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Torosaurus

Torosaurus (meaning "perforated lizard", in reference to the large openings in its frill) is a genus of herbivorous chasmosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period, between 68 and 66 million years ago, though it is possible that the species range might extend to as far back as 69 million years ago. Fossils have been discovered across the Western Interior of North America, from as far north as Saskatchewan to as far south as Texas.

Torosaurus possessed the largest skulls of any known land animal, with the frilled skull reaching 2.77 m in length. Torosaurus is thought to have been the same size as the contemporary Triceratops,  but is distinguished by an elongated frill with large oval shaped openings, long squamosal bones of the frill with a trough on their upper surface, and the presence of five or more pairs of hornlets on the back of the frill. Torosaurus also lacked the long nose horn seen in Triceratops prorsus. It instead resembled the earlier and more basal Triceratops horridus, thanks to having a short nose horn. Three species have been named so far: Torosaurus latus, T. gladius, and T. utahensis. T. gladius is no longer considered a valid species, however.

In 2010, the validity of Torosaurus was disputed. A study of fossil bone histology combined with an investigation of frill shape concluded that Torosaurus probably represented the mature form of Triceratops, with the bones of typical Triceratops specimens still immature and showing signs of a first development of distinct Torosaurus frill holes. During maturation, the skull frill would have been greatly lengthened and holes would have appeared in it. In 2011, 2012, and 2013, however, studies of external features of known specimens have claimed that morphological differences between the two genera preclude their synonymy. The main problems are a lack of good transitional forms, the apparent existence of authentic Torosaurus subadults, different skull proportions independent of maturation, and hole formation at an adult stage not being part of a normal ceratopsian maturation sequence. Consequently, it is still heavily debated whether Torosaurus truly is an adult Triceratops or a separate genus, though most researchers currently favor the latter interpretation.

Discovery and species
In 1891, two years after the naming of Triceratops, a pair of ceratopsian skulls with elongated frills bearing holes were found by John Bell Hatcher in Niobrara County in southeastern Wyoming. Hatcher's employer, paleontologist Professor Othniel Charles Marsh, coined the genus Torosaurus for them. The name Torosaurus is frequently translated as "bull lizard" from the Latin noun taurus or the Spanish word toro, but is much more likely derived from the Greek verb (toreo), which means "to perforate". The allusion is to the fenestrae, "window-like" holes, in the elongated frill, which have traditionally served to distinguish it from the solid frill of Triceratops. Much of the confusion over etymology of the name results from the fact that Marsh never explicitly explained it in his papers.

Two Torosaurus species have been identified:
 * T. latus (type species). Latus means "the wide one" in Latin, in reference to the frill.
 * T. utahensis Lawson, 1976

Another species was subsequently regarded as identical to T. latus:
 * T. gladius . Gladius is "sword" in Latin, in reference to the elongated shape of the squamosal.

T. latus was based on holotype YPM 1830, which is a partial skull. The holotype of T. gladius was specimen YPM 1831, which is an even larger skull. Both fossils were found in the Lance Formation of the late Maastrichtian. Similar specimens found in Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, Utah, and Saskatchewan have since been referred to Torosaurus. Those that can be identified with some certainty include ANSP 15192 (a smaller individual in South Dakota uncovered by Edwin Harris Colbert in 1944), MPM VP6841 (a partial skeleton with a skull mounted at the Milwaukee Public Museum), SMM P97.6.1 (a skull lacking the snout), and two partial skulls from the Hell Creek Formation reported in 2002: MOR 981 (discovered in 1998) and MOR 1122 (from 2001). Fragmentary remains that could possibly be identified as Torosaurus have been found in the Big Bend Region of Texas and the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. Paleontologists have observed that Torosaurus specimens are uncommon in the fossil record, with specimens of Triceratops being much more abundant.

Torosaurus utahensis was originally described as Arrhinoceratops utahensis by Charles Whitney Gilmore in 1946, based on specimen USNM 15583 (a frill fragment from Emery County, Utah). In 1976, it was renamed to Torosaurus utahensis by Douglas Lawson. Review by Robert Sullivan et al. in 2005 left it as Torosaurus utahensis and somewhat older than T. latus. In 2008, Rebecca Hunt referred considerable additional material to this species. Research has not yet been published on whether T. utahensis should be regarded as a new genus or, as has been suggested for T. latus, the mature growth stage of a species of Triceratops.

Description
The individuals referred to Torosaurus are all large, comparable to the largest Triceratops specimens, measuring 7.5 to 9 m long and weighing 4 to 6 t. Due to the elongated frill, the skull length is especially considerable. Hatcher estimated the skull of YPM 1830 at 2.2 m and that of YPM 1831 at 2.35 m. In 1933, Richard Swann Lull increased this to 2.4 m and 2.57 m, respectively. Based on this, Torosaurus was seen as having the longest skull of any known land animal. In 1998, however, Thomas Lehman claimed that a Pentaceratops specimen possessed a partial skull that would have been 2.9 m long in life. This was again doubted by Nicholas Longrich who, in 2011, named this exemplar as a separate genus, Titanoceratops, and concluded its skull had been reconstructed as too long. Furthermore, in 2006, Andrew Farke had pointed out that the new skulls described by him were even longer on average than Hatcher's original two. MOR 1122 has a length of 2.52 m and MOR 981 has a length of 2.77 m. The well preserved skull of the Torosaurus specimen nicknamed "Adam", first put on display in 2023, is the largest known at 3 m long.

In 2006, Farke established some diagnostic traits of Torosaurus. The frill is extremely long in comparison to the remainder of the skull. The rear edge of the frill bears ten or more epiperietals, or triangular osteoderms. A midline triangular osteoderm is absent. Likewise, no osteoderm straddles the parietal-squamosal boundary. The parietal bone is thin and pierced by parietal fenestrae in the form of circular or transversely ovalur openings. The parietal bone is about 20% wider than it is long. Farke identified a single trait in which T. latus differed from both Triceratops horridus and T. utahensis. Its squamosal bore a conspicuous ridge on the edge with the parietal combined with a deep longitudinal trough parallel to it.

Farke pointed out that the known Torosaurus specimens are rather variable. The orbital "brow" horns are sometimes large and curved to the front, as with MOR 981, or sometimes short and straight, as shown by MOR 1122 and ANSP 15191. Also, the position of these horns differs, as they are often located directly on top of the eye socket. With YPM 1831, however, they originate at the rear edge of the orbit. Likewise, there is a variation in the form of the nose horn. YPM 1831 and, to a lesser extent, YPM 1830 have a straight, upright nasal horn, but MOR 981, ANSP 15192, and especially MOR 1122 possess a low bump at most. The frill differs too, as ANSP 15192 and YPM 1830 have a shield curving upwards at the rear, but the frill of YPM 1831 is nearly flat, though this could be an artefact of restoration. The frill of YPM 1831 is also heart-shaped, with a clear midline notch, whereas the rear edge of the other specimens is straight. The frill proportions are quite variable. With YPM 1831, the length-width ratio is 1.26, but MOR 981 has a shield 2.28 times longer than it is wide. The number of triangular osteoderms is difficult to assess, as most fossils seem to have lost them. MOR 981 and MOR 1122 have ten and twelve epiparietals, respectively. YPM 1831 has been restored with a fontanelle in the skull roof, which is possibly authentic. Farke also concluded that the degree of variability did not exceed that shown by related genera.

Farke stressed that, apart from the frill, no systematic differences could be found between Torosaurus and Triceratops. All Torosaurus specimens are similar in that they lack a truly long nasal horn and a horizontal arterial groove at the front base of said horn, but Triceratops fossils with the same combination of traits are not uncommon. In 2008, Hunt concluded that T. utahensis, contrary to T. latus, but similar to Triceratops, possessed a midline epiparietal.

Classification
Below is a ceratopsid cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Sampson et al. in 2010:

In 1891, Marsh placed Torosaurus in the Ceratopsidae family of Ceratopsia (Greek: "horned faces"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks that thrived in North America and Asia during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods.

Torosaurus has, with its long frill, traditionally been classified in Chasmosaurinae. It was seen as a late member of a line descending from Anchiceratops or Arrhinoceratops. It was thus placed in a different branch from Triceratops which, well into the 1980s, was seen as a member of Centrosaurinae because of its short frill. However, in the 1990s, exact cladistic analysis showed that both genera were chasmosaurines. Recent analyses invariably show a close relationship between Torosaurus and Triceratops.

Possible synonymy with Triceratops
A debate has sparked over the possibility that Torosaurus might be identical to Triceratops. In the Maastrichtian age of Laramidia, two closely related chasmosaurines shared the same habitat. The only discernible difference between them was the form of the frill. No Torosaurus juveniles are known, but a considerable number of Triceratops juveniles have been found. Triceratops differs from other chasmosaurines in the retention as an adult of a juvenile trait. Adults retain the short squamosals, a case of paedomorphosis. In 2009, John Scannella, investigating dinosaur ontogeny in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, concluded that this situation could be best explained by the hypothesis that Triceratops and Torosaurus were growth stages of a single genus. The Torosaurus specimens would be fully mature individuals of Triceratops. Torosaurus would be a junior synonym of Triceratops, the latter name having priority. In 2010, Scanella and Jack Horner, Scannella's mentor at Montana State University, published research on the growth patterns in thirty-eight skull specimens (twenty-nine of Triceratops, nine of Torosaurus) from the Hell Creek formation. They concluded that Torosaurus indeed represents the mature form of Triceratops. Horner stressed that the frill of ceratopsian skulls consisted of metaplastic bone. A characteristic of metaplastic bone is that it can lengthen and shorten over time, extending and resorbing to form new shapes. Significant development is seen even in those skulls already identified as Triceratops, Horner observed, "where the horn orientation is backwards in juveniles and forward in adults". Approximately 50% of all subadult Triceratops skulls have two thin areas in the frill that correspond with the placement of the "holes" in Torosaurus skull frills, which are surrounded by mature granular bone, suggesting that these developed to offset the weight that would otherwise have been added as maturing Triceratops individuals grew longer frills. Horner made this part of a larger argument that, in general, many purported dinosaur species might have been growth stages of other known species. With old Triceratops individuals, the frill would have begun to lengthen considerably, causing it to flatten and widen at its rear edge. At the same time, parietal fenestrae would have appeared, resulting in the typical chasmosaurine frill shape.

