text:
Talk:Memorial Day

Proposed merge - Decoration Day
This article already contains all pertinent information about the origins of Memorial Day as Decoration Day, and continued observances of Decoration Days. As the holiday is the primary topic for the term Decoration Day, I propose that Decoration Day be changed to a redirect to Memorial Day. The other meanings of the term (e.g. the film and Drive-By Truckers album) should be moved to Decoration Day (disambiguation). Does anyone have any objections? Nick Number (talk) 15:10, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Support the proposed merge, as all other references invoke the holiday. bd2412  T 15:20, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I support the merge as well for the above reasons. wia (talk) 12:12, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Merge complete. Nick Number (talk) 19:04, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

Images
Two images on the page don't appear to be correct -- showing a picture of a ceiling fan? Can someone fix this? 2601:A:5F00:65F:C448:4CC5:8826:D18B (talk) 04:22, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

Hello! The others noticed the picture, and if you have it, then we would be very grateful for your help. Special:Contributions/Kulamap (talk) 19:33, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Ok, glad to help. Let's start with a question: What, exactly, are you talking about? which image have you "noticed" and what would you like done about it? Beeblebrox (talk) 19:50, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Clicking on the image of the ceiling fan takes you to the wikimedia page which references its source https://catalog.archives.gov/id/558761 that page has the correct image — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.200.246.117 (talk) 22:59, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Picture is Wrong
A ceiling fan? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.47.218.100 (talk) 14:14, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

 * What ceiling fan?? - BilCat (talk) 14:22, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

The picture with the caption "Civil War Veterans in Ortonville, Minnesota, on the Fourth of July, 1880—also called "Decoration Day" prior to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act almost a century later." Appears as a ceiling fan on my system It is on the right side of the screen in line with the sub Title "History of the Holiday"

Is the original picture available. Or should this image and caption be removed. 71.211.107.60 (talk) 22:25, 25 May 2015 (UTC)N8Brad

GregorianCalender/Whit Monday/table formatting
I have just removed a few things:
 * A mention in the lead that the date is determined by the Gregorian Calender
 * Extra formatting int he table of dates that showed when this coresponded with the unrelated Whit Monday holiday in other countries, again mentioning the Gregorian Calender

The reason I removed these is simple: All dates in prety much all western countries are based ont he Gregorian Calender. It has been in use in the U.S. since colonial times. And the times it coincided with the completely unrelated European religious holiday Whit Monday are utterly meaningless coincidences that do not add to the reader's understanding of either subject.

That leaves one least thing: the re-formatting of the table of dates. It was vertically aligned, now it is horizontally aligned and if I may say rather confusing to look at. It also runs off the edge of the page, causing formatting that shrinks the text, making this page slightly more difficult to read on smaller screens. I propsoe it be changed back to the former alignment. Beeblebrox (talk) 18:50, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Old version:

New version

 * Allright then, ✅. Beeblebrox (talk) 19:43, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Strange Claims
The article says: "n June 28, 1968, the Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend.[40] The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.[40]"

1. It was not moved to a Monday to make a "convenient three-day weekend." 2. As the article shows, May 30th was only the day for one organization. 3. The source is to the law and does not make these fringe claims. Someone obviously messed around with the article to try to disparage the holiday. 173.153.9.202 (talk) 21:42, 25 May 2015 (UTC) "The VFW stated in a 2002 Memorial Day Address: "Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.[41] This is also not in the source. Why are there so many claims like that with faked sources?173.153.9.202 (talk) 21:52, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
 * It was moved to create more three-day weekends, at least according to the president who signed it into law . It's neither a fringe claim nor disparaging to say so. Calidum T|C 21:53, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
 * WP:VERIFIABILITY - those aren't cited and yes, it is a negative claim. Your link doesn't say what the article claims and instead says that it was moved to ensure that the Federal Government was not closed in the middle of the week ("he costs will be offset to an important degree by avoiding disruptions of Government business through Monday observance of holidays. "). That is a very different reason. Your link says that fixing the date helps families get together. It also doesn't say that May 30th was the "true" date or make a claim about the VFW wanting May 30th. Wikipedia pages shouldn't be home to false information hidden behind reference notes that don't say what is being claimed. This site has a lot of problems with that. 173.153.7.11 (talk) 22:43, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I most certainly do see the bit about bringing families together in Johnson's remarks. He also said the bit about saving moey for both governmental and private entities. They are not mutually exclusive. As the text of his remarks are uncopyrightable I am simply going to reproduce the whole thing here so we can all easily see it.

THE BILL that we sign today will help Americans to enjoy more fully the country that is their magnificent heritage. It will also aid the work of Government and bring new efficiency to our economy.

This bill provides that three of our national holidays will be celebrated on Monday: --Washington's Birthday on the third Monday in February, --Memorial Day on the last Monday in May, --Veterans Day on the fourth Monday in October. The bill will take effect on January 1, 1971. State legislatures will thus have time to act for observances in local government offices and in private employment.

This will mean a great deal to our families and our children. It will enable families who live some distance apart to spend more time together. Americans will be able to travel farther and see more of this beautiful land of ours. They will be able to participate in a wider range of recreational and cultural activities. The bill also establishes Columbus Day as a Federal holiday--to be celebrated on the second Monday in October. Thirty-four of our States have already established a day honoring Christopher Columbus. It is fitting now that we give national expression to our faith in the spirit of discovery embodied by this great adventurer. This new holiday will henceforth honor one of our finest and most cherished national characteristics--our ability to live and work together, men and women of all national origins, as one united and progressive nation.

The provisions of this bill insure a minimum of five regularly recurring 3-day weekends each year for Federal employees. The costs will be offset to an important degree by avoiding disruptions of Government business through Monday observance of holidays.

The private employer will enjoy similar gains in efficiency. The Monday holiday will stimulate greater industrial and commercial production, sparing business and labor the penalty of midweek shutdowns. Beeblebrox (talk) 02:02, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * three day weekends was an explicit goal. & LBJ mentions that midweek holidays are disruptive. Rjensen (talk) 02:13, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Initial sentence is wrong.
Initial sentence says Memorial Day is a federal holiday in the United States for remembering the people who died while serving in the country's armed forces.[1]

That is true

This is a legal federal holiday that should point to the federal laws informing the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:80A5:90:ADD7:8D2C:9146:B8C8 (talk) 01:53, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

Memorial Day / Decoration Day
74.219.48.158 (talk) 18:07, 26 May 2016 (UTC)current article starts out with a claim in 1868 for Decatur, Il starting Decoration Day.

its looks like Waterloo NY also shares a claim to first Decoration in 1866, supported by Lyndon Johnson and affirmation by senate and house.

only offering.

Dennis

74.219.48.158 (talk) 18:07, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

Being that Decoration Day didn't exist as a nationwide day of observance until May 1868, Ironton is most likely laying claim to having the oldest continuously running Memorial Day parade based off of the official start of the federal holiday. Before 1868, any day of observance was local or regional and not nationwide. These parades and celebrations would not be official "Decoration Day" events because Decoration Day didn't yet exist as declared by the federal government. Any events happening before would be more in line with local remembrances rather than national and it is very likely that communities were remembering their fallen as far back as the Revolutionary War. Although the purposes are the same in that fallen soldiers were memorialized, saying an event in 1866 or 1867 is a "Memorial Day event" would be incorrect since there was no official Memorial Day declared yet.

Ironton held its first Decoration Day parade the very day that John A. Logan, the commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic called for the national observance of Decoration Day, pulling from a tradition that began in the south. That was May 5, 1868. It has been difficult to find when the other communities held their first parades. What I have found so far are just years and not months or days. It is possible that Ironton's parade is older by days rather than the number of parades after the official declaration that Decoration Day would be observed nationwide. The U.S. Congress has recognized Ironton as having the longest continuously running Memorial Day Parade in the nation. There are some other communities that have laid such claim, but it was found that they skipped a year or two, particularly during wartime.

-Ginger — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.23.47.219 (talk) 12:16, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

Memorial Day
The source (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day#cite_note-6) for the differentiation between Memorial Day and Veteran's Day seems to be a questionable source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.101.36.181 (talk) 21:11, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Why is a daily published newspaper, the Baltimore Sun, a questionable source? - BilCat (talk) 22:37, 31 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The IP's objection to it could be based on it being an opinion piece, but the claim itself (Memorial Day is for those died; Veterans Day is for all veterans) isn't extraordinary.  Calidum   ¤   23:07, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

Introduction and History Sections
Various authors seem to want to put their version of the history of the holiday in the introduction to this article. Since the history is so complicated, it is wrong for any version to be appended to the introduction. Though it makes some sense to include the inception of the holiday in the Intro, since the inception of this holiday is so highly disputed among scholars, no beginning, other than the 1868 official launch of the holiday by John A. Logan, is worthy of including in the Intro.

