text:
Talk:Registered jack

Table
Try http://www.bnoack.com/data/cables/RJ_types.html for a table that shows the difference between RJs 10, 11, 12, 14, 45, 48.

wgustafson@leviton.com

Wall Plates and Surface Mount Boxes
I think there should be a section explaining how jacks are inserting into various types of telecommunication equipment like Keystone wall plates and surface mount boxes. In a professional job, you would not terminate a cable to a jack without securing it to something. Chewbaggins (talk) 26 May 2009 —Preceding undated comment added 21:16, 26 May 2009 (UTC).

Jacks do not need to be "secured". Common examples include telephone extension cables with 4P connectors, a plug at one end and a jack at the other, where the connectors and cable itself are not secured to anything. Also jacks are found in so-called couplers (a telephone cable gender bender), for joining two telephone cables by their plugs. The coupler is not usually attached to anything and so 2 jacks are in fact not "secured". It is an important distinction that an extension cable uses a connector of each sex to extend a cable. Regular telephone cables for instance are terminated with two male plugs at each end to connect a telephone to the phone system.

It should perhaps be emphasized that telephone line cables are usually cross-wired and that Ethernet network line cables use straight-through wiring. This is significant if using 8P8C couplers to extend a network cable (which is not really recommended) since they exist in two "flavours", cross-wired for telephone use and straight-through for Ethernet use. Cross-wired as used above is not ambiguous in that each individual wire is considered. So called cross-wired Ethernet cables are not fully cross-wired cables but rather cross-paired and then only pairs 2 and 3 are switched while pairs 1 and 4 (if present),and their wires, are still straight-through, which is why the adjective "Ethernet" is included to emphasize the specificity of such a cable's wiring pattern.

99.254.69.141 (talk) 17:25, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Naming Confusion
The naming confusion section refers to RJ11 as "six-position" and then in the next sentence "The four-position RJ-11". The picture labels the four pin plug as "RJ11".

 * What the picture labels "RJ11" is in fact a six position plug. And it has 4 pins.  The two outermost slots in the plug don't have pins in them.  Hence, this is a "6P4C modular plug."  -- Bryan Henderson 23:32, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

It also suggests that RJ11 is a two wire standard. The source above disagrees with this. I don't like to do it, because I don't know enough about the subject - but I'd suggest removing this "naming confusion" section until it actually addresses the naming confusion clearly.

DB: RJ11 uses a 6 position mini- modular jack, but only pins 3 and 4 are used. Other 6 position RJs use 4 pins. Knowing it's foolish to have to stock 6P2C and 6P4C jacks, CFR 47 Part 68.500 states "Note: This jack is depicted equipped with 4 contacts; it may be fabricated with it's full 6 contact capacity." Similar notations were made for "some" other jacks.

 * RJ11 is definitely two wires. I don't know what source above disagrees, but that needs to be fixed.  -- Bryan Henderson 23:32, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

http://www.sundance-communications.com/forum/Forum24/HTML/000065.html has discussion on this subject by some people who are keen on getting it right. The feeling I get is that RJ-xx is not the correct name for the plug or socket, but is in fact the wiring standard. From that discussion:
 * Just for the record, there are generally only two types of modular plugs and jacks. The six position, commonly referred to as RJ11, and the eight position, commonly referred to as RJ45.
 * The six position can be wired with two wires on pins 3/4, therefore an RJ11. This same plug can be wired with four wires on pins 3/4 and 2/5, thus becoming an RJ12, 13 or 14. Finally, this same plug can be wired with three pairs on pins 3/4, 2/5 and 1/6 to become an RJ25 wiring configruation. So, as you can see, it's not the actual plug that determines the "RJ" number, it's how that same plug is wired for the different configurations.

--AndyP 17:03, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, it's a confused mess, For example RJ12 here says it refers to a 6 with 4 connections used but the article i get to when i click on RJ12 Says otherwise. Also while you could use a 6/6 connector and only use 2 or 4 pins the vast majority of cables i've seen don't and it would be more of a pain to wire only two wires to a 6P6C than to a properly designed 6P4C. -- Plugwash

 * Yeah, I think the only way to save this article is to start over. I'll see if I can do that, but it will be hard since I don't have the 1970s documents that would have the final word on what these terms mean.  I think we need to split this into two articles: registered jack, and modular connector.  And the corruption in the RJ45 name is so severe, that I think we have to treat it as the legitimate name of two independent things and let the RJ45 article cover the common, technically incorrect, usage (i.e. RJ45 = 8P8C modular).  We also need to remove the TIA-568 standard from the RJ45 article. -- Bryan Henderson 23:32, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I did it. New modular connector article describes physical connectors and registered jack describes registered jacks and refers to modular connector article.  RJ45 article describes the other "RJ45".

 * But now I see various other articles on specific registered jack types with the same redundant and incorrect information. I will now try to make those consistent.  I suspect some of them would work better as a few extra words in registered jack instead of a separate article.

 * (Unfortunately, I forgot to log in; the anonymous updates today are mine).

Bryan Henderson 21:47, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Am I the only one who is thoroughly confused by the whole "USOC" section ? It seems to contradict itself every other sentence.

--adaptr (talk) 12:46, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes RJ-11 is the two conductor version commonly used with single line phones. But also, phones commonly come with a four wire cable, I suspect RJ-14. I might have a two wire cable. And even so, the plugs commonly have four metal contacts in them. Jacks are commonly four wire. I don't think I ever remember seeing a two wire jack, either for wall phones, or non-wall phones. Gah4 (talk) 00:30, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes RJ-11 is the two conductor version commonly used with single line phones. But also, phones commonly come with a four wire cable, I suspect RJ-14. I might have a two wire cable. And even so, the plugs commonly have four metal contacts in them. Jacks are commonly four wire. I don't think I ever remember seeing a two wire jack, either for wall phones, or non-wall phones. Gah4 (talk) 00:30, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Where is 47CFR68.502?
DB: FCC CFR47 Part 68.502. CFR is Code of Federal Regulations

I checked the GPO Access site, and there is no 47CFR68.502; at least, not in the latest revisions. Why is this citation still here? Nulbyte 01:55, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The authority was transferred to a private organization in 2001 and section 502 repealed.. I added that information in June, but forgot to remove the reference to 47CFG68.502.  I've done that now.  -- Bryan Henderson 21:34, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Given that the current private standards seem to have nasty redistribution conditions attatched we imo should if possible link to the original pre-delegation standards as well (US fedral standards are PD aren't they?) Plugwash 17:28, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

RJ12 often used for 6P6C
DB: Now that IS a problem. You absolutely cannot use a RJ12 for a 6P6C. RJ12 is not hardware, it is a wiring plan, and the 6P6C miniature modular jack, obviously, IS hardware. You must use the 6 "position" mini-modular jack for RJ14C/W. It's plan uses only pins 2 through 5, so you can use either a 6P4C or a 6P6C... that part is a "who cares?"

Is this another example of the kind of misuse we have seen with RJ45? Lego (with reference to the mindstorms nxt) and microchip (with reference to the icd2) both seem to use it. What other uses does a 6P6C connector have and do its users also reffer to it as a RJ12? (i'm not discussing right or wrong here, just actual use) Plugwash 00:25, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

DB:  Other uses of 6P6C:  RJ18C/W,  RJ25C, RJ1DC,

DB: You should think in terms of right and wrong. It will make more sense if you do.