Scanella and Horner recognised that not all data were easily explained by their hypothesis. For these, they advanced auxiliary hypotheses. One problem was that if Torosaurus were the normal last maturation phase of Triceratops, which they called the "toromorph phase", it would be expected that Torosaurus fossils were quite common, whereas in fact they are fairly rare. They explained this by a high mortality of subadults and the possibility that old animals preferentially lived on heights where erosion prevented fossilization. A second problem was the size range of Torosaurus specimens, which seems to suggest the existence of authentic Torosaurus subadults. Of these, they claimed that the bone structure indicated a fully mature age, with the size difference being the apparent result of individual variation. A third possible objection was the seeming lack of transitional forms between individuals with and without parietal holes. These fenestrae are always perfectly shaped, not like incipient perforations. To counter it, they pointed to specimen USNM 2412, the holotype of the contentious Nedoceratops, as an example of precisely such a transitional form. The problematic traits of this genus would simply reflect its being in the first stages of transforming into a "toromorph". A last problem was offered by the number of osteoderms on the frill edge. With Triceratops, there are typically five epiparietals, including a midline osteoderm. With Torosaurus, there are ten or twelve, a midline epiparietal being absent. Also the number of episquamosals on the side edge of the frill differs (five with Triceratops, six or seven with Torosaurus). This was explained by the assumption that the number of epoccipitals increased during maturation. Also, it was pointed out that both number and position of the osteoderms are variable with Triceratops. This is shown through specimen MOR 2923, which has six epiparietals, but lacks a midline one.

Scannella and Horner's conclusions have not been unanimously accepted. Several experts, though admitting the possibility that the "toromorph" hypothesis is correct, have denied that this is probable. The hypothesis was directly challenged by a 2011 paper by Andrew Farke and a 2012 paper by Nicholas Longrich. In 2011, Farke redescribed the problematic Nedoceratops hatcheri as an aged or diseased individual of its own genus. Scannella and Horner argued for its identification with Triceratops. Farke pointed out that the irregular holes in the Nedoceratops frill, far from piercing thinning bone, were surrounded by thick swellings. Farke further concluded that several facts were difficult to reconcile with the proposed development of a Triceratops into a Torosaurus. In general, the number of epoccipitals in ceratopsians does not increase when the frill grows. Even though the number of episquamosals is often variable, there seems to be no relation with size because some juveniles already show the maximum number. Apparently, this is a matter of individual variation, not ontogeny. Likewise, with Ceratopia in general, the formation of holes in the frill is not related to age, as even the youngest individuals often possess the parietal fenestrae. Farke explained the thin bone areas on the frill of Triceratops, the purported location of incipient holes, to be muscle attachment sites. There would be no consistent relation between holes and a granular bone structure. Many Triceratops specimens have frills with a deeply veined surface, indicating considerable age. The bone of their frills would have to be rejuvenated and then become granulated again in order for hole formation to begin, which Farke considered to be an unlikely sequence. Finally, Farke pointed out that specimen YPM 1831, despite its enormous size, was apparently not yet fully-grown, as shown by its unfused sutures and smooth bone texture. Thus, it seemed to represent an authentic Torosaurus subadult. The same year, Scanella and Horner responded to some of Farke's critique. They admitted that USNM 2412, in view of its pathologies, was not an ideal candidate for a transitional form, but stressed that, apart from swellings, the holes in its frill were also bordered by granular and thinning bone. Taking all the evidence into consideration, they thought it much more likely that Nedoceratops represented a diseased individual of Triceratops than a genus of its own. They also pointed to Triceratops specimens showing the precise combination of veined, granular, and young striated bone that Farke had considered to be improbable. The idea that the thin areas on Triceratops frills were muscle attachment sites was rejected by them because the bone at these points did not show the rugose surface typical for such an attachment. For the difference in the number of epoccipitals, they offered two additional explanations. The osteoderm tips of old individuals might have eroded during life in such a way that each osteoderm gave the impression of two being present. In this way, the normal number of five or six Triceratops epiparietals could have doubled to ten or twelve, precisely the amount seen with the Torosaurus specimens. Alternatively, the Torosaurus latus specimens, having been found in older layers, might, in a process of anagenesis, represent an early stage of Triceratops evolution. The oldest specimen that can be dated, MOR 1122, has twelve epiparietals, while the younger MOR 981 possesses ten, seeming to indicate an evolutionary sequence in which the number of epiparietals gradually decreased. In 2012, Longrich investigated the problem by applying the principle of falsification. From any valid scientific hypothesis, predictions can be derived by which it can be tested. Longrich argued that the "toromorph" hypothesis implied three such predictions. Firstly, if Torosaurus were identical to Triceratops, their fossils should be found in the same locations. In fact, their geographical ranges do not perfectly coincide. In the very north, no Torosaurus fossils have been found, while from the south, only Torosaurus utahensis is known. However, this situation could be an artefact of the relative scarcity of Torosaurus remains and imperfect sampling. Longrich therefore concluded that the hypothesis was corroborated by the first prediction. Secondly, the hypothesis predicted that all Torosaurus specimens would be adults, while no Triceratops specimens would be very old. According to Longrich, this last point had not yet been established. Admittedly, in 2011, Horner had published a histological study showing that all Triceratops specimens investigated possessed a subadult bone structure, but the sample had been too small to allow for a valid generalisation to all Triceratops fossils. To better test the prediction, Longrich proposed a list of twenty-four external skull traits, by which specimens could be checked regarding their level of skull element fusion and their maturation. Thirty-six specimens were investigated upon applying these criteria. It transpired that the fusion typically took place in a certain sequence, providing additional information about their age. Indeed, by these criteria, most Torosaurus specimens were very old. However, there were two exceptions. The small individual ANSP 15192 was a relatively young adult, as shown by the lack of fusion of the snout bones. The youngest specimen was YPM 1831, with an unfused snout, epijugal, and occipital condyle. Furthermore, it had lost all of its frill osteoderms because they apparently had not been fused yet, while the frill edge had the external appearance of growing, young bone. On the other hand, Longrich found that ten of the Triceratops skulls investigated had attained the same level of maturation as the most aged Torosaurus specimens. Longrich concluded that the test of the second prediction refuted the hypothesis. The third prediction was that transitional forms could be found between Torosaurus and Triceratops. Longrich considered the claim that the thin areas on Triceratops frills were precursors of parietal fenestrae, as the strongest proof of a transitional phase. However, he pointed out that these structures differed in position. The Triceratops depressions are partly located on the squamosal, while the Torosaurus holes are fully surrounded by the parietal. Furthermore, the depressions are bordered by much thicker bone, while the Torosaurus holes are surrounded by thin bone. Longrich concluded that the hypothesis failed regarding the third prediction. Being refuted in two of the three predictions, the hypothesis should be rejected.

Longrich also suggested some additional objections to the "toromorph" hypothesis. There are no transitional forms known regarding the number of epiparietals. Also, it is hard to see how their number could have increased, as they occupied the full frill edge and would, in a metaplastic growth process, simply have increased their size and the remainder of the frill. The proposed splitting of osteoderms by erosion has only been established with episquamosals, never with epiparietals. Torosaurus has a squamosal that is thickened at the inner side and concave at the outer surface, while the Triceratops squamosal is concave at the inner side and flat on top. Transitional forms are unknown. The Torosaurus squamosal is also, independent from absolute size, much more elongated. Longrich pointed out that when Torosaurus and Triceratops specimens are combined to create a single growth sequence, as Scanella and Horner had done, Torosaurus specimens ANSP 15192 and YPM 1831 were outliers relative to the regression line because their squamosals were more elongated than could be explained by allometry. Longrich admitted that the fact that Horner, in his histological study, could only find Triceratops subadults was suggestive, but offered the alternative explanation that Triceratops differed from its relatives in retaining a relative young bone structure until old age. On the other hand, bone remodelling is not a reliable estimator of maturity in view of experimental studies demonstrating that differences in the mechanical strain conditions of various bones can significantly alter the rate or degree of such remodelling and may generate the illusion of old bone tissue. Longrich foresaw that Scanella and Horner would respond to his second test of their hypothesis by claiming that its results were caused by individual variation. According to Longrich, the importance of this factor was limited however: e.g. the size difference between ANSP 15192 and YPM 1831 had better been explained by sexual dimorphism, the former possibly being a young adult female and the latter being a subadult male.

In 2013, Farke and Leonardo Maiorino published morphometric research, a statistical analysis of the morphospace (shape space) describing the variation of the Torosaurus, Triceratops horridus, Triceratops prorsus, and Nedoceratops skulls correlated with maturation. They concluded that Torosaurus latus skulls throughout maturation retained a different form from T. horridus and T. prorsus, the last two species showing an overlapping in their proportions. This is even true when the frill shape is disregarded. Nedoceratops proved, except for size, not to be a plausible transitional form between Torosaurus and Triceratops horridus. Farke and Maiorino admitted that the low number of Torosaurus specimens reduced the reliability of these results, but concluded that Torosaurus and Triceratops were separate taxa, though allowing for the possibility of anagenesis, i.e. the several taxa forming a single chronospecies line of descent, given the lack of good stratigraphic data.

The hypothesis that the Torosaurus latus specimens might represent a "toromorph" phase of Triceratops maturation has raised the question of whether the second Torosaurus species, Torosaurus utahensis, is a "toromorph" as well. This issue has been complicated by the lack of good fossil material, as most specimens consist of isolated bones. T. utahensis was largely referred to Torosaurus because of elongated squamosals, indicating a long frill. The number of epiparietals and the size, location, or even existence of parietal fenestrae are unknown. Researchers have claimed that distinct juvenile Torosaurus have been excavated from a bonebed in the Javelina Formation of Big Bend National Park, basing their identification as Torosaurus cf. utahensis on their proximity to an adult with a characteristic Torosaurus parietal. Scanella and Horner concluded that only future finds could solve this problem. They suggested that this taxon, which extends the Torosaurus range southwards of that of Triceratops, might represent a separate chasmosaurine genus or a third Triceratops species. Farke's 2013 morphometric study was inconclusive on this point, with T. utahensis morphospace falling in between Triceratops and Torosaurus latus and not well separated from either.

In 2022, Mallon et al. argued that two specimens found in Canada's Frenchman and Scollard Formations, EM P16.1. (at Eastend Historical Museum in Saskatchewan) and UALVP 1646 (at the University of Alberta), are subadults and can be referred to Torosaurus, this indicating that it is a valid taxon. The same study also noted that Torosaurus indeed lived during the Late Maastrichtian.

title: Torosaurus


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Simon Mayr

Johann(es) Simon Mayr (also spelled Majer, Mayer, Maier), also known in Italian as Giovanni Simone Mayr or Simone Mayr (14 June 1763 – 2 December 1845), was a German composer. His music reflects the transition from the Classical to the Romantic musical era. In 1805 he founded the Bergamo Conservatory. He was an early inspiration to Rossini and taught and advocated for Donizetti.

