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Kevin Phillips (English footballer)

Kevin Mark Phillips (born 25 July 1973) is an English former professional footballer who was most recently the manager of National League club Hartlepool United.

A striker, Phillips started his career with Southampton but failed to make the first team and was released. He then signed for non-League side Baldock Town where he impressed, earning a move to Watford in 1994. In 1997, Phillips signed for First Division club Sunderland. In his first season he scored 35 goals in all competitions, the most goals in a season for a Sunderland player since the Second World War as well as being the league's top goalscorer. Phillips scored 23 goals in 26 league games in the following season as Sunderland were crowned champions of the First Division. He received his first call up to the England national team in 1999. In the 1999–2000 season, Phillips scored 30 Premier League goals to earn himself a place in the PFA Team of the Year. This goal tally earned him the Golden Boot award as well as the European Golden Shoe. He was the first Englishman to have won the award and remains the only one to achieve it in the Premier League. Phillips was named in the squad for UEFA Euro 2000 although he made no appearances at the finals. He made his eighth and final appearance for England in 2002. Phillips spent a further three seasons with the Wearside club, making 235 appearances and scoring 130 goals before departing for Southampton in 2003 following Sunderland's relegation.

After two seasons with Southampton and one with Aston Villa, Phillips signed for Championship club West Bromwich Albion. In his second season with West Brom, Phillips was a member of the team that won the league with him being named as the Championship Player of the Season. In 2008, he signed for fellow West Midlands club Birmingham City where he won the League Cup in his third season. He spent two seasons with Championship club Blackpool before moving to Crystal Palace initially on loan. With Palace, Phillips scored the winning penalty in the play-off final against his former club Watford to earn promotion to the Premier League. In January 2014, Phillips signed for Leicester City who won the Championship title. He retired at the end of the 2013–14 season.

He began his coaching career with his last club Leicester City as their assistant first team coach. After other coaching roles with Derby County and Stoke City, he began his managerial career with South Shields. With South Shields, he won the Northern Premier League title in his second season before leaving at the end of the season. In January 2024, he was confirmed as the new manager of Hartlepool United.

Early career
Phillips was born in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. He started his footballing career as a trainee with Southampton, where he spent six years, four as a schoolboy, before being taken on as an apprentice in 1989. As a youth, Phillips was considered to be too small to play up front and was played at right back, in which position he made two reserve team appearances in 1990. He failed to make the grade at Southampton and was released by manager Chris Nicholl, and returned to Hertfordshire where he signed for non-League semi-professional side Baldock Town in the summer of 1991.

At Baldock Town, he was initially played as a defender until an injury crisis resulted in manager Ian Allinson playing Phillips as a striker, scoring twice in his first match in his new role. He was signed by Watford in December 1994 for an initial £10,000, plus four additional payments of £5,000.

Watford
Phillips established himself in the squad during the second half of the 1994–95 season, and played regularly before suffering a foot injury in March 1996, initially diagnosed as a hairline fracture and later discovered to be a hole in a ligament in his foot, that kept him out for a year. Watford were relegated from Division One in 1995–96, and by the time Phillips returned to the team, they were in the top half of Division Two, and went on to finish 13th. In July 1997, Phillips signed for Sunderland for a fee of £325,000, potentially rising to more than £600,000.

Sunderland
Phillips signed for Sunderland just after their relegation from the Premiership. Fifteen matches into the Division One season, the club were in mid-table and Phillips had four goals. In the remainder of the season, Phillips set or equalled club records by scoring in seven consecutive matches and in nine consecutive home matches, became the first Sunderland player since Brian Clough in 1961–62 to score 30 goals in a season, and finished the campaign with 35 goals in all competitions, the most by any Sunderland player in one season since the Second World War. His tally included a four-goal haul in the third round of the FA Cup at Rotherham United and two goals in the play-off campaign. After scoring Sunderland's second goal in the play-off final, Phillips was substituted after 73 minutes with an injury, so missed the remainder of the 4–4 draw with Charlton Athletic which Sunderland lost 7–6 on penalties. Phillips later described the final as his "most disappointing day in football", but also as the best match he had ever played in.

Phillips scored eight goals in the opening weeks of the 1998–99 season as Sunderland reached the top of the Division One table. A broken toe sustained in a League Cup tie against Chester City in mid-September kept him out for nearly four months, but his goalscoring resumed immediately upon his return, with a "screaming volley" away to Queens Park Rangers. Promotion was confirmed in April as Phillips scored four of Sunderland's five goals in an away game against Bury, and he ended the season with 23 goals from only 26 league games, and 25 goals in all competitions. His form earned him an international call-up for England, and he made his debut in the starting eleven in a friendly against Hungary.

In the run-up to the start of the 1999–2000 FA Premier League season, pundit Rodney Marsh predicted that Phillips would struggle to get more than five or six goals at the higher level. Forming a potent "little and large" strike pairing with veteran target-man Niall Quinn, Phillips scored his sixth goal on 18 September – the first of a hat-trick against Derby County – and was named Premier League Player of the Month for October. His goal tally was 20 by mid-January and 30 by the season's end, a total that earned him not only the Premier League Golden Boot but also the European Golden Shoe award – he was the first Englishman to have won the latter and held the distinction until Harry Kane won the honour in 2024 – and with a 14-goal return from Quinn contributed to Sunderland's seventh-place finish, just missing out on a UEFA Cup place.

In January 2001, Phillips scored his 104th goal for Sunderland, breaking the club's post-war goalscoring record. As the season wore on, Phillips suffered both a lack of form and disciplinary problems: he scored only once between mid-January and May, and came in for criticism from fans and local press. He finished the season with 18 goals in all competitions, 14 in the league, as Sunderland again finished seventh and missed out on UEFA Cup qualification.

Phillips' goals contribution to Sunderland's 2001–02 season fell to 13, of which 11 came in the league. He relinquished his penalty-taking duties, after three consecutive spot-kicks were saved, but his goal on the final day of the season, in a 1–1 draw with Derby County, was enough to ensure 17th place and Premier League survival. He played the last months of the campaign despite a groin problem which required surgery over the 2002 close season.

Amid interest from clubs including Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur, Phillips "pledged his future" to Sunderland ahead of the 2002–03 season, though he later confirmed he had submitted a transfer request in August. Manager Peter Reid brought in strikers Tore André Flo and Marcus Stewart, and warned Phillips he was no longer an automatic first choice. Phillips in fact started 32 of the 38 league matches, but scored only 6 goals as the club were relegated with just four wins and what were then Premier League record lows of 19 points and 21 goals. A second transfer request was rejected in January, but at the end of the season Phillips confirmed that the club's need to reduce its expenditure in light of relegation meant that he would be leaving. He had played in 235 matches for Sunderland, and scored 130 goals at an average of better than a goal every two games.

Southampton
In August 2003, following Sunderland's relegation from the Premier League, Phillips moved to the south coast to join Southampton for a fee of £3.25 million, with Phillips signing a four-year contract, while taking a substantial cut in his salary.

He made his debut on 16 August, coming on as a substitute away to Leicester City and scoring with a long-range strike in a 2–2 draw. His next goal came at White Hart Lane on 20 September when the ball ricocheted in off him from an attempted clearance by Tottenham Hotspur's Anthony Gardner. This was followed in mid-week by the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Steaua Bucharest in the UEFA Cup First round. On the following Saturday, Phillips was sent off in the final minute of a bad-tempered 1–0 defeat to Middlesbrough, after he kicked out at Boro defender Franck Queudrue.

Phillips then failed to score for over three months until his fourth goal of the season came in a 2–1 victory over Leeds United on 17 January 2004. There then followed a rich run of form with Phillips netting ten further goals in the final four months of the season including two goals in the matches at Manchester United, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Manchester City. Phillips ended the 2003–04 season with 13 goals in total, from 37 appearances.

In March 2004, manager Gordon Strachan had resigned to be replaced by Paul Sturrock who was dismissed shortly after the start of the 2004–05 season, to be replaced in turn by Steve Wigley who spent just three months in charge before the arrival of Harry Redknapp from local rivals Portsmouth in December. Phillips had now played under four managers within a year.

Despite the frequent changes in manager, Phillips continued to score regularly in his partnership with new signing Peter Crouch. He managed ten league goals in 2004–05, including two in a 3–3 draw with Fulham on 5 January. Despite Phillips's goals, the club finished at the bottom of the table and were relegated after 27 years in the top flight. On 29 June 2005, Phillips departed from Southampton after two years and 22 league goals to join Aston Villa in a £1 million deal.

Aston Villa
Phillips signed a two-year contract with Premier League club Aston Villa for a fee of £1 million on 29 June 2005. He scored just four minutes into his Villa debut, and then returned from injury to seal Villa's first Premier League defeat of local rivals Birmingham City in seven attempts. Phillips shared front-man duties with Juan Pablo Ángel and fellow new signing Milan Baroš, but illness and further injuries disrupted his season, in which he contributed only five goals. He began the 2006–07 season with Villa, but on 22 August, he signed for West Bromwich Albion of the Championship for a £700,000 fee.

