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Skeleton Crew (band)

Skeleton Crew was an American experimental rock and jazz group from 1982 to 1986, comprising core members Fred Frith and Tom Cora, with Zeena Parkins joining later. Best known for their live improvisation performances where they played various instruments simultaneously, they also recorded two studio albums Learn to Talk (1984) and The Country of Blinds (1986). The group drew on music and themes from a number of sources, including world music, left-wing politics and pre-recorded tapes.

Writing in the Santa Cruz Sentinel, Lee Sherman described Skeleton Crew's sound as "unique and eclectic". In her 1990 book, Sonic Transports: New Frontiers in Our Music, Nicole V. Gagné called the group "one of the hottest and imaginative rock acts I've ever heard." In 2021, Frith said Skeleton Crew's stance was "sorta kinda demented anti-industry and even anti-music".

Biography
After English guitarist Fred Frith's New York City band, Massacre disbanded in mid-1981, Frith and American cellist Tom Cora decided to form a quartet with ex-Massacre drummer Fred Maher and American guitarist. But before their first performance, Maher and Schellenbaum both suffered collapsed lungs within two weeks of each other, leaving Frith and Cora with the choice of continuing on their own or abandoning the project. They chose to continue, agreeing to play all the instruments themselves during live performances. Frith played guitar, violin, keyboards, bass drum and hi-hat, while Cora played cello, bass guitar, homemade drums and other contraptions enabling him to play instruments with his feet.

Performing like this was a challenge for them and made the resulting music unpredictable, but as an improvising duo, this pleased them. It gave rise to a rhythmic tension not present in a group with just one drummer. Frith said in a 1983 interview, "rhythmically, it throws up ways of playing that one person behind the drums just wouldn't be able to do, just in terms of coordination." He told DownBeat magazine in 1982: "It's all just on the edge of breaking down all the time, which is a quality that I've always liked. I don't like things to be too easy." One critic wrote that Skeleton Crew's performances were like a slowly sinking ship that somehow manages to return to port.

Gagné wrote that to make their live performances more challenging, Skeleton Crew played their roughly 50-minute sets with very few breaks, running most of their songs into one another. Gagné remarked that their sets were a blend of "folk music, fake music, noise, political songs, taped events", and they "kept the audience on its toes" wondering what was coming next. But she added that what really had the crowds cheering was for the band's "amazing technique", and that they could go on for so long. Even when things occasionally went wrong for the duo, equipment malfunctions, missed cues, falling out-of-step with each other, Gagné said the audiences still enthusiastically spurred the band on.

Skeleton Crew's first concert was at the M.A.K. Festival in Zürich in May 1982, but Frith and Cora asked Dave Newhouse of the Muffins to join them. Frith said "we lost our nerve" about whether we would be able to pull off our act as a duo, and we performed as a trio on our first tour. Newhouse left after the tour, but its success gave Frith and Cora the confidence to continue as a duo, and they performed over one hundred concerts in Europe, North America and Japan over the next eighteen months. In October 1983 they joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin. In December 1983 Skeleton Crew performed at the 1st Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada.

Later in 1984, Skeleton Crew began work on their first studio album Learn to Talk in Switzerland. The LP (with sides named "Side Free" and "Side Dirt") featured music that was both sparse and raw and consisted of cynical and humorous "songs" interspaced with cello, guitar and violin instrumental fragments. It conveyed the energy of their live performances. Tapes also featured throughout the album: Ronald Reagan saying "We're still free in America", cut-ups of Sousa's "Washington Post" and TV ad clips. Tapes had also become a part of their live act.

By now, Skeleton Crew had become "quite competent" with their two one-man-band act. Later in 1984, Zeena Parkins, playing electric harp, keyboards and percussion, joined the band and remained until the end. As a trio, they made their second studio album The Country of Blinds in 1986 (again in Switzerland and produced by ex-Henry Cow member Tim Hodgkinson). Here the music was richer and more rhythmical than their first album. The songs were more developed but the cynical edge of the first album remained. Soon after the recording sessions the group decided to split up. Frith explained why:
 * "We actually started to sound like a normal rock and roll band so it seemed kind of pointless to go on at that point."

Frith and Cora re-united again as Skeleton Crew in 1995 in the Netherlands at the Koeinverhuurbdrijf Studio, Purmerland to record a CD-ROM Etymology, a sound sample library of sonic sounds and wire manipulations. In 2021, Frith assembled Skeleton Crew's first live album, Free Dirt (Live), a double-CD of material taken from concerts recorded in Europe and North America between 1982 and 1986. It was released by Austrian record label, Klanggalerie in December 2021.

Members

 * Tom Cora – cello, bass guitar, Casio, accordion, drums, contraptions, singing (1982–1986)
 * Fred Frith – guitar, 6-string bass guitar, violin, Casio, home-mades, drums, singing (1982–1986)
 * Dave Newhouse – alto saxophone, percussion (1982)
 * Zeena Parkins – organ, electric harp, accordion, drums, singing (1984–1986)

Studio albums

 * Learn to Talk (1984, LP, Rift Records, US)
 * The Country of Blinds (1986, LP, Rift Records, US)

Live albums

 * Free Dirt (Live) (2021, 2xCD, Klanggalerie, Austria)

Compilations

 * Learn to Talk / Country of Blinds (1990, CD, RecRec Music, Switzerland)

CD-ROMs

 * Etymology (1997, CD-ROM, Rarefaction Records, US) – audio source library

Other album appearances

 * Various artists: Passed Normal, Vol.1 (1987, LP, FOT Records, US) – includes six Skeleton Crew tracks recorded live at Illinois State University, Normal on November 4, 1984.
 * Various artists: Festival Mimi 86 (1987, LP, Oblique Musique, France) – includes one Skeleton Crew track recorded live at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France in July 1986.
 * Fred Frith: Step Across the Border (1990, 2xLP, RecRec Music, Switzerland) – includes two Skeleton Crew tracks.
 * Various artists: Hallelujah, Anyway – Remembering Tom Cora (1999, 2xCD, Tzadik Records, US) – includes two Skeleton Crew tracks.

title: Skeleton Crew (band)


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Third Person (band)

Third Person was an improvising trio formed in 1990 in New York City, led by cellist Tom Cora and drummer Samm Bennett. Each performance featured an invited guest: A third person. Guests included guitarist Marc Ribot, harpist Zeena Parkins, clarinet player Don Byron and saxophone players George Cartwright and  Kazutoki Umezu and many others.

The trio's music was entirely improvised, but typically quite melodic, and even funky.

With Cora's death in 1998, Third Person effectively dissolved.

Discography

 * Bends [live] (1990, Knitting Factory)
 * Trick Moon (1991, Tsuki no Uso)
 * Lucky Water (1995, Knitting Factory)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Third Person (band)


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List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

A country's gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is the PPP value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. This is similar to nominal GDP per capita but adjusted for the cost of living in each country.

In 2019, the estimated average GDP per capita (PPP) of all of the countries of the world was Int$ 18,381. For rankings regarding wealth, see list of countries by wealth per adult.

Method
The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figures on this page are derived from PPP calculations. Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same country are not hard facts and tend to differ, sometimes substantially, so they should be used with caution.

Comparisons of national wealth are frequently made based on nominal GDP and savings (not just income), which do not reflect differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita); hence, using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between economies because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using only exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in income.

This is why GDP (PPP) per capita is often considered one of the indicators of a country's standard of living, although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. (See Standard of living and GDP.)

GDP (PPP) and GDP (PPP) per capita are usually measured by international dollar, which is a hypothetical currency that has the same purchasing power in every economy as the U.S. dollar in the United States.

Table
All figures are in current international dollars, and rounded to the nearest whole number.

The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available year's estimates, and can be re-ranked by any of the sources.

* Nearly all country links in the table connect to articles titled "Income in (country or territory)" or to "Economy of (country or territory)".

Expanding the coverage of illegal economic activities in Euro area national accounts
The share of the shadow economy is significant in many European countries, ranging from less than 10 to over 40 per cent of GDP. Since 2014, EU member states have been encouraged by Eurostat, the official statistics body, to include some illegal activities.

Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens
There are many natural economic reasons for GDP-per-capita to vary between jurisdictions (e.g. places rich in oil and gas tend to have high GDP-per-capita figures). However, it is increasingly being recognized that tax havens, or corporate tax havens, have distorted economic data which produces artificially high, or inflated, GDP-per-capita figures. It is estimated that over 15% of global jurisdictions are tax havens (see tax haven lists). An IMF investigation estimates that circa 40% of global foreign direct investment flows, which heavily influence the GDP of various jurisdictions, are described as "phantom" transactions.

