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Petco Park

Petco Park is a baseball stadium in San Diego, California. It is the ballpark of the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). The stadium is located in downtown San Diego, adjacent to the Gaslamp Quarter. Petco Park opened in 2004, replacing San Diego Stadium as the team's home venue, where the Padres played from their inception in 1969 to 2003.

On April 8, 2004, the Padres played their first game at the ballpark, defeating the San Francisco Giants 4–3 in 10 innings. Petco Park hosted the inaugural 2006 World Baseball Classic championship and the 2016 MLB All-Star Game. On July 5, 2024, Petco Park achieved an attendance record for baseball during a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks, with 47,171 people in attendance.

Petco Park features unique design elements, particularly the Western Metal Supply Co. building, a historic warehouse incorporated into the ballpark; its southeast corner serves as the left field foul pole. Gallagher Square, located beyond the outfield wall, includes a community park and viewing terrace, among other features open to the public during stadium off-hours.

Construction

The ballpark was constructed by San Diego Ballpark Builders, a partnership with Clark Construction, ROEL Construction and Douglas E. Barnhart, Inc. The construction cost of more than $450 million was partially funded by a public-private partnership which included the Center City Development Corporation and the San Diego Redevelopment Agency. The stadium was intended to be part of a comprehensive plan to revitalize San Diego's aging downtown, particularly the East Village area. The stadium is across Harbor Drive from the San Diego Convention Center, and its main entrance behind home plate is two blocks from the downtown terminal of the San Diego Trolley light rail system.

The ballpark was scheduled to open for the 2002 season; however, construction was suspended temporarily for legal and political reasons. Part of this was a court decision, which nullified an already passed ballot proposition approving the city's portion of the stadium financing package and required the proposition be put to voters a second time. Construction encountered a further delay regarding the Western Metal Supply Co. building, which was a historic landmark. After negotiations with the preservation community, the builders agreed to rehabilitate the building in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior's standards, and the building was renovated and included in the stadium design in an example of adaptive reuse.

The resulting delays required the Padres to play the 2002 and 2003 seasons at Qualcomm Stadium.

Location
The southern side of the stadium is bounded by San Diego Trolley light rail tracks along the north side of Harbor Drive, which serve the adjacent San Diego Convention Center. The portion of K Street between Seventh and 10th is closed to automobiles and serves as a pedestrian promenade along the back of the left and center field outfield seating and also provides access to Gallagher Square behind center field.

Two of the stadium's outfield entrance areas are located at K Street's intersections with Seventh and 10th avenues. The main entrance, behind home plate, is at the south end of Park Boulevard (at Imperial) and faces the San Diego Trolley station 12th & Imperial Transit Center. The ballpark is also located approximately 1 mi away from Santa Fe Depot station, which is served by Amtrak and Coaster.

Naming rights
San Diego-based pet supplies retailer Petco originally bought naming rights to the stadium in 2004 for $60 million in a 22-year deal. In 2021, Petco signed a new deal with the Padres that ensured the stadium would be named Petco Park through at least 2027. This extension also helped start some other initiatives for Petco and the stadium. Petco’s new logo has appeared on new digital signage throughout the park. Following the deal, Petco has also entered a strategic partnership with Manny Machado and Fernando Tatis Jr. to promote the wellbeing of pets and their parents. Petco will also be collaborating with players on social and other digital media to promote pet health.

Baseball milestones
The first baseball game was played at Petco Park on March 11, 2004. It was part of a four-team NCAA invitational tournament hosted by San Diego State University. The San Diego State Aztecs baseball team, of which retired Padres player Tony Gwynn was the head coach, defeated Houston. It was the largest attended game in college baseball history. Lance Zawadzki recorded the first hit, when he hit a double. On April 8, 2004, the Padres played their first regular season game at Petco Park and defeated the San Francisco Giants 4–3 in 10 innings. On April 15, 2004, Mark Loretta hit the first Padre home run off of Hideo Nomo of the Los Angeles Dodgers. It was caught by Mike Hill, a bartender at the Kansas City Barbecue.

The stadium's first playoff game was played on October 8, 2005. The St. Louis Cardinals beat the Padres, 7–4, to finish off the three-game sweep of the 2005 NLDS.

On March 18 and 20, 2006, the ballpark hosted the semifinals and finals of the first World Baseball Classic. It also hosted second-round games of the 2009 World Baseball Classic. On April 4, 2006, Petco Park had its first rainout, postponing a Padres evening game against the San Francisco Giants.

On August 4, 2007, Barry Bonds hit his 755th home run to tie Hank Aaron's record.

On April 17, 2008, the Padres and Rockies played in a 22-inning game. It was the longest MLB game in nearly 15 years. The game lasted for 22 innings and went on for 6 hours and 16 minutes, ending at 1:21 am in a 2-1 win for the Colorado Rockies. The game featured a stretch of 13 scoreless innings. As of 2023, this remains the longest game in Petco Park’s history.

On July 2, 2009, the park was the site of the first MLB game delayed by a swarm of bees. In a game between the Padres and the Houston Astros, a small swarm of honeybees took up residence around a chair in left field, causing the game to be delayed by 52 minutes. A beekeeper was called in and the swarm was exterminated. The Astros won that game, 7–2.

On June 14, 2010, during a Toronto Blue Jays vs. San Diego Padres game, there was a magnitude-5.7 earthquake, which was centered about 85 mi east of San Diego. Play stopped momentarily in the eighth inning. The Blue Jays went on to win 6–3.

Rain delays led to the suspension of the Padres' game with the Los Angeles Dodgers on April 8, 2011. The first delay caused the game to start 28 minutes late. Play then was stopped for more than 90 minutes in the second inning and again in the sixth inning for more than hour. The score was tied at 2–2 in the top of the ninth inning when play was suspended at 1:40 a.m. PDT April 9. After a fourth rain delay, the game was finished April 9, with the Dodgers winning in 11 innings, 4–2.

On April 30, 2012, Milwaukee Brewers outfielder Ryan Braun became the first player to hit three home runs in one game at the park. Braun finished the game 4–5 with three home runs and a triple.

On July 13, 2013, Tim Lincecum threw the park's first no-hitter for the visiting San Francisco Giants as they defeated the Padres, 9–0.

The park hosted the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.

In 2017, Petco Park played host to Pool F of the 2017 World Baseball Classic, in which host USA and undefeated Puerto Rico advanced to the semi-finals.

For the 2020 MLB postseason, the park was one of two stadiums (along with Dodger Stadium) to host neutral-site games of the ALDS, and was also the only stadium to host neutral-site games of the ALCS.

Eduardo Escobar of the New York Mets was the first player to hit for the cycle in the history of Petco Park on June 6, 2022. Later that year, the Padres made it to the postseason as the 5th wild card seed with a 89–73 record. Petco Park hosted its very first postseason game featuring the Padres with fans in attendance in 16 years, as they squared off against the 110-win division rival Los Angeles Dodgers in game 3 of the NLDS. The San Diego Padres would go on to win the series 3-1. On October 18, 2022, Kyle Schwarber of the Philadelphia Phillies hit the longest home run ever recorded at Petco Park at 488 feet in game one of the NLCS.

On May 11, 2024, Petco Park achieved an attendance record for baseball during a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers; the team cited 46,701 people in attendance. The record was beaten shortly after on July 5, in a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks, with 47,171 people in attendance.

Rugby
In February 2007, Petco Park became the new host of the USA Sevens, a rugby union sevens event within the IRB Sevens World Series. Previous editions of the USA Sevens had been held at The Home Depot Center in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson. After the 2009 edition, the event moved to Las Vegas.

Tennis
From January 31 through February 2 in 2014, Petco Park's left-center field temporarily was converted into a red clay tennis court for the Davis Cup tie between United States and Great Britain.

Motor sports
In January 2015, Petco Park hosted rounds of Monster Jam and AMA Supercross Championship, as a replacement for Qualcomm Stadium.

Golf
Since 2015, Petco Park has partnered with Callaway Golf Company to open a par-3 nine-hole golf course within the stadium the first week of each November. The holes are built within the outfield while many of the tees are in the upper decks of the stadium.

Basketball
On December 7, 2015, Petco Park hosted its first college basketball game between the San Diego Toreros and the San Diego State Aztecs as part of the Bill Walton Basketball Festival held in San Diego.

Football
On January 25, 2017, following the relocation of the Chargers NFL franchise to Los Angeles, it was announced that exploratory discussions were taking place regarding the possibility of playing the Holiday Bowl at Petco Park in future years. On June 24, 2021, the Padres announced a partnership with the San Diego Bowl Game Association for the Holiday Bowl to take place at Petco Park for a minimum of the next five years. The first Holiday Bowl at Petco Park would have taken place on December 28, 2021, between the UCLA Bruins and NC State Wolfpack. Hours before kickoff, UCLA withdrew due to positive COVID tests and the game was cancelled. The 2022 Holiday Bowl was played as scheduled. On June 11, 2024, it was announced that the Holiday Bowl would be moving from Petco Park to Snapdragon Stadium.

Holiday Bowl results
Rankings are based on the AP poll prior to the game being played.

Other events
Season 11 auditions for the singing reality-television program American Idol were held Friday, July 8, 2011, at Petco Park.

In 2011, the Food Network filmed a "Chairman's Challenge" at Petco Park that was to air as part of Season 4, episode 2 of The Next Iron Chef.

In 2019, TwitchCon took place in the Convention Center with the TwitchCon Party featuring Blink-182, Madeon, Au/Ra, and Y2K was held on September 28, 2019, at Petco Park.

