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Britain in Bloom

RHS Britain in Bloom is the largest horticultural campaign in the United Kingdom. It was first held in 1963, initiated by the British Tourist Board based on the example set by Fleurissement de France (now Conseil national de villes et villages fleuris), which since 1959 has promoted the annual Concours des villes et villages fleuris. It has been organised by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) since 2002.

The competition is entered by the communities of towns, villages and cities. Different categories exist for various sizes of settlements. Groups are assessed for their achievements in three core pillars: Horticultural Excellence; Environmental Responsibility; and Community Participation.

Over 1,600 communities around the UK enter each year, participating in their local region's "in Bloom" campaign. From these regional competitions, roughly 80 communities are selected to enter the national Finals of RHS Britain in Bloom.

It is a popular campaign, estimated to involve more than 200,000 volunteers in cleaning up and greening up their local area.

Since 2002, the awards have been based on the Royal Horticultural Society's medal standards of Gold, Silver Gilt, Silver and Bronze; the winner is the settlement judged to have most successfully met the rigorous judging criteria. Judging at the regional stage takes place around June/ July; judging for the national stage takes place in August. The results for the UK Finals are announced in September/ October. The competition covers the UK, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.

Floral displays play an important part in the contest, but the "Bloom" title is now, perhaps, misleading: in recent years the competition has increasingly assessed how all sectors of the local community are managing their local environment.

In 2006, the RHS introduced the Neighbourhood Awards (now the It's Your Neighbourhood campaign), a grassroots sister campaign to Bloom, supporting smaller, volunteer-led community groups focused on improving their immediate environment.

History
The history of the 'Bloom', as it is colloquially referred to, began in 1963 when Roy Hay MBE, a horticultural journalist, went on holiday to France during the Fleurissement de France and was enthralled by seeing the country "filled to overflowing with flowers, shrubs and trees all in full bloom". His enquiries revealed that President de Gaulle had given orders to brighten up the country and the French Tourist Authority had set up the Fleurissement de France in 1959 (now called Concours des villes et villages fleuris). Hay was so impressed that he approached the British Tourist Authority (BTA), and he and Len Lickorish, then Director General of the BTA, set up a committee to run a British version, "Britain in Bloom". It was piloted by the British Tourist Authority in 1963 (Lewisham being part of that pilot ), and went national in 1964.

Many organisations were invited to help, including: The Automobile Association; London Tourist Board; National Farmers' Union; London Parks; Institute of Parks and Recreation Administration; National Association of Rural Communities; Royal Horticultural Society; Royal Automobile Club; The Tourist Boards of England, Scotland and Wales; The National Federation of Women's Institutes; Civic Trust; Keep Britain Tidy Group; the Flowers and Plants Council; The Horticultural Trades Association; The British Hotels and Restaurants Association; The Society of Town Clerks; Townswomen's Guild and British Airways. Despite this impressive list, Roy Hay later reflected that the initial reaction of the horticultural trade and local authorities was lukewarm.

Nevertheless, regional committees were quickly formed, and in 1964 Bath became the first national winner. From 1964 to 1969 inclusive there was an overall national winner. From 1970, however, the competition was divided up into a range of categories, because of the difficulty of comparing settlements of different sizes fairly.

The British Tourist Authority managed the competition until 1983 when the Government Department sponsoring the BTA felt that it should relinquish the responsibility. The Tidy Britain Group (the group responsible for the Keep Britain Tidy campaign, now known as EnCams) took over; it already had a long association with the competition. To mark the changeover, 1983 was celebrated as "Beautiful Britain in Bloom Year". Sir Lawrie Barratt of Barratt Developments expressed his support to the Tidy Britain Group for the competition and provided sponsorship until 1989.

More categories and awards were added, in part reflecting a greater range of settlements, but also to recognise other elements of horticulture, including landscaping, and also to recognise the strenuous efforts to beautify the urban areas of the larger cities. McDonald's began sponsoring the competition from 1990, which led to focus on littering behaviour and the implementation of a Children's Painting Competition Calendar. In 2001, the event was organised jointly by EnCams and the Royal Horticultural Society, and from November 2001 the RHS took full control as the organising body of Britain in Bloom.

In 2017, after winning Britain in Bloom Champion of Champions, Elswick admitted to having previously cheated in the competition three years earlier. The volunteers engaged a specialist company to design a display which came in ready assembled trays.

Structure
The competition currently has twelve entry categories, most of which are determined by population size. Within each category, similarly sized communities compete across a spectrum of horticultural endeavour, community participation and environmental responsibility, which includes dealing with issues of litter, graffiti and vandalism.

 * Category A
 * Small Village
 * Village
 * Large Village
 * Category B
 * Small Town
 * Town
 * Large Town
 * Category C
 * Small City
 * City
 * Large City
 * Category D
 * Urban Community
 * Category E
 * Small Coastal (electoral roll up to 12K)
 * Large Coastal (electoral roll over 12K)

Judging
RHS Britain in Bloom encompasses 18 Regions/ Nations (12 English regions, as well as Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey).

Judging takes place over two years in two stages:

 * 1) Regional competition: Entries are first submitted by voluntary local 'Bloom' Committees, depending upon the area, to Local Authorities, Town or Parish Councils. These communities take part in their regional competition, for example South West in Bloom. The local volunteers are colloquially known as "bloomers". Judging takes place in June/July, and winners are announced during local presentations between August and November.

 * 1) UK-wide: After the judging of the regional stage, Committees representing their nation/region select entrants for the second UK-wide stage. To ensure that effort is sustained over time, this second stage of judging takes place in August the year after they qualify. Winners of the UK judging are announced at a prestigious ceremony in September/October.

1964 to 1999
Details to 1990 from Graham Ashworth CBE, Britain in Bloom, The Tidy Britain Group (Wigan:1991)

Subsequent competitions
From the winners and finalists of RHS Britain in Bloom, entries are picked to represent Britain in international competitions such as the Entente Florale.

Discretionary awards
(Definition Source) (Definition Source)

 * The Britain in Bloom Horticulture Award (from 2012) / previously The Britain in Bloom Floral Award / The Asmer Trophy: Presented to the finalist that demonstrates the best horticultural displays throughout the entry.
 * The Environment Award (from 2014) / previously The Sustainable Landscaping Award (from 2010) / previously The Permanent Landscaping Award / Beautiful Britain Award(from 1983)/Landscape Development Trophy(to 1983): Presented to the finalist that demonstrates innovative and high quality sustainable landscaping practices within their entry. (Sustainable landscaping referring to creating an attractive environment that is in balance with the local climate and requires minimal resource input.)
 * The Community Award (from 2002) : Presented to the finalist deemed to have best demonstrated that community involvement in their local "in Bloom" campaign is representative of all sectors of the community.
 * Community Champion Award / previously The Bob Hare Award(from 1980 to 1990) : Presented to individuals who demonstrate exceptional commitment and dedication to the Britain in Bloom cause in their community.
 * Commercial Award / Gordon Ford Trophy: Presented to the finalist that demonstrates the best environmental and/or horticultural contribution from business / retail / corporate interests. Originally presented by Gordon Ford.
 * Pride of Place Award(from 2012) / previously Environmental Quality Award / Tidy Britain Group Trophy / Keep Britain Tidy Trophy / The Keep Britain Tidy Award: Presented to the finalist that best demonstrates duty and commitment to any one or more of the following: cleanliness, effective use of resources and maintenance of hard landscaping and street furniture.
 * Tourism Award: Presented to the finalist that demonstrates the most effective use of their local "in Bloom" initiatives as a means of encouraging and supporting tourism in their area.
 * Best Public Park Award: Given in Memory of David Welch. Presented to the park (including publicly run pay-on-entry parks and gardens) designed for horticultural excellence, giving delight to the visitor through appropriate planting, high standards of maintenance, including infrastructure, conserving wildlife, cleanliness and features of interest.
 * Conservation and Wildlife Award / previously The Going for Green Trophy: Presented to the finalist that best demonstrates commitment to sustainable development, including management of the flora and fauna in their local environment.
 * Outstanding Contribution / previously The Moran Memorial Award: Presented to an individual(s) that judges consider to have made outstanding efforts towards the success and promotion of Britain in Bloom.
 * No longer awarded: Best Inner City / Barratt Inner City Trophy: for the best effort in inner city areas
 * Young People's Award (from 2008) : Presented to the finalist deemed to involve young people from across the community in the best way.
 * School Award: Presented to the school within a finalist community that demonstrates the best commitment to on-going environmental and horticultural initiatives.
 * Environmental Responsibility(from 2012) : Presented to the finalist that best demonstrated responsible management of resources within their entry.
 * RHS Britain in Bloom Heritage Award (from 2012) / previously Local Roots Award :Presented to the finalist that best demonstrated outstanding commitment to the ongoing care and development of their local heritage.

