text:
Talk:Bellagio (resort)

Opening comment
Why does Bellagio redirect to Bellagio (hotel and casino) - are we intending to turn Bellagio into a disambiguation page? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 18:06, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Lake size
According to Marnell Corrao Associates, the people who designed, and constructed the Bellagio state that the lake is eight acres. Stefan Winter 06:41, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

currently its 8 acres in the opening paragraph but 9 acres in the fountain paragraph. it needs to be standardised. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.164.174.12 (talk) 23:16, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Page move
I moved this from Bellagio (hotel and casino) to Bellagio Las Vegas because "Bellagio Las Vegas" seems to be an official name, and we always prefer an official name over a disambiguated form. Nohat 07:36, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that "Bellagio Las Vegas" is not an official name, just a marketing term that's sometimes used. In the discussion about where to put the Mirage article, I thought that the most reliable source for a genuine official name would be the corporation's SEC filings, which are minutely scrutinized by the company's lawyers.  I checked the EDGAR database and found the most recent Form 10-K from MGM Mirage (view it here).  In "ITEM 1. BUSINESS" it includes a list of the company's properties.  (Search for "Bellagio" and it's the first hit.)  In that listing, the place with the volcano is called "The Mirage" but the one with the lake is simply "Bellagio".  Based on that, I think our article belongs at "Bellagio", but that's ambiguous, so we should disambiguate using the conventions established for other such articles, by moving it back to Bellagio (hotel and casino).  That's also where all the links point now, anyway.  That title is just a redirect now, so I don't know if this move would need an admin to handle it, but, whether it does or not, the first step is to see if there's consensu.  Is this resolution acceptable to everyone? JamesMLane 04:57, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No one has voiced any objection, so I'll go ahead with this. JamesMLane 19:27, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Bellagio (hotel and casino) is the right title here. The only name MGM Resorts International ever uses in press releases is simply "Bellagio".  Bellagio should be a disambiguation page.--RadioFan (talk) 23:38, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I see that the page has been moved to Bellagio (resort and casino), there needs to be some consensus gained here before making any moves. Especially since there are well over 300 articles with links to the Bellagio (hotel and casino) name.--RadioFan (talk) 15:38, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Name of Resort
I took out the word "the" preceding the resort's name in the main article. Their website and press releases consistently uses the form "Bellagio" as opposed to "The Bellagio", so we should probably use that as a standard.

HOW MANY SEATS DO THEY HAVE?
yeah, thats the only thing people would wanna know!!!
 * It's called Expedia, Priceline, Orbitz, Travelocity, or Hotels.com and search Bellagio Las Vegas! Dee dee dee!!!!!!!!! JustN5:12 02:49, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Photo
The picture called Image:Bellagio Hand Blown Glass.jpg has been removed because license is missing. Is it possible to give the information? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mamy69 (talk • contribs) 04:50, 7 December 2006 (UTC).

Table Games
Obviously the Bellagio offers more than just poker and slots in terms of gambling opportunities. I'd like to see some information about the number of different table games (blackjack, roulette, etc.) and the stakes they are typically played at. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.204.95.45 (talk) 05:48, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, this is information that will not be available in WP for any casino, as casinos can change the number of table games, rules of those games, gaming limits, etc. at their own whim, and any information pertaining to those details would be unsourced by independent 3rd parties and therefore ineligible for inclusion in an article. Your best bet (no pun intended) to see what games are offered in general would be the casino's own website. For specific, current game rules there are plenty of other websites that say they offer that information on anonymous message boards, etc. Sorry we can't help you further. SpikeJones (talk) 13:29, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Architects -- conflicting information
While expanding America's Favorite Architecture, I discovered conflicting information on the topic of who designed The Bellagio.

After investigating sources, I am going to change the article. The American Institute of Architects (at websites including favoritearchitecture.org and Shape of America), this architecture magazine article, and this "Vegas Tripping" interview list the architect as DeRuyter Butler; and the first two sources also list Atlandia Design. I am deeming the first two of these sources to be more reliable than the sources (Emporis and SkyscraperPage.com) that list the architects as Jerde Partnership International. ("Vegas Tripping" is not a reliable source.)

The current version of the article names the architects as Marnell Corrao Associates and Jon Jerde; I can't figure out where that information came from, although Emporis lists Marnell Corrao Associates as the first of the "other companies" in addition to the Jerde Partnership. --Orlady (talk) 01:32, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gallery expansion
I expanded the number of images in the gallery to include images of the interior of the hotel. SpiritedMichelle (talk) 03:14, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * Bellagio Hotel.jpg

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2017 fire cause
Did they ever figure out exactly what caused the fire in 2017? --Shawn K. Quinn (talk) 04:56, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Faulty light fixture. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 05:07, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 20 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page to the proposed title at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 16:50, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

