text:
Nišava District

The Nišava District (Нишавски округ, ) is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands to the southeastern parts of Serbia. According to the 2022 census results, it has a population of 343,950 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Niš. After South Bačka, it is the second largest District in Serbia.

Municipalities
The district is divided into 6 municipalities and the city of Niš, which is divided into 5 municipalities.

The municipalities of the district are:
 * Aleksinac
 * Svrljig
 * Merošina
 * Ražanj
 * Doljevac
 * Gadžin Han

City of Niš is divided into municipalities of:
 * Medijana
 * Niška Banja
 * Palilula
 * Pantelej
 * Crveni Krst

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Nišava District has 376,319 inhabitants. The census doesn’t include refugees. It’s estimated that there are up to 524,500 people living in Nišava District.

Ethnic groups

 * Serbs — 351,676
 * Romani — 11,499
 * others — 13,144

Tourism
Within the city boundaries itself stands the Niš Fortress, which ranks among the most beautiful and best preserved fortresses in the Balkans, built in the late seventeenth century. On the outskirts of Niš there is a unique monument - the Skull Tower (Ćele kula) built by the Turks from the skulls of the Serbian warriors who died in the Battle of Čegar in 1809, led by Stevan Sinđelić, against the Turks. After the Turkish victory, this battle was decisive for the failure of the First Serbian Uprising.

The Nišava District also features Niška Banja, one of the best known spa tourism centers in Serbia. It is located on the bottom of the Suva Planina and a few kilometers away from Niš.

title: Nišava District


text:
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title: Talk:Nišava District


text:
Toplica District

The Toplica District (Топлички округ, ) is an administrative district in southern Serbia, named after the river Toplica. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 77,341 inhabitants, making it the smallest district by population in Serbia. Its administrative center is the city of Prokuplje.

Municipalities
It encompasses the city of Prokuplje and three municipalities:
 * Blace
 * Kuršumlija
 * Žitorađa

Demographics
As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 77,900 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition of the municipality:

title: Toplica District


text:
Talk:Toplica District

In history of this area
In the History of this are, beacose Toplica region is not somthig new, we most take wery imported argument from L. Popoviqit in “ Putovanje po novoj Srbiji ” - Hipi

title: Talk:Toplica District


text:
Talk:Aerobic exercise

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More information is needed on fat burning
The article is unclear about when the body starts to significantly burn fat reserves in the body after starting aerobic exercise. It says that fat burning is not immediate but starts gradually, implying fat starts to be burnt from the moment exercise starts. This is contradicted by other text in the article which states that fat burning only starts when the body runs out of glycogen. Which is correct?

Why do some articles on exercise say that fat and glycogen are burnt equally at a rate of 50:50 when exercise takes place? Which exercise heartbeat range does it apply to?

The included picture implies that a heart rate of 60-70% of maximum is a range where either fat starts to be burnt, or is the optimal range in which the most fat is burnt out of all the exercise ranges. Which is it?

Wsmss (talk) 23:46, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Efficiency in fat burning
Quote: "Aerobic exercise is not a very efficient way to burn fat in comparison to other forms of exercise, as in order to preferentially burn fat one should exercise at lower intensities, which decreases the overall amount of calories burned per unit of time.[31]"

To me this section is very misleading and the aerobic exercise is the perfect way to burn fats! Yes, if we account for amount of time spent it is slow, but who is in a hurry?! Fat burning is a slow process and when you try to speed it up what can happen is that you might start to burn muscle mass instead of fats/carbohydrates. Also higher intensity trainings are stressing the heart and the body and there is no such risk with low intensity trainings which a person can make literally the whole day if he is in a hurry and wants maximum efficiency. Low intensity trainings also reduce the need to eat while high intensity trainings increase the appetite which is counter intuitive if one is trying to lose weight.Leonardo Da Vinci (talk) 11:27, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

Shocking
Wow... no mention of history, Dr. Cooper or any other luminaries? see http://www.cooperinstitute.org/ et al. 132.3.29.68 (talk) 04:35, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Merge and resolve multiple issues
The word "Aerobics" is simple a reduction of the phrase "aerobic exercise" and so the two articles should be merged. Dictionary.com gives the following definitions of the word:

aer·o·bics (noun) 1. Also called aerobic exercises. ( used with a plural verb ) any of various sustained exercises, as jogging, rowing, swimming, or cycling, that stimulate and strengthen the heart and lungs, thereby improving the body's utilization of oxygen. 2. (used with a singular verb) a physical fitness program based on such exercises: Aerobics is a good way to get your body in shape.

The introductory sentence of this article:- "Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines", is therefore either incorrect (as aerobics/aerobic exercise and that may or may not include the matters mentioned, or merely a tautology - aerobics is synonymous with aerobic excerise.

This article and [Aerobics]] have multiple issues imo (style, NPOV, references, structure, etc). I have tagged both articles as best as I am able. Mergeing the two would provide an opportunity to clear these up as well as eliminate the tautology.

