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Blind Tom Wiggins

Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins (May 25, 1849 – June 14, 1908) was an American pianist and composer. He had numerous original compositions published and had a lengthy and largely successful performing career throughout the United States. During the 19th century, Wiggins was one of the best-known American performing pianists and one of the best-known Black musicians.

Early life
Wiggins was born Thomas Greene on the Wiley Edward Jones Plantation in Harris County, Georgia. Blind at birth, he was sold in 1850 along with his enslaved parents, Charity and Domingo "Mingo" Wiggins, to a Columbus, Georgia lawyer, General James Neil Bethune. Bethune was "the first [newspaper] editor in the south to openly advocate secession". Wiggins's name was variously reported as "Thomas Greene Bethune", "Thomas Wiggins", or "Thomas Bethune"; his name was changed due to his slave status. The headstone at his grave reads "Thomas Greene Wiggins".

Because Tom was blind, he could not perform work normally demanded of slaves. Instead, he was left to play and explore the Bethune plantation. At an early age, Tom showed an interest in the piano after hearing the instrument played by Bethune's daughters. By age four, he reportedly had acquired some piano skills by ear, and gained access to the piano. By age five, Tom reportedly had composed his first tune, The Rain Storm, after a torrential downpour on a tin roof. With his skills recognized by General Bethune, Tom was permitted to live in a room attached to the family house, equipped with a piano. Neighbor Otto Spahr, reminiscing about Tom in the Atlanta Constitution in 1908 (as reproduced in The Ballad of Blind Tom, by Deirdre O'Connell), observed: "Tom seemed to have but two motives in life: the gratification of his appetite and his passion for music. I don't think I exaggerate when I state that he made the piano go for twelve hours out of twenty-four."

As a child, Tom began to echo the sounds around him, repeating accurately the crow of a rooster or the singing of a bird. If he was left alone in the cabin, Tom was known to begin beating on pots and pans or dragging chairs across the floor in an attempt to make any kind of noise. By the age of four, Tom was able to repeat conversations up to 10 minutes in length but was barely able to adequately communicate his own needs, resorting to grunts and gestures.

Another example of Tom's extraordinary abilities was shown after he was taken to a political rally in 1860 in support of Democratic presidential candidate Stephen Douglas. Years after he had attended this speech, he was still able to repeat it while capturing the tone and mannerisms of Douglas. Additionally, he was able to recreate the heckles and cheers of the crowd with remarkable precision.

Bethune hired out "Blind Tom" from the age of eight years to concert promoter Perry Oliver, who toured him extensively in the US, performing as often as four times a day and earning Oliver and Bethune up to $100,000 a year, an enormous sum for the time, "equivalent to $1.5 million/year [in 2004], making Blind Tom undoubtedly the nineteenth century's most highly compensated pianist". General Bethune's family eventually made a fortune estimated at $750,000 at the hands of Blind Tom. Oliver marketed Tom as a "Barnum-style freak" advertising the transformation from animal to artist. In the media, Tom was frequently compared to a bear, baboon, or mastiff.

Bethune hired professional musicians to play for Tom, who could faithfully reproduce their performances, often after a single listening. Eventually he learned a reported 7,000 pieces of music, including hymns, popular songs, waltzes, and classical repertoire.

Professional career
There are conflicting historical accounts of Blind Tom's first public performance, some indicating he was as young as three. One account from 1857 indicates that he had been performing publicly for several years. Newspaper reviews and audience reactions were favorable, prompting General Bethune to undertake a concert tour with Tom around their home state of Georgia. Tom later toured the South with Bethune or accompanied by hired managers, though their travels and bookings were sometimes hampered by the north–south hostilities which were drawing the nation towards Civil War. In 1860, Blind Tom performed at the White House before President James Buchanan; he was the first African-American to give a command performance at the White House. Mark Twain attended many of Blind Tom's performances over several decades and chronicled the proceedings.

On- and off-stage, Tom often referred to himself in the third person (e.g., "Tom is pleased to meet you"). His piano recitals were augmented by other talents, including uncanny voice mimicry of public figures and nature sounds. He also displayed a hyperactive physicality both onstage and off. A letter written in 1862 by a soldier in North Carolina described some of Tom's eccentric capabilities: "One of his most remarkable feats was the performance of three pieces of music at once. He played 'Fisher's Hornpipe' with one hand and 'Yankee Doodle' with the other and sang 'Dixie' all at once. He also played a piece with his back to the piano and his hands inverted." At concerts, skeptics attempted to confirm if Tom's performance replications were mere trickery; their challenge took the form of having Tom hear and repeat two new, uncirculated compositions. Tom did so perfectly. The "audience challenge" eventually became a regular feature of his concerts.

Supposedly, Tom's talents profited the Confederacy during the Civil War. His most famous piece, "The Battle of Manassas", is the story of the Confederate Army's 1861 victory at the Battle of Bull Run. As a result, many black newspapers refused to celebrate him, pointing out that he served to reinforce negative stereotypes about African-American individuals and that he was only a source of profit for slaveholders.

The Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 freed all slaves in the Confederate states; all US slaves were not freed until the Thirteenth Amendment passed in December 1865. In 1866, at age 16, Tom was taken on a European concert tour by General Bethune, who collected testimonials about Tom's natural talents from composer-pianist Ignaz Moscheles and pianist-conductor Charles Hallé. These were printed in a booklet, "The Marvelous Musical Prodigy Blind Tom", and used to bolster Tom's international reputation.

In 1875, General Bethune transferred management of Blind Tom's professional affairs to his son John Bethune, who accompanied Tom on tour around the U.S. for the next eight years. Beginning in 1875, John brought Blind Tom to New York each summer. While living with John in a boarding house on the Lower East Side, Tom added to his repertoire under the tutelage of Joseph Poznanski, who also transcribed new compositions by Tom for publication. Many of these were, at Tom's insistence, published under such pseudonyms as Professor W.F. Raymond, J.C. Beckel, C.T. Messengale, and Francois Sexalise.

Tom's piano-playing behavior, both during practice and performance, was eccentric. "We had two pianos in one room", Poznanski told the Washington Post in 1886 (as recounted in O'Connell's biography). "I would play for him and he would get up, walk around, stand on one foot, pull his hair, knock his head against the wall, then sit down and play a very good imitation of what I had played with additions to it. His memory was something prodigious. He never forgot anything." This led some critics to dismiss Tom as a novelty act, a "human parrot." Novelist Willa Cather, writing in the Nebraska State Journal, called Tom "a human phonograph, a sort of animated memory, with sound producing power."

John Steinbeck has compared the main character in a short story of his, "Johnny Bear", to Blind Tom.

No original recordings of Blind Tom appear to exist. His sheet music is available, but only a small number of musicians have ever recorded his original songs.

Custody battle
In 1882, John Bethune married his landlady, Eliza Stutzbach, who had demonstrated a knack for mollifying Tom's sometimes volatile temperament. However, shortly after their marriage, John Bethune embarked on an extended tour of the U.S. with Tom, in effect abandoning Eliza. When Bethune returned home eight months later, his wife filed for divorce. The couple split up—John took Tom—but a bitter legal squabble ensued, with Eliza hounding John for financial support, a claim that the courts usually adjudicated in John's favor. After John Bethune died in a railway accident in 1884, Tom was returned—over Eliza's objections—to the care of General Bethune (now living in Virginia). Eliza sued General Bethune for custody, with Tom's elderly mother Charity enjoined by Eliza's attorney as a party in the plaintiff's suit. After a protracted custody battle in several courts, in August 1887 Tom was awarded to Eliza, who moved Tom back to New York. Charity accompanied them with the understanding that she would benefit financially from Tom's earnings. However, after it became apparent that Eliza did not intend to honor any financial obligations to Charity, Tom's mother returned to Georgia.

Tom continued performing and touring for a number of years under the management of Eliza and her attorney (and later husband) Albrecht Lerche. Tom was on tour in western Pennsylvania in May 1889 on the day of the Johnstown Flood, and rumor spread that he was among the casualties. Despite his continued appearances on the U.S. concert circuit, the rumor persisted for years, with some observers expressing skepticism that the Blind Tom who appeared in concert after 1889 was the "real Blind Tom".

In this phase of his career, Tom usually introduced himself onstage in the third person, imitating the pronouncements of his various managers from years past. He talked about his mental state with a characteristic lack of self-awareness. He had been diagnosed as non compos mentis by a doctor, and in his foggy netherworld the phrase was a matter of personal pride. Willa Cather described the poignance of one such concert: "It was a strange sight to see him walk out on stage with his own lips—another man's words—introduce himself and talk quietly about his own idiocy. There was insanity, a grotesque horribleness about it that was interestingly unpleasant. One laughs at the man's queer actions, and yet, after all, the sight is not laughable. It brings us too near to the things that we sane people do not like to think of."

Tom was still traveling, and presumably still performing, in 1894. On July 5 of that year, he arrived in Grand Junction, Colorado, on his way eastward from California. The trainmen at that place were on strike against the railroads as part of the Pullman Strike, and Tom was stuck in town until July 9, when he continued eastward via the Colorado Midland Railroad.

After being dogged by incessant legal challenges to her custodianship of Tom, Eliza took Tom off the concert circuit in the mid-1890s.

Later years
Tom spent the next ten years as a ward of Eliza and her husband, who divided their time between New York City and New Jersey's Navesink Highlands. In 1903, Eliza arranged for Tom to appear on the popular vaudeville circuit, beginning with Brooklyn's Orpheum Theater. He spent almost a year performing in vaudeville, before his health began to deteriorate. It is believed that Tom experienced a stroke (described in some reports as "partial paralysis") in December 1904, which ended his public performing career. After the death of her husband, Eliza relocated to Hoboken, New Jersey, with Tom. They kept out of public view, though neighbors could hear Tom's piano playing at all hours of the day and night. Tom experienced a major stroke in April 1908, and died the following June. He was 59 years old. Tom was buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn, New York.

Posthumous recognition
The people of Columbus, Georgia, raised a commemorative headstone for Tom in 1976. He was the subject of a play titled HUSH: Composing Blind Tom Wiggins, by Robert Earl Price, which was performed on the Atlanta stage with Del Hamilton as director.

