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Science Fantasy (magazine)

Science Fantasy, which also appeared under the titles Impulse and SF Impulse, was a British fantasy and science fiction magazine, launched in 1950 by Nova Publications as a companion to Nova's New Worlds. Walter Gillings was editor for the first two issues, and was then replaced by John Carnell, the editor of New Worlds, as a cost-saving measure. Carnell edited both magazines until Nova went out of business in early 1964. The titles were acquired by Roberts & Vinter, who hired Kyril Bonfiglioli to edit Science Fantasy; Bonfiglioli changed the title to Impulse in early 1966, but the new title led to confusion with the distributors and sales fell, though the magazine remained profitable. The title was changed again to SF Impulse for the last few issues. Science Fantasy ceased publication the following year, when Roberts & Vinter came under financial pressure after their printer went bankrupt.

Gillings had an inventory of material that he had acquired while editing Fantasy, and he drew on this for Science Fantasy, as well as incorporating his own fanzine, Science Fantasy Review, into the new magazine. Once Carnell took over, Science Fantasy typically ran a long lead novelette along with several shorter stories; prominent contributors in the 1950s included John Brunner, Ken Bulmer, and Brian Aldiss, whose first novel Nonstop appeared (in an early version) in the February 1956 issue. Fantasy stories began to appear more frequently during the latter half of the 1950s, and in the early 1960s Carnell began to publish Thomas Burnett Swann's well-received historical fantasies. Carnell felt that the literary quality of Science Fantasy was always higher than that of New Worlds, and in the early 1960s his efforts were rewarded with three consecutive Hugo nominations for best magazine. Under Bonfiglioli more new writers appeared, including Keith Roberts, Brian Stableford and Josephine Saxton. In the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, the final year of Impulse, as it was titled by that time, included some of the best material ever published in a British science fiction magazine.

Gillings and Carnell
In early 1946, John Carnell launched a new science fiction magazine titled New Worlds, published by Pendulum Publications. The first issue appeared in July 1946 and failed to sell well. The second issue, that October, sold better, but Pendulum went out of business before the end of 1947 with only one more issue released. A group of sf fans, including Carnell and Frank Cooper, decided to restart the magazine under their own control, and formed Nova Publications Ltd. The fourth issue appeared in April 1949.

At the same time that the first issue of New Worlds appeared, a separate British magazine called Fantasy was launched by Walter Gillings, a science fiction fan and a reporter by profession. Fantasy lasted for only three issues before closing in 1947, but Gillings had accumulated a substantial inventory of stories—enough to fill nine issues. Gillings followed the demise of Fantasy by publishing a fanzine, titled Fantasy Review, beginning in March 1947.

In 1950, with New Worlds on a stable quarterly schedule, Nova Publications decided to launch a companion, Science Fantasy. They chose Gillings as the editor, and his fanzine, which had been retitled Science Fantasy Review in 1949, was incorporated in the new magazine as a department. The first issue was dated Summer 1950, but printing disputes meant that the second issue was delayed until winter. Paper rationing delayed the third issue to Winter 1951, but before it appeared, Nova decided that it could no longer afford to have separate editors for New Worlds and Science Fantasy, and Gillings was let go. According to Carnell, there were also "fundamental differences of opinion" that led to the decision to replace him.

After the Spring 1953 issue, Nova Publications decided to switch printers, in order to cut costs and bring the cover price down from 2/- (10 p) to 1/6 (7.5 p). The new printers, The Carlton Press, failed to keep to the agreed printing schedule, and produced poor quality work; there were also printers' strikes, and this disruption caused extended delays in the appearance of the seventh issue. While the dispute with the printers was going on, Carnell and Maurice Goldsmith, a journalist acquaintance of Carnell's, put together a small conference of well-known science fiction authors, including Arthur C. Clarke and John Wyndham. Goldsmith covered the conference for Illustrated, a weekly magazine, and the article caught the attention of Maclaren & Sons Ltd, a technical trade publisher interested in launching a new sf magazine. Carnell turned down the offer because of his loyalty to Nova Publications, but subsequent discussions ultimately led to Maclaren taking control of Nova Publications, with a commitment to produce New Worlds on a monthly basis and Science Fantasy on a bimonthly schedule. Maclaren's legal department was helpful in resolving the dispute with The Carlton Press, and the seventh issue of Science Fantasy finally appeared with a cover date of March 1954.

In 1958, Nova decided to launch a British reprint of the American magazine Science Fiction Adventures, under the same title. The British Science Fiction Adventures lasted until May 1963, when it was felled by declining sales. New Worlds, Nova's flagship title, and Science Fantasy were also suffering from poor sales, with circulation estimated at about 5,000, though a change from bimonthly to a monthly schedule was also considered that year for Science Fantasy. In September Nova decided to close down both remaining titles, and in preparation for the change Carnell signed a contract in December 1963 to edit an original anthology series, New Writings in SF, for publisher Dennis Dobson. Readers' responses to news of the planned demise of the magazines included a letter from Michael Moorcock, published in the April 1964 New Worlds, asking how the British market would now be able to train writers to sell to the higher-paying US magazines.

Roberts & Vinter
Bonfiglioli often bought material from writers without an established reputation; he did not make any special effort to acquire stories from well-known names. He was known for writing long and helpful rejection letters to newcomers, but he also had a reputation for laziness, and much of the day-to-day editorial work was done by assistants—first James Parkhill-Rathbone, and then Keith Roberts.

Bonfiglioli disliked the title of the magazine, feeling that it "promised the worst of both worlds"; he proposed Caliban as the new title, but the publisher dissuaded him. He settled on Impulse instead, and the magazine appeared under the new title starting with the March 1966 issue. The paperback format was unchanged, but the volume numeration was restarted at volume 1 number 1, to "sever all connections with Science Fantasy", in the words of sf historian Mike Ashley. The name change proved to be disastrous; there was already a magazine called Impulse, and this caused distribution problems. In addition, treating Impulse as a new magazine meant a fresh distribution contract was needed. Bonfiglioli attempted to repair the damage by changing the name to SF Impulse starting in August 1966, but the result was a dramatic drop in circulation.

By late 1966 Bonfiglioli had made enough money from his antiques dealing to be able to retire to Jersey. J. G. Ballard was briefly involved with the magazine in an editorial role, but his aims for the magazine were too far from the publisher's goals and he was quickly replaced by Harry Harrison. Harrison almost immediately had to leave England and handed over much of the day-to-day management of the magazine to Keith Roberts. Despite the setback from Bonfiglioli's title change, the magazine was still profitable, but in July 1966 Roberts & Vinter's distributor, Thorpe & Porter, went bankrupt while owing Roberts & Vinter a substantial sum. The resulting financial pressure led Roberts & Vinter to decide to focus on their more profitable magazines, and the February 1967 issue of SF Impulse was the last, though New Worlds, the sister magazine, survived via an Arts Council grant obtained by Brian Aldiss's efforts. The title was merged with New Worlds with effect from the March 1967 issue, but nothing of SF Impulse's content was retained.

1950s
In the first issue, Gillings declared that he was interested in science fantasy "in all its forms: with its significant ideas, its surprising prophecies, its sheer fictions, its evolution as a fascinating literature". Stories in the first issue, drawn from Gillings' inventory of material acquired for Fantasy, included "The Belt", by J.M. Walsh; "Time's Arrow", by Arthur C. Clarke; and "Monster", by John Christopher, writing as Christopher Youd. Gillings also included several non-fiction features, such as his fanzine, Science Fantasy Review, incorporated into Science Fantasy as a department, and condensed to a few pages. In the first issue Gillings reviewed an article about science fiction by Jacob Bronowski which had appeared in the Continental Daily Mail. There were also three book review columns: two by Gillings, writing under pseudonyms, and one by John Aiken, the son of poet Conrad Aiken.

When Carnell took over, he planned to distinguish Science Fantasy from its sister magazine, New Worlds, by adding more fantasy, while printing nothing but sf in New Worlds, though it took some time for the two magazines to develop separate personalities. Carnell dropped the non-fiction features and instead published a series of guest editorials, starting with Gillings in the third issue and H.J. Campbell in the fourth issue. The acquisition of Nova Publications by Maclaren gave Carnell access to the publishing facilities of a well-established company, and to established distribution channels, which freed him to focus on his editorial duties. Carnell tended to put longer stories in Science Fantasy than in New Worlds, and Science Fantasy typically ran a long lead novelette with several short stories. Stories that would not have suited New Worlds began to appear, such as William F. Temple's "Eternity" (February 1955), in which aliens mysteriously provide haloes to thousands of people, and Dal Stiven's "Free Will", which featured robot ghosts. Stories in the whimsical fantasy tradition that had been started by Unknown did not often appear in Science Fantasy.

Many of the lead novelettes in the 1950s were provided by John Brunner and Ken Bulmer. Brunner's first appearance was in September 1955 with "The Talisman"; over the next few years he wrote both science fiction and fantasy for Science Fantasy, including "A Time to Read" (December 1956), an alternate-world fantasy, and "Lungfish" (December 1957), a generation starship story. Bulmer's first appearance in Science Fantasy was in June 1955, with "Psi No More"; he contributed regularly thereafter. A short version of Brian Aldiss's first novel, Nonstop, appeared in the February 1956 issue, and Aldiss subsequently contributed some experimental stories. From 1956 onwards the magazine contained substantially more fantasy than sf.

