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The Coral

The Coral are an English rock band, formed in 1996 in Hoylake on the Wirral Peninsula, Merseyside. The band emerged during the early 2000s. Their 2002 debut album The Coral, from which came the single "Dreaming of You", was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and listed as the fourth best album of the year by NME. Their second album, Magic and Medicine (2003), produced four UK Top 20 singles, including "Pass It On". In 2008, after guitarist Bill Ryder-Jones left the band, they continued as a five-piece.

1996–2000: early years and breakthrough
In 1996, school-friends Ian Skelly and Paul Duffy began jamming together in the basement of Flat Foot Sams pub in Hoylake. Over the following months they were joined by Bill Ryder-Jones on lead guitar, Ian's older brother James Skelly on vocals and main songwriting duties, and then Lee Southall on rhythm guitar. The band were known briefly as Hive before choosing the name "The Coral", and the line-up was completed with the addition of Nick Power, who joined as keyboard player in 1998. All six original members were attending Hilbre High School when the band formed. Power attended Calday Grange Grammar

According to Deltasonic head Alan Wills, he first encountered the band from a gig poster they had made of their 'granddads head exploding', and decided to go and see them live. At that point the band had not released any records. When Wills discovered the band he had already started to think about starting a label but had yet to do so, and the Coral gave Wills the impetus to start Deltasonic. Wills told HitQuarters that: "It was always the aim to release them through Deltasonic, and it was always their aim to be on Deltasonic ... Most people wouldn't have understood the Coral at that point". Wills also assumed responsibility for managing the band, albeit reluctantly as he was unable to find anyone else to take on the role.

2001–2004: The Coral and Magic and Medicine
Hailed as the first English band of the "guitar group revival", the band's first release was the single "Shadows Fall" (2001), which was followed by two EPs The Oldest Path EP (2001) and Skeleton Key EP (2002). Their eponymous debut album The Coral, released in 2002, reached number five on the UK Albums Chart and was nominated for the Mercury Prize the day after its release. A successful UK tour and festival slots followed along with the singles "Goodbye" reaching number twenty-one in the UK Singles Chart and "Dreaming of You" reaching number thirteen. The single "Dreaming of You" was included in the United States sitcom "Scrubs" episode My Monster for broadcasting and DVD, but eventually taken out again for streaming. The Coral also performed "Dreaming of You" live on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.

After a hectic year they recorded Magic and Medicine in 2003, which reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and garnered critical praise. The album was largely made up of dreamlike acoustic ballads rather than the aggressive psychedelia of their debut. They followed the release with UK, European, American and Japanese tours and a one-off festival Midsummer Nights Scream, held in a big top on the New Brighton promenade. The support for this event included a line up of up-and-coming bands, such as The Libertines, The Zutons and The Thrills. Singles from the album, "Don't Think You're the First", "Pass It On", "Secret Kiss" and "Bill McCai" reached number 10, 5, 25, and 23 respectively on the UK Singles Chart.

Next, the Coral quickly recorded the mini-album Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker. Released in early 2004 with little promotion and no accompanying singles, it was also included as a bonus disc with US versions of Magic and Medicine. Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker marked another change in direction for the band, showcasing a darker, funkier and more lo-fi sound.

2005–2009: The Invisible Invasion and Roots & Echoes
In 2004 they began recording The Invisible Invasion, with Portishead's Adrian Utley and Geoff Barrow as producers. On its 2005 release, The Invisible Invasion entered the UK Album Chart at number 3. A second CD containing live versions of songs from this and previous albums was included with early copies. The Coral followed this with UK, European, American and Japanese tours, also releasing "In the Morning" which reached number six and "Something Inside of Me" which reached number forty-one on the UK Singles Chart.

In June 2005 guitarist Bill Ryder-Jones took a break from the band and it was announced that he would not tour again, but might continue to help with future recordings. He was replaced by David McDonnell (later of The Sand Band) for The Invisible Invasion tour. In late 2005 the band had written an album without Bill entitled The Curse of Love, at the beginning of 2006, however, Ryder-Jones was persuaded to rejoin as a full-time band member and the band shelved those songs in order to begin work on another album, Roots & Echoes.

The Coral toured with Arctic Monkeys during their 2007 summer festival gigs, releasing the single "Who's Gonna Find Me" on 30 July 2007 followed by the album Roots & Echoes on 6 August 2007. The band enlisted the help of Matt Potter for percussion and jazz flute on the album. In contrast to their frenetic early material, this album was a much more laid-back affair, and displayed a new-found maturity to the band's songwriting. Tracks such as "Rebecca You" and "Music at Night" were embellished with string arrangements written by Ryder-Jones. They opened the BBC Electric Proms on 24 October 2007 with "Who's Gonna Find Me" and were joined on stage by celebrity friend Noel Gallagher, who played lead guitar on their track "In the Rain".

In January 2008 Ryder-Jones left the Coral, apparently due to experiencing panic attacks before playing live, and finding that his desire to be part of a commercially successful band had disappeared. He has since received great acclaim with an orchestral solo album. In a March 2010 interview, Bill Ryder-Jones said of James Skelly's songwriting: "James was such a brilliant songwriter, still is".

2010–2011: Butterfly House
Drawing a line under the first chapter of their career, the Coral released a three-LP and two-CD compilation album Singles Collection on 15 September 2008, featuring all but two of their singles to date. A new single, "Being Somebody Else" was released on 8 September 2008. The album also contained a second CD entitled Mysteries & Rarities which contained 19 previously unreleased songs, demos, outtakes and live recordings of earlier songs.

The Coral released their sixth album Butterfly House on 12 July 2010. The album was produced by John Leckie, of The Stone Roses and Radiohead fame, and was recorded at RAK studios in London as well as Rockfield in South Wales.

Four singles were released from the album, "1000 Years", "More than a Lover", "Walking in the Winter" and "Two Faces". The new songs had been crafted over a two-year span during which the band fine-honed and road-tested the material. The deluxe version of this album came with a bonus CD of five additional songs. Critical reception was largely positive. Record Collector Magazine was notably praiseworthy: "Butterfly House… continues to set the benchmark high. A thing of true wonderment, it's shimmering, beatific multi-coloured coats of guitars and vocal harmonies – think The Everly Brothers, Byrds, Crosby, Stills & Nash – dress songs that primarily concern themselves with the demystification process… this is a genuine contender for 2010 album of the year".

Six months after the release of Butterfly House, the Coral released Butterfly House Acoustic, a limited edition acoustic re-recording of the entire album which they completed in a single day, after positive reviews of their acoustic live performances.

In February 2011, Butterfly House was named UK Album of the Year 2010 at the Music Producers Guild Awards. Robert Plant a fellow MPG nominee for his album with The Band of Joy, carefully scheduled his rehearsal on BBC2's Later With Jools in order to make it to the Coral's performance at the Royal Albert Hall on 15 November 2010.

2012–2017: The Curse of Love and Distance Inbetween
In a March 2012 interview, bassist Paul Duffy reported that a new album was in progress at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in Bristol, stating that the sound was a lot heavier: "It's very layered, it's like you have one thing and you just keep adding things on top, and it just sounds big cause we've gone in as a six piece". In spring 2012 the band announced an indefinite hiatus in order to concentrate on individual projects. Their half-finished seventh album was shelved.

On 24 August 2014, Geoff Barrow announced when standing in for Stuart Maconie on the BBC Radio 6 Music Freak Zone show that the Coral were to release The Curse of Love in September 2014. The album was recorded around the time of The Invisible Invasion, an album produced by the Portishead and Beak man, but was only recently mastered for release on James Skelly's Skeleton Key label. "Wrapped in Blue" is the first cut from the album, which Barrow played on the show.

