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Talk:Striatum

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It's not the case that the list of things that activate the striatum is based on a single study. Zink et al's contribution is only the suggestion, backed up with fMRI evidence, that the linking property is saliency. The other activating stimuli come from a string of different researchers. seglea 07:43, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

"Corpus striatum" and "striatum"
"Corpus striatum" is the same as "striatum", right? I just changed corpus striatum to redirect here instead of to basal ganglia, and just wanted to make sure this was correct. /skagedal[talk] 00:11, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The corpus striatum is actually the basal ganglia and internal capsule together. For now I just had it redirecting to the BG, but I'll make the corpus striatum page more clear. S  e  miconscious  •  talk  02:48, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Corpus striatum is an old term (XVII century)comprising a lot of elements including thalamus, subthalamus and so on. C. and O. Vogt (1941) proposed to restrict the term in striatum for describing only what is striatal (composed of the above mentioned neuronal types). The term corpus striatum should no more be used.--Gerard.percheron 12:09, 6 August 2006 (UTC)G.percheron

Searching Braininfo yielded the following three matches:
 * (per Savel'ev, same as basal ganglia)
 * (per Zilles, same as striatum) --Arcadian 05:27, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * (per Zilles, same as striatum) --Arcadian 05:27, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

I think there might be too much redundant information between striatum and primate basal ganglia MisterSheik 16:00, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The neuroanatomy text book Neuroanatomy -an illustrated colour text 3rd edition by Crossman and Neary states that the Corpus striatum includes the Neostriatum (which is the Caudate and Putamen) and the Paleostriatum (Globus pallidus).--89.168.28.19 (talk) 14:51, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Other sources tell me that the Corpus striatum only includes the Neostriatum (Caudate nucleus and Putamen) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.194.184.9 (talk) 13:52, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Adding to WikiProject Neuroscience
The striatum is part of the basal ganglia, which functions as an integrated system. The most useful way to handle this article would be to restrict it to a detailed examination of the anatomy and physiology of the striatum (which are very complex), but to point the reader to basal ganglia for explanations of function. Looie496 (talk) 03:25, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

"Targets" section
This section is extremely difficult to read and understand. I was going to try and clean it up, but I can't understand from the text what the striatum projects to. I need to do some research on all of this anyway, so if all goes well, I will update the section with clearer text. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oznozz (talk • contribs) 23:47, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. I was the one who tagged it, and I had a hard time making any sense of it at all (and I have done research in that field professionally!). I have a feeling this page may need quite a bit of rewriting from scratch. Thanks for working on it. --Tryptofish (talk) 00:00, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The basal ganglia article describes the connections a bit more clearly, I think, although it lacks references. (Which is my fault!)  The bottom line is that the striatum projects exclusively to other parts of the basal ganglia:  the two parts of the pallidum, and the two parts of the substantia nigra.  The circuit diagram in the basal ganglia article might be helpful here. Looie496 (talk) 00:26, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Toric Topology?
I deleted the phrase about to toric topology, as I was unable to find any evidence of the validity of the statement. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Primate_basal_ganglia_system#Striatum_Topology for more details. Oznozz (talk) 23:24, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Fine, no problem. --Tryptofish (talk) 20:22, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

"Organisation" section
The divisions of the striatum into dorsal and ventral sections might be more clear cut in the primate (I'm studying rat neuroanatomy), but I was under the impression it isn't certain in rodents. Some of the text may be talking about primate anatomy, but as far as I understand it, the reference cited for "the dorsal striatum is closed and continuous" a) is rodents and b) is all about how there isn't a clear consistent boundary between the two, and different methods of classifying the striatum put the boundary in different places. I'd like to help out on this article (and probably WikiProjects Neuroscience) but as people were saying in the "Targets" section above, it might need a rewrite. Keepstherainoff (talk) 09:03, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Any help at all would be most welcome. Please don't worry about making it perfect, because the way things work here, whatever you get started will likely get picked up on by other editors (probably including me, in this case). --Tryptofish (talk) 18:17, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * IIRC, ventral striatum can be identified in rats as well, through innervation from orbitofrontal cortex. I can understand some debate (some people object to rat OFC in itself) but AFAIK the literature is moving towards an OFC-VS connection. In any case, I agree the section needs a rewrite and I would really like to do so, but maybe it makes sense to make it a collaborative effort, connecting those with knowledge on either anatomical, physiological or cognitive aspects. This could add to the piece being coherent - do contact me on my talk page in case you're interested in scheduling such an effort. --tijmz (talk) 22:25, 18 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Please just jump in with whatever you can offer. It can't help but be an improvement. As for scheduling anything with me, it tends to be a losing battle. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:42, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I just realized that Corpus striatum is another page dealing with the same subject as this one (despite the hatnote here). I suggest that we merge the other page into this one. Thoughts? --Tryptofish (talk) 15:54, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

It is reasonable, but one should keep in mind that striatum= caudate n. + putamen, whereas corpus striatum= caudate n. + lentiform n. (putamen + globus pallidus) Mixmavros (talk) 09:40, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It's been done. Thanks to the other editor who did it. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:28, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

96% of the neurons?
Does anyone have a reference for the assertion that 96% of neurons in the striatum are medium spiny neurons? (Medium spiny neurons so called due to the presence of spines on the dendrites, and making up 96% of the striatum.)? I've been trying to check this up for a couple of days. The numbers differ for different species - over 95% in rats and mice, and 75-80% in primates (e.g. Chapter 1, of Tepper J.M., Abercrombie E.D. and Bolam J.P. (eds), GABA and the Basal Ganglia: From Molecules to Systems, Progress in Brain Research Vol 160, Elsevier B.V., 2007. I've also seen "These GABAergic (GABA is γ-aminobutyric acid) cells are the most populous neuronal cell type of the striatum (90–95% in rats and over 85% in humans)" in Kelly C.M., Dunnett S.B. and Rosser A.E., Medium spiny neurons for transplantation in Huntington’s disease, Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2009) 37, 323–328; doi:10.1042/BST0370323. But nowhere have I seen a value of over 90% for humans.

Perhaps it would be an idea to split off the values for different species and give citations for each?

Baratron (talk) 06:19, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Makes sense. I think there must be recent anatomy reviews that would be better sources than either of those, but if the literature backs up a major difference, our article should probably make it clear. Looie496 (talk) 18:01, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. --Tryptofish (talk) 23:31, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

Division of Striatum by Internal Capsule
I was thinking about how the opening paragraph describes: a division of the striatum by internal capsule into caudate nucleus and putamen. This seems to ignore the globus pallidus (interna & externa). So should it say something like, "striatum divided by white matter called internal capsule into two sectors called the Caudate Nucleus and Lentiform Body (putamen and globus palladus)"? Savonnn (talk) 17:56, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That's a tough question, as it gets into the byzantine complexities of nomenclature of this subject. Most sources agree that the globus pallidus is part of the basal ganglia, but it gets murkier as to whether it is part of the striatum. Of course this leaves us with a lentiform nucleus that is made up of the putamen (a part of the striatum) and the globus pallidus (which may or may not be). Some sources even treat the internal and external parts of the globus pallidus differently. --Tryptofish (talk) 18:25, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You're totally right. I was in a different part of my notes later that day and realized the GPi & GPe aren't considered part of the striatum.  Thanks for considering my question.  Savonnn (talk) 18:19, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You are very welcome! --Tryptofish (talk) 20:51, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

"Corpus Striatum"
From pg. 743 of Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases by Bluemenfeld, corpus striatum is not used to include the globus pallidus. Although closely related, the corpus striatum is used only to refer to the caudate and putamen. The way the last sentence of the first paragraph is phrased, makes it seem that the definition of corpus striatum includes the globus pallidus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dl615 (talk • contribs) 21:52, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * This terminology is such a hash that even experts get confused. I would not accept any single source as authoritative, even if it is a good medical textbook. Looie496 (talk) 22:35, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I think that the change from "sometimes" to "occasionally" in describing this use of the term is confusing, and doesn't really add any value. Are there any objections to changing it back? --Tryptofish (talk) 23:42, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem
I have found an important copyright problem in the article. It has been there for almost two years. On March 2011 User talk:FrozenMan | added 4000k of text (the biggest addition up to date). In May 2012 some copyright problems were found as seen in his talk page. I do not know if they were solved. I have found further problems since lots of text have been copied from "The Role of the Dorsal Striatum in Reward and Decision-Making--Bernard W. Balleine, Mauricio R. Delgado, Okihide Hikosaka". This probably indicates the full contribution by the user is tainted. Since the copyright problems have been here for so long not sure on how to act.

Bests.--Garrondo (talk) 11:35, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

 * After checking, I agree with you, and I've removed the chunk of material he added. It was isolated from the rest of the article and has hardly been changed in the meantime, so not too difficult.  Thanks for pointing this out. Looie496 (talk) 14:40, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Great. --Garrondo (talk) 14:56, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

No mention at all of ventral striatum
According to the ventral striatum article, the ventral striatum certainly is a part of the striatum, and consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. But I have not seen a source mention the nucleus accumbens defined directly as a part of the striatum. The striatum article does not mention the ventral striatum, nor the nucleus accumbens. I think that article should make the relationship between the two entities clear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by James Gabriel II (talk • contribs) 19:08, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Ventral striatum
Already suggested and supported on talk page - easily accommodated on target page Iztwoz (talk) 22:30, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Support readily mergable, already mentioned several times in article itself. Reduces needless fragmentation and helps readers. --Tom (LT) (talk) 22:01, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

This article has a mix of erroneous, obsolete, and obsolescent nomenclature
The various terms used in this article for the striatum and associated structures provide a confusing mess of accurate information, outdated information, and wrong information. Correcting and adequately sourcing the corrections will be a significant undertaking.

Here are some things I notice:

1. The article gives "neostriatum" as a synonym for the striatum. This is incorrect and I am not aware of any authors who use the term "neostriatum" in this way.

