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Wasaga Beach

Wasaga Beach (or simply Wasaga) is a town in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. Situated along the longest freshwater beach in the world, it is a popular summer tourist destination. It is located along the southern end of Georgian Bay, approximately 150 km north of Toronto and about 40 km northwest of Barrie. To the west, Collingwood and The Blue Mountains also attract visitors much of the year. The town is situated along a very long sandy beach on Nottawasaga Bay in Georgian Bay and the winding Nottawasaga River. The beaches are part of the Wasaga Beach Provincial Park; the park area totals 168 hectares (415 acres). Wasaga Beach has a year-round population of 24,862 as of 2021, but during the summer months the population increases with many seasonal residents.

The economy has struggled for some years, particularly since a major fire in late November 2007 destroyed many of the stores. It depends on tourists in an area where the primary shopping season is three to four months per year. In March 2017, the town passed its Downtown Development Master Plan, a 20-year strategy for significant redevelopment of the tourist area and adding a downtown to the business area. The goal is to improve tourism, diversify the economy, and get beyond its "party town" image.

History
Wasaga Beach and the surrounding area was inhabited by the Huron-Wendat Nation for centuries before they were conquered and driven from their ancestral lands in 1649 by the Iroquois Haudenosaunee (Known as the Five Nation Iroquois Confederacy). Wasaga is a contraction of the Algonquin word Nottawasaga. Nottawa means "Iroquois" and saga means "mouth of the river"; the word "Nottawasaga" was used by Algonquin scouts as a warning if they saw Iroquois raiding parties approaching their villages.

In 1812 the United States declared war on Great Britain and invaded Upper Canada on several occasions. Wasaga Beach became a strategic location at the mouth of the Nottawasaga River leading to Fort Willow and the Nine Mile Portage which was part of the supply line for British forces in the War of 1812 to Fort Michilimackinac and points to the north and west. The Royal Navy schooner HMS Nancy was scuttled in the Nottawasaga River to prevent the Americans from capturing her and her stores.

Lumbering was the main industry for the remainder of the 19th century. Logs were floated downriver and into the bay, gathered at ports to feed local saw mills.

Because Wasaga Beach had sandy soil unsuitable for cultivation, it did not attract early European settlement. In the 1820s the first sign of settlement in the area began as John Goessman surveyed Flos Township. In 1826, land was being sold for four shillings an acre. Though unsuitable for farming, the Wasaga Beach area had an abundance of trees. In the late 1830s and throughout the rest of the century, the logging industry was key to the economy and integral to development of the area. The first permanent settler was John Van Vlack, who arrived in 1869 and founded a settlement on the south side of the Nottawasaga River near its mouth and named it after himself. In 1872, a wooden bridge, the Vanvlack Bridge, was constructed east of the present Main Street bridge to provide access to the beach, then used mainly as a road. The name Wasaga Beach was first used in the area in the late 19th Century.

During the 1900s, families began to discover the beauty of the area. The beach gradually became a place for family picnics and holidays during the summer months, and the first cottages were built. In 1909, a new steel bridge was constructed to replace the Vanvlack Bridge. Wasaga Beach had its beginning as a major resort area when the first beachfront hotel, The Capstan Inn, was opened in 1915 by entrepreneur John McLean in what would later develop into the present Beach One area. In 1918, he opened the Dardanella Dance Hall, and over the next several decades more hotels, venues, and amusements would open. During the 1940s, servicemen stationed at Base Borden, a nearby military base, visited Wasaga Beach's amusement park, and they made Wasaga Beach known across the country. After the war, Wasaga Beach continued to be a popular place for cottagers and day trippers.

Wasaga Beach entered history's headlines in 1934. It was the site of departure for the first overseas flight from mainland Canada across the Atlantic to England. A plane, named Trail of the Caribou, used the beach as a makeshift runway.

The town was originally referred to as "the northern border of Flos Sunnidale and Nottawasaga Townships". The first municipal reference occurred with a designation of a Local Improvement District in 1947. In 1949, Wasaga Beach was classified as a police village in the Township of Sunnidale, and was incorporated as a village in 1951.

In 1959, the beach was designated as a "Crown beach", which was the precursor to the establishment of Wasaga Beach Provincial Park. The province began expropriating beachfront properties to create a continuous belt of parkland along the full length of the beach, save for keeping part of the main beach area for commercial uses. This proved controversial; so the province scaled down plans and settled for separated parks, which are today's Beach Areas 2-6. Driving and parking on the beach was previously permitted and popular, but in 1973 the province took cars off the beach. However, a short paved beachfront street, Beach Drive, was constructed along Beach 1 shortly thereafter.

Wasaga Beach was incorporated as a town on January 1, 1974, and its boundaries were expanded. The permanent population stood at 4,034, a dramatic increase from 1965, when 500 people were residents. Today, the town has 24,862 full-time residents and 16,000 seasonal and part-time residents.

2007 Beach One fire
On November 30, 2007, a major fire destroyed 90 per cent of the buildings along the street mall in the Beach One area. About 17 seasonal businesses were said to have been affected, including bikini shops, ice cream parlours, a restaurant, a motel, and an arcade. Nearly 100 firefighters from surrounding areas battled the blaze for hours. The Toronto Star later reported that "Twenty-one businesses in eight buildings overlooking Georgian Bay were destroyed, causing an estimated $5 million in damages."

Controversy also arose over whether or not the fire was deliberately set in order to allow unobstructed progression with the planned development or whether it was simply an accident. Two young men (one from Barrie and the other from Springwater) were charged with arson, although there was no evidence that the fire was deliberately set to remove the old buildings in advance of planned development.

The Town of Wasaga Beach worked out a plan to help the remaining businesses open for the season but plans for hotels, a theme park and a monorail were cancelled and never revived.

Local government
The town's council includes a mayor, deputy mayor, and five councilors that are elected at-large. The members of council elected as of the 2022 municipal election are:

Mayor: Brian Smith

Deputy Mayor: Tanya Snell

Councillors:

 * Joe Belanger
 * Sasha-Rose Dileo
 * Faye Ego
 * Ellen Timms
 * Richard White

Economic challenges
Despite the major fire, the beach and the remaining businesses reopened the following summer. Although the destroyed buildings had been considered dated, they were missed by residents and visitors. In 2008, an entertainment dome was built, intended as a temporary structure until development started. It lasted until February 2011 when the exterior cover was destroyed during a storm; repairs were not done and the dome never reopened. The structure was removed in May 2012.

The long-term plans after the fire, by Armand and Dov Levy's Blue Beach Avenue corporation, included a rebuild of the area in a modern style with shopping and the aforementioned indoor/outdoor theme park, two major hotels and monorail. The proposed development came to an abrupt end when Blue Beach Avenue declared bankruptcy in 2010. "The past couple of years haven't been kind to the tourist industry ... So I gather there were some major cash shortfalls that put them in this situation," the town's mayor said at that time. Armand Levy was subsequently charged with fraud in 2012 after an investigation of misappropriation of the insurance money paid out after the 2007 fire but was ultimately acquitted.

Reduced tourism, partly because of the loss of many retail buildings, has continued to be a problem in the area. The majority of sales take place during the tourist season, which is typically not much longer than three months per year. (The most recent stats indicate a decline in tourism "of roughly 100,000 a year between 2002 and 2012".)

To step up development, in 2015 the town spent $13.5 million to purchase seven properties, including eight buildings and 28 rental units, along Beach Area One, becoming a landlord to some businesses, including three bars. The town acquired any existing leases from tenants and succeeded in leasing most of the empty space to commercial enterprises by July 2016. A few of the tenants subsequently enquired about the possibility of breaking their leases because they were struggling financially. The town council agreed to a one-time opportunity for businesses to break their leases without a penalty; requests to do so had to be submitted no later than September 23, 2016.

The beach is owned and operated by Ontario Parks as the Wasaga Beach Provincial Park, and it is the area's primary attraction. Of the six main beach areas, Beach areas One and Two and the adjacent private/public lands have historically functioned as the main destination for tourism activity. Due to the economic climate, losses due to fires, and recent failed private redevelopment plans, Beach areas One and Two have been in steady decline.

This area is so important to the town that it undertook an in-depth community visioning exercise, called Opportunity Wasaga, to develop a long-term vision for the future of the public and private lands in this area.

There has been a great deal of controversy (among the public and council members) about the previous strategies used by the Town of Wasaga Beach, including the 2015 purchase of the seven properties for $13.8 million, using borrowed money. "That's no small sum for the town of 18,000 that will collect $20.3 million in property taxes this year and spend $48 million in operating and capital costs," according to a report by the Toronto Star.

New development plans
An entirely new Downtown Development Master Plan was released by town council in late January 2017, with an estimate for capital investment of $625 million and a 20 plus year time frame for completion. The first phase (five to 10 years) will cost about $200 million for two development areas, one on the beach and one across the river.

In July 2018, under the council led by then-mayor Brian Smith, council agreed to enter into a Letter of Intent with FRAM Building Group for the development of town-owned land in the downtown and at the beachfront.

In December 2018, under a new council, with Nina Bifolchi as mayor, council decided to undertake a review of the development of town-owned lands in the downtown and at the beachfront.

The council agreed to let the Letter of Intent the town had with FRAM Building Group Ltd. lapse at the end of December 2018 as a first step in the review process. The Downtown Master Plan, however, remained in place. In March 2019, FRAM advised the town it was not interested in being a part of future development of the beachfront. The town began looking for other developers interested in developing town-owned land at the beachfront.

In September 2021, the Wasaga Beach Ratepayers Association opposed the scope of what they perceived to be excessively high densities in the development plans, and the association's president was accused by the Town of spreading false information and exaggerating said densities, as well as claiming residents were being shut out of Town Hall. This led to residents protesting in October.