Bellagio (resort) → Bellagio Las Vegas – Move for consistency with other resorts on the Strip: e.g. Circus Circus Las Vegas, MGM Grand Las Vegas, Luxor Las Vegas, The Venetian Las Vegas. This title is also the preferred WP:NATURALDAB. Conifer (talk ) 22:17, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above. Invented name. ViperSnake151   Talk  17:56, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Bit odd to call it an invented name when the logo clearly says "Bellagio Las Vegas". Conifer (talk ) 00:01, 23 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose Aside from the logo, it doesn't seem to ever be called "Bellagio Las Vegas" by sources. It's called "Bellagio Resort & Casino". I'm not sure it should be moved, but if it is, Bellagio Resort would be a better target.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 02:16, 23 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Official sources often call it the "Bellagio Las Vegas". See the hotel's names on Twitter and Facebook. Conifer (talk ) 22:22, 23 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support single word Bellagio as primary topic, per page views and long-term significance, and move the disamb. page to Bellagio (disambiguation). Primary topic for this page, when compared to the other disamb page topics, and a move may be at the noncontroversial level. per zxcvbnm below. Randy Kryn (talk) 21:23, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Pinging participants, primary?, , . Randy Kryn (talk) 11:57, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose that. It's just silly that a casino would eclipse the Italian town it's named after, which has more longterm significance. That would be massive WP:GLOBAL bias towards the American casino. At the very least, there is no primary topic.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 12:02, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Good point. Randy Kryn (talk) 16:53, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't think that the casino is the primary topic. "Bellagio Las Vegas" still makes the most sense IMO but current title is preferable to moving this page to "Bellagio". Conifer (talk ) 19:28, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Bellagio (resort)


text: Talk:Unefón

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Unefón


text:
Talk:Daytona International Speedway

Daytona International Speedway NASCAR Tri-Oval lap record
In my quick searches I could not find a source for the lap record or the Tri-Oval layout of the track. it curently states a time of 0:40.002 set by Jonathan Roscoe in a Roush Yates Mazda Rx7 2.6L 4 Rotor. by the engine size and type this sounds like rx7 gTO, this car raced at daytona in the road corse configuration so it is posible it set a lap time around the oval as well but I can find any proof. Nicolas C Carrizo (talk) 01:51, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daytona International Speedway


text: Category:Discworld locations

title: Category:Discworld locations


text:
Category:Wikipedia timelines

Timelines are graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events. This category is for articles that are or contain timelines.

For articles about the topic of timelines or about notable published timelines, see Category:Chronology.

title: Category:Wikipedia timelines


text:
Kate Atkinson (writer)

Kate Atkinson (born 20 December 1951) is an English writer of novels, plays and short stories. She is known for creating the Jackson Brodie series of detective novels, which has been adapted into the BBC One series, Case Histories. She won the Whitbread Book of the Year prize in 1995 in the Novels category for Behind the Scenes at the Museum, winning again in 2013 and 2015 under its new name, the Costa Book Awards.

Early life
The daughter of a shopkeeper, Atkinson was born in York, the setting for several of her books. She studied English literature at the University of Dundee, gaining her master's degree in 1974. Atkinson subsequently studied for a doctorate in American literature, with a thesis titled "The post-modern American short story in its historical context". She failed at the viva (oral examination) stage. After leaving the university, she took on a variety of jobs, from home help to legal secretary and teacher.

Writing career
Her first novel, Behind the Scenes at the Museum, won the 1995 Whitbread Book of the Year and went on to be a Sunday Times bestseller. Since then, she has published further novels, as well as plays and short stories. Some of her books are part of a series of novels, starting with Case Histories, which feature the character of Jackson Brodie as a private investigator and former police inspector. Atkinson has criticised the media's coverage of her work – when she won the Whitbread award, for example, it was the fact that she was a "single mother" who lived outside London that received the most attention. In a 2018 interview, she declared that she did not spend time in great literary parties or the London high life.

In 2009, she donated the short story "Lucky We Live Now" to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, which consisted of four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Atkinson's story was published in the Earth collection.

In March 2010, Atkinson appeared at the York Literature Festival, giving a world-premier reading from an early chapter from her novel Started Early, Took My Dog (2010), which is set mainly in the English city of Leeds.

Atkinson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to literature. In 2015, she became the first author to win a Costa Book Award three times when her book A God in Ruins won the Novel of the Year award. On 30 November 2018, she was the guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs.

Novels

 * Behind the Scenes at the Museum (1995) – winner of the 1995 Whitbread first novel and Book of the Year Prize
 * Human Croquet (1997)
 * Emotionally Weird (2000)
 * Life After Life (2013) – winner of the 2013 Costa novel award
 * A God in Ruins (2015) – winner of the 2015 Costa novel award
 * Transcription (2018)
 * Shrines of Gaiety (2022)
 * The Line of Sight (TBC)

Novels featuring Jackson Brodie

 * Case Histories (2004)
 * One Good Turn (2006)
 * When Will There Be Good News? (2008)
 * Started Early, Took My Dog (2010)
 * Big Sky (2019)
 * Death at the Sign of the Rook (2024)

Plays

 * Nice (1996)
 * Abandonment (2000)

Story collections

 * Not the End of the World (2002)
 * Normal Rules Don't Apply (2023)

Television adaptations
The first four Jackson Brodie novels have been adapted by other writers for the BBC under the series titled Case Histories, featuring Jason Isaacs as Brodie.

In 2015 in the United States, Shonda Rhimes was in the process of developing a pilot called The Catch, based on a treatment written by Atkinson, and starring Mireille Enos.

Her 2013 novel Life After Life was screened as a BBC drama of the same name in 2022, with Thomasin McKenzie in the role of Ursula.

Awards and honours

 * 1995 Whitbread Awards (Book of the Year), Behind the Scenes at the Museum
 * 2009 Crime Thriller Award for The CWA Gold Dagger: When Will There Be Good News? (nominated)
 * 2009 British Book Awards, Richard and Judy Bookclub Winner, When Will There Be Good News?
 * 2013 Costa Book Awards (Novel category), Life After Life
 * 2014 Walter Scott Prize shortlist for Life After Life
 * 2014 South Bank Sky Arts Award for Life after Life
 * 2015 Costa Book Awards (Novel category), A God in Ruins

Personal life
Atkinson has been married twice: while a student, to the father of her first daughter, and subsequently to the father of her second daughter.

