text:
Cheap Sex

Cheap Sex is an American street punk band formed in December 2002, based in San Diego, California. Besides releasing three albums, the band participated in some compilations, including the Pure Punk Rock DVD, released by Punk Core Records, also featuring Action, the Casualties, Blood or Whiskey, Defiance, the Havoc, Lower Class Brats, the Messengers, the Scarred and the Virus, the last one being Mike Virus' previous band.

History
After Mike left the Virus, he decided to form a new band, taking the name Cheap Sex because it was catchy and funny. The original line-up consisted of bassist Derek, guitarists Johnny O. and J. Johnson, drummer Gabe and Mike singing, soon after they formed, a five-song demo was recorded. The band signed with Punk Core Records and recorded their debut album titled Launch Off to War, released in July 2003, J. only recorded half album before leaving to join Madcap, being replaced by Chris Blitz.

After playing several shows on the West Coast, the band made its East Coast debut at the 3 day Vive Le Punk Festival at CBGB OMFUG in New York. The festival took place on October 3, 4 and 5th, 2003, in both the Main Stage and the Lounge Stage at CBGB, on the Main Stage bands like Abrasive Wheels, MDC, the Krays, the Casualties, Two Man Advantage, Awkward Thought, Molotov Cocktail, the Boils among others performed, while the Lounge Stage, restricted to people with legal drinking age (21 and over), hosted bands like U.S. Chaos, Street Brats, Wretched Ones, Hugh Cornwell Band, Broken Heroes, Capo Regime, Weekend Warriors and Spitfires United among others. Cheap Sex performed Saturday October 4, sharing the Main Stage with the Adicts, Antidote, New York Rel-X, the Turbo A.C.'s, Midnight Creeps and Silenced Sin.

In 2003, in a tour with Lower Class Brats, driving a van to New York the band suffered an accident, when a trailer sideswiped the van, a truck loaded with cinder blocks was on the road, the truck took the doors off the van and some bricks flew in, one of the bricks severely injured Johnny O., tearing his aorta, this caused the cancellation of the rest of the tour. Despite the life-threatening accident, Johnn survived, but left the band to recover from the injury, due to the John's departure Phil joined the band.

In April 2004, the band recorded their second album for Punk Core Records, entitled Headed for a Breakdown, released October 5, 2004. They toured extensively during that summer, playing along the east coast with label mates Lower Class Brats.

The band performed in July at the Wasted 2004 festival in the U.K. (formerly known as Holidays in the Sun) with bands such as Discharge and Broken Bones. In the same year, Cheap Sex participated in the British Invasion 2k4 Festival, organized by SOS Records, the festival took place November 20, in San Bernardino, with the Adicts, the Exploited, Discharge, U.K. Subs, Cockney Rejects, the Restarts and local U.S. bands like Total Chaos, CH3 and Resilience among others, the show was recorded for a DVD release.

In 2005, the band returned to Morecambe for another edition of the Wasted Festival, between May 18 and 22, this time with bands like G.B.H., the Business, Funeral Dress, the Exploited, Anti Nowhere League, T.S.OL. and a lot more.

The last record by Cheap Sex, Written in Blood, was released on June 6, 2006, followed up with what would be their last U.S. tour with label mates the Scarred, called the "Bloody Solution U.S. Tour", which began on August 11, 2006, in Anaheim and ended on September 16, 2006, in Ventura.

On March 1, 2007, Cheap Sex's former guitarist, Chris Wick, committed suicide after struggling with heroin addiction and depression after the death of his mother in 2004, leading to the band's break-up. On March 15, 2007, Cheap Sex sent out a bulletin via MySpace stating that they would be breaking up and a final show was in the works, the final show was played June 24, 2007, with Career Soldiers and 46 Short in Fullerton, California.

In 2009, Cheap Sex released a DVD entitled Dead Today: V Years of Cheap Sex featuring a documentary about the band and live footage from the final two shows. The DVD was directed by their long-time merchandise creator and filmmaker Lewis Smithingham.

After Cheap Sex
Mike was in a new band called Evacuate with members from Lab Rats and 2nd Hand Justice, following the hardcore / street punk sound that Cheap Sex and the Virus had, the band released a demo in 2007, plus a single and two albums. The band ended in 2017. Mike started a punk record label under the Evacuate name.

Phil and Brock, although rumored to initially be in Mike's band, Evacuate, have gone on to create a different band, A Bande Apart, a female fronted band. The band recorded a demo and then split up.

In addition to A Bande Apart, Brock was the bassist for Smash 77 with Shawn Smash from Total Chaos and Danny, ex-drummer of the same band. He plays bass in the rock band Plissken.

Phil briefly played with the Los Angeles band the Lieutenants, as well as the Long Beach based band Three Two Ones, with former members of the US Bombs and Duane Peters Gunfight, and the Hunns. He now sings and plays guitar for the band Drosscapes.

Johnny O. Negative has played with Lower Class Brats and Total Chaos to fill in for open spots on their tours, he has also lived in Raleigh, North Carolina, working with No Revolution. Johnny joined the Lower Class Brats as a full-time member but after several years left the band. Currently, Johnny lives in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Gabe (a.k.a. Gabe Cross, Gabe Sex, Gabe Skunt) has played drums for the San Diego garage rock band the Muslims for a short period of time, the Holy Boys (with former Cheap Sex guitarist Chris), and punk/Oi! band Northern Towns. Gabe sings for NYC-based band Lowlands.

Chance (Hurteau) (a.k.a. Chance Christ) had returned to being tattoo artist in 2005 under the name Chance Christ Superstar, and was tattooing in San Diego, California. He also did artwork using the name "EyesoreArt" for bands (most recently for the Lower Class Brats), zines, and music releases. He continued to write music and play bass, and from time to time he appeared in small music projects; but never returned to music full-time. Chance died in 2015 after a long battle with cancer.

Cheap Sex played a one-off reunion show on January 11, 2013, at The Observatory Theatre in Santa Ana, California, with Lower Class Brats, the Scarred, and Media Blitz. The show was to celebrate the 10 year anniversary of the first album, Launch Off to War, being released. All the band members currently live scattered around the US, so the band cannot be as active as it used to be. That one show led to the band re-grouping to play approximately once a year at various festivals.

Members

 * Mike Virus (Vocals)
 * Johnny O. Negative (Guitar)
 * Brock Anderson (Bass)
 * Gabe Sex (Drums)

Discography

 * Launch Off to War (2003, Punk Core)
 * Headed for a Breakdown (2004, Punk Core)
 * Written in Blood (2006, Punk Core)
 * Dead Today: V Years of Cheap Sex DVD (2009, Taang!)

title: Cheap Sex


text:
Talk:Corazon Aquino

Seattle University not University of Washington
Corazon Aquino was awarded an honorary doctorate from Seattle University not the University of Washington. The TV broadcast of the ceremony was produced by the University of Washington, however.

Source: http://www.uwtv.org/programs/displayseries.asp?collid=276 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nrf3000 (talk • contribs) 00:10, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Hoklo-Chinese or Hakka-Chinese ancestry?
Are the Cojuangcos of Hoklo-Chinese or Hakka-Chinese ancestry? Why the Cojuangco always claim that they are of Hakka ancestry?

"It all began when Ko Guiok Huang, an ethnic Hakka from Fukien, China, emigrated to the Philippines in 1871." http://filipinojournal.com/our-columnist/perezcope/the-conjuangco-wars

Why won't some of the view boxes such as ancestry won't show up in my saved article ?
I saved this article with the full family ancestry of Corazon Aquino, but when I checked on it last month, it wouldn't show the names of the Cojuangco family ancestry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 725edwards (talk • contribs) 00:17, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

Is this article still a BLP?
Corazon Aquino died on 1 August 2009, and yet, the article was semi-protected in November 2021 because of vandalism per WP:BLP, even though the subject of the article is dead. Is this article still considered a BLP, whether it's because of other members of the Aquino family are involved or otherwise? LunafreyaLaphicet (talk) 01:15, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

Philippine history
Create a graphic organizer that shows the comparison of the ways in terms of leading the country of the current president and Corazon Aquino. 49.148.235.109 (talk) 07:59, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

Problem, issues and missing links ni Corazon Aquino 180.191.40.184 (talk) 07:14, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Corazon Aquino


text: User talk:64.252.170.3

title: User talk:64.252.170.3


text:
Beauséjour (electoral district)

Beauséjour riding (formerly known as Beauséjour—Petitcodiac) is a federal electoral district in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada, which has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. It replaced Westmorland—Kent, which was represented from 1968 to 1988.

Beauséjour is largely Acadian and Francophone, with a significant Anglophone section in the southern section of the riding.

The riding consists of most of Westmorland County to the east and north of Moncton; and a large portion of Kent County. Major towns in the riding include Shediac, Cap-Pelé, Sackville, Bouctouche, Richibucto and the Southern and Eastern portions of Dieppe. The neighbouring ridings are Miramichi—Grand Lake, Fundy Royal, Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe, and Cumberland—Colchester in Nova Scotia; it is connected to the riding of Malpeque on Prince Edward Island by the Confederation Bridge.

Political geography
Westmorland—Kent was created in 1966 from Kent, and part of Westmorland that was not included in the Moncton riding. It was abolished when it was incorporated into the new riding of Beauséjour in 1987.

Beauséjour was created in 1987 primarily from Westmorland—Kent, incorporating parts of Moncton and Northumberland—Miramichi ridings. Between a 1990 by-election and 1993, it was the seat of Liberal leader and later Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.

