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BBC Look East

BBC Look East is a BBC regional television news programmes for the East of England made by BBC East.

History
The first BBC television news bulletins for the East of England began on 5 October 1959. These bulletins were three minutes long.

The bulletin was extended to ten minutes in 1962 and named East Anglia at Six Ten, and then relaunched as the twenty minute programme Look East on 28 September 1964.

Look East is broadcast from BBC East's headquarters at The Forum, Norwich. Prior to 29 September 2003, the programme aired from studios in St Catherine's Close, Norwich.

The programme can be watched in any part of the UK (and Europe) on Sky Digital channel 961 "east" and channel 962 for the "west" sub-regional service from Cambridge, or Freesat channels 953 (East) and 954 (West), on the BBC UK regional TV on satellite service. The services were added to the Sky Digital platform on 29 July 2003 and were available on Freesat from launch.

In 1997, BBC Look East launched the sub-regional service, Close Up, for viewers covered by the Sandy Heath transmitting station and its relays. The opt-out allowed the two sub-regions to provide, during the main evening programme, around 10 minutes of news relevant to their area.

From 2018 to 2022, there were two separate editions of BBC Look East, for the main programme and the late news bulletin on weeknights:
 * BBC Look East - East which covered Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex
 * BBC Look East - West which covered Bedfordshire, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire), Northamptonshire, parts of Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.

At the end of the 18:30 programme on 30 September 2021, Stewart White announced his retirement from the BBC after 37 years as a main presenter of Look East.

The West edition was broadcast from Cambridge, originally at the existing Hills Road studios for BBC Radio Cambridgeshire near the city centre and railway station, then from 2009 at the new BBC Cambridgeshire building at Cambridge Business Park near Cambridge North railway station.

On 26 May 2022 it was announced that following BBC cost-cutting measures the separate West edition of the programme would end, which it did in December 2022. The Cambridge TV studio closed, with all broadcasts from that point returning to their pre-1997 region-wide format, broadcast from the existing studios in Norwich. The Oxford edition of South Today was also scrapped.

Broadcast times
On weekdays, BBC Look East broadcasts six three-minute opt-outs during BBC Breakfast at 27 and 57 minutes past each hour. A fifteen-minute lunchtime programme follows at 13:30 before the main 27-minute edition at 18:30. A seven-minute late update is shown at 22:30, following the BBC News at Ten.

BBC Look East also airs three bulletins during the weekend: two early evening bulletins on Saturday and Sunday and a late night bulletin on Sundays, following the BBC News at Ten. The times of these bulletins usually vary.

Historical
From 2008 until 2018, the BBC One 8pm News Summary was a bulletin derived from the BBC Three 60 Seconds format, delivered across all BBC regions including BBC Look East with a separate set of paired presenters.

It was significant for younger audiences according to the BBC: "..For 1.7 million viewers the 8pm summary was the only BBC TV News they saw in that week with nearly 600,000 in the 16-34 year old bracket.."

The regular 8pm presenters included Janine Machin Claudia Liza-Armah, Waseem Mirza and Mike Cartwright, with the last 8pm broadcast from Cambridge and all BBC Regions on Wednesday 30 May 2018.

title: BBC Look East


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John Robertson (footballer, born 1964)

John Grant Robertson (born 2 October 1964) is a Scottish professional football coach and former player, who is currently the sporting director of Inverness Caledonian Thistle. His playing career included spells at Newcastle United, Dundee and Livingston, but he is best known for his two spells at Heart of Midlothian totalling about 18 years, where he is the club's all-time leading goalscorer. He has since managed Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Heart of Midlothian, Ross County, Livingston, Derry City and East Fife.

Playing career
Hibernian attempted to sign Robertson as a teenager but he asked for time to think the deal over; after Hibs refused, he signed for Heart of Midlothian along with school friend and fellow future internationalist Dave Bowman. Robertson eventually earned the moniker "The Hammer of Hibs" (in addition to his more standard nickname "Robbo") as he scored a record 27 goals in Edinburgh derby matches. In 1986, 20 league goals from Robertson helped Hearts to the brink of a league and cup double. A 27 league game unbeaten run ended with two Albert Kidd goals for Dundee in the last six minutes of the season allowing Celtic to overtake them to win the title. A week later, Hearts lost 3–0 to Aberdeen in the cup final. He scored 106 goals in 202 Hearts league games in this spell at Tynecastle Park.

He left Hearts to play for Newcastle United in April 1988. Robertson failed to score in 14 Newcastle competitive first team games and returned to Hearts in December of that year, and remained there for the next decade. In 1998 Hearts won the Scottish Cup with Robertson an unused substitute, earning him his only senior medal as a player. In this second spell at Hearts he scored at a much less prolific rate compared to his first spell, with this time 106 goals in 310 league games. After an earlier loan spell with Dundee scoring once in 4 league games, he left Tynecastle that summer. He joined Livingston as a player-coach, scoring 14 goals in 41 league games.

Robertson was also a Scottish international, playing on 16 occasions for Scotland. He made his debut against Romania in 1990, scoring in a 2–1 win. He missed out on selection for the UEFA Euro 1992 due to a hernia injury.

Inverness Caledonian Thistle (first spell)
Whilst playing for Livingston, Robertson became involved in the coaching side of the game. He left the club in season 2002–03 to become manager of Inverness Caledonian Thistle where he guided the Highland team to the SPL for the first time in their history.

Heart of Midlothian manager
In November 2004 he returned to Hearts as head coach and despite two cup semi-finals and a good season in Europe as well as finishing fifth in the league, he was sacked in May 2005.

Ross County and Livingston
Robertson was appointed manager of Scottish First Division team Ross County in June 2005, but left by mutual consent after four months. He was then appointed manager of Livingston in February 2006, but was sacked in April 2007 after finishing sixth in the First Division.

Derry City
Robertson was appointed by League of Ireland side Derry City in July 2007. He took club out of the relegation battle to a safe mid table position and also won the FAI League Cup and qualified for the Setanta Cup before being dismissed by the new chairman and board of directors at Derry, and replaced by former Derry boss Stephen Kenny. In 2009, Robertson coached strikers at Scottish Premier League clubs Dundee United and Kilmarnock. In March 2010, Robertson helped coach the strikers at Hearts on a non-contract basis.

East Fife
Robertson was appointed manager of East Fife in October 2010. In September 2011, his East Fife side knocked SPL club Aberdeen out of the Scottish League Cup at Pittodrie Stadium. On 1 March 2012 it was announced that Robertson had left East Fife.

Inverness Caledonian Thistle (second spell)
In June 2017, Robertson returned to Inverness Caledonian Thistle as manager. On 24 March 2018, the club won the Scottish Challenge Cup. In the 2018/19 season, Inverness qualified for the promotion playoffs but were beaten in the semi-finals by Dundee United. Dundee then made an approach for Robertson, but this was rejected by Inverness. Inverness finished second in the 2019–20 Scottish Championship, which was curtailed due to the coronavirus pandemic.

In June 2020, his contract with Inverness was extended by two years. Robertson was placed on compassionate leave in February 2021, with Neil McCann given caretaker charge of the team in his absence. Robertson returned to Inverness in May 2021 as sporting director, with a new manager to be appointed (Billy Dodds). Dodds was sacked in September 2023, and Robertson was placed in caretaker charge of the Inverness first team until Duncan Ferguson was appointed later that month.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first

Player
Heart of Midlothian
 * Scottish Premier Division:
 * Runner–up 1985–86, 1987–88, 1991–92
 * Scottish First Division:
 * Promoted 1982–83
 * Scottish Cup: 1997–98
 * Runner–up 1985–86, 1995–96
 * Scottish League Cup:
 * Runner–up 1996–97
 * Tennents' Sixes: 1985, 1991
 * Runner–up 1987

Livingston
 * Scottish Second Division: 1998–99

Scotland U16 Individual
 * Victory Shield: 1979–80
 * Dentyne Trophy: 1980

 * SPFA Young Player of the Year: 1983–84
 * Scottish Premier Division Top Scorer: 1989–90
 * Heart of Midlothian Hall of Fame inductee: 2006
 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductee: 2019

Manager

 * Livingston Reserves

 * SFL Reserve West: 2000–01
 * SFL Reserve Cup: 1998–99, 2000–01

 * Inverness Caledonian Thistle

 * Scottish First Division: 2003–04
 * Runner–up 2019–20
 * Scottish Challenge Cup: 2003–04, 2017–18, 2019–20

 * Derry City

Individual
 * League of Ireland Cup: 2007
 * SFL First Division Manager of the Year: 2003–04
 * SFL Second Division Manager of Month: November 2010, October 2011
 * SPFL Championship Manager of Month: October 2017, March 2019

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Robertson (footballer, born 1964)


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John Robertson (footballer, born 1953)

John Neilson Robertson (born 20 January 1953) is a Scottish former professional footballer. He provided the assisting cross for Trevor Francis to score the only goal when Nottingham Forest won the 1979 European Cup Final. A year later he scored when Forest retained the trophy 1-0 this time against Hamburger SV. At Forest he also won promotion from the 1976–77 Football League Second Division, the 1977–78 Football League First Division, the UEFA Super Cup, two Football League Cups, the 1978 FA Charity Shield and the Anglo-Scottish Cup.

He also played for the full Scotland national football team, scoring the winning goal against England in 1981 and against New Zealand in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

He has since moved into coaching, acting as assistant to his former Nottingham Forest teammate Martin O'Neill. Robertson's last role was assistant manager at Aston Villa between 2006 and 2010.

Nottingham Forest (first spell)
Robertson had played for Scotland at Schoolboy and Youth levels and for Drumchapel Amateurs before joining Forest in May 1970, making his debut for the team in October 1970. Although he was an infrequent member of the first team as a midfielder up to 1975, and was on the transfer list when Clough became manager, Robertson became a key player as a left winger under Clough and appeared in 243 consecutive games between December 1976 and December 1980. He scored the winning goal, a penalty, for Forest in the 1978 Football League Cup Final replay against Liverpool. He also scored the winner in the 1980 European Cup Final against Hamburg and provided the cross for the winning goal in the 1979 European Cup Final, scored by Trevor Francis, against Malmö FF.

