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Javier Sotomayor

Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (born 13 October 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet (2.44 m). He cleared eight feet twice, the first time with 2.44m in 1989 in Sant Juan.

Sotomayor is a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989 and 1999. In addition, he won three straight titles at the Pan American Games from 1987 to 1995. He is regarded as the best high jumper of all time. After Cuban boycotts of the Olympics in 1984 and 1988 and an injury in 1996 cost him chances at additional Olympic medals, he won the silver medal at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney. He retired in 2001.

Personal life
Sotomayor was born in Limonar, Matanzas Province on 13 October 1967. The son of a day-care worker and a sugar factory maintenance man, Sotomayor was first sent to a Cuban sports school as a prospective basketball player because of his height. At age 14, coaches made him a high jumper and by 19, he was ranked No. 5 in the world.

Sotomayor is engaged to Amaya González, sharing private and professional life. He has four sons. One of his sons, Javier Sotomayor García, has also competed in the high jump.

World junior record in 1984
Sotomayor was only 14 when he first cleared 2 metres and by the end of 1983 he had a best of. He then set the junior world record on 19 May 1984 by clearing at a meet held in Havana. He was not able to go to Los Angeles for the 1984 Olympics due to the boycott by Cuba (and most communist nations). In 1985 he took silver in the World Indoor Championships in Paris, with a best jump of on 19 January, and then improved his personal best two months later outdoors in Havana, with a jump of  on 20 March 1985. He continued to improve the following year with a best jump of at a meet in Santiago de Cuba on 23 February 1986. He won his first international title in 1987, at the Pan American Games, and established a new personal best of at a meet in Athens, Greece on 20 June 1987.

First world record 1988
On 8 September 1988, at a meet held in Salamanca, Spain – just four days before the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics – he set a world record of. However, Sotomayor was again denied the chance to compete in the Olympics in Seoul due to another Cuban boycott of the Olympics. Sotomayor's leap of broke, by one centimeter, the record of  set the previous summer (30 June 1987) by Sweden's Patrik Sjöberg in Stockholm.

Raises record in 1989 and again in 1993
Sotomayor twice increased the world record, to on 29 July 1989, in the Central American and Caribbean Championships, held in San Juan and to the current record of  in Salamanca on 27 July 1993. The July 1989 record of 2.44 m, which he cleared on his second attempt, was a historic jump for Imperial-measure fans, as that was the first jump over 8 feet.

After setting the record at in July 1989, Sotomayor became inconsistent the following year. He missed much of the 1990 outdoor season after surgery to remove scar tissue in his knee and heel. Competing before an adoring Cuban public at the Pan American Games in Havana on Saturday 10 August 1991, Sotomayor defeated his principal rival, American Hollis Conway, with a jump of. He then thrilled the crowd by having the bar raised 10 cm to a new world record of, but in each of his three attempts he jumped into the bar, striking it with his shoulders on the way up each time. Afterwards he said, "My physical condition is better, but psychologically I am not well prepared."

The 1993 record set at the Salamanca Invitational track meet was remarkable in that Sotomayor required only four jumps: he took his first jump at, passed at , cleared on his first attempt, then had the bar raised to a record height of , which he missed on his first attempt and then succeeded on his second attempt, lightly brushing the bar. Videos of his record-setting leap show his unique, galloping approach with two elongated strides in the middle of his 14-step run, and a powerful left leg take-off as he pumps both of his arms: he begins his approach with three short steps, builds up speed, then takes exaggerated strides on steps 8 and 9, and then re-accelerates over his last five strides.

After setting the record in Salamanca, Sotomayor told reporters, "I wanted to set the record here because it is a small city in which I feel like I am in Cuba. The people recognize me in the street and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state."

World indoor record in 1989
Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of in Budapest on 4 March 1989.

He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar Mögenburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjöberg (Sweden) each needed two tries. In Budapest, he took his first jump of the competition at, passed at , missed his initial try at then cleared on his second attempt; made a huge first attempt clearance at ; passed at ; then had the bar raised for a record attempt at , clearing on his first try, just brushing the bar with the back of his thighs on the way down. Germany's Carlo Thränhardt, who had set the indoor record of one year earlier (26 February 1988) in Berlin, finished fifth at Budapest with a jump of.

Olympic champion in 1992
When he was finally able to compete in the Summer Olympics he won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics and then the silver medal at the 2000 Olympics (after the reversal of a drug suspension for drug usage). Between the games he won the 1993 and 1997 World Championship.

At the Barcelona Olympics, Sotomayor won the high jump on the basis of his ability to jump "clean" (no misses) at the highest height. Five men cleared the winning height of, but Sotomayor was the only one to clear the bar on his first attempt. All five competitors then failed at the next height,. Jumping last in the round, Sotomayor failed on his first two attempts at. When everyone else missed on their third attempts, Sotomayor was assured of the gold medal and therefore passed up his third attempt, opting for one try at a record height of, which he missed. Sotomayor was declared the victor on the basis of the tie-breaker: Patrik Sjöberg (Sweden) won the silver medal having cleared 2.34 on his second attempt, while Artur Partyka (Poland), Tim Forsyth (Australia) and Hollis Conway (USA) tied for the bronze medal.

Indoor and outdoor world champion in 1993
Less than one month after setting the world record of at Salamanca (on 27 July), Sotomayor won the 1993 World Championships held at Stuttgart, Germany on 22 August. He outjumped the competition, establishing a new World Championships record of : the second-place jumper, Artur Partyka (Poland) jumped 2.37.

The last time he would clear was on 25 March 1995 at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. A healthy Sotomayor attempted to defend his title at the 1995 World Championships, held in Gothenburg, Sweden. He cleared the winning height of on 8 August, but finished second to Troy Kemp (Bahamas) on the basis of missed jumps. Partyka finished third, at 2.35.

At the 1997 World Championships in Athens, Greece, Sotomayor again won the gold medal on 6 August, defeating Partyka with a 1997 world-leading jump of (on his second attempt), to the Partyka's  (his best of the season to that date.)

1996 outdoor season
Sotomayor had a good start to 1996 during the indoor season, but was plagued by injury during the outdoor season. At the 1996 Summer Olympics he attempted to defend his Olympic title in Atlanta. He qualified for the finals with a jump of on Friday, but in the finals on Sunday July 28, he could manage only his opening jump of, clearing on his first attempt. He then "passed" at the next height, and then failed in all three of his attempts at. His clearance left him in equal 11th position. This was a full 10 cm (4 inches) short of what was required to medal at Atlanta: American Charles Austin won the gold medal, breaking the Olympic record with a leap of.

Sotomayor underwent treatment for knee and heel injuries after his poor showing in the Atlanta Olympics and skipped the 1997 indoor season. He began training in Puerto Rico in spring 1997 for the outdoor season, but Cuban sports officials announced on 30 May 1997 that although Sotomayor was "in good form", he was withdrawing from the season's first big meet in Toronto and would instead make his season debut the following week at a track meet in France.

1999 Pan American Games
Sotomayor won the gold medal at the 1999 Pan American Games, held in Winnipeg. Just a few days after his victory, Games officials announced that his urine test tested positive for an illegal drug, cocaine (a stimulant), and on 4 August he was stripped of his medal and was sent home to Cuba in disgrace. At the time, this was widely regarded as the biggest drug scandal in the sport of track and field in over a decade (since Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics). In 1999 Sotomayor was a national celebrity, a well-known anti-drug crusader and the pride of Cuba's sports system. Mario Granda, Cuba's chief of sports medicine, reacted to the shocking news by saying the 31-year-old Sotomayor had "passed more than 60 drug tests" in his career and suggested that Sotomayor was the victim of sabotage.

2000 Olympics in Sydney
Sotomayor was allowed to participate in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney despite his two-year drug suspension from 1999. His suspension was upheld in June 2000, but in August the IAAF cut the penalty in half – effectively to time served – and allowed him to compete at Sydney at the age of 32. The finals of the men's high jump were held on Sunday September 24, in rainy, windy conditions which worsened as the event progressed. The wet surface greatly impacted the results. Seven men cleared before the light rain began to worsen, and Russian Sergey Klyugin was the only jumper able to clear the next height,, doing so before the rain and wind peaked. Sotomayor was awarded silver on the count-back, having taken only two jumps with no misses (at and ): all other competitors had at least one failed attempt. The favorite to win the competition, Vyacheslav Voronin (Russia) managed to clear only in the rain, after having cleared  one month before. Another medal favorite, Stefan Holm (Sweden), finished fourth and complained that the IAAF should not have reduced Sotomayor's two-year suspension.

Dominating career

Sotomayor has a rare dominance in the history of this event. At the time he retired, he had 17 of the top 20 jumps of all time. Only 13 men in history have jumped 2.40 metres or higher, and only 5 have done it more than once. Sotomayor did it 24 times (in 21 different competitions between September 1988 – March 1995). He is the only person to have cleared (which he did twice). Following his world record in September 1993, he had his greatest year in 1994, when he (again) was the only jumper to scale 2.40 metres or better, doing so ten times that year: two during the indoor season in February, and seven times outdoors, starting at Seville on 5 June 1994, where he cleared 2.40 metres before recording the year's best jump of. Besides dominating the event on the Grand Prix circuit, Sotomayor recorded wins at the Goodwill Games in St Petersburg on 29 July, and at the World Cup in London on 11 September, where his best jump of 2.40 m was a record 12 centimeters above the next-best performance. The last time he would clear 2.40 meters was on March 25, 1995, at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Only Bohdan Bondarenko and Mutaz Essa Barshim have jumped higher outdoors since, although four men equaled the mark.

During his career, Sotomayor was ranked by Track & Field News in the "Top 10" in the men's high jump in ten different years, and was ranked #1 eight of those ten years: in 1988, 89, 1992, 93, 94, 95, 97 and 1998. By comparison, the jumper with second-most #1 rankings over a career is Russian Valeriy Brumel in five consecutive years (1961–65). For his career Sotomayor accumulated 123 ranking points, while the jumper with the second-most career points, American Dwight Stones has 90 points and four consecutive #1 rankings (1973–76.)