Between 1970 and 2000, Dr. Geneva Handy Southall wrote a three-volume thesis titled Blind Tom: The Black Pianist Composer; Continuously Enslaved; it was published by Scarecrow Press in 2002.

In 1981, Tom was the subject of a film, Blind Tom: The Story of Thomas Bethune, directed by Mark W. Travis.

In 1999 John Davis recorded an album of Tom's original compositions on a CD entitled John Davis Plays Blind Tom. The CD package included essays by Amiri Baraka, Ricky Jay and Oliver Sacks.

In 2006, Reagan Grimsley published an article about preserving the sheet music of Blind Tom for future generations. Titled "Discovering "Blind" Tom Wiggins: Creating Digital Access to Original Sheet Music at the Columbus State University Archives", it appeared in Music Reference Quarterly.

A full-length biography, The Ballad of Blind Tom, by Deirdre O'Connell was published by Overlook Press in 2009.

Andre T. Regan's 2013 documentary, The Last Legal Slave in America, documents the life and times of Blind Tom.

The Elton John song "The Ballad of Blind Tom", from his 2013 album The Diving Board, is about Blind Tom.

Blind Tom Wiggins is the subject of a novel, The Song of the Shank, (2014) by Jeffrey Reynard Allen.

Blind Tom Wiggins is also the subject in a sequence of poems in Olio (2016) by Tyehimba Jess.

In 2019, Blind Tom was featured on a mural depicting the history of performing and visual arts in New Braunfels, Texas as part of the city's 175th anniversary celebration.

title: Blind Tom Wiggins


text: User talk:64.247.205.130

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:64.247.205.130


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Memphis Theological Seminary

Memphis Theological Seminary is an ecumenical seminary of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Memphis, Tennessee. Although it is affiliated with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, it accepts and trains ministerial candidates from other denominations as well. Besides the traditional Master of Divinity (MDiv), Memphis Theological Seminary also grants the Master of Arts in Christian Ministry (MACM) with concentrations in Social Justice, Christian Education, and Chaplaincy, as well as the Doctor of Ministry (DMin). It also administers the Cumberland Presbyterian denomination's Program of Alternate Studies or PAS.

MTS is a continuation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Theological School. It was moved from the campus of Bethel College (now Bethel University) in McKenzie, Tennessee, to Memphis in 1964.

The president is Jody Hill. The seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS) and the Commission on Colleges and Schools of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). The seminary is also approved by the University Senate of the United Methodist Church to educate United Methodist theological students.

The seminary is located in Midtown Memphis at the corner of Union Avenue and East Parkway, across town from the denominational Cumberland Presbyterian Center in Cordova, Tennessee.

Notable alumni

 * E. A. Carmean

title: Memphis Theological Seminary


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Talk:Dudu

I don't believe it's fair use to quote the entire text of the original lyrics... --Shallot 18:34, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dudu


text: Talk:Diablerets

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Philippe van Lansberge

Johan Philip Lansberge (25 August 1561 – 8 December 1632) was a Flemish Calvinist Minister, astronomer and Mathematician. His name is sometimes written Lansberg, and his first name is sometimes given as Philip or  Johannes Philippus. He published under the Latin name Philippus Lansbergius.

He is best known as the author of a set of astronomical tables, Tabulae motuum coelestium perpetuæ, for predicting planetary positions. These were later found to contain certain errors, in part because he (erroneously) did not accept Kepler's discovery of elliptical orbits. He served as a Protestant clergyman.

Martinus Hortensius was one of his students, and Landsberge subsequently collaborated with his former pupil.

He was born in Ghent in modern-day Belgium in 1561. He grew up in France and studied in England. After the Fall of Antwerp in 1585, he moved to the northern part of the Netherlands. He stayed in Leiden for a short time, and then he went to Goes to become a preacher. Lansbergen lived there until 1613. In that year, he was fired because he did not agree with a mayoral election. The fifty-two-year-old Lansbergen decided to move to Middelburg to devote himself to astronomical research, which he did until the end of his life.

Lansbergen supported the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, who claimed that the Earth revolves around the Sun. This theory was controversial in both Catholic and Protestant circles, where the geocentric theory had been more widely held.

He married Sara Lievaerts in 1586 and they had six sons and four daughters. He had a great reputation, because of his rare knowledge and expertise. Not only in matters of the church, but even more in mathematics and physics. In 1611, his son Pieter (1587) became a preacher in Goes. Jacob, another son, moved to Goes as well, but became a medical doctor. Lansbergens' oldest son, also called Philippus, was a preacher in Kloetinge and died there in 1647.

Lansbergen wrote several books. One of those, "Considerations about the daily and yearly movements of the Earth", became a best-seller. One could say that Lansbergen was the first Dutch author that wrote a popular book about the movements of the planets around the Sun.

Kepler and Galileo, who lived in the same period, were very interested in the work of Lansbergen. Based on his tables, they could predict the movements of the planets more accurately.

Lansbergen probably lived in the "Spanjaardstraat" in Middelburg. He had frequent contacts with sympathizers, like the Dutch poet Jacob Cats. Cats wrote three poems about the "very wise, famous, and honored Philippus Lansbergen".

He died in Middelburg in December 1632.

The Philippus Lansbergen Public Observatory in Middleburg is named after him, and so is the lunar crater Lansberg.

title: Philippe van Lansberge


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User:Ambarish/Sandbox

Todo

Accessories

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title: User:Ambarish/Sandbox


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Pyramidal peak

A pyramidal peak, sometimes called a glacial horn in extreme cases, is an angular, sharply pointed mountain peak which results from the cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from a central point. Pyramidal peaks are often examples of nunataks.

Formation
Glaciers, typically forming in drainages on the sides of a mountain, develop bowl-shaped basins called cirques (sometimes called ‘corries’ - from Scottish Gaelic coire [kʰəɾə] (a bowl) - or cwms). Cirque glaciers have rotational sliding that abrades the floor of the basin more than walls and that causes the bowl shape to form. As cirques are formed by glaciation in an alpine environment, the headwall and ridges between parallel glaciers called arêtes become more steep and defined. This occurs due to freeze/thaw and mass wasting beneath the ice surface. It is widely held that a common cause for headwall steepening and extension headward is the crevasses known as bergschrund that occur between the moving ice and the headwall. Plucking and shattering can be seen here by those exploring the crevasses. A cirque is exposed when the glacier that created it recedes.

When three or more of these cirques converge on a central point, they create a pyramid-shaped peak with steep walls. These horns are a common shape for mountain tops in highly glaciated areas. The number of faces of a horn depends on the number of cirques involved in the formation of the peak: three to four is most common. Horns with more than four faces include the Weissmies and the Mönch. A peak with four symmetrical faces is called a Matterhorn (after the Matterhorn, a mountain in the Alps).

The peak of a glacial horn will often outlast the arêtes on its flanks. As the rock around it erodes, the horn gains in prominence. Eventually, a glacial horn will have near vertical faces on all sides. In the Alps, "horn" is also the name of very exposed peaks with slope inclinations of 45-60° (e.g. Kitzbüheler Horn).

Examples

 * Alpamayo in Ancash, Peru
 * Artesonraju in Ancash, Peru
 * Belalakaya, Greater Caucasus, Russia
 * Crowsnest Mountain in Alberta, Canada
 * Cuillin in Skye, Scotland
 * Errigal in County Donegal, Ireland
 * Fitz Roy in Patagonia, South America
 * Grand Teton in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, United States
 * K2 in China and Pakistan
 * Kamenitsa, Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria
 * Ketil in Greenland
 * Khan Tengri in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and China
 * Kinnerly Peak in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States
 * The Kitzsteinhorn in Salzburg, Austria
 * The Matterhorn in Italy and Switzerland
 * Momin Dvor, Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria
 * Mount Aspiring/Tititea in Otago, New Zealand
 * Mount Assiniboine in British Columbia, Canada
 * Mount Thielsen in Oregon, United States
 * Mount Wilbur in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States
 * Nevado Las Agujas in Los Ríos, Chile
 * Nevado Pirámide in Peru
 * Pilot Peak in Wyoming, United States
 * Puy Mary in Cantal, France
 * Pyramiden in Greenland
 * Reynolds Mountain in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States
 * Shivling in Uttarakhand, India
 * Stob Dearg in Glen Coe, Scotland
 * Store Skagastølstind in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway
 * The Horn in Victoria, Australia
 * The Pyramid in Antarctica
 * The Storr in Skye, Scotland
 * Snowdon in Snowdonia, Wales
 * Vihren, Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria

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Amanda Walsh

Amanda Walsh (born October 3, 1981) is a Canadian actress, writer, and former VJ for the Canadian television station MuchMusic.

Early life
Walsh was born in Rigaud, Quebec. She went to Hudson High School, in Hudson, Quebec.

Career
Walsh began working as a professional actor at age 12. She has dabbled in sketches and stand-up comedy, with numerous TV appearances. She won a gold medal win at the 2000 Improv Games in Quebec as a member of the "8 People" troupe. She is a graduate from John Abbott College, Creative Arts program.

MuchMusic
Walsh was encouraged to apply for the position of a MuchMusic VJ by one of the channel's producer while waiting tables in Hudson, Quebec. She applied and got the job, becoming the youngest VJ in MuchMusic history at the age of nineteen. She has hosted or co-hosted many programmes including Much Top Tens, Electric Circus, MuchOnDemand, Fandemonium and others. She left MuchMusic in 2004 to pursue an acting career.

2000s work
Walsh made appearances on TV shows such as Smallville, Veronica Mars, and also had a minor role in the film Disturbia. In 2005, she starred opposite David Boreanaz in the movie These Girls, based on the play by Vivienne Laxdale. The movie was shown at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. She had a small role in the movie "Stardom (2000)" playing an overenthusiastic VJ on a parody of the Canadian music channel MuchMusic.

After moving to Los Angeles, Walsh got a starring role in the ABC mid-season replacement Sons & Daughters, which premiered in March 2006. Sons & Daughters was a semi-improvisational sitcom. The show was canceled, with only eleven episodes created. Her portrayal of Katie in the unaired pilot for the sitcom The Big Bang Theory was not well-received. However, the character was re-written and Walsh was replaced by Kaley Cuoco (as Penny) in the second pilot.