Brian Clough, Robertson's manager at Nottingham Forest, was quoted as saying "John Robertson was a very unattractive young man. If one day, I felt a bit off colour, I would sit next to him. I was bloody Errol Flynn in comparison. But give him a ball and a yard of grass, and he was an artist, the Picasso of our game." In his autobiography Clough noted that "Rarely could there have been a more unlikely looking professional athlete... [He was a] scruffy, unfit, uninterested waste of time...but something told me he was worth persevering with." but that "[He] became one of the finest deliverers of a football I have ever seen – in Britain or anywhere else in the world – as fine as the Brazilians or the supremely gifted Italians." Robertson's captain at Forest, John McGovern, later said that "John Robertson was like Ryan Giggs but with two good feet, not one. He had more ability than Ryan Giggs, his ratio of creating goals was better and overall he was the superior footballer", whilst Forest coach Jimmy Gordon rated Robertson as a better player than Tom Finney and Stanley Matthews, saying that he "had something extra on top".

Later playing career
Robertson was sold to Derby County in June 1983 on a contested transfer (the fee was set by a tribunal) that soured the relationship between Clough and his former assistant Peter Taylor, but was injured soon after joining the team and failed to reproduce the form he had shown when he played for Forest. Although he rejoined Forest on a free transfer in August 1985, he remained well below his former best and moved to non-league Corby Town at the end of the 1985/86 season. He also had stints with Stamford and Grantham Town.

Coaching career
After retiring from playing, Robertson has been variously chief scout and assistant manager to former Nottingham Forest teammate Martin O'Neill at Wycombe Wanderers, Norwich City, Leicester City, Celtic and Aston Villa.

Legacy
Robertson was voted into first place in a 2015 poll by the Nottingham Post of favourite all-time Nottingham Forest players.

Personal life
Robertson's daughter, Jessica, was born in 1983 with cerebral palsy, which left her quadriplegic and unable to speak or control her movements. She had a short life expectancy. In 1994, Robertson and his former wife Sally challenged the hospital where Jessica was born for damages, claiming that they had caused her brain damage by a 12-hour delay to carry out a Caesarean section. However, they lost their High Court case.

Robertson's other daughter Liz appeared on the first ever episode of BBC's quiz show TNL: Who Dares Wins in 2007.

Robertson released his autobiography Supertramp in September 2012. He supported Rangers as a boy, but describes his time at Celtic as assistant to Martin O'Neill as the best years of his life in football.

Robertson suffered a suspected heart attack while playing tennis with former Forest teammate Liam O'Kane on 23 August 2013. Fans of Celtic, Derby County, Leicester City and Nottingham Forest took to social network sites to wish him well.

Club

 * A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the FA Charity Shield, Anglo-Scottish Cup, Football League Trophy, European Super Cup and Intercontinental Cup.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first

Honours
Nottingham Forest
 * First Division: 1977–78
 * League Cup: 1977–78, 1978–79
 * FA Charity Shield: 1978
 * European Cup: 1978–79, 1979–80
 * European Super Cup: 1979
 * Anglo-Scottish Cup: 1976–77

title: John Robertson (footballer, born 1953)


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RG-32 Scout

The RG-32 Scout is a family of mine-resistant 4×4 light armoured vehicles made by BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa (formerly Land Systems OMC) in South Africa. It is based on the RG-31, which is already deployed worldwide with peace-keeping, security and combat forces. The combat weight of the vehicle is about 7,300 kg and it has the capacity to carry a crew of 5 to 7. The vehicle crew is protected against 5.56×45mm NATO ball ammunition, grenades, firebombs, anti-personnel mines and side blasts. The five-seat version also offers protection against anti-tank mines and side blasts. Up to two RG-32Ms can be transported in a C-130 cargo aircraft.

The latest development of this vehicle is the RG-32M Galten (Swedish for "The Boar" or "The Hog"). The RG-32M has undergone "winterisation" modifications in Sweden; the RG-32M has been used in environments ranging from 49 °C (120 °F) in the deserts of Africa and the Middle East to −35 °C (-31 °F) in parts of Sweden.

Variants

 * RG-32M Standard (Driver + 4)
 * RG-32M Full armour (Driver + 8)
 * RG-32M LTV Light Tactical Vehicle

Operators
More than 800 RG-32 vehicles are in service worldwide, including with:

Current operators

 * 🇪🇬 Egypt — 180
 * 🇫🇮 Finland — 74 To be replaced by Sisu GTP in the near future.
 * Georgia
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland — 27 RG Outrider
 * 🇳🇦 Namibia - 8
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia — Operated in limited numbers, potential replacement for ageing fleet of BRDM-2 currently in service.
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa-400
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden — 380
 * 🇺🇳 United Nations

Civilian operators

 * 🇺🇸 United States Used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation SWAT Teams, and by various local police forces

title: RG-32 Scout


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Geography of Poland

'This project is inactive. For better response, please post at Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Poland.'

Archives

 * /Archive1 - Discussions from May 2004 - April 2006
 * /Archive2 - Discussions from May 2006 - April 2008

Is this thing on?
This page seems very quiet: anyone listening? I have a thought or two about categorisation of the large number of Poland-geo-stubs being created right now, but it's not clear if this is the most useful venue for discussing that... Alai (talk) 01:08, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe Portal talk:Poland/Poland-related Wikipedia notice board would be a more watched venue. I'm the one running the bot which is creating the stubs, so you could also contact me at my talk page.--Kotniski (talk) 08:37, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Some of us are watching it. What is your proposal for the stub categorization?
 * Ajh1492 (talk) 02:33, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The proposal was to categorize village stubs by county instead of by voivodeship. This is now being implemented by the bot.--Kotniski (talk) 08:21, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm all for categorizing by Powiat/County. Ajh1492 (talk) 17:22, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Turning the lights back on and blowing off the dust - We're open for business
Moved the old discussion to an archive subpage (same as the existing archive).

Anyone interested in participating?

Ajh1492 (talk) 13:18, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm in.--Kotniski (talk) 08:21, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Randomocean (talk) 21:22, 12 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd like to help out, but I haven't participated in wikipedia before. I live in Warsaw, and I take a lot of pictures.  Any assignments to get me started?

Template for Rivers
We really need a template for rivers. I re-used the one from the Bug for the Narew & Nurzec.

Ajh1492 (talk) 17:28, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Namely Infobox River? That seems perfectly OK to me; I don't think we need a different template than that one.--Kotniski (talk) 10:00, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of an entry template. I agree that the river Infobox is fine. I'm suggesting the entry template be something along the lines of the one for the Narew. Ajh1492 (talk) 13:55, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't understand - what do you mean by "entry template"?--Kotniski (talk) 14:15, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * A format to use for all river entries, like this /river Ajh1492 (talk) 17:12, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Anyone else out there?
Is it just Kotniski and I (well and Kotbot too)? Ajh1492 (talk) 01:03, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Combine with WikiProject Poland
Anyone here? In view of the lack of participation, I think we should just close down this project and combine it with WP:WikiProject Poland.--Kotniski (talk) 17:47, 12 February 2009 (UTC) ✅--Kotniski (talk) 09:58, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Grodno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Hi there. Grodno isn't a village, and I couldn't find that in TERYT. It's sacred spot? -> (Polish uroczysko). JDavid (talk) 01:00, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Not sacred; I've just called it "coastal place" until its status can be clarified.--Kotniski (talk) 09:14, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Inactive?
'At the moment, this project is inactive. For better response, please post at Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Poland.'--Kotniski (talk) 09:17, 11 March 2009 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography of Poland

'This project is inactive. For current work, see WP:WikiProject Poland. For article naming and style guidance, see WP:WikiProject Poland/Conventions.'

Title
WikiProject Geography of Poland

Scope
This WikiProject is an attempt to formulate a common template for the Polish administrative districts, as well as obtaining consensus for how the various types of districts should be referred to on the English Wikipedia. The WikiProject suggests a structure for the articles to give them a common look and feel. For other Poland-related discussions please go to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poland.

Parentage
The parent of this WikiProject is the WikiProject Countries, and part of the project was originally named WikiProject Voivodships. This project is also subordinate to WikiProject Poland.

Descendant WikiProjects
None so far, but could one day include WikiProject Polish Counties

Similar WikiProjects
Similar WikiProjects are:
 * WikiProject Cities/Names issues
 * WikiProject Cities/German names

 * WikiProject U.S. States,
 * WikiProject Chinese provinces
 * WikiProject Swedish counties

See also: WikiProject Subnational entities

Participants

 * Halibutt
 * Bwood
 * Slawojarek
 * D T G
 * Ausir
 * Elonka
 * Lysy
 * Czesc26
 * P.Pilecki
 * Ajh1492
 * H. Borawski

Coordination
This WikiProject, where possible, should be coordinated with the Polish Wikipedia and particularly with WikiProjekt Polskie miejscowości there.

Województwo / Voivodeship
Name to use: Voivodeship

An extensive debate about this issue (see the discussion page) determined that consensus is to use the term "Voivodeship" to describe these administrative divisions.

Powiat / County
Name to use: County

The Polish-language term powiat was discussed, and the community consensus was that the English term "county" should be used in this case.

City / Town
No clear division; use city for larger ones, town for smaller. (Optional rule of thumb: use city if it's a miasto na prawach powiatu, otherwise town.)

Gmina / Commune / Municipality
Name to use: Gmina

 * See: WikiProject Cities and Naming conventions (settlements) for more details.

Article titles

 * If there is a choice between an English or Latinized name, or a Polish name, use the English-translation from the Polish Foreign Ministry or the EU for article titles

 * Between the format "Voivodeship of Lower Silesia" or "Lower Silesian Voivodeship", use the latter form:.

Examples

 * Lower Silesian Voivodeship (not Province of Dolny Śląsk)
 * Greater Poland (not Wielkopolska)

Guidelines
The article should start with a good introduction, giving the name of the administrative division, its location in Poland, bordering provinces, important landmarks and such. Also give a few geographical and economical facts about the county.

Next, there is a table with quick facts about the area. A template is currently being discussed at the Polish wiki and will be posted here as soon as the work is finished.

After that there should be a Politics part with details on Sejmik Wojewódzki, Voivod and such.

Finally, the last part should be a brief history of both the current area and any predecessors, as appropriate.

Templates
When creating or updating an article about one of the Polish administrative units, it is recommended to use one of the following templates.

Cities and towns

 * See Template talk:Infobox Poland for details, examples and instructions.

Powiat / County

 * See Template talk:Infobox Powiat for details, examples and instructions.