"A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 per cent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 per cent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons."

In 2017, Ireland's economic data became so distorted by U.S. multinational tax avoidance strategies (see leprechaun economics), also known as BEPS actions, that Ireland effectively abandoned GDP (and GNP) statistics as credible measures of its economy, and created a replacement statistic called modified gross national income (or GNI*). Ireland is one of the world's largest corporate tax havens.

"Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its economy. And on current trends [because Irish GDP is distorting EU-28 aggregate data], the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar."

"The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP."

A list of the top 15 GDP-per-capita countries from 2016 to 2017, contains most of the major global tax havens (see GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy for more detail):


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Samm Bennett

Samm Bennett is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.

Samm Bennett is a singer and songwriter, a drummer and percussionist, and a player of string instruments such as the stick dulcimer (sometimes called a dulcitar) and the diddley bow. He also works occasionally in electronic music, using synthesizers, WaveDrum, effects and various toys and gadgets. He is also a player of the Đàn môi (Vietnamese jaw harp), as well as the mouth bow. His musical activities include membership in several different bands, all based in Tokyo, where he resides. He is also a solo performer.

title: Samm Bennett


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Steve Bégin

Joseph Denis Stéphan Bégin ; born June 14, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in 13 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons. He was a second-round selection of the Calgary Flames, 40th overall, in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, and played with the Flames, Montreal Canadiens, Dallas Stars, Boston Bruins and Nashville Predators in his NHL career. After missing a full season due to injury, Bégin made a successful comeback by rejoining the Flames in 2012–13 before another injury forced his retirement.

Bégin played junior hockey with the Val-d'Or Foreurs where he was a member of their Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) championship winning team in 1998. He also led the Saint John Flames to the American Hockey League (AHL)'s Calder Cup championship in 2001 and won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs. Bégin adopted a role as a defensive specialist and grinder in an NHL career where he has played over 500 games.

Personal life
A native of Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Bégin grew up in a single parent household, raised by his father Gilles on a welfare income. Gilles worked as a landscaper, while Steve often helped his father at work until he was 18 years old.

Introduced to hockey by family friends, Bégin began playing at age six and was an offensively minded player in his minor hockey years. He wore second-hand equipment as his father struggled to pay the costs of hockey, but from a young age expressed his confidence he would make it to the National Hockey League (NHL). As a youth, he played in the 1992 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Francheville, Quebec.

Bégin moved to Val-d'Or, Quebec, to play junior hockey, where he met his wife, Amélie. The couple have two daughters and eventually settled in Montreal.

Junior
Bégin played three years for the Val-d'Or Foreurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) between 1995 and 1998, where he scored 44 goals and recorded 117 points to go along with 520 penalty minutes in 157 games. The Calgary Flames selected him with their second round pick, 40th overall, in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. Following the 1996–97 QMJHL season, the Flames assigned Bégin to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Saint John Flames, with whom he recorded two assists in four playoff games.

Bégin earned a spot with the Calgary Flames to begin the 1997–98 season. He made his NHL debut on October 1, 1998, against the Detroit Red Wings, and appeared in five games before he was returned to Val-d'Or for the remainder of the season on October 28. The Foreurs went on to win the President's Cup as QMJHL champions.

Bégin made his lone appearance with the Canadian national team that season, playing and serving as an alternate captain with the junior team at the 1998 World Junior Hockey Championship. He had no points and ten penalty minutes in seven games in what was an eighth-place finish for Canada.

Calgary Flames
After graduating from junior hockey, Bégin played his first full professional season with Saint John in 1998–99. He had 20 points and 156 penalty minutes in 73 games, and scored his first professional goal on October 8, 1998, against the St. John's Maple Leafs. Bégin spent the majority of the next two seasons in Saint John, but made sporadic appearances with Calgary. He appeared in 13 games with the Flames in 1999–2000 and scored his first NHL goal on February 12, 2000, on goaltender Sean Burke of the Phoenix Coyotes. He played in four NHL games in 2000–01 while enjoying the best statistical season of his professional career in Saint John, scoring 28 points in 58 games. In the playoffs, Bégin led Saint John to the Calder Cup championship. He scored 17 points in 19 games and was named the recipient of the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs. His 17 points were fourth best in the AHL, and 10 goals were second.

Bégin played his first full NHL season in 2001–02, appearing in 53 games for the Flames where he scored 7 goals and 12 points to go along with 79 penalty minutes. He had 4 goals and 4 assists in 50 games for Calgary in 2002–03. He left Calgary in the off-season as he was part of a three team trade on July 3, 2003. Bégin was dealt to the Buffalo Sabres along with Chris Drury in exchange for Rhett Warrener and Steve Reinprecht, whom the Sabres acquired from the Colorado Avalanche to complete the deal.

Montreal Canadiens
Bégin was promoted by Buffalo coach Lindy Ruff as a hard working, "blue collar" type player that Sabres fans would enjoy watching, but he never played a game with the Sabres. He was exposed to the waiver draft prior to the start of the 2003–04 NHL season and claimed by the Montreal Canadiens. He played an energy role for the Canadiens, and scored 10 goals for Montreal in 52 games.

After playing through injury in 2003–04, Bégin underwent shoulder surgery that caused him to miss five months of playing time. When he returned to action, an ongoing labour dispute in the NHL led to his being assigned to the AHL's Hamilton Bulldogs in February 2005, with whom he was immediately counted upon to play a leadership role. Bégin returned to the Canadiens in 2005–06 and set career highs in goals (11), points (23) and penalty minutes (113). The Montreal media named him the recipient of the Jacques-Beauchamp Molson Trophy, a team award given to a Canadiens' player who played a "dominant role" with the team, without earning any other honours. Plagued by injuries, Bégin missed time due to rib and shoulder injuries. He appeared in only 52 games in 2006–07 and 44 games in 2007–08 and scored 18 points combined over the two seasons.

Dallas, Boston and Nashville
Bégin was increasingly left out of the Canadiens' playing lineup in 2008–09, and after being sat out of the lineup for five consecutive games, expressed a desire to be traded if the team had no use for his services. The Canadiens obliged, completing a deal on February 26, 2009, that sent him to the Dallas Stars in exchange for defenceman Doug Janik. Stars' general manager Les Jackson promoted Bégin's qualities as a checking-line forward: "Steve is a gritty, honest player with a very strong work ethic. He's good on the penalty kill and he is a competitor in every sense of the word." Bégin had 12 points in 62 games combined between Montreal and Dallas.

Leaving Dallas following the season, Bégin signed a one-year contract with the Boston Bruins for the 2009–10 season. He played in 77 games for Boston, the most of any single season in his career, and recorded 14 points. He scored his first career playoff goal, in his 30th playoff game, against the Philadelphia Flyers. The Bruins opted not to re-sign the 32-year-old Bégin, due both to their salary cap constraints and a desire to build a younger lineup.

Without a contract, Bégin remained a free agent as the 2010–11 season began. He eventually signed a one-year contract with the Nashville Predators on October 22, 2010, but was assigned to their AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. Bégin spent the majority of the season in Milwaukee and appeared in only two games with Nashville.

Return to Calgary
Plagued by a hip injury, Bégin was again left a free agent prior to the 2011–12 season. He signed a professional tryout offer with the Vancouver Canucks, but was released by the team during the pre-season. Bob Hartley, coach of ZSC Lions in the Swiss National League A offered him a spot on their team. Though he had already scheduled surgery to repair his hip, Bégin was willing to put it off to play in Switzerland, but was convinced by Hartley to complete the procedure. His recovery prevented Bégin from playing anywhere during the season.

When Hartley took over as the Flames' head coach prior to the 2012–13 NHL season, he offered Bégin a tryout in Calgary. Bégin's work ethic during the team's training camp prior to the lockout-shortened season earned him a contract with the Flames, who believed he could serve as a penalty killer and energy player. Over two years since his last NHL game, Bégin returned to the league, and appeared in his 500th game on February 24, 2013, against the Coyotes. He appeared in 36 games for the Flames, scoring four goals and adding four assists. In recognition of his successful comeback, the Calgary chapter of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association named him the Flames' nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for dedication and perseverance.

