text:
St. Mary's Church

St. Mary's Church, St. Mary the Virgin's Church, St. Mary Church, Saint Mary Church, or other variations on the name, is a commonly used name for specific churches of various Christian denominations. Notable uses of the term may refer to:

Albania

 * St. Mary's Monastery Church, Dhivër
 * St. Mary's Church, Elbasan
 * St. Mary's Monastery, Goranxi
 * St. Mary's Church, Himarë
 * St. Mary's Monastery, Kakome
 * St. Mary's Monastery Church, Koshovicë
 * St. Mary Church, Krujë
 * St. Mary's Monastery Church, Lubonjë
 * St. Mary's Church, Maligrad
 * St. Mary's Church, Mbreshtan
 * St. Mary's Church, Melçan
 * St. Mary Church, Moscopole
 * St. Mary's Monastery Church, Piqeras
 * St. Mary's Church, Surrel
 * St. Mary's Monastery Church, Tranoshisht
 * St. Mary's Church on Drianos, Zervat

Australia

 * St Mary's Anglican Church, Busselton, Western Australia
 * St Mary's Anglican Church, Kangaroo Point, Queensland
 * St Mary's on the Sturt, Anglican church in South Australia
 * St Mary's Church, Maryborough, South Australia

Azerbaijan

 * Church of the Immaculate Conception, Baku

Belarus

 * St. Mary's Church, Grodno

Belgium

 * Saint Mary's Royal Church, Schaerbeek

Canada

 * St. Mary's Church (Toronto)
 * St. Mary Armenian Apostolic Church, Toronto

Czech Republic

 * Church of the Virgin Mary (Prague Castle)

Denmark

 * St. Mary's Church, Sønderborg

Egypt

 * Church of the Holy Virgin (Babylon El-Darag)
 * Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila)
 * Saint Mary Church (Haret Elroum)

Falkland Islands

 * St. Mary's Church, Falkland Islands

Faroe Islands

 * St. Mary's Church, Tórshavn

Finland

 * St. Mary's Church, Helsinki
 * St. Mary's Church of Lappee, Lappeenranta
 * St. Mary's Church, Turku

France

 * Church of St. Mary (Corneilla-de-Conflent)

Germany

 * St. Mary's Church, Bad Homburg
 * Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Frauenau, Bavaria
 * Maria Regina Martyrum (St. Mary Queen of the Martyrs Church), Berlin
 * St. Mary's Church, Berlin
 * St. Marien am Behnitz, Berlin
 * Liebfrauen, Frankfurt
 * Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen (Liebfrauenkirche, Marienkirche), Halle
 * St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg
 * St. Mary's Church, Fuhlsbüttel, Hamburg
 * Domkirche St. Marien, Sankt Georg, Hamburg
 * St. Mary's Church, Helminghausen
 * St. Mary's Church, Himmelpforten
 * St. Mary's Church, Lübeck
 * St. Mary's Church, Marienberg
 * St. Mary's Church, Mühlhausen
 * Marienkirche, Neubrandenburg
 * St. Mary's Church, Osnabrück
 * St. Mary's Church, Ramersdorf
 * St. Mary's Church, Reutlingen
 * St. Mary's Church, Rostock
 * St. Mary's Church, Stralsund
 * Marienkirche, Wismar, a church with an 80 m high tower in Wismar
 * Marienkirche, Wolfenbüttel
 * Liebfrauenmünster, Wolframs-Eschenbach
 * Marienkirche, Zwickau, a Gothic church with a 285 ft spire in Zwickau
 * Überwasserkirche, Münster

Hungary

 * Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Budapest

India

 * St. Mary's Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly, Ernakulam, Kerala
 * St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Manarcad, Kottayam, Kerala
 * Padri Ki Haveli (St. Mary's Church), Patna, Bihar
 * St. Mary's Church, Chennai
 * St. Mary's Church, Marady
 * St. Mary's Church, Pune
 * St. Mary's Church, Secunderabad
 * St. Mary's Church, Noida
 * St. Mary's Church, in Vallavilai
 * Gunadala Matha Shrine, in Vijayawada
 * St Mary's Church, Vendore, Thrissur, Kerala

Iran

 * St. Mary Church, Urmia
 * St. Mary Church, Isfahan
 * Saint Mary Church of Tabriz
 * Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb
 * Sourp Asdvadzadzin (Sarnaq)

County Donegal

 * St. Mary's Church, Inis Cealtra

Dublin Region

 * St Mary's Church, Haddington Road, Dublin
 * St Mary's Church, Mary Street, Dublin

County Kildare

 * St. Mary's Church, Castlemartin

County Kilkenny

 * St. Mary's Church, Kilkenny
 * St. Mary's Church, Callan
 * St. Mary's Collegiate Church, Gowran

County Offaly

 * Church of St. Mary, Pollagh

County Meath

 * St Mary's Church, Navan

County Tipperary

 * Old St. Mary's Church, Clonmel

County Wexford

 * St. Mary's Church, Kilmore, County Wexford
 * St. Mary's Church, New Ross

County Westmeath

 * St. Mary's Church of the Assumption, Kinnegad
 * St. Mary's Church, Athlone
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Athlone
 * St. Mary's Church, Collinstown
 * Church of St. Mary, Moate
 * Church of St. Mary, Raharney

Malta

 * Parish Church of St. Mary, Attard
 * St Mary's Chapel, Bir Miftuħ
 * Parish Church of St. Mary, Birkirkara
 * St Mary's Church, Għaxaq
 * St Mary's Church, Gudja
 * St Mary's Church, Mosta
 * St Mary's Church, Mqabba
 * Parish Church of the Assumption, Qrendi
 * Cathedral of the Assumption, Gozo
 * Parish Church of the Assumption of Mary, Żebbuġ, Gozo
 * St Mary's Church, Żurrieq

Netherlands

 * Protestant church of Bears
 * Protestant church of Buitenpost
 * Protestant church of Oentsjerk
 * St Mary's Church, Rotterdam
 * St. Mary's Church, Utrecht

New Zealand

 * St Mary's Cathedral, Auckland
 * St Mary's Cathedral, Wellington
 * St Mary's Catholic Church, Hokitika
 * St Mary's Church, Timaru
 * Taranaki Cathedral, the Church of St Mary (historically known as St. Mary's Church)
 * St Mary of the Angels, Wellington

Norway

 * St Mary's Church, Bergen
 * St Mary's Church, Oslo
 * St Mary's Church, Gran, one of the Sister churches (Norway)
 * St Mary's Church, Askim
 * St Mary's Church, Lillehammer
 * St Mary's Church, Stabekk

Pakistan

 * St. Mary's Church, Gulberg
 * St. Mary's Church, Sukkur

Philippines

 * Church of Saint Mary the Virgin (Sagada)

Poland

 * Blessed Virgin Mary Church, Pińczów
 * St. Mary's Church, Chojna
 * St. Mary's Church, Katowice
 * St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków
 * St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
 * St. Mary's Church, Stargard
 * Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kielce
 * Collegiate Basilica of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Wiślica
 * Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kraków
 * Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Krzeszów
 * Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Płock
 * Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń

Romania

 * Church of the Virgin Mary, Focșani
 * Church of the Virgin Mary, Galați

Slovakia

 * Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Staré
 * Church of the Virgin Mary (Senica)

Sri Lanka

 * St. Mary's Cathedral, Batticaloa
 * St. Mary's Cathedral, Galle
 * St. Mary's Cathedral, Jaffna
 * St. Mary's Church, Negombo

Switzerland

 * Liebfrauenkapelle (Rapperswil) (St. Mary Chapel)

Syria

 * Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt, Homs

Turkey

 * Saint Mary's Catholic Church, Bornova
 * St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır
 * St. Mary of Sakızağaç Cathedral, Istanbul
 * Saint Mary's Catholic Church, Konak

United Arab Emirates

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church, Dubai

England

 * Bedfordshire
 * St Mary's Church, Clophill
 * Church of St Mary, Everton, Bedfordshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Henlow
 * St Mary's Church, Lower Gravenhurst
 * Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, Harlington, Bedfordshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Keysoe
 * St Mary's Church, Luton
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Northill
 * St Mary's Church, Potsgrove
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Salford, Bedfordshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Shelton, North Bedfordshire
 * St Mary's Church, Woburn
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Wootton, Bedfordshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Yielden

 * Berkshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Aldermaston
 * St Mary's Church, Lambourn Woodlands
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Langley
 * St Mary's Parish Church, Slough
 * St Mary's Church, Maidenhead
 * Reading Minster (known also as the Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin)
 * St Mary's Church, Castle Street, Reading
 * St Mary's Church, Thatcham

 * Bristol
 * St Mary's Church, Henbury
 * St Mary Redcliffe

 * Buckinghamshire
 * St Mary's Church, Old Amersham
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Aylesbury
 * St Mary's Church, Bletchley
 * St Mary Magdalene's Church, Boveney
 * St Mary's Church, Chesham
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Fawley
 * St Mary's Church, Fleet Marston
 * St Mary the Virgin, Great Brickhill
 * St Mary's Church, Hardmead
 * St Mary's Church, Hartwell
 * St Mary's Church, Pitstone
 * St Mary's Church, Shenley
 * St Mary's Church, Whaddon, Buckinghamshire

 * Cambridgeshire
 * Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge
 * Little St Mary's, Cambridge
 * St Mary's Church, Ely
 * St Mary's Church, Huntingdon
 * St Mary's Church, Whaddon, Cambridgeshire

 * Cheshire
 * St Mary's Church, Acton
 * St Mary's Chapel, Arley
 * St Mary's Church, Astbury
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Bosley
 * St Mary's Church, Bruera
 * St Mary's and St Michael's Church, Burleydam
 * St Mary's Church, Coddington
 * St Mary's Church, Congleton
 * St Mary's Church, Crewe
 * St Mary's Church, Disley
 * St Mary's Church, Dodleston
 * St Mary's Church, Eccleston
 * St Mary and All Saints' Church, Great Budworth
 * St Mary's Church, Hale
 * St Mary's Church, Halton
 * St Mary's Church, Handbridge
 * St Mary's Chapel, High Legh
 * Church of St Mary of the Angels, Hooton
 * St Mary's Church, Lymm
 * St Mary's Church, Nantwich
 * St Mary's and St Helen's Church, Neston
 * St Mary's Church, Nether Alderley
 * St Mary's Church, Pulford
 * St Mary's Church, Rostherne
 * St Mary's Church, Sandbach
 * St Mary's Church, Thornton-le-Moors
 * St Mary's Church, Tilston
 * St Mary's Church, Warrington
 * St Mary's Church, Weaverham
 * St Mary's Church, Whitegate
 * St Mary's Church, Widnes
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Wistaston

 * Cornwall
 * St Mary's Church, St Mary's, Isles of Scilly
 * St Mary's Old Church, St Mary's, Isles of Scilly
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Week St Mary

 * Cumbria
 * St Mary's Church, Abbeytown
 * St Mary's Church, Allithwaite
 * St Mary Magdalene's Church, Broughton-in-Furness
 * St Mary of Furness Roman Catholic Church, also known as St Mary's Church, Barrow-in-Furness
 * St Mary's Church, Dalton-in-Furness
 * St Mary's Church, Gosforth
 * St Mary and St Michael's Church, Great Urswick
 * St Mary's Church, Hethersgill
 * St Mary's Church, Kirkby Lonsdale
 * St Mary's Church, Penny Bridge
 * St Mary's Church, Staveley
 * St Mary's Church, Ulverston
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Walney
 * St Mary's Church, Walton
 * St Mary's Church, Whicham
 * St Mary's Church, Windermere
 * St Mary's Church, Wreay

