text:
PowerBook G4

The PowerBook G4 is a series of notebook computers manufactured, marketed, and sold by Apple Computer between 2001 and 2006 as part of its PowerBook line of notebooks. The PowerBook G4 runs on the RISC-based PowerPC G4 processor, designed by the AIM (Apple/IBM/Motorola) development alliance and initially produced by Motorola. It was built later by Freescale, after Motorola spun off its semiconductor business under that name in 2004. The PowerBook G4 has had two different designs: one with a titanium body with a translucent black keyboard and a 15-inch screen; and another in an aluminum body with an aluminum-colored keyboard, in 12-inch, 15-inch, and 17-inch sizes.

Between 2001 and 2003, Apple produced the titanium PowerBook G4; between 2003 and 2006, the aluminum models were produced. Both models were hailed for their modern design, long battery life, and processing power. When the aluminum PowerBook G4s were first released in January 2003, 12-inch and 17-inch models were introduced first, while the 15-inch model retained the titanium body until September 2003, when a new aluminum 15-inch PowerBook was released. The aluminum 15-inch model also includes a FireWire 800 port, which had been included with the 17-inch model since its debut nine months earlier.

The PowerBook G4 is the last generation of the PowerBook series, and was succeeded by the Intel-powered MacBook Pro line in the first half of 2006. The last version of macOS that any PowerBook G4 can run is Mac OS X Leopard, which was released in 2007. When Apple switched to Intel x86 processors in 2006, some design features of the PowerBook G4's form and aluminum chassis were retained for the MacBook Pro.

1st generation: Titanium
The first generation of the PowerBook G4 was announced at Steve Jobs' MacWorld Expo keynote on January 9, 2001. The two models featured a PowerPC G4 processor running at either 400 or 500 MHz, housed in a titanium-clad case that was 1 inch (25 mm) deep. This was 0.7 inches (18 mm) shallower than the G4's predecessor, the PowerBook G3. The G4 was one of the first laptops to use a screen with a widescreen aspect ratio. It also featured a front-mounted slot-loading optical drive. The notebook was given the unofficial nickname "TiBook", after the titanium case and the PowerBook brand name; it was sold alongside the cheaper iBook. The 1 GHz version of the titanium G4 is the last, and fastest, PowerBook that can natively run Mac OS 9 (version 9.2.2).

Industrial design
The initial design of the PowerBook G4 was developed by Apple hardware designers Jory Bell, Nick Merz, and Danny Delulis. Quanta, an original design manufacturer, also helped in the design. The new machine was a sharp departure from the black plastic, curvilinear PowerBook G3 models that preceded it. The orientation of the Apple logo on the computer's lid was switched so that it would "read" correctly to onlookers when the computer was in use. PowerBook G3 and prior models presented it right-side-up from the perspective of the computer's owner when the lid was closed. Apple's industrial design team, headed by British designer Jonathan Ive, converged around a minimalist aesthetic—the titanium G4's design language laid the groundwork for the aluminum PowerBook G4, the MacBook Pro, the Power Mac G5, the flat-screen iMac, the Xserve, and the Mac mini.

Reception
In a review, Macworld Andrew Gore praised the PowerBook's weight, wider screen, and Velocity Engine, but criticized the difficulty of replacing the hard drive. In a battery test, he found that Apple's stated 5 hours of battery life could only be achieved with the screen dimmed and the processor clocked down to 300MHz, though he described battery life in normal use, of slightly over three hours, as "very respectable". ATPM Trevor Boehm rated it "excellent", describing it as pricy but a good desktop replacement, and praising its speed, screen, and ports, though he criticized the trackpad as oversensitive and inconvenient for drag and drop. PC World Carla Thornton praised its design, screen and performance, but criticized its graphics, DVD speed, battery life and price.

Quality issues
The hinges on the titanium PowerBook display are notorious for breaking under typical use. Usually the hinge (which is shaped like an L) will break just to the left of where it attaches to the lower case on the right hinge, and just to the right on the left hinge (where the right hinge is on the right side of the computer when the optical drive is facing the user). When the 667 MHz and 800 MHz "DVI" PowerBooks were introduced, Apple changed the hinge design slightly to strengthen it. At least one aftermarket manufacturer began producing sturdier replacement hinges to address this problem, though actually performing the repair is difficult as the display bezel is glued together. In addition some discolouration, bubbling or peeling of paint on the outer bezel occurred, notably around the area where the palm would rest while using the trackpad, and around the rear of the hinges where paint on the back of the machine was often worn off. This appeared on early models but not on later titanium PowerBooks.

Display issues
The video cable is routed around the left-side hinge. This will cause the cable to weaken under heavy usage. Many owners have reported display problems such as random lines or a jumbled screen, although a few owners have replaced just the video cable to successfully resolve this problem. There is also a backlight cable that might fail; The best option is to replace either or both cables before replacing LCD screen.

2nd generation: Aluminum
In 2003, Apple introduced a new line of PowerBook G4s with 12-, 15-, and 17-inch screens and aluminum cases. The new notebooks not only brought a different design to the PowerBook G4 line but also laid down the foundation for Apple’s notebook design for the next five years, replaced initially in January 2008 by the MacBook Air and the subsequent MacBook and MacBook Pro redesigns in October. The 15" titanium model was still available until September 16, 2003, when the aluminum model replaced it. Notably, the 12" model brought a welcome return to the Apple subnotebook configuration, conspicuously lacking in their product line since the discontinuation of the PowerBook 2400 in 1998. While the titanium PowerBook G4s were capable of booting into Mac OS 9 or Mac OS X operating systems, the aluminum PowerBook G4s could only boot into Mac OS X. Both series of machines could run Mac OS 9 in Classic mode from within Mac OS X.

Industrial design
The aluminum PowerBook G4 was designed by Apple's Vice President of Industrial Design, Jonathan Ive, and used a radically different design from the preceding titanium models. The most obvious change was the use of aluminum instead of titanium to manufacture the body. The keyboard, which was originally black, was changed to match the color of the body. Additionally, the aluminum keyboard was backlit on the 17" model and on one of the 15" models. This was the first case of keyboard internal backlighting seen on a notebook computer. The design was considered superior to most other notebooks when it debuted in 2003, and consequently, it made the PowerBook G4 one of the most desirable notebooks on the market. The external design of Apple's professional laptops continued to remain similar to the aluminum PowerBook G4 until Apple announced the Unibody Macbook Pro at its special event on October 14, 2008.

Reception
CNET Molly Wood described the 17-inch PowerBook as a "rock star's notebook", praising its design, screen, bundled software suite (which included iLife, QuickBooks, OmniOutliner and OmniGraffle), and backlit keyboard, though she said that the keyboard backlighting required the room to be quite dark, and that there was no option to increase its sensitivity. In benchmarks, she found that the 12-inch, 15-inch and 17-inch models all had about the same "acceptable" battery life, and that the PowerBooks had similar performance to the 17-inch iMac desktop.

Quality issues
Some owners have experienced failure of the lower memory slot on some of the 15" models, with the typical repair being the replacement of the logic board. Apple had started a Repair Extension Program concerning the issue, but it has been noted that some models displaying the issue have not been included. This leaves some PowerBook G4 owners with a maximum of only 1 GB of RAM to use instead of a full 2 GB.

Apple previously had a Repair Extension Program to fix the "white spot" issue on its 15" PowerBook displays.

There has also been a rash of reports concerning sudden and pervasive sleeping of 1.5 and 1.67 GHz models known as Narcoleptic Aluminum PowerBook Syndrome. Symptoms include the PowerBook suddenly entering sleep mode, regardless of the battery level or whether the PowerBook is plugged in. One cause is the ambient light sensing, and associated instruction set coding, with possible keyboard backlight and sleep light issues accompanying the so-called "narcolepsy". Another cause is the trackpad area heat sensor; system logs report "Power Management received emergency overtemp signal. Going to sleep.".

To correct this, service groups will often replace the logic board or power converter, but the actual fix (depending on the model) for the first cause is to replace or remove the left or right ambient light sensors; and for the second cause, disconnect, remove, or replace the heat sensor, or the entire top case which holds the trackpad heat sensor. Alternatively, there are reports which detail success in removing certain sensor kernel extensions or rebuilding the kernel using the Darwin Open Source project after commenting out the relevant  call; permanent resolution of the sleep issue in this manner is little documented.

The 1.67 GHz model may suffer from manufacturing or design defects in its display. Initial reports pointed to this only being a problem with type M9689 17" PowerBooks introduced in Q2 2005, but then this problem was also seen in displays replaced by Apple Service Providers in this period (e.g. because of the bright spots issue). The devices were the last 17" models shipped with the matte 1440×900 pixel low-resolution display. After many months of usage, the displays may show permanently shining lines of various colors stretching vertically across the LCD. Often this will start with one-pixel-wide vertical lines being "stuck" in an "always-on" mode. Various sites have been set up documenting this issue.