Bégin was signed to a one-year, AHL contract with the Abbotsford Heat for the 2013–14 season. He was unable to play due to another injury and, after doctors informed him that he would miss the entire season, Bégin announced his retirement from professional hockey on January 16, 2014.

Playing style
Bégin's father taught his son that his best chance of making a career in hockey was as a defensive specialist and impressed on him the need for a strong work ethic. He was raised to follow role players like Mario Tremblay, Guy Carbonneau and Bob Gainey rather than stars such as Guy Lafleur or Wayne Gretzky. Bégin has played the majority of his career as a grinder, willing to play a physical game. His style often results in bruises and injuries, a part of the game he relishes. Speaking of his comeback with the Flames in 2013, he said, "What I missed the most was the pain of playing hockey. The pain from blocking shots, getting hit, hitting people... I missed it a lot." That attitude impressed his coaches; Bob Hartley argued that players like Bégin are a valuable commodity: "Players with the commitment of Steve Bégin, I really believe that there's not enough (of them) in the NHL. I always admired the way that he played. I look at the spirit, the leadership. Pretty amazing what he's done for us."

title: Steve Bégin


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Talk:Dogpatch USA

Dogpatch dispatch
this might be useful to some one, scans of an old newspaper put out by the park.

http://www.undergroundozarks.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=116787

--130.184.100.112 (talk) 19:31, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

older entries
Josh a brewer 04:05, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

We visited there in the late seventies or early eighties. As a theme park, it was pretty much do-it-yourself. One ride was a little railroad handcart for children to pump in order to make them go around a track. There was a fish farm on the premises. You could buy food to feed the fish, pay to use a pole to catch the fish, then buy a fish dinner which included the same fish you had caught! For energetic children of an earlier era, it might have served as a diversion. But, as a teenager who worked there told me, "The good thing about working here is that we get free admission to other theme parks." alcook54@yahoo.com

So many speeling errors
And yes, that was on purpose. --Lord Voldemort 30 June 2005 20:51 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm a poor speller, thanks for helping me out. --The_stuart 30 June 2005 21:00 (UTC)

Trivia
My ex's sister in Arkansas said that for a time she worked at the park as "Daisy Mae" costumed as that comic character. If people were hired to dress up as L'il Abner characters in the park regularly, perhaps this should be mentioned. -- Infrogmation 5 July 2005 17:59 (UTC)
 * There is a mention of costumed characters in the listed proposed attractions, but I'm not sure if there is anything else that can be said about them. I know for a little while they had a Daisy Mae beuty pagent that gave away cash prizes and scholarships, and I have found pictures of people in Lil' Abner costumes, but thats all I know of when it comes to the costumed characters. I guess I didn't put anything about them in before because I figured it was a pretty typical amusment park thing. --The_stuart 5 July 2005 20:50 (UTC)

Inconsistencies
There are many deviations (under the heading "Dogpatch USA closes") from the source material listed in "Reference". Events that occurred while Ozark Entertainment Inc. (OEI, not mentioned in the article) owned the park (1981-1986) are attributed to the Telcor period of ownership (1987-1993). Other discrepancies, such as incorrect dates, also exist on this page. It should be rewritten for accuracy. RogerK 01:10, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Go for it--The_stuart 13:56, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Went for it. RogerK 02:51, August 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thats great! Awesome job! --The_stuart 19:16, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * try another FAC? RogerK 03:42, August 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * There are still some copy right issues with the first image and the one I made of for the general cornpone statue (even though I got permission to use them). Other than that I think it might be ready. --The_stuart 04:02, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the article is well presented now, and the changes in headers sets off the information in a time line that should help readers follow the article more easily. Some info hasn't been referenced; I assume you had other source material for "Trout pond" and the new cave information. If you can add these sources to "Reference" it would help :)) RogerK 23:43, August 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that information came from the Mystic Caverns website. I will add it to reference. --The_stuart 14:28, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I just noticed that you have moved several peices of info out of the dialouge of the main article and into the trivia list. Lists like this tend to do poorly in FA reviews, most wikipedians tend to hate lists. I would suggest trying to incorporate that information back into the article and using this section only for the several intresting little facts that wouldn't fit anywhere else in the article. And, if there is some way to fit any of the stuff in the trivia section in to the article that should be done as well. --The_stuart 14:40, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Moved some info back. Sorry, my inexperience with FA reviews. But I sincerely thought these items of information WERE trivial, in view of what I saw as the theme of the article: the ups and downs of the park in its pursuit of success under various owners over the years. Perhaps my viewpoint is too narrow. Also thought that length of the article was an issue in the last FA review. At any rate, hope this is satisfactory :)) RogerK 02:17, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, its my exsperience that featured articles should contain all their info in actual text rather than lists. I sat here a while after I saw that you moved that stuff, trying to figure out where we could put the three remaining peices of trivia, but didn't see any where in the main body they would fit. Now that we have the history section well put together, I was thinking we should try and Exspand the trout farm section to incluid the other rides that were at the park. Incidently, I'm going to Dogpatch this weekend to do a little exsploration. I will see if I can get any info that could be added. --The_stuart 15:33, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Italics
Dogpatch USA is sometimes italized, is there a reason? I do not think theme park names are put in italics. MechBrowman 01:13, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's now been fixed. Ground Zero | t 18:31, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

original research
this article contains much original research and POV analysis.

"Quiet and dignified......"
There is a bit of an inconsistency in that the Conception section states that:

"Snow also assured Capp that the park would be quiet and dignified, and would not include roller coasters or thrill rides that would conflict with the rustic Li'l Abner theme. Capp, who had turned down other offers, accepted this one and became a partner, claiming he had once driven through the Ozarks and had pictured just such an area for the setting of his fictional Dogpatch town. Capp was apparently happy with Snow's concept and confident that his Li'l Abner creation would not be tainted."

And yet, under attractions we read:

"Frustratin' Flyer - a steel 'Monster Mouse' coaster created by Herschell. Installed in 1968 for the park's debut, its fate after that year is uncertain."

Why is it that Capp allowed a coaster to be built for the opening when the first quote leads one to believe that this is exactly what he and the park owners were trying to avoid? Just curious.........DonaNobisPacem 08:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * We were aware of that inconsitancy when we created the article. The problem is that there is little to know official documentation availabel about the park, only what can be gleamed from newspaper articles and brochures. We know that that is what Capp and Snow agreed upon from newspaper articles, yet we also know that that ride was there from the brochure. The best we can do is make a note about the ride it. --The_stuart 15:42, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah - that makes sense.DonaNobisPacem 16:24, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I personally just assumed that the line meant that that they didn't want roller coasters which would conflict with the rest of the park, but weren't necessarily against rollercoasters in general.

Anyway, I loved reading this article :) I'd never heard of Lil Abner before (I'm in England, and born after the strip was retired) but it's a really interesting story. -- Dandelions 20:13, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The park (or whats left of it) is about an hour and a half away from here (Fayettville, Arkansas) and is a really bizarre part of our history here in Arkansas and is surrounded in urban legends. People of my state have a kind of love hate realtionship with it. I've snuck in to the property twice to exsplore it (I took that picture of the water towards the bottom). I can't even begin to describe how cool it is inside. I think it's mostly gone now though. Last time I was there they were clearing it out. It really sad cause it was so neat to exsplore. Rome has the forum and the colleseum, Athens has the Pantheon, Arkansas has Dogpatch and Monte Ne (which is still there thankfully). --The_stuart 03:11, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

FAC Status
Congratulations on being a featured article on the Main page. The main page description includes the line "...the following years would see a combination of characters and unforeseen events transform the high hopes of investors into a financial roller coaster ride which eventually ended in the park's demise." This is some of the most inspired writing I've seen on Wikipedia. It's unfortunate that this line is not included in the article itself! --malber 18:04, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It was probably edited out by somebody who recognized that this kind of flowery language isn't really appropriate for an encyclopaedia, and is, in fact, contrary to the Manual of Style. Ground Zero | t 18:33, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone went through and removed what they considered "weasel words" and "peacock terms", and I think those lines got changed. This isn't too uncommon on Wikipedia; one person's "inspired writing" is another's "non-encyclopedic tone". —Amcaja 18:35, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a shame. I felt the phrase met the criteria of "be bold" and even "the perfect article." But I didn't write the line; it's not for me to put it back in. --malber 19:12, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks to all of you who support my writing style in this article (the bulk of the article was researched and written by my friend, Stuart, and I, in collaboration with him, edited and rephrased the bulk of the article). I spent a lot of time on the intro to this article, trying to find the right words to summarize the park's financial ups and downs throughout its years, and was eventually very satisfied with the sentence Malber refers to above. I was very dismayed to find it rephrased by some of my peers on November 10th, the day it was featured on the front page. Nevertheless, I'm relatively new here and I've accepted their decisions, though I disagree; I think a measure of creativity of expression is appropriate and desirable and stimulates the reader, and I've found that some of you, my peers, feel the same way. Perhaps some day our view will be accepted in Wikipedia. --RogerK 02:31, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

