text:
Flatiron Building (Atlanta)

The English-American Building, commonly referenced as the Flatiron Building,  is a building completed in 1897 located at 84 Peachtree Street NW in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, on the wedge-shaped block between Peachtree Street NE, Poplar Street NW, and Broad Street NW. It was completed five years before New York's Flatiron Building, and shares a similar prominent flatiron shape as its counterpart. It was designed by Bradford Gilbert, a Chicago school contemporary of Daniel Burnham, the designer of the New York building. The building has 11 stories, and is the city's second and oldest standing skyscraper. The Flatiron building is protected by the city as a historic building in the Fairlie-Poplar district of downtown, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Immediately across Peachtree is the historic Rhodes-Haverty Building, on the north corner with Williams Street.

FlatironCity is now home to a Microsoft Innovation Center, Women's Entrepreneurship Institute and 20+ entrepreneurs and startups.

In 2017, it was announced that a statue of Evander Holyfield would be installed in front of the building. However, the planned location for the statue has since been changed.

title: Flatiron Building (Atlanta)


text:
Talk:Black Jack

Untitled
This is kind of finicky perhaps, but it seemed odd to merge "Black Jack" and "blackjack" into a single disambig page, since the refs rarely overlap - no one called Pershing "blackjack", so I made them xref each other. Stan 17:05, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Baciotti
How could any mention of the Baciotti song "Black Jack" get reverted from the disambiguation page if the former article clearly mentions it? TheGGoose (talk) 15:14, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Any comments? TheGGoose (talk) 16:22, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Black Jack


text:
Talk:Black Jack (disambiguation)

This is kind of finicky perhaps, but it seemed odd to merge "Black Jack" and "blackjack" into a single disambig page, since the refs rarely overlap - no one called Pershing "blackjack" - so I made them xref each other. Stan 17:06, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

this is not following the format of most disambiguation pages. While the actual content is fine, I personally think it is absurd to have a (disambiguation) after the name. The simple "blackjack" should be the disambiguation, and then blackjack (cards) or blackjack (card game) for the game. Lockeownzj00 20:15, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually that's not true. If one meaning is used much more often than the others (as is the case here) standard practice is to put the main meaning at xxx and the other meanings are linked from xxx (disambiguation). This page is correct. Pcb21| Pete 21:45, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Jack (disambiguation)


text:
Explicitly parallel instruction computing

Explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) is a term coined in 1997 by the HP–Intel alliance to describe a computing paradigm that researchers had been investigating since the early 1980s. This paradigm is also called Independence architectures. It was the basis for Intel and HP development of the Intel Itanium architecture, and HP later asserted that "EPIC" was merely an old term for the Itanium architecture. EPIC permits microprocessors to execute software instructions in parallel by using the compiler, rather than complex on-die circuitry, to control parallel instruction execution. This was intended to allow simple performance scaling without resorting to higher clock frequencies.

Roots in VLIW
By 1989, researchers at HP recognized that reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architectures were reaching a limit at one instruction per cycle. They began an investigation into a new architecture, later named EPIC. The basis for the research was VLIW, in which multiple operations are encoded in every instruction, and then processed by multiple execution units.

One goal of EPIC was to move the complexity of instruction scheduling from the CPU hardware to the software compiler, which can do the instruction scheduling statically (with help of trace feedback information). This eliminates the need for complex scheduling circuitry in the CPU, which frees up space and power for other functions, including additional execution resources. An equally important goal was to further exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP) by using the compiler to find and exploit additional opportunities for parallel execution.

VLIW (at least the original forms) has several short-comings that precluded it from becoming mainstream: EPIC architecture evolved from VLIW architecture, but retained many concepts of the superscalar architecture.
 * VLIW instruction sets are not backward compatible between implementations. When wider implementations (more execution units) are built, the instruction set for the wider machines is not backward compatible with older, narrower implementations.
 * Load responses from a memory hierarchy which includes CPU caches and DRAM do not have a deterministic delay. This makes static scheduling of load instructions by the compiler very difficult.

Moving beyond VLIW
EPIC architectures add several features to get around the deficiencies of VLIW:
 * Each group of multiple software instructions is called a bundle. Each of the bundles has a stop bit indicating if this set of operations is depended upon by the subsequent bundle. With this capability, future implementations can be built to issue multiple bundles in parallel. The dependency information is calculated by the compiler, so the hardware does not have to perform operand dependency checking.
 * A software prefetch instruction is used as a type of data prefetch. This prefetch increases the chances for a cache hit for loads, and can indicate the degree of temporal locality needed in various levels of the cache.
 * A speculative load instruction is used to speculatively load data before it is known whether it will be used (bypassing control dependencies), or whether it will be modified before it is used (bypassing data dependencies).
 * A check load instruction aids speculative loads by checking whether a speculative load was dependent on a later store, and thus must be reloaded.

The EPIC architecture also includes a grab-bag of architectural concepts to increase ILP:
 * Predicated execution is used to decrease the occurrence of branches and to increase the speculative execution of instructions. In this feature, branch conditions are converted to predicate registers which are used to kill results of executed instructions from the side of the branch which is not taken.
 * Delayed exceptions, using a not a thing bit within the general purpose registers, allow speculative execution past possible exceptions.
 * Very large architectural register files avoid the need for register renaming.
 * Multi-way branch instructions improve branch prediction by combining many alternative branches into one bundle.

The Itanium architecture also added rotating register files, a tool useful for software pipelining since it avoids having to manually unroll and rename registers.

Other research and development
There have been other investigations into EPIC architectures that are not directly tied to the development of the Itanium architecture:
 * The IMPACT project at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, led by Wen-mei Hwu, was the source of much influential research on this topic.
 * The PlayDoh architecture from HP-labs was another major research project.
 * Gelato was an open source development community in which academic and commercial researchers worked to develop more effective compilers for Linux applications running on Itanium servers.


text:
Nissen fundoplication

A Nissen fundoplication, or laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication when performed via laparoscopic surgery, is a surgical procedure to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia. In GERD, it is usually performed when medical therapy has failed; but, with a Type II (paraesophageal) hiatus hernia, it is the first-line procedure. The Nissen fundoplication is total (360°), but partial fundoplications known as Thal (270° anterior), Belsey (270° anterior transthoracic), Dor (anterior 180–200°), Lind (300° posterior), and Toupet fundoplications (posterior 270°) are alternative procedures with somewhat different indications and outcomes.

History
Dr. Rudolph Nissen (1896–1981) first performed the procedure in 1955 and published the results of two cases in a 1956 Swiss Medical Weekly. In 1961 he published a more detailed overview of the procedure. Nissen originally called the surgery "gastroplication". The procedure has borne his name since it gained popularity in the 1970s.

Indications
The most common indication for a fundoplication is GERD that has failed lifestyle modification and medical management. Patients that continue to have reflux symptoms or that have had uncontrolled reflux symptoms for more than 5 years are also candidates for surgical management. Complications that arise from long term GERD such as severe esophagitis, stricture formation, and ulcer development, all of which can be seen on endoscopy, warrant surgical intervention. Presence of Barrett's esophagus is not an indication, as the benefit of a fundoplication in preventing progression into adenocarcinoma is controversial. Respiratory symptoms and upper airway symptoms such as cough, asthma, hoarseness are also indications for surgical intervention. In the pediatric population, infants who fail to thrive or have inadequate weight gain despite proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may also benefit from fundoplication.

