text:
Hollywood Potato Chip

Hollywood Potato Chip is the tenth studio album by the Southern California punk rock band The Vandals, released in 2004 by Kung Fu Records. A music video starring guitarist and producer Warren Fitzgerald was filmed for the band's cover version of Queen's "Don't Stop Me Now". The album's title is a euphemism for dried semen on a casting couch. Its original cover art used lettering that parodied the logo of Variety, prompting legal action and a cease and desist order from the magazine which resulted in a replacement cover with redesigned lettering. In 2010 the magazine brought further legal action against the band over third-party uses of the original cover appearing on the internet.

Cover artwork controversy
The album's cover was a source of legal controversy. A few months after the album's release, entertainment industry magazine Variety issued a cease and desist order against The Vandals over the design of the band's name on the album cover. The design mimicked the logo of the magazine as an intentional comment on the materialistic culture of Hollywood, and the magazine accused the band of trademark infringement. The lawsuit was settled with redesigned lettering which appears on all subsequent pressings of the album.

However, in April 2010 Variety filed a lawsuit against the band in a Delaware court, suing them over images of the original cover appearing on the internet. The magazine claimed that the band "ignored their agreement" and were "misusing our mark". The Vandals claimed that they had ceased using the parody logo per the terms of the cease and desist order, and they were not responsible for images placed on the internet by third parties:

We agreed not to use this logo anymore and we have no product for sale with this logo so their claims that we are intentionally using it and harming the Daily Variety are ludicrous. Now they are in the process of punishing us with an abusive lawsuit filed in Delaware, where none of the parties reside or do business, because this will cause us the most financial harm and when we get sick of it, and realize we can't afford to fight them, we will pay them the money. That is our opinion of what is going on because we cooperated in every way to try to take the images down, but they filed the suit anyway.... in Delaware.

The Vandals planned a benefit show to raise money to cover their legal fees, and considered legal action against Variety to lift the injunction against use of the original logo: "After reading the public filing against us by the Daily Variety it is clear they are abusing this injunction to shake us down for money, and by filing against us when there are no prohibited images on any sites under our control, they have breached the settlement agreement between us. We did not agree to be responsible for third party distributors of this product. That was clear in the settlement agreement." The band promised two tickets to the benefit to anyone who was able to notify them of a usage of the Variety-mocking logo on a site under the band's control. In April 2011 The Vandals successfully petitioned to have the case moved from Delaware to California. The band used their website to taunt Variety lawyer Henry Horbaczewski and editor Peter Bart, saying "The Plaintiffs should all be ashamed and it is the Vandals' opinion that [Variety ' s lawyers] are liable for malpractice damages by ruining their client's reputation in a frivolous attempt to act like Godzilla when it comes to hoarding their precious font and inhibiting protected free speech." Variety agreed to drop the case in February 2012. Bassist Joe Escalante, who has a background as an entertainment lawyer and represented The Vandals in the lawsuit, called it "the worst thing that's ever happened to me, and to the band, and the hardest thing I've ever done. However, the crash course in federal court litigation made me a better lawyer."

Band

 * Dave Quackenbush – vocals
 * Warren Fitzgerald – guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on Don't Stop Me Now, producer
 * Joe Escalante – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Josh Freese – drums

Production

 * Greg Koller and Kevin Augunas – recording engineers
 * Jeremy Mackenzie and Jon St. James – assistant engineers
 * Jason Gossman and Seth Waldman – mix engineers
 * Brain Gardner – audio mastering
 * Tony Vitali – illustrations and art direction
 * Lisa Johnson – band photos

title: Hollywood Potato Chip


text: User talk:62.53.42.78

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:62.53.42.78


text:
Wirbelwind

The Flakpanzer IV "Wirbelwind" (Whirlwind in English) was a German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on the Panzer IV tank. It was developed in 1944 as a successor to the earlier Möbelwagen self-propelled anti-aircraft gun.

History
In the first years of World War II, the German military forces had less interest in developing self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, but as the Allies began to gain air superiority, the need for more mobile and better-armed self-propelled anti-aircraft guns increased. During the early summer of 1944, SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Wilhelm Krause with the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend came up with the concept of the Flakpanzer IV Wirbelwind. He presented the concept to SS-Obersturmbannführer Max Wünsche, commanding officer of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment and it was approved by Adolf Hitler.

The Panzer IV's turret was removed and replaced with an open-top, nine-sided turret that housed a 2 cm Flakvierling 38, a quadruple mount of 20 mm cannon. A closed-top design would have been preferable, but this was not possible due to the heavy smoke generated by the four anti-aircraft guns. The shape of the turret earned it the nickname Keksdose ("biscuit tin"). Production of the tank was carried out by Ostbau Werke in Sagan, Silesia.

While the turret's four barrels were capable of firing 2 cm shells at a high rate, it lacked range and was sometimes ineffective unless several shells hit an aircraft at once. Thus a more powerful successor, with an armament that hit harder and at longer range, was produced which eventually replaced it. Known as the Flakpanzer IV Ostwind ("East Wind"), the successor was equipped with a single 3.7 cm Flak 43.

The combination of armor and rapid fire from the four guns of the Wirbelwind also made it very effective against lightly armoured ground targets such as trucks and armored cars; infantry were particularly vulnerable.

Between 87 and 105 Wirbelwinds were converted from repaired Panzer IV chassis, but due to discrepancies between the recorded production numbers at Ostbau Werke and Wehrmacht service records, the actual number may never be known.

Surviving vehicles

 * Militärhistorische Ausstellung Flugabwehr, Kiel (Germany) (Historical Military Anti-aircraft Exhibition)
 * Base Borden Military Museum

The Wirbelwind at CFB Borden is currently undergoing a full running and firing restoration by the Borden military museum by military and volunteers.

title: Wirbelwind


text: User talk:82.65.173.222

title: User talk:82.65.173.222


text: User talk:205.221.3.149

title: User talk:205.221.3.149


text:
Amii Stewart

Amy Paulette "Amii" Stewart (born January 29, 1956) is an American disco and soul singer who found prominence with her 1979 U.S. Billboard number 1 hit cover of Eddie Floyd's song "Knock on Wood", often considered a classic of the disco genre. Stewart scored further international hits including "Light My Fire" (1979) and "Friends" (1985). Stewart is the stepsister of actress-singer Miquel Brown and aunt to Brown's daughter, singer Sinitta.

Career
Amy Stewart, the fifth of six children, was born into "a big, [strictly Catholic, but] fun loving, country style family... as my mum was one of thirteen children". Her father, Joseph Stewart II, signed her up for singing and dancing lessons in 1960, when she was four years old. An Amy Stewart was already registered with the Actors' Equity Association, so she changed the spelling of her first name to Amii. She briefly enrolled in the Howard University in Washington but soon left for the Classical Repertory Dance Ensemble (CRDE) to study ballet and modern dance.

In 1975, before signing a contract at Ariola Records, Stewart worked at the touring company for the stage production of the musical revue Bubbling Brown Sugar, relocating to places of production, such as Miami, then New York city's Broadway and eventually London's West End, where she met Barry Leng, songwriter and record producer for Hansa Records.

The song "You Really Touched My Heart", a Leng/Simon May composition and produced by Leng, was Stewart's first recording, published by the end of 1977. An album followed, released in February 1979, which contained five Leng/May songs, one Leng/Morris song and three cover versions. The album yielded the single releases "Knock on Wood" and "Light My Fire/137 Disco Heaven".

Stewart's first single release, a disco cover version of the 1966 Eddie Floyd composition "Knock on Wood", reached number one of the U.S. Billboard single charts in April 1979 and earned her a platinum record and a Grammy Award nomination. It also ranked high in the single charts throughout Europe and reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 2 in Australia. Another single, a medley cover song of the Doors classic Light My Fire and "137 Disco Heaven", entitled "Light My Fire/137 Disco Heaven" was released in the same year, entering the charts and reached No. 5 in the UK, No. 14 in Australia and No. 69 in the US.

New trends
By the end of the decade, disco music had, to a great extent, reached its technical limits, and growing anti-disco sentiment eventually affected the US music community. A new generation of musicians and fans, tending to idealise authenticity and purity, rejected disco as artificial, mindless and consumerist. The media, industry and markets, always intent on re-invention, were abandoning disco and feverishly scouting for new trends.

Generally moderate US interest in Stewart's Paradise Bird album, released in September 1979, came as no surprise. However, success and media feedback in Europe was unchanged. Europe's music industry and scene was the sum of many small and diverse parts. New ideas would certainly be adopted but old ones preserved. Not declaring disco dead, the UK, for example, was left with a somewhat controverse culture, that fed cynicism. "The rest was a mess", where punk rock and Diana Ross co-existed. Paradise Bird yielded two European single releases, "Jealousy" (No. 58 UK, No. 4 Italy, No. 5 Switzerland) and the double A-side "The Letter/Paradise Bird" (No. 39 UK 1980). Stewart, however, remained confident about her career. She told her production team and record label to be "changing styles slowly, so as not get caught in the shuffle". The source of inspiration would be her artistic background in theater, modern dance and melodic music.

Following her success in Europe, Stewart relocated to Italy in the mid-1980s. and released the recordings "Friends" and "Together", produced in collaboration with Italian composer/musician Mike Francis. "Friends" was a big hit in the UK, Italy and the Philippines.

Later career
In the 1998 movie 54, actress/singer Mary Griffin portrayed Stewart, performing the song "Knock on Wood", at the famed discothèque Studio 54 in New York City. While performing, Griffin wore an apparently very similar extravagant outfit (and particularly the headgear) to that which Stewart wore in the official video to "Knock on Wood" in 1979. Although it was obvious that Griffin was portraying Stewart, the credits at the end of the movie have Griffin's character listed as Disco Star.

In 2000, Stewart toured Italy, playing the part of Mary Magdalene, in a revival of the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar. The play also starred Carl Anderson, who revived his role of Judas Iscariot from the 1973 movie.

In 2004, Stewart published the studio album Lady Day, containing sixteen cast recordings of the 2003 musical Lady Day, based on the life of American jazz and blues singer Billie Holiday and produced and co-written by Stewart and theater director Massimo Romeo Piparo. Stewart, starring as Holiday, states: "The idea for the musical was born from my passion for the wonderful voice of the 'Queen of Swing', but also for the music of the 1930s and 1940s and for the black renaissance of the time, of which she was the protagonist." and further: "In that period of racism the foundations were laid for the rebirth not only of Blacks, but also of world music."