To be decided
Things to be decided before we prepare a template:
 * Colours of the contour map - Done!
 * Info included in the table - Template talk:Infobox Poland
 * Powiat pages naming convention (see: Discussion)

Reference links:

 * Poland
 * Voivodship
 * powiat
 * Voivodships of Poland
 * Geography of Poland


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Alleyway (video game)

Alleyway (アレイウェイ) is a 1989 video game developed by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo as a global launch title for the Game Boy. It is a Breakout clone and one of the first four games developed and released for the system. The game was released first in Japan in 1989, in North America later that year, and in Europe in 1990. It was later re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in June 2011, and on the Nintendo Switch Online service in May 2024.

The name Alleyway references the in-game gateway that the player's spaceship (represented as a paddle) must pass through. While Alleyway is a portable clone of Breakout, it adds several features, including alternating stages, bonus rounds, and hazards for the player at later levels. While the game's original box art featured an unidentifiable protagonist, later international releases of the game replaced the character with Mario. Alleyway was released with limited advertising, receiving moderate to low scores from reviewers who compared it to games like Arkanoid.

Gameplay

The player's objective in Alleyway is to clear all bricks in each stage using a ball and paddle while keeping the ball from falling into the pit below, similar to that of Breakout. The paddle's speed can be adjusted by holding either the B or A button on the controller while moving the paddle, which can move only horizontally at a fixed height. At the start of each life, the player can reposition the paddle before releasing the ball and commencing gameplay. When released, the ball will always begin at a 45° angle above the paddle aimed toward its center. The player starts the game with five paddles; each time the ball falls into the pit below the paddle, a paddle is removed and the ball is reset.

The game ends when all the player's paddles are depleted. An additional paddle is granted for every 1000 points scored until the player has over 10,000 points. The player may have up to nine paddles at once. The game lacks a continue feature, though the high score will be retained until the game is reset or turned off. As there is no battery-backed SaveRAM or password feature, Alleyway can only be completed in one sitting on the Game Boy. This was later changed with the re-release of the game for the Nintendo 3DS's Virtual Console system, which allowed for in-game progress to be recorded to a single save state accessible at any time while playing the game.

Ball behavior
The ball will only travel at 15°, 30°, or 45° angles. If the ball hits a brick, the brick disappears and the ball ricochets in a different direction at the same angle. The ball's speed depends on the type of brick that it hits: gray and black bricks increase its speed, while white and square, indestructible bricks have no effect. A sound effect is also played when the ball collides with an object or wall, with walls producing the lowest pitch and black bricks the highest.

The ball's direction and speed can be controlled by the paddle's velocity and point of contact. Changing direction the moment the ball comes into contact with the paddle, called a snap technique, will bounce the ball upward with increased speed. Moving the paddle quickly in the opposite direction than the ball is headed will result in the ball bouncing in the same horizontal direction as the paddle at a 15° angle. If the player contacts the ball with the body of the paddle before it falls into the pit below, it will bounce back into the playing field. However, if instead, either corner of the paddle collides with the ball at that moment, it will be knocked directly into the pit.

Alleyway's ball cannot be locked in an infinite loop of ricochets. Whenever the ball starts to loop between objects such as the ceiling, indestructible blocks and/or the paddle itself, its velocity will change at a random point after the second cycle on its next collision. As a result, the ball will travel at a slightly raised or lowered angle depending on its current trajectory, and will break out of the loop.

Levels
The game features 24 levels, based on eight block patterns in groups of three. After every three regular stages, the player proceeds to a bonus stage, giving the game a total of 32 levels. Most levels follow a generic design, though one group is modeled after Mario's head as it appears next to the remaining paddles icon. The player progresses to the next level once all bricks are destroyed, where the same pattern of bricks appears but behaves differently. Every second stage is a Scrolling Block Screen, featuring bricks that move from left to right; every third is an Advancing Block Screen, where the bricks move downward the height of one regular brick in short bursts, increasing in speed as the ball bounces off the paddle. Any part of a brick below a height of ten bricks above the paddle is automatically removed; thus they cannot impede the player's movement but cannot contribute towards the player's score either.

As the player progresses through patterns, new elements are added to the gameplay. After the fourth stage, if the ball comes into contact with the top of the area, the paddle's size is halved until the stage is cleared or a life is lost. From this point on, the third stage variant features hidden bricks above the ceiling that descend progressively, using a similar—or same—layout that must also be cleared, meaning the pattern must be cleared twice. In later levels, bricks in the second stage variant may not move at the same speed or in the same direction. After the twelfth stage, indestructible bricks are incorporated into the brick patterns.

Bonus stages feature patterns based on various Nintendo Entertainment System Super Mario Bros. sprites, such as a Piranha Plant, Goomba or Bowser. Unlike regular levels, the ball will destroy blocks in these stages without ricocheting off them, and contact with the ceiling will not affect the paddle size. These stages are the only ones to feature background music during play, and cannot be paused. A timer is present for each bonus stage; it starts at 95 for the first and is reduced by five for each subsequent bonus stage completed beforehand. If the timer ends, the ball falls into the pit (no life is lost in this case), or all bricks are destroyed, the bonus stage ends. Destroying all bricks before the timer expires yields additional bonus points, which vary depending on the level. Once cleared, the brick pattern changes and gameplay reverts to the normal cycle. After finishing the final bonus round, the player is given a congratulations screen using the Mario graphic from the original Mario Bros. game. The game then loops back to the first stage, allowing for infinite play.

Scoring
Points are awarded for destroying bricks based on their shade, with one point awarded for the lightest and three for the darkest. The player may earn additional points for completing the bonus stages, with the bonus starting at 500 for the first and reaching 1500 for the last five. The player's highest obtained score is recorded until the game is turned off.

The game only displays four digits of the player's score, yet it has a maximum value of 65,535. Scores of 10,000 and above are displayed as a combination of icons and the numerical display. For every 10,000 points, a sprite from the NES Super Mario Bros. game is shown below the numerical score. A fire flower is shown for 10,000 points, a mushroom for 20,000, and a starman for 30,000 points and above. The game stops changing the sprite after awarding the starman icon. As a result, the highest score that can be displayed is 39,999, but the maximum score of 65,535 is shown as 35,535. Once the maximum score has been reached, the score will roll over only if the player completes a bonus stage. A rollover does not affect the recorded high score.

Development
Based on classic ball-and-paddle arcade games such as Breakout and Arkanoid, Alleyway was a launch title for the Game Boy in 1989 for Japan and North America, alongside Super Mario Land, Baseball, and Tetris, though only with the first two in Japan. The game's release predates Tetris' by two months, due to legal battles between Nintendo and Tengen over the Tetris property. On June 6, 2011, the game was re-released as a launch title for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console system via online distribution. It was first released in Japan, and then North America a year later.

Alleyway marks one of the first appearances of Mario on the Game Boy system alongside Super Mario Land, although its original box and cartridge art showed an unidentified character in a spacesuit piloting the paddle. The artwork was changed to show Mario at the controls on the game's international release, but neither the manual nor the back of the box refer to the Nintendo mascot's presence in the game. Nintendo Power's preview made no mention of Mario in the title other than note of the pattern of bricks in Mario's shape for the first bonus level. Official confirmation of the pilot being Mario only came about in 1990 with Club Nintendo's preview of the game's European release.

The game was one of the first titles made by the Nintendo R&D1 development team, alongside Tetris and Radar Mission. Years later, the game's designer Gunpei Yokoi would reuse much of Alleyway's source code (such as paddle behavior and adapted physics engine) for the Game Boy game Kirby's Block Ball while working with Shigeru Miyamoto's team. Alleyway was re-released for download onto the Nintendo Power cartridge, occupying one memory block on the device.

Promotion of the title in Nintendo published material consisted of a segment taking up a third of the page the articles were on. Advertisements for Alleyway were grouped with those for the Game Boy itself and other titles for the system. Years after its initial release, a two-page section in the Super Game Boy Nintendo Strategy Guide bundled with the Super Game Boy accessory appeared, which gave advice and color codes for the game.

Reception
Although Alleyway sold well enough during its production run, it has not been re-released as a Nintendo Player's Choice title, and reviews of the game have been mostly mixed to negative. Mean Machines gave the game a score of 33%, criticizing its repetitiveness and stating "this variant doesn't have much more to offer than the original [Breakout]". The magazine's staff added "once you've finished a couple of screens, you'll be bored stiff" and compared the game to its predecessor, Arkanoid, regarding the lack of power-ups in Alleyway. Electronic Gaming Monthly staff also reviewed the game, with four separate reviews giving the game scores of 6/10, 6/10, 5/10, and 3/10. All four reviewers compared it to Arkanoid, complaining about the lack of enhancement over the Breakout format. GamesRadar+ shared the sentiment in their review of the 3DS re-release, with reviewer Nathan Meunier giving it a score of 5/10 and stating that "Alleyway wasn't so hot when it first came out, and it still pales when put it side-by-side to other similarly priced offerings". He further added at times the game appeared to "hate" the player with its difficulty, though acknowledged that the addition of save states "takes some of the sting out of losing". Retro Gamer's Darran Jones called it "pretty piss-poor all the way back in 1989", noting the bland levels and lack of power-ups found in Arkanoid, and that many similar clones had outperformed it.

Not all comments about the game have been negative. The two Electronic Gaming Monthly reviewers that gave the highest scores did state they felt the design was perfect for the Game Boy, one adding: "It's also a very good game that combines some new features ... with the original Break-Out theme" and concluding "Alleyway is good—but a bit long". German magazine Power Play gave the game a rating of 48%, but also praised the game's level variety. The book Rules of Play discusses the game as an example of improved design over a base core mechanic, citing the inclusion of distinct sound effects for ball collision as a means to praise the player for destroying bricks, and the varied level designs as "well done" and giving the player "an element of discovery to the overall experience". Allgame noted that despite the simplicity and variety, "Alleyway is fun to play", further adding that games of its kind "always play well on the Game Boy".

title: Alleyway (video game)


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Talk:Rueda de Casino

Wikibook for Rueda Commands
I created a wikibook for rueda commands. I did not take the time to do it all in english, but the german version is more advanced. Get-back-world-respect 11:38, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Excellently done.