In 1997, it was renamed "Beauséjour—Petitcodiac", and expanded to include most of Albert County and the Petitcodiac area of western Westmorland County. This created a "doughnut" around Greater Moncton, which was a separate district.

In 2003, Beauséjour—Petitcodiac was abolished when it was redistributed into a new Beauséjour riding and into Fundy riding.

The new Beauséjour riding was created primarily from Beauséjour—Petitcodiac, incorporating parts of Miramichi and Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe ridings.

in the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, the riding lost a large portion of western Kent County to Miramichi—Grand Lake and a portion of Moncton Parish to Fundy Royal, but gained a portion of western Dieppe from Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe.

Political history
Former Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc represented Beauséjour from 1972 to 1984. His son, Dominic LeBlanc, is its current MP.

Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien represented Beauséjour for a short time in the early 1990s after he won the Liberal leadership. Chrétien did not have a seat in the House of Commons at the time, and the sitting MP stepped down to allow him to run in a by-election.

Since its creation, the riding has voted Liberal in every election except 1997, when it elected Angela Vautour of the New Democratic Party. Vautour switched to the Progressive Conservatives midway through her term, and was defeated in 2000.

Federal riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties:

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Beauséjour—Petitcodiac, 1997–2003
Change for Progressive Conservative candidate Angela Vautour are based on the party's results in 1997. She personally received 6.88% fewer votes based on her results as an NDP candidate. Change for the Canadian Alliance for 1997 are based on the results of its predecessor, the Reform Party.

Beauséjour, 1987–1997
All changes are from the 1990 by-election, with the exception of the Progressive Conservative Party, who did not field a candidate.

2011
In 2011, a student vote was conducted at participating Canadian schools to parallel the 2011 Canadian federal election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Beauséjour (electoral district)


text: User talk:67.173.142.82

title: User talk:67.173.142.82


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Talk:Eureka Flag

Original specimen
This article ought to be primarily concerned with THE Eureka Flag as in the original specimen. There is a section on the "Eureka flag today" which is adequate.

To add to this page we need an image of the Eureka flag hanging in the local museum in Ballarat.

124.183.35.113 11:22, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Colours of flag
True or false: the colours of this flag are known, so that a Wikipedian can put it on a Lists of flags article. 66.245.88.241 02:41, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * According to the newspaper articles of the time, the stars were blue
 * "BALLARAT." South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900) 11 December 1854: 3. Web. 25 Jan 2024 < http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49203212 >. 2001:8003:B180:5700:D5E8:957C:44D2:DD5E (talk) 14:08, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

 * True. I am in the process of a properly proportioned image, a photo of the remains of the original Eureka Flag, and a few other images. If you are patient, they will be up before 0500 UT. =DO NOT USE= the existing image. It is not correctly proportioned! (PS - Please take the time to log in and set up a user page. That way, other Wikipedians can stay in touch with you, and welcome you too. Welcome to Wikipedia!) Denni 03:58, 2004 May 16 (UTC)

Modern design
I have added this infomration to the article:

"The modern design of the Eureka flag is an enhanced a different version to the 1854 original as it features blue keylines around each of the five stars."

(NB: The specimen hanging in the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery features white stars on a white cross. The middle star is barely visible.)

Symbol of nationality?
If you asked every Australian who knows about the Eureka flag the following question:

Is the Eureka flag a symbol of?

(a) Protest (b) Nationality

then probably 99.9% of people would answer (a). About the only time most people see it is at trade union rallies on the TV news and when they drive past construction sites. Private flying of the Eureka flag in Australia is so rare as to be almost non-existent.

I have added this infomration to the article:

"While some Australians consider it a symbol of nationality, the essence of the Eureka flag for most people is a general purpose symbol of protest used by political radicals for a wide variety of non-conformist causes."

Some interesting informaton about the Eureka flag:

- The Eureka Flag is most well known and respected around central Victoria and national symbols are meant to mean something to all Australians.

It would be more fitting to see the Eureka flag recognised by resolution of the local council as the City of Ballarat flag then as an official Flag of Australia.

- The Eureka Stockade flag is not that historically or culturally important.

The Eureka flag was not anywhere near as widely known by Australian people in the not-too-distant past as some of the more over eager Eureka Stockade aficionados would have us believe.

It is interesting to note that in 1949 - not that long ago - a motion picture entitled the 'Eureka Stockade' was made, which starred Chips Rafferty a famous Australian actor of the day. Although the producers of the film had been to Ballarat to do research for the project the Eureka flag used was not 5 stars arranged on a white cross - it was the Southern Cross from Australia's flag!

Apparently nobody in this great central Victorian town could provide an accurate description of the rebel flag in 1949.

- Senator Marshall's private member's bill proposes to call the design the Eureka (Southern Cross) Flag.

Although some academics and historians like to refer to the Eureka flag design as the Southern Cross, this nickname does not resonate with the general public.

The Eureka Southern Cross design was a version of the NSW Ensign/Australian Federation flag of 1830s and the Australian National Colonial flag of 1820s. The Eureka flag does not feature the constellation of the Southern Cross in natural form. It is a stylised representation on a traditional Celtic Christian cross on which is placed five stars interpreted as the stars of the Southern Cross. The constellation is not distinctively Australian as the Southern Cross is used on no less that five different national flags of sovereign nations. Even the US Confederate flag is known as "The Southern Cross".

- The ownership of the original 1854 Eureka flag continues to be the source of heated argument and litigation.

The original specimen was torn down at the stockade by Police Constable John King on the morning the clash between the demonstrators and the authorities took place. What was left of the flag remained in the possession of the King family who loaned it to the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery in 1895.

In 2001 legal ownership of the flag was transferred to the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery who expect the King family and the gallery to be acknowledged every time a replica of the original flag is displayed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 124.183.230.177 (talk • contribs) 20:38, 17 October 2006  (UTC+11 hours)

why is nationality and protest exclusive? 58.104.232.183 05:55, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

As to the previous comment;Perception of the "meaning" of the Eureka flag by Australians must allow a range of opinion.To try nailing down one idea as central to this Australian "iconic" flag is to deny a part of the Australian character.Australians,I believe,enjoy their right to disagree,to protest, to take different views on issues.This right is of course symbolised by the Eureka flag, although the flag is not used by all Australians.The USA has many symbols of their beliefs about freedom, and the British hold the Magna Carter amongst their symbols of political development.The potency of any flag as a representation of ideas is incredibly strong.I believe that trying to limit the Eureka flag to two choices misses historical political and cultural facts.ThanksErn Malleyscrub (talk) 00:28, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Some people in Australia see the Eureka flag as a symbol of nationality, but really, to say most people view it as a general purpose symbol of protest is to speak the truth.

124.183.35.113 11:01, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Image of original flag
The image of the original flag has been deleted as it was a non-commercial use only image :-( The image had been tagged as "This image is provided by the Eureka Centre for education and study purposes only. Please do not download this image for commercial use."--Golden Wattle talk 19:23, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * How is wikipedia 'commercial use'? Morgan Leigh 01:20, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Broken Link
The reference link does not work so I am removing it. I'll try to track the pdf down and if I can, I'll change it back. M0rt 06:43, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

OK, I fixed it up. It's Australia day tomorrow, so I'll be sporting the Eureka flag: it represents the aussie spirit much more than the bland one we have now! M0rt 06:55, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Current Status
I think without a doubt, the current use of the flag is almost invariably associated with union protests. There should be a paragraph preceding the current "Current Status" section which describes this. I agree with the comments in the above section: it is almost always used at Union rallies.

Article
Monarchists in Australia are quite pleased with this article.

124.183.35.113 07:08, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes monarchists have really went to town on this article. Reading it really turns me on.

God Save the Queen!

Victory to ACM!

124.179.65.62 07:31, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality of article
Why is the neutrality of the article in dispute? Why does the truth leave such a sour taste in republican mouths?

Steakknife 07:53, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Comment to the Roll Up Banner
It seems very racist to my race, and I'm sure other Chinese are also offended. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.84.4.138 (talk) 16:26, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

That the "roll up" banner was based on the Eureka flag is a documented historical fact.

124.179.65.62 07:29, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Personally I find this a real stretch and from what I can see I certainly do not believe that it is a "documented historical fact". The closest I could find is this statement from the Historical Flags of Australia website "It is possible that this emblem was intended to refer to the Eureka Flag with its white cross and stars of the Southern Cross."  The only other vague reference can be found on the Ballarat Reform League website "This movement really began the tradition of radical working class use of the flag in the fight for improved working and living conditions, rather than for more esoteric nationalist uses. In this context the use of a flag derived from the Eureka flag at Lambing Flat, New South Wales, in 1861 can be understood."  Neither of these are citations of fact and given that the elements of the Eureka flag including the Southern Cross predate it there is an equally strong possibility that any resemblance of this or the Barcaldine shearers strike to the Eureka Flag is purely coincidental.  Certainly, the Lambing Flat Riots page could link back but I don't find that strong enough to warrant a citation to mention in this article, so I have removed it until such time as a conclusive citation can be found.--Biatch (talk) 03:37, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Claim for design
It appears that Ross may not have designed the flag, as claimed in the article. Powerhouse Museum claims that it was Mr J. W. Wilson, as evidenced by this 1949 newspaper article. Lionfire (talk) 04:59, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Eureka Jack
We should really put the information about the Eureka Jack back. There was testimony at the committal hearings a few days after the battle as to a "flag like a Union Jack" being captured on the person of a rebel prsioner. There are references to the Eureka Jack in the popular culture from the 1940s and 50s. Modern authors are starting to mention the Eureka Jack in their Eureka books. I think someone needs to drop this idea they know more more about what went on that day then a reporter on the spot. Australians today cant even be sure where the Eureka Stockade was erected to the nearest square acre!