Simplify! Just use RJ45 jacks wired T568A and you can use it for phone - 1,2, 3 and 4 lines; the majority of phone systems; LAN; various media distribution (HDTV) systems; and more - that's basically become the d-facto standard (kinda). For example, just plug an RJ11,12, etc into a RJ45 jack, plug the other end of the wire into a phone distribution module in the distributed wiring enclosure and BAM it's a phone jack. Or plug your RJ45 from your computer into the jack with the other end of the wire into a network router in the distributed wiring enclosure and BAM it's a network port. - So again, just use RJ45 jacks wired T568A. (in MOST situations-there are always exceptions to everything...) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sbg1959 (talk • contribs) 13:37, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

DB: That simplifies nothing. RJ45 is NOT a jack, it's a wiring plan. Standard wiring configurations T568A and B use the 8 position min-modular jack and provide Standard coding (color code, etc) for four cable pairs. T568A and B are specific to wiring "within" a customer premises. Trying to use RJ45 as you discuss, is irrelevant.

Grounding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair discusses shielding and screening in a cable and mentions that it is ineffective unless a shield or screen is grounded. This is probably achieved through the jack, but how? All the jacks in this article are plastic with no mention of a ground. Regards,      ... PeterEasthope (talk) 05:04, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * There is a variant of the 8P8C "RJ45" connector with contacts on the sides for the screen used for shielded twisted pair ethernet wiring (most cards/hubs/switches have the contacts for a shield but shielded wiring is rarely used in practice). I don't know if and where this is standardised and whether similar things exist for other sizes. Plugwash (talk) 15:21, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Thanks Plugwash. Does anyone have a picture of one of these? Anyone care to mention under "Uncommon types"? Perhaps grounding warrants a new heading. Regards,         ... PeterEasthope (talk) 15:36, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * You can find pictures of shielded and unshielded plugs for cat5e and cat6 (both for stranded and solid cables, but I have no idea of the differences between them) in (I hope this is not considered spam) Fernando Gutierrez (talk) 20:37, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

"The middle two can be plugged into the same standard six-pin jack, pictured"
There is no "Middle two", methinks. What's a better way to say this?

216.79.193.84 (talk) 15:35, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Registered or Registration
The article is headed "Registered jack" (which makes sense according to it's definition) but contains frequent references to "Registration jack", which makes no sense to me. Is this just sloppiness/typos or is there some rationale to it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.49.27.35 (talk) 13:48, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Seems to be bad editing. It first appeared in revision 245804589 I've corrected these. Tothwolf (talk) 01:21, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

DB: 8/10/09 I hope this will help:   Jacks are NOT registered, telephones ARE registered. The FCC Registration Program outlines the technical requirements, at The Network Interface, for telephones to be connected to the "Network," and it details the NI type and their wiring for use by both the Telco (jack), on their side of the NI, and the Customer (plug) on their side of the NI (aka the Customer Premises). The NI connector identifications are actually Universal Service Order Codes (USOC) which are used by the Telcos, and the codes were adopted by the FCC and the ANSI Standards bodies. They are correctly called Registration Jacks because they are "of " the registration program, but are not registered.

DB: Also, the codes such as RJ11 define a wiring plan at the NI, not a jack type (6 pin mini-modular). A particular jack type may serve many different wiring plans, i.e., the 6 position mini-modular jack is used for the following.... RJ11C/W, RJ14C/W, RJ18C/W, etc.

DB: And finally, jacks used within the customer premises, but NOT at the NI, are NOT Registration Jacks, and are correctly called by either their type (for example 8 position mini-modular) or by a non-NI code, for example, "T568A" or "T568B," etc, which use the 8P8C jack.

What about 6p8c jacks?
DB: You can't put 8 connections on a 6-pin jack. No such thing exists.

Our university dorms used 6p8c jack and plugs to deliver networking in each customers room until very recently. I didn't see any mention of jacks that have a higher 'c' than 'p' numbers. Should they be in the uncommon section? Larek (talk) 13:01, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * You cannot fit 8 conductors into a modular plug with 6 positions, that's physically impossible. 194.84.165.11 (talk) 11:17, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
 * 6P plugs will commonly fit into 8P jacks. This allows for the same wiring to be used for Ethernet and one or two line phones. It can damage the outer contacts on the jack, but most often doesn't do that. Gah4 (talk) 00:34, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * 6P plugs will commonly fit into 8P jacks. This allows for the same wiring to be used for Ethernet and one or two line phones. It can damage the outer contacts on the jack, but most often doesn't do that. Gah4 (talk) 00:34, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * 6P plugs will commonly fit into 8P jacks. This allows for the same wiring to be used for Ethernet and one or two line phones. It can damage the outer contacts on the jack, but most often doesn't do that. Gah4 (talk) 00:34, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Where's the actual info?
"True RJ45" redirects to this article, but this article does nothing to define "true RJ45". Much of this article is a listing of what registered jacks are not. "True RJ45" is mentioned but never defined and all RJ45 links in this article point back to the 8P8C page which says "the true RJ45 uses a different 8P modular connector type". If RJ45 doesn't use 8P8C, then RJ45 shouldn't be used to link to the 8P8C page. Can anyone provide any information regarding the actual RJ45 specs? What's the physical jack type? What's the wiring pattern? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.26.210.156 (talk) 15:03, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It is currently quite a mess, see Talk:Modular connector. --Tothwolf (talk) 15:23, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

DB: RJ45 ABSOLUTELY uses a 8 position keyed miniature modular jack; programmed. It "can" be 8P4C, because only a single cable pair is used (pins 4 and 5), plus a programming resistor is placed on pins 7 and 8. It's use really should be obsolete by now, and trying to use "RJ45" nomenclature inside the customer premises will only continue the mass confusion.

I was there hooking up modems to RJ45 and RJ41 NIs these jacks both used a 8p8c Keyed modular form factor Pair 1 the center pair pins 4 and 5 connected to the Tip and Ring pins 7 and 8 connected to a Fixed Loss Loop/Dry loop for rj41 and a resistor for rj45 (the resistor was located in the JACK not the Plug) some of the Jacks had a switch to select either fll/pr so they could be used for either - this resistor/dry loop was used to tell the modem what the signal loss was from the CO to the premises.

Notes on RJ21
These pages seem to be an attempt to correct the "RJ" vs incorrectly applied usages of the RJ terms; Therefore note the passage that says "RJ21 connectors are used to connect Ethernet ports in bulk from a switch with RJ21 ports to a CAT-5 rated patch panel, or between two patch panels. A cable with an RJ21 connector on one end can support 12 8P8C "RJ45" connectors or Ethernet ports on a patch panel."

In this case shouldn't it refer to the connector (genearally called an "Amphenol" connector) not RJ21 Amphenol 25-pair/50-position "Micro Ribbon" or CHAMP see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_ribbon or (http://www.amphenolcanada.com/ProductSearch/pdf/MICRORIBBON_CAT.pdf) (the 36 position often called the centronics Parallel connector - which also actual refers to how its wired and not the connecor's actual name) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.99.201.90 (talk) 21:15, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

USOC - u?
"Uniform" or "Universal" Service Order Code - the snippet view of US CFR shows "Universal", but "Uniform" is popular among many cable books. Or did it change? --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:54, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

RJ45S Picture
Can I Request a picture of the RJ45S Keyed Jack be added to the article? Never seen one, and keep on getting pointed to 8P8C "RJ45" Connectors. Would a comparison picture help illustrate the difference, or do they look the same on physical inspection? 80.46.254.196 (talk) 15:35, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Name for offset-tab connector?
I am trying to locate a source for offset tab registered jacks, as a sort of keying to keep people from plugging things into the wrong connector (I hate USB-over-CAT5). However I have no idea what the official name is for this to try to search for product options.

