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Pishon

The Pishon (פִּישׁוֹן Pīšōn; Koine Greek: Φισών Phisṓn) is one of four rivers (along with Hiddekel (Tigris), Perath (Euphrates) and Gihon) mentioned in the Biblical Book of Genesis. In that passage, a source river flows out of Eden to water the Garden of Eden and from there divides into the four named rivers. The Pishon is described as encircling "the entire land of Havilah where is gold; bdellium and onyx stone."

Identification
Unlike the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Pishon has never been clearly located. It is briefly mentioned together with the Tigris in the Wisdom of Sirach (24:25/35), but this reference throws no more light on the location of the river. The Jewish–Roman historian Flavius Josephus, in the beginning of his Antiquities of the Jews (1st century AD) identified the Pishon with the Ganges. The medieval French rabbi Rashi identified it with the Nile.

Some early modern scholars such as Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757) and later figures such as Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), and Kell (1807–1888), believed the source river [for Eden] was a region of springs: "The Pishon and Gihon were mountain streams. The former may have been the Phasis or Araxes, and the latter the Oxus." James A. Sauer, former curator of the Harvard Semitic Museum, made an argument from geology and history that Pishon referred to what is now the Wadi al-Batin, a largely dry channel which begins in the Hijaz Mountains, near Medina, to run northeast to Kuwait. With the aid of satellite photos, Farouk El-Baz of Boston University traced the dry channel from Kuwait up the Wadi al-Batin and the Wadi al-Rummah system, originating near Medina at Jibāl al Abyaḑ.

David Rohl identified Pishon with the Uizhun, placing Havilah to the northeast of Mesopotamia. The Uizhun is known locally as the Golden River. Rising near the stratovolcano Sahand, it meanders between ancient gold mines and lodes of lapis lazuli before feeding the Caspian Sea. Such natural resources correspond to the ones associated with the land of Havilah in Genesis.

title: Pishon


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Sick's Stadium

Sick's Stadium, also known as Sick's Seattle Stadium and later as Sicks' Stadium, was a baseball park in the northwest United States in Seattle, Washington. It was located in Rainier Valley, on the NE corner of S. McClellan Street and Rainier Avenue S (currently the site of a Lowe's hardware store). The longtime home of the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), it hosted the expansion Seattle Pilots during their only major league season in 1969.

The site was previously the location of Dugdale Field, a 1913 ballpark that was the home of the Rainiers' forerunners, the Seattle Indians. That park burned down in an Independence Day arson fire in 1932, caused by serial arsonist Robert Driscoll. Authorities would later claim that Driscoll was one of the most dangerous arsonists in the United States during the Great Depression. Until a new stadium could be built on the Dugdale site, the team played at Civic Field, a converted football stadium at the current location of Seattle Center's Memorial Stadium.

Minor league years
Sick's Stadium first opened on June 15, 1938, as the home field of the Seattle Rainiers (formerly the Seattle Indians) of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). It was named after Emil Sick, owner of the team and of the Rainier Brewing Company. The stadium was constructed five years after a previous ballpark at the location, named Dugdale Field, was destroyed in an arson fire. The Rainiers played at the stadium through 1968, though they changed their name to the Seattle Angels in 1964. In 1946, the stadium was briefly the home of the Negro league Seattle Steelheads of the short-lived West Coast Negro Baseball Association, who played at the stadium while the Rainiers were on the road.

After Emil Sick died in 1964, and various members of his family shared ownership, the name of the park was changed to reflect that fact, from the singular possessive form "Sick's Stadium" to the plural possessive form "Sicks' Stadium".

The city bought the stadium in 1965, in anticipation that part of the property was needed for a proposed freeway.

The field alignment was southeast, home plate to center field, which results in difficult visibility conditions for the left side of the defense in the early evening hours. The recommended alignment is east-northeast.

Seattle Pilots
On April 11, 1969, Major League Baseball came to Seattle with the American League expansion Seattle Pilots debuting at Sick's Stadium. Seattle had been mentioned earlier in the decade as a possible major league city. However, Sick's Stadium had not aged gracefully. While it had once been considered one of the best stadiums in the minors, it had not been well maintained in the four years since the city bought it. The park's rapid deterioration was obvious by the time the Cleveland Indians considered moving to Seattle in the early part of the decade. Owner William Daley dispatched general manager Gabe Paul to scout out the city. When city officials balked at paying for the upgrades necessary to bring Sick's Stadium up to something approaching major league standards, Paul advised Daley against moving to Seattle. Charlie Finley considered moving the Kansas City Athletics to Seattle in 1967, but when he came to scout out Sick's Stadium, he quipped that it was a "pigsty" and refused to even consider playing there even on a temporary basis.

When the American League finally granted the franchise in October 1967, it explicitly stated that Sick's Stadium was not suitable as a major league facility, and was only to be used on a temporary basis until a domed stadium could be completed.

It soon became obvious why Daley (who bought a stake in the Pilots) and Finley were wary about Sick's. It was understood that the American League wanted Sick's Stadium expanded to at least 30,000 seats by Opening Day 1969, but the league did not formally specify that figure in the franchise agreement. Eventually, the city agreed to spend at least $1.175 million to expand the stadium to 28,000 seats. That figure dropped to 25,000 when none of the bids budgeted for expanded seating. However, work didn't begin in earnest until January, three months before Opening Day. Cost overruns brought the final renovation bill to $1.5 million. Due to poor weather and other delays, only 18,000 seats were ready by opening day. While 15,014 people showed up, those sitting in left field had to wait three innings to take their seats because workers were still putting them together by the time of the first pitch. The new right-field bleachers were nowhere near completed. There were no restrooms in some parts of the seating bowl or in any bleacher sections, forcing many fans to make do with port-a-potties. Seats in several sections had just been finished when the Pilots returned from their second road trip. However, the paint hadn't dried by the start of a May 6 game, forcing the Pilots to foot numerous cleaning bills.

In the Pilots' defense, they were originally set to begin play in 1971, but the date was moved up two years when Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri demanded that the Pilots' expansion brethren, the Kansas City Royals, start play in 1969. Professional baseball had been played in Kansas City in one form or another from 1883 until the A's left for Oakland after the 1967 season, and Symington would not accept the prospect of Kansas City having to wait three seasons for baseball to return. This forced Seattle to hurriedly start play in 1969 as well in order to balance the schedule.

By the middle of the season, it was obvious that Sick's Stadium was completely inadequate even for temporary use. The stadium expanded to 25,000 seats by June, but many of those seats had obstructed views. There were no field-level camera pits, so photographers had to set up their equipment atop the grandstand roof. The clubhouse facilities were second-class. Also, no upgrades were made to the stadium's piping, resulting in almost nonexistent water pressure when attendance was anywhere near capacity. The visiting team's announcers couldn't see any plays along third base or left field. The Pilots had to place a mirror in the press box, and the visiting announcers had to look into it and "refract" plays in those areas.

Under the circumstances, only 678,000 fans came to see the Pilots, 20th out of 24 teams and nowhere near enough to break even. The team was forced into bankruptcy after only one season. Despite the poor stadium conditions, the ticket prices were among the highest in the major leagues. The team was sold out of bankruptcy court to a Milwaukee-based group on March 31, and the team moved at the end of spring training for the 1970 season and became the Milwaukee Brewers (Milwaukee had lost the Braves to Atlanta after the 1965 season).

After two years without pro baseball, Seattle fielded a second Rainiers team that played in the Class A Northwest League between 1972 and 1976 before giving way to the major league Mariners at the Kingdome. The last professional baseball game at Sicks' Stadium was played September 1, 1976, when local product George Meyring pitched a 2-0 shutout for the Rainiers over the rival Portland Mavericks.

Concerts and other events
Though Sick's Stadium was primarily a baseball venue, it also occasionally held other events, including rock concerts — most famously, an Elvis Presley concert on September 1, 1957 (one of the first concerts to be held at a major outdoor stadium), which was attended by a young Jimi Hendrix. The Sunday night concert followed an afternoon ball game during the Labor Day weekend. Hendrix himself later performed at the stadium in the rain on July 26, 1970, as did Janis Joplin, just months before their respective deaths.

In boxing, Floyd Patterson knocked out Olympic gold medalist Pete Rademacher in six rounds on August 22, 1957. Future heavyweight champion Sonny Liston defeated Portland's Eddie Machen in a 12-round decision at Sick's on September 7, 1960.

After the Pilots
From 1972 to 1976, a new Seattle Rainiers team, in the short-season Class A Northwest League, played at Sicks' to sparse audiences. The major leagues returned in 1977 with the expansion Seattle Mariners at the new Kingdome (originally approved by area voters as a condition of getting the Pilots).

The Washington Huskies baseball team used the venue during the 1973 season while their on-campus venue, Graves Field, was renovated.

In 1979, Sicks' Stadium was demolished, and an Eagle Hardware & Garden store opened there in 1992, which became a Lowe's home improvement store in 1999. The stadium site is currently marked by a sign (on the corner of Rainier and McClellan) and a replica of home plate (near the store's exit) as well as markings inside the store where the bases were. 60 ft from home plate, near the cash registers, is a circle where the mound and pitching rubber were. The store has a glass display case containing mementos of the Pilots, Rainiers, and Angels.

Most of the primary assets of Sick's were bought for $60,000 in 1978 by Harry Ornest, the owner of the new Vancouver Canadians for use at Nat Bailey Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. Another purchaser was Washington State University in Pullman, which bought bleachers, fencing, and the foul poles in 1979 to construct the new Buck Bailey Field. The bleachers did not fit well and were later sold.

Several dozen box seats from Sicks' Stadium were transported to Alaska and installed in Growden Memorial Park in Fairbanks, which hosts collegiate summer baseball.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sick's Stadium


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simpson Family

It would appear that this link was broken. This may be marginally worthy of keeping, though. It is about a fairly large English (semi?) - charitable foundation founded by an inventor; who that inventor was, I don't know, but the trust was apparently funded by proceeds from his patents. Smerdis of Tlön 20:51, 3 May 2004 (UTC)


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User:Information Ecologist~enwiki

Information ecologist
I have defined my profession as an information ecologist since 1996, in response to a conception of information ecology as an embryonic holistic life science and operating system for sustainability and peace that emerged during the final stages of preparation for the 1996 Habitat II Conference in Istanbul. The seeds of information ecology had been planted with the June 1990 recognition of the transformed nature of information habitats in an era of microcomputers and information and communications technology and the establishment of Information Habitat: Where Information Lives, that was accredited as an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council in June 1995, and where I currently serve as Professor of Information Ecology.