All of the other prominent claims are mentioned in the History portion of the article where they belong.

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Gettysburg Blue and Grey reunion
Eight years ago you, most of it uncited. Today, I removed a still-unsourced surviving paragraph about Woodrow Wilson and James Heflin. Assuming you actually had a source for that content, please provide it. I worry that citogenesis has occurred, as you can find newer outlets parroting what you wrote. (I am not watching this page, so please ping me if you want my attention.) Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 19:50, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I should have cited it better--my old notes show I used a bunch of sources Albanese, Catherine. "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation," American Quarterly, in JSTOR; Bellah, Robert N. "Civil Religion in America." Daedalus 1967 96(1): 1-21. online edition; Blight, David W.  "Decoration Day: The Origins of Memorial Day in North and South" in Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds. The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture (2004),  in Questia; pp 94-129;  Peter Karsten, "Encyclopedia of War and American Society; and Myers Robert J. "Memorial Day". Chapter 24 in Celebrations: The Complete Book of American Holidays. (1972). Rjensen (talk) 20:30, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

"Ancient custom"
Given that the US certainly is not there since the ancient times (period till ca 500-1400 AD, depending on interpretation), using the term seems strange in this context. I am not an American native speaker, but believe also in American English this definition of "ancient" should hold. I believe a much better wording would be "very old" or "historic" custom. Any American speakers to advise ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.212.29.78 (talk) 10:15, 28 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The word "ancient" here does, in fact, refer to a custom from the ancient times. (For posterity, the sentence OP refers to is "The practice of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers is an ancient custom. " According to the cited source, decorating graves with flowers began with "an ancient custom which prevailed in the East of burying in gardens," and the source lists several examples of historic figures and grave sites where flowers are placed. StephenWade (talk) 14:31, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 May 2018
I think those who established this page needs to review and acknowledge the true origins of Memorial Day (Decoration Day). The origin of this holiday as we know it today was started by enslaved Africans. That needs to be stated at the top of this posting. We can not continue to whitewash America's (African American) History nor deny the truth. Thank You. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:f240:d300:acf8:8efe:d9f:d0ca (talk) 16:26, May 28, 2018
 * The claim that African Americans started Memorial Day is held by many, but is in no way without a great deal of controversy. Several reputable sources cast doubt on the claim. Even the non-partisan fact-checking agency, Snopes, has determined that the claim is false (SEE HERE). Time Magazine and other reputable sources have published reputable critiques of the African-American origin story as well. Even the most noteworthy proponent of the theory, Dr. David Blight, said that there is no evidence that the African-American event led to what is today Memorial Day. This isn't an issue about race, but whether or not the claim can be sustained with evidence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hilltoppers (talk • contribs) 22:52, May 28, 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. has already given sources that refute the proposed changes, so any request will need to be accompanied by very persuasive reliable sources.  Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 03:48, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Did Professor Blight "discover" anything undiscovered?
The claim that Professor Blight "discovered" sources that support the Charleston claim seems to imply that others prior to Blight were unaware of those sources. Many others before Blight had "discovered" those sources. To wit, Charles Cowley, Leaves from a Lawyer’s Life Afloat and Ashore (1879); Hill’s Album of Biography and Art (1891), p. 369; The Homiletic Review (1900) Vol. 39, 431; Granville Priest, History of the New Hampshire Surgeons in the War of Rebellion (Conn, 1906); Lyceumite and Talent (Feb. 1908), 14; American Legion Magazine (Vol. 27-28, 1939); The New Yorker Magazine (1952) Vol. 28, Part 3; Culture Under Canvas the Story of Tent Chautauqua (1978); The Folklore of American Holidays (1991), 215.

unofficial start of the summer vacation season --> holds link comercial web site

unofficial start of the summer vacation season --> holds link comercial web site195.75.72.16 (talk) 14:54, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Out-of-date link for reference 53 "Presidential Proclamation 3727"
Change http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27618 to https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3727-prayer-for-peace-memorial-day-1966 in the hyperlink with the text "Presidential Proclamation 3727" in reference #53.

The former appears to be out-of-date and redirects to an empty webform where I was able to search and find the latter. Blanerhoads (talk) 21:04, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Jack Frost (talk) 23:26, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

The black history of memorial day
I recommend that the black historical roots are represented in this forum.

https://time.com/5836444/black-memorial-day/

 * The events in Charleston which were researched and publicized by David Blight have been discussed fairly extensively on this talk page - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Memorial_Day/Archive_1 Basically, if you read Blight's actual scholarship, he doesn't - and can't - claim that the event there was a source or inspiration for the holiday. In actuality, it was a spontaneous celebration similar to many others which arose spontaneously at the end of the war, and which were codified by Logan's declaration into an annual event. It is worth mentioning as a good example of the kinds of celebrations which were happening. Brianyoumans (talk) 05:42, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Harry S. Truman's 1950 Proclamation
We're 72 years after President Harry S. Truman's 1950 Proclamation Speech that added additional meaning to Memorial Day provided by the US Congress and approved by the President. President Truman added that Memorial Day is to be also observed as a day for "nation-wide prayer for permanent peace" henceforth. There's no mention of this in the Memorial Day page. Since this was a proclamation from a sitting US President and marked with the Official Seal of these U.S.A., it should be added within its own section. The Wikipedia Page's Introduction needs be edited to reflect the omitted facts. Here's a hyperlink to the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum's copy of the Official Proclamation:

https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/proclamations/2889/prayer-peace-memorial-day — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.205.99.181 (talk) 18:39, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Stop Obscuring Confederate History by Burying the Lede
Alot of unionist northerners would like to forget this, but it is a notable historical fact. Ignoring history doesn't make it go away. Just because the southern revanchists might want to "remember" it in the exaggerated mythological way, doesn't mean that we should suppress it here on supposedly "neutral" wikipedia. Behold the Systemic bias toward recentism, spectacle over substance, cultural appropriation, and the progressive "colorblind" white supremacism, that is mainstream in Anglo-american society and therefore also on wikipedia. Regards, Jaredscribe (talk) 02:33, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Jaredscribe (talk) 03:09, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

introduction
I've never edited a Wikipedia article before, so don't feel qualified. But this statement in the introduction is just nonsense:

"Memorial Day is also the holiday too showcase the “summer feels” in the United States." 2601:243:2680:C520:C412:298F:C9ED:887F (talk) 19:59, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

خدا
خدا چگونه است 5.121.158.89 (talk) 16:24, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Earliest Possible date for Memorial Day
so I'm trying to figure that out ChaseTOM4YT (talk) 05:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Memorial Day


text:
Talk:Ken Dryden

Untitled
Why was the section about the Israeli consul removed? Is it not noteworthy or is it not true? --JGGardiner 18:46, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Ken Dryden quitting hockey in 1973-74
According to the February, 1974 edition of the "Hockey Digest," Dryden quit the NHL in the '73-'74 season because the Montreal Canadiens wouldn't pay him the "going rate" for goaltenders despite having 1 year remaining in his contract. If this is correct, Dryden pursuing a law degree during this time was not the reason he quit, as the wiki article states, but was rather a by-product of him leaving. I don't know if this is something that should be included in the article.

Early life and hockey career
Dryden was raised in Islington-City Centre West (then just outside Toronto) and Boston traded Dryden to the Montreal Canadiens, along with Alex Campbell, for Paul Reid and Guy Allen, whom the Bruins highly valued.

wtf does this sentence mean -- 174.5.109.235 (talk) 01:35, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Election Results
Other MPs have a section for election results. Should Dryden have one too? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.226.82.162 (talk) 17:27, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Sigma Phi / Sigma Chi membership
There was an unreferenced mention of membership at a Cornell University fraternity. The original text said Sigma Phi but a recent editor said it was Sigma Chi. Neither participation was sourced so I removed it. Can anyone else shed some light on this? EncyclopediaUpdaticus (talk) 12:46, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

untitled
Ken Dryden's latest book 142.126.113.152 (talk) 16:12, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ken Dryden


text:
Erik Ivar Fredholm

Erik Ivar Fredholm (7 April 1866 – 17 August 1927) was a Swedish mathematician whose work on integral equations and operator theory foreshadowed the theory of Hilbert spaces.

