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Talk:Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland

Untitled
This is a most excellent page. Giving the basic information in an easily accessible way, yet linking to the COMPLETE ORIGINAL specifications! Fantastic job, whoever you are. This is how Wikipedia should be. Way too many articles try to rehash original materiel, without referring to it or linking to it.

Numerological Superstition
Does anyone know about a registration with 666 as its sequence number?

I remember a few years ago hearing a radio program that said registrations were never given out with the number 666 in it!

Can anyone shed light on this?

conorb (At) gmail.com

 * I know for a fact that this is false. Ironically, a religion teacher in secondary school drove a black car (A Ford Orion I believe) with the reg no. of 666. (I kid you not!) zoney ▓  ▒ talk 23:11, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I can also confirm that this was false. In Mayo a few years ago there was an incident where some guy with some obsession with the number "666" illegally fitted a 9?MO666 number plate (cant remember the exact year of registration but it was in the 1990's) to his car

Anyway by a couple of twists of bizzare coincidince the guy was driving along the N5 at Ballyvary (near Castlebar) one day and overtook a van bearing the REAL 9?MO666 number plate meanwhile behind him was a car in which a photographer from a local newspaper (The Connaught Telegraph IIRC) was travelling as a passenger. The photograph of car overtaking the van bearing the same number plate appeared in the paper the following week. Needless to say the local gardai (police) took a dim view of this and within weeks managed to locate and aprehend the driver of the car. Despite there being some obvious doubts about the guys state of mental health he was put on trial and fined (reportedly with a warning that he would face more serious penelties i.e. prison if he reoffended). The question of whether he should retain his driving licence given the aforementioned doubts about his state of mind apparently never arose !

I have heard of authorities in some countries deciding not to issue number plates ending in "13" or "666" because of the volumes of protests/requests for number changes from particularly religious and/or superstitious individuals.80.229.222.48 22:27, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

NI regs
Addition by an anon IP:

 * Please note: There have been noted cases of vehicles from Northern Ireland registering their cars in the UK (as must be done) but to the Republic's standard such as:
 * :County Armagh - AH

I seriously doubt this is true. Evidence is needed before such a far-fetched claim can be inserted.

As far as I am aware, NI reg's continue to use the old British system for Ireland (that used to be all-Ireland). I do not know whether they yet use the EU style number plates. In England "GB" is used on these, but that would be technically incorrect for NI (they aren't in Great Britain, but are in the United Kingdom).

zoney ♣ talk 20:44, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * No this is actually true. I have also seen a NI car with 99-AH-????? (It didn't actually have the question marks, obviously). I don't how it was done, but it did DEFINITLY say AH. I think the line should be put back in. I don't unfortunatly have hard PROOF, it's not like I had a camera or anything. -Gerbon689

 * You may indeed have seen an NI car with AH, but this was most likely an illegal number plate. A Dublin driver tried to do likewise soon after the introduction of the current plates from 1987. Instead of the mandatory 8x-D-xxxx, he decided on his own authority that 8x-BÁC-xxxx was what he was entitled to show on his number plate, his excuse being that he always refered Dublin as "Baile Átha Cliath", and not "Dublin". Anyway, the courts decided that he did not have the right to change his numberplates to his personal liking, and ruled his "BÁC" plate as illegal...

 * Nothern Irish plates don't carry the GB band. For obvious reasons, really. --Kiand 21:02, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually some do but its not (yet?) compulsory. Some use "NI" but (like "CYM" and "SCO") I dont think these are internationally recognised. As for illegal numberplates on NI cars I saw a black taxi on the Falls road in Belfast onetime with TWO numberplates one official "EKZ xxxx" and the other totally illegal "9x AM xxxx" complete with (oversized) IRL logo 80.229.222.48 19:39, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Funny, many people from Derry who move to Donegal retain their UK plates (illegally of course). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.46.181.184 (talk) 02:06, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The exhorbatant levels of vehicle registration tax in the Republic would account for the above. Meanwhile with the DVA in Northern Ireland offering personalised registrations at £250 a pop it would be theoretically possible for NI motorists to legally have something approximating Irish format plates (albeit with the rear plate remaining yellow) Havent seen any examples to date though. 82.132.232.7 (talk) 08:24, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

Pre-1987 cars
The article doesn't say anything, but is it possible for an older car to be given a post-1987 format number? I could swear that when I was in Dublin a few years ago I spotted an old Rover 2000 with a 70 C nnn plate, but in the old white-on-black lettering style! -- Arwel 00:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

When importing a pre-1987 car and registering it in Ireland for the first time, the Revenue Commissioners will allow you the choice of an older style 'ZV' plate, or a newer style 70 C nnnn plate. Regarding the style of the plate, if it was legal for the plate to be in that style at the time of original registration, it is still legal to display that style of plate. And that's how I have a silver & black 69 D plate on my Land Rover :-) AndrewH 09:52, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, that explains that I wasn't going mad. I just couldn't figure out how it had been done! Thanks. -- Arwel 10:50, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As I rememeber at the time some people had their pre 1987 plates re-registered as pre 1987 in the form 70 C nnnn - it was kind of a fad - dont quote me on this as I am very vague on the details! Another thing that was very popular in post 1987 was to purchase a car in the late/early year and put "FOR REG" in place of number plates until it was possible to register in the new year and receive plates. This did not last much beyond the mid ninties because of concerns with theft and law and was very popular among the Jones'. Djegan 18:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Old Registration Plates - Table. As far as I recalled from years ago the Counties IA, IB, IC etc were issued alphabetically...  This is not obvious from the table as the table starts with AI - the first entry should be I = Ireland and A = First County ==> IA = Ireland, Antrim, IB = Ireland Armagh... etc. in county alpha order... until IZ = Ireland, Mayo - whereupon the I was placed after the county letter to create AI - Meath,Ireland, BI = Monaghan, Ireland ... until NI = Wicklow, Ireland.....  After that the likehood is that the rest of the double letter codes were used as required and subsequently the Zx codies.

The important point really is that the Ix and xI codes are part of the same double letter sequence - but the table does not show this. Reversing the Table so that it starts with IA and the moves to AI and the ZA.

Also it should be noted that a third letter was used in font of the doule letter county code, e.g AZI 915, TZC 112... also the letter and umber sequences could be reversed 485 RI, 475 BIK, 176 MRI - In Nothern Ireland a 4 digit number sequence was introduced e.g MIA 1234

 * Plate Colour, The plates photos omit 1. the Red plate was a rear place with a corresponding white plate at the front. Both these plates were reflective. Prior to those plates Black Plates with Silver letters/numbers were used.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.43.160.105 (talk) 18:00, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Temporary Plates? (Motor Trade Licence Plates)
Could someone enlighten us on these? I think they're temporary anyway - those white-on-green plates often used by car dealers (usually just stuck inside the windscreens). I've seen them on trucks sometimes as well. What are they for exactly? --Zilog Jones 23:26, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * They are used by dealers to cover any un-regestered car for road use by anyone who displays these plates in the window of the car.

 * They are used by motor dealers when giving "test drives" to prospective purchasers of a new (as opposed to secondhand) car. 80.229.222.48 19:36, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Motor Trade Licence Plates S.I. No. 409 of 1992 and S.I. No. 23 of 1993. Temporary Plates i.e. "ZZ" registration, is designed to permit the use of a vehicle in a public place for up to one month e.g. temporary import or new unregistered vehicle for export. Timewatcher 10:02, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

The "ZZ" and "Green on white" number plates serve different functions.

ZZ plates are used for new cars sold in the Republic of Ireland which the buyer intends to export within a month of purchase. They are white on a black background with a small red logo indicating the month of registration.

Green and white follow a (digits) (one/two letters) (two year digit) format and are generally used by motor dealers giving test drives. They are transferrable between vehicles i.e. a showroom could have a dozen vehicles but only two or three plates. They only need enough plates to cover the maximum possible number of test drives likely to be taking place at one time. 80.229.222.48 23:25, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

IE as the county code
I have seen on Irish advertising, cars with the letters IE, as the county code without the county's name in the plate. Is this the commercial county-less number plate used in adverts and promotions? 159753 17:52, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I would suspect its a promotion, any examples? Djegan 18:41, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Font used on plates
The article is incorrect in that the font for the number IS set by the government, and use of a font other than that dictated will result in failure of the National Car Test.

 * There is no set character font set by the government for irish number plates other than black readable characters. Readable characters as in ones that are, for example, not in fancy italic style or not in script writing style. Ireland and France are possibly the only EU countries that do not enforce the use of one particular style of font.

 * I have heard of complaints about people being failed on the National car test for failing to have the county name in the Irish language on their numberplates even though this is not actually legally required (Note: this is unverified secondhand information but Id be interested in hearing from someone who can credibly confirm or debunk it) 80.229.222.48

 * This was indeed the case before - when I imported my car into Ireland, I had plates made without the word Corcaigh on them and I was pulled up at the NCT - I had to go get a pair of stickers and put them on the plates to pass the test. Incidentally, the car parts dealer told me he did a good trade in the stickers. This bit of Paddywhackery is thankfully no more - they have come to their senses and scrapped the requirement for the NCT. It might still be a legal requirement, but who ever saw a guard at a checkpoint look at anything other than the tax disc!

