text:
List of city squares

The following is a partial list of prominent city squares:

Egypt

 * Tahrir Square – Cairo

Ethiopia

 * Meskel Square – Addis Ababa
 * Mexico Square – Addis Ababa

Morocco

 * Djemaa el Fna – Marrakech

South Africa

 * Grand Parade – Cape Town
 * Greenmarket Square – Cape Town
 * Church Square – Pretoria
 * Hoffman Square - Bloemfontein

Ghana

 * Independence Square – Accra

Zimbabwe

 * Mzilikazi Square – Bulawayo
 * Africa Unity Square – Harare

Armenia

 * Republic Square – Yerevan
 * Charles Aznavour Square – Yerevan
 * Freedom Square – Yerevan
 * Garegin Nzhdeh Square – Yerevan
 * Square of Russia – Yerevan
 * Grigor Tatevatsi Square – Goris

Azerbaijan

 * Freedom Square – Baku
 * Azneft Square – Baku

Hong Kong

 * Civic Square – Admiralty
 * Connaught Place – Central
 * Edinburgh Place – Central
 * Jockey Club Town Square – Yuen Long
 * Statue Square – Central
 * Yue Man Square – Kwun Tong
 * Sheung Wan Fong – Sheung Wan
 * Golden Bauhinia Square – Wan Chai
 * Tuen Mun Cultural Square – Tuen Mun

India

 * Dalhousie Square – Kolkata
 * India Gate Complex, New Delhi
 * Connaught Place, New Delhi
 * New Market, Kolkata
 * Badi chowk, Jaipur
 * Manek chowk, Ahmedabad
 * Maharaj Bada, Gwalior
 * Rajwada, indore
 * Ghantaghar, kanpur
 * Auroville
 * Central Square, Chennai
 * Anna Sathukkam, Chennai
 * Meenakshi Square, Madurai
 * Aranganathar Square, Trichy
 * Tholkappiyar Sathukkam, Tanjore
 * Periyar Square, Erode
 * John stone Sathukkam (Kamarajar Sathukkam), Kotagiri
 * Kanyakumari Square, Kanyakumari
 * Bistupur Public Square, Jamshedpur

Indonesia

 * Medan Merdeka (Merdeka Square) – Jakarta
 * Lapangan Banteng (Banteng Square) – Jakarta
 * Lapangan Merdeka (Merdeka Square) – Medan
 * Alun-Alun Bandung (Bandung City Square) – Bandung
 * Simpang Lima Square – Semarang
 * Alun-Alun Utara dan Selatan (North and South Palace Squares) – Surakarta and Yogyakarta
 * Lapangan Puputan Badung (Puputan Badung Square) – Denpasar

Iran

 * Naghsh-e Jahan Square – Isfahan
 * Haram-i Motahhar – Mashhad
 * Namazi Square – Shiraz
 * Azadi Square – Tehran

Israel

 * In Jerusalem:
 * Allenby Square
 * Davidka Square
 * Safra Square
 * Western Wall Plaza
 * Zion Square
 * In Tel Aviv:
 * Atarim Square
 * Dizengoff Square
 * Kikar hamedina
 * Magen David Square
 * Rabin Square

Japan

 * Imperial Palace Square – Tokyo

Kazakhstan

 * Independence Square, Nur-Sultan
 * In Almaty:
 * Astana Square
 * Republic Square
 * The Golden Square
 * Abay Square

Lebanon

 * Riad Al Solh Square - Beirut

Macau

 * Lotus Square – Sé

Mainland China

 * Tiananmen Square – Beijing
 * Xinghai Square – Dalian
 * Union Square – Hotan
 * People's Square – Shanghai
 * Wuyi Square – Fuzhou
 * Tianfu Square – Chengdu
 * Haizhu Square – Guangzhou
 * Huacheng Square – Guangzhou
 * Wuyi Square (Taiyuan) – Taiyuan
 * Xincheng Square – Xi'an
 * Wulin Square – Hangzhou
 * Bayi Square – Nanchang
 * Potala Palace Square – Lhasa

North Korea

 * Kim Il Sung Square – Pyongyang

South Korea

 * Gwanghwamun Plaza – Seoul
 * Seoul Plaza – Seoul

Lebanon

 * Martyrs' Square – Beirut
 * Nejme Square – Beirut

Malaysia

 * Dataran Bandaraya Johor Bahru – Johor
 * Dataran Merdeka (Merdeka Square) – Kuala Lumpur
 * Esplanade – George Town, Penang
 * National Heroes Square – Putrajaya
 * Putrajaya Independence Square – Putrajaya
 * Sibu Town Square – Sibu, Sarawak

Mongolia

 * Sükhbaatar Square – Ulaanbaatar
 * Tsedenbal Square – Ulaanbaatar
 * Zhukov Square – Ulaanbaatar
 * Independence Square – Choibalsan

Nepal

 * Asan – Kathmandu
 * Maru – Kathmandu
 * Indra Chok – Kathmandu

Philippines

 * Bacolod Public Plaza, Fountain of Justice – Bacolod
 * Plaza Independencia – Cebu City
 * Plaza Libertad, Jaro Plaza – Iloilo City
 * In Manila:
 * Liwasang Bonifacio
 * Plaza de Armas
 * Plaza Dilao
 * Plaza Lacson
 * Plaza Mexico
 * Plaza Miranda
 * Plaza Moraga
 * Plaza Moriones (Intramuros)
 * Plaza Moriones (Tondo)
 * Plaza Rajah Sulayman
 * Plaza de Roma
 * Plaza San Lorenzo Ruiz

Taiwan

 * City Hall Square – Taipei
 * Liberty Square – Taipei
 * Nishi Honganji Square – Taipei

Tajikistan

 * Dousti Square – Dushanbe

Turkey

 * Kızılay Square – Ankara
 * Konak Square – İzmir

Turkmenistan

 * Garaşsyzlyk Square – Ashgabat

Thailand

 * Royal Plaza – Bangkok
 * Sanam Luang – Bangkok
 * Tha Phae Gate square – Chiangmai
 * Suranaree Square – Nakhon Ratchasima

Vietnam

 * Ba Dinh Square – Hanoi
 * August Revolution Square – Hanoi
 * Labour Square – Hanoi
 * Tonkin Free School Square – Hanoi
 * Nguyen Hue Square – Ho Chi Minh City