West Bromwich Albion
Phillips joined West Bromwich Albion despite strong interest from Sunderland, where his former strike partner Niall Quinn had recently become both chairman and manager. He cited a reluctance to move his family and home for a third time in three years as a major factor in his decision. He scored 22 goals in his first season with West Brom, including two hat-tricks, one in a 5–1 win at Ipswich Town and the second in a 7–0 defeat of Barnsley on the final day of the regular season that confirmed Albion's place in the play-offs. Phillips scored twice in the first leg of the play-off semi-final against Wolverhampton Wanderers, and headed the only goal of the second leg to ensure their progression to the final, in which they lost 1–0 to Derby County.

He missed six weeks of the 2007–08 season because of a knee injury sustained in early November, but rediscovered his goalscoring form on his return to win the Championship player-of-the-month award for December. Described by Albion manager Tony Mowbray as "a natural goal-scorer with great awareness and vision", Phillips scored his 200th League goal in a 1–1 draw with Crystal Palace on 13 March 2008. For the last match of the season, away to Queens Park Rangers, fans of West Bromwich Albion chose to dress up as superheroes in honour of Phillips, who is nicknamed "Super Kev"; Albion won the match 2–0 to win promotion to the Premier League as champions. Phillips won numerous awards over the season. He received Player-of-the-Year awards from both the West Bromwich Albion Supporters Club and from the club itself, after scoring 24 goals from 30 starts and finishing as the Championship's second top goalscorer. At national level, he was chosen Championship Player of the Year at the annual Football League Awards, ahead of Andy Gray of Charlton Athletic and Michael Kightly of Wolverhampton Wanderers, and, together with teammates Paul Robinson and Jonathan Greening, was named in the PFA Championship Team of the Year.

Birmingham City
When his contract with West Bromwich Albion expired at the end of the 2007–08 season, the club offered Phillips a one-year deal, with an additional second year if he made 19 or more league appearances. He rejected the offer, preferring to sign a two-year contract with Birmingham City, newly relegated from the Premier League. He made his debut on the opening day of the 2008–09 season against Sheffield United, coming on as a substitute to score a stoppage time winner in a 1–0 victory. Phillips continued his scoring run with goals in his next two games, against Southampton and Barnsley, "lashed in a stinging low drive" against Reading that earned him the club's Goal of the Season award, and finished the season with 14 goals in all competitions. His 14th, to take a two-goal lead in a 2–1 win against promotion rivals Reading on the last day of the season, ensured Birmingham's return to the Premier League after just one season in the Championship.

At 36, Phillips recognised he would play a reduced role at the higher level. In a season when manager Alex McLeish relied on consistency in team selection – Birmingham set a Premier League record of nine consecutive matches with the same starting eleven, and a club record twelve-match unbeaten run in the top flight – he started only twice, but came on as substitute in 17 games. He scored only four goals, but those goals contributed four points to the club's highest finish for more than 50 years. Against Wolverhampton Wanderers, he came off the bench to score twice in the last ten minutes and win the game, and on 27 March 2010, 1–0 down at home to Arsenal, a 92nd-minute clearance by Bacary Sagna deflected off Phillips' face via the goalkeeper into the net for his 250th career goal.

He signed a one-year contract extension ahead of the 2010–11 season, but missed the start through injury. He went on to make five league starts, but his major contribution came in the League Cup. Facing League One club Brentford, Phillips scored a stoppage-time equaliser and converted his penalty in the shootout by which Birmingham progressed to the quarter-final. They went on to reach the final, where Phillips received his first winners' medal in a cup competition, albeit as an unused substitute, as Birmingham defeated favourites Arsenal 2–1. Birmingham finished 18th in the League, so were relegated to the Championship, and Phillips was one of several players to leave the club when their contracts expired at the end of the season.

Blackpool
On 10 July 2011, Phillips signed a one-year deal with Football League Championship club Blackpool. On 14 August, he scored both of Blackpool's goals in their 2–1 league victory over Peterborough United, on his home debut. He again scored twice a few days later, including a last-minute equaliser, in a 2–2 draw away at Brighton & Hove Albion. On 5 November, Phillips scored the only goal of the game against Millwall within three minutes of coming on as a substitute. In a five-game spell in January and February 2012, he came off the bench to score late equalising goals in three league matches, two of which Blackpool went on to win, and, in his first start for three months, converted a 93rd-minute penalty against Sheffield Wednesday in the fourth round of the FA Cup to force a replay. Phillips finished the season as the club's top scorer, with 17 goals in all competitions, and won their goal of the season for his equaliser against Cardiff City, described in The Observer as "a lovely lob punishing [goalkeeper] David Marshall for a punched clearance that lacked the required distance. Phillips took the ball down on his chest, picked his spot and scored with consummate skill and accuracy".

Phillips took up the option to extend his Blackpool contract for a further year, but scored only twice from 18 appearances before following manager Ian Holloway to Championship rivals Crystal Palace.

Crystal Palace
On the last day of the January 2013 transfer window, Phillips signed on loan to Crystal Palace until the end of the 2012–13 season. He made his debut as a half-time substitute in the 2–1 win at home to Charlton Athletic, after being 1–0 down prior to his introduction, and scored his first goal for the Eagles in their next game, against his former club Watford at Vicarage Road. Palace were again trailing when he came off the bench, 2–0 down with half an hour remaining, and Phillips scored the equaliser as the side fought back to achieve a 2–2 draw. Phillips' hat-trick, scored in eight minutes either side of half-time in a 4–2 defeat of Hull City, made him the oldest scorer in Palace's history at 39 years 7 months. This is also the club's fastest ever hat-trick in the league, beating the previous record set by Dougie Freedman in 11 minutes in a 5–0 win against Grimsby Town exactly 17 years before. On 27 May, he came on as a substitute in the play-off final and converted an extra-time penalty, after Wilfried Zaha had been fouled by Marco Cassetti, to secure Palace's promotion to the Premier League at the expense of former club Watford. Steve Parish indicated in the Croydon Advertiser that Phillips had agreed to a one-year deal with Palace in July 2013.

On 20 July, Palace confirmed that Phillips had joined the club on a one-year deal. On 31 December, Palace announced that Phillips would leave the club by mutual consent in January.

Leicester City
On 15 January 2014, Leicester City confirmed that they had signed Phillips on a short-term contract until the end of the season. The striker made his debut on 18 January against Leeds United, coming on as a substitute for Jamie Vardy, helping create the opportunity that saw fellow former England international David Nugent score the winning goal of the game. On 1 February, Phillips scored his first goal for the club against AFC Bournemouth, heading in winger Anthony Knockaert's cross. Phillips' second goal for Leicester, his first at home, came in the 3–1 victory over former club Blackpool on 15 March. On 28 April, he announced his intention to retire from football at the conclusion of the 2013–14 season. With Leicester already confirmed as champions, Phillips played his final career game in the last match of the season, against Doncaster Rovers on 3 May, and was substituted in the 65th minute.

Leicester City
Following his retirement from football, Phillips was offered a coaching role and remained at Leicester City as assistant first team coach for the club's first season back in the Premier League.

Derby County
On 17 September 2015, Phillips was appointed as assistant coach to Paul Clement at Derby County.

Stoke City
In June 2018, Phillips joined as first-team coach to Gary Rowett at Stoke City. He left Stoke on 8 January 2019.

South Shields
On 16 January 2022, Phillips was appointed as manager of Northern Premier League Premier Division club South Shields. Despite being favourites to win the league, South Shields finished second and lost in the play-off semi-finals to Warrington Town in Phillips' first season as manager.

Phillips secured promotion in his second season with the club, winning the league title with two games to spare with a 1–0 victory at Whitby Town. He departed the club by mutual consent on 22 April 2023.

Hartlepool United
On 20 January 2024, Phillips was appointed as head coach of National League club Hartlepool United. Hartlepool had been relegated from League Two in the previous season and were in 16th position, four points above the relegation zone prior to Phillips' appointment. His first match with Hartlepool was a 2–1 home win against York City on 27 January. Hartlepool finished the season in 12th position. On 27 April 2024, Phillips' departure was confirmed after his contract expired. Following his departure from Hartlepool, a statement from Phillips' representatives said that the club had offered him a two-year contract before later withdrawing their offer of a new contract. Phillips himself added that: "I have thoroughly enjoyed working at Hartlepool United and with all the existing staff there". Hartlepool won 7 games from 16 during his tenure.

International career
Between April 1999 and February 2002, Phillips made eight appearances for England but failed to score. His debut came when he was one of five international debutants selected by manager Kevin Keegan for the friendly match away to Hungary. Phillips had an opportunity to score in the first half, but his shot hit Gábor Király's legs. In the 74th minute, Phillips was replaced by fellow debutant Emile Heskey.

In the final warm-up match before the Euro 2000 tournament, Phillips failed to score in a 2–1 victory against Malta, with the BBC describing him as having "that slightly desperate look of all fringe players who have been left precious little time to impress". Despite this, Phillips was selected by Keegan as part of the England squad for Euro 2000, but he remained an unused substitute.

In his final appearance for England, he came on as a half-time substitute in a friendly against the Netherlands on 13 February 2002, in which he had a chance to equalise when he forced keeper Edwin van der Sar into an error; Van der Sar then produced a point-blank save from David Beckham's follow-up.

