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Hamersley, Western Australia

Hamersley is a residential suburb 14 km north-northwest of the central business district of Perth, the capital of Western Australia, and six kilometres (4 mi) from the Indian Ocean. The suburb adjoins two major arterial roads—Mitchell Freeway to the west and Reid Highway to the south—and is within the City of Stirling local government area. It was built during the late 1960s and 1970s as part of the Government of Western Australia's response to rapidly increasing land prices across the metropolitan area.

Before development, Hamersley was a remote district covered in jarrah, marri, banksia and other vegetation typical of the Swan Coastal Plain, with small areas cleared for small-scale agriculture such as market gardening and poultry farming. By 1974, six years after the first subdivision, Hamersley was home to the district's first community hall, an annual parade and fair which were broadcast on Perth TV and radio, an active progress association, and its own newspaper, the Hamersley Gazette, a forerunner to today's Stirling Times. Rapid growth further north removed the focus from Hamersley, which was completed in 1981 and has remained relatively stable since then.

Significant reserves of remnant bushland remain in parts of the suburb. The largest of these is an exclusion zone around the 180 m ABC radio tower in the suburb's southeast, which broadcasts AM stations to the Perth metropolitan area. The guyed tower was built in 1939 and is a landmark in the region, although it has been a local political issue since the 1980s.

Geography

Hamersley is in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, within the City of Stirling, and 6 km from the Indian Ocean. Its borders are the Mitchell Freeway to the west, Reid Highway and the Balcatta industrial area to the south, Wanneroo Road to the east, and Beach Road and the City of Joondalup to the north. The suburb is divided into western and eastern portions by Erindale Road. Hamersley was one of the first Perth suburbs to be guided by the principles of cul-de-sac design.

Hamersley covers 3.347 km2 and averages 29 m above sea level, although portions of the loop formed by Rannoch Circle in the eastern portion are 50 – above sea level. A real estate magazine remarked in 1994 that "homes around the Rannoch circle enjoy some spectacular views to the city and the hills", and that "a few lucky householders... could even catch ocean glimpses, despite being more than six kilometres from the water."

The restricted-access bushland reserve surrounding the ABC radio tower in the suburb's southeast covers 14.4% (0.47 km2) of its area, while parks and areas of natural bushland are spread throughout. The largest of these are Aintree-Eglinton Reserve, a 3.38 ha grassed reserve next to the community centre complex, and Rannoch-Tay-Earn Reserve, a 4.83 ha reserve containing large areas of native bushland interspersed with grassed and paved walkways. A biodiversity site north of the community centre is recognised by the City of Stirling's Green Plan 2.

Streets in western Hamersley are generally named after English towns, while eastern Hamersley uses the names of Scottish Highland and Perthshire towns and lochs. There are exceptions – the origins of Vickers Street precinct street names are unknown, while streets in the south-western corner are named after the "Bentley Boys", a group of British racing drivers from the 1920s and 1930s, and their car designer Walter Owen Bentley.

Natural history
Hamersley's soil is an infertile yellow-brown sand composed of fine to coarse quartz grains, with Tamala Limestone beneath. Locally known as Karrakatta Sand, it is almost certainly the leached remnants of coastal sand deposited by eolian processes in the late Pleistocene period, between 11,000 and 100,000 years ago. Below the sand are Paleozoic rocks of the Perth Basin. The sand contains an unconfined aquifer with large supplies of low-salinity potable groundwater which is recharged by rainfall.

As with other infertile areas of the Swan Coastal Plain, Hamersley would have supported open forests of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) with Corymbia calophylla (marri) or Eucalyptus gomphocephala (tuart), and an understorey of Banksia attenuata (candlestick banksia), B. menziesii (firewood banksia), B. grandis (bull banksia), Allocasuarina fraseriana (western sheoak) and Agonis flexuosa (Swan River peppermint). The main shrub species would have been Jacksonia sternbergiana (Stinkwood), J. furcellata (Grey Stinkwood), Acacia cyclops (Coastal Wattle), Acacia saligna (orange wattle), Hibbertia species, Allocasuarina humilis (dwarf sheoak), Calothamnus quadrifidus (one-sided bottlebrush) and Grevillea thelemanniana (spider net grevillea). Biodiversity surveys in 2006 have also identified a relatively rare species, Jacksonia sericea (waldjumi), in two eastern Hamersley reserves.

Name
Hamersley was named after the Hamersley family who arrived in the colony of Western Australia in 1837 and established themselves at Guildford. There is no evidence they ever visited modern Hamersley, but in 1869 they built a summer home in what is now North Beach, 6 km to the west, and bought considerable holdings in the area over the following years.

The name first came into use to describe the north-western section of the Perth Road District in 1906. Hamersley Ward was a large area of land covering what is now Hamersley, Carine, Watermans Bay, North Beach, Gwelup and parts of Balcatta, Karrinyup and Trigg. The Hamersley townsite, consisting of Hamersley Ward, was gazetted in 1945. As a result, many facilities in North Beach, including a primary school, a golf course, several sporting clubs and residents' and seniors' associations, were called Hamersley. After the Hamersley Development Scheme started in 1968, confusion as to exactly what Hamersley referred to led to conflict between established organisations in North Beach and emerging ones in Hamersley – the Hamersley Gazette noted in 1973 that "North Beach people have the prior claim but ours is more officially accepted".

The suburb was gazetted as a locality by the City of Stirling on 24 October 1975, although it had existed as a postal locality since 1971.

Early history
Before European settlement, Hamersley was part of a larger area of land that was occupied by the Mooro people, an Indigenous Australian people who traversed the lakes and wetlands running parallel to the coast between what is now Perth and Yanchep.

Soon after the establishment of the Swan River Colony, colonial authorities divided up the land into grants which were given to settlers who had brought capital into the new settlement. Southern Hamersley became part of Location K, a 2585 ha strip of land extending 19 km west from Caversham on the Swan River to Big Carine Swamp, which was granted to Robert Ansell Partridge in September 1829. The western part of this, first surveyed by P.L.S. Chauncy in 1843, remained fairly inaccessible, and the only development in the area was the construction of the Daviot Park cottage on Old Balcatta Road 500 m southwest of Hamersley. By the late 1930s, portions in the far west and south-east of the suburb had been cleared for small-scale agriculture such as market gardening, and in 1939 the Department of the Interior constructed a 180 m tower and other facilities for ABC AM and shortwave radio broadcasts on Wanneroo Road.

Northern Hamersley, meanwhile, became part of Swan Location 1315, which extended north to Lake Goollelal and west to the coast and was granted in the 1890s to the Midland Railway Company after being surveyed by Crossland & Co. in 1892, and by N. Lymburner in 1894. It appears that no development occurred in northern Hamersley, other than the construction of Beach and Carine Roads in 1900, and the State Housing Commission resumed the land in November 1950. In 1962, a lucerne grower with a property on Duffy Road, Carine applied to use the northern half of the suburb as a sheep run. The Shire President, Herbert R. Robinson, refused to grant permission, saying that "land might soon be needed for housing". The West Australian reported in 1967 that the area was still "virtually untouched bushland".

Hamersley Development Scheme
In the late 1960s, concern about the growth of land prices in the Perth metropolitan area, which for several years had exceeded the consumer price index, led to the premier of Western Australia, David Brand, convening an inter-departmental committee to study the problem. One of the committee's recommendations to Cabinet was to release 300 ha of land owned by the State Housing Commission in Hamersley, Warwick and Greenwood which was on a much larger area that had been designated as "deferred urban" land under the Metropolitan Region Scheme in 1963. On 13 December 1967, the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority decided to rezone as urban all land bounded by Hepburn Avenue, Marmion Avenue, North Perimeter Highway and Wanneroo Road, on the condition that subdivision would be approved when "Town Planning (Development) Scheme(s) have been approved with the general object of serving the best possible development at the least cost to the community".

The shires of Perth and Wanneroo combined to prepare Town Planning Scheme No.26 (Hamersley Development Scheme), and by early March 1968, the scheme, which included provisions for water supply, sewerage, drainage, road construction and undergrounding of power mains, was presented to both councils for consideration. A time limit of $3 1⁄2$ years for developers to construct homes on released land was built into the scheme in an effort to prevent land speculation, which the inter-departmental committee believed was a key factor in spiralling prices in Perth. By July, however, negotiations between the councils broke down, and the Shire of Perth (now City of Stirling) decided to administer its own part of the scheme independently. The scheme was divided into nine sections, with what is now the suburb of Hamersley being the first stage.

In April 1968 the R&I Bank, a government-owned bank, was granted permission to subdivide a small area in northern Ardleigh Crescent in the suburb's west. The first auction of 80 lots on Saturday, 14 December 1968 was anticipated on the front page of The West Australian, with Premier Brand advising intending buyers to be cautious about their bids. At the auction, 76 lots were sold at an average price of $4,784, compared to $6,700 at a recent R&I Bank sale in the nearby suburb of Karrinyup, with newspapers agreeing that the Premier's warning had been heeded by bidders.

The western portion of Hamersley grew steadily over the following months and years, with segments being released, auctioned and developed by the R&I Bank, T&S Plunkett Homes and Parkland Housing. The Hamersley Development Scheme, however, was doomed almost before it started. Disagreements over issues such as undergrounding of power and the time limit clauses between the Town Planning Board and the Shire of Perth had caused delays in the scheme's approval. In July 1970, the Shire Planner reported that "there is little point in proceeding with the Scheme, especially in view of the large areas already subdivided", and recommended the council agree "that for all practical purposes, Town Planning Scheme No. 26. is defunct". By the February 1971 state election, over 1,000 eligible voters lived in the district.

Suburban development
In June 1970, the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority released land in the southwestern corner of Hamersley, which had previously been held in reserve under the Metropolitan Region Scheme for a large freeway interchange between the future Mitchell Freeway (then known as Stephenson Freeway) and Reid Highway (North Perimeter Freeway). The result of these changes was to allow the construction of Walter Way, Dutton Crescent and connecting streets, which were named after racing drivers from the 1920s and 1930s.