Do a vox pop survey at your local supermarket. No one much knows who Peter Lalor himself is anymore either.

121.217.209.17 (talk) 11:28, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110320212625/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/The_Eureka_Shaft_August_2010.pdf to http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/The_Eureka_Shaft_August_2010.pdf

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External links modified
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Citation needed tags
If we can all help to find the required sources to clear the remaining citation needed tags then it might be possible to renominate the article for A-class status.

Robbiegibbons (talk) 10:39, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

Ren Wenban image copyright
The article currently uses the image, which is a cropped version of. There is currently a deletion request for the latter, due to a possible copyright violation. The copyright status of both images is unclear at this time, and it appears likely that both will be deleted soon. If you have any information regarding the issue, please comment on the deletion request page. Renerpho (talk) 15:46, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

today in London
The flag was flown today by someone in the crowd protesting at the court hearing Julian Assange's final appeal against extradition. —Tamfang (talk) 22:47, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eureka Flag


text:
Talk:List of United States foreign interventions since 1945

Untitled

 * This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see Talk:List of U.S. Cold War power plays/Delete.

Survived VfD
Survived: Articles for deletion/List of U.S. foreign interventions since 1945. mikka (t) 04:19, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

21 KEEPS, 11 Deletes --Nearly a 2 to 1 vote to keep
Finally, a strong enough consensus to almost guarantee that those who only want one side of American history told no longer can no longer hold this page hostage for perpetuity (forever). Now lets work together to strive to make this article one of the most balanced and best on wikipedia.Travb

The memory hole
Following from: Travb 07:12, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

The following has been deleted and no longer appears in the article (this is from only May 2004, when the article was created, to November 2004). Footnotes are wikipedia changes (italicized) and links with evidence which supported this deleted information.

 * I am going through the list and determining what events are intervention, by this definition:
 * To interfere, usually through force or threat of force, in the affairs of another nation.Travb 00:19, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

1930s

 * Alleged US support to Portuguese dictator Salazar, 1930's to 1974.''

 * NOT INTERVENTION
 * The U.S. openly backed Portugal's colonial claims, due to the strategic importance of military bases such as the one in the Portugese Azores. Salazar died in 1968, after 40 years in power. Can be included in List of dictators America has historically supported

1940s

 * US provides military aid to right-wing forces battling communist insurgents in Greece in 1947. (See Greek Civil War)''

 * March 12, 1947 President Harry Truman proclaimed the Truman Doctrine, stating that the United States would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." The US gave $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece to battle Communist insurgents in Greece in 1947. (See Greek Civil War) ''

 * CIA involvement in Italian elections, involving propaganda and the alleged buying of votes, in order to prevent the Communist Party of Italy coming to power, in 1948. (See 1948 Italian election) Italian 1948 election
 * NOT INTERVENTION

 * Marshall plan 1948-1951
 * 1948-1951 the United States contributed both economic and technical assistance toward the recovery of European countries after World War II, known as the Marshall Plan. Sixteen countries accept the aid, but most communist countries reject it.

 * NOT INTERVENTION

 * June 28 1948, the US flew supplies into the Western-held sectors of Berlin over the blockade during 1948-1949, known as the Berlin Airlift

 * NOT INTERVENTION

 * Rebuilding of Japan 1946-1949 These aren't really interventions either

 * NOT INTERVENTION

 * Occupation and rebuilding of West Germany after World War II. Merged US occupation region with the French and British ones to form the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.

 * NOT INTERVENTION

 * Funding of French Indochina War from 1945 until 1954.

 * US financial and military support of the Republic of China against the People's Liberation Army until 1949 and subsequently against the People's Republic of China ''

 * U.S. financial and military support of the Republic of China, that began during the Sino-Japanese War and through World War II, continued against the People's Liberation Army.

1950s

 * US support for Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista until his overthrow in 1959.

 * NOT INTERVENTION?

 * Alleged US-backed establishment of François Duvalier as dictator of Haiti.

 * ADD BACK?

 * Alleged CIA assassination of Congo's democratically elected leader, Patrice Lumumba.    Removed Congo since it has been debunked.  CIA involvement in plans to kill him has been long established by senate hearings and declassified documents.

 * ADD BACK?

 * Korean War from 1950 until 1953: After communist North Koreans invade South Korea, the UN, with every nation voting "yea" except for Yugoslavia that abstained, approves military support for South Korea, involving over a dozen countries including the US.''

1960s

 * US support of Ba'ath Party coup in Iraq in 1963; support for dictator Saddam Hussein until 1990.
 * Alleged CIA-backed overthrow of Juan Bosch, the democratically elected leader of the Dominican Republic.
 * Alleged CIA-backed overthrow of Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra of Ecuador in 1963.
 * Alleged CIA-backed overthrow of Sukarno in Indonesia in 1965, resulting in estimated death of one million suspected Communists.
 * Alleged CIA-backed military coup brings dictator Mobutu Sese Seko to power in the Congo in 1965.
 * Alleged CIA-backed military coup ushers in Regime of the Colonels in Greece in 1967.
 * American support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War / American support for Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1982 Lebanon War.
 * U.S. backs assassination of South Vietnamese President Diem (1963).
 * CIA-orchestrated assassination of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, the US-backed ruler of the Dominican Republic, in 1961
 * CIA Involvement in the Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico, 1968 ''
 * CIA covert support for the election of Eduardo Frei Montalva of Chile in 1964. ''
 * 1961: CIA involvement in the assassination of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, their former ally in the Dominican Republic.
 * 1962: Alleged CIA involvement in overthrow of Juan Bosch, the democratically elected leader of the Dominican Republic.
 * 1963: Alleged CIA-backed overthrow of José María Velasco Ibarra and after of Carlos Julio Arosemana, both presidents of Ecuador.
 * 1963-64: CIA involvement in riots and violence in order to undermine the Marxist People's Progressive Party and its leader, Cheddi Jagan.
 * 1964: Alleged involvement in riots and violence that brought down the government of Cheddi Jagan in Guyana.
 * 1965: Dominican Republic military officers revolted against the junta to try to restore Juan Bosch, whereupon U.S. President Lyndon Johnson sent 20,000 U.S. troops to defeat the revolt so to avoid "another Cuba."
 * 1965: Alleged CIA-backed military coup against Patrice Lumumba that brings dictator Joseph Mobutu to power in the Congo.
 * 1966: Alleged CIA support to military coup against Ghanaian leader Kwame Nkrumah.
 * 1967: Alleged CIA-backed military coup ushers in Regime of the Colonels in Greece.

1970s

 * Alleged CIA-supported coup against Prince Sihanouk in Cambodia and installation of puppet Lon Nol in Cambodia in 1970. ''
 * Alleged CIA-supported military coup against President Juan Torres of Bolivia in 1971.
 * American support for Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War
 * CIA support for UNITA rebels in Angola, from 1976 - 1984.
 * Following overthrow of the dictator Samosa in Nicaragua by the Sandinistas, the CIA supports the Contras from 1979 - 1989. Nicaragua still has not received the U.S. restitutions for military and paramilitary activities as ruled by the International Court of Justice and as supported by a United Nations General Assembly resolution.
 * An alternative view was that Allende, who won only 36% of the popular vote, instituted radical policies that led to economic ruin, leading to widespread unrest and a military coup which was watched by the US.  ''
 * Political and economic intervention in Chile against president Salvador Allende; contacts with military officers planning to overthrow Allende.''
 * Alleged CIA-backed overthrow of Sukarno and subsequent support of Suharto in Indonesia in 1965. Former officials of the U.S. Embassy in Indonesia acknowledge supplying a list of 5,000 suspected communists -- given to them by the CIA -- to the Indonesian government and checking them off the list when those people were executed. The U.S. government also supplied 90% of Indonesia's military hardware. ''

 * U.S. backs military rulers of El Salvador (1977).
 * Bombing campaigns against Cambodia; an estimated 600,000 civilians killed.''
 * CIA support for UNITA rebels in Angola, from 1976 - 1984.
 * Alleged corruption of 1976 Portuguese Election.
 * Alleged corruption of 1976 Jamaican Election.
 * U.S. support for Indonesian invasion and occupation of Portuguese Timor (now East Timor)(1975).''
 * Approval of and support for the "Dirty War" military junta in Argentina. (1976-1983). ''
 * Alleged CIA-supported military coup against President Juan José Torres of Bolivia in 1971.