Biography
Fredholm was born in Stockholm in 1866. He obtained his PhD at Uppsala University in 1898, under the supervision of Gösta Mittag-Leffler. He was docent at Stockholm University from 1898 to 1906 and professor from 1906 until his death. In 1914 he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1922 a foreign member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. Beside his academic career he was recruited to the Swedish Social Insurance Agency when it was founded in 1902. He later served as an actuary at the insurance company Skandia (1904-1927), where his Fredholm equation was used to calculate buyback-prices.

From 1911, he was married to Agnes Maria Liljeblad, the secretary of Mittag-Leffler.

Mathematical work
In, Fredholm introduced and analysed a class of integral equations now called Fredholm equations. His analysis included the construction of Fredholm determinants, and the proof of the Fredholm theorems.

Honours
Fredholm was a member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters and of the Accademia dei Lincei; he was awarded the Poncelet Prize for 1908.

The lunar crater Fredholm is named after him as is the asteroid 21659 Fredholm.

title: Erik Ivar Fredholm


text:
Paris Peace Accords

The Paris Peace Accords (Hiệp định Paris về Việt Nam), officially the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet Nam (Hiệp định về chấm dứt chiến tranh, lập lại hòa bình ở Việt Nam), was a peace agreement signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. The agreement was signed by the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam); the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam); the United States; and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG), which represented South Vietnamese communists. US ground forces had begun to withdraw from Vietnam in 1969, and had suffered from deteriorating morale during the withdrawal. By the beginning of 1972 those that remained had very little involvement in combat. The last American infantry battalions withdrew in August 1972. Most air and naval forces, and most advisers, also were gone from South Vietnam by that time, though air and naval forces not based in South Vietnam were still playing a large role in the war. The Paris Agreement removed the remaining US forces. Direct U.S. military intervention was ended, and fighting between the three remaining powers temporarily stopped for less than a day. The agreement was not ratified by the U.S. Senate.

The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS), which consisted of Canada, Poland, Hungary, and Indonesia, to monitor the agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and the North Vietnamese Politburo member Lê Đức Thọ. Both men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, but Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it.

The agreement's provisions were immediately and frequently broken by both North and South Vietnamese forces with no official response from the United States. Open fighting broke out in March 1973, and North Vietnamese offensives enlarged their territory by the end of the year. Two years later, a massive North Vietnamese offensive conquered South Vietnam on April 30, 1975, and the two countries, which had been separated since 1954, united once more on July 2, 1976, as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Part of the negotiations took place in the former residence of the French painter Fernand Léger; it was bequeathed to the French Communist Party. The street of the house was named after Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, who had commanded French forces in Vietnam after the Second World War.

Provisions of the accords

The agreement called for:
 * The withdrawal of all U.S. and allied forces within sixty days.
 * The return of prisoners of war parallel to the above.
 * The clearing of mines from North Vietnamese ports by the U.S.
 * A cease-fire in place in South Vietnam followed by precise delineations of communist and government zones of control.
 * The establishment of a “National Council of National Reconciliation and Concord” composed of a communist, government, and neutralist side to ensure democratic liberties and organize free elections in South Vietnam.
 * The reunification of Vietnam through peaceful means without coercion or annexation by either party, and without foreign interference.
 * The establishment of “Joint Military Commissions” composed of the four parties and an “International Commission of Control and Supervision” composed of Canada, Hungary, Indonesia, and Poland to implement the cease-fire. Both operate by unanimity.
 * The withdrawal of foreign troops from Laos and Cambodia.
 * A ban on the introduction of war material in South Vietnam unless on a replacement basis.
 * A ban on introducing further military personnel into South Vietnam.
 * U.S. financial contributions to “healing the wounds of war” throughout Indochina.

Early deadlocks
Following the strong showing of anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary, in March 1968 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson halted bombing operations over the northern portion of North Vietnam (Operation Rolling Thunder), in order to encourage Hanoi (the perceived locus of the insurgency) to begin negotiations. Although some sources state that the bombing halt decision announced on March 31, 1968, was related to events occurring within the White House and the Presidents counsel of Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford and others rather than the events in New Hampshire. Shortly thereafter, Hanoi agreed to discuss a complete halt of the bombing, and a date was set for representatives of both parties to meet in Paris. The sides first met on May 10, with the delegations headed by Xuân Thuỷ, who would remain the official leader of the North Vietnamese delegation throughout the process, and U.S. ambassador-at-large W. Averell Harriman.

For five months, the negotiations stalled as North Vietnam demanded that all bombing of North Vietnam be stopped, while the U.S. side demanded that North Vietnam agree to a reciprocal de-escalation in South Vietnam; it was not until October 31 that Johnson agreed to end the air strikes and serious negotiations could begin.

One of the largest hurdles to effective negotiation was the fact that North Vietnam and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, or Viet Cong) in the South, refused to recognize the government of South Vietnam; with equal persistence, the government in Saigon refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the NLF. Harriman resolved this dispute by developing a system by which North Vietnam and U.S. would be the named parties; NLF officials could join the North Vietnam team without being recognized by South Vietnam, while Saigon's representatives joined their U.S. allies.

A similar debate concerned the shape of the table to be used at the conference. The North favored a circular table, in which all parties, including NLF representatives, would appear to be "equal"' in importance. The South Vietnamese argued that only a rectangular table was acceptable, for only a rectangle could show two distinct sides to the conflict. Eventually a compromise was reached, in which representatives of the northern and southern governments would sit at a circular table, with members representing all other parties sitting at individual square tables around them.

Negotiations and the Nixon campaign
Bryce Harlow, a former White House staff member in the Eisenhower administration, claimed to have "a double agent working in the White House....I kept Nixon informed." Harlow and Henry Kissinger (who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a Humphrey or Nixon administration in the upcoming election) separately predicted Johnson's "bombing halt". Democratic senator George Smathers informed President Johnson that "the word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey. Nixon has been told of it".

According to presidential historian Robert Dallek, Kissinger's advice "rested not on special knowledge of decision making at the White House but on an astute analyst's insight into what was happening." CIA intelligence analyst William Bundy stated that Kissinger obtained "no useful inside information" from his trip to Paris, and "almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion". While Kissinger may have "hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation," this sort of "self-promotion...is at worst a minor and not uncommon practice, quite different from getting and reporting real secrets."

Nixon asked prominent Chinese-American politician Anna Chennault to be his "channel to Mr. Thieu"; Chennault agreed and periodically reported to John Mitchell that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference. On November 2, Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador: "I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss [Nixon] is going to win. And you tell your boss [Thieu] to hold on a while longer." Johnson found out through the NSA and was enraged saying that Nixon had "blood on his hands" and that Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen agreed with Johnson that such action was "treason." Defense Secretary Clark Clifford considered the moves an illegal violation of the Logan Act.

In response, Johnson ordered the wire-tapping of members of the Nixon campaign. Dallek wrote that Nixon's efforts "probably made no difference" because Thieu was unwilling to attend the talks and there was little chance of an agreement being reached before the election; however, his use of information provided by Harlow and Kissinger was morally questionable, and vice president Humphrey's decision not to make Nixon's actions public was "an uncommon act of political decency."

Nixon administration
After winning the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon became president of the U.S. in January 1969. He then replaced U.S. ambassador Harriman with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who was later replaced by David Bruce. Also that year, the NLF set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) to gain government status at the talks. However, the primary negotiations that led to the agreement did not occur at the Peace Conference at all but were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ, which began on August 4, 1969.

North Vietnam insisted for three years that the agreement could not be concluded unless the United States agreed to remove South Vietnamese President Thiệu from power and replace him with someone more acceptable to Hanoi. Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to sign an agreement to overthrow a government the NLF had failed to overthrow by force of arms, though the extent of North Vietnamese demands is contested. Historian Marilyn B. Young, contends that the contents of Hanoi's proposal were systematically distorted from their original plea to permit Thiệu's replacement, to what Kissinger propagated as a demand for his overthrow.

Breakthrough and agreement
On May 8, 1972, Nixon made a major concession to North Vietnam by announcing that the U.S. would accept a cease-fire in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal. In other words, the U.S. would withdraw its forces from South Vietnam without North Vietnam doing the same. The concession broke a deadlock and resulted in progress in the talks over the next few months.