New Edits 6/1/06
There has been alot of work done on the park recently. I am trying to contact someone who can give me more details about it. All the edits I have made don't need citations (other than the bit about the train and the mill which is info I got from | Here). Here are a few forum post from Ozarks Underground from a person who is involved with the project: http://www.undergroundozarks.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=31762&highlight=#31762 http://www.undergroundozarks.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=13003&highlight=#13003 Hope this dosn't result in the article getting unfeatured... --The_stuart 18:40, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dogpatch USA Ticket.jpg
Image:Dogpatch USA Ticket.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:28, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Rectified. SchuminWeb (Talk) 19:13, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Failed "good article" nomination
This article failed good article nomination. This is how the article, as of February 18, 2008, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: Pass
 * 2. Factually accurate?: Fail This is the main problem. There are very few references, and next to none in the history section.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: Pass
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: Neutral
 * 5. Article stability? Pass
 * 6. Images?: Pass

The main problem is the major lack of references. There are very few, if any in the history section, which is what needs it the most, and there are very few elsewhere as well. Without references, I cannot verify much of the information in the article.

When these issues are addressed, the article can be renominated. If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it have it reassessed. Thank you for your work so far. — Juliancolton (Talk) 21:34, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Unfortunately, this article is about a place that came and went. Finding citations is difficult, if not impossible. So it will, likely, remain unfinished RogerK (talk) 05:54, 17 December 2011 (UTC)RogerK

Small Grammer Change
I replaced an and with a who. Its on the section which talks about them changing the name of the town back to Marble Falls. Please double check this thanks. Magnum Serpentine (talk) 03:49, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Pruett Nance's Age
Changed Pruett Nance's age to 17 as he had not yet turned 18 when the accident occurred. -Rhonk — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.55.135.30 (talk) 21:13, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Pre-GA Review
I don't really know how to do GA Reviews, so here are my suggestions. Three things: One, I used refill to fill in 2 of the references. Two, according to Earwig's Copyvio Detector, this article has a 15.3% chance of violating copyright (thought two sites may have copied this article, with a 95.1% copyright violation chance. Third, this article is a part of 9 hidden categories. 8 of those are things that it should not be a part of (Category:Coordinates on Wikidata is ok). Elisfkc (talk) 19:08, 23 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Make that 11 categories, with Category:Commons category with page title same as on Wikidata also being ok. I tagged Bell among new owners of Dogpatch USA park with Template:Citation not found because I cannot find any record of this citation ever existing. Elisfkc (talk) 21:44, 24 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I have edited this article quite a lot within the past year, so I do not think I am eligible to do a review, but I checked the report from Earwig's Copyvio Detector and reworded the sections citing the sources with the 15.3% and 13.0% copyvio ratings. This article is over 10 years old, and even early versions of it were fairly thorough (or at least, I suspect, more so than any other web source at the time), so it is likely that sites/pages about Dogpatch that have sprung up since this article's genesis have paraphrased or copied it.TallCorgi (talk) 22:17, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Wow, it turns out this quick-failed GA just because the needs references banner has been up since 2008 (even though it has a 100+ references!). This article has dramatically improved since 2008, with an addition of 80+ references in the past year or so, and I don't think the banner accurately reflects its current quality.TallCorgi (talk) 18:08, 25 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I wrote the above to explain that I have removed the needs references banner from the page. I also removed much of the information with lingering citation needed tags. I've read a lot of news articles on Dogpatch and added a lot of references, but some of the information in this article just did not seem to be verifiable. Instead of waiting (since 2008!) for verifiable sources to emerge, I thought it better to remove the information. If it's ever found in a good source, it can of course be readded.TallCorgi (talk) 18:25, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:34, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150520002608/http://www.ky3.com/news/local/breathing-life-back-into-a-ghost-town-dogpatch-hosts-river-walk/21048998_33064232 to http://www.ky3.com/news/local/breathing-life-back-into-a-ghost-town-dogpatch-hosts-river-walk/21048998_33064232
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150101225008/http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc15-3_006 to http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc15-3_006
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Does the park name use a comma?
Does the park's official name use the orthographic form Dogpatch USA or Dogpatch, USA (note that the first form uses no comma)?

Even the material published by the park's authority seems to have inconsistent usage. I shall endeavor to answer the question by means of further research. —catsmoke talk 08:55, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Having looked closely at park publications—including brochures, maps, and admission tickets—as well as the various signs used both outside and inside the park, as well as merchandise sold by the park—including shirts, postcards, posters, and bumper stickers—I have found no uses of a comma when the park's name is in print. Therefore, I conclude that the official name of the park was Dogpatch USA and I will edit the article to align with this fact. —catsmoke talk 09:05, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

 * All instances of name Dogpatch USA have been checked against original source material, and uses in article have been made consistent with the original usages. Note that there is at least one source which uses the form Dogpatch U.S.A. and it has been left as it appears in the cited reference. —catsmoke talk 09:57, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

BREAKTHROUGH IN LIFE
God is the author and finisher of our faith, Hard work and consistence can take us far in life if only we believe in our potentials, https://getonlinecertificates.com. Also our environment affects our children, https://svenskariktigadokument.com Hence, we should love our neighbors indiscriminately.https://continentaldocs.com Dechosen (talk) 19:08, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dogpatch USA


text:
User talk:JoseBlanco

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

MSNBC
Hey. I'm telling many different people that I need help in my new article: History of MSNBC: 2008-Present. Thanks.--Mapple001 (talk) 19:21, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:JoseBlanco


text:
Cave conservancy

A cave conservancy is a specialized land trust that primarily manages caves or karst features in the United States. Organizations that serve as cave management consultants to cave owners are usually considered cave conservancies. Almost all cave conservancies are non-profit organizations, but their management methodologies may be diverse. Cave conservancies often provide other services such as being advocates for responsible cave ownership and management, promoting the protection of caves, and advancing research to enhance and discover the values of caves.

Cave management before 1963
Historically, caves have been managed many different ways, from benign neglect to commercialization or other forms of exploitation with widely varying results. Some people saw commercial potential in caves and the development and profit provided the incentive for ownership and a form of conservation. The 19th century public interest in caves as natural curiosities may have led to the increased public awareness of their intrinsic value. This recognition played a part in some significant caves becoming protected through their inclusion in the US national park system. This became the first public attempt at managing and conserving caves in North America. Prior to 1968, there were no known non-profit cave conservancies. There have been some instances of individuals or families buying caves for access and conservation.

Origins
The Butler Cave Conservation Society (BCCS) established in 1968 was the first true cave conservancy. The National Speleological Society (NSS), when founded, was not intended to be a cave conservancy; however, it has acquired twelve cave properties, eleven by ownership, which it refers to as nature preserves. While it is probably not a cave conservancy according to the above definition, it is close enough to be considered a cave conservancy by some people. McFails, the first NSS Preserve, was donated to the NSS in 1967. Other land trusts, such as the Nature Conservancy, also own caves. These organizations, as mentioned above, are generally not considered cave conservancies, as the management of caves and other karst features are an incidental part of the purpose of the organization.

Conservation in Virginia and the Northeast
Many Virginia cavers were among the founders of the National Speleological Society. The same pattern was true as Virginia and northeast area cavers were in the forefront of the founding of the first four cave conservancies. This pattern continued for fifteen years after the founding of BCCS with the addition of three conservancies: the Appalachian Cave Conservancy (ACC), formerly the Perkins Cave Conservation and Management Society (PerCCAMS), 1977; Northeastern Cave Conservancy (NCC), 1978; and Cave Conservancy of the Virginias, 1980. CCV was founded with the intent of being a cave owning conservancy; however, leadership changes in its early history brought people with a different priority. Only recently has CCV come back to its original conservancy mission with the purchase of a significant cave property.