Comic-Con International
Due to a lack of space in the San Diego Convention Center, Comic-Con International and other companies associated with entertainment have been allowed to host activities in Petco Park. On July 29, 2018, Rocket League held their third birthday party as an offsite event part of San Diego Comic-Con 2018.

Media
Petco Park can be seen and can even be entered in the video game Midnight Club 3 in the city of San Diego.

Petco Park and Fenway Park were visibly fused together to create "Greenway Park" in Call of Duty Ghosts.

PETA protest
During stadium construction, the Padres offered fans the chance to purchase bricks outside of the concourse and to dedicate them. PETA tried to purchase a brick to protest Petco's treatment of animals (PETA and Petco have a long-standing dispute over this matter), but the first two attempts were denied. Undeterred, PETA succeeded on its third attempt by purchasing a brick, which read "Break Open Your Cold Ones Toast The Padres Enjoy This Champion Organization." When one reads the first letter of each word, it forms an acrostic which reads "BOYCOTT PETCO." The Padres decided to leave the brick, saying not enough people walking by would notice the secret meaning.

Features and design
Petco Park differentiates itself from many other Major League ballparks built in the same era by eschewing "retro-style" red brick and green seats. The stadium is clad in Indian sandstone and stucco; its exposed steel is painted white and the 40,209 fixed seats are dark blue. The design is meant to evoke the sandy color of San Diego cliffs and beaches, the blue of the ocean, and the white sails of boats on the nearby bay.

Architects Populous (née HOK Sport) and Antoine Predock's design pulled restaurants, administrative offices and other amenities away from the seating bowl itself into other buildings surrounding the bowl. As a result, the ballpark's concourses are open not only to the playing field but also to the surrounding city. Unlike many outdoor ballparks, in which the batter faces northeast, at Petco the batter faces due north, and fans in the grandstands are treated to a view of San Diego Bay and the San Diego skyline beyond the left field seats, as well as a view of Balboa Park, which contains the San Diego Zoo, beyond center field. The San Diego Union-Tribune honored the ballpark in 2006 with an Orchid award for its design.

Petco Park's official address is 19 Tony Gwynn Way, in honor of the eight-time National League batting champion who wore that uniform number during his major league career. A 10 ft statue of Gwynn was unveiled July 21, 2007, on the stadium grounds. On August 18, 2018, a statue of National League Saves Leader and longtime Padre Trevor Hoffman was unveiled along K Street behind the bullpen, facing Gwynn's statue.

Gallagher Square, a grassy berm sloping above the outfield fence, is open during games, allowing fans to sit and watch games. When no games are being played, Gallagher Square serves as a free local park for area residents. An unusual feature Petco Park once had was that the home team bullpen was located behind the center field wall while the bullpen for the visiting team was in foul territory in right field. However, both bullpens were moved behind the center field wall after modifications to the ballpark were made prior to the start of the 2013 season. For the 2012 season, Gallagher Square also played host to a semi-permanent stage used by the Padres' new broadcaster, at the time known as Fox Sports San Diego, for pre-game and post-game programming.

The left-field HD videoboard, manufactured by Daktronics, was installed in 2015. Measuring 61.2 ft tall by 123.6 ft wide, the new videoboard is nearly five times the size of the previous board and was, as of 2016, Major League Baseball's fifth-largest (behind Cleveland, Seattle, Kansas City, and Atlanta) and the National League's second-largest (edging out Philadelphia). The Padres can show full-screen live game action, video replays, or fan prompts or split the screen into sections for statistical information, graphics, and animations.

In addition to the left-field display, the Padres installed LED ribbon boards stretching nearly 750 ft along the first- and third-base lines on the Toyota Terrace level, as well as 130 ft of ribbon boards on the left-field grandstand.

The Padres also added eight mini scoreboards located under overhangs in the seating bowl on the field level, along with new 60-in. Sony TVs in the same areas, to give fans seated in the back of those sections better views.

To support the new HD videoboards, the Padres partnered with Sony and Diversified Systems on an HD control room. Located on the press level on the third-base side, the control room houses a Sony MVS8000x switcher, ChyronHego graphics servers, Click Effects CrossFire servers, and Evertz router, DreamCatcher replay servers, and terminal gear. The team will deploy a complement of Sony HSC300 cameras and two wireless roving cameras while it considers additional models for 4K acquisition.

The Western Metal Supply Co. building, a hundred-year-old brick structure that had been scheduled for demolition to make way for Petco Park, was saved and incorporated into the design of the ballpark. The building was renovated and contains the team store, private suites, a restaurant and rooftop seating. The southeast corner of the building serves as the left field foul pole, and is protected by a strip of bright yellow angle iron.

Fans in concession stands, in bars, restaurants or wandering the stands can watch the action on 244 HDTV monitors and an additional 500 SDTVs. More than 500 computer-controlled speakers throughout the park deliver the sound as a "distributed signal", eliminating the audio delay from a central bank of speakers, such as the system at Qualcomm Stadium. Four stationary cameras, one roving camera and use of six Cox-TV cameras provide videos for the park's screens.

Every time the Padres hit a home run or win the game, a ship's whistle is sounded and fireworks are shot off in center field. Beginning with the 2011 season, four torches were added to the center field wall that light up when the Padres hit a home run or win the game. The ship's whistle is a recording of the whistle of the Navy's USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), a nuclear aircraft carrier that was ported in San Diego.

There are a total of 5,000 club seats and 58 luxury suites at the ballpark.

Modifications
Petco Park has been described as being an "extreme pitcher's park". During the 2005–06 offseason, Padres CEO Sandy Alderson adjusted the dimensions in right-center field in an attempt to make it more hitter friendly. At the end of the 2008 season, Petco Park ranked 29th in hits and 30th out of 30 in home runs per Major League ballpark.

Following the conclusion of the 2012 season, the Padres announced that they were moving the fences in to make this ballpark more favorable to hitters than it had been previously. The left-center field wall was moved in from 402 ft to 390 ft, the right-center field wall was moved from 411 ft to 391 ft, and the right field wall was moved in from 360 ft to 349 ft. In addition, the visiting team bullpen was moved from foul territory in right field to behind the left-center field wall, right behind where the Padres bullpen is. The right field wall was also lowered from 11 ft to 8 ft, and the out-of-town scoreboard was relocated.

After the conclusion of the 2014 season, more renovations to the park commenced. These include a new HD video board, slight changes to the distance to the left-field fence, and removal of some seats in the middle deck (which were replaced with standing-room seating). The alterations, including the new video board, were completed by Opening Day 2015.

title: Petco Park


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Talk:Tampa, Florida

Tampa Town?
It was claimed in the Etymology section of this article that Tampa used to be called "Tampa Town", but I find very little reference to even the word "Tampa Town" outside of what appear to be facsimiles and quotes of the book From the Earth to the Moon (1865) by Jules Verne, which is a work of science fiction... Any good sources for this claim? I cannot view the nearest reference (at time of writing, ref number 15) because Google Books has it on preview unavailable... PseudoSkull (talk) 05:59, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

 * While it wasn't an official name, it was commonly used as a nickname before Tampa suddenly grew into a city in the 1880s, and you still hear it thrown around occasionally when somebody wants to sound either hip or oldfangled, lol. Tony Pizzo, the (late) official historian of Hillsborough County, used "Tampa Town" in the titles of several books about early Tampa since that what the little place was called at the time. (I own this one). It's a real thing. Zeng8r (talk) 13:02, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

indigenous peoples
@Magnolia677 The cultures who lived on Tampa Bay before Europeans arrived should absolutely be mentioned in the history section of the article on the city of Tampa. Each of the peoples in question (Tocobaga, Pohoy, and Calusa) lived in the area for centuries and are notable enough to be the subject of their own Wikipedia articles. Here, they are summarized in only a few sentences. You'll note that I did not simply revert your earlier edits; I condensed the section a bit while restoring vital info. I even left off the map, as I could buy an argument that it was better suited for History of Tampa and Tocobaga, where it's still featured. At this point, that subsection is about as short as it can be while still giving readers a glimpse of the relevant information.

Also, recent edits have also made it less clear that the citations already present covered all the material. I'll add another; several books have been written about the cultures that you're trying to cull for the sake of extreme and unnecessary brevity. Zeng8r (talk) 18:17, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * As I mentioned in my edit summary, please follow the manual of style, do not add unsourced content, and do not unbalance the article with irrelevant details that have nothing to do with this article. Also, this is not a history of South Florida, it is a history of Tampa, so unless the sources cited explicitly state they lived in what is now Tampa, then that information should not be included. I have seen the indigenous histories of an entire state shoehorned into too many city articles. Magnolia677 (talk) 19:04, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I added no unsourced content; you may be confusing me with another editor who tweaked that subsection last week. As I mentioned above, all info was already supported by a source, and I added another citation as well. And as mentioned in the article text, these peoples lived on the shores of Tampa Bay, not "South Florida", and are thus quite relevant to the history of Tampa. Thanks for leaving content decisions to those who know the topic. Zeng8r (talk) 04:10, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

"坦帕" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%95&redirect=no 坦帕] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hey man im josh (talk) 16:16, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 20 September 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 18:15, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