Life
He was born in Mendorf near Altmannstein, Landkreis Eichstätt, Bavaria, and studied theology at the University of Ingolstadt, continuing his studies in Italy from 1787. He was closely associated with the Illuminati of Adam Weishaupt while a student in Ingolstadt, and the ideals of the French Enlightenment were a strong influence on his philosophy as a musician as corroborated by his famed Zibaldone or "Notebooks" compiled toward the end of his career.

Shortly thereafter, he took music lessons with Carlo Lenzi, and later with Ferdinando Bertoni. He moved to Bergamo in 1802 and was appointed maestro di cappella at the Cathedral of Bergamo, succeeding his old teacher Lenzi. He held the post until his death, and became a central figure in the city's musical life, organizing concerts and introducing Ludwig van Beethoven's music there. In 1805 he founded the Bergamo Conservatory; then known as the Lezioni Caritatevoli di Musica. One of his pupils at the conservatory was Gaetano Donizetti. By the end of his life, he was blind. He died in Bergamo and is buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore there, just in front of the tomb of his famous pupil.

Mayr's works, among which there are almost seventy operas, are rarely performed today.

Works
See List of compositions by Simon Mayr and List of operas by Simon Mayr

Recordings

 * Ginevra di Scozia - Elizabeth Vidal (soprano); Daniela Barcellona (mezzo-soprano); Antonino Siragusa (tenor); Luca Grassi (baritone); Giuseppina Piunti (soprano); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Orchestra del Teatro Verdi di Trieste; Tiziano Severini (conductor). Label: Opera Rara ORC23
 * Fedra (Chiaudani, Nelsen, Zagorski, Lee; Schaller) OEHMS Classics 920
 * Verter (Herrmann, Gemmabella, Cicchetti, Salsi, Zarelli; Terracini). Bongiovanni GB 2343–4.
 * Medea in Corinto (Eaglen, Kenny, Ford, Miles; Parry), Opera Rara ORC11 [1993]
 * Konzert mit Schnitte von Werken von Johann Simon Mayr. Wilhelm Schmailzl, Karlskron [1996]
 * Samuele Fono-Schallplattengesellschaft, Laer [1997]
 * Grande messa da requiem Orchestra Stabile di Bergamo, Agora [1997]
 * Stabat Mater No.3 in C-minor Incontri Europei con la Musica, Bongiovanni [1999]
 * Che Originali! ossia La Musicomania Georgisches Kammerorchester, Guild [1999]
 * Mass in C-minor Guild [2001]
 * La Passione Kammerorchester Ingolstadt, Guild [2002]
 * Atalia Neue Düsseldorfer Hofmusik Guild [2003]
 * Vespri per il Corpus Domini 1802 Orchestra da Camera Milano Classica, Bongiovanni [2004]
 * Sisara Accademia I Filarmonici di Verona, Simon Mayr Chor conducted by Franz Hauk Guild GmbH 2004
 * L'Armonia and Cantata for the Death of Beethoven. Ingolstadt Georgian Chamber Orchestra and Simon Mayr Choir, Naxos [2006]
 * La Rosa Bianca e la Rosa Rossa (Antonacci, Anselmi, Serraicocca, Canonici, Facini; Briccetti) Fonit Cetra RFCD 2007
 * David in Spelunca Engaddi, Naxos [2008]
 * L'amor coniugale, Naxos, [2008]
 * Tobiae matrimonium Simon Mayr Chor + Ensemble, Naxos [2009]
 * Medea in Corinto Theater St. Gallen, Oehmsclassic [2010]
 * La Lodoiska Münchner Rundfunkorchester, Oehmsclassic [2011]
 * Amor ingegnoso, Bongiovanni GB 2456-2 [2012]
 * Samuele, Naxos [2012]
 * Demetrio, Re di Siria, Oehmsclassic [2012]
 * Innalzamento al trono del giovane re Gioas. Cantata, Naxos [2012]
 * Il sagrifizio di Jefte, Oratorio, Naxos [2013]
 * Piano Concerto in C-major
 * Ginevra di Scozia, Oehmsclassic [2014]
 * Gran messa di requiem in G-minor, Naxos [2015]
 * Messa di Gloria in E-minor, Naxos [2021]
 * Messa di Gloria in F-minor, Naxos [2021]
 * L'accademia di musica, Naxos [2022]

Film

 * Martin Pfeil: Der vergessene Musiker: Johann Simon Mayer (1763–1845). INTV Media Ingolstadt, 1995 (VHS, 30 Min.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simon Mayr


text:
Simon Mayer

Simon Mayer may be an alternate spelling of:

 * Simon Marius (1573–1624), German astronomer
 * Johann Simon Mayr (1763-1845), German composer

title: Simon Mayer


text: User talk:24.2.64.56

title: User talk:24.2.64.56


text:
Edson

Edson may refer to:

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 * Edson, Kansas, an unincorporated community
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Given name

 * Édson, a Brazilian given name, often written as Edson
 * Edson (footballer, born 1977), Brazilian footballer
 * Edson (footballer, born 1987), Brazilian footballer
 * Edson (footballer, born 1990), Brazilian footballer
 * Edson (footballer, born 1991), Brazilian footballer
 * Edson (footballer, born 1998), Brazilian footballer
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 * Edson Braafheid (born 1983), Dutch footballer
 * Edson Buddle (born 1981), American soccer player
 * Edson Minga (born 1979), Congolese born Hong Kong footballer
 * Edson B. Olds (1802–1869), American politician
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 * Edson Warner (1930–2019), Canadian sports figure
 * Edson White (1849–1928), American Seventh-day Adventist and publisher

Surname

 * Allan Edson (1846–1888), Canadian painter
 * Billy Edson (1874–1965), football player, lawyer, and politician in Iowa
 * C. L. Edson (1881–1975), American newspaper columnist, humorist, and poet
 * Carroll A. Edson (1891–1986), early leader in the Boy Scouts of America; co-founder of the Order of the Arrow scouting honor society
 * Charles Edson (1864–1936), American composer
 * Evelyn Edson (born 1940), American medievalist and historian of cartography
 * Fanny Carter Edson (1887–1952), American geologist
 * Franklin Edson (1832–1904), 85th Mayor of New York
 * Gary R. Edson, president of Conservation International
 * Gus Edson (1901–1966), American cartoonist (originally "Edelstein")
 * Hilary Edson (born 1965), American soap opera actress
 * Hiram Edson (1806–1882), pioneer of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * J. T. Edson (1928–2014), English author of American Westerns
 * Jerrod Edson (born 1974), Canadian novelist
 * Job A. Edson (1854–1928), president of the Kansas City Southern Railway
 * John Joy Edson, American banker
 * Katherine Philips Edson (1870–1933), American labor and women's rights activist
 * Lewis Edson (1748–1820), early American composer
 * Marcellus Gilmore Edson (1849–1940), Canadian pharmacist who was the first person to patent peanut butter
 * Margaret Edson (born 1961), American playwright
 * Merritt A. Edson (1897–1955), U.S. Marine Corps General
 * Mike Edson (born 1942), British Church of England clergyman
 * Norman Lowther Edson (1904–1970), New Zealander biochemist
 * Rich Edson (born 1981), American journalist
 * Richard Edson (born 1954), American actor
 * Russell Edson (1935–2014), American poet, novelist, writer and illustrator
 * Susan Ann Edson (1823–1897), American doctor and personal physician to James A. Garfield
 * William Alden Edson (1912–2012), American scientist and engineer

Other

 * Edson Range, a rifle range at Camp Pendleton, near Oceanside, California
 * USS Edson, a destroyer of the United States Navy

title: Edson


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Talk:Duke of Bedford

Untitled
What is the point in having links which redirect right back to the original page?

 * Not a lot. Someone (I forget who) decided they'd be a good idea a while back, and put them in for a few titles (mainly the senior Dukes, I believe), but they don't really do anything except irritate people (I've been annoyed a few times when I've thought there was an article on a particular title-holder only to be redirected to the page I'm on). I believe they go against Wikipedia policy as well. Unfortunately, there's no easy way of deleting them. Proteus (Talk) 06:41, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

My family is in Australia where we have lived since the turn of the century. My name is Michael Kenric Bedford RUSSELL.

My father et al always said I was a descendant from the Dukes of Bedford, and I was very proud, as a child.

Subsequently I have learned that there is a difference between the "Russells of Bedford" and the "Bedford Russells".

I believe that John, PM of England, Bertrand Russell and the current dukes are "Russells of Bedford".

I fear that I am but a mere "Bedford Russell"

Does anyone know of a connection?

Please email me at mike-russell@iinet.net.au if you any information.

Thank you

Mike````

Barony of Bedford

 * The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Bedford, all in the Peerage of England, are: [...] (and possibly the Barony of Bedford, which was merged into it in 1138, 1366 or 1414).

What does this mean? —Tamfang (talk) 06:59, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Online Gotha
A webpage, cited here, moved from Prodigy to Angelfire. An anonymous user changed the external link accordingly, and a bot reverted, I guess because Angelfire links are deprecated. No link is better than a dead link, so I removed it. —Tamfang (talk) 05:12, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

what's the current state of the succession?
The latest edit puzzles me. The edit summary is:
 * rem those who have succeded -
 * Henry Robin Charles Russell, Marquess of Tavistock, (b. 2005), only son of the 15th Duke
 * Lord Robin Loel Hastings Russell (b. 1963), second son of the 14th Duke

If they have succeeded (through some disaster), is Robin Loel now the 17th Duke? —Tamfang (talk) 03:02, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120617123927/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1216.htm to http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1216.htm

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Second creation requires explanation and a source
This article does not explain why the same person was made Duke of Bedford twice, and neither does his own article. I think we need a source for the second creation, and an explanation. Richard75 (talk) 13:15, 30 August 2021 (UTC)

elusive simultaneity

 * The first and second creations came in 1414 and 1433 respectively, both in favour of Henry IV's third son, John, who later served as regent of France. He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year.

Which same time, which same Bat-channel year? —Tamfang (talk) 02:56, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Viscount Amberley
I don't see any reference to this title, which was held by the father of the philosopher Bertrand Russell (later Earl Russell). As far as I can discover, it was a subsidiary title granted to the Prime Minister Lord John Russell (a younger son of the then Duke of Bedford) when he was given the title (as a true peerage, not a courtesy title) Earl Russell. His son (father of Bertrand), was then able to use it as a courtesy title during the lifetime of his father. These things do get confusing, and it may seem a minor point, but as Lord John Russell and his grandson Bertrand are probably the most notable members of the Russell tribe it may be worth mentioning somewhere in the article.2A00:23C8:7907:4B01:E5DA:63D5:D34D:EE7F (talk) 12:40, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

 * It's mentioned at Earl Russell, where it belongs. Where would it fit here? other than in the (collapsed) family tree, where it is already —Tamfang (talk) 02:07, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duke of Bedford


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Horsehead Nebula

The Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33 or B33) is a small dark nebula in the constellation Orion. The nebula is located just to the south of Alnitak, the easternmost star of Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion molecular cloud complex. It appears within the southern region of the dense dust cloud known as Lynds 1630, along the edge of the much larger, active star-forming H II region called IC 434.