 * Derbyshire
 * St Mary and St Laurence's Church, Bolsover
 * St Mary's Church, Chaddesden
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Denby
 * St Mary's Church, Derby
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Newton Solney
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, South Darley
 * St. Mary's Church, Sutton cum Duckmanton
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Weston-on-Trent
 * St Mary's Church, Wirksworth

 * Devon
 * St Mary's Church, Appledore
 * St Mary's Church, North Huish
 * St Marychurch (village & parish), Torbay
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Uffculme

 * Dorset
 * St Mary's Church, Charminster
 * St Mary's Church, Dorchester
 * St Mary the Virgin, Gillingham, Dorset
 * St Mary's Church, Long Crichel
 * St Mary's Church, Longfleet
 * St Mary's Church, Swanage
 * St Mary the Virgin, Tarrant Crawford

 * Durham
 * St Mary's Church, Hartlepool
 * St Mary's Church, Stockton-on-Tees

 * East Riding of Yorkshire
 * St Mary's Church, Beverley

 * East Sussex
 * St Mary Magdalen's Church, Brighton
 * St Mary the Virgin, Brighton
 * St Mary's Church, Hampden Park, Eastbourne
 * St Mary's Church, Glynde
 * St Mary and St Abraam Coptic Orthodox Church, Hove
 * St Mary's Church, Preston Park
 * St Mary's Church, Ticehurst
 * St Mary's Church, Westham
 * St Mary and St Peter's Church, Wilmington

 * Essex
 * St Mary's Church, Burnham on Crouch
 * St Mary's Buttsbury
 * St Mary's Church, Chickney
 * Church of St Mary, Great Baddow
 * St Mary the Virgin, Great Warley
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Harlow
 * St Mary's Church, Lawford
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Little Bromley
 * St Mary's Church, Mundon
 * St Mary's Church, Prittlewell
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Stansted Mountfitchet
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Wendens Ambo
 * Old St Mary's Church, West Bergholt
 * St Mary's Church, Widford

 * Gloucestershire
 * St Mary's Church, Berkeley
 * St Mary's Church, Beverston
 * St Mary of the Angels Church, Brownshill
 * St Mary's Church, Cheltenham
 * St Mary's Church, Fairford
 * St Mary's Church, Kempley
 * St Mary's Church, Little Washbourne
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Meysey Hampton
 * St Mary's Church, Shipton Solars
 * St Mary the Virgin, Wotton-under-Edge

 * Greater Manchester
 * The Hidden Gem (St. Mary’s Roman Catholic Church)
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Bowdon
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Bury
 * St Mary's Church, Cheadle
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Deane
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Eccles
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Ellenbrook
 * Church of St Mary, Hulme
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Leigh
 * St Mary's Church, Lower Ince
 * St Mary's Church, Lowton
 * St Mary's Church, Manchester
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Prestwich
 * Church of St Mary in the Baum, Rochdale
 * St Mary's Church, Stockport

 * Hampshire
 * St Mary's Church, Ashley
 * St Mary's Church, Bishopstoke
 * St Mary's Church, Fordingbridge
 * St Mary's Church, Hartley Wintney
 * St Mary's Church, Hayling Island
 * St Mary's Church, Itchen Stoke
 * St Mary's Church, Micheldever
 * St Mary's Church, Portsea
 * Old Church of St Mary the Virgin, Preston Candover
 * St Mary's Church, Selborne
 * St Mary's Church, South Stoneham
 * St Mary's Church, Southampton
 * St Mary's Church, Twyford

 * Herefordshire
 * St Mary's Church, Wormsley
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Yazor

 * Hertfordshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Baldock
 * St Mary Magdalene's Church, Caldecote
 * St Mary's Church, Hemel Hempstead
 * St Mary's Church, Hitchin
 * St Mary's Church, Little Hormead
 * St. Mary's Church, Northchurch
 * St Mary's Church, Watford
 * St Mary's Church, Welwyn
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Yazor

 * Isle of Wight
 * St Mary's Church, Brading
 * St Mary's Church, Brighstone
 * St Mary's Church, Brook
 * St Mary's Church, Carisbrooke
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Cowes

 * Kent
 * St Mary's Parish Church, Ashford
 * St Mary's Church, Burham
 * St Mary's Church, Capel-le-Ferne
 * St Mary's Church, Dover
 * St Mary's Church, Eastwell
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Fordwich
 * St. Mary's Church, Hadlow
 * St Mary's Church, Higham
 * St Mary's Church, Lamberhurst
 * St Mary's Church, Leigh
 * St Mary's Church, Lenham
 * St Mary's Church, Luddenham
 * St Mary's Church, Nettlestead
 * St Mary's Church, Reculver, founded 669 and demolished 1809
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Reculver
 * St Mary's Church, Sandwich
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Thurnham
 * St Mary's Church, Walmer
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Westerham
 * St. Mary's Church, Chilham
 * St. Mary's Church, Selling

 * Lancashire
 * Church of St Mary le Ghyll, Barnoldswick
 * St Mary's Church, Bolton-le-Sands
 * Church of St Mary and St Michael, Bonds
 * St Mary's Church, Borwick
 * Church of St Mary of the Assumption, Burnley
 * St Mary's Church, Fernyhalgh
 * St Mary's Church, Fleetwood
 * St Mary's Church, Goosnargh
 * St Mary's Church, Mellor
 * St Mary's Church, Morecambe
 * St Mary's Church, Newchurch in Pendle
 * St Mary's Church, Penwortham
 * St Mary's Church, Preston
 * St Mary Magdalene's Church, Ribbleton
 * St Mary's Church, Tarleton
 * St Mary's and All Saints Church, Whalley
 * St Mary's Church, Yealand Conyers

 * Leicestershire
 * St Mary's Church, Anstey
 * St Mary's Church, Barkby
 * St Mary's Church, Bitteswell
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford
 * St Mary's Church, Brentingby
 * St Mary's Church, Garthorpe
 * St Mary's Church, Loughborough
 * St Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray
 * St Mary's Church, Queniborough

 * Lincolnshire
 * St Mary's Church, Barnetby
 * St Mary's Church, Barton-upon-Humber
 * St Mary's Church, Grantham
 * St Mary's Church, Grimsby
 * St Mary and St Peter's Church, Harlaxton
 * St Mary's Church, Horncastle
 * Lincoln Cathedral (Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln)
 * Stow Minster (The Minster Church of St Mary, Stow-in-Lindsey)
 * St Mary's Church, North Cockerington
 * St Mary's Church, Stamford
 * St Mary's Church, Welton

 * London
 * St Mary Abchurch
 * St Mary Aldermary
 * St Mary-at-Hill
 * St Mary's Church, Barnes
 * St Mary's Church, Battersea
 * St Mary the Boltons
 * St Mary's Church, Charing Cross Road
 * St Mary the Virgin's church, Chessington
 * St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Clapham
 * St Mary's Church, Downe
 * St Mary the Virgin, East Barnet
 * St Mary's Church, Edmonton
 * St Mary-at-Finchley Church
 * St Mary's Church, Greenwich
 * St Mary's Church, Hampstead
 * St Mary's Parish Church, Hampton
 * St Mary's Church, Hanwell
 * St Mary's Church, Harrow on the Hill
 * St Mary's Church, Hendon
 * St Mary's Church, Ilford
 * St Mary's Church, Islington
 * St Mary's, Bryanston Square
 * St Mary the Virgin, Monken Hadley
 * St Mary the Virgin, Mortlake
 * St Mary's Church, Putney
 * St Mary's Church, Rotherhithe
 * St Mary's Church, Somers Town
 * St. Mary's New Church, Stoke Newington (parish)
 * St. Mary's Old Church, Stoke Newington
 * St Mary's Church, Summerstown
 * St Mary with St Alban
 * St Mary's Church, Tottenham
 * St Mary's Church, Twickenham
 * St. Mary's Church, Walthamstow
 * St Mary's Church, Welling
 * St Mary's Church, Wimbledon
 * St Mary's Greek Orthodox Church, Wood Green, also known as St Mary's Cathedral
 * St Mary-le-Bow
 * St Mary le Strand
 * St Mary Woolnoth

 * Merseyside
 * Prescot Parish Church, dedicated to St Mary
 * St Mary's Church, Billinge
 * St Mary's Church, Eastham
 * St Mary's Church, Grassendale
 * St Mary's Church, Knowsley
 * St Mary's Church, Presbytery and Convent, Little Crosby
 * St Mary's Church, Walton-on-the-Hill
 * St Mary's Church, Wavertree
 * St Mary's Church, West Derby, Liverpool
 * St Mary's Church, Woolton

 * Norfolk
 * St Mary's Church, Barton Bendish
 * St Mary's Church, East Bradenham
 * St Mary's Church, East Ruston
 * St Mary's Church, Elsing
 * St Mary's Church, Fordham
 * St Mary's Church, Heacham
 * St Mary's Church, Holme-next-the-Sea
 * St Mary's Church, Islington, Norfolk
 * St Mary's Church, Moulton
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Wiggenhall
 * St Mary's Church, Winfarthing

 * Northamptonshire
 * St Mary's Church, Higham Ferrers
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Maidwell
 * St Mary Magdalene, Geddington

 * North Yorkshire
 * St Mary's Church, Birdforth
 * St Mary's Catholic Church, Carlton
 * St Mary's Church, Conistone
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Great Ouseburn
 * St Mary's Church, Harrogate
 * Church of St Mary, Lastingham
 * St Mary's Church, Lead
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham
 * St Mary's Church, Roecliffe
 * St Mary's Church, Scarborough
 * St Mary's Church, South Cowton
 * St Mary's Church, Stainburn
 * St Mary's, Studley Royal
 * St Mary's Church, Tadcaster
 * St Mary's Church, Whitby

 * Northumberland
 * St Mary's Church, Hexham
 * St Mary's, High Church

 * Nottinghamshire
 * St Mary's Church, Arnold
 * St Mary's Church, Attenborough
 * St Mary's Church, Barnstone
 * St Mary's Church, Bleasby
 * St Mary's Church, Bunny
 * St Mary's Church, Car Colston
 * St Mary's Church, Carlton-on-Trent
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Clumber Park
 * St Mary's Church, East Leake
 * St Mary's Church, Edwinstowe
 * St Mary's Church, Greasley
 * St Mary's Church, Lowdham
 * St Mary's Church, Norton Cuckney
 * St Mary's Church, Nottingham
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Plumtree
 * St Mary's Church, Radcliffe on Trent
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, West Stockwith
 * St Mary's Church, Westwood
 * St Mary's Church, Wollaton Park
 * St Mary's Church, Worksop

 * Oxfordshire
 * St Mary's Church, Banbury
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Black Bourton
 * St Mary's Church, Chastleton
 * St Mary's Church, Newnham Murren
 * St Mary's Church, North Leigh
 * University Church of St Mary the Virgin, Oxford
 * Chapel of St Mary at Smith Gate, Oxford
 * St Mary's Church, Pyrton