On 23 November 2015, the band announced their 2016 return after five-year hiatus. The new studio album, Distance Inbetween was released on 4 March 2016, accompanied by UK and European tours in Spring 2016. Guitarist Paul Molloy joined the band during the recording of the album, replacing Lee Southall who had chosen to take a break from the band in order to focus on his personal life and solo project. In late 2016, the band was joined by Jack Prince as tour percussionist.

2018–2020: Move Through The Dawn
In April 2018, the band announced their ninth studio album, Move through the Dawn, which was then released on 10 August 2018. It was recorded at Liverpool's Parr Street Studios and was produced by the band and Rich Turvey.

2021–present: Coral Island
On 28 January 2021, The Coral debuted a single, "Faceless Angel", from their fairground-inspired double album Coral Island, which was released on 30 April.

Musical style and influence
Despite the "guitar group revival" tag, they had little in common with their peers. Their music was a hybrid of psychedelia, dub reggae, Merseybeat and country, and their lyrics betrayed an obsession with the sea.

The band's music is a mixture of 1960s-style psychedelia and folk-rock with old-fashioned country and modern indie rock influences.

Solo albums
Drummer Ian Skelly released a solo album, Cut from a Star, on 10 December 2012. He subsequently toured with a 7-piece backing band, The Serpent Power, which included Coral members James Skelly, Paul Duffy and Nick Power. In July 2013 the album was re-released as a deluxe edition double-CD. Following this Ian began working with Paul Molloy under the name Serpent Power, recording an eponymous album released on Skeleton Key Records in May 2015.

Lead singer James Skelly released an album entitled Love Undercover on 3 June 2013 with The Intenders, a band comprising Coral members Ian Skelly, Paul Duffy and Nick Power, as well as members of The Sundowners and Tramp Attack. Tracks such as "Do It Again" unveiled a less abstract dimension to the artist's songwriting style and highlighted the earthy power of Skelly's distinctive vocals. The band toured the UK in June 2013.

Guitarist Lee Southall recorded an album with the singer Molly Jones titled Goodbye to the River that was due for release in 2013 under the name Northern Sky, but the album remains unreleased. In response to fans noting his absence after the Coral announced their new album and tour in November 2015, Southall clarified that he was not involved in the album and tour because he was busy working on a solo project, stating that "it's where my focus has to be right now". Ian Skelly noted that Southall's recent fatherhood also influenced his decision to take a break from the band, and that he wanted to return once he was done with his solo record.

Bassist Paul Duffy is working on a project in collaboration with Eva Petersen, to soundtrack the animation "Lunar Lament of a Haunted Heart" by John Davide. He has also provided the soundtrack for a short film by Jade Mortimer, titled Risen.

Keyboard player Nick Power has published "Small Town Chase", a book of lyrics and poetry. He has also written and performed with The Lost Brothers on the 2014 album 'New Songs of Dawn and Dust'. Power contributed two songs, one of which was 'Hotel Loneliness'. Power's second collection 'Holy Nowhere' was released on 5 December 2015.

Skeleton Key Records
Skeleton Key Records was founded as a Liverpool-based independent record label in 2013 by James, Ian and Neville Skelly. The label evolved out of Neville's earlier label Watertown Records, on which he had released his own material. James Skelly & the Intenders' Love Undercover (2013) was the first album released by the label, followed by the two-CD deluxe edition of Ian Skelly's Cut from a Star. Artists signed to the label include James Skelly & the Intenders, Ian Skelly, Neville Skelly, Serpent Power, The Sundowners, Cut Glass Kings, Marvin Powell, She Drew the Gun and the Mysterines.

Filmography

 * The Coral Mini Movie (2002)
 * The Curry Files (2003)
 * The Coral Film (2008)

Current members

 * James Skelly – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion, lyrics (1996–present)
 * Paul Duffy – bass guitar, saxophone, backing vocals (1996–present)
 * Nick Power – keyboards, organ, melodica, harmonica, piano, backing vocals, lyrics (1998–present)
 * Ian Skelly – drums (1996–present)
 * Paul Molloy – guitars (2015–present)

Former members

 * Bill Ryder-Jones – lead guitar, bass guitar, trumpet (1996–2005, 2006–2008)
 * Lee Southall – guitars, backing vocals (occasional lead vocals and lyrics) (1996–2015)

Live members

 * David McDonnell – lead guitar (2005)
 * Jack Prince – percussion (2016–2021)
 * Zak McDonnell – percussion (2021–present)
 * Danny Murphy – guitar (2021–present)

Studio albums

 * The Coral (2002)
 * Magic and Medicine (2003)
 * Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker (2004)
 * The Invisible Invasion (2005)
 * Roots & Echoes (2007)
 * Butterfly House (2010)
 * The Curse of Love (2014)
 * Distance Inbetween (2016)
 * Move Through the Dawn (2018)
 * Coral Island (2021)
 * Sea of Mirrors (2023)
 * Holy Joe's Coral Island Medicine Show (2023)

Tours

 * Debut UK Tour (November 2001)
 * The Coral Tour (2002)
 * Magic and Medicine Tour (2003–2004)
 * The Invisible Invasion Tour (2005)
 * Roots & Echoes Tour (2007)
 * The Singles Collection Tour (2008)
 * Butterfly House Tour (2010–2011)
 * Distance Inbetween Tour (2016)

As support act

 * NME Carling Awards Tour (January–February 2002)
 * Supergrass: Life on Other Planets Tour (March 2003)
 * Blur: Think Tank Tour (October 2003)
 * Oasis: Don't Believe the Truth Tour (2005)
 * Arctic Monkeys: Favourite Worst Nightmare Tour (July 2007)
 * Manic Street Preachers: Resistance Is Futile Tour (April–May 2018)

title: The Coral


text: File:Cathmunro.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Cathmunro.jpg


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The Path of Daggers

The Path of Daggers is a fantasy novel by American author Robert Jordan, the eighth book of his series The Wheel of Time. It was published by Tor Books and released on October 20, 1998. Upon its release, it immediately rose to the #1 position on the New York Times hardcover fiction bestseller list, making it the first Wheel of Time book to reach the #1 position on that list. It remained on the list for the next two months. This book is the shortest book in the main The Wheel of Time series, consisting of a prologue and 31 chapters.

The title of the book is a reference to a Seanchan saying: "On the heights, all paths are paved with daggers."

Plot summary
Elayne Trakand, Nynaeve al'Meara, Aviendha, and their coalition of channelers use the ter'angreal called the 'Bowl of the Winds' to reverse the unnatural heat brought by the Dark One's manipulation of the climate, and then escape a Seanchan invasion by Traveling to Andor with most of the Kin who had not yet been captured by the Seanchan. In Andor, an Aes Sedai in their party is murdered, and the group realizes that one of its members is part of the Black Ajah. Upon reaching Caemlyn, Elayne initiates her claim to the throne.

Perrin Aybara moves into Ghealdan to stop Masema Dagar, the self-proclaimed Prophet of the Dragon; but unknowingly rescues the deposed Queen Morgase of Andor from the Prophet's men. He then secures the oath of fealty from Alliandre, Queen of Ghealdan, and accepts the dubious allegiance of Masema. At the end of the book, Faile Bashere is kidnapped by the Shaido Aiel. Egwene al'Vere, Amyrlin Seat of the rebel Aes Sedai, manipulates her unruly followers into giving her more control, and they Travel to Tar Valon, before their siege of its White Tower.

