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Hi-de-Hi!

Hi-de-Hi! is British sitcom series, created by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, and produced for the BBC. The programme initially began with a pilot on 1 January 1980 and aired for nine series between 26 February 1981 to 30 January 1988, and starred Paul Shane, Su Pollard, Jeffrey Holland, Ruth Madoc and Simon Cadell.

Inspired by Perry's time serving as a Redcoat at Butlin's, the series takes place within the fictional Maplins holiday camp in Essex towards the end of the traditional British holiday period of the 1950s. The episodes themselves focus on the lives of the camp's entertainers and staff, who frequently greet campers with the titular phrase "Hi-de-Hi!", and consist mostly of struggling actors, comedians, wannabe stars, and has-been entertainers.

The programme proved popular from its launch, gaining large audiences during its broadcast; its popularity helped it to win a BAFTA as Best Comedy Series in 1984. In a 2008 poll on Channel 4, Hi-de-Hi! was voted the 35th most popular comedy catchphrase. By 2015, the series began receiving repeats, initially with the BBC alongside other sitcom classics by Croft and Perry, and subsequently moved onto being repeated on Gold

Synopsis
Hi-de-Hi! is set within a holiday camp situated in the fictional seaside town of Crimpton-on-Sea, Essex, covering the Summer holiday seasons of 1959 and 1960. Owned by Maplins – run by the enigmatic owner Joe Maplin – the camp operates in a similar manner to real-life holiday camps, including providing entertainment and activities through its staff of Yellowcoats – a parody of the real-life Redcoats, Bluecoats, and Greencoats. The Yellowcoats are led by Ted Bovis, the camp host, and consist of three different groups of entertainers: the young, who see the job as a lucky break into show business; the middle-aged, who are realistic about their prospects but still cling to the hope that they can still achieve fame; and the veterans, the oldest members of staff who see their job as a step down from former stardom glories.

Many of the stories focus on the relationships between the characters, the constant issues that arise from Ted's attempts to scam the camp's holidaymakers, and other issues sometimes brought on by Maplin himself. The sitcom notably focused on a common theme in stories surrounding the erosion of class boundaries during the post-war period and attitudes of staff towards each other – a recurring element in stories is chalet maid Peggy Ollerenshaw's desire to be a Yellowcoat and the dislike Yellowcoat Sports Organiser Gladys Pugh has towards this idea.

Cast

 * Paul Shane as  Edward "Ted" Bovis – The Camp's Entertainment Host, and a former entertainer. Tasked with greeting and entertaining campers, but also secretly runs scams and rackets to make money on the side. After the show concluded in 1988, Shane would be one of several cast members to work on later sitcoms by Croft.
 * Ruth Madoc as Gladys Pugh – The Camp's radio announcer and sports organiser. The writers devised her to be the romantic foils for the entertainment managers throughout the series, while being snobbish around the Yellowcoats and Peggy.
 * Jeffrey Holland as Spike Dixon – The camp's chief comic for the 1959 and 1960 season, acting as Ted's conscience during times when his scheming could lead to trouble. Holland would join with Shane on working on further sitcoms made by Croft following Hi-de-Hi!
 * Su Pollard as Peggy Ollerenshaw – A chalet maid at Maplins, with dreams of becoming a Yellowcoat and achieving stardom. This dream became a recurring element in some of the stories for Hi-de-Hi. Like Shane, she would continue to work on further sitcoms by Croft after the programme concluded.
 * Simon Cadell as Professor Jeffrey Fairbrother (Series 1–5) – The camp's entertainment manager for the 1959 season, and a former college professor from Cambridge University, who is weak in making speeches to campers. Cadell left the sitcom after the fifth series to focus on other projects.
 * Felix Bowness as Fred Quilley – The camp's riding instructor for horse rides, and a former race jockey. Bowness would join in with Croft's later sitcoms following Hi-de-Hi, but would have less prominence as a recurring guest star.
 * Diane Holland as Yvonne Stuart-Hargreaves – An upper-class dance instructor, part of a husband-and-wife pair that serve at Maplins.
 * Barry Howard as Barry Stuart-Hargreaves (Series 1–7) – An upper-class dance instructor, and Yvonne's husband. Supposedly, "Stuart-Hargreaves" is a stage name, his real name being "Bert Pratt." Although popular with viewers for his dead-pan attitude while in character, Howard had drinking problems towards the sixth series which drew unwelcome press attention. His role in the show was terminated by the producers despite his protests to the contrary.
 * Leslie Dwyer as  Mr William Partridge (Series 1–6) – A children's entertainer, Punch and Judy, at Maplins with a drinking problem and a dislike of children, formerly a music hall performer, working as "Whimsical Willie," whose career was cut short by World War I. Dwyer was forced to drop out after the sixth series due to his declining health, and the writers worked to write his character out of the sitcom in response, where he faked his death to run away with a barmaid.
 * Nikki Kelly as Sylvia Garnsey – A female Yellowcoat staff member, with a flirtatious behaviour with the camp's entertainment managers. The writers devised Kelly's character to be a constant foil towards that of Madoc's character, with the sitcom exploring their relationship over the two holiday seasons.
 * David Griffin as Clive Dempster (Series 6–9) – The camp's entertainment manager for the 1960 season, a former wartime hero with a slightly shifty nature with money. Griffin was brought in to replace Cadell following his departure.
 * Ben Aris as Julian Dalrymple-Sykes (Series 5, Series 8–9) – A dance instructor and a former lover of Yvonne, brought in to replace Barry after his departure. Aris initially made a guest appearance in the fifth series, and was considered the best choice to replace Howard after his departure.
 * Kenneth Connor as Sammy Morris (Series 7, Series 8–9) – A shady children's entertainer, brought into replace Partidge during the 1960 season. Connor was brought in to replace Dwyer following his departure, initially having a guest appearance in the seventh series, before joining the cast for the final two series of the sitcom.
 * David Webb as Stanley Mathews, and Tony Webb as Bruce Mathews – Identical twin brother Yellowcoats. Both David and Tony maintained minor roles to begin with, but with given more involvement by the third series. In the credits, both brothers are referred to as "The Webb Twins".
 * Chris Andrews as Gary Bolton – A male Yellowcoat staff member. Originally portrayed by Terence Creasy in the pilot, the character was unnamed to begin with and played a minor role, before writers gave Andrews more prominence by the start of the third series.
 * Rikki Howard as Betty Whistler (Series 1–5) – A female Yellowcoat staff member for the 1959 holiday season, with a strong dislike of Gladys' overbearing bossiness to herself and some of the other women staff. Rikki left the sitcom after the fifth series for unknown reasons.
 * Susan Beagley as Tracey Bentwood (Series 3–5) – A female Yellowcoat staff member for the 1959 holiday season, who, like Betty, clashes with Gladys' personality on the camp. Like Rikki, Beagley left the sitcom for unknown reasons after the fifth series.
 * Linda Regan as April Wingate (Series 6–9) – A female Yellowcoat staff member for the 1960 holiday season, with a somewhat childish personality. Writers devised the character to be a love interest for Spike, with a number of stories looking in to the development of their relationship with each other.
 * Laura Jackson as Dawn Freshwater (Series 6–9) – A female Yellowcoat staff member for the 1960 holiday season. Jackson's character was devised by the writers to be similar to that of previous Yellowcoat women, but with a secret attraction to Dempster during the final holiday season for the camp.
 * Penny Irving as Mary (Series 1) – A female Yellowcoat staff member for the 1959 holiday season, she only appears in series 1.
 * Gail Harrison as Val (Series 2) – A female Yellowcoat staff member for the 1959 holiday season, she only appears in series 2.
 * Gavin Richards as Harold Fox (Series 5–7) – The General Manager of Maplin's, known as the "Smiling Viper."
 * Ewan Hooper as Alec Foster (Series 8–9) – Maplin's Camp Controller, abusing his power at every turn until Sammy Morris pulls some strings and gets him recalled to Head Office, to which upon hearing this screams, "YOU BASTARDS!"

Filming
Hi-de-Hi! relied on BBC studios for interior scenes for the entertainment staff building and interior chalet rooms, but much of the exterior scenes for Maplins were shot at Warners' former holiday camp that operated within the town of Dovercourt near Harwich, Essex; the site is now a housing estate after the camp was closed in 1990. During the pilot episode and the first two series, filming at the camp was done in early spring before the main holiday period for the public during the summer months – the temperature at the time led to complaints by cast members; Jeffrey Holland in particular had to be treated for hypothermia owing to scenes that saw him thrown into the camp's pool. After locations around Essex were also used during the show's broadcast, including around the town of Manningtree; with exception to a couple of episodes filmed at Weybourne railway station on the North Norfolk Railway.