Personal life
Phillips is married to Julie. They have four children.

Phillips' cousin-in-law is Labour politician Jess Phillips.

As a player
Sunderland
 * Football League First Division: 1998–99

West Bromwich Albion
 * Football League Championship: 2007–08

Birmingham City
 * Football League Cup: 2010–11
 * Football League Championship runner-up: 2008–09

Crystal Palace
 * Football League Championship play-offs: 2013

Leicester City
 * Football League Championship: 2013–14

Individual
 * Football League First Division top scorer: 1997–98
 * European Golden Shoe: 1999–2000
 * Premier League Golden Boot: 1999–2000
 * Premier League Player of the Year: 1999–2000
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Premier League, 2007–08 Championship
 * North-East FWA Player of the Year: 2000
 * Football League Championship Player of the Year: 2007–08
 * FourFourTwo 50 Best Football League Players 2008: 1st

As a manager
South Shields
 * Northern Premier League: 2022–23

title: Kevin Phillips (English footballer)


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British Columbia Highway 5

Highway 5 is a 543 km north–south route in southern British Columbia, Canada. Highway 5 connects the southern Trans-Canada route (Highway 1) with the northern Trans-Canada/Yellowhead route (Highway 16), providing the shortest land connection between Vancouver and Edmonton. Despite the entire route being signed as part of the Yellowhead Highway, the portion of Highway 5 south of Kamloops is also known as the Coquihalla Highway, while the northern portion is known as the Southern Yellowhead Highway. The Coquihalla section was a toll road until 2008.

Although the Yellowhead Highway system is considered part of the Trans-Canada Highway network, Highway 5 is not represented with a Trans-Canada marker. Regardless, Highway 5 is designated as a core route of Canada's National Highway System.

Coquihalla Highway
Between Hope and Kamloops, Highway 5 is known as the Coquihalla Highway (colloquially "the Coq", pronounced "coke"). It is a 186 km freeway, varying between four and six lanes with a speed limit of 120 km/h for most of its length. The Coquihalla approximately traces through the Cascade Mountains the route of the former Kettle Valley Railway, which existed between 1912 and 1958. It is so named because near Hope, it generally follows the Coquihalla River, for about 60 km, and uses the Coquihalla Pass. The pass is named Kwʼikwʼiya꞉la in the Halq̓eméylem language used by the Stó꞉lō, which means "stingy container" and refers specifically to a fishing rock near the mouth of what is now known as the Coquihalla River. According to Stó꞉lō oral history, the skw'exweq (water babies, underwater people) who inhabit a pool close to the rock would swim out and pull the salmon off the spears, allowing only certain fisherman to catch the salmon."

Highway 5 begins south at the junction with Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) at uninhabited Othello, 7 km east of Hope (named after a nearby siding on the Kettle Valley Railway, which used many Shakespearean names). Exit numbers on the Coquihalla are a continuation of those on Highway 1 west of Hope, as it is an extension of the freeway that starts in Horseshoe Bay. 35 km north of Othello, after passing through five interchanges, Highway 5 reaches the landmark Great Bear snow shed. The location of the former toll booth is 13 km north of the snow shed, passing through another interchange and the 1244 m Coquihalla Pass. Highway 5 is the only highway in British Columbia to have had tolls; a typical passenger vehicle toll was $10. Now free to drive, at the Coquihalla Lakes junction, the highway crosses from the Fraser Valley Regional District into the Thompson-Nicola Regional District. 61 km and five interchanges north of the former toll plaza. The Coquihalla Highway then enters the city of Merritt, which is accessed by two interchanges, both of which also provide access to Highway 5A, Highway 97C, and Highway 8.

The section of highway, between Merritt and Kamloops, is 72 km long. After exiting Merritt, the highway climbs up a long, steep hill toward another high point, the Surrey Lake Summit. It passes through three interchanges along this section. A diamond interchange at Exit 336 provides an important turnoff to Logan Lake on Highway 97D and Lac le Jeune. Shortly after the junction, the highway descends into the city of Kamloops, where it meets Highways 1 and 97 at a trumpet interchange.

Kamloops
Highway 5 continues east for 12 km concurrently with Highways 1 and 97, through Kamloops. This stretch of road, which carries 97 South and 5 North on the same lanes (and vice versa), is the only wrong-way concurrency in British Columbia. This section is mostly an urban freeway with a speed limit of 100 km/h. It passes through five interchanges, connecting to the core area of Kamloops, before the concurrency splits and Highway 5 exits off the road to the north in a complex five-way interchange.

After separating from Highways 1 and 97, Highway 5 proceeds north for approximately 19 km. For most of this section, it is a four-lane divided highway with several signalized intersections and a speed limit of 80 km/h. After leaving the concurrency it immediately crosses the South Thompson River and enters a First Nations Reserve, temporarily leaving Kamloops city limits. A particularly important intersection is the signal lights at Halston Drive, which is one of only two access points to the north half of Kamloops. Highway 5 re-enters the city at the Rayleigh community, where it passes two busy at-grade, but not signalized intersections; traffic volumes steadily decrease as it gets farther from the core area of Kamloops. Heffley Creek indicates the northern boundary of Kamloops; the exit to Sun Peaks resort is at the same turnoff. Traffic volumes thin out at that exit, and shortly afterward Highway 5 narrows to a two-lane undivided road.

Southern Yellowhead Highway
The Southern Yellowhead highway is the northern section of Highway 5. This section is 314 km long. It is largely a two-lane undivided road, with some rare three- or four-lane sections for passing, although work has been constantly underway (especially in the Heffley Creek–Clearwater section) to create more passing opportunities. The speed limit is 100 km/h for the most part except in towns, where it can drop as low as 50 km/h. Traffic volume on this section of highway is low compared to the Coquihalla and Kamloops sections of Highway 5. In its whole length there is only one traffic signal, which is in the town of Valemount. Services for drivers are provided in the major towns.

Highway 5 follows the North Thompson River north from Kamloops and Heffley Creek for approximately 54 km, along a parallel course with the Canadian National Railway's main line. It passes an important junction for Adams Lake in the settlement of Louis Creek before entering the town Barriere. North of Barriere, it encounters a junction with Highway 24 in the village of Little Fort. 30 km north of Little Fort, while continuing to follow the North Thompson and the CN Railway, Highway 5 reaches the resort community of Clearwater, where a roundabout provides access to Wells Gray Provincial Park. Highway 5 proceeds northeast for another 107 km, passing Vavenby and Avola en route to the community of Blue River, a popular heliskiing location. From there it proceeds 109 km farther north through the heart of the Columbia Mountains. It crosses a low divide between the Thompson River and Fraser River drainages, entering the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George. It soon passes through the community of Valemount, where a traffic signal is located. Next it passes Tête Jaune Cache and crosses the Fraser River, after which it immediately meets Highway 16 in a partial interchange, marking its northern terminus.

History
The current Highway 5 is not the first highway in B.C. to have this designation. From 1941 to 1953, the section of present-day Highway 97, Highway 97A, and Highway 97B, between Kaleden, just south of Penticton, and Salmon Arm, was formerly Highway 5. In 1953, the '5' designation was moved to designate Princeton-Merritt-Kamloops Highway (present-day Highway 5A) to north of Kamloops; by 1960, Highway 5 was extended north to Tête Jaune Cache and subsequently paved. In 1970, Highway 5 between Kamloops and Tête Jaune Cache was designated as the South Yellowhead Highway and signed with the Yellowhead Highway shield, while the section south of Kamloops was still signed with the standard British Columbia highway shield.

In the 1960s, the Merritt Board of Trade began lobbying the B.C. government for a new highway route to Hope, including a vehicle caravan that was staged eight times starting in 1963, over the abandoned Kettle Valley Railway grade, in order draw attention to the potential of this route. Surveying commenced in 1973, and in 1979 the first construction contract was issued for a 4.5 km section of highway between Nicolum Creek and Peers Creek near Hope; however, work progressed slowly until 1984, when Premier Bill Bennett announced that the project would be fast-tracked so it could be completed to coincide with Expo 86. To ensure the project was completed on time, more than 10,000 workers were needed, and more than 1,000 pieces of heavy equipment worked non-stop every day during the summer of 1985. The project was divided into three phases, with Phase 1 being the 115 km section between Hope and Merritt, Phase 2 being the 80 km section between Merritt and Kamloops, and Phase 3 being a 108 km branch between Merritt and Peachland, south of Kelowna. To offset the cost of fast-tracking construction, Phase 1 was made a toll highway, with a toll plaza constructed at the summit of Coquihalla Summit; it was designed to accommodate 13 toll booths for 14 lanes of traffic.

On May 16, 1986, Phase 1 was officially opened, and Highway 5 was re-routed between Hope and Merritt; its construction required 31 bridges and underpasses and over 3.7 e6t of gravel. The opening celebrations featured a ceremony in Hope followed by a convoy led by Premier Bennett in an open-air convertible that smashed through paper banners strung across the new highway lanes, stopped at the Coquihalla Summit to dedicate a time capsule, and continued to Merritt for further celebrations. The total cost for the highway between Hope and Merritt was approximately $848 million. Phase 2, between Merritt and Kamloops, opened in September 1987, re-routing Highway 5, while Phase 3 was opened in October 1990 and designated as Highway 97C. The three phases have been credited with transforming Merritt into an important transportation hub between the coast and interior, as well as significant growth in both Kamloops and the Okanagan due to improved accessibility.