 * Rutland
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Ayston
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Ketton

 * Shropshire
 * St Mary's Church, Acton Burnell
 * St Mary Magdalene's Church, Battlefield
 * Church of St Mary, Bitterley
 * Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bromfield
 * St Mary's Church, Burford
 * St Mary's Church, Cleobury Mortimer
 * St Mary's Church, Edstaston
 * St Mary's Church, Ellesmere
 * St Mary's Church, Hopesay
 * St Mary's Church, Madeley
 * St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury

 * Somerset
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Barrington
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Batcombe
 * St Mary's Church, Bathwick
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bathwick
 * St Mary's Church, Berrow
 * St Mary's Church, Bishops Lydeard
 * St Mary's Church, Bridgwater
 * Church of St Mary, Brompton Ralph
 * Church of St Mary & All Saints, Broomfield
 * St Mary's Church, Bruton
 * St Mary's Church, Cannington
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Chard
 * St Mary's Church, Chedzoy
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Chewton Mendip
 * Church of St Mary, Christon
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Croscombe
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Ditcheat
 * St Mary's Church, East Brent
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, East Stoke
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Great Elm
 * St Mary's Church, Hardington
 * St Mary's Church, Hemington
 * St Mary's Church, Ilminster
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Isle Abbotts
 * St Mary's Church, Kingston St Mary
 * St Mary Magdalene's Church, Langridge
 * St Mary's Church, Litton
 * St Mary's Church, Luccombe
 * St Mary's Church, Marston Magna
 * St Mary's Church, Meare
 * St Mary's Church, Moorlinch
 * St Mary's Church, Mudford
 * Church of St Mary, Nempnett Thrubwell
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Nettlecombe
 * Church of St Mary, North Petherton
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Norton Sub Hamdon
 * Church of St Mary, Orchardleigh
 * St Mary's Church, Portbury
 * Church of St Mary, Rimpton
 * St Mary's Church, Saltford
 * Church of St Mary, Spaxton
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Stanton Drew
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Stocklinch
 * St Mary's Church, Stogumber
 * Church of St Nicholas and the Blessed Virgin Mary, Stowey
 * St Mary Magdalene, Taunton
 * St Mary's Church, Wedmore
 * St Mary's Church, West Buckland
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Westonzoyland
 * Church of St Mary and St Peter, Winford
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Winsford
 * Church of St Mary, Witham Friary
 * Church of St Mary, Woolavington
 * St Mary's Church, Yatton

 * South Yorkshire
 * St Mary's Church, Barnsley
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Beighton
 * St Mary's Church, Bolsterstone
 * St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane
 * St Mary's Church, Handsworth, Sheffield
 * St Mary's Church, Tickhill
 * Church of St Mary, Wheatley
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Sprotbrough

 * Staffordshire
 * St Mary's Church, Blymhill
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bromfield
 * St Mary and St Modwen Church, Burton-on-Trent
 * St Mary's and All Saints' Church, Checkley
 * St Mary's Church, Lichfield
 * St Mary's Church, Patshull
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Uttoxeter
 * St Mary's Catholic Church, Uttoxeter

 * Suffolk
 * St Mary's Church, Akenham
 * St Mary's Church, Badley
 * St Mary's Church, Brent Eleigh
 * St Mary's Church, Bungay
 * St Mary's Church, Bury St Edmunds
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Cavendish
 * St Mary's Church, Chilton
 * St Mary's Church, Ickworth
 * St Mary's Church, Redgrave
 * St Mary's Church, Rickinghall Superior
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Stonham Parva
 * St Mary's Church, Washbrook
 * St Mary's Church, Wortham

 * Surrey
 * St Mary's Church, Ewell
 * Church of St Mary, Fetcham
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Horsell
 * St Mary's, Staines
 * Church of St Mary, Stanwell
 * St Mary's Oatlands, Surrey

 * Teesside
 * St Mary's Church, Longnewton

 * Tyne and Wear
 * St Mary's Church, Sunderland

 * Warwickshire
 * St Mary's Church, Atherstone
 * St Mary's Church, Leamington Spa
 * St Mary's Church, Warwick

 * West Midlands
 * St Mary's Church, Aldridge
 * St Mary's Church, Handsworth
 * St Mary's Church, Moseley
 * St Mary's Church, Selly Oak
 * St Mary's Church, Temple Balsall
 * St Mary's Church, Walsgrave
 * St Mary's Church, Walsall
 * St Mary & All Saints, Walsall
 * St Mary and St John Church, Wolverhampton

 * West Sussex
 * St Mary's Church, Broadwater
 * St Mary's Church, Goring-by-Sea
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, North Stoke
 * St Mary's Church, Shipley
 * St Mary de Haura Church, Shoreham-by-Sea
 * St Mary Our Lady, Sidlesham
 * St Mary's Church, Slaugham
 * Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting
 * St Mary's Church, Walberton
 * St Mary's Church, West Chiltington

 * West Yorkshire
 * St Mary the Virgin Church, Boston Spa
 * St Mary's Church, Garforth
 * St Mary's Church, Halifax
 * St Mary the Virgin's Church, Middleton
 * St Mary's in the Wood Church, Morley
 * St Mary's Church, Swillington

 * Wiltshire
 * St Mary's Church, Calne
 * St Mary's Church, Chute Forest
 * St. Mary's Church, East Knoyle
 * St Mary's Church, Maddington
 * St Mary's Church, Marlborough
 * St Mary's Church, Old Dilton
 * St Mary's Church, Purton
 * St Mary's Church, Shrewton
 * St Mary's Church, South Tidworth
 * St Mary's Church, Whaddon, Wiltshire
 * St Mary's Church, Wilton

 * Worcestershire
 * St Mary the Virgin, Hanbury
 * St Mary's Church, Wythall

Northern Ireland

 * Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Derrytrasna, County Armagh
 * St Mary's Church of Ireland Parish Church, Macosquin, County Londonderry
 * St Mary’s RC Church, Macosquin, County Londonderry
 * St Mary's Church of Ireland, Newry
 * St Mary's, Chapel Street (formerly Newry Cathedral), Newry

Scotland

 * St Mary's Church, Auchindoir, Aberdeenshire
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Arbroath, Angus
 * St Mary's Episcopal Church, Dunblane, Stirling
 * St Mary's Church, Stirling
 * St Mary's Collegiate Church, Haddington, East Lothian
 * Dairsie Old Church, formerly St Mary's Church, Fife
 * St Mary's Church, Cove Bay, Aberdeenshire
 * Dundee Parish Church (St Mary's)
 * St Mary's Chapel, Wyre, Orkney
 * St Mary's Chapel, Rattray, Aberdeenshire
 * Chapel of St. Mary, Colonsay, Argyll
 * St Mary, Our Lady of Victories Church, Dundee
 * Priory Church, South Queensferry, or St Mary's Episcopal Church, South Queensferry
 * Church of St Mary on the Rock, St Andrews
 * Saint Mary's, Calton, Glasgow
 * St. Mary's Parish Church, Kirkintilloch
 * St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal), Edinburgh
 * St Mary's, Fochabers, Moray

Wales

 * Anglesey
 * St Mary's Church, Bodewryd
 * St Mary's Church, Holyhead
 * St Mary's Church, Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf
 * St Mary's Church, Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
 * St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yng-Nghornwy
 * St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yn-Neubwll
 * St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yn-y-Cwmwd
 * St Mary's Church, Llannerch-y-medd
 * St Mary's Church, Menai Bridge
 * St Mary's Church, Pentraeth
 * St Mary's Church, Rhodogeidio
 * St Mary's Church, Tal-y-llyn

 * Bridgend
 * St Mary's Church, Coity Higher

 * Cardiff
 * St Mary's Church, Cardiff, collapsed and abandoned c. 1700

 * Carmarthenshire
 * St Mary's Church, Llanfair-ar-y-bryn
 * St Mary's Church, Llanllwch
 * St Mary's Church, Kidwelly

 * Ceredigion
 * St Mary's Church, Cardigan

 * Conwy
 * St Mary's Church, Betws-y-Coed
 * St Mary and All Saints' Church, Conwy
 * St Mary's Church, Llanrwst, demolished

 * Denbighshire
 * St Mary's Church, Derwen
 * St Mary's Church, Betws Gwerful Goch

 * Flintshire
 * St Mary's Church, Cilcain
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Halkyn
 * St Mary's Church, Mold
 * St Mary's Church, Northop Hall

 * Gwynedd
 * St Mary's Church, Penllech

 * Monmouthshire
 * Priory Church of St Mary, Abergavenny
 * St Mary's Church, Caldicot
 * St Mary's Church, Chepstow
 * Church of St Mary the Virgin, Llanfair Kilgeddin
 * St Mary's Church, Magor
 * St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth
 * Prior Church of St Mary, Usk

 * Neath Port Talbot
 * St Mary's Church, Aberavon

 * Newport
 * St Mary's Church, Llanwern
 * St Mary's Church, Malpas
 * St Mary the Virgin parish church, Marshfield
 * St Mary's Church, Nash

 * Pembrokeshire
 * St Mary's Church, Haverfordwest
 * St Mary's Church, Tenby

 * Powys
 * St Mary's Church, Brecon

 * Swansea
 * St Mary's Church, Pennard
 * St Mary's Church, Swansea

 * Vale of Glamorgan
 * St Mary Church, Llanfair, Vale of Glamorgan

Isle of Man
See List of churches on the Isle of Man
 * St Mary (Abbey Church), Ballasalla
 * St Mary (Old Church), Ballaugh (defunct)
 * St Mary de Ballaugh, Ballaugh
 * St Mary's Catholic Church, Castletown
 * St. Mary's on the Harbour, Castletown
 * St. Mary of the Isle Church, Douglas
 * St Mary, Port St Mary
 * Ballure Church (St Mary's), Ballure, Isle of Man

Tristan da Cunha

 * St. Mary's Church, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

Alabama

 * St. Mary of the Visitation Catholic Church (Huntsville, Alabama)

Arizona

 * Saint Mary's Catholic Church (Kingman, Arizona)
 * Old St. Mary's Church (Tempe, Arizona)
 * St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix), Arizona, also known and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)-listed as St. Mary's Church
 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Phoenix)

Arkansas

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Helena-West Helena, Arkansas)

California

 * St. Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (Los Angeles)

Colorado

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Colorado Springs, Colorado)

Connecticut

 * St. Mary Church (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary's Church (Coventry, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary's Church (Greenwich, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary's Church (New Haven, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary Parish (Newington, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary Church (Norwalk, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary's Church (Norwich, Connecticut)
 * St. Mary's Church (Stamford, Connecticut)

Delaware

 * St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Church (Wilmington, Delaware)

Florida

 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Green Cove Springs, Florida)

Georgia

 * Saint Mary's Catholic Church (Rome, Georgia)

Idaho

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Boise, Idaho)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Caldwell, Idaho)

Illinois

 * St. Mary's Church (Beaverville, Illinois)
 * St. Mary's Church of Gilberts
 * St. Mary of the Woods Catholic Church, in Chicago, Illinois
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, included in Sycamore Historic District

Indiana

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Huntington, Indiana)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Indianapolis, Indiana)

