text:
Talk:Scam

wrong redirection of "scam" term, Is this vandalism? Please reinstate "scam" in below meaning in area of Internet and computers
The scam is commony used in internet and computer slang. Below I enclose automated translation of other language version of "scam" term. I think easiest would be to place it here around. I am not sure but when such important term as "scam" has disappeared I would suspect an act of intentional vandalism, or unintentional damage of Wikipedia content. "Scam" also can have more meanings wht perhaps would be a solution and acceptable compromise. Below translation, sorry automated, so may need some corrections. Scam is not the same thing as a con and should not be displayed on the page entitled 'confidence trick'

>>>

Scam definition
 'Scam' - the act of introducing someone in error by the suggestion that he is the beneficiary of a good, mostly financial. The purpose of this activity is to carry out difficult to prove fraud. Scam is the most common form of correspondence in the form of traditional or electronic - the variety of spam.

mail/spam scam
With its content, it's (usually implies that) probably the allegedly mistaken addressing of that correspondence.

Web Pages scam
Another forms of scam are websites that offer high returns and very valuable information most often in exchange for a small contribution of investment (HYIP). It could also be filling in questionnaires, data entry online and receive by e-mail ads (GPT). There is also a lot of matrimonial agencies (mainly in Russia), whose goal is to enlist as many people (SCAM VICTIM) in order to extort money from them for alleged visa and travel to beautiful women known via the Internet. When registering for this type of site required e-mail address, so it is often the cause of a large number of spam in mailbox.

In some cases, the party initially pays that later transformed into a scam, be more profitable. After a short time scam disappears from the network or announces change of ownership, which in reality does not necessarily occurred.

Scam on the Shareaza
An example of the active scam page scamowej (at 2007-12-23) is site available at www.shareaza.com, a previous project home page of known P2P network client. This is an example where, following the acquisition of a known location by unknown individuals, there is a trap for unsuspecting and unwary surfer. In this case it is an incentive to download the file "shareazaV4.exe" or respectivly v5,v6 etc., which manages the installer of commonly known software of Shareaza.

The potential hazard to the user may provide the following indications:

1) The site (by software authors) has lost its old structure, have disappeared: discussion forums, sub, languages - in a word almost everything - left was just minimum site with the option "download", 2) site layout uses a distorted image elements of the original page, note the deformed logo which is "similar" 3) There is no way of checking who maintains and creates what is on the page, any communication between interested in persons has been cut off. 4) elements of the site to which everyone is accustomed are to appear soon ("...coming soon..."), 5) file name of "shareazaV5.exe" for download only recalls the original files such as "Shareaza_2.2.5.0.exe. 6) In consequesces of using site or downloaded file scammed person give scammers personal data including card numbers and is to pay money. They can't be claimed as there is no real adress to where they are paid or even phone of receiver.

In fact, the real service operates at http://shareaza.sourceforge.net/. It is instructive to compare the original and the scam site.

Scam on the Ebay
Scamu on ebay example, are those offering mysterious ways, supposedly allowing for earning a few thousand dollars in one day, without leaving home and the issue of extra money. In addition to the description of the auction shall be accompanied by photographs vendor, with a very elegant car or home.

Examples of ways, at a price of $ 30:

1. Buy e-book for $ 10 from someone 2. Obrób his program for $ 300 3. Purchasing a server for $ 500 4. Create a page to promote e-book.

Method Two: Earn money by Forex

The third way: Sell jewelry, homemade.

Scam in online games
Scam in online games takes place during the exchange of objects. The seller and the buyer opens a window replacement, the seller shall issue a valuable item, the buyer shall issue an appropriate amount of cash, including changing the type when a valuable item on a much smaller value, but not different in appearance. Players approve the exchange, and the buyer instead of the desired item got the trash in equipment and lost considerable sum of money. The seller retains the item and the money. <<<

In above "scam" article contains different, but lost, meaning and the knowledge very important to let people to know what they risk with scam. The lack of this article is serious lost for Wikipedia content IMHO, and lack of description of common problem of "scam" and "scammers". I'd be very happy for reinstating it. Greetings to all wikipedists.

what!? has anyone here ever heard of "short-changing"?
the most common form (i would imagine) of confidence tricks is short-changing (a.k.a quick-changing). it seems odd that this is not mentioned here, or that it doesn't have it's own aricle entry. someone listed a very petty version of it in the listed cons, but that is nowhere sufficient. the only idea i can think of is that somebody (administrator perhaps), wouldn't allow this in the article because it would encourage people to try it, because of it's relative ease to commit. anyone? Helio462

I'm so angry I don't have to pay you????
This paragraph is the first under "Other Confidence Tricks" and, in my opinion, comes across very soapbox-y and personal. Certainly, there's no reference offered to this particular "scam." I think it should be removed, but I'm new to this and therefore not sure if I should go ahead and do it or leave it those who have been responsible for editing this page so far. Also, the author seems like the kinda person who I wouldn't want to piss off, even in cyberspace. Please advise. Thanks.guinevere34

Requested move 23 November 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. I count 9–4 in support. Looking at the strength of arguments, the Ngram shows "scam" dominant since the 1990s and over most of the past two centuries. I see "scam" 290 times in List of confidence tricks while "trick" appears just 44 times. Checking another, Confidence tricks in film and television: scam 49, trick 18. Wikipedia seems to use the terms interchangably; scam more often. – wbm1058 (talk) 03:17, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

Confidence trick → Scam – As per WP:COMMONNAME, the name "scam" is used more commonly in news media. Félix An (talk) 03:42, 23 November 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. – robertsky (talk) 15:44, 30 November 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. -- Maddy from Celeste (WAVEDASH) 18:46, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Félix An (talk) 03:42, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 08:07, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose A scam can have many definitions. In the most common sense in the English language (especially North America) it almost always refers to fraud. The word "scam" can also refer to deception that isn’t illegal, or something that is not advertised right. Confidence trick is the universal definition of any type of meticulously crafted fraud that isn’t a zero-sum game.
 * 2605:8D80:404:F690:B960:60B1:96F0:C91C (talk) 15:45, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. 120.28.224.32 (talk) 21:10, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per above. Scam has more meanings than just a confidence trick. Scam (disambiguation) should be moved to Scam. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:23, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. 120.28.224.32 (talk) 01:35, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Duplicate !vote struck. BD2412  T 19:27, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per above. I am actually shocked that this was not changed before now. Scam is clearly the more common name to the relatively unknown term "confidence trick." aaronneallucas (talk) 20:32, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose A confidence trick is a type of scam, but not all scams are confident tricks; the latter has a broader scope. OhNo itsJamie Talk 21:10, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose confidence tricks are a type of scam, not the reverse. Move the disambiguation to the base location -- 65.92.247.90 (talk) 13:33, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. The opposers keep saying that confidence tricks are a type of scam. But that's not a problem as long as we broaden the subject of this article to include other types of scams. And since scam already redirects here, such a broadening of scope is quite appropriate.  Arbitrarily0   ( talk ) 15:58, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support I am astonished that scam redirects to confidence trick. I believe modern usage would indicate that scam itself should be the common name, if we support merging the topics as noted above by Arbitrarily0, which seems reasonable. (trends ngram both seem fairly solid, although that may be disingenuous as they still are different terms) ASUKITE 19:35, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. AKK  700  02:45, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per Arbitrarily0
 * /magnesium Judeinator9001 (talk) 23:38, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * /magnesium Judeinator9001 (talk) 23:38, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom. LOOKSQUARE (👤·🗨) talk 21:39, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Clarification
Regarding the sentence "A confidence trick is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their trust."

Do the words in the sentence "person or group" pertain to the victim(s) or to the perpetrator(s)? Luigi.a.cruz (talk) 15:45, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Obviously the victims. Kailash29792 (talk)  11:00, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

Professional Wrestling in "see also"
Professional wrestling isn't a scam. Audiences don't think that everything is organic (i.e. they are not being tricked), they just suspend disbelief because it's fun.

Any other opinions? It seems like an inappropriate inclusion to me. Marcus Truman, local clown (talk) 14:25, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed, removed it. OhNo itsJamie Talk 14:29, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scam


text:
User:Chopchopwhitey/monobook.js

function morelinks { var tabs = document.getElementById('p-cactions').cloneNode(true); tabs.id = 'mytabs'; var listitems = tabs.getElementsByTagName('LI'); for (i=0;i<listitems.length;i++) { if(listitems[i].id) listitems[i].id = 'mytabs-' + listitems[i].id; } document.getElementById('column-content').appendChild(tabs); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",morelinks,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",morelinks);

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Chopchopwhitey/monobook.js


text:
John I, Count of Holland

John I (1284 – 10 November 1299) was Count of Holland and Zeeland as son of Count Floris V. John inherited the county in 1296 after the murder of his father.

Shortly after his birth, after negotiations between Floris and King Edward I of England in April 1285, he was betrothed to Elizabeth, a daughter of Edward and Eleanor of Castile. Soon after this the infant John was sent to England to be raised and educated there at Edward's court. In 1296, after the murder of John's father Count Floris V, King Edward invited a number of nobles from Holland with English sympathies, amongst whom were John III, Lord of Renesse, and Wolfert I van Borselen.

On 7 January 1297, John married Edward's daughter Elizabeth at St Peter's Church, Ipswich. Soon after this, he was allowed to return to Holland, although being made to promise to heed the council of Renesse and Borselen. Elizabeth was expected to go to Holland with her husband, but did not wish to go, leaving her husband to go alone. After some delay and spending Christmas 1297 with part of her family in Ghent, Elizabeth did join her husband in Holland in 1298. At first Renesse acted as regent, but on 30 April 1297, John had appointed Wolfert van Borselen regent in his stead, until his fifteenth birthday. As regent, Wolfert van Borselen, pursued a policy of neutrality towards Flanders and England. He came into conflict with the city of Dordrecht and was killed there by a mob on 30 August 1299. After this Count John II of the House of Avesnes took over the regency. Count John I of Holland died at Haarlem in the same year, on 10 November, childless and only fifteen years old, reportedly of dysentery, but there were suspicions he was murdered.