The Horsehead Nebula is approximately 422 parsecs or 1,375 light-years from Earth. It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of its resemblance to a horse's head.

Using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have captured the nebula's "mane" in unprecedented detail, revealing the complexity of the photodissociation region where ultraviolet light interacts with gas and dust.

History
The nebula was discovered by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming in 1888 on a photographic plate taken at the Harvard College Observatory. One of the first descriptions was made by E. E. Barnard, describing it as: "Dark mass, diam. 4′, on nebulous strip extending south from ζ Orionis", cataloguing the dark nebula as Barnard 33.

Structure
The dark cloud of dust and gas is a region in the Orion molecular cloud complex, where star formation is taking place. It is located in the constellation of Orion, which is prominent in the winter evening sky in the Northern Hemisphere and the summer evening sky in the Southern Hemisphere.

Colour images reveal a red colour that originates from ionised hydrogen gas (Hα) predominantly behind the nebula, and caused by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis. Magnetic fields channel the gases, leaving the nebula into streams, shown as foreground streaks against the background glow. A glowing strip of hydrogen gas marks the edge of the enormous cloud, and the densities of nearby stars are noticeably different on either side.

Heavy concentrations of dust in the Horsehead Nebula region and neighbouring Orion Nebula are localized into interstellar clouds, resulting in alternating sections of nearly complete opacity and transparency. The darkness of the Horsehead is caused mostly by thick dust blocking the light of stars behind it. The lower part of the Horsehead's neck casts a shadow to the left. The visible dark nebula emerging from the gaseous complex is an active site of the formation of "low-mass" stars. Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula's base are young stars just in the process of forming.

title: Horsehead Nebula


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Louis van Gaal

Aloysius Paulus Maria "Louis" van Gaal (born 8 August 1951) is a Dutch former football player and manager who currently serves as an advisor for Ajax. At club level, he served as manager of Ajax, Barcelona, AZ Alkmaar, Bayern Munich and Manchester United, as well as having three spells in charge of the Netherlands national team. Van Gaal is one of the most decorated managers in the history of the game, having won 20 major honours in his managerial career. He is sometimes nicknamed the "Iron Tulip".

Before his career as a coach, Van Gaal played as a midfielder for Royal Antwerp, Telstar, Sparta Rotterdam, Ajax and AZ Alkmaar. He is also a qualified physical education teacher, and worked at high schools during his career as a semi-professional footballer. After a brief spell as an assistant coach at AZ, Van Gaal served as an assistant under Leo Beenhakker at Ajax, and eventually took over as head coach in 1991. Under his lead, the club won three Eredivisie titles, the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League. He moved to Barcelona in 1997 and won two league titles and one Copa del Rey, but left after disagreements with the club's hierarchy.

Van Gaal was then appointed at the Netherlands, but failed to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. This preceded another brief spell at Barcelona, before he returned to AZ, where he won an Eredivisie title, the club's second ever in its history. He moved to Bayern Munich in 2009, and in Germany won the Bundesliga, the DFB-Pokal and reached the final of the UEFA Champions League. He returned to manage the Netherlands for a second time, where he led the nation to a third-place finish at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He was hired by Manchester United later that summer, where he won the FA Cup, before being dismissed in 2016. Despite announcing his retirement due to family reasons in 2019, Van Gaal returned to management in August 2021, when he was appointed as head coach of the Netherlands for a third time.

Playing and early coaching career
Van Gaal was born in Amsterdam. As a youngster, he started playing for the Amsterdam amateur side RKSV de Meer. At the age of 20, he joined the second team of Ajax, but was never chosen to play in the first team, which at the time boasted players such as Johan Cruyff and Johan Neeskens in the midfield positions. He was loaned to Belgian First Division side Royal Antwerp playing under Guy Thys with whom he was runner-up in the Belgian top division in 1974 and 1975. During his time with Antwerp, Van Gaal suffered a broken nose in a friendly against Kortrijk. After four years spent in Belgium, he returned to his homeland and made his Eredivisie debut for Telstar under the guidance of manager, Mircea Petescu, whom he followed to Sparta Rotterdam. He later joined AZ, where he also became assistant coach in 1986. After a short career at AZ, he returned to Ajax to become Leo Beenhakker's assistant. When Beenhakker left in 1991, Van Gaal took over as manager.

Ajax (1991–1997)
Van Gaal was Ajax manager from 1991 until 1997 and had a very successful tenure. Under Van Gaal, Ajax became the Eredivisie champions three times, in 1994, 1995 (notably going the entire 1994–95 season unbeaten in both the league and the Champions League) and 1996. He also led Ajax to the KNVB Cup in 1993 and the Johan Cruyff Shield in 1993, 1994, and 1995. On the European scene, Ajax captured the UEFA Cup in 1992 and the UEFA Champions League in 1995 after beating Milan in the final. The latter win was followed by a 5–1 aggregate win over Real Zaragoza in the 1995 UEFA Super Cup. Late in 1995, Ajax beat Brazilian side Grêmio on penalties to win the Intercontinental Cup. Ajax were also Champions League runners-up in 1996 after losing to Juventus on penalties.

Ajax was so successful under Van Gaal's leadership that during the 1990s, the Netherlands national team was dominated by Ajax players such as Patrick Kluivert, Marc Overmars, Dennis Bergkamp, Frank and Ronald de Boer, Edgar Davids, Clarence Seedorf, Winston Bogarde, Michael Reiziger and Edwin van der Sar.

After serving out his contract at Ajax in 1997, Van Gaal received his knighthood in the Order of Orange-Nassau.

Barcelona (1997–2000)
Van Gaal moved to Barcelona in 1997, taking over from Bobby Robson, and helped the team win two La Liga titles (1997–98, 1998–99) and the Copa del Rey once. Despite this success, he clashed with the media and came under criticism. He expressed that it was difficult to implement his football philosophy at Barcelona due to cultural differences, and that he struggled hard as some players were unwilling to follow his lead. His rows with Rivaldo are an example of this: Van Gaal insisted Rivaldo play as a left winger, whereas Rivaldo argued that he wanted to play in the centre, in effect undermining Van Gaal.

Van Gaal eventually left the Catalan side on 20 May 2000, days after losing the league title to Deportivo de La Coruña, uttering the immortal line: "Amigos de la prensa. Yo me voy. Felicidades." ("Friends of the press. I am leaving. Congratulations.") He returned to the Netherlands to manage the Netherlands national team in preparation for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Netherlands national team (2000–2002)
Under Van Gaal, the Netherlands started their campaign to qualify for the 2002 World Cup poorly. Placed in Group 2, an injury-hit side could only manage to secure a late 2–2 draw at home to the Republic of Ireland, having been 2–0 down with 20 minutes to go. A 4–0 win over Cyprus was followed by a 2–0 defeat to Portugal.

In 2001, the Netherlands beat Andorra, Cyprus and Estonia, but despite leading group leaders Portugal 2–0 with seven minutes left, drew 2–2 and fell three points behind second-place Republic of Ireland, who were unbeaten. When the sides met in Dublin, Van Gaal boasted before the match that his squad was so much more talented, even the Irish fans would want them to qualify. Ireland went down to ten men after 58 minutes but scored nine minutes later and won 1–0. The Netherlands fell seven points behind them with two games left to play, meaning that they failed to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1986. Van Gaal stepped down as manager on 31 January 2002 to be replaced by Dick Advocaat. After this, speculation began that Van Gaal would succeed Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United once Ferguson claimed he would retire that year. According to Van Gaal, Ferguson decided against retiring and the deal fell through.

Return to Barcelona (2002–2003)
Van Gaal returned to Barcelona for the start of the 2002–03 season on a contract until June 2005, but results were inconsistent. The club won a record-equalling ten successive matches in the Champions League but struggled in La Liga. After four wins, four draws and three defeats from their opening 11 league matches, Barcelona lost three matches in a row, to Real Sociedad, relegation-threatened Rayo Vallecano and Sevilla. Two wins and a draw improved things but after successive defeats to Valencia and Celta Vigo, he left by mutual consent on 28 January 2003 with the club in 12th place, just three points above the relegation zone and 20 points behind leaders Real Sociedad.

His transfers, particularly the signings of goalkeeper Robert Enke, midfielder Gaizka Mendieta and playmaker Juan Román Riquelme, all disappointed. Riquelme had been bought to replace Rivaldo, whom Van Gaal had released on a free transfer, despite having a year left on his contract. The two had fallen out during Van Gaal's previous tenure and after Van Gaal returned, Rivaldo said: "Van Gaal is the main cause of my departure. I don't like Van Gaal, and I am sure that he doesn't like me, either." Van Gaal replied that Rivaldo's lack of commitment was the reason he was released, saying that he "was only interested in making more money and playing less. He was chosen as the best player in 1999, but he has not handled himself well since then and has not behaved like a footballer should. He had illusions about Barca and was requesting to take holidays when important Champions League games were approaching. He then hides back home in Brazil. He plays for Brazil like we needed him to at Barcelona, and he has proved this in the World Cup finals, showing he reserved himself for Japan." Rivaldo joined A.C. Milan and won that season's Champions League. However, due to his poor performances throughout the season, he won the Bidone d'Oro Award in 2003, which is given to the worst Serie A player during a particular season.

Return to Ajax (2004)
In 2004, Van Gaal returned to Ajax as a technical director, but resigned later that year due to an internal conflict with Ronald Koeman.

AZ (2005–2009)
In January 2005, it was announced that Van Gaal would replace Co Adriaanse as AZ manager on 1 July 2005. Under Van Gaal, AZ finished second in the Eredivisie in 2005–06 and third in 2006–07. Van Gaal also led AZ to a runners-up finish in the 2006–07 KNVB Cup and lost a 2007–08 Champions League qualification play-off to Ajax 4–2 on aggregate.

Van Gaal initially announced he would leave AZ at the end of the 2007–08 season due to disappointing results, with the club finishing 11th in the Eredivisie. When several players of the AZ squad said that they would like him to stay with AZ, however, Van Gaal said he would give the players a chance to prove themselves.