 * All searches show that the neostratium is often shortened to the striatum. --Iztwoz (talk) 15:49, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

2. Some neuroscientists use the term "neostriatum" as a synonym for "dorsal striatum." I am not aware of any anatomists who persist in this terminology. The term "neostriatum" is used to contrast with the "paleostriatum," representing the hypothesis that these structures arose at different times in evolutionary history. This hypothesis has been invalidated over the last 30 years of comparative neuroanatomy research. While some authors, particularly those who do no comparative research, continue to use these terms, they are obsolescent, as a Google Scholar search for the number of hits for "dorsal striatum" versus "neostriatum" reveals. They merit discussion in this article, but not highlighting as equivalent in status to the canonical terminology. If there is still a significant number of working neuroanatomists who use the term "neostriatum," it would be good to have a reference demonstrating that, but I suspect the term is used primarily by neuroscientists whose focus is not anatomy.

 * Can find no reference to these usages on the page. ?--Iztwoz (talk) 17:12, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

3. I am not familiar with any current researchers who would use the term "corpus striatum" to mean the striatum and globus pallidus together. The citation in this article is from Carpenter 1983. There may be some researchers who do use the term in this way, but a more up-to-date citation is required. My understanding of the terminology is that "striatum" and "corpus striatum" are synonymous. The striatum and globus pallidus are distinct structures, with distinct developmental origins, adult cell types, and gene expression patterns, and it makes very little sense to lump them together under one term, other than as part of the systems term "basal ganglia" which highlights their strong interconnections with each other and the thalamus and midbrain.

4. "In birds the striatum is called the paleostriatum augmentatum." This is no longer accurate since the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum in 2002. The avian neuroscience community has fully adopted the new terminology for the avian brain, which better reflects known homologies with the mammalian brain. In birds, the striatum is called the striatum (though for birds it also includes elements of the pallidum, as these cells migrate into the striatum during development). The abandoning of the term "neostriatum" in the avian literature reflects the understanding among comparative neuroanatomists that this term does not map onto any coherent model of brain anatomy, evolution, or function, in birds or mammals.

As I said, sourcing corrections for this article will not be trivial, and I don't know if or when I will be able to do so. But it is at least important to recognize that the nomenclature in this article has numerous issues at present. Geoff (talk) 17:29, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks Geoff it's good to have these things pointed out for editors to look at.--Iztwoz (talk) 11:38, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Let me add that the goal should be to have a reasonably simple account that will put a modern-day moderately educated reader on the right track. Looie496 (talk) 17:10, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Globus Pallidus?
Is the globus pallidus part of the striatum? It was my understanding it was not.

90.241.90.17 (talk) 13:45, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Striped appearance: where is it striped?
Where exactly does the "striped (striated) appearance of grey-and-white matter" manifest? Is it on a surface of one or more of the parts of the striatum, or between some parts of the striatum? The reason I ask is I have from somewhere a mental visualization of splayed 'connections' (multiple 'fibers', like the fingers of the hand) between the 'inner' periphery of the caudate nucleus (maybe all around it? or just from its 'head' and/or 'body'?) and the 'outer' periphery of the putamen, through which splayed portions of the internal capsule pass, from the cerebral peduncle on through to the corona radiata, with those splayed 'connections' between the parts of the striatum giving, perhaps, its 'striped' appearance. But I can't find anywhere any source picture for that presumption and mental image. And I think I've read that those splayed connections of the striatum, if they exist, are grey matter, not white matter? UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 00:26, 28 July 2018 (UTC)
 * It's internal. It's not separate interspersed fibers, it's layers of parallel fibers, internal to the divisions shown in red, not on the surface, because the article mentions stained sections. Staining would reveal the striata (otherwise you would see 'polka dots' instead of stripes in the sections), while the MRI sections are at a resolution which only reveal the outlines of the 3 divisions shown in red. --Ancheta Wis   (talk  | contribs) 03:13, 28 July 2018 (UTC) Have you seen Striatopallidal fibres. 03:17, 28 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much for responding Ancheta Wis! I had looked some more for pictures of the 'separate interspersed fibers' that I was referring to (and thanks also for better words to describe what I meant!) and found some, here: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internalcapsulestructureorientationnervetracts-150406101547-conversion-gate01/95/brain-internal-capsule-structure-orientation-tracts-sanjoy-sanyal-9-638.jpg?cb=1428542180 ,
 * and here: http://www.learnneurosurgery.com/uploads/1/6/6/8/16689668/2408437_orig.png?647 ,
 * and here: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/1c/1c/61/1c1c610b70a399eb5efa7c6411d579c9--internal-capsule-medical-science.jpg, although the first two do not show the internal capsule (which name does seem to suggest a unitary structure) going through where I thought (between caudate nucleus & putamen), and the third seems to show ic going medial to globus pallidus. But thank you again for answering, & so quickly, too! I did look at your reference Striatopallidal fibres, though I do have difficulty imagining how exactly the two structures connect like that, as I tend to see brain structures as 'distinct' & separate, rather than 'mushed' together; I'm just trying to learn brain anatomy via mostly internet resources, with some 3D brain atlas software & the odd past edition textbooks I find both online & paperback. UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 04:40, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

Etymology (Latin) striatus = groove, striatum = having parallel lines or grooves on the surface
Striated is apparently a word that is used thus known in English language, so that's why the authors didn't feel a need to explain the origin of the name. As a non-native yet fluent English speaker, I've never come across this word, so I think it would be good to follow the custom of adding a reference to the origine of the name? Shall I be bold and weave it in the article? Wish me luck I won't get revoked by the guards. SvenAERTS (talk) 10:59, 10 March 2020 (UTC)
 * striatus = furrowed, grooved, fluted, striated
 * striated = having parallel lines or grooves on the surface

title: Talk:Striatum


text:
Bill Hunter (ice hockey)

William Dickenson Hunter, (May 5, 1920 – December 16, 2002) was a Canadian sports promoter and ice hockey player, coach, manager, and investor. Also known as "Wild Bill", Hunter co-founded the Western Hockey League (WHL), helped to launch the World Hockey Association (WHA), and worked to bring professional hockey to Edmonton and to his hometown of Saskatoon.

Early life
Born in Saskatoon, Hunter founded his first competitive sports team when he was 18, the Saskatoon Dukes Football Club. Hunter attended Notre Dame College in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, where he managed the college's sports teams, including organizing a 78-game tour for the baseball team.

Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Hunter left school to join the Royal Air Force's International Squadron and served as a pilot based in England. After his time in the war, Hunter returned to Saskatoon, where he worked briefly for CFQC Radio before opening Hunter's Sporting Goods in North Battleford the following year.

Beginnings
Between 1945 and 1949 Hunter coached and managed hockey teams in North Battleford, Regina, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, and Saskatoon. It was during these years that Hunter was nicknamed "Wild Bill" following a dispute with a referee. Hunter did not like the nickname at first, but he ultimately embraced it. In 1950, Hunter founded the first curling bonspiel to be held on artificial ice, the Quaker Car Curling Bonspiel. He also managed and coached the Saskatoon Quakers hockey club until 1952.

From 1953 to 1956, he was the owner, manager, and coach of the Medicine Hat Tigers. In September 1956, Hunter claimed that, as owner, he could rightfully sell players. Alberta Amateur Hockey Association president Art Potter disagreed that any junior team owned its players or had the right to sell them to another team, and compared the idea to slavery. He warned that proper transfers must be completed to change teams and that players could be suspended if an agreement was not honoured to play for a team.

Founding the WHL
Hunter was the owner, manager, and coach of the junior Edmonton Oil Kings in the mid-1960s. In seven years from 1960–1966, the Oil Kings played for the Memorial Cup every year, but won just twice, in 1963 and 1966—the latter with Hunter at the helm—and finishing as runner-up to five teams. Hunter felt that the competitive structure of the game in Western Canada was putting the region at a disadvantage to stronger leagues in Ontario and Quebec; each western province still had its own junior league while Hunter believed the West needed a single top tier junior league to compete effectively with the larger associations out east. He found three partners who felt the same way: Scotty Munro of the Estevan Bruins, Del Wilson of the Regina Pats, and Jim Piggott of the Saskatoon Blades. The four men co-founded the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League, to begin play in 1966, and recruited the Calgary Buffaloes, Moose Jaw Canucks, and Weyburn Red Wings to join their teams in the upstart league. By its second season, the league added four more teams, including three based in Manitoba, and by 1971 the league spanned all four western provinces, from Manitoba to British Columbia.

The league had a rocky early relationship with the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, the national governing body for amateur hockey, which considered the fledgling group to be an "outlaw league." The CMJHL, which was renamed the Western Canada Junior Hockey League in 1967 and the Western Canada Hockey League in 1968, was suspended from CAHA-sanctioned events, including, ironically, the Memorial Cup. However, the new league held together, and when CAHA reorganized Canadian junior hockey in 1971, it recognized the WCHL as one of the three top-tier junior leagues in the country. By 1972, the Memorial Cup's modern round-robin format was established, featuring a playoff between each top-tier league's champion. Since then, teams from the WHL have won the Memorial Cup 19 times, compared to 17 times for teams from the Ontario Hockey League and 14 times for teams from the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. In 1978 the WCHL shortened its name to the Western Hockey League with the admission of American-based teams.

Founding the WHA and the Oilers
Following the establishment of the Western Junior League, Hunter set his sights on professional hockey, desiring to bring a National Hockey League (NHL) team to Edmonton. The NHL was expanding rapidly in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but the league rebuffed Hunter's proposal for an Edmonton team. Hunter offered to purchase and relocate the Pittsburgh Penguins, but this proposal was rejected. In 1971, Hunter was introduced to Gary Davidson and Dennis Murphy, two American investors who wanted to establish a professional league that could rival the NHL and provide smaller markets the opportunity to join the major leagues. Hunter became the key figure in securing further investment and franchise commitments—he later recalled that it quickly became apparent that Davidson and Murphy "didn’t know a damn thing about hockey"—and before the end of 1971, the World Hockey Association was taking shape, set to begin play in 1972. Hunter was the league's founding president.

On November 1, 1971, the Alberta Oilers became one of the 12 charter WHA franchises, founded by Hunter and a partner, Edmonton surgeon and entrepreneur Chuck Allard. Hunter named the team after the junior Oil Kings. The team was to be based in Edmonton, fulfilling Hunter's promise to bring the city a professional franchise, and they were joined in the WHA by another small market western Canadian team, the Winnipeg Jets.