Atkinson lived in Whitby, North Yorkshire, for a time, but now lives in Edinburgh.

title: Kate Atkinson (writer)


text:
Chocoholic

A chocoholic is a person who craves or compulsively consumes chocolate. The word "chocoholic" was first used in 1961, according to Merriam-Webster. It is a portmanteau of "chocolate" and "alcoholic". The term is used loosely or humorously to describe a person who is inordinately fond of chocolate; however, there is medical evidence to support the existence of actual addiction to chocolate. Psychoactive constituents of chocolate that trigger a ‘feel-good’ reaction for the consumer include tryptophan and phenylethylamine, which may contribute to cravings and addiction-like responses, particularly in people with specific genetic alleles. The quantity of sugars used in chocolate confections also impacts the psychoactive effects of chocolate.

Although the concept of a chocolate addiction is still controversial in the medical literature, chocolate (especially dark chocolate) is considered to have effects on mood, and chocolate confectioneries almost always top the list of foods people say they crave. The craving can be so strong in some cases that chocoholics may experience withdrawal symptoms if the craving is not fulfilled.

Addiction
There are two factors that contribute to the addictive nature of chocolate. The first is the pharmacological ingredients, and the second is the additives. The essential components of addiction are intense craving for something and a loss of control over its use. Academic research has shown that people can exhibit both of these components in relation to food, particularly food that contains sugar or fat. Since chocolate contains both, it is often used in studies of food addiction.

Criticism
A study in the journal Nutrients has shown that despite some evidence that this type of addiction exists, there is no formal diagnosis given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). It is known that chocolate consumption does not activate the shell of the nucleus accumbens, as seen in those with substance use disorders.

Genetics
A study published in the journal Cell Metabolism proved a correlation between the FGF21 gene and a liking for sweet foods. Other research has upheld one of the variants of the FGF21 gene were 20% more likely to crave sugary foods. The FGF21 gene also moderates appetite and controls insulin resistance. The FGF21 gene is also known to be associated with the sweet tooth.

It is also known that there is an association between the FTO gene and intake of sugar and caffeine. The FTO gene works to regulate the body's energy usage. Some variants of the FTO gene play a major role in the connectivity in the reward circuit of the meso-striato prefrontal regions, which act to process information and focus one's attention, and are linked to disorders such as addiction. Studies have found that the presence of chromosome 16 can uphold genetic variations that influence the intake of sweet foods, such as chocolate.

The dopamine receptor D2 is also linked to addictive behaviours such as substance use disorders. Addiction may occur when there is a deficit in the number of dopamine 2 receptors, which gives one the ability to experience pleasure.

A study in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs has shown that the biological children of alcoholic parents are at a higher risk to inherit a preference for sweet foods, including chocolate.

People develop the preference for sweet-tasting foods from birth, as it is related to the taste of mother's milk and the way it provides a sense of calmness to newborns. People also quickly learn to prefer energy-rich foods, such as chocolate, which the appetite learns to want, even when not hungry.

Craving
Even scientists who doubt the existence of true addiction agree that chocolate craving is real. Chocolate is one of the most commonly craved foods due to a variety of reasons. The pleasant taste creates a pleasurable experience for the consumer. The combination of the sweetness, smoothness and creaminess in terms of both taste and smell creates an ideal sensory attraction. Chocolate's high energy density also contributes to the consumer experience. This desire is created through a motivational circuitry in the brain that influences behaviours without conscious awareness, which generates a craving for chocolate. The consumption of chocolate creates a positive emotional experience, providing comfort and often used for alleviating stress and negative emotions. Chocolate is known to regulate an imbalance in the functioning of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, a factor influencing emotional states. Chocolate's fat and energy contents makes the food a key preference when under stress.

Chocolate cravings are also as a result of nutrient deficits. Cravings can be a result of needing to increase magnesium levels to correct an imbalance in neurotransmitters that work to regulate disposition and digestion. An imbalance of blood sugar levels also increases cravings. The releasing of insulin to lower blood sugar when sugar is ingested results in a long-term imbalance which results in cravings for sugar in order to raise energy.

Women are especially affected. Fluctuating hormone levels among women is also known to contribute towards chocolate cravings. Studies have shown that those during menstruation or suffering from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) recorded more severe cravings for foods with high sugar and fat contents, such as chocolate, compared to women at different stages of the menstruation cycle. Magnesium deficits are also known to enhance the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which contributes to a higher chocolate craving.

Cravings for chocolate can also be triggered or stimulated by the senses. The odour of chocolate is known to increase brain activity and cravings when compared with tests with no odour involved. For those who crave chocolate regularly, the sight of chocolate activates the orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum, both associated with reward-related behaviour and decision making.

Blood sugar
Implementation of nutritional changes can assist in overcoming a chocolate addiction. Consumption of foods such as proteins and healthy fats prevent large amounts of insulin to be released. The release of excessive amounts of insulin results in chocolate cravings. The amino acid within protein assists in building chemicals such as dopamine, which can help to reduce chocolate cravings. Foods containing fibre can also assist to balance blood sugar and slow digestion. Increasing consumption of foods rich in iron, works to decrease the body's need for an energy boost through sugar. This can include foods such as beans, lentils and leafy dark green vegetables. Eating regular meals also stabilises blood sugar levels. Adhering to a nutritious meal plan with planned meals and snacks assists in reducing the likelihood of chocolate cravings.