By June 2024, the years-long plan for the beachfront redevelopment was finally approved, and was unveiled at a public meeting attended by hundreds at the RecPlex on June 20 by Mayor Brian Smith and the project leader from FRAM Building Group – who had initially pulled out of the project in 2019 before rejoining – and Sunray Group of Hotels. Development of the first phase is expected to begin in Spring 2025 with demolition of many of the old buildings along Beach Drive and the construction of a 150-room hotel.

Casino
The Playtime Casino Wasaga is located on Mosley Street just east of Highway 26, and opened on November 23, 2022. The casino was first proposed in March 2018 by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation who selected Gateway Casinos to operate a casino in the South Georgian Bay area, and Wasaga Beach was selected as the location in October of that year.

Between April 16 and May 1, 2023, the casino was closed due to Gateway Casinos being the victim of a cyberattack, which resulted in the closure of all its casinos in Ontario.

Wasaga Beach Provincial Park
Wasaga Beach Provincial Park is a small recreational provincial park consisting of the eight beaches with 14 km of beach. Beach Areas 1–6 can be accessed off Mosley Street in Wasaga. Allenwood and New Wasaga Beaches are north of the Nottawasaga River and are accessed via River Road East.

The park is available for day use only. Its area totals 1844 hectare of which 6.8 hectare are protected. The park is a habitat for birds, primarily for shorebirds including the endangered piping plover. Hiking trails of over 50 km are available. In winter, they are used for cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. The visitor centre provides access to the Nancy Island Historic Site with a theatre, a museum and a lighthouse.

Geography
Over two million people visit Wasaga Beach every summer, attracted by the town's freshwater beach (stretching 14 km), swim in shallow (warm), clean water and enjoy the panoramic views of the Niagara Escarpment across the bay. There are many recreational trails that are used for hiking, cycling, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling. The Nottawasaga River offers game fishing and canoe routes.

The beach is divided into sections, with the beaches numbered 1 to 6 from east to west, with off-beach public park areas, mostly with parking and all with toilet facilities. A published summary indicates that Beaches 2–4 benefit from shade trees, a bike trail and a playground. Beach 1 is the most touristy, with bars, beach-themed shops and fast food restaurants, attracting primarily young adults. Beach areas 3 to 6 have many seasonal waterfront cottages between the park areas; Shore Lane is used for jogging, biking and roller blading. There are two additional beaches nearby, New Wasaga Beach and Allenwood Beach that are cut off from the 1–6 beach areas by the river; these also have seasonal residents. The town publishes a map of all of these areas.

In the summer months it is a popular place for beach volleyball and sunbathing. A boardwalk runs most of the way along Beach 1 and 2. Beach 1 draws the largest crowds, with the popularity of the beaches decreasing further west. East of the town limits, the sandy beach continues east and north into Tiny Beaches, nearly as far as the tip of the Penetang Peninsula. The beach in these areas is also fronted by many cottages and homes, but unlike in Wasaga Beach, the beaches are mostly private property.

The beach's position on the waters of Nottawasaga Bay means that summer temperatures are moderated somewhat by the water, so summer days can be quite comfortable especially when there is a breeze off the bay. In winter, however, winds off the bay trigger very heavy and intense snow squalls. Due to these heavy snowfalls, activities include snowmobiling, cross-country skiing and other winter sports. Downhill skiing is available at nearby Blue Mountain. There are many miles of fresh groomed trails for snowmobiling thanks to the Ontario Federation of Snowmobile Clubs and in part to the purchasers of the trail passes.

An unusual aspect of the town compared to other Ontario Cottage country communities, is that most of the cottages are non-waterfront and are closely spaced on a network of side streets within the town itself (mostly between Mosley Street and the bay), rather than being located on larger lots in more rustic settings often well outside the said towns as is the typical case elsewhere. Older residential areas typically have a semi-rural, "woodsy" character, although more recent (post-1990) developments are suburban in nature.

The town has a large community centre; the RecPlex, which has an auditorium, an amphitheatre and a YMCA. There is also the Wasaga Stars Arena, which is being replaced by a larger facility, which is expected to be completed by the summer of 2023.

Land area, geology and topography
The Town of Wasaga Beach covers an area of 61.13 km2 composed predominantly of sand and loamy sand that exhibit excessive to good drainage and irregular to moderately sloping topography. The poor soil quality makes it difficult to sustain lush lawns in the town. The Canada Land Inventory for Agriculture rates the lands as predominately Class Six and Seven with primary restrictions of adverse topography, erosion damage and low natural fertility.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wasaga Beach had a population of $24,862$ living in $10,811$ of its $13,768$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $20,675$. With a land area of 57.42 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The 2006 Canadian census indicated a population of 15,029 residents. When compared to its 2001 population of 12,419, Wasaga Beach was one of the fastest-growing communities in Canada, based on population growth percentage (21.0% over 5 years).

Education
Buses transport over 760 students to high schools located outside the town, in Stayner, Elmvale, and Collingwood. Schools in Wasaga Beach include: Birchview Dunes Elementary School, Worsley Elementary School and St Noel Chabanal Catholic Elementary School.

Wasaga Beach Transit
Wasaga Beach Transit provides transit service in the town. It is operated by Sinton-Landmark Bus Lines, using town-owned buses. The service was started with one route in July 2008, then operated by Georgian Coach Lines, and quickly expanded to two routes in the summer of 2009. Services for Wasaga Beach Transit occur in a loop from the Wasaga Stars Arena in the east to 70th Street in the west every hour from 7 am to 8 pm; including weekends and holidays. On November 6, 2023, the portion of Route 1 between Wal-Mart and Archer Road was changed to an on-demand service format, with booking required in advance.

Simcoe County LINX
Simcoe County LINX connects Wasaga Beach with two routes running to Barrie (Route 2) and Collingwood (Route 4); with transfers with both Wasaga Beach Transit routes made at the Real Canadian Superstore. It has separate fares from Wasaga Beach Transit and there are no free transfers.

Notable residents

 * Jason Arnott – NHL hockey player; born in Collingwood and raised in Wasaga Beach; in the summer of 2000, Jason Arnott Day was declared in Wasaga Beach to celebrate his Stanley-Cup-winning goal scored in double overtime

title: Wasaga Beach


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Luis Sánchez (baseball)

Luis Mercedes Escobar Sánchez (September 24, 1953 – February 4, 2005), nicknamed "Escoba" (broom), was a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the California Angels. He also played in Japan for the Yomiuri Giants. He batted and threw right-handed.

Career
A native of Cariaco, Venezuela, Sánchez was signed by the Houston Astros as an amateur free agent in 1971. After playing through 1976 in the minor league systems of Houston and Cincinnati, Sánchez appeared in the Mexican League.

Sánchez was the Angels' closer from 1983 to 1984. After the emergence of Donnie Moore in 1985, he divided his time in the bullpen as a middle reliever or set-up man. In 1986 and 1987, he pitched for the Yomiuri Giants.

In a five-year major league career, Sánchez posted a 28–21 record with 216 strikeouts, 27 saves and a 3.75 ERA in 369 innings.

Sánchez died in Vargas State, Venezuela at age 51.

title: Luis Sánchez (baseball)


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Sam Johnson

Samuel Robert Johnson (October 11, 1930 – May 27, 2020) was an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for TX's 3rd congressional district in Congress from 1991 to 2019. He was a member of the Republican Party. In October and November 2015, he was the acting Chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, where he also served as chairman of the Social Security Subcommittee.

Johnson was also a United States Air Force colonel and was a decorated fighter pilot in both the Korean War and the Vietnam War where in the latter he was an American prisoner of war in North Vietnam for nearly seven years. On January 6, 2017, Johnson announced he would not run for reelection in 2018. After the death of Louise Slaughter in March 2018, he became the oldest sitting member of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was the last Korean War veteran to serve in Congress.

Early life and education
Johnson was born October 11, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Mima (Nabors) and Samuel Robert Johnson, Jr. Johnson grew up in Dallas and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1947. Johnson graduated from his hometown Southern Methodist University in 1951, earning a bachelor's degree in business administration. While at SMU, Johnson joined the Delta Chi social fraternity as well as the Alpha Kappa Psi business fraternity.

He attained a master's degree from the Elliott School of International Affairs of the George Washington University in 1976.

Military career
Johnson had a 29-year career in the United States Air Force, where he served as director of the Air Force Fighter Weapons School and flew the F-100 Super Sabre with the Air Force Thunderbirds precision flying demonstration team. He commanded the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing at Homestead AFB, Florida, and an air division at Holloman AFB, New Mexico, retiring as a colonel. One of his classmates in flight school was future astronaut Buzz Aldrin. The two remained lifelong friends.

He was a combat veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam Wars as a fighter pilot. During the Korean War, he flew 62 combat missions in the F-86 Sabre and shot down one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. During the Vietnam War, Johnson flew the F-4 Phantom II.

POW
On April 16, 1966, while flying his 25th combat mission in Vietnam, he was shot down over North Vietnam and suffered a broken right arm and broken back. He was a prisoner of war for nearly seven years, including 42 months in solitary confinement. During this period, he was repeatedly tortured.

Johnson was part of a group of eleven U.S. military prisoners known as the Alcatraz Gang, a group of prisoners separated from other captives for their resistance to their captors. They were held in "Alcatraz", a special facility about one mile away from the Hỏa Lò Prison, notably nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton". Johnson, like the others, was kept in solitary confinement, locked nightly in legcuffs in a windowless 3-by-9-foot concrete cell with the light on around the clock. Johnson was released on February 12, 1973, during Operation Homecoming. He recounted the details of his POW experience in his autobiography, Captive Warriors. By the time of his release, he weighed only 120 pounds. His right hand was permanently disabled, and he was left with a noticeable limp for the rest of his life.

In 2018, Johnson donated objects related to his imprisonment to the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.

Post-military career
After his military career, he established a homebuilding business in Plano, Texas.

Texas House of Representatives
He was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1984 and was re-elected three times, serving a total of seven years in the state legislature.

