text:
David Smith

David Smith may refer to:

Academics

 * David Paige Smith (1830–1880), American medical doctor and professor at Yale
 * David Eugene Smith (1860–1944), American professor of mathematics
 * D. M. Smith (1884–1962), American professor of mathematics at Georgia Tech
 * David Smith (amateur mathematician), discoverer of an aperiodic tiling
 * D. Nichol Smith (1875–1962), Scottish professor of literature at Oxford University
 * David Chadwick Smith (1931–2000), Canadian professor of economics, Queen's University
 * David C. Smith (historian) (1929–2009), American professor of history, University of Maine
 * David Martyn Smith (1921–2009), American professor of forestry at Yale
 * David Smith (botanist) (1930–2018), British professor of botany
 * Dai Smith (academic) (born 1945), Welsh professor of history
 * David J. Smith (physicist) (born 1948), Australian professor of physics at Arizona State
 * David Livingstone Smith (born 1953), professor of philosophy at the University of New England
 * David Smith (historian) (born 1963), British professor of history at Cambridge
 * David K. Smith, British professor of chemistry at University of York
 * David R. Smith (physicist), American physicist and professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University

Arts and entertainment

 * David Forbes Smith (1865–1923), Scottish architect
 * David Smith (director) (1872–1930), English film director of the silent era
 * David Stanley Smith (composer) (1877–1949), American classical composer, professor of music at Yale
 * David Smith (sculptor) (1906–1965), American Abstract Expressionist
 * David C. Smith (author) (born 1952), American novelist of heroic fantasy
 * David Smith, Australian artist, founding member of the art collective Optronic Kinetics in 1970s Sydney
 * David G. Smith (musician), American singer-songwriter from the 1970s to the present
 * David Bruce Smith (born 1958), American publisher, real estate executive
 * David Alan Smith (actor) (born 1959), American actor and writer
 * David Lee Smith (born 1963), American film actor
 * David A. Smith (designer) (born 1968), British designer, glass embosser, sign writer
 * David B. Smith (born 1977), American multi-disciplinary artist
 * David Brian Smith (born 1981), English artist
 * David Branson Smith (born 1984), American film screenwriter
 * David Smith (reality TV star), participant in The Next Joe Millionaire (2003)
 * David P. Smith, American animator and voice actor, creator of Mixels (2014–2016)

Computing

 * David Canfield Smith (born 1945), American computer scientist who invented graphical interface icons
 * David A. Smith (computer scientist) (born 1957), American computer scientist and entrepreneur
 * David L. Smith (hacker) (born c. 1968), author of the Melissa virus

Medicine

 * David Boyes Smith (1833–1889), deputy surgeon general of the Indian Medical Service
 * David M. Smith (virologist) (born 1971), American translational research virologist
 * David Weyhe Smith (1926–1981), American pediatrician and dysmorphologist

Journalism

 * David D. Smith (born 1950), American president and CEO of Sinclair Broadcast Group
 * David Andrew Smith (born 1952), British journalist
 * David Smith (journalist and author) (born 1954), economics editor of the UK Sunday Times
 * David Smith (journalist) (born 1975), Washington, DC, Bureau Chief of the UK The Guardian

Australia

 * David Smith (Victorian politician) (1861–1943), Australian politician
 * David Smith (public servant) (1933–2022), Official Secretary to five Governors-General of Australia
 * David Smith (Australian Capital Territory politician) (born 1970), Australian politician
 * David Smith (Western Australian politician) (born 1943), Australian politician

Canada

 * Sir David William Smith, 1st Baronet (1764–1837), Canadian soldier and politician
 * David William Smith (born 1938), Ontario politician
 * David Smith (Canadian senator) (1941–2020), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * David Smith (Quebec politician) (born 1963), Canadian politician
 * David Smith (justice), Canadian judge
 * David Smith (Toronto politician), Ontario politician
 * Dave Smith (Peterborough, Ontario politician), Ontario politician

United States

 * David L. Smith (politician) (1827–1902), American politician from Pennsylvania
 * David Highbaugh Smith (1854–1928), American congressman
 * David S. Smith (1918–2012), U.S. ambassador to Sweden
 * D. Brooks Smith (born 1951), American federal judge
 * Adam Smith (Washington politician) (David Adam Smith, born 1965), American congressman
 * David Brock Smith, member of the Oregon House of Representatives
 * David Smith (Florida politician) (born 1960), member of the Florida Legislature
 * David Smith (Oklahoma politician), member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
 * David Burnell Smith (1941–2014), member of the Arizona House of Representatives
 * David Tyson Smith, member of the Missouri House of Representatives

Other countries

 * David Smith (British Conservative politician) (1826–1886), British MP
 * David Smith (British Labour politician), British MP for North Northumberland elected in 2024
 * David Smith (judge) (1888–1982), New Zealand judge
 * David Smith (Rhodesian politician) (1922–1996), politician in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe
 * David Smith (spy), Berlin British Embassy security guard convicted for spying for Russia

Religion

 * David Hyrum Smith (1844–1904), missionary of the Latter Day Saint movement
 * David A. Smith (Mormon) (1879–1952), bishop and first president of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir
 * David Smith (bishop) (1935–2024), English Bishop of Bradford

Cricket

 * David Smith (Gloucestershire cricketer) (1934–2003), English cricketer, 1956–1971
 * David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer) (1940–2021), English cricketer
 * David Smith (cricketer, born 1945), English cricketer
 * David Smith (cricketer, born 1956), English cricketer
 * David Anthony Smith (born 1957), Australian cricketer for the Tasmanian Tigers
 * David Smith (Sussex cricketer, born 1962), English cricketer
 * David Smith (Warwickshire cricketer, born 1956), English cricketer
 * David Smith (Warwickshire cricketer, born 1962), English cricketer
 * David Smith (cricketer, born 1970), English cricketer
 * David Smith (cricketer, born 1989), English cricketer

Footballers

 * David Smith (sportsman) (1884–1963), Australian rules footballer, 1903–1914
 * David Smith (footballer, born 1871), English professional footballer who played between 1890 and 1896
 * David Smith (footballer, born 1875) (1875–1947), Scottish footballer
 * David Smith (footballer, born 1968), English professional footballer who played between 1986 and 2003
 * David Smith (footballer, born 1970), English professional footballer who played between 1989 and 2004
 * David Smith (footballer, born 1993), Scottish professional footballer
 * Dai Smith (rugby league) (David Smith), rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s for Salford
 * David Smith (rugby league, born 1953), rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s
 * David Smith (rugby league, born 1967), Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s
 * David Smith (rugby league, born 1968), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s
 * David Smith (rugby union, born 1986), Samoan rugby union footballer for Hurricanes, Blues, Auckland
 * David Smith (rugby union, born 1988), English rugby union footballer
 * David Smith (rugby union, born 1957), South African rugby union footballer

Track and field

 * Dave Smith (triple jumper) (born 1947), American triple jumper
 * David Smith (hammer thrower, born 1962), English Olympic hammer thrower
 * David Smith (hammer thrower, born 1974), English Olympic hammer thrower
 * David Adley Smith II (born 1992), Puerto Rican high jumper
 * David Smith (born 1991), British high jumper and competitor at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

Other sports

 * David Smith (sport shooter) (1880–1945), South African Olympic sport shooter
 * David Smith (sailor) (1925–2014), American sailor and Olympic Champion
 * Davey Boy Smith (1962–2002), British professional wrestler a.k.a. "The British Bulldog"
 * David Miln Smith (born 1938), American adventure athlete and speaker
 * David Smith (baseball historian) (born 1948), American baseball historian, statistician, professor of biology
 * David Smith (racewalker) (born 1955), Australian Olympic race walker
 * David Ross Smith, ice hockey defenceman
 * Dave Smith (ice hockey) (born 1968), Canadian coach, former player, IHL
 * David Smith (rower) (born 1978), British adaptive rower
 * Davey Boy Smith Jr. (born 1985), Canadian professional wrestler, a.k.a. Harry Francis Smith
 * David Smith (volleyball) (born 1985), American volleyball player
 * David Smith (canoeist) (born 1987), Australian sprint canoeist
 * David Smith (boccia) (born 1989), British Paralympic boccia player
 * David Smith (curler), Scottish curler, first international competition was 1982
 * David Smith (fighter), American mixed martial arts fighter
 * David Smith (racing driver) (born 1950), Canadian stock car racing driver

Other people

 * David John Smith (1907–1976), president of British retailer W. H. Smith, 1948–1968
 * David M. Smith (Medal of Honor) (1926–1950), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * David Smith (chef) (born 1982), Australian chef
 * David Smith (executive), Welsh banking and sporting administrator
 * David Smith (murderer) (born 1956), English rapist and murderer
 * David R. Smith (general) (born 1942), United States Air Force general
 * David J. Smith (author), Canadian teacher and educational consultant, children's writer
 * David Smith, co-founder of the Media Molecule video game development company
 * David J. Smith, accountant and Managing Director of Post Office Limited before Paula Vennells

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David Smith


text:
Talk:Murali

The final decision in the following VfD discussion was to keep the page.

