text:
Atomoxetine

Atomoxetine, sold under the brand name Strattera, is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, cognitive disengagement syndrome. It may be used alone or along with psychostimulants. It enhances the executive functions of self-motivation, sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, reaction time and emotional self-regulation. Use of atomoxetine is only recommended for those who are at least six years old. It is taken orally. The effectiveness of atomoxetine is comparable to the commonly prescribed stimulant medication methylphenidate.

Common side effects of atomoxetine include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, feeling tired, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include angioedema, liver problems, stroke, psychosis, heart problems, suicide, and aggression. There is a lack of data regarding its safety during pregnancy; as of 2019, its safety during pregnancy and for use during breastfeeding is not certain.

It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. In 2021, it was the 219th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1.9million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Atomoxetine is indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Atomoxetine is approved for use in children, adolescents, and adults. However, its efficacy has not been studied in children under six years old. One of the primary differences with the standard stimulant treatments for ADHD is that it has little known abuse potential. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews have found that atomoxetine has comparable efficacy and equal tolerability to methylphenidate in children and adolescents. In adults, efficacy and tolerability are equivalent.

While its efficacy may be less than that of amphetamine, there is some evidence that it may be used in combination with stimulants. Doctors may prescribe non-stimulants including atomoxetine when a person has bothersome side effects from stimulants; when a stimulant was not effective; in combination with a stimulant to increase effectiveness; when the cost of stimulants is prohibitive; or when there is concern about the abuse potential of psychostimulants in a patient with a history of drug use disorder.

Atomoxetine alleviates ADHD symptoms through norepinephrine reuptake and by indirectly increasing dopamine in the pre-frontal cortex, sharing 70-80% of the brain regions with stimulants in their produced effects.

Unlike α2 adrenoceptor agonists such as guanfacine and clonidine, atomoxetine's use can be abruptly stopped without significant discontinuation effects being seen.

The initial therapeutic effects of atomoxetine usually take 1 to 4 weeks to become apparent. A further 2 to 4 weeks may be required for the full therapeutic effects to be seen. Incrementally increasing response may occur up to 1 year or longer. The maximum recommended total daily dose in children and adolescents over 70 kg and adults is 100 mg.

Cognitive disengagement syndrome
Atomoxetine may be used to treat cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), as multiple randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have found that it is an effective treatment. In contrast, multiple RCTs have shown that it responds poorly to the stimulant medication methylphenidate.

Traumatic brain injury
Atomoxetine is sometimes used in the treatment of cognitive impairment and frontal lobe symptoms due to conditions like traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is used with the goal of treating ADHD-like symptoms such as sustained attentional problems, disinhibition, lack of arousal, fatigue, and depression, including symptoms from cognitive disengagement syndrome. A 2015 Cochrane review identified only one study of atomoxetine for TBI and found no positive effects. Aside from TBI, atomoxetine was found to be effective in the treatment of akinetic mutism following subarachnoid hemorrhage in a case report.

Contraindications
Contraindications include:

 * Any cardiovascular disease including:
 * Moderate to severe hypertension
 * Atrial fibrillation
 * Atrial flutter
 * Ventricular tachycardia
 * Ventricular fibrillation
 * Ventricular flutter
 * Advanced arteriosclerosis
 * Severe cardiovascular disorders
 * Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism
 * Pheochromocytoma
 * Concomitant treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors
 * Narrow angle glaucoma

Adverse effects
Common side effects include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, feeling tired, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include angioedema, liver problems, stroke, psychosis, heart problems, suicide, and aggression. A 2020 meta-analysis found that atomoxetine was associated with anorexia, weight loss, and hypertension, rating it as a "potentially least preferred agent based on safety" for treating ADHD. As of 2019, safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not clear; a 2018 review stated that, "[b]ecause of lack of data, the treating physician should consider stopping atomoxetine treatment in women with ADHD during pregnancy."

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a black box warning for suicidal behavior/ideation. Similar warnings have been issued in Australia. Unlike stimulant medications, atomoxetine does not have abuse liability or the potential to cause withdrawal effects on abrupt discontinuation.

Overdose
Atomoxetine is relatively non-toxic in overdose. Single-drug overdoses involving over 1500 mg of atomoxetine have not resulted in death.

Interactions
Atomoxetine is a substrate for CYP2D6. Concurrent treatment with a CYP2D6 inhibitor such as bupropion, fluoxetine, or paroxetine has been shown to increase plasma atomoxetine by 100% or more, as well as increase N-desmethylatomoxetine levels and decrease plasma 4-hydroxyatomoxetine levels by a similar degree.

Atomoxetine has been found to directly inhibit hERG potassium currents with an IC50 of 6.3 μM, which has the potential to cause arrhythmia. QT prolongation has been reported with atomoxetine at therapeutic doses and in overdose; it is suggested that atomoxetine not be used with other medications that may prolong the QT interval, concomitantly with CYP2D6 inhibitors, and caution to be used in poor metabolizers.

Other notable drug interactions include:

 * Antihypertensive agents, due to atomoxetine acting as an indirect sympathomimetic
 * Indirect-acting sympathomimetics, such as pseudoephedrine, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or MAOIs
 * Direct-acting sympathomimetics, such as phenylephrine or other α1 adrenoceptor agonists, including pressors such as dobutamine or isoprenaline and β2 adrenoceptor agonists
 * Highly plasma protein-bound drugs: atomoxetine has the potential to displace these drugs from plasma proteins which may potentiate their adverse or toxic effects. In vitro, atomoxetine does not affect the plasma protein binding of aspirin, desipramine, diazepam, paroxetine, phenytoin, or warfarin

Pharmacodynamics
Atomoxetine inhibits the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (NET), preventing the reuptake of norepinephrine throughout the brain along with inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine in specific brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, where dopamine transporter (DAT) expression is minimal. In rats, atomoxetine increased prefrontal cortex catecholamine concentrations without altering dopamine levels in the striatum or nucleus accumbens; in contrast, methylphenidate, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, was found to increase prefrontal, striatal, and accumbal dopamine levels to the same degree. In addition to rats, atomoxetine has also been found to induce similar region-specific catecholamine level alteration in mice.

Atomoxetine's status as a serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor at clinical doses in humans is uncertain. A PET imaging study on rhesus monkeys found that atomoxetine occupied >90% and >85% of neural NET and SERT, respectively. However, both mouse and rat microdialysis studies have failed to find an increase in extracellular serotonin in the prefrontal cortex following acute or chronic atomoxetine treatment. Supporting atomoxetine's selectivity, a human study found no effects on platelet serotonin uptake (a marker of SERT inhibition) and inhibition of the pressor effects of tyramine (a marker of NET inhibition).

Atomoxetine has been found to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist in rat cortical neurons at therapeutic concentrations. It causes a use-dependent open-channel block and its binding site overlaps with the Mg2+ binding site. Atomoxetine's ability to increase prefrontal cortex firing rate in anesthetized rats could not be blocked by D1 or α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists, but could be potentiated by NMDA or an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, suggesting a glutaminergic mechanism. In Sprague Dawley rats, atomoxetine reduces NR2B protein content without altering transcript levels. Aberrant glutamate and NMDA receptor function have been implicated in the etiology of ADHD.

Atomoxetine also reversibly inhibits GIRK currents in Xenopus oocytes in a concentration-dependent, voltage-independent, and time-independent manner. Kir3.1/3.2 ion channels are opened downstream of M2, α2, D2, and A1 stimulation, as well as other Gi-coupled receptors. Therapeutic concentrations of atomoxetine are within range of interacting with GIRKs, especially in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. It is not known whether this contributes to the therapeutic effects of atomoxetine in ADHD.

4-Hydroxyatomoxetine, the major active metabolite of atomoxetine in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers, has been found to have sub-micromolar affinity for opioid receptors, acting as an antagonist at μ-opioid receptors and a partial agonist at κ-opioid receptors. It is not known whether this action at the kappa-opioid receptor leads to CNS-related adverse effects.

Pharmacokinetics
Orally administered atomoxetine is rapidly and completely absorbed. First-pass metabolism by the liver is dependent on CYP2D6 activity, resulting in an absolute bioavailability of 63% for extensive metabolizers and 94% for poor metabolizers. Maximum plasma concentration is reached in 1–2 hours. If taken with food, the maximum plasma concentration decreases by 10-40% and delays the tmax by 3 hours. Drugs affecting gastric pH have no effect on oral bioavailability.

Following intravenous delivery, atomoxetine has a volume of distribution of 0.85 L/kg (indicating distribution primarily in total body water), with limited partitioning into red blood cells. It is highly bound to plasma proteins (98.7%), mainly albumin, along with α1-acid glycoprotein (77%) and IgG (15%). Its metabolite N-desmethylatomoxetine is 99.1% bound to plasma proteins, while 4-hydroxyatomoxetine is only 66.6% bound.

The half-life of atomoxetine varies widely between individuals, with an average range of 4.5 to 19 hours. As atomoxetine is metabolized by CYP2D6, exposure may be increased 10-fold in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. Among CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers, the half-life of atomoxetine averaged 5.34 hours and the half-life of the active metabolite N-desmethylatomoxetine was 8.9 hours. By contrast, among CYP2D6 poor metabolizers the half-life of atomoxetine averaged 20.0 hours and the half-life of N-desmethylatomoxetine averaged 33.3 hours. Steady-state levels of atomoxetine are typically achieved at or around day 10 of regular dosing, with trough plasma concentrations (Ctrough) residing around 30–40°ng/mL; however, both the time to steady-state levels and Ctrough are expected to vary based on a patient's CYP2D6 profile.