Information ecology
The concept of information ecology I have been developing incorporates a holistic approach that goes significantly beyond other uses of the term in a number of significant respects, and includes: treating information, information systems and networks as life forms; a focus on information habitats and information species as core concepts, in keeping with the attention given to habitats and species in ecology; attention to the dynamics of rapid evolution of both information habitats and information species; appreciation of the key properties of information - zero mass, zero physical size and virtually zero travel time - and of the infinite dimensionality of information space, and; identification and formulation of a set of key principles that govern information.

Current focus
My current focus is participation in design, development, implementation and mobilization of an enabling global information ecology framework optimized for the environment, nature & properties of a free digital networked knowledge-based universe - a universe in which knowledge is the basis of wealth and where access to wealth is free from the constraints of: the law of conservation of energy; the law of conservation of mass; and three-dimensional Cartesian space and geometry.

UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
Most of my current work is conducted under the auspices of the NGO Committee on Education of the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations - for which I serve as Chair of the Information & Communications Sub-Committee - and whose primary focus is on the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, 2005-2014, and related International Decades.

Climate Change 2.0
Climate Change 2.0 is an initiative intended to focus on the need and opportunities to harness the tools, resource, properties and intelligence of Web 2.0 in addressing the crisis of climate change and to facilitate the profound global transition to a sustainable development path based on a knowledge-based universe. The set of web sites for this project are mostly built on the powerful, versatile TiddlyWiki platform, supported by DataPerfect relational databases, and include a TiddlyWiki edition of the Summary for Policymakers of the Climate Change 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and Community Gardens & Climate Change - with a focus on composting - that is under development as a prototype for a Creative Commons curriculum.

UDHR@60+: 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UDHR@60+ grew out of preparations for the 61st Annual DPI/NGO Conference that will commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has since evolved into an independent project that seeks to highlight the transformative opportunities for the protection and realization of human rights in a networked knowledge-based universe.

Background training & experience
My life's work up to that time had prepared me for the profession of information ecologist. I had been headed for a promising academic career as a mathematical sociologist with degrees in mathematics and economics at Cambridge and social relations - focusing on research design, methodology, mathematical sociology & interpersonal behavior - at Johns Hopkins. However I withdrew from academia in 1972 in the context of participation in the Vietnam Peace movement, and a concern as to the dominance of academia by a military-industrial complex.

I learned much about information ecology in more than thirteen years working at the Baltimore City Jail - as librarian for eight and a half years, and the remaining five years an an administrative analyst and in the course of thirty years of experience with advocacy & activist organizations that focused on environment, peace, health & community development.

Ecological dimensions
The ecological dimensions of my training have grown out of a love for the natural environment and as an organic gardener - with a passion for composting that I had learned as a child, combined with an appreciation of holistic processes. My conception of information, information systems and networks as evolving life forms was inspired, in part, by A.J. Lotke's "Elements of Mathematical Biology".

Since May, 1989, my attention has been focused on the work of the United Nations, beginning with preparations for the 1992 Earth Summit / UNCED, and on the vital role that information technology could play in support of broad-based participation of NGOs in the conference, and I had developed an outline proposal for an information, public participation and communications system that had led to the 1990 Earth Day launch of a "Global Environmental Network" by the UNCED Secretariat.

Selected web sites

 * Information Habitat: Where Information Lives - http://habitat.igc.org/
 * Information Ecology archives - http://habitat.igc.org/info-eco.htm - a DataPerfect-generated hyperlinked archive of more than 200 projects, through 2004, that had served as the background, training and experience I had been involved with
 * Seasons of Peace Cooperation Circles - http://www.seasons-of-peace.net/ -
 * Poems from Rumi - http://www.seasons-of-peace.net/rumi/ - a DataPerfect-generated presentation of selected poems from Rumi
 * Gandhi-King Season for Nonviolence - http://habitat.igc.org/gksnv/ - a ten-week DataPerfect-generated curriculum in nonviolence for the annual season honouring the life, work & teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and Rev. Martin Luther King
 * History of the Peace Cubes - http://www.peace-cubes.net/ - a DataPerfect-generated hyperlinked history of the amazing Virtual Light & Colour Cubes, virtual entities with dimensions of red, blue and green and icons for the transformation to a knowledge-based universe and of one light in all of creation, that were dedicated as Peace Cubes at the March 1997 Earthday ceremony at the Peace Bell at UN headquarters
 * Digital Bridges in Peace - http://habitat.igc.org/bridges/ - a DataPerfect-generated exhibit based on the Peace Cubes for the Digital Bridges Exhibition at the Westbeth Gallery
 * CoNGO Education Committee - http://www.congo-education.net/ - a TiddlyWiki site for the Committee, including an extensive collection of documents relating to Education For All and Education for Sustainable Development
 * UN Documents Cooperation Circle: Gathering a body of global agreements - http://www.un-documents.net/ - a unique, hyperlinked, DataPerfect-generated compilation of more than 500 key UN documents (many of which had only previously been available as scanned pdf files) relating to peace, sustainability, education, human rights and more
 * Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment & Development - http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm - the first HTML version of the landmark report that defined sustainable development and served as the foundation for the Earth Summit
 * Climate Change 2.0 - http://www.climate-change-two.net/ - a TiddlyWiki site seeking to harness the tools, resource, properties and intelligence of Web 2.0 in addressing the crisis of climate change and to facilitate the profound change to a sustainable development path based on a knowledge-based universe
 * Climate Change 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Synthesis for Policymakers - http://www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-spm/ - a digitally- and visually-enhanced TiddlyWiki edition of the most recent IPCC report on climate change, with enhanced, bookmarked pdf editions of the Fourth Assessment Report
 * Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change - http://www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/ - a DataPerfect-generated TiddlyWiki edition of the Stern Review and enhanced. bookmarked pdf editions of the original documents.
 * Community Gardens & Climate Change - http://www.climate-change-two.net/garden -
 * Reaffirming Human Rights for All: The Universal Declaration at 60 - http://www.ngo-framework.net/ - that had served as the interim official web site for the 61st Annual UN/NGO Conference, to be held from 3-5 September, 2008 at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France, with an extensive set of hyperlinked human rights instruments, conventions and declarations and a vision of "UDHR@60+" based on realization of the larger freedoms of expression, association, the press, access to information and more that exist in a knowledge-based universe

Other wiki profiles

 * Grandpa Ruh @ The Wealth of Networks
 * User:Information Habitat @ Wikipedia
 * Information Ecologist @ Wikibooks
 * Information Ecologist @ Metawiki

Other profiles

 * Grandpa Ruh @ Blogspot
 * Grandpa Ruh @ TakingITGlobal
 * An information ecologist's weblog
 * Annotated chronology / detailed cv to 2003

title: User:Information Ecologist~enwiki


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Bird feeder

A birdfeeder, bird table, or tray feeder is a device placed outdoors to supply bird food to birds (bird feeding). The success of a bird feeder in attracting birds depends upon its placement and the kinds of foods offered, as different species have different preferences.

Most bird feeders supply seeds or bird food, such as millet, sunflower (oil and striped), safflower, nyjer seed, and rapeseed or canola seed to seed-eating birds.

Bird feeders often are used for birdwatching and many people keep webcams trained on feeders where birds often congregate, with some even living just near the bird feeder.

Seed feeders

Seed feeders are the most common type of feeders. They can vary in design from tubes to hoppers and trays. Sunflower seeds or mixed seeds are popular for use in these feeders and will attract many songbirds such as cardinals, finches, and chickadees. Black oil sunflower seeds are especially popular with bird enthusiasts. The outer shell of the black oil sunflower seeds are thinner and easier to crack than other types of sunflower seeds. In addition, the kernel is larger than the striped or white sunflower seeds. Black oil sunflower seeds also contain a large amount of fat; therefore they are especially good to use in the winter. Most bird feeders are designed to dispense sunflower-sized foods, but there are specialty "finch feeders" with smaller openings to dispense the tiny Guizotia abyssinica (Niger seed), which is a favorite of smaller finches.

Seed feeders are mainly squirrel proof, tube-like or hopper. Due to the need of keeping squirrels away from the bird food, manufacturers have created different defense mechanisms that may deter squirrels from getting close to the seed. Some seed feeders come with weight sensitive technology which shuts off the access to the seed ports whenever a heavy weight is detected (as most squirrels are heavier than birds). Birds can still feed as they weigh less and the ports remain open under their weight. Other seed feeders are designed to be mounted on poles as it is believed that squirrels reach seed feeders more easily from trees than from poles. The simplest type of squirrel proof feeder is a tube-like feeder surrounded by a metal cage. These feeders also offer protection from larger and more aggressive birds. Tube seed feeders are primarily made of clear plastic tubes with plastic or metal caps, bases and perches. Hopper bird feeders look like a house and attract a wide range of birds such as finches, cardinals, blue jays, sparrows and titmice.

Hummingbird feeders

Hummingbird feeders, rather than dispensing seed, supply liquid nourishment to hummingbirds in the form of a sugar solution. The solution is normally 4 parts water to 1 part white sugar. Only pure refined white cane or beet sugar should be used, according to experts:
 * Brown, turbinado, or raw sugar must not be used because they contain levels of iron that could be lethal.
 * Honey must not be used, because it promotes dangerous fungal growth.
 * The nectar should be changed every 3–5 days.

Hummingbird feeders usually have red accents or red glass to help attract hummingbirds. The sugar mixture is sometimes colored with red food coloring to attract birds, though this is not necessary if the feeder itself is red, and may actually be harmful to the birds. Yeasts tend to grow in hummingbird feeders and spoil the solution, so they must be refreshed frequently and kept very clean to avoid harm to the birds. See the article on hummingbirds for more details. Ants and other insects are also attracted to hummingbird nectar. Smearing petroleum jelly on the stem or cap of the feeder (away from the perch or flower part where the bird may come into contact with it) may prevent the ants from crawling to the feeder. When placing a hummingbird feeder, the feeder is best suited 15 to 20 feet from windows; 10 to 15 feet from the nearest cover, like shrubs or bushes; and in an open area that receives partial sun, so that hummingbirds can move from nectar source to nectar source.

