text:
South Mountains State Park

South Mountains State Park is a North Carolina state park in Burke County, North Carolina in the United States. Located near Connellys Springs, North Carolina, it covers 20949 acre and includes part of the South Mountains, a branch of the Blue Ridge Mountains. High Shoals Falls is the park's most visited feature.

History
The South Mountains, carved out of the Blue Ridge by erosion, are a broad belt of peaks and knobs rising abruptly from a deep valley. These steep, rugged mountains encompass 100,000 acres (404 km2) in Burke, Cleveland and Rutherford counties.

The Catawba Valley and the gaps across the mountain ranges to the west were once major travel routes. The South Mountains served as a buffer zone between the Cherokee and the Catawba Indians, and the first European settlers in the area farmed the fertile land along the Catawba River.

In 1828, gold was discovered at Brindle Creek. Legend holds that gold flakes and grains were first discovered in the mud used to seal a log cabin. The ensuing gold rush attracted immigrants, mining companies and slave owners. Gold was mined into the early 20th century, but activity in the gold mines eventually declined. Development of land in what is now South Mountains State Park began in the 1930s when Camp Dryer, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp, was established at Enola. Those employed at the camp constructed forest service roads, cleaned stream beds and built a forest observation tower. The Lower and Upper CCC roads are still in use at the park today.

The park was established as a result of recommendations made by a National Park Service study conducted in coordination with the state of North Carolina. Though proposals for the park began in the 1940s, it was not until 1974 that funds were appropriated to purchase the land. The first land acquisition totaled 5779 (23.39 km2) acres. Additional land has since been added, bringing the park to its present size of 20,949 acres (84.78 km2).

While most of the high points average approximately 2000 feet (609 m) in elevation, Buzzard's Roost towers some 3000 feet (914 m) above the surrounding landscape. Elevations within the park itself range from less than 1200 feet (365 m) at points along Jacob's Fork River to 3,000 feet (914 m) on Buzzard's Roost along the park's western boundary.

Water winding through the park to the Catawba River cuts deep into the terrain, forming rugged and steep slopes. A significant feature in the park is High Shoals Falls on Jacob's Fork River. Here, a torrent of water drops 80 feet (24 m) over a cliff face of bare rock.

Open Daily (except Christmas Day) 7am

Closing Hours (The main park gate will be locked overnight.)

December, January and February 7pm

November 8pm

March, April and October 9pm

May - September 10pm

Closed Christmas Day

Nearby state parks
The following state parks and state forests are within 30 mi of South Mountains State Park:
 * Chimney Rock State Park
 * Crowders Mountain State Park
 * Lake James State Park
 * Mount Mitchell State Park
 * Tuttle Educational State Forest

title: South Mountains State Park


text: User talk:68.88.187.114

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.88.187.114


text:
Stone Mountain State Park

Stone Mountain State Park is a 14353 acre North Carolina state park in Alleghany County and Wilkes County, North Carolina.

Stone Mountain
The centerpiece of the park is Stone Mountain, a dome of exposed granite (specifically a quartz diorite to granodiorite) of Devonian age, which has intruded into the gneiss of the Precambrian Alligator Back Formation. It rises sharply over 600 feet (183 m) above the surrounding terrain. The mountain, which has an elevation of 2,305 feet (706 m) above sea level, is known for its barren sides and distinctive brown-gray color, and can be seen for miles. The mountain offers some of the best rock climbing in North Carolina, and the park's creeks and streams feature excellent brook trout fishing.

Because the mountain is the best example of a monadnock in massive granite in North Carolina it was designated a National Natural Landmark in May 1974.

Museums and historic site
The park visitor center features the Mountain Culture Exhibit including mountain settler life and artifacts, and natural history including trout, butterflies and moths.

The mid-19th century Hutchinson Homestead includes a log cabin, barn, blacksmith shop, corncrib, meat house, and original furnishings. The Homestead is open Thursday through Sunday from March – October. The grounds can be visited year round.

The 1897 Garden Creek Baptist Church continues to hold services seasonally. Visitors can walk the grounds when the church is closed.

Things to do
Within the park there are numerous outdoor activities to partake in. The park has established rock climbing, hiking, and camping sites.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within 30 mi of Stone Mountain State Park:
 * Elk Knob State Park
 * Grayson Highlands State Park, Virginia
 * Mount Jefferson State Natural Area
 * New River State Park
 * New River Trail State Park, Virginia
 * Pilot Mountain State Park
 * Rendezvous Mountain State Park

title: Stone Mountain State Park


text:
Weymouth Woods-Sandhills Nature Preserve

Weymouth Woods-Sandhills Nature Preserve is a North Carolina state park in Moore County, North Carolina in the United States. Located near Southern Pines, North Carolina, it covers 915 acre in the Sandhills region of the state.

Geology
The unconsolidated sand of the Carolina Sandhills is mapped as the Quaternary Pinehurst Formation, and is interpreted as eolian (wind-blown) sand sheets and dunes that were mobilized episodically from approximately 75,000 to 6,000 years ago.

Human History
In the mid-18th century, when Scottish Highlanders settled in the Sandhills region, the vast forest consisted of original growth longleaf pines that reached heights of 100 to 120 ft. Merchants cut the forests for timber and cultivated choice stands for use as masts for the Royal Navy ships. Merchants also harvested resin from the longleaf pines for the naval stores industry. Resin from longleaf pine yielded four basic products: tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin.

By 1850, North Carolina's pine forests were producing one-third of the world's supply of naval stores. Resin collected from elongated, inverted V-shaped cuts in the tree trunks was distilled into turpentine. Turpentine was used as a solvent and illuminant. Tar, pitch and rosin were used for sealing the hulls, decks, masts, ropes and riggings of sailing vessels.

When railroads arrived in the Sandhills in the 1870s, large-scale logging and lumbering began. As a result of logging and naval stores operations, most of the virgin growth of longleaf pines had disappeared from the Sandhills by 1900. Many of the older trees that survive today bear prominent scars of this human exploitation.

Early in the 20th century, the grandfather of James Boyd, a well-known North Carolina author, purchased a substantial tract of land east of Southern Pines to save the longleaf pines from logging. He named the estate Weymouth because the pines reminded him of trees in Weymouth, England. In April 1963, Boyd's widow, Katharine, donated 403 acre of land to the state, establishing the first natural area in the North Carolina state parks system. Additional land has been acquired, including a satellite area of 153 acre known as the Boyd Round Timber Tract, which was added in 1977.

Ecology
James Creek, which bisects the preserve, is home to the rare mud sunfish and the sandhills chub, a fish native only to the Sandhills region. The creek is also home to brown bullhead, bluegill, and is nearly at the northernmost terminus for the dollar sunfish. The creek here, like most creeks in the region is described as a blackwater creek, a special environment characteristic of dark, tannin-stained water as well as high acidity, allowing a range of unique species to flourish.

Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preserve Museum
The preserve's exhibit hall focuses on the natural history of the longleaf pine forest, including geology, plants, animals and the use of prescribed fires to maintain the forest. One exhibit highlights the use of pine resin in the naval stores industry. The museum is located in the park's visitor center and is open daily. Naturalists also offer environmental education programs for the public and school groups.


text:
Colatina

Colatina is the second largest city in the north of Espírito Santo, Brazil, 127 km north of the capital Vitória and on the trainline from Vitória to Minas Gerais. It lies on the banks of the Doce River, through which as much as 700 cubic meters of water per second may flow. Its population was 123,400 (2020 est.) and its area is 1,398 km2.

History
The first attempts to colonize the area where Colatina now lies were in 1857. 46 people established themselves in the area, which was easy at first, as land had already been assigned to each family. This proved unsustainable, though, when the Indians attacked the colony and massacred quite a number of people. In 3 years, all of the colonists had left the area, and it would be another 30 years before major influx would start up again. Until then, small advances were made along small river tributaries, which went on until 1925. Only after 1928, after the completion of the bridge over the Doce river, did more stable and sustained growth come to the region.

title: Colatina


text:
William B. Umstead State Park

William B. Umstead State Park is a North Carolina state park in Wake County, North Carolina in the United States. It covers 5,599 acre nestled between the expanding cities of Raleigh, Cary, and Durham, North Carolina. It offers hiking, bridle, and bike trails, boat rentals, camping, picnic areas, and educational programs.

Part of the East Coast Greenway, a 3,000 mile long system of trails connecting Maine to Florida, runs through the park.

History
Long before the first settlers, the area now known as William B. Umstead State Park was an untamed land. American Bison, elk, bobcats and wolves roamed forests of oak, hickory and beech. Native Americans later inhabited the land and avenues of trade were developed nearby. Such avenues included the Occoneeche trail to the north and the Pee Dee trail to the south. In 1774, land grants opened the area for settlement.