Tampa, Florida → Tampa – The word "Tampa" is really well known by most people. In fact, when you hear the word, instantly, you will realize that it's the city in Florida. Can we move the page so that the title will say "Tampa" instead of "Tampa, Florida" as it is known really well? NoobThreePointOh (talk) 12:42, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, and probably speedy close. WP:USPLACE is a well-established naming convention, and American cities always keep the extra disambiguation. 162 etc. (talk) 15:31, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose for now per current naming conventions for major cities at WP:USPLACE. I agree that having only the major cities indicated by the AP Stylebook is a bit too restrictive for a guideline that is an exception to normal article title policy, specifically WP:QUALIFIER and WP:PRIMARYTOPIC; in other words, there should be more exceptions to the exception. But as it stands, Tampa seems on par with the Nashville example. I think what is needed is an RfC or something about revising that aspect of WP:USPLACE, and then having normal primary topic requested move discussions like this one for major cities on case by case basis. But for the moment, the current title follows the current naming convention. Mdewman6 (talk) 16:55, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There have been many such discussions at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (geographic names) (see the box at the top of the page), most recently an RfC in February-April, that incidentally included Tampa, resulting in no consensus to change the current guideline. Station1 (talk) 18:34, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes I would imagine this has been discussed before, and it would difficult to find a new consensus. Thanks. Mdewman6 (talk) 22:24, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * As mentioned above WP:USPLACE requires the state.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:06, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose (strongly) per WP:USPLACE. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. Paintspot Infez (talk) 01:45, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:USPLACE. Rreagan007 (talk) 03:26, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The WP:USPLACE guideline is also explained on Perennial proposals. The main takeaway is basically this: a majority of reliable sources published nationally in the US would usually first refer to this city, like most other US cities, as "Tampa, Florida", appending the state as if it was common usage in American English, before later referring to it as "Tampa" like it was some sort of abbreviation. And always appending the state produces a consistent and predictable set of titles (see also WP:TITLECON), because repeated or otherwise ambiguous placenames are very common in the US, and thus most would require disambiguation regardless. The only cities that do not seem to have this peculiar convention seem to be those 28 or so cities (like Miami) listed by that AP Stylebook. But take almost all other cities in Florida, and nationally published reliable sources would still refer to them as "[X, Florida]" regardless of any unnecessary disambiguation here on Wikipedia. Furthermore, the claim that "the word 'Tampa' is really well known by most people ... when you hear the word, instantly, you will realize that it's the city in Florida" is sometimes questionable, because you have its major sports teams Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Tampa Bay Lightning using "Tampa Bay" instead of "Tampa", and it therefore sometimes gives the misconception that the city's name is the former instead of the latter. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:03, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, and speedy close. WP:USPLACE is a well-established naming convention, we used to close noms like this immediately. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:46, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

Missing citation under Civil War and Reconstruction - Unable to find full source
On the Citation Hunt tool, I volunteered to add citations for the Civil War and Reconstruction claim that federal troops stayed in Tampa until 1869. I spent a good, long time trying to find sources for this, but I was ultimately unsuccessful. I think I'm going link the internal page for "Florida in the American Civil War" and call it a day. I will add the sources I was able to find on the page for "Florida in the American Civil War". Galactiger (talk) 21:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tampa, Florida


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Sonoma State University

Sonoma State University (SSU, Sonoma State, or Sonoma) is a public university in Sonoma County, California, that is one of the smallest members of the California State University (CSU) system. Sonoma State offers 92 bachelor's degree programs, 19 master's degree programs, and 11 teaching credentials. The university is a Hispanic-serving institution.

Founding
Sonoma State College was established by the California State Legislature in 1960 to be part of the California State College system, with significant involvement of the faculty from San Francisco State University. As with all California State Colleges, Sonoma State later became part of the California State University system. Sonoma opened for the first time in 1961, with an initial enrollment of 250 students. Classes offered took place in leased buildings in Rohnert Park where the college offered its first four-year Bachelor of Arts degree in Elementary Education. The small first graduating class received their degrees in the parking lot of the temporary campus. With the completion of its two main classroom halls, Stevenson Hall, named for politician Adlai Stevenson II, and Darwin Hall, named for Charles Darwin, the college moved to its permanent campus 215 acre in 1966 where the graduating class became the first to receive their degrees at the new campus.

Early development
As enrollment increased, Sonoma State built more on-campus facilities, including Ives Hall for performing arts, The University Commons for dining, a small library, and a gymnasium. These buildings followed the physical master plan of the school which stated that the facilities would be urban in character, defining the use of smooth concrete building façades with landscaped courtyards. Among the landscaping features added with these facilities were the "Campus Lakes", two small reservoirs located behind the Commons next to Commencement Lawn, the site of the university's annual commencement ceremonies, as well as one lake near a housing facility, Beaujolais Village; the lakes are home to local waterfowl.

In 1969, the first master's degrees in biology and psychology were offered. The new cluster school concept, coupled with a more intense focus on the surrounding rural environment, influenced the new physical master plan. The first facility built under the new plan was the Zinfandel residence area. The new Student Health Center used a primarily redwood façade with a landscaped ground cover of wild roses and poppies. Sonoma State was closed from May 7–11, 1970 after Governor Ronald Reagan ordered that all California colleges and universities shut down due to anti-war protests and rallies after the shootings of four students at Kent State University.

Early development of the modern campus came to a close in 1976 when the Student Union was constructed between the main quad and the lakes. This building continued the use of the physical master plan, using primarily redwood and preceded the similarly built Carson Hall, an art building, a childcare center, additional parking, and a computer center which was added onto the library.

The modern university
In 1978, Sonoma State College became Sonoma State University when the school officially gained university status, after which the surrounding community provided funds for the new university to build a large swimming pool, completed in 1982, and the 500-seat Evert Person Theatre in 1989. Further enrollment increases and a new goal of movement toward a residential campus as opposed to a commuter campus facilitated the building of Verdot Village in 1995.

21st-century expansion
In May 2001, the Board of Trustees approved a new master plan, which added 48 acre to the campus, located north of Copeland Creek. Rapidly accelerated growth of the residential student body was alleviated by the construction of the third phase of on-campus housing named Sauvignon Village, offering housing to non-freshman students. In the same year, the Jean and Charles Schulz Information Center was completed to accommodate the expanded needs of the library and computing services. The facility was built as a prototype library and information complex for the 21st century, housing more than 400,000 volumes in its stacks. The center also houses an advanced Automated Retrieval System (ARS) which contains an additional 750,000 volumes in a computer-managed shelving system in the library wing. A large portion of the funding to build the information center was donated by Charles Schulz, cartoonist and author of the popular Peanuts comic series, and his wife Jean.

In January 2005, the university began the renovation of Darwin Hall, the university's science building, which had been built in 1967. The new building was designed to provide efficient academic classrooms and study areas for faculty and their students. The renovated structure was completed and re-opened in fall 2006 and provided new laboratories and classrooms to support the needs of a modern science curriculum.

The new property approved by the board of trustees in 2000 is also the site of the Donald and Maureen Green Music Center, funded by private donors. A component of the Green Music Center, Music Education Hall, was state-funded. The center contains the 1,400-seat Joan and Sanford I. Weill Hall, which was completed in 2012. Its resident orchestra is the Santa Rosa Symphony.

In May 2007, SSU faculty voted no confidence in President Armiñana based upon financial issues surrounding the building of the Green Music Center, and faculty allegations that the building of the center took money away from academic programs. The center, originally intended to be a US$10 million project, grew into a $120 million complex as additional venues and features were added to the original plan. The construction of the center was initially funded by bond measures, loans, and private donations as the use of academic funds for other uses is illegal. The Board of Trustees continued to support Armiñana despite the vote.

In February 2010, the FBI and investigators from the Sonoma County District Attorney's offices raided the campus's administrative and finance offices seizing dozens of boxes from a storage area, and examined computers. The operation focused on an alleged misuse of federal grant money by the California Institute for Human Services (CIHS), a unit closed by SSU in 2007. The two top CIHS administrators were dismissed at that time.

A new social center for the university gained approval in April 2011. Students voted to raise their fees by $150 a semester to cover the cost of the $65 million facility.

Presidents
The Office of the President began with the university's founding in 1960 when Ambrose R. Nichols, Jr. became the founding president of the university. there have been eight presidents of Sonoma State University. In May 2023, the California State University Board of Trustees appointed Ming-Tung "Mike" Lee as Sonoma State's newest permanent president. In May 2024, Lee was placed on administrative leave, following an unauthorized agreement he had made with campus protestors, and he retired the next day. Nathan Evans was named acting president while a search for a new president began.

Demographics
The United States Census Bureau has designated the Sonoma State University campus as a separate census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes. It first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 2,679.

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

Campus
Sonoma State occupies approximately 269 acre on the east side of the main suburban area of Rohnert Park. Directly adjacent to the main campus is Wolf's Den Plaza, a frequent hangout and eating area for SSU students. As of fall 2018 Sonoma State had the third-largest white enrollment percentage of Americans in the California State University system.

University library
The three-story, 215000 sqft library is separated into two wings housing different areas on each floor. The building has a total of 5 acre of indoor floor space and 50000 ft of shelving. The library houses a collection of writings and original letters from Jack London, as well as memorabilia relating to his works. The $41.5 million building is named after Charles M. Schulz, the creator of the Peanuts comic cartoon, and his wife Jean, who donated $5 million to help build and furnish the structure.

Campus bookstore
The Sonoma State Bookstore was operated by Sonoma State Enterprises, Inc. until the spring of 2006 when the operation was outsourced to Barnes & Noble College Booksellers, despite some opposition from faculty members.