Hummingbird top-fill feeders are popular among bird lovers because they are easy to fill and clean and also because they do not need to be turned upright which means that there are less chances that the nectar is spilled. The sports bottle top-fill hummingbird feeders have the design of a sports bottle, with a mechanism that works similarly to such a bottle. With this type of feeder, one has to push down the plastic container in order to close the nectar reservoir and then to unscrew the cap and pour the nectar. After the cap is replaced, the body of the nectar reservoir can be pulled up. This type of bird feeder has the advantage that the feeder does not need to be turned upside down to be refilled and which results in less nectar wasted by spilling. The traditional top-fill hummingbird feeders are one of the most popular types. There is also a plunger type of top-filling hummingbird feeder which comes with a small plunger in the container that creates the vacuum seal when the lid is tightened and the nectar will start flowing only when the lid is sealed correctly to the feeding ports.

The bottom-fill hummingbird feeders include a traditional bottom-fill feeder and several variations of it. The traditional ones are filled from an opening at the bottom of the nectar container but many manufacturers have come up with improved variations of the traditional style of feeder, to make feeding birds easier and with less nectar wasted. Some bottom-fill feeders come with a funnel-like opening at the bottom of the container, through which the feeder is filled. Other bottom-filled hummingbird feeders can be attached to one's window to provide a close-up of the birds.

History of hummingbird feeders
Precursors to hummingbird feeders date at least to 1821, when John James Audubon reported the intentional feeding of "sweetened wine" to hummingbirds on Oakley Plantation in Louisiana. In 1899, Clark University professor Clifton F. Hodge wrote in Bird-Lore magazine about feeding a hummingbird that had flown into his classroom by adding drops of honey to flowers. The following year, Carolyn B. Soule successfully fed hummingbirds with an experiment involving a colored paper trumpetflower, a small glass bottle, and sugar water. Research conducted by self-taught ornithologist Althea Sherman from 1907 to 1913 revealed that hummingbirds preferred to drink sugar water from plain bottles instead of imitation flowers. Between 1927 and 1929, Benjamin Tucker and Dorothy May fed hummingbirds with cocktail glasses covered with tin or wood hole-containing tops.

Tucker subsequently developed early automatic hummingbird feeders, which were partially adapted from drinking apparatuses used for farm-raised chickens and featured spherical containers at the top with narrow necks leading down to a perching area that could feed eight hummingbirds simultaneously. Also during the 1920s, Margaret L. Bodine successfully experimented with feeding hummingbirds using two-inch-long bottles made of brightly colored materials and filled with sugar water that she left among clematis flowers. Inspired at least partially by Bodine's work, Edith Webster similarly experimented with feeders and herself tasted nectar from various flowers to better replicate the sweetness level preferred by hummingbirds for her sugar water solution, arriving at two parts water to one part sugar as the optimal ratio. Webster's husband, Lawrence, created cylindrical hummingbird feeders made of clear glass with two red-colored glass feeding ports at the base, and while none were sold, he made dozens for the Websters' garden.

Hummingbird feeders began appearing for sale in the early 1930s. In 1932, W. R. Sullivan invented a feeder designed to prevent other birds or insects from drinking from it, which he produced and sold locally around Kerrville, Texas. Most of the early commercial hummingbird feeders used bottles or vials full of sugar water that was dispensed via various imitation flower designs, as had their noncommercial antecedents. Prominent examples of hummingbird feeders sold between the 1930s and 1950s were those designed and built by H. R. Davis, Robert Morgan, Winthrop Packard, and the Tucker Sanctuary.

Since the start of commercialization, hummingbird feeders have largely evolved into designs of two distinct types: "vacuums", which are inverted cylinders with feeding ports at the bottom, and "saucers", which resemble two bowls or dishes fixed together in a top-to-bottom orientation, with feeding ports on the top side. Droll Yankees marketed one of the first prominent saucer-type feeders, the LF ("Little Feeder"), while numerous small companies sold vacuum-type feeders into the 1970s.

Oriole feeders
Oriole feeders, which are traditionally colored orange, also supply such artificial nectar and are designed to serve New World orioles, which have an unusually shaped beak and tongue. These orioles and some other birds also will come to fruit foods, such as grape jelly, or half an orange on a peg. Hummingbirds will also feed from Oriole feeders.

Oriole feeders usually have nectar containers made of glass or plastic, which are designed to attract the orioles. Oriole feeders should be cleaned at least once a week and even more often when the temperatures are higher. Oriole feeders also come in top fill, bottom fill and dish-like designs.

Suet feeders
A suet feeder is typically a metal cage-like construction with a plastic coating that contains a cake or block of suet to feed woodpeckers, flickers, nuthatches, and many other species of insect eaters. Suet logs are also very common. These wooden logs have holes drilled out for suet to be inserted. Suet is high in fat which helps to keep birds warm and nourished during the cold winter. Suet cakes consist of sunflower seeds and wheat or oat flakes mixed with suet, pork fat, or coconut oil.

Other

Birds housed in wired or glass cages can be fed with electronic bird feeders. The electronic bird feeders are capable of storing bird food for days and even weeks, depending on the feeder type and automatically replenish the dish once it is empty.

Providing a varied array of tastes and feeding venues will result in less competition for food and dining spots for birds, just as well-planned and maintained gardens provide many plants which supply different types of seeds and nectars. A shallow bird bath can attract as many birds as a feeder but it must be safe from cats, kept clean, and refreshed frequently with clean water to avoid mosquitoes. The birdbath should be placed where a frightened bird can fly up easily to an overhanging limb or resting place if disturbed or attacked.

Squirrels
Squirrels may also help themselves to the contents of bird feeders, often not merely feeding, but carrying away the food to their hoard. There are various anti-squirrel techniques and devices available to thwart attempts by squirrels to raid bird feeders. Several manufacturers produce feeders with perches that collapse under the weight of anything heavier than a bird, or that use battery power to shock an intruder lightly or spin the perching area to fling it off. Caged feeders are often designed so that squirrels cannot reach the seed inside, but birds can easily fly through the cage's holes. A UK company, The Nuttery, held the original patent on this cage-within-a-cage design. Caged feeders are best to keep out gray squirrels. Chipmunks and red squirrels can usually enter caged feeders. Hot pepper in bird seed and suet has also been shown to be effective against squirrels without harming birds, as birds are not sensitive to capsaicin oleoresin, but mammals experience a strong burning sensation when exposed to it.

The placement of a bird feeder can also prevent squirrels from accessing the seed. In addition, baffles can be used that prevent squirrels from gaining their footing above feeders. Below feeders, baffles can prevent squirrels from climbing any further; however, squirrels are very agile and acrobatic and often find a way to overcome devices of any nature.

Negative impacts
Feeding wild birds does carry potential risks. Birds may contract and spread diseases like salmonellosis by gathering at feeders; poorly maintained feeding and watering stations may also cause illness. Birds at feeders risk predation by cats and other animals, or may incur injury by flying into windows. Steps should be taken to reduce the risks to birds, such as: regular disinfecting of feeders and watering stations, ensuring feed has not become moldy or rancid, and proper positioning of feeders to reduce crowding and window collisions. Birds are less likely to fly into windows that have a wooden lattice. Collisions with windows can also be reduced by using window decals.

Depending on the feeder design and the type of feed used, species such as the house sparrow can dominate the use of the feeder. As a result, the house sparrow population can become inflated locally where feeders are used. In North America, where the house sparrow is an invasive species, competition from house sparrows can exclude the indigenous bluebirds from available nest sites as well as attack indigenous birds.

The use of bird feeders has been claimed to cause many other environmental problems; some of these were highlighted in a 2002 front-page article in The Wall Street Journal, which provoked responses nationwide from bird enthusiasts and scientists who refuted the article's arguments.

Prior to the publication of the Wall Street Journal article, Canadian ornithologist Jason Rogers also wrote about the environmental problems associated with the use of bird feeders in the journal Alberta Naturalist. In this article, Rogers explains how the use of bird feeders is inherently fraught with negative impacts and risks such as fostering dependency, altering natural distribution, density, and migration patterns, interfering with ecological processes, causing malnutrition, facilitating the spread of disease, and increasing the risk of death from cats, pesticides, hitting windows, and other causes.

title: Bird feeder


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LaSalle—Émard

LaSalle—Émard was a federal electoral district in the Canadian province of Quebec that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 2015. Its population in 2001 was 99,767. The MP from 1988 to 2008 was Paul Martin, who served as prime minister of Canada from 2003 to 2006. As part of redistribution begun in 2012 the riding is now known by its current name and boundaries of LaSalle—Émard—Verdun while the southwestern portion joined the new riding of Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle.

Geography
The district included the Montreal borough of LaSalle and the Southwest borough's Ville-Émard and Côte-Saint-Paul neighbourhoods. The neighbouring ridings were Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine, Westmount—Ville-Marie, Jeanne-Le Ber, Brossard—La Prairie and Châteauguay—Saint-Constant.

Political geography
Historically, the LaSalle part of the riding was fairly Liberal-leaning, with a few Bloc pockets in the west. Meanwhile, Ville-Émard and Côte-Saint-Paul were mostly Bloc areas. However, the division was swept over by the NDP surge in the 2011 Canadian federal election.

History
The electoral district was created in 1987 from LaSalle, Saint-Henri—Westmount and Verdun—Saint-Paul ridings.

Member of parliament
This riding elected the following members of parliament:

Election results
Change from 2000 for top three parties is based on redistributed results. Conservative Party change is based on the total of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party totals.

title: LaSalle—Émard


text:
Follonica

Follonica is a town and comune (township) of province of Grosseto in the Italian region of Tuscany, on the Gulf of Follonica (Golfo di Follonica), about 40 km northwest of the city of Grosseto.

History
It was founded in 1834 by Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany for the workers of a new ironworks plant. However, the area was already settled in Etruscan and Roman times, and a medieval castle (Castello di Valli), whose ruins overlook now the modern town from a nearby hill, existed since at least 884. Until 1923 it was a frazione of Massa Marittima.