Between 1971 and 1973, reserves, public recreation areas and drainage sites were set aside in western Hamersley, and facilities were erected in quick succession – the 1st Hamersley Scout Group in 1973, the colonial-style Holy Cross Anglican Church in 1974, and a community hall at Aintree Street in 1975. Residents in the region were at this time on the fringe of Perth's suburban area, relying on partly built main roads, distant shopping centres and overstretched local facilities for several years after the suburb's construction. A locally produced fortnightly newspaper, the Hamersley Gazette, started in early 1973 by Peter Flanigan, from his home in Manton Court, covering the suburbs of Carine, Hamersley, Warwick and Greenwood, with the open aim of helping to form community associations and campaign for better facilities. A July 1973 article, for example, lamented that "work on Erindale Road appears to have come to a standstill... great piles of dirt and unmade road surfaces bear testimony to the fact that something is going on, or should be going on, but this one is taking a very long time."

However, there were also celebrations – the paper reported in detail on the annual Glendale Spring Fair, held between 1973 and 1976 by the Glendale P&C Association on the second Saturday in November. It included activities for children, marching bands provided by The Salvation Army and the Australian 10th Light Horse Regiment, and a parade along Glendale Avenue and Beach Road at 10:30 am. Intended originally as a fundraiser for the school, the Gazette reported that it was "a sort of glorified féte that rapidly outgrew its origins", with live coverage of the parade on ABC radio and on television station TVW-7 and personalities such as Jeff Newman in attendance. The fair, however, became the victim of a dispute over naming rights between the Glendale P&C, community groups and commercial sponsors. Other events included the grand opening of Warwick Grove Shopping Centre on 13 November 1974, the greening of Aintree-Eglinton Reserve and the activities of the Hamersley Progress Association. The paper was acquired in February 1977 by Bill Marwick of the Wanneroo Times, and evolved into the Stirling Times in 1980.

Meanwhile, work was only starting in eastern Hamersley. In 1973 Project Homes acquired a poultry farm and agricultural holding, and completed the construction of Vickers Street and adjoining roads, with Don Place becoming a display village. In 1974 the City of Stirling agreed, after complex negotiations, to sell 4.2 ha of land comprising Carine Road and Allen Street to the State Housing Commission and to War Service Homes in order to "facilitate a satisfactory subdivisional design of adjoining land held by the State Housing Commission" in the eastern portion of the suburb. All that remains of these two early roads are paved pathways within the Rannoch-Tay-Earn Reserve, which was gazetted in 1976. By July 1975, 200 defence service homes were under construction on land immediately to the east of Erindale Road, to be made available to veterans from March 1976. The rest of eastern Hamersley was built over the next few years, and by 1981 development was essentially complete. The community hall was redeveloped into a full-fledged community centre, which officially opened in 1990.

Despite Hamersley's stability in the years since 1981 and its relatively low crime rate, it has periodically drawn the attention of the Perth media. In July 2000, a man bludgeoned his former girlfriend, mother-of-two Deborah Boyd, to death in a rented home in Brabant Way. He was subsequently sentenced to strict-security life imprisonment. On 23 January 2006, a large scrub fire caused the closure of Reid Highway and delays in rail line services during the afternoon rush hour.

Demographics
Hamersley had a population of 5,209 at the 2021 census. This was an increase on the 4,982 recorded at the 2016 and 2011 censuses, and the 4,965 recorded at the 2006 census, but a decrease on the 5,233 recorded at the 2001 census. At the 2021 census, 49.8% of residents were male and 50.2% were female. The median age was 39, above the state and national average of 38. 1.1% of residents identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, below the state and national averages of 3.3% and 3.2% respectively.

At the 2021 census, Hamersley had a median weekly personal income of $892. The median weekly family income was $2,227 and the median weekly household income was $1,856. These were all close to the state average. The most common occupations were professionals (27.4%), technicians and trades workers (17.6%), clerical and administrative workers (13.2%), managers (11.0%), community and personal service workers (10.8%), labourers (7.1%), sales workers (7.0%), and machinery operators and drivers (4.6%). Major industries that residents worked in included hospitals (except psychiatric hospitals) (5.3%), primary education (3.3%), secondary education (2.4%), supermarket and grocery stores (2.2%), and state government administration (2.1%).

Out of Hamersley's 1,981 dwellings, 94.6% were occupied and 5.2% were unoccupied as of the 2021 census. Out of the 1,981 occupied dwellings, 90.5% were detached houses, 9.1% were semi-detached, and 0.3% were considered flats or apartments. 48.9% of the occupied dwellings had four or more bedrooms and the average number of bedrooms was 3.5%, slightly above the state average of 3.3%. The average number of people per household was 2.6%, close to the state and national average of 2.5%. 39.9% of occupied dwellings were owned outright, higher than the state average of 29.2%; 42.7% were owned with a mortgage, close to the state average of 40.0%; and 16.0% were rented, below the state average of 27.3%.

At the 2021 census, 76.7% of Hamersley households were families, above the state average of 71.2%; 21.7% were single-person households, below the state average of 25.4%; and 1.6% were group households, below the state average of 3.4%. Of those family households, 39.8% were couples without children, 43.9% were couples with children, 15.3% were single parents with children, and 1.2% were some other type of family. These figures are all close to the state averages of 38.8%, 44.6%, 15.1% and 1.6% respectively.

The most common ancestries that Hamersley residents identified with at the 2021 census were English (40.0%), Australian (34.9%), Irish (11.9%), Scottish (9.1%), and Italian (7.2%). 69.0% of residents were born in Australia. The next most common birthplaces were England (6.8%), New Zealand (3.2%), Ireland (1.5%), India (1.3%), and South Africa (1.2%). 42.1% of residents had both parents born in Australia and 37.8% had both parents born overseas. The most common religious affiliations were no religion (43.6%), Catholic (22.2%), Anglican (10.6%), not stated (3.6%), and Christian, nfd (3.0%). Holy Cross Hamersley is located on Glendale Ave, and is an Anglican church in the evangelical tradition. All Saints Catholic Church is in neighbouring Warwick and the local Uniting Churches are in Carine and Greenwood.

Amenities and facilities
Hamersley is a residential suburb, relying on the Warwick Grove shopping centre on its northern boundary for commercial services, and is 7 km by road from Karrinyup Shopping Centre. A light industrial area is to the south in Balcatta which includes a large Bunnings Warehouse on Erindale Road approximately 200 m south of Hamersley.

Aintree-Eglinton Reserve, a grassed area covering 3.38 ha, contains a cricket pitch, several practice runs and night lights for Australian rules football, which are utilised by local amateur and junior clubs. Within the reserve is the Hamersley Community Recreation Centre, first built in the 1970s as a community hall and opened in its present form on 22 April 1990. The centre is a small village area consisting of a central pergola crossed with walking paths, flanked by four buildings: a sports hall with basketball courts and kiosk, an arts and crafts building, a community hall and function building hosting discos and other social events, and a purpose-built children's centre. Near the centre are the 1st Hamersley Scout Group, a child health centre and the Holy Cross Anglican Church, a colonial-style building built in 1974 and consecrated on 14 December 1980 to serve the newly formed Balcatta-Hamersley Parish.

Numerous small parks are throughout all parts of Hamersley, usually joining the ends of several cul-de-sacs.

The southeastern corner contains the ABC 50 kW radio tower which transmits ABC AM radio in Perth, including ABC Local Radio (6WF), Radio National and ABC NewsRadio. Several other towers, including a 20 kW and 10 kW tower, are also at the site. Some residents argue that electromagnetic interference from the towers is adversely affecting their television and telephone reception, with the issue taken up in Federal parliament by local MPs. An inquiry was held by ACMA in November 2010 into the situation, which found that apart from some disturbance to ABC2 signals, TV and radio signals in the area were of acceptable strength and quality.

Education
Hamersley contains two state primary schools, each of which includes facilities for pre-primary students, and a teaching resource centre. Hamersley is within the catchment area for Warwick Senior High School for students from Years 8 to 12.

In 2016, the school provided for 248 primary students between Year 1 and Year 6, and 28 pre-primary students.

In the 1990s, the West Coast Resource Centre, a specialist borrowing library for teachers of kindergarten, pre-primary and primary classes, was built on the East Hamersley site by the Department of Education (now Education and Training) to serve schools in the northern suburbs.

Transport

Cars are the most common mode of transport for Hamersley residents. At the 2021 census, 69.6% of employed residents used a car to get to work, either as the driver or passenger. This figure is close to the state average of 68.8%. 8.0% of employed residents took public transport to work, slightly above the state average of 7.4%.

Public transport
At the 2011 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that 13.9% of Hamersley's residents used public transport to get to work. This was a sizable jump from 8.5% in the 2006 census, and was higher than the north-western metropolitan average of 13.1%. Public transport usage was highest (16.8%) in the section of Hamersley closest to the train station, and lowest (8.3%) in the Vickers Street section to the southeast, where many residents live more than 10 minutes' walk from the nearest bus stop.

Currently, the only service in the suburb is the 387 daytime service between Warwick and Perth via Balcatta Road, which travels along Eglinton Crescent. Eastern Hamersley does not have a direct service, other than those along Erindale and Wanneroo Roads. However, service along Wanneroo Road is very limited outside standard weekday hours.

Originally, Hamersley was served by a shuttle service to Wanneroo Road, Nollamara, to connect with other routes to the Perth CBD. In September 1973, the Metropolitan Transport Trust introduced the 358 and 359 services, which linked Greenwood to Perth via Eglinton Crescent and Glendale Avenue/Aintree Street respectively, travelling along Blissett Way, then becoming limited-stops Wanneroo Road services. An after-hours service, the 369, was also introduced. In 1987, following the construction of the Warwick Transfer Station and the Mitchell Freeway, services along Glendale Avenue and through East Hamersley ceased, with two new routes – the 347 and the Freeway-bound 387 – being created to serve Eglinton Crescent.

On 21 March 1993, the Joondalup railway line came into operation as part of the Northern Suburbs Transit System, resulting in the creation of the 449 and 457 services to replace the 387 service. The 449 operated only during the morning and evening rush-hour, while the 457 operated after-hours and at weekends. These services operated virtually unchanged until 6 November 2011, when the 347 was replaced with the present-day 387, and the 457 and weekday evening services were withdrawn. On 31 January 2016, the 449 was also withdrawn, leaving Hamersley without weekend bus services.