1980s

 * Sale of arms to Iran in Iran–Contra Affair ''
 * Training of Nicaraguan Contras and support to repressive regimes in Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, and South America during the 1980s.''
 * Alleged involvement in the mysterious death of Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (1986).''
 * Support for military dictator Efraín Ríos Montt in Guatemala. 1982-1983. Alleged CIA support for the coup that brought him into power. ''
 * CIA support for José Napoleón Duarte and other anti-Communist politicians alleged to have links with right-wing death squads.
 * In 1989, The US establishes Support for East European Democracy to help assist Poland and Hungary's transition into market-based democracies. ''
 * Alleged support for Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaucescu, 1980s. ''

1990s

 * US-led sanctions against Iraq, resulting in the estimated deaths of over one million civilians, from 1990 to 2003.
 * US removal of Raoul Cedras from office in Haiti and occupation of the country, 1993 ''
 * Corruption of elections in Bulgaria in 1990 and in Albania in 1991. ''
 * NATO's bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, 1999. Whilst the bombing was widely reported in the US as an "accident", an exposé by the London Observer showed the attack to have been deliberate. ''
 * Alleged support for Mexico in fighting the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, 1994 and later ''
 * Beginning in December 1989 until 1996 when the Liberian civil war ended, the United States attempted to get UN involved in negotations. The UN refused. Meanwhile, the US provided humanitarian aid, including food and developmental aid.''
 * The FREEDOM Support Act in 1992 amends Support for East European Democracy to include the new independent states of the former Soviet Union to aid their transition into market-based democracies. ''
 * Operation Provide Relief, a 1992 US lead humanitarian relief for Somalia. After looting of the aid, it was reorganized as Operation Restore Hope, an American military operation with the support of the United Nations to deliver humanitarian aid and restore order to Somalia, that eventually lead to the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993. ''
 * Operation Infinite Reach: a US cruise missile strike on terrorist bases and targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, including the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory, after al Qaeda bombed two US ebassies in 1998. ''

2000s

 * Alleged CIA-backed abortive coup against democratically-elected President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela in 2002.
 * Alleged American support for the overthrown of the government of Haiti in 2004
 * CIA-backed removal of democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide from office and creation of a military dictatorship in Haiti, 1990 (See Jean-Bertrand Aristide.) ''
 * Alleged support (along with Spain and Britain) for a failed coup plot against Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea in 2004. ''

Links deleted

 * When foreign intervention is justified: Women under the Taliban
 * A Hemisphere of Our Own: U.S. Foreign Policy in Central America - 2 Hours Talk by Noam Chomsky at UC Berkeley - RealAudio format.
 * What A Wonderful World - Bowling for Columbine source material.

Un-categorized

 * Funding for the conservative, pro-Western Botswana Democratic Party ''
 * Involvement in riots and violence that brought down the government of Cheddi Jagan in Guyana. ''
 * CIA-orchestrated rebellion in China (Tibet), 1959.''
 * Funding to the opposition presidential candidate, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, in Sandinista-ruled Nicaragua. Chamorro won the election.''
 * Assassinations and bombings against anti-nuclear politicians in the American colony of Palau.

Comments Deleted
As well as these military interventions the United States also pursued and gained economic controls over many developing states. It was aided in this by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.

 * As well as these military interventions the United States also pursued and gained economic controls over many developing states. Some claim that the International Monetary Fund and World Bank assisted American foreign policy in this area. (If correct, this would also require implicit co-operation of other countries, as the US has only 18% of the IMF's voting rights. )

Furthermore, the United States has provided continued military support for repressive regimes, including those of Saudi Arabia, Colombia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Turkey, and Egypt.

 * Furthermore, the United States has provided continued military support for governments widely regarded as repressive, including those of Saudi Arabia, Colombia, Pakistan, and Egypt, maintaining that these nations are strategic allies of the US in their respective regions.''

See also: History of United States imperialism, List of Soviet actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic

This is a list of United States interventions, including many that have, in some circles, been considered examples of imperialism, though the evidence that there are circles that have considered the interventions as examples of imperialism is not offered. Imperialism is a pejorative word that is usually used to criticize these actions. The list is an incomplete list. The "some circles" have not been identifieed, so the criteria for inclusion in the list is not revealed. The list also does not include any historical context other than date. The strength of allegations is not referenced. Alternatives to any of the actions are not discussed. Kd4ttc ''5th time

Beyond these interventions, the United States has also pursued and gained economic control over many developing states. Some claim that the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have assisted American foreign policy in this area. (If correct, this would also require the implicit co-operation of other countries, as the US has only 18% of the IMF's voting rights. ) ''

 * Vietnam War - (1964-1975) - estimated deaths of three million Vietnamese.''
 * Bombing campaigns against Laos, with more US bombs dropped than during all of World War Two, from 1964 - 1975.
 * CIA support for death-squads in El Salvador throughout the 1980s.
 * US bombing of factory in Sudan - later admitted to be a mistake - in 1998.
 * CIA and MI-6 orchestrated overthrow of Mohammed Mossadeq in Iran in 1953 (Operation Ajax), reinstating Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who led Iran in a period of strong economic growth, gave women the vote, and redistributed land to farmers, but created an unpopular autocratic regime and was overthrown in 1979. Travb 07:11, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Who deleted most of these entries recently

 * CJK deletes over 18 entries

 * CJK deletes 2 entries more

 * CJK deletes 1 more entry

 * CJK deletes 1 more entry

Actual written contributions to the article by CJK: Zero. Travb 07:11, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If I thought there was any more, I would have made additions. You can put them all back provided that they are actually objectively sourced (i.e. not cooperative research, William Blum, z-mag, and those numerous "peace" organizations who are all known to have radical leftists affiliations), and verified, not merely "alleged". Its not my responsibility to verify every charge being made. You're the only one who has complained. And some of these cited above weren't even deleted by me, the IP belongs to User:Trey Stone. CJK 20:59, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * With all do respect CJK, but you are not the sole authority on what is reputable. You do not decide what is reputable news, and what is not reputable news. Just because those sources do not share your own Disney version of American history, does not mean that they are not reputable sources.  Labeling something "radical leftist" is just that, a label.  I could call your brand of propaganda a certain label, and I have in the past (in which I got banned for 72 hours).

 * What you are doing is no different, albiet less inflammitory.
 * If you have ever been to any of these sites, you would see they are out to push an anti-American agenda along socialist lines which, at least where I come from, is widely described as radical. CJK 01:53, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If you don't want this article to cite "radical leftist organizations" then there is a very simple solution: Acutally do some research. I have followed your POV deletions across wikipedia.  I have never once seen you cite a single source.  Not once.  Your wikipedia "editing" is actually "deleting", just as it has been in this article, over 20 deletions, and not one single contribution.  From what I have seen, you have not contributed anything from Wikipedia, you have only taken information out.

 * The only way that this information will be deleted, is if you actually take the time and research these articles, and come up with research that contridicts the findings.
 * Travb, why should I go through tons of research to look up a covert operation which may not even exist? Let's put this into perspective. A google search on "William Blum" turns out, at least to the first 40 entries, entirely pro-Blum material. Why is that? Is it because his word is taken as the unconditional truth? No, its because no one takes him seriously enough to consider his loon conspiracy theories. Likewise, no one would have anything to say about these wild allegations apart from their promoters. The onus is on them to provide proof. CJK 01:53, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Your blanket deletions are detremential to wikipedia and you are simply pushing your own narrow Disney version POV. Another right wing POV warrior who contributed to this page was severly repremanded and booted for some time for the same POV pushing that you have exhibited. Keep it up, and you will inevitably find yourself in the smae situation.

 * This article has survived 2 requests for deletion, the most recent vote was by almost a 2 to 1 margin. In addition, many more people (at least a dozen) have contributed to this article, and they have all been contacted about your edits.  Your Disney version of history is in the minority.  This article did not survive deletion twice, to be slowly deleted, entry, by entry, by yourself.  Wikipedia has spoken, and it is against your deletions.

 * I would say more, but you would want nothing more than to silence me so you can continue your blank deletions/borderline vandlism on wikipedia.Travb 00:02, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Travb, I do not wish to be your enemy. I only strive for neutrality in what is a largely anti-American community, and I do conduct research of my own on other articles, but am very lazy and don't have time for that anyway, so not much has gotten done, thus I limit myself to pretty much non-controversial changes and (rarely) deletion of poorly sourced information. I reserve the right to do so. If you any problem with any of my edits, I will discuss them on their respective pages. 99% of your article edits are perfectly fine, IMO. CJK 01:55, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Fabulous, lets work together to build this article to a state which we can both be proud of. I am all for sourcing information and making an article encyclopedic as possible.Travb 02:53, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Free Republic has made a point to subvert Wikipedia through their own biased agenda. [www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1549132/posts]. I couldn't say for certain that's where this is coming from but it seems likely. Richard Cane 07:49, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I doubt it. CJK 20:59, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Suharto
I noticed, CJK, you said giving out names and weapons to Suharto's regime isn't intervening in their affairs. If a dictator came to power in the U.S. and another country armed and trained that dictator once he came to power, would you consider that intervening in the affairs of the United States? What if 5,000 U.S. citizens were hunted down and killed because a powerful outside influence helped pinpoint them. Would you say that was intervening in the affairs of the United States? Please be logical in your reply. If you don't bother to reply I'll just put it back up. Richard Cane 22:18, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No, because the US merely handed over a list and just that. The US was not actively involved in hunting down these guys, many of whom would have been killed anyway in Suharto's anti-comunist massacres. CJK 22:58, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Man, I have already been banned for 72 hours for stating what I feel about your opinion, So I won't and I can't say anything more here. In legal terms, what you are justifying is called an accessory to a crime. If America were on trial, they would be tried and found guilty of murder of the Indonesians.   Keep on deleting CJK, keep on deleting and justifying. Travb 00:07, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What is your point? I never once justified anything, just asserted that it is utterly ridiculous that handing over a list should be counted as an intervention. CJK 02:00, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I see your point, which is a good one. We need to come to a concencious on what a "intervention" is. Maybe this article needs to be renamed, it has the same name problem, to a lesser extent, as the article named History of United States imperialism.  I won't elaborate on the whole justification comment...Travb 03:06, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Potential ground rules on the list
I think that every entry should be no more than one concise sentence each. Otherwise, it fails to be a list, and become either:

 * a) Long laundry list of American attrocities added by "anti-Americans"

 * b) Long Justification of American actions, added by "apologists"

I have researched the history of this page, and these additions to the page is where most of the contention on this page comes from (other than the apologists mass deletions). We could provide a wiki link to the full article, and apologist and Anti-Americans can fight it out on those pages.Travb 00:26, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

More potential ground rules for the list
I took out all of these entries, simply because they do not fit the definition of intervention: To interfere, usually through force or threat of force, in the affairs of another nation.