Drug tests
Sotomayor tested positive for cocaine at the 1999 Pan American Games, which Cuban president Fidel Castro claimed was a set-up by the Cuban-American Mafia. Sotomayor claimed his innocence. After months of hearings, an IAAF arbitration panel upheld the two-year ban on June 27, 2000. The Cuban federation continued to appeal his case, citing a clause in the IAAF rulebook that allows drug bans to be modified under "exceptional circumstances". In a controversial decision announced on August 2, the IAAF shortened the suspension to one year – which had elapsed on July 30 – thereby allowing him to compete in the 2000 Summer Olympics. IAAF's motivation for this action was that Sotomayor had done a great deal for the sport, had passed hundreds of drug tests during his long career, and acted exemplarily throughout. Two weeks after his suspension was lifted, Sotomayor returned to competition at a small track meet in Montauban, France, which he won with a jump of. Four days later he won a Golden League meet held in Monaco by clearing. Interviewed on French television immediately after his victory, Sotomayor said: "I was not fantastic today. I was very tired because I have been practicing a lot, and I also have a new baby since July, which is another reason why I'm a little tired. But I should be able to clear 2.36 or 2.37 at the Olympics. I just hope nobody else does 2.40."

End of career
In September 2001, Sotomayor announced that he would end his career, following another positive drug test during a training camp in June, this time for the anabolic steroid nandrolone. He avoided a lifetime ban that would normally follow a second positive test. This second test disqualified his fourth-place finish in his last World Championship. Once again, Sotomayor claimed he was innocent and that mistakes had been made during the handling of his doping test.

These allegations never gained strong support in his home country Cuba, although former IAAF Vice President and Doping Commission Chairman Arne Ljungqvist asserted these were both "crystal clear cases" in a Swedish interview. In a February 2004 interview for Cuban news, Sotomayor said that injury had forced his retirement, not the doping scandal. An Achilles tendon problem hampered his performance, he said, and reduced his run-up from nine steps to seven and then just five.

title: Javier Sotomayor


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Audi A4

The Audi A4 is a line of luxury compact executive cars produced since 1994 by the German car manufacturer Audi, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. The A4 has been built in five generations and is based on the Volkswagen Group B platform. The first generation A4 succeeded the Audi 80. The automaker's internal numbering treats the A4 as a continuation of the Audi 80 lineage, with the initial A4 designated as the B5-series, followed by the B6, B7, B8, and the B9.

The B8 and B9 versions of the A4 are built on the Volkswagen Group MLB platform shared with several models and brands across the Volkswagen Group. The Audi A4 automobile layout consists of a front-engine design, with transaxle-type transmissions mounted at the rear of the engine. The cars are front-wheel drive, or on some models, "quattro" all-wheel drive. The A4 is available as a sedan and station wagon. Historically, the second (B6) and third generations (B7) of the A4 also included a convertible version. For the fourth generation (B8) and onwards, the convertible, along with a new coupé and 5-door liftback variant, was spun-off by Audi into a new nameplate called the Audi A5.

B5 (Typ 8D; 1994)
The first generation Audi A4 (known internally as the Typ 8D) debuted in October 1994, with production starting November 1994 and European sales commencing in January 1995 for the 1995 model year. North American sales later began in September 1995 for the 1996 model year. It was built on the Volkswagen Group B5 (PL45) platform, which it shared with the fourth generation Volkswagen Passat (B5, Typ 3B). It had a front-mounted longitudinal engine and front-wheel drive. Many variations of the A4 were also available with Audi's quattro four-wheel drive system. The A4 was initially introduced as a four-door saloon/sedan; the Avant (estate/wagon) was introduced in November 1995 and went on sale in February 1996.

Development began in 1988, with the first design sketches being created later that year. By 1991, an exterior design by Imre Hasanic was chosen and frozen for November 1994 production by 1992. The interior design was later finalized in 1992, with pilot production commencing in the first half of 1994. Development concluded in the third quarter of 1994, preceding November 1994 start of production.

A wide range of engines were available in European markets, between 1.6 and 2.8 litres for petrol engines; and a 1.9-litre diesel engine available with Volkswagen Group's VE technology, capable of achieving a 90 PS or 110 PS. The 2.6 and 2.8-litre V6 engines which had been carried over from the old 80/90 proved popular, although in North America, the 2.8-litre engine was the only V6 that was available there until 1997. A 2.4-liter version was developed especially for the Thai market, where import duty jumped from 60 to 100 percent on cars of over 2,400 cc displacement.

The Audi A4 was the first model in the Volkswagen Group to feature the new 1.8-litre 20v engine with five valves per cylinder, based on the unit Audi Sport had developed for their Supertouring race car. A turbocharged 1.8T version produced 150 PS and 210 Nm torque. Moreover, a quattro GmbH special edition of the B5 1.8T was later available in Germany and Europe, for which the engine's power output was raised to 180 PS and 235 Nm. Five-valve technology was also added to a reengineered V6 family of engines in 1997, starting with the 2.8-litre V6 30v, which now produced 193 PS, followed by a 2.4-litre V6 which was a downsize from the previous 2.6 litre, 150 hp engine, but with a power increase to 165 PS.

Audi also debuted their new tiptronic automatic transmission on the B5 platform, based on the unit Porsche developed for their 964-generation 911. The transmission is a conventional automatic gearbox with a torque converter offering the driver a fully-automatic operation or manual selection of the gear ratios.

The B5 marked Audi's continued move into the midsize luxury car segment, having started this trajectory notably with later model years of the preceding Audi 80/90 B4. Despite initial mechanical problems, overall build and assembly quality were lauded both by the automotive press and within Audi and Volkswagen, and at the time, parent company Volkswagen declared the B5 the company-wide build quality benchmark for all its other models.

Facelift (1999–2001)
The Audi A4 B5 saw nearly constant minor changes and alterations throughout its seven-year run. Moreover, a significant facelift was introduced for the 1998 B5 model year at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show, with sales beginning in Europe in early 1998. The 2.8-litre 30-valve V6 engine replaced the 2.8-litre 12-valve. A 2.5-litre V6 Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine with 150 PS was standard on the Quattro. A six-speed manual gearbox was available, as well as the new high-performance Audi S4, now part of the A4 lineup (the previous S4 had been an Audi 100). Cosmetic updates included new rear lights, headlights, door handles, and another minor exterior/interior changes.

In mid-1998, the 1.8 20vT engine available outside Europe had its power output raised to 170 PS. The previous KKK K03 turbocharger, although fundamentally unchanged, received revisions on the turbine side to prevent cracking due to heat. The 12-valve V6 was replaced by the 30-valve unit which had been available in Europe for two years.

A further facelift took place across the A4 and S4 platform in February 1999 as a 1999.5 model; changes were largely cosmetic but affected many components, such as both front and rear bumpers, the front and rear lights, the center console, and door handles. This facelift was known at Audi as a Grosse Produktaufwertung (Major Product Upgrade), as was also signified by facelift cars now carrying the denomination "8D2".

In 1999 Audi also debuted an even higher performance RennSport model (rennsport literally translates as racing sport), the RS4 Avant, like its predecessor RS2, available only in the Avant bodystyle.

Engines
The following engines were available:

Safety
In the Euro NCAP safety and crash tests, the Audi B5 A4 received 3 stars for front- and side-impact protection, but the last star is flagged to indicate that the driver may be subjected to a high risk of chest injury in the side impact.
 * Adult occupant =
 * Pedestrian = (pre 2002 rating)

Derived hybrid version
In 1997, Audi was the first European car manufacturer to put a hybrid vehicle into mass production, the third generation Audi duo, then based on the A4 Avant.

B6 (Typ 8E/8H; 2000)
The next A4, internally designated Typ 8E, debuted on 10 October 2000, now riding on the Volkswagen Group B6 (PL46) platform. The car's new styling was developed under Peter Schreyer between 1996 and 1998, inspired by the Bauhaus design language of the C5 (second-generation) Audi A6 introduced in 1997. The 1.6-litre base model powerplant remained unchanged, but most other petrol/gasoline engines received either displacement increases, or power upgrades. The 1.8-litre 20-valve Turbo was now available in two additional versions, with 150 PS or 180 PS, this one with a standard six-speed manual gearbox, while the naturally aspirated 1.6-litre inline-four engine and 2.8-litre V6 were replaced by 2.0-litre, and all-aluminium alloy 3.0-litre units, still with five valves per cylinder, the most powerful of which was capable of 220 PS and 300 Nm of torque. The 1.9 Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) engine was upgraded to 130 PS, with Pumpe Düse (Unit Injector) (PD) technology, and was now available with quattro permanent four-wheel drive, while the 2.5 V6 TDI high-end model was introduced with 180 PS and standard quattro. This generation of quattro consisted of default of 50:50 front to rear dynamic torque distribution. A Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) system, with anti-lock braking system (ABS), brake assist, and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) were standard across the range.

The Avant was introduced in June 2001 and arrived in European showrooms in September 2001.

For 2002, Audi increased power in the 1.8 Turbo engines to 183 PS and 190 PS – the 190 PS variant designated by a red 'T' on the boot lid. Available with four wheel drive and in the 2.5 TDI intermediate version to 163 PS. A 2.0 engine with Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) was also available. A year later, Audi reintroduced the S4, now powered by a 344 PS 4.2 L V8 engine, as well as an A4 Cabriolet convertible variant (Typ 8H), finally replacing the 80-based Audi Cabriolet which had been discontinued in 2000. It included an electro-hydraulic operated roof, which lowered in under 30 seconds and incorporated some styling changes, such as body-coloured lower bumper and sill panels, which later found their way to the saloon version. The Audi A4 Cabriolet version was co-developed and manufactured by Karmann.

Audi introduced a continuously variable transmission developed by LuK, named multitronic, which replaced the dated conventional automatic transmission on front-wheel drive models. There have been widespread complaints from consumers around the world that the transmission box is prone to electronic glitches as well as mechanical problems.