On May 20, 2005, Apple recalled 12-inch iBook G4, and 12- and 15-inch PowerBook G4 batteries (model number A1061, first 5 characters HQ441 – HQ507 for the iBook, model # A1079, serial # 3X446 – 3X510 for 12" PowerBook, model # A1078, serial # 3X446 – 3X509.) They were recalled due to short-circuiting which caused overheating and explosion. The batteries were made by LG Chemical, in Taiwan and China. Apple has since removed the recall from its website.

Discontinuation
One major factor that led to the discontinuation of the PowerBook G4 was Apple's internal experimentation with the PowerPC G5 for the company's next line professional-grade notebooks at that time. However, the G5, which also powered the Power Mac G5 and iMac G5, proved to be too power-hungry and heat-intensive to use in a notebook form factor. Stalled development of the mobile G5 is also said to be another main factor in the Mac's transition from PowerPC to Intel processors.

After awaiting a new professional-grade notebook to replace the G4, on January 10, 2006, Apple released the 15" MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based notebook. A 17" version of the MacBook Pro followed on April 24, 2006. The new "MacBook Pro" name was given to the new series of notebooks after Apple changed the portable naming schemes from "Power" for professional products (and "i" for consumer products), in favor of including "Mac" in the title of all computer lines, with the suffix "Pro" denoting a pro product. Finally, on May 16, 2006, the 12" PowerBook G4 and the G4 iBook were discontinued and replaced by the 13.3" MacBook, ending the whole PowerBook line.

However, a replacement for the 12" subnotebook form factor (i.e. the 12" PowerBook G4) was not immediately forthcoming; the MacBook Air, released in 2008, served as an indirect replacement while the 13" MacBook Pro released in 2009 is the direct replacement for the 12" PowerBook G4. Apple returned to the 12" screen size with the MacBook released in 2015.

title: PowerBook G4


text:
Havelock

Havelock may refer to:

As a surname

 * Havelock-Allan baronets, holders of the baronetcy
 * Sir Henry Havelock (1795–1857), British general, active in India
 * Lieutenant General Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, 1st Baronet (1830–1897), British General and Member of Parliament (son of Sir Henry Havelock)
 * Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, 2nd Baronet (1872–1953), British Liberal Party politician and Member of Parliament
 * Sir Anthony Havelock-Allan, 4th Baronet (1904–2003), British film producer
 * Sir (Anthony) Mark David Havelock-Allan, 5th Baronet (born 1951—see Havelock-Allan baronets), English Circuit Judge
 * Sir Arthur Havelock (1844–1908), Governor of Tasmania, 1901–1904
 * Brian Havelock (born 1942), English motorcycle speedway rider
 * Eric A. Havelock (1903–1988), British (later Canadian and American) scholar
 * Gary Havelock (born 1968), 1992 World Individual Speedway champion
 * Harry Havelock (1901–1973), English professional footballer
 * John E. Havelock (1932–2021), Alaska Attorney General from 1970 to 1973
 * Jon Havelock, Alberta politician
 * Sir Thomas Henry Havelock (1877–1968), English applied mathematician
 * Tom Havelock, British singer-songwriter
 * Wilfrid Havelock (1912–2003), Kenyan politician
 * William Havelock (1793–1848), British cavalry officer (brother of Sir Henry Havelock)
 * William Henry Havelock (1826–1876), Indian Civil Servant

As a given name

 * Sir Havelock Charles (1858–1934), British doctor and Serjeant Surgeon to King George V
 * Havelock Ellis (1859–1939), British physician and psychologist, writer, and social reformer who studied human sexuality
 * Sir Havelock Hudson(1862–1944), British Indian Army officer
 * Havelock Nelson (1917–1996), Irish composer and conductor
 * Havelock Nelson (writer) (born 1964), American music journalist and author
 * Havelock Wilson (1859–1929), British trade union leader and Liberal Party politician

Australia

 * Havelock, Victoria, a small town north of Maryborough

Canada

 * Havelock, New Brunswick, an unincorporated community
 * Havelock Parish, New Brunswick, a civil parish
 * Havelock, Ontario, a village
 * Havelock-Belmont-Methuen, Ontario, a township
 * Havelock, Quebec, a town
 * Havelock, Nova Scotia

India

 * Havelock Island, the largest of the islands in Ritchie's Archipelago, Andaman Islands

New Zealand

 * Havelock, New Zealand, a village
 * Havelock North, New Zealand, a town
 * Havelock North Wanderers, a football team
 * Havelock North High School, a high school

Sri Lanka

 * Havelock City, a large residential project
 * Havelock Town, a small town/area near the outskirts of Colombo

Swaziland

 * Bulembu (Havelock), a town

United States

 * Havelock, Iowa, a city
 * Havelock, North Carolina, a city
 * Havelock, North Dakota, an unincorporated community
 * Havelock Township, Minnesota
 * Havelock, Nebraska, a former town/current neighborhood of Lincoln, annexed in 1930

Literature

 * Havelok the Dane, a Middle English romance
 * Havelock Vetinari, Patrician of Ankh-Morpork in the Discworld novels of Terry Pratchett
 * Judy Havelock, a Bond girl in Ian Fleming's short story "For Your Eyes Only"

Other

 * Havelock Country Jamboree, country music festival held annually in rural Ontario
 * HMS Havelock, several ships of Britain's Royal Navy
 * A cloth cover for a kepi or military service cap, with a flap to protect the back of the neck, reportedly named after Sir Henry Havelock

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Havelock


text:
North Shore

North Shore or Northshore may refer to:

Australia

 * North Shore (Sydney), a suburban region of Sydney
 * Electoral district of North Shore
 * North Shore railway line, Sydney
 * Noosa North Shore, Queensland
 * North Shore, New South Wales, a suburb of Port Macquarie
 * North Shore, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong
 * North Shore railway station

Canada

 * Côte-Nord, the region of Quebec and associated administrative region to the north of the lower Saint Lawrence River and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence
 * North Shore (Greater Vancouver), several communities adjacent to Vancouver, British Columbia
 * North Shore Mountains, a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains including the mountains of the suburban North Shore of Greater Vancouver
 * North Shore (Lake Superior), the area of Ontario north of Lake Superior
 * North Shore (Montreal), suburban communities mainly North of the Rivière des Mille Îles, but also some across the lower end of Rivière des Prairies
 * North Shore (New Brunswick), an area along the Bay of Chaleur including the Acadian Peninsula and the Miramichi Bay region
 * North Shore, Nova Scotia (disambiguation)
 * The North Shore, Ontario, township along the north shore of the North Channel (Lake Huron)
 * North Shore, Prince Edward Island, a community in Prince Edward Island

New Zealand

 * North Shore, New Zealand, a suburban area of Auckland
 * North Shore City, a city that existed on the North Shore from 1989 to 2010

 * North Shore (New Zealand electorate)

United Kingdom

 * North Shore, Blackpool

United States

 * North Shore, California
 * North Shore (Chicago), Illinois
 * North Shore (Jacksonville), Florida
 * North Shore (Oahu), Hawaii
 * North Shore, Louisiana
 * North Shore (Massachusetts)
 * North Shore (Duluth), Minnesota
 * North Shore (Lake Superior), an area of Minnesota
 * North Shore (Long Island), New York
 * North Shore, Staten Island, New York
 * North Shore (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania
 * North Shore, Wisconsin

Arts and entertainment

 * North Shore, a novel by Wallace Irwin, on which the dramatic film The Woman in Red (1935) was based
 * North Shore (1949 film), a documentary short film
 * North Shore (1987 film), a drama film set on the North Shore of Oahu
 * North Shore (2004 TV series), a 2004–2005 prime-time soap opera set in Hawaii
 * North Shore (2023 TV series), a crime-thriller set in Sydney
 * "Northshore", a song off the Tegan and Sara album Sainthood

Education

 * North Shore Community College, a community college in Danvers, Massachusetts
 * North Shore Country Day School, a private high school located in Illinois
 * Northshore High School, a high school located in Slidell, Louisiana
 * Northshore School District, a school district in northern King County and southern Snohomish County, Washington
 * North Shore Academy (disambiguation)

Medical

 * North Shore-LIJ Health System, a health-care organization based in New York
 * North Shore University Hospital, a hospital located in Manhasset, New York
 * NorthShore University HealthSystem, a health-care organizations based in Illinois
 * Royal North Shore Hospital, a hospital in St. Leonards, NSW Australia

Railways

 * North Shore Line (disambiguation)
 * North Shore Railroad (disambiguation)

Sports

 * North Shore Cheetahs, an amateur Bantam AAA Div. 2 football team in Montreal, Quebec
 * North Shore Lions, an amateur Bantam AAA Div. 1 football team in Montreal, Quebec

Other

 * The Northshore, the largest apartment building in Austin, Texas
 * North Shore Animal League America, a no-kill animal rescue and adoption organization, headquartered in Port Washington, New York

title: North Shore


text:
John Herbert Chapman

John Herbert Chapman (August 28, 1921 – September 28, 1979) was a Canadian space researcher. He started his career with his work on radio propagation and the ionosphere.