In 2003, Premier Gordon Campbell announced the Liberal government would turn over toll revenue to a private operator, along with responsibility for the operation and maintenance of the Coquihalla Highway. In response to strong opposition from the public and numerous businesses in the Interior of British Columbia, the provincial government shelved the move three months later.

On September 26, 2008, the provincial government permanently lifted the Coquihalla tolls, effective 1:00 pm that day. Subsequently, the toll station and signs were dismantled.

In 2011, the British Columbia government replaced the standard British Columbia Highway 5 shields with Yellowhead Highway 5 shields south of Kamloops, which at the time drew some concern that the Coquihalla Highway would be officially renamed.

Effective July 2, 2014, the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure increased the speed limit on the Coquihalla Highway from 110 km/h to 120 km/h after conducting an engineering assessment and province-wide speed review. In June 2016, the province implemented a variable speed limit corridor around the Coquihalla Summit Park to increase safety during adverse conditions.

Accidents and weather
Signs along the Coquihalla Highway frequently warn drivers to be aware of sudden changes in weather. The highway is particularly dangerous during winter seasons, with extreme snowfall that can exceed more than 10 cm per hour. While road maintenance strives to keep the roads as clear as possible, it is not unheard of for the highway to shut down, sometimes with travellers forced to stay overnight in their cars.

According to ICBC, there were 32 fatal crashes between 2004 and 2013, and an estimated 400–500 accidents occur during the winter seasons. Global News listed the stretch between Merritt and Hope as one of the deadliest highways in BC. DriveBC provides up-to-date reports on Coquihalla Highway conditions, including live webcams in several locations.

Owing to its reputation, Highway 5 is featured predominantly in the reality docuseries Highway Thru Hell, which follows a group of towing companies that operate in the Interior and Highway 5.

On November 14, 2021, a major storm in southern British Columbia damaged sections of the Coquihalla Highway and other routes in the area. Over the course of November 14 and 15, 200 mm of rain fell along the Coquihalla route. The heavy rain eventually caused several large washouts at multiple points along the highway, including the destruction of multiple bridges. Initial repair estimates included temporary reopenings consisting of temporary bridges, operational for early 2022, with full repair completed in September 2022. After the washouts, Canadian Forces Cormorant helicopters evacuated stranded motorists on the highway. On December 20, the Coquihalla Highway was reopened to essential traffic, with non-essential traffic being diverted toward Highway 99. On January 19, 2022, the Coquihalla Highway was reopened to non-essential traffic from Hope to Merritt. The highway has since been fully reopened, allowing full traffic from Hope to Kamloops.

Exit list
From south to north, the following intersections are observed along Highway 5:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Columbia Highway 5


text:
Talk:Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)

Unless anyone voices objections I am going to restore this article to '''21:01, 16 May 2004. . Greudin'''. I please reply in this page within 24 hours of this posting if you object to me doing this and we can discuss it further.Philip Baird Shearer 23:25, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

I am going to revert it to the earlier edit because:
 * The Imperial Guard guarded Napoleon Bonaparte the French Emperor they did not Guard France.
 * The are known as the Imperial Guard Not the French Imperial Guard
 * This is made easier because the person 198.234.252.9 who made the change did not bother to alter the links.

Restored + Alternate uses: see Imperial Guard (disambiguation) Philip Baird Shearer 01:43, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

The "La Garde meurt et ne se rend pas!" quote
The quote "La Garde meurt et ne se rend pas!" is attributed to Nicolas Chauvin too. You can see the articles under that name or under chauvinism.

Sensemaker

Guard is a group noun (noun of multitude)
Which is correct?

 * The Guard are to take up position around the standard.
 * The Guard is to take up position around the standard.

I think that like Government, Guard is a group noun, so a Brit I think the former reads better than the latter. http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifcompnyvscompnyr.shtml

Woops forgot to credit my self with above or the 195.92.67.79 Reversal Philip Baird Shearer 16:37, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A collective noun is, infact, singlular.

 * ''I thought that collective noun is a term for groups of things like: a "flock of sheep" or a " herd  of cattle".

 * The group is going to the store.
 * The guard goes into action.

Since you have altered my perfectly valid corrections, I shall do the courtesy of correcting your purported corrections.

Correct English may, at times, be ugly. It may not always sound right, but in this case, there can only be one interpretation of correctness.

 * ''Not true when it comes to noun of multitude google on "government are" site:gov.uk. Both formats are acceptable in the UK.

Although a group consists of many people, it is infact one group, and is therefore singular. I shall not correct this again for this article, but I must stress that this is more your Wikipedia than it is mine, and it will inevitably be as you desire it to be, correct or incorrect.

 * ''Thank you. If you had argued, before making your changes, that although in some versions of English either is correct, but in American English only the singular is acceptable; and as this is a multi English encyclopaedia; could it be altered? Then I doubt if I would have felt strongly enough to object. Or if you add a couple of paragraphs of further information and then altered the grammar to be consistent throughout I would not have objected. But you did neither.

Ironically, the quote which you contributed demonstrates my point perfectly.

"La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!" "The Guard dies, it does not surrender!", Cambronne

"Guard" is singular in both the quote and translation:
 * It, in English is singular.
 * Elle, in French is singular.

In that quote,
 * "Guard" is the antecedent of the pronoun "It".
 * Cambronne clearly refers to "Guard" as "It".

Cambronne apparently believed that his usage of "Guard" was singular, and I am obliged to agree with him. This example applies to the entire article, where "Guard" refers to a group of guardsmen.

Therefore, I must insist that a "Guard", as it is used in the article, refers to a group of guardsmen or a group of separate guard divisions. This grouping of many things as one thing is therefore refered to collectively as a "collective noun". I see no other possible interpretation.

 * ''"word of Cambronne", One can not always translate from one language to another exactly and one can not use the grammar of one language to justify the grammar of another! BTW the quote is also given in other sources as "La Garde meurt et ne se rend pas"

Also, in the article, "Guard" was alternatively refered to in the singular as well as the plural, contradicts its usage. – Anonymous

 * ''Then how about fixing it all to the plural?

 * ''BTW why don't you create an account then you can sign you contributions ? Philip Baird Shearer 21:42, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Corrections and Updates on this Page
I am VERY new to Wikipedia (this is my first post on any article) but I'm interested and somewhat well read in military history and see a LOT of problems and possible improvements for this page. The Imperial Guard were not a commando unit in ANY sense of the word except that they were elite (and even then the 19th century idea of an elite unit differs from our own). There is no explanation of the various infantry, cavalry, and other elements of the guard (as well as elements totally left out such as the Marin and the Velites). The difference between Old, Middle and Young guard are only mentioned. There is no mention of the foreign components of the Guard (such as the so-called Mamelukes whose services Napoleon acquired in Egypt). There is no discussion of their contribution or lack thereof except at Waterloo. There is no discussion of their commanders (Bessieres, Lefebvre, Mortier, all had commands in the Guard and there are many others). I plan to start making some edits on this page soon and would really appreciate the help of someone with more experience in designing and laying out pertinent information. I plan to be using Elting’s Swords Around the Throne and some of Chandler’s work but I am open to any suggestions about sources.

 * I agree, this article needs more flesh on the bones - Be bold and edit away ;)
 * Also, using four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of a post automatically appends your signature or IP address to your comments, which makes it easier for other editors to respond to you. EyeSereneTALK 16:05, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)


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User:Tromatic

Aka "The Encyclopedia Tromatica", is well known as the master of Troma trivia. Although never employed by Troma Entertainment, I have made it my mission to learn everything possible about the studio and it's releases. I am one of the few people to own a copy of the hard-to-find movie "Big Gus What's The Fuss", the prize of my video collection.

I also make it a point to buy all of Troma's DVD releases, and if I might be allowed a bit of editorial, I find myself very dissatisfied with the company's recent releases. Early on, Troma added several additional features on their DVDs, including a Troma Intelligence Test, alternate audio tracks, interviews, and other things. More recently, however, the only things that these include are commercials for other, otherwise unrelated, Troma DVDs.

Of late, I have also been collecting DVDs published by Something Weird video. I am also a fan of the movies made by directors Herschell Gordon Lewis and Doris Wishman.

title: User:Tromatic


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User talk:Leo Trollstoy

Poll on blocking Leo Trollstoy
UninvitedCompany has blocked this user for the reasons stated at User:Leo Trollstoy.

As this block seems to be controversial, we are conducting a poll about it. If you wish to discuss or show your support or opposition to this block, you may do so below. Note: Mark Richards objects to the validity of the poll based on the guidelines at Current surveys.

Support blocking this user

 * 1) User:Hephaestos (initial block)
 * 2) User:Hcheney (reinstated block)
 * 3) UninvitedCompany
 * 4) Ambivalenthysteria 02:04, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Martin 00:31, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC) (as obvious reincarnation)

Oppose blocking this user

 * 1) User:Mark Richards (removed block on two occasions)
 * 2)  Erich 01:58, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC), personly I need more evidence than, although more evidence may justify a block

Neutral

 * 1) Guanaco 19:18, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
This "poll" has no validity. Please see Current surveys for how to organise a poll.