Off-campus sites
In addition to the main campus, the university also owns and operates two off–campus study sites for students of the natural sciences. The first site is the 411 acre Fairfield Osborn Preserve, located on nearby Sonoma Mountain. The second site is the 3200 acre Galbreath Wildlands Preserve in Mendocino County. Both offer opportunities for research and hands-on education to students of the university. Sonoma State also offers students the opportunity to obtain their bachelor's degree in liberal arts partly through classes offered at Napa Valley College and the Vallejo Satellite Campus of Solano Community College.

Green Music Center
Music Education Hall (one of 4 components of the Green Music Center) opened its doors in 2008 to students taking classes in the two 60-person classrooms. The focal point of the Green Music Center is a 1,400-seat concert hall featuring precision engineered acoustics, named the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Hall. The entire rear wall of the hall opens to lawn seating for a total of 4,000 additional guests. The Hospitality Center, which includes a restaurant/executive conference center, opened in 2010. A $12 million donation from Joan and Sandy Weill, announced in March 2011, provided the funds to complete the concert hall for the fall 2012 opening. The 250-seat Schroeder Recital Hall opened in 2014.

Academics
Sonoma State offers 46 majors and 49 minors at the undergraduate level as of 2017. The school features a joint master's degree program in mathematics with San Francisco State University and a wine-business program. Popular majors for undergraduates in 2018 included Business Administration (Management and Operations) at 18.43%, Psychology (General) at 9.02%, and Sociology at 7.05%. Popular majors for graduates were Business Administration (Management and Operations) at 24.70%, Education (General) at 16.33% and Student Counseling and Personnel Services at 11.95%. SONOMA State has the highest transfer graduation rate in the CSU System.

Rankings
niche.com ranked SONOMA State 1 & 3	Best Housing in the CSU, and State.

The 2023 USNWR Best Regional Colleges West Rankings ranks Sonoma 15 on Top Public School, 36 on Top Performers on Social Mobility and 247 in Nursing (tie). The 2022 USNWR Best Regional Colleges West Rankings ranks Sonoma 16 on Top Public School, 47 on Top Performers on Social Mobility and 251 in Nursing (tie).

The 2021 USNWR Best Regional Colleges West Rankings ranks Sonoma 14 on Top Public Schools and 48 on Top Performers on Social Mobility. While Forbes ranked in 2019 the university 160th among public colleges, 90 among universities in the West, and 179 among "America's best value colleges".

Schools and special programs
There are more than 65 departments and academic programs divided into six schools. Each school offers major and minor courses for undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate degrees

 * School of Arts & Humanities
 * Hutchins School of Liberal Studies
 * School of Business and Economics
 * Wine Business Program
 * School of Education
 * School of Extended & International Education
 * School of Social Sciences
 * Fairfield Osborn Preserve
 * Galbreath Wildlands Preserve
 * Sonoma State Observatory

Hutchins School of Liberal Studies
The Hutchins School of Liberal Studies is a nationally–known interdisciplinary learning community within the larger institution of Sonoma State University. HIPPS was under the direction of professor Francisco Vázquez for many years. Mario Savio's final teaching post was in Hutchins. Stephanie Dyer was appointed director.

Wine business program
Sonoma State's location in the California Wine Country allows the school to offer courses in viticulture including the Wine Business program. Courses are offered in wine marketing, wine finance and accounting, human resources management, wine business strategies, wine production, operations, and distribution.

Admissions
SSU has a 65:35 ratio of female to male students.

Associations and accreditations
Sonoma State is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Several of the schools within Sonoma State also have additional accreditations, such as the School of Business and Economics, which is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. The Mental Health Counseling masters degree program is accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC). Sonoma State University is the only California school that belongs to the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges.

Art from the Heart
Art from the Heart, an annual art auction, has been held at the university since 1984 to raise funds for the art gallery's display, advertising, and lecture program by selling invited artists' work.

Athletics
Sonoma State teams compete in intercollegiate athletics as the Sonoma State Seawolves. Sonoma State University is an NCAA Division II member and part of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA), Western Water Polo Association (WWPA) and the Pacific West Conference (PacWest). Ten of SSU's sports are in the CCAA, water polo is in the WWPA, and men's and women's tennis are in the PacWest.

Sonoma State athletics began in 1964 with the school's first men's basketball team. Through the years, the Seawolves have had various successes including national championships in 1990 (women's soccer), 2002 (men's soccer), and 2009 (men's golf). The school's traditional colors are navy, Columbia, and white. SSU athletic teams participate in the CCAA, an association within the NCAA's Division II. The SSU Athletic Department offers nine NCCAA women's sports teams and five men's teams. Women's track and field has recently been re-added to university's program. Besides both being located in the west of California, but one in the south and the other in the north, Sonoma and Dominguez Hills have competed heavily as conference rivals in soccer.

In the spring of 2020, it was announced that men's tennis, women's tennis, and women's water polo would be disbanded due to insufficient funding.

 * Men's (2)
 * Golf: 2009
 * Soccer: 2002
 * Women's (1)
 * Soccer: 1990

Housing
Sonoma State provides suite, apartment, and townhouse style housing. There are six villages on campus, named after wines: Cabernet, Zinfandel, Verdot, Sauvignon, Beaujolais, and Tuscany. There are two swimming pools/spas. Sonoma State's dorms are ranked #25 in the nation as of 2015, according to Niche Rankings.

Student organizations
Sonoma State University has over one hundred chartered student organizations, including fraternities and sororities, and over twenty sports clubs. Several teams, run by students, compete regionally and in national tournaments.

Student government
Associated Students (AS) is a student organization. The AS Senate is the student government and board of directors of the corporation. AS also encompasses two smaller divisions, Associated Students Productions (ASP), which plans and produces on-campus concerts and student events, and Join Us Making Progress (JUMP), which organizes community service programs.

title: Sonoma State University


text:
Talk:Barry Levinson

Image
The new image can qualify as fair use and is copyrighted. Unlike the old image, it has lo-res solution. Cool picture!!! Adnghiem501 02:00, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Infobox/template time?
There's a Template:Martin Scorsese that lists all Scorsese's films, and I really think that Levinson's notability as an Oscar-winning director might merit the consideration of making a similar box. Granted, Scorsese's arguably a different tier, but it's just a thought. --Lawikitejana 11:22, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This article is not updated at all. There is no mention of his new films, nor his style. It needs major changes

this article is totally shoddy!
what gives? no filmography, even? --Jdb00 05:23, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Grammar of the second sentence
I'm no english major, but shouldn't the second sentence (listing notable film's of Levinsons)use semi-colons instead of commas? Normally I wouldn't care, but one of the films ("Good Morning, Vietnam") contains a comma in its title. This may make for some confusion if someone reading the article has never heard of this movie and thinks that "Good Morning" and "Vietnam" are seperate films. 121.220.203.87 (talk) 09:16, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barry Levinson


text:
User talk:Stephensj74

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia. Boilerplate text follows. Zocky 01:27, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Human Rights Servey on Wikipedia (The final post of I_sterbinski)

 * Dear all,

 * Wikipedia was recently a subject of intensive research of an huge international human right organization. A team of people from different nationalities and ages were acting on Wikipedia for 20 days, investigating previously noted anomalities of Wikipedia free editing and forming a final report, which (between the others similar reports) will later be a guide to all future moves of the organization concerning Wikipedia. Acting under an account of a real person, their privacy is to be held private. Therefore, very few private information will be revealed.
 * Also, this is a result of the lack of final possition of the organization concerning Wikipedia and human rights, which was still not formed.

 * The team's final post on Wikipedia, where they explain their actions can be found on the following addresses:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:I_sterbinski
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonia#Human_Rights_Servey_on_Wikipedia_.28The_final_post_of_I_sterbinski.29

 * The team would like to thank to all the persons who took part in the correspondence with us.
 * We also want to appologise for keeping our identity secret for a longer period.

 * Best regards,
 * Aleksandar, Biljana, Asparuh, Christos, Valjon, Michael and Ana Luiza
 * I sterbinski 01:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/Template/Workshop
You, or any Wikipedia user, can contribute your suggestions and comments to the /Workshop page of any active arbitration case. Comments on evidence or proposals can help in understanding the import of evidence and in refining proposals. Proposed principles, findings of fact, or remedies may be listed on /Proposed decision and form part of the final decision. Fred Bauder 19:35, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

AMA
Hello, you are receiving this message because your name is on the list of members of the Association of Members' Advocates. There is a poll being held at Wikipedia talk:Association of Members' Advocates for approval of a proposal for the revitalisation of the association. You are eligible to vote and your vote and input are welcome. Izehar 22:31, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

AMA Coordinator Election
Dear AMA Member,

You are entitled to vote in the AMA Coordinator election, set to begin at midnight on 3 February 2006. Please see the pages on the election and its candidates and the procedure and policy and cast a vote by e-mail!

Wally 11:34, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stephensj74


text:
Institute for Physical Problems

P. L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems (Институт физических проблем имени П. Л. Капицы РАН) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institute was founded in 1934. The founder of the institute, Nobel laurate Pyotr Kapitsa served as its head for many years. The head of the theoretical division of the institute was Lev Landau. The primary direction of research at the institute is low temperature physics, such as superconductivity and superfluidity. The theoretical division later became Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics.

title: Institute for Physical Problems


text:
Eugenio María de Hostos

Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla (January 11, 1839 – August 11, 1903), known as El Gran Ciudadano de las Américas ("The Great Citizen of the Americas"), was a Puerto Rican educator, philosopher, intellectual, lawyer, sociologist, novelist, and Puerto Rican independence advocate.

Early years and family
Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla was born into a well-to-do family in Barrio Río Cañas of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, on January 11, 1839. His parents were Eugenio María de Hostos y Rodríguez (1807–1897) and María Hilaria de Bonilla y Cintrón (died 1862, Madrid, Spain), both of Spanish descent.