 * It was only in the early 1990's that it this practice of putting county names in Gaelic on numberplates was introduced (around the same time as the Euro/IRL logo). Vehicles from 1987 -9? rarely have it (and it doesnt seem to be an issue with the NCT) IIRC it came in shortly after the "BAC court case" mentioned above but Im not sure if there was any connection. I have seen the odd (presumably illegal ?) plate with the county name in ENGLISH or where the county name didnt match the registration ! 213.40.112.230 (talk) 14:20, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Odd trivia
Some British army vehicles seem to bear a registration that is uncannily like the Irish format. The have the form XX-KK-XXXX (all registered in Kilkenny :)

Seriously though, I'd like some proper information on this, as it does look quite odd if one is familiar with Irish reg plates (particularly the fact of KK for Kilkenny).

zoney ♣ talk 15:01, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Some British forces vehicles do have two digits, two letters and two digits. The letters could be anything but were later issued as KA, KB, KC etc. I had an ex-military Land Rover which was 74KFnn whilst in service. The more recent format for military vehicles seems to be two letters, two digits and two letters. Either way, the plates tend to be white on black for vehicles used in the field, but civilian-derived vehicles (cars and artics) have the white front and yellow rear plates as per civilian practice. BTW the new British plates (AA nn AAA) are not allowed to be represented with the three parts on separate lines, to avoid confusion with forces registrations. Hope this information is useful. 213.120.3.252 20:06, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Military plates
The article currently reads, "Vehicles registered to the Irish Defence Forces have plates with silver letters on black background. These do not feature the Irish-language county name; in practice all are registered in Dublin."

I have seen and photographed such a silver-on-black plate with the KK (Kilkenny) code; is the statement that all military vehicles are registered in Dublin correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qqqqqq (talk • contribs) 16:40, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Yep. The statement in the article re-colour of plates; no Irish - definitely correct. Registered in Dublin? - not so sure, though very many are. (Sarah777 (talk) 00:53, 12 December 2007 (UTC))

IRL replaced EIR as the country identifier
According to a website EIR was in use from 1938 to 1962 as the country identifier on vehicles from RoI. Was GB used before that? Why was is changed to IRL? So many questions - so few answers! Peter Clarke 13:23, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

 * According to List of international vehicle registration codes it was "SE", presumably for Saorstat Eireann. I would guess in 1962 the government decided it did not like the state being called Eire instead of Ireland in English -- see Names of the Irish State for more on this.  As  for why IRL rather than IRE -- dunno, maybe the French Irlande, or maybe to avoid association with ire= "anger"/"irritation". jnestorius(talk) 17:26, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

 * In the republic of Ireland "EI" is still the standard prefix for aircraft identifier codes and amateur radio callsigns (so "Eire" is not an issue"). "IE" is the internet domain. "IRL" is used for vehicle number plates and mobile phones identify Irish networks variously as "IRL" "IE" or "272" while the international dialing code is "353". Meanwhile in Northern Ireland the country identifier for vehicles is "GB" even though "UK" is more geographically accurate...Confused yet ? 94.2.189.28 (talk) 19:52, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

County/City
Is Limerick the only county with metropolitan borough that issues a single letter plate? I think not - as to my knowledge (though I couldn't find anything official to back it up) County Cork is CK, Cork City is C; Dublin City is D; County Dublin is DN. I'm not sure about Galway (GY/G) or Waterford (WD/W). --Gramscis cousin (talk) 14:33, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * There's a section on these codes in the article: Vehicle registration plates of Ireland. Specifically, no, Limerick is not alone, I don't think there's any evidence of a CK or DN code, unless these are recent introductions; Galway is G, and Waterford is WD. Qqqqqq (talk) 20:08, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

There are 2 registrations issued in Limerick, L is Limerick City, and LK for the county, Waterford has 2, W for the city and WD for the county, and Tipperary has 2, TN (Tipperary North), and TS (Tipperary South) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.43.163.240 (talk) 20:32, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Interwiki problem
I've never been happy with the management of interwiki links ever since they were "hijacked" by Wikidata. Here's a case in point: the Ukrainian-language link is wrong; it points to an article about (inter alia) vehicle registration plates in Northern Ireland. But no matter how many times I try to follow Wikidata's instructions in an attempt to correct this mistake, I always run up against a brick wall. Could someone who knows about these things please delete the erroneous link for me ...and for the sake of Wikipedia accuracy? TIA -- Picapica (talk)

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Serial numbers
Could someone inform me about the serial numbers? My question is: every year start de numbering from 1, or the serial numbering is continuously (eg. in 2019 the last number 34675, in 2020 will the first 34676)? Thank you for help! - Gaja (talk) 14:04, 11 December 2019 (UTC)


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Keisei Electric Railway

The Keisei Electric Railway Company, Ltd. (京成電鉄株式会社) (stylized as K'SEI since 2001) is a major private railway in Chiba Prefecture and Tokyo, Japan. The name Keisei is the combination of the kanji 京 from Tokyo (東京)and 成 from Narita (成田), which the railway's main line connects. The combination uses different readings than the ones used in the city names. The railway's main line runs from Tokyo to Narita and the eastern suburb cities of Funabashi, Narashino, Yachiyo, and Sakura. Keisei runs an airport limited express train called the Skyliner from Ueno and Nippori to Narita International Airport.

In addition to its railway business, the Keisei Electric Railway Company owns large bus and taxi services and some real estate holdings. It owns a large, controlling, share of the Oriental Land Company which owns and manages the Tokyo Disney Resort. Keisei is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 index.

History
Keisei was founded on June 30, 1909 and began services on November 3, 1912, initially operating local train service in eastern Tokyo. Its main line reached Narita in 1930 and Ueno in 1933.

Originally a narrow gauge ( Scotch gauge) operator, Keisei converted to in 1959. In 1960, Keisei began through service with the Toei Asakusa Line, the first interline through service arrangement in Japan.

Skyliner service began in 1973 and started serving the airport in 1978, when the first Narita Airport Station opened (today's Higashi-Narita station). A new underground station was opened in 1991 to provide a more direct connection to terminal 1, and in 1992 service began to terminal 2. On July 17, 2010, Skyliner switched its route to the newly built Narita Sky Access and reduced the travel time by 15 minutes.

Future plans
On 31 October 2023, Keisei announced plans to acquire its subsidiary Shin-Keisei Electric Railway. The acquisition is expected to be completed by April 2025. Plans for the renaming of the existing Shin Keisei Line are expected to be revealed at a later date.

Lines
Keisei operates 152.8 km of railway that consists of one trunk line named the Main Line and six branch lines. Legend
 * 1) "Type" indicates the type of railway business under the Railway Business Act of Japan. Type 1 operator owns and operates the railway while Type 2 operator operates but does not owns the railway.
 * 2) This section is shared by the Main Line and the Higashi-Narita Line.
 * 3) This section is shared by the Main Line and the Narita Airport Line.

Subsidiaries
Keisei Group includes:
 * Shin-Keisei Electric Railway (Shin-Keisei Line)
 * Chiba New Town Railway
 * Hokusō Railway (Hokusō Line)
 * Kantō Railway
 * Kashima Railway Company (Kashima Railway Line, closed in 2007)
 * Kominato Railway (Kominato Line)
 * Maihama Resort Line (Disney Resort Line)
 * Narita Airport Rapid Railway (Owner of a part of Narita Sky Access tracks)
 * Nokogiriyama Ropeway
 * The Oriental Land Company
 * Tsukuba Kankō Railway (Mt. Tsukuba Cable Car and Mt. Tsukuba Ropeway)

Companies related to Keisei, although not a group member:
 * Shibayama Railway
 * Tōyō Rapid Railway (Tōyō Rapid Railway Line)

Limited express

 * AE series (since 2010)

Commuter

 * 3000 series (since 2003)
 * 3050 series (since 2010)
 * 3100 series (since 2019)
 * 3400 series (since 1993)
 * 3500 series (since 1972)
 * 3600 series (since 1982)
 * 3700 series (since 1991)

Limited express

 * 1500 series (1941–1987)
 * 1600 series (1953–1981)
 * AE series (1973–1993)
 * AE100 series (1990–2016)

Commuter

 * 1 series (1912-1927)
 * 20 series (1921-1971)
 * 33/39/45 series (1923-1978)
 * 300 series (1955-1982)
 * 100/126 series (1926-1987)
 * 200/210/220/500/510 series (1931-1990)
 * 210/2000/2100 series (1932-1985)
 * 700/2200 series (1954-1982)
 * 750/2250 series (1954-1973)
 * 1100 series (1941-1987)
 * 1500 series (1941-1987)
 * 2000 series (1948-1990)
 * 3000 series (1958-1991)
 * 3050 series (1959-1995)
 * 3100 series (1960-1998)
 * 3150 series (1963-2001)
 * 3200 series (1964-2007)
 * 3300 series (1968-2015)

title: Keisei Electric Railway


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Shin-Keisei Electric Railway

The Shin-Keisei Electric Railway (新京成電鉄) is a private railway in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It connects Narashino and Matsudo. It is a subsidiary of Keisei Electric Railway.