Australia

 * In Adelaide:
 * Hindmarsh Square
 * Hurtle Square
 * Light Square
 * Victoria Square
 * Wellington Square
 * Whitmore Square
 * Anzac Square, Brisbane
 * King George Square, Brisbane
 * Kings Square, Fremantle
 * Moseley Square, Glenelg
 * City Square, Melbourne
 * Federation Square, Melbourne
 * Russell Square, Perth
 * Victoria Square, Perth
 * Wellington Square, Perth
 * Taylor Square, Sydney
 * Queen's Square – Sydney

Fiji

 * City Square – Suva

French Polynesia

 * To'ata Square (Place To'ata) – Papeete, Tahiti
 * Vai'ete Square (Place Vai'ete) – Papeete, Tahiti

New Zealand

 * Aotea Square – Auckland
 * Khartoum Place – Auckland
 * St Patrick's Square – Auckland
 * Cathedral Square – Christchurch
 * Victoria Square – Christchurch
 * Anzac Square – Dunedin
 * The Octagon – Dunedin
 * Albion Square, Nelson - Nelson
 * Buxton Square, Nelson - Nelson
 * Montgomery Square, Nelson - Nelson
 * Trafalgar Square - Nelson
 * Victory Square - Nelson
 * Te Marae o Hine (The Square) – Palmerston North
 * Civic Square – Wellington

Albania

 * Skanderbeg Square – Tirana

Austria

 * Heldenplatz – Vienna
 * Mexikoplatz – Vienna
 * Naschmarkt – Vienna
 * Rathausplatz – Vienna
 * Stephansplatz – Vienna

Belgium

 * Handschoenmarkt – Antwerp
 * Grote Markt – Antwerp
 * St. Jans Vliet – Antwerp
 * Grand-Place – Brussels
 * Luxembourg Square – Brussels
 * Grote markt Sint-Niklaas – Sint-Niklaas

Bulgaria

 * Stochna Gara Square – Plovdiv
 * In Sofia:
 * Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square
 * St. Alexander Nevski Square (the area around the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral)
 * Atanas Burov Square (the square in front of the Presidency)
 * Baba Nedelya Square
 * Bulgaria Square (the square in front of the National Palace of Culture)
 * Macedonia Square
 * Stochna Gara Square
 * Nezavisimost Square (The Largo)
 * Predgarov Square (in front of the Central railway station)
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi Square
 * Pencho Slaveykov Square (sometimes called only Slaveykov)
 * Pametnika Levski Square (the area around the Vassil Levski monument)
 * Orlov Most Square
 * Lavov Most Square
 * Narodno Sabranie Square (National Assembly)

Croatia

 * In Zagreb:
 * Ban Jelačić Square
 * Eugen Kvaternik Square
 * Žrtava Fašizma Square
 * Franjo Tuđman Square
 * Zrinjski Square
 * King Tomislav Square
 * King Petar Krešimir IV Square
 * King Petar Svačić Square
 * Juraj Strossmayer Square
 * Ante Starčević Square
 * Marko Marulić Square
 * Mažuranić Square
 * Republic of Croatia Square
 * Roosevelt Square
 * Trešnjevački Square
 * Francuske Republike Square

Cyprus
For a full list of main squares in Cyprus see Plateia.
 * Eleftheria square (πλατεία Ελευθερίας) – Nicosia

Czech Republic

 * Old Town Square (Staroměstské náměstí) – Prague
 * Wenceslas Square (Václavské náměstí) – Prague
 * Jan Palach Square (Náměstí Jana Palacha) – Prague

Denmark

 * In Copenhagen:
 * The City Hall Square
 * Gammeltorv
 * Nytorv
 * Axeltorv
 * Amagertorv
 * Kongens Nytorv

Estonia

 * Central Square (Keskväljak) – Kärdla
 * Leiger's Square (Leigri väljak) – Kärdla
 * Virula Square (Virula väljak) – Kohtla-Järve
 * Peter's Square (Peetri plats) – Narva
 * Town Hall Square (Raekoja plats) – Narva
 * Central Square (Keskväljak) – Paide
 * Central Square (Keskväljak) – Pärnu
 * Youth Square (Noorte väljak) – Pärnu
 * In Tallinn:
 * Iceland's Square (Islandi väljak)
 * Town Hall Square (Raekoja plats)
 * Theatre's Square (Teatri väljak)
 * Towers' Square (Tornide väljak)
 * Freedom Square (Vabaduse väljak)
 * Viru Square (Viru väljak)
 * Town Hall Square (Raekoja plats) – Tartu

Finland

 * In Helsinki:
 * Market Square, Helsinki (Kauppatori, Salutorget)
 * Rautatientori/Järnvägstorget (Railway Square in English)
 * Helsinki Senate Square (Senaatintori, Senatstorget)
 * Töölö Square (Töölöntori, Tölö torg)
 * Hakaniemi Square (Hakaniemen tori, Hagnäs torg)
 * Hietalahti Square (Hietalahden tori, Sandvikens torg)
 * Fredrik's Square (Fredrikintori, Fredrikstorget)
 * Vaasa Square (Vaasanpuistikko, Vasaskvären)
 * In Tampere:
 * Tampere Central Square (Keskustori)
 * Tammela Square (Tammelantori)
 * Laukko Square (Laukontori)
 * Sori Square (Sorin aukio)
 * Market Square – Turku
 * Market Square – Oulu
 * Market Square – Kuopio
 * In Vaasa:
 * Market Square, Vaasa (Kauppatori, Salutorget)
 * Palosaari Square (Palosaaren tori, Brändö torg)
 * Barracks Square (Kasarmintori, Kaserntorget)

France

 * Place des Quinconces – Bordeaux
 * Grand'Place – Lille
 * Place Bellecour – Lyon
 * Place de la Comédie – Montpellier
 * Place Stanislas – Nancy
 * Place Masséna – Nice
 * In Paris:
 * Place de la Bastille
 * Place de la Concorde
 * Place de la République
 * Place Vendôme
 * Place de l'Étoile
 * Place des Vosges
 * Place du Tertre
 * Place Dauphine
 * Place de l'Opéra
 * Place de l'Hôtel de Ville
 * Place du Palais-Royal
 * Place des Victoires
 * Place de Furstenberg
 * Place Kléber – Strasbourg
 * Place du Capitole – Toulouse

