text:
List of quarter tone pieces

A selection of compositions using quarter tones:

A

 * Thomas Adès
 * Asyla calls for an upright piano tuned a quarter-tone flat.

B

 * Jan Bach
 * Concert Variations for solo euphonium; "each variation is based on different performance techniques of the instrument, including quarter-tones"
 * Clarence Barlow
 * Çoǧluotobüsişletmesi for four pianos. "in which four of the 12 pitches of the chromatic scale are tuned a quarter tone flat"
 * ...until' version 7 for guitar (1980).
 * Hans Barth
 * Concerto for Quarter Tone Piano and Quarter Tone Strings (1930)
 * Béla Bartók
 * String Quartet No. 6; the third movement Burletta contains quarter-tone tuning used for parodistic effect. Quarter tones are also used in Bartók's ballet The Miraculous Mandarin.
 * Sonata for Solo Violin; the fourth movement Presto contains quarter-tones, but they are not "structural features." This movement also calls for third-tones.
 * Violin Concerto No. 2; the cadenza in the first movement requires the use of quarter-tones, but only as an effect.
 * John Beckwith
 * Blurred Lines for violin and harpsichord (1997)
 * Jack Behrens
 * Quarter-Tone Quartet, Op. 20.
 * Alban Berg
 * Chamber Concerto, for violin, piano, and 13 winds.
 * Luciano Berio
 * E vó (1972).
 * Easley Blackwood Jr.
 * Twelve Microtonal Etudes for Electronic Music Media: "24 Notes: Moderato" (1980).
 * Ernest Bloch
 * Piano Quintet No. 1 (1923); the first movement features use of quarter-tones in the string parts.
 * Pierre Boulez
 * Polyphonie X (1951).
 * Le Visage nuptial (1946).

C

 * Jacob Collier
 * In the Bleak Midwinter for 10 Vocalists (2016)
 * Julián Carrillo
 * Capricho for piano in quarter-tones (1959)
 * Capricho for solo viola in quarter-tones (1926)
 * Casi-sonatas 1–6 for solo violin, viola or cello in quarter-tones (c.1960s)
 * Concertino in quarter-, eighth- and sixteenth-tones for violin, cello and harp with orchestra (1926)
 * Concerto for 1/4-tone and 1/8-tone cello and orchestra (1958)
 * Concerto No. 1 for quarter-tone violin and orchestra (1963)
 * Concerto No. 2 for quarter-tone violin and orchestra (1964)
 * Mass for Pope John XXIII for male chorus in quarter-tones (1920s)
 * Preludio a Colón for vocalizing soprano, octavina (modified bass guitar, in 8th tones), flute, 16th-tone harp, violin, and guitar (1922)
 * Serenata for cello in quarter-tones with English horn, harp, and string quartet (1927)
 * 70 estudios for solo violin in quarter-tones (c. 1927?) {also for solo viola, cello, or double-bass}
 * Sonata for solo guitar in quarter-tones (c.1924)
 * Sonata (Amanecer en Berlin 13) for solo harp in quarter-tones (1931)
 * Sonata casi fantasia for violin, violoncello and guitar in quarter-, eighth- and sixteenth-tones (1925)
 * String Quartet in quarter-tones (c.1924) {There are also 7 others with some using smaller intervals.}
 * Suite for solo guitar in quarter-tones (1960)
 * 3 estudios en forma de sonatina for solo violin in quarter-tones (1927)
 * Symphony No. 1 (Colombia) for orchestra in quarter-tones (c.1924)
 * Symphony No. 2 (Colombia) for orchestra in quarter-tones (1926)
 * Aaron Copland
 * Vitebsk (1928).
 * John Corigliano
 * Chiaroscuro for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart (1997)
 * Mildred Couper
 * Xanadu for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart (ca. 1930)
 * Dirge for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart, published in New Music quarterly (January 1937)
 * Rumba for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart (ca. 1937)

D

 * John Diercks
 * Reminiscences, 1971 for two pianos, one tuned a quarter-tone lower.

E

 * John Eaton
 * Sonority Movement, for flute and nine harps.
 * Danny Elfman
 * Soundtrack score for A Simple Plan features "very specific quarter tone detunings coming off the Emulator".
 * Don Ellis
 * Electric Bath
 * George Enescu
 * Œdipe (opera)
 * Third Violin Sonata ("In Popular Romanian Style")

F

 * Bjørn Fongaard
 * Galaxe [Galaxy] (for three quarter-tone guitars), Opus 46.
 * John Foulds
 * Cello Sonata (1905, rev. 1927), passages in the second movement

G

 * Sofia Gubaidulina
 * Quaternion for cello quartet, two of the cellos are tuned down a quarter tone
 * Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion, the strings are divided into two sections, one of which is tuned a quarter-tone lower than the other.

H

 * Sampo Haapamäki
 * Velinikka, concerto for quarter-tone accordion (2008)
 * Conception, double concerto for quarter-tone guitar, quarter-tone accordion and orchestra (2012)
 * Quarter-Tone Piano Concerto (2017)
 * Georg Friedrich Haas
 * 3 Hommages, for piano player on two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart
 * "Hommage à Steve Reich" (1982)
 * "Hommage à György Ligeti" (1984)
 * "Hommage à Josef Matthias Hauer" (1982)
 * Alois Hába
 * Children's Play for unaccompanied youth chorus, Op.43 (1932)
 * Chor-Suite for unaccompanied chorus, Op. 13 (1922)
 * 5 Choruses for unaccompanied youth chorus, Op. 42 (1932)
 * 5 Mixed Choruses, Op. 44 (1932)
 * Detské nálady (Children's Moods), 8-song cycle for mid-ranged voice and quartertone guitar, Op.51 (1943)
 * Fantasy No. 1 for quartertone piano, Op. 17 (1923)
 * Fantasy No. 2 for quartertone piano, Op. 19 (1924)
 * Fantasy No. 3 for quartertone piano, Op. 20 (1924)
 * Fantasy No. 4 for quartertone piano, Op. 25 (1925)
 * Fantasy No. 5 for quartertone piano, Op. 26 (1925)
 * Fantasy No. 6 for quartertone piano, Op. 27 (1926)
 * Fantasy No. 7 for quartertone piano, Op. 28 (1926)
 * Fantasy No. 8 for quartertone piano, Op. 29 (1926)
 * Fantasy No. 9 for quartertone piano, Op. 30 (1926)
 * Fantasy No. 10 for quartertone piano, Op. 31 (1926)
 * Fantasy No. 11 for quartertone piano, Op. 89 (1959)
 * Fantasy for unaccompanied violin, Op. 9a (1921)
 * Fantasy for unaccompanied violoncello, Op. 18 (1924)
 * Fantasy for violin and quartertone piano, Op. 21 (1925)
 * Fantasy for viola and quartertone piano, Op. 32 (1926)
 * Fantasy for violoncello and quartertone piano, Op. 33 (1927)
 * Já (I) for unaccompanied men's chorus, Op. 36 (1928)
 * Matka (The Mother), quartertone opera in 10 scenes, Op. 35 (1927–29)
 * Poesie zivota (Poetry of Life), 12-song cycle for soprano and quartertone guitar, Op. 53 (1943)
 * Pracující den (The working day) for unaccompanied male voices, Op. 45 (1932)
 * Solo for violin Op. 93 (1961–62)
 * Sonata for quartertone piano, Op. 62 (1946–47)
 * String Quartet No. 2 ("In quarter-tone system"), Op. 7 (1920)
 * String Quartet 3 ("In quarter-tone system"), Op. 12 (1922)
 * String Quartet 4 ("In quarter-tone system"), Op. 14 (1922)
 * String Quartet 6 ("In quarter-tone system"), Op. 70 (1950)
 * String Quartet No. 12 ("In quarter-tone system"), Op. 90 (1959–60)
 * String Quartet 14 ("In quarter-tone system"), Op. 94 (1963)
 * Suite No. 1 for quartertone piano, Op. 10 (1922, revised in 1932 as Op. 11a)
 * Suite No. 2 for quartertone piano, Op. 11 (1922, revised in 1932 as Op. 11b)
 * Suite No. 3 for quartertone piano, Op. 16 (1923)
 * Suite No. 4 for quartertone piano, Op. 22 (1924)
 * Suite No. 5 for quartertone piano, Op. 23 (1925)
 * Suite No. 6 for quartertone piano, Op. 88 (1957–59)
 * Suite for clarinet and quartertone piano, Op. 24 (1925)
 * 1st Suite for quartertone guitar, Op. 54 (1943)
 * 2nd Suite for quartertone guitar, Op. 63 (1947)
 * Suite for clarinet (unaccompanied), Op. 55 (1943)
 * Suite for quartertone trumpet and trombone, Op. 56 (1944)
 * Suite in quartertones for 4 trombones, Op. 72 (1950)
 * Fromental Halévy
 * Prométhée enchaîné (1849)
 * Jonathan Harvey
 * Valley of Aosta for chamber ensemble of 13 players and electronics (1988)
 * Lejaren Hiller
 * String Quartet No. 5 (1962).
 * Alan Hovhaness
 * O Lord, Bless Thy Mountains, Op. 276, for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart (1974)

I

 * Charles Ives
 * Three Quarter-Tone Pieces, for two pianos, one tuned a quarter-tone sharp, S. 128 (K. 3C3) (1923–24)
 * Symphony No. 4 (1910–1924)

K

 * Jeronimas Kačinskas
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1931) (lost? withdrawn?)
 * Trio for trumpet, viola, and harmonium (1933)
 * Gideon Klein
 * Duo for violin and viola in the Quartertone System (1940)
 * György Kurtág
 * Lebenslauf, Op. 32 (1992)

L

 * Michael A. Levine
 * Divination by Mirrors for Saw and Strings. Strings are divided into two groups of 13 tuned 1/4 step apart. Each group plays only in its own pitch "universe". The featured bowed saw freely moves from standard tuning to pitches a 1/4 step away. Premiered at Merkin Concert Hall, New York City, 1998 by the New York Virtuosi and Dale Stuckenbruck saw soloist.
 * György Ligeti
 * Clocks and Clouds for 12-voiced women's choir and orchestra.
 * Quartet No. 2 for strings.
 * Ramifications for 12 solo strings (1968–69), divided into two groups tuned a quarter-tone apart.
 * Arthur Lourié
 * Prelude for piano "with higher chromatism", Op.12 No.2 (1912).
 * Alain Louvier
 * Anneaux de Lumière (1983) for two pianos, one tuned a quarter-tone apart (1 player)

M

 * Drake Mabry
 * Street Cries (11.10.83) for solo B♭ clarinet features extensive use of quarter tones in all three movements.
 * Henry Mancini
 * Soundtrack score for Wait Until Dark (1967) features extensive use of quarter-tones including two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart
 * The Night Visitor
 * Steve Mackey
 * Indigenous Instruments
 * On All Fours
 * Andrew March
 * Aeolian Rustling (2001) for alto flute (Boehm system) and harp, with Kingma System alto flute ossia.
 * XXIX—in Perpetuum (2001) for solo Kingma System quarter-tone alto flute.
 * Water Lilies (2001) for solo alto flute and harp, with Kingma System quarter-tone alto flute ossia.
 * Memoriam (2002) for Kingma System quarter-tone alto flute, vibraphone, marimba, harp and strings.
 * Rytis Mažulis
 * Quartertone Canon for two piano tuned a quarter-tone apart (2010)
 * Sans Pause for string quartet (2001)
 * Olivier Messiaen
 * Deux monodies en quarts de ton (1938).