U.S. House of Representatives
On May 8, 1991, he was elected to the U.S. House in a special election brought about by eight-year incumbent Steve Bartlett's resignation to become mayor of Dallas. Johnson defeated fellow conservative Republican Thomas Pauken, also of Dallas, 24,004 (52.6 percent) to 21,647 (47.4 percent).

2004
Johnson ran unopposed by the Democratic Party in his district in the 2004 election. Paul Jenkins, an independent, and James Vessels, a member of the Libertarian Party, ran against Johnson. Johnson won overwhelmingly in a highly Republican district. Johnson garnered 86% of the vote (178,099), while Jenkins earned 8% (16,850) and Vessels 6% (13,204).

2006
Johnson ran for re-election in 2006, defeating his opponent Robert Edward Johnson in the Republican primary, 85 to 15 percent.

In the general election, Johnson faced Democrat Dan Dodd and Libertarian Christopher J. Claytor. Both Dodd and Claytor are West Point graduates. Dodd was a U.S. Air Force officer who served in Vietnam, while Claytor served in Operation Southern Watch in Kuwait in 1992. It was only the fourth time that Johnson had faced Democratic opposition.

Johnson retained his seat, taking 62.5% of the vote, while Dodd received 34.9% and Claytor received 2.6%. However, this was by far less a margin of victory then in past years, when Johnson won by 80 percent or more.

2008
Johnson retained his seat in the House of Representatives by defeating Democrat Tom Daley and Libertarian nominee Christopher J. Claytor in the 2008 general election. He won with 60 percent of the vote, an unusually low total for such a heavily Republican district.

2010
Johnson won re-election with 66.3 percent of the vote against Democrat John Lingenfelder (31.3 percent) and Libertarian Christopher Claytor (2.4 percent).

2014
Johnson handily won re-nomination to his twelfth full term in the U.S. House in the Republican primary held on March 4. He polled 30,943 votes (80.5 percent); two challengers, Josh Loveless and Harry Pierce, held the remaining combined 19.5 percent of the votes cast.

2016
Johnson won reelection to his 13th full term in the general election held on November 8, 2016. With 193,684 votes (61.2 percent), he defeated Democrat Adam P. Bell, who polled 109,420 (34.6 percent). Scott Jameson and Paul Blair, the nominees of the Libertarian and Green parties, polled 10,448 votes (3.3 percent) and 2,915 (0.92 percent), respectively.

2018
Three days after being sworn in for his 14th term overall and his 13th full term, Johnson announced he would not run for reelection.

Tenure
In the House, Johnson was an ardent conservative. By some views, Johnson had the most conservative record in the House for three consecutive years, opposing pork barrel projects of all kinds, voting for more IRAs and against extending unemployment benefits. The conservative watchdog group Citizens Against Government Waste consistently rated him as being friendly to taxpayers. Johnson was a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge.

Johnson was a member of the conservative Republican Study Committee, and joined Dan Burton, Ernest Istook, and John Doolittle in refounding it in 1994 after Newt Gingrich pulled its funding. He alternated as chairman with the other three co-founders in the late 1990s.

In November 1997, Johnson was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998. On October 8, 1998, Johnson voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, Johnson voted in favor of all four proposed articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes needed to be adopted).

On the Ways and Means Committee, he was an early advocate and, then, sponsor of the successful repeal in 2000 of the earnings limit for Social Security recipients. He proposed the Good Samaritan Tax Act to allow corporations to take a tax deduction for charitable giving of food. He chaired the Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations, where he encouraged small business owners to expand their pension and benefits for employees. In December 2016, Johnson introduced H.R. 6489, a bill that would increase Social Security payments to low-income beneficiaries while reducing payments to high-income beneficiaries and would gradually add two years to the minimum age for receiving full retirement payments.

Johnson opposed calls for government intervention in the name of energy reform if such reform would hamper the market and or place undue burdens on individuals seeking to earn decent wages. He called for allowing additional drilling for oil in Alaska.

After the death of John McCain, Johnson became the only Vietnam-era prisoner of war serving in Congress.

In December 2017, Johnson signed a letter from Congress (along with 106 other Congress members) to FCC Chairman Ajit Pai supporting his plan to repeal net neutrality ahead of the commission's vote.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Ways and Means (Interim Chairman)
 * Subcommittee on Health
 * Subcommittee on Social Security (Chairman)
 * Joint Committee on Taxation

Caucus memberships

 * Immigration Reform Caucus
 * International Conservation Caucus
 * Public Pension Reform Caucus
 * Republican Study Committee
 * Sportsmen's Caucus

Personal life
Johnson was married to Shirley L. Melton of Dallas from 1950 until her death on December 3, 2015. They had three children and ten grandchildren. Their son Bob predeceased both his parents in 2013.

Johnson died on May 27, 2020, in Plano, Texas, the city where he lived the last years of his life. The cause of death was not disclosed but a former spokesperson had announced it was unrelated to COVID-19. He was 89. He was buried with full military honors at Restland Memorial Park Cemetery in Dallas on June 8.

Johnson was a Methodist. He sat on the board of directors of the Institute in Basic Life Principles.

Awards and decorations
Johnson's decorations and awards included:

Silver Star citations
Silver Star for Actions of 16 April 1966

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 8, 1918 (amended by act of July 25, 1963), takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major Samuel Robert Johnson, United States Air Force, for gallantry in connection with military operations against an opposing armed force while serving with the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Ubon Royal Thai Air Base, Thailand, Pacific Air Force, in action in Southeast Asia on 16 April 1966. On that date, Major Johnson led a flight of two F-4C Fighter-Bombers on a twilight armed recce mission against a heavily defended target deep within hostile territory. Locating the target despite restricted visibility due to haze and terrain, Major Johnson encountered a curtain of flak as he rolled in for his first strike. Immediately altering his attack, although at a dangerously low altitude, he turned into the very teeth of fire from the menacing guns and continued to press the attack until his aircraft sustained mortal damage, forcing him to eject. This courageous act, attempted in the face of devastating ground fire at minimum altitude and great personal risk, epitomized the finest qualities of a true combat pilot. By his gallantry and devotion to duty, Major Johnson has reflected great credit upon himself and the United States Air Force."

Silver Star for Actions of January 1969

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 8, 1918 (amended by act of July 25, 1963), takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Silver Star to Colonel Samuel Robert Johnson, United States Air Force, for gallantry and intrepidity in action in connection with military operations against an opposing armed force during January 1969, while a Prisoner of War in North Vietnam. Ignoring international agreements on treatment of prisoners of war, the enemy resorted to mental and physical cruelties to obtain information, confessions, and propaganda materials. Colonel Johnson resisted their demands by calling upon his deepest inner strengths in a manner which reflected his devotion to duty and great credit upon himself and the United States Air Force."

Other awards and honors

 * 1990: Johnson was inducted into the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame.
 * October 2009: the Congressional Medal of Honor Society awarded Johnson the National Patriot Award, the Society's highest civilian award given to Americans who exemplify patriotism and strive to better the nation.
 * 2011: Freedom of Flight award
 * March 2016: Congressional Patriots Award
 * April 2016: Patriot Award
 * 2015: Johnson was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
 * 2020: Sam Johnson Elementary School (Prosper ISD – Celina, TX) was named in his honor https://www.prosper-isd.net/Page/22127

title: Sam Johnson


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Talk:Boss (video games)

Load-bearing boss listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Load-bearing boss. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 17:29, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

what's going on in the "history" section?
i'm confused at exactly what this part of the article aims to establish. is it trying to document historic usage of the term "boss", noteworthy early video game bosses, or both? while the article begins by trying to trace the origin of the term, it eventually slips into just talking about random early bosses (the 'motherships' are a good example, i'm struggling to see how these particular instances are noteworthy).

i think this could do with being turned into two sections; etymology of the video game 'boss', and the history of boss mechanics. Meikkon (talk) 03:34, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed; I have extracted the history about the terminology into a dedicated 'Etymology' subsection. Seabass-labrax (talk) 18:00, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

"Guardian", "end-of-level guardian"
I remember these were the terms used in British 8-bit magazines, e.g. for the ZX Spectrum. "Boss" seems to have come later. 2A00:23C5:FE56:6C01:D111:9B27:B214:204B (talk) 11:34, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boss (video games)


text: User talk:81.99.250.101

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Serra, Espírito Santo

Serra is a municipality in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Bordering the north of the state's capital, Vitória, the municipality is part of the Greater Vitória metropolitan area. Its population was 520,653 (2022) and its area is 548 km.

Serra, the seat of the municipality, is to the north of the characteristic Mestre Álvaro mountain which juts out of the coastal lowlands, and which is said to look like a small mountain range or "serra", in Portuguese, which is where the town and municipality got its name.

Politics
Serra has five districts (distritos): Serra-Capital (or Serra-Sede), Carapina, Calogi, Nova Almeida and Queimado. Among those districts there are 118 neighbourhoods (bairros).

Another important urban area is that of Jacaraípe, on the coast 20 km north of Vitória. Jacaraípe is very well known for surfing championships, and is a weekend beach used by capital dwellers. Other smaller fishing villages such as Manguinhos are also close enough for day trips and are popular destinations for the locals.

The coastline of the municipality is protected in part by the 112545 ha Costa das Algas Environmental Protection Area, created in 2010.