Technique
In a fundoplication, the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped, or plicated, around the lower end of the esophagus and stitched in place, reinforcing the closing function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The esophageal hiatus is also narrowed down by sutures to prevent or treat concurrent hiatal hernia, in which the fundus slides up through the enlarged esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The surgeon should begin with ligating and dividing the short gastric arteries.

In a Nissen fundoplication, also called a complete fundoplication, the fundus is wrapped the entire 360 degrees around the esophagus. In contrast, surgery for achalasia is generally accompanied by either a Dor or Toupet partial fundoplication, which is less likely than a Nissen wrap to aggravate the dysphagia that characterizes achalasia. In a Dor (anterior) fundoplication, the fundus is laid over the top of the esophagus; while in a Toupet (posterior) fundoplication, the fundus is wrapped around the back of the esophagus.

The procedure can be performed with open surgery but is now routinely performed laparoscopically, as laparoscopic surgery has decreased post-operative complications and decreased hospital stay. When used to alleviate gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with delayed gastric emptying, it is frequently combined with modification of the pylorus via pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty.

This procedure can also be completed robotically. Outcomes comparing laparoscopic fundoplication to robotic fundoplication show similar clinical outcomes, but robotic fundoplication is more likely to have an increased length of operative time and financial cost.

Mechanism of relief
Whenever the stomach contracts, it also closes off the esophagus instead of squeezing stomach acids into it. This prevents the reflux of gastric acid (in GERD). Although antacids and PPI drug therapy can reduce the effects of reflux acid, successful surgical treatment has the advantage of eliminating drug side-effects and damaging effects from other components of reflux such as bile or gastric contents. The Nissen fundoplication reduces reflux by reinforcing the LES by increasing LES pressure and increasing the LES length.

Effectiveness
Nissen (complete) fundoplication is generally considered to be safe and effective, with a mortality rate of less than 1% and many of the most common post-operative complications minimized or eliminated by the partial fundoplication procedures now more commonly used. Studies have shown that after 10 years, 89.5% of patients are still symptom-free. When compared to stand alone medical therapy with PPIs, Nissen fundoplication has been found to be superior in reducing acid reflux as well as the symptoms associated with reflux. Fundoplication was found to be better at increasing LES pressure than PPI therapy, whilst having similar risk for adverse events. In patients with non-acid reflux, a hiatal hernia, or respiratory symptoms, surgical intervention was found to be more effective at controlling symptoms than PPIs alone.

Complications
Complications include "gas bloat syndrome", dysphagia (trouble swallowing), dumping syndrome, excessive scarring, vagus nerve injury and, rarely, achalasia. The fundoplication can also come undone over time in about 5–10% of cases, leading to recurrence of symptoms. If the symptoms warrant a repeat surgery, the surgeon may use Marlex or another form of artificial mesh to strengthen the connection. Postoperative ileus, which is common after abdominal surgery, is possible.

In "gas bloat syndrome", fundoplication can alter the mechanical ability of the stomach to eliminate swallowed air by belching, leading to an accumulation of gas in the stomach or small intestine. Data varies, but some degree of gas-bloat may occur in as many as 41% of Nissen patients, whereas the occurrence is less with patients undergoing partial anterior fundoplication. Gas bloat syndrome is usually self-limiting within 2 to 4 weeks, but in some it may persist. The offending gas may also come from dietary sources (especially carbonated beverages), or involuntary swallowing of air (aerophagia). If postoperative gas-bloat syndrome does not resolve with time, dietary restrictions, counseling regarding aerophagia, medications, and correction – either by endoscopic balloon dilatation or repeat surgery to revise the Nissen fundoplication to a partial fundoplication – may be necessary.

Acute dysphagia or short term trouble swallowing is a symptom that most patients will have after having a fundoplication. Patients who have dysphagia prior to surgery are more likely to have some dysphagia post-operatively. Symptoms of dysphagia will often resolve on their own within a few months. Short term dysphagia is controlled by modifying diet to include more easily swallowed food such as liquids and soft foods. Dysphagia that persists longer than 3 months will need further evaluation, typically with a barium swallow study, esophageal manometry, or endoscopy. Structural changes such as movement of the wrap, herniation, development of stenosis or stricture may lead to persistent dysphagia. Previously undiagnosed achalasia or a wrap that is too tight may also lead to persistent dysphagia. Depending on the etiology of persistent dysphagia, a trial of PPI therapy, endoscopic dilation, or surgical revision may be necessary.

Vomiting is sometimes impossible or, if not, very painful after a fundoplication, with the likelihood of this complication typically decreasing in the months after surgery. In some cases, the purpose of this operation is to correct excessive vomiting. Initially, vomiting is impossible; however, small amounts of vomit may be produced after the wrap settles over time, and in extreme cases such as alcohol poisoning or food poisoning, the patient may be able to vomit freely with some amount of pain.

title: Nissen fundoplication


text:
Neyman–Pearson lemma

In statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma describes the existence and uniqueness of the likelihood ratio as a uniformly most powerful test in certain contexts. It was introduced by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson in a paper in 1933. The Neyman–Pearson lemma is part of the Neyman–Pearson theory of statistical testing, which introduced concepts like errors of the second kind, power function, and inductive behavior. The previous Fisherian theory of significance testing postulated only one hypothesis. By introducing a competing hypothesis, the Neyman–Pearsonian flavor of statistical testing allows investigating the two types of errors. The trivial cases where one always rejects or accepts the null hypothesis are of little interest but it does prove that one must not relinquish control over one type of error while calibrating the other. Neyman and Pearson accordingly proceeded to restrict their attention to the class of all $$\alpha$$ level tests while subsequently minimizing type II error, traditionally denoted by $$\beta$$. Their seminal paper of 1933, including the Neyman–Pearson lemma, comes at the end of this endeavor, not only showing the existence of tests with the most power that retain a prespecified level of type I error ($$\alpha$$), but also providing a way to construct such tests. The Karlin-Rubin theorem extends the Neyman–Pearson lemma to settings involving composite hypotheses with monotone likelihood ratios.

Statement
Consider a test with hypotheses $$H_0: \theta = \theta_0$$ and $$H_1:\theta=\theta_1$$, where the probability density function (or probability mass function) is $$\rho(x\mid \theta_i)$$ for $$i=0,1$$.

For any hypothesis test with rejection set $$R$$, and any $$ \alpha\in [0, 1]$$, we say that it satisfies condition $$P_\alpha$$ if
 * $$\alpha = {\Pr}_{\theta_0}(X\in R)$$
 * That is, the test has size $$\alpha$$ (that is, the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis is $$\alpha$$).
 * $$\exists \eta \geq 0$$ such that

\begin{align} x\in{}& R\smallsetminus A\implies \rho(x\mid \theta_1) > \eta \rho(x\mid \theta_0) \\ x\in{}& R^c\smallsetminus A \implies \rho(x\mid\theta_1) < \eta \rho(x\mid \theta_0) \end{align}$$
 * where $$A$$ is a negligible set in both $$\theta_0$$ and $$\theta_1$$ cases: $${\Pr}_{\theta_0}(X\in A) = {\Pr}_{\theta_1}(X\in A) = 0$$.

For any $$ \alpha\in [0, 1]$$, let the set of level $$ \alpha$$ tests be the set of all hypothesis tests with size at most $$ \alpha$$. That is, letting its rejection set be $$R$$, we have $${\Pr}_{\theta_0}(X\in R)\leq \alpha$$.
 * That is, we have a strict likelihood ratio test, except on a negligible subset.