At a young age, his family sent him to study in the capital of the island, San Juan, where he received his elementary education in the Liceo de San Juan. In 1852, his family sent him to Bilbao, Spain, where he graduated from the Institute of Secondary Education (high school). After he graduated, he enrolled at the Complutense University of Madrid in 1857. He studied law, philosophy and letters. As a student there, he became interested in politics. In 1863, he published in Madrid what is considered his greatest work, La Peregrinación de Bayoán. When Spain adopted its new constitution in 1869 and refused to grant Puerto Rico its independence, Hostos left Spain for the United States.

Independence advocate
During his one-year stay in the United States, he joined the Cuban Revolutionary Committee and became the editor of a journal called La Revolución. Hostos believed in the creation of an Antillian Confederation (Confederación Antillana) between Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Cuba. This idea was embraced by fellow Puerto Ricans Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis. One of the things which disappointed Hostos was that in Puerto Rico and in Cuba there were many people who wanted their independence from Spain, but did not embrace the idea of becoming revolutionaries, preferring to be annexed by the United States.

Hostos wanted to promote the independence of Puerto Rico and Cuba and the idea of an Antillean Confederation, and he therefore traveled to many countries. Among the countries he went promoting his idea were the United States, France, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Cuba and the Danish colony of St. Thomas, which is now part of the United States Virgin Islands.

Educator

He spent one year in Lima, Peru, from November 1870 to December 1871, during which he helped develop the country's educational system and spoke against the harsh treatment given to the Chinese who lived there. He then moved to Chile for two years. During his stay there, he taught at the University of Chile and gave a speech titled "The Scientific Education of Women". He proposed in his speech that governments permit women in their colleges. Soon after, Chile allowed women to enter its college educational system. On September 29, 1873, he went to Argentina, where he proposed a railroad system between Argentina and Chile. His proposal was accepted and the first locomotive was named after him. In 1875, Hostos went to Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, briefly visiting Santo Domingo. He conceived the idea of a Normal School (Teachers College) and introduced advanced teaching methods, although these had been openly opposed by the local Catholic Church as Hostos opposed any sort of religious instruction in the educational process. Nonetheless, his response to this criticism was calm and constructive, as many of his writings reveal. In April 1876, Hostos returned to New York and in November he traveled to Caracas, Venezuela, where he married Belinda Otilia de Ayala Quintana (1862–1917), from Cuba, on July 9, 1877. The couple had five children: Carlos Eugenio (b. 1879), Luisa Amelia (b. 1881), Bayoán Lautaro (b. 1885), Filipo Luis Duarte de Hostos (b. 1890) and María Angelina (b. 1892). Their wedding was officiated by the Archbishop of Caracas, José Antonio Ponte, and their maid of honor was the Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, women's rights activist and Puerto Rican independence advocate Lola Rodríguez de Tió. He returned to the Dominican Republic in 1879 and in February 1880 the first Normal School was inaugurated. He was named director and he helped establish a second Normal School in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.

Hostos and his family returned to Chile in 1889. He directed the Liceos of Chillán (1889–90) and Santiago de Chile (1890–98) and taught law at the University of Chile.

Later years and death
Hostos returned to the United States in 1898 before relocating with his family to Santo Domingo in January 1900. In his last years, Hostos actively participated in the Puerto Rican and Cuban independence movements; his hopes for Puerto Rico's independence after the Spanish–American War turned into disappointment when the United States government rejected his proposals and instead converted the island into a United States colony.

In the Dominican Republic, Hostos continued to play a major role in reorganizing the educational and railroad systems. He wrote many essays on social science topics, such as psychology, logic, literature and law, and is considered one of the first systematic sociologists in Latin America. He was also known to be a supporter of women's rights.

On August 11, 1903, Hostos died in Santo Domingo, aged 64. He is buried in the National Pantheon located in the colonial district of that city. Per his final wishes, his remains are to stay permanently in the Dominican Republic until the day Puerto Rico is completely independent. Then and only then, does he want to be reinterred in his homeland. Hostos wrote his own epitaph:

Honors and recognitions

 * In 1938, the 8th International Conference of America, celebrated in Lima, Peru, posthumously paid tribute to Hostos and declared him "Citizen of the Americas and Teacher of the Youth". Puerto Rico declared his birthday an official holiday, Natalicio de Eugenio María de Hostos, celebrated on the second Monday of January.  There is a monument honoring Hostos in Spain.
 * A municipality was named after him in the Dominican Republic in Duarte Province.

Monuments
In Puerto Rico there are multiple monuments dedicated to Hostos:
 * One sculpture created by Tomás Batista was located in a small plaza at the side of Highway #2 at the northern entrance to his native city of Mayagüez. It has since been relocated in front of the entrance to the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus;
 * Another one created by José Buscaglia Guillermety. Recently, located inside the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus in San Juan.
 * A 1998 sculpture in the center of Plaza de la Beneficencia in Old San Juan.

Schools
The Municipality of Mayagüez has inaugurated a cultural center and museum near his birthplace in Río Cañas Arriba ward. The city of Mayagüez also has named in his honor:
 * A High School building inaugurated in 1954;
 * A Highway (now Avenue) in 1961;
 * Eugenio María de Hostos Airport, formerly El Maní Airport, in 1986.
 * In 1970, the City University of New York inaugurated Hostos Community College, located in the South Bronx. The school serves as a starting point for many students who wish to seek careers in such fields as dental hygiene, gerontology, and public administration.
 * In 1995, the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law was established in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The Hostos Law School aspires to achieve the development of a legal professional who is also responsive to the needs of his or her communities and embraces Hostos' educational philosophy.
 * There is an intermediate school in Brooklyn, New York named for Hostos (I.S 318). *There is a Pre-K/Kindergarten school named for Hostos in Union City, New Jersey.
 * Eugenio María de Hostos Microsociety School, an elementary school in Yonkers, New York is named for him.
 * Eugenio María de Hostos Bilingual Charter School, a bilingual K-8 charter school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is named for him.
 * The City of New York also named a playground after him.

Portals
The Miguel Cervantes Virtual Library of Spain has dedicated a portal on its website to Eugenio María de Hostos.

His works were digitized by the National Foundation of Popular Culture of Puerto Rico in November 2019.

Works
Among his written works are the following:

 * "La Peregrinación de Bayoán" (1863);
 * "Las doctrinas y los hombres" (1866);
 * "El día de América";
 * "Ayacucho" (1870);
 * "El cholo" (1870);
 * "La educación científica de la mujer" (1873);
 * "Lecciones de derecho constitucional. Santo Domingo: Cuna de América" (1887);
 * "Moral Social" (1888, Imprenta García Hermanos);
 * "Geografía evolutiva" (1895).

Ancestry
The Ostos family name originated in Écija, Seville, as early as 1437. Eugenio de Ostos y del Valle was born in Écija around the year 1700 and later moved to Camagüey, Cuba, where he married María Josefa del Castillo y Aranda in 1735. Their son Juan José de Ostos y del Castillo was born in Camagüey in 1750 and moved to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Sometime after France seized control of the entire island of Hispaniola in 1795, Juan José changed the spelling of his surname to Hostos. This spelling was inherited by all his descendants. After the Haitian invasion of Santo Domingo in December 1800, Juan José relocated to Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, where he married María Altagracia Rodríguez Velasco (born in 1785 in Santo Domingo) in 1806. This was his second marriage, following the death of his first wife, María Blanco. Before his death in 1816, Juan José had four children with María, the second of which was Eugenio de Hostos y Rodríguez, born in 1807, who later became Secretary to Isabella II of Spain. Eugenio married María Hilaria de Bonilla y Cintrón in Mayagüez in 1831. Their sixth child (out of seven) was named after both parents: Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla.

title: Eugenio María de Hostos


text:
The Courier-Mail

The Courier-Mail is an Australian newspaper published in Brisbane. Owned by News Corp Australia, it is published daily from Monday to Saturday in tabloid format. Its editorial offices are located at Bowen Hills, in Brisbane's inner northern suburbs, and it is printed at Yandina on the Sunshine Coast. It is available for purchase both online and in paper form throughout Queensland and most regions of Northern New South Wales.

19th century origins
The history of The Courier-Mail is through four mastheads. The Moreton Bay Courier later became The Courier, then the Brisbane Courier and, since a merger with the Daily Mail in 1933, The Courier-Mail.

The Moreton Bay Courier was established as a weekly paper in June 1846. Its first editorial promised to "make known the wants of the community ... to rouse the apathetic, to inform the ignorant ... to transmit truthful representations of the state of this unrivalled portion of the colony to other and distant parts of the globe; to encourage every enterprise that will tend to benefit it, and in general to advance its interests, and promote its prosperity".

Issue frequency increased steadily to bi-weekly in January 1858, tri-weekly in December 1859, then daily under the editorship of Theophilus Parsons Pugh from 14 May 1861. The recognised founder and first editor was Arthur Sidney Lyon (1817–1861) who was assisted by its printer, James Swan (1811–1891), the later mayor of Brisbane and member of Queensland Legislative Council. Lyon, also referred to as the "father of the Press" in the colony of Queensland, had previously served as a writer and journalist in Melbourne, and later moved on to found and edit journals such as Moreton Bay Free Press, North Australian and Darling Downs Gazette. Lyon was encouraged to emigrate by John Dunmore Lang and arrived in Brisbane from Sydney in early 1846 to establish a newspaper. He persuaded James Swan, a printer of Lang's Sydney newspaper The Colonialist to join him. Lyon and Swan established themselves on the corner of Queen Street and Albert Street, Brisbane, in a garret of a building later known as the North Star Hotel. The first issue of the Moreton Bay Courier, consisting of 4 pages, appeared weekly on Saturday 20 June 1846, with Lyon as editor and Swan as publisher.