Delete I can't find anything on Google except this page and I don't know if it applies to the entry. Burgundavia 23:31, May 17, 2004 (UTC) Keep - changed my vote due to the rewriting of the article. I voted to delete the vanity page. Burgundavia 20:47, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The cricketer and the flute are both real; I've deleted the vanity section. Markalexander100 06:25, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Flute is real ( and 702 more google hits for Krishna flute Murali). Andris 06:28, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - the cricketer is famous. Charles Matthews 08:09, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. The cricketer is one of the greatest - and because of his bowling action (or at least the Australians view of it) most controversial - spin bowlers in Test cricket history. Average Earthman 16:14, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murali


text:
Talk:Shri

Meanings
Sri is a word which is taken with respect, and used when initiating any noble cause.

What does srimati/shrimathi mean? Is this to address women? Andries 12:40, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Feminine of Sri, but traditionally used to address only married women. Unmarried women are usually called Kumari (variously also meaning daughter, girl, etc., akin to English miss).

From what I know, Sri can also mean "bountiful". Komitsuki (talk) 09:28, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

subjunctive gender?
There's no such thing as a "feminine subjunctive gender" in Sanskrit. There's a feminine gender for nouns, and remnants of an ancient subjunctive mood for verbs..--Grammatical error 17:21, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

General Use of the epithet Sri
Sri is also used as an honorific, to indicate that the person being honored is prosperous. This ought to be in the article. nein? Alamandrax 14:48, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Definition of it?
Hi.

I saw this:

"When used as a title for gods, Śrī is sometimes translated into English as Lord, but this is inaccurate and it is generally agreed that Śrī is best left untranslated."

But can a _definition_ of it be given, or is it not the kind of thing that has one per se? mike4ty4 (talk) 06:52, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
We read that:

 * Sri, Shri, Shree, Siri or Seri (Devanagari - श्री, Bahasa- Seri,Kannada- ಶ್ರೀ, Tamil - ஸ்ரீ, official IAST transliteration Śrī) means wealth, is a Sanskrit title of veneration [. . .]. It is pronounced halfway between sree and shree.

Is this really correct for all the relevant languages? I know nothing about the relevant languages, but it's rare for languages as closely related as the romance languages to be all in such precise agreement.

When talking in English, we can choose between the "s" and "sh" sounds of "seat" and "sheet" respectively: we've no halfway phoneme. In English, what are the relative pros and cons of the "s" and "sh" sounds for, say, "Sri Lanka"? -- Hoary (talk) 07:44, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced
A pretty good article overall, this article needs sourcing. Tagged as such.--Lendorien (talk) 19:33, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Cili - an old form of Sri from the Wayang
There are up to four languages found in the Balinese Wayang - Javanese, Balinese, Kawi and Pali - in addition to Bahasa Indonesia with its Malay borrowings which may be used these days in simple explanation for a wider audience. I have found a reference to Sri as being occasionally called Cili - but no confirmation as to which language context this is. It may even be a Sinicised pronunciation. 210.50.143.21 (talk) 13:38, 1 August 2010 (UTC) Ian Ison
 * Seri is pronounced that way in Thai, with the /r/ transformed to /l/, but I've never seen it transcribed with a soft /C/. The usual form is Sri, which undergoes elision of the /r/ altogether, and is always pronounced Si (or Ci, but never transcribed that way.) --Pawyilee (talk) 16:58, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Redirect header broken
The redirection header on this article is badly broken and has no links to any of the pages it is trying to link to. I do not know enough Wiki markup to fix it, though. Liam Proven (talk) 12:01, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Shrevin
Except for 1 line in lead and Etymology - everything else is copy pasted from Sri VasuVR  ( talk,  contribs ) 16:49, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree, and have gone ahead and copied the etymology section here and redirected that page. Abecedare (talk) 19:12, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

'Sir' as in 'Escuse me Sir, and "Sir Richard Attenborough
The word "Shri' or "Sri' is the same word in the Indo-European, as 'Sir' as in a knighthood by the ancient Royal families of Celtic Britain, and also the common usage of "Excuse me sir, you dropped your card." It is not really "Mr" or "Ms". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Two Wrongs (talk • contribs) 16:02, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

"Not in classical Sanskrit" statement
Have removed this as WP:OR, since the source only pointed to an online dictionary and didn't give any reliable indication of whether the title was a later addition or not. LouiseS1979 (pigeonhole) 15:28, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Spelling
I think the title word should be fixed in its occurrences across the article, to be more consistent – Śhrī is an obvious over-transliteration nonsense. Also the note 1 has it wrong – compare with this or that. --Mykhal (talk) 12:59, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, I saw Śhrī and went "what?"
 * The people working with Arabic script WP:MOSAR are tending toward using a strict transliteration when the word is first introduced, and a looser spelling that is easier on the eye in running text. Last time I was involved there, they were talking about rendering both ayin and hamza with straight-apostrophe, given that most English-speakers can't pronounce the difference.
 * Similarly with palatal श or  and retroflex ष  – the closest English spelling is "sha" for both.  But people see śrī and simplify it to sri.
 * A problem with Indian terms is that everybody wants the spelling to reflect their pronunciation in their own language. Then we are likely to end up with the Tamil and Hindi speakers arguing about whether it's shri or sri.  (As an aside, one Tamil blogger posted about changing the spelling of his name to ensure that people pronounce it sri-.)  I'd love to have some guideline that says for pan-Indian topics, Wikipedia would stick to, say, Sanskrit or Hindi spelling for running text and be done with it.
 * For the long vowels, the old combinations like "ee" and "oo" (for ī and ū) look too colonial to me. I doubt many people would advocate shree as the preferred spelling.  "ii" and "uu" are practical but unlikely to get much support: shrii.  If avoiding diacritics, this leaves us with a single vowel for both long and short: shri.  Long and short "a" are a bigger problem, but luckily that doesn't apply here.
 * On the other hand, if the title is "sri" and the text uses "shri"... sigh.
 * I'd like to see pronunciation guides for each entry in the table, but I'm loath to tag each one – it would look way too messy.
 * Pelagic (talk) 15:57, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Oh, we've been there before with sri versus shri diff. Pelagic (talk) 20:21, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Sri count (108, 1008, ...) madness
I get it that 108 is supposed to be magical. But where does 1008 come from? An explanation would be nice. Also, provided "sri sri" equals "sri 2", I wonder whether "sri sri 1008 sri" equals "sri 1010" ;) --Mykhal (talk) 13:07, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

Ha ha. Indeed, modest they are not. Even one Shri/sir etc. is too many. 3 Shris is factor 3 too many, etc.

Zezen (talk) 09:05, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Am I understanding that section correctly? Like, for Shri 1008 Satyatma Tirtha, a person who comes to talk to him will stand there and say Shri 1008 times, then his name, and then say what they wanted to say?

Talking very quickly, you get about 4 "shri"s per second, so you'd be standing around in front of this guy for over four minutes before you'd even really begun your first sentence speaking to him.

And do you have to do the shri repetition every time you want to say something to him? Or is it like talking to the Queen of England? i.e. The formal greeting (Your Majesty) once to begin with, and then you can just address her simply as "m'am". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.75.7.207 (talk) 16:29, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 7 May 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: article not moved (non-admin closure) Kostas20142 (talk) 10:10, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

Sri → Shree – Devanagari: श्री, IAST: Śrī, IPA: /ʃɹiː/ or /ɕɹiː/, pronounced 'shree'. I dont see why it was named "Sri", and whatever articles/content came after that just followed it by not using H. The new spelling should be considered from "Shri" and "Shree". Thank you. — usernamekiran (talk)  22:00, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Shree is currently a dab page with several entries. Do you believe that this is the primary meaning of the term because if not it would need to be moved to Shree (word) or something of that nature?--64.229.167.158 (talk) 04:41, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Not sure about new title, maybe Shree (word). But Sri is definitely incorrect. — usernamekiran (talk)  13:06, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose. No reason to use a back-of-the-napkin, non-systematic Romanization that is not reflected in usage (e.g. Sri Lanka, not Shree Larngka; see here for more) or in languages that actually use the Latin alphabet (e.g. Indonesian).  —  AjaxSmack  02:12, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * This article is about the Sanskrit word. The names you are talking about are not sanskrit. They are Tamil, and Telugu. Look at this. Srilanka is a Sinhalese name. In sanskrit scriptures, it is mentioned as Lanka.The only exception is Srinagar, but it is not "Shree" either. That Sri means Sun God in a local language of Srinagar. — usernamekiran (talk)  13:46, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The Sanskrit form is श्री which is rendered as ', not shree (स्ह्रेए?). —  AjaxSmack''' 01:36, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Leaning oppose based on the substantial number of names using "Sri" as an element. bd2412  T 01:47, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * India = thousands of languages. This article is about Sanskrit word. As mentioned above, the substantial number of names using "Sri" thaat substantial number you are referring to; they don't use sanskrit. — usernamekiran (talk)  10:35, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * This is the English language Wikipedia, reflecting English usage, where "Shree" is much less common for any transliteration. bd2412  T 15:03, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Kindly see Sri. — usernamekiran (talk)  18:52, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Requesting your unbiased/not prejudiced opinion as you have studied Sanskrit, and familar with related concepts. — usernamekiran (talk)  18:54, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Usernamekiran: There are many systems of transliterations. Both Sri and Shree are found in literature. We need to stick to ISO 15919 for indic scripts in wikipedia (with appropriate disamb pages to clear the confusion with less used spellings). The most common transliterations, you can check and typically find in Sanskrit-English Dictionaries such as Monier-Williams. Since the time of Geneva Oriental Congress over a century ago, it is Sri, indeed, that is far more common. See this (2nd & 3rd column, p. 1098), and this for example. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 20:12, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

Even though I still think Sri is incorrect, I withdraw my request to move the page.