Bus

 * 371 Warwick Station to Morley Bus Station – serves Beach Road and Wanneroo Road
 * 387 Warwick Station to Perth Busport – serves Beach Road, Belvedere Road and Eglinton Crescent
 * 388 Warwick Station to Perth Busport – serves Beach Road and Wanneroo Road
 * 389 Wanneroo to Perth Busport – serves Wanneroo Road
 * 427 and 428 Warwick Station to Stirling Station – serve Beach Road and Erindale Road

Bus routes serving Beach Road:
 * 344 Warwick Station to Morley Bus Station
 * 445, 446 and 447 Warwick Station to Whitfords Station
 * 448 Warwick Station to Kingsway City
 * 449 Warwick Station to Malaga
 * 450 Warwick Station to Landsdale

Politics

Hamersley has consistently favoured the centre-right Liberal Party at both federal and state elections throughout its history. However, in the 2001 and 2005 state elections and at the 1983 federal election, Hamersley booths recorded a majority for the centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP). Hamersley has also shown a higher preference than the regional average for progressive minor parties such as the Australian Greens and Australian Democrats. Hamersley is both socially and geographically between the safe Liberal suburbs west of the Mitchell Freeway such as Carine, Duncraig and North Beach, and the safe Labor suburbs east of Wanneroo Road such as Balga and Girrawheen.

At federal level, Hamersley is within the Division of Stirling, a marginal seat which historically has alternated between the Liberal Party and the Australian Labor Party. It has been held since 2004 by Michael Keenan of the Liberal Party. At polling place and subdivision level, Hamersley has supported the Liberal Party at every election since its first in 1972, the only exception being the 1983 election. In the 2001 election, the booth at East Hamersley Primary School was only won by the Liberal Party with a 0.3% two-party-preferred majority. Hamersley was in the Division of Cowan for elections held between 1984 and 1996.

In the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, Hamersley is split between the electorates of Girrawheen and Balcatta, ordinarily both safe seats for the Australian Labor Party. At polling place level, Hamersley supported the Liberal Party at every election since its first in 1971 until the 1996 election. In both the 2001 and 2005 elections, polling places in Hamersley, as with those in many northern Perth suburbs, switched to the Australian Labor Party at state level. However, at the 2008 and 2013 elections, the suburb returned a majority for the Liberals.

At local level, Hamersley is represented within the City of Stirling by the two councillors of the Hamersley Ward, which covers the suburbs of Carine, Hamersley, Gwelup and northern Balcatta. At present, Samantha Jenkinson, whose term expires in October 2019, and Andrew Guilfoyle, whose term expires in October 2017, represent Hamersley Ward.

In the early 1970s, the Hamersley Progress Association was formed to represent the views of Hamersley residents to all levels of government. It was, however, fairly short-lived. In 1999, the Hamersley Reference Group was formed to advise then-Federal Member for Stirling Jann McFarlane MHR on issues related to the ABC radio transmission towers and their effect on local residents. It was renamed to Radio Interference Group – Hamersley Towers after it moved to complete community management, and lobbies the government and makes submissions to public inquiries on behalf of the community on the issue.

Polling place statistics are presented below combining the votes from the Glendale and East Hamersley polling places in the federal and state elections as indicated.

title: Hamersley, Western Australia


text:
Herdsman, Western Australia

Herdsman is the suburb of Perth, Western Australia where Herdsman Lake and the surrounding Herdsman Lake Regional Park are situated. Its local government area is the City of Stirling.

In the earlier days of settlement, cattle were raised near the lake area. In 1928, the Herdsman Lake Suburban Area was gazetted adjacent to the lake, covering parts of what are now Churchlands and Woodlands as well as the modern suburb of Herdsman.

In the 1980s swamp-land to the north of the lake was reclaimed by dredging to build Jon Sanders Drive and establish a light industrial park around Walters Drive. Prior to this, companies along Scarborough Beach Road backed on to the swamp. That area is now part of the light industrial suburb of Osborne Park, although some areas adjacent to Herdsman Lake Regional Park are still colloquially referred to as "Herdsman".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Herdsman, Western Australia


text:
Inglewood, Western Australia

Inglewood is an inner-city suburb of Perth, Western Australia, 4 km north-east of its central business district. It is located within the local government area of the City of Stirling.

History
With a name thought to have been derived from the Norwegian barque Inglewood (its late nineteenth century voyage was mentioned in The West Australian on 24 May 1904), the suburb of Inglewood began when land was first granted to John Gregory in 1831. It is also plausible to derive that the suburb was named after the Inglewood Gold rush region of California given the suburb was developed during the gold boom era of the 1890s by a company calling itself Gold Estates of Australia. E.W. Hammer named part of the estate "Inglewood Estate" in 1895.

Regarded as part of Maylands in the early years, Inglewood was initially developed by a company called Gold Estates of Australia and a section now referred to as The Avenues was the first to be subdivided. This development included land from the railway line to North Street and eventually through to Eleventh Avenue and Dundas Road; the later subdivision was named Inglewood Estate.

Residential development

Inglewood has experienced two distinct booms in residential growth: between 1904 and 1920 single residential housing was built to accommodate the blue-collar population while more development occurred around World War Two between 1935 and 1940.

The majority of residences in Inglewood are of pre-war vintage (many are of a Federation or Californian bungalow style) and towards Mount Lawley a typical lot size is 730 m2, increasing to up to 1400 m2 east of Beaufort Street.

Inglewood has a high heritage value with numerous places of cultural and historical significance and many of the older dwellings have been renovated and restored to their original styles. In addition to character housing, there are 1960s apartments and modern unit developments scattered throughout the suburb.

Community development
The main commercial area within Inglewood is centred on Beaufort Street and contains retail services, a library and a recreation centre and there are several small shops that cater for daily needs.

Inglewood contains many recreational facilities, including the Terry Tyzack Aquatic Centre, Mount Lawley Golf Course and Macaulay Park, and there are facilities to play tennis and soccer, as well as bocce. Inglewood Primary School meets the educational needs for younger students while the Home of Peace provides services for elderly residents.

Significant landmarks
Significant landmarks include the prominent clock tower on the corner of Beaufort Street and Dundas Road, highly visible to northbound traffic along Beaufort Street, and the Inglewood Civic Centre, opened in 1991, incorporating the local library, an autumn centre and children's centre. Inglewood Primary School, the major school for the area, is located just off Beaufort Street. The clock tower was originally part of a picture theatre - the Civic - and shopping complex designed, built, and owned by Tom Snooks (1890–1958) a local picture-show man and builder-developer from the 1910s to the 1940s. This heritage building complex has recently (2006–2008) been redeveloped for residential purposes.

The suburb contains a number of heritage-listed sites, including the Inglewood Post Office.

Demographics
Inglewood's population at the Australian Bureau of Statistics's 2016 census was 5,674. This is an increase on the 5,503 recorded at the 2011 census, 5,045 recorded at the 2006 census, and the 4,708 recorded at the 2001 census. 48.1% of residents are male, and 51.9% are female. The median age is 38, which is above the Western Australian average of 36, and 44.9% of residents over the age of 15 are married, which is below the state average of 48.8%. Out of the suburb's 2,536 dwellings, 2,282 were occupied and 254 were not. Out of the 2,282 occupied dwellings, 1,403 were detached houses, 373 were semi-detached and 497 were apartments or flats. The proportion of apartments or flats, 21.8%, is significantly higher than Western Australia's average of 5.7%. 614 were owned outright, 816 were owned with a mortgage, 772 were rented and 68 were other or not stated.

The median weekly household income was $1,832, which is higher than the state and the country, which are at $1,595 and $1,438 respectively. Major industries that residents worked in were hospitals (4.4%), state government administration (3.3%), primary education (2.8%), cafes and restaurants (2.8%), and legal services (2.6%).

The population of Inglewood is predominantly Australian born, with 65.9% of residents born in Australia, similar to the state's average of 60.3%. The next most common birthplaces are England (6.7%), New Zealand (1.9%), Italy (1.4%), India (1.4%), and Ireland (1.2%). 38.5% of residents had both parents born in Australia, and 37.8% of residents have neither parent born in Australia. The most popular religious affiliations were none (36.6%), Catholic (27.6%), Anglican (11.9%) and Eastern Orthodox (3.0%).

Education

Inglewood Primary School is public primary school on Normanby Road in Inglewood. It has approximately 600 students from Kindergarten to year 6. It was established in 1927 as North Maylands School. It was renamed North Inglewood State School in 1933. It was renamed again to its present name in 1985.

St Peter's Primary School is a Catholic primary school located on Wood Street, on Inglewood's boundary with Bedford. It has approximately 700 students in three streams from Kindergarten to Year 6. The school first opened in 1941, occupying a single house. The school moved down the street to a new site in 1942, that being its current site. Expansions occurred in the 1950s, and in 1957, a secondary school for girls named St Thomas Aquinas College opened on the same site. The two schools would undergo significant improvements and renovations over the decades that followed.

Meanwhile, St Mark’s College, a secondary school for boys, was established on Beaufort Street in Bedford. In 1989, St Thomas Aquinas College and St Mark's College merged to form Chisholm Catholic College. St Thomas Aquinas became the campus for lower school students, and St Mark's became the campus for senior school students. In 2003, the school was consolidated on the Beaufort Street site, and the Wood Street site in Inglewood became solely for St Peter's Primary School.

Governance
Inglewood is part of the Inglewood ward of the City of Stirling. Elections are held on the third Saturday of October for every odd year, and councillors are elected to four year terms. Councillors for the Inglewood ward are David Lagan, whose term expires in 2023, and Bianca Sandri, who is also the deputy mayor and whose term expires in 2021.

For the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, Inglewood is part of the electoral district of Maylands east of Hamer Parade and Walter Road West, and part of the electoral district of Mount Lawley west, although no residents live in that part. Both these electoral districts are part of the East Metropolitan electoral region in the Western Australian Legislative Council. Maylands is a strong seat for the centre-left Labor Party, having held Maylands since 1968. Maylands' current member is Lisa Baker.

Inglewood is within the Division of Perth in the Australian Federal Government. It is a safe seat for the Australian Labor Party, and has been held by a Labor member since 1983. Its current member is Patrick Gorman.

Inglewood has two locations that are usually used as polling locations at elections. They are Inglewood Primary School and Inglewood Masonic Hall.

Transport
The suburb is served by a number of Transperth bus routes operated by Path Transit. The 360, 361, 362 (Alexander Heights-Perth) and 960 (Mirrabooka-Perth-Curtin University) cover Alexander Drive. The 66, 67, 68, 950 and 16 buses pass through Inglewood along Walter Road and Beaufort Street.

title: Inglewood, Western Australia


text:
Innaloo, Western Australia

Innaloo is a suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, 9 km (5.6 mi) from Perth's central business district in the local government area of the City of Stirling.