After some 18 months, Lyon and Swan disagreed on many aspects of editorial policy, including transportation of convicts and squatting. Lyon took over sole control in late 1847, but had money problems, and gave sole control to Swan. Swan sold out to Thomas Blacket Stephens in about November 1859. The Moreton Bay Courier became The Courier, and then the Brisbane Courier in 1864. In June–July 1868, Stephens floated a new company, and transferred the plant and copyright of the Brisbane Courier to "The Brisbane Newspaper Company". He was the managing director until retired in November 1873, when the paper was auctioned.

The journal was, from November 1873 to December 1880, managed by one of the new part-owners, the Tasmanian-born former public servant Gresley Lukin (1840–1916). Although called "managing editor", actual writing and editing was by William Augustine O'Carroll (1831–1885). Most prominent of the various editors and sub-editors of The Queenslander literary staff were William Henry Traill (1842–1902), later NSW politician and editor of the famed Sydney journal 'The Bulletin', and Carl Adolph Feilberg (1844–1887). Feilberg followed William Henry Trail in the role of political commentator and the de facto editor of The Queenslander until January 1881. He succeeded William O'Carroll as Courier editor-in-chief from September 1883 to his death in October 1887. Lukin's roles as part owner-editor changed on 21 December 1880. Charles Hardie Buzacott, former Postmaster General in the first McIlwraith government, had been a staff journalist.

20th century
John James Knight was editor-in-chief of The Brisbane Courier from 1906 to 1916, later managing director, then chairman of all of the company's publications.

The first edition of The Courier-Mail was published on 28 August 1933, after Keith Murdoch's Herald and Weekly Times acquired and merged The Brisbane Courier and the Daily Mail (first published on 3 October 1903). In 1987, Rupert Murdoch's News Limited acquired newspaper control, and outstanding shares of Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd.

The Courier-Mail launched its first website in 1998.

21st century
From its inception until March 2006 The Courier-Mail was a broadsheet newspaper. On 14 December 2005 it was announced that the paper would change to a tabloid sometime in early 2006, however the term "tabloid" was not used in favour of the term "compact". This linguistic choice was probably related to widespread public view that many tabloids, including those published by News Limited, were low quality publications. The last broadsheet edition was published on Saturday 11 March 2006, and the first tabloid edition was published on Monday 13 March 2006. On the same day, the paper's website was revamped and expanded.

The change to a tabloid format brought The Courier-Mail in line with all other News Limited Australian metropolitan daily newspapers. It followed the change to a tabloid format by The Advertiser of Adelaide—another News Corporation newspaper—some years earlier.

Recognition
The Courier-Mail has twice been named news destination of the year by the Pacific Area Publishers Association and once the national/metro daily newspaper of the year.

It has a proud history of advocating for its community, and in 2022 was recognised by Queensland Treasurer Cameron Dick as being the catalyst for an extra $425m in funding every year for mental health services.

The Courier-Mail was inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame in 2015.

Political position
The Courier-Mail is a right-leaning newspaper, with four editorial endorsements for the Coalition to one for Labor in the period 1996–2007. The Courier-Mail generally supports free market economic policies and the process of globalisation. It supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

In 2007, Crikey described it as "...to the right, as the sleepier Murdoch tabloids always are – but it's more lazy populism than ideological fervour".

Criticism and legal issues
The Courier-Mail has been described by Crikey as "one of the contestants in a close run field for worst paper in Australia... mostly predictable and dull, with occasional honourable exceptions...".

In August 2011, police and the parents of a murder victim criticised the paper for falsely accusing their son of a child sex crime.

On 24 March 2014 Queensland Newspapers, the News Corp Australia subsidiary responsible for publishing the Courier-Mail, was found guilty by a District Court of breaching restrictions on publishing Family Court proceedings on four occasions, and fined a total of $120,000. The breaches occurred in 2012 when the Courier-Mail published on its front page the names and photos of a mother and her children involved in a Family Court dispute. District Court Justice Terence Martin said: "It seems to me that the newspaper seized upon what it regarded as a sensational story, which would be attractive to readers, and put the story ahead of its legal obligations".

On 7 October 2014, the paper published a transphobic headline related to the gruesome murder of Mayang Prasetyo.

The paper raised controversy for depicting Indonesian president Joko Widodo with a doctored photo of bloody hands to protest against the country's decision to execute two Australian convicted drug smugglers known as part of the Bali Nine in 2015.

Circulation and readership
In 2013, The Courier-Mail had the fourth-highest circulation of any daily newspaper in Australia. Its average Monday-Friday net paid print sales were 172,801 between January and March 2013, having fallen 8.0 per cent compared to the previous year. Its average Saturday net paid print sales were 228,650 between January and March 2013, down 10.5 per cent compared to the previous year. The paper's Monday-Friday readership was 488,000 in March 2013, having fallen 11.6 per cent compared to the previous year. Its Saturday readership was 616,000 in March 2013, down 13.8 per cent compared to the previous year. Around three-quarters of the paper's readership is located in the Brisbane metropolitan area.

Although often claimed to be Brisbane's only daily newspaper since the demise of Queensland Newspapers' own afternoon newspaper The Telegraph in 1988, it arguably has had two competitors since 2007. News Corp itself published mX, a free afternoon newspaper, from 2007, but mX had a relatively low news content, and was discontinued in mid-2015. Fairfax Media has published the online only Brisbane Times since 2007.

, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, Courier-Mail's website was the 141st and 273rd most visited in Australia respectively. At the same time, SimilarWeb rated the site as the 25th most visited news website in Australia, attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per month.

Awards sponsorship
The Courier-Mail has co-sponsored two sets of literary awards.

The Courier-Mail Book of the Year Award, co-sponsored by Queensland Government and worth A$30,000, was established in 1999, and covered a range of writing genres. The inaugural prize was awarded in 2001, and the last one in 2005. The winners of this award were:
 * 2001: Joint winners: The Schoonermaster's Dance, by Alan Gould, and True History of the Kelly Gang, by Peter Carey
 * 2002: Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM, by Don Watson
 * 2003: Wings of the Kite-Hawk, by Nicolas Rothwell
 * 2004: The White Earth, by Andrew McGahan
 * 2005: The Silver Donkey: A Novel for Children, by Sonya Hartnett
 * 2005 - People's Choice Award: The Running Man, by Michael Gerard Bauer

From 2012 and, The Courier-Mail People's Choice Queensland Book of the Year has been awarded as part of the Queensland Literary Awards. Again co-sponsored by The Courier-Mail and the Queensland Government, this prize is awarded "to an outstanding book by a Queensland author, taken from eligible books entered in the Fiction and Non-Fiction categories".

Digitisation
Pre-1955 issues of the newspaper have been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.

Editors and journalists
For thirty years, the paper's senior rugby league football journalist was former Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon. Sports editor at The Courier Mail, Tom Linneth, became the youngest editor in Australia in 1960 at the age of 29. He worked at The Courier Mail between about 1948 to 1974 and again worked there as the sports editor between about 1982 until he retired in 1996.

Chris Jones was appointed editor from 2020, replacing Sam Weir. Jones had worked for News Corp for 21 years.

the editorial cartoonist is Sean Leahy.

 * Jun 1846 – Dec 1847: Arthur Sidney Lyon (first editor)
 * Dec 1847 – c. 1850: James Swan
 * Early to mid-1850s: William Charles Wilkes
 * 1859: Richard Belford (former editor of Ballarat Star and later editor of the North Australian)
 * 1859–1863: Theophilus Parsons Pugh (also the creator and publisher of Pugh's Almanac)
 * 1864–1866: David Frederick Tudor Jones
 * 1867–c. 1869: William O'Carroll
 * 1869–1873: George Hall ("the Bohemian")
 * 1873–1875: Gresley Lukin (assisted by William O'Carroll)
 * 1875 – Dec 1880: William O'Carroll (as the de facto editor, officially edited by the managing editor Gresley Lukin)
 * Jan 1881– Sep 1883: William O'Carroll (as the de facto editor, although officially edited by the managing editor Charles Hardie Buzacott)
 * Sep 1883 – Oct 1887: Carl Adolph Feilberg
 * Oct 1887 – Dec 1887: Edmund John T Barton (later author of the Jubilee History of Queensland)
 * Jan 1888 – Jun 1891: William Kinnaird Rose
 * Jan 1894 – Nov 1898: Frederick William Ward
 * Dec 1898 – Apr 1903: Charles Brunsdon Fletcher (son-in-law of Sir Arthur Rutledge)
 * April 1903 – 1906: Edmund John T Barton (later author of the Jubilee History of Queensland)
 * 1906 – Jun 1916: John James Knight
 * Jun 1916 – Jun 1919: John MacGregor
 * Jun 1919 – 1932?: R. Sanderson Taylor
 * 1932 – Dec 1933: Firman McKinnon
 * Jan 1934 – Sep 1936: Reginald Tingey Foster (also Editor-in-Chief The Courier-Mail, The Sunday Mail, The Queenslander)
 * late 1936 – 1938: Charles E Sligo (news editor, acting editor)
 * Apr 1938 – late 1941: Jack C Waters (also Editor-in-Chief The Courier-Mail, The Sunday Mail, The Queenslander (to 1939))
 * 1942 – 1968: Theodor Charles Bray (later Sir Theodor) (after 1953 also Editor-in-Chief The Courier-Mail, The Sunday Mail)
 * 1968 – 1969: Alan F Cummins
 * 1969 – 1979: John R Atherton
 * 1979 – 1984: Kevin J Kavanagh
 * Mar 1984 – Mar 1987: David C Smith (Feb 1986 – Mar 1987 also Editor-in-Chief The Courier-Mail, The Sunday Mail)
 * Mar 1987 – Apr 1991: Greg Chamberlin (Ron Richards, managing editor)
 * Apr 1991 – Apr 1995: Jack Lunn (Editor-in-Chief The Courier-Mail, The Sunday Mail)
 * Apr 1991 – Apr 1995: Des Houghton (reporting to Jack Lunn)
 * Apr 1995 – Jun 2002: Chris Mitchell (also Editor-in-Chief The Courier-Mail, The Sunday Mail)
 * Jun 2002 – Mar 2010: David Fagan
 * Mar 2010 – June 2013: Michael Crutcher (reporting to David Fagan – Editor-in-Chief of The Courier-Mail and the Sunday Mail)
 * June 2013 – Dec 2015: Chris Dore
 * Jan 2016 – Aug 2017: Lachlan Heywood
 * Sep 2017 – Dec 2019: Sam Weir
 * Jan 2020 – : Chris Jones