Iowa

 * Holy Family Catholic Church (Fort Madison, Iowa) (St. Mary of the Assumption Church)
 * St. Mary of the Visitation Catholic Church (Ottumwa, Iowa)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Davenport, Iowa)
 * Saint Mary's Catholic Church (Dubuque, Iowa)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Guttenberg, Iowa)
 * St. Mary's Church and Rectory (Iowa City, Iowa)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Nichols, Iowa)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Riverside, Iowa)

Kansas

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Purcell, Kansas)
 * St. Mary's Church (St. Benedict, Kansas)

Maine

 * St. Mary's Church (Augusta, Maine)

Maryland

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Bryantown, Maryland)
 * St. Mary's Church (Emmorton, Maryland)
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Newport, Maryland)

Massachusetts

 * St. Mary's Church (Dedham, Massachusetts)
 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Dorchester, Massachusetts)
 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts)
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church-St. Mary's School (Southbridge, Massachusetts)
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church Complex (Waltham, Massachusetts)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Winchester, Massachusetts)

Michigan

 * Saint Mary of Good Counsel Catholic Church (Adrian, Michigan)
 * St. Mary Roman Catholic Church (Detroit)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Gaylord, Michigan), listed as a Michigan State Historic Site
 * St. Mary Church (Lansing)
 * St. Mary Star of the Sea Catholic Church (Jackson, Michigan)
 * St. Mary's Church Complex Historic District (Monroe, Michigan)
 * St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan)

Minnesota

 * Church of St. Mary (Melrose, Minnesota)
 * Saint Mary's Church of the Purification (Shakopee, Minnesota)

Missouri

 * St. Mary's Church (Adair, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Missouri
 * St. Mary's Parish (Bridgeton, Missouri)

Montana

 * St. Mary's Mission (Montana) (St. Mary's Church and Pharmacy), Stevensville

New Hampshire

 * Ste. Marie Church (Manchester, New Hampshire)

New Jersey

 * St. Mary's Church (South River, New Jersey)
 * St. Mary's Church (Wharton, New Jersey)
 * Saint Mary of Mount Virgin Roman Catholic Church, New Brunswick

New York

 * St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)
 * St. Mary's Church (Ballston Spa, New York)
 * Church of Saint Mary the Virgin (Chappaqua, New York)
 * St. Mary's Church (Rochester, New York)
 * St. Mary's Church (Swormville, New York)
 * St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo, Tuxedo Park, New York
 * St. Mary's Church (Wappingers Falls, New York)

 * New York City
 * St. Mary's Church (Bronx)
 * St. Mary Church (Grand Street, Manhattan)
 * St. Mary Church (69th Street, Manhattan)
 * St. Mary's Church (Staten Island)
 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Brooklyn)
 * St. Mary Magdalen Church (New York City), Manhattan
 * St. Margaret Mary's Church (Bronx)
 * Church of St. Mary the Virgin (Manhattan)
 * St. Mary & St. Antonios Coptic Orthodox Church, Queens

North Carolina

 * St. Mary Catholic Church (Greensboro, North Carolina)
 * St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Asheville, North Carolina)
 * St. Mary's Chapel (Hillsborough, North Carolina)
 * St. Mary's Chapel (Raleigh, North Carolina)

North Dakota

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Medora, North Dakota)
 * St. Mary's Church Non-Contiguous Historic District, Hague

Ohio

 * Old St. Mary's Church (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * Saint Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church, Columbus
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Delaware, Ohio)
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Elyria, Ohio)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Massillon, Ohio)
 * St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Church (Morges, Ohio)
 * St. Mary of the Annunciation Catholic Church (Portsmouth, Ohio)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Sandusky, Ohio)
 * St. Mary Mother of the Redeemer Church (Toledo, Ohio)

Oregon

 * St. Mary's Cathedral (Portland, Oregon)
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Mount Angel, Oregon)
 * St. Mary Roman Catholic Church (Eugene, Oregon)

Pennsylvania

 * Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church (Darby, Pennsylvania)
 * St. Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)
 * St. Mary's Church (Pittsburgh)

Rhode Island

 * St. Mary's Church and Cemetery (Crompton, Rhode Island)
 * St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)
 * St. Mary's Church of the Immaculate Conception Complex, Pawtucket

South Carolina

 * St. Mary of the Annunciation Catholic Church (Charleston, South Carolina)

South Dakota

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Salem, South Dakota)

Tennessee

 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Memphis, Tennessee)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Nashville, Tennessee)

Texas

 * Cathedral of Saint Mary (Austin, Texas)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Brenham, Texas)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Fredericksburg, Texas)
 * Saint Mary's Catholic Church (Victoria, Texas)
 * St. Mary's Church of the Assumption (Praha, Texas)

Virginia

 * St. Mary (Alexandria, Virginia); see Lyceum (Alexandria, Virginia)
 * St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Roman Catholic Church (Fredericksburg, Virginia)
 * St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia)
 * St. Mary's Church (Norfolk, Virginia)

Wisconsin

 * Old St. Mary's Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church (Kaukauna, Wisconsin)
 * St. Mary's Parish (Appleton, Wisconsin)
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Port Washington, Wisconsin)
 * St. Mary of the Angels Church and Monastery, Green Bay

Wyoming

 * St. Mary's Catholic Cathedral (Cheyenne, Wyoming)

title: St. Mary's Church


text:
Cainan

Cainan (from קֵינָן Qēnān, Kēnān) is mentioned in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Book of Genesis, the Book of Jubilees and the genealogy of Jesus given in Luke 3:36 in the New Testament. He is described as a son of Arpachshad and father of Salah, who lived in the time between Noah and Abraham.

The postdiluvian Cainan does not appear in the (Proto-)Masoretic Text, the most common Hebrew version of Genesis, where Arpachshad is noted as the father of Salah. He is also omitted from the Samaritan Pentateuch and the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus. Helen Jacobus has argued that the omission from the Masoretic text is deliberate.

Despite his name being omitted from the Masoretic text, a substantial number of traditions about this other Cainan exist in the history of literature:

According to the Book of Jubilees, Cainan was taught to read by his father, and he found, carved on the rocks by former generations, an inscription preserving the science of astrology as taught by the Watchers, who had rebelled from God before the deluge. He is also stated to have married a daughter of Madai named Melka.

In The Patriarchal Age: or, the History and Religion of Mankind (1854), George Smith writes: "It is remarkable that, notwithstanding the omission of the name of Cainan from the Hebrew text, and the consequent general rejection of him by historians, there are more traditions preserved of him than of his son Salah. "The Alexandrine Chronicle derives the Samaritans from Cainan; Eustachius Antiochenus, the Saggodians; George Syncellus, the Gaspheni; Epiphanius the Cajani. Besides the particulars already mentioned, it is said Cainan was the first after the flood who invented astronomy, and that his sons made a god of him, and worshiped his image after his death. The founding of the city of Harran in Mesopotamia is also attributed to him; which, it is pretended, is so called from a son he had of that name." – Anc. Univ. Hist., vol. i, p. 96, note." The Alexandrian World Chronicle states: And Arphaxad begat Cainan, from whom the Samaritans from the east come from. And Cainan begat Salathee, whence the Salathees are made. (Latin: Et arfaxad genuit cainan, unde fiunt qui ab oriente samaritae. Cainan autem genuit Salathee, unde fiunt Salathii.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cainan


text:
Peel baronets

There have been three baronetcies created for persons with the surname Peel, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.

The Peel baronetcy, of Drayton Manor in the County of Stafford and of Bury in the County Palatine of Lancaster, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 29 November 1800. For more information on this creation, see Earl Peel.

The Peel baronetcy, of Tyersall Hall in the parish of Calverley in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 2 September 1897 for Theophilus Peel. The title became extinct on his death in 1911.

The Peel baronetcy, of Eyeworth in the County of Bedford, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 14 July 1936 for Sidney Peel, Member of Parliament for Uxbridge from 1918 to 1922. He was the third son of Arthur Peel, 1st Viscount Peel, fifth son of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (see Earl Peel). The title became extinct on his death in 1938.

Peel baronets, of Drayton Manor and Bury (1800)

 * see Earl Peel

Peel baronets, of Tyersall Hall (1897)

 * Sir Theophilus Peel, 1st Baronet (1837–1911)

Peel baronets, of Eyeworth (1936)

 * Sir Sidney Cornwallis Peel, 1st Baronet (1870–1938)

title: Peel baronets


text:
World of Wonders (novel)

World of Wonders is the third novel in Robertson Davies's Deptford Trilogy.

First published by Macmillan of Canada in 1975, this novel focuses on the life-story of the fictional conjuror Magnus Eisengrim.

Plot
Magnus Eisengrim (also known by at least four other names throughout the trilogy) tells the story of his life to a group of filmmakers who are producing a biographical film about the great magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin for the BBC. They are headed by the world-famous Swedish director Jurgen Lind (evidently modeled on Ingmar Bergman). Also present during the story are Eisengrim's friends Dunstan Ramsay and Liesl, who both appear in the earlier installments of the Deptford Trilogy. Ramsay reprises the role of narrator which he played in the first novel, Fifth Business, but in this case it is only to add context and continuity to the internal narration of Eisengrim. The life story of Eisengrim pulls together many events found throughout the previous two novels, showing them from a different perspective.

A Bottle in the Smoke
This section deals with Paul's life travelling with Wanless World of Wonders carnival as well as playing in vaudeville theatres during the winters. The section title derives from the biblical reference to a bottle as a goatskin that has been cured and hardened by smoke from a fire. Paul has similarly been hardened by his experiences at the hands of Willard, the magician who abducts Paul and subjects him to sexual abuse.

Merlin's Laugh
In this section, Paul has arrived in London and is recruited as a stunt double to Sir John Tresize, actor-manager of a stage company. After playing stages in London and elsewhere in Britain, the troop does a long tour in Canada. Paul, who is called Mungo Fetch within the company, is strongly influenced by both Tresize and his wife, "Milady". In the telling, Magnus reveals that Ingestree as a young man had also joined Tresize's troop and had embarrassed himself in several ways. Magnus also shows how Ingestree later revenged himself on Tresize by a spiteful act.

Le Lit de Justice
In this epilogue section, Liesl, Magnus, and Dunstan share a large bed (lit) in the Savoy hotel in London after the completion of the film. Dunstan and Liesl question Magnus based on his earlier revelations, and the mystery of the death of Boy Staunton is finally resolved.

Primary characters

 * Magnus Eisengrim – As the main focus of the novel, much of the story revolves around Eisengrim telling his life story in order to explain his context for playing the character of Robert Houdin.
 * Dunstan Ramsay – The narrator and good friend of both Eisengrim and Liesl.
 * Liesl
 * Jurgen Lind
 * Roland Ingestree – Executive producer of the film for the BBC
 * Kinghovn – Lind's cameraman

Themes
The book contains an extended treatment of the paedophilic abuse inflicted on the young Eisengrim by his abductor who repeatedly sodomizes him and uses him to obtain morphine, but in turn teaches him hand magic.

In light of its recurring focus on theatre and performance, scholars such as Katrina Dunn have discussed World of Wonders as theatre-fiction.

title: World of Wonders (novel)


text:
Mahalaleel

Mahalaleel may refer to:

 * The name of an individual in the Generations of Adam, also called Mahalalel
 * The name of a descendant of Perez, in the Book of Nehemiah
 * A code name for Algernon Sidney Gilbert used in the Doctrine and Covenants - see List of code names in the Doctrine and Covenants

title: Mahalaleel


text:
Juan García Oliver

Joan Garcia i Oliver (1901–1980) was a Catalan anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary and Minister of Justice of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a leading figure of anarchism in Spain.

