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Talk:Madeleine L'Engle

awkward phrasing throughout
For the biography of a woman who devoted so much of her life to the practice and pedagogy of writing, this article is full of bizarro sentences. Someone with strong editorial skills needs to do something about the many active/passive voice issues; run-on sentences; and widespread comma frenzy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.163.238.118 (talk) 07:15, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Meg's Ph.D?
"It is sometimes ambiguous whether Meg ... has also acquired her Ph.D."

Odd statement. Are there other times when it's unambiguously stated one way or the other? --wwoods 06:47, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure L'Engle has it each way at least once, and I don't think it was clearly just a case of before she didn't, now she does. But the sentence does look weird, and I'm not averse to removing or replacing it. -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 20:12, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Picture
I switched out the picture on this page. The one that was previously here wasn't tagged, and may be deleted. I went and found a publicity picture used on her page at WaterBrook Press. If the first picture doesn't get deleted, it's the better one, and should probably be incorporated into the article. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 06:17, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Meaning?
"The questions that she raises engage the thoughtful reader." What exactly does that mean? Oswald Glinkmeyer 00:08, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, whatever it means, it's original research, unless that sentence and the sentence before it are rephrased as "Though her work all addresses issues of faith, critics and reviewers have noted that her work is more about raising questions of belief and faith than about promoting dogma. Citation". I'll delete it, and someone can restore it if they feel like finding a supporting source. Deborah-jl Talk 00:28, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * My initial impression is that the sentence is what used to be called a "throwaway sentence." In this case a sentence that can generally be said about most decent writing. Without making a connection either to some outside source or being better woven into the thread, it doesn't really have much meaning and does not add to the information in the article.  Sort of like saying in a Shakespeare entry, "His plays are interesting for those who watch them."  That may be true, but what does it add to the article?  Not much.  Deletion is the best route until it can be re-thought. Oswald Glinkmeyer 02:57, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

biography source
That's some good bio information that's been added. Is there a reference we can cite for it? Deborah-jl Talk 13:17, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

That's in the bibliography and external links. Do you want individual citations? I checked my facts in A Circle of Quiet, Suncatcher, a web page about Wrinkle (last citation in the external links) and First Words (but ended up finding the same facts in A Circle of Quiet). A few of the recent facts (e.g. Bion's death) I checked in my own L'Engle site, but these in turn came from the official site, the 2004 New Yorker article, a few emails from people in contact with L'Engle, and the Bonastra discussion archive. I can probably backtrack these if necessary.

On the Meg's doctorate issue - I've been meaning to look into this, but off the top of my head I think that remark about not bothering with the degree is in The Arm of the Starfish, while the reference to having the PhD is in one of the later Polly O'Keefe books. Meg could well have gone back to school in the interrim. In fact, Meg's midlife crisis was to be the subject of the novel L'Engle was working on in the late 1990s, The Eye Begins to See. I wish she could finish that.

Karen 16:17, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

"Christian beliefs" reference
I note with some concern a recent edit to the intro, removing a reference to Christian beliefs in L'Engle's work. Is there a good reason not to revert on this? Although L'Engle has disputed the label "Christian writer," it seems disingenuous to ignore this aspect of both her fiction and nonfiction. On the other hand, the fiction isn't all that obvious about this--well, maybe. Has anybody a good argument one way or the other?

Karen 08:57, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Heritage?
Anyone know? Mike 7 08:04, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The name L'Engle comes from a maternal great-grandmother, who was born Madeleine Saunders in Charleston, S.C., and spent part of her childhood in Spain while her father was ambassador there. She married "a young army surgeon," William Johnson L'Engle.  The surname is French, but ML'E's maternal forbears seem to all be old Southern families. (This is all from her book The Summer of the Great-Grandmother, ISBN 0-06-254506-X.)  I don't recall reading anything about the Camp side of the family.  Most of L'Engle's work reflects her years in New York, Europe, South Carolina, Connecticut and Florida, and stories of ancestors in those same places. Karen | Talk | contribs 00:15, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I made the French assumption by the last name, though it appears that portion of her ancestry is not very large. Mike 7 02:18, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

I would assume her French ancestry is Huguenot? There are several Huguenot/Southern characters in her books.

Spin off article on characters
The long section about her characters is important, but should be its own article. They are distinct from her, and if we are going to go on about them to this degree, they need their own page so as to stop dominating an article that is supposed to be about L'Engle herself.

I'd do it myself if I were sure of the appropriate way to title it. We need to find a parallel case, perhaps discussing it under the rubric of WikiProject Novels. J. K. Rowling came to mind, and it's true that there is no parallel section on her page discussing all the HP characters ... on the other hand, they all appear in a single book series, which makes for a clear title. The same is true for the case of C.S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia. Anne McCaffrey is probably the closest case I can think of, and no one has done this yet for her characters, either ... Lawikitejana 06:32, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think this is probably a good idea. I haven't seen this in authors' pages, but there are certainly parallels for tv series articles.  I anticipate that many of these characters will eventually have articles of their own, but not necessarily all of them. Yes, by all means, bring it up in WP Novels  and we'lltake it from there. Karen | Talk | contribs 09:24, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Someone started them... ''[[User:Kitia|Kitia]] 01:21, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, so far the four Murry children and Polly O'Keefe are covered - I did much of the work on them. There should be articles about at least four more - Vicky Austin, Canon Tallis, Zachary Gray and Adam Eddington. I think the question, though, is whether the short descriptions of each character currently on this author's article need to be spun off into an overview article called Major Characters in Books by Madeleine L'Engle or somesuch, to shorten the portion of the main article that isn't directly about the author herself. Alternatively, there could be a simple list here, e.g.

 * Charles Wallace Murry
 * Meg Murry
 * Canon Tallis
 * Minor Characters in the Books of Madeleine L'Engle
 * ...in which the catch-all article would cover one-off and two-book protagonists such as Phillipa Hunter and Katherine Forrester Vigneras.

 * Or we could just leave it alone, perhaps shortening descriptions of characters who have articles. Karen | Talk | contribs 03:41, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll try to start those articles, once I read the "Austin's" and "Polly O'Keefe" books. Anyway, I'd have to read the L'Engle books that I haven't read and re-read the ones I did for me to come up with a complete list. However, judging that you read the books, you and others could be of assistance. ''[[User:Kitia|Kitia]] 23:58, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Madeleine L'Engle.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:54, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Bibliographic Overview
There is an incorrect statement in this section:

often implied and occasionally explicit in L'Engle's works is that the phenomena that people call religion, science and magic are simply different aspects of a single seamless reality; a similar theme may arguably be discerned in the fiction works of C. S. Lewis...

I am certain the C. S. Lewis did not believe this. I don't see how anyone could make this mistake about him! I feel that this should be corrected but I have never edited an article before. This may be the first.

Poor Scholarship
The queries raised in this discussion upon the author Madeleine L'Engle all question her scholarship. This is most certainly a worthy question as included in this book is a verse which she claims the author was Sir Thomas Browne. It is not ! So readers beware of this author's dubious claims of her sources. The verse beginning- 'If thou could'st empty all thyself' etc. etc. is most definitely NOT by Sir Thomas Browne (1605-82) perhaps L'Engle has conflated him or muddled him up by cryptoamnesia with another Browne who was a poet.

Scholarship of James Eason

As ever the devoted scholarship of James Eason comes to the rescue identifying the true author of the verse 'If thou couldst empty thyself' etc. etc. Thank you James ! James Eason identifies the true source of verse attributed erroneously to Sir Thomas Browne here !

Proposed merge with The Summer of the Great-grandmother
Is the book notable enough for a stand alone article? Jcmiller1215 (talk) 20:44, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Since that article has stood at only a single sentence for over a year, I've merged it. But if it's notable enough for its own article, it's fine for someone to recreate the article later. --Delirium (talk) 11:35, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Pluto and the Crab Nebula
I think someone should find a place for L'Engle's notorious demand during the sale of the film rights to A Wrinkle in Time" where she keeps the rights for Pluto and the Crab Nebula, which almost crashed the whole dealEricl (talk) 15:15, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Expanding of lede
Your tag says the lede needs expanding to cover all the main points of the article. I see it the other way round. I think the article is over-long and rambling, and that the present lede provides an adequate summary. Valetude (talk) 23:53, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Wrong link
In the "Awards, honors, and organizations" section (as on 2018Apr09), the "Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Association" is linked to the American Association baseball league and the Margaret A. Edwards Award is linked to the Margaret A. Edwards Award that is given by the American Library Association. I suspect that this is an error. - 198.103.161.1 (talk) 14:56, 9 April 2018 (UTC) a passing reader

 * ✅. Thanks for the note! Binksternet (talk) 16:36, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Classification as young adult author in lead
While L’Engle did write a large body of young adult fiction, the lead should also include reference to her adult fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. The popularity of the Wrinkle series does warrant mention in the lead, but she wrote prolifically across genres, as the bibliographic overview and selected works sections show. ScoutHarris (talk) 03:10, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I made this update. Thanks! ScoutHarris (talk) 23:06, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Reorganization
I reorganized a few of the sections in a way that (I believe) improves the flow of the article.ScoutHarris (talk) 23:17, 31 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madeleine L'Engle


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Kim Ki-duk

Kim Ki-duk (, ; 20 December 1960 –11 December 2020) was a South Korean film director and screenwriter, noted for his idiosyncratic art-house cinematic works. His films have received many distinctions in the festival circuit, rendering him one of the most important contemporary Asian film directors.

His major festival awards include the Golden Lion at 69th Venice International Film Festival for Pietà, a Silver Lion for Best Director at 61st Venice International Film Festival for 3-Iron, a Silver Bear for Best Director at 54th Berlin International Film Festival for Samaritan Girl, and the Un Certain Regard prize at 2011 Cannes Film Festival for Arirang. His most widely known feature is Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring (2003), included in film critic Roger Ebert's Great Movies. Two of his films served as official submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film as South Korean entries. He gave scripts to several of his former assistant directors including Juhn Jai-hong (Beautiful and Poongsan) and Jang Hoon (Rough Cut).