Chocolate cravings can also be linked to stress. Stress raises blood sugar levels through the hormone cortisol and the releasing of glucose from the liver. A lack of sleep also results in increased sugar consumption as people seek to overcome fatigue. Increasing the number of hours of sleep can assist to reduce the need to consume chocolate.

Studies have shown that consuming artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose increase chocolate cravings. This is due to the fact that they are equally sweet and encourage a sugar dependence.

Reversing an insulin resistance can also work to curb cravings for chocolate. This can be achieved through the consumption of substances such as cinnamon (which also may be used as a natural sugar substitute), ginger, and turmeric, that stimulates the absorption of glucose in the body.

Caffeine

Introducing substitute products into diets can assist in reducing the craving for chocolate. This could include products such as carob. Carob does not contain theobromine or caffeine, both addictive methylxanthine substances. However, 100 grams carob contains 49.1 grams sugars.

Cocoa bean

Chocolate liquor is produced from cocoa beans that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins. The beans are ground into cocoa mass (cocoa paste). The mass is melted to become the liquor, and the liquor is either separated into cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks of raw chocolate. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making chocolate.

Cocoa solids
Cocoa powder contains several substances that can make it feel "addictive". However, theobromine is the primary compound found in cocoa. Also, dark chocolate contains higher amounts of these substances due to its higher cocoa content.

 * Anandamide: Binds to receptors in the brain called the cannabinoid receptor. The presence of anandamide imitates the psychoactive effects similar to cannabis. Anandamide is also known to regulate mood and reduce anxiety. Also, dark chocolate also contains higher amounts of anandamide due to its higher cocoa content.
 * Methylxanthines: Caffeine and theobromine which act as an energizer and impact performance.
 * Caffeine: 10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 23 mg caffeine. Consumption of 100 mg caffeine (or 43 grams cocoa solids) per day may cause low-dose symptoms of caffeinism.
 * Theobromine: Per 50 g, dark chocolate also contains up to 220 mg of theobromine, compared to 75 mg in milk chocolate. Anecdotal evidence suggests that long-term use of 600 mg theobromine may induce withdrawal symptoms such as headache, muscle tension, and lethargy that can be reversed with 200 mg.
 * Precursors to neurotransmitters, and neurotransmitters:
 * Dopamine precursors
 * 10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 94 mg phenylalanine.
 * 10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 74 mg tyrosine.
 * Phenethylamine, a neurotransmitter from which amphetamine is derived. The characteristics of phenylethylamine have led to it being nicknamed "chocolate amphetamine”. Phenylethylamine triggers the "reward centres" in the brain, which entices repeat behaviour by the consumer. Phenylethylamine is also known to be released by the brain when we fall in love. In instances where chocolate consists of sufficient phenylethylamine, an addiction is likely to occur.
 * Tryptophan: 10 grams unsweetened cocoa solids contains 29 mg tryptophan. An essential amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating moods. This encourages the user to consume more chocolate due to its ability to make the consumer feel good.
 * Salsolinol is a psychoactive compound found within chocolate which links to the dopamine receptor D2 and dopamine receptor D3 to the reward centres in the brain. Salsolinol is known to contribute towards a craving for chocolate. Studies have shown that the concentration of salsolinol in chocolate depends on its cocoa content. Milk chocolate types contains 30% cocoa, whilst dark chocolate types uphold 60-70% cocoa.

Heightened brain chemicals:
 * Enkephalin: The natural brain chemical enkephalin is heightened when chocolate is consumed. Enkephalin triggers opioid receptors similar to those triggered by heroin and morphine use. This chemical leads the brain to desire more after chocolate is initially consumed, which can lead to addiction.

Cravings -- Dark chocolate may cause cravings if a person's micronutrient levels are low:
 * Magnesium: Dark chocolate contains 252.2 mg/100 g, while milk chocolate containing 63 mg/100g. It is estimated that the magnesium levels in white chocolate is 12 times less compared to milk chocolate.

Cocoa butter
About 54–58% of the cocoa nibs is cocoa butter.

Raw chocolate
Raw chocolate contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter, from the cacao beans.

Dark chocolates' high caffeine and theobromine content can cause addiction due to both of their psychological effects. This is as a result of its higher content of cacao compared to other forms of chocolate. The amount of caffeine in dark chocolate can vary from 35 to 200 mg 50 g−1 while milk chocolate contains lower amounts of caffeine (14 mg 50 g−1).

Additives
The additives of sugar and fat in both milk chocolate and white chocolate trigger sweet taste receptors which releases dopamine and entice consumption to be repeated. This experience is seen to be more enjoyable compared to dark chocolate which upholds bitter aftertastes.

Alcohol

Chocolate liqueur is a liqueur made from a base liquor of whisky or vodka with chocolate as an additive. Unlike chocolate liquor, chocolate liqueur does contain alcohol and is often used as a sweetening ingredient in mixology, baking, and cooking.

Chronic alcohol abuse that results in significant health problems is the cause of alcoholism.

Sugars

Most products (except dark chocolate) includes both significant amount of sugars and the psychoactive substances' cocoa solids. In combining these two components, milk chocolate is the most preferred by consumers. Commercial products which most typically contains sugar may lead to addiction and continued use despite negative consequences.

Products with sugars, including milk sugar:
 * White chocolate: White sugar, powdered milk.
 * Milk chocolate: White sugar, powdered milk.
 * Chocolate milk: Milk.
 * Chocolate ice cream: Cream.