Hunter knew that the WHA needed to make a splash to gain credibility, and he came up with a scheme to sign NHL superstar Bobby Hull, then in a contract dispute with the Chicago Black Hawks, to hockey's first million-dollar contract. Ben Hatskin, who Hunter had recruited to help get the WHA off the ground and who founded the Jets, agreed to sign Hull to the contract; however, it took contributions from every team to meet the $1 million commitment, making Hull's contract the first instance in professional sports where every member of a league pitched in to sign a player to one team. Another major scheme was the staging of a second Summit Series between Canada and the Soviet Union, but this time having the Canadian team made up of WHA players. This second Summit Series took place in 1974, further increasing the credibility of the new league, although Canada lost the series.

Hunter and Allard's Oilers were assembled to prominently feature Albertan players, and its opening roster had eleven such players, including seven who had played for the junior Oil Kings. This included NHL recruit and leading scorer Jim Harrison, who on January 13, 1973, became the first major league player of the modern era to record 10 points in a match. The Alberta Oilers, who were renamed the Edmonton Oilers after their inaugural season, won the first game in WHA history, defeating the Ottawa Nationals 7–4. Hunter took over as the Oilers coach mid-season on three occasions, in 1973, 1975, and 1976. The team initially played in the dated, 4,500 seat Edmonton Gardens, but the team's financial success enabled Hunter and Allard to secure a new arena, the 16,500 seat Northlands Coliseum, which was completed in 1974. That same year, Hunter and Allard sold the franchise to Nelson Skalbania and Peter Pocklington; Pocklington would become sole owner in 1977. Ironically, the success of the Oilers ultimately led to the demise of Hunter's old junior team, as the Oil Kings relocated to Portland in 1976 and became the Winter Hawks.

The WHA struggled with financial stability, and franchises commonly relocated or folded altogether. By the 1978–79 season, the league was down to six teams. The league had long been in talks with the NHL about a merger, and in 1979 reached an agreement whereby the Oilers, Jets, Quebec Nordiques, and New England Whalers—thereafter renamed the Hartford Whalers—joined the NHL for the 1979–80 season. Although he was no longer the Oilers' owner, this fulfilled Hunter's dream of bringing the NHL to Edmonton. Moreover, in 1980, Skalbania led a group of investors who purchased the struggling Atlanta Flames and re-located the team to Calgary, bringing a second NHL team to Alberta. The Oilers became a dynasty in the ensuing decade; coached by Glen Sather and led on the ice by Wayne Gretzky, the team won the Stanley Cup five times between 1984 and 1990.

Today, the Edmonton Oilers' mascot, Hunter, is named in Bill Hunter's honour.

The "Saskatoon Blues"
After divesting the Oilers, Hunter continued to aim to bring NHL hockey to new markets, and his last major project was an attempt to secure a franchise for Saskatoon. In 1983, Hunter led a group that purchased the struggling St. Louis Blues, with plans to relocate the team to Saskatchewan. The Blues appeared to be an ideal fit for such a move. The team's manager, Emile Francis, was from Saskatchewan and had played for Hunter's Regina Capitals in the 1940s; the team featured Saskatchewan native and former Saskatoon Blades star Bernie Federko; and Hunters' son, Bart, even played goal for the Blues' minor-league affiliate, the Salt Lake Golden Eagles. Although Saskatoon's population was 160,000 at the time, which would have made it by far the smallest market in the NHL, Hunter's plan included securing financial backing from the province for a new 18,000-seat stadium to replace the aging Saskatoon Arena, along with thousands of season-ticket deposits. The team was prepared to play games in Regina until the new arena was ready. Moreover, Hunter negotiated a 20-year, $20 million sponsorship agreement with Molson's, and also worked with Air Canada to ensure new flight schedules between Saskatoon and NHL markets. Finally, Hunter even offered the head coaching position for the hoped-for Saskatoon team to former Boston Bruins coach Don Cherry, who agreed and joined Hunter in promoting the scheme.

When Hunter announced his purchase of the Blues from Ralston Purina, he exclaimed that the Saskatoon Blues would be the "finest franchise in the league" and the new arena "the most magnificent hockey building in North America," which the "wonderful people of Saskatchewan" deserved. However, most NHL owners opposed the move, with Toronto Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard famously stating that visiting teams would have to travel by dog sled to Saskatoon. After the purchase agreement, Hunter still had to gain approval from the NHL's board of governors; he traveled to New York to pitch his vision, but the board voted against it by an overwhelming 15–3 margin. Although the size of the Saskatoon market was one reason for the rejection, so too was Hunter's tumultuous relationship with the NHL, stemming from his earlier days with the WHA. Hunter and his group were given the option of owning the team if they committed to keeping it in St. Louis, but Hunter was not interested. The league instead took over the Blues after Ralston Purina walked away, and eventually sold the team to Harry Ornest.

Although the Blues plan fell through, Saskatoon and the province followed through on building a new arena, dubbed Saskatchewan Place, which was completed in 1988. Although the arena was not built downtown, which Hunter had advocated for, the new arena helped to keep Hunter's dream alive. He made one final effort to bring the NHL to Saskatoon by putting together a bid for an expansion franchise in the early 1990s when the league was undergoing another round of rapid expansion. A Hunter-led group reportedly raised $50 million towards such a formal bid, and needing an additional $20 million, requested support from the Saskatchewan government. However, unlike in 1983, the province turned down that support, and Hunter's bid collapsed by 1992 when the NHL welcomed the Ottawa Senators and Tampa Bay Lightning as expansion teams.

Later years and death
Following his unsuccessful attempts to bring the NHL to Saskatoon, Hunter organized softball tournaments in his hometown and invested in the San Diego Gulls hockey club. He remained active in the 1990s, helping to organize the Flexi-Coil curling cashspiel in his hometown before his health began to fail. He also played an ambassadorial role for the Edmonton Oilers. Upon Hunter's death in 2002, Oilers general manager Kevin Lowe noted that Hunter was important to keep the Oilers in Edmonton through the 1990s, a decade that saw two other former WHA franchises, the Winnipeg Jets and Quebec Nordiques, relocate to the United States, and which saw the Oilers undergo a tumultuous sale of its own that threatened relocation. Today, the Oilers are the only franchise that joined the NHL from the WHA that remains in its original location.

Hunter died of cancer in Edmonton on December 16, 2002. He is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery. Hunter was married four times, and had seven children.

Honours
Hunter was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2000. He was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame in 2002. After his death, the street leading to Saskatchewan Place was renamed Bill Hunter Avenue, while a minor-hockey arena in Edmonton also bears his name. Letter-writing campaigns in 1999 and 2000 attempted to get Hunter inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder, but were unsuccessful. In 2010, he was elected as an inaugural inductee into the new World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the builders category.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bill Hunter (ice hockey)


text:
Hunter (disambiguation)

A hunter is a person who hunts.

Hunter may also refer to:

Name

 * Hunter (given name)
 * Hunter (surname)
 * Clan Hunter, a Scottish clan

Stage name or nickname

 * Hunter (rapper), (1975-2011) an Australian rapper and hip hop artist
 * Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, a Dutch footballer nicknamed "The Hunter"

Australia

 * Division of Hunter, an electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives, New South Wales
 * Hunter Island (Tasmania), Australia
 * Hunter Line, a NSW TrainLink passenger train service, New South Wales
 * Hunter Region, an official region of New South Wales, Australia
 * Hunter River (New South Wales)
 * Hunter Valley (disambiguation), a wine region of New South Wales, Australia

Canada

 * Hunter Island (British Columbia)
 * Hunter Island (Ontario)

United States

 * Hunter, Arkansas
 * Hunter Township, Edgar County, Illinois
 * Fontanet, Indiana or Hunter
 * Hunter, Kansas
 * Hunter Township, Jackson County, Minnesota
 * Hunter, Missouri
 * Hunter, Nevada
 * Hunter, New York
 * Hunter (village), New York
 * Hunter Island (Bronx), a peninsula and former island
 * Hunter, North Dakota
 * Hunter, Belmont County, Ohio
 * Hunter, Ohio (in Warren County)
 * Hunter, Oklahoma
 * Hunter Peak, a mountain in Colorado
 * Hunter, Tennessee
 * Hunter, Wisconsin
 * Hunter (a.k.a. Hunter's or Hunters) — a former school and post office at Cold Fork, California

Elsewhere

 * Hunter, Grand Bahama
 * Hunter Island (South Pacific), part of the Matthew and Hunter Islands
 * Orion (constellation) or The Hunter

Fictional characters

 * Hunter (Gargoyles), a character in the television series Gargoyles
 * Hunter (World of Warcraft), a character class in World of Warcraft
 * An anthropromorphic cheetah from the Spyro video game franchise
 * A monster type in the video game Prototype
 * A character in the television series Road Rovers
 * A character who is the gender-swapped and real world version of Huntress Wizard in Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake
 * A corrupted prince in the video game Prince of Persia
 * Hunter Clarington, a character in the television series Glee
 * Hunter Owen (EastEnders), a character in the British soap opera EastEnders
 * Hunter, a clone trooper in Star Wars: The Bad Batch

Films

 * Hunter (1973 film), a 1973 film
 * The Hunter (1980 film), a 1980 film
 * Hunter, the working title of the 1987 film Predator
 * Shikari: The Hunter, a 1991 Indian Hindi-language film
 * The Hunter (2011 Australian film), a 2011 Australian movie
 * Vettaiyan (lit. 'Hunter'), a 2024 Indian Tamil-language action drama film by T. J. Gnanavel

Games

 * Hunter (video game), a 3D graphic adventure by Activision
 * Hunter: The Reckoning, a role-playing game
 * Hunter: The Reckoning (video game), a video game based on the game
 * theHunter, an online first-person hunting game series

Literature

 * Hunter (Huggins novel), a 1999 novel by James Byron Huggins
 * Hunter (Pierce novel), a 1989 novel by William Luther Pierce

Groups

 * Hunter (band), a Polish metal band
 * Cunter (band), a Canadian hardcore punk supergroup formerly known as Hunter

Albums

 * Hunter (A Life Once Lost album)
 * Hunter (Anna Calvi album)

Songs

 * "Hunter" (Björk song)
 * "Hunter" (Dido song)
 * "Hunter" (Galantis song)
 * "Hunter", by Gotthard from their self-titled debut album