The final major breakthrough came on October 8, 1972. Prior to this, North Vietnam had been disappointed by the results of its Nguyen Hue Offensive (known in the West as the Easter Offensive), which had resulted in the United States countering with "Operation Linebacker," a significant air bombing campaign that blunted the North's drive in the South as well as inflicting damage in the North. Also, they feared increased isolation if Nixon's efforts at détente significantly improved U.S. relations with the chief communist powers, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, who were backing the North Vietnamese military effort. In a meeting with Kissinger, Thọ significantly modified his bargaining line, allowing that the Saigon government could remain in power and that negotiations between the two South Vietnamese parties could develop a final settlement. Within 10 days the secret talks drew up a final draft. Kissinger held a press conference in Washington during which he announced that "peace is at hand." When Thiệu, who had not even been informed of the secret negotiations, was presented with the draft of the new agreement, he was furious with Kissinger and Nixon (who were perfectly aware of South Vietnam's negotiating position) and refused to accept it without significant changes. He then made several public radio addresses, claiming that the proposed agreement was worse than it actually was. Hanoi was flabbergasted, believing that it had been duped into a propaganda ploy by Kissinger. On October 26, Radio Hanoi broadcast key details of the draft agreement.

However, as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965, American domestic support for the war had deteriorated, and by late 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war. Consequently, the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South Vietnamese ally to sign the agreement even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved. Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South Vietnam and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election, it seemed possible that he would be able to follow through on that pledge. To demonstrate his seriousness to Thiệu, Nixon ordered the heavy Operation Linebacker II bombings of North Vietnam in December 1972. Nixon also attempted to bolster South Vietnam's military forces by ordering that large quantities of U.S. military material and equipment be given to South Vietnam from May to December 1972 under Operations Enhance and Enhance Plus. These operations were also designed to keep North Vietnam at the negotiating table and to prevent them from abandoning negotiations and seeking total victory. When the North Vietnamese government agreed to resume "technical" discussions with the United States, Nixon ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on December 30. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree), Thiệu had little choice but to accede.

On January 15, 1973, Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam. Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on an agreement that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27, 1973, at the Hotel Majestic in Paris.

Aftermath
The Paris Peace Accords effectively removed the U.S. from the conflict in Vietnam. Prisoners from both sides were exchanged, with American ones primarily released during Operation Homecoming. Around 31,961 North Vietnamese/VC prisoners (26,880 military, 5,081 civilians) were released in return for 5,942 South Vietnamese prisoners. However, the agreement's provisions were routinely flouted by both the North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese government, eliciting no response from the United States, and ultimately resulting in the communists enlarging the area under their control by the end of 1973. North Vietnamese military forces gradually built up their military infrastructure in the areas they controlled and two years later were in a position to launch the successful offensive that ended South Vietnam's status as an independent country. Fighting began almost immediately after the agreement was signed, due to a series of mutual retaliations, and by March 1973, full-fledged war had resumed.

Nixon had secretly promised Thiệu that he would use airpower to support the South Vietnamese government should it be necessary. During his confirmation hearings in June 1973, Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was sharply criticized by some senators after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam, but by August 15, 1973, 95% of American troops and their allies had left Vietnam (both North and South) as well as Cambodia and Laos under the Case-Church Amendment. The amendment, which was approved by the U.S. Congress in June 1973, prohibited further U.S. military activity in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia unless the president secured Congressional approval in advance. However, during this time, Nixon was being driven from office due to the Watergate scandal, which led to his resignation in 1974. When the North Vietnamese began their final offensive early in 1975, the U.S. Congress refused to appropriate increased military assistance for South Vietnam, citing strong opposition to the war by Americans and the loss of American equipment to the North by retreating Southern forces. Thiệu subsequently resigned, accusing the U.S. of betrayal in a TV and radio address:

"At the time of the peace agreement the United States agreed to only replace equipment on a one-by-one basis. But the United States did not keep its word. Is an American's word reliable these days? The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men."

Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese army on April 30, 1975. Schlesinger had announced early in the morning of April 29 the beginning of Operation Frequent Wind, which entailed the evacuation of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel from Saigon via helicopter, which was completed in the early morning hours of April 30. Not only did North Vietnam conquer South Vietnam, but the communists were also victorious in Cambodia when the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh on April 17, as were the Pathet Lao in Laos successful in capturing Vientiane on December 2. Like Saigon, U.S. civilian and military personnel were evacuated from Phnom Penh, U.S. diplomatic presence in Vientiane was significantly downgraded, and the number of remaining U.S. personnel was severely reduced.

Assessment
According to Finnish historian Jussi Hanhimäki, due to triangular diplomacy which isolated it, South Vietnam was "pressurized into accepting an agreement that virtually ensured its collapse". During negotiations, Kissinger stated that the United States would not intervene militarily 18 months after an agreement, but that it might intervene before that. In Vietnam War historiography, this has been termed the "decent interval".

Signatories

 * Nguyen Duy Trinh, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
 * Nguyễn Thị Bình, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
 * 🇺🇸 William P. Rogers, United States Secretary of State
 * Trần Văn Lắm, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Vietnam

Other key figures in the negotiations

 * 🇺🇸 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., former United States Ambassador to South Vietnam, head of the U.S. delegation
 * 🇺🇸 Henry Kissinger, special advisor of the President of the United States
 * 🇺🇸 William J. Porter
 * Xuân Thủy, head of delegation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
 * Lê Đức Thọ, special advisor of the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam

title: Paris Peace Accords


text:
Normality

Normality may refer to:

Mathematics, probability, and statistics

 * Asymptotic normality, in mathematics and statistics
 * Complete normality or normal space,
 * Log-normality, in probability theory
 * Normality (category theory)
 * Normality (statistics) or normal distribution, in probability theory
 * Normality tests, used to determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal distribution

Science

 * Normality (behavior), the property of conforming to a norm
 * Normality (chemistry), the equivalent concentration of a solution
 * Principle of normality, in solid mechanics

Other uses

 * Normality (video game), a 1996 adventure video game by Gremlin Interactive
 * Normality bias, a belief people hold when considering the possibility of a disaster

title: Normality


text:
Kusarigama

A kusarigama (鎖鎌) is a traditional Japanese weapon that consists of a kama (the Japanese equivalent of a sickle or billhook) on a kusari-fundo – a type of metal chain (kusari) with a heavy iron weight (fundo) at the end. The kusarigama is said to have been developed during the Muromachi period. The art of handling the kusarigama is called kusarigamajutsu.

History
The researcher Nawa Yumio believes that the kusarigama was based on the jingama, a tool that resembles a sickle, which was used to cut through a horse's ropes in the case of a fire. The jingama could also be used as a weapon and according to Nawa, the tool might have been combined with a, which is a chain that contained a weighted end and a chain around the user's wrist. People would wield the weapons with both hands to protect their horses against criminals. Another theory is that the kusarigama is based on the tobiguchi (ja:鳶口), which is a type of axe that had a "stout haft and a short pick-like blade".

There is no evidence of the kusarigama being used as a battlefield weapon in mass combat. Swinging its long chain could endanger allies and it would be ineffective against armor. The weapon is at its most useful when wielded against an opponent who attacks with a sword; it is not as useful against a longer weapon such as a spear, a naginata, or a bō. Perhaps, it was carried as a backup weapon, being light weight and compact. It is likely that the kusarigama was common during the Edo period, used against swordsmen and as a training weapon, but it was first created during the Muromachi period.

From the 12th century, until the time of the Tokugawa shogunate, many fighters specialized in the use of the weapon. One of these fighters was Yamada Shinryukan, a man who defeated many swordsmen; he was trapped in a bamboo grove by Araki Mataemon and killed. Yamada did not have enough room in the bamboo grove to swing around the chain of his kusarigama. The weapon has been used by ninja. The kusarigama has also been used as a "plaything for warriors with time on their hands, and a means of attracting rural students who wished to do something unique in their local festivals". Samurai women used the weapon as well.

The schools of kenjutsu, jūjutsu, and naginatajutsu taught kusarigamajutsu, the art of handling the kusarigama. It combined the aspects of kamajutsu, kusarijutsu, and fundojutsu. Kamajutsu refers to the kama (sickle), kusarijutsu refers to the chain, and fundojutsu refers to the weight. Kusari-fundo refers to the chain combined with the iron weight.

A handle of a kusarigama is surrounded by raden, which is a lacquer wood inlay that contains pieces of mother-of-pearl. The handle often has metal bands or strips for reinforcement at either end.