Neighbourhoods of Serra

 * André Carloni
 * Alterosa
 * Bairro de Fátima
 * Balneário de Carapebus
 * Barcelona
 * Barro Branco
 * Bicanga
 * Boa Vista
 * Carapina
 * Cascata
 * Central Carapina
 * Chácara Parreiral
 * Cidade Continental
 * Cidade Pomar
 * Colina de Laranjeiras
 * Divinópolis
 * El Dourado
 * Eurico Salles
 * Feu Rosa
 * Hélio Ferraz
 * Jacaraípe
 * Jardim Carapina
 * Jardim Limoeiro
 * Jardim Tropical
 * José de Anchieta
 * Laranjeiras
 * Laranjeiras II
 * Laranjeiras Velha
 * Mata da Serra
 * Manoel Plaza
 * Morada de Laranjeiras
 * Nova Almeida
 * Nova Carapina I
 * Nova Carapina II
 * Novo Horizonte
 * Novo Porto Canoa
 * Parque Residência de Laranjeiras
 * Parque Residência de Tubarão
 * Porto Canoa
 * Rosário de Fátima
 * Santo Antonio
 * São Diogo I
 * São Diogo II
 * São Geraldo
 * São Marcos I
 * São Marcos II
 * São Marcos III
 * Serra Dourada I
 * Serra Dourada II
 * Serra Dourada III
 * Taquara
 * Taquara I
 * Taquara I
 * Taquara III
 * Valparaíso
 * Vila Nova De Colares

title: Serra, Espírito Santo


text:
Talk:Programming paradigms

Someone please correct the list. Neither * ... Nor * ... * ... * ... works. Sorry, I am new to Wikipedia and this "wiki syntax". --80.98.247.65 22:21, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Programming paradigms


text:
Bogantungan

Bogantungan is a rural town in the locality of Willows in the Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia.

Geography
The town is 930 km north west of the state capital Brisbane and 350 km west of the regional city of Rockhampton.

The Central Western railway line passes through the town which was once served by the Bogantungan railway station. The small number of houses in the town are located around the railway station. The Capricorn Highway once passed through the town but now bypasses it to the north.

History
The name Bogantungan derives from Aboriginal words "bogan" meaning "grass" and "tungan" meaning "tree".

The Central Western railway was built in sections, beginning at Rockhampton and then heading west. Each section involved establishing a temporary settlement to accommodate the workers while they were building the railway. After that section was complete, the workers moved further west were a new settlement was established. Although intended as temporary, some of these settlements continued to survive after the railway workers had moved on, becoming permanent towns. Bogantungan was one of these. In its heyday, it was a town of some thousands of people, with around 30 hotels.

In March 1881, the Queensland Government held a land sale, auctioning 48 town lots in the town of Bogantungan.

Bogantungan Post Office opened on 8 July 1881 and closed in 1982.

Bogantungan State School opened on 19 March 1883. It closed on 11 August 1972. It was on Jackson Street (-23.6501°N, 147.2875°W).

Nearby Medway station, in the Bogantungan ranges, was established by Robert Donaldson and C.E. Glissan. The Donaldson family, including Agnes Adelaide Donaldson moved there in 1909, and after the business partnership was dissolved the Donaldsons have continued to manage the property into the present day, as a cattle stud.

On 26 February 1960, Bogantungan was the site of the Medway Creek rail disaster, one of Queensland's worst train accidents. The Midlander passenger train, heading east to Rockhampton, passed over the flooded Medway Creek, just west of the town. The bridge collapsed when the train was partly over, with a number of carriages dropping into the water. A total of 4 passengers and 3 crew were killed, with 43 injured.

Attractions
Boguntungan Railway Station is now a small historical museum and rest area, with a memorial and interpretive panels about the rail disaster and the railway buildings.

Education
There are no schools in Bogantungan. The nearest primary schools are in Lochington (48.5 km south by minor roads), Anakie (55.5 km east on the Capricorn Highway) or Alpha (71.5 km west on the Capricorn Highway). The nearest secondary school is in Alpha (to Year 10 only). The nearest secondary school offering education to Year 12 is Emerald State High School in Emerald (98.3 km east on the Capricorn Highway). Other secondary alternatives are distance education and boarding schools.

title: Bogantungan


text: User talk:80.98.247.65

title: User talk:80.98.247.65


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Thanks-Giving Square

Thanks-Giving Square is a private park and public facility anchoring the Thanksgiving Commercial Center district of downtown Dallas, Texas, United States. Dedicated in 1976, the complex consists of three components: a landscaped garden and non-denominational chapel building, a major section of the underground pedestrian network, and the Bullington Truck Terminal. It was the first public-private partnership of its kind in Dallas.

After a lengthy global search, Peter Stewart, a Dallas businessman and one of the founders of the Thanks-Giving Foundation, chose architect Philip Johnson to design the project. "A symbolic structure was the key part of the program for the square, and it became pretty obvious soon that some of these top architects didn't have the background or feeling for the building that I envisaged would carry great meaning for another two hundred years."

Project
The Thanks-Giving Foundation was started to create a public space in the center of Dallas dedicated in gratitude to God and to this most ancient and enduring tradition. Partnering with the City of Dallas, construction began in 1973 and the Square was dedicated in November 1976 as one of the city's three United States Bicentennial projects. President Gerald Ford later recognized Thanks-Giving Square as a major national shrine. It welcomes people of all cultures and religions are welcome to celebrate values, thoughts, and spirituality in a contemplative setting.

Concurrent to private development, the City of Dallas constructed transportation infrastructure below the landscaped garden. The City of Dallas leases the land and subsurface from the Thanks-Giving Foundation, but owns the underground structures.

The garden, chapel, and grounds
Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Philip Johnson was commissioned to bring the vision of Thanks-Giving Square to life. The Square is set fifteen feet below ground level with a four-foot wall blocking the sight of automobiles to create a serene, green island. Water plays a prominent role in the landscape, with active fountains masking city noise.

Overt religious symbolism is intentionally absent from the decoration of Thanks-Giving Square. Granite markers include references from Scripture, and the 100th Psalm is featured prominently in quotes and messages as delineated by Hindu, Jewish, Christian and Muslim authorities. Mosaic, stained glass, engraving, and graphic art adorn the walls and windows throughout Thanks-Giving Square.

Court of All Nations
At the western end of the park is the Court of All Nations, the ceremonial entryway that contains the Wall of Praise (featuring a portion of the text from Psalms 100) and Norman Rockwell's "Golden Rule" mosaic. The Ring of Thanks is a 14 ft diameter aluminum ring is covered in 23 carat (96%) gold leaf. Visitors can walk through the ring before passing under a 50 ft Bell Tower featuring three bronze bells designed in the form of the Liberty Bell.

Center Court of Praise
In the middle of the garden is the Center Court of Praise, which takes inspiration from public gathering spaces around the world. It is here that special events have celebrated “gratitude on the move” through speech, song, and dance. The aluminum and gold ring and nearby text reference this message found in Psalm 100. This area regularly holds special events, memorial services, and citywide prayer vigils (such as the one held after the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers).

Grove
The Grove is a garden area designed for meditation and contemplation. In 1991, President George H.W. Bush dedicated the Wall of Presidents, a special display area celebrating the prayer and thanksgiving words of American presidents.

Hall of Thanksgiving
Below the chapel is the Hall of Thanksgiving, which tells the story of the American Thanksgiving tradition. The Hall of Thanksgiving is the exhibition, meeting, and resource center for Thanks-Giving Square. The pillared hall receives dignitaries and provides a forum for lectures, interfaith meetings, and educational programming. Artifacts on display include the Book of Prayers and presidential proclamations.

Chapel of Thanksgiving
The Chapel of Thanksgiving is the spiritual center of Thanks-Giving Square open to visitors of all faiths. The spiraling shape rises 90 feet (27.5 m) above street level, suggesting the infinite upward reach of the human spirit. The chapel's design takes its inspiration from the Great Mosque in Samarra, Iraq (itself derived from the square, spiral Pillar of Gor in Persia ) and the ancient spiral of life. The entrance to the chapel is at the end of a 125-foot (38 m) bridge that runs over a cascading waterfall. The chapel ceiling contains the stained glass "Glory Window", one of largest horizontally mounted stained-glass pieces in the world. The 73 panels of faceted glass were designed by Gabriel Loire of Chartres, France featuring warmer and brighter colors as the spiral reaches its apex in the center. The window appears in a shot in director Terrence Malick's 2011 film The Tree of Life. Above the entry door is the etched glass window "The Spirit of Thanksgiving," designed by glass engraver John Hutton. Artwork by artist Bjørn Wiinblad is also on display. Visitors are encouraged to leave a personal statement of gratitude upon entering.

Pedway Network
A major node of the Dallas Pedestrian Network is situated one level below the garden, connecting several adjacent buildings with corridors lined in restaurant and retail space. Consecutive construction with the garden above allowed for skylights, wide walkways and several colorful atriums to disguise the fact that pedestrians are several feet underground. Unlike other portions of the pedway network that were privately constructed, the section beneath Thanks-Giving Square is operated by the City of Dallas. The network is accessed from the Center Court of Praise during business hours. Escalators bring the network to ground level at Bullington Street, which serves as a pedestrian mall and connects to the Bullington-Akard Skywalk. As of 2016, many of the access points had been closed.

Bullington Truck Terminal
Thanks-Giving Square was originally planned as the first of several traffic-relieving complexes in downtown Dallas. The Bullington Truck Terminal, one of the key features in the Ponte-Travers-designed plan for downtown circulation, was constructed to consolidate street-level delivery trucks following Dallas' rapid growth in the 1960s. By placing truck traffic below-grade, it was estimated that 350 trucks per day would be removed from ground-level streets. The city issued $6.5 million for the project as part of the 1972 city bond program; construction was finished in 1977.

The city-owned truck terminal lies 50 feet below ground and contains 43 spaces for trucks, which enter from a portal located at Patterson Street. Adjacent buildings such as the Republic Center, Energy Plaza, Thanksgiving Tower and Fidelity Union Tower built connections to the truck terminal at their own expense and use it as their primary loading dock. Despite plans for several similar facilities in the Dallas Central Business District; the Bullington Truck Terminal was the only one funded and completed.

title: Thanks-Giving Square


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Game Boy Camera

The Game Boy Camera, released as Pocket Camera (ポケットカメラ) in Japan, is a Nintendo accessory for the handheld Game Boy game console. It was released on February 21, 1998, in Japan, and manufacturing ceased in late 2002. As a toy for user-generated content, it can be used to shoot grayscale photographs, edit them or create original drawings, and transfer images between GBC units or to the 64DD art game suite Mario Artist. The accessory featured a 180°-swivel front-facing camera that allowed users to capture selfies. Its images can be printed to thermal paper with the Game Boy Printer. The GBC's cartridge contains minigames based on Nintendo's early games such as the arcade video game Space Fever and the Game & Watch handheld game Ball, and a chiptune music sequencer; photographers have embraced its technological limitations as artistic challenges.