Georgia

 * Freedom Square – Batumi
 * Freedom Square – Tbilisi

Germany

 * In Berlin:
 * Alexanderplatz
 * Breitscheidplatz
 * Gendarmenmarkt
 * John-F.-Kennedy-Platz
 * Platz der Republik
 * Potsdamer Platz
 * Schlossplatz
 * Domshof – Bremen
 * Marktplatz – Bremen
 * In Cologne:
 * Alter Markt
 * Fischmarkt
 * Heumarkt
 * Neumarkt
 * Rathausplatz (Cologne)
 * Rudolfplatz
 * In Dortmund:
 * Borsigplatz
 * Friedensplatz
 * Hansaplatz
 * Nordmarkt
 * Alter Markt
 * Altmarkt – Dresden
 * Neumarkt – Dresden
 * Schlossplatz – Dresden
 * Konstablerwache – Frankfurt
 * Opernplatz – Frankfurt
 * Römerberg (Frankfurt) – Frankfurt
 * Spielbudenplatz – Hamburg
 * Marktplatz – Hildesheim
 * In Leipzig:
 * Augustusplatz
 * Burgplatz
 * Naschmarkt
 * Markt
 * Richard-Wagner-Platz
 * St. Nicholas Church Square
 * In Munich:
 * Alter St.-Georgs-Platz
 * Anhalter Platz
 * Bernd-Eichinger-Platz
 * Karlsplatz (Stachus)
 * Königsplatz
 * Marienplatz
 * Max-Joseph-Platz
 * Münchner Freiheit
 * Odeonsplatz
 * St.-Anna-Platz
 * Viktualienmarkt
 * Wittelsbacher Platz

Gibraltar

 * Cathedral Square
 * Grand Casemates Square
 * John Mackintosh Square

Greece
For a full list of main squares in Greece see Plateia
 * Syntagma Square – Athens
 * Omonoia Square – Athens
 * Kolonaki Square – Athens
 * Kotzia Square – Athens
 * Kypselis Square – Athens
 * Central Market Square ("Agora") – Chania
 * Constitution Square – Nafplion
 * Georgiou I Square – Patras
 * Ippokratous Square – Rhodes
 * Aristotelous Square – Thessaloniki
 * Spianada Square – Corfu (city)

Hungary

 * In Budapest:
 * John Paul II Square (57,600 m2)
 * Elisabeth Square (43,200 m2)
 * Square of the '56-ers (36,500 m2)
 * Heroes' Square
 * Kossuth Lajos Square
 * Széll Kálmán Square
 * Móricz Zsigmond Circus
 * Kosztolányi Dezső Square
 * Flórián Square
 * Batthyány Square
 * Szent Gellért Square
 * Astoria
 * Blaha Lujza Square
 * Kálvin Square
 * Oktogon
 * Baross Square
 * Nyugati Square
 * Lehel Square
 * Liberty Square
 * Örs vezér Square

Ireland

 * In Dublin:
 * Merrion Square
 * Parnell Square
 * Mountjoy Square
 * Fitzwilliam Square
 * St Stephen's Green
 * Eyre Square – Galway

Italy

 * Piazza Émile Chanoux – Aosta
 * Piazza del Popolo – Ascoli Piceno
 * Piazza Risorgimento – Benevento
 * Piazza Santa Sofia – Benevento
 * Piazza Vecchia – Bergamo
 * Piazza Maggiore – Bologna
 * Piazza della Loggia – Brescia
 * Piazza Carlo III – Caserta
 * Piazza del Duomo – Catania
 * In Florence:
 * Piazza della Signoria
 * Piazza del Duomo
 * Piazza Santa Croce
 * Piazza della Repubblica
 * Piazza Santa Trinita
 * Piazza della Libertà
 * Piazzale Michelangelo
 * Piazza Saffi – Forlì
 * Piazza De Ferrari – Genoa
 * Piazza della Vittoria – Gorizia
 * Piazza della Transalpina – Gorizia
 * Piazza Dante – Grosseto
 * Piazza del Duomo – L'Aquila
 * Piazza del Duomo – Lecce
 * Piazza della Vittoria – Lodi, Lombardy
 * Piazza dell'Anfiteatro – Lucca
 * Piazza Sordello – Mantua
 * Piazza delle Erbe – Mantua
 * In Milan:
 * Piazza del Duomo
 * Piazza Cordusio
 * Piazza della Scala
 * Piazza Duca d'Aosta
 * Piazza Duomo – Messina
 * Piazza Grande – Modena
 * In Naples:
 * Piazza del Plebiscito
 * Piazza Borsa
 * Piazza Dante
 * Piazza Garibaldi
 * Piazza dei Martiri
 * Piazza Cavalli – Piacenza
 * Piazza dei Miracoli – Pisa
 * Piazza delle Gondole – Pisa
 * Knights' Square (Pisa) – Pisa
 * Prato della Valle – Padua
 * Quattro Canti – Palermo
 * Piazza Marina – Palermo
 * Piazza Pretoria – Palermo
 * Piazza del Duomo – Parma
 * Piazza del Popolo – Ravenna
 * Piazza Rotonda – Reggio di Calabria
 * In Rome:
 * Piazza del Popolo
 * Piazza di Spagna
 * Piazza Navona
 * Piazza del Campidoglio
 * Piazza Cavour
 * Piazza Venezia
 * Piazza Barberini
 * Piazza Colonna
 * Piazza del Quirinale
 * Piazza della Minerva
 * Piazza della Rotonda
 * Piazza dell'Esquilino
 * Piazza Di Santa Maria
 * Piazza Mattei
 * Piazza Farnese
 * Piazza di Monte Citorio
 * Piazza della Cisterna – San Gimignano
 * Piazza della Concordia – Salerno
 * Piazza d'Italia – Sassari
 * Piazza del Campo – Siena
 * Piazza del Duomo – Syracuse
 * Piazza Archimede – Syracuse
 * Piazza Unità d'Italia – Trieste
 * In Turin:
 * Piazza Castello
 * Piazza Vittorio Veneto (Torino)
 * Piazza del Consolata
 * Piazza San Carlo
 * Piazza Corpus Domini
 * Piazza Solferino (Torino)
 * it:Piazza Statuto
 * In Venice:
 * Campo della Salute
 * Campo San Barnaba
 * Campo San Bartolomeo
 * Campo San Polo
 * Campo San Trovaso
 * Campo Sant'Angelo
 * Campo Santa Margherita
 * Campo Santa Maria Formosa
 * Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo
 * Campo Santo Stefano
 * Piazza Baldassare Galuppi
 * Piazza San Marco
 * Piazzetta dei Leoncini
 * Piazzale Roma
 * Piazza delle Erbe – Verona
 * Piazza Bra – Verona
 * Piazza dei Signori – Vicenza

Kosovo

 * Skanderbeg Square – Pristina

Latvia

 * Cathedral Square – Riga

Lithuania

 * Cathedral Square – Vilnius

Luxembourg

 * Place d'Armes – Luxembourg City
 * Place de la Constitution – Luxembourg City
 * Place Guillaume II – Luxembourg City
 * Place des Martyrs – Luxembourg City