Episodes
A pilot episode for the sitcom was first broadcast on 1 January 1980. Hi-de-Hi! was later greenlighted to additional episodes, running for 60 episodes over nine series, between 26 February 1981 and 30 January 1988. Unusually, the third and fourth series were actually run back-to-back by the BBC; all subsequent reruns separated the episodes.

The stage show
Hi-de-Hi was made into a musical, called Hi-de-Hi – The Holiday Musical, in the early years of the show. Labelled as a "summer pantomime" by its critics, the production featured most of the TV cast plus several new characters. It did not follow the television storylines, but it was a success nonetheless. It did a summer season in Bournemouth in 1983, a Christmas season in London in 1983 and a summer season in Blackpool in 1984. It was short-lived, however, when some of the cast complained that filming the TV series and doing the summer show limited their offers of acting jobs elsewhere.

At the height of its audience ratings, the BBC had plans to make it into a feature film, but this did not come to fruition.

In August 2009, a Hi-de-Hi! stage show toured in Torquay.

In March 2010 the show was revived for a six-month national tour produced by Bruce James Productions Limited and written by Paul Carpenter and Ian Gower, adapting scenes and storylines from episodes of the television series including A Night Not To Remember and Maplin Intercontinental. The audience were treated as campers during scenes involving camp entertainment which included musical numbers and audience participation. The production starred two members of the original cast, Barry Howard, reprising his role of Barry Stuart-Hargreaves, and Nikki Kelly, originally Sylvia, taking the role of Yvonne Stuart-Hargreaves. The tour also starred Peter Amory as Jeffrey Fairbrother, Abigail Finley as Peggy Ollerenshaw, Rebecca Bainbridge as Gladys Pugh, Damian Williams as Ted Bovis, Ben Roddy as Spike Dixon, Richard Colson as William Partridge, Andrew Fettes as Fred Quilley, Kate Burrell as Sylvia Garnsey, Lauren Harrison as Betty Whistler and Carrie Laurence as Tracey Bentwood. Several performances of the tour had to be cancelled due to low ticket sales despite positive reviews.

Following the end of the tour an amended version of the script was made available for amateur performances, the script lacks many of the camp entertainment scenes including the musical numbers whilst adding a subplot featuring Ted's ex-wife from the episode Trouble and Strife. The original tour set and costumes are available for hire from Bruce Jones Productions Limited.

Amateur productions include those by the Teignmouth Players Amateur Dramatic Society at the Carlton Theatre, Teignmouth, The Western College Players at the Drum Theatre, Plymouth, (both in July 2011), and The Halifax Thespians at the Halifax Playhouse in March 2012. In May 2019, the Brookside Theatre, Romford staged a production. It was staged by The Crowborough Players in May 2013.

A stage play for amateur production by Paul Carpenter and Ian Gower is available from Samuel French Ltd of London.

Theme music and merchandise
Hi-de-Hi! had a rock and roll style theme tune called "Holiday Rock". Sung by Ken Barrie, who would later provide the voice of Postman Pat, on the series opening titles, the song was later released as a single with the main vocal part sung by Paul Shane and the Yellowcoats (it featured several members of the cast on backing vocals). It became a UK Top 40 hit in May 1981.

Hi-de-Hi! was one of the first BBC shows to capitalise on the merchandise market, with products such as board games, albums, books, toys and T-shirts available to buy.

After Hi-de-Hi!
Several principal cast members were reunited in another period piece by the same writers called You Rang, M'Lord?, which piloted in 1988, and ran for four series to 1993, and again in Oh, Doctor Beeching! by David Croft and Richard Spendlove from 1995 for two series.

Home releases
Series One and Series Two, including the pilot, were released in a boxed set by Universal Playback on 3 March 2003, followed by a boxed set of Series Three and Series Four on 5 April 2004. The Series 5 and Series 6 was released in a boxed set on 23 October 2006. Universal Playback encountered problems when releasing the first four series on DVD because they did not hold the rights to the soundtrack. As a result, some of the episodes were edited. Series Seven was released on 5 May 2008. Series Eight and Series Nine were released in a double pack on 22 September 2008. A complete boxed set containing all 9 series has also been released.

title: Hi-de-Hi!


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Talk:Harold L. Ickes

Comment
Much of this page is verbatim from http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/abouteleanor/q-and-a/glossary/ickes-harold.htm. I am not familiar enough to know if this is allowed. Is it? JnB987 20:08, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * This comment refers to a previous version of the article. It was deleted and has since been completely rewritten. Ydorb 23:05, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

This US gov't site has some more interesting info, should be copyright free. Wolfman 05:52, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ickes middle name
Is his middle name spelt correctly in this article? I remember reading that it was LeClare. Pgerckn (talk) 11:24, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good catch; the correct spelling is unknown. I've added a note and citation about this under "Pronunciation and spelling of name."Gingerwiki (talk) 04:55, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

POV
The neutrality of this article is questionable. Whenever a negative comment is made, there is no citation. For instance what does "little change" in unemployment mean? There at least should be a citation so people can judge that. The same can be said for "some historians." Classic weasel words and POV. --Ajterand (talk) 23:04, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Harold L. Ickes


text: Category:Nitrides

title: Category:Nitrides


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Wikipedia talk:Software status

I can understand that large Wikipedias could be slowed down by those special pages, but the 51-article Maori Wikipedia can't be in that category. We don't even get offered the static dump!! Would someone please restore that feature at least to "short pages" (where I have specifically encouraged new users to look) and "Most Wanted" - Robin Patterson 20:13, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Maori does get a static dump. See http://download.wikimedia.org/archives/mi/. You could try requesting the special pages be enabled at [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=browse&group_id=34373&atid=411195&set=custom&_assigned_to=0&_status=1&_category=100&_group=100&order=open_date&sort=DESC&offset=0

F sourceforge] or on wikitech-l. It isn't anything people here can enable. Angela. 16:47, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC) "Short pages "Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki."
 * Thank you for the response, Angela. But it leaves me puzzled. That archives list has nothing between 31 May and 6 June, and when I hit the button that should give me http://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Shortpages all I get on the resulting page is something like this:

 * Now, as I suggested, with a Wikipedia that has fewer than 60 articles (and not too many hundred other pages) that cannot be the reason for disablement; and, if there really is a static dump available for us to look at (instead of having to download a file of unknown format and size), that page should be offering it. I guess it is consoling to see that even the "en" equivalent has the same message with no offer of a static dump today!

 * I will pursue the matter at those other references mentioned. I don't want to have potential new users put off unnecessarily, just when I may be succeeding in getting some good speakers of Maori interested.
 * Robin Patterson 06:13, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It only shows 31 May - 6 June because the backups are only distributed weekly. The special pages are cached now, so you will see some of them, but they won't automatically update straight away. Angela. 04:50, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems OK again, thank you all! - at least the Short Pages and the Long Pages and the Wanted Pages come up with lists that seem reasonably current. - Robin Patterson 03:07, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Search Sometimes Enabled
It seems like search is sometimes enabled and sometimes disabled. Is this the result of variations in traffic, testing to see how much it affects performance, a software glitch, or just disagreement over whether it should be enabled? Also, is the search Indexed? nroose Talk 18:34, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes to all of those questions. Search is disabled for different reasons. It is sometimes put on for only off-peak times, but also depends on the wiki. The larger ones, such as English, are more likely to be disabled than the other ones. Problems such as a server going out of service, or the searchindex taking too long to update can also cause search to be disabled. The server admin log usually mentions when and why it's been disabled. Angela.

title: Wikipedia talk:Software status


text:
Category:Electrodynamics

Electrodynamics is the branch of physics which deals with rapidly changing electric and magnetic fields.

title: Category:Electrodynamics


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Dizziness

Dizziness is an imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness. It can also refer to disequilibrium or a non-specific feeling, such as giddiness or foolishness.

Dizziness is a common medical complaint, affecting 20–30% of persons. Dizziness is broken down into four main subtypes: vertigo (~25–50%), disequilibrium (less than ~15%), presyncope (less than ~15%), and nonspecific dizziness (~10%).
 * Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or having one's surroundings spin about them. Many people find vertigo very disturbing and often report associated nausea and vomiting.
 * Presyncope describes lightheadedness or feeling faint; the name relates to syncope, which is actually fainting.
 * Disequilibrium is the sensation of being off balance and is most often characterized by frequent falls in a specific direction. This condition is not often associated with nausea or vomiting.
 * Non-specific dizziness may be psychiatric in origin. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and can sometimes be brought about by hyperventilation.

Mechanism and causes
Many conditions cause dizziness because multiple parts of the body are required for maintaining balance including the inner ear, eyes, muscles, skeleton, and the nervous system. Thus dizziness can be caused by a variety of problems and may reflect a focal process (such as one affecting balance or coordination) or a diffuse one (such as a toxic exposure or low perfusion state).