Borrowing from the Audi A6, the boot was redesigned to remove the extension of the top edge with a smoother fold line. The rear light assemblies now formed part of the top line, these styling cues were eventually borrowed by other European as well as Asian manufacturers.

A sport package named 'Ultra Sport' was introduced in the North American market shortly before the B6 was replaced by the B7. It included aluminium interior trim and door sills, "S line" steering wheel, front and rear spoilers, side skirts, and quattro GmbH designed 18-inch RS4 alloy wheels.

Engines
The following engines were available:

Safety
The Audi A4 (B6 & B7) passed the Euro NCAP safety and crash tests, and was awarded the following car safety ratings: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) awarded both the B6 & B7 a "Good" rating in the frontal crash test; the B7 was not retested since the front portion is structurally the same.
 * Adult occupant =
 * Pedestrian = (pre 2002 rating)

B7; (Typ 8E/8H; 2004)
Audi introduced a heavily facelifted A4 in late 2004, with the internal designation of B7. Although given a new platform designation, the B7 was essentially a heavily facelifted and revised version of the B6, with revised steering settings, suspension geometry, new internal combustion engine ranges, navigation systems and chassis electronics (including a new advanced Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) system). The front grille assembly changed to a tall trapezoidal shape in the same manner as the C6 (third-generation) Audi A6; however, the dashboard and interior were virtually unchanged from the B6 aside from minor detailing.

Audi's internal platform nomenclature uses PL46 (passenger car longitudinal platform, size 4, generation 6) for both B6 and B7 chassis. The Typ 8E and Typ 8H internal designations are also carried over from the B6 A4 range, but now have an additional identifying suffix – 8EC for the saloon, 8ED for the Avant, and 8HE for the Cabriolet.

The engine lineup received many additions. The 2005 introduction of Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) on the 2.0 TFSI and 3.2 V6 FSI petrol/gasoline engines, as well as other refinements, increased power output to 200 PS and 255 PS, respectively. These engines both use a four-valve per cylinder configuration. The prior 5-valve design was incompatible with the FSI direct injection system (due to the siting of the fuel injector, now discharging directly into the combustion chamber). The 2.0 Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine now combined Pumpe Düse (Unit Injector) (PD) technology with 16 valves, while the larger 2.5 TDI V6 diesel was superseded by a 3.0 V6 TDI, offering a 204 PS model during the year 2005 which was upgraded to a 233 PS model in 2006. A 2.7 V6 TDI was added later.

Torsen T-2 based quattro permanent four-wheel drive remained as an option on most A4 models. Audi retained the 5 speed manual transmission with the 1.9 TDI and 2.0 non turbo petrol engines while introducing the 6 speed manual for all higher output variants. As before, multitronic continuously variable transmission (CVT), now with selectable 'seven-speeds', was an option on front-wheel drive models, whilst a conventional ZF 6HP 6-speed tiptronic automatic transmission was an option on the quattro four-wheel drive models.

In addition to the Audi S4, which carried over the powertrain from the B6 S4 – Audi reintroduced the quattro GmbH developed Audi RS4 (RS for RennSport) to the lineup, for the first time on the saloon/sedan and Cabriolet body, and with a naturally aspirated, but high-revving 4.2-litre V8 FSI engine. Another inclusion on the RS4 was the latest generation Torsen T-3 Quattro 4WD system, which uses a 'default' asymmetric 40:60 front-rear dynamic torque distribution bias. This new asymmetric center differential was initially only available on the RS4 but was added a year later on the S4. The remainder of the B7 A4 range still used the T-2 50:50 default dynamic split center diff.

A variant, developed by quattro GmbH, was first introduced in May 2005, named "Audi A4 DTM Edition". It was inspired by Audi's race cars of the 2004 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and was reintroduced in 2006 as a regular option. The 2.0T FSI engine received revised software mapping to the ECU, which increased the output to 220 PS and 300 Nm of torque. It was available with front-wheel drive, or Quattro four-wheel drive.

The B7 Cabriolet model arrived later than the other two body variants, being first shown in late 2005 and with sales beginning in February 2006. New on the Cabriolet was an entry-level 2.0 TDI version, which was not offered with the Multitronic CVT gearbox. The Cabriolet version was produced by Karmann until February 2009.

In 2007 Audi introduced a version of the B7 named the 'Special Edition', which built on the S-Line specification and also included the black optics pack, the RS4 style 8J X 18 '7-arm double-spoke' design alloy wheels, Two-tone Graphite/Black Volterra leather, 3-spoke sports leather/Alcantara multi-function steering wheel with gear knob and hand brake handle in Alcantara with silver stitching, ventilated cross-drilled front disc-brakes, black tailpipes and black roof rails (Avant model only). It also had a power increase of 20 PS, giving an output of 220 PS on the 2.0T model.

According to 2007 Swedish vehicle inspection data, the Audi A4 Avant with diesel engine is the most reliable vehicle available on the market, with vehicle inspection rejection rate of 0.0% in three-year-old category.

SEAT Exeo
When the successor B8 A4 range was introduced, the B7 series A4 was restyled and rebadged as the SEAT Exeo in 2008 with changes to the front and rear plus interior trim from the A4 Cabriolet. The entire Audi B7 A4 production line from Audi's Ingolstadt plant was dismantled and sent to Volkswagen Group's SEAT factory in Martorell, Spain.

Engines
The following engines were available:

Safety
The Audi A4 offers many standard safety features, including Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) with anti-lock braking system (ABS), side airbags in the seats, 'sideguard' curtain airbags, and its optional quattro four-wheel drive system. It also received the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) "Top Safety Pick For 2007". EuroNCAP crash test results from the B6 apply to the B7 model.

B8 (Typ 8K; 2008)
Audi released the first official pictures of the B8 series A4 in August 2007 and unveiled the car to the public at the September 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. Saloon/sedan and Avant (estate/wagon) models are offered. The Avant was unveiled to the public at the March 2008 Geneva Motor Show. For North America's destined models, the B8 continued in production for the 2016 model year, while Europe began deliveries on the 2016 B9 model.

The B8 A4 is built on a variant of the Audi Modular Longitudinal Platform, a platform that is also used in the Audi A5 coupé. While prior A4 chassis were limited in wheelbase due to the relationship between the engine, transmission and front axle, the MLP allows for a reduced front overhang, resulting in a greater wheelbase length without the same increase in overall length. This effectively redistributes the centre of gravity slightly rearwards, improving handling by better balancing vehicle mass between the front and rear axles. The estimated static front:rear weight ratio of the B8 A4 is approximately 55:45, depending on body style and engine. The relocation of the steering rack in front of the axle also improves handling over previous A4 platforms. Key to the implementation of MLP is the novel mounting of the differential in front of the clutch. This is achieved by driving the flywheel/clutch remotely by means of a 'top hat' shaped drive plate, between which the differential lay shaft passes, whilst power transmission to the final drive is via an inclined transfer shaft which runs the length of the transmission unit. Whilst the platform retains Audi's "overhung" engine mounting position, the front axle is now 152mm further forward than the previous B6/B7 generation platform. The transfer shaft, however, has the effect of creating a large "bulge" on one side of the transmission tunnel, which on right-hand drive versions forces the pedals to be badly offset, which has attracted criticism from the British motoring press in particular.

The B8 A4 has increased in wheelbase by 160 mm and in length by 117 mm over the prior B7, which has allowed for increased rear seating legroom. Although the overall dimensions have increased, the curb weight has dropped some 10%. The boot (trunk) has also increased to 480 L for the saloon (sedan) version. The A4 Avant will have a maximum capacity of 1430 L with the rear seats folded down.

Reception has been mixed, with praise for the Audi A4's increased size, giving it best-in-class rear legroom and trunk space in the compact executive car segment. Its inline-4 2.0 TFSI engine, while efficient providing plenty of torque, was considered lacking and less refined compared to 6-cylinder engines of lighter rivals who posted faster acceleration times. However, the Audi S4 sports sedan has been well-received for its V6 3.0 TFSI engine's power and efficiency.

The B8 A4 was facelifted in early 2012. During a model, cycle changes are made to integrate new technologies and to keep the model competitive. These changes are referenced based on the model year (MY) of the car. In Australia, the B8 has undergone 2 revisions leading to three variants, the B8, B8 MY10 and B8 MY11.

Saloon / Sedan
Audi released the first official pictures of the B8 series A4 in August 2007 and unveiled the car to the public at the September 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. Saloon/sedan and Avant (estate/wagon) models are offered.

Avant
The Avant station wagon/estate was presented at the March 2008 Geneva Motor Show.

A4 allroad quattro
The A4 Allroad Quattro is based upon the Avant but features a wider track, increased ground clearance, Quattro permanent four-wheel drive, a distinctive radiator grille, stainless steel underbody guards and roof rails.

The A4 allroad quattro was made available in early summer 2009. The car was unveiled in 2009 Geneva Motor Show.

A4L
The A4L is a long-wheelbase version of the sedan/saloon for the Chinese market, with a 60 mm longer wheelbase and length. The vehicle was presented at the 2008 Guangzhou Motor Show. The production version then went on sale in January 2009. Launch models included a 2.0 TFSI with 132 kW and the 3.2 FSI with 195 kW.

Body styles
The A4-based convertible models were replaced by the A5/S5 Cabriolet.

Engines
The B8 powertrain options are the following: engines, transmissions and drivelines: (All United Kingdom specification unless stated otherwise). (for South Africa specification). (for Australia specification). (for New Zealand specification).

The quattro permanent four-wheel drive system uses the latest Torsen T-3 centre differential, with a default 40:60 front to rear asymmetric torque distribution ratio (used first on the B7 RS4) as standard. (Previous A4 Quattro models split torque with a default front:rear 50:50). The additional torque bias applied to the rear wheels helps mimic the driving dynamics of rear-wheel drive cars.

Audi was reported to stop offering 3.2L V6 models in 2010 model year, but still offers them as of August 2011 (Germany).