1971 to 1999
! Horticulture !! Environment !! Community !! Commercial !! Pride of Place !! Tourism !! Best Public Park !! Conservation and Wildlife !! Outstanding Contribution !! Best Inner City !! Young People !! Heritage
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||

West Country in Bloom || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Ex Parks Director, City of Liverpool || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Chairman Yorkshire and Humberside in Bloom || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Chairman Northumberland in Bloom || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Assistant Director of Environment (Parks) Swansea City Council || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Bob Hare || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Director of Leisure and Recreation, Aberdeen || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Village orderly of Ballinamallard || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Edzell || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || former Director General of the British Tourist Authority || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Killyleagh || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || || Chief Technical Officer Lisburn Borough Council || Oxford || || Organiser of West Country in Bloom || Leeds || || || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || George Tomlinson Crewe || Plymouth || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Bridlington || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Bridlington || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Clovelly || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Clovelly || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || City of London || London Borough of Camden || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || City of London || London Borough of Camden || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Wolviston || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr C B Preece
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Wolviston || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr C B Preece
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Exeter || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr P Conn
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Bath || Exeter || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr P Conn
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Swansea || Holywell || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Dr D W Huebner
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Swansea || Holywell || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Dr D W Huebner
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Belfast || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || York || Douglas || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr B Wolley
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Belfast || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || York || Douglas || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr B Wolley
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Paisley || Belfast || Sidmouth || Forres || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Paisley || Belfast || Sidmouth || Forres || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Stockport || Strathclyde || Bath || Largs || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr H Parker
 * style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Stockport || Strathclyde || Bath || Largs || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Mr H Parker
 * Swansea || Kirkcaldy || Harold Peirce, Arthur Allen, Brian Pattenden, Nigel Rogers - Eastbourne Parks Dept || Stratford upon Avon || Stratford upon Avon || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || (posthumous)
 * Swansea || Kirkcaldy || Harold Peirce, Arthur Allen, Brian Pattenden, Nigel Rogers - Eastbourne Parks Dept || Stratford upon Avon || Stratford upon Avon || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || (posthumous)
 * Ryton || Aberdeen || Tevrnspite, Dyfed || Sidmouth || Cheltenham || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || David Welch
 * Ryton || Aberdeen || Tevrnspite, Dyfed || Sidmouth || Cheltenham || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || David Welch
 * Cheltenham || Forres || St. David's Centre, Cardiff || Nantwich || East Sleekburn || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || George Dick
 * Cheltenham || Forres || St. David's Centre, Cardiff || Nantwich || East Sleekburn || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || George Dick
 * Douglas || Crewe || Tom Dobbins, Babbacombe Model Village, Devon || Torquay || Market Bosworth || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Dr W Dally
 * Douglas || Crewe || Tom Dobbins, Babbacombe Model Village, Devon || Torquay || Market Bosworth || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Dr W Dally
 * Shrewsbury || Belfast || Walter Dinning, Parks Department, Gateshead || Nantwich || Sorn || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Leonard Likorish
 * Shrewsbury || Belfast || Walter Dinning, Parks Department, Gateshead || Nantwich || Sorn || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Leonard Likorish
 * Bath || Crewe || The Japanese Garden, Aberdeen || Stratford upon Avon || Bury St Edmunds || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Jim Woods
 * Bath || Crewe || The Japanese Garden, Aberdeen || Stratford upon Avon || Bury St Edmunds || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Jim Woods
 * Bury St Edmunds || Plymouth || Moffat || Gorey, Jersey || Exeter || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Lewis McAvoy
 * Bury St Edmunds || Plymouth || Moffat || Gorey, Jersey || Exeter || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Lewis McAvoy
 * Morpeth || Telford || Saintfield in Bloom Committee || Bournemouth || Moira || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Muriel Preece
 * Morpeth || Telford || Saintfield in Bloom Committee || Bournemouth || Moira || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Muriel Preece
 * Southport || Swansea || Guildford || J Sainsbury plc || Nuneaton and Bedworth || Keswick
 * Southport || Swansea || Guildford || J Sainsbury plc || Nuneaton and Bedworth || Keswick
 * Bath || ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
 * Bath || ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
 * || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || Nottingham ||  ||
 * || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || Nottingham ||  ||
 * || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  |||  ||  || Nottingham, Hyson Green ||  ||
 * || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  |||  ||  || Nottingham, Hyson Green ||  ||

