liver, where the molecule undergoes oxidation by the cytochrome P450 system, as well as hydrolysis, into non-toxic metabolites.

Excretion
The elimination of permethrin and its metabolites occurs mainly through urinary excretion, but also through feces. In rats, the excretion half-life is 12 hours for plasma and 9 to 23 hours for certain nervous tissue.

Stereochemistry
Permethrin has four stereoisomers (two enantiomeric pairs), arising from the two stereocenters in the cyclopropane ring. The trans enantiomeric pair is known as transpermethrin. (1R,3S)-trans and (1R,3R)-cis enantiomers are responsible for the insecticidal properties of permethrin.

Environment
Permethrin has a half-life of about 40 days in soil, 1–3 weeks on the surface of plants, over 20 days indoors, and 19–27 hours in the water column. Permethrin-contaminated indoor surfaces can be decontaminated with bleach.

History
Permethrin was first made in 1973.

Numerous synthetic routes exist for the production of the DV-acid ester precursor. The pathway known as the Kuraray Process uses four steps. In general, the final step in the total synthesis of any of the synthetic pyrethroids is a coupling of a DV-acid ester and an alcohol. In the case of permethrin synthesis, the DV-acid cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, ethyl ester, is coupled with the alcohol, m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, through a transesterification reaction with base. Tetraisopropyl titanate or sodium ethylate may be used as the base.

The alcohol precursor may be prepared in three steps. First, m-cresol, chlorobenzene, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and cuprous chloride react to yield m-phenoxytoluene. Second, oxidation of m-phenoxytoluene over selenium dioxide provides m-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Third, a Cannizzaro reaction of the benzaldehyde in formaldehyde and potassium hydroxide affords the m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol.

Brand names
In Nordic countries and North America, a permethrin formulation for lice treatment is marketed under trade name Nix, available over the counter. Johnson & Johnson's UK brand Lyclear covers an assortment of different products, mostly non-insecticidal, but a few of which are based on permethrin.

Stronger concentrations of permethrin are used to treat scabies (which embed inside the skin), compared to lice (which remain outside the skin). In the U.S. the more concentrated products such as Elimite are available by prescription only.

Other animals
It is known to be highly toxic to cats, fish and aquatic species with long-lasting effects.

Cats
Permethrin is toxic to cats; however, it has little effect on dogs. Many cats die after being given flea treatments intended for dogs, or by contact with dogs having recently been treated with permethrin. In cats it may induce hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures, and death.

Toxic exposure of permethrin can cause several symptoms, including convulsion, hyperaesthesia, hyperthermia, hypersalivation, and loss of balance and coordination. Exposure to pyrethroid-derived drugs such as permethrin requires treatment by a veterinarian, otherwise the poisoning is often fatal. This intolerance is due to a defect in glucuronosyltransferase, a common detoxification enzyme in other mammals, that also makes the cat intolerant to paracetamol (acetaminophen). Based on those observations, the use of any external parasiticides based on permethrin is contraindicated for cats.

Aquatic organisms
Permethrin is listed as a "restricted use" substance by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) due to its high toxicity to aquatic organisms, so permethrin and permethrin-contaminated water should be properly disposed of. Permethrin is quite stable, having a half life of 51–71 days in an aqueous environment exposed to light. It is also highly persistent in soil.

title: Permethrin


text:
Louvigny, Calvados

Louvigny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Local names

 * Lovigky (Louvignian)
 * Lokilia (Calvado Language)

title: Louvigny, Calvados


text:
Luc-sur-Mer

Luc-sur-Mer (, literally Luc on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Sights

 * The "Maison de la Baleine" created by Jean Chabriac. On January 15, 1885 a 40-ton and 19 meters long whale beached in Luc sur Mer. Its skeleton is now on display in the municipal park.
 * Luc sur Mer cliffs
 * The cemetery's cross is estimated to date from 1662

title: Luc-sur-Mer


text:
Talk:Feedback (Rush album)

Isn’t this an EP?
Google lists it as an EP: http://www.google.com/musicl?lid=Hqia_urADAP&aid=lYgervZwGJJ

Yes
I don't know why it's listed as an album

I think it should be changed from "Feedback (Rush album)" to "Feedback (EP)". I would change it myself, but I can't figure out how to (yes, stupid I am). Sittingonfence 02:39, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Producer credit
Judging by the blurb at the bottom of the David Leonard article, I'd guess this article is probably not linking to the right guy. Perhaps someone who actually knows about the producer, should take a moment to edit or remove this link, if required. WikHead (talk) 15:34, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Fixed! Z00ropean (talk) 19:02, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 09:49, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A9yevad3kq8wj

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Feedback (Rush album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100731012250/http://blog.rhapsody.com/2010/02/great-covers-albums.html to http://blog.rhapsody.com/2010/02/great-covers-albums.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:36, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Feedback (Rush album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120510022156/http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/rush/feedback.htm to http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/rush/feedback.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:40, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Should this talk page be redirected?
I see the page for the album Feedback redirects to the page that describes the work as an EP instead. Given that, should the talk page not also redirect to the talk page for the EP (assuming that is possible).