Series

 * Hunter (1967 TV series), a 1967–1969 Australian espionage series
 * Hunter (1977 TV series), a 1977 American espionage television series
 * Hunter (1984 American TV series), a 1984–1991 American police detective series
 * Hunter (1984 Australian TV series), a 1984–1985 Australian children's programme
 * Hunter (British TV serial), a 2009 BBC One sequel drama to Five Days

Businesses

 * A. Hunter & Son, a London pipe organ builder (1856-1937)
 * Hunter Boot Ltd, a Scottish manufacturer of Wellington boots
 * Hunter Fan Company, a ceiling fan and lighting company based in Tennessee
 * Hunter Industries, a large private corporation in the manufacturing industry
 * Hunter Marine, a sailboat manufacturing company

Education

 * Hunter College, a college of the City University of New York
 * Hunter College High School, a high school in New York City

Horses

 * Field hunter, type of horse used in the hunt field for fox hunting
 * Show hunter a horse that competes in the American hunter division, a branch of competitive horse show jumping competition

Military ships

 * HMS Hunter (1812), a 10-gun brig
 * HMS Hunter (1895), a Handy-class destroyer
 * HMS Hunter (1945), a tank landing ship
 * HMS Hunter (D80), a Bogue-class escort carrier
 * HMS Hunter (H35), an H-class destroyer launched in 1936

Other military uses

 * Hawker Hunter, a British subsonic jet fighter from the 1950s and 60s
 * Hunter Army Airfield, a U.S. Army airfield near Savannah, Georgia
 * RQ-5 Hunter, an unmanned aerial vehicle
 * Hunter AFV, a Singaporean tracked armoured fighting vehicle

Transportation

 * Hillman Hunter, a car produced in the 1960s and 1970s
 * New South Wales Hunter railcar, operated by NSW TrainLink in New South Wales, Australia
 * UAZ Hunter, a Russian jeep made by UAZ

Other uses

 * Hunter (watch), a type of pocket watch
 * Hunter syndrome, a hereditary disease
 * Hunter's bend, a bend knot
 * Hunter-gatherer, a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals)
 * Porvoo Hunters, an ice hockey team from Finland
 * Hunters, the main antagonists of YouTube series Minecraft Manhunt by Dream (YouTuber)

title: Hunter (disambiguation)


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Black Adam

Black Adam, real name Teth-Adam (Arabic: تيث آدم), is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by Otto Binder and C. C. Beck, and first appeared in the debut issue of Fawcett Comics' The Marvel Family comic book in December 1945. Since DC Comics licensed and acquired Fawcett's characters in the 1970s, Black Adam has endured as one of the archenemies of the superhero Captain Marvel / Shazam and the Marvel Family (a.k.a. Shazam Family), alongside Doctor Sivana and Mister Mind.

Black Adam was originally depicted as a supervillain and the ancient magical champion predecessor of Captain Marvel, who fought his way to modern times to challenge the hero and his Marvel Family associates. Since the turn of the 21st century, however, Black Adam has been redefined by DC Comics writers Jerry Ordway, Geoff Johns, and David S. Goyer as an ancient Kahndaqi and corrupted antihero attempting to clear his name and reputation. He came from a fictional Middle Eastern country named Kahndaq, located in the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula. Portrayed and seen as a hero who liberated his homeland of Kahndaq from slavery. Featured roles in such comic book series as Justice Society of America, Villains United, Infinite Crisis, and 52 have elevated the character's prominence in the DC Universe, culminating with DC's 2021 line-wide Infinite Frontier relaunch, wherein he joins the Justice League. In 2009, Black Adam was ranked as IGN's 16th-greatest comic book villain of all time.

Dwayne Johnson voiced Black Adam in DC League of Super-Pets (2022), before starring as him in his live-action debut in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film Black Adam (2022), following a silent digital cameo in Shazam! (2019).

Fawcett Comics
The canon version of Black Adam appeared only once during Fawcett's initial publication run of Captain Marvel comics. In The Marvel Family #1, Black Adam is an ancient Egyptian named Teth-Adam (i.e., "Mighty Human"), who is chosen by the wizard Shazam to be his successor due to his presumed moral purity. This story is reprinted in DC's Shazam! #8 (1973), which is his first appearance in the Bronze Age.

When Teth-Adam says the magic word "Shazam", he is transformed into the Mighty Adam, a superpowered being possessing the same powers that Captain Marvel would later be granted; however, the Mighty Adam is soon corrupted by the vastness of his powers. Originally, the wizard Shazam grants Adam powers derived from ancient Greco-Roman deities; later in the series, it was changed to ancient Egyptian deities.

Deciding that he should rule the world, the Mighty Adam overthrows and kills the pharaoh and assumes the Egyptian throne. Angered by this betrayal, Shazam renames his errant champion Black Adam and—unable to revoke the powers he gave Adam—banishes him to the most distant star in the universe.

Black Adam spends the next 5,000 years flying back to Earth. By the time he makes it back, in 1945, Shazam has appointed three new champions to take his place: Captain Marvel, Captain Marvel Jr., and Mary Marvel. Adam's attempts to take over the world cause the Marvels to seek counsel with Shazam, who tells them about Black Adam. Adam succeeds in gagging Billy and Freddy while they are talking to Shazam. He then ties them up, planning to kill them later. Uncle Marvel releases them while Mary battles Black Adam, enabling them to transform.

Adam does battle with the trio, known as the Marvel Family, but since all are equally invulnerable, the fight goes on and on without resolution. The non-powered Marvel Family member Uncle Marvel gets an idea from Shazam and tricks Adam into saying "Shazam," reverting him to Teth-Adam. The thousands of years it took traveling to earth catch up to him, and he's transformed into a skeleton.

Black Adam's costume is almost identical to Captain Marvel's—except that Black Adam's costume is black and golden yellow, instead of red and golden yellow.

Pre-Crisis
Though Adam is defeated in the same story which he debuted, the DC version of Adam is resurrected and revitalized nearly 30 years later in Philadelphia by Doctor Sivana's reincarnation machine in DC Comics' Shazam! revival of the Marvel Family characters. He then destroys the machine so it cannot be used against him, much to Sivana's annoyance.

According to Shazam! #28 (Black Adam's first "Bronze Age" appearance, but second actual appearance, after The Marvel Family #1) Black Adam gets his powers from Shu (stamina), Hershef (strength), Amon (power), Zehuti (Thoth) (wisdom), Anpu (speed), and Menthu (courage). Black Adam accidentally time-travels back to 1776 while going to the Rock of Eternity to destroy Shazam at Sivana's request, as Sivana felt Adam's powers would be wiped out as well, but Captain Marvel accidentally throws him back in time. He and Captain Marvel battle, during which Black Adam realizes he will have to do something drastic and tricky to defeat Marvel. Adam gets his transformative lightning to strike Captain Marvel, transforming Captain Marvel back to Billy. He then seizes Billy and covers his mouth before he can finish saying his magic word, "SHAZAM!!".

He then flies to a nearby ship where he obtains a length of rope which he uses to bind and gag Billy, after which he throws him into the sea. However, Billy swims to the surface, and is rescued by a colonist rebel, and freed. He realizes the rebel is Paul Revere, which was ironic since earlier in the story, he repaired Revere's statue. Billy then returns to his own time where Shazam tells him Black Adam is there. Adam comes to Captain Marvel to exact revenge, when during a short battle, Adam is once again tricked by Captain Marvel into saying "Shazam." Adam then gets amnesia as a result of a powerful punch from Captain Marvel.

After that, Black Adam is also involved with Karmang in the All-New Collectors' Edition #C-58 (Black Adam's third appearance, but second new appearance in the Bronze Age) and tries to destroy both Superman and Captain Marvel.

After several more defeats at Captain Marvel's hands, Adam joins Mister Mind's final Pre-Crisis version of the Monster Society of Evil which stages an assault on the Rock of Eternity. The evil god of magic Oggar summons an evil army from the sands and dust of Egypt for Adam to lead after muting Billy with his magic. They escape, despite being defeated.

When last seen during the Crisis On Infinite Earths (Pre-Crisis version), Adam was fighting the heroes on the five remaining and partially merged Earths.

The Power of Shazam!: revised origin
Black Adam is reintroduced to the DC Universe in The Power of Shazam! graphic novel by Jerry Ordway in 1994 (an earlier Post-Crisis version of the character appeared in Shazam!: The New Beginning but this appearance is not considered canonical). In that story and the subsequent Power of Shazam! ongoing series, Adam is a deadly and evil adversary for Captain Marvel.

In this revised origin, Teth-Adam was born on September 11, 1279, BC. Teth-Adam is the son of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II, and impresses one of the high priests, the wizard Shazam, with his good deeds. The wizard gives Teth-Adam the power to become the superhero the Mighty Adam by speaking the name "Shazam", an acronym for the Mighty Adam's powers: the stamina of Shu, the swiftness of Heru (Horus), the strength of Amon, the wisdom of Zehuti (Thoth), the power of Aton, and the courage of Mehen. He does not draw powers from Shazam due to the demoness Blaze making a deal with the Egyptian god Set.

The Mighty Adam serves as Egypt's champion for many centuries but becomes corrupted by the charms of a mysterious woman, revealed to be Shazam's evil daughter Blaze in disguise. The bewitched Adam is convinced that he and his mistress should rule Egypt, so he kills the Pharaoh and appoints himself ruler. Shazam learns of this and strips Adam of his powers, encasing them in a mystical scarab necklace. Adam's depowered body rapidly experiences the aging process that the magic had staved off, and the former hero withers away into a dried cadaver in seconds.

Shazam buries both the body and the scarab in the tomb of Ramesses II, where he plans for it to remain for all eternity. In death, the former hero is referred to as "Khem-Adam" ("Black Adam"). Disillusioned by what he perceived as Adam's betrayal, Shazam waits several millennia before appointing a second champion to fight evil in his name.

During the late 20th century, an unscrupulous archaeological aide named Theo Adam is assigned to the Malcolm Expedition, financed by the Sivana Foundation to excavate the tomb of Ramesses II. Adam uncovers Khem-Adam's tomb in a secret passageway, and leads his superiors, C.C. Batson and his wife Marilyn, to the discovery. Upon first sight of Khem-Adam's scarab, Theo Adam becomes obsessed with the artifact, and kills both Batsons to steal it. Escaping Egypt, Theo Adam soon made his way back to America.