 * I get an empty wikibook page when i click on the German version.Kdammers 06:41, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Spanish Wikipedia Rueda Article
Let's get a "rueda" Spanish page!!!!! gbwr alreadz has worked up the wikibook thing, but some-one searching in Spanish for rueda gets nothing more than an article about ruedas (wheels). Kdammers 07:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spanish, English and Italian Step descriptions for Rueda de Casino
You can find Spanish, English and Italian step descriptions for Rueda de Casino moves at AbsoluteSalsa You can also find another excellent article on what is Rueda de Casino at SalsaPower.com, the most extensive website on Cuban dance and music anywhere on the internet. Many pages are bilingual, Spanish/English, Italian/English or Portuguese/English. Also an excellent resource for finding clubs and Cuban, Casino style salsa classes almost anywhere in the world. See the SalsaCity section for listings in more than 65 countries.

Check out cruzy.org Salsa Rueda Santa Cruz for step by step instructions on many beginner moves. I would disagree that you can't dance Rueda in another place -- my husband and I traveled to London and Munich and were able to play along with the slightly different calls. You need to be a good follower, mostly.... Practicing Rueda helps you learn that skill --watching the circle and dancigngat the same time. Some fun moves missing from the list: toca el hombro, toca la rodilla, toca la cadera, la cabeza, etc. -- basically the leader turns to the right and the follower to the left and touches the relevant body part on the "one" count, kind of like "un fly" or "una foto." How about "ni pa' mi, ni pa' ti" -- on count of seven, clap facing the circle, then "pattycake" the next person (again leader turn to right, followers to left), clap again on count of three, then pattycake the partner you were dancing with, repeat until call of dile que no.

A different dance
There is an older dance called rueda. We should have an English article on it, too. See the Spanish wik. Kdammers 06:43, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Casino (salsa dance) Inappropriately Redirects Here?
The article Casino (salsa dance) redirects to this article about Rueda, but that might be inappropriate. Is it possible for Casino style salsa to refer to just Cuban-style one-on-one salsa, as in a partner dance, not a group dance? If so, they there should be a separate article for the partner dance, and perhaps a disambiguation page for what the term "casino" could refer to in regards to salsa (the partner dance and the group dance).

Rumba y Son (talk) 22:10, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Swing Rueda Link in See Also Section Is Off-Topic
I don't believe that linking to the Swing Rueda article is appropriate, because:
 * 1) Rueda is not influenced by Swing Rueda.  Swing Rueda appears to be only slightly related to Rueda de Casino, in that it's a group round dance with a caller, but it's based on Lindy Hop, not salsa.
 * 2) There appears to be a Wikipedia Editor Conflict of Interest with the Swing Rueda article, because it links to swingrueda.com, a commercial site.
 * 3) The Swing Rueda article is a stub.

Is there any reason why Swing Rueda should continue to be linked to in the See also section? Rumba y Son (talk) 09:58, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Lindy hop which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:32, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Lindy Hop which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:46, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rueda de Casino


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City of Kwinana

The City of Kwinana is a local government area of Western Australia. It covers an area of approximately 118 square kilometres in metropolitan Perth, and lies about 38 km south of the Perth central business district, via the Kwinana Freeway. Kwinana maintains 287 km of roads and had a population of almost 39,000 as at the 2016 Census.

History
Kwinana is a Kimberley Aboriginal word meaning either "young woman" or "pretty maiden". The ship SS Kwinana was wrecked on Cockburn Sound in 1922 and blown onto Kwinana Beach. The nearby area acquired the name and it was officially adopted for a township in 1937. Some of its suburbs take their names from the sailing ships that first brought immigrants to Western Australia, for example, Medina, Calista and Parmelia.

The Kwinana Road District was formed out of part of Rockingham on 15 February 1954 as a result of the passage of the Kwinana Road District Act 1953. Section 4 of the Act stated that "there shall not be a duly elected Road Board for the Kwinana Road District but the Governor may, by Order in Council, appoint a fit and proper person having a comprehensive knowledge and experience of local government matters to be Commissioner of the district."

On 11 November 1960, an Order in Council was issued dividing Kwinana into five wards in preparation for an election to be held on 11 February 1961. The Town ward would elect three councillors while the Rural, Industrial, Naval Base and Kwinana Beach wards would each elect one councillor. In order that the election could go ahead, the Kwinana Road District Act was repealed on 14 February 1961 by proclamation, with the District now subject to the same laws as any other council. The first elected councillors took office on 15 February 1961.

On 1 July 1961, the district became the Shire of Kwinana following the enactment of the Local Government Act 1960. It became the Town of Kwinana on 28 May 1977 and it assumed its current name when it was proclaimed a city on 17 September 2012.

Industry

In 1952 a major industrial area was developed by BP (then the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company) in conjunction with the state government. The state government guaranteed that it would provide electricity, water, essential infrastructure and 2000 state homes within three years to support the establishment of the Kwinana Oil Refinery. Today there are many other associated petro-chemical companies nearby.

The city is home to the Fremantle Outer Harbour consisting of, from north to south, the Alcoa Jetty, the Kwinana Bulk Terminal, the BP Oil Refinery Jetty, the Kwinana Bulk Jetty and the CBH Grain Jetty.

Of these, the Kwinana Bulk Terminal and the Kwinana Bulk Jetty are operated by the Fremantle Ports and serve for the import and export of bulk cargoes and liquids, among them iron ore, coal, cement clink, gypsum, liquefied natural gas, petroleum and fertiliser. The other three facilities are privately operated.

The Outer Harbour deepwater bulk facilities in at Kwinana were first developed in 1955, to service the Kwinana industrial area, and saw rapid expansion in the 1960s and 70s.

From 1968 to 1982, the BHP subsidiary company, Australian Iron & Steel, operated a blast furnace making pig iron at Kwinana, using iron ore mined at Koolyanobing.

The Kwinana Industrial Area is also home to the Kwinana Grain Terminal, also the facility is located in East Rockingham. A cooperative owned by 12,000 farmers, CBH Group is Western Australia's leading grain storage, handling and marketing business. Grain from the facility is also used to supply Primary Energy's proposed bio-fuel facility in Kwinana.

In 2020, Spanish renewable energy leader Acciona and Hitachi Zosen Inova (HZI) received approval to build a waste-to-energy plant in the Rockingham Industrial Zone. The 29 MW plant will have capacity to power 40,000 homes from an annual feedstock of 300,000 tonnes of municipal, industrial and commercial rubbish.

Facilities

There are three public beaches at Cockburn Sound looking out to Garden Island. SS Kwinana herself is part of the former jetty at Kwinana Beach. The rusting hulk of the ship was cut down to low water level and the centre was filled with limestone to form a platform. There are also wetlands and bushlands in the Kwinana area. The Spectacles are the local wetlands and are so named because of their appearance from the air.

The local companies are keen to be seen preserving the environment and claim to demonstrate the best practice in production methods and environmental safeguards. The BP Kwinana Refinery is apparently responsible for "Australia's cleanest petrol" – BP Ultimate, which matches the stringent environmental specifications demanded in Europe and the United States.

Kwinana also is home to a centre of attraction for drag racing, dirt track speedway, burnout competitions, street machine shows and supercross events. The Perth Motorplex opened in December 2000 at a cost of A$20 million with catering, licensed bars, state of the art stadium lighting and the "Snake Pit", a purpose built and dedicated burn out section. The venue holds many prestigious events including the Westernationals (drag racing), World Series Sprintcars (speedway) and Motorvation (car show).

Local elections
The 2023 Western Australian local elections were held within the City of Kwinana and marked the first time a new system was used. Optional preferential voting was used to replace the first-past-the-post system used under previous local elections. Another first in this election was the appointment of Peter Feasey as mayor - the first time this role had been voted in by the general public as opposed to being voted for by the elected councillors.

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of Kwinana with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

Heritage-listed places
, 85 places are heritage-listed in the City of Kwinana, of which three are on the State Register of Heritage Places, the Kwinana Signal Box, Peel Town Archaeological Sites and Mead Homestead.

title: City of Kwinana


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John Robertson (Virginia politician)

John Robertson (April 13, 1787 – July 5, 1873) was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer from the U.S. state of Virginia. He was the brother of Thomas B. Robertson and Wyndham Robertson.

Biography
Born at "Bellefield" near Petersburg, Virginia, Robertson completed preparatory studies and graduated from the College of William and Mary. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Richmond, Virginia. He served as Attorney General of Virginia before being elected an Anti-Jacksonian and Whig to the United States House of Representatives to fill a vacancy, serving from 1834 to 1839. Afterwards, Robertson served as judge of the circuit court of chancery for Henrico County, Virginia for several years and was a delegate to the peace convention in Washington, D.C. in 1861. He was a member of the Virginia State Senate from 1861 to 1863 before his death at "Mount Athos" near Lynchburg, Virginia on July 5, 1873. He was interred in a private cemetery on the property.

title: John Robertson (Virginia politician)


text:
Kings of Crunk

Kings of Crunk is the fourth studio album by American Southern hip hop group Lil' Jon & the East Side Boyz. It was released on October 29, 2002, through BME Recordings/TVT Records. Recording sessions took place at Stankonia Recording, Soundlabs Studio, Flamingo Studios, The Zone, Patchwerk Recording Studios in Atlanta, at Audio Vision Recording in Miami, at Liveson Studios in Yonkers, at Piety Street Studios in New Orleans, at Cotton Row Studios in Memphis, at Quad Studios, Streetlight Studios and TMF Studios in New York, at The Orange Room, at The Den, and at Doppler Studios. Production was handled solely by Lil' Jon, who also served as executive producer together with Bryan Leach, Emperor Searcy, Rob McDowell and Vince Phillips. It features guest appearances from Oobie, Bun B, Chyna Whyte, 8Ball & MJG, Big Gipp, Bo Hagon, Devin the Dude, E-40, Fat Joe, Jadakiss, Krayzie Bone, Mystikal, Pastor Troy, Petey Pablo, Styles P, Too $hort, Trick Daddy, Ying-Yang Twins, Luke, Pimpin Ken, Pitbull and T.I.

Based on the success of the album's second single "Get Low", Kings of Crunk made the top twenty of the US album chart in September 2003. In the same year, Lil Jon put out a compilation CD and DVD called Part II, which included remixes of "Get Low" featuring Busta Rhymes, Elephant Man and the Ying Yang Twins. The singles "I Don't Give a Fuck" and "Nothin's Free" were released to radio in 2002, while "Play No Games" was released in late 2001 "Get Low" were released to radio in 2003. Also, "Nothin's Free" was released on vinyl, while "I Don't Give a Fuck" and "Get Low" were released on CD. "Play No Games" was also released on vinyl and CD In 2003.