I'd also challenge the assertion that this is an EP. It has 8 tracks and was certainly released as though it was an album (albeit a short one).Thegraciousfew (talk) 06:25, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Feedback (Rush album)


text:
Magny-en-Bessin

Magny-en-Bessin (, literally Magny in Bessin) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Magny-en-Bessin


text:
Magny-la-Campagne

Magny-la-Campagne is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

title: Magny-la-Campagne


text:
Talk:Derivative

Definition section : "df" instead of "dy" ?
After the definition is given, indications on how to read are given. They include

"dy by dx at a", or "dy over dx at a"

should it be

"df by dx at a", or "df over dx at a"

since "y" is not use in the section ? Padelsart (talk) 13:02, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Chaged dy to f, and reworded a bit. Whether or not there are people who say "dy by dx" in this context, it is a confusing thing to include right after the definition, and should be kept to the notation section. small jars 18:01, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Formula for the nth derivative
I think the formula from Stegun (https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~cbm/aands/abramowitz_and_stegun.pdf, page 824) should be added here: $$\frac{d^m}{dx^m}f(x)=m!\sum_{n=m}^{\infty}\frac{s^(n)_m}{n!}\Delta^nf(x)$$ which contains the stirling numbers of the first kind and the forward difference operator to compute nth derivatives as series. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Onlineuser577215 (talk • contribs) 19:35, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 September 2023
Researchrush (talk) 23:22, 28 September 2023 (UTC) I would like to add a brief bit about how Issac Newton called the derivative "the flowing quantity" and the notation he used.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  JTP (talk • contribs) 00:02, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Arbogast's/Euler's notation
After my reversion of the change of the heading, I received the.

I am unable to provide to decide which is the most common name among "Arbogast's notation", "Euler's notation", and "D-notation", but it is certainly not "Arbogast's notation". This justifies my revert. However, there are so many things that are named after Euler's, that "Euler's notation" would need, at least, to be disambiguated. So, I'll change the heading to "D-notation", with a template and a note on the attribution. D.Lazard (talk) 14:05, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

 * @D.Lazard, I am not asking to you to decide, I am asking you to provide sources based on which you reverted my edit. Wikipedia should not invent names. A source that attributes the notation to Arbogast is currently cited in the very first sentence. You say something justifies your revert, but it is not clear what. Alexey Muranov (talk) 17:59, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Again, per Wikipedia usage, this is not the attribution which motivates the name; it is the common usage. This is the fact that "Arbogast's notation" and "Arbogast notation" are very uncommon (less than 20 hits in Scholar Google) that justifies my revert. D.Lazard (talk) 18:34, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Could you please provide a reference to the relevant statistics of Scholar Google which justifies the "Euler" name? Common usage by whom? How the statistics were collected? On the other hand, since it is Arbogast's notation, in the sense that he invented and popularized it, it is a sufficient reason to call it so. Alexey Muranov (talk) 20:04, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I am actually not sure if Google Scholar statistics should be considered a source for a terminology, but it will be better than nothing. Alexey Muranov (talk) 20:07, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree that Google Scholar must be considered with care. It is reliable for establishing that a terminology is uncommon. But it is not for comparing "D-notation" and "Euler's notation" because both phrases can have other meanings. Nevertheless "D-notation" seems less ambiguous. This is the reason for changing headings to . For avoiding reader's confusion, and not breaking the redirect  (and other incoming links), I have kept an anchor, and added a sentence mentioning the attribution to Arbogast, and the alternative name of Euler's notation. D.Lazard (talk) 20:36, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but could you then please provide any justification that "D-notation" is a "common usage"? By whom? And if you keep a redirect for "Euler's notation", could you please explain what makes you think that this is "Euler's notation" in any sense? Alexey Muranov (talk) 04:58, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I have absolute no opinion whether this is notation is due to Euler or not, and even whether Euler used it or not. The established fact is that many people use the phrase "Euler's notation" for naming this notation, and Wikipedia cannot change this fact, and must not try to change it. This is why, whichever is the name of the section, the redirect must be kept and have the corresponding section of Notation for differentiation as a target.
 * An title must be chosen for the section. "Arbogast's notation" is excluded because, it is very rarely used, and as such, choosing it would break the fundamental rules of Wikipedia, in particular WP:OR. So, you must chose between "Euler's notation", which is a common name for the notation, and "D-notation", which is a factual description of the notation. What is your choice? D.Lazard (talk) 08:58, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @D.Lazard, you say """The established fact is that many people use the phrase "Euler's notation" for naming this notation""" -- please justify by providing references. According to what statistics? Do they understand what they say? "Arbogast's notation" is ok as a title, since it is indeed a notation of Arbogast. This is not orignal research, this is a known fact. At least according the literature I checked. Alexey Muranov (talk) 20:19, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:CRITERIA gives 5 criteria for choosing the article title. Neither "Arbogast notation" nor "Euler's notation" satisfy the two first criteria of recognizability and naturalness. This is the reason for which I changed the heading (here and in Notation for differentiation) into "D-notation", that is both natural and easily recognizable. I have also added a sentence in the beginning of the section for attributing the notation to Arbogast, and saying that some authors (not "many") use improperly "Euler's notation". This improper use of "Euler's notation" must be mentioned since some people may search for it, at least those who learned it in Wikipedia, where it appeared in a edit of derivative of 8 August 2005. D.Lazard (talk) 10:55, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