Early life and education
Kim was born on 20 December 1960 in Ponghwa, North Kyŏngsang. In 1990, he went to Paris to study fine arts, but instead he spent two years working there on the streets as a portrait painter. He served for five years in the South Korean Marine Corps, becoming a non-commissioned officer.

Career
After returning to South Korea, Kim began his career as a screenwriter and won first prize in a screenplay contest held by the Korean Film Council in 1995. In the following year, Kim made his debut as a director with a low budget movie titled Crocodile (1996). The film received sensational reviews from movie critics in South Korea. Ki-duk said that his international breakthrough occurred with The Isle at the Toronto International Film Festival. His 2000 film Real Fiction was entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival.

In 2003, Ki-duk released Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... And Spring. The film was praised by numerous critics, including critic Peter Bradshaw, who considered the film to be his masterpiece and one of the great works of modern Korean cinema. "A potent and enigmatic parable which manages to be both serene and gripping at the same time [...] It is that rarest of things - a genuinely spiritual film." The film work is included in critic Roger Ebert's Great Movies.

In 2004, he received Best Director awards at two different film festivals, for two different films. At the Berlin International Film Festival, he was awarded for Samaritan Girl (2004), and at the Venice Film Festival he won for 3-Iron (also 2004). In 2011, his documentary film Arirang received an award for best film in the Un Certain Regard category from the Cannes Film Festival. In 2012, his film Pietà received the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival. In 2015, it was announced in Beijing at the Asian Brilliant Stars, a section of the upcoming Berlin International Film Festival that Kim would direct his largest budget to date film Who Is God?, produced by Hollywood producers Stephen Castor and Jim Rygiel (three-time Academy Award winner) under the banner of their production company Its Just Us Productions, along with Chinese production company Film Carnival (Hangzhou). The film was financed by CITIC Guoan, Huafeng Investment Consultation and Its Just Us Productions, (China Daily News).

Assault allegations
In August 2017 an actress referred to as "Actress "A" by prosecutors filed a complaint against Kim Ki-duk through Seoul Central District Prosecutor's Office. In the complaint actress accused Kim of slapping her face and forcing her to do an unscripted sex scene on the set of his film Moebius. In December 2017 Seoul Central District Prosecutor's Office fined Kim Ki-duk for $4,450 (KRW 5 million) for physical assault but didn't charge him otherwise citing lack of physical evidence.

On March 6, 2018 the South Korean TV channel MBC's investigative report show PD Notebook aired an episode titled "Movie director Kim Ki-duk, Master's Naked Face" with more accusations from Actress A and two others (Actress B and C as they mentioned in the show). Actresses accused Kim and his frequent collaborator, actor Cho Jae-hyun of verbal and physical sexual harassment and rape. In response Kim filed false accusation and defamation suits against the accusers and PD Notebook.

After that on August 7, 2018 MBC aired a second episode of the PD Notebook show "Master's Naked Face. Aftermath" with more accusations from other actresses and staff members against Kim and Cho. In that episode journalists interviewed a Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency's Special Investigation Unit on Sexual Violence official about the cases. The official explained that the police approached the survivors and established the facts behind accusations but could not indict actor Cho and director Kim because of expired statute of limitation.

In January 2019 Seoul Central District Prosecutor's Office decided to drop the criminal lawsuits filed by Kim Ki-duk against actresses and PD Notebook because "there was neither proof that actress' initial accusation was false, nor was there evidence that the news show had been programmed with the purpose of defamation".

In March 2019 Kim Ki-duk filed another lawsuit in civil court against Actress A and PD Notebook seeking $885,740 (KRW 1 billion) in damages. The lawsuit was ruled by court in defendants' favor on October 28, 2020. The court also ordered Kim to pay legal fees for the defendants.

Animal cruelty allegations
The British Board of Film Classification delayed the release of Kim Ki-duk's The Isle (2000) in the United Kingdom because of instances of animal cruelty in the film. Concerning scenes in which a frog is skinned after being beaten to death and fish are mutilated, the director stated, "We cooked all the fish we used in the film and ate them, expressing our appreciation. I've done a lot of cruelty on animals in my films. And I will have a guilty conscience for the rest of my life."

To a U.S. interviewer who suggested that scenes such as these are "very disturbing and [seem] to place an obstacle to the films [sic] reception, or... distribution, to other countries", Kim said, "Yes, I did worry about that fact. But the way I see it, the food that we eat today is no different. In America you eat beef, pork, and kill all these animals. And the people who eat these animals are not concerned with their slaughter. Animals are part of this cycle of consumption. It looks more cruel onscreen, but I don't see the difference. And yes, there's a cultural difference, and maybe Americans will have a problem with it - but if they can just be more sensitive to what is acceptable in different countries I'd hope they wouldn't have too many issues with what's shown on-screen."

Death
On 11 December 2020, Kim died from complications caused by COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia at the age of 59, nine days before his 60th birthday.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kim Ki-duk


text:
Talk:Software Platform

deleted: A platform in a software context refers to a hardware or software structure that enables other software applications to run on a device or cpu. Platforms are a crucial element for APIs. A platform often refers to an operating system. However they are not always the same. Some examples of a platform which are not operating systems are Java and BREW. The term 'platform' is a bit ambiguous and encompasses other definitions but a platform and APIs are crucial for example, to software developers and vendors in order to create software applications on a new chip. Java is both a language and a platform as it enables other software to run.

title: Talk:Software Platform


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Kittanning Path

[[File:USGS National Map viewer showing Kittanning Run, Pennsylvania location near Altoona--MIxed Mode topo+Sat.png|450px|thumb|alt= USGS National Map viewer showing Kittanning Run, Pennsylvania location near Altoona--MIxed Mode topo+Sat|USGS combined Topo and relief map image of the Kittanning Point [[promontory]] looming above and overshadowing the valley and streams below, directly west and above the confluence of Kittanning Run (denoted by the yellow circle labeled 'A') and Glenwhite Run (the major right branch stream to the north of the reservoirs). • Foot travelers could follow either large stream or the smaller stream in the Kittanning Gap (lower down, at image right), or one of the several gaps of the Allegheny (to the south of this view) which were exploited by the Allegheny Portage Railroad or the Penn Central Railroad. Mule trains of Trappers could take steeper ravines than westward migrating white settlers with animal power towed vehicles such as Wagons and carts.

• Each 'gap of the Allegheny Front' was one likely road for Amerindian and fur traders foot traffic to cross the Allegheny Front into the Allegheny Valley and reach the native settlement at Kittanning Village or beyond. Various gaps climb faster (steeper) or slower to the highland 700 - 900 ft above.

• The terrains above the front are part of the Appalachian Plateau, which presents as a larger-than-county sized region of low hills and small creeks, topped by the eastern continental divide.]][[File: USGS overview indicating Kittanning Gap's, Pennsylvania location near Altoona, PA and showing the PRR Horseshoe Curve.png|alt=USGS overview indicating Kittanning Gap's, Pennsylvania location near Altoona, PA and showing the PRR Horseshoe Curve|450px|thumb|Location of Kittanning Gap after GNIS finding of 'Kittanning Gap, Pennsylvania'  seen in USGS National Map viewer screenshot. The gap is located effectively in a western suburb of Altoona, PA. • The maps on this page also are showing the nearby PRR Horseshoe Curve, which crosses three other gaps, and the confluence of Kittanning Run with Glen White Run, which descends running nearly due west to east.

• The Kittanning Gap gives this 'choice way' of climbing the escarpment to wagons or mule trains on the way to the west side of the Allegheny Mountains and Kittanning, PA along the Kittanning Path. Taking a right through the gap to climb above the escarpment by a circuitous route following a traverse across contours climbing the sides of slopes was longer, but quite a bit easier than attempting to pull farm wagons or Conestoga wagons up either of the steep narrow creek bed straight ahead... or some of the other gaps of the Allegheny Front.]]

The Kittanning Path was a major east-west Native American trail that crossed the Allegheny Mountains barrier ridge connecting the Susquehanna River valleys in the center of Pennsylvania to the highlands of the Appalachian Plateau and thence to the western lands beyond drained by the Ohio River. Kittanning Village was the first major Delaware (Lenape) Indian settlement along the descent from the Allegheny Plateau.

Nature and the path
The path is made up of a "series of path alternatives" that pass through seasonally or directionally more or less difficult notches— the gaps were among only five places that could be crossed by animal power from east to west across the Appalachian Mountains west of New England. The Kittanny path (by other names) would also come to be used first by Dutch, then English and British colonial fur traders, as well as Amerindian emigrants moving westwards before and after the French and Indian War and in the post-1780 settlers migrations west of the Mountain as the American Revolution entered its final years.

For centuries the Kittanning Path, like the similar Chief Nemacolin's Trail to the south, was the overland route through very tough country for Native American peoples. They included Iroquoian-speaking tribes, such as the Erie, Susquehannock, and the Five Nations of the Iroquois confederacy, as well as the Algonquian-speaking Lenape, Miami, and Siouan Shawnee. Early European explorers and settlers also learned to use the Indian paths to cross the Allegheny Mountains barrier ridge.

The path made use of one of the few so-called gaps of the Allegheny that accompanied the feedwater streams draining into the Juniata River, a tributary of the Susquehanna that terminated on the Allegheny River due Northeast of Pittsburgh in what is now Armstrong County, Pennsylvania at the Native American Kittanning Village (at present-day Kittanning, Pennsylvania).

By the time of the French and Indian War, starting in 1754, Kittanning Village was believed by Europeans to be the largest Native American village in the Ohio Country west of the Alleghenies. It was located in an area of Pennsylvania that had been closed to white settlement by the original treaty of William Penn with the Lenape.

In an attempt to settle frontier borders and reduce conflict among Indian tribes, the English and Native Americans signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix after the French and Indian War. It opened some of Pennsylvania west of the Alleghenies to white settlement. In the 1750s, this area had been the scene of a fierce raids by Native Americans against white settlement, and a major British retribution campaign.

