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Miniclip

Miniclip is a Swiss mobile game publisher and former browser game website that was first launched on 30 March 2001. It was started by Robert Small and Tihan Presbie with a budget of £40,000. In 2008, Miniclip was valued at over £275 million. In 2018, the company gained over $400 million in revenue through its mobile gaming hit, 8 Ball Pool.

History
As of July 2009, over 400 applications were hosted on its own website.

In February 2015, Tencent acquired majority stakes of Miniclip. In December 2016, Miniclip surpassed 1 billion downloads across its published mobile games on iOS-based, Android-based, and Windows Phone-based devices. In March 2022, Miniclip announced that it had reached 4 billion downloads worldwide with 8 Ball Pool alone accounting for 1 billion downloaded times.

In April 2021, Miniclip had celebrated its 21st anniversary. In response, the CEO of Miniclip claimed that it would be keeping away from developing browser-based games to prioritize its mobile gaming products, including Agar.io, 8 Ball Pool, Mini Militia, Ludo Party and more. In April 2022, Miniclip officially announced that it would begin prioritizing its mobile games. As a result, the browser game portal was shut down in July 2022 and the website lost all but its two most popular games of the time, Agar.io and 8 Ball Pool.

In June 2022, Miniclip agreed to acquire SYBO, the co-publisher and co-developer of Subway Surfers, in an undisclosed deal. The deal with SYBO went through in July 2022.

Mobile games
Miniclip has developed and published numerous mobile games for iOS, Android, Symbian, and Windows Phone. This includes 8 Ball Pool, Golf Battle, Gravity Guy, Bloons Tower Defense, Plague Inc. for Android, Berry Rush, Agar.io, Diep.io, Mini Militia, and Ludo Party. Miniclip’s removal of Golf Battle Rush Mode has been met with much criticism.

Other platforms
In September 2012, Microsoft announced on the Windows blog on 31 August 2012 (see also List of Xbox games on Windows) that Miniclip games would be able to distribute their games on the Xbox division of Windows 8. Miniclip games that are supported by Xbox for Windows 8 include Gravity Guy, iStunt 2, and Monster Island. Gravity Guy was released on Windows Store on 29 November 2010.

In April 2013, most Miniclip games for Windows 8 and Windows Phone were distributed for free for one year.

On 14 February 2017, Miniclip released their first mobile racer game which was compatible with Xbox One, PC, and PlayStation 4, titled MX Nitro.

Malicious software issues
On 1 September 2005, the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team issued an advisory concerning Miniclip: "The Retro64 / Miniclip CR64 Loader ActiveX control contains a buffer overflow vulnerability. This may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute an arbitrary code on a vulnerable system. Although the ActiveX control is no longer in use by either retro64.com or miniclip.com, any system that has used certain pages of these websites in the past (prior to September 2005) may be vulnerable." In 2006, several security firms reported that some Miniclip users had installed a "miniclipgameloader.dll" which contained the hostile code identified as "Trojan Downloader 3069.” In the same year, another download related to Miniclip installed "High Risk" malware called "Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader.”

title: Miniclip


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Talk:Gray mouse lemur

Complete re-write
As I have done with other lemur pages, I have completely re-written this article to reflect all of the information I have available to me. Please feel free to make corrections and discuss any issues on this talk pages. –Visionholder (talk) 10:05, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Good job, it's looking great. Hope you're going to submit it to GAN. Cheers, Jack (talk) 11:48, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I will be submitting it for a GA review sometime shortly. I'm a little busy taking care of some Gray Mouse Lemurs in quarantine (as well as with the rest of my life) at the moment, but when I have time I will.  I will also be submitting Ruffed Lemur for a FA review as well.  Ultimately, my goal is to re-write every lemur page (from Lemur down) and get them to either FA or GA status.  My work should pick up pace after I move closer to Duke University in early June, giving me access to an academic library and the Duke Lemur Center.
 * Thanks for the help with the clean-up and the compliment. –Visionholder (talk) 13:25, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

A question
When was the species first discovered (by Western science - I assume the local population have always known about it) and when was it first scientifically described? Should there be a section on this, or at least a mention? Very nice article, BTW. 86.134.117.1 (talk) 07:05, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you. The species was described by science in 1777 by John Frederick Miller. This information is present in all or most species articles, but you have to know where to look.  It's found under the "Binomial name" section of the Taxobox on the upper right-hand corner (with the picture and basic classification information).  In smaller font, next to the scientific name, is the name of the person who first described it, as well as the year.  The "Synonyms" section lists other names it has been given, usually at later dates.  Once science confirms that these synonyms are the same species, the first name given is used.  The problem with adding this information to the text of the article is that it would bog down the article in extra detail that is already summarized in the taxobox.  Also, all species pages on Wiki summarize this information here.  However, I hope this answers your question. –Visionholder (talk) 07:41, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Literature Review 2008-09
As requested per FAC: Sasata (talk) 15:51, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

1) Title: The Grey Mouse Lemur Uses Season-Dependent Fat or Protein Sparing Strategies to Face Chronic Food Restriction
 * Author(s): Giroud, S; Perret, M; Stein, P, et al.
 * Source: PLOS ONE  Volume: 5   Issue: 1   Article Number: e8823   Published: 2010

2) Title: Scramble or Contest Competition Over Food in Solitarily Foraging Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus spp.): New Insights From Stable Isotopes
 * Author(s): Dammhahn, M; Kappeler, PM
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY  Volume: 141   Issue: 2   Pages: 181-189   Published: 2010

3) Title: Ancient repeat sequence derived from U6 snRNA in primate genomes
 * Author(s): Hasnaoui, Manel; Doucet, Aurelien J.; Meziane, Oussama, et al.
 * Source: Gene (Amsterdam)  Volume: 448   Issue: 2, Sp. Iss. SI   Pages: 139-144   Published: DEC 15 2009

4) Title: A Novel System of Polymorphic and Diverse NK Cell Receptors in Primates
 * Author(s): Averdam, A; Petersen, B; Rosner, C, et al.
 * Source: PLOS GENETICS  Volume: 5   Issue: 10   Article Number: e1000688   Published: 2009

5) Title: HEALTH STATUS AND NESTING PATTERN IN MALE GRAY MOUSE LEMURS (MICROCEBUS MURINUS)
 * Author(s): Aujard, F; Perret, M
 * Source: REVUE D ECOLOGIE-LA TERRE ET LA VIE  Volume: 64   Issue: 3   Pages: 197-205   Published: 2009

6) Title: Varying Patterns of Coexistence of Two Mouse Lemur Species (Microcebus ravelobensis and M. murinus) in a Heterogeneous Landscape
 * Author(s): Rakotondravony, Romule; Radespiel, Ute
 * Source: American Journal of Primatology  Volume: 71   Issue: 11   Pages: 928-938   Published: NOV 2009

7) Title: Impaired Control of Body Cooling during Heterothermia Represents the Major Energetic Constraint in an Aging Non-Human Primate Exposed to Cold
 * Author(s): Terrien, J; Zahariev, A; Blanc, S, et al.
 * Source: PLOS ONE  Volume: 4   Issue: 10   Article Number: e7587   Published: 2009

8) Title: Dietary palmitate and linoleate oxidations, oxidative stress, and DNA damage differ according to season in mouse lemurs exposed to a chronic food deprivation
 * Author(s): Giroud, S; Perret, M; Gilbert, C, et al.
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY  Volume: 297   Issue: 4   Pages: R950-R959   Published: 2009

9) Title: Hibernation in Malagasy mouse lemurs as a strategy to counter environmental challenge
 * Author(s): Kobbe, S; Dausmann, KH
 * Source: NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN  Volume: 96   Issue: 10   Pages: 1221-1227   Published: 2009

10) Title: Neoplasia in prosimians: case series from a captive prosimian population and literature review.
 * Author(s): Remick, A. K.; Wettere, A. J. van; Williams, C. V.
 * Source: Veterinary Pathology  Volume: 46   Issue: 4   Pages: 746-772   Published: 2009

11) Title: What Mediates Personality Variation in Grey Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus)?
 * Author(s): Dammhahn, M
 * Source: FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA  Volume: 80   Issue: 2   Pages: 115-115   Published: 2009

12) Title: Experiments on Inter-Specific Food Competition in Two Coexisting Mouse Lemur Species in North-Western Madagascar
 * Author(s): Thoren, S; Linnenbrink, M; Radespiel, U
 * Source: FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA  Volume: 80   Issue: 2   Pages: 145-145   Published: 2009

13) Title: Daily Rhythms of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity Indicate Different Adaptive Strategies to Cold Exposure in Adult and Aged Mouse Lemurs Acclimated to a Summer-Like Photoperiod
 * Author(s): Terrien, J; Zizzari, P; Epelbaum, J, et al.
 * Source: CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL  Volume: 26   Issue: 5   Pages: 838-853   Published: 2009