AZ started the 2008–09 season with two losses: 2–1 to NAC Breda and 0–3 to ADO Den Haag, but after that the Alkmaar-based club remained unbeaten until 18 April, topping the table ahead of Twente and Ajax for the entire season, despite being predicted to finish as low as 13th by pundits. AZ had the best defensive record in the Eredivisie and the second-best goalscoring record, behind Ajax, thanks to its offensive duo of league topscorer Mounir El Hamdaoui and Brazilian Ari. They were crowned league champions on 19 April, one day after AZ suffered an unexpected loss at home to Vitesse, which ended a string of 28 unbeaten games (surpassing the team's 1980–81 record of 25 unbeaten games). That same day Ajax, which was the only opponent that would have been able to surpass AZ given a win, lost 6–2 to PSV.

Bayern Munich (2009–2011)
On 1 July 2009, Van Gaal took over as coach of Bayern Munich. He referred to his new employer as a "dream club". On 28 August 2009, he strengthened his team by signing compatriot Arjen Robben from Real Madrid; this reunited the two, with Van Gaal selecting Robben for his debut in the Netherlands U20 team.

Van Gaal got off to a poor start as Bayern coach, winning only one of his first four matches in charge, and by November the club was on the brink of a Champions League group stage exit following two losses to Bordeaux. With Bayer Leverkusen at the top of the Bundesliga, speculation was rampant that he was on the brink of a departure from Bayern even earlier than his predecessor Jürgen Klinsmann. Van Gaal, however, kept insisting he is a "prozesstrainer", meaning that his team needs time to play the way he imagines.

Van Gaal installed many youth players as fixtures in the starting 11, including Thomas Müller and Holger Badstuber, and also converted the winger Bastian Schweinsteiger into a defensive midfielder. A feud with Italian striker Luca Toni, who had played an important role in Bayern's 2007–08 league and cup double, led to Toni's move to Roma. Bayern Munich's form, however, improved with two Champions League victories including an impressive 4–1 victory over Juventus in Turin, which allowed them to progress from their group in second position behind Bordeaux. By March, Bayern had moved to the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal and were top of the Bundesliga, ahead of Bayer Leverkusen.

On 8 May 2010, Bayern were crowned Bundesliga champions following a 3–1 win at Hertha Berlin, making Van Gaal the first ever Dutch coach to win the Bundesliga. On 15 May 2010, Bayern won the DFB-Pokal with a 4–0 victory over Werder Bremen, thus securing the domestic double.

In the Champions League, Bayern won 4–4 on the away goals rule in the quarter-final against Manchester United and 4–0 on aggregate against Lyon in the semi-final, securing them a spot in the final, where Van Gaal was to meet his former pupil and assistant at Barcelona, Internazionale coach José Mourinho. Bayern, however, lost the final 2–0, handing Inter a first Italian treble and thus failing to secure the treble themselves. On 25 May 2010, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge expressed his desire to extend Van Gaal's contract as the club was very happy with his performance, despite Van Gaal still having one year of his contract to fulfil. At the end of the season, Van Gaal was voted Manager of the Year in the yearly poll organized by VDV (professional players' union in Germany) and German magazine kicker.

Van Gaal's Bayern started the 2010–11 season by winning the DFL-Supercup, which had been officially reinstated after a 14-year absence.

On 7 March 2011, Bayern Munich declared that Van Gaal's contract was to be cancelled after the end of the 2010–11 season. However, he was instead sacked on 10 April 2011 after losing the third place in the Bundesliga.

Return to Netherlands national team (2012–2014)
On 6 July 2012, Van Gaal was presented as the new Netherlands coach. "I am happy that the KNVB approached me", said Van Gaal, who was assisted by former Dutch internationals Danny Blind and Patrick Kluivert, both part of his successful Ajax squad from 1995. "This is the challenge which I have been waiting for."

Van Gaal led the Netherlands through its 2014 World Cup qualification group as the team won nine and drew one of their ten matches with a goal difference of 34–5. Qualification was secured with two matches to spare, following a 2–0 away win against Andorra on 10 September 2013.

Despite their successful qualifying campaign, expectations surrounding the Netherlands national team were comparatively low due to mixed pre-tournament friendly performances and the failure of the Dutch squad in Euro 2012, where they suffered three defeats out of three in the group stages in that tournament. In their first group game at the World Cup, at the Estádio Fonte Nova in Salvador, however, Van Gaal's Dutch team came from behind to defeat reigning champions Spain 5–1. The Dutch victory over Spain was attributed in part to Van Gaal's use of counter-attacking tactics which disrupted the tiki-taka possession-based football of the Spanish team. His use of a 3–5–2 formation was notable, as opposed to the typical Dutch 4–3–3 and this helped the Netherlands to tactically take advantage of Spain's weaknesses. In their next match, the Dutch were trailing 2–1 to Australia in the second half of their second group game, before winning 2–3 with the winning goal from young substitute Memphis Depay.

Ahead of the last game in the group, Van Gaal accused FIFA of "playing tricks" in the scheduling of matches to advantage the home nation, as Brazil were to play their last group match four hours after the Dutch, who they could meet in the round of 16 depending on their result. Brazil manager Luiz Felipe Scolari reacted by saying: "It was FIFA who chose the kick-off time. Some people expressed a view that we were going to choose who we were going to play. Those sorts of comments are either stupid or ill-intentioned." Van Gaal also criticised the referees who had awarded penalties against the Dutch in both of their matches, calling the decisions "unjustified" and "incorrect".

The Dutch won their last group match against Chile 2–0 to advance through as group winners. They then defeated Mexico 2–1 in the round of 16, coming behind from a Giovani dos Santos goal in the 45th minute, with Wesley Sneijder and Klaas-Jan Huntelaar scoring in the 89th and 90+2 minutes respectively.

During their quarter-final match against Costa Rica in the World Cup, Van Gaal made the decision to substitute first-choice goalkeeper Jasper Cillessen for Tim Krul in the final minute of extra time; as Krul had not played at all in the Netherlands' four prior matches at the tournament, Van Gaal saved one of his three allowed substitutions to bring Krul on. This decision paid off, as Krul saved two of the Costa Rican penalties to send the Netherlands through to the semi-finals to face Argentina. The Dutch team lost to Argentina in another penalty shootout. Van Gaal ended his tenure as Netherlands manager on 12 July 2014 when the Dutch beat the hosts Brazil 3–0 in the third/fourth place play-off match with goals from Robin van Persie, Daley Blind and Georginio Wijnaldum.

Manchester United (2014–2016)
Van Gaal was confirmed to replace David Moyes as the new manager for Manchester United on 19 May 2014, becoming the club's first manager from outside the British Isles. He signed a three-year contract coming into effect after the 2014 World Cup. He named Ryan Giggs as his assistant manager, Marcel Bout as assistant coach, specialising in oppositional scouting and Frans Hoek as goalkeeping coach. Albert Stuivenberg was appointed as assistant coach. Van Gaal said he had inherited a "broken" United squad,  and that he would give youth a chance. Ed Woodward said Van Gaal had "impressed everyone around the club" and that there was "a real positive energy and buzz around the place".

2014–15 season
Van Gaal's first signings were midfielder Ander Herrera for £29 million, and defender Luke Shaw for £30 million. On 20 August, Argentine defender Marcos Rojo was bought for €20 million from Sporting CP and, on 26 August, United signed Argentine winger Ángel Di María from Real Madrid on a five-year contract. Di María's £59.7 million fee set a new record for a signing by an English club, and took the club's summer spending to a reported £130 million. On transfer deadline day, Van Gaal signed Daley Blind from Ajax for a fee of £14 million and was granted an extension to sign Radamel Falcao on loan from Monaco for a reported £6 million.

On 24 July, Van Gaal managed United for the first time as they beat the LA Galaxy 7–0 in a pre-season friendly, using a 3–5–2 formation. Manchester United won the 2014 International Champions Cup under Van Gaal, winning the final 3–1 against rivals Liverpool on 4 August.

Van Gaal lost his first competitive game in charge, a 2–1 home defeat to Swansea City in the opening match of the 2014–15 Premier League season. On 26 August, United lost 4–0 to League One side Milton Keynes Dons in the second round of the League Cup; it was United's earliest League Cup exit. He won his first competitive game in United's fourth match of the league season, a 4–0 home victory over Queens Park Rangers, with goals from Di María, Herrera, Wayne Rooney and Juan Mata.

After ten league matches, United were in ninth place with 13 points and three victories, their worst start to the season since 1986–87 under Ron Atkinson. Their poor run included a 5–3 defeat to newly promoted Leicester City. The squad was suffering from injuries, including to new signings Herrera, Rojo and Falcao. Van Gaal reacted to the poor form by saying that it would take three years to take his United team to their full potential.

On 4 February 2015, Van Gaal was charged by The Football Association over comments he made about the referee Chris Foy, saying: "Every aspect of a match is against us – the pitch, the referee" during United's goalless draw in an FA Cup fourth-round match against Cambridge United. After a requested hearing with the FA, Van Gaal was cleared of his charges, but was warned of future conduct. On 8 February, Van Gaal was criticised by West Ham United manager Sam Allardyce for his long ball tactics after the Hammers conceded a late equaliser to United. Van Gaal responded to the criticism with statistics which seemed to show that West Ham played more long balls than his side. His tactics were defended by fellow managers Arsène Wenger and Garry Monk.

United's form improved as the season progressed. A run of seven consecutive Premier League wins was part of a ten-match unbeaten run that started with a 1–0 home win over Crystal Palace on 8 November 2014 and was ended by Southampton, who won 1–0 at Old Trafford on 11 January 2015. United completed another sequence of seven league wins in a row between 28 February and 12 April, concluding with an impressive 4–2 defeat of champions and local rivals Manchester City. This was followed by three consecutive losses to Chelsea, Everton and West Bromwich Albion. United were also knocked out at the quarter-final stage of the 2014–15 FA Cup by holders and eventual winners Arsenal, who inflicted a 2–1 home defeat on Van Gaal's team on 9 March.

In his first season, Van Gaal led Manchester United to a fourth-place finish, three places and six points higher than the previous season.

2015–16 season
During the summer transfer window, Van Gaal strengthened his squad by bringing in Memphis Depay from PSV, Matteo Darmian from Torino, Sergio Romero from Sampdoria, Morgan Schneiderlin from Southampton, Bastian Schweinsteiger from Bayern Munich and Anthony Martial from Monaco.

United comfortably defeated Club Brugge in the qualifying round of the 2015–16 Champions League to earn a place in the group stage. Domestically, United were solid in defence and went top of the Premier League at the end of September; however, mixed results followed, leaving them in fourth position going into November. They were eliminated from the League Cup by Championship club Middlesbrough and were eliminated from the Champions League at the group stage on 8 December after a 3–2 loss away to VfL Wolfsburg. They finished third in their group and subsequently dropped down to the UEFA Europa League. Fifteen days later, Van Gaal walked out of a press conference after being questioned about his future, amid speculations of dismissal following a six-game run without a win. He concluded: "I wish you a merry Christmas and maybe also a happy new year when I see you."

