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1943 in sports

 * Note — many sporting events did not take place because of World War II

1943 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football

 * NFL Championship: the Chicago Bears won 41–21 over the Washington Redskins at Wrigley Field
 * Notre Dame Fighting Irish – college football national championship
 * Angelo Bertelli, Notre Dame quarterback, wins Heisman Trophy.

Association football

 * La Liga won by Athletic Bilbao
 * Serie A won by Torino
 * German football championship won by Dresdner SC
 * Primeira Liga won by Benfica
 * There is no major football competition in England, Scotland or France due to World War II. In England, several regional leagues are played but statistics from these are not counted in players’ figures.

Australian rules football

 * Victorian Football League – Richmond wins the 47th VFL Premiership, defeating Essendon 12.14 (86) to 11.15 (81) in the 1943 VFL Grand Final.

Baseball

 * World Series – New York Yankees defeat St. Louis Cardinals, 4 games to 1.
 * Negro World Series – Homestead Grays defeat the Birmingham Black Barons, 4 games to 3.

Basketball
NBL Championship

 * Sheboygan Redskins over Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons (2–1)

Events
 * The eleventh South American Basketball Championship in Lima is won by Argentina.

Cricket
Events India
 * There is no first-class cricket in England or Australia due to World War II. A few first-class matches are played in the West Indies, South Africa and New Zealand but are not part of any official competition.
 * Ranji Trophy – Baroda beat Hyderabad by 307 runs.
 * Bombay Pentangular – Hindus

Cycling
Tour de France Giro d'Italia
 * not contested due to World War II
 * not contested due to World War II

Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
 * not contested due to World War II

Golf
Men's professional Men's amateur Women's professional
 * Masters Tournament – not played due to World War II
 * U.S. Open – not played due to World War II
 * British Open – not played due to World War II
 * PGA Championship – not played due to World War II
 * British Amateur – not played due to World War II
 * U.S. Amateur – not played due to World War II
 * Women's Western Open – Patty Berg
 * Titleholders Championship – not played due to World War II

Horse racing
Steeplechases Hurdle races Flat races
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup – not held due to World War II
 * Grand National – not held due to World War II
 * Champion Hurdle – not held due to World War II
 * Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Dark Felt
 * Canada – King's Plate won by Paolita
 * France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Verso II
 * Ireland – Irish Derby Stakes won by The Phoenix
 * English Triple Crown Races:
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Kingsway
 * The Derby – Straight Deal
 * St. Leger Stakes – Herringbone
 * United States Triple Crown Races:
 * Kentucky Derby – Count Fleet
 * Preakness Stakes – Count Fleet
 * Belmont Stakes – Count Fleet

Ice hockey

 * Stanley Cup – Detroit Red Wings defeat Boston Bruins 4 games to 0.

Motor racing
Events
 * No major races are held anywhere worldwide due to World War II

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is not contested due to World War II

Rugby league

 * 1943 New Zealand rugby league season
 * 1943 NSWRFL season
 * 1942–43 Northern Rugby Football League Wartime Emergency League season / 1943–44 Northern Rugby Football League Wartime Emergency League season

Rugby union

 * Five Nations Championship series is not contested due to World War II

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * not contested due to World War II

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – not contested
 * Australian Women's Singles Championship – not contested
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – not contested
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – not contested
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Yvon Petra (France) defeats Henri Cochet (France) — score to be ascertained
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Simone Iribarne Lafargue (France) † details to be ascertained
 * American Men's Singles Championship – Joseph Hunt (USA) defeats Jack Kramer (USA) 6–3, 6–8, 10–8, 6–0
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Pauline Betz Addie (USA) defeats Louise Brough Clapp (USA) 6–3, 5–7, 6–3
 * 1943 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – not contested

Awards

 * Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year: Gunder Hägg, Track and field
 * Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year: Patty Berg, LPGA golf

title: 1943 in sports


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Billy Pilgrim (duo)

Billy Pilgrim (often stylized billy pilgrim) is an American folk rock duo based in Atlanta, Georgia, composed of Andrew Hyra and Kristian Bush. The band's name was taken from the time-traveling antihero of Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. The name was adopted in 1994; prior to that the duo simply billed itself as Andrew Hyra and Kristian Bush. The band has released two albums on a major record label (Billy Pilgrim, Bloom) and several independently. The songs "Get Me Out Of Here" and "Sweet Louisiana Sound" were released as singles.

History
Kristian Bush and Andrew Hyra (the brother of actress Meg Ryan) first began performing together in 1990 in Knoxville, Tenn. After about a year, they started recording their songs to tape. The self-release St. Christopher's Crossing was recorded in two days in a studio in Knoxville, Tennessee and appeared in 1991 (credited to "Andrew Hyra & Kristian Bush") on cassette. The album was released on CD in 1992 when Amy Ray of Indigo Girls helped them with the release costs. Playing hundreds of shows in the Southeast, their effort was noticed and they proceeded to record their second album Words Like Numbers under the indie label Sister Ruby. After this they signed to Atlantic Records, naming the group Billy Pilgrim.

In 1993 Billy Pilgrim recorded their debut album Billy Pilgrim at Nickel and Dime Studios, with Don McCollister producing and Hugh Padgham mixing the record. The eponymous album was a moderate success when released in 1994. With the next album, Bloom, the band launched a fall tour, headlining larger venues than they had in the past. Yet in early 1996, the band was dropped by Atlantic. After releasing several albums through Internet only, the album In the Time Machine became their last effort to date, released on May 12, 2001. An update on the band's website indicates that Billy Pilgrim are not currently active, but no official disbanding has been announced.

In 2016 Billy Pilgrim reunited during the annual Thanksgiving shows Kristian Bush gave in Decatur, Georgia. It was the first time in 15 years they shared the stage.

Their single "Insomniac" (written by Bush) has been a favorite of numerous a cappella groups.

They reunited for several shows in 2023 and in 2024 the duo played the Grand Old Opry. Their tour included three sold-out shows at Eddie's Attic outside Atlanta, where the duo played frequently at the start.

Other projects
Both Hyra and Bush have released solo albums and worked with other musicians. Bush formed the country music group Sugarland in 2002 with Jennifer Nettles and Kristen Hall (who left in 2006, reducing Sugarland to a duo). Hyra released a solo album, Lost Songs, in 2006 and another, Curios, in 2011. Hyra is now in a band with Brian Bristow called the Smokin' Novas.

Discography
Billy Pilgrim has released albums from 1991 - 2001.

Official albums

 * Billy Pilgrim (January 1994)
 * Bloom (May 1995) - Billboard Heatseekers #37

Independent releases

 * St. Christopher's Crossing as Kristian Bush & Andrew Hyra (1991, cassette; 1992 CD)
 * Words Like Numbers as Andrew Hyra & Kristian Bush (1993, 1994 re-issue)
 * Live From Wildhack, MT (September 1999)
 * recorded live at Eddie's Attic in Decatur, Georgia in December 1998
 * beSides (May 2000)
 * Nine Twenty Three (09.23.00)  (November 2000)
 * recorded live at Eddie's Attic in Decatur, Georgia on 23 September 2000
 * In The Time Machine (June 2001; re-released September 2020)

Singles

 * "Hurricane Season" (1994 USA)
 * "Insomniac" (1994 USA)
 * "Get Me Out Of Here" (1994, Germany)
 * "Try" (1994 USA Promo only)
 * "Sweet Louisiana Sound" (1995)

Other songs

 * "The First Noel" (1995 on Atlantic holiday compilation "You Sleigh Me")

title: Billy Pilgrim (duo)


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Halogenation

In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Halides are also commonly introduced using salts of the halides and halogen acids. Many specialized reagents exist for and introducing halogens into diverse substrates, e.g. thionyl chloride.

Organic chemistry
Several pathways exist for the halogenation of organic compounds, including free radical halogenation, ketone halogenation, electrophilic halogenation, and halogen addition reaction. The nature of the substrate determines the pathway. The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen. Fluorine and chlorine are more electrophilic and are more aggressive halogenating agents. Bromine is a weaker halogenating agent than both fluorine and chlorine, while iodine is the least reactive of them all. The facility of dehydrohalogenation follows the reverse trend: iodine is most easily removed from organic compounds, and organofluorine compounds are highly stable.

Free radical halogenation
Halogenation of saturated hydrocarbons is a substitution reaction. The reaction typically involves free radical pathways. The regiochemistry of the halogenation of alkanes is largely determined by the relative weakness of the C–H bonds. This trend is reflected by the faster reaction at tertiary and secondary positions.

Free radical chlorination is used for the industrial production of some solvents:
 * CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

Naturally-occurring organobromine compounds are usually produced by free radical pathway catalyzed by the enzyme bromoperoxidase. The reaction requires bromide in combination with oxygen as an oxidant. The oceans are estimated to release 1–2 million tons of bromoform and 56,000 tons of bromomethane annually.

The iodoform reaction, which involves degradation of methyl ketones, proceeds by the free radical iodination.

Fluorination
Because of its extreme reactivity, fluorine (F2) represents a special category with respect to halogenation. Most organic compounds, saturated or otherwise, burn upon contact with F2, ultimately yielding carbon tetrafluoride. By contrast, the heavier halogens are far less reactive toward saturated hydrocarbons.

Highly specialised conditions and apparatus are required for fluorinations with elemental fluorine. Commonly, fluorination reagents are employed instead of F2. Such reagents include cobalt trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, and iodine pentafluoride.

The method electrochemical fluorination is used commercially for the production of perfluorinated compounds. It generates small amounts of elemental fluorine in situ from hydrogen fluoride. The method avoids the hazards of handling fluorine gas. Many commercially important organic compounds are fluorinated using this technology.

Addition of halogens to alkenes and alkynes
Unsaturated compounds, especially alkenes and alkynes, add halogens:
 * R\sCH\dCH\sR' + X2 → R\sCHX\sCHX\sR'

In oxychlorination, the combination of hydrogen chloride and oxygen serves as the equivalent of chlorine, as illustrated by this route to 1,2-dichloroethane:
 * 4 HCl + 2 CH2\dCH2 + O2 → 2 Cl\sCH2\sCH2\sCl + 2 H2O

The addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via intermediate halonium ions. In special cases, such intermediates have been isolated.