14) Title: Spatial memory in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)
 * Author(s): Luehrs, Mia-Lana; Dammhahn, Melanie; Kappeler, Peter M., et al.
 * Source: Animal Cognition  Volume: 12   Issue: 4   Pages: 599-609   Published: JUL 2009

Article Number: 10.1007/s10071-009-0219-y

15) Title: Neoplasia in Prosimians: Case Series from a Captive Prosimian Population and Literature Review
 * Author(s): Remick, AK; Van Wettere, AJ; Williams, CV
 * Source: VETERINARY PATHOLOGY  Volume: 46   Issue: 4   Pages: 746-772   Published: 2009

16) Title: Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding
 * Author(s): Dunham, AE; Rudolf, VHW
 * Source: JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY  Volume: 22   Issue: 7   Pages: 1376-1386   Published: 2009

17) Title: Multimodal Signaling in Wild Lemur catta: Economic Design and Territorial Function of Urine Marking
 * Author(s): Palagi, E; Norscia, I
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY  Volume: 139   Issue: 2   Pages: 182-192   Published: 2009

18) Title: Assessing Reproductive Profiles in Female Brown Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus rufus) From Ranomafana National Park, Southeast Madagascar, Using Fecal Hormone Analysis
 * Author(s): Blanco, MB; Meyer, JS
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY  Volume: 71   Issue: 6   Pages: 439-446   Published: 2009

19) Title: Optional strategies for reduced metabolism in gray mouse lemurs
 * Author(s): Schmid, J; Ganzhorn, JU
 * Source: NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN  Volume: 96   Issue: 6   Pages: 737-741   Published: 2009

20) Title: Sociality, ecology, and relative brain size in lemurs
 * Author(s): MacLean, EL; Barrickman, NL; Johnson, EM, et al.
 * Source: JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION  Volume: 56   Issue: 5   Pages: 471-478   Published: 2009

21) Title: Torpor and energetic consequences in free-ranging grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus): a comparison of dry and wet forests
 * Author(s): Schmid, J; Speakman, JR
 * Source: NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN  Volume: 96   Issue: 5   Pages: 609-620   Published: 2009

22) Title: Females go where the food is: does the socio-ecological model explain variation in social organisation of solitary foragers?
 * Author(s): Dammhahn, M; Kappeler, PM
 * Source: BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY  Volume: 63   Issue: 6   Pages: 939-952   Published: 2009

23) Title: Parallel Germline Infiltration of a Lentivirus in Two Malagasy Lemurs
 * Author(s): Gilbert, Clement; Maxfield, David G.; Goodman, Steven M., et al.
 * Source: PLoS Genetics  Volume: 5   Issue: 3   Pages: Article No.: e1000425   Published: MAR 2009

24) Title: Gut hormones in relation to body mass and torpor pattern changes during food restriction and re-feeding in the gray mouse lemur
 * Author(s): Giroud, S; Perret, M; Le Maho, Y, et al.
 * Source: JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY  Volume: 179   Issue: 1   Pages: 99-111   Published: 2009

25) Title: Hybridization between mouse lemurs in an ecological transition zone in southern Madagascar
 * Author(s): Gligor, M; Ganzhorn, JU; Rakotondravony, D, et al.
 * Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY  Volume: 18   Issue: 3   Pages: 520-533   Published: 2009

26) Title: European studbook. Grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).
 * Author(s): Pes, Tomas; Pes, Tomas
 * Source: European studbook. Grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).  Pages: 1-82   Published: 2008

27) Title: Comparative Feeding Ecology of Sympatric Microcebus berthae and M-murinus
 * Author(s): Dammhahn, M; Kappeler, P
 * Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY  Volume: 29   Issue: 6   Pages: 1567-1589   Published: 2008

28) Title: Forelimb proportions and kinematics: how are small primates different from other small mammals?
 * Author(s): Schmidt, M
 * Source: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY  Volume: 211   Issue: 24   Pages: 3775-3789   Published: 2008

29) Title: Battle of the sexes: cost asymmetry explains female dominance in lemurs
 * Author(s): Dunham, AE
 * Source: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR  Volume: 76   Pages: 1435-1439   Published: 2008

30) Title: Manual lateralization in early primates: A comparison of two mouse lemur species
 * Author(s): Leliveld, LMC; Scheumann, M; Zimmermann, E
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY  Volume: 137   Issue: 2   Pages: 156-163   Published: 2008

31) Title: Wild mouse lemurs revisit artificial feeding platforms: Implications for field experiments on sensory and cognitive abilities in small primates
 * Author(s): Joly, M; Scheumann, M; Zimmermann, E
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY  Volume: 70   Issue: 9   Pages: 892-896   Published: 2008

32) Title: Cues for acoustic detection of prey: insect rustling sounds and the influence of walking substrate
 * Author(s): Goerlitz, HR; Greif, S; Siemers, BM
 * Source: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY  Volume: 211   Issue: 17   Pages: 2799-2806   Published: 2008

33) Title: Small-scale coexistence of two mouse lemur species (Microcebus berthae and M-murinus) within a homogeneous competitive environment
 * Author(s): Dammhahn, M; Kappeler, PM
 * Source: OECOLOGIA  Volume: 157   Issue: 3   Pages: 473-483   Published: 2008

34) Title: Effects of age on thermoregulatory responses during cold exposure in a nonhuman primate, Microcebus murinus
 * Author(s): Terrien, J; Zizzari, P; Bluet-Pajot, MT, et al.
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY  Volume: 295   Issue: 2   Pages: R696-R703   Published: 2008

35) Title: The costs of risky male behaviour: sex differences in seasonal survival in a small sexually monomorphic primate
 * Author(s): Kraus, C; Eberle, M; Kappeler, PM
 * Source: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES  Volume: 275   Issue: 1643   Pages: 1635-1644   Published: 2008

36) Title: Chronic food shortage and seasonal modulations of daily torpor and locomotor activity in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)
 * Author(s): Giroud, S; Blanc, S; Aujard, F, et al.
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY  Volume: 294   Issue: 6   Pages: R1958-R1967   Published: 2008

37) Title: Olfactory predator recognition in predator-naive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus).
 * Author(s): Suendermann, Dina; Scheumann, Marina; Zimmermann, Elke
 * Source: Journal of Comparative Psychology  Volume: 122   Issue: 2   Pages: 146-155   Published: May 2008

38) Title: Acoustic divergence in the communication of cryptic species of nocturnal primates (Microcebus ssp.)
 * Author(s): Braune, P; Schmidt, S; Zimmermann, E
 * Source: BMC BIOLOGY  Volume: 6   Article Number: 19   Published: 2008

39) Title: Olfactory predator recognition in predator-naive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus)
 * Author(s): Sundermann, D; Scheumann, M; Zimmermann, E
 * Source: JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY  Volume: 122   Issue: 2   Pages: 146-155   Published: 2008

40) Title: Mutualism, reciprocity, or kin selection? Cooperative rescue of a conspecific from a boa in a nocturnal solitary forager the gray mouse lemur
 * Author(s): Eberle, M; Kappeler, PM
 * Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY  Volume: 70   Issue: 4   Pages: 410-414   Published: 2008

41) Title: The sensory basis of prey detection in captive-born grey mouse lemurs, Microcebus murinus
 * Author(s): Piep, M; Radespiel, U; Zimmermann, E, et al.
 * Source: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR  Volume: 75   Pages: 871-878   Published: 2008

42) Title: Habitat utilization of three sympatric cheirogaleid lemur species in a littoral rain forest of southeastern Madagascar
 * Author(s): Lahann, P
 * Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY  Volume: 29   Issue: 1   Pages: 117-134   Published: 2008

43) Title: Sex-specific asymmetries in communication sound perception are not related to hand preference in an early primate
 * Author(s): Scheumann, M; Zimmermann, E
 * Source: BMC BIOLOGY  Volume: 6   Article Number: 3   Published: 2008

44) Title: Sex-specific symmetries in communication sound perception are not related to hand preference in an early primate.
 * Author(s): Scheumann, Marina; Zimmermann, Elke
 * Source: BMC Biology  Volume: 6   Issue: 3   Pages: 1-10   Published: 16 January 2008

45) Title: Sperm competition and optimal timing of matings in Microcebus murinus
 * Author(s): Eberle, M; Perret, M; Kappeler, PM
 * Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY  Volume: 28   Issue: 6   Pages: 1267-1278   Published: 2007