Common causes of dizziness include:
 * Inadequate blood supply to the brain due to:
 * A sudden fall in blood pressure
 * Heart problems or artery blockages
 * Anaemias, such as vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, iron deficiency anemia
 * Loss or distortion of vision or visual cues
 * Standing too quickly/prolonged standing
 * Disorders of the inner ear
 * Dehydration
 * Distortion of brain/nervous function by medications such as anticonvulsants and sedatives
 * Dysfunction of cervical proprioception
 * Side effects from other prescription drugs, such as proton-pump inhibitors or Coumadin (warfarin)

Differential diagnosis
Dizziness may occur from an abnormality involving the brain (in particular the brainstem or cerebellum), inner ear, eyes, heart, vascular system, fluid or blood volume, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, or body electrolytes. Dizziness can accompany certain serious events, such as a concussion or brain bleed, epilepsy and seizures (convulsions), stroke, and cases of meningitis and encephalitis. However, the most common subcategories can be broken down as follows: 40% peripheral vestibular dysfunction, 10% central nervous system lesion, 15% psychiatric disorder, 25% presyncope/disequilibrium, and 10% nonspecific dizziness. Some vestibular pathologies have symptoms that are comorbid with mental disorders.

While traditional medical teaching has focused on determining the cause of dizziness based on the category (such as vertigo vs. presyncope), research published in 2017 suggests that this analysis is of limited clinical utility.

Medical conditions that often have dizziness as a symptom include:
 * Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
 * Ménière's disease
 * Labyrinthitis
 * Otitis media
 * Brain tumor
 * Acoustic neuroma
 * Motion sickness
 * Ramsay Hunt syndrome
 * Fatal Familial Insomnia
 * Migraine
 * Multiple sclerosis
 * Pregnancy
 * Low blood pressure (hypotension)
 * Low blood oxygen content (hypoxemia)
 * Heart attack
 * Iron deficiency (anemia)
 * Vitamin B12 deficiency
 * Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
 * Hormonal changes (e.g. thyroid disease, menstruation, pregnancy)
 * Panic disorder
 * Hyperventilation
 * Anxiety
 * Depression
 * Age-diminished visual, balance, and perception of spatial orientation abilities
 * Stroke; cause of isolated dizziness in 0.7% of people who present to the emergency department

Epidemiology
About 20–30% of the population report to have experienced dizziness at some point in 2008.

Disequilibrium
In medicine, disequilibrium refers to impaired equilibrioception that can be characterised as a sensation of impending fall or of the need to obtain external assistance for proper locomotion. It is sometimes described as a feeling of improper tilt of the floor, or as a sense of floating. This sensation can originate in the inner ear or other motion sensors, or in the central nervous system. Neurologic disorders tend to cause constant vertigo or disequilibrium and usually have other symptoms of neurologic dysfunction associated with the vertigo. Many medications used to treat seizures, depression, anxiety, and pain affect the vestibular system and the central nervous system which can cause the symptom of disequilibrium.

title: Dizziness


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Ensoniq

Ensoniq Corp. was an American electronics manufacturer, best known throughout the mid-1980s and 1990s for its musical instruments, principally samplers and synthesizers.

History
In spring 1983, former MOS Technology engineers Robert "Bob" Yannes, Bruce Crockett, Charles Winterble, David Ziembicki, and Al Charpentier formed Peripheral Visions. The team had designed the Commodore 64, and hoped to build another computer. To raise funds, Peripheral Visions agreed to build a computer keyboard for the Atari 2600, but the video game crash of 1983 canceled the project and Commodore sued the new company, claiming that it owned the keyboard project. Renaming itself as Ensoniq, the new company instead designed a music synthesizer.

Ensoniq grew rapidly over the next few years with the success of the Mirage and the ESQ-1. The plant in Great Valley, Pennsylvania employed nearly 200 people and housed the manufacturing facility. A number of successful products followed which all included the full-custom ICs for music and effects which were developed in house. While the core keyboard products were generally successful, there were some quality problems and increasing competition from Asian companies. An attempt to diversify into hearing aids was unsuccessful and put the company in financial peril. In the mid-nineties, they developed a line of very cost-effective sound cards which sold millions of units. In January 1998, ENSONIQ Corp. was acquired by Creative Technology Ltd. for $77 million. The acquisition was focused on the sound-card technology of the Ensoniq Audio-PCI. The musical products division, which was in financial trouble, was merged with E-mu Systems to form the E-Mu/Ensoniq division of Creative. Over the next three years the Ensoniq operation in Pennsylvania was gradually dismantled and shut down. After releasing an entry-level E-mu MK6/PK6 and Ensoniq Halo keyboards in 2002 – essentially keyboard versions of the Proteus 2500 module – the E-Mu/Ensoniq division was dissolved and support for legacy products was discontinued soon afterward.

Musical instruments and digital systems

Ensoniq entered the instrument market with the Mirage sampling keyboard in 1985. At the price of USD$1695 it cost significantly less than previous samplers such as the Fairlight CMI and the E-MU Emulator. Starting with the ESQ-1, they began producing sample-based synthesizers. Following the success of these products, Ensoniq established a subsidiary in Japan in 1987.

Ensoniq products were highly professional. Strong selling points were ease-of-use and their characteristic "fat", rich sound (generally thought of as being an "American" quality, as opposed to the "Japanese" sound which was more "digital" and somewhat "cold"). After the Mirage, all Ensoniq instruments featured integrated sequencers (even their late '80s and early '90s samplers) providing an all-in-one "digital studio production concept" instrument. These were often called "Music Workstations". Starting with the VFX synthesizer, high-quality effects units were included, in addition most synthesizer and all sampler models featured disk drives and/or RAM cards for storage. The manuals and tutorial documents were clearly written and highly musician-oriented, allowing the users to quickly get satisfactory results from their machines. In 1988, the company enlisted the Dixie Dregs in a limited edition promotional CD Off the Record which featured the band using the EPS sampler and SQ-80 cross wave synthesizer.

The company had much success with the SQ product line starting in the early 1990s. This was a lower-cost line that included the SQ-1 (61 keys), SQ-2 (76 keys) and SQ-R (rack-mounted, with no keys or sequencer), as well as KS-32 with full 76-keys weighted piano-keyboard. Later versions were produced with 32 sound-generating voices.

The company's heyday was in the early 1990s when the VFX synthesizers offered innovative performance and sequencing features (and terrific acoustic sounds), along with the ASR series of 16-bit samplers which also integrated synthesis, effects, and sequencer into a single-unit digital studio. The TS synthesizers followed the legacy of the VFX line, improving several aspects such as the polyphony, effects engine, sample-loading capabilities and even better synth and acoustic sounds. The DP series of effects rack-mount units offered parallel processing and reverb presets on a par with Lexicon's offerings, but at affordable prices.

Despite these strengths, early (1980s) Ensoniq instruments suffered from reliability and quality problems such as bad keyboards (Mirage DSK-8), under-developed power-supply units (early ESQ-1), or mechanical issues (EPS polypressure keyboard). Through the early and mid-1990s, much effort was focused on improving the reliability of the products. The company did not manage to reinvent its workstation concept in order to survive the mid and late '90s.

Timeline of major products

 * 1984 – Ensoniq Pro-Cussion
 * 1985 – Ensoniq Mirage
 * 1986 – Ensoniq ESQ-1
 * 1986 – Ensoniq SDP-1 Sampled Digital Piano
 * 1988 – Ensoniq SQ-80
 * 1988 – Ensoniq EPS
 * 1989 – Ensoniq EPS-M
 * 1989 – Ensoniq VFX
 * 1989 – Ensoniq VFX-SD
 * 1990 – Ensoniq SQ-1
 * 1990 – Ensoniq SQ-R
 * 1990 – Ensoniq EPS 16 Plus
 * 1990 – Ensoniq SD-1
 * 1991 – Ensoniq SQ-R+
 * 1991 – Ensoniq SQ-1+
 * 1991 – Ensoniq SQ-2
 * 1992 – Ensoniq SQ-1+ 32 voice
 * 1992 – Ensoniq SQ-2 32 voice
 * 1992 – Ensoniq SQ-R+ 32-voice
 * 1992 – Ensoniq KS-32
 * 1992 – Ensoniq ASR-10
 * 1992 – Ensoniq TS-10 and TS-12
 * 1993 – Ensoniq DP/4
 * 1994 – Ensoniq KT-76 and Ensoniq KT-88
 * 1995 – Ensoniq DP/2
 * 1995 – Ensoniq DP/4+
 * 1996 – Ensoniq MR61
 * 1997 – Ensoniq ASR X
 * 1997 – Ensoniq DP/Pro
 * 1997 – Ensoniq E Prime
 * 1998 – Ensoniq Fizmo
 * 1998 – Ensoniq ZR-76
 * 1998 – Ensoniq ASR X Pro
 * 1998 – Ensoniq PARIS Digital Audio Workstation
 * 2002 – Ensoniq Halo (E-mu product using Ensoniq brand)

Sound cards and semiconductors
In 1986, after making an agreement with Apple Computer, the same ES5503 DOC (Digital Oscillator Chip, marketed as "Q-Chip") used in the Mirage sampler (DSK-8, DSK-1, DMS-1), ESQ-1, ESQ-M and SQ-80 synthesizers, and SDP-1 piano module, was incorporated into the Apple II GS personal computer.