With his death without descendants, and all his siblings having died young, the heirs to the county of Holland were his father's cousins of Hainaut, sons of John's grandaunt Adelaide of Holland. From this time to the extinction of Hainaut as an independent county, Holland was in personal union with Hainaut.

Three years after John's death, his young widow remarried to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.

title: John I, Count of Holland


text:
User talk:Ashl

Wow this is My Page... wonder if this will appear on google? Heres my site about a pet Rock named Boulder... Take a look at Boulder the Great.

You don't need to double-link the bands/performers on the Live 8 page. Cheers. --Madchester July 3, 2005 17:36 (UTC)

Possibly fixed now probably an error in the system somewhere, sorry for your trouble.

My apologies for the co-incidental block. Someone using your IP address was doing stupid edits and I had to block their IP address to prevent it. You were just caught in the cross-fire. The block was only for a short time and should be over by now. Hopefully it won't happen again. Sorry again. DJ Clayworth 04:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Nathan Porritt
An article that you have been involved in editing, Nathan Porritt, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Nathan Porritt (2nd nomination). Thank you. --BJBot (talk) 20:19, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Du the Dudek
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Du the Dudek, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process
 * non notable novelty song

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Stormbay (talk) 22:22, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Nathan Porritt
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Nathan Porritt, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Has not played fully professional football, fails WP:ATHLETE

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Stu.W UK (talk) 09:49, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Nathan Porritt
I have nominated Nathan Porritt, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Nathan Porritt&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Stu.W UK (talk) 12:22, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ashl


text:
Battle of the Ebro

The Battle of the Ebro (Batalla del Ebro, Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the Ebro River, the Terra Alta comarca of Catalonia, and the Auts area close to Fayón (Faió) in the lower Matarranya, Eastern Lower Aragon. These sparsely populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the war. The battle was disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic, with tens of thousands left dead or wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists.

Background
By 1938, the Second Spanish Republic was in dire straits. The Republican Northern zone had fallen, and in the winter of 1937/38 the Republican Popular Army had spent its forces in the Battle of Teruel, a series of bloody combats in subzero temperatures around the city of Teruel, which was retaken by the Francoist army in February.

Then, the Nationalists launched an offensive in Aragon in March without giving their enemies a chance to recover. Fighting in the middle of bitter winter temperatures, the exhausted Republican army could offer only feeble resistance. By 15 April Franco's troops reached the Mediterranean Sea at Vinaròs, cutting Republican territory in two. As a result, the Nationalist army conquered Lleida and the hydroelectric dams that provided much of the Catalan industrial areas with electricity.

Nevertheless, on 17 March 1938, after the Anschluss, the French government decided to reopen the frontier. The Republican Army in Catalonia received 18,000 tons of war material between March and mid-June and twelve new divisions were formed from Nationalist prisoners-of-war and an extended call-up, which included conscripts that ranged in age from sixteen years old, the so-called Quinta del Biberón (the baby-bottle call-up), to middle-aged fathers. A new army, the Ebro's army, was then formed.

Meanwhile, the Francoist armies attacked the XYZ Line north of Valencia with the intention of capturing the Republican capital, instead of advancing towards Barcelona, fearing that France would enter the war in support of the ailing Republic. In response to the situation, Spanish premier Juan Negrín approved a plan by General Vicente Rojo Lluch to launch attacks against the main Francoist forces advancing towards Valencia. The purpose of the attacks was to relieve the pressure on Valencia and Catalonia, as well as to show European governments that the Republican government was still viable.

Loyalist Army
In order to distract the Nationalist armies that were advancing towards Valencia, the Popular Republican Army decided upon an offensive in the lower Ebro basin. The army was large, but it lacked enough air and artillery support. The Ebro Army was formed on 15 May under Lieutenant Colonel Juan Modesto, merging the 15th and the 5th Army Corps. It would receive reinforcements from the 12th and 18th Army Corps as soon as the battle began.

15th Army Corps
The 15th Army Corps XV Cuerpo del Ejército was led by Manuel Tagüeña from Escaladei and was formed by the following divisions:

 * 35th International Division led by Commander Pedro Mateo Merino, including the XI, XIII and XV International Brigades.
 * 3rd Division, led by Commander Esteban Cabezos Morente, including the 31st, 33rd and 60th mixed brigades.
 * 42nd Division, under Commander Manuel Alvarez, including the 226th, 227th and 59th brigades.
 * In mid-July the 15th Army Corps was reinforced by the 16th Popular Republican Army Division of the 12th Army Corps, the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, anti-aircraft guns, armoured vehicles and army engineers.

5th Army Corps
The 5th Army Corps V Cuerpo del Ejército Popular, led by Lieutenant Colonel Enrique Líster, with base in Salou:

 * 11th Division led by Commander Joaquim Rodríguez, including the 1st, 9th and 100th mixed brigades.
 * 46th Division led by Commander Valentín González "El Campesino", including the 10th, 60th and 101st mixed brigades.
 * 45th Division, international division led by Lieutenant Colonel Hans Kahle, including the 12th "Garibaldi", 14th "Marsellesa" and 139th mixed brigades.

12th Army Corps
The 12th Army Corps led by Lieutenant Colonel Etelvino Vega, was based at Bisbal de Falset:
 * 16th Division led by Commander Manuel Mora Torres, including the 23rd and 24th mixed brigades.
 * 44th Division led by Ramón Pastor, including the 140th, 144th and 145th mixed brigades.

18th Army Corps
The 18th Army Corps, led by Lieutenant Colonel José del Barrio acted as tactical reserve of the two first ones:

 * 27th Division, led by Marcelino Usatorre including the 122nd (with its 1st Battalion, "la Bruixa", 123rd and 124th mixed brigades.
 * 60th Division led by Commander Manuel Ferràndiz, including the 95th, 84th and 224th mixed brigades.
 * 43rd División, led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Beltrán Casaña "l'Esquinazau", including the 72nd, 102nd and 130th mixed brigades.

Spanish Nationalist Army
The Morocco Army Corps was positioned on the right bank of the Ebro. Later, the Maestrazgo Army Corps was sent as reinforcements, led by General Rafael García Valiño.

Army of the North
General Fidel Davila

Morocco Army Corps
The Morocco Army Corps Cuerpo del Ejército de Marruecos led by General Juan Yagüe:
 * 40th División
 * 50th División, led by Colonel Campos.
 * 105th División

Except for the 50th División, made up of relatively inexperienced soldiers, all other divisions were battle-hardened Legionarios, Regulares, African mercenaries from Ifni and Western Sahara, as well as Carlist and Falangist militias.

Maestrazgo Army Corps
The Maestrazgo Army Corps  Cuerpo del Ejército del Maestrazgo was led by General Rafael García Valiño.
 * 1st División de Navarra, led by Mohammed el Mizzian.
 * 74th División la Leona, led by Coronel Arias.
 * 84th División. led by Coronel Galera.
 * 13th División, led by Fernando Barron.

Republican assault
The Republican Army spent a week preparing to cross the Ebro. According to the historian Antony Beevor, the commandos of the XIV Corps slipped across the river in order to obtain information about the Nationalist positions, and the Republican troops rehearsed the crossing in ravines and rivers on the coast. Some key players, including Ramón Rufat, explained in detail the intelligence gathering and preparation process. The Nationalist intelligence assets passed back reports to the Nationalist High Command, detailing troop movements and the concentration of the International Brigades, as well as the presence of rafts and pontoon bridges on the other side of the river, but Franco thought that the Republican Army would not be ready to undertake an offensive across the Ebro.

For the crossing, the Republicans chose the bend of the Ebro River between Fayon and Benifallet, an area held by the 50th Division of the Nationalist Army. The Republican army started the crossing on the night of 24–25 July during a no moon period. Republican commandos crossed the river, killed the Nationalist guards and fastened lines for the assault boats, then the first Republican troops crossed in ninety boats (each of which carried ten men). The remaining troops of the V and XV Corps crossed the next day, using three pontoon bridges and another 12. The surprise was total and Republican forces were initially successful. Nevertheless, a secondary assault near Amposta, carried out by the XIV International Brigade, failed after 18 hours of combat, and the XIV International Brigade retreated, after suffering huge losses.

During the first day, Republican troops surrounded the troops of the Colonel Campos’s 50th Division, taking 4,000 prisoners, and many other Nationalist soldiers deserted. By the evening, Tagueña had advanced three miles in the north and Lister twenty one in the center. By 26 July, the Republican troops had occupied 800 square kilometres and reached the outskirts of Gandesa; nevertheless the Nationalists deployed Barron’s 13th Division in the town and the Republican troops failed to occupy it.

Then, Franco decided to send heavy reinforcements to the Ebro’s front (eight divisions, more than 140 bombers and 100 fighters) and passed the order for the dams at Tremp and Camarasa to be opened. The flood water destroyed the pontoon bridges, although the Republican engineers managed to repair them within two days. Furthermore, the Condor Legion and the Aviazione Legionaria started to bomb and destroy the pontoon bridges each day, although the Republican engineers managed to repair them each night. Because of this, only 22 tanks and a handful of artillery managed to cross the Ebro River, and Republican troops began running low on supplies, ammunition and drinking water.

Siege of Gandesa
The key target for the Republicans was the town of Gandesa, some 25 km west of the Ebro, a crossroads to Catalonia and the north-south roads running parallel to the Ebro. The terrain around the town was extremely hilly, being dominated by the Cavalls, Pandols and Fatarella mountain ranges whose hard and bold limestone rocks and scant forest cover provided little shelter against Francoist fire.

On 27 July, Modesto ordered an attack on Gandesa with T-26 tanks and on 30 July decided to concentrate his tanks and artillery around Gandesa and launched an infantry assault against the city. On 1 August, the XV International Brigade launched a fierce attack against Hill 481 in front of Gandesa, suffering huge casualties; nevertheless, the Republican assault had failed due to the Nationalist air and artillery superiority and Modesto ordered the Army of the Ebro to go on the defensive.