Forests were cleared as agricultural interests sprouted. While early farming efforts were successful, poor cultivation practices and one-crop production led to depletion and erosion of the soil. During the Depression, farmers made futile attempts to grow cotton in worn-out soil around Crabtree Creek.

In 1934, under the Resettlement Administration, federal and state agencies united to buy 5,000 acre of this submarginal land to develop a recreation area. The Civilian Conservation Corps, as well as the Works Progress Administration, helped construct the site while providing much needed jobs. Four camps along with day-use and picnic facilities were built and the park opened to the public in 1937.

The state purchased this area, known as Crabtree Creek Recreational Demonstration Area, for $1, and more facilities were built as the General Assembly made its first state parks division appropriation in the 1940s. In 1950, more than 1,000 acre of the park were established as a separate park for African-Americans. This area was named Reedy Creek State Park. Crabtree Creek Recreational Demonstration Area was renamed a few years later after former Governor William Bradley Umstead because of his conservation efforts. In 1966, the Crabtree Creek and Reedy Creek areas were united under the same name; William B. Umstead State Park was open to everyone.

Prior to the purchase of the land for public use, it had historically been used for timberland, as well as a site for several mills along Crabtree Creek. Remnants of milling operations can still be found preserved within the park.

During segregation, the Highway 70 entrance was for whites and the Reedy Creek entrance for blacks. Currently, the Reedy Creek entrance is the main entrance to the park for North Carolina State University. Forestry courses use this entrance to examine the trees native to the park. Additionally, many Raleigh runners use this more private entrance to run in an area of the park that is less frequented by tourist and hiking groups. The only real remnant of this segregation of entrances is the lack of a public road that connects both entrances - vehicles that access the park by one entrance cannot go through the park to the other side.

Information
Umstead is bordered by Raleigh-Durham International Airport on the west, Interstate 40 on the south, US 70 on the north, and by the western outskirts of Raleigh on the east. The main bridle and bike trail is Reedy Creek Road, which is open to traffic in western Raleigh (connecting the North Carolina Museum of Art to the park entrance), closed except to rangers' vehicles as it crosses the park from east to west (a distance of 3.5 miles), and then heads south into Cary where it becomes open to traffic again. At the edge of the park it connects to Black Creek Greenway and the Lake Crabtree County Park trails. Crabtree Creek also flows across Umstead; its source is Lake Crabtree right at the park's edge, and it flows eastward throughout much of the southern part of the park (with trails in varying degrees of maintenance along its length) and then crosses Reedy Creek Road to flow north. The main entrances are the two ends of Reedy Creek Road, two entrances off of Ebenezer Church Road in Raleigh near where Crabtree Creek leaves the park, the official Reedy Creek entrance at the end of Cary's Harrison Avenue, and the park's main entrance at Highway 70 in the north. The latter are equipped with parking lots, bathrooms, and campgrounds; at the Highway 70 entrance there is also a visitors' center and a campground. Other important bike and bridle trails include Graylyn Road, connecting the Ebenezer Church entrance to Reedy Creek Road, and Turkey Creek Road, which winds through the northern part of the park; hiking trails include the Company Mill trail in the south and the Sycamore Trail in the north, both of which are loops of moderate difficulty, as well as many others. Bikes and horses are prohibited on hiking trails.

Umstead is part of the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion. The topography is hilly, and it has several artificial lakes (which are very common in Wake County, partially due to a flood control plan implemented over the last half-century).

Piedmont Beech Natural Area
Is a 61 acre National Natural Landmark located inside the park, which protects a mixed mesophytic forest and maturing stands of beech trees. The natural area was designated in 1974. Access to the area is allowed only by special permit.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within 30 mi of Umstead State Park:
 * Eno River State Park (Durham County)
 * Falls Lake State Recreation Area
 * Jordan Lake State Recreation Area

title: William B. Umstead State Park


text:
Erigavo

Erigavo (Ceerigaabo, عيرجابو), also spelled as Erigabo, is the capital and largest city of the Sanaag region of Somaliland.

History
The Erigavo settlement is several centuries old. The surrounding area was supposedly built by the Madigan Dir. Modern Erigavo was founded by the Musa Ismail sub-clan of the Habr Yunis as a home well for passing nomads and caravans. The general area is noted for its numerous historical tombs, where various Somali clan patriarchs are buried.

1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion

The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader.

On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.

The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera.

Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following.

Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town.

The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.

Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout the district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary.

Recent Events
In May 2024, a rebellion broke out in Erigavo. Unable to put down the incident with local police alone, the 3rd Division of the National Army assisted and over the course of three nights put down it. more than 50 youths were arrested. Sanaag Regional Governor Ahmed Abdi Muse warned that the arrested youths would be brought to justice, but that their parents should not complain.

Environment
10 km to the north of the town are the remains of a juniper forest, running along the edge of the escarpment overlooking the Gulf of Aden. The escarpment is approximately 2,000 m above sea level, where the road from Erigavo drops down to the coast. 2 km to the west, it rises to the highest point in Somaliland, Shimbiris. A popular local attraction, the summit sits at an elevation of about 2470 m above sea level. A road also leads up from Erigavo to Daallo mountain. At the mountain's peak, the sea can be observed in addition to the ancient town of Hiis situated nearby.

Erigavo is also home to many animal and plant species. Wildlife native to the area include dorcas gazelle, gerenuk, Salt's dik-dik, hamadryas baboon, desert warthog, spotted hyena, striped hyena, black-backed jackal, African golden wolf, honey badger and Somali ostrich.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Erigavo features a mild version of the semi-arid climate. The city generally sees equable temperatures year round, with some of the mildest weather in all of Somaliland. Despite its location in the tropics, due to the high altitude, temperatures rarely exceed 30 C. Nights are frequently cool during the summer season and cold during the winter. This is a trait shared with very few places in the world; notable locations with similar climate are Sana'a in Yemen or Arequipa in Peru. The city receives on average under 450 mm of rain annually. Average monthly temperatures range from 14.3 C in the month of December to 19.7 C in the month of July. Absolute minimum temperatures sometimes touch or cross 0 C.

Demographics
As of 2009 Erigavo has an estimated population of 180,000. In 1997, Matt Bryden said the majority of the population is Habr Yunis and the Habr Je'lo clans of the Isaaq. The Harti Darod clan, mainly consistin of Warsangali and Dhulbahante, also inhabit Erigavo however are the minority within the overall city. Other minority clans that inhabit the town include the Magaadle Dir, Gahayle of Majerten, Madhiban and the Jibraahiil of Ogaden.

Education
Higher learning in Erigavo is provided by East Africa University (EAU), which has one of its six branches in the city. The Sanaag University also offers tertiary courses and degrees, and Gollis university has a branch and many colleges. Queen of Sheba University offers women in Sanaag free degree courses and a limited number of places worldwide in distance mode.

Administration
Town affairs are managed by the mayor of Erigavo. Taxes are levied and collected by the local town council as of 1999.

Services
The city is home to a Boy Scouts organization. Formed in 2005 by the local Sanaag administration, the Scouts partake in various activities, including a 2006 training program on governance, peace and leadership.

Notable residents

 * Abdullahi Qarshe - Father of Somali music.
 * Jama Ali Korshel – former Vice President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council
 * Abdullahi Jama Mahamed - Middle distance runner

title: Erigavo


text:
George Babbitt

George Babbitt may refer to:
 * George T. Babbitt Jr. (born 1942), United States Air Force general
 * George F. Babbitt, the central character of Babbitt, a 1922 novel by Sinclair Lewis

title: George Babbitt


text:
Charles Pratt

Charles Pratt (October 2, 1830 – May 4, 1891) was an American businessman. Pratt was a pioneer of the U.S. petroleum industry, and he established his kerosene refinery Astral Oil Works in Brooklyn, New York. He then lived with his growing family in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn. He recruited Henry H. Rogers into his business, forming Charles Pratt and Company in 1867. Seven years later, Pratt and Rogers agreed to join John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil.

An advocate of education, Pratt founded and endowed the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, now a renowned art college. He and his children built country estates in Glen Cove, New York, which became known as the Gold Coast in the 1920s on the North Shore of Long Island. In 1916, Standard Oil had a steamship tanker, the first of its class, built at Newport News, Virginia, and it was named in honor of Pratt.

Early life and education
Charles Pratt was born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, US, as one of eleven children. He was the son of Elizabeth Stone and Asa Pratt, a carpenter. He spent three winters as a student at Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham (now Wilbraham & Monson Academy).