The Batsons' son, Billy, has been left behind in the United States, and is drafted by Shazam to become the wizard's second champion, Captain Marvel. When Theo Adam first encounters Captain Marvel, he notes both Marvel's identical appearance to C.C. Batson and the lightning-bolt insignia on Marvel's chest that had also decorated Khem-Adam's tomb. Adam therefore has a revelation, and realizes that he is a reincarnation of Khem-Adam. Grasping his stolen scarab, Adam speaks Shazam's name and is transformed into the super-powered Black Adam.

Black Adam reveals himself to Captain Marvel as the Batsons' killer, and the two battle. Captain Marvel emerges victorious by snatching Adam's scarab, and therefore his power, away from him. However, he saves him from being crushed by a falling building. Marvel brings Theo Adam to Shazam, who wipes Adam's memory and takes away his voice, so that he cannot access his powers. This solution proves temporary, as Blaze re-enters her former lover's life and helps restore his voice, memory, and powers.

JSA series: Black Adam reforms
Although Adam appears during the Power of Shazam! ongoing series' first year of publication as a villain, towards the end of the series' run, Adam returns and announces that Black Adam and Theo Adam are separate personalities. Black Adam stands trial again for the murders of the Batsons, and is acquitted when it is revealed that his fingerprints do not match those of Theo Adam.

The reformed Black Adam is still vulnerable to his murderous host's influence, and he attacks the Justice Society of America under Theo Adam's control in JSA #6 (1999). In subsequent issues, Adam joins supervillain Johnny Sorrow's Injustice Society after Sorrow removes a malignant tumor from Adam's brain. He is sent to battle Wildcat, and easily defeats him, showing how easily he could kill him by taking him about 25,000 feet above the ground—just high enough for them to talk while unable to go any higher without the human Wildcat freezing or suffocating—explaining the different ways he could kill him, and asking what he will give for his life.

He shows him the Rock of Eternity where Sorrow has turned Shazam to stone with his cursed face that usually kills those that see him, also making contact with the Spectre, who provides them with additional information. Adam soon betrays Sorrow, and he and the JSA defeat the Injustice Society. Black Adam briefly gives Flash the speed of Heru enabling him to defeat Johnny Sorrow by hitting him at near-lightspeed when he is paralyzed after Doctor Mid-Nite showed Sorrow a previously recorded image of his own face, sending him from Earth to another dimension.

Flash meets Black Adam in the past, where he has been sent due to the great speed he traveled, and again uses his speed, this time to return to his own time. After the Flash returns, Black Adam helps the JSA battle the Sin-Eater, a Thanagarian demon. Claiming to be free of Theo's evil influence again, a repentant Black Adam requests membership in the Justice Society, and is granted a probationary membership in JSA #21 (2002).

During their tenure on JSA, writers Geoff Johns and David S. Goyer redefined Adam's personality and background, focusing on the character's old-fashioned and militant ideals of justice, and his officious and strongly opinionated attitude. Despite this, he has stated on many occasions that he respects the Justice Society, particularly members such as Jay Garrick. Several other JSA members are shown to be skeptical of Adam's reformation; primary among them is the Atom Smasher, who later becomes Adam's close friend after Adam sympathizes with his decision to kill the near-immortal Extant to save his mother.

The writers also created added tension in the book by having Captain Marvel, who is wholly unconvinced that Adam has reformed, join the team. One JSA story arc (issues 39 through 44) features Marvel, Hawkgirl, and Mr. Terrific venturing back in time to ancient Egypt, where they meet the Mighty Adam before his corruption. During this visit, the Mighty Adam is grateful to meet Captain Marvel since Marvel's presence demonstrates that his legacy will survive him even with his children gone.

When Marvel transforms back into Billy Batson, Adam expresses admiration for the young man's ability to handle the power of Shazam at such a young age, something he doubts he could have achieved himself. After returning to the present, Marvel notes that he has a better understanding of Adam's motives now after learning about the loss of Adam's family. Adam rebuffs the offer, commenting that Marvel cannot truly understand him, stating that, while they are not enemies, they will never be friends.

Johns and Goyer used this story arc to slightly alter Adam's origin. The hero now hails from the fictional west Asian nation of Kahndaq, not Egypt, although he serves the Egyptian prince Khufu (who is later reincarnated as JSA member Hawkman). The character of Blaze is completely removed from the origin story, and Adam's rage is described as having resulted from the conquering of Kahndaq (and the murder of his wife and children) at the hands of a magically powered supervillain named Ahk-ton (whose powers resemble the future hero Metamorpho), who is working with the notorious immortal Vandal Savage. The Mighty Adam kills Ahk-ton during the struggle and returns to Kahndaq to reclaim it by any means necessary, including murder. The wizard Shazam does not agree with Adam's actions, and robs Adam of his powers and kills him.

JSA: Black Reign
In JSA #45 (2003), Black Adam and his teammate Atom Smasher both defect from the Justice Society, expressing dissatisfaction with the team's refusal to cross certain lines. During the next few issues, Adam forms his own organization, which administers justice the way Adam wants it: "an eye for an eye". His roster includes a mix of DC heroes and villains, including Atom Smasher, Brainwave (who is possessed by Mister Mind), Northwind and the rest of the society of Feithera, Nemesis, and former JSA museum curator Alex Montez, the human host of the demon Eclipso. Adam's collective executes Kobra, a villain who has been acquitted by the legal system (albeit because his followers had threatened to blow themselves up if he was not released) when the JSA could have spared them his escape and the hassle of a trial by simply killing Kobra when he was first captured. Adam then turns his attentions to his old homeland of Kahndaq, now ruled by a militant dictator whose actions had long been ignored by the United Nations.

Late 2003 began the publication of a JSA/Hawkman crossover story arc titled "Black Reign", written by Geoff Johns alone, which features Adam and his militia's hostile takeover of Kahndaq. A war soon breaks out, with Adam, his comrades, and the Kahndaqi people on one side, and the Justice Society on the other. The dictator is finally killed by Atom Smasher. By the end of the arc, the JSA leaves Adam in control of Kahndaq, provided that he does not leave its borders, convincing him that he cannot enforce his rule on the world or he is no better than the dictator he had defeated.

Brainwave is saved by the JSA, Mister Mind is apprehended thanks to the Atom infiltrating Brainwave's head—as part of an undercover mission to confirm whether Adam was brainwashing his comrades—and Nemesis and Alex both die during the battle when Alex loses control of Eclipso. Only Northwind and Atom Smasher remain at Adam's side, with Atom Smasher later leaving when a time-travelling clash with Degaton results in him meeting Al Pratt in the 1950s and re-evaluating his past motivations.

As Kahndaq's ruler, Adam is depicted as fiercely working to protect his people and his nation, although his arrogance is still a handicap; when the Spectre attacked Kahndaq after being corrupted by Eclipso, Black Adam actually told his people that the JSA were also their enemy because he did not want to give his people the impression that he needed help to protect them, despite the fact that he was clearly outmatched by the Spectre's power.

Infinite Crisis
Black Adam is featured heavily in DC's 2005 Infinite Crisis crossover, primarily in the Villains United miniseries as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains (which he only joins to protect Kahndaq from the Society). Concurrently, in JSA, Atom Smasher leaves Adam's side to return to the JSA.

The Society is run by Alexander Luthor Jr., a character from the alternate world of Earth-Three, who disguises himself as the Lex Luthor of the Post-Crisis Earth. The Infinite Crisis limited series centers around Alexander Luthor's plan to restore the Multiverse. Needing a member of the Marvel Family to power the apparatus he has designed to recreate the alternate Earths of the Multiverse, Luthor has the Society betray and capture Black Adam. With the help of the mind-controlling powers of the Psycho-Pirate, Luthor is able to control Adam and have him call down the Shazam magic lightning bolt to fuel the apparatus.

The Spectre's rampage during the Day of Vengeance storyline has reverted all magic in the DC Universe to a raw, chaotic structure, and the death of the wizard Shazam has transformed him into a tether that can be used to harness magic, allowing Alexander to use any member of the Marvel family to power his equipment if the wizard's name is spoken. By the end of the miniseries, Black Adam is freed by Superboy and Nightwing. Adam quickly kills Psycho-Pirate and, following a failed attempt to defeat Superboy-Prime (which reveals that magic does not affect Superboy-Prime, as Adam's blows allegedly only "tickled"), he is transported to Earth-5 when he is punched too far from the Tower by Superboy-Prime. He joins the heroes, (although he is generally regarded as being on his own side by the other combatants), in the Battle of Metropolis, destroying Amazo shortly after his arrival.

52
Black Adam appears as a featured character in DC's weekly 52 comic book. Depicted as the violent protector of the nation of Kahndaq, Adam kills several supervillains in public and on television to demonstrate his views. As a result, he is distrusted by the superhuman community.

In 52, DC introduces Adrianna Tomaz, the "most beautiful slave from Egypt" offered to Adam by Intergang as a token to curry his favor, along with $2,000,000 in African gold. Black Adam sends Intergang a message by killing Noose, by tearing his face apart, and sending the rest of the Intergang members home, leaving Adrianna behind.

During Week 10, he creates an international metahuman coalition against the perceived metahuman supremacy of the United States. He gets members of the Great Ten of China and Russia's Rocket Reds, among others, to join the coalition. Adrianna begins to counsel him and stays as a refugee. She makes him a ruler who shows more mercy and performs charitable acts.

In Week 12 of the series, Adam gains a magical amulet, hidden on the scarab in which Shazam imprisoned him. With help from Captain Marvel, who first thinks Adam is trying to attack him, he transforms Adrianna into the superheroine Isis.

Four weeks later, in Week 16, he proposes with a jewel given to Cleopatra by Caesar, and the two are married, with Captain Marvel and the rest of the Marvel Family as witnesses, Mary as bridesmaid. Renee Montoya and the Question prevent a suicide bomber, a child sent by Intergang, from ruining the wedding. For this they are awarded the country's highest honor, the Order of the Scarab, by Black Adam, although he is furious to find Renee is missing the ceremony while sleeping with a Kahndaqi woman from sorrow over killing a child.