N

 * Per Nørgård
 * String Quartet No. 5 'Inscape' (1969)

O

 * Frank J. Oteri
 * Circles Mostly in Wood, a quarter-tone wind quintet in five movements (2002)
 * Fair and Balanced, a quarter-tone saxophone quartet in four short movements (2004)

P

 * Krzysztof Penderecki
 * Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima, for string orchestra, frequently makes use of quarter tones.

R

 * Karel Reiner
 * Fantasy for quarter-tone piano (1935-36)
 * Five songs for voice with violin accompaniment in quarter-tones to texts by Karel Hynek Mácha (1936, performed at the 1938 ISCM Festival in Paris)
 * 3 Duos for 2 quarter-tone clarinets (1972)
 * Suite for quarter-tone piano (1935-36)
 * Milan Ristić
 * Duo for violin and violoncello, Op. 11 (1938)
 * Septet for clarinet, 2 trombones, string trio, and doublebass, Op. 9 (1938)
 * Suite for unaccompanied violin, Op. 6 (1938)
 * Suite for ten strings, Op. 10 (1938)
 * Suite for four trombones, Op. 8 (1938, scheduled for performance during the 1939 ISCM Festival in Warsaw but the performance could not take place)

S

 * Ezra Sims
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1962)
 * Richard Stein
 * Zwei Konzertstücke, Op. 26, 1906.
 * Karlheinz Stockhausen
 * Pietà, for soprano, quarter-tone flugelhorn, and electronic music, from the opera Dienstag aus Licht
 * Schlagquartett, for piano and 3 x 2 timpani (1952)
 * Billy Strange
 * These Boots Are Made for Walkin', 1966 popular song, sung by Nancy Sinatra, with a prominent quarter tone double bass riff.

T

 * Tōru Takemitsu
 * Bryce (1976).
 * James Tenney
 * Bridge for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart (1984)
 * Jukka Tiensuu
 * Kymmari for Decacorde (2016)
 * Anomal Dances Concerto for quarter-tone accordion and orchestra (2015)
 * Kuuhiomo a proludi in quarter tones for any ensemble of melody instruments (2015)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace for micro-tonally tuned harpsichord, string quartet (1990)
 * Narcissus for oboe and tape (1979)
 * Tui St. George Tucker
 * Amoroso for solo clarinet
 * Indian Summer for 2 baritones with 2 flutes, clarinet, bassoon, trombone, viola, and percussion
 * Little Pieces for quarter-tone piano
 * My Melancholy Baby Fantasy for one player performing on two pianos at a right angle tuned a quarter-tone apart
 * Quartertone Carol for recorder trio
 * Quartertone Recorder Duets
 * Quartertone Lullubies 1–3 for recorder trio
 * Romanza for solo recorder.
 * Sarabande: Dance for Miriam Cooper, for microtonal harpsichord (1986)
 * Sonata No. 1 for Solo Recorder ("The Bullfinch").

W

 * Ivan Wyschnegradsky
 * Ainsi Parlait Zarathoustra, for four pianos two of which are tuned a quarter-tone sharp, Op. 17 (1929–1930, revised 1936)
 * 2 Chants sur Nietzsche, for baritone & 2 pianos in quarter tones, Op. 9 (1923)
 * Chant douloureux et étude, for violin and piano, Op. 6 (1918)
 * Composition, for string quartet, Op. 43 (1960)
 * Cosmos, for 4 pianos in quarter tones, Op. 28 (1939–1940)
 * Dialogue, for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart, eight hands, W.o.O. (1959)
 * Dithyrambe, for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart, Op. 12 (1923–1924)
 * Études sur les mouvements rotatoires, for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart, eight hands, Op. 45a.; for chamber orchestra, Op. 45c (1961)
 * Études sur les densités et les volumes, for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart, Op. 39b (1956)
 * Fragment symphonique No. 1, for four pianos two of which are tuned a quarter-tone sharp, Op. 23a; for orchestra, Op. 23c (1934, orch. vers. 1967)
 * Fragment symphonique No. 2, for four pianos two of which are tuned a quarter-tone sharp, timpani & percussions, Op. 24 (1937)
 * Fragment symphonique No. 3, for four pianos two of which are tuned a quarter-tone sharp & ad. lib. percussions, Op. 31 (1946)
 * Prélude et Fugue, Op. 21, for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart (1932)
 * Préludes dans tous les tons de l'échelle chromatique diatonisée à 13 sons, Op. 22, for two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart (1934, revised 1960)
 * String Quartet No. 1, Op. 13 (1923–1924)
 * String Quartet No. 2, Op. 18 (1930–1931)
 * String Trio, Op. 53 (1979, unfinished, completed by Claude Ballif)
 * Variations sans thème et conclusion (five), for orchestra, Op. 33 (1951–52)

Y

 * Eugène Ysaÿe
 * Six Sonatas for Solo Violin, Op. 27 (1924), Nos. 3 and 5

title: List of quarter tone pieces


text:
La Lande-sur-Drôme

La Lande-sur-Drôme (, literally La Lande on Drôme) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val de Drôme.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: La Lande-sur-Drôme


text:
Langrune-sur-Mer

Langrune-sur-Mer (, literally Langrune on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

International relations
The commune is twinned with Fishbourne, UK since 1998.

title: Langrune-sur-Mer


text:
Hempstead, New York (disambiguation)

Hempstead is the name of some places in the U.S. state of New York:

Municipalities

 * Hempstead (village), New York, an incorporated village within the Town of Hempstead
 * Hempstead, New York, a town that encompasses the Village of Hempstead
 * Hempstead Plains, central Long Island in Nassau County
 * New Hempstead, New York, a village in the town of Ramapo
 * North Hempstead, New York, a town in Nassau County
 * Ramapo, New York, formerly known as New Hempstead and then Hampstead
 * South Hempstead, New York, a hamlet in Nassau County
 * West Hempstead, New York, a hamlet in Nassau County

Other uses

 * Hempstead Branch, an electrified rail line operated by the Long Island Rail Road

title: Hempstead, New York (disambiguation)


text:
Lantheuil

Lantheuil is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.

title: Lantheuil


text:
Otto von Münchhausen

'''Otto II. Freiherr von Münchhausen''' (11 June 1716 – 13 July 1774) was a German botanist. He was Chancellor of University of Göttingen and a correspondent of Linnaeus. He named several species of oaks by the Linnean system, as well as other plants.

The standard botanical author abbreviation Münchh. is applied to species he described.

title: Otto von Münchhausen


text:
Lasson

People

 * Adolf Lasson (1832–1917), a German Jewish philosophical writer.
 * Georg Lasson (1862–1932), a German Protestant theologian.

Places
There are communes that have the name Lasson in France:
 * Lasson, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Lasson, Yonne, in the Yonne département

title: Lasson


text:
Lasson, Calvados

Lasson is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Rots.

title: Lasson, Calvados


text:
Lassy

Lassy is the name of several communes in France:

 * Lassy, Ille-et-Vilaine, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Lassy, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Lassy, Val-d'Oise, in the Val-d'Oise département

People named Lassy:
 * Ivar Lassy (1889–1939), Finnish writer and anthropologist
 * Timo Lassy (b. 1974), Finnish musician

title: Lassy


text:
Lassy, Calvados

Lassy is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Terres de Druance.

The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

title: Lassy, Calvados


text:
Urban archaeology

Urban archaeology is a sub discipline of archaeology specializing in the material past of towns and cities where long-term human habitation has often left a rich record of the past. In modern times, when someone talks about living in a city, they are in an area with many surrounding people and buildings, generally quite tall ones. In archaeological terms, cities give great information because of the infrastructure they have and amounts of people that were around one another. Through the years there has been one big method used for urban archaeology along with significant historic developments.

Large concentrations of humans produce large concentrations of waste. Kitchen waste, broken objects, and similar material all need to be disposed of, while small numbers of people can dispose of their waste locally without encouraging vermin or endangering their health. Once people began to live together in large numbers, around five thousand years ago, such methods began to become impractical and material usually was brought into these new settlements but would rarely be taken out again.

Urban archaeology can be applied to the study of social, racial, and economic dynamics and history within contemporary and antiquated cities as well as the environmental impacts within these spaces.

Up until the nineteenth century when organized rubbish disposal became widespread in urban areas people invariably threw their waste from their windows or buried it in their gardens. If their houses fell down, a common enough occurrence when planning laws were non-existent, owners would pick out what they could reuse, stamp down the remains and rebuild on the old site. Archaeological excavations of urban sites are often categorized by these remains and as well as the former impacts of modern technology such as sanitation, commercial, or transportation services

The effect of this is that even a moderately sized settlement of any antiquity is built on top of a heap of refuse and demolished buildings and is therefore raised up from its original height on a plateau of archaeology. This is most apparent in the tel sites of the Near East where towns that have been occupied for thousands of years are raised up many metres above the surrounding landscape.