Rand al'Thor, accompanied by Bashere with fifty Asha'man and six thousand Tairens, Cairhienin and Illianers, attempts to repel the Seanchan invasion in Altara. They are successful in early skirmishes, driving the Seanchan from western Altara entirely. Bashere counsels retreat, but Rand decides to push on to Ebou Dar, clashing with a forty thousand strong Seanchan army fifty miles from the city. Both sides bleed each other white in the initial clash, after which both armies pull back to regroup. Rand attempts to destroy the Seanchan by wielding his sa'angreal 'Callandor', but loses control of it due to disturbances in saidin caused by the previous usage of the Bowl of the Winds. The result is a lightning storm that devastates his army as well as the Seanchan. Too bloodied to continue fighting, both armies retreat, making the battle a stalemate. Returning to Cairhien, Rand is attacked by traitorous Asha'man led by Corlan Dashiva, who fail to kill him. Mat Cauthon is absent from the book, due to injuries sustained at the end of the previous book, A Crown of Swords. Robert Jordan had earlier done the same for Perrin Aybara, who had been absent from Book 5, The Fires of Heaven.

Release details

 * 1998, U.S., Tor Books (ISBN 0-312-85769-1), Pub date October 20, 1998, hardcover (First edition)
 * 1998, UK, Orbit (ISBN 1-85723-554-1), Pub date October 29, 1998, hardcover
 * 1999, UK, Orbit (ISBN 1-85723-569-X), Pub date September 2, 1999, paperback
 * 1999, U.S., Tor Books (ISBN 0-8125-5029-3), Pub date December ?, 1999, paperback
 * 1999, U.S., Rebound by Sagebrush (ISBN 0-613-22158-3), Pub date December ?, 1999, hardcover (Library binding)

title: The Path of Daggers


text:
Tanfield Railway

The Tanfield Railway is a  heritage railway in Gateshead and County Durham, England. Running on part of a former horse-drawn colliery wooden waggonway, later rope & horse, lastly rope & loco railway. It operates preserved industrial steam locomotives. The railway operates a passenger service every Sunday, plus other days, as well as occasional demonstration coal, goods and mixed trains. The line runs 3 mi between a southern terminus at East Tanfield, Durham, to a northern terminus at Sunniside, Gateshead. Another station, Andrews House, is situated near the Marley Hill engine shed. A halt also serves the historic site of the Causey Arch. The railway claims it is "the world's oldest railway" because it runs on a section dating from 1725, other parts being in use since 1621.

The railway is run by three bodies: "Friends of Tanfield Railway", "Tanfield Railway Trust" which owns the railway, the locomotives and rolling stock and "The Tanfield Railway Company" which operates the railway.

"The Tanfield Railway Company" is split into four departments; each has a manager and director: Engineering who maintain locomotives, Operations including drivers and guards, Carriage & Waggon who preserve carriages, and Commercial which operates shops, events and the passenger side of operations.

Colliery railway
The Tanfield Waggonway was built by the Grand Allies, an association of coal-owning families, including the Bowes, Liddells, Ords and Montagues, who joined together to overcome wayleave difficulties from about 1720. Its purpose was to transport coal more reliably and cheaply from the inland collieries of County Durham to the staiths on the River Tyne at Redheugh. From there the coal was transported in keels downriver to Shields, then transferred to colliers (bulk coal carrying ships) for the voyage down the North Sea coast to south east England. Many older shorter coal waggonways existed to the north of the present heritage line, in the Whickham and Lobley Hill areas, but the Tanfield Waggonway was a much longer and heavily engineered route which gave the Grand Allies market dominance all year round. (Although supply to SE England was still subject to North Sea winters.) The Tanfield route was in continuous use from 1725 until final closure in 1964.

The route and structures of the oldest section of the now preserved part of the line, between Sunniside and Causey, dates from 1725, and is thus the world's oldest railway still in operation. (The Middleton Railway makes an alternative claim to be the oldest railway, as the first railway granted powers under the first railway Act of Parliament in 1758. ) The Causey to East Tanfield section was built in 1839.

The Marley Hill engine shed was built by 1854, and was in industrial use until 1970. The shed is on the Bowes Railway, whereas locos used on the Tanfield branch were stabled at the nearby Bowes Bridge MPD (a sub-shed of Gateshead), the coaling ramp and turntable pit of which are still visible adjacent to the track between Andrews House and Sunniside. A winding engine occupied the Bowes Bridge site from 1840–81, a locomotive shed from 1881-1962. The headshunt by Marley Hill signal box is the point where the west-east Bowes Railway crossed the south-north Tanfield branch. When the Tanfield Railway began running trains in 1977 a curve was installed to allow Marley Hill locos and trains onto the Tanfield Branch. Marley Hill engine shed is the oldest in the world still used for its original function. As collieries on the NCB line closed in the 1960s, coal was brought by road to adjacent drops for onward rail transport, and the shed saw further use servicing other local colliery locomotives.

Originally a wooden railed horse drawn waggonway, conversion to a steel railed railway began in 1837, and by 1840 was complete as far as Tanfield Moor Colliery, using stationary steam engines, gravity inclines and horses. In 1881, while operated by the North Eastern Railway, steam locomotives replaced the stationary steam engines and horses. Although primarily a coal railway, it did carry some passengers. The railway closed when the last colliery on the line at East Tanfield ceased production in 1964.

Preservation

The early years of the railway as a preservation project concentrated on Marley Hill, preparing locos for steaming, working on the shed structure and acquiring basic needs such as water and electricity. Locomotives No.21 (Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns engine of 1954 0-4-0st) and No.5 (Malleable) were steamed in public in 1973. The first passenger train ran for a week August 1975, using locomotives No.21, No.32 and Sir Cecil A Cochrane, and a small carriage acquired from the British Steel Corporation site at Teesside.

The preserved line was first built from Marley Hill to the current northern terminus, Sunniside Station, with passenger trains beginning on 2 July 1981, and an official opening ceremony on 14 July 1982. Andrews House station just south of Marley Hill sheds was completed between 1987 and 1989 and was equipped with platforms, a water tower, a station building and a footbridge. The first train south to Causey was on 27 July 1991, with the official opening ceremony being held on 15 August 1991. The first train further south to the current end of the line at East Tanfield occurred on 18 October 1992. East Tanfield Station itself was opened in 1997. The Causey to Tanfield section is through a wood lined gorge.

Part of the reason the line was preserved was the fact Marley Hill shed remained open until 1970. The vintage machinery in the workshop is still capable of full locomotive overhauls. The oldest locomotive on the railway was built in Gateshead in 1873, and all of the railway's carriage stock dates from the 19th Century.

Causey Arch
The current preserved line passes near to Causey Arch, the oldest surviving railway bridge in the world. It was built to carry a new branch from the route of the now preserved line to a site known as Dawson's Drift. Built between 1725 and 1727, at 150 ft and 80 ft, it was the largest single-span bridge in Britain, and remained so for 30 years.

Steam locomotives
As of 2023, the railway has become the home to a large collection of industrial steam engines, with 28 in all and four operational.