Total derivative, total differential and Jacobian matrix section
The Total derivative, total differential and Jacobian matrix section is awfully wordy and detailed for an article that's supposed to be about the concept of the derivative in general. It's a bit odd that we have 10 paragraphs of text that take up about 2 screens and invoke mappings between tangent bundles, but we don't have anything on maxima and minima of single-variable functions. And within that section, there's less emphasis comparatively speaking on Jacobians than I would have expected given how much I've seen these concepts covered in courses at different stages. XOR'easter (talk) 03:43, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * If that's the case, maybe this section can be summarize in at least one, two, or three paragraphs? Also, most of them are unsourced, together with the usage of first-person pronoun. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 13:28, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I've trimmed it back to something more reasonable. It still needs sources. XOR'easter (talk) 17:25, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @XOR'easter I have found the source of the definition, but it seems likely different than the article. Hopefully this helps, and I will keep searching for more. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 01:48, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

DX - This is where I could start, where I can put my integral result with .dx
I start when I could plot something in 3D (3-Dimensional). As I could do that, I apply .dx at the end for what I had found as per mathematics. On the other side it is a value we can calculate for Δy (change in y - [delta y]) instead of a rigid y. It is nothing but a change in y - Δy - f'(x).

Δy = integral_value. dx

Δy = NPr. dx

Further I am going to find dy/dx that's the first order of derivative. Over that everything else continues like finding continuity, discontinuity, finding convergence, divergence, whether the value converges or diverges.

dy/dx = <>

As per me, I go with dy/dx = 1 = NP0

When I give a chance like NP1, it's a flaw, it never going to end. as the result is n, as per me it is just not n rather Nan-1, so the integrity collapses by muting within.

Let's have a great earth ever with our sun.—BramStoker'st@lk 19:42, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @BramStokers Sorry. I cannot comprehend your words and some symbols in your writings? Can you tell us in more detail? And what's with those confusing notations, such as NP0, and so on? Dedhert.Jr (talk) 03:13, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I was scribbling something in midnight having something in mind with my own thought process which is in obstacle always. Even when I recall / revisit myself whether it is right what I was thinking I couldn't correlate. I couldn't think stably as it's long years since my academic time. Maybe with this, it is somewhat meaningful.
 * y = value_of_inegral (1.dx)
 * It is a change. So,
 * Δy = dx
 * Thinking 1 and around it, is somewhere within my mindset.
 * —BramStoker'st@lk 12:09, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Online sources
During GAR, I removed the hidden online sources while improving the article.

All of these sources here are in the format CS2. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 04:48, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Slope
So at the end, you find the value which is the area of triangle multiplied by 2, not the surface area of triangle.

Matrix(A). Transpose Matrix (A-1) = 1. It is the agreed one as everyone knows of it. And the matrix concepts falls on the linear algebra & part of the mathematics

I have checked in the following link, that the slope of the line can be calculated like this as mentioned in the page,- https://www.khanacademy.org/math/cc-eighth-grade-math/cc-8th-linear-equations-functions/8th-slope/a/slope-formula

I had tried a little permutation of the calculation myself, concluding putting it into a two dimensional matrix.
 * x1, y1|
 * x2, y2|
 * 1, 4|
 * 7, 7|
 * x1 = 1
 * x2 = 7
 * y1 = 4
 * y2 = 7

Slope => y2 - y1 / x2 - x1 => 7 - 4 / 7 - 1 => 3 / 6 => 1 / 2
 * If it is a Matrix
 * x1, y1|
 * x2, y2|

Slope => (x1 x y2) - (x2 x y1) => (1 x 7) - (7 x 4) => 7 - 28 => - 21 => 21
 * x,  y|
 * x1, y1|

At the end I am missing my mathematics that how value been profound. Number 2 is important in the mathematics also in computer field act as binary base system. Not only that, however I am not able to recall, 2 is an important number in vectors, stating the surface is 2 even if the side values are just denoted by value which is equals to 1 and it is a vector. Even √2 is important. 45° is important as it gives bijection between x and y.

And as you found a value of delta / 2 is equals to surface of the triangle value, if the z-axis is intact and the field is just 2D, and as I somehow recalls, number 2 plays vital role in vectors, I feel I can connect 21 with 1/2.