North Macedonia

 * Magnolia Square – Bitola
 * Macedonia Square – Skopje

Malta
For a full list of main squares in Malta visit List of Squares in Malta.
 * Victory Square, Birgu (Misraħ ir-Rebħa) – Birgu
 * St Helen's Square (Misraħ Santa Liena) – Birkirkara
 * Gavino Gulia Square (Misraħ Gavino Gulia) – Cospicua
 * Reggie Miller Square (Wesgħa Reggie Miller) – Fgura
 * Scicluna Square (Pjazza Memè Scicluna) – Gżira
 * St Paul Square, Hamrun (Pjazza San Pawl) – Ħamrun
 * Rotunda Square (Pjazza tar-Rotunda) – Mosta
 * Paola Square (Pjazza Antoine de Paule) – Paola
 * Maempel Square (Pjazza Federico Maempel) – Qormi
 * Balluta Square (Misraħ il-Balluta) – San Ġiljan
 * Lourdes Square (Misraħ Lourdes) – San Ġwann
 * Bay Square (Misraħ il-Bajja) – San Pawl il-Baħar (Buġibba)
 * Pope Benedict XV Square (Misraħ il-Papa Benedittu XV) – Senglea
 * St. Anne Square (Pjazza Sant' Anna) – Sliema
 * St John's Square (Misraħ San Ġwann) – Valletta
 * St. George's Square (Misraħ San Ġorġ or Misraħ il-Palazz) – Valletta
 * Independence Square (It-Tokk) – Victoria
 * Our Lady Square (Misraħ tal-Madonna Medjatriċi) – Żabbar
 * Republic Square (Misraħ ir-Repubblika) – Żejtun
 * Republic Square (Misraħ ir-Repubblika) – Żurrieq

Moldova

 * Great National Assembly Square – Chișinău
 * Vasile Alecsandri Square – Bălți
 * Independence Square – Cahul

Montenegro

 * Court Square – Cetinje
 * Square of Arms – Kotor
 * Republic Square – Podgorica
 * Roman Square – Podgorica

Netherlands

 * Dam Square – Amsterdam
 * Kromboomslot – Amsterdam
 * Beestenmarkt – Delft
 * Grote Markt – Delft
 * Grote Markt – Gouda
 * Buitenhof – The Hague
 * Het Plein – The Hague
 * Keizer Karelplein – Maastricht
 * Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein – Maastricht
 * Coolsingel – Rotterdam
 * Oberblaak – Rotterdam
 * Grotemarkt – Schiedam
 * Scherminkelstraat – Vlissingen
 * Kraanplein – Zierikzee

Norway

 * Torgallmenningen – Bergen
 * The City Hall Square – Oslo
 * Stortorget – Oslo
 * Jernbanetorget – Oslo
 * Youngstorget – Oslo
 * Torget – Stavanger
 * Torget – Trondheim

Poland

 * Market Square – Katowice
 * Main Market Square – Kraków
 * Old Town Square – Łódź
 * Red Square – Łódź
 * Plac Grunwaldzki – Szczecin
 * In Warsaw:
 * Old Town Market Place
 * Plac Bankowy (Bank Square)
 * Plac Defilad (Parade Square)
 * Plac Grunwaldzki
 * Constitution Square (Plac Konstytucji)
 * Warsaw Insurgents Square (Plac Powstańców Warszawy)
 * Plac Piłsudskiego (Piłsudski Square)
 * Plac Trzech Krzyży (Three Crosses Square)
 * Plac Wilsona (Wilson Square)
 * Plac Zamkowy (Castle Square)
 * Plac Zbawiciela (Savior Square)
 * Plac Grunwaldzki, Wrocław – Wrocław
 * Market Square – Wrocław
 * Old Market Square – Poznań

Portugal

 * Praça do Giraldo – Évora
 * In Lisbon:
 * Praça do Império
 * Praça do Comércio
 * Rossio
 * Restauradores Square
 * Praça da Figueira
 * Chiado
 * Rotunda da Boavista – Oporto
 * Praça do Almada – Póvoa de Varzim
 * Passeio Alegre – Póvoa de Varzim
 * Praça da Liberdade – Porto

Romania

 * University Square, Bucharest
 * Union Square, Bucharest
 * Constitution Square, Bucharest
 * Victory Square, Bucharest
 * Roman Square, Bucharest
 * Revolution Square, Bucharest
 * United Nations Square, Bucharest
 * Charles de Gaulle Square, Bucharest
 * George Enescu Square, Bucharest
 * Obor Square, Bucharest
 * South Square, Bucharest
 * Arch of Triumph Square, Bucharest
 * Free Press Square, Bucharest
 * New Times Square, Bucharest
 * Rosetti Square, Bucharest
 * Piața Sfatului, Brașov
 * Union Square, Cluj-Napoca
 * Great Square, Sibiu
 * Small Square, Sibiu
 * Union Square, Alba Iulia
 * Freedom Square, Timișoara
 * Union Square, Timișoara

Russia

 * In Moscow:
 * Red Square
 * Sobornaya Square
 * Lubyanka Square
 * Manezhnaya Square
 * Pushkinskaya Square
 * Komsomolskaya Square
 * Theatral Square
 * In St Petersburg:
 * Palace Square
 * Decembrists Square
 * St Isaac's Square
 * Field of Mars
 * Uprising Square

Serbia

 * Republic Square – Belgrade
 * Nikola Pašić Square – Belgrade
 * Students' Square – Belgrade
 * Terazije – Belgrade

Slovakia

 * Hlavné námestie – Bratislava
 * Hviezdoslavovo námestie – Bratislava
 * Námestie Nežnej revolúcie - Bratislava
 * Námestie Slobody - Bratislava
 * Námestie SNP - Banská Bystrica
 * Námestie SNP - Bratislava

Slovenia

 * Congress Square – Ljubljana
 * Prešeren Square – Ljubljana
 * Tartini Square – Piran

Spain

 * Plaça de Catalunya – Barcelona
 * Plaça Sant Jaume – Barcelona
 * Plaça d'Espanya – Barcelona
 * Plaça Reial – Barcelona
 * Plaza Mayor – Madrid
 * Puerta del Sol – Madrid
 * Plaza de España – Madrid
 * Plaza de Colón – Madrid
 * Plaza del Castillo – Pamplona
 * Plaza Mayor – Salamanca
 * Praza do Obradoiro – Santiago de Compostela
 * Plaza de España – Seville
 * Plaza de San Francisco – Seville
 * Plaza de Zocodover – Toledo
 * Plaza Mayor – Valladolid
 * Plaza del Pilar – Zaragoza