In 2007, she had a role in the ABC movie Full of It as Vicki Sanders. In 2008, Walsh had a role in the Internet series The Remnants with Ze Frank. She can be seen in the 2009 comedy film Ghosts of Girlfriends Past. In 2010, she appeared in ABC Family's Beauty and the Briefcase playing Hilary Duff's best friend Joanne. She was cast as the lead in the pilot episode for The CW's dramedy Danni Lowinski. She made appearances in the TV shows Grimm, Two and a Half Men and NCIS. In 2014–2015, she appeared in ten episodes of the TV show Lost Girl as Elizabeth Helm/Zee. In 2017, she appeared in the second season of  Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency in the central role of Suzie Boreton. The show was canceled at the end of the season.

Walsh became one of the story editors for the Canadian TV comedy Schitt's Creek and wrote one of the episodes for season 1. Walsh then had a role in the 2022 film Doula. Walsh appeared in season three of the Canadian drama Pretty Hard Cases.

title: Amanda Walsh


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Talk:Over the knee

 * Delete. It's a silly article topic for an encyclopedia. It's not informative. The only link leading to it is a See Also. -- Lev 18:46, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Silly, useless. Delete. - Lucky 6.9 21:28, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In present form, nothing worth saving. However the term is in wide use in the community of those interested in such things, and I could see a much better article being written by someone.  However, right now I'd vote for a redirect to Erotic spanking since I don't see that it covers anything that can't be there. —Morven
 * I think Erotic spanking is a bad choice for redirect, but I do agree with the idea in principle. I will try and dig up a better article for it. Burgundavia 04:03, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Possible redirect to spanking. Burgundavia 04:06, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to spanking. -Sean 03:56, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirecting to spanking is as good a solution as any. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:01, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Over the knee


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Good Eats

Good Eats is an American television cooking show, created and hosted by Alton Brown, which aired in North America on Food Network and later Cooking Channel. Likened to television science educators Mr. Wizard and Bill Nye, Brown explores the science and technique behind the cooking, the history of different foods, and the advantages of different kinds of cooking equipment. The show tends to focus on familiar dishes that can easily be made at home, and also features segments on choosing the right appliances, and getting the most out of inexpensive, multi-purpose tools. Each episode has a distinct theme, which is typically an ingredient or a certain cooking technique, but may also be a more general theme such as Thanksgiving. In the tenth anniversary episode, Brown stated that the show was inspired by the idea of combining Julia Child, Mr. Wizard, and Monty Python. On May 11, 2011, Brown confirmed that the series would come to an end, ceasing production at episode 249. Good Eats is the third longest running Food Network series, behind 30 Minute Meals and Barefoot Contessa.

In 2018, Cooking Channel premiered a spin-off, Good Eats: Reloaded, which combines footage from past episodes with new segments commenting on advances in cooking science and knowledge that had occurred since the original airdate. In 2019, the series was revived, with a new season on Food Network in August 2019. A second season of the revival was produced but in July 2021, Brown announced that Good Eats: The Return would not be returning for a third season.

Format
The show had a distinct visual style involving Dutch angles and shots from cameras placed inside and on various items in the kitchen, including the ovens, refrigerator, and microwave oven. In some episodes, Brown and other actors play various characters to tell the story of the food. For example, in the episode "The Big Chili," Brown played a cowboy trying to rustle up the ideal pot of chili. In the episode "Give Peas a Chance" (a parody of The Exorcist), Brown plays a Father Merrin-like character who tries to convince a "possessed" child to eat (and like) peas. In other episodes Brown is simply himself, but interacts with fictional characters such as his eggplant- and tomato-wielding neighbor Mr. McGregor, or a city councilman who refuses to eat fudge. He also uses various makeshift teaching aids to demonstrate scientific concepts. They also feature many episodes where the ingredients themselves are portrayed by actors, represented by an agent who uses Brown to "gussy up" these foods for mainstream appeal.

Episodes of Good Eats typically began with an introductory monologue or skit that leads into the phrase "good eats." The show often closed with the phrase as well. For the first several seasons, Brown himself would say the words "good eats." Since approximately season seven, however, Brown avoids saying "good eats" at the end of the intro, stopping just short and allowing the main title graphics to complete the phrase.

Episodes were primarily set in the (fictional) kitchen of Brown's house, although his actual home kitchen was used in "Give Peas a Chance." In seasons 1–4, the episodes were shot in the actual home kitchen of Brown's original partners in the Atlanta, Georgia, area. In season 5, taping moved to the new home of the show's Line Producer (Dana Popoff) and Director of Photography (Marion Laney), in which they built a much larger and more versatile kitchen for taping. A 7 ft section of the island was built for the show and placed on wheels, so it can be moved (or removed) for various shots, and a 12 sqft grid of pipe was hung from the ceiling, for easier placement of cameras and microphones. Starting with season 7, the show moved, this time to an exact replica of the previous kitchen and surrounding areas of the home, built on a sound stage. In the "Behind the Eats" special, Brown said that complaints by Popoff's neighbors (not adjacent neighbors but at the end of the block) prompted the move. The stove top and the sink are the only functioning pieces in this kitchen. Many of the other appliances have even had part of their backs removed, so shots of Brown can be taken from inside cabinets, ovens, and refrigerators. This change was generally not known until after season 7 started airing when the house used in season 5–6 was put on eBay for sale. It was then revealed that they had moved. It is generally thought that in the "Q" episode on barbecue that was taped in Brown's Airstream trailer, when Brown says that they are "building the set for Good Eats: The Motion Picture" this is in reality a reference to the new house set. The set was not officially unveiled on the show as a set until "Curious Yet Tasty Avocado Experiments."

Incidental music during the show is typically a variation of the show's theme, which in turn was inspired by music from the film Get Shorty. There are dozens of variations of the theme played throughout, crossing all genres of music, including the keypad tones in "Mission: Poachable" and nearly every incidence where a countdown of ten seconds is used. New music is composed for each episode by Patrick Belden of Belden Music and Sound. Brown met Belden while working on other projects before Brown's culinary training.

Each episode also featured tidbits, text pieces containing trivia related to the food or cooking technique featured in the episode. These are always shown just before ad breaks, and are often shown between major transitions in location or cooking action. The information presented is usually notes about the history of the food or technique, helpful cooking hints, or technical or scientific information which would be too detailed or dry to include as part of the show's live content.

During the show's first seasons, at the end of each episode Brown would give a summary of the important points covered during the episode; these points would be shown on the screen as he talked. These summaries still appear in later seasons from time to time, but rarely have the textual accompaniment. Brown also traveled to food manufacturing facilities frequently in the first few seasons to talk with experts about the foods being featured. In later seasons, he still visits farms, groves, and other places food is grown as well as processing plants and other factories, but less frequently.

Beginning in season 9, episodes have been recorded in high definition, and these episodes also appear on Food Network HD.

Cast and crew
A staple feature of Good Eats is the presence of several recurring characters who play important roles on the show, from Brown's relatives and neighbors to various nemeses. In season 9, the episode "Behind the Eats" offered a backstage look at the show's production and revealed the origin of several characters. In the episode, Brown stated that all of the show's staff members have appeared on camera at some point.

Several members of Brown's real-life family have appeared on the show. His mother had a walk-on part; his daughter, Zoey, has appeared in several episodes; and his late grandmother, "Ma" Mae Skelton, co-hosted the biscuit episode "The Dough Also Rises." Even his Basset Hound and iguana have shown up in a couple of episodes. However, his then-wife DeAnna (who is also the show's executive producer) has never appeared in an episode, though she was mentioned in "Where There's Smoke, There's Fish." Specialists who hold real-life positions commonly appeared as themselves to provide Brown with useful information on the topic at hand.

Real
Brown plays other roles from time to time, often consisting of him explaining something in the foreground while another Alton Brown demonstrates in the background (similar to the technique used to present B.A. Brown). Sometimes he participates in an on-screen skit to re-enact such topics as cavemen discovering cooking techniques, while providing a voice-over narrative. At other times Brown talks to another character played by himself, with the camera cutting between the two as each delivers his lines, for instance, when he is (also) playing a Government Agent.

History
Two pilot episodes for Good Eats (" Steak Your Claim" and "This Spud's For You") aired on the Chicago, Illinois, PBS affiliate WTTW-TV in July 1998.

The show was discovered by Food Network when an executive saw a clip of the show on the Eastman Kodak website which used the clip to showcase a new type of film stock sold by the company. The show was picked up in July 1999 by Food Network, which then owned exclusive rights to the show. The back catalog of shows were added to the repeat rotation of sister network Cooking Channel in the fall of 2011, and Brown announced that his contract with Food Network had expired and moved to Cooking Channel in 2011.

New episodes aired on Wednesdays in the late evenings from 1999 to 2007, when they were moved to Mondays at 8 p.m. From July 9, 2007, until summer 2009, at least two different episodes aired each weeknight (8 p.m. and 11 p.m., along with late-night replays at 2 a.m.), with a third airing on Wednesday nights at 8:30 p.m.; additional episodes were occasionally added (usually coinciding with a Food Network series or event).

On October 10, 2009, Good Eats celebrated its 10th anniversary with an hour-long live stage show aired on the Food Network. Guests included Ted Allen of Food Detectives and Chopped. One of the demonstrations in the show proved that a fire extinguisher was not a unitasker, as Brown constantly repeated in regular episodes that the fire extinguisher was the only unitasker in the kitchen.

On the January 4, 2010, episode, Good Eats revealed Brown's changed eating habits that led to his losing 50 lb in 9 months. Brown emphasized that he was not on a diet in the modern American sense of the word (a temporary change in eating habits), but in the original Greek meaning (a permanent shift). Brown went on to describe a regimen that prescribes certain healthful foods with specific degrees of regularity (daily, once every two days, etc.) while proscribing unhealthy foods. Prescribed foods included breakfast every day (usually a fruit smoothie), oily fish, whole grains, etc. The episode comically claimed the entire story was in Brown's new book, Buff Like Me.