 * I have numbered the articles above for easier referencing in this reply. In short, if you could help obtain a copy of articles #5, #11, and #12 (or just their abstracts), it would help me a lot.  You may email me to send content if you'd prefer.  On an unrelated note, could someone please send me article #20 for my own independent research?  I will need the full article.  It would be greatly appreciated.  Otherwise, I will start incorporating the information provided above into the article starting tomorrow. –   VisionHolder  « talk »  21:00, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, email sent. Sasata (talk) 21:46, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Synonyms
I disagree that the genera should be listed. These were each considered different species. And, while it is interesting to note the changes in where these species were placed, there is no certain correlation between this species' placement and the placement of the synonyms when they were described. And my fallback: MSW3 lists them without genera. - UtherSRG (talk) 19:32, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * MSW 3 does not (presumably for space reasons), but most works that list synonyms do give the original combination. Species names without an accompanying genus just don't make particularly much sense. In addition, in this case it is very likely that these names were not each considered different species; rather, 18th- and 19th-century taxonomists renamed and again renamed it, either because they were unaware of the other names or because they felt like it. Ucucha 19:48, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * "unaware of the other names " sounds to me like they didn't know someone had already described the species, and so they thought they had a new species. I mean to include this notion in my notion above of "different species". As such, we don't have a way of knowing if the genus the author placed their species in was the same genus that this species was in at the time. Even the intentional renames may have been to move the species out of the genus it was in at the time into a new genus. It still says nothing about the genus this species was in at the time. - UtherSRG (talk) 21:42, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not sure of the relevance of the points we're arguing now; however, (1) the genus names add information; and (2) synonymies outside MSW 3 usually do list the genus names for synonymies. So do lots of our featured articles. Ucucha 23:28, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Looks pretty accurate to everyone else--50.122.9.57 (talk) 15:24, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Madagascar colubrid
The species name of the colubrid snake that preys on mouse lemurs was misspelled it is Ithycyphus miniatus. ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 23:21, 13 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the fix. – Maky  « talk » 02:23, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Conservation status of M murinus
Hi, I'd like to clarify the conservation status. The article currently states that it was removed from CITES appendix I as of 2009. However, I still find it listed on the CITES dbase http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html

The database states it was added to appendix 1 in 1975 (consistent with Wikipedia) but there is no evidence that it was ever removed. The database is hard to search, I searched by order (primates). It did not come up when I searched by species, although I might have done it wrong.

See also http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13323/0 which also states that it is on appendix I.

I did not edit the article itself pending input from others with greater knowledge of conservation issues.

The question is of significance since M murinus is of potential interest as a model organism for biomedical research: http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/nov2011/features/emerging_model_organisms.html

 * Thank you very much for catching this. This was one of the first articles I ever wrote, and I'm not sure how I slipped up on this.  All lemurs are protected under CITES, so I'm not sure why I would have written this.  But then again, I was new to the field at the time, and probably didn't know how to read the indices.  I will fix it tonight. –  Maky  « talk » 23:33, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gray mouse lemur


text:
Ivey

Ivey may refer to:

 * Ivey (name), given name and surname
 * Ivey, Georgia, United States, a town
 * Ivey awards, annual award show celebrating Twin Cities professional theater
 * Ivey Business School, unit of University of Western Ontario in Canada
 * Ivey Index (IPMI)
 * Ivey's, now-defunct upscale department store based out of Charlotte, North Carolina
 * The Iveys, rock band which became Bandfinger

title: Ivey


text:
Talk:Browser game

Response to WP:MEDCAB Request
(Same message left at Talk:List of browser games, involved parties may decide primary location of discussion.)

Hi all, I'm Soltak and I'm here in response to the request for mediation made by Moocats here.

First, let me say that this process is informal and non-binding. My job is to mediate and try to reach a consensus that leaves everyone happy. I won't be offering any opinions unless directly asked for one. Instead, I'll be pointing out various Wikipedia policies and guiding the discussion.

The problem here appears to revolve around various edits and reverts made to List of browser games and Browser game. What I'd like to see below is each party cited in the request (Moocats and User:Jasonblake69) explaining their side of the issue. Please remember to be civil and avoid personal attacks. Soltak | Talk 19:39, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Browser games
Browser games is the first article I really got involved with and felt I could contribute something to. I made a few minor adjustments over time and generally try to keep the spammers away. Recently however there has been a discussion as to what should be excluded under the "External Links" section. I at first thought it would be ok (especially since I used mpogd.com) to keep "directory" listing sites under the external links. However, with some research I have found that most commonly only ONE directory listing is allowed. I removed the links and added an article I researched and found to be in direct relation with browser based programming. User:Jason however believed this article to be "mine" somehow (I have NO association with it whatsoever) and deleted it on the basis that I must be spamming. I submit to you that this article is a valid resource of information on browser based games including tutorials, programming hints, game design methods and forums which all contain information directly relating to web based games. I am not trying insert spam links and in fact my actions have been to keeps spam to a minimum. -Moocats 20:25, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Updates
I've seperated it into sections, plugin vs. server-side games. Removed all references to deleted article "Thin games" (this is the only place I've ever heard of it). Also cleaned up article content in general, tried to remove many repeating sentences saying the same idea over and over. Inserted comments about PHP due to the verifiable fact that a large majority are indeed written in PHP (a simple check of or any other gamesite will verify this). I would like to see a history of some type, possibly with a screenshot of one of the open source games (Legend of the green dragon? Alien assault traders? Blacknova?). Also, the connection of gambling games should probably be in here as well, along with the small (possibly growing?) number of sites that offer actual prizes simply for playing the game. There might also be a place for those games that had people generate links for turns for their site simply to create traffic and they were spammed all over the web, remember that? They should get a place as well, annoying as they were. -Moocats 15:21, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Mediation Terminated
It is the nature of mediation that both parties must respond, discuss their views, and be willing make compromises. As User:JasonBlake69 has decided not to respond to the request for mediation, it is impossible for it to continue. I would note, however, that the disputed behavior mediation was intended to address has since ceased.

As only one party has responded to the MEDCAB request, mediation is terminated without prejudice. If both parties wish to engage in the process sometime in the future, I would be happy to officiate. Simply notify me on my talk page. Soltak | Talk 00:43, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your time, guess he just gave up or didn't care anymore. -Moocats 18:02, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I apparently spoke too soon, as soon as you left, he switched it back without discussion again :( -Moocats 18:20, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments on Web Game Builder
Web Game Builder

This site is one of the few sites I've found that deals directly with BBGs and their kind without trawling on about any specific game. It has multiple articles centered around building web based browser games. Despite not being updated in quite some time, it still harbors sufficient information for one to begin getting started on the "browser game" building path.

You (jason) note the article as spam however. I am unable to determine how you denote this as such as I believe it contributes directly to the articles content. If you would explain your reasons for the edit I would be happy to hear them. Also, edits do not always include a full summary of what was specifically edited because the comments are meant only to be a very brief summary as to what area was edited. I was not trying to "sneak" in another link, I just thought it would be helpful. :) -Moocats 16:03, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Moocats, my apologies for the delay in response. Although the site you mentioned is useful for game developers, however it does not relate to this article directly. Perhaps, you and or I should create an article relating to Browser Game Development? For now Game development best suits the site you are trying to implement into this article.

 * The reason I assumed the link in question was a spam attempt was due to your suspicious behaviour; You persistently removed other valid/genuine links I added into this and other articles and blindly resorted to accusations against me (eg; You said I was the owner of MoFunZone.com).

 * You must realize, you don't have the authority to define what a browser game is or is not. To really think about it, there is no such thing (except those HTML games where you click on bunch of links). 99% of what is considered "browser games" use plug-ins to play and these plug-ins include but are not limited to: -Java -Flash -Shockwave(DCR) -ActiveX -Wiltangent -Toolbars.

 * Now, my question: Why did you remove my links which I strongly believe related to this article and replaced it with the above mentioned URL? Cheers --JasonBlake69 21:30 02 February 2006 EST

 * To answer your question first, wikipedia has a policy regarding external links which I was made aware of when people were editing back and forth over linkspam. The problem with external links is that although allowed without reservation there is one exception.  List pages are not encouraged to be listed because there are so many of them and they are mostly proprietary (only one person has control over them).  According to the list rules, only ONE page may be listed, giving preference to open directory (anyone can edit) type pages of lists.  DMOZ is the only page I found to be an open directory, therefore according to the wiki policy it's the only LIST site that should be listed (tounge tied :) ).

 * As for the external link, while you are right that it could very well go under game development, wikipedia also states that it needs to be kept as specific to the article as possible. Generalization is not encouraged as this would lead to people summing up all things about say...Babe Ruth under the article Baseball Stars (I know this is an exageration, just trying to point out what I'm saying).  If there were an article for Browser Based Programming I would indeed list it under there, however in accordance with their editing policy it does belong here as this is currently the most specific category to which it currently relates to (browser-based game programming is more closely related than just game programming).  This is also the same reason that I will no longer remove Crimson Warfare from the list of browser games, because currently it is the most specific area to which it relates to and has no article of its own.