Childhood and family
Joan Garcia i Oliver was born on January 20, 1901, in Reus, Baix Camp, into a working class family. He was the son of Antònia Oliver i Figueras, a native of Reus, and José Garcia i Alba, a native of Xàtiva. At that time, the family lived at 32 Carrer Sant Elias in the old town of Reus. Joan was the son of his father's second marriage, after being widowed, and he had four siblings, Elvira, Mercè, Pere and Antònia, and three half-siblings, Josep, Dídac and Lluïsa; but their step-siblings did not live with them, instead they lived in Cambrils.

His brother Pere died of meningitis at the age of 7, when Joan was still very young. As a result the family had to go into debt and their mother had to start working on the street. When he was 7 years old, he was able to receive primary education for a few months. But, as a result of the birth of his sister Antònia and the beginning of a strike at the Vapor Nou where his father worked, he was forced to temporarily leave his studies and start working. He worked as a boy, earning one real a day in a small bag factory. In spite of everything, Joan was able to resume his primary studies at the age of 8 in the school of the republican teacher Grau, after passing an entrance exam. His primary schooling finished when he turned 11 years old.

As a young man, Joan Garcia worked in the wine trading house of Lluís Quer's widow, earning 5 pesetas a month, for three years. In the autumn of 1914, at the age of only thirteen and tired of routine work, he decided to escape to France in search of work; he had only a basic knowledge of French which he had learned self-taught. When he was near the border and without money, he realized that this had not been a good idea and returned to Reus. Later, he worked temporarily in several restaurants. First, at the La Nacional inn for 20 pesetas a month, then at the Sport Bar restaurant for a peseta a day and finally, at the Hotel Nacional de Tarragona for 50 pesetas a month. At the age of fifteen, he decided to move to Barcelona to find work and began working as a waiter at La Ibérica del Padre and later at the second-class inn Hotel Jardín.

Social awareness
In Barcelona, the young Garcia Oliver was in a time of great social unrest and intense union struggle. Garcia Oliver experienced the general strike of 1917 as an observer; it was his second experience in a social conflict. Tired of his job as a waiter at the Hotel Jardín, he left and started working at the Las Palmeras bar-restaurant in the Boqueria market. He took a seasonal job as a waiter at the Colònia Puig de Montserrat in the spring of 1918 and, after completing it, at the Hotel Restaurant La Española in Carrer de la Boqueria, where he apprenticed as a cook. In this last job he began to attend the conferences of the Society of Waiters Alliance, that took place in the Cabanyes street.

Anarcho-syndicalism
In 1919 he first joined the Society of Waiters L'Aliança, a member of the UGT, but later participated in the formation of the Union of the Hospitality Industry, Restaurants, Cafes and Annexes which was integrated into the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Garcia i Oliver later organized workers in Reus, led the CNT's provincial committee and was jailed during a strike action.

In 1922, he took part in the formation of the Los Solidarios direct action group which, in 1923, assassinated Cardinal Juan Soldevilla y Romero in Zaragoza and General Secretary of the Sindicatos Libres Joan Laguía Lliteras in Manresa. Garcia i Oliver subsequently worked as a polisher in France, where he unsuccessfully plotted to kill Alfonso XIII and Benito Mussolini. Upon his reentry to Catalunya in 1924, he was arrested in Manresa and imprisoned in Burgos, before being moved to Pamplona in 1926. He was released when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed and returned to Barcelona, where he joined the Iberian Anarchist Federation (Federación Anarquista Ibérica, FAI). He is said to have invented the red and black flag of the CNT, which was first exhibited on May 1, 1931. He was secretary of the FAI and attended the third confederal congress of the CNT in Madrid from 10 to 16 June 1931, where he declared that it was necessary to launch into the revolution without waiting.

In 1932 he took part in the anarchist insurrection of Alt Llobregat and was imprisoned again. He promoted the formation of the National Revolutionary Committee (which was based in Badalona) and led the January 1933 insurrection, which landed him back in prison. He was released after the electoral victory of the left in February 1936 elections. He participated in the IV Congress of the CNT in Zaragoza in May 1936, and anticipating the military uprising, he was part of the group that sought the supply of weapons. However, this project was not adopted because of the attitude of Federica Montseny and Diego Abad de Santillán, among others. After the July days of fighting in Barcelona, a plenary session of local and regional groups took place on July 23. Garcia i Oliver and the district of Baix Llobregat proposed the proclamation of libertarian communism, but there was unanimity against it. He promoted the formation of the Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia and organized the Harriers Column, which he marched with to the Aragon front. But he was called back to Barcelona to act as a representative of the CNT in the Committee, as the head of the War Department.

On November 4, 1936, the CNT decided to join the war government of Francisco Largo Caballero, with Garcia i Oliver acting as the Minister of Justice. He began organizing the "People's War Schools" and set up work camps for political detainees. In his tenure as minister, court fees were abolished and criminal records destroyed. In Barcelona there were a series of confrontations between revolutionary groups and the republican government, known as the May Days. Garcia i Oliver urged the Barcelona CNT to abandon the struggle that had broken out in the streets, and called for a ceasefire. With the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939, he settled in Sweden, Venezuela and finally Mexico. In 1978, two years before his death, Garcia Oliver published his autobiography, El eco de los pasos.

title: Juan García Oliver


text:
Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul

Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villiers-St-Paul (1552 – 1636) was a French diplomat. Although he came from a Calvinist family, who had been exiled during the French Wars of Religion, Jean, through cultivating connections with Henry IV eventually was restored to a portion of his patrimony.

Early life
Hotman was the eldest son of the famous jurist and author François Hotman. He was born in Lausanne because his family was in exile during the Wars of Religion in France. His father, although heir to an estate, did not take the title of Marquis because his adherence to Protestantism distanced him from his extended family.

Due in part to the religious conflicts, the family moved often. From 1555 to 1563, they were in Strasbourg, from 1563 to 1566 in Valence, from 1566 to 1572, in Bourges, from 1572 to 1578 in Geneva. In 1578, they moved for the last time to Basel where Jean's father Francis would die in 1590.

Jean studied law at Valence, graduating before 1568. He later went to Paris in 1578, and through his father's influence, was named a tutor in the household of the English Ambassador to Paris, Sir Amias Paulet (ambassador 1576–1579). He tutored Amias' two sons, Anthony and George. When Amias was recalled to England in November 1579, Jean followed him there to continue tutoring his sons. Sir Francis Bacon also traveled with Sir Amias during this time 1577–78, and it is possible they knew each other.

Middle life
In March 1580, Jean, Anthony and George settled at Oxford where he became acquainted with many current or soon-to-be famous persons. Jean graduated from the University of Oxford in 1581, with a doctorate in law. Anthony Paulet would later receive an M.A. and eventually succeeded his father as Governor of Jersey(see DNB, XV, pg 527). His three-years-younger brother George took another route with a good marriage (see DNB, XV, pg 528).

While at Oxford, Jean fell in with a group of fellows including Richard Hakluyt, Henry Cuffe (1563–1601) and Sir Philip Sidney. Through Philip Sidney and Amias Paulet, Hotman caught the attention of Philip's uncle Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the Chancellor of the University, who around May/Oct 1582, engaged him as one of his secretaries. This brought Hotman to the court of Queen Elizabeth.

Despite this, he moved back to the continent. He was at Caen in 1584, where he was nominated "prieur du college des droits", but he left when they would not pay him. About 1584 or 1585, he was married, probably in France, to Renee de St Martin, the former lady-in-waiting to Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich. And on 14 January 1585, he was appointed counsellor and master of requests by Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV.

He returned to England, where he followed Leicester to the Low Countries in May 1585, and when Leicester returned to England, he left Hotman behind as his agent, with the special commission to pacify the troubles in Utrecht. He performed this task well and wrote to Leicester but had the effrontery to write directly to Queen Elizabeth for which Leicester upbraided him. This did not lead to a permanent breach for "When Leicester after his second stay in the Netherlands, returned to England (Dec 1587), Hotman was one of his retinue." (Posthumus, pg 40)

In 1588, he was appointed Prebendary of Ilfracombe with an income of 28 pounds, although mostly eaten up by taxes and expenses. In March 1588, he was entered at Gray's Inn, but apparently did not embark on a legal career.

In Scotland
In August 1589 Hotman travelled to Scotland, to Edinburgh and then met the king James VI at Falkland Palace. James VI gave him a jewel and a ring with a diamond set in a star. Hotman left Edinburgh and stayed at Whittingehame Tower on 20 August 1589 with Richard Douglas. He may have travelled in the company of the poet Henry Constable.

Later life
Upon the death of his father in 1590, he returned to France to settle the estate and became the guardian of his three unmarried sisters. One of these, Suzanne has a marriage contract dated 1594 in Paris. She is perhaps the most well-known of his sisters, having known modern descendants in Canada and the United States, which has made her and especially her husband, the subject of a few scholarly articles.

In his treatise that was translated into English in 1603 as "The Ambassador", John Hotman warned diplomats against hiring servants from the country to which they were assigned for fear these hirelings would act as spies. He even recommended that ambassadors take their wives with them to supervise their households in order to prevent its members from revealing sensitive information to outsiders.

At one point, he apparently received in France the title of Comte (Count) d'Hotman. Sometime before 1619, he was French ambassador to the Duchy of Berg at Düsseldorf.

title: Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul


text:
Starting fluid

Starting fluid is a volatile, flammable liquid which is used to aid the starting of internal combustion engines, especially during cold weather or in engines that are difficult to start using conventional starting procedures. It is typically available in an aerosol spray can, and may sometimes be used for starting direct injected diesel engines or lean burn spark engines running on alcohol fuel. Some modern starting fluid products contain mostly volatile hydrocarbons such as heptane (the main component of natural gasoline), with a small portion of diethyl ether, and carbon dioxide (as a propellant). Some formulations contain butane or propane as both propellant and starting fuel. Historically, diethyl ether, with a small amount of oil, a trace amount of a stabilizer and a hydrocarbon propellant has been used to help start internal combustion engines because of its low 160 C autoignition temperature.

Diethyl ether is distinct from petroleum ether (a crude oil distillate consisting mostly of pentane and other alkanes) which has also been used for starting engines.

Four stroke engines
Starting fluid is sprayed into the engine intake near the air filter, or into the carburetor bore or a spark plug hole of an engine to get added fuel to the combustion cylinder quickly. Using starting fluid to get the engine running faster avoids wear to starters and fatigue to one's arm with pull start engines, especially on rarely used machines. Other uses include cold weather starting, vehicles that run out of fuel and thus require extra time to restore fuel pressure, and sometimes with flooded engines. Mechanics sometimes use it to diagnose starting problems by determining whether the spark and ignition system of the vehicle is functioning; if the spark is adequate but the fuel delivery system is not, the engine will run until the starting fluid vapors are consumed. It is used more often with carbureted engines than with fuel injection systems. Caution is required when using starting fluid with diesel engines that have preheat systems in the intake or glow-plugs installed, as the starting fluid may pre-ignite, leading to engine damage.