Whale oil, petroleum, Astral Oil
As a young man, Pratt joined a company in nearby Boston, Massachusetts, that specialized in paints and whale oil products. In 1850 or 1851, he moved to New York City, where he worked for a similar company. Pratt realized that whale oil could be replaced by petroleum ("natural oil") distillates to light lamps. He became a pioneer of the petroleum industry as new wells were established during the 1860s in western Pennsylvania. In the 1860s, he founded his kerosene refinery, Astral Oil Works, in Brooklyn, New York. One advertising slogan was "The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil."

Henry H. Rogers, Charles Pratt and Company
Pratt and his future business partner Henry H. Rogers became acquainted while doing business in the oil fields of Pennsylvania. In the mid-1860s, Pratt met two young men, Charles Ellis and Rogers, in the area of the new oil fields of Venango County in western Pennsylvania. Previously, Pratt had bought whale oil from Ellis in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, his and Rogers' coastal hometown. They struck a deal and pre-sold the entire output of their small venture, Wamsutta Oil Refinery, to Pratt's company at a fixed price. But, Ellis and Rogers soon were heavily in debt to Pratt. Ellis gave up, but in 1866, Rogers went to Pratt in New York City to say he would take personal responsibility for the entire debt. Impressed, Pratt immediately hired Rogers for his own organization. After five years in the oil fields, in 1866 Pratt asked Rogers to come to the Brooklyn side of the business, where Rogers worked for the next eight years. Pratt made Rogers foreman of his Brooklyn refinery, with a promise of a partnership if sales ran over $50,000 annually.

In 1867, with Rogers as a partner, Pratt established the firm of Charles Pratt and Company. According to Elbert Hubbard, a journalist, in the next few years Rogers became Pratt's "hands and feet and eyes and ears." In 1867, Pratt built "America's first modern oil refinery (Astral Oil) on the banks of Newtown Creek," In 1869, Pratt trademarked "Pratt's Astral Oil".

Standard Oil associations
In the early 1870s, Pratt and Rogers became involved in conflicts with John D. Rockefeller's South Improvement Company. Rockefeller had obtained favorable net rates from the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) and other railroads through a secret system of rebates. His actions outraged independent oil producers and refineries in western Pennsylvania and other areas. The New York interests formed an association, and about the middle of March 1872, sent a committee of three, with Rogers as head, to Oil City, Pennsylvania to consult with the Oil Producers' Union. Working with the Pennsylvania independents, Rogers and his associates forged an agreement with the PRR and other railroads; the railroads eventually agreed to open rates to all and promised to end their special dealings with South Improvement. The oil men felt victorious, but Rockefeller had already begun to buy up opposing interests in the formation of Standard Oil.

A short time later, Rockefeller approached Charles Pratt with plans for cooperation and consolidation. Pratt and Rogers decided that the plan would benefit their business plans. Rogers formulated terms which guaranteed financial security and jobs for Pratt and him, which Rockefeller accepted. Charles Pratt and Company (including Astral Oil) became one of the important former independent refiners to join Rockefeller's organization, becoming part of Standard Oil Trust in 1874. However, the fact that Astral Oil was a New York branch of Standard Oil in Ohio was not made public until 1892. When the Rockefellers absorbed the Pratt interests in 1874, Pratt and Rockefeller in 1874 began to buy competing refineries in Brooklyn under the Pratt name. They succeeded in driving a number of smaller firms out of business. Around this time, the coopers' union opposed Pratt's efforts to cut back on certain manual operations, as they were the craftsmen who made the barrels that held the oil. Pratt busted the union, and his strategies for breaking up the organization were adopted by other refineries.

Later ventures
Astral Oil suffered several fires in the 1870s and 1880s. On January 26, 1873, Pratt's Astral Oil-works in Williamsburg caught fire. At the time, about 250 boys and adult men were employed by Pratt. No deaths were reported with the fire. There was also a December 21, 1884 fire at the Brooklyn Astral refinery. According to Pratt, much of the damages were insured.

Although the merger with Rockefeller made Pratt a wealthy man, as a member of the board of directors of Standard Oil, he maintained his independence and frequently criticized Rockefeller. With Pratt's death in 1891, Rockefeller's position as the most powerful man in the oil industry, already well established, became unassailable. Pratt's family were involved with his business ventures and with Standard Oil. His eldest son, Charles Millard Pratt (1855–1935), became Secretary of Standard Oil. In 1923 his son Herbert Lee Pratt rose to become head of Standard Oil of New York. T

Philanthropy
Charles Pratt is credited with recognizing the growing need for trained industrial workers in a changing economy. In 1886, he founded and endowed the Pratt Institute, which opened in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn in 1887. Originally a technical institute, it has become a renowned art, design and architectural college. In 1910, Pratt also endowed the construction of the Pratt School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was an organizing member of the Emmanuel Baptist Church, a prominent and extant congregation near Pratt Institute worshiping in the 1887 edifice supported by Pratt and today known as perhaps the finest extant 19th Century church interior in New York City.

Personal life
Charles Pratt worked first in Boston, then moved to New York in 1850–1851. Soon after getting established in New York, in 1854 he married Lydia Ann Richardson (1835–1861). They had two children: Charles Millard Pratt (1855–1935) and Lydia Richardson Pratt (1857–1904) (who married Frank Lusk Babbott). Lydia died young in 1861. The widower Pratt married her younger sister Mary Helen Richardson in September 1863. They had six children together: Frederic B. Pratt (1865–1945), Helen Pratt (1867–1949), George Dupont Pratt (1869–1935), Herbert L. Pratt (1871–1945), John Teele Pratt (1873–1927), and Harold I. Pratt (1877–1939). Pratt moved to a country home in Glen Cove, New York, about 1890. To provide for his children, he purchased large tracts of land surrounding his estate, totaling 1,100 acres (4.5 km2). He died the next year, aged 60, in New York City. Each of the sons developed an individual estate in Glen Cove. Other notable Pratt descendants include:
 * Andy Pratt (born 1947 in Boston), a great-grandson who is a singer-songwriter. His father Edwin H Baker Pratt was headmaster of the school Buckingham Browne & Nichols.
 * Sherman Pratt (1900–1964), grandson of Charles Pratt and son of George Dupont Pratt. Founder of Marineland of Florida
 * Richardson J. Pratt 'Jerry' (1923–2001), great-grandson of Charles Pratt and grandson of Charles Millard Pratt. Was President of Pratt Institute (1972–1990)
 * Suzanna Love (1950–), great-granddaughter of Charles Pratt and granddaughter of John Teele Pratt. Former actress.
 * John Sherman Register (1939-1996), realist painter.

Long Island mansions
After his death, Charles Pratt's six sons and two daughters later built their own family estates in Glen Cove. As of 2004, most of the extant Pratt family Gold Coast Mansions are still in use:

 * Welwyn, originally the estate of Harold I. Pratt, is owned by and operated as the Welwyn Preserve, a Nassau County park; the house is now adapted as the Holocaust Memorial and Tolerance Center of Nassau County.
 * The Braes, initially owned by Herbert L. Pratt, is now used as the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
 * The Manor, built for John Teele Pratt, is now the Glen Cove Mansion Hotel & Conference Center.
 * Poplar Hill, the Frederic B. Pratt residence, is now the Glengariff Healthcare Center, housing both Glengariff (a long-term nursing care facility) and the Pratt Pavilion for Nursing and Rehabilitation (a state-of-the-art, short-term, sub-acute rehabilitation center).
 * Killenworth, originally the home of George Dupont Pratt, has been (since the mid-20th century) the country retreat for the Russian delegation to the United Nations.

Pratt Cemetery
With so many Pratt family members in Glen Cove, they had a cemetery built for themselves on their property. Known as "Pratt Cemetery", behind ornate gates and up a winding drive stands a pink granite Romanesque mausoleum designed by William Tubby, as well as a crypt and a tower connected by a "bridge of sighs". Charles Pratt is interred in a sarcophagus here, as are seven out of his eight children, and many of his grandchildren.

Pratt, West Virginia
The town of Pratt, West Virginia (previously known as Clinton) was renamed Pratt in 1905, after the owner of the Charles Pratt Coal Company.

Steamship tanker S.S. Charles Pratt
In March 1916, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company launched the S.S. Charles Pratt, a tanker of 8,807 tons with a capacity of 119410 oilbbl of oil. It became the first ship of the Pratt class, and was joined by the S.S. H.H. Rogers in May 1916.