— usernamekiran (talk)  20:49, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 30 October 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved as proposed. Red  Slash  15:37, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

Sri → Shri – Proper spelling. Getsnoopy (talk) 06:52, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 17:46, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

Object to speedy move The article indicates that the ISO 15919 variant is the current one. And there was a prior discussion of a different move in 2017 on the talk page, so I think this should also be discussed. -- 67.70.33.184 (talk) 07:19, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see. I'm fine with using the ISO spelling if it's spelled correctly with the diacritics: Śrī. If it is going to be limited to the English alphabet, however, then we should use the Hunterian transliteration. Getsnoopy (talk) 18:21, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not an expert, but based on some Google searches, I'm inclined to support the diacritic form Śrī . power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 18:24, 31 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Support move to shri without diacritics per my comments above and this edit from April 2017 (where I made the body text more consistent but didn’t attempt requesting a move). Śrī is correct for Sanskrit but cumbersome (and maybe confusing to Anglophone readers who don’t realise that ś is pronounced 'sh', though this is explained in the text).  Shri is "mostly correct"  common.  Sri is common, but either reflects regional variation or arises from mis-transliteration of the Sanskrit/Hindi.  Pelagic (talk) 04:21, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Origin?
The article doesn’t make reference to where this word is first used in Sanskrit literature? ChandlerMinh (talk) 07:23, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Marathi
Marathi 103.87.28.118 (talk) 04:59, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shri


text:
Sentimental Hygiene

Sentimental Hygiene is the sixth studio album by rock singer-songwriter Warren Zevon and his first "sober" one. The album was released on August 29, 1987, by Virgin Records. The release of Sentimental Hygiene marked the first studio album for Zevon in five years. It produced the single "Reconsider Me", as well as the dance single "Leave My Monkey Alone". The band on the album includes guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills and drummer Bill Berry (all of R.E.M.), who also recorded an album of covers with Zevon (under the name “Hindu Love Gods”) at this time.

The single version of "Leave My Monkey Alone" was extended to 10:34 minutes and included a remix by the Latin Rascals (Albert Cabrera and Tony Moran) and the non-album track, "Nocturne".

"Even a Dog Can Shake Hands" was used as the opening theme music for the short-lived Fox comedy series Action. The song was co-written by Buck, Berry and Mills. Michael Stipe, lead singer of R.E.M., appears on the song "Bad Karma". The album also features contributions by Bob Dylan, playing harmonica on “The Factory”, and Neil Young playing lead guitar on “Sentimental Hygiene”.

The song "Boom Boom Mancini" was inspired by boxer Ray Mancini and his contest against Bobby Chacon.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Warren Zevon, except where indicated.

Personnel

 * Warren Zevon – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, guitar, piano, keyboards, emulator, vocals
 * Bill Berry – drums
 * Peter Buck – guitar
 * Mike Mills – bass guitar
 * Jorge Calderón – bass guitar on "Sentimental Hygiene"; harmony on "Detox Mansion"
 * Mike Campbell – guitar on "Reconsider Me"
 * Darius Degher – sitar on "Bad Karma"
 * Bob Dylan – harmonica on "The Factory"
 * Amp Fiddler – keyboards on "Leave My Monkey Alone"
 * Flea – bass guitar on "Leave My Monkey Alone"
 * Don Henley – harmony on "Trouble Waiting to Happen"
 * DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight – guitar on "Leave My Monkey Alone"
 * Craig Krampf – drums on "Reconsider Me" and "Leave My Monkey Alone"
 * Tony Levin – bass guitar on "Reconsider Me"
 * David Lindley – lap steel guitar on "Detox Mansion", bowed saz on "Bad Karma"
 * Stan Lynch – harmony on "Bad Karma"
 * Rick Richards – guitar on "Even a Dog Can Shake Hands"
 * Brian Setzer – lead guitar on "Trouble Waiting to Happen"
 * Leland Sklar – bass guitar on "The Heartache"
 * Michael Stipe – harmony on "Bad Karma"
 * Waddy Wachtel – acoustic guitar on "Sentimental Hygiene", "Reconsider Me" and "The Heartache"
 * Jennifer Warnes – harmony on "The Heartache"
 * Jai Winding – keyboards on "Reconsider Me"
 * Neil Young – lead guitar on "Sentimental Hygiene"
 * Will Alexander, Brian Bell – computer programming on "Leave My Monkey Alone"

Production

 * Producer: Warren Zevon, Niko Bolas, Andrew Slater
 * Engineer: Duncan Aldrich, Niko Bolas, Richard Bosworth
 * Assistant Engineer: Richard Cottrell, Richard Landers, Bob Levy, Mark McKenna, Dan Nash, Bob Vogt
 * Mixing: Niko Bolas, Larry Ferguson, Shelly Yakus
 * Mastering: Stephen Marcussen
 * Arranger: Niko Bolas, George Clinton, Larry Ferguson
 * Emulator: Warren Zevon
 * Programming and computers: Willie Alexander, Brian Bell
 * Art Direction: Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff, Margo Chase
 * Cover Photo: Herb Ritts

title: Sentimental Hygiene


text:
List of ministers of the environment

This is a list of ministers of the environment or officials in cabinet level positions with "environment" in their titles.

Burma
See Myanmar.

East Timor
See Timor-Leste

Montenegro
See Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia
See also

Ukraine
Dr. Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi - Minister of Climate Change and Environment

United States
See United States Secretary of the Interior.

Vatican
See Holy See

title: List of ministers of the environment


text:
Legal thriller

The legal thriller genre is a type of crime fiction genre that focuses on the proceedings of the investigation, with particular reference to the impacts on courtroom proceedings and the lives of characters.

The legal thriller genre's courtroom proceedings and legal authorship are ubiquitous characteristics. The genre features lawyers as legal professionals as the supreme hero. Their actions in the courtroom affect the quality of character's lives, as they determine innocence prevailing against injustice.

Many legal professionals such as judges and lawyers constitute the primary authorship of the genre, providing their own relevant experiences The legal authorship experience is certified through the novel, Presumed Innocent written by the lawyer and author, Scott Turow. American writers such as Harper Lee experienced her father's dealings as a lawyer.

As a lawyer, the author, John Grisham, also contributes to developing the legal thriller genre. Legal language is also another characteristic of the legal thriller. The television shows Suits and How to Get Away with Murder embody the legal thriller, characterized by legal language. Novels and television shows of the legal thriller genre have impacted education. Many address complex social justice issues such as racial discrimination and the death penalty.

Television
Australia, Denmark, and Poland import 62% of law and justice shows from the United States. Legal thriller television is mostly sourced from the American jurisdiction.

As American shows dominate the legal thriller genre, the characteristic of legal language has emerged. In the American legal drama Suits, the character Harvey mentions the term "subpoena" consistently. The legal language, commonly French and Latin expressions is central to courtroom proceedings in legal thriller television. Additional legal language used in the show includes terminology such as "affidavit", "plaintiff", "defendant", "malfeasance", and "in lieu".

How To Get Away with Murder is an American television series categorized as a legal thriller. In the courtroom proceedings of Episode 1: Pilot, legal language such as the term "mens rea" is utilized. The television series features a legal professional as the leading teacher and a group of law students who devise tactics to combat various criminal cases and murder mysteries. There is a difficulty for characters to balance personal life and professional success as women, people of color and marginalized individuals in legal thriller television shows.

Other legal thriller television in America also consisted of the show The Defenders. Social justice themes were prevalent within this show and police procedural elements in subsequent shows such as Arrest and Trial. The development of these television shows led to the creation of the most famous TV shows of the 1990s, Law & Order. Different categories of legal thriller shows also developed, such as courtroom drama, ensemble shows, and police detective dramas. The characters in these shows displayed ardent personality traits when investigating and dealing with complex legal issues of the justice system.

Australian legal thriller shows developed in the 1980s and 1990s covered both adjudication and punishment. The television shows concerning adjudication and punishment consist of the soap opera, Carson's Law and SeaChange. Both shows feature female lawyers who experience prejudice from males in their legal careers.

Thematic ideas of justice and equality are associated with the female lawyer protagonist's fight for change to break the glass ceiling. The inequality of men and women prevalent in the set time of the 1920s contribute to these themes present. In 2014, Australian legal thrillers developed were limited, compared to previous years that are tabulated with "45%".

In Britain, the most dominant form of legal thrillers are police and detective shows. Examples of these include the Dixon of Dock Green and The Sweeney. Women also played a role in these television shows as evident in Juliet Bravo and C.A.T.S. Eyes. Courtroom drama in Britain featured the series Justice as a prominent show, where the courtroom drama played a big role in its characteristic of the legal thriller. As Britain has three legal systems, this distinction was made apparent in the television shows, also highlighting barristers and advocates in wigs as part of the show.

Books
Books of the legal thriller genre include Bryan Stevenson's memoir Just Mercy and the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee.

Major authors
Major authors of this genre include the following:
 * Bryan Stevenson
 * Harper Lee
 * Scott Turow
 * John Grisham
 * Michael Connelly
 * Linda Fairstein
 * Paul Levine
 * Patrick Hoffman
 * Vish Dhamija
 * Jilliane Hoffman
 * Mark Gimenez
 * Marcia Clark
 * James Grippando

Films
Legal thriller films provide introspection into the life of a lawyer and legal professionals. Within films, the central character is often engaged in professional work and experiences an obstacle that they have to overcome such as a client's case. The character confronts problems with their personal life and work, as it is under threat by the complex case, creating a series of action and courtroom battles.