A section of the original path is preserved in northwestern Cambria County.

Description (East to West)
It began southeast of Altoona at Frankstown on the Juniata River. It ran west, crossing the Allegheny Ridge approximately 5 mi (8 km) west of Altoona at Kittanning Gap, later the location of the Horseshoe Curve railroad site.

The path ran northwest through Cambria County, passing east of Carrolltown. It entered Indiana County approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) south of Cherry Tree at "Canoe Place", the uppermost Native American canoe portage on the West Branch of the Susquehanna.

It followed a southwest course, through Yellow Creek State Park, then along the headwaters of Two Lick Creek, roughly past Uniontown, Pennsylvania (not the current Uniontown), Cookport, and Diamondville to U.S. Highway 422. It followed the approximate present course of the highway west and NNW through Indiana to Shelocta. It crossed into Armstrong County near Elderton and ended at the village of Kittanning on the east bank of the Allegheny.

History
The path was in use as early as 1721. In 1744 the English trader John Hart was granted a license by colonial authorities to trade with the Indians in western Pennsylvania lands, which were then closed to white settlement. Hart established a way station campsite, called Hart's Sleeping Place, near the continental divide in Cambria County. The way station appeared on colonial maps and was used in 1752 by Gov. James Hamilton, and in 1754 by John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg. The last Native American encampment was recorded at the site in 1781.

In the 1750s the path became the raiding route taken by Lenape. Unhappy with a treaty that took away much of their land rights in western Pennsylvania, they raided white settlements in central Pennsylvania. In 1755, the Lenape chief Shingas used the trail to attack British settlements along the Juniata River, returning with captives to the village of Kittanning. In early August 1756, the Lenape used the path for a raid to burn Fort Granville near present-day Lewistown, when they also took prisoners.

After the fort was burned, the British dispatched Lt. Colonel John Armstrong for retaliation. He pursued the Lenape along the path and camped at Canoe Place in early September; he continued to the village of Kittanning, which he destroyed on 8 September. Armstrong earned the accolade among British colonials as "the Hero of Kittanning" for the raid. He later served as a Major General for the United States in the American Revolutionary War and was elected to the Second Continental Congress.

The path was also traveled by early German pioneer Conrad Weiser, who was accompanied by William Franklin, the son of Benjamin Franklin. Weiser recorded the journey in his journal.

The Kittanning Path is not to be confused with the Kittanning Road, which was built by American rebel forces in 1779 during the Sullivan Expedition. The Kittanning Road followed a more northerly course, running from Kittanning to the site of what is now Olean, New York.

Preservation
The trail has been surveyed by historians through Cambria County. An authentic section of the original trail is preserved near Eckenrode Mill east of Carrolltown.

title: Kittanning Path


text:
Beyond (band)

Beyond was a Hong Kong rock band formed in 1983. The band became prominent in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Mainland China, and Overseas Chinese communities. The band is widely considered as the most successful and influential Cantopop band from Hong Kong. In 1993, leader Wong Ka Kui, died at the age of 31 after an accident during the filming of a show at Fuji Television in Tokyo. Beyond continued to perform and record after Wong Ka Kui's death. In 2005, the remaining members Paul Wong, Wong Ka Keung and Yip Sai Wing decided to pursue their own solo careers, and Beyond officially disbanded.

Early years
In the early 1980s, lead vocalist Wong Ka Kui and drummer Yip Sai Wing started out as young musicians who were both interested in Pink Floyd's progressive rock. In 1983, they decided to join a music contest for "Guitar Magazine" and they decided to form a band with lead guitarist William Tang (鄧煒謙) and bassist Lee Wing Chiu (李榮潮). Tang wished the band's name to convey a feeling of surpassing or going beyond themselves, so the name "Beyond" was chosen. However, the band name was not definite at the time. The band's musical style was still experimental. Wong Ka Kui and Tai Chi lead guitarist Joey Tang formed a temporary band called NASA band that did art rock style of music with English pop.

In 1984, Wong's younger brother Wong Ka Keung joined the band as a bassist. At the time, the band consisted of Wong Ka Kui, Yip Sai Wing, Wong Ka Keung and new lead guitarist Chan Sze On (陳時安). Chan soon had to leave for a foreign country, leaving the band without a lead guitarist. In 1985 Paul Wong joined the band to replace him.

In the early years, time was difficult for the band. They had to do everything themselves, including organising finance, selling tickets, performing and buying their own equipment. The band's first self-financed concert occurred in 1985 at Caritas Centre in Hong Kong. The show was unsuccessful but caught the attention of their first manager. He would help them raise HK$16,000, but the band was soon left with only HK$1000.

In 1986, the band rented a studio to record the album Goodbye My Dreams (再見理想). Lau Chi Yuen (劉志遠) then joined Beyond as lead guitarist and keyboardist. At the time Small Island, Tat Ming Pair and Beyond made a recording together. Small Island was scheduled to attend a July 1986 Pan-Asian Music Festival in Taipei, and Beyond was added to the schedule. Beyond was well-liked and they joined another festival that same year. They would sign with Kinn's Music record company.

Commercial success
In 1987, Beyond produced the second album. The album Arabian Dancing Girls (阿拉伯跳舞女郎) was one of the band's first commercial hits. They soon were in a new music underground trend along with a few number of bands, such as Tai Chi, Cocos and Raidas. Lau Chi Yuen left the band in 1988, leaving the band with four members only.

In 1989, Beyond became the first Hong Kong band to perform in Beijing at the Capital Indoor Stadium. Since Beyond's songs were in Cantonese (instead of Mandarin), the performance was not well received by the audience. Before the stadium was filled, half the people had already left. However, they still considered the concert a success. After a couple of flops, Beyond started to gain popularity following the release of the hit song "Great Land" (大地). They would soon win their first musical awards, the 1988 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation and 1989 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards.

In 1990, they released one of their signature songs, "Glorious Years" (光輝歲月). The song was about racism and the struggle of Nelson Mandela in South Africa. The song was a huge hit, and had a fresh sound that stood out from the sea of love songs that dominated the Cantopop scene in Hong Kong. The song was from the band's album Party of Fate (命運派對), which sold extremely well, achieving triple platinum. According to a later interview with Wong Ka-Keung, Mandela was "deeply moved" when he heard about the song during his final days in hospital.

In 1991, Beyond released another critically acclaimed song "Amani" from the album Hesitation (猶豫). The song was written during Beyond's trip to Tanzania. As suggested by the title, which means "peace" in Swahili, the song is about the plight of war-ravaged Africa and the yearning for world peace. Part of the song's lyrics were written in Swahili. The song is still often used by Hong Kong's human rights bands to spread the message of peace.

In the same year, Beyond made their first appearance on Japan's NHK station. They immediately signed with record company Amuse. Beyond started to become a more international band, and began to focus more time in Japan and Taiwan. The album Continue the Revolution (繼續革命) achieved commercial and critical success. In May 1993, Beyond released the album Rock and Roll (樂與怒) which included the song "Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies" (海闊天空). That song would become Wong Ka Kui's last song with the band.

Death of Wong Ka Kui
Beyond arrived in Japan in January 1993 to record new material and engage in media appearances. On 24 June 1993, the band appeared at a Tokyo Fuji Television game show If Uchannan-chan is Going to Do It, We Have to Do It!. The stage platform was 2.7 to 3m high. Actor Teruyoshi Uchimura and Wong Ka Kui both fell off a broken stage and sustained massive head injuries. Wong was sent to the Tokyo Women's Medical University hospital. He fell into a coma and died one week later at aged 31.

The death occurred at the prime of the band's career, with the tremendously successful song "Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies" released around the time. His funeral procession caused traffic in various major streets in Hong Kong to come to a standstill, and many top Hong Kong Cantopop singers of the time attended and paid tribute at the funeral. Criticisms followed that the Japanese were having too many late night shows of this type, and the TV station crews were overworked.

Post Ka Kui era
After the death of Wong, there was debate as to whether the remaining trio should continue to record and perform as Beyond. Eventually, they reappeared on 30 November 1993 in Hong Kong at the Composer's Tribute Night concert. Beyond's first album as a trio in that era was 2nd Floor Back Suite (二樓後座), released on June 4, 1994. This album pays tribute towards the deceased Wong with "Paradise" by Paul, the instrumental "We Don't Wanna Make It Without You" composed by the band, "Scar" and "Wishing You Happiness" by Steve. Aside from those, Steve also sang "Wake Up", composed by the trio as well to express how Hong Kong fans are blindly supporting singers during their era which stirred up controversy. They have also written the sweet melody song "There Is Always Love" to their fans as a gift of appreciation for supporting them throughout the years.

A month later after 2nd Floor Back Suite was released, the Mandarin version of the album was released titled Paradise. They have also released their third Japanese album under the title Second Floor, however rest of the track are the same as the Cantonese album with the exception being "Paradise" have been rewritten into Japanese.

In 1997 the album Please Let Go of Your Hands also made a reference to Hong Kong's cultural changes after the handover of Hong Kong to China.

Throughout the trio era, their albums have a more alternative rock feel, unlike the progressive rock sound of previous albums which made some fans who have stuck around or came back after Wong's death, praised the trios for their determination and dedication to hold up the band's name that Wong have helped made reaching its popularity among the fans and Cantopop.

In November 1999, the three remaining Beyond members announced that they would pursue their own solo career after a world tour. In 2003 for the band's 20th anniversary, they came out to embark on a world tour. The tour included stops in Toronto Canada, and various cities in mainland China.

In 2005, they played their last tour (The Story Live 2005) under the name Beyond and announced their disbandment at their last stop in Singapore.

For the first time in three years, the three remaining members of Beyond reunited to play "Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies" for the Wong Ka Kui Memorial Concert. The concert was organised by Wong Ka Keung as a birthday tribute to his brother 15 years after his death which featured covers of Ka Kui's songs by bands and artists such as Kolor, Tai Chi, Soler and at17.