The spread of conservation
The cave conservancy movement spread to other parts of the country in the 1980s with the addition of Pennsylvania Cave Conservancy (PCC), 1983; Michigan Karst Conservancy (MKC), 1983; New Jersey Cave Conservancy (NJCC), 1984; Indiana Karst Conservancy (IKC), 1985; Texas Cave Management Association (TCMA), 1985; Ellis Cave Conservancy (ECC), 1985; and Greater Cincinnati Grotto - Great Saltpetre Preserve (GSP), 1989.

The professionalization of Cave Conservancy
The Southeastern Cave Conservancy Inc. (SCCI), 1991, established the most effective donation-based fundraising program to support cave acquisition. While the fundraising is done by volunteers, it is difficult to distinguish it from that of the fundraising of a professionally run organization. SCCI was the first conservancy to use re-occurring donations via donor credit cards. This funding method has become more common among conservancies.

The Texas Cave Conservancy (TCC), 1994, became the first to appoint a professional executive director.

The move to orthodoxy
The concept of having knowledgeable people managing caves has become widely accepted. New cave conservancies are expected to become a regular occurrence. Missouri Caves and Karst Conservancy (MCKC), 1995; Mid-Atlantic Karst Conservancy (MAKC), 1997; West Virginia Cave Conservancy (WVCC), 1997; Carroll Cave Conservancy (CCC), 1998; Karst Conservancy of Illinois (KCI), 1998; Cave Conservancy of Hawaii (CCH), 2002; and the Western Cave Conservancy (WCC), 2002 have been founded in a steady pattern of new cave conservancies.

Movement growth
A unique feature of American society is the extensive amount of volunteerism. Few other conservation societies have a comparable amount of volunteer activity and number and diversity of non-profit organizations in America. It is not surprising that cave conservancies would eventually be formed and that this movement would start in the United States. It appears driven by the twin factors of access and conservation. The environmental philosophy has provided the intellectual rationale to justify the importance of cave conservation and protection by conservancies. Cavers faced with the loss of access to caves due to land development and cave owners attempting to avoid some of the problems associated with visitation are some of the major reasons caves have been closed to cavers. Loss of cave access provides the emotional drive and support needed to motivate and encourage volunteer work and funding. The twin motivating factors of conservation and access drive the cave conservancy movement. Support for the movement also comes from people who envision the cave resource as a tool with which to educate for science and conservation. It is likely that more cave conservancies will be established and that the average number of caves managed by conservancies will increase.

Accomplishments
Cave conservancies now manage more than 115 properties with over 2700 acre of karst land and more than 230 caves that have a total or more than 200 mi of cave passage.

Leadership
Currently, all cave conservancies are board managed. They fall into three types; the most common is an independent and either self-perpetuating or membership elected board. A few of these conservancy boards have a minority of members appointed by other organizations. The second most common type has all of its board members appointed by one or more organizations such as NSS grottos. The three conservancies that have this structure are GSP, PCC, and NJCC. Leaders in all three have reported some problems with this organizational structure. Only TCC has the staff run third type, in which the executive makes the management decisions. Conservancies are mostly volunteer organizations. Two conservancies have employees, TCC and CCV.

Funding
Cash-in-kind volunteerism is the primary source of wealth for most cave conservancies. Often, conservancy members have been the major contributors. Several such as BCCS, SCCI, and IKC have made extensive use of contributions from members. Dues, donations, major gifts, small fund raising events, raffles, and fees for services are the most widely used means of fundraising in addition to extensive volunteer time, which all cave conservancies receive in significant amounts. CCV is unique among cave conservancies in that it uses gaming as an effective fund raising tool. Establishing a gaming infrastructure is usually capital and labor-intensive accompanied with assorted risks. This form of funding is not likely to be used by most conservancies.

Cave management control types
The following is the sequence of cave protection levels used to classify the degree and type of control that conservancies have of a cave. This system suggests a sequence of cave protection strategies to use as appropriate in cave management situations. This method lists the six levels one should consider in order when deciding to protect, manage, and conserve a cave. SICLEO System. Each conservancy has a preferred management level. BCCS, SCCI, MKC, and CCH will usually choose cave ownership as the means to cave management. TCC and ACC are advocates for contract and leasing. NJCC has worked for years to lease the largest cave in New Jersey. CCV has devoted resources for many years to educate cave owners and, by implication, endorses enlightened self-management. IKC employs a varied approach using ownership, leasing, and conservation easement.
 * 1) Enlightened Self-management by owner
 * 2) Informal management arrangement
 * 3) Contract
 * 4) Lease
 * 5) Conservation Easement
 * 6) Own

Society naming conventions
The first two conservancies were called societies, perhaps influenced by the name of the National Speleological Society. The second, PerCCAMS, and seventh, Texas Cave Management Association (TCMA), conservancies founded have the word "management" in their names. During that time, cave management was beginning to be recognized as a distinct activity and discipline. Even the NSS Conservation Section changed its name to include the word "management" in this era. Starting with the Northeastern Cave Conservancy, almost all cave conservancies have the word "conservancy" in their name, thus "cave conservancy" has been the standard name of the movement. Four conservancies, KCI, IKC, MKC, and MAKC have substituted the word "karst" for "cave", perhaps to emphasize their interest in protecting/preserving the broader landscape. One conservancy, MCKC, uses both words apparently to make a point. One conservancy, PerCCAMS, has recently changed its name to ACC. Great Saltpeter Cave Preserve is the only NSS affiliated conservancy that has the type of name that is usually given to a property instead of an organization. Several other unaffiliated cave conservancies have a variety of names. Generally, cave and karst are interchangeable when naming organizations and not even the most dogmatic stickler for detail would maintain that a cave conservancy would be prevented from managing a karst feature because their name included the word "cave" and not "karst".

Cave conservancies and the NSS
In 1986, Paul Stevens, NSS president at the time, and others foresaw the importance of cave conservancies and the role that the NSS could play in assisting the movement. They recommended to the NSS Board of Governors that they establish the designation of NSS Conservancy. Three conservancies were granted the cave conservancy designation within a year. They were the ECC, the only conservancy to date to disband; IKC; and TCMA. The cave conservancy function was placed in the NSS Department of the Secretary-Treasurer, over time assigned to a couple of different departments and committees. It was clear that the committee had greater potential as a separate unit. As part of the NSS reorganization promoted by NSS officers Fred Wefer, John M. Wilson, and Dave Luckins, the Cave Conservancies Committee (NSS CCC) was established as a separate entity in 1996 in the Cave Management Division of the Department of the Administrative Vice President. Since that time, most cave conservancies have chosen to use the NSS Cave Conservancy designation and /or participate on the conservancies committee. The committee functions as an informal association of cave conservancies, maintains an extensive website, provides a network of knowledgeable people available to assist conservancies in need, and hosts a meeting of cave conservancies at the NSS Convention each year.

As with land trusts in general, the cave conservancy movement in the United States is growing. It usually sets the standards for cave acquisition and management.

title: Cave conservancy


text:
Red Alert (novel)

Red Alert is a 1958 novel by Peter George about nuclear war. The book provided the underlying narrative structure for Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. Kubrick's film differs significantly from the novel in that the film is a black comedy.

Originally published in the UK as Two Hours to Doom, with George using the pseudonym "Peter Bryant" (Bryan Peters for the French translation, 120 minutes pour sauver le monde), the novel deals with the apocalyptic threat of nuclear war and the almost absurd ease with which it can be triggered. A genre of such topical fiction, of which Red Alert was among the earliest examples that sprung up in the late 1950s, led by Nevil Shute's On the Beach.

Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler's later best-seller, Fail-Safe, so closely resembled Red Alert in its premise that George sued on the charge of copyright infringement, resulting in an out-of-court settlement. Both novels would go on to inspire very different films that would both be released in 1964 by the same studio (Columbia Pictures).

Plot
In a paranoid delusion, moribund U.S. Air Force general Quinten unilaterally launches an airborne preventive nuclear attack upon the Soviet Union from his command at the Sonora, Texas, Strategic Air Command (SAC) bomber base by ordering the 843rd Bomb Wing to attack using "Wing Attack Plan R", an operational plan which authorises a lower-echelon SAC commander to retaliate after an enemy first strike has decapitated the U.S. government. He attacks with the entire B-52 bomber wing of new aircraft, each armed with two nuclear weapons and protected with electronic countermeasures to prevent the Soviets from shooting them down.

When the U.S. President and cabinet become aware the attack is underway, they assist the Soviet government in intercepting the rogue U.S. Air Force bombers, to little effect, because the Soviets destroy only two bombers and damage one, the Alabama Angel, which remains airborne and en route to its target.