Reception
Good Eats was nominated for the James Beard Foundation's "Best T.V. Food Journalism Award" in 2000, and the series earned a Peabody Award in 2006. "Rarely has science been taught on TV in such an entertaining – and appetizing – manner as it is in Alton Brown's goofy, tirelessly inventive series."

In 2011, Brown was given the James Beard Award for Best TV Food Personality for his work on Good Eats.

End of the first run
On May 9, 2011, Brown announced via his Twitter that he was "retiring" the show after 249 episodes, and there would be three new one-hour episodes to be produced and premiered in 2011. The back catalog of shows were added to the repeat rotation of sister network Cooking Channel in the fall of 2011, and Brown announced that his contract with Food Network had expired and moved to Cooking Channel in 2011.

The crew of the show with their families were shown at the end of the first hour-long episodes ("Right On Q") eating BBQ while Brown narrated that truly a BBQ is just an event meant to be shared with friends and family. In the special Thanksgiving episode of 2011, "Reromancing the Bird," favorite characters of the show—sister Marsha, niece Marsha Jr., neighbor Chuck, the southerner Uncle Colonel Bob Boatwright, the food agent Sid, Frances Andersen portraying Uncle Bob's nurse, and the Dungeon Master—reappeared for a last time as a final tribute to their contribution to the show. At the end of the final episode, for the first time in years, Brown did not finish the show with the line "see you next time on Good Eats." Instead, he said, "Stay dark, America," snapped his fingers, and the screen went dark.

The final episode of Good Eats, titled "Turn on the Dark," was aired February 10, 2012. Brown announced via Facebook earlier that day at approximately 2:00 p.m. EST:

"Tonight at 8pm: The final, oh so special installment of Good Eats. It's an hour-long ep called 'Turn on the Dark'. Chocolate fans take note. Repeats at 3am on the 11th, then Feb 12 at 7pm then Feb 13 at 11am.

And yes, I'm kinda sad."

When asked about the end of the show on the August 29, 2012, episode of The Nerdist Podcast, Brown stated "I've put Good Eats into cryogenic holding. I'm not saying it's gone. I didn't shoot it in the head, I didn't kill it, but after 13 solid years of production, I needed a break."

In an interview with Larry King, Brown said "I crossed the 250-episode line, and I realized that I was tired. It was a very stressful show to make; it was completely scripted, we did between 300 and 600 pages of research. I can only do 22 a year, because they were very involved. We shot them like movies, single-camera I crossed that line, and I also kind of saw the writing on the wall, I think, which was that the era of the instructional or educational culinary show was frankly coming to an end in primetime. I think I saw that primetime food shows were going to go to competitions and reality. I would have rather put it out to pasture than be cancelled."

Good Eats: The Return and Good Eats: Reloaded
Brown addressed the future of Good Eats at the end of a video he posted to his official Facebook page on July 16, 2015. In response to fan questions, Brown replied: "You want to see Good Eats again? Get in touch with the Food Network. Tell them you want it. Tell them I sent you."

On Alton's 2016 book tour, he stated Good Eats will have a "sequel," and it would be released the next year on the Internet.

On September 3, 2017, at the annual Dragon Con convention in Atlanta, Georgia, Alton Brown announced the successor of Good Eats. The new 30-minute show, then titled Good Eats: Return of the Eats, would air on the Food Network while additional content would be available online. Brown made the announcement while surrounded by several members of the production and on-air teams responsible for Good Eats, including Vickie Eng, Widdi Turner, and Lucky Yates. Return of the Eats was to debut in 2018, but was pushed back to 2019. On June 3, 2019, Brown announced via social media that the show, now titled Good Eats: The Return, would debut Sunday, August 25, at 10 pm ET. The first episode was, however, premiered early on Food Network's official YouTube channel on August 21, 2019, before its television debut. The episode reached number one on the worldwide YouTube trending list within hours.

On October 15, 2018, Cooking Channel premiered a spin-off series, Good Eats: Reloaded, featuring Brown revisiting 13 past episodes of the series with new scenes and recipes reflecting advancements in techniques and knowledge since their original airings. The second season, spotlighting and re-working 13 more episodes, premiered on April 13, 2020.

On August 6, 2020, Brown announced on Facebook that a new season of Good Eats: The Return had begun production, with new episodes due out either in late 2020 or early 2021. This second season premiered as a Discovery+ exclusive in early 2021, but by June 2021 had started airing on Food Network alongside a special Alton-led Chopped tournament called "Alton's Maniacal Baskets". A special one-hour Halloween-themed episode, "The House That Dripped Chocolate", aired on October 8, 2020. On July 13, 2021, the final episodes of Good Eats: The Return aired on Food Network; Brown commented on his Facebook page that these episodes would not only be the end of Good Eats: The Return but the conclusion of all Good Eats programming.

Books
American publishers Stewart, Tabori and Chang released three separate volumes compiling the bulk of recipes featured on the television show. All of the recipes were transcribed and updated by Alton Brown. The first book, Good Eats: The Early Years was released in October 2009 and featured an original cover art by illustrator Michael Koelsch. It covered the first 80 episodes. The second book, Good Eats 2: The Middle Years was released a year later in October 2010 and featured an original cover art by illustrator Jim Salvati depicting Brown in a James Bond spoof. It covered episodes 81 through 164 and was packaged with a bonus DVD. The third book, Good Eats 3: The Later Years, was released another year later in October 2011 and featured an original cover art by illustrator Michael Koelsch depicting Brown in an Indiana Jones spoof. It covered episodes 165 through 249.

In early 2011, the first two books were packaged into a boxed set titled Good Eats: Two-Volume Set - Episodes 1 Through 164. In October 2013, all three books were packaged into an updated boxed set titled Good Eats: Three-Volume Set - The Complete Episodes.

In June 2021, on an episode of his QQ online series, he said he was putting the finishing touches on the manuscript of what he called "the fourth and final Good Eats book", which will presumably cover recipes from "Turn on the Dark" (the final original Good Eats episode which was not included in The Later Years for some reason) and both seasons of Good Eats: The Return.

title: Good Eats


text:
Bodhicitta

In Mahayana Buddhism, bodhicitta, ("enlightenment-mind" or "the thought of awakening"), is the mind (citta) that is aimed at awakening (bodhi), with wisdom and compassion for the benefit of all sentient beings. Bodhicitta is the defining quality of the Mahayana bodhisattva (a being striving towards Buddhahood) and the act of giving rise to bodhicitta (bodhicittotpāda) is what makes a bodhisattva a bodhisattva. The Daśabhūmika Sūtra explains that the arising of bodhicitta is the first step in the bodhisattva's career.

Etymology
Etymologically, the word is a combination of the Sanskrit words bodhi and citta. Bodhi means "awakening" or "enlightenment". Citta derives from the Sanskrit root cit, and means "that which is conscious" (i.e., mind or consciousness). Bodhicitta may be translated as "awakening mind" or "mind of enlightenment". It is also sometimes translated as "the thought of enlightenment."

Indian sources
The term bodhicitta is defined and explained in different ways by different Mahayana Buddhist sources. According to Paul Williams, the basic meaning of bodhicitta in Indian sources (such as Atisha's Bodhipathapradipa) is the lofty motivation to "strive to bring a complete end to all the sufferings of others along with their own suffering...This bodhicitta results from deep compassion (karuna) for the suffering of others."

According to the Bodhisattvabhumi, the bodhisattva who gives rise to bodhicitta thinks thus:

"O may I obtain supreme and perfect Enlightenment, promote the good of all beings, and establish them in the final and complete nirvana and in the Buddha-knowledge!"

Thus, according to the Bodhisattvabhumi, bodhicitta has two objects of thought or themes (alambana): bodhi and the good of the living beings (sattv-ārtha).

According to Indian sources, the bodhicitta aspiration provides incalculable merit (such as good rebirths, a weakening of the defilements, increased mindfulness and luck). Bodhicitta is what makes someone a Mahayana bodhisattva, a child of the Buddha. Thus, the Indian Buddhist author Shantideva (8th century) writes in his Bodhicaryavatara: Those who long to transcend the hundreds of miseries of existence, who long to relieve creatures of their sorrows, who long to enjoy many hundreds of joys, must never abandon bodhicitta.

When bodhicitta has arisen in him, a wretch, captive in the prison of existence, he is straightway hailed son of the Sugatas [the Buddhas], to be revered in the worlds of gods and men. According to Paul Williams, bodhicitta in early Mahāyāna works was less well defined and meant a "certain state of mind" characteristic of a bodhisattva. According to Ulrich Pagel, numerous Mahāyāna sūtras, like the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, see the arising of bodhicitta (bodhicittotpāda) as an ongoing process which must be constantly refurbished (rather than as a static event).

Modern definitions
According to the 14th Dalai Lama, bodhicitta is: "the aspiration to bring about the welfare of all sentient beings and to attain buddhahood for their sake - is really the distilled essence, the squeeze juice, of all the Buddha's teachings, because ultimately, the Buddha's intention is to lead all sentient beings to perfect enlightenment."Some modern East Asian authors on Buddhism, such as D.T. Suzuki and M. Anesaki, define bodhicitta as an immanent inner awakening. For example, Anesaki writes that bodhicitta is "the primordial essence of our mind, which in itself consists in the supreme bodhi."

According to Zoketsu Norman Fischer, bodhicitta is a spontaneous wish to attain enlightenment motivated by great compassion for all sentient beings, accompanied by a falling away of the attachment to the illusion of an inherently existing self.

Fischer adds that bodhicitta, along with the mind of great compassion (mahakaruna), motivates one to attain enlightenment Buddhahood, as quickly as possible and benefit infinite sentient beings through their emanations and other skillful means. Bodhicitta is a felt need to replace others' suffering with bliss. Since the ultimate end of suffering is nirvana, bodhicitta necessarily involves a motivation to help others to awaken (to find bodhi).

Types and stages of bodhicitta
Mahayana Buddhist thinkers also developed different models which described different forms and levels of bodhicitta.