The new year began well for the Dutchman with wins against Swansea City, Sheffield United and Liverpool, and a draw against Newcastle United. Manchester United, however, lost to Southampton on 23 January, rekindling rumors about Van Gaal offering to resign, but having his resignation rejected by United executive Ed Woodward.

After a 3–0 defeat away to Tottenham Hotspur on 10 April, several United players reportedly turned on Van Gaal in the dressing room, calling him "clueless" and questioning his tactics after he openly criticized young striker Marcus Rashford and several other players and made several questionable decisions during the match, a result which left United four points off fourth-placed Manchester City.

On 21 May 2016, Van Gaal won his only trophy with Manchester United, the FA Cup, when his side defeated Crystal Palace 2–1 after extra time; Jesse Lingard's winning goal made United match Arsenal's then-record of 12 FA Cups. Two days later, Van Gaal and the Dutch members of his staff were sacked by the club.

Hiatus from managing (2016–2021)
On 17 January 2017, it was announced that Van Gaal had retired "for family reasons". He later said that it was only a sabbatical. He announced his official retirement from football on 12 March 2019. Telstar announced that during the 2021–22 Eerste Divisie, Van Gaal would be managing the Telstar squad for one single match as a charity event.

Third stint at the Netherlands national team (2021−2022)
On 4 August 2021, Van Gaal came out of retirement to take charge of the Netherlands national team for a third time. He replaced Frank de Boer, who left the position in June following the team's disappointing Euro 2020 campaign.

Van Gaal's first match in his third stint at the Netherlands national team was a 1–1 draw against Norway on 1 September 2021.

In the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the Netherlands finished top of Group A, then they defeated the United States 3–1 in the round of 16. On 9 December, Van Gaal and his Netherlands side lost again to Argentina on penalties, this time in the quarter-finals. Following their exit from the World Cup, Van Gaal resigned as head coach of the Netherlands national team, after 20 matches without defeat in his third stint.

Van Gaal later claimed that the 2022 World Cup was rigged in favour of eventual champions Argentina (and in particular Argentinian captain Lionel Messi).

Style of management
Van Gaal is considered to be one of the greatest and most successful managers of all time. He served as an inspiration for several other coaches due to his teams' style of play and his use of a back–three defensive line, including Gian Piero Gasperini and Alberto Malesani, as well as influencing his former assistant José Mourinho, and his former players Pep Guardiola and Luis Enrique. Due to his rigorous, stern, authoritative style, and strong personality he was occasionally nicknamed the "Iron Tulip" throughout his career, a nickname which Van Gaal himself despised, as he always believed that he had been "fair" as a coach. Although he had several controversial conflicts with his players, the press, and members of his teams' management staff throughout his career, he was known for his leadership, and often saw himself as a "relationship" manager, who saw the importance of the mental aspect of the game, and was known for his ability develop young players, promote his philosophy, and create strong relationships with them, as was the case during his time at Ajax in the 90s.

In an interview with FIFA in January 2008, Van Gaal spoke of the importance of his football philosophy rathern than the systems he used, as well as the need for flexibility as a coach, as demonstrated by his use of several formations throughout his career, such as the 4–3–3 and 3–3–1–3/3–4–3 with Ajax, the 2–3–2–3 at Barcelona, the 4–4–2 at AZ Alkmaar, and the 4–2–3–1 with Bayern Munich. He also believed that it was imperative to prepare the game well from a tactical standpoint as a coach, and for his teams' players to be disciplined and hard-working in their approach to training.

At Ajax, Van Gaal's style of using set patterns of play was inspired by Dutch total football, which was popularised by fellow former Ajax manager Rinus Michels; his players were therefore known for their quick passing as well as their versatility. He brought in experts from different sports as part of his coaching staff to improve the players' athletic qualiteis through rigorous training, including physiologist Jos Geysel, running coach and ex-basketball player Laszlo Jambor, and the club’s strength and conditioning coach Rene Wormhoudt. Van Gaal also used Van der Sar as a sweeper keeper, who would not only rush out of his area to clear the ball away from danger, but also build-up plays from the back with his passing and ability with his feet; his defenders, in particular the sweeper in the centre of the back–three, were also required to be comfortable controlling and distributing the ball out from the back. The team were not only known for their technical ability, tactical sense, and exciting playing style, but for their athletic and physical qualities as well. Defensively, Van Gaal also made use of a high defensive line and pressing off the ball when not in possession.

Van Gaal believed in playing attractive attacking football based on possession, with which his teams became associated in his early career; however, he also believed that success was imperative above all. At AZ Alkmaar, although he initially retained his traditional Dutch style, he later also adopted a more counter-attacking style en route to winning the league title in 2009. He also deviated from the traditional Dutch style as head coach of the Netherlands during the 2014 World Cup; he played in a more defensive–minded counter-attacking style, using a 5–3–2/3–5–2 formation, which used aspects of man-marking and overlapping wing-backs. The system proved to be successful against defending champions Spain's tiki-taka possession-based style in the team's first-round victory, and complemented the qualities of the team's forwards. Van Gaal also used a similar counter-attacking tactical approach during his third spell as head coach of the Netherlands at the 2022 World Cup, using a 3–4–1–2 formation, which divided critics. During his time as manager of Manchester United, he also drew criticism from other managers and pundits for his perceived use of "long ball" tactics to Marouane Fellaini, something which Van Gaal himself denied, fielding Marouane Fellaini as a deep-lying target man up-front on occasion in a 4–3–3, in order to utilise his ability in the air.

Despite his achievements, Cruyff was often critical of what he perceived as being Van Gaal's more rigid coaching style, in comparison to his own more intuitive approach, commenting: "Van Gaal has a good vision on football. But it's not mine. He wants to gel winning teams and has a militaristic way of working with his tactics. I don't. I want individuals to think for themselves and take the decision on the pitch that is best for the situation... I don't have anything against computers, but you judge football players intuitively and with your heart. On the basis of the criteria which are now in use at Ajax [recommended by Van Gaal] I would have failed the test. When I was 15, I could barely kick the ball 15 metres with my left and with the right maybe 20 metres. I would not have been able to take a corner. Besides, I was physically weak and relatively slow. My two qualities were great technique and insight, which happen to be two things you cannot measure with a computer."

Personal life
The youngest of nine brothers and sisters, Van Gaal was brought up as a Catholic. His father, a salesman, died when Van Gaal was 11. At the age of 18, Van Gaal met Fernanda Obbes at a Catholic youth group. They married three years later, and had two daughters, Brenda and Renate. In 1994, Obbes died of liver and pancreatic cancer. Van Gaal was mocked by fans of Ajax's opponents for her illness. In 2008, Van Gaal married his current wife, Truus, with whom he shares a holiday home near Albufeira, Algarve, Portugal.

According to The Daily Telegraph, it emerged in 2009 that Van Gaal had lost millions of pounds investing in fraudster Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme.

On 3 April 2022, Van Gaal said that he was receiving treatment for prostate cancer. On 12 April 2022, he said that his treatment was successful.

In media
In 2000, Van Gaal appeared in Nike's "The Mission" campaign advertising their Total 90 range of football equipment. In the advert, Van Gaal sends a team of Nike-sponsored players to retrieve a Nike Geo Merlin ball being held in a secure facility by robot ninjas. Oliver Bierhoff protests, "It's just a ball", to which Van Gaal responds, "No! It's rounder!" After the players retrieve the ball, Van Gaal pilots the escape helicopter to safety.

In 2022, Geertjan Lassche made a two-hour documentary about Louis van Gaal, entitled Louis, with the tagline "The man behind the legend". It premiered on 11 April at the Tuschinski Theatre in Amsterdam. It was released on 14 April 2022.

Manager
Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96
 * KNVB Cup: 1992–93
 * Johan Cruyff Shield: 1993, 1994, 1995
 * UEFA Champions League: 1994–95; runner-up: 1995–96
 * UEFA Cup: 1991–92
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1995
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1995

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1997–98, 1998–99
 * Copa del Rey: 1997–98
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1997

AZ
 * Eredivisie: 2008–09

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 2009–10
 * DFB-Pokal: 2009–10
 * DFL-Supercup: 2010
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2009–10

Manchester United
 * FA Cup: 2015–16

Netherlands
 * FIFA World Cup third place: 2014

Awards and achievements

 * World Soccer Manager of the Year: 1995
 * Onze d'Or Coach of the Year: 1995
 * El País Manager of the Year: 1995
 * Rinus Michels Award: 2007, 2009
 * Dutch Sports Coach of the Year: 2009, 2014
 * Die Sprachwahrer des Jahres (3rd place): 2009
 * Football Manager of the Year (Germany): 2010
 * Anton Geesink Award: 2015
 * Dutch Lifetime Achievement Award: 2017
 * France Football 18th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019
 * Eredivisie Oeuvre Award: 2023

Orders

 * Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau: 1997

Publications

 * De trainer en de totale mens, Leipzig, Leibniz-Blätter-Verlag, 2021.

title: Louis van Gaal


text:
User talk:Stop vandalism...

User_talk:UninvitedCompany

title: User talk:Stop vandalism...


text:
My Iron Lung

My Iron Lung is the third EP by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 26 September 1994 by Parlophone Records in the UK and by Capitol Records in the US. It was produced by Radiohead, John Leckie and Nigel Godrich. It marked Radiohead's first collaborations with Godrich and the artist Stanley Donwood, who have worked on every Radiohead release since.

Radiohead recorded most of the songs during the sessions for their second album, The Bends, released the following year. The EP consists of the Bends song "My Iron Lung" plus several non-album tracks. Radiohead wrote "My Iron Lung" in response to the success of their debut single, "Creep" (1992). Unsatisfied with the version recorded at RAK Studios, they used a performance recorded in May 1994 at the London Astoria.

Retrospective reviews of My Iron Lung described it as a growth in Radiohead's songwriting. The song "My Iron Lung" was also released as a single, and reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart.

Recording
Radiohead recorded most of the songs on My Iron Lung at RAK Studios, London, during the sessions for their second album, The Bends (1995). The songwriter, Thom Yorke, said the EP was "just for fans", and described it as a collection of songs that did not fit on the album rather than outtakes: "We think they're good, otherwise we wouldn't have plugged them on." The EP also includes an acoustic version of Radiohead's debut single, "Creep" (1992), from a performance on KROQ-FM on July 13, 1993.