White chocolate does not contain cacao or cocoa solids, instead made up of cocoa butter, milk solids, sugar and fat. It is known that the fat and sugar content in white chocolate is what makes this chocolate addictive. In manufacturing white chocolate, the rough textures of the cocoa solids are removed, leaving the smoothness of the cocoa butter. This creates a pleasurable experience for the consumer as there is not grit left on the tongue. Refining the sugar in the mixture to remove any rough textures also creates a positive sensory experience for the consumer. These smoothing processes are referred to as conching. The ‘melt in your mouth’ aspect due to its high cocoa content also contributes to a craving for white chocolate.

History
It is estimated that chocolate has been consumed for over 2000 years. Most of its history, it has been consumed as a liquid, with it only being developed into a powdered form in the mid 1800s. Throughout Europe during this time, chocolate was regarded as an exciting beverage, developing great popularity and desire by its consumers. In ancient Mexico, chocolate was served only to adult males such as government officials, military officers, priests and distinguished warriors. Chocolate was also seen as intoxicating and stimulating and therefore not appropriate of use by children and women. Ancient emperors such as Moctezuma II was said to utilise chocolate as an aphrodisiac, consuming large amounts before visiting his wives. Casanova also consumed the chocolate in liquid form before seeing his romantic partners. Chocolate is often referred to as the “love drug”, which began the trend of exchanging chocolates on Valentine's Day as early as the 17th century.

Chocolate and its psychological effects was kept a secret throughout its origin in Spain during the 16th century, until the early 17th century when Madrid became a hub for fashion and society. Visitors travelling throughout Spain came to discover the taste of chocolate. Spanish monks also taught visiting family members the habit of consuming hot chocolate and its health benefits. Early studies by Spanish monk Bernardino de Sahagún advised against overconsumption of cacao, reporting that large amounts of green cacao resulted in consumers feeling disorientated. He applauded smaller doses of chocolate, advising that chocolate consumed as a liquid resulted in consumers feeling revitalised.

Chocolate also had a significant medical use. The drinking of chocolate was seen to improve digestion and heavy stomachs as it was previously known to promote healthy gut bacteria. It was also utilised for treatment for those with wasting diseases such as tuberculosis. The strong taste of cacao was also used to hide the flavour of unpleasant tasting drugs which has developed into a modern view of “a little bit of chocolate makes the medicine go down". Chocolates use also extended to treating those with bloody dysentery.

Chocolate usage was also linked to its nutritional benefits. English soldiers based in Jamaica in the 17th century survived on cacao paste dissolved in water with sugar over long periods of time, without showing any decline in strength. It is also known that Indian women would consume it so frequently and in such large amounts that it would become a replacement for meat.

title: Chocoholic


text:
Thomas Lynch

Thomas or Tom(my) Lynch may refer to:

Politics

 * Thomas Lynch (statesman) (1727–1776), South Carolina delegate to the Continental Congress
 * Thomas Lynch Jr. (1749–1779), signer of the Declaration of Independence
 * Thomas Lynch (congressman) (1844–1898), United States congressman from Wisconsin
 * Thomas Lynch (governor) (1603–1684), Governor of Jamaica
 * Thomas C. Lynch (1904–1986), California state attorney general, 1964–1971
 * Thomas Lynch (mayor), mayor of Galway
 * Thomas K. Lynch (born 1947), American municipal administrator and politician in Barnstable, Massachusetts

Baseball

 * Thomas Lynch (baseball executive) (1859–1924), American baseball umpire and National League president
 * Thomas Lynch (pitcher) (1863–1903), American baseball pitcher for Chicago during the 1884 season
 * Tom Lynch (baseball) (1860–1955), American baseball outfielder for Wilmington and Philadelphia during the 1884 and 1885 seasons

Football (soccer)

 * Thomas Lynch (footballer) (1907–1976), Welsh football goalkeeper
 * Tom Lynch (soccer), American soccer midfielder
 * Tommy Lynch (footballer) (born 1964), Irish former footballer

Rugby

 * Tom Lynch (rugby union) (1892–1950), New Zealand rugby union footballer, father of the below
 * Thomas Lynch (rugby, born 1927) (1927–2006), New Zealand rugby union and rugby league footballer, son of the above
 * Tom Lynch (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 2010s

Other

 * Tom Lynch (American football) (born 1955), former American football guard
 * Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990), Australian rules footballer for Adelaide, formerly St Kilda
 * Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1992), Australian rules footballer for Richmond, formerly Gold Coast

Others

 * Thomas Lynch (admiral) (born 1942), retired American Navy rear admiral
 * Thomas J. Lynch (1916–1944), American World War II flying ace
 * Thomas Lynch (criminal) (18??–1914), see 1914 in organized crime
 * Thomas Lynch (poet) (born 1948), American poet and undertaker
 * Thomas Lynch (psychiatrist) (1922–2005), Irish psychiatrist
 * Thomas Lynch (set designer), professor at the University of Washington School of Drama
 * Thomas Kerr Lynch (1818–1891), Irish explorer
 * Thomas R. Lynch (born 1956), American psychologist and author
 * Thomas W. Lynch (born 1956), American television series creator and executive producer

title: Thomas Lynch


text:
GNU Screen

GNU Screen is a terminal multiplexer, a software application that can be used to multiplex several virtual consoles, allowing a user to access multiple separate login sessions inside a single terminal window, or detach and reattach sessions from a terminal. It is useful for dealing with multiple programs from a command line interface, and for separating programs from the session of the Unix shell that started the program, particularly so a remote process continues running even when the user is disconnected.

Released under the terms of version 3 or later of the GNU General Public License, GNU Screen is free software.