Yip Sai Wing and Paul Wong held a concert called "Beyond Next Stage Live 2008" on 11 Oct 2008 in Genting Highlands, Malaysia and later on 8 November 2008 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium.

In 2009, Wong Ka Keung and Paul Wong held a series of concerts called "This is Rock & Roll" between 24 July and the 26th in Hong Kong.

Legacy
The song "Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies" has been used in many charity events. For example, the song's lyrics was modified and used for the massive Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

The original lyrics of the song "Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies" epitomizes the untamed pursuit of ideals and freedom despite obstacles. The song is widely sung by the protesters in the 2014 Hong Kong protests, which aim to fight for the implementation of universal suffrage in accordance with the Hong Kong Basic Law and Sino-British Joint Declaration.

The song "Glorious Years" (光輝歲月) is also used as the theme song for Hong Kong's political activities. For example, the song was used for Hong Kong's Five Constituencies Referendum where the pan-democrats tried to push for a by-election.

Principal Members

 * Wong Ka Kui – vocals, guitars (1983–1993; died 1993)
 * Yip Sai Wing – drums, vocals, percussion (1983–1999, 2003–2005)
 * Wong Ka Keung – vocals, bass guitar (1984–1999, 2003–2005)
 * Paul Wong – vocals, guitars (1985–1999, 2003–2005)

Former Members

 * Lau Chi Yuen (劉志遠) – guitars, keyboards, backing vocals (1986–1988)
 * William Tang (鄧煒謙) – guitars (1983)
 * Lee Wing Chiu (李榮潮) – bass guitar (1983)
 * Owen Kwan (關寶璇) – guitars (1983–1984)
 * David Chan (陳時安) – guitars (1984–1985; died 2022)

Roadie

 * Wong Chung Yin (黃仲賢) – guitars (2003, 2005) as a touring musician

Discography

 * Goodbye Ideal (再見理想) (1986)
 * Waiting Forever (EP) (永遠等待) (1987)
 * New World (新天地) (EP) (1987)
 * Arabian Dancing Girls (阿拉伯跳舞女郎) (1987)
 * A Lonely Kiss (孤單一吻) (single) (1987)
 * Modern Stage (現代舞台) (1987)
 * Yesterday's Footprints (舊日的足跡) (1988)
 * Secret Police (秘密警察) (1988)
 * Beyond IV (1989)
 * Real Testament (真的見證) (1989)
 * If Heaven Have Feelings (天若有情) (E.P.) (1990)
 * Great Earth (大地) (Mandarin) (1990)
 * Victorious Against Personal Demons (戰勝心魔) (E.P.) (1990)
 * Party of Fate (命運派對) (1990)
 * Glorious Years (光輝歲月) (Mandarin) (1991)
 * Hesitation (猶豫) (1991)
 * Continue the Revolution (繼續革命) (1992)
 * Endless Emptiness (無盡空虛) (EP) (1992)
 * Beyond Belief (信念) (Mandarin) (1992)
 * Rock and Roll (樂與怒) (1993)
 * 2nd Floor Back Suite (二樓後座) (1994)
 * Paradise (Mandarin) (1994)
 * Sound (1995)
 * Love & Life (愛與生活) (Mandarin) (1995)
 * Beyond Splendid (Beyond得精彩) (EP) (1996)
 * Please Let Go of Your Hands (請將手放開) (1997)
 * Surprise (驚喜) (1997)
 * Here & There (Mandarin) (這裏那裏) (1998)
 * Until You Arrive (不見不散) (1998)
 * ''Action EP (1998)
 * Good Time (1999)
 * Together (EP) (2003)
 * Beyond 20th Anniversary 2003 Live (2003)
 * Beyond: The Ultimate Story (2004)
 * Beyond The Story Live 2005 (2005)
 * Beyond No. 1 Compilation (2006)
 * Beyond 25th Anniversary (2008)

Filmography

 * Sworn Brothers (1987) (cameo)
 * No Regret (靚妹正傳) (1987) (cameo)
 * The Black Wall (黑色迷牆) (1989) (cameo)
 * The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon (1990) (actors)
 * Happy Ghost IV (1990) (actors)
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) (Cantonese voice dub)
 * Beyond's Diary (Beyond日記之莫欺少年窮) (1991) (actors)
 * The Banquet (1991) (cameo)
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 (1991) (Cantonese voice dub)

title: Beyond (band)


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Papilionoidea

The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus Papilio, meaning "butterfly") contains all the butterflies except for the moth-like Hedyloidea.

The members of the Papilionoidea may be distinguished by the following combination of characters:
 * The body is smaller and less moth-like.
 * The wings are larger.
 * The antennae are straight and clubbed or hooked as in the skippers.
 * The caterpillars do not spin cocoons in which to pupate.
 * The pupae are angular rather than rounded.

Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest the traditionally circumscribed Papilionoidea are a paraphyletic group, and that skippers (family Hesperiidae) and Neotropical moth-like butterflies (family Hedylidae) are true butterflies that should be included within the Papilionoidea superfamily to reflect cladistic relationships.

Families of Papilionoidea
The six well-supported families of Papilionoidea are:
 * Hesperiidae (skippers)
 * Swallowtails and birdwings, Papilionidae
 * Whites or yellow-whites, Pieridae
 * Blues and coppers or gossamer-winged butterflies, Lycaenidae
 * Metalmark butterflies, Riodinidae
 * Brush-footed butterflies, Nymphalidae which contain the following 13 subfamilies:
 * The snout butterflies or Libytheinae (formerly the family Libytheidae)
 * The danaids or Danainae (formerly the family Danaidae)
 * The Tellervinae
 * The glasswings or Ithomiinae
 * The Calinaginae
 * The morphos and owls or Morphinae (including the owls as tribe Brassolini)
 * The browns or Satyrinae (formerly the family Satyridae)
 * The Charaxinae (preponas and leaf butterflies)
 * The Biblidinae
 * The Apaturinae
 * The nymphs or Nymphalinae
 * The Limenitidinae (especially the adelphas)
 * The tropical longwings or Heliconiinae

Of the subfamilies of Nymphalidae, only the Morphinae and Satyrinae are possibly paraphyletic, but these two subfamilies form a strongly supported clade with the Charaxinae as sister group.

The fossil genus Lithopsyche is apparently a Papilionoidea incertae sedis, which has long been mistaken for a geometer moth of the Boarmiini. It is variously placed in the Lycaenidae or Riodinidae. A similar fossil, Lithodryas, is more firmly assigned to the Lycaenidae, but might belong to the Nymphalidae. Riodinella, yet another prehistoric genus, also seems to belong here, but its relationships are quite obscure, indeed. However, these fossils – all found in Eocene deposits dating roughly between 50 and 25 million years ago – suggest the radiation of the Papilionoidea into the present-day families took place during that epoch. Prodryas, from the end of the Eocene, can be quite robustly assigned to the Nymphalidae, and is quite likely a member of the Nymphalini. Oligocene fossils of Papilionoidea are usually assignable to an extant family without problems.

Taken together, these fossils place the origin of the Papilionoidea in the latest Mesozoic or early Paleogene, while the extant families emerged around the early Eocene onwards.

title: Papilionoidea


text:
Jatia

Jatia is a locality in the city of Guwahati. It is speculated to be the ancient capital of Assam,  known under the  name of Pragjyotishpura. The locality is a suburb of Guwahati, though it is claimed that the name Jatia itself is the remnant of archaic name pragjyotisa.

Famous residents of Jatia include late Padum Barua (maker of the Assamese realist film Ganga Silonir Pakhi), Kanak Sen Deka (editor of the Assamese Newspaper Agradoot), Ratna Singha (First Manipuri woman Superintendent of Police) . The Dispur Manipuri Nupi Marup is headquartered in Jatia. Ms. Bemarai Singha is the President of this non-governmental organisation which is involved in pioneering work for Manipuri women.

title: Jatia


text:
George Brettingham Sowerby

George Brettingham Sowerby may refer to:

 * George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788–1854), British naturalist, illustrator and conchologist
 * George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812–1884), his son, British naturalist, illustrator, and conchologist
 * George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843–1921), his son, British conchologist, publisher, and illustrator

title: George Brettingham Sowerby


text:
Talk:Minimax theorem

I don't think this should be redirected as it is to minimax algorithm.Charles Matthews 07:05, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I moved it to minimax and extended the article. --Henrygb 22:51, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minimax theorem


text:
Arthur Oncken Lovejoy

Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (October 10, 1873 – December 30, 1962) was an American philosopher and intellectual historian, who founded the discipline known as the history of ideas with his book The Great Chain of Being (1936), on the topic of that name, which is regarded as 'probably the single most influential work in the history of ideas in the United States during the last half century'. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1932. In 1940, he founded the Journal of the History of Ideas.

Life
Lovejoy was born in Berlin, Germany, while his father was doing medical research there. Eighteen months later, his mother, a daughter of Johann Gerhard Oncken, committed suicide, whereupon his father gave up medicine and became a clergyman. Lovejoy studied philosophy, first at the University of California at Berkeley, then at Harvard under William James and Josiah Royce. He did not earn a Ph.D. In 1901, he resigned from his first job, at Stanford University, to protest the dismissal of a colleague who had offended a trustee. The President of Harvard then vetoed hiring Lovejoy on the grounds that he was a known troublemaker. Over the subsequent decade, he taught at Washington University in St. Louis, Columbia University, and the University of Missouri.

As a professor of philosophy at Johns Hopkins University from 1910 to 1938, Lovejoy founded and long presided over that university's History of Ideas Club, where many prominent and budding intellectual and social historians, as well as literary critics, gathered. In 1940 he co-founded the Journal of the History of Ideas with Philip P. Wiener. Lovejoy insisted that the history of ideas should focus on "unit ideas," single concepts (namely simple concepts sharing an abstract name with other concepts that were to be conceptually distinguished).