Innaloo is an established residential suburb that is home to the Westfield Innaloo and Westfield Innaloo Megacentre shopping centres, and is adjacent to Perth's largest cinema complex, the 18-cinema Event Cinemas.

Name
Innaloo was originally named Njookenbooroo (sometimes spelt Ngurgenboro, Noorgenbora or similar variants), believed to be derived from the local Noongar name for Herdsman Lake or a nearby wetland.

The spelling and pronunciation (e.g. "ny-ooken-borra") were deemed to be difficult to those unfamiliar with the name; in 1927, the local progress association asked welfare worker and anthropologist Daisy Bates to compile a list of possible alternative names, drawn from various Aboriginal languages. Bates' rendering of the personal name of a woman, "Innaloo" (from Dongara) was chosen.

Nevertheless, some local landmarks are still named "Nookenburra" – another variation of the original name.

The similarity of the name Innaloo to the phrase "in a loo" soon made the suburb the butt of many jokes. However, campaigns aimed at changing the name have failed to gain significant support.

From settlement to suburb
Land near Innaloo was first granted to Thomas Mews in 1831. In 1898, Town Properties of WA subdivided the lands around Njookenbooroo Swamp for sale as market gardens, and drained the swamp into Herdsman Lake over the following years, digging channels through the area to facilitate agriculture. They offered rent-free lease of the lots, with an option to later purchase at £100 per hectare if the occupants cleared them and brought them into production. The area between Hertha Road, Oswald Street and King Edward Road and Herdsman Lake was gazetted as the Njookenbooroo Drainage District, and by 1912, local market gardeners were turning off 25 tonnes of produce each week.

The Njookenbooroo School on Odin Road (then called Government Road), linked to the city by a plank road, was built in 1915. Although subdivision for southern Innaloo was approved in 1916, by the 1920s only ten houses had been built, with the majority of the land used for grazing. Residential development accelerated during World War II, and in the 1950s, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) built a drive-in cinema in nearby Liege Street.

Development of modern Innaloo
Development of the suburb was essentially complete by 1970, and its status increased due to its proximity to Scarborough Beach and the light industrial and commercial centre of Osborne Park, the building of the Nookenburra Hotel (1962) and shopping centre (1967) and the nearby civic centre in Hertha Road (1966).

Innaloo is also the home for the first Hungry Jack's in Australia since 1971.

The Mitchell Freeway was extended to Hutton Street in 1981 and to Karrinyup Road in 1984. The shopping centre also hosted the region's main bus station until the construction of Stirling bus/train interchange about a kilometre away in 1992. In 1999, Ellen Stirling Boulevard, named after the wife of the first governor of Western Australia, was constructed on land purchased from the last market gardeners in the area to replace the increasingly hazardous Oswald Street as the main through link between the freeway and the shopping areas.

Geography
Innaloo is bounded by Karrinyup Road to the north, Huntriss Road to the west, Scarborough Beach Road to the south and Mitchell Freeway and the future line of Stephenson Avenue to the east. The majority of the suburb is residential, apart from the shopping areas in the south-east, several small parks and an undeveloped portion to the east of Ellen Stirling Boulevard. Some of the undeveloped area next to Stirling station has been developed as a commercial area centred on a new IKEA store.

At the 2006 census, Innaloo had a mostly middle-income population of 6,470 people. Most homes are single detached homes of timber-frame construction built around World War II, but some duplexes and recently built units also exist. A number of elderly homes including Geneff Village, named for Sorrento businessman and philanthropist George Geneff (who also built the Nookenburra Hotel), are located within the suburb.

Facilities
Innaloo contains the Westfield Innaloo shopping centre. Next to Westfield Innaloo on Ellen Stirling Boulevard is the Westfield Innaloo Megacentre (acquired from Centro in August 2006), which contains 20 stores and a grocery. Across Scarborough Beach Road is the Event Cinemas megaplex. The northern part of the suburb also contains a small local shopping area in Morris Place. Opposite the Megacentre, an IKEA has been constructed, replacing the smaller store a kilometre away in the adjoining suburb of Osborne Park.

Innaloo's southern border with Woodlands hosts Perth's largest cinema complex, the 18-cinema Event Cinemas megaplex Innaloo, which contain cinemas as well as an arcade with numerous restaurants and dining speciality outlets and a game centre (centred on Timezone). It started off life as an MGM drive-in in the 1950s, then was rebuilt by Greater Union in 1990 with 8 screens, then expanded to a Megaplex - the first in Western Australia - in 1996. During the 2000s Greater Union was replaced with Event Cinemas.

Transport
Innaloo is served by bus links to Stirling train station on the Joondalup line, including the 410, 412, 421, 424 and the 998/999 CircleRoute, and the 423 and 425 along the Karrinyup Road boundary. Additionally, the 990 services link Scarborough and the Glendalough railway station along Innaloo's southern boundary.

Prior to the construction of the Stirling railway station as part of the Northern Suburbs Transit System, a possible deviation of the rail alignment was considered to directly service the suburb and its shopping district including Westfield Innaloo. However, this idea was rejected by both the project and the public at large due to the significant cost, lack of identifiable benefits, and environmental impact grounds.

Politics
Innaloo is a mixed-wealth suburb with many "mortgage belt" families, as well as many elderly voters. The Yuluma booth is among the northern suburbs' few genuinely marginal booths at federal level. However, they strongly support the Australian Labor Party at state elections.

title: Innaloo, Western Australia


text:
Hochelaga

Hochelaga may refer to:

 * Hochelaga (village), a 16th-century village on the Island of Montreal
 * Hochelaga Archipelago, Montreal and surrounding islands
 * Hochelaga, a 19th-century town eventually annexed to Montreal, now part of the neighbourhood of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
 * Hochelaga (electoral district), a federal electoral district within Montreal
 * Hochelaga (provincial electoral district), a former provincial electoral district in Quebec
 * Hochelaga (film), a movie about Montreal biker gangs
 * Hochelaga, Land of Souls, a 2017 film
 * HMCS Hochelaga, from a pleasure yacht of an archduke to a Canadian military ship and ferry

title: Hochelaga


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Airports

Welcome to the Airports WikiProject, a collaboration area and group of editors dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of airports.

(For more information on WikiProjects, please see WikiProject and the Guide to WikiProjects).

 * Goals
 * Improve Wikipedia's coverage of airports.
 * Create guidelines for articles about airports.

 * Scope
 * airports, e.g. Montréal–Mirabel International Airport
 * airport services and technologies, e.g. fixed base operator, baggage handler, instrument landing system

Creation of a new Airport

 * 1) Do a search on the ICAO Airport Code, IATA Airport Code, FAA LID, and TC LID as appropriate; the article may already exist under another name.
 * Note: for smaller domestic-only airports there may be few or no codes assigned.
 * 1) Create the article using the correct name and using the content and structure identified by the project.
 * 2) Include the Infobox Airport template at the top of the article and complete all available information.
 * 3) For US airports, include the US-airport template for automatic inclusion of links from airport-related sites.
 * 4) Categorize the article correctly.
 * 5) Add links from the article for the main city that it serves and the city or cities the airport is actually located in or nearest to, so as not to create an orphan. An airport codes template can be included in these non-airport articles, but should not be included in airport articles; it duplicates information in the Infobox Airport template.
 * 6) Create redirect articles for the ICAO and IATA Codes.
 * 7) Check that the new airport name is listed in all appropriate sub-lists of the List of Airports.
 * 8) Create a talk page for the article including

Creation of a new Airport Category

 * 1) Find all relevant airports
 * 2) Add to Airports category
 * 3) Add to the geographic category: I.e Airports of the United States in United States

Ongoing maintenance

 * Category:Airports – keep up to date
 * 1) Article count by country – country
 * 2) Add list of airports to each category for those we need to create
 * 3) Interwiki links – interwiki

Things to create/for discussion

 * 1) infobox — go to infobox for discussion/ideas
 * 2) Lists of airports — complete list
 * 3) Naming conventions —  go to naming conventions
 * 4) Categorization — go to categorization
 * 5) Images without an article— go to Images without article
 * 6) Possible sources for getting airport Lat/Long, elevation, distance from city, runway info: resources

Areas requiring clean up

Parentage
The parent of this WikiProject is the Aviation WikiProject.

Similar WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Aircraft
 * WikiProject Airlines
 * WikiProject Gliding

Resources

 * AOPA Airport Advocacy Resources A good reference for those trying to understand the thorny issues.
 * AOPA Airport Directory
 * AirNav: Airports -- US site, based largely on the FAA's A/FD data (although revisions may take longer than 56 days to appear).
 * Airport-Data.com
 * Airportdata.com
 * The Airport Guide good source for airport information and can help with finding official sites for airports.
 * IATA Airline and Airport Code Search official IATA source
 * World Airport Codes at U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics
 * World Airport Codes another IATA code source but poor for coordinates and elevation
 * Falling Rain Software, Ltd. Global Gazetteer Version 2.3 good source for information, sometimes has both ICAO & IATA codes. Pick a country and then scroll down to the airports in that country.
 * COPA Community and Airports in Canada. See Canadian Community Airports Profile.
 * FAA Airport Data and Information Portal -- pretty self-explanatory but a bit cumbersome to use.
 * FAA Airport/Facility Directory
 * FAA Airports home page
 * ICAO Links to CAAs worldwide (ICAO official).
 * OurAirports.com database of 78,000+ airports.
 * Serbia Has several airports with basic information. Not sure how current the information is.
 * VATSIM – Docs and Pilot Basics an odd one as it's a FlightSim site. It has external links to sites that have charts/AIPs of various aerodromes world wide.