Atomoxetine, N-desmethylatomoxetine, and 4-hydroxyatomoxetine produce minimal to no inhibition of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9, but inhibit CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes at concentrations between 3.6 and 17 μmol/L. Plasma concentrations of 4-hydroxyatomoxetine and N-desmethylatomoxetine at steady state are 1.0% and 5% that of atomoxetine in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers, and are 5% and 45% that of atomoxetine in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers.

Atomoxetine is excreted unchanged in urine at <3% in both extensive and poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, with >96% and 80% of a total dose being excreted in urine, respectively. The fractions excreted in urine as 4-hydroxyatomoxetine and its glucuronide account for 86% of a given dose in extensive metabolizers, but only 40% in poor metabolizers. CYP2D6 poor metabolizers excrete greater amounts of minor metabolites, namely N-desmethylatomoxetine and 2-hydroxymethylatomoxetine and their conjugates.

Pharmacogenomics
Chinese adults homozygous for the hypoactive CYP2D6*10 allele have been found to exhibit two-fold higher area-under-the-curve (AUCs) and 1.5-fold higher maximum plasma concentrations compared to extensive metabolizers.

Japanese men homozygous for CYP2D6*10 have similarly been found to experience two-fold higher AUCs compared to extensive metabolizers.

Chemistry
Atomoxetine, or (−)-methyl[(3R)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine, is a white, granular powder that is highly soluble in water.

Detection in biological fluids
Atomoxetine may be quantitated in plasma, serum or whole blood in order to distinguish extensive versus poor metabolizers in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims or to assist in the forensic investigation in a case of fatal overdosage.

History
Atomoxetine is manufactured, marketed, and sold in the United States as the hydrochloride salt (atomoxetine HCl) under the brand name Strattera by Eli Lilly and Company, the original patent-filing company and current U.S. patent owner. Atomoxetine was initially intended to be developed as an antidepressant, but it was found to be insufficiently efficacious for treating depression. It was, however, found to be effective for ADHD and was approved by the FDA in 2002, for the treatment of ADHD. Its patent expired in May 2017. On 12 August 2010, Lilly lost a lawsuit that challenged its patent on Strattera, increasing the likelihood of an earlier entry of a generic into the US market. On 1 September 2010, Sun Pharmaceuticals announced it would begin manufacturing a generic in the United States. In a 29 July 2011 conference call, however, Sun Pharmaceutical's Chairman stated "Lilly won that litigation on appeal so I think [generic Strattera]'s deferred."

In 2017 the FDA approved the generic production of atomoxetine by four pharmaceutical companies.

Society and culture
The drug was originally known as tomoxetine. It was renamed to avoid medication errors, as the name may be confused with tamoxifen.

Brand names
In India, atomoxetine is sold under brand names including Axetra, Axepta, Attera, Tomoxetin, and Attentin. In Australia, Canada, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland and the US, atomoxetine is sold under the brand name Strattera. In the Czech Republic it is sold under brand names including Mylan. In Poland, it is sold under the brand name Auroxetyn. In Iran, atomoxetine is sold under brand names including Stramox. In Brazil, it is sold under the brand name Atentah. In 2017, a generic version was approved in the United States.

Research
There has been some suggestion that atomoxetine might be a helpful adjunct in people with major depression, particularly in cases with concomitant ADHD.

Atomoxetine may be used in those with ADHD and bipolar disorder although such use has not been well studied. Some benefit has also been seen in people with ADHD and autism. As with other norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors it appears to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms, although attention has focused mainly on specific patient groups such as those with concurrent ADHD or methamphetamine dependence.

title: Atomoxetine


text:
Silver fox

Silver fox or Silver Fox may refer to:

Animals

 * Silver fox (animal), a melanistic form of the red fox

Arts and entertainment

 * Silver Fox (character), in Marvel Comics
 * "Silver Fox", a song by RJD2 from the 2002 album Deadringer

Military

 * Operation Silver Fox, a German-Finnish World War II military campaign
 * BAE Systems Silver Fox, an unmanned aerial vehicle

People with the nickname

 * Ayaz Memon (born 1955), Indian sports writer
 * Basdeo Panday (born 1933), former actor and Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Anderson Cooper (born 1967), CNN News anchor
 * Barbara Bush (1925–2018), former first lady of the United States
 * Peter Costa (poker player) (born 1956), British poker player
 * Mel Judah (born 1947), Australian poker player
 * Ed Kelly (born 1948), Irish-American former soccer player
 * Jim Northrup (baseball) (1939–2011), American Major League Baseball player
 * Jesse Petty (1894–1971), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Charlie Rich (1932–1995), American singer
 * Ray Knight (born 1952), American baseball player, manager and broadcaster
 * David Pearson (racing driver) (1934–2018), NASCAR driver
 * Duke Snider (1926–2011), American baseball player
 * Robert L. Stephens (1921–1984), United States Air Force test pilot
 * David Taylor (snooker player) (born 1943), English snooker player
 * Eduard Shevardnadze (1928–2014), Soviet politician and former president of Georgia
 * Chase Utley (born 1978), American baseball player

Other uses

 * Silver Fox Island, Newfoundland, Canada
 * Regina Silver Foxes, a former Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey team
 * Silver Foxes, a former name of the Kent State Golden Flashes football team
 * Silver Fox, an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive
 * Silver Fox, in Miwok mythology

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Silver fox


text:
Gerhard Lindblom

Karl Gerhard Lindblom (26 August 1887 – 8 June 1969) was an ethnographer from Sweden who worked in East Africa in the 1910s. He was the principal author of materials on the Akamba peoples. Additionally, he worked as the Director of the Museum of Stockholm beginning in 1928 and in 1935 he became a professor at the University of Stockholm.

title: Gerhard Lindblom


text:
Olive Osmond

Olive May Osmond (née Davis; May 4, 1925 – May 9, 2004) was the matriarch of the American Osmond singing family.

Life and career
She was born in Malad City, Idaho, to Vera Ann (née Nichols) and Thomas Martin Davis. After high school, she moved to Ogden, Utah. She met George Osmond at Defense Depot Ogden where he was stationed, and she worked as a secretary. They married on December 1, 1944. Both were devout members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Their first two children, Virl and Tom, were born with a degenerative condition which left them nearly deaf. Doctors warned the couple that future children had a higher chance of having hearing loss, but George and Olive wanted a large family. The other children, Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie, and Jimmy, were born able to hear.

George formed a barbershop quartet consisting of Alan, Wayne, Merrill, and Jay, and eventually got them booked at Disneyland, where the boys caught the attention of Walt Disney himself, and Andy Williams's father. From 1962 to 1971, the Osmond Brothers appeared on The Andy Williams Show. Donny made his debut on the program the day after his sixth birthday.

The brothers eventually left Williams and were regulars on the second incarnation of The Jerry Lewis Show (1967-1969) before launching a successful recording career. The siblings - including Donny, Marie, and Jimmy as solo artists - scored several hits, The Osmonds' biggest being "One Bad Apple", which climbed to #1. From 1976 to 1979, Donny and Marie hosted The Donny and Marie Show.

Marie played Olive in 1982's Side by Side: The True Story of the Osmond Family. 2001's Inside the Osmonds (produced by Jimmy) depicted the siblings' egos and their frustration at not being taken seriously as artists by the music industry, George's fiscal mismanagement, and the quest to establish a "new Hollywood" in Utah as leading to the family's downfall.

In 2001, Osmond experienced a stroke. She faced complications from the condition for the rest of her life and died in Provo, on May 9, 2004. She was 79 years old.

Children
George and Olive Osmond had nine children:

 * (George) Virl Osmond Jr. (born October 19, 1945)
 * Thomas Rulon "Tom" Osmond (born October 26, 1947)
 * Alan Ralph Osmond (born June 22, 1949)
 * (Melvin) Wayne Osmond (born August 28, 1951)
 * Merrill Davis Osmond (born April 30, 1953)
 * Jay Wesley Osmond (born March 2, 1955)
 * Donald "Donny" Clark Osmond (born December 9, 1957)
 * Olive "Marie" Osmond (born October 13, 1959)
 * James Arthur "Jimmy" Osmond (born April 16, 1963)

title: Olive Osmond


text:
Jan Wils

Jan Wils (22 February 1891 – 11 February 1972) was a Dutch architect. He was born in Alkmaar and died in Voorburg.

Wills joined Johan Mutters's office in The Hague in 1914 but left two years later to start his own firm.

Wils was one of the founding members of the De Stijl movement, which also included artists as Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg and Gerrit Rietveld.

Among other works, Wils designed the Olympic Stadium for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. His design was also entered in the Olympic art competition, and won the gold medal. he also designed the Papaverhof housing complex, now a Rijksmonument (Dutch national heritage site).

title: Jan Wils


text:
Talk:Lists of actors

Untitled
Would a list of typecast actors be acceptable? It would include all actors who are primary know for one particular role and are thus expected to play similar roles in other films. -- LGagnon

what about a list of just actor homepages, (websites)? Brianboru

 * That wouldn't be too useful, and Wikipedia is not a link repository. -- LGagnon 23:15, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

Delete them all?

 * List of seiyū is up for deletion, it would set a precedent to delete most of these lists. Kappa 06:47, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

List v. assessment
In the Biography project, lists are assessed just as articles are. Please check the summer drive page of the project. ludahai 魯大海 01:47, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Why American actresses but not male actors?
Just sayin. 120.148.163.119 (talk) 09:16, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Russia?
Why is there no list of Russian actors? There are lists from some tiny impoverished countries, but none for Russia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:445:4380:7DD0:9C52:36C3:E905:8AD5 (talk) 00:52, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of actors


text:
Woodworm

A woodworm is the wood-eating larva of many species of beetle. It is also a generic description given to the infestation of a wooden item (normally part of a dwelling or the furniture in it) by these larvae.