In 52 Week 23, Black Adam and Isis, with the assistance of the Question and Renee Montoya, find Isis's brother Amon. Due to a failed escape attempt, Amon suffers near-fatal wounds from repeated beatings, meaning that he will never walk again. To save his life, Black Adam bestows a portion of his own power on the boy, as Captain Marvel did for Captain Marvel Jr. Isis's brother then becomes a new addition to the Black Marvel Family under the name Osiris. They help the Marvels beat the demonic Sabbac using their lightning strike on Halloween when he tries to sacrifice children to the demon Neron while several stories high. He is then moved to an unknown location. The Black Marvel Family also has a charity dinner with Venus Sivana, during which Osiris first meets a talking crocodile (whom Osiris names Sobek).

Osiris is accepted into the Teen Titans. Upon returning from a mission, he and the rest of the Black Marvel Family are attacked by the Suicide Squad. The Black Marvels defeat the Squad, but not before footage of them in battle (including Osiris's accidental killing of a Squad member who was attacking Isis) is captured by Amanda Waller, who uses it to further ruin the Black Marvel Family's reputation. Meanwhile, Kahndaq is struck by a number of natural disasters, which seem to have a supernatural origin. He engages in more beneficial activities, like a charity dinner with the Sivanas.

Wracked with guilt over the death of the Persuader, Osiris ventures to the Rock of Eternity and pleads with Captain Marvel to have his powers removed, as he fears Black Adam's influence (and those of his gods) has tainted him with evil. Black Adam arrives and the two battle until subdued by Isis and the Marvels. Osiris relents, seemingly accepting that he has repented enough for the Persuader's death, and accompanies the Black Marvel Family back home.

However, when Osiris and his friend Sobek, the talking crocodile, are alone, he admits that he was only putting up a front to appease those around him and that he could never forgive himself for killing anyone, as Black Adam has. Sobek advises Osiris that he should say Black Adam's name and rid himself of the powers he has come to hate. Osiris does so, only to be betrayed and brutally devoured by Sobek, while in his mortal form.

Isis and Adam confront Sobek after finding Osiris's body, who reveals that he is Famine, the Fourth Horseman of Apokolips, one of four creatures created by Intergang to attack Black Adam. Adam swiftly disposes of Sobek by hyper-elongating his jaws and does battle with the other three Horsemen. One of them, Pestilence, infects Isis with a deadly disease before Adam kills him and his partner War. A gravely ill Isis saves Adam from Death using her powers to send Death into the sky with a geyser of lava and tells Adam with her dying breath that she was wrong to try to change his views on justice, and that he should avenge both her and Osiris.

World War III
After the funeral in honor of his family, Adam attacks the neighboring Intergang-associated nation of Bialya in search of Death. Sick with grief over the death of his family, Adam proceeds to exterminate the entire 2,000,000-citizen population of Bialya in his hunt for his target. Upon confronting his family's killer, the enraged Adam battles a greatly enhanced Death, who has been feeding on the slaughter of Bialya's population. Despite his enhanced strength, Death is defeated by Adam with a barrage of mystic lightning. While torturing Death for an entire day, Adam learns the identity and whereabouts of the Horsemen's masters, flying off to Oolong Island in search of the Science Squad.

He easily gets past their defenses, even a weapon equivalent to the meteorite that killed the dinosaurs proving incapable of stopping him. Adam is subdued by the scientists, who projected a dimensional field into his mind the size of a football field, rendering him powerless. They then use an electro-crown to re-route his body's impulses and hold him as a prisoner. Dr. Sivana tortures Adam for weeks using the electrical crown, which only serves to enrage Adam further, who vows to tear them all apart.

The "Science Squad" makes a worldwide announcement that they plan to sell Black Adam as a living weapon to the highest bidder, resulting in the Justice Society assaulting the island to free Adam. It is revealed that Chang Tzu had built the Horsemen under orders of China, who wanted Adam and his family to be assassinated after Adam withdrew from the Freedom of Power Treaty. Adam refuses to be taken into custody for the destruction of Bialya, despite the requests of Atom-Smasher, once more flying off to seek revenge for the death of his family.

Enraged to the point of madness, Black Adam launched a week-long attack against the heroes of the world, referred to afterward as "World War III". Tearing across the globe, Adam destroys many historical landmarks, including the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the Egyptian pyramids in his battle with dozens of superheroes who attempt to stop him. After fighting and defeating the Marvel Family, the Global Guardians, the Doom Patrol, and the Teen Titans, resulting in the deaths of Young Frankenstein and Terra, Adam's path of destruction eventually moves through China. Adam's sustained assault finally prompts the decimated Chinese superhero team the Great Ten to allow the Justice Society and a coalition of other American metahumans onto Chinese soil in an attempt to stop Adam.

Captain Marvel pleads with the Egyptian gods to stop Black Adam's rampage, but the gods laughingly inform Marvel that Black Adam has their blessing. Although he failed to remove Black Adam's powers, Captain Marvel gathers with a group of mystics, including Zatanna and the Phantom Stranger, to work a spell which would allow him to use his powers to transform Black Adam back to his human form instead of himself. Green Lantern (Alan Scott) and Power Girl restrained Black Adam as they dragged him into the lightning's path, but the resulting blast tears him from their hands.

Teth-Adam, once again human, escaped with the aid of the Atom Smasher, who carried him to safety after saving him from his fall. After Adam was de-powered, Marvel also changed Adam's magic word with his abilities as the new guardian of the Rock of Eternity, keeping it secret to prevent him from ever regaining his powers. Left mortal, Adam wandered the Middle East, attempting to guess the word that would restore his power.

Countdown/Black Adam: The Dark Age
Black Adam's quest to gain his powers back between the events of 52 and Countdown was depicted in a six-issue miniseries entitled Black Adam: The Dark Age, published from late 2007 to early 2008. Sometime after his defeat in World War III, Adam gathers a small band of Kahndaqi men who still remain loyal to Adam and sneaks into a heavily guarded and war-torn Kahndaq in disguise (having had his minions beat him mercilessly to alter his appearance) to retrieve the bones of Isis. The men kill the guards at the tomb, and get Isis's remains.

Most of Adam's men perish in a battle with a band of soldiers waiting for Adam at the tomb, but Adam manages to escape with Isis's remains. When the Justice Society later arrives at the scene following the shootout, Atom Smasher finds Isis's left ring finger and wedding ring, which Adam accidentally dropped during his escape. One of Adam's loyal servants, Hassan, the last one surviving, offers himself as food to Adam to help him survive across the mountains.

Adam takes Isis's bones to a Lazarus Pit in the Himalayas with the intentions of using it to resurrect her, but cannot complete the process without either using all of Isis's bones (including the missing ring finger) or her magical amulet, which has gone missing. He makes his way to Doctor Fate's tower looking for the amulet, and finds the supervillain and sorcerer Felix Faust, who was trapped in the tower by Ralph Dibny during 52. Faust reveals to Adam that Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. broke Isis's amulet into several pieces and scattered them across the globe.

Realizing that Isis is powerful enough to free him from the tower, Faust agrees to help Adam locate the pieces of the amulet. He enacts a spell that allows Teth-Adam to transform into Black Adam by drawing from the residual magic remaining in Isis's bones, with Adam using her name as a magic word. However, Faust warns Adam to use his powers only when absolutely necessary, lest Adam drain all of Isis's remaining power and make her resurrection impossible.

Using a homing signal etched into his hand by Faust, Adam sets out across the globe hunting down the pieces of Isis's amulet. At the same time, the Justice Society is working with the Marvels to perfect a way of using the Shazam lightning bolt to track Black Adam and bring him to justice. In addition, a hired team of armed vigilantes covertly funded by the U.S. and several other nations is hunting Adam as well, and have developed an "Eternity bullet"—manufactured from shards of the Rock of Eternity—which can penetrate Adam's skin and kill him.

Despite these challenges, Adam is able to retrieve all of the pieces of Isis's amulet (and Atom Smasher meets with Adam in secret to give him Isis's ring finger, though he keeps the ring to himself). Adam spends the entire quest reciting the names of streets, signs, locations, moods, and emotions in hopes of stumbling upon his new magic word. At the very end of his quest, Teth-Adam walks into a Fawcett City malt shop and orders a chocolate egg cream—only to find that "chocolate egg cream" is what Captain Marvel changed his magic word to.

With his original powers restored, Adam flies to Fate's Tower and confronts Faust. He tells Faust that if he crosses him, he will come after them. Faust attempts to resurrect Isis and apparently succeeds, but the resurrection fails, and Isis's bones crumble to the floor after swearing eternal hate on her husband. Faust blames Black Adam for using Isis's power too much, and distraught, Black Adam flies away, ending up in Gotham City. It is, however, revealed that the bones that Faust showed to Black Adam belonged to Ralph Dibny, and Faust resurrects Isis. With her under his power, Faust creates a door, and exits the tower.

In Countdown #47 (June 2007), a de-powered Mary Marvel who is being chased by criminals stumbles upon Black Adam, hiding out at the former Kahndaqi embassy in Gotham City, kills the criminals, and she finds that he has killed several others that have had the misfortune to find their way into the building. It appears that Adam is about to harm Mary as well as he starts strangling her, but instead, he transfers all of his powers to her (including those he recovered from Isis). He departs in his mortal form after she frees him from a wall that has toppled on him.

Final Crisis
Black Adam is featured in Final Crisis #5, assisting a small group of Earth's heroes, many of whom he fought before, in battling against Darkseid's forces. Black Adam battles Mary Marvel and perceives a "leering old man" inside of her. He attempts to kill her but is stopped by Tawky Tawny and Shazam (Freddy Freeman). Adam is subdued by enemy forces.

Justice Society of America
A brooding, disparaged Black Adam appears in Justice Society of America vol. 3 #16 (2008), hiding in the tomb of Isis and Osiris and killing potential looters, along with sleeping in the coffins. He reveals through narration that the whole meaning of his power transfer to Mary Marvel was the hope that her innocence would eventually force Mary into surrendering back his power to him, but changed enough to allow Isis's rebirth. After the attempt failed, Adam returned to his state of mourning and anger. Adam's mourning is cut short, however, when he discovers a bloodied flower in his shrine, believing it a sign from Isis.