It has the following bus company subsidiaries.
 * Funabashi Shin-Keisei Bus
 * Matsudo Shin-Keisei Bus

Lines
The company operates one line, the 26.5 km Shin-Keisei Line, between Matsudo and Keisei Tsudanuma.

Rolling stock

 * 8800 series (since 1986)
 * 8900 series (since 1993)
 * N800 series (since 2005)
 * 80000 series (since 27 December 2019)

All trains are based at Kunugiyama and Tsudanuma Depots.

Former rolling stock

 * 800 series (1971 – July 2010)
 * 8000 series (1978 – November 2021)

History
After World War II, the ownership of the right-of-way of an uncompleted Imperial Japanese Army military railway line was transferred to Keisei. Shin-Keisei was established as a subsidiary of Keisei on 23 October 1946 to construct and operate the line. The first section of the line, 2.5 km from Shin-Tsudanuma to Yakuendai, was opened on 27 December 1947, with a track gauge of and electrified at 1,500 V DC overhead. The line was regauged to in October 1953, and the entire line was completed as a single-track line by 21 April 1955. In August 1959, the line was again regauged, this time to to match the standard gauge used by Keisei Electric Railway.

In June 2014, the company unveiled a new corporate image with a new corporate logo and "gentle pink" corporate colour scheme and train livery. The company's entire fleet of trains was scheduled to be reliveried in the new colour scheme, with the first train, an 8800 series set entering service from 29 August 2014.

Future plans
In an announcement made on 31 October 2023, the Shin-Keisei Electric Railway revealed that it would be merged into the parent Keisei Electric Railway. The move is expected to be completed by April 2025.

title: Shin-Keisei Electric Railway


text:
Talk:Richard Campagna

Picture?
Why was the picture removed ?? ....  Bob E.
 * Who knows

Copyright?
All the biographical information appears to be copyrighted. Do we have any reason to believe it can be released under the GFDL? - Nat Krause 06:11, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Alternative educational choice?
Isn't that just a fancy way of saying Campagna's Ph.D. comes from a diploma mill? 24.229.25.11 20:04, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, pretty much. It's both an alternative educational choice and a degree from a diploma mill. - Nat Krause 11:50, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Is anybody going to add in the fact that The badnarik campaign managers later cited him as the biggest problem for their 2004 presidental campaign and considered him to just be a fraud? Chuck F 05:32, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Find a quote and add it yourself. Sounds interesting. (PS: You know who would have made a great vice-presidential candidate? Mike Badnarik.) - Nat Krause 14:26, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

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Oakland Zoo

The Oakland Zoo is a zoo located in the Grass Valley neighborhood of Oakland, California, United States. Established on June 6, 1922, it is managed by the Conservation Society of California, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of wildlife both locally and globally. The zoo is home to more than 850 native and exotic animals and is a member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).

The zoo is recognized for its outstanding leadership in animal welfare, animal care, particularly its elephant care program, its rescue, rehabilitation and conservation programs and for its LEED-certified, 17,000-square-foot, state-of-the-art veterinary hospital—the largest wild animal veterinary facility in Northern California.

Oakland Zoo is the recipient of numerous "Best of" awards, including 30 Best U.S. Zoos by U.S. News & World Report and "10 Best" by USA Today Reader's Choice Awards. On July 12, 2018, the Oakland Zoo opened the California Trail, focusing on the state's remarkable native wildlife—both past and present.

History
Naturalist Henry A. Snow established the Oakland Zoo on June 6, 1922 - originally at 19th and Harrison streets in downtown Oakland. Snow Park now occupies the site of the zoo's first home.

Over the years the zoo relocated several times: first to Sequoia Park, then Joaquin Miller Park and finally in 1939 to Durant Park. Under Joseph R. Knowland, chairman of the California State Park Commission, California, purchased the land and in 1950 renamed the park to Joseph Knowland State Arboretum and Park.[1]

In 1936, Henry A Snow's son, Sidney Snow, established the nonprofit organization East Bay Zoological Society, which was originally known as the Alameda County Botanical and Zoological Society. The East Bay Zoological Society operated and managed the zoo for the City of Oakland from 1982 until August 2017, when it was renamed the Conservation Society of California to better reflect the zoo's evolving purpose and mission in its commitment to conservation. Governed by a volunteer board of trustees, the Conservation Society of California manages and operates Oakland Zoo.

With over 25 wildlife conservation partners globally, the zoo provides funds to support their programs and efforts to save wildlife. Through their partnerships with California Department of Fish & Wildlife, they accept, rehabilitate, and re-home wildlife rescued from wildfire and human-wildlife conflict. This has included 22 mountain lions, 38 California condors, 8 bears, and over 600 yellow-legged frogs.

Expansion
New exhibits have been created, including those for the hamadryas baboons and the chimpanzees. A spacious elephant exhibit was built in 1987. The sun bear exhibit was finished in 1995 and was featured on Animal Planet Ultimate Zoos. The white-handed gibbons live on a lush island in the heart of the Tropical Rainforest on Gibbon Island. The African Savannah, with camels, lions, elephants, meerkats, hyenas and more, was completed in 1998.

The Education Center opened its doors in 1999 and the main entrance followed soon in summer 2001. In autumn of 2001, a squirrel monkey exhibit opened along with a larger, renovated tiger exhibit. In the spring of 2007, the four dromedary camels were moved to a larger, fenced enclosure uphill from their old enclosure.

Oakland zoo provides free and discounted science education programs for underserved students attending Title 1 schools in the Greater Bay Area. It gives 5,500 vouchers every year to schools and community organizations as part of its Zoo-to Community program. It reaches an average of over 3,000 students and 1,000 adults yearly.

In 2012, a fully funded LEED-certified veterinary hospital opened, followed by the opening in 2013 of the Oakland Zoo Biodiversity Center, and the 2014 inauguration of the Condor Recovery Center at Oakland Zoo. Each of these projects has improved care of the zoo's animals as well as conservation of the species in the wild.

California Trail
California Trail represented $70 million out of an $81 million multi-phase zoo development. Through live native animal and plant habitats, the zoo highlights the delicate balance between humans and nature, and the impact of change on all three.

Guests travel to the trail via an aerial gondola from the existing zoo. Along the trail, they encounter animals such as bears, wolves, mountain lions, bison and birds of prey. The half-acre California Wilds! playground introduces young children and their families to California wildlife and habitats through themed play structures. Inside the Conservation Habitarium - with a wall-length window into the grizzly bear habitat, visitors explore California's diverse habitats, step into the shoes of conservation researchers, and find their place as a member of a community of people taking action for California's wildlife. The project was designed by Noll & Tam Architects and built by C. Overaa & Co.

"California Trail is an example of the Oakland Zoo's leadership in captive animal welfare, and its commitment to providing natural and enriched environments to promote species-typical behaviors for captive wildlife. California Trail is a model for other zoological facilities, sending the critical message that zoos have an important role to play in the rescue, rehabilitation, and care of wildlife...Oakland Zoo has long prioritized common sense and welfare, and PETA looks forward to continued collaboration on improving the welfare of captive wildlife across the U.S."

The Wayne and Gladys Valley Children's Zoo
In the summer of 2005 the 3 acre Valley Children's Zoo opened with spacious new animal exhibits along with plenty of interactive play-structures for children. The lemurs, tortoises, the interactive Goat and Sheep Contact Yard along with the river otters can be found in the Children's Zoo. Alligators, bats, pigs, and rabbits along with the Bug Room, and the Reptile and Amphibian Discovery Room are also in the Children's Zoo. One feature popular with younger children is brass insects embedded in the concrete walkways, which were installed as a form of public art.