In practice, the likelihood ratio is often used directly to construct tests — see likelihood-ratio test. However it can also be used to suggest particular test-statistics that might be of interest or to suggest simplified tests — for this, one considers algebraic manipulation of the ratio to see if there are key statistics in it related to the size of the ratio (i.e. whether a large statistic corresponds to a small ratio or to a large one).

$$

Example
Let $$X_1,\dots,X_n$$ be a random sample from the $$\mathcal{N}(\mu,\sigma^2)$$ distribution where the mean $$\mu$$ is known, and suppose that we wish to test for $$H_0:\sigma^2=\sigma_0^2$$ against $$H_1:\sigma^2=\sigma_1^2$$. The likelihood for this set of normally distributed data is

 * $$\mathcal{L}\left(\sigma^2\mid\mathbf{x}\right)\propto \left(\sigma^2\right)^{-n/2} \exp\left\{-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\right\}.$$

We can compute the likelihood ratio to find the key statistic in this test and its effect on the test's outcome:

 * $$\Lambda(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{\mathcal{L}\left({\sigma_0}^2\mid\mathbf{x}\right)}{\mathcal{L}\left({\sigma_1}^2\mid\mathbf{x}\right)} =

\left(\frac{\sigma_0^2}{\sigma_1^2}\right)^{-n/2} \exp\left\{-\frac{1}{2}(\sigma_0^{-2} -\sigma_1^{-2})\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\mu)^2\right\}.$$

This ratio only depends on the data through $$\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\mu)^2$$. Therefore, by the Neyman–Pearson lemma, the most powerful test of this type of hypothesis for this data will depend only on $$\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\mu)^2$$. Also, by inspection, we can see that if $$\sigma_1^2>\sigma_0^2$$, then $$\Lambda(\mathbf{x})$$ is a decreasing function of $$\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\mu)^2$$. So we should reject $$H_0$$ if $$\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\mu)^2$$ is sufficiently large. The rejection threshold depends on the size of the test. In this example, the test statistic can be shown to be a scaled chi-square distributed random variable and an exact critical value can be obtained.

Application in economics
A variant of the Neyman–Pearson lemma has found an application in the seemingly unrelated domain of the economics of land value. One of the fundamental problems in consumer theory is calculating the demand function of the consumer given the prices. In particular, given a heterogeneous land-estate, a price measure over the land, and a subjective utility measure over the land, the consumer's problem is to calculate the best land parcel that they can buy – i.e. the land parcel with the largest utility, whose price is at most their budget. It turns out that this problem is very similar to the problem of finding the most powerful statistical test, and so the Neyman–Pearson lemma can be used.

Uses in electrical engineering
The Neyman–Pearson lemma is quite useful in electronics engineering, namely in the design and use of radar systems, digital communication systems, and in signal processing systems. In radar systems, the Neyman–Pearson lemma is used in first setting the rate of missed detections to a desired (low) level, and then minimizing the rate of false alarms, or vice versa. Neither false alarms nor missed detections can be set at arbitrarily low rates, including zero. All of the above goes also for many systems in signal processing.

Uses in particle physics
The Neyman–Pearson lemma is applied to the construction of analysis-specific likelihood-ratios, used to e.g. test for signatures of new physics against the nominal Standard Model prediction in proton–proton collision datasets collected at the LHC.

Discovery of the lemma
Neyman wrote about the discovery of the lemma as follows. Paragraph breaks have been inserted.

"I can point to the particular moment when I understood how to formulate the undogmatic problem of the most powerful test of a simple statistical hypothesis against a fixed simple alternative. At the present time [probably 1968], the problem appears entirely trivial and within easy reach of a beginning undergraduate. But, with a degree of embarrassment, I must confess that it took something like half a decade of combined effort of E. S. P. [Egon Pearson] and myself to put things straight.

The solution of the particular question mentioned came on an evening when I was sitting alone in my room at the Statistical Laboratory of the School of Agriculture in Warsaw, thinking hard on something that should have been obvious long before. The building was locked up and, at about 8 p.m., I heard voices outside calling me. This was my wife, with some friends, telling me that it was time to go to a movie.

My first reaction was that of annoyance. And then, as I got up from my desk to answer the call, I suddenly understood: for any given critical region and for any given alternative hypothesis, it is possible to calculate the probability of the error of the second kind; it is represented by this particular integral. Once this is done, the optimal critical region would be the one which minimizes this same integral, subject to the side condition concerned with the probability of the error of the first kind. We are faced with a particular problem of the calculus of variation, probably a simple problem.

These thoughts came in a flash, before I reached the window to signal to my wife. The incident is clear in my memory, but I have no recollections about the movie we saw. It may have been Buster Keaton."

title: Neyman–Pearson lemma


text:
Blaxton

Blaxton is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster (part of South Yorkshire, England), on the border with Lincolnshire. It lies to the north of Finningley, on the A614 road, and is located at approximately 53° 29' 30" North, 0° 59' West, at an elevation of around 5 metres above sea level. It has a population of 1,179, reducing slightly to 1,162 at the 2011 Census.

Blaxton is a civil parish situated, since April 1974, in the county of South Yorkshire and in the Doncaster Metropolitan District. Before that date, it was situated in the West Riding of Yorkshire, one of the three divisions of the county of York. It lay on the southern border of the county and the name of the community derives from the name 'Blackstone'. Blaxton does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1087 and the earliest written reference dates from 1213, when it is named as 'Blacston' in the records of the central government. This spelling, or something similar, was customary for centuries. On the map in Edward Miller's History of Doncaster, published in 1805, it appears as Blakestone. The name is likely to refer to the location of a stone that traditionally marked a boundary. The boundary that it would most recently mark would be the county boundary of Yorkshire. However, the boundary it originally marked may be even more ancient, perhaps that of the southern boundary of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, the kingdom `North of the Humber'. The name of the village probably received its current spelling, as with many other places, from the surveyors of the Ordnance Survey, who first put Blaxton on their first map of Yorkshire, on a scale of one inch to one mile, published on 1 February 1841. This map, incidentally, shows the boundary stone to the south-east of the village cross roads.

Blaxton was part of the soke of Hexthorpe, later known as the soke of Doncaster, another ancient institution, probably dating from the time of the Norsemen. They colonised Yorkshire under their leader Halfdan, who in the year 876 decided that it was more profitable to settle in the country that they had previously only raided. The soke was a unit of local government with its own court and Blaxton effectively remained part of the soke until 1835, when the magistrates of Doncaster ceased to exercise their jurisdiction over the village.

From the earliest times, Blaxton lay in the ecclesiastical parish of Finningley. Although part of the West Riding, Blaxton, like its neighbours Austerfield, Auckley, and Blyth were not part of the great diocese of York. They were part of the archdeaconry of Nottingham. This was part of the diocese of Lichfield then, from 1836, part of the diocese of Lincoln before becoming part of the new diocese of Southwell, to which these parishes still belonged until 2010 whence the Parishes of Finningley, Blaxton and Auckley transferred to the diocese of Sheffield.

Blaxton has been through its history a small rural community. In 1811, the first time its population was counted separately, it had 132 residents. There were 146 of them by the mid-century and 149 by 1901. These figures, however, disguise a picture of growth and then decline, in common with many agricultural communities in the course of the nineteenth century, as employment opportunities fluctuated and finally went into long-term decline as foreign food imports competed all too successfully with British farming.