Two stroke engines
Starting fluid is not recommended for regular use with some two-stroke engines because it does not possess lubricating qualities by itself. Lubrication for two-stroke engines is achieved using oil that is either mixed into the fuel by the user or injected automatically into the fuel supply; engines requiring premixed fuel that are run solely on starting fluid do not receive an adequate supply of lubrication to their crankcase and cylinder(s). Engines that haven't been run recently are especially vulnerable to damage from oil starvation; starting fluid, a strong solvent, tends to strip residual oil off of cranks and cylinder walls, further reducing lubrication during the period of fuel starvation. WD-40 was previously recommended for use on two stroke engines because it has lubricating qualities, but the formulation with non-flammable CO2 as propellant instead of propane no longer has the same combustible nature, making it useless as starting fluid on any type of engine.

Abuse
Diethyl ether has a long history as a medical anesthetic; when starting fluid was mostly ether, a similar effect could be obtained using it. Use at the present time directly as an inhalant includes the effect of the petroleum solvents, which are more toxic as inhalants than diethyl ether.

Sometimes referred to as "passing the shirt," the starting fluid is sprayed on a piece of cloth and held up to one's face for inhalation. This trend has gradually picked up since the turn of the century, as phrases such as "etherized" and "ethervision" have gained popularity. The effects of inhalation vary, but have been known to include lightheadedness, loss of coordination, paranoia, and sometimes hallucinations.

title: Starting fluid


text:
Talk:Olecko

Following page history has been merged from Oletzko County through a copy/paste action. Olecko page already existed with contents and therefore Oletzko County page history could not be moved with it.

(cur) (last). . m 23:38, 9 May 2004. . Dieter Simon (Redirected to Olecko) (cur) (last). . 23:39, 15 Apr 2004. . Dieter Simon (This article should be merged with Olecko) (cur) (last). . 02:39, 15 Apr 2004. . Cyrius (adding VfD notice) (cur) (last). . m 07:49, 9 Apr 2004. . RedWolf (dab Polish) (cur) (last). . m 02:48, 7 Apr 2004. . Halibutt (cur) (last). . 14:33, 5 Apr 2004. . Cautious (cur) (last). . 14:32, 5 Apr 2004. . Cautious

--Dieter Simon 01:20, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, User: 217.93.94.107 I agree with you and have no quarrels with what you are saying, but think you ought to take it up with User: Cautious. He was the one who queried my previous entries in the article. See the following User:Talk entrie under my user page which I have copied over to make it plainer:

Please be advised, that Margrabova was the first city located in the Oletzko County and is not identical with Oletzko. Only what happenned, is that the capital of the County was moved to the Margrabova, after renaming it to Treuburg.Cautious 07:11, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC) See http://www.literad.de/regional/treuburg.html Cautious 07:15, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

You are partly right. There were 2 cities: Marggrabova and Oleztko, not so far from each other. Marggrabova was renamed Treuburg in 1928. I don't know, when both cities were united. Cautious 07:02, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

And your own entry follows:

As I know, there was (and is) only one city. It beared the names Marggrabowa, Treuburg and Olecko over the times. Oletzko was a hunting lodge as well as a castle adjacent to the city, separated only by a tiny river. The name of the castle laterly was extended to the surrounding area, the district and, to complete the confusion, even to Marggrabowa's railway and postal station! It is possible that the City of Marggrabowa and Oletzko-the-castle originally have been administratively separated. But the castle wasn't a city itself. 217.93.94.107 23:53, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

As I say, I agree with you but it is not me you should query this with. Dieter Simon 01:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"In 1920, a plebiscite was held in the area by the League of Nations on remaining in East Prussia or affiliation with the recreated state of Poland. After an overwhelming result of 28,625 pro-German votes against 2 pro-Polish, the county remained with Germany."

Any serious source?--Witkacy 23:16, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, Witkacy, there are at least two Polish sources in Polish, and the same website has also created a site in English, that is apart from those mirror sites which follow the Wikipedia article. It looks pretty substantiated, they are all talking about "a plebiscite in Olecko in 1920 was a catastrophic failure", etc. Also state "only two votes were given for Poland".
 * See: http://www.um.olecko.pl/aole.htm, see also
 * http://www.lo.olecko.pl/olec/olecko.htm and
 * http://olecko.com/historia.htm
 * There may well be more, but most websites are in Polish. I think it looks genuine. Dieter Simon 22:01, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Aleckas
The name Aleckas indeed seems only to exist as surname, not as name of the town of Olecko, as per Google and Yahoo Search. Have reverted, unless someone can produce some proof to the Lithuanian town name. Dieter Simon 01:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently sometimes the town is named Oleckas in Lithuanian (that is Oleck- root and generic Lithuanian suffix -as), but Olecko seems to be much, much more popular in Lithuania. Halibutt 15:08, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Many thanks, Halibutt. Dieter Simon 22:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olecko


text:
User:Bcorr/mediation statement draft

Draft Statement
Concerning the mediation requested by the Arbitration Committee regarding User:Anthony DiPierro and a number of other users:

Although the members of the Mediation Committee have been willing to conduct a mediation and have solicited possible participants, to date no one has stepped forward to be a second party. As it has been the committee's experience that attempting to conduct a mediation discussion with only one party has not been successful, it seems best to wait until there are additional parties willing to participate. Anthony has demonstrated his willingness to mediate; but his adversaries have not. Until they do, we must consider Anthony a Wikipedian in good standing, and any comments to the contrary a demonstration of incivility.

The Mediation Committee is more than willing to mediate this case if and when anyone comes forward with specific concerns.

BCorr & sannse, Co-chairs On behalf of the Mediation Committee

Mediation Committee opinion on the statement
Approved:
 * sannse (also agree with llywrch below)
 * BCorr
 * llywrch
 * SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * Tuf-Kat
 * Angela (I agree with this and with what llywrch wrote below)
 * Dante Alighieri (I also agree with llywrch's comment)
 * Danny 20:03, 15 May 2004 (UTC) (agree with this and llywrch's comment)
 * Thank you, mediators and mediatee(s) alike. Mediation is much harder than arbitration, and I'm proud to be associated with Wikipedians of this caliber! --Uncle Ed 12:12, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Not Approved:

Comments/other:
 * llywrch -- I approve this statement, but since I'd like to voice an opinion, I'm posting here.

 * I am reminded of the statement of countless adults as they settled fights when I was a child: "It takes two to tango!" In other words, while Anthony may not be blameless, for mediation to work, there must be 2 parties willing to participate. Anthony has demonstrated his willingness to mediate; but his adversaries have not. Until they do, we must consider Anthony as a Wikipedian in good standing, & any comments to the contrary a demonstration of incivility.

 * I second that comment. SweetLittleFluffyThing

 * I've added in the last two sentences of this as it seems to have general agreement. I think the other point of needing two parties for mediation is covered already.  If there are no objections over the next 24 hours then I will pass this on to the arbitration committee. -- sannse (talk) 19:49, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Nod. ant

I've put this at Requests for arbitration/Anthony DiPierro, Requests for mediation and User talk:Anthony DiPierro. If anyone thinks it should go elsewhere too, let me know. -- sannse (talk) 21:05, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking care of the this everybody! -- BCorr | Брайен 18:35, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Mediation Committee approval of BCorr & sannse as co-chairs
Approved:
 * sannse
 * BCorr
 * SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * Angela
 * Dante Alighieri
 * llywrch
 * Danny
 * Uncle Ed

Not Approved:

Comments/other:

I'm really glad that Bcorr and sannse have stepped up to take responsibility for the Mediation Committee. --Uncle Ed 12:06, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Bcorr/mediation statement draft


text:
China Academy of Art

The China Academy of Art (CAA; ) is a provincial public college of fine arts in Hangzhou. Zhejiang, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Zhejiang. The academy is part of the Double First-Class Construction.

The China Academy of Art was founded in 1928 and was called the National Academy of Art; in 1929, it was renamed the National Hangzhou Art College; in 1938, it was renamed the National Art College. In 1950, it became the East China Branch of the Central Academy of Fine Arts; in 1958, it was renamed Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts; in 1993, it was renamed China Academy of Art. Before 2000, it was under the management of the Ministry of Culture. In 2000, it became a university jointly built by the province and the ministry. In 2016, it was approved to become a university jointly funded by the Zhejiang Provincial People’s Government, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Culture.

Introduction
China Academy of Art is the most influential academy of fine arts with the most complete range of degree offerings and programs of study in China. It houses a diverse pool of artistic talent, has a distinctive structure integrating theory and practice, focuses on human care and social needs, and combines modern technical and cultural disciplines with traditional artistic ones. The academy features the study of theories and offers Ph.D., Master's, and bachelor's degrees of fine arts, design, architecture, film, and new media, which constitute the humanities and reflect the Chinese national spirit and creative theories of the era.

There are 9,774 undergraduate and graduate students on four campuses with a faculty and staff of 888. The administration is headquartered on the Nanshan Campus, by the West Lake in Hangzhou. Some of the students in the Master's programs live on the alternate campus 40 minutes away, on the outskirts of Hangzhou. A free bus is offered to transport students to and from the campus and the dorms at designated times.

Undergraduate students typically spend one year in general education courses in the School of Foundation Studies and then three years in the core courses of their chosen majors. Graduate courses are typically three years long and include experience in the studio and research with mentoring faculty.

History
In 1928, the National Academy of Art (國立藝術院) was founded in China on the bank of the West Lake in Hangzhou by the educators Cai Yuanpei and Lin Fengmian. It was administered by Yi Tingbai and Zhuang Ziman during the 1940s. Over the decades, the locations of the academy had changed ten times and its name, five times, as follows:

 * 1928 - National Academy of Art (國立藝術院)
 * National Academy of Art was the first Chinese art university and graduate school
 * 1929 - Hangzhou National College of Art (國立杭州藝術專科學校)
 * The Western painting department was divided into several studios. Most of them practiced modern, semiabstract styles. The atmosphere was very similar to that of an American art college in its freedom of expression. After the second year of their five-year program, students would choose a studio where they would like to continue their studies. Lin Fengmian advocated the synthesis of Chinese and modern Western art, and urged students not to emulate his work but develop their own styles. Among the other professors, Wu Dayu taught late impressionist and cubist styles; Fang Ganmin was influenced by Cubism; and Guan Liang taught a style derived from Fauvism. Although the students were strictly trained in academic drawing, they were encouraged to express themselves freely and be creative.
 * 1938 - National College of Art (國立藝術專科學校)
 * The Sino-Japanese War broke out, the National Beiping School of Art merged into the National Hangzhou School of Art, and a new national school was formed.
 * 1945 - After Japan surrendered in 1945, the Academy was reopened in Hangzhou with the Chinese painter Pan Tianshou as its director.
 * The establishment of the People's Republic of China saw a shift in the government's attitude to, and policy on, art and art education. Many of the senior faculty members of the then National Academy of Art, particularly those practiced modern Western art, failed to understand or refused to accept the revolutionary ideologies and principles. Many, including Lin Fengmian, Fang Ganmin, Wu Dayu, and Guan Liang, gradually went back to Shanghai. Others, including the traditionalist Pan Tianshou, were reassigned to minor administrative positions, and were no longer allowed to teach. They were soon replaced by fresh graduates who had successfully mastered the revolutionary styles and principles.
 * 1950 - East-China Campus of Central Academy of Fine Arts (中央美術學院華東分院)
 * After the Civil War, the CPC (中國共產黨) took over mainland China and founded a new art academy, CAFA, in Beijing to solidify Beijing's status as the new capital. As a national academy founded by the KMT (中國國民黨) government, CAA was ordered to change its name to East China Campus of CAFA. CAA then changed its name, but did not merge with CAFA; the two academies remained independent and were not subordinate to one another.
 * There were also a couple of similar cases, The Shanghai Conservatory of Music (上海音樂學院), whose original name was The National Conservatory of Music (國立音樂院), and The Shanghai Theater Academy (上海戲劇學院), were ordered to change their names to East China Campus of central academies.
 * 1958 - Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (浙江美術學院)
 * 1978 - The Academy recruited high school graduates again.
 * 1993 - China Academy of Art (中國美術學院)
 * China National Academy of Fine Arts, called China Academy of Art for short, on November 16, with the endorsement of the Ministry of Culture, PRC. Finally, CAA rehabilitated its national appellation.