Lovejoy was active in the public arena. He helped found the American Association of University Professors and the Maryland chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. However, he qualified his belief in civil liberties to exclude what he considered threats to a free system. Thus, at the height of the McCarthy Era (in the February 14, 1952, edition of the Journal of Philosophy) Lovejoy stated that, since it was a "matter of empirical fact" that membership in the Communist Party contributed "to the triumph of a world-wide organization" which was opposed to "freedom of inquiry, of opinion and of teaching," membership in the party constituted grounds for dismissal from academic positions. He also published numerous opinion pieces in the Baltimore press. He died in Baltimore on December 30, 1962.

Philosophy
In the domain of epistemology, Lovejoy is remembered for an influential critique of the pragmatic movement, especially in the essay "The Thirteen Pragmatisms", written in 1908. Abstract nouns like 'pragmatism' 'idealism', 'rationalism' and the like were, in Lovejoy's view, constituted by distinct, analytically separate ideas, which the historian of the genealogy of ideas had to thresh out, and show how the basic unit ideas combine and recombine with each other over time. The idea has, according to Simo Knuuttila, exercised a greater attraction on literary critics than on philosophers. Lovejoy was also an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. In 1930, he published a paper criticizing Einstein's relativistic concept of simultaneity as arbitrary.

Legacy
William F. Bynum, looking back at Lovejoy's Great Chain of Being after 40 years, describes it as "a familiar feature of the intellectual landscape", indicating its great influence and "brisk" ongoing sales. Bynum argues that much more research is needed into how the concept of the great chain of being was replaced, but he agrees that Lovejoy was right that the crucial period was the end of the 18th century when "the Enlightenment's chain of being was dismantled".

Works

 * Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity, (1935). (with George Boas). Johns Hopkins U. Press. 1997 edition: ISBN 0-8018-5611-6
 * The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (1936). Harvard University Press. Reprinted by Harper & Row, ISBN 0-674-36150-4, 2005 paperback: ISBN 0-674-36153-9.
 * Essays in the History of Ideas (1948). Johns Hopkins U. Press.
 * The Revolt Against Dualism (1960). Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-87548-107-8
 * The Reason, the Understanding, and Time (1961). Johns Hopkins U. Press. ISBN 0-8018-0393-4
 * Reflections on Human Nature (1961). Johns Hopkins U. Press. ISBN 0-8018-0395-0
 * The Thirteen Pragmatisms and Other Essays (1963). Johns Hopkins U. Press. ISBN 0-8018-0396-9

Articles

 * "The Entangling Alliance of Religion and History," The Hibbert Journal, Vol. V, October 1906/ July 1907.
 * "The Desires of the Self-Conscious," The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, Vol. 4, No. 2, Jan. 17, 1907.
 * "The Place of Linnaeus in the History of Science," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. LXXI, 1907.
 * "The Origins of Ethical Inwardness in Jewish Thought," The American Journal of Theology, Vol. XI, 1907.
 * "Kant and the English Platonists." In Essays, Philosophical and Psychological, Longmans, Green & Co., 1908.
 * "Pragmatism and Theology," The American Journal of Theology, Vol. XII, 1908.
 * "The Theory of a Pre-Christian Cult of Jesus," The Monist, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, October 1908.
 * "The Thirteen Pragmatisms," The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. V, January/December, 1908.
 * "The Argument for Organic Evolution Before the 'Origin of Species'," Part II, Popular Science Monthly, Vol. LXXV, July/December, 1909.
 * "Schopenhauer as an Evolutionist," The Monist, Vol. XXI, 1911.
 * "Kant and Evolution," Popular Science Monthly, Vol. LXXVII, 1910; Part II, Popular Science Monthly, Vol. LXXVIII, 1911.
 * "The Problem of Time in Recent French Philosophy," Part II, Part III, The Philosophical Review, Vol. XXI, 1912.
 * "Relativity, Reality, and Contradiction", The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1914.
 * "Pragmatism Versus the Pragmatist." In: Essays in Critical Realism. London: Macmillan & Co., 1920.
 * "Professional Ethics and Social Progress," The North American Review, March 1924.
 * "The Dialectical Argument Against Absolute Simultaneity", The Journal of Philosophy, 1930.
 * "Plans for the Future," Free World, November 1943.

Miscellany

 * "Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr Von," A Cyclopedia of Education, ed. by Paul Monroe, The Macmillan Company, 1911.
 * "The Unity of Science," The University of Missouri Bulletin: Science Series, Vol. I, N°. 1, January 1912.
 * Bergson & Romantic Evolutionism; Two Lectures Delivered Before the Union, September 5 & 12, 1913, University of California Press, 1914.

title: Arthur Oncken Lovejoy


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User:Naerbnic

This is a quick and dirty page

I'm a Grad Student at UCLA in Computer Science. Just doing what I can to help

title: User:Naerbnic


text:
Phlox (Star Trek)

Phlox is a fictional character, played by John Billingsley, in the television series Star Trek: Enterprise. Set in the 22nd century in the science fiction Star Trek universe, he is the chief medical officer aboard the first human Warp 5 capable starship, Enterprise (NX-01), commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer. Phlox first appears in the premiere episode, "Broken Bow" (2001), marking the franchise's introduction of the Denobulan race.

Overview
Phlox, a Denobulan, was on Earth as part of the Interspecies Medical Exchange when he was called to serve aboard the Enterprise. As part of the Exchange, he regularly corresponds with Dr. Lucas, his human counterpart on his home planet of Denobula Triaxa.

According to Denobulan custom, Phlox has three wives, each of whom has two other husbands. Only one of his wives, Feezal, was seen on the show. Phlox has five children by his wives: two daughters, both of whom also work in the medical field; and three sons, one of whom is an artist, while the youngest, Metus, is estranged from him (Phlox attempts to reconcile with him at the end of episode 21, season 2).

Phlox is portrayed as having an open mind to other species and cultures—even the Antarans, a race that once warred with the Denobulans. He is extremely frank about romantic and sexual matters, often to other crew members' embarrassment, and sometimes plays the role of matchmaker. He has an interest in natural remedies, and his sickbay contains an interplanetary menagerie, some of which are food for other animals that are sources for medical drugs.

Phlox is curious with a wry sense of humor. He has an affinity for Earth cuisine, particularly egg drop soup and other Chinese food. He is also interested in religion: he once prayed with a group of monks who visited Enterprise, spent a week with monks at a Tibetan monastery, attended Mass at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and observed the Tal-Shanar ritual at the Vulcan compound in Sausalito.

Phlox's physical abilities were revealed gradually during the franchise. He appears to need little sleep, instead embarking on an annual "hibernation" that lasts for six days. He also has great control over his facial muscles, being able to open his mouth wider than humans, as demonstrated by the impossibly large grin he occasionally sports ("Broken Bow", "A Night in Sickbay" and "These Are the Voyages..."). When threatened, he has the ability to inflate his head like a blowfish to scare off attackers ("Home").

Reception
Media website The Digital Fix said that Billingsley delivered a "consistently charming performance", and that he convincingly portrayed Phlox as a doctor, including his ability to transition "from a reassuring bedside manner to one of sombre gravitas".

In 2015, Den of Geek, in a review of important show characters, noted him as "funny, quirky Phlox", and recommended the episodes "Dear Doctor", "Stigma", "The Breach" and "Doctor’s Orders" as his best appearances.

In 2016, SyFy ranked Phlox #1 of the six main-cast space doctors in the Star Trek franchise, citing his good bedside manner, relaxing demeanor, and success in curing patients, including those partially Borged.

In 2018, The Wrap ranked Phlox 27th out of 39 main-cast Star Trek franchise characters, prior to Star Trek: Discovery. Witney Seibold, writing for Slashfilm, referred to him as Trek's greatest character, describing his sense of humour and Billingsley's accomplished portrayal.

title: Phlox (Star Trek)


text:
Chinese New Left

The Chinese New Left is a term used in the People's Republic of China to describe a diverse range of left-wing political philosophies that emerged in the 1990s that are critical of the economic reforms instituted under Deng Xiaoping, which emphasized policies of market liberalization and privatization to promote economic growth and modernization.

Chinese intellectual Wang Hui links the emergence of New Leftism with the financial crisis of 1997 and the 1999 United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, which damaged the credibility of liberalism in China, as well as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Some of the Chinese New Left intellectuals enjoyed prominence, especially with the rise of Chongqing Communist Party secretary Bo Xilai, who promoted a set of socio-economic policies collectively termed the "Chongqing model", though they suffered a blow after the end of Bo's career in 2012 due to the Wang Lijun incident.

There is an ambiguity of the term New Left in discourse drawing from the diversity of the movement. Generally speaking, the New Left can be applied to a person who embraces leftist theories, ideals, and traditions rooted in variations of socialist ideology, and other schools criticizing postmodernism and neoliberalism.

The New Left's relationship with Maoism and capitalism is complicated. Although some schools of thought suggest that the New Left wants the return to mass political movements of the Mao Zedong era and an abandonment of capitalism, others believe that it combines capitalism's open markets with socialist elements (particularly in rural China). Additionally, the views within the New Left are diverse, ranging from hardline Maoists to more moderate social democrats.

Terminology
The term was first used by Chinese journalist Yang Ping, who published a review in the 21 July 1994, issue of Beijing Youth Daily about intellectual Cui Zhiyuan's article "New Evolution, Analytical Marxism, Critical Law, and China's Reality", remarking that China had produced its own "New Left wing".

Although many New Left intellectuals oppose certain Maoist approaches, the term "New Left" implies some agreement with Maoism. Since it is associated with the ultra-leftism of the Cultural Revolution, many scholars and intellectuals supporting socialist approaches and reforms, but opposing the radical and brutal approaches of the Maoist period, do not completely accept the "New Left" label. Some are concerned about the fact that adopting leftism implies that China, historically different from the West, is still using a Western model to strategise its reforms and would be limited by how the West defines the Left. Intellectual Wang Hui explains the origin of, and his skepticism about, the term:

"The first stirring of a more critical view of official marketization goes back to 1993 ... But it wasn't until 1997–98 that the label New Left became widely used, to indicate positions outside the consensus. Liberals adopted the term, relying on the negative identification of the 'Left' with late Maoism, to imply that these must be a throw-back to the Cultural Revolution. Up until then, they had more frequently attacked anyone who criticised the rush to marketization as a 'conservative' - this is how Cui Zhiyuan was initially described, for example. From 1997 onwards, this altered. The standard accusatory term became 'New Left' ...