 * When an article for Crimson Warfare is made (I only assume it's a matter of time) it should be removed from that page and tagged with a "Flash Game" category tag which will automatically list it in the Flash game area. I will do the same when a "Browser based game programming site" becomes available (move my link to that page), however don't you agree it should stay here for the time being? -Moocats 12:40, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Moocats, although you make a good point about the generalization, however having browser game development website link in an article titled "Browser game" would also be generalizing as well. In fact, I believe listing web sites with browser games in an article titled "Browser game" makes more sense. --JasonBlake69 21:34 04 February 2006 EST

Curious about updating
The article as it stands seems to be more stub than anything, wondering if anyone had considered, or is considering a more fleshed out extension to the article? Maybe a collaborative effort. I see Moocat has been active hereabouts ;).

For starters there seems to be a a split between server/client, but what about the other splits? Text vs Graphical 3d or 2d, range of plugins could use updating, bit of a favourable focus on PHP with no mention of reasonable alternatives (Ruby, ASP.NET, etc. - PHP is not the only large scale easy-to-use language), there are a few grammatical and spelling errors in need of correction. Where is text based mentioned???

"Browser games typically require a form of web browser plugin to function." - quote. Language is too strong, there are quite a lot of multiplayer server side technologies that actually refuse to impose plugin requirements. I don't like this paragraph since it seems to be stating a technology as insecure for no apparent reason. Whether that's true or not is questionable - it should be removed if only to keep the article on topic. You might as well state javascript, java, flash, X3D are all inherently insecure - not true.

I'm not out to simply "bash" the article - just interested in a larger extended version with a bit more in-depth descriptions. Anyone maintaining the article willing to colloborate? I'm a browser game developer myself (mainly PHP text based games) so its an interesting topic to see put up on Wikipedia. Dues to Moocats et al. who've added it.

--Maugrimtr 16:37, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Issues/Criticism?
Perhaps there should be a section about the criticism about browser games? Most employers and schools disapprove of browser games because employees/students are easily able to access these sites (and the large number of gaming sites make them hard to block), thus creating distractions and lowering productivity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spinner2189 (talk • contribs)

 * Well it all depends if you can find verifiable and reliable references on the issue. If so, you can add it to the article.  Otherwise, we'll have to leave it out for now. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 12:13, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Flash Games
Seeing as a majority of browser games nowadays are made using Flash, they should have their own page called "Flash game". Who's in favor say I. 65.92.124.239 (talk) 19:18, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Neigh. What could be said about them that would warrant an entire page?  That would be like creating articles for "C++ games" or "Java games". — Frecklefσσt | Talk 23:12, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

We have lists of OpenGL/DirectX programs, and lists of QT/SDL/(Insert framework here). My annoyance is that "Flash games" is redirected automatically to "Browser games", ignoring that Flash applications is also frequently deployed without utilizing a browser. (examples of which i was looking for). --77.241.103.10 (talk) 13:05, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Open Web Games
I have an interest, over 10 years experience creating web games and resources for people with low literacy and or learning disabilities. Since not later than 1998 these have been designed to be accessible and conform to web standards and specifications. Flash, java and other plugins were not used. I understand this pages describes the fact of such games, but as faict fails to link to any external or internal resources or examples, whereas there are quite a number of Flash games included.

Recently Mozilla launched Game On, and had well over 100 entries, of which XGS hosted at http://www.peepo.com was one (mine). XGS can be played with a broad variety of input devices such as touchscreen, mouse, keyboard and hands free. Accessible Flash games are extremely rare, when found at all.

Why does the Browser game listing refer almost solely to Flash games?

Why is there no mention at all of accessibility?

Why were my edits removed?

Please dont just nod towards standards-built games, get out there, review and play a  few, and include some relevant information.

Else this just appears to be a plug for Adobe Flash! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Signbrowser (talk • contribs) 18:57, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Your article was deleted because it did not indicate why its subject is important or significant. Subjects must meet our notability and verification requirements to warrant an article on Wikipedia. Even within articles, external links must meet out external links policy. I hope this helps. Cheers! Wyatt Riot (talk) 19:34, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree though that we must be careful not to give the impression that all "browser games" use flash. Certainly a very large percentage of them do right now - but it's increasingly the case that you can use HTML5/canvas/WebGL/SVG to make games that run in a modern browser without Flash...and as the world slowly moves in that direction, so our article will need to change emphasis.  (Incidentally, there were 160 non-flash browser-based games submitted to that Mozilla competition - that was culled to 120, then down to 35 finalists and ultimately to six category winners and one final winner).  We have a screenshot from one of the finalists in our article.  Another interesting development that we'll need to stay on top of is the rise of "app stores" for browser-based software (most of which will likely be games) - Google already have one up and running and Mozilla got their take on that running in prototype form just the day before yesterday!  This is a rapidly changing picture and it's important that we keep the article abreast of it. SteveBaker (talk) 18:02, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Criticism
The criticism section is kinda strange... I mean, anything can be distracting in work environments, such as fm radio, daydreaming, masturbating, looking for car offers online, ... --80.187.106.223 (talk) 09:04, 18 November 2012 (UTC) i am sarah from nigeria i need a sugar son that can make me fill better and happy in this xmas time i am ready to do any thing for him call on;09051432582 god bless you all — Preceding unsigned comment added by 197.211.52.17 (talk) 22:00, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

Server-Side Games
I came from an article on Jon Van Caneghem and followed a link explaining that one of his former companies, Trion Worlds, creates "server-side games". That's true, but non of the definition or explanations of browser games in the article fit any of Trion's products. For now I've changed the link in that page to the more generic server-side page, but I'd like if there were somewhere a better place to describe those products, and other MMO and non-MMO games that operate using a remote server. There seems to have been a section for 'server-side' games years ago, but I'm not sure it was ever relevant to the article I was reading. I don't feel familiar enough with the topic or Wikipedia to go further at the moment, but I would recommend someone either add in a section to address server side games in this page again, or perhaps add a new article about server side games and update some old links. Zemaniac (talk) 16:00, 26 October 2018 (UTC) Oh, one more thing. The closest to what I was looking for I found at Lag, which - if it was expanded to article length - would have been what I was expecting to find. Also similar but distinct from cloud gaming. Zemaniac (talk) 16:22, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

bias
while indirect, the tone and content of this article is disparaging to web game developers and web games. this needs an update and better distinction between addressing whether a game, game genre, or game technology is favored, used, popular or in vogue. It seems to be stuck in the past and fails to acknowledge recent advancements and trends in web/browser based games.

In broad strokes it paints the industry as dead, disliked and detrimental. I would like to strongly advocate for an update with less bias and better information, including references to resources and further information, with clear separation of opinion from fact, history from current affairs and a better quality of content. The vast majority of this "article" only discusses negative views, opinions and events.

"Just because" there have been bad examples of games on this platform in the past, is no reason to only associate this genre/technology with mass murder and bad actors.

!Please Revise.

Rqpaine (talk) Rqpaine (talk) 17:22, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Browser game


text:
Talk:Kingdom of England

The Religion of Pre-Norman England.
I feel as though there needs to be a discussion on this. As I had provided sourced evidence for England not being in communion with Rome before the Norman Invasion. Gunkclugpug (talk) 21:35, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

Personal opinion. Not supported by academia. Brother Jerome (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:28, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

This is not personal opinion and is supported by historians on the topic, look at the non Orthodox Sources cited. --Gunkclugpug (talk) 22:37, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

It is also clear that you are editing the article based on your personal opinion. You have provided no sources that England was in communion with Rome during the Norman invasion. In your eyes as a catholic you are trying to claim a Church that was in Schism from Rome as being catholic, this makes no sense. This would be like (in your eyes) claiming someone in Schism with Rome today is actually Catholic. --Gunkclugpug (talk) 22:45, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

Temporary lack of communion does not mean Eastern Orthodoxy. This is claiming that implying that England before the East–West_Schism belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church, which is a personal opinion. Academia regards the religion in England before the Schism as Catholicism, as every page with a pre-schism Catholic kingdom shows. Brother Jerome (talk) June 29, 2024

Since when is not being in communion enough to be Eastern Orthodox? Are Protestants Orthodox now? Mechamutoh (talk) 00:04, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

Being that prior to the excommunications in 1054, a distinct Eastern Orthodox Church did not exist apart from the greater Chalcedonian church, how is there any justification for England being apart of it? Furthermore, a good example of continued communion between Rome and the English church, as well as the submission of the latter to the former, around this time would be St. Dunstan. Andreas Zell (talk) 00:58, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

There's a pretty decent article on Pope Gregory's missions to Anglo Saxon England. Could be a good place to start https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_mission