I know older terminal devices like DEC VT-420's used them for keyboards. Someone must still be making 8-pin versions of the plugs and sockets, with both a left-offset and right-offset tab.

DMahalko (talk) 19:48, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

 * It looks like the current robotic LEGO Mindstorms uses offset-tab registered jacks:

 * Prise LEGO NXT femelle.jpgLego mindstorms nxt cable.jpg

 * I still can't find any references to the official name for this connector style. -- DMahalko (talk) 19:03, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Polarity on RJ11 & RJ14 should always be reversed (like patch cables)
Particularly in DSL cables, but also generally, polarity is reversed on POTS / PSTN cables.

E.g., center wires will be Green / Red on one end and Red / Green on the other on an RJ11.

Wiring on an RJ14 will be

Yellow / Green / Red / Black

one end, and on the other, exactly reversed,

Black / Red / Green / Yellow.

RJ14 port
Just discovered that the Wii controller for Guitar Hero had an RJ14 port, intended to support peripherals, but nothing was ever released.[www.ehow.com/about_6631099_purpose-guitar-hero-x_plorer-controllers.html] It would be nice if this info could be somehow included in the article. -- Auric    talk  19:37, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * No. This has nothing to do with an RJ interface. This would be a use of a modular connector for something completely unrelated to registered jacks. Kbrose (talk) 16:25, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Italian link
Link to Italian page https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-45 is missing. I've tried to add it, but I get an error. At the same time I see that the corresponding Italian pages in all other languages, i.e. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ45, are missing the link to this English page. How to solve it? I don't know how. --Oriettaxx (talk) 07:55, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Picture of RJ21 connector
I believe the image of the RJ25 connector is incorrect. The arrow pointing to Pin1 is (i think) actually pointing to pin 6. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Conjac (talk • contribs) 08:58, 6 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The bottom plug is correctly labeled. What is less clear is what the intention was for the connector in the top half. The other end of the cord? Depending on that intent it could be wrong or right. I might be tempted to cut the top half off. Kbrose (talk) 15:18, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Likely intended to show the 'plug' as the 'in the know' insiders { SORRY, it is / was the way we were taught to ' view it ' } view of it { bottom half } and for the non-tech' savvy 'flipped right side up' as many would not set it on the "release" to get a picture of it { as they would likely set it as it appears to be oriented in top half of the picture }.

 * As i have in the PAST used Wikipedia in a manner it founders and supporters likely never intended it for { reteach @ / ~ research for a tech project ( s ), i KNOW a LITTLE about, BUT ENOUGHT about to put myself ' in danger ' or the EQUIPTMENT IN JEPORDY @ / ~ THE PUBLIC IN HARMS WAY... IT IS IMPORTANT to all that i familiarize myself with the designers thoughts and intended use of the Equipment @ / ~ designs @ / ~ NI  @ / ~ ETC... "WHILE it is wildly unlikely that a crossed wire ' in todays tech' advantaged world ' would cause little more than a BLOWN FUSE   @ / ~   A MINOR inconveniences to me, i like to tech it out first ©®™℠ J So9-10 ©®™℠"

 * The content, at the above section ( s ), about "Polarity on RJ11 & RJ14 should always be reversed (like patch cables)" @ / ~ "Modular Jack Wiring needs Clarification" @ / ~ "Naming Confusion" and some equally strong objections at other articles is why these discussions should be at least referenced in the article ( s ),  @ / ~   or added to the 'see also' section imho { BUT STRONGLY WORDED opinion }24.171.125.150 (talk) 13:11, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

For the love of God
Could someone add the info at http://pinouts.ru/NetworkCables/ethernet_10_100_1000_pinout.shtml in terms of what all the RJ-45 wires' uses are?

It's been so long, and, this article doesn't even state what all the 8 wires do, in terms of receive data, transmit data, and bidirectional.

Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.2.200.233 (talk) 18:46, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Contradiction About Physical Size
This page says the RJ standards DO define the physical dimensions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jack This page says the RJ standards don’t define the physical dimensions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_connector I have no horse in this race, but as a casual user who just stopped by, I saw the contradiction and figured I'd mention it to someone who knows better. 40.135.213.18 (talk) 15:15, 11 May 2017 (UTC)Joe40.135.213.18 (talk) 15:15, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Naming conventions
I am seeing RJ connectors named both with and without a hyphen (e.g. RJ45 vs. RJ-45). I notice that this Wikipedia article omits the hyphen while all of the parallel articles in other languages (at least the ones I've checked) use the hyphen.

Is there a right and a wrong here? YossiD (talk) 08:22, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

No, no, no, there's no "right" or "wrong" on Wikipedia - there's only "unsourced" and "consensus". But in the context of FCC regulations of the phone companies talking about USOC order codes, they seem not to use a hyphen. Let's see what consensus says, that's our only hope here. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:37, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Right. Given that many if not most usages of RJ-type connectors today is 'wrong', i.e., not based in law—ever heard of an RJ-9?—we can only hope to start with those usages that are definitively not wrong, namely the original specifications in the BSPs, the USOC, and in law, CFR part 68. That is where this article should start in any event, and the effort here to present the origins correctly seems to establish this as consensus. Kbrose (talk) 18:02, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

What about RJ point 5 (RJ.5)
RJ.5 registered Jack or not? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.47.203.165 (talk) 13:43, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Registered jack


text:
Grūtas Park

Grūtas Park (Grūto parkas; also unofficially known as Stalin's World) is a socialist realism museum with a sculpture garden of Soviet-era statues and other Soviet ideological relics from the times of the Soviet occupation. Founded in 2001 by a local businessman Viliumas Malinauskas, the park is located near Druskininkai, about 130 km southwest of Vilnius, Lithuania. The park requires an entrance fee.

History
After Lithuania restored its independence in 1990, the vast majority of the Soviet statues were taken down and dumped in different places. Malinauskas asked Lithuanian authorities to grant him possession of the sculptures, so that he could build a privately financed museum. This Soviet-theme park was created in the wetlands of the Dzūkija National Park. Many of its features are re-creations of Soviet Gulag prison camps: wooden paths, guard towers, and barbed-wire fences.

Its establishment was controversial and faced considerable opposition at the time. Some ideas originally meant to be a part of the park were never allowed. Examples include transporting the visitors in a Gulag-style train. Grūtas Park and its founder Malinauskas won the 2001 Ig Nobel Peace Prize. Since January 2007 the park has been in dispute with the Lithuanian copyright protection agency. The agency requires royalties to be paid to seven Lithuanian artists who created some of the statues.

The park also contains playgrounds, a mini-zoo and cafes, all containing relics of the Soviet era. On special occasions actors stage re-enactments of various Soviet-sponsored festivals.

Exposition
The exposition, consisting of 86 statues by 46 different sculptors, is organized into spheres. Each of the statues features a Soviet or socialist activist, many of them ethnic Lithuanians. The Totalitarian Sphere features sculptures of the main Communist leaders and thinkers, including Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Karl Marx. The Terror Sphere is dedicated to sculptures of founders of the Communist Party of Lithuania (Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis, Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas) and officers of the Red Army (Feliksas Baltušis-Žemaitis, Ieronim Uborevich). It also has a sculpture of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the organizer of the Red Terror.