Later engines, with 16-bit sample playback and internal digital filters, were ES5504 DOC-II (used in the EPS sampler) and ES5505 OTIS (used in the EPS16+ sampler and the VFX line of synthesizers featuring 21 voices). Finally, ES5506 OTTO drove all subsequent 32-voice machines (SD-1/32, TS10/12, ASR-10/88) and the dual-OTTO machines (KT, MR, ZR). The latest incarnation, ES5548 OTTO-48, was used in the final line of Ensoniq studio products (ASR-X, FIZMO).

Ensoniq also developed an effects DSP, ES5510 ESP, that was used in the machines from VFX on and the standalone FX units DP/2 and DP/4. OTTO-48 generation uses its greatly enhanced successor, ES5511 ESP V2. A combination of OTTO and ESP, ES5540 OTTOFX, was also developed and sold.

The Ensoniq ES5505 OTIS/OTISR2, and ES5510 ESP (Ensoniq Signal Processor) were also used in various arcade games. They were all manufactured on the CMOS process. OTTO was licensed to Advanced Gravis for use in the Gravis Ultrasound card. In 1994, production began on PC sound cards for home computers. The design of the video-game console Atari Panther also included the OTIS chip, though the product never reached series production. A dedicated version of OTTO, ES5530/35 OPUS, was developed for AT-bus sound cards, featuring built-in joystick and CD-ROM interface.

Ensoniq's sound cards were popular and shipped with many IBM PC compatibles. Many games in the late MS-DOS era supported the Ensoniq Soundscape either directly or through General MIDI. In addition, Ensoniq devised an ISA software audio emulation solution for their new PCI sound cards that was compatible with most contemporary IBM PC games. It is speculated that this was an important factor in Creative Lab's acquisition of Ensoniq, because Creative/E-MU was struggling with legacy compatibility at the time with their higher-performance PCI audio solutions.

Soundscape

 * Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000 The original Soundscape was Ensoniq's first direct foray into the PC sound card market. It was a full-length ISA digital audio and 'wavetable' sample-based synthesis audio card, equipped with a 2 MB Ensoniq-built ROM-based patch set.
 * Ensoniq SoundscapeDB The SSDB was a 'wavetable' daughterboard (sample-based synthesis daughterboard) upgrade for PCs with a sound card bearing a Wave Blaster-compatible connector. It was based upon the S-2000 chipset but was without the digital sound effects section or any DAC. The SSDB would use the host sound card for final output.

 * Ensoniq Soundscape Elite was Ensoniq's high-end ISA offering. It offered the highest MIDI quality of any PC sound card they ever made, including the newer AudioPCI. The Elite was based mostly around the S-2000, with some additional features that set it far apart from its progenitor.

 * Ensoniq Soundscape OPUS This card was a Gateway 2000 OEM, and possibly was used by other OEMs, but was never sold to Ensoniq's customers directly. It was a Soundscape-like board, using the Ensoniq 5530/5535 OPUS multimedia sound chip, a chip that was only used on these OEM boards and essentially comprises an OTTO with back-then usual additional interfacing (Joystick, CD-ROM).
 * Ensoniq Soundscape VIVO90 was Ensoniq's generational step forward from the Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000-based boards. It was first produced in 1996. VIVO90 had similar specifications to the older boards, but was built to cost less to manufacture.

AudioPCI

 * Ensoniq AudioPCI The AudioPCI was designed to be a low-cost, yet feature-rich audio solution, which could be integrated on computer motherboards as a value-added option. It consisted of little more than a small, host CPU driven audio chip (one of the following: S5016, ES1370, ES1371) and a companion DAC. Despite its small size and low cost, AudioPCI still offers nearly all of the audio capabilities and functionality of the Soundscape ELITE card. The AudioPCI line used an NMI-based emulation terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) program Ensoniq developed to provide a reasonable level of legacy DOS compatibility without requiring any signals from the ISA bus, though the TSR could cause problems with games that relied on custom flavors of protected mode.

title: Ensoniq


text:
Talk:Quaternion

Overly technical
The article is currently too technical for non-experts to understand; I am adding a tag to suggest the article be improved to be understandable to non-experts. Betanote4 (talk) 18:16, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

 * A certain amount of it is accessible to non-experts, and a certain amount of it isn't. But it's a technical subject, and that's about what we should expect.  Unless you can be more specific, the tag isn't really helpful, so I've removed it. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 18:30, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

 * This article is "Quaternions for Pure Mathematicians". For practical aspects, see Quaternions and spatial rotations, with Quaternions and spatial rotations providing a quick introduction to quaternions.  BMJ-pdx (talk) 22:55, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Quaternions are four-dimensional
We're missing h, it's call the Hamilton set for a reason, Hamilton was a human...

$$a\ w\ \mathbf h + b\ x\ \mathbf i + c\ y\ \mathbf j +d\ z\ \mathbf k,$$ NJB (talk) 04:52, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It’s hard to tell what you are trying to say. But as a general rule, Wikipedia follows whatever the commonly accepted convention is in reliable sources (or when there are multiple common convention, picks one and mentions the alternatives). Do you have a reliable source for your "h" here? If you are just throwing out ideas, you may want to write a blog post or self-published paper, as you are unlikely to find support for their inclusion here. –jacobolus (t) 07:25, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It's basic primary school mathematics, you shouldn't need a source for $$h$$, as it is the original human number system otherwise known as $$\mathbb{R}$$. It's always there, but it's most often omitted due to a combination of short hand mathematical notation and/or ignorance about lateral numbers.

 * To add two signed numbers, such as $$+1 + -1$$, most people would just rewrite the equation using subtraction and say that the value is $$0$$, but this because they were taught short hand arithmetic notation starting in primary school. Even when dealing with only real numbers, 0i is always still there as part of the equation, it's also just simply omitted in short hand notation.

 * $$+1 + -1 = (+1 + 0i) + (-1 + 0i)) = 0 + 0i$$

 * So naturally in the equation above, the $$0$$ alone by itself is on the $$h$$ axis, $$\mathbb{R}$$, which is omitted in short hand notation, but the more formal general form for this equation using quaternions is as follows:

 * $$(1h + 0i + 0j + 0k) + (-1h + 0i + 0j + 0k) = 0h + 0i + 0j + 0k = 0$$

 * $1 = h^2i^2j^2k^2 = (\sqrt {-1})^2(\sqrt {-1})^2(\sqrt {-1})^2(\sqrt {-1})^2$

 * $h^2 = \frac {1}{i^2j^2k^2} = \frac {1}{(-1)(-1)(-1)} = -1$
 * $i^2 = \frac {1}{h^2j^2k^2} = \frac {1}{(-1)(-1)(-1)} = -1$
 * $j^2 = \frac {1}{h^2i^2k^2} = \frac {1}{(-1)(-1)(-1)} = -1 $
 * $k^2 = \frac {1}{h^2i^2j^2} = \frac {1}{(-1)(-1)(-1)} = -1$