Since 2001, Stewart has been working as a goodwill ambassador for Unicef Italia and has been involved in numerous projects such as "Uniti per i bambini, Uniti contro l'AIDS" ("United for the children, united against AIDS"). In 2006, she recorded the charity single "Love Song" for UNICEF in four different languages, once again returning to work with Ennio Morricone. The following year saw her return to duet with Mike Francis on the track "Nothing Can Come Between Us". In 2006, Stewart and long-time friend and collaborator Ennio Morricone released the 5 track single "Love Song", sung in English, Italian, French, Spanish as well as a multilingual version. All proceeds from the single went to Unicef's campaign "Check Out For Children".

In May 2007, Stewart again participated in the Sanremo Music Festival, performing the duet "Schiavo D'Amore" with Piero Mazzocchetti.

In 2014, she took part in the prime-time Rai TV show La Pista as teamleader of the "Virality" dance troupe. Stewart and the dance team became the overall competition winners. Other well known singer-contestants included Tony Hadley and Sabrina Salerno.

Stewart has been greatly affected by Italy, and living in Rome since the mid-1980s, has become fluent in Italian. UNICEF Italia introduces her in a mutually cordial tone, pointing out: "The one between Amii Stewart and Italy is a beautiful love story" and that she "has been 'adopted' by our country and has certainly returned the affection received".

Discography

 * Knock on Wood (1979)
 * Paradise Bird (1979)
 * Images (1981) (released in North America as I'm Gonna Get Your Love)
 * Amii Stewart (1983)
 * Try Love (1984)
 * Amii (1986)
 * Time for Fantasy (1988)
 * Pearls – Amii Stewart Sings Ennio Morricone (1990)
 * Magic (1992)
 * Lady to Ladies (1994)
 * The Men I Love (1995)
 * Love Affair (1996)
 * Unstoppable (1999)
 * Lady Day (2004)
 * Caracciolo Street (2010)
 * Intense (2012)

Sources and external links

 * Official site for Amii Stewart
 * Discogs.com discography
 * Rate Your Music biography and discography
 * Disco Profiles biography and discography
 * Unicef Italy biography
 * Unicef Italy biography

title: Amii Stewart


text: User talk:61.11.88.27

title: User talk:61.11.88.27


text:
Chrysaora quinquecirrha

The Atlantic sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha), also called the East Coast sea nettle in the United States, is a species of jellyfish that inhabits the Atlantic coast of the United States. Historically it was confused with several Chrysaora species, resulting in incorrect reports of C. quinquecirrha from other parts of the Atlantic and other oceans. Most recently, C. chesapeakei of estuaries on the Atlantic coast of the United States, as well as the Gulf of Mexico, was only fully recognized as separate from C. quinquecirrha in 2017. It is smaller than the Pacific sea nettle, and has more variable coloration, but is typically pale, pinkish or yellowish, often with radiating more deeply colored stripes on the exumbrella, especially near the margin.

Description

The medusae of C. quinquecirrha measures up to 40 cm in diameter. The sea nettle is radially symmetrical, marine, and carnivorous. Its mouth is located at the center of one end of the body, which opens to a gastrovascular cavity that is used for digestion. It has tentacles that surround the mouth to capture food. Sea nettles have no excretory or respiratory organs. Each sea nettle is either in a free-swimming stage or a polyp stage. The free-swimming stage, or medusa stage reproduces sexually, and the polyp stage reproduces asexually.

The Atlantic sea nettle is a bell-shaped invertebrate, usually semi-transparent and with small, white dots and reddish-brown stripes. Sea nettles without stripes have a bell that appears white or opaque. The sea nettle's sting is rated from "moderate" to "severe" and can be noxious to smaller prey; it is not, however, potent enough to cause human death, except by allergic reaction. While the sting is not particularly harmful, it can cause moderate discomfort to any individual stung. The sting can be effectively neutralized by misting vinegar over the affected area. This keeps unfired nematocysts from firing and adding to the discomfort.

Feeding habits
Stinging sea nettles are carnivorous. They generally feed on zooplankton, ctenophores, other jellies, and sometimes crustaceans. Sea nettles immobilize and obtain their prey using their stinging tentacles. After that, the prey is transported to the gastrovascular cavity where it is subsequently digested.

Sea nettles are also able to consume minnows, bay anchovy eggs, worms, and mosquito larvae.

Defense mechanisms
Each sea nettle tentacle is coated with thousands of microscopic cnidocytes; in turn, every individual cnidocyte has a "trigger" (cnidocil) paired with a capsule containing a coiled stinging filament. Upon contact, the cnidocil will immediately initiate a process which ejects the venom-coated filament from its capsule and into the target. This will inject toxins capable of killing smaller prey or stunning perceived predators. On humans, this will most likely cause a nonlethal, but nevertheless painful rash typically persisting for about 20 minutes. Some earlier cases of sea nettle stings from the Philippines reportedly had more severe effects: one account describes a sting causing vascular insufficiency, and another mononeuritis.

Rather than toxic substances, some cnidocytes contain adhesion used to entangle or anchor its target.

Predators
The defense mechanisms of the sea nettle reduces the amount of natural predators. The Atlantic sea nettle is prey to mainly sea turtles, ocean sunfish, and larger jellyfish.

title: Chrysaora quinquecirrha


text:
Prosper Garnot

Prosper Garnot (13 January 1794 – 8 October 1838) was a French surgeon and naturalist.

Garnot was born at Brest. He was an assistant surgeon under Louis Isidore Duperrey on La Coquille during its circumnavigation of the globe (1822–1825). Along with René Primevère Lesson he collected numerous natural history specimens in South America and the Pacific. Garnot had a severe attack of dysentery and was sent back with some of the collection on the Castle Forbes. The specimens were lost when the ship was wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope in July 1824. With Lesson he wrote the zoological section of the voyage's report, Voyage autour du monde exécuté par order du roi sur la corvette La Coquille (1828–1832). He died, aged 44, in Paris.

The widely distributed parthenogenetic Indo-Pacific house gecko Hemidactylus garnotii A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1836, was named in his honour.

Literature

 * Levot, Prosper Jean (1856). "Biographie de Prosper Garnot ". Revue des Provinces de l'Ouest 4: 466–467. online (in French).

title: Prosper Garnot


text:
Kenneth Hsu

Kenneth Jinghwa Hsu  Ph.D., M.A., born 28 June 1929, is a Chinese scientist, geologist, paleoclimatologist, oceanographer, government advisor, author, inventor and entrepreneur who was born in Nanjing, China.

Biography
Education

Hsu (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.) studied at the Chinese National Central University (later renamed Nanjing University in mainland China and reinstated in Taiwan) (B.Sc. 1948), and came to the United States in 1948 where he studied at Ohio State University (M.A., 1950), and at University of California, Los Angeles, where he received his Ph.D. in 1953.

Professional life

Hsu initially worked as a petroleum geologist for the Shell Development Corporation, now called Shell Oil Company, in Houston, Texas, US, between 1954 and 1963. He was associate professor at two universities in the USA between 1963 and 1967, before becoming professor of geology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) between 1967 and 1994, where he promoted experimental geology and built up 5 leading international laboratories in the fields of rock mechanics (geophysics), mass-spectrometry (isotope geochemistry), Quaternary research (paleoclimatology), sedimentology and tectonics. It was after his retirement from University teaching that Hsu started to work in environmental engineering.

Professorships & lectureships

While Hsu was professor at the Institute of Geology, ETH Zurich between 1967 and 1994, he was invited as lecturer, guest or honorary professor in geology, climatology or oceanography to numerous renowned universities of the world, including Beijing, California (San Diego), Cambridge, Columbia, Florence, Harvard, London, Milan, M.I.T., Moscow, Nanjing, Naples, Ohio, Oxford, Paris, Princeton, Taipei, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, Woods Hole, Yale etc.

After retirement in 1994, he was guest professor at the National Taiwan University (1994–95), senior fellow at the Berlin Institute of Advanced Studies (1995–96), Keck Professor at Colorado School of Mines, guest professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, university professor at Nanjing University, and university professor at Beijing University of Geosciences.

Scientific contributions
Academic work

Hsu participated in the Earth Science Revolution of the 1960s, consolidating Plate Tectonics Theory, and has throughout his life been active in so-called 'Process Oriented Geology', which is in conversation with the evolutionary biology (symbiogenesis) of Lynn Margulis, the Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock, and others. Instead of being preoccupied with rocks and mirrors, Hsu treated geological problems as arising from physical, chemical and biological processes, and hence has been a stout promoter of an educational reform in geology, emphasizing the fundamental principles of earth physics, chemistry and biology.

In geology, his work included sedimentation in isostatically driven tectonic basins, the active margins of continental plates, physical chemistry of evaporite and pelagic diagenesis, documentation of granulite formation, catastrophic consequences of meteorite impacts, extinction of life forms and the limnology of Lake Zurich.

Scientific expeditions and explorations

Hsu participated and led 5 deep-sea drilling cruises to the South Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea. He also led several international expeditions to Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, South China, California Coast Ranges and the Swiss Alps, travelling to 80 countries for Earth Science.

Awards

For his contributions to geology, Hsu received several medals and awards.

 * Wollaston Medal from The Geological Society of London (considered the highest honor in Geology, or an equivalent to the Nobel Prize in Geology) in 1984 (formerly presented to Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, Charles Darwin and James Lovelock).
 * Penrose Medal from The Geological Society of America in 2001 (the highest honor by the Society).
 * President's Special Award, American Association of Petroleum Geologists (resulting in Hsu being listed in Who's Who in Trade & Industry)
 * Twenhofel Medal from the Society of Sedimentary Geology in 1984 (the highest award of the Society of Sedimentary Geology).
 * Bownocker Medal (Orton Award), from the Geological Sciences Department of Ohio State University, 1984.