The U.S. government reestablishes the SAC airbase chain of command, but the general who launched the attack, the only man knowing the recall code, kills himself before capture and interrogation. His executive officer correctly deduces the recall code from among the general's desk pad doodles. The code is received by the surviving bomber aircraft, and they are successfully recalled, minutes before bombing their targets in the Soviet Union, save for the Alabama Angel, whose earlier-damaged radio prevents its recalling; it progresses to its target.

In a last effort to avert a Soviet–American nuclear war, the U.S. President offers the Soviet Premier the compensatory right to destroy Atlantic City, New Jersey; at the final moment, the Alabama Angel is shot down, and nuclear catastrophe is averted.

Dr. Strangelove and Fail Safe
Red Alert author George collaborated on the Dr. Strangelove screenplay with Kubrick and satirist Terry Southern. Red Alert was more solemn than its film version and it did not include the character Dr. Strangelove, though the main plot and technical elements were quite similar. A novelisation of the actual film, rather than a reprint of the original novel, was published by George, based on an early draft in which aliens try to understand what happened after arriving at a wrecked Earth.

During the filming of Dr. Strangelove, Kubrick learned that Fail Safe, a film with a similar theme, was being produced. Although Fail Safe was to be a realistic thriller, Kubrick feared that its plot resemblance would damage his film's box office potential, especially if Fail Safe were released first. Indeed, the novel Fail-Safe (on which the film is based) is so similar to Red Alert that Kubrick and Peter George sued on charges of copyright infringement. The case was settled out of court. What worried Kubrick most was that Fail Safe boasted acclaimed director Sidney Lumet and first-rate dramatic actors Henry Fonda as the American President and Walter Matthau as the advisor to the Pentagon, Professor Groeteschele. Kubrick decided to throw a legal wrench into Fail Safe's production gears. Lumet recalled in the documentary Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove: "We started casting. Fonda was already set.... which of course meant a big commitment in terms of money. I was set, Walter [Bernstein, the screenwriter] was set.... And suddenly, this lawsuit arrived, filed by Stanley Kubrick and Columbia Pictures."

Kubrick argued that Fail Safe's own 1962 source novel, Fail-Safe, had been copied from Red Alert, to which Kubrick owned creative rights. He pointed out unmistakable similarities in intentions between the characters Groeteschele and Strangelove (although there is not a Strangelove character in the novel). The plan worked, and the suit was settled out of court, with the agreement that Columbia Pictures, which had financed and was distributing Strangelove, also buy Fail Safe, which had been an independently financed production. Kubrick insisted that the studio release his movie first, and Fail Safe opened eight months behind Dr. Strangelove, to critical acclaim but mediocre ticket sales.

title: Red Alert (novel)


text: User talk:68.50.165.212

title: User talk:68.50.165.212


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative Medicine/Checklist

Article reviewed:_________________________________________________

Review date: _____ / _____ / _____

If you were a first time reader, would reading this article answer your questions about this topic? Yes-Favorable /  No-Negative

Comments:

- Directions for Scoring: N/A, Yes, No are the possible responses. You should circle your answer depending upon whether or not you found one instance or not. You should stop searching through the article after having found at least one instance for each question. Responses that circle an underscore indicate non-compliance to our guidelines and count as one. The score for each section is, thus, the sum of all your responses that indicate non-compliance to our guidelines. The total score is the sum of all the individual sections added together. -

Scored ....... on the Neutral Point of View (NPOV) Guidelines

 * SQG #1-No advocacy of any kind is permitted.
 * SQG #2-Points of view can only be presented as points of view.
 * SQG #3-Proponent's and opponent's viewpoints are accurately presented without controversy and are to the point.

 * 1) (SQG#1)Does the article promote PRO/CON propaganda or advocacy of any kind?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 2) *Editorializing of any kind.
 * 3) *Advocacy of any kind.
 * 4) *Judgement of any kind.
 * 5) (SQG#2)Are the expressed PRO/CON viewpoints presented as conclusions rather than just as one possible point of view?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 6) (SQG#2)Does the text and manner of writing insinuate that the PRO/CON viewpoint is more correct than another?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 7) (SQG#01)Are the talk pages being used for partisan PRO/CON wranglings that have nothing to do with improving the article?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 8) (SQG#3)Were the CAM views, no matter how bizarre or repugnant, accurately provided for, without any hint of advocacy?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 9) (SQG#3)Were the CON views accurately provided for, without any hint of advocacy?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 10) (SQG#3)Are criticisms properly directed at the subject of the article?... N/A, Yes, No A no means that the criticisms are off-topic.

Scored ....... on the Attribute Guidelines

 * SQG #4-To attribute means to footnote an assertion.
 * SQG #5-A footnote may reference a book, newspaper or magazine article, online web site, or a citation to a published research paper.
 * SQG #6-Sources of information cited must be reliable and not idiosyncratic.

 * 1) (SQG#5)Is there a reference section at the bottom of the article?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 2) (SQG#4)Have all the major points of controversy  made in this article been supported with footnotes to references?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 3) (SQG#6)Do the referenced web sites reference their own assertions?... N/A, Yes, No A no means that the referenced website is simply passing along Internet gossip that has never been supported with valid references.
 * 4) (SQG#6)Do all references, referenced actually apply to the subject referenced?... N/A, Yes, No  In other words, a no means that the reference actually does not support what it is claimed to support.

Scored ....... on the Controversial Topic Guidelines

 * SQG #7-Introductory paragraphs are presented without controversy and are to the point.
 * SQG #8-Avoid a back-and-forth dialogue between proponents and opponents.
 * SQG #9-The Information provided must be balanced.
 * SQG #10-Controversial assertions must be footnoted to sources of information.

 * 1) (SQG#7)Are the introductory paragraphs completely neutral?
 * 2) * Or, are the paragraphs before the first section heading, straight to the point?... N/A, Yes, No A no means that they contain a hint of controversy.
 * 3) **Editorializing of any kind.
 * 4) **Advocacy of any kind.
 * 5) **Judgement of any kind.
 * 6) **No weaselspeak (an anonymous attribution) of any kind.
 * 7) **Just a straight to the point definition of the topic of the article.
 * 8) (SQG#8)Are debates provided in bulleted lists?... N/A, Yes, No A no means that the debates are part of the narrative.
 * 9) (SQG#9)Have the method(s) of treatment been identified?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 10) (SQG#9)Have the therapeutic effect(s) of the CAM treatments been identified?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 11) (SQG#9)Have the medical conditions reported to be effectively treated by these CAM treatments been identified?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 12) SQG#9)Have the physical modes of action that could plausibly account for the therapeutic effects of these CAM treatments been identified?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 13) (SQG#10)Did you spot at least 3 instances of the article using  weaselspeak (an anonymous attribution)?... N/A, Yes, No

Scored ....... on the Health & Medical Topic Guidelines

 * SQG #11-Complementary treatments are recommended.
 * SQG #12-Footnotes are required for health claims of any type.

 * 1) (SQG#11)Is it explained within the article that the alternative treatment information provided is complementary?... N/A, Yes, No
 * 2) (SQG#12)Are the health claims made supported with footnotes?... N/A, Yes, No


text:
User talk:Wilsoncaver

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Wilsoncaver


text:
Cephalosporin

The cephalosporins (sg. ) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as Cephalosporium.

Together with cephamycins, they constitute a subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics called cephems. Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945, and first sold in 1964.

Discovery
The aerobic mold which yielded cephalosporin C was found in the sea near a sewage outfall in Su Siccu, by Cagliari harbour in Sardinia, by the Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu in July 1945.

Structure
Cephalosporin contains a 6-membered dihydrothiazine ring. Substitutions at position 3 generally affect pharmacology; substitutions at position 7 affect antibacterial activity, but these cases are not always true.

Medical uses
Cephalosporins can be indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by bacteria susceptible to this particular form of antibiotic. First-generation cephalosporins are active predominantly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. They are therefore used mostly for skin and soft tissue infections and the prevention of hospital-acquired surgical infections. Successive generations of cephalosporins have increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria, albeit often with reduced activity against Gram-positive organisms.

The antibiotic may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin due to the different β-lactam antibiotic structure. The drug is able to be excreted in the urine.