Features
GNU Screen can be thought of as a text version of graphical window managers, or as a way of putting virtual terminals into any login session. It is a wrapper that allows multiple text programs to run at the same time, and provides features that allow the user to use the programs within a single interface productively. This enables the following features: persistence, multiple windows, and session sharing.

Screen is often used when a network connection to the terminal is unreliable, as a dropped network connection typically terminates all programs the user was running (child processes of the login session), due to the session ending and sending a "hangup" signal (SIGHUP) to all the child processes. Running the applications under screen means that the session does not terminate – only the now-defunct terminal gets detached – so applications don't even know the terminal has detached, and allows the user to reattach the session later and continue working from where they left off.

History
Screen was originally designed by Oliver Laumann and Carsten Bormann at the Technical University of Berlin and published in 1987.

Design criteria included VT100 emulation (including ANSI X3.64 (ISO 6429) and ISO 2022) and reasonable performance for heavy daily use when character-based terminals were still common. Later, the at-the-time novel feature of disconnection/reattachment was added.

Around 1990, Laumann handed over maintenance of the code to Jürgen Weigert and Michael Schroeder at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, who later moved the project to the GNU Project and added features such as scrollback, split-screen, copy-and-paste, and screen sharing.

By 2014, development had slowed to a crawl. Wanting to change this, Amadeusz Sławiński volunteered to help. In response, Laumann granted him maintainership. Sławiński proceeded to put out the first new Screen release in half a decade. Because there were some unofficial "Screen 4.1" releases floating around the Internet, he called this new release "Screen 4.2.0".

In May 2015, on openSUSE Conference, Jürgen Weigert invited Alexander Naumov to help to develop and maintain GNU screen. Two months later with Alex's help GNU screen 4.3.0 was released.

title: GNU Screen


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Vormsi

Vormsi, also Ormsö (Ormsö, Worms) is the fourth-largest island of Estonia. It is located between Hiiumaa and the mainland and has a total area of 92 km2. It is part of Vormsi Parish, a rural municipality.

Etymology
Ormsö in Swedish means "Orm's Island", and can be translated also as "Snake Island". The island's Estonian name Vormsi is derived from its German name Worms or its Swedish name Ormsö.

History
Vormsi's history dates back as far as the 13th century. During most of this time, the island was inhabited by Estonian Swedes ("rannarootslased" in Estonian or "coastal Swedes" in English), whose population reached 3,000 before World War II. During the war, nearly all of Vormsi's population, along with other Swedes living in Estonia, forming the larger region of Aiboland, were evacuated, or fled, to Sweden. The island's current registered population is about 400.

Villages
The villages on the island include: Hullo (the administrative center), Sviby (the main port), Söderby, Norrby, Diby, Rälby, Förby, Borrby, Kärrslätt, Saxby, Suuremõisa (Magnushof, formerly Busby ), Rumpo (the main beach area) and Hosby.

Economy
Vormsi is the per capita wealthiest island and region in Estonia outside of the Tallinn metro area, with incomes on the same level as inner Tallinn. This is attributed to the fact that many comparatively wealthy people own summer homes on the island and are registered as residents, so their yearly income tax is forwarded to the island's budget.

Vormsi has no industrial activity. The island earns the majority of its revenues from the taxation of the mainland and overseas income of residents.

Residents
The island of Vormsi has homeowners from several countries and regions: Estonia, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Åland.

Literature

 * Kanarbik, Madis, Ormsö. De estlandssvenska böndernas kamp mot godsägarna under 1700- och 1800-talet [Nordistica Tartuensia; 9] (Tartu, 2003)
 * Beyer, Jürgen, 'Whom should one thank for a narrow escape? Lessons drawn from a perilous journey from Vormsi and Noarootsi to Finland in 1796', Pro Ethnologia 17 (2004), 175-95

title: Vormsi


text: Talk:Bovine somatotropin

title: Talk:Bovine somatotropin


text:
User:Samuelsen/monobook.css

/* user notification thing */ .usermessage { background-color: white; border: 1px solid black; color: black; }

title: User:Samuelsen/monobook.css


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Character sheet

A character sheet is a record of a player character in a role-playing game, including whatever details, notes, game statistics, and background information a player would need during a play session. Character sheets can be found in use in both traditional and action role-playing games. Almost all role-playing games make use of character sheets in some fashion; even "rules-light" systems and freeform role-playing games record character details in some manner.

The role-playing video game equivalent is known as a status screen. Some non-role-playing games, such as some board games and party games, also use records that could be compared to character sheets.

History
The first role-playing game published, Dungeons & Dragons (1974), did not include a character sheet. The first one ever published was in the Haven Herald fanzine of Stephen Tihor published on May 3, 1975. One month after, another character sheet was released in the APA magazine Alarums and Excursions.

Since then, most tabletop role-playing games use a character sheet for information about the player characters. Most of them fit onto one page, but some games like Castle Falkenstein or Sailor Moon RPG use a full booklet. Other games such as Ars Magica (covenant sheet) or Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay III (party sheet) and Reign use a sheet for a group of player characters.

Overview
What is considered relevant can vary by game and personal preference—one player may consider his character's eye colour or personal background relevant while another might not, but both may be required by the game rules to note down on their sheet if their character suffers an injury.

Character sheets for a game are usually found within the game's main rulebook, and permission is almost always given for players to photocopy this sheet. Some publishers sell preprinted sheets separately. Many offer PDF files with character sheets for the players to print out themselves. It is not uncommon for players to create custom character sheets, to their own design, rather than use the publisher's “official” offerings.