Aeronautical Information Publications (AIP)
If using these it's best to turn off any adblockers that are running, especially if they block based on the letters "AD" appearing next to each other.
 * International Civil Aviation Organization: ICAO API Data Service - requires free registration.
 * Australia: Airservices Australia En-Route Supplement Australia (ERSA) – click the copyright notice first, then look at the ERSA section. Plenty of information for all Australian airports.
 * Belgium: Belgocontrol, very complete and well maintained. Free registration required for some other sections (meteo, ...) but no longer for the AIP.
 * Colombia: Aerocivil Colombia main site. Aerocivil Colombia AIP, direct link without the frames. No registration.
 * Denmark, Greenland & the Faeroe Islands – no registration.
 * Europe: Eurocontrol online list of AIS websites Eurocontrol Digitalisation and information management – requires free registration (they email a password) but has a lot of European airports. See bottom of page for various toolkits. Using the NOTAM section will also provide the IATA airport codes.
 * Finland: Finavia – no registration
 * France: SIA – no registration.
 * Greece: Hellenic CAA – requires free registration.
 * India
 * Italy: ENAV – requires free registration, available in English and Italian.
 * Netherlands no registration
 * New Zealand – only 7 aerodromes as yet, no registration
 * Norway – no registration
 * Poland: Polish AIP – requires free registration
 * Slovenia – only 3 aerodromes, no registration.
 * Spain: Servicio de Información Aeronáutica (AIS & AIP España), maintianed by Enaire and the Spanish Air Force – no registration, regularly updated and includes information, procedures and charts from all airspace, commercial airports and air force bases in the country. Also has an interactive map [Insignia] covering all Spanish airspace with the option of using airspace charts or markers based in other charts and procedures as layers, although with lots of layers becomes very slow. Some sections of the website lack English translation, but all charts are bilingual.
 * Turkey – all data from 2008 by month.
 * United Kingdom: UK Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) – Requires free registration.
 * United States: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Digital Products: AIS – publishes and distributes United States government civil aeronautical charts and flight information publications.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Airports


text:
Papineau

Papineau may refer to:

Canada

 * Papineau Regional County Municipality, Quebec
 * Papineau (electoral district), a federal electoral district within Montreal
 * Papineau station on the Montréal Métro.
 * Papineau (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in Quebec (Outaouais region)

United States

 * Papineau, Illinois

Other uses

 * Papineau (surname)
 * Papineau (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse

title: Papineau


text:
PTC (software company)

PTC Inc. (formerly Parametric Technology Corporation) is a computer software and services company founded in 1985 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company was a pioneer in parametric, associative feature-based, solid computer-aided design (CAD) modeling software in 1988, including an Internet-based product for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) in 1998. PTC (NASDAQ: PTC) markets products and services and an Internet of Things (IoT) and augmented reality (AR) platform for partners and developers.

Products
PTC has six core product families: Creo, Windchill, Mathcad, Integrity, Servigistics, ThingWorx, ServiceMax, Arbortext Editor. The company's technology is primarily used by discrete manufacturers to design, operate and maintain complex products. PTC's technology is also used to connect products to the Internet for the purposes of capturing and analyzing information from them.

PTC Creo
The PTC CAD product provides a set of Computer Aided Design capabilities. PTC CAD is a suite of 2D and 3D product design software used to create, analyze and view product designs. PTC Creo software was released in June 2011 to replace and supersede PTC's products formerly known as Pro/ENGINEER, CoCreate, and ProductView. Other products include:
 * CREO parametric - formerly Pro/ENGINEER
 * CREO simulate - formerly Pro/MECHANICA
 * CREO direct - formerly CoCreate OneSpace Modeling
 * CREO options modeler
 * CREO illustrate schematics
 * CREO view
 * CREO illustrate
 * PTC Mathcad - Engineering calculation software that is used by engineers to solve, document and share the calculations used for product design.

PTC Windchill
Web-based database software that provides access to product information like MCAD and ECAD data files, process documents, and software engineering information. The PTC Windchill product provides a set of PLM Product Lifecycle Management capabilities and consists of the following products:
 * Windchill PDMLink
 * Windchill product analytics - formally Materials Compliance
 * Windchill quality solutions - formally Relex and NetRegulus
 * Windchill workgroup manager
 * Windchill projectlink
 * Windchill part classification
 * PTC FlexPLM

PTC Integrity
The PTC Integrity product provides a set of Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) and Systems Engineering capabilities and consists of the following products:
 * PTC Integrity Asset Library
 * PTC Integrity Lifecycle Manager - formerly MKS Integrity
 * PTC Integrity Modeler - formerly Atego Modeler
 * PTC Integrity Process Check
 * PTC Integrity Process Consumer
 * PTC Integrity Process Director
 * PTC Integrity Process Perspective
 * PTC Integrity Requirements Connector
 * PTC AgileWorx

PTC Servigistics
Service lifecycle management SLM software that is used by manufacturers to understand how service planning, customer service, and analysis of returned product data can improve service value over a product's life. PTC SLM productset includes:
 * Servigistics Inservice - formally Enigma
 * Servigistics Arbortext - formally Arbortext without Servigistics
 * Servigistics Connected Field Services
 * Servigistics Predictive Service
 * Servigistics Remote Services
 * Servigistics Parts Pricing
 * Servigistics Arbortext Editor
 * Servigistics Arbortext Isodraw
 * Servigistics Arbortext Isoview
 * Servigistics Service Network Management
 * Servigistics Service Parts Management

ThingWorx
A platform for the rapid development of applications designed for smart, connected sensors, devices, and products – or the Internet of Things.
 * Axeda - A cloud-based service and software for managing connected products and machines and implementing Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

Vuforia
Vuforia is an Augmented Reality Software Development Kit (SDK) for mobile devices that enables the creation of augmented reality applications.

History
1985 - Company founded by Samuel Geisberg, and Mike Payne formerly from Prime Computer, Computervision, and Applicon. 1988 - Steve Walske named CEO. Company shipped Pro/ENGINEER and was considered first to market with parametric modeling design software. This positions PTC as a leader in the CAD industry until the mid-1990s when a new generation of low-cost competitors arrive in the market. 1989 - Initial public offering. (nasdaq: PMTC) 1992 - Caterpillar Inc. becomes PTC's largest customer. 1996 - PTC acquires Reflex project modeling and management software technology sold the following year to the Beck Group. 1998 - Company ships Windchill and is considered first to market with internet-based solutions for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). 1999 - PTC announces it has 25,000 customers. Major industries include aerospace, retail/footwear/apparel, automotive, industrial equipment, consumer products, electronics, and high tech. 1999 - Acquired Division Group (Division Ltd, Bristol Uk, Division Inc) Virtual reality - dVision Head Mounted Display & Software

2002 - The company releases Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire. This is the first CAD system to support web-based services. 2005 - Acquired Arbortext for technical publishing technology. Acquired Aptavis for retail, footwear and apparel technology. 2006 - Acquired Mathsoft for its engineering calculation software. Acquired ITEDO for its 3D technical illustration software. 2007 - Acquired CoCreate for its direct modeling technology. 2008 - Acquired Synapsis for its performance analytics technology to improve environmental performance of products. 2009 - Acquired Relex Software for its reliability engineering software. 2010 - James E. Heppelmann announced as CEO effective October 1, 2010. Company renames Pro/ENGINEER to PTC Creo and promises the market product design software that is scalable, open, and easy-to-use. 2011 - Acquired 4CS for its warranty, service, support and service parts technology. Acquired MKS for its application lifecycle management technology for all software development processes. 2012 - Acquired Servigistics for its suite of service lifecycle management software. 2013 - Acquired NetIDEAS hosting vendor for more technology deployment options. Acquired Enigma for its ability to deliver technical content to aftermarket service environments. Acquired Internet of Things platform developer ThingWorx for their software applications that connect and track network-enabled products. 2014 - Acquired Axeda Corporation

2014 - Acquired ATEGO Software, a leader in MBSE (model-based systems engineering) tool used in aerospace, transportation, and automotive industries (such as Alstom Transport and Rolls-Royce Defence)

Companies acquired by PTC

 * Prime Computer in 1992.
 * CDRS and 3DPaint from Evans & Sutherland on April 12, 1995, for $33,507,000.
 * Rasna Corp., developers of MECHANICA design optimization and simulation software, in May 1995 for $180 million.
 * PTC acquires Reflex project modeling and management software technology in July 1996, for $30m.
 * Computervision, developers of CADDS, MEDUSA and the MPDS Plant Design System in 1998
 * Division Group (Division Ltd, Division Inc) dVisor Virtual Reality HMD
 * Polyplan, Technologies acquired 2005 for Manufacturing Process Management
 * Arbortext in 2005, for $190 million
 * DENC AG and Cadtrain Inc. in late 2005 for an aggregate of $10 million. DENC adds a German consulting practice with expertise integrating PTC applications with enterprise-resource-planning software. Irvine, Calif.-based Cadtrain provides online training modules for PTC software.
 * Aptavis Technology Corp, Windchill-based technology and expertise for retail, footwear and apparel, in June 2005
 * Mathsoft, developers of Mathcad, in April 2006 for $63 million.
 * ITEDO Software GmbH in October 2006 for $17 million. ITEDO developed technical illustration software and had 34 employees mainly in Germany and the United States.
 * NC Graphics in May 2007 for an undisclosed sum.
 * NetRegulus, Inc, an Enterprise Study and Quality management software for Medical Devices, in November 2007
 * CoCreate in December 2007 for $250 million.
 * Synapsis Technology in December 2008 for an undisclosed sum.
 * Relex Software in June 2009 for $25 Million.
 * Planet Metrics in January 2010 for an undisclosed sum.
 * MKS Software makers of MKS Integrity - May, 2011
 * 4CS Software Solutions Inc, a developer of warranty management and service lifecycle management software for an undisclosed sum
 * Servigistics in August 2012
 * Enigma in July 2013/
 * NetIDEAS in September 2013
 * ThingWorx in January 2014
 * Atego (company), a developer of model-based systems and software engineering applications based in Cheltenham, UK for approximately $50 million in cash in July 2014
 * Axeda Corporation - a leader in the M2M / IoT space connecting things with people and other things, based in Foxborough, MA for approximately $170 million in cash in August 2014
 * Coldlight in 2015
 * Vuforia in 2015
 * Kepware in 2015 for approximately $100 million, plus up to an additional $18 million based on achievement of certain strategic initiatives and financial results.
 * Onshape in October 2019.
 * intland (Product CodeBeamer) in May 2022.

Support of STEM Education
In 1999, PTC created a Global Academic Program designed to support educational initiatives in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) skills. The program aims to partner schools and universities with companies to assist students in developing real-world skills needed for careers in manufacturing, technology, and other STEM jobs. The program also has a direct recruitment program intended to place students in jobs with PTC's commercial customers.

PTC has also been a corporate sponsor of FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) since 2008, providing participating students with access to PTC software for use in the FIRST Tech Challenge, FIRST Robotics Competition, FIRST Lego League, and FIRST World Championship.