I couldn't relate 1/2 with 21 by mathematics, and as however in all higher dimensional matrix also, A.AT = 1. So I give all my chances to the serieses like harmonic series and the other ones. Other than that slope is always profound by derivative, a division of mathematics. And in vector 2 is important. And in matrix A.AT = 1

Let's step into 3D not by 2D any more.

— BilkTheHulk Talk - "Only dead fish go with the flow." 20:25, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I moved this comment to a new section and archived the extremely stale 10-year-old comment it was nominally a "reply" to. I can't really make much sense of this new comment or figure out whether/how it was supposed to relate to the previous one in any way. –jacobolus (t) 23:31, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Mathematical solutions by method / formulas has limit by connecting one another way of having mathematical explanations for it and by the ways of mathematics. Before getting into higgs, science must evolve by this way, so physics gets into a better shape. I am little wise with chemistry and it has its own limit on its applicability, so it can ignored a bit when it goes beyond its context.
 * I was about to say something before, but got deviated. Here it is — the way how 2 is important and √2, i is less important I feel, I mean the √-1. From derivative, or by any different chapters of mathematics, we may indulge well but we should correct our context in all sense. So, let's get into mathematical proofing and our best logical augmentation in all aspects, so we will be in a position to face consequences by all sort, the good the FLAMINGO project is the best we survive or yield to the next—AtTEnigmat@lk 19:45, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I do not understand what point you are trying to make. Please stick to concrete criticisms/suggestions about this article, and try to make your comments as clear as possible to help other editors follow along. Note that this talk page is not a general-purpose forum. –jacobolus (t) 00:48, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * See first of all I don't know anything about Jacobian Matrix.
 * Even I couldn't understand anything out of it over here as they way been said over here "Not able to comprehend".
 * I think the guy simply says i2 is equals to -1. And I think he doesn't believe mutlti-dimentional concepts.
 * Out the linearity and vector, we may have i to z, meaning i, j, k, l, m, n .. q ...,
 * And they way he believes it is either we may have to subtract instead. I mean instead of x2 + y2 having minus (-) here -> x2 - y2. Like how we have (a+b) x (a-b), and a, b - vector with same direction but the conjugate (a+ib) x (a-ib). Maybe I am wrong as I am not wise with Mathematics, it's simple someone easily correct & conclude so,
 * I also do not able to comprehend multi dimensional theory so far in my conceptual mind. So he maybe little clear. But in the wrong place Talk:Derivative. Anyway lets talk, nothing harm happens, I believe. Conclusion is final by philosophy or may be by me. Thanks!
 * —20:08, 29 May 2024 (UTC) BramStoker'sTalk to me. 20:08, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Chain rule edit
Edit Special:PermanentLink/1201066147 changes constants back to all real numbers. The reversion was appropriate because it was in the context of real functions of real variables. However, I believe that it would be appropriate to have a brief acknowledgement that the chain rule is more generally applicable. I'm not sure whether it would be better inline or as a footnote. -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 16:00, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

 * For applying the chain rule to a sum, a product or a fraction, one has to know the partial derivatives of a sum, a product or a division with respect to each of their arguments, and to use the chain rule for several variables. So, the proofs of these formulas using the chain rule are much more complicate (in the whole) than the direct proof. The mention of the chain rule in two variables is therefore too technical here. D.Lazard (talk) 16:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed: I wasn't suggesting adding an exposition on anything beyond the case of a reals function of a single real variable, just adding a brief note that it generalizes. -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 19:53, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * (Aside: a link like special:diff/1201288095 will show the change in addition to the end state.) I think "real numbers" seems fine, since the context in this page is single-variable real functions. I think a more general discussion belongs at Linearity of differentiation which is where the wikilinked sum rule heading in this article points. –jacobolus (t) 16:52, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I was suggesting only a note that there was a more general chain rule, not a more detailed discussion.
 * Thanks for telling me about [special:diff/oldid] -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 19:53, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

About
With regard to edit special:diff/, I wrote, not. Also, the article is not about the term as used in calculus on Euclidean spaces in general, but rather the special case of calculus on a one dimensional Euclidean space. Given that, does not explain the reason for the reversion. Would you accept ? -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 17:34, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

 * As said in my last edit, hatnotes are only for disambiguation, and must not duplicate the dab page and/or the infobox. So, for this article, the only acceptable hatnote is . D.Lazard (talk) 17:43, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derivative


text:
Karl Tausig

Karl Tausig (sometimes "Carl"; born Karol Tausig; 4 November 1841 – 17 July 1871) was a Polish virtuoso pianist, arranger and composer. He is generally regarded as Franz Liszt's most distinguished pupil and one of the greatest pianists of all time.