Comes.amanuensis (talk) 06:37, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Pope Gregory I is part of the Byzantine Papacy, as Rome itself was part of the Byzantine Empire. Dimadick (talk) 05:20, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 30 April 2020
The "succeeded by" should say Kingdom of Great Britain as opposed to just Great Britain, which refers to the island, not the former kingdom. C.monarchist28 (talk) 02:49, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅.  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 01:17, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

"The Kingdom of England was among the most powerful states in Europe during the medieval period"
This is a rather Anglocentric view. England was irrelevant in much of European stage & history until around the English Civil War (or maybe the Elizabethan era but that's kinda stretching it in my opinion & even then this era kicked in late during medieval times). British dominance really only started in the late 18th-century(-ish), though France (& perhaps Prussia & Russia) was stronger than Britain & even Austria/the Habsburgs was arguably more powerful than Britain for much of the 18th-century — Preceding unsigned comment added by Producer Richter (talk • contribs) 10:30, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Date
Hi all, the dates of the kingdom in the infobox are currently given as 927-1707, with the dates of the Commonwealth listed below (1649-1660). Would it not make more sense to list the dates of the Kingdom as 927-1649, 1660-1707 to reflect the fact that the kingdom was not in existence during the commonwealth years? Please let me know what you think! Vesuvio14 (talk) 11:21, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I would say that, as always, we have to be informed by reliable sources. If the tendency amongst sources is to date the Kingdom of England as all the way from 927-1707 then we should also do so. If instead, they date it as you suggest, then I would agree with a change. I'll have a look at my academic sources I have at hand and see, but always welcome if others have sources to provide as well. Good question! SamWilson989  (talk) 13:00, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

12 July 927
This article claims that the kingdom of England was created on 12 July 927. That is an absurdly dogmatic statement. The creation of England didn't happen on a single day, it was a gradual process that happened over several decades, during the reigns of Alfred, Edward and Athelstan. This article should reflect that. See the article List of English monarchs for a fuller explanation (and also the discussions on its talk page, archived pages 5 and 6). Richard75 (talk) 17:22, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

 * What date should we start with instead? 886? Faren29 (talk) 10:02, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think that rather than fix on any one specific date, we should say that it occurred over the period 886 to 927. Richard75 (talk) 10:30, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
 * How do we put that into the info box without it being too messy? Faren29 (talk) 10:58, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It's already too messy! I think we could strip a lot of that out. Richard75 (talk) 12:58, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Should we put Alfred as the first monarch? Faren29 (talk) 23:20, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think so. At the very least we should say that opinions differ and that arguments can be made for him, his son and his grandson. Richard75 (talk) 23:32, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I've made a few rough edits. Feel free to add on and/or reword. Faren29 (talk) 13:00, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

12 July 927 again
Here we go again...! There are some countries, like the United States, that can point to a specific date when they came into being, like 4 July 1776, because they declared independence for example. That doesn't mean that every country can do that. England was not created overnight; it emerged as a result of a gradual process that took decades, generations even. Several kingdoms gradually came under the rule of one king, during the course of more than one reign. But some people are trying to use Wikipedia to assert that England popped into being on 12 July 927, as if on 11 July nobody had ever heard of it. An assertion like that would certainly require some reliable sources. To be as clear as possible: I am not saying that England appeared in any particular earlier year either. I'm only saying it wasn't created from scratch out of nothing in a single moment by the swearing of a few oaths in 927. 927 is perhaps the latest date on which this process may be said to have been completed by, but that is not the same thing. Richard75 (talk) 17:22, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

 * A viewpoint you are entitled to but will also require sources from modern historians of the Anglo-Saxon period. 141.163.120.3 (talk) 02:23, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

 * The problem is, there have been literally hundreds of high-quality publications, and entire books - several very famous and some less famous books - written on precisely this subject, and a great many of them are not in agreeance. Academic consensus on this issue is almost impossible to establish because of the very nature of the time and place: the Angles, Saxons, and Norse left very little in the way of written records, and the Celtic/Brittanic polities were not much better.

 * Unfortunately, a bunch of Wikipedians appear to have taken upon themselves to write a little DIY narrative history, and have left this - presumably very commonly read and utilised article by schoolchildren all across the globe - article in such a state that it is as misinformative as it is informative.  Decolonizetheinternet (talk) 04:50, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I saw that date and phrase "The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927" and immediately clicked on the Talk Page to see if anyone was as surprised as I was (as this particular time and place in history I happen to have a reasonable degree of expertise on). Thankfully, there was. To take just this first sentence:
 * "The Kingdom of England" is an anachronism for 927 AD, no such Kingdom existed, as the concept of "England" was still developing at that time. Æthelstan (c. 894-939) by the date given, was King of Wessex (a West Saxon polity), Mercia (an Anglic polity), York (hitherly a still largely Norse, or rather Hiberno-Norse, polity), and the "Old North" Kingdom of Strathclyde - however the latter two (and more) still very much continued to exist after 927, with Strathclyde in particular at least formally still Brittonic (Cumbric), not "English".
 * "sovereign state" is an odd phrase to use for Æthelstan's realm. As opposed to what? Being a vassal of another Kingdom, as the Kingdom of England established by William the Conqueror in 1066 was (a vassal of the Kingdom of France)? Did this "sovereign state" have full "sovereignty" over Strathclyde and Northumbria? Not to mention Lothian, Wales, the Cornish SW, and others?
 * "island of Great Britain" is what we can this landmass today, but only during the last few centuries. Æthelstan used the term Britanniæ (Latin for "Britain") at the time but it didn't include Alba/Caledonia (what we call Scotland).
 * "from 12 July 927" - All that happened on this date, was Owain of Strathclyde (or Owain ap Hywel of Gwen, or both, sources differ) pledged fealty to Æthelstan. But this was not a singular even, such pledges were made and broken to each other constantly in early medieval Britain and Ireland, and soon after they were at war again, with Owain and his son still calling themselves Kings - as did the the Norse Kings of York. The date and even is only significant in retrospect, if one were looking for a precursor to the Kingdom of England as we now know it, as it comes close to measuring up to the same territory. However both Strathclyde and York regained their independence shortly after, and none of the aforementioned Kingdoms came fully and permanently under one person's or one polity's rule until 1066.
 * In other words, the article appears to be jam-packed with anachronism and DIY history, and would require someone responsible to devote many hours of tedious labour to bring up to scratch.  Decolonizetheinternet (talk) 04:46, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Decolonizetheinternet Please feel free to make a start. Richard75 (talk) 02:15, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * they can't, they're blocked. Polyamorph (talk) 16:30, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Lol! Richard75 (talk) 17:30, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Let's leave history to the historians. Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia. In history articles, we should just write about what historians say; if a historian said it, then there will be a reliable source for it. Anything else is just original research. Richard75 (talk) 16:08, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, if this was true then there would be historians saying it, and reliable sources and stuff. Wikipedia isn't the place for advancing fringe theories. Richard75 (talk) 21:40, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Roman Catholic religion
It's not really credible or even meaningful to say that England was a Roman Catholic country in 927, when the Great Schism didn't happen until 1054. Richard75 (talk) 16:19, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * True enough. There are no meaningful distinctions between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church before the East–West Schism.Dimadick (talk) 23:27, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

Date
The date is incorrect, because we know for a fact that the Kingdom was founded in 927, and there are p lenty of reliable sources saying so. Blackmamba31248 (talk) 23:58, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We don't know that for a fact, and where are these sources? Richard75 (talk) 10:35, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.openculture.com/2021/09/how-england-first-became-england-an-animated-history.html
 * https://www.thebritishmonarchy.co.uk/post/kings-of-england-before-1066#:~:text=Anglo%252DSaxon%2520England%2520was%2520early,927%E2%80%93939).
 * https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-UK-Great-Britain-Whats-the-Difference/ (This one says 925, but it is rounded)
 * And the main answer when you look it up on Google. Your right, we don’t know for sure, but 927 is the most agreed upon date. Better to just say C. 927 instead of the extremly broad “Early 10th century” Blackmamba31248 (talk) 15:38, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Those aren't very scholarly or serious sources though. One describes itself as "an animated history," one is just the British monarchy website which isn't even a history site per se, and the third is very basic (the first paragraph is just an explanation of the difference between England, Great Britain and the UK). An encyclopaedia should use better sources than that. Google isn't a source, it's just a search engine. I realise that "the early tenth century" is very broad, but then the evolution of England took a long time, over three kings' reigns. It didn't happen in a single year. Richard75 (talk) 15:56, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ninth century kings of Wessex up to the reign of Alfred the Great used the title king of the West Saxons.
 * This endured until 927, when Æthelstan conquered the last Viking stronghold, York, and adopted the title king of the English. 148.252.147.200 (talk) 20:59, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