My Iron Lung was Radiohead's first collaboration with the producer Nigel Godrich, who was assisting the producer John Leckie at RAK as a tape engineer. It was also Radiohead's first collaboration with the cover artist Stanley Donwood. Donwood was not a fan of rock music, and said he took the work because he knew Yorke from their time as art students at the University of Exeter. Donwood and Godrich have worked on every Radiohead release since.

"My Iron Lung"
Only "My Iron Lung" was included on The Bends. Radiohead wrote it in response to the request from their record label, EMI, to record a single to repeat the success of "Creep". The caustic lyrics use an iron lung as a metaphor for the way "Creep" had both sustained and constrained them: "This is our new song / Just like the last one / A total waste of time / My iron lung". Yorke said in 1995: "People have defined our emotional range with that one song, 'Creep'. I saw reviews of 'My Iron Lung' that said it was just like 'Creep'. When you're up against things like that, it's like: 'Fuck you.' These people are never going to listen."

According to the journalist Mac Randall, "My Iron Lung" transitions from a "jangly" opening hook to a "McCartney-esque verse melody" and "pulverising guitar explosions" in the bridge. Jonny Greenwood used a DigiTech Whammy pedal to pitch-shift his guitar by one octave, creating a "glitchy, lo-fi" sound. Ed O'Brien used an EBow, an electronic sustaining device, to generate a drone on his guitar.

Radiohead recorded versions of "My Iron Lung" at RAK, but were not satisfied with the results. Instead, they used a performance recorded in May 1994 at the London Astoria, with Yorke's vocals replaced and the audience removed. Leckie said: "Considering it was recorded in the back of a truck outside the hall – not the best sound to get something from – we did quite well." The Astoria performance was included in the video Live at the Astoria, released in March 1995.

Release
"My Iron Lung" was released as a single in the UK in September 26 in four versions, each with different track order. Two CD versions were released; one included the B-sides "The Trickster", "Punchdrunk Lovesick Singalong", and "Lozenge of Love", while the other included the B-sides "Lewis (Mistreated)", "Permanent Daylight", and "You Never Wash Up After Yourself". The double release was an effort by EMI to encourage fans to buy multiple editions of the same single. My Iron Lung was later issued as an EP containing all the B-sides.

The "My Iron Lung" single reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. In the US, it topped the college radio charts, but sold only around 20,000 copies. Yorke and Greenwood expressed disappointment that Capitol, EMI's American subsidiary, had not promoted it more. The A&R vice president, Perry Watts-Russel, said Capitol had not pursued radio play as "My Iron Lung" was intended for fans rather than as the lead single for The Bends. Randall noted that, unlike the UK, the US was not a major market for singles, and that the sales instead indicated that Radiohead had built an audience in America. He argued that "My Iron Lung" boosted Radiohead's artistic credibility, creating commercial opportunity for The Bends.

Critical reception
"My Iron Lung" initially received mixed reviews, with critics likening its verse-chorus dynamic to the 1993 Nirvana song "Heart-Shaped Box". According to Randall, it puzzled fans and critics, confounding expectations, but "makes much more sense" on The Bends. Though he felt Radiohead were right to omit the other Bends tracks from the EP, he identified a growing sophistication and diversity in their songwriting and felt that Radiohead were building their own identity. He praised "The Trickster" and "Punchdrunk Lovesick Singalong" as the most developed songs, likening them to Sonic Youth.

The AllMusic critic Greg Prato praised the EP, writing: "Because of the tracks' consistency and sequencing, it plays like a real album rather than a collection of B-sides and outtakes thrown together haphazardly." He felt the acoustic version of "Creep", with a "surprisingly harsh and off-key middle section", was "the only weak spot".

Entertainment.ie wrote: "While these off-cuts are inevitably more low-key and experimental than the classics we're all familiar with, the same spirit of anguish [of The Bends] and fragility is still thrillingly familiar." In a retrospective review, the Pitchfork critic Scott Plagenhoef wrote that My Iron Lung had seen Radiohead finding "new ways to pick apart and re-construct the typical alt-rock template" and "demonstrated a band whose collective heads seemed to crack open and spill out new ideas". In 2020, the Guardian named "My Iron Lung" the 10th-best Radiohead song, writing that it "uses catchy hooks and brawny riffs to rally against commercialisation. It risks sounding bratty – it is bratty – but from insolence [Radiohead] fashioned a new identity: stadium-rock agitators declaring war on hypocrisy and greed – particularly their own."

Reissues
On 19 October, 2007, "My Iron Lung" was released as downloadable content for the music video game Rock Band. On 31 August, 2009, EMI reissued The Bends in a "Collector's Edition", including the My Iron Lung tracks. Radiohead had no input into the reissue and the music was not remastered. The EMI reissue was removed from streaming services after Radiohead's back catalogue was transferred to XL in 2016.

Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes.

Radiohead
 * Thom Yorke
 * Jonny Greenwood
 * Ed O'Brien
 * Colin Greenwood
 * Philip Selway

Production
 * John Leckie – production and engineering on tracks 1–4 and 6
 * Nigel Godrich – engineering on tracks 1–4 and 6, production on track 5
 * Chris Brown – engineering on tracks 1–4 and 6
 * Guy Massey – assistance
 * Shelly Saunders – assistance
 * Jim Warren – mixing on track 5, recording on track 7

Artwork
 * Stanley Donwood
 * Thom Yorke

title: My Iron Lung


text:
Susan Griffin

Susan Griffin (born January 26, 1943) is a radical feminist philosopher, essayist and playwright particularly known for her innovative, hybrid-form ecofeminist works.

Life
Griffin was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1943 and has resided in California since then. Following her father's death when she was 16, she bounced around the family but was eventually taken into the home and family of noted artist Morton Dimondstein. Her biological family were of Irish, Scottish, Welsh and German ancestry. Having spent a year in a post-War Jewish home, her German heritage wasn't openly spoken of and she initially demonized Germans, but later made several trips to Germany (including to the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp) to reconcile her Jewish and German heritages. She attended the University of California, Berkeley for two years, then transferred to San Francisco State College, where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Creative Writing (1965) and her Master of Arts degree (1973), both degrees under the tutelage of Kay Boyle. She has taught as an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley as well as at Stanford University and California Institute of Integral Studies. Griffin has taught at the California Institute for Integral Studies, Pacifica Graduate Institute, the Wright Institute, and the University of California.

She currently lives in Berkeley, California. Griffin's papers are located at the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, at Harvard University.

Work
Griffin has written 21 books, including works of nonfiction, poetry, anthologies, plays, and a screenplay. Her work has been translated into over 12 languages. Griffin describes her work as "draw[ing] connections between the destruction of nature, the diminishment of women and racism, and trac[ing] the causes of war to denial in both private and public life."

"Rape: The All-American Crime" (1971), an article published in Ramparts, was one of the first publications about rape from a feminist perspective.

Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (1978) has sold more than 100,000 copies, and draws connections between ecological destruction, sexism, and racism. Considered a form of prose-poetry, this work is believed to have launched ecofeminism in the United States. Griffin attributes her connection to ecofeminism to her upbringing along the Pacific Coast, which she believes cultivated her awareness of ecology.

Griffin articulated her anti-pornography feminism in Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature (1981). In this work she makes the case that although the pursuit of freedom of speech could lead to a position against the censorship of pornography, the freedom to create pornography leads to a compromise of "human liberation" (since liberation of humankind would include the emancipation of women). She argues that pornography and eros are separate and opposing ideas, with pornography "express[ing] not a yearning for sexual liberation but its opposite, a desire to silence eros." According to Griffin, pornography's origins are rooted in a widespread fear of nature, and pornographic imagery "objectifies and degrades the (usually female) body". This, according to Griffin, teaches women to self-deprecate, and fuels an unhealthy, perverted culture. In contrast, Griffin argues that "real sexual liberation requires a reconciliation with nature, a healing between body and spirit". Critics largely responded to Pornography and Culture with contempt, many complaining that it came off as more of a rant than realistic philosophical discussion.

Awards
Griffin has received a MacArthur grant for Peace and International Cooperation, NEA and Guggenheim Foundation fellowships, and an Emmy Award for the play Voices. She is featured in the 2014 feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry. She was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1993 for A Chorus of Stones: The Private Life of War.

Criticism
Many critics praise Griffin's blunt takes and insights to the role of feminism in every major issue today, while others have criticized her writings for being too convoluted or ranting. Largely, reviews for Griffin's work take opposing views on the intertwining and complicated connections she suggests between the woman and larger worldly issues such as war, disease, pornography, and nature itself. These webs are mirrored in her unique writing style which critics have reflected upon extensively.

In a 1994 review by Carol H. Cantrell, Griffins' Woman and Nature is dubbed "hard to describe. Most of it looks like prose on the page but the thought is fragmented, metaphorical, and discontinuous; there are plenty of stories, but they too are often elliptical and metaphorical." In a review of What Her Body Thought: A Journey into the Shadows, Susan Dion of The Women's Review of Books wrote, "...Griffin is not merely reiterating old themes in feminist scholarship or the history of medicine; rather, she probes, ponders, and suggests different ways of considering many interrelated issues...Griffin's musings and hypotheses are fresh, smart, and instructive, if not always convincing."

Published works

 * Woman and Nature: the Roaring Inside Her (1978) Ecofeminist treatise (1st Edition, has since been reprinted)
 * Rape: The Power of Consciousness (1979) OCLC 781089176 ISBN 0062503502
 * Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature (1981) OCLC 964062418 ISBN 0704338777
 * "Sadomasochism and the erosion of self: a critical reading of Story of O," in Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis, ed. Robin Ruth Linden (East Palo Alto, Calif. : Frog in the Well, 1982.), pp. 183–201
 * Unremembered Country: poems (Copper Canyon Press, 1987) OCLC 16905255 ISBN 1556590008
 * A Chorus of Stones: the Private Life of War (1993) Psychological aspects of violence, war, womanhood OCLC 1005479046 ISBN 038541885X
 * The Eros of Everyday Life: Essays on Ecology, Gender and Society (1995) OCLC 924501690 ISBN 0385473907
 * Bending Home: Selected New Poems, 1967-1998 (Copper Canyon Press, 1998) OCLC 245705378 ISBN 1556590865
 * What Her Body Thought: a Journey into the Shadows (1999)
 * The Book of the Courtesans: a Catalogue of Their Virtues (2001)
 * Wrestling with the Angel of Democracy: On Being an American Citizen (2008)
 * Transforming Terror: Remembering the Soul of the World, co-edited with Karen Lofthus Carrington (University of California Press, 2011)

title: Susan Griffin


text:
Lost Patrol (video game)

Lost Patrol, also known as The Lost Patrol, is a survival action role-playing strategy video game developed by Shadow Development and published by Ocean Software for the Amiga and Atari ST computers in 1990. An MS-DOS port by Astros Productions was published in 1991. Set during the Vietnam War, the game follows a squad of United States Army soldiers who are stranded behind enemy lines after their helicopter crashes, and must reach a U.S. military outpost for rescue.