Tourism
Follonica is a tourist site during the summer, mostly visited by the Italians themselves, lately, it has been visited from other people from other countries, such as Germany, France and United Kingdom. The city has been awarded the Bandiera Blu ("Blue Flag") every year from 2000 to 2007 for the cleanliness of its beaches and seawater.

Main sights

 * Church of San Leopoldo, built by will of duke Leopold II of Tuscany starting from 1836
 * Castle of Valli, built in the 8th century as residence of the bishops of Lucca; later it was owned by the Aldobrandeschi who, in the 13th century, sold it to the Republic of Pisa. In the 14th century it was a fortress of the Principality of Piombino until, in 1815, it became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
 * Pievaccia, remains of a large fortified medieval monastery.

Sport
USD Follonica Gavorrano born of the merger between the teams of Gavorrano and Follonica, militant in Serie D.

Transports
The Via Aurelia highway (SS 1), which runs from Rome to the Franco-Italian border, passes close by the city. The railway linking Reggio Calabria in the south and Turin in the north runs through the city, providing direct railway connections to the cities of Grosseto, Rome, Turin, Naples, Pisa and La Spezia, among others.
 * Road
 * Train

Sister cities

 * 🇧🇪 Charleroi, Belgium
 * 🇵🇱 Kołobrzeg, Poland
 * 🇸🇪 Hedemora, Sweden

title: Follonica


text:
1973 Northern Ireland border poll

The Northern Ireland border poll was a referendum held in Northern Ireland on 8 March 1973 on whether Northern Ireland should remain part of the United Kingdom or join with the Republic of Ireland to form a united Ireland. It was the first time that a major referendum had been held in any region of the United Kingdom. The referendum was boycotted by nationalists and resulted in a conclusive victory for remaining in the UK. On a voter turnout of 58.7 percent, 98.9 percent voted to remain in the United Kingdom, meaning the outcome would not have been impacted without the boycott.

Party support
The Unionist parties supported the 'UK' option, as did the Northern Ireland Labour Party and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. However, the Alliance Party was also critical of the poll. While it supported the holding of periodic plebiscites on the constitutional link with Great Britain, the party felt that to avoid the border poll becoming a "sectarian head count", it should ask other relevant questions such as whether the people supported the UK's white paper on Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, on 5 February 1973, the party's chairman, Jim Hendron, stated that "Support for the position of Northern Ireland as an integral part of the United Kingdom is a fundamental principle of the Alliance Party, not only for economic reasons but also because we firmly believe that a peaceful solution to our present tragic problems is only possible within a United Kingdom context. Either a Sinn Féin all-Ireland republic or a Vanguard-style Ulster republic would lead to disaster for all our people."

The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), however, called for a boycott of the referendum, urging its members on 23 January 1973 "to ignore completely the referendum and reject this extremely irresponsible decision by the British Government". Gerry Fitt, leader of the SDLP, said he had organised a boycott to stop an escalation in violence.

Violence
The civil authorities were prepared for violence on polling day. They had put in place mobile polling stations which could be rushed into use if there was bomb damage to scheduled poll buildings. Two days before the referendum a British soldier, Guardsman Anton Brown of the 2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards was shot dead in Belfast as the army searched for weapons and explosives which could be used to disrupt the upcoming referendum.

Violence by both Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries still took place on polling day. The Provisional Irish Republican Army exploded several bombs across Northern Ireland and shot dead a British soldier guarding a polling station in the area of the Falls Road in Belfast. The Ulster Defence Association abducted and killed a Catholic civilian from Ballymurphy. A polling station in East Belfast guarded by the Ulster Defence Regiment was also raided by Loyalist paramilitaries who stole several self-loading rifles.

As a political response to the referendum, the Provisional Irish Republican Army also planted four car bombs in London that day, two of which went off, causing one death and injuring over 200.

Result
The vote resulted in an overwhelming majority of those who voted stating they wished to remain in the UK. The nationalist boycott contributed to a turnout of only 58.7% of the electorate. In addition to taking a majority of votes cast, the UK option received the support of 57.5% of the total electorate. According to the BBC, less than 1% of the Catholic population turned out to vote.

Reactions
The Government of the United Kingdom took no action on receipt of the referendum result, as the result was in favour of the status quo (Northern Ireland remaining part of the UK). It was followed by an Assembly election on 28 June 1973.

Brian Faulkner, who had been the last Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, claimed the result left "no doubt in any one's mind what the wishes of Ulster's people are. Despite an attempted boycott by some, almost 600,000 electors voted for the maintenance of the union with Great Britain". He also claimed that the poll showed that a "quarter of the [N.I.] Catholic population who voted ... voted for the maintenance of the union" and that the result was a "blow ... against IRA mythology".

title: 1973 Northern Ireland border poll


text:
Yodels

Yodels are frosted, cream-filled cakes made by the Drake's company, which was bought by McKee Foods after former owner Old HB went bankrupt. Yodels are distributed on the East Coast of the United States. They are similar to Hostess Brands' Ho Hos and Little Debbie's Swiss Cake Rolls.

Description
Each plastic package of Yodels contains two cakes.

Comics

 * Yodels are named as the preferred food source of the character Jeri in the comic strip PreTeena.

Film

 * The snacks were featured in the movie Click (2006), in which the main character Michael Newman (played by Adam Sandler) becomes morbidly obese after eating Yodels for 10 years.

Television

 * They are often named as a favorite snack food by Fox News Channel vice president and anchor, Neil Cavuto.
 * In the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond, Yodels are shared by the characters Ray Barone and Robert Barone in Ray's childhood bedroom, after Robert was gored by a bull in the line of duty.
 * They are a favourite of character Doug Heffernan on the show King of Queens.
 * In the episode "The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons" of The Simpsons, Homer Simpson is forced to choose between buying a Yodel or a winning lottery ticket. He ultimately chooses the Yodel.
 * In an episode of the reality show Jersey Shore, the cast eats Yodels for dessert following an Italian dinner prepared by Vinny Guadagnino's mother Paula.
 * In an episode of Kevin Can Wait, they are referred to as a possible dessert for wedding guests if the family cannot reduce both the number of guests and the total cost of the wedding.
 * In an episode of Frasier, Frasier makes reference to Roz being upset about a Twinkie coming out the Yodel chute of a vending machine.
 * In the episode "Fast Feud" of the hidden camera-practical joke reality show Impractical Jokers, Joe Gatto tries to convince someone to house-sit for him while a Tibetan monk named "Chen" eats an entire dinner plate full of Yodels in the background for the entire duration of the scene. Joe points at the monk and says, "It's a Yodel factory over there". Furthermore, Joe later says, "It's paramount that Chen doesn't run out of Yodels". The scene concludes with the monk asking Joe to get him more Yodels

title: Yodels


text:
El Cordobés

Manuel Benítez Pérez (born 4 May 1936), more commonly known as El Cordobés (The Cordovan), is a Spanish bullfighter, matador, and actor active in the 1960s who brought an unorthodox acrobatic and theatrical style to the bullring.

Career
One of the original techniques practiced by El Cordobés was first shown at Anjucar. He waved his banderilla (Columpio) away, broke his banderillas down to 'pencil length', and standing with his back to the bull as it charged, moved his right leg out moments before the bull was upon him, causing the bull to swerve and allowing El Cordobés a moment to slam in the banderillas from just behind the left horn. This maneuver was repeated in bullfights across Spain, sometimes with even more dangerous variations, such as standing with his back to the barerra and driving in the banderillas after the horns passed either side of him. On May 20, 1964, when he made his first appearance at Las Ventas in Madrid, the bullfight ended with the near-fatal goring of El Cordobés on the horns of the bull Impulsivo. Twenty-two days later El Cordobés fought again.

By the time of his first retirement, in 1971, El Cordobés had become the highest-paid matador in history. After eight years of retirement, he returned to bullfighting in 1979. Following an incident in 1983, when a bull that he was about to fight killed an espontáneo (bystander who jumps into bullring), El Cordobés was criticized by the press for allowing it to happen.

El Cordobés continued to make occasional appearances as a matador until 2000, when he retired permanently. He also acted in several motion pictures. El Cordobés lives in near seclusion near Córdoba. In 2016 he appeared with the woman bullfighter Conchi Ríos and Antonio Puerta in Cehegín in Murcia.

In art, entertainment, and media
An early biography, Or I'll Dress You in Mourning, by journalists Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, was published in 1968 by Simon & Schuster. El Cordobés' story was also the basis for the musical Matador (1987) by Mike Leander and Eddie Seago. Poet Mike O'Connor included "Canción del Cordobés", about the matador's breakout performances in Mexico City in 1964, in his poetry volume When the Tiger Weeps, (2005). A song titled "El Cordobés" was performed by the Norwegian rap artist Diaz.