In Carnell's opinion, the literary quality of Science Fantasy was "far higher" than that of New Worlds, but New Worlds was always the better-selling of the two magazines. Carnell's determination to keep the quality high led him to delay publishing issue 20 for two months because of a "lack of suitable material". His efforts were rewarded by frequent appearances of stories from Science Fantasy in the annual Year's Greatest SF anthology series edited by Judith Merril. Carnell occasionally used reprints, often selecting stories in line with the magazine's focus on offbeat fantasy, such as Fritz Leiber's "Space-Time for Springers", and Theodore Sturgeon's "The Graveyard Reader". Towards the end of the 1950s Carnell began to reintroduce non-fiction, and starting in 1959 he printed a series of articles by Sam Moskowitz on key figures in the early history of science fiction, such as Edgar Allan Poe; these articles, which had first appeared in American magazines such as Satellite Science Fiction, were later collected as Explorers of the Infinite. The artwork was of variable quality, in the opinion of critic Brian Stableford; among the better covers Stableford cites the work of Brian Lewis, who supplied almost all Science Fantasy's cover art from 1958 through 1961. Historian David Kyle commented on the "remarkable" cover by R.M. Bull for the third issue, which he regarded as "strikingly reminiscent of the work of Margaret Brundage for Weird Tales in the thirties."

1960s
In the early 1960s, Thomas Burnett Swann became strongly associated with Science Fantasy. He had published a couple of genre short stories before beginning to sell to Carnell with "The Dryad-Tree" in the August 1960 issue. Swann's speciality was historical fantasy, and Where Is the Bird of Fire?, his retelling of the Romulus and Remus myth, which was serialised in Science Fantasy in 1962, "received more praise than any other [novelette] in recent years", according to Carnell. Swann was one of the three mainstays of Science Fantasy in the early 1960s: the others were Michael Moorcock and J.G. Ballard. Ballard's first story in Science Fantasy was "Prima Belladona", which appeared in the December 1956 issue; his work over the next few years was ideally suited to Science Fantasy and he became a regular contributor. He published some conventional stories in the British magazines, but over the next few years Ballard's more traditional science fiction material appeared mostly in the American market, with Science Fantasy and New Worlds reserved for more experimental material that was a harbinger of New Wave science fiction. Moorcock's Elric of Melniboné series, about a sword and sorcery anti-hero, began with "The Dreaming City" in the June 1961 Science Fantasy, and Moorcock appeared frequently thereafter: he had either a story or an essay (and sometimes both) in all but four of the remaining issues edited by Carnell. Terry Pratchett's first story, "The Hades Business", appeared in the August 1963 issue. Ashley regards the early 1960s as one of the high points of the magazine; it was nominated for the Hugo Award for each of the last three years in which Carnell edited it, from 1962 to 1964, but it never won.

When Kyril Bonfiglioli took over in 1964, he complained in his first editorial that he had "just read through a quarter of a million words of ms [manuscript] and half of it was so bad it made me blush". He asked Brian Aldiss to help; the only unsold stories Aldiss had were from his early days, "written before I got the hang of things", but Bonfiglioli told Aldiss, "They can't possibly be worse than the rubbish that's being submitted". Aldiss provided four stories for the first two issues, under his own name and two pseudonyms, "Jael Cracken" and "John Runciman". Bonfiglioli's third issue included Keith Roberts' first two stories: "Escapism", a time travel tale, and "Anita", the first in a series about a witch; Roberts became a frequent contributor both under his own name and as "Alistair Bevan", and also provided the artwork for several covers. The Day of the Minotaur, another historical fantasy by Thomas Burnett Swann, began serialisation in the same issue under the title The Blue Monkeys. Swann's novel The Weirwoods was also serialised in the magazine, with no change of title. Other new writers who began to appear under Bonfiglioli's editorship included Josephine Saxton and Brian Stableford. Bonfiglioli's focus on stories that he liked personally, rather than on a specific editorial policy, led author Christopher Priest to describe Science Fantasy under Bonfiglioli's editorship as "a literate and charmingly eccentric magazine, with an atmosphere all its own".

At the World Science Fiction Convention in 1965, held in London, Bonfiglioli persuaded several well-known writers to appear in an "all-star issue ... with specially written stories round the theme of 'sacrifice. The issue in question was the first one under the new title of Impulse, in March 1966; it included fiction by James Blish, Brian Aldiss, Harry Harrison, J.G. Ballard, Poul Anderson, Jack Vance, and Keith Roberts, who contributed "The Signaller", the first story in his Pavane sequence. The second issue was also high quality, with another Pavane story and a short story by John Brunner from his "Traveller in Black" series. Subsequent issues did not sustain this high level, but overall, in Ashley's opinion, the twelve issues of Impulse contained "some of the best SF and fantasy ever published in British magazines". Christopher Priest's first story, "The Run", appeared in the May 1966 issue, and Chris Boyce's second story, "George", was published in June 1966. Two novels were serialised in Impulse, both well-received: Harry Harrison's Make Room! Make Room! (later made into the movie Soylent Green), and Moorcock's The Ice Schooner. Other stories listed by Ashley include Thomas Disch's "The Roaches" and "The Number You Have Just Reached", and Aldiss's "The Eyes of the Blind King". Stableford also praises the covers for the last few issues, which were mostly done by Keith Roberts in a semi-abstract style unlike conventional genre art.

Bibliographic details
The editorial succession at Science Fantasy was as follows:
 * Walter Gillings: Summer 1950 – Winter 1950.
 * John Carnell: Winter 1951–1952 – April 1964.
 * Kyril Bonfiglioli: June–July 1964 – September 1966.
 * Harry Harrison and Keith Roberts: October 1966 – February 1967.

The publisher was Nova Publications until April 1964, and Roberts & Vinter Ltd thereafter.

Science Fantasy was digest-sized for its first two issues. The size increased to a large digest for the next four issues, but with issue seven it returned to a small digest again, and remained in that format until the June–July 1964 issue, which was issued in paperback format. The remaining issues, including all those under the Impulse title, were published as paperbacks. It initially was priced at 2/-; the price was cut to 1/6 for the third issue, but returned to 2/- with the seventh issue. With issue 11 (December 1954) the price returned to 2/-, and it rose to 2/6 with issue 46 and to 3/- with issue 61. When the format changed to paperback with issue 65 the price dropped again to 2/6, and remained there until the title change to Impulse. All the twelve Impulse issues were priced at 3/6. The page count began at 96, and rose to 128 with issue 7. Issues 36 through 63 were 112 pages, and the final digest-sized issue was 124 pages. The paperback issues were 128 pages under the Science Fantasy title, and 160 pages for the Impulse issues. Volume numbering began with two volumes of three issues, but the second volume began with volume 2, number 4 instead of restarting the issue number at 1 as would usually be done. From issue 7 the volume number was dropped completely.

The schedule was initially quite irregular, with the first two issues, in Summer and Winter 1950, followed almost a year later by a Winter 1951–52 issue. Spring and Autumn 1952 were followed by Spring 1953 and then another long delay to the seventh issue which was dated 1954, without a month or season given. The schedule became more regular thereafter, with May 1954 inaugurating a bimonthly schedule that lasted till November 1955, except that September 1954 was followed by a December issue, and June 1955 was followed by September. After February, May and August 1955, the December 1956 issue began a regular bimonthly sequence that was marred only by the appearance of a November 1959 issue between the August and December issues. After the switch to paperback, the sequence ran as follows: June–July 1964, July–August 1964, September–October 1964, December 1964 – January 1965, January–February 1965, and then monthly from March 1965 to the end.

There have been no anthologies drawn solely from the pages of Science Fantasy, but Weird Shadows From Beyond, edited by John Carnell, and published by Corgi Books in 1965, drew eight of its ten stories from the magazine.

In 2013, a 371-page volume written by John Boston and curated by Damien Broderick, titled Strange Highways: Reading Science Fantasy, 1950–1967 was published by Borgo/Wildside in the US. It discusses, sometimes in detail, every issue, story, writer, cover, and even advertisement of the magazine.

title: Science Fantasy (magazine)


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Live (They Might Be Giants album)

Live is a 1999 live album by They Might Be Giants. It was a condensed version of Severe Tire Damage. While most of the tracks were live, as the name implies, "Doctor Worm" was a studio-recorded track.

Track listing
All songs written by They Might Be Giants, unless otherwise noted.

 * 1) "Birdhouse in Your Soul" - 3:12
 * 2) "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)" (Jimmy Kennedy, Nat Simon) - 3:07
 * 3) "Particle Man" - 2:09
 * 4) "She's Actual Size" - 2:18
 * 5) "XTC Vs. Adam Ant" - 3:39
 * 6) "Till My Head Falls Off" - 2:53
 * 7) "S-E-X-X-Y" (Hal Cragin, They Might Be Giants) - 3:06
 * 8) "They Got Lost" - 3:42
 * 9) "Ana Ng" - 3:00
 * 10) "Doctor Worm" - 3:01

Personnel
They Might Be Giants
 * John Flansburgh – vocals, guitar
 * John Linnell – vocals, keyboards, accordion, baritone saxophone

Additional musicians
 * Erik Sanko – bass
 * Graham Maby – bass
 * Hal Cragin – bass
 * Tony Maimone – bass
 * Brian Doherty – drums
 * Dan Hickey – drums
 * Zak Alford – drums
 * Eric Schermerhorn – guitar
 * Dan Levine – trombone
 * Jim O'Connor – trombone
 * Randy Andos – trombone
 * Mark Pender – trumpet
 * Randy Andos – tuba

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Live (They Might Be Giants album)


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Talk:Bernoulli's inequality

asdf
In generalized inequality: if x=0, both inequalities are valid. -- anon

This has been fixed. -- Toby Bartels

a little bit more
1-x<e^(-x) Jackzhp 20:00, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

This entry should be for real values of r, not just for integer values
Bernoulli's inequality true for all real values of r ≥ 1. This is important for many applications, so it is less useful to just describe it for integer values of r. And I do not think that it is worthwhile including an induction proof, which only gives the result for integer values of r.