If you don't like policy, campaign to have it changed (see all the 'troll polls'). There is no reason to block this user.

 * this user is in violation of Jimbo Wales' prohibition on obvious trolls that include the word "troll" in their username
 * this user may be a reincarnation of banned User:24.

Erm? First, where did Jimbo ever say "obvious trolls that include the word "troll" in their username" were prohbited?

Secondly, what evidence is there that this is a reincarnation of User:24?

This is just more vigilanteism in flagrant disregard for policy on these matters. Mark Richards 15:30, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Polls or surveys are not "valid" or "invalid". They are just polls - better or worse organised. It may have been organised in a way that the Survey guidelines recommend against, and that will affect how much of an impact it makes, no doubt. Martin 00:35, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Can you at least try to agree on the charges?
No one seems to be very clear on 'who' this is a reincarnation of. It's very convenient to be able to call a user a reincarnated banned user, claim you don't need to provide evidence because its obvious that they are, but not, unfortunately, something that our policies support us doing. Mark Richards 16:18, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Words in Jimbo's mouth?
Can anyone substantiate this (mis)quote of jimbo? I have seen him say that having 'troll' in a username is 'not' grounds for banning, never that it is. Mark Richards 17:06, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I assume that's based on his block log entry cited at User:The Fellowship of the Troll. I would have thought you knew about that already, since you actually re-blocked that account after Guanaco unblocked it. You might observe the semantic difference being made above between  obvious trolls that include the word "troll" in their username and his more general statements about users with the word "troll" in their username. This may be a strained interpretation to try and make Jimbo's various statements consistent with each other, but it appears to be the basis for the argument. --Michael Snow 18:10, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I know about that, he banned TFoTT for vandalism, and commented on the name, but did not specify that this was a general statement about usernames or behavior.

The actual entry was: 21:21, 5 Feb 2004 User:Jimbo Wales blocked "The Fellowship of the Troll" (vandalism of Wikipedia:Arbitration policy, username alone is sufficient to justify immediate banning)

Jimbo was later questioned on this and said:

''Well, clearly a person might innocently and with no harmful intentions have a username which happens to contain the word 'troll', which is after all a perfectly normal word which has been hijacked by contemporary Internet slang. So clearly, a policy which says that people should be quickbanned just for that would be misguided at best.''

This seemed pretty clear, and was asked recently on IRC again - his answer was very similar - it was not a blanket permission to ban or block anyone. Mark Richards 18:59, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

His answer on IRC was "I see zero reason to think that permitting people to advocate for trolling is in any way helpful to neutrality." I don't see how that's at all similar. - Hephaestos|§ 23:23, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That is not all he said, and even so, it is a far cry from authorising blanket bans. Mark Richards 02:17, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration committee
Of course, a very similar case about whether sysops could 'ban obvious trolls' was put before the arbitration committee recently. Their ruling did not support this. Mark Richards 19:15, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * What ruling? There hasn't been any ruling in that case. You're free to argue that the lack of a ruling means something, but in general the arbitration committee seems to have concluded that it's not their role to decide policy issues like this. --Michael Snow 21:30, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Well, they took the case, and voted on it, voting that there was no such right. You are correct that they declined formally to rule on it, but I do interpret that their voting was an indicator of intent. It certainly is not supportive of the position that such a right exists. Mark Richards 22:32, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * If you examine the votes at Requests for arbitration/JRR Trollkien, all I see that they voted is that JRR Trollkien was not an offensive username, and that blocking him for an offensive username was unjustified. They didn't vote on the original question of whether sysops could ban obvious trolls, either for or against. --Michael Snow 22:51, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Fair enough, I suppose you could argue that they did not express a clear opinion, but it seems very hard to read this as being an endorsement of banning users for have 'troll' in their names. Mark Richards 22:55, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, that's a straw man; nobody was saying that the arbitration committee endorsed such a statement. --Michael Snow 23:07, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Source of authority
So the question is, what reason or authority is being evoked here to justify this action? Mark Richards 23:19, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * banning policy, reincarnations subsection, I presume. Possibly also username. Martin 00:38, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leo Trollstoy


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Jack Eckerd

Jack Eckerd (May 16, 1913 – May 19, 2004) was an American businessman and the second generation owner of Eckerd chain of drugstores.

Early life
Eckerd was born in Wilmington, Delaware, and graduated from Culver Military Academy and the Boeing School of Aeronautics. He was a pilot for the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, in which capacity he received three Air Medals and the Presidential Unit Citation. He was also involved in politics and served in both state and national governments for 30 years. In 1968, he developed the first residential adolescent treatment program for troubled boys, founded in Brooksville, Florida.

Career
Starting in the 1950s, he transformed his family's retail drugstore business into one of the leading self-service drugstore chains in the United States, Eckerd Drugs. His personal finances were estimated in 1975 by Forbes magazine at $150 million.

The Eckerd chain, oldest of the major drugstore companies in the U.S., was founded by Jack's father, J. Milton Eckerd, in Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1898. After serving as a pilot in World War II, Jack Eckerd started a phenomenal expansion of the chain by buying three stores in Florida in 1952. The company went public as Jack Eckerd Corp. in 1961 and when Eckerd sold his shares in 1986, there were about 1,500 stores.

The chain was later sold to J.C. Penney, who built the number of stores to 2,600 before selling to rivals CVS and Jean Coutu. Stores in ten states from Florida west to Arizona became CVS; the stores from Georgia north to New York continued as Eckerd Corporation, run by Jean Coutu's US arm along with its New England–based Brooks chain.

In July 2007 Coutu's 1,549 Eckerd stores across the Mid-Atlantic and New England became part of the Rite Aid drugstore chain, finally ending more than a century of the Eckerd name in drug retailing.

Family and death
Eckerd's family included seven children—two from a previous marriage, plus three adopted and two of his own after his marriage to Ruth Eckerd (1922 – July 18, 2006). He died of pneumonia in 2004, aged 91.

Public service
In 1975 Eckerd was appointed administrator of the General Services Administration by U.S. President Gerald R. Ford, Jr. During his confirmation hearing, Eckerd said that President Ford instructed him (Eckerd) to "...run this agency as clean as a hound's tooth." Ford also named Eckerd to serve on the U.S.O. Board of Governors. President Ronald Reagan later named him to the Grace Commission's private sector panel on government cost control. In 1981 Governor Bob Graham named Eckerd chairman of Florida's Prison Rehabilitative Industries & Diversified Enterprises, Inc. (PRIDE), a unique private sector board that operates all Florida Prison industries.

Political campaigns
In 1970, Eckerd entered the Republican gubernatorial primary to challenge incumbent Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. A third candidate, State Senator L. A. "Skip" Bafalis of Palm Beach, later a U.S. representative, also entered the primary. Eckerd warned that the renomination of Kirk would produce a Republican fiasco in the fall campaign. In a primary endorsement, the Miami Herald depicted Eckerd as "an efficient campaigner with the ability to bring people together constructively. ... [Eckerd has] a common touch, dedication to high principle, and organizing genius."

William C. Cramer, the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1970, was also at odds with Kirk but was attempting to preserve party unity at the same time. Though he voted in the primary for Eckerd, Cramer took no public position. Kirk received 172,888 primary ballots, but Bafalis's 48,378 votes were sufficient to require a runoff with Eckerd, who received 137,731. Kirk then prevailed in the runoff, 199,943 to Eckerd's 152,327, after he obtained Bafalis's reluctant endorsement. Distraught that Kirk's antics had led to a fratricidal primary, Cramer said that he "customarily" avoided involvement in primaries outside of his own race. Kirk claimed that Cramer assisted Eckerd, whom Kirk assailed as "notorious for his ability to change the scope of the truth. He has an ego problem." In the campaign rhetoric, Kirk denounced Eckerd for having previously contributed to Democratic candidates, for allegedly running down a Cuban fisherman in a yacht race, and for spending lavishly from his personal fortune in the 1970 primary campaign. Though he defeated Eckerd, Kirk was then unseated, 57-43 percent, by the Democrat Reubin Askew, a state senator from Pensacola.

Eckerd said that though he had supported Kirk in 1966, he became disappointed and embarrassed with the governor: "I was offended by his public behavior and chagrined that he was a Republican." Despite Kirk's tactics, Eckerd said "time heals all wounds, and now I chuckle about it." He added that his primary runoff defeat in 1970 probably prolonged his life." In 1974, Eckerd was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate against the Democrat Richard Stone. The conservative vote was divided that year with Dr. John Grady, nominee of George C. Wallace's former American Independent Party siphoning votes from Eckerd. Grady ran again in 1976 as the Republican nominee but lost to the Democratic incumbent Lawton Chiles of Lakeland, who had defeated Cramer in 1970.

In 1978, Eckerd defeated U.S. Representative Louis Frey, Jr., of Winter Park to win the Republican gubernatorial nomination, but he lost in the fall to the Democrat Bob Graham of Miami, later a U.S. senator. Kirk ran unsuccessfully for governor again that year, too, but as a Democrat after he failed to qualify as an Independent.