title: El Cordobés


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/hall of fame

(At 3.55 am UTC, May 6, this page was changed to a redirect.)
 * Hall of fame is nothing more than a personal attack on Wik. His user page may be out of order but creating pages about it does not help the situation. Angela. 21:14, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or redirect to the barnstar image. --Michael Snow 21:17, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete if the bitch list on Wik's insult user page is also deleted, keep otherwise. Anárion 21:18, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wik can do what he wants on his user page, as long as he doesn't disrupt the rest of the Wikipedia (thus the crucial distinction between that and "Wikisex"). Other users can as well--if the author wants to go on an anti-Wik polemic at his user page, he's welcome.  That doesn't mean this belongs in the Wikipedia namespace. Meelar 21:32, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure Jimbo has hard banned at least one user for what he did on his user page, so saying he can do whatever he wants is not true. anthony (see warning)
 * But within the bounds of "Don't disrupt Wikipedia", it's pretty wide-open. Meelar 01:38, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, Wik's user page is currently being decided by the arbitration committee, so we'll see what they have to say about it. anthony (see warning)
 * In my opinion, it's pretty hard to reconcile your notion of "don't disrupt Wikipedia" with the clear prohibition of personal attacks. Cribcage 03:25, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't see how it constitutes a personal attack, and it's a somewhat funny text (although I doubt that many Wikipedians use the nickname, or that there is any basis for the "by most users" claim), but it certainly doesn't belong in this namespace (nor in any other I can think of). -- Jao 21:46, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Samuel J. Howard 21:47, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not a personal attack (I removed the "special person" comment, which I did not write). Humor at Wik's expense? Yeah. I think if you put an enemies-list in public view, you expose yourself to being made fun of for it. This certainly was not intended as an "anti-Wik polemic"; I don't even know the guy. Mike Church 00:40, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * What reason is there for keeping this? It only encourages people to make similar pages for any user they don't like. This is a violation of wikiquette and a completely unsuitable use of Wikipedia. Angela. 01:22, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't dislike Wik, and
 * I don't see how this is a personal attack. Mike Church 02:01, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. anthony (see warning)
 * Delete. Purely point-of-view, non-encyclopedic, damaging to the community. Dpbsmith 01:45, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Dimly funny, however. BJAODN? Snowspinner 05:54, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a grudge match (user pages excepted) Denni 07:52, 2004 May 4 (UTC)
 * Why not move to a subpage of Mike Church's user page. Then it's in the user namespace the same as Wik's theresa knott 11:08, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Good idea Theresa, but if Mike wants this in his user space, he can put it there himself. Mixed feelings as to whether he should. Andrewa 14:45, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless, boring. Recommend against moving it into user space. Let's put the resources of WP to good use, please. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:59, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought it was amusing, albeit esoteric in a Wikinsider kind of way. Move to Mike Church's userspace. Alcarillo 21:24, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. All these shenanigans about Wik's list are more irritating than the list itself. john 22:04, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Though it did make me laugh. -- EuroTom 02:10, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Apart from the fact its hilarious, its also true - although it could be made slightly less POV. Do I get 2 votes because I'm actually in the "Hall of Fame" ? --Gene_poole 02:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. For the record, however, I think the contrast between the indignant objections to this content and the tame, polite response that was given to Wik's offensive list of personal attacks is outrageous. Cribcage 03:27, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
A Dance of the Forests

A Dance of the Forests is one of the most recognized of Wole Soyinka's plays. It was "presented at the Nigerian Independence celebrations in 1960, it ... denigrated the glorious African past and warned Nigerians and all Africans that their energies henceforth should be spent trying to avoid repeating the mistakes that have already been made."

Wole Soyinka being against Negritude movement,he was against the over glorification of pre colonial Nigeria and Africa at large. A Dance of the Forests was written to address such issues, illustrating that precolonial Africa, needs to change their deeds as it affect their whole life time. He uses dead characters and flashbacks to illustrate this.

At the time of its release, it was an iconoclastic work that angered many of the elite in Soyinka's native Nigeria. Politicians were particularly incensed at Soyinka's prescient portrayal of post-colonial Nigerian politics as aimless and corrupt. Despite the deluge of criticism, the play remains an influential work. In it, Soyinka espouses a unique vision for a new Africa, one that is able to forge a new identity free from the influence of European imperialism.

A Dance of the Forests is regarded as Soyinka's theatrical debut and has been considered the most complex and difficult to understand of his plays. In it, Soyinka unveils the rotten aspects of society and demonstrates that the past is no better than the present when it comes to the seamy side of life. He lays bare the fabric of Nigerian society and warns people that they are on the brink of a new stage in their history: independence.

The play was published in London and New York in 1963 by Oxford University Press (Three Crowns Books).

title: A Dance of the Forests


text:
GE Aerospace

General Electric Company, doing business as GE Aerospace, is an American aircraft engine supplier that is headquartered in Evendale, Ohio, outside Cincinnati. It is the legal successor to the original General Electric Company founded in 1892, which split into three separate companies between November 2021 and April 2024, adopting the trade name GE Aerospace after divesting its healthcare and energy divisions.

GE Aerospace both manufactures engines under its name and partners with other manufacturers to produce engines. CFM International, the world's leading supplier of aircraft engines and GE's most successful partnership, is a 50/50 joint venture with the French company Safran Aircraft Engines. As of 2020, CFM International holds 39% of the world's commercial aircraft engine market share (while GE Aerospace itself holds a further 14%). GE Aerospace's main competitors in the engine market are Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce.

The division operated under the name of General Electric Aircraft Engines (GEAE) until September 2005, and as GE Aviation until July 2022. In July 2022, GE Aviation changed its name to GE Aerospace in a move executives say reflects the engine maker's intention to broaden its focus beyond aircraft engines. In April 2024, GE Aerospace became the only business line of the former General Electric conglomerate, after it had completed the divestiture of GE HealthCare and GE Vernova (its energy businesses division).

Early efforts
General Electric had a long history in steam turbine work, dating back to the 1900s. In 1903 they hired Sanford Alexander Moss, who started the development of turbosuperchargers at GE. This led to a series of record-breaking flights over the next ten years. At first, the role of the high-altitude flight was limited, but in the years immediately prior to WWII they became standard equipment on practically all military aircraft. GE was a world leader in this technology; most other firms concentrated on the mechanically simpler supercharger driven by the engine itself, while GE had spent considerable effort developing the exhaust-driven turbo system that offered higher performance.

This work made them the natural industrial partner to develop jet engines when Frank Whittle's W.1 engine was demonstrated to Hap Arnold in 1941. A production license was arranged in September, and several of the existing W.1 test engines shipped to the US for study, where they were converted to US manufacture as the I-A. GE quickly started production of improved versions; the I-16 (J31) was produced in limited numbers starting in 1942, and the much more powerful I-40 (J33) followed in 1944, which went on to power the first US combat-capable jet fighters, the P-80 Shooting Star.

Early jet engine work took place at GE's Syracuse, New York, (steam turbine) and Lynn, Massachusetts, (supercharger) plants, but soon concentrated at the Lynn plants. On 31 July 1945 the Lynn plant became the "Aircraft Gas Turbine Division". GE was repeatedly unable to deliver enough engines for Army and Navy demand, and production of the I-40 (now known as the J33) was also handed to Allison Engines in 1944. After the war ended, the Army canceled its orders for GE-built J33s and turned the entire production over to Allison, and the Syracuse plant closed.

Military and civilian expansion

These changes in fortune led to debate within the company about carrying on in the aircraft engine market. However, the engineers at Lynn pressed ahead with the development of a new engine, the TG-180, which was designated J35 by the US military.

Development funds were allotted in 1946 for a more powerful version of the same design, the TG-190. This engine finally emerged as the famed General Electric J47, which saw a great demand for several military aircraft; a second manufacturing facility in Evendale, Ohio, near Cincinnati, was opened. J47 production ran to 30,000 engines by the time the lines closed down in 1956. Further development of the J47 by led to the J73, and from there into the much more powerful J79. The J79 was GE's second "hit", leading to a production run of 17,000 in several different countries. The GE and Lockheed team that developed the J79 and the F-104 Mach 2 fighter aircraft received the 1958 Collier Trophy for outstanding technical achievement in aviation. Other successes followed, including the T58 and T64 turboshaft engines, the J85 turbojet, and F404 turbofan.

Starting in 1961, General Electric started one of their most important research and development efforts, the GE1 technology demonstrator (originally designated the X101). The GE1 was a basic gas generator (compressor, combustor and turbine) onto which a variety of components such as fans, afterburners or other thrust vectoring devices could be added later. The design incorporated technologies such as a scaled compressor with variable stator vanes, an annual combustor, turbine-cooling advancements, and new materials for several government research programs. The US Government initially supported development of the GE1 to produce the J97 engine. The GE1 design and technology helped General Electric produce a range of engines, including the GE1/6 turbofan demonstrator for the TF39 engine the GE4 for the Boeing 2707 supersonic airliner, and the GE9 engine for the USAF's Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft, later GE F101 engines for the B-1 bomber.: The General Electric F101 was later developed into the General Electric F110 and CFM International CFM56 engines.

The TF39 was the first high-bypass turbofan engine to enter production. Entered into the C-5 Galaxy contest in 1964 against similar designs from Curtiss-Wright and Pratt & Whitney, GE's entry was selected as the winner during the final down-select in 1965. This led to a civilian model, the CF6, which was offered for the Lockheed L-1011 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 projects. Although Lockheed later changed their engine to the Rolls-Royce RB211, the DC-10 continued with the CF6, and this success led to widespread sales on many large aircraft including the Boeing 747.

Another military-to-civilian success followed when GE was selected to supply engines for the S-3 Viking and Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, developing a small high-bypass engine using technologies from the TF39. The resulting TF34 was adapted to become the CF34, whose wide variety of models powers many of the regional jets flying today.

In the early 1970s, GE was also selected to develop a modern turboshaft engine for helicopter use, the T700. It has been further developed as the CT7 turboprop engine for regional transports.

Commercial aviation powerplants
In 1974 GE entered into an agreement with Snecma of France, forming CFM International to jointly produce a new mid-sized turbofan, which emerged as the CFM56. A 50/50 joint partnership was formed with a new plant in Evendale, OH to produce the design. At first, sales were very difficult to come by, and the project was due to be canceled. Only two weeks before this was to happen, in March 1979, several companies selected the CFM56 to re-engine their existing Douglas DC-8 fleets. By July 2010, CFM International had delivered their 21,000th engine of the CFM56 family, with an ongoing production rate of 1250 per year, against a four-year production backlog.

The success of the CFM led GE to join in several similar partnerships, including Garrett AiResearch for the CFE CFE738, Pratt & Whitney on the Engine Alliance GP7000, and, more recently, Honda for the GE Honda Aero Engines small turbofan project. GE also continued the development of its own lines, introducing new civilian models like the GE90, and military designs like the General Electric F110.

GE Aerospace today

GE and competitor Rolls-Royce were selected by Boeing to power its new 787. GE Aviation's offering is the GEnx, a development of the GE90. The engine was also the exclusive power plant on the Boeing 747-8.

The Lynn facility continues to assemble jet engines for the United States Department of Defense, subsidiary services, and commercial operators. Engines assembled at this plant include the F404, F414, T700, and CFE738. The plant at Lynn also produces the -3 and -8 variants of the CF34 regional jet engine, the CT7 commercial turboprop power plant, and commercial versions of the T700 turboshaft which are also called the CT7.