Chapman grew up in London, Ontario, the son of Lt. Col. Lloyd Chapman and Kathleen Chapman. He received his BSc (Honors) from The University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario in 1948, and later received a Master of Science degree and a Ph.D. in physics at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. After his studies at university, Chapman got his first position in the government with the Defence Research Board (DRB). He was then promoted to the position of section leader of the ionospheric propagation unit at the Defense Research Telecommunications Establishment, which is now the Communications Research Centre (CRC) in 1951 at Shirley's Bay, a Canadian military and civilian telecommunication research campus. He was also a superintendent.

While at Shirley's Bay, Chapman worked on a number of projects. One of the projects he directed was the ground-breaking Canadian satellite called Alouette. The DRTE having no experience developing satellites had to work quite hard to think of and counter all the difficulties they would face in the harsh environment of space. Because of his work on Alouette he was promoted to chairman of a government study group to study the upper atmosphere and space programs in Canada.

While chairman, Chapman compiled his findings into "The Chapman Report" in which he argued that Canada needed to redirect its space program in order to continue its ongoing research more effectively and efficiently. "The Chapman Report" remains an important document in helping the Canadian Space Agency choose what they should work on when it comes to space programs.

Chapman was given awards for his work in aerospace technology. The first was given by the Royal Society of Canada in 1966; he also received an Engineering medal from the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario and the Dillinger Gold Medal from the International Union of Radio Scientists the same year. In 1967 Chapman was awarded The Chree Medal and Prize and the McCurdy award from the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institution.

Chapman was a member of the Royal Society of Canada. He was also part of the National Research Council (NRC) Associate committee on Space Research, a council of the top Canadian space scientists. He also served on the International Union of Radio Science and the American Geophysical Union.

Chapman died in Vancouver, BC in 1979. After his death, the Canadian Space Agency was formed to organize and give Canada its own space agency to create a central place to meet and work on Canadian space projects. With this new organization, Canada has been able to construct and launch new projects into orbit. One of the most important Canadian projects is Canadarm, which has become used frequently on the International Space Station (or ISS for short).

When the headquarters building of the Canadian Space Agency was completed in 1992, it was named the John H. Chapman Space Centre, in his honour.

Asteroid (14163) JohnChapman is named after Chapman.

title: John Herbert Chapman


text:
Portobello

Portobello, Porto Bello, Port of Bello, Porto Belo, Portabello, or Portabella may refer to:

Brazil

 * Porto Belo

Ireland

 * Portobello, Dublin
 * Cathal Brugha Barracks, Dublin formerly Portobello Barracks

Italy

 * Portobello, Italy

New Zealand

 * Portobello, New Zealand, on Otago Peninsula
 * Portobello Bay, on Otago Peninsula near the town of Portobello
 * Portobello Peninsula, a spur of Otago Peninsula

Panama

 * Portobelo, Colón

United Kingdom

 * Portobello, Edinburgh
 * Portobello Road, London
 * Portobello, an area south-east of Birtley
 * Portobello, West Midlands
 * Portobello, a housing estate in Wakefield, West Yorkshire

United States

 * Portabello Estate, Corona Del Mar, California; previously owned by American businessman Frank Pritt
 * Porto Bello (Drayden, Maryland)
 * Porto Bello (Williamsburg, Virginia)

Other uses

 * Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the portobello mushroom
 * Porto Bello (Caribbean), a fictional British colony in the Long John Silver film and The Adventures of Long John Silver TV series
 * Portobello (novel), a 2008 novel by Ruth Rendell
 * Portobello Books A publishing house founded in 2005 by Sigrid Rausing, a Granta Books imprint after Rausing's 2006 purchase of Granta
 * Portobello House, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales

title: Portobello


text:
Callback

Callback may refer to:

 * Callback (comedy), a joke which refers to one previously told
 * Callback (computer programming), callable (i.e. function) that is passed as data and expected to be called by another callable.
 * Callback (telecommunications), the telecommunications event that occurs when the originator of a call is immediately called back in a second call as a response
 * Callback verification, a method for e-mail address verification used in SMTP
 * Web callback, a technology that provides telephone callback for websites
 * "The Callback", an episode of the TV series Smash
 * Callback, in the performing arts, a stage of the audition process

title: Callback


text:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 425

United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, adopted on 19 March 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War, called on Israel to withdraw immediately its forces from Lebanon and established the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL). It was adopted by 12 votes to none; Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union abstained, and China did not participate.

Background
On 11 March 1978, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operatives, led by Dalal Mugrabi, carried out the Coastal Road massacre within Israel which resulted in the deaths of 37 Israelis, including 13 children, and 76 wounded. In response, Israeli forces invaded southern Lebanon from which the PLO operated regularly during the 1970s. Starting on the night of 14–15 March and culminating a few days later, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) troops occupied the entire southern part of the country except for the city of Tyre and its surrounding area. This operation is known in Israel as Operation Litani, the stated objective of which was to clear out PLO bases in Lebanon south of the Litani River, in order to better secure northern Israel and to support the Christian Lebanese militias in the course of the Lebanese Civil War - most notably the Free Lebanon Army. On 15 March 1978 the Lebanese government submitted a strong protest to the United Nations Security Council against the Israeli invasion, stating that it had no connection with the Palestinian operation.

On 19 March 1978 the U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 425, in which it called upon Israel to cease immediately its military action and withdraw its forces from Lebanese territory. It also established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the objective of which was to bring about and confirm withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore international peace and security,, and to help the Lebanese Government restore its effective authority in southern Lebanon.

The resolution text
"The Security Council,

Taking note of the letters from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon and from the Permanent Representative of Israel, Having heard the statement of the Permanent Representatives of Lebanon and Israel, Gravely concerned at the deterioration of the situation in the Middle East and its consequences to the maintenance of international peace, Convinced that the present situation impedes the achievement of a just peace in the Middle East,

 * 1) Calls for strict respect for the territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon within its internationally recognized boundaries;
 * 2) Calls upon Israel immediately to cease its military action against Lebanese territorial integrity and withdraw forthwith its forces from all Lebanese territory;
 * 3) Decides, in the light of the request of the Government of Lebanon, to establish immediately under its authority a United Nations interim force for Southern Lebanon for the purpose of confirming the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restoring international peace and security and assisting the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area, the Force to be composed of personnel drawn from Member States;
 * 4) Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council within twenty-four hours on the implementation of the present resolution."

Implementation
The first UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon on 23 March 1978, just four days after the resolution was passed, and Israel withdrew its forces by June 1978. Israel maintained a presence through its proxy South Lebanon Army.

Aftermath
PLO attacks from south Lebanon continued, and Israel launched a larger-scale invasion in June 1982 in which Israeli and Lebanese Christian forces occupied the Lebanese capital city of Beirut in the 1982 Lebanon War. In the aftermath of the IDF’s retreat south Israel maintained a security zone inside Lebanon. In May 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from southern Lebanon. Before the withdrawal, opposition voices inside Israel pressured the government to withdraw, as they saw no valid reason to stay there and sustain Lebanese attacks.

The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had indeed withdrawn its forces from Lebanon, in accordance with resolution 425 (1978). The border recognized by the UN is known as the "Blue Line".

Some Lebanese parties (most notably Iranian proxy Hezbollah), however, claim that Israel is still keeping Lebanese land under its occupation, mainly in Shebaa Farms. Israel and the UN concur that Shebaa Farms is part of the Golan (annexed in Israel’s view, occupied in eyes of UN), and therefore it is not included under resolution 425.

Since the adoption of the Resolution and Israel’s withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, there have been a number of cross-border incidents.

As at August 2021, Lebanon had not extended effective control over southern Lebanon, as it had been called upon since 1978, and repeated by UN Resolution 1391 of 2002, UN Resolution 1496 of 2003 and UN Resolution 1701 after the second Lebanese War in 2006. Hezbollah has periodically attacked Israel from Lebanon. Israel has lodged multiple complaints regarding Lebanon's failure to take control of southern Lebanon.


text:
Senate of Colombia

The Senate of the Republic of Colombia  (Senado de la República de Colombia) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members elected for concurrent (non-rotating) four-year terms.

Electoral system
According to the Colombian Constitution, 100 senators (senadores) are elected from a single national constituency. The remaining two are elected in a special national constituency for Indigenous communities.

Colombian citizens living outside the country are eligible to vote, although, unlike in the lower house, they have no special representatives in the Senate.

For elections to the Senate in the national constituency, political parties or other movements and groups run single lists, with a number of candidates not exceeding the total number of seats to be filled. The current electoral system, adopted in 2003 and modified in 2009 and 2015, requires party lists to pass a 3% threshold in order to obtain representation. For the 2006 and 2010 elections, the threshold was set at 2%, before being raised by the 2009 reform to 3%.