2000 to 2009
! Horticulture !! Environment !! Community !! Commercial!! Pride of Place!! Tourism!! Best Public Park !! Conservation and Wildlife!! Outstanding Contribution!! Best Inner City!! Young People!! Heritage
 * || || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || Portsmouth ||  ||
 * Bath || St. Helier - Harbour Approach || || KeyMed, Southend on Sea || Newcastle upon Tyne || Lynton & Lynmouth || The Crichton Dumfries || Tatsfield || Pupils and teachers at Applegrove Primary School, Forres || Leeds ||  style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||
 * Stafford || Oxford - Arlington Business Park || Saltburn by the Sea || Doxford International Business Park, Sunderland || Newcastle-under-Lyme - Meadows Residents Association || Drumnadrochit & Brighton and Hove || Johnston Park Aberdeen || London Borough of Bromley || Carolyn Wilson, Alness || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||  ||
 * Falkland || Guildford || Coleraine || Normanton || Aberdeen || Barnstaple || Botanic Gardens Bath || Bury St. Edmunds || Malcolm Wood, Nottingham || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||  ||
 * Perth || Sheffield - Peace Garden || Seedley and Langworthy (Salford) || Bracknell Flowers, Bracknell || Market Bosworth || Falkland || Jephson Gardens Royal Leamington Spa || Tilgate Centre, Crawley || Doug Stacey || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||  Sheffield and Market Harborough
 * Nottingham || North Berwick || The Friends of Norwich in Bloom || Fareham Memorial Gardens || Manchester City Centre || Hexham || University Park Nottingham || Rottingdean || Jeanette Warke, Londonderry || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||  ||
 * Shrewsbury || St. Helier - Waterfront || Falkland || Taylors of Harrogate, Starbeck || Norton in Hales || Scarborough || Greyfriars Green Coventry || Durlston Country Park, Swanage || Clifford Prout, Old Colwyn || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||  ||
 * Grouville || Bury St. Edmunds and Abbots Green School || Nottingham || White Rose shopping centre, Beeston || Duffus and North Berwick || Cleethorpes || Mount Edgcumbe Park Plymouth || Cardiff Bay || Christel MacIntosh, Alness || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * Perth || Sheffield || Cricklade || Ocean Road, South Shields || Sheffield || Douglas, Isle of Man || Ravelin Park Southsea || North Meadow, Cricklade || Terry Bane || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Applegrove School, Forres ||
 * Rustington || Bangor - Bangor Walled Garden || Earsdon || St. Brelade's Bay Hotel || St Andrew's, Scotland || Chipping, Lancashire || Harrogate - Valley Gardens || Farthing Downs and New Hill, London Borough of Croydon || Vic Verrier || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Falkland, Fife|Falkland || Eston, North Yorkshire and Plymouth
 * Nottingham || North Berwick || The Friends of Norwich in Bloom || Fareham Memorial Gardens || Manchester City Centre || Hexham || University Park Nottingham || Rottingdean || Jeanette Warke, Londonderry || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||  ||
 * Shrewsbury || St. Helier - Waterfront || Falkland || Taylors of Harrogate, Starbeck || Norton in Hales || Scarborough || Greyfriars Green Coventry || Durlston Country Park, Swanage || Clifford Prout, Old Colwyn || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| ||  ||
 * Grouville || Bury St. Edmunds and Abbots Green School || Nottingham || White Rose shopping centre, Beeston || Duffus and North Berwick || Cleethorpes || Mount Edgcumbe Park Plymouth || Cardiff Bay || Christel MacIntosh, Alness || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * Perth || Sheffield || Cricklade || Ocean Road, South Shields || Sheffield || Douglas, Isle of Man || Ravelin Park Southsea || North Meadow, Cricklade || Terry Bane || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Applegrove School, Forres ||
 * Rustington || Bangor - Bangor Walled Garden || Earsdon || St. Brelade's Bay Hotel || St Andrew's, Scotland || Chipping, Lancashire || Harrogate - Valley Gardens || Farthing Downs and New Hill, London Borough of Croydon || Vic Verrier || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Falkland, Fife|Falkland || Eston, North Yorkshire and Plymouth
 * Grouville || Bury St. Edmunds and Abbots Green School || Nottingham || White Rose shopping centre, Beeston || Duffus and North Berwick || Cleethorpes || Mount Edgcumbe Park Plymouth || Cardiff Bay || Christel MacIntosh, Alness || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || ||
 * Perth || Sheffield || Cricklade || Ocean Road, South Shields || Sheffield || Douglas, Isle of Man || Ravelin Park Southsea || North Meadow, Cricklade || Terry Bane || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Applegrove School, Forres ||
 * Rustington || Bangor - Bangor Walled Garden || Earsdon || St. Brelade's Bay Hotel || St Andrew's, Scotland || Chipping, Lancashire || Harrogate - Valley Gardens || Farthing Downs and New Hill, London Borough of Croydon || Vic Verrier || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Falkland, Fife|Falkland || Eston, North Yorkshire and Plymouth
 * Rustington || Bangor - Bangor Walled Garden || Earsdon || St. Brelade's Bay Hotel || St Andrew's, Scotland || Chipping, Lancashire || Harrogate - Valley Gardens || Farthing Downs and New Hill, London Borough of Croydon || Vic Verrier || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Falkland, Fife|Falkland || Eston, North Yorkshire and Plymouth
 * Rustington || Bangor - Bangor Walled Garden || Earsdon || St. Brelade's Bay Hotel || St Andrew's, Scotland || Chipping, Lancashire || Harrogate - Valley Gardens || Farthing Downs and New Hill, London Borough of Croydon || Vic Verrier || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || Falkland, Fife|Falkland || Eston, North Yorkshire and Plymouth

2010 to 2016
! Horticulture !! Environment !! Community !! Commercial !! Pride of Place !! Tourism !! Best Public Park !! Conservation and Wildlife !! Outstanding Contribution!! Young People !! School !! Heritage !! Environmental Responsibility
 * Coleraine || City of London || Crawley || Beighton, Sheffield || Tameside || Harrogate || Bristol Zoo || Solihull || Ken Powles and Susan Smith || Douglas, Isle of Man || Portchester Northern Community School, Fareham || Halstead || style="background: #C0C0C0;"|
 * Bury || University of Edinburgh - Pollock Campus || Chirk (Wrexham) || Graythwaite Manor Hotel, Grange over Sands || Derry City, Ulster || Tenby, Wales || Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh || Avon Gorge & Downs, Bristol || Jim Knight || Wee FIBbees, Forres, Scotland || Spring Common School, Moor (Huntingdon) || style="background: #C0C0C0;"| || style="background: #C0C0C0;"|
 * Birmingham || St Helier, Jersey || Loughborough || Hendra Caravan Park, Newquay || Oldham || Joint winners: Herm, Guernsey; and Great Yarmouth || Cannon Hill Park, Birmingham || Kippax (Leeds) || John Woodward and Clive Addison || Joint winners: St George's Crypt, Leeds; and Stone, Staffordshire || St Bede's Catholic High School, Lytham || Chirk (Wrexham) || Thornbury Community Composting Site, Thornbury
 * Glenrothes || Diamond Jubilee Gardens, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames || Biddulph, Coupar Angus, Edinburgh, Hunmanby, Prestatyn, Stanghow and Starbeck || Sanderson Arcade and Bus Station, Morpeth || Stockton-on-Tees || Bournemouth || The Dingle, Shrewsbury || Saint Brélade || Alan Heath, Cumbria, Maurice Baren, Yorkshire and Patsy Clark MBE, Northumbria || Dartmouth, Morpeth and Prestatyn ||| Oakley School, Tunbridge Wells || Eston (Middlesbrough) || Bury
 * Oldham || London Bridge || Truro || Stockley Park, Hillingdon || Port Marine & Village Quarter (Portishead) || Shrewsbury || Roundhay Park, Leeds || Tresco || Walter Dinning and Mark Wasilewski MVO || Immingham || Joint winners: St Mary's School, Dalton with Newton, and Edith Cavell Academy and Nursery School, Norwich || Pitlochry || style="background: #C0C0C0;"|
 * Birmingham || St Helier, Jersey || Loughborough || Hendra Caravan Park, Newquay || Oldham || Joint winners: Herm, Guernsey; and Great Yarmouth || Cannon Hill Park, Birmingham || Kippax (Leeds) || John Woodward and Clive Addison || Joint winners: St George's Crypt, Leeds; and Stone, Staffordshire || St Bede's Catholic High School, Lytham || Chirk (Wrexham) || Thornbury Community Composting Site, Thornbury
 * Glenrothes || Diamond Jubilee Gardens, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames || Biddulph, Coupar Angus, Edinburgh, Hunmanby, Prestatyn, Stanghow and Starbeck || Sanderson Arcade and Bus Station, Morpeth || Stockton-on-Tees || Bournemouth || The Dingle, Shrewsbury || Saint Brélade || Alan Heath, Cumbria, Maurice Baren, Yorkshire and Patsy Clark MBE, Northumbria || Dartmouth, Morpeth and Prestatyn ||| Oakley School, Tunbridge Wells || Eston (Middlesbrough) || Bury
 * Oldham || London Bridge || Truro || Stockley Park, Hillingdon || Port Marine & Village Quarter (Portishead) || Shrewsbury || Roundhay Park, Leeds || Tresco || Walter Dinning and Mark Wasilewski MVO || Immingham || Joint winners: St Mary's School, Dalton with Newton, and Edith Cavell Academy and Nursery School, Norwich || Pitlochry || style="background: #C0C0C0;"|
 * Oldham || London Bridge || Truro || Stockley Park, Hillingdon || Port Marine & Village Quarter (Portishead) || Shrewsbury || Roundhay Park, Leeds || Tresco || Walter Dinning and Mark Wasilewski MVO || Immingham || Joint winners: St Mary's School, Dalton with Newton, and Edith Cavell Academy and Nursery School, Norwich || Pitlochry || style="background: #C0C0C0;"|
 * Oldham || London Bridge || Truro || Stockley Park, Hillingdon || Port Marine & Village Quarter (Portishead) || Shrewsbury || Roundhay Park, Leeds || Tresco || Walter Dinning and Mark Wasilewski MVO || Immingham || Joint winners: St Mary's School, Dalton with Newton, and Edith Cavell Academy and Nursery School, Norwich || Pitlochry || style="background: #C0C0C0;"|

Regions
There are 18 Regions/ Nations "in Bloom", each of which coordinate regional campaigns in their area. The regions of the UK and Crown dependencies used in the competition are (with reference to ceremonial counties and government office regions):

RHS It's Your Neighbourhood
RHS It's Your Neighbourhood is part of the wider RHS Britain in Bloom initiative, helping volunteer-led groups to improve their local area. Any group can take part, as long as it is volunteer-led and involved in hands-on community gardening. It should also be working with the community for the benefit of the community. Participating groups care for all sorts of spaces - from local parks and gardens, to odd grot-spots which have been transformed and shared residential spaces or alleyways.