Actually, people like myself have always been reluctant to accept this label, pinned on us by our adversaries. Partly, this is because we have no wish to be associated with the Cultural Revolution, or for that matter, with what might be called the 'Old Left' of the reform-era CCP. But it is also because the term New Left is a Western one, with a very distinct set of connotations – generational and political – in Europe and America. Our historical context is Chinese, not Western, and it is doubtful whether a category imported so explicitly from the West could be helpful in today's China."

However, liberal intellectual Xu Youyu points out that Wang Hui's performance in his interview with the New Left Review suggests that he fully understood that the term was inevitably generated by social change and intellectual antagonism in China.

Origin
The concept of the New Left arose in China during the 1990s. According to New Left theory, market-economy challenges stem from the fact that under Chinese economic reform, the market economy has become the dominant economic system; China's socialist economic reforms have brought the country into the global capitalist sphere.

The development of the New Left is correlated to increased Chinese nationalism after its period of low-profile presence on the world stage during the Deng Xiaoping era. It is seen as a response to problems faced by China during its modernization drive since the 1980s, which has led to growing social inequality between the coast and hinterlands, and rich and poor. Some scholars believe that, based on its unique and drastic 20th-century economic and political changes, China cannot adopt the social-democratic, capitalist model of many Western countries.

The Chinese New Left is concerned with the country's social-inequality issues. Some scholars believe that although the movement is not yet mature, it is likely to embed itself in Chinese society over the next century (assuming that polarization continues). Strikes, sit-ins, slow-downs, and peasant uprisings, sporadic due to government suppression, are on the rise and may become more organized with the development of the New Left.

Although they are skeptical and critical of capitalism, New Leftists recognize its influence on China and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of capitalist models. Cui Zhiyuan, a leading New Left intellectual, believes that it is imperative that socialism and capitalism are not viewed as opposites. According to Zhang Xudong, "An advocate for New Deal-style economic and social policies in China was considered to be liberal in the 1980s, but as 'New Left' by the century's end." This overlap suggests that ideals set forth by the New Left strongly resemble the democratic socialism of the 1980s.

Intellectual views
Economics plays a significant role in the Chinese New Left, whose development is closely associated with Chinese economic reform. Many supporters of the New Left generally believe that a leftist economic model should be found to tackle China's dependence on exports and savings, reduce the growing economic gap between rural and urban areas, and stimulate private business through public ownership and state planning. The capitalist free-market model applied in most social-democratic programs is undesirable because, instead of challenging and reforming the existing market economy and representative democracy, it seeks to moderate the social consequences of structural division and hierarchy. A suitable, sustainable market model is vital for China's leftist movement. At the same time, the New Left criticized market reforms by citing the damage they caused to the countryside as an argument.

New Left economist Cui Zhiyuan believes that a labour-capital partnership, based on the ideas of James Meade and John Maynard Keynes, can be used to introduce some flexibility to the labour market. Outside shareholders own capital-share certificates; workers own labour and share certificates, which replace a fixed wage and reduce the conflict of interest between workers and capitalists. Any decision that will improve one group (by raising the dividend on its share) will automatically raise the dividend on the shares of the other group. Many New Left intellectuals are confident in the outcome of collective economic-development planning, anticipating rural industrialization.

In 2010, when asked about the difference between the New Left in China and the New Left in the West, Professor Ding Xueliang of the Social Sciences Department of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology replied that, "there is no New Left in China at all, because the primary claim of the New Left is that human rights are greater than sovereignty", "The New Left in the West, they oppose the governments of their own countries on the one hand and the monopolies of their own countries on the other. Although their practical path may not be realistic, they at least have courage. The 'New Left' in China mostly appeals to the government, so how can this be called the New Left?"

Social movements
According to the Financial Times in 2016, several experts estimate that if there were free elections in China, a neo-Maoist candidate would win. This Maoist revival movement precedes the tenure of Xi Jinping, whose own revival of Mao-era elements seem to be intended as a conciliatory move towards the neo-Maoists. It is believed that the rising popularity of neo-Maoism is due to the growing economic dislocation and inequality under market reforms and globalisation.

Critiques of Jiang Zemin's 2001 decision to allow private business people to become party members, referring to the decision as "political misconduct" and "ideological confusions", helped fuel the rise of what would become known as the New Left movement.

Neo-Maoists first became prominent under Hu Jintao's administration, delivering far-left attacks on CCP policy from websites such as Utopia, or MaoFlag. They expanded into a political movement through association with the Chongqing Party Secretary Bo Xilai, and succeeded in surviving crackdowns. It is believed that the CCP leadership is reluctant to eradicate these groups due to their connection with CCP history and ideology.

Maoism and neo-Maoism have been increasingly popular after the rise of Xi Jinping among millennials and poor Chinese people, and they are more frequently covered by foreign media.

Nanjie Village and land reform
National Public Radio's website posted a story about Nanjie on 13 May 2011, calling it a prime example of recent "re-collectivizations" inspired by Mao's ideas: "The furniture and appliances in each home are identical, including the big red clocks with Chairman Mao's head, radiating psychedelic colours to the tune "The East Is Red." [Villager] Huang Zunxian owns virtually nothing in his apartment. The possessions are owned by the collective, right down to the couch cushions .... " Some villages around the country have followed Nanjie's example and re-collectivized."

During the 1990s, rural industry began to stagnate and China's large peasant population was seen as a hindrance to the country's development. Popular demand for further modernization, urbanization, and marketization began to outweigh the successes of the previous Township and Village Enterprises. Cui Zhiyuan and Gan Yang began to establish small, rural industries and collectives to mitigate the increasing socioeconomic gap and provide an alternative to large-scale capitalism.

Although Hegang has had the largest number of laid-off workers since 1996, the city has registered China's highest rate of economic growth. Cui Zhiyuan suggests that the cause of this phenomenon is its "combining public land ownership and the market". Hegang has focused on stimulating its real estate market to stimulate the development of related industries.

Of the Chinese Communist Party's current ideology, the idea of privatising China's countryside has not been accepted and it remains in public hands. Although most non-urban land is used privately, it cannot be sold (unlike urban property).

In 2008, the Third Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party began a new round of land-privatization reforms, but these measures were limited; the transfer of land remains ambiguous, not "officially endorsed and encouraged".

Zhengzhou incident
On 24 December 2004, four Chinese protesters were sentenced to three-year prison terms for distributing leaflets entitled "Mao Forever Our Leader" at a gathering in Zhengzhou honouring Mao Zedong on the anniversary of his birth. Attacking the current leadership as "imperialist revisionists," the leaflets called on lower-level cadres to "change the current line (of the party) and return to the socialist road". The Zhengzhou incident is one of the first manifestations of public nostalgia for the Mao era reported by the international press, although it is unclear whether these feelings are widespread. It is an example of Marxist Chinese New Leftism in action.

Chinese New Leftists are often criticised by liberal intellectuals such as Liu Junning, who consider China as not liberal enough economically and politically. These liberals think that inequality and the widening gap between rich and poor are serious problems which exist in every developing country. Democracy and personal freedom are seen as important for China, although perhaps not attainable in the near future.

Maoist Communist Party of China
A group of workers and students formed the Maoist Communist Party of China in 2008, an underground, non-recognized political party opposing the ruling Communist Party government. A reported party manifesto, The Ten Declarations of the Maoist Communist Party of China, was posted on the Internet, in which the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party was questioned. The party advocates a reversal of the Deng Xiaoping reforms and a return to socialism.

Chongqing model
Politician Bo Xilai was promoted in October 2007 to party chief of Chongqing, a troubled province with high levels of pollution and unemployment and poor public health. Bo began a policy of expanding state-owned industries, in contrast with the rest of China, which was embracing market reforms. He led an economic reform of the region which was known as the Chongqing model and focused on expanding state influence in the economy, anti-corruption campaigns, and the promotion of "Red Culture". The policy also supported strong public welfare programs for the poor, unemployed, and elderly.

Bo began the Red Culture Movement in 2008, which promoted Maoist culture in opposition to the capitalist culture that characterized the Chinese reformists. Radio and television played Maoist propaganda and students were organized to "return to the countryside" and promote the singing of "red songs" during this period.

From 2009 to 2011, Chongqing began prosecuting alleged Triad members in the Chongqing gang trials. An estimated 4,781 people were arrested during the crackdown. The prosecution was controversial in its use of torture, forced confessions, and inhumane treatment of witnesses.

In 2013, Bo was found guilty of corruption and sentenced to life imprisonment. He is incarcerated at Qincheng Prison. Bo was removed as Chongqing's party chief and lost his seat on the Politburo. Bo's supporters formed the Zhi Xian Party to protest his conviction, but it was swiftly banned.

Xi era
The Xi administration, while imposing political controls on businesses, has also promoted greater economic liberalisation in Shenzhen, which was then held up as a model for the rest of China. In September 2020, the former mayor and party chief of Shenzhen, Li Youwei, published a sharply-worded commentary in Wen Wei Po, warning that due to the resurgence of leftists discussing class struggle, China was at a crossroads for economic reform. In 2021, The New York Times reported that Maoism is being revived among China's generation Z due to China's growing wealth gap and the 996 working hour system, as they call for a crackdown on capitalists and posting "À la lanterne!" on social media.