Battle of attrition
After the end of the Republican offensive, the Republican army of the Ebro was trapped in a pocket with its back to a river and Nationalist officers wanted to attack across the unprotected Segre River and advance to Barcelona, but Franco wanted to destroy the Republican Army of the Ebro and to recover the lost territory. The Nationalists concentrated most of their artillery and air forces in the Ebro's Front. On the other hand, the Republican high command ordered their troops to resist and not to retreat. Officers and men were executed for retreating.

The battle was fought by both sides as a World War I Western Front style battle, with each side launching bloody frontal assaults on enemy positions in what became a war of attrition. The Nationalist tactic was to use artillery and aerial bombardment in small areas to soften resistance and then to launch a frontal assault with one or two infantry battalions to occupy the area. Each day 500 cannons fired more than 13,000 rounds at the Republican troops and more than 200 Nationalist aircraft dropped 10,000 pounds of bombs. Nevertheless, the Republican troops fought with stubborn bravery and repelled the Nationalist assaults with barrages of machine-gun and mortar fire. In many zones, the terrain was too hard to dig trenches or foxholes, and as the August heat became unbearable (on 4 August it was 37°C in the shade), the shortages of water and food grew worse for the Republican troops. The situation was made more desperate by the relentless bombing that the Republican troops endured from dawn to dusk, which made it impossible for bodies to be buried, and meant that the wounded could only be evacuated at night, by small boats.

The key to the battle was Nationalist air superiority, provided by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria and German Condor Legion squadrons that flew under the Aviación Nacional markings. Some 500 first class planes were available on the Nationalist side (Savoia SM-79, Savoia SM-81, BR.20, He 111, Do 17, Ju 52 and 6 Ju 87 bombers, and Bf 109 and CR.32 fighters) against only some 35 modern fighters and some 40 second class aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force. In July, the Legion Condor had destroyed 76 Republican planes and by August the Republican Air Force had lost air superiority in the area. The Republican planes were outnumbered by at least two to one, and most of the experienced Soviet pilots had been withdrawn. Republican anti-aircraft defenses proved to be inadequate and many planes were destroyed on the ground. The Nationalists used their bombers to cut the pontoon bridges on the Ebro, and as a flying artillery to smash the Republican positions in the sierras, and to destroy their supply lines: "Republican communications were bombed to oblivion and, as so many international brigader memoirs testify, their troops were blasted off the bare and rocky hillsides by the sheer force of the incendiary materiel launched."

Nationalist counteroffensive
The Nationalist forces launched six counter-offensives in order to retake the territory seized by the Republicans. The first counteroffensive was launched on 6 August against the northern republican held pocket between Mequinenza and Fayón. The Legion Condor dropped 50 tons of bombs and by the 10 August the Republican troops were forced back across the river. The Republicans had lost 900 men and 200 machine-guns. On 11 August the Nationalists led by Camilo Alonso Vega launched an attack against the Pandols Range held by the Lister's 11th Division. By 14 August the Nationalists had occupied the high point of Santa Magdalena, but the Republicans held the Sierra. On 18 August the Nationalists opened again the dams on the Segre River, destroying the pontoon bridges at the Ebro and on 19 August General Juan Yagüe with six divisions and supported by the Legion Condor advanced from Villalba del Arcs and captured the heights of Gaeta after five days of fierce fighting. The slow advance of the Nationalists infuriated Mussolini: "Today 29 August, I predict the defeat of Franco. That man does not know to make war or doesn't want to".

Then Franco decided to send Garcia Valiño's Maestrazgo Corps to the front and on 31 August the Nationalists launched an attack against the Cavalls Range in order to advance towards Corbera. The mountain range was held by the 35th, 11th and the 43rd Republican divisions, and the Nationalists attacked with eight divisions, 300 guns, 500 aircraft and 100 tanks. On 3 September the Nationalists launched a new attack from Gandesa supported by German 88 mm guns and by 4 September the Nationalists had occupied Corbera. Then Yagüe's forces broke the Republican lines, but Modesto sealed the breach with the 35th Division and ordered their troops to hold on: "Not a single position must be lost. If the enemy takes one, there must be a rapid counterattack and as much fighting as necessary, but always making sure that it remains in republican hands. Not a metre of ground to the enemy!" After six weeks of combat the Nationalists had recovered 120 square miles. On the other hand, on 21 September the Republican prime minister, Juan Negrin, announced the unconditional withdrawal of the International Brigades.

On 2 October the Nationalists occupied the heights of Lavall and two weeks later Point 666, the key of the Pandols Range. On 30 October the troops of the Garcia Valiño's Army Corps of the Maestrazgo, led by Mohammed el Mizzian, attacked the heights of the Cavalls Range, supported by 175 guns and 100 aircraft. The Republicans lost the heights after one day of combat, suffering huge casualties (1,000 prisoners and 500 dead), despite the support of 100 fighters. On 2 November the Nationalists occupied the Pandols Range and on 3 November the right flank of the Nationalist forces reached the river Ebro. On 7 November Móra la Nova fell and by 10 November the Nationalists had occupied Mount Picossa. On 16 November the last men of the 35th recrossed the Ebro at Flix and the battle ended.

Aftermath
The Nationalists' superiority in manpower and equipment meant that they were better able to withstand the losses and to exhaust the Republicans. As a result of the Battle of the Ebro the Republican army was destroyed as an effective force, and the Republican air force was no longer capable of offering further resistance.

Both sides had suffered huge losses, with estimates ranging from 50,000 to 60,000 to 110,000 casualties, as well as the loss of large numbers of aircraft (the Republicans between 130 and 150). The Nationalists had lost most of their best officers and most of their tanks and lorries needed repairs or spare parts, and the Republican army had lost most of its weapons and experienced units. Nevertheless, after Franco signed a new mining law that made huge concessions to the German government, Germany sent new weapons to the Nationalist forces and in December, Franco launched an offensive against Catalonia.

Antony Beevor has argued that Negrín's "active war policy" of attacking, rather than adopting strong defences and hoping for a wider European conflict or harrying the Nationalist forces, had been driven primarily by the Communist Party of Spain's desire for propaganda victories and that at the Battle of the Ebro, the policy destroyed the Republican army for no great purpose. The Republicans accomplished none of their strategic objectives and, according to Beevor, were unwilling to apply the theory of the deep operations to their attacks. Thus, their forces spent a long time clearing Nationalist secondary defensive positions, which allowed the highly-mechanised Nationalist forces to deploy in strong defensive positions quickly.

Nevertheless, Paul Preston and Helen Graham said that the Republicans, by launching the Battle of the Ebro, stopped the Nationalist assault on Valencia, inflicted huge losses on the Nationalist army and prolonged the war several months. However, the Munich Agreement removed any hope of aid from the Western democracies and turned the political victory into a resounding military defeat.

A well-known Republican song, ¡Ay Carmela!, commemorates the battle.

Movies

 * Golpe de mano (Explosión) (1970)

Short stories
"Old Man at The Bridge." Ernest Hemingway, 1936. Anthologized in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories, 1938, Scribner's.

title: Battle of the Ebro


text:
John II, Count of Holland

John II (1247 – 22 August 1304) was Count of Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland.

Life
John II, born 1247, was the eldest son of John I of Hainaut and Adelaide of Holland. He became Count of Hainaut on the death of his grandmother, Countess Margaret I of Hainaut. John continued the war between the House of Dampierre and the Avesnes family against Count Guy of Flanders for Imperial Flanders.

John II became Count of Holland in 1299 upon the death of his cousin John I. The personal union he established between Hainaut and Holland–Zeeland lasted for another half-century. John I's father, Floris V, had been fighting against Flanders for Zeeland. He sought help of France against Flanders. The French defeated the Flemish in 1300 and 1301. The rebels in Zeeland were defeated as well. John's brother, Guy of Avesnes, became bishop of Utrecht. Thus, all his main enemies were gone.

The tide changed dramatically after a Flemish uprising and the defeat of the French army at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, where John's eldest son was killed fighting for the French. The Flemish attacked Hainaut and Zeeland supported by the dissatisfied population there. Guy of Namur defeated John's son, William, in a battle on the island of Duiveland. Bishop Guy of Utrecht was taken prisoner. Guy of Namur and Duke John II of Brabant conquered most of Utrecht, Holland, and Zeeland. Guy of Namur was finally defeated in 1304 by the fleet of Holland and France at the naval Battle of Zierikzee. John II regained most of his authority when he died in the same year.

Family
In 1270, John married Philippa, daughter of Count Henry V of Luxembourg and Margaret of Bar. Their children were:
 * 1) John, Lord of Beaumont, Count of Ostervant. Killed in battle (11 July 1302).
 * 2) Henry, a canon in Cambrai, (died 1303).
 * 3) William I, Count of Hainaut (c. 1286 – 7 June 1337) He succeeded his father in 1304. Married Joan of Valois, daughter of Charles, Count of Valois.
 * 4) John of Beaumont (1288 – 11 March 1356). He was married to Margaret, Countess de Soissons.
 * 5) Margaret (died 18 October 1342), married Robert II of Artois, who was killed at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, 11 July 1302.
 * 6) Alice or Alix (d. 26 October 1317), who married 1290 Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, by whom she had no issue.
 * 7) Isabelle (died 1305), married Raoul de Clermont Lord of Nesle, who was killed in battle at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, 11 July 1302.
 * 8) Joan, a nun at Fontenelles.
 * 9) Mary of Avesnes (1280–1354), married Louis I, Duke of Bourbon.
 * 10) Matilda, Abbess of Nivelles.

John's illegitimate children were:
 * 1) Willem de Cuser
 * 2) Aleid van Zandenburg, who was married firstly to Wolfert II of Borselen, lord of Veere, and secondly to Otto III of Buren.

title: John II, Count of Holland


text:
J. P. Donleavy

James Patrick Donleavy (23 April 1926 – 11 September 2017) was an American-Irish novelist, short story writer and playwright. His best-known work is the novel The Ginger Man, which was initially banned for obscenity.