A player may have an additional character sheet if he also controls a second character, a cohort or a hireling, but this is less common. The dungeon master, who runs the game, may optionally keep proper character sheets for non-player characters (NPCs) if he wishes to keep full information on the character. Some rulebooks offer special “NPC sheets” for this purpose that are considerably smaller than the usual (main) character sheets.

General characteristics
A character sheet is likely to include stable attributes, such as the character's name and physical characteristics. It may also include values that change often such as experience, abilities, health/vitality (e.g. hit points) and an inventory of items possessed. It is common for a character sheet to essentially be a record of a character's history as changes are made and important things noted. It is referenced during gameplay. Despite the name, a single character "sheet" may actually be two or more pages in length.

The content and design of such a sheet will vary greatly depending on what game it is used for and will reflect its play style and rules system. For instance, the Dungeons & Dragons game deals with combat, skill use and gaining abilities. The sheet devotes a section to a character's name and description, a section to combat statistics, then areas for detailing statistics of what weapons and offenses the character has, while another section details the character's skills. On the other hand, Tri-Stat dX is a simpler system placing a greater emphasis on special abilities, so its standard character sheet devotes a large area to recording the character's special abilities.

The layout of a character sheet, when creating a character sheet or choosing which one to use, is important. First, the sheet must be sure to allow the player to record everything relevant to their character. Secondly, it must also allow them to easily find and read off any information at a glance whenever they need it. In addition, if the character sheet is more than one page long, careful consideration must be given to put the most often used data areas at the front page. In all cases, care must be given to ensuring that the layout is generally well organized, grouping similar areas together logically while being easily readable and not overcrowded.

Paper character sheets
Many game rules come with a standard character sheet: a fill-in form which may be photocopied and has sections laid out for all of the game statistics a character can have. Some players design their own character sheets or record their character information on a sheet of paper, although inexperienced players are recommended to use properly formatted sheets to avoid leaving out important information.

Electronic character sheets
With the advent of personal computing, players began designing character sheets with computers. The earliest computer-generated character sheets were designed in a word processing program, so that players could fill in their information and have a typewritten sheet to use. Next, players began to experiment with spreadsheet solutions, so that some of the calculations required were automated. Some important advantages of spreadsheet character sheets are ease of access, automatic calculations, complex formulas can be more easily coded and they remove reliance on pen and paper. Wizards of the Coast included a character generator CD with their Player's Handbook, 3rd Edition, and offered the Character Builder for download to D&D Insider subscribers, alongside a Monster Builder as part of Dungeons and Dragons Adventure Tools.

Dynamic character sheets
A Dynamic Character Sheet is an electronic sheet that is used in conjunction with a computer/mobile device during gaming sessions. Such a character sheet is used not only to track the character, but to also add/apply effects to the character on the fly. For example, if the character receives the effects of a spell which increases its strength score, then a dynamic character sheet will be able to automatically update all the effects of a higher strength character. Another example is if a character activates one of his abilities, the dynamic character sheet will be able to apply the effects of that ability in real time. Furthermore, such character sheets enable the player to track the duration of the applied effect, thus turning off effects that have expired.

title: Character sheet


text:
User talk:Hgamboa

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 18:31, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Grindavík

Grindavík is a fishing town in the Southern Peninsula district of Iceland, not far from Þorbjörn, a tuya (a type of flat-topped, steep-sided volcano).

It is one of the few towns with a harbour on this coast. Most of the inhabitants work in the fishing industry. The Blue Lagoon, Grindavík's première attraction, is located 3 mi from the town center.

In November 2023, in the midst of escalating and severe seismic activity, a state of emergency was declared and the town evacuated. On 18 December 2023, at around 22:00 local time (GMT), the Sundhnúkur volcano erupted. The eruption was close to Hagafell, about 3 km northeast of Grindavík. A risk was also posed to Svartsengi Power Station. Fountains of lava, up to 330 ft high, could be seen from Iceland's capital, Reykjavík. Authorities said they were highly prepared. The volcano erupted again on February 8 for the third time since December, this time at the edge of the town, and the lava flow destroyed a few buildings and infrastructure. The residents of Grindavík had remained evacuated. On February 20, the residents were allowed to return to their homes, but on March 2 Grindavík was again evacuated because of new seismic activity. On March 16, a fourth eruption began near the site of the first eruption, which ended on 8 May. A fifth eruption began as a fissure on 29 May, but the eruptive activity quickly localized to a primary edifice in Sundhnúkur crater row, close to the northern edge of Grindavík town. This eruption ended on 22 June.

History
Landnáma or The Book of Settlements mentions that around 934, two Viking settlers, Molda-Gnúpur Hrólfsson and Þórir Haustmyrkur Vígbjóðsson, arrived in the Reykjanes area. Þórir settled in Selvogur and Krísuvík and Molda-Gnúpur in Grindavík.

The sons of Moldar-Gnúpur established three settlements; Þórkötlustaðahverfi, Járngerðarstaðarhverfi and Staðarhverfi. The modern version of Grindavík is situated mainly in what was Járngerðarstaðarhverfi.

The town has been an important fishing station since medieval times. In the 13th century its fishing rights were owned by the Bishop of Skálholt, who took payment in stacks of salted cod. It was the scene of fierce disputes between English fishermen and German merchants in the 16th century, leading to 280 Germans storming the ship of John Breye (also known as John the Broad) in 1532 and killing 15 people, including John. The English were subsequently expelled from Iceland.

In June 1627, Grindavík was raided by Barbary Pirates in an event known as the Turkish Abductions. Twelve Icelanders and three Danes, along with two vessels were taken, and with captives taken from other Icelandic settlements, transported into slavery in Salé.