--LookingGlass (talk) 15:00, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * as has happened with all fitness-related articles, this one has been ravaged by unscientific mumbo jumbo brought about by bodybuilders and such, with no scientific knowledge to back things up. i believe a merger is good in this particular case in that it would condense all information in one article, and all efforts could be directed towards that, not to mention what you've aptly stated above. support. FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 23:46, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

Heart rate calculation
The heart rates in the "Exercise zones" graphic appear to be calculated as X% of maximum heart rate (MHR); so aerobic is (70% to 80%) * MHR. Other sources (e.g. http://www.brianmac.co.uk/hrm1.htm ) say that they should be calculated as percentages of the heart rate reserve. So if RHR is the resting heart rate, aerobic range would be RHR + (70% to 80%)*(MHR-RHR). I don't know which is correct, but noticed this discrepancy, so people might want to take a look at it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.8.61.164 (talk) 21:02, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Too much focus on Australia in "Aerobic exercise and obesity" section
Looks like the information in this section is only an Australian point of view and not a worldwide view.

Bravosiguenza (talk) 17:35, 12 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Springnuts (talk) 07:21, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

Citation needed
Kenneth Cooper was the first person to introduce the concept of aerobic exercise. In the 1960s, Cooper started research into preventive medicine. He became intrigued by the belief that exercise can preserve one's health. In 1970 he created his own institute (the Cooper Institute) for non-profit research and education devoted to preventive medicine. He sparked millions into becoming active and is now known as the "father of aerobics".[citation needed]

Please include the citation from the Cooper Institute to back up this claim that he is the "father of aerobics". WebMD also grants him that title here: https://www.webmd.com/kenneth-h-cooper. Oka6 (talk) 21:25, 28 April 2018 (UTC)oka6

New Edits
Hello, I just wanted to let you know that I will be editing this article. I have a few ideas for improvements on each section. I will be sure to post what I'm thinking of changing beforehand. Please, feel free to let me know what you think of my ideas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uniquajanae (talk • contribs) 17:05, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

New Edits
I have posted some ideas for a few potential edits, I will be implementing this week, to my sandbox Uniquajanae/sandbox. aerobicexercise. Please take a look at my ideas and let me know what you think. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uniquajanae (talk • contribs) 17:02, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Deleting Information
I will be deleting most of the information from the Aerobic versus anaerobic section, because it is too detailed. I will be making this change within the next few days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uniquajanae (talk • contribs) 14:58, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

Drawbacks
I will be creating a drawbacks section so that this information is no longer under the benefits subhead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uniquajanae (talk • contribs) 14:59, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

Deleting Aerobic Capacity Section
I will be deleting the aerobic capacity section. This information is not relevant to this article. It may fit better on the VO2 Max page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uniquajanae (talk • contribs) 15:40, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

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Article contradiction for most effective fat burning
Hello,

As an average person with no medical background I find some contradictions in the article. Here is the quote:

"At lower intensity aerobic exercise, the body preferentially uses fat as its main fuel source for cellular respiration, however as intensity increases the body preferentially uses glycogen stored in the muscles and liver or other carbohydrates, as it is a quicker source of energy. Aerobic exercise at low or moderate intensity is not a very efficient way to lose fat in comparison to high intensity aerobic exercise"

So I'm confused. If you want to burn fat, which one is more effective - low or high intensity aerobic exercise?

Thanks! 95.214.106.86 (talk) 08:17, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerobic exercise


text: Category:Colors

title: Category:Colors


text:
Papa Bear

Papa Bear may refer to:

 * Papa Bear (Sesame Street), a member of the Bear family on Sesame Street
 * "Papa Bear" (song), a 1998 song by Keith Harling
 * George Halas, American football coach
 * Bill O'Reilly (political commentator), American news commentator
 * One of the Berenstain Bears
 * A character from Goldilocks and the Three Bears
 * The son of rapper Nicki Minaj

title: Papa Bear


text:
Lunaria annua

Lunaria annua, commonly called honesty or annual honesty, is a species of flowering plant in the cabbage and mustard family Brassicaceae. It is native to southern Europe, and cultivated throughout the temperate world.

Description
It is an annual or biennial growing to 90 cm tall by 30 cm broad, with large, coarse, pointed oval leaves with marked serrations. The leaves are hairy, the lower ones long-stalked, the upper ones stalkless. In spring and summer it bears terminal racemes of white, pink or violet flowers, followed by showy, green through light brown, translucent, disc-shaped siliques (not true botanical seedpods), sometimes called moonpennies. When a silique is ripe and dry, a valve on each of its sides readily falls off, and its seeds fall off a central membrane which has a silvery sheen, 3 - 8 cm in diameter; the membrane can persist on a plant throughout a winter depending on the weather. These siliques are much used in dry floral arrangements.

Distribution
Lunaria annua is native to southern Europe from Spain to Romania, and has been introduced to many other parts of the world with temperate climates.

Names
The Latin name lunaria means 'moon-shaped' and refers to the shape and appearance of this species' siliques. The common name "honesty" arose in the 16th century, and relates to the translucence of its silique membranes, which "truthfully" reveal their contents. Additional English names include money plant, moneywort, penny flower, silver dollar, and money-in-both-pockets, Chinese money, or Chinese coins. These too reference the silique membranes, which have the appearance of silvery coins. In French it is known as monnaie du pape ("Pope's money"). In Denmark it is known as judaspenge and in Dutch-speaking countries as judaspenning (both meaning "coins of Judas"), an allusion to the story of Judas Iscariot and the thirty pieces of silver he was paid for betraying Christ.