Listed building
There is one listed building in the village, the war memorial. This is in an enclosure on the north side of Bank End Road. It is in York stone, and consists of an obelisk on a four-sided plinth on a stepped base. The plinth has a moulded cornice and a pedimented cap, the pediment containing carving in relief. There are inscriptions on the obelisk and plinth, and on the plinth are the names of those lost in the two World Wars.

title: Blaxton


text:
Talk:HM Prison Maze

Needs more context revert
The reason stated for todays revert calls for more context regarding the violence against prisoners. As written the removed edit (with reference) supports the previous sentence which is about routine assaults on prisoners. The two sentences support each other. The findings of the ECHR on mistreatment of prisoners is relevant and should be included.Palisades1 (talk) 19:24, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

Name
HM Maze Prison is a false construction, linguistically.

Long Kesh was renamed HMP Maze following the introduction of direct rule in 1972 (http://www.niprisonservice.gov.uk/maze.htm)

Maze Prison or The Maze are much commoner colloquial names (outside republican/nationalist circles) and should be the name given to the article, especially when accepted practice of giving the official name in the first line is continued. --garryq 17:28, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

The whole base was Long Kesh the prison was HMP The Maze — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.12.158.132 (talk) 05:47, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

- Could someone elaborate on "Special Category"?

Origin of the name
What is the origin of the name "Maze"? A maze, an earlier placename, somebody so called?

 * It is named after the nearby village Mazetown (or Maze). The name may derive from the Irish an Mhias, meaning 'the basin', otherwise known as an Mhaigh meaning "the plain" PointOfPresence (talk) 09:11, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

Defined Special Category
I added some stuff about Special Category status. I wasn't sure if I should elaborate on the difference between internees and convicts, so I'm counting on people to realize the distinction between the two.

Convicts refer's to traditional criminals, ie those arrested for crimes against society, eg theft, vandalism, etc. Internees refer's political prisoners, those interned or incarcerated without trial. Guerilla fighters, or those suspected of so being, would fall into this category.

Common criminals
Were there any common criminals in HMP Maze, or was it solely for terrorists? GCarty 09:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The vast majority of the prison was for political prisoners, but for some reason, there were a small number of ordinary prisoners employed in the kitchens.

Burning of Long Kesh, 1974
What about the Burning of Long Kesh, the prisoner riot of 1974? There is no mention of the article, despite the controversial use of large amounts of CR gas on the prisoners. See also http://irelandsown.net/keshflames.html and http://republican-news.org/archive/2002/October31/31crg.html - it looks like a pretty important event. Anybody cares to write about it, please? --Shaddack 11:57, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

BBC News link here: http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/16/newsid_2531000/2531083.stm You must remember that Long Kesh is officially refered to as The Maze or HMP Maze, even though it was originally an RAF Base of the L.K. name.

Some other basic information here: http://freedom.is/closed.htm#se

 * If someone doesn't beat me to it, I'll write about it within 2 weeks. I'm currently on Wikibreak, and I have lots of exams and coursework. Ian13ID:540053 17:35, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not doing too well on writing this, so I will provide what I have written, so someone can use it if they wish i writing it. Sorry. Ian13/talk 16:44, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * On October 15, 1974, around 800 prisoners set light to their compounds, destroying 21 compounds and injuring more than 130 prisoners. Troops were called to regain control of the prison after a night of rioting, and they used rubber bullets, and dropped CR gas.

Rename
To make it less confusing, this should be moved to Maze (prison).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 10:19, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The convention for naming prison articles seems to suggest that this should be moved to "HMP Maze."GiollaUidir 13:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Maze (HM Prison) is in the correct format, at least this seems to suggest it is. Stu   ’Bout ye!  20:52, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, is there any reason for that nomenclature? "HMP x" or "HM Prison x" would seem to be more readable (IMAO). 68.39.174.238 00:47, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Auto Peer Review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Mal 08:41, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Please expand the lead to conform with guidelines at WP:LEAD. The article should have an appropriate number of paragraphs as is shown on WP:LEAD, and should adequately summarize the article.
 * Per WP:CONTEXT and WP:MOSDATE, months and days of the week generally should not be linked. Years, decades, and centuries can be linked if they provide context for the article.
 * There may be an applicable infobox for this article. (Note that there might not be an applicable infobox; remember that these suggestions are not generated manually)
 * Per WP:MOSNUM, there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 18mm, use 18 mm, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 18&nbsp;mm.
 * As per WP:MOSDATE, dates shouldn't use th; for example, instead of using January 30th was a great day, use January 30 was a great day.
 * There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space inbetween. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2]
 * Please provide citations for all of the s.
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that the it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 2a.

Photos
Yahoo Maps has an amazinf shot of the prison - I take it thi scan't be used?Traditional unionist 23:51, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Dead links
I just removed a dead link. It was a photo page of H blocks. Anyone to replace it with something similar? thessaysno | talk 00:14, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Which county?
To clear this issue up - HMP Maze was/is in County Down - unlike Lisburn which mainly lies in County Antrim - the River Lagan being the boundary.Denzell393 (talk) 18:22, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Billy Wright's death
Since the old text had a 'citation needed' tag, I just changed the wording regarding death of Billy Wright, No source was provided for 3 shots or or that he was shot in the back, added a reference to a report in todays Guardian to support my edit. Without a citation "Shot in the back" seems a bit biased to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.20.24.42 (talk) 13:51, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:HM Prison Maze


text:
Schwinger's quantum action principle

The Schwinger's quantum action principle is a variational approach to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. This theory was introduced by Julian Schwinger in a series of articles starting 1950.

Approach
In Schwingers approach, the action principle is targeted towards quantum mechanics. The action becomes a quantum action, i.e. an operator, $$ S $$. Although it is superficially different from the path integral formulation where the action is a classical function, the modern formulation of the two formalisms are identical.

Suppose we have two states defined by the values of a complete set of commuting operators at two times. Let the early and late states be $$| A \rang$$ and $$| B \rang$$, respectively. Suppose that there is a parameter in the Lagrangian which can be varied, usually a source for a field. The main equation of Schwinger's quantum action principle is:

 * $$ \delta \langle B|A\rangle = i \langle B| \delta S |A\rangle,\ $$

where the derivative is with respect to small changes ($$\delta$$) in the parameter, and $$S=\int \mathcal{L} \, \mathrm{d}t$$ with $$\mathcal{L}$$ the Lagrange operator.

In the path integral formulation, the transition amplitude is represented by the sum over all histories of $$\exp(iS)$$, with appropriate boundary conditions representing the states $$| A \rang$$ and $$| B \rang$$. The infinitesimal change in the amplitude is clearly given by Schwinger's formula. Conversely, starting from Schwinger's formula, it is easy to show that the fields obey canonical commutation relations and the classical equations of motion, and so have a path integral representation. Schwinger's formulation was most significant because it could treat fermionic anticommuting fields with the same formalism as bose fields, thus implicitly introducing differentiation and integration with respect to anti-commuting coordinates.

title: Schwinger's quantum action principle


text:
Talk:Reform Party of Ontario

Untitled
Thanks to Paul for posting additional information on Reform in Ontario. I have edited it significantly because what was posted reflected the writer's personal view very strongly. Wikipedia aims to provide dispassionate factual information. I have also tried to sort out some of the longer, more complicated sentences. These may be difficult to understand for some, especially those who do not speak English as a first language. If I have misconstrued any of the important facts or dates, please correct me. Thanks.

I've edited this again for the same reason: to make it neutral in tone. Words like 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' are both vague and value-laden. I have also removed the link to Democrat because with a 'D' this word refers to a member of the US Democratic Party of the Australian democrats. Neither of these makes sense here. With a 'd', democrat means someone who supports democracy, which includes anyone who is a member of any organizaed political party in canada, with the arguable exception of the Communist and Marxist-Leninist parties, so it does not add any information to the article. (See the definition at the link to democrat.)