The origins of the municipality can be traced to Einar Einarsson's decision to move there to build and run a shop in 1897. During that time the population was only around 360. Fishing had for centuries been a crucial element in the survival of Grindavík's population, but fishing trips were often dangerous. Men were frequently lost at sea and the catch not always stable. However, when a safer access point to land was created at Hópið in 1939, fishing conditions changed dramatically. From 1950 serious development in the fishing industry had begun to take place. Grindavík was declared a municipality in 1974.

Etymology
The name 'Grindavík' combines two Icelandic elements. Vík means a shallow inlet, while grind has the meaning of a gate or gateway – possibly referring to an opening in a fence used to control the movement of livestock. The Book of Settlements mentions Grindavík twice but gives no explanation for the name. "Grind" can furthermore signify a dock - that is where the boats are stored (in the sea or up on the land) as well as -Long-finned pilot whale, and in the old language any small whale, suggesting that the settlers may have found whales in the area.

Geography and geology
Grindavík is situated on the far south-western part of the Reykjanes Peninsula. The town stands on a lava field that erupted up to about 2,350 years ago from the Sundhnúkur crater chain just north of Grindavík, as well as from the Svartsengisfell volcanoes and fissures on Stora Skogsfell, both nearby. The town is one of six communities on the peninsula that is situated on or near an eruptive fissure.

Grindavík's harbour, called Hópið, was created by an eruption from Sundhnúkur approximately 2,800 years ago that created a peninsula south-east of where the town stands, 2 km long by 1 km wide, known as Hópsnes on the west side and Þórkötlustaðanes on the east side. A lighthouse, built in 1928, stands on the southern tip. The town's fishing industry originally operated from huts on Þórkötlustaðanes before moving to Grindavík harbour in 1939 after local residents dug a channel through a reef to connect Hópið to the sea.

2023–24 volcanic eruptions
On 25 October 2023, an earthquake swarm started north of Grindavík and escalated over the next few days. A state of emergency was issued on 10 November 2023 as continued earthquakes – by then numbering over 22,000 since 25 October – signalled a potentially impending volcanic eruption. Inhabitants were ordered to evacuate on the evening of 10 November 2023, after a magmatic intrusion was suspected to have formed beneath the town. This occurred following weeks of recorded uplift and seismic unrest north of the town, near the Blue Lagoon. Between midnight and 2 p.m. on 10 November 2023, almost 800 earthquakes were recorded, with the shallowest occurring at depths ranging from 3 to 3.5 kilometres (approximately 1.86 to 2.18 miles), as reported by the Icelandic Meteorological Office.

The Icelandic Civil Protection Agency released statements expressing concerns that a magma dike under formation could extend towards Grindavík. Press photographs from Grindavík on 11 November showed the extent of damage to roads, and the golf course, due to fault movements caused by the activity. On 18 December, a volcanic eruption north of Grindavík by Hagafell prompted the evacuation of the town.

On the morning of 14 January 2024 at 8:00 local time, a volcanic fissure erupted 450 meters (approximately 0.27 miles) from the town, followed by a second fissure opening around noon. Lava from the eruptions flowed into the town, breaching defensive barriers and destroying three houses. Civilians were not endangered by the volcanic activity as they had already been evacuated overnight due to a series of earthquakes.

On 9 February 2024, the Icelandic government published a bill to offer to buy residential property owned by individuals in Grindavík, and to take over housing loans on residential property in the town.

Activities
A short distance to the north, there is the Blue Lagoon (Bláa Lónið), a geothermal spa using hot and mineralized waters from the nearby Svartsengi power station.

Ungmennafélag Grindavíkur (Umfg) is the town's sport club, and the town contains the Grindavíkurvöllur stadium.

The Leif the Lucky Bridge spans the Álfagjá rift valley that marks the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates. It was built in 2002 and named in honour of Icelandic explorer Leif Erikson, who travelled from Europe to explore North America 500 years before Columbus.

The Icelandic Saltfish Museum in Grindavík opened in 2002. It displays the story of salt fish production and its importance for the Icelandic economy throughout the centuries in a specially designed building of 650 m2.

Sports
Grindavík has a football team and a basketball team.

Notable residents
The Icelandic writer Guðbergur Bergsson was born here, and Kalli Bjarni, the first winner of the Icelandic version of Pop Idol, lives in the town. The Spanish publisher and writer Jaime Salinas Bonmatí, engaged to Guðbergur Bergsson, lived, died and is buried here. Icelandic footballer Alfreð Finnbogason was also born in Grindavík.

Former Manchester United footballer, Lee Sharpe, had a spell with Grindavík football club, at the end of his career in 2003.

United States Naval communication facility
Near Grindavík, the United States Navy has operated the 1049 acre Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Grindavik since the mid-1970s. It uses several antennas, including two guyed masts. The mast situated at 63°51′1″N 22°28′0″W was built in 1993 and is 304.8 m tall. The other mast at 63°51′3″N 22°27′6″W was built in 1983 and is 182.9 m tall. The taller mast replaced a 243.8 m mast, and the second replaced a mast of the same height.

Twin towns – sister cities
Grindavík is twinned with:

 * Ílhavo, Portugal
 * 🇫🇷 Jonzac, France
 * 🇬🇧 Penistone, United Kingdom
 * 🇸🇪 Piteå, Sweden
 * 🇫🇮 Rovaniemi, Finland
 * 🇵🇱 Uniejów, Poland

title: Grindavík