Awards and accolades
4th Annual Postscapes Internet of Things (IoT) Awards:

title: PTC (software company)


text:
Shanhai Pass

Shanhai Pass or Shanhaiguan is one of the major passes in the Great Wall of China, being the easternmost stronghold along the Ming Great Wall that commands the narrowest choke point in the strategic Liaoxi Corridor, a crucial coastal landway between the North and Northeast China. It is located in Shanhaiguan District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, on the east bank of the Shi River between the Yan Mountains and the Liaodong Bay coast.

In 1961, the pass was selected as the Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level by the State Council of China, and it was listed as part of the Great Wall as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 1987.

The pass is a popular tourist destination at the eastern terminal point of the Ming dynasty Great Wall. The location where the wall meets the Bohai Sea is nicknamed "Old Dragon's Head" (老龙头). The pass lies nearly 300 km east of Beijing and is linked via the Jingshen Expressway that runs northeastward to Shenyang.

Throughout Chinese history, the pass served as a frontline defensive outpost against ethnic groups from Northeast China (Manchuria), including the Khitan and Jurchen (Manchus). Shanhai Pass is the starting point of the eastern end of the Great Wall, and is the first barrier for guarding the frontier, therefore it is called the "First Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一关).

History
Located south of Yan Mountain, and north of the Bohai Sea, for centuries the pass guarded the narrow passage between Northeast and Central East China. The Northern Qi dynasty, Sui dynasty and the Tang dynasty constructed passes here. The site was called Yuguan during the Tang dynasty and by 785, a garrison was established there. Eight more garrisons were established from Yuguan to Jinniukou. During the Later Tang and Five Dynasties periods, the territory was controlled by autonomous governors. No garrisons (except Yuguan) remained by the Five Dynasties period. The area and the passes were then controlled by the Liao dynasty. The Liao founded Qianmin County east of Yuguan in present-day Shanhaiguan. Garrisons were built in the area under the Jin and Yuan dynasties. In 1381, Ming general Xu Da and his soldiers were ordered to repair the old Yongping (永平) and Jieling (界岭) passes. From this, they constructed the present pass, which was named Shanhaiguan (literally "mountain-sea-pass") because of its location between the mountains and the sea. In the late 16th century, Ming general Qi Jiguang began fortification and construction of a military city around the pass, building cities and forts to the east, south and north, making it one of the most heavily fortified passes in China.

During the Qianlong Emperor's reign under the Qing dynasty, Shanhai Pass became the seat of Linyu County (临榆县城) under the jurisdiction of Yongping Mansion (永平府). In the late Qing dynasty, many forts were built to strengthen coastal defense. During the period of the Republic of China, the pass was under the control of Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique, Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government, the Imperial Japanese Army, and the Jireliao Military Region (冀热辽军区). It was taken over by the Northeast Field Army on November 27, 1948. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Shanhai Pass was once under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi Province, and later under the jurisdiction of Hebei Province.

Shanhai Pass is one of the best preserved passes in the Great Wall.

Battle of Shanhai Pass
In 1644, Li Zicheng led a rebel army into the Ming dynasty capital of Beijing, marking the official end of the Ming dynasty. After occupying the capital, Li attempted to enlist the support of Ming general Wu Sangui, commander of the powerful Ningyuan garrison north of the Great Wall. Rather than submit to Li's new Shun dynasty, Wu contacted the Manchu Qing dynasty, suggesting that they combine forces to drive the rebels from the capital. Dorgon, regent of the Qing, marched his army to Shanhai Pass to receive Wu's surrender. Together, Wu and the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng's army near the pass, and Li was forced to abandon the capital. The Qing victory enabled their army to enter Beijing unopposed, and established them as the dominant power in China.

Later history
During the Qing era, the Shanhai Pass, situated between Shenyang and Beijing, was referred to as the "Key to the Capitals". During the Republican era, as well as during the Eight-Nation Alliance and World War II, the pass witnessed many conflicts.

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica noted: "'SHANHAI-KWAN, a garrison town in the extreme east of the province of Chih-li, China. Pop. about 30,000. It is situated at the point where the range of hills carrying the Great Wall of China dips to the sea, leaving a kwon or pass of limited extent between China proper and Manchuria. It is thus an important military station, and the thoroughfare of trade between Manchuria and the great plain of China. The Imperial Northern railway from Tientsin and Taku, 174 m. from the former, runs through the pass, and skirts the shore of the Gulf of Liao-tung as far as the treaty port of Niu-chwang, where it connects with the railways leading from Port Arthur to the Siberian main line. The pass formed the southern limit of the Russian sphere of influence as defined in the convention between Great Britain and Russia of the 28th of April 1899.'"

In July1900, 15,000 Imperial Japanese Army troops landed at Shanhai Pass as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance, prior to marching on Beijing to relieve the Siege of the International Legations by the Boxers. A pre-landing bombardment of the area was unnecessary as few Chinese troops were present. Inter-allied relations were dealt a blow when a drunken fracas occurred at the Shanhai Pass between Japanese and French troops. In the fighting three French and seven Japanese soldiers were killed, and five French and 12 Japanese were wounded.

In November 1945, the North Eastern People's Liberation Army (PLA) attempted to hold Shanhaiguan against Kuomintang forces attacking from the south. They sought to keep Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government out of Manchuria. The People's Liberation Army forces of 10,000 were under equipped and too few to defend the position and retreated to Siping. Later, after the Communist Party began to gain the upper hand in the Chinese Civil War, the city became a destination for refugees fleeing the Liaoshen campaign.

Structure
The Shanhai Pass is built as a square, with a perimeter of around 4 km. The walls reach a height of 14 m, and are 7 m thick. The east, south and north sides are surrounded by a deep, wide moat with drawbridges over it. In the middle of the pass stands a tall bell tower.

All four sides of the Shanhai Pass once possessed a gate or mén (門), with the Zhèndōng Gate (鎮東門) in the east wall, the Yíng'ēn Gate (迎恩門) in the west, the Wàngyáng Gate (望洋門) in the south and the Wēiyuǎn Gate (威遠門) in the north. Due to lack of repairs over the centuries, only the Zhèndōng Gate remains today. This was the most important gate due to its position, which faces outside the pass towards Beijing.

Transport
Shanhaiguan railway station on Beijing-Harbin railway and Tianjian-Shanhaiguan railway is the nearest railway station to reach Shanhai Pass.

title: Shanhai Pass


text:
User:James Quin

Reason to be:
All I wanted to do was look up a few links, get the ball rolling on a topic, and hopefully someone else would pick up the ball and take it a little farther down the road, but no...speedily deleted shows up as soon as I save the page.

Now I understand that every community has its rules, but loosen up...things could linger a while before being deleted, perhaps get a contest going to see how many pages can be saved from being speedily deleted.

So now I have to join the club, sign up, do research, proofread...this internet thing just can't be allowed to be fun, some anal perfectionist has to ensure that every page links to a plethora of other content. Well the universe just isn't that connected folks.

Leaves are stubs, but that doesn't mean we burn down the trees to spite the leaves. Relax, there is no impending doom, a million years from now there will still be a Wikipedia project, and guess what, it won't be perfect. Let it go.

Movin' on...

title: User:James Quin


text:
In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003

In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 is the second official compilation album released by R.E.M. Issued in 2003, it includes tracks from their Warner Bros. Records era, from 1988's Green to 2001's Reveal, as well as two new recordings and two songs from movie soundtracks. The album was the tenth-best-selling album of 2003 in the UK, and the 50th-best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK.

Background
"Bad Day" was a demo version in 1986, a Life's Rich Pageant outtake when Bill Berry was still in the band, and was re-recorded for this compilation. "Animal" was a recent song written for their upcoming studio album. Similarly, "All the Right Friends", originally written in the early 1980s, had been re-recorded by the band for use in Cameron Crowe's 2001 film Vanilla Sky. Finally, "The Great Beyond" was initially issued in 1999 as part of Miloš Forman's film on Andy Kaufman, Man on the Moon. It ended up becoming the band's biggest UK hit, with a No. 3 peak, in early 2000. This, the third inclusion of the song on an official release, is the only unedited version. On the Man on the Moon soundtrack, there is some dialogue from the movie at the end of the track; the single version is a radio edit, with the bridge omitted.

In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 was also issued in a limited two-disc edition that included a "Rarities and B-Sides" disc from the same era, with liner notes by Peter Buck. The single-disc edition of the album reached No. 1 in the UK, while going platinum in the U.S. and peaking at #8. The limited-edition two-disc release managed to reach No. 16 in the U.S. and No. 37 in the UK. There is also a vinyl edition which consists of two LPs inside a gatefold cover and a limited CD box-set edition featuring all eighteen tracks on their own individual one-track CDs, with cover art from the original singles.

A notable omission from the album is the song "Shiny Happy People" which was deliberately left out by the band despite it being one of their biggest hits.

A companion DVD, entitled In View: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003, was released at the same time. In 2005, Warner Bros. Records issued an expanded two-disc edition of the compilation which included a CD, a DVD-Audio disc containing a 5.1-channel surround sound mix of the album done by Elliot Scheiner, and the original CD booklet with expanded liner notes. The "Rarities and B-Sides" bonus disc from the limited edition is not included in this package.