Overview

The Game Boy Camera (GBC) interfaces with the Game Boy Printer, which utilizes thermal paper to print saved images. Both the camera and the printer were marketed by Nintendo as light-hearted entertainment devices aimed mainly at children in all three major video game regions of the world: Japan, North America, and Europe. N64 Magazine (which has since been superseded by NGamer) dedicated a monthly section to the device.

The GBC is compatible with all of the Game Boy line except Game Boy Micro. Video output is possible via the Super Game Boy for the Super NES and the Game Boy Player for the GameCube. The camera has a 128×128 pixel CMOS sensor, and can store 128×112, grayscale digital images using the 4-color palette of the Game Boy system.

The Game Boy Camera line has five different standard colors of models: blue, green, red, yellow, and clear purple (Japan only). There is a limited edition gold themed for The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, which contains unique stamps, and was available only in the United States through a mail-order offer from Nintendo Power.

In September 2020, information was leaked of an unreleased Hello Kitty version of the camera.

Functionality
The camera is controlled, images are manipulated, and minigames are played by Game Boy software running from the camera's attached cartridge. Individual photographs can be taken and edited with features including a delay timer, time lapse, trick lenses like mirroring and scaling, montage, and panorama for stitching together component photos into one large image. The user can further edit the images by placing Nintendo's stamps, or by freehand doodles. Images can be combined as frames of an animation. Images can be interconnected with clickable hyperlinks in "hot spots" mode.

Images can be transferred via the cable, to be printed on the Game Boy Printer, copied between GBC units, or copied via the Nintendo 64 controller's Transfer Pak to a 64DD floppy disk. The Japanese GBC is optionally integrated into the Mario Artist suite of multimedia games for the 64DD peripheral. There, users can create drawn and 3D-animated avatars of themselves based on photographs taken with the camera, integrate these personalized avatars into various 64DD games including Mario Artist and SimCity 64, or post art on the Internet through Randnet. Third-party vendors have reverse engineered the GBC system to create modern transfer methods such as USB, SD cards and Wi-Fi.

The GBC cartridge's software has numerous references to other Nintendo products. There are a few differences between the North American and Japanese versions, including the unlockable B album pictures and the stamps that can be placed on pictures. The software has a few Easter eggs, some of which have been described as "creepy", When The developers made disturbing pictures with it.

Nintendo reportedly had plans to release a successor to the Game Boy Camera for the Game Boy Advance called the GameEye which would take color photos and feature connectivity with the GameCube through a game titled Stage Debut, but neither the GameEye nor Stage Debut were released.

Minigames

 * Space Fever II is a sequel to the early Nintendo arcade game Space Fever. In this minigame, the player controls a spaceship which fires missiles at other ships throughout three unique levels, followed by a boss at the end of each level. The first boss is a giant face of a man with horns, the second boss is a giant face of a mustachioed man, and the third boss is the Game Face. Once all three of the bosses are beaten, the cycle will restart with increased difficulty. At the beginning of the game, two spaceships appear; shooting the "B" ship will enter the Ball minigame, and shooting the "D" ship will enter DJ. By avoiding both of the ships, the player will begin playing Space Fever II. After scoring 2,000 points there, a new minigame called Run! Run! Run! will be unlocked, where a new ship marked with a "?" will appear at the beginning.
 * Ball is a juggling game, in which the player moves the hand around to catch and throw balls. It is a variation of the Game & Watch game Ball, only with Mr. Game & Watch's head replaced with the Game Face. The background music to this game is "Mayim Mayim", an Israeli folk song.
 * DJ is an open-ended music video game with a music sequencer known as Trippy-H where players can mix and create simple chiptunes. The Game Face is the DJ.
 * Run! Run! Run! is the bonus minigame. The Game Face is attached to a cartoon body, and the player races against a mole and a bird for the finish line. By clearing this minigame in under 22 seconds, the credits are unlocked.

Development
Initially, the Game Boy Camera was not well received within Nintendo. However, Masato Kuwahara approached Creatures, Inc. President Hirokazu Tanaka regarding the development of the software for the device, which solidified the project. The camera's built-in software was co-developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 and the Japanese company Jupiter, with Tanaka directing the project. The Game Boy Camera was launched with an initial MSRP of US$49.95.

Legacy
The Camera sold close to 500,000 units in its first three weeks of availability in Japan.

As one of the earliest consumer digital cameras, the GBC has been legitimized for user-generated content, especially photography. Modern computer connectivity has required experimentation for image retrieval.

The cover art of Neil Young's 2000 album Silver & Gold was taken using a Game Boy Camera.

In 2000, a professional photographer created a color workflow similar to the world's earliest color photography, to process GBC's grayscale photos through red, green, and blue filters to produce a color photograph. An artist using a Game Boy Camera and three colour process has developed a series of works since 2012, focussing on how the interplay between what the abstracted images reveal and conceal about the photographed environment. As well as using the Game Boy printer within his practice. A PhD student performed astrophotography of scenes including Jupiter, through academic telescopes using GBC. In 2017, a research engineer developed a neural network application to automatically convert GBC monochrome images into color images. Several modern smartphone apps have modes to simulate GBC image quality. In 2016, an Instagram artist included the vintage GBC hardware in his repertoire of high-technology stylized filters, creating a new gallery dedicated only to GBC photography, because its primitive camera "forces you to find a way to take beautiful pictures".

title: Game Boy Camera


text:
Talk:Opiliones

Who did name you?
Who did name daddy long legs? How does daddy long legs make a life? This is not like grasshopping... I don't like daddy long legs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.175.141.240 (talk) 05:26, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I like them a lot. But this is not a discussion forum. David Spector (talk) 23:10, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

Find a source that can put two and two together?
The article states in the Etymology section: "The Swedish naturalist, Karl Sundevall, first used the term Opiliones in 1833, and derived from the Latin 'opilio', meaning 'sheep-master' or 'shepherd', although the sense of the allusion is unclear." (Harvestmen - Glauco Machado, Gonzalo Giribet).

While it is useful to know the Latin derivation, the inclusion of the statement "although the sense of the allusion is unclear" shows that the author(s) of that statement have never taken the time to observe a true shepherd in action (one with only a staff and no work dogs to assist), else the allusion would be obvious.

I suggest either removal of the "although the sense of the allusion is unclear" statement, or an additional quote from some source that has better insight. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.212.45.234 (talk) 23:55, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

ID error in photo
The photo labeled "Leiobunum politum" is actually Hadrobunus grandis. Note that femur I is much shorter than the length of the body, which is diagnostic for the genus. The unlabeled figure is a male Phalangium opilio.

Location
What would be really helpful is if it mentioned somewhere where on earth these things are found...

I live in northeast Florida and the longlegs used to be very common. During the summer there were numerous individuals or small groups clustered on shady walls.They never seemed to be doing anything at all. This was 20-25 years ago and I cannot recollect the last time I encountered one, but I saw no mention of this geographical area in the "Endangered" section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.92.79.239 (talk) 16:36, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

GA Failed
This article failed the GA noms due to lack of references. Tarret 21:14, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Singular?
What is the singular of Opiliones? Is it Opilione? Or Opiliones?

Is the name Opilionid valid? Iron C hris |  (talk) 02:26, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi, everybody. The singular should be Opilion. In English it is very common to read "opilionid", but it is just because of the unused form Opilionida. This appeared in an attempt to standardize the ordinal names in the 1940s. But the official name recognized by ISA is Opiliones. --Vae victis 16:56, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * What is the singular of harvestmen? Is it Harvestman? Billlion 22:43, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

I've never read "Opilion" in the literature... it seems that "Opilione" is preferred to refer to a single individual or single species. "Opiliones" can refer to the order or several individuals. "Opilionid" is used more in older texts.

I would suggest that all three are acceptible as they all appear routinely in published works. Older authors refer to "Phalangids" which is also technically appropriate to refer to the Palpatores + Laniatores (contained within the grouping "Phalangia"), especially the British species.

Megabunus (talk) 18:12, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't find any of these Opilion~ forms in the AHD or in my OED (1985). A Google ngram search yields one single Opilion and no occurrence of Opilione. Eric talk 17:26, 22 October 2016 (UTC)
 * In Latin, opiliones is the nominative plural of opilio, so in that language, the singular is opilio. What should be used in English is another matter. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:06, 23 October 2016 (UTC)
 * FYI, see above. Eric talk 12:10, 3 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't care, as long as you don't use "Opiliones" as a singular. Correctrix (talk) 02:52, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm no bug science expert, but I think English employs the term as both singular and plural, depending on context. Opiliones is an order, not are. I would change the first sentence to read "Opiliones...is an order of arachnids...", but I sometimes have trouble convincing other Wikipedians that reference works should put entry terms in the singular. Eric talk 13:21, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * sure, but that's a different issue. When "Opiliones" is used as the name of the order then it can be treated as either singular or plural, depending on the context. Some sources write "Opiliones is an order", some "The Opiliones are an order" – both are found in the literature and neither is right or wrong. But we were discussing the word to use for one or more animals, not the order. So where you might write "The picture shows a harvestman/two harvestmen", if you wanted to use a more 'technical', less ENGVAR-specific term, would you write "an opilionid/two opilionids" or "an opilione/two opiliones"? I find the second very odd, but it is definitely in use if you do a Google search. Peter coxhead (talk) 19:16, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi - I take your point, though I take the argumentum ad googlum portion with a grain of salt. I never saw the s at the end of Opiliones as indicating a plural until I read your above post last year. I have yet to encounter the need to come up with a singular in English, but if I did, I'd go with the singular you provided last October. For some reason, I would tend to avoid the construction "...are an..." in our intro sentence. It looks a bit awkward to me, and I would think replacing the are with comprise or make up would make it read better. Eric talk 21:58, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, the standard opening in our articles about taxa whose Latin names are plural in Latin appears to be either of the forms I suggested, i.e. "X is a RANK" or "The X are a RANK" (note the inclusion of "the"). A quick survey suggests to me that for animals the first is somewhat more common (e.g. Solifugae, Schizomida, Thelyphonida, Branchiopoda, Remipedia) although there are many with the second (e.g. Entognatha, Dicondylia, Pterygota). I haven't yet found any with "comprise(s)". Peter coxhead (talk) 22:24, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Mythbusters
The myth mentioned was actually tested by the MythBusters of the Discovery Channel. They found that the venom of daddy long legs is not more lethal than that of a Black Widow spider. Second, the fangs are long enough to pierce the skin. Third, actual intentional infliction of multiple bites caused no significant side effects for a human.