Kings of Crunk debuted at number 15 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 71,000 in its first week and as of November 2004, the album has sold 2.2 million copies in the United States. Kings of Crunk was the highest selling independent album for both 2003 and 2004.

Original release

 * Sample credits
 * "Throw It Up" contains replayed elements from "Summer Overture", written by Clint Mansell.
 * "Play No Games" contains replayed elements from "Dukey Stick", written by George Duke.

title: Kings of Crunk


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Nigel Kneale

Thomas Nigel Kneale (18 April 1922 – 29 October 2006 ) was a Manx screenwriter who wrote professionally for more than 50 years, was a winner of the Somerset Maugham Award, and was twice nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.

Predominantly a writer of thrillers that used science-fiction and horror elements, he was best known for the creation of the character Professor Bernard Quatermass. Quatermass was an heroic scientist who appeared in various television, film and radio productions written by Kneale for the BBC, Hammer Film Productions and Thames Television between 1953 and 1996. Kneale wrote original scripts and successfully adapted works by writers such as George Orwell, John Osborne, H. G. Wells and Susan Hill.

Kneale was most active in television, joining BBC Television in 1951; his final script was transmitted on ITV in 1997. He wrote well-received television dramas such as The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968) and The Stone Tape (1972) in addition to the Quatermass serials. He has been described as "one of the most influential writers of the 20th century", and as "having invented popular TV".

Early life
Kneale was born Thomas Nigel Kneale in Barrow-in-Furness, England on 28 April 1922. His family came from the Isle of Man, and returned to live there in 1928, when he was six years old. He was raised in the island's capital, Douglas, where his father was the owner and editor of the local newspaper, The Herald. He was educated at St Ninian's High School, Douglas and trained to become an advocate at the Manx Bar. He also worked in a lawyer's office, but became bored with his legal training and abandoned the profession. At the beginning of the Second World War Kneale attempted to enlist in the British Army, but was deemed medically unfit for service owing to photophobia, from which he had suffered since childhood.

1946–1950: Acting career
On 25 March 1946 Kneale made his first broadcast on BBC Radio, performing a live reading of his own short story "Tomato Cain" in a strand entitled Stories by Northern Authors on the BBC's North of England Home Service region. Later that year he left the Isle of Man and moved to London, where he studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). He made further radio broadcasts in the 1940s, including a reading of his story Zachary Crebbin's Angel on the BBC Light Programme, broadcast nationally on 19 May 1948. He also had short stories published in magazines such as Argosy and The Strand. He began using the name "Nigel Kneale" for these professional credits, but was known as "Tom" to his family and friends up until his death.

After graduating from RADA, Kneale worked for a short time as a professional actor performing in small roles at the Stratford Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon. He continued to write in his spare time and in 1949 a collection of his work, Tomato Cain and Other Stories, was published. The book sufficiently impressed the writer Elizabeth Bowen that she wrote a foreword for it, and in 1950 the collection won the Somerset Maugham Award.

Following this success, Kneale gave up acting to write full-time. He did take small voice-over roles in some of his 1950s television productions, such as the voice heard on the factory loudspeaker system in Quatermass II (1955), for which he also narrated most of the recaps shown at the beginning of each episode. Kneale's publisher was keen for him to write a novel, but Kneale himself was more interested in writing for television. A keen cinema-goer, he believed that the audience being able to see human faces was an important factor in storytelling.

1950–1953: Kneale's early BBC screenplay work
His first professional script writing credit came when he wrote the radio drama The Long Stairs, broadcast by the BBC on 1 March 1950 and based on an historical mining disaster on the Isle of Man. In 1951 he was recruited as one of the first staff writers to be employed by BBC Television; before he started working for the station, Kneale had never seen any television. Kneale was initially a general-purpose writer, working on adaptations of books and stage plays and even writing material for light entertainment and children's programmes. The following year, Michael Barry became the Head of Drama at BBC Television, and spent his entire first year's script budget of £250 to hire Kneale as a full-time writer for the drama department. Kneale's first credited role in adult television drama was providing "additional dialogue" for the play Arrow to the Heart, broadcast on 20 July 1952. This play was adapted and directed by the Austrian television director Rudolph Cartier, who had also joined the staff of the BBC drama department in 1952.

Kneale's "lost" radio play You Must Listen, broadcast in 1952, was re-broadcast in a new production by BBC Radio 4 on 20 September 2023.

1953: The Quatermass Experiment
Kneale wrote The Quatermass Experiment, which was broadcast in six half-hour episodes in July and August 1953. The serial told the story of Professor Bernard Quatermass of the British Experimental Rocket Group, and the consequences of his sending the first crewed mission into space where a terrible fate befalls the crew and only one returns. The Quatermass Experiment was one of the first adult television science-fiction productions, held a large television audience gripped across its six weeks, and has been described by the Museum of Broadcast Communications as dramatising "a new range of gendered fears about Britain's postwar and post-colonial security." Kneale chose the character's surname because many Manx surnames began with "Qu"; the actual name itself was picked from a London telephone directory. The Professor's first name was chosen in honour of the astronomer Bernard Lovell.

The BBC recognised the success of the serial, particularly in the context of the impending arrival of commercial television to the UK. Controller of Programmes Cecil McGivern wrote in a memo that: "Had competitive television been in existence then, we would have killed it every Saturday night while [The Quatermass Experiment] lasted. We are going to need many more 'Quatermass Experiment' programmes." Like all of Kneale's television work for the BBC in the 1950s, The Quatermass Experiment was transmitted live; only the first two episodes were telerecorded and survive in the BBC's archives.

In the autumn of 1955, Hammer Film Productions released The Quatermass Xperiment, their film adaptation of the serial. Kneale was not pleased with the film, and particularly disliked the casting of Brian Donlevy as Quatermass, as he explained in a 1986 interview. "[Donlevy] was then really on the skids and didn't care what he was doing. He took very little interest in the making of the films or in playing the part. It was a case of take the money and run. Or in the case of Mr Donlevy, waddle."

1953–1956: Later BBC works
Kneale and Cartier next collaborated on an adaptation of Wuthering Heights (broadcast 6 December 1953) and then on a version of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (12 December 1954). Nineteen Eighty-Four was a particularly notable production; many found it shocking, and questions were asked in Parliament about whether some of the scenes had been suitable for television. There was also prominent support for the play; the Duke of Edinburgh made it known that he and the Queen had watched and enjoyed the programme, and the second live performance on 16 December gained the largest television audience since her coronation the previous year. The Guardian newspaper's obituary of Kneale in 2006 claimed that the adaptation had "permanently revived Orwell's reputation," while the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century in 2000.

The Creature—an original script by Kneale concerning the legend of the abominable snowman—was his next collaboration with Cartier, broadcast on 30 January 1955, followed by an adaptation of Peter Ustinov's play The Moment of Truth (10 March 1955), before Kneale was commissioned to write Quatermass II. Specifically designed by the BBC to combat the threat of the new ITV network, which launched just a month before Quatermass II was shown, the serial was even more successful than the first, drawing audiences of up to nine million viewers. Kneale was inspired in writing the serial by contemporary fears over secret UK Ministry of Defence research establishments such as Porton Down, as well the fact that as a BBC staff writer he had been required to sign the Official Secrets Act.

Quatermass II was Kneale's final original script for the BBC as a staff writer. He left the corporation when his contract expired at the end of 1956; "Five years in that hut was as much as any sane person could stand," he later told an interviewer.

1956–1958: Further Quatermass works
The same year that he left the BBC, Kneale wrote his first feature film screenplay, adapting Quatermass II for Hammer Film Productions along with producer Anthony Hinds and director Val Guest. Hinds and Guest had overseen the first Quatermass film, upon which Kneale had been unable to work due to his BBC staff contract. Kneale was disappointed that Brian Donlevy also returned in the role of Quatermass. The film premiered at the end of May 1957, and was reviewed positively in The Times: "The writer of the original story, Mr Nigel Kneale, and the director, Mr Val Guest, between them keep things moving at the right speed, without digressions. The film has an air of respect for the issues touched on, and this impression is confirmed by the acting generally." 1957 also saw the release of another cinematic collaboration between Kneale and Guest, when Kneale adapted his 1955 BBC play The Creature into The Abominable Snowman; in this case, Hammer retained the star of the BBC version, Peter Cushing.

In May 1957, Kneale was contracted by the BBC to write a third Quatermass serial, and this was eventually transmitted as Quatermass and the Pit across six weeks in December 1958 and January 1959. On this occasion Kneale was inspired by the racial tensions that had recently been seen in the United Kingdom, and which came to a head while the serial was in pre-production when the Notting Hill race riots occurred in August and September 1958. Drawing audiences of up to 11 million, Quatermass and the Pit has been referred to by the BBC's own website as "simply the first finest thing the BBC ever made." It was also included in the British Film Institute's "TV 100" list in 2000, where it was praised for the themes and subtexts it explored. "In a story which mined mythology and folklore ... under the guise of genre it tackled serious themes of man's hostile nature and the military's perversion of science for its own ends."

Despite the success of the serial, Kneale felt that he had now taken the character of Quatermass as far as he could. "I didn't want to go on repeating because Professor Quatermass had already saved the world from ultimate destruction three times, and that seemed to me to be quite enough," he said in 1986. It was also his final new collaboration with Rudolph Cartier, although the director did later handle a new version of Kneale's 1953 adaptation of Wuthering Heights for the BBC in 1962.

1958–1966: Film screenplays and adaptations
In 1958, Kneale's play Mrs Wickens in the Fall, transmitted by the BBC the previous year, was remade by the CBS network in the United States, retitled The Littlest Enemy. Broadcast on 18 June as part of The United States Steel Hour anthology series, the script was severely cut back in length. It was Kneale's only involvement with American television, and he was not pleased with the result. "I made up my mind I would never ever again have anything done on a television network in America," he later commented.

For the next few years, Kneale concentrated mostly on film screenplays, adapting plays and novels for the cinema. Described by The Independent as "one of the few writers not to fall out with John Osborne", Kneale adapted Osborne's plays Look Back in Anger and The Entertainer in 1958 and 1960 respectively, both for director Tony Richardson. Kneale knew Richardson through having previously adapted a Chekhov short story for the BBC, which Richardson had directed. Kneale was nominated for the British Film Award (later known as a BAFTA) for Best Screenplay for both films. Film producer Harry Saltzman, who had produced the two Osborne adaptations, approached Kneale about scripting a project he was working on to adapt Ian Fleming's James Bond novels for the cinema; Kneale was not a fan of Fleming's work and turned the offer down.