 * NJB (talk) 16:51, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Regardless of all that stuff, you still need a reliable source, and YouTube is not a reliable source.—Anita5192 (talk) 17:04, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * (a) This Youtube video is well made and worth showing to students but it does not support your claims.
 * (b) What you have written here is not the way people use quaternions or other number systems in practice. Again, feel free to invent whatever number system you want in your own writings (self-published papers, blog posts, etc.). However, it’s not relevant to this Wikipedia article. Let’s try to keep discussion focused on improving the article; Wikipedia talk pages are not a general-purpose forum. –jacobolus (t) 18:03, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * In his notation, $$(1h + 0i + 0j + 0k) \times (1h + 0i + 0j + 0k) = -1h + 0i + 0j + 0k $$. That is not how multiplication in quaternions works.--agr (talk) 18:47, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I was not attempting to multiple them, it was just simple addition on a system of polynomial equations, here is a better example..
 * $$+a(x-y)^2h^2 + 0(x-y)^2i^2 + 0(x-y)^2j^2 + 0(x-y)^2k^2$$
 * $$-a(x-y)^2h^2 + 0(x-y)^2i^2 + 0(x-y)^2j^2 + 0(x-y)^2k^2$$
 * There is an implied symbolic coefficient, in this instance the coefficient of $$i$$, $$j$$, and $$k$$ is $$0$$, so when multiplied those all evaluate to $$0$$.
 * $$+a(x-y)^2h^2$$
 * $$-a(x-y)^2h^2$$
 * The only difference here is $$a + -a$$, so you can use addition here. NJB (talk) 21:33, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Your expressions here are incoherent because you have not defined a, x, y, or h. But don’t bother to define them; it’s a waste of your (and everyone’s) time. If you have a question (Example question: "why when writing complex numbers don't mathematicians give a symbolic name to the real unit $h ≡ 1$, so a complex number could be written $xh + yi$ with real part $x$ and imaginary part $y$, so there would be symbolic symmetry between real and imaginary parts?" Example answer: "You are welcome to do it that way if you want. Most mathematicians like to skip redundant symbols where possible to reduce clutter.") perhaps take it to Reference desk/Mathematics or try some mathematics discussion forum like reddit or mathematics stack exchange. –jacobolus (t) 22:30, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Why? a, x, and y have no relevance to the topic at hand, we are talking about our four-demential quaternion number system, the entirety of the equations including the Arabic numerals themself are symbolic representations of abstract ideas. We're dealing with algebra here, and anyone who has passed college algebra knows that you can have coefficients and variables in an equation.
 * What you call clutter I call lack of completeness and attention to detail, you've just literally admitted the point that I was originally attempting to make, that the wikipedia article is using sloppy shorthand notation in its attempt to rigorously define what a quaternion even is. If you don't see that as a problem then I don't know what to tell you. I have no problem with people using shorthand notation, I do it all the time, but in an encyclopedic article that is attempting to rigorously define something, you have to at least discuss the formal long form notation at least one, and ideally also provide wiki links to all of the assumed knowledge that is necessary to understand it. NJB (talk) 20:05, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is using the standard notation used by literally every source about this topic for the past 150 years. You can run a weird crusade against conventions you dislike somewhere else, but the job of Wikipedia is to describe encyclopedic topics as established in reliable sources, which is what this article currently does.
 * Pretty much anyone who does mathematics can think of several notation conventions they dislike for one reason or another, but if they want to change the conventions they can make those arguments in blog posts, journal papers, textbooks, etc.; speculative conversations about possible non-standard notation conventions don’t belong in wikipedia.
 * "I don't know what to tell you." – that’s fine, you don't need to tell us anything. This whole conversation is off topic and should end ASAP. –jacobolus (t) 21:35, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Biquaternions are eight-dimensional
See biquaternion for the use of h as a square root of minus one which commutes with i, j, and k. The algebra of biquaternions is only four dimensions when considered over the field of complex numbers x + yh. Biquaternions provide a representation of Minkowski space and Lorentz transformations described by Ludwik Silberstein in 1914, but the original algebra comes from Hamilton's Lectures on Quaternions (1853). Rgdboer (talk) 03:32, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

Why refer to i, j, and k as “basic quaternion”?
“ Quaternions are generally represented in the form a + bi + cj + dk where a, b, c, and d are real numbers; and i, j, and k are the basic quaternions.”

Why refer to i, j, and k as the “basic quaternions” and not the “standard basis vectors”? I have not seen the term basic quaternion before and did not find any relevant information when looking it up. 76.151.136.63 (talk) 13:40, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Firstly, the standard basis of the vector space of the quaternions contains also the real number 1. Secondly, one may understand what are quaternions without knowing vector spaces, bases of vector spaces, and standard bases. So, the change you suggest would make the article unnecessarily more technical (see WP:TECHNICAL). Also, the concept of a vector space has been introduced years after the quaternions, and I guess that bases of vector spaces have been so named after the basic quaternions. D.Lazard (talk) 16:35, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I changed basic quaternions to basis vectors or basis elements partly to be consistent with the rest of the article, partly because I found a reference for it, and partly because basic quaternions seems to be nonstandard.—Anita5192 (talk) 17:04, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It's a matter of changing definitions of vector. The use of the word vector in mathematics was originated by Hamilton to refer to the "imaginary" part of a quaternion. But later Gibbs/Heaviside adopted it in their formulation of electrodynamics based on dot and cross products (popularized in the book Vector Analysis). Later, while physicists continue to use the Gibbs/Heaviside concept, mathematicians adopted the same name for the broader concept of a vector space. The mathematician's concept of a "vector" is different enough that applying the word to the imaginary part of a quaternion causes some confusion today. –jacobolus (t) 17:22, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't see this in the History section, so perhaps it should be included.—Anita5192 (talk) 17:42, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
 * There is an additional point of confusion, which is that as the even sub-algebra of the geometric algebra (real Clifford algebra) of Euclidean 3-space, the quaternions are "actually" made up of a scalar ("real") part and a bivector ("imaginary") part. Both Hamilton and Gibbs/Heaviside somewhat conflated the concepts of vectors (line-oriented magnitudes) and bivectors (plane-oriented magnitudes), sometimes calling the latter "pseudovectors" or "axial vectors" because they transform differently than ordinary vectors, the "polar vectors". This is possible in 3 dimensional Euclidean space (but no other dimension) because every plane has a unique perpendicular axis. When you take the cross product of two vectors to get a "pseudovector", it would be conceptually clearer to instead take the wedge product of two vectors to get a bivector, treated as a conceptually different type of object. –jacobolus (t) 20:11, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

Square roots of arbitrary quaternions
The formula for the square root of a quaternion essentially uses the trigonometric identity for the sine of a half angle $\sin(\theta/2) = \sqrt{(1-\cos(\theta))/2}$. The formula looses precision for small angles and should never be used for numerical calculation. This is similar to finding the angle between two vectors using arccos formula, which is generally unacceptable. Arcshinus (talk) 02:50, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

Discovery or invention?
To me, it seems that some things in mathematics are discoveries, and some are inventions. I consider $$pi$$ and $$e$$ to be discoveries, since they are fundamental to so much. Matrices I consider to be an invention, since, despite their flexibility and utility value, I've always regarded them as being rather arbitrary (full disclosure: I never did like matrices :). Quaternions also seem to fall into the invention category (more full disclosure: I love quaternions). Complex numbers are harder to so categorize; while the term "imaginary part" may argue for "invention", they are so closely tied to fundamentals (e.g., two-dimensional Euclidean space) that "discovery" also seems accurate. BMJ-pdx (talk) 22:39, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Maybe make a blog or social media post out of this instead of chitchatting about it here. Cf. WP:NOTFORUM. –jacobolus (t) 00:46, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * See Philosophy of Mathematics. --50.47.155.64 (talk) 15:51, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Error in the introduction?
I think the sentence: 'Quaternions are generally represented in the form where the coefficients a, b, c, d are real numbers, and 1, i, j, k are the basis vectors or basis elements.'

Should read: 'Quaternions are generally represented in the form where the coefficients a, b, c, d are real numbers, and i, j, k are the basis vectors or basis elements.'

That is, the '1, ' before the 'i' should be deleted. Is that correct? MathewMunro (talk) 09:09, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The introduction is correct, quaternions form a vector space of dimension 4 over the reals. However, the modern concept of a vector space was not elaborated when Hamilton introduced quaternions, and this may make terminology slightly confusing. Indeed, 1 is a vector (element) in the vector space of all quaternions, but is not a "vector quaternion", the vector quaternions being those quaternions for which $$a=0;$$ they form a vector space of dimension 3. D.Lazard (talk) 09:43, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

What the eff?
The section on "P.R. Girard's 1984 essay..." is full of references to the author. I'm too busy, but someone needs to clean that up or delete the entire ugly self-promotion. Verdana ♥ Bold 10:52, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Paragraph removed. D.Lazard (talk) 12:07, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Wait, why delete this section. From what i see and find, the references are indeed correct. How can this be self-promotion? Mwcb (talk) 12:01, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Details on a specific author does not belong to this article. For not being promotional, an independent source is needed. Such a source must discuss the importance, if any, of the results. Without that, the paragraph is there only for promoting an author. D.Lazard (talk) 12:38, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

Extend
What does the term "extends" mean in the first sentence of this article? Comfr (talk) 18:52, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * It means that the complex numbers can be considered as a subset of the quaternions, with the same behavior as quaternions that they have as complex numbers, but quaternions also include additional elements which combine compatibly with the existing ones. –jacobolus (t) 20:33, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Because this is a technical article, technical terms should be well defined. Unfortunately, the technical term "extends" appears in the article without a definition, which motivated me to hyperlink "extends" to Field extension.
 * User:Quantling correctly observed that Quaternion are not a field. Quaternion are not commutative, which is a required property of a field.
 * Vector products and also not commutative, however "vector fields" exist.
 * The article Field extension does not say that a field extension might not be a field. Should that be fixed? Comfr (talk) 22:14, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * See ring extension for an appropriate link.— Rgdboer (talk) 00:01, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Two more on topic: Complexification and Cayley%E2%80%93Dickson construction. — Rgdboer (talk) 00:09, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * To clarify: there are (at least) two meanings of field in mathematics. In algebra it means a set with a commutative addition and commutative multiplication operation and various additional properties; this is the present discussion.  In analysis, it means a function defined on a manifold (including manifolds like ordinary Euclidean spaces); and if the result (image) of the function is a vector (at each point of the manifold) then it is called a vector field. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 13:52, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * In this context, "extends" does not need to be interpreted as a precise technical term; the ordinary English meaning of the word is plenty clear. I would not bother wiki-linking it to anything. –jacobolus (t) 18:24, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

An underlying extension is the group extension from {1, i, –1, –i } ≅ ℤ4 to the quaternion group ℚ8. The extension is not uniquely determined and can lead to the dihedral group of order 8 which lies under the coquaternion ring. Rgdboer (talk) 00:09, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

Overheard in a 19th century classroom:
 * Student: We are familiar with complex numbers, but now you want to introduce some things even more complicated than these complex ones. What do you propose to call such things?
 * Teacher: Well, hypercomplex numbers, of course. — Rgdboer (talk) 01:02, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

Errors in product graph image
The image showing the cycles of multiplication appears to be incorrect. In particular, the arrows in the three outer cycles should be inverted.