2015 Luoyang meeting
In February 2015, a group from 13 provinces and municipalities in China, calling themselves "Chinese Maoists Communists", held a two-day secret meeting in Luoyang, calling for a "new socialist revolution" to "reverse the restoration of capitalism". The group seemed to claim to have party elders as backers. The group was quietly arrested. Luoyang was an industrial area that declined after the Chinese economic reforms of the 1990s and experienced extensive unemployment as a result. Maoist nostalgia is pervasive in the city. The neo-Maoists received online support across many blogs, Weibo, and websites such as RedChina.net. However some neo-Maoist groups refused to back it, typically those who regarded Xi Jinping's policies as sufficiently aligned to their neo-Maoist agenda.

2017 Guangzhou incident
In November 2017, a group of Maoist students and workers was arrested in Guangzhou for organizing a Maoist salon.

2018 Cultural Revolution anniversary celebrations
On the 52nd anniversary of the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, dozens of neo-Maoists from all over China gathered in Hong Kong for commemorations, saying that their activities had been banned in the mainland. They wore Mao-era blue military uniforms and waved hammer-and-sickle flags. These Maoist groups are highly critical of the CCP's market economics, which they claim are responsible for rising inequality and corruption.

Jasic protests
A number of Maoist students participated in the July–August 2018 Jasic incident, protesting in support of factory workers and workers' rights. The students formed the Jasic Workers Solidarity Group, which included #Me Too advocate Yue Xin. The rally was largely organized through the popular far-left neo-Maoist online forum website Utopia. Fifty student advocates were later arrested; their whereabouts are unknown. Political suppression has been expanded to universities, factories, and the general public. Student leaders of the Jasic protests have been detained, punished and subjected to forced education by the CCP.

Common prosperity
After Xi's emphasis on a more equal society and promotion of the term "common prosperity", Li Guangman, a retired newspaper editor affiliated with the Chinese New Left, published an article that claims a "profound revolution" was close that would take the party closer to masculinity and its socialist roots. Major Chinese state news agencies published the article, including People's Daily and Xinhua News Agency, setting off widespread worries about parallels to the Cultural Revolution. In response, the news agencies tried to downplay the incident by not carrying the article in their print versions, some of them removing the article from their sites and, in the case of People's Daily, publishing a front-page editorial in support of market forces.

title: Chinese New Left


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title: Template:Intel processors


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Kittanning (village)

Kittanning (Lenape Kithanink; ) was an 18th-century Native American village in the Ohio Country, located on the Allegheny River at present-day Kittanning, Pennsylvania. The village was at the western terminus of the Kittanning Path, an Indian trail that provided a route across the Alleghenies between the Ohio and Susquehanna river basins.

Together with Logstown, Pickawillany, Sandusky, and Lower Shawneetown, Kittanning was one of several large multiethnic and autonomous "Indian republics" made up of a variety of smaller disparate social groups: village fragments, extended families, or individuals, often survivors of epidemics and refugees from conflicts with other Native Americans or with Europeans.

Kittanning served as a staging area for Delaware and Shawnee raids on British colonial settlements during the French and Indian War, until Pennsylvania provincial troops under the command of Colonel John Armstrong destroyed the village on 8 September 1756.

Etymology
The name Kithanink means 'on the main river' in the Lenape language, from kit- 'big' + hane 'mountain river' + -ink (suffix used in place names). "The main river" is a Lenape epithet for the Allegheny and Ohio, considered as all one river. The Six Nations tribes referred to the town as Adego, or Atiga, from which the French derived the names they used for the town, "Attigué" or "Attiqué".

Establishment, 1724
The village was initially settled in 1724 by Delaware (Lenape) of the Turtle (Pùkuwànku) and Turkey (Pële) clans  who were relocating westward due to pressure from expanding European settlements near Shamokin. It eventually became one of the largest Native American villages on the western side of the Alleghenies, having an estimated 300–400 residents in 1756. In a conference between Pennsylvania provincial authorities and the chiefs of the Six Nations at Albany on 3 July 1754, Conrad Weiser, an interpreter from Pennsylvania, told the colonials: "The road to Ohio is no new road; it is an old and frequented road; the Shawnese and Delawares removed thither above thirty years ago from Pennsylvania."

By 1727, Pennsylvania traders including Edmund Cartlidge, Jonah Davenport, and James Le Tort, along with others, were trading at the Allegheny, with headquarters on the "Kythenning River". Anthony Sadowski established a trading post at Kittanning in June, 1729. In October 1731, Jonah Davenport and James Le Tort, in separate affidavits made before Lieutenant Governor Patrick Gordon, reported that "last spring there were at Kythenning on the Kythenning River, fifty families and one hundred and fifty men, most Delaware." The population grew as groups of Lenape, Cayugas, Senecas, and Shawnees migrated west into the Ohio River Valley seeking to escape a smallpox epidemic in 1733 and a drought in 1741, creating a multi-ethnic community. The Shawnee established several smaller communities nearby, including Neucheconeh's Town, later known as Chartier's Town after the Shawnee leader Peter Chartier. Kittanning, with two or three smaller villages, and several on the Kiskiminetas River, constituted a center of Lenape and Shawnee population known as "Allegeney" or "Allegania".

Trade with New France
As early as 1726 the French made contact with the inhabitants of Kittanning and other Native American communities on the Allegheny. In a report written 1 October 1728, the Marquis de Beauharnois, Governor of New France, wrote that the Nation of the Chaouanons (Shawnees)

 * "has been much attached to the French ... These Indians have begun a village on the river Ohio, which already contains more than 150 men and their families. They have traded from all time with the French, and are a very industrious people, cultivating a good deal of land ... Cavillier is the name of the person whom M. de Beauharnois has permitted to return to the Chaouanons. He is understood and known by these Indians, and will probably negotiate this affair with success."

In a deposition made by James Le Tort and Jonas Davenport at Philadelphia on 29 October 1731, they stated that they had

"... lately come from Allegeney, where there are Indian settlements consisting of about three hundred Delawares, two hundred and sixty Shawnees, one hundred Asswekalaes, and some Mingoes ... and that ... a French gentleman, in appearance, came down the river to a settlement of the Delaware Indians on the Ohio River, which the Delawares call Kithanning, with an intention ... to enquire into the numbers of English Traders in those parts, and to sound the minds of the Indians."

On 7 December 1731, the Quaker trader Edmund Cartlidge, in a deposition in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania stated: "For these five years past except that of 1729, a French gentleman who calls himself Cavalier has made it his practice to come every spring among the Indians settled there ... and that it is generally believed by all the Traders at Allegeney ... that this Cavalier is the bearer of the Governor of Montreal's messages to the Indians in these parts."

Petitions to the Pennsylvania Provincial Council, 1733-43
On 24 April 1733, the Shawnee chiefs at Kittanning sent a petition to Governor Gordon complaining that "There is yearly and monthly some new upstart of a trader without license, who comes amongst us and brings with him nothing but rum ..." and asking permission to destroy the casks of rum: "We therefore beg thou would take it into consideration, and send us two firm orders, one for Peter Chartier, the other for us, to break in pieces all the [casks] so brought." Chartier was a licensed trader for Shawnee communities who later became a Shawnee leader.

In 1734 the Council received a second letter, dated 1 May, from Neucheconeh and other Shawnee chiefs living in Kittanning and other communities on the Allegheny, responding to Pennsylvania's repeated requests that the Shawnees return to the Susquehanna Valley. The letter complained about certain traders who sold rum to the Shawnees, and they requested that these men be "kept particularly" from trading amongst the Shawnees. They then endorsed several traders whom "we desire may have Licence to come and trade with us, as also Peter Cheartier, who we reckon one of us, and he is welcome to come as long as he pleases." They also petitioned that "no trader above-mentioned may be allowed to bring more than 30 Gallons of Rum, twice in a year and no more", as excessive drinking was starting to have social and economic effects on the Shawnee people.

On 6 June 1743, Governor Thomas informed the Pennsylvania Council that traders living at Allegheny had been advised by some friends of theirs among the Indians to leave "in order to avoid being murdered by the Indians, who had come to the resolution of cutting off all the white people." The Governor concluded that Peter Chartier had been spreading rumors in order to frighten traders who were still bringing quantities of rum into the Allegheny communities. In 1745 Chartier, dissatisfied with the Pennsylvania government's unwillingness to restrict the sale of alcohol to Native Americans, led Neucheconeh, Meshemethequater and over 400 Pekowi Shawnees out of Pennsylvania to found the community of Eskippakithiki in Kentucky.

Visit by Céloron de Blainville, 1749
In the summer of 1749 Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, leading a force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25 Abenakis, moved down the Ohio River on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his "lead plate expedition", burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio and nailing copper plates bearing royal arms to trees to claim the territory for New France.

Céloron arrived at Kittanning, which he referred to as "Attigué", on 6 August 1749. He found the village of 22 cabins (probably wickiups) abandoned except for a Lenape chief and two young men. Through his interpreter Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire, Céloron told them, "I come only to speak to the nations of the Beautiful River (the Ohio), to animate the children of the (French) government which inhabit it." Céloron gave this chief wampum belts to deliver to the villages lower down as an invitation to hear Céloron speak at a council he was planning to hold in the nearby village of Chiningué (Logstown). He requested that anyone attending his council should "remain quiet upon their mats [listen attentively without interrupting], since I only came to treat of affairs with them, which would be advantageous to them."

Captives
At the beginning of the French and Indian War, the defeat of General Edward Braddock in July 1755 left Pennsylvania without a professional military force. Shingas and Captain Jacobs launched dozens of Shawnee and Delaware raids against British colonial settlements, killing and capturing hundreds of colonists and destroying settlements across western and central Pennsylvania. Kittanning was used as a staging point for these raids, where warriors would gather to prepare and where prisoners were brought immediately afterwards. At the time of the Kittanning Expedition in September 1756, up to a hundred prisoners may have been temporarily held at Kittanning. Accounts of some captives mentioned their visit to the village, including:

 * James Smith probably spent three weeks in June 1755, at Kittanning, which he does not name, but refers to as "an Indian town that was on the north side of the [Allegheny] River, about forty miles above Fort Duquesne.

 * Charles Stuart and his wife and children, along with about 13 other captives taken at the Great Cove massacre, were taken to Kittanning in November 1755, and after being forced to run the gauntlet, spent one night there before being given as a gift to a Wyandot chief and sent to Ohio.

 * Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger, both age 12, were held at Kittanning from December 1755 until the day the village was attacked and destroyed:

"We remained at Kittanny until the month of September, 1756. The Indians gave us enough to do. We had to tan leather to make shoes (moccasins), to clear land, to plant corn, to cut down trees, to build hutts, to wash and cook. The want of provisions, however, caused us the greatest suffering. During all the time we were at Kittanny we had neither lard nor salt, and sometimes we were forced to live on acorns, roots, grass and bark. There was nothing in the world to make this new sort of food palatable, excepting hunger itself. In the month of September, Colonel Armstrong arrived and attacked Kittanny town. Both of us happened to be in that part of it that lies on the other side of the river. We were immediately conveyed ten miles further into the interior, in order that we might have no chance of trying, on this occasion, to escape. The savages threatened to kill us ... After the English had withdrawn, we were again brought back to Kittanny, which town had been burned to the ground."

 * John Cox or Coxe, 18, reported that he and his brother Richard, and another man named John Craig, were taken in early February, 1756 by Delaware Indians,

"... and brought to Kittanning 'on the Ohio.' On his way hither he met Captain Jacobs and 15 men, whose design was to destroy the settlements on Conococheague Creek. When [Coxe] arrived at Kittanning, he saw about 100 fighting men of the Delaware tribe, with their families, and about 50 English prisoners, consisting of men, women and children. During his stay here Shingas' and Jacobs' parties returned ... The warriors held a war council which, with their war dances, continued a week, when Captain Jacobs left with 48 men, intending, as Coxe was told, to fall upon the inhabitants at Paxtang."

 * Cox was later taken to Tioga, Pennsylvania and managed to escape to Fort Augusta on 14 August 1756.

 * About 21 captives taken after the attack on Fort McCord on 1 April, 1756 were brought to Kittanning, arriving on 12 April, according to the 1760 account of Jean Lowry, who was one of the prisoners. They stayed only one night before going to Fort Machault.

 * George Woods, (father-in-law of Pennsylvania senator James Ross), was captured during the assault on Fort Bigham on 11 June 1756. After running the gauntlet, Woods was adopted into the tribe. He reportedly bargained with his captors to pay an annual fee of ten pounds of tobacco for life, in exchange for his freedom. Eventually Woods was taken to Fort Pitt and released.

 * Simon Girty, then only 15 years old, was captured when Fort Granville was taken by the French and Indians in July 1756, and taken to Kittanning with his stepfather, his mother, and his brothers Thomas, John, George, and James Girty. There he had to witness the torture and death of his stepfather, John Turner. His older brother Thomas was one of the seven prisoners rescued by Colonel Armstrong, although Simon, his mother and his other brothers remained in captivity. Simon was released by order of Colonel Henry Bouquet in November 1764. Later he fought on both sides during the American Revolutionary War and took part in several other campaigns.

 * Hugh Gibson, 14, was captured in July 1756, by Delaware Indians, outside Robinson's Fort, near present-day Southwest Madison Township, Pennsylvania. His mother and a neighbor were killed by the Indians, and he was brought to Kittanning, where he was adopted by Shingas' brother Pisquetomen, a Delaware chief (who Gibson refers to as "Bisquittam"). Gibson was living in Kittanning when Armstrong's attack began, and asked Pisquetomen what he should do. Pisquetomen told him to stay with the women. After the attack, he was forced to witness the torture of a woman who had attempted to escape with Armstrong's men. Gibson was then taken to Saucunk, and later to Muskingum. In March 1759, he escaped, together with Marie Le Roy, Barbara Leininger and David Brackenridge, a Scotsman, and walked 250 miles to Fort Pitt (then under construction).

By the summer of 1756, over three thousand colonists had been killed or captured in Pennsylvania, Virginia and the Carolinas. Numerous settlements had been burned or abandoned. Between Braddock's defeat in July 1755 and the raid on Kittanning in September 1756, Native American war parties conducted at least seventy-eight raids in Pennsylvania, killing 484 Pennsylvanians and capturing at least 202.

Destruction, 1756

In response, Governor Robert Hunter Morris ordered the construction of forts garrisoned with colonial militia, and in early 1756 Fort Augusta, Fort Shirley, Fort Lyttleton and Fort Granville were built. However, over a hundred well-supplied Indian warriors, with the support of 55 professional French troops, attacked and burned Fort Granville on 2 August 1756, capturing 27 soldiers and civilians and killing the fort's commander, Lieutenant Edward Armstrong. Governor Morris wanted to launch an attack that would strike into the Indians' home territory and kill one or more of their leaders. Provincial authorities offered a substantial reward for the death of Shingas and Captain Jacobs.

At a council in Carlisle, George Croghan informed Governor Morris that "he had sent a Delaware Indian called Jo Hickman ... to Kittanning ... where he found 140 men, chiefly Delawares and Shawanese, who had then with them above 100 English prisoners, big and little, taken from Virginia and Pennsylvania." A map of Kittanning drawn by John Baker, who was held captive in Kittanning from January 1756 until March, when he escaped, was included in Armstrong's proposal for the raid. It is labelled

"Kittanning, a Rough Sketch. John Baker, Soldier at Fort Shierley, who last Winter made his escape from the Indians at the Kittanning, says there are generally near 100 Warriors beside Elderly men and boys at said Town and that more than [100] English prisoners were there when he came off, that the Alleghany Hills will not admit any Road that can be travel'd from the Forts Shirley or Lyttleton to that Town in less than 150 Miles or thereabout."

The map states that the village was "200 perches in length", (about 1005 meters or 3,300 feet) and labels the homes of Shingas (separated from the village on the north bank of the river), Captain Jacobs, Pisquetomen, King Beaver (Tamaqua), John and Joseph (Jo) Hickman, and "Bill's House" (the home of Bill Hickman), as well as a cornfield and a "long house, 30 feet, where frolicks and war dances are held." The map depicts 40 houses, grouped according to clans, set in an arc overlooking the fields, and shows the town as situated to the south of the Allegheny River and to the west of Cowanshannock Creek.

In August, Lieutenant Colonel John Armstrong (brother of Fort Granville's commander) led 300 Pennsylvanian provincial troops on the Kittanning Expedition, attacking and destroying the village on 8 September 1756. Several of the town's houses were destroyed when they caught fire and kegs of gunpowder stored in them exploded: "Nearly thirty houses were fired, and while they were burning, the ears of Col. Armstrong and his men were regaled by the successive discharges of loaded guns, and still more so by the explosion of sundry bags and large kegs of powder stored away in every house."

Little is known of the houses at Kittanning. Robert Robinson's eyewitness account of the battle says that Captain Jacobs barricaded himself and his wife and son inside his cabin, which appears to have been a European-style home with a "garret or cock loft window" from which he attempted to escape after it was set on fire by the Pennsylvanians. Robinson also refers to another "house covered with bark", which may have been a traditional Lenape wickiup.

Armstrong described the ... vast Explosion of sundry Bags and large Cags of Gunpowder wherewith almost every House abounded, the Prisoners afterwards informing that the Indians had frequently said they had a sufficient Stock of Ammunition for ten Years War with the English. With the Rooff of Capt Jacob's House when the Powder blew up, was thrown the Leg & Thigh of an Indian with a Child of three or four Years old such a Height that they ... fell in the adjacent Corn Field. There was also a great Quantity of Goods burnt which the Indians had received in a present but ten Days before from the French. Robinson notes, "When the Indian magazine blew up in the town...[the] report was heard at Fort Pitt."

After the destruction of the town, many of its inhabitants returned and erected their wigwams on the ashes of their former homes. The town was reoccupied briefly and two of the Pennsylvanian prisoners who had attempted to escape with Armstrong's men were tortured to death. The Indians then harvested their corn and moved to Fort Duquesne, where they requested permission from the French to resettle further to the west, away from British colonists. According to Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger, many of Kittanning's inhabitants moved to Saucunk, Kuskusky or Muskingum.

Fort Armstrong
The site was later used as a staging ground for Native American campaigns. In August, 1763, a force of Delaware, Shawnee, Mingo, and Huron warriors assembled at the site before attacking Colonel Henry Bouquet at the Battle of Bushy Run.

In 1774, the militia of Hannastown, Pennsylvania was briefly stationed at the site of the village, which was still uninhabited. Arthur St. Clair suggested in a letter the construction of a "stockade fort, and of laying out a town at the Kittanning, as the basis for the Indian trade on the part of the Province." Governor John Penn responded: "I approve of the measure of laying out a town in the Proprietary Manor at Kittanning, to accommodate the Traders and other inhabitants who may chuse to reside there, and therefore I inclose you an Order for that purpose. But I cannot, without the concurrence of the Assembly, give any directions for erecting a Stockade." The project to build a town was not put into action, but the site was used by the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment as a transient military camp from 15 July to 15 September 1776 during the American Revolutionary War.

In March 1779 George Washington sent Colonel Moses Rawlings from Fort Frederick in Maryland to "take post at Kittanning and immediately throw up a stockade fort for the security of the convoys." This project was given to Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Brodhead, who wrote to Washington on 24 June: "Lt. Colonel Bayard, with 121 Rank and file, is now employed at Erecting a Stockade Fort at Kittanning." On 1 July he wrote to Colonel Bayard: "I think it is a compliment due to Colonel Armstrong to call that fort after him, therefore it is my pleasure that from this time forward it be called Fort Armstrong." On 20 July he wrote to Bayard: "You will order two officers, two sergeants, and twenty-four rank and file of the worst kind to remain at the post." The fort was abandoned on 27 November, as the garrison was needed elsewhere. Attempts were made to re-establish a garrison there, but due to difficulties in providing food and supplies, this was never done. In July 1782, Seneca Indian warriors led by Guyasuta gathered at the site in preparation for their attack on Hannastown, Pennsylvania.

Ruins of the fort, including a well, were still visible as late as 1875.

title: Kittanning (village)