Parties may run a closed list, with the order of candidates pre-determined, or opt for preferential voting (open list), where the position of candidates on the list is reordered based on the individual preference votes of the voters. In senatorial elections, voters choosing a party running a closed list only vote for the party list; voters who choose a party running an open list may indicate their candidate of preference among the names displayed on the ballot, if the voter does not indicate a preference and only votes for the party, the vote is valid for purposes of the threshold but not for reordering the list based on preferential votes.

For the two seats reserved to Indigenous communities, the electoral quota system is used (total votes divided by the total seats), with the threshold in this case being 30% of the electoral quota.

Eligibility
To be a senator, a person must be a natural-born Colombian citizen over the age of 30 at the time of the election. Representatives of indigenous communities seeking election as a representative of indigenous communities in the Senate must have held a traditional authority role in their community or have been the leader of an indigenous organization.

There are general rules of ineligibility and incompatibility which apply to both houses of Congress, explained here. In addition, general rules on the replacement and non-replacement of members depending on different circumstances also apply to both houses of Congress.

Exclusive powers of the Senate

 * 1) Approve or reject the resignations of the President and the Vice President.
 * 2) Approve or reject all military promotions conferred by the government on commissioned officers.
 * 3) Grant leaves of absence for the President in cases other than sickness, and determine the qualification of the Vice President to serve as President.
 * 4) Allow for the transit of foreign troops through Colombian territory.
 * 5) Authorize the Government to declare war on a foreign nation.
 * 6) Elect the Constitutional Court justices.
 * 7) Elect the Attorney General.

Judicial powers
The Congress' judicial powers are divided between the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate. The Senate is responsible for taking cognizance of the charges brought by the House of Representatives against the President (or whoever replaces him/her) and members of the Comisión de Aforados even if they may have ceased to exercise their functions. The Senate determines the validity of the charges concerning actions or omissions that occurred in the exercise of these duties.

The Senate may assign the preliminary investigation to a group of its members, but the judgement is pronounced in a public session with at least two-thirds of senators in attendance.

In the trials to be conducted before the Senate, the accused is automatically suspended from his/her office once the charges brought have been admitted. If the charge refers to offences committed in the exercise of his/her duties or unworthiness to serve for misconduct, the Senate may only discharge him/her from office and/or temporarily or permanently strip the accused of their political rights. The accused, however, is brought to trial before the Supreme Court of Justice, if the evidence demonstrates the individual to be responsible for an infraction deserving of other penalties. If the charge refers to common crimes, the Senate confines itself to declaring if there are grounds for further measures; in the affirmative, the accused is placed at the disposition of the Supreme Court.

title: Senate of Colombia


text:
Talk:Professional baseball in Taiwan

Professional Leagues
Folks, IIRC there have been two professional baseball leagues. At least it was so in 2001. Regretfully I don't know the current situation. But until 2001 -First a professional league was settled. -Because of the reason I forget another league was settled. Then there were two leagues and 10 teams. Those two league had no relationship, nor game between themselves. -Then a nationwide financial problem occured and both leagues faced a financial problem. -In a bigger league a scandal occured like Blacksox case. At last two teams disappeared.

I hope your further contributions. KIZU 00:42, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Redirect All Taiwanese Professional Baseball Articles Here
I think we should redirect all Taiwanese professional baseball articles here since 1) this article is not long, 2) this article already covers many of the core informations. What do you guys think? --Will74205 10:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm...I don't think that it's a bad idea, but the problem is that this format could confuse users as well as impede the expansion of the topic(s). My suggestion is that this topic be broken up into 3 topics: Professional baseball in Taiwan (or just Baseball in Taiwan), Chinese Professional Baseball League, and Taiwan Major League. There should be enough information on the web to expand each topic to acceptable standards. But that's just my opinion. -- Asdf1248 14:25, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * At the very least, I would like to see a separate CPBL article, since it's the active "major" league. This article could easily encompass the history of various leagues but that one could address that league in particular. Rolando 13:18, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Split the page. FJM 12:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Professional baseball in Taiwan


text:
Callback (computer programming)

In computer programming, a callback is a function that is stored as data (a reference) and designed to be called by another function often back to the original abstraction layer.

A function that accepts a callback parameter may be designed to call back before returning to its caller which is known as synchronous or blocking. The function that accepts a callback may be designed to store the callback so that it can be called back after returning which is known as asynchronous, non-blocking or deferred.

Programming languages support callbacks in different ways such as function pointers, lambda expressions and blocks.

Analogy
To aid understanding the concept, the following is an analogy from real life.

A customer visits a store to place an order. This is like the first call.

The customer gives to a clerk a list of items, a check to cover their cost and delivery instructions. These are the parameters of the first call including the callback which is the delivery instructions. It is understood that the check will be cashed and that the instructions will be followed.

When the staff are able, they deliver the items as instructed which is like calling the callback.

Notably, the delivery need not be made by the clerk who took the order. A callback need not be called by the function that accepted the callback as a parameter.

Also, the delivery need not be made directly to the customer. A callback need not be to the calling function. In fact, a function would generally not pass itself as a callback. Some find the use of back to be misleading since the call is (generally) not back to the original caller as it is for a telephone call.

Use
A blocking callback runs in the execution context of the function that passes the callback. A deferred callback can run in a different context such as during interrupt or from a thread. As such, a deferred callback can be used for synchronization and delegating work to another thread.

Event handling
A callback can be used for event handling. Often, consuming code registers a callback for a particular type of event. When that event occurs, the callback is called.

Callbacks are often used to program the graphical user interface (GUI) of a program that runs in a windowing system. The application supplies a reference to a custom callback function for the windowing system to call. The windowing system calls this function to notify the application of events like mouse clicks and key presses.

Asynchronous action
A callback can be used to implement asynchronous processing. A caller requests an action and provides a callback to be called when the action completes which might be long after the request is made.

Polymorphism
A callback can be used to implement polymorphism. In the following pseudocode, SayHi can take either WriteStatus or WriteError.

Conditional action
A callback can be used to implement conditional behavior. In the following pseudocode, if logging is enabled, Log calls the callback, getMessage, and writes the result. But, if logging is not enabled, then getMessage is not called; saving the runtime cost.

Implementation
The callback technology is implemented differently by programming language.

In assembly, C, C++, Pascal, Modula2 and other languages, a callback function is stored internally as a function pointer. Using the same storage allows different languages to directly share callbacks without a design-time or runtime interoperability layer. For example, the Windows API is accessible via multiple languages, compilers and assemblers.

C++ also allows objects to provide an implementation of the function call operation. The Standard Template Library accepts these objects (called functors) as parameters.

Many dynamic languages, such as JavaScript, Lua, Python, Perl and PHP, allow a function object to be passed.

CLI languages such as C# and VB.NET provide a type-safe encapsulating function reference known as delegate.

Events and event handlers, as used in .NET languages, provide for callbacks.

Functional languages generally support first-class functions, which can be passed as callbacks to other functions, stored as data or returned from functions.

Many languages, including Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, C++ (11+), C# and VB.NET (new versions) and most functional languages, support lambda expressions, unnamed functions with inline syntax, that generally acts as callbacks..

In some languages, including Scheme, ML, JavaScript, Perl, Python, Smalltalk, PHP (since 5.3.0), C++ (11+), Java (since 8), and many others, a lambda can be a closure, i.e. can access variables locally defined in the context in which the lambda is defined.

In an object-oriented programming language such as Java versions before function-valued arguments, the behavior of a callback can be achieved by passing an object that implements an interface. The methods of this object are callbacks.

In PL/I and ALGOL 60 a callback procedure may need to be able to access local variables in containing blocks, so it is called through an entry variable containing both the entry point and context information.

C
Callbacks have a wide variety of uses, for example in error signaling: a Unix program might not want to terminate immediately when it receives SIGTERM, so to make sure that its termination is handled properly, it would register the cleanup function as a callback. Callbacks may also be used to control whether a function acts or not: Xlib allows custom predicates to be specified to determine whether a program wishes to handle an event.

In the following C code, function  uses parameter   as a blocking callback. is called with  which acts as a callback function. When run the output is: "Value: 42".

C++
In C++, functor can be used in addition to function pointer.

C#
In the following C# code, method  uses parameter   as a blocking callback. is called with  which acts as a callback function. When run, the following is written to the console: "Callback was: Hello world".

Kotlin
In the following Kotlin code, function  uses parameter   as a blocking callback. is called with  which acts as a callback function. Running this will tell the user that the answer to their question is "42".

JavaScript
In the following JavaScript code, function  uses parameter   as a blocking callback. is called with  and then with   which act as callback functions.

The collection method .each of the jQuery library uses the function passed to it as a blocking callback. It calls the callback for each item of the collection. For example:

Deferred callbacks are commonly used for handling events from the user, the client and timers. Examples can be found in addEventListener, Ajax and.

In addition to using callbacks in JavaScript source code, C functions that take a function are supported via js-ctypes.

Red and REBOL
The following REBOL/Red code demonstrates callback use.