For example, starting at positive j, cycling along the blue path counter clockwise (xk):

 * j * k = -i (graph shows positive i)
 * i * k = j (graph shows negative j)
 * -j * k = i (graph shows negative i)
 * -i * k = -j (graph shows positive j)

The same is true for the outer red and green cycles. However, inverting the direction fixes the error. 2620:1F7:93F:425:0:0:32:14F (talk) 12:51, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The diagram is correct. As you can see in several places in the article (for example, Multiplication of basis elements), jk = i, ik = –j, –jk = –i, and –ik = j.—Anita5192 (talk) 13:25, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quaternion


text:
Banco Popular Español

Banco Popular Español, S.A. was the sixth largest banking group in Spain before it was bought by Banco Santander as part of a rescue package in June 2017.

Components
The group consisted of the following companies: national bank Banco Popular Español, regional bank Banco Pastor, mortgage bank Banco Popular Hipotecario, private bank Popular Banca Privada, French subsidiary Banco Popular France (sold to Crédit Mutuel in 2008), Portugal subsidiary Banco Popular Portugal, USA subsidiary TotalBank (now part of City National Bank of Florida), Internet bank WiZink, and estate services subsidiary Aliseda. The bank had international offices in Belgium, Chile, Germany, Hong Kong, Morocco, Netherlands, Switzerland (Geneva and Zürich), London, United States, France, Italy, and Venezuela.

History
Banco Popular Español (BPE) was founded in 1926. BPE opened a representative office in Paris in 1968 that became a subsidiary that by 1991 had a network of 14 branches in France. In 1992 BPE converted its subsidiary in France into a joint venture with Banco Comercial Português under the name Banco Popular Comercial. BPE established a network of branches in Portugal in 2000.

In 2002 BPE and Banco Comercial Português parted ways; Banco Popular Comercial becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Banco Popular and changed its name to Banco Popular France. In Portugal, Banco Popular buys Banco Nacional de Crédito (BNC) and transfers its existing branches there to BNC. Later, in 2005, BNC changed its name to Banco Popular Portugal. In 2007 BPE bought a small bank in Southern Florida (United States of America) called TotalBank for US$300 million. The bank has 20 branches in Miami Dade County and more than 400 employees.

In 2017 SRM put Banco Popular under resolution process. All existing stocks and additional Tier 1 instruments are written down. Tier 2 instruments are converted into stocks and then sold to Banco Santander S.A. for €1. On August 8, 2017, it was announced that Banco Santander would sell its portion of Banco Popular's real estate business to the New York City-based private equity corporation Blackstone Group.

title: Banco Popular Español


text:
Theodorick Bland (judge)

Theodorick Bland (December 6, 1776 – November 16, 1846) was a Maryland attorney, statesman, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland and Chancellor of Maryland.

Education and early career
Born in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, Bland was admitted to the bar in 1797. He was in private practice of law in Danville Virginia, then in Tennessee and Kentucky, and finally in Baltimore, Maryland. Around 1800, he settled in Baltimore after reportedly after "becoming dissatisfied with life on the frontier". He was elected a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1809 where he helped to write a new criminal code for the state. He was secretary of the Committee of Public Safety for Baltimore, beginning in 1812. On October 10, 1812, Bland was appointed to succeed Thomas Jones an associate judge for the 6th Judicial District of Maryland, which included Baltimore and Harford Counties, and served in that capacity until 1817. During the War of 1812, he was Secretary of the city's Committee of Safety, and was active in defense of the city at the time of British invasion.

South American Commission service
Along with Caesar Augustus Rodney and John Graham, Bland was selected by President James Monroe in November 1817 for a special diplomatic mission to South America, the South American Commission of 1817–1818. He was endorsed for the slot by the secretary to the commission, Henry Marie Brackenridge. Bland suggested to Monroe that at least part of the Commission be authorized to visit Chile and authorization for this was given by United States Secretary of State John Quincy Adams two-weeks before setting sail. Under the command of Commodore Arthur Sinclair, the USS Congress (1799) sailed on December 4, 1817, and arrived at Rio de Janeiro on January 29, 1818. In Montevideo, Bland introduced botanist William Baldwin, who accompanied the commission as the ship's surgeon, to exiled Chilean general José Miguel Carrera. In April, Bland left Buenos Aires and went overland to Mendoza, Argentina then across the Uspallata Pass to Santiago, Chile. Meanwhile, the rest of the group departed the Isla Margarita on June 25, 1818, and returned to Norfolk, Virginia on July 8. A week later, Bland left Valparaíso and arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 29, 1818. The findings of the commissioners differed widely so much that they offered independent statements rather than one joint statement. Regarding the Government of Buenos Ayres, Secretary of State Adams summarized in his memoirs that "Bland holds them in abhorrence and contempt". Unlike the reports of the others who commented nearly only on political, military, and commercial matters, Bland's were longer and provided more discussion on geography and agriculture. He was impressed by the agricultural possibilities of Chile. The protagonists of the South American trip were all given "positions of trust" after their return.

Federal judicial service
Despite rumors of privateering, Bland received a recess appointment from President Monroe to a seat to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland vacated by Judge James Houston, on November 23, 1819. Formally nominated on January 3, 1820, Bland was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 5, 1820, and received his commission the same day. Bland served for four years, and resigned on August 16, 1824, to be appointed Chancellor of Maryland.

Chancellor of Maryland
Bland said:

"I determined, to make every effort to acquire a complete knowledge of the peculiar principles and practice of the Court of Chancery of Maryland to which my attention had been so rarely drawn and for which I had had, for many years in the judicial stations I previously held, so little use. Upon inquiry I soon found that anything like an accurate knowledge of those principles was only to be gathered from the records themselves, to which I therefore resorted and after a careful perusal noted the course of proceeding, and occasionally made short digests of such cases as appeared most likely to be useful thereafter. In this way I collected a considerable mass of information, which has greatly facilitated my official labors."

Shortly after his appointment, a ruling by Bland displeased a party to the suit, who persuaded the Maryland House of Delegates to attempt to abolish the office of Chancellor, and failing that, to eliminate the salary for the position. The Maryland Senate rejected initial efforts to reduce the Chancellor's salary from $3,400 to $2,200 or $2,500, but eventually passed a House bill that made no provision for the salary, in order to avoid a fiscal crisis. In the next session of the legislature, Bland presented a memorandum arguing that the actions of the legislature threatened the independence of the judiciary. This appeal succeeded, and the legislature thereafter passed a bill to permanently fix the salary of the Chancellor at the sum of $3,400, and to pay Bland in arrears at that rate.

His opinions tended to be lengthy and to summarize substantial amounts of doctrine. An example is his opinion in Gwinn vs. Payson, written while he was sitting as Judge of the Baltimore County Court. The case involved a fairly simple bill in equity to have a certain deed set aside, and the property mentioned therein sold to satisfy a mortgage held by the complainants. Bland doubted his jurisdiction over the matter due to his uncertainty as to the constitutionality of the act clothing his court with chancery powers. He delivered a 94-page opinion, including 65 pages addressing the power of the judicial branch of the government to annul a law enacted by the legislative branch on the ground if its being in conflict with the Constitution of the State. Bland found that the legislature had exceeded its power in granting original equity jurisdiction to the court, but also noted that the parties had expressed their wish to have the matter resolved by the court, and therefore granted a consent decree.