The campaign was launched by the RHS in 2006 to support grassroots community gardening and there are currently more than 1,300 registered groups. (2012)

The initiative works around the same three pillars of assessment as RHS Britain in Bloom: Community Participation, Gardening Achievement and Environmental Responsibility; however, it is not a competitive campaign. Participating groups receive an annual visit from an It's Your Neighbourhood assessor, who provides feedback and tips for how to develop projects, and each group receives a certificate of achievement from the RHS.

It's Your Neighbourhood is free to enter and open to groups of all sizes.

Source of civic pride
Winning a category within Britain in Bloom at a national or even regional level has proved to be a source of considerable civic pride for the towns, cities and villages involved. Many of the authorities of the winning locations do advertise their achievements on signs within, or more predominantly on the outskirts of their settlement. One journalist stated that "Since Britain In Bloom began in 1963 … nothing has pleased town councillors more than to hammer up a sign at the outskirts of their kingdom trumpeting superiority to incoming visitors… Few events provide a sterner test of civic pride." Examples include Garstang where the sign that leads to the high street at the heart of the town says, above the name "Garstang", Britain In Bloom Small Town – Gold Award Winners 2002, 2005, and "Invitation Finalists to Champion of Champions 2006", or Guildford, which advertises its past triumph in the Town category on its welcome signs.

Other language Wikipedias

 * Concours des villes et villages fleuris - French National Competition article
 * Entente Florale Deutschland - German National Competition article

title: Britain in Bloom


text:
User talk:Jcw69

For 2007 - 2014 talk archive click here For 2006 talk archive click here For 2005 talk archive click here For 2004 talk archive click here

Gamtoos River
Hello,

I’m translating your article into Polish and to do a good translation I need to verify the data and to quote reliable sources. You wrote that Gamtoos River is approximately 645 km long with a catchment area of  34,635 km². The Afrikaans language version of this article seems to state that the Gamtoos River is about 500 km long.

I couldn't find any information on the Gamtoos River in my Encyclopædia Universalis, but I found it here: eWISA - SOUTH AFRICAN RIVERS,eWISA Gamtoos RIVER: Overview.

It confirm yours data. Unfortunately I’m not able to evaluate if the eWISA is a reliable source. Some websites takes their data from Wikipedia and I prefer to avoid a feedback situation, so could you indicate what your source was, please?--Akramm1 (talk) 12:32, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It was a long time ago since I created this post. At the time I was using mostly the Reader's Digest Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa 5th Edition ISBN 0-947008-17-9, 1985 Jcw69 (talk) 10:31, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

Restored userright
Hi Jcw69. I've now restored your adminship right. Please do make sure you're familiar with current policies, and welcome back! Worm TT(talk ) 12:36, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, I am going through current policies that I can find and bringing myself back up to speed. --Jcw69 (talk) 09:16, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 9
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Disambiguation link notification for January 7
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Disambiguation link notification for January 21
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Contests
User:Dr. Blofeld has created WikiProject Africa/Contests. The idea is to run a series of contests/editathons focusing on each region of Africa. He has spoken to Wikimedia about it and $1000-1500 is possible for prize money. As someone who has previously expressed interest in African topics, would you be interested in contributing to one or assisting draw up core article/missing article lists? He says he's thinking of North Africa for an inaugural one in October. If interested please sign up in the participants section of the Contest page, thanks.♦ --Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 01:26, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Attention
User:TheBeastdot has created List of missing Southern Africa topics. Please help by contributing. —Preceding undated comment added 19:41, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins
Hello,

Please note that TOTP based two-factor authentication is now available for all administrators. In light of the recent compromised accounts, you are encouraged to add this additional layer of security to your account. It may be enabled on your preferences page in the "User profile" tab under the "Basic information" section. For basic instructions on how to enable two-factor authentication, please see the developing help page for additional information. Important: Be sure to record the two-factor authentication key and the single use keys. If you lose your two factor authentication and do not have the keys, it's possible that your account will not be recoverable. Furthermore, you are encouraged to utilize a unique password and two-factor authentication for the email account associated with your Wikimedia account. This measure will assist in safeguarding your account from malicious password resets. Comments, questions, and concerns may be directed to the thread on the administrators' noticeboard. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:33, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

A new user right for New Page Patrollers
Hi.

A new user group, New Page Reviewer, has been created in a move to greatly improve the standard of new page patrolling. The user right can be granted by any admin at PERM. It is highly recommended that admins look beyond the simple numerical threshold and satisfy themselves that the candidates have the required skills of communication and an advanced knowledge of notability and deletion. Admins are automatically included in this user right.

It is anticipated that this user right will significantly reduce the work load of admins who patrol the performance of the patrollers. However,due to the complexity of the rollout, some rights may have been accorded that may later need to be withdrawn, so some help will still be needed to some extent when discovering wrongly applied deletion tags or inappropriate pages that escape the attention of less experienced reviewers, and above all, hasty and bitey tagging for maintenance. User warnings are available here but very often a friendly custom message works best.

If you have any questions about this user right, don't hesitate to join us at WT:NPR. (Sent to all admins) .MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:47, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Administrators' newsletter - February 2017
News and updates for administrators from the past month (January 2017). This first issue is being sent out to all administrators, if you wish to keep receiving it please subscribe. Your feedback is welcomed.

Administrator changes
 * Gnome-colors-list-add.svg NinjaRobotPirate • Schwede66 • K6ka • Ealdgyth • Ferret • Cyberpower678 • Mz7 • Primefac • Dodger67
 * Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg Briangotts • JeremyA • BU Rob13

Guideline and policy news
 * A discussion to workshop proposals to amend the administrator inactivity policy at Wikipedia talk:Administrators has been in process since late December 2016.
 * Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016 closed with no consensus for implementing Pending changes level 2 with new criteria for use.
 * Following an RfC, an activity requirement is now in place for bots and bot operators.

Technical news
 * When performing some administrative actions the reason field briefly gave suggestions as text was typed. This change has since been reverted so that issues with the implementation can be addressed. (T34950)
 * Following the latest RfC concluding that Pending Changes 2 should not be used on the English Wikipedia, an RfC closed with consensus to remove the options for using it from the page protection interface, a change which has now been made. (T156448)
 * The Foundation has announced a new community health initiative to combat harassment. This should bring numerous improvements to tools for admins and CheckUsers in 2017.

Arbitration
 * The Arbitration Committee released a response to the Wikimedia Foundation's statement on paid editing and outing.

Obituaries
 * JohnCD (John Cameron Deas) passed away on 30 December 2016. John began editing Wikipedia seriously during 2007 and became an administrator in November 2009.