Kneale completed screenplays for adaptations of the novels Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. Neither of these scripts ever saw production, as the companies making them went out of business. Another screenplay that went unproduced was a Kneale original, a drama involving a wave of teenage suicides called The Big Giggle, or The Big, Big Giggle. Written in 1965 while Kneale was suffering from a mystery illness and forced to stay in bed for a long period, the concept was produced as a drama serial for the BBC, before the corporation reconsidered the nature of the storyline and the possibility of copycat suicides; Kneale later agreed with their decision not to make it for television. The production was nearly made as a film by 20th Century Fox, but John Trevelyan, Chief Executive of the British Board of Film Censors, forbade the script's production.

In 1966 Kneale worked again for Hammer Film Productions when he adapted Norah Lofts's 1960 novel The Devil's Own into the horror film The Witches. Kneale had worked on the screenplay for the adaptation in 1961, the same year in which he had begun to adapt Quatermass and the Pit for Hammer. Like The Witches, the film version of Quatermass and the Pit took several years to reach the screen, eventually being released in 1967. Roy Ward Baker directed, with Andrew Keir starring as Quatermass. Kneale was much happier with this version than the previous Hammer Quatermass adaptations, and the film was described by The Independent in 2006 as "one of the best ever Hammer productions." Quatermass and the Pit was Kneale's final credited film work; 1979's The Quatermass Conclusion was only released to cinemas in overseas markets after it was made for television in the UK, and he had his name removed from the credits of Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982).

1963–1974: Return to BBC
Kneale returned to writing for television with the BBC when his play The Road was broadcast in September 1963. The play concerned the population of an 18th-century village who become haunted by visions of a future nuclear war, and was followed by several one-off dramas for the BBC over the following decade, including two entries into BBC1's The Wednesday Play anthology strand. During this period he was regarded as one of the finest writers working for the BBC by Shaun Sutton, the Head of Drama for BBC television. Kneale did his first work for the ITV network during this time, writing a one-off play called The Crunch for the ATV company in 1964.

A particular critical success was The Year of the Sex Olympics, broadcast as part of BBC2's Theatre 625 series in July 1968. In the programme, a group of people creates a show-within-a-show called The Live Life Show, in which a family are filmed as they struggle to live on an isolated rural island. becomes a massive success, especially when a murderer is introduced into the set-up. The Year of the Sex Olympics has been praised for its foreshadowing of the rise of reality television programmes such as Big Brother (1999–present) and Celebrity Love Island (2005–2006). Critic Nancy Banks-Smith wrote in 2003 that: "In The Year of the Sex Olympics [Kneale] foretold the reality show and, in the scramble for greater sensation, its logical outcome ... This is satire from a TV insider, but it mutates into something far more desolate and disorientating."

In 1965 Kneale had been approached by the producer of the BBC2 science-fiction anthology series Out of the Unknown to write a new one-off 75-minute Quatermass story for the programme. Nothing came of this, but he would write The Chopper six years later for the fourth and final series. It was about the vengeful spirit of a dead motorcyclist who is reluctant to leave his wrecked machine and manifests itself to a woman journalist as motorbike noise. It featured Patrick Troughton as a mechanic, although the episode is now lost. In 1972 he was commissioned by the BBC to write a new four-part Quatermass serial, based in a dystopian near future world overrun with crime, apathy, martial law and youth cults. The serial was announced as a forthcoming production by the BBC in November, and some model filming was even begun in June 1973, but eventually budgetary problems and the unavailability of Stonehenge—a central location in the scripts—led to the project's cancellation.

Kneale's next script for the BBC was The Stone Tape, a scientific ghost story broadcast on Christmas Day 1972. Lez Cooke praised the production, when writing in 2003, describing it as "one of the most imaginative and intelligent examples of the horror genre to appear on British television, a single play to rank alongside the best of Play for Today." His final BBC work was an entry into a series called Bedtime Stories, adapting traditional fairy tales into adult dramas. Kneale's last script for the BBC, Jack and the Beanstalk, was transmitted on 24 March 1974.

1974–1982: Early ITV work
Kneale's remaining television work was written for ITV. His first script for ITV in this period was the one-off play Murrain, made by the network's Midlands franchise holders Associated TeleVision (ATV) in 1975. The play, a horror piece based around witchcraft, led the following year to a series called Beasts, a six-part anthology where Kneale created six different character-based tales of horror and the macabre. It featured some well-known actors such as Martin Shaw, Pauline Quirke and Bernard Horsfall, but did not gain a full network run on ITV; different regions transmitted the episodes in different timeslots and some in different sequences.

In the mid-1970s, Kneale made his only attempt at writing a stage play. Called Crow, it was based upon the memoirs of real-life Manx slaver Captain Hugh Crow. Kneale was unable to find backing to produce the play for the stage, but sold the script to ATV who put it into pre-production for television. Shortly before filming it was cancelled by ATV's managing director, Lew Grade, and Kneale was never told why.

Following the cancellation of Crow, Kneale moved to work for another of the ITV companies, Thames Television, who in 1977 commissioned the production of the scripts of Kneale's previously abandoned fourth Quatermass serial, to be produced by their Euston Films subsidiary film company. The production, Quatermass, was structured to work both as a four-episode serial for transmission in the UK, and a 100-minute film version for cinema release overseas—something Kneale later regretted agreeing to. Starring John Mills as Quatermass and with a budget of over £1 million—more than fifty times the budget of Quatermass and the Pit in 1958—the serial was not as critically successful as its predecessors. "Thematically no less awesome than Mr Kneale's earlier science-fiction essays for BBC Television, his ITV debut has proved only a so-so affair", was the verdict of The Times when previewing the final episode. Tying in with the series, Kneale returned to prose fiction when he wrote his only full-length novel, Quatermass, a novelisation of the serial.

Kneale's next television series was a departure from his usual style—Kinvig, his sole attempt at writing a sitcom, produced by London Weekend Television and broadcast on ITV in the autumn of 1981. Although his first out-and-out comedy, Kneale stressed that there had always been elements of humour present throughout his scripts. Some of the press reaction to Kinvig was positive: "If you like the idea of the Hitch-Hiker's Guide but found its realization tiresomely hysterical you may well prefer Kneale's relaxed wit. Cast splendid, direction deft," was The Times's preview of the first episode. The series was not a commercial success, although Kneale later remained personally pleased with it.

1982: Halloween III: Season of the Witch
In 1982, Kneale made another one-off diversion from his usual work when he wrote his only produced Hollywood movie script, Halloween III: Season of the Witch. Kneale was approached by the director John Landis to work on the screenplay for a remake of Creature from the Black Lagoon, and Kneale and his wife spent some time living at the Sheraton Hotel in Hollywood while Kneale worked on the project. The Black Lagoon script never went into production, but while in America Kneale met the director Joe Dante, who invited him to script the third film in the Halloween series, on which Dante was working; Kneale agreed, on the proviso that it would be a totally new concept unrelated to the first two films, which he had not seen and he did not like what he had heard about them.

Kneale's treatment for the film met with the approval of John Carpenter, the producer of the Halloween series, although Kneale was required to write the script in six weeks. Kneale had a positive relationship with the director assigned to the film, Tommy Lee Wallace, but when one of the film's backers, Dino De Laurentiis, insisted upon the inclusion of more graphic violence and a rewrite of the script from Wallace, Kneale became displeased with the results and had his name removed from the film.

1987–1995: Later ITV work
He returned to writing scripts for British television, including Gentry with Roger Daltrey for ITV in 1987, and the 1989 adaptation of Susan Hill's novel The Woman in Black for transmission on ITV on Christmas Eve. Lynne Truss, reviewing a repeat broadcast of the production on Channel 4 for The Times in 1994, wrote that: "Clip-clop is not usually a noise to get upset about. But it will be an interesting test, today, to go up behind people and whisper 'clip-clop', to find out whether they saw The Woman in Black last night. People who made the bold decision to watch this excellent drama will respond to any 'clip-clop' by gratifyingly leaping in the air and grabbing the backs of their necks." The adaptation nearly went unmade; Kneale had written the script in ten days but been advised by his agent to wait before submitting it to the producers Central Independent Television so that they would not think he had rushed it. When he did submit the script three weeks later, he discovered that Central had been about to cancel the production as they had assumed that Kneale, then 67, had not been able to complete the work due to his age.

Susan Hill did not like some of the changes that Kneale had made to The Woman in Black. It has been observed that Kneale on some occasions operated a double standard with adaptations; being unhappy when others made changes to his stories, but willing to make changes to stories he was adapting into script form. Referring to The Woman in Black adaptation, the writer and critic Kim Newman noted that: "He was very offended at the notion of Susan Hill using the name of Kipps from HG Wells as the hero of The Woman in Black, and so he decided not to use it and to change the hero's name to Kidd. I'm sure if somebody thought that Quatermass was a silly name and changed it, he'd be furious!" However, Kneale's adaptations were not always unpopular with the original author. In 1991, a four-part version he wrote of Kingsley Amis's novel Stanley and the Women, met with approval from the original author, with Amis regarding it as the most successful adaptation of his work.

Kneale also adapted Sharpe's Gold for ITV in 1995, as part of their series of adaptations of Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe novels. This was an assignment that surprised his agent; "We didn't think he'd want to bother with them but he did. That was probably because he liked the producer." He returned to writing for radio for the first time since the 1950s in 1996, when he wrote the drama-documentary The Quatermass Memoirs for BBC Radio 3. Partly composed of Kneale looking back at the events that led to the writing of the original three Quatermass serials and using some archive material, there was also a dramatised strand to the series, set just before the ITV Quatermass serial and featuring Andrew Keir, star of the Hammer version of Quatermass and the Pit, as the Professor.

While recording an audio commentary for that film in 1997, Kneale speculated about a possible Quatermass prequel set in 1930s Germany. According to The Independent, Kneale conceived a storyline involving the young Quatermass becoming involved in German rocketry experiments in the 1930s, and helping a young Jewish woman to escape from the country during the 1936 Berlin Olympics.

1995–2006: Final years
Kneale was invited to write for the successful American science-fiction series The X-Files (1993–2002), but declined the offer. His final professional work was an episode of the ITV legal drama Kavanagh QC, starring John Thaw. Kneale's episode, "Ancient History", was about a Jewish woman who during the Second World War had been subjected to horrific experiments in a concentration camp.