The problems that characters face are evident within reviews of films such as The Judge, where family dynamics strain after a lawyer returns home for his mother's funeral. Reviews from the New York Times comment on the film's transformation into a crime story, characteristic of the legal thriller. The film itself unfolds the legal thriller's ideal courtroom drama style. The film takes place in what is deemed as a "nostalgia-tinged town". Further films such as The Lincoln Lawyer have also met similar reviews from Roger Ebert, commenting on the love of three elements in the film: courtroom scene, old cars, and tangled criminals. The 2019 film, Dark Waters raises an ethical dilemma of lawyers often choosing sides within films, as the defense lawyer has to switch sides to defend a poisoned community. He risks his future, community, and life by dealing with the case, characteristic of the legal thriller.

By combining the elements of film and law, the relationship becomes central to the audience. Legal thriller films can impact the audience through film techniques, images, symbols, and social functions. The film Mangrove shows the inequalities and injustices prevalent through Britain's Caribbean history. Steve McQueen was the first black director of an Academy winning best picture with 12 Years a Slave. The five-part anthology, featuring Mangrove as the first visualizes courtroom drama and heroism, characterizing the legal thriller genre. McQueen made his film resemble a landmark of the civil rights trial against black activists. The film uses the characteristics of the legal thriller genre through a powerhouse courtroom drama and focusing on racial justice. The power divide between two opposing sides is intended to shape transformative victory, as audiences can learn about diversity.

A Fall from Grace also features the challenge often taken by lawyers in legal thriller films. For example, a young public defender has to handle the challenging case of a woman charged with murdering her husband. The film features elements of a conventional courtroom drama, such as the heroic lawyer, shady characters, and a law firm setting. Within the film, there are plot twist characteristics of the legal thriller genre. Furthermore, the film Law has ample court scenes and features a character taking on the fight for justice. The film defies the stereotypical expectations of women through featuring the main character as a woman who wants to speak openly about gang rape victimization.

The recognition of injustice is another emerging aspect of legal thriller films. Marshall is another example of a legal thriller film, where the lawyer is feature as the main character, traveling the country on behalf of the NAACP to defend black men who are accused of crimes. The film features a courtroom scene where violence occurs in retrieving the confession of a client and the difficulty to obtain the truth. As a film review reveals, flashbacks are used as a key film technique to craft outrage. The courtroom scenes are considered suspenseful and the setting of the 1940s shows a stage where people threw a facade with fake costumes and bright lights. Racism is exposed as a critical social justice issue explored where the truth demands a voice.

The following table summarises legal thriller films:

Impact of genre
The legal thriller genre has impacted culture, schools, and universities. For example, the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird is acclaimed for inspiring American culture. Harper Lee has provided a new understanding of the Southern women voice, as Eichelberger, Professor of Southern Literature at the College of Charleston stated people "didn't really understand the South and looked down upon it..."

In addition, the novel as a legal thriller worldwide sale topped 40 million and won numerous prizes such as the Pulitzer Prize. The novel also translated into a film, receiving nominations in various categories such as best actress, music and cinematography and won the 1963 Oscars. It has impacted schools by becoming a part of the syllabus reading list for learning, as it addresses timeless concepts of racism and social injustice relevant to America.

Scott Turow's novel Presumed Innocent was an explosive bestseller in 1987. His story introduced the sub-genre of the legal thriller by incorporating aspects of the criminal trial process. The core inspiration of Turow's work is examining a witness during a trial, the story stemming from the lawyer's own experiences.

Legal thriller books instigate the need for equality. The National Public Radio provides coverage of the legal thriller memoir, Just Mercy. Brian Stevenson provides insight into shaping the need for equality within America, as there have been a hundred years of supremacism and violence against black people in America.

The film, Just Mercy, raises the themes of equality and justice for the racial injustice against black African Americans in the United States of America. It has introduced the social issue of the death penalty, as American people disapproved of it after watching the film. The legal thriller enlightens hope that complex social issues such as the death penalty have the potential to change. Suits, as a legal thriller, has shaped "interpersonal loyalty" wrecked by American pursuits of power and wealth. There is progressive impact on depicting race and gender equality, as they made the head an African American woman and use female lawyers.

The television show How to Get Away with Murder depicts the complexities of race and the LGBTQ community. Characters in the series such as the African American lawyer, Annalise Keating, played by the actor, Viola Davis represents racial diversity. The character, Oliver Hampton, (Conrad Ricamora) advocates for the marginalized members in the LGBTQ community.

The film, Marshall was based on the history of a lawyer named Marshall who created the NAACP Legal Defence Fund. He was devoted to identifying cases that would change history. The film has made a significant impact on audiences, as it has a turned a real-life hero to the all-time star of a courtroom drama. This is revealed in a film review, where it states the legal thriller has a created a real-life superhero for audiences to gain inspiration. Furthermore, using the idealistic approach of a young lawyer makes a compelling courtroom drama. The elements of historical racism embedded within the film dates back to the 1950s and has created a riveting, touching tale on audiences.

Throughout the popular culture of legal thriller films, there have been variations in the character representations of lawyers. The character representation of lawyers affects audiences both negatively and positively. The positive impact is the level of heroism performed by lawyers in saving their client's case. Negative representations are associated with the representation of lawyers as villains and distrustful. The representations reflect lawyers declining after the American Revolution. As many films, novels, and shows are produced within the genre, audiences can choose the images of the lawyer that they like. The process of revealing these images is through showing the beginning action, the action itself and the consequences of the lawyer's actions.

title: Legal thriller


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Micronauts (comics)

The Micronauts are comic books featuring a group of characters based on the Mego Micronauts toy line. The first title was published by American company Marvel Comics in 1979, with both original characters and characters based on the toys. Marvel published two Micronauts series, mostly written by Bill Mantlo, until 1986, well after the toy line was cancelled in 1980. In the 2000s, Image Comics and Devil's Due Publishing each briefly published their own Micronauts series. Byron Preiss Visual Publications also published three paperback novels based on the Micronauts. In 2016, IDW Publishing published a new comic book series. A live-action film version of the Micronauts was in development by Hasbro Studios and Paramount in 2015. In May 2023, Marvel re-acquired the licensing rights to publish The Micronauts.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Microverse of The Micronauts is adapted as the Quantum Realm.

Marvel Comics (1979–1986)
The Micronauts began life as comic book characters thanks to a fortuitous accident on Christmas 1977. Marvel Comics writer Bill Mantlo's son Adam opened a new present, a line of the Mego Corporation's Micronauts action figures. Seeing the toys, Mantlo was instantly struck by inspiration to write their adventures. Convincing then Editor-in-chief Jim Shooter to get the comics license for these toys, Mantlo was hired to script their series.

The first series of the Micronauts ran from January 1979 to August 1984 and included 59 issues and two Annuals. The series was written by Bill Mantlo and featured art by Michael Golden. Other artists on the series included Howard Chaykin, Steve Ditko, Rich Buckler, Pat Broderick, Val Mayerik, Keith Giffen, Greg LaRocque, Gil Kane, Luke McDonnell, Mike Vosburg, Butch Guice, and Kelley Jones. Micronauts, along with Moon Knight and Ka-Zar the Savage, became one of Marvel's first ongoing series to be distributed exclusively to comic book stores beginning with issue #38 (Feb. 1982).

In the United Kingdom, The Micronauts was first included as a supporting strip in Marvel UK's Star Wars Weekly comic in January 1979 for several months and then in the first nine issues of Star Heroes Pocketbook, alongside Battlestar Galactica, before joining the new Future Tense reprint anthology. Unlike the U.S. version, these strips were printed in black and white.

The Micronauts Special Edition five-issue limited series (December 1983-April 1984) reprinted issues #1–12 and a back-up feature from #25. The X-Men and the Micronauts four-issue limited series (January 1984–April 1984) was co-written by Mantlo and Chris Claremont and drawn by Butch Guice.

The second volume of Micronauts, subtitled The New Voyages, was published from October 1984 to May 1986 and ran 20 issues. The series was written by Peter B. Gillis and featured early-career artwork by Kelley Jones. After this series the Marvel-owned license lapsed.

From the late 1990s the characters Marionette, Arcturus Rann and Bug (all Marvel properties) have appeared in various Marvel titles (without referencing the Micronauts label). Bug has appeared in a solo one-shot and together with cosmic hero Star-Lord, as part of a new incarnation of the Guardians of the Galaxy.

Image Comics
In June 2002, a new series by Image Comics was published for eleven issues before its cancellation in September 2003. The same year saw a four-issue limited series featuring Baron Karza's origin and his relationship with the Time Traveler entity.

Devil's Due Publishing
In March 2004, a new series was launched by Devil's Due Publishing, mixing new characters with those based on the toy line. The series ran for three issues and featured art by former Micronauts artist Pat Broderick. More issues were solicited, but never appeared on shelves despite some cover art being released.

IDW Publishing
In 2015, IDW Publishing acquired publishing rights from Hasbro to produce new comic books for the Micronauts and Rom the Spaceknight, both formerly popularized by Marvel as licensed properties. IDW released the first issue of their Micronauts series in April 2016, with scripts by Cullen Bunn and art by David Baldeon. The comic ran for eleven issues from 2016 to 2017. It was followed by two five-issue miniseries Micronauts: Wrath of Karza and Rom & the Micronauts which were released between 2017 and 2018.