Despite her powers and consciousness being heavily sedated by Felix Faust's spells, Isis manages to use her powers to create a trail of flowers (including a batch in the shape of the Shazam magic lightning bolt symbol) to lead Adam to where Faust has been holding her captive. Finding Isis and freeing her from Faust's control, Black Adam then journeys to the Rock of Eternity and battles Billy Batson (now Marvel, the wizard of the Rock of Eternity, rather than Captain Marvel), using the same scarab necklace that once imprisoned him to strip Billy of his powers, with help from Isis sending lightning at Marvel and using them to take control of the Rock of Eternity. Isis plans to use the power of the Rock to "cleanse the earth" of all of humankind, which she sees as irrevocably evil. Black Adam and Isis are even able to convince Mary Marvel to join their crusade. The Black Marvels are soon challenged by the Justice Society, who has come to the aid of the powerless Billy Batson when he was trying to summon Freddy. During the course of the fight, the combatants end up in Kahndaq, where the people praise Black Adam's return. Isis then kills several of the followers, claiming that they are tainted by this new Earth. Black Adam attempts to protect his people, only to be attacked by Mary and Billy, who had been tainted by Mary's power. At that point, Jay Garrick (who had earlier been thrown by Isis into the mists surrounding the Rock of Eternity) appears with the spirit of Billy's father, and Shazam, whom the two had recovered from the Rock of Finality, where he had been imprisoned in a statue. Adam is convinced to return his power to Shazam, so that he could save Isis from her corruption. In turn, Shazam—who is furious at the misuse of the power he behest on his champions—takes the power from Isis, Billy, and Mary, and transforms Teth-Adam and Adrianna into statues. Sometime later, a shadowy figure appears in a bolt of lightning, gloating that Shazam has given him new champions to play with.

After the Blackest Night storyline, the resurrected Osiris returns to Kahndaq, vowing to restore the kingdom to its former prosperity. Osiris takes the petrified bodies of Adam and Isis and flies off to an unknown destination. After failing to revive Adam and Adriana, Osiris enlists in Deathstroke's new team of Titans in hopes of finding a way to save them. He has been told to resurrect Isis, but not Adam, which he does by killing people with his lightning by saying Isis.

The New 52 (2011–2016)
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), Black Adam was mentioned by Dr. Sivana while listening to witness reports of the wizard Shazam. Sivana mentions that Black Adam was a slave who was teleported from his prison cell to the Rock of Eternity and granted his powers by the wizard. Adam then went on to save Kahndaq from the Seven Deadly Sins before vanishing. During Dr. Sivana's explanation, drawings of Black Adam are shown in a historical text, displaying a slightly different look from his previous incarnations. Dr. Sivana later uses his new-found magic eye inside of some ruins to read a magically hidden hieroglyph that makes the wall explode, releasing Black Adam from his tomb. Adam is then shown in a revamped version of his original costume, which includes a cape, hood, and a metallic belt instead of a sash. His lightning bolt appears as an opening into his body with magical energy visibly inside of him.

In Black Adam's subsequent pursuit of Shazam, Billy is shown the beginning of Black Adam's origin. It centers around the story of Aman, a Kahndaqi boy who was thrust into abuse and slavery long ago. Thinking that he can surely relate and connect with another boy who has suffered like he has, Billy (without hearing the rest of the tale) rushes to Black Adam and tries to reason with him. To his surprise, Black Adam simply grabs him and tells him he "knows nothing".

Black Adam shows Billy the rest of his origin, which reveals that Aman had an uncle (who helped Aman escape slavery), whose name was Adam. Adam was injured during their escape, and when Aman was chosen by the wizard to be his champion, Aman shared his power with Adam to heal him. Afterwards, although Aman wanted to use his new power to help his people and cure his former slave masters of their evil souls, Adam only sought vengeance against those who had enslaved them. To this end, when Aman called down the lightning, Adam seemingly killed Aman so that he himself was the sole recipient of the power. However, the details of Aman's "death" are not shown, leaving his fate open to speculation. Black Adam refers to Aman's "sacrifice", and tells Billy that he will go to any lengths to "free this world from those who enslave it".

In the finale of Shazam's origin story, Black Adam holds Billy's foster siblings hostage and demands he give up his power, or they will die. But instead of giving Black Adam his power, he shares it with his foster siblings, empowering them as "Shazams", as well. Together, they fight Black Adam and the "host" that the seven sins have inhabited. Eventually, the collateral damage endangers civilians, so Billy orders them to save the people while he alone battles Black Adam. He finally realizes that his knowledge of his newly acquired powers cannot defeat Adam, who has much more experience using his magic, and decides to change back into his child form. As normal teenager Billy, he challenges Black Adam to also change (into Teth-Adam) to make it a "fair" fight. After some convincing, he does so, but because he has been alive for centuries due only to his "Black Adam form", as a normal human he quickly ages and turns to dust.

During the Forever Evil storyline, revolutionaries in Kahndaq use an ancient scroll to attempt to revive Black Adam so he will be their champion once again to save them from their oppressive ruler. A man named Amon begins to read the ancient spell, but before he can complete it, the military attacks them. Amon, injured, makes his sister Adrianna complete the spell, which revives Black Adam. He proceeds to defeat the military forces and kills the Kahndaqi ruler. Acting as Kahndaq's protector again, Black Adam sees the Crime Syndicate's message "The World is Ours" and gets angered saying "this world belongs to no one!" When Jimmy Olsen activates his Superman signal watch when confronted by Ultraman, Black Adam answers the call and ends up fighting Ultraman. Ultraman manages to defeat Black Adam by breaking his jaw and throws him unconscious into the ocean. Black Manta managed to fish Black Adam out of the ocean when he meets up with Lex Luthor. Lex Luthor works on resuscitating Black Adam. When it comes to the final battle against the Crime Syndicate, Black Adam and Sinestro move the Moon where the Sun ends up weakening Ultraman. In the aftermath of the battle against the Crime Syndicate, it was stated that the villains who helped to stop the Crime Syndicate would have their criminal records wiped. Black Adam and Sinestro did not care about that and went their separate ways, along with the other villains.

DC Rebirth (2016–2018)
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Black Adam appears in the Dark Nights: Metal miniseries. He is revealed to be a member of the Council of the Immortals, a group with the oldest beings of Earth, such as Vandal Savage and Hawkgirl. Black Adam supposedly kills Doctor Fate at the Rock of Eternity while in a fight against him, Wonder Woman, and Hawkgirl, who is by that point transformed by Barbatos into an evil version of herself named Lady Blackhawk.

When Billy and his family stumble upon the doors to the various Magiclands and go to the Funland, Black Adam arrives at the Rock of Eternity some time after their departure, noting that the Council of Eternity sealed off the Magiclands for a reason, that the door to the Monsterland is still sealed for now, and that Billy has no idea what he has done.

In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Black Adam takes advantage of "the Superman Theory" and the metahuman arms race where he "saves" the Creeper from Kobra's cult and allows any metahuman refugees to seek asylum in Kahndaq. He and the Creeper later attack Israel. Then he, the Creeper, and Giganta attacked the United Nations and fought Wonder Woman. When Wonder Woman took down Giganta, Black Adam engaged Wonder Woman. Following a news report where it was mentioned that the Amazons crashed the battle and forcefully took Wonder Woman back to Themyscira, Black Adam made his next move on the White House. He, the Creeper, and Giganta were now accompanied by Doc Dread, Killer Frost, Lady Clayface, the Man-Bat, Manhunter, Sandstorm, and Stingaree. Superman confronts Black Adam's group until the part where Superman has his foreseen encounter with Doctor Manhattan. When the People's Heroes, the Outsiders, and the Doomed appear with plans to make Superman pay for his involvement in the incident that occurred in Russia, Black Adam leads his group into getting to Superman first. Black Adam and his group are eventually defeated when Superman receives support from the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Justice Society of America. On Black Adam's part, he was taken down by Jakeem Thunder and Johnny Thunderbolt.

In order for Black Adam to distract the Shazam Family while he and Doctor Sivana went to the Monsterlands to free the Monster Society of Evil, Mister Mind summoned the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man who assist him in attacking Shazam and Lady Shazam up to the point where Shazam shared his powers with his biological father C.C. Batson. There was a flux in the powers between C.C. Batson and Mary Bromfield that affected their fight with Black Adam and the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man. This went back and forth until the Wizard teleported them to Wozenderlands before Black Adam and the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man can do their next attack. After C.C. uses his powers to send Mamaragan back to the Rock of Eternity, Black Adam arrives and starts to strangle C.C. while stating that he is with Mister Mind in his plot. C.C. starts to cast a spell to separate Black Adam's soul from his body and send it to the Darklands. He will be torn between realms as a way for him to see his family again. It turned out that C.C. is the real host of Mister Mind. The Shazam Family comments on the magic used on Black Adam when they see his body prior to their fight with the Monster Society of Evil. Scapegoat and Red Queen note that Black Adam is immobilized as he refused to follow Mister Mind. When Mister Mind was defeated, the spell on Black Adam was broken as he helps Shazam to fight Superboy-Prime. While blaming Billy for opening the doors to the Magiclands, Black Adam advises Shazam to undo the spell that would unite the Magiclands into one. Both of them quoted "Shazam" to take out Superboy-Prime, realizing that he was still somewhat vulnerable to magic but needing to use greater power to actively defeat him. As Adam is starting to turn to dust, Shazam was able to restore him by reclaiming the powers he placed in C.C. Batson. Once the spell was undone, Black Adam flew off advising Shazam not to open the doors to the Magiclands again. Mamaragan later notes that Shazam will see that Black Adam will eventually get a full redemption.

New Justice (2018-2021)
During the "Endless Winter" storyline, Black Adam was once freed in the 10th century by Hippolyta, Swamp Thing, and Viking Prince to help deal with the Frost King. When Flash is attacked by the Frost King's ice monsters, he is saved by Black Adam. Black Adam, Silver Banshee, Catman, Icicle, Rampage, and Multiplex arrive at the Stagg Enterprises facility in Gotham City where Frost King's family is kept in stasis. Multiplex tries helping Black Adam, but he overexhausts himself and Frost King kills Multiplex. Black Adam threatens to kill Frost King's family. While Frost King is distracted, Sebastian Stagg sends out a robot that can fire cold fusion cannons, but it makes the Frost King stronger instead. Just before Black Adam is killed, Superman, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Batman, and Green Lantern arrive. When it turns out that the Frost King's real body was trapped in the Fortress of Solitude, Superman prevents Black Adam from killing him. When the Frost King is seemingly destroyed in an explosion, Black Adam leaves while swearing vengeance on Superman.