The Soviet Sphere includes sculptures of the four leaders of Lithuanian Communists, executed in the aftermath of the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état, and activists of the Lithuanian–Soviet War of 1918–1919. The Red Sphere is dedicated to Soviet partisans, including Marytė Melnikaitė. The Occupation and Death Spheres showcase the brutal side the Soviet regime, including mass deportations and suppression of the Lithuanian partisans. The 20 hectares of the park area is reminiscent of severe Siberia conditions with its guard towers, fragments of concentration camps and other elements of Soviet repression.

According to The Economist, "As countries grapple with their unsavoury pasts and consider the rightful place of their controversial monuments, the park offers an alternative model to museums or destruction."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Grūtas Park


text:
Boot (disambiguation)

A boot is a type of footwear.

Boot(s) may also refer to:

Businesses

 * Boot Inn, Chester, Cheshire, England
 * Boots (company), a high-street pharmacy chain and manufacturer of pharmaceuticals in the United Kingdom
 * The Boot, Cromer Street, a pub in King's Cross, London

Places

 * Boot, Cumbria, a small village in Eskdale, Cumbria, England
 * Boot Key, an island in the Florida Keys
 * Boot Lake (Nova Scotia), Canada
 * Boot Pond (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
 * Boot Rock, South Sandwich Islands
 * Boots Creek (Manitoba), Canada
 * "The Boot", an informal name for Italy, due to the country's shape

People with the name

 * Boot (surname), a list of people surnamed either Boot or Boots
 * Boots (nickname), a list of people with the nickname
 * Boots (musician), an American record producer
 * Gypsy Boots (1914–2004), also known as Boots Bootzin, American fitness pioneer, actor and writer born Robert Bootzin
 * Little Boots, English electropop singer-songwriter and DJ

Fictional characters

 * Boot, an Old English Sheepdog in The Perishers, a British cartoon strip
 * Terry Boot, a member of Dumbledore's Army in the Harry Potter series
 * William Boot, the fictional protagonist of the Evelyn Waugh novel Scoop
 * Boots, a tiger who sang and played guitar in the ITV children's series Animal Kwackers
 * Boots, the title character of the American comic strip Boots and Her Buddies, shortened by some newspapers as Boots
 * Boots, the hero of the Norwegian fairy tale "Boots and the Troll"
 * Boots, a monkey on the television series Dora the Explorer
 * Boots Malone, the title character of the film Boots Malone
 * Melvin "Boots" O'Neal, a main character in the Bruno and Boots children's novel series

Films

 * Boots (film), a 1919 American silent film starring Dorothy Gish and Richard Barthelmess
 * Das Boot ("The Boat"), a 1981 German movie by Wolfgang Petersen based on the Lothar-Günther Buchheim novel of the same name

Labels

 * Boot Records, a former Canadian country, bluegrass and contemporary folk label formed in 1971

Albums and EPs

 * Boots (album), a 1966 album by Nancy Sinatra
 * "Boots" (EP), a 2002 EP by industrial music band KMFDM with a cover of the Nancy Sinatra song
 * Boot!, a 2013 album by The Thing
 * Boots, a 2002 album by Noe Venable

Songs

 * "Boots" (The Killers song), a 2010 song by The Killers
 * "Boots", a 1928 song composed by Peter Dawson aka "J.P. McCall"
 * "Boots", a song by Mighty Gabby
 * "Boots", a song by Kesha from her 2017 album Rainbow
 * "Boots", a song by Hardy from his 2020 album A Rock
 * "Boot" (ブート Būto), a song by Macintosh Plus from Floral Shoppe
 * "Das Boot" (song), title theme of the film of the same name
 * "The Boots", a song by Gugudan

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Boot (magazine), an American computer magazine now known as Maximum PC
 * "Boots" (poem), by Rudyard Kipling (1903)
 * "Boots", an episode of the television series Teletubbies
 * Bootleg recording, unauthorized audio or video recording, often abbreviated to "boot"
 * The Boot (website), a music blog owned by Townsquare Media

Computing

 * Boot (software), a Clojure build automation tool
 * /boot/ directory, a protected Unix directory used in the boot process
 * Booting, the initial set of operations that a computer system performs when turned on
 * Ping-Pong virus, alternatively called "boot"

Roles or professions

 * Boot, a recruit undergoing recruit training in the United States Marine Corps or Navy, or an inexperienced marine or sailor
 * Boot or boots, a servant who acts as a shoeshiner, especially in a hotel

Transportation

 * Boot (car), the storage compartment of a car
 * Boot, a built-in compartment on a horse-drawn coach, used originally as a seat for the coachman and later for storage
 * Deicing boot, a device installed on aircraft surfaces to help prevent icing problems
 * Denver boot, also known as a wheel clamp, which can be attached to a vehicle to prevent its movement
 * Boot, or Gaiter (vehicle), a flexible sleeve covering a moving part

Other uses

 * Boot (medical), a protective device worn while an injured foot is healing
 * Boot (real estate), any property received by a taxpayer in an IRC 1031 exchange which is not like-kind to the relinquished property
 * Boot (torture), a torture device for crushing the human foot
 * Boot of beer, a form of beer glassware in the shape of a boot
 * Build-Operate-Own-Transfer, an arrangement for funding projects
 * Cylinder boot, a rubber protector for the bottom end of a scuba cylinder
 * Boot, Old English for estover, an English law term
 * Boot, the outer shell of a reed pipe in a pipe organ

title: Boot (disambiguation)


text:
Fifth-generation programming language

A fifth-generation programming language (5GL) is a high-level programming language based on problem-solving using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages and some other declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.

History
While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. This way, the user only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. OPS5 and Mercury are examples of fifth-generation languages, as is ICAD, which was built upon Lisp. KL-ONE is an example of a related idea, a frame language.

In the 1980s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the way of the future, and some predicted that they would replace procedural programming with constraint based programming for all tasks that could be framed as a series of logical constraints. Most notably, from 1982 to 1993, Japan put much research and money into their fifth-generation computer systems project, hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.

However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more apparent. It turns out that, given a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

Common misconception
Vendors have been known on occasion to advertise their languages as 5GL. Most of the time they actually sell 4GLs with a higher level of automation and knowledge base. Because the hype of the 1980s faded away and the projects were eventually all dropped, 5GL awareness has also dropped; this has opened doors to the vendors to reuse the term in marketing their new tools, without causing much controversy among the current generations of programmers.

title: Fifth-generation programming language


text:
Talk:Zonkey (zebroid)

Title of Article / Colchester Zoo
Colchester Zoo claim to have bred the first of these, and they call it a "Zeedonk", perhaps the article should be there? -- sannse (talk) 18:05, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

More info for this. Google gives:

 * zebrass = 559
 * zebronkey = 252
 * zenkey = 506
 * zedonk = 676
 * zeedonk = 166

sannse (talk) 18:23, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I've gone for Zeedonk, it's the spelling the BBC and Colchester use for the option that's most popular on Google - the others are all redirects of course - sannse (talk) 18:29, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

