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Lists of professional wrestling personnel

This is an incomplete list of professional wrestlers, commentators, managers, road agents, and other workers associated in professional wrestling categorized by the promotion of which the wrestlers are mainly associated.


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Hai ben Sherira

Hai ben Sherira (Hebrew: האיי בר שרירא) better known as Hai Gaon (Hebrew: האיי גאון), was a medieval Jewish theologian, rabbi and scholar who served as Gaon of the Talmudic academy of Pumbedita during the early 11th century. He was born in 939 and died on March 28, 1038. He received his Talmudic education from his father, Sherira ben Hanina, and in early life acted as his assistant in teaching. In his forty-fourth year he became associated with his father as "av bet din," and with him delivered many joint decisions. According to Sefer HaKabbalah of Rabbi Abraham ben David (Ravad), he was the last of the Geonim.

Appointment as Gaon
As a consequence of the calumnies of their antagonists Hai and his father were imprisoned together and their property was confiscated by the Abbasid caliph al-Qadir in 997. The imprisonment was brief, but shortly thereafter (in 998) the aged and infirm Sherira appointed his son to the position of gaon. Hai's installation was greeted with great enthusiasm by the Jewish population. An old tradition says that on the Sabbath after Sherira's death, at the end of the reading of the weekly lesson, the passage in which Moses asks for an able follower was read in honor of Hai. Thereupon, as haftarah, the story of Solomon's accession to the throne was read, the last verse being modified as follows: "And Hai sat on the throne of Sherira his father, and his government was firmly established." Hai remained gaon until his death in 1038. He was celebrated by the Spanish poet Solomon ibn Gabirol and by Samuel ibn Naghrillah.

Responsa
Hai ben Sherira's chief claim to recognition rests on his numerous responsa, in which he gives decisions affecting the social and religious life of the Diaspora. Questions reached him from Germany, France, Iberia, Anatolia, the Maghreb, and even India and Ethiopia. His responsa, more than 800 in number, deal with civil law, especially laws concerning women, with ritual, holidays, and so on. Many of them contain explanations of certain halakhot, aggadot, and Talmudic matters. In halakhic decisions he quotes the Jerusalem Talmud, but without ascribing any authority to it. Many of his responsa may have been written in Arabic; only a few of them have been preserved.

Legal treatises
Hai ben Sherira codified various branches of Talmudic law. His works include: These three treatises were published together (Venice, 1604); later editions also contain commentaries by Eleazar ben Aryeh (Vienna, 1800) and by Hananiah Isaac Michael Aryeh (Salonica, 1814). Another anonymous translation of them exists in manuscript under the title "Dinei Mamonot."
 * An Arabic treatise on sales and transactions, translated into Hebrew by Isaac Albargeloni with the title HaMekach vehaMimkar (הַמֶּקַח וְהַמִּמְכָּר; 1078).
 * Sefer ha-Mashkon, a treatise on mortgage law, anonymously translated into Hebrew
 * Mishpetei haTena'im, a treatise on conditions, also anonymously translated into Hebrew.

According to Rabbi David Azulai, Hai also wrote in Arabic Sha'arei Shevu'ot, a treatise on oaths. According to another Hebrew source, the original title was Kitab al-Aiman. This treatise was twice anonymously translated into Hebrew: (1) Mishpeṭe Shebu'ot (Venice, 1602; Altona, 1782); (2) Sefer Mehubbar be-Kotzer Min ha-Dinim be-Bi'ur Kelalim we-'liqarim be-Helqe Hiyyub la-Shebu'ah Sha'arei Shevu'ot was metrically arranged by an anonymous writer, probably of the 13th century, under the title Sha'arei Dinei Mamonot ve-Sha'arei Shevu'ot, and by Levi ben Jacob Alkalai.

Hai's treatise on boundary litigations, "Metzranut," is known only through quotations.

Hilkot Tefillin, Siddur Tefillah and Metibot are also quoted as his.

Commentaries on the Mishnah
Hai ben Sherira's philological abilities were directed towards interpreting the Mishnah; of this work only the portion on Seder Tohorot is extant; it was published by T. Rosenberg in "Qobetz Ma'aseh" (Berlin, 1856). This commentary contains especially interesting linguistic notes, Arabic and Aramaic being often adduced for comparison. The author quotes the Mishnah, the two Talmuds, the Tosefta, the Sifra, Targums Onkelos and Jonathan, the Septuagint, the works of Saadia Gaon, the Sifre Refu'ah, and other anonymous sources. He also quotes his own commentary on Zera'im (p. 34) and on Baba Batra (p. 43). These quotations, and many others cited by the Arukh, prove that the commentary extended to the whole Mishnah, containing among other explanations historical and archeological notes. Some passages of the commentary are quoted by Alfasi and Hananel on Yoma, and by Solomon ibn Adret in his Hiddushim. while Abu al-Walid ibn Janah cites Hai's commentary to Shabbat frequently.

Other works
It is uncertain whether Hai wrote commentaries in Arabic on the Bible as a whole or on parts of it. Abraham ibn Ezra, however, in his commentary on the Book of Job quotes several of his explanations.

Hai compiled also a dictionary of especially difficult words in the Bible, Targum, and Talmud, the Arabic title of which was al-Hawi. Abraham ibn Ezra translated this title, in his Moznayim, into "Ha-Me'assef," while Abu Bukrat's translation, Ha-Kolel, and Moses Botarel's translation, "Ha-Qemitzah," did not become popular. Fragments of this dictionary were discovered and published by Harkavy; these show that the work was arranged according to an alphabetic-phonetic plan of three consonants in every group; for instance, s.v. אהל it quotes the permutations אהל, אלה, הלא, האל, לאה. Judah ibn Balaam is the earliest Jewish author who expressly quotes this dictionary. Moses ibn Ezra and some North African rabbis of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries also mention it.

Works of disputed attribution
Of Hai's poetical writings few have been preserved, and even of these the genuineness is doubted. The didactic poem "Musar Haskel" is generally regarded as authentic, though Dukes expressed some doubts as to its genuineness, as old Jewish authors like al-Harizi and ibn Tibbon do not mention it; and Steinschneider also regarded it as of doubtful authenticity. The first edition appeared about 1505 (see Fano); others were published in Constantinople (1531), in Paris (1559), and elsewhere. The modern editions are as follows: Dukes, Ehrensäulen, p. 96; Grätz, Blumenlese, p. 27; Steinschneider, Musar Haskel, Berlin, 1860; Weiss, Liqquṭe Qadmonim, Warsaw, 1893; Philipp, Sämmtliche Gedichte des R. Hai Gaon, Lemberg, 1881; a Latin translation by Jean Mercier, Cantica Eruditionis Intellectus Auctore per Celebri R. Hai, Paris, 1561; another by Caspar Seidel, Carmen Morale ΣτροφορυΘμον Elegantissimum R. Chai, etc., Leipzig, 1638. The "Musar Haskel" consists of 189 double verses in the Arabic meter "rajaz," and it is said to have therefore received the title of "Arjuzah." If it really belongs to Hai, he was, as far as is known, the first Eastern writer to use an Arabic meter in Hebrew poetry. Every strophe is complete in itself, and independent of the preceding strophe.

Some piyyutim are ascribed to him, as the piyyut beginning with the words "Shema' qoli," preserved in the Sephardic liturgy for the evening of Yom Kippur.

Many spurious writings have been ascribed to Hai, especially by later kabalists. Among them are a Sefer kol ha-Shem ba-Koah; Pitron Halomot, Ferrara, 1552; Sefer Refafot, ib.; Perush me-'Alenu; Teshubah, on the thirteen rules of R. Ishmael and on the Ten Sefirot; A Letter to the Priests of Africa. Some of the responsa attributed to him are mere forgeries. Others again were falsified or mutilated by later additions and interpolations, as, for instance, the one containing attacks upon Aristotle and his philosophy.

Characteristics
Hai was not only a master of Hebrew lore, but was also familiar with the Quran and the Hadith, with Plato, Aristotle, Alfarabi, the grammarian al-Halil, the Septuagint, the Greek calendar, Greek history, and the Persian language translation of Kalilah wa-Dimnah. He did not hesitate to consult even the Catholicos of the Assyrian Christians in an exegetical difficulty over Psalms 141:5, as the Sicilian dayyan Matzliah ibn al-Basak relates in his biography of Hai. Hai justified his action by saying that scholars in former times did not hesitate to receive explanations from those of other beliefs. He had an exact knowledge of the theological movements of his time, of which that of the orthodox Ash'ariyyah attracted him the most. Moses ibn Ezra, in his Poetik (fol. 1196), even called him a Mutakalam. He was also competent to argue with Muslim theologians, and sometimes adopted their polemical methods. Hai was orthodox as regards tradition, and upheld minhag to its fullest extent. He established the principle that where the Talmud gives no decision traditional customs must be adhered to. He even went so far as to recommend the observance of every custom not in direct opposition to law. In many passages of his responsa he warns against deviating from a custom even when the meaning of its origin has been lost, as in the case of the practice of not drinking water during the Tekufot. But this did not prevent him from opposing the abuses common to his time. Thus he protested against the practice of declaring null and void all oaths and promises which may be made during the coming year, and against the refusal to grant an honorable burial to excommunicated persons and their connections.

Hai's conservative standpoint explains the fact that in the study of esoteric sciences he detected a danger to the religious life and a deterrent to the study of the Law. He warned against the study of philosophy, even when pursued with the plea that it leads to a better knowledge of God.

Of his own views on religious-philosophical subjects only those regarding the anthropomorphisms of the Bible (expressed in his appeal to a well-known dictum of R. Ishmael: "The Torah spoke in language of men") and one or two other subjects were known prior to the publication of ibn Balaam's commentary on the Book of Isaiah. A responsum of Hai given in this commentary discloses his opinion on the subjects of divine fore-knowledge and the predestined length of human life. The essence of divine prescience seems to consist, according to him, in a preknowledge of both hypothetical and actual occurrences. In this he shows the influence of Saadia.