Bromination is more selective than chlorination because the reaction is less exothermic. Illustrative of the bromination of an alkene is the route to the anesthetic halothane from trichloroethylene:
 * [[Image:Halothane synthesis.png|600px|Halothane synthesis]]

Iodination and bromination can be effected by the addition of iodine and bromine to alkenes. The reaction, which conveniently proceeds with the discharge of the color of I2 and Br2, is the basis of the analytical method. The iodine number and bromine number are measures of the degree of unsaturation for fats and other organic compounds.

Halogenation of aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds are subject to electrophilic halogenation:
 * R\sC6H5 + X2 → HX + R\sC6H4\sX

This kind of reaction typically works well for chlorine and bromine. Often a Lewis acidic catalyst is used, such as ferric chloride. Many detailed procedures are available. Because fluorine is so reactive, other methods, such as the Balz–Schiemann reaction, are used to prepare fluorinated aromatic compounds.

Other halogenation methods
In the Hunsdiecker reaction, carboxylic acids are converted to organic halide, whose carbon chain is shortened by one carbon atom with respect to the carbon chain of the particular carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid is first converted to its silver salt, which is then oxidized with halogen:
 * R\sCOO−Ag+ + Br2 → R\sBr + CO2 + Ag+Br−
 * CH3\sCOO−Ag+ + Br2 → CH3\sBr + CO2 + Ag+Br−

Many organometallic compounds react with halogens to give the organic halide:
 * RM + X2 → RX + MX
 * CH3CH2CH2CH2Li + Cl2 → CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + LiCl

Inorganic chemistry
All elements aside from argon, neon, and helium form fluorides by direct reaction with fluorine. Chlorine is slightly more selective, but still reacts with most metals and heavier nonmetals. Following the usual trend, bromine is less reactive and iodine least of all. Of the many reactions possible, illustrative is the formation of gold(III) chloride by the chlorination of gold. The chlorination of metals is usually not very important industrially since the chlorides are more easily made from the oxides and hydrogen chloride. Where chlorination of inorganic compounds is practiced on a relatively large scale is for the production of phosphorus trichloride and disulfur dichloride.

title: Halogenation


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John Evans

John Evans may refer to:

Academics

 * John Evans (archaeologist) (1823–1908), English archaeologist and geologist
 * John Evans (topographical writer) (1768–c. 1812), writer on Wales
 * John Cayo Evans (1879–1958), Welsh mathematician
 * John Davies Evans (1925–2011), English archaeologist
 * John Gwenogvryn Evans (1852–1930), Welsh minister and paleographer
 * John Robert Evans (1929–2015), Canadian cardiologist and civic leader
 * John V. Evans (astronomer) (born 1933), British-American
 * John Wainwright Evans (1909–1999), solar astronomer
 * John William Evans (geologist) (1857–1930), British
 * John William Evans (entomologist), British entomologist

Entertainment

 * John Evans (actor) (1693–1734), Irish
 * John Evans (19th-century writer) (died 1832), English writer
 * John Evans (artist) (1932–2012), American
 * John Evans (director), American film director and screenwriter
 * John Evans (special effects), on five James Bond films
 * John Bryan Evans (born 1980), Welsh filmmaker
 * John Morgan Evans (1942–1991), American actor and playwright
 * Jon Evans (born 1973), Canadian novelist and journalist
 * John Evans or I. D. Ffraid (1814–1875), Welsh poet

Association football

 * John Evans (footballer, born 1859) (1859–1939), Welsh footballer for Oswestry Town
 * John Evans (footballer, born 1900) (1900–?), English footballer for Sheffield United, Walsall, and Stoke
 * John Evans (footballer, born 1929) (1929–2004), English footballer for Liverpool
 * John Evans (footballer, born 1932) (1932–2009), English footballer
 * John Evans (footballer, born 1941), footballer for Chester City
 * John Evans (bowls) (born 1947), Torquay footballer and bowler
 * Jonny Evans (born 1988), Northern Irish footballer for Manchester United
 * Ted Evans (footballer) (John Edward Evans, 1868–1942), English footballer for Stoke and Port Vale

Cricket

 * John Evans (cricketer, born 1889) (1889–1960), English cricketer
 * John Evans (Kent cricketer) (fl. 1820s), English cricketer

Gridiron football

 * John C. Evans (fl. 1930–1965), American football and basketball player and coach
 * John Evans (American football), American football tight end
 * Johnny Evans (American football) (born 1956), American football player and radio commentator
 * Johnny Evans (Canadian football) (died bef. 1930), Canadian football player

Rugby

 * Jack Evans (rugby, born 1871) (1871–1924), or John, Welsh rugby union and rugby league forward
 * Jack Elwyn Evans (1897–1941), or John, Welsh rugby union and rugby league wing or centre
 * Jack Evans (English rugby league, born 1897) (John Evans), English professional rugby league centre
 * John Evans (rugby union) (1911–1943), Welsh international rugby union hooker
 * John Hart Evans (1881–1959), Welsh rugby union centre
 * Jack Evans (rugby union, born 1875) (John William Evans, 1875–1947), Welsh rugby union forward

Other sports

 * John Evans (bowls) (born 1947), English footballer and bowls player
 * John Russell Evans (born 1935), Welsh lawn bowler
 * John Evans (canoeist) (born 1949), American slalom canoer
 * John Evans (Gaelic football), Irish Gaelic football manager
 * John Evans (Gaelic footballer, born 1955), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Paul Evans (ice hockey, born 1954) (John Paul Evans), Canadian ice hockey player
 * John Evans (Australian footballer, born 1950), Australian footballer

Music

 * John Evan (born 1948), or Evans, English musician with Jethro Tull
 * John Evans (Box Tops) (born before 1963), American musician with the Box Tops
 * John Rhys Evans (1930–2010), Welsh operatic baritone

Politics

 * John Evans (Australian politician) (1855–1943), Australian politician in Tasmania

Canada

 * John Evans (British Columbia politician) (1816–1879), Canadian miner and politician in British Columbia
 * John Evans (Saskatchewan politician) (1867–1958), Welsh-born Canadian politician from Saskatchewan
 * John Leslie Evans (born 1941), Canadian politician from Ontario
 * John Newell Evans (1846–1944), Welsh-born Canadian politician from British Columbia

United Kingdom

 * John Evans (died 1565), English politician from Shrewsbury
 * John Evans, 5th Baron Carbery (1738–1807), Irish peer
 * John Evans (Ogmore MP) (1875–1961), Welsh politician from Ogmore
 * John Evans, Baron Evans of Parkside (1930–2016), United Kingdom politician
 * John Evans (Haverfordwest MP) (died 1864), MP for Haverfordwest 1847–1852
 * John William Evans (Welsh politician) (1870–1906), Liberal politician in Aberdare, South Wales

United States

 * John Evans (Colorado governor) (1814–1897), 2nd territorial governor of Colorado
 * John Evans (Idaho governor) (1925–2014), governor of Idaho
 * John Evans (Pennsylvania governor) (1678–?), governor of Pennsylvania
 * John Gary Evans (1863–1942), governor of South Carolina
 * John M. Evans (1863–1946), member of Congress from Montana
 * John M. Evans (Wisconsin politician) (1820–1903), American physician and politician
 * John Marshall Evans (born 1950), American ambassador to Armenia
 * John R. Evans (born 1955), American politician from Pennsylvania

Religion

 * John Evans (1702–1782), Welsh anti-Methodist Anglican priest
 * John Evans (Baptist) (1767–1827), Welsh minister
 * John Evans (bishop) (bef. died 1724), Welsh-born bishop of Bangor and bishop of Meath
 * John Evans (died 1779), Welsh Anglican priest and curate of Portsmouth
 * John Evans (divine) (1680–1730), Welsh divine and writer
 * John Evans (Methodist) (1779–1847), Welsh Methodist of Llwynffortun
 * St John Evans (1905–1956), Anglican cleric in Africa
 * John Evans (archdeacon of Llandaff) (died 1749)
 * John Evans (archdeacon of Italy) (1919–1988), Archdeacon of Malta
 * John Evans (archdeacon of Surrey) (1915–1996), Anglican priest
 * John Silas Evans, Welsh astronomer and priest

Other

 * John Evans (explorer) (1770–1799), Welsh explorer of the Missouri River
 * John Evans (pirate) (died 1723), Welsh pirate
 * John Evans (printer) (1774–1828), English printer
 * John Evans (Royal Navy officer) (1717–1794)
 * John Evans (surgeon) (1756–1846), Welsh
 * John D. Evans, American business executive and philanthropist
 * John Grimley Evans (1936–2018), British gerontologist
 * John Henry Evans (1872–1947), American Mormon educator and writer
 * John Louis Evans (1950–1983), American convicted murderer
 * John Maxwell Evans (born 1942), Canadian judge
 * John Morton Evans (1871–1956), British philatelist
 * John R. Evans Jr., United States Army general
 * John Evans (1877–1990), Welsh supercentenarian, see list of British supercentenarians

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Tonicization

In music, tonicization is the treatment of a pitch other than the overall tonic (the "home note" of a piece) as a temporary tonic in a composition. In Western music that is tonal, the piece is heard by the listener as being in a certain key. A tonic chord has a dominant chord; in the key of C major, the tonic chord is C major and the dominant chord is G major or G dominant seventh. The dominant chord, especially if it is a dominant seventh, is heard by Western composers and listeners familiar with music as resolving (or "leading") to the tonic, due to the use of the leading note in the dominant chord. A tonicized chord is a chord other than the tonic chord to which a dominant or dominant seventh chord progresses. When a dominant chord or dominant seventh chord is used before a chord other than the tonic, this dominant or dominant seventh chord is called a secondary dominant. When a chord is tonicized, this makes this non-tonic chord sound temporarily like a tonic chord.

Examples
Using Roman numeral chord analysis, a chord labeled "V/ii" (colloquially referred to as "five of two") would refer to the V chord of a different key; specifically, a key named after the ii chord of the original tonic. This would usually resolve to the ii chord (of the original key). In this situation, the ii has been tonicized.

For example, in a piece in the key of C major, the ii chord is D minor, because D is the second scale degree in a C major scale. The D is minor because to construct a triad over D using only the pitches available in the key of C major—i.e. no sharps, no flats—the triad must be minor—the individual notes D, F and A. The V/ii chord is composed of the pitches in a V chord in the key of ii (key of D minor). The pitches used in a V/ii in this example include the notes A, C# and E (creating an A major chord). In the key of D minor, an A major chord is the dominant chord. In the key of C major, C sharp is an accidental. One can often find examples of tonicization by looking for accidentals, as there are always accidentals involved in tonicization. However, it is important to note that the opposite is not true—just because there is an accidental does not mean that it is definitely a case of tonicization.