BBC has an interesting article on & photo of one of these in amber. Appartently, it will be pretty important to science.

 * Actually, the MythBusters tested the Daddy Longlegs spider, not the Harvestmen. 68.48.174.136 04:11, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

I thought I should add a note here in the hope that people may read it before adding any references to the Mythbusters TV show yet again. The episode in which the Daddy Long Legs's poisonous bite was tested used cellar spiders, not harvestmen and so there is no need to mention it in this article. --WaterWolf (talk) 12:37, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Grammar & Details
Regarding: "Because they are a ubiquitous order, but species are often restricted to small regions due to their low dispersal rate,[citation needed] they are good models for biogeographic studies.[dubious – discuss]"

I can guess at what the person who wrote this meant to say, but am putting this in discussion to make sure.

My guess is: "This order exists in all environments on the planet, but in isolated populations. Therefore, they are good models for biogeographical studies."

Given that someone put up the citation and dubious tags, I'm not even sure that's all true. I'm not an expert on these arachnids. Someone who is may want to either update the wording to make sense in a fashion similar to my example or remove that statement all together. Mjatucla (talk) 03:53, 23 January 2009 (UTC)''

I would suggest splitting the statement into two phrases. For example:

"Common and Ubiquitous, the Opiliones occur in all major continents with the exception of the Antarctic (Curtis and Machado 2007)."

"Due to their high endemism and low vagility (Pinto-da-Rocha and Silva 2005; Mestre and Pinto-da-Rocha 2004) the harvestmen make ideal model organisms in biogeographic studies".

References:

Curtis D J and Machado G. (2007). Ecology. In Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado and Giribet (2005). eds. Harvestmen: the biology of opiliones. Harvard University Press. London.

Mestre L A M and Pinto-da-Rocha R. (2004). Population dynamics of an isolated population of the Harvestmen Ilhaia cuspidate (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae), in Araucaria Forest (Curitiba, Parená, Brazil). The Journal of Arachnology 32: 208-220.

Pinto-da-Rocha R and Bernardino da Silva M. (2005). Faunistic similarity and historic biogeography of the harvestmen of southern and southeastern Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. The Journal of Arachnology. 33:290-299.

Megabunus (talk) 18:05, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Toxicity when ingested
Would someone kindly discuss the toxicity of harvestmen when ingested by humans or animals? Thank you. 71.87.170.182 (talk) 16:48, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm assuming since they have no venom they're quite non-toxic besides any parasites that may be living inside of them. 71.243.45.34 (talk) 02:38, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

I beseech you on behalf of all humanity. Please never raise this question again. 80.42.221.50 (talk) 05:00, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

number of legs
anyone else notice that they seem to always have seven legs, not the normal 8? Githyan (talk) 23:52, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I've noticed it, and I'm surprised it is not included. Sometimes six. I suspect that they can lose their legs easily, such as if one gets caught in a wall crack. I don't really know. Do the legs regenerate? Don't know that either. No experts around here, I guess. David Spector (talk) 23:16, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Opiliones undergo autotomy, which is a very common defense mechanism in many Arthropods and other animals such as lizards (that when stress lose their tail), starfish and spiders very commonly lose their legs when they molt. They are voluntarily amputating an appendage. However, not all species of Opiliones practice this mechanism. Sadly, unlike spiders that regenerate their legs with time, Opiliones do not. Which makes it very interesting how their locomotion and sensorial behavior adapts to that condition. Paecilaema (talk) 18:39, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

anatomy separated?
Anyone care to tell me why the anatomy section merits its own wikisite as opposed to being described right here in the middle of the article on the critter? Aderksen (talk) 16:58, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

POV Disambiguation Issues
Regarding this statement:

"In some places, harvestmen are known by the name "daddy longlegs" or "granddaddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (Tipulidae) and the cellar spider (Pholcidae)."

It is NOT the policy of Wikipedia to decide that, since the term "daddy long legs" has more than one meaning, this article should default to the position of using "harvestman" as the common term.

Rather, it is Wikipolicy to follow what reliable, mainstream sources in general say about the subject. Actually, a majority of the English-speaking world likely uses the term "daddy long legs" to refer to the "harvestman". As such, this "common" usage should be used, not deprecated, in the article as a major colloquial name. Let's not forget that the name "harvestman" is also "colloquial".

http://spiders.ucr.edu/daddylonglegs.html

69.15.219.71 (talk) 17:41, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

 * This seems reasonable. Anybody want to move the article? J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 16:40, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Jenks24 (talk) 08:46, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Opiliones → Harvestman

– Harvestmen is the much more common name, and should probably use the common name like other arachnid orders such as spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, mites and ticks. Yes Man75 (talk) 13:04, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. This is a huge group of well-known creatures, so a common name is appropriate. Niudla (talk) 13:41, 26 July 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yes Man75 (talk • contribs)
 * Oppose There is no "probably" about it. The technically definitive name of any taxon or associated group of taxons should always be preferred as the title for any article dealing with that topic. This always permits as many people as choose to do so, people with preferred or eccentric common names in as many languages, regions, time periods, fashions, majorities, minorities, academic schools, nationalities, religious denominations or ethnic persuasions as there might be, to redirect from their own favourite name(s), using as many formal redirections, disambiguations or tributary articles as desired, to refer to the substantive article as they please for as long as they please without edit wars, justifications, or mutual recriminations. Read the Common name article if you are in doubt about my point. Relative popularity as perceived by anyone concerned has nothing to do with it. Redirection is neither a significant burden to the system, nor to the user who neither knows, understands, nor cares about the "scientific" name, and has no reason to care. You think that "Diptera" or "Culicidae" are confusing? Wait till you have tried to explain "bug", "fly", etc to a layman! And as for why a tiny, troglobitic species should be called a harvestman(!) for example... IMO we should instead be establishing a project to rename (move etc) every article such as "fly" or "mosquito" to the taxon name, converting the popular names to redirs, if necessary with suitable recognition or explanation in the primary article. We could add disambigs and redirs by the ream for all anyone might care, and the more the better, as long as they are accurate and appropriate. Spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, mites and ticks would be excellent places to start and I happily volunteer to do it if nominated. And what is so special about the Arachnida anyway? What about Crane fly? The current situation is an unencyclopedic, inefficient, illogical, unsystematic, pointless disgrace and overdue for correction. Should I elaborate? The fact that it is physically possible to support an inverted mess by redirecting taxon entries to temporarily partly matching topics is no justification, either logically or aesthetically. If we call Opiliones daddy-long-legs, I insist that we include Tipulids and Pholcids in the same article, and if we use the name harvestmen, then we must logically split the topic to exclude those taxa that are not called harvestmen (ie most of them). You doubt it? Try asking 100 non-biologists taken at random, to look at 100 pictures of suitably selected organisms, and pick out the "harvestmen", "Opiliones" and "daddy long legs". Drinks on me if your diagnoses are consistent or have any connection to harvest time. JonRichfield (talk) 15:31, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: Actually, mites are a paraphyletic group, not represented by a single taxon, so that will always need to be at a common-name title. --Stemonitis (talk) 12:14, 27 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Apologies for accidental removal of other material; no idea how I managed that. Thanks for replacing itJonRichfield (talk) 20:30, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * In response to Niudla's comment: The size of the group does not mean that a common name achieves anything for anyone; people can still use any common name they like and get directly to the material they want. Common names should only be used as a primary article name, if at all, when they are universally used; this one is not. Secondly, the common name in question is not appropriate to the whole group. Remember why mainly one particular species was called "harvestmen", in one country, in one language, in which they also more widely known as daddy long legs, because not all of them appeared in the grainfields and not all Englishmen knew that species because not all English were rural. Such reasons are precisely why one uses taxon names wherever possible. It is easier, more reliable, and less confusing. JonRichfield (talk) 20:30, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose, daddy long-legs and other common names are just as popular elsewhere. Moving to one common name in preference over others just as widely used will just open the way for back-and-forth move wars. In such cases, retaining the page at the neutral scientific name is a far better option to prevent future headaches. Redirects will take care of the rest.-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  21:10, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * oppose per Obsidian de Bivort 22:08, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Biogeography
Much research has been done on harvestmen biogeography, to the point that many claim the order as a model 'system' of sorts for biogeographical studies. Thus, a section on this topic is highly warranted (and really should be in here regardless of how much their biogeography is studied). The biogeography chapter in "Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones" (Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado, and Giribet 2007) would be a good place to start for anyone willing to write this, although many important papers have been published in the last 6 years that should be taken into consideration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lophiomys (talk • contribs) 23:46, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Clustering
I have seen harvestmen cluster together in groups of thousands (at least). It is extremely creepy, and will make an arachnophobe faint. Can someone say this in the "Behavior" section, and maybe add an image? TIA, Charizardmewtwo (talk) 19:18, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