His attitude toward the Kabbalah is determined by his conservative standpoint. Its elements, as far as they can be traced back to the Talmud, he considered to be true. When the inhabitants of Fez made inquiries regarding the proportions of God, he answered, as one of the signers of the responsum, that God is above any corporeal qualification and that the Talmud forbids the public discussion of these things. His answer to the question regarding the interpretation of the Talmudic tradition that four men entered paradise is interesting, and has caused much discussion. He refers to the opinion of various scholars that specially favored persons could attain, by means of castigation and the reciting of psalms, to an ecstatic state in which they might behold the heavenly halls ("heikhalot") as vividly as if they really had entered them. Contrary to his father-in-law, Samuel ben Hofni, gaon of Sura Academy, he followed former scholars in deeming it possible that God should reveal the marvels of heaven to the pious while in this state of ecstasy. But all the elements of the later Kabbalah not found in Talmudic tradition, such as the belief that miracles could be performed with the names of God, he designated as foolishness not credited by any sensible man.

The best characterization of Hai is given by Steinschneider: "Certain Kabbalistic pieces were ascribed to him; but in truth he was no mystic in the usual sense of the word. In fact he fought against superstition. He was an orthodox Jew, in possession of general culture, but hostile to deeper philosophical research."

Legacy
Hai's students included Rabbeinu Chananel and Rav Nissim, the head of the academy at Kairouan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hai ben Sherira


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Fathom (comics)

Fathom is a comic book created by Michael Turner and originally published by Top Cow Productions. It debuted in 1998 and was Michael Turner's first creator-owned comic book series. Fathom is currently published by Turner's own company, Aspen MLT.

Its protagonist is Aspen Matthews, a member of a race of aquatic humanoids called the Blue who possess the ability to control water.

Publication history
Fathom was created by Michael Turner, who said that he found the inspiration from an issue of National Geographic. The first series began in 1998 and was abruptly halted in 2002 when it was discovered that Turner had been diagnosed with cancer. During the period of inactivity on the main series, comic book artist Talent Caldwell drew a miniseries titled Fathom: Killian's Tide. After Turner's cancer went into remission, he left Top Cow and launched his own company, Aspen MLT Inc. During this period there was a legal conflict between Turner and Top Cow as to who owned the rights to Fathom.

In 2004, Turner restarted the Fathom series and had a preview of its premiere in his company's first comic, Michael Turner Presents: Aspen. After that, a Fathom miniseries titled Fathom: Dawn of War was produced and, shortly after that, the series Fathom: Cannon Hawke was started. The second volume in the Fathom series was drawn by artist Koi Turnbull. The third Fathom series was drawn by artist Ale Garza and inked by Sal Regla. In 2017, Fathom got a sixth volume, this time written by Blake Northcott, pencilled by Marco Renna and inked by Mark Roslan.

Dynamite Entertainment also did a Fathom: Prelude one-shot, which was co-published with Aspen MLT.

Fathom (1998–2002)
Fathom begins as the cruise ship Paradise arrives in San Diego 10 years after its disappearance had been reported. A military quarantine is established to cross-examine the crew and passengers; however, no one on board is aware that they had been missing. Compounding the mystery is a girl who had been discovered by the crew while still at sea. The girl could only remember that her name was Aspen. Aspen is taken from the ship by a vacationing naval officer, Captain Matthews, who adopts her and raises her as his own. Aspen has a strange attraction to water, and spends much of her youth swimming, eventually making the US Olympic team for the 1988 Seoul games. She wins the gold, but has her medal taken away and receives a permanent ban after she fails a rigged drug test. Afterwards, Aspen attends UC San Diego and receives a degree in Marine Biology. She is then invited to study at a top-secret underwater science facility known as the DMD, or Deep Marine Discovery. The DMD is a joint project between the United States and Japan. The facility was built over a strange underwater craft of unknown origin which both nations study to determine its origin. However, the Americans and Japanese no longer trust each other and rely on an intermediary named Cannon Hawke to share research data. Aspen is also introduced to a mysterious man who somehow entered the DMD and requested to be placed into a tube filled with water. He requires no air, leading the DMD to deduce that, despite his appearance, he is not human.

A US Navy test pilot named Chance Calloway is testing an experimental amphibious fighter plane for Admiral Maylander, who heads Naval Intelligence. Maylander is also the man who oversaw the quarantine of the Paradise. Chance's wingman is killed by a craft resembling the one at the DMD. Violating orders, Chance pursues the craft, first in the air and then underwater. Again disobeying orders, he fires a torpedo at the craft only to have it dissolve into the water before the torpedo reaches its target. Without a target, the torpedo locks onto the generator at the DMD and destroys it, severely damaging the facility. Before she drowns, Aspen is rescued by the man in the tube who springs to life and attempts to take her with him. He begins to dissolve into the water, just like the alien craft, and Aspen begins to dissolve as well. Naval rescue teams arrive and the man flees: Aspen is rescued, but not before Calloway sees her in a half-dissolved form. He goes AWOL to try to find Aspen and figure out what he saw. He eventually finds Aspen, who cannot explain her abilities. Before she can find out any more, she is abducted by government personnel and brought to Killian who is held in the DMD. He tells Aspen that she is a member of a race of aquatic humanoids called the Blue who possess the ability to control water.

Blue Sun
Aspen enters the world of the Blue with Killian training her to be a warrior. Aspen has unique powers, even for the Blue, and Killian tricks her into helping him create an enormous weapon. This weapon, later called the "Blue Sun", is a huge ball of energy out in space powered by three underwater stations on Earth. Killian intends to use this weapon to drill a hole in the Earth's crust at a place known to the Blue as Chanarnay, or the "Valley of Stairs". This hole would drain much of the world's oceans although the purpose is not fully known except to Killian.

Before Killian can accomplish this, Aspen is convinced by her new friend Kyla to leave Killian and escape with Cannon Hawke, a member of the Blue himself, who has been following Aspen for years to prevent Killian from using her to activate the Blue Sun. Kyla is an agent of Cannon's who was placed into Killian's group to collect intelligence on him. Killian nonetheless manages to get his plan in motion but not before Kyla reveals herself to Killian and helps Aspen escape, dying in the process. Aspen, Cannon and Chance follow Killian to Chanarnay where Cannon fights Killian to buy time for Aspen to stop the Blue Sun. Cannon is wounded and Killian throws Aspen into a light beam and thinks he has killed her. Aspen in fact has gained near god-like abilities from the raw energy of the beam. She then kills Killian and destroys the beam.

The Spelunker
After the Blue Sun incident, Aspen finally gets some rest, or so she thinks. After strange deaths occur from the jaws of an unknown sea creature, a crazy old man shows up at Aspen's door. The man brings her aboard the Spelunker, a strange submarine-like vessel, and in a very Moby-Dick-like fashion, they hunt down the creature named "Big Moe".

Aspen ends up killing two of the unknown sea creatures after finding Big Moe to be their parent. Big Moe gets away and the old man and Aspen part ways. The old man has since appeared in a single issue of Aspen Seasons as a possible foreshadow for his and the Spelunker's eventual return to the series.

Resurrection of Taras
Around a year after the Blue Sun event, Cannon finds himself on his yacht with Lara Croft, an archaeologist and adventurer. While relaxing, he is attacked and kidnapped by Biranha, the brother of Taras. Lara goes unnoticed and contacts her friend Sara Pezzini, a New York detective and wielder of the Witchblade, for help.

Cannon awakes in an underwater city in the Atlantic. He is being held hostage by Vana, leader of the Arctic Blue, and mother of Biranha and Taras. The Arctic Blue are a separate sect of the Blue living in the freezing cold north and have adapted abilities to control ice. Vana wants revenge on Cannon for the near death of her son. It turns out that Taras was not actually killed in the Blue Sun but rather evaporated to a large degree. Vana uses a machine to try to place Taras' remains into Cannon so that Taras might live again in Cannon's body.

Meanwhile, Sara and Lara begin searching for clues as to where Cannon might have been taken when they run into Aspen. At the same time, Aspen is being targeted by Biranha's men. Aspen and Sara end up working together only to be knocked out and kidnapped. They awaken in the underwater city below the Atlantic Ocean. It turns out Vana also blames Aspen for what has happened to her son and wishes to see Aspen dead. Thankfully Lara is still free and on the way to rescue the women, having followed Biranha's team home.

Vana's experiment comes to a saddening end when Cannon absorbs all of Taras and turns into a horrible abomination, a mere shadow of a man that can barely speak. Vana intends to kill this haunting image of Cannon, believing her son fully lost, until Taras' mind bleeds through, forcing Cannon to say, "I learned to walk before I could crawl". Realizing Taras is still in Cannon's body, Vana tries to undo the experiment, hopefully getting things right this time. As this is going on, Lara sneaks in and frees Aspen and Sara. The trio of women leave the base only to return, realizing they must free Cannon at all costs.

This time, Vana's experiment works, bringing Cannon back to his normal self as well as recreating Taras' body. However, when Sara and Lara break into the chamber, a fight ensues. During this, Sara is in her own fight, facing and killing Biranha. Vana and Aspen exchange blasts of ice and water until Vana shoots one directly at Aspen. Rather than dodge it, Aspen reflects the blast by turning her arms into a form of hard water. The blast ricochets off Aspen's arms and blows up the capsule Taras was in, killing him. The girls grab Cannon and run as Vana makes a desperate suicidal final move. It is a race against time for them to get out of the enemy base as Vana explodes her body into hundreds of long sharp icicles. The group manages to escape to Cannon's yacht, and they relax after such a dangerous adventure.

Cannon did not leave Vana's headquarters without cost. As he looks in the mirror he sees Taras smiling back at him as he is now stuck in the deep recesses of his subconscious.