Only major and minor chords may be tonicized. Diminished chords and augmented chords cannot be tonicized because they do not represent stable key areas in Western music. For example, a B minor chord (B, D, F#) occurring in any of its closely related keys may be tonicized with an F# major chord (V/V) because B minor also represents a key area—the key of B minor. However, a B diminished chord (B, D, F) may not be tonicized because "B diminished" could not be a stable key area; there is no key area in Western classical music that has B, D, & F—the pitches that make up the B diminished chord—as the first, third and fifth scale degrees, respectively. This holds true of all diminished and augmented chords.

Tonicizations may last for multiple chords. Taking the example given above with the chord progression V/ii → ii, it is possible to extend this sequence backwards. Instead of just V/ii → ii, there could be iv/ii → V/ii → ii (additionally, thinking about the last chord in the sequence: ii, as i/ii, it becomes clear why the phrase "temporary tonic"—see above—is often used in relation to tonicization). Though perceptions vary as a general rule if a chord is treated as the tonic for longer than a phrase before returning to the previous key area, then the treatment is considered a modulation to a new key.

Modulation
In a song in C major, if a composer treats another key as the tonic (for example, the ii chord, D minor) for a short period by alternating between A7 (the notes A, C#, E and G) and D minor, and then returns to the tonic (C major), this is a tonicization of the key of D minor. However, if a song in C major shifts to the key of D minor and stays in this second, new key for a significant period, then this is usually considered to be a modulation to the new key (in this case, from C major to D minor). In effect, D minor has become the new key of the song.

"A secondary dominant is like a miniature modulation; for just an instant, the harmony moves out of the diatonic chords of the key."

title: Tonicization


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Helminthotheca

Helminthotheca (commonly called ox-tongue) is a genus in the tribe Cichorieae of the family Asteraceae. Helminthotheca is closely related to the genus Picris, both within the Hypochaeridinae subtribe.

 * Species
 * Helminthotheca aculeata - Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
 * Helminthotheca balansae - Algeria, Morocco
 * Helminthotheca comosa - Algeria, Morocco, southern Spain, Gibraltar
 * Helminthotheca echioides (syn. Picris echioides) - widespread across much of Europe and the Mediterranean from Ireland + Canary Islands to Poland + Iran; naturalized in Australia, North and South America
 * Helminthotheca glomerata - Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco
 * Helminthotheca spinosa - central and southern Portugal, southwestern Spain

title: Helminthotheca


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Underdark

The Underdark is a fictional setting which has appeared in Dungeons & Dragons role-playing campaigns and Dungeons & Dragons-based fiction books, including the Legend of Drizzt series by R. A. Salvatore. It is described as a vast subterranean network of interconnected caverns and tunnels, stretching beneath entire continents and forming an underworld for surface settings. Polygon called it "one of D&D's most well-known realms".

Use in campaign settings
The Underdark featured prominently in the campaign settings World of Greyhawk and the Forgotten Realms. The concept of a dungeon that spanned a planet was first introduced by Gary Gygax in his D-series of game modules and at the end of the G-series. The Underdark was described in detail in the 1986 manual Dungeoneer's Survival Guide, by Doug Niles. It was also part of the Eberron campaign setting, in which it was called Khyber and was home to evil beings driven deep into the caverns at the end of the age of demons.

A review for Pyramid refers to the Underdark as "one of the most well known facets of the Forgotten Realms". Much of the literary attention for this deep underworld stemmed from the sourcebooks and accessories for the Forgotten Realms setting, including R.A. Salvatore's novels about the fictional character Drizzt Do'Urden.

The Underdark was also the setting for the expansion pack to the computer game Neverwinter Nights called Hordes of the Underdark, which featured the port city of Lith My'athar, and the mysterious Seer.

Features
The Underdark is a subterranean realm of enormous size inhabited by many different types of creatures such as drow, mind flayers, and aboleths. It extends far beyond the dungeons created by surface dwellers, and consists of caverns, tunnels and large complexes.

Environment
The fictional Underdark's physical characteristics are based upon conditions in real-world caverns deep underground, except at immense size. Within the context of a game, the Underdark is extremely dangerous, especially to non-native characters and creatures. There are also the usual dangers associated with caverns: claustrophobia, poor air circulation, floor/ceiling collapses and getting lost.

There is no light except for occasional patches of phosphorescent fungus; most Underdark inhabitants either have highly developed senses other than sight or have developed darkvision. Food can be extremely difficult to find, and much of the natural vegetation is poisonous. In addition, potable water is hard to locate.

In the Forgotten Realms setting, the Underdark is permeated with a magical energy the drow call faerzress, which is used as a source of energy by the native plant life and which interferes with scrying and teleportation spells.

Araumycos
In the Forgotten Realms setting, Araumycos (Dwarvish, literally meaning "Great Fungus") is an enormous fungal growth in the Upper Underdark under the continent of Faerûn. It is a single organism living beneath the High Forest between one and three miles under the surface, immune to magic and resistant to psionic energy. Araumycos will sometimes attack intruders with poison, spores, and manifestations that resemble oozes and slimes.

Araumycos houses many other fungal creatures. Travel within it is difficult since many passages and caves are blocked by it and damage regenerates quickly.

Inhabitants
The Underdark is home to many predators, races and fantasy monsters, most of which are hostile. These include:

 * Aboleths
 * Beholders
 * Drow (dark elves)
 * Duergar (gray dwarves)
 * Dwarves
 * Fomorian
 * Illithids (Mind Flayers)
 * Hook horrors
 * Kuo-toa
 * Myconids (Fungus-men)
 * Pech
 * Svirfneblin (Deep Gnomes)
 * Troglodyte

There is no unified underground government since each individual city-state has a different form of rule. The Underdark economy deals primarily in armor, exotic goods, magic, slaves, timber and weapons. The ethical code of many indigenous races tends toward evil or neutral.

In the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, R.A. Salvatore created the drow Underdark city Menzoberranzan.

Video games
Parts of Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn and Baldur's Gate 3 take place in the Underdark, and Icewind Dale II featured journeys through the Underdark. An expansion pack based on the Underdark setting was released for the Neverwinter Nights game series, titled Neverwinter Nights: Hordes of the Underdark. The tilesets which came with the Hordes of the Underdark expansion pack were used in several persistent worlds, most notably Escape from the Underdark.

title: Underdark


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User talk:69.197.51.18

Hallo, Ich habe gesehen, dass du mehrere Seiten aus dem deutschen Wikipedia ins englische Wikipedia übersetzt hast. Nur sind die Übersetzungen offenbar mit Babelfish oder einem ähnlichen Programm gemacht und haben nur entfernte Ähnlichkeit mit der englischen Sprache. Diese Art von "Beiträgen" nützen niemandem etwas, denn eine Seite in Babelfish eingeben kann jeder, dazu braucht es keinen Eintrag in die Wikipedia-Datenbank. Deshalb schreibe doch in Zukunft bitte in einer Sprache, die du beherrschtst. --Zumbo 21:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

The articles are through babelfish? There is some consistent bad english in them. I agree with the poster above: anyone can use babelfish to read the german version, no reason to paste that into en.wikipedia.org. Thue 21:35, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

You may be interested in How to rename (move) a page. This explains how to rename a page, instead of using copy-and-paste (e.g. Erlenbach). -- User:Docu

Proposed deletion of List of postal codes in Germany

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title: User talk:69.197.51.18


text: Infravision

title: Infravision


text:
Mustang

The mustang is a free-roaming horse of the Western United States, descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadors. Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses, but because they are descended from once-domesticated animals, they are actually feral horses. The original mustangs were Colonial Spanish horses, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, now resulting in varying phenotypes. Some free-roaming horses are relatively unchanged from the original Spanish stock, most strongly represented in the most isolated populations.

In 1971, the United States Congress recognized that "wild free-roaming horses and burros are living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West, which continue to contribute to the diversity of life forms within the Nation and enrich the lives of the American people." The free-roaming horse population is managed and protected by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Controversy surrounds the sharing of land and resources by mustangs with the livestock of the ranching industry, and also with the methods by which the BLM manages their population numbers. The most common method of population management used is rounding up excess population and offering them to adoption by private individuals. There are inadequate numbers of adopters, so many once free-roaming horses now live in temporary and long-term holding areas with concerns that the animals may be sold for horse meat. Additional debate centers on the question of whether mustangs—and horses in general—are a native species or an introduced invasive species in the lands they inhabit.

Etymology and usage
Although free-roaming Mustangs are called "wild" horses, they descend from feral domesticated horses.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the English word mustang was likely borrowed from two essentially synonymous Spanish words, mestengo (or mesteño) and mostrenco. English lexicographer John Minsheu glossed both words together as 'strayer' in his dictionary of 1599. Both words referred to livestock defined as 'wild, having no master'. Mostrenco was used since the 13th century, while mestengo is attested from the late 15th.

Mesteño referred originally to beasts of uncertain ownership distributed by the powerful transhumant merino sheep ranchers' guild in medieval Spain, called the Mesta (Honrado Concejo de la Mesta). The name of the Mesta derived ultimately from the mixta, referring to the common ownership of the guild's animals by multiple parties. The OED states that the origin of mostrenco is "obscure" but notes the mostrengo is attested from the 15th century. In Spanish, mustangs are named mesteños. By 1936, the English 'mustang' had been loaned back into Spanish as mustango.

"Mustangers" (mesteñeros) were cowboys (vaqueros) who caught, broke, and drove free-ranging horses to market in the Spanish and later American territories of what is now northern Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, and California. They caught the horses that roamed the Great Plains, the San Joaquin Valley of California, and later the Great Basin, from the 18th century to the early 20th century.

Characteristics and ancestry

The original mustangs were Colonial Spanish horses, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, resulting in varying phenotypes. Mustangs of all body types are described as surefooted and having good endurance. They may be of any coat color. Throughout all the Herd Management Areas managed by the Bureau of Land Management, light riding horse type predominates, though a few horses with draft horse characteristics also exist, mostly kept separate from other mustangs and confined to specific areas. Some herds show the signs of the introduction of Thoroughbred or other light racehorse-types into herds, a process that also led in part to the creation of the American Quarter Horse.