Ellis Amdur’s book  Old School: Essays on Japanese Martial Traditions retells a myth about the origin of the kusarigama. In the story, a farmer who used a farming sickle to cut his rice plants was attacked by a samurai. The farmer used the sickle with a chain attachment to defeat the warrior. According to Amdur, trapping an opponent with the chain is not effective, and a farmer's sickle would be an awkward weapon. He also states that there is no evidence for peasant use of the kusarigama or that it was derived from a farmer's tool. However, Donn F. Draeger mentions in his book Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts that the sickle, referring to the kama, was originally used for agriculture and later became used as a weapon.

Methods of use
Attacking with the weapon usually entailed swinging the weighted chain in a large circle over one's head, and then whipping it forward to entangle an opponent's spear, sword, or other weapon, or immobilizing their arms or legs. This allows the kusarigama user to easily rush forward and strike with the sickle.

There are three types of kusarigama. The first type has a weapon in the shape of a sickle that has a chain attached to the end of its shaft. The use of the first type depends on the ryū (school), with the weapon being held in either hand and its chain and weight being held in the other hand to be swung at the other person. Depending on how easy it is to see the weapon's weight move, "it can be deflected or blocked". One hit with the kusarigama is typically not able to stop someone from attacking and the weight needs to be "reeled in" by the wielder again so that a second attack can be made. The second type of kusarigama has the chain "attached at the base of the blade" and it is much more powerful than the first type. The second type allows the wielder to use quick attacks and it can continue to be used if the weapon is deflected. It only takes one hand to operate the second type and the other hand can be used for another form of combat. The third type "has a straight blade, hafted at right angles, with a handguard set at the blade side". The chain is attached to the weapon's base and it is controlled with both hands, similar to the first type of kusarigama.

Modern use
Issue 9 of This Is Japan by The Asahi Shimbun stated, "Maybe, the most unusual Japanese martial art is that which employs the kusarigama. The fact that it has survived through history gives mute testimony to its effectiveness. Yet, the casual observer, untrained in its use, would be apt to regard it as a foolish toy." A book by Tadashi Yamashita that teaches people how to use the Okinawan kusarigama was advertised in the magazine Black Belt in the 1980s.

Legality
In the Republic of Ireland, the kusarigama is classified as an illegal offensive weapon. The Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act 1990 in Ireland does not allow the kusarigama, and other similar weapons, to be manufactured, imported, or sold. These actions can result in imprisonment for up to seven years.

title: Kusarigama


text:
Northern snakehead

The northern snakehead (Channa argus) is a species of snakehead fish native to temperate East Asia, in China, Russia, North Korea, and South Korea. Their natural range goes from the Amur River watershed in Siberia and Manchuria down to Hainan. It is an important food fish and one of the most cultivated in its native region, with an estimated 500 tons produced every year in China and Korea alone. Due to this, the northern snakehead has been exported throughout the world and has managed to establish non-native populations in Central Asia and North America.

Appearance
The distinguishing features of a northern snakehead include a long dorsal fin with 49–50 rays, an anal fin with 31–32 rays, a small, anteriorly depressed head, the eyes above the middle part of the upper jaw, a large mouth extending well beyond the eye, and villiform teeth in bands, with large canines on the lower jaw and palatines. It is generally reported to reach a length up to 100 cm, but specimens approaching 150 cm are known according to Russian ichthyologists. The largest registered by the International Game Fish Association weighed 8.05 kg, although this was surpassed by a 18.42 lb northern snakehead caught in 2016.

Its coloration is a golden tan to pale brown, with dark blotches on the sides and saddle-like blotches across the back. Blotches toward the front tend to separate between top and bottom sections, while rear blotches are more likely to be contiguous. Coloration is nearly the same between juveniles and adults, which is unusual among snakeheads, and is similar to Channa maculata, but can be distinguished by two bar-like marks on the caudal peduncle (where the tail attaches); in C. maculata, the rear bar is usually complete, with pale bar-like areas before and after, while in C. argus, the rear bar is irregular and blotched, with no pale areas around it.

Fish similar in appearance
The eyespot bowfin (Amia ocellicauda) and northern snakehead can be found in the same waters on the swampy tidal coastal plain of the mid-Atlantic United States, such as the Potomac and Delaware River, and are commonly confused with each other. Some contrasting differences in northern snakehead include the lack of a black eyespot on their caudal peduncle, a golden tan to brown coloration with dark splotches, a longer anal fin, a more elongated head, and an upper jaw that is shorter than its lower jaw. Another noticeable difference is that the northern snakehead has scales that continue uniformly from the body through to their head, whereas bowfin heads are smooth and free of scales.

Behavior
The northern snakehead is a freshwater species and cannot tolerate salinity in excess of 10 parts per million. It is a facultative air breather; it uses a suprabranchial organ and a bifurcated ventral aorta that permit aquatic and aerial respiration. This unusual respiratory system allows it to live outside of water for several days; it can wriggle its way to other bodies of water or survive being transported by humans. Only young of this species (not adults) may be able to move overland for short distances using wriggling motions. The preferred habitats of this species are stagnant water with mud substrate and aquatic vegetation, or slow, murky, swampy streams; it is primarily piscivorous, but is known to eat crustaceans, other invertebrates, and amphibians.

Reproduction
The northern snakehead can double its population in as little as 15 years. It reaches sexual maturity at age three or four, when it will be about 30 to(-) long. The eggs are fertilized externally; a female can lay 100,000 eggs a year. Fertilization occurs in shallow water in the early morning. The eggs are yellow and spherical, about 2 mm in diameter. Eggs hatch after about 1–2 days, but they can take much longer at lower temperatures. The eggs are guarded by the parents until egg absorption, when the eggs are about 8 mm long.

Subspecies
Two subspecies have been recognized:

 * C. a. argus (Cantor, 1842) (Northern snakehead) China and Korea
 * C. a. warpachowskii Berg, 1909 (Amur snakehead) eastern Russia.

As an invasive species
In its native Asia, the snakehead fish is considered to be an important food fish and for this reason they have been exported to many other regions around the world. They were first introduced to Japan from mainland Asia in the early 1900s, where they have since become a sport fish. The USSR experimented with aquaculture of snakeheads during the mid 20th century in both Europe and Central Asia. In the United States, snakeheads were only cultured in Arkansas, but have managed to establish populations there and several states in the Mid-Atlantic.

Japan
Snakeheads of Korean stock were first introduced to Japan in the 1920s, and since then have spread to about every suitable body of water on the Japanese mainland.

Europe
During the Cold War, the USSR imported several different species of fish from eastern Eurasia into Europe for new prospects in aquaculture. Among these fish was the northern snakehead, which came from the Amur River basin and were stocked in various ponds of the Moscow region starting in 1949. These initial experiments were successful and it was recommended that snakehead be stocked into various other waterbodies. However, only one shipment to Czechoslovakia was ever made in 1955, and nothing else after. The snakehead was also introduced to the Volga Delta and various ponds in Yekaterinburg, but are presumed to have failed due to no reports since then.

While the snakeheads were reported to have been breeding in Moscow in the 1950s, they have since disappeared. There are no known populations in Europe in this moment.

Central Asia
The snakehead has managed to establish themselves in the countries of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, all of which used to be part of the former Soviet Union. More specifically, they are known to be in the Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Kashka-Darya since the 1960s due to both accidental and intentional releases. Since then, snakeheads have also been introduced to the Sarysu River, Talas River, and Chu River. They have become an important commercial fish in the region, with around 10 metric tons being harvested from just the Talas in 1989.

United States
The fish first appeared in U.S. news when an alert fisherman discovered one in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in the summer of 2002. The snakehead fish was considered to be a threat to the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and wary officials took action by draining the pond in an attempt to destroy the species. The action was successful, and two adults and over 100 juvenile fish were found and destroyed. A man admitted having released two adults, which he had purchased from a New York market, into the pond.

In 2004, 19 northern snakeheads were captured in the Potomac River, and they were later confirmed to have become established (i.e., they were breeding). They are somewhat limited to that stretch of the river and its local tributaries, upstream by the Great Falls, and downstream by the salinity of Chesapeake Bay. Tests found they are not related to northern snakeheads found in other waters in the region, alleviating some concern of their overland migration. Northern snakeheads continue to be caught in the river as of 2022.

The northern snakehead has been found in three counties of Florida, and may already be established there. Apparently unestablished specimens have been found in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, New York City, two ponds in Philadelphia, a pond in Massachusetts, and reservoirs in California and North Carolina. In 2008, the northern snakehead was found in drainage ditches in Arkansas as a result of a commercial fish-farming accident. Recent flooding may have allowed the species to spread into the nearby White River, which would allow an eventual population of the fish in the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers.