After 1939, both ships were operated by Panama Transport Co., a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey. At the beginning of World War II, on December 21, 1940, the S.S. Charles Pratt was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat in the Atlantic Ocean 220 mi off the coast of Africa while en route from Aruba to Freetown, Sierra Leone. Of the American crew of 42, only two men died.

title: Charles Pratt


text:
User talk:Vanguard

Proposed deletion of Academy of Law

The article Academy of Law has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional location. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:29, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Vienna Dredd

The article Vienna Dredd has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:33, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Morton Judd

The article Morton Judd has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:35, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Angel Gang

The article Angel Gang has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional organization. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:37, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Judge McGruder

The article Judge McGruder has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:40, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Judge Hershey

The article Judge Hershey has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:40, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Judge Goodman

The article Judge Goodman has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:41, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Chief Judge Fargo

The article Chief Judge Fargo has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:41, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Cursed Earth

The article Cursed Earth has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional location. No evidence of stand-alone notability. Not a shred of analysis. Pure WP:PLOT and list of appearances in media. Fails GNG/NFICTION."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:42, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Morton Judd for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Morton Judd is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Morton Judd until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Nicknack009 (talk) 07:44, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Judge McGruder for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Judge McGruder is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Judge McGruder until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:30, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Judge Goodman for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Judge Goodman is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Judge Goodman until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:32, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Cursed Earth for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Cursed Earth is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Cursed Earth until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:34, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Angel Gang for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Angel Gang is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Angel Gang until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:34, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Academy of Law for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Academy of Law is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Academy of Law until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:35, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Chief Judge Fargo for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Chief Judge Fargo is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Chief Judge Fargo until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Nicknack009 (talk) 16:34, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Lawgiver (Judge Dredd) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Lawgiver (Judge Dredd) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Lawgiver (Judge Dredd)& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 14:23, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Judge Hershey for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Judge Hershey is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Judge Hershey until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 00:52, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vanguard


text:
Molly Shannon

Molly Helen Shannon (born September 16, 1964) is an American actress and comedian. She was a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 2001. In February 2017, she won the Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film Other People.

She has appeared in supporting roles in a number of films, such as Happiness (1998), A Night at the Roxbury (1998), Never Been Kissed (1999), How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), Wet Hot American Summer (2001), reprising her character in the miniseries Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015) and its follow-up Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017), Osmosis Jones (2001), My Boss's Daughter (2003), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Evan Almighty (2007), and Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015). Her voice can also be heard in the animated films Igor (2008) and the Hotel Transylvania film series (2012–2022). In television, Shannon is known for her roles in Enlightened (2013), Divorce (2016–2019), The Other Two (2019-2022), The White Lotus (2021) and I Love That for You (2022).

Early life
Shannon was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on September 16, 1964, to an Irish-American Catholic family. Her maternal grandparents were born in Ireland, with her grandfather being from Cloghmore, Achill, Mayo. When Molly was four years old, her mother, younger sister, Katie, and cousin Fran (25) died in a car crash while her father was driving under the influence.

Shannon attended St. Dominic School in Shaker Heights for grade school, and Hawken School in Gates Mills, Ohio. She attended New York University, where she studied drama and graduated from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts in 1987.

Career
Before Saturday Night Live, Shannon worked as a hostess at Cravings restaurant on Sunset Boulevard and as a food demo girl at Gelson's super market in Marina Del Rey. She auditioned for her first big film role and was cast, playing the supporting part of Meg in the 1989 horror film remake of The Phantom of the Opera, with Robert Englund. In 1991, she had a brief appearance in the second season of Twin Peaks as "the happy helping hand lady", and in 1993, she appeared with minor roles in three episodes of In Living Color, the first in a fake TV commercial with Shawn Wayans playing Chris Rock, the second in a sketch with Jim Carrey, playing LAPD Sergeant Stacey Koon, and third being a parody of Star Trek.

Shannon's major break came in February 1995, when she was hired as a featured player on Saturday Night Live to replace Janeane Garofalo after Garofalo left mid-season, reason being that the experience left her "anxious and depressed", and that she believed a sexist attitude pervaded the show. She said that many of the sketches were "juvenile and homophobic". Shannon was one of the few cast members to be kept (along with David Spade, Norm Macdonald, Mark McKinney and Tim Meadows) when Lorne Michaels overhauled his cast and writers for season 21 (1995–96).

She appeared in a 1997 episode of Seinfeld titled "The Summer of George", where she played Sam, the co-worker who drove Elaine Benes crazy because she did not swing her arms while walking. She also appeared in Sheryl Crow's video for the song "A Change (Will Do You Good)" and played the recurring role of loony neighbor Val Bassett, Grace Adler's nemesis, on Will & Grace, appearing in five episodes over the sitcom's eight-season run. In 1998, she played the role of Emily Sanderson in the film A Night at the Roxbury, featuring Will Ferrell and Chris Kattan who were also cast members of SNL at the time. She also appeared in Sex and the City in a number of episodes.

In 1999, Shannon starred in Superstar, a feature film based on her most famous SNL character, Mary Katherine Gallagher, the awkward Catholic school student who aspires to be a musical superstar.

During her run on SNL, Shannon also starred in the movie Never Been Kissed (1999), How The Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), Osmosis Jones (2001) and Serendipity opposite Kate Beckinsale (2001). Shannon left SNL in 2001. In 2003, she appeared in the romantic comedy My Boss's Daughter and the television remake of The Music Man.

In 2004, she starred in a short-lived Fox network television series Cracking Up with actor Jason Schwartzman created by Mike White. That same year, she guest starred in an episode of Scrubs and starred as Mrs. Baker in the film Good Boy! In 2006, Shannon was featured in the Sofia Coppola-directed movie Marie Antoinette as Aunt Victoire. The next year, Shannon guest-starred on ABC's Pushing Daisies, and appeared in the film Evan Almighty. Shannon also made a rare move to drama, appearing in Mike White's film Year of the Dog in 2007. In 2013, Shannon joined White again, playing his love interest Eileen in the HBO show Enlightened, for which she was nominated for an Emmy for outstanding guest actress.

Shannon hosted Saturday Night Live on May 12, 2007, making her the second former female cast member to host (after Julia Louis-Dreyfus) and the first one to have been a cast member for Lorne Michaels (Louis-Dreyfus was a cast member under Dick Ebersol).

In 2008, Shannon starred as Kath in the American version of the hit Australian sitcom Kath & Kim.

In early 2010, Shannon was cast in a recurring role on the Fox television series Glee as Brenda Castle, an astronomy and badminton teacher who has a rivalry with main character Sue Sylvester.

She returned to Saturday Night Live for a special Mother's Day episode on May 8, 2010, and also the October 2010 reunion special "Women of SNL".

Shannon replaced Katie Finneran in the role of Marge McDougall in the Broadway revival of Promises, Promises on October 12, 2010, and remained through its closure on January 2, 2011, along with co-stars Sean Hayes and Kristin Chenoweth.

Shannon's first children's book, Tilly the Trickster, was released September 1, 2011.

As of spring 2012, she has replaced Pauley Perrette as the spokesperson for Expedia.

In 2015, Shannon starred in the Sundance premiere of Me and Earl and the Dying Girl directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon. She was a guest, along with Denis Leary, on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 9, 2015.

In 2016, Shannon co-starred in the HBO comedy Divorce opposite Sarah Jessica Parker and Thomas Haden Church.

Shannon won the 2017 Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the highly acclaimed drama, Other People. She had two films premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival: The Little Hours and Fun Mom Dinner.

In 2018, Shannon co-hosted the Rose Parade with Will Ferrell on Amazon Prime Video in character as fictional local television personalities, Tish and Cord. In 2018, Shannon and Ferrell co-hosted HBO's broadcast of the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle as their characters Tish and Cord.

In 2018, Shannon co-starred in the critically acclaimed Netflix film Private Life, playing prickly Cynthia, opposite Kathryn Hahn, Paul Giamatti and Kayli Carter.

In 2022, Shannon released Hello, Molly!: A Memoir (ISBN 9780063056251) that discussed how family tragedy affected her career.

In 2022, Shannon co-starred in the Showtime comedy television series I Love That for You alongside fellow former Saturday Night Live alum Vanessa Bayer.

In 2024, it was announced Shannon would join the upcoming fourth season of the Hulu comedy series Only Murders in the Building in a recurring role.

Personal life
Shannon married artist Fritz Chesnut on May 29, 2004. Together, they have two children.