title: The Courier-Mail


text:
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin

Stephanie Marie Herseth Sandlin (born December 3, 1970) is an American attorney, university administrator, and politician from the Democratic Party. She represented SD's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2004 until 2011. Sandlin was first elected to Congress in a July 2004 and won three full terms before losing to Republican Kristi Noem in 2010. She was the youngest female member of the House, and the first woman elected to the House from South Dakota. Before her 2007 marriage to Max Sandlin, she was known as Stephanie Herseth. She is a Democrat and a member of the Herseth family of South Dakota. She and Senator Tim Johnson are the last Democrats to win a statewide and/or federal election in South Dakota.

Since 2017, she has served as president of Augustana University.

Early life and education
Stephanie Herseth was born on December 3, 1970, the daughter of Joyce (née Styles) and Ralph Lars Herseth, and was raised on her family's farm near Houghton. Her father's family had been active for two generations in South Dakota politics. Her paternal grandfather, Ralph Herseth, was the governor of South Dakota, and her paternal grandmother, Lorna Herseth, was South Dakota's secretary of state. Her father, Lars Herseth, served in the South Dakota State Legislature for two decades and ran for governor in 1986. Her ancestry includes German and Norwegian.

Herseth graduated from Groton High School in Groton, South Dakota. She earned her B.A. from Georgetown University in 1993 and her J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1997.

Career prior to Congress
After law school, Herseth worked as a judicial law clerk to Judge Charles B. Kornmann of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota and Judge Diana Gribbon Motz on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She worked in private practice as an attorney in Washington, D.C., and taught at the Georgetown University Law Center.

Before her election to the House, Herseth was executive director of the South Dakota Farmer's Union Foundation and served on the board of directors of First Bank and Trust of Brookings, South Dakota.

Committees
During her tenure in the House, Herseth Sandlin was assigned to committees of concern to her constituency. The Agriculture Committee affects South Dakota's largest industry, and the Natural Resources Committee has jurisdiction over national forests in the Black Hills and policies affecting the state's nine federally recognized Native American tribes. She was selected to serve on the Select Committee on Global Warming and Energy Independence based upon her work on issues related to biofuels and renewable energy in rural America.

Herseth Sandlin was a senior whip in the House and co-chaired the conservative Democratic Blue Dog Coalition.

Voting record
Herseth Sandlin voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act. She said she would "not vote for the Senate bill as is" and would "not vote for a package of changes that would go through the reconciliation process."

Herseth Sandlin opposed her party's leadership on some issues related to gun rights, which won her the support of the NRA Political Victory Fund. She is pro-choice and expressed opposition to Referred Law 6, which sought to ban abortions in South Dakota, including those for victims of incest and rape. She supported the Employment Nondiscrimination Act in 2007.

Early in the 2008 presidential election cycle, Herseth Sandlin supported Senator John Edwards. On February 26, 2008, she endorsed Barack Obama.

2002
Herseth ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in 2002, losing a high-profile race to Republican nominee Bill Janklow by a smaller than expected margin.

2004
After Janklow was convicted of manslaughter in a motor vehicle accident, he resigned his seat, effective January 20, 2004, triggering a special election. Herseth was the Democratic nominee, and on June 1, 2004, defeated Republican nominee Larry Diedrich with 51% of the vote. The victory gave South Dakota its first all-Democratic congressional delegation since 1937, including Senators Tom Daschle and Tim Johnson.

In the regularly scheduled election in November 2004, Herseth beat Diedrich again, with 53.4% of the vote. The vote margin in June was about 3,000 votes, but by the November election, which included a hard-fought contest for Daschle's Senate seat, it grew to more than 29,000. Both the 2004 special and general elections were close compared to most House races the country, and garnered national attention.

2006
In November 2006, Herseth defeated Republican nominee Bruce Whalen. She received the second-highest vote total for a Democratic candidate for the House in 2006.

2010

Herseth Sandlin was mentioned as a possible, even likely, candidate for governor of South Dakota in 2010, but announced on July 7, 2009, that she would seek reelection to the House.

Before the Democratic primary, Kevin Weiland, a physician who had begun a campaign against Herseth Sandlin but had not yet filed to be on the ballot, called off his efforts. He said he had "concern for what the net effect would be on our political party retaining the seat in the next Congress, but also after receiving assurances from Stephanie that she will not vote to repeal the recently passed health care reform law." He spoke to Democratic party leaders as well as Herseth Sandlin before making this decision. The Republican nominee, State Representative Kristi Noem, charged that Weiland's decision not to run was due to Herseth Sandlin trading her vote for personal gain. Herseth Sandlin strongly denied the allegation and said there was no quid pro quo arrangement between her and Weiland.

During the campaign, Noem also criticized Herseth Sandlin's husband, Max Sandlin, a lobbyist and former congressman. Noem said his list of clients included companies that had interests in legislation that would come before Congress, and suggested he would have improper influence because of his marriage. The Rapid City Journal editorial board wrote that Herseth Sandlin should take this concern seriously. Roll Call called Noem's charges an attempt "to stoke anti-Beltway emotions". Herseth Sandlin's campaign responded that she did not allow family members to lobby her or her staff.

Herseth Sandlin's campaign was hampered by the state Democratic Party's inability to field a candidate against Republican nominee John Thune for U.S. Senate; "by letting him breeze to re-election, Republicans could turn all their energy and money to the House race, and state Rep. Kristi Noem was able to unseat Rep. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, the last best hope for a Democratic future in the state."

Noem defeated Herseth Sandlin in the November 2 general election with 48.14% of the vote to Herseth Sandlin's 45.9%.

Post-congressional career
After losing reelection, Herseth Sandlin joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Olsson Frank Weeda Terman Matz as a principal attorney focusing on federal laws and regulations. She told Roll Call that she might register to lobby Congress after the expiration of the mandatory one-year waiting period that bars former members from doing so. Ultimately, she did not register as a lobbyist after the cooling-off period ended.

Although Herseth Sandlin did not run in 2012, political commentators suggested that she might seek the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Tim Johnson in 2014. Ultimately, she decided not to run, citing her son and her desire to continue in her role as Legal Counsel at Raven Industries in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Herseth Sandlin served briefly as an adjunct professor at the Department of Political Science at South Dakota State University. In February 2017, it was announced that she would become the 24th president of Augustana University, a liberal arts college in Sioux Falls.

Personal life
In March 2007, Herseth married Max Sandlin, a four-term Democratic congressman from Texas and registered lobbyist with the lobbying and public relations firm Mercury, who is 18 years her senior. The couple met when Herseth first ran for Congress in 2002. He was defeated for reelection in 2004.

Upon her marriage, she became known as Stephanie Herseth Sandlin. The couple has a son, born in 2008.

title: Stephanie Herseth Sandlin


text:
Toyetic

Toyetic is a term referring to the suitability of a media property, such as a cartoon or movie, for merchandising tie-in lines of licensed toys, games and novelties. The term is attributed to Bernard Loomis, a toy development executive for Kenner Toys, in discussing the opportunities for marketing the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, telling its producer Steven Spielberg that the movie was not "toyetic" enough, leading Loomis towards acquiring the lucrative license for the upcoming Star Wars properties.

History
The concept of toyetic works is stated to have come from Bernard Loomis in 1969, while working at Mattel. With the introduction of the Hot Wheels line of toy cars, Loomis proposed that they also developed a 30-minute show Hot Wheels as a means to promote the toys. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), in reviewing the show, determined that the program needed to be treated as advertising, which affected the records of the network, forcing the show to be taken off the air within two years. Loomis later moved on to the Kenner division of General Mills; during this time, he had read about the upcoming Star Wars films, and positioned the company to produce toys based on the film. The move was considered highly successful, with over $100 million in annual toy sales following the release of the film.

In the early 1980s, the FCC revised its rules on children's programming, specifically allowing for the use of "character marketing" where shows could employ fictional characters based on toys and other real-world objects without counting towards advertising. Loomis saw the same potential in the Strawberry Shortcake line of toys as he did for Star Wars, and was able to successfully produce a line of specials for Strawberry Shortcake under the less-restrictive FCC guidelines. Following on Loomis's success, toyetic shows became popular in the 1980s. This was aided by the introduction of cable television that allows for more airtime for new and repeat broadcasts of such shows. The number of toyetic shows waned after 1990 when the United States Congress passed the Children's Television Act which required content to include educational and instructional material for children, and targeted the type of commercial advertising that could accompany these shows.