 * There are many reasons to why this is. I can include them and the references for it. 165.134.214.135 (talk) 00:29, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Harvestmen
Never heard of this term. If this is just a US name, the article should say so. I suspect this is another example of the common "all the world's America" WP attitude. --Ef80 (talk) 19:51, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't know whether it's American or not, but it's the English name I've used all my life and I'm English, brought up in East Anglia. It may be regional in the UK. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:04, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

 * After investigation I think you're right. It's certainly not simply a US term. I stand corrected. --Ef80 (talk) 09:33, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

Article is unclear
The way some of the sentences are worded has me confused as to if harvestmen are or are not spiders. 67.212.45.191 (talk) 13:25, 5 November 2016 (UTC) jdc843 (I didn't log in)
 * Where in the articles are there sentences that ambiguously refer to harvestmen as spiders? That, and you are aware that "arachnid" is not synonymous with "spider," right?--Mr Fink (talk) 14:22, 5 November 2016 (UTC)
 * However, it seems to be a common misconception that they are either spiders or closely related, so I've added a sentence to the lead section. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:30, 5 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The last few sentences of the first paragraph should now make it clear. Eric talk 19:34, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Adding refs
The article is missing citations on many of the facts being presented. In addition, the article lacks much of the known information on harvestmen mating behavior and predatory avoidance which are very interesting facets of their biology. Wshoenberger (talk) 16:39, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Feel free to add referenced information, but please read a little about Citation templates to better understand how to format the actual refs; that first attempt broke the entire References section. --Junkyardsparkle (talk) 20:39, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I will add some additional information and references on their anti-predator behavior. Paecilaema (talk) 18:41, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

I will be adding a section in the Opiliones wiki article focused on their Anti-predator mechanisms. The Behavior section, has behavioral information grouped together in small paragraphs (diet, reproduction, their activity patterns, sociality and defense mechanisms). However, there is a plethora of published studies on their multiple anti-predation mechanisms; all of which I am using as scientific resources for my thesis framework. I will also be editing most of the information in this section, due to incorrect terminology, generalizations (when there some species-specific behaviors), lack of reference throughout the whole article (citations) and lack a lot of published/correct information. There are also many assumptions and no references to back up the arguments. In addition, within this section I will include two section: Primary and Secondary Defenses.

The wiki structure after my editions:

Anti-predator defenses
In this section, I will be talking about the general defenses they use and the known predators. Their mechanisms are mainly classified as primary and secondary defenses by Gnaspini and Hara, 2007.
 * It looks very good. I like how it is divided into primary and secondary defenses. What are diel habits? Maybe explain the definition. In the Bobbing section I would move the comma from after 'species' to after 'escape' in the first sentence. The second sentence in Retaliation is missing a subject (I think it's meant to say 'Laniatores'). In the Chemical section, the sentence after citation 58 starts with a lower case 'but', so maybe the first half of the sentence got deleted? Since the section about chemical defenses has the most information maybe it should be described first. メガヒロ (talk) 21:18, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Primary Defenses
In this section, I will mention and explain the classified primary defenses which are pre-predator encounter (mostly to avoid potential predator) such as crypsis, aposematism and mimicry. I will add the references to multiple studies and their findings.

Secondary Defenses
In this section, I will mention and explain the classified secondary defenses which are the mechanisms used when directly or indirectly encountered with a predator to ensure survival such as thanatosis (retraction of legs – what they might refer in the wiki article as “playing dead” –, fleeing, freezing, retaliation, stridulation, autotomy and chemical secretion. I will also include the references to multiple studies and their findings.

Paecilaema (talk) 04:59, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

This is the list of sources I am planning to use:

1. Albín A, Toscano-Gadea CA. Predation among armored arachnids: Bothriurus bonariensis (Scorpions, Bothriuridae) versus four species of harvestmen (Harvestmen, Gonyleptidae). Behavioural Processes 2015; 121:1 – 7. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.003

2. Benson TJ, Chartier NA. Harvestmen as predators of bird nestlings. Journal of Arachnology 2010; 38:374 – 376. doi: 10.1636/hi09-106.1

3. Chelini M-C, Willemart RH, Hebets EA. Costs and benefits of freezing behaviour in the harvestman Eumesosoma roeweri (Arachnida, Opiliones). Behavioural Processes. 2009;82(2):153–159.

4. Cook DR, Smith AT, Proud DN, Víquez C, Townsend VR. Defensive Responses of Neotropical Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) to Generalist Invertebrate Predators. Caribbean Journal of Science. 2013;47(2-3):325–334.

5. Dias BC, Willemart RH. The effectiveness of post-contact defenses in a prey with no pre-contact detection. Zoology. 2013;116(3):168–174.

6. Eisner T. Chemical defense of an opilionid (Acanthopachylus aculeatus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 2004; 207:1313–1321. doi: 10.1242/jeb.00849

7. Escalante I, Albín A, Aisenberg A. Lacking sensory (rather than locomotive) legs affects locomotion but not food detection in the harvestman Holmbergiana weyenberghi. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2013;91(10):726–731.

8. Gnaspini, P & Cavalheiro, A. Chemical and Behavioral Defenses of a Neotropical Cavernicolous Harvestman: Goniosoma spelaeum (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 1998; 26(1), 81-90. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3705453

9. Gnaspini, P, Hara, MR. Defense mechanisms. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G., Giribet, G. (Eds.), Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 2007; pp. 374e399.

10. Gonzalez A, Rossini C, Eisner T. Mimicry: imitative depiction of discharged defensive secretion on carapace of an opilionid. Chemoecology 2004; 14:5–7. doi: 10.1007/s00049-003-0252-2

11. Guffey C. Costs associated with leg autotomy in the harvestmen Leiobunum nigripes and Leiobunum vittatum (Arachnida: Opiliones). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1999;77(5):824–830.

12. Hara MR, Gnaspini P. Comparative study of the defensive behavior and morphology of the gland opening area among harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) under a phylogenetic perspective. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2003;32(2-3):257–275.

13. Machado G, Carrera PC, Pomini AM, Marsaioli AJ. Chemical Defense in Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): Do Benzoquinone Secretions Deter Invertebrate and Vertebrate Predators? Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2005;31(11):2519–2539.

14. Machado G, Pomini AM. Chemical and behavioral defenses of the Neotropical harvestman Camarana flavipalpi (Arachnida: Opiliones). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2008;36(5-6):369–376

15. Machado G, Raimundo RLG, Oliveira PS. Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes(Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Journal of Natural History 2000; 34:587–596. doi: 10.1080/002229300299453

16. Nazareth TM, Machado G. Egg Production Constrains Chemical Defenses in a Neotropical Arachnid. Plos One. 2015 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134908

17. Pomini AM, Machado G, Pinto-Da-Rocha R, Macías-Ordóñez R, Marsaioli AJ. Lines of defense in the harvestman Hoplobunus mexicanus (Arachnida: Opiliones): Aposematism, stridulation, thanatosis, and irritant chemicals. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2010;38(3):300–308.

18. Segalerba A, Toscano-Gadea CA Description of the Defensive Behaviour of Four Neotropical Harvestmen (Laniatores: Gonyleptidae) Against a Synchronic and Sympatric Wolf Spider (Araneae: Lycosidae). Arachnology 2016; 17:52–58. doi: 10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.52

19. Segovia JMG, Willemart RH, Del-Claro K. Defences of a Neotropical harvestman against different levels of threat by the recluse spider. Behaviour. 2015;152(6):757–773.

20. Willemart R, Gnaspini P. Spatial distribution, mobility, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in a Brazilian cave harvestman Goniosoma albiscriptum (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Animal Biology 2004; 54:221–235. doi: 10.1163/1570756042484674

21. Willemart RH, Pellegatti-Franco F. The Spider Enoploctenus Cyclothorax (Araneae, Ctenidae) Avoids Preying on the Harvestman Mischonyx Cuspidatus (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Journal of Arachnology 2006; 34:649 – 652. doi: 10.1636/s05-70.1 Paecilaema (talk) 08:49, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:06, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Harvestman Mouth.JPG

Name change Harvestman anatomy to Opiliones anatomy
FYI. I changed the article name Harvestman anatomy to Opiliones anatomy, to stay consistent this main articles name of Opiliones rather than Harvestman. --David Tornheim (talk) 12:04, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

Prehensile feet
One thing that might be worth noting in this article is their prehensile feet: https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/3/jeb192187/20772/Traction-reinforcement-in-prehensile-feet-of (see images). 97.135.42.177 (talk) 07:32, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opiliones


text:
Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport

Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport (German: Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) is the international airport of Karlsruhe, the third-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, and also serves the spa town of Baden-Baden. It is the state's second-largest airport after Stuttgart Airport, and the 13th-largest in Germany with 1,731,055 passengers as of 2023 and mostly serves low-cost and leisure flights.

The airport itself is part of Baden Airpark, a business park with numerous other tenants. It is located in Rheinmünster, 40 km south of Karlsruhe, 12 km west of Baden-Baden, 25 km east of Haguenau and 25 km north of Strasbourg, France.

Early years as a military airport
The construction of a military airfield began in December 1951 in the Upper Rhine Plain between the Black Forest and the Rhine River under the supervision of the French Air Force. The runway and associated facilities were completed by June 1952. The airfield was granted to Canadian forces and became a military base, RCAF Station Baden–Soellingen, later renamed CFB Baden–Soellingen, from 1953 until 1994.

The newly founded Baden Airpark GmbH took over the former military airfield to develop it into a regional airport and business park. Technically, the airport itself today is part of the Baden Airpark, which also includes business facilities.

Public operations
The first commercial flight from Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUI fly Deutschland) took place in April 2001 with service to Palma de Mallorca and Ibiza. In 2008 the airport counted over one million passengers within a year for the first time.