Campuses

 * Nanshan Campus, 218 Nanshan Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou
 * Zhangjiang Campus, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New District, Shanghai
 * Xiangshan Central Campus, Zhuantang Sub-district, Xihu (West Lake) District, Hangzhou (its south part was moved to its current location in 2007 from Xihuan Road, Binjiang District.)
 * Liangzhu Campus, Guduan Road, Westlake District, Hangzhou

School of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy (中国画与书法艺术学院）

 * Department of Chinese Painting (中国画系)
 * Department of Calligraphy (书法系)

School of Painting (绘画艺术学院)

 * Department of Oil Painting (油画系)
 * Department of Print-making (版画系)
 * Department of Mural Painting (壁画系)
 * Department of Integrated Art (currently under development) (综合绘画系)

School of Intermedia Art ([SIMA], 跨媒体艺术学院)

 * Department of Experimental Art (实验艺术系)
 * Department of Media Performance (媒介展演系)
 * Department of Open Media (开放媒体系)

School of Art and Humanities (藝術人文學院)

 * Department of Visual Culture Studies (视觉文化系)
 * Department of Art History (美术史系)
 * Department of Curatorial Studies and Administration (艺术策划系)
 * Department of Archeology and Museology (考古与博物馆学系)
 * Department of Liberal Education (通识教育部)

Shanghai Institute of Design (上海設計學院)

 * Department of Urban Space Design (城市空间设计系)
 * Department of Digital Media Design (数字媒体設計系)
 * Department of Fashion Product Design (时尚产品設計系)
 * Department of Foundation Studies and Common Courses (公共基础教学部)
 * Department of Industrial Design (工業設計系)
 * Department of Urban Landscape Plastic Art Design (城市景觀造型藝術系)
 * Department of Digital Publishing and Exhibition Design (數字出版與展示設計)

School of Design (設計藝術學院)

 * Department of Visual Communication (视觉传达设计系)
 * Department of Fashion and Textile Design (染织与服装設計系)
 * Department of Industrial Design (工業設計系)
 * Department of Integrated Design (綜合設計系)
 * Department of Design Studies (設計艺术學系)

School of Sculpture and Public Art (雕塑与公共艺术學院)

 * Department of Sculpture (雕塑系)
 * Department of Public Art (公共空间艺术系)
 * Department of Fiber Art (纤维艺术系)

School of Crafts (手工藝術學院)

 * Department of Ceramics (陶瓷艺术系)
 * Department of Crafts (工艺美术系)

School of Film and Animation (影视与動畫艺术學院)

 * Department of Animation (動畫系)
 * Department of Video Production (影视制作系)
 * Department of Film and Television Production (影视编导系)
 * Department of Online Game Design (网游系)
 * Department of Photography (摄影系)

School of Architecture (建築藝術學院)

 * Department of Architecture (建築藝術系)
 * Department of Urban Design (城市設計系)
 * Department of Environmental Design (環境藝術系)
 * Department of Landscape Architecture (景觀設計系)

School of Art Administration and Education (艺术管理与教育學院)

 * Department of Art Administration (艺术管理系)
 * Department of Art Education (美术教育系)
 * Department of Art Appreciation (艺术鉴藏系)

School of Design & Innovation (创新设计學院)

 * Research Institute of Society & Strategy (社会与策略研究所)
 * Research Institute of Media & Interaction Design (媒介与交互研究所)
 * Research Institute of Enterprise & Prospect (产业与图景研究所)
 * Research Institute of Science & Creation (技术与造物研究所)
 * Research Institute of Intelligence & Systematics (智能与系统研究所)

Other colleges/Institutes
Department of Fine Arts 造型分部 Department of Multimedia 图像与媒体分部 Department of Design 设计分部 Museum of Contemporary Art南山路美术馆 Crafts Museum 中国美术学院民艺博物馆 China Design Museum 中国国际设计博物馆
 * International College (國際教育學院), at the Xiangshan Campus
 * Institute of International Collaboration (国际联合学院)
 * School of Foundation Studies (专业基础教学部)
 * School of Adult Education or 'School of Continuing Education' (成人教育學院/繼續教育學院), on Puyan Road, Binjiang District
 * The Affiliated High School 中国美术学院附属美术学院
 * China Institute for Visual Studies 视觉中国协同创新中心
 * Design Industry Innovation Center 文创设计制造业协同创新中心
 * CAA Art Museums 国美美术馆
 * Pan Tianshou Memorial Museum 潘天寿纪念馆
 * Department of Lab Management 实验教学管理部
 * Department of Physical Education 公共体育部
 * CAA Publishing House 出版社
 * Library 图书馆
 * New Arts 新美术（学报）

Notable alumni

 * Lin Fengmian
 * Fang Ganmin
 * Huang Binhong, Chinese painting master
 * Pan Tianshou, Chinese painting master
 * Li Qun (artist), Woodcuts master
 * Li Keran
 * Dong Xiwen
 * Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, modernist painter from India
 * Wu Guanzhong
 * Sha Menghai, calligrapher
 * Zao Wou-Ki, Chinese-French modernist painter
 * Chu Teh-Chun, Chinese-French modernist painter
 * Wang Shu, first Chinese architect to receive the Pritzker Prize.
 * Ying Miao, internet artist
 * Sun Xun, visual artist
 * Huang Yong Ping
 * Fang Zengxian and Zhou Changgu, founders of the Zhe style
 * Liu Wenxi

title: China Academy of Art


text:
Cadency

In heraldry, cadency is any systematic way to distinguish arms displayed by descendants of the holder of a coat of arms when those family members have not been granted arms in their own right. Cadency is necessary in heraldic systems in which a given design may be owned by only one person at any time, generally the head of the senior line of a particular family.

As an armiger's arms may be used 'by courtesy', either by children or spouses, while they are still living, some form of differencing may be required so as not to confuse them with the original undifferenced or "plain coat" arms. Historically, arms were only heritable by males, and therefore cadency marks had no relevance to daughters; in the modern era, Canadian and Irish heraldry include daughters in cadency.

These differences are formed by adding to the arms small and inconspicuous marks called brisures, similar to charges but smaller. They are typically placed on the fess point (the centre of the field), or in chief (the upper part of the field) in the case of the label. Brisures are generally exempt from the rule of tincture. One of the best examples of usage from the medieval period is shown on the seven Beauchamp cadets in the stained-glass windows of St Mary's Church, Warwick.

Background
Historically, it was recognised that there was a need to difference the arms of the head of the family from those of cadets. This need was recognised in Europe during the 14th century; various means to accomplish this were used.

In the modern era, differencing arms is generally rarely done in continental Europe. It is only in Scotland where the need to difference cadets is enforced.

Ways of differencing
In heraldry's early period, uniqueness of arms was obtained by a wide variety of ways, including:
 * changing tincture
 * adding a label or bordure
 * adding, removing, or replacing an ordinary.
 * varying the lines of partition of an ordinary
 * the use of brisures or marks of difference

See Armorial of Capetians and Armorial of Plantagenet for an illustration of the variety.

Systems derived from English and Scottish usage
Systematic cadency schemes later developed in England and Scotland, but while in England they are voluntary (and not always observed), in Scotland they are enforced through the statutorily required process of matriculation in the Public Register.

England
The English system of cadency allows nuclear family members to personally use the arms of the head of that family 'by courtesy'. This involves the addition of a brisure, or mark of difference to the original coat of arms. The brisure identifies the bearer's family relationship to the actual bearer of the arms. Although there is some debate over how strictly the system should be followed, the accepted system is shown below:

Daughters have no special brisures, and normally use their father's arms on a lozenge, which includes any marks of cadency their father may use. This is because English heraldry has no requirement that women's arms be unique. Upon marriage, they impale their father's arms to the sinister with those of their husband to the dexter. However, if the woman happens to be a heraldic heiress, her father's arms are borne on an inescutcheon on her husband's arms.

In England, arms are generally the property of their owner from birth, subject to the use of the appropriate mark of cadency. Therefore, it is not necessary to wait for the death of the previous generation before arms are inherited.

The eldest son of an eldest son uses a label of five points. Other grandchildren combine the brisure of their father with the relevant brisure of their own. This could lead to confusion, as both an uncle and nephew could have the same cadency mark. In a short number of generations, the accumulation of cadency marks—to show, for example, the fifth son of a third son of a second son—could lead to added complexity. In practice, cadency marks are not much used in England, and even when they are, it is rare to see more than one or two on a coat of arms.

At times, arms with a cadency mark may be used on a hereditary basis. For instance, the arms of the Earls Russell are those of the Duke of Bedford differenced by a mullet, as the 1st Earl was the third son of the 6th Duke.

Although most heraldic texts follow on the English system of cadency set out above, most heraldic examples (whether on old bookplates, church monuments, silver and the like) ignore cadency marks altogether. Oswald Barron noted:

"Now and again we see a second son obeying the book-rules and putting a crescent in his shield or a third son displaying a molet, but long before our own times the practice was disregarded, and the most remote kinsman of a gentle house displayed the "whole coat" of the head of his family."

Nor have cadency marks usually been insisted upon by the College of Arms, the heraldic authority for England, Wales and formerly Ireland. For example, a statement on their website refers to the optional nature of cadency marks:

"The arms of a man pass equally to all his legitimate children, irrespective of their order of birth.

Cadency marks may be used to identify the arms of brothers, in a system said to have been invented by John Writhe, Garter, in about 1500. Small symbols are painted on the shield, usually in a contrasting tincture at the top."

In correspondence published in the Heraldry Society's newsletter, Garter King of Arms Peter Gwynn-Jones firmly rejected a suggestion that cadency marks should be strictly enforced. He said:

"I have never favoured the system of cadency unless there is a need to mark out distinct branches of a particular family. To use cadency marks for each and every generation is something of a nonsense as it results in a pile of indecipherable marks set one above the other. I therefore adhere to the view that they should be used sparingly."

In a second letter published at the same time, he wrote:

"Unfortunately, compulsion is not the way ahead for twenty-first century heraldry. However, official recognition and certification of any Armorial Bearings can only be effected when the person in whose favour the Arms are being recognized or certified appears in the appropriate book of record at the College of Arms. I believe it right in England and Wales for a branch to use cadency marks sparingly and only if they wish to do so."

Adopted children
Clarenceux King of Arms John Brooke-Little wrote that "adopted children may be granted the arms of their adoptive father, but a Royal License must be sought, and the arms, when granted, are differences by the addition of two links of a chain interlaced, either fesswise or palewise..."