This was the last storyline of the first volume of Fathom, as well as the last Fathom story to be published through Top Cow Productions.

Legal changes
Due to legal restrictions in using the Top Cow characters from Tomb Raider and Witchblade, The Fathom, Vol. 1: The Definitive Edition contains a re-engineered version of this story which removes the characters of Lara and Sara, and re-focuses the story on Aspen's character only.

Aspen
The Michael Turner Presents: Aspen mini-series marks the final Fathom story drawn by creator Michael Turner. The three-issue series introduces the new characters of Kiani, Casque, Brande, and Siphon. It also introduces "the Black", a brother species to the Blue. At the end of the series, the Black kidnap Aspen and bring her to the bottom of the ocean. This acts as a precursor to ''Fathom: Dawn of War

Dawn of War
Fathom: Dawn of War bridges the gap between the original series and Fathom vol. 2. The story focuses on the Blue warrior Kiani, who is forced to side with the rebellious councilman Marqueses in order to save her master, Casque, from the clutches of human military scientists. Marqueses has engineered the situation in order to kidnap Casque and to secure the older warrior's immense power for an offensive against the humans. Kiani tracks down Marqueses and saves Casque only to find he is part of the Black. The Black come for Casque, and he is forced to rejoin them, leaving Kiani angry and lost.

Dawn of War emphasizes Kiani's loneliness and character development. It also introduces audiences further to the underwater world of the Blue.

Fathom Prelude and Beginnings
Fathom Prelude and Fathom Beginnings were two one-shot stories from 2005 that gave glimpses into Aspen's past.

Fathom Prelude showed Aspen's teenage life and her journey with the USA Olympic Swimming team. The story sheds some light on why she was stripped of her gold medal and includes a possible appearance by the Unknown.

Fathom Beginnings shows Aspen's first appearance on the cruise ship Paradise. More clues are given as to the identity of the Unknown and the reasons for his physical state.

Fathom vol. 2
Fathom vol. 2 primarily focuses on the developments between the American government and the Blue. Volume 1 revealed that Admiral Maylander knew of the Blue's presence, and this series sees him take action against the underwater race. He does so by a sneak attack on the Blue city of Saba. Aspen, kidnapped by the Black, meets her father, Rahger, and learns that she is also part of the Black.

Cannon Hawke
The Fathom: Cannon Hawke mini-series ran parallel with the first few issues of Fathom vol. 2. They detailed Cannon's exile from the Blue as well as his fight with Taras.

Fathom vol. 3
Fathom vol. 3 was drawn by Fathom newcomer Ale Garza. This time, the focus is divided between the returning Killian, thought dead in volume 2, his newfound allegiance with his abandoned daughter, Kiani, and the rise of the Blue's ancestor race the Black.

Fathom: Blue Descent
Fathom: Blue Descent is a 5-issue mini-series published in 2010. The series was written by David Schwartz. Art for the zero issue was provided by Scott Clark, with Alex Sanchez stepping in for the art on issues #1–4. Covers were drawn by Clark and Sanchez, and also David Finch, Billy Tan, Joe Benitez, Nick Bradshaw, and Michael Turner. The series reveals Aspen Matthews' secret, formerly hidden past. It introduces new characters in Aspen's parents, Eilah and Abesaloma, and their childhood friend, Zo. It also features many returning characters, such as Aspen, Finn, Cannon, Killian, and the Black.

Fathom vol. 4
Fathom vol. 4 was drawn by Alex Konat and written by Scott Lobdell. In this volume, Aspen joins with new allies, faces new enemies and discovers the mysterious Church of the Eternal Depths. This time, Aspen must deal with the global ramifications of the Blue and Black's exposure to the rest of the world.

Fathom: The Elite Saga
Fathom: The Elite Saga is a 5-issue mini-series published in 2013. The series was written by Vince Hernandez along with J.T. Krul and David Wohl. In the series, Aspen is attempting to find solace above the surface by distancing herself from the demons of her past. The series also shows returning characters including Killian and Kiani. Killian is in search of his missing wife Anya, and his newborn child Anika while Kiani escapes from her imprisonment to get her revenge on Aspen. The series also serves as a celebration and culmination of 15 years of "Fathom."

Fathom vol. 5
Fathom vol. 5, also known as All New Fathom, published 2013–2014, shows Aspen battles the return of the Arctic Blue and shows Anya's daughter, Anika all grown up raised by the resurrected Vana. Aspen teams up with Killian and Chance to prevent the Arctic Blue's plot to bring a frozen apocalypse on Earth and must prevent them from attacking Muria, the Blues' capital city.

Fathom vol. 6
Fathom vol. 6, also known as Michael Turner's All New Fathom, published since February 2017, includes an all new creative team; Blake Northcott (writer), Marco Renna (pencils), Mark Roslan (digital inks), John Starr (colors) and Zen (letters). In this volume, Aspen Matthews inadvertently releases a group of incarcerated underwater beings called The Typhos, who are bent on overthrowing The Blue. Her identity is also exposed to the human world, forcing her into hiding.

Fathom vol. 7
Fathom vol. 7, also known as Michael Turner's All New Fathom, publishing anticipated June 2018, includes a new creative team of writer Ron Marz (Green Lantern, Witchblade) and artist Siya Oum (Lola XOXO). This all-new adventure for Aspen's preeminent hero sees her attempt to navigate an ever-changing world where The Blue are not only present above the surface-but exploited in new and dangerous ways. When a rival nation to The States decides to take control of the global landscape by tapping into the power of The Blue, Aspen Matthews discovers that a new adversary has risen to challenge the notion that she is the most powerful person on the planet-and humanity may suffer the consequences!

Characters

 * Aspen Matthews – Main protagonist.
 * Chance Calloway – Aspen's boyfriend.
 * Admiral James Maylander – An admiral in the US Navy who declares war on the Blue, although is defeated by Aspen.
 * Cannon Hawke – Aspen's guardian with the Blue, and Commander of the Elite Council Defense Strike Force. He was killed by Kiani in the final stages of the Black invasion; prompting Aspen to retaliate and (temporarily) destroy Kiani.
 * Siphon – A member of the Elite Council Defense Strike Force and son of ex-Council member Kinzin. Siphon takes his father's place on the Council. He later ascends to become leader of the Blue Council.
 * Killian – A rogue Blue leader and ardent enemy of mankind, originally an enemy of Aspen. Later he joins the Blue government under Siphon and becomes Commander of the Elite Guard under Siphon's command.
 * Anya – The secret lover of Killian and mother of Kiani and Anika. Later after Siphon leaves behind his revolutionary ways their relationship becomes public knowledge, the two marry and have a second daughter, Anika.
 * Kiani – Killian and Anya's headstrong, violent and completely immoral daughter and a member of the Elite Council Defense Strike Force. Later she joins Killian's attacks on the Earth, and continued on after Killian stood down. Kiani refused to listen to reason and continued on, ultimately leading her to kill Cannon and battle Aspen. Ultimately, Aspen defeated Kiani, whereby she disintegrated, apparently dying. Kiani somehow survived from Aspen's power and briefly resurfaced to locate her kidnapped infant sister, Anika. When she (apparently) dies due to her violent attempts to intervene, Kiani is consumed with guilt and goes into self-imposed exile.
 * Anika/Kania – The youngest daughter of both Killian and Anya and sister of Kiani. Vana also raises her as Kania after the event of the Elite Saga.
 * Brande – A member of the Elite Council Defense Strike Force and best friend of Siphon and Kiani. He dies during Maylander's attack.
 * Vana – Leader of the "Arctic Blue" and mother of Taras and Biranha. She is a scientific genius who is the enigmatic leader of the Blue's arctic settlement, and has a reputation of being nominally eccentric. After both her sons die due to Killian, she later gains vengeance by taking Anika, Killian's infant second daughter, and transforming her into Kania – who sees her as her mother.
 * Taras – A male "Arctic Blue" warrior, brother of Biranha, and Killian's lieutenant. He dies, along with his brother, serving with Killian.
 * Biranha – A male "Arctic Blue" warrior and brother of Taras. He dies, along with his brother, serving with Killian.
 * Judith Banyaski – Aspen's friend and personal assistant.
 * Colin Woreth – Aspen's friend, personal assistant and former teacher.
 * Akiko Nigata – Cannon's personal assistant and friend.
 * Tyler – Aspen's roommate and a television news anchor.
 * Thassalar – Leader of the recently bombed city of Saba — Thassalar has helped Cannon and the Council Strike force to oppose Biranha.
 * Mysterious Blue/Finn – A translucent Blue stuck in a semi-water state and Aspen's older brother.
 * Casque – A member of the Black, but also a friend of Cannon and Kiani's mentor.
 * Rahger – Biological father of Aspen and leader of the Black — a more powerful underwater race than that of the Blue. Ragher met Aspen, but was unable to convince her to join his people's efforts to destroy mankind. Undeterred, he continued his war preparations hoping that Aspen will eventually join him. His invasion fails when Aspen stands against and defeats him.

Movie adaptation
Fathom ' s popularity and originality led to it getting a green light in 2002 as a feature film. The film was to be made by director James Cameron and his production company Lightstorm Entertainment; but nothing developed.

There has been a conflict with NBC's Surface (2005) television show. The TV show was named "Fathom" originally, but due to copyright infringement on the comic book name, the producers changed it at the last minute to the title "Surface".

In 2010, a movie adaptation of Fathom was under development by Fox Atomic, with Megan Fox signed up to play the role of Aspen Matthews and as a producer on the film. English actor Matthew Tate was to portray Chance Calloway. Screenwriter and video game creator Jordan Mechner was hired to write the script. Michael Turner, who created the series, was to be credited as the film's executive producer. The production of the movie met many difficulties, and at the moment it seems to be canceled.