Early life
Donleavy was born in Brooklyn, to Irish immigrants Margaret and Patrick Donleavy, and grew up in the Bronx. His father was a firefighter, and his mother came from a wealthy background. He had a sister, Mary Rita, and a younger brother. He received his education at various schools in the United States, then served in the US Navy during World War II. After the war ended, he moved to Ireland. In 1946 he began studying bacteriology at Trinity College Dublin, but left in 1949 before taking a degree.

Career
Donleavy's first published work was a short story entitled A Party on Saturday Afternoon, which appeared in the Dublin literary periodical Envoy in 1950. He gained critical acclaim with his first novel, The Ginger Man (1955), which is one of the Modern Library 100 best novels. The novel, of which Donleavy's friend and fellow writer Brendan Behan was the first person to read the completed manuscript, was banned in Ireland and the United States by reason of obscenity. Lead character Sebastian Dangerfield was in part based on Trinity College companion Gainor Crist, an American Navy veteran also studying at Trinity College on the G.I. Bill, whom Donleavy once described in an interview as a "saint", though of a Rabelaisian kind.

Correctly or incorrectly, his initial works are sometimes grouped with the kitchen sink artists as well as the "Angry Young Men". Another novel, A Fairy Tale of New York, provided the title of the song "Fairytale of New York".

In March 2007, Donleavy was the castaway on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs.

In 2015, Donleavy was the recipient of the Bob Hughes Lifetime Achievement Award at the Bord Gáis Energy Irish Book Awards.

In 2016, Trinity College Dublin awarded him with an honorary doctorate.

Personal life
Donleavy declared himself to be an atheist at the age of 14. In 1946, he married Valerie Heron; the couple had two children: Philip (born 1951) and Karen (born 1955). They divorced in 1969 and he remarried in 1970 to Mary Wilson Price; that union ended in divorce in 1989. In 2011, it was reported that Donleavy had not fathered his two children with Price. A DNA test in the early 1990s had confirmed that Rebecca was the daughter of brewing scion Kieran Guinness, and Rory was the son of Kieran's older brother Finn, whom Price married after her divorce from Donleavy. "My interest is only to look after the welfare of the child," Donleavy told The Times, "and after a certain stage, you can't worry about their parentage".

He lived at Levington Park, a country house on 200 acre directly on Lough Owel, near Mullingar, County Westmeath, from 1972. Throughout much of his life, he was known as Mike by close friends, though the origins of this nickname are unclear.

Donleavy died on 11 September 2017, aged 91.

List of works

 * The Ginger Man (novel) Olympia Press, Paris 1955
 * What They Did in Dublin, with The Ginger Man (a play) MacGibbon & Kee, London 1961
 * The Ginger Man (play) Random House, New York 1961
 * Fairy Tales of New York (play), Penguin, UK 1961 Random House, New York 1961
 * A Singular Man Atlantic-Little, Brown, Boston 1963
 * Meet My Maker the Mad Molecule (stories/sketches) Atlantic-Little, Brown, Boston 1964
 * A Singular Man (play) The Bodley Head, UK 1965
 * The Saddest Summer of Samuel S (novella) Delacorte Press, New York 1966
 * The Beastly Beatitudes of Balthazar B (novel) Delacorte Press, New York 1968
 * The Onion Eaters (novel) Delacorte Press, New York 1971
 * The Plays of JP Donleavy Delacorte Press, New York 1972
 * A Fairy Tale of New York (novel) Delacorte Press, New York 1973
 * J.P. Donleavy: The Plays Penguin, UK 1974
 * The Unexpurgated Code: A Complete Manual of Survival & Manners (non-fiction) Delacorte Press, New York 1975
 * (novel) Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Pennsylvania 1977
 * Schultz (novel) Delacorte Press, New York 1979
 * (novel) Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Pennsylvania 1983
 * De Alfonce Tennis... (novel) Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1984
 * J. P. Donleavy's Ireland... (non-fiction) Viking, New York, 1986 (Michael Joseph, London 1986)
 * Are You Listening Rabbi Löw (novel), Viking, London 1987
 * A Singular Country (nonfiction) Ryan, Peterborough, UK 1989
 * That Darcy, That Dancer, That Gentleman (novel) Viking, London 1990
 * The History of the Ginger Man (nonfiction) Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1994|Viking, London 1994
 * (novella) Thornwillow Press, US 1995
 * An Author and His Image (collected short pieces – nonfiction) Viking, London 1997
 * Wrong Information is Being Given Out at Princeton (novel) Thomas Dunn-St. Martins Press, New York (Viking, London) 1998
 * A Letter Marked Personal (novel) The Lilliput Press, Arbour Hill, Dublin 2019

title: J. P. Donleavy


text:
Talk:Otto Eckstein

Untitled
Possible starting points (in order of perceived quality):
 * http://www.jstor.org/view/00346535/di953028/95p0148a/0
 * http://www.parida.com/dri.html
 * http://cruel.org/econthought/profiles/eckstein.html

Added a bit of bio
Otto Eckstein is my second cousin once removed. I added the biographical information that he was a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany. I cited the NYT obituary as a source on his emigration from Germany in 1938, although the NYT (as was its practice at the time) did not use the word "Jewish." I am a member of the family and happen to know that the emigration through England to the USA was a last-ditch desperation measure as the Nazis were closing in on the "final solution." -- catherine yronwode, not logged in. 75.101.104.17 (talk) 18:24, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Otto Eckstein. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100726131427/http://www.hokenson.biz/home/index.asp to http://www.hokenson.biz/home/index.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:53, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otto Eckstein


text:
William I, Count of Hainaut

William the Good (Willem, Guillaume; c. 1286 – 7 June 1337) was count of Hainaut (as William I), Avesnes, Holland (as William III), and Zeeland (as William II) from 1304 to his death.

Career
William, born c. 1286, was the son of John II, Count of Hainaut, and Philippa, daughter of Henry V, Count of Luxembourg. He was the brother of John of Beaumont and Alice of Hainault.

William was originally not expected to become count. After the deaths of his elder brothers, John (killed at Kortrijk in 1302) and Henry (d. 1303), he became heir apparent to his father's counties.

Prior to becoming count, he was defeated by Guy of Namur at the battle on the island of Duiveland in 1304. Guy and Duke John II of Brabant then conquered most of Zeeland and Holland, but these territories were recovered again when William became the new count in the same year. William continued the war with Flanders until the Peace of Paris in 1323, during which the Count of Flanders renounced all claims on Zeeland. William, in turn, gained all of Zeeland but agreed to renounce all claims on Imperial Flanders. William had occupied most of the Bishopric of Utrecht and tried to conquer Friesland but was repelled by Hessel Martena. At the death of his uncle, Guy d'Avesnes, Bishop of Utrecht, William took his fief of Amsterdam and annexed it to Holland.

Many of his daughters married with important rulers of Europe; King Edward III of England and Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV were married to his daughters, while he was married to the sister of the King Philip VI of France. With these important alliances William gained considerable influence and respect, which he used to advance the interests of his counties.

Family
On 19 May 1305 William married Joan of Valois, sister of the future king Philip VI of France, and had the following children:
 * William II, Count of Hainaut (1307–1345)
 * John (died 1316)
 * Margaret II, Countess of Hainault (1311–1356), married Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Philippa of Hainault (c. 1313–1369), married King Edward III of England
 * Agnes (died 1327)
 * Joanna of Hainaut (1315–1374), married William V, Duke of Jülich
 * Isabelle of Hainaut (1323–1361), married Robert of Namur
 * Louis (1325–1328)
 * Jan Aelman (1320–1389) Illegitimate son and Knight

title: William I, Count of Hainaut


text:
Tatar alphabet

Three scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Arabic (in China ), Cyrillic (in Russia and Kazakhstan) and Latin (Tatars of Turkey, Finland, the Czech Republic, Poland, the USA and Australia use the Tatar Latin alphabet at present ).

History of Tatar writing
Before 1928, the Tatar language was usually written using alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet: İske imlâ alphabet before 1920 and Yaña imlâ alphabet in 1920–1927. Some letters such as چ and پ were borrowed from the Persian alphabet and the letter ﯓ (called nef or sağır kef) was borrowed from Chagatai. The writing system was inherited from Volga Bulgar.

The most ancient of Tatar literature (Qíssai Yosıf by Qol-Ğäli, written in Old Tatar language) was created in the beginning of the 13th century. Until 1905 all literature was in Old Tatar, which was partly derived from the Bolgar language and not intelligible with modern Tatar. Since 1905 newspaper publishers started using modern Tatar. In 1918 the Arabic-based alphabet was revised: some new letters for Tatar sounds were added and some Arabic letters deleted. The Latin-based Jaꞑalif alphabet was in use between 1928 and 1939 and the Cyrillic-based alphabet has been used ever since.

Some scholars regard Institutiones linguae Turcicae libri quator ("The Basic Rules of the Turkic Language"), written in Latin by Hieronymus Megiser and printed in Leipzig in 1612, being the first example of a Turkic text printed in Arabic script, as a first printed Tatar book. Meanwhile Hieronymus Megiser’s Chorographia Tartariae published in 1611 describes a unique Tartarian alphabet and cites the Lord’s Prayer in the Tartarian language, written in Latin script. The first Turkic-Tatar printed publication in Russia appears to be Peter the Great's Manifest, printed in Arabic script and published in Astrakhan in 1722.

Printed books appeared en masse in 1801 when the first private typography ("Oriental typography") in Kazan appeared.

The first unsuccessful attempt to publish a Tatar newspaper was in 1808, when professor of mathematics at Kazan University, I.I. Zapolsky, proposed publishing a newspaper "The Kazan News" in both Russian and Tatar languages. Zapolsky's untimely death in 1810 thwarted the project. The first successful attempt to publish a newspaper in Tatar was in 1905. On September 2, the first issue of the newspaper "Nur" was published in St. Petersburg by Gataulla Bayazitov. The second Tatar newspaper, "Kazan Muhbire," came into existence on October 29, 1905. The publisher of the newspaper was a member of the Kazan City Council, Saidgirey Alkin.