The Evendale plant conducts final assembly for the CFM International's CFM56, CF6, as well as LM6000, and LM2500 power plants. The Durham, North Carolina, facility conducts final assembly for the CFM LEAP, GEnx, CFM56, GE90, GP7200, and CF34 power plants.

Crucial parts for these engines are crafted in secondary GE Aviation facilities, such as those in Bromont, Quebec; Hooksett, New Hampshire; Wilmington, North Carolina; Asheville, North Carolina; Madisonville, Kentucky; Rutland, Vermont; and Muskegon, Michigan; where the engine blades and vanes are manufactured.

Smiths Group and General Electric announced on January 15, 2007, that the former was divesting Smiths Aerospace to the latter for £2.4 billion (US$ 4.8 billion). GE Aviation closed the transaction on May 4, 2007. Smiths Aerospace, which was an important supplier, became an operating subsidiary of GE Aviation known as GE Aviation Systems. This acquisition will reportedly give the combined unit the clout to resist pricing pressures from its two largest customers, Boeing and Airbus. Analysts further assert that it enables General Electric to acquire assets similar to those it desired in its failed bid for Honeywell in 2000.

Along with the purchase of Smiths Aerospace, the purchase included opening the first University Development Center at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan, in the effort to work with engineering students to provide training in engineering and software development. The program has performed well and GE Aviation has announced further UDC openings at Kansas State University. In July 2008, governments in the Persian Gulf reached agreements with GE to expand engine maintenance operations there. The Wall Street Journal reported that Mubadala Development Company, which owns Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies, an overhaul, and maintenance company, signed an agreement worth an estimated $8 billion with GE; Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies will maintain and overhaul GE engines used in commercial aircraft purchased by airlines based in the Persian Gulf.

On December 23, 2012, GE announced that it has agreed to purchase the aeronautical division of Avio, an Italy-based manufacturer of aviation propulsion components and systems for civil and military aircraft, for $4.3 billion U.S. (EUR3.3 billion).

GE Aviation follows through to develop a supersonic engine concept for Aerion with a configuration accommodating reasonably well requirements for supersonic speed, subsonic speed and noise levels.

On July 18, 2022, GE announced that GE Aviation had been renamed "GE Aerospace", and would become the successor to the GE company once the spinoffs of its subsidiaries are completed. GE Aerospace will own the GE trademark and logo, and will license the brand to the other companies, GE HealthCare and GE Vernova.

Additive manufacturing
Recently, they have started incorporating 3D printing technologies in their engines and have incorporated the manufacturing process in the newly designed GE9X, the largest jet engine in the world.

GE acquired Arcam EBM for electron beam melting, Concept Laser for laser melting, and material provider AP&C. Metal casting improves through competition with metal additive manufacturing, for which GE Additive believes it will soon compete with metal forging which will then be enhanced in response. Additive manufacturing is focused on new builds but can be used for part replacement: when complexity rise, costs can stays level – for example, replacing a turbine consisting of 300 components with one piece. The electron beam melting has good speed for economy, precision to reduce processing work, and size capability for larger parts; the hot process reduces stresses in the part and penetrates deeper than laser for thicker parts with coarser, cheaper metal powders. Additive techniques can be used across the engine and even in the over 1,500 °F hot section. They are used in the CT7 combustor liner, for GE9X low pressure turbine blades – the first rotating parts – and for 16 parts in the ATP, including an 80 parts heat exchanger consolidated into one.

title: GE Aerospace


text:
Drake's Cakes

Drake's is a brand of American baked goods. The company was founded by Newman E. Drake in 1896 in Harlem, New York, as The N.E. Drake Baking Company, but it is now owned by McKee Foods. The company makes snack cake products such as Devil Dogs, Funny Bones, Coffee Cakes, Ring Dings, and Yodels. Drake's has traditionally been marketed primarily in the Northeastern U.S., but it expanded to the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern U.S. regions in 2016. The products are made under the Orthodox Union kosher certification guidelines.

Early years
Drake's brand began as The N.E. Drake Baking Company, incorporated on November 14, 1896, in New York City and founded by Newman E. Drake. The first bakery was in Harlem at 36–38 West 135th Street.

Drake's youngest brother Judson was working with him at the founding, and his brother Charles was with him in the later business in Brooklyn. Judson left the business in 1898 for the National Biscuit Company where he had a long and well-regarded career in bakery management. Charles was a vice president for the Brooklyn business, but he sold his interest and retired in 1907. At some point, all four of Newman's sons worked in the business.

Newman Drake came into this entrepreneurial venture with experience in large scale commercial baking. In 1888, he joined Vanderveer and Holmes Biscuit Company, and he had become a salesman traveling internationally for this cracker business by 1894. He was traveling in England on business in 1893–94 when he observed commercially baked fine cakes sold in grocery stores, and he was inspired to bring the idea to America.

By March 1898, retailer ads featured Drake's pound cakes by brand name in various flavors. The ads stated that the products were baked fresh daily and sold for 17 cents per pound. In 1900, retailer ads featured Drake's layer cakes with chocolate or vanilla icing at 18 cents. One Drake's ad touted that the price was half of what it would cost to make at home. By 1901, retailer ads referred to Drake's "celebrated" pound cakes and included Drake's macaroons.

National Biscuit Company
In the 1890s, the cracker industry consolidated in a multitiered fashion. In 1898, the three major players consolidated into one large enterprise, the National Biscuit Company, later known as Nabisco. As early as 1899, but definitively by November 1900, the National Biscuit Company had purchased the Drake bakery and referred to the bakery as the N.E. Drake Baking Co. Branch. Retailer ads show that the N.E. Drake's Famous Loaf Cakes continued to sell under that brand name at least to December 30, 1902. The Drake Baking Company was dissolved in 1903, however National Biscuit Company continued to produce cakes and macaroons at the same Harlem bakery at least into 1908, but the products were under brand names other than Drake, for example Regina, Golden Glory, and Imperial. It is not known how Newman Drake was able to hold onto the Drake brand for later Drake baking enterprises, but National Biscuit Company moved onto other brand names.

Drake Brothers Company
On December 4, 1902, Drake reestablished his business as Drake Brothers Company with his brother Charles and his brother-in-law Frank S. Vreeland and by at least May 10, 1903, Drake was operating a bakery at 1006 Wallabout Market in Brooklyn, New York. Newman was president, his brother Charles was vice president, and sons John Harold and Walter were bakers. By 1904, Newman's third son, Arthur, was working in the business as a salesman.

An article covering a Brooklyn food show in April 1904 indicated that Drake continued to produce pound cakes, macaroons, and other cakes at the Brooklyn bakery. The firm was noted as having been the first to have produced cakes in large quantities for grocery stores, which must reference the origins of the Harlem bakery. The new bakery was servicing over 1,000 stores in Brooklyn and extended "over a large portion of surrounding country."

In 1904, Drake Brothers began sales recognition dinners that became grand affairs with speakers, guests, and monetary awards recognizing sales performance. A photograph of the fourteenth annual dinner in 1917, captures the grandeur of the event held at Silsbe and Son Oyster Bar and Chop House in Manhattan (established 1863), with attendees in suits, custom menus on the tables, tuxedoed wait staff, and lavish décor.

In 1905, Drake opened a bakery in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood at 83-85 Savin Street with J. Harold Drake, Newman's son, as manager.

The Wallabout Market bakery expanded in 1909 with the addition into 1704–1705 Wallabout Market and the addition of a 16-foot oven. Also in 1909, Drake's commissioned "Drake's Cake Walk", sheet music for a "rag" or "ragtime" music for piano.

In 1910, Newman Vanderveer Drake, Newman E. Drake's youngest son, joined the firm in Wallabout Market.

In May 1913, Drake Brothers announced that they would build a new five story bakery built of brick and concrete on Clinton Avenue in Brooklyn on a lot 80 by 125 feet. The ovens were on the top floor to allow the heat to escape, mixing was on the fourth floor, packing was on the third floor, offices on the second floor, and shipping and receiving on the ground level as seen in photographs of the facility. The facility had a laundry to clean the white uniforms. There was a rooftop garden that served as a break area.

Early branding and advertising
Drake Brothers was recognized in a leading advertising magazine of the day for branding and advertising efforts. With much of the product sold by the pound, the products were vulnerable to substitution by retailers. Drake implemented pan liners that were perforated with the Drake's brand name so that the product could be identified by the end consumer. Drake's advertised this feature. Drake also made wide use of the trademark on trucks, advertising, and "everything that leaves our bakery".

A White (brand) three-ton truck in the small fleet at the Drake's Boston bakery was featured in a trucking publication in 1914 for having operated for 14 months without the loss of a day.

In 1920 and again in 1927, Drake's added garages to store their fleet of vehicles just down the street from the bakery at 35-37 Clinton Avenue and 41-43 Clinton Avenue.

In the early 1900s, Newman Drake was looking for something new and different to grace the door of his delivery trucks. Joseph Gross, a German immigrant who came to the U.S. in 1898 and worked as striper painting lines and designs on horse wagons and automobiles, drew the original Drake's logo which consisted of a duck with a chef's hat holding a tray of cakes. Drake was so pleased with the design that Gross received a bonus in the amount of $500 for his work.

Drake Bakeries, Inc.
On July 29, 1924, a new corporation was formed as Drake Bakeries, Incorporated. Ralph Ward became president of the company. Ralph Ward was the grandson of the founder of Ward Baking Company, a major bakery enterprise founded in 1849 that went on to be Continental Baking and introduce the Hostess brand, develop competitive products like Twinkies, and eventually after transitioning to Interstate Bakeries Corporation, own the Drake's brand in 1998, 74 years later, after having made an unsuccessful attempt to gain the Drake's brand in 1986.

The preferred shares of Drake Bakeries, Incorporated were owned by Bessemer Investment Company, the investment arm of the Bessemer Trust which was founded in 1907 by Henry Phipps from proceeds from the sale of Carnegie Steel, which Phipps founded with Andrew Carnegie. Newman E. Drake and other Drake family members, Ralph Ward and other Ward family investments, B. B. Vanderveer, and others were among the closely held group of common stockholders of Drake Bakeries.