To be balanced, and to keep to the spirit of the word "intervention", I will also take out/keep out: ::*all of the US vote rigging entries,
 * US diplomacy in support of dictatorship,
 * General support for dictators, and
 * non-military support that America provided to other countries, including dictatorships.

Simply because these entries do not fit into the defintion of "intervention", these entries belong on another wikipage.

Deletions:

 * Occupation and rebuilding of Japan 1945-1952 after World War II, drafting Japan's current democratic constitution.
 * 1945, USSR occupies North Korea and U.S. occupies South Korea after the surrender of Imperial Japan in World War II. USSR denies elections in North Korea, establishing a Communist government, while the U.S. supports UN-supervised elections.
 * Occupation and rebuilding of West Germany after World War II. Merges U.S. occupation zone with the French and British zones to form the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.
 * June 28 1948: Flies supplies into Allied-occupied West Berlin over the Soviet blockade during 1948-1949, known as the Berlin Airlift

===1940s===
 * CIA involvement in Italian elections, involving propaganda and the alleged buying of votes, in order to prevent the Soviet-aligned Communist Party of Italy from coming to power in 1948. (See Italian general election, 1948)

If a wikipedian disagree with these deletion, I am okay with this, but it potentially opens up a pandora's box. The article will have to also include other items which do not fit into the strict definition of "intevention" (above). Travb 00:36, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Your definition leaves out instances when US personnel are invited into a country by that nation's own government. It also contradicts the numerous "supports" via foreign aid, which I don't think belongs here. CJK 02:04, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * CJK, it is not my definition, but one dictionary defintion. I know there are other dictionary defintions, if this one is not broad enough, please let me know.

 * But where does the list end? If we add foriegn aid, do we add all of the money that America gives to every country in the world, from 1945-present?  Do we list influences that America has in countries via their embassies?  Do we list every election that America influenced?  If we add all of this, this list will become so big and it will cease to be a managable list.

 * Can you see the "pandora's box" that is opened here?

 * For example, if you insist on adding foreign humanitarian aid on the list, which is generally positive to America, in fairness, you will need to allow some negative aspects of American foreign policy/aid, which you seem to want to downplay. I dont think you can have it both ways. Either the foreign aid is listed, and the support for dictators, the vote tampering, etc is included too. Or they are both excluded.  I think it is in both our best interests, and it is best for the list itself to exclude this.

 * My intentions

 * I simply want the battle between the two of us on this page to go to other pages, not on this one. If we can agree on ground rules/boundries, then we can build this list, and let the battles about the details of the particular incidents go on elsewhere.

 * For example: did America have a part the overthrow in Chile? We can both agree: yes. Therefore, it should be on the list.  How much influence did America have?  That can be argued on another wikipage, not here.  I think we should simply state the event, and add a wikipage link to a page.

 * Every list that I have seen on wikipedia, except for this one, is sparce. It lists the events in one sentence. (I can give stark examples of this, if needed.)Travb 02:42, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree that foreign aid should be excluded. The definition would leave out instances where the US was invited to intervene. Your suggestion that the evemts should be argued on other pages is good, but it should only occur if there is clear consensus on them, otherwise the article will be cluttered with "Allegeds". CJK 21:18, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Umm. . . weren't the Soviets 'invited' into Czechoslovakia? I guess it depends on who you ask.  They had a list of 18 signatures before they went in. . .  fact of the matter is, they secured the 'government' support they needed for that intervention, and by their own terms, that was an 'invitation'.  I think it's important to make the distinction between what the US Government *perceives* (or *arranges*, for that matter) as an invitation, and what is actually an invitation. Sigma-6 01:39, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

wrong list
Sesel your contribution:

Palestinian legislative election, 2006: USAID contribution of $2 million to the election campaign of Fatah, intended to counter the influence of Hamas.

Appears not to fall within the proposed definition of "intervention" please see the "potential ground rules" above to avoid an unmanagable list and edit wars between apologists and anti-americans.

I did not erase your contribution, but simply made it invisible until we can reach a concensus here on this talk page.

Let me know what you think.Travb 19:34, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

merger discussion
... is going on at the talk page of List of alleged United States foreign interventions since 1945 Kalkin 20:59, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Suharto again
I again maintain that giving Suharto a list and ignoring his invasion of East Timor does not constitute "intervention". CJK 00:24, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh? Do you meant that we should include the invasion of East Timor, please clarify.Travb 13:39, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm saying that both aren't actually US covert "interventions". CJK 20:32, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Response on your talk page.Travb 23:27, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * At first glance, I see many interventions missing. But how is intervention defined? Any secret military dealings, or any infereference of a deliberate political nature to affect the poitical reality of a country?Giovanni33 09:11, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * So. . . you are a known contract killer, CJK, (for the sake of argument) and, without paying you for the specific acts, I *wink* and offer you a list of people I would like to see killed. You then kill them.  In a court of law, We're both guilty of a crime. . .   Now, if I get to *write* the laws, or at the very least, selectively determine which ones apply to me, I can write myself exemptions or pretend that I didn't do anything wrong, but an independent court would still find me guilty of the crime.  That's pretty clearly an intervention, and it is quite in character, because there are plenty of other similar incidents which had the same result: have a look at the list provided to Saddam, for example.  I suppose that if you'd like to continue splitting hairs, you can go on doing that, but I'm glad that the laws of my country aren't written that way, because we'd have a hell of a lot more violent criminals on the streets today than we do, and a lot more of the people who conspire with them. Sigma-6 01:49, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Your example is called the Domestic analogy a term used by liberal hawk, Michael Walzer. I use the same example with CJK. See: User_talk:CJK  Notice this conversation is very cold--the original converstaion was back in February. Travb (talk) 17:32, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I was aware that it was the domestic analogy, and I was aware that the conversation was cold. I was not aware of a resolution however, so I assumed that further arguments might still be presented.  If I was wrong, then I apologize. Sigma-6 00:21, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, in that case, I assumed to much. Sorry.  Best wishes. Travb (talk) 00:52, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Removal of Marshall Plan
Your definition of Intervention may USUALLY mean the use of force but not always. The Marhsall plan virtually defines US intervention in Europe. How pumping millions of dollars into Europe is not intervention is beyond my reconciling. I strongly suggest putting it back in.


text:
Tristan Rogers

Tristan Rogers (born 3 June 1946) is an Australian-American actor. He is best known for playing Robert Scorpio on the ABC soap opera General Hospital and for voicing Jake in Walt Disney Pictures' The Rescuers Down Under. He is currently starring as Robert Scorpio on General Hospital.

Rogers was born in Melbourne. His early acting roles were on Australian television and he completed short stints in soap operas Bellbird, Number 96 (in 1974), and The Box (in 1975). He was a regular in the police drama series The Link Men (1970) which lasted for 13 episodes, and had guest roles in programs including Barrier Reef, Division 4, and the 1976 miniseries Power Without Glory. He also appeared in a few British films in the early 1970s, notably Four Dimensions of Greta (1972), The Flesh and Blood Show (1972) and Sex Farm (1973).

General Hospital
He originally appeared on General Hospital from December 1980 until February 1992. The popularity and longevity of the character Robert Scorpio in General Hospital came as a result of his involvement with the monumentally popular "supercouple" Luke and Laura, whose 1981 wedding brought in 30 million viewers and remains the highest-rated hour in American soap opera history.

While Rogers' Scorpio had been "killed with no body found" when he left the series in 1992, Rogers returned briefly in 1995 as Scorpio's spirit to comfort the character's daughter Robin Scorpio (Kimberly McCullough), who is dealing with the loss of her boyfriend to an AIDS-related illness and is herself HIV-positive. He returned again in January 2006 for six weeks, this time with Scorpio being very much alive. Rogers reappeared in April 2006 and left again that November.

From 5 August 2008 through 21 October 2008, Rogers reprised the role of Robert Scorpio on the second season of SOAPnet's General Hospital: Night Shift, a primetime spin-off of General Hospital which stars Scorpio's daughter Robin. He was featured in 12 of the season's 14 episodes, and Soap Opera Digest named the appearance their "Best Return" of 2008. Rogers later reappeared on General Hospital for four episodes starting 22 December 2008 as Scorpio attends Robin's wedding.