In walled towns, such as those in medieval Europe, the effect of the encircling defenses was to hold in the waste so that it could not slip outwards, magnifying the effect.

Redevelopment and archaeological excavation is a part of modern urban life and public interest in urban archaeological work is often strong, yet developers can be cautious of unbridled dissemination of information that has the potential to ignite public opinion. Urban archaeology carries the opportunity for archaeologists to work with the public to illustrate the history and heritage of discoveries.

Historic development
Archaeological excavation within historic cities therefore often produces a thick stratigraphy dating back to the original foundation and telling the story of its history.

The City of London serves as an example, for urban excavations have been performed there since the late 1900s. These excavations, performed in populated areas of the city, revealed historical evidence of events unforeseen previously by historians. London sits on a tel, which preserves a layer of dark material, attributed to the burning of the city by Boudica in 60 AD. It was only by excavation of the urban areas that these revelations could be made, as the city has long since outgrown its borders after its rebuild, some years after the Boudican revolt.

Another good example is the City of Turku, founded in the Middle Ages in southwestern Finland, for which no reliable document has been preserved since its foundation; countless excavations have been carried out in the city each year in order to gain more clarity on the city’s birth history.

The dense stratigraphy of such cities posed problems for the archaeologists who first excavated them. Earlier excavations were generally limited to rural areas, or towns which had been long abandoned. Open area excavation was feasible as there was plenty of space and the archaeology could often be exposed just in plan. In working cities however, space for excavation is usually limited to the size of the open plot and one layer of archaeology needs to be excavated before the next one can be exposed.

Additionally, Rome was also a big archaeological site since it was considered well established and advanced over time. Many excavations have been done there and later studied by archaeologists. One archaeologist who spent great time studying Roman archaeology was W. F. Grimes.

Issues such as this had appeared before, at Pompeii or at multi-phase rural sites but the move towards the investigation of cities, which began in Europe following the Second World War. The trend of urban excavation in areas such as Europe, the East Coast of the United States, and other western world cities, has grown since the war. Due to the bombing of landscapes during the war, the possibility of losing evidence connected to early civilizations became realized. The idea of settlement follows a principle, that settlement is made where resources are conveniently accessed. Prosperous cities, such as Boston and London, began as settlements, and grew quickly due to the convenient access of resources. However, the fact that these cities still exist today does not dismiss the fact that, at some point in history, some other civilization had once settled there.

Methods
The resulting solution revolved around the method of single context recording. This method was started by Ed Harris and Patrick Ottaway in 1976 before being expanded upon by the Museum of London in the mid 1980s and transferred to the York Archaeological Trust. The practice involves drawing each feature individually in plan and then relating its position to the site grid rather than planning large areas at once. Each drawing is made on a square piece of translucent film representing a 5-metre x 5-metre grid square. The site is excavated down to the first significant layer of archaeology and features excavated and recorded as normal but also planned as single contexts. The site is then reduced to the next layer of archaeology and the process begins again. The excavation and recording can continue until natural deposits are reached. A small, deep trench known as a sondage is often excavated at first to provide a view of the entire stratigraphy at once and give an indication of the quantity of material to be excavated. Simply put, if someone does one plan per context than the method that are using is single context recording.

Once the work is finished, the square sheets can be overlaid onto one another to provide a picture of the site. By identifying which features cut others and using information from dateable artefacts and ecofacts an archaeologist can isolate various phases of activity and show how the use of the site developed of periods of hundreds or even thousands of years. Context record sheets produced by the individual excavators provide further information on each context's nature and relationship with its neighbours. Such interpretation would be impossible using open area excavation where numerous overall site plans would soon seem inflexible.

Notable urban archaeologists

 * W. F. Grimes: Archaeologist who spent extensive time studying London and Roman archaeology, specifically dating back to Medieval times. He also wrote a book, which described his findings about London and Rome.
 * Martin Biddle: He is a British archaeologist and professor who was the first lecturer in Medieval archaeology in England. He is chairman of the Fabric Advisory Committee for Winchester Cathedral, Archaeological Consultant for St Albans Cathedral, and former Archaeological Consultant for Canterbury Cathedral.
 * Martin Carver: He was a professor from the department of Archaeology at the University of York. Carver was active in pursuing new excavation methods and survey methods while studying early Medieval Europe archaeology.
 * Michael E. Smith: Smith is an archaeologist who had two primary focuses with his studies: Aztecs, Teotihuacan and ancient central Mexico societies along with comparative urbanism. He has also been the director of several fieldwork projects at different sites in the provinces of the Aztec empire in central Mexico.

title: Urban archaeology


text:
Talk:The Art of Computer Programming

Misc
The first paragraph mentions upcoming chapters 9 and 10 but gives them different topics then they are given in the table of contents. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.83.142.110 (talk) 18:30, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * maybe on the site of Dr. Knuth you can find the correct information, as this is a wiki, your are allowed to change the wrong entry.
 * Ppareit 19:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Vol 4, fasc 4.
Addison-Wesley says that Vol 4, fasc 4 was published on 2/6/06. Amazon says 2/7, B&N says 2/10, but both of them say that it isn't available yet. Bubba73 (talk), 22:10, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

83 pages
I checked and 83 is now the correct number of pages for the Boolean Basics fascile. Sorry for thinking it was vandalism. Vandals do like to change one digit. Bubba73 (talk), 02:35, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Ambiguous re. typeset
'In 1976 Knuth prepared a second edition of Volume 2, requiring it to be type set again....'

No inidcation is given to the relevance of the typeset, for instance, why couldn't Knuth use the same type-set as everybody else? Some explanation should be given. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.218.204 (talk • contribs)

 * I'm not sure enough of this to state in the article, but I think it had to do with the technology of the time - thirty years ago. A new edition of the book had to be typeset again.  An old technology was called hot type, where they poured molten lead into a form to make a plate that was used to print.  Later they used photo offset which produces a low qualty product.  Since the book was going to have to be typeset again, Knuth decided to work on typesetting by computer.  (He thought it would take six months, it took 10 years.)

 * I'm not sure enough of these details to put them in the article. Perhaps someone can verify or correct them.  Bubba73 (talk), 00:21, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You'll find them repeated and cited in the TeX article. RossPatterson 22:28, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

New publishments
The third edition of volume I and volume II have already been published! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.209.103.230 (talk • contribs)

 * That happened years ago, and it is noted under "current editions". Bubba73 (talk), 15:15, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

How many books were planned?
I read here that, "Knuth began the project, which was originally planned to be one book, in 1962". Yet on the page about Knuth it says, "...where he became a professor and began work on The Art of Computer Programming, originally planned as a seven-volume series". Can somebody resolve if it was planned as one book or a seven-volume series?

 * That is confusing. It was originally planned to be one book.  When he started turning in the manuscript, it was clear that one book wouldn't do it, so it was planned to be seven books.  Now volume 4 itself will be at least three books.  Bubba73 (talk), 02:31, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I ran across a reference at work today (on a Scientific American capsule biography, 1977) that the work was at that time "to be seven volumes" - fair enough - and, more amusingly, that the first five were expected to be completed "by 1980"... Shimgray | talk | 17:27, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, and even in 1980 he said that volume 4 would be done in a year. :-(  Bubba73 (talk), 18:54, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the paragraph on Knuth's use of assembly language:

It is not clear to me why the author thinks that readers of these volumes would consider translating the MIXAL implementations to a high-level language. The algorithms themselves are the best source of the logic to be implemented. They are written in English so have no innate preference for the idiosyncracies of any particular HLL (or low-level language).

Beginning in 2000, I regularly taught a senior course in data structures using Volumes 1 and 3 of TAoCP. The implementations were in IBM assembler. I couldn't imagine having the students translate the MIXAL examples to IBM assembler; on the other hand, the algorithms themselves are readily coded frequently with one machine instruction for each logic statement.

Kcats 14:12, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

More trivia
There is a reference to The Art of Computer Programming in a book called Tea with the black dragon by R. A. MacAvoy. Not sure if this is really worth mentioning though, has anyone else heard of this book? Well, it does have an article. m.e. 02:46, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I've read it (because of a review on lostbooks.org), but I must've missed that reference completely. --Gwern (contribs) 03:20 18 June 2007 (GMT)

Fair use rationale for Image:Art of Computer Programming - Cover.gif
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:57, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

AMSCI link
American scientist link is broken. did they purge their old pages or did their syntax just change? 65.30.177.9 (talk) 02:38, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Chapter corrections
Knuth's homepage show sections 7.2 and 7.3 in volume 4A. So I will take the liberty of correcting that in the article. 187.78.144.170 (talk) 19:11, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Anyone got edition 3 of Volume 2? I have edition 2. On page 26 of edition 2, it offers a method of random-number generation: X[n] = X[n-24]+X[n-55] mod m - equation (7) but says on the next page "The only reason it is difficult to recommend sequence (7) wholeheartedly is that there is still very little theory [about it]"

As it happens, I've discovered some theory and I want to write to DEK about it but only if no-one else has already thought of it. Ergo, my questions: 1) Does edition 3 onwards say that there is any relevant theory not mentioned previously? 2) Does anyone know of any theory, other than what's in edition 3? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.220.70.97 (talk) 22:35, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The third edition does not have that line. He goes on to state the exact length of the period. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 02:54, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Optimization in chapter 4
Is "optimization" in chapter four about Optimization (mathematics) or Program optimization? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 21:28, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 05:03, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for noticing the fix! :)
 * Kiefer .Wolfowitz 14:14, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I thought that was the case, but I was busy making a bunch of edits. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 14:47, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Well done!
 * Now optimization is redirected to mathematics|mathematical optimization, which now lists a DAB page listing other uses of "optimization". Kiefer .Wolfowitz 00:52, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Now optimization is redirected to mathematics|mathematical optimization, which now lists a DAB page listing other uses of "optimization". Kiefer .Wolfowitz 00:52, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. "Optimization" linked to "program optimization" for I don't know how long (I didn't do it). I thought it was probably mathematical optimization, based on the previous sections, but recursion followed it, so I thought it might be program optimization.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 01:08, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