Side effects
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥ 1% of patients) associated with the cephalosporin therapy include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, electrolyte disturbances, and pain and inflammation at injection site. Infrequent ADRs (0.1–1% of patients) include vomiting, headache, dizziness, oral and vaginal candidiasis, pseudomembranous colitis, superinfection, eosinophilia, nephrotoxicity, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and fever.

Allergic hypersensitivity
The commonly quoted figure of 10% of patients with allergic hypersensitivity to penicillins and/or carbapenems also having cross-reactivity with cephalosporins originated from a 1975 study looking at the original cephalosporins, and subsequent "safety first" policy meant this was widely quoted and assumed to apply to all members of the group. Hence, it was commonly stated that they are contraindicated in patients with a history of severe, immediate allergic reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis, interstitial nephritis, etc.) to penicillins or carbapenems.

The contraindication, however, should be viewed in the light of recent epidemiological work suggesting, for many second-generation (or later) cephalosporins, the cross-reactivity rate with penicillin is much lower, having no significantly increased risk of reactivity over the first generation based on the studies examined. The British National Formulary previously issued blanket warnings of 10% cross-reactivity, but, since the September 2008 edition, suggests, in the absence of suitable alternatives, oral cefixime or cefuroxime and injectable cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone can be used with caution, but the use of cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, and cefradine should be avoided. A 2012 literature review similarly finds that the risk is negligible with third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. The risk with first-generation cephalosporins having similar R1 sidechains was also found to be overestimated, with the real value closer to 1%.

MTT side chain
Several cephalosporins are associated with hypoprothrombinemia and a disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol. These include latamoxef (moxalactam), cefmenoxime, cefoperazone, cefamandole, cefmetazole, and cefotetan. This is thought to be due to the methylthiotetrazole side-chain of these cephalosporins, which blocks the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (likely causing hypothrombinemia) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (causing alcohol intolerance). Thus, consumption of alcohol after taking these cephalosporin orally or intravenously is contraindicated, and in severe cases can lead to death. The methylthiodioxotriazine sidechain found in ceftriaxone has a similar effect. Cephalosporins without these structural elements are believed to be safe with alcohol.

Mechanism of action
Cephalosporins are bactericidal and, like other β-lactam antibiotics, disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity. The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs bind to the D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides (peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink the peptidoglycan. Beta-lactam antibiotics mimic the D-Ala-D-Ala site, thereby irreversibly inhibiting PBP crosslinking of peptidoglycan.

Resistance
Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics can involve either reduced affinity of existing PBP components or the acquisition of a supplementary β-lactam-insensitive PBP. Compared to other β-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins), they are less susceptible to β-lactamases. Currently, some Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Escherichia coli strains are resistant to cephalosporins. Some Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have also developed resistance to cephalosporins to varying degrees.

Classification
The cephalosporin nucleus can be modified to gain different properties. Cephalosporins are sometimes grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties.

The first cephalosporins were designated first-generation cephalosporins, whereas, later, more extended-spectrum cephalosporins were classified as second-generation cephalosporins. Each newer generation has significantly greater Gram-negative antimicrobial properties than the preceding generation, in most cases with decreased activity against Gram-positive organisms. Fourth-generation cephalosporins, however, have true broad-spectrum activity.

The classification of cephalosporins into "generations" is commonly practised, although the exact categorization is often imprecise. For example, the fourth generation of cephalosporins is not recognized as such in Japan. In Japan, cefaclor is classed as a first-generation cephalosporin, though in the United States it is a second-generation one; and cefbuperazone, cefminox, and cefotetan are classed as second-generation cephalosporins.

First generation
Cefalotin, cefazolin, cefalexin, cefapirin, cefradine, and cefadroxil are drugs belonging to this group.

Second generation
Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefprozil, and cefmetazole are classed as second-generation cephems.

Third generation
Ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime are classed as third-generation cephalosporins. Flomoxef and latamoxef are in a new, related class called oxacephems.

Fourth generation
Drugs included in this group are cefepime and cefpirome.

Further generations
Some state that cephalosporins can be divided into five or even six generations, although the usefulness of this organization system is of limited clinical relevance.

Naming
Most first-generation cephalosporins were originally spelled "ceph-" in English-speaking countries. This continues to be the preferred spelling in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, while European countries (including the United Kingdom) have adopted the International Nonproprietary Names, which are always spelled "cef-". Newer first-generation cephalosporins and all cephalosporins of later generations are spelled "cef-", even in the United States.

Activity
There exist bacteria which cannot be treated with cephalosporins of generations first through fourth:
 * Listeria spp.
 * Atypicals (including Mycoplasma and Chlamydia)
 * MRSA
 * Enterococci

Fifth-generation cephalosporins (e.g. ceftaroline) are effective against MRSA, Listeria spp., and Enterococcus faecalis.

History
Cephalosporin compounds were first isolated from cultures of Acremonium strictum from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu. He noticed these cultures produced substances that were effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, which had β-lactamase. Guy Newton and Edward Abraham at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford isolated cephalosporin C. The cephalosporin nucleus, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), was derived from cephalosporin C and proved to be analogous to the penicillin nucleus 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), but it was not sufficiently potent for clinical use. Modification of the 7-ACA side chains resulted in the development of useful antibiotic agents, and the first agent, cefalotin (cephalothin), was launched by Eli Lilly and Company in 1964.

title: Cephalosporin


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Talk:License to Chill

Fair use rationale for Image:Jimmy buffet.jpg
Image:Jimmy buffet.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:06, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jimmy buffet.jpg
Image:Jimmy buffet.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:03, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:License to Chill


text: Category:Cephalosporin antibiotics

title: Category:Cephalosporin antibiotics


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Alternative Medicine/Checklist

Unlike most projects, the Wikiproject on alternative medicine contains a large number of different project pages that are designed to organize the data contained in articles about CAM. The infobox on the far right is designed to make it easier to navigate your way through the maze of different project and talk pages contained in this Wikiproject. I would suggest that your exploration of our project should start out on the main project page.

The rules are very simple here.
The rules are very simple here. -- John Gohde 01:55, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) If you want to edit this WikiProject, then we are asking for the simple courtesy of registering yourself as a Public Participant in this WikiProject in the main project page. Most WikiProjects follow this same practice.
 * 2) All comments made on our talk pages must be friendly.
 * 3) * Hostile comments and / or personal attacks are subject to being refactored out by any of our public participants.
 * 4) This talk page should be reserved for discussions about conducting compliance audits with the checkelist of key questions.
 * 5) * Any off-topic comments and criticisms that have been addressed in the project page will be archived for historical purposes.


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Talk:Love Songs (Julio Iglesias album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Julio Iglesias Love Songs.jpg
Image:Julio Iglesias Love Songs.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:46, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Love Songs (Julio Iglesias album)


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Yale Repertory Theatre

Yale Repertory Theatre at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut was founded by Robert Brustein, dean of Yale School of Drama, in 1966, with the goal of facilitating a meaningful collaboration between theatre professionals and talented students. In the process it has become one of the first distinguished regional theatres. Located at the edge of Yale's main downtown campus, it occupies the former Calvary Baptist Church.

History
As head of Yale Repertory Theatre ("the Rep") from 1966 to 1979, Robert Brustein brought professional actors to Yale each year to form a repertory company and nurtured notable new authors including Christopher Durang. Some successful works were transferred to commercial theaters. Michael Feingold was the first literary manager.

The dean of Yale School of Drama is the artistic director of the Yale Repertory Theatre, with Lloyd Richards (who most notably nurtured the career of August Wilson) serving in this capacity 1979–1991, Stan Wojewodski, Jr., 1991–2002, and James Bundy since 2002. Benjamin Mordecai served as managing director from 1982 to 1993. Victoria Nolan was managing director from 1993 to 2020. Her successor was Florie Seery.

Of the more than 90 world premieres the Rep has produced, four have won Pulitzer Prizes; ten productions have received Tony Awards after being transferred to Broadway, and Yale Repertory Theatre was given a Drama Desk Special Award in 1988 and the Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theatre in 1991.

In 2002, Yale School of Drama and Yale Repertory Theatre received the Governor's Arts Award from Governor John G. Rowland for artistic achievement and contribution to the arts in the state of Connecticut.

Calvary Baptist Church Building
Calvary Baptist Church was erected in 1846 in the Gothic revival architectural style on a plot of land that was the original home of Richard Platt, one of the founders of New Haven. Upon redundancy, the church was controlled by Yale University, which was already served by a nondenominational chapel.

title: Yale Repertory Theatre


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User talk:Alikhtarov

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Russian and related matters
Welcome to WP! I have just seen your note on the New User Log. There are plenty of people here happy to tidy up any little language errors you may make, and it encourages people to do even more to an article, so don't be shy!