Sweden

 * Götaplatsen – Gothenburg
 * Järntorget – Gothenburg
 * Kungsportsplatsen – Gothenburg
 * Stortorget, Karlskrona
 * Gustav Adolfs torg, Stockholm
 * Medborgarplatsen – Stockholm
 * Norrmalmstorg – Stockholm
 * Sergels torg – Stockholm

Switzerland

 * Rathausplatz – Aarau
 * Barfüsserplatz – Basel
 * Münsterplatz – Basel
 * Bubenbergplatz – Bern
 * Bundesplatz – Bern
 * Helvetiaplatz – Bern
 * Kornplatz – Chur
 * Place Georges-Python – Fribourg
 * Place du Bourg-de-Four – Geneva
 * Place Neuve – Geneva
 * Plaine de Plainpalais – Geneva
 * Place de la Palud – Lausanne
 * Place St-François – Lausanne
 * Piazza Grande – Locarno
 * Piazza Riforma – Lugano
 * Place des Halles – Neuchâtel
 * Place Pury – Neuchâtel
 * Lindenhof – Rapperswil
 * Marktplatz – St. Gallen
 * In Zürich:
 * Bellevueplatz
 * Lindenhof
 * Münsterhof
 * Neumarkt
 * Paradeplatz
 * Sechseläutenplatz
 * Zürichhorn

Turkey

 * Taksim Square – Istanbul
 * Sultanahmet Square – Istanbul

Ukraine

 * Freedom Square – Kharkiv
 * Freedom Square – Kherson
 * Maidan Nezalezhnosti – Kyiv
 * European Square – Kyiv
 * Ploshcha Rynok – Lviv
 * Semi-Circular Square – Odesa

England

 * In Birmingham:
 * Brunswick Square
 * Centenary Square
 * Central Square
 * Chamberlain Square
 * Millennium Square
 * Oozells Square
 * Old Square
 * Priory Square
 * Rotunda Square
 * St Paul's Square
 * St Philip's Square
 * Victoria Square
 * The Water's Edge
 * Centenary Square – Bradford
 * Millennium Square – Bristol
 * Portland Square – Bristol
 * Queen Square – Bristol
 * Queen Square – Bath
 * Piece Hall – Halifax
 * In Leeds
 * Armouries Square
 * City Square
 * Dortmund Square
 * Hanover Square
 * Merrion Street Gardens
 * Millennium Square
 * Oakwood Square
 * Park Square
 * Pennypocket Park
 * Queen Square
 * Victoria Gardens
 * Woodhouse Square
 * St Mark's Square – Lincoln
 * In Liverpool:
 * Abercromby Square
 * Concert Square
 * Derby Square
 * Falkner Square
 * St Paul's Square
 * Williamson Square
 * Wolstenholme Square
 * St John's Gardens
 * In London:
 * Covent Market
 * Horse Guards Parade
 * Leicester Square
 * Piccadilly Circus
 * Trafalgar Square
 * In Manchester:
 * Albert Square
 * Angel Square
 * Cathedral Gardens
 * Exchange Square
 * Hardman Square
 * Lincoln Square
 * Parsonage Gardens
 * Piccadilly Gardens
 * Shambles Square
 * St Anne's Square
 * St John's Gardens
 * St Peter's Square
 * Stephenson Square
 * Whitworth Gardens (also known as Sackville Gardens)
 * Station Square – Milton Keynes
 * Queen's Court – Milton Keynes
 * Eldon Square – Newcastle upon Tyne
 * Market Square – Northampton
 * Old Market Square – Nottingham
 * In Sheffield:
 * Castle Square
 * Fargate
 * Fitzalan Square
 * Hallam Square
 * Leopold Square
 * Millennium Square
 * Orchard Square
 * Paradise Square
 * Peace Gardens
 * Sheaf Square
 * Tudor Square
 * Sunderland
 * Keel Square
 * St Georges Square – Sutton Coldfield
 * Lemon Quay – Truro
 * In York:
 * Exhibition Square
 * King's Square
 * St Helen's Square
 * St Sampson's Square

Northern Ireland

 * The Diamond – Enniskillen

Scotland

 * George Square – Glasgow
 * St Enoch Square – Glasgow
 * Royal Exchange Square – Glasgow
 * Cathedral Square – Glasgow
 * City Square – Dundee

Wales

 * Central Square – Cardiff
 * Callaghan Square – Cardiff
 * Roald Dahl Plass – Cardiff
 * Castle Square – Swansea
 * St Mary's Square – Swansea
 * Mount Stuart Square – Cardiff

Vatican City

 * St Peter's Square

Barbados

 * National Heroes Square – Bridgetown
 * Independence Square – Bridgetown

Canada

 * Garden Square – Brampton, Ontario
 * Olympic Plaza – Calgary, Alberta
 * Churchill Square – Edmonton, Alberta
 * Grand Parade – Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * Celebration Square – Mississauga, Ontario
 * In Montreal, Quebec:
 * Phillips Square
 * Place D'Youville
 * Place Émilie-Gamelin
 * Place Jacques-Cartier
 * Place Jean-Paul-Riopelle
 * Victoria Square, Montreal
 * Saint-Louis Square
 * Confederation Square – Ottawa, Ontario
 * Civic Plaza – Prince George, British Columbia
 * Place D'Youville – Quebec City, Quebec
 * In Toronto, Ontario:
 * Albert Campbell Square
 * Mel Lastman Square
 * Nathan Phillips Square
 * Pecaut Square
 * Trinity Square
 * Yonge-Dundas Square
 * In Vancouver, British Columbia:
 * Robson Square
 * Victory Square
 * In Victoria, British Columbia:
 * Confederation Garden Court
 * Bastion Square
 * Market Square
 * In Winnipeg, Manitoba:
 * The Forks Market Plaza
 * Old Market Square
 * Portage and Main

Cuba

 * Parque Marti – Cienfuegos
 * In Havana:
 * Plaza de Armas
 * Plaza de la Catedral
 * Plaza de San Francisco
 * Plaza Vieja
 * Revolution Square
 * Plazuela de Segarte – Trinidad
 * Plazuela del Jigüe – Trinidad
 * Plaza Mayor – Trinidad

Haiti

 * Place Boyer – Pétion-Ville, Port-au-Prince
 * Place Saint-Pierre – Pétion-Ville, Port-au-Prince