Symbolism
In the language of flowers, the plant represents honesty, money, and sincerity. In witchcraft, the honesty plant is considered protective, being thought to keep away monsters. The plant is also used in spells for prosperity, the flat pods (when ripe and silvery) resembling coins and therefore being seen as symbolising promises of wealth. In the earliest surviving recipe for a flying ointment (recorded by Bavarian physician Johannes Hartlieb circa 1440), Lunaria is included as the herbal ingredient corresponding astrologically to the moon and therefore to be picked on the lunar day of Monday.

Cultivation
This plant is easy to grow from seed and tends to naturalize. It is usually grown as a biennial, being sown one year to flower the next. It is suitable for cultivation in a shady or dappled area, or in a wildflower garden, and the flowers and dried siliques are often seen in flower arrangements. Numerous varieties and cultivars are available, of which the white-flowered L. annua var. albiflora and the variegated white L. annua var. albiflora 'Alba Variegata' have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Lunaria annua


text:
Pirot District

The Pirot District (Пиротски Округ, ) is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands to the southeastern part of Serbia. According to the 2022 census results, it has a population of 76,700 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Pirot.

Municipalities
It encompasses the city of Pirot and the following municipalities:
 * Bela Palanka
 * Babušnica
 * Dimitrovgrad

Demographics
According to the 2011 census results, the Pirot District has a population of 92,479 inhabitants.

History and culture
The first mention of Pirot was from the second century A.D. In its vicinity is a church from the thirteenth century, the Church of St. Petka, and the monastery of St. John the Theologist from the late fourteenth century. They are fine examples of medieval architecture.

Features
Medicinal water from the Zvonce Spa (Zvonačka Banja), a health resort, was used in ancient times, and natural beauties of this region are renowned throughout Serbia. The oldest craft, today an industry, is Rug making: the weaving trade, by which this region has gained its worldwide fame.

title: Pirot District


text:
User talk:RScheiber

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Romani people
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Overlinking
Please study this guideline carefully. You are are overlinking in a gross way on many articles. --Epipelagic (talk) 09:29, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing up the relevant guideline. Having read it i must say that it seems you are underlinking articles with your link-removals. E.g. anti-communism is not covered by the don't Avoid linking plain English words policy. To not start an edit-war i'll let it up to you to fix that if you follow this argument. Additionally the policy .. major geographic features and locations, nations, languages, religions, and common professions doesn't seem to apply to e.g. Macedonians. I think a minority of Wikipedia-Readers worldwide don't need further information - and the policy speaks of major .. nations, which would apply to e.g. the globally best-known 20-30 nations, as wikipedia has worldwide readers, the focus of geographic knowlege will differ. Again, to not start an edit war, please fix that. BTW, I understand that my edits in Mariculture didn't comply with the policy and will try to follow the policy more closely in the future. --RScheiber (talk) 13:53, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

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Ref meta data
Also appears to need to be brought over https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rubella_vaccine&diff=945242547&oldid=940120179&diffmode=source

Not sure if it does it automatically. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:23, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

Thanks, fixed it.RScheiber (talk) 18:39, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

Quick CheckUser requests
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Chromosome numbers and links
Hi! Linking like this is not optimal. Readers are presented with two links back to back, where it's not clear if it's a single link or two different ones (MOS:SEAOFBLUE), and it points to two articles, one of which is very general, so it's arguably preferable to have a single, more specific link instead (MOS:SPECIFICLINK).

Also, I'm not sure adding the word "diploid" before the chromosome number is always a good idea. I'm not a biologist, but it seems this use is misleading for the many plants that have higher ploidy levels. The same information is contained in the formula ("2n=.."), and afaik this simply indicates that the count applies to somatic cells, not gametes. – Uanfala (talk) 17:43, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

@User:Uanfala: --RScheiber (talk) 19:32, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) in regard to your second point: I'm just seeing now, that i accidentally reverted your edit. This was not edit warring, I just didn't realise I had already edited that page, sorry for the "seemingly stubbornness". Please feel free to revert again. The ploidy in plants is indeed a tricky subject, And i had tried to skip Species with unclear Ploidy and only edit such that seemed to indicate diploidy. I am confident my additions of "diploid" to be correct, as the 2n seems to clearly indicate at least that the associated chromosome count is for diploidy, and the "diploid" in my edits referred to the 2n and not the species as a whole, but i have to admit that a categorisation of the whole species is more tricky. Thanks for pointing that out. The goal of my edits was to add chromosome counts to WikiData where Wikipedia seemed to have them, and as chromosome counts without ploidy have limited usefulness I tried to figure at least the one that seem to be diploid and edit WD accordingly. after visiting many such species pages on WP I saw that in most cases for plants they clearly distinguished between haploid and diploid chromosome counts (in fact giving both, and indicating which one is which) and if a species had higher ploidy it was indicated. so I tried to fill the gaps. Thanks for pointing out the aspect of somatic cells, not gametes. I'll take your hint to be more careful with that and postpone further WD edits for now and wait for a biologist to step in.
 * 2) in regard to your first point: In my view its quite obvious to a reader that these are in fact 2 separate links, and also I think that blue links vs. black text doesn't impact legibility. Though as the ideal link would be to Chromosome count or Chromosome number which would provide infos in regard to the evolution of chromosome counts in the process of speciation, the process of identifying that count for a species / Cell and the uncertainties involved, but currently it (the chromosome number)is anyhow just a redirect, i had used the chromosome link (again trying to "standardise" the various species pages after seeing this very frequently and perceiving it as beneficial. Also hereby I think I'll put this to rest until there is such a "Chromosome count" page.