Life
Tausig was born in Warsaw to Jewish parents and received his first piano lessons from his father, pianist and composer Aloys Tausig (1820–1885), a student of Sigismond Thalberg. His father introduced him to Franz Liszt in Weimar at the age of 14. He quickly became a favorite pupil of Liszt's, travelling with him on concert tours and studying counterpoint, composition and orchestration in addition to his piano lessons, and even taking on one of Liszt's pupils, Regina Watson, as his own. At the age of 16 he met Richard Wagner, of whom he became a devoted follower and friend. He made piano arrangements of many of Wagner's operas. He also introduced to Wagner his friend Peter Cornelius, another Wagner devotee. While he also became a great admirer and friend of the conservative Beethoven follower Johannes Brahms, Tausig became one of the stanchest champions of the "music of the future" and the New Weimar School founded by Liszt. He single-handedly raised the money to build the Bayreuth Theater for performances of Wagner's operas.

In 1858 Tausig made his debut in Berlin at a concert conducted by Hans von Bülow. While some critics admired his technical feats at the keyboard, others found his playing noisy and overbearing. Even some who were more accommodating of Tausig's "Lisztian eccentricities" felt he would play better as he matured. Tausig toured through various German towns in 1859–60, making Dresden his base. He moved to Vienna in 1862; there he gave concerts of modern orchestral music, including some of his own symphonic poems. These concerts were only partially successful artistically and a failure financially.

After staying out of public view for a few years, in 1864 he married pianist Seraphine von Vrabely (1841–1931), but divorced her soon after. The following year he had settled in Berlin and resumed concertizing. In 1866 with two others he opened a school for virtuoso pianists "Schule des Höheren Klavierspiels", known as the "Virtuosenakademie", teaching there and occasionally giving recitals. Some of his students were Rafael Joseffy, Alexander Michalowski, Andrey Schulz-Evler, Sophie Menter, Vera Timanoff, Amy Fay, and Gustav V. Lewinsky. Eventually, Tausig's busy tour schedule of concerts and recitals took up most of his time away from the school, and the school closed in October 1870.

He made several concert tours in Germany and Russia, and throughout Europe, and was now considered a pianist of breadth and dignity of style. However, the strain of travelling weakened his health. In June 1871 toward the end of his life, too weak to concertize, he was cared for by his longtime friend, Marie von Mouchanoff-Kalergis, a pianist who in her youth had been a pupil of Chopin, and to whom Tausig had dedicated his first composition, an Impromptu. He died in Leipzig in July from typhoid at the age of 29.

His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor. Wagner wrote the epitaph inscribed on Tausig's tombstone.

Pianism
Tausig was considered by some critics to be the greatest of Liszt's pupils and to carry pure piano virtuosity to heights only suggested by Liszt. The master said he had "fingers of steel". Anton Rubinstein called him "the infallible." Where Tausig differed from his teacher was in his lack of flamboyant gestures while playing. Tausig sat motionless at the piano and abhorred what he called Spektakel. While his fingers were working miracles at the keyboard without any digital errors, the only sign of tension from Tausig would be a slight tightening of one corner of his mouth.

Until his early death, some critics surmise that Tausig may not have had a pianistic equal, combining Liszt's force and range of tone color with the intellectuality of his fellow pupil Hans von Bülow. Another Liszt pupil, Eugen d'Albert, compared Tausig very favorably with their teacher. He said that while Liszt's musical conceptions were grander, Tausig possessed a better and more accurate technique coupled with a good deal of poetry.

Repertory
Tausig's repertory was extensive; he could play from memory works ranging from Scarlatti to Liszt. He was especially noted for his interpretations of Chopin, Weber and Beethoven, both for pianistic finish and intensity of emotion.

Works
Karl Tausig's output as composer is quite small. As well as entirely original works, he arranged for piano the music of a number of composers, as well as a pedagogic work for teaching and practice.

In the following list, lost works are included, mostly original compositions, but a few transcriptions as well. Many of these, including several orchestral works, were given their first public performances by Tausig at the piano or conducting. With the exception of Das Geisterschiff, the orchestral scores have not been located since. All of these are unpublished, except for a couple compositions where no printed copies can be found and the original engravings were destroyed.

Some compositions are unfinished in existing manuscripts, left incomplete by Tausig for reasons unknown, most particularly a number of the transcriptions of Liszt's symphonic poems. Where possible, details of the state of the manuscript are given.

All works listed are for piano solo unless indicated otherwise.

Works marked by * have been recorded.