Discuss this newsletter • Subscribe • Archive

13:38, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Expanded article for Liwonde National Park
Hello, Jcw69. On behalf of the nonprofit organization African Parks via the Wyss Foundation, and as part of my work at Beutler Ink, I've submitted an expanded and updated draft of the Liwonde National Park article for consideration at Talk:Liwonde National Park. I am looking for someone to review this draft for accuracy and neutrality, and to copy over content appropriately as a replacement of the current article, which is almost entirely unsourced. You noted an interest in Africa at WikiProject Protected areas, so I thought I'd reach out to see if you are interested in taking a look at the proposed draft, since my requests for help at several WikiProjects have gone unanswered for a while now. Might you be willing to take a look at the draft? Thanks for your consideration. Inkian Jason (talk) 15:39, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Eshowe.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Eshowe.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 01:12, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Ingwavuma.png

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Dundee.png

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Empangeni.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Empangeni.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Estcourt.png

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While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 01:13, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Glencoe.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Glencoe.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Howick.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Howick.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Kokstad.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Kokstad.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Charlestown.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Charlestown.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Dannhauser.png

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Proposed deletion of File:JCW-Map-Natal-Hattingspruit.png

The file File:JCW-Map-Natal-Hattingspruit.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

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Wikimania scholarship application for SA and SADC
The South African Wikimedia chapter is awarding a limited number of full and partial scholarships to attend Wikimania 2018 in Cape Town to SADC and South African based Wikimedians. The due date for applications is 30 May. You can get more information by clicking here. Don't waste time APPLY NOW! (Google docs form provided by WMZA) 20:36, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Capacity Building Workshop
Wikimedia South Africa will be hosting Asaf Bartov from the Wikimedia Foundation for 5 days where he will be conducting a series of Capacity Building Workshops in Johannesburg and Cape Town. The workshops are aimed at addressing challenges faced by African Wikimedians and share tools that will enable them to better increase African content. In Johannesburg the workshops will take place on 25 - 26 May 2018 at the Goethe Institut, and in Cape Town Asaf will be meeting Wikimedians on 29 May 2018. Come and join us either in Johannesburg or Cape Town, we can pay for your travel to attend in either of these cities. You can click here to see more information or you can contact info@wikimedia.org.za. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:29, 20 May 2018 (UTC), delivered on behalf of

Happy birthday
Wishing Jcw69 a very happy birthday on behalf of the Birthday Committee! Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 15:03, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

Application for WikiIndaba Steering Committee Open
The due date for applying to be part of the WikiIndaba steering committee (WISCom) is this Friday the 22nd. Apply now and be part of the African Wikimedia Movement. (Message from 10:57, 20 June 2018 (UTC))

Sorry
I meant to rollback another user's edits but the recent changes log updated and I unknowingly reverted your edits. Sorry for the inconvenience. Kpg jhp  jm  11:01, 17 August 2018 (UTC) No worries, I fixed it back.

Nomination of Johan Pretorius for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Johan Pretorius is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Johan Pretorius until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Spike 'em (talk) 11:03, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

ArbCom 2019 special circular
  <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-ArbCom_2019_special_circular" style="display:none"> <div style="border-style: dotted; border-color: #886644; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; padding: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;">

This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:20, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)
ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community.

Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to "have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices." We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised.

We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered.

For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:03, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Upholder order.jpg

The file File:Upholder order.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

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This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
<div class="boilerplate metadata" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; border: 1px solid #7D00B3; margin: 0.5em auto; padding: 0.5em; width:90%; text-align: center"> Happy Birthday! Have a very happy birthday on your special day!

Best wishes, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 07:08, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 24 November 2020
At the beginning where it says digital strategist-there is a redlink due to an XFD. Mind removing the brackets? HurricaneTracker495 (talk) 21:43, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with the red link? Presumably a decent article could be written on the topic - it just wasn't the version that was deleted. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 22:31, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirected the article to Digital strategy to Digital marketing. That will fix the red link. Closing edit request - reopen if you have a problem with this. P,TO 19104 (talk) (contribs) 22:51, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Port Shepstone High School

The article Port Shepstone High School has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable school. No citations."

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Proposed deletion of EkuPhakameni

The article EkuPhakameni has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No sources. The capitalization of the actual name varies throughout the article. There is very little information."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jcw69


text:
User talk:Wyllium

Archive

Welcome to my discussion page

 * Please create a header for your comment/question.
 * Please return here for my reply.
 * Please address me, not other posters.
 * Please try to be civil.

Votes for deletion/La La
Hello, I saw you frequently participate in vfd. Can you please vote on Votes for deletion/La La? I'd like to see your input on it. Cheers. .:. 06:24, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wyllium


text:
User:Pgreenfinch

fr:utilisateur:Pgreenfinch es:usuario:Pgreenfinch

Ex finance and banking executive and international consultant

I intervene in the French-speaking and English-speaking Wiki (please, excuse my syntax when writing in English)

Intérests:

 * Behavioral finance & Economics,
 * Financial and monetary theory,
 * Microeconomics, economic development,

 * Financial analysis, stock valuation,
 * Marketing, management.

Also a supporter of

 * European integration,

 * Democratic / institutional Globalization. And thus, self-declared World citizen

 * More generally democracy and human rights.
 * Societies are owned by persons, while persons are not owned by societies.
 * Whence my 67 % (for persons) / 33 % (for society) cursor theory for
 * power-sharing.

Webmaster of:

 * Behavioral finance and stock valuation website
 * Behavioral finance forum
 * Finance academy forum

 * European constitution forum
 * Democratic globalization forum

Also a top viewed Google Knol author

 * Domains in English : finance, economics, society (democracy), decision psychology, management.

 * Domaines en français : finance, économie, société (démocratie), psychologie de la décision, management.

title: User:Pgreenfinch


text:
Talk:Out of Control (TV series)

Plagiarism
Most of the content of this page seems to be plagiarized from. AJD 15:19, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

I have copyedited it.--68.43.37.52 15:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"First" for Nickelodeon?
Was this really the first series produced for Nickelodeon? I can think of so many shows that came before it - You Can't Do That on Television, Mr. Wizard's World, Livewire, Pinwheel etc. - though I don't know if all of these were specifically produced for Nickelodeon. But as Nick was several years old by the time of Out of Control, I have to wonder if that was really the first show produced for them. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:24, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * At least two of those were originally aired on Canadian television, and Mr Wizard predates Nickelodeon by decades... --Stlemur 15:36, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You're right regarding Mr. Wizard, I meant that edisodes were being produced for Nick before Out of Control started. I thought of another show, Leonard Nimoy was the host, it was called Standby: Lights, Camera, Action. IMDB says Nick distributed it, doesn't say if they produced it. I am updating the article to make the wording more clear. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 16:22, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Move, move now
This is not going to be the most notable title of "Out of Control" shortly; a drug-and-lesbian movie came out in Egypt which has made tons of money and caused mass protest. Out of control MUST go to a disambiguation page, as it is by far less culturally relevant.71.247.100.182 (talk) 19:03, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Who is Bruce Littlejohn?
I saw his name all over the infobox, yet when I look him up in IMDB the ONLY credit he has is as producer. He is also one of ten producers for the show, yet he's the only name in the info box under that heading. Also, the other things he's credited for are not verified by IMDB either. The theme is listed being done by someone else on IMDB and he has no listing for narrator. The info box gives the appearance that this man was very involved in the show, yet I can find nothing to corroborate this.--RaggTopp (talk) 03:25, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * 70.242.6.127 (talk) 14:12, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Semi-related, I have spent some time trying to understand the origin of Klein& in the article's history, as was shown in the Infobox television parameter |company= . While I have traced the change as occurring between edits 15:02, 26 November 2013 and 12:39, 22 December 2013, it appears that some edit history had been excised, as there's no evidence of precisely when the parameter was added to the infobox, nor the orphaned text (I checked all of the available history). I've removed the orphaned text, as I could not find any legitimacy for it being there. — Christopher, Sheridan, OR (talk) 08:51, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Out of Control (TV series)


text:
Marble (toy)

A marble is a small spherical object often made from glass, clay, steel, plastic, or agate. They vary in size, and most commonly are about 1/2 in in diameter. These toys can be used for a variety of games called marbles, as well being placed in marble runs or races, or created as a form of art. They are often collected, both for nostalgia and for their aesthetic colors.

Sizes may vary, but usually range from about 0.5 cm to 3.5 cm in diameter.

In the North of England the objects and the game are called "taws", with larger taws being called "bottle washers" after the use of a marble in Codd-neck bottles, which were often collected for play.

History
In the early twentieth century, small balls of stone from about 2500 BCE, identified by archaeologists as marbles, were found by excavation near Mohenjo-daro, in a site associated with the Indus Valley civilization. In modern India the game is called "kanche". Marbles are often mentioned in Roman literature, as in Ovid's poem "Nux" (which mentions playing the game with walnuts), and there are many examples of marbles from excavations of sites associated with Chaldeans of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. They were commonly made of clay, stone or glass. Marbles arrived in Britain, imported from the Low Countries, during the medieval era.