Rogers returned to General Hospital as Robert Scorpio on 29 February 2012 after Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) called him back to Port Charles to tell him that their daughter Robin Scorpio-Drake had been killed in a lab accident. After seven episodes, he left again on 8 March 2012. Rogers expressed disappointment. He later returned to the series on 15 November 2012 but later departed on 18 December 2012 as his character was drugged into a coma. Rogers reprised the role on 4 October 2013 as part of his on-screen daughter's return. However, on 14 November 2013 it was announced that he would be departing the series to return to The Young and the Restless as Colin Atkinson. He made his last appearance on 30 January 2014.

Rogers returned to the series as Robert Scorpio on 17 December 2015 but he was also portraying Colin on Y&R at the same time. He later left the series on 2 February 2016, although he briefly returned from 26 August to 9 September in the same year.

Rogers returned to General Hospital in April 2018 for a story arc in which he aids Anna Devane who is trying to locate her long lost son Henrik Faison. Henrik is the unknown child that she bore in secret with the late Cesar Faison. After leaving the show on 1 June 2018, he later returned yet again from 27 July to 12 September in the same year for another story arc where Anna and Finn go missing. In 2019, he returned to the show again on 25 January and has remained on the show since then on a recurring basis.

The Young and the Restless
Rogers returned to daytime television on 8 December 2010 when he joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as Colin Atkinson. He was placed on contract with the show in February 2011. However, Rogers' character was written out of the series in October 2011. He returned to the role briefly in 2012.

Other roles
Rogers starred in the CINE award-winning short Opportunity Knocks for which there are plans to develop into a feature-length film.

He voiced Jake the kangaroo mouse in The Rescuers Down Under, and also gave his voice to the 2015 video game, Mad Max.

From 1997 to 1998, Rogers played bar owner Harry in Fast Track, a series about stock car racing which was filmed in Canada. Since 2010, Rogers has starred on the soap opera web series The Bay as Lex Martin. In 2019 he played Doc in the Amazon series, Studio City, a role garnered him an Emmy for Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Digital Drama Series at the 47th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards.

He has done voice-over work representing restaurant chain Outback Steakhouse, Foster's Lager, Reebok, Epson and others.

Personal life
Rogers has been married to Teresa Parkerson since 21 May 1995. They have two children: daughter Sara Jane (born 25 August 1992) and son Cale (August, 1996). He bought a home in Palm Springs, California, in 1997. He was formerly married to Barbara Meale from 7 June 1974 until 1984 when they divorced.

Voiceover work

 * Outback Steakhouse
 * Foster's Lager
 * Reebok
 * Epson

Video games

 * Mad Max (2015) - Voice

title: Tristan Rogers


text:
Annus mirabilis

Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means "marvelous year", "wonderful year", or "miraculous year". This term has been used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered, notably Isaac Newton's discoveries in 1666 and Albert Einstein's papers published in 1905.

1345–1346 – Edward III
Eight years after the start of the Hundred Years' War, large-scale fighting had died down. Edward III of England decided to renew the war more vigorously in 1345. He despatched a small force to Gascony in south-west France under Henry, Earl of Derby and personally led the main English army to northern France. Edward delayed the disembarkation of his army and his fleet was scattered by a storm, rendering this offensive ineffective. Derby was spectacularly successful, winning victories at Bergerac and Auberoche. The following spring, a large French army, led by the heir to the French throne, John, Duke of Normandy, counter-attacked Derby's forces.

Edward responded by landing an army of 10,000 men in northern Normandy. The English devastated much of Normandy and stormed and sacked Caen, slaughtering the population. They cut a swath along the left bank of the Seine to within 20 mi of Paris. The English army then turned north and inflicted a heavy defeat on a French army led by their king, Philip VI, at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346. They promptly exploited this by laying siege to Calais. The period from Derby's victory outside Bergerac in late August 1345 to the start of the siege of Calais on 4 September 1346 became known as Edward III's annus mirabilis.

1492 – Catholic Monarchs
In January 1492, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, completed the conquest of Granada, concluding the centuries-long Reconquista and bringing an end to Muslim rule over the Iberian Peninsula. Later that year, they would sponsor Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic, resulting in the discovery of the Americas on October 12.

That same year, Antonio de Nebrija published his monumental grammar of Spanish, Gramática de la lengua castellana. It is notable as the first work to focus on the grammar of a modern Western European language, rather than Latin.

1543 – The year of science
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, outlining his heliocentric model of the universe. This event is traditionally held to be the beginning of the wider Scientific Revolution, which saw the emergence of modern science in Europe. Andreas Vesalius also published his De humani corporis fabrica in 1543, revolutionizing the science of anatomy and the practice of medicine.

1625 – Spanish monarchy
A series of Spanish military victories on a global strategic scale obtained in 1625 during the Thirty Years' War, in important military theaters in Europe and America. These military victories were as follows: Siege of Breda, Relief of Genoa, Recapture of Bahia, Battle of San Juan and Defense of Cádiz. Those military actions were immortalized in a series of paintings in the Hall of Realms of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid. Thus, the “reputational” policy promoted by the Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, favourite of Philip IV of Spain, was apparently confirmed by the initial success, and it was in reference to this annus mirabilis for Spanish arms that Olivares delivered probably his most famous pronouncement: "God is Spanish and fights for Spain."

1644–1645 – Montrose
The military successes of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose in Scotland in the War of the Three Kingdoms during 1644–1645 are sometimes called "annus mirabilis".

1666 – The year of wonders
In 1666, Isaac Newton, aged 23, made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in calculus, motion, optics and gravitation. It was in this year that Newton was alleged to have observed an apple falling from a tree, and in which he, in any case, hit upon the law of universal gravitation (Newton's apple). He was afforded the time to work on his theories due to the closure of Cambridge University by an outbreak of plague. He stated and proved the binomial theorem, invented calculus, formulated the universal law of gravitation, and developed a theory of color.

1706 – Grand Alliance
In 1706, the Grand Alliance arrayed against Louis XIV of France won resounding victories (the Battle of Ramillies and Siege of Turin) which, after the previous year's failures, has been termed by James Falkner a "Year of Miracles."

1759 – William Pitt
A series of victories by the British armed forces in 1759 in North America, Europe, India, and in various naval engagements caused that year to be referred to, on occasion, as William Pitt's annus mirabilis. It was the turning point of the Seven Years' War.

1871 – W. G. Grace
According to Harry Altham, 1871 was W. G. Grace's annus mirabilis. In all first-class matches in 1871, a total of 17 centuries were scored and Grace accounted for 10 of them, including the first century in a first-class match at Trent Bridge. He averaged 78.25 and the next-best average by a batsman playing more than a single innings was 39.57, barely more than half his figure. His aggregate for the season was 2,739 runs and this was the first time that anyone had scored 2,000 first-class runs in a season; Harry Jupp was next best with 1,068. Grace produced his season's highlight in the South v North match at The Oval when he made his highest career score to date of 268.

1905 – Albert Einstein
It was in this year that Albert Einstein, aged 26, published important discoveries concerning the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and the famous E = mc2 equation. His four articles, collectively known as his Annus Mirabilis papers, were published in Annalen der Physik in 1905.

1939 – Hollywood's Golden Year
1939 is considered the Annus Mirabilis of Hollywood due to the surprising number of movies released that year that are considered "classics" or foundational of their genre. Some of the films released in 1939 include: The Wizard of Oz, Gone with the Wind, Gunga Din, Beau Geste, Union Pacific, The Roaring Twenties, Only Angels Have Wings, At the Circus, Stagecoach, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Ninotchka, Destry Rides Again, Midnight, Wuthering Heights, Young Mr. Lincoln, among many others.

2016–17 – Comebacks in sports
Between June 2016 and March 2017, the world of sports witnessed the largest comebacks in the history of NBA Finals, Super Bowl, and UEFA Champions League. In June 2016, LeBron James's Cleveland Cavaliers became the first team in NBA Finals history to overcome a 3–1 deficit, thus beating a Golden State Warriors side that was coming off a record-breaking league-best record of 73–9. Eight months later, in February 2017, Tom Brady's New England Patriots became the first team in Super Bowl history to overcome a 25 point deficit, doing so in the third quarter to beat the Atlanta Falcons 34–28. In the following month, on 8 March 2017, Lionel Messi's FC Barcelona became the first team in Champions League history to overcome a first leg four-goal deficit to beat PSG 6–5 on aggregate. The latter two became known as 28–3 and la Remontada.

2016–17 – Portugal
Portugal is known for being "the country of the 3 Fs" because of Football, Fado, and Fátima, three of the most distinct parts of the Portuguese culture. Portugal managed to clinch a series of historic and unprecedented victories in all of these three aspects in 2016–17. First in football, when the Portugal national team won their first-ever major trophy at the UEFA Euro 2016 on 10 July. Ten months later, on 13 May 2017, Salvador Sobral won the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 for Portugal with the song "Amar pelos dois", and in doing so, he gave Portugal its first-ever win in the contest. On that same day, Pope Francis visited Fátima on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Marian Apparition of 1917. The period from Portugal's victory at the Euros in July 2016 to the end of Pope Francis's visit to Portugal in May 2017 became known as Portugal's annus mirabilis.