Philanthropy
With the millions he made, Eckerd became a philanthropist.
 * Ruth Eckerd Hall, a 2,100-seat regional performing arts venue for concerts, plays and civic events in Clearwater, Florida, was named for his wife Ruth Eckerd. It was designed by the Arizona-based Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation and opened in 1983.
 * Florida Presbyterian College in St. Petersburg, Florida, changed its name to Eckerd College in 1972 following a $12.5 million contribution from Jack, who also served for a time as its interim president.
 * In 1968, Jack and Ruth Eckerd founded Eckerd Youth Alternatives (known simply as "Eckerd Kids"), a private, not-for-profit organization dedicated to strengthening children, families and communities, using an Outdoor Therapeutic Program model that included opening the first OTP in the state of Florida for boys in 1968 and the first OTP for girls in the southeastern United States. The organization's success with outdoor therapeutic programming soon expanded beyond Florida to several states. Today, Eckerd serves more than 18,500 children and families annually through a continuum of over 30 behavioral health and child welfare services, ranging from early intervention & prevention to community-based interventions, out-of-home care, and workforce development. Affiliate Programs include Paxen Learning and CARING for Children.
 * National Foundation for Youth, a philanthropic organization underwritten by Jack and Ruth Eckerd in 1994 to support programs benefiting troubled young people, was later merged into the work of Eckerd.

Writing
In 1987, Jack wrote his autobiography with Paul Conn, Eckerd: Finding the Right Prescription. This was followed in 1990 by  Enough is Enough, a booklet offering solutions to the nation's severe prison overcrowding crisis. In 1991 he co-authored Why America Doesn't Work with Charles Colson, analyzing the decline of the work ethic in America and offering solutions.

Awards and honors

 * Air Medal
 * Presidential Unit Citation
 * Floridian of the Year by the Orlando Sentinel
 * Child Advocate of the Year
 * Florida Enterprise Medal
 * Mr. Clearwater by the Greater Chamber of Commerce
 * LeRoy Collins Lifetime Achievement Award by Leadership Florida
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1974

title: Jack Eckerd


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List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom

As of May 2024, there are 17 supermarket chains currently operating in the United Kingdom. The food retail market has been dominated by the 'big four' supermarkets – Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda and Morrisons – who made up over three quarters of sector market share in 2010. Tesco is the largest retailer in Great Britain, with a market share of 27.5% at the end of 2022.

However, discounters Lidl and Aldi have grown rapidly. A number of sources reported that in September 2022, Aldi overtook Morrisons to become Great Britain's fourth largest grocery retailer. At the end of 2022, Morrisons and Aldi both remained at 9.1%. Collectively, the big four accounted for two thirds and the big four and discounters combined for four fifths of the grocery market share at the end of 2022.

Northern Ireland has similar major chains. In 2022, Tesco was the largest retailer in NI, followed by Sainsbury's, Asda and Lidl. However, the market is different because some chains are not shared between the different parts of the UK. For example, Aldi and Morrisons do not operate there.

Historical background
Before 1932, British grocery stores operated as counter service, however that year David Greig opened the first self-service service grocery store in the UK at Turnpike Lane, Hornsey, but the store although a success, was closed down after eight months of the experiment. The first permanent self-service grocery store in the United Kingdom was opened 12 January 1948 in Manor Park, London by the Co-op, with Tesco opening their first self-service grocery store and Marks & Spencer starting a trial of self-service in the same year. Sainsburys opened their first self-service branch in Croydon in 1950. By 1951, the Co-op had 604 self-service stores. In the same year, Express Dairies opened Britain's first supermarket under the Premier Supermarket brand in Streatham, South London, while the first Fine Fare was opened as a single supermarket later that year, as an offshoot of the Welwyn Department Store. Waitrose opened their first supermarket in Streatham during 1955, although their first self service store had opened at their subsidiary Schofield & Martin in 1951. Tesco though did not open their first supermarket in Maldon, Essex until 1956, while Morrisons was not until 1961, and Asda was not until 1963. By 1959, multiple grocery retailers only accounted for 10% of grocery outlets and 25% of the British market, however by a decade later the expansion of supermarkets had seen them take 41% of all grocery turnover. The growth of the supermarket is also shown in store numbers, with Britain only having 175 supermarkets in 1958 but had expanded to 2,803 by 1967. Britain's first out of town supermarket was opened by American retailer GEM in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire by in November 1964.

List of defunct UK supermarket chains
These supermarkets are either no longer trading, have been renamed, or have been taken over and rebranded.

Waitrose effect
Proximity to a supermarket has been widely reported  to be an amenity that can have a significant effect on residential property prices in Britain. Beginning under Andy Hulme and continuing under Mike Songer, the home mortgage unit of Lloyds Bank has published pricing research that examines the premiums commanded by homes in a given neighbourhood against comparables in the same post-code and correlates the difference in price with convenience of access to the various supermarkets. The following table averages information from neighbourhoods across England and Wales, compiled by Lloyds Bank for their 2016 report using supermarket location information from CACI Datalab and house price information from the UK Land Registry.


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User talk:198.234.252.9

Proposed deletion of Battle of Gatae

The article Battle of Gatae has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Google Scholar and the Wikipedia Library provide no sources for this battle. The article itself is confused and has been unreferenced since its creation."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. XxTechnicianxX (talk) 04:45, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.234.252.9


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Baligant

In The Song of Roland, Baligant is the Emir of Babylon (i.e., Cairo, not the Mesopotamian Babylon), who tries to aid the defense of Zaragoza (sometimes spelled "Saragossa") from Charlemagne. He is sometimes described as a man from ancient times. He is killed in the ensuing battle. He comes to the aid of his vassal King Marsile (a.k.a. "Marsillion") and brings an immense army to fight Charlemagne. He is often seen as the parallel of Charlemagne, both being old, handsome and skillful with a sword. One might say they were equals, except that Charlemagne had the help of Saint Gabriel. The name Baligant is likely a folk-etymological rendering of Arabic or Turkish antroponymy.

Baligant's banner is a dragon, and he also rides into battle with the banners of Tervagant and Apollo. These standards are guarded, it seems, by ten men of Canileu. In the midst of the battle, he cries out to these deities to succour him against Charles.

Baligant and Charles meet together on the field as the day of battle turns to evening. They unhorse one another and rise with drawn swords to battle again, each sending blow after mighty blow upon the other's shield. In the midst of their combat each advises the other to repent; Baligant requests Charles' servitude, while Charles tries to convert the admiral to Christianity. Baligant then deals him a blow to the helm, leaving Charles' very skull exposed. Charles, however, hears the voice of St. Gabriel and finds the strength to strike back, dealing Baligant a deathblow to the helm.

It has been suggested that the tale of the battle between Baligant and Charlemagne was inspired by tales of returning Norman mercenaries about the battle of Manzikert, reflecting the new danger arising in the East.

He carried a sword named Précieuse.

title: Baligant


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Sara Moulton

Sara Moulton (born February 19, 1952) is an American cookbook author and television personality. In an article for The New York Times, Kim Severson described Moulton as "one of the nation’s most enduring recipe writers and cooking teachers...and a dean of food television and magazines".

Moulton was the on-air food editor for Good Morning America, a morning news-and-talk show broadcast on the ABC television network, from 1997 through 2012. She was the chef of the executive dining room at Gourmet for 20 years, a stint that ended when the magazine ceased publication in 2009.

Between 1996 and 2005, Moulton hosted Cooking Live (1997–2002), Cooking Live Primetime (1999), and Sara's Secrets (2002–2005) on the Food Network, becoming one of the original stars of that cable-and-satellite-television channel during its first decade. Her career in television and cooking has spanned nearly 40 years.

Moulton is the author of several cookbooks and videos, notably Sara Moulton Cooks at Home (2002), Sara's Secrets for Weeknight Meals (2005), and Sara Moulton's Everyday Family Dinners (2010).

In 1982, Moulton co-founded the New York Women's Culinary Alliance.

Since 2008, Moulton has been the host of Sara's Weeknight Meals, a cooking show distributed by American Public Television. From August 2012 through October 2018, Moulton was the author of a weekly cooking column for the Associated Press.

In October 2016, Moulton joined Christopher Kimball's "Milk Street Radio," a weekly show broadcast by National Public Radio, as a cohost.

Early life and education
Moulton was born in New York City, and attended The Brearley School in New York City.

The idea of channeling her childhood passion for food into a career did not occur to Moulton until after she graduated from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, with a major in the history of ideas.

Moulton enrolled at the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, in 1975 and graduated with highest honors in 1977, winning a scholarship from Les Dames d'Escoffier in the process.

Career
She began working in restaurants immediately, first in Boston, Massachusetts, and then in New York City, taking off time only for a postgraduate apprenticeship with Master Chef Maurice Cazalis of the Henri IV Restaurant in Chartres, France, in 1979. Between 1981 and 1983 she was the chef tournant at La Tulipe, a three-star restaurant in New York City.