Honorary positions and achievements

Hsu was elected a Member of the U. S. National Academy of Science in 1986, but in given circumstances, became a Foreign Associate. He was also an Associate of the Third-World Academy of Sciences, a Member of Academia Sinica (1988), the Mediterranean Academy of Sciences and several other academies of science. He was a founder of the European Geophysical Society and a founder of the science of paleoceanography. He convened the First International Conference of Paleoceanography and founded the journal Paleoceanography. Hsu also assisted in the founding of the Asian Association of Marine Geology. He also served for 11 years as President of the International Association of Sedimentologists. Hsu was the convener of the Third Workshop on Marine Geology of IUGS; the First Earth Science Colloquium of the European Science Foundation; several Dahlem Conferences of the Dahlem Foundation; and numerous symposia and workshops for IGP, ILP, IGCP, SCOR and JOIDE.

Leadership positions in scientific organizations

Hsu served in numerous scientific organizations:

 * President and Past President of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS);
 * General Secretary of the Alpine Mediterranean Working Group of the International Geodynamics Project (IGP);
 * Chairman of the Paleoceaonography Working Group of the International Lithosphere Project (ILP);
 * Leader of several projects of UNESCO's International Geological Correlation Project (IGCP);
 * Chairman of the International Commission of Marine Geology (1980–1989);
 * Chairman of the Committee on Sedimentology of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS);
 * ex officio member of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Commission on Oceanographic Research (SCOR) (1980–1989);
 * member of the Swiss Commission on UNESCO (1987–1990);
 * International Union of the Geological Sciences (IUGS);
 * Representative of the Geological Sciences at the IGBP/Global Change Program of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) (1989–1992);
 * ICSU member of the United Nations Expert Panel on Seabed Disposal of Radioactive Waste (1987–1988);
 * Chairman of the Mediterranean Panel, South Atlantic Panel and Tectonics Panel of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Study Program (JOIDES),
 * Member of the Paleoceanography Panel and the JOIDES Planning Committee of the Ocean-Drilling Program.

Editorships

Hsu was Editor and or Associate Editor of numerous journals including:

 * Sedimentology: Journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists (Founding Editor & Editor-in-Chief 1972–1979). UK: Blackwell Science.
 * Journal of Sedimentary Petrography.
 * Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
 * Geophysical Research Letters.
 * Bulletin of the Japanese Geological Society.
 * Tethys.
 * Geologie Mediterrane.

Scientific affiliations

 * Advisor, Chinese Natural Science Foundation.
 * Alumni of the Century, Nanjing University (Gold Medal, University Centenary Celebration).
 * Associate fellow, Third World Academy of Sciences.
 * Chair, International Marine Geology Commission, 1980–89.
 * Chairman, department of earth sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
 * Distinguished alumnus, Ohio State University.
 * Emeritus professor, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
 * First distinguished alumni lecturer of Geology, UCLA.
 * Guest professor, National Taiwan University (1994–95).
 * Guest professor, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
 * Honorary professor, University College London, April 2008.
 * International Writer of the Year, International Book Club (Cambridge), 2003.
 * Keck Professor, Colorado School of Mines.
 * Member, National Academy of Sciences, Academy Sinica (Taiwan).
 * Member, Mediterranean Academy of Sciences.
 * Member and foreign associate, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1986.
 * President, International Association of Sedimentologists, 1978–82.
 * Senior fellow, Institute of Advanced Studies, Berlin, 1995–96.
 * University professor, Nanjing University.
 * University professor, Beijing University of Geosciences.

Advisory work

Hsu was a convener of numerous scientific conferences, founder of several scientific societies, and advisor to the governments of developing countries:

 * UNDP Advisor to Maltese Government (1973);
 * UNDP Advisor to Chinese Government (1989);
 * Advisor to Brazil Government on petroleum geology;
 * Advisor to Argentina and Taiwan governments on lake research and global change;
 * Advisor to the Chinese Ministry of Geology (1979–87);
 * Consultant to the Chinese Ministry of Chemical Industry (1992–1996);
 * Consultant to the Chinese Ministry of Petroleum Geology (1992–94);
 * Consultant to the Taiwan Museum of Natural History (1995);
 * Technical Advisor to the Taiwan National Science Foundation (1996–2000);
 * External Examiner to the University of Malaysia.
 * Consultant to the Chinese Ministry of Petroleum;
 * Consultant to the Chinese Ministry of Geology and Mining;
 * Consultant to the Chinese Institute of Geotechnical Investigation (Ministry of Construction).

Science politics

His co-organized a consortium of 15 European member states to join the International Ocean Drilling Program.

Contributions to the geology of China

Hsu successfully lobbied for the admission of the Chinese Geological Union to replace the Chinese Geological Society in Taipei as a member of the International Union of Geological Sciences and was a member of the first IUGS delegation to China. He served the Chinese Ministry of Geology and Mining in giving training programs for Sedimentology (1979), Field Geology of Tibet (1980) and Plate Tectonics (1992). From 1983 to 1995, he assisted the Institute of Geology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences with the completion of a project on plate tectonics and to publish a new Geological Atlas of China.

Appreciation

Two Festschrift symposia books, Controversies in Geology, and Paradoxes in Geology, were published by Hsu's colleagues on his 60th and 70th birthdays. In September 2009, his contributions to China and to science were acknowledged at a conference in Beijing, attended by dignitaries from government, industry and academia.

Entrepreneurial activities
Enterprise

After his retirement, Hsu made several inventions in mining, oil, water and energy technology, and founded various companies including Tarim Resource Recycling Limited (UK, 2003); Kenneth Hsu IHC Technology & Development Limited (China, 2005) and Lazarus Energy International Limited (UK, 2007).

Inventions

Hsu was awarded 16 patents in mining, petroleum, water, carbon, energy and environment management, including the Hydro-Transistor and Integrated Hydrologic Circuit (IHC).

Hsu's technologies applied in China included:
 * 3-D Enhanced Oil Recovery of the world's residual oil reserves;
 * Lithium Production from brine lakes and sea water to empower hybrid vehicles;
 * Water Availability by waste water recycling and rainwater harvesting to eliminate shortages;
 * Nitrite-Free Drinking Water scientifically demonstrated to reduce the cancer mortality rate by half;
 * Nitrite-Free Sewage-Treatment Works to denitritize the drinking water supply;
 * Lake Rehabilitation by eliminating algal pollution through sequestering of carbon dioxide;
 * Biofuel Generation by utilizing carbon dioxide emissions to mitigate the burning of fossil fuels;
 * Capillary Irrigation to conserve water whilst reclaiming land without utilizing surface irrigation;
 * Land Reclamation and Desert Greening by sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide;
 * Hydro-Electricity without building hydro-electric dams.

Endorsements

After extensive research and development, Hsu's water technologies were unanamiously endorsed by an expert panel called by the Chinese State Counsellors' Office (Civilian Chief of Staff) of the Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao; and by Nobel Laureate Samuel Ting, and University of California Chancellor, Henry Yang, who both served on the Chinese Premiere's KHC Advisory Board.

In 2000, Hsu combined the newly developed enhanced oil recovery techniques of hydro-fracturing and horizontal drilling, with water flooding, to invent a totally new process of residual oil recovery (ROR), called 3-dimensional fluid injection, to exploit residual oil. The method utilized water rather than carbon dioxide, although carbon dioxide can also be used in the process. Hsu suggested the technique could increase the recoverable petroleum reserve of the world by a factor of 50% or more.

With the full support of the Chinese Prime Minister, Wen Jiabao, in February 2006, an Expert Panel called by former Petroleum Minister Dr Wang Tao, unanimously agreed Hsu's ROR invention was innovative, and should be tested and applied in China. In April 2006, PetroChina reported a successful test at the Changqing Oil Field (Northwest China), first discovered in 1907. Prior to the test, its annual production was about 10,000 tons. In 2006, this rose to 10 million tons, and in 2007, to 20 million tons.

Ventures

Hsu is active with institutions, organizations and corporations to apply the new technologies in China and internationally.

Consultancy

Hsu is president of the IHC Technology & Development Corporation (China), senior advisor and chief engineer to the Kenneth Hsu Institute for IHC Development (National Institute Of Earth Sciences, Beijing) and director of the Center for Environmental & Health Engineering (Henan University, Kaifeng). His work on the link between nitrite in drinking water and cancer was documented in The Ecologist journal.

Career timeline

 * 1944-48 Bachelor of Science in geology, Nanjing University, China.
 * 1948-50 M.A. degree in geology, Ohio State University, USA.
 * 1950-53 Doctorate in geology and geophysics, University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
 * 1954-63 Research geologist and research associate, Shell Development Corporation, Houston, Texas, USA.
 * 1963-64 Associate professor, State University of New York at Binhamton, USA.
 * 1964-67 Associate professor, University of California at Riverside, USA.
 * 1967-94 Professor, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
 * 1994 Chief executive, Tarim Associates for Mineral & Oil Exploration AG, Switzerland.
 * 1999 Chief executive, Fengshui Water Technology Limited, Lichtenstein.
 * 2003 Chief executive and chairman of the board, Tarim Resource Recycling Limited, UK.
 * 2005 President, Kenneth Hsu Corporation of Integrated Hydrologic Circuit Technology & Development, Beijing, China.
 * 2007 Chief executive, Lazarus Oil International, UK.
 * 2007 Director, Kenneth Hsu Consulting, UK.
 * 2007 Chief engineer and senior advisor, Institute for IHC Development, National Institute Of Earth Sciences, Beijing, China.
 * 2007 Director, Center for Environmental & Health Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.

Notable writings
Hsu authored or edited over 20 books, many in multiple languages, and was elected an International Writer of the Year by the International Book Club (Cambridge, UK) in 2003.

The Mediterranean Was A Desert, 1982

The book concerned Hsu's work deciphering the Messinian Salinity Crisis and provided a first-hand account of one of the most significant deep-sea drilling cruises ever launched. The voyage, Leg 13 of the D/V Glomar Challenger, was undertaken in 1970 and led to the hypothesis that 5.5 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a desert. It documented the adventures of the oceanographic expedition and offered portraits of 'big' science and 'big' scientists at work, with human touches, as a memoir for historians of science. The book was selected by Philip Morrison of Scientific American as one of the 100 most significant and influential books of science in the 20th century. A film was also made by PBS, based on the book.