Death
Described as a "gentleman of the old school", Bland died in his bed from "a disease of the heart" in Annapolis, Maryland on November 16, 1846. He was buried at Cemetery Creek (now St. Anne's Cemetery) in Annapolis. He was memorialized at a meeting of the Bar of Baltimore, by a committee chaired by United States Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and including William Henry Norris, with addresses delivered by distinguished members including Charles F. Mayer and Reverdy Johnson. It has been noted with some irony that Bland's will was the subject of litigation in Mayo vs. Bland, 4 Md. Chancery, 484.

Family
Chancellor Bland was a descendant of Governor Richard Bennett and Bennett's son-in-law, Theodorick Bland of Westover. He was the son of Theodorick Bland (born 1746) and Sarah Fitzhugh (1748–1793). Bland's uncle was Thomas Fitzhugh and his sister was Sophia Bland. Bland married Sarah Glen (born 1770), the widow of John Davis. Bland's two step-children by this marriage were: The marriage of Bland to Sarah Glen produced at least two children:
 * Elizabeth Glen Davies married John Stuart Skinner on March 10, 1812.
 * Jacob G. Davies
 * Sarah Battaile Fitzhugh Bland married Captain Isaac Mayo in 1835. Their daughter, Sarah Battaile Mayo, resided in the Peggy Stewart House in Annapolis and married Thomas Henry Gaither in 1857.
 * William G. Bland

John Hesselius painted a portrait of Bland's mother, Sarah Fitzhugh Bland, in 1767. It is the only signed work by Hesselius for which there is a record of the value of the commission: £20 and sixteen shillings. The Maryland Historical Society eventually received the portrait from Chancellor Bland's great-grandsons in 1945.

Between 1828 and 1845, Bland purchased a 300-acre farm owned by John Crompton Weems and known as "LaGrange"; under his ownership, the property became known as "Blandair". Sarah Bland Mayo inherited the property upon her father's death and eventually gave the property to her daughter, Sarah Mayo Gaither, as a wedding present in 1857.

title: Theodorick Bland (judge)


text:
Siida

A siida is an organisation of humans traditionally present in Sámi societies consisting of several families of reindeer herders whose reindeer graze together. Siidas traditionally encompassed more resources than reindeer, but after changes in Sámi societies over the course of the 1600s, only reindeer herders still practiced this system. It is termed a sameby ('Sámi village') in Swedish law, reinbeitedistrikt ('reindeer pasture district') in Norwegian law, and paliskunta ('reindeer herding district') in Finnish law. The pastoralist organisation differs slightly between countries, except in Russia, where kolkhoz replaced these earlier organisations.

Sweden
In Sweden, membership in a siida follows "pastoralist rights" based on statute of limitations, and is limited to individuals of Sámi descent. These rights also include hunting and fishing for profit. There are thirty-three mountain siidas, ten forest siidas and eight concession siidas, divided by historical extent, summer and winter pasture usage, etc. Membership is required to practice pastoralist rights. This is required for reindeer ownership as well, except in concession siidas, where even non-members can own "serve reindeers", served by siida members who receiving concession to pasture lands in payment. This custom originates in older conventions when reindeer were used by settled local populations in daily life. The economic activity in present-day siidas is limited to profit from pastoralist rights. In addition to the geographical and economic nature of the siida, it also ties the members together culturally and socially.

Based on historic Swedification policies that distinguished between settled and nomadic Sámi, membership in Swedish siidas is essentially limited to those whose ancestors were nomads before 1886, barring the majority of Swedish Sámi from membership in a siida.

Swedish sameby
Mountain Sámi villages: Könkämä, Lainiovuoma, Saarivuoma, Talma, Gabna, Leavas, Girjas, Báste, Unna Tjerusj, Sirges, Jåkkåkaskatjiellde, Tuorpon, Luokta Mavas, Semisjaur-Njarg, Svaipa, Grans, Rans, Ubmeje tjeälddie, Vapstens, Vilhelmina norra, Vilhelmina södra, Frostvikens norra, Ohredahke, Raedtievaerie, Jiingevaerie, Jovnevaerie, Njaarke, Kall, Handölsdalens, Tåssåsens, Mittådalens, Ruvhten Sijte, and Idre

Forest Sámi villages: Vittangi, Gällivare, Serri, Udtja, Ståkke, Maskaur, Västra Kikkejaur, Östra Kikkejaur, Mausjaur, and Malå Concession Sámi villages: Muonio, Sattajärvi, Tärendö, Korju, Pirttijärvi, Ängeså, Kalix, and Liehittäjä

Norway
In Norway, pastoralist activity requires membership in a unit (driftsenhet), corresponding to a reindeer herd. The rights to conduct pastoralism are based on statute of limitations and limited to individuals of Sámi descent.

The 2007 Reindeer Husbandry Act revised the official reindeer district system to acknowledge and incorporate traditional siida units, improving recognition of Sámi land rights and centering reindeer grazing activities on ecologically and economically sustainable resource use based on local culture and tradition. Prior to the act, Norwegian authorities maintained their own definitions of reindeer herding districts, leading to piecemeal development and sales of land, disconnecting traditional pasture areas.

Finland and Russia
In Finland and Russia, pastoralist activity is not limited to ethnic Sámi. In Finland, reindeer herding is also practiced by non-Sámi Finns. There are 56 paliskuntas, of which 13 in the extreme north of Lapland constitute the Sámi area. However, reindeer herding has a more prominent economic role in the local communities of the north. Siidas are governed like stock companies, where the reindeer-holders elect a board of directors and a chief executive officer (poroisäntä, 'reindeer master') every three years, voting with as many votes as they have reindeer.

In Russia, Arctic peoples were forcibly relocated to kolchozes (collective communities) by the state between 1927 and 1940, including the Sámi of the Kola Peninsula. The Sámi were moved to kolchozes in the pogosts of Kamensky, Iokangsky, Kildinsky, Lovozersky, and Voronensk, and eventually two raion (administrative district) in Murmansk Oblast were designated as Sámi districts, Lovozersky District and Saamsky District.

title: Siida


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Chemical Markup Language

Chemical Markup Language (ChemML or CML) is an approach to managing molecular information using tools such as XML and Java. It was the first domain specific implementation based strictly on XML, first based on a DTD and later on an XML Schema, the most robust and widely used system for precise information management in many areas. It has been developed over more than a decade by Murray-Rust, Rzepa and others and has been tested in many areas and on a variety of machines.

Chemical information is traditionally stored in many different file types which inhibit reuse of the documents. CML uses XML's portability to help CML developers and chemists design interoperable documents. There are a number of tools that can generate, process and view CML documents. Publishers can distribute chemistry within XML documents by using CML, e.g. in RSS documents.

CML is capable of supporting a wide range of chemical concepts including:
 * molecules
 * reactions
 * spectra and analytical data
 * computational chemistry
 * chemical crystallography and materials

Details of CML and points currently under discussion are now posted on the CML Blog.

Versioning
Versions of the schema are available at SourceForge. As of April 2012, the latest frozen schema is CML v2.4. Some constructs in CML v1 are now deprecated.

Tools
JUMBO began life as the Java Universal Molecular Browser for Objects but is now a Java library that supports validation, reading and writing of CML as well as conversion of several legacy formats to CML and, for example, a reaction in CML to an animated SVG representation of the reaction. JUMBO has evolved into an extensive Java library, CMLDOM, supporting all elements in the schema. Although JUMBO used to be a browser, the preferred approach is to use the Open Source tools Jmol and JChemPaint, some of which use alternative CML libraries. See Blue Obelisk.

Software support
Software importing and exporting a valid CML format
 * Bioclipse
 * CDK
 * JOELib
 * OpenBabel
 * Avogadro
 * XDrawChem
 * OpenChrom

title: Chemical Markup Language


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Wallachians

Wallachians could mean:

 * Vlachs, Eastern Romance-speaking peoples of southeastern Europe
 * Inhabitants of Wallachia, a region of Romania
 * Inhabitants of Moravian Wallachia, a region in eastern Czech Republic

title: Wallachians


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Category:Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics (also called quantum physics or quantum theory) is a physical theory that is believed to be the formalism underlying the description of all physical systems. Quantum mechanical departures from classical physics are most often encountered at small length scales, very low or very high energies, or low temperatures.

title: Category:Quantum mechanics


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Merchandising

Merchandising is any practice which contributes to the sale of products to a retail consumer. At a retail in-store level, merchandising refers to displaying products that are for sale in a creative way that entices customers to purchase more items or products.

In retail commerce, visual display merchandising means merchandise sales using product design, selection, packaging, pricing, and display that stimulates consumers to spend more. This includes disciplines and discounting, physical presentation of products and displays, and the decisions about which products should be presented to which customers at what time. Often in a retail setting, creatively tying in related products or accessories is a great way to entice consumers to purchase more.