Saturday Night Live characters

 * Mary Katherine Gallagher, Shannon's best known character. An odd, outcast student at a Catholic school who enjoyed performing in the choir and school plays. Shannon starred in the 1999 feature film Superstar based on the character.
 * Sally O'Malley, a proud 50-year-old dancer ("I'm FIFTY!") with a bouffant hairdo, who wore tight red pants and proclaimed how much she loved to "kick, stretch and kick!"
 * Circe Nightshade, co-host of "Goth Talk" (with Chris Kattan).
 * Miss Colleen, co-host of "Dog Show" (with Will Ferrell).
 * Elizabeth, one of the "Southern Gals."
 * Helen Madden, an overly exuberant self-proclaimed "Joyologist", who appeared on talk shows with the trademark catchphrase "I love it, I love it, I love it!"
 * Veronica Kilvere, an airhead fashion model who hosts the "Veronica & Co." talk show.
 * Janette Blow, wife of Joe Blow (played by Colin Quinn) on "The Local News" public-access television cable TV talk show.
 * Terri Rialto, co-host of the NPR radio show "Delicious Dish" (with Ana Gasteyer).
 * Margaret Healy, a woman who enjoys doing many voices and accents.
 * Jeannie Darcy, an unfunny mullet-haired stand-up comedian, who ended almost every joke with the phrase "Don't get me started, don't even get me started!"

Celebrity impressions

 * Shania Twain
 * Ann Miller
 * Marie Osmond
 * Michelle Kwan
 * Keri Russell
 * Janis Joplin
 * Minnie Driver
 * Elizabeth Taylor
 * Gisele Bündchen
 * Emma Bunton
 * Courtney Love
 * Gillian Anderson
 * Madonna
 * Paula Zahn
 * Kim Cattrall
 * Donatella Versace
 * Meredith Vieira
 * Monica Lewinsky
 * Soon-Yi Previn
 * Anna Nicole Smith
 * Maggie Haberman
 * Gwen Stefani
 * Lisa Marie Presley
 * Liza Minnelli
 * Debbie Rowe
 * Melania Trump
 * Cate Blanchett
 * Téa Leoni
 * Tori Amos
 * Betty Boothroyd
 * Angelina Jolie
 * Lucy Lawless
 * Neve Campbell
 * Courteney Cox (as Monica Geller on Friends)
 * Suzy Amis Cameron
 * Brooke Shields

title: Molly Shannon


text:
GDES

In cryptography, the Generalized DES Scheme (GDES or G-DES) is a variant of the DES symmetric-key block cipher designed with the intention of speeding up the encryption process while improving its security. The scheme was proposed by Ingrid Schaumuller-Bichl in 1981.

In 1990, Eli Biham and Adi Shamir showed that GDES was vulnerable to differential cryptanalysis, and that any GDES variant faster than DES is also less secure than DES.

GDES generalizes the Feistel network structure of DES to larger block sizes. In each round, the DES round function is applied to the rightmost 32-bit subblock, and the result is XORed with all the other parts. Then the block is rotated 32 bits to the right.

title: GDES


text:
Matt Bullard

Matthew Gordon Bullard (born June 5, 1967) is an American former professional basketball player in the NBA and former color analyst for the Houston Rockets on AT&T SportsNet Southwest. Bullard played 12 years professionally and 11 years in the NBA, most notably with the Houston Rockets from 1990 to 1994, and then again from 1996 to 2001. Other teams he played for include the Atlanta Hawks, Charlotte Hornets, and PAOK in Greece.

Early life
Matt Bullard went to Valley High School in West Des Moines, Iowa. He went undrafted after graduating from the University of Iowa in 1990.

Professional career
Bullard played nine seasons with the Houston Rockets (1990–94, 1996–2001) and one season each with both the Atlanta Hawks (1995–96) and the Charlotte Hornets (2001–02). He also played in the 1994–95 season for the Greek League power PAOK. He has career averages of 5.3 points and two rebounds per game. He was known affectionately in Houston as "Air Bullard" in part for his ability to get extreme height on his three-point shots (due to his height at 2.08 m, 6 ft 10 in) and partly as good-natured ribbing about his poor vertical jump, but Bullard was also a fan favorite and an essential part to Houston's first championship in 1994.

Post–basketball life
In 2004, Bullard lost to Dee Brown on the ESPN reality television program Dream Job in the finals as they competed for a coveted sports analyst position on the sports network. When asked about losing to Dee Brown, Bullard remarked "at least it wasn't Pete Chilcutt". He and Clyde Drexler shared color commentating duties for local Houston Rockets game telecasts alongside long-time play-by-play man Bill Worrell. On June 2, 2021, Bullard announced that his tenure with AT&T SportsNet Southwest was done and he would not be part of its broadcast lineup for the 2021-22 NBA season.

NBA
Source

title: Matt Bullard


text:
Pērkons (band)

Pērkons (thunder) is a Latvian rock band formed in 1981. The band consisted of Juris Kulakovs (keyboard, compositions), Juris Sējāns (bass, vocals), Leons Sējāns (lead guitar), Ieva Akurātere (vocals), Raimonds Bartaševics (vocals), and Ikars Ruņģis (drums).

Pērkons often played both instrumental classical music and rock'n'roll or hard rock; but, they were better known for playing the latter. In 1983, the band was banned by the Soviet government. However, they renamed and continued to play as the Ensemble of the Soviet Latvia Collective Farm. In 1985, after a concert in Ogre, a group of teenagers demolished two train compartments, resulting in the group being banned again, despite the band not being involved. The incident was documented by Juris Podnieks in the film Is It Easy to Be Young?

In 1987, they played at the music festival Liepājas dzintars (Amber of Liepāja) as the official band of a rural fishermen's kolkhoz.

The lyrics of their music were mostly written by Māris Melgalvs, and were seen as rebellious, especially for the time. One of their best-known songs is Balāde par gulbi. The group has also performed Songs of Fredman by the Swedish 18th century song-poet Carl Michael Bellman.

Kulakovs died in 2024, which Juris Sējāns confirmed on February 12th.

title: Pērkons (band)


text:
Drakensberg hiking

Hiking in the Natal Drakensberg is a popular activity for experienced locals and visitors to South Africa. The escarpment allows one to hike on a cliff of roughly 1000m high that stretches for 240 km from Sentinel Buttress in the North to Bushman's Neck Didima camp in the South. Hiking is however not recommended for inexperienced hikers as conditions can change quickly and harsh weather can occur for extended periods.

KZN (KwaZulu-Natal) Wildlife distributes 6 1:50,000 maps that can be used while hiking in the Drakensberg. The maps use the Cape datum as the geodesic reference. GPS users should be careful to use the correct datum as WGS 84 is not always the default. Some GPS waypoints for the Drakensberg are listed below:

Pass Summits

 * Bannerman Pass -29.25325°N, 29.41969°W
 * Beacon Buttress Gully -28.74553°N, 28.89056°W
 * Corner Pass (Rock) -29.21267°N, 29.40769°W
 * Giant's Castle Pass -29.34869°N, 29.46428°W
 * Gray's Pass -29.07161°N, 29.32308°W
 * Hilton's Pass (Rock) -29.18097°N, 29.35556°W
 * Isicatula Pass -29.78147°N, 29.12958°W
 * Judge Pass (Rock) -29.22347°N, 29.41042°W
 * Ka-Masihlenga Pass -29.39778°N, 29.41908°W
 * Langalibalele Pass -29.27892°N, 29.43619°W
 * Leslie's Pass -29.15353°N, 29.34389°W
 * Masubasuba Pass -29.62044°N, 29.28461°W
 * Mlambonja Pass -28.95361°N, 29.112°W
 * Mzimkhulu Pass -29.67806°N, 29.16489°W
 * Ntonjelana Pass -28.93892°N, 29.09356°W
 * Organ Pipes Pass -29.01064°N, 29.18225°W
 * Ships Prow Pass (North Fork - Rock) -29.09625°N, 29.32567°W
 * Ships Prow Pass (South Fork) -29.09964°N, 29.32539°W
 * Tseketseke Pass -28.99067°N, 29.15169°W

Caves

 * Didima Cave -29.07336°N, 29.25353°W
 * Fergy's Cave -29.16417°N, 29.42167°W
 * Injasuti Summit Cave -29.19728°N, 29.37142°W
 * Marble Baths Cave -29.15114°N, 29.39786°W
 * Nkosazana Cave -29.07539°N, 29.32°W
 * Sandleni Cave -29.65339°N, 29.21683°W
 * Shepherd's Cave -28.86483°N, 28.99586°W
 * Spare Rib Cave -29.25342°N, 29.42822°W
 * Twins Cave -28.95125°N, 29.11306°W
 * Wonder Valley Cave -29.08622°N, 29.42725°W
 * Zulu Cave -29.0265°N, 29.34842°W