Track listing
All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe except as indicated.
 * 1) "Man on the Moon" (from Automatic for the People, 1992) – 5:12
 * 2) "The Great Beyond" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) (from the Man on the Moon soundtrack, 1999) – 5:04
 * 3) "Bad Day" (previously unreleased) – 4:05
 * 4) "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (from Monster, 1994) – 3:58
 * 5) "All the Way to Reno (You're Gonna Be a Star)" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) (from Reveal, 2001) – 4:43
 * 6) "Losing My Religion" (from Out of Time, 1991) – 4:26
 * 7) "E-Bow the Letter" (from New Adventures in Hi-Fi, 1996) – 5:22
 * 8) "Orange Crush" (from Green, 1988) – 3:50
 * 9) "Imitation of Life" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) (from Reveal, 2001) – 3:56
 * 10) "Daysleeper" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) (from Up, 1998) – 3:37
 * 11) "Animal" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) (previously unreleased) – 4:00
 * 12) "The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite" (from Automatic for the People, 1992) – 4:06
 * 13) "Stand" (from Green, 1988) – 3:09
 * 14) "Electrolite" (from New Adventures in Hi-Fi, 1996) – 4:04
 * 15) "All the Right Friends" (from the Vanilla Sky soundtrack, 2001) – 2:45
 * 16) "Everybody Hurts" (from Automatic for the People, 1992) – 5:17
 * 17) "At My Most Beautiful" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) (from Up, 1998) – 3:33
 * 18) "Nightswimming" (from Automatic for the People, 1992) – 4:16

 * Bonus disc 'Rarities and B-sides'
 * 1) "Pop Song 89" (acoustic) – 2:56
 * 2) * B-side of "Pop Song 89" 7 Inch; 1989
 * 3) "Turn You Inside-Out" (live) – 4:16
 * 4) * although listed on the cover as being from the live video Tourfilm (which version was also released as B-side of "Losing My Religion" "Collector's Editions" CD 1), this recording is actually from the radio broadcast of the Orlando show from April 30, 1989, previously included on a "Get Up" promotional CD-single.
 * 5) "Fretless" – 4:49
 * 6) * B-side of "Losing My Religion" "Collector's Editions" CD 2, Until the End of the World soundtrack, B-side of "The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite" "Collector's Edition" CD 1 UK; 1991
 * 7) "Chance (Dub)" – 2:33
 * 8) * B-side of "Everybody Hurts" "Collector's Edition" CD 2 UK; 1993
 * 9) "It's a Free World, Baby" – 5:11
 * 10) * B-side of "Drive" "Collector's Edition" Single UK & the Coneheads soundtrack; 1992
 * 11) "Drive" (live, November 19, 1992) – 3:59
 * 12) *Alternative NRG, B-side of "Strange Currencies" CD single; 1994
 * 13) "Star Me Kitten" (featuring William S. Burroughs) – 3:29
 * 14) *Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files; 1996
 * 15) "Revolution" – 3:02
 * 16) * Batman & Robin soundtrack; 1997
 * 17) "Leave" (alternate version) – 4:40
 * 18) * A Life Less Ordinary soundtrack; 1997
 * 19) "Why Not Smile" (Oxford American version) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 2:59
 * 20) * B-side of "Daysleeper" CD single; 1998
 * 21) "The Lifting" (original version) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 5:19
 * 22) * B-side of "Imitation of Life" CD single; 2001
 * 23) "Beat a Drum" (Dalkey demo) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:25
 * 24) * B-side of "Imitation of Life" CD single; 2001
 * 25) "2JN" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 3:24
 * 26) * B-side of "Imitation of Life" CD single; 2001
 * 27) "The One I Love" (live from the Museum of Television and Radio, June 8, 2001) – 3:23
 * 28) * previously unreleased
 * 29) "Country Feedback" (live from Wiesbaden, Germany, 2003) – 6:15
 * 30) * previously unreleased

Later pressings of the collector's edition have the second disc enhanced with the "Bad Day" video.

title: In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003


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Talk:Out of Time (album)

There seem to be several inaccuracies on this page. For example, "Near Wild Heaven" WAS a single in the UK. Also, "Radio Song" is described as a "megaselling hit", although it didn't chart in the US and only reached #28 in the UK.

Acegikmo1 20:23, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I noticed that too, i just tried a cleanup effort last time I looked at this page, the state before was appalling. --Aaron Hill 23:55, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

NPOV alert
Known for its eclectic nature, Out of Time's critical standing has lessened in later years, and is generally seen as being unbalanced and inconsistent by some reviewers.
 * I always thought it was unbalanced and inconsistent. It's not clear to me from what point of view the statement is coming from.Fantailfan 16:36, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Removing reviews
Please do not remove professional reviews that are deemed acceptable by WikiProject Album standards. --Fantailfan 22:50, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Song-by-song credits
I don't like this. Not at all. I'm trying to find out why this would be more useful than a straight track listing. I would like to revert it but am kind of tired of doing snap reverts without a reason. Unfortunately, I cannot contact the user who made the changes, because its an IP address. I'll give it a few days. --Fantailfan 17:33, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Reverted song-by-song credits but used info to indicate bandmembers' instrumental contributions when not general.--Fantailfan 22:13, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Electric Octave Guitar?
Is there really such instrument? I always assumed Peter Buck played electric mandolin in addition to his acoustic one. I don't actually own the album so I have no idea if this is correct.24.91.251.238 21:28, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * On the credits for OOT/LMR It sez "Bill—drums, percussion; Peter—mandolin, electric octave guitar; Mike—Bass, vocals, keyboards strings & arrangement; Michael—vocals; Peter Holspapple—acoustic guitar
 * This could re-parsed as "mandolin electric octave, guitar" They were out of time after all and may have futzed up the credits.
 * The collector's edition LMR has no credits. Fantailfan 01:38, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Please stop the revert wars!
Hey! Between the two of you, you have edited over 10,000 pages; I have edited over 3500. As a disinterested observer, I am citing the unofficial "way too much time on our hands" doctrine: Let's compromise!

a) Dudesleeper is correct on the dating. The reason for this is very simple: for many years now release dates have standardized on Tuesdays in America and Mondays in other places. The difference of a single day is not worth this craziness.
 * Proposed: We can use (as as has been the case elsewhere) one date with the UK release date and the second with the US one. You can even use cute little flag icons for them. (b) There are no explicit guidelines on how to incorporate an album article in a discography.

Discuss, please. -- Fantailfan (talk) 20:15, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Proposed: We add a second discography using this format, with the albums discography taking top spot, the chronological one the second:
 * Misc        =

Expanding the article?
I believe this article should be more detailed, if at all possible, so that it's at least the same length as the Green article.

Perhaps we should add a Reception section, perhaps even a legacy section, or extend the details section.

Thoughts? Alternative Idiot (talk) 23:39, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Content dispute with Koavf in track listing section
Prior to my first edit, the track listing showed side two as having its tracks numbered 6 to 11. I changed it to show numbers 1 to 6, citing the LP label/listing in my edit summary. Which led to a content dispute:

 * My change was reverted by Koavf (1st revert), who argued the CD was the more popular format.
 * In response, I removed the pseudoheadings titled "side one" and "side two", which do not exist on the CD, citing this in my edit summary.
 * This was then reverted by Koavf (2nd revert), who said in his edit summary that all R.E.M albums have the headings.
 * In response, I reverted this revert (my 1st), citing in my edit summary a link to scans of the CD insert showing a listing without the "side" one and two headings.
 * In response, this was reverted by Koavf (3rd revert), with the edit summary "no CDs have sides". Which I did not understand.
 * In response, I restored (2nd revert) the CD listing with a citation to the CD release (with link to scans), as well as a citation to verify the note below the listing that had said the LP lists the tracks under side one ("Time Side") and two ("Memory Side"), with edit summary.

I left a three-revert warning at Koavf's talk page, and opened this section to discuss, if there is still anything to discuss? Maybe I am missing something. Dan56 (talk) 04:30, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Q Magazine review
I added the quote and some highlights from the original Q Magazine review from 1991 by Mark Cooper. I left the review score from 2016 that it is currently there as I don't want to change it without consensus. The 1991 score was 5 stars.Karst (talk) 14:27, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

Where did the album title come from?
I recently heard someone on a podcast (can’t remember which) state that the band didn’t come up with an album title till the end and quickly plucked “Out of time” from the chorus of Prince’s song 1999 (“2000 zero zero party over, oops OUT OF TIME”). Is that true? If so that should be mentioned in this article. 24.22.151.109 (talk) 02:47, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The band would make a large list of mostly ridiculous album names and whittle away at them over time. This album had no title and the "winner" was Cat Butt up until the last minute, when they chose Out of Time because that's what they were. If you actually need a citation, you can check It Crawled from the South. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:49, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Out of Time (album)


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Zircon (satellite)

Zircon was the codename for a British signals intelligence satellite, designed to intercept radio and other signals from the USSR, Europe and other areas. It was intended to be launched in 1988 on a NASA space shuttle. However, the project was cancelled in 1987 because of its cost. Secrecy about the project's cost, hidden from the British Parliament, resulted in the Zircon affair.

History
During the Cold War, Britain's GCHQ often used the United States National Security Agency (NSA) for communications interception from space. Concern heightened at the time of the 1982 Falklands War. GCHQ requested access to American signals intelligence satellites to assist in monitoring Argentine communications, but reportedly struggled with the NSA to gain appropriate tasking time, despite the special relationship between the two countries. The United States satellites were engaged in monitoring SIGINT traffic elsewhere in South America related to El Salvador. GCHQ therefore decided to produce a UK-designed-and-built signals intelligence satellite, to be called Zircon, a code-name derived from zirconium silicate, a diamond substitute. Its function was to intercept radio and other signals from the USSR, Europe and other areas. The satellite was to be built at Marconi Space and Defence Systems at Portsmouth Airport, at which a new high security building had been built. It was to be launched on a NASA Space Shuttle under the guise of "Skynet IV" one of the British Skynet military communications satellites. Launch on the Shuttle would have entitled a British national to fly as a payload specialist and a group of military pilots were presented to the press as candidates for 'Britain's first man in space'.

Zircon was cancelled by Chancellor Nigel Lawson on grounds of its cost in 1987. However, Duncan Campbell, an investigative journalist working for New Statesman magazine, planned to make a BBC television programme about the project, part of a six-part series called Secret Society. Campbell's thesis was that the cost of the satellite had been hidden from the British Parliament, in particular the Public Accounts Committee.

Zircon affair
As a result of TV interviews filmed with officials, particularly Sir Ronald Mason, the government's chief scientific adviser to the MoD, the government became aware that Campbell knew about the project. Shortly before the programme was due to be transmitted, in January 1987 the New Statesman published an account of Zircon. This triggered Special Branch police raids on the BBC offices in Glasgow, the offices of the New Statesman, and the homes of Campbell and his researchers, Jolyon Jenkins and Patrick Forbes. Master tapes were removed from the BBC, the government obtained an injunction preventing transmission of the programme, and the BBC postponed the transmission of the entire series. Four episodes were transmitted in April and May 1987, and the Zircon programme was transmitted separately in September 1988. The sixth episode, titled Cabinet, was held back indefinitely, and eventually remade and broadcast by Channel 4 in April 1991.

title: Zircon (satellite)


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Coleoptile

Coleoptile is the pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as grasses in which few leaf primordia and shoot apex of monocot embryo remain enclosed. The coleoptile protects the first leaf as well as the growing stem in seedlings and eventually, allows the first leaf to emerge. Coleoptiles have two vascular bundles, one on either side. Unlike the flag leaves rolled up within, the pre-emergent coleoptile does not accumulate significant protochlorophyll or carotenoids, and so it is generally very pale. Some preemergent coleoptiles do, however, accumulate purple anthocyanin pigments.