Early works

 * Impromptu, in F minor, Op. 1 [1a] (dedicated to Marie von Mouchanoff-Kalergis) (1855)*
 * Introduction and Tarantella, in A minor, Op. 2 [2a] (1855)*
 * L'Éspérance (Hope), Nocturne varié, in A-flat major, Op. 3 [3a] (1856)*
 * Sérénade, Op. 4 [publication lost] (1856)
 * Rêverie, Fantasie, in A major, Op. 5 (1856)*
 * Le Ruisseau (The Brook), Etude, in A major, Op. 6 (c1856)*

Mature works

 * Das Geisterschiff, Ballade (piano version) (The Ghost Ship), in A minor/D major, Op. 1 [1b] (1860)*
 * Réminiscences de Halka, Op. 2 [2b] (1860) [see Paraphrases section]*
 * Hernani-Galop, Op. 3 [3b] [lost] (c1860)
 * Das Geisterschiff, Symphonische Ballade, for orchestra (The Ghost Ship, Symphonic Ballad based on a poem by Strachwitz) [unpublished] (c1862-63)
 * Manfred, symphonic poem for orchestra (after Byron) [lost] (c1862-63)
 * Der Triumph der Liebe, symphonic poem for orchestra with chorus and soloists on text by Schiller [only 1 page found, remainder lost] (c1862-63)
 * Der Triumph der Liebe (piano version) [only 1 page found, remainder lost] (c1862-63)
 * One or more other symphonic poems for orchestra [all lost] (c1862-63)
 * Fantaisie in polonaise style, for piano and orchestra, (sometimes erroneously called a Concerto or a Polonaise) [lost] (c1862-63)
 * Five Nouvelles soirées de Vienne (1862-63) [see Paraphrases section]*
 * Ungarische Zigeunerweisen (Hungarian Gypsy Airs) (Fantasia on Hungarian-Gypsy Themes), in B minor/major (written for and dedicated to his Hungarian pianist wife Seraphine von Vrabely) (1864)*
 * Tägliche Studien für Pianoforte von Tausig (Tausig's Daily Exercises for Piano) (c1864-70?) [published 1873] [American revised edition with additional exercises by Heinrich Ehrlich published 1880]:
 * Vol. 1:
 * Exercises with motionless hands. (#1–26)
 * Exercises with the hands in progressive motion. Turning the fingers over and under. (#27–51)
 * Vol. 2:
 * Studies in Chords. (#52–68)
 * Stretching exercises. (#69–76)
 * Wide Jumps. (#77–84)
 * Double-Notes. (#85–100)
 * Scales in thirds in all major and minor keys. Chromatic scales with double-notes. (#101–102)
 * Six Exercise Pieces. [called Ten Préludes in the American revised edition, the last four written by "H. Ehrlich"]*:
 * No. 103: Moderato in E-flat minor
 * No. 104: Allegro in E-flat major
 * No. 105: Allegro moderato in C minor
 * No. 106: Allegro in A major
 * No. 107: Andante in F-sharp major
 * No. 108: Moderato in D-flat major
 * Octave-exercise. (#109)

Late works

 * Deux Études de concert (Two Concert Etudes), Op.1 [1c] [published 1871] (c1870-71)*:
 * No. 1: Presto appassionato in F-sharp major
 * No. 2: Moderato in A-flat major

Paraphrases, fantasies, elaborations

 * Berlioz: Gnomenchor und Sylphentanz, aus Fausts Verdammung (from the Damnation of Faust, Op. 24)
 * Brahms: Variations on a Theme of Paganini (Op. 35), manuscript sketches elaborated on (given a more virtuosic flavor) by Tausig and returned to Brahms for completion (c1862-63)
 * Chopin: Étude (Op. 10 No. 2) [reconstructed] (c1862-63)
 * Chopin: Étude (Op. 25 No. 2), transcription in double notes (sixths and thirds in the right hand) [lost?] (c1862-63)
 * Clementi: Gradus ad Parnassum (Op. 44), selection of studies "revised" by Tausig
 * Moniuszko: Réminiscences de Halka, de St. Moniuszko. Fantaisie de concert, (Fantasie Halka. Oper von Moniuszko) (Concert Fantasy (Fantasia) on Themes from the Opera 'Halka' by Moniusko), Op. 2 [2b] (1860)*
 * Schumann: Der Kontrabandiste (The Smuggler), from Spanisches Liederspiel (Op. 74 No. 10), "transcribed for concert performance"*
 * Strauss: Nouvelles soirées de Vienne: Valses-Caprices d'après J. Strauss (Valses Caprices on Themes of Johann Strauss Jr.) (Waltz-Caprices Nos. 1–3 [First Suite]) (dedicated to Liszt) (1862)*:
 * No. 1: Nachtfalter (Moth Waltzes, Op. 157)
 * No. 2: Man lebt nur einmal (You Live Only Once!, Waltzes, Op. 167)
 * No. 3: Wahlstimmen (Election Waltzes, Op. 250)

 * Strauss: Nouvelles soirées de Vienne: Valses-Caprices d'après J. Strauss (Valses Caprices on Themes of Johann Strauss Jr.) (Waltz-Caprices Nos. 4 and 5 [Second Suite, posth.]) (1862-63)*:
 * No. 4: Immer heiterer (Always Cheerful Waltzes, Op. 235)
 * No. 5: Wiener Chronik, in A major (Vienna Chronicle Waltzes, Op. 268)