 * As alert requires a string, form produces a string from the result of calculate
 * The get-word! values (i.e., :calc-product and :calc-sum) trigger the interpreter to return the code of the function rather than evaluate with the function.
 * The datatype! references in a block! [float! integer!] restrict the type of values passed as arguments.

Lua
A color tweening example using the Roblox engine that takes an optional callback:

Python
In the following Python code, function calculate accepts a parameter operate that is used as a blocking callback. calculate is called with square which acts as a callback function.

Julia
In the following Julia code, function calculate accepts a parameter operate that is used as a blocking callback. calculate is called with square which acts as a callback function.

title: Callback (computer programming)


text:
Fenvalerate

Fenvalerate  is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. It is a mixture of four optical isomers which have different insecticidal activities. The 2-S alpha (or SS) configuration, known as esfenvalerate, is the most insecticidally active isomer. Fenvalerate consists of about 23% of this isomer.

Fenvalerate is an insecticide of moderate mammalian toxicity. In laboratory animals, central nervous system toxicity is observed following acute or short-term exposure. Fenvalerate has applications against a wide range of pests including some of the more destructive such as the Helicoverpa assulta. Residue levels are minimized by low application rates. Fenvalerate is most toxic to bees and fish. It is found in some emulsifiable concentrates, ULV, wettable powders, slow release formulations, insecticidal fogs, and granules. It is most commonly used to control insects in food, feed, and cotton products, and for the control of flies and ticks in barns and stables. Fenvalerate does not affect plants, but is active for an extended period of time.

Fenvalerate may irritate the skin and eyes on contact, and is also harmful if swallowed.

title: Fenvalerate


text:
User:Man5iac

...

title: User:Man5iac


text:
Frederick Frelinghuysen (general)

Frederick Frelinghuysen (April 13, 1753 – April 13, 1804) was an American lawyer, soldier, and senator from New Jersey. A graduate of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), Frederick went on to become an officer during the American Revolutionary War. In addition, he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was a United States Senator from New Jersey from 1793 until 1796, and served as the United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey in 1801.

Early life
He was born at the Old Dutch Parsonage near Somerville in the Province of New Jersey to John Frelinghuysen (1727–1754) and Dinah Van Berg (1725–1807) of Amsterdam. His father, John, was the son of the immigrant minister Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen, the progenitor of the Frelinghuysen family in New Jersey.

He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1770, and was the sole instructor at Queen's College, New Brunswick (now Rutgers University) from 1771 to 1774. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1774, practicing law in Somerset County, New Jersey.

Military and political career
With the coming of the American Revolution, he became a member of the provincial congress of New Jersey from 1775 to 1776. In the War of Independence he served in the New Jersey militia as an artillery captain, seeing action at Trenton and Monmouth. In 1779 he served as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He served as a clerk to the Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County, New Jersey from 1781 to 1789. He also served in the New Jersey General Assembly in 1784 and again from 1800 to 1804.

He was a member of the New Jersey convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1787. He was a member of the New Jersey Legislative Council (now the New Jersey Senate) representing Somerset County from 1790 to 1792.

President George Washington appointed him as brigadier general in the United States Army for the 1790 campaign against the western Indians. Frelinghuysen was elected to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1793, to November 12, 1796, when he resigned. He was commissioned major general in the New Jersey militia in 1794, during the Whiskey Rebellion.

Personal life
He married Gertrude Schenck (1753–1794), the daughter of Helena Magdalena Van Liew and Hendrick (Henry) Joahnnes Schenck. Together, they had five children:

 * General John Frelinghuysen (1776–1833)
 * Maria Frelinghuysen (1778–1832)
 * Theodore Frelinghuysen (1787–1862), a lawyer and New Jersey politician
 * Frederick Frelinghuysen (1788–1820)
 * Catharine Frelinghuysen (1790-1865)

After his first wife Gertrude's death in 1794, Frederick Sr. married Ann Yard (1764–1839).

Frelinghuysen died in Millstone, New Jersey, on April 13, 1804, his 51st birthday, and was buried at the Weston Burying Ground on the border of Manville, New Jersey and Bound Brook, New Jersey. His tombstone reads as follows: "Entombed beneath this stone lies the remains of Frederick Frelinghuysen, Esq. Major General of the military forces and representative in the General Assembly of this, his native state. Endowed by nature with superior talents, he was beloved by his country. From his youth he was entrusted with the most important concerns until his death. He never disappointed her hopes. In the bar he was eloquent and in the Senate he was wise, in the field he was brave. Candid, generous and just, he was ardent in his friendships, constant to his friends. The patron and protector of his honorable merit. He gave his hand to the young, his counsel to the middle aged, his support to him that was feeble in years. To perpetuate his memory, his children have raised this monument, a frail memorial of their veneration to his virtues and of their grief and their loss of so excellent a father. He died on the 13th of April 1804, aged 51 years."

Descendants
Among his other descendants are Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (1817–1885), U.S. Senator and Secretary of State; Joseph Sherman Frelinghuysen (1869–1948) US Senator from New Jersey; Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr. (1916–2011) New Jersey Congressman; and Rodney Frelinghuysen (born 1946) New Jersey Congressman.

title: Frederick Frelinghuysen (general)


text:
Talk:Superdeformation

Marinov?
Is this superdeformation theory only supported by Marinov's sources? ... said: Rursus ( m bork³ ) 10:22, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
 * No. Found here:
 * References:
 * [1] A. O. Macchiavelli, J. Burde, R. M. Diamond, C. W. Beausang, M.A. Deleplanque, R. J. McDonald, F. S. Stephens, and J. E. Draper, “Superdeformation in 104,105Pd, Physical Review C, Vol 38, NO. 2, August, 1988.
 * [2] Walter Greiner and Aurel Sandulescu, “New Radioactivities,” Scientific American, March 1990, pages 58-67.
 * [3] Michael A. Duncan and Dennis H. Rouvray, “Microclusters”, Scientific American, December 1989, pages 110-115.
 * [4] Shimizu, Y.R. and Broglia, R.A., “Quantum Size Effects in Rapidly Rotating Nuclei,” Physical Review C, Vol 41, No. 4, April, 1990, pg 1865-1867.
 * [5] Shimizu, Y.R., Vigezzi, E., and Broglia, R.A., “Inertias of Superdeformed Bands,” Physical Review C, Vol 41, No. 4, April, 1990, pg 1861-1863.
 * ... said: Rursus ( m bork³ ) 10:25, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Right, it's a well accepted theory. This article just isn't very well referenced. Thanks for those above. --Apoc2400 (talk) 10:38, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superdeformation


text:
User talk:Yanamad

Hey, who is this? You mention that you're a member of the class of 2007. So am I, and I didn't realize Wikipedia had caught on with other people here (beyond my boy Matt Meisel, who's done some stuff with the Harvard page). You probably won't see this for a while, if ever, but if you do, let me know. User:Willbpayne

Image:Memorial Church.jpg
Greetings. I have listed Image:Memorial Church.jpg on Images and media for deletion because it has no source or licensing information, and it's not listed in any articles. If you would like this image to be kept, please add source and licensing information, and include it in an article. If you need any help with this, just ask me. Thanks! – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 23:10, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Also Image:Memorial Hall Spring.jpg

Image:Harvard Stadium.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 20:54, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Image:IMG 0258.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:IMG 0258.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 03:11, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Phenol inductive.gif
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Image tagging for Image:Phenol_resonance.gif
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Little context in National Song
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on National Song, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because National Song is very short providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting National Song, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate National Song itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 16:37, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Edward D. Miller
A tag has been placed on Edward D. Miller requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later." You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Voyaging(talk) 04:02, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Instead of deleting it, I rewrote it. But please dont put in press releases again. Not that you do the others, but I'm getting very familiar with the writing style of the press office at Johns Hopkins. :) DGG (talk) 05:20, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yanamad


text:
Seokguram

The Seokguram Grotto is a hermitage and part of the Bulguksa temple complex in Gyeongju, South Korea. It and Bulguksa are both on the mountain Tohamsan, although the two are separated by distance of around 3 km. The grotto overlooks the East Sea (Korean) and rests 750 meters above sea level. In 1962, it was designated the 24th National Treasure of South Korea. In 1995, Seokguram was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List together with the Bulguksa Temple. It exemplifies some of the best Buddhist sculptures in the world.

The Seokguram Grotto is said to have been built by Kim Daeseong and originally called Seokbulsa. Construction began in either 742 or 751, during the cultural peak of the kingdom Unified Silla. The grotto was completed by the Silla court in 774, shortly after Kim's death.

The grotto is currently one of the best known cultural destinations in South Korea. A viewing of the sunrise over the sea, which is visible from near the seated Buddha's perch, is especially popular.

Architecture
The tradition of carving the image of Buddha in stone, holy images, and stupas into cliff walls and natural caves began in India, for the drawing of their own gods into rock to make statues. This practice was transferred to China and then Korea. The geology of the Korean Peninsula, which contains an abundance of hard granite, is not conducive to carving stone images into cliff walls.