According to the Bodhisattvabhumi, there are two main stages of the development of bodhicitta:

 * a kind of bodhicitta which can be lost
 * the permanent kind of bodhicitta which cannot be lost and leads directly to enlightenment.

Furthermore, according to Shantideva, there are two types of bodhicitta:

 * bodhicitta which is a mere wish or aspiration (bodhipranidhicitta)
 * active bodhicitta (bodhiprasthanacitta) which consists of actually practicing the path in line with one's intent

In Tibetan Buddhism
A common Tibetan Buddhist distinction is that between relative and absolute (or ultimate) bodhicitta. Relative bodhicitta is a state of mind in which the practitioner works for the good of all beings as if it were their own. Absolute bodhicitta is the wisdom of shunyata (śunyatā, a Sanskrit term often translated as "emptiness", though the alternatives "vast expanse" or "openness" or "spaciousness" probably convey the idea better to Westerners).

In his book Words of My Perfect Teacher, the Tibetan Buddhist teacher Patrul Rinpoche describes three degrees of bodhicitta:

 * King-like bodhicitta, in which a bodhisattva primarily seeks his own benefit but who recognizes that his benefit depends crucially on that of his kingdom and his subjects.
 * Boatman-like bodhicitta, in which a bodhisattva ferries his passengers across the river and simultaneously, of course, ferries himself as well
 * Shepherd-like bodhicitta, who makes sure that all his sheep arrive safely ahead of him and places their welfare above his own.

According to Patrul Rinpoche, the way of the shepherd bodhisattva is the best and highest way.

Some bodhicitta practices emphasize the absolute (e.g. vipaśyanā), while others emphasize the relative (e.g. metta), but both aspects are seen in all Mahāyāna practice as essential to enlightenment, especially in the Tibetan practices of tonglen and lojong. Without the absolute, the relative can degenerate into pity and sentimentality, whereas the absolute without the relative can lead to nihilism and lack of desire to engage other sentient beings for their benefit.

Practice
Mahāyāna Buddhist practice focuses on the Bodhisattva-ideal, which begins with the arousing of bodhicitta. Mahāyāna teaches that the broader motivation of achieving one's own enlightenment "in order to help all sentient beings" is the best possible motivation one can have for any action, whether it be working in one's vocation, teaching others, or even making an incense offering. The Six Perfections (Pāramitās) of Buddhism only become true "perfections" when they are done with the motivation of bodhicitta. Thus, the action of giving (Skt. dāna) can be done in a mundane sense, or it can be a pāramitā if it is conjoined with bodhicitta. Bodhicitta is the primary positive factor to be cultivated.

Cultivation
The Mahāyāna tradition provides specific methods for the intentional cultivation of both absolute and relative bodhicitta. This cultivation is considered to be a fundamental aspect of the path to Buddhahood. Practitioners of the Mahāyāna make it their primary goal to develop genuine uncontrived bodhicitta, which remains within their mindstreams continuously without having to rely on conscious effort. This is assisted by numerous methods, contemplation, rituals and meditations, such as: relying on a spiritual friend, taking refuge in the three jewels, and contemplating the defects of samsara (cyclic existence), the benefits of arousing bodhicitta (as well as the downsides of abandoning it), and developing spiritual qualities such as faith (sraddha), mindfulness and wisdom (prajña).

Tibetan methods
Among the many methods for developing uncontrived bodhicitta given in Tibetan Mahāyāna teachings are:
 * A. So as to arouse Bodhicitta, the main aspect, the Four Immeasurables (Brahmavihara) contemplation and practice:
 * Immeasurable Loving-Kindness (Maitrī),
 * Immeasurable Compassion (Karunā),
 * Immeasurable Joy in the Good Fortune of Others (Muditā),
 * Immeasurable Equanimity (Upekṣā) and
 * B. So as to aspire Bodhicitta:
 * The Lojong (mind training) practices:
 * Others as equal to self: Exchanging self and others: (Tonglen) the Sending and Receiving while breathing practice,
 * Others as more important: Viewing all other sentient beings as having been our mothers in infinite past lives, and feeling gratitude for the many occasions on which they have taken care of us.
 * C. So as to apply Bodhicitta and achieve enlightenment:
 * The repeated Pāramitās practice cycle: 1) Generosity, 2) Virtue, 3) Patience, 4) Effort, 5) Meditation, and 6) Insight.

In Lojong's 59 slogans, Point Two: The main practice, which is training in absolute and relative bodhicitta.
 * A. Absolute Bodhicitta
 * Slogan 2. Regard all dharmas as dreams; although experiences may seem solid, they are passing memories.
 * Slogan 3. Examine the nature of unborn awareness.
 * Slogan 4. Self-liberate even the antidote.
 * Slogan 5. Rest in the nature of alaya, the essence, the present moment.
 * Slogan 6. In post-meditation, be a child of illusion.

 * B.Relative Bodhicitta
 * Slogan 7. Sending and taking should be practiced alternately. These two should ride the breath (aka. practice Tonglen).
 * Slogan 8. Three objects, three poisons, three roots of virtue—the 3 objects are friends, enemies and neutrals. The 3 poisons are craving, aversion and indifference.  The 3 roots of virtue are the remedies.
 * Slogan 9. In all activities, train with slogans.
 * Slogan 10. Begin the sequence of sending and taking with yourself.

When only realizing Śūnyatā, the practitioner might not benefit others, so the Mahayana path unites emptiness and compassion, this keeps from falling into the two limits and remaining on the middle way. Traditionally, Bodhisattvas practice meditative concentration at the beginning toward attaining the noble one's wisdom level, then the main practice becomes benefiting others spontaneously, unlike other paths that might discontinue benefiting others.

All the conducive causes and auspicious conditions should be complete for bodhicitta to properly arise. After continued training, these qualities can arise in the mind without contrivance.

The two main traditions in taking the Bodhicitta vows are: 1) Nagarjuna's profound view chariot and, 2) Asanga's vast conduct chariot. After which this is guarded with what to avoid, and what to adopt.

The practice can be divided into three parts: 1) mind training, 2) arousing bodhicitta, and 3) training in what to adopt and what to avoid. These can be called the 1) preliminary practice, 2) main practice, and 3) concluding practice. The preliminary practice is training in the four boundless qualities. The main practice is arousing Bodhicitta and taking vows. The concluding practice is training in what to adopt and guarding without fail against what to avoid.

The Ancient Tibetan school preliminary practice cycle in the Samantabhadra to Longchenpa to Jigme Lingpa's lineage of the Excellent Part to Omniscience: Vast Expanse Heart Essence. Invocation; Confession; Faith with Refuge: Mind Series Bodhichitta nature in the channels, inner air, and tigles; Mandala of essence, nature, and compassion; Generation: Illusory perceptions like the moon reflecting in the water. Follow like Manjushree to dedicate with the aspiration to realize the innermost meaning and realize to attain Buddhahood as a spiritual warrior.

Two practice lineages
Tibetan Buddhists maintain that there are two main ways to cultivate Bodhichitta, the "Seven Causes and Effects" that originates from Maitreya and was taught by Atisha, and "Exchanging Self and Others," taught by Shantideva and originally by Manjushri.

According to Tsongkhapa the seven causes and effects are thus:
 * 1) recognizing all beings as your mothers;
 * 2) recollecting their kindness;
 * 3) the wish to repay their kindness;
 * 4) love;
 * 5) great compassion;
 * 6) wholehearted resolve;
 * 7) bodhichitta.

According to Pabongka Rinpoche the second method consists of the following meditations:
 * 1) how self and others are equal;
 * 2) contemplating the many faults resulting from self-cherishing;
 * 3) contemplating the many good qualities resulting from cherishing others;
 * 4) the actual contemplation on the interchange of self and others;
 * 5) with these serving as the basis, the way to meditate on giving and taking (tonglen).

Universality
The practice and realization of bodhicitta are independent of sectarian considerations, since they are fundamentally a part of the human experience. Bodhisattvas are not only recognized in the Theravāda school of Buddhism, but in all other religious traditions and among those of no formal religious tradition. The present fourteenth Dalai Lama, for instance, regarded Mother Teresa as one of the greatest modern bodhisattvas.

Source texts
Important later source texts on bodhicitta for Tibetan Buddhism include:

 * Bodhisattvabhumi (The Bodhisattva Levels)
 * Śāntideva's A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way Of Life (c. 700 CE),
 * Atisha's Bodhipathapradipa
 * Thogme Zangpo's Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva (12th century CE),
 * Langri Tangpa's Eight Verses for Training the Mind (c. 1100 CE), and
 * Geshe Chekhawa Training the Mind in Seven Points in the 12th century CE.

title: Bodhicitta


text:
Sherman Hemsley

Sherman Alexander Hemsley (February 1, 1938 – July 24, 2012) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as George Jefferson on the CBS television series All in the Family (1973–1975; 1978) and The Jeffersons (1975–1985), Deacon Ernest Frye on the NBC series Amen (1986–1991), and B. P. Richfield on the ABC series Dinosaurs. Hemsley also played Judge Carl Robertson on the NBC series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. For his work on The Jeffersons, Hemsley was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award. Hemsley also won an NAACP Image Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy Series or Special ("The Jeffersons") in 1982.

Early life, education and service
Hemsley was born and raised in South Philadelphia by his mother, who worked in a lamp factory. Hemsley did not meet his father until he was 14. Hemsley graduated from Barrat Middle School. For high school, Hemsley attended Central High School for ninth grade and Bok Technical High School for tenth. Hemsley dropped out of school after the tenth grade and joined the United States Air Force, where he served for four years.

On leaving the Air Force, Hemsley returned to Philadelphia, where he worked for the United States Postal Service during the day while attending the Academy of Dramatic Arts at night. He then moved to New York, continuing to work for the post office during the day while working as an actor at night. He starred as Gitlow in the early 1970s Broadway musical Purlie.