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Grem
There is a question about one of your edits on Talk:Grem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Markamisix (talk • contribs) 05:44, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

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title: User talk:RScheiber


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title: Category:Poems


text:
Southern Combination Football League

The Southern Combination Football League (named Premier Sports Southern Combination Football League) is a football league broadly covering the counties of East Sussex, West Sussex, Surrey and South West London, England. The league consists of eight divisions – three for first teams (Premier Division, Division One and Division Two), two for Under 23 teams (East Division and West Division) and three for Under 18 teams (East Division, Central Division and West Division).

History
Formed in 1920 as the Sussex County Football League, started with just one league with 12 teams. By the end of the 1929–30 season, six of the original twelve teams remained, having played in every campaign since the competition began. The league saw regular changes in members between 1921 and 1928 and saw 23 clubs taking part. The league closed down during the Second World War and the league ran two competition sections in the 1945–46 season, an Eastern division with eight teams and a Western division with 9 teams. The winners of each competition played in a play-off for a champion. A normal single league practice resumed in 1946 with 14 clubs now playing.

A new division was created in 1952 when Division Two was instituted. Division One remained with 14 teams and Division Two with 12 teams. By 1958 the two leagues had 16 teams each. The 1962–63 season was abandoned due to the atrocious weather conditions, with some clubs playing over 20 games and others with only 13 or 14 games played; an emergency competition was played in a group stage style format with knock-out stages to the final. The 1970s saw the league membership decline. In 1983 a third division was added for intermediate level teams looking for an easy entry into the football league pyramid system, and a 3-points-for-a-win system was introduced. Divisions One and Two remained at 16 teams each, Division Three started with 13 teams, increasing to 15 two seasons later. Some long term clubs experienced harder times and dropped into Division Two. A "Two Up Two Down" system of promotion and relegation was applied throughout the period but was occasionally affected by departures from the league itself. Division One increased to 18 teams for the 1988–89 season and 20 teams for the 1993–94 season, along with Division One increasing to 18 teams in the same season. Division Three increased to 16 teams in 2000.

The league changed its name to the Southern Combination Football League for the start of the 2015–16 season, keeping the acronym SCFL also attracting teams just across the Sussex border when the Football Association (FA) moved teams across leagues. The divisions were renamed at this time to Premier Division, Division One and Division Two, with the last keeping its intermediate status. Also, for the 2015–16 season the league added two U21s divisions, one in the East, and one in the West, consisting of 7 teams each, which lasted until the end of the 2017–18 season and replaced by two Under–23 divisions (East and West), and three Under–18 divisions (East, Central and West).

The Sin Bin rule was introduced for the 2019–20 season to reduce dissent between the players, also during the same season the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic halted all sporting events nationwide; the leagues and the Football Association agreed to end the season early and expunge all results, with no promotion or relegation between the leagues.

The league season was abandoned for a third time after the FA Alliance and Leagues committees announced that the 2020–21 would be curtailed, subject to ratification by The FA Council, with immediate effect.

The first team divisions – Premier, One and Two, sit at Steps 5 and 6, and level 11, formerly Step 7, of the English football league system, below the lower divisions of the Isthmian League and the Southern League. The reserve divisions are not part of the league system.

Sponsorship
In the past, Unijet, Rich City, Matthew Clark and Badger Ales sponsored the Sussex County Football League. But between 2006 and 2014 the league was without a sponsor. Macron Store (Hastings) signed a 4-year deal beginning in the 2014–15 season resulting in the official name being changed to The Macron Sussex County League and then to The Macron Southern Combination Football League a year later. On 20 June 2023 Premier Sports announced at the League Annual General Meeting that they would be sponsoring the league.

Current clubs
Premier Division
 * AFC Varndeanians
 * Bexhill United
 * Crawley Down Gatwick
 * Crowborough Athletic
 * Eastbourne United Association
 * Hassocks
 * Haywards Heath Town
 * Horsham YMCA
 * Little Common
 * Lingfield
 * Loxwood
 * Midhurst & Easebourne
 * Newhaven
 * Pagham
 * Peacehaven & Telscombe
 * Petersfield Town
 * Roffey
 * Saltdean United
 * Shoreham
 * Wick

Division One
 * AFC Uckfield Town
 * Alfold
 * Arundel
 * Banstead Athletic
 * Billingshurst
 * Chessington & Hook United
 * Copthorne
 * Dorking Wanderers Reserves
 * East Preston
 * Forest Row
 * Godalming Town
 * Infinity
 * Mile Oak
 * Montpelier Villa
 * Oakwood
 * Reigate Priory
 * Seaford Town
 * Selsey
 * Storrington Community
 * Worthing United

Division Two
 * Bosham
 * Brighton Electricity
 * Capel
 * Charlwood
 * Ferring
 * Hailsham Town
 * Jarvis Brook
 * Rottingdean Village
 * Rustington
 * St Francis Rangers
 * Southwater
 * Upper Beeding
 * Worthing Town

Former clubs
Following former clubs are now playing in other leagues or levels.