An animated feature adaptation of Fathom is currently in development by Mythos Studios. The announcement was made during a panel at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2018.

title: Fathom (comics)


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Navesink River

The Navesink River is an estuary in the eastern United States in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Approximately 8 mi in length, it is surrounded by the communities of Middletown (including the namesake Navesink CDP), Red Bank, Fair Haven, and Rumson.

Known officially as the North Shrewsbury River and upstream of Red Bank as the Swimming River, it is formed southwest of Red Bank by the confluence of the Swimming River with several smaller streams. It extends ENE along the north side of Red Bank, connecting to the Shrewsbury River estuary at Rumson, approximately 1 mi south of the entrance of the Shrewsbury River into Sandy Hook Bay near Highlands.

History
The area was originally populated by the Lenni Lenape people. In 1665, John Hance was one of the settlers who negotiated with the Navesinks of the Lenni Lenape to purchase the lands of this peninsula and the immediate surroundings through the Monmouth Patent. Following the founding of Red Bank in 1736 (named after its situation on the "red banks" of the Navesink River), the river was important for transportation from the Navesink River communities to New York City and was served by side-wheeler steamboats until the 1950s.

The Navesink today
Today the river is a major recreational resource for powerboating, crabbing, fishing, sailing, canoeing, kayaking, bird watching, swimming, and rowing. During particularly cold winters, the Navesink can freeze, adding ice skating and ice boating to the list of recreations available. The area along the Navesink banks is one of the most affluent in New Jersey. Today, the town of Red Bank rests situated on its banks, with hotels and apartment buildings that offer scenic views of the river. Select homes in Red Bank, Fair Haven, and Rumson share similar views.

As a tidal estuary flowing into the Shrewsbury River at Sea Bright, continuing into Sandy Hook Bay and ultimately the Atlantic Ocean, the Navesink provides excellent and scenic fishing opportunities for species such as bluefish (smaller bluefish are known as snappers), striped bass, weakfish and fluke, blackfish, pufferfish, kingfish, spot especially in the spring and fall. Crabbing is particularly popular in the upstream Swimming River section.

Independence Day fireworks
Each year from 1960 through 2011, a fireworks display was launched from the river close to Red Bank on July 3, the eve of Independence Day. "KaBoomFest" was held in Marine Park, where local bands and vendors formed a major gathering.

Dolphins
The Navesink River was the home to a pod of up to 16 Atlantic bottlenose dolphins from June 2008 into the winter of that year. They are thought to have followed a school of baitfish from the Sandy Hook Bay. The dolphins attracted nearby residents to view them, as well as media attention. Local authorities enforced a requirement on marine traffic to maintain a safe distance from the pod, and even issued tickets to boats that were deemed hazardous to the dolphins' safety.

In late September 2008, one of the dolphins had been found washed up on the shore, and it was determined that its cause of death was pneumonia. Several days later, another was found floating down the river. Another group of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins reappeared in August 2012 near the Oceanic Bridge.

title: Navesink River


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/ChrisO and Levzur

Case closed with no ruling

Accepted
Accepted for arbitration with three votes (there were 3 recusals) on May 2, 2004. Evidence to /Evidence please.

Arbitrator's opinions on hearing this matter

 * Recuse Fred Bauder 11:23, Apr 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Recuse. Martin 16:53, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC) Since I only made one edit to the relevant article, and have made no edits since, and due to the passage of time, I believe that, despite being named in the original request, I can retract my recusal. Martin 22:17, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept. Delirium 02:58, Apr 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been one of the people reverting him so I must recuse myself. If just one more AC member has to recuse then this presents a serious problem. --mav 07:41, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept. Camembert 23:10, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept. James F. (talk) 11:21, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Recuse. Jwrosenzweig 16:46, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Request for arbitration
I am requesting arbitration concerning an interminable reversion war on Zviad Gamsakhurdia (history/talk). Despite a clear consensus following a request for comment, User:Levzur has persisted in deleting a section of the article that he does not like in order to impose his own POV, often dishonestly marking his edits as minor "corrections". I should add that the section in question was originally written by myself but was subsequently rewritten by MyRedDice. I am making this request on the basis of being the original author; others may wish to join as co-requesters.

(para modified 29 Apr 2004) A reversion conflict has also developed on Nino Burjanadze, in which Levzur has repeatedly deleted valid alternative transliterations of the subject's name without explanation or comment. Levzur has again violated the three reversion rule and there is every sign that this will become another, even more pointless editing conflict.

Please see User:Levzur/Evidence for details of this dispute. -- ChrisO 10:13, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Note: The mediation committee has been involved in this case but Levzur did not agree to mediation. See Requests for mediation  and User talk:Levzur -- sannse (talk) 10:29, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC) (mediation committee)

 * N.B. Levzur has since blanked his talk page - the reference that sannse quotes is at -- ChrisO 15:48, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Statements by ChrisO
I would like to bring to the attention of the Committee the fact that Levzur has now begun a series of simultaneous reversion wars from anonymous proxy servers, making it very difficult for a number of editors to work on about 10 articles. I would be grateful for the Committee's urgent attention in this matter. Details are at Requests_for_arbitration/ChrisO_and_Levzur/Evidence. -- ChrisO 11:51, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Discussion of arbitrators
Gotta love ethnic politics. Well, as of 1-May Levzur has said he's forsaking Wikipedia. Let's see if he does so. One thing I noticed is the limited use of the edit summary. I really think the edit summary should be mandatory for non-minor edits. --The Cunctator 16:51, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I don't think there's any point in us looking at this case for the moment (I won't be, anyway - there's other stuff I can spend my time on). We can see what's to be done if and when Levzur makes a return. --Camembert

 * It appears that he has, only now editing without logging in. South Caucasian languages and Iberian-Caucasian languages have both been reverted anonymously within the past 48 hours from 213.157.209.197 and 213.157.209.234 - proxy servers on Levzur's ISP, Rustavi 2 Online. I'll unprotect Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Nino Burjanadze to see what happens - I predict that they will soon be reverted anonymously from Rustavi proxies. If that happens, I suggest that the arbitration be taken forward. -- ChrisO 16:16, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * As I predicted, the Gamsakhurdia article has been reverted again from a Rustavi 2 Online proxy. Could this arbitration please be taken forward? -- ChrisO 09:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * He returned on May 9 as User:213.157.202.207 and once again vandalized the page. RickK 05:04, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Also on May 11 as User:213.157.209.226 and May 12 as User:213.157.209.235. See and. Same pattern of behavior as before. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:16, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * And again on June 10 as User:213.157.193.211, within 48 hours of the articles in question being unprotected (they've since been reprotected by User:Bryan Derksen). -- ChrisO 10:39, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Just so you all know, we are discussing this behind the scenes as it were (on the arbitration mailing list) - we're not ignoring you. My feeling is that a ban is in order. --Camembert

Note that because there have been three recusals from this case, there are only seven arbitrators able to take part. Therefore, four arbitrators voting for or against any point will consistute a majority and be enough to pass or reject it. --Camembert

 * Is anything actually happening on this? It all seems to have gone very quiet... -- ChrisO 10:39, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it does seem like that, doesn't it. I'll give people a kick, see if anything happens. --Camembert

Suggested principles

 * Although it was not made explicit on revert at the time of Levzur's edit wars, a review of Wikipedia policies such as staying cool and dispute resolution, together with common practice and community expectations, strongly suggests that "When reverting, explain your reasons for doing so" is a longstanding de facto Wikipdia policy. See also Wikiquette ("Avoid reverting and deleting" and "If another disagrees with your edit, provide good reasons why you think it's appropriate")
 * Support:
 * James F. (talk) 23:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 07:53, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 19:24, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:19, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC) (I agreed with this when I wrote it elsewhere too ;-))
 * Gutza 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

 * Deletion of apparently legitimate content is expected to be accompanied by an explanation: see Avoiding common mistakes ("Deleting without justifying").
 * Support:
 * James F. (talk) 23:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 07:53, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 19:24, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:19, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Gutza 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

Suggested findings of fact

 * Levzur has reverted edits to articles and removed information without comment. For example:
 * User:MyRedDice's edit of April 18 was reverted by Levzur on April 21  with the edit summary "rv". Levzur made no comment on the article's talk page.
 * Deletion of info from Nino Burjanadze with no reason given either in the edit summary or on talk. He continued to delete this information ( for example) even after his reasons for doing so had been queried on the talk page
 * Support:
 * James F. (talk) 23:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 07:53, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 19:24, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:19, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC) (excessive reverts, in fact, which motivates revert parole below)
 * Gutza 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

Suggested remedies
1) When reverting, Levzur must respond on talk pages to any substantive objections by those who disagree with him over the content of articles. If Levzur reverts a new compromise or proposed solution, he must explain on the talk page why the reverted version still fails to address his objections.
 * Support:
 * James F. (talk) 23:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium
 * Camembert 19:24, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Martin 22:24, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC) (also applies to any sock puppets, of course. People should be explaining reverts anyway.)
 * Gutza 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

2)In light of the general disruption to the Wikipedia he has caused, Levzur's editing privileges are revoked for one month.

 * Support:
 * Delirium 07:53, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 19:24, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:
 * James F. (talk) 23:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC) (See below; seems... perhaps an unsuitable remedy.)
 * Martin 22:24, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC) (I'm not clear it's necessary)
 * Gutza 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * (I don't know if the fact that Levzur only edits anonymously now is an issue - we might want to think about how that might affect rememdies, perhaps. not given it much thought, maybe not a problem, thoughts? Camembert)
 * Hmm. General practice for anonymous 'nuisance' editors is to block them until they go away, AIW. If a logged-in editor decides to put himself under such (more stringent) guidelines / levels of acceptability, so be it, perhaps? I dunno. James F. (talk) 23:43, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it affects enforcement, perhaps? But surely not these remedies. Martin 22:25, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

3) Levzur is placed on indefinite revert parole (as was applied to Wik, for example).
 * Support:
 * Martin 23:10, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:39, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Gutza 13:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC), but if this fails I'd like to fall back automatically to the one month ban or whatever other ban is agreed on ASAP, if I'm unavailable at that time
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

4) Levzur must not delete content without first providing a reason for doing so. If reverted, for subsequent re-deletes ruling #1 regards reverting applies.