Peaks

 * Bannerman Face -29.26192°N, 29.43186°W
 * Castle Buttress -29.00647°N, 29.18244°W
 * Cathedral Peak -28.9233°N, 29.1344°W
 * Champagne Castle Dome -29.09358°N, 29.331°W
 * Cleft Peak -29.00175°N, 29.16739°W
 * Cockade Peak -28.98094°N, 29.13811°W
 * Erskine -29.28544°N, 29.43631°W
 * Gypaetus Point -29.24972°N, 29.42592°W
 * Injasuti Dome -29.20403°N, 29.37128°W
 * Injasuti Greater Buttress -29.17336°N, 29.36092°W
 * Injasuti Lesser Buttress -29.18081°N, 29.36031°W
 * Katana -29.32083°N, 29.45133°W
 * Mafadi -29.20233°N, 29.35708°W
 * Mashai -29.73911°N, 29.13772°W
 * Matebeng -29.71842°N, 29.14503°W
 * Mount Durnford -29.30658°N, 29.43981°W
 * No Man's Peak -29.67136°N, 29.18942°W
 * Popple Peak -29.22875°N, 29.40642°W
 * Redi -29.41178°N, 29.42097°W
 * Stimela Peak -28.841°N, 28.94764°W
 * Tareteng -29.40361°N, 29.41869°W
 * Thabana Ntlenyana -29.46831°N, 29.26922°W
 * The Corner -29.21053°N, 29.40558°W
 * The Judge -29.22247°N, 29.41506°W
 * The Twins -28.95031°N, 29.11422°W
 * Trojan Wall -29.20125°N, 29.38028°W
 * Verkyker Peak -29.69403°N, 29.16217°W
 * Wilson's Peak -29.72706°N, 29.14808°W

Escarpment

 * Stimela Saddle -28.84108°N, 28.94331°W
 * River (T43) -28.92475°N, 29.02736°W
 * River bend (W43) -28.92253°N, 29.06114°W
 * Path going around Elephant (AD49) -28.97611°N, 29.12081°W
 * Saddle (AF51) -28.99919°N, 29.15106°W
 * Saddle (AG52) -29.00686°N, 29.15711°W
 * Path behind Windsor Castle (AK54) -29.02197°N, 29.19953°W
 * Start of Yodler's Cascade Valley (AL58) -29.05628°N, 29.20661°W
 * Yodler's Cascades (AM59) -29.06936°N, 29.22433°W
 * Gully to climb up to Pampiring (AO61) -29.08108°N, 29.23719°W
 * Pampiring Saddle (AP61) -29.08539°N, 29.25331°W
 * Watershed Saddle (AQ61) -29.08714°N, 29.26267°W
 * Watershed Saddle (AU60) -29.07683°N, 29.29969°W
 * Watershed Saddle (AW62) -29.08953°N, 29.31803°W
 * Saddle (AX64) -29.11636°N, 29.33494°W
 * Spot height 3375m (AY72) -29.18892°N, 29.345°W
 * Watershed Saddle 3360m (BA74) -29.20533°N, 29.36531°W
 * Watershed Saddle (BB74) -29.20311°N, 29.37744°W
 * Popple Saddle (BE77) -29.23017°N, 29.41056°W
 * Bannerman Face Saddle (BG80) -29.25972°N, 29.42497°W
 * Watershed Saddle (BJ89) -29.34206°N, 29.45336°W
 * Saddle 2985m (BA102) -29.45181°N, 29.36972°W

Huts

 * Bannerman Hut -29.25097°N, 29.4425°W
 * Centenary Hut -29.195°N, 29.42664°W
 * Giant's Castle Lodge -29.26653°N, 29.52083°W
 * Injasuti Hutted Camp -29.11875°N, 29.43825°W
 * Old Fire Lookout -29.00439°N, 29.22511°W
 * Sani Top Lodge -29.58464°N, 29.28831°W
 * Tseketseke Hut -28.99153°N, 29.17764°W

Campsites

 * Campsite at the bottom of Cockade Pass -28.97228°N, 29.14947°W
 * Gatberg North Campsite -29.04753°N, 29.31908°W
 * Gatberg South Campsite -29.04858°N, 29.34797°W
 * Keith Bush Camp -29.06739°N, 29.33892°W
 * Monk's Cowl Forest Station -29.04983°N, 29.40539°W
 * Campsite at the bottom of Tseketseke Pass -28.98956°N, 29.18144°W

Path Junctions

 * C9 -28.98492°N, 29.20656°W
 * C10 -28.99181°N, 29.22975°W
 * C11 -29.00064°N, 29.24561°W
 * G5 -29.13872°N, 29.43539°W
 * G6 -29.15325°N, 29.42078°W
 * M7 -29.12061°N, 29.40711°W
 * M23 -29.09381°N, 29.42903°W
 * M24 -29.09608°N, 29.41614°W
 * M25 -29.10233°N, 29.43056°W
 * Blind Man's Corner -29.06556°N, 29.37208°W
 * Camel Pass fork in Organ Pipes Pass -29.01042°N, 29.18478°W
 * Ship's Prow Pass Fork -29.10211°N, 29.34194°W
 * Thuthumi Pass Fork on Organ Pipes Ridge -29.00461°N, 29.22842°W
 * Turnoff to Waterfall Cave -28.91508°N, 29.10444°W

title: Drakensberg hiking


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Televisioncamera

Do we really need this bit of POV that mostly duplicates the content of camcorder? (as an aside, I think the camcorder article should be renamed to video camera, as "camcorder" is usually used to refer to a subset of video cameras.) Niteowlneils 21:51, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Remove the POV statements from Television camera and merge with camcorder. Move the result to video camera and make the other two redirects to it. -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:12, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with preceeding comment by Cyrius. Alcarillo 16:02, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree as well. Remove POV, and merge - MGM 20:00, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. But have a proper article about "Television Cameras".  It seems to me that the cameras we see in professional TV studios have much to be said about them.  I believe there's pneumatics in the stands that allow graceful movement up and down and side to side.  Whereas video camera - certainly in Britain, is associated with a consumer durable, rather than the professional studio kit.  A history of television cameras would be good too.  So, keep the page, maybe not the content. --bodnotbod 19:24, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. There's a lot of history of television cameras before there were camcorders, and they weren't called video cameras until fairly recently. Anyone heard of orthicons or vidicons? This is the article that should link to them. We already have a start on this I see, great stuff. Andrewa 20:55, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The fact that vidicon redirects to video camera tube (which has additional headings for orthicon and others) doesn't really help your argument :) That the name of the vidicon seems to be derived from video doesn't help much either. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:19, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Interesting points, but I don't think they affect the argument. You could similarly argue that the signal from a TV camera was always called a video signal. It was, but the camera was still called a TV camera, I don't know why. It was only when video recording become practical (reel to reel at first) that people started to use the phrase video camera. Funny things happen, see tremolo and vibrato. I was aware of the redirect, I actually added a little content to the video camera tube stub at about the same time I made the vote above. It's a fascinating piece of history IMO, and I'm hopeful that we'll eventually get it well documented... But obviously not without some interesting discussions along the way. Andrewa 14:31, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * My reason for suggesting the combination of them is that they're special cases of video camera. A television camera is a high-quality video camera, on some kind of mount, usually with a teleprompter in front of it, and no on-board storage. Camcorder? A portable video camera. They need their own sections under video camera, to be sure, but seperate articles? -- Cyrius|&#9998 15:23, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Bnotbod above.  Camcorders/videocams and television cameras are two different things.  Jgm 19:53, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cribcage 03:08, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Unto These Hills

Unto These Hills is an outdoor historical drama during summers at the 2,800-seat Mountainside Theatre in Cherokee, North Carolina. It is the third oldest outdoor historical drama in the United States, after The Lost Colony in Manteo in eastern North Carolina and The Ramona Pageant in Southern California. The first version of the play was written by Kermit Hunter and opened on July 1, 1950, to wide acclaim.

The play recounts the history of the Cherokee of the Eastern region up to their removal by United States forces in 1838 via the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. The drama includes notable Cherokee historic figures, including Sequoyah, Junaluska, Chief Yonaguska a.k.a. Drowning Bear, and William Holland Thomas.

History
The Western North Carolina Associated Communities (WNCAC) in western North Carolina wanted to develop tourism and promote economic growth in the western part of the state. Inspired by the success of Paul Green's historic outdoor drama, or political pageant, The Lost Colony, the WNCAC decided to make another political pageant about the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) in Cherokee, North Carolina. When Paul Green was unavailable to write a second play, they commissioned UNC graduate student Kermit Hunter to write the new outdoor drama. With the help of Joe Jennings, director Samuel Selden chose the EBCI's homeland of Cherokee, North Carolina, as the backdrop for the drama. The Mountainside Theatre was built for this outdoor drama. The play was first produced on July 1, 1950. It was immediately successful with more than 100,000 audience members in its first year of production.