Stage
Hemsley performed with local groups in Philadelphia before moving to New York to study with Lloyd Richards at the Negro Ensemble Company. Shortly after, he joined Vinnette Carroll's Urban Arts Company appearing in these productions: But Never Jam Today, The Lottery, Old Judge Mose is Dead, Moon on a Rainbow Shawl, Step Lively Boys, Croesus, and The Witch. Hemsley made his Broadway debut in Purlie and toured with the show for a year. In the summer of 1972, Hemsley joined the Vinnette Carroll musical Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope ensemble in Toronto, followed a month later in the American Conservatory Theater production at the Geary Theater. In this production, Hemsley performed the solos "Lookin' Over From Your Side" in Act I and "Sermon" in Act II.

Work with Norman Lear
While Hemsley was on Broadway with Purlie, Norman Lear called him in 1971 to play the recurring role of George Jefferson in his new sitcom, All in the Family. Hemsley was reluctant to leave his theatre role, at which Lear told him he would hold the role open for him (another actor, Mel Stewart, played his brother during this time). Hemsley joined the cast two years later. The characters of Hemsley and co-star Isabel Sanford were occasional supporting roles in All in the Family, then were given their own spin-off, The Jeffersons, in 1975. The Jeffersons proved to be one of Lear's most successful series, enjoying a run of eleven seasons through 1985.

1980s, 1990s, and 2000s
Hemsley continued to work steadily after the show's cancellation, largely typecast in George Jefferson-like roles. He teamed with the sitcom's original cast members when The Jeffersons moved to Broadway for a brief run. Hemsley later joined the cast of NBC's Amen in 1986 as Deacon Ernest Frye, a church deacon. The sitcom enjoyed a run of five seasons, ending in 1991. Hemsley then was a voice actor in the ABC live-action puppet series Dinosaurs, where he played Bradley P. Richfield, the boss of the main character, Earl. The series ran four seasons, ending in 1994. In 1995, Hemsley made four appearances in the sitcom Sister, Sister as Tia and Tamera Mowry's grandfather. In 1996, he had the lead role in the TV comedy series Goode Behavior, which lasted for one season.

Hemsley then cut back on his acting career, although Isabel Sanford and he occasionally appeared together in the mid to late 1990s and in the early 2000s, reprising their popular roles in guest appearances on such television series as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air; in commercials for The Gap, Old Navy, and Denny's; and at dry cleaning conventions. He also starred with Sanford in a touring company of The Real Live Jeffersons stage show in the 1990s. Sanford and he made a cameo appearance in the film Sprung (1997). They continued to work together on occasion until Sanford's health declined prior to her death in 2004. In 2001, Hemsley appeared as a contestant on the "Celebrity Classic TV Edition" special of ABC's hit primetime quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and won $125,000 for his charity. Hemsley also made a voice appearance as himself in the Seth MacFarlane animated comedy Family Guy in 2005. He appeared in the film American Pie Presents: The Book of Love (2009). In 2011, he reprised his role as George Jefferson for the final time, alongside Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston, on Tyler Perry's House of Payne. Hemsley was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2012.

Music career
In 1989, Hemsley, who had been a jazz keyboardist, released a single, "Ain't That a Kick in the Head." This was followed in 1992 by Dance, an album of rhythm and blues music. He appeared on Soul Train around the time of the record's release and also performed the song "Eyes in the Dark". Hemsley was an enthusiastic fan of 1970s progressive rock bands, including Yes, Gentle Giant, Gong, and Nektar.

Personal life
Unlike the characters he played, Hemsley was a shy and intensely private man, described by some as reclusive. He avoided the Hollywood limelight and little of his personal life was public knowledge beyond the facts that he never married and he had no children. In 2003, however, Hemsley granted a rare video interview to the Archive of American Television. "[Playing George Jefferson] was hard for me, but he was the character. I had to do it."

Death
Hemsley died at his home in El Paso, Texas on July 24, 2012, at age 74 due to superior vena cava syndrome, a complication associated with lung and bronchial carcinomas. He had a malignant mass in one of his lungs for which chemotherapy and radiation had been recommended, according to the El Paso County Texas Medical Examiner's report.

Aftermath
On August 28, 2012, an El Paso news anchor interviewed Flora Isela Enchinton, the sole beneficiary of Hemsley's will, who said that the two were friends and had been business partners for more than two decades. During this time she lived with Hemsley and his friend Kenny Johnston. Enchinton told the Associated Press that Hemsley never mentioned any relatives. "Some people come out of the woodwork - they think Sherman, they think money," Enchinton told AP. "But the fact is that I did not know Sherman when he was in the limelight. I met them when they [Hemsley and Johnston] came running from Los Angeles with not one penny, when there was nothing but struggle."

A Philadelphia man named Richard Thornton claimed to be Hemsley's brother and the true heir to his estate. After contesting the will, Thornton halted progress on funeral arrangements, and as a result, Hemsley's body remained at the San Jose Funeral Home in El Paso and unburied for months. On November 9, 2012, the legal battle over Hemsley's body ended when Judge Patricia Chew ruled in favor of Enchinton. A military funeral was planned for Hemsley. He was interred at Fort Bliss National Cemetery in his adopted hometown of El Paso.

Film

 * Love at First Bite (1979) - Reverend Mike (film debut)
 * Stewardess School (1986) - Mr. Buttersworth
 * Ghost Fever (1986) - Buford/Jethro
 * Club Fed (1990) - Reverend James Dooley
 * Mr. Nanny (1993) - Burt Wilson
 * Home of Angels (1994) - Buzzard Bracken
 * The Misery Brothers (1995) - Rev. Scheister
 * A Christmas Journey Home (1996) - Steve
 * Sprung (1997) - Earl
 * Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997) - Harvey
 * Senseless (1998) - James
 * Mafia! (1998) - George Jefferson (uncredited)
 * Screwed (2000) - Chip Oswald
 * Hanging in Hedo (2008) - Henry Hunter
 * For The Love Of A Dog (2008) - George O'Donnell
 * American Pie Presents: The Book of Love (2009) - Pastor Reggie Johnston (final film role)

Television

 * All in the Family (1973–1975; 1978) - George Jefferson
 * The Jeffersons (1975–1985) - George Jefferson
 * The Love Boat (1977–1983) - Henry Bullard / Maurice Marshall
 * The Donny & Marie Show (1978?) - Guest star
 * The Incredible Hulk (1979, season 2 episode 18 "No Escape") - Robert
 * Pink Lady (1980; guest-starred) - Himself
 * Purlie (1981, TV Movie) - Gitlow Judson
 * Fantasy Island (November 7, 1981) (Season 5, Episode 5, "Mr. Nobody/La Liberatora") - Charlie Atkins
 * E/R (1984) (guest spots as Nurse Julie Williams') - Uncle George Jefferson
 * The Twilight Zone (1985, Episode: "I of Newton") - Sam
 * Alice in Wonderland (1985, TV Movie) - Mouse
 * Candid Camera (1986) - Dick Sherman
 * Amen (1986–1991) - Deacon Ernest Frye
 * 227 (1988, guest starred in the episode "The Big Deal") - Thurmond Fox
 * Camp Cucamonga (1990, TV Movie) - Herbert Himmel
 * Dinosaurs (1991–1994) - B.P. Richfield (voice)
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1992–1996, guest starred, TV Series) - Judge Carl Robertson / George Jefferson
 * Designing Women (1993, in the episode "Wedding Redux") - Mr. Ray Toussant
 * In Living Color (February 14, 1993) - guest appearance as George Jefferson in sketch, Lashawn: Dry Cleaners
 * Burke's Law (1994, in "Who Killed the Legal Eagle?") - Judge J.R. Powell
 * Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1994, in the Episode "Seasons Greedings") - Winslow Schott
 * The Magic School Bus (1995, guest starred, in "Revved Up") - Mr. Junkit
 * The Wayans Bros. (1995, episode "It's Shawn! It's Marlon! It's The Superboys!") - Mr. Stone
 * Sister, Sister (1995, guest spots) - Grandpa Campbell
 * Family Matters (1995, Captain Marion Savage — Carl's superior)
 * Goode Behavior (1996–1997) - Willie Goode
 * Martin (1996) - Mr. Washington
 * All That (1997; guest starred in two episodes) - Doctor
 * The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer (1998, guest starred in "Up, Up and Away") - Union Spy
 * The Hughleys (1999–2000) - James Williams
 * All That (1997, Good Burger food critic / Mr. Gurman)
 * Figure It Out (1999) (Guest Panelist)
 * City Guys (1999) (Episode Face the Music) - Slick Willy
 * Up, Up, and Away (2000, TV Movie) - Edward Marshall / Steel Condor
 * Mister Ed (2004, TV Movie) - Mr. Ed (voice)
 * Family Guy (2005, in a voice cameo ("The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz") - Himself
 * The Surreal Life (2006, cast member in 2006)
 * Clunkers (2011, 8 episodes) - Boss
 * Tyler Perry's House of Payne (2011, guest starred) - George Jefferson
 * One Love (2014) - Grandpa Roy (final television role, filmed 2012)

Discography

 * Dance (1992)

title: Sherman Hemsley


text:
Christine Cushing

Christine Cushing is a Canadian celebrity chef and television program host. Her television debut took place in May 1998 when she was working at a small food company and a TV producer approached her, asking her to audition for one of his new shows. She hosted Christine Cushing Live and Dish It Out on Food Network Canada, and Fearless in the Kitchen on the Oprah Winfrey network in Canada.

She is the resident chef on CTV's The Marilyn Denis Show in Canada. Cushing has teamed up with food brand Furlani and demonstrated how to use their products in different recipes, such as Pulled Pork on Furlani Garlic Texas Toast.

Biography
Born in Athens, Greece, Cushing moved to Canada with her family when she was one. Interested in cooking at a very young age, Cushing practiced cooking and baking as a child. She studied linguistics at the University of Toronto and graduated from the Food and Beverage Management program at George Brown College in 1986.

Cushing graduated top of her class in the Grand Diplôme program at the École de Cuisine La Varenne in Paris. She has worked at Four Seasons Hotels, Magna International, the King Ranch Health Spa, and Toronto's Scaramouche restaurant, as a pastry chef. She was a teacher at the Kitchen Studio, had her own cooking school, and created recipes for places such as Gusto magazine, Starbucks, and Ace Bakery. Cushing has also performed food demonstrations for KitchenAid Canada, Northern Telecom, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation. She has spoken at the Cook for the Cure breast cancer campaign, was thought to be a superhero at Starbright Foundation for sick kids hospital, and is now a judge for the Gold Medal Plate annual fundraiser for the Olympic committee as well as an advocate of the Children's Breakfast Clubs.