The first Tatar typewriter was created in Tatarstan in the 1920s and used the Arabic-based alphabet.

In 1930s Turkey became a potential enemy of the Soviet Union. Even though Turkish alphabet, introduced in 1928, was different from Jaꞑalif, for Soviet officials the Latin script was a symbol of the Western world. This motivated switching all Turkic languages of the USSR to Cyrillic script.

This was not the first project of introducing Cyrillic script for the Tatar language. Since 1861, the Keräşens ethnic group had used Nikolay Ilminsky's alphabet, based on pre-1917 Russian orthography which used fita and dotted I to spell Orthodox proper names, additional Cyrillic letters Ӓ, Ӧ, Ӱ for Tatar vowels, and the ligature Ҥ for. This alphabet is related to the Mari alphabet, and was used because Christian Tatars couldn't use the Arabic script. By the 1930s, Ilminsky's alphabet was forgotten and could not be used due to its religious origin. In 1938 professor M. Fazlullin introduced an adaptation of the Russian alphabet for the Tatar language, without any additional characters. Tatar sounds absent from Russian were to be represented with the digraphs Жь, Нь, Хь, Аь, Уь, Оь, Ый.

In 1939 Qorbangaliev and Ramazanov offered their own projects that planned to use additional Cyrillic characters. Letters Ө, Ә, Ү, Һ were inherited from Jaꞑalif, but Җ and Ң were invented by analogy with Щ and Ц. ⟨Гъ⟩ and ⟨къ⟩ were suggested to designate and, spelled in Jaꞑalif as ⟨ƣ⟩ and ⟨q⟩ correspondingly. In Ramazanov's project (Jaꞑalif ⟨v⟩) was spelled as ⟨в⟩ before a vowel, and as ⟨у⟩ or ⟨ү⟩ in the end of a syllable. On 5 May 1939, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Tatar ASSR issued the decree "On switching Tatar writing from the Latin-based alphabet to an alphabet based on Russian glyphs", which opened with a declaration that the switch was enacted "in response to numerous requests by Tatar workers, kolkhozniks, and intelligentsia." The Tatar society disagreed to this project, and during a conference in July 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet was amended. The updated alphabet was accepted on 10 January 1941.

and are allophones of  and  in the environment of back vowels, and the accepted spelling doesn't explicitly distinguish between the allophones in each pair. When ⟨га/го/гу/гы/ка/ко/ку/кы⟩ is followed by a "soft syllable", containing one of the front vowels ⟨ә, е, ө, и, ү⟩ or the soft sign ⟨ь⟩, they are pronounced as [ʁæ/ʁɵ/ʁy/ʁe/qæ/qɵ/qy/qe], otherwise as [ʁɑ/ʁo/ʁu/ʁɤ/qɑ/qo/qu/qɤ]. ⟨гә/гө/гү/ге/кә/кө/кү/ке⟩ are pronounced as [ɡæ/ɡɵ/ɡy/ɡe/kæ/kɵ/ky/ke]. Similar rules apply to ⟨е, ю, я⟩ which could be pronounced as either [je, jy, jæ] or [jɤ, ju, jɑ]. The soft sign is not used to show palatalization as in Russian, but to show qualities of vowels where they are not determinable through vowel harmony. Unlike modern Russian, some words can end with ⟨гъ⟩, representing  after a front vowel, as in ⟨балигъ⟩ [bɑliʁ] ("baligh"). In total, the Tatar Cyrillic script requires the Russian alphabet plus 6 extra letters: Әә, Өө, Үү, Җҗ, Ңң, Һһ. All Russian loanwords are written as in Russian and should be pronounced with Russian pronunciation.

The complexity of the orthographic rules had led to discussions about amending the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet again; these included sessions in the Kazan branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (KFAN) which were conducted in January 1954 and in February–March 1959, but did not result in any specific proposal for a new alphabet. In 1972, prof. Nikolai Baskakov suggested three new letters to be added to the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet: Қ, Ғ and Ў for the sounds, and , to make the Tatar spelling phonetic. On 18 May 1989, the Orthographic Commission formed by the KFAN published the new alphabet, which included Baskakov's three new letters, and the new spelling rules. The new alphabetic order was as follows, with the new letters shown in brackets:

 * А Ә Б В [Ў] Г [Ғ] Д Е (Ё) Ж Җ З И Й К [Қ] Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Һ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я

The spelling system of 1940 had led to many homographs and near-homographs between Tatar and Russian which had totally different pronunciation, e.g. ⟨гарь⟩ [ʁær] "shame" and ⟨гарь⟩ [ɡarʲ] "cinder". This presented difficulties for pupils learning the two spelling systems for the two languages simultaneously. One of the goals for the new spelling system was that the same sequence of letters would correspond to the same sounds, whether in a Russian word or in a Tatar word. Yet, the amended orthography was never formally adopted, as the popular opinion in the 1990s leaned towards switching to a Latin-based alphabet, instead of changing the Cyrillic one. Thus, on 20 July 1994, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan approved a gradual transition to Latin-based script; the urgency of such transition was included in the resolution of the Second World Congress of the Tatars in 1997. Recognizing the popular demand, on 15 September 1999, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan issued the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs". Despite the name of the decree, the new Latin alphabet was significantly different from Jaꞑalif, and its letters had one-to-one correspondence with the proposed Cyrillic alphabet from 1989. On 27 September 2000, the Cabinet of Ministers updated the new Latin alphabet, replacing the three uncommon characters inherited from Jaꞑalif (Ə, Ɵ, Ꞑ) with those present in Latin-1 encoding and in most computer fonts.

Correspondence between alphabets
Before the 1980s, in the listing of the alphabet, extra letters were placed after the Russian ones, as shown above. The Tatar Parliament changed the alphabetic order in January 1997 to the one shown below.

Cyrillic version
The official Cyrillic version of the Tatar alphabet used in Tatarstan contains 39 letters:

А Ә Б В Г Д Е (Ё) Ж Җ З И Й К Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Һ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я

Letter names and pronunciation
Due to the Russian Federal law, only Cyrillic alphabets may have official status in regions of the Russian Federation. There is ongoing confrontation with regards to adoption of the Latin script for the Tatar language.

Latin version
According to the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" from 1999, the new Latin alphabet would be in official use alongside the Cyrillic alphabet from 1 September 2001, and would become the sole alphabet in official use by 1 September 2011. Around the same time, the Republic of Karelia was pursuing official status for Karelian language, which also uses a Latin-based alphabet. The Russian State Duma perceived the latinization of the two republics as a variety of language secessionism, and on 15 November 2002, they introduced an amendment into the law On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation stating that all official languages of the republics within the Russian Federation must use Cyrillic alphabets.

The Republic of Tatarstan challenged the amendment in the Constitutional Court of Russia, arguing that the State Duma doesn't have authority over the language policies of the constituent republics. On 16 November 2004, the Constitutional Court declined the appeal. To comply with the court's decision, the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" was officially rescinded on 22 January 2005.

On 24 December 2012, a new Tatarstani law clarified that the new Latin alphabet, as specified in 2000, should be used as the official romanization for the Tatar language. It also specified Yaña imlâ as the official system for transliteration into the Arabic script. According to this law, requests to Tatarstani authorities may use the Latin and Arabic scripts, but the authorities' answers would be written in Cyrillic, with an optional transliteration into the other alphabets. As of 2020, Cyrillic remains the only official script in Tatarstan.

Zamanälif-2 (Tatar for "modern alphabet") contains 34 letters:

A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z.

There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. In addition to the ISO basic Latin alphabet, the following 9 letters are used: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi.

Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, ıy/i, ı/e.

The symbol $⟨'⟩$ is used for the glottal stop (known as hämzä in Tatar).

Tatar writing is largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be derived from its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords, such as summit and names.

Neo-alif
While the letter ä is officially part of the current Latin script of Tatar "Zamanälif," some Tatars writing in the Latin script use ə instead. This has unofficially been called the "Neo-alif" alphabet, which disregards ä due to its abundant occurrence in Tatar words compared to the other umlaut letters, creating an "undesired aesthetic outcome". The use of ə in Azeri is also named to support the usage.

In social media, such as Instagram, Tatar is written mainly in Cyrillic due to being the official alphabet in use. However, some Tatar accounts choose to communicate in Latin alphabet. These include tatargrammar, learn_tatar, bulat.shaymi, bbaybura, arkiv.tatar, turkicdialects. All are focused one way or another in Tatar culture and history (latter Turkic languages in general) and use ə instead of ä.

Sample of the scripts
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

title: Tatar alphabet


text: User talk:62.2.17.117

title: User talk:62.2.17.117


text:
William II, Count of Hainaut

William II (1307 – 26 September 1345) was Count of Hainaut from 1337 until his death. He was also Count of Holland (as William IV) and Count of Zeeland. He succeeded his father, Count William I of Hainaut. While away fighting in Prussia, the Frisians revolted. William returned home and was killed at the Battle of Warns.

Life
William was born in 1307, the son of William I of Hainaut and Joan of Valois.

In 1334, he married Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, the daughter and heiress of John III, Duke of Brabant, but had no issue.

He fought in France as an ally of the English (he was the brother-in-law of King Edward III of England). In 1339, William participated in the Siege of Cambrai (1339). In 1345, two months before he died, he Siege of Utrecht (1345), because the bishop, John van Arkel, was trying to regain the bishopric's historical independence from Holland.

William fought against the Saracens, and went on crusade with the Teutonic Order in Prussia. He was killed near Stavoren, during one of the battles of Warns against the Frisians in 1345.