Mexico

 * Plaza de la Constitución – Mexico City
 * Macroplaza – Monterrey

Puerto Rico

 * Plaza Colón – Mayagüez
 * In Ponce:
 * Plaza Degetau
 * Plaza Las Delicias
 * Plaza Luis Muñoz Rivera
 * In San Juan:
 * Plaza de Armas
 * Plaza Colón

Trinidad and Tobago

 * Independence Square – Port of Spain

United States

 * Empire State Plaza – Albany, New York
 * Arcata Plaza – Arcata, California
 * Kenmore Square – Boston, Massachusetts
 * Colony Square – Atlanta, Georgia
 * Copley Square – Boston, Massachusetts
 * Post Office Square – Boston, Massachusetts
 * Freedom Square – Boston, Massachusetts
 * Lafayette Square – Buffalo, New York
 * Niagara Square – Buffalo, New York
 * Harvard Square – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Inman Square – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Kendall Square – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Daley Plaza – Chicago, Illinois
 * Public Square – Cleveland, Ohio
 * Capitol Square – Columbus, Ohio
 * Fountain Square – Cincinnati, Ohio
 * Dealey Plaza – Dallas, Texas
 * Campus Martius Park – Detroit, Michigan
 * Old Town Square – Fort Collins, Colorado
 * Market Square – Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
 * Monument Circle – Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Bergen Square and Journal Square – Jersey City, New Jersey
 * Market Square – Knoxville, Tennessee
 * Pershing Square – Los Angeles, California
 * Peavey Plaza – Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Public Square, Nelsonville – Nelsonville, Ohio
 * New Haven Green – New Haven, Connecticut
 * Jackson Square – New Orleans, Louisiana
 * In New York City, New York:
 * Cadman Plaza
 * Chatham Square
 * Cooper Square
 * Grand Army Plaza
 * Hanover Square
 * Herald Square
 * Korean War Veterans Plaza
 * Lincoln Square
 * Madison Square
 * Times Square
 * Union Square
 * Washington Square
 * Worth Square
 * In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
 * Market Square
 * Schenley Plaza
 * In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
 * Franklin Square
 * Rittenhouse Square
 * Logan Square (Philadelphia)
 * Washington Square
 * Pioneer Courthouse Square – Portland, Oregon
 * Kennedy Plaza – Providence, Rhode Island
 * Alamo Plaza – San Antonio, Texas
 * Main Plaza – San Antonio, Texas
 * Alamo Square – San Francisco, California
 * Civic Center Plaza – San Francisco, California
 * Ghirardelli Square – San Francisco, California
 * Portsmouth Square – San Francisco, California
 * Union Square – San Francisco, California
 * Bergen Place – Seattle, Washington
 * Pioneer Square - Seattle, Washington
 * Red Square – Seattle, Washington
 * Davis Square – Somerville, Massachusetts
 * Porter Square – Somerville, Massachusetts
 * Sullivan Square – Somerville, Massachusetts
 * Union Square – Somerville, Massachusetts
 * Court Square – Springfield, Massachusetts
 * Stearns Square – Springfield, Massachusetts
 * Sugar Land Town Square – Sugar Land, Texas
 * Clinton Square – Syracuse, New York
 * Taunton Green – Taunton, Massachusetts
 * Farragut Square – Washington, D.C.
 * L'Enfant Plaza – Washington, D.C.
 * McPherson Square – Washington, D.C.
 * Mount Vernon Square – Washington, D.C.
 * Public Square – Watertown, New York
 * Woodstock Square – Woodstock, Illinois
 * Getty Square – Yonkers, New York
 * Santa Fe Plaza – Santa Fe, New Mexico

Argentina

 * In Buenos Aires
 * Plaza de Mayo
 * Plaza de la Republica
 * Plaza Miserere
 * Plaza San Martin
 * Plaza Constitucion
 * Parque Lezama
 * In Rosario
 * Plaza 25 de Mayo
 * National Flag Park
 * Parque Alem
 * Plaza Montenegro
 * Plaza San Martin

Brazil

 * Praça dos Três Poderes (Three Powers Square) – Brasília
 * Praça dos Girassóis (Square of the Sunflowers) – Palmas
 * Praça da República – Rio de Janeiro
 * Praça Quinze de Novembro – Rio de Janeiro
 * Largo da Carioca – Rio de Janeiro
 * Praça da República – São Paulo
 * Praça da Sé – São Paulo
 * Pátio do Colégio – São Paulo

Chile

 * Plaza de la Independencia – Concepción
 * Plaza de Armas – Santiago
 * Plaza Italia – Santiago
 * Plaza Victoria – Valparaíso

Colombia

 * Plaza de Bolívar – Bogotá

Ecuador

 * Plaza de La Independencia – Quito

Paraguay

 * Plaza de Armas – Asunción

Peru

 * Plaza de Armas – Lima

Uruguay

 * Plaza Independencia and Plaza Matriz – Montevideo

Venezuela

 * Bolívar Square – Caracas
 * Plaza Bolívar – Valencia

title: List of city squares


text:
Square (slang)

Square is slang for a person who is conventional and old-fashioned, similar to a fuddy-duddy. This sense of the word "square" originated with the American jazz community in the 1940s in reference to people out of touch with musical trends. Older senses of the term square, referring positively to someone or something honest and upstanding, date back to the 16th century.

History
The English word square dates to the 13th century and derives from the Old French esquarre. By the 1570s, it was in use in reference to someone or something honest or fair. This positive sense is preserved in phrases such as "fair and square", meaning something done in an honest and straightforward manner, and "square deal", meaning an outcome equitable to all sides. A West Country variant on the phrase, "fairs pears", bears the same meaning and was first traced by Cecil Sharp in 1903 when visiting his friend (and lyrics editor) Charles Marson in Hambridge, South Somerset.