 * Wagner: Vorspiel (Prelude) to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, for solo piano*
 * Wagner: Vorspiel (Prelude) to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, for piano four-hands
 * Wagner: Meditation, Einleitung zum dritten akt (Introduction to the 3rd act) of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg*
 * Wagner: Two "Free Transcriptions" from Die Walküre (1863)*:
 * Siegmunds Liebesgesang (Siegmund's Love Song)
 * Der Ritt der Walküren (The Ride of the Valkyries)

 * Wagner: Der Ritt der Walküren von Richard Wagner, for piano four-hands*
 * Wagner: Tristan und Isolde, Drei Paraphrasen (3 Paraphrases on Wagner's opera) (c1865)*:
 * No. 1: Liebesscene - Verklärung (Love Scene & Transfiguration)
 * No. 2: Brangänens Gesang - Matrosenlied (Brangäne's Song & Sailors Shanty)
 * No. 3: Melodie des Hirten (The Sheep Herders Melody)

 * Wagner: Kaiser-Marsch (WWV 104) (1871)*
 * Weber: Aufforderung zum Tanz, Mit Arabesken für den Concertvortrag (Invitation to the Dance, Op. 65), "with arabesques for concert performance", concert arrangement for piano*

Transcriptions, adaptations, piano scores, editions

 * Bach: Toccata und Fuge in D minor (BWV 565), transcription for piano ("concert arrangement") (c1862-63)*
 * Bach: Sechs Choralvorspiele für Orgel (6 Chorale Preludes), transcriptions for piano (dedicated to Brahms) (c1862-63):
 * No. 1: Wir glauben all' an einen Gott, Schöpfer (BWV 680)*
 * No. 2: Das alte Jahr vergangen ist (BWV 614)*
 * No. 3: O Mensch, bewein' dein' Sünde gross (BWV 622)*
 * No. 4: O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (BWV 656)*
 * No. 5: Vater unser im Himmelreich (BWV 737)
 * No. 6: Meine Seele erhebt den Herren (BWV 648)

 * Bach: Praeludium, Fuge und Allegro in E-flat major (BWV 998), transcription for piano (c1866)
 * Bach: 22 Präludien und Fugen aus Das wohltemperirte Clavier (22 Preludes and Fugues from The Well Tempered Clavier), edited and fingering by Tausig:
 * Bach's Nos. 1, 2, 5, 21, 25, 16, 30, 10, 11, 15, 6, 12, 3, 35, 36, 48, 34, 4, 8, 22, 28, 42

 * Beethoven: Sechs Sätze aus Streichquartetten (6 Pieces from String Quartets), transcriptions for piano:
 * No. 1: Adagio (Op. 59 No. 1, 3rd mvt)*
 * No. 2: Scherzo (Op. 59 No. 2, 3rd mvt)*
 * No. 3: Andante (Op. 59 No. 3, 2nd mvt)*
 * No. 4: Kavatine (Cavatina) (Op. 130, 5th mvt)*
 * No. 5: Presto (Op. 131, 5th mvt)
 * No. 6: Scherzo (Op. 135, 2nd mvt)

 * Beethoven: Missa solemnis (Op. 123), piano reduction [reconstructed]
 * Beethoven: Sechs Minuetten (WoO 10), arranged from Beethoven's unpublished orchestral manuscript (since lost)
 * Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 4 (Op. 58), transcription for piano solo, and edited and fingering by Tausig
 * Chopin: Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor (Op. 11), transcription for solo piano (c1865?)*
 * Chopin: Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor (Op. 21), 2nd movement, transcription for solo piano [reconstructed]
 * Clementi: Gradus ad Parnassum (Op. 44), edited and fingering by Tausig [see also selections in Paraphrase section]
 * Lassen: Albumleaf [incomplete]
 * Liszt: Faust-Symphonie [2nd movement 'Gretchen' incomplete, remainder mostly complete; reconstructed]
 * Liszt: Dante-Symphonie [unpublished]
 * Liszt: 12 Symphonic Poems, transcriptions for piano (1855-71):
 * No. 1: Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne [unpublished]
 * No. 2: Tasso [essentially complete, only last 4 bars not finished, ms in Library of Congress; ending reconstructed]*
 * No. 3: Les préludes [published by Editio Musica Budapest]*
 * No. 4: Orpheus [no phrasing, dynamics or tempo markings; unpublished]*
 * No. 5: Prometheus [reconstructed]
 * No. 6: Mazeppa [lost, possibly never written]
 * No. 7: Festklänge [unfinished; 3/4 reconstructed]
 * No. 8: Heroïde funèbre [no phrasing, dynamics or tempo markings; unpublished]
 * No. 9: Hungaria [last 13 bars incomplete; unpublished]
 * No. 10: Hamlet [unpublished]*
 * No. 11: Hunnenschlacht [reconstructed]
 * No. 12: Die Ideale [last 25 bars incomplete; unpublished]