William was succeeded by his sister, Margaret of Hainaut, who was married to Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland became a part of the imperial crown domains.

title: William II, Count of Hainaut


text:
User:Priyadi

About Myself

 * Full name: Priyadi Iman Nurcahyo
 * Birthdate: Bandung, 14 April 1977
 * Interests: Linux, Opensource, Internet

Please see my homepage if you want to know more about me. Also feel free to [mailto:priyadi@priyadi.net email me] as long as it is not spam :) You can also add anything to my talk page

Join my network of friends:
 * Orkut
 * Friendster - my email address is priyadi@priyadi.net in case you need it

For Wikipedians in orkut from Indonesia please join

Me and Wikipedia

 * Regular reader since 2001
 * If I want to know about something, first I go to Wikipedia and then to google
 * With Konqueror, it's easy to find anything in Wikipedia, just use wp: shortcut (default since KDE 3.2 I think), for example if I want to search for Bandung just type wp:bandung in the location bar. Simple, isn't it?
 * For Wikipedians in orkut from Indonesia please joi

Contributing Style
Write everything from my head as much as I can before they disappears, and then google around for missing information. Please note that I never copy anything verbatim.

Contributions
See my contribution page for more details.

Stub created
none yet

New entries from Stub
Bandung, Jakarta, West Java, North Sumatra

New entries from nonexistant page
Depok, Indonesian car number plates, Roy Suryo, Lists of radio stations in Jakarta, Indonesia

Minor edits
Braga, Bus Rapid Transit, Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesia, Politics of Indonesia, List of Indonesians, List of Indonesian language television channels

Major edits
Medan, Indonesia, Indonesian presidential election, 2004

Pictures
none yet

Todo
Political Parties in Indonesia, Indonesian Flag, Persib Bandung, Liga Indonesia, Tourism in Indonesia, Indonesian Government Hierarchy

Online resources about West Java is suprisingly scarce. Need to research offline.

title: User:Priyadi


text:
Shortcake

Shortcake generally refers to a dessert with a crumbly scone-like texture. There are multiple variations of shortcake, most of which are served with fruit and cream. One of the most popular is strawberry shortcake, which is typically served with whipped cream. Other variations common in the UK are blackberry and clotted cream shortcake and lemon berry shortcake, which is served with lemon curd in place of cream.

Preparation
Shortcake is typically made with flour, sugar, baking powder or soda, salt, butter, milk or cream, and sometimes eggs. The dry ingredients are blended, and then the butter is cut in until the mixture resembles cornmeal. The liquid ingredients are then mixed in just until moistened, resulting in a shortened dough. The dough is then dropped in spoonfuls onto a baking sheet, rolled and cut like baking powder biscuits, or poured into a cake pan, depending on how wet the dough is and the baker's preferences. Then it is baked at a relatively high temperature until set.

Strawberry shortcake is a widely known dessert made with shortcake. Sliced strawberries are mixed with sugar and allowed to sit an hour or so, until the strawberries have surrendered a great deal of their juices (macerated). The shortcakes are split, and the bottoms are covered with a layer of strawberries, juice, and whipped cream, typically flavored with sugar and vanilla. The top is replaced, and more strawberries and whipped cream are added onto the top. Some convenience versions of shortcake are not made with a shortcake (i.e. biscuit) at all, but instead use a base of sponge cake or sometimes a corn muffin.

Though strawberry is the most widely known shortcake dessert, peach shortcake, blueberry shortcake, chocolate shortcake and other similar desserts are made along similar lines. In some recipes the shortcake itself is flavored; coconut is one addition.

History
The short part of the name shortcake indicates something crumbly or crispy, generally through the addition of a fat such as butter or lard. The earliest printed mention of the descriptive term short – as in short cake – occurred in 1588, in the second English cookbook to be printed, The Good Huswifes Handmaid for Cookerie in her Kitchen (London, 1588). However, that recipe describes an unleavened cookie or biscuit (in the English sense), made of flour, cream, sugar, egg yolk and spices.

Strawberries were first included in a recipe for "Strawberry cake" which appeared in the June 1, 1845, issue (page 86) of The Ohio Cultivator (Columbus). The recipe was popularized by Eliza Leslie of Philadelphia in The Lady's Receipt-book (1847). These "Strawberry cakes" were made of a thick unleavened cookie of flour, butter, eggs and sugar, split, layered with fresh strawberries, and covered with a hard sugar-and-egg white icing.

The North American introduction of baking soda and baking powder as leaven in the 1800s revolutionized baking and made possible the biscuit-style shortcake. By the 1850s, leavened shortcakes were the popular pastry for American strawberry cakes, and the term strawberry shortcake became established.

By the 1860s, cream was being poured onto the shortcake and strawberries. A June 1862 issue of the Genesse Farmer (Rochester) described a “Strawberry Shortcake” made up of layers of soda biscuit, fresh berries, sugar, and cream. A similar recipe appeared in Jennie June's American Cookery Book (1866) by Jane Cunningham Croly. The first known cookbook by a black woman in the United States, A Domestic Cook Book (1866) by Malinda Russell, also contains a recipe.

Festivals
In the United States, strawberry shortcake parties were held as celebrations of the summer fruit harvest. This tradition is upheld in some parts of the United States on June 14, which is Strawberry Shortcake Day.

The city of Lebanon, Oregon, holds the Strawberry Festival each year on the first full weekend of June. Since 1931, the festival has featured the "Worlds Largest Strawberry Shortcake," which is transported by float during the Grand Parade and then served by the Strawberry Queen and her Court to festival visitors. The title of "Worlds Largest" is an honorary title. At approximately 5,700 pounds, the cake does not definitively hold the world record.

Record
The largest strawberry shortcake ever made was in the town of La Trinidad, Benguet, in the Philippines on March 20, 2004. It weighed 21,213.40 lb (9622.23 kg.)

title: Shortcake


text:
Wrexham Maelor

Wrexham Maelor (Wrecsam Maelor) was a local government district with borough status, being one of six districts in the county of Clwyd, north-east Wales, from 1974 to 1996.

History
The borough was created on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered parts of four former districts which were all abolished at the same time: The two Wrexham districts had been in the administrative county of Denbighshire prior to the reforms, whereas Maelor Rural District and the parish of Marford and Hoseley had both been exclaves of Flintshire, separated from the rest of the county by Denbighshire.
 * Maelor Rural District
 * Marford and Hoseley parish from Hawarden Rural District
 * Wrexham Municipal Borough
 * Wrexham Rural District (except the parishes of Llangollen Rural and Llantysilio, which went to Glyndŵr)

In 1996 the borough was abolished under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which saw Clwyd County Council and its constituent districts abolished, being replaced by principal areas, whose councils perform the functions which had previously been divided between the county and district councils. The former Wrexham Maelor area all went to the new Wrexham County Borough, forming the bulk of the new borough.

Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. From 1974 until the council's abolition in 1996, political control was held by the following parties:

Premises
The council was based at the Guildhall, which had been built in 1961 as the headquarters for the former Wrexham Borough Council. After Wrexham Maelor's abolition in 1996 the building became the headquarters for the new Wrexham County Borough Council.

title: Wrexham Maelor


text:
Category:Star Trek

Star Trek is an American science-fiction television franchise created by Gene Roddenberry in 1966. The original series tells the tale of the crew of the USS Enterprise in the United Federation of Planets and their adventures "to boldly go where no man has gone before". The original series was canceled in 1969 due to low ratings, but became phenomenally popular in syndication.

To date, a total of six television series and 11 films set within the Star Trek universe have been released, along with hundreds of books, comics, games and other media. Along with Star Wars, Star Trek is one of the most popular science-fiction entertainment franchises in history.

See Category:Star Trek television series and Category:Star Trek (film franchise) for the primary official media within this franchise.

Note: If looking for a specific term or person relating to Star Trek, please be sure to check Category:Star Trek lists as well as

Category:Star Trek terminology and Category:Star Trek devices.

title: Category:Star Trek


text:
Alone in the Dark (2005 film)

Alone in the Dark is a 2005 action horror film directed by Uwe Boll and written by Elan Mastai, Michael Roesch, and Peter Scheerer. Based on the video game series of the same name, it stars Christian Slater, Tara Reid, and Stephen Dorff as paranormal investigators who combat a supernatural threat. The film's story is a loose adaptation of the game Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare (2001).

Upon release, the film was panned by critics for the story, dialogue, special effects, and Reid's performance. Holding a 1% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, Alone in the Dark is considered one of the worst films ever made. It was also a box-office bomb, grossing $12.7 million on a $20 million budget, although the home media releases were more successful. A sequel with a different cast and story was released to home media in 2008; Boll served as a producer.

Plot
Edward Carnby, a paranormal investigator, has a nightmare in which he hides from alien-like creatures as a child. Carnby flies to an urban museum where his girlfriend, Aline Cedric, is an assistant curator. Carnby holds an artifact-puzzle piece of the Abkani, an extinct Native American tribe. A strange man follows Carnby and attacks him with supernatural strength, but the man dies after many escape attempts by Carnby. Simultaneously, a ship recovers a gold coffin from the ocean floor. After docking, the captain locks up the curator of the museum, Prof. Hudgens, while his crew opens the coffin. Hudgens escapes to find everyone killed by a mysterious creature and the coffin empty. Hudgens finds a secret compartment, collects an artifact from the coffin, and goes ashore.

Several people across the western US and Canada walk off into the night after hearing an ear-splitting screech, and Carnby passes out while studying his artifact. Bureau 713, where Carnby used to work, becomes aware of evidence of electromagnetic waves by a surveillance team. Carnby thinks it is related to the Abkani because everyone who disappeared was from the same location. Carnby arrives that evening at the museum with the artifact, and Cedric shows him another recently arrived Abkani artifact that she has been studying since Hudgens' absence. The mysterious creature from the ship attacks them inside the museum, killing a security guard. Carnby and Cedric hide in a storage closet until troopers from Bureau 713 arrive, and the creature retreats. Carnby attempts to relay information to their team leader, Commander Burke, but Burke tells him to stay out of it. Carnby asks his former co-workers, including staff surgeon and pathologist Sam Fischer, about the creature.

Hudgens returns to the museum with a captured creature. Hudgens uses a syringe to draw fluid from the creature to study it as part of his research in combining the DNA of man and beast. Carnby investigates his past by visiting his former orphanage to learn more about Hudgens' research.