Good job guys
This is one of the few programmer-centric pages on Wikipedia that isn't horrible. Good job on staying focused and to the point on this one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.176.210.68 (talk) 03:01, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Rated problems
The TAOCP page has DEK's checks, but it lacks Don's descriptions of problem ratings from 1..50. A friend (now deceased) who was introduced to Don before the friend died similarly rated his problem exercises using his version of the 1..50 scale. So Don inspired some small number of other authors to rate their problems as well. 143.232.210.38 (talk) 19:54, 3 May 2013 (UTC) P.S. Holder of 2 checks, 1 decimal, other other hex.
 * The problems are rated with difficulty 0 to 50, 0 being "extremely easy", 50 requires "research", so for example Fermat's Last Theorem originally had a rating of 50 and now is at 45. 194.207.86.26 (talk) 07:39, 11 May 2019 (UTC)
 * A gentle reminder that the scale is logarithmic and subjective. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:F45E:2108:85C6:F28A (talk) 09:11, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

Volume 1, Fascicle 1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming#Current_editions says: « Volume 1, Fascicle 1: MMIX … (will be in the fourth edition of volume 1) »

I just emailed Pearson to ask: « When will the 4th edition of TAOCP vol.1 be printed? I can't wait to have an edition with MMIX in the main text. »

The Editor-in-Chief's reply: « I assume you're talking about incorporating the MMIX fascicle into volume 1? No plans to do that at the moment. »

98.207.155.81 (talk) 21:35, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

Contradiction
"In June 1965, Knuth finished the first draft of what was originally planned to be a single volume of twelve chapters. His hand-written first-draft manuscript (completed in 1966 )..." Can someone with a source reconcile this? Zeke, the Mad Horrorist  (Speak quickly) (Follow my trail) 06:10, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

4B next month (or not!)
I got a notice from Amazon that volume 4B is to be released May 17, 2019 (ISBN 978-0201038064). Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 02:07, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I undid your edit. Amazon's date is almost certainly in error, possibly the result of a date that was estimated years ago.Volume 4B is expected to include fascicles 5,6,7.  Fascicle 5 is estimated for availability in November, 2019.  Fascicle 7 is currently nowhere to be found72.211.204.66 (talk) 23:29, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Check the reference I added to the end of the introduction. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 23:36, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Amazon shows that Volume 4C will be available in 2005, ISBN 0201038072. Don't be fooled!72.211.204.66 (talk) 23:51, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Also announced by the publisher "ISBN-10: 0201038064 • ISBN-13: 9780201038064 ©2019 • Addison-Wesley • Cloth, 640 pp Estimated Availability: 28 Jun 2019" http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/educator/product/Art-of-Computer-Programming-Volume-4B-The-Combinatorial-Algorithms/9780201038064.page (Although Wikipedia says that primary sources are not allowed either!) 194.207.86.26 (talk) 22:00, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Knuth is very methodical. He releases online pre-fascicles, collects feedback, then releases paperback fascicles, collects more feedback, then and only then releases hardback volumes.  Fascicle 5 is currently estimated for November 2019, and Fascicles 5 & 6 are expected to comprise only the first two thirds of Volume 4B.  So don't rely on self-contradictory near-term publisher estimated release dates for Volume 4B.72.211.204.66 (talk) 21:38, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Amazon.com appears to have retracted their estimated release date. Volume 4B doesn't even appear now on Amazon.com using title or ISBN search, although google ISBN search can find it, but with no estimated release date. 72.211.204.66 (talk) 17:29, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Volume 4B has been released and article has been updated with relevant details. Devpro1981 (talk) 06:28, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

 * That's true. On April 9, Amazon sent me the following message, and I assumed that it was about to ship:

We have good news! One of your pre-ordered items is now eligible for release date delivery and has been upgraded at no additional charge. Your new delivery estimate is: Knuth, Donald E. "The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4B: Combinatorial Algorithms (Series in Computer Science & Information Processing) (v. 6)" Estimated arrival date: May 17, 2019 Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 17:34, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * It looks like Pearson just changed one of their estimates from 5/7/2019 to 5/7/2020. 72.211.204.66 (talk) 17:48, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

need this sentence?
At the end of the lead " Near-term publisher estimates put the release date at May or June of 2019, which proved to be incorrect." Do we need this? I'd rather remove it. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 06:37, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The problem of a serious discrepancy in publisher estimated release dates for Vol 4B hasn't gone away. Reference #3 still shows an imminent release date, recently bumped from June 2019 to July 2019, but still not based in reality. Musicman103 (talk) 18:18, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm in favor of taking that out. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 18:51, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I prefer to keep this sentence. The release date of volume 4B is of

interest to computer nerds. This article also offers a better overview of the state of TAOCP than Knuth's own website, so that it may be used as a handy reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.150.92.130 (talk) 18:17, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

I'm in favor of taking that out.. We only know that Fascicle 5 will be released this November. That's almost certain, because Knuth has already sent his work to the publisher (he stated that in summer and in Spetember he wrote it's in the printer's hands). Volume 4B will not be released soon. He still needs to write remaining 1/3 of it, what will become firstly Fascicle 7 and only after that Fascicles 5+6+7 will be released together as Volume 4B. Daevid (talk) 01:19, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Update: The release of fascicle 5 is estimated no earlier than 2020-02-20 according to https://www.informit.com/store/art-of-computer-programming-volume-4-fascicle-5-mathematical-9780134671826 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.150.92.130 (talk) 14:44, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

You are looking at the ebook publication date. The hardcopy publication date is shown as 22 November 2019. https://www.informit.com/store/art-of-computer-programming-volume-4-fascicle-5-mathematical-9780134671796 Musicman103 (talk) 07:14, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

If fascicle 5 indeed already released, the article needs to be updated in several places... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.150.92.130 (talk) 14:38, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

Why associate Chaper 22 of "Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms" with "Recursion" ?
The current chapter outline says: "Chapter 8 – Recursion (chapter 22 of "Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms")"

I'm looking right now at Chapter 22 of "Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms", which is a reprint of "Semi-Optimal Bases for Linear Dependencies", originally published in Linear and Multilinear Algebra 17 (1985). It is a four page paper, with the following abstract (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03081088508817636?journalCode=glma20):

> Let A be an m × n matrix of real or complex numbers, and let μ. be a given constant ≥ 1. If A has rank m, it is possible to choose m columns of A such that, if B is the m × m matrix formed by these m columns, all entries of B −1 A are less than or equal to μ in absolute value. Moreover, if μ > 1, it is possible to find m such columns in a number of steps that is polynomial in m and n and inversely proportional to log μ.

The word "recursion" does not occur in the text of chapter 22. The book *does* list five entries for "recursion" in the index, but none of them are associated with chapter 22.

Therefore: Was this change in error? https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_Computer_Programming&diff=prev&oldid=875169161

Pnkfelix (talk) 13:59, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Note that the "Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms" that you're reading (https://cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/da.html, the seventh of eight collected-papers volumes) is different from "Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms" (https://cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/aa.html, the fourth of the eight volumes), in which Chapter 22 is called "Textbook Examples of Recursion" (and is a slightly updated version of https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9301113). So at least whoever made the change wasn't making an error, though personally I think that article has only mild relevance to be mentioned in the chapter outline here. Shreevatsa (talk) 20:40, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

 * \facepalm that was embarrassing. I even managed to transcribe my title without noticing the difference from the line above. Never mind my question then. Pnkfelix (talk) 02:43, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

When Knuth began the project in 1962 ...
So, TAOCP has been a work-in-progress monograph for over sixty years! Can it earn a place in the Guinness Book of World Records on that basis? Toddcs (talk) 14:09, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, but it has organically transformed into the project as we see it now; with hindsight. The project he embarked upon was much more limited in scope. Or let me try to explain that in more detail as one who has in fact written several highly regarded textbooks. You think: Oh, it would be nice to bring all this stuff together in, oh, about a dozen chapters in, tops, 500 pages. But then you notice that things that in your own (specialist's) mind appear to be easy, simple, monolithic, unitary, are actually the opposite of all that: they are subtle and complicated, and if you want to do right by your neophyte reader, they require a lot more careful explanation. And before you know it, the project balloons into a dozen volumes instead of a dozen chapters. All academic editors can tell you tales about trying to reign in their authors. On top of all this, Knuth was infected with the bug of comprehensivitis. (Don't get me wrong, I absolutely love TAoCP.)2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:A8AF:DF88:4C28:2656 (talk) 08:11, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Art of Computer Programming


text:
Wadsworth Atheneum

The Wadsworth Atheneum is an art museum in Hartford, Connecticut. The Wadsworth is noted for its collections of European Baroque art, ancient Egyptian and Classical bronzes, French and American Impressionist paintings, Hudson River School landscapes, modernist masterpieces and contemporary works, as well as collections of early American furniture and decorative arts.

Founded in 1842 and opened in 1844, it is the oldest continually operating public art museum in the United States.

The museum is located at 600 Main Street in a distinctive castle-like building in downtown Hartford, Connecticut, the state's capital. With 75000 sqft of exhibition space, the museum is the largest art museum in the state of Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

The museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program.

Namesake
The Wadsworth, as it is most commonly known, was constructed on the site of the family home of Daniel Wadsworth in the heart of downtown Hartford. Its architects were Alexander Jackson Davis and Ithiel Town, who designed the "castle" that is the Atheneum's oldest building. Construction began in 1842 after the museum was incorporated on June 1 of that year. The museum opened on July 31, 1844 and has operated continuously since then.

The Wadsworth family, being one of the oldest and most affluent in the city, contributed numerous valuable pieces of art to be displayed at the time the museum opened. The first collection consisted of 78 paintings, two marble busts, one portrait miniature, and one bronze sculpture. In addition to the fine arts collection, the original building housed the forerunners of the Hartford Public Library and Connecticut Historical Society, giving rise to the name "Atheneum," an institution broadly devoted to culture and learning. In light of that public role, the Wadsworth has, since its founding, played host to a wide variety of cultural and community activities, including dramatic and dance performances, exhibits of historical artifacts, social functions, and benefits.