Finally, I don't understand why it is in anyway relevant that Agnes Macphail and John Diefenbaker were born in the same region of Ontario. Did Agnes Macphail, a sometime-CCFer, influence John Diefenbaker, a Tory? Probably not. One could list bunches of other people who were also born in Gey and Bruce counties, but to what end?

If anyone disagrees with my edits, let's have a discussion here, instead of just reversing them. Thanks. Kevintoronto 14:35, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * And here, since the anonymous editor can't be bothered to follow the link, is the definition from Wikipedia of "democrat" and "Democrat":
 * In political science, a democrat (lowercase d) is an advocate, follower, or proponent of democracy. See also: republican, monarchist
 * In politics, a Democrat (uppercase D) is a member, delegate, or supporter of a Democratic political party such as the Democratic Party in the United States or the Australian Democrats in Australia.
 * Kevintoronto 13:08, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Just out of curiosity, does anyone know who the nominal RPO candidate was in 1995? CJCurrie 04:13, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * (I've checked this; there wasn't one. The federal party reserved the name, but it was not officially registered.)  CJCurrie 01:15, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Unofficial Reform -> Representative Party?
http://www.reformontario.on.to/, provided as the "Reform Ontario website (and still bearing the html title tag "Reform Association of Ontario ON Party Canada CA Association Réformiste de l'Ontario Parti Réformiste de l'Ontario" and a bunch of related metas) now promotes the Representative Party of Ontario. If there's been a wholesale transition from unofficial Reform Ontario to the proposed Representative Party, but details are not provided there... Samaritan 22:25, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've noticed this as well. Bill Cook, the sole Independent Reform candidate from 2003, is now the interim leader of the Representative Party, and the new party is using the old Reform Party "R" as part of its graphic. My guess is that there was a wholesale transition. CJCurrie 21:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Candidates from 1995
I've read that there were 15 Reform Association candidates in 1995. Does anyone have a complete list of who they were? CJCurrie 01:15, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reform Party of Ontario


text:
Hatfield, South Yorkshire

Hatfield is a town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 17,236 at the 2011 Census. The town is located on the A18 road between Doncaster and Scunthorpe, and to the west of the M18 motorway. It shares a railway station with Stainforth on the line between Goole and Scunthorpe, and Doncaster. Recorded history in the parish extends as far back as 730, when Bede wrote about the Northumbrian King, Edwin, being killed in battle in the area.

History
Hatfield (called Heathfield historically) is an ancient settlement and a palace of the Northumbrian Kingdom called Meicen, (or Meigen).

On 12 October 633 AD, King Edwin was killed in the Battle of Hatfield Chase by Penda, King of Mercia. Penda was assisted in the battle by the Welsh under the leadership of Cadwallon ap Cadfan, Welsh (British) King of Gwynedd. Osric, a possible successor to Edwin, was also killed in the battle. Edwin's son Edfrith surrendered to Penda.

It is thought that the battle gave rise to the name of Slay Pit Lane in Hatfield, where it is rumoured that the battle took place and the bodies of soldiers lay close by.

Hatfield is mentioned in the Domesday Book as having a church, a priest, various ploughlands and plough men. The area was in the possession of William de Warenne. The name Hatfield stems from Old English (with a Scandinavian influence) of Hæþfeld; the field or open land where heather and other shrubs grew. The name was recorded by Bede as Heathfelth in 730. Hatfield Manor House is a grade I listed building dating back to the 12th century. The site of the house was regraded as the site of the palace of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Notable visitors over the years have included Edward Balliol, Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, John of Gaunt and Geoffrey Chaucer. The Anglican St Lawrence's Church, Hatfield was built around the same time as the manor house.

In 1629, Charles I sold almost 180000 acre of Hatfield Chase to a Dutch engineer, Cornelius Vermuyden who sold tracts of the land to other parties and spent £400,000 draining the chase and reclaiming the land. Of the land, one third was awarded to Vermuyden, one third went too the crown and the remaining third was given to the local population as common land.

The parish of Hatfield was originally in the wapentake of Lower Strafforth and in the county of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It was moved in the county boundary changes of 1974, into South Yorkshire. The population of the parish at the 2001 census was 16,164, which had risen to 17,236 at the 2011 census.

There is an outdoor water activity centre to the north-east of the town, and two prisons, Hatfield Main and Hatfield Lakes, across the M18 to the east. HMP Lindholme is to the south-east of the town built on the former site of RAF Lindholme.

Geography
Hatfield is located within the historic boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire on the border of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, on the A18 road between Doncaster and Scunthorpe. The A1146 connects Hatfield with Thorne. The town is bisected by the M18 motorway. Junctions 4 and 5 of the M18, and Junction 1 of the M180 motorway are all within the parish. Hatfield is part of the parliamentary constituency of Don Valley.

Hatfield parish contains the following villages: Dunscroft lies on the A18 road, about 6 mi from the centre of Doncaster. There is Sheep Dip Lane primary school. The church is dedicated to St Edwin, however, it is intended to amalgamate the ecclesiastical parishes of Dunscroft and Hatfield and close St Edwin's Church.

Dunsville lies on the A18 road, about 5 mi from the centre of Doncaster.

Hatfield lies on the A18 road, about 7 mi from the centre of Doncaster. It is served by the Hatfield and Stainforth railway station in Stainforth and Thorne. Hatfield has numerous public houses, including The Bay Horse, The Hatfield Chase, Hatfields, The Blue Bell, The Ingram Arms and The Green Tree. The original building known as the Abbey or Dunscroft Grange was demolished in 1966–7. For the final twenty years, this building was owned by Mr Harry Lewis. The old Abbey was possibly a dormitory to Roche Abbey at Maltby. It had to be demolished because the 12th-century masonry and stonework were unstable. The main school for the area is Ash Hill Academy. There is the Travis St. Lawrence Church of England Primary School, and Hatfield Crookesbroom primary school.

Hatfield Woodhouse (House in the Hatfield Wood), is a small, semi-rural village which lies on the A614 road, about 7 mi from the centre of Doncaster.

Hatfield Woodhouse also gave rise to RAF Hatfield Woodhouse two miles south of the village. The airfield was later named RAF Lindholme.

Recently an application has been proposed to allow the demolition of the pub and several flats to be built in its place. This application has recently been denied due to rallies by locals to have the plans rejected. There is the Hatfield Woodhouse primary school, which was rated as being Good by Ofsted in 2019.

West End is a small village to the south-west of Hatfield Woodhouse.

Transport
The A18 road runs through the eastern part of Hatfield town, with the M18 and M180 motorways in the east of the parish. A proposal exists to develop land adjacent to the west side of Junction 5 on the M18, to a mixed development of housing and warehousing space known as Unity Park. The development, which is projected to involve housing, a marina and a new school, has led to the creation of a new link road from Junction 5 to Waggons Way in Stainforth. Junction 5 also has a motorway service area (MSA) known as Doncaster North, run by Moto.

A railway from Doncaster to Thorne first arrived in July 1856 with the station being labelled simply as Stainforth. It was replaced by a newer station called Hatfield and Stainforth in October 1866.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire Television signals are received from the Emley Moor TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sheffield, Heart Yorkshire, Capital Yorkshire, Hallam FM, Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire, TX1 Radio and TMCR 95.3, a community based radio station which broadcast from its studios in Thorne.