Scotland
The system is very different in Scotland, where every male user of a coat of arms may only use arms recorded, or "matriculated", in the Public Register with a personal variation, appropriate to that person's position in their family, approved by the heraldic authority for Scotland, the Lord Lyon. This means that in Scotland no two men can ever simultaneously bear the same arms, even by accident, if they have submitted their position to the Scottish heraldic authorities (which not all do in practice, in Scotland as in England); if they have not done so, the matter falls under statute law and may result in proceedings in the Lyon Court, which is part of the Scots criminal justice system. To this extent, the law of arms is stricter in Scotland than in England where the only legal action possible is a civil action in the Court of Chivalry, which sits extremely rarely and is not an integrated part of the English justice system.

Scotland, like England, uses the label of three points for the eldest son (or female heir presumptive) and a label of five points for the eldest son of the eldest son, and allows the label to be removed as the bearer of the plain coat dies and the eldest son succeeds.

For cadets other than immediate heirs, Scottish cadency uses a complex and versatile system, applying different kinds of changes in each generation. First, a bordure is added in a different tincture for each brother. In subsequent generations the bordure may be divided in two tinctures; the edge of the bordure, or of an ordinary in the base coat, may be changed from straight to indented, engrailed or invected; charges may be added. These variations allow the family tree to be expressed clearly and unambiguously. The system outlined here is a very rough version that gives a flavour of the real thing.

In the Scots heraldic system (which has little to do with the clan system), only one bearer of any given surname may bear plain arms. Other armigerous persons with the same surname usually have arms derived from the same plain coat; though if actual kinship cannot be established, they must be differenced in a way other than the cadency system mentioned above. This is quite unlike the English system, in which the surname of an armiger is generally irrelevant.

Canada
Canadian cadency generally follows the English system. However, since in Canadian heraldry a coat of arms must be unique regardless of the bearer's sex, Canada has developed a series of brisures for daughters unique to Canada:

 * for the first daughter, a heart;
 * for the second daughter, an ermine spot;
 * for the third daughter, a snowflake;
 * for the fourth daughter, a fir twig;
 * for the fifth daughter, a chess rook
 * for the sixth daughter, an escallop (scallop shell);
 * for the seventh daughter, a harp;
 * for the eighth daughter, a buckle;
 * for the ninth daughter, a clarion.

The actual practice in Canada is far from the rigidity suggested by the list of differences above – and is best seen in action in the Canadian Public Register – see for example the coats of various Armstrongs, Ravignats and Bradfords.

South Africa
Personal arms registered at the Bureau of Heraldry may be differenced upon matriculation (which is voluntary). Current policy is that younger children's arms must be differenced if they are matriculated. Methods used include the English and Scottish systems, the substitution of different charges, the changing of lines, and the changing of tinctures and or adding a border to the shield.

Ireland
The brisures used in the arms granted by the Chief Herald of the Republic of Ireland are identical to the brisures used by the system used in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, but unlike the English system, which only uses these brisures for the sons of an armiger in order of birth, the Irish system applies them to all the children of the armiger, irrespective of sex, and, as illegitimacy has no place in Irish heraldry, these marks are assigned to (recognised) children born outside of marriage as well as inside.

British royal family
There are no actual "rules" for members of the royal family, because their arms are theoretically decided ad hoc by the monarch. In practice, however, a number of traditions are practically invariably followed. At birth, members of the royal family have no arms. At some point during their lives, generally at the age of eighteen, they may be granted arms of their own. These will always be the "arms of dominion" of the monarch with a label argent for difference; the label may have three or five points. Since this is in theory a new grant, the label is applied not only to the shield but also to the crest and the supporters to ensure uniqueness. Though de facto in English heraldry the crest is uncharged (although it is supposed to be in theory), as it would accumulate more and more cadency marks with each generation, the marks eventually becoming indistinguishable, the crests of the royal family are always shown as charged.

Each Prince of Wales uses a plain white label and (since 1911) an inescutcheon of the ancient arms of the Principality of Wales. Traditionally, the other members of the family have used a stock series of symbols (cross of Saint George, heart, anchor, fleur-de-lys, etc.) on the points of the label to ensure that their arms differ. The label of the Duke of Sussex has three scallop shells taken from the arms of his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales; this is sometimes called an innovation but in fact the use of maternal charges for difference is a very old practice, illustrated in the "border of France" (azure semé-de-lys or) borne by John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall (1316–36), younger son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France.

It is often said that labels argent are a peculiarly royal symbol, and that eldest sons outside the royal family should use labels of a different colour, usually gules.

France
During the Middle Ages, marks of cadency were used extensively by armigers in France. By the eighteenth century, such marks were no longer used by the members of armigerous families, but were still used extensively by the members of the French royal family.

The French Revolution of 1789 had a profound impact on heraldry, and heraldry was abolished in 1790, to be restored in 1808 by Napoleon I. However, Napoleon's heraldic system did not use marks of cadency either; the decree of 3 March 1810 (art. 11) states: "The name, arms and livery shall pass from the father to all sons" although the distinctive marks of Napoleonic titles could pass only to the sons who inherited them.

No subsequent regime in France ever promulgated any legislation regarding marks of difference in heraldry, so they remain unused (except in the heraldry of sovereign houses, such as the former royal family, as can be seen below, or the House of Lorraine).

The former royal house
Examples of cadency:

Past usage
The sons of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile used golden castles on a red background (derived from the arms of Castile) as charges to difference their arms: for Robert, a label; for Alphonse, a semy of castles; for Charles, a bordure. This initial system of differencing was dropped in favor of a longer-lasting simpler system. Charles, the youngest son of Louis VIII, changed his arms in favor of the arms of France with a plain label gules.

The simpler system primarily used four marks of difference: the label, the bordure, the bend, and the bordure engrailed. The tinctures used were gules; a compony of argent and gules; and argent. They occasionally came up with more unusual forms, such as a bordure-label gules and a bordure gules charged with eight plates.

Initially, the arms were attributed to the cadet. Thus, even when Philip the Bold exchanged his appanage of Touraine in favor of Burgundy, he retained the arms he had received as Duke of Touraine, but quartered it with the arms of Burgundy. Another example is Charles, Duke of Berry, younger brother of Louis XI.

However, by the seventeenth century, arms became associated with titles. The bordure gules was associated with Anjou, and the label argent with Orléans. Thus, when a cadet exchanged his appanage, his arms changed.

Germany
German noble houses did not use cadency marks as systematically as their European peers. The sons of noblemen often bore their father's arms, and generally there was no obligation or expectation that they be differenced.

The most common means of differencing was the use of different heraldic crests to mark apart otherwise identical achievements borne by different branches of a family. Other, less frequent forms include counter-changing or the replacement of individual tinctures, or the addition of ordinaries. Bordures and labels were used occasionally, though not doctrinally. Perhaps the most prominent German family to adopt a system of bordures was the House of Hohenzollern.

As a result of the Holy Roman Empire's heavy fragmentation, which form saw more prominent use and when was also influenced by general trends and geographic proximity; for example, the heraldic tradition of the Low Countries and the Rhineland saw a great deal of influence by its French neighbor.

Royal family
The following heraldic system was adopted by a royal decree in 2019. Prior to this the system of royal cadency was unclear.

Royal family
The following heraldic system was adopted by a royal decree in 1815 and was in effect until 1907.

Since 1907, the system has differed. Wilhelmina further decreed that in perpetuity her descendants should be styled "princes and princesses of Orange-Nassau" and that the name of the house would be "Orange-Nassau" (in Dutch "Oranje-Nassau"). Since then, individual members of the House of Orange-Nassau are also given their own arms by the reigning monarch, similar to the United Kingdom. This is usually the royal arms, quartered with the arms of the principality of Orange, and an in escutcheon of their paternal arms.

Since 1907, there is no system to delineate individual princes and princesses via their arms.

Portugal
The Portuguese systems of differencing have their origins in the regulations of King Manuel I, who ruled Portugal from 1485 to 1521. There are two systems, one for the non-Royal families and the other for the Royal House.

Noble families
The Portuguese system of differentiation for the noble non-Royal families is unlike any other cadency system. It is true that the brisure personalises the arms, however, since the Portuguese have an arbitrary choice of surnames, they may select any family name from the father's or mother's side of their genealogical table and a coat of arms, which does not have to coincide with it. Thus, the system of differencing only serves to show from which ancestral line the arms are derived. The head of the lineage uses the arms without a difference, but should he be the head of more than one family, the arms are combined by quartering. The heir apparent to the arms of the head of a lineage never uses a mark of difference.

title: Cadency


text:
Come to Daddy (EP)

Come to Daddy is an EP/mini-album by the British electronic music artist Aphex Twin. The EP's lead single, and the first track on the EP, "Come to Daddy (Pappy Mix)"—often simply called "Come to Daddy"—is one of Aphex Twin's best-known songs; it peaked at number 36 on the UK Singles Chart.

Composition
Come to Daddy has been described as featuring drum and bass beats throughout. Each mix of "Come to Daddy" is seemingly unrelated, with the "Little Lord Faulteroy" and "Mummy" mixes bearing no noticeable resemblance to the original "Pappy" mix. "To Cure a Weakling Child (Contour Regard)" is a remix of the song "To Cure a Weakling Child" from Richard D. James Album. Six of Come to Daddy eight tracks feature vocals.

According to Sean Booth of Autechre, James' track "Bucephalus Bouncing Ball" is a reaction to their track "Drane", to which they then replied with the track "Drane2".

Packaging
Come to Daddy packaging features stark black letters against a white background. All the information, track listings and lyrics are printed the same way, and only two images are present, both photographed by Stefan DeBatselier and digitally altered by Chris Cunningham, using James' face on children. James has used his likeness as the artwork on five of his releases: The ...I Care Because You Do and Richard D. James Album albums, Donkey Rhubarb, Come to Daddy and the "Windowlicker" single.

The cover of the out-of-print second CD, with its white lettering against an orange background, makes reference to the fact that "To Cure a Weakling Child" had been used in a television advertisement for Orange. However, the advertisement used an edit of the album version, whilst the version that appears on the EP is the radically different "Contour Regard" mix.

Track listing
All tracks written, produced and engineered by Richard D. James.

All vinyl editions of Come to Daddy (excluding a promotional double LP limited to 500 copies) exclude tracks 5–8.

The tracks were originally released on two separate CDs, WAP94CD and WAP94CDR, with the first four tracks on the former and the rest on the latter. These have since been deleted and replaced by one EP containing all eight tracks (WAP94CDX).

Personnel

 * Aphex Twin – vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, piano, drum machine, percussion
 * Chris Cunningham – images
 * Stefan de Batselier – photography

title: Come to Daddy (EP)


text:
GCIDE

GCIDE is the GNU version of Collaborative International Dictionary of English, derived from the 1913 edition of Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary and WordNet. The dictionary is released under the GNU General Public License.

It describes itself as "a freely-available set of ASCII files containing the marked-up text of a substantial English dictionary".

title: GCIDE


text:
User talk:ALC~enwiki

I would like to assume your handle. Would you be willing to give it up? Aconnelly 07:21, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Cheers, Sam Spade 01:37, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called ALC. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name ALC~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:33, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:07, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ALC~enwiki