Gameplay
Lost Patrol is a survival strategy game in which the player must lead a squad of seven soldiers to safety after they are left stranded deep in enemy territory with little food and ammunition. The player assumes control of squad leader Sergeant Charlie Weaver as he attempts to organize the squad and lead them to safety.

The main gameplay interface is a map of the area, with the days since the crash and the in-game time displayed at the top of the screen, and the menu bar and in-game information displayed at the bottom. Most actions are performed in the menu bar's drop-down list (various icons in the MS-DOS version), and the squad can search the area for food or supplies, briefly rest for several minutes, or dig in and rest for several hours; consume regular field rations, half of a ration serving, or emergency rations; or lay a Claymore mine or grenade booby trap. Game functions can also can be accessed in the menu bar, as can bonus extras such as the game's assets and credits. To move, the player must choose from the eight cardinal and ordinal directions on a compass rose; the player can also select how cautious the squad is while moving. The terrain the squad is traveling through, which can be viewed in detail in the map's grid view, affects how fast the squad moves, with more treacherous terrain such as mountainous terrain slowing them down more than less-treacherous terrain such as paddy fields.

Information on the squad members can be accessed in the squad menu. Through the squad menu, players can set the squad leader and designated scout. The squad menu also displays each member's strength, morale, and any injuries they have (can be inflicted through gameplay, though squad members can sometimes already be injured at the start of the game from the crash), as well as each member's individual characteristics, which affect how they react to certain decisions and events. Some soldiers have exceptional skills for certain situations as mentioned in the game's manual, such as Private Richard Backman being an expert marksman. Missing or killed squad members are permanently lost for the rest of the playthrough.

The game features five types of action sequences, in which the player controls a squad member in a combat situation against the Viet Cong. In all of them, the player can attempt to retreat, but this is risky. The five action sequences each take the form of a different video game genre, and are as follows:

 * Battle: The squad is attacked by a Viet Cong patrol, and the squad must return fire to defend their position, in a common shooting gallery section. The player must defeat all of the enemies as they pop up, while also taking cover to avoid being shot. The player can switch their rate of fire between normal and heavy, which affects their rate of fire but also affects their accuracy and how ammunition use.
 * Sniper: One or more enemy snipers pin the squad down from a row of huts, and one squad member must serve as the team's counter-sniper to defeat the snipers before they can kill them and the rest of the squad, in a manner also similar to a shooting gallery. To locate the snipers, the player must scan the horizon with a scope; the snipers are marked by occasional muzzle flashes.
 * Grenade: The squad encounters Viet Cong machine gun nests that pin them down with suppressive fire. As direct fire is too dangerous, one squad member must throw grenades at the machine gun nests, in what is essentially a first-person artillery game. To throw a grenade, the player must charge strength that determines how far the grenade will go before landing and exploding. Like the Sniper sequence, the nests are only marked by muzzle flashes, and the player must accurately throw grenades to hit the area the muzzle flash is in to defeat a nest.
 * Minefield: The squad comes across an enemy minefield, and sends one squad member to secure a safe path through. The squad member must crawl through the minefield and carefully find a safe way through before time runs out, with gameplay somewhat similar to a puzzle game. The player can stab the ground to reveal the outline of a mine if one is there; however, directly stabbing the detonator or going over a mine will cause the mine to detonate.
 * Hand-to-Hand: A scout can occasionally encounter a Viet Cong guerilla, and must defeat them in hand-to-hand combat; here, gameplay is similar to a fighting game, and the player can choose between keyboard or joystick controls to play. The scout must defeat the guerilla before time runs out, or they will be presumed missing in action and lost.

Occasionally, the squad can come across Vietnamese or Montagnard civilians, as well as villages populated by them. Players can communicate with these civilians by typing keywords, while actions can be selected through a drop-down list. A variety of potential courses of action can be taken during civilian encounters or when in villages; the squad can search the area, attempt to communicate with civilians to gather intelligence or supplies, take one captive for interrogation, or kill one or even all of the villagers to force compliance or loot their belongings. A major risk factor in these interactions is that some civilians may be secretly working with the Viet Cong and attempt to kill the squad members or distract them for Viet Cong forces to arrive, while others may simply be innocent but find the English-speaking soldiers untrustworthy or difficult to understand. For example, one civilian encounter involves an elderly woman approaching the squad carrying an unidentified package without stopping; the package can turn out to be either a bomb or merely bánh chưng, which may or may not be poisoned. The squad can approach her with their guard down, hold her at gunpoint and attempt to maintain control over the situation, or simply shoot her and search the package themselves.

Premise
On June 7, 1966 (June 1965 in in-game text), a squad of U.S. Army soldiers is returning from an R&R break in Saigon when their Bell UH-1 Iroquois crashes in South Vietnam's Central Highlands, which has a major Viet Cong presence. Only seven soldiers—Sergeant Charlie Weaver and Privates William Blom, Robert Case, Harvey Moore, Richard Backman, David Cain, and Juan Gomez—survive the crash, but are left with little food and ammunition; their radio is also lost in the crash, leaving them without a way to communicate with the rest of the U.S. military for rescue. The squad is forced to trek through enemy-occupied wilderness to reach safety at the nearest American outpost, Du Hoc, roughly 58 miles away.

Development
Lost Patrol began as an idea to make a game in the style of Cinemaware's interactive film titles but with more gameplay, and the designer and artist Ian Harling even sent a game concept to Cinemaware and six other companies but was rejected, until Ocean Software's Gary Bracey accepted it in early 1989 when they decided to move on to the 16-bit market. Lost Patrol was originally intended by Ocean as a follow-up to 1987's Platoon and was thus initially subtitled Platoon II.

Upon reading more about the atrocities of the Vietnam War, Harling decided to incorporate moral dilemmas into the plot. Several segments were changed or abandoned altogether due to technical limitations and other reasons, such as the tunnel sequence which was cut altogether. Harling created the graphics using Deluxe Paint II, scanned hand-drawn images with photographic references, and digitized Vietnam footage stills for the Amiga as the prime platforms. His original 32-color graphics were then downgraded for the Atari ST.

The game was programmed by Simon Cooke, with whom Harling had previously worked on an unreleased game, Xenodrome. Nick Byron aided them with ideas and additional coding and also created the hand-to-hand sequence. There was a widely pirated, leaked Amiga version of the game that was incomplete, buggy and prone to crash. Lost Patrol was also later ported to MS-DOS by Astros Productions. The main theme playing throughout the game was composed by Chris Glaister.

Reception
Lost Patrol sold very well and was in the UK's Amiga's top ten chart in late 1990. The game received mostly positive reviews upon its release, including the scores of 85% from The Games Machine, 73% from The One, 79% from Amiga Format, and 83% from CU Amiga. Zero gave the Amiga version of Lost Patrol an overall score of 89%, while the ST version got 88%.

Computer Gaming World's 1992 and 1994 surveys of wargames with modern settings gave the game zero stars out of five, criticizing the joystick controls as "so poorly done that the entire game is totally unplayable".

According to Roberto Dillon's 2011 book The Golden Age of Video Games, it was "a unique game among military and combat simulations" that "offered a different perspective on war from any other game released before or since ... showing there is no glory in war but only pain and destruction".

title: Lost Patrol (video game)


text:
The Lost Patrol

The Lost Patrol is an American rock band whose music falls into the categories of experimental, gothic, post-punk, dark wave, ethereal wave, folk, alternative country, shoegazing, Spaghetti Western and "surf-a-billy". The band uses electric guitars, 12-string acoustic guitars, Moog and other synthesizers.

The band currently consists of Stephen Masucci, Michael Williams and Mollie Israel (the daughter of noted filmmaker Amy Heckerling and Neal Israel, biological daughter of Harold Ramis). The band began writing their own music in 1999, with two members touring as an instrumental duo at that time. Prior to forming the band, Masucci had music in two films by Hal Hartley, Flirt and The Book of Life.

In 2004, The Lost Patrol was featured by WFMU DJ Irwin Chusid on his show Gender Bias. Chusid's WFMU colleague Bob Brainen featured a live appearance by the band. Music critic Chris Gerard named their album Launch And Landing as one of the Top 20 Albums of 2007. The Lost Patrol returned to WFMU with the current lineup in 2013 for a live set on the early morning show, Dark Night of the Soul with Julie.

In mid-August 2010, The Lost Patrol went on location to Detroit, Michigan to film for the new Amy Heckerling film Vamps. On September 27, 2010, their song “On The Run” from their album, Midnight Matinée was featured in The CW hit show Gossip Girl. Also, on January 23, 2012, their song "This Road Is Long" from their album, "Rocket Surgery" was featured again on Gossip Girl.

In February 2012, Hal Hartley released his new film Meanwhile, which featured The Lost Patrol's track "Nobody There" from their 2010 album, Dark Matter.

The Lost Patrol's song "Homecoming" from their album Midnight Matinée also appears in the hit found footage film Chronicle.

The Lost Patrol holds the US trademark on the band name.

Personnel
Current members:
 * Stephen Masucci (all guitars, synths, lap steel, bass, programming)
 * Mollie Israel (vocals, harp, percussion)
 * Michael Williams (12-string acoustics, keyboards, vocals)

Studio albums

 * The Lost Patrol (1999)
 * Creepy Cool (2001)
 * Off Like a Prom Dress (2003)
 * High Noon (2004)
 * Lonesome Sky (2005)
 * Launch and Landing (2007)
 * Midnight Matinée (2008)
 * Dark Matter (2010)
 * Rocket Surgery (2011)
 * Driven (2013)
 * Chasing Shadows (2014)

EPs

 * Scattered, Smothered & Covered EP (2002)

Other
The Lost Patrol also appear on the compilation albums:
 * Under the Radar (magazine) - 10th Anniversary Issue Compilation (2011)
 * Rock Back for Japan - Volume 6 (Patetico Recordings, 2011)
 * Innocence is Bliss (Dionysus Records, 2006)
 * WFMU Gone Wild DVD (2005)
 * WBJB "The Night" NJ/NPR Local Artists Sampler (2005)
 * 2NMC Festival Sampler, Nashville New Music Festival (2001)

Film soundtrack
The Lost Patrol provided the music soundtrack to Ryan Dacko’s documentary feature film Plan 9 from Syracuse.

The Lost Patrol's "Nobody There" featured on Hal Hartley's Meanwhile soundtrack.

title: The Lost Patrol