Challenger At Sea, 1983

The book was an overview of the then current state of marine geology and a source book for the history of that science, and was used as a geology textbook for non-majors.

The Great Dying, 1986

The book described the circumstances leading to the discovery that the dinosaur extinction was triggered by a cometary impact. An inquiry into the nature of survival and extinction, it was published in 6 languages, selling over 170,000 copies worldwide, selling 28,000 copies in the United States between 1986 and 1988; 100,000 copies in Mainland China in 1989 and 40,000 copies in Taiwan. A popular newspaper in Taipei United Post featured The Great Dying in its weekly list of best-selling books list for more than a year, and it was chosen as a top non-fiction book of the year in August 1992. Originally intended to teach the public, the book was used as a textbook in the United States for its scientific method. A film was also made based on the book by ZDF.

In the book, Hsu marshalled "some of the most gripping and controversial geological discoveries of our time to blast Darwin’s claim and to shake the foundations of his evolutionary theory," showing evidence indicating a meteor collided with the Earth, 66 million years ago, leaving much of it uninhabitable, and warning that a similar event may threaten humanity in the future.

Hsu criticized Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. According to Hsu "If most extinctions are caused by catastrophes... then chance, not superiority, presides over who shall live and who shall die. Indeed, the whole course of evolution may be governed by chance, and not reflect at all the slow march from inferior to superior forms so beloved by Victorians, and so deeply embedded in Western thought." The book endorses catastrophism and non-Darwinian evolution.

Klima Macht Geschichte, 2000

Klima Macht Geschichte presented a theory of climate and history, looking at future climate changes based on historical, archaeological and helio-biological evidence. It made the prediction of global cooling of the planet in the last decades of the 21st century, and the coming of a little ice age before 2500. The claim forecast was corroborated by scientists Khabibullo Abdusamatov, Yuk Yung, John Cassey, Nigel Calder, Henrik Svensmark, Alexander Chizhevsky and John D. Hamaker. Orell Fussli Verlag  published the book after an article about Hsu appeared in Bilanz Magazine  in 1998. Earlier, in 1992, Hsu wrote in Geographical Magazine, "Perhaps our species was created by Gaia to prevent a catastrophic chill" in reference to his published paper 'Is Gaia Endothermic?, on which the book is also based.

Amadeus & Magdalena, 2002

Published in Chinese, English and German, with a Chinese translation titled "莫扎特的愛與死".,  the book presented Hsu's musicological theory about the death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Works
A complete list of books by Kenneth Hsu is available at the Kenneth J. Hsu Official Site.

Amadeus & Magdalena

 * 2002, Amadeus & Magdalena: A Love Story. Distributed through Master Classics (UK). English.
 * 2002, Amadeus & Magdalena: A Love Story. German.
 * 2002, Amadeus & Magdalena: A Love Story. Taipei: Commonwealth Publishers, 218pp. Chinese.

Challenger At Sea

 * 1982, Ein Schiff revolutioniert die Wissenschaft. Hamburg,: Hoffmann & Campe Verlag, 304 pp. German.
 * 1985, Ein Schiff revolutioniert die Wissenschaft, Beijing: Geology Publishing House, 175 pp. German.
 * 1994, Challenger at Sea: A Ship that Revolutionized Earth Science, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 416 pp. Hardback. English.
 * 1994, Challenger at Sea: A Ship that Revolutionized Earth Science, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 418 pp. Paperback edition. English.
 * 1994, Challenger at Sea: A Ship that Revolutionized Earth Science, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 418 pp. Revised edition. English.
 * 1999, Challenger at Sea: A Ship that Revolutionized Earth Science, Tokyo: Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 483 pp. Japanese.

Climate And Peoples

 * 2000, Climate And Peoples: A Theory Of Climate Changes & Their Impacts On Hominid Evolution, Language Dispersal & Demographic Migrations. English.
 * 2000, Klima Macht Geschichte: Menschheitsgeschichte als Abbild der Klimaentwicklung, Zurich: Orell Füssli Verlag, 334 pp. ISBN 3-280-02406-4. German. (Climate Makes History: The History Of Mankind As A Reflection Of Climatic Evolution)
 * 2002, Klima nacht Geschichte, Taiwan: Commonwealth Publishers. Chinese.

Gaia & The Cambrian Explosion

 * 1996, Gaia & The Cambrian Explosion: A Short History for Everyone of Life on Earth. Taichung: Chinese National Museum Of Natural History, Taiwan, 51pp. Chinese.
 * 1996, Gaia & The Cambrian Explosion: A Short History for Everyone of Life on Earth. German.

Geologic Atlas Of China

 * 1998, Geologic Atlas of China, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 24 plates, 362 pp. English.
 * 1998, Geologic Atlas of China. Chinese.

Geology Of Switzerland

 * 1991, Geologie der Schweiz, Basel: Birkhouser, 219pp. Hardback. German.
 * 1995, Geology of Switzerland: An Introduction to Tectonic Facies. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 250 pp. English.

Tectonic Facies Of China

 * 1992, Tectonic Facies of China. China: Marine Geology Research Institute (Qingdao), 96 pp. Chinese.
 * 1996, Tectonic Facies of China. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. English.
 * 1996, Tectonic Facies of China. German.

The Great Dying

 * 1986, La Gran Extinción, Barcelona: Antoni Bosch Editorial, 268 pp. Spanish.
 * 1986, The Great Dying: Cosmic Catastrophe, Dinosaurs & The Theory of Evolution, San Diego: Random House, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Hardback, 292pp. English.
 * 1988, The Great Dying. Dutch.
 * 1989, The Great Dying, China edition, Beijing: San-lien Publishers, 317 pp. Chinese.
 * 1990, Die Letzten Jahre Der Dinosaurier, Germany: Birkhäuser, Basel, 270 pp. German.
 * 1991, The Great Dying, Taiwan edition, Taipei: Commonwealth Publishers, 374 pp. Chinese.
 * 1988, The Great Dying: Cosmic Catastrophe, Dinosaurs & The Theory of Evolution, USA: Random House, Ballantine, Pan. Paperback. English.
 * 1993, La Grande Moria Dei Dinosauri, Milan: Adelphi Edizioni S.P.A., 374 pp. Italian.
 * 1994, The Great Dying, Italian Book Club edition. Italian.

The Mediterranean Was A Desert

 * 1982, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of The Glomar Challenger, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, Hardback. 197pp. English.
 * 1982, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of The Glomar Challenger. German.
 * 1983, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of The Glomar Challenger. Italian.
 * 1986, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of Discovery, Beijing: San-lien Publishers, 215 pp. Chinese.
 * 1987, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of Discovery, China edition, Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 197pp. Chinese.
 * 1987, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of The Glomar Challenger, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, Paperback. English.
 * 1993, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of Discovery, Taiwan, Taipei: Commonwealth Publishers, 260 pp. Chinese.
 * 1996, The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of Discovery, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 197 pp. English.

The Search

 * 1997, The Search: The Younger Years of Kenneth J. Hsu (Aloneness & Search), Taipei: Commonwealth Publishers, 474pp. Chinese.
 * 1997, The Search: The Younger Years of Kenneth J. Hsu (Aloneness & Search). German.
 * 1997, The Search: The Younger Years of Kenneth J. Hsu (Aloneness & Search). Unpublished. English.

Selected articles
Hsu is the author or co-author of more than 400 scientific articles on Archaeology, Cancer, Chronon Physics, Climatology, Cosmology, Cytology, Epistemology, Evolution, Fractal Geometry, Gaia, Geology, Heliobiology, History, Hydro-Physics, Languages, Marine Biology, Mathematics, Marine Biology, Music, Oceanography, Palaeontology, Paleoclimatology, Philosophy, Politics, Religion and Symbiogenesis. A complete list of articles by Kenneth Hsu is available at the Kenneth J. Hsu Official Site.

Climate articles

 * Climate for the 21st Century and Beyond from a Calibrated Solar-Output Model with Dr. Charles A. Perry (USGS), 2001, in West, G.J., and Buffaloe, L.D., eds., Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Pacific Climate Workshop, May 22–25, 2000, Two Harbors, Santa Catalina Island, California: Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary Technical Report 67, p. 120.
 * Geophysical, Archaeological & Historical Evidence Supports A Solar Model For Climate Change with Dr. Charles A. Perry (United States Geological Survey), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 2000, Volume 97, pages 12433–438, 2000. English. PNAS Short versionPNAS Long versionPub Med ASCII version
 * The Mortality Of The Planet in Is the World Ending?, Sean Freyne & Nicholas Lash (Editors), SCM Press (London), 1998. English. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Dutch and German, from Concilium.
 * Un Planeta En Peligro De Muerte in Is the World Ending?, Sean Freyne & Nicholas Lash (Editors), SCM Press (London), 1998. English. Spanish translation in Concilium.
 * "Sun, Climate, Famine & Great Ethnic Migrations", Science In China/Chinese Science Bulletin. 28 (4): 336–384, 1998.
 * "Could Global Warming Be A Blessing For Mankind?", Terrestrial Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences/TAUS, Chinese Academy of Science, Taipei, Taiwan, September 1996
 * Is Gaia Endothermic?, Geological Magazine, 129 (2), pp. 129–141, XIV, March 1992. English.
 * Gaia Has A Strange Attractor: Interactions Of Geospheres & Biospheres During 4 Billion Years of Earth History, Unknown
 * Has Global Warming Been A Blessing To Mankind?, Unknown. Early version of Could Global Warming Be A Blessing For Mankind?.
 * Gaia & The Cambrian Explosion: A Short History For Everyone Of Life On Earth, Chinese National Museum of Natural History, Taiwan, September 1996.

Science articles

 * The Dark Side Of Science, Global View Monthly, Commonwealth Publishers, Taipei, Taiwan, 1998.
 * In Search Of A Common Language, Transfigural Mathematics,, Volume 2, Number 1, 1996, pp41–59
 * In Search Of A Common Language, Arbeitsberichte, Wissenschaftskolleg, Jahbrbuch 1995–1996, pp87–95
 * In Search Of A Physical Theory Of Time, PNAS.
 * Are Chronons the Elementary Particles in Space and Time?, Terrestrial, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, Volume 7, Number 239–255, June 1996. TAO, PO Box 23–59, Taipei, Taiwan, PRC.
 * Why I Write, Transfigural Mathematics, Volume 1, Number 5, 1996, pp-11-18
 * Why Isaac Newton Was Not A Chinese, 24 June 1994, Abschiedsvorlesung von Prof. Dr. Kenneth J. Hsu, Auditorium Maximum der ETH Zurich
 * Fractal Geometry Of A Career in Controversies in Modern Geology: Evolution of Geological Theories in Sedimentology, Earth History & Tectonics, edited by D.W. Müller, J.A. McKenzie, H. Weissert, Academic Press-Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, New York, Sydney, 1991.