This article is contradictory: in the first paragraph, it states that "Donkeys are closely related to zebras and belong to the same horse family. Therefore unlike mules, zeedonks are fertile and can reproduce." however the second paragraph states that "Like mules however, they cannot breed, due to any odd number of chromosomes." I find it hard to believe that donkeys in South Africa and donkeys elsewhere have a different number of chromosomes. --Hazhar 20:14, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've done some reading around on-line, and every mention I can find on this issue says that they are sterile - I've removed the contradictory sentence in the first paragraph -- sannse (talk) 22:59, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You might have to remove the bit about the odd number of chromosomes as the article mule states that donkeys have 62 chromosomes while the article zorse mentions the same number regarding zebras. This, of course, would leave us with the question where the infertility really comes from. –  Korako 09:54, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The zebra article says that "Grevy's zebra has 46 chromosomes; plains zebras have 44 chromosomes and mountain zebras have 32 chromosomes". However this article says "the zebra has between 44 and 62 (depending on species)". Unfortunately there is no citation for either. Through googling I found this link, which includes a table from a 1971 book Genetics of the Horse which agrees with the zebra article. Does anybody object to me change the the contradictory in in this article so it agrees with the zebra article? --Bytor (talk) 17:58, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Please see my updated numbers on Google references in the "rename as ZONKEY" posting below. — Lisasmall 13:25, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Headlines
I didn't know a zonkey was a real animal until I did a search on the term. I beleived much as Tonight Show Staff probably did - that the author mispelled the word donkies. I thought it an interesting bit of trivia. JesseG 00:49, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Title of Article; Rename as ZONKEY?
Unless there are strong objections, I would like to move this article to ZONKEY (which presently exists only as a redirect to ZEEDONK).

I believe this article should be renamed ZONKEY, which produces these Google comparisons as of this date:

 * zonkey=25,500
 * zedonk=11,000
 * zeedonk=670
 * zebrass=892
 * zebronkey=857

Colchester Zoo's spelling is certainly a minority. The double-ee spelling seems to be unknown among at least U.S. breeders, when I checked their sites last week for material on different article.

The Colchester Zoo's URL given in the 2004 message above is not working, and I was unable to search their site. However, any claim to have bred the first zebra-donkey hybrid has got to be dubious; it is a simple thing to do, and has been done since at least 1815, in a case Charles Darwin commented on in 1859 & 1868. -- Lisasmall 22:51, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, after saying earlier that the google numbers for zonkey are pretty overwhelming (although I don't get anywhere near the numbers that you do, trying it), now I have to pop in with these two items to the contrary:

 * Dictionaries seem to have "zedonk" but not "zonkey"
 * This article says that breeders have generally settled on zedonk as the name

 * So now I'm of mixed minds (better than of mixed species, I suppose); other than the google search numbers, are there some good references that indicate that zonkey is more preferred?  Elf | Talk 22:25, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Huh, Elf, you're right, today "zonkey" produces only 10,500, a HEFTY drop. Zedonk drops to 597, another astonishing drop.  Zeedonk takes a wild leap up to 1,200 (and includes non-English pages; filtering for E-only drops it to 1,090).  What the heck?  Did they alter their programming somehow?  I can't explain this; all I can do is say those are the numbers I got the day I posted. Switching to Google News search, I get zero results on zonkey, zedonk, zeedonk today.

 * Hmmm. As to good references to establish common usage, I think we'd need to look at search engines, dictionaries, and other encylopedia. I had a strong bias towards search engines showing usage more contemporary (and more quantifiable, however crudely) than dictionaries, but now, seeing how these numbers have varied so widely among my two searches plus yours, I have lost faith! Via Dictionary.com, American Heritage® Dictionary has zedonk, but not zonkey nor zeedonk nor zebrass.  No other dictionary shows up in that search.  Give me a day or so to poke aroud a bit more.  I think "zeedonk" is a definite loser, though, and "zonkey" still vastly outnumbrs "zedonk," so we may need to decide whether Wikipedia should put it where the breeders want it, or where common people expect it.  Which determines, the specialists, or the general contemporary parlance?  Hmm.  -- Lisasmall 01:27, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm indeed. Your last question is in constant debate on wikipedia, so there is no definitive answer that I can find, although the preponderance and stated goal are towards common usage (Naming conventions: "Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.") Anyway, post if you find more info. :-) Elf | Talk 17:18, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

I thought I'd throw my two cents into this discussion. I believe zeedonk, or at least zedonk should be the main title article and all others should redirect to this, as I feel it is the most commonly used term. However, it occurred to me that the name perhaps changed depending upon the species of the respective parents, in a similar way to ligers (the offspring of a male lion and a tigress) and tigons/tigrons (male tiger plus lioness). The OED seems to agree with this vs. I'd be interested to hear what people seem to think. Holypeanut 01:20, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thankyou to Lisasmall for pointing out that my references don't work! Sorry, I'm a student and my university has clearly subscribed to the OED! Because of this I'll briefly describe what the OED says:
 * Zedonk This is what the definition is head as in the OED but then says "also zeedonk". It is defined as "The offspring of a male zebra and a female donkey".
 * To confuse things further, as one of the citations they reference an Australian episode of Panorama which refers to a "Zareeba"! But then the Aussies do have a penchant for giving things strange names (I'll assume everyone has seen the 'Bart vs Australia' Simpsons episode with the line "I'd have called it a shazwazza" referring to a bullfrog...).
 * A Zonkey on the other hand is described as "The offspring of a zebra and a donkey". So no help there then; but, one of the citations below this (from the NY Times, 6th March 1983) reads "Melancholy exemplars abound: a male camel who recently injured a foreleg;..and a morose-looking zonkey - the mother a zebra, the father a donkey" which seems to assert that a Zonkey has a Donkey Dad, whereas the Zeedonk has a Zebra for his father.
 * I hope that's some kind of help. (Also as far as I am aware, I have lived near Colchester my whole life, Colchester Zoo reintroduced the breed after all previous hybrids had died out; this, I believe, is where the usual claim that Colchester Zoo created the first Zeedonks comes from). Holypeanut 13:58, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Holypeanut, thanks for putting this info in here and for putting so much time into getting the details. After a great deal of research on zonkeys (by whatever spelling) during the past five weeks, I believe what you're seeing in the usage difference in these two specific examples -- the OED's attachment of zedonk/zeedonk to male zebra x female donkey, versus the New York Times attachment of zonkey to female zebra x male donkey -- is the difference in common parlance between the UK and the US, rather than an attempt to lead with the patronymic prefix to detail the parentage, as we do with ligers and tigons.