The kingdom of England was founded in 927
Ninth century kings of Wessex up to the reign of Alfred the Great used the title king of the West Saxons. This endured until 927, when Æthelstan conquered the last Viking stronghold, York, and adopted the title king of the English. 148.252.147.200 (talk) 08:11, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Semiprotection
Page briefly semiprotected so this dates issue can be properly resolved via talkpage discussion rather than edit-warring. Apologies to any IP editors that have other unrelated edits to make: please consider using the editrequest tool to propose them while waiting for the protection to expire. -- Euryalus (talk) 07:27, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I’m not sure why this is so disputed as if you look back through out the history of this article everyone was certain that it was the 927 that England was founded and it was Æthelstan that united the Anglo Saxons after conquering the last Viking kingdom and therefore
 * on the 12 July 927 the Anglo Saxons recognised Æthelstan as king of the English and I’ll show links to prove it
 * Special:BookSources/978-0-30-012535-1
 * https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b038rkw9
 * https://history.org.uk/historian/resource/4971/aethelstan-the-first-king-of-england
 * https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hZEImkSOl-0
 * https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8487954/
 * https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HYEwoy1HSpU
 * https://www.discoveryuk.com/monarchs-and-rulers/who-was-the-first-king-of-england/
 * https://access.historyhit.com/videos/aethelstan-first-king-of-the-english
 * https://discovered.ed.ac.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9924556939702466&context=L&vid=44UOE_INST:44UOE_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=UoE&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=creator%2Cexact%2CBBC%20Worldwide%20Ltd.&facet=creator%2Cexact%2CBBC%20Worldwide%20Ltd. 148.252.145.118 (talk) 11:48, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Most of those sources don't count as proper reliable sources. Two of them are actually the same source. One of them (Discovery) literally says "Asking who was the first king of England and who was the first ruler of England really depends on how ‘king’ is defined and also how ‘England’ is defined." Richard75 (talk) 20:10, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingdom of England


text:
Talk:Vervet monkey

Images
Hello None of these removals look correct to me.. The first two are similar in concept to other images and so might not be needed however the only image of fruit eating, in the Diet section is certainly needed. Invasive Spices (talk) 9 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Greetings. My interpretation of Wikipedia guidelines is that images should be used sparingly. Also, that photos are not decorative and should only be used to help illustrate something that might be difficult to comprehend based solely on text. That said, readers can imagine what a monkey looks like when eating a piece of fruit so I removed that image. If you feel showing a monkey eating fruit is necessary to further a reader’s understanding then please reinstate the image. In regard to my removal of the other images: Including two photos of a male’s genital coloration, and two photos of a female holding her young, is redundant and therefore not within guidelines. If you wish to reinstate those 2 photos I request the change be decided in community fashion after the opinions of several other editors have been gathered. In general, I feel there are still an excessive number of images in this article and more should be culled. In any event, I appreciate the conversation Down time (talk) 21:13, 9 February 2022 (UTC)
 * "Sparingly" is not my interpretation. From MOS:IMAGE They are often an important illustrative aid to understanding. I would like to have more images as long as it doesn't turn into another Commons:Category:Chlorocebus pygerythrus. On the first two images I see you meant they were redundant in concept and I agree we don't need them. Anyway none of those three are absolutely necessary so I won't revert anything. Pleased to talk with you about it - I learned some editors want fewer images. Invasive Spices (talk) 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment at Washington University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Fall term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:53, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vervet monkey


text:
Apostolic vicariate

An apostolic vicariate is a territorial jurisdiction of the Catholic Church under a titular bishop centered in missionary regions and countries where dioceses or parishes have not yet been established. The status of apostolic vicariate is often a promotion for a former apostolic prefecture, while either may have started out as a mission sui iuris. It is essentially provisional, though it may last for a century or more. The hope is that the region will generate sufficient numbers of Catholics for the Church to create a diocese one day.

It is exempt, directly subject to the missionary Dicastery for Evangelization of the Vatican in Rome. Like the stage of apostolic prefecture which often precedes it, the vicariate is not part of an ecclesiastical province. It is intended to mature in developing Catholic members until it can be promoted to a (usually suffragan) diocese.

The Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church counterpart is an (apostolic, patriarchal, or archiepiscopal) exarchate.

Institution
An apostolic vicariate is led by a vicar apostolic, who is usually a titular bishop. While such a territory can be classed as a particular Church, according to canon 371.1 of the Latin Code of Canon Law, a vicar apostolic's jurisdiction is an exercise of the jurisdiction of the Pope — the territory comes directly under the pope as "universal bishop", and the pope exercises this authority through a "vicar". This is unlike the jurisdiction of a diocesan bishop, whose jurisdiction derives directly from his office.

Like any ecclesiastical jurisdiction, an apostolic vicariate may be administered by the bishop of a neighbouring diocese, or by a priest appointed transitionally as an apostolic administrator. As in a regular diocese, the vicar apostolic may appoint priests as vicars exercising limited jurisdiction over the apostolic vicariate. Normally, a titular bishop is appointed to administer the apostolic vicariate. When someone who does not qualify or has not been ordained as bishop is appointed ad interim, he may be styled Pro-vicar.

An apostolic vicariate is to be distinguished from an apostolic prefecture, a similar type of territory whose chief distinction from an apostolic vicariate is that its prefect is not a titular bishop, but a priest. The prefecture is not considered organised enough to be elevated to apostolic vicariate. The less developed instance is the mission sui iuris, which other than the ones mentioned before is not a particular church, although it shares some similarities to one; at its head, an ecclesiastical superior is named. The usual sequence of development is mission, apostolic prefecture, apostolic vicariate, and finally diocese (or even archdiocese). See also apostolic exarch for an Eastern Catholic counterpart.

The apostolic vicariate is distinguished from a territorial abbacy (or "abbey nullius") — an area not a diocese but under the direction of the abbot of a monastery.

Starting in 2019, new Vicars Apostolic, although they are (or become) bishops, are no longer assigned titular sees.

Africa

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria of Egypt
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Awasa, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Benghazi, Libya
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Derna, Libya
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Donkorkrom, Ghana
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Harar, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Hosanna, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Ingwavuma, South Africa
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Makokou in Gabon
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Meki, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Mongo, Chad
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Nekemte, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Rodrigues, Mauritius
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Rundu, Namibia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Soddo, Ethiopia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Tripoli, Libya

The Americas

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Aguarico, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén, Chile
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Camiri, Bolivia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Caroní, Venezuela
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Chaco Paraguayo, Paraguay
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Darién, Panama
 * Apostolic Vicariate of El Beni, Bolivia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of El Petén, Guatemala
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Esmeraldas, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Galapagos, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Guapi, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Inírida, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Iquitos, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Jaén in Peru/San Francisco Javier
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Leticia, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Méndez, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Mitú, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Napo, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Ñuflo de Chávez, Bolivia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Pando, Bolivia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Pilcomayo, Paraguay
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Pucallpa, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Carreño, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Gaitán, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Leguízamo-Solano, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Maldonado, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puyo, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Requena, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Reyes, Bolivia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Andrés y Providencia, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San José de Amazonas, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Miguel de Sucumbíos, Ecuador
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Ramon, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Tierradentro, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Trinidad, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Tucupita, Venezuela
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Yurimaguas, Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Zamora, Ecuador

Asia

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Aleppo, Syria
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia, Turkey
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Beirut, Lebanon
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Luang Prabang, Laos
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Nepal, Nepal
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Paksé, Laos
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Quetta, Pakistan
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Jose in Mindoro, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Savannakhet, Laos
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Taytay, Philippines
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Vientiane, Laos

Europe

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Thessaloniki, Greece
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Istanbul, Turkey

Historical apostolic vicariates

 * (incomplete)

Inactive apostolic vicariates (and/or former names, often promoted to diocese) are in italics. Eastern Catholic (mostly Byzantine Rite) apostolic vicariates are in bold.