Diesel and electric locomotives

 * AEG Bo-BoBo-BoWE no. 1565 / NCB No.9, built in 1913 for the Harton Coal Company. Withdrawn in 1988. On display in Marley Hill Yard. Awaiting cosmetic restoration in the future.
 * Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. 0-6-0DH no. 615, built in 1977. Operational, on hire to the Aln Valley Railway.
 * Armstrong Whitworth no. D22, built in 1933. Operational.
 * English Electric and Baguley 2-2wDHR no. 3565, built in 1962. On display.
 * F.C. Hibberd & Co Ltd Planet 4wDM no. 3716, built in 1955. Operational.
 * Fowler 0-6-0DH no. 4240010 No. 6, built in 1960. Operational.
 * Hawthorn Leslie 4w-4wBE no. 3872 Derek Shepherd, built in 1936. On display.
 * Hunslet Engine Company 0-6-0DH no. 6612 No. 501, built in 1965. Stored awaiting restoration.
 * Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns 0-4-0DM no. 6980 Camel, built in 1940. On display.
 * Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns 0-6-0DM no. 7697 Beryl, built in 1953. On display.
 * Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns 0-6-0DM no. 7746 Bromborough No. 2, built in 1954. On display.
 * Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns 0-4-0DM no. 7901 Husky, built in 1958. Operational.
 * Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Bo-BoWE no. 7078 Kearsley No. 3, built in 1944. On display.
 * Ruston and Hornsby 0-4-0DE no. 418600 T.I.C No. 35, built in 1958. Operational.
 * Siemens 4wWE no. 862 / NCB No.10, built in 1913. Sister locomotive to NCB No.9 (see above). On display, cosmetically restored.

 * Key
 * BE = battery-electric
 * DE = diesel-electric
 * DH = diesel-hydraulic
 * DM = diesel-mechanical
 * WE = overhead wire electric

Coaching stock
All of the railways coaches are wooden bodied, Victorian coaches.

 * TR No.1 Open Balcony Coach ex GWR Van
 * TR No.2 Open Balcony Coach ex GWR van
 * TR No.3 Open Coach with Guards Van eX LNER Ballast brake van
 * TR No.4 Open Coach with Guards Van ex LNER Ballast brake van
 * TR No.5 Compartment Coach. Originally a GNR Coach
 * TR No.6 Compartment Coach. Originally a GNR Coach
 * TR No.7 Open Poppleton Coach with Guards Van. Originally an NER Director's Saloon
 * TR No.8 Compartment Coach with Guards Van. Originally an MS&L Brake Van
 * NER No.256 Compartment Coach built 1878
 * NER No.818 Compartment Coach
 * NER No.A15 Compartment bogie carriage

The railway also has other unrestored coaching stock.

title: Tanfield Railway


text:
Talk:History of Slashdot

Pinkdot/April Fools Day gag
2006 was not the first time the OMG Ponies! (aka Pinkdot) style was used. As best I can recall it goes back to 2000/01. Reverend Raven 02:00, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Chips and Dips
Slashdot was originally called "Chips and Dips", probably worth a mention. Motor 19:09, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Delete this page
All Slashdot subarticles should be kept under the main Slashdot article. There is no sense in having half a dozen article for one site.
 * Even a page with however many viewers is has? probably a million or more (just a guess, could be even more than that.) SECProto 02:57, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * What in the world does this above sentence mean? God, I'm tired of the people around here who can't move a thought from their brain to their keyboard in a coherent fashion. Writing is not hard. Seriously. User:WikiWonka 19:57, May 8, 2005 (EST)

VFD discussion
This article was proposed for deletion December 2004. The archived discussion is available at Votes for deletion/Slashdot history.
 * This article SHOULD have been deleted. There is a disproportionate amount of Slashdot information here at Wikipedia. It creates an inaccurate snapshot, and inaccuracy is the bane of any encyclopedia. All Slashdot stuff should be consolidated into a single, concise page. It's stuff like this that makes visitors loath to trust Wikipedia. AmericanMUSIC 05:32, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * To paraphrase - "having more information on some subjects than on others makes visitors loath to trust Wikipedia". Clue - inaccurate snapshot != inaccurate. Informational inaccuracy is the bane of an encylopedia, not a surplus of accurate information. If you think it should have been deleted, perhaps you should have voted. Wikipedia suffers from a hell of an identity crisis. It's full of average people who think they know about encyclopedias. That, and it's collectively unaware or unwilling to admit that its strongest subjects are IT and the Internet. Idon'thaveanaccount Over one year after the above post (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Slashdot


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Talk:C character classification

{{Talk header]]

Untitled
I don't think C source code listing is appropriate for any encyclopedia article. Why not cut out the "Implementation" section, and rather include an external link to a website with the code? Chitu 19:12, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. This entire article (including the source code) might be lost on someone with no computer science experience, but for someone who has done some programming but is not familiar with the particular problem ctype.h is designed to fix, seeing some example source can make a huge difference in readability.  Count me in this group; I think it should stay. CyborgTosser 01:59, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

SCO v. IBM
Erm... There is no such thing as a "Linus Torvalds's kernel mailing list post below" in the article... Medinoc 09:24, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Cast arguments
>> The correct way to use char arguments is to first cast them to unsigned char.

This is incorrect. If the argument is representable in an unsigned char, then it is a non-negative number, this is what "representable in an unsigned char" means, so conversion to int type will not make it negative or change the bit pattern in any way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Velco (talk • contribs) 18:20, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that *after* one casts a char to an unsigned char, then it is a non-negative number "representable in an unsigned char", and further conversion to int type will not make it negative.
 * I don't see how that makes "first cast char arguments to unsigned char" incorrect. For example:

seems correct to me. Or is there something that needs to be fixed? Leaving out that (unsigned char) cast seems incorrect to me, as it could potentially pass a negative integer to isupper. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 20:23, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Casting to unsigned char means you don't correctly consider EOF. I believe the safest method is to first check for EOF, and then cast to unsigned char. I'll update this on the page as well. Kasterma (talk) 13:22, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:C standard library - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 09:40, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

International character support
It is not clear if this library intend to addressee i18n (internationalisation) issues such as ISO-2022 or its Unicode concurrent. Which one does C support best?

It is not clear how C character classification should be considered in regard to the single byte character vs multiple byte vs wide character context.

Also: Is there any classification for the Byte Order Mark? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.97.14.22 (talk) 20:01, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:56, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:C character classification


text:
User:Honzik

Hello, I'm Honzik.

title: User:Honzik


text:
Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company

The Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company (CNBC) was an English language pirate radio station which hired airtime for a few hours each day from the Dutch pirate Radio Veronica in 1960–1961. Programmes were pre-recorded at Veronica's Amsterdam studio together with the Dutch programmes, and broadcast from the Veronica ship Borkum Riff. The address for prospective advertisers was given as Ross Radio Productions Ltd, 23 Upper Wimpole Street, W1.

CNBC has the distinction of being the first pirate station to broadcast to the United Kingdom, almost four years before Radio Caroline, although few British listeners ever heard it as its signal originated from the Dutch side of the North Sea and did not penetrate very far inland. After only a few months Veronica terminated its contract because the advertising revenue from Dutch programming was more lucrative.

title: Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company


text:
User:Cokoli

I am firstly a contributor to Wikipedia, and secondly an academic researcher of Wikipedia.