He continued to appear as an interview subject in various television documentaries, and also recorded further audio commentaries for the release of some of his productions on DVD. In 2005, he acted as a consultant when the digital television channel BBC Four produced a live remake of The Quatermass Experiment. He lived in Barnes, London, until his death on 29 October 2006 at the age of 84, following a series of small strokes.

Legacy
When he joined BBC, Kneale was impressed with the state in which they found BBC television drama. However, he was frustrated at what he saw as the slow and boring styles of television drama production then employed, which he felt wasted the potential of the medium. Together with Cartier he would help revolutionise British television drama and establish it as an entity separate from its theatre and radio equivalents. Television historian Lez Cooke wrote in 2003 that "Between them, Kneale and Cartier were responsible for introducing a completely new dimension to television drama in the early to mid-1950s." Jason Jacobs, a lecturer in film and television studies at the University of Warwick, wrote: "It was the arrival of Nigel Kneale ... and Rudolph Cartier ... that challenged the intimate drama directly ... Kneale and Cartier shared a common desire to invigorate television with a faster tempo and a broader thematic and spatial canvas, and it was no coincidence that they turned to science-fiction in order to get out of the dominant stylistic trend of television intimacy."

The writer and actor Mark Gatiss indicated that Kneale was among the first rank of British television writers, but that this had been overlooked. "He is amongst the greats—he is absolutely as important as Dennis Potter, as David Mercer, as Alan Bleasdale, as Alan Bennett, but I think because of a strange snobbery about fantasy or sci-fi it's never quite been that way." The Guardian commented that "Kneale was by no means the only author to have been largely wasted by television, and to have seen his status overtaken by soap opera hacks. But his place is secure, alongside Wells, Arthur C. Clarke, John Wyndham and Brian Aldiss, as one of the best, most exciting and most compassionate English science fiction writers of his century." Writing about The Year of the Sex Olympics, Nancy Banks-Smith felt that Kneale was one of the few television writers whose work was particularly memorable. "At the name of Kneale, I feel, every knee should bow. How much TV do you remember from last night ... last year ... last century? Quite. Curiously, I can remember clearly the first time I saw The Year of the Sex Olympics by Nigel Kneale. It was 35 years ago."

Kneale was admired by the film director John Carpenter. The horror fiction writer Stephen King has cited Kneale as an influence, and Kim Newman suggested in 2003 that King had "more or less rewritten Quatermass and the Pit in The Tommyknockers." Other writers have acclaimed Kneale as an influence on their work including comics writer Grant Morrison and television screenwriter Russell T Davies, who described the Beasts episode "Baby" as "the most frightening thing I've ever seen ... Powerful stuff." Film screenwriter and director Dan O'Bannon was also an admirer of Kneale's writing, and in 1993 wrote a potential remake of The Quatermass Experiment, of which Kneale approved, but the film was never made. Other entertainment industry figures that publicly expressed admiration for Kneale's work include The Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr, members of the rock group Pink Floyd and Monty Python's Flying Circus writer/performer Michael Palin.

Kneale never saw himself as a science-fiction writer, and was often critical of the genre. He particularly disliked the BBC series Doctor Who (1963–89; 1996; 2005–present), for which he had once turned down an offer to write. He also criticised Doomwatch and Blake's 7, with the latter described as the lowest point of British television science-fiction. Doctor Who was heavily influenced by Kneale's Quatermass serials, in some cases even using specific storylines that were similar to those from Quatermass.

Family
Kneale's younger brother is artist and sculptor Bryan Kneale, who was Master and then Professor of Sculpture at the Royal Academy from 1982 to 1990. He painted the covers for the Quatermass script books released by Penguin Books in 1959 and 1960. He was also responsible for a painting of a lobster from which special effects designers Bernard Wilkie and Jack Kine drew their inspiration for the Martian creatures they constructed for the original television version of Quatermass and the Pit.

In the early 1950s Kneale met fellow BBC screenwriter Judith Kerr, a Jewish refugee, in the BBC canteen. They married on 8 May 1954 and had two children; Matthew, who later became a successful novelist, and Tacy, an actress and later a special effects designer who worked on the Harry Potter film series.

Kerr became a successful children's writer, with the Mog series of books and When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit, which was based on her own experiences of fleeing Nazi Germany in her youth. Kneale worked with Kerr on an adaptation of When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit in the 1970s, but the eventual makers of the film version disregarded their script. Similarly, in 1995 Kneale scripted a four-part adaptation of one of Kerr's sequels to the book, A Small Person Far Away, but this also went unproduced.

Filmography

 * The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) - Story
 * Quatermass 2 (1957) - Writer
 * The Abominable Snowman (1957) - Writer
 * Look Back in Anger (1959) - Writer
 * The Entertainer (1960) - Writer
 * H.M.S. Defiant (1962) - Writer
 * First Men in the Moon (1964) - Writer
 * The Witches (1966) - Writer
 * Quatermass and the Pit (1967) - Writer
 * The Stone Tape (1971) - Writer
 * The Quatermass Conclusion (1979) - Writer
 * Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982) - Writer (uncredited)
 * The Woman in Black (1989) - Writer

TV episodes

 * Newman, Kim in

title: Nigel Kneale


text:
Town of Mosman Park

The Town of Mosman Park is a local government area of Western Australia. It covers an area of approximately 4.3 km2 in western metropolitan Perth, the capital of Western Australia and lies about 14 km southwest of the Perth CBD and 5 km from Fremantle.

History
The Buckland Hill Road District was created on 6 October 1899. It was renamed the Cottesloe Beach Road District on 2 July 1909, but reverted to the Buckland Hill name on 10 October 1930.

It was renamed the Mosman Park Road District on 12 February 1937. It became the Shire of Mosman Park with effect from 1 July 1961 following the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires. It assumed its current name when it was granted town status on 26 January 1962.

Wards
The town has six councillors and a mayor. The town is split into North and South wards.

Suburbs
Mosman Park is the only suburb within this municipality.

Heritage listed places
, 91 places are heritage-listed in the Town of Mosman Park, of which seven are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them the Leighton Battery.

title: Town of Mosman Park


text:
Talk:Lemmy

The step father is George L Willis not George Willis (Footballer)
After Lynda Willis, the daughter of George Willis (Footballer) contacted about an entry on her dads Wikipedia page which I’ve corrected.

Lemmy (all hail the great man) mother, Jessie, married George L Willis: marriage record: Jessie M Kilmister Registration Date: Jan 1956 [Feb 1956] [Mar 1956] Registration Quarter: Jan-Feb-Mar Registration district: Anglesey East Inferred County: Anglesey Spouse: George L Willis Volume Number: 8a Page Number: 28

Previously George L Willis was married to Vera Edwards and had 2 children.

So I will remove the reference to George Willis (Footballer) for Lynda and families sake. She did say “Much as I would like to be Lemmy's stepsister, this information is inaccurate.”

More evidence:

George L Willis who is George Lionel Willis (Tool Maker) 1908–1999 Married Vera Edwards 1906– Children: Patricia J Willis 1939– Anthony J Willis 1942–

Then married: Jessie Milda Kilmister nee Simpson 1912–2011 Nexus5 (talk) 17:45, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Apparently the other George Willis played professionally for Bolton Wanderers, though George Willis (footballer) did not.--EchetusXe 09:31, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

Lemmy was also a guitar player on his main roles, even in Hawkwind and Motörhead
He was the main guitarist in Rockin’ Vickers, he was one of the two guitarists as well as the lead vocalist in Sam Gopal, he regularly played acoustic guitar in the studio for Hawkwind and he played acoustic guitar in Motörhead somewhat regularly from 'Bastards' onwards and he also played the second guitar solo on "Limb From Limb" on the 'Overkill' album as well as "Boogeyman" on the 'Rock ‘n’ Roll' album. Actuallyjoseph (talk) 01:25, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * the infobox should only list the most commonly used instruments --FMSky (talk) 06:34, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * He did commonly play guitar though. Mewhen123 (talk) 22:33, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

Contradiction
The illness and death section currently contains a contradiction. The second paragraph claims he died from prostate cancer, yet directly below his manager is quoted saying they found cancer in his neck and brain. Now, the prostate is neither the neck nor the brain, so which cancer was he actually diagnosed with. Tvx1 20:44, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lemmy


text:
Bihar People's Party

Bihar People's Party was a political party in the Indian state of Bihar, founded in 1993 by former leader of the Samajwadi Krantikari Sena and former Janata Dal MLA, Anand Mohan Singh.

Singh's wife, Lovely Anand, won a by-election to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India) from the north Bihar constituency of Vaishali in 1994 by defeating veteran leader Kishori Sinha,  wife  of  Bihar stalwart  and former  Chief Minister Satyendra Narain Sinha. The party then fielded around 100 candidates in the 1995 state assembly elections, with Anand Mohan Singh himself standing and losing in three separate constituencies.

BPP then joined with the Samata Party and Singh was elected to the Lok Sabha as a candidate of that party in 1996, then as an All India Rashtriya Janata Party candidate in 1998. In 1999 BPP contested the Lok Sabha polls in alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Janata Dal (United).

The party contested the 2000 Bihar legislative election in alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Jharkhand People's Party. The party won two seats, contesting as independents.

BPP merged with the Indian National Congress party in February 2004.

title: Bihar People's Party


text:
Hecla-class survey vessel

The Hecla class formed the backbone of the Royal Navy's ocean survey fleet from the mid-1960s.

Design
The hull design was based on that of the RRS Discovery and the Hecla class were built to commercial standards costing £1.25 million each. They carried two small survey craft, a launch, a Land Rover and a Wasp helicopter, for which there was a flight deck and hangar. They were chiefly funded from the Polaris Submarine Ballistic Nuclear Missile programme, with their major task to carry out regular oceanographic observations essential for the Polaris submarines to hide in thermal layers.

Special modifications
Besides the strengthened hull for work in ice and the provision of air conditioning necessary for work in all climates, they had modifications particular for a scientific vessel: wet and dry laboratories; a survey chartroom and photographic darkroom; oceanographic winches for deep seawater analysis and coring; stabilisers and a bow thruster, which enabled the ship to maintain her position when stopped for scientific observations. All 4 Royal Navy vessels were fitted with an Inertial Navigation System for mid-Ocean positioning. 'Drift' was corrected by taking satellite fixes from the Transit Doppler Sat Nav. Each vessel, due to their requirement to operate mid-Ocean, was equipped with a sick bay with a 2-bed ward and an operating theatre with X-Ray machine. Every vessel carried a Surgeon-Lieutenant and Leading Medical Assistant. In the 80's and 90's, 'Hecla' and 'Hecate' were equipped to make Gravity Free Air Anomaly observations over the mid-Atlantic ridge for the US Department of Defence 'Nav Star' GPS constellation of satellites.