The mustang of the modern west has several different breeding populations today which are genetically isolated from one another and thus have distinct traits traceable to particular herds. Genetic contributions to today's free-roaming mustang herds include assorted ranch horses that escaped to or were turned out on the public lands, and stray horses used by the United States Cavalry. For example, in Idaho some Herd Management Areas (HMA) contain animals with known descent from Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse stallions turned out with feral herds. The herds located in two HMAs in central Nevada produce Curly Horses. Others, such as certain bands in Wyoming, have characteristics consistent with gaited horse breeds.

Many herds were analyzed for Spanish blood group polymorphism (commonly known as "blood markers") and microsatellite DNA loci. Blood marker analysis verified a few to have significant Spanish ancestry, namely the Cerbat Mustang, Pryor Mountain Mustang, and some horses from the Sulphur Springs HMA. The Kiger Mustang is also said to have been found to have Spanish blood and subsequent microsatellite DNA confirmed the Spanish ancestry of the Pryor Mountain Mustang.

Horses in several other HMAs exhibit Spanish horse traits, such as dun coloration and primitive markings. Genetic studies of other herds show various blends of Spanish, gaited horse, draft horse, and pony influences.

Height varies across the west, however, most are small, generally, and not taller than , even in herds with draft or Thoroughbred ancestry. Some breeders of domestic horses consider the mustang herds of the west to be inbred and of inferior quality. However, supporters of the mustang argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that natural selection has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority.

The now-defunct American Mustang Association developed a breed standard for those mustangs that carry morphological traits associated with the early Spanish horses. These include a well-proportioned body with a clean, refined head with wide forehead and small muzzle. The facial profile may be straight or slightly convex. Withers are moderate in height, and the shoulder is to be "long and sloping". The standard considers a very short back, deep girth and muscular coupling over the loins as desirable. The croup is rounded, neither too flat nor goose-rumped. The tail is low-set. The legs are to be straight and sound. Hooves are round and dense. Dun color dilution and primitive markings are particularly common among horses of Spanish type.

1493–1600
Modern horses were first brought to the Americas with the conquistadors, beginning with Columbus, who imported horses from Spain to the West Indies on his second voyage in 1493. Horses came to the mainland with the arrival of Cortés in 1519. By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.

One hypothesis held that horse populations north of Mexico originated in the mid-1500s with the expeditions of Narváez, de Soto or Coronado, but it has been refuted. Horse breeding in sufficient numbers to establish a self-sustaining population developed in what today is the southwestern United States starting in 1598 when Juan de Oñate founded Santa Fe de Nuevo México. From 75 horses in his original expedition, he expanded his herd to 800, and from there the horse population increased rapidly.

While the Spanish also brought horses to Florida in the 16th century, the Choctaw and Chickasaw horses of what is now the southeastern United States are believed to be descended from western mustangs that moved east, and thus Spanish horses in Florida did not influence the mustang.

17th- and 18th-century dispersal
Native American people readily integrated use of the horse into their cultures. They quickly adopted the horse as a primary means of transportation. Horses replaced the dog as a pack animal and changed Native cultures in terms of warfare, trade, and even diet—the ability to run down bison allowed some people to abandon agriculture for hunting from horseback.

Santa Fe became a major trading center in the 1600s. Although Spanish laws prohibited Native Americans from riding horses, the Spanish used Native people as servants, and some were tasked to care for livestock, thus learning horse-handling skills. Oñate's colonists also lost many of their horses. Some wandered off because the Spanish generally did not keep them in fenced enclosures, and Native people in the area captured some of these estrays. Other horses were traded by Oñate' settlers for women, or food and other goods. Initially, horses obtained by Native people were simply eaten, along with any cattle that were captured or stolen. But as individuals with horse-handling skills fled Spanish control, sometimes with a few trained horses, the local tribes began using horses for riding and as pack animals. By 1659, settlements reported being raided for horses, and in the 1660s the "Apache" were trading human captives for horses. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 also resulted in large numbers of horses coming into the hands of Native people, the largest one-time influx in history.

From the Pueblo people, horses were traded to the Apache, Navajo and Utes. The Comanche acquired horses and provided them to the Shoshone. The Eastern Shoshone and Southern Utes became traders who distributed horses and horse culture from New Mexico to the northern plains. West of the Continental Divide, horses distribution moved north quite rapidly along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, skirting desert regions such as the Great Basin and the western Colorado Plateau. Horses reached what today is southern Idaho by 1690. The Northern Shoshone people in the Snake River valley had horses in 1700. By 1730, they reached the Columbia Basin and were east of the Continental divide in the northern Great Plains. The Blackfeet people of Alberta had horses by 1750. The Nez Perce people in particular became master horse breeders, and developed one of the first distinctly American breeds, the Appaloosa. Most other tribes did not practice extensive amounts of selective breeding, though they sought out desirable horses through acquisition and quickly culled those with undesirable traits. By 1769, most Plain Indians had horses.

In this period, Spanish missions were also a source of stray and stolen livestock, particularly in what today is Texas and California. The Spanish brought horses to California for use at their missions and ranches, where permanent settlements were established in 1769. Horse numbers grew rapidly, with a population of 24,000 horses reported by 1800. By 1805, there were so many horses in California that people began to simply kill unwanted animals to reduce overpopulation. However, due to the barriers presented by mountain ranges and deserts, the California population did not significantly influence horse numbers elsewhere at the time. Horses in California were described as being of "exceptional quality".

In the upper Mississippi basin and Great Lakes regions, the French were another source of horses. Although horse trading with native people was prohibited, there were individuals willing to indulge in illegal dealing, and as early as 1675, the Illinois people had horses. Animals identified as "Canadian", "French", or "Norman" were located in the Great Lakes region, with a 1782 census at Fort Detroit listing over 1000 animals. By 1770, Spanish horses were found in that area, and there was a clear zone from Ontario and Saskatchewan to St. Louis where Canadian-type horses, particularly the smaller varieties, crossbred with mustangs of Spanish ancestry. French-Canadian horses were also allowed to roam freely, and moved west, particularly influencing horse herds in the northern plains and inland northwest.

Although horses were brought from Mexico to Texas as early as 1542, a stable population did not exist until 1686, when Alonso de León's expedition arrived with 700 horses. From there, later groups brought up thousands more, deliberately leaving some horses and cattle to fend for themselves at various locations, while others strayed. By 1787, these animals had multiplied to the point that a roundup gathered nearly 8,000 "free-roaming mustangs and cattle". West-central Texas, between the Rio Grande and Palo Duro Canyon, was said to have the most concentrated population of feral horses in the Americas. Throughout the west, horses escaped human control and formed feral herds, and by the late 1700s, the largest numbers were found in what today are the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico.

19th century
An early 19th-century reference to mustangs by American sources came from Zebulon Pike, who in 1808 noted passing herds of "mustangs or wild horses". In 1821, Stephen Austin noted in his journal that he had seen about 150 mustangs.

Estimates of when the peak population of mustangs occurred and total numbers vary widely between sources. No comprehensive census of feral horse numbers was ever performed until the time of the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 and any earlier estimates, particularly prior to the 20th century, are speculative. Some sources simply state that "millions" of mustangs once roamed western North America. In 1959, geographer Tom L. McKnight suggested that the population peaked in the late 1700s or early 1800s, and the "best guesses apparently lie between two and five million". Historian J. Frank Dobie hypothesized that the population peaked around the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848, stating: "My own guess is that at no time were there more than a million mustangs in Texas and no more than a million others scattered over the remainder of the West." J. Edward de Steiguer questioned Dobie's lower guess as still being too high.

In 1839, the numbers of mustangs in Texas had been augmented by animals abandoned by Mexican settlers who had been ordered to leave the Nueces Strip. Ulysses Grant, in his memoir, recalled seeing in 1846 an immense herd between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande in Texas: "As far as the eye could reach to our right, the herd extended. To the left, it extended equally. There was no estimating the number of animals in it; I have no idea that they could all have been corralled in the state of Rhode Island, or Delaware, at one time." When the area was ceded to the U.S. in 1848, these horses and others in the surrounding areas were rounded up and trailed north and east, resulting in the near-elimination of mustangs in that area by 1860.

Farther west, the first known sighting of a free-roaming horse in the Great Basin was by John Bidwell near the Humboldt Sinks in 1841. Although John Charles Fremont noted thousands of horses in California, the only horse sign he spoke of in the Great Basin, which he named, was tracks around Pyramid Lake, and the natives he encountered there were horseless. In 1861, another party saw seven free-roaming horses near the Stillwater Range. For the most part, free-roaming horse herds in the interior of Nevada were established in the latter part of the 1800s from escaped settlers' horses.

20th century
In the early 1900s, thousands of free-roaming horses were rounded up for use in the Spanish–American War and World War I.

By 1920, Bob Brislawn, who worked as a packer for the U.S. government, recognized that the original mustangs were disappearing, and made efforts to preserve them, ultimately establishing the Spanish Mustang Registry. In 1934, J. Frank Dobie stated that there were just "a few wild [feral] horses in Nevada, Wyoming and other Western states" and that "only a trace of Spanish blood is left in most of them" remaining. Other sources agree that by that time, only "pockets" of mustangs that retained Colonial Spanish Horse type remained.

By 1930, the vast majority of free-roaming horses were found west of Continental Divide, with an estimated population between 50,000 and 150,000. They were almost completely confined to the remaining United States General Land Office (GLO)-administered public lands and National Forest rangelands in the 11 Western States. In 1934, the Taylor Grazing Act established the United States Grazing Service to manage livestock grazing on public lands, and in 1946, the GLO was combined with the Grazing Service to form the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which, along with the Forest Service, was committed to removing feral horses from the lands they administered.

By the 1950s, the mustang population dropped to an estimated 25,000 horses. Abuses linked to certain capture methods, including hunting from airplanes and poisoning water holes, led to the first federal free-roaming horse protection law in 1959. This statute, titled "Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or burros; pollution of watering holes" popularly known as the "Wild Horse Annie Act", prohibited the use of motor vehicles for capturing free-roaming horses and burros. Protection was increased further by the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (WFRHABA).

The Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 provided for protection of certain previously established herds of horses and burros. It mandated the BLM to oversee the protection and management of free-roaming herds on lands it administered, and gave U.S. Forest Service similar authority on National Forest lands. A few free-ranging horses are also managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service, but for the most part they are not subject to management under the Act. A census completed in conjunction with passage of the Act found that there were approximately 17,300 horses (25,300 combined population of horses and burros) on the BLM-administered lands and 2,039 on National Forests.