 * Support:
 * Martin 17:38, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:32, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

5) If Levzur consistently fails to abide by, or tries to evade, any of the rulings made against him by the Arbitration Committee, the Committee may apply an immediate ban of up to one month. Such bans will be at the discretion of the Arbitration Committee, following a simple majority vote of the Committee.

 * Support:
 * Martin 17:38, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:32, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 03:54, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Abstain:

Proposed closing
I propose closing this case as "no ruling necessary". Levzur has ceased contributing to Wikipedia. While he appears to be making a handful of edits anonymously, these are being dealt with via reverts in the normal manner. The current situation does not require arbitration. Accordingly, we close the case without ruling. Martin 19:33, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeay:
 * Martin 19:33, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 19:35, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:41, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * the Epopt 13:50, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:


text:
PP

PP, pp or Pp may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Pianissimo, a music term meaning very quiet, from musical dynamics
 * Production code for the 1967–1968 Doctor Who serial The Enemy of the World
 * Police Procedural - a subgenre of procedural drama and detective fiction

Political parties

 * Patriotic Party (Guatemala)
 * People's Party (Spain) (Partido Popular)
 * Pirate Party (Global)
 * Progressistas (Brazil) (Progressistas)
 * Progressive Party (Iceland)
 * People's Partnership (Trinidad and Tobago)
 * We Continue the Change (Bulgaria) ("Prodalzhavame promyanata")

Other businesses and organizations

 * Pancasila Youth (Pemuda Pancasila), an Indonesian paramilitary organization
 * PediaPress, a German software company
 * Planned Parenthood, a reproductive health organization
 * Philipp Plein, logo
 * PayPal, an online payments company

Religion

 * pp, Papa Pontifex, post-nominal used by popes

Biology and medicine

 * Vitamin PP or nicotinamide
 * Paliperidone palmitate, an antipsychotic medication
 * Pancreatic polypeptide, a polypeptide secreted by PP cells
 * PP cell or pancreatic polypeptide cell
 * pro parte, abbreviated p.p., for a type of synonymy in taxonomy

Computing

 * PP (complexity), a probabilistic polynomial time complexity class
 * PP-format (Post Processing Format), a file format for meteorological data
 * PP X.400, an e-mail protocol
 * Plug and play (P&P), a property of a peripheral device
 * Microsoft PowerPoint, a presentation program

Mathematics

 * P–P plot, a probability plot, in statistics
 * Percentage point, in business writing and statistics
 * Process performance index (Pp)
 * Presque partout (almost everywhere), in measure theory and analysis. (This is always lower case -- 'pp'.  In English 'ae' is often used instead.)

Other uses in science and technology

 * Paris Principles (cataloging), a theoretical foundation for the creation of bibliographical cataloging rules for libraries
 * Walther PP, a pistol
 * Length between perpendiculars ("pp" or "p/p"), the length of a ship
 * Peak to peak (p–p) amplitude of a signal
 * Polypropylene, a common plastic polymer
 * Proton–proton chain, in nuclear physics and astronomy

Other uses

 * p.p., Per procurationem, when signing on behalf of another
 * pp, pages (of a book), an example of the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym to indicate plural words, see Acronym and initialism
 * Percy Pig, a British brand of pig-shaped fruit-flavoured confectionery products
 * Peso Pluma, musician
 * Pierre Poilievre, Conservative politician in Canada.
 * PinkPantheress, singer

title: PP


text:
Burnley Wood

Burnley Wood is a district and former electoral ward of Burnley, Lancashire. In broad terms the area lies between Parliament Street in the north and Hufling Lane in the south, and from the railway in the west to Todmorden Road in the east. Based on historic definitions of the ward boundary, Burnley Wood could also be defined as including the more affluent areas around the Woodgrove Road area to the east of Todmorden Road, Brooklands Road to the south and the area north of Parliament Street as far as the River Calder. Historically the district was located in the parish and township of Habergham Eaves, separated from the adjacent Burnley township, later Borough by the Calder before being incorporated into the County Borough of Burnley in 1894.

History
In the sixteenth-century, as the name suggests, the area was mostly covered by rough moorland and woodland, with a scattering of farmsteads on the outskirts of Burnley. These included Whittaker Farm, at the junction of the present day Hufling Lane and Todmorden Road; Mosely Farm in what is now Glebe Street; Hollin Greave, at the junction of Brunswick Street and Hollingreave Road; and Hufling Hall. The latter is a late seventeenth century farmhouse. It is a grade II listed building and is sandwiched between late nineteenth century housing. Todmorden Road, became a turnpike road in 1817 and became a route of the Burnley Corporation Tramway in 1910.

From 1673 to 1819, the majority of Burnley Wood was glebe land in the ownership of St Peter's Church, and as such could not be developed. However, by 1825, as Burnley began to expand rapidly as a burgeoning cotton manufacturing town, spurred on by the completion of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1801, back-to-back cottages and mills began to develop along the canal at Lane Bridge around Finsley Gate. Between 1825 and 1844 Spring Gardens Mill, together with back-to-back housing were built between Plumbe Street and Eastgate (now Yorkshire Street) and coal mining also began to take place on the north bank of the River Calder between Plumbe Street and Oxford Road.

Several large houses in extensive grounds were built along the western side of Todmorden Road at Springfield close to the Hand Bridge passing over the Calder and the lodge house that served the Towneley estate together with a Roman Catholic chapel, at that time outside the boundary of the township of Burnley. A small hamlet developed around the Woodman Inn at the junction of Todmorden Road and Hufling Lane. Further along Hufling Lane, west of 'Hufflen Hall' a row of cottages known as 'Organ Row' were built near to Towneley railway station which had opened along the route of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway between Rose Grove and Todmorden in 1849.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, widespread development occurred in Burnley Wood. The residential elements had two distinct characters: large stone-built houses in spacious grounds, flanking Brooklands Road and Todmorden Road and largely providing accommodation for wealthy mill or mine owners and senior employees, and high-density terraced housing. Burnley Wood also saw the development of an extensive number of cotton mills and associated buildings, largely built between 1860 and 1890. This was brought about by increased pressures within Burnley to expand beyond the canal as the town grew rapidly and allow the development of more factories and mills along the course of the Calder with housing and other facilities to meet the living needs of their workers.

Large scale urban development took place on both sides of the river and by the 1880s, Burnley Wood and the adjoining Fulledge district just north of the river between Plumbe Street and Todmorden Road had developed into a densely populated area of terraced housing laid out in a classic grid iron pattern of horizontal and vertical rows of mainly identikit two bedroomed houses. Most houses built in this period benefitted from rear yards accessed directly off back streets, which were wide enough to accommodate carts (and today can still accommodate modern day refuse vehicles). On the other hand, some houses, particularly on the western and southern edges of the district along Hollingreave Road and Glebe Street, parts of Emily Street, Dall Street, Reed Street, Sussex Street and Huffling Lane, were provided with an additional enclosed space at the front of the houses separate from the pavement. Some even had bay windows and basements. Only these houses, together terraces on Parkinson Street, Stoney Street and the western side of Branch Road now remain, many of which were adapted during the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate bathrooms and modern kitchen extensions. There has also been some limited twentieth century infill housing

The mills that had largely provided employment for Burnley Wood and Fulledge residents were centred close to the banks of the Calder around Parliament Street and Oxford Road and included Spa Field Mill, Fulledge Mill, Hand Bridge Mill, Pentridge (or Partridge Mill which was converted into a cinema during the 1920s to serve both Burnley Wood and Fulledge residents), Burnley Wood Mill, Oxford Mill and Springfield Mill. Plumbe Street Shed, a largely single storey cotton weaving shed was located close to the canal. Most of the day-to-day needs of local residents were met through wide network of corner shops built on most streets, particularly those running on an east-west axis including Springfield Road and Brunswick Street, whilst Parliament Street and Oxford Road developed into specific shopping areas supported until at least the late 1990s early 2000s by their own sub post offices.

Following its completion in the late nineteenth century, the area remained poorly connected to the main centre of Burnley for a number of years owing to inadequate bridge crossings over both the canal and River Calder. Only the historic Hand Bridge which carried the Todmorden Road over the Calder existed at the time together with the Turn swing Bridge over the canal at Finsley Gate. This led to a concerted campaign during this period to see improved links with the rest of the town and led to the replacement of the Turn Bridge, an upgrade of Hand Bridge and the construction of the Plumbe Street and Oxford Road bridges with permanent iron structures. Even then, good vehicular connections, including those of tram services which ran from Burnley town centre along Todmorden Road were restricted by the narrow "Culvert" under the canal embankment at Yorkshire Street until it was significantly reconstructed in 1926.

The emerging community were well served with places of worship and education. Late nineteenth century schools included Burnley Wood School located between Glebe Street and Branch Road; Todmorden Road Council Schools; and St. Stephen's Church of England School in St. Stephen's Street located between Oxford Road and Tarleton Street. St. Stephen's remained as the infant school but was closed in 1969 when it joined the junior school overlooking Towneley Holmes in Woodgrove Road, which had been built in the early 1950s. Burnley Wood School was partially demolished in the mid-1980s when dry rot was discovered and the remaining buildings have been converted into apartments. That school relocated to a new site on cleared properties in the area of Waterloo Road and Springfield Road and in the mid-2000s merged with Todmorden Road School, which itself was demolished, the site of which is now the location of the Burnley Register Office. The main place of worship in Burnley Wood continues to be St. Stephen's Church on Oxford Road and Smalley Street, which is now a Grade II listed building. The religious needs of non conformists were also met in the district, including the Rehoboth Mission on the corner of Waterloo Road and Springfield Road which was demolished in the 1970s, although its Sunday School, built in 1881 on the corner of Springfield Road and Crowther Street still remains and was for a time used as a community centre for the district. There was a Congregational Church on the corner of Kirkgate and Hollingreave Road with its adjacent Sunday School on the corner with Brunswick Street, demolished in the early 1980s and now replaced by a sheltered housing development, whilst the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Brooklands Road and south of Stoney Street still remains.