Modern history
Building on the Wadsworth family's largess, generations of more recent donors have added to the museum's collections and resources. Foremost among them are Elizabeth Jarvis Colt, widow of firearms magnate Samuel Colt, and financier and Hartford native John Pierpont Morgan. They each contributed more than 1,000 objects to the museum's collections, the former a significant group of Hudson River School landscapes and the Colt firearms collection, the latter an assemblage of priceless Renaissance decorative arts and Colonial-era American furniture. Samuel P. Avery donated works ranging from a Babylonian clay tablet to Chinese Qing Dynasty porcelain and mid-19th century French sculpture, as well as funds for new construction, producing the country's first museum interior designed in the International Style.

In 1927, the museum received a million-dollar bequest (about $20 million today in inflation-adjusted terms) from banker Frank Sumner, establishing a sizable acquisitions endowment. In the hands of forward-thinking museum directors, particularly A. Everett 'Chick' Austin and Charles Cunningham, the fund has enabled the purchase of major works by masters including Caravaggio, Dalí, Gauguin, Miró, Strozzi, Tintoretto, Van Dyck, and Zurbarán.

In the 1940s and 1950s, bequests by Clara Hinton Gould and Anne Parrish Titzell enriched the museum's holdings of Hudson River School and Impressionist paintings, with celebrated pieces by Church, Cole, Gifford, Monet, and Renoir entering the collection. In the same period, artwork and funds bequeathed to the museum by Henry Schnakenberg led to the acquisition of a group of Cypriot, Egyptian, and Greek antiquities as well as paintings by modernists including Peter Blume, Stuart Davis, and Reginald Marsh. It is also in the 1940s that the museum becomes the haunt of Marguerite Yourcenar as she is writing the Memoirs of Hadrian.

The post-war and contemporary division has benefited from the generosity of Tony Smith and Susan Morse Hilles, whose gifts include groundbreaking works by Josef Albers, Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, Robert Rauschenberg, and Mark Rothko. With funds given by the Archibald, Goodwin, Keney, and Smith families, and by Alexander Goldfarb and Charles Schwartz, the museum has acquired valuable pieces by Alexander Calder, Artemisia Gentileschi, Cindy Sherman, Bill Viola, and Kara Walker. A 2004 gift of 125 photographs from Janice and Mickey Cartin Collection includes works by On Kawara, Ed Ruscha, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Arnold Odermatt, Lucinda Devlin, Joe Ovelman, Jonathan Monk, Frank Breuer, Malick Sidibé, and more. In 2001, the museum announced a large-scale $100 million expansion designed by the Amsterdam-based architects UNStudio; the architects were chosen from a short list of innovative design teams, including Zaha Hadid, Thom Mayne, and Brad Cloepfil. The design required demolishing the Goodwin Building, put up in 1969, and enclosing the Avery Courtyard. However, the proposal was scrapped in 2003 due to fundraising difficulties and changes in the museum's leadership. A later plan to expand into the former Hartford Times building was also abandoned due to cost concerns. In March 2010, the museum announced the start of a comprehensive renovation project across all five of the museum's buildings, which at completion resulted in the addition of 16000 sqft of refurbished gallery space and the complete reinstallation of the museum's permanent collections of European art, European decorative arts, and contemporary art. The $33 million renovation, designed by the Hartford-based architecture firm Smith Edwards McCoy, was completed in 2015, garnering praise from local and national art critics.

Structure and contents
The structure itself consists of the original, castle-like building, plus four wings that have been added during the intervening years, in styles ranging from Tudor Revival and Renaissance Revival to International. The museum is home to approximately 50,000 objects, including ancient Roman, Greek, and Egyptian bronzes; paintings from the Renaissance, Baroque, and French and American Impressionist eras, among others; 18th-century German and French porcelains (including Meissen and Sèvres); Hudson River School landscapes; early American clothing and decorations; early African-American art and historical artifacts; and more. The collections span more than 5,000 years of world history.

Just outside the "castle" is an 1899 statue of Nathan Hale, by Enoch S. Woods. A short distance away, within the Connecticut State Capitol is another, better-known sculpture of Hale by Bela Pratt, a copy of his original at Yale University.

The Atheneum also owns the A. Everett Austin House, a National Historic Landmark and home of one of the museum's most distinguished directors. The house, located in Hartford's historic West End, is open to the public as a museum.

Museum firsts
Since its beginning, the Wadsworth has had a long tradition of "firsts".

In 1933, the Wadsworth sponsored George Balanchine's immigration to the United States from the Soviet Union. Shortly after his immigration, Balanchine founded the School of American Ballet, which led to the formation of the New York City Ballet. He then chose to have the Producing Company of the School of American Ballet's first performances at the Avery Memorial Theatre of Wadsworth in December 1934, including his first ballet choreographed in America, Serenade.

The museum was the first in America to acquire pieces by Salvador Dalí, Balthus, Frederic Church, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Piet Mondrian, and many other famous artists. Under the directorship of Arthur Everett Austin, Jr., the first American exhibition of surrealism was shown at the Wadsworth in 1931, and the first major U.S. Pablo Picasso retrospective was held in 1934. Also in 1934, the world premiere of the opera Four Saints in Three Acts by Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson was held at the Atheneum.

title: Wadsworth Atheneum


text:
Léaupartie

Léaupartie is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Léaupartie


text:
Lécaude

Lécaude is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

title: Lécaude


text:
Leffard

Leffard is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Barberie, La Cocquerie, Les Champs Noyers, Le Frot, La Trébaudière and Leffard.

The river Laize runs through the commune, along with three streams The Leffard, la Moussaye and The Etre.

title: Leffard


text:
Harriman

Harriman or Hariman (variant Herriman) is a surname derived from the given name Herman, and in turn occurs as a placename derived from the surname in the United States.

Buildings

 * Dr. O.B. Harriman House, a historic home in Hampton, Iowa, U.S.
 * Harriman Historic District, a residential area in Bristol, Pennsylvania
 * Hariman Sanatorium, Grand Forks, North Dakota
 * Harriman School, a one-room schoolhouse in Sebec, Maine, U.S.

Inhabited places

 * Harriman, New York, U.S.
 * Harriman, Tennessee, U.S.

Transportation

 * Harriman station, a metro station in Harriman, New York
 * Harriman station (Erie Railroad), a former metro station in Harriman, New York
 * Harriman Station, original name of Greystone station in Yonkers, New York City

Surname

 * Harriman (surname)

Parks

 * Harriman State Park (Idaho), located on the Harriman Wildlife Refuge in Fremont County, Idaho
 * Harriman State Park (New York), in Rockland and Orange counties, donated by the Harriman family
 * Harriman State Park (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * Harriman Glacier, Alaska, U.S.
 * Harriman Institute, Columbia University, New York City

title: Harriman


text:
Dagenham Heathway tube station

Dagenham Heathway is a London Underground station serving the town of Dagenham in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, east London. It is on the District line between and Dagenham East. It is 7.7 km along the line from the eastern terminus at Upminster and 26.5 km to in central London where the line divides into numerous branches.

History
The station was opened on 12 September 1932. The station was constructed and initially operated by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway with services provided by the District line from the outset. The station was called Heathway when it first opened, changing to its present name in 1949.

Design
It is of similar design to and  with the platforms arranged on a central island with a long sloping walkway connection to the ticket hall. The 1930s station buildings were extensively refurbished during 2005 and 2006.

Services
Typical off-peak service from the station is:

 * 12 tph (trains per hour) east to Upminster
 * 6 tph west to Ealing Broadway
 * 6 tph west to Richmond

Connections
London Buses routes 145, 173, 174, 175, 364 and school route 673 serve the station.

title: Dagenham Heathway tube station


text:
Lessard-et-le-Chêne

Lessard-et-le-Chêne is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Lessard-et-le-Chêne


text:
Talk:Elective monarchy

Untitled
Does anyone have any idea what distinguishes an elected monarch from a president for life? DJ Clayworth 18:33, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * From what I know, just the title separates the 2. Plus, presidents for life generally get that title through coup or non democratic action. Elective monarchs tend to be elected by a small democratic base. --Woohookitty 04:38, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, Presidents for Life tend to be "elected" as an extraordinary event, while elective monarchies are contiuous through several reigns.

And if the monarch is elected by a popular vote, wouldn't that make it a monarchical republic? Xyzzyva

Could the Rashidun Caliphs be described as elected monarchs? GCarty 20:11, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Roman emperors
Were Roman emperors formally elected by the Senate? The dynastic principle was not very effective in some cases and they were crowned after wars. --Error 01:34, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only formally. In several cases they vere effectively elected.--Planemo 20:36, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Iran
Question: Isn't the Iranian Supreme Leader a monarch appointed by an elective monarchy (the assembly of experts)?Sandwich Eater 04:46, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Can't say for sure whether Iran fits this criteria, but the main difference between Iran and the other states mentioned is that Iran is the only one that is constitutionally a republic. It would be better to answer this question if and when some references and citations are added. Green Giant 01:44, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Samoa
Isn't Samoa technically already a republic, which will start to function properly once the last traditional ruler dies? — Nightst a  llion  (?) 07:14, 29 June 2006 (UTC) No, Samoa is a de facto elective monarchy, quite similar to Malaysia. The constitution of Samoa states that the candidates for Oleao-Olemalo (Chief of State) can be any Samoan person eligible to be Matai or Orators, but, traditionally, they have been elected from one of the four noble and hereditary (royal) chieftainships. The current Oleao-Olemalo's have been accorded the style of 'His Highness" (his wife is 'her highness')for their 5-year terms only. The Samoans culturally are quite democratic, and may be trying to escape from a concept of modern feudalism. In any case, they do not call Samoa a republic. Kaelin von Gross —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.226.101.171 (talk) 23:30, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

New Zealand Maori
It is very arguable that this is elective. A tribal council has been rubber stamping direct descendants. This is no different than a parliamentary approval of any hereditary monarchy's succession. The maori have clearly established a hereditary tradition though it may be true that the tribal chiefs could change that. Sandwich Eater 17:42, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

I think that we need to recognise if we discuss the concept of the Maori monarchy that the King movement is a North Island political movement- were the Kāi Tahu "consulted" about the successor? I have seen no report saying that they were; I'd say that it is an elective monarchy with very strong hereditary characteristics.