21st century
The BLM has established Herd Management Areas to determine where horses will be sustained as free-roaming populations. The BLM has established an Appropriate Management Level (AML) for each HMA, totaling 26,690 bureau-wide,  but the on-range mustang population in August 2017 was estimated to have grown to over 72,000 horses, expanding to 88,090 in 2019.

More than half of all free-roaming mustangs in North America are found in Nevada (which features the horses on its State Quarter), with other significant populations in California, Oregon, Utah, Montana, and Wyoming. Another 45,000 horses are in holding facilities.

Prehistoric context
The horse, clade Equidae, originated in North America 55 million years ago. By the end of the Late Pleistocene, there were two lineages of the equine family known to exist in North America: the "caballine" or "stout-legged horse" belonging to the genus Equus, closely related to the modern horse (Equus caballus) and Haringtonhippus francisci, the "stilt-legged horse", which is not closely related to any living equine. At the end of the Last Glacial Period, the non-caballines went extinct and the caballines were extirpated from the Americas. Multiple factors that included changing climate and the impact of newly arrived human hunters may have been to blame. Thus, before the Columbian Exchange, the youngest physical evidence (macrofossils-generally bones or teeth) for the survival of Equids in the Americas dates between ≈10,500 and 7,600 years before present.

Modern issues
Due in part to the prehistory of the horse, there is controversy as to the role mustangs have in the ecosystem as well as their rank in the prioritized use of public lands, particularly in relation to livestock. There are multiple viewpoints. Some supporters of mustangs on public lands assert that, while not native, mustangs are a "culturally significant" part of the American West, and acknowledge some form of population control is needed. Another viewpoint is that mustangs reinhabited an ecological niche vacated when horses went extinct in North America, with a variant characterization that horses are a reintroduced native species that should be legally classified as "wild" rather than "feral" and managed as wildlife. The "native species" argument centers on the premise that the horses extirpated in the Americas 10,000 years ago are closely related to the modern horse as was reintroduced. Thus, this debate centers in part on the question of whether horses developed an ecomorphotype adapted to the ecosystem as it changed in the intervening 10,000 years.

The Wildlife Society views mustangs as an introduced species stating: "Since native North American horses went extinct, the western United States has become more arid ... notably changing the ecosystem and ecological roles horses and burros play." and that they draw resources and attention away from true native species. A 2013 report by the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine took issue with the view of the horse being a reintroduced native species stating that "the complex of animals and vegetation has changed since horses were extirpated from North America". It also stated that the distinction between native or non-native was not the issue, but rather the "priority that BLM gives to free-ranging horses and burros on federal lands, relative to other uses".

Mustang supporters advocate for the BLM to rank mustangs higher in priority than it currently does, arguing that too little forage is allocated to mustangs relative to cattle and sheep. Ranchers and others affiliated with the livestock industry favor a lower priority, arguing essentially that their livelihoods and rural economies are threatened because they depend upon the public land forage for their livestock.

The debate as to what degree mustangs and cattle compete for forage is multifaceted. Horses are adapted by evolution to inhabit an ecological niche characterized by poor quality vegetation. Advocates assert that most current mustang herds live in arid areas which cattle cannot fully utilize due to the lack of water sources. Mustangs can cover vast distances to find food and water; advocates assert that horses range 5–10 times as far as cattle to find forage, finding it in more inaccessible areas. In addition, horses are "hindgut fermenters", meaning that they digest nutrients by means of the cecum rather than by a multi-chambered stomach. While this means that they extract less energy from a given amount of forage, it also means that they can digest food faster and make up the difference in efficiency by increasing their consumption rate. In practical effect, by eating greater quantities, horses can obtain adequate nutrition from poorer forage than can ruminants such as cattle, and so can survive in areas where cattle will starve.

However, while the BLM rates horses by animal unit (AUM) to eat the same amount of forage as a cow–calf pair (the baseline of 1.0 for the pair), studies of horse grazing patterns indicate that horses probably consume forage at a rate closer to 1.5 AUM. Modern rangeland management also recommends removing all livestock during the growing season to maximize re-growth of the forage. Year-round grazing by any non-native ungulate will degrade it, particularly horses whose incisors allow them to graze plants very close to the ground, inhibiting recovery.

Management and adoption
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) was tasked by Congress with protecting, managing, and controlling free-roaming horses and burros under the authority of the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 to ensure that healthy herds thrive on healthy rangelands under the 1976 Federal Land Policy and Management Act. Difficulty arises because mustang herd sizes can multiply rapidly, increasing up to and possibly by over 20% every year, so population control presents a challenge. When unmanaged, population numbers can outstrip forage available, leading to starvation.

There are few predators in the modern era capable of preying on healthy adult mustangs, and for the most part, predators capable of limiting the growth of feral mustang herd sizes are not found in the same habitat as most modern feral herds. Although wolves and mountain lions are two species known to prey on horses and in theory could control population growth, in practice, predation is not a viable population control mechanism. Wolves were historically rare in, and currently do not inhabit, the Great Basin, where the vast majority of mustangs roam. While they are documented to prey on feral horses in Alberta, Canada, there is no known documentation of wolf predation on free-roaming horses in the United States. Mountain lions have been documented to prey on feral horses in the U.S., but in limited areas and small numbers, and mostly foals.

One of the BLM's key mandates under the 1971 law and amendments is to maintain Appropriate Management Levels (AML) of wild horses and burros in areas of public rangelands where they are managed by the federal government. Control of the population to within AML is achieved through a capture program, although there are no specific guidelines or techniques used to round up mustangs. Most methods are quite stressful for the animals, even fatal. The BLM allows the use of trucks, ATVs, helicopters, and firearms to chase the horses into holding pens or "traps". These methods have often resulted in extreme exhaustion, serious injuries, or even death to the horses. "Bait" traps are another common way mustangs are corralled, usually with hay or water being left in a camouflaged pen while varying types of trigger systems close gates behind the horses. Another, less destructive method uses a tamed horse, called a "Judas horse", which has been trained to lead wild horses into a pen or corral. Once the mustangs are herded into an area near the holding pen, the Judas horse is released. Its job is then to move to the head of the herd and lead them into a confined area.

Since 1978, captured horses have been offered for adoption to individuals or groups willing and able to provide humane, long-term care. For decades this was after payment of a base adoption fee of $125, but in March 2019, in face of the mustang overpopulation, the BLM began paying people $1,000 to adopt a mustang. Adopted horses are still protected under the Act, for one year after adoption, at which point the adopter can obtain title to the horse. Horses that could not be adopted were to be humanely euthanized. Instead of euthanizing excess horses, the BLM began keeping them in "long term holding", an expensive alternative that can cost taxpayers up to $50,000 per horse over its lifetime. On December 8, 2004, a rider amending the Wild and Free Roaming Horse and Burro Act was attached to an appropriation bill before the Congress by former Senator Conrad Burns. This modified the adoption program to also allow the unlimited sale of captured horses that are "more than 10 years of age", or that were "offered unsuccessfully for adoption at least three times". Since 1978, there had been specific language in the Act forbidding the BLM from selling the horses to those would take them to slaughter, but the Burns Amendment removed that language. In order to prevent horses being sold to slaughter, the BLM has implemented policies limiting sales and requiring buyers to certify they will not take the horses to slaughter. In 2017, the Trump administration began pushing Congress to remove barriers to implementing both the option to euthanize and sell excess horses.

Despite efforts to try to increase the number of horses adopted, such as the Extreme Mustang Makeover, a promotional competition that gives trainers 100 days to gentle and train 100 mustangs so they may be adopted through auction, adoption numbers do not come close to finding homes for the excess horses. Ten thousand foals were expected to be born on range in 2017, whereas only 2500 horses were expected to be adopted. Alternatives to roundups for on range population control include fertility control, by PZP injection, culling, and natural regulation.

Captured horses are freeze branded on the left side of the neck by the BLM, using the International Alpha Angle System, a system of angles and alpha-symbols that cannot be altered. The brands begin with a symbol indicating the registering organization, in this case the U.S. government, then two stacked figures indicating the individual horse's year of birth, then the individual registration number. Captured horses kept in sanctuaries are also marked on the left hip with four inch-high Arabic numerals that are also the last four digits of the freeze brand on the neck.

title: Mustang


text:
Talk:Nokair

From WP:VFD
Articles for deletion/Nokair

title: Talk:Nokair


text:
John Berrien

John Berrien (November 19, 1711 – April 22, 1772) was a farmer and merchant from Rocky Hill, New Jersey. He was appointed a justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1764 and was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, for eleven years.

Biography
Berrien was born on November 19, 1711, at Newtown on Long Island, now known as Elmhurst, Queens. He was the grandson of Cornelius Jansen Berrien. His parents were Peter Berrien and Elizabeth Woodhull Edsall.

After his first wife died, and they had no children. In 1759 he married again, to Lady Margaret Eaton. He and Margaret had a total of six children. Their son John Berrien (1759–1815) became a brigade major during the American Revolutionary War.

Although Berrien was a prosperous and prominent individual, on April 21, 1772, he drowned himself by jumping into the Millstone River. He was believed to have committed suicide, because of "lunacy", as one account said at the time. His will divided his property equally among his wife and six children. He is buried in Princeton Cemetery.

His house Rockingham, near Rocky Hill, New Jersey was used by General George Washington as his last headquarters during the war. Congress leased it for Washington for three months while the legislators were in residence in Princeton. Washington wrote his final address to the army in 1783 while staying there.

title: John Berrien


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Functional leadership model

Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done their job well when contributing to group effectiveness and cohesion.

Functional leadership theories are developed by studying successful leaders and identifying the actions and behaviors they show. Extensive studies with a large amount of data make it possible to correlate what leaders do, i.e., their actions or functions, with their successful results.

The Functional theory of leadership emphasizes how an organization or task is being led rather than who has been formally assigned a leadership role. In the functional leadership model, leadership does not rest with one person but rests on a set of behaviors by the group that gets things done. Any group member can perform these behaviors so that any member can participate in leadership.

One of the best-known and most influential functional theories of leadership, used in many leadership development programs, is John Adair's "Action-Centred Leadership".

John Adair developed a model of Action-Centred Leadership that has connecting circles that overlap because:
 * the task can only be performed by the team and not by one person
 * the team can only achieve excellent task performance if all the individuals are fully developed
 * the individuals need the task to be challenged and motivated

Adair's model challenged trait theory by focusing on what leaders do. He showed that leadership could be taught and did not depend on a person's traits.