On 25 October 2011, Ryanair announced it would open its 47th base at Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden in March 2012 with two based aircraft and 20 routes. In addition to Ryanair's then existing 12 routes Ryanair opened seven additional routes to Faro, Málaga, Palma, Riga, Thessaloniki, Vilnius and Zadar. In July 2018, TUI fly Deutschland announced that it would terminate its operations at the airport, cancelling seven year-round and seasonal leisure routes to the Canaries and the Mediterranean.

Facilities
Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport consists of one passenger terminal building equipped with 20 check-in counters and eight departure gates as well as some shops and restaurants. The apron features eight aircraft stands of which most can be used by mid-sized aircraft such as the Boeing 737. Due to the location of the terminal building walk stands and buses are used for boarding.

Due to its extensive runway and facilities, Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport is frequently used by major airlines for training flights.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport:

The closest other international airport is Strasbourg Airport in France, located approximately 40 km to the southwest.

Ground transportation
The airport can be reached via motorway A5 which leads from Hesse to Basel (Exit Baden-Baden). There are local bus connections to Baden-Baden and Rastatt as well as their respective train stations.

title: Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport


text:
User:ChessPlayer/example01

A Problem and A Story
The following is a hypothetical situation, completely fictional, part problem and part story, and intended only to clarify the meaning of NPOV and its application to Wikipedia articles. In addition, it is meant to be slightly entertaining and funny, and no offense of any kind is intended to anyone involved in any similar but real dispute. If you haven't already, I suggest you read the material on the NPOV policy at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPOV#The_basic_concept_of_neutrality either before or after reading this story, as it is central to the issues raised.

The Two Crazy Wikipedians.
Two crazy Wikipedians argue on everything, and agree on nothing. No matter the assertion, one or the other is saying it is not true. One says the earth is round, and the other will say the earth is flat, and vice versa.

One day, one of them wants to say in an article, "Most X believe Y." The other then doubts that most X do in fact believe Y, and asserts it is not true. How does this get resolved, and what gets written into the Wikipedia article? Here are two alternate methods on how it might get resolved. Which, if either, do you feel is in accordance with the NPOV policy?

Method One
All the other people editing the article discuss the issue. It turns out that everyone but the crazy dissenter agrees, that most X do believe Y. So what gets written in the article ends up as:

"Most X believe Y."

The Wikipedians are satisfied now that the article is stating a fact that nobody but a lunatic disputes. They tell the lone crazy dissenter, he is crazy, and the article will state the clear truth which he denies.

Method Two
The people editing the article tell the crazy editor who wants to write "Most X believe Y." that while they all agree with him that most X do believe Y, that it can't be put into the article, as it is a disputed fact, the one other crazy editor disputes it.

The crazy writer protests. "Nothing will ever be in the article then that I write, as doombas over there will always dispute it."

A wise old editor then councils him. "Wikipedia articles never assert disputed facts. But I do have a suggestion for you. There are things you can write, that your crazy foe will not be able to successfully dispute."

"Oh yeah, what?"

"You can write opinions, and they cannot be challenged, for the most part. I won't go into the exceptions right now, it is a different issue. But generally, you can write an opinion in the article."

"An opinion?? I thought we were not supposed to write opinions, just facts?"

"Well, that is true...except you are leaving out the important part...you aren't supposed to write YOUR opinions. Wikipedia is not your soapbox. But you not only can write other people's opinions... and it is about the only thing you CAN write that generally won't be challenged. The key point is to clearly and accurately cite your sources."

'Huh???'

"Here is what you can, and should, do. Do some research, and when you are ready, write, "Professor So and So has stated in his book, 'All about Y,' that most X believe Y."

"Oh...I get it...I can write about other people's opinions!"

"That's right. Not only can you, it is what Wikipedia is all about. You are butting your head against the brick wall of the non-negotiable law of Wikipedia called NPOV if you try to assert facts that are disputed...even if they are only disputed by your crazy nemesis, and no sane person. You might even get away with it...if you are in a group of people who haven't read and understood the NPOV policy. That's easy to do, as the policy is not a simple one, and not intuitive, in my opinion. I don't blame anybody for not knowing it."

"I'll read it! Great, thanks!"

Later, into the article gets placed,

"Professor So and So has stated on page 54 of his book "All about Y," that most X believe Y"

The Wikipedians all nod approvingly...except the other crazy guy.

"It doesn't say that in MY copy" and he displays his copy, with page 54 ripped out.

The Wikipedians then mug him.

So....which method do you approve of...method one...or method two, or neither? Which method, if either, is in accordance with the NPOV policy? Which, if any, is not? Please limit comments to the NPOV policy, and methods one or two...I would like to focus the discussion on the example here and the NPOV policy, and not have it wander into other areas, thanks. In particular, please do not change the facts of the story and then use your new story for discussion purposes, but instead refer to the story as given.

Discussion
Please post your comments here.

What cannot be disputed is that this story is in the article namespace, presumably because you've left out a colon. Things of this sort should not be in the body of the Wikipedia.

The reason other people's opinions can be included is that usually, in order to get published, someone has to have a publishing deal of some sort and this generally implies that a publishing house believes they're qualified to write on the subject. Or in the case of research papers, they've had funding which, again, implies that they're not just an argumentative loony. --bodnotbod 22:56, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Educate me, please. Where did I leave out a colon? It was my intent to create a subpage of my user page, and I thought I had done that. ChessPlayer 23:05, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

How's about "Most X believe Y, such as Professor So and So (page 54 of All about Y)." This makes the attribution a little more neater/neutral too - there could be others who believe Y as well. One may want to also put something about those who disbelieve Y also. By the way, you had an underscore/space, instead of a colon, before, which is necessary for the subpage to generate properly. Dysprosia 23:08, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

I find you story quite insightful. If you would like a first hand experience/observation of some of the more interesting variations, I reccomend Heteronormativity, Talk:Nazism and socialism and Fascism. Heteronormativity brings up an intruiging circumstance wherein the wikipedia itself is the most authoratative source on the subject, and ALL (that I have yet found myself, anyways) other sources are highly suspect and largely unqualified sources (term papers mainly). Another riddle is the expert (*chuckle, scoff*) editor, who feels their opinion itself is a citation (*snort*). While I am open to this in a theoretical wherein their expertise is Verifiable, in actual practice we all seem to think we're a great source of info, thus bringing in original research. Anyways you seem to have a good grasp of Policy, and I want to thank you for your persuasive and inspiring story, illustrative of the need for following the latter path, and shunning the (albeit democratic) former method of determining article content. Cheers, Sam Spade 00:13, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

I've been watching various disputes like this for some time (some are to me trivial such as Polish v German City Names) but obviously not to others (whose views I can understand). My personal solution is that in certain cases we should allow alternate opinions/articles to be created and clearly label them. It isn't enough to reach a consensus, it's sometimes extremely important not to censor other people's opinions. Rjstott 03:59, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there would be far fewer disputes if people read, understood, and adhered to the NPOV policy. The policy is against censoring views, and against rule by consensus. ChessPlayer 04:07, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * However, the NPOV policy implies trying to reach a balanced compromise and trying to fairly represent opposing points of view. Sometimes this is quite impossible within an article as the flavour of the whole article is a continual battleground. It is often also quite impossible to make a coherent argument under these conditions or to come to balance the views fairly. Rjstott 06:01, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Labelling opinions is ugly, such as this "Advantages/Positive/Supporting arguments: - Disadvantages/Negative/Opposing arguments:" abstraction which can be seen in some articles. A more naturally reading paragraph can be made by merging the two together, and using some nice language to highlight opposing views amongst supporting. Dysprosia 04:11, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that often it is ugly. What the NPOV policy requires is citation of who is giving the opinion, else we have to assume it is the editors' opinion, and that's ok until somebody challenges it; then it has to be deleted or replaced by a neutral, factual statement like "Dr. X thinks all crawdads are Socialists on account of they are red in color." This statement is a fact, if Dr. X really thinks that, even if all crawdads are blue and Royalists. However, I think the statement "Most X believe Y, such as Professor So and So (page 54 of All about Y)." violates the NPOV policy even worse than just saying "Most X believe Y" It has the article making the claim itself, that Most X believe Y. Now, the article then offers support for this claim, by mentioning that Professor So and So agrees with it. So, this sentence is completely opposite of what NPOV instructs, in my opinion. Its telling us what to think, "Most X believe Y", then trying to prove it to us, by offering support, citing the Professor. In this case, the slight change in wording turns a very NPOV compliant sentence into a very NPOV violating one. ChessPlayer 04:43, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This is why I think sometimes that looking into what exactly constitutes NPOV gets a little philosophical. "Facts" as a basis for establishing neutrality is not such the best idea always, as how can we establish the veracity of a fact? How can we say that "Dr X. thinks" is fact, since this is Dr. X's (however established and esteemed) opinion? To say that "Most think X is Y" is not fact either, since we have nothing to back this up (and even if we did, would that be factual? "numbers can lie") To say "Most think X is Y, such as Dr X" isn't factual either, for the same reasons.
 * A better example for a somewhat neutral statement might go along the lines of "Most think X is Y. There is a number of people however who hold Y to be false, with reasons Z and W, but others, such as Dr X in All about Y claim that Y is true", for reasons Ω and Σ.
 * It's not easy to apply NPOV in such a formulaic way however. NPOV arises differently from different articles/situations. Dysprosia 04:52, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, but you can't say, "Most think X is Y", as that is the editor's opinion, not a fact. The only fact stated in the last example is "Dr X in All about Y claim that Y is true", for reasons Ω and Σ.', and its probably a NPOV violation as well, as its being used not to present a fact, but to build the truth of the editor's statement, "Most think X is Y"

 * '"Dr X in All about Y claim that Y is true", for reasons Ω and Σ.' is not quite fact, because there may be reasons Θ and Δ that contradict it? Dysprosia 06:03, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:ChessPlayer/example01