Here's a quick proof for all real values of r ≥ 1. Unfortunately, I don't have the Wikipedia skills to directly edit this entry, so maybe someone else can do it.

Let f(x) = (1+x)^r - 1 - rx. The extended mean value theorem says that

f(x) = f(0) + f'(0)x + (1/2)f''(y)x^2

for some y between 0 and x. But f(0) = 0 and f'(0) = 0, so

f(x) = r(r-1)(1+y)^{r-2}x^2.

for some y between 0 and x. It is clear that this last expression is nonnegative if x > -1 and r ≥ 1. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.118.41.44 (talk) 14:59, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

For n integer values the inequality also applies for x≥−2
For some reason this is not mentioned anywhere, but upon trying to prove the inequality I stumbled upon that fact. It can be easily shown that for even n values the inequality applies for all real x values, and for odd ns, for all x≥−2. [Shir Peled] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.139.226.37 (talk) 18:09, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe it is not mentioned because for non-integer n values - an is meaningless for negative a values (−2≤x<−1).

 * I agree, it should definitely be mentioned in the article that for whole number exponents Bernoulli's inequality holds for x≥−2 - in fact this follows from the inductive proof already given in the article, because what is used there is that x+2 ≥ 0, i.e. x ≥ −2 Joel Brennan (talk) 15:55, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

 * The reason why it is not mentioned that the inequality applies for all x≥−2 cannot be because for non-integer n values - an is meaningless for negative a values (−2≤x<−1), as far as this argument should end by requiring x≥0. The condition was modified in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernoulli%27s_inequality&diff=955387483&oldid=935247787 --Polsko40 (talk) 15:23, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The proof in Proof for integer exponent does not accord with the restriction given, but with the older x ≥ −2. --Polsko40 (talk) 15:23, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

Please add History
Does anyone know which Bernoulli came up with the inequality, or when? Will someone please add a history section, links to the proper Bernoulli, and a link to this article from the proper Bernoulli's page? Thank you. Yoda of Borg (talk) 04:12, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

More info at http://web01.shu.edu/projects/reals/history/bernoull.html. I can fill out the article later, but I'm not an expert on whether what I would add would be considered plagiarizing this source. Yoda of Borg (talk) 04:19, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Question
Shouln't it be specified that for x=-1 and r=0 the first written Bernoulli's equation doesn't work? (Because then there is 0^0). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.235.177.80 (talk) 00:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

 * 0^0 is only undefined in the context of limits (which is not the context here) so it is fine in the case x = −1, r = 0 - if an expression approaching 0 is raised to the power of an expression approaching 0 then the result is indeterminate, but if the whole number 0 is raised to the power of the whole number 0 then the answer is simply 1 (because any real number a to the power of the whole number 0 is defined to be 1 as it is the product of zero copies of a)

Convexity proof
I don't see how the inequality derived for 0 < \alpha < 1 can be "reversed" outside that domain, because I think convexity is only proved for alpha between 0 and 1.

It's more straightforward to prove f(x) = (1 + x)^n is convex over x >= -1, n >= 1, then by convexity f lies above its tangent line at x=0, 1 + nx. Wqwt (talk) 20:49, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernoulli's inequality


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René Doumic

René Doumic (7 March 1860, in Paris – 2 December 1937), French critic and man of letters, was born in Paris, and after a distinguished career at the École Normale began to teach rhetoric at the Collège Stanislas de Paris.

Life
Doumic attended the Lycée Condorcet and the École Normale, both in Paris. He was a contributor to Le Moniteur Universel, the Journal des Débats and the Revue bleue, but was best known as the independent and uncompromising literary critic of the Revue des Deux Mondes.

In 1898, Doumic participated in the French Conferences at Harvard University. He was a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, president of the Société des gens de lettres (1909), member of the Académie française, and Fellow of the University of Paris. He wrote a number of articles for the Catholic Encyclopedia.

As editor of the Revue des Deux Mondes he published the work of Jewish-Algerian writer Elissa Rhaïs.

title: René Doumic


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Battle of Kulm

 * ''See Battle of Chlumec for the 1126 battle at Kulm

The Battle of Kulm was fought near the town Kulm and the village Přestanov in northern Bohemia. It was fought on 29–30 August 1813, during the War of the Sixth Coalition. A French corps under General Dominique Vandamme attacked Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy's Russian corps on 29 August. The next day, Friedrich von Kleist's Prussian corps hit Vandamme in the rear while Russian and Austrian reinforcements attacked the French front and left. Vandamme was defeated with the loss of between 13,000 and 25,000 men and 82 guns.

Background
Following the French victory at Dresden, Vandamme pursued the retreating allies. Napoleon sent Marshals Gouvion Saint Cyr and Auguste Marmont to support Vandamme's corps. With Vandamme in advance, Saint Cyr's and Marmont's corps brought up the rear. Vandamme caught up with Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy's forces near the town of Kulm, eight kilometres northwest of Aussig (Ústí nad Labem, now in the Czech Republic).

Battle
On 29 August, Vandamme, with 34,000 soldiers and 84 guns at his disposal, attacked Russian formations forming a rearguard for the retreating Coalition army, at 14,700 to 16,000 strong, under the command of Russian general Ostermann-Tolstoy. The situation was very dangerous for the allies; if Vandamme won the battle, the French would take the passes in the mountains, and the retreating Coalition army could be trapped by Napoleon. However, Ostermann-Tolstoy rallied all of his troops for a stiff defense; he was seriously wounded, losing his left hand, but was replaced by his right hand man, Aleksei Petrovich Yermolov. By the end of the day the Allies had 20,000 men. All of Vandamme's attacks were repulsed, and his situation got worse on the next day. A Prussian army corps commanded by Friedrich von Kleist attacked Vandamme's rearguard. Kleist then received help from a combined Russian and Austrian attack on his front, under the command of Generals Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly and von Colloredo-Mansfeld. In an attempt to repulse simultaneous attacks on his front and rear, Vandamme ordered his forces to form squares. The inexperienced French troops were unable to fend off the allies, and soon withdrew from the battlefield, with heavy losses, including Vandamme himself as a captured prisoner of war.

Casualties
The French lost between 13,000 and 25,000 of the pursuing force of 34,000, including Vandamme, and almost all of his artillery, 82 of his 84 guns, were captured. The allies lost approximately 11,000 soldiers killed or wounded.

In Vandamme's corps there were two Polish regiments of Uhlans, part of cavalry divisions under the command of General Jean Corbineau. These regiments were used by Vandamme to defend against enemy cavalry charges. One regiment, commanded by Colonel Maximilian Fredro (brother of playwright Alexander Fredro), was attacked after withdrawing to a defile and surrendered. The other regiment of Uhlans, under the command of Count Tomasz Łubieński (generally known in English as Thomas Lubienski) successfully withdrew.

Aftermath
While Marshal MacDonald's defeat at Katzbach coincided with Napoleon's victory at Dresden, the Coalition success at Kulm eventually negated his triumph, given that his troops never completely crushed the enemy. Thus, by winning this battle, Ostermann-Tolstoy and his troops succeeded in buying much needed time for the Coalition armies to regroup after the Battle of Dresden for the Battle of Wartenburg and subsequently for the Battle of Leipzig.

Insults
According to a French anecdote, after the battle Vandamme was brought to and accused by Emperor Alexander I of Russia of being a brigand and plunderer. He retorted, "I am neither a plunderer nor a brigand, but in any case, my contemporaries and history will not reproach me for having murdered my own father." This statement apparently hinted at the widespread belief that Alexander I was implicated in the murder of his father, Emperor Paul I.

The battlefield today
The battlefield is mostly built over. There is a large monument topped with a lion next door to the Hotel Napoleon.

title: Battle of Kulm


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Kornel Ujejski

Kornel Ujejski (September 12, 1823 in Beremyany, Galicia, Austria - September 19, 1897 in Pavliv near Lviv, Galicia, Austria), also known as Cornelius Ujejski, was a Polish poet, patriot and political writer of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary.

He was named "last of the greatest Polish poets of Romanticism".

Kornel was born in a village on Dniester between Buchach and Tlumach. Ujejski was involved in Poland's struggle for independence after it had been partitioned and erased from the map of Europe by neighbouring countries (Russian Empire, Prussia and Austrian Empire). In 1846, at the instigation of the Austrian Government during the Kraków Uprising, the Galician peasants massacred several thousand of the nobility. Ujejski then gave utterance to the universal feeling of indignation in his powerful poem Choral, which has become one of the notable patriotic Polish songs of that period.

The political situation in partitioned Poland was reflected in his poems and political writing. His writing conveyed patriotic and historic message and was meant to support the Polish people in their fight for independence.

Works

 * Maraton (Marathon, 1845)
 * Pieśni Salomona (The Songs of Solomon, 1846)
 * Skargi Jeremiego (The Complaints of Jeremy, 1847)
 * Do Moskali (To the Muscovites, 1862)
 * Tłumaczenia Szopena (Translations of Chopin, 1866)

title: Kornel Ujejski


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Trans-European Transport Network

The Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) is a planned network of roads, railways, airports and water infrastructure in the European Union. The TEN-T network is part of a wider system of Trans-European Networks (TENs), including a telecommunications network (eTEN) and a proposed energy network (TEN-E or Ten-Energy). The European Commission adopted the first action plans on trans-European networks in 1990.

TEN-T envisages coordinated improvements to primary roads, railways, inland waterways, airports, seaports, inland ports and traffic management systems, providing integrated and intermodal long-distance, high-speed routes. A decision to adopt TEN-T was made by the European Parliament and Council in July 1996. The EU works to promote the networks by a combination of leadership, coordination, issuance of guidelines and funding aspects of development.