Infinite Frontier (2021–2023)
In the pages of Infinite Frontier, Black Adam joins the Justice League as Adam attempted to turn over a new leaf, harkening back to the lessons Adrianna had taught him. He began acting more as a protector than an avenger, which attracted the attention of Superman, who believed that the Justice League needed fresh perspectives.

On the anniversary of Adrianna's death, Adam visited her grave, reflecting on what she'd tried to impart on him. While doing so, he was attacked by Brutus, an invader from another world. After the conflict with Brutus concludes, Adam joins the League.

Later, during the Dark Crisis, after the apparent death of the Justice League at the hands of Pariah, Adam would quietly lament to himself that he wished he had been killed, too, so that he could see Adrianna again.

Powers and abilities
As an ordinary human being, Black Adam is a skilled martial artist. In more recent interpretations of the character, he is expressed to be a master of Dhritishastra, a fictional Indian combat system created by Vandal Savage in which can only be mastered by those possessing immortality due to its complexity. Furthermore, Black Adam's intimidating presence and formidable abilities have led to his induction into the Sinestro Corps. The Sinestro Corps, an organization of fear-based warriors, recognized Black Adam as a suitable member due to his ability to inspire fear in others and his capacity to instill terror on the battlefield.

Powers of Shazam
Like Captain Marvel/Shazam, Black Adam possesses the ability to undergo a transformation by uttering the word "SHAZAM." Through this transformation, he gains the powers and attributes of six divine entities. However, in contrast to his nemesis, Black Adam's powers derive from Egyptian deities and their associated attributes. These divine entities bestow upon him a similar set of powers and abilities. While in his empowered form, he is considered to be among the most dangerous beings on the planet possessing "Alpha-level" powers. These abilities also grant him a heighten level of senses, having been able to once smell Felix Faust's sweat.

Bolt (Malik Adam White)
Malik Adam White is a fictional superhero in American comic books published by DC Comics, created by writer Christopher Priest and artist Rafa Sandoval. He first appeared in the comic books and is depicted as an African-American man of Egyptian/Kahndaqi heritage. Malik is a descendant of the legendary character Black Adam. Throughout his comic book appearances, Malik adopts two different codenames, initially known as White Adam and later settling on Bolt.

In the eponymous Black Adam series, Malik is introduced as a medical student and aspiring surgeon who sometimes works as a doctor illegally and is on his way to flunking medical school. When Black Adam contracts a dangerous disease, he seeks out his descendant to grant him his powers and pass on a legacy in an attempt for atonement for his crimes, making him officially his heir and successor. As the plague rages with Teth, Malik resolves to understand the mysterious plague that infects Teth in his human form but ends up catching it himself, later learning both of them are alergic to Nth metal and affects their human form through metal toxicity. Malik also navigates his normal life possessing superhuman powers and works alongside Black Adam in combatting the Akkad pantheon resurrected through alien bacteria assuming their forms, Ibac, and the Oni Grace, who has connections with the old Circle of Crow and seeks to usurp Teth's rulership.

The character later assists Mary Marvel in the Lazarus Planet event, with the pair learning of Billy's dilemma with the Rock of Etetnity becoming one with him and resolving the problem.

Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam!
Black Adam is the primary villain of the first story arc of the Johnny DC comic book series Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam! by Mike Kunkel, an all-ages series which follows its own continuity derived from Jeff Smith's 2007 miniseries Shazam! The Monster Society of Evil. Black Adam appeared in the first four issues of Billy Batson, published between late 2008 and early 2009. In this version, Black Adam's alter ego, Theo Adam, is a 14-year-old boy, although much of the rest of his backstory remains true to the original Fawcett version of the character. Within the context of the story, the wizard Shazam imprisoned the errant Theo Adam in an alternate dimension during the days of ancient Egypt, only for Adam to become free after a battle between Captain Marvel and Mister Mind opens a hole which allows Adam to escape. However, Theo Adam has forgotten the magic word ("Shazam") which will transform him into Black Adam, but after learning that young Billy Batson has taken over the role of Shazam's champion as Captain Marvel, Theo calls upon the help of the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man and captures Billy, attempting to force Billy into telling him the word. When Billy's sister Mary finds her brother captured, she transforms into Mary Marvel to save him, only to have Adam overhear her, repeat the word, and become Black Adam again.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Black Adam challenged the Outsider, who used technology to summon the magic lightning to change him back to Teth-Adam. He is then knocked off the train they were fighting on, suffering severe injuries afterward. Black Adam is later killed by J'onn J'onzz.

JLA/Avengers
During JLA/Avengers, Black Adam is among the mind-controlled villains who attack the heroes as they assault Krona's Stronghold in #4. He is shown being defeated by Marvel's Captain Mar-Vell.

Futures End
In the alternate future of Futures End, Black Adam was imprisoned within the Phantom Zone by Superman (who is actually Billy Batson/Shazam). When Ray Palmer, Amethyst, and Frankenstein travel through the Phantom Zone, their ship is forced to its normal size and reveals itself to the dimension's occupants including Black Adam. He attacks the ship and rips off Frankenstein's arm but the trio manage to escape from the Phantom Zone. When Ray becomes the new leader of Stormwatch, he frees Black Adam from the Phantom Zone, promising to take him back to Earth, to help save Hawkman, Amethyst, and Frankenstein from Brainiac. Black Adam repeatedly calls down lightning bolts to shock Brainiac, giving the others time to escape and he joins them later on, fighting off Brainiac's robots. Black Adam makes it safely to Earth with the rest of the new Stormwatch and fights against Father Time's forces when he arrives to take the Engineer. He soon returns to Earth afterwards.

Television

 * Black Adam appears in the "Shazam!" segment of The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam!, voiced by Lou Scheimer. This version is based on the pre-Crisis comics incarnation and wields several mystical artifacts.
 * Black Adam appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Power of Shazam!", voiced by John DiMaggio.
 * Black Adam makes a non-speaking appearance in the Young Justice episode "Revelation" as a member of the Injustice League.
 * Black Adam appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, voiced by Nathan Fillion. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Black Adam appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Gary Cole.
 * Black Adam makes a non-speaking appearance in the Harley Quinn episode "L.O.D.R.S.V.P." as a member of the Legion of Doom.

Film

 * Black Adam appears in Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam, voiced by Arnold Vosloo. This version was previously exiled for 5,000 years by the wizard Shazam. He returns to Earth and wreaks havoc before being defeated by Captain Marvel and Superman. To avoid being banished again, Black Adam reverts to his mortal form and turns to dust.
 * Black Adam appears in Lego DC: Shazam!: Magic and Monsters, voiced by Imari Williams.
 * Teth-Adam / Black Adam appears in films set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), portrayed by Dwayne Johnson.
 * A mystical projection of Black Adam, with Johnson's likeness, appears in Shazam!. This version unleashed the Seven Deadly Sins on Earth and erased entire civilizations before being captured and imprisoned for 5,000 years. Black Adam was originally set to appear physically before it was decided he would receive his own film to avoid interfering with Shazam!'s narrative.
 * Black Adam appears in a self-titled film, in which it is revealed that his son Hurut (portrayed by Jalon Christian and Uli Latukefu as his empowered form) was Kahndaq's original champion chosen by the Council of Wizards before he bequeathed his powers to his mortally wounded father to save him and was killed shortly after. Adam is later freed in the present and eventually becomes Kahndaq's new protector.
 * Black Adam appears in the post-credits scene of DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Dwayne Johnson. This version owns a dog named Anubis (also voiced by Johnson).

Video games

 * Black Adam appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced by Joey Naber. Additionally, an alternate universe version appears in the story mode as a supporter of High Councilor Superman's Regime.
 * Black Adam appears as a playable character in DC Unchained.
 * Black Adam appears as a playable character in Injustice 2, voiced again by Joey Naber.
 * Black Adam, based on the DCEU incarnation, appears as an outfit in Fortnite Battle Royale.
 * Black Adam appears as a playable character in MultiVersus, voiced by Bob Carter. Additionally, Imari Williams voices a "Man in Black" variant.

Lego series

 * Black Adam appears as an unlockable playable character and mini-boss in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Black Adam appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Black Adam appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

Miscellaneous

 * Black Adam appears in DC Universe Online's "Who Do You Trust" trailer, voiced by Alexander Brandon.
 * Black Adam appears in GraphicAudio's audiobook adaptations of Infinite Crisis and 52.
 * The Injustice incarnation of Black Adam appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us and Injustice 2 prequel comics. In the latter, he provides asylum for members of the Regime in Kahndaq, frees Wonder Woman from her prison on Themyscira, and raises Supergirl on lies about Batman's Insurgency with Wonder Woman and Damian Wayne's help.
 * Khem-Adam appears in the non-canonical Arrowverse tie-in comic Arrow: Season 2.5. This version is a former soldier and leader of an extremist group called Onslaught who wants to save Kahndaq from foreign influence. A.R.G.U.S. sends the Suicide Squad to kill him, but Khem-Adam kills Bronze Tiger. The former attempts to fight General Ravan Nassar, but the fight is interrupted by League of Assassins members Nyssa Al Ghul and Sara Lance, who take him to Nanda Parbat to be executed by ex-Onslaught prisoner turned League member Mesi Natifah.
 * Black Adam appears in the Death Battle! episode "Black Adam VS Apocalypse".

Merchandise

 * DC Direct released two action figures of White Adam, with the most recent one based on the work of artist Alex Ross.
 * Black Adam appears in a set of View-Master reels starring Captain Marvel.
 * In 2009, Black Adam received a figure in wave nine of DC Universe Classics series.
 * In 2011, Black Adam received a figure in the "Mightiest Mortals" two-pack alongside Shazam.
 * In 2016, Black Adam received a figure in wave two of DC Collectible's DC Icons series.
 * In 2016, a mini-figure of Black Adam mixed with Thomas & Friends character Edward was released in wave four of the franchise's MINIS line.
 * Mezco's One:12 Collective released a PX Exclusive 6-inch Black Adam in a collector's tin.

title: Black Adam