While patrolling the museum, several creatures attack Bureau 713 soldiers. Several soldiers and most of the creatures, who are revealed to be people who disappeared earlier, are killed. Carnby arrives, and Burke again tells him to stay away. During a scuffle, Carnby picks Burke's pocket containing his security badge. Carnby goes to Bureau 713 and talks with Fischer in the morgue while looking at one of the corpses. Fischer shows Carnby a small, centipede-like creature in the dorsal spine of his old friend. Fischer also discovers that Carnby has one of his own in his body, but it is dead, presumably because of the electroshock Carnby had as a child. Burke and his men arrive and escort Carnby out of the building. That evening, Professor Hudgens ambushes Fischer at his home and inserts a baby creature into Fischer's mouth.

Carnby discovers that the Abkani had fought the creatures, which can be killed by light. They also disrupt electrical light, creating blackouts. The Abkani artifacts found all over the world open the gate to another dimension, where millions of creatures sleep, waiting to be freed. Hudgens further experiments, injecting himself with the blood of one of the creatures, which allows him to control the monsters. Carnby, Cedric, Burke, and Burke's military squad go to an abandoned gold mine near Carnby's orphanage, where there are strong electromagnetic disruptions. They are attacked by dozens of the creatures; only Carnby, Cedric, and Burke survive. They reach the underground surgery room where the baby creature was transplanted into Carnby. There, Hudgens takes Carnby's artifact and opens the gate. Millions of creatures awaken and run towards the gate. Burke kills Hudgens. The group places a bomb and runs away, only to realize that they cannot detonate it remotely. Burke returns and sacrifices himself. Carnby and Cedric rise to the surface at dawn but find the city evacuated. As they walk down the street, something runs toward them.

Cast

 * Christian Slater as Edward Carnby: Raised at an orphanage under Sister Clara, Carnby lost his memory when he was ten years old. At twenty, he was recruited by Bureau 713, gaining knowledge on the paranormal soon after. His current assignment is investigating his past along with researching the disappearance of the Abkani. Due to the experiments conducted on him as a child, he has the ability to sense paranormal activity and has increased strength and speed, which allow him to perform acrobatic moves that a normal human could not do.
 * Dustyn Arthurs as Young Edward
 * Tara Reid as Aline Cedrac, an archaeologist and museum curator; Edward's girlfriend who knows about the Abkani and their culture.
 * Stephen Dorff as Commander Richard Burke, the Commander of Bureau 713, formerly worked under Carnby's direction.
 * Frank C. Turner as Agent Fischer, the head of the medical unit of Bureau 713; he is one of Carnby's few trusted allies and friends.
 * Matthew Walker as Professor Lionel Hudgens
 * Will Sanderson as Agent Miles
 * Mike Dopud as Agent Turner; he is killed by Fischer while working on a power generator
 * Françoise Yip as Agent Cheung
 * Mark Acheson as Captain Chernick
 * Darren Shahlavi as John Dillon
 * Karin Konoval as Sister Clara, owner of the orphanage which cared for Edward. In the '80s, she was persuaded by Hudgens to allow experiments on the orphans. She keeps this secret from everyone but is inwardly guilty for her immoral actions.
 * Ed Anders as James Pinkerton, a former Agent of Bureau 713 who went missing in action in the 1980s. He and Hudgens were in charge of the investigation of the disappearance of gold-miners at Brutan Goldmine. Pinkerton became an experiment for Hudgens, who attached a Xenos creature to his spine. His abilities included increased awareness, strength, speed and willpower.
 * Brendan Fletcher as Cab driver

Production
Blair Erickson came up with the first drafts of the script for Alone in the Dark. According to Erickson, Uwe Boll suggested through various e-mails changes that would turn it from a thriller into an action film. Erickson stated his disgust at the treatment and spoke negatively of his working relationship with Boll on Something Awful:

"The original script took the Alone in the Dark premise and depicted it as if it were actually based on a true story of a private investigator in the northeastern U.S. whose missing persons cases begin to uncover a disturbing paranormal secret. It was told through the eyes of a writer following Edward Carnby and his co-worker for a novel and depicted them as real-life blue-collar folks who never expected to find hideous beings waiting for them in the dark. We tried to stick close to the H. P. Lovecraft style and the low-tech nature of the original game, always keeping the horror in the shadows so you never saw what was coming for them.

Thankfully Dr. Boll was able to hire his loyal team of hacks to crank out something much better than our crappy story and add in all sorts of terrifying horror movie essentials like opening gateways to alternate dimensions, bimbo blonde archaeologists, sex scenes, mad scientists, slimy dog monsters, special army forces designed to battle slimy CG dog monsters, Tara Reid, 'Matrix' slow-motion gun battles, and car chases. Oh yeah, and a ten-minute opening back story scroll read aloud to the illiterate audience, the only people able to successfully miss all the negative reviews.

I mean hell, Boll knows that's where the real scares lie."

As a result, there were seven distinct scripts in circulation without a consensus to which one was used.

Tara Reid starred in the film opposite Christian Slater. Artisan Pictures picked up North American distribution rights to the film in June 2003.

Release
Alone in the Dark was released in Canada and the United States on January 28, 2005. It was released in Germany on February 3, 2005.

The film was released on VHS and DVD on 10 May 2005. An unrated director's cut was released in Germany, France, and Australia and was #1 on the German DVD market for three weeks. It was released on DVD in North America on 25 September 2007. In the newest version of the film, the sex scene between Carnby and Aline has been removed.

Original film and game tie-in concept
Originally, the film version of Alone in the Dark was to be released with Alone in the Dark (2008); however, the developers of the game, Eden Games, delayed and reworked it entirely from scratch. Boll stated his disappointment on the region 1 DVD commentary but also said that Atari had face shots of Christian Slater for Alone in the Dark, which was released on June 26, 2008.

Box office
Alone in the Dark grossed $2.8 million in its opening weekend, ranking at #12; by the end of its run, the film had grossed $12.7 million worldwide.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The site's critical consensus reads: "Inept on almost every level, Alone in the Dark may not work as a thriller, but it's good for some head-slapping, incredulous laughter". Metacritic gave the film a 9 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, meaning "overwhelming dislike". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an F grade.

Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an F grade, commenting that the film was "so bad it's postmodern". In the film's only positive review listed by Rotten Tomatoes, Michelle Alexandria of Eclipse Magazine wrote: "Alone in the Dark isn't going to set the world on fire, but it largely succeeds with what it has to work with. Just don't take it seriously and you'll have a fun time".

Soundtrack
The 2-disc soundtrack was released by Nuclear Blast, with Wolfgang Herold as executive producer. The German band Agathodaimon's contribution was the title song. Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish had a music video of "Wish I Had an Angel" directed by Uwe Boll, with clips from the film.

title: Alone in the Dark (2005 film)


text:
User:Penfold/monobook.css

/* See http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_styles for top tips */

/* make the background behind the content area and the tabs a light grey */
 * 1) content,
 * 2) p-cactions ul li a { background: White; }

/* replace the book in the background with something else */ body { background: White; }

/* supress the person icon by your username */ li#pt-userpage { background: none }

/* always underline links */ a { text-decoration: underline; }

/* standard link colors */ a { color: #0000FF; } a:visited { color: #7F007F; } a:active, a.new { color: #FF0000; } a.interwiki, a.external { color: #3366BB; } a.stub { color: #772233; }

title: User:Penfold/monobook.css


text:
Talk:Thriller – A Cruel Picture

Copy
i understand that the original swedish version is longer than the u.s. version because several sexual scenes were cut out. anyway, it's not easy to find. if anyone knows where i can buy a copy, please post it.

thanks!

 * Amazon carries a limited edition of an uncensored version - not sure if there's any left.

 * Netflix also carries the limited edition version http://www.netflix.com/Movie/Thriller_A_Cruel_Picture/70011960

Fair use rationale for Image:Thrillerscreenshot.jpg
Image:Thrillerscreenshot.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:43, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Article needs to be Expanded
This article is missing information on the film's reception, this should be added to the article. Also the plot section could be expanded a bit more.--Paleface Jack (talk) 18:31, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thriller – A Cruel Picture


text:
Cáceres

Cáceres is a Spanish surname and placename and may refer to:

 * Province of Cáceres, in Spain
 * Cáceres (Spanish Congress Electoral District), which covers the province
 * Cáceres, Spain, the capital of Cáceres Province, not a bishopric
 * Cáceres, Antioquia, municipality in Colombia
 * Cáceres, Mato Grosso, in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of São Luíz de Caceres, with the above see
 * Ciudad de Nueva Cáceres, former Spanish city in the Philippines
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Caceres, with above see
 * Cáceres (surname)

title: Cáceres


text:
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut

Jacqueline (Jacoba; Jacqueline; Jakobäa; 15 July 1401 – 8 October 1436), of the House of Wittelsbach, was a noblewoman who ruled the counties of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut in the Low Countries from 1417 to 1433. She was also Dauphine of France for a short time between 1415 and 1417 and Duchess of Gloucester in the 1420s, if her marriage to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, is accepted as valid.

Jacqueline was born in Le Quesnoy and from her birth she was referred to as "of Holland", indicating that she was the heiress of her father's estates.

Jacqueline was the last Wittelsbach ruler of Hainaut and Holland. Following her death, her estates passed into the inheritance of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

Early life and marriage to John, Duke of Touraine
She was the only daughter of William II, Duke of Bavaria (also known as William VI, Count of Holland) from his marriage with Margaret, a daughter of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Margaret III, Countess of Flanders.

At the age of 22 months (in Paris on 5 May 1403) and again at the age of four (in Compiègne on 29 June 1406), Jacqueline was betrothed to John, Duke of Touraine, fourth son of King Charles VI of France and Queen Isabeau of Bavaria. Both children were brought up in the Castle of Le Quesnoy in Hainaut. The boy had been given into tutelage of his future father-in-law, since he was expected to succeed as ruler in Hainaut and not in any way in France itself. On 22 April 1411 the Pope gave his dispensation for the union and on 6 August 1415, when Jacqueline was fourteen, she and John married in The Hague. With this marriage, Duke William II wanted to secure the succession of his daughter to his domains; although he had at least nine illegitimate children, Jacqueline was his only legitimate offspring and as a female, her rights would be contested by her paternal uncle Bishop John of Liège and her cousin Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy since 1419.