The eight functions of leadership
Adair noted the following 8 key functions for which team leaders are responsible. (Examples are given in brackets)

 * 1) Defining the task, (by setting clear objectives through SMART goals)
 * 2) Planning, (by looking at alternative ways to achieve the task and having contingency plans in case of problems)
 * 3) Briefing the team, (by creating the right team climate, fostering synergy, and making the most of each individual through knowing them well)
 * 4) Controlling what happens, (by being efficient in terms of getting maximum results from minimum resources)
 * 5) Evaluating results, (by assessing consequences and identifying how to improve performance)
 * 6) Motivating individuals, (by using both external motivators such as rewards and incentives as well as eliciting internal motivators on the part of each team player)
 * 7) Organizing people, (by organizing self and others through good time management, personal development, and delegation)
 * 8) Setting an example, (by recognizing that people observe their leaders and copy what they do).

Criticism of the model
Some people consider Adair's Three Circles Model too simplistic and outdated as it was developed in the 1970s.

Implications for the nature versus nurture debate
Whether leaders are born or made is part of the question of whether human behavior is due to nature or nurture. It is a short leap from functional leadership theory to the belief that if one person can do something, others can also learn to do it. The implication that leaders are made and not necessarily born with the necessary traits for leadership opened up the possibility of leadership development.

title: Functional leadership model


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Froth on the Daydream

Froth On The Daydream (L'Écume Des Jours, lit. "The Froth Of Days") is a 1947 surrealist novel by French author Boris Vian. Although told as a linear narrative, the novel employs surrealism and contains multiple plot lines, including the love stories of two couples, talking mice, and a man who ages years in a week. One of the main plot lines concerns a newlywed man whose wife develops a rare and bizarre illness that can be treated only by surrounding her with flowers.

The book has been translated several times into English under different titles. Stanley Chapman's translation is titled Froth on the Daydream (Rapp & Carroll, 1967), John Sturrock's is called Mood Indigo (Grove Press, 1968), and Brian Harper's is named Foam of the Daze (TamTam Books, 2012). A 2014 edition based on the 2013 film adaptation and published by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux is also titled Mood Indigo.

Froth on the Daydream has been adapted into three feature films, two music albums, and an opera.

Plot
In a surreal world where animals and inanimate objects reflect the emotions of humans, Colin is a wealthy young man with a resourceful and stylish valet, Nicholas, and a loyal best friend, Chick. Despite his significant fortune and luxurious lifestyle, Colin is desperate for a lover, even going so far as secretly pining for Chick's girlfriend, Alyssum. Consequently, this overpowering desire compels Colin to instantly fall in love with Chloe, whom he meets at a friend's party. After a whirlwind romance, Colin weds Chloe in a grand ceremony. Generously, Colin bequeaths a quarter of his fortune to Chick and Alyssum so they too may marry despite the former's reluctance to do so.

During the honeymoon, Chloe falls ill with a mysterious disease that primarily consists of coughing and chest pain, and she and Colin are forced to end their trip early. Upon returning home, Chloe begins to feel better. However, her recovery is short-lived, and she faints during a shopping trip and her coughing fits return. She is eventually diagnosed with a water lily in the lung, a painful and rare condition that can be treated only by surrounding her with flowers. The expense of the treatment is large and Colin soon exhausts his funds, compelling him to undertake low-paying jobs in an effort to accumulate more money for Chloe's remedy. As Chloe's disease progresses, the apartments of Colin, Chick, and Nicholas all begin to decay, and Nicholas suddenly ages years in a single week.

Meanwhile, Chick's obsession with a philosopher Jean-Paul Heartre causes him to spend all his money, effort and attention on collecting Heartre's literature. Alyssum, who is resentful of Chick's neglect of her in favor of his burgeoning collection, attempts to save him financially and renew his interest in her by persuading Heartre to stop publishing books, whom she kills when he refuses. She then seeks revenge upon the booksellers carrying Heartre's works by murdering them and burning down their stores. Concurrently, Chick receives a surprise visit from the police for tax evasion and contraband tobacco smuggling. His refusal to turn over his Heartre books as payment for his crimes leads to his death from a gunshot fired by one of the policemen at the scene.

Ultimately, Colin struggles to provide flowers for Chloe to no avail, and his grief at her death is so strong that his pet mouse commits suicide to escape the gloom.

Characters

 * Colin is the amicable protagonist of Froth on the Daydream. At the age of 22, Colin has managed to amass a large amount of wealth, which enables him to elude employment and on which he spends on multiple luxuries. Initially, Colin experiences jealousy of his best friend Chick's romantic relationship and longs for his own. However, this desire is quickly fulfilled by Chloe, whom he meets at his friend Isis' party. His loving yet impulsive nature is portrayed by his swift marriage to Chloe, which occurs only a short time after their first meeting. By the end of the novel, he is left devastated and broke after Chloe's untimely death.
 * Chloe is the girlfriend and later the wife of Colin, with whom she shares Isis as a mutual friend. She is instantly smitten by Colin and marries him soon after a whirlwind romance. During her honeymoon, she contracts a water lily in her lung, a rare disease that has only one cure: surrounding the patient with flowers. Despite her husband's best efforts to provide her treatment, her health quickly deteriorates and she dies, leaving Colin heartbroken. She is based on Boris Vian's first wife, Michelle.
 * Chick is Colin's devoted and affable best friend. He is an engineer, a career that does not provide him with the same amount of wealth as Colin. Despite his lower socioeconomic status, Chick regularly dines and spends time with Colin. He is currently in a romantic relationship with Alyssum, whom he wants to marry but fears doing so due to his lack of money and the disapproval of her parents. Throughout the novel, he develops an unhealthy obsession with a philosopher, Jean-Pulse Heartre, which compels the former to spend all of his income on the works of the latter. He is ultimately killed after refusing to hand over his Heartre collection to the police as payment for his crimes of tax evasion and contraband smuggling.
 * Nicholas is the dedicated, diligent, and practical 29-year old servant of Colin. He is renowned for his unique dishes and astounding sense of wisdom. He is also Alyssum's uncle. As Chloe's illness worsens, he suddenly ages years in a week.
 * Alyssum (aka Alise in the original French edition) is Chick's 18-year old girlfriend, whom he met at one of Heartre's lectures. She is frustrated with Chick's reluctance to marry her and his Heartre addiction, the latter of which causes him to ignore her. Eventually, she descends into a murderous rage after an unsuccessful attempt to convince Heartre to stop publishing books.
 * Isis is an 18-year old socialite and the friend of Colin, Chick, Alyssum, and Chloe who hosts the fateful party where Colin and Chloe first meet and fall in love. She is also Nicholas' girlfriend.
 * Jean-Pulse Heartre is a philosopher and author with whose works Chick becomes obsessed with collecting. He is a fictionalized version of French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, with whom Michelle Vian had an extramarital affair.
 * Professor Gnawknuckle is a doctor and scientist who diagnoses Chloe's disease.
 * Father Phigga is the priest who officiates Colin and Chloe's wedding ceremony. After Chloe's death, he refuses to officiate her funeral due to Colin's lack of funds.
 * The Kissitwell Brothers are made up of twins Coriolanus and Pegasus. They work as page-boys at numerous weddings, including Colin and Chloe's, and have adopted homosexuality to advance their careers. Despite their steady income, the brothers have ceased to take their work seriously.

Themes and symbolism
It is widely believed that Chloe's illness is a metaphor for cancer and terminal illness. A possible parallel between Chloe's disease and the chronic heart condition Boris Vian suffered from throughout his life has also been speculated.

Colin's copious spending on Chloe's treatment and his relentless job search for more money represent the financial struggle many families face with paying for their loved ones' treatments and medical bills. His desperation to keep his wife alive and his grief and depression after her death symbolize the emotional and psychological anguish faced by individuals who know or have lost someone to terminal illness. Ultimately, Colin's actions and fate at the end of the novel demonstrate that cancer not only devastates the life of the patient – it also does the same to the lives of the people surrounding him or her.

Meanwhile, Chick's compulsive fixation on Jean-Pulse Heartre is a metaphor for drug addiction. His subsequent neglect of Alyssum and the rapid depletion of his funds on Heartre's works both reflect common characteristics shared among the majority of drug addicts.

The physical deterioration of the apartments of Colin, Nicholas, and Chick mirrors the depression and gradual loss of hope brought about by a persistent disease, and Nicholas' sudden ageing represents trauma and stress.

Jean-Pulse Heartre is a spoonerism of the French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre's name. Throughout the novel, there are references to various works by Sartre, but like the philosopher's name, Boris Vian played with words to make new titles for "works" by Heartre. For example, sometimes Vian used a synonym, such as Le Vomi (Sartre's original, La Nausée), while other times he created titles that served as homonyms to those of original Sartre works, such as La Lettre et le Néon (The Letter and Neon), a pun on L'Être et le Néant (Being and Nothingness).

Background and publication history
Boris Vian finished writing the novel in the spring of 1946. The book sold poorly when it was published in 1947 as L'écume des jours under his birth name, Vian, rather than under his more famous pseudonym, Vernon Sullivan.

The work was first published in English as Froth on the Daydream in November 1967. Other published English translations title the work Foam of the Daze and Mood Indigo.

Critical reception
Following its debut in France, Froth on the Daydream received little notice in the press and underperformed in sales. It garnered more attention after the publication of the first English translation in 1967. Over the years, the novel has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be one of Vian's best works.

In his review for The Independent, David Evans described Froth on the Daydream as "a mad, moving, beautiful novel." In another positive review for the Los Angeles Times, James Sallis stated, "This [Froth on the Daydream] is a great novel...beneath are a host of ambiguities, digressions, levels of meaning. Not quite beneath, actually, for subtexts keep erupting to the surface. It is in many ways a novel built of eruptions." In her critique, Ruby Millar reported Froth on the Daydream as "a book in which every line has a bite" and also commended Chapman's translation. English writer and translator John Sturrock praised the novel for being "the most consistent and balanced of all of Boris Vian's novels", and John Whitley of Sunday Times commended it for being "as timeless as Le Grand Meaulnes or even La Princesse de Clèves."

Meanwhile, in a mixed review for Review of Contemporary Fiction, Thomas Hove observed that "sometimes Vian's absurdist style creates an emotionally distant effect", but later asserted that Froth on the Daydream's "final chapters sustain a powerful note of sadness for two young loves ruined by mortality, rival intellectual obsessions, and a repressive work ethic."