The town is served by these local newspapers, Doncaster Free Press and Thorne Times.

Notable people

 * William of Hatfield, (1336–1337), second son of Edward III
 * Cornelius Vermuyden, (1595–1677), Dutch engineer who drained Hatfield Chase and was awarded huge tracts of land in the area for his efforts

title: Hatfield, South Yorkshire


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for investigation/Archives/2004/05 (Wik)

 * So far Wik has moved User:RickK, User:Bcorr, User:Hephaestos, user:MyRedDice and probably others to User:Moron, User:Idiot, User:Asshole and others. Can we please get the programmers to include "move page" in the protected page restrictions?  (I'm feeling left out... I haven't been called a name yet...) - Tεx τ urε 23:53, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

18:55 User:Texture moved to User:Stupid (cur; hist). . Give it up, Texture. (Talk)

 * Thanks, Wik. Now I don't feel left out... - Tεx τ urε 23:56, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * By using anonymous proxies and throwaway sockpuppet accounts, Wik is now trolling on the Village Pump, and possibly other pages. I thought he "left"? Anárion 10:59, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Why do we think this is Wik, rather than someone trying to cause trouble for him? Morwen 11:05, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * This user acts like Wik does, and signs comments on pages with 'Wik', talking about 'his' page and using the same slurs for other people the signed in user Wik does/did. As the current troll uses anonymous proxies (taken from a public list) this could of course be someone else, but that is rather unlikely. Anárion 11:56, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Blocked the vandal User:Stopvandalism and found out by tracing his edits to Jimbo's page that it was Wik. I guess his ban timer restarts again?  Is there any reason that he isn't banned for good based on the huge amount of vandalism he has performed in the past week?  Will he be called to account for it when he actually stays away and completes his one week ban? - Tεx τ urε 23:27, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Blocked User:Stop vandalism for moving Hephaestos' talk page to "User talk:Hephaestos(VANDAL)". I don't know if anyone documented the first round of vandalisms or this recent round that involved vandal text on various pages from an anon IP.  - Tεx τ urε 23:52, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Now he is Stopvandalism! and has moved Quagga to "User talk:Quagga the vandal". Also vandalized recentchanges. - Tεx τ urε 23:57, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Also User:Stop vandalism! and user:Stopvandalism!
 * His ban timer restarts every time - see banning policy.
 * Targets so far: Quagga and Heph's talk page, recentchanges, village pump.
 * I believe a few people have emailed him about this and confirmed its him, though not me personally. (might have been wrong about that last bit Martin)

A user called, ironically User:Stop vandalism ! (also using aliases of User:Stopvandalism!, User:Stop vandalism, User:Stop vandalism! and User:Stopvandalism) is repeatedly vandalising Village pump. Revert and block on sight. -- ChrisO 00:04, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * He's even vandalised this page. Talk about not having a sense of irony... -- ChrisO 00:18, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, he renamed it "Wikipedia:Quaggaism in progress" and in the process we managed to lose all the page history somewhere along with a few missing edits of the Wik entry. - Tεx τ urε 00:31, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * User talk:Rickyrab/Quaggaism... my spoof of this nonsense. Rickyrab 00:35, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * More vandalism to this page moved to "Quaggaism in progress" again. - in case anyone is counting. - Tεx τ urε 01:21, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yet another move of this page and a user's page to "User:Guanaco (vandal protector)" - Tεx τ urε 01:43, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The same was done to User talk:MyRedDice (vandal protector). He is causing serious problems and is impairing the normal function of the wiki. Is there anything we could do that would end this cycle of vandalism, repair, protection, and blocks? Guanaco 01:49, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just moved this page back once more from Quaggaism in progress -- Chris 73 | Talk 01:51, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I found this page's old history at Vandalism in progress (other than Quagga's). We'll need someone to merge the two histories. Guanaco 02:01, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Wik has declared a War on Jimbo's talk page. Everyone needs to especially vigilant at the moment for Wik, his sockpuppets, his anon proxies etc. Unlike many vandals he is inteligent and resourceful, so we all need to pull together on this one. Repeatedly reverting and banning is the only solution. block sockpuppets indefinately, block isolated IP's indefinately, block ranges of IP's for one week (the AC has banned wik for a week). Note that Jimbo feels Wik's latest vandalism rampage has lost him all sympathy. I intend to push for a permanent ban by the AC but let's just go with the week for now. theresa knott 11:02, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * If it really was Wik - and I've seen nothing to suggest that it wasn't - then I can only agree wholeheartedly. I respected his contributions but the repeated vandalism of this page and the Village Pump, which wasted a lot of my own and other editors' time yesterday as well as causing much disruption to the rest of the user community, was inexcusable. At the very least, the person behind the vandalism attack should receive a long ban (months, not weeks) and if s/he persists should be hard-banned. -- ChrisO 14:50, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't forget that he also moved my user pages to pages such as, "Quagga vandal", "Quagga needs to be banned", and others. --Quagga

 * See User talk:UninvitedCompany for what Wik has to say about it - the bottom line is that s/me wants Quagga banned and is threatening to attack Wikipedia repeatedly until that happens. It won't, of course, as that would amount to giving in to blackmail. -- ChrisO 08:16, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Exactly. Right now Wik is still wanting me banned, but I think he is away:

I'm trying to leave now for 5 days and still have to endure this crap -Wik

That's what he said on Jimbo's talk page. --Quagga

I think we should unblock Wik and just give him a chance. I think he probably won't vandalise Wikipedia if we unblock him. --Lst27 01:58, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC) I changed my mind. --Lst27 23:32, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wolfgang Borchert

Wolfgang Borchert (20 May 1921 – 20 November 1947) was a German author and playwright whose work was strongly influenced by his experience of dictatorship and his service in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. His work is among the best-known examples of the Trümmerliteratur movement in post-World War II Germany. His most famous work is the drama Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside), which he wrote soon after the end of World War II. His works are uncompromising on the issues of humanity and humanism. He is one of the most popular authors of the German postwar period; his work continues to be studied in German schools.

Life
Borchert was born in Hamburg, the only child of teacher Fritz Borchert, who also worked for the Dada magazine Die Rote Erde, and author Hertha Borchert, who worked for the Hamburg radio and was famous for her dialect poetry. Borchert's family was liberal and progressive, and they moved in Hamburg's intellectual social circles. Borchert hated his compulsory time in the party's youth wing, the Hitler Youth, from which, after missing meetings, he was released. He rebelled against the Nazi dictatorship in his prewar-works (1938–1940). In April 1940 he was arrested by the Gestapo and then released. The same year he reluctantly took up an apprenticeship at the Hamburg bookshop C. Boysen in the Große Bleichen. He would pass around anti-Nazi poems to his colleagues. While at the bookshop, Borchert took acting lessons, without, at first, telling his parents. He left the apprenticeship early in 1941. Upon passing his acting examination on 21 March 1941, he began working for the travelling repertory theatre company Landesbühne Ost-Hannover based in Lüneburg. His nascent theatrical career was cut short by his conscription into the Wehrmacht in June 1941.