In the summer of 2008, an infestation of the northern snakehead was confirmed in Ridgebury Lake and Catlin Creek near Ridgebury, New York. By August 2008, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation had collected a number of the native fish, and then poisoned the waters with a liquid rotenone formulation. After the poisoning, the NYSDEC had to identify, measure, and additionally process the fish to adhere with Bureau of Fisheries procedures before disposal. The treatment plan was operated under several agents, and New York State Police were placed on stand-by in case of protests of local residents of the area.

A new concern is that this fish's spreading is getting close to the Great Lakes, which it may enter and disrupt that ecosystem.

When the snakehead was found in Crofton, the piscicide rotenone was added to the three adjacent ponds. This method of containment killed all fish present in the water body to prevent the spread of the highly invasive snakehead. The chemical breaks down rapidly, and has a half-life in water of 1–3 days.

In 2012, a snakehead was found in a pond in Burnaby, British Columbia, but further study revealed that it had been released three months or less before its capture and it was a blotched snakehead or perhaps a hybrid involving that species. Unlike the northern snakehead, which potentially can establish a population in parts of Canada, the blotched snakehead generally only lives in warmer waters. Before its exact identity was revealed, the province introduced legislation banning the possession of snakeheads and several other potentially invasive species.

In April 2013, sightings of the species in Central Park's Harlem Meer prompted New York City officials to urge anglers to report and capture any individuals. Ron P. Swegman, author of several angling essays on Central Park's ponds, confirmed the species had put both anglers and the New York State DEP on high alert.

In late 2013, authorities in Virginia and Maryland were counting snakeheads in the Chesapeake Bay to better understand the impact of the introduction of the fish to the local ecosystem. Virginia has criminalized the "introduc[tion]" of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization, although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute "introduc[tion] into the Commonwealth" or whether instead release into the environment is required.

In October 2019, multiple snakeheads were found in a pond on private property in Georgia.

In August 2021, a 30-inch snakehead weighing 5 pounds was caught in a reservoir in Canton, Massachusetts.

In 2024 a snakehead was confirmed at the Duck Creek conservation area in southeast Missouri.

World record
On the night of May 24, 2018, Andrew “Andy” Fox of Mechanicsville, Maryland shot a northern snakehead with a bow and arrow, which was officially listed as the biggest ever shot according to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. The record-breaking northern snakehead weighed 19.9 lb, with a length of 35.157 inches. The snakehead was shot near Indian Head, Mattawoman Creek, in Charles County, Maryland.

On May 20, 2014, Luis Aragon of Triangle, Virginia, caught a 8.05 kg northern snakehead, which was officially listed as the biggest ever caught on rod and reel, according to the International Game Fish Association. On May 20, 2016, Emory "Dutch" Baldwin of Indian Head, Maryland boated an 18.42 lb northern snakehead in tidal marshes of the Potomac using archery tackle. This fish is listed as the state sport record in Maryland by the Department of Natural Resources.

In traditional culture
Northern snakeheads are respected among some Chinese fishermen for their virtue, as parent snakefish are known to sacrifice themselves to protect their young. The young fish are said to rush to feed upon their mother after she gives birth and is temporarily unable to catch prey.

title: Northern snakehead


text:
Talk:Sheer Heart Attack

Track title correction
I'm correcting the information of the track title 'She Makes Me...' since the word Stilettos must be spelled as 'Stilettoes' (check the cover or AMG, I'm using the cover of the japanese minivynil tocp-67343) gilb_4 04:25, 13 January 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gilb 4 (talk • contribs)

superb
AS much as I love Queen it is POV saying superb guitar solo by Brian May on Brighton rock. Like all album articles its like a dam review Bill102 23:59, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Rap-metal? Yeah, right
I am eliminating the following sentence regarding "Stone Cold Crazy":

An often underrated feature of the song is Mercury's rap-like delivery of the lyrics; 'Stone Cold Crazy' could arguably very well be the first example of rap-metal, which is saying much since rap itself was vitually [sic] non-existent in 1974.

This (unsourced) statement is a big stretch. First of all, it is doubtful that Mercury had ever heard of rap by 1972 (when the song was first performed). I'm not even sure the genre truly existed back then. Certainly it wasn't known to white people. Even its precursors, like funk, probably had little influence on the song.

By the same logic, you might as well argue that '80s thrash metal itself was "rap-like." Or, if you like, you could go back further and describe some of Bob Dylan's songs as examples of early rap. The fallacy here is in thinking that any music which de-emphasizes melody must automatically have some connection with rap. But rap was hardly the first music to do this; it's just one manifestation, and the rap-metal of the '90s used the lack of emphasis on melody in both genres as a means of fusing the two. marbeh raglaim 12:42, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, this hardly qualifies as rap...songs like Bob Dylan's "Talkin' WWIII Blues," or Bruce Dickinson's "Sacred Cowboys" feature a fast, almost spoken word delivery, but neither qualify as rap, with the Dylan being folk, and the Dickinson metal. 65.248.164.214 (talk) 16:27, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

The way he sang it on the album version clearly sounds NOTHING like rap— he is SINGING the song. But when he performed it live, he sang it way faster and it sounded a lot more close to the style of rap (it doesn't matter that it wasn't intentionally rap, since it didn't exist by the definition we know it today back then), maybe the person who wrote that it was "rap-metal" only heard the live version. And "rap" isn't a music genre, it's "spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics with a strong rhythmic accompaniment". If you looked up the article on rap, you'd see that the art form predates hip-hop music by CENTURIES. The word has even been used in British English since the 16th century. It's a style, a technique, NOT A GENRE. You guys totally have rap confused with hip-hop. Of course Stone Cold Crazy has zero connection with hip-hop, but it's the style Freddie sings the song that is described as rap-like. And yes, I would consider Bob Dylan and some thrash metal as rap, because of the technique used to communicate the lyrics. Marbehraglaim, even you just said that rap is not exclusive to the genre most closely associated with it, so why would you assume any song that is not your definition of rap (when you really mean hip-hop) cannot utilize the technique of rapping? But in any case, I agree this song is not rap-metal. He's not rapping the song, and the genre of rap-metal didn't really emerge until the 90s with acts like Body Count, Rage Against The Machine, Cypress Hill, etc. which would later be responsible for acts like Korn, Limp Bizkit, Linkin Park and so on. I don't see Queen bearing any influence on any of those bands, even with a song like Stone Cold Crazy (although that isn't to say that it would be impossible), because rap-metal was born from rap-rock. You know, Run-DMC, Beastie Boys, acts that aren't at all influenced by Queen, or thrash metal for that matter.

Killer Queen
Killer Queen section says "They did the song without Brian May at first, leaving spaces for whenever he felt better" but this article says nothing about what Brian May's health problems were. Can someone clarify? 82.41.241.40 21:50, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Brian had contracted and recovered from Hepatitis A or B. He collapsed onstage during the Queen II tour, according to my Queen fake book which lists all their tour dates. 65.248.164.214 (talk) 22:33, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Jingle Jangle
What's a "jangle piano"? Drutt (talk) 19:38, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I must admit I'm not totally sure, but I do know that it is a certain variety of piano, and it is the kind heard at the beginning of Killer Queen. I've heard it's something like an upright piano (if it's not the same thing).Pippin the Mercury (talk) 01:26, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Is a variant on, or alternative name for a tack piano, or some other kind of prepared piano? Tsuguya (talk) 07:09, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Studio and Recording Information
Is there more information about where the record was recorded and mixed? Any more studio information would be interesting to include. Obviously, there would be a separate section for this... and a lot of the information in the "Reception" section can be moved to a Recording section. Citizenkeith (talk) 16:34, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi Citizenkeith, I, for one, wouldn't split the article into "recording" and "reception" (ending up in another row of song descriptions). A split, in some cases, would crack interesting creative contexts within a song. I think engineering and playing belong together, it's an interactive interdisciplinary process, and so should be the description of a song, to get the whole picture of it – song by song. There is not that much text anyway, just a few lines per song. So ... – That's my opinion at the moment. Cheers --Suaheli (talk) 01:22, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Now I'm Here music video
Is the music video to "Now I'm Here" a mimed performance or a legitimate live performance with the studio version dubbed over it? Because I was watching the music video and a live performance from the Rainbow Theatre in 1974, respectively, and they look exactly the same. - Tim, 23 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.68.57.211 (talk) 16:08, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Yeah, that's the Rainbow Performance plus studio version. --(agnamaracs) (talk) 11:50, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Flick of the wrist
What does this phrase mean? Best regards, -- C opper K ettle  07:21, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Probably a reference to magic? As in casting a spell? I would get that from watching "Sabrina" (the TV show about the teenage witch, not the movie with Audrey Hepburn), and she always flicks her wrist when casting a spell. But since that show didn't exist at the time that Freddie was alive, he would've probably been inspired by earlier films about witches (I Married a Witch, Bell, Book and Candle) or more believably, books (avid reader he was, reportedly). Also, when looking at the lyrics of the song itself, "Flick of the wrist and you're dead baby/Blow him a kiss and you're mad/Flick of the wrist/He'll eat your heart out", it seems to describe a person who uses his evil ways (magic) to trick you. The article for the song says it was probably inspired by their evil ex-manager, Norman Sheffield, and reading the lyrics in their entirety, it would make perfect sense. I think it was around that time of writing and recording the album that Queen discovered that they were being swindled by Norman. So this song is the precursor to Death On Two Legs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.47.139.29 (talk) 04:32, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Not wanking, then? Tsuguya (talk) 07:40, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