In another lukewarm evaluation written for The Harvard Crimson in 1969, Nina Bernstein, a Harvard University undergraduate student at the time who later became a journalist, described Froth on the Daydream as "a disappointment" and subsequently predicted, "It's unlikely that Vian's novels will become particularly popular in this country: they're very French, and they suffer in translation." She also observed that the "puns and word games (unfortunately badly translated) shade into black humor which at the novel's end becomes a Kafkaesque surrealism that we find frightening rather than funny" and dismissed Colin and Chloe's romance as "simple to the point of banality." However, at the end of her review, Bernstein acknowledged that Froth on the Daydream "has a magic no heavy-handed translator can counteract. It's effective on so many levels that reading it is more than a pleasant pastime – it's like an initiation into Vian's way of responding to reality. And a very powerful one, too."

Accolades
Froth on the Daydream was #10 on the Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century list, which was compiled by the French retailer Fnac and the French daily newspaper Le Monde. To assemble the list, both companies polled 17,000 people on the question "Which books have remained in your memory?" in the spring of 1999.

Film

 * Spray of the Days, a 1968 French film directed by Charles Belmont and starring Jacques Perrin, Marie-France Pisier, Sami Frey, Alexandra Stewart, Annie Buron, and Bernard Fresson.
 * Chloe, a 2001 Japanese film directed by Go Riju and starring Masatoshi Nagase with cinematography by Shinoda Noboru. It was selected for competition at the 2001 Berlin Film Festival.
 * Mood Indigo, a second French adaptation directed by Michel Gondry and starring Audrey Tautou and Romain Duris. It was released on April 24, 2013.

Music

 * L'Écume des jours, a 1979 album by French progressive rock band Mémoriance.
 * L'écume des jours, a three-act opera composed by the Russian composer Edison Denisov in 1981. It premiered on March 15, 1986.
 * Froth on a Daydream, a 2015 album by French jazz-cabaret band Dazie Mae.

title: Froth on the Daydream


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Snooker

Welcome to WikiProject Snooker. Some Wikipedians have formed this collaboration resource and group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of snooker and the organisation of information and articles on this topic. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions and various resources; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians interested in the topic. If you would like to help, please join the project, inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list below.

Goals and scope
This WikiProject aims primarily to:
 * Improve coverage of snooker on Wikipedia.
 * Improve the quality of articles.

Guidelines

 * Consider the notability guidelines, before creating an article.
 * Adhere to the cue sports style guide [draft], especially with regard to numbers.
 * Name articles according to the naming and disambiguation conventions.
 * Use Template:Cuegloss to link to the glossary of cue sports terms, to provide definitions and context for snooker jargon, and avoid redundantly defining terms as they occur in articles.
 * Refer to the snooker style guide for clarification on the use of nationalities and flags, recording scores and results, terminology, referencing and external links.

Featured lists Featured article star.svg

 * 1) 2018 in cue sports
 * 2) 2019 in cue sports
 * 3) 2020 in cue sports
 * 4) List of snooker Triple Crown finals
 * 5) List of World Snooker Championship winners
 * 6) List of world number one snooker players
 * 7) Snooker world rankings 1976/1977
 * 8) Snooker world rankings 1977/1978
 * 9) Snooker world rankings 1978/1979
 * 10) Snooker world rankings 1979/1980
 * 11) Snooker world rankings 1980/1981
 * 12) Snooker world rankings 1981/1982
 * 13) Snooker world rankings 1982/1983
 * 14) Snooker world rankings 1983/1984
 * 15) Snooker world rankings 1984/1985
 * 16) Snooker world rankings 1985/1986
 * 17) Snooker world rankings 2018/2019
 * 18) Snooker world rankings 2019/2020
 * 19) 2020–21 snooker world rankings
 * 20) Women's Professional Snooker Championship

Good articles

 * 1) Aditya Mehta
 * 2) Amee Kamani
 * 3) Billiards and Snooker Control Council
 * 4) Charles Chambers (referee)
 * 5) Cliff Wilson
 * 6) Clive Everton
 * 7) Daryl Peach
 * 8) Dennis Taylor
 * 9) Ding Junhui
 * 10) Doug Mountjoy
 * 11) Fred Davis
 * 12) James Cahill (snooker player)
 * 13) Jimmy White's 2: Cueball
 * 14) Joe Davis
 * 15) Joe Johnson
 * 16) John Williams (snooker referee)
 * 17) Kyren Wilson
 * 18) Luca Brecel
 * 19) Marco Fu
 * 20) Mark Selby
 * 21) Maximum break
 * 22) Neville Chamberlain (police officer)
 * 23) Michaela Tabb
 * 24) Ng On-yee
 * 25) Paddy Morgan
 * 26) Patsy Fagan
 * 27) Paul Hunter
 * 28) Peter Ebdon
 * 29) Pot Black
 * 30) Reanne Evans
 * 31) Rex Williams
 * 32) Ronnie O'Sullivan
 * 33) Shaun Murphy
 * 34) Si Jiahui
 * 35) Stephen Maguire
 * 36) Steve Davis
 * 37) Stuart Bingham
 * 38) Tony Knowles
 * 39) Tony Meo
 * 40) Tour Championship (snooker)
 * 41) Triple Crown (snooker)
 * 42) Women's Billiards Association
 * 43) World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
 * 44) World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 45) World Women's Snooker Championship
 * 46) 1928 World Snooker Championship
 * 47) 1929 World Snooker Championship
 * 48) 1930 World Snooker Championship
 * 49) 1931 World Snooker Championship
 * 50) 1932 World Snooker Championship
 * 51) 1933 World Snooker Championship
 * 52) 1934 World Snooker Championship
 * 53) 1935 World Snooker Championship
 * 54) 1936 World Snooker Championship
 * 55) 1937 World Snooker Championship
 * 56) 1938 World Snooker Championship
 * 57) 1939 World Snooker Championship
 * 58) 1940 World Snooker Championship
 * 59) 1946 World Snooker Championship
 * 60) 1947 World Snooker Championship
 * 61) 1948 World Snooker Championship
 * 62) 1949 World Snooker Championship
 * 63) 1952 World Snooker Championship
 * 64) 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 65) 1953 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 66) 1954 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 67) 1955 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 68) 1956 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 69) 1957 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 70) 1964–68 World Snooker Championships
 * 71) 1969 World Snooker Championship
 * 72) 1970 World Snooker Championship
 * 73) 1971 World Snooker Championship
 * 74) 1972 World Snooker Championship
 * 75) 1973 World Snooker Championship
 * 76) 1974 World Snooker Championship
 * 77) 1975 World Snooker Championship
 * 78) 1976 World Snooker Championship
 * 79) 1976 World Professional Match-play Championship
 * 80) 1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
 * 81) 1977 World Snooker Championship
 * 82) 1978 World Snooker Championship
 * 83) 1979 World Snooker Championship
 * 84) 1979 UK Championship
 * 85) 1985 British Open
 * 86) 1987 World Cup (snooker)
 * 87) 1991 World Seniors Championship
 * 88) 2000 Champions Cup
 * 89) 2001 Champions Cup
 * 90) 2001 Irish Masters
 * 91) 2001 Malta Grand Prix
 * 92) 2001 Masters (snooker)
 * 93) 2001 Nations Cup (snooker)
 * 94) 2001 Scottish Masters
 * 95) 2002 Irish Masters
 * 96) 2002 LG Cup (snooker)
 * 97) 2002 Masters (snooker)
 * 98) 2002 Scottish Masters
 * 99) 2003 World Snooker Championship
 * 100) 2004 British Open
 * 101) 2004 European Open (snooker)
 * 102) 2004 Grand Prix (snooker)
 * 103) 2004 Masters (snooker)
 * 104) 2005 Masters (snooker)
 * 105) 2005 UK Championship
 * 106) 2005 World Snooker Championship
 * 107) 2006 UK Championship
 * 108) 2007 Malta Cup
 * 109) 2007 Welsh Open (snooker)
 * 110) 2008 World Snooker Championship
 * 111) 2011 World Snooker Championship
 * 112) 2013 World Snooker Championship
 * 113) 2017 Masters (snooker)
 * 114) 2017 UK Championship
 * 115) 2018 Masters (snooker)
 * 116) 2018 UK Championship
 * 117) 2019 China Championship
 * 118) 2019 English Open (snooker)
 * 119) 2019 International Championship
 * 120) 2019 Masters (snooker)
 * 121) 2019 Northern Ireland Open
 * 122) 2019 Paul Hunter Classic
 * 123) 2019 Q School
 * 124) 2019 Riga Masters
 * 125) 2019 Scottish Open (snooker)
 * 126) 2019 Shanghai Masters
 * 127) 2019 Six-red World Championship
 * 128) 2019 UK Championship
 * 129) 2019 UK Seniors Championship
 * 130) 2019 World Cup (snooker)
 * 131) 2019 World Open (snooker)
 * 132) 2019 World Seniors Championship
 * 133) 2019–20 Challenge Tour
 * 134) 2019–20 Championship League
 * 135) 2019–20 snooker season
 * 136) 2020 Championship League (2019–20 season)
 * 137) 2020 European Masters (2019–20 season)
 * 138) 2020 European Masters (2020–21 season)
 * 139) 2020 German Masters
 * 140) 2020 Gibraltar Open
 * 141) 2020 Players Championship (snooker)
 * 142) 2020 Snooker Shoot Out
 * 143) 2020 Welsh Open (snooker)
 * 144) 2020 World Grand Prix (2019–20 season)
 * 145) 2020 World Seniors Championship
 * 146) 2021 British Open
 * 147) 2021 Championship League (ranking)
 * 148) 2021 UK Championship
 * 149) 2021 Welsh Open (snooker)
 * 150) 2022 Hong Kong Masters
 * 151) 2022 Tour Championship
 * 152) 2022 Turkish Masters
 * 153) 2022 Welsh Open (snooker)
 * 154) 2023 World Seniors Championship
 * 155) 2023 World Snooker Championship

To-do list
Feel free to add your own suggestions below. The list of popular snooker pages might provide some ideas for articles to work on.

 * Improve more snooker-related articles to be good enough for nominatation at WP:Good article nominations and WP:Featured article candidates. (See the lists above for examples of current Good and Featured snooker articles).