Borchert was posted to the Eastern Front, where he saw the full horror of the eastern conflict, witnessing the numerous casualties in battle and those sustained due to cold, starvation and inadequate equipment. On 23 February 1942, he returned from sentry duty on the Russian front missing the middle finger of his left hand. He claimed that he had surprised a Russian soldier, had engaged in hand-to-hand conflict, his rifle had gone off in the struggle and wounded him. His superior officer, accusing him of attempting to evade military service by self-mutilation, had him arrested and placed in isolation. At his trial, the military prosecutor called for the death penalty, but the court believed Borchert's version, and he was pronounced not guilty. However, he was immediately re-arrested on charges under the Heimtückegesetz – making statements against the regime. He was convicted of making "statements endangering the country" and sentenced to serve a further six weeks of strict-regime detention, and was then sent back to the Eastern Front "to prove himself at the front". There he suffered frostbite and several further bouts of hepatitis, after which he was granted medical leave. On leave he again acted in a night club in the now bomb-ravaged city of Hamburg. He then returned to his barracks, and successfully applied to be transferred to an army theatre group. He was transferred to a transit camp in Koblenz, but in the dormitory on the evening of 30 November 1943 he retold parodies of the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels. Borchert was denounced by one of the other soldiers in the dormitory, arrested, and on 21 August 1944 sentenced to nine months in prison. The sentence was deferred until the end of the War, so he was again returned to the army, this time mostly spending his time in his barracks in Jena, before being sent, in March 1945, to the area around Frankfurt-am-Main. His company surrendered to the French in March 1945. During their transportation to a prisoner of war camp, Borchert and others jumped off the lorry and escaped, and then he walked home to Hamburg (a distance of around 370 miles). He arrived there, totally exhausted, on 10 May, a week after Hamburg had surrendered to the British.

Following the war, Borchert's condition continued to worsen. In 1946 one doctor told his mother he expected Borchert would not live longer than another year, but Borchert himself was never told of this prognosis. He resumed his work with the theatre, and continued writing. He wrote short prose and published a collection of poems Laterne, Nacht und Sterne (Lantern, Night and Stars) in December 1946. In December 1946 and/or January 1947 he wrote the play Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside). Even before its publication the play was performed on the radio on 13 February 1947, meeting with much acclaim. Later in 1947 Borchert entered a hepatic sanitorium in the Swiss city of Basel, where he continued with short stories and wrote his manifesto against war  (Then there is only one thing!) shortly before his death from liver failure.

Poems
Borchert was keen on poetry from his mid-teens. Readers sensed in his poems the influence of famous poets, such as Shakespeare, Stefan George and Rainer Maria Rilke. Rilke was his role model, to the extent that he signed a work "Wolff Maria Borchert" to express his respect for him. He was a follower of some poets and had seen them as his source of art fulfillment, for example, when he was to join the army, he wrote that he was hungry for art, listing Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, Musset, Schiller and Hölderlin.

Writing poetry was easier for Borchert than creating prose. His poem production rate was around five to 10 per day. His work was reviewed by his father, which Wolfgang considered as an endorsement. He was later well known for expressing himself in poems when he needed to, no matter what the outcome. Borchert's writings indicate that he was less concerned with the quality of his work than he was fulfilled creating poems. This later came in when he joined the theater where he became an actor to better express himself. For instance, in one of his letters to Aline Bussmann he was not interested in hearing her opinion in what he wrote but rather he asked her whether the piece pleased her or not!

Borchert's work was distributed to whoever showed interest in them; later, this helped the Gestapo arrest him along with other reasons. Even though Wolfgang's work was widely spread, he was not satisfied with his work and thought it was more of a self-expression need that he needed to let out:

''“Aber ich bin seit einiger Zeit darüber, meine Gedichte für etwas Wichtiges anzusehen, das nicht verloren gehen dürfte. Wenn von den paar Tausend – so viele werden es ja allmählich sein- nur zwei – drei übrig bleiben die es wert sind, dann will ich zufrieden sein. Wenn ich aber dennoch immer welche schreibe, die oft garnichts taugen, dann nur, um sie loszuwerden – sonst nichts.”''

Later when Wolfgang grew up, he purified his creation by destroying many poems that were irrelevant to that time period. In Wolfgang's eyes, what was left of his poems were not of high quality. Therefore, what survived from his poems were mostly included in his letters to Aline Bussmann, Ruth Hager, Carl Albert Lange and Hugo Seiker. Those poems were not to be published, or at least that was the intention of Borchert. However, in 1960, his mother Hertha Borchert and the American Stanley Tschopp gathered around two hundred poems to be published but that did not happen until 1996, when Allein mit meinem Schatten und dem Mond (Alone with my shadow and the moon), a compiled selection of Wolfgang Borchert's poems, was published.

When it comes to putting Wolfgang's poems under the critic's spotlight, only his later work that he endorsed publishing should be studied. This is due to the fact that his poems were mostly written for certain events or to a particular person, or occasional literature; his earlier poems were done when he was young.

From one of his longer poems:

Laterne, Nacht und Sterne:

Ich möchte Leuchtturm sein

In Nacht und Wind-

für Dorsch und Stint-

für jedes Boot-

und bin doch selbst

ein Schiff in Not!

Which translates to:

Lantern, Night and Stars:

I would like to be a lighthouse

at night and wind –

for codfish and smelt –

for any boat –

and am myself

A ship in need!

Style and influence
Wolfgang Borchert’s style was not limited to his poems, but rather it was his short stories that made his style more vivid. The experience he had been through during war was a key factor in the way he expressed himself; his work reflects the trauma he went through. The preoccupations of war and post war in Borchert’s writings are the pictures he had in mind of the front from the war, the life of a prisoner during the war, the return of a soldier to a destroyed Germany and the hope for the future after devastating war. From there his writings entail abrupt and fragmented pictures. Most of what he creates is not memorable-character based, meaning, he describes people and things without the labels placed by the society or the nation. For example, he mentions men, soldiers, or widows instead of giving up characters like himself, his parents or anyone else. People felt the pain in his writing even with this anonymity and that points out a humanitarian success he achieved; reaching the people’s hearts with simplicity. The basic language he used contributed to delivering the desired message of suffering the people, and he, experienced during the war time.

His play Draußen vor der Tür, which was “a tragedy of a returning soldier”, had a hopelessly nihilistic theme. There was emphasis on how nothing was worth living for and everything was destroyed; the smell of guilt is spread everywhere, and the largest share of guilt is the God's guilt. There was no tolerance or acceptance to fate. This describes what Borchert felt inside and how he wanted to touch the audience's feelings. He aimed to bring up disjointed events and present them as a shattered mirror and let the audience enjoy feeling it instead of watching it. The normal style of narrating a story does not exist in Borchert's writings due to the intensity of experience he had to go through. Instead, the reader finds Borchert's stories divided into sections of despair, guilt, solitariness and a lack of faith and willingness. That was caused by the distracted mind, the shaken soul, and the disordered emotions initiated by the war experience.