IDW also featured Micronauts prominently in their crossover epic - Revolution. Released from September to November 2016, the crossover featured characters from various licensed toy lines IDW held the right to such as Transformers and GI Joe. The main line featured a preview issue and five regular issues, plus eight one shot tie-in issues across the various lines, one of which was Micronauts: Revolution.

Marvel Comics (2023–present)
In May 2023, Marvel renewed their license with Hasbro. Starting with a line of Marvel Omnibus collecting the original Marvel run of Micronauts, the first is scheduled for release in May 2024.

Marvel Comics version
The Micronauts originate in the Microverse, a microscopic universe full of strange planets like the human-inhabited Homeworld which is made up of diverse spherical habitats that are linked together in the fashion of a molecular chain. The original team comes together in response to the threat posed by Baron Karza, former bearded and balding academic turned murderous immortal black-armored dictator, who gained control of Homeworld through the creation of the Body Banks, where life-extending brain transplants are performed on the rich and inhuman genetic alterations on the poor.

Commander Arcturus Rann returned from a thousand-year deep space voyage in suspended animation with Biotron, his robot co-pilot on the HMS (Homeworld Micro Ship) Endeavor, to discover Karza has slain the royal family, descendants of Rann's parents Dallan and Sepsis who are now worshiped as virtual gods. What follows is an epic war across the Microverse pitting Rann and his allies against Karza.

In addition to Biotron, Rann's team of "Micronauts" includes Princess Mari of Homeworld, who, with her brother Prince Argon, are the only survivors of the slaughtered royal family of Homeworld. Known to the team as Marionette, she falls in love with Rann and leads the team on occasion. The alien gladiators Acroyear and Bug also join Rann's cause, and although completely different - one a noble armor-clad warrior prince and the other a wisecracking insectoid thief - the two become best friends and staunch allies of all Micronauts. The last member of the original team is Microtron, Mari's robot tutor. Although small, Microtron is a very resourceful R2-D2-style character and very supportive of all team members.

Warping through the Spacewall, an energy barrier between the Microverse and our much larger universe, and becoming trapped for a time on Earth where they enlarge to the size of action figures, the team encounter the to-them giant-sized Florida teenager Steve Coffin, his ex-astronaut father Ray (who is briefly transformed into the first Captain Universe), the Man-Thing and the evil cyborg scientist Professor Prometheus before returning to the Microverse.

After a series of battles against Karza (who, among his many other powers, can turn into a centaur and fire his fists like rockets) and his genetically-engineered army of vicious and obedient Dog Soldiers, the Micronauts triumph and Karza is apparently killed. Rann is able to claim victory due to the possession of the Enigma Force - a semi-sentient power source that bonded with him during his period of suspended animation and appeared in the form of floating, glowing green entities known as the Time Travelers - which enables him to perform incredible feats. The team then encounters the superhero team the Fantastic Four, who have traveled to a different region of the Microverse to battle the villain Psycho-Man. Bug's love, Jasmine, is killed during the climax of the battle. It is shortly after this encounter that the Micronauts again become trapped on Earth, at a greatly reduced size.

After encounters with the villains Plantman and Molecule Man, the team battle Mentallo and the Fixer, who have allied themselves with the organization HYDRA. Joined by one of Acroyear's people - Dagon - the team discovers that the villains and HYDRA are secretly under the control of Baron Karza, who is able to resurrect himself by placing his mind in Prince Argon's body. Argon was also converted to a cyborg centaur by the Body Banks, which combined him with his horse Oberon. Although the organization S.H.I.E.L.D. and several representatives of the races of the Microverse help the Micronauts finally defeat Karza, the battle is costly. Biotron is destroyed by Dagon, who is revealed to be an agent of Karza; the Queen of Kaliklak, Bug's home planet, dies in battle; Rann is rendered comatose and Acroyear's traitorous albino brother Prince Shaitan dies summoning the Worldmind - the parallel power to the Enigma Force that sustains their own home planet of Spartak. In desperation, Acroyear bonds with the Worldmind to defeat Karza, but in doing so destroys his world.

While trying to awaken Rann, the remnants of the team have an encounter with the demon Nightmare and accidentally discover that the Microverse is unraveling. A warning left in Rann's mind reveals that three keys will restore balance to the Microverse. The team embarks on a new quest across three new regions of the Microverse: Oceania, Polaria, and the Dead Zone. The Micronauts are eventually successful, and also acquire several teammates, including the bestial Devil and his companion Fireflyte and the robot Nanotron.

A new problem arises when Prince Argon, turning tyrant after donning the sacred white armor of the legendary Force Commander, begins displaying paranoia regarding the Micronauts, and eventually sends a special alien Death Squad to kill them. The Micronauts defeat the unit, and then encounter the mutant Nightcrawler and battle a new foe called Huntarr. Huntarr had been genetically engineered into a virtually indestructible living weapon by Argon to destroy the Micronauts, but Marionette makes him see that Argon is simply using him.

A war against Argon and his forces follows, with several beings from various locations in the Microverse - including Argon's ex-fiancee, the beautiful lowborn rebel leader Slug, and Prince Pharoid of Aegypta and his faithful lieutenant Margrave - joining the team in a bid to stop Argon. After several more encounters with beings such as the tyrant Doctor Doom the heroine the Wasp, and the villain Arcade, Microtron and Nanotron sacrifice themselves to reanimate Biotron's consciousness in the Micronauts' new vessel, the Bioship. Argon is finally revealed to be controlled by the spirit of Baron Karza, who returns once more.

Karza kills Argon and deals the Micronauts a crushing defeat by killing Devil, Pharoid, Slug and Margrave. After regrouping and a series of skirmishes, the remaining Micronauts confront and defeat Karza once and for all.

The Micronauts: The New Voyages
Weary of war, the surviving Micronauts leave behind the known Microverse (which they discover looking back resembles a galaxy shaped like a DNA Helix) and embark on a journey of exploration. They eventually discover the true nature of the Microverse and, in a final act that restores their ruined world, sacrifice themselves in order to repopulate the planets.

Team members

 * Acroyear - energy sword-wielding stoic and super-strong former ruler of the armor-clad Acroyears of the harsh and rocky planet Spartak.
 * Biotron - tall & stalwart first of the part machine, part organic roboids who accompanied Arcturus Rann on his 1,000 year mission. The loyal and dependable co-pilot of the H.M.S. Endeavor was destroyed and later resurrected in giant form as a sentient starcraft known as the Bioship.
 * Bug - a wisecracking master thief who is an antenna-headed green Insectivorid from the planet Kaliklak. Armed with his rocket-lance and as agile a wall-crawler as Spider-Man, Bug tends to "tik" when he talks and loves to eat snail-loaf.
 * Cilicia - mother of Acroyear's child and his former betrothed who turned against him when he was forced to destroy Spartak in order to keep it out of enemy hands.
 * Devil - highly intelligent and witty Beast-like member of a magenta red-furred race of savage cat-eared and dog-legged simioids from the jungles of Tropica on Homeworld.
 * Fireflyte - tiny singing sprite who is part of a glowing, butterfly-winged fairy-like race which is linked to both the Enigma Force and the life cycle of Devil's species.
 * Huntarr - formerly the rebellious slum youth Iann-23 who was mutated in the Body Banks and brainwashed into attacking the Micronauts. After being freed from Prince Argon's mental control, however, he joined the team so he could get revenge for being turned into a faceless, metal-booted monstrosity with the bio-based ability to grow weapons or whatever else required out of his hideous and highly malleable amber-hued body.
 * Marionette - princess Mari, beautiful acrobatic rebel fighter who is the daughter of the slain rulers of Homeworld and sister of hero turned villain Prince Argon.
 * Microtron - Marionette's loyal little personal roboid whose clever computer brain and extendable pincer arms always come in handy.
 * Nanotron - small golden, one-eyed female roboid who served as Microtron's loving assistant.
 * Pharoid: Prince of Aegyptia (also known as Sand Zone) and keeper of the "star scepter". Loyal to the Micronauts' cause, he joins the fight to free all of the zones of the Homeworld.
 * Arcturus Rann - heroic explorer and rotor-winged Space Glider who returned from a 1,000 year mission only to find his world taken over by his former teacher, Karza, who had become a Darth Vader-style despot while he was away.
 * Scion - metallic-skinned descendant of the mysterious Makers and Savior of the Microverse. Originally found as an egg which radiated enough energy to power a spaceship, he hatched into a grotesque big-brained scorpion-like creature before first evolving into a handsome, winged humanoid and then into a powerful Prime Being whose every molecule would be reborn as an individual living being.
 * Solitaire - a highly manipulative Prime Being with both metamorphic and healing powers, she first took the form of a green-skinned Insectivorid version of the lovely blond Marionette in order to seduce Bug so that he would help her get on the team. Solitaire then turned herself into a sexy, scantily-clad version of Commander Rann's dark-haired mother Sepsis.

The Microns
Years later Arcturus, Marionette and Bug (all Marvel properties) reappear as a team called the Microns. They aid the mutant Cable when the scientist Psycho-Man abducts the shape-changing Copycat. They battle Microverse inhabitant Baron Zebek of Aegyptus alongside the visiting super-team Alpha Flight and later assist Rick Jones and Captain Marvel during their adventures in the Microverse. In another largely untold tale, they also reteam with the X-Men against Baron Karza, who had recently been reborn, and his ally Thanos who seek to merge several of the sub-atomic universes. Arcturus Rann and Princess Mari became involved in the Psyklop invasion of K'ai, Jarella's homeworld.