The basic layout of the grotto includes an arched entrance which leads into a rectangular antechamber and then a narrow corridor, which is lined with bas-reliefs, and then finally leads into the main rotunda. The centerpiece of the granite sanctuary is a Buddha statue seated in the main chamber. The identity of the Buddha is still debated. The Buddha is seated on a lotus throne with legs crossed. The Buddha is surrounded by fifteen panels of bodhisattvas, arhats and ancient Indian gods in the rotunda and is accompanied by ten statues in niches along the rotunda wall. Forty different figures representing Buddhist principles and teachings are in the grotto. The grotto was built around these statues to protect them from weathering. The ceiling of the Seokguram Grotto is decorated with half moons; the top is decorated with a lotus flower. Silla architects used symmetry and apparently employed the concept of the golden rectangle.

The grotto is shaped by hundreds of different granite stones. No mortar was used in its construction; the structure is held together by stone rivets. The construction of the grotto also utilized natural ventilation. The dome of the rotunda is 6.84 meters to 6.58 meters in diameter.

The Seokguram Grotto is symbolic of a spiritual journey into Nirvana. Pilgrims were to start at Bulguksa or at the foot of Tohamsan, a holy mountain to the Silla.

Sculpture within the grotto
The main Buddha of the grotto is a highly regarded piece of Buddhist art. It is 3.5 meters in height and sits on a 1.34-meter tall lotus pedestal. The Buddha is realistic in form and probably represents the Seokgamoni (Shakyamuni) Buddha; the position of the Buddha's hands symbolizes enlightenment. The Buddha has an usnisa, a symbol of the wisdom. The drapery on the Buddha, such as the fan-shaped folds at the crossed-legs of the Buddha, exemplifies Korean interpretations of Indian prototypes. Unlike other Buddhas that have a halo attached to the back of the head, the Buddha at Seokguram creates the illusion of a halo by placing a granite roundel carved with lotus petals on the back wall of the rotunda. The pedestal is made of three parts; the top and bottom are carved with lotus petals while the central shaft consists of eight pillars.

Accompanying the main Buddha, in relief, are three bodhisattvas, ten disciples, and two Hindu gods along the wall of the rotunda. Ten statues of bodhisattvas, saints, and the faithful are located in niches above the bas-reliefs. The ten disciples were disciples of Seokgamoni and are lined five on each side of the Avalokitesvara. Their features suggest a Greek influence. The two bodhisattvas are of Manjusri and Samantabhadra. The two Hindu gods are Brahma and Indra.

The Four Heavenly Kings guard the corridor. There are also images of Vajrapanis, which are guardian figures and they are on the walls of the entrance to the corridor, in the antechamber. Eight Guardian Deities adorn the antechamber.

Another notable figure is the Eleven-faced Avalokitesvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion. It is on the back wall of the rotunda and stands 2.18 meters in height. This figure is the only one of the bas-reliefs facing forward; the others face the side. The Avalokitesvara wears a crown, is dressed in robes and jewelry and holds a vase containing a lotus blossom.

Reconstruction
Because of the long periods of abandonment and numerous renovations, many details are disputed amongst scholars, such as the exact layout of the original grotto, the buildings in Bulguksa or the shape of the watercourse, which no longer exists, in front of the temple.

Repair and improvements were undertaken in 1703 and 1758, during the Joseon period. However, Confucian-oriented rulers suppressed Buddhism, and the remote mountain grotto was seriously damaged by the turn of the 20th century. The Government-General of Chosen conducted restoration works three times, but faced humidity and other problems.

Japan did the first round of repairs from 1913 to 1915. These repairs were conducted without sufficient study of the structure of the grotto. During Japanese cleaning efforts, the structure of the grotto was almost completely dismantled and reassembled. A major mistake committed by the Japanese was their attempt to stabilize the structure by encasement in concrete, which was yet, the most advanced technology at the time. This resulted in humidity buildup and in water leaks, and caused erosion of the sculptures because the grotto could no longer "breathe". In 1917, drainage pipes were buried above the dome to channel rainwater away from the grotto. However, as leaks continued in spite of the pipes, another round of repairs was conducted from 1920 to 1923. Waterproof asphalt was applied to the surface of the concrete, which only worsened the problem. Moss and mold formed, and in 1927 the now unthinkable method of spraying hot steam was used to clean the sculptures.

After World War II, in the 1960s, President Park Chung Hee ordered a major restoration project. The problem of temperature and humidity control was resolved to an extent by using mechanical systems. The wooden superstructure built over the antechamber remains a subject for debate for many historians who believe Seokguram originally did not have such a structure blocking the view of the sunrise over the ocean, and cutting off the air flow into the grotto.

The interior of the grotto can now only be viewed through a glass wall, installed to protect it from the many tourists it attracts, as well as temperature change.

title: Seokguram


text:
Garry Moore

Garry Moore (born Thomas Garrison Morfit; January 31, 1915 – November 28, 1993) was an American entertainer, comedic personality, game show host, and humorist best known for his work in television. He began a long career with the CBS network starting in radio in 1937. Beginning in 1949 and through the mid-1970s, Moore was a television host on several variety and game shows.

After dropping out of high school, Moore found success first as a radio host and later moved to the medium of television. He hosted several daytime and prime time programs titled The Garry Moore Show, and the game shows I've Got a Secret and To Tell the Truth. He was instrumental in furthering the career of comedic actress Carol Burnett. He became known early in his career for his bow ties and his crew cut fashion.

After being diagnosed with throat cancer in 1976, Moore retired from the broadcasting industry, making only a few rare television appearances. He spent the last years of his life in Hilton Head, South Carolina and at his summer home in Northeast Harbor in Maine. He died on November 28, 1993, at the age of 78.

Early life and radio career
Moore was born on January 31, 1915, in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Mason P. Morfit and Mary L. (née Harris) Morfit. He attended The Baltimore City College (an all-boys, selective / specialized "magnet" public high school). Morfit / Moore's alma mater was with a notable reputation (still in the 2020s) and the third oldest public secondary school in America, founded 1839). During his City College years he was very active in the extensive theater and drama / comedy / musical program's and was often written about in the school's publications. But he dropped out of the Class of 1933 before graduation to pursue a career in the relatively new radio medium and writing in the mid-1930s.

Decades later in 1971 he returned to his hometown for a nostalgic tour and reminiscing interviews in the other local daily paper 'The Sun' for a Sunday magazine photo-spread and the City College student newspaper 'The Collegian' plus being photoed in front of the landmark hilltop "Castle on the Hill" stone cathedral-like structure of Collegiate Gothic architecture with 150-foot tall bells / clock tower, the prominent structure visible around for miles at the center of the B.C.C.'s large park-like campus on "Collegian Hill" He was elected to the alumni / faculty BCC Hall of Fame and still wore his gift Castle gold ring in his elder years. He attended at the Castle in its early classes, the fourth major structure / site in the school's history, only two years after it opened in 1928, one of the most expensive school projects up to that time in America.

Beginning in 1937, Morfit worked for the then decade-old Baltimore radio station WBAL, owned by the Hearst Corporation and affiliated with NBC's Red Network, as an announcer, writer and actor/comedian. He moved onto the network within a few years, becoming an announcer on the Red Network's Chicago-based program Club Matinee. The show's host, Ransom Sherman, held a contest to find a more easily pronounceable name for the young Baltimore announcer. "Garry Moore" was the winning entry, which was submitted by a woman from Pittsburgh who received a prize from the show of $100. So "T. Garrison Morfit" went into American broadcasting history forever after as "Garry Moore".

It was on the Club Matinee program where he first met his long-time friend and broadcasting partner Durward Kirby.

Moore headed Talent, Ltd., another variety program on Sunday afternoons in 1941. In the years that followed, Moore became more popular and requested, appearing on numerous network radio shows. Having started out as a local station announcer and then moved up as support for various nation-wide network radio broadcast personalities, one of whom was the famous comedian, singer and actor on film, radio and later TV, (with even a few record albums in elder years), with the distinctive nose, voice and worn face, Jimmy Durante (1893–1980).

For four years during the war-time and post-war era years 1943 to 1947, Durante and Moore started on their joint variety / comedy show "The Durante-Moore Show" with Moore as the "straight man" in the "double / two-sided" comedy act and Durante shelling out the jokes and one-liner jabs. Impressed with his ability to interact with audiences, the competing and older Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) offered him his own show on the new visual medium. Starting in 1949, the one-hour daytime variety show The Garry Moore Show began airing on the expanding CBS Television Network. Moore however briefly returned on-air to radio two decades later as host of NBC's Monitor the long-running daily news / features program on NBC Radio News network in 1969.

Television career
Between 1947 and 1950, Moore began to make tentative steps into the new medium as a panelist and guest host on quiz and musical shows. On June 26, 1950, he was rewarded with his own 30-minute CBS early-evening talk-variety TV program, The Garry Moore Show, which was a shorter version of his radio show. Until September 1950, it was also simulcast on radio. During 1950 and 1951, he hosted prime-time variety hour summer replacements for Arthur Godfrey and his Friends. He appeared as a guest star on other programs including CBS's Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town.