 * I checked the website you provided, but didn't pick up on any assertion there that zedonk is the most common use (and the page doesn't mention zeedonk). Those two variants probably are common use near Colchester, because of the Zoo's near-unique use of Zeedonk for their animals; but see the new heading below for what comes up as most common on a worldwide search.  Colchester's "first" claim may be based on being the first to breed and display the hybrids in Britain after a long absence from public exhibition; but zonkeys apparently have been bred by fanciers in many nations without a break since Darwin's day. Thanks again for the good communication here and in our Talk pages.  :) -- Lisasmall 05:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Title of Article; Renaming Update
I had a long discussion with Admin Goatasaur tonight about the pending rename of this article. We mused a very long time over whether zedonk, the name preferred by breeders, should be used instead of zonkey, the name preferred by the general public. Here are the Google statistics from February 8 and tonight:

 * zonkey=25,500 on Feb 8; today: 19,500 & 227 images (Y=4,620)(L=3,190)
 * zedonk=11,000 on Feb 8; today: 10,200 & 95 images (Y=1,140)(L=975)
 * zeedonk=670 on Feb 8;  today: 689 & 45 images (Y=917)(L=1,280)
 * zebrass=892 on Feb 8;  today: 23,300 & 82 images (Y=1,090)(L=1,710)
 * zebronkey=857 on Feb 8; today: 712 & 3 images (Y=223)(L=232)

Y=Yahoo & L=Lycos. Admin Elf and I both repeated the search after Feb 8 and got varying numbers, though the rank order didn't change. Goatasaur explained that it depends on which servers Google happens to be using at the moment Google runs a particular search; that's why figures bounce around. The sudden and incongruous 2,612% rise in "zebrass" appears to be an anomaly:
 * it's not consistent with the Feb 8th numbers or the times I've checked since
 * it's not consistent with the image frequency
 * it's not consistent with its rank position if the comparative searches are done in Yahoo or Lycos in lieu of Google
 * checking the images' captions, "zebrass" often seems to reflect non-English speakers' attempts to pluralize "zebra" -- but not 23,000 times, surely, and that doesn't explain why it turned up in today's count and not in the count a month ago.
 * there is a funk/soul/disco band called ZeBrass, also spelled Ze-Brass, that is producing hits on "zebrass" tonight but again, no explanation for why today and not in February.

In any case, the use of "zonkey" is generally twice to four times as common as the use of "zedonk." The Wiki policy quoted by Elf above is Naming conventions: "Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists." That, in combo with the stats, seems to suggest that the common usage, "zonkey," should take precedence over the breeders' preferred term, "zedonk." I plan to request a move later this week after a few days for anyone who has a differing opinion to weigh in here.

Sounds more than reasonable to me!

I know I didn't really contribute to this discussion, but it's been a while since anyone has commented, and it seems to me that consensus has be met that the article should be moved to Zonkey (which I agree with), so I'm going to go ahead and move the article and redirect articles linking to Zeedonk. —Mears man 05:36, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Well, it wouldn't let me move the page myself (I should have realized that), but I did put in a request to have the article moved. Hopefully, it's only a matter of time. —Mears man 05:50, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Something More Recent
Has anyone else checked out the article / photo of the young zenkey born in a free range zoo near Tokyo in 2003? (Check Aug.'03 editions of Daily Yomiuri, or website www.smh.com.au/2003/08/28)

Does anyone know if this foal (although no longer a foal) is still alive?

Rarity contradiction
"Zeedonks are very rare." [...] "In South Africa they are called zonkeys and are fairly common where zebras and donkeys are found in proximity to each other." - which is it? --McGeddon 09:36, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of this discussion was to move this page to Zonkey --Lox (t,c)

''The following request to move a page has been added to Requested moves as an uncontroversial move, but this has been contested by one or more people. Any discussion on the issue should continue here. If a full request is not lodged within five days of this request being contested, the request will be removed from WP:RM.'' —Stemonitis 09:03, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Zeedonk → Zonkey — "Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists" per Naming conventions. Consensus was met. —Mears man 05:47, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The discussion above gives clear reasons for choosing the name "zeedonk" over the other possibilities. --Stemonitis 09:03, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The discussion above actually looks like (near) consensus for moving the article to zonkey, and clear reasons are given (zonkey generally seems to be more frequently used than any other form). Sakkura 00:25, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I must agree and support. If they occur naturally in South Africa, that would also be the sort of strong association mentioned in WP:ENGVAR. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 04:32, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, a consensus was met before but no action was taken. Are there any additional steps that must be taken to see this through? 67.161.92.45 (talk) 02:05, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Comment Five days have now elapsed since the move was proposed on WP:RM. Since there seems to be a consensus for a move to Zonkey, I am requesting admin assistance; this page should be moved soon --Lox (t,c) 11:34, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Revisiting the name
I don't know if simply counting google results was the best way to try and decide the name. A quick search of Zonkey returns results that have nothing to do with Zebras and Donkeys and a lot of the results that come up are related to this article or other wikis. A current search for Zonkey and Zedonk produce these results: but the Zedonk result seems to be producing fewer non-donkey results at least through the first few pages, and doesn't really turn up much related to wikipedia and other wikimedia results. I think an official name needs to be found for this and the article changed. I think at this point Zonkey only has more search results as a result of it being used as the title on a wikipedia article which can generate a lot of replication--Crossmr (talk) 00:15, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Zonkey 140,000
 * Zedonk 122,000

 * I've just done a Google search and there seems to be a huge surge of Zedonk
 * Zedonk 295,000
 * Zonkey 138,000

 * It seems that a zedonk was born at a wildlife reserve in the US, and this may account for the surge in Zedonk. A Google News search pulls up 486 for zedonk and only 7 for zonkey, with a few of them referencing zedonk as the more common name. User:Bilky_asko ☞ Talk Pagé 08:47, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * And, by "them", I mean the 7 articles. User:Bilky_asko ☞ Talk Pagé 08:49, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. I think this was a very poor way to decide the name on this. I'm inclined to agree with Zedonk, but I think we need some academic sources.--Crossmr (talk) 10:06, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

This sure has a lot of names
Also:
 * 17:34, 3 June 2004 Zebronkey moved to Zebrass
 * 18:12, 13 June 2004 Zebrass moved to Zeedonk
 * 14:19, 17 December 2007 Zeedonk moved to Zonkey per talk
 * Zenkey

Ngram – hmm, I wonder if Wikipedia is responsible for the post-Y2K divergence; before the millennium there were two close competitors. wbm1058 (talk) 03:15, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

Hmm, just noticed this: So maybe the rapid increase in use of "zonkey" since 2001 is due to the Tijuana phenomenon. That article was started in August 2007, but says the practice of stripe-painting dates to the late 1940s. wbm1058 (talk) 12:34, 5 March 2019 (UTC)
 * 04:39, 3 March 2019 moved page Tijuana Zebra to Zonkey (Tijuana): Sources use the term Zonkey almost exclusively, whereas "Tijuana zebra" is either not used or rarely used. To disambiguate from "zonkey" meaning a zebroid, "(Tijuana)" is added.

title: Talk:Zonkey (zebroid)


text:
Teatro Regio (Turin)

The Teatro Regio (Royal Theatre) is a prominent opera house and opera company in Turin, Piedmont, Italy. Its season runs from October to June with the presentation of eight or nine operas given from five to twelve performances of each.

Several buildings provided venues for operatic productions in Turin from the mid-16th century, but it was not until 1713 that a proper opera house was considered, and under the architect Filippo Juvarra planning began. However, the cornerstone was not laid until the reign of Charles Emmanuel III in 1738 after Juvarra's death. The work was supervised by Benedetto Alfieri until the theatre was completed and decorated by Bernardino Galliari.

Puccini premiered his La Bohème in 1896 in the Teatro Regio.

Teatro Regio, 1740 to 1936
The Teatro Regio (Royal Theatre) was inaugurated on 26 December 1740 with Francesco Feo's Arsace. It was a sumptuously built facility, seating 1,500 and with 139 boxes located on five tiers plus a gallery.

However, the theatre was closed on royal order in 1792 and it became a warehouse. With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theatre was renamed the Teatro Nazionale and finally, after Napoleon's ascent to Emperor, renamed again as the Teatro Imperiale. Napoleon's fall in 1814 saw the theatre returned to its original name, the Regio. In the following years the opera house went through several periods of financial crisis and it was taken over by the city in 1870.