These projects are technically and financially managed by the Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA), which superseded the Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency (TEN-T EA) on 31 December 2013. The tenth and newest project, the Rhine-Danube Corridor, was announced for the 2014–2020 financial period.

History
TEN-T guidelines were initially adopted on 23 July 1996, with Decision No 1692/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Community guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network. In May 2001, the European Parliament and the Council adopted a Decision No 1346/2001/EC, which amended the TEN-T Guidelines with respect to seaports, inland ports and intermodal terminals.

In April 2004, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Decision No 884/2004/EC (added to the list by Decision No 884/2004/EC ), amending Decision No 1692/96/EC on Community guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network. The April 2004 revision was a more fundamental change to TEN-T policies, intended to accommodate EU enlargement and consequent changes in traffic flows.

The evolution of the TEN-T was facilitated by a proposal in 1994 which included a series of priority projects.

In December 2013, with the Regulations (EU) 1315/2013 (TEN-T Guidelines), and (EU) 1316/2013 (Connecting Europe Facility 1), the TEN-T network has been defined on three levels, the Comprehensive network and the Core network, and therein the 9 Core network corridors.

On 17 October 2013, nine Core network corridors (instead of the 30 TENT Priority projects) were announced. These were:
 * 1) the Baltic–Adriatic Corridor (Poland–Czechia/Slovakia–Austria–Italy);
 * 2) the North Sea–Baltic Corridor (Finland–Estonia–Latvia–Lithuania–Poland–Germany–Netherlands/Belgium);
 * 3) the Mediterranean Corridor (Spain–France–Northern Italy–Slovenia–Croatia–Hungary);
 * 4) the Orient/East–Med Corridor (Germany–Czechia–Austria/Slovakia–Hungary–Romania–Bulgaria–Greece–Cyprus);
 * 5) the Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor (Finland–Sweden–Denmark–Germany–Austria–Italy);
 * 6) the Rhine–Alpine Corridor (Netherlands/Belgium–Germany–Switzerland–Italy);
 * 7) the Atlantic Corridor (formerly known as Lisboa–Strasbourg Corridor) (Portugal–Spain–France);
 * 8) the North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor (Ireland–UK–Netherlands–Belgium–Luxembourg–Marseille(France),
 * 9) the Rhine–Danube Corridor (Germany–Austria–Slovakia–Hungary–Romania with branch Germany–Czechia–Slovakia);

In July 2021, with the Regulation (EU) 2021/1153 (Connecting Europe Facility 2), the 9 Core network corridors were extended, partially significantly (e.g. Atlantic, North-Sea Baltic, Scand-Med) while the North Sea-Med because of Brexit has changed to Ireland–Belgium-Netherlands and Ireland–France.

In December 2021, the European Commission's proposal for a new Regulation on TEN-T guidelines (COM 2021/821) proposes inter alia for the future a dissolution of selected Core network corridors (Orient/East–Med, North Sea–Mediterranean), its integration in other corridors (Rhine–Danube, North Sea–Alpine) and the creation of new aligned corridors (Baltic–Black–Aegean Seas, Western Balkans).

The development of Ten-T in the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia) was given in 2017 to the Southeast Europe Transport Community.
 * Connections to neighbours

In 2017, it was decided that the Trans-European Transport Networks would be extended further into Eastern Europe and would include Eastern Partnership member states. The furthest eastern expansion of the Trans-European Transport Network reached Armenia in February 2019.

As per the 2021 proposal, connections shall also lead to the UK, Switzerland, the South Mediterranean, Turkey, and the Western Balkans.

In July 2022, it was agreed to link four European Transport Corridors with Moldova and Ukraine and to drop Russia and Belarus from the TEN-T map. An August 2023 report recommended TEN-T be extended to Moldova and Ukraine with a standard gauge (1435mm) rail line, to assist in their integration with EU rail networks, some lines running alongside the 1520mm lines to avoid disruption during construction.

Core Network Corridors
This is the complete list of the TEN-T Core Network Corridors.

Funding timeline
Financial support for the implementation of TEN-T guidelines stems from the following rules:

 * Regulation (EC) No 2236/95 of 18 September 1995 contains general rules for the granting of Community financial aid in the field of trans-European networks.
 * Regulation (EC) No 1655/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 1999 amends Regulation (EC) No 2236/95.
 * Regulation (EC) No 807/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 amends Council Regulation (EC) No 2236/95.
 * Regulation (EC) No 680/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 supplies general rules for granting Community financial aid for trans-European transport and energy networks.

In general, TEN-T projects are mostly funded by national or state governments. Other funding sources include: European Community funds (ERDF, Cohesion Funds, TEN-T budget), loans from international financial institutions (e.g. the European Investment Bank), and private funding.

List of transport networks
Each transportation mode has a network. The networks are:
 * Trans-European road network
 * Trans-European Rail network, which includes the Trans-European high-speed rail network as well as the Trans-European conventional rail network
 * Trans-European Inland Waterway network and inland ports
 * Trans-European Seaport network
 * Motorways of the Sea (added by Decision No 884/2004/EC )
 * Trans-European Airport network
 * Trans-European Combined Transport network
 * Trans-European Shipping Management and Information network
 * Trans-European Air Traffic Management network, which includes the Single European Sky and SESAR concepts
 * Trans-European Positioning and Navigation network, which includes the Galileo

Previous priorities
At its meeting in Essen in 1994, the European Council endorsed a list of 14 TEN-T ‘specific’ projects, drawn up by a group chaired by then Commission Vice-President Henning Christophersen. Following the 2003 recommendations from the Van Miert TEN-T high-level group, the Commission compiled a list of 30 priority projects to be launched before 2010.

The 30 axes and priority projects were: • # Railway axis Berlin–Verona/Milan–Bologna–Naples–Messina–Palermo

• # High-speed railway axis Paris–Brussels–Cologne–Amsterdam–London

• # High-speed railway axis of south-west Europe

• # High-speed railway axis east

• # Betuwe line

• # Railway axis Lyon-Trieste-Divača/Koper-Divača-Ljubljana-Budapest-Ukrainian border

• # Motorway axis Igoumenitsa/Patras–Athens–Sofia–Budapest

• # Multimodal axis Portugal/Spain–rest of Europe

• # Railway axis Cork–Dublin–Belfast–Stranraer

• # Malpensa Airport

• # Øresund Bridge

• # Nordic triangle railway/road axis

• # United Kingdom/Ireland/Benelux road axis

• # West Coast Main Line

• # Galileo

• # Freight railway axis Sines/Algeciras-Madrid-Paris

• # Railway axis Paris–Strasbourg–Stuttgart–Vienna–Bratislava

• # Rhine/Meuse–Main–Danube inland waterway axis

• # High-speed rail interoperability on the Iberian peninsula

• # Fehmarn belt railway axis

• # Motorways of the Sea

• # Railway axis Athens–Sofia–Budapest–Vienna–Prague– Nuremberg/Dresden

• # Railway axis Gdansk–Warsaw–Brno/Bratislava–Vienna

• # Railway axis Lyons/Genoa–Basle–Duisburg–Rotterdam/Antwerp

• # Motorway axis Gdansk–Brno/Bratislava–Vienna

• # Railway/road axis Ireland/United Kingdom/continental Europe

• # Rail Baltic axis Warsaw–Kaunas–Riga–Tallinn–Helsinki

• # EuroCap-Rail on the Brussels–Luxembourg–Strasbourg railway axis

• # Railway axis of the Ionian/Adriatic intermodal corridor

• # Inland waterway Seine–Scheldt As of 2019, several of them are finished, e.g. no 2, 5 and 11, other are ongoing e.g. no 12 and 17, and some are not started, e.g no 27.

Related networks
In addition to the various TENs, there are ten Pan-European corridors, which are paths between major urban centres and ports, mainly in Eastern Europe, that have been identified as requiring major investment.

The international E-road network is a naming system for major roads in Europe managed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. It numbers roads with a designation beginning with "E" (such as "E1").

title: Trans-European Transport Network


text:
Talk:Throwing Copper

Is it necessary to say that "many critics and fans consider" this to be Live's breakthrough album, especially when we go on to cite as evidence the album's commercial success and the success of its singles? Isn't the commercial success and related exposure of an album something that makes an album a "breakthrough" album, without needing it to be a subjective decision? Quantitatively it's clear that this was the band's breakthrough album.
 * i don't think there is any sort of quantitative definition of a breakthrough album -- it's a subjective judgment of when a band has become successful enough to have broken through to the mainstream. --dan 21:09, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Where did the title come from?
Does anyone know where the title for the Album came from?

I ask because in the native cultures of northwest (as in coastal British Columbia) "throwing copper" was an ultimate insult or challenge in a potlatch."Coppers" were ornately designed shields and symbols of wealth and power. If a chief would "throw his copper" at the feet of another, it would be a challenge. I haven't heard of any other origin of "throwing copper."

jacob

Jwbeaton 18:33, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Throwing Copper Title Explanation
The band were having trouble naming the record. They HAD to name it on the day they did, or else it wouldn't have come out when it was supposed to. There was a sports goods store next door to where they were, so Ed and Patrick bought some BB Guns. They were firing them in the back, then came back inside. When asked where they'd been they threw up their arms in a psuedo gangster style and declared "we was throwin' copper". Then Chad Gracey said that should be the name of the record.

They explained all this themselves in their MTV Live Past, Present & Future video. - Lovemonk. 17:29, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Lift Me Up/Hold Me Up
Is there anyone who knows which it is? I have listened to the song a few times and he clearly says, "Hold me up in the palm of your hand." Any idea as to whether the fact this song is in the movie is notable and maybe incliude references to Kevin Smith's ten+ year quest to get the rights to this song?