Evolution articles

 * Is Darwinism Science? Taoists, Nazis and Gamblers Offer Different Views Of Evolution, Earthwatch Magazine, March 1989, pp15–17.
 * Catastrophic Extinctions & The Inevitability Of The Improbable, Referat und Diskussion der 28. Sitzung der Studiengruppe Energieperspektiven Baden, 26. Marz 1987, Doukumentation Nr. 28, Studiengruppe Energieperspektiven.
 * Evolution, Ideology, Darwinism and Science, Klin Wochenschr (1989), 67:923-928, Klinische Wochen-schrift, Springer-Verlag, 1989
 * Catastrophic Extinctions & The Inevitability Of The Improbable, Journal of the Geological Society, London, Volume 146, 1989, pp749–754, 5 figs. pp749–754
 * Darwin's Three Mistakes, Geology, Volume 14, p532-534, June, p532-534, June 1996

Geology articles

 * Lost Secrets Of The Mediterranean: 2000 meters beneath the sea, grand canyons, death valleys and the pillars of Atlantis, The Sciences, USA: The New York Academy of Sciences, pp44–51. Undated.
 * Environmental Changes in Times of Biotic Crisis, Processes in the History Of Life, Raup & Jablonski, Dahlem Conference 1986, Berlin, pp297–312
 * When The Mediterranean Dried Up: 6 million years ago, the Mediterranean basin was a desert 10,000 feet deep, Unknown, p25-37, 12 pages
 * Sedimentary Geology & Biologic Evolution - Reply, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Volume 57, Number 4, July 1987, Society of Economic Paleontologists & Mineralogists
 * Mountain-building, Elsevier Science, 1996, pp8–11
 * Acceptance Speech by K. J. Hsu to the Geological Society of America, on the Occasion of an Award of the Penrose Medal,

Music articles

 * Fractal Geometry of Music: From Birdsong To Bach, with Andres Hsu, USA: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87 (1990), 938–941.
 * Fractal Geometry Of Music: Physics Of Melody, with Andres Hsu, Proceedings National Academy Of Science, Volume 87, pp938–941, Feb 1990, Physics

Materials citing Hsu
Books

 * Streit um heiße Luft: Die Kohlendioxid Debatte, Uwe Schulte, Hirzel, Stuttgart, 2003. ISBN 3-7776-1186-7.
 * Paradoxes in Modern Geology, Editors: Briegel & Xiao, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2001. ISBN 0-444-50560-1
 * Controversies in Modern Geology: Evolution of Geological Theories in Sedimentology, Earth History & Tectonics, edited by D.W. Müller, J.A. McKenzie, H. Weissert, Academic Press-Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, New York, Sydney, 1991.

Articles

 * An Appreciation of Professor Kenneth Jinghwa Hsu on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday Celebration, Controversies in Modern Geology: Evolution of Geological Theories, in Sedimentology, Earth History & Tectonics, edited by D.W. Müller, J.A. McKenzie, H. Weissert, Academic Press-Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, New York, Sydney, 1991.
 * Physics Chronon Challenge, Transfigural Mathematics (Berlin, Germany), Volume 2, Number 1, 1996. Interview by Lere O. Shakunle pp 67–73.
 * Je Pense Que Je Suis Un Genie, P. Imper & M. Schlapfer, Bilanz Magazine, Switzerland (French edition), pp 44, 4 pages, 1998.
 * Ich denke, ich bin ein Genie, Bilanz Magazine, Switzerland (German edition), pp 154, 5 pages, November 1997
 * Chance in a Collison with Darwinism, Lee Dembart, Los Angeles Times, 1980s
 * Mediterranean desert, Christopher Wren, and industrial chemistry, Philip Morrison (MIT), Scientific American, 1987
 * The Mediterranean Was A Desert, International Oceanographic Foundation, 5 September 1987
 * Below the Bottom, C. Vita-Finzi, Times Literary Supplement, 27 April 1984
 * Homo sapiens: a temporary warming trend?, Ptolemy, Geographical Magazine, August 1992, pp58
 * Love that Pleistocene!, Ptolemy, Geographical Magazine, February 1993, pp50
 * The Mediterranean Was A Desert, Geology, September 1984

Films

 * The Mediterranean Was A Desert, BBC. Producer: David Attenborough.
 * The Mediterranean Was A Desert, PBS, 45 minutes. Producer: Madeline Peck. Director: Philip Morisson.
 * The Mediterranean Was A Desert, ZDF, Producer: Hoimar Von Ditfurth.
 * The Great Dying, PBS. Producer: Madeline Peck. Director: Philip Morisson.
 * The Great Dying, ZDF, Producer: Hoimar Von Ditfurth.
 * Landsliding: The Mountain, BBC Horizon.
 * Landsliding: The Mountain Slide, BBC Horizon.
 * Climate And Tibet, BBC Horizon. Producer: Walter Suche.

Other writings

 * 1970	Development of the Northern Apennines Geosyncline, ed. by G. Sestini, Palaoegeography, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeocol., 11, (1972), pp. 72–74, XIV
 * 1973	Atlas of Palaeobiogeography, ed. by Anthony Hallam, Sedimentology (1973), v. 20, Aug. 1973, pp. 453–454, XIII
 * 1974	Marine Evaporites, Origin, Diagenesis and Geochemistry, ed. by D.W. Kirkland, et al. Sedimentology, v. 21, no. 3, Aug. 1974, pp. 486–487, XIII.
 * 1977	International Stratigraphic Guide, ed. by H.D. Hedberg, et al., Sedimentology (1977), v. 24, pp. 597–598, XIII.
 * 1978	Sedimentary Rocks, by F.J. Petitjohn - Sedimentary Petrology, Part II, by H. Füchtbauer - Sediment Petrologie, Teil II, by H. Füchtbauer & G. Müller - Origin of Sedimentary Rocks, by H. Blatt, et al. Sedimentology (1978), 25, pp. 149–152, XIII
 * 1978	The Evolution of North America, by Ph. B. King - Studies in Palaeo-Oceanography, by W.W. Hay - Palaeographic Provinces and Provinciality, by Ch. A. Ross - Tectonics and Sedimentation, by W.R. Dickinson Sedimentology, v. 25, no. 5, Oct. 1978, pp. 732–735, XIII.
 * 1979	Sorby on Geology, ed. by Ch. Summerson, Sedimentology, v. 26, no. 6, Dec. 1979, pp. 873–875, XIII.
 * 1981	The Geological Evolution of the River Nile, by R. Said, Springer 1981, 151 pp. 73 figs., in Die Naturwissenschaften, Heidelberg, Nawi BB577.
 * 1983	Sedimentary Petrology, by H. Blatt, Sedimentology, v. 30, no. 4, Aug. 1983, pp. 586–587, XIII.
 * 1985	Memoirs of an Unrepentant Field Geologist, by P.J. Pettijohn, Sedimentology (1985), 32, pp. 615–616, XIII
 * 1985	Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin, by D.J. Stanley & F.C. Wezel, Springer Verlag, 1985, 589 pp., XIII.
 * 1985	The Caledonide Orogon-Scandinavia and Related Area: ed. D.G. Gee & B.A. Sturt, Chichester, 1985 (John Wiley & Son), XIII
 * 1987	The Ocean of Truth, by H.W. Menard, Geochimica et Cosmochimica, v. 51, pp. 2045–2046, 1987, USA, XIII.
 * 1988	The Geology of China, by Yang Zunyi et al., Geology, Jan. 1988, XIII
 * 1990	The Origin of Species Revisited : The Theories of Evolution and of Abrupt Appearance (2 v.); by W.R. Bird. New York 1989 (Philosophical Library). American Journal of Science, Vol. 290, November 1990, No. 9, p. 1090-1092. XIV
 * 1991	Scientist of Empire, by Robert A. Stafford, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1989, 293 p. in GSA Today, Vol. 1, No. 2, Feb. 1991, p. 40, 41, 43. XIV
 * 1993	The Tancheng-Lujiang Wrench Fault System, Xu Jiawei, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K., 1993, XV + 279 pp.

Notable lectures

 * In Search Of A Common Language: What Does Modern Physics Have In Common With Traditional Chinese Medicine?, The Ashby Lecture, 15 March 2000, Clare Hall College, Cambridge University, UK.
 * Nitrite Pollution & Cancer, Queen Mary College, University of London, 15 February 2008. In association with CSSA UK.
 * Residual Oil Exploitation for Stable Economy and Transition, School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London, 23 January 2009. In association with CSSA UK.
 * The Kenneth J. Hsu Oil & Water Press Conference, Geological Society, 15 October 2008, Geological Society of London, UK. In association with CSSA UK.

title: Kenneth Hsu


text:
Mycin

MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Bruce G. Buchanan, Stanley N. Cohen and others.

Method
MYCIN operated using a fairly simple inference engine and a knowledge base of ~600 rules. It would query the physician running the program via a long series of simple yes/no or textual questions. At the end, it provided a list of possible culprit bacteria ranked from high to low based on the probability of each diagnosis, its confidence in each diagnosis' probability, the reasoning behind each diagnosis (that is, MYCIN would also list the questions and rules which led it to rank a diagnosis a particular way), and its recommended course of drug treatment.

MYCIN sparked debate about the use of its ad hoc, but principled, uncertainty framework known as "certainty factors". The developers performed studies showing that MYCIN's performance was minimally affected by perturbations in the uncertainty metrics associated with individual rules, suggesting that the power in the system was related more to its knowledge representation and reasoning scheme than to the details of its numerical uncertainty model. Some observers felt that it should have been possible to use classical Bayesian statistics. MYCIN's developers argued that this would require either unrealistic assumptions of probabilistic independence, or require the experts to provide estimates for an unfeasibly large number of conditional probabilities.