Examples
Notable examples of toyetic properties include:

 * Batman & Robin: Toy companies were reportedly involved in pre-production. Director Joel Schumacher admitted that he was told by Warner executives to make Batman & Robin "more toyetic". Despite the film's disappointing critical and financial performance, toy revenue was so high that the studio produced more Batman films without Schumacher.
 * Star Wars: Although George Lucas wrote the Star Wars saga without considering the toyetic potentials of the film, he insisted that he would keep the merchandising rights before the first film was released. 20th Century-Fox underestimated the potential of the film and allowed Lucas to do so, and the film turned out to be a toyetic phenomenon. The Star Wars films have spawned a massive merchandising empire, including toys, action figures, and video games to non-toy merchandise, such as beer steins, spoons, and replicas of the lightsaber hilts.
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Based on the 1984 comic series by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird of the same name, the television shows and movies were considered "extremely toyetic", as the toys were "visually appealing—tough yet huggable—and there are enough characters to drive collecting over time", according to Playmates Toys senior vice president Karl Aaronian.
 * Transformers: The success of the 2007 film based on the franchise is stated by Lauren A. E. Schuker of The Wall Street Journal to have created a drive in the motion picture industry to seek rights for toy-driven films from other existing properties.

title: Toyetic


text:
TND (TV station)

TND is a television station in Darwin, Northern Territory. The station, launched in 1998 as Seven Darwin and broadcasting across Darwin, Palmerston and surrounding areas, is owned by Southern Cross Austereo. Its main competitor is the Nine Network's owned-and-operated station, NTD.

Programming
As Seven Darwin, TND-34 existed as essentially a re-broadcast of SCB's remote Australia satellite service Seven Central, apart from localised adverts, inserted at SCB's playout centre in Townsville, Queensland, and delivered to Darwin via Optus Transcontinental Fibre Optic cable. The station also carries Seven News Brisbane bulletins from BTQ.

From 2005 until 2008, the station held affiliations with Network 10, after the Ten affiliation was relinquished by NTD-8 as it became Nine Darwin. At this time, Seven Darwin changed its name to Southern Cross Darwin. Since 2008, the station only holds affiliations with the Seven Network.

Like its Tasmanian and Spencer Gulf/Broken Hill sister stations, the Seven Network affiliation remains the primary one. The Network Ten affiliation was, in 2008, expected to be dropped from Southern Cross Darwin and given to a digital-only third channel (such as those found in Tasmania and Mildura), as proposed by the Australian Communications and Media Authority.

Despite the change in name and affiliation of TND-34, Seven Central remained as a fully Seven Network-aligned service for remote Australia. Since 2008, Seven Central has carried a small amount of Ten Sport programming, in response to rival broadcaster Imparja Television dropping its Network Ten licence early in the year.

In 2008, Southern Cross Darwin ceased broadcasting its last Ten content, as it was moved to Darwin Digital Television. The station has carried a sole Seven affiliate, on relay from Melbourne instead of Brisbane or Adelaide, despite time zone differences between Northern Territory and Victoria.

On 1 July 2018, local branding on all of Southern Cross' Seven-affiliated stations was phased out to be replaced by generic Seven Network branding. Consequently, Southern Cross Darwin became Seven Darwin, the station's original identity that had not been in use for the past ten years.

Seven Darwin has the rights to broadcast AFL NT matches on their sister channel 7TWO during the AFL Season. The matches usually air on weekends as daytime viewing.

7HD launched on 26 November 2018.

News updates
Under previous owners, a local Seven News bulletin for Darwin and Central Australia was produced until 2000. Separate news update services for Darwin were introduced in 2005 before being merged with updates for remote Australia into one service in 2013 - the updates were later separate in 2018. The shared three-minute short news updates throughout the day are broadcast on ITQ/QQQ serving remote areas and TND in Darwin, presented from Southern Cross Austereo's studio in Hobart by Madeline Kerr.

title: TND (TV station)


text:
Talk:São Tomé

Unsorted text
I would like to see the official language (Portuguese) listed in the article and the main industry (Tourism (~60%) and agriculture (sugar cane/coffee)) https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-biggest-industries-in-sao-tome-and-principe.html   — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FCC8:6306:A300:B1B8:70BC:15AD:56EF (talk) 12:09, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The "São Tomé" article contains an HTML comment with a rather subjective view. -User:Wikiborg, 2004-06-02 09:10 +0200

I removed the section about Jewish children being shipped and eaten by lizards, etc. It was added in September 2005: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9&oldid=22945477 by http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=66.69.234.52 Other contributions from this IP seem to be vandalism, and so I am treating this addition as such by removingit.

Twilight 21:24, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

The lizard part is nonsense, of course, but the Portuguese DID ship several hundred Jewish boys to the island as part of a plan to depopulate the Portuguese Jewish population. My only reference is "Into Africa", Marq de Villiers, ISBN 0 297 81786 8 --211.124.60.168 (talk) 11:54, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

A few other web sources, that will need independent verification: http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/mozambique.htm http://www.kulanu.org/balearic/balearic.html -(404) - —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.124.60.168 (talk) 11:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Yes, the lizards are a bit over the top, BUT, Charles Mann, in his "1493" ISBN 0 307 26572 2, pg 295, discusses this very topic. While discussing the beginnings of plantation slavery, malaria, yellow fever and the other gifts of Europe to the New World and globally, he states in regard to Sao Tome "... notable among the latter some two thousand Jewish children who had been taken forcibly from their parents. Sugar planters, sugar processors, criminals and children--all died in droves. After six years, only six hundred children remained." His citation is for Gourou, Pierre, "Une Ile Equatoriale : Sâo Tomé de F. Tenreiro" Annales de Geographie 72:360-64. I found a pdf extract but my french is nonexistant. I came here looking for more detail and hope that someone can pursue the topic for inclusion. Gnach (talk) 21:44, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

uhm
São Tomé (population 53,300 in 2003) is the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe and is by far the nation's largest town.

I GUESS THAT MAKES SENSE. .

 * What are you failing to understand about that? 70.117.146.245 (talk) 12:51, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Judging from the number of people in town and in the country, it looks like it is the only town. Rather obvious that it is the largest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.201.89.249 (talk) 09:42, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

City or Country
This article is supposed to be about the city of São Tomé, but the vast majority of the content is about the nation of São Tomé and Príncipe - history, demographics etc. It should need pretty much complete rewriting to be actually about the city it's meant to be, instead of just a rehash of the country page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by EJBH (talk • contribs) 22:28, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think I've removed all the info about the country. Graham 87 12:41, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Geographic location
The article misses the most important point about the country's location -- it's off the coast of Africa.

One might guess that from the line about "proximity to the African kingdom." I discovered it by clicking the latitude link.

Why don't we come out and say it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.182.43 (talk) 20:24, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Map?
It would be great if someone could add a map to this article; there is no indication of where in the world this island sits! MeegsC (talk) 13:31, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

Incorrect title
The title should be spelled correctly in English, not Portuguese, as is the current title. I thought I would mention this glaring oversight here before embarking on changing it. No doubt some editors will have a different opinion. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 07:29, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Jewish children from Iberian peninsula
The citation for the 2,000 Jewish children brought to the island from the Iberian peninsula points to a text which does not provide the additional information in this article - that the children were all under eight years old and that it was in 1497.

This is the relevant text in Appendix C of the book cited: "The Portuguese did establish a sugar plantation colony two hundred miles off the coast of West Africa on the island of São Tomé in 1506. But the bond-laborers were imported from the African continent (supplemented by two thousand Jewish children taken from their parents in Portugal)."

Other relevant primary sources: 1. Samuel Usque's Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel, (translation by David Raphael, The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles) "When the luckless hour arrived for this barbarity to be inflicted, mothers scratched their faces in grief as their babies, less than three years old, were taken from their arms. Honored elders tore their beards when the fruit of their bodies was snatched before their eyes. The fated children raised their piercing cries to heaven as they were mercilessly torn from their beloved parents at such a tender age. Several women threw themselves at the king’s feet, begging for permission to accompany their children; but not even this moved the king’s pity. One mother, distraught by this horrible unexampled cruelty, lifted her baby in her arms, and paying no heed to its cries, threw herself from the ship into the heaving sea, and drowned, embracing her only child." 2. Rui de Pina's Chronica d’El Rei Dom João II, completed sometime before 1504 (translation by David Raphael): "In this year of 1493 ... the king gave to Alvaro de Caminha the captaincy of the island of São Tomé of right and inheritance; and as for the Castilian Jews who had not left his kingdom within the assigned date, he ordered that, according to the condition upon their entry, all the boys and young men and girls of the Jews be taken into captivity. After having them all turned into Christians, he sent them to the said island with Alvaro de Caminha, so that by being secluded, they would have reasons for being better Christians, and [the king] would have in this reason for the island to be better populated, which, as a result, culminated in great growth." 3. Isaac Abarbanel / Abravanel's commentary on Exodus 7:28: "The king of Portugal forced many children of the Spanish exiles to adopt his faith. He sent them to [the island] fourteen years ago, all of them children without any blemish, boys and girls, more than 2,000 souls. They have already multiplied there, and most of the island is inhabited by them. The island is not far from the equator."

Dainybernstein (talk) 01:15, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:São Tomé