The play has run for more than 70 years at the Mountainside Theatre, which is owned and operated by the Cherokee Historical Association. It is staged Monday through Saturday evenings.

Famous alumni of Unto These Hills include Michael Rosenbaum, best known for his portrayal of Lex Luthor on Smallville; Adam Richman, host of Travel Channel's Man v. Food; Polly Holliday, of the 1970s sitcom Alice; and actor and former U.S. Representative Ben L. Jones of Georgia, a regular on CBS's The Dukes of Hazzard.

In 2006, the EBCI Tribal Government hired playwright Hanay Geiogamah (Kiowa) to revise the script, the first complete rewrite since the play was instituted. Geiogamah is a writer/director/producer of Native American dramas, as well as the founder of the American Indian Dance Theatre and Professor in the Department of Theater at the University of California, Los Angeles. Geiogamah was chosen to address a number of issues with the previous script, including historical inaccuracies. He was also encouraged to increase Cherokee tribal participation in the cast. Geiogamah accepted this challenge, wrote a new script, and produced a show. But many tribal members were reportedly not fond of the new play version, saying that it removed the Cherokee style of story telling and their history in this area. Geiogamah had added more interpretive dance to help convey the story. In addition, many tribal members missed having the story of Tsali included in the play. He is believed to have sacrificed his life in battle to gain approval for the remainder of his Cherokee people to stay in their homeland of North Carolina, at a time of conflict with European Americans.

In 2007, the tribe hired Pat Allee and Ben Hurst to write a new script. In 2008, additional changes were made by Linda West. Fewer than 50,000 people saw the performance in summer 2009, about half the number from years ago. John Tissue, director of the Cherokee Historical Association, suggests economic problems as the reason for the reduced crowds. The 2010 production is credited to Linda Squirrel. Eddie Swimmer, a Cherokee, serves as director of the drama. As of 2010, more than six million people have seen the production.

In 2015, it was announced that the original Kermit Hunter script from 1950 would be brought out of retirement. Several changes were made to make the original script more historically accurate. Many attendees have been well pleased to see the original version of the show.

In 2020, the production announced that the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first time the drama did not have a production season. The drama returned to their normal operating schedule in May 2021.

Sequel
The Cherokee Nation hired Hunter to write a sequel, The Trail of Tears, covering the period during and after the removal to Indian Territory in what became the state of Oklahoma. That drama was performed at a large outdoor amphitheater at the Cherokee Heritage Center (then known as Tsa-La-Gi), from 1969 through 2005.

title: Unto These Hills


text:
Seismic moment

Seismic moment is a quantity used by seismologists to measure the size of an earthquake. The scalar seismic moment $$M_0$$ is defined by the equation $$M_0=\mu AD$$, where
 * $$\mu$$ is the shear modulus of the rocks involved in the earthquake (in pascals (Pa), i.e. newtons per square meter)
 * $$A$$ is the area of the rupture along the geologic fault where the earthquake occurred (in square meters), and
 * $$D$$ is the average slip (displacement offset between the two sides of the fault) on $$A$$ (in meters).

$$M_0$$ thus has dimensions of torque, measured in newton meters. The connection between seismic moment and a torque is natural in the body-force equivalent representation of seismic sources as a double-couple (a pair of force couples with opposite torques): the seismic moment is the torque of each of the two couples. Despite having the same dimensions as energy, seismic moment is not a measure of energy. The relations between seismic moment, potential energy drop and radiated energy are indirect and approximative.

The seismic moment of an earthquake is typically estimated using whatever information is available to constrain its factors. For modern earthquakes, moment is usually estimated from ground motion recordings of earthquakes known as seismograms. For earthquakes that occurred in times before modern instruments were available, moment may be estimated from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the slip.

Seismic moment is the basis of the moment magnitude scale introduced by Caltech's Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori, which is often used to compare the size of different earthquakes and is especially useful for comparing the sizes of large (great) earthquakes.

The seismic moment is not restricted to earthquakes. For a more general seismic source described by a seismic moment tensor $$M_{ij}$$ (a symmetric tensor, but not necessarily a double couple tensor), the seismic moment is

 * $$M_0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (M_{ij}^2)^{1/2}$$

title: Seismic moment


text:
Talk:Molly Shannon

Untitled
Made copy edits but got a conflict... stored here for possible merging.

Molly Shannon (born September 16, 1964 in Shaker Heights, Ohio) is an American actress and writer. She attended high school at Hawken School in Gates Mills, OH and drove a light blue convertible.

Before Saturday Night Live, she had a faltering career in films. She first had a supporting role as Meg in the present day sequences in the horror film remake The Phantom of the Opera with Robert Englund and Jill Scholen - a major hit in 1989.

But Molly Shannon's major break came in 1995 when she starred in TV's Saturday Night Live where she played various parts on the comedy show and was noted for playing Mary Katharine Gallagher. After her departure from SNL, she re-focused on her film career. She reprised her Gallagher role for the motion picture Superstar and had a supporting role in Never Been Kissed both in 1999. More recently she is known for comedy films including How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Shallow Hal, The Santa Clause 2, Serendipty and Osmosis Jones.

External link
IMDB Biographical Entry

--bodnotbod 21:56, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

Mentioned in CYE

 * It is stated in Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm that " ... Molly Shannon fucked two guys to death". The first was her fiance business manager during her first year at SNL ('heart explosion'); and the second being a "sound guy" on SNL. The story was recounted by Patrick O'Hara a fictional HBO media relations representative.

It's a pop culture reference claiming to state a personal fact and weird enough that it deserves a mention. Htra0497 00:43, 4th July 2007 (AET)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:19, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Molly Shannon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110526232630/http://www.crankycritic.com/qa/mollyshannon.html to http://www.crankycritic.com/qa/mollyshannon.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110607052208/http://www.thelantern.com/2.1389/shannon-talks-about-snl-and-being-a-superstar-1.104904 to http://www.thelantern.com/2.1389/shannon-talks-about-snl-and-being-a-superstar-1.104904

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:42, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Molly Shannon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110629164934/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/143064-Broadway-Revival-of-Promises-Promises-to-Close to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/143064-Broadway-Revival-of-Promises-Promises-to-Close
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064922/http://www.nypost.com/pagesixmag/issues/20081005/Funny+Girl+Molly+Shannon to http://www.nypost.com/pagesixmag/issues/20081005/Funny+Girl+Molly+Shannon

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:13, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Molly Shannon


text:
American Conservative Union

The American Conservative Union (ACU) is an American political organization that advocates for conservative policies, ranks politicians based on their level of conservatism, and organizes the Conservative Political Action Conference. Founded on December 18, 1964, it calls itself the oldest ongoing conservative lobbying organization in the U.S. The ACU is concerned with issues such as personal liberty or freedom, and traditional values, which they define as foundations of conservatism.

Activities
The ACU comprises three entities: The American Conservative Union, a 501(c)(4) organization which conducts lobbying; The American Conservative Union Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization best known for hosting the Conservative Political Action Conference; and The American Conservative Union Political Action Committee, a PAC that formally endorses and funds conservative candidates for federal and state level offices.

Congressional ratings
Dating back to 1971, ACU has implemented its own scoring system which annually rates politicians on their conservatism. While the scorecard was novel to conservatism, Americans for Democratic Action has utilized a liberal rubric for liberalism since 1947.

Each publication of Congressional and State Ratings contains a statement from Chairman Matt Schlapp about the philosophy guiding the ratings as one of conservatism: "We begin with our philosophy (conservatism is the political philosophy that sovereignty resides in the person) and then apply our understanding of government (its essential role is to defend life, liberty, and property)."

Unlike other congressional ratings that take positions on pending legislation, ACU Foundation rates votes already cast by lawmakers. Each rating provides a conservative interpretation of an official's view of governance. As one spokesperson for the ACU once noted, "clear-cut distinctions between liberals and conservatives [occur] if you have Crane, Ashbrook, and Kemp go a certain way and Burton goes the other".

The ACU annually rates politicians according to how they vote on key issues, providing a numerical indicator of how much the lawmakers agreed with conservative ideals. They use this rating system as a point of accountability for politicians, comparing their political rhetoric to their voting records to assess their conservativeness. Politicians are given a percentile rating, anyone with a rating of over 80% is considered to be an "ACU Conservative". These scores are often used in political science research, in news stories and in election campaigns.

Conservative Political Action Conference
ACU's most well-known event is the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), an annual event organized by the ACU foundation. CPAC has an annual attendance of thousands. Speakers regularly include sitting and former presidents and other famous conservatives. CPAC 2017 featured President Donald Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX), Governors Matt Bevin (R-KY), Sam Brownback (R-KS), Doug Ducey (R-AZ), and Scott Walker (R-WI) and executive branch officials (EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Education Secretary Betsy DeVos).