Animals at Oakland Zoo
Flamingo Plaza
 * African spoonbill
 * Lesser flamingo

Tropical Rainforest

 * Blue-and-yellow macaw
 * Chimpanzee
 * Common squirrel monkey
 * Cotton-top tamarin
 * Great curassow
 * Guira cuckoo
 * Hadada ibis
 * Lar gibbon
 * Military macaw
 * Red-rumped agouti
 * Siamang
 * Southern pudu
 * Sun bear
 * Tiger

African Savanna

 * African elephant
 * African lion
 * African sacred ibis
 * Ball python
 * Black-throated monitor
 * Blue-bellied roller
 * Common warthog
 * Dromedary camel
 * Egyptian goose
 * Fischer's lovebird
 * Giant plated lizard
 * Grant's zebra
 * Hamadryas baboon
 * Hamerkop
 * Klipspringer
 * Meerkat
 * Pancake tortoise
 * Pied crow
 * Red-bellied parrot
 * Red-tailed monkey
 * Reticulated giraffe
 * Rock hyrax
 * Speckled pigeon
 * Spotted hyena
 * Sudan plated lizard
 * Superb starling
 * Taveta weaver
 * White-faced whistling duck

Wayne and Gladys Valley Children's Zoo

 * African spurred tortoise
 * Aldabra giant tortoise
 * Amazon tree boa
 * American alligator
 * Asian forest scorpion
 * Black beauty stick insect
 * Black tree monitor
 * Black widow spider
 * Blue spiny lizard
 * Brown anole
 * Caribbean giant cockroach
 * Chilean rose tarantula
 * Chuckwalla
 * Colombian red-tailed boa
 * Common carrion beetle
 * Crowned lemur
 * Desert tortoise
 * Domestic rabbit
 * Dyeing poison dart frog
 * Eastern box turtle
 * Florida red-bellied cooter
 * Giant African millipede
 * Giant vinegaroon
 * Gila monster
 * Goat
 * Golden mantella
 * Golfodulcean poison frog
 * Green and black poison dart frog
 * Green anole
 * Green mantella
 * Guinea Hog
 * Henkel's leaf-tailed gecko
 * Island flying fox
 * Jungle nymph
 * Large flying fox
 * Leafcutter ant
 * Madagascar hissing cockroach
 * Mission golden-eyed tree frog
 * North American river otter
 * Panamanian golden frog
 * Ring-tailed lemur
 * Spotted turtle
 * Three-toed box turtle
 * Yellow-banded poison dart frog

Wild Australia
 * Agile wallaby
 * Common wallaroo
 * Emu

California Trail

 * American bison
 * American black bear
 * Bald eagle
 * California condor
 * Gray wolf
 * Grizzly bear
 * Jaguar
 * Mountain lion
 * Red-tailed hawk

Glowfari
Glowfari is a light event hosted by the zoo in the winter. It features larger-than-life lantern animals. The path is one mile long and features more than 100 animals and more than 800 additional light displays. There are three worlds: Aquatic, Ecosystem/Food chain, and Jurassic.

title: Oakland Zoo


text:
Talk:List of web directories

Directory suggestion
It looks like you only have top ranking directories listed here. I would like to recommend a specialized directory that promotes green and renewable energy websites. There are over 1,400 quality sites listed in over 140 categories. They also review top sites on the main page. All directory services are provided free of charge.

http://www.freebusinessdata.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shishdas (talk • contribs) 05:56, 18 August 2010 (UTC) http://www.energyplanet.info/ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.80.180.87 (talk • contribs).

Defunct directories on the list
Aboutus.org mentioned on the list of web directories is no longer a directory.

Why is www.ansearch.com listed here? Compare its list of newspapers http://www.ansearch.com/Media/Newspapers with the list of newspapers on http://www.findouter.com/NorthAmerica/USA/News-and-Media/Newspapers

The latter list is clearly ranked according to importance besides having addresses and phone numbers.

Or compare http://www.joeant.com/DIR/cat/1259/Hospitals with http://www.findouter.com/NorthAmerica/USA/Health/Hospitals

Surprised you haven't yet listed this directory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Newbie765 (talk • contribs) 03:37, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

This entire article is a joke. There's the defunct pages listed noted above; the ridiculous criterion that there has to be a Wikipedia article about the directories listed; the fact that most of these sites have a small number of links, and are clearly attempts to make money. Absolutely pathetic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.148.252.55 (talk) 14:26, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

 * If you find flaws in the list, feel free to improve it. However, this article is not intended to help advertise your site. Please respect the community consensus and stop adding external links here. - Eureka Lott 03:03, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

Starting Point
Starting Point, stpt.com, is a search engine, not a web directory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.15.69.83 (talk) 20:21, 11 July 2016 (UTC)
 * The article Starting Point Directory says it is both. Richard-of-Earth (talk) 05:37, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of web directories


text:
Pulmonaria

Pulmonaria (lungwort) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, with one species (P. mollissima) east to central Asia. According to various estimates there may be between 10 and 18 species found in the wild.

Description
Lungworts are evergreen or herbaceous perennials that form clumps or rosettes. They are covered in hairs of varied length and stiffness, and sometimes also bear glands. The underground parts consist of a slowly creeping rhizome with adventitious roots. Flowering stems are unbranched, rough, covered with bristly hairs, usually not exceeding 30 cm, with a few exceptions (P. mollis, P. vallarsae). The stems are usually upright, or slightly spreading. The plants reach 15-25 cm in height, spreading up to 60 cm wide.

The leaves are arranged in rosettes. The blades are usually large, from narrowly lanceolate to oval, with the base ranging from heart shaped to very gradually narrowing, and can have a sharply pointed or blunt tip. The leaf margin is always entire, but in some species and forms can be rather wavy. Basal leaves are carried on stalks that can be short or longer than the leaf blade in various species. Stem leaves are smaller and often narrower, and are unstalked or clasping the stem. All leaves are covered with hairs that are usually bristly, or occasionally soft. The leaves are often prominently spotted in black and blue, or sometimes in pale green, or unspotted. The spots are due to the presence of foliage air pockets. These pockets, which cool the lower leaf surface, mask the presence of chlorophyll.

The inflorescence is a terminal scorpioid cyme as a cymose corymb, with bracts, on short pedicels (stalks), reaching just above the foliage. The flowers are heterostylous, with two distinct forms of flower within each species; those with short stamens and long styles ("pin" flowers) and those with long stamens and short styles ("thrum" flowers), with the former usually being larger and more showy. The calyx is hairy, 5-lobed, tubular or funnel-shaped, enlarging as the fruit ripens. The corolla is funnel-shaped and consists of a long, cylindrical tube and a limb with five shallow lobes. Within the corolla throat, five tufts of hairs alternate with the stamens to form a ring. The colour of the corolla varies from purple, violet or blue to shades of pink and red, or sometimes white. The colour of the flower in bud is often pink to violet when they first emerge, which then changes to blue as the flower matures. The stamens and style are included within the corolla and not protruding.

The nutlets are smooth, egg-shaped, brownish, up to 4.5 mm long and 3 mm wide, each containing a single seed. Up to four nutlets per flower are produced, ripening mostly in summer.

Taxonomy
Pulmonaria is a genus in the Boraginoideae subfamily of Boraginaceae, consisting of approximately 18 species, although species delineation (speciation) has proved problematic. Within the Boraginoideae, Pulmonaria is placed in the tribe Boragineae, where it is closely related to Borago.

Etymology
The scientific name Pulmonaria is derived from Latin pulmo (lung). In the times of sympathetic magic, the spotted oval leaves of P. officinalis were thought to symbolize diseased, ulcerated lungs, and so were used to treat pulmonary infections. The common name in many languages also refers to lungs, as in English "lungwort", German Lungenkraut, French herbe aux poumons, Serbian plućnjak... In some East European languages, the common name is derived from a word for honey, e.g. Russian medunitza, Polish miodunka, Serbian meduniče, Bulgarian "медуница".

Distribution and habitat
The species of the genus are distributed across Eurasia.

Ecology
Pulmonaria is an early spring flowering deciduous perennial, retaining its leaves till late winter, just before the new growth emerges.

Pests and diseases
Pulmonaria species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include the case-bearer Coleophora pulmonariella, which feeds exclusively on P. saccharata, and the moth Ethmia pusiella, which has been recorded on P. officinalis.

Cultivation
Of the known species of Pulmonaria, only about eight are known in cultivation. Pulmonaria are used as ornamental garden plants, particularly P. saccharata, P. angustifolia and P. longifolia. Others include P. affinis.They are especially valued as groundcover in damp shaded areas, producing their blue and/or pink flowers in late winter and early spring, accompanied by dense clusters of heart-shaped leaves that are often strikingly mottled and marbled, throughout summer.

The following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

 * 'Blue Ensign'
 * 'Cotton Cool'
 * 'Diana Clare'
 * 'Lewis Palmer'
 * 'Little Star'
 * = 'Ocupol'
 * 'Sissinghurst White'
 * 'Trevi Fountain'
 * 'Vera May'