Africa

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Bomadi, Nigeria
 * Apostolic Vicariate of the Congo
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Dahomey
 * Apostolic Vicariate of French Congo, or Lower Congo
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Francistown, Botswana
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Isiolo, Kenya
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kamerun, Cameroon
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kenia, Kenya
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kimberley in Orange, South Africa
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kontagora, Nigeria
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Mauritius
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Victoria Nyanza
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Sahara
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Senegambia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Shire
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Sudan or Central-Africa
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Unyanyembe

The Americas

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Alaska
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San José de Amazonas
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Athabasca
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Beni
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Bluefields, Nicaragua
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Casanare
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Dakota Territory
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Goajira
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Izabal, Guatemala
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Keewatin
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Limón, Costa Rica
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Lower California
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Machiques, Venezuela
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Marysville
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo, Uruguay (erected 1830, promoted to Diocese 1878)
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Nebraska, United States
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Minnesota
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Riohacha, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Gabriel de la Dolorosa del Maranon (renamed Yurimaguas), Peru
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San José del Guaviare, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Vicente del Caguán, Colombia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Iles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, in 2018 merged to Diocese of La Rochelle and Sainte
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Sucumbíos
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Ucayali, Peru (was suppressed in 1956 by erection of three new vicariates)

Asia

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Amoy, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Batavia, Indonesia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Changanacherry, India
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Ernakulam, India
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kiang-nan, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Korea
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kottayam, India
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa, Sikkim and Tibet
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Madras, India
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Kan-Su, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Shan-Si, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Shantung, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Patna, India
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Shan-Si, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Shan-Tung, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Shen-Si, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet-Hindustan, India and Tibet
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Trichur, India
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien, China
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Yachow, China

Europe

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Bosnia, former Ottoman Empire
 * Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople, former Ottoman Empire
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Gibraltar
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Herzegovina, former Ottoman Empire
 * Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Macedonia, former Ottoman Empire
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Marča, Croatia
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany
 * ''Apostolic Vicariate of England
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Scotland
 * Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Thrace, former Ottoman Empire

Oceania

 * Apostolic Vicariate of Alexishafen
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Central Oceania
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Fiji
 * Apostolic Vicariate of the Gilbert Islands
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Marquesas Islands
 * Apostolic Vicariate of New Pomerania
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Oriental Oceania
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Sandwich Islands
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Tahiti
 * Apostolic Vicariate of Western Oceania

title: Apostolic vicariate


text: Talk:White-throated guenon

title: Talk:White-throated guenon


text:
Thug Behram

Thug Behram (c. 1765 – 1840), also known as Buhram Jamedar and the King of the Thugs, was a leader of the Thuggee cult active in Awadh in central India during the late 18th and early 19th century, and is often cited as one of the world's most prolific serial killers. He may have been involved in up to 931 murders by strangulation between 1790 and 1840 performed with a ceremonial rumāl, a handkerchief-like cloth used by his cult as a garrote. Only 125 were confirmed.

Biography
While Behram is sometimes suspected of having committed 931 murders, James Paton, an East India Company officer working for the Thuggee and Dacoity Office in the 1830s who wrote a manuscript on Thuggee, quotes Behram as saying he had "been present" at 931 cases of murder, and "I may have strangled with my own hands about 125 men, and I may have seen strangled 150 more."

The English word 'thug' is, in fact, borrowed from the Hindi word 'thag' (ठग). The thugs were covert members of a group, and the term 'Thugee' typically referred to an act of deceitful and organised robbery and murder.

Buhram used his cummerbund or rumāl, with a large medallion sewn into it, as a garrote to execute his killing. Through sheer skill, he could cast the rumal to cause the medallion to land at the adam's apple of his victims, adding pressure to the throat when he strangled them.

title: Thug Behram


text:
User talk:Orchie

Dear James: Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. –Hajor 15:46, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi. Please stop vandalising Wikipedia. Thanks. Morwen 15:48, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Orchie


text:
Kimberly Hart

Kimberly Ann Hart is a fictional character in the Power Rangers universe. Played by American actress Amy Jo Johnson during the first three seasons of the show, plus on the two feature films of the franchise, Kimberly has the longest tenure of any female ranger in the series' history, and fourth overall. She is best remembered as the first Pink Ranger (pterodactyl) and first Pink Ninja Ranger from the first entry of the franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Kimberly was the Pink Ranger for nearly three years before she was written off the show as having given up her powers for good to Zordon's new pink ranger Katherine Hillard, to participate at the Pan Global Games in Florida. However, she would briefly return as the Pink Ranger on three occasions. She first returned during the Legendary Battle of Power Rangers Super Megaforce alongside former teammates Zack Taylor, Billy Cranston, Trini Kwan, and Jason Lee Scott. The five of them later fought alongside the Dino Thunder Rangers, Dino Charge Rangers, and the Grid Battleforce Rangers against Goldar Maximus in Power Rangers Beast Morphers. She also returned to fight a robotic version of Rita Repulsa with the other four original rangers and Tommy Oliver in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always. Johnson did not reprise her role for any of these appearances.

A reimagined version of Kimberly would appear in the 2017 reboot film, played by British actress Naomi Scott.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
Kimberly is one of the original five Power Rangers chosen by Zordon when Rita Repulsa attacked Earth following her release from containment. She, along with her close friends Jason Lee Scott, Zack Taylor, Billy Cranston and Trini Kwan, was one of the five teens chosen by Zordon to receive a great power, drawn from the spirits of the prehistoric animals. Kimberly receives the Pterodactyl Power Coin and the Pterodactyl Dinozord, thus becoming the   Pink Power Ranger. Kimberly starts the series as a stereotypical valley girl, but with a heightened awareness for her friends. Throughout the series, she is the member of the team most likely to fire off a sarcastic or witty retort. However, as the series progresses, she becomes a deeper and kind-hearted person, due to experiences such as switching bodies with the nerdy Billy Cranston and being turned into a punk after Baboo administers a potion to one of Kimberly's drinks. She also displays a cunning, clever and intuitive side, also inherited from her time in switching bodies with Billy.

Kimberly is a capable gymnast and was often shown training and using her abilities in fights against Rita's forces, as she fought with a blend of gymnastic maneuvers, elbows and kicks. She often uses the environment around her as a springboard for her attacks and is often needed to defeat monsters with visible weaknesses, such as the archery-based Snizzard and the Terror Toad. She also teaches dance classes at Angel Grove's Youth Center while using American Sign Language to interpret for a student with a disability. Kimberly is revealed to be proficient in many hobbies throughout the series, including designing and arranging the floral pattern for a parade float, being regarded as a great cheerleader throughout Junior High School and being able to sing and play guitar.

Kimberly's best friend is Trini Kwan, with whom she starts a petition for environmental awareness and volunteered to become "Big Sisters" to Maria, a young girl who needed guidance. When Kimberly starts a botany club that is less popular than Trini's volleyball club, Lord Zedd uses a spell to turn Kimberly's jealousy into hatred; however, she overcomes the spell and the two girls defeat Zedd's monster, the Bloom of Doom, before reaffirming that they are lifelong friends. Later, Mr. Caplan apologized to both Kimberly and Trini for accidentally switching the forms. When Trini leaves for a Peace Conference in Switzerland, Kimberly becomes close with Trini's replacement, Aisha Campbell, with whom she shops with every day.

When Tommy Oliver transfers to Angel Grove, Kimberly becomes attracted to the young man on the spot and becomes visibly upset when Tommy's demeanor toward her becomes hostile. After Tommy breaks Rita Repulsa's spell, a relationship develops between the two after a series of tender moments, including the couple's first kiss when Kimberly supports Tommy after losing his Green Ranger powers and accepts his invitation to a dance. Skull, one of the local bullies, had a crush on Kimberly, but she rejected him until beginning her relationship with Tommy. Years later, Skull was shown to still harbor feelings toward Kimberly, who was put under a love spell and became attracted to him. After the spell was broken, Kimberly apologized for her behavior, noting the two were friends and offering to dance with him.

In show's second season, Kimberly controlled the Firebird Thunderzord. After Tommy lost his Green Ranger powers once again, this time permanently, and left Angel Grove, Kimberly frequently wished Tommy was still around. She was also kidnapped by Lord Zedd's forces to serve as his new Queen as Zedd was attracted to her beauty and tenacity. However, Kimberly shows a clever and intuitive side to her and was able to stall Goldar with convincing Rita imitations. Irritated with reminders of Rita abusing him, Goldar was forced to retreat and her friends saved her. When Tommy returned as the White Ranger, Kimberly fainted upon seeing him and the two resumed their relationship, going on dates together.

Tommy and Kimberly's relationship, as well as Kimberly and Aisha's friendship, were tested many times by Lord Zedd, but the relationships always maintained intact. When Tommy and Kimberly ran against each other to become class president, they bickered until Tommy conceded the race. Kimberly was often isolated from the rest of the team and put into danger, but she overcame adversity each time, including landing her uncle's airplane, escaping from Samurai Fan Man, Lord Zedd's failed attempt to make her his newest consort, and recruiting the ancestors of her present-day friends to become the Wild West Rangers when she falls into a time hole that brings her to 1880s Angel Grove.

In the show's third season, Kimberly remains on Earth with the flu while her friends travel to the planet Edenoi to help Dex, the Masked Rider; as a result, Kimberly battles a monster, Repellator, despite her illness. When Rito Revolto destroys the Thunderzords, Kimberly and the other Rangers travel to the Desert of Despair and gain new powers from the creator of the Power Coins, Ninjor. Kimberly becomes the Pink Ninja Ranger, harnessing the spirit of the crane and controlling the Pink Crane Ninjazord. Kimberly later moves in with Aisha's family when her mother becomes engaged to a painter and moves to France; Zedd creates a monster, Artistmole, from Kimberly's nightmares about her mother's fiancé, but Kimberly defeats it. Kimberly was sad when her mother was not present for the 1995 holiday season, but she returned from France to surprise her daughter.