Service
The first three ships, HMS Hecla (A133), HMS Hecate (A137) and HMS Hydra (A144), were ordered in the early 1960s to replace the aging survey ships HMS Scott (J79) and HMS Shackleton (1953).

A fourth ship, HMS Herald (H138) was ordered in the early 1970s. Apart from HMS Hecate, they all saw service as hospital ships in the Falklands War, while Herald and Hecla also served in the Gulf War and the former as a temporary Antarctic Patrol Ship in 1991 and 1992. Hecate saw service as the temporary Antarctic Patrol Ship in 1982 after being painted grey and fitted with AA guns in Gibraltar. Hecate was the first Royal Navy vessel to visit South America following the Falklands conflict. During the conflict, Hecla, commanded by Captain Geoffrey Hope RN, with Lt. Cdr. Ward as XO, ferried Argentinian prisoners of war to Montevideo. Being the first vessel of the conflict to be in the glare of the world media, she gained a high public profile out of proportion to her ambulance ship role. Hydra was also outfitted as an ambulance ship whereas Herald was equipped as a casualty reception station on a par with SS Uganda.

A fifth Hecla-class vessel, SAS Protea (A324) was ordered by the South African Navy and commissioned on 23 May 1972. As of 2017, Protea remains in service.

Hydra was sold to Indonesia Navy in 1986 and renamed KRI Dewa Kembar-932. As of 2017, Dewa Kembar remains in service.

Hecate decommissioned in 1990 and was broken up, while Herald was finally decommissioned in 2001, and was replaced the same year by HMS Echo (H87).

Hecla was paid off in 1997 and sold to an Irish private company, renamed MV Blythe, to be replaced by HMS Scott (H131). In 1969, commanded by Captain David Haslam (who retired after 10 years as Hydrographer in 1985), she landed a party who hoisted the Union Flag on Rockall, which significantly extended the UK's territory.

Nomenclature
The first three ships in the class were named for the three paddle-wheel Hydra-class sloops, two of which (HMS Hydra (1838) and HMS Hecate (1839)) were fitted out as survey ships from around 1860.

title: Hecla-class survey vessel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deholocaustolithification

Any reason to think this word is used by anyone other than the bloke who submitted it?Harry R 12:03, 24 May 2004 (UTC) From the deletion log: I'm de-listing from VfD. --Ben Brockert (:talk:) 21:55, May 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. 6 hits in google. An article would just be a discussion about whether the holocaust took place, and therefore not suitable for wikipedia. Thue 12:08, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 12:03, 24 May 2004 The Anome deleted "Deholocaustolithification" (more dictionary definition of made-up word not in common use)


text:
Peppermint Grove, Western Australia

Peppermint Grove is an affluent western suburb of Perth, Western Australia on the north bank of the Swan River at Freshwater Bay. Its local government area, the smallest in the country, is the Shire of Peppermint Grove. The suburb was named after the Swan River peppermint trees (Agonis flexuosa) lining many streets. The suburb has long been associated with Western Australia's wealthiest and oldest families. Their prosperity is reflected in the many historical houses in the area, such as The Cliffe and the Federation Queen Anne style St Just. Colin Barnett, a former Premier of Western Australia, dubbed the suburb "Monaco of WA" due to its small size and concentration of wealth. It is also known as millionaire’s row and had the highest income of any suburb in Australia in 2022.

History
At the time of European settlement and for some years after, the area was thickly wooded with tuart, jarrah, red gum, banksia as well as the peppermint trees which gave the suburb its name.

In 1830, John Butler, an innkeeper, was given a grant of 250 acres (1 km²) on Freshwater Bay, after unsuccessfully attempting to secure land at Claremont. From this location, he operated "The Bush Inn", a stone house he had built and rigged out with native mahogany, commonly known as jarrah. After a series of arguments with the colonial authorities of the day, Butler left for Sydney in October 1835, but did not dispose of the property.

After the death of Butler's wife, Ann, in 1886, a syndicate of businessmen, including Alexander Forrest and George Leake, persuaded Butler's children to sell the land. In 1891, it was subdivided and lots were sold for £7 to £12 each. Two of the earliest residents were Edward Vivien Harvey Keane, Lord Mayor of Perth, and John Forrest, Premier of Western Australia. Four years later, residents got a road board, later to become the Peppermint Grove Shire Council – to this day, the smallest in Australia, at 1.1 sqkm.

Geography
Peppermint Grove is situated between Stirling Highway on the west and the Swan River at Freshwater Bay to the east. It spans six blocks, with its main streets named after the first post-subdivision residents of the suburb – McNeil, Forrest, Leake, Irvine, Keane, Johnston and Venn.

At the 2016 Australian census, Peppermint Grove had a high-income, mostly British Isles-derived population of 1,636 people living in 613 dwellings. 58% of the residents were female. The ABS noted that 64% of the suburb's workforce were professionals or managers (five percentage points less than the 2011 Census).

Facilities
Cottesloe Primary School (established 1896) and Presbyterian Ladies' College are located within the suburb, as are the shire council office and the Grove Library on Stirling Highway, a small shopping centre opposite Cottesloe's Napoleon Street shopping area, and reserves along the riverfront, most notably Manners Hill Park and Keanes Point Reserve, which offer recreational facilities and jetties.

The Grove Library
The Grove Library is funded by the Town of Cottesloe, the Shire of Peppermint Grove and the Town of Mosman Park. It houses the digital Grove Community History Library, which focuses on the people, places and events that have shaped the suburbs of Cottesloe, Peppermint Grove and Mosman Park. It was established in 2006 as a conventional paper-based community collection but became digital in 2011. Much of the collection is available online.

Churches
There are two churches in Peppermint Grove: St Columba's Presbyterian Church, a Presbyterian church located at the corner of Venn and Keane Streets; and St Mary Star of the Sea, a Roman Catholic church located on Stirling Highway at McNeil Street.

Transport
The suburb is serviced by Fremantle to Perth bus services and the CircleRoute bus route along Stirling Highway, and by Cottesloe and Mosman Park railway stations on the Fremantle line. All services are operated by the Public Transport Authority.

Bus

 * 102 Cottesloe Station to Claremont Station – serves Stirling Highway
 * 107 Fremantle Station to Claremont Station – serves View Street, Leake Street and Stirling Highway
 * 998 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute clockwise, serves Stirling Highway
 * 999 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute anti-clockwise, serves Stirling Highway

Politics
From 1901 to 1968 and from 1974 to 1980 Peppermint Grove was part of the federal Fremantle electorate, since 1934 a notional Labor seat. Its most prominent member was wartime Prime Minister John Curtin, a Cottesloe resident.

Since 1980 it has been part of the federal division of Curtin. Until 2022, Curtin was regarded as a safe seat for the centre right Liberal Party, which has held the seat continually since its inception, with the exception of a period from 1996 to 1998 when former Liberal member Allan Rocher held the seat as an independent, and from 2022 onwards. In the parliament of Western Australia, its Legislative Assembly electoral district is Cottesloe, held by David Honey, also of the Liberal Party.

Notable residents

 * Sir Charles Gairdner, Governor of Western Australia and Tasmania
 * Hon. Sir Francis Burt, former Governor
 * Anthony O'Grady Lefroy
 * James George Lee-Steere
 * Alexander Forrest
 * Bessie Rischbieth
 * David Malcolm, former Lieutenant-Governor and Chief Justice of Western Australia
 * David McComb, lead singer of The Triffids
 * Richard Goyder, CEO of Wesfarmers
 * Olivia DeJonge, actress

title: Peppermint Grove, Western Australia


text:
Mundaring, Western Australia

Mundaring is a suburb located 34 km east of Perth, Western Australia on the Great Eastern Highway. The suburb is located within the Shire of Mundaring.

The Aboriginal name of the area "Mindah-lung", said to mean "a high place on a high place", was anglicised to become "Mundaring".

The Mundaring area is considered to be part of the Perth Hills area.

Newspapers
The Mundaring region is currently well served by weekly and monthly newspapers:
 * Chidlow Chatter
 * Darlington Review – locality specific
 * Echo Newspapers – weekly – Midland based

Former newspapers in the area included:
 * The Darling
 * Swan Express – although Midland based, had considerable space to "Hills" stories
 * It is also extracted in entries in the J S Battye Library catalogue with items about the Hills.
 * Hills Gazette (Community Newspaper Group) – weekly
 * Mundaring magazine – monthly

Railway
The only railway line current in the Mundaring Shire – is the third route of the Eastern Railway which passes through Bellevue and Swan View. The railway routes mentioned below – first route and second route are no longer operational – and constitute sections of the Railway Reserve Heritage Trail.

The Eastern Railway passed through Mundaring on its first route through to Chidlow. Mundaring railway station, and the branch railway leading from it – the Mundaring Weir Branch Railway were significant locations for the construction of the Mundaring Weir. Following the construction of the second route of the Eastern Railway, the Mundaring line served as an alternative to the second route at the time of accidents and derailments, until its closing to traffic in 1954.

The line through Mundaring was known as the Mundaring Loop to railway administration in its later years of operation, while in earlier years it was known as Smiths Mill Branch (the earlier name for Glen Forrest). The line served a small population but played an integral part in the development and history of Mundaring.

The Mundaring Hotel opened opposite the Mundaring Railway Station in 1899 and served patrons on the route.

Mundaring Geophysical Observatory
Mundaring was the location of a Bureau of Mineral Resources Geophysical Observatory from 1959 to April 2000.

The annual reports from the Observatory constituted the seismic record of the state of Western Australia for that period of time as well as reports and summaries of activity.

Environment
The town lies within the Mundaring-Kalamunda Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance as a non-breeding season roost site and foraging base for the long-billed black cockatoos.

Bus

 * 320 Mundaring to Midland Station – serves Craig Street, Mundaring Weir Road and Great Eastern Highway
 * 331 Mundaring to Wundowie – serves Craig Street, Mundaring Weir Road and Stoneville Road

title: Mundaring, Western Australia