title: Pulmonaria


text:
Talk:Quebec City

Infobox title
It strikes me as a little peculiar that there are three names for Quebec City in the infobox. I agree that both "Ville de Québec" and "Quebec City" should be in there in whatever order, but I'm not convinced just "Québec" belongs in there. Let alone first on the English Wikipedia.--MTLskyline (talk) 06:00, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I gave it the same setup as the title in the Montreal article. Ville de Québec is now in the "official name" field, and Quebec City is in the "other name" field. --MTLskyline (talk) 03:49, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The name of the city is Quebec. Before there was a province of Quebec, there was only "Quebec", not "Quebec City". Now, the name Quebec City is often used in English, but Quebec remains a possible name, and is often used when there is no risk of ambiguity, in much the same way that "New York" can be used in lieu of "New York City." In fact, the official name is "New York", I believe. 82.120.187.159 (talk) 16:47, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * No one outside of Quebec would use "I'm going to Quebec" over "I'm going to Quebec City" ... There is never "no risk of ambiguity". It would cause confusion. New York is used because of it's overwhelming popularity over the State of New York. Po' buster (talk) 17:55, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The federal government of Canada in Ottawa does use "city of Québec": (Google search for "city of Québec" on gc.ca domain, counting only documents in English)
 * ..and the same government also uses (to a lesser extent) "at Québec": (Google search for "at Québec" on gc.ca domain, counting only documents in English)  -- Mathieugp (talk) 19:56, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * "City of Quebec" is not "Quebec" ... Plus it's common English usage, not some random government document which determines what is used. Quebec is the name of the province, which is much more known than Quebec City, therefor "Quebec City" is used. If there was a "Manitoba City" it wouldn't be referred to as "Manitoba". It would create confusion. Po' buster (talk) 20:29, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * We're still doing this? I thought this was settled a thousand times.  Dbrodbeck (talk) 10:50, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The point was to show that the federal government, not just the government of Québec, 1) does use Québec with an accent even in English and 2) that "at Quebec" is used much in the same manner as in French when we say à Québec. Also, the only official name of the city is Ville de Québec, in any language, anywhere on the Earth or in the Universe, as per the city's charter of incorporation. Same for Ville de Montréal. Of course, we understand that Montreal City and Quebec City, without accents, are common in English, possibly most common, but in official documents by the federal government, it is not uncommon to see Québec and Montréal. Probably because some of the people in Ottawa actually read our laws at some point! ;-) -- Mathieugp (talk) 14:09, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This topic has been debated in full already. Done. Po' buster (talk) 14:16, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * That's not the issue. Nobody is questioning the general guidelines at WP:CANSTYLE/WP:PLACE. They make perfect sense. And there is nothing in those guidelines stating that what is commonly used by the federal government is not worthy of mention. Maybe putting all possible variations of a name in the lead is not a good idea, but in a note maybe? -- Mathieugp (talk) 17:02, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think a footnote is a good compromise. I don't think the lead or the infobox should be filled up with alternate (but more or less equivalent) terms. Quebec City is by far the most common version in English, but if the federal government recognizes it as just "Québec", then I think it should definitely be mentioned in a footnote.--MTLskyline (talk) 00:18, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the most basic English name for the city is Quebec, not Quebec City. We say (or said) "the Quebec Nordiques", not "the Quebec City Nordiques". I added Québec as a possible name in English some time ago, since it is the official name. It was removed by Po'Buster, but I've now added it back. 82.124.231.13 (talk) 07:41, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Not sure my comments are intended to change anything, but people outside Quebec must use the word "city" to distinguish it from the province. Granted, when used as an adjective for a sports team or whatever, the "city" is unessential, since it is implied. Student7 (talk) 12:17, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The official name of the city (in Canadian English) is Québec, while the province is Quebec (with Québec being optional), according to the Canadian Style available on TERMIUM. "All other municipalities have only one authorized form: thus Montréal and Québec (the city) retain their accents in English." This also serves to differentiate the city from the province in written English and negates the requirement of placing 'city of' before the name every single time. Also, the applicability of the 'common usage' argument is slightly dubious in this case, as the accents are most often omitted simply because the vast majority of people don't use Canadian French keyboard layouts, and thus the addition of the accent is either impossible or incredibly inconvenient and time consuming.Trackratte (talk) 00:38, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia uses common names in preference to official names, see WP:COMMONNAMES. In, for instance, news media stories, books, and practically any other source, "Quebec City" is far, far more common. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 01:21, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, which has been discussed ad nauseam. I'm not advocating touching the article title or the text. There is no 'English name' or French name for the city, there is only one name, and that is Québec, which is maintained by the city itself (which is pretty much the authority on how to spell it's own name), as well as the Province of Quebec, and the Government of Canada (all in English). Thus, the title in the infobox should be Québec, with Ville de Québec underneath to be in line with the rest of the city articles such as Vancouver, Calgary and Montreal (it's not City of Montreal / Ville de Montréal, it's just Montréal / Ville de Montréal), and should remain as Quebec or City of Quebec for the entirety of the article. While the actual name would be in the infobox, the common and accepted name would be in the article title and the article text, meeting the intent of Wikipedia's guidelines, while seeing reasonable accommodation to both sides of the argument. Trackratte (talk) 03:19, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Absolutely not. Wikipedia english articles use the common english usage. It's Quebec City. UrbanNerd (talk) 03:28, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Which Wikipedia itself states is not a hard and fast rule, but advice to guide editors, a principle which would continue to be followed, without blithely misspelling the name in the infobox. In any event, both spellings are used in common usage (google news) on a daily basis, but that's largely irrelevant. I'm positing that either something like (officially Québec) be added at the very beginning, or Québec be added to the info box in line with other articles to highlight that common usage is not in line with official usage (such as Canadian Coat of Arms, Government of Canada, etc), as well as to offer a suitable compromise to both sides of the debate. Trackratte (talk) 03:48, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * We already have an  field in the infobox, as you've noted.  Wikipedia isn't a platform to advocate or promote a preferred usage; rather, we describe the existing common usage, which is observed to be overwhelmingly "Quebec City". Using common names is a pretty firmly established practice; generally we deviate from it only in certain exceptional circumstances, for instance where the common name might introduce confusion or ambiguity (animal or plant species might have several different common names in different countries or regions, or many different species might share a common name like "dogfish" for instance).  In the case of Quebec City, there isn't any such ambiguity or confusion. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 06:32, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Note that even the city's own website says "Québec City" in its English pages (see and several others).
 * Also the National Assembly website also refers to "Québec City", at

-- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 07:01, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * That's exactly my point. Where you place the word city isn't really the issue, as it's just a descriptor. The issue is the accent (é). Normally when what is seen to be common usage deviates from truth, it is noted within the article. In any event, I'm not even sure about the lack of the 'é' constituting common usage. All three levels of government (federal, provincial, and the city itself) use 'Québec' in English. The Montréal MoS says to use 'City of Québec' in English and not 'Québec City' (City of Calgary not Calgary City, City of Vancouver not Vancouver City, etc). The Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage (2007) notes both spellings on page 476 (which is based off of common usage, for example when words fall out of usage, they are removed from subsequent editions). A quick google news search yields both 'é' and 'e' versions. Most English media outside Quebec (Globe, CP) seem to use the 'e' version in their MoS. One would think that the burden of proof would fall to proving that the official use is decisively out of common usage and not the other way around. Regardless, it hardly matters, save that I think such widespread use of both versions in Canadian English warrants at least a mention. Something like "Quebec City (officially known as the City of Québec)...." for example, would fit Wikipedia's guiding policy, as well as nicely dovetail official with perceived common usage, and negate any further discussion of the matter. Trackratte (talk) 07:22, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It's not "City of Québec" or some other variant, it's specifically "Quebec City" that is the overwhelmingly common usage that can be observed. Like "Mexico City", it's an integral part of the name.  It's not an optional descriptor à la "New York City" or "City of Rio de Janeiro".  Regarding accents, if we work backwards from the observed common usage (eg, in the Montreal Gazette, etc) to try to derive some kind of rule of thumb, the practice for terms of Quebec French origin seems to be to retain accents in almost all cases because the French pronunciation is used in English too; however, in the very few cases where a thoroughly Anglicized pronunciation has existed for a couple of centuries and has been used for all that time by native residents of English mother tongue, then using the accents seems like an affectation. Thus, we pronounce "Kwuh-bek" and write "Quebec", but if talking about the region "Centre-du-Québec" we keep the accent and the French pronunciation (perhaps mangled a bit to "Kay-bek"); likewise we pronounce "Monn-tree-all" and write "Montreal", but for the university we write "Université de Montréal", with accents and with French-like pronunciation.  PS, you seem to draw a sharp distinction between common usage and "truth", but if you are descriptivist rather than prescriptivist, the common usage is the truth. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 15:29, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Also: governments may have an interest in promoting certain linguistic or orthographic usages or practices, but Wikipedia does not. Wikipedia does not provide a platform for publicizing and promoting any particular usage. Even if a government decrees a name change by fiat, we wait a while to see if it really has been adopted by the majority in practice.  It took a few years before we changed the names of the articles about the former Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, because for a time newspapers and other media kept using the old names (and a few still do).  We still have an article at Mecca because Makkah has not caught on.  We have an article at Dollard-des-Ormeaux rather than Dollard-Des Ormeaux because in practice the officially-prescribed orthography is ignored by English-language news media and by the city itself.  And so forth. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 15:58, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Right, but if we're so hung up on everything being English and common use, why is the 'official name' portion of the infobox in French? My whole point is that City of Québec is the official name in English. This would also bring it inline with all of the other infoboxes for other cities. My original contention wasn't with the title or the text, but with the infobox. Trackratte (talk) 17:11, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The common english usage is "Quebec City" therefor that is what is used. Period. UrbanNerd (talk) 02:25, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