In 1925, Drake Bakeries advertised with full page ads a new freshness policy where they would remove products from store shelves after 48 hours. The ad also featured recipes for three Drake's products, highlighting to readers the wholesome ingredients used and how much easier it would be to buy the same product you would make at home from Drake. The ad also introduced the products in cartons, termed the "Fresh Cake" package.

In 1925, Drake's began a series of collectable cards including two featuring Babe Ruth. These cards had brand information on the back. Drake's baseball cards continued for decades.

Also in 1925, work began on a new three story bakery in Irvington, New Jersey, near Newark.

One of the top sellers for Drake's still today, Devil Dogs, was filed for trademark protection in 1926 and shown as first sold in commerce on June 15, 1926. The owner of the trademark was S. Gumpert Co., Inc. of Brooklyn.

Yankee Doodles, a chocolate cupcake with creme filling and no icing, was first sold in interstate commerce in 1928 by the Yankee Cake Company of Providence, Rhode Island. The firm built a bakery around that time at 24 Althea Street in Providence. In 1936, Drake's was running ads for Yankee Doodles under the Drake's brand. Around 1937, Drake Bakeries was sharing the building with Yankee Cake Company and later became sole occupant. The "Old Formula Book" of Drake Bakeries from the late 1930s to early 1940s references the Providence bakery. The Yankee Cake Company was stated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Drake Bakeries in a 1941 article.

On August 28, 1928, Drake Bakeries was purchased by acquisition of common stock by Central Distributors, Inc. Central Distributors was formed March 9, 1928, by Ralph Ward, his cousin, William Ward, and Benjamin Titman as a holding company for food companies. Drake common shareholders received shares in Central Distributors, Inc. Newman E. Drake and Ralph Ward were signatories of documents related to the purchase.

Less than a year later, on August 8, 1929, The Borden Company purchased Central Distributors, Inc. for Borden stock, gaining control of Drake Bakeries, Inc. as it was a company held within Central Distributors, Inc. Ralph Ward became a vice president within The Borden Company in October 1931 while continuing to serve as President of Drake Bakeries, Inc. without interruption.

In 1929, Drake begins advertising that the products are wrapped in cellophane, noting that shoppers could see what they were buying and that it was a "flavor-sealed" package.

1930s and 1940s
Newman E. Drake, the founder of the business, died March 18, 1930, at 69 years old. one month after its founder's death his wife Elizabeth Drake and their son Arthur Drake took over to continue running the business, in April 1930.

In December 1930, Drake's Coffee Cakes, still one of the top-selling products, came on the scene in newspaper advertisements that mentioned a radio broadcast that offered to share the recipe. The advertisement is another example of Drake's forward stance promoting product quality. The ad is assumed to be the introduction of coffee cakes because the product is not listed in previous advertisements, even as late as 1929, that provide a listing of cake products.

On August 28, 1933, Drake Bakeries Incorporated is established at 2224 N. Marshall Street in Philadelphia. In 1941, in addition to the aforementioned Brooklyn, Boston, Irvington, NJ, and Providence, bakeries, the Philadelphia branch is noted as well as two distribution points in the Bronx and Jamaica (Queens) in an article. Photographs of delivery vehicles for the Philadelphia branch exist, but very little other information has been found regarding this bakery. By the mid-1950s, an order ticket showing the various Drake's bakeries does not include a Philadelphia bakery.

Drake's participated in the 1939 New York World's Fair (in Queens) with Drake's cake stand providing cake to attendees.

During World War II, Drake's production was limited due to rationing of sugar and shortening. Ralph Ward, president of the Drake Bakeries, Incorporated, was the president of the American Bakers Association (American Institute of Baking) in the 1942–1944 term and chairman of the War Advisory Committee of the American Bakers Association.

By the end of 1949, Drake Bakeries had a bakery at 21 – 30 44th Avenue in Long Island City, NY (Queens).

1950s and 1960s
While the Devil Dogs brand was first owned by another company (see 1926), Devil Dogs are marketed in advertisements under the Drake's brand in 1956.

Drake's Ring Dings launched in January 1958, still one of the top-selling items.

Drake's Funny Bones launched on April 12, 1961.

On April 18, 1962, Drake Bakeries had a case heard in front of the United States Supreme Court.

Drake's Yodels launched on August 15, 1962, and continues to be one of their top-selling items.

Drake's Fruit Doodles, a trademarked name for fruit pies, were introduced on October 29, 1964, but were known as Drake's Fruit Pies by the early 1970s.

In 1969, a bakery in Wayne, New Jersey, was built to supplement the existing bakeries in Brooklyn, Boston, Long Island City, and Newark.

1980s and 1990s
In 1981, Drake Bakeries conducted a contest to name the duck mascot. Webster was the selected name.

On July 1, 1986, Borden announced the sale of Drake Bakeries to Ralston Purina Co. to be part of their Continental Baking Co. subsidiary. Ralston Purina paid $115 million for Drake. Tasty Baking Co. filed a federal antitrust suit against Ralston in August 1986 and was successful with efforts to block Ralston's Continental Baking subsidiary from holding the Drake's brand along with its existing Hostess brand.

On July 13, 1987, Ralston Purina Co. announced its agreement to sell Drake Bakeries to a private group led by Drake management and funded by support from Rock Capital Partners L.P. Purina completed the sale of the Drake Bakery unit which was sold for $176 million on August 22, 1987. Rock Capital Partners was formed by the heirs of John D. Rockefeller with funds from mortgaging Rockefeller Center.

By September 1987, Drake management informed the route salespeople that they would need to buy their routes or lose their jobs as a cost savings effort and an opportunity to increase earnings for the salespeople. Union officials representing the route salespeople condemned the effort.

In April 1988, Drake Bakeries held a 100th-anniversary celebration with the cutting of a 500-pound Ring Ding. Evidence points to 1896 as being the founding of the company, and 1888 was simply the year its founder entered the baking industry (in another company), so this celebration was technically about eight years early.

On December 31, 1990, Rock Capital Partners sold Drake Bakeries to Culinar Inc. for $35 million. Culinar was a CA$500 million sales Canadian food company based in Montreal that held the popular Canadian cake brand Vachon.

Culinar refocused on improved bakery operations resulting in greater efficiencies, gained work rule concessions, and reconfigured routes resulting in improved profitability.

On August 16, 1998, Interstate Bakeries Corporation completed the purchase of Drake Bakeries from Culinar Inc. Interstate Bakeries added Drake's to their line including the Hostess brand of competitive products. In the fiscal year, Hostess had one major acquisition (Drake) and one minor acquisition (My Bread Baking Co.) with the total paid of $106 million. If the purchase price was proportional to sales, Interstate may have paid in the neighborhood of $80 million for Drake Baking. Gilles Boudreau, Vice President and Controller for Drake during the Culinar era and later Vice President of Finance with Interstate Bakeries stated that Hostess paid around $100 million for Drake Bakeries.

2000s and 2010s
Hostess Brands Inc. (formerly Interstate Bakeries Corporation) filed for bankruptcy a second time on January 11, 2012 and eventually filed for liquidation on November 16, 2012.

On April 9, 2013, McKee Foods Corporation completed the purchase of the Drake's brand for $27.5 million out of liquidation from Hostess Brands. McKee Foods reintroduced the Drake's top-selling items on September 22, 2013.

During the fall of 2017, and without warning to consumers, McKee stopped production and distribution of Drake's Coffee Cakes. On July 27, 2018, McKee announced that Drake's Coffee Cakes would return in the fall.

In popular culture
Drake's Coffee Cakes are mentioned in the season 3 episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld titled "The Suicide", which aired on January 29, 1992. In addition, in the season 5 episode "The Dinner Party", which aired on February 3, 1994, George Costanza suggests bringing Ring Dings and Pepsi to a dinner party. As a result, the brand has become associated with Seinfeld. They also became somewhat associated with comedienne Rosie O'Donnell when she gave them away on her TV talk show. Yodels are referenced in the season 4 episode of the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond titled "Robert's Rodeo", which aired on February 7, 2000.

title: Drake's Cakes


text:
Talk:Biomolecule

Untitled
Are biomolecules not organic compounds? Bensaccount 21:18, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I created a compromise version between Bensaccount and Stewartadcock. Bensaccount, it's good to have snappy sentences and concise definition and I appreciate your attention to brevity and succintness, but it also doesn't hurt to also include a short few intro sentences after these concise one-sentence definitions to help orient less technically inclined readers.  Remember wikipedia is not a dictionary, and it encyclopedia entries should be able to be read in relative isolation (ultimately a paper version of wikipedia is planned), so don't assume that the reader is always in front a browser. --Lexor|Talk 21:53, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Bensaccount, your initial edit removed (cf. moved) much valid content and instead basically said, "a biomolecule is an organic molecule". It depends upon the definitions you choose to follow but, from the definitions usually used by a chemist, a biomolecule is not necessarily an organic molecule. I think it's best to leave statements that can be disputed out of the introductory passage when a perfectly good intro already exists. (I'm not saying that the intro isn't open to improvement.) Stewart Adcock 03:15, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * At least a few molecules produced by living things are clearly inorganic, not organic, in the chemistry sense - such as shell calcium carbonate. In the other direction, a huge number of chemically synthesized organic molecules are not biomolecules.  (Ooops! maybe we need to watch out for an ambiguity about molecules produced by organic chemists?)  But in general, it doesn't seem helpful replace a definition easily understood by anyone with a technical term such as "organic compound".  Using the technical term at a second level could be very good, along with an explanation of it in terms of the atom types and bonding.

 * In general, the current version of the article is pretty good, altho there are a few misleading details such as the descriptions of helix and sheet in the protein section - I'll try to work on those. - Dcrjsr (talk) 17:00, 24 June 2012 (UTC) Done. - Dcrjsr (talk) 18:11, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Is this statement correct?
"Besides the polymeric biomolecules, numerous big organic molecules are absorbed by living systems. Many biomolecules may be not useful or important in the future"

Don't living things absorb other molecules, small or big? And don't living organisms also absorb other non-organic things?