Annus mirabilis of births

 * 1946 saw the birth of three Presidents of the United States - Donald Trump (14 June), George W. Bush (6 July), and Bill Clinton (19 August), the most out of any year. All three were born within 10 weeks of each other during the summer, just a little more than nine months after the end of World War II.
 * 1963 saw the birth of four future NBA MVPs - Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, Hakeem Olajuwon, and Karl Malone, the most out of any year.
 * 1972 saw the birth of four future Ballon d'Or winners - Zinedine Zidane, Rivaldo, Luis Figo, and Pavel Nedved. Four winners of the most prestigious prize in world football were born in 1972, when no other year produced more than two.

title: Annus mirabilis


text:
Allied Forces (album)

Allied Forces is the fifth studio album by Canadian hard rock band Triumph, released in 1981. It reached #23 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart assisted by the singles "Magic Power" and "Fight the Good Fight," which hit #8 and #18, respectively, on the US Mainstream Rock chart of 1981. The title song was the first single from the album which was released a month before the album came out. A remastered CD was first released in 1985 on MCA, then again in 1995 on the band's TRC label, and for a third time in 2004 on the band's label TML Entertainment (formerly TRC Records). It is considered their signature record.

Personnel

 * Rik Emmett – acoustic (six and twelve string) guitar, bottleneck slide guitar, lap steel guitar, lead and background vocals Oberheim OB-Xa, and Sequential Prophet 5.
 * Gil Moore – drums, percussion, lead and background vocals
 * Mike Levine – bass, organ, synthesizer, piano, Roland VP 330 Vocoder, MultiMoog
 * Elaine Overholt – background vocals

Production

 * Dave Dickson – assistant engineer
 * Mike Jones – engineer
 * Joe Owens – direction
 * Nick Sangiamo – photography
 * Ed Stone – engineer
 * Mark Woods – assistant engineer
 * Brian Zick – artwork, illustrations
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering on original RCA LP and on the 1985 and 1995 remastered versions
 * Brett Zilahi – remastering on 2004 re-issue

title: Allied Forces (album)


text:
User talk:Dyoung

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Dyoung


text:
Bitely, Michigan

Bitely is an unincorporated community in Lilley Township, within Newaygo County, Michigan, in the United States. It is within the Manistee National Forest. It is near Bitely Lake, Lamoreaux Lake, Isaac Lake, Houseman Lake and several smaller lakes.

It was a station on the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad (later the Pere Marquette, then the Chesapeake and Ohio, now Marquette Rail) in 1889, and given a post office on September 13, 1889, with Archer D. Martin as its first postmaster. It was named for Steven Bitely, who built a sawmill there, but due to a typographical error, the post office was initially spelled as Biteley.

The Bitely Homecoming parade is held the third Saturday of every July.

title: Bitely, Michigan


text:
John Simpson Kirkpatrick

John Kirkpatrick (6 July 1892 – 19 May 1915), commonly known as John Simpson, was a stretcher bearer with the 3rd Australian Field Ambulance during the Gallipoli campaign – the Allied attempt to capture Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire, during the First World War.

After the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915, Simpson used donkeys to provide first aid and carry wounded soldiers to the beach, from where they could be evacuated. He continued this work for three and a half weeks – often under fire – until he was killed by machine-gun fire during the third attack on Anzac Cove. Simpson and his donkey have become part of the Anzac legend.

Early life
Simpson was born on 6 July 1892 in Eldon Street, Tyne Dock, South Shields, County Durham, England, to Scottish parents: Sarah Kirkpatrick (née Simpson) and Robert Kirkpatrick. He was one of eight children, and worked with donkeys as a youth, during summer holidays. He attended Barnes Road Junior School and later Mortimer Road Senior School.

At 16, he volunteered to train as a gunner in the Territorial Force, as British Army reserve units were known at the time, and in early 1909 he joined the British merchant navy.

In May 1910, Simpson deserted his ship at Newcastle, New South Wales, and travelled widely in Australia, taking on various jobs, such as cane-cutting in Queensland and coal mining in the Illawarra district of New South Wales. In the three or so years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War, he worked as a steward, stoker and greaser on Australian coastal ships.

Simpson held, or developed, left wing political views while he worked in Australia, and wrote in a letter to his mother: "I often wonder when the working men of England will wake up and see things as other people see them. What they want in England is a good revolution and that will clear some of these Millionaires and lords and Dukes out of it and then with a Labour Government they will almost be able to make their own conditions." According to former union leader Alf Rankin, there is anecdotal evidence that Simpson belonged to the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies"), a radical international labour union, although that has never been confirmed by historical documents or other sources.

Military service
Simpson enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force after the outbreak of war, apparently as a means of returning to England. He enlisted as "John Simpson", and may have dropped his real surname to avoid being identified as a ship deserter. Simpson enlisted as a field ambulance stretcher bearer, a role only given to physically strong men, on 23 August 1914 at Swan Barracks, Francis Street, in Perth, and undertook training at Blackboy Hill Training Camp. He was assigned to the 3rd Australian Field Ambulance and the regimental number 202.

Simpson landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula on 25 April 1915 with the 3rd Field Ambulance as part of the 1st Australian Division. In the early hours of the following day, as he was bearing a wounded comrade on his shoulders, he spotted a donkey and quickly began making use of it to carry his fellow soldiers. Simpson would sing and whistle, seeming to ignore the bullets flying through the air, while he tended to his comrades.

He used at least five different donkeys, known as "Duffy No. 1", "Duffy No. 2", "Murphy", "Queen Elizabeth" and "Abdul" at Gallipoli; some of the donkeys were killed and/or wounded in action. He and the donkeys soon became a familiar sight to the Anzacs, many of whom knew Simpson by the nicknames such as "Scotty" (in reference to his ancestry) and "Simmy". Simpson himself was also sometimes referred to as "Murphy". Other Anzac stretcher bearers began to emulate Simpson's use of the donkeys.

Colonel (later General) John Monash wrote: "Private Simpson and his little beast earned the admiration of everyone at the upper end of the valley. They worked all day and night throughout the whole period since the landing, and the help rendered to the wounded was invaluable. Simpson knew no fear and moved unconcernedly amid shrapnel and rifle fire, steadily carrying out his self-imposed task day by day, and he frequently earned the applause of the personnel for his many fearless rescues of wounded men from areas subject to rifle and shrapnel fire."

Other contemporary accounts of Simpson at Gallipoli speak of his bravery and invaluable service in bringing wounded down from the heights above Anzac Cove through Shrapnel and Monash gullies. However, his donkey service spared him the even more dangerous and arduous work of hauling seriously wounded men back from the front lines on a stretcher.

On 19 May 1915, during the Third attack on Anzac Cove, Simpson was killed by machine gun fire.

Private Victor Laidlaw, with the 2nd Field Ambulance, wrote in his diary of Simpson's death:

"Another fatality I found out today – was a private in the 1st Field Ambulance, he had been working between the base and the firing line bringing down wounded on a donkey, he had done invaluable service to our cause. One day he was bringing down a man from the trenches and coming down an incline he was shot right through the heart, it is regretted on all sides as this chap was noticed by all, and everybody got to know him, one couldn't miss him as he used to always work with his donkey, cheerful and willing, this man goes to his death as a soldier."

He was survived by his mother and sister, who were still living in South Shields. He was buried at the Beach Cemetery.

Conflation with Richard Henderson
Soon after his death, Simpson was being conflated with at least one other stretcher bearer using a donkey around Anzac Cove, Richard Alexander Henderson, of the New Zealand Medical Corps (NZMC). Henderson said later that he had taken over one of Simpson's donkeys, known as "Murphy". An iconic image (right) of Henderson, with a donkey at Gallipoli, has often been wrongly assumed to portray John Simpson Kirkpatrick. The image originated in a photograph taken by Sergeant James G. Jackson of the NZMC on 12 May 1915 (a week before Simpson's death). The image became famous after Horace Moore-Jones, a New Zealand artist, who had been a member of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force at Gallipoli, painted at least six versions of it. Following the death of Simpson, Henderson continued to rescue wounded soldiers from the battlefield and was later awarded the Military Medal.

Moore-Jones' paintings have usually been referred to by titles such as Private Simpson, D.C.M., & his donkey at Anzac and/or The Man with the Donkey. Many derivatives of the image, including sculptures, have appeared and a variation of it was included on three postage stamps issued in Australia in 1965 to mark the 50th anniversary of Gallipoli – on the five penny, eight penny and two shillings and three pence stamps.

Growth of legend
The legend surrounding Simpson, sometimes under the misnomer "Murphy" grew largely from an account of his actions published in a 1916 book, Glorious Deeds of Australasians in the Great War. This was a wartime propaganda effort, and many of its stories of Simpson, supposedly rescuing 300 men and making dashes into no man's land to carry wounded out on his back, are demonstrably untrue. In fact, transporting that many men down to the beach in the three weeks that he was at Gallipoli would have been a physical impossibility, given the time the journey took. However, the stories presented in the book were widely and uncritically accepted by many people, including the authors of some subsequent books on Simpson.

Popular culture
A silent film based on Simpson's exploits, Murphy of Anzac, was released in 1916.

His life inspired the 1938 radio play The Man with the Donkey.

In 1965, in the lead up to the fiftieth anniversary of Gallipoli, there were calls for a commemorative medal for veterans of the Gallipoli campaign and/or the award of a late Victoria Cross to Simpson. Both proposals were rejected by the Australian Federal Government in 1965. In January 1966, Robert Menzies who had been Prime Minister of Australia since 1949 retired and was replaced by Harold Holt. The new government soon announced that Australia would present to Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy veterans of the Gallipoli campaign in 1915, an Anzac Commemorative Medal. Both living veterans and next of kin of deceased veterans could apply for the medallion but only living veterans would receive a lapel badge. The first medallions were issued to Gallipoli veterans shortly before Anzac Day 1967. The medallion and lapel badge featured Simpson and his donkey. They were also portrayed on a series of Anzac postage stamps issued on 14 April 1965.