Grant McKenna 23:39, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

I think there has to be a nominations process from some pool of potential candidates for it to be elective. This appears to be hereditary with an approval process just like the UK's parliamentary approval. Parliament could appoint any successor they wish to, which they did, when they imported the curret line from Germany to replace Charles II. The Vatican, in contrast, is an elective monarchy because it draws from the pool of Cardinals. There are clear candidates, a nomination process, and elective succession process. Other systems, like Iran's, are arguable because the consitution defines a Republic but the elected Supreme Leader has a lot of similarities with an elected Monarch. The Maori, and I am happy to be corrected if I am missing something, don't seem to have any clear elective processes in place from a clearly defined group of candidates and they appear to be hereditary in practice, but they must define the system as elective since folks on wikipedia like to write about them. I'm not saying they are not elective, just that it is arguable. Sandwich Eater 00:40, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Reorganize Article??
I wonder if this article should be reorganized into different categories.

1-commonly accepted criteria to be considered an elective monarchy (sourced) and what is not an elective monarchy 2-Clearly Elective Monarchies 3-Monarchies with a very democratic approval process and nomination system 4-Arguable monarchies, that perhaps define themselves as republics or by some other term.

I deleted the Maori example because it seemed to be an example of approval by an elected group or oligarchy. It seems to me that most, or at least many monarchies have had an approval process throughout history. The UK is a hereditary monarchy with a clear line of succession, so despite the fact that parliament approves the monarch, I think it would be safe to say it is a hereditary monarchy, though I haven't looked it up (I don't think anyone argues that it is elective). What would make it elective is a nominations process and a non-hereditary line of succession that is determined via an elective process, even if it were from a pool of candidates of "royal" blood. So I propose that an elective nominations process and a non-hereditary line of succession is a necessary criteria for a monarchy to be considered elective.

But I do not have references for this. I think this article is in need of an expert on the subject who has such references at hand. Sandwich Eater 18:38, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Clarification needed
Will Samoa be an elective monarchy once the current king dies, or will it be a republic? I've read that the next head of state will be elected by parliament for five-year terms, so it seems to be a republic with an indirectly elected president, but I'm not certain, and different Wikipedia pages state different things about this... — Nightst a  llion  (?) 10:04, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind, it's a republic, period. :) — Nightst a  llion  (?) 10:08, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

UK case
In form, the UK is still an elective monarchy; it's just that matters now take place in a degenerate manner. The Council of Accession, a special aspect of the Privy Council, is the direct successor of the Witan in this matter. It's just that it is "obliged" to follow a set of standing orders that make it hereditary in practice - usually. However this still allows variation by breaking the rules (maybe ratifying the breach retrospectively). That's pretty much how dynasties change; the Stuarts came in when the Council of Accession ignored the standing orders embodied in the will of Henry VIII, and went out after the current Act of Succession was brought in. So the form isn't a mere quibble, but instead works as a constitutional circuit breaker in emergencies.

 * I have changed it from "President" of Parliament to "Prime Minister", since the United Kingdom has no President. I would also suggest that this section is looked over, as William of Orange and Mary II, whilst being invited to replace James II, were not in any way elected. MILLANDSON (talk) 18:26, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No, you removed a legit part of a section that doesn't mention anything about a "president." .--Ave Caesar (talk) 20:42, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

This is not true, or at least, not any longer, as Council of Accession explains. Since the current Act of Settlement 1701 the proclamation from the Council of Accession is ceremonial, but of no legal importance; the monarch is such from the death of the predecessor, without any meeting of the Council of Accession being necessary. An elective monarchy is not a country which has, in extreme cases, elected the monarch; it is a system in which the monarch is elected as a matter of course. Tb (talk) 22:27, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, I agree with the removal now - the assertion that the monarchy was elected is ridiculous. I only glanced over it and, noticing that millandson had no prior edits, assumed that it was poor edit. --Ave Caesar (talk) 23:16, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Kingdom of Naboo
I thought that Padme Amidala was 13. (My, My this here Anaking Guy, the song written by Wierd Al Yankovic)
 * The reference should probably be excised entirely anyway, given that there was no requirement for royal blood, and the "queen" held a fixed term of office, it seems more like that's a case where an elected head of state is merely a monarch in name only. Sarcastic Avenger (talk) 05:51, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Removing prod
A proposed deletion was placed because of the "chronic lack of sources." I'm removing it because there are plenty of sources out there, and this is an important article. They just need to be hunted down and incorporated. I've taken a few minutes to add three sources under "external links." You can help in a few ways: 1) find more sources and add them; 2) add inline citations; 3) add info from the sources and correct the article as needed. The "external links" can become "references" as the article comes to rely on them.  --Reuben (talk) 21:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Doges of Genoa and Venice
Should we mention the Doge of Genoa and the Doge of Venice since those states were sometimes described as crowned republics? The Doge (the word derives from Dux, same root as Duke) was elected but treated with all the pomp and splendor of a monarch of those times. Many of them had more practical powers than the present parliament enchained constitutional monarchies? We should also try to i82.132.220.3 (talk) 20:26, 3 May 2013 (UTC)nclude more about Gaelic Irish monarchies in general, which mixed in hereditary rule, with an elective system (a monarch elected by the royal family, based on being of kingly material) - Yorkshirian (talk) 05:15, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

No, because both were constitutionally republics.82.132.220.3 (talk) 20:26, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

Norway
At the start of the 20th century, the first monarchs of several newly independent nations were elected by parliaments: Norway is the prime example. You could claim that the parliament elected the monarch, still this would be a half-truth. There was a referendum, and as other Norwegian referendums, like EEC/EC/EU referendums in 1972 and 1994, it was officially advisory. In other words, monarchy was elected by referendum. If you claim that the parliament elected monarchy you'd have to claim that the same parliament which applied for EEC/EC/EU twice, turned it down twice (without mentioning the referendum and the resignment of a government).--Tordenskrall (talk) 22:49, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Kuwait and UAE
I have removed Kuwait from the list of current elective monarchies. Very similar to UK and others case, where the Emir has to be ratified by parliment. The article for Kuwait even states the position of Emir is hereditary.

The case with the United Arab Emirates is similar to New Zealand Maori Monarch, where the President is the Emir of Abu Dhabi, and so the position is essentially hereditary. Similarly with the Prime Minster of the UAE being the Emir of Dubai, and although I'm not sure that mention of the Prime Minister is entirely necessary or appropriate in an article dealing with the monarchy, I've left it in for the time being. I've moved UAE to below the list, leave only three real elective monarchies - Malaysia, Cambodia and the Vatican.

Any comments? - timothykhoo (talk) 13:07, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

A general Wikipedian opinion on "In fiction"
Yeah, such sections may exist – they could be interesting from Fantasy and SciFi fiction perspective, as well as contrafactual history experiments. But in order to be interesting, there must be something more than
 * in the Dr. Death SciFi series from 1993, the nations of Straengia and Wierdia chose their kings from noble families

such as:
 * similarly to the old viking kingdom

and
 * as opposed to the Grand Republic of The Great Old Ones

Otherwise the In fiction sections tend towards lists of trivia. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 16:31, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

Some re-organization
I’ve moved a few bits around, predominantly in the ‘When it was usual’ section, which I’ve re-titled as I reel the previous was clumsy.

Secondly I utterly agree with Rursus about ‘in fiction’. Does every single article have to be followed with a list of every sci-fi or fantasy computer game/ TV series or film that happens to mention that thing? Just because a load of editors are fanboys? Don’t get me wrong, I’m as much a sci-fi geek as the next Wikipedian, I just don’t see the point of making every single article reference Star Wars.

I was going to try and prune the section, but to be fair with the exception of the Shakespeare point they all seemed worthless to me, so I would have just deleted it all, which would no doubt cause ructions. I’ve left it, but if someone wants to trim I think that would be a good idea. I mean honestly, is anyone going to come to this article because they desperately want to know the constitutional makeup of the Dwarves of Orzammar?

Finally, I came here because I was interested to see if there was any movement in the UK, or other Commonwealth Realms, to institute an elected monarchy. Nothing is said here, but if anyone has anything to add on those lines it would be appreciated. Phunting (talk) 14:56, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

Problems with article
Two big problems with this article. 1. An elective monarch is where there is a genuine contest or "election" for the position among several candidates. It is not where a council or some other body rubberstamps an hereditary monarch - that would make every monarch on the planet an elected monarch. So many of the examples here should be removed. 2. The fiction section is inappropriate here and should be deleted. This article should be what about what happens in the real world. As it stands, it implies the monarchs of Malaysia and Naboo are on an equal footing which is probably offensive to someone. If somebody wants to create an 'elected monarchs in science fiction and fantasy article' that is up to them, but it has no place here. Neelmack (talk) 10:06, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

No fiction
I add my vote to three earlier comments (in the preceding three sections) that the "In fiction" section does not belong in this article. If someone wants to create a separate Elective monarchy in fiction article using the information in this section, and even to link to it in the "See also" section at the bottom of this article, please do so. That sounds like a great idea.

Since it does not belong here, and since in effect we have established a consensus (four votes for deleting the section, none against), I am going to delete it. To make it clear exactly what I am doing, and for the convenience of anyone who might want to create such an article, I will move the contents of the section here. I have had to add some formatting tags to get it to display reasonably within the template, but those nowiki and br tags should be easy enough to remove. Although I regret deleting the Shakespeare entry along with the rest, it would be unfair to exclude some fictional monarchies but not all.