The "Brighton Rock" field recording
The article states: "The fairground sounds... were contributed, uncredited, by Colin Macnab, a Glasgow-based sound recordist who was a friend of Rab Johnstone, a member of Queen's road crew."

I heard a completely different story: it was on a sound effects record sent to them by Elektra, their US label at the time. Sure enough, I actually found this record (one of Elektra's "Authentic Sound Effects" discs) among my father's collection. The same sample appeared on a Tim Buckley album in 1967. --(agnamaracs) (talk) 11:54, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I concur. I have a CD copy of the same album, it's "Authentic Sound Effects Volume 3", and track 42 "Carnival Midway" is unmistakably the same sample, minus the whistled version of "Oh I Do Like to be Beside the Seaside" (which I believe was added in the studio afterwards). I don't know what the correct process would be for an accurate citation of this, though. I suspect just uploading it to Soundcloud or somewhere similar and linking it wouldn't be enough. Can anyone advise? Codeine (talk) 17:48, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

The reference to Macnab is almost correct. A friend of Johnstone, he did supply some field recordings but never knew whether or not they were used somewhere in the mix. Roger Green (talk) 22:50, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Glam rock? What??
Seriously, I don't see it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.81.33.59 (talk) 02:53, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Perhaps this would help: "Sometimes misleadingly categorized as representing the rearguard of glam rock, Queen were, in their early years, neither more nor less than an accomplished and stylish mainstream rock band whose collective title, combined with Mercury's camp stage persona, denied them full recognition in the macho world to which their music belonged." Paul Fowles "A Concise History of Rock Music" Rodericksilly (talk) 10:44, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

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SARM?
I'm confused. In the 'Recording' section the article says:

"Unlike their earlier albums, Sheer Heart Attack was recorded at four different studios; though they still worked at Trident Studios, they began moving to AIR, Rockfield and Wessex Sound Studios. They left spaces on their songs for May to record his guitar and vocal parts upon return. Gary Langang, who was a tape operator on 'Now I'm Here' and 'Brighton Rock', recalled “When we finished work at Sarm, we’d meet them at a club called the Valbonne in Soho. That’s when they let their hair down.”"

But Sarm studios aren't mentioned except in the tape operator's quote. Was he mistaken, or were parts of the album recorded there? And if they were, is that Sarm East Studios or Sarm West Studios? JezGrove (talk) 23:04, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheer Heart Attack


text:
Roger Dean (artist)

William Roger Dean (born 31 August 1944) is an English artist, designer, and publisher. He began painting posters and album covers for musicians in the late 1960s. The groups for whom he did the most art are the English rock bands Yes and Asia.

The covers often feature exotic fantasy landscapes. His work has sold more than 150 million copies worldwide.

Early life
William Roger Dean was born on 31 August 1944 in Ashford, Kent. His mother studied dress design at Canterbury School of Art before her marriage and his father was an engineer in the British Army. He has three siblings, brother Martyn and sisters Penny and Philippa. Much of Dean's childhood was spent in Greece, Cyprus, and, from age 12 to 15, Hong Kong, so his father could carry out army duties. Dean was very keen on natural history as a child, and Chinese landscape art and feng shui became particular influences on him during his time in Hong Kong. He has cited landscape, "and the pathways through it", as his greatest influence and source of inspiration.

In 1959, after the family had returned to England, Dean attended Ashford Grammar School followed by his entry in 1961 to the Canterbury College of Art studying silversmithing and furniture design and graduated with a National Diploma in Design. He was removed from a life drawing class by the principal for being "young and impressionable", and was informed he could not take it due to maths and physics being his other subjects, leading a switch to studying industrial design. As the school was trying to become accredited in the subject, Dean bypassed its foundation level course but disliked the way the subject was taught and questioned the teachers as to why people had to live in "boxes" and their response in that "form follows function".

Towards the end of the course at Canterbury, Dean was faced with the option of pursuing either architecture or industrial design; one of his tutors thought neither were for him, and recommended that Dean study at the Royal College of Art in London. He enrolled at the college in 1965 to study furniture design and became a student of Professor David Pye. Among his research was the "psychology of architecture" and what made people feel comfortable in buildings. He did a thesis about "producing a sense of tranquillity in domestic architecture". He graduated from the college in 1968 with a masters first degree honours, and won a silver medal for "work of special distinction". By this time, Dean was interested in "designing the future [...] boxes for people to live in". He considered Rick Griffin's artwork for Aoxomoxoa (1969) by The Grateful Dead as his "first big visual shock" and bought the album prior to owning a record player.

1960s
Among Dean's first successes was his sea urchin chair design which spawned from his research at the Royal College and completed in 1967. He filed a patent for it in the following year. It has been considered to be a predecessor to the bean bag, whereby the chair compresses and fully adapts to the shape and size of the user. The design was completed when Dean was one of the few students picked from the Royal College to design and make objects in famed designer Cherrill Scheer's factory. The chair remains one of Scheer's favourite pieces. It is now a part of the permanent collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

In 1968, during his third year at the Royal College, Dean was assigned a project which involved the design of a contemporary landscape seating area of the upstairs disco at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Soho. This led to the design of his first album cover, Gun (1968) by rock band Gun, after owner Ronnie Scott asked him to adapt a demonic-themed design that Dean originally made in his sketchbook for his thesis, for the album's cover. Dean agreed, and was paid "around £5,000" for his work. Dean earned more money from the album's cover than he had done with architecture related work, and realised covers took much less effort. He decided to venture into cover design not purely for the money, but its wider audience and its use "as a propaganda tool [...] showing people what might be and what could be". Dean began to pick up work where he could, including covers for various jazz artists for Vertigo Records which he disliked, calling them "austere exercises" and too restrictive for the ideas he wished to convey. The experience led Dean to establish a commission before starting work he wanted to do, leading to a short period of financial hardship. At the same time, he wanted to release a book on architecture but faced rejection from 27 different publishers.

1970s
Dean designed the logo to the independent label Fly Records in 1970. This led to Dean working on a single for their musician Marc Bolan, which involved typesetting the liner notes and lyrics, but Dean had not performed typesetting before and completed the inserts by hand with the assistance of a graphic designer, in order to show the printing staff where the text was to be placed. The positive reaction Dean received from his style of writing led to him handwriting the text for further Bolan singles. This was a similar case for Dean's design for Clear Blue Sky (1970) by Clear Blue Sky, where a painting had been completed except the typesetting, "So to bluff my way through the meeting I had to handwrite it all and hope they would never ask about it". The label's staffers were enthusiastic, which gave Dean the confidence to pursue more handwriting, logo, and graphic work.

By 1971, Dean's desire to produce artwork for rock bands had grown though he continued to pursue architecture and headed a small exhibition of his work in Florence. Following discussions with A&R man David Howells, who had assigned Dean the sleeve for The Gun, Dean agreed to work on the cover of Osibisa (1971) by Afro-rock band Osibisa. The design is a result of a brief that Dean described as "credible African fairytale imagery" and features "flying elephants and not architecture", which became an early representation of the style he later achieved fame with. Dean considered the job a breakthrough for his career as the design was made into a poster by the Big 'O' poster company which sold a large number of copies. He later said, "From that point on I could do what I wanted".