In 1503, the town council of Nuremberg, Germany, limited the playing of marble games to a meadow outside the town. The name "marble", used for the little toy balls, comes from this region and era, and refers to such balls being made of marble. At this point, marbles were made in mills and quarries by polishing small fragments of real stone like marble, agate, alabaster, limestone, and even brass.

It is unknown where marbles were first manufactured. A German glassblower invented marble scissors, a device for making marbles, in 1846. Ceramic marbles entered inexpensive mass production in the 1870s.

The game has become popular throughout the US and other countries. The first mass-produced toy marbles (clay) made in the US were made in Akron, Ohio, by S. C. Dyke, in the early 1890s. Some of the first US-produced glass marbles were also made in Akron by James Harvey Leighton. In 1903, Martin Frederick Christensen—also of Akron—made the first machine-made glass marbles on his patented machine. His company, M. F. Christensen & Son Co., manufactured millions of toy and industrial glass marbles until they ceased operations in 1917. The next US company to enter the glass marble market was Akro Agate. This company was started by Akronites in 1911, but located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Today, there is only one American-based toy marble manufacturer: Marble King, in Paden City, West Virginia.

Types of game

Various games can be played with marbles.

One game popular in the United Kingdom and United States is ring taw (or "ringer"), where a ring is drawn on the ground and a number of small marbles placed within it. Players take turns to flick a larger "taw" marble at these marbles, attempting to knock them out of the ring.

World championship
The British and World Marbles Championship has been held at Tinsley Green, West Sussex, England, every year since 1932. (Marbles has been played in Tinsley Green and the surrounding area for many centuries: TIME magazine traces its origins to 1588. ) Traditionally, the marbles-playing season started on Ash Wednesday and lasted until midday on Good Friday: playing after that was thought to bring bad luck. More than 20 teams from around the world take part in the championship, each Good Friday; German teams have been successful several times since 2000, although local teams from Crawley, Copthorne and other Sussex and Surrey villages often take part as well;  the first championship in 1932 was won by Ellen Geary, a young girl from London.

Gameplay terminology

 * "Knuckle down": the position adopted at the start line at the beginning of a match. The player begins with their knuckle against the ground.
 * "Quitsies": allows any opponent to stop the game without consequence. Players can either have "quitsies" (able to quit) or "no quitsies".
 * "Keepsies" (or "for keeps"): the player keeps all the marbles they win.
 * "Elephant stomps": when called, it allows a player to stomp their marble level with the ground surface, making it very difficult for other players to hit.
 * "Bombies": when called, it allows a player to take one or two steps while holding their marble and, while closing one eye, to line up over one of the opponent's marbles and drop the marble trying to hit the marble on the ground.
 * "Leaning tops": when called, a shooter leans in on their off hand for leverage over an indentation on any type of surface or obstacle.
 * A "taw" or "shooter" is generally a larger marble used to shoot with, and "ducks" are marbles to be shot at.
 * Various names refer to the marble's size. Any marble larger than the majority may be termed a boulder, bonker, cosher, goen, masher, plumper, popper, shooter, thumper, smasher, goom, noogie, taw, bumbo, crock, bumboozer, bowler, tonk, tronk, godfather, tom bowler, fourer, giant, dobber, dobbert, hogger, biggie or toebreaker. A marble smaller than the majority is a peawee, peewee or mini. A "grandfather" is the largest marble, the size of a billiards ball or tennis ball.
 * Various names for different marble types (regional playground talk, Leicester, UK): Marleys (marbles), prit (white marble), Kong (large marble), King Kong (larger than a bosser), steely (metal bearing-ball). Names can be combined: e.g. prit-Kong (large white marble).

Types of marbles
There are various types of marbles, and names vary from locality to locality.
 * Aggie – made of agate (aggie is short for agate) or glass resembling agate, with various patterns like in the alley
 * Alley or real – made of marble or alabaster (alley is short for alabaster), streaked with wavy or other patterns with exotic names like corkscrew, spiral, snake, ribbon, onyx, swirl, bumblebee, and butterfly
 * Ade – strands of opaque white and color, making lemon-ade, lime-ade, orange-ade, etc.
 * Cat's eye or catseye – central eye-shaped colored inserts or cores (injected inside the marble)
 * Beachball – three colors and six vanes
 * Devil's eye – red with yellow eye
 * Red devils – same color scheme as a devil's eye but swirly
 * Clambroth – equally spaced opaque lines on a milk-white opaque base. Rare clams can have blue or black base glass. Medium-high value for antique marbles; rare base color valued much higher.
 * Lutz – antique, handmade German swirl, containing bands of fine copper flakes that glitter like gold. Erroneously thought to have been invented by noted glassmaker Nicholas Lutz. Medium-high value for antique marbles, depending on specific sub-type of Lutz design.
 * Oilie or oily – opaque with a rainbow, iridescent finish
 * Onionskin – antique, handmade German swirl, with many closely packed surface streaks. Medium price range for antique marbles.
 * Opaque – a popular marble that comes in many colors
 * Oxblood – a streaky patch resembling blood
 * Pearls – opaque with single color with mother of pearl finish
 * Toothpaste – also known as plainsies in Canada. Wavy streaks usually with red, blue, black, white, orange.
 * Turtle – wavy streaks containing green and yellow
 * Bumblebee – modern, machine-made marble; mostly yellow with two black strips on each side
 * China – glazed porcelain, with various patterns similar to an alley marble. Geometric patterns have low value; flowers or other identifiable objects can command high prices.
 * Plaster – a form of china that is unglazed
 * Commie or common – made of clay; natural color or monochrome coloration. Made in huge quantities during nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
 * Bennington – clay fired in a kiln with salt glaze—usually brown, often blue. Other colorations fairly scarce. Fairly low value.
 * Crock – made from crockery (earthenware) clay
 * Croton alley or jasper – glazed and unglazed china marbled with blue
 * Crystal or clearie or purie – any clear colored glass – including "opals," "glimmers," "bloods," "rubies," etc. These can have any number of descriptive names such as "deep blue sea", "blue moon", "green ghost", "brass bottle", "bloody Mary".
 * Princess – a tinted crystal
 * Galaxy – modern, machine-made marble; lots of dots inserted to look like a sky of stars
 * Indian – antique, handmade German marble; dark and opaque, usually black, with overlaid groups of color bands; usually white, and one or more other colors. Can also have many colors like blue, green and scarlet. Medium price range for antique marbles.
 * Mica – antique, handmade German marble; glassy to translucent with streaks or patches of mica, ranging from clear to misty. Value depends on glass color.
 * Steely – made of steel; a steely was traditionally made from a flat piece of steel folded into a sphere and showed a cross where the corners all come together, but other versions of a steely are solid steel ball bearings.
 * Sulphide – antique, handmade German marble; large (1.25 to 3 in or more) clear glass sphere with a small statuette or figure inside. Most common are domesticated animals such as dogs, cats, cows, etc.; then wild animals; human figures are scarce; inanimate objects such as a train or pocket watch are very rare and command high prices. The interior figures are made of white clay or kaolin, and appear a silvery color due to light refraction. A sulphide with a colored-glass sphere, or with a painted figure inside, is also very rare and brings a high price. Like other types of antique marbles, sulphides have been reproduced and faked in large quantities.
 * Swirly – a common marble made out of glass with one swirly color
 * Shooter – any marble but in a bigger size
 * Tiger – clear with orange-yellow stripes
 * Baby – white with colors visible on the outside
 * Tom bowler – large glass marble at least twice as big as a normal marble

Art marbles
Art marbles are high-quality collectible marbles arising out of the art glass movement. They are sometimes referred to as contemporary glass marbles to differentiate them from collectible antique marbles, and are spherical works of art glass.

Collectible contemporary marbles are made mostly in the United States by individual artists such as Josh Simpson.

Art marbles are usually around 50 mm in diameter (a size also known as a "toe breaker"), but can vary, depending on the artist and the print.