Midway through season three, Amy Jo Johnson requested that Kimberly be written off the show because she wanted to pursue other opportunities in acting. The character was accommodated with a 10-episode story arc focused on Kimberly, leading up to her departure. Kimberly and Aisha adopt a stray white cat, "P.C.," who is the secret form of Rita's new spy Katherine Hillard. Katherine also spies the Rangers in her human form; she ultimately develops feelings for Tommy and jealous of Kimberly's relationship with him, steals Kimberly's Power Coin; with the Coin in evil hands, Kimberly's very life force is in danger. Lord Zedd kidnaps Kimberly and uses her as ransom for the other Rangers, but they rescue her. Zordon disconnects Kimberly's connection to the Morphing Grid, forcing her to receive power from the other Rangers, much like Tommy had when he was losing his Green Ranger powers; Tommy consoled Kimberly through this time, as she had done previously for him.

Meanwhile, Kimberly caught the interest of a gymnastics coach, Gunthar Schmidt, and began training for the preliminaries of the Pan Global Games. As she trained, Rita and Zedd plotted to exploit this and tire Kimberly in battles; they succeed when she falls off a balance beam while training and injures herself. However, this event breaks Rita's spell over Katherine, who calls an ambulance and convinces Kimberly not to give up on gymnastics. Katherine also returns Kimberly's Power Coin back to her. When Zordon allows Kimberly to give up her Ranger duties to participate in the Pan Global Games, which occurred in Florida, Kimberly chose Katherine to replace her as the Pink Ranger, ending her appearances on the show. She is later referenced in "Power Rangers Zeo" when she sends a breakup letter to Tommy, explaining she had found someone else.

Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie
Amy Jo Johnson makes a final appearance as Kimberly in the franchise in Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie, when she and Jason Lee Scott, return to Angel Grove to surprise the Rangers but are captured by the evil pirate queen Divatox, who plans to sacrifice the two to her fiancé, Maligore. Toward the end of the film, Jason and Kimberly are lowered into the volcano and possessed by the evil being Maligore. The Power Rangers must fight Jason and Kimberly until the wizard Lerigot cures them both of the evil influence. Shortly after Maligore's defeat, Kimberly was last seen cheering on Jason, Tommy, and Adam in their martial arts tournament. The film hints at her being a romantic interest or in a relationship with Jason. She also switches from surfing clothes to leather outfits.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always
Kimberly was part of the reunited Mighty Morphin team who fought Robo-Rita in the battle that ended with Trini's death. One year later, while gathering at the graveyard where Trini is buried, she, Jason, Tommy, Zack, and Billy are attacked again by Robo-Rita and two monsters the team had fought in the past, the Mighty Minotaur (from the episode "Teamwork") and Snizard (from "Foul Play in the Sky"). She, Jason, and Tommy wind up captured by the latter and used by Robo-Rita to power a time machine so she can travel to the past and facilitate her conquest by killing the would-be Power Rangers before Zordon has a chance to choose them. They, as well as a handful of other captured Rangers, are released when the villains and the machine are destroyed. Because Johnson had declined to reprise her role, Kimberly does not appear unmorphed, but she is shown in archive footage at the end of the special playing a song of her composition (from the season 2 episode "The Song of Guitardo").

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers tie-ins
Kimberly appears in the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and Go Go Power Rangers comics published by Boom! Studios, set during her early years as a ranger.

An alternate version of Kimberly also appears in the comic, first introduced as part of the "Shattered Grid" crossover event. This version of Kimberly hails from an alternate universe in which Tommy chose to stay with Rita, becoming the evil Lord Drakkon and conquering Earth. Kimberly and the other rangers formed a resistance group, but she was captured by Drakkon and brainwashed into becoming his henchman, now dubbed the Ranger Slayer. After Drakkon was captured while attacking the main universe, she and her Gravezord are sent to retrieve him but inadvertently emerges too far in the past. She attempts to attack the command center, but is found by her past self, who attacks her and breaks Drakkon's mind control. To make up for her actions under Drakkon, Ranger Slayer saves this dimension's Tommy, preventing his death in the future, and is recruited to the Promethea base to help stop Drakkon's final plan. Following the reconstruction of the multiverse, Ranger Slayer and the Promethea are left drifting in a seemingly empty void, where she leads a new team of rangers in searching for a way home.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Pink
Kimberly stars in a comic book miniseries published by Boom! Studios. The series is a modern remake but also serves as a continuation from Kimberly's exit in the third season of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. After handing her powers over to Kat, Zordon uses the Sword of Light to activate the latent pink energy within Kimberly to make her a ranger once again. As the main team of Power Rangers are off world in this series, Kimberly asks Zack and Trini to join her on a mission as the black and yellow rangers respectively. She later recruits two French siblings as the blue male ranger and red female ranger. In forming this new team of rangers, Kimberly effectively becomes the leader. The events that take place in this series lead to Kimberly writing her letter which Tommy eventually receives in the Power Rangers Zeo episode, There's No Business Like Snow Business. The comics ending shows that Kimberly had been changed from the experience, deciding that she preferred living life outside of being a full time Ranger, and that she initially lies to him about finding someone else so he doesn't have to face how distant they became. It's also suggested that Jason may indeed be the "other guy" in the letter as she sees a text from him confirming a lunch date as she is vocalizing her thoughts in regards to ending things with Tommy.

1995 film
In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, Amy Jo Johnson portrayed a similar version of her character from the television series, who receives new powers from warrior Dulcea and becomes the Pink Ninja Ranger; she harnesses the spirit of the crane and controls the Pink Crane Ninjazord to defeat Ivan Ooze with her team. Unlike the television series, Kimberly's Pink Ranger costume is more of an armor than a formfitting spandex garment.

Power/Rangers (2015 short film)
In Power/Rangers Kimberly Hart (played by Katee Sackhoff), in this much darker reimagining, in this timeline the Machine Empire defeats the Power Rangers and destroys the Megazord in battle, Earth's governments negotiate a truce with the Machine Empire and the Power Rangers are disbanded. Kimberly married Jason Lee Scott, but their marriage lasted eight hours after Farkas Bulkmeier and Eugene Skullovitch betrayed them to the police. Jason was killed in the crossfire and Kimberly captured, whilst being interrogated by Rocky DeSantos, who has defected to the Machine Empire, he reveals it's all part of his plan to capture Tommy Oliver. When Tommy appears, he and Rocky fight. Kimberly escapes her bonds and kills Rocky, however Tommy knows the real Kimberly died in his arms during the final battle, and it's revealed she is Rita Repulsa in disguise the whole time, after killing Tommy's teammates as part of her plan for him to re-join her so they can rule the world together.

2017 film
Kimberly appears in the 2017 film adaptation, played by English actress Naomi Scott. A former 'mean girl' cheerleader at the school, Kimberly was removed from the cheerleading team and punished with detention for the remainder of the year after leaking a photograph of an ex-teammate, and former friend, in a compromising position. The largely negative reaction to the photograph forces Kimberly to realize how cruel her actions were for the first time. After falling out with her old friends, she cuts her hair short to represent the desire for change and new beginnings. Later that night she hikes up the mountains near the mining quarry and goes swimming to clear her head. She runs into Jason, who gave Billy a ride up to the quarry earlier that evening, and is subsequently present when Billy blows up the cliffside revealing the Power Coins. When the team is unable to morph, Kimberly confides in Jason that she believes she is the cause, as she cannot bring herself to tell her personal story to the team. He consoles her and tells her to be the person she wants to be and to not let past mistakes define her. Kimberly eventually joins the Rangers in the battle against Goldar and Rita.

In the teaser trailer, Kimberly is shown to be romantically involved with Jason when they kiss in his room, though this scene did not appear in the film. However, there still does seem to be a romantic interest in him and undertone between the two in the released film. In another deleted scene, she is shown to have a white father and an Indian mother (just as Naomi Scott has in real life), who do not approve of her new haircut.

Amy Jo Johnson makes a cameo appearance alongside Jason David Frank at the conclusion of the film as part of a crowd of civilians watching the battle between the newly formed Megazord and Rita's monster, Goldar.

Reception
Kimberly has been criticized for being too stereotypically female by academia. Hart is considered the most popular female Power Ranger.

title: Kimberly Hart


text:
User talk:Cyrek

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title: User talk:Cyrek


text: User talk:64.132.120.50

title: User talk:64.132.120.50


text: User talk:151.198.85.20

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