 * Bognor Regis Town
 * Broadbridge Heath
 * Burgess Hill Town
 * Chichester City
 * Crawley Town
 * Cuckfield Town
 * Dorking Wanderers
 * East Grinstead Town
 * Eastbourne Borough
 * Eastbourne Town
 * Epsom & Ewell
 * Fishbourne
 * Hastings United
 * Horley Town
 * Horsham
 * Lancing
 * Lewes
 * Littlehampton Town
 * Redhill
 * Sidley United
 * Steyning Town
 * Three Bridges
 * Westfield
 * Whitehawk
 * Worthing

Defunct clubs
Only clubs with articles are listed

 * Corps of Signals (1920-1925)
 * Langney Wanderers (2010-2021)
 * Littlehampton United (2008-2022)
 * Ringmer (1963-2018)

 * St Leonards (1971-2003)
 * Southwick (1882-2020)
 * Rye United (1938-2014)
 * Withdean (1989–2000)

1920–1939
The league originally consisted of a single section of 12 clubs, and had reached a stable membership of 14 clubs when it was abandoned on the outbreak of World War II. The fore-runner of the League Cup, known then as the Baldwin Cup (generically Invitation Cup) was introduced in 1938-39 with six teams invited. Lewes were the inaurgural final winners beating Littlehampton 5-0 at Newhaven on 6 May 1939.

1939–1941
During the Second World War an emergency competition was played. The league operated two region divisions, East and West, with the winners of each playing in a play-off

1945–1946
For the first post-War season, the league also operated two regional divisions, East and West, with the winners of each facing each other in a play-off.

1946–1952
After a single split format, the league reverted to a single division for the next six seasons.

1952–1983
A second division was instituted in 1952. A two-division format continued for over 30 years, the only deviation being in the 1962–63 season when the unusually harsh winter weather made the league impossible to finish. The normal league competitions were abandoned and a set of emergency competitions were played for in the second half of the season.

1983–2015
After a two division format had proved sufficient for over 30 years, a third division was added in 1983. While the top two divisions were for clubs holding senior status with the Sussex FA, the new Division Three was for clubs of intermediate status.

2015–present
In 2015, the Sussex County Football League was re-branded to the Southern Combination Football League, keeping the acronym SCFL. The divisions were renamed to Premier Division, Division One and Division Two, Division Two clubs still holding intermediate status.

1 The 2019–20 season was terminated on 26 March 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic 2 The 2020-21 was curtailed on 24 February 2021 and a Supplementary Shield was arranged.

Promoted
Since the league's formation, the following clubs have won promotion to higher levels of the English football league system. Crawley Town are currently the only English Football League team to play in the Sussex County League. P = Via play-offs

title: Southern Combination Football League


text: Talk:Pirot District

title: Talk:Pirot District


text:
Category:Marvel Comics titles

These are all comics published by Marvel Comics.

title: Category:Marvel Comics titles


text:
Jablanica District

The Jablanica District (Јабланички округ, ) is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands in the southeastern parts of Serbia. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 184,502 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Leskovac.

Municipalities
The district encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Leskovac
 * Bojnik
 * Lebane
 * Medveđa
 * Vlasotince
 * Crna Trava

Demographics
As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 184,502 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition of the Jablanica District (per 2011 and 2022 censuses):

History and culture
Famous cultural and historical monuments in this district are: the Roman necropolis in Mala Kopašnica originating from the 2nd century AD, an early Byzantine (6th century AD) town of Caričin Grad or Iustiniana Prima, the Jašunja Monasteries dedicated to the Virgin of Transfiguration and St. John the Baptist, built in 1499 as the endowment of the monastery nun Ksenija, as well as the church of St. John the Baptist from the 16th century, being a true pearl among monuments.

title: Jablanica District


text: Talk:Jablanica District

title: Talk:Jablanica District


text: User talk:81.76.31.88

title: User talk:81.76.31.88


text:
Lucy spy ring

The Lucy spy ring was an anti-Nazi World War II espionage operation headquartered in Switzerland and run by Rudolf Roessler, a German refugee. Its story was only published in 1966, and very little is clear about the ring, Roessler, or the effort's sources or motives.

History
Roessler, a German expatriate from Bavaria who fled to Geneva when Hitler came to power, was working as the proprietor of a small publishing firm, Vita Nova, at the outbreak of World War II, producing anti-Fascist literature. He was employed by Brigadier Masson, head of Swiss Military Intelligence, who employed him as an analyst with Bureau Ha, overtly a press cuttings agency but in fact a covert department of Swiss Intelligence. Roessler was approached by two German officers, Fritz Thiele and Rudolph von Gersdorff, who were part of a conspiracy to overthrow Hitler, and had been known to Roessler in the 1930s through the Herrenklub.

Thiele and Gersdorf wished him to act as a conduit for high-level military information, to be available to him to make use of in the fight against Fascism. This they accomplished by equipping Roessler with a radio and an Enigma machine, and designating him as a German military station (call-signed RAHS). In this way they could openly transmit their information to him through normal channels. They were able to do this as Thiele, and his superior, Erich Fellgiebel (who was also part of the conspiracy), were in charge of the German Defence Ministry's communication centre, the Bendlerblock. This was possible, as those employed to encode the information were unaware of where it was going, while those transmitting the messages had no idea what was in them.