 * - Thankyou P.T. Aufrette for all the time and effort in your replies. I appreciate that name=Quebec City is thoroughly entrenched (although in passing, New York City has just New York in the infobox). However, offical_name= is in French. Being an English language Wikipedia, and with the abundance of references pointing to there being only one official name for it (regardless of language), why have we translated "City of" to French? For infobox official names for example, NYC has simply "The City of New York", Panama City has "Panamá" (with accent), and Mexico City has "City of Mexico" in both English and Spanish. Should this article, within the official title box, not then read either "Québec" or "City of Québec", with or without the French translation (although it was already mentioned somewhere as being tedious to have three names)? Trackratte (talk) 05:57, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Given that the only official language of Quebec is French, I'm not sure there is an official English name. "City of Québec" sounds like an English translation of the official French name rather than an official English name.  In any case, you don't find that phrase, written as such, at the city's website http://ville.quebec.qc.ca or at the official repertories of names at http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/ or http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ ; by contrast, "Ville de Québec" is prominent on every page of the city's website.  Regarding Mexico City, I don't know; perhaps the local authorities have actually given themselves an official name in English, or perhaps the editors of the Mexico City article have simply taken it upon themselves to provide an English translation of the official name, for the benefit of readers who don't know that "ciudad" means "city" in Spanish; their choice to do so doesn't necessarily set a precedent for us. Regarding simply "Québec", there are actually   and   fields available if we were so inclined.  The official name wouldn't be the plain name, it would be the legal status + the plain name, in French, eg, "municipalité de paroisse de X", "municipalité de canton de Y", "municipalité des cantons unis de Y", "municipalité de village de Z", "ville de A", etc. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 14:23, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "15.04 Names of inhabited places Only two municipalities in Canada have two official forms of their names, one in English and one in French: Grand Falls and Caissie Cape in New Brunswick, which are also known officially as Grand-Sault and Cap-des-Caissie. All other municipalities have only one authorized form: thus Montréal and Québec (the city) retain their accents in English . - The Canadian Manual of Style, p. 264, Dundurn Press, Toronto" I'm completely on board with whatever works best for the article according to the consensus already established for this article. However, if we are going to have an "official name" in the info box in an English Wikipedia, I believe that it should be the official English name, which according to the linked MOS and the GoC, does exist (Québec). Which, to be in line with every other city, requires the "city of" differentiation, thus "City of Québec" for the official name, and Quebec City for the common name. Trackratte (talk) 07:55, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Name
I think that this page should be Québec City or Québec (city). To someone from the province, Quebec completely looks wrong. In addition to the above discussion, colloquially people are from Québec, not Ville de Québec or Québec City. "Québec" is by all means an adequate name for the city. The French wiki has it listed as (Québec (ville)). In addition for the accent to be included, at the English website, Québec is always spelled Québec and never Quebec. Let's spell the bloody thing properly. :) Captain Courageous (talk) 21:47, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * This has come up several times, there are guidelines which have been written for this exact scenario. Common english spelling is used on english wikipedia. The guidelines can be found at WP:CANSTYLE/WP:PLACE. Po' buster (talk) 22:13, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It is not useful to install foreign accent marks in the English Wikipedia. Searches don't always uncover these references. Which is one of the reasons why the Wikipedia standards were written that way.Student7 (talk) 19:56, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Pictures = TERRIBLE!
The photos in the infobox go beyond not doing this city justice, they verge on slander. Ville de Québec is the jewel of North America, one of the very, very few places where the controversial European notion that a city should not look like complete shit managed to take hold. They make it look like just another small and unremarkable North American city. I don't know if this was done by an editor who just got dumped by a girl from Quebec, or one with Aspergers with an unfortunate bent toward futurism, who thinks modern architecture is anything but misanthropic violence in building form. Either way, GET RID OF IT! 71.234.198.222 (talk) 03:55, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Find a better picture, and upload it. Oh and don't slag people with Asperger's. Dbrodbeck (talk) 03:59, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Or make your own montage; there are quite a few good composite pics (see the commons link) on Quebec City. Chensiyuan (talk) 03:11, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Like it or not, Quebec City has brutalist architecture, that's just how the city his, along with its historical buildings and landmarks.

I don't think this article should be illustrated has a touristic tract, but rather so show its skyline as it is and most of likely always be. Nonztp (talk) 22:03, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

"Boroughs"
Should we translate arrondissements into "boroughs"? Is a translation necessary? We don't do that for the ones in Paris. 99.130.28.232 (talk) 23:25, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

 * A translation might be useful. Arrondissement means nothing in English. Preserving it serves no useful purpose IMO. At first I thought borough a little unusual since it is only used in a few Middle Atlantic US states, but maybe it is better understood abroad? I would have preferred "township" or "town" or even "municipality." Wikipedia seems to prefer "district." Whatever that means! :)  Student7 (talk) 18:52, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

I think 'borough' should stay, as this English page on the City's website use this translation (https://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/en/apropos/gouvernance/conseils-arrondissement/index.aspx) Nonztp (talk) 22:06, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

"Famous People"
Someone should add a section for notable people Quebec City. I am sure this beautiful and historic city has more than a few.24.235.119.2 (talk) 21:18, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * pls see List of people from Quebec City.Moxy (talk) 21:55, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

GA Drive
I am interested in organizing a concerted effort to get this article up to GA Standards. I will do my best to popularize this effort at Wikimedia Canada. We're hosting a Wikimedia Canada Sign up page, all are welcome to sign up. Alan.ca (talk) 09:47, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
 * wow lots of work here for GA status...will help when improvement drive is up and ruining.Moxy (talk) 10:03, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

picture selection
Alan.ca has removed the only picture of an aerial view of the city; removed the only (two) pictures representing street scenes of the city; and replaced the typical multi-panel infobox image with one depicting largely just the Chateau. The reasons offered in the edit summaries are not convincing. Chensiyuan (talk) 03:07, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I am open to your selection, we need to thin out some of the photos to move this article closer to passing a GA review. There should be a relationship between the article text and photographs included.  If people are looking for a photo tour of the city, they typically click the commons link near the bottom of the article. Alan.ca (talk) 04:01, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The images left in the article are now clichéd. They concentrate on the monumental buildings. There are two and a half shots of the Château Frontenac. One street scene, if representative, is required. Abductive  (reasoning) 06:04, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Québec or Quebec
Québec (with the acute accent) is the city's official name in both French and English.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gilbertus (talk • contribs) 19:35, 23 September 2011 (UTC)    --Gilbertus (talk) 19:08, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * That's fine (and well understood), but irrelevant. We do not defer to official names; articles on en-Wikipedia are titled based on the name used most commonly in the English language.  See WP:CANSTYLE for more information.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 20:03, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * This has already been discussed above. In the info box under official name, Ville de Québec is written, while the title is in line with common usage. Also, both spellings are mentioned in the lead. Trackratte (talk) 04:28, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
An IP editor: 216.221.37.56 has been removing one of the common pronunciations. I have twice reverted and will not vioate 3RR, but I thought I would let others know and perhaps weigh in on this. Dbrodbeck (talk) 12:59, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

 * It's not a common pronunciation, it's a butchered way of pronouncing it by people who don't know how to pronounce it, and that is perpetuated by pseudo-references on the internet. I live in Montreal, Quebec, and all the anglophones pronounce it [kebɛk], only once in a while you get an outsider who will not pronounce it that way and it's because they don't know how to pronounce it properly, it's not a reason to include a bad pronunciation in an encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.221.37.56 (talk) 13:34, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Most of our readership are so called 'outsiders'. That pronunciation has been there going back at least to Aug 20, (the 50th oldest edit on the history page).  Indeed, going back a long way, to Jan of 2011, you will find it there.  Dbrodbeck (talk) 14:34, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Remove Placentia
Someone wrote that Placentia is older than Quebec City, and that it was the capital of French North America. Placentia was established as a permanent settlement in 1626 and was the capital of French Newfoundland with a local governor from 1655 to 1713. The Governor-general of New France was always in Quebec City. So "Placentia (Plaisance, the capital of French North America from 1655-1713)" is removed.--131.137.247.6 (talk) 13:01, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

Name, again
An IP has added, then twice reverted a long treatise, ok that might be a bit strong, but what seems to me like way way too much detail on the name and the use of accents. I have asked the IP to discuss it but to no avail. I have warned the IP about edit warring, or am about to, and I am opening this discussino here. I amaware BTW, that we have discussed this, and WP:CANSTYLE is, I think, pretty clear on this. Dbrodbeck (talk) 11:16, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I have to say, I think that the IP edits were truly good-faith edits, and did add to the article. I think that they were mostly contentious because they used pretty value-laden words ("typically", "legitimate", etc.) I have fought a bit with the text to make it clearer about its sources, but would welcome further improvements. I think that the fact that this discussion is in a footnote is a perfect place for the kind of discussion included. AshleyMorton (talk) 13:52, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I think the footnote reads quite well now and is fair and balanced. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 18:26, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah seems reasonable. Dbrodbeck (talk) 19:13, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
 * TY, particularly AM. I simply sought to add well-referenced detail about the variations of the name - which is rather warranted given the several variations in the lead - instead of a particular editor accusing me falsely of making a point about it. 174.89.39.112 (talk) 03:06, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
 * It struck me that way, if it was not your intent then I apologize. This all could have been avoided with a simple talk page discussion.  Dbrodbeck (talk) 03:18, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

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Pronunciation, again
There are two different pronunciations listed, one French, and one English. But the article on the province, Quebec, lists three pronunciations, and both of the English pronunciations there are different to the English one here. Are they really pronounced differently? In any case, we should have citations in both articles. StAnselm (talk) 15:34, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * There's at least two anyway: French and English. The two English forms on the province page are actually not correct: /kwᵻˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ should be /kwᵻˈbɛk/ or /kᵻˈbɛk/, and anyway /kwᵻˈbɛk/ is largely considered incorrect, it's a rube's mispronunciation. Ogress 03:21, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