Other versions

 * In 1997, Marvel accepted a proposed reboot of Micronauts as a new series written by Shon C. Bury, penciled by Cary Nord and inked by Dan Green, using new character designs based on the original characters. Scripts were written for five issues and three issues were penciled, though Marvel was not granted the Micronauts license by the copyright holder, Abrams/Gentile Entertainment, forcing the series to be canceled.
 * The Micronauts play a role in Marvel's Earth X series.

Collected editions
The first five-issue story arc of the Image series have been collected into a trade paperback:
 * Micronauts Vol. 1: Revolution (112 pages, Image Publishing, June 2003, ISBN 1-58240-311-2)

In May 2023 Marvel renewed the licensing with Hasbro in order to be able to publish Micronauts again. To commemorate the announcement a Volume 1 Marvel Omnibus, containing the first 29 issues, two annuals & material from Micronauts Special Edition featuring restored artwork, letter pages, house ads & bonus material, was revealed for a May 2024 release: Marvel Comics, May 2024
 * "The Micronauts: The Original Marvel Years Omnibus Vol.1"

Action figures
From 2005, AGE gave permission for SOTA (State of the Art) Toys to produce redesigned Micronauts action figures as Micronauts Evolution, with concept art by Randy Queen. SOTA president Jerry Macaluso expressed interest in a new comic based on the figures.

Animated television series
In 1998, AGE, Annex Entertainment, Gribouille and Kaleidoscope Media Group planned to produce a Micronauts animated series starting with a five-part miniseries to air on the Sci Fi Channel in Fall of 1998, followed by a syndicated 26 episode Micronauts animated series for 1999, with action figures and a Marvel tie-in comic announced. The project appears to be shelved or canceled.

Boulder Media (then-subsidiary of Hasbro) planned to develop a new Micronauts animated series, but the project was delayed indefinitely as Hasbro sold Boulder Media to Australian media company Princess Pictures in 2022. According to writer Eric Rogers, 52 episodes of the series were produced, and confirmed the series received a tax write-off.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Micronauts' homeworld the Microverse makes a featured appearance in the film, Ant-Man (2015). The dimension appears in a scene in which Scott Lang / Ant-Man goes subatomic in order to defeat the villain Darren Cross / Yellowjacket. Lang manipulates his suit to sabotage Darren's suit, and accidentally begins to continuously shrink into what Hank Pym calls the "Quantum Realm". While within the microverse, Lang sees glimpses of Pym's long-lost, presumed to be dead wife Janet van Dyne / Wasp (who had previously gone subatomic to destroy a Soviet nuclear missile). Previously believed to simply be one of Pym's theories, Lang's entrance into the Microverse is a key plot point and hints at the future of the Marvel Cinematic Universe's ventures into alternate dimensions and realities being largely explored in Doctor Strange (2016). Lang's escape from the dimension gives Pym hope that he may one day see his wife again. The realm appeared again in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) where Hank Pym finds his wife again and is successful in his mission. In Avengers: Endgame (2019), Lang along with the team use the realm to travel back in time to get all 6 Infinity stones to reverse the effect from Thanos' snap. In the series finale of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2020), Leo Fitz uses the realm to retrieve the S.H.I.E.L.D. team from the alternate timeline they are trapped in. In Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), Lang, Hope, Janet, Hank and Cassie are sucked into the Quantum Realm upon finding inhabiting beings, ruled by Kang the Conqueror.

Feature-film developments

 * After Hasbro acquired the rights to the Micronauts toyline, Paramount Pictures in conjunction with J. J. Abrams was in negotiations to develop a movie version of the franchise in 2009. The planned project made little progress, though in November 2015, Paramount said that it was still planning a Micronauts film adaptation. Later in December, both Hasbro and Paramount were planning a cinematic universe combining Micronauts with G.I. Joe, Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light, M.A.S.K. and Rom. Several writers, such as Michael Chabon, Brian K. Vaughan, Nicole Perlman, Lindsey Beer, Cheo Coker, John Francis Daley, Jonathan Goldstein, Joe Robert Cole, Jeff Pinkner, Nicole Riegel and Geneva Robertson-Dworet joined to the writers' room in April 2016.  In 2019, Dean DeBlois was attached to write and direct the film. By November 2020, Paramount removed the film from its release schedule.

Novels
The 2002 Image Comics relaunch was followed the same year by Micronauts: The Time Traveler Trilogy, a collection of three paperback novels published by Byron Preiss Visual Publications and written by Steve Lyons.

title: Micronauts (comics)


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Justin Shenkarow

Justin Shenkarow is an American actor, producer, director and writer, best known for his roles of Matthew Brock in Picket Fences, Simon Holmes in Eerie, Indiana, and the voice of Harold Berman from the Nickelodeon animated series, Hey Arnold!.

Life and career
Shenkarow has starred in television and film for over 30 years. He received three Young Artist Award nominations for his work as an actor on Picket Fences. He has starred in television shows including Eerie, Indiana, Home Improvement, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Strong Medicine, and Boston Public.

Shenkarow's production company, Shake That Fro Productions, has produced three short films in 2006 which he wrote, produced, directed and starred in, Decoy, The Best Christmas Ever and Tears. In 2005 he appeared in two films, House of the Dead 2 and Comedy Hell co-starring Eric Roberts.

In 2004, he was elected to the Screen Actors Board and was recently elected to chair the Young Performer's Committee. In 2008, Shenkarow appeared on an episode of TLC's Flip That House where he flipped a home in Sherman Oaks, California. In 2010, he was on an episode of The Millionaire Matchmaker looking for love.

title: Justin Shenkarow


text:
Postal codes in South Africa

Postal codes were introduced in South Africa on 8 October 1973, with the introduction of automated sorting.

Format
South African postal codes consist of four digits. Mail may be delivered either to the physical address or to a PO Box, particularly in rural areas where no street delivery is available. In addition, many large organisations may use Private Bag addresses, with mail dispatched to the holder by a mail contractor.

In the case of cities and large towns, however, the last two digits of the postal code indicate the mode of delivery. The digits "01" indicate a street address and "00" a PO Box or Private Bag address, with addresses in Port Elizabeth, for example, using the following format:

300 Kempston Road Port Elizabeth 6001

PO Box 1840 Port Elizabeth 6000

In Pretoria, however, a different format is used, with "02" indicating a street address, and "01" indicating a PO Box or Private Bag address.

370 Church Street Pretoria 0002

PO Box 427 Pretoria 0001

A feature of South African postal addresses, also common to Australia, is that it is only necessary to include the suburb, not the city, for example, in the case of Yeoville in Johannesburg:

43 Cavendish Road Yeoville 2198

Former postal codes
The South African postal code system was previously used in Namibia, then "South West Africa", including the enclave of Walvis Bay, which remained part of South Africa until 1994. It was allocated the number range 9000–9299.

Following independence, use of the South African postal code system was discontinued.

title: Postal codes in South Africa


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Talk:List of ministers of the environment/Sources

General source links.

 * Great PM date lists
 * Parliament links
 * Parliament links
 * African cabinets
 * Cabinet directories
 * The environment encyclopedia and directory 2001

 * https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/index.html (formerly http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/
 * Heads of government (as opposed to heads of state) from List of national leaders. List of national governments sometimes has links to cabinet articles.
 * Kyoto (PDF)
 * Earth Summit UNCED 1992.
 * Officials present at Rio+10
 * 2002-09-02
 * 2002-09-03
 * 2002-09-04
 * The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) site has contact info for several ministries, and equivalent departments.
 * EU Moe list.

 * IISD notes

Bermuda

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-28: Arthur Hodgson.
 * http://bermuda.election.bm/1998/ado_Hodgson.htm as on 2005-03-28: Arthur DO Hodgson.
 * http://www.plp.bm/ab5.php as on 2005-03-28: 1998-11-10/2003-07-30: Hodgson, Lister, Lister.

Bhutan

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-28: Deputy Minister National Environment Commission: Dasho Nado Rinchen
 * Lyonpo Jigme Thinley as on 2005-03-28: Prime minister 2003-08-30/2004-08-20.

Bolivia

 * http://www.un.org/events/wssd/statements/stat02.htm as on 2005-03-29: Minister of sustainable development and planning, Jose Guillermo Justiniano Sandoval, /2002-09-02/
 * http://www.immigration-usa.com/wfb2004/bolivia/bolivia_chiefs.html as on 2005-03-29: Minister of sustainable development, Gustavo Pedraza Merida, under Carlos Mesa Gisbert.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * as on 2004-12-26

Botswana

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-29: Pelonomi Venson

Brazil

 * UNCED Collor /1992-06-03/
 * Silva /2006-11-16/
 * Silva /2006-11-16/
 * Silva /2006-11-16/

Bulgaria

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-29: Dolores Borissova Arssenov

Canada

 * List of Canadian Ministers of the Environment
 * UNCED, PM, Mulroney
 * Ambrose under Harper 2006-02-06/
 * Baird replaced Ambrose on 2007-01-04 under Harper.
 * Ambrose under Harper 2006-02-06/
 * Baird replaced Ambrose on 2007-01-04 under Harper.
 * Baird replaced Ambrose on 2007-01-04 under Harper.

Chad

 * http://www.izf.net/izf/Guide/Tchad/gouvernement.htm as on 2005-01-02. Enviro and prime ministers and terms.