Remarkably, Burnley Wood had managed to retain almost all of its historic public houses despite seeing significant urban clearance of much of the area around Waterloo Road, the north part of Hirst Street and Russell Street in the 1970s followed by a later clearance in the last decade around May Street, Duke Street and the southern part of Hirst Street. These include the Brittania Inn at corner of what remains of Springfield Road and Oxford Road, which was saved from demolition in the 1970s but sadly closed in 2022 and now converted into flats. The Royal Butterfly at the corner of Hollingreave Road and Hufling Lane, The Rifle Volunteer on the corner of Tarleton Street and Smalley Street which remains closed from May 2022 by the owner, and the historic landmark Woodman Hotel at the southernmost end of Oxford Road and Todmorden Road. The Stanley in Oxford Road closed in 2014. Two other public houses did not survive the 1970's clearances; The Owl in the Wood was located on the corner of Springfield Road and Tarleton Street and the Cottage in the Wood was adjacent at the corner of Springfield Road and Rawlinson Street.

There was also a lively political scene in Burnley Wood during the late nineteenth century which led to the founding of both a Conservative Club in 1876 and Liberal Club both on Brunswick Street. The Conservative Working Men's Club (Burnley Wood Club) remains open, although is no longer affiliated to the Conservative Party. After a period of being a Gospel Hall the Liberal Club is now apartments.

Today
The area saw a significant amount of urban clearance during the 1970s, resulting in the loss of residential streets including Holton Street, Rawlinson Street, Russell Street, Swainbank Street, Laurel Street and many parts of Waterloo Road, Springfield Road and Brunswick Street, which became fragmented as infill housing such as Russell Court and Brittania Walk. The Gerald Court sheltered housing complex, now itself demolished and the replacement Burnley Wood School, now Springfield Primary School were built on the sites of demolished properties at the northern end of Hirst Street and the northern end of Waterloo Road respectively, and most of the mills ultimately closed and were given over to other industrial and commercial uses. However, in around the mid 1990s, Burnley Wood and its proliferation of predominantly lower grade two bedroom terraced houses began to suffered from housing market failure. It became part of East Lancashire's Elevate scheme to clear, rebuild or remodel what were considered to be an over supply of sub-standard housing. The catalyst for this was the 2001 Burnley Riots which brought the problems of Burnley Wood to national attention.

The district lies within the Rosehill with Burnley Wood ward. Demographics show that the ward is 96.86% white British. The index of multiple deprivation places part of Burnley Wood among the 5% most deprived areas in the country, yet parts of neighbouring Rosehill and the area around Woodgrove Road and Brooklands Road within the same ward are in contrast are more affluent than the national average. 21.41% of children in the ward are eligible for free school meals.

The area has a traditionally strong local identity. An active community group, Burnley Wood Community Action Group, publishes a free newspaper, the Burnley Wood Argus, for the area, and Burnley Wood Park, a new community park financed by Elevate, has been built in the centre of the early twenty first century housing clearance area around Morley Street. Previously high crime levels, especially antisocial behaviour by young people, now appear to be in decline: there were 114 crimes per 1,000 inhabitants in the year to December 2007 (Lancashire average 89.4), a fall of 19.2% on the previous twelve months. The area to the west of St. Stephen's church has now been extensively redeveloped with a mix of larger family dwellings and for the first time in its history now allows the church to be viewed in full from Kirkgate rather than behind the previous row of terraces which were recently demolished.

title: Burnley Wood


text: User talk:207.192.130.197

title: User talk:207.192.130.197


text:
Arithmetic group

In mathematics, an arithmetic group is a group obtained as the integer points of an algebraic group, for example $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\Z).$$ They arise naturally in the study of arithmetic properties of quadratic forms and other classical topics in number theory. They also give rise to very interesting examples of Riemannian manifolds and hence are objects of interest in differential geometry and topology. Finally, these two topics join in the theory of automorphic forms which is fundamental in modern number theory.

History
One of the origins of the mathematical theory of arithmetic groups is algebraic number theory. The classical reduction theory of quadratic and Hermitian forms by Charles Hermite, Hermann Minkowski and others can be seen as computing fundamental domains for the action of certain arithmetic groups on the relevant symmetric spaces. The topic was related to Minkowski's geometry of numbers and the early development of the study of arithmetic invariant of number fields such as the discriminant. Arithmetic groups can be thought of as a vast generalisation of the unit groups of number fields to a noncommutative setting.

The same groups also appeared in analytic number theory as the study of classical modular forms and their generalisations developed. Of course the two topics were related, as can be seen for example in Langlands' computation of the volume of certain fundamental domains using analytic methods. This classical theory culminated with the work of Siegel, who showed the finiteness of the volume of a fundamental domain in many cases.

For the modern theory to begin foundational work was needed, and was provided by the work of Armand Borel, André Weil, Jacques Tits and others on algebraic groups. Shortly afterwards the finiteness of covolume was proven in full generality by Borel and Harish-Chandra. Meanwhile, there was progress on the general theory of lattices in Lie groups by Atle Selberg, Grigori Margulis, David Kazhdan, M. S. Raghunathan and others. The state of the art after this period was essentially fixed in Raghunathan's treatise, published in 1972.

In the seventies Margulis revolutionised the topic by proving that in "most" cases the arithmetic constructions account for all lattices in a given Lie group. Some limited results in this direction had been obtained earlier by Selberg, but Margulis' methods (the use of ergodic-theoretical tools for actions on homogeneous spaces) were completely new in this context and were to be extremely influential on later developments, effectively renewing the old subject of geometry of numbers and allowing Margulis himself to prove the Oppenheim conjecture; stronger results (Ratner's theorems) were later obtained by Marina Ratner.

In another direction the classical topic of modular forms has blossomed into the modern theory of automorphic forms. The driving force behind this effort is mainly the Langlands program initiated by Robert Langlands. One of the main tool used there is the trace formula originating in Selberg's work and developed in the most general setting by James Arthur.

Finally arithmetic groups are often used to construct interesting examples of locally symmetric Riemannian manifolds. A particularly active research topic has been arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifolds, which as William Thurston wrote, "...often seem to have special beauty."

Arithmetic groups
If $$\mathrm G$$ is an algebraic subgroup of $$\mathrm{GL}_n(\Q)$$ for some $$n$$ then we can define an arithmetic subgroup of $$\mathrm G(\Q)$$ as the group of integer points $$\Gamma = \mathrm{GL}_n(\Z) \cap \mathrm G(\Q).$$ In general it is not so obvious how to make precise sense of the notion of "integer points" of a $$\Q$$-group, and the subgroup defined above can change when we take different embeddings $$\mathrm G \to \mathrm{GL}_n(\Q).$$

Thus a better notion is to take for definition of an arithmetic subgroup of $$\mathrm G(\Q)$$ any group $$\Lambda$$ which is commensurable (this means that both $$\Gamma/(\Gamma\cap \Lambda)$$ and $$\Lambda/(\Gamma \cap \Lambda)$$ are finite sets) with a group $$\Gamma$$ defined as above (with respect to any embedding into $$ \mathrm{GL}_n$$). With this definition, to the algebraic group $$\mathrm G$$ is associated a collection of "discrete" subgroups all commensurable to each other.

Using number fields
A natural generalisation of the construction above is as follows: let $$F$$ be a number field with ring of integers $$O$$ and $$\mathrm G$$ an algebraic group over $$F$$. If we are given an embedding $$\rho : \mathrm{G} \to \mathrm{GL}_n$$ defined over $$F$$ then the subgroup $$\rho^{-1}(\mathrm{GL}_n(O)) \subset \mathrm G(F)$$ can legitimately be called an arithmetic group.

On the other hand, the class of groups thus obtained is not larger than the class of arithmetic groups as defined above. Indeed, if we consider the algebraic group $$\mathrm G'$$ over $$\Q$$ obtained by restricting scalars from $$F$$ to $$\Q$$ and the $$\Q $$-embedding $$\rho' : \mathrm G' \to \mathrm{GL}_{dn}$$ induced by $$\rho$$ (where $$d = [F:\Q ]$$) then the group constructed above is equal to $$(\rho')^{-1}(\mathrm{GL}_{nd}(\Z))$$.

Examples
The classical example of an arithmetic group is $$\mathrm{SL}_n(\Z)$$, or the closely related groups $$\mathrm{PSL}_n(\Z)$$, $$\mathrm{GL}_n(\Z)$$ and $$\mathrm{PGL}_n(\Z)$$. For $$n = 2$$ the group $$\mathrm{PSL}_2(\Z)$$, or sometimes $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\Z)$$, is called the modular group as it is related to the modular curve. Similar examples are the Siegel modular groups $$\mathrm{Sp}_{2g}(\Z)$$.

Other well-known and studied examples include the Bianchi groups $$\mathrm{SL}_2(O_{-m}),$$ where $$m > 0$$ is a square-free integer and $$O_{-m}$$ is the ring of integers in the field $$\Q(\sqrt{-m}),$$ and the Hilbert–Blumenthal modular groups $$\mathrm{SL}_2(O_m)$$.

Another classical example is given by the integral elements in the orthogonal group of a quadratic form defined over a number field, for example $$\mathrm{SO}(n,1)(\Z )$$. A related construction is by taking the unit groups of orders in quaternion algebras over number fields (for example the Hurwitz quaternion order). Similar constructions can be performed with unitary groups of hermitian forms, a well-known example is the Picard modular group.