In the interest of starting a family, she left restaurant work and began devoting herself instead to recipe testing and development. Moulton worked for two years as an instructor at Peter Kump's New York Cooking School (now known as the Institute of Culinary Education), where she discovered her love of teaching.

In 1984, she took a job in the test kitchen at Gourmet. Four years later she became chef of the magazine's executive dining room.

Television
In 1979, Moulton's television career began when she was hired to work behind the scenes on Julia Child & More Company, a cooking program on PBS. Her friendship with Julia Child led eventually to Moulton's job at Good Morning America, where what started as another behind-the-scenes position ripened in 1997 into on-camera work.

By then, she had begun hosting the Food Network's Cooking Live. Six years and over 1,200 hour-long shows later, that show ended on March 31, 2002. Sara's Secrets, which began the next day, ran until 2007. “Sara Moulton is a chef, and one of the few people knowledgeable enough to field live phone-in queries, the basis of her show," wrote The New Yorker's Bill Buford. "Cooking Live" was nominated as the James Beard Awards' Best National Television Cooking Show in 1999 and 2000.

The twelfth season of "Sara's Weeknight Meals" began airing on American Public Television in October 2023. The show was nominated for a James Beard Award in 2013 and 2015, while Moulton herself has been nominated three times as Outstanding Personality/Host, most recently in 2014.

Cookbooks and cooking columns
Her first cookbook, Sara Moulton Cooks at Home, was published by Broadway Books in October 2002, and was meant to counter America's disastrous love affair with fast food by encouraging everyone to cook delicious and healthy food at home and to dine with family and friends. "While rooted in classic French technique, the book also accommodates the American hunger for convenience, novelty and freshness," wrote Mike Dunne for The Sacramento Bee.

Moulton's second cookbook, Sara's Secrets for Weeknight Meals, was published by Broadway Books in October 2005. It was reviewed by Michelle Green in People magazine, who wrote: "Sara has a gift for creating quick, accessible fine cuisine. Why suffer to make a gorgeous meal?"

Her third cookbook, Sara Moulton's Everyday Family Dinners, was published by Simon & Schuster in April 2010. Blogging for StoveTop Readings in November 2010, Greg Mowery wrote: "If there is a less pretentious, more accessible, and creative cookbook that gets great food on the table in good time with the least amount of fuss, I haven't seen it this year….This new book belongs in every family kitchen."

Moulton's fourth cookbook, Home Cooking 101: How to Make Everything Taste Better, was published Oxmoor House in March 2016. Diana K. Rice, in The Huffington Post, described it as "extremely useful to the home cook.  [Looks] like a textbook, albeit...with fabulous food photos and enticing recipes."

In August 2012 Moulton began writing a weekly column entitled "The Healthy Plate" for the Associated Press. In January 2015, she replaced it with a new column called "KitchenWise," which ran through October 2018. Between November 2016 and September 2018, Moulton contributed a monthly column called "Sunday Supper" to The Washington Post Magazine. From January 2018 through June 2021, Moulton contributed a quarterly column entitled "Maize Graze" to the University of Michigan's Alumnus Magazine.

Awards
Culinary Institute of America]]'s Chef of the Year.
 * 2001 [[The Culinary Institute of America|
 * 2002 inducted into the James Beard Foundation's Who's Who of Food and Beverage in America.
 * 2011 Sara Moulton's Everyday Family Dinners was an International Association of Culinary Professionals Cookbook Awards Winner in the category of Children, Youth and Family.
 * The International Restaurant & Foodservice Show of New York & Ferdinand Metz Foodservice Forum 2016 Beacon Award.
 * 2018 Culinary Institute of America Leadership Award.

Personal life
Moulton's husband is Bill Adler, an American music journalist and critic. They have two children. Moulton and her family live in New York City, New York.

Videography

 * Moulton, Sara; Food and Beverage Institute (Culinary Institute of America); Culinary Institute of America (1999?). Great Chefs Series with Sara Moulton. Food and Beverage Institute (Hyde Park, New York). ISBN 978-1-58315-195-2 (VHS format).
 * Moulton, Sara; Hallquist, Gary; Prime Time Video Productions; Johnson & Wales University (2000). Chef Sara Moulton. Prime Time Video Productions (Providence, Rhode Island).   (VHS format).
 * Moulton, Sara; Flay, Bobby; Deen, Paula H.; Ray, Rachael; Food Network. (2003). Cooking from the Grill. Food Network (New York City).   (DVD format).
 * Moulton, Sara; Food Network (2004). Sara's Secrets with Sara Moulton – Celebrating the Holidays. Food Network (New York City).   (DVD format).
 * Moulton, Sara; Food Network (2004). Sara's Secrets with Sara Moulton – Effortless Entertaining  Food Network (New York City).   (DVD format).
 * Moulton, Sara; Food Network (2006). Sara's Secrets with Sara Moulton – Celebrating the Holidays. Food Network (New York City).   (DVD format). (reissue, with additional material, of 2004 release)
 * Garten, Ina; Moulton, Sara; Deen, Paula H.; Food Network (2006). Holiday Best, 2006. Food Network (New York City).   (DVD format).

title: Sara Moulton


text:
List of prisons in the United Kingdom

List of prisons in the United Kingdom is a list of all 141 current prisons as of 2024 in the United Kingdom spread across the three UK legal systems of England and Wales (122 prisons), Scotland, (15 prisons) and Northern Ireland (4 prisons). Also included are a number of historical prisons no longer in current use.

England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
Public Sector prisons in England and Wales are managed by His Majesty's Prison Service (HMPS), which is part of the His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, an executive agency of the United Kingdom government. In addition, since the 1990s the day-to-day running of a number of previously existing prisons, as well as several new facilities, has been "contracted out" to private companies, such as Serco and G4S. All prisons in England and Wales, whether publicly or privately run, are inspected by His Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons. Prisons in Scotland are run by the Scottish Prison Service and prisons in Northern Ireland are run by the Northern Ireland Prison Service.

The following tables below list all current and some historical prisons and Young Offender Institutions in use in the three UK legal systems of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland as of 2022. The majority house adult males, and are operated by each legal systems respective public prison service, although a small number are operated by private prison companies. There are also a small number of adult female prisons and youth prisons/secure children's units for those under 18.

Population
As of 2021, the total prison population of the UK (England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland combined) stands at roughly 87,000, one of the largest in the Western world. With the increasing population, law changes resulting in longer prison sentences and a national government prison building program to build 20,000 more prison spaces by the mid 2020s the total UK prison population is expected to increase to almost 110,000 by 2026.

United Kingdom prisoner categories and establishment types
In the UK adult prisoners are divided into 4 security categories (though male and female categories are slightly different) depending on certain factors such as the offences they have been convicted or accused of, their likelihood of attempting an escape, the threat they would pose if they escaped, their length of sentence, and any of their previous criminal convictions, if any. Male categories are as follows,

Category A – 'Those whose escape would be highly dangerous to the public or national security'. Typically for example those convicted of offences such as murder, manslaughter, terrorism, rape, wounding with intent (GBH), robbery, serious firearm and explosives offences, offences against the state, those sentenced under the Official Secrets Act, or any attempts of those offences. There are a total of ten Category A prisons in the UK, eight are located in England and Wales, one in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland. HM Prison Belmarsh is an example of a Category A prison. They are the equivalent of a supermax/maximum security prison in the United States for example.

Category B – 'Those who do not require maximum security, but for whom escape still needs to be made very difficult'. Typically for those convicted of the same types offences as category A prisoners, but who are not judged to be as high risk or those who have served a long time as a category A prisoner with good behaviour/rehabilitation are sometimes downgraded to category B. HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs is an example of a Category B prison. They are the equivalent of a medium security prison in the United States for example.

Category C – 'Those who cannot be trusted in open conditions but who are unlikely to try to escape'. Typically for those convicted of minor offences and who are serving shorter sentences no more than a few years in length. Also category B prisoners coming to the end of their sentence are sometimes downgraded to category C to prepare them for release. HM Prison Berwyn is an example of a Category C prison. They are the equivalent of a minimum security prison in the United States for example.

 Category D – 'Those who can be reasonably trusted not to try to escape, and are given the privilege of an open prison'. Category D prisoners are held in "Open Prisons" in which they are trusted to be able to move freely around the prison without risk and who after completing a risk assessment may be allowed to work outside of the prison in the community or allowed short home visits for a set number of hours a week. Also category C prisoners coming to the end of their sentence are sometimes downgraded to category D to prepare them for release. HM Prison Ford is an example of a Category D prison. They are the equivalent of a minimum security work release prison or local jail in the United States for example.

Adult women in England and Wales are categorised with four slightly different types of security levels, from lowest to highest being  Open,   Closed,   Restricted Status  and  Category A '. However Category A for women is rarely used due to the fairly low number of women being held for such serious offences, meaning most are held either in Closed or Restricted Status conditions. Northern Ireland operates a similar system to England and Wales. Scotland operates a separate three category system, from lowest to highest being  Low,   Medium  and  High Supervision  (High Supervision being similar to Category A for adults in England, Wales and Northern Ireland).