General information about me is available on my website. My Wikipedia-related publications are at http://chitu.okoli.org/professional/open-content/wikipedia.html.

title: User:Cokoli


text:
Talk:Drought

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2021 and 20 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Odunn23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:51, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

"Causes" section very poorly cited
The "Causes" section is extremely poorly documented. There is little to no documentation in the first and arguably most important paragraph. It badly needs to be fixed. Battleghost (talk) 01:26, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

Global phenomenon?
I don't think it is. --Fev 04:19, 14 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fev (talk • contribs)
 * That phrase could have been read to mean different things and I have already tweaked the article to remove it NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 10:56, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Recent improvement
I just ran across this article, and understand the previous pleas for help over previous years. The sections of the article have been placed in a more logical order. Segments of existing C, good, and featured articles relating to drought, erosion, and dry season (with their supporting references) were included where they seemed to be appropriate. The gallery is being slowly deconstructed with the images within it fitting on the right of the lengthening article -- article size has increased 20%. Thegreatdr (talk) 01:35, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Much improved, thanks! NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 09:30, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Reference does not support statement
I can't find anything in 29 ^ [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf Smith A.B. and R. Katz, 2013: U.S. Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases. Natural Hazards, 67, 387–410, doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5] that supports the statement "Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture[28][29]throughout the world, and especially in developing nations." It discusses climate change and billion dollar plus agricultural losses, but doesn't suggest there is a strong connection between the two in the effects of the incidents, and in fact goes out of its way to say they cannot show a correlation. Should it be removed? It implies weight to the argument that is not supplied. Cwmillerjr (talk) 15:01, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Aridity indexes
Aridity ("drought") indexes that can be included in the article (after ):
 * De Martonne Aridity Index
 * Emberger Aridity Index
 * UNEP Aridity Index
 * Thornthwaite Classification
 * Gaussen-Bagnouls Classification — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.9.10.163 (talk) 04:11, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

Just when does A drought end?
Is there a Cetiera(didnt see one in article)When a drought is over? Live in US State of California .Tha has had a drought(especailly Southern California area where I live) for years.Right now Rain Storm after rainstorm But still there a OFFICIAL DROUGHT! Thanks!Eddson storms (talk) 04:10, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 October 2020
for Drought Vulnerability I would like to note the following in "Consequences of drought" --> Effects vary according to vulnerability. For example, subsistence farmers are more likely to migrate during drought because they do not have alternative food-sources. Areas with populations that depend on water sources as a major food-source are more vulnerable to famine. ''One can understand that if such scenarios prevail, agricultural production and development of a region or country, particularly in the Mediterranean area, will be reduced due to projected future water and soil degradation. It will also increase the imports of agricultural products from other countries which would not have been affected as seriously by the forecasted impacts of climate change (reference: Tsesmelis, D.E.; Karavitis, C.A.; Oikonomou, P.D.; Alexandris, S.; Kosmas, C. Assessment of the Vulnerability to Drought and Desertification Characteristics Using the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) and the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI). Resources 2019, 8, 6.) ''

Tsesmelis (talk) 19:58, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Self-promoted primary journal article that has unclear relevance and impact concerning the subtopic.  See also WP:NOTJOURNAL Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 23:04, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Edit request
Please link to the disambiguation page. Please add the hatnote

-- 65.92.134.182 (talk) 03:34, 2 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done – Thjarkur (talk) 08:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Not appropiate for a wiki article
" Droughts affect food production and human society, so they are considered a disaster, of natural, supernatural or human cause (which itself could be supernatural causes, malediction, sin, ...). It is among the earliest documented climatic events, present in the Epic of Gilgamesh and tied to the Biblical story of Joseph's arrival in and the later Exodus from Ancient Egypt.[6] "

this part of the text seems odd for a wikipedia article on natural phenomena — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * It took a few readings to try to understand the original intent but it wasn't as laughable as it looked at first pass. Anyway, thanks, I tried to clean it up a bit. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 02:39, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

Ocean Currents
I think the role of ocean currents in droughts should be discussed some. CessnaMan1989 (talk) 17:21, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Drought proofing
We should perhaps add some details about drought proofing and introduce the term, see e.g. https://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/72817 (there is no Wikipedia article or redirect for drought proofing yet). EMsmile (talk) 12:15, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Illustration improvement
Suggest the illustration showing Obama et al discussing California drought with farmers be updated to a more graphic illustration of the agricultural impacts of drought. ASRASR (talk) 10:54, 15 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that that picture wasn't very good and have removed it now. EMsmile (talk) 02:25, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I just noticed that you User:Castncoot recently put the Obama image back in that I had removed a year ago. Any particular reason? If you think it's a great picture, I suggest you rather add it to one of the U.S. specific articles like Climate change in the United States or alike. This one here is a global article about drought so we have to be mindful to not have it as a U.S. centric article. EMsmile (talk) 12:24, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Coincidence, this is the first time I have seen that image. But obviously great minds think alike. Castncoot (talk) 12:57, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think the new image that you chose for the lead, User:Castncoot, is better than the Australian image (the fact that the Australian image was from 2006 is irrelevant - your riverbed image has no year with it, does it make it any better because it might (or might not) be more recent?). See on the right hand side. California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg And is it a coincidence that once again you chose an image from the U.S.? How about we set up an image collage of 2x2 (like for sustainable energy)? This way we can prevent one country "dominating" the imagery of the lead. Also I think it's important to show an agriculture type image, not a dried up river bed, as it then also shows some impacts of drought at the same time. EMsmile (talk) 12:42, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * adding the Australian image on the right for comparison (I am not saying it's an ideal image either but I think it's pretty good). Fields outside benambra.jpg Australia suffering from drought conditions in 2006.]] EMsmile (talk) 12:44, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The California image screams DROUGHT!!!!! The Australian image looks like a nice large pastoral land, but never in a million years would I associate it with drought without a caption to steer me in the direction of thinking ‘drought’. Btw, California and the Western US are actually suffering from a prolonged ‘megadrought’ now, while eastern Australia benefits (with regards to drought) from the negative Indian Ocean dipole. In any case, this is not about any particular country, but I really have no idea why that Australian picture is even in this article. Castncoot (talk) 13:04, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The California image does not scream drought to me at all. The river could have lower flow than usual also for other reasons, e.g. higher abstraction rates and groundwater pumping by farmers, or holding back more water in a dam, or it might be a seasonal river (not all rivers flow all year around). I think if you show the Australian image to anyone who knows anything about farming, they would say "it screams drought!" as the crops cannot grow but are just brown and wither away. I guess it depends on where you've lived and the experiences you've made. I've lived in Australia for many years and for me that is a typical drought picture. But anyhow - how about my suggestion to pick 4 images, then to show a range of different drought conditions? Perhaps it would help to have an image that shows crops that are a lot smaller and less healthy than normal? Or cattle that is really thin and looking unhealthy from drought? EMsmile (talk) 17:06, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Example collage for the lead
Here is an example, see on the right. Droughts can cause wildfires which is why I think a wildfire image would be good, with the right caption. EMsmile (talk) 17:14, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * the collage is not yet ideal, I see it as a discussion starter. I think it could work really well once we pick a suitable set of 4 images. EMsmile (talk) 17:16, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I don’t have a problem with the lead collage concept at all, EMsmile! :) What separately puzzles me however is that you seem to be putting farming ahead of potable water needed for drinking and cooking, and also clean water for bathing, etc. Of course agriculture is extraordinarily important. But if people can’t drink water in the first place, they won’t be able to live to farm; i.e., lack of potable water is an existential threat, and this is is the direction that California and parts of the Western US are headed, and this is why California should be expected to lead pictorially. Australia is not in quite that same predicament, but I agree Australia should also be included in the discussion, from the farming standpoint. Castncoot (talk) 18:08, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I am not sure how much you know about drought conditions in many African countries? They are often far worse than California with regards to malnutrition, children dying, people migrating etc. So I don't think "California should be expected to lead pictorially" is fair at all (unless for someone who lives in the U.S. maybe). Drinking water makes up a tiny proportion of all of household's water needs. If needed, drinking water can be supplied by trucks but the water needed to have crops grow, or ecosystems maintained, wetlands etc. cannot be brought in by trucks. No rain means no crops means starvation for many African subsistence farmers. Hence why I think agriculture is the bigger risk from drought than supplying cities with drinking water.... Wildfires is another one (and Australia has been hugely affected by those). In any case, I would not be able to "rank" the consequences of drought and the countries affected by drought. If we have a collage in the lead like the one I proposed we could show images from 4 different regions of the world, and 4 different types of impacts: impacts on crops, on wildfires, on ecosystems and on water supply. Also with regards to water supply, keep in mind that we have separate articles on those, e.g. water scarcity and water scarcity in Africa. Water scarcity can be caused by droughts and also be other factors (economic water scarcity). EMsmile (talk) 19:36, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I know very well exactly how dire the situation is in Somalia and other countries in the region as well as across Africa, and it’s tragic. But as you yourself have alluded, the issue here is that the title of this article is ‘Drought’, and not ‘Water Scarcity’. For a highly civilized society like California and the Western US to actually experience the natural phenomenon of the worst megadrought in 1,200 years from a new normal in climate to the extent of an existential threat is all the more that shocking, as opposed to most third world countries in Africa and elsewhere where infrastructure is poor and corruption is rife, creating a huge man-made water scarcity problem, of course exacerbated by drought, which is not the case in the Western US or in Australia. (By the way, the intensity of drought in California in its truest sense and definition is far greater in magnitude than in Australia; and massive wildfires have become a year-round phenomenon in the Western U.S., particularly California, to the point where firefighters from Australia have flown TO the US to volunteer to help!). All this being said, I would be OK with for example, a collage of four images in the lead, starting with the California picture for the reasons mentioned above, then one image of Eastern Africa, one of Western Africa, and one from Australia. Castncoot (talk) 21:01, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for these additional explanations, interesting. So let's focus on the four pictures that we want to use. I'd say just one from Africa, not two. We could also have one from an Asian country. Europe also gets more droughts, think Spain, Italy, even Germany (forest fires there as well); so either Europe or Australia - which would give us 2 from Global North and 2 from Global South. I am pondering over what image is good for "drought" and which is good for "water scarcity" in comparison. The former is simply the absence of rain (well, OK, I am thinking of the type called "Meteorological drought"). How do you show the absence of rain? By showing what it does to vegetation, ecosystems and farms. Whereas water scarcity is more about people and their access to water, right? Looking at the water scarcity article, the images used there are actually mostly maps and charts. More emphasis there is on topics around population growth, urbanisation, water used up by agriculture, access to water supply. But there is a little bit of overlap between the two articles (perhaps unavoidable). EMsmile (talk) 21:20, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * How about California, Somalia, South Australia, and Namibia? We would have to find an appropriate Somalia image if possible of course. Although Namibia and Somalia are technically on the same continent, they lie in entirely different regions and (primarily) different hemispheres that in spirit they could be on two different continents. I really don’t think Europe or South America is at the point to qualify for a lead picture at this time. And it is self-explanatory for Antarctica not to qualify as well. Castncoot (talk) 22:21, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think that Namibia would be relevant: A drought in a desert type arid country with low population density is not very exciting/important. A drought picture from India, Pakistan or China I would find more relevant. EMsmile (talk) 22:28, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, agreed. (The Namibia picture is already on the page, and that’s why I mentioned it. But I’m with you on that, which is why I didn’t propose the Atacama Desert in Chile.) Maybe this is what you were referring to:

Castncoot (talk) 01:23, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * FYI, the status quo of the page now is also acceptable. Castncoot (talk) 03:44, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the collage would work out much better than just the one image from California. Have replaced the black and white image from India with an agricultural image from the U.S. for now:

File:Corn shows the affect of drought.jpg|Agricultural changes. Droughts, rising temperatures, and extreme weather negatively impact agriculture. Shown: Texas, US (2013). EMsmile (talk) 09:29, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

I still have a few problems with this collage: it currently has two images from the U.S.. I think one should be replaced with an image from Asia. Also I am in two minds about what to do about drought images from Africa: there are quite a few on Wikimedia Commons about droughts in Somalia, Kenya etc. but I think we have to be mindful that we don't show too much of the poor starving African rural children as we don't want to perpetuate the Western pespective imagery of Africa as a "sad country with starving children". However, there are starving children from drought there, so how best to balance all the different aspects out? For this reason, I've taken a sandstorm image from Somalia for now. Pinging two others who I know are interested in images for the leads of articles: User:Femkemilene, User:Clayoquot. Thanks. EMsmile (talk) 09:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the ping, but I don't have the bandwidth to look at this :( Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 16:14, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe a collage of 6 images would work then. There are many images indeed worthy of representation and this should not become a competition between countries or regions for representation, for goodness sake. Castncoot (talk) 21:07, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Just to give readers an idea of the magnitude and intensity of the California meteorological megadrought:—the fact that this can occur in a developed country not only shocks the mind but should also be even more alarming vis-a-vis droughts in developing countries with poor infrastructure and fingerprints of corruption all over those droughts. Therein the essentiality of the placed image. Castncoot (talk) 17:12, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if a collage of 6 would add more value than a collage of 4 because drought photos look rather similar all around the world, don't they? It's usually very dry soil or much smaller rivers and lakes than normal. But if you or someone prefers a collage of 6, OK (the article on city even has a collage of 9 by the way). Regarding California: personally I find a drought more worrisome and shocking when it results in loss of lives (like in East Africa). The drought in California might shock you more if you live in the United States but Wikipedia is written with a global audience in mind so I think we should be mindful of not projecting what we find most relevant onto everyone else. Readers from all over the world should feel included and addressed when reading Wikipedia articles. To date, many many Wikipedia articles are US centric or Europe centric simply because a majority of the Wikipedia volunteers currently come from those regions (this problem is well documented (see e.g. WP:BIAS). So we should make an extra effort to reduce that US and Euro centricity wherever we can (including with respect to images used), especially for topics that are global in nature, like droughts. EMsmile (talk) 21:05, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. Notability is notability, reliably sourced, regardless of where it originates, and that’s the only metric that counts for me. Let’s not open a Pandora's box here. Best, Castncoot (talk) 22:48, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, let's see if there are any other people who're watching this page who are keen to jump into the discussion. Either way, I have now replaced the one image in the lead with the collage of 4 images. I think it shows the varied impacts of drought quite well. The images and caption could now be fine-tuned further e.g. if anyone wants to replace one of the two images from the U.S. with an image from Asia. EMsmile (talk) 10:34, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 200 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by VenusL (talk) 10:30, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiktionary link should go to lower-case "drought"
Cheers all, I noticed the bottom of this article links to "Drought" on Wiktionary (definition: "A surname"), when it should link to "drought" with a lower-case "d" (which is the topic of this Wikipedia article.) Compare for yourselves:
 * wrong-but-currently-used:
 * correct-but-not-used:.

Best, Albertr (talk) 18:09, 1 May 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, I've changed it. EMsmile (talk) 09:04, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

The section on consequences needs some work
If someone has time: it would be great if the section on consequences could be improved: I see a bit of repetition there between the paragraphs written in prose and those that are bullet point lists. This repetition needs to be removed. The text should mostly be prose; perhaps some specific examples could be in a bullet point list. EMsmile (talk) 09:18, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drought


text:
Piotr Wilniewczyc

Piotr Wilniewczyc (1887–1960) was a Polish engineer and arms designer. Among his most successful designs were the Vis-35 pistol, commonly known as the Radom for the arsenal in which it was produced, and the Mors submachine gun.

Biography
Piotr Wilniewczyc was born on 31 January 1887 near Irkutsk in Siberia. He grew up in Vilna (now Vilnius, Lithuania). In 1905 he moved to Saint Petersburg, Russia, and studied at the University of St. Petersburg institute of mathematics and physics. He continued his studies in the Lwów Polytechnic department of chemistry. In 1915 Wilniewczyc also graduated from artillery school in St. Petersburg.