She has written three cookbooks and has a line of artisan food products: extra virgin olive oil from Greece, tomato sauces handmade in Canada, and roasted red pepper spreads.

TV appearances

 * 1998–2001: Dish It Out (Life Network, three seasons)
 * 2001–2005: Christine Cushing Live (Food Network Canada, four seasons)
 * 2005–2006: Cook with Me (Food Network Canada, one season)
 * 2009–present: Fearless in the Kitchen (W and Viva Networks, Canada)
 * 2017–present: Confucius Was a Foodie (NTD Canada/WNED-TV)
 * 2020–present: Wall of Chefs (Food Network Canada, two seasons to date)
 * 2022–present: Wall of Bakers (Food Network Canada, one season to date)

Books

 * Dish It Out: Simple Recipes That Inspire (2000)
 * Fearless in the Kitchen: Innovative Recipes for the Uninhibited Cook (2002)
 * Pure Food: How to Shop, Cook and Have Fun in Your Kitchen Every Day (2007)

title: Christine Cushing


text:
Talk:Mount Emei

Rivers
I deleted the link leading "Black Dragon River" to its Wiki page since the river described at that page is the Amur River (going by Heilong Jiang/黑龙江 in Chinese) in Heilong Jiang province, all the way in northeastern China bordering Siberia. I'd like to make that passage more accurate, but I don't know enough information. Anyone else? Tir-anna (talk) 16:56, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Golden Buddha
Why is there no mentioning of the Giant 40~ meters Golden Buddha statue at the summit? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.173.98.137 (talk) 15:31, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Mount Imeon
Could it be a phonetic connection of the name with the Mount Imeon Range nowadays known as Tianshan ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.176.120.156 (talk) 09:00, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

Missing link
The link to the golden stutue of mount emei http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/109S128S521.html does not go anywhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FrankBerninger (talk • contribs) 09:25, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:36, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * 山顶.jpg

title: Talk:Mount Emei


text:
Punta Umbría

Punta Umbría is a town and municipality in the province of Huelva, part of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia. It is a fishing village located on the banks of the Rio Odiel river and across the water from the capital, Huelva. It is surrounded by extensive salt marshes and faces Isla Saltes.

The Punta in its name comes from the long point going out to the sea from the beach. During World War II, it was the location where the body of a supposed British Major carrying false top secret documents was washed up. This was part of a disinformation exercise by the British secret service known as Operation Mincemeat.

The Odiel river meets the Atlantic Ocean at Punta Umbria Beach, a 3.8 km urban beach which has been awarded a Blue Flag for its high standards of cleanliness and excellent facilities.

title: Punta Umbría


text:
Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen

Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen, 541 U.S. 752 (2004), is a case argued in the Supreme Court of the United States on 21 April 2004. The question the case presented relates to Presidential foreign affairs and foreign trade actions exempt from environmental-review requirements under the National Environmental Policy Act and the Clean Air Act. Specifically, the question is whether those actions are subject to those requirements as a result of a rulemaking action concerning motor carrier safety by the federal agency with responsibility for that type of safety.


text:
Isabel Sanford

Isabel Sanford (born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford; August 29, 1917 – July 9, 2004) was an American stage, film, and television actress and comedian best known for her role as Louise "Weezy" Mills Jefferson on the CBS sitcoms All in the Family (1971–1975) and The Jeffersons (1975–1985). In 1981, she became the second African-American actress to win a Primetime Emmy Award after Gail Fisher and the first African-American actress to win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.

Early life
Sanford was born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford in Harlem, New York City, to Josephine (née Perry) and James Edward Sanford. She was the youngest of seven children and was the only child to survive beyond infancy. Sanford's mother Josephine was devoutly religious and insisted that her daughter attend church every Sunday, and occasionally made her attend on weeknights. As a teenager, Sanford aspired to be an actress, but her mother discouraged her dream, as she felt that show business was "the road to degradation." Sanford disobeyed her mother and began performing at local clubs. She also performed at amateur night at The Apollo Theater. After graduating high school, Sanford joined Harlem's American Negro Theater and The Star Players. She made her professional stage debut in 1946 in On Strivers Row, and appeared in several off-Broadway productions while also working as a keypunch operator at IBM. In 1945, Sanford married house painter William Edward "Sonny" Richmond, with whom she had three children. Their marriage was tumultuous (a euphemism of the time for domestic violence), and they later separated.

Career
In 1960, Sanford withdrew money from her retirement fund, boarded a bus with her three children, left her husband in New York, and moved to Los Angeles. Soon after her arrival, she was asked to join the national production of Here Today by actress Tallulah Bankhead. In 1965, she made her Broadway debut in James Baldwin's The Amen Corner. This role led to her being cast in the 1967 film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. In the film, she was credited as Isabell Sanford, playing the role of the maid "Tillie Binks." Her performance was noted and earned good reviews, despite limited screen time. She caught the attention of major Hollywood players, including Norman Lear, who cast Sanford in the role of Louise Jefferson in All in the Family. Sanford and her TV husband Sherman Hemsley were so popular that Norman Lear decided to spin off the characters into their own weekly series The Jeffersons. Sanford was initially reluctant to commit to working on a weekly series, as she was already working steadily, but decided to accept the offer. The Jeffersons premiered in January 1975, and was an immediate hit with audiences, ultimately running for 11 seasons. For her role in the series, Sanford earned five Golden Globe Award nominations and seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations. She won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1981, making her the first African-American actress to win in that category and remained the only African-American actress to do so until 2023-24 when Quinta Brunson achieved this feat for her role as Janine Teagues on Abbott Elementary.

After The Jeffersons' cancellation in 1985, Sanford continued her career with guest-starring roles in television and film. In January 1987, she starred in her own sitcom, Isabel's Honeymoon Hotel, which aired five days a week in syndication. The series was created to showcase Sanford's comedic skills, but it failed to attract an audience and was quickly cancelled. In the 1990s, Sanford mainly appeared in television guest appearances and cameo appearances in movies. She appeared on Dream On, Living Single, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, In the House, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, The Steve Harvey Show, and Hearts Are Wild. In 1996, she played a supporting role in the action movie Original Gangstas, starring blaxploitation film stars Fred Williamson, Pam Grier, Jim Brown, and Richard Roundtree. Isabel Sanford appeared in Kojak Season 1 Episode 14 "Die Before They Wake" in 1974.

Sanford later reprised her role as Louise Jefferson in a touring company of The Real Live Jeffersons stage show in the mid-1990s alongside Sherman Hemsley. She and Hemsley also made a cameo appearance in the film Sprung, and guest-starred in The Parkers, Mafia!, and two episodes of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. The two also appeared in a series of advertisements for Denny's and Old Navy. In January 2004, Sanford received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to the television industry. She made her final television appearance the following month as an animated version of herself in The Simpsons episode "Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore."

Personal life
Sanford married house painter William Edward "Sonny" Richmond in 1945. The couple had three children—two sons (Sanford K. Richmond and Eric Richmond) and a daughter (Pamela Richmond Ruff) before separating in 1960. Following the separation, Sanford and the children moved to Los Angeles. Richmond remained in New York and died later that same year.

Death
In September 2003, Sanford underwent preventive surgery on her carotid artery. In the ensuing months, her health steadily declined. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on July 4, 2004, where she died five days later at the age of 86. Her publicist attributed it to unspecified natural causes. She was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. For her contribution to the television industry, Isabel Sanford has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard.

title: Isabel Sanford


text:
User talk:Beginning

Last archived: 3 November 2019

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Hitler-fighter articles need help: Erhard Auer & Münchener Post
Erhard Auer was the Editor in Chief of the Münchener Post, it was shut down by Hitler in March 1933 immediately after he became the Reich Chancellor. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party called the newspaper and its editors "Giftküche" (The Poison Kitchen) and "Münchener Pest ("Munich Pestilence" or "Munich Plague"). Hitler considered the paper one of his most vexing public adversaries, and the paper was the target of libel actions by the Nazi Party. The paper was one of the few early warning voices regarding the dangers posed by the rise of the Nazi Party, although their warnings went largely unheeded at the time. Auer was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp and died 20 March 1945. The first book written on Erhard Auer and the Münchener Post was in 2013, in Brazil. .... 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 19:26, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

Basket, Southern New England tribe
Cristin Milioti as Maggie, in Modern Love (TV series)'s first episode, "When the Doorman Is Your Main Man", carries a woven basket with two leather handles, on her shoulder, like a tote bag. I believe it is referenced to on wikipedia, but I can't find it. Would you know what it is called? (Niantic people).... 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 20:12, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

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Reminder: Survey about History on Wikipedia
Hi Beginning,

I am Petros Apostolopoulos, a Ph.D. candidate in Public History at North Carolina State University. My Ph.D. project examines how historical knowledge is produced on Wikipedia. If you are interested in participating in my research study by offering your own experience of writing about history on Wikipedia, you can click on this link https://ncsu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9z4wmR1cIp0qBH8. There are minimal risks involved in this research.