Marble collecting

Marble players often grow to collect marbles after having outgrown the game. Marbles are categorized by many factors including condition, size, type, manufacturer/artisan, age, style, materials, scarcity, and the existence of original packaging (which is further rated in terms of condition). A marble's worth is primarily determined by type, size, condition and eye-appeal, coupled with the law of supply and demand. Ugly, but rare marbles may be valued as much as those of very fine quality. However, this is the exception, rather than the rule, and normally "condition is king" when it comes to marbles. Any surface damage (characterized by missing glass, such as chips or pits) typically cuts book value by 50% or more.

Due to the large market, there are many related side businesses that have sprung up such as numerous books and guides, web sites dedicated to live auctions of marbles only, and collector conventions. Additionally, many glass artisans produce art marbles for the collectors' market only, with some selling for thousands of dollars.

Manufacturing

Marbles are made using many techniques. They can be categorized into two general types: hand-made and machine-made.

Marbles were originally made by hand. Stone or ivory marbles can be fashioned by grinding. Clay, pottery, ceramic, or porcelain marbles can be made by rolling the material into a ball, and then letting dry, or firing, and then can be left natural, painted, or glazed. Clay marbles, also known as crock marbles or commies (common), are made of slightly porous clay, traditionally from local clay or leftover earthenware ("crockery"), rolled into balls, then glazed and fired at low heat, creating an opaque imperfect sphere that is frequently sold as an "old timey" marble. Glass marbles can be fashioned through the production of glass rods which are stacked together to form the desired pattern, cutting the rod into marble-sized pieces using marble scissors, and rounding the still-malleable glass.

One mechanical technique is dropping globules of molten glass into a groove made by two interlocking parallel screws. As the screws rotate, the marble travels along them, gradually being shaped into a sphere as it cools. Color is added to the main batch glass and to additional glass streams that are combined with the main stream in a variety of ways. For example, in the "cat's-eye" style, colored glass veins are injected into a transparent main stream. Applying more expensive colored glass to the surface of cheaper transparent or white glass is also a common technique.

Currently, the world's largest manufacturer of playing marbles is Vacor de Mexico. Founded in 1934, the company now makes 90 percent of the world's marbles. Over 12 million are produced daily.

U.S. machine made manufacturers

 * M.F. Christensen (1904–1917)
 * Akro Agate Company (1911–1951)
 * Christensen Agate (1925–1933)
 * Peltier Glass Company (1927–2002)
 * Ravenswood (1928–1955)
 * Alley Agate (1929–1947)
 * Master Glass (1930–1974)
 * Vitro Agate Company (1932–2004)
 * Kokomo Opalescent Glass Co. (1939–1942)
 * Alox (1930s to 1940s)
 * Jackson Marble Company(1945–1946)
 * Playrite Marble and Novelty Company (1940–1947)
 * Cairo Novelty Company(1946–1952)
 * Heaton Agate Company (1946–1971)
 * Davis Marble Works (1947–1948)
 * Marble King (1949–current)
 * C.E. Bogard & Sons (1971–1986)
 * Mid Atlantic of West Virginia (1990–2004)
 * JABO, Inc. (1991–2021)
 * Sammy's Mountain Marbles (2012–current)
 * Dave's Appalachian Swirls (2014–current)

Video games

 * Marble Madness (1984), an Atari game wherein players race each other to the finish line
 * Oxyd (1991), a game for Amiga, Atari ST, and Macintosh
 * Marble Drop (1997), a computer game wherein players place marbles in a complicated apparatus in an attempt to solve a puzzle
 * Lose Your Marbles (1997), a PC puzzle game where players line up marbles of the same color to add marbles to the other player's board and eventually block their board
 * Marble Blast Gold (2003), a "get to the finish" first person game for the PC and Xbox; a sequel, Marble Blast Ultra (2006), was released later for the Xbox 360
 * Switchball (2007), a game for the PC and Xbox 360
 * Enigma (2007)
 * The World Ends with You (2007) and Neo: The World Ends With You (2021) are role-playing games that both include a marble-style minigame played with pin badges called "Tin Pin Slammer" or "Marble Slash"
 * Marbles on Stream (2018), a marble racing game made to be live-streamed on Twitch (service)
 * Marble It Up (2018), a spiritual successor to Marble Blast Ultra

Other

 * Abalone (board game), a board game in which white and black marbles try to knock each other into a gutter that lines the outside of the board
 * Aggravation (board game), a variation of Pachisi
 * B-Daman, a toy that fires marbles and can be played under several game rules
 * Battle B-Daman, a manga series about a game that is an enhanced version of marbles
 * Bakugan Battle Brawlers, a game which uses magnetic spring loading marbles which open up to reveal creatures used to play the game
 * Chinese checkers, often called "marble checkers", a board game for two to six players using marbles as game pieces
 * Hungry Hungry Hippos, a tabletop game for two to four players involving marbles
 * KerPlunk, a game for two to four players involving marbles
 * A rolling ball sculpture (also marble slide, marble maze, marble run, marble rail, marble coaster). Used in such things as pinball machines and Rube Goldberg machines. A game of skill, involving building using; rails, tracks, cones, wheels, levers, and ramps.
 * Tock, also known as Tuck, is a cards or board game in which players race their four marbles (or tokens) around the board, with the objective being to be the first to take all of one's marbles "home".

title: Marble (toy)


text:
Frontier Wrestling Alliance

Frontier Wrestling Alliance (FWA) was a professional wrestling promotion in Britain. Established in 1993 as the Fratton Wrestling Association it soon became the Frontier Wrestling Alliance six years later and until 2007 when it lost a scripted inter-promotional feud with International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom. As a result of losing the promotion was forced to close and the company XWA was founded, largely based on the old FWA with some old staff and wrestlers as well as some championships. However, in 2009 the FWA brand was relaunched again as a separate promotion to the XWA, running for three more years before folding again in 2012.

First run
The FWA initially started out as the Fratton Wrestling Association in 1993 by Mark Sloan in an attempt to create a forum for serious wrestling training and performance based in Portsmouth. Renaming the promotion to the Fratton Wrestling Alliance 1999, it experienced a renovation that geared it towards national expansion and promoted its first show in February of that year, changing to Frontier Wrestling Alliance by the second show in June. The promotion (now being co-run by Mark Sloan and film and TV producer Elisar Cabrera) soon produced a regional television programme ("Frontier Wrestling") in Portsmouth as well as founding a training academy to create its own talent. The emphasis on new wrestlers organically led to an early storyline of new, internationally influenced wrestling clashing with traditional British wrestling with some veterans brought in to help promote FWA's own performers.

The company created a British championship later that year and in 2000 also crowned tag team champions as it continued to expand, performing across the south of the country. By August FWA began promoting shows with foreign talent, initially Sabu and Dan Severn, which it would continue to do so during its first run by cross promoting with other promotions. This eventually led to the British Heavyweight Championship being won by American wrestler Christopher Daniels, the belt being defended on international soil and a joint-promoted event with American independent promotion Ring of Honor in 2003. The company used international stars to gain notoriety (including hosting the XPW European Championship) and were further aided in advertisement when Alex Shane became a regular presenter on national talk radio station Talksport, aiding the company's expansion into the north of England. The ties with Talksport became important when FWA promoted a show entitled "Revival" from the Crystal Palace Indoor Arena that was broadcast live on radio and later on national television, through Bravo. In late 2006, FWA entered into a scripted feud with International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom (IPW:UK) when FWA wrestlers invaded IPW:UK's annual Brawl at the Hall event and took some of the locker room hostage. In the elimination tag team contest, Team FWA beat Team IPW:UK and proclaimed war on the company. As the rivalry intensified over the next few months, wrestlers from both rosters had matches in both promotions and neutral ground with FWA gaining the early advantage. After months of clashes three events were held under joint banners with the final show, IPW:UK vs. FWA: Final Frontiers, booked for a match between IPW's Martin Stone and an unnamed FWA wrestler to with both companies' future on the line. The show featured much in-fighting, including the two commentators breaking out into a brawl and ended with the mystery FWA wrestler being revealed as the retired former FWA British Heavyweight Champion Flash Barker who lost the match, resulting in FWA folding in March 2007.