Arithmetic lattices in semisimple Lie groups
When $$G$$ is a Lie group one can define an arithmetic lattice in $$G$$ as follows: for any algebraic group $$\mathrm G$$ defined over $$\Q$$ such that there is a morphism $$\mathrm G(\R) \to G$$ with compact kernel, the image of an arithmetic subgroup in $$\mathrm G(\Q)$$ is an arithmetic lattice in $$G$$. Thus, for example, if $$G = \mathrm G(\R)$$ and $$G$$ is a subgroup of $$\mathrm{GL}_n$$ then $$G \cap \mathrm{GL}_n(\Z)$$ is an arithmetic lattice in $$G$$ (but there are many more, corresponding to other embeddings); for instance, $$\mathrm{SL}_n(\Z)$$ is an arithmetic lattice in $$\mathrm{SL}_n(\R )$$.

The Borel–Harish-Chandra theorem
A lattice in a Lie group is usually defined as a discrete subgroup with finite covolume. The terminology introduced above is coherent with this, as a theorem due to Borel and Harish-Chandra states that an arithmetic subgroup in a semisimple Lie group is of finite covolume (the discreteness is obvious).

The theorem is more precise: it says that the arithmetic lattice is cocompact if and only if the "form" of $$G$$ used to define it (i.e. the $$\Q $$-group $$\mathrm G$$) is anisotropic. For example, the arithmetic lattice associated to a quadratic form in $$n$$ variables over $$\Q$$ will be co-compact in the associated orthogonal group if and only if the quadratic form does not vanish at any point in $$\Q^n \setminus \{ 0\}$$.

Margulis arithmeticity theorem
The spectacular result that Margulis obtained is a partial converse to the Borel—Harish-Chandra theorem: for certain Lie groups any lattice is arithmetic. This result is true for all irreducible lattice in semisimple Lie groups of real rank larger than two. For example, all lattices in $$\mathrm{SL}_n(\R )$$ are arithmetic when $$n \ge 3$$. The main new ingredient that Margulis used to prove his theorem was the superrigidity of lattices in higher-rank groups that he proved for this purpose.

Irreducibility only plays a role when $$G$$ has a factor of real rank one (otherwise the theorem always holds) and is not simple: it means that for any product decomposition $$G = G_1\times G_2$$ the lattice is not commensurable to a product of lattices in each of the factors $$G_i$$. For example, the lattice $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\Z [\sqrt 2])$$ in $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\R) \times \mathrm{SL}_2(\R)$$ is irreducible, while $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\Z) \times \mathrm{SL}_2(\Z)$$ is not.

The Margulis arithmeticity (and superrigidity) theorem holds for certain rank 1 Lie groups, namely $$\mathrm{Sp}(n,1)$$ for $$n \geqslant 1 $$ and the exceptional group $$F_4^{-20}$$. It is known not to hold in all groups $$\mathrm{SO}(n,1)$$ for $$ n \geqslant 2 $$ (ref to GPS) and for $$\mathrm{SU}(n, 1)$$ when $$n = 1,2,3$$. There are no known non-arithmetic lattices in the groups $$\mathrm{SU}(n,1)$$ when $$n \geqslant 4$$.

Arithmetic Fuchsian and Kleinian groups
An arithmetic Fuchsian group is constructed from the following data: a totally real number field $$F$$, a quaternion algebra $$A$$ over $$F$$ and an order $$\mathcal O$$ in $$A$$. It is asked that for one embedding $$\sigma: F \to \R$$ the algebra $$A^\sigma \otimes_F \R$$ be isomorphic to the matrix algebra $$M_2(\R)$$ and for all others to the Hamilton quaternions. Then the group of units $$\mathcal O^1$$ is a lattice in $$(A^\sigma \otimes_F \R)^1$$ which is isomorphic to $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\R),$$ and it is co-compact in all cases except when $$A$$ is the matrix algebra over $$\Q.$$ All arithmetic lattices in $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\R)$$ are obtained in this way (up to commensurability).

Arithmetic Kleinian groups are constructed similarly except that $$F$$ is required to have exactly one complex place and $$A$$ to be the Hamilton quaternions at all real places. They exhaust all arithmetic commensurability classes in $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\Complex).$$

Classification
For every semisimple Lie group $$G$$ it is in theory possible to classify (up to commensurability) all arithmetic lattices in $$G$$, in a manner similar to the cases $$G = \mathrm{SL}_2(\R), \mathrm{SL}_2(\Complex)$$ explained above. This amounts to classifying the algebraic groups whose real points are isomorphic up to a compact factor to $$G$$.

The congruence subgroup problem
A congruence subgroup is (roughly) a subgroup of an arithmetic group defined by taking all matrices satisfying certain equations modulo an integer, for example the group of 2 by 2 integer matrices with diagonal (respectively off-diagonal) coefficients congruent to 1 (respectively 0) modulo a positive integer. These are always finite-index subgroups and the congruence subgroup problem roughly asks whether all subgroups are obtained in this way. The conjecture (usually attributed to Jean-Pierre Serre) is that this is true for (irreducible) arithmetic lattices in higher-rank groups and false in rank-one groups. It is still open in this generality but there are many results establishing it for specific lattices (in both its positive and negative cases).

S-arithmetic groups
Instead of taking integral points in the definition of an arithmetic lattice one can take points which are only integral away from a finite number of primes. This leads to the notion of an $$S$$-arithmetic lattice (where $$S$$ stands for the set of primes inverted). The prototypical example is $$\mathrm{SL}_2 \left( \Z \left[\tfrac 1 p \right] \right)$$. They are also naturally lattices in certain topological groups, for example $$\mathrm{SL}_2 \left( \Z \left[\tfrac 1 p \right] \right)$$ is a lattice in $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\R) \times \mathrm{SL}_2(\Q_p).$$

Definition
The formal definition of an $$S$$-arithmetic group for $$S$$ a finite set of prime numbers is the same as for arithmetic groups with $$\mathrm{GL}_n(\Z)$$ replaced by $$\mathrm{GL}_n\left(\Z \left[ \tfrac 1 N \right] \right)$$ where $$N$$ is the product of the primes in $$S$$.

Lattices in Lie groups over local fields
The Borel–Harish-Chandra theorem generalizes to $$S$$-arithmetic groups as follows: if $$\Gamma$$ is an $$S$$-arithmetic group in a $$\Q$$-algebraic group $$\mathrm G$$ then $$\Gamma$$ is a lattice in the locally compact group

 * $$G = \mathrm G(\R) \times \prod_{p\in S} \mathrm G(\Q_p)$$.

Explicit expander graphs
Arithmetic groups with Kazhdan's property (T) or the weaker property ($$\tau$$) of Lubotzky and Zimmer can be used to construct expander graphs (Margulis), or even Ramanujan graphs (Lubotzky-Phillips-Sarnak ). Such graphs are known to exist in abundance by probabilistic results but the explicit nature of these constructions makes them interesting.

Extremal surfaces and graphs
Congruence covers of arithmetic surfaces are known to give rise to surfaces with large injectivity radius. Likewise the Ramanujan graphs constructed by Lubotzky-Phillips-Sarnak have large girth. It is in fact known that the Ramanujan property itself implies that the local girths of the graph are almost always large.

Isospectral manifolds
Arithmetic groups can be used to construct isospectral manifolds. This was first realised by Marie-France Vignéras and numerous variations on her construction have appeared since. The isospectrality problem is in fact particularly amenable to study in the restricted setting of arithmetic manifolds.

Fake projective planes
A fake projective plane is a complex surface which has the same Betti numbers as the projective plane $$\mathbb P^2(\Complex)$$ but is not biholomorphic to it; the first example was discovered by Mumford. By work of Klingler (also proved independently by Yeung) all such are quotients of the 2-ball by arithmetic lattices in $$\mathrm{PU}(2,1)$$. The possible lattices have been classified by Prasad and Yeung and the classification was completed by Cartwright and Steger who determined, by computer assisted computations,  all the fake projective planes in each Prasad-Yeung class.

title: Arithmetic group


text:
Talk:Oldspeak

Recommend redirect to Newspeak. Don't really see the purpose of the separate article, although it is interesting that there's one in Magyar. Is 1984 a big hit in Hungary? Ellsworth 15:44, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oldspeak


text:
Adelboden

Adelboden is a mountain village and a municipality in Switzerland, located in the Frutigen-Niedersimmental administrative district in the Bernese Highlands.

Geography

Adelboden lies in the west of the Bernese Highlands, at the end of the valley of the river Entschlige (High German: Engstlige), which flows in Frutigen into the Kander.

Adelboden is a traditional Swiss mountain village on a terrace looking south to the Engstligen waterfalls. Also part of the village are the inhabited valleys of Gilbach, Stigelschwand, Boden, Hirzboden, and Ausserschwand. The church and main street are at 1350 m, the highest point of the area is the Grossstrubel with 3242 m, and the lowest point is at 1045 m in the Engstligen valley.

The vegetation is alpine and sub-alpine, partially wooded, the slopes, the plateaus, and terraces usually alp meadows.

The most salient mountains are Lohner (3049 m), Steghorn (3146 m), Wildstrubel (3243 m), Fitzer (2458 m), Tschenten (2025 m) (mountain railway), Albristhorn (2762 m) and Gsür (2708 m).

Adelboden has an area of. Of this area, 36.52 km2 or 41.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 16.07 km2 or 18.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.18 km2 or 2.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.53 km2 or 1.7% is either rivers or lakes and 31.93 km2 or 36.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.8%. Out of the forested land, 14.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 8.5% is pastures and 32.9% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 9.6% is unproductive vegetation, 25.6% is too rocky for vegetation and 1.1% of the land is covered by glaciers.

On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Frutigen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Frutigen-Niedersimmental.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent on a Mount Vert an Eagle displayed Sable beaked, langued and membered Gules.

History
Adelboden is first mentioned in 1409 as in valle Adelboden. In 1453, it was mentioned as Adelboden alias silva.