If you have any questions, please let me know. Petros Apostolopoulos, paposto@ncsu.edu Apolo1991 (talk) 15:35, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the invitation, Apolo1991. It was actually really nice to sit down and reflect on why I started contributing to Wikipedia all those years ago! I'd love to read your final paper. Best of luck with it. Beginning (talk)

Thanks for participating! Beginning Apolo1991 (talk) 21:18, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Leaves
Thanks for adding to the "Lullaby of the Leaves" article. There's a version by the Jeff Hamilton Trio that I love, but as far as I can tell, nobody has commented about it in the literature, so according to WP:SONGCOVER it cannot be listed. Oh well... Here's a link for your enjoyment. Cheers! Binksternet (talk) 15:19, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * My pleasure, Binksternet, and thanks for the video link! Great version. And, I'm really glad you commented, because it made me go back to the article and realize I made an error -- so thanks for inadvertently helping me catch it. :) Beginning (talk) 05:07, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Binksternet (talk) 14:59, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Help with Jim Johnsen requests
Hello! I proposed a few updates on the talk page for Jim Johnsen, Talk:Jim_Johnsen, the former president of University of Alaska, addressing balance and neutral point of view issues, as well as poorly sourced edits made by a singular editor. Are you able to take a look at the proposals? I have a personal connection to Dr. Johnsen and I don’t want to violate Wikipedia’s conflict of interest policies. Thank you!92ranger (talk) 19:14, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Weather: Map Dot & Template/Infobox Colors
Dear project member, This message is being sent out to encourage new ideas and feedback on those proposed in regard to the colors debate for WikiProject Weather. For those who are unaware of what's been happening over the last year, I will give a brief summary. We have been discussing proposed changes to the colors of the dots on tropical cyclone maps and templates and infoboxes across the entire weather project in order to solve issues related to the limited contrast between colors for both normal vision as well as the various types of color blindness (MOS:ACCESS). We had partially implemented a proposal earlier this year, however, it was objected to by a number of people and additional issues were presented that made it evident this wasn't the optimal solution. We tried to come up with other solutions to address the issues related to color contrast, however, none of them gained traction and no consensus was generated.

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 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:Beginning


text: User talk:217.43.224.174

title: User talk:217.43.224.174


text:
James Bennett

James, Jimmy, Jimmie, or Jim Bennett may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * James Gordon Bennett Sr. (1795–1872), American founding publisher of the New York Herald newspaper
 * James Gordon Bennett Jr. (1841–1918), American newspaper publisher and sports enthusiast
 * James O'Donnell Bennett (1870–1940), American journalist and author
 * Jim Bennett (poet) (born 1951), English poet
 * Jimmy Bennett (born 1996), American actor and musician
 * Jimmy Ray Bennett, American actor

Politics and law

 * James Bennett (Australian politician) (1874–1951), Member of the Australian House of Representatives
 * James Bennett (British politician) (1912–1984), Scottish Labour Party politician and MP
 * James L. Bennett (1849–1918), American lawyer from New York
 * James R. Bennett (1940–2016), Alabama secretary of state and state senator
 * Jim Bennett (politician) (fl. 2006–2015), Newfoundland and Labrador MHA
 * Jim Bennett (Utah politician), candidate in the 2017 Utah's 3rd congressional district special election

Science and medicine

 * James C. Bennett (born 1948), American technologist and space launch pioneer
 * James Henry Bennett (1816–1891), English physician
 * Sir James Risdon Bennett (1809–1891), English physician
 * Jim Bennett (historian) (1947–2023), British museum curator and historian of science

Sports

 * James Bennett (Australian footballer) (born 1964), Australian rules footballer with Hawthorn
 * James Bennett (cricketer) (1775–1855), English cricketer
 * James Bennett (footballer, born 1988), English footballer
 * James Bennett (Scottish footballer) (1891–1955), Scottish footballer
 * Jimmie Bennett (1919–1991), American baseball player
 * Jim Bennett (hurler) (1944–2014), Irish hurler
 * Jim Bennett (rugby league) (1898–1968), Australian rugby league footballer

Others

 * James Bennett (minister) (1774–1862), English congregationalist minister and college principal
 * James Bennett (Tewkesbury) (1785–1856), British printer, bookseller, publisher and antiquarian
 * James H. Bennett (1877–?), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 * James M. Bennett (born 1948), American nonpartisan tax activist
 * James V. Bennett (1894–1978), American penal reformer

Other uses

 * James Gordon Bennett (pilot boat), American pilot boat built in 1870

title: James Bennett


text: Talk:Individual

title: Talk:Individual


text:
James H. Brady

James Henry Brady (June 12, 1862 – January 13, 1918) was a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Idaho. He served as the state's eighth governor from 1909 to 1911 and a United States Senator for nearly five years, from 1913 until his death.

Early years
Born in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, at age three, Brady moved with his parents to Johnson County, Kansas. He was educated in public schools, and graduated from Leavenworth Normal College in Kansas.

Brady taught school, worked in the real estate business, and as editor of a newspaper. He moved to Idaho in 1895 at age thirty-three, and became successful in the water power and irrigation industries.

Political career
Brady was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900, and chairman of the Idaho Republican Party in 1904 and 1908. He was named a delegate to the Republican National Committee again in 1908 and 1916.

Elected governor in 1908, Brady lost his bid for re-election in 1910, and returned to the private sector until he was elected to the U.S. Senate in January 1913, chosen by the Idaho Legislature to replace Kirtland Perky, who was appointed after Weldon Heyburn's death in October 1912. In 1914, Brady became the first elected to the Senate from Idaho by direct popular vote, defeating former Democratic Governor James H. Hawley and a handful of minor party candidates. Idaho's senior senator, William Borah, went before the voters for the first time four years later in 1918, and was easily re-elected to a third term.

While in office, Brady suffered a heart attack, and died two weeks later in Washington, D.C., on January 13, 1918. He was cremated and his ashes deposited in the James H. Brady Memorial Chapel of Mountain View Cemetery in Pocatello.

Legacy
Brady's great-grandson, Jerry Brady, was the 2002 and 2006 Democratic gubernatorial candidate in Idaho.

title: James H. Brady


text:
Mount Wutai

Mount Wutai, also known by its Chinese name Wutaishan and as Mount Qingliang, is a sacred Buddhist site at the headwaters of the Qingshui in Shanxi Province, China. Its central area is surrounded by a cluster of flat-topped peaks or mesas roughly corresponding to the cardinal directions. The north peak (Beitai Ding or Yedou Feng) is the highest (3061 m from sea) and is also the highest point in North China.

As host to over 53 sacred monasteries, Mount Wutai is home to many of China's most important monasteries and temples. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009 and named a AAAAA tourist attraction by China's National Tourism Administration in 2007.

Significance
Mount Wutai is one of the Four Sacred Mountains in Chinese Buddhism. Each of the mountains is viewed as the bodhimaṇḍa of one of the four great bodhisattvas. Wǔtái is the home of the Bodhisattva of wisdom, Mañjuśrī or "文殊" in Chinese. Mañjuśrī has been associated with Mount Wutai since ancient times. Paul Williams writes:

"Apparently the association of Mañjuśrī with Wutai (Wu-t'ai) Shan in north China was known in classical times in India itself, identified by Chinese scholars with the mountain in the 'north-east' (when seen from India or Central Asia) referred to as the abode of Mañjuśrī in the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. There are said to have been pilgrimages from India and other Asian countries to Wutai Shan by the seventh century."

Wutai was the first of the mountains to be identified and is often referred to as "first among the four great mountains". It was identified on the basis of a passage in the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, which describes the abodes of many bodhisattvas. In this chapter, Mañjuśrī is said to reside on a "clear cold mountain" in the northeast. This served as charter for the mountain's identity and its alternate name "Clear Cool Mountain".

The bodhisattva is believed to frequently appear on the mountain, taking the form of ordinary pilgrims, monks, or most often unusual five-colored clouds.

Reflecting regional rivalries between Buddhist centers, 9th-century Chan Buddhism master Linji Yixuan criticized the prominence of Wutai in Tang dynasty China. According to the posthumously compiled Línjì yǔlù, Linji Yixuan once said, “There‘s a bunch of students who seek Mañjuśrī on Mount Wutai. Wrong from the start! There‘s no Mañjuśrī on Mount Wutai.” His campaign was however not successful, and even after the Tang era Mount Wutai “continued to thrive as perhaps the single most famous Buddhist sacred site in China.”

Mount Wutai has an enduring relationship with Tibetan Buddhism. It was historically sacred to Taoist pilgrims on the Silk Road in the 10th century as well.

Mount Wutai is home to some of the oldest wooden buildings in China that have survived since the era of the Tang dynasty (618–907). This includes the main hall of Nanchan Temple and the East Hall of Foguang Temple, built in 782 and 857, respectively. They were discovered in 1937 and 1938 by a team of architectural historians including the prominent early 20th-century historian Liang Sicheng. The architectural designs of these buildings have since been studied by leading sinologists and experts in traditional Chinese architecture, such as Nancy Steinhardt. Steinhardt classified these buildings according to the hall types featured in the Yingzao Fashi Chinese building manual written in the 12th century.

In 2008, there were complaints from local residents that, in preparation for Mount Wutai's bid to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site, they were forced from their homes and relocated away from their livelihoods.

Major temples
Nanchan Temple 38.9815°N, 113.5738°W is a large Zen temple in Mount Wǔtái, first built in the Yuan dynasty. The whole temple comprises seven terraces, divided into three parts. The lower three terraces are named Jile Temple ; the middle terrace is called Shande Hall ; the upper three terraces are named Youguo Temple. Other major temples include Xiantong Temple, Tayuan Temple and Pusading Temple.

Other important temples inside Mount Wutai include Shouning Temple, Bishan Temple, Puhua Temple, Dailuo Ding, Qixian Temple, Shifang Tang, Shuxiang Temple, Guangzong Temple, Youguo Temple, Guanyin Dong, Longhua Temple, Luomuhou Temple, Jinge Temple, Zhanshan Temple, Wanfo Ge, Guanhai Temple, Zhulin Temple, Jifu Temple, Jihe Temple, and Gufo Temple.

Outer Mount Wutai temples include Yanqing Temple, Nanchan Temple, Mimi Temple, Foguang Temple, Yanshan Temple, Zunsheng Temple, and Guangji Temple. A giant statue of Maha Manjushree was presented to the Buddhists of China by foreign minister of Nepal Ramesh Nath Pandey in 2005.

Transportation
The Wutaishan Airport in nearby Dingxiang County opened in December 2015.

Honors
In April 2020, it was selected into the "2020 World Famous Summer Mountains List".

In April 2020, it was selected into the "2020 China's Famous Summer Mountains List".

In September 2022, the planation surface of Mount Wutai was selected into the list of the most beautiful geological relics in Shanxi Province.

Climate
Mount Wutai has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwc). The average annual temperature in Haidian is 2.1 C. The average annual rainfall is 672.6 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 15.2 C, and lowest in January, at around -12.1 C.

title: Mount Wutai