I just thought I should check that you are aware that there is a Russian WP. If you haven't yet signed up for it, I suggest you use the same User Name if possible (to help the rest of us), and create links from one to the other so that you can quickly jump. See my user page if you need an example. Click on "edit" to see the codes at the bottom.

Kind regards from Wellington, in another Commonwealth country, New Zealand - Robin Patterson 00:37, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

title: User talk:Alikhtarov


text:
Higher Learning

Higher Learning is a 1995 American drama film written and directed by John Singleton and starring an ensemble cast. The film follows the changing lives of three incoming freshmen at the fictional Columbus University: Malik Williams (Omar Epps), a track star who struggles with academics; Kristen Connor (Kristy Swanson), a shy and naive girl; and Remy (Michael Rapaport), a lonely and confused man seemingly out of place in his new environment.

The film also featured Tyra Banks' first performance in a theatrical film. Laurence Fishburne won an NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture"; Ice Cube was also nominated for the award. This was the last film appearance of Dedrick D. Gobert, who was shot dead in 1994 prior to the film's release.

The exterior shots and outdoor scenes were shot on the campus of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) while the interiors were shot at Sony Pictures Studios.

Plot
Columbus University freshmen Kristen Connor, a friendly but naïve white woman from Orange County, California, and Malik Williams, a black high-school track star on an athletic scholarship, attend a dorm party hosted by Fudge White, a senior and militant Afrocentric activist who has been attending the university for six years. Fudge's roommate Remy, a quiet white man from Boise, Idaho and fellow freshman, contacts the campus police to break up the party due to the loud rap music which is interfering with his studying. Fudge argues that the police unfairly target black students while ignoring white students playing loud "hillbilly" music.

Kristen meets Taryn, an openly lesbian junior, who warns her about walking alone at night and invites her to join a student group. Meanwhile, Malik and Kristen both take a political science class taught by Professor Maurice Phipps, a conservative black man from the West Indies who challenges his students to determine their own identities instead of letting others categorize them.

A turning point occurs when a frat boy named Billy rapes Kristen, ignoring her refusal to have sex without a condom. Monet, Kristen's roommate, discovers her crying and receives a racially offensive call from Billy; she then decides to seek help from Fudge, who recruits his friends to confront Billy at a frat party. Kristen points out Billy to the black students, who force him to apologize to Monet for racially insulting her during his phone call, but they don't know that he sexually assaulted Kristen. Shortly afterwards, Kristen joins Taryn's student group and confides in her about the rape. Taryn encourages Kristen to report the crime while they grow closer and start developing romantic feelings for each other. Eventually, Kristen decides to continue a relationship with Wayne, a college student and friend of Malik she was already dating before meeting Taryn.

When Remy complains about Fudge's habit of constantly disrupting his studies with loud music, Fudge mockingly threatens him, leading Remy to move out and get a new Jewish roommate named David Isaacs. Remy's frustration grows when Malik mocks him after winning a video game. Shortly afterwards, feeling increasingly isolated from his peers at the University, Remy befriends a group of white supremacists/neonazis led by Scott Moss, who live close to the Campus; he is influenced by their racist beliefs and eventually joins their ranks.

After Malik confronts Professor Phipps over a poor grade on a paper and accuses him of selling out to the white establishment, Phipps shows him the various spelling and grammar errors and emphasizes the importance of taking personal responsibility and working hard to make a difference, explaining to Malik his perspective that black people have to work twice as hard to achieve the same social status as white people. Afterwards, Malik improves his writing skills with the help of his girlfriend, fellow track athlete Deja, and learns valuable lessons about self-improvement.

Remy's hatred and racism escalate as he pulls a gun on Malik and David, using racial slurs. He eventually drops out of the university. Encouraged by his neonazi friends, Remy, armed with a sniper rifle, opens fire from a rooftop during a peace festival organized by Kristen and Monet. Deja is killed, and Malik tries to avenge her death by strangling him, but campus police restrain and violently beat him. After apologizing for his actions, Remy then commits suicide by shooting himself in the head in front of campus police.

In the aftermath, Malik discusses his future with Professor Phipps, explaining that he feels discouraged and unsure about continuing his studies after all that has happened. Phipps expresses trust in Malik's judgment. Malik and Kristen, who have had minimal interaction with each other, have a conversation near a converted Christopher Columbus statue, reflecting on the recent events. While Kristen believes the shooting was her fault for organizing the peace festival, Malik reassures her that she is not to blame, and that it was the right thing to do at the time, before walking away from the campus, leaving his fate at the university undisclosed.

The film concludes with Fudge, Taryn, and others graduating from Columbus University. The closing shot features Professor Phipps walking beneath the American flag, with the caption "Unlearn" superimposed over it.

Cast

 * Omar Epps as Malik Williams
 * Kristy Swanson as Kristen Connor
 * Michael Rapaport as Remy
 * Ice Cube as "Fudge" White
 * Jennifer Connelly as Taryn
 * Tyra Banks as Deja
 * Regina King as Monet
 * Jason Wiles as Wayne
 * Cole Hauser as Scott Moss
 * Busta Rhymes as "Dreads"
 * Laurence Fishburne as Professor Maurice Phipps
 * Bradford English as Officer Bradley
 * Jay R. Ferguson as Billy
 * Andrew Bryniarski as Knocko
 * Trevor St. John as James
 * Talbert Morton as Erik
 * Adam Goldberg as David Isaacs
 * Bridgette Wilson as Nicole
 * Kari Wuhrer as Claudia
 * Randall Batinkoff as Chad Shadowhill
 * Dedrick D. Gobert as Fudge's Homie
 * Malcolm Norrington as Cory
 * Morris Chestnut as Track Anchor (uncredited)
 * Jeanette Bolden as Deja Track Coach (uncredited)

The band Eve's Plum performs, as Themselves, at the Peace Fest.

Reception
Higher Learning grossed $38,290,723 in the United States, with $20,200,000 in rentals. It ranked #44 for yearly domestic gross and #17 amongst R-rated films in 1995.

For their performances in Higher Learning, Laurence Fishburne and Ice Cube were nominated for the 1996 Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture. Fishburne won.

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews. Roger Ebert commended John Singleton's direction of the film: "He sees with a clear eye and a strong will, and is not persuaded by fashionable ideologies. His movies are thought-provoking because he uses familiar kinds of characters and then asks hard questions about them." He awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars. Time Out wrote: "a stylish, intelligent film-maker, Singleton interweaves the threads of his demographic tapestry with assurance, passion and a welcome awareness of the complexities of the college community's contradictory impulses towards integration and separatism." Writing in The New York Times, Janet Maslin felt that the movie fell short of its goal, saying it "turns out to be an inadvertent example of the same small-mindedness it deplores". Reel Film Reviews wrote that the film is "consistently entertaining and well-acted all around. While it's not a perfect movie – Cube's character disappears for a 30-minute stretch and Singleton's approach often veers into heavy-handedness – it is nevertheless an intriguing look at the differences between races and how such differences can clash", and awarded it 3.5 stars out of 4.

Higher Learning holds a 46% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 5.30/10. The site's consensus states; "It's hard to fault Higher Learning's goals; unfortunately, writer-director John Singleton too often struggles to fit his themes within a consistently engaging story." On Metacritic, it has a score of 54% based on review from 20 critics. Singleton commented: "If you look at Higher Learning, which I was 25 years old making it, I'm like chock full of everything that would concern young people: lesbianism, and racism, and everything I could put in that movie. It was a great movie. A fun movie to do. But you could never get that movie made now. Never. The guy shoots everybody, know what I mean?"

Soundtrack
The soundtrack, containing hip hop, R&B, rock and jazz music, was released on January 3, 1995 by John Singleton's New Deal Music label through 550 Music/Epic Soundtrax. It peaked at number 39 on the Billboard 200 and number 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In addition to "Higher", performed by Ice Cube, the soundtrack includes original music by OutKast, Liz Phair, Tori Amos and Rage Against the Machine.

Pop culture
The character Malik, played by the same actor, Omar Epps, appears in Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood, a comedy movie that parodied some popular Black movies of the 1990s. A year later, after the graduation of a friend, Malik had returned to the university where he was shot and killed by a new Skinheads member.

title: Higher Learning