Master Rights
I heard there was a dispute regarding who owns the rights to the original masters of these songs, Live or Radioactive. Does anyone have any information about this? CoW mAnX (talk) 23:35, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Snowtown murders
This album was played during various murders committed by John Justin Buntin et el (http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/sa/SASC/2003/251.html). Perhaps this constitutes as random trivia?

Regarding the above unsigned comment, the link currently gives a Can't extract contents error, but links to a PDF which can be downloaded. Here's a story from early in the trial referencing the album: https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2003-02-26/snowtown-judge-bans-jury-from-hearing-album/1221744 huwg 60.242.74.211 (talk) 05:04, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Song title
Can anyone explain to me why on "All Over You" the word 'over' is capitalized? Why is not "All over You"? 'Over' is a tricky word sometimes regarding song title capitalization.2601:2C2:300:1AC0:693F:2382:A34B:808F (talk) 01:39, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

As far as I know, all title on the album have all words capitalized. A lot of artists de this because it looks better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.60.61.37 (talk) 12:03, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Throwing Copper


text:
Weld

Weld may refer to:
 * Welding, a metalworking technique
 * Weld (name), and persons with the name
 * Port Weld, now Kuala Sepetang, Perak, Malaysia
 * Weld, Maine, United States
 * Weld County, Colorado, United States
 * Weld (album), 1991, by Neil Young & Crazy Horse
 * Weld (dye) Reseda luteola, a plant, and intense yellow dye made from it

title: Weld


text:
Talk:Trans-European Transport Network

Merging with TEN
I vote for merging this article with "Trans-European Networks" (TEN), building one bigger site instead of two smaller ones. -- Adwicko (talk) 11:54, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Naming - Pluralisation is deliberate
Trans-European Transport Networks is deliberate; this is the name of the policy framework. Please don't go changing it to Network. --Tagishsimon 13:28, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Pan-European corridors
What is the relation of Trans-European Transport Networks to Pan-European corridors? Thank you. 130.230.1.90 16:25, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Added to the relevant articles. -- Beland (talk) 15:59, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Line 1 Berlin-Palermo substituted by the corridor Helsinki-Valletta
According to a recent video (min 1:34-1:42) released by the Italian newspaper "La Repubblica", Berlin–Palermo corridor is no longer the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T): "EU commission has redesigned the communication axes substituting the Berlin-Palermo corridor with Helsinki-Valletta".

The 9th of September 2011 Italian Transports Minister Altero Matteoli has sent a letter to EU Commission Vice President Siim Kallas asking for the inclusion of the corridor Berlin-Palermo into the Helsinki-Valletta [from the Italian Infrastructures and Transports official web site]

See also:
 * Italian fury at European Commission's plan to ‘divert’ bridge funds to Malta

 * Italians rage as Commission prefers Helsinki–Valletta route to bridge over the Straits of Messina

Krige (talk) 15:30, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Official name
Why is the name of the article pluralized? Although Trans-European Transport Networks is indeed used to some extent, the singular version Trans-European Transport Network seems to be the one used in official contexts, see for instance decision No 1692/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 on Community guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network and the website of the European Commission. There is also a committee related to TEN-T with the name Committee on the Trans-European Transport Network, without any s. Therefore I find it very surprising that this Wikipedia article uses a plural form. Any reason? --Glentamara (talk) 07:09, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

Lacking + inaccurate map
The main map displayed is devoid of any geographical accuracy, sacrificing this for random curves.

Whilst useful to simplify routes this is simply misleading and doesn’t add much

Would be very useful to replace this with a simplified accurate map highlighting the network AlbusWulfricDumbledore (talk) 10:48, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trans-European Transport Network


text:
User:Jorge Stolfi/South Caucasian Lord's Prayer

Georgian (Kartvelian)

 * Mamao chweno, romeli xar cat'a shina, çmida-iqavn saxeli sheni. Movedin sup'evaj sheni. Iqavn nebaj sheni, wit'arca cat'a shina, egreca k'ueqanasa zeda. P'uri chûéni arsobisaj momec chûén dyes. Da momitewen chûén t'ana-nadebni chûéni, wit'arca chûén miutewebt t'ana-mdebta mat' chûént'a. Da nu shemiqvaneb chûén gansacdelsa, aramed mixsnen chûén borotisagan.

Svan/Lushnu nin

 * Mu gushge, xeda xi decar zhi, çqilian leses zhaxe isgwi. Anxes' lip'usti sgwi. Leses nab isgwi xema decar zhin ezzhi k'weqanazhi. Diar nishge lassat' lano na ladis. I lansarwin na gadnar nishge, xema na loxsarinat' gadnar mins nishge. I noma anseri lakwhalnat'e madei anitx xolam xank'a.

Basque

 * Gure Aita, zeruetan zarena, santu izan bedi zure izena. Etor bedi zure erreinua. Egin bedi zure nahia, zeruan bezala lurrean ere. Emaiguzu gaur egun honetako ogia. Barkatu bure zorrak, guk ere gure zordunei barkatzen diegunez gero. Eta ez gu tentaldira eraman, bainan atera gaitzazu gaitzetik.

Ossetian

 * Max fyd, kécy dé érvty midég: syγdég ûéd dé nom. Ércéûéd dé patcaxad. Dé bar ûéd arvy kûd u zéxxyl dér afté. Né dzuul nyn onynén radt maxén abon. Émé nyn nyppar né xésté, max né xésdzhyntén kûd barém, afté. Émé néma bakén fydévzarény, félé né fervézynkén fydbylyzéj.

Persian (Farsi)

 * Ei pedar-e-mä, ke dar äsmän ast: näm-e-to moghaddas bäd. Malaküt-e-to beäyäd. Erädat-e-to chonän dar äsmän ast bar zamïn näfez bäd. Nán-e-rüzïne-ye-märä dar ïn rüz be-mä bebakhsh. Va än chonän ke gharzdärän-e-khodrä mïbakhshïm, gharzä-ye-märä bemä bebakhsh. Va märä dar ma`raz-e-äzmáyesh nayävar, balke az sharïr khalásï deh.

Armenian

 * Hayr mé-r, v-or h-érguin-s yés, sourp yéghi-tsi anoun ko. Y-égu-és-tsé arkay-outioun ko. Y-éghi-ts-in gamk ko v-or-bés h-érguin y-év h-érgr-i. E-s-hats mé-r hanabaz-ort' dou-r mé-s ays-or. Y-év togh méz e-s-bardi-s mér v-or-bés y-év mé-k toghoumk mér-ots bardaban-ats. Y-év mi' dani-r e-z-mé-z i portz-outioun, ayl pergu-ia' e-z-mé-z i tchar-é-n.

English

 * Our father, which art in heaven: hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.


text: Talk:The Distance to Here

title: Talk:The Distance to Here


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nemetschek

Orphaned, poorly written one-sentence advertisement article on a CAD company, with extlink. Lupo 11:03, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I've separated this listing off from the one above for Nemetscheck, because some of the comments are no longer valid, and it was just getting confusing. - IMSoP 13:32, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * [Summary: Keep] Repeating that Lupo initially commented on Nemetscheck rather than Nemetschek. My first idea was to suggest the same on cleanup, but it's present version isn't really worse than many other stubs on CAD companies .. anyways, if it's the external link that is bothering, one might as well remove that. -- User:Docu
 * Keep. 166,000 google hits (didn't check all but top 20 were all about the company). Could be sufficiently notable. Andris 01:23, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems notable in their field. Article is a bit small, but keep anyway. -- Cyrius|&#9998 04:07, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is Wikispam and a duplicate of the Nemetscheck article cited above for deletion. Alcarillo 16:01, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * [ Strikeout added by IMSoP in disentangling the two listings]
 * I'd like to point out that I did not ever list Nemetschek. I listed Nemetscheck (note the spelling) before it was turned into a redirect by IMSoP. Later I commented on Nemetscheck that it was a superfluous duplicate anyway, but that should not be construed to mean that I wanted Nemetschek to be deleted! If I had wanted that, I would have listed it separately. Lupo 09:23, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, my mistake. Somebody listed it, and they used the MediaWiki page that you'd already made for the other listing. In disentangling them I guess I assumed it was you who'd made both listings; I apologise if that was incorrect. Would the real lister of this article please stand up? - IMSoP 15:22, 3 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Birds of Pray

Rolling Stone review
Perhaps we should junk the link to the RS review and replace it with maybe the AMG one? The RS one is a horrible review. It had no justification of the rating of 2/5. Nothing negative to say, nothing positive. Useless. Paulmer2003 (talk) 03:16, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Putting Rolling Stone reviews in articles has proved a waste of time as all the links are dead now! I think you might have to be a subscriber to see them. So the AMG one is going in! Iangurteen (talk) 16:31, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, someone had beaten me to it with the AMG review, so I've deleted the RS review and put in one I found at Shaking Through (Not very favourable but at least it justifies it's mark!) Iangurteen (talk) 16:41, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Birds of Pray


text:
Hassiba Boulmerka

Hassiba Boulmerka (حسيبة بولمرقة, born 10 July 1968) is a former Algerian middle distance athlete.

Career
Born in Constantine in northeastern Algeria, Boulmerka started running seriously at the age of ten, specializing in the 800 and 1,500 metres. She was successful in national and regional races, although there wasn't much competition. Her first major international tournament was the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where she was eliminated in the preliminary heat of both the 800 and 1500 m.

Boulmerka's performances slowly became better, and her big breakthrough came in 1991. The first major race she won was the 800 m at the Golden Gala race in Rome, Italy. A month later, she competed at the World Championships. On the last straight of the 1500 m final, she sprinted to victory, becoming the first African woman to win an athletics world title.