If this upsets anyone, please seriously consider creating a new article with this material instead of restoring it here where it clearly is not universally welcome. Thanks very much.--Jim10701 (talk) 03:30, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

19th-century elections of kings
Should we not add a section in which we bring together some 19th-century election of kings of new countries or of countries who have deposed their ruling family. These are not elective monarchies because after these first elections, the monarchy becomes hereditary, but these were important political choices for those countries, in which those countries mostly have chosen a foreign high noble (a cadet prince of a foreign royal family). I am thinking of the elections of:
 * Charles XIV John of Sweden (elected heir-presuptive in 1810, ruled 1818-1844)
 * Leopold I of Belgium (1831-1865); other candidates voted on by the National Congress of Belgium were:
 * Louis, Duke of Nemours (second son of the French King Louis-Philippe)
 * Auguste de Beauharnais
 * Archduke Charles of Austria (younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor)
 * William II of the Netherlands, then heir to the Dutch throne, was also considered in the early stages of the Belgian revolt and according to his biography (Jeroen van Zanten, Koning Willem II 1792-1849, 2013), other possible contenders were John of Saxony and Otto of Bavaria, later king of Greece (addition Bancki (talk) 07:44, 22 December 2016 (UTC))
 * Otto of Greece (1832-1862 deposed) (second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria)
 * George I of Greece (1863-1913) (second son of Christian IX of Denmark)
 * Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (second son of Victoria) was their first choice — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bancki (talk • contribs) 12:45, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Maximilian I of Mexico (1864-1867 executed) (younger brother of Franz Joseph I of Austria)
 * Carol I of Romania (1866-1914)
 * Amadeo I of Spain (1870-1873 abdicated) (second son of Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy)
 * Alexander of Bulgaria (1879-1886 deposed)
 * Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (1887-1918)
 * Haakon VII of Norway (1905-1957) (second son of Frederick VIII of Denmark)
 * Vidi I (or Skanderbeg II) of Albania = William of Wied (1914-1914 abdicated)
 * Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, brother-in-law of the German Emperor Wilhelm II, elected to be King of Finland in 1918 (added Bancki (talk) 14:17, 29 April 2020 (UTC))
 * Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, duke of the United Baltic Duchy in november 1918, one of the younger sons of Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg (added Bancki (talk) 16:27, 26 January 2024 (UTC))
 * Tomislav II of Croatia = Aimone of Savoy-Aosta (1941-1943 abdicated, never really ruled)

Bancki (talk) 12:22, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * To these can be added: the Netherlands, after the abjuration of Philip II of Spain, attempted twice to install another monarch, but these two failed after arrival. They were Francis, Duke of Anjou, younger son of Henry II of France (1582-1583) and Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (1585-1587).Bancki (talk) 20:25, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Pope as elected Monarch
As far as the functioning of the Vatican City State is concerned, its government has the Pope as absolute monarch serving from selection until death or resignation and exercising his state powers through officers he appoints. Why isn't this included in this article? More specifically, the Vatican article says "The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute elective monarchy, in which the head of the Roman Catholic Church takes power." KevinCuddeback (talk) 16:29, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

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Historical examples
Does anyone else find the Historical Examples section useless? The article is apparently supposed to be about the institution of elective monarchy. However, the Historical Examples section, for the most part, merely lists examples where a monarch has been elected. That Haakon VII of Norway was elected (or selected) is not an example of elective monarchy because he was elected to an hereditary throne. The same can be said for many of the other "examples". 27.33.121.123 (talk) 05:30, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Malta never elected a monarch
Malta was never an elective monarchy. Its inclusion in this entry seems to be based on the use of the word electing when the rulers of Malta chose to put themselves under the protection of the monarch of Great Britain. The Maltese were choosing between different rulers. They did not hold an election. They might as easily have used the words "seek protection from some other ruler or government" as the word "electing". And when Malta became a protectorate of the British (yet still officially part of the Kingdom of Sicily) in 1800 and then a Crown Colony 1813, they held no elections to decide who their monarch would be. They chose to become the subjects of a hereditary monarchy. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 21:05, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Hawaii
The article says that the Kingdom of Hawaii was an elective monarchy until it was overthrown, but this assertion is not entirely true, and, in fact, more false than true. The Kingdom of Hawaii was never strictly an elective monarchy, and, under the Constitutions of 1864 and 1887, and the never-implemented Draft Constitution of 1893 (which was drafted to replace the Constitution of 1887), it was an unmistakably hereditary monarchy, with legislative election of a Monarch only being a final contingency plan (after a couple other contingency plans provided in those constitutions) in case of the extinction of the Royal House.

From the part of the Constitution of 1840 entitled "Exposition of the Principles on which the Dynasty is Founded":
 * The kingdom is permanently confirmed to Kamehameha III, and his heirs, and his heir shall be the person whom he and the chiefs shall appoint, during his life time, but should there be no appointment, then the decision shall rest with the chiefs and house of Representatives.

Article 25 of the Constitution of 1852:
 * Article 25
 * The crown is hereby permanently confirmed to His Majesty Kamehameha III, during his life, and to his successor. The successor shall be the person whom the King and the House of Nobles shall appoint and publicly proclaim as such, during the King¹s life; but should there be no such appointment and proclamation, then the successor shall be chosen by the House of Nobles and the House of Representatives in joint ballot.

Article 22 of the Constitution of 1864:
 * Article 22
 * The Crown is hereby permanently confirmed to His Majesty, Kamehameha V, and to the Heirs of His body lawfully begotten, and to their lawful Descendants in a direct line; failing whom, the Crown shall descend to Her Royal Highness the Princess Victoria Kamamalu Kaahumanu, and the heirs of her body, lawfully begotten, and their lawful descendants in a direct line. The Succession shall be to the senior male child, and to the heirs of his body; failing a male child, the succession shall be to the senior female child, and to the heirs of her body. In case there is no heir as above provided, then the successor shall be the person whom the Sovereign shall appoint with the consent of the Nobles, and publicly proclaim as such during the King's life; but should there be no such appointment and proclamation, and the Throne should become vacant, then the Cabinet Council, immediately after the occurring of such vacancy, shall cause a meeting of the Legislative Assembly, who shall elect by ballot some native Alii of the Kingdom as Successor so elected shall become a new Stirps for a Royal Family; and the succession from the Sovereign thus elected, shall be regulated by the same law as the present Royal Family of Hawaii.

Article 22 of the Constitution of 1887:
 * Article 22
 * The Crown is hereby permanently confirmed to His Majesty Kalakaua, and to the Heirs of His body lawfully begotten, and to their lawful Descendants in a direct line; failing whom, the Crown shall descend to Her Royal Highness the Princess Liliuokalani, and the heirs of her body, lawfully begotten, and their lawful descendants in direct a line. The Succession shall be to the senior male child, and to the heirs of his body; failing a male child, the succession, shall be to the senior female child, and to the heirs of her body. In case there is no heir as above provided, the successor shall be the person whom the Sovereign shall appoint with the consent of the Nobles, and publicly proclaim during the Sovereign's life; but should there be no such appointed and proclamation, and the Throne should become vacant, then the Cabinet, immediately after the occurring of such vacancy, shall cause a meeting of the Legislature, who shall elect by ballot some native Alii of the Kingdom as Successor to the Throne; and the Successor so elected shall become a new Stirps for the Royal Family; and the Succession from the Sovereign thus elected, shall be regulated by the same law as the present Royal Family of Hawaii.

Article 22 of the Draft Constitution of 1893:
 * Article 22
 * The Crown is hereby permanently confirmed to Her Majesty Liliuokalani and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten, and to their lawful descendants in a direct line; failing whom, the Crown shall descend to Her Royal Highness the Princess Victoria Kaiulani and the heirs of her own body lawfully begotten, and their descendant in a direct line; failing whom, the Crown shall descend to His Royal Highness the Prince David Kawananakoa and the heirs of his body lawfully begotten, and their descendant in a direct line; failing whom, the Crown shall descend to His Royal Highness the Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole and the heirs of his body lawfully begotten, and their lawful descendant in the direct line. The succession shall be to the senior male child and to the heirs of his body; failing a male child the succession shall be to the senior female child and to the heirs of her body. In case there is no heir, as above provided, then the successor shall be the person whom the Sovereign shall appoint, with the consent of the nobles, and publicly proclaimed during the Sovereign's life; but should there be no such vacancy, shall cause a meeting of the legislative assembly, who shall elect by ballot some native alii of the Kingdom as successor to the throne; and the successor so elected shall become a new stirps for a royal family; and the succession from the Sovereign thus elected shall be regulated by the same law as the present royal family of Hawaii.

The article is asserting an outright falsehood in saying that Hawaii was an elective monarchy up to the time of the overthrow, as it is painfully clear that Hawaii was a hereditary monarchy at least from 1864 to the overthrow.—MNTRT2009 (talk) 20:29, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

"Descended from Julius Caesar"?
The article claims that "the first five [Roman] Emperors were all descended from Julius Caesar". This is ground-breaking news! In real history, Caesar only had a daughter, Julia, who did not outlive him, and a son, Caesarion, who lived in Egypt and was killed in 30 BC by order of Octavian. Octavian was Caesar's heir, but not a descendant -- he was posthumously adopted; his only blood connection with Caesar was that his mother, Atia, was the daughter of Caesar's sister Julia. Imerologul Valah (talk) 19:34, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

The caliph as monarchs
The Rashidun caliphs were never monarchs, they didnt have a sense, of royalty, and never did them, nor their common populace, and nor did people from outside the Caliphat mention them as such. Sultanmail (talk) 10:09, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Purple?
In the section on Rome is this line:

 * The illusion of being elected from the Senate continued when Tiberius succeeded to the purple.

"Purple"?

Xuinkrbin. (talk) 00:31, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The room where Byzantine emperors were born was all purple, so from there comes the expression. 82.36.70.81 (talk) 00:43, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elective monarchy


text:
Syphonota geographica

Syphonota geographica, or the geographic sea hare, is a species of sea slug or sea hare, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae, the sea hares.

This is the only species within this genus, in other words, Syphonota is a monotypic genus.

Distribution
This species is found in the Indo-West Pacific oceans, off Western Australia, and the Mediterranean, and Red seas.