In 1977, a donkey "joined" the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps, under the name "Jeremy Jeremiah Simpson", with the rank of Private and the regimental number MA 0090. In 1986, this particular donkey was permanently adopted as the official mascot of the corps.

Simpson featured in an episode of the television show Michael Willessee's Australians called "Private John Simpson" in 1988.

At least two songs have been written about him: "John Simpson Kirkpatrick" by Issy and David Emeney with Kate Riaz, on the album Legends and Lovers, and "Jackie and Murphy" by Martin Simpson on the album Vagrant Stanzas.

The Australian RSPCA, in May 1997 posthumously awarded its Purple Cross to the donkey Murphy for performing outstanding acts of bravery towards humans.

In 2011, a play by Valerie Laws entitled The Man and the Donkey premiered at the Customs House in South Shields. The part of John Simpson Kirkpatrick was played by local actor Jamie Brown. On 19 May 2015, the Australian High Commissioner, Alexander Downer, visited South Shields as part of special celebrations marking 100 years to the day that John Simpson Kirkpatrick was killed in action.

Campaign to award Simpson the Victoria Cross
There have been several petitions over the decades to have Simpson awarded a Victoria Cross (VC) or a Victoria Cross for Australia. There is a persistent myth that he was recommended for a VC, but that this was either refused or mishandled by the military bureaucracy. However, there is no documentary evidence that such a recommendation was ever made. The case for Simpson being awarded a VC is based on diary entries by his commanding officer that express the hope he would receive either a Distinguished Conduct Medal or VC. However, the officer in question never made a formal recommendation for either of these medals. Simpson's Mention in Despatches was consistent with the recognition given to other men who performed the same role at Gallipoli.

In April 2011, the Australian Government announced that Simpson would be one of thirteen servicemen examined in an inquiry into "Unresolved Recognition for Past Acts of Naval and Military Gallantry and Valour". The tribunal for this inquiry was directed to make recommendations on the awarding of decorations, including the Victoria Cross. Concluding its investigations in February 2013, the tribunal recommended that no further award be made to Simpson, since his "initiative and bravery were representative of all other stretcher-bearers of 3rd Field Ambulance, and that bravery was appropriately recognised as such by the award of an MID."

title: John Simpson Kirkpatrick


text:
Etchells

The International Etchells Class is one-design sailboat racing class, designed by American Skip Etchells.

Production
The first 36 boats were built by Skip Etchells and the Old Greenwich Boat Company between 1967 and 1969. In the early 1970s Skip Etchells finished hulls which were moulded for him by Tillotson-Pearson.

Since being established as a one-design class, boats have been built by numerous other manufacturers, including Bashford Boat Builders (later known as Sydney Yachts), Pamcraft and Phil Smidmore (trading as Pacesetter Etchells PTY.) in Australia, Ontario Yachts in Canada, and Robertson and Sons Ltd., David Heritage Racing Yachts and Petticrows Limited, all in the United Kingdom.

Mold 11 controversy
In 2010, the International Etchells Class Association of Australia was granted permission to build a new mold for the production of Etchells hulls. At the time there were three other molds being used - mold #8 was used by Ontario Yachts; mold #9 by Bashford and then Smidmore; Heritage and Petticrows used mold #10.

The three existing molds were made from the same plug, but 3D scans made by the One Design Technical Committee (ODTC) between 2005 and 2008 showed variations between the hulls they produced, and ODTC had since expressed the desire to standardise on a single hull form which would be used in the production of all future molds.

The Australian Association proposed basing the new mold on the Heritage one - this would ensure hull conformity between the two manufacturers, and supposed that Ontario Yachts would adopt the same shape when replacing their mold in the future. Instead permission was granted to produce a mold based on the ODTC's 3D scanning data, an average or composite of the three existing hull forms that made up the majority of the worldwide racing fleets; the existent data was not complete enough for this, and further scanning was required.

The mold was licensed to Pacesetter Yachts and used to manufacture 24 or 25 hulls over a period of about a decade. Although the ODTC expressed concern about a scan of the second hull produced by the new mold, a report by the Etchells Class Chief Measurer stated "The Etchells made from Mould 11 are in every way an Etchells in accordance with the Etchells Class Rules, Tolerances and Specifications."

It was not until Australian success at the 2019 Etchells World Championship that questions were raised about the hulls produced by mold #11, and in 2021 the newly elected International Governing Committee (IGC) of the International Etchells Class Association (IECA) declared that boats built with it were "effectively not Etchells Class yachts" and ineligible to compete in the class.

The justification for this decision was that mold #11 had never been approved by World Sailing, but it also claimed "It has … been discovered by scans and floatation tests of boats from all three moulds that M11 produces boats which have a longer water line, less rocker, are flatter in the middle and fuller in the ends. The differences are material, far greater than can be explained away by minor variances due to manufacturing tolerances."

The IGC statement implied that the Australian Association were responsible for the differences, that mold #11 was "produced … by massaging scan data which came from the official plug, obviating the need to ship the plug to Australia", that "the method approved by the IGC" had not been followed, and that it was a "deviation" from the class rules. The president of the International Etchells Class Association of Australia called this "a distorted, misleading and biased view of the facts… in many material respects grossly wrong."

It emerged that the class association and World Sailing had no records of approval of molds #8, #9 and #10, thus calling into doubt the entitlement of other boats to compete in the class - boats from all current Etchells builders would be affected, including those from Ontario Yachts and David Heritage. On 30 September, owners of mold #11 boats wrote to the International Etchells Class Association demanding they reverse their decision or apply it equally to the other boats.

On 9 October 2021 World Sailing CEO David Graham, in a letter to the International Etchells Class Association, stated that there are clear issues with Mould 11, that World Sailing has no record of any approval of Mould 11, that measurement alone does not make a boat an Etchells, that it appears Mould 11 is materially different from other moulds and plugs, and that all hulls from Mould 11 have in fact been produced by Innovation Composites, rather than Pacesetter Yachts, which means they have been built by an unauthorised builder. Graham also noted that if Pacesetter Yachts had subcontracted the building of the boats, or transferred tooling, to another party, then Pacesetter Yachts was in breach of its licence.

Design
In 1965, Yachting Magazine launched a competition to select a new three-man Olympic keelboat. E. W. "Skip" Etchells, a boat designer, builder and sailor, was interested in the competition, but refrained from producing a design until the trials were announced. However, once the details became available, he built the wooden Shillalah, taking her to Kiel, Germany, where the trials were to be held in the fall of 1966.

Shillalah performed well at the trials, winning eight of the ten races. Nevertheless, the judges were unable to agree on a winner, and thus a second set of trials were held in Travemünde the following year. For these trials Etchells rebuilt the boat in fiberglass, using the original Shillalah as a plug. As with the first trials, Shillalah II (as the new boat was named) dominated the races, winning ten out of the thirteen that were held, and only just missing out on an eleventh.

At the completion of the trials the judges chose the Soling over Shillalah II, in spite of her success in the races. However, the boat's performance had won converts, and shortly thereafter the boat entered production with orders for an initial 12 boats. With the formation of a new association the class became known as the E22, and 32 boats were built by Etchells' company by the end of 1969. The E22 was recognised as an International class by the International Yacht Racing Union in 1974, and the name was changed to "International Etchells" in 1990.

The Etchells is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig, a spooned raked stem, a raised counter reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 3325 lb and carries 2175 lb of lead ballast.

The boat has a draft of 4.50 ft with the standard keel.

Designed for racer and day sailing, the boat has a small cuddy cabin without bunks, designed for stowage only.

For sailing the boat has a central control console that gathers many of the sail controls. These include the 8:1 mechanical advantage jib halyard, 4:1 Cunningham, 4:1 mainsheet, foreguy and the topping lift. Other controls are led to the cuddy cabin's aft bulkhead, including the 2:1 course jib sheet, 6:1 fine jib tuner, 2:1 barber hauler and the spinnaker halyard. There is also a 6:1 adjustable backstay and a mainsheet traveler.

Famous Etchells sailors

 * Steve Benjamin
 * John Bertrand
 * Dennis Conner
 * Peter Coleman
 * Russell Coutts
 * Dave Curtis
 * Gary Jobson
 * Poul Richard Høj Jensen
 * Timothea Larr

title: Etchells


text:
Talk:Miguel León-Portilla

Untitled
I found "revaloration" in the text, but I truthfully don't know exactly what was meant. I think that reevaluation fits best, however, revaluation could work as well. Original sentence: Portilla has created a movement on the understanding and revaloration of nahuatl literature --- Also, changed the "most commented books" into a "Best Known Works" section --Yizzerin 02:50, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, that sound better. What i was trying to say, is that for centuries, nahuatl has been neglected as the language of poor people and a few antiquarians. And in this century, the effort of the goverment has been to force to all people to speak spanish, some native languages had been lost. But thanks to portilla Nahuatl is now oficially recongnized for education and law. Nanahuatzin 04:51, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear Nanahuatzin and Yizzerin: I am working on adding citations to various articles. Please help me with the article about Miguel León-Portilla. Thank you in advance for all of your help in this matter. Geraldshields11 (talk) 14:53, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Miguel León-Portilla


text: User talk:83.168.96.18

title: User talk:83.168.96.18


text: Template:Privylist

title: Template:Privylist