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Districts
The article speaks of 6 arrondissements/boroughs further divided into 35 quartiers/districts. However, when you go to the city's website go to the "about" then "portrait" then "arrondissements" pages and click on the arrondissement you want, on the right side of the page it leads you to maps of "electoral districts." I haven't looked closely enough, but are these divisions of quartiers from which the quartier councils are elected, or something else entirely? It'd be nice in the article's "boroughs and districts" sub-section to more clearly describe how the councisl at each level (quartier, arrondissement, and ville) are elected, perhaps to even have this sub-section rewritten for clarity and pared down placed under the "government" section since these are administrative divisions, apparently. This would make it consistent with other city pages on wiki. --Criticalthinker (talk) 10:50, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Hello and thanks for pointing this out. I found that the electoral districts (there are 21) solely pertains to the City Council (one district per councillor, elected each 4 years) while the "quartiers" (35) have a parallel structure (citizens meet once a month at "conseils de quartiers" and discuss neighborhood issues and formulate recommendations to the boroughs or city council ). I believe electoral districts don't always correspond the "reality" ie. they sometimes group two distincts neighborhoods into one electoral district (good exemple here ) - maybe to limit the number of city councillor. This distinction could be underlined in the article, although without listing each electoral district (also, the translation of "district" for « quartiers » might not be ideal, hence your confusion. The english portions of the City's website seems to have the word neighborhood )--Nonztop (talk) 13:52, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, generally a quartier in Quebec City would be more accurately translated as "neighbourhood" than as "district", especially because of the fact that "district" can be used to refer to several different and non-identical things (the neighbourhoods, the council wards, the arrondissements themselves). You're also correct that council ward boundaries do not have to precisely correspond to a single neighbourhood — what they have to do is ensure that there's relative (but not precise) equality of population from one ward to another. While a densely populated neighbourhood in the city centre might constitute its own ward, in less densely populated areas a ward might encompass several neighbourhoods rather than just one. So we could definitely stand to find a way to express the difference more clearly than we do, but you're correct that the number of electoral wards isn't a useful measure for the number of neighbourhoods per se. Bearcat (talk) 16:26, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, all. Yes, thank you for finding a better understanding of "district."  I'd also translate it to "neighborhood."  The reason I'd like them mentioned is that they seem to be actual administrative divisions of quarters/districts, so they need to be mentioned more clearly.  Something else that may take too much work or that some may object to, but I think English-speakers are generally aware enough of the concept of "arrondissements" from Paris that we don't necessarily need to call them "boroughs."  And, at the very least "districts" isn't needed for "quarters."  Though, this isn't as great as concern for me as clarifying that there is, indeed, a third level of administration (i.e. neighborhood).  Again, thanks all for your help. --Criticalthinker (talk) 08:05, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Conflict of interest
I'm not sure if I understand this cleanup tag here. Which of this article's editors have an apparent conflict of interest? Jarble (talk) 21:22, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reminder. I intended to posts the reason here and forgot. User:Dave.paige has admitted to having what Wikipedia considers a conflict of interest here, as he stated he made edits at the requests of the leaders of three organizations, including Quebec City. - BilCat (talk) 21:32, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * This user only made small and minor edits in this article; nothing that appears problematic in terms of potential conflict of interest (unlike in the articles Videotron Centre and Quebec City Summer Festival where their edits are substantial and the COI tag seems warranted).--Nonztp (talk) 23:27, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I removed the tag. There is no point in having this dangling over the page when there is nothing apparent to fix. — Define Real  ( talk ) 15:40, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:46, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Flag of Quebec City.svg

History
So the name "Québec" comes from Algonquin, but...the history of the place starts with French colonizers' arrival? Hmph. 2607:FEA8:BFA0:BD0:91D2:D1AF:D6EA:6AA7 (talk) 09:33, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Citadelle's official residents
I notice we describe the Citadelle of Quebec as a royal residence & then later the viceregal's (i.e governor general's) secondary official residence. Shouldn't we also include the Canadian monarch? as she's mentioned in the Citadelle of Quebec page, as an official resident. Help clarify the inconsistency 'within' this page. GoodDay (talk) 13:34, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Infrastructure
I'm not sure whether Transport in Quebec City should be a free-standing article or not, but the present state affairs--nothing about it on the main article, and the child article stubbed of most of its content, was about the most unhelpful outcome imaginable. Tagging @Tbf69 and @Onel5969 since they had an argument about this last month. Mackensen (talk) 22:02, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi Mackensen -- I don't care one way or the other, really, just felt that there should be some discussion before splitting. Once it was split, I simply removed all the uncited material as per WP:VERIFY.  Thanks for the ping.  Onel 5969  TT me 22:27, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Climate
@Uness232 This is so offensive!

why are you saying “ ''Horribly formatted” ?? I think I wrote it very well. But you’re welcome to write it in a different way.'' דולב חולב (talk) 08:39, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * This is how the text you entered looks:
 * Quebec City is classified as a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).and it’s the wettest major city in Eastern Canada.
 * It's clear you just tacked on the last bit without considering how the prose flows, and without consideration of the punctuation after Dfb, etc. etc. I would have rewritten it if I thought it was necessary; but Wikipedia is not a collection of miscellaneous information. Uness232 (talk) 16:11, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quebec City


text:
Category:Winnipeg Jets players

These are articles about ice hockey players who play or have played for the second incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets in the National Hockey League. The team was previously known as the Atlanta Thrashers, so a player may appear on the roster for more than one of these teams.

Players who played for the original team called the Jets are located at Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players. Players who played for the Jets in the WHA are located at Winnipeg Jets (WHA) players.

title: Category:Winnipeg Jets players


text:
Measure of a Man (Clay Aiken album)

Measure of a Man is the debut album by American singer Clay Aiken. It was released on October 14, 2003 through RCA Records, five months after the conclusion of the second season of American Idol.

Measure of a Man was supported by three singles: "Invisible", ""The Way"/"Solitaire", and "I Will Carry You". The album received generally mixed reviews from critics. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 613,000 copies in its first week. The album also held the number one spot for two consecutive weeks. It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in November 2003.

Singles
"Invisible" is the first single from the album. It was initially released as a promo-only single in September 2003, and only became available as digital downloads much later. It peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary and at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot 100 charts on January 6, 2004. The single was certified gold for digital downloads by the RIAA on March 31, 2006.

"The Way"/"Solitaire" was released as the album second single on March 16, 2004. "The Way" peaked at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart. "I Will Carry You" is the third single and peaked at number 25 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.

Music videos
The music video for "Invisible", directed by Diane Martel, was shot in Hollywood at Hollywood & Highland, a major outdoor shopping center and tourist attraction. Aiken invited 800 fans to be part of the crowd scene in the video.

"The Way" music video was also directed by Diane Martel. Instead of the traditional Hollywood types Aiken hired everyday people to play the couples shown in this video.

Critical reception
Wade Paulsen of Reality TV World wrote that despite huge sales "Critics have ranged from strongly positive (Billboard) to mixed (Washington Post, which calls the CD a "likable album even without being a particularly good one", and Knight-Ridder), to negative (Associated Press, which refers to the song selections as "insipid"), to scathingly negative (the New York Daily News). "

Commercial performance
Measure of a Man debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 613,000 copies in its first week. This became Aiken's first US number one debut. This was also the highest-selling debut for a solo artist since Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle in December 1993. In its second week, the album remained at number one on the chart, selling an additional 225,000 copies. In its third week, the album fell to number three on the chart, selling 141,000 more copies. In its fourth week, the album fell to number eight on the chart, selling 113,000 copies, bringing its four-week total to 1.1 million copies. On November 17, 2003, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over two million copies. As of February 2011, the album has sold 2.8 million copies in the United States.

Track listing
In the summer of 2004, a second version of the album was released in which "Solitaire" (Neil Sedaka / Phil Cody) replaced "This is the Night" as a bonus cut.

In some of the international releases, the bonus track, "This is the Night" was replaced by "Bridge Over Troubled Water". The album released in Japan also included "On the Wings of Love" as a second bonus track.