Subsequent studies later showed that the certainty factor model could indeed be interpreted in a probabilistic sense, and highlighted problems with the implied assumptions of such a model. However the modular structure of the system would prove very successful, leading to the development of graphical models such as Bayesian networks.

Evidence combination
In MYCIN it was possible that two or more rules might draw conclusions about a parameter with different weights of evidence. For example, one rule may conclude that the organism in question is E. Coli with a certainty of 0.8 whilst another concludes that it is E. Coli with a certainty of 0.5 or even -0.8. In the event the certainty is less than zero the evidence is actually against the hypothesis. In order to calculate the certainty factor MYCIN combined these weights using the formula below to yield a single certainty factor:

 * $$CF(x,y )=\begin{cases} X+Y -XY  & \text{if } X,Y>0 \\

X+Y+XY & \text{if } X,Y<0 \\ \frac{X+Y}{1-\min(|X|,|Y|)} & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$

Where X and Y are the certainty factors. This formula can be applied more than once if more than two rules draw conclusions about the same parameter. It is commutative, so it does not matter in which order the weights were combined.

Results
Research conducted at the Stanford Medical School found MYCIN received an acceptability rating of 65% on treatment plan from a panel of eight independent specialists, which was comparable to the 42.5% to 62.5% rating of five faculty members. This study is often cited as showing the potential for disagreement about therapeutic decisions, even among experts, when there is no "gold standard" for correct treatment.

Practical use
MYCIN was never actually used in practice. This wasn't because of any weakness in its performance. Some observers raised ethical and legal issues related to the use of computers in medicine, regarding the responsibility of the physicians in case the system gave wrong diagnosis. However, the greatest problem, and the reason that MYCIN was not used in routine practice, was the state of technologies for system integration, especially at the time it was developed. MYCIN was a stand-alone system that required a user to enter all relevant information about a patient by typing in responses to questions MYCIN posed. The program ran on a large time-shared system, available over the early Internet (ARPANet), before personal computers were developed.

MYCIN's greatest influence was accordingly its demonstration of the power of its representation and reasoning approach. Rule-based systems in many non-medical domains were developed in the years that followed MYCIN's introduction of the approach. In the 1980s, expert system "shells" were introduced (including one based on MYCIN, known as E-MYCIN (followed by Knowledge Engineering Environment - KEE)) and supported the development of expert systems in a wide variety of application areas. A difficulty that rose to prominence during the development of MYCIN and subsequent complex expert systems has been the extraction of the necessary knowledge for the inference engine to use from the human expert in the relevant fields into the rule base (the so-called "knowledge acquisition bottleneck").

title: Mycin


text:
User:Camembert/Double redirect

There seems to be a great deal of confusion amoung some users as to exactly what a "double redirect" is and how one goes about fixing them. Becuause I'm a public spirited kind of guy (and because the thing I was supposed to be doing right now has been cancelled), I hereby offer up the following pointers which may help to clear up any misapprehensions.

What a double redirect is not
First of all, here are some things that are not double redirects:

 * Page X is a disambiguation page pointing to article Y among others. Article Z links to X. This is not a double redirect, it is an ambiguous link. If you edit article Z to point to Y, a reasonable edit summary might be "disambiguating X". The value of such edits is high, since they cut out an unnecessary click for the reader.
 * Page X redirects to article Y. Article Z links to X. This is not a double redirect, it is an ordinary redirect. If you edit article X to point to Y, a reasonable edit summary might be "avoiding redirect". The value of such edits is low, since a link which arrives at its destination via a redirect works perfectly well.

What a double redirect is
Here is what a double redirect is:

 * Page X redirects to page Y, and page Y in turn redirects to page Z. This is a double redirect. If you edit page X so it redirects straight to Z, a reasonable edit summary might be "fixing double redirect". This value of such edits is very high, since they cut out an unnecessary click for the reader and avoid the reader seeing an uninformative and confusing redirect page.

Note that if in an attempt to "fix" double redirects you do not edit page P to redirect directly to R but instead edit all the pages that link to P to link instead to Q or R, a suitable edit summary would be "I am an idiot", since you are clearly an idiot. This greatly increases the amount of work you have to do, and doesn't even fix the double redirect—even if you remove all the links to P now, there's no guarantee that somebody won't link there in the future.

What causes double redirects?
Contrary to popular opinion, double redirects are not messgaes from aliens, and they cannot be avoided by donning tin-foil hats. Nor do they have anything to do with stem-cell research, asylum seekers or the forces of communism. They are usually caused by page moves.

Somebody writes page Y. Because X is the British spelling for Y, they make Y redirect there. Later, a different user comes along, and (possibly contrary to a consensus reached five years previously by three users, two of whom are now deceased, possibly not, we just don't know) moves page Y to Z. The software automatically creates a redirect from Y to Z, thus creating a double redirect from X.

This is why when you move a page you get a message saying "". This does not mean

title: User:Camembert/Double redirect


text:
Talk:Panama

Panamanian BaHai count error
The number of Bahais in Panamna is inconsistently listed as 2% but not mentioned in the pie chart with several smaller faiths, and it would be behind the one listed as third at 1.5%. I suspect the number should be two-tenths of a percent.

Semi-protected edit request on 31 August 2023
In the Administrative divisions section under Politics, it is stated that there are five Comarcas while there are six listed below.

Essentially, please change "Also, there are five Comarcas..." to "Also, there are six Comarcas..." Kake6000 (talk) 04:31, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ per this source. Next time, please make you supply a reliable source to back your proposed change. M.Bitton (talk) 12:10, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 January 2024
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16737193/#:~:text=In%20the%20general%20population%20of,25.40%25%2C%20a%20Caucasian%20origin. In the general population of Panama, 38.72% of genes from the genetic pool have an African origin, 35.87%, an Amerindian origin and 25.40%, a Caucasian origin. 2600:1011:B120:316B:3457:1236:3428:6160 (talk) 23:25, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Shadow311 (talk) 15:46, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 February 2024
Request to add Mass media in Panama under Panama. 203.149.142.34 (talk) 11:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] ⋮ 14:01, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: what are we supposed to do with the article's title? M.Bitton (talk) 01:26, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ assuming you intended for Mass media in Panama to be added to the Culture section hatnote.

Panamanian Support for 1989 US Invasion
The article on the US invasion of Panama claims that most Panamanians supported the invasion. It cites a HRW report and an academic text. I haven't yet read the text, but I looked at the HRW report and couldn't find anything in it backing up the claim. I highly doubt Panamanians supported the invasion, as it levelled neighbourhouds, displaced twenty thousand, and likely killed thousands.

Here's a World Bank article that paints a much more accurate picture of Panamanian sentiment regarding the invasion:https://theworld.org/stories/2023/12/20/panamanians-remember-1989-us-invasion-and-continue-demand-justice-and Theodore.shouse (talk) 02:05, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 June 2024
The Political Culture section should be updated with the most [|recent election that occurred in May 2024]. There is also a typo in the last sentence of the first paragraph. "Toke" should be replaced with "took". CosmicApple (talk) 06:26, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ I'm not entirely sure the most recent election needs to be mentioned here (what does this have to do with political culture?), but I updated it for now. I also removed the duplicate sentence. Jamedeus (talk) 07:46, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panama


text: User talk:81.86.69.172

title: User talk:81.86.69.172


text:
Mall of Arabia (Dubai)

Mall of Arabia was a planned shopping mall; that would have been a part of the City of Arabia in the Dubailand theme park premises in Dubai. Original announcements said it would be completed in 2008. Following the collapse of the Dubai real-estate market, the mall's opening has been delayed. In 2016, in favor of IMG Worlds of Adventure's opening date, it was announced that the mall will be revived within 10 years. According to the developers the 10 million square-foot mall would contain more than 1,000 retail outlets, a rooftop hotel, waterfront dining and entertainment, a theme park, an earth science museum, and a planetarium. It would also contain its own monorail system linked with the Dubai Metro along with a two-story underground parking garage capable of holding 10,400 vehicles.

title: Mall of Arabia (Dubai)


text:
Toby Hernández

Rafael Tobías Hernández Alvarado (born November 30, 1958) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher. He played briefly for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB) in its 1984 season.

Hernández was regarded as a good-fielding, light-hitting catcher in the Jays organization, but after a long history of injuries he was able to reach the majors just at 31. In his brief stint at Toronto, he went 1-for-2 and scored a run in three games.

Additionally, he posted a .223 average with 11 home runs and 122 RBI in parts of seven minor league seasons between 1979 and 1985.

In between, Hernández played winter ball with the Cardenales de Lara club of the Venezuelan League in a span of 14 seasons from 1978 through 1991.

title: Toby Hernández


text:
Puntius

Puntius is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae native to South Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, as well as Taiwan.

Many species formerly placed in Puntius have been moved to other genera such as Barbodes, Dawkinsia, Desmopuntius, Haludaria, Oliotius, Pethia, Puntigrus, Sahyadria and Systomus.

Previously, it was assumed that the earliest record of this genus was the fossil species Puntius bussyi from the Eocene of Sumatra, but a 2020 study reclassified this species into the new genus Pauciuncus, possibly in the subfamily Smiliogastrinae.

Etymology
The name Puntius comes from Pungti (Pronounced Puti), a Bangla term for small cyprinids.

Range
Fishes of the genus Puntius are found in South Asia (west to Pakistan and south to Sri Lanka) and Mainland Southeast Asia, with a single species, P. snyderi, in Taiwan. The greatest species richness is in India.

Description
The maximum size for an adult of this genus is 25 cm, but most species reach 7 - 15 cm and some species do not surpass 5 cm. In appearance they may resemble miniature carp and are sometimes brightly coloured or patterned.

Behavior
These fishes are omnivorous; their diet includes small invertebrates and plant matter. Breeding is by egg scattering and takes place close to the bottom, near or within areas of dense plant growth. They do not show parental care and adults may eat the young.