At first Roessler passed the information to Swiss military intelligence, via a friend who was serving in Bureau Ha, an intelligence agency used by the Swiss as a cut-out. Roger Masson, the head of Swiss MI, also chose to pass some of this information to the British SIS. Later, seeking to aid the USSR in its role in the fight against Nazism, Roessler was able to pass on information to it via another contact who was a part of a Soviet (GRU) network run by Alexander Rado. Roessler was not a Communist, nor even particularly a Communist sympathizer, and wished to remain at arm's length from Rado's network, insisting on complete anonymity and communicating with Rado only through the courier, Christian Schneider. Rado agreed to this, recognizing the value of the information being received. Rado code-named the source "Lucy", simply because all he knew about the source was that it was in Lucerne. Roessler's first major contribution to Soviet intelligence came in May 1941 when he was able to deliver details of Operation Barbarossa, Germany's impending invasion of the Soviet Union. Though his warning was initially ignored - as Soviet intelligence had received multiple false alarms about an impending German invasion - Roessler's dates eventually proved accurate. Following the invasion, in June 1941, Lucy was regarded as a VYRDO source, i.e. of the highest importance, and to be transmitted immediately. Over the next two years "Lucy" was able to supply the Soviets with high grade military intelligence. During the autumn of 1942, "Lucy" provided the Soviets with detailed information about Case Blue, the German operations against Stalingrad and the Caucasus; during this period decisions taken in Berlin were arriving in Moscow on average within a ten-hour period; on one occasion in just six hours, not much longer than it took to reach German front line units. Roessler, and Rado's network, particularly Allan Foote, Rado's main radio operator, were prepared to work flat out to maintain the speed and flow of the information. At the peak of its operation, Rado's network was enciphering and sending several hundred messages per month, many of these from "Lucy". Meanwhile, Roessler alone had to do all the receiving, decoding and evaluating of the "Lucy" messages before passing them on; for him during this period it became a full-time operation. In the summer of 1943, the culmination of "Lucy's" success came in transmitting the details of Germany's plans for Operation Citadel, a planned summer offensive against the Kursk salient, which became a strategic defeat for the German army—the Battle of Kursk gave the Red Army the initiative on the eastern front for the remainder of the war.

During the winter of 1942, the Germans became aware of the transmissions from the Rado network, and began to take steps against it through their counter-espionage bureau. After several attempts to penetrate the network they succeeded in pressuring the Swiss to close it down in October 1943, when its radio transmitters were closed down and a number of key operatives were arrested. Thereafter Roessler's only outlet for the "Lucy" information was through the Bureau Ha and Swiss Military Intelligence. Roessler was unaware his information was also going to the Western Allies.

The Lucy spy ring came to an end in the summer of 1944 when the German members, who were also involved in other anti-Nazi activities, were arrested in the aftermath of the failed 20 July plot.

Members
In Switzerland the Lucy network consisted of the following members:
 * Rudolf Roessler, code-named "Lucy"
 * Xaver Schnieper, Roessler's Bureau Ha contact
 * , code-named "Taylor", Roessler's GRU contact
 * Rachel Dübendorfer, code-named "Sissy", Schneider's handler
 * Alexander Rado, code-named "Dora", head of the espionage group Red Three (Rote Drei; part of the Red Orchestra), part of the Soviet GRU espionage network in WW II in Switzerland
 * Allan Foote, code-named "Jim", the "Dora" network's main radio operator

Identity of sources
The record of messages transmitted show that Roessler had four important sources, codenamed Werther, Teddy, Olga, and Anna. While it was never discovered who they were, the quartet was responsible for 42.5 percent of the intelligence sent from Switzerland to the Soviet Union.

The search for the identity of those sources has created a very large body of work of varying quality and offering various conclusions. Several theories can be dismissed immediately, including by Foote and several other writers, that the code names reflected the sources' access type rather than their identity- for example, that Werther stood for Wehrmacht, Olga for Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Anna for Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office)- as the evidence does not support it. Alexander Radó made this claim in his memoirs, that were examined in a Der Spiegel article. Three and a half years before his death, Roessler described the identity of the four sources to a confidant. They were a German major who was in charge of the Abwehr before Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Bernd Gisevius, Carl Goerdeler and a General Boelitz, who was then deceased.

The most reliable study by the CIA Historical Review Program concluded that of the four sources, the most important source was Werther. The study stated he was likely Wehrmacht General Hans Oster, other Abwehr officers working with Swiss intelligence, or Swiss intelligence on its own. There was no evidence to link the other three codenames to known individuals. The CIA believed that the German sources gave their reports to Swiss General Staff, who in turn supplied Roessler with information that the Swiss wanted to pass to the Soviets.

Controversy
Roessler's story was first published in 1966 by the French journalists Pierre Accoce and Pierre Quet. In 1981, it was alleged by Anthony Read and David Fisher that Lucy was, at its heart, a British Secret Service operation intended to get Ultra information to the Soviets in a convincing way untraceable to British codebreaking operations against the Germans. Stalin had shown considerable suspicion of any information from the British about German plans to invade Russia in 1941, so an Allied effort to find a way to get helpful information to the Soviets in a form that would not be dismissed is, at least, not implausible. That the Soviets had, via their own espionage operations, learned of the British break into important German message traffic was not, at the time, known to the British. Various observations have suggested that Allan Foote was more than a mere radio operator: he was in a position to act as a radio interface between SIS and Roessler, and also between Roessler and Moscow; his return to the West in the 1950s was unusual in several ways; and his book was similarly troublesome. They also point out that not one of Roessler's claimed sources in Germany has been identified or has come forward. Hence their suspicion that, even more so than for most espionage operations, the Lucy ring was not what it seemed.