Four months after the wedding, on 15 December 1415, John's elder brother Louis, Dauphin of France, died; and thus John became the heir to the throne, with Jacqueline as the Dauphine and future Queen consort. Duke William II, who had raised John since childhood, as the father-in-law of the future King obtained a considerable influence at the French court; however, despite this he was less successful in his efforts with the German King Sigismund of Luxembourg to recognize Jacqueline as his rightful heir in the Counties of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut. In March 1416, Count William raised the matter with Sigismund while the latter was the guest of the English king, Henry V of England, but was rejected; he angrily returned home.

Dauphin John died (probably poisoned) on 4 April 1417, leaving Jacqueline as a widow aged 16. Two months later on 31 May, she unexpectedly lost her father. Duke William II was bitten by a dog, which caused a blood infection that quickly killed him. The politically inexperienced Jacqueline now had to fight for her inheritance.

Marriage to John IV, Duke of Brabant and war with John III
In Hainaut, where female succession was long customary, Jacqueline was recognized as countess on 13 June, but in Holland and Zeeland her rights were controversial from the beginning. While the old aristocracy supported her, the municipal party supported her uncle John III, the youngest brother of her father and since 1389 the elected Bishop of Liège, although he was never fully ordained. Even before William II's death, he had expected to become his successor, and therefore he gave up his diocese. On the advice of her mother, Jacqueline initially gave her uncle the title of Guardian and Defender of the County of Hainaut (Hüters und Verteidigers des Landes Hennegau) in order to forestall his ambitions. However, the German King Sigismund, who had already been against Jacqueline's rights since 1416, formally enfeoffed John III with the counties of his deceased brother and married him to his niece Elisabeth of Görlitz, Duchess of Luxembourg and widow of Anthony, Duke of Brabant, who died in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

Jacqueline also remarried, but her selection of husband was unfortunate. John IV, Duke of Brabant, stepson of Elisabeth of Görlitz, who succeeded his father Anthony as Duke of Brabant, was chosen to be her second husband; modern historians believed that this decision was widely influenced by Jacqueline's mother and uncle John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. On 31 July 1417, two months after William II's death, the betrothal between Jacqueline and John IV took place, and the wedding was celebrated in The Hague on 10 March 1418. However, the union proved to be a failure. The close relationship between the spouses required a papal dispensation, which, although granted in December 1417, was revoked in January 1418 in the Council of Constance due to the intrigues of Jacqueline's opponents, including King Sigismund of Luxembourg. In addition to this, the considerable financial problems of the young Duke John IV and his weak political leadership increased the conflicts inside the marriage.

John III, with the support of King Sigismund and the Cods, took up arms against Jacqueline, who was supported by the Hooks; this civil war was known as the Hook and Cod wars. The troops of uncle and niece met in the Battle of Gorkum in 1417; Jacqueline was victorious, but was forced to leave the major trading city of Dordrecht. In addition, her marital status was again questioned thanks to her uncle, who claimed that without papal dispensation the union was annulled; this caused even more misgivings for Jacqueline about how to maintain her marriage. Even worse, on 29 May 1418 and against the express wishes of King Sigismund, John IV pledged the district of Mons; because of this Jacqueline in 1419 signed the Compensation of Workum (Ausgleich von Workum) with her cousin Philip the Good, future Duke of Burgundy, under which for a monetary compensation she ceded to him the districts of Dordrecht, Gorkum and Rotterdam.

John III agreed to recognize the legitimacy of the marriage between Jacqueline and John IV of Brabant if only to receive a high financial compensation from the government for the next five years of the regions dominated by the spouses. However, the intervention of Pope Martin V finally ended the controversy with granting the papal dispensation on May 1419. John IV, always heavily indebted and against the will of his wife signed with John III the Treaty of St. Martinsdyk, under which he gave to Jacqueline's uncle full custody over Holland and Zeeland for the next 12 years. In exchange, John III gave a monetary compensation to the couple and left them the County of Hainaut; however, this was a little consolation for Jacqueline, whose subjects of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland were released from their oath of allegiance under the terms of the treaty. Finally, John IV also pledged Hainaut to improve his financial situation; for Jacqueline, this was enough: she and her allies began to want the formal separation from John IV.

Marriage to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and aftermath
In the meanwhile, the political situation had changed radically. The Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless, was assassinated in September 1419, and the French Dauphin Charles, brother of Jacqueline's first husband, was considered an accomplice and was therefore disinherited in 1420 under the Treaty of Troyes. King Henry V of England then claimed to be the King of France. In February 1421 Jacqueline issued a statement where she stated that, because of the destructive behaviour of John IV of Brabant, she wanted the annulment of her marriage. The fight against John III, continued until the capture of the city of Leiden, the last city loyal to Jacqueline; after this, she had to admit defeat.

On 6 March 1421 Jacqueline fled to England asking the help of Henry V, who gave her a glamorous reception. She was an honoured guest at the court of England, and when the future Henry VI was born, Jacqueline was made one of his godparents. It was only after the unexpected death of Henry V in 1422 that Jacqueline obtained a dubious divorce from John IV of Brabant valid only in England that allowed her third marriage with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry V's brother and principal counsellor of the Kingdom on behalf of his infant nephew Henry VI. However, as not all rules were observed, the marriage was arranged in haste and in secret in the town of Hadleigh, Essex, sometime between February and 7 March 1423.

The news of this marriage shocked everyone. On 15 October 1423 it was announced that not only was Jacqueline married to one of the most powerful princes of Europe, but that she was also rumoured to be pregnant with his child. On 20 October, she was granted a letter of denization, which would allow her and her descendants to be treated as English under law, and it recorded her status as duchess of Gloucester. To secure her position, Jacqueline had to obtain the formal annulment of her marriage with John IV of Brabant. She asked Pope Martin V in Rome and Antipope Benedict XIII in Avignon to resolve her irregular marital status, but her uncle John III intervened against it. Unexpectedly, her cousin Philip the Good, who wanted to prevent an English invasion, supported the annulment.

In the autumn of 1424 Jacqueline joined Humphrey in the Duchy of Gloucester, where she had a stillborn child; this was her only recorded pregnancy.

Jacqueline and Humphrey landed in Calais and by the end of November they entered Mons, where on 5 December the Duke of Gloucester was recognized as the sovereign Count of Hainaut. Already on 3 January 1425 he signed with

 * "Humphrey, by the grace of God, son, brother and uncle of kings, Duke of Gloucester, Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zealand and Pembroke, Lord of Friesland and Grand Chamberlain of England".

War in Holland
Her situation changed when her uncle John III of Bavaria died on 6 January 1425, the victim of poisoning. John IV, Duke of Brabant, still claimed rights over Holland, Zeeland and Hainault and made Philip, Duke of Burgundy, regent of Holland and Zeeland, like he had done before with John III. Jacqueline escaped her imprisonment in Ghent disguised in men's clothing and fled to Schoonhoven and then Gouda, where she stayed with the leaders of the Hook faction. Now it was her former husband, John of Brabant, who tried to dispute her inheritance. In this matter, Humphrey did intervene, albeit with limited force; his efforts, however, had disastrous consequences for the English-Burgundian alliance that aided the English cause in France during the Hundred Years' War. Pope Martin V decreed that Jacqueline was still the wife of John IV, Duke of Brabant, and therefore her marriage to Humphrey of Gloucester was illegitimate. However, John IV had died a year earlier.

Peace and loss of lands
On 3 July 1428 Jacqueline had to agree to a peace treaty, Reconciliation of Delft (de Zoen van Delft), with the duke of Burgundy. By this treaty, Jacqueline kept her titles of Countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, but the administration of her territories was placed in the hands of Philip, who was also appointed as her heir in case she died without children. She was not allowed to marry without the permission of her mother, Philip and the three counties. (Her marriage to Humphrey was annulled in this same year.) However, her financial situation was dire. She barely had enough income to support her household. Furthermore, the duke of Burgundy did not stop after the peace treaty in 1428. He bought the loyalty of her allies or estranged them from her in another way. At Easter 1433, Jacqueline "voluntarily" signed a treaty with Philip which gave Philip all her lands and titles. In return she was allowed the income of several estates, mostly situated in Zeeland.

Marriage with Frank van Borssele and death
With the renunciation of her titles, Jacqueline retired to her land in Zeeland. There, she and Francis, Lord of Borssele ("Frank van Borssele"), a local and powerful nobleman, became close. In the spring of 1434 they married and Philip granted Frank the title of Count of Oostervant. This marriage, contrary to the other three, was one out of love, at least for Jacqueline. It did not last long. In 1436 she became ill and after a few months of illness she died of tuberculosis in Teylingen Castle on 8 October 1436. Since she had no children, Philip of Burgundy inherited Hainaut and Holland. Her husband Frank survived her for thirty-four years.

Legends
There are many legends surrounding the life of Jacqueline. The most prevalent one is her supposed secret marriage to Francis of Borssele in 1432, two years prior to their public and official wedding. This secret marriage was supposed to be the real reason why she had to give up her titles and give them to the duke of Burgundy as it would violate the regulations in the peace treaty of 1428. However, there is no evidence that such a secret marriage ever took place and contemporary sources only mention the rumours of an upcoming wedding between Jacqueline and Francis at the end of 1433, half a year after Jacqueline renounced her titles.

Popular culture
She is the central protagonist of the 1831 novel Jacqueline of Holland by the Irish writer Thomas Colley Grattan.

title: Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut


text:
User:Jeffq/Images

This is my "gallery" of images taken with my Nikon Coolpix 950 digital camera. I make no pretense even of being a serious amateur photographer, but this camera makes it fairly easy to do a good job.

Ugh! What an awful juxtaposition. I'm really going to have to add more images to provide some balance.

This is only an initial set of photos. I hope to add considerably to it as I find Wiki articles that could use (further) illustration.

title: User:Jeffq/Images