Description
Syphonota differs from the other Aplysiidae genera, through the position of the rhinophores (head tentacles), which are further back, almost between the parapodial lobes. The parapodia, fleshy winglike outgrowths, come to a noticeable high point at the top of the animal. The body coloration is whitish to green, with brown specks and a complicated network of white lines (hence the name 'geographica').

The maximum recorded length is 170 mm.

Habitat
This sea hare lives in lagoons and bays on sandy substrates.

Minimum recorded depth is 6 m. Maximum recorded depth is 7.5 m.

title: Syphonota geographica


text:
Lénault

Lénault is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.

The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

title: Lénault


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for Deletion/Nice guy syndrome

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Nice guy syndrome.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article and revise.

This page contains a great deal of unfounded, POV speculation. There are no references and I doubt if any can be found. I can't think of a good place to redirect this to, and I doubt if we can ever have a NPOV article under this title. UninvitedCompany 18:34, 7 May 2004 (UTC) Keep. Could use some cleanup, but keep. --Starx 00:24, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, with reservations. It's a phenomenon that people claim to be true fairly often, though not necessarily limited exclusively to the context of dating (otherwise "nice guys finish last" would have a whole different meaning, nudge nudge, wink wink).  If kept, it should be moved to nice guy or something similarly neutral, and have the sillier stuff stripped out.  "Nice guy syndrome" makes it sound like an accepted pseudo-technical term. -Sean 18:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Puerile and conjectural, but essentially harmless. Alcarillo 19:03, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup. A widely noticed phenomenon.  FWIW, Google grabs more than 7,000 hits on the whole phrase.  Smerdis of Tlön 19:16, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but significantly revise. Rosemary Amey 19:29, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. silsor 20:05, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Seems like it's well-researched, but it's a bit POV and should have bibliographical references to back the theory up.  An interesting read, and much better than what might have been, namely some lame, one-sentence attempt to define a cliche. - Lucky 6.9 23:19, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, and keep the name. Echo Lucky 6.9's comments. SWAdair | Talk  06:11, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but add scientific psychological studies if available. Robert Happelberg 20:09, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The phenomenon is very real, and very important. However, this is not a very scientific name or way to describe it.  This article needs to be deleted, and similar content integrated into relevant sociology and psychology articles. —Chameleon 21:45, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not for original research, which is what this is. Maximus Rex 21:49, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: unsubstantiated speculation. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:01, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but stripped of pseudo-scientific speculation and maybe refirected to more appropriate name. - Nilmerg 09:07, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep after substantive revisions to remove non-NPOV. Maybe include some external links to reputed studies or investigations to prove it isn't original 'research'. -- Tlotoxl 09:20, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, NPOV, give sources for statements. Andris 17:45, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Fascinating, although, like others have said, specific references would be extremely useful in affirming this article's credibility. -- Seth Ilys 06:34, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is very little encyclopedic info there. The useful information can be incorporated into courtship, seduction, alpha male, Sexual attraction, spousal abuse, etc. Quadell 15:36, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is a concept, whether real or not, which people do talk about. POV could use some work, but by clarifying that it's a street-level theory, not scientific, and possibly culturally biased, its merit as an article should be obvious. -- Crag 15:51, 2004 May 12 (UTC)
 * Keep, change to NPOV Burgundavia 07:22, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Needs major cleanup. I've always perceived complaints about "nice guy syndrome" to be ultimately rooted in the notion that a man is somehow entitled to receive romantic attention from women, and if they don't, it means there's something wrong with the women. Needless to say, I don't have a whole lot of sympathy for that worldview. It's amazingly sexist and, IMO, utterly wrongheaded. Bearcat 02:11, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Digressing a little bit... what's sexist about getting irritated that girls (generally of a certain age group) fall for selfish, useless guys? Unless you think that "nice guys" are a bunch of fat, acne-ridden nerds who don't deserve any female attention (thereby making the expectation of such based on a sense of entitlement), I don't see what this "nice-guy syndrome" has to do with sexism.  My own experience is that the "nice guy syndrome" only really applies up to the age of around 20/21, and is of course not universally applicable.  But then again, I'm a Charisma Man, so what do I know.  -- Tlotoxl
 * It is sexist to assume that if a woman is not interested in a man, it's because there's something wrong with her. And it is sexist to assume that "girls" fall for selfish useless guys any more than boys do. Rosemary Amey 17:33, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Who said that "girls" (don't get hung up on that for heaven's sake -- I'm talking about kids who aren't even old enough to drink in the US, after all!) -- who said that girls are the only ones to fall for selfish members of the opposite sex? I don't think the "syndrome" assumes that if a woman is not interested in a man it's because there's something wrong with her, either -- it merely notes a TREND in (imo younger) women (or men) to fall for people who are selfish and can't/won't return one's affections.  What's sexist about that? -- Tlotoxl 17:59, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The fact that there isn't a similar article describing "nice girl syndrome" is awfully telling. The fact is that as social discussion around these matters goes, when women reject the nice guys, we get a social phenomenon deemed worthy of labelling and discussion, and when men reject the nice girls, we get a minor footnote to the phenomenon of women rejecting nice guys. In other words, women have a higher burden of responsibility for protecting men's egos than men have for protecting women's. That's what's sexist about it. Bearcat 18:56, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If it's awfully telling of anything, it's telling of the fact that apparently the female population isn't bitter enough about this aspect of their teenage years to feel compelled to complain about them on Wikipedia. If the "nice girl syndrome" doesn't have its own article, it's because nobody bothered to write it. Given that the "nice-guy syndrome" article is pretty much first-person primary "research" (/whining) at this point, you could hardly expect the same unhappy males to create a "nice girl syndrome" article. -- Tlotoxl 19:09, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The reason nobody ever bothered to write "nice girl syndrome" is that nobody ever thought it a phenomenon inherently worthy of note. That's the telling detail I'm pointing out: when a woman rejects a man, there has to be some kind of "blame the woman" theory to explain it, but when a man rejects a woman, well, that's just the nature of the dating game, right? Bearcat 22:42, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Either that point ought to be addressed in the article or the article should be folded into a larger "what we know about the complexity of human interaction and sexuality" WikiProject, or both. My own experience is that the "Nice Girl Syndrome" does not exist, or at least not to any statistically significant degree.  The selection of mates is still primarily a female role, socially and biologically.  As long as "Nice Girls" have visible signs of fertility, men of all kinds will be available to them whether the women realize it or not.  Men do not enjoy this selection.  This isn't sexism, it's biology and sociology.  Still, this article could be improved dramatically by changing its tone. -- Crag 19:10, 2004 May 14 (UTC)
 * You have failed to understand the phenomenon. Try being less PC and actually reading it. —Chameleon 08:48, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, t'ain't about being PC, and t'ain't about not having read the article. Sorry to disillusion you. Bearcat 16:14, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes, my deletion of Tlotoxl's post was entirely accidental. I knew there was an edit conflict and my attempt to merge my post with the other didn't work. Sorry about that. -- Crag 21:31, 2004 May 14 (UTC)

 * Keep, but make NPOV. An interesting article, very interesting. DO'Neil 08:33, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Lingèvres

Lingèvres is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Lingèvres


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hacker clans

I can find no evidence of the existence of the groups listed in the page. While hackers may congregate in groups to achieve common goals, the term "hacker clan" and much of the article appears fictional to say the least. --cprompt 05:31, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well the concept of a hacker clan isn't entirely rubbish. ponder The Cult of the Dead Cow or Another group for examples of groups that have either been considered, or consider themselves, to be such a thing. I've heard of the terms white hat and black hat, but wasn't aware that the system still existed.Rhymeless 05:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, there are groups of hackers (is there any activity that doesn't organize into groups of people) but that what was written in the article is largely rubbish. I'll withdraw my objection to the actual use of the term "hacker clan", but I still hold the article is largely fictional. I guess I wouldn't mind if someone rewrote the article and talked about The Cult of the Dead Cow and Back Orifice (assuming they actually call themselves a "Hacker Clan"), but what can you say about a hacker group without degenerating into Hollywood cliche and speculation about what a top-secret underground group would be like? --cprompt 05:48, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Problem is, realistically, it's something of a Fight Club mentality. cDc considers themselves an anarchy group basically. I don't think any self-respecting hacker clan would actually call themselves that. Hacker clan as a term really brings to mind multiplayer PC gaming (in my case, at least). Rhymeless 06:06, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverified. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:56, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Rewrite to be more NPOV Burgundavia 07:07, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverified. Andris 15:30, May 13, 2004 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Pakistani districts

The WikiProject Pakistani Districts, this article provides a guideline to write articles about the Pakistan districts in the four provinces, namely, Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.

The idea of WikiProject is to create articles on the Districts of Pakistan, to improve accuracy and formatting of the articles.

Descendant WikiProjects

 * No Descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

Similar WikiProjects
Wikiprojects have used by many similar Wikiprojects, that include;
 * WikiProject Indian districts
 * WikiProject German districts
 * WikiProject Vietnamese provinces
 * WikiProject Thai provinces

Participants

 * Add your name to the list if you are able to work on many of the articles for the Pakistan districts to update them;
 * Saadkhan12345
 * John Gell
 * Aalahazrat
 * Green Giant
 * Gilgity
 * Zak
 * Arun Reginald
 * Taimoors
 * khalidkhoso
 * rzafar
 * Ali
 * Pahari Sahib
 * MasoodAhmedBazmiMalikQadri
 * Muhammad Aziz
 * Just Feel It
 * JOgi
 * User:Wiki Chief
 * Samee
 * Glowadz
 * Sher Khan
 * Abbasi786786
 * Umair Ahmad

Structure
The article should start with an introduction to the district, giving the name is English and Urdu and any or all other local languages of the district and the location of the district should also be indicated.

 * The fact sheet includes
 * Population
 * Area
 * Density of Population
 * Province(which are five)
 * A map of Pakistan with the district highlighted

 * The rest of the article should contain the following information
 * History
 * Geography
 * Demographics
 * Important locations
 * Sites of Interest
 * Miscellaneous
 * External Links

Naming conventions

 * see also Naming conventions (Indic)