Missing articles (non-bio)

 * Season articles from 1962–63 snooker season backwards, where appropriate.
 * Pan-American Snooker Championship; joint IBSF and World Snooker event launched in 2013 (mostly Latin American; the USSF only began participating in 2015 ). Needs redirs from Pan American Snooker Championship, Pan-American Snooker Championships, Pan American Snooker Championships (sources vary on spelling).
 * European Billiards and Snooker Association
 * EBSA Masters Championship; redlinked at Darren Morgan.
 * Under-21 Series (plus redirs from alternative spellings and from Pontin's Under-21 Series, etc.)
 * Pro-Am Series (plus redir from Pontin's Pro-Am Series).
 * Pontin's Snooker Centre (plus redirects(s) from any other name(s) for it; one of the only venues in the world purpose-built for cue sports tournaments of any kind, it was at the Prestatyn Pontin's, and hosted all of these Pontin's event series)

Player biographies

 * Check all player biographies to verify content. Look at tournament wins to see if all tournaments won by the player are listed. Make sure information is current for this year/season (often it is not).

Major improvements needed

 * Tom Dennis (snooker player) (one of the most incomplete snooker bio stubs)
 * Terry Murphy (snooker player) (is a real stub at the moment)
 * Neal Foulds
 * Rod Lawler
 * Ian Burns

Bios missing infoboxes
None reported currently. You can list any snooker-related pages with missing infoboxes here.

Article improvement

 * Improve the International Billiards and Snooker Federation article.
 * Improve Rules of snooker - cites different versions of the rules without any explanation why; lots of unreferenced material; not much about when rules were codified and significant changes; and the Maximum break section seems to veer a bit off-topic.
 * Make much more use of Snooker world rankings - every (first in main article text) mention of rankings or ranking events in snooker articles needs to be linked here. Readers who are not already major fans do not understand the rather complicated ranking system, much less the difference between ranking, minor ranking & non-ranking events, and are liable to be confused about an event being called ranking in one article but not in another (due to its status changing from one year to another).
 * Identify and add stub tags to stub articles using the templates below.
 * Expand the stubs in and.
 * Add content to World Championship pages.
 * Create illustrative and detailed article section at Cue stick on snooker cues, which differ (typically) in a number of ways from cues used in pool and carom billiards (length, flat area on the butt, where the joint is, metal ferrule, and most importantly the smaller tip).
 * Add timelines, general and specific, as appropriate (e.g. a timeline of snooker history, vs. a timeline of Ronnie O'Sullivan's career), and textual or graphical, as appropriate. See WP:Timeline for details, guidelines and examples.
 * Update World Snooker, where it's necessary.
 * Century break needs updating. Any updates should observe the consensus at WT:SNOOKER and avoid using self-published sources since they have many inconsistencies. Suitable WP:SOURCES include dedicated magazines/journals with editorial oversight such as Snooker Scene, mainstream news and sport outlets (such as BBC News or Eurosport) and the professional governing body, the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, and its commercial arm, World Snooker.
 * Sort out World Series of Snooker - list of tournaments included there doesn't match up with the article text.

Bot-generated list of articles needing cleanup [[Image:Edit-clear.svg|20px]]

 * Cleanup listing results

Project tasks

 * Develop assessment criteria FAQ for snooker articles and create a new talk page template to accompany the ratings, like the Template:WikiProject Tennis and Template:Football templates.
 * Watch over Maximum break and List of snooker players.
 * Update snooker player infoboxes after every season (and relevant events), and tournament pages after event has finished.

Templates
These are the major templates used by the project.

Navigation

 * Snooker tournaments
 * Snooker seasons nav
 * World Snooker Championship - Shows results of World Snooker Championships, appears on every World Championship page.
 * UK Championship (snooker)
 * Masters (snooker)
 * World Open (snooker)
 * Welsh Open (snooker)
 * China Open (snooker)
 * Shanghai Masters
 * Premier Snooker League
 * World Series of Snooker
 * Snooker world rankings - Appears on every Snooker World Rankings page
 * Snooker world number ones

See Category:Snooker navigational boxes for several more.

Project
You might like to add a userbox to your userpage:

Players
An example of a standard infobox for a player biography is shown on the right. For details and usage instructions, see Template:Infobox Snooker player.

 * Note that citations do NOT belong in the infobox. Details listed in the infobox should be mentioned in the article and cited there.

Tournaments

 * Snooker tournaments - On every snooker tournament main page.
 * Infobox individual snooker tournament

Tournament brackets

 * Round4 or 4TeamBracket - 4 players
 * Round8 or 8TeamBracket - 8 players
 * Round16 or 16TeamBracket - 16 players
 * 32TeamBracket - 32 players
 * 48TeamBracket - 48 players
 * 64TeamBracket - 64 players
 * 32TeamX3RoundBracket - qualifying bracket (32 players in every 3 round)

 * 64Teamx3RoundAnd32TeamX1RoundBracket - qualifying bracket (64 players in the first three rounds, and 32 players in the last round) used for 2020 World Snooker Championship (and onwards)

Current events
These warn readers that article may be updated frequently as results come in: As the links in these templates suggest, any such event should be added to Portal:Current events/Sports.
 * - a hatnote for the article on an ongoing tournaments or the like, using "World Snooker ranking tournament" as an example:
 * – a message box for other articles (e.g. competitor bios) that may be affected by what happens at the ongoing event; second parameter is the name of the event article, using 2024 World Snooker Championship as an example:

Inline time-savers

 * Cuegloss for convenient wikilinking of terms in articles to their definitions in the glossary: is the equivalent of  . This template is never subst'd.
 * World Snooker for rapid entry of citations of official WorldSnooker.com WPBSA player bios. This template is ''never subst'd.
 * WSfast an even more rapid-entry version for cases where the  is today. This template should always subst'd.

Resources

 * World Snooker - Good for player profiles.
 * BBC Sport: Snooker – Good for results/news, especially for the tournaments the BBC broadcast.
 * Snooker.org - Results for main tour tournaments after the 1993/1994 season.
 * WPBSA Tournament Manager - Results from recent years, and upcoming tournament details, for World Disability Billiards and Snooker, Seniors Snooker, World Snooker Federation, World Women's Snooker, English Partnership for Snooker and Billiards
 * Global Snooker - Results for tournaments and player profiles. (At archive.org )
 * Chris Turner's Snooker Archive – An excellent resource for stats, records and snooker history. (At archive.org )
 * News Now - Snooker

Participants
Recent editors to wp:snooker project pages and wp:snooker pages can be found here: WikiProject Directory/Description/WikiProject Snooker

To sign on as a project member, simply add your name to the list below, and feel free to tell us about your interests, focus, snooker editing so far, etc.

Getting started
As a member of WikiProject Snooker, it is requested that you watchlist at least the following pages:
 * WikiProject Snooker – if the project members do not pay attention to changes at the project page, especially its talk page, effective collaboration will be nearly impossible and the project would eventually fail.
 * WikiProject Snooker/Wanted snooker bios – this is an important part of the project's to-do list.
 * Snooker – our main article, frequently subject to vandalism and nonsense edits that (historically) have sometimes taken hours or even an entire day to be fixed
 * 2022–23 snooker season – another important article
 * Snooker world rankings 2022/2023 – another important article
 * One or more player articles of your choice that you'd like to "adopt" as a guardian against vandalism, PoV-pushing, etc.

Keeping in touch with the rest of the team via the project pages, and keeping an occasional eye on core articles will go a long way to strengthening the project and protecting the articles. Thank you for your collaboration!

Please also either put one of the project's userboxes or " on your user page or one of its subpages.

PS: You can save typing time and get here via a shortcut, WP:SNOOKER, and to the talk page here via another one, WT:SNOOKER.

List of participants

 * Active or semi-active:
 * Auximines (joined on 12 May 2004)
 * Nick C (Since 23 April 2006)
 * SFC9394 (Since 24 April 2006)
 * Bigpad (officially since 28 April 2006 but editing snooker for some time)
 * Cs-wolves (Since May 21 2006, but edited for a little period of time)
 * SteveO (Since 20th June 2006) ''
 * bobo6balde66 (Since 9th September)
 * SMcCandlish [talk] [contrib] ツ (Since Nov. 2006; I am a major editor of the cue sports articles in general, and do a lot of gnoming - formatting, templates, cleanup, etc.)
 * MartinUK (mostly adding references and facts to player articles, but a bit of everything)
 * Boddefan2009 (Since December 2008)
 * Armbrust (Since December 2008)
 * EJBH (Since March 2010)
 * Kudpung (Since July 2010 Mainly copyediting, Wikilinking, redirecting, dab, referencing & sourcing.)
 * Christopher Connor
 * CFuller (Since April 2011)
 * Betty Logan (probably about time I put my name here!)
 * Fabregas0414 (Since July 2011, mostly updating articles on snooker player bios and tournaments)
 * Douts (Since 6 December 2012, fixing anything I spot that needs fixing)
 * Bodgey5 (Since 21 March 2013, working on lesser-known snooker player articles)
 * Amstedrum (Since 23 July 2013, mostly updating lesser-know player articles)
 * User:Gcjdavid(Since 20/10/2014)
 * User:DUCKISJAMMMY (Officially since 24 October 2014, but have been editing snooker articles for some time)
 * Montgomery15 (Since early August 2015, having edited snooker articles for around eighteen months. Bit of everything at the minute...)
 * Per89 (since 4 March 2016, number cruncher, updating onging tournaments)
 * Coradia175 (since 29 April 2016)
 * Lee Vilenski (since 18/12/2017. Been cleaning up Snooker Video Game articles for a while).
 * Andygray110 (officially since 19 December 2017, but have been editing on snooker for a good while. Focus on creating old tournament articles)
 * Rodney Baggins (since 9 December 2018, copyediting player bios and tournament articles, etc.)
 * Ui56k (Since 12 August 2019)
 * BennyOnTheLoose (since 20 September 2019) Main interests - women's snooker, mid-1980's tournaments. List of Articles I've created Let me know if there's something a bit obscure I might be able to help with getting sources for, as I've got pretty good access to resources including: British Newspaper Archive - until 5 October 2019; The Guardian/Observer (1791-2003), Times (1785-2010), and Telegraph (1855-2000) digital archives; PressReader; NewsBank; British Library (largest library in the world as of 2008).
 * HurricaneHiggins (since 10 May 2021) General interest in snooker, player bios, improving quality of writing across snooker sections.

Parent WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Sports and WikiProject Games
 * WikiProject Cue sports

Related WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Flag Template (maintains flag icon templates for use in tournament charts, etc.)
 * WikiProject Biography (provides guidelines on bio articles, including of sportspeople)

es:Wikiproyecto:Snooker

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Snooker