Types of woodworm
Woodboring beetles with larvae commonly known as woodworm include:

 * Ambrosia beetles (weevils of the subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae)
 * Woodboring weevils (Pentarthrum huttoni and Euophryum confine)
 * Bark borer beetle or waney edge borer (Ernobius mollis)
 * Common furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum)
 * Deathwatch beetle (Xestobium rufovillosum)
 * House longhorn beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus)
 * Powderpost beetle (Lyctus brunneus)
 * Wharf borer (Narcerdes melanura)

Manifestation
Signs of woodworm usually consist of holes in the wooden item, with live infestations showing powder (faeces), known as frass, around the holes. The size of the holes varies, but they are typically 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter for the most common household species, although they can be much larger in the case of the house longhorn beetle. Adult beetles that emerge from wood may also be found in the summer months. Typically the adult beetles lay eggs on or just under the surface of a wooden item. The resulting grubs then feed on the wooden item causing both structural and cosmetic damage. They then pupate and hatch as beetles that then breed, lay eggs and repeat the process, causing further damage.

As these beetles are accustomed to consuming decaying wood in forests, most grubs will prefer wooden items that contain a higher moisture content than that of typical household items.

A building with a woodworm problem in its structure or furniture may also have a problem with excess moisture. The issue could be the result of a lack of ventilation in a roof space, cellar or other enclosed space within an otherwise dry building.

Whilst moisture is a leading factor resulting in a woodworm infestation, some species of woodboring insects, such as the woodboring weevil, are only found where fungal rot has already begun.

Treatment
Depending on the species involved, woodworm infestation is generally controlled with insecticides. However, some woodworm conditions, such as those caused by the waney edge borer (Ernobius mollis), require no treatment at all because the insect will have been killed in the preparation of the wood. Only active infestations require treatment, so it is important to ascertain whether an infestation is still active before treatment is carried out. It is also advisable to investigate and solve possible dampness issues, as dry wood is not usually affected, and wood that remains damp may be reinfected at a later date.

Electrical insect killers, which attract and kill adult beetles before they can breed, may be used along with conventional chemical treatments to kill adult beetles before they can breed, but the effectiveness of such an approach is unknown.

Freezing treatments are quite effective but are costly, take two to three weeks to work and may cause damage. Low-oxygen treatment is also effective but is costly and very time-consuming, taking as long as eight weeks to treat the problem.

Consumption
In places such as Cambodia, South Africa, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, woodworms may be considered edible delicacies.

title: Woodworm


text:
Digital display advertising

Digital display advertising is online graphic advertising through banners, text, images, video, and audio. The main purpose of digital display advertising is to post company ads on third-party websites. A display ad is usually interactive (i.e. clickable), which allows brands and advertisers to engage deeper with the users. A display ad can also be a companion ad for a non-clickable video ad.

According to eMarketer, Facebook and Twitter were set to take 33 percent of display ad spending market share by 2017. Desktop display advertising eclipsed search ad buying in 2014, with mobile ad spending overtaking display in 2015.

Overview
Digital display advertising is an online form of advertising in which the company's promotional messages appear on third-party sites or search engine results pages such as publishers or social networks. There is an evidence showing that this advertising can increase the number of website page view of a company from most types of customers except from the non-authenticated visitors who visited the website before. The main purpose of display advertising is to support brand awareness (Robinson et al., 2007) and it also helps to increase the purchase intention of consumers.

Social media is used by many organizations. One example is, in 2014, ASOS and Nike collaborated with Google Hangouts to create the first shoppable video web chat on Google+. The video is an example of display advertising used for commemorating 27 years of Nike's Air Max shoes. The video advertising aimed at creating brand awareness among users and convincing them to watch the Hangout and purchase products from the display advertising itself. Consumers were able to shop by clicking the display advertising. According to an ASOS statement, display advertising has contributed to an increase in both the number of users visiting its website and downloads of the ASOS App by 28 percent, with users having then visited the website eight times a month, on average.

History
Since the early advent of technology, the Internet has completely changed the way people relate to advertisements. As computers prices decreased, online content became accessible to a large portion of the world's population. This change has modified the way people are exposed to media and advertising and has led to the creation of online channels through which advertisements can reach users.

The first type of relationship between a website and an advertiser was a straightforward, direct partnership. This partnership model implies that the advertiser promoting a product or service pays the website (also known as a publisher) directly for a certain amount of ad impressions. The first digital ad, called a banner ad, was run in 1994 by AT&T on a site called HotWired.

As time went on, publishers began creating thousands of websites, leading to millions of pages with unsold ad space. This gave rise to a new set of companies called Ad Networks. The ad network acted as a broker, buying unsold ad space from multiple publishers and packaged them into audiences to be sold to advertisers. This second wave of advertiser-publisher relationships rapidly gained popularity as it was convenient and useful for buyers who often found themselves paying a lower price yet receiving enhanced targeting capabilities through ad networks.

The third and most recent major development that shaped the advertiser-publisher ecosystem started occurring in the late 2000s when widespread adoption of RTB (real time bidding) technology took place. Also referred to as programmatic bidding, RTB allowed companies representing buyers and sellers to bid on the price to show an ad to a user every time a banner ad is loading. When a page loads during a user visit, there are thousands of bids occurring from advertisers to serve an ad to that user, based on each company's individual algorithms. With this most recent change in the industry, more and more ads are being sold on a single-impression basis, as opposed to in bulk purchases.

Programmatic, Real time bidding (RTB)
Programmatic display advertising, or real time bidding (RTB), transformed the way digital display advertising is bought and managed in recent years. Rather than placing a booking for advertising directly with a website, advertisers will manage their activity through a (demand side platform), and bid to advertise to people in real time, across multiple websites, based on targeting criteria. This method of advertising quickly gained popularity, as it allows for more control for the advertiser (or agency), including of the individual target audience, rather than just the website. It has become a threat to website operators and generally the cost paid for advertising in this way is less than the old method and so the earning potential for them is reduced.

Programmatic is not without its drawbacks, as without the appropriate management adverts can appear against unsavoury content or inappropriate news topics. This issue became front-page news in February 2017, when advertisers on YouTube were found displayed on terror group websites and fake news sites. As a result, a number of major advertisers paused all of their online advertising until they could put the appropriate measures in place to prevent this occurring again.

Other issues can arise from this method of buying display ads, for example since DSPs mostly buy from inventory on the public ad exchanges, the quality of the impressions bought can often be questionable and low value. in response to this, in the past few years we have seen the proliferation and use of private deals through PMPs.

First online advertisement
The birthday of the first banner display on the World Wide Web was on 27 October 1994. It appeared on HotWired, the first commercial web magazine.

The COCONET online service had graphical online banner ads starting in 1988 in San Diego, California.

The PRODIGY service, launched also in 1988, had banner ads as well.

Accounts department
The accounts department meet with the client to define campaign goals and translate those goals into a creative brief to be forwarded to the creative department.

Creative department
The role of the creative team is to conceptualise and create the advert. They have to develop a creative execution that will be compelling enough to drive a customer to buy a product or a service. The team often consists of a mix of copy writers and graphic designers who use their respective skillsets to communicate via copy and visuals.

Media planner
People have to test in which way the user experiences all the information of a data visualization. For this reason, they have to study the users' response to sounds, image, and motion. They have to be aware of everything that is digitally consumed, to know all the newest technologies and media solutions, and to help all the other departments to find the best way to reach the object's campaign.

Ad operations
Ad Operations, or 'Ad ops', are the people who ensure that the ad is physically delivered to the correct website at the correct time. They do this by uploading the ad into the advertiser's ad server so that it can be delivered to the website and displayed to the end user who will see it. They are also responsible of delivering 100% of the advertiser's budget in an ad campaign by regularly tracking the ad campaign performance and optimizing it towards the advertiser's KPIs.

Ad server
Ad servers helps manage digital display advertisements. It is an advertising technology (ad tech) tool that, throughout a platform, administrates the ads and their distribution. It is basically a service or technology for a company that takes care of all the ad campaign programs and by receiving the ad files it is able to allocate them in different websites. The ad server is responsible for things such as the dates by which the campaign has to run on a website; the rapidity in which an ad as to be spread and where (geographic location targeting, language targeting.. ); controlling that an ad is not overseen by a user by limiting the number of visualisations; proposing an ad on past behaviour targeting.

There are different types of ad servers. There is an ad server for publishers that helps them to launch a new ad on a website by listing the highest ads' price on its and to follow the ad's growth by registering how many users it has reached. There is an ad server for advertisers that helps them by sending the ads in the form of HTML codes to each publisher. In this way, it is possible to open the ad in every moment and make changes of frequency for example, at all times. Lastly, there is an ad server for ad networks that provides information as in which network the publisher is registering an income and which is the daily revenue.