During his run as a variety-show host, Moore was tapped to host CBS' weekly prime-time TV panel show I've Got a Secret. It premiered on June 19, 1952. On this show, Moore began his friendships with comedian Henry Morgan and game show host and panelist Bill Cullen, with whom he had a long working relationship. Morgan later stated that Moore had helped him keep his job as a television host.

Moore became known for his involvement in the variety of stunts and demonstrations of the show's contestants. The popularity of I've Got a Secret led to a cameo in the 1959 film It Happened to Jane. In the film, Doris Day's character was a contestant on the show, with Moore and all the panelists playing themselves.

Moore's variety program was moved to the daytime slot, where it ran until June 27, 1958. Within three months of the end of the daytime show, Moore and his longtime colleague Durward Kirby moved the revived The Garry Moore Show into prime time as a Tuesday night comedy and variety hour that ran from September 30, 1958, to June 14, 1964. Although the show was a bigger hit in prime time, Moore always preferred the daytime housewife audience. He thought it gave lonely housewives something to listen to and watch while they worked.

The Garry Moore Show featured regular supporting cast members Durward Kirby, Marion Lorne, Denise Lor, and Ken Carson, as well as a mixture of song-and-dance routines and comedy skits. The show provided a break into show business for many performers, including Alan King, Jonathan Winters, and Dorothy Loudon. The show also introduced the public to comedienne Carol Burnett. After the show ended, Burnett became a star in her own right, hosting The Carol Burnett Show, from September 1967 through the spring of 1978.

During preparations for an episode of his variety show, Moore and his writing team knew it wasn't going to be a good episode despite staying up late the night before to do rewrites. So, at the start of the show, Moore went out in front of the live audience and flat out told the audience as well as the audience at home that it wasn't going to be a good show and recommended to the home viewing audience to tune in to what was airing on the rival networks that night. Every time a joke would bomb with the audience, Moore would turn to the camera and say, "it's your fault for still watching this!" The home audience was so fascinated by the frank honesty of Moore that they stuck with the episode, and it was one of the highest-rated episodes of the season.

In 1961, during an episode with French magician Michel de la Vega, Garry Moore was tied up and placed into a trunk. Garry proved to be a very good assistant to the magician and the act went smoothly before the cameras. Audience reaction was so great and immediate that a repeat performance was scheduled. The second presentation brought an even greater flood of mail and telegrams praising the act. By popular demand, Michel was brought back to "l've Got a Secret" for the third time. In 1962, Moore was hypnotized live in "I've Got A Secret" by Michel de la Vega. The French hypnotizer set Moore's body stretched out over 2 chairs. Michel de la Vega then stood on top of Moore's body showing how rigid it had become in a matter of minutes. It was the first performance of hypnosis on American television.

On the tenth anniversary broadcast of I've Got a Secret, on June 19, 1962, Moore announced that he had recently had an operation on his right hand, and so that was why he was seen shaking hands with his left hand for a few months, protecting his hand from strong handshakes. On an episode of the show that September, guests Viola and Stephen Armstrong appeared with the secret that their son Neil had been selected as an astronaut by NASA that day. Speaking with the Armstrongs after the panel guessed their secret, Moore asked them "How would you feel if it turns out, because nobody knows, that your son is the first man to land on the moon?"

The Garry Moore Show was cancelled in 1964, and in the summer of that year, after having been on radio and television for 27 uninterrupted years, Moore decided to retire, saying he had "said everything [he] ever wanted to say three times already." He gave up hosting I've Got a Secret and was replaced by comedian Steve Allen, who would host the show until the end of its run in 1967 (although Moore had ended his retirement before I've Got a Secret left the air, he never returned to the series as host and Allen helmed a subsequent, one-season syndicated revival in 1972). Moore's main activity during his hiatus was a trip around the world with his wife.

After an absence of two years, The Garry Moore Show returned to the CBS prime-time lineup in the fall of 1966. It was canceled mid-season because of low ratings against NBC's highly rated western Bonanza. The successful Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour replaced The Garry Moore Show in the CBS time slot.

Moore then made sporadic television guest appearances such as cameos on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In, reunions with Carol Burnett on her program, and serving as a panelist on various game shows, before Mark Goodson asked him to host another series. That show was a revival of To Tell the Truth, which had ended its run on CBS in 1968. Moore was asked to host a revival of the series for syndication, which launched in September 1969. When To Tell the Truth was planned to be revived for syndication, producers Mark Goodson and Bill Todman originally wanted Bud Collyer to host the show once again. But when they called Collyer he declined, citing his poor health.

When Goodson and Todman called Moore about the job, he immediately contacted Collyer, who told Moore, "I am just not up to it." Moore often took part in the show's silly and goofy stunts, as he had done on I've Got a Secret, performing magic tricks and cooking. This led to this version of To Tell the Truth's being compared to I've Got a Secret. Moore hosted the series from its premiere until the midway point of the 1976–77 season, the revival's eighth.

Recording
In 1944, Moore recorded six of his radio monologues for Decca, including his classic “Hugh, the Blue Gnu”, his triple-time speed reading of “Little Red Riding Hood”, and a calamity-filled version of “In the Good Old Summertime”. They were released two years later as Decca 444, an album of three 78rpm records titled “Culture Corner”. In 1956, Moore recorded a Columbia LP record album for children. It featured tales by Rudyard Kipling, including "The Elephant's Child" and "How the Camel Got His Hump." Also in 1956, Moore recorded a Columbia LP record album titled "Garry Moore Presents My Kind Of Music," with contributions by jazz musicians George Barnes, Ernie Caceres, Wild Bill Davison, Randy Hall, Mel Henke, and Sonny Terry. In 1965, he also narrated two children's classics for orchestra back-to-back on a single Westminster LP, Saint-Saens' Carnival of the Animals and Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf.

Retirement and death
Moore became ill in 1976 and was diagnosed with throat cancer. He left To Tell the Truth shortly before Christmas 1976 to undergo surgery, turning the show over to panelist Bill Cullen. Semiregular panelist Joe Garagiola also acted as the host for several weeks, claiming he was "pinch-hitting" for Moore.

Moore returned in September 1977 to begin To Tell the Truth's ninth season, to explain his sudden absence and to announce his permanent retirement, explaining that while recovering from his surgery, he believed his throat cancer was a sign that continuing beyond his 42-year career would be "just plain greed". Moore later explained in another interview that he felt comfortable moving on from the world of entertainment. Joe Garagiola hosted the program for the rest of the season, which proved to be its last. After his showbiz retirement, Moore kept getting various offers for more work that he continued to turn down, including frequent phone calls from the producers of The Love Boat.

Moore retired to Hilton Head, South Carolina, where he spent his time sailing, and also at his summer home in Northeast Harbor, Maine. Moore also became a regular humor columnist for the local newspaper The Island Packet with a column titled "Mumble, Mumble", later releasing a book of his columns under the same name in the early 1980s. He made two rare television appearances during his retirement, in a 1984 special on game-show bloopers, hosted by William Shatner, and in a 1990 television tribute to Carol Burnett on Sally.

Moore, a constant smoker, died of emphysema at Hilton Head on November 28, 1993, at the age of 78. He was buried in Forest Hill Cemetery in Northeast Harbor, Maine. He was named one of the 15 greatest game-show hosts of all time by Time.

title: Garry Moore


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Paul Fussell

Paul Fussell Jr. (22 March 1924 – 23 May 2012) was an American cultural and literary historian, author and university professor. His writings cover a variety of topics, from scholarly works on eighteenth-century English literature to commentary on America's class system. Fussell served in the 103rd Infantry Division during World War II and was wounded in fighting in France. Returning to the US, Fussell wrote extensively and held several faculty positions, most prominently at Rutgers University (1955–1983) and at the University of Pennsylvania (1983–1994). He is best known for his writings about World War I and II, which explore what he felt was the gap between the romantic myth and the reality of war; he made a "career out of refusing to disguise it or elevate it".

Biography
Born and raised in Pasadena, California, Fussell was the second of three children. His father, Paul Fussell (1895–1973), son of a widowed schoolteacher, became a corporate lawyer in Los Angeles with the firm of O'Melveny & Myers. His mother, Wilhma Wilson Sill (1893–1971), was the daughter of a carriage trimmer in Illinois. His brother, Edwin Sill Fussell, was an author, poet, and professor of American Studies at the University of California, San Diego; his sister Florence Fussell Lind lives in Berkeley, California.

His daughter, Rosalind, is an artist-teacher in Arizona and the author of a graphic novel, Mammoir: A Pictorial Odyssey of the Adventures of a Fourth Grade Teacher with Breast Cancer. His son, Samuel Wilson Fussell, a writer and hunter in Montana, is the author of Muscle: Confessions of an Unlikely Bodybuilder.