 * Scarlatti: Five Sonatas, "concert arrangements" for piano from the original harpsichord pieces:
 * No. 1: Pastorale (in E minor K. 9), transposed to D minor*
 * No. 2: Capriccio (in E major K. 20)*
 * No. 3: (in G minor K. 12)*
 * No. 4: (in G minor K. 426)
 * No. 5: (in F minor K. 519)*

 * Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in C major (K. 487)*
 * Schubert: Four Concert Arrangements, transcriptions for solo piano:
 * Andantino und Variationen (Andantino and Variations) (Op. 84 No. 1)*
 * Rondo, über französische Motive (Rondo, on a French Theme) (Op. 84 No. 2)*
 * Polonaise mélancolique d'après F. Schubert (Op. 75 No. 3)*
 * Militär-Marsch (Military March) No. 1 in D (Op. 51 No. 1)*

 * Wagner: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, piano reduction of complete orchestral score, with vocal score [see also selections in Paraphrase section]

Wrongly attributed works

 * "Morgenblätter", Walzer von J. Strauss Op. 279 – Paraphrasiert für den Concert Vortrag von Karl Tausig – Oeuvre Posthume [published c1878; actually composed by American pianist Julie Rivé-King (1854-1937)]
 * "Kiss Waltz", Walzer von J. Strauss [recorded by both Mark Hambourg and Benno Moiseiwitsch; actually composed by Russian composer and pianist Eduard Schütt (1856-1933) as "Concert Paraphrases on J. Strauss' Waltz Motives"]
 * Préludes nos. 7-10 from the 1880 American revised edition of Tausig's Daily Exercises, which edition added more exercises by Heinrich Ehrlich. Of the "10 Preludes" presented, the last four are actually by Ehrlich. Tausig wrote only the first six, which he called "6 Exercise Pieces", not "Preludes", though they are often still called Preludes. [see Mature Works section]

Recordings
Michael Ponti was the first to record an all-Tausig album, in 1976 on the Candide LP label. It contained the Two Concert Etudes, The Ghost Ship, Hope, One Lives Only Once (Caprice Waltz #2), Hungarian Gypsy Airs, Caprice Waltz #4, and the Halka Fantasy. Ponti later recorded 3 of Tausig's Wagner arrangements: the 2 from Valkyre, and Brangäneus' Song from Tristan. Another album of all Tausig newly recorded in 1980 and released on the Wifon label (available on cassette) contained all the pieces that were on the earlier Candide album except for the two Caprice Waltzes, but also added the Reverie op. 5.

Beginning in 1989, Dennis Hennig released three all-Tausig albums for the Etcetera label. All five of the Valse-Caprices and three of the Schubert transcriptions (omitting the Andantino Variations). An album of some of Tausig's Wagner transcriptions: the 3 Tristan paraphrases, the 2 from Valkyre, including the four-hand version of Ride of the Valkyres, and the Kaiser March. Four of Tausig's transcriptions of Liszt symphonic poems: no. 3 Les Preludes, and nos. 2, 4, and 10 all previously unpublished.

Orazio Sciortino made an album of Wagner transcriptions as well in 2013: the 3 Tristan, 2 Valkyre, and the 2 Meistersinger arrangements.

Artur Cimirro recorded Tausig's complete extant original piano works for the Acte Préalable CD label in 2016. The pianist had intentions of recording all the extant transcriptions and arrangements, as well as conducting the premiere of the orchestral version of The Ghost Ship, but these recordings have not materialized.

Many other modern-day pianists have recorded Tausig compositions, such as Rian de Waal, Carlo Lombardi, Giulio Draghi, Stephen Hough, and Menachem Har-Zahav. There are several recordings of Tausig's piano music on YouTube. Setrak Setrakian has recorded the rare Chopin E minor concerto transcription.

Historically, Tausig's arrangement of Strauss's waltz You Only Live Once! was recorded by Sergei Rachmaninov and Ignacy Jan Paderewski. Rachmaninov also made recordings of Tausig's transcription of Schumann's Der Kontrabandiste (also recorded by Josef Lhévinne, Josef Hofmann, Emil Gilels, and many others) and Tausig's Pastorale in E minor, adaptated from Scarlatti's harpsichord Sonata, L. 413, the latter also being popular with several other pianists of that era, including Vladimir Horowitz. The Bach Toccata and Fugue in D minor adaptation and the Schubert/Tausig Marche Militaire were also quite popular in recordings, the latter being recorded by Eugen d'Albert, Leopold Godowsky, Mischa Levitzki, Lhévinne, Ignaz Friedman, Egon Petri, Wilhelm Backhaus, Alexander Brailowsky, Horowitz, and György Cziffra. Most of those pianists recorded other Tausig works as well, such as Lhévinne's rare recording of the Hungarian Gypsy Dances. Benno Moiseiwitsch recorded Tausig's piano arrangement of Weber's orchestral Invitation to the Dance. Winifred Christie even recorded the Bach Toccata and Fugue in D minor adaptation on her husband's invention, the Moór-Duplex piano.

title: Karl Tausig