The sense of square as a derogatory reference to someone conventional or old-fashioned dates to the jazz scene of the 1940s; the first known reference is from 1944. There it applied to someone who failed to appreciate the medium of jazz, or more broadly, someone whose tastes were out of date and out of touch. It may derive from the rigid motion of a conductor's hands in a conventional, four-beat rhythm. It is used as both an adjective and a noun. A square contrasted with someone who was hip, or in the know. The cub scout promise included the pledge "to be square" from the 1950s to the 1970s. In contemporary language, U.S. branches of the military refer to "squared away" to describe things that are ordered.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Square (slang)


text:
Talk:Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe

DNZB
biography of Charles Bathurst --Stormie 01:43, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Waitangi changes
Corrected and added information on the Waitangi treaty house (restoration was not completed in 1934, nor was the first Waitangi Day celebrated there, as the Waitangi Day page shows). --Helenalex 12:28, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20141217213447/http://www.rase.org.uk/index.php/about-us/awards/33-bledisloe-gold-medal-for-landowners to http://www.rase.org.uk/index.php/about-us/awards/33-bledisloe-gold-medal-for-landowners

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External links modified
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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MusiXtra

seems like advert to me ...? blankfaze 01:43, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, incoherent (what is "Musixtra is the software that is needed for developing home music software" supposed to mean?) and uninformative. A funny kind of advert that doesn't tell where to obtain the product, perhaps it was an attempt to avoid blatant commercialism, but odd nevertheless. Googling on MusiXtra yields only two hits, by the way. Dpbsmith 01:55, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Advert, and had a link to a page that was speed deleted. Suspicious. -Beelzebubs 01:56, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * And one of those google hits doesn't work. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 02:25, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only 4 google hits, ones wiki, ones the .com page which is unavailable, one doesn't have anything to do with it, and the last one is in french but does have a musixtra logo.  Anyway, non-notable, Delete. --Starx 00:39, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. PMC 21:31, 22 May 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:67.124.149.133

title: User talk:67.124.149.133


text:
Butano State Park

Butano State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of California, showcasing the secluded redwood-filled canyon of Little Butano Creek, a tributary of Butano Creek in the Pescadero Creek watershed. Located in San Mateo County near Pescadero, the 4728 acre park was established in 1956.

Features
The park features 40 miles of hiking trails, 21 drive-in campsites and 18 walk-in campsites. Restrooms with running water are provided. Drinking water is available at the park in both the campground and in the day use areas. There are no showers. Butano also has a backpacking site along a trail 5.5 mi up from the entrance. There is no water at the site but there is water nearby from seasonal streams.

Guided nature walk and weekend campfire programs are offered during the summer.

Name
Butano as a name has been applied to land grants, creeks, falls, ridges and forests. The earliest mention is by Padre Jaime Escudet in 1816. A butano is what early Californians called a drinking cup made from horn of a bull or other animal. A Native American origin is possible. It has been suggested that the word might mean “meeting place”.

title: Butano State Park


text:
Rhinoceros Sutra

The Rhinoceros Sutra also known as The Rhinoceros Horn Sutra (Khaggavisāṇa-sutta; Khaḍgaviṣāṇa-gāthā;  or Khargaviṣaṇa-ga s a) is a very early Buddhist text advocating the merit of solitary asceticism for pursuing enlightenment as opposed to practicing as a householder or in a community of monastics. The goal of this was to become a pratyekabuddha, who wandered alone through the forest like a rhinoceros. In fact, it is possible this sutra is one identified in the Chinese translation of the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya and thus was also referred to with a Gāndhārī name similar to Pracegabudha-sutra.

Origins
The Rhinoceros Sutra has long been identified, along with the and, as one of the earliest texts found in the Pāli Canon. This identification has been reinforced by the discovery of a version in the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, one of the oldest Buddhist (and, indeed, Indian) manuscripts extant. There is also a Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit version of it in the Mahāvastu. The early date for the text along with its rather unusual (within community-oriented Buddhism) approach to monastic life have led some scholars to suggest that it represents a holdover from a very early stage of Buddhism.

Themes
The scripture consists of a series of verses which discuss both the perils of community life and the benefits of solitude, almost all of which end with the admonition that seekers should wander alone like an Indian rhinoceros. The verses are somewhat variable between versions, as is the ordering of verses, suggesting a rich oral tradition that diverged regionally or by sect before being written down.

Association with pratyekabuddhas
Traditional commentaries on the text have unanimously associated the Rhinoceros Sutra with the Buddhist tradition of pratyekabuddhas.

In the Abhidharma-samuccaya, a 4th-century Mahayana work, Asaṅga describes followers of the Pratyekabuddhayāna as those who dwell alone like the horn of a rhinoceros, or as solitary conquerors (Skt. pratyekajina) living in a small group. Here they are characterized as utilizing the same canon of texts as the śrāvakas who follow the Śrāvakayāna, namely the Śrāvaka Piṭaka, but having a different set of teachings, the Pratyekabuddha Dharma.

Naming controversy
There is an ongoing dispute over whether the title, "sword-horn" sutra, is to be taken as a tatpurusha compound ("a sword which is a horn") or as a bahuvrīhi compound ("one who has a sword as a horn"). In the former case, the title should be rendered "The Rhinoceros-Horn Sutra"; in the latter case, it should be rendered "The Rhinoceros Sutra." There is textual evidence to support either interpretation.

In general, Mahayana traditions in India took the title to refer to the image of an Indian rhinoceros, which is a solitary animal. The Theravāda tradition tended toward the "rhinoceros horn" interpretation, but there is some variance between Theravāda commentators, with some referring to the image of a rhinoceros rather than a rhinoceros horn.

Location in Buddhist Canons
In the Sutta Pitaka, this Pali sutta is the third sutta in the Khuddaka Nikaya's Sutta Nipata's first chapter (Uragavagga, or the "Snake Chapter," named after the chapter's first sutta), and thus can be referenced in the Pali Canon as "Sn 1.3."

title: Rhinoceros Sutra


title: User:Latitude0116


text:
Theodor Billroth

Christian Albert Theodor Billroth (26 April 1829 – 6 February 1894) was a German surgeon and amateur musician.

As a surgeon, he is generally regarded as the founding father of modern abdominal surgery. As a musician, he was a close friend and confidant of Johannes Brahms, a leading patron of the Viennese musical scene, and one of the first to attempt a scientific analysis of musicality.

Early life and education
Billroth was born at Bergen auf Rügen in the Kingdom of Prussia, the son of a pastor. His father died of tuberculosis when Billroth was five years old. He attended school in Greifswald where he obtained his Abitur degree in 1848. Billroth was an indifferent student, and spent more time practicing piano than studying. Torn between a career as a musician or as a physician, he acceded to his mother's wishes and enrolled himself at the University of Greifswald to study medicine, but gave up the whole of his first term to the study of music; Professor Wilhelm Baum, however, took him with him to Göttingen, and his medical career was fixed. He then followed Professor Baum to the University of Göttingen, and completed his medical doctorate at the Frederick William University of Berlin in 1852. Along with Rudolph Wagner (1805–1864) and Georg Meissner (1829–1905), Billroth went to Trieste to study the torpedo fish.