Fussell attended Pomona College from 1941 until he was commissioned as an officer in the United States Army in 1943. He landed in France in 1944 as a 20-year-old second lieutenant with the 103rd Infantry Division, was wounded while fighting in Alsace, and was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart. Following the end of the war in Europe, Fussell returned to the United States where he was assigned to the 45th Infantry Division, which was preparing for the invasion of Japan. Fussell's recollection of hearing the news of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, while waiting stateside to deploy, would later form the basis of his essay "Thank God for the Atom Bomb".

He was honorably discharged from the Army in 1946, returned to Pomona to finish his B.A. degree in 1946–1947, married fellow Pomona graduate Betty Harper in 1949, and completed his MA (1949) and PhD (1952) at Harvard University.

He began his teaching career at Connecticut College (1951–55) before moving to Rutgers University in 1955 and finally the University of Pennsylvania in 1983. He also taught at the University of Heidelberg (1957–58) and King's College London (1990–92). As a professor, he travelled widely with his family throughout Europe from the 1950s to '70s, taking Fulbright and sabbatical years in Germany, England and France.

Betty Fussell has described their marriage and its breakup in 1981 in her memoir, My Kitchen Wars. After Fussell moved from his home in Princeton, New Jersey, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he divorced Betty and married Harriette Behringer. He retired from the University of Pennsylvania in 1994 and lived with his wife in Oregon.

Writing and teaching career
When he first entered college, Fussell intended a career in journalism. His plans changed when his sergeant was killed beside him in combat, about which he wrote in his memoir Doing Battle (1996). In his writings he opposed war, promoting instead a vision of rational enlightenment. He pointed to what he saw as the hypocrisy of governmental speech and the corruption of popular culture.

His published thesis, Theory of Prosody in Eighteenth-Century England, was developed into Poetic Meter and Poetic Form (1965), a popular textbook for understanding poetry. Samuel Johnson and The Life of Writing (1971) offered an analysis of the work of the English lexicographer, Samuel Johnson. The Anti-Egotist, Kingsley Amis: Man of Letters was a study of the life and work of friend and colleague, Kingsley Amis.

The award-winning The Great War and Modern Memory (1975) was a cultural and literary analysis of the impact of World War I on the development of modern literature and modern literary conventions. John Keegan said its effect was "revolutionary", in that it showed how literature could be a vehicle for expressing the experience of large groups. "What Paul did was go to the literary treatments of the war by 20 or 30 participants and turn them into an encapsulation of a collective European experience". (John Keegan) Joseph Heller called it "the best book I know of about world war one".

Abroad: British Literary Travelling Between the Wars (1980) was a pioneering academic examination of travel literature which examined the travel books of Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greene, D. H. Lawrence and Robert Byron.

Fussell stated that he relished the inevitable controversy of  (1983) and indulged his increasing public status as a loved or hated "curmudgeon" in the rant called BAD: or, The Dumbing of America (1991). In between, Thank God for the Atom Bomb and Other Essays (1988) confirmed his war against governmental and military doublespeak and prepared the way for Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (1989). The epiphany of his earlier essay, "My War", found full expression in his memoir Doing Battle: The Making of a Skeptic (1996), "My Adolescent illusions, largely intact to that moment, fell away all at once, and I suddenly knew I was not and never would be in a world that was reasonable or just". The last book by Fussell published while he was alive, The Boys' Crusade: The American Infantry in Northwestern Europe, 1944–45 (2003) was once again concerned with the experience of combat in World War II.

Awards and honors
Fussell's 1975 literary study The Great War and Modern Memory won the National Book Award in category Arts and Letters, the National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism, and the Ralph Waldo Emerson Award of Phi Beta Kappa. It was ranked number 75 in the Modern Library's Board's List of the 100 Best Nonfiction Books of the Twentieth Century.

He was elected in 1977 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

He won the 2005 Hessell-Tiltman Prize for The Boys' Crusade. Fussell was one of several veterans interviewed in the Ken Burns and Lynn Novick documentary The War in 2007, and in the 1999 ABC-produced documentary The Century: America's Time.

Death
Fussell died of natural causes on 23 May 2012 at a long-term care facility in Medford, Oregon. He had previously lived in Portland, Oregon, for two years. He was 88.

Works

 * editor with Geoffrey Tillotson and Marshall Waingrow
 * editor
 * editor, from The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston
 * – this is the UK edition of Class
 * editor
 * editor
 * autobiography
 * editor
 * editor, from The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston
 * – this is the UK edition of Class
 * editor
 * editor
 * autobiography
 * – this is the UK edition of Class
 * editor
 * editor
 * autobiography
 * editor
 * autobiography
 * editor
 * autobiography
 * autobiography

title: Paul Fussell


text:
Whitby (disambiguation)

Whitby is a seaside town, fishing port and tourist destination in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England.

Whitby may also refer to:

Places

 * Whitby, Cheshire, suburb of Ellesmere Port, England
 * Whitby, New Zealand, suburb of Porirua
 * Whitby, Ontario, town in Canada
 * Whitby (federal electoral district), one of the 338 ridings in the House of Commons
 * Whitby (provincial electoral district), a riding that elects a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
 * Whitby GO Station, transit station in Whitby, Ontario
 * Whitby Rail Maintenance Facility, a GO Transit rail facility
 * Whitby, West Virginia, American coal mining village
 * Whitby, Western Australia, suburb of Perth
 * Whitby Abbey, Benedictine abbey ruin in Whitby, Yorkshire
 * The Whitby, apartment building in New York City

Sports

 * Whitby Dunlops, name of several Canadian hockey clubs
 * Whitby Fury, Canadian hockey club
 * Whitby Lawmen, Canadian hockey club
 * Whitby Town F.C., English football club
 * Whitby Warriors, Canadian box lacrosse team

People

 * Ælfflæd of Whitby (654–713), English Christian saint
 * Alfred Knight Whitby (c. 1844–1898), lawyer in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Beatrice Whitby (1855–1931), English novelist
 * Daniel Whitby (1638–1726), English theologian
 * Elizabeth Whitby (c. 1803–1888), founder and principal of school for girls in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Francis John Whitby (c. 1840–1909), station manager for J. H. Angas in South Australia
 * Greg Whitby (born 1952), Australian educator
 * Hilda of Whitby (c. 614–680), English Christian saint
 * Joseph James Whitby (1838–1875), lawyer in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Joy Whitby (born 1930), English television producer and executive
 * Mike Whitby (fl. since 1979), English politician
 * Tim Whitby (fl. since 1992), British television writer/director
 * William Whitby (died 1655), Virginia colonial politician
 * Whitby Hertford (born 1978), American voice actor

Fictional characters

 * Kevin Whitby, in the Harry Potter novels (mentioned once)

Other uses

 * Whitby-class frigate, class of six Royal Navy ships
 * HMS Whitby, the name of two ships of the Royal Navy
 * HMCS Whitby, the name of a Royal Canadian Navy frigate
 * Bishop of Whitby, Church of England clerical office
 * Synod of Whitby (664), Christian church conference in England
 * Whitby (barque), was one of the first New Zealand Company ships bringing settlers and supplies Nelson, New Zealand
 * Port of Whitby, port in North Yorkshire, England

title: Whitby (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A Different Drum

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled A Different Drum.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Ad. RickK 23:46, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: This label has been instrumental in keeping the synthpop genre alive in these days of non commercial viability.  If you think it's inappropriate to have a stub article which is, in main, a brief blurb and a link to the website, we can certainly remove the link until there is a longer article. Gandalfe
 * Abstain - it looks like this label has quite a long list of releases, so surely someone can make a decent article out of it. If they don't, I might change my vote to delete, though. --Stormie 01:06, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nothing wrong with this as a stub; it's a real label and thus worthy of inclusion. Jgm 12:28, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, as above. Burgundavia 20:34, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cloning Hazards

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Cloning - hazards.'

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Inherently POV, as well as the poster's book review and POV rant. RickK 23:27, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * redir cloning? Martin 00:00, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Quite POV. Delete, remove links to it. -- Cyrius|&#9998 01:44, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert for vanity press books. Redir is pointless, anyone searching will find the cloning article anyway. Andrewa 02:16, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: advert. I have boldly removed links from cloning and [human cloning]] which pointed to this article. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:20, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete - this is just complete rubbish, the author doesn't even seem to know what cloning means.... pir 17:20, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete per reasons already stated. - Lucky 6.9 18:18, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing but a POV rant. --Starx 04:48, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, cloning has all the info someone might need. Burgundavia 20:33, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I want a refund on the two minutes I wasted reading that tripe---Man invented fire, shelter, Wal-Mart, the Oreo, and they were, for the most part, ok. Then man created the clone.. Yuck. Grendelkhan 20:59, 2004 May 13 (UTC)
 * Delete. But we've been warned... "A much bigger problem is one that most people refuse to speak of: if the clones are persecuted, will they fight back?". Oooh... -- EuroTom 22:08, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Kd4ttc 02:46, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.