Other theatres were built and presented seasons of opera in Turin. Among them was the restored Teatro Carignano in 1824. It too was acquired by the municipality in 1932 and, after the destruction by fire of the Teatro Regio in 1936, the Carignano was to serve as the main venue for opera in the city until the Regio reopened in 1973.

Even before it burnt down, discussions about whether to rebuild the Regio or create a brand new theatre preoccupied Turin in the early twentieth century. Two plans were presented and the one selected expanded the seating capacity to 2,415 by removing the fourth and fifth levels of boxes and creating a huge amphitheatre. Work was completed in 1905 but the theatre closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919. Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire destroyed all but the facade of the Teatro Regio. It remained closed for thirty-seven years. Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898, during which time several productions of the works of Wagner were given Italian premieres.

Rebuilt Teatro Regio after 1973
Following the fire, a national competition was launched to find an architect. However, with the war and the overall financial situation, the foundation stone was not laid until 25 September 1963. Even then, work did not start until September 1967 under architect Carlo Mollino.

The rebuilt theatre, with its striking contemporary interior design but hidden behind the original facade, was inaugurated on 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi's I vespri siciliani directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano.

The new house seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes around its perimeter. An acoustic shell was added to improve its sound.

The house presents a wide range of operas during its seasons, including contemporary works, although in the first years of the new century financial pressures have made the programming somewhat more conservative and favoring more 19th-century operas.

Facade
The building's outer facade is made from brick with a unique brickwork pattern using custom cut bricks to create a relief of stars which seems to overlap its self continuously like the scales of a fish. This is an illusion created by the uniquely designed masonry pattern as the wall is actually straight. The shadows created by the protruding parts enforce this illusion and the complex pattern reinforces this illusion.

The facade of the Teatro Regio is one of the Piedmontese buildings that are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

title: Teatro Regio (Turin)


text: Category:Chinese food preparation utensils


text:
Talk:Aluminium foil

Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following uncited material here until it can be properly supported with inline citations of reliable, secondary sources, per WP:V, WP:CS, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, WP:BLP, WP:NOR, et al. This diff shows where it was in the article. Nightscream (talk) 17:57, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Invention
By 1912, aluminium foil was being used by Maggi (today a Nestlé brand) to pack soups and stock cubes.

Processes evolved over time to include the use of print, colour, lacquer, laminate and the embossing of the aluminium.

Manufacture
Aluminium foil is produced by rolling sheet ingots cast from molten billet aluminium, then re-rolling on sheet and foil rolling mills to the desired thickness, or by continuously casting and cold rolling. To maintain a constant thickness in aluminium foil production, beta radiation is passed through the foil to a sensor on the other side. If the intensity becomes too high, then the rollers adjust, increasing the thickness. If the intensities become too low and the foil has become too thick, the rollers apply more pressure, causing the foil to be made thinner.

Some lubrication is needed during the rolling stages; otherwise, the foil surface can become marked with a herringbone pattern. These lubricants are sprayed on the foil surface before passing through the mill rolls. Kerosene based lubricants are commonly used, although oils approved for food contact must be used for foil intended for food packaging.

Aluminium becomes work hardened during the cold rolling process and is annealed for most purposes. The rolls of foil are heated until the degree of softness is reached, which may be up to 340 C for 12 hours. During this heating, the lubricating oils are burned off, leaving a dry surface. Lubricant oils may not be completely burnt off for hard temper rolls, which can make subsequent coating or printing more difficult.

The rolls of aluminium foil are then slit on slitter rewinding machines into smaller rolls. Roll slitting and rewinding is an essential part of the finishing process.

Properties
Aluminium foils thicker than 25 µm are impermeable to oxygen and water. Foils thinner than this become slightly permeable due to minute pinholes caused by the production process.

Packaging

Aluminium is used for packaging as it is highly malleable: it can be easily converted to thin sheets and folded, rolled or packed. Aluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light and oxygen (which cause fats to oxidise or become rancid), odours and flavours, moistness, and germs, and so it is used broadly in food and pharmaceutical packaging, including long-life packs (aseptic packaging) for drinks and dairy goods, which allows storing without refrigeration. Aluminium foil containers and trays are used to bake pies and to pack takeaway meals, ready snacks, and long-life pet food.

It is used for wrapping food in order to preserve it, for example, when storing leftover food in a refrigerator (where it serves the additional purpose of preventing odour exchange), when taking sandwiches on a journey, when baking, or when selling some kinds of take-away or fast food. Tex-Mex restaurants in the United States, for example, typically provide take-away burritos wrapped in aluminium foil.

Insulation
Aluminium foil is widely used for radiation shield (barrier and reflectivity), heat exchangers (heat conduction) and cable liners (barrier and electrical conductivity). Aluminium foil's heat conductive qualities make it a common accessory in hookah smoking: a sheet of perforated aluminium foil is frequently placed between the coal and the tobacco, allowing the tobacco to be heated without coming into direct contact with the burning coal.

Electromagnetic shielding
The shielding effectiveness of aluminium foil depends upon the type of incident field (electric, magnetic, or plane wave), the thickness of the foil, and the frequency (which determines the skin depth). Shielding effectiveness is usually broken down into a reflection loss (the energy bounces off the shield rather than penetrates it) and an absorption loss (the energy is dissipated within the shield).

—however actual energy absorption is minimal: the remaining high-frequency rf energy is almost perfectly reflected from uniform flat aluminium surface, and thus, reflected signal may continue to propagate internally, and if holes or passages of suitable geometry exist in the shield, signal propagation may continue out through those, the aluminium being good material for implementation of a microwave-frequency waveguide.

For effective shielding from a magnetic field, the shield should be several skin depths thick. Aluminium foil is about 1 mil; a thickness of 10 mil (ten times thicker) offers less than 1 dB of shielding at 1 kHz, about 8 dB at 10 kHz, and about 25 dB at 100 kHz. At these frequencies a ferromagnetic material such as mild steel is much more effective, due to different and complementary electromagnetic permeability properties, and common practical shielding implementations utilise both an inner high-frequency reflective material such as aluminium, preferably bonded (via annealing or electroplating, done to avoid capacitance between separated layers), to a more substantial structural ferromagnetic shell, usually mild steel (in specialized applications, more expensive, less structurally useful and less workable materials may be preferred.) Despite the relative low mass density of aluminium, this design is usually both lighter and more effective than an equivalently absorptive design utilizing aluminium alone (although with poorer heat dissipative properties, typically accommodated by improved ventilation, which itself needs careful consideration in order to preserve the desired shielding effectiveness).

Cooking
...such as mushrooms and vegetables. Using this method, sometimes called a hobo pack, food is wrapped in foil, then placed on the grill, preventing loss of moisture that may result in a less appealing texture.

Art and decoration
Heavier foils made of aluminium are used for art, decoration, and crafts, especially in bright metallic colours. Metallic aluminium, normally silvery in colour, can be made to take on other colours through anodisation. Anodising creates an oxide layer on the aluminium surface that can accept coloured dyes or metallic salts, depending on the process used. In this way, aluminium is used to create an inexpensive gold foil that actually contains no gold, and many other bright metallic colours. These foils are sometimes used in distinctive packaging.