What does "Many biomolecules may be not useful or important in the future" mean? If living things are made of solely on biomolecules, then wouldn't biomolecules be important for sustaining life for future generations? Maybe I just read it wrong, but it seems contradictory to me

--71.108.1.200 19:56, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Apparently the above two statements have been removed, which is a good step - I feel they were poorly worded, incorrect by most interpretations, and not especially useful to a reader. - Dcrjsr (talk) 18:11, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:42, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Biomolecules
And love you too I love 3kdb so I can get a virifying paymaya account ko wag muna nga akong joke joken kasi halata n nag sisilos k na na 1.37.88.254 (talk) 07:55, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

بائیولوجی 9th 58.181.103.136 (talk) 10:23, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * اینزائم ریکشن کیوں ہوتا 58.181.103.136 (talk) 10:24, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Opening definition conflicts with its citation
The cited author says they'll use the term to refer to "any macromolecule that, like a protein or a nucleic acid, is essential to some typically biological process". Of course that's an example of just one author's use of it, and fits the article's definition, but I don't think it really works as a reference for it if we then immediately change the definition's scope to include smaller molecules. Musiconeologist (talk) 17:11, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biomolecule


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Caïssa

Caïssa is a fictional (anachronistic) Thracian dryad portrayed as the goddess of chess. She was first mentioned during the Renaissance by Italian poet Hieronymus Vida.

Vida's poem
The concept of Caïssa originated in a 658-line poem called Scacchia Ludus published in 1527 by Hieronymus Vida (Marco Girolamo Vida), which describes in Latin Virgilian hexameters a chess game between Apollo and Mercury in the presence of the other gods, and among them a dryad of chess named Schacchia. In it, to avoid unclassical words such as rochus (chess rook) or alfinus (chess bishop), the rooks are described as towers (armored howdahs) on elephants' backs, and the bishops as archers:

A leaked unauthorized 742-line draft version was published in 1525. Its text is very different, and in it the chess rook is a cyclops, and the chess bishop is a centaur archer.

The description of towers led to the modern name "castle" for the chess rook, and thus the term "castling", and the modern shape of the European rook chesspiece. Also for a time, some chess players in Europe called the rook "elephant" and the bishop "archer". In German, Schütze ("archer") became a general word for a chess bishop until displaced by Läufer ("runner") in the 18th century.

William Jones's poem
The young English orientalist William Jones re-used the idea of a chess poem in 1763, in his own poem Caïssa or The Game at Chess written in English heroic couplets. In his poem, Caïssa initially repels the advances of the god of war, Mars. Spurned, Mars seeks the aid of Euphron, God of Sport (Jones's invention), brother of Venus, who creates the game of chess as a gift for Mars to win Caïssa's favor.

It is an unproven assumption that Jones's name "Caïssa" (ka-is-sa) is an equivalent to Vida's name "Scacchia" (ska-ki-a).

The English version of Philidor's 1777 Systematic introduction to the game and the analysis of chess contained Jones's poem. In 1851 the poem was translated into French by Camille Théodore Frédéric Alliey.

Victoria Winifred's novel
Victoria Winifred continued the story introduced in William Jones's poem in her 2022 mythological fantasy, *The Princess, the Knight, and the Lost God: A Chess Story*. In Winifred's continuation, Mars and Caïssa marry following the events depicted in Jones's work. Caïssa gains immortality and becomes a goddess, and together they rule over Chess Mountain. Their 12-year-old daughter, Princess Kassie, later undertakes a series of adventures on Earth, through which she establishes her own goddess title within the chess realm.

Modern use
Caïssa is referred to in chess commentary.
 * Garry Kasparov uses this reference now and again, especially in his five-volume work My Great Predecessors. He cites her as a metaphor for good luck – "Caïssa was with me" – especially in unclear situations, for example in sacrifices.
 * The 1994 book The March of Chess Ideas by Anthony Saidy extensively uses Caïssa as well.
 * T. R. Dawson extensively used Caïssa, both as a character to provide literary narrative to accompany his problem collections, and merely as a convenient personification of chess.
 * The chess variant Caïssa Britannia, created by Fergus Duniho, was named after Caïssa.
 * When writing about chess, Heinrich Fraenkel used the pseudonym "Assiac", which is "Caïssa" spelled backwards.
 * Antonio Radić, a Croatian YouTuber who runs the channel 'agadmator's Chess Channel', has created a chess-based manga named "Age of Caissa", depicting a post-apocalyptic world ruled by artificial intelligence.

The computer program that won the first World Computer Chess Championship (in 1974) was named Kaissa.

The card game Android: Netrunner features a program type named Caïssa, which are modeled after chess pieces.

In Michael Chabon’s novel The Yiddish Policemen's Union, a character writes an Acrostic letter that spells Caissa.

title: Caïssa


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Sasser

Sasser may refer to:

 * Sasser (grape), a Romanian/Moldovan wine grape variety that is also known as Băbească neagră
 * Sasser Pass (also Saser Pass, Saser-la), on the old caravan route between Ladakh and Yarkand
 * Sasser (computer worm)
 * Sasser, Georgia
 * Sasser Cup

People with the surname

 * Bud Sasser, professional American football player
 * Buddy Sasser, former American football coach and Big South Conference commissioner
 * Clarence Sasser, a Vietnam veteran who received the Medal of Honor in 1969
 * Grant Sasser, former NHL player
 * Howell Sasser, Episcopalian priest
 * Jason Sasser, former professional basketball player
 * Jeryl Sasser, former professional basketball player in Kuwait
 * Jim Sasser, a Democrat who represented Tennessee in the senate from 1977 to 1995
 * Mackey Sasser, a former MLB player who was active from 1987 to 1995
 * Marcus Sasser, basketball player for the Houston Cougars
 * Mattie Sasser, a Marshallese weightlifter who represented Marshall Islands at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Rob Sasser, former MLB player
 * Sean Sasser, a pastry chef and television personality best known for The Real World: San Francisco
 * Wayne Sasser, Republican member of the North Carolina House of Representatives elected in 2018

title: Sasser


text:
2003 Australian Grand Prix

The 2003 Australian Grand Prix (formally the 2003 Foster's Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 9 March 2003 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit. The race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard, who took the 13th and final race victory of his Formula One career.

Background
There was a lot of speculation about how the new set of rules that debuted in this race would affect Ferrari, which were the ones to cause the changes after their dominant 2002 season.

Qualifying
Qualifying was an all Ferrari affair, with Schumacher edging out Barrichello. Montoya took third, with Frentzen, Panis and Villeneuve putting in good performances for 4th, 5th and 6th. The McLarens had poor qualifying, with Coulthard in 11th, and Räikkönen making a mistake, and ending up 15th.

Race
It rained heavily before the race, and the track started in half-wet conditions. Räikkönen stopped for dry tyres at the end of the formation lap. Montoya and Panis also started on dry tyres, while the Ferraris, Saubers and BARs were on wet tyres. Barrichello jumped the start, and received a drive-through penalty. Schumacher led at the end of lap 1, with Barrichello in close company. Montoya was 6 seconds behind in third, followed by Frentzen and Villeneuve. Panis struggled on dry tyres, with the Renaults, Ralf Schumacher and Coulthard climbing quickly.

However, the track dried quickly and abnormal tire wear soon occurred on the two Ferraris. After two laps Coulthard, who started on wet tyres, returned to the pits to replace them with dry ones. Barrichello took his penalty, and on his in-lap, lost traction on a quickly drying track, crashing at Turn Five on lap five, followed by rookie Ralph Firman, who had climbed to eighth by lap seven on his dry Bridgestones.

Meanwhile Räikkönen quickly recovered from the back, while Coulthard, on dry tyres, set the fastest lap of the race. Despite this, Ferrari chose not to immediately call Schumacher back to the pits. Da Matta’s debut also came to a premature end when he spun into the gravel at turn 3. Schumacher dropped to eighth, pitting for dry tyres, with the leaders pitting just before a safety car to clear the stranded cars. Mark Webber's Jaguar had climbed to sixth, but his rear suspension broke just after the restart and he stopped in an awkward place, prompting a second appearance of the safety car.

Montoya, Trulli and Ralf Schumacher took advantage of the interruption to refuel, but the German driver lost a lot of time due to a spin and restarted at the back of the group. The safety car returned to the pits at the end of lap 20, with Räikkönen in the lead threatened by Michael Schumacher, who was in turn followed by Coulthard, Villeneuve, Button, Montoya, Panis and Frentzen. On lap 25 Villeneuve, who was having problems with the radio, entered the pits together with his teammate Button, causing a lot of confusion in the team garage and causing the Englishman to lose almost twenty seconds. Meanwhile Michael Schumacher unsuccessfully attacked Räikkönen. Unable to pass him, the German driver returned to the pits on lap 29, imitated three laps later by the McLaren drivers. Montoya then moved on to lead, followed by Räikkönen, Schumacher, Coulthard, Trulli and Alonso. Räikkönen had his turn leading the race until he received a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pit lane. Räikkönen served the penalty on lap 39, returning to the track behind the two Renaults. When Montoya refueled for the last time on lap 42, Michael Schumacher found himself in the lead.

The German driver, however, damaged the flow diverters of his Ferrari by driving too violently over a curb. Some pieces of the damaged aerodynamic appendages broke off and slipped under the body. The race direction then displayed the black-orange flag to the German, which indicates the obligation to return to the pits within three laps for repairs. Schumacher, who still had to make another pit stop, was therefore forced to do so during the 46th lap. He missed out on the podium for the first time since the 2001 Italian Grand Prix and ending Ferrari's 53 consecutive podium finishes. It was the first time since the 1999 European Grand Prix that neither of the Ferraris finished on the podium. When Williams seemed to have the first victory of the year in their pocket, Montoya spun after entering the first corner too fast, with eight laps from the end and without any pressure from his rivals. Montoya returned to the track, but lost first place to Coulthard, who won what turned out to be his last race victory. Montoya was visibly frustrated on the podium.

This was the first time that Michelin tires have dominated the podium since the 1984 Portuguese Grand Prix. It was the first time since the 1998 Italian Grand Prix that no Bridgestone-shod cars finished in the podium positions.

Qualifying

 * Notes
 * – Jos Verstappen and Justin Wilson did not set a lap time in the Q2 section, in order to avoid the parc fermé regime.

Race

 * Notes
 * – Kimi Räikkönen and Jos Verstappen started the race from the pitlane.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2003 Australian Grand Prix