Personnel

 * Clay Aiken – vocals, backing vocals (12)
 * Doug Emery – acoustic piano (1, 6), keyboards (6), programming (6), string arrangements (6)
 * Marcus Engölf – keyboards (1), programming (1), acoustic guitars (1)
 * Samuel Waermö – keyboards (1), programming (1), percussion (1)
 * Clif Magness – acoustic piano (2, 5, 7, 8, 10), keyboards (2, 5, 7, 8, 10), programming (2, 5, 7, 8, 10), acoustic guitars (2, 5, 7, 8, 10), electric guitars (2, 5, 7, 8, 10), bass (2, 5, 7, 8, 10), backing vocals (2, 7, 10), arrangements (2, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * David Siegel – keyboards (3, 11)
 * Charles Judge – keyboards (4)
 * Greg Kurstin – keyboards (4)
 * Rick Nowels – keyboards (4), acoustic guitars (4), bouzouki (4), arrangements (4)
 * David Arch – keyboards (9)
 * Steve Mac – keyboards (9)
 * David Eriksen – keyboard programming (12), drum programming (12), arrangements (12)
 * Martin Sjølie – additional keyboards (12)
 * Esbjörn Öhrwall – acoustic guitars (1)
 * Eric Bazilian – guitars (1)
 * Andreas Carlsson – guitars (1), backing vocals (1)
 * Dan Warner – guitars (1, 6), acoustic guitars (3), electric guitars (3, 11), bass (6)
 * Tim Pierce – guitars (4)
 * Fridrik Karlsson – guitars (9)
 * Eivind Aarset – guitars (12)
 * Børge Petersen-Øverleir – guitars (12)
 * Thomas Blindberg – bass (1)
 * Chris Garcia – bass (4)
 * John Pierce – bass (4)
 * Steve Pearce – bass (9)
 * Lee Levin – drums (1, 6)
 * Tim Klassen – drums (2, 5)
 * Wayne Rodrigues – drums (4), programming (4)
 * Josh Freese – drums (7, 8, 10)
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (9)
 * Frank Ricotti – percussion (9)
 * Rune Arnesen – percussion (12)
 * Christopher Glansdorp – cello (6)
 * Steve Morales – arrangements (3, 11)
 * Chris Braide – backing vocals (1)
 * Chris Willis – backing vocals (1, 6)
 * Heath Burgett – backing vocals (3)
 * Mark Nelson – backing vocals (3)
 * Maria Vidal – backing vocals (4)
 * Danielle Brisebois – backing vocals (5, 8)
 * Håkon Iverson – backing vocals (12)
 * Marian Lisland – backing vocals (12)

Production

 * Clive Davis – album producer
 * Stephen Ferrera – A&R
 * Desmond Child – producer (1, 6)
 * Clif Magness – producer (2, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * Steve Morales – producer (3, 11)
 * Rick Nowels – producer (4)
 * David Eriksen – producer (12)
 * Brian Coleman – production manager (1, 6)
 * Kristin Johnson – production coordinator (4)
 * Tara Saremi – production manager (4)
 * Frank Harkins – art direction
 * Kevin Hess – photography
 * Simon Fuller – management

Technical
 * Joe Yannace – mastering at Hit Factory Mastering (New York, NY)
 * Carlos Alvarez – recording (1, 6)
 * Eric Bazilian – recording (1)
 * Marcus Engölf – recording (1)
 * Jules Gondar – recording (1, 6)
 * Craig Lozowick – recording (1, 6)
 * Samuel Waermö – recording (1)
 * Clif Magness – engineer (2, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * Shane Stoner – recording (3, 11)
 * Chris Garcia – recording (4)
 * Kieran Menzies – recording (4)
 * Alan Veucasovic – recording (4)
 * Chris Laws – recording (9)
 * Robin Sellars – recording (9)
 * David Eriksen – recording (12)
 * Richard Wilkinson – recording (12)
 * Bob Clearmountain – mixing (1, 2, 5-10)
 * Serban Ghenea – mixing (3)
 * Manny Marroquin – mixing (4)
 * Andy Zulla – mixing (11)
 * Niklas Flyckt – mixing (12)
 * Conrad Golding – assistant engineer (1)
 * Orlando Hall – assistant engineer (1, 6)
 * James Harley – assistant engineer (1, 6)
 * Greg Landon – assistant engineer (1, 6)
 * Sean Samaroo – assistant engineer (1, 6)
 * Kevin Harp – assistant mix engineer (1, 6, 9)
 * Fox Phelps – assistant engineer (2, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * Cesar Ramirez – assistant engineer (2, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * Jesse Rogg – assistant engineer (4)
 * Daniel Pursey – assistant engineer (9)
 * Jason Rankins – assistant engineer (9)
 * Martin Sjølie – assistant engineer (12)
 * Jonas Östman – assistant mix engineer (12)
 * Ed Williams – additional lead vocal engineer (3), recording (11)
 * Cameron Webb – additional editing (2, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 * Gustavo Celis – Pro Tools editing (3)

title: Measure of a Man (Clay Aiken album)


text:
Cathartic

In medicine, a cathartic is a substance that accelerates defecation. This is similar to a laxative, which is a substance that eases defecation, usually by softening feces. It is possible for a substance to be both a laxative and a cathartic. However, agents such as psyllium seed husks increase the bulk of the feces.

Cathartics such as sorbitol, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate, or sodium sulfate were previously used as a form of gastrointestinal decontamination following poisoning via ingestion. They are no longer routinely recommended for poisonings. High-dose cathartics may be an effective means of ridding the lower gastrointestinal tract of toxins; however, they carry a risk of electrolyte imbalances and dehydration. Catharsis can be an effect of pesticide poisonings, such as with elemental sulfur.

title: Cathartic


text:
A1W reactor

The A1W reactor is a prototype nuclear reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships. The A1W designation stands for:
 * A = Aircraft carrier platform
 * 1 = First generation core designed by the contractor
 * W = Westinghouse was the contracted designer

History
The reactor was a Westinghouse Electric Corporation-built naval reactor power plant, installed in the Naval Reactors Facility in the desert at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory near Arco, Idaho. It first operated in October 1958. This reactor plant consisted of two reactors, A1W-A and A1W-B, operated in tandem so that the steam produced by both reactors was used to power one turbine connected to a drive shaft.

Since the purpose of A1W prototype was to simulate the USS Enterprise at sea it was also possible to divert the steam to two 'dump condensers' that simulated launching aircraft. Also, the electricity generated by the Main Engine was dissipated by immersing three electrodes in a pool of water. This was done to simulate load. In the early 1970s the A1W-B core was replaced with 1/4 of the USS Nimitz core for testing.

This nuclear reactor was the prototype for the A2W reactor used in the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the USS Enterprise (CVN-65).

The A1W prototype was used to train nuclear-qualified sailors for almost 34 years until its reactor plants were shut down on January 26, 1994.

title: A1W reactor


text:
S1W reactor

The S1W reactor was the first prototype naval reactor used by the United States Navy to prove that the technology could be used for electricity generation and propulsion on submarines.

The designation of "S1W" stands for and is a later Navy designation. During the plant's early years the project name was "Submarine Thermal Reactor" (STR)
 * S = Submarine platform
 * 1 = First generation core designed by the contractor
 * W = Westinghouse was the contracted designer

The land-based nuclear reactor was built at the National Reactor Testing Station, later called Idaho National Engineering Laboratory near Arco, Idaho. The plant was the prototype for the power system of USS Nautilus (SSN-571), the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, which used the improved S2W reactor. The specific location within the vast Idaho National Laboratory where the S1W prototype was located was the Naval Reactors Facility.

Design

Under the leadership of Captain (later Admiral) Hyman G. Rickover, Naval Reactors followed a concurrent design strategy, with the design and construction of the S1W reactor taking place ahead of the design and construction of the Nautilus. This enabled problems to be identified and resolved before they appeared in the shipboard plant. To better support this design process, the S1W power plant was built inside of a submarine hull. While the cramped spaces prevented engineers from obtaining information on some plant components, it provided a much more realistic example of how the shipboard plant would have to be constructed.

Operation
The S1W was a pressurized water reactor that utilized water as the coolant and neutron moderator in its primary system, and enriched Uranium-235 in its fuel elements. The S1W reactor reached criticality on March 30, 1953. In May of that year, it began power operations, performing a 100-hour run that simulated a submerged voyage from the east coast of the United States to Ireland. This test run clearly demonstrated the revolutionary impact that nuclear propulsion would have upon the submarine, which prior to that time was greatly limited in its ability to conduct continuous underwater operations by battery life and by the oxygen requirement of diesel propulsion systems.

The heated, pressurized water of the S1W reactor power plant was circulated through heat exchangers in order to generate high pressure saturated steam in a separate water loop. This saturated steam powered steam turbines for propulsion and generation of electricity. These facilities were constructed inside an elevated hull simulating the engineering portion of the Nautilus hull. A single propeller was simulated through use of a water brake. Large, exterior water spray ponds were used to dissipate the heat energy created in the facility into the air.

Following the commissioning of the USS Nautilus, the S1W plant was operated to support plant testing and training of operators. Trainees were graduates of the Naval Nuclear Power School in Bainbridge, MD, Mare Island, CA or Orlando, FL (all locations now closed). The course of study lasted six months and consisted of a combination of classroom and closely supervised practical training.

In the mid-1960s, the S1W core was removed. An extension was bolted to the top of the reactor vessel so that a larger S5W reactor core could be installed. After that time the prototype was called S1W/S5W core 4. The new core was first taken critical in late summer of 1967. In order to use the additional power generated by the S5W reactor, additional facilities were added in order to dump the excess steam when the plant was operated at higher power levels. These steam dumps were constructed in the same building, but outside the mock submarine hull.

The S1W/S5W plant was shut down permanently in 1989 (October 17).

title: S1W reactor