Taxonomy
Historically, many species of Puntius have been classified in several genera, including Barbus. Despite the reclassifications, the specific epithet remains the same in these – except in cases of homonymies – as Barbus and Puntius have the same grammatical gender. The closest living relatives of the spotted barbs are the genus Cyprinion and perhaps the genus Capoeta. These and the other "typical" barbs and barbels were formerly often separated as subfamily Barbinae, but this group is highly paraphyletic with regard to the Cyprininae and better merged there at least for the largest part (including Puntius). In particular the genus Barbonymus, containing the tinfoil barb and its relatives – for some time included in Puntius – appears to be a kind of carp that has evolved convergently with barbs.

Species
These are the currently recognized species in this genus:

 * Puntius ambassis (F. Day, 1869)
 * Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes, 1842) (Scarlet-banded barb)
 * Puntius aphya (Günther, 1868)
 * Puntius arenatus (F. Day, 1878) (Arenatus barb)
 * Puntius bimaculatus (Bleeker, 1863) (Redside barb)
 * Puntius bramoides (Valenciennes, 1842)
 * Puntius brevis (Bleeker, 1849)
 * Puntius burmanicus (F. Day, 1878)
 * Puntius cauveriensis (Hora, 1937) (Cauvery barb)
 * Puntius chola (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Swamp barb)
 * Puntius crescentus G. M. Yazdani & D. F. Singh, 1994
 * Puntius deccanensis G. M. Yazdani & M. Babu Rao, 1976 (Deccan barb)
 * Puntius dolichopterus Plamoottil, 2015 (Longfin Kerala barb)
 * Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon, 1849) (Long-snouted barb)
 * Puntius euspilurus Plamoottil 2016
 * Puntius fraseri (Hora & Misra, 1938) (Dharna barb)
 * Puntius kamalika N. K. A. Silva, Maduwage & Pethiyagoda, 2008
 * Puntius kelumi Pethiyagoda, N. K. A. Silva, Maduwage & Meegaskumbura, 2008
 * Puntius khohi Dobriyal, R. Singh, S. P. Uniyal, H. K. Joshi, S. Phurailatpam & M. S. Bisht, 2004
 * Puntius kyphus Plamootitl, 2019
 * Puntius layardi (Günther, 1868)
 * Puntius madhusoodani Krishna Kumar, Benno Pereira & Radhakrishnan, 2012
 * Puntius mahecola (Valenciennes, 1844) (Mahecola barb)
 * Puntius masyai H. M. Smith, 1945
 * Puntius melanostigma F. Day, 1878
 * Puntius morehensis Arunkumar & Tombi Singh, 1998
 * Puntius mudumalaiensis Menon & Rema Devi, 1992
 * Puntius muzaffarpurensis Srivastava, K. P. Verma & R. B. Sharma, 1977
 * Puntius nangalensis Jayaram, 1990
 * Puntius nelsoni Plamoottil, 2014 (Travancore yellow barb)
 * Puntius nigronotus Plamoottil, 2014 (Malabar black-backed barb)
 * Puntius ocellus Plamoottil & Vineeth, 2020
 * Puntius parrah F. Day, 1865 (Parrah barb)
 * Puntius paucimaculatus Y. H. Wang & Y. Ni, 1982
 * Puntius pugio S. O. Kullander, 2008
 * Puntius punjabensis (F. Day, 1871)
 * Puntius puntio (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Puntio barb)
 * Puntius sahyadriensis Silas, 1953 (Khavli barb)
 * Puntius sanctus Plamoottil 2020
 * Puntius sealei (Herre, 1933)
 * Puntius somphongsi (Benl & Klausewitz, 1962)
 * Puntius sophore (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Pool barb)
 * Puntius sophoroides (Günther, 1868)
 * Puntius spilopterus (Fowler, 1934)
 * Puntius takhoaensis Nguyen & Doan, 1969)
 * Puntius terio (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Onespot barb)
 * Puntius tetraspilus Günther, 1868)
 * Puntius thermalis Valenciennes, 1844)
 * Puntius titteya Deraniyagala, 1929 (Cherry barb)
 * Puntius viridis Plamoottil & Abraham, 2014 (Spotfin green barb)
 * Puntius vittatus F. Day, 1865 (Greenstripe barb)
 * Puntius waageni (F. Day, 1872)

title: Puntius


text:
Two-factor theory

The two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and dual-factor theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction, all of which act independently of each other. It was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg.

Fundamentals
Feelings, attitudes and their connection with industrial mental health are related to Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation. His findings have had a considerable theoretical, as well as a practical, influence on attitudes toward administration. According to Herzberg, individuals are not content with the satisfaction of lower-order needs at work; for example, those needs associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions. Rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. This appears to parallel Maslow's theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in dissatisfaction.

The two-factor theory developed from data collected by Herzberg from interviews with 203 engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area, chosen because of their professions' growing importance in the business world. Regarding the collection process:

Briefly, we asked our respondents to describe periods in their lives when they were exceedingly happy and unhappy with their jobs. Each respondent gave as many "sequences of events" as he could that met certain criteria— including a marked change in feeling, a beginning, and an end, and contained some substantive description other than feelings and interpretations...

The proposed hypothesis appears verified. The factors on the right that led to satisfaction (achievement, intrinsic interest in the work, responsibility, and advancement) are mostly unipolar; that is, they contribute very little to job dissatisfaction. Conversely, the dis-satisfiers (company policy and administrative practices, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, and salary) contribute very little to job satisfaction.

From analyzing these interviews, he found that job characteristics related to what an individual does — that is, to the nature of the work one performs — apparently have the capacity to gratify such needs as achievement, competency, status, personal worth, and self-realization, thus making him happy and satisfied. However, the absence of such gratifying job characteristics does not appear to lead to unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Instead, dissatisfaction results from unfavorable assessments of such job-related factors as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. Thus, if management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself — the opportunities it presents for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and for achieving self-realization. If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the workplace environment — policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions. If management is equally concerned with both, then managers must give attention to both sets of job factors.

Two-factor theory distinguishes between:
 * Motivators (e.g. challenging work, recognition for one's achievement, responsibility, opportunity to do something meaningful, involvement in decision making, sense of importance to an organization) that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth.

 * Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions, good pay, paid insurance, vacations) that do not give positive satisfaction or lead to higher motivation, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. The term "hygiene" is used in the sense that these are maintenance factors. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary. Herzberg often referred to hygiene factors as "KITA" factors, which is an acronym for "kick in the ass", the process of providing incentives or threat of punishment to make someone do something.

According to Herzberg, the absence of hygiene factors causes dissatisfaction among employees in the workplace. However, their presence does not ensure satisfaction entirely. There are several ways that this can be done but some of the most important ways to decrease dissatisfaction would be to pay reasonable wages, ensure employees job security, and to create a positive culture in the workplace. Herzberg considered the following hygiene factors from highest to lowest importance: company policy, supervision, employee's relationship with their boss, work conditions, salary, and relationships with peers. Eliminating dissatisfaction is only one half of the task of the two factor theory. The other half would be to increase satisfaction in the workplace. This can be done by improving on motivating factors. Motivation factors are needed to motivate an employee to higher performance. Herzberg also further classified our actions and how and why we do them, for example, if you perform a work related action because you have to then that is classed as "movement", but if you perform a work related action because you want to then that is classed as "motivation". Herzberg thought it was important to eliminate job dissatisfaction before going onto creating conditions for job satisfaction because it would work against each other. Satisfaction of the employees can have multiple positive effects for the organization. For example, when the employees share their knowledge, they satisfy their social needs and gain cohesion within the group. Also, sharing knowledge helps others to create new knowledge, which also can reinforce the motivating factors. By sharing knowledge, the employees feel satisfied and with the new knowledge it can increase the organizations innovation activities.

According to the two-factor theory, there are four possible combinations:
 * 1) High hygiene + high motivation: The ideal situation where employees are highly motivated and have few complaints.
 * 2) High hygiene + low motivation: Employees have few complaints but are not highly motivated. The job is viewed as a paycheck.
 * 3) Low hygiene + high motivation: Employees are motivated but have a lot of complaints. A situation where the job is exciting and challenging but salaries and work conditions are not up to par.
 * 4) Low hygiene + low motivation: This is the worst situation where employees are not motivated and have many complaints.

Unlike Maslow, who offered little data to support his ideas, Herzberg and others have presented considerable empirical evidence to confirm the motivation-hygiene theory, although their work has been criticized on methodological grounds.

Workarounds
Herzberg's theory concentrates on the importance of internal job factors as motivating forces for employees. He designed it to increase job enrichment for employees. Herzberg wanted to create the opportunity for employees to take part in planning, performing, and evaluating their work. He suggested to do this by:

 * Removing some of the control management has over employees and increasing the accountability and responsibility they have over their work, which would in return increase employee autonomy.
 * Creating complete and natural work units where it is possible. An example would be allowing employees to create a whole unit or section instead of only allowing them to create part of it.
 * Providing regular and continuous feedback on productivity and job performance directly to employees instead of through supervisors.
 * Encouraging employees to take on new and challenging tasks and becoming experts at a task.

Validity and criticisms
In 1968 Herzberg stated that his two-factor theory study had already been replicated 16 times in a wide variety of populations including some in Communist countries, and corroborated with studies using different procedures that agreed with his original findings regarding intrinsic employee motivation making it one of the most widely replicated studies on job attitudes.

One such replication was done by George Hines and published in December 1973 in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Hines tested Herzberg's two-factor motivation theory in New Zealand, using ratings of 12 job factors and overall job satisfaction obtained from 218 middle managers and 196 salaried employees. Contrary to dichotomous motivator-hygiene predictions, supervision and interpersonal relationships were ranked highly by those with high job satisfaction, and there was strong agreement between satisfied managers and salaried employees in the relative importance of job factors. Findings are interpreted in terms of social and employment conditions in New Zealand.

While the Motivator-Hygiene concept is still well regarded, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are generally no longer considered to exist on separate scales. The separation of satisfaction and dissatisfaction has been shown to be an artifact of the critical incident technique (CIT) used by Herzberg to record events. Furthermore, it has been noted the theory does not allow for individual differences, such as particular personality traits, which would affect individuals' unique responses to motivating or hygiene factors.

A number of behavioral scientists have pointed to inadequacies in the need for hierarchy and motivation-hygiene theories. The most basic is the criticism that both of these theories contain the relatively explicit assumption that happy and satisfied workers produce more, even though this might not be the case. For example, if playing a better game of golf is the means chosen to satisfy one's need for recognition, then one will find ways to play and think about golf more often, perhaps resulting in a lower output on the job due to a lower amount of focus..