In 1921 he accepted employment at the Boryszew Gunpowder Factory near Sochaczew, Poland. From 1924 to 1928, Wilniewczyc also lectured at the Artillery Officers' School in Toruń. In 1928 he began work as director of the ballistics department at the State Arms Factories (Państwowe Wytwórnie Uzbrojenia), holding this post until war broke out in September 1939.

His most successful project was the Vis-35 pistol, a standard Polish prewar military pistol. He also designed the Mors submachine gun, which did not enter production due to the outbreak of war. After the war, he directed a team that designed the Rak wz. 63 submachine gun, completed after his death.

During the war, Wilniewczyc worked with the Home Army in Warsaw, developing a silencer for the Sten gun. After the Warsaw Uprising he moved to Łódź and soon began lecturing at the Łódź Polytechnic. From 1948 he also worked at the reopened Warsaw Polytechnic.

Wilniewczyc died on 23 December 1960 and was interred at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery.

title: Piotr Wilniewczyc


text:
Darryl Neudorf

Darryl Neudorf (born June 7, 1964 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian musician, record producer and audio engineer.

He was the drummer for 54-40 from 1982 to 1986. He is best known during this time for co-writing the hit song "I Go Blind", a Canadian hit which was later covered by U.S. rock group Hootie and the Blowfish.

He has also worked as a producer for a number of other recording artists, including Sarah McLachlan, Neko Case, The New Pornographers, Kevin Kane, Kinnie Starr, Twilight Circus Dub Sound System, Dead Voices on Air, Justin Rutledge, Jim Bryson, Jim Cuddy, Bob Egan, The Sadies, and Blue Rodeo.

Neudorf continues to produce and mix music at his residential recording studio, located in Kelowna, British Columbia.

Early life
Darryl Neudorf grew up in Kelowna, British Columbia, where his parents bought him a drum kit for Christmas when he was ten years old.

Throughout his teens Neudorf picked fruit in orchards, worked at The Pop Shop, skateboarded around Kelowna and formed the band Empty Set with his sister Adele Neudorf, Kevin Kane and Jon Brotherton.

54-40
At 18, Darryl Neudorf moved to Vancouver and joined the band 54-40 as their drummer. They recorded two albums, toured extensively in North America and at the time of his departure, 54-40 had signed a deal with Warner/Reprise. The songs that Neudorf performed, co-composed and produced with 54-40 helped to catapult their career, achieving gold and platinum status in Canada. In 1986, after four years in the band, Neudorf left 54-40 to pursue a career in music production.

Recording work
In 1987, Darryl Neudorf was asked to work on a project for Nettwerk Productions involving a newly signed artist in their repertoire named Sarah McLachlan. This recording, the album Touch, resulted in garnering the interest of Arista Records. She signed a multi-album contract with them and two of the songs that Neudorf worked on with her became commercial hits in Canada. In 1991, Neudorf was invited back to work with McLachlan on her second album, Solace.

In 1993, he filed a lawsuit against McLachlan and her label, Nettwerk, alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on Touch, and alleging that he wasn't paid properly for work done on Solace. The judge in this suit eventually ruled in McLachlan's favour on the songs; though Neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting, neither regarded each other as joint authors. The judge ruled in Neudorf's favour on the payment issue.

Miller Block
In 1994, in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, Darryl Neudorf and Tracy Pillsworth met with Tom Anselmi of the band Copyright. The three met on the top floor of a building that was built in 1948 through Jim Carrico who had found the Hastings Street space for lease. An artists' co-operative was about to burgeon and become home to a group of people generating dozens of CDs and vinyl representing Vancouver's eclectic underground. Neudorf and Pillsworth lent Anselmi their recording equipment to record what was to become Copyright's second CD, Love Story. The building of a recording studio that was soundproofed and secure followed. The studio was named after the arched words painted in gold on the front of the building's black and green tiled facade; Miller Block was born.

Throughout the 1990s, Neudorf designed, managed, owned and operated Miller Block with Tracy Pillsworth (aka Sugarpill), where he did much of his recording and production. This work resulted in scores of releases in a wide variety of genres from underground rock to roots rock to country to avant-garde electronica. Among others, this list includes Cub, Duotang, Neko Case, Kinnie Starr, Herald Nix, The New Pornographers, Superconductor, Kevin Kane, I Am Spoonbender, Twilight Circus Dub Sound System, Faust and Dead Voices on Air. The merging of equipment, space and trust surrounding Miller Block resulted in a creative studio environment that flourished for six years, until the Fall of 2000.

Relocation
In 2001, Darryl Neudorf, Tracy Pillsworth and the boxed up studio moved to Toronto, Ontario. Once in Toronto, Neudorf continued to produce and engineer successful recordings, among others, Americana singer Neko Case.

The Audio Recording Academy
During 2002 Darryl Neudorf was asked by Shannon Murray to become the head instructor at, and design the curriculum for, a new audio production school located in downtown Toronto called The Audio Recording Academy. Neudorf remained head teacher until 2008 when during an indefinite leave, producer / engineer Damon de Szegheo took over head instructor duties.

Operation Northwoods Recording Services
In November 2004, after looking for a resort-styled location to set up a recording studio, Darryl Neudorf and Tracy Pillsworth found a creative retreat.

The studio was called Operation Northwoods Recording Services where musicians have produced recordings with Neudorf at the helm, with him either producing, mixing, engineering, drumming and mastering. Among others, these musicians include The Sadies, Jim Cuddy, Justin Rutledge, Bob Egan, The Mohawk Lodge, Jim Bryson, Neko Case, Two Hours Traffic, The Grapes of Wrath, Brementown Players, Robyn Cage, Lily Frost, Blue Rodeo and The Weather Station.

Neudorf relocated to his home town of Kelowna in 2019.

title: Darryl Neudorf


text:
Barberini Gospels

The Barberini Gospels is an illuminated Hiberno-Saxon manuscript Gospel Book (Rome, Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica, Barberini Lat. 570, also known as the Wigbald Gospels), assumed to be of a late 8th-century origin.

History
After coming to light following its move to the Vatican Library in 1902 this luxury Gospel book had been largely ignored by the academic community until it became the subject of a doctoral dissertation in 2004. Earlier writing includes some brief comparisons of its iconography with that of its contemporaries and an inconclusive debate regarding the site of its production. There have also been speculations about a colophon, an entreaty for the reader to pray for one Wigbald and its role in providing a connection to a specific historical context. It is not known whether this is the same person as Wigbold, author of the Quaestiones in Octateuchum.

Illumination
The Barberini Gospels contains one illuminated canon table, four Evangelist portraits, and fifteen decorated initials. The book follows a fairly standard format in which each separate Gospel book opens with an evangelist portrait of the author and a large decorated initial, or incipit, at the beginning of the text. Another large decorated initial, often referred to as the “monogram of Christ,” punctuates the beginning of Matthew's account of the Incarnation; more initials are inserted in a similar fashion at key points in the other Gospel texts. Key to the treatment of the origin of the Barberini Gospels is the striking contrast between two very distinct traditions and painting styles. On the one hand are the elaborate and intricately decorated initials one comes to expect in insular manuscripts of this period. The technical expertise of these embellishments is at the same level as those of better-known manuscripts such as the Book of Kells or the Lichfield Gospels. On the other hand, there are many elements employed in the decoration of this Gospel book which do not seem to belong here, either because they more closely resemble motifs found in non-insular or Continental art or because they are too early, foreshadowing trends of a later, even Romanesque period.

title: Barberini Gospels


text:
RAF Valley

Royal Air Force Valley or more simply RAF Valley (Llu Awyr Brenhinol Y Fali) is a Royal Air Force station on the island of Anglesey, Wales, and which is also used as Anglesey Airport. It provides both basic and advanced fast-jet training using the Beechcraft Texan T.1 and BAE Systems Hawk T.2 and provides mountain and maritime training for aircrew using the Airbus Jupiter HT.1 helicopter.