Geochemical sampling
Foil is used by organic/petroleum geochemists for protecting rock samples taken from the fields and in the labs where the sample is subject to biomarker analysis. While plastic or cloth bags are normally used for a geological sampling exercise, cloth bags are permeable and may allow organic solvents or oils (such as oils imparted from the skin) to taint the sample, and traces of the plastics from plastic bags may also taint the sample. Foil provides a seal to the ingress of organic solvents and does not taint the sample. Foil is also used extensively in geochemical laboratories to provide a barrier for the geochemist, and for sample storage.

Ribbon microphones
The material used in many ribbon microphones is aluminium leaf, or "imitation silver leaf", as it is sometimes called. This is pure aluminium and is around 0.6 to 2.0 micrometres thick. It is virtually the same material that the BBC used on Coles ribbons, with the exception that they also hand beat the leaf even thinner. They did this by sandwiching the ribbon between toilet paper and beating with a ball-peen hammer. This "cold forges" the leaf. The aluminium leaf was then annealed for an hour in an oven to restore flexibility. Corrugations must also be imparted into the ribbon: Coles used 25 per inch (1 mm cycle). RCA 44BX has 19 corrugations per inch (0.7 mm cycle) and is around 50 mm long; RCA 77 has 13 corrugations per inch (0.5 mm cycle). RCA ribbon material is around 1 to 1.5 micrometres (0.00005 inch) thick. The Nady ribbon plus AEA both state that they use 2 micrometre aluminium ribbon in their microphones.

Environmental issues
...although many aluminium laminates are not recycled due to difficulties in separating the components and low yield of aluminium metal.

title: Talk:Aluminium foil


text:
Template talk:WikiProject Albums

Proposed new image
There's a proposal to use a different image for WikiProject Albums. The image would appear in the WikiProject Albums template, and also in the User WikiProject Albums template. Editors are encouraged to join in the discussion, which is taking place at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Albums. (Please comment there and not here to keep the discussion in one place.) — Mudwater (Talk) 01:42, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

Edit request for new image
Please update the WikiProject Albums template, to use File:Record-Album-02.jpg instead of File:Parlophone LP PMC 1202.jpg, per the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Albums. Thanks. — Mudwater (Talk) 12:58, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ all set. J04n(talk page) 13:24, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks! — Mudwater (Talk) 13:46, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Change photo requests to image requests
As part of a nearly-completed shift to distinguish requests for photos from requests for images in general, it is requested that this template be modified to place talk pages in "Wikipedia requested images of..." categories, rather than the old "Wikipedia requested photographs of..." categories. As such, please supplement all references to "photo(s) of..." and "photograph(s) of..." with "image(s) of..." in both the template and its documentation, while maintaining backwards compatibility for the old "photo" parameters. In particular, change "photograph or picture" to simply "image". Note that the "Wikipedia requested images of..." categories have already been created. Thank you! — s w p b T 15:30, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

PAGE''' ]]) 00:46, 17 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Mock-up in sandbox. — s w p b T 14:11, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: per moratorium proposed at Category_talk:Wikipedia_requested_images_by_subject. Ahecht ([[User_talk:Ahecht|'''TALK

Unref parameter
The template has an "unref" parameter, to put the talk page in Category:Unreferenced album articles, but it is not being used and the category is currently empty. "Unreferenced" is something usually added to articles, not to talk pages, and where it has been used the category is usually not maintained; is the parameter still useful or should it be removed? Peter James (talk) 21:49, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

Relevant thread at WT:ALBUM
See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Albums/Archive 67. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:17, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

Issues with the class parameter
Hey there! I was trying to bump Nurture (album) up to B-class and was met with some odd behavior from this template. Every other class seems to work as it should, but trying to use B-class makes the template display C-class along with the list of B-class criteria instead. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 22:28, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It's also adding the talk page to the wrong category, which in turn is causing it to be listed in Category:Articles with conflicting quality ratings. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 22:38, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This WikiProject banner has included a B-class checklist since April 2011 - twelve years ago. See Template talk:WikiProject Albums/Archive 1. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:15, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that information! I am aware of the B-class checklist; I was referring to the actual class that the template displays. Check out the talk page of the article I linked. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 23:31, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you are asking. Talk:Nurture (album) is showing as B class in all the WikiProjects, also in the WikiProject banner shell; all the appropriate categories show B-Class (i.e., , , , ); there is no evidence of . -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 18:04, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * When a class rating is supplied to WikiProject Albums directly, the template requires that you pass the parameters for assessing the article against each of the 6 B-class criteria, and all 6 individual B-class criteria must be satisfied before the overall class of B is granted (otherwise it won't go higher than C-class). An example call for a passing article would look like this:   Harryboyles  23:09, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * (and as a side note, I see in the Singles section there is a More citations needed tag. I would argue that while such a tag is present, the article would (on the face of it) fail criterion 1 - "The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations.") Harryboyles  23:18, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information, I think that clears it up! I thought I had cleaned up all the {{cn}}s when I reassessed the article, but I must have inadvertently missed a couple. Well, onto the to-do list it goes. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 02:59, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

Importance parameter
The template is missing the "importance" parameter, which is commonplace for WikiProject talk banners. I couldn't guess as to why since the WikiProject, like (almost?) any other, does categorize its articles by importance. Can this be added? Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 23:34, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The importance parameter was removed five months ago in . What do you mean by the WikiProject, like (almost?) any other, does categorize its articles by importance? Which categories are these? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 17:48, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * According to the table at WikiProject Albums they are categorized by top, high, mid importance, etc., though I'm just now noticing that these are indeed redlinks. How does that make sense? Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 18:41, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The table is transcluded from User:WP 1.0 bot/Tables/Project/Album, and it's bot-generated. I think that the bot is not looking at categories, but instead detecting an importance parameter within the . For example, at the intersection of FA-Class with Top-Importance is this link: 16, and the first page listed is Achtung Baby, the talk page of which has  but is only in  and  - none related to Albums importance. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:41, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting. So, ideally, the importance parameter should be removed from all WikiProject Album banners since it's no longer used. Could this be done with a script? Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 23:34, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:WikiProject Albums


text:
Rub

Rub, RUB, rubs or rubbing may also to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Rub (album), by Peaches, 2015
 * Rubbing (art), a method of recording and reproducing the texture of a surface
 * The Rub, an English rock band
 * "Rubbin'", a song by Choclair from the 1999 album Ice Cold

Organisations

 * Ruhr University Bochum, in Germany
 * Royal University of Bhutan

People

 * Christian Rub (1886–1956), Austrian-born American character actor
 * Kurt Rub (born 1946), Swiss racing cyclist
 * Timothy Rub (born 1952), American museum director and art historian

Other uses

 * Abrasion (mechanical), or rubbing away
 * Spice rub, in cooking
 * Date honey, or rub
 * Russian ruble, ISO 4217 currency code RUB
 * Kuliak languages, or Rub languages, in Uganda
 * Gungu language, ISO 639 language code rub
 * Rub, a professional wrestling term
 * Ratio Utility Billing Systems (RUBS), a utility billing allocation method
 * New South Wales RUB type carriage stock, a type of train carriage

title: Rub


text:
List of British royal residences

British royal residences are palaces, castles and houses which are occupied by members of the British royal family in the United Kingdom. The current residences are owned by the Crown, the Duchy of Cornwall, and privately by members of the royal family; all the official residences are owned by the Crown. Some official residences, such as the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Hillsborough Castle, serve primarily ceremonial functions and are rarely used residentially.

The occupied royal residences are cared for and maintained by the Property Section of the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. Public opening is overseen by the Royal Collection Trust. The unoccupied royal