Chile

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-30: Secretaria general de la presidencia, Eduardo Dockendorff

China (People's Republic of)

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-30: Minister, state environmental protection administration, Xie Zhenhua

Colombia

 * Gaviria PM 1990-08-07/1994-08-07
 * Gaviria UNCED
 * Gaviria UNCED
 * Gaviria UNCED

Congo, republic of

 * Djombo /2006-11-16/
 * Djombo /2006-11-16/

Comoros

 * http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/MEnvironment.asp as on 2005-03-30: Ministre du developpement rural, de la peche, Mohamed Abdoulhamid

Croatia

 * Greguric 1991-07-17/1992-08-12
 * Greguric UNCED
 * Greguric UNCED
 * Greguric UNCED

Cuba

 * UNCED, PM, Castro
 * UNCED, PM, Castro

Dominican Republic

 * Leonel Fernández as on 2005-03-09. Date cabinet sworn in, previous President.

Egypt

 * Asfaw /1992-06-14/
 * Atef Ebeid as on 2005-05-21. PM 1999-10-05/2004-07-14.
 * Ahmed Nazif as on 2005-05-21. PM 2004-07-14/.
 * Ahmed Nazif as on 2005-05-21. PM 2004-07-14/.

El Salvador

 * Jokisch under Flores.

Equatorial Guinea

 * Minister of forestry and environment
 * http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/chiefs58.html as on 2005-03-12. No more environment ministry, now "agriculture and forests".

Estonia

 * as on 2005-06-13. Heiki Kranich 1999-03-25/.
 * as on 2005-06-13. Kranich still minister on /2003-03-04/.
 * as on 2005-06-13. PM from and to dates.
 * Andrus_Ansip as on 2005-06-13. Reiljan already before 2005-04-12.

Finland

 * Backman 2002-05-31/ under Lipponen, replacing Satu Hassi (who served 1143 days (1999-04-14/))
 * Enestam 2003-04-17/
 * PM Vanhanen 2003-06-24/
 * Enestam /2006-11-17/
 * PM Vanhanen 2003-06-24/
 * Enestam /2006-11-17/
 * Enestam /2006-11-17/
 * Enestam /2006-11-17/

France

 * 1974/2005 (the 1971 date may be wrong)
 * UNCED /1992-06-04/ Segolene Royal
 * as on 2005-06-26.
 * 2002-05-07/ Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin.
 * Serge Lepeltier as on 2005-06-24.
 * 2004-03-31/ under Jean-Pierre Raffarin.
 * as on 2005-06-24.
 * 2005-05-31/ Dominique de Villepin.
 * as on 2005-06-26.
 * 2005-06-03/ Nelly Olin?
 * as on 2005-06-26.
 * 2005-06-03/ Nelly Olin?

Georgia

 * /2005-02-03 Zhvania PM, 2005-02-03/2005-02-17 Baramidze, Nogaideli 2005-02-17/. Prime_Minister_of_Georgia as on 2005-06-26.

Germany

 * UNCED, Töpfer
 * Gerhard Schröder as on 2005-06-26.
 * 1998-10-27/ Trittin and Schröder.
 * 1998-10-27/ Trittin and Schröder.

Ghana

 * /1994 Minister of environment. 1994/2001-10 Minister of environment, science, and technology. as on 2005-06-26.
 * 2001-01-07/ Kufuor replaced Rawlings. John Kufuor as on 2005-06-26.

Grenada

 * 2003-12-03/ Ann David-Antoine. as on 2005-06-26.

Guatemala

 * 2000-01-14/2004-01-14 Portillo, 2004-01-14/ Berger. as on 2005-06-26.

Guinea

 * PMs: 1999-03-08/2004-02-23 Sidime, 2004-02-23/2004-12-09 Fall, 2004-12-09/ Diallo. as on 2005-06-26.
 * Cheik Abdel Kader. as on 2005-06-26.

Guinea-Bissau

 * 2001-12-09/2002-11-17 Alamara Ntchia Nhassé. as on 2005-06-26.

Haiti

 * PMs 1988-02-09/2004-03-13/ http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/haiti.htm as accessed on 2005-09-25.
 * Wainright, minister on 1997-01-30 http://www.un.org/esa/earthsummit/haiti-cp.htm as accessed on 2005-09-25.

Holy See (Vatican City)

 * Secretaries of state 1969-05-02/1990-12-01. http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/holysee.htm as accessed on 2005-09-25.

Honduras

 * President of Honduras 1972-12-04/2005. URL accessed on 2005-11-17.
 * Panting's 2nd surname is Galo. URL accessed on 2005-11-17.
 * Sorto, Holy, De Caballero, Panting incumb.. URL accessed on 2005-11-17.

Hungary

 * List of Prime Ministers of Hungary Fock/Gyurcsány. URL accessed on 2005-11-17.

India

 * UNCED, PM, Rao
 * http://www.teriin.org/dsds/dsds2002/speakers/Baalu.htm
 * http://www.teriin.org/dsds/dsds2002/speakers/Baalu.htm

Iraq

 * Iyad Allawi /2005-04-07: Prime Minister of Iraq (as at 2005-05-04)
 * Narmin Othman: http://pakistantimes.net/2005/05/04/top8.htm and http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=9025 (as at 2005-05-04)
 * Othman sworn in 2005-05-03: Council of Ministers of Iraq (as at 2005-05-05)

Ireland

 * Irish Minister for the Environment & Local Government
 * Taoiseach
 * Government of the 21st Dáil
 * Peter Barry
 * Government of the 24th Dáil
 * Padraig Flynn
 * Government of the 26th Dáil
 * Government of the 27th Dáil
 * Irish Minister for the Environment, Heritage & Local Government
 *

Kenya

 * Kulundu /2004-04-28/
 * Musyoka /2005-01-14/
 * Kibwana
 * Kibwana /2006-11-06/
 * Kibwana
 * Kibwana /2006-11-06/
 * Kibwana /2006-11-06/
 * Kibwana /2006-11-06/

Lithuania

 * Kundrotas since 2001-07-05
 * PMs 2001-07-03/2006-07-04
 * PMs 2001-07-03/2006-07-04
 * PMs 2001-07-03/2006-07-04

Netherlands

 * Lubbers UNCED
 * Ministers 1982/2006
 * Ministers 1982/2006, first names, cabinets
 * Pieter Winsemius appointed on 2006-09-22, previously also under Lubbers 1982/1986, Dekker resigned 2006-09-21.
 * Jacqueline Cramer
 * 2007-02-22 Balkenende IV
 * Pieter Winsemius appointed on 2006-09-22, previously also under Lubbers 1982/1986, Dekker resigned 2006-09-21.
 * Jacqueline Cramer
 * 2007-02-22 Balkenende IV
 * Jacqueline Cramer
 * 2007-02-22 Balkenende IV
 * 2007-02-22 Balkenende IV

New Zealand

 * Marian Hobbs: 1999-12-10/2001-02-23, 2001-03-28/2005-10-19 as accessed on 2005-11-26.
 * David Benson-Pope: 2005-10-19/ as accessed on 2005-11-26.

Norway

 * as accessed on 2005-09-25.
 * PMs and MoEs 1971-03-17/2000-03-17
 * UNCED Brundtland
 * UNCED Berntsen
 * as accessed on 2005-09-25.
 * Siri Bjerke and Stoltenberg 2000-03-17/2001-10-19
 * as accessed on 2005-11-26.
 * Bjerke 2000/2001, Brende 2001/2004, Hareide 2004/.
 * as accessed on 2005-11-26.
 * Helen Bjørnøy and Stoltenberg 2005-10-17/
 * Incumbancies
 * Helen Bjørnøy and Stoltenberg 2005-10-17/
 * Incumbancies
 * Incumbancies

Pakistan

 * UNCED Minister for environment and urban affairs, Anwar Saifullah Khan, /1992-06-03/
 * Sharif UNCED
 * Minister for environment, local government, and rural development, Jameel
 * Minister of environment, Iqbal
 * Minister for environment, local government, and rural development, Jameel
 * Minister of environment, Iqbal
 * Minister of environment, Iqbal
 * Minister of environment, Iqbal

Poland

 * accessed on 2005-12-25. Swatoń resigns 2005-04-25, Podgajniak acting minister.
 * accessed on 2005-12-25. Szyszko since 1997 and 2005.

Portugal

 * UNCED, Minister for environment and natural resources, Borrego, /1992-06-03/
 * UNCED, PM, Silva
 * Luis Nobre Guedes, 2004-07-17/2005-03-12
 * Nunes Correia, 2005-03-12/
 * Luis Nobre Guedes, 2004-07-17/2005-03-12
 * Nunes Correia, 2005-03-12/
 * Nunes Correia, 2005-03-12/
 * Nunes Correia, 2005-03-12/

Romania

 * Sulfina Barbu Minister of Environment
 * Sulfina Barbu Minister of Environment

Senegal

 * Thierno Lo /2006-01-24/2006-01-27/
 * Thierno Lo /2006-01-24/2006-01-27/

Singapore

 * http://www.cabinet.gov.sg/limss.htm Lim 2001-11/2004-08-12. URL accessed on 2005-11-17.
 * http://www.cabinet.gov.sg/yaacob.htm Yaacob 2004-08-12/. URL accessed on 2005-11-17.