All petrol engines use Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), and all diesel engines use the common rail fuel delivery (with a pressure of 1600 bar), with piezo injectors of their Turbocharged Direct Injection engines.

With the 2012 facelift (the B8.5) came additional 163ps TDIe and TDI Ultra engines, the latter requiring the addition of adblue allowing for cleaner running, both of which fell into the lower emissions tax bracket for the UK, yet presenting a significant performance improvement over the base 136ps and mid-range 143ps models.

Transmissions
In 2009, Audi announced the seven-speed S-Tronic dual-clutch automatic transmission as an option for A4 in the UK and European markets.

All A4L models include Speed 8 multitronic continuously variable/manual transmission, except for A4L 3.2 FSI quattro, which includes Tiptronic automatic transmission.

Volkswagen settled a class-action lawsuit in 2013 involving the failures of the CVT transmission in its Audi A4 and A6 automobiles for model years 2002–2006.

Equipment

Standard equipment on the B8 A4 includes:
 * LED daytime running lights (on some models);
 * MMI system (Multi Media Interface) (multi-mode interface of driver information and entertainment systems); (3rd generation MMI expected in vehicles produced from week 22 of 2009). Standard system (Audi Concert/Symphony models) does not include navigation or Bluetooth connectivity (or Bluetooth audio streaming - applicable to 2012 facelift onwards, B8.5 models)
 * Electronic hand brake
 * Speed sensitive power steering ('servotronic' – on some models)

Options:
 * Audi Lane Assist (lane departure warning system);
 * Audi Side Assist (blind spot monitor);
 * Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC);
 * Advanced Key (keyless entry and start);
 * Bang & Olufsen 14 speaker sound system (505W);
 * Advanced parking system front and rear with reversing camera;
 * Navigation system with full MMI with 7 in screen;
 * Adaptive headlights (with cornering technology);
 * Audi Drive Select;

Euro NCAP
The Audi A4 (B8) Euro NCAP crash tests ratings (pre-2009 testing):
 * Adult occupant =
 * Child occupant =
 * Pedestrian =

Euro NCAP (2009 testing):
 * Overall =
 * Adult occupant = 93%
 * Child occupant = 84%
 * Pedestrian = 39%

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
Head and seat restraints Good

A4 TDI concept e (2008)
It includes a common rail 1968 cc TDI diesel engine rated at 120 PS and 290 Nm, a stop-start system and regenerative braking. It can achieve a fuel consumption of 3.99L/100 km (58.95 mpg ) and CO2 output of 105 g/km. It can accelerate 0-100 km/h in 10.7 seconds, with top speed of 206 km/h.

Other features include electric motor-based power steering, revised aerodynamics, low-rolling-resistance 225/45R17 tires, and electric actuation of the rear brakes.

The car was unveiled in Paris Motor Show.

Facelift (2012–2015)
The facelift model of the Audi A4 was released in 2012 for the 2013 model year. It features redesigned LED headlamps and taillights, front air dam with fog lamps, and closely set twin exhausts. Interior changes include Bluetooth connectivity for audio streaming (nav equipped models only) and a redesigned ignition key. Controls for air-conditioning, infotainment, and power windows gain chrome clasps. Other detail interior changes include larger steering column stalk switches first seen in the D4-series Audi A8 and a simplified layout for the HVAC control panel – for example the temperature setting for the heated seats is now directly set by a single button and is no longer controlled using the MMI dial. The A4 includes a radio with eight speakers as standard, while the MMI navigation system with voice dialogue is optional. A new "Drive Select System" allows drivers to choose comfort, dynamic, individual, or efficiency modes for fuel-efficiency. The power output of the 1.8 TFSI engine is 170 BHP and 320 Nm of torque – up 10 BHP and 70 Nm from the previous versions. Electromechanical power steering is standard.

In Europe, the wide range of Audi A4 saloon and Avant estate are available with the 1.8 TFSI, 2.0 TFSI, and 3.0 TFSI gasoline engines (same 7-speed S tronic and 3.0 TFSI supercharged V6 as the Audi S4 but detuned to 272bhp and 292lb ft of torque in the A4 3.0 TFSI), as well as 2.0 TDI, 2.0 TDIe, and 3.0 TDI diesel motors. Trim levels are Attraction, Ambition, and Ambiente. In the UK, the A4 range is offered in SE, SE Technik, Technik, S line, and Black Edition model grades. All-wheel-drive Quattro is offered in most engine and grade combinations.

For North America, the facelift model Audi A4 sedan is only offered with a 2.0 TFSI turbocharged inline-4 gasoline engine, while the performance upgrade remains the Audi S4 with a 3.0 TFSI supercharged V6 gasoline engine, and no diesel engines were offered. Model grades are Premium, Premium Plus, and Prestige. The Avant was discontinued, leaving the Allroad Quattro as the only station wagon body style. For the 2016 model year, the A4 and S4 continued in B8 production. The B9 A4 would not reach the North American market until the 2017 model year, while the S4 variant would not be available until the 2018 model year.

B9 (Typ 8W; 2016)
The fifth-generation of the A4 was revealed in June 2015 when pre-production versions were released to the motoring press, with the official launch occurring at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2015. This generation of the A4 is the fifth to carry the A4 badge and is commonly referred to as the B9, representing the ninth generation of the Audi 80/A4 series, which were originally (but no longer) based on the B platform. The B9 is slightly larger than the outgoing B8, but Audi claims the new A4 is around 120 kg lighter than its predecessor due to the use of it's new lightweight aluminum-hybrid construction. The B9 also comes with a number of A4 firsts such as virtual cockpit, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, full-color head-up display, and Audi pre-sense.

Trims
The Audi A4 launched with three petrol, and four diesel engines. US models received only the gasoline versions which consisted of the base 2.0L turbo found in the ultra model, the standard 2.0L turbo in the standard grades, and the V6 engines offered in the S4 and RS4 (3.0L and 2.9L respectively). The Ultra introduced Audi's new high efficiency variant of the EA888 that achieves best in class fuel economy through the use of an increased compression ratio engine (9.6:1 to 11.7:1) with shorter compression and longer-expansion phases. It sends this power through a 7-Speed dual-clutch powering the front wheels only. This allows the A4 to achieve an EPA rating of 27 city/37 highway/31 combined. This variant was only offered until 2020 at which point it was rebranded to the 40 TFSI. Performance figures are shown under the engine variants below.

Available model grades are Premium, Premium Plus, Ultra Premium, Ultra Premium Plus and Prestige. Ultra models featured improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, and were only available in the FWD configuration. Every other model was available in either FWD or Quattro. The S Line and Black Optic packages were also made available. The S Line package uses skirts, bumpers, seats and wheels from the Audi S4, and adds an aluminum inlay to the interior consoles. The Black Optic package, or Black Edition, also uses the S4's body kit, but replaces the exterior's chrome trim with black counterparts.

A slight facelift was introduced in 2019, featuring new front and rear bumpers inspired by the Audi RS 4. Additionally, the Titanium model grade was introduced to replace the Ultra Premium and Ultra Premium Plus models.

Facelift (2020-2024)
The facelift model, also known as the B9.5, was made available in 2020. It brought the A4's aesthetic in line with the S4, A6, A7 and A8. In addition to redesigned headlights and taillights, almost every body panel on the A4 was altered, with only the hood, trunk and roof remaining untouched. Notably, the character line that ran the length of the A4 was removed, with creases added to the front and rear fenders in its place. While the interior was largely untouched, the mechanical controls for the infotainment center were replaced with a touchscreen and larger display. Following the facelift, the A4 and S4 now share their body panels, with their grilles and badges being the only external distinctions between the models.

Post-facelift, the Titanium model was removed from production, leaving only the Premium, Premium Plus and Prestige model grades. Additionally, US delivered Post-facelift A4's are only available in the Quattro configuration. Whereas front wheel drive continued to be available for the rest of the world. Noting that the B9.5 introduced Quattro-Ultra technology, a system which can disconnect the all wheel drive to save fuel during specific driving conditions, thus negating the disadvantage of Quattro's additional fuel consumption. The Black Optic and S Line packages also return for select models. The Black Optic package can be equipped on any Premium Plus or Prestige Model, while the S Line model can be applied to any Premium Plus or Prestige Model with a 45 TFSI engine. The S Line package makes no changes to the exterior beyond its badging, as the A4 and S4 now share their body kits. It instead provides an aluminum inlay for the interior, improved seats, and stainless steel pedals.

In addition to the above packages, Audi also manufactures aftermarket accessories for the A4, including decals, spoilers, mirror caps and tail pipes.

Engines
Seven engines are available from launch, three petrol, and four diesel. All are available in both the A4 Saloon and A4 Avant. The figures below are for the saloon only.

IIHS
The 2017 Audi A4 earned Good ratings across the board for Crashworthiness and Seat belts & child restraints. For Crash avoidance & mitigation it earned a Marginal to Acceptable for headlights depending on trim as well as Goods across the board for Front crash prevention vehicle-to-vehicle. These ratings apply to the full B9 A4 line and the mechanically similar A5 Sportback.

EURO NCAP
The Audi A4 released to Europe in 2015 for the 2016 model year. It earned a 5-Star Rating for all A4s, A5 Coupes, and A5 Sportbacks. These ratings were valid through January of 2022 at which point they expire.

Awards

 * Cars.com 2018 Luxury Car of the Year
 * 2016 Best Premium Car - Fleet News
 * Japan Car of the Year Award (Import Category - 2016)
 * Kelly Blue Book Best Buy Award 2017
 * Motor Trend Car of the Year finalist 2017
 * What Car? Car of the Year 2016

A4 DTM

Audi Sport re-entered the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series in 2004 (after having privateer teams run the Abt Sportsline Audi TT-R) with a V8 engined silhouette racing car resembling the A4 saloon, known as the Audi A4 DTM. A4 DTM cars are identified by Audi Sport "R"-prefix designations.

Australian Super Touring Championship
Brad Jones won the Australian Super Touring Championship in both 1996 and 1998 driving an A4.