Second World War
The airfield was constructed to the south of the village of Valley (Y Fali) or Y Dyffryn in the latter part of 1940 and opened for operations on 1 February 1941 as a Fighter Sector Station under No. 9 Group RAF with the task of providing defence cover for England's industrial north-west and shipping in the Irish Sea. Initial detachments were made by Hawker Hurricanes of 312 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF and 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron RAuxAF. A detachment of Bristol Beaufighters of 219 (Mysore) Squadron provided night fighter cover.

No. 456 Squadron Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) formed at Valley on 30 June 1941 and became operational on 5 September flying Boulton Paul Defiants. By November the squadron had been completely re-equipped with Beaufighter IIs, and these provided defensive night patrols over the Irish Sea until March 1943, when the unit moved to RAF Middle Wallop.

As a result of many accidents in the Irish Sea, due to the number of training aircraft active in the area, 275 Squadron formed at Valley in October 1941, equipped with Westland Lysanders and Supermarine Walrus amphibians and these performed Air-sea rescue (ASR) missions until the unit moved to RAF Warmwell in April 1944.

The runways and taxiways were extended in early 1943, and on 19 June 1943 the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Ferry Terminal became operational. This handled American aircraft arriving from transatlantic flights and on European sorties. Eleven Consolidated B-24 Liberators of the United States Navy arrived from Iceland on 17 August. During the winter of 1943/1944, the ferry route was switched to a southerly route via the Azores and Marrakesh and on 18 February, 62 Douglas C-47 Skytrains arrived from North Africa. One of Valley's busiest days was on 17 September 1944 when 99 USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Liberators were ferried in from Iceland. In the middle of 1944 there was a daily transatlantic Douglas C-54 Skymaster service from Stephenville bringing airmen of all ranks, who continued their journeys to London on the LMSR Irish Mail train from Holyhead. Because of the large scale USAAF activities at Valley, RAF operations were scaled down, but on 1 November 1944, No. 1528 BAT Flight re-formed here operating Airspeed Oxford twin-engined aircraft which were used in the Beam Approach training role until moving out on 17 December 1945.

RAF Valley's USAAF ferry role was reversed as soon as the European War ended, and over 2,600 bombers passed through on their way back to the US for redeployment, each carrying 20 passengers and crew. The USAAF Movement Section closed in September 1945, and in June 1947 the airfield was put on a care and maintenance basis.

Postwar operations
During 1950 many improvements were made to the hangars and buildings at Valley, and on 1 April 1951 No. 202 Advanced Flying School was reformed here within No. 25 Group to train fighter pilots on de Havilland Vampire and Gloster Meteor jet aircraft. Vampire FB.5 and T.11 and Meteor T.7 marks were used until the unit was redesignated No. 7 Flying Training School (FTS) on 1 June 1954. On 15 August 1960 the unit was renumbered No. 4 FTS RAF which is still based at the airfield.

The first Folland Gnat jet trainers were received on 7 November 1962 and many examples of the type were successfully operated for many years. These were supplemented by Hawker Hunters for advanced training, marks F.6 and T.7 being used. The first Hawker Siddeley Hawk T.1s arrived on 11 November 1976 and a modified version of this type is still in use by 4 FTS called the BAE Systems Hawk T.2.

RAF Valley previously hosted the Headquarters and 'C Flight' of No. 22 Squadron, part of the RAF's Search and Rescue Force. By October 2015, the RAF SAR Force had been relieved of their responsibility by a new contractor-led operation, run by Bristow Helicopters, and the nearest SAR unit is now based at Caernarfon Airport. The RAF Operational Conversion Unit, 203(R) Squadron, was also based at Valley to train new aircrew onto the Westland Sea King HAR.3/3A, and prepare them for their SAR operations. The then Duke of Cambridge, Prince William, now heir apparent to the British Throne, was assigned to C Flight, 22 Squadron at RAF Valley, as a pilot flying the Sea King search and rescue helicopter. He finished his last shift as a pilot on Tuesday 10 September 2013.

No. 208(R) Squadron, which provided legacy Hawk T.1 advanced flying training and tactical weapons training, disbanded in June 2016.

In September 2017, a project to upgrade the airfield was completed. The project involved resurfacing of the runway and link taxiways and the creation of a new section of airside perimeter road. New visual aids, aeronautical lighting and signage were installed. A hangar was refurbished to accommodate three Jupiter HT.1 helicopters which will be used to train pilots from all three British armed services, as part of the UK Military Flying Training System (UKMFTS). On 20 March 2018 a BAE Systems Hawk of the Red Arrows aerobatic team crashed, killing Corporal Jonathan Bayliss, an engineer. The pilot, Flight Lieutenant David Stark, survived and was treated in hospital for non-life-threatening injuries. Due to increased demand for RAF and Royal Navy pilots, No. 25 Squadron reformed at Valley on 8 September 2018. The squadron operates the Hawk T.2 alongside No. 4 Squadron as part of No. 4 Flying Training School.

On 28 November 2019, No. 72 Squadron was officially "stood up" at RAF Valley, flying the Beechcraft Texan T.1 aircraft in the basic flying training role. The squadron transitioned from Short Tucano (RAF Linton-on-Ouse) to Texan (RAF Valley) in a major investment by the UK Military Flying Training System. The squadron operates a fleet of 10 Texan T.1s, so that RAF Valley is now home to two-thirds of fast jet training, delivering both basic and advanced courses.

In May 2020, Virginia Crosbie, MP for Ynys Môn and members of the Senedd wrote to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) seeking assurance that travel to and from the base was limited to critical journeys during the COVID-19 pandemic. The MoD told the Local Democracy Reporting Service that training remained under "constant review".

On 25 May 2020 a Pilatus PC-12 landed at RAF Valley while the base was closed for maintenance work. Initially staff thought it was an emergency landing, but the pilot said he landed there "to go to the beach". When told about the lockdown and coronavirus restrictions he was reported to have replied "it was okay, because he had [the virus] two months ago". He had flown from Fairoaks Airport and had noticed RAF Valley on Google Earth and decided to land there as Wikipedia said it served civilian traffic. He left shortly after landing. The Ministry of Defence said that while civilian traffic were allowed at its sites, 24 hours notice is required to make sure it does not impact military activity. The incident was reported to the Civil Aviation Authority.

Role and operations
No. 4 Flying Training School (No. 4 FTS) trains RAF and Royal Navy pilots to fly fast jets, prior to training on an Operational Conversion Unit. No. 4 FTS consist of three units, No. 72 Squadron, No. 4 Squadron and No. 25 Squadron, flying the Texan T.1 and BAE Systems Hawk T.2.

The base is also home to No. 202 Squadron, part of No.1 Flying Training School, flying three Airbus Jupiter HT.1. The squadron trains RAF and Royal Navy students on maritime and mountain flying training and those who are destined for the Royal Navy's anti-submarine warfare Merlin or Wildcat.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Valley.

Civilian airport
The National Assembly for Wales announced on 21 February 2007 that public service obligation (PSO) flights would be launched from RAF Valley in April 2007, connecting north Wales with Cardiff International Airport. Flights from RAF Valley to Cardiff stopped after the first set of government Covid-19 pandemic restrictions in March 2020. On 8 June 2022, the Welsh Government axed the service, leaving the purpose-built civilian airport terminal disused.

title: RAF Valley