Another problem however is that these and other statistical theories are concerned with explaining "average" behavior, despite considerable differences between individuals that may impact one's motivational factors. For instance, in their pursuit of status a person might take a balanced view and strive to pursue several behavioral paths in an effort to achieve a combination of personal status objectives.

In other words, an individual's expectation or estimated probability that a given behavior will bring a valued outcome determines their choice of means and the effort they will devote to these means. In effect, this diagram of expectancy depicts an employee asking themselves the question posed by one investigator, "How much payoff is there for me toward attaining a personal goal while expending so much effort toward the achievement of an assigned organizational objective?" The expectancy theory by Victor Vroom also provides a framework for motivation based on expectations.

This approach to the study and understanding of motivation would appear to have certain conceptual advantages over other theories: First, unlike Maslow's and Herzberg's theories, it is capable of handling individual differences. Second, its focus is toward the present and the future, in contrast to drive theory, which emphasizes past learning. Third, it specifically correlates behavior to a goal and thus eliminates the problem of assumed relationships, such as between motivation and performance. Fourth, it relates motivation to ability: Performance = Motivation*Ability.

That said, a study by the Gallup Organization, as detailed in the book First, Break All the Rules: What the World's Greatest Managers Do by Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman, appears to provide strong support for Herzberg's division of satisfaction and dissatisfaction onto two separate scales. In this book, the authors discuss how the study identified twelve questions that provide a framework for determining high-performing individuals and organizations. These twelve questions align squarely with Herzberg's motivation factors, while hygiene factors were determined to have little effect on motivating high performance.

title: Two-factor theory


text:
Margaret D. Tutwiler

Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler (born December 28, 1950) is an American politician who has served multiple different positions within the United States Department of State.

Early life and career
Tutwiler was born in Birmingham, Alabama, the daughter of Temple Tutwiler II and Margaret (DeBardeleben) Tutwiler. She attended Finch College in Manhattan and the University of Alabama. She was offered a job as the secretary of the chairman of the Alabama Republican Party following her graduation.

At age 26, she worked under James A. Baker III in Gerald Ford’s unsuccessful 1976 presidential campaign. In 1980, she was one of a team of relatively younger aides assembled by Baker to run Bush’s campaign for the presidential nomination. When Bush lost the nomination to Ronald Reagan, Reagan tapped Baker to run his presidential campaign, and Baker brought Tutwiler with him to the campaign.

Reagan White House
When Reagan won the presidency and Baker became White House Chief of Staff, Tutwiler asked to accompany him, saying, "Until we figure it out, can’t I just be your jack of all trades?" Once they were ensconced in the White House, one of Tutwiler's duties was to return phone calls from members of congress, or the press, if Baker could not himself return the call.

Gradually, Tutwiler became known as Baker's right hand and alter ego. In the run-up to the 1984 election, Baker installed Tutwiler as liaison at Reagan's re-election campaign, in part to keep an eye on Ed Rollins, who had left his position as Assistant to the President for Political Affairs and became chair of the campaign, and who was critical of Baker.

In January 1985, after Reagan won the 1984 election, he appointed Baker as Secretary of the Treasury, and Baker took his White House team with him to the Treasury, where Tutwiler became Baker's chief political assistant, initially holding the position of Assistant Secretary For Public Affairs.

H.W. Bush White House
In 1989, after George H. W. Bush was elected president, Baker became Secretary of State, and Tutwiler moved with him to the State Department as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs—although she had to be convinced to take the position, because it involved daily briefings on matters with which she was not yet familiar.

In June 1989, when protests erupted in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, the Bush administration was concerned that a strong condemnation from the U.S. might damage the rapprochement with China which had begun during the Nixon administration, and impair the ability of the U.S. to use China as a counterweight in its geopolitical struggle with the Soviet Union. As Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Tutwiler was in charge of press and public briefings conducted by the State Department's Bureau of Public Affairs. She objected to the administration's position regarding the protests, and urged Baker to speak out against the Chinese government's crackdown on protesters. Initially, she refused to conduct briefings supporting the administration's position. To overcome her scruples, Baker had to personally insist that she conduct the briefings.

It was Tutwiler who urged Baker to invite Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze to accompany him on a trip to his ranch in Wyoming, which would provide an opportunity for the two men to become better acquainted. The trip took place in September, 1989.

President Bush met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit in Malta on December 2–3, 1989. Tutwiler was part of the State Department party who travelled to Malta for the summit.

On August 13, 1992, President Bush announced that Baker was leaving the State Department, and returning to the White House as White House Chief of Staff, and would run Bush's re-election campaign. Tutwiler was one of the advisers who moved back to the White House with him. After Bush lost his bid for re-election, William Barr, then the Attorney General, appointed a special prosecutor to investigate whether the Bush campaign had sought information from Bill Clinton's passport files. No charges were filed, but Tutwiler and other aides had to find lawyers to represent them during the investigation.

In 1996, Baker considered running for president against Clinton. One of the people from whom he sought advice on whether to run was Tutwiler. Tutwiler also read and critiqued drafts of Baker's memoir.

2000 election and W. Bush White House
When the result of the 2000 United States presidential election in Florida was in doubt, Baker became the head of the George W. Bush's legal team in the state. One of the first things Baker did was to phone Tutwiler and ask her to mobilize his aides and go to Florida. Tutwiler was installed in a corner office near Baker's office in the state Republican Party building.

On August 25, 2002, prior to the second Iraq war, the New York Times published a column by Baker urging the President to seek a United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to compel Iraq to submit to international inspection. Tutwiler urged Baker to take a harder line against a war, but Baker declined to publicly criticize the approach taken by the White House.

During the administration of George W. Bush, Tutwiler was Ambassador to Morocco from March 2001 until 2003, when she became Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, serving from December 16, 2003, to June 30, 2004. She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on December 9, 2003, to replace outgoing Under Secretary Charlotte Beers. Tutwiler was given the task of leading "the government's public-relations drive to build a favorable impression abroad."

Private sector work
In July 2004, she began directing communications for NYSE Euronext. Her boss at the NYSE, John Thain, later brought her on board as head of communications at Merrill Lynch in December 2007 and then at CIT Group in August 2010.

Tutwiler is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute.

title: Margaret D. Tutwiler


text:
Talk:Mycin

Untitled
Mycin is an knowledge based system

Problems
Thank you for making it a stub, but the contributor has been making all sorts of odd entries today. We have deleted this once already. In any case, I predict vandalism. Or maybe not. --PaulinSaudi 14:06, 12 May 2004 (UTC)]]

 * I predict copyvio because of this sentence, "A dialogue with Mycin is somewhat like the mini dialogue we gave in section 5.3..." it refers to a section 5.3 and I can not seem to find any such section in the article. --Jaberwocky6669 00:03, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * This article is copied word for word from http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/ai3notes/section2_5_5.html, as the "source" link at the bottom of it suggests. Highly doubt that this is permissible - this appears to be one chapter from http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/ai3notes/all.html "Databases and Artificial Intelligence 3 - Artificial Intelligence Segment" by Alison Cawsey, a lecturer in the School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences at Heriot Watt University. Recommend review. --RidG 02:41, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Usefulness

 * "...and only slightly worse than those physicians who were themselves experts in the field (average correct diagnosis rate of about 80%)."

Surely a differential in recognition rates of 15% is not a "slight" difference? --86.139.39.232

 * Apparently it was. My guess is that it turned out to not be flexible enough, but nobody wanted to say so. --maru  (talk)  contribs 19:55, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Comprehensibility
Ok this article makes no sense to me, as a layman. I don't even understand what the article is describing. Is it some sort of computer system?? --Taco325i 13:21, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. --maru  (talk)  contribs 19:55, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Evidence combination referencing
Hi all the section on evidence combination is entirely based on reference 4. Should I have put the 4 in more places or is what I have done enough? EvilxFish (talk) 20:16, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mycin


text:
Ken Wilson

Ken, Kenneth or Kenny Wilson may refer to:

Sports

 * Kenneth L. Wilson (1896–1979), American track athlete
 * Ken Wilson (ice hockey) (1923–2008), Canadian ice hockey executive
 * Kenneth Wilson (canoeist) (born 1938), American Olympic canoer
 * Ken Wilson (mountaineering writer) (1941–2016), British mountaineering writer, editor and publisher
 * Kenny Wilson (footballer) (born 1946), Scottish footballer
 * Ken Wilson (sportscaster) (born 1947), American sports broadcaster
 * Ken Wilson (rugby league) (1951–2022), Australian rugby league player
 * Ken Wilson (American football) (born 1964), American football coach
 * Kenny Gasana (formerly Kenny Wilson, born 1984), American-born Rwandan basketball player
 * Kenny Wilson (baseball) (born 1990), American baseball outfielder
 * Tug Wilson (rugby), English rugby union player

Others

 * Kenneth G. Wilson (author) (1923–2003), American author and editor
 * Kenneth T. Wilson (born 1936), American politician in the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013), American theoretical physicist
 * Kenneth B. Wilson (born 1938), Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court
 * Ginger Fish (Kenneth Robert Wilson), American drummer

title: Ken Wilson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NathanielLake

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Nathaniel Lake.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

If 24 year-old Nathaniel Lake really is an "influential scholar in the field of political science" then google disagrees. His one published work (2004 according to the article) is unknown to Amazon - it's either very new or not from a mainstream publisher.

 * Delete, vanity - TB 14:14, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Unless it ceases to fail to explain why he is notable (which quite probably is impossible), delete. -- Jao 14:23, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Sorry, pal. Come back when your gender politics manifesto hits the NYT bestseller lists. Alcarillo 17:39, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Starx 05:09, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Interesting POV but extremely pumped-up vanity nonetheless. Delete. - Lucky 6.9 17:23, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unworthy enough for no further indignities. --Zigger 19:46, 2004 May 13 (UTC)
 * Delete. He seems to have a regular IP but no login, so I've left a welcome message at the IP. Andrewa 08:01, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete... vanity... Intrigued by the Masculine Mystique tho; you're looking at a copyright problem, Nat!! JFW | T@lk  20:21, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.