BTCC
The A4 was used in the 1996–1998 and 2011-2015 British Touring Car Championship seasons.

ETCC
The A4 was used in the 2000–2001 European Super Touring Championship season.

Italian touring cars
A4 drivers won the Italian Superturismo Championship in 1995 and 1996.

STCC
Drivers in an A4 won 2001, 2002, 2003, and the 2006 Swedish Touring Car Championship season.

STW
The A4 was entered into the 1995 Super Tourenwagen Cup season.

RTCC
The car was used in the 2006 Russian Touring Car Championship.

SCCA
The A4 was used in the SCCA World Challenge for several years.

Renaming
In March 2023, Audi CEO Markus Duesmann did confirm that the A4 would be renamed the A5, while the A6 would become the A7, with the future A4 and A6 to be sold as electric vehicles only.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Audi A4


text:
Ciudad Guzmán

 Ciudad Guzmán (also known as simply Guzmán) is a city in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is located 124 km south of Guadalajara, at a height of 1,507 m above sea level. Its population totaled 97,750 in the 2010 census, ranking as the eighth-largest city in the state.

Ciudad Guzmán is the municipal seat of Zapotlán el Grande municipality, which has an area of 295.29 km2 (114.0 sq.mi). The municipality's population was 115,141 in the 2020 census.

History
Prior to the arrival of the European Spanish Conquistadors, this area was part of the pre-Columbian kingdom of Zapotlán and was at different times under the domain of the nearby kingdoms of Colima and Michoacán.

Zapotlán el Grande was conquered in 1526. Many treasures and weapons are said to be buried throughout the town's old colonial homes, buildings, and farms.

In the mid-19th century, the name of the town was changed from Zapotlán el Grande to Ciudad Guzmán, after the Mexican federalist insurgent Gordiano de Guzmán.

The town has been nicknamed the "Athens of Jalisco" because it's the birthplace of several well-known intellectuals and artists, including the muralist José Clemente Orozco, the composer Consuelo Velázquez, the scientist José María Arreola and the journalist and historian Juan José Arreola.

The oldest part of the city, in the downtown area, holds a major stone Cathedral (Catedral de San José) that local folklore says is haunted. Ciudad Guzmán is located in an area of high seismic activity. The cathedral's towers have tumbled down several times due to earthquakes, sometimes killing people, and their souls are said to guard the place.

The last time the towers collapsed was on September 19, 1985, during the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 that has come to be considered one of the most devastating natural disasters of the 20th century. In Guzmán City, it left more than 50 people dead and about 1,000 injured. The cathedral towers were never rebuilt to their majestic height.

Geography
The city is located 124 km south of Guadalajara, at a height of 1,507 m above sea level.

Climate
Ciudad Guzman has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) with distinct dry and wet seasons. The warmest month is June with an average of 23.0 C and the coldest month is January with an average of 15.7 C. Average annual precipitation is 717.8 mm, most of it concentrated from June to September and during these months, thunderstorms and cloudy days are common and humidity is higher. In contrast, the dry season has little precipitation and cooler temperatures but the weather can be foggy, especially from October to January. Frosts can occasionally occur on the coldest nights but extended periods of frosts are rare. The record high was 39.0 C on April and again on May 30, 1998 while the record low was -3.5 C on January 12, 1997.

Notable people

 * Juan José Arreola, writer, academic, and actor.
 * José Clemente Orozco, caricaturist and painter.
 * Consuelo Velázquez, concert pianist and composer.
 * Esmeralda Pimentel, actress and model.
 * José Rolón, composer.
 * Luis Chávez, footballer.

Sister cities
Guzmán is a sister city of these municipalities:
 * Longmont, Colorado, United States. Lake Havasu City, Arizona, United States.

title: Ciudad Guzmán


text: User talk:68.82.52.155

title: User talk:68.82.52.155


text:
User talk:Lucanos

Cleaned out old comments - 2017/02/03

JavaScript RegExp problem
I noticed you have experience in JavaScript. I'm hoping you can help me with a problem I've run into writing a userscript.

Please see my post at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject JavaScript.

Thank you. The Transhumanist 12:22, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lucanos


text:
Carlisle & Finch

Carlisle & Finch is a manufacturer of nautical equipment founded in 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio where,, it still has its headquarters. The company's main products through its entire history have been searchlights, mostly for marine applications. It was also known for navigation beacons used by airports and lighthouses.

In addition, it was known as the first company in the US to produce electric toy trains in the early years of the company. Other early products included electric generators (powered either by water pressure or by gasoline engine), and various electric-powered appliances.

Corporate history
The company began as a branch office of General Electric at 182–84 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, where Robert S. Finch and Morten Carlisle were employed. Work included repairing electrical machinery, such as armatures, transformers, and arc lamps.

In 1894, Carlisle and Finch purchased the shop from General Electric, intending to continue the repair business and branch out into manufacturing. The new company was incorporated on April 17, 1897, with Carlisle serving as president. The same year, they introduced their first new products, a searchlight based on the carbon arc principle, and a toy train, which also used a carbon arc for its headlight. As the company grew, they added gasoline engines.

Carlisle sold his share of the business to Finch on August 4, 1926. Brent S. Finch, Robert's son, was named president, and the company started concentrating entirely on its searchlight business. After World War II, Brent R. Finch (son of Brent S.) was hired, at which point three generations of Finches were simultaneously employed by the company. , a fourth-generation leads the company, with brothers Kurtis B. Finch and Garth S. Finch serving as president and senior vice president, respectively.

A subsidiary company, C&F Polishing, provides metal polishing and restoration services.

Toy trains
One of Carlisle & Finch's earliest products was electric toy trains, and they were the first company to manufacture them in America. The wood and metal trains entered the marketplace c. 1897. They were approximately 5.5 inch tall and ran on metal track with rails 2 inch apart, known as 2 gauge.

Other American companies made toy trains before Carlisle & Finch. Edward Ives, for example, had a factory in Plymouth, Connecticut, in 1896. These other makers used wind-up clockworks, steam, electric batteries, or overhead wires to power the cars. Carlisle & Finch's innovation was to use the two rails as electrical conductors although this technology had been demonstrated as early as 1851 by Thomas Hall.

In 1897, they made a train set with a 4-wheel coal mining locomotive, three coal cars, two zinc-carbon elements, and a can of chromite. The locomotive included a switch for starting and reversing, and was powerful enough to pull the three loaded cars up a grade. That same year, they also made an "electric railway with double truck car" set, with a car running on two 4-wheel trucks. It was 12 in long, 5 in high, and 3.5 in wide, and made of polished brass with iron wheels. It had two motors and could run at 150 ft/min. Both sets included 18 ft of 2 in gauge track.

Searchlights
When World War I started, production was shifted entirely to searchlights, to aid the war effort. The U.S. Government was a major purchaser, with additional large orders from Greece, Spain, Norway, and Russia. By 1917, it was one of the few companies worldwide producing searchlights, and had supplied a large proportion of the searchlights then in use by the United States and other countries. They produced a line of commercial searchlights, and also specialized in navy and military designs. Units were built with 9 to 60 in diameters, and 2 to 6 mi ranges. Current draw was 10 to 200 amps.

The earliest models used a carbon arc for the light source. Other companies had previously built carbon arc searchlights, but Carlisle & Finch added the innovation of mounting the carbon electrodes horizontally on the beam axis. The tip of the positive carbon faced the reflector, maximizing the amount of light reflected, and spacing of the carbons was adjusted by motorized screw-feed mechanisms. A manually-activated screw moved the entire mechanism forward and backward, positioning the arc at the mirror's focal point. A pair of carbons had a lifetime of about seven hours.

The company introduced Xenon arc searchlights in the 1960s. LED models followed in 2019.

Navigation beacons
Distinct from searchlights, Carlisle & Finch also produced rotating beacons in the DCB (Directional Code Beacon) series starting around 1950. These project a narrow light beam. The light rotates, causing it to appear to flash from the viewpoint of a distant observer. These were originally used as aerodrome beacons, but in the 1990s, the U.S. Coast Guard adopted them for use in lighthouses, replacing existing Fresnel lenses. Models included DCB-24 with a 24 in diameter, DCB-224 with two such lights, and DCB-36 with a 36 in diameter.

the DCB-24 and DCB-224 were the standard optics used in landfall lights (the first lights seen when approaching the coast from the open sea). They have a nominal range of 13 - 26 nmi depending on the rotation speed and whether a colored cover was installed. They could operate in winds up to 100 kn, and included an automatic lamp changer.

Other products
In 1897, Carlisle & Finch offered a hand-powered dynamo, capable of lighting a ten candle power, ten volt incandescent bulb, or to run several electrical toys simultaneously. They also offered a water-powered version, which produced a similar amount of electrical power from a water faucet supplying 50 psi of pressure and could be used with as low as 40 psi.

In 1912, they introduced a dynamo driven by a directly connected gasoline motor. The engine was 1.5 hp, and the dynamo produced 42 volts at 15 amps. A belt pulley was included for driving an external load. The entire assembly weighed 395 lb.

In 1923, a clothes dryer was introduced. The device used a wire mesh drum rotated by an electric motor. Air heated by either gas or steam was forced through the drum, with the temperature controlled by a thermostat. The machine was 30 in deep, 38 in wide, 42 in tall, and weighed 400 lb.

title: Carlisle & Finch


text:
Talk:Copper Green

Comment
I removed some of the "alleges;" when it is clear from context that we are referring to Hersh's report, I don't think they're necessary.

I used this wording:

 * DoD Spokesperson Mr. Lawrence DiRita immediately issued a statement about the accusations, referring to them as "outlandish, conspiratorial, and filled with error and anonymous conjecture." Press accounts have generally characterized DiRita's statement as a "denial."