Additionally whereas males and females aged 18 or over are held in dedicated adult prisons, those under 18 (and sometimes under 21) are held in one of three types of establishments across the country that are run by either the public prison service, private companies (such as G4S or Serco), local council authorities and in rare cases some charity providers. They are,

 Young Offender Institutions (YOIs)  which are prison based establishments very similar to adult prisons that hold those convicted and remanded for offences but that only hold males aged 15-20 (ages 15-17 and ages 18-20 are housed separately) and who are not classed as vulnerable.

 Secure Training Centres (STCs)  which are secure custody establishments but that focus more on things such as education, welfare, health and support rather than traditional prison style punishment. They hold convicted males aged 12-14 and females aged 12–17 in separate accommodation. Though males aged 15-17 can be held also if they are classed as vulnerable.

 Secure Children's Homes (SCHs)  which are similar to STC's in that they mainly focus on things like education, welfare, health and support rather than traditional prison style punishment. They hold very young males and females aged 10–11 convicted or remanded usually for only serious offences. Though males and females aged 12-14 can be held also if they are classed as vulnerable. Additionally males and females all the way up to the age of 17 can be held if they are refused bail and remanded (but not yet convicted) to be held by local children's authorities (and not the prison service) usually if they are more vulnerable, at risk or a YOI is not suitable. It should also be noted that not all children held in SCHs have necessarily been convicted, remanded or accused of crimes, some are held by court orders on safety grounds under legislation such as the Children Act 1989 due to things like their history of absconding from regular open children's care homes, risk of committing harm to themselves or others, or those at high risk of vulnerability from things such as forms of abuse, illicit drugs use and child prostitution.

More can be found here: Prisoner security categories in the United Kingdom.

England and Wales (HM Prison Service)
HMP The Verne is now acting as a public sector category C prison.

Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Prison Service)
The following table lists the three active prisons in Northern Ireland. All three are operated by the Northern Ireland Prison Service. There is also a Juvenile Justice Centre, located in Bangor, County Down, which is operated by the Youth Justice Agency.

title: List of prisons in the United Kingdom


text:
Kollikodon

Kollikodon is an extinct species of mammal, considered to be an early monotreme. It is known only from an opalised dentary fragment, with one premolar and two molars in situ, as well as a referred maxillary fragment containing the last premolar and all four molars. The fossils were found in the Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia. Kollikodon lived in the Late Cretaceous period, during the Cenomanian age (99–96 million years ago). Several other monotremes are known from the Griman Creek Formation, including Dharragarra, Opalios, Parvopalus, Steropodon, and Stirtodon.

Etymology
Kollix is an ancient Greek word (κολλίξ) for a bread roll. The strange teeth of Kollikodon, when seen from above, resemble hot cross buns, traditionally toasted and eaten on Good Friday. Originally, Michael Archer wanted to name it "Hotcrossbunodon", but met disapproval from his associates.

Description
Like Steropodon, Kollikodon was a relatively large mammal for the Mesozoic. The molars have a length of around 5.5 mm and a width of between about 4 and 6 mm. Based upon these data, the potential body length could be up to a metre. Assuming the accuracy of such a guess, Kollikodon would be a contender for the largest Mesozoic mammal known, along with other possible giants such as Repenomamus, Schowalteria, and Bubodens.

Aside from its size, it is difficult to say what Kollikodon looked like. It is certain that its teeth were specialised to crush food, being perhaps a shellfish-eater or herbivore. The description of the upper jaw showed that it was strongly specialised, with molars being subdivided into numerous rounded cuspules, some of which exhibit pits, possibly the result of crushing hard items.

In museums
Both Kollikodon and Steropodon can be found at the Australian Museum in Sydney, along with Eric, the opalised pliosaur.

title: Kollikodon


text:
Talk:Cape

Headline text
(georaphy tearm)cape:an end of a continent which sticksout.

Please move the first part of this article to Cape (geography) and leave Cape for the second part. For a dis-ambiguation page, please create Cape (disambiguation). Any objections?? 66.32.110.184 23:39, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Consider it done. I moved the content on the Landform to Headlands and bays where it belongs and created Cape (disambiguation). Right now, I'm solving the redirects to the landform.--Paul 09:41, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

This page was vandalized on approx Jan 15, 2006. I restored it to what I think it was prior to the vandalism. Mark Allyn

Someone should add a picture of Insert non-formatted text here someone in a vampire coustume in a cape, as well as someone in a superhero costume.#REDIRECT spot

Doesn't it make sense that a cape served the purpose of maintaining warmth, like a coat or blanket? A cape is much cooler than a coat when open, indicating that its best use was in places with extreme temperature changes. Also, by wrapping it like a poncho or blanket, a candle could be held in the lap and the heat contained by the cape. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.35.8.114 (talk) 21:53, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Practical Purpose?
I wonder if there is more to add to the practical purpose of a cape? Seems silly to me otherwise - a raincoat would provide better protection from the elements, or just a big blanket... --2600:6C48:7006:200:5C10:C716:750B:C3B2 (talk) 00:23, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Fashion Icon
Last paragraph - Since when is Batman a fashion icon? 206.116.184.155 (talk) 18:19, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Vandalsm reverted
I reverted some vandalism that happened on January 26.

Allyn 03:35, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Changed Evening Kapes back to Evening Capes
Kapes is a proper name; I did a search on Google and found no reference to evening kapes, but lots of references to evening capes. --Allyn 16:06Italic text, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Cape can also be a geological term. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.235.165.71 (talk) 23:35, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Removing image
I am removing this image of User:Allyn modelling a garment he designed and sells on his personal website (linked to on his userpage) in violation of Conflict_of_interest. Also, although being an unusual design, the garment in the photo is not enough to justify inclusion in an encyclopedia - otherwise everyone that makes their own clothes could justify adding their work to articles. See Notability. Besides... Cape, Trenchcoat, Raincoat, Costume, Poncho... which one is it? Allyn has uploaded photos of himself to all these articles. I suggest adding the photo to commons. RP Bravo 14:29, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

A more suitable image would be one of a superhero with a prominent cape for the popular culture section. RP Bravo 14:32, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Add a vampire cape, that is well known as well.

Fiction
There are capes worn by the Black Hand and Dark Templars in fiction.(76.247.222.101 19:24, 3 October 2007 (UTC))

Capelet
I thought the shorter form of cape (like the one in the picture), is called a capelet. I added this several weeks ago, but someone deleted it. cecikierk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.20.186 (talk) 22:57, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Superheroes
Surely superheroes are the most prominent cape-wearers in today's culture? It seems very odd to me that they're restricted to a single line right at the end.

I agree with a previous commenter who suggested that a superhero would probably make a better image for this. The one we've got now strikes me as more of a shawl.

Also, I don't know if dictionaries are going to back me up on this, but to my mind the biggest factor distinguishing capes and cloaks is the presence of a hood. Is that just me? --Oolong (talk) 00:19, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

superheroes
Was Superman the first superhero to wear a cape? Has there been any discussion of the signioficance of such an archaic garment becoming part of the iconography of the superhero? DavidOaks (talk) 19:46, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes he was. Superman first appeared in 1938, followed by fellow cape-wearers Batman and Capt. Marvel in the 1940's. Superman's design seems inspired by circus costumes; Batman's, by Dracula and Leonardo da Vinci; and Capt. Marvel's, by the Three Musketeers. Several superhero sources lampshade the impracticality of capes (notably The Incredibles) and/or their nature as a superhero trope (in Powers, the police refer to superheroes a "capes"). --Dawud

 * No, he was not. The Shadow was the first superhero to wear a cape in 1930, eight years before Superman's debut. Furthermore, Batman's cape was not inspired by Dracula. While da Vinci's ornithopter was an inspiration for Batman's wing-designed cape, Batman use of a cape was influenced by characters like Zorro. JosephSpiral (talk) 03:06, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

Stub
This seems short. Is there nothing more to be said on capes? Could someone go into greater detail on variations or something? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.128.223.247 (talk) 22:47, 9 October 2011 (UTC) =cape worn on waist?= I've known similar garments worn around the waist to be referred to as capes, or colloquially as 'butt-capes' are these not in fact a kind of cape? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.254.92.91 (talk) 20:44, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cape


text:
Talk:Kollikodon

Comment
(This information is derived from the personal website MESOZOIC MAMMALS?, from which much of the data in other articles on fossil monotremes is derived, so there should be no issue of copyright.)

Mammal? Monotreme?
I do not see any sources claiming classification of the species into mammals while the article is going into even more details putting it into monotreme mammals. I would like to see how one have proved the method of birth-giving just from few fossilized teeth.

If it is someone with a scientific reputation making assumptions based on similarities with living mammals and/or DNA-analysis, it would be fine but has to be properly stated! -- Goldie (tell me) 19:41, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Eric, the opalised pliosaur
"Eric, the opalised pliosaur" -- Not to be a children's television show with a catchy theme song any time soon. :-) (Okay, here.) -- Writtenonsand (talk) 14:04, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

hot cross buns
is that part serious? all of it?99.140.193.127 (talk) 23:23, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

A request for clarification
I have proofread this stub, but would like clarification as to whether Dr Archer's suggested name was Hotcrossbunidon (external links) or Hotcrossbunodon (origin of name). Old Father Time (talk) 19:08, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kollikodon