Career in surgery
From 1853 to 1860 Billroth was an assistant in Bernhard von Langenbeck’s surgical clinic at the Charité in Berlin. There he was also apprenticed to Carl Langenbuch. In 1860, Billroth accepted an offer from the University of Zurich to become the Chair of Clinical Surgery, becoming director of the surgical hospital and clinic in Zurich. The beginning of his career in Switzerland was unpromising: during his first semester of teaching, he had only ten students, and he himself said that the income he received from his private practice was insufficient to pay for his morning cup of coffee. His reputation quickly grew however; Billroth had an infectious personality, attracting both students and surgical trainees to his ranks. He was loved by his students, and was an effective undergraduate as well as graduate teacher. Students flocked to his lectures, and with the cooperation of energetic colleagues, he was able to raise the Medical Faculty of Zurich to a prominent position among German speaking schools in only a few years.

While in Zurich, Billroth published his classic textbook Die allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie (General Surgical Pathology and Therapy) (1863). At the same time he introduced the concept of audits, publishing all results, good and bad, which automatically resulted in honest discussion on morbidity, mortality, and techniques – with resultant improvements in patient selection.

He was appointed professor of surgery at the University of Vienna in 1867, in succession to Franz Schuh; there, he practiced surgery as chief of the Second Surgical Clinic at the Allgemeine Krankenhaus (Vienna General Hospital). Though he laid the foundation of his fame at Zurich, it was in Vienna, a larger and more conspicuous theater, that he established himself as the power that he was in the surgical world. A speech he gave in 1875, protesting influxes of Jewish medical students, has been counted as one of the first events in the development of Viennese political anti-Semitism.

During the Franco-Prussian War, Billroth did excellent work in the military hospital at Mannheim and Weissenburg, treating a variety of horrific battlefield injuries with aggressive and ambitious surgeries; he embodied his experience of war surgery in his Surgical Letters from Mannheim and Weissenburg. He was so impressed by the horrors of war that he was ever afterwards an ardent advocate of peace. On December 3, 1891, he delivered an address on the care of the wounded in war which made a profound sensation and led to large sums of money being voted by the Austrian legislative chambers for the provision of adequate means of succour for the wounded.

He did not limit himself to surgery only, and conducted extensive research on an ailment that affected many surgery patients at the time: wound fever. His treatise on wound fever, Untersuchungen über die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica (1874; “Investigations of the Vegetal Forms of Coccobacteria septica”) concluded that the cause was bacterial; Billroth was quick to use antiseptic techniques in his surgical practice, and the number of surgical patients afflicted with wound fever greatly decreased. With the threat of fatal surgical infections lessened through his work and others’, Billroth proceeded to turn his attention to surgery and the pioneering field of altering or removing organs that had previously been considered inaccessible.

An early adopter of the "white coat" (as shown in Seligmann's c.1890 painting), Billroth was directly responsible for a number of landmarks in surgery; in 1872, he was the first to conduct an esophagectomy, removing a section of the oesophagus and joining the remaining parts together. In 1873, he performed the first laryngectomy, completely excising a cancerous larynx. He was the first surgeon to excise a rectal cancer and by 1876, he had performed 33 such operations. By 1881, Billroth had made intestinal surgery seem almost commonplace. But his most famous accomplishment is unquestionably the first successful gastrectomy for gastric cancer. On January 29, 1881, after many ill-fated attempts, Billroth performed the first successful resection for antral carcinoma on Therese Heller, who lived for almost 4 months and died of liver metastases. He accomplished this operation by closing the greater curvature side of the stomach and anastomosing the lesser curvature to the duodenum, in an operation that is still known as the Billroth I to this day.

Billroth's literary activity was widespread, with the total number of published books and papers of which he was the author numbering about one hundred and forty. He collaborated with Franz von Pitha on a Textbook of General and Special Surgery (1882). To this, Billroth contributed the section on Scrofulosis and Tuberculosis, Injuries and Diseases of the Breast, Instruments and Operations, Burns, Frostbites, etc.

Billroth passed his restless intellectual spirit to numerous distinguished students, creating the "Billroth School" of followers. No aspect of his profession seemed to escape his intense scrutiny, be it research, teaching, administration, or nursing. He not only had something valuable to say about each but often saw to it that his ideas became concrete reality. In all the spheres he sought to influence, he was guided by a belief in the unity of science and art, and by confidence in his own ability to effect change.

Billroth was instrumental in establishing the first modern school of thought in surgery. He had radical ideas on surgical training, advocating a prolonged surgical apprenticeship on completion of medical studies consisting of preliminary work in hospitals followed by performing operations on cadavers and experimental animals. This would be followed by a 2-3 year assistantship in a surgical department with studies of the surgical literature and the acquisition of advanced practical skills. Among his disciples were the notable surgeons Alexander von Winiwarter, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki and John B. Murphy. William Halsted's pioneer surgical residency program was greatly influenced by Billroth's own methods of surgical education.

Music
Billroth was a talented amateur pianist and violinist. During his time in Zurich he regularly played string quartet with professional musicians such as Theodor Kirchner and Friedrich Hegar. In 1865 he met Brahms for the first time when the rising composer and pianist played Robert Schumann's piano concerto and his own works in Zurich. After Billroth had moved to Vienna in 1867 they became close friends and shared many musical insights. Brahms frequently sent Billroth his original manuscripts in order to get his opinion before publication, and Billroth participated as a musician in trial rehearsals of many of Brahms' chamber works before their first performances. Brahms dedicated his first two string quartets, Opus 51, to Billroth.

Billroth and Brahms, together with the acerbic and influential Viennese music critic Eduard Hanslick, formed the core of the musical conservatives who opposed the innovations of Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt. In the conflict, known as the War of the Romantics, Billroth supported Brahms, but was always fair and measured in his comments. "Wagner was indeed a very considerable talent in many directions," he wrote in 1888.

Billroth started an essay called "Wer ist musikalisch?" ("Who is musical?"), which was published posthumously by Hanslick. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply scientific methods to musicality. In the essay, Billroth identifies different types of amusicality (tone deafness, rhythm-deafness and harmony-deafness) that suggest some of the different cognitive skills involved in the perception of music. Billroth died in Opatija, Austria-Hungary, before he could complete the research.

Excelling at both his vocation and his avocation, Billroth never saw science and music as being in conflict. On the contrary, he considered the two to complement each other. "It is one of the superficialities of our time to see in science and in art two opposites," he wrote in a letter. "Imagination is the mother of both."

Honours
In 1887 Billroth was made a member of the Austrian Herrenhaus, "House of Lords"; a distinction rarely bestowed on members of the medical profession. In 1888, Theodor Billroth was elected member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

title: Theodor Billroth