Here's why:

Although the press has generally been calling the statement a "denial," I think it is quite possible to read it as a "non-denial denial," see my remarks at Talk:Non-denial denial. For example, is DiRita saying that all the claims in Hersh's article are false, or only that certain claims are "dramatically false?" Since he doesn't say which claims are being denied, that leaves many loopholes open. The phrase "outlandish, conspiratorial, and filled with error and anonymous conjecture" certainly, to me, has the flavor of some of the Watergate non-denial denials. The specific one's I'm trying to think of are Mitchell's remarks along the lines of the Woodward-Bernstein stories being "ridiculous" and "the Washington Post's sources are a fount of misinformation." Dpbsmith 00:50, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I realize I'm 13 years late to the party, but we don't need to have a statement from authorities stating "I deny the existence of Copper Green" to characterize the statements they have made as "denials". To imply that the statements that were offered are "non-denial denials" fall afoul of original interpretation (i.e. WP:OR). -Location (talk) 22:48, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

Comment 2
can we get some better sources, or, say, any sources?72.223.7.108 (talk) 21:56, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It's a shame there isn't enough information out there to expand this article and improve its sourcing. This is really the true story of what the majority of alleged abuse cases were at the prison, and Lynndie England was telling all the day this story broke until the Army threw her downa hole. Detainees were raping younger prisoners and starting riots, threatening them with the embarrassment of showing their family and friends photos of them in compromising situations was a good way to stop it. The media had no photos of the real torture cases, so bundled it all up in one story called "abuse" and ran with it.Batvette (talk) 12:46, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This whole thing is nothing but conspiracy theory junk. Is that what Wikipedia is about? This is hardly "encyclopedic", which is our goal. 155.213.224.59 (talk) 14:11, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Copper Green


text:
List of cel-shaded video games

This is a list of video games that use the technique of cel shading, organized alphabetically by name. See lists of video games for related lists.

title: List of cel-shaded video games


text: User talk:68.80.181.57

title: User talk:68.80.181.57


text:
Steve Stirling

James Steven Stirling (born November 19, 1949) is a scout with the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League. He is the former head coach of the American Hockey League's Norfolk Admirals, Bridgeport Sound Tigers, the Springfield Falcons and the National Hockey League's New York Islanders.

Career
Before coaching the Norfolk Admirals to their worst finish in franchise history, Stirling spent a season and a half as coach of the New York Islanders before his dismissal in January 2006, though he led the Islanders to an impressive record of 38–29–11–4 in his first season as an NHL head coach. In the NHL playoffs, the Islanders were beaten by the eventual Stanley Cup-winning Tampa Bay Lightning in five games.

Stirling has also played centre for various teams in the NCAA, AHL and NAHL. He was the firsthead coach of the Bridgeport Sound Tigers, where he led Bridgeport to a Regular Season title in his first season. He also coached the Springfield Falcons, Babson College and Providence College and as assistant coach of the Islanders and the Lowell Lock Monsters. While in college, Stirling never had a losing season. He is also one of the few people to coach at three different levels of NCAA hockey.

After the disappointing season with the Admirals, general manager Jay Feaster announced that Stirling would not be the coach heading into the 2008–09 AHL season. Stirling was given a job as a scout for the team. On June 16, 2008, the German DEL club Iserlohn Roosters announced that Stirling had signed a two-year contract as its head coach. After 44 games and an 0–6 series, he was dismissed by the Roosters on February 5, 2009.

Stirling was signed as an assistant coach of the Binghamton Senators (the Ottawa Senators' farm team) in 2009. The Binghamton Senators won the AHL's Calder Cup one season later.

Personal
Stirling is the father of former minor-league goaltender Scott Stirling and former Professional Head Coach Todd Stirling, who coached the Danbury Trashers.

title: Steve Stirling


text: User talk:211.214.192.37

title: User talk:211.214.192.37


text:
Project A119

Project A119, also known as A Study of Lunar Research Flights, was a top-secret plan developed in 1958 by the United States Air Force. The aim of the project was to detonate a nuclear bomb on the Moon, which would help in answering some of the mysteries in planetary astronomy and astrogeology. If the explosive device detonated on the surface, and not in a lunar crater, the flash of explosive light would have been faintly visible to people on Earth with their naked eye. This was meant as a show of force resulting in a possible boosting of domestic morale in the capabilities of the United States, a boost that was needed after the Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race.

The project was never carried out, being cancelled after "Air Force officials decided its risks outweighed its benefits", and because a Moon landing would undoubtedly be a more popular achievement in the eyes of the American and international public alike. If executed, the plan might have led to a potential militarization of space. An identical project by the Soviet Union (Project E-4) also never came to fruition due to fears of the warhead falling back on Soviet territory, and the potential for an international incident.

The existence of the US project was revealed in 2000 by a former executive at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Leonard Reiffel, who had led the project in 1958. A young Carl Sagan was part of the team responsible for predicting the effects of a nuclear explosion in vacuum and low gravity, and evaluating the scientific value of the project. The relevant documents remained secret for nearly 45 years and, despite Reiffel's revelations, the United States government has never officially acknowledged its involvement in the study.

Background
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union took the lead in the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 on 4October 1957. Sputnik was the first artificial satellite in orbit around the Earth, and the surprise of its successful launch, compounded by the resounding failure of Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite after two attempts, had been dubbed the "Sputnik crisis" by the media and was the impetus for the beginning of the Space Race. Trying to reclaim lost ground, the United States embarked on a series of new studies and projects, which eventually included the launch of Explorer 1, the creation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and NASA.

Project
In 1949, the Armour Research Foundation (ARF), based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, began studying the effects of nuclear explosions on the environment. Those studies continued until 1962. In May 1958, ARF began covertly researching the potential consequences of a nuclear explosion on the Moon. The main objective of the program, running under the auspices of the United States Air Force which had initially proposed it, was to cause a nuclear explosion that would be visible from Earth. It was hoped that such a display would boost the morale of the American people.

At the time of the project's conception, newspapers were reporting a rumor that the Soviet Union was planning to detonate a hydrogen bomb on the Moon. According to press reports in late 1957, an anonymous source had divulged to a United States Secret Service agent that the Soviets planned to commemorate the anniversary of the October Revolution by causing a nuclear explosion on the Moon to coincide with a lunar eclipse on 7 November. News reports of the rumored launch included mention of targeting the dark side of the terminator—Project A119 would also consider this boundary as the target for an explosion. It was also reported that a failure to hit the Moon would likely result in the missile returning to Earth.

A similar idea had been put forward by Edward Teller, the "father of the H-bomb", who, in February 1957, proposed the detonation of nuclear devices both on and some distance from the lunar surface to analyze the effects of the explosion.

Research

A ten-member team, led by Leonard Reiffel, was assembled at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago to study the potential visibility of the explosion, the benefits to science, and the implications for the lunar surface. Among the members of the research team were astronomer Gerard Kuiper and his doctoral student Carl Sagan. Sagan was responsible for the mathematical projection of the expansion of a dust cloud in space around the Moon, an essential element in determining its visibility from Earth.

Scientists initially considered using a hydrogen bomb for the project, but the United States Air Force vetoed that idea due to the weight of such a device, because it would be too heavy to be propelled by the missile which would have been used. It was then decided to use a W25 warhead, a small, lightweight warhead with a relatively low 1.7 kiloton yield. By contrast, the Little Boy bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945 had a yield of 13–18 kilotons. The W25 would be carried by a rocket toward the shadowed side of the Moon where it would detonate on impact. The dust cloud resulting from the explosion would be lit by the Sun and therefore visible from Earth. According to Reiffel, the Air Force's progress in the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles would have made such a launch feasible by 1959.

Cancellation
The project was canceled by the Air Force in January 1959, seemingly out of fear of the risk to the population if anything went wrong with the launch. Another factor, cited by project leader Leonard Reiffel, was the possible problem of nuclear fallout which would affect future lunar research projects and Moon colonization.

Evidence of the Soviet project
Later reports in the 2010s showed that a corresponding Soviet project did indeed exist, although the only official documents on the project found so far began in 1958, not the 1957 date of the "anonymous" source whose rumors initiated the US project. The official Soviet plan also differs from the scenario reported in the press. Started in January 1958, it was part of a series of proposals under the codename "E". Project E-1 entailed plans to reach the Moon, while projects E-2 and E-3 involved sending a probe around the far side of the Moon to take a series of photographs of its surface. The final stage of the project, E-4, was to be a nuclear strike on the Moon, as a display of force. As with the American plan, the E series of projects was canceled while still in its planning stages, due to concerns regarding the safety and reliability of the launch vehicle.

Consequences
The signing of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 and the Outer Space Treaty in 1967 prevented future investigation of the concept of detonating a nuclear device on the Moon. By that time, both the United States and the Soviet Union had performed several high-altitude nuclear explosions, including the American Operation Hardtack I, Operation Argus, Operation Fishbowl, and the Soviet Project K.

By 1969, the United States had succeeded in being the first nation to land a man on the moon with the success of the Apollo 11 Moon mission. In December of that year, Apollo scientist Gary Latham suggested detonating a "smallish" nuclear device on the Moon in order to facilitate research into its geological make-up. The idea was dismissed because it would interfere with plans to measure the Moon's natural background radiation.

The existence of Project A119 remained largely secret until the mid-1990s, when writer Keay Davidson discovered the story while researching the life of Carl Sagan for a biography. Sagan's involvement with the project was apparent from his application for an academic scholarship at the Miller Institute of the University of California, Berkeley, in 1959. In the application, Sagan gave details of the project research, which Davidson felt constituted a violation of national security. The leak consisted of Sagan revealing the titles of two classified papers from the A119 project — the 1958 paper Possible Contribution of Lunar Nuclear Weapons Detonations to the Solution of Some Problems in Planetary Astronomy, and the 1959 paper Radiological Contamination of the Moon by Nuclear Weapons Detonations. A 1958 paper titled Cosmic Radiation and Lunar Radioactivity, credited to I. Filosofo, was also named by Sagan in a 1961 paper written for the United States National Research Council. These were among the eight reports created by the project, all of which were destroyed in 1987.