In mid-1971, during his search for work affiliated with rock bands, Dean sent a portfolio to numerous executives including Phil Carson, the European General Manager of Atlantic Records. Carson took an interest in using Dean for one of his rock acts, Yes, and hired Dean for the cover of Yes's fourth album, Fragile (1971), which marked the beginning of an association with the band to the present day. Dean pitched a story on a creation myth rather than a particular image for it, "about a child who dreamt they were living on a planet that was breaking up, so they had to build a space ark to find another planet to live on. And they towed all the little bits of the planet with them". In 1972, he designed the band's logo while travelling on the Brighton Belle train, which has been used on most of their albums since Close to the Edge (1972). In addition to their covers, Dean and his brother Martyn worked on the stage design for Yes from 1973 to 1976, 1980, 1989, and 2004. The tour for Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973) featured a nationwide merchandising campaign including posters and t-shirts that led to the creation of the production company Brockum.

In 1972, Dean designed the logo for the newly established Virgin Records. While working on the art for Yessongs (1973), Dean and his printers Tinsley Robor secured a patent for "a way of going from gatefold to any number of pages, folded out of one piece of card". In the late 1970s, Dean had an idea for Living in the Third Millennium, a thirteen episode television show about the designs and technological challenges of the future, yet it never made it to production due to budget constraints.

1980s–present
In the 1980s, Dean's output focused on other areas, including stage design, architecture, and video game art. In 1981, he collaborated with his brother Martyn on the Tectonic House, an environmentally-friendly and economic home built to last that was displayed at the annual International Ideal Home Exhibition in Birmingham. The idea spawned from two ideas: Dean's earlier designs for a bed and bedroom intended for the safety of children, and Martyn's "retreat pod" from 1970 that was featured in the Stanley Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange (1971). The project has developed into its current name, Home for Life, and the non-working prototype contains no straight edges or right angles. In the early 2000s, the cost to produce one was estimated to be $75,000–$80,000. Although several local British governments have expressed interest in the project, none have come into fruition. In 2003, a project involving the construction of 264 villas, chalets, and apartments designed by Dean on a 65-acre site near Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire had entered the planning stage.

In 1982, readers of Rolling Stone voted Dean's cover for Asia's debut studio album as the second greatest album cover of all time, behind Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) by the Beatles.

Dean's first design for a video game was The Black Onyx (1984), which was a collaboration with comic artist Michael Kaluta. It marked the beginning of a series of designs Dean produced for Henk Rogers, who designed the game. The project involved Dean and Kaluta producing an estimated 4,000 drawings for the game, including ideas for its animation, story, music, and motion capture. Dean went on to produce the cover artwork for several Psygnosis games, including Obliterator (1988) and Shadow of the Beast (1989). Dean redesigned the Tetris logo which led to the design of the cover art for Tetris Worlds (2001).

In 1996, Dean produced artwork for a poster distributed nationwide to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Starbucks.

Dean received an honorary doctorate from the Academy of Art University in San Francisco in 2002, and an honorary fellowship from the Arts University Bournemouth in 2009.

In 2013, Dean filed a legal action in U.S. District Court New York claiming that film director James Cameron had plagiarized 14 of his original images in the making the 2009 blockbuster film Avatar. Dean sought damages of $50M. Although the filmmakers admitted in court to being influenced by the artist's work, Dean's case was dismissed in 2014.

In 2013, Dean received a Gold Badge of Merit from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.

In March 2021, Dean released his first artwork on the digital art auction platform Nifty Gateway, featuring non-fungible token art pieces.

Dean has two permanent galleries, his largest at Trading Boundaries, East Sussex in the UK and the other at The San Francisco Art Exchange. Both galleries display original works and limited edition prints, sketches and drawings.

Album covers
Known primarily for the dreamy, other-worldly scenes he has created for Yes, Asia, Budgie, Uriah Heep, Gentle Giant and other bands, Dean has described himself primarily as a landscape painter. Characteristic landscapes show graceful stone arches (as shown in Arches Mist) or floating islands, while many paintings portray organic-seeming habitats, such as on the cover of Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe. Though he primarily works with watercolour paints, many of his paintings make use of multiple media, including gouache, ink, enamel, crayon and collage. In addition to his cover paintings, Dean is respected for his calligraphic work, designing logos and titles to go with his paintings.

Dean was friends with album cover designer Storm Thorgerson of Hipgnosis and the two lived in the same building after leaving university. He recalled a time when they collaborated on an album cover, but it turned out to be "a complete failure". The rise of the compact disc in the 1980s led to what Dean described as a decline in combining music with art, with the jewel case looking "tacky" and a way for record companies sacrificing quality to save money. He cites the early CD reissue of Close to the Edge by Yes as one that particularly affected him as his inner sleeve artwork was missing, replaced with black and white text.

Personal life
Dean has a daughter, artist and designer Freyja Dean (b. 1987) who is the inspiration behind the title to Dean's painting Freyja's Castle (1987). Freyja Dean created the cover art for Osibisa's 2009 album Osee Yee. Dean lives in Lewes, East Sussex.

Recognition in other media
Dean is mentioned in the 1987 song "Dickie Davies Eyes" by English band Half Man Half Biscuit.

On 19 August 2016, the Isle of Man Post Office issued a series of 6 stamps featuring Dean's artwork:
 * "Meeting Place" – produced exclusively for the stamp issue
 * "Blind Owl Late Landing" – features the unreleased Blind Owl album artwork
 * "Pathways" – cover artwork from Yes triple album Yessongs
 * "Green Parrot Island" – derived from The Studio Albums 1969-1987 box set by Yes
 * "Tales from Topographic Oceans" – from the Yes album of the same name
 * "Sea of Light" comes from the Uriah Heep album of the same name

Dean has had a long relationship with the Isle of Man, and especially with its long-term resident Rick Wakeman, keyboardist of Yes, for which Dean has designed several pieces of album artwork.

The First Day Cover (FDC) was also issued in a limited 750-issue run which were signed by Dean (this cover was issued on 2 September 2016).

On 20 August 2016, an exhibition of Dean's masterpieces went on display at the Manx Museum.

A special FDC was issued on 25 March 2018, to celebrate 50 years of Yes – this was a different cover to the August 2016 one, and was postmarked in Gold to record this historic event and signed personally by Dean who has created a special 50th Anniversary logo. A limited edition of 1000 signed covers were issued.

Dean's artwork was featured in a collaboration with Italian fashion house Valentino for their spring/summer 2020 men’s collection.

Video games

 * The Black Onyx (1984)
 * Brataccas (1986)
 * Super Black Onyx (1987)
 * Barbarian (1987)
 * Terrorpods (1987)
 * Chrono Quest (1988)
 * Obliterator (1988)
 * Shadow of the Beast (1989)
 * Stryx (1989)
 * Shadow of the Beast II (1990)
 * Amnios (1991)
 * Fatal Rewind (1991)
 * Shadow of the Beast III (1992)
 * Agony (1992)
 * Faceball 2000 (1992; in-game background art only)
 * Tetris Worlds (2001)
 * Tetris Splash (2007)

Books edited by Roger Dean

 * The Flights of Icarus (1977) by Donald Lehmkuhl. Edited by Roger & Martyn Dean. Large format colour book with paintings by Alan Lee, Patrick Woodroffe, Jeffrey Jones, Ian Miller, Bernie Wrightson, Melvyn Grant, Peter Jones, Syd Mead, Barry Windsor-Smith, Michael Kaluta, Roger Dean, Jim Fitzpatrick, Bruce Pennington, Chris Foss, and others
 * Album Cover Album: The Book of Record Jackets (1977; with Storm Thorgerson, Dominy Hamilton)
 * Album Cover Album Vol. 2: The Second Volume: The 2nd Book of Record Sleeves (1982; with David Howells)
 * Album Cover Album Vol. 3: The 3rd Book of Record Sleeves (1986; with David Howells)
 * Album Cover Album Vol. 4: Ultimate Album Cover Album (1987; with David Howells)
 * Album Cover Album Vol. 5: The 5th Book of Record Jackets (1989; with Storm Thorgerson)
 * Album Cover Album Vol. 6: The 6th Book of Record Jackets (1992; with Vaughn Oliver, Storm Thorgerson)
 * The Album Cover Album (2008; reissue of 1977 book with additional prefaces, forewords, etc, by Storm Thorgerson, Peter Gabriel, John Wetton)

title: Roger Dean (artist)