Borchert's work was not famous during his early days, although there were many people who liked his poems and prose works. The war gave Wolfgang's writings an everlasting impression; it was characterized as one of the best war-literature. He employed the styles of Rainer Maria Rilke and Holderlin into his poems and short stories. Rilke tends to use metaphors, metonymy and contradictions which affected Borchert in that he utilized many metaphors in his writings such as Borchert's short story “The Kitchen Clock”. In the story, he used the clock as a metaphor that reminds him of his mother and his lost family. It has a great resemblance to trauma-literature. Then, comes Hölderlin's role in inspiring Borchert where Hölderlin was known for using symbols in his writings instead of labeling people and places with their known tags. And, again in “The Kitchen Clock”, Borchert uses symbols in describing characters, for example, describing the returning soldier in “The Kitchen Clock” he says:

''“… He looked at his clock and shook his head pensively. No, dear sir, no, you are wrong about that. It has nothing to do with the bombs. You should not keep talking about the bombs. No. At 2:30. At night I mean. Nearly always at 2:30. That is just it…”''

The character is missing here but the message he wanted to send is clear and deliverable because there are many people who had their different “Clock” after World War II and can relate to his situation. Borchert was a heavy reader and he read the product of other poets from other countries. Borchert was influenced by an American civil-war poet Walt Whitman. For example, the “Laterne, Nacht und Sterne“ written by Borchert is very similar to Whitman's “youth, old age, and night”. They share the same images of insomnia with darkness that are mixed with cold, hunger and the long time outside standings Later in Borchert's life, his work extended beyond the national borders as it was translated to other languages, especially English. The most famous work of Wolfgang Borchert was The Man Outside, a play that was first performed in 1947 only one day after his death. The Man Outside has the same tone as the Kitchen Clock so that it describes the return of a prisoner of war to his home. This play was first translated to English in 1952 by David Porter whose translation reduced the quality of this artistic piece. Then, Thomas Fisher, an English producer, retranslated the play and produced it to be played in London in 1998 at the Gate Theater. The translation of Borchert's work opened up the opportunity for foreigners to further study the trauma literature which is greatly presented in his poems and short stories. In 1988, a group of people who were keen on Wolfgang Borchert work initiated the International Wolfgang-Borchert Society. The mission of the society is to promote studying Borchert's writings to the international level.

Selected bibliography

 * Die drei dunklen Könige (The three dark kings) 1946
 * An diesem Dienstag (On this Tuesday) 1946
 * Die Hundeblume (The dandelion) 1946
 * Das Brot (The Bread) 1946
 * Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside) 1946
 *  (The rats do sleep at night) 1947
 *  (The Cherries) 1947
 *  (Then there's only one thing!) 1947
 * Die lange lange Strasse lang (Along the Long, Long Road) 1947

title: Wolfgang Borchert


text:
Germany Must Perish!

Germany Must Perish! is a 104-page book written by Theodore N. Kaufman, which he self-published in 1941 in the United States. The book advocated genocide through the sterilization of all Germans and the territorial dismemberment of Germany, believing that this would achieve world peace. Kaufman founded the Argyle Press in Newark, New Jersey, United States, in order to publish this book. He was the sole proprietor of the Argyle Press, which is not known to have published any other works.

The Nazi Party used the book, written by a Jewish author, to support their argument that Jews were plotting against their country.

Contents
Kaufman advocated the mass extermination of the German people through forced sterilization and the territorial dismemberment of Germany after an Allied victory in World War II.

Kaufman summarized Germany Must Perish! in advertisements in The New York Times and New York Post as: "A dynamic volume outlining a plan for the extinction of Germany and containing a map showing possible dissection and apportionment of its territory." Kaufman defended his plan for the "sterilization of all Germans" in an interview published in the September 26, 1941, issue of The Canadian Jewish Chronicle:

"I believe that the Jews have a mission in life. They must see to it that the nations of the world get together in one vast federation. "Union Now" is the beginning of this. Slowly but surely the world will develop into a paradise. We will have perpetual peace. And the Jews will do the most to bring about this confederation, because they have the most to gain. But how can you get peace if Germany exists? The only way to win an eternal peace is to make the punishment of waging war more horrible than war itself. Human beings are penalized for murder, aren't they? Well, Germany starts all the wars of magnitude. Let us sterilize all Germans and wars of world domination will come to an end!"

In the United States
Although self-published, the book received considerable attention. Time magazine published a review in its 24 March issue that compared the book to Jonathan Swift's 1729 satirical essay A Modest Proposal, which proposed reducing the population pressure in Ireland by the cannibalistic consumption of poor Irish infants. However, the Time essay recognized that Kaufman's work was not satirical; it described the book as the "enshrinement of a single sensational idea". "Since Germans are the perennial disturbers of the world's peace, says the book, they must be dealt with like any homicidal criminals. But it is unnecessary to put the whole German nation to the sword. It is more humane to sterilize them."

According to one study, reviews in the United States "reflected an odd combination of straight reporting and skepticism". Kaufman's second and more moderate pamphlet, "No More German Wars" published in 1942, was ignored in both the U.S. and Germany.

An advertisement in The New York Times stated that the book was released to the public on March 1, 1941. Kaufman also promoted the book by mailing a miniature black cardboard coffin with a hinged lid to reviewers. Inside the coffin was a card proclaiming, "Read GERMANY MUST PERISH! Tomorrow you will receive your copy."

The book's dust jacket contained excerpts from reviews of the book. One blurb read: "A Plan For Permanent Peace Among Civilized Nations! -- New York Times."

Kaufman's book was cited by a prominent Jewish-American trial lawyer, Louis Nizer. In his 1944 book What To Do With Germany, Nizer accepted the collective punishment of Germans and considered, though ultimately rejected, their mass "eugenic sterilization".

In 1945, a Jewish journalist wrote an article claiming that the book was "little more than self-indulgence in dire vituperation by a man who sees Germany as the sole cause of the world's woes".

In Germany
Kaufman was a Manhattan-born Jew and his advocacy of genocide attracted great attention in Germany. The book was denounced in Germany as an "orgy of Jewish hatred", and it was seen as inspired by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's supposed polemical anti-German agitation. American journalist Howard K. Smith was in Germany when Germany Must Perish! became known. He wrote: "No man has ever done so irresponsible a disservice to the cause his nation is fighting and suffering for than Nathan Kaufman. His half-baked brochure provided the Nazis with one of the best light artillery pieces they have, for, used as the Nazis used it, it served to bolster up that terror which forces Germans who dislike the Nazis to support, fight and die to keep Nazism alive ..."

In September 1941, Julius Streicher published an essay in Der Stürmer that called Kaufman's book "the crazy thinking of [an] insane Jewish brain". He quoted Kaufman at length and then commented: "By destroying the German people, the Jew wants to stop up the spring from which, since the beginning, the world has always found its creative blood, the source of all that is beautiful, good and noble." Joseph Goebbels also gave a radio address from Berlin warning Germans of "plans 'for sterilization of our entire population under 60 years' of age". These concerns were echoed by Adolf Hitler himself after the US entered World War II; he claimed mass sterilization of German male youth was a "primary" American goal.

When the Jews of Hanover were evicted on September 8, 1941, the local authorities cited Kaufman's book as one of the reasons. Kaufman responded: "This is just a flimsy pretext for another of the innate cruelties of the German people ... I don't think it was my book that prompted this barbarity. They employed every possible German cruelty against the Jews long before my book was published."

The book appeared in many pieces of Nazi propaganda. The Parole der Woche weekly wall newspaper included it as evidence that the Allies' war aims included the destruction of Germany. The pamphlet "The War Goal of World Plutocracy" detailed the contents of the book, although with some omissions from the text that it quoted. It was used in 1944 in a pamphlet, "Never!", which described Kaufman's importance: "The Jewish president of the American Federation of Peace is no anonymous individual, no fanatic rejected by world Jewry, no mentally ill crackpot, but rather a leading and widely known Jewish personality in the United States. He belongs to the so-called Roosevelt Brain Trust, which provides intellectual and political education and advice to the American President. "It is therefore beyond question that his book and its demand that 'Germany must perish' corresponds to the official opinion of the leading circles of world plutocracy.""

At his Nuremberg trial, Julius Streicher cited Kaufman's book in his defense, claiming his anger at Jews was prompted by Germany Must Perish!. The German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte argues that the German reaction to Germany Must Perish! supports his contention that World War II was a genuine response to German fears of a worldwide Jewish plot.

title: Germany Must Perish!