The resulting biography, Carl Sagan: A Life, was published in 1999. Shortly after, a review published in Nature highlighted the discovery of the leaked information. That led Reiffel to break his anonymity and write a letter to the journal confirming that Sagan's activity had at the time been considered a breach of the confidentiality of the project. Reiffel took the opportunity to reveal details of the studies, and his statements were widely reported in the media. Reiffel's revelation of the project was accompanied by his denunciation of the work carried out, with the scientist noting that he was "horrified that such a gesture to sway public opinion was ever considered".

As a result of the publicity the correspondence created, a freedom of information request was lodged concerning Project A119. It was only then that A Study of Lunar Research Flights – Volume I was made public, over 40 years after its inception. A search for the other volumes of documentation revealed that other reports were destroyed in the 1980s by the Illinois Institute of Technology.

David Lowry, a nuclear historian from the United Kingdom, has called the project's proposals "obscene", adding, "had they gone ahead, we would never have had the romantic image of Neil Armstrong taking 'one giant leap for mankind.

title: Project A119


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VIAEve

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled VIA Eve.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Definite ad, and I'd bet it's a copyvio as well. - Lucky 6.9 00:59, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * agreed -Yizzerin 01:04, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * It reads like something copied off a promotion website, not an encyclopedia entry. At least delete the content, maybe another user can do a better entry.
 * Delete. No other articles link here. Doubtful if this will even be an article. Get rid of it now. Why do people copy&paste rubbish into wikipedia? JFW | T@lk  23:24, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:27, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - both advertisement and copyvio --Etaoin 21:54, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VIAEve


text:
Ephebic oath

The ephebic oath was an oath sworn by young men of Classical Athens, typically eighteen-year-old sons of Athenian citizens, upon induction into the military academy, the Ephebic College, graduation from which was required to attain status as citizens. The applicant would have been dressed in full armour, shield and spear in his left hand, his right hand raised and touching the right hand of the moderator. The oath was quoted by the Attic orator Lycurgus, in his work Against Leocrates (4th century BC), though it is certainly archaic (5th century BC). The Ephebate, an organization for training the young men of Athens, chiefly in military matters, had existed since the 5th century but was reorganized by Lycurgus. The oath was taken in the temple of Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops, probably at the age of eighteen when the youth underwent an examination (Greek: δοκιμασία ) and had his name entered on the deme register. He was then an ephebos until the age of twenty.

The oath
The ephebic oath is preserved on an inscription from Acharnae, which was written in the mid-fourth century BC. Other versions of the oath are preserved in the works of Stobaeus and Pollux.

Greek text
This is the oath, as preserved by Stobaeus.

"Οὐ καταισχυνῶ τὰ ὅπλα τὰ ἱερὰ, οὐδ' ἐγκαταλείψω τὸν παραστάτην ὅτῳ ἂν στοιχήσω· ἀμυνῶ δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ ἱερῶν καὶ ὁσίων καὶ μόνος καὶ μετὰ πολλῶν. καὶ τὴν πατρίδα οὐκ ἐλάσσω παραδώσω, πλείω δὲ καὶ ἀρείω ὅσης ἂν παραδέξωμαι. καὶ εὐηκοήσω τῶν ἀεὶ κραινόντων ἐμφρόνως καὶ τοῖς θεσμοῖς τοῖς ἰδρυμένοις πείσομαι καὶ οὕστινας ἂν ἄλλους τὸ πλῆθος ἰδρύσηται ὁμοφρόνως·καὶ ἂν τις ἀναιρῇ τοὺς θεσμοὺς ἢ μὴ πείθηται οὐκ ἐπιτρέψω, ἀμυνῶ δὲ καὶ μόνος καὶ μετὰ πολλῶν. καὶ ἱερὰ τὰ πάτρια τιμήσω. ἵστορες τούτων Ἄγλαυρος, Ἐνυάλιος, Ἄρης, Ζεύς, Θαλλώ, Αὐξώ, Ἡγεμόνη.

English translation
I will never bring reproach upon my hallowed arms, nor will I desert the comrade at whose side I stand, but I will defend our altars and our hearths, single-handed or supported by many. My native land I will not leave a diminished heritage but greater and better than when I received it. I will obey whoever is in authority and submit to the established laws and all others which the people shall harmoniously enact. If anyone tries to overthrow the constitution or disobeys it, I will not permit him, but will come to its defense, single-handed or with the support of all. I will honor the religion of my fathers. Let the gods be my witness, Agraulus, Enyalius, Ares, Zeus, Thallo, Auxo, Hegemone.

Modern use
The oath has been revived for use in educational institutions worldwide as a statement of civic virtue.

title: Ephebic oath


text: User talk:82.154.139.167

title: User talk:82.154.139.167


text:
Talk:Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

ICD vs. Antiarrhythmics
Trials that show that ICDs are superior to antiarrhythmic therapy:
 * The Dutch Trial
 * AVID
 * Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH)
 * Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS)
 * MUSTT
 * MADIT I
 * MADIT II
 * SCD-HeFT

Image scale?
What is the scale of the ruler in the image? The "West Germany" label on the tape makes me think it's cm, but the fact that it's divided into half, quarter, and eighth divisions makes me think it's inches. Which is right? -- RoySmith (talk) 22:21, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Its in inches. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.42.154.35 (talk) 23:33, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

EMI/RFI effects
My father experienced nauseating effects when he was near tractors and lawnmowers, and eventually concluded that it was his implanted defribrillator's sensitivity to electromagnetic interference (EMI). The effects can be mitigated by using simple shielding, such as by a sheet of aluminum foil covering the device. It would be nice to have some citations on this effect, but I haven't been able to find any yet. — Loadmaster (talk) 01:30, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Most implanted devices are already screened. The problem is the long leads into the heart.

So unless you want to wear a foil vest, you are wasting your time with foil. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.229.249.187 (talk) 19:43, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

References (in general and References section)
I just assessed this article and believe it might barely meet C criteria, though others are free to downgrade it to start class if necessary, but I felt that the content was more than worthwhile to justify C class. More references are needed, and the References section needs to be cleaned up. I might even just take a moment now to do that... Adavis444 (talk) 06:39, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay, so now there is a Notes section that contains all of the footnotes, and there is a References section, containing sources of general information I suppose, somewhat akin to Citing sources. Each reference in this References section should probably be matched to the information that it is citing in order to achieve greater consistency, better referencing of individual facts, and a consistent Wikipedia system, and this must happen before this article could reach B class. Adavis444 (talk) 06:52, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Citations needed tag on QOL section
Just looking through the article and wonder if the citations needed tag on the quality of life section is still warranted. Two of the three paragraphs are heavily sourced (almost too-much-so). I think I have seen studies related to physical activities if those few sentences require some support. Thoughts?Cknoepke (talk) 15:30, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Therapeutic Approaches of ICD shocks
10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.428 JFW | T@lk  21:49, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Subgroups
On the whole, ICDs have a proven mortality benefit. Unfortunately the studies were underpowered to say in which subgroup the benefit was most significant. Ann Intern Med 10.7326/M13-1787 JFW | T@lk  14:06, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

Garbage
Huge sections of this article are unreferenced.

Worse still, huge parts of it are just plain wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.101.191.209 (talk) 18:46, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, hello Everyone that had been involved in this article. I am working in a remote course on Wikipedia for medical professionals. I will be updating this article over the next few weeks. I was wondering if anyone knew of newer studies or techniques that they believe should be referenced? Akersraju11 (talk) 20:49, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Lives saved in primary prevention
10.7326/M17-0120 JFW | T@lk  22:30, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Doujin

In Japan, doujin (同人) is a group of people who share an interest, activity, or hobby. The word is sometimes translated into English as "clique", "fandom", "coterie", "society", or "circle" (as in "sewing circle"). Self-published creative works produced by these groups are also called doujin, including manga, magazines, novels, music (doujin music), anime, and video games (doujin soft). Print doujin works are collectively called doujinshi.

Doujin works are typically amateur and derivative in nature, though some professional artists participate in doujin culture as a way to publish material outside the regular publishing industry.

Annual research by the research agency Media Create indicated that, of the 186¥ billion (US$1.66 billion) in revenue seen by the otaku industry in 2007, doujin sales made up 14.9% (US$274 million).

Literary societies
Literary circles first appeared in the Meiji period when groups of like-minded waka writers, poets and novelists met and published literary magazines (many of which are still publishing today). Many modern writers in Japan came from these literary circles. One famous example is Ozaki Koyo, who led the Kenyusha society of literary writers that first published collected works in magazine form in 1885.

Manga circles

After World War II, manga doujin started to appear in Japan. Manga artists like Shotaro Ishinomori (Kamen Rider, Cyborg 009) and Fujio Fujiko (Doraemon) formed doujin groups such as Fujiko's New Manga Party (新漫画党). At this time, doujin groups were used by artists to make a professional debut. This changed in the coming decades with doujin groups forming as school clubs and the like. This culminated in 1975 with Comiket in Tokyo.

Today
Avid fans of doujin attend regular doujin conventions, the largest of which is called Comiket (a portmanteau of "Comic Market") held in the summer and winter at Tokyo Big Sight. Here, over 20 acre of doujin materials are bought, sold, and traded by attendees. Doujin creators who base their materials on other creators' works normally publish in small numbers to maintain a low profile from litigation. This makes a talented creator's or circle's products a coveted commodity as only the fast or the lucky will be able to get them before they sell out.

Over the last decade, the practice of creating doujin has expanded significantly, attracting thousands of creators and fans alike. Advances in personal publishing technology have also fueled this expansion by making it easier for doujin creators to write, draw, promote, publish, and distribute their works.

Western perception
In Western cultures, doujin are often perceived to be derivative of existing work, analogous to fan fiction. To an extent, this is true: many doujin are based on popular manga, anime, or video game series. However, many doujin consisting of original content also exist. Among the numerous doujin categories, doujinshi (同人誌) are the ones getting the most exposure outside Japan, as well as within Japan, where doujinshi are by tradition the most popular and numerous doujin products.