However, this is flatly denied by Harry Hinsley, the official historian for the British Secret Services in World War II, who stated that "there is no truth in the much-publicized claim that the British authorities made use of the ‘Lucy’ ring..to forward intelligence to Moscow".

Phillip Knightley also dismisses the thesis that Ultra was the source of Lucy. He indicates that the information was delivered very promptly (often within 24 hours) to Moscow, too fast if it had come via GCHQ Bletchley Park. Further, Ultra intelligence on the Eastern front was less than complete; many of the German messages were transmitted by landlines and wireless messages were often too garbled for timely decoding. Furthermore, the Enigma systems employed by German forces on the Eastern Front were only broken intermittently. Knightley suggests that the source was Karel Sedlacek, a Czech military intelligence officer. Sedlacek died in London in 1967 and indicated that he received the information from one or more unidentified dissidents within the German High Command. Another, but less likely possibility Knightley suggests is, that the information came from the Swiss secret service.

V. E. Tarrant echoes Knightley's objections, and in addition points out that Read and Fisher's scenario was unnecessary, as Britain was already passing Ultra information to the Soviet Union following the German invasion in June 1941. While not wishing to reveal Britain's penetration of Enigma, Churchill ordered selected Ultra information to be passed via the British Military Mission in Moscow, reported as coming from "a well-placed source in Berlin," or "a reliable source". However, as the Soviets showed little interest in co-operation on intelligence matters, refusing to share Soviet intelligence that would be useful to Britain (such as information on German air forces in the Eastern Front) or agreeing to use the Soviet mission in London as a transmission route, the British cut back the flow of information in the spring of 1942, and by the summer it had dwindled to a trickle. This hypothesis, that Britain lost the motivation to share intelligence with Stalin after this time, is also at variance with Read and Fisher's theory.

title: Lucy spy ring


text:
David Marcus (writer)

David Marcus (21 August 1924 in County Cork –9 May 2009) was an Irish Jewish editor and writer who was a lifelong advocate for and editor of Irish fiction.

Life and times
Born in County Cork in 1924, Marcus was the much-loved editor of numerous anthologies of Irish fiction and poetry, including the Phoenix Irish Short Stories collections.

Other notable projects included the page New Irish Writing for the Irish Press, which provided a forum for aspiring Irish authors, publishing most of the most important names in Irish fiction, many for the first time, including Dermot Bolger, Ita Daly, Anne Enright, Neil Jordan, Claire Keegan, John McGahern, Michael Feeney Callan, Bernard MacLaverty, Eilis Ni Dhuibhne, Joseph O'Connor, Colm Tóibín, Colum McCann and William Wall. He was, in the words of Fintan O'Toole "the single most important literary editor in Ireland in the second half of the 20th century".

His 1986 novel, A Land Not Theirs, a fictionalized account of the experiences of the Cork Jewish community during the Irish War of Independence was a bestseller. In 1986, his second novel, which drew on his experiences among the Cork Jewish community, A Land in Flames was also a popular success.

In 2001, Marcus published Oughtobiography – Leaves from the diary of a hyphenated Jew, an autobiographical review of his life as an Irish Jew and as an important figure in Irish literature.

On 3 June 2005, he was awarded an honorary Degree of Doctor of Literature by the National University of Ireland, University College, Cork.

Marcus was married to fellow Irish novelist Ita Daly and lived in Rathgar in Dublin. In 2016 she published a memoir of their life together, I'll Drop You a Line: A Life With David Marcus.

title: David Marcus (writer)


text:
Youghiogheny River

The Youghiogheny River, or the Yough for short, is a 134 mi tributary of the Monongahela River in West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. It drains an area on the west side of the Allegheny Mountains northward into Pennsylvania, providing a small watershed in extreme western Maryland into the tributaries of the Mississippi River. Youghiogheny is a Lenape word meaning "a stream flowing in a contrary direction".

Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
 * Gawgawgamie, Ohio Gani River, Roonanetto, Yanghyanghgain, Yaughvaughani, Yauyougaine River, Yawyawganey, Yawyougaine River, Yeoyogani, Yochio Geni, Yoghioghenny River, Yogyogany River, Yohioganey, Yohogany, Youghiogeny River, Youghogania, Youghyaughye, Youghyoghgyina River, Yoxhio geni River, Yoxhiogany, Yoxhiogeny, Yoxyougaine River, Yughiogeny

Course

The Youghiogheny rises in northern West Virginia, in Preston County southeast of Aurora and near Backbone Mountain. The headwaters are approximately 10 mi north of the headwaters of the North Branch Potomac River and pass through Silver Lake before flowing north-northeast into Garrett County, Maryland, then flowing north past Oakland and roughly parallel to the West Virginia border, separated by approximately 3 mi. The river enters southwestern Pennsylvania on the border between Fayette and Somerset counties. It flows northwest through a gap in Chestnut Ridge and then past Connellsville. It joins the Monongahela River from the southeast (right bank) at McKeesport.

Just upstream from Confluence, Pennsylvania, approximately 6 mi north of the Pennsylvania border, the river is impounded by the 184 ft Youghiogheny Dam to form the Youghiogheny River Lake, a reservoir that stretches upstream into northern Maryland. The dam was completed in 1944 primarily for flood control. U.S. Route 40 crosses the Youghiogheny River Lake between Jockey Hollow on the Fayette County side and Somerfield on the Somerset County side.