Her remarkable performance did not only give her positive attention. She was frequently criticized by Muslim groups in Algeria who thought she showed too much of her body when racing. Boulmerka received death threats and was forced to move to Europe to train. In spite of this, she was one of the favorites for the 1500 m gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. In the final, she fought off Lyudmila Rogachova and Qu Yunxia (world record holder until 2015) for the gold medal. It was Algeria's first gold medal at the Olympic Games.

Boulmerka's next two seasons were not as successful, although she won a bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart. In 1995, she hadn't won a single race going into the World Championships in Gothenburg, but this did not prevent her from winning her second world title. It was her only victory of that season, and her last major victory. She competed at the Centennial Olympics in Atlanta, but sprained her ankle in the semi-finals. After the 1997 season, in which she did not defend her world title, she retired from sports.

Boulmerka was later elected to the Athletes' Commission of the International Olympic Committee.

She formerly held the 1500 metres African record with her time of 3:55.30 run on 8 August 1992 in Barcelona. She also held the one mile African record of 4:20.79, set in 1991 in Oslo, for 17 years until it was beaten by Gelete Burika of Ethiopia, who timed 4:18.23 in 2008.

Post-athletics career
Boulmerka has returned to Algeria and is now a businesswoman.

title: Hassiba Boulmerka


text:
Talk:Indus trade

This is good, but it does not tell enough...

 * If trade was important to the Indus people, how about adding a 'trade' section to the existing Indus Valley Civilization page ? TB 14:00, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indus trade


text:
Jean-Louis Laya

Jean-Louis Laya (4 December 1761, Paris – 25 August 1833, Meudon) was a French playwright. He wrote his first comedy in collaboration with Gabriel-Marie Legouvé in 1785. The piece, however, though accepted by the Comédie française, was never represented. In 1789 he produced a plea for religious toleration in the form of a five-act tragedy in verse, Jean Calas. In his next work, the injustice of the disgrace cast on a family by the crime of one of its members formed the theme of Les Dangers de l'opinion (1790).

It is by his Ami des lois (1793) that Laya is best remembered. This energetic protest against mob rule, with its scarcely veiled characterizations of Robespierre as Nomophage and of Marat as Duricrne, was an act of the highest courage, for the play was produced at the Théâtre Français (temporarily Théâtre de la Nation) only nineteen days before the execution of Louis XVI.

Ten days after its first production the piece was prohibited by the Commune, but the public demanded its representation; the mayor of Paris was compelled to appeal to the National Convention, and the piece was played while some 30,000 Parisians guarded the hall. Laya went into hiding, and several persons convicted of having a copy of the play in their possession were guillotined.

At the end of the Terror Laya returned to Paris. In 1813 he replaced Delille in the Paris chair of literary history and French poetry; he was admitted to the Académie française in 1817. Laya produced in 1797 Les Deux Stuarts, and in 1799 Falkland, the title-role of which provided Talma with one of his finest opportunities. Laya's works, which chiefly owe their interest to the circumstances attending their production, were collected in 1836–1837. His son, Léon, was also a playwright.

Theatre

 * 1790: Les Dangers de l'opinion, drama in 5 acts, in verse, Théâtre de la Nation, 19 January
 * 1790: Jean Calas, tragedy in 5 acts and in verse, Paris, Théâtre de la Nation, 18 December
 * 1793: L'Ami des lois, comedy in 5 acts in verse, Paris, Théâtre de la Nation, 2 January.read online on Gallica
 * 1798: Falkland, ou La conscience, drama in five acts in prose, Paris, Théâtre-Français, 25 May
 * 1799: Une Journée du jeune Néron, comedy burlesque in 2 acts and in verse, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 15 February

Trivia

 * 1789: Voltaire aux Français, sur leur constitution (1789)
 * 1789: La Régénération des comédiens en France, ou leurs droits à l'état civil (1789)
 * 1793: Almanach sur l'état des comédiens en France, ou leurs droits défendus comme citoyens, par l'auteur de « L'Ami des lois »
 * 1836: Œuvres complètes. Études sur l'histoire littéraire de l'antiquité grecque et latine, et sur les premiers siècles de la littérature française

title: Jean-Louis Laya


text:
RenewableUK

RenewableUK, formerly known as the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA), is the trade association for wind power, wave power and tidal power industries in the United Kingdom.

History
A number of universities active in wind energy in the 1970s met under umbrella of the ITDG Wind Panel (Intermediate Technology Development Group). The BWEA was formed from the ITDG Wind Panel along with other interested parties and representatives from industry, to promote wind power in the United Kingdom. The inaugural meeting of the BWEA took place on 17 November 1978 at the Rutherford Laboratory with Peter Musgrove of Reading University as chairman.

In 2004 the British Wind Energy Association expanded its remit to include wave and tidal energy, and to use the Association's experience to guide these technologies along the same path to commercialisation. In December 2009, to reflect this expansion in the industries it represented, members resolved to adopt the new name of RenewableUK.

RenewableUK Cymru
The members of RenewableUK are represented in Wales by RenewableUK Cymru, the Cardiff-based branch of the organisation. The remit in Wales expanded in February 2014 to include all renewable energy technologies and energy storage.

Advertising Standards Authority ruling
In 2008 the then BWEA was found by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) to have overstated the carbon dioxide emissions displaced by wind generation. The BWEA and its members had claimed a value of 860 grams per kilowatt hour but the ASA found this was exaggerated by 100% and ordered the BWEA to reduce the figure to 430 grams.

title: RenewableUK


text:
Cruise for a Corpse

Cruise for a Corpse (orig. Croisière pour un cadavre) is an adventure game from Delphine Software International, made for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS.

Plot
The game is designed as a murder investigation. The player assumed the role of Raoul Dusentier, a French police inspector invited to spend some time on Niklos Karaboudjan's boat. Quickly after arriving, Karaboudjan is murdered, and the investigation begins.

The game uses many references to French and Belgian pop culture. Karaboudjan is the name of The Adventures of Tintin character Captain Haddock's cargo ship in the comic The Crab with the Golden Claws. Just like in The Crab with the Golden Claws, crab cans are used to hide objects (in the comic they contain opium, whereas in the game they contain hand grenades).

Reception
Computer Gaming World called Cruise for a Corpse "an admirable recipe for a classic adventure of murder most foul". The magazine liked the rotoscoped animation, but criticized the EGA graphics and "atrocious" code wheel-based copy protection, and concluded that while "Dedicated whodunit aficionados" would enjoy the game, "the general adventure gaming audience" would find it "tedious".

title: Cruise for a Corpse


text: Template:Wales preserved counties

title: Template:Wales preserved counties


text:
Talk:Dred Scott

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Abamzai. Peer reviewers: Turner.Sale, Ujwalamurthy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:50, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The source - Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1999, 7th printing, p. 82 - doesn't seem to line up with the statements being made. In particular, there is an aside made here about the meaning of the "3/5 of a person" claim from the constitution that I believe to be wholly incorrect: "Contrary to popular belief, slaves were not counted as 3/5ths of a person for purposes of congressional representation." See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3/5_Compromise — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.124.20.254 (talk) 18:22, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Can someone explain the statement "Contrary to popular belief, slaves were not counted as 3/5ths of a person for purposes of congressional representation?" The text in the constitution is "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons." Did the writer mean to say that contrary to popular belief, it was not Blacks that were counted as 3/5, but more specifically only enslaved people? The next sentence references free Blacks, who presumably were recognized as "whole" persons. Gs228 (talk) 16:23, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

TODO: How could Brown have been freed some years after the Supreme Court hearing (1857) and then have died (1858) over a year later? The numbers don't make sense.

What's the difference between trial and case? DS 13:45, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

DS, according to the The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, the definition of a trial is: "Examination of evidence and applicable law by a competent tribunal to determine the issue of specified charges or claims." In the same dictionary, it defines a case as: "An action or a suit or just grounds for an action." Hope it answers your question. Bibliomaniac15 01:42, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Sad...a nonsensical sentence ("When he born he was just called "Sam") managed to survive here for four months. Sigh... john k 23:32, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Just curious - could possibly there have been those in the majority opinion that thought slavery was wrong, but that abolishing it via the bench would have been a usurpation of the court's power, and that they would prefer it be done via legislation in the legislative branches of government? -Brien

Why does George Bush keep referencing this case? I have heard it compared to Roe v Wade. What is the connection?

-Brian Havelka

 * Brian. Please sign with four tildes after your name. You may be thinking of this (see Justice Scalia here), or perhaps President Bush was: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_vs._Sandford#Later_references 155.213.224.59 (talk) 15:58, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article has some grammatical errors and lack of information. If you compare this article to Dred Scott v. Sandford, you would probably consider redirecting. Much is very repetitive from the said article. I also have to bring up the spelling and grammatical errors that hinder understanding. This might be a case of possible vandalism. Also, the lack of images is rather disconcerting.

Bibliomaniac15 01:52, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

date/year of birth?
I copyedited this article but there remains one internal contradiction as follows:

In the days of Dred Scott, a slave's birth was usually not recorded. Therefore, it was up to guesswork. Most slaves gave their birthday as a season. Refer to Frederick Dougalass' autobiography. Bibliomaniac15 21:13, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

His tombstone says 1799. The top of the article says 1795. Some external links say "late 1790's". Another link from Wash U. states "1799". I'm thinking "c. 1799" would make the most sense. Rklawton 14:03, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

== Vandalism one despicable person keeps on vandalizing this article,writing down things like 'poopy' or,'farts'.if you find out who keeps on doing this,please give them a polite yet stern warning.thank you.