Types

 * Doujinshi: Printed works such as comics, novels, and magazines.
 * Dōjin soft / dōjin game (同人ソフト / 同人ゲーム): games, software
 * Dōjin music (同人音楽): music
 * ero dōjin (エロ同人), is a form of doujin which is sexually explicit in nature and even pornographic (hentai).

title: Doujin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Needs

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Needs & Assessments.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

 * the page doesn't seem to be relevant to anything, the title makes no sense, and it seems to be the plan for a new organization or something. I don't think it fits in an encyclopedia.
 * I would normally vote to move this to the user page, but it was created in Oct 2003 by a user who did nothing else. The user has not responded to a request for clarification on the Talk page.  Delete. Rossami 01:32, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely delete. The page makes little to no sense and has no decent explanation of the 'term' it's supposed to clarify. I see no point in keeping it around.
 * Delete. How has this survived since 2003? - SimonP 17:01, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fluff. Delete. You can't use wikipedia for meeting notices. JFW | T@lk  23:25, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Needs


text:
Tom Renney

Thomas Renney (born March 1, 1955) is a Canadian former ice hockey coach and executive. He served as the chief executive officer of Hockey Canada from 2014 to 2022, and was previously an associate coach with the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings and also served as head coach of the Vancouver Canucks, New York Rangers, and Edmonton Oilers.

Renney began his coaching career in the Western Hockey League (WHL), capturing a Memorial Cup in his two-year stint with the Kamloops Blazers. In addition to the Rangers, he has also previously coached the Vancouver Canucks for two seasons. He has participated in the coaching staff for Canada's national teams on numerous occasions, capturing a silver medal as the head coach at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Kamloops Blazers
Renney began his career behind the bench in the major junior ranks with the Kamloops Blazers of the Western Hockey League (WHL) in 1990–91. He immediately established success at the junior level, leading the club to consecutive President's Cup championships as WHL champions and a Memorial Cup as Canadian Hockey League (CHL) champions. In his two seasons with the Blazers, Renney compiled a 101-37-6 record for a .714 winning percentage, which ranks as the all-time highest winning mark in CHL history.

Vancouver Canucks
Renney earned his first National Hockey League (NHL) coaching stint in 1996–97 with the Vancouver Canucks. He replaced Pat Quinn, who had himself taken over coaching duties from Rick Ley for the final six games of the previous season before returning to his general manager duties. He finished with a 35-40-7 record in his only full season with the Canucks, before being fired 19 games into the 1997–98 season. He was replaced by Mike Keenan.

New York Rangers
Renney began his tenure in the New York Rangers organization as Director of Player Personnel, where he oversaw all facets of the team's amateur scouting operation, while assisting with the professional scouting department. He was promoted to Vice President of Player Development on June 21, 2002. He was instrumental in establishing an off-season conditioning and skills camp for several Rangers prospects in Calgary, Alberta, and then in New York City at the Madison Square Garden Training Center.

Renney was appointed the Rangers' head coach with twenty games left in the 2003–04 regular season, succeeding Glen Sather who wanted to concentrate on his general manager duties. He led the team into the postseason in each of the three campaigns after the 2004–05 NHL lockout. The farthest the Rangers advanced in the playoffs was the Eastern Conference Semifinals (2nd round) in 2007 and 2008.

In 2009, Renney was the subject of an Internet parody, The Ranger Line Generator, that focused on the coaches' strategic shuffling of player line combinations. The website allowed users to create random line combinations based on the 2008–09 Ranger roster. The Line Generator also points out Renney's perceived misuse of Petr Průcha.

With the underachieving Rangers stuck in a 2–7–3 slump and in danger of missing the postseason for the first time since prior to the lockout, Renney was fired from his duties on February 23, 2009, and replaced by TSN analyst and former Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella, who served as the interim head coach for the last 4 games of the 1999-2000 season. The club also dismissed assistant coach Perry Pearn, but retained fellow assistant coach Mike Pelino and goaltending coach Benoit Allaire. The move came immediately after the Rangers dropped a 3-2 overtime decision to the Toronto Maple Leafs at Madison Square Garden on February 22 (Howell-Bathgate Night). Renney left the Rangers fourth overall on the club's all-time wins list for head coaches with 164.

Edmonton Oilers
Renney was named associate coach of the Edmonton Oilers on May 26, 2009, and was named head coach of the Oilers on June 22, 2010, once again replacing Pat Quinn. On May 17, 2012, the Edmonton Oilers Management announced that his contract would not be renewed for the 2012–2013 season.

Detroit Red Wings
Renney was named associate coach of the Detroit Red Wings on July 5, 2012 under Mike Babcock.

International career
Renney served as head coach of the Canada men's national team that won a silver medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics. He was an assistant coach of the national team that won a gold medal at the 1994 World Championships. As head coach of the national team, he won bronze at the 1995 World Championships, and silver at the 1996 World Championships. At the 1999 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, he won a silver medal as head coach of the Canada men's national junior team. He later served as an assistant coach for the Canada men's national team which won silver medals at the 2004 IIHF World Championship, and the 2005 IIHF World Championship.

Renney served as chairman of the International Ice Hockey Federation coaching committee from 2015 to 2022.

Hockey Canada executive
Renney served as vice-president of hockey operations for Hockey Canada from 1998 to 2000, then became president and chief executive officer (CEO) in July 2014. In July 2017, he appointed Scott Smith as president and remained as CEO. Renney retired as CEO on July 1, 2022, and was succeeded by Scott Smith.

During his tenure as CEO, Renney helped guide the Canada men's national team, Canada women's national team, and national para team to 28 medals in international competition, including nine gold, fifteen silver and four bronze medals.

Personal life
Renney attended the University of North Dakota and received a degree in physical education. He married Glenda Gare, the sister of former NHL player Danny Gare. They first met when Tom owned a clothing store in Trail, British Columbia. Renney and his wife have two daughters. His other brother-in-law, Morey Gare, was the Edmonton Oilers head pro scout until 2015.

title: Tom Renney


text:
User:Aaron Einstein

Shall we live in a day and age of free knowledge. (Real name: Aaron Lloyd)

Other Wiki-Projects' Profiles of Me

 * Wikiquote
 * Wikisource
 * Wikibooks

My other sites

 * My MSN Spaces Blog

Talk Page
Feel free to leave messages at my Talk Page.

Email
[mailto:Aaron_Einstein@hotmail.com Aaron_Einstein@hotmail.com]

MSN
Add the contact Alloyd@rogers.com (on often).

AIM
Chat with AaronEins3 (rarely online)

fr: User:Aaron Einstein

title: User:Aaron Einstein


text:
Piano sextet

A piano sextet is a composition for piano and five other musical instruments, or a group of six musicians who perform such works. There is no standard grouping of instruments with that name, and compared to the string quartet or piano quintet literature, relatively few such compositions exist. The best-known piano sextet is probably the Sextet by Poulenc, one of the pinnacles of the wind and piano repertoire. Chausson's Concert is widely regarded as one of the masterpieces of French strings and piano chamber music literature (for example, the critic Jean Gallois describes it as "superb").

The following is an incomplete list of piano sextet composers and their works in this genre:

 * Theodor Blumer (1881-1964), Sextet, Op. 45, composed 1921, for piano and wind quintet
 * Philippe Boesmans (1936–2022), Sextuor à clavier, composed 2005, for piano and string quintet
 * Ernest Chausson (1855–1899), Concert in D major, Op. 21, composed 1891, for piano, violin, and string quartet
 * Aaron Copland (1900–1990), Sextet, composed 1938, for piano, clarinet, and string quartet
 * Ernst von Dohnányi (1877–1960), Sextet for string trio, clarinet, horn, and piano
 * Louise Farrenc (1804–1875), Sextet in C minor, op. 40, composed 1852, for piano and wind quintet
 * Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857)
 * Grand Sextet (Sestetto originale) in E-flat major, composed 1832, for piano, string quartet, and double bass
 * Serenade (Divertimento brillante) on Themes from Bellini's La Sonnambula in A-flat major, composed 1832, for piano, string quartet, and double bass
 * Hans Huber (1852-1921) Sextet in B-flat major, composed 1898, for piano and wind quintet
 * Vincent d'Indy (1851-1931), Sarabande et Menuet, Op. 72 for piano and wind quintet, arranged 1918 by the composer from his earlier Suite dans le style ancien, Op. 24 (1886) for 2 flutes, trumpet and string quartet
 * Gordon Jacob (1895–1984), Sextet in B-flat major, composed 1956, for piano and wind quintet
 * Joseph Jongen (1873–1953), Rapsodie, Op. 70, composed 1922, for piano and wind quintet
 * Paul Juon (1872-1940), Divertimento, Op. 51, composed 1913, for piano and wind quintet
 * Sergei Lyapunov (1859–1924), Sextet in B-flat minor, Op. 63, composed 1916/1921, for piano, string quartet, and double bass
 * Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959)
 * ballet, La revue de cuisine, composed 1927, for piano, violin, cello, clarinet, bassoon, and trumpet
 * Piano Sextet, composed 1929, for piano, flute, oboe, clarinet, and two bassoons
 * Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), Sextet in D major, Op. 110, composed 1824, for piano, violin, two violas, cello, and double bass
 * Krzysztof Penderecki (born 1933), Sextet for string trio, clarinet, horn, and piano
 * Francis Poulenc (1899–1963), Sextet, composed 1939, for piano and wind quintet
 * Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953), Overture on Hebrew Themes in C minor, Op. 34, for piano, clarinet, and string quartet
 * Albert Roussel (1869-1937), Divertissement, Op. 6, composed 1906, for piano and wind quintet
 * Ludwig Thuille (1861–1907), Sextet in B-flat, Op. 6, composed 1886, for piano and wind quintet
 * Felix Weingartner (1863–1942), Sextet Op.33; for piano, two violins, viola, violoncello and double bass
 * Jorge Grundman (b. 1961), Piano Sextet in E minor Op. 83 for piano, two violins, viola, violoncello and double bass

Closely related forms of chamber music include the piano trio, the piano quartet and the piano quintet.

title: Piano sextet


text: User talk:68.6.221.167

title: User talk:68.6.221.167