Closure and XWA
After the FWA went out of business, Greg Lambert and Mark Kay held a press conference and formed a new promotion named XWA alluding to their former company but insisting the two had a different ethos, with the new company gearing its product towards family entertainment rather than being adult orientated. Despite only basing their promotion on the former company, XWA inherited the physical British Heavyweight and Flyweight Championship belts from FWA and continued to use them, promising to also resurrect the FWA Tag Team Championship, though they never would. However, in April 2009 at XWA's War on the Shore V, Lambert finally announced the creation of XWA's own British Heavyweight Championship belts and gave the FWA belt to Alex Shane, making his only appearance at an XWA event, while Shane presented the new physical title to the winner of the evening's championship match, Sam Slam.

Rebirth
Despite being on the losing end of the battle with International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom and the XWA promotion purportedly taking its lineage, in May 2009, over two years after its original demise, Tony Simpson and Alex Shane announced their intention to revive the national promotion. They held their comeback show, New Frontiers, in early August with matches designed to crown a new FWA World Champion and FWA Flyweight Champion. On 13 February 2010 at the British Uproar event in Broxbourne, Martin Stone defeated Andy Simmonz in the tournament finals to become the first FWA World Heavyweight Champion. He subsequently turned heel and formed a faction called "The Agenda", whose aims are to decimate the UK's top talent in order to showcase their skills to the large American wrestling companies and earn a lucrative contract as a result. At the European Uprising show in Birmingham on 20 November 2010, Alex Shane turned heel and revealed it was he who was the real leader of the Agenda.

After April 2012, the company quietly went inactive again running no further events, and their website going down.

Rules
The promotion followed the same rules as seen in most of professional wrestling but adopted the penalty card system from football, with the yellow card serving as a warning, and any red card offence resulting in disqualification. Piledrivers were banned under FWA rules and could result in a fine as well as disqualification.

Notable wrestlers

 * Alex Shane
 * Zack Sabre Jr.
 * Marty Scurll
 * Andrew Simmonz
 * Jonny Storm
 * El Ligero
 * Jody Fleisch
 * Sha Samuels
 * Terry Frazier
 * Mark Haskins
 * Rockstar Spud
 * Bubblegum
 * Drew Galloway
 * Jorge Castano
 * CM Punk
 * Steve Corino
 * AJ Styles
 * Nikita

title: Frontier Wrestling Alliance


text:
Talk:Penikufesin

Untitled
This article currently gives one track name as Pipleline (sic). This may be a typo, or it may be the actual track name, I don't know. Andrewa 21:24, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Producer
I just did an article on Alex Perialas and it appears he was an associate producer and engineer on this and Anthrax and Mark Dodson were the producers. My source is at the bottom of the Alex Perialas page, but not having the EP myself I cannot verify this. Don't want to change it if it's not true! Bubba hotep 22:53, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Pipeline
The Ventures is referenced having recorded Pipeline. Considering it was originally recorded by The Chantays, shouldn't they be mentioned here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.248.218.89 (talk) 23:43, 21 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penikufesin


text:
Green Cheese (missile)

Fairey's Green Cheese, a rainbow code name, was a British-made radar-guided anti-ship missile project of the 1950s. It was a development of the earlier and much larger Blue Boar television guided glide bomb, making it smaller, replacing the television camera with the radar seeker from the Red Dean air-to-air missile, and carrying a smaller warhead of 1,700 lb.

Green Cheese arose as part of the 'Sverdlov crisis', when the Royal Navy were concerned over the appearance of a new Soviet heavy cruiser class. Green Cheese was a longer-ranged and guided replacement for the unguided Red Angel, which had required an approach by the attacker too close to be considered survivable. During development the range requirement could not be met, and a small rocket motor was added to improve this. This also increased the weight to 3,800 lb from the planned 3,300 lb.

Green Cheese was intended to arm two aircraft, the Fairey Gannet, and the still-under-development Blackburn Buccaneer. The rising weight made it too heavy for the existing Gannets, and the Buccaneer had enough performance to directly attack the ships with conventional bombs, at least in the short term. Green Cheese was cancelled in 1956 and development of an even more powerful design for Buccaneer began.

Previous systems
One of the earliest responses to the Sverdlov was the Red Angel anti-shipping rocket, essentially a greatly enlarged version of the armour-piercing RP-3 used during World War II. The intended aircraft was the Westland Wyvern strike aircraft, but as development dragged on, plans to replace the Wyvern with a jet-powered design, NA.39, were advancing. This would leave a gap where the Wyvern would be removed and the jet not yet introduced. To fill this gap, the Fairey Gannet was selected, a much larger and slower aircraft than the Wyvern. It was felt that Red Angel's range would not be enough to keep it safe from the ship-board guns.

Longer range
Through this same period, the Royal Air Force had been developing a large television guided glide bomb, Blue Boar. This system was overtaken by other developments, and ultimately cancelled in 1956. However, a smaller development under OR.1127 was already being considered as an anti-shipping weapon which could be launched in large numbers from the Vickers Valiant while flying at high altitude, around 50,000 ft, far beyond the range of the ship's guns. In 1954, the Navy released AW.319, calling for a version that could be launched from the Gannet, and later, the NA.39 aircraft. This was assigned the name Green Cheese.

For the Gannet, it was envisioned the aircraft would drop Green Cheese from around 10,000 ft altitude, with a required range of 10,000 yd, whereas the Valiant would drop it from high altitudes and it would have a range of about 20,000 yd. The range was limited by the radar seeker being used, which was adapted from the Vickers Red Dean air-to-air missile. The original Blue Boar design had relatively high drag as it was designed to fall at a fairly steep angle around 45 degrees, which meant the it would not have the range required when dropped from the Gannet. For this reason, the wings were redesigned to have lower drag. Fairey Aviation won the contract with their Fairey Project 7.

The weapon would be produced in two versions, one with fixed wings to be carried externally on the Valiant and designed to hit the ships above the waterline, and a second with flip-out fins for the Gannet and NA.39, designed to hit the ship under the waterline as with the earlier rockets. To do this, the missile would hit the water about 150 ft short of the target. The radome was designed to crush on impact with the water and expose an angled section that caused it to curve up and travel horizontally through the water. Arranging this to occur proved more difficult than initially imagined and was ultimately abandoned in favour of a traditional warhead, which had been the plan for the Valiant version all along.

In testing, the glide performance even with the new wings proved to be too small to reach the desired range. The initial idea was the add a tapered tail to reduce drag, but this led to less internal room for the electronics, which were in the tail. Instead, they added a small rocket motor, a short section of the Smokey Joe motor from the Thunderbird surface-to-air missile, giving it the desired 30 degree flight path.

Moving to Buccaneer
These changes also had the side effect of raising the weight from the desired 3,300 lb to an estimated 3,800 lb, too heavy for the Gannet. There was also the issue that the radar seeker needed to be able to see forward prior to launch, which would require the missile to be extended below the aircraft, which would require some sort of new system to expose it. Eventually the decision to use Green Cheese on Gannet was abandoned, and it was moved entirely to the upcoming NA.39, soon to be known as the Blackburn Buccaneer.

Moving to the new aircraft had the significant advantage that the aircraft's own targeting radar could be used to feed initial information to the missile, meaning that it would not have to be exposed prior to launch. There was also some consideration of using the aircraft's radar in a semi-automatic fashion, thereby simplifying the radar on the missile, but this was abandoned as it was felt it would make the aircraft too visible. This was not a problem on Valiant, as the missiles were carried externally and would always be able to see the target.

By March 1955 it was clear the project was in trouble, and it was officially cancelled in 1956 due in part to cost over-runs. By this point it had a reached a stage called Cockburn Cheese, after the British military scientist Dr. Robert Cockburn. It was replaced with the Green Flash project, armed with the Red Beard warhead. This too was cancelled and the idea of a tactical nuclear-tipped guided missile for anti-shipping use was given up in favour of a simple "lobbed" tactical nuclear bomb, the WE.177A.

title: Green Cheese (missile)