Importance of formats of display ads
Two students of the "Amsterdam school of Communication Research ASCor" have run studies about the audience reactions to different display advertising formats. In particular, they took into consideration two different types of format (sponsored content and banner advertising) to demonstrate that people react and perceive formats in different ways, positive and negative. For this reason, it is important to choose the right format because it will help to make the most of the medium. It is also possible to add: To help to better select the right format for the type of ad, Interactive Advertising Bureau has realized a Display Standard Ad Unit Portfolio that works as a guideline that can be followed by the creatives. The IAB ad sizes as of 2007 are :
 * Video;
 * Rich Media Ads (Expandables): flash files that may expand when the user interacts on mouseover (polite), or auto- initiated (non-polite);
 * Overlays: ads that appear above content and that are possible to remove by clicking on a close button;
 * Interstitials: Ads that are displayed on web pages before expected content (before the target page is displayed on the user's screen);
 * Sponsorship: including a logo or adding a brand to the design of a website. This can also can fall under Native advertising, which is an ad that can seem like Editorial, or "In-Feed", but has really been paid for by the advertiser

 * Rectangles and Pop-Ups
 * Medium rectangle: 300 x 250
 * Rectangle: 180 x 150
 * Banners and Buttons
 * Micro bar: 88 x 31
 * Button 2: 120 x 60
 * Leaderboard: 728 x 90
 * Skyscrapers
 * Wide skyscraper: 160 x 600
 * Half-page: 300 x 600
 * Micro bar: 88 x 31
 * Button 2: 120 x 60
 * Leaderboard: 728 x 90
 * Skyscrapers
 * Wide skyscraper: 160 x 600
 * Half-page: 300 x 600
 * Leaderboard: 728 x 90
 * Skyscrapers
 * Wide skyscraper: 160 x 600
 * Half-page: 300 x 600
 * Half-page: 300 x 600

Those sizes that are bold above are part of the Universal Ad Package. entries were delisted after the update in 2011. Standard banner ad sizes are constantly evolving due to consumer creative fatigue and banner blindness. Ad companies consistently test performance of ad units to ensure maximum performance for their clients. IAB has updated its guideline bi-annually.

In 2015, IAB announced advertising creative guidelines for display & mobile, considering HTML5.

In 2017 IAB also introduced the new guidelines, featuring adjustable ad formats, as well as the guidelines for new digital content experiences such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), social media, mobile video, emoji ad messaging, and 360-degree video ads.

Fixed size ad spec is:

title: Digital display advertising


text:
Ron Clarke

Ronald William Clarke, AO, MBE (21 February 1937 – 17 June 2015) was an Australian athlete, writer, and the Mayor of the Gold Coast from 2004 to 2012. He was one of the best-known middle- and long-distance runners in the 1960s, notable for setting seventeen world records.

Early life and family
Clarke was born 21 February 1937 in Melbourne, Victoria. He attended Essendon Primary School, Essendon High School (now part of Essendon Keilor College) and Melbourne High School. His brother Jack Clarke and father Tom played Australian rules football in the Victorian Football League with Essendon. He was a qualified accountant.

In 1956, when Clarke was still a promising 19-year-old, he was chosen to light the Olympic Flame in the Melbourne Cricket Ground during the opening ceremonies of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

Athletic career
During the 1960s, Clarke won 9 Australian championships and 12 Victorian track championships ranging from 1500 m to 6 mi.

He won the bronze medal in the 10,000 metre (m) race at the 1964 Summer Olympics when he was upset by Billy Mills, and never won an Olympic gold medal. However, Emil Zátopek gave him one of his own gold medals, which Clarke described as one of his most cherished presents. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Clarke collapsed and nearly died from altitude sickness sustained during the gruelling 10,000 m race final. Despite training in the Alps to get acclimatised to high altitudes at Mexico City, this could not put him on par with many opponents from Africa, who had always run at high altitude (with the notable exception of 5,000 m gold medalist and 10,000 m bronze medalist Mohammed Gammoudi of Tunisia, who was born and lived not far above sea level). Clarke finished in sixth place, but remembered nothing of the last lap. He recovered sufficiently to compete in the 5,000 metre heats a few days later.

In the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, he won silver in the 3-mile event, and in the 1966 Games he won silver medals in the 3 mi and 6 mi events.

During a 44-day European tour in 1965, he competed 18 times and broke 12 world records, including the 20,000 m (12.4 miles). On 10 July, at London's White City Stadium, he became the first man to run 3 miles in under 13 minutes, lowering the world record to 12:52.4. Four days later, in Oslo, he lowered his own 10,000 m world record by 36.2 seconds to 27:39.4, becoming the first man to break the 28 minute barrier.

World records
In 1965, Clarke beat the 10,000-metre world record in Turku, Finland, with a time of 28:14.0; however, it was never ratified, as it was said that permission to run was requested too late.

Political career
He was elected mayor of the Gold Coast in 2004, defeating incumbent Gary Baildon. Clarke and his wife, Helen, first came to the Gold Coast for a holiday in 1957. The couple returned almost every year thereafter, and in 1995, after 14 years abroad, mainly in Europe, came back for good. He was re-elected in 2008.

Clarke resigned as Mayor of the Gold Coast on 27 February 2012, when he announced his nomination to run as an independent candidate for the seat of Broadwater in the 2012 Queensland state election. Clarke failed in this campaign, coming fourth and recording only a 4.6% primary vote.

Former Australian Football League CEO Andrew Demetriou stated that Clarke as Mayor of the Gold Coast played a major role in the AFL establishing a new team Gold Coast Suns on the Gold Coast.

In 2011, Clarke was part of the lobbying team that secured the 2018 Commonwealth Games for the Gold Coast, Queensland.

Honours
In 1966, Clarke was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) "In recognition of service to athletics".

In 2000, he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for "Significant contribution as a competitor (Athletics)".

In 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal for "Distinguished service to the eco-tourism industry".

In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours List, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) "for distinguished service to the community through a range of leadership roles with local government and philanthropic organisations, and to the promotion of athletics."

Awards and recognition

 * 1965 – awarded the Prix Du President by the French Sports Academy
 * 1965 – Helms Award for Australasia
 * 1965 – ABC's Sportsman of the Year
 * 1965 – Track & Field News Male Athlete of the Year
 * 1965 – BBC Sportsman of the Year – Overseas Personality
 * 1965 – World Sportsman of the Year by the International Association of Sports Writers
 * 1982 – awarded Victorian Father of the Year.
 * 1985 – inaugural inductee into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame
 * 2000 – inaugural inductee into the  Athletics Australia Hall of Fame in 2000.
 * 2022 - Sport Australia Hall of Fame Legend

In 2005, Geelong Athletics honoured Clarke with an athletics meet to commemorate the 40th anniversary of his breaking the world record for the 20,000 metres and his one-hour run at Landy Field in October 1965. This meet is held annually as part of the Athletics Australia National Meet Series.

On 15 March 2006, Ron Clarke was one of the final four runners who carried the Queen's Baton around the MCG stadium during the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Emil Zátopek had great respect for Ron Clarke. In 1966 (often erroneously noted as 1968), he invited the Australian to Czechoslovakia, and as a parting gift he gave him his 1952 Olympic 10,000-metre gold medal with the following words: "Not out of friendship but because you deserve it."

Death
Clarke died of kidney failure on 17 June 2015 at Allamanda Hospital in Southport, Queensland. Clarke is survived by his wife Helen and sons Marcus and Nicolas. His daughter Monique died of breast cancer in 2009.

Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Opposition Leader Bill Shorten paid tribute to Clarke in Parliament on the day of his death by stating that a great Australian had been lost with his death. Herb Elliott, an Australian 1500-metre Olympic gold medallist, said "Ron was a great man. His contribution to athletics was enormous. He was also a wonderful contributor to public health through lifestyle programs and gymnasiums and the communities in which he lived. Ron will be greatly missed". John Landy, who famously helped Clarke when he fell during a mile race at the 1956 Australian Championships, said, "Ron Clarke, by his running feats inspired Australian distance runners and in a world sense, demonstrated the potential athletics achievements possible." Frank Shorter, the 1972 Olympic marathon gold medallist, said: "Ron Clarke was my idol. I grew up seeing Ron Clarke in the dark blue singlet with the V on it – to me that was the symbol of running."

title: Ron Clarke


text:
Bisection method

In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous function for which one knows two values with opposite signs. The method consists of repeatedly bisecting the interval defined by these values and then selecting the subinterval in which the function changes sign, and therefore must contain a root. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow. Because of this, it is often used to obtain a rough approximation to a solution which is then used as a starting point for more rapidly converging methods. The method is also called the interval halving method, the binary search method, or the dichotomy method.

For polynomials, more elaborate methods exist for testing the existence of a root in an interval (Descartes' rule of signs, Sturm's theorem, Budan's theorem). They allow extending the bisection method into efficient algorithms for finding all real roots of a polynomial; see Real-root isolation.

The method
The method is applicable for numerically solving the equation f(x) = 0 for the real variable x, where f is a continuous function defined on an interval [a, b] and where f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs. In this case a and b are said to bracket a root since, by the intermediate value theorem, the continuous function f must have at least one root in the interval (a, b).

At each step the method divides the interval in two parts/halves by computing the midpoint c = (a+b) / 2 of the interval and the value of the function f(c) at that point. If c itself is a root then the process has succeeded and stops. Otherwise, there are now only two possibilities: either f(a) and f(c) have opposite signs and bracket a root, or f(c) and f(b) have opposite signs and bracket a root. The method selects the subinterval that is guaranteed to be a bracket as the new interval to be used in the next step. In this way an interval that contains a zero of f is reduced in width by 50% at each step. The process is continued until the interval is sufficiently small.

Explicitly, if f(c)=0 then c may be taken as the solution and the process stops. Otherwise, if f(a) and f(c) have opposite signs, then the method sets c as the new value for b, and if f(b) and f(c) have opposite signs then the method sets c as the new a. In both cases, the new f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, so the method is applicable to this smaller interval.

Iteration tasks
The input for the method is a continuous function f, an interval [a, b], and the function values f(a) and f(b). The function values are of opposite sign (there is at least one zero crossing within the interval). Each iteration performs these steps:
 * 1) Calculate c, the midpoint of the interval, c = $a + b⁄2$.
 * 2) Calculate the function value at the midpoint, f(c).
 * 3) If convergence is satisfactory (that is, c − a is sufficiently small, or |f(c)| is sufficiently small), return c and stop iterating.
 * 4) Examine the sign of f(c) and replace either (a, f(a)) or (b, f(b)) with (c, f(c)) so that there is a zero crossing within the new interval. ME = bfe

When implementing the method on a computer, there can be problems with finite precision, so there are often additional convergence tests or limits to the number of iterations. Although f is continuous, finite precision may preclude a function value ever being zero. For example, consider $f(x) = cos x$; there is no floating-point value approximating $x = \pi/2$ that gives exactly zero. Additionally, the difference between a and b is limited by the floating point precision; i.e., as the difference between a and b decreases, at some point the midpoint of $[a, b]$ will be numerically identical to (within floating point precision of) either a or b.