Merchandising helps to understand the ordinary dating notation for the terms of payment of an invoice. Codified discounting solves pricing problems including markups and markdowns. It helps to find the net price of an item after single or multiple trade discounts and can calculate a single discount rate that is equivalent to a series of multiple discounts. Further, it helps to calculate the amount of cash discount for which a payment qualifies.

Promotional merchandising
The annual cycle of merchandising differs between countries and even within them, particularly relating to cultural customs like holidays, and seasonal issues like climate and local sporting and recreation. Events such as Chinese festivals and Japanese festivals are incorporated in an annual cycle of shop decorations and merchandise promotion.

As just one example, in the United States the basic retail cycle begins in early January with merchandise for Valentine's Day, which is not until mid-February. Presidents' Day sales are held shortly thereafter. Following this, Easter is the major holiday, while springtime clothing and garden-related merchandise is already arriving at stores, often as early as mid-winter (toward the beginning of this section, St. Patrick's Day merchandise, including green items and products pertaining to Irish culture, is also promoted). Mother's Day and Father's Day are next, with graduation gifts (typically small consumer electronics like digital cameras) often being marketed as "dads and grads" in June (though most college semesters end in May; the grads portion usually refers to high school graduation, which occurs one to two weeks after Father's Day in many U.S. states). Summer merchandise is next, including patriotic-themed products with the American flag, placed on the market by Memorial Day in preparation for Independence Day (with Flag Day in between). By July, back-to-school is on the shelves and autumn merchandise is already arriving, and at some arts and crafts stores, Christmas decorations. (Often, a Christmas in July celebration is held around this time.) The back-to-school market is promoted heavily in August, when there are no holidays to promote. By September, particularly after Labor Day, summer merchandise is on final closeout and overstock of school supplies is marked-down some as well, and Halloween (and often even more of the Christmas) merchandise is appearing. As the Halloween decorations and costumes dwindle in October, Christmas is already being pushed on consumers, and by the day after Halloween retailers are going full-force with advertising, even though the "official" season does not start until the day after Thanksgiving. Christmas clearance sales begin even before Christmas at many retailers, though others begin on the day after Christmas and continue on at least until New Year's Day but sometimes as far out as February.

The trend of stocking stores with merchandise many weeks prior to the actual event targeted and the period of consumption can be described by the term advance selling. Although it may seem disadvantageous for sellers, advance selling can have the opposite effect. For example, this practice works to counteract a lack of abundant capacity in stores during prime seasons and a lack of value in premature products.

Merchandising also varies within retail chains, where stores in places like Buffalo might carry snow blowers, while stores in Florida and southern California might instead carry beach clothing and barbecue grills all year. Coastal-area stores might carry water skiing equipment, while ones near mountain ranges would likely have snow skiing and snowboarding gear if there are ski areas nearby.

Silent persuasion
As promotional merchandise acquires a larger portion of companies' annual budgets, its appearance in the hands of unintended recipients increases. However, this has been found to generate a positive outcome for companies without any additional effort after producing the merchandise because of the concept of silent persuasion. The concept theorizes that even without the acknowledgement of the brand being promoted on the merchandise, the individual utilizing it is affected in their future actions as a consumer. Furthermore, a 2019 study found that the tactile usage of the products produced a greater response in consumers than a solely visual interaction with a product such as posters. This study concluded that considering allotting a greater sum of money to smaller pieces of merchandising that promote a brand would benefit newer companies that have yet to become quickly recognizable.

Retail supply chain
In the supply chain, merchandising is the practice of making products in retail outlets available to consumers, primarily by stocking shelves and displays. While this used to be done exclusively by the stores' employees, many retailers have found substantial savings in requiring it to be done by the manufacturer, vendor, or wholesaler that provides the products to the retail store. In the United Kingdom, there are a number of organizations that supply merchandising services to support retail outlets with general stock replenishment and merchandising support in new stores. By doing this, retail stores have been able to substantially reduce the number of employees needed to run the store.

While stocking shelves and building displays is often done when the product is delivered, it is increasingly a separate activity from delivering the product. In grocery stores, for example, almost all products delivered directly to the store from a manufacturer or wholesaler will be stocked by the manufacturer's/wholesaler's employee who is a full-time merchandiser. Product categories where this is common are Beverage (all types, alcoholic and non-alcoholic), packaged baked goods (bread and pastries), magazines and books, and health and beauty products. For major food manufacturers in the beverage and baked goods industries, their merchandisers are often the single largest employee group within the company. For nationwide branded goods manufacturers such as The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, their respective merchandiser work forces number in the thousands.

Channel merchandising
This concept can be linked to marketing channels which bring products from the possession of the producer into the possession of the consumer. In recent decades, these methods utilized by companies to provide merchandise have expanded from in-person only, to online-only for some stores during the COVID-19 pandemic, to a mixture of both, sometimes referred to as omnichannel retailing. The combination of both options for consumers provides a favorable encounter with retailers that makes them more likely to purchase products and return to the seller again at a future date. However, these strategies can be difficult for sellers to maintain as it can require many more physical and technical resources that may not be currently available to them.

Online merchandising
A challenge that online retailers face in comparison to the traditional in-store shopping experience is the sensory exploration that isn't available to consumers through a screen. An area this is especially prevalent in is clothing or fashion retail in which potential sizing issues can be a large factor in a customer refraining from purchasing an item online. Moreover, accurately portraying the texture and quality of a product in all areas of retail, not limited to fashion, remains a challenge in the field of online merchandising as the lack thereof has been proven to result in more indecision for consumers. Because of this, many companies look for ways to improve their online shopping options to make browsing merchandise as similar to an in-store experience as possible while keeping up with the growing online market.

Licensing
In marketing, one of the definitions of merchandising is the practice in which the brand or image from one product or service is used to sell another. Trademarked brand names, logos, or character images are licensed to manufacturers of products such as toys or clothing, which then make items in or emblazoned with the image of the license, hoping they'll sell better than the same item with no such image. For the owners of the IP (intellectual property) in question, merchandising is a very popular source of revenue, due to the low cost of letting a third party manufacture the merchandise, while the IP owners collect the merchandising (royalty) fees.

In 1903, a year after publishing The Tale of Peter Rabbit, English author Beatrix Potter created the first Peter Rabbit soft toy and registered him at the Patent Office in London, making Peter the oldest licensed fictional character. Erica Wagner of The Times states, "Beatrix Potter was the first to recognise that content—as we now call the stuff that makes up a book or a film—was only the beginning. In 1903, Peter hopped outside his pages to become a patented soft toy, which gave him the distinction of being not only Mr. McGregor‘s mortal enemy, but also becoming the first licensed character".

Children
Merchandising for children is most prominently seen in connection with films and videogames, usually those in current release and with television shows oriented towards children.

Merchandising, especially in connection with child-oriented films, TV shows and literature, often consists of toys made in the likeness of the show or book's characters (action figures) or items which they use. This was first seen with the Peter Rabbit soft toy in 1903, with the Smithsonian magazine stating Beatrix Potter "created a system that continues to benefit all licensed characters, from Mickey Mouse to Harry Potter." However, sometimes it can be the other way around, with the show written to include the toys, as advertising for the merchandise.

Sometimes merchandising from a television show can grow far beyond the original show, even lasting decades after the show has largely disappeared from popularity. In other cases, large amounts of merchandise can be generated from a pitifully small amount of source material (Mashimaro).

Adult
The most common adult-oriented merchandising is that related to professional sports teams (and their players).

A smaller niche in merchandising is the marketing of more adult-oriented products in connection with similarly adult-oriented films and TV shows. This is common especially with the science fiction and horror genres. Occasionally, shows which were intended more for children find a following among adults (for example, Gundam model kits). An early example of this phenomenon was the cartoon character Little Lulu, who became licensed to products for adults, such as Kleenex facial tissue.

Sometimes a brand of non-media products can achieve enough recognition and respect that simply putting its name or images on a completely unrelated item can sell that item. An example is Harley-Davidson branded clothing.

Idol goods
Idol goods or idol merchandise are various types of merchandise related to celebrities ("idols"). Consumption of idol goods is a significant part of the idol fandom. Such goods create and reinforce a more physical connection between fans and celebrities.

Examples of common idol goods include stationery items, compact discs, photo albums, calendars, telephone cards, T-shirts (see also concert T-shirt), key chains, lapel pins, and various other goods. Virtual idols can be considered an idol good themselves as they can be bought and sold. An idol can have a tremendous effect on sales of merchandise, an example being David Beckham upon his arrival at Real Madrid in 2003, with an Adidas spokesman stating, "Put Beckham's name on any product and Real Madrid didn't stop selling".

In the 1960s The Beatles were pioneers in conventional retailing in music, setting up their own retail store in London, Apple Boutique, that sold Beatles merchandise.

title: Merchandising


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North Plains

North Plains may refer to:

 * North Plains Township, Michigan
 * North Plains, Oregon

title: North Plains