I've done a revert or two also. I've left a warning for the IP User_talk:172.154.12.233. But you know how IPs are. If the user vandalises again, we'll escalate the warnings accordingly. -- Discordanian 01:32, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Portrait
The image of the painted portrait of Scott we have lacks any information on source, artist, or date. If anyone has any info, please add it. -- Infrogmation 14:58, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I was able to track down some info and added it to image page. If anyone can find a good usable version of the contemporary photo (is only one known?) of Scott, uploading it to the Commons would be nifty. -- Infrogmation 15:34, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Porn actor use of Dred Scott name for goal of free advertising
Someone linked to the page of a porn actor who apparently uses the name of the historical Dred Scott to further his career. There is no evidence in that article that the porn star is using anything but a fake name. There is no biographical material in that article. And, it looks very much like that article is free advertising for a commercial product. It contains no verifiable biographical material. I have therefore discontinued the link and placed a note in the porn actor's Talk page. Skywriter 21:35, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

STFU kids¡

As long as they're not gay?
I didn't realize the Missouri Compromise included denial of gay rights.Dale662 (talk) 21:08, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Insane Asylum?!
Did I miss something here?

"After the ruling, with Sanford in an insane asylum, Scott was returned as property to Irene Emerson."

Unless I wasn't paying attention, we get Sanford (shouldn't that be SanDford?) by the snap of fingers in… an insane asylum (!) with no more preparation than if he had gone to the local library or the corner grocery store. Shouldn't we be told what put the man in those dire straits (the Supreme Court case or something unrelated like a family disease?)? Also, was it temporary or for the rest of his life, did he go of his own free will, was he committed, was he taken kicking and screaming, what? We may not need two paragraphs on this (the other option would be to take the phrase out entirely), but a sentence or two would do no harm. Asteriks (talk) 09:21, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Declaration of Independence or Constitution?
From the article:

"Any person descended from black Africans, whether slave or free, is not a citizen of the United States, according to the Declaration of Independence."

This seems wrong. Wasn't it the Constitution that was at issue, not the Declaration of Independence? Michael 01:53, 20 October 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.160.206.217 (talk)

Out of sequence
The three paragraphs contained in the two sections 'Overview' and 'Life' are clearly the wrong way about. The third should be first, and the first should be third. 86.148.132.13 (talk) 18:22, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

The various travels
'The Emersons and Scotts returned to Missouri in 1842...' -  returned from where?

And what was Scott actually doing in Wisconsin without his master, before being summoned South? Who fed and clothed him at this time? 86.148.132.13 (talk) 18:31, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Link to Danish page is broken - it points to a wrong page
The Danisk links does not point to the Dred Scott page but to a page about a pc game. Jan Kronsell (talk) 21:30, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Court case sequence
The court case sequence doesn't seem like it could possibly be accurate. It says that Emerson's claim of ownership was ruled as hearsay, therefore the case ruled against Scott. Immediately following it says that there was a retrial in which it was proven that Emerson had legitimate ownership of Scott, so they freed him. Both of these sentences are illogical and therefore doubtful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.185.89.31 (talk) 00:59, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

 * It's a little unclear. I think to gain his freedom Scott had to prove that his owner had knowingly kept him in free states for two years. There was no dispute that Emerson had kept Scott in free states for two years, but Scott couldn't prove that Emerson was his owner. This seems to be backed up by the sources. For example: "Scott went to trial in June of 1847, but lost on a technicality -- he couldn't prove that he and Harriet were owned by Emerson's widow."

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:50, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

African American
This article erroneously referred to Dred Scott as an African American. By definition, the description applies to Americans of African decent which would not include antebellum slaves. Eodcarl (talk) 22:50, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

 * We use what the reliable sources say and African American is consistently used by these sources. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 23:26, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

 * To be an African American, one does have to be an American. African American is not synonymous with black, or of African dissent, no matter how many "reliable" sources use the term incorrectly. Eodcarl (talk) 23:49, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

It's probably not the best practice to use modern phrases with all the modern baggage that goes with them to describe historical people. In this case, Dred Scott should not be described as an "African American" but rather as he was perceived at the time: an "African slave" (or "Negro slave" as "African" is rather broad, and slavery in the U.S. at this time was confined by race rather than geography). Rklawton (talk) 00:20, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

Birth Name
I added a short discussion of the confusion over his birth name. My understanding is that it isn't known for sure if he was the same as "Sam", but I could be wrong. I also don't know if "Scott" was part of his name at birth, nor do I know if it has been discussed in any sources. So I'm not sure if the infobox should read "Sam Scott", "Dred Scott", "Sam", Dred", "Sam or Dred Scott", or "Sam or Dred". My feeling is that the infobox should simply not state a birth name. Smmurphy(Talk) 20:17, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

 * @Smmurphy this website, the Dred Scott Foundation, says he was known as Sam and later changed it.
 * The National Museum of African American History and Culture says: "It is reported that Dred Scott was originally named “Sam” but took the name of an older brother when that brother died at a young age"
 * so I don't know. maybe someone else can chime in. Jennica ✿ / talk 21:50, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:06, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Dred and Harriet Scot Monument.jpg

title: Talk:Dred Scott


text:
Marc Girardin

Saint-Marc Girardin (22 February 1801 – 1 April 1873) was a French politician and man of letters, whose real name was Marc Girardin.

Biography
Girardin was born in Paris. After a brilliant university career in the city, he began in 1828 to contribute to the Journal des Débats, on the staff of which he remained for nearly half a century. After the July Revolution and the accession of Louis Philippe as King of the French (the liberal July Monarchy), he was appointed professor of history at the Sorbonne and master of requests in the Conseil d'État. Soon afterwards he exchanged his chair of history for one of poetry, continuing to contribute political articles to the Journal des Débats, and sitting as deputy in the Chamber from 1835 to 1848.

In 1833, he was charged with a mission to study German methods of education, and issued a report advocating the necessity of newer methods and of technical instruction. In 1844 he was elected a member of the French Academy.

During the Revolution of February 1848 Girardin was for a moment a minister, but after the establishment of the Second French Republic, he was not re-elected deputy in the National Assembly.

After the Franco-Prussian War, he was returned to the Bordeaux assembly by his old département — Haute-Vienne. His Orléanist tendencies and his objections to the Third Republic were strong, and although he at first supported Adolphe Thiers, he afterwards became a leader of the opposition to the president. He died, however, in 1873 at Morsang-sur-Seine, before Thiers was actually driven from power.

Works
His chief work is his Cours de littérature dramatique (1843–1863), a series of lectures better described by its second title De l'usage des passions dans le drame. The author examined dramatic passions, discussing the mode in which they are treated in ancient and modern drama, poetry and romance. The book, a defence of the ancients against the moderns, "did not", according to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "take into account the fact that only the best of ancient literature has come down to us." Girardin's oeuvre was, overall, very hostile toward Romanticism.

Girardin's other works included Essais de littérature (2 vols., 1844), made up chiefly of contributions to the Débats, his Notices sur l'Allemagne (1834), and many volumes of collected Souvenirs, Réflexions, etc., on foreign countries and passing events (including his notes on the period of Russian administration in the Danubian Principalities). His last major works were La Fontaine et les Fabulistes (1867) and an Étude sur J.-J. Rousseau (1870) which had appeared in the Revue des deux mondes.

title: Marc Girardin


text:
Fasten

Fasten may mean:
 * to join or attach, for example using a fastener or a knot
 * Fasten (company), American vehicle for hire company
 * Bertil Fastén, Swedish athlete

title: Fasten


text:
Weird fiction

Weird fiction is a subgenre of speculative fiction originating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Weird fiction either eschews or radically reinterprets traditional antagonists of supernatural horror fiction, such as ghosts, vampires, and werewolves. Writers on the subject of weird fiction, such as China Miéville, sometimes use "the tentacle" to represent this type of writing. The tentacle is a limb-type absent from most of the monsters of European folklore and gothic fiction, but often attached to the monstrous creatures created by weird fiction writers, such as William Hope Hodgson, M. R. James, Clark Ashton Smith, and H. P. Lovecraft.

Weird fiction often attempts to inspire awe as well as fear in response to its fictional creations, causing commentators like Miéville to paraphrase Goethe in saying that weird fiction evokes a sense of the numinous. Although "weird fiction" has been chiefly used as a historical description for works through the 1930s, it experienced a resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s, under the label of New Weird, which continues into the 21st century.

Definitions
John Clute defines weird fiction as a term "used loosely to describe fantasy, supernatural fiction and horror tales embodying transgressive material". China Miéville defines it as "usually, roughly, conceived of as a rather breathless and generically slippery macabre fiction, a dark fantastic ('horror' plus 'fantasy') often featuring nontraditional alien monsters (thus plus 'science fiction')". Discussing the "Old Weird Fiction" published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock says, "Old Weird fiction utilises elements of horror, science fiction and fantasy to showcase the impotence and insignificance of human beings within a much larger universe populated by often malign powers and forces that greatly exceed the human capacities to understand or control them." Jeff and Ann VanderMeer describe weird fiction as a mode of literature, usually appearing within the horror fiction genre, rather than a separate genre of fiction in its own right.

History

Although the term "weird fiction" did not appear until the 20th century, Edgar Allan Poe is often regarded as the pioneering author of weird fiction. Poe was identified by Lovecraft as the first author of a distinct type of supernatural fiction different from traditional Gothic literature, and later commentators on the term have also suggested Poe was the first "weird fiction" writer. Sheridan Le Fanu is also seen as an early writer working in the sub-genre.

Literary critics in the nineteenth century would sometimes use the term "weird" to describe supernatural fiction. For instance, the Scottish Review in an 1859 article praised Poe, E. T. A. Hoffmann and Walter Scott by saying the three writers had the "power of weird imagination". The Irish magazine The Freeman's Journal, in an 1898 review of Dracula by Bram Stoker, described the novel as "wild and weird" and not Gothic. Weinstock has suggested there was a period of "Old Weird Fiction" that lasted from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. S. T. Joshi and Miéville have both argued that there was a period of "Haute Weird" between 1880 and 1940, when authors important to Weird Fiction, such as Arthur Machen and Clark Ashton Smith were publishing their work.