Algorithm
The method may be written in pseudocode as follows: input: Function f, endpoint values a, b, tolerance TOL, maximum iterations NMAX conditions: a < b, either f(a) < 0 and f(b) > 0 or f(a) > 0 and f(b) < 0 output: value which differs from a root of f(x) = 0 by less than TOL N ← 1 while N ≤ NMAX do // limit iterations to prevent infinite loop c ← (a + b)/2 // new midpoint if f(c) = 0 or (b – a)/2 < TOL then // solution found Output(c) Stop end if N ← N + 1 // increment step counter if sign(f(c)) = sign(f(a)) then a ← c else b ← c // new interval end while Output("Method failed.") // max number of steps exceeded

Example: Finding the root of a polynomial
Suppose that the bisection method is used to find a root of the polynomial
 * $$ f(x) = x^3 - x - 2 \,.$$

First, two numbers $$ a $$ and $$ b $$ have to be found such that $$f(a)$$ and $$f(b)$$ have opposite signs. For the above function, $$ a = 1 $$ and $$ b = 2 $$ satisfy this criterion, as
 * $$ f(1) = (1)^3 - (1) - 2 = -2 $$

and
 * $$ f(2) = (2)^3 - (2) - 2 = +4 \,.$$

Because the function is continuous, there must be a root within the interval [1, 2].

In the first iteration, the end points of the interval which brackets the root are $$ a_1 = 1 $$ and $$ b_1 = 2 $$, so the midpoint is
 * $$ c_1 = \frac{2+1}{2} = 1.5 $$

The function value at the midpoint is $$ f(c_1) = (1.5)^3 - (1.5) - 2 = -0.125 $$. Because $$ f(c_1) $$ is negative, $$ a = 1 $$ is replaced with $$ a = 1.5 $$ for the next iteration to ensure that $$ f(a) $$ and $$ f(b) $$ have opposite signs. As this continues, the interval between $$ a $$ and $$ b $$ will become increasingly smaller, converging on the root of the function. See this happen in the table below.

After 13 iterations, it becomes apparent that there is a convergence to about 1.521: a root for the polynomial.

Analysis
The method is guaranteed to converge to a root of f if f is a continuous function on the interval [a, b] and f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs. The absolute error is halved at each step so the method converges linearly. Specifically, if c1 = $a+b⁄2$ is the midpoint of the initial interval, and cn is the midpoint of the interval in the nth step, then the difference between cn and a solution c is bounded by
 * $$|c_n-c|\le\frac{|b-a|}{2^n}.$$

This formula can be used to determine, in advance, an upper bound on the number of iterations that the bisection method needs to converge to a root to within a certain tolerance. The number n of iterations needed to achieve a required tolerance ε (that is, an error guaranteed to be at most ε), is bounded by
 * $$n \le n_{1/2} \equiv \left\lceil\log_2\left(\frac{\epsilon_0}{\epsilon}\right)\right\rceil, $$

where the initial bracket size $$\epsilon_0 = |b-a|$$ and the required bracket size $$\epsilon \le \epsilon_0.$$ The main motivation to use the bisection method is that over the set of continuous functions, no other method can guarantee to produce an estimate cn  to the solution c that in the worst case has an $$\epsilon$$ absolute error with less than  n1/2  iterations. This is also true under several common assumptions on function f and the behaviour of the function in the neighbourhood of the root.

However, despite the bisection method being optimal with respect to worst case performance under absolute error criteria it is sub-optimal with respect to average performance under standard assumptions as well as asymptotic performance. Popular alternatives to the bisection method, such as the secant method, Ridders' method or Brent's method (amongst others), typically perform better since they trade-off worst case performance to achieve higher orders of convergence to the root. And, a strict improvement to the bisection method can be achieved with a higher order of convergence without trading-off worst case performance with the ITP Method.

Generalization to higher dimensions
The bisection method has been generalized to multi-dimensional functions. Such methods are called generalized bisection methods.

Methods based on degree computation
Some of these methods are based on computing the topological degree.

Characteristic bisection method
The characteristic bisection method uses only the signs of a function in different points. Lef f be a function from Rd to Rd, for some integer d ≥ 2. A characteristic polyhedron  (also called an admissible polygon) of f is a polyhedron in Rd, having 2d vertices, such that in each vertex v, the combination of signs of f(v) is unique. For example, for d=2, a characteristic polyhedron of f is a quadrilateral with vertices (say) A,B,C,D, such that:

A proper edge of a characteristic polygon is a edge between a pair of vertices, such that the sign vector differs by only a single sign. In the above example, the proper edges of the characteristic quadrilateral are AB, AC, BD and CD. A diagonal is a pair of vertices, such that the sign vector differs by all d signs. In the above example, the diagonals are AD and BC.
 * $\sgn f(A) = (-,-)$, that is, f1(A)<0, f2(A)<0.
 * $\sgn f(B) = (-,+)$, that is, f1(B)<0, f2(B)>0.
 * $\sgn f(C) = (+,-)$, that is, f1(C)>0, f2(C)<0.
 * $\sgn f(D) = (+,+)$, that is, f1(D)>0, f2(D)>0.

At each iteration, the algorithm picks a proper edge of the polyhedron (say, AB), and computes the signs of f in its mid-point (say, M). Then it proceeds as follows:

Suppose the diameter (= length of longest proper edge) of the original characteristic polyhedron is $\sgn f(M) = \sgn(A)$. Then, at least $$\log_2(D/\varepsilon)$$ bisections of edges are required so that the diameter of the remaining polygon will be at most $\sgn f(M) = \sgn(B)$.
 * If $D$, then A is replaced by M, and we get a smaller characteristic polyhedron.
 * If $ε$, then B is replaced by M, and we get a smaller characteristic polyhedron.
 * Else, we pick a new proper edge and try again.

title: Bisection method


text:
Lane College

Lane College is a private historically black college associated with the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church and located in Jackson, Tennessee. It offers associate and baccalaureate degrees in the arts and sciences.

History
Lane College was founded in 1882 by the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (C.M.E.; now known as Christian Methodist Episcopal Church) as the C.M.E. High School. It was named after Methodist Bishop Isaac Lane, who co-founded the school. Planning for the school had begun in 1878, but the establishment was delayed by a yellow fever epidemic in the region in 1878. Its primary purpose was the education of newly freed enslaved persons, and the original curriculum focused on the preparation of "teachers and preachers." It became Lane Institute in 1883.

In 1887, Rev. T. F. Saunders, a White former enslaver, and a member of the Memphis Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was appointed the first president of Lane Institute. In 1896 the college department was formed, and the Board of Trustees voted to change the name to Lane College. Around 1902, many letters were written calling for a Black president for Lane College to the Christian Index, a magazine published by the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1903, James Albert Bray, a Black graduate of Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University) was elected president of Lane College, after T. F. Saunders resignation.

Presidents
• T. F. Saunders, 1887–1903

• James Albert Bray, 1903–1907

• James Franklin Lane, 1907–1944

• Peter Randolph Shy, (interim) 1944–1945

• D.S. Yarbrough, 1945–1948

• James H. White, 1948–1950

• Richard H. Sewell, (interim) 1950

• Chester Arthur Kirkendoll, 1950–1970

• Herman Stone Jr., 1970–1986

• Alex A. Chambers, 1986–1992

• Arthur L. David, (interim) 1992

• Wesley Cornelious McClure, 1992–2013

• Logan C. Hampton, 2014–present

Academics
Lane College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate's and bachelor's degrees.

Athletics
The Lane College Department of Athletics sponsors men's intercollegiate baseball, basketball, football, cross country, and tennis, along with women's intercollegiate softball, basketball, cross country, volleyball, and tennis. The school's athletic teams are nicknamed the Dragons and compete in Division II of the NCAA. The athletic teams compete in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Former Lane football player Jacoby Jones became the first player in history to score a receiving touchdown and a return touchdown in a Super Bowl as a member of the Baltimore Ravens.

Namesake
SS Lane Victory, a World War II Victory Ship, one of the few surviving, was named for Lane College. It is now docked in San Pedro, California (which is part of the commercial harbor area of Los Angeles to the south of downtown). It is now open as a museum.

title: Lane College


text:
All We Got Iz Us

All We Got Iz Us is the second album by American hip hop group Onyx, released on October 24, 1995, by JMJ Records and Rush Associated Labels. The album was produced by Onyx. The album features guest appearances from rap group All City and rapper from Queens, Panama P.I.

All We Got Iz Us debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard 200, and number 2 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart. The album has sold over 500,000 copies. However, it did not approach the success of the first album.

Two charting singles were released from the album, "Last Dayz" which made it to 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 10 on the Hot Rap Singles and "Live Niguz", also known as "Live!!!", made it to 17 on the Hot Rap Singles and 81 on the R&B charts. "Live Niguz" appeared in the soundtrack to the 1995's documentary The Show and "Last Dayz" was used in the film "8 Mile".

Background
In March 1994, when Fredro Starr was on the set of Dangerous Minds, Lyor Cohen came to him and offered him a million dollars for recording a new album, All We Got Iz Us. Big DS left the group at the same time to start a solo career. Onyx recorded 25 songs for this album, but only 15 of them were included on the album by Jam Master Jay's decision.