The alps Engstligenalp and Silleren belonging to Adelboden first appeared in historical records in the 13th century. The inhabitants of Engstligental are referred to as forest people. In the 15th century, Adelboden established its own church and there were over 50 house fathers vouching for the salary of the minister.

In the 16th century, when Adelboden joined the Reformation, the Catholic priest fled over the Hahnenmoospass to the Catholic Canton of Fribourg.

Prior to the 19th century, the primary method of reaching Frutigen was by travelling along the steep southern south slope of the Engstligen Valley, a journey that was often rendered impassable in winter months. However, in the late 19th century, a road was constructed along the river Entschlige, improving accessibility and connecting the town of Adelboden to the rest of the world.

In the 1870s the first boarding house was opened by one of the local teachers. Over time, it evolved into a hotel, which remains under the ownership of the same family (known as Hotel Hari im Schlegeli). This was accompanied by a significant increase in the town's population, thanks to the influx of tourists around the turn of the century.

Adelboden was the destination of the first packaged winter sports holidays (vacations), organised by Sir Henry Lunn in 1903.

Into the 1930s the aerial ropeway to the Engstligenalp was built with further ropeways following. The Silleren area was up into the 1980s accessible by buses.

Main sights and cultural events

 * Engstligen Falls: the river Entschlige falls 375 m over rocks into the depth and forms one of the most impressive waterfalls in the Bernese Highlands. Very impressive is the "Alpaufzug" when 350 cows are driven upward on the narrow seam path through the cliff to the summer pasture on the Engstligenalp in early summer.
 * Engstligenalp: plateau at 2000 m elevation
 * The town's church, with early-20th-century glassworks by Augusto Giacometti.
 * Our Chalet – A Guiding world centre and an international meeting place for Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.

Cultural events include:
 * World Cup Men's alpine ski races (January)
 * the men's giant slalom course is one of the most challenging on the World Cup circuit.
 * Vogellisi-Festival (Live music, July)
 * Vogellisi Lauf (Mountain running race in July)
 * Kammermusic-festival (Chamber music, July)
 * Langlauf night – every 30 December – Cross Country races on the main street of town

Demographics
Adelboden has a population of. According to a 2010 census, 6.9% of the population consists of foreign nationals residing in the area. The population has experienced a slight decrease of -0.2% between the years 2000–2010. This change can be attributed to a decrease in migration of −1.2%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.2%.

According to data from the year 2000, the majority of the population (3,453 individuals, making up 95.0% of the population) speak German as their first language. Serbo-Croatian ranks as the second most prevalent language spoken, with 36 speakers (1.0%), followed by Portuguese with 34 speakers (0.9%). In addition, 29 people reported speaking French, while Italian and Romansh were cited by 17 and 6 individuals, respectively.

, the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 1,618 Swiss men (45.4% of the population) and 133 (3.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,699 Swiss women (47.7%) and 113 (3.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 2,124 or about 58.4% were born in Adelboden and lived there in 2000. There were 666 or 18.3% who were born in the same canton, while 365 or 10.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 290 or 8.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.8%.

, there were 1,600 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,771 married individuals, 204 widows or widowers and 59 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 478 households that consist of only one person and 152 households with five or more people. , a total of 1,347 apartments (41.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1,722 apartments (53.4%) were seasonally occupied and 154 apartments (4.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.06%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Languages
The language is Adelbodnertütsch, which belongs to the Berner Oberland dialects with some influences from Valais dialects. It is also classified as part of the Highest Alemannic language group.

Most of the population speaks German (95.0%), with Serbo-Croat the second most common ( 1.0%), and Portuguese third ( 0.9%).

Government
Legislation is adopted by the biannual general assembly. Executive is the local council with nine members, all of whom are honorary.

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 41.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (20%), the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (10.4%) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (9%). In the federal election, a total of 1,673 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 61.4%.

Economics
Adelboden has a mixture of agriculture, local industry (wood building companies, mineral water source) and tourism. People work in tourism, (approximately 490 persons), other services (approx. 500 persons), construction industry (approx. 310 persons), automobile industry (approx. 30 persons), mineral water source (approx. 45 persons) and agriculture (full-time approx. 45 persons), taxidermy (full-time approx. 16 persons).

, Adelboden had an unemployment rate of 1.29%. , there were a total of 2,084 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 366 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 133 businesses involved in this sector. 617 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 57 businesses in this sector. 1,101 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 150 businesses in this sector. There were 1,833 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.5% of the workforce.

there were a total of 1,675 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 192, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 580 of which 88 or (15.2%) were in manufacturing and 450 (77.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 903. In the tertiary sector; 214 or 23.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 123 or 13.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 370 or 41.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 1.3% were in the information industry, 12 or 1.3% were the insurance or financial industry, 24 or 2.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 40 or 4.4% were in education and 42 or 4.7% were in health care.

, there were 224 workers who commuted into the municipality and 211 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 9.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 38.1% used a private car.

Adelboden has an unemployment rate of 1.8%. , there were 366 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 143 businesses involved in this sector. 601 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 57 businesses in this sector. 1098 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 153 businesses in this sector.

Religion
From the, 221 or 6.1% were Roman Catholic, while 2,406 or 66.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 37 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.02% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 1,173 individuals (or about 32.28% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 69 (or about 1.90% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 72 (or about 1.98% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 234 individuals (or about 6.44% of the population) did not answer the question.

Tourism and sport
Tourism in Adelboden is family-oriented and accommodations include 24 hotels (1,291 beds), 3,800 vacation homes (15,200 beds), 28 group accommodations (1,830 beds), three camp sites, and 40 restaurants.

There are 200 km of summer hiking trails, from sedate walks to alpine climbing routes. Numerous mountain railways lead up to the mountains. Additional activities are: numerous mountain bike routes; and model aircraft construction on Hahnenmoospass with a workshop, and wind and landing opportunities.

In the winter, Adelboden has ski runs of all degrees of difficulty, including the World Cup giant slalom run on the Chuenisbärgli, and cross-country ski trails. There are 40 km of winter hiking trails. For snowboarders there are freeride and freestyle runs.

Adelboden's giant slalom and slalom races are considered classic events on the World Cup circuit and were scheduled for 7–8 January in 2017.

In recent years, the story of a mythical medicine woman named Vogellisi has increasingly been adopted as the symbol or mascot for a variety of touristic activities and souvenirs.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Adelboden has a Marine West Coast Climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps with mild, rainy summers with cool nights and long, moderately cold and very snowy winters. Sunshine peaks during summertime though Adelboden is very cloudy year round, especially during winter.

Transportation
Adelboden has only one incoming road connecting from Frutigen which connects via Spiez to the A6 and Bern. There is no transit traffic.

Frutigen is a train station of the Lötschberg line, connecting to Bern and Brig; it is connected to Adelboden by regular post bus services.

The Bunderchrinde Pass connects Adelboden to Kandersteg to the east, whilst the Hahnenmoos Pass provides a connection into the valley of Lenk to the west. There is an old mountain pass route via Engstligenalp and Chindbetti Pass to the Gemmi Pass and into the Valais. None of these passes carries roads, although they were used as trade routes in the past. Today, the Bunderchrinde and Hahnenmoos passes form part of the Alpine Pass Route, a long-distance hiking trail across Switzerland between Sargans and Montreux that passes through the village.

Education
In Adelboden about 1,452 or (40.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 240 or (6.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 240 who completed tertiary schooling, 71.3% were Swiss men, 21.3% were Swiss women, 4.2% were non-Swiss men and 3.3% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2010–11 school year, there were a total of 447 students attending classes in Adelboden. There were 4 kindergarten classes with a total of 56 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 7.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 12.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 13 primary classes and 245 students. Of the primary students, 4.9% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 7 lower secondary classes with a total of 146 students. There were 3.4% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there was one student in Adelboden who came from another municipality, while 52 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Adelboden is home to the Gemeindebibliothek Adelboden (municipal library of Adelboden). The library has books or other media, and loaned out items in the same year. It was open a total of 0 days with average of 0 hours per week during that year.

In Adelboden there is a primary school, middle-school and a secondary school; the nearest special secondary school is in Frutigen.

Schools in Adelboden: There are four primary schools officially in the Adelboden school district, three middle schools (Realschule), and a secondary school (Sekundarschule). The nearest special secondary school is 20 minutes down the mountain in Frutigen and the nearest high schools (Gymnasiums) are in Thun and Interlaken.

Notable people
A number of notable persons in cross-country skiing, mountaineering, and alpine skiing were born in Adelboden:
 * Rolf Zurbrügg, Swiss national ski mountain trainer
 * Frieda Dänzer, former Alpine skier and 1958 world champion
 * Annerösli Zryd, 1970 world champion in Alpine skiing
 * Marlies Oester, former alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics.

Italian/British writer Rafael Sabatini died in Abelboden and is buried there.

title: Adelboden


text:
Hotchkiss

Hotchkiss may refer to:

Canada

 * Hotchkiss, Alberta
 * Hotchkiss, Calgary

United States

 * Hotchkiss, Colorado
 * Hotchkiss, Virginia
 * Hotchkiss, West Virginia

Business and industry

 * Automobiles Hotchkiss, a French automobile manufacturer
 * Hotchkiss et Cie, a French armaments manufacturer
 * Hotchkiss Ordnance Company, an English armaments manufacturer

Military

 * Hotchkiss H35, a French tank of World War II
 * Hotchkiss gun
 * Hotchkiss machine gun, including a list of variants
 * Hotchkiss M201, a French light transport vehicle

Other uses

 * Hotchkiss (surname)
 * Hotchkiss drive, a form of automobile power transmission and suspension.
 * Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad in Smithville, Burlington County, New Jersey, U.S.
 * Hotchkiss School, a private school in Lakeville, Connecticut, U.S.
 * Rebecca Hotchkiss, a character on the NBC/DirecTV daytime drama Passions

title: Hotchkiss