Coleoptiles consist of very similar cells that are all specialised to fast stretch growth. They do not divide, but increase in size as they accumulate more water. Coleoptiles also have water vessels (frequently two) along the axis to provide a water supply.

When a coleoptile reaches the surface, it stops growing and the flag leaves penetrate its top, continuing to grow along. The wheat coleoptile is most developed in the third day of the germination (if in the darkness).

Tropisms
Early experiments on phototropism using coleoptiles suggested that plants grow towards light because plant cells on the darker side elongate more than those on the lighter side. In 1880 Charles Darwin and his son Francis found that coleoptiles only bend towards the light when their tips are exposed. Therefore, the tips must contain the photoreceptor cells although the bending takes place lower down on the shoot. A chemical messenger or hormone called auxin moves down the dark side of the shoot and stimulates growth on that side. The natural plant hormone responsible for phototropism is now known to be indoleacetic acid (IAA).

The Cholodny–Went model is named after Frits Warmolt Went of the California Institute of Technology and the Ukrainian scientist Nikolai Cholodny, who reached the same conclusion independently in 1927. It describes the phototropic and gravitropic properties of emerging shoots of monocotyledons. The model proposes that auxin, a plant growth hormone, is synthesized in the coleoptile tip, which senses light or gravity and will send the auxin down the appropriate side of the shoot. This causes asymmetric growth of one side of the plant. As a result, the plant shoot will begin to bend toward a light source or toward the surface.

Coleoptiles also exhibit strong geotropic reaction, always growing upward and correcting direction after reorientation. Geotropic reaction is regulated by light (more exactly by phytochrome action).

Physiology
The coleoptile acts as a hollow organ with stiff walls, surrounding the young plantlet and the primary source of the gravitropic response. It is ephemeral, resulting in rapid senescence after the shoot emerges. This process resembles the creation of aerenchyma in roots and other parts of the plant. The coleoptile will emerge first appearing yellowish-white from an imbibed seed before developing chlorophyll on the next day. By the seventh day, it will have withered following programmed cell death. The coleoptile grows and produces chlorophyll only for the first day, followed by degradation and water potential caused growth. The two vascular bundles are organized parallel longitudinally to one another with a crack forming perpendicularly. Greening mesophyll cells with chlorophyll are present 2 to 3 cell layers from epidermis on the outer region of the crack, while non-greening cells are present everywhere else. The inner region contains cells with large amyloplasts supporting germination as well as the most interior cells dying to form aerenchyma.

The length of the coleoptile can be divided into an irreversible fraction, length at turgor pressure 0, and reversible fraction, or elastic shrinking. Changes induced by white light increase water potential in epidermal cells and decrease osmotic pressure, which resulted in an increase in the length of the coleoptile. The presence of the expanding coleoptile has also been shown to support developing tissues in the seedling as a hydrostatic tube prior to its emergence through the coleoptile tip.

Adventitious roots initially derive from the coleoptile node, which quickly overtake the seminal root by volume. In addition to being more numerous, these roots will be thicker (0.3–0.7mm) than the seminal root (0.2–0.4mm). These roots will grow faster than the shoots at low temperatures and slower at high temperatures.

Anaerobic germination
In a small number of plants, such as rice, anaerobic germination can occur in waterlogged conditions. The seed uses the coleoptile as a 'snorkel', providing the seed with access to oxygen.

title: Coleoptile


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Guy Clark

Guy Charles Clark (November 6, 1941 – May 17, 2016) was an American folk and country singer-songwriter and luthier. He released more than 20 albums, and his songs have been recorded by other artists, including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Kathy Mattea, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, Emmylou Harris, Rodney Crowell, Steve Earle, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Nanci Griffith and Chris Stapleton. He won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: My Favorite Picture of You.

Career
Clark was born in Monahans, Texas. His family moved to Rockport, Texas in 1954. After he graduated from high school in 1960, he spent almost a decade living in Houston as part of the folk music revival in that city. His wife Susanna Talley Clark and he eventually settled in Nashville, where he helped create the Americana genre. His songs "L.A. Freeway" and "Desperados Waiting for a Train" helped launch his career and were covered by numerous performers, including Steve Earle, Jerry Jeff Walker, Nanci Griffith, and Brian Joens. The New York Times described him in its obituary as "a king of the Texas troubadours", declaring his body of work "as indelible as that of anyone working in the Americana idiom in the last decades of the 20th century".

Clark had been a mentor to such other singers as Noel McKay, Steve Earle and Rodney Crowell. He organized Earle's first job as a writer in Nashville. In the 1970s, the Clarks' home in Nashville was an open house for songwriters and musicians, and it features in the film Heartworn Highways, an evocation of the songwriter scene in Nashville at that time.

Numerous artists have charted with Clark-penned tunes. "The Last Gunfighter Ballad" was the title song of Johnny Cash's 1977 studio album. In 1982, Bobby Bare made it to the Country Top 20 with Clark's "New Cut Road". That same year, bluegrass leader Ricky Skaggs hit number one with Clark's "Heartbroke", a song that permanently established his reputation as an ingenious songwriter. Among the many others who have covered Clark's songs are Vince Gill, who took "Oklahoma Borderline" to the Top 10 in 1985; The Highwaymen, who introduced "Desperados Waiting for a Train" to a new generation that same year; John Conlee, whose interpretation of "The Carpenter" rode into the Top 10 in 1987; and John Denver, who recorded Clark's "Homegrown Tomatoes" in 1988. Clark is frequently referred to as the Fifth Highwayman.

Steve Wariner took his cover of Clark's "Baby I'm Yours" to number one in 1988; Asleep at the Wheel charted with Clark's "Blowin' Like a Bandit" the same year. Crowell was Clark's co-writer on "She's Crazy for Leavin'", which in 1989 became the third of five straight number-one hits for Crowell. Brad Paisley and Alan Jackson covered Clark's "Out in the Parkin' Lot", co-written with Darrell Scott, on Paisley's Time Well Wasted CD. Jimmy Buffett, obviously influenced by Jerry Jeff Walker's earlier quality cover of "Boats to Build" on 1997's "Cowboy Boots & Bathin Suits", then covered Clark's "Boats to Build" and "Cinco de Mayo in Memphis". Clark credits Townes Van Zandt as being a major influence on his songwriting. One of the most famous photos in country music history was taken on Clark's porch in 1972 of Clark, wife Susanna, Van Zandt, and Daniel Antopolsky by photographer Al Clayton. Clark and Van Zandt were best friends for many years until Van Zandt's death in 1997, and Clark has included a Van Zandt composition on most of his albums. In 1995, he recorded a live album with Van Zandt and Steve Earle, Together at the Bluebird Cafe, which was released in October 2001. Other live material can be found on his album Keepers. Earle released the tribute album Guy in 2019.

In 2006, Clark released Workbench Songs. The album was nominated for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album at the Grammy Awards. He also toured with Lyle Lovett, Joe Ely, and John Hiatt in 2004, 2005, and 2007. In May 2008, Clark canceled four concerts after breaking his leg. After two months on crutches, he began to perform again on July 4 at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, DC, where he appeared with Verlon Thompson. On June 20, 2009, Clark announced a new album titled Somedays the Song Writes You, which was released on September 22, 2009. It features originals along with a Townes Van Zandt song titled "If I Needed You".

In December 2011, This One's for Him: A Tribute to Guy Clark (a two-CD set) was released by Icehouse Music and produced by longtime fan Tamara Saviano. The CD won Americana Album of the Year at the 2012 Americana Music Honors & Awards. Clark won the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2014 for My Favorite Picture of You.

The final song that Clark completed was co-written with Angaleena Presley and titled "Cheer Up Little Darling". It appeared on Presley's 2017 album Wrangled.

Texas country singer/songwriter Aaron Watson paid tribute to Clark in his song entitled "Ghost of Guy Clark", released in June 2019. In the song, Clark's ghost asks the protagonist to perform a song and is unimpressed; he then encourages the performer to write songs with greater passion.

Personal life
Clark had one son, Travis Carroll Clark (December 18, 1966 - October 12, 2017 aortic aneurysm), from his first marriage to folksinger Susan Spaw. He was married to songwriter and artist Susanna Clark from 1972 until her death from cancer on June 27, 2012.

On May 17, 2016, Clark died in Nashville following a lengthy battle with lymphoma at the age of 74.

Filmography

 * Heartworn Highways - Documentary, Snapper/Catfish, 1981/2003, with Townes Van Zandt, David Allan Coe, and Steve Earle
 * Be Here to Love Me - Documentary, Rake Films, 2004
 * Heartworn Highways Revisited 2015

title: Guy Clark


text:
M687 155 mm projectile

The M687 was an American 155 mm binary sarin chemical artillery shell. The design was standardized in 1976 and production began on December 16, 1987 at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Production was halted three years later, following the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord between the United States and the USSR, and the dismantling of existing stocks began in November 1997 at Hawthorne Army Depot, Nevada. America's remaining stocks were stored at the Deseret Chemical Depot, Utah, and the Umatilla Chemical Depot (Umatilla County, Oregon).

The shell contained two canisters separated by a rupture disk. The compartments were filled with two liquid precursor chemicals for sarin (GB2): methylphosphonyl difluoride (denominated DF) and a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and isopropyl amine (denominated OPA) is in a second canister. The isopropyl amine binds the hydrogen fluoride generated during the chemical reaction. When the shell was fired the force of the acceleration would cause the disk between them to breach and the spinning of the projectile facilitated mixing. The two precursor chemicals would react in flight to produce sarin and when the shell reached its target the sarin would be released.

The shells were meant to be stored and transported with only the OPA compartment loaded; the fuze and the DF compartment would be inserted shortly before firing.

The M687 was never used in combat and, under the Chemical Weapons Convention, the U.S. destroyed the shells and the precursor chemical DF as part of its agreement to eliminate all chemical weapons. More than 258,000 of the shells were shipped to Hawthorne Army Depot from their storage at Deseret Chemical Depot, Utah, and the Umatilla Chemical Depot, Oregon and were destroyed by July 1999. The last of the U.S.'s stockpile of DF was destroyed on April 6, 2006.

title: M687 155 mm projectile