In the same year members of Onyx have formed a label, Armee Records, and have signed production and distribution deals with Capitol Records and Mercury Records. Onyx signed contracts with the artists All City (Greg Valentine and J. Mega) and Panama P.I., who featured on Onyx's sophomore set, "All We Got Iz Us", Gang Green and singer Choclatt (Jared Crawford).

Aliases
On the album two group members came up with new aliases:
 * Fredro Starr: Never.
 * Suave: Sonee Seeza. Sonsee

Conception of album title
The title All We Got Iz Us came up because it was a state of mind for Onyx at that time. "'...We made that title one day at the studio. At that time niggas was on the knees, crying, praying almost like 'I love you my nigga' and that's how All We Got Iz Us album came about. That album was pain. Now you got to run around with a Mac-12 in your trunk, bulletproof vest, mad money niggas, you think that niggas going to kill you, so this was our frame of mind.'"

Lyrics
All We Got Iz Us this name was chosen because it is much more grimy than Bacdafucup. It is widely considered to be a great follow up to their debut Bacdafucup with many fans actually citing it as Onyx's best album. Turning away from the more humorous approach of their debut, All We Got Iz Us had an overall darker and more serious tone, dealing with subjects such as suicide, heavy substance abuse and racism. For example, the intro/opening track features a split-personality monologue: Sticky Fingaz threatening himself at gunpoint, eventually committing suicide.

Album cover
For the cover of the album All We Got Iz Us, Sticky and Fredro just wanted to paint a cracked mad face. Probably, it was a bad idea, because it was the beginning, when the sales of Onyx albums started to "crack". The cover for All We Got Iz Us was a 6-inch metal plate, and the photographer just took a picture of this plate, and the mad face that you see on the back cover of the album Shut 'Em Down was a real lump of metal.

Singles
Two singles were released from this album: "Live Niguz" and "Last Dayz".

The first single, "Live Niguz", also known by its censored title "Live!!!", was released on July 18, 1995, as a single from Def Jam's The Show: The Soundtrack and as the first single from Onyx's second album, All We Got Iz Us. Produced by 8-Off Assassin and all three members of Onyx, "Live!!!" only found minor success on the R&B and rap charts, becoming the group's first single not to reach the Billboard Hot 100.

The second single, "Last Dayz" was released on October 3, 1995. Produced by 8-Off Assassin and Onyx, Last Dayz making it to number 89 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Instrumental of this song was used in the film 8 Mile for the rap battle between Lotto and B-Rabbit. In 2013, the song was re-recorded by Fredro Starr and Sticky Fingaz, and released on a compilation album Songs of the 90's.

Music videos were released for the tracks "Last Dayz", "All We Got Iz Us", "Walk In New York" and "Live Niguz".

Appearance in movies and on television

 * In 1995, "Betta Off Dead" was used in the movie The Addiction.
 * In 1995, the song "Shout" appeared on the promo soundtrack for the movie Bad Boys.
 * In 1995, the song "Live Niguz" appeared in the soundtrack to the documentary The Show
 * In 2002, the instrumental of "Last Dayz" was used in the film "8 Mile" during the rap battle scenes.

Critical response
All We Got Iz Us was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Raymond Cunningham of The Source gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying "...Although the LP is packed with sure shots, there are a few sure misses. "Shout", which has no business being on the LP, has a solid beat. But the hook is as corny as the Onyx comic book. Then there's "All We Got", a song that discusses the streets and isn't all bad, again, until the cheesy chorus. It may be a case where the quality of the other songs brings these down. In any event, they definitely stand out as weaker representations of the group's efforts."

Q gave the album three stars out of five, saying "...The lyrics are quickfire and the sound is dense..."

Bonz Malone of Vibe said "...Now, after a two-year hiatus, they're back with All We Got Iz Us, and the shit is hardcore. "Purse Snatchers" and "Better Off Dead" are probably the wildest. It's made by thugs for thugs...spits the real poison as seen on the streets. It's intended for immature audiences, so they'll wise up and realize that all we do have is one another. People need to hear these interesting characters."

NME gave the album seven stars out of ten, saying "although there's nothing to rock the Wu's place at the top of the NY tree, Onyx sound convincingly with it. They still paint pictures of NY that turn it into a warscape, but they've deliberated their moves so as not to re-emerge as the latest rap washouts...".

Rowald Pruyn of RapReviews gave the album nine and a half stars out of ten, saying "...In Onyx' New World Order, everything is upside-down. Black is white, bad is good. Suicide? No ultimate shame, but an honorable way out of a shitty situation. People? Either bitchassniggas or punkmotherfuckas. The first group can get a bullet in the back, the second can get it in their grills. History? Miserable Slavery and rape of great-grandmothers by greedy plantation owners. Music? Selling drugs to your own people is more profitable. Future? Drop the microphone. Drop your principals. Who needs morals when you're living in hell already?"

Max of Hip Hop Isn't Dead said "...Most critics agreed that All We Got Iz Us was a worthy addition to not only Onyx's catalog, but to hip hop as a whole. I'm certain that there are a ton of bloggers who believe that this album should have been more successful than it was. And yes, I'm one of them."

Accolades
In 1995, the album is broken down track-by-track by Onyx in Hip-Hop Connection magazine, issue #79 (September 1995). In 1996, CMJ New Music Monthly placed the album in their list 25 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 1995. In 2008, Keith Murphy of Vibe named it the best-produced album of 1995 and selected as one of the magazine's 24 Lost Rap Classics. In 2012, Ernest Baker of Complex placed the album in his list A$AP Yams' 42 Favorite Albums. In 2015, Christopher Pierznik of Medium placed the album in his list The 20 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 1995. In 2016, Dustin J. Seibert of The Root listed the album in his list 15 Truly Underrated Hip-Hop Albums. In 2016, Cis Van Beers of Hip Hop Golden Age placed the album in his list Top 40 Hip Hop Albums 1995. In 2018, Stitcher Radio dedicated an episode of their program BUMS to review Onyx's 1995 album, "All We Got Iz Us".

Track listing
.

Leftover tracks
Onyx recorded 25 songs for this album, but only 15 of them were included on the album by Jam Master Jay's decision.

 * "Kidz From Queens" (feat. Still Livin')
 * "Shoot Stab Kill" (Burn Unit Mix) (feat. Who$ane)
 * "The Ghetto Way Of Thinking"
 * "To All Ya'll Crews, Whatever"
 * "Walk In New York" (Jam Master Jay Remix)
 * "Purse Snatchaz" (original version) (without Greg Valentine)
 * "Purse Snatchaz" (8-Off Remix)
 * "Punkmotherfukaz" (Full Length)
 * "Live Niguz" (original version with different intro)
 * "Fight"
 * "Purse Snatchaz, Pt. 2" (feat. Smooth Da Hustler, Trigger The Gambler & DV Alias Khrist)
 * "Evil Streets (Remix)" (feat. Method Man & Panama P.I.)
 * "Evil Streets (Remix)" (feat. Method Man & Panama P.I.) (original 1994 version)
 * "Shout" (Remix)
 * "Theme From Sunset Park"
 * "Thangz Changed"
 * "Thangz Changed" (movie "end credits" version)

Personnel

 * Onyx - performer, vocals, producer
 * Fredro Starr - performer, vocals, producer
 * Sticky Fingaz - performer, vocals, producer
 * Sonee Seeza - performer, vocals, scratches
 * Panama P.I. - performer, vocals
 * Greg Valentine - performer, vocals
 * All City - performer, vocals
 * Jason Mizell - executive producer
 * Randy Allen - executive producer
 * 8-Off The Assassin - co-producer
 * Don Elliott - mix engineer
 * Rich Keller - mix engineer
 * Flamboyant - scratches ("2 Wrongs" and "Walk In New York")
 * Tony Dawsey - mastering
 * Jaye Battle - project coordinator

title: All We Got Iz Us


text:
Jon Ronson

Jon Ronson (born 10 May 1967) is a British journalist, author, and filmmaker. He is known for works such as Them: Adventures with Extremists (2001), The Men Who Stare at Goats (2004), and The Psychopath Test (2011).

He has been described as a gonzo journalist, becoming a faux-naïf character in his stories. He produces informal but sceptical investigations of controversial fringe politics and science. He has published nine books and his work has appeared in publications such as The Guardian, City Life and Time Out. He has made several BBC Television documentary films and two documentary series for Channel 4.

Early life
Ronson was born in Cardiff on 10 May 1967. He attended Cardiff High School and later worked for CBC Radio in Cardiff, before moving to London to study for a media degree at the Polytechnic of Central London.

Writing

Ronson's first book, Clubbed Class (1994), is a travelogue in which he bluffs his way into a jet set lifestyle, in search of the world's finest holiday.

His second book, Them: Adventures with Extremists (2001), chronicles his experiences with people labelled as extremists. Subjects featured in the book include David Icke, Randy Weaver, Omar Bakri Muhammad, Ian Paisley, Alex Jones, and Thomas Robb. Ronson also follows independent investigators of secretive groups such as the Bilderberg Group. The narrative tells of Ronson's attempts to infiltrate the "shadowy cabal" fabled, by these conspiracy theorists, to rule the world. Publishers Weekly noted: "It is how he reveals the all-too-real machinations of Western society's radical fringe and its various minions that makes this enjoyable work rather remarkable." The book was described by Louis Theroux as a "funny and compulsively readable picaresque adventure through a paranoid shadow world." Variety magazine announced in September 2005 that Them had been purchased by Universal Pictures for a feature film.

Ronson contributed the memoir "A Fantastic Life" to the Picador anthology Truth or Dare, in 2004.