History
In the colonial era and in the early United States, the valley of the river provided an important route of access through the mountains for settlers and military forces from Virginia to western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country. In 1754, as a militia officer of the British Colony of Virginia, George Washington followed the river in an attempt to find a water route to Fort Duquesne, then held by the French.

During the uncommonly severe winter of 1787-88, American pioneers to the Northwest Territory departed New England and cut trails westward through the mountains. At Sumrill's Ferry, present-day West Newton, Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny River, the men built flatboats which carried them down the Youghiogheny River to the Monongahela River, and then to the Ohio River, and onward to the Northwest Territory.

The pioneer town of Somerfield, Pennsylvania, was inundated by the building of the Youghiogheny Dam in 1943. Perryopolis in northern Fayette County, Pennsylvania, is the site of the George Washington Grist Mill. The Youghiogheny River Trail follows the river in southwestern Pennsylvania southeast of Connellsville.

Coal mining became an important industry along the lower Youghiogheny River during the 19th century. At that time, the name was often spelled Yohoghany (or variants thereof), and during the 1860s and 1870s that spelling was used as the name of a post office near what is now Shaner in Westmoreland County.

In 1976, a 21 mi segment of the Youghiogheny in Maryland was given special protected status by the state as the Youghiogheny Scenic & Wild River. Though most of the land along this corridor is private, it is managed by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to preserve its natural and cultural resources.

Recreation and travel
The Youghiogheny is popular for whitewater canoeing, kayaking and rafting. Four sections of the river, varying in difficulty, are available on a predictable basis for whitewater recreation:
 * Top Yough, near Swallow Falls State Park in Maryland (Class IV-V)
 * Upper Yough, from Sang Run to Friendsville, Maryland (Class IV-V)
 * Middle Yough, from Confluence, Pennsylvania to Ohiopyle (Class II)
 * Ohiopyle Falls in Ohiopyle State Park: Previously, this spectacular 18 ft waterfall was legal for kayakers and canoeists to run on only one weekend a year (Class IV), during a race and festival. In August 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources announced a pilot program allowing boaters to run the falls during three weeks that fall. The program was successful, so the falls are accessible to whitewater kayakers and canoeists with the same rules as the test program.
 * Lower Yough, which runs through Ohiopyle State Park from Ohiopyle to Bruner Run (Class III). This section is the busiest whitewater trip east of the Mississippi River, being completed by over 250,000 people each year.
 * Further downstream, near Connellsville, the river is much slower, without whitewater rapids, and is able to be piloted by personal tubes, kayaks or canoes.

Although the Youghiogheny is generally considered to be safe for whitewater recreation, there have been 19 deaths on the Lower Yough. At least five, and possibly as many as 14, of the fatalities have occurred at a rapid within the Lower Yough known as Dimple Rock. Dimple refers to both the Class III rapid by that name, as well as an undercut rock in the middle of the rapid by that name. Some of the deaths were attributed to preexisting health conditions, with 9 of the 14 being caused by the rock.

The Youghiogheny is also known for fishing, having brown and rainbow trout, as well as smallmouth above the power plant discharge. Part of the Great Allegheny Passage, a multi-use trail along the former Western Maryland Railway right-of-way, extends from Pittsburgh to Confluence. From Confluence, it connects to Washington, D.C. Amtrak's Capitol Limited, an overnight train connecting Chicago and Washington D.C., follows the Youghiogheny through southwest Pennsylvania into western Maryland, one of the most scenic stretches of Amtrak's national system, crossing from side to side of the river in several places.

Crossings
The Great Crossings is the place on the river where General George Washington and General Edward Braddock forded the river in 1755, during the French and Indian War.

title: Youghiogheny River


text:
Talk:Skeleton Army

I’ve pasted the quote from the 'Bethnal Green Eastern Post' (November 1882)in as it stands. I assume something printed in 1882 is out of copyright.[User:Barbara Shack]

 * That's correct. And the article is improving--good work! Meelar 16:06, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Some readibility changes
The sentences seems a little disjoined, and I took the liberty of re-organizing them into more discreet chunks. I also, reworded the term "continued to witness" as I feel it flavors the document wrong for this kind of encyclopedia, and would turn off some people. I used the phrase "continued unabated" to still give it a strong, resilliant connotation. -rs Unsigned comment by 198.185.18.207

Sources?
What sources are there for this information? Absolutely nothing is cited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.164.48 (talk) 21:58, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Punch 1886.03.20 --195.137.93.171 (talk) 06:47, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Loafers
"Loafers" in this context probably shouldn't link to slip-on shoe. If it once led to a more appropriate article, which has since been deleted, that's a shame. 81.131.61.27 (talk) 17:04, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Skeleton Army


text: Category:Dutch people

title: Category:Dutch people


text:
Spring Creek, Oklahoma

Spring Creek is an unincorporated community in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. It is about 6 mi south-southwest of Cogar, and just east of the Spring Creek watercourse that feeds into Lake Chickasha. It has a cemetery, church, schoolhouse, and general store still standing. The cemetery and church are still used. The remaining general store (there were once two at the same time) is now a house. The schoolhouse is block and was built around the turn of the 20th century. The surrounding area is very sandy and features much red rock.

title: Spring Creek, Oklahoma