Somalia

 * Hayd
 * Hayd

South Africa

 * "Suid-Afrika 1991-92 Amptelike jaarboek" 17th edition, Elise Keyter, ISBN 0-7970-2273-2
 * Business Day directory of politics and business in South Africa, Adrian Hadland, ISBN 1-875015-20-5
 * Who's who in South African politics, number 4, Shelagh Gastrow, ISBN 0-86975-433-5
 * Who's who in South African politics, number 5, Shelagh Gastrow, ISBN 0-86975-458-0
 * Mail & Guardian A-Z of South African politics 1999. The essential handbook, Phillip van Niekerk, Barbara Ludman, ISBN 0-140-27507-X

South Korea

 * AofEPA and Moes 1980-01-01/2006-03-21
 * Kyul-ho Kwak 2003-02-19/ This contradicts the list above, I'm using the dates from the list instead of this
 * Lee 2006-04/
 * Kyul-ho Kwak 2003-02-19/ This contradicts the list above, I'm using the dates from the list instead of this
 * Lee 2006-04/
 * Lee 2006-04/

Spain

 * Narbona 2004-04-18/
 * Narbona /2006-11-15/
 * Narbona /2006-11-15/
 * Narbona /2006-11-15/

Sweden

 * Ministers 1987/2004?
 * PMs 1986/2006
 * Bildt UNCED
 * PMs 1986/2006
 * Bildt UNCED
 * Bildt UNCED

Switzerland

 * Moritz Leuenberger

Uganda

 * Otafiire
 * Eriyo /2006-11-16/
 * Eriyo /2006-11-16/
 * Eriyo /2006-11-16/

UK

 * Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 * Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
 * Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions
 * Secretary of State for the Environment
 * UNCED, PM, Major
 * David Miliband 2006-05-05/
 * David Miliband 2006-05-05/
 * David Miliband 2006-05-05/

Ukraine

 * PM Viktor Yanukovych, Minister for preservation of the environment Vasyl Dzharty, 2007-02-28.
 * PM Viktor Yanukovych, Minister for preservation of the environment Vasyl Dzharty, 2007-02-28.

USA

 * UNCED, William Reilly
 * UNCED, Hog, GHW Bush
 * http://www.epa.gov/history/admin/agency/index.htm
 * Terms of the presidents of the USA, to determine under whom served - differs from the dates of the Wikipedia articles by including the changeover date for the outgoing president.
 * Page not available anymore, wait for the Internet archive wayback machine to make it available and then link that, or find other source.
 * Johnson acting 2005-01-26/.
 * Page does not note this anymore, wait for the Internet archive wayback machine to make the Feb version available and then link that, or find other source.
 * Johnson sworn in as admin on 2005-05-02.
 * Page not available anymore, wait for the Internet archive wayback machine to make it available and then link that, or find other source.
 * Johnson acting 2005-01-26/.
 * Page does not note this anymore, wait for the Internet archive wayback machine to make the Feb version available and then link that, or find other source.
 * Johnson sworn in as admin on 2005-05-02.
 * Johnson sworn in as admin on 2005-05-02.
 * Johnson sworn in as admin on 2005-05-02.

As of dates not yet moved
— Jeandré, 2004-05-17t23:44z, 2004-05-30t13:19z, 2004-06-26t20:49z, 2004-07-03t09:04z, 2004-07-03t09:40z, 2004-09-12t18:21z, 2004-09-12t18:44z, 2004-10-02t19:33z, 2004-10-07t20:40z, 2004-12-01t20:35z, 2004-12-01t21:08z


text:
Institute of Public Enterprise

The Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE) was established in 1964 for the study of issues and policies relating to public enterprise (PEs). S S Khera, ICS, the Cabinet Secretary, Government of India, had conceived the idea of a research institution that would undertake a systematic and sustained study of issues relevant to the formulation of policies towards public enterprises. In the early sixties, when PEs were designed as the principal instrument to serve the social and economic objectives of development, Khera felt a need for an institute that would collect information on PEs, study issues, and undertake consultancy and training for PEs.

V.V. Ramanadham, professor and head of the Department of Commerce, Osmania University, translated Khera's concept into IPE, with support and guidance from D. S Reddy, Vice-Chancellor, Osmania University as an autonomous, non-profit society.

Management education started in 1980 with the start of a three-year part-time MBA(PE) programme. In 1995, the institute started a two-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM). Currently, the institute offers various 2 year PGP courses, namely Post Graduation Diploma in Management(PGDM), PGDM – Marketing, PGDM – Banking, Insurance & Finance, PGDM – Human Resource Management, and PGDM – International Business, the courses are recognized by AICTE

Recognition
The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) has recognized IPE as a "Centre of Excellence" in management sciences for doctoral studies. Seven universities have recognized the institute for the guidance of Ph.D. students in the field of Commerce, Economics, Management & Public Administration. IPE is a training centre for the IAS and other senior officers of central and state governments, public sector enterprises, and the private corporate sector.

Awards
1.has been awarded for its outstanding partnership in the delivery of the IICA Certificate Programme (ICP) in CSR by the Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs, IICA, Manesar Gurgaon.

2.Dr. R K Mishra was conferred with “CSR Eminent Directors of Leading Institutes Award” for the year 2016.

3.Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE) has been awarded the Five Star category recognition by Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) in its convention on February2016, in New Delhi.

title: Institute of Public Enterprise


text:
Talk:Terra SA

Is it Terra or Terra SA? RickK 23:38, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

S.A. stands for "Sociedad Anónima", a form for a incorporated company. Spanish law requires that S.A. is attached to the firm's name.

This should be turned into a redirect for Terra Networks, S.A.. There is no information here that is not contained there. MCBastos 16:50, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terra SA


text:
Remote evaluation

In computer science, remote evaluation is a general term for any technology that involves transmitting executable software code from a client computer to a server computer for subsequent executing at the server. After the code has finished executing, the results of its execution are sent back to the client.

Remote evaluation belongs to the family of mobile code, within the field of code mobility. An example for remote evaluation is grid computing: An executable task may be sent to a specific computer in the grid. After the execution has terminated, the result is sent back to the client. The client in turn may have to reassemble the different results of multiple concurrently calculated subtasks into one single result.

title: Remote evaluation


text:
Parietal cell

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) are epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and body regions of the stomach. They contain an extensive secretory network of canaliculi from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H+ against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1, which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body. Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin signalling from both central and local modulators.

Canaliculus
A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells. It is a deep infolding, or little channel, which serves to increase the surface area, e.g. for secretion. The parietal cell membrane is dynamic; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory need. This is accomplished by the fusion of canalicular precursors, or tubulovesicles, with the membrane to increase surface area, and the reciprocal endocytosis of the canaliculi (reforming the tubulovesicles) to decrease it.

Hydrochloric acid secretion
Hydrochloric acid is formed in the following manner:
 * Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid. Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase.
 * The bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl−) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood, leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon.
 * Potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−) ions diffuse into the canaliculi.
 * Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions, via the H+/K+-ATPase. These pumps are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation. This pump maintains a million-fold difference in proton concentration. ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria.

As a result of the cellular export of hydrogen ions, the gastric lumen is maintained as a highly acidic environment. The acidity aids in digestion of food by promoting the unfolding (or denaturing) of ingested proteins. As proteins unfold, the peptide bonds linking component amino acids are exposed. Gastric HCl simultaneously cleaves pepsinogen, a zymogen, into active pepsin, an endopeptidase that advances the digestive process by breaking the now-exposed peptide bonds, a process known as proteolysis.

Regulation
Parietal cells secrete acid in response to three types of stimuli: Activation of histamine through H2 receptor causes increases in the intracellular cAMP level while ACh through M3 receptor and gastrin through CCK2 receptor increases intracellular calcium level. These receptors are present on basolateral side of membrane.
 * Histamine, stimulates H2 histamine receptors (most significant contribution).
 * Acetylcholine(ACh), from parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system, stimulating M3 receptors.
 * Gastrin, stimulating CCK2 receptors (least significant contribution, but also causes histamine secretion by local ECL cells)

Increased cAMP level results in increased protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H+/K+-ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This causes resorption of K+ ions and secretion of H+ ions. The pH of the secreted fluid can fall by 0.8.

Gastrin primarily induces acid-secretion indirectly, increasing histamine synthesis in ECL cells, which in turn signal parietal cells via histamine release and H2 stimulation. Gastrin itself has no effect on the maximum histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion.

The effect of histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin is synergistic, that is, effect of two simultaneously is more than additive of effect of the two individually. It helps in non-linear increase of secretion with stimuli physiologically.

Intrinsic factor secretion
Parietal cells also produce a glycoprotein known as intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B$12$ in the diet. A long-term deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by large fragile red blood cells. Pernicious anaemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells, precluding the synthesis of intrinsic factor and, by extension, absorption of vitamin B12. Pernicious anemia also leads to megaloblastic anemia. Atrophic gastritis, particularly in the elderly, will cause an inability to absorb B12 and can lead to deficiencies such as decreased DNA synthesis and nucleotide metabolism in the bone marrow.

Clinical significance

 * Peptic ulcers can result from over-acidity in the stomach. Antacids can be used to enhance the natural tolerance of the gastric lining. Antimuscarinic drugs such as pirenzepine or H2 antihistamines can reduce acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors are more potent at reducing gastric acid production since that is the final common pathway of all stimulation of acid production.
 * In pernicious anemia, autoantibodies directed against parietal cells or intrinsic factor cause a reduction in vitamin B12 absorption. It can be treated with injections of replacement vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin).
 * Achlorhydria is another autoimmune disease of the parietal cells. The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid. This leads to an increase in gastric pH, impaired digestion of food and increased risk of gastroenteritis.

title: Parietal cell