Ronson's third book, The Men Who Stare at Goats (2004), deals with the secret New Age unit within the United States Army called the First Earth Battalion. Ronson investigates people such as Major General Albert Stubblebine III, former head of intelligence, who believed that people can walk through walls with the right mental preparation, and that goats can be killed simply by staring at them. Much was based on the ideas of Lt. Col. Jim Channon, ret., who wrote the First Earth Battalion Operations Manual in 1979, inspired by the emerging Human Potential Movement of California. The book suggests that these New Age military ideas mutated over the decades to influence interrogation techniques at Guantanamo Bay. An eponymous film of the book was released in 2009, in which Ronson's investigations were fictionalised and structured around a journey to Iraq. Ronson is played by the actor Ewan McGregor in the film.

Ronson's fourth book, Out of the Ordinary: True Tales of Everyday Craziness (2006; Picador and Guardian Books), is a collection of his Guardian articles, mostly those concerning his domestic life. A companion volume was What I Do: More True Tales of Everyday Craziness (2007).

The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through the Madness Industry (2011) is Ronson's fifth book. In it, he explores the nature of psychopathic behaviour, learning how to apply the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, and investigating its reliability. He interviews people in facilities for the criminally insane as well as potential psychopaths in corporate boardrooms. The book's findings have been rejected by The Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy and by Robert D. Hare, creator of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist. Hare described the book as "frivolous, shallow, and professionally disconcerting".

Lost at Sea: The Jon Ronson Mysteries (2012), Ronson's sixth book, is a collection of previously published articles by him.

Ronson's book So You've Been Publicly Shamed (2015) concerns the effects of public humiliation in the internet age.

Radio
Ronson's main radio work is the production and presentation of a BBC Radio 4 programme, Jon Ronson on... The programme has been nominated for a Sony award four times. In August 2008, Radio 4 aired "Robbie Williams and Jon Ronson Journey to the Other Side", a documentary by Jon Ronson about pop star Williams' fascination with UFOs and the paranormal.

In the early 1990s, Ronson was offered the position of sidekick on Terry Christian's Show on Manchester radio station KFM. Ronson also co-presented a KFM show with Craig Cash, who went on to write and perform in The Royle Family and Early Doors.

Ronson contributes to Public Radio International in the United States, particularly the program This American Life. , he has contributed segments to 13 episodes including "Them" (#201), "Naming Names" (#211), "Family Physics" (#214), "Habeas Schmabeas" (#310), "It's Never Over" (#314), "The Spokesman" (#338), "Pro Se" (#385), "First Contact" (#411), "The Psychopath Test" (#436), "Secret Identity" (#506), "Tarred and Feathered" (#522), "To Be Real" (#620), "Beware the Jabberwock" (#670).

Ronson hosted and wrote the podcast The Butterfly Effect, which was released in November 2017 by Audible and was subsequently made available on other podcasting platforms. The show concerns internet pornography, and Fabian Thylmann and PornHub's effect on the industry. Ronson subsequently also hosted and wrote the podcast The Last Days of August, released in January 2019. Its subject is the 2017 death of pornographic actress August Ames.

Ronson returned to the BBC in 2021 with Things Fell Apart: a podcast on the culture wars for BBC Sounds in a similar format to his previous works for Amazon.

Music
In the late 1980s, Ronson replaced Mark Radcliffe as the keyboard player for the Frank Sidebottom band for a number of performances.

Ronson was the manager of the Manchester indie band Man From Delmonte.

Television
Ronson presented the late nineties talk show For the Love of..., in which each week he would interview a gathering of guests and experts on different phenomena and conspiracy theories. Ronson has also appeared as a guest on various shows, including Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled.

Films
Ronson sold the film rights to The Men Who Stare at Goats, and subsequently a film of the same name was released in 2009 as a comedy war film directed by Grant Heslov and written by Peter Straughan. According to Ronson's DVD-commentary, the journalist-character Bob Wilton (Ewan McGregor) did experience some elements of Ronson's self-recounted story from the book. However, unlike Ronson, Wilton was an American from Ann Arbor. Also, unlike Ronson, Wilton went to Iraq.

In the process of visiting the set during the shoot, Ronson began a collaborative writing project with Straughan. This was the screenplay for Frank, a 2014 black comedy inspired in part by Ronson's time in Frank Sidebottom's band.

With Bong Joon-ho, Ronson wrote the screenplay for the 2017 Netflix film Okja.

Personal life
Ronson and his wife Elaine have one son.

Ronson is Jewish and is a "distinguished supporter" of Humanists UK. He is a fan of the football team Arsenal FC and has spoken of his "adoration" of the club.

In an interview for Louis Theroux's Grounded podcast, Ronson states that he became a naturalised American citizen in early 2020.

Filmography

 * The Ronson Mission (1993), BBC 2
 * New York to California: A Great British Odyssey (1996), Channel 4
 * Hotel Auschwitz (1996), BBC Radio 4
 * Tottenham Ayatollah (1997), Channel 4
 * Critical Condition (1997), Channel 4
 * Dr Paisley, I Presume (1998), Channel 4
 * New Klan (1999) Channel 4
 * The Secret Rulers of the World (2001), Channel 4
 * The Double Life of Jonathan King (2002), Channel 4
 * Kidneys for Jesus (2003) Channel 4
 * I Am, Unfortunately, Randy Newman (2004) Channel 4
 * Crazy Rulers of the World (2004), Channel 4
 * Part 1: "The Men Who Stare at Goats"
 * Part 2: "Funny Torture"
 * Part 3: "The Psychic Footsoldiers"
 * Death in Santaland (2007), More 4, about a foiled school shooting plot in the Christmas-themed town of North Pole, Alaska.
 * Reverend Death (2008), Channel 4, about George Exoo, an advocate of euthanasia.
 * Stanley Kubrick's Boxes (2008)
 * Revelations (2009)
 * Escape and Control (2011)
 * Frank (2014)
 * Okja (2017)
 * Comrade Detective (2017) as Himself

title: Jon Ronson


text:
List of United Kingdom censuses

The census in the United Kingdom is decennial, that is, held every ten years, although there is provision in the Census Act 1920 for a census to take place at intervals of five years or more. There are actually three separate censuses in the United Kingdom – in England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland – although they are often coordinated. From 1821 to 1911, the census included the whole of Ireland.

There have only been three occasions in Great Britain where the census has not been decennial: There was no census in 1941 due to the Second World War; a mini-census using a ten per cent sample of the population was conducted on 24 April 1966; and the planned Scottish 2021 census was delayed to 2022 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. No census was held in Ireland in 1921, as a consequence of the Irish War of Independence; instead, Northern Ireland carried out a census in 1926, the first there for fifteen years. No census was carried out in Northern Ireland in 1931, but one was carried out in 1937.

Published censuses
The census records which have been published relate to the occupants of each household, as enumerated for the dates given below:

 * United Kingdom Census 1801 - Tuesday, 10 March
 * United Kingdom Census 1811 - Monday, 27 May
 * United Kingdom Census 1821 - Monday, 28 May
 * United Kingdom Census 1831 - Monday, 30 May
 * United Kingdom Census 1841 - Sunday, 6 June
 * United Kingdom Census 1851 - Sunday, 30 March
 * United Kingdom Census 1861 - Sunday, 7 April
 * United Kingdom Census 1871 - Sunday, 2 April
 * United Kingdom Census 1881 - Sunday, 3 April
 * United Kingdom Census 1891 - Sunday, 5 April
 * United Kingdom Census 1901 - Sunday, 31 March
 * United Kingdom Census 1911 - Sunday, 2 April
 * United Kingdom Census 1921 - Sunday, 19 June
 * National Registration Act 1939 - Friday, 29 September Second World War

Unpublished censuses
Under the 100-year closure rule established after the 1911 census was taken, only summary results for censuses after 1939 – though with significant statistical detail – are published in the months following the enumeration dates given below; the full information (individual household entries) in later censuses will not be released until the dates stated, a century after each later census was conducted.

 * Northern Ireland Census 1926 - Sunday, 18 April: The census returns were not transferred to the Public Record Office in Northern Ireland, and are believed to have been destroyed without authorisation, possibly as part of a World War II waste-paper campaign.
 * United Kingdom Census 1931 - Sunday, 26 April: carried out in England, Wales, and Scotland, but not Northern Ireland. The England and Wales census returns were destroyed in an accidental fire in 1942; the Scottish census returns were stored in Edinburgh, and survived. The scheduled publication date for the Scottish returns is 1 January 2032
 * Northern Ireland Census 1937 - Sunday, 28 February: Unlike the 1926 Northern Ireland census, the 1937 census records survive. (scheduled publication date 1 January 2038)
 * United Kingdom Census 1941 - no census taken due to World War II.
 * United Kingdom Census 1951 - Sunday, 8 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2052)
 * United Kingdom Census 1961 - Sunday, 23 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2062)
 * United Kingdom Census 1966 - Sunday, 24 April mini-census using a ten per cent sample (publication date 1 January 2067)
 * United Kingdom Census 1971 - Sunday, 25 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2072)
 * United Kingdom Census 1981 - Sunday, 5 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2082)
 * United Kingdom Census 1991 - Sunday, 21 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2092)
 * United Kingdom Census 2001 - Sunday, 29 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2102)
 * United Kingdom Census 2011 - Sunday, 27 March (scheduled publication date 1 January 2112)
 * United Kingdom Census 2021 - carried out in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland only on Sunday, 21 March (scheduled publication date 1 January 2022). The census in Scotland was carried out on 20 March 2022. (scheduled publication date 1 January 2123)

title: List of United Kingdom censuses


text:
Sai (weapon)

The sai (Japanese: 釵, lit. 'hairpin'; Chinese: 鐵尺, lit. 'iron ruler') is a pointed melee weapon originating from Okinawa. It is utilized in Okinawan kobudō, ninjutsu, and southern Chinese martial arts and is primarily used for stabbing, striking, parrying and disarming opponents. The sai consists of a pointed metal prong (monouchi), projecting from a one-handed hilt (tsuka), that has two shorter metal side prongs (yoku) projecting from it from each side near the top of the hilt. It came to international attention, when martial arts became popular in the mid-20th Century, causing elements of Okinawan kobudō to spread to Japan and then to the wider world.

History
Before its creation in Okinawa, similar weapons were already being used in other Asian countries including India, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The basic concept of the sai may have been brought to Okinawa from one or several of these places over time. Some sources theorize that the weapon may be based on the Indian trisula, an ancient Hindu-Buddhist symbol that may have spread along with Hinduism and Buddhism into South-East Asia. The word trisula itself can refer to either a long or short-handled trident. In Okinawa the sai was used by the domestic police (ufuchiku) to arrest criminals and for crowd control. Use of the sai in Okinawan kobudō was improved in 1668 by Moto Chohei, an Okinawan prince.

Japan had a similar weapon, the jitte, which was originally used as a blunt weapon by guards in the Shogun's palace, and was subsequently issued to senior officials as a badge of office. Edo period examples of the jitte typically have only a single hook. The relationship between the sai and jitte is unclear.

Parts of the sai in Okinawan martial arts

 * Monouchi, the main prong of the sai, that is either round or faceted.
 * Saki, the sharp point of the main prong. Manjisai.svg
 * Yoku, the shorter side prongs of the sai, which are usually symmetrical, with the exception of the manji sai developed by Taira Shinken which employs oppositely-facing yoku resembling the swastika (manji).
 * Tsume, the sharp point of the side prongs (yoku).
 * Moto, the center point between the two side prongs.
 * Tsuka, the hilt of the sai. The tsuka can be wrapped with different materials to provide a grip.
 * Tsukagashira, the pommel of the sai.

Technique
The sai is a weapon typically wielded in pairs, with one in each hand. In modern Okinawan Kobudo, five kata (choreographed patterns of movements in martial arts) are commonly taught, including two kihon kata.

The utility of the sai is given away by its distinctive trident-like shape. It is a weapon used for fast stabs and strikes but it is also very versatile, and has many other uses aswell. These include a variety of blocks, parries and captures against attackers from all directions and height levels. Use of the sharp point, main prong and pommel is emphasized, as well as rapid grip changes for multiple stabs and strikes.

One technique commonly depicted is to use of one of the sai's side prongs to entrap an opponents weapon and then disarm them of it. Some variations of sai have their side prongs pointing inwards towards the main prong to facilitate this maneuver. While this does not completely immobilize the attacker, it encumbers them in close quarters.

Because there is no morphological plural in Japanese, the word "sai refers to either a single weapon or multiple. Nicho sai refers to a kata that uses two sai, while sancho sai kata refers to kata using three sai.

title: Sai (weapon)


text:
LeMoyne–Owen College

LeMoyne–Owen College (LOC or "LeMoyne-Owen") is a private historically black college affiliated with the United Church of Christ and located in Memphis, Tennessee. It resulted from the 1968 merger of historically black colleges and other schools established by northern Protestant missions during and after the American Civil War.

History
LeMoyne Normal and Commercial School was founded in 1862, when the American Missionary Association (AMA) sent Lucinda Humphrey to open an elementary school at Camp Shiloh (Tennessee) for free blacks and escaped slaves. This was one of more than ten schools founded by the AMA, an integrated organization led by black and white Congregational, Methodist and Presbyterian ministers.

The school was established soon after the occupation of Memphis by Federal troops during the Civil War; they were based at Camp Shiloh outside the city limits to the south. First known as Lincoln Chapel, the school relocated into Memphis proper in 1863 from south of the city. In 1866 it was destroyed during white race riots that broke out following the withdrawal of federal troops.

The school was rebuilt, and in 1867 it reopened with 150 students and six teachers. In 1870, Francis Julius LeMoyne (1798–1879), a Washington, Pennsylvania doctor, donated $20,000 (~$ in ) to the American Missionary Association to build an elementary and secondary school for prospective teachers. LeMoyne, who was a notable abolitionist, traveled from his Pennsylvania home to visit the new school. He donated a clock for the school's tower. In 1871, the school opened in a new building at 284 Orleans Street and was named LeMoyne Normal and Commercial School.

The Memphis yellow fever epidemic started in 1873 and took a toll on many school personnel.

Under the leadership of the third principal, Andrew J. Steele, the school enjoyed three decades of growth and development.

In 1914 the school moved from Orleans Street to its present site on Walker Avenue. Steele Hall, the first building on the new campus, was erected that same year. LeMoyne became a junior college in 1924. After developing a four-year curriculum, it became a four-year college in 1930. The LeMoyne College was chartered by the State of Tennessee four years later. Steele Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and the core of the college's campus was listed on the National Register in 2005.

Owen College was established as a junior college in 1947, when the Tennessee Baptist Missionary and Educational Convention bought property for that purpose on Vance Avenue. After they developed the facility, S. A. Owen Junior College opened at that location in 1954.

LeMoyne–Owen College was formed through the 1968 merger of LeMoyne College and Owen College, both private, historically black, church-affiliated colleges.

In 2007, LeMoyne-Owen had management and accreditation problems due to a lack of financial resources. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools placed the college on probation for two years. In August 2007, the City of Memphis ensured the college would open for the fall 2007 semester by pledging $3 million in taxpayer funds to be added to other substantial pledges from the United Negro College Fund, Cummins, radio host Tom Joyner and the United Church of Christ. The donation pledge, approved by the City Council, aroused controversy. City councilmembers defended their actions as contributing to the city and its residents. The college's president Johnnie B. Watson said that the college has reaffirmed its accreditation. It had increased its endowment to 20 million dollars in 2014.

In July 2020, LeMoyne-Ownen College received the largest donation in its history. A $40 million pledge from the Community Foundation of Greater Memphis quadrupled the college's endowment. LeMoyne-Ownen's president called the gift "transformative" for all that the college does and can do. The Community Foundation will give approximately $2 million annually.

Historic district
The LeMoyne College Historic District is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It includes four contributing buildings and the 1936 campus quadrangle as a contributing site. It is roughly bounded by Walker, Hollis Price, Crown and alley to rear of Sweeney Hall.

It includes Steel Hall, built in 1914, the oldest and original building on this campus, which was designed by Tandy & Foster and is separately listed on the National Register. It includes two Colonial Revival buildings, Brownlee and Sweeney halls, which were designed by George Awsumb along with the quadrangle in 1936. Sweeney Hall is named for Frank J. Sweeney, college president during 1929–1942, and originally served as the president's residence.

It includes the three-story Modernist-style Hollis F. Price Library, built in 1963, designed by architects Gassner-Nathan-Browne, named for Hollis F. Price, college president during 1943–1970.

Athletics
The college sponsors athletic teams that participate in the Division II level, in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) conference of the NCAA. The LeMoyne–Owen College Department of Athletics sponsors men's intercollegiate baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, and tennis along with women's intercollegiate softball, basketball, cross country, volleyball and tennis. Men's volleyball will be added in the 2025 season (2024–25 school year). The school's mascot is the Magicians.

In 1975, the LeMoyne–Owen College men's basketball team won the NCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship. the school was then a member of Division III level of the NCAA. Up to this day, LeMoyne-Owen has been the only HBCU to win a national championship at that level.

LeMoyne–Owen College golfer Dominique Worthen was the first player in SIAC history to win the SIAC Player of the Year award, earn a selection to the All Conference Team, and earn the SIAC Conference Championship MVP award, and an All Tournament First Team award, all in one week. Worthen of LeMoyne-Owen also won the 2015 PGA Minority Collegiate Championship.

List of presidents

 * Johnnie B. Watson
 * Andrea Lewis Miller (2015–2019) first female and second alumnus
 * Carol Johnson-Dean (2019–2021) interim
 * Vernell Bennett-Fairs

title: LeMoyne–Owen College


text:
Front

Front may refer to:

Films

 * The Front (1943 film), a 1943 Soviet drama film
 * The Front, 1976 film

Music

 * The Front (band), an American rock band signed to Columbia Records and active in the 1980s and early 1990s
 * The Front (Canadian band), a Canadian studio band from the 1980s

Periodicals

 * Front (magazine), a British men's magazine
 * Front Illustrated Paper, a publication of the Yugoslav People's Army

Television

 * Front TV, a Toronto broadcast design and branding firm
 * "The Front" (The Blacklist), a 2014 episode of the TV series The Blacklist
 * "The Front" (The Simpsons), a 1993 episode of the TV series The Simpsons

Military

 * Front (military), a geographical area where armies are engaged in conflict
 * Front (military formation), roughly, an army group, especially in eastern Europe

Places

 * Front, Piedmont, an Italian municipality
 * The Front, now part of the Delaware Park-Front Park System, in Buffalo, New York, United States
 * The transition area between a mountain and a plain, possibly related to the notion of a frontslope; for example:
 * Rocky Mountain Front
 * Wasatch Front

Science and technology

 * Front (oceanography), a place where two water masses come together in the ocean
 * Front (physics), a solution connecting two steady states
 * Front (sociology), or mask, in dramaturgy
 * Front and back, descriptors of phonemes in linguistics
 * Front vowel, a class of vowel sounds, in linguistics
 * Ice front of a glacier
 * Weather front, a boundary separating air masses, and the cause of most weather phenomena

Other uses

 * Front organization, any entity set up by and controlled by another organization
 * Rebecca Front (born 1964), English comedy actress
 * Grill (jewelry), also known as "front", jewelry for teeth

title: Front