In the late nineteenth century, a number of British writers associated with the Decadent movement wrote what was later described as weird fiction. These writers included Machen, M. P. Shiel, Count Eric Stenbock, and R. Murray Gilchrist. Other pioneering British weird fiction writers included Algernon Blackwood, William Hope Hodgson, Lord Dunsany, Arthur Machen, and M. R. James.

The American pulp magazine Weird Tales published many such stories in the United States from March 1923 to September 1954. The magazine's editor Farnsworth Wright often used the term "weird fiction" to describe the type of material that the magazine published. The writers who wrote for the magazine Weird Tales are thus closely identified with the weird fiction subgenre, especially H. P. Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, Fritz Leiber and Robert Bloch. Other pulp magazines that published weird fiction included Strange Tales (edited by Harry Bates), and Unknown Worlds (edited by John W. Campbell).

H. P. Lovecraft popularised the term "weird fiction" in his essays. In "Supernatural Horror in Literature", Lovecraft gives his definition of weird fiction:

"The true weird tale has something more than secret murder, bloody bones, or a sheeted form clanking chains according to rule. A certain atmosphere of breathless and unexplainable dread of outer, unknown forces must be present; and there must be a hint, expressed with a seriousness and portentousness becoming its subject, of that most terrible conception of the human brain—a malign and particular suspension or defeat of those fixed laws of Nature which are our only safeguard against the assaults of chaos and the daemons of unplumbed space."

S. T. Joshi describes several subdivisions of the weird tale: supernatural horror (or fantastique), the ghost story, quasi science fiction, fantasy, and ambiguous horror fiction and argues that "the weird tale" is primarily the result of the philosophical and aesthetic predispositions of the authors associated with this type of fiction.

Although Lovecraft was one of the few early 20th-century writers to describe his work as "weird fiction", the term has enjoyed a contemporary revival in New Weird fiction. Many horror writers have also situated themselves within the weird tradition, including Clive Barker, who describes his fiction as fantastique, and Ramsey Campbell, whose early work was influenced by Lovecraft.

Notable authors
The following notable authors have been described as writers of weird fiction. They are listed alphabetically by last name, and organised by the time period when they began to publish weird fiction.

Before 1940

 * Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
 * Roberto Arlt
 * R. H. Barlow
 * E. F. Benson
 * Ambrose Bierce
 * Algernon Blackwood
 * Robert Bloch
 * Marjorie Bowen
 * John Buchan
 * Mikhail Bulgakov
 * Leonora Carrington
 * Robert W. Chambers
 * Leonard Cline
 * Mary Elizabeth Counselman
 * Walter de la Mare
 * August Derleth
 * Lord Dunsany
 * E. R. Eddison
 * Guy Endore
 * Robert Murray Gilchrist
 * Stefan Grabiński
 * Alexander Grin
 * Nikolai Gogol
 * Sakutarō Hagiwara
 * L. P. Hartley
 * W. F. Harvey
 * Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * Lafcadio Hearn
 * Georg Heym
 * William Hope Hodgson
 * E. T. A. Hoffmann
 * Robert E. Howard
 * Carl Jacobi
 * Henry James
 * M. R. James
 * Franz Kafka
 * C. F. Keary
 * Alfred Kubin
 * Henry Kuttner
 * Vernon Lee
 * Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu
 * Fritz Leiber
 * David Lindsay
 * Frank Belknap Long
 * H. P. Lovecraft
 * Arthur Machen
 * Daphne du Maurier
 * Abraham Merrit
 * Gustav Meyrink
 * C. L. Moore
 * Fitz James O'Brien
 * Oliver Onions
 * Thomas Owen
 * Edgar Allan Poe
 * Horacio Quiroga
 * Edogawa Ranpo
 * Jean Ray
 * Tod Robbins
 * Eric Frank Russell
 * Bruno Schulz
 * Marcel Schwob
 * Walter Scott
 * Mary Shelley
 * M. P. Shiel
 * William Milligan Sloane III
 * Clark Ashton Smith
 * Eric Stenbock
 * Francis Stevens
 * Robert Louis Stevenson
 * Bram Stoker
 * Theodore Sturgeon
 * Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
 * E. H. Visiak
 * H. Russell Wakefield
 * Hugh Walpole
 * Evangeline Walton
 * Donald Wandrei
 * Howard Wandrei
 * H. G. Wells
 * Edward Lucas White
 * Henry S. Whitehead

1940–1980

 * Robert Aickman
 * J. G. Ballard
 * Charles Beaumont
 * Olympe Bhely-Quenum
 * Jerome Bixby
 * Jorge Luis Borges
 * Ray Bradbury
 * William S. Burroughs
 * Octavia E. Butler
 * Ramsey Campbell
 * Angela Carter
 * Julio Cortázar
 * Philip K. Dick
 * Thomas M. Disch
 * Harlan Ellison
 * Philippe Druillet
 * Philip José Farmer
 * Shirley Jackson
 * Stephen King
 * Tanith Lee
 * George R. R. Martin
 * Richard Matheson
 * Augusto Monterroso
 * Michael Moorcock
 * Haruki Murakami
 * Joyce Carol Oates
 * Mervyn Peake
 * Joanna Russ
 * Sarban
 * William Sansom
 * Claude Seignolle
 * Margaret St. Clair
 * Peter Straub
 * James Tiptree, Jr.
 * Amos Tutuola
 * Jack Vance
 * Karl Edward Wagner
 * Manly Wade Wellman
 * Gahan Wilson
 * Gene Wolfe

1980–present

 * Daniel Abraham
 * Michal Ajvaz
 * Nathan Ballingrud
 * Clive Barker
 * Laird Barron
 * David Beauchard
 * K. J. Bishop
 * James P. Blaylock
 * Giannina Braschi
 * Poppy Z. Brite
 * Kevin Brockmeier
 * Charles Burns
 * Jonathan Carroll
 * David F. Case
 * Michael Chabon
 * Michael Cisco
 * Nancy Collins
 * Brendan Connell
 * Andrey Dashkov
 * Mark Z. Danielewski
 * Junot Diaz
 * Doug Dorst
 * Michael Dougherty
 * Hal Duncan
 * Katherine Dunn
 * Dennis Etchison
 * Brian Evenson
 * Paul Di Filippo
 * Jeffrey Ford
 * Karen Joy Fowler
 * Neil Gaiman
 * Felix Gilman
 * Jean Giraud
 * Elizabeth Hand
 * M. John Harrison
 * Brian Hodge
 * Wolfgang Hohlbein
 * Simon Ings
 * Junji Ito
 * Alejandro Jodorowsky
 * Stephen Graham Jones
 * Caitlín R. Kiernan
 * T. E. D. Klein
 * Kathe Koja
 * Leena Krohn
 * Marc Laidlaw
 * Jay Lake
 * Margo Lanagan
 * John Langan
 * Joe R. Lansdale
 * Deborah Levy
 * Thomas Ligotti
 * Kelly Link
 * Brian Lumley
 * Carmen Maria Machado
 * Ilya Masodov
 * Michael McDowell
 * Lincoln Michel
 * China Miéville
 * Sarah Monette
 * Grant Morrison
 * Reza Negarestani
 * Scott Nicolay
 * Jeff Noon
 * David Ohle
 * Ben Okri
 * Otsuichi
 * Helen Oyeyemi
 * Jason Pargin (David Wong)
 * Benoît Peeters
 * Cameron Pierce
 * Rachel Pollack
 * Tim Powers
 * W. H. Pugmire
 * Joseph S. Pulver, Sr.
 * Cat Rambo
 * Alistair Rennie
 * Matt Ruff
 * Sofia Samatar
 * Andrzej Sarwa
 * François Schuiten
 * Lucius Shepard
 * William Browning Spencer
 * Simon Strantzas
 * Charles Stross
 * Oh Seong-dae
 * R. L. Stine
 * Steph Swainston
 * Jeffrey Thomas
 * Richard Thomas
 * Karin Tidbeck
 * Lisa Tuttle
 * Steven Utley
 * Jeff VanderMeer
 * Aliya Whiteley
 * Liz Williams
 * Chet Williamson
 * F. Paul Wilson
 * Christopher Howard Wolf

New Weird
Ann and Jeff VanderMeer and China Miéville have suggested that weird fiction has seen a recent resurgence, a phenomenon they term the New Weird. Tales which fit this category, as well as extensive discussion of the phenomenon, appear in the anthology The New Weird.

title: Weird fiction


text:
Bognie Castle

Bognie Castle (also called Conzie Castle) is a ruined castle on Bognie Estate, between Huntly and Banff in the Aberdeenshire region of Scotland. Once rising four storeys high, it is thought to have been constructed in the 1660s by the Morisons of Bognie, who had become the Barons of Bognie in 1635.

There is some confusion about the name of this building. Local enquiries cannot confirm if it had ever been known by any name other than 'Conzie', the only information being that it was originally situated on land belonging to the farm of Conzie, but which has long belonged to Bognie Estate. Castle Conzie may have stood a little to the west of Bognie House, but no trace of it remains.

History
Bognie Castle was most likely built in the 1660s by the Morisons of Bognie when they lived at Bognie House. However, there is no evidence of the Morisons ever inhabiting it. This is most likely due to their subsequent acquisition of Frendraught through marriage around 1676. The 1688 date-stone at Frendraught suggests that they elected to complete the (re)construction of Frendraught that had begun under Sir James Crichton (following the Fire of Frendraught in 1630).

title: Bognie Castle