American Conservative Union Foundation
The ACU Foundation's purpose is to educate the public on conservative principles and currently has five "policy centers" which focus on different political areas. There is the Center for Arts and Culture, the Center for Human Dignity, the Center for Statesmanship & Diplomacy, the Center for 21st Century Property Rights, and the Center for Criminal Justice Reform (CCJR). These policy centers are mainly blogs which post articles regarding their topic area. The most extensive of these is the CCJR, who advocate for conservative criminal justice reform through advising governmental officials, media advocacy, and testifying as expert witnesses at governmental hearings. The CCJR focuses on two main policy areas: preventing civil asset forfeiture and increasing mental health facilities within the criminal justice system. The CCJR works with the Texas Public Policy Foundation and Prison Fellow Ministries in the Right on Crime campaign, and offers a panel at the Conservative Political Action Conference each year.

Founding
The American Conservative Union was one of many conservative organizations formed in the 1960s as part of the resurgence of conservatism. As conservative activist M. Stanton Evans predicted, "Historians may well record the decade of the 1960s as the era in which conservatism, as a viable political force, finally came into its own." During a time of increasing polarization between liberals and conservatives, activists began to build a well-organized conservative movement, forming organizations such as Young Americans for Freedom and the ACU. During this era, conservative groups focused less on direct action and more on long term planning and sought to gain positions in public office.

The ACU was founded in December 1964 in response to the predominance of liberalism in America as evidenced by the defeat of Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign. Founders included Frank S. Meyer, William F Buckley Jr, and Robert E. Bauman, who organized the first meeting. In the initial meetings, a 50-member board of directors was appointed, whose members included Lammot Copeland, Peter O'Donnell, John A. Howard, Donald C. Bruce, and John Dos Passos. Membership grew to 7,000 within 9 months, and 45,000 by the end of 1972.

As part of ACU's mission to unite conservatives, William F. Buckley and Robert Bauman led an initiative to declare ACU's views of the John Birch Society. ACU's founding documents state that, "There is no relation between the two organizations. The directors of the ACU take a view of world affairs substantially at variance with that taken by Mr. Robert Welch in his most publicized writing. Under the circumstances, the leadership of the ACU will be wholly distinct from that of the John Birch Society."

Conservatives' view of the Birchers became a national storyline when Buckley continued to criticize the Birchers in his National Review column.

Foreign policy influence
The ACU spent roughly $1.4 million opposing the ratification of the Panama Canal treaties in 1977. They used a mass mailing campaign, sending out around 2.4 million letters. This brought in roughly $15,000 a day in support of conservative candidates who opposed the treaties. They also produced a thirty-minute-long television ad which aired on 150 television station in eighteen states, and took out newspaper ads in thirty states, encouraging citizens to write to their senators to oppose the treaties. The ACU also helped to fund a "truth squad," formed by Senator Paul Laxalt, whose purpose was to "focus renewed public interest in the treaties" and pressure senators to vote against the treaties. Gary Jarmin, who was at the time Legislator of the ACU, stated that the Panama Canal Treaties were "a good issue for the conservative movement. It's not just the issue itself we're fighting for. This is an excellent opportunity to seize control of the Republican Party." Even so, the two treaties were signed September 7, 1977, ratified by the Panamanian election of October 23, 1977, and approved (68-32) by the U. S. Senate on March 16, 1978 and April 18, 1978.

In 1980, the ACU estimated that it would cost roughly $1.8 million to defeat SALT II; together with other conservative groups, SALT opponents outspent supporters 15:1. Having found the technique of mass mailing to be successful during other campaigns, the ACU used this same technique to oppose SALT II, reaching roughly 500,000 people with this strategy. Additionally, they produced a half-hour-long anti-SALT television program called Soviet Might/American Myth: The United States in Retreat, which was aired on 200 television stations around the country.

In 1985, the ACU sent out roughly 100,000 pieces of mail in support of Nicaraguan contra aid in 1985. They also escorted Nicaraguan refugees around Capitol Hill in order to persuade undecided politicians to support Reagan's contra aid request.

Leadership
Founding members include: William F. Buckley, Jr. Rep. Donald Bruce (R.-Ind.), Rep. John Ashbrook (R.-Ohio), Rep. Katherine St. George (R.-N.Y.), William A. Rusher, Frank Meyer, Thomas S. Winter, John A. Howard and L. Brent Bozell. Donald Bruce served as the first chairman from 1964 to 1966, succeeded by John Ashbrook from 1966 to 1971.

M. Stanton Evans then served six years from 1971 to 1977, succeeded by a two-year term served by Philip Crane from 1977 to 1979. Mickey Edwards served as chairman from 1979 to 1983.

David Keene was chairman from 1984 until 2011, succeeded by Al Cardenas, who served until 2014.

Cardenas was succeeded by the ninth and current chairman, Matt Schlapp, who has previously served as George W. Bush's political director.

Lobbying in the 21st century
According to OpenSecrets, the American Conservative Union spent roughly $20,000 on lobbying in 2001, $400,000 in 2003, and $1,100,000 in 2005. They did not spend any money on lobbying in 2004. In the years since Schlapp was elected chairman ACU, the organization has spent $120,000 on lobbying.

Recurring lobbyists are Lorenz Hart and Amir Iljazi.

FedEx
In 2009, the ACU offered FedEx requested and solicited payment of fees totaling $3.4 million for e-mail and other services for "an aggressive grass-roots campaign" to stop a legislative provision being considered by the U.S. Senate. The letter said the ACU's campaign could include "Producing op-eds and articles written by ACU’s Chairman David Keene and/or other members of the ACU’s Board of Directors."

Two weeks later, Keene and leaders of five other conservative organizations issued a letter saying that FedEx was mischaracterizing the legislative situation and was unfairly trying to tap into public resentment against federal bailouts to attack its competition. The letter included, at its top, logos from the ACU and the other organizations. Whitfield said that Keene had endorsed the second letter as an individual, even though the letter bore the logo of the ACU. The ACU then issued a press release saying that permission to use the logo had not been given by the ACU, and that the ACU continued to stand with the policy supported by FedEx.

Embezzlement
Diana Hubbard Carr, the ACU's former administrative director and ex-wife of David Keene, pleaded guilty in June 2011 to embezzling between $120,000 and $400,000 from 2006 to 2009, during her time as bookkeeper for the group.

title: American Conservative Union


text:
ACU

ACU may refer to:

Computing

 * Address computation unit, another name for address generation unit
 * Automatic Client Upgrade, a facility within the Novell Open Enterprise Server

Education

 * Abilene Christian University, a private Christian university located in Abilene, Texas
 * Adichunchanagiri University, a private university located in Karnataka, India
 * Ahram Canadian University, a private Egyptian university located in of October City, Giza, Egypt
 * Ajayi Crowther University, a private Christian university located in Oyo, Oyo State Nigeria
 * American City University in California or Wyoming
 * Arizona Christian University, a private Christian university located in Phoenix, Arizona
 * Association of Commonwealth Universities, an association that represents over 480 universities from Commonwealth countries
 * Australian Catholic University, Australia's only public Catholic university

Organizations

 * Acu Publishing, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
 * Altura Credit Union, a credit union in California
 * American Conservative Union, a political lobbying group in the US
 * Arab Customs Union, an organization under the Arab League for a Customs Union between Arab Members of the League
 * Asian Clearing Union, an organization that settles international payments between member countries
 * Assiniboine Credit Union, a credit union in Manitoba
 * Auto-Cycle Union, the governing body of motorcycle sport in Great Britain

Military

 * Assault Craft Unit, military units of the US Navy that specialize in amphibious warfare
 * Army Combat Uniform, the combat uniform worn by the US Army, US Air Force, and US Space Force

Transportation

 * Achutupo Airport, Achutupo, Panama (IATA code ACU)
 * Auto-Cycle Union, an officially recognised motorcycle governing body of the UK
 * Automovil Club del Uruguay, a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

Geography

 * Açu, municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
 * Açu River, another name for the Piranhas River in Brazil
 * Pariquera-Açu, a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil
 * Superporto do Açu, an industrial port complex in the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil

Other uses

 * ACU (Utrecht), a music venue in Utrecht, the Netherlands
 * ACU, a codon for the amino acid threonine
 * Armored Command Unit, the key unit in the RTS video game Supreme Commander
 * Asian Currency Unit, a proposed unit of currency for Asia and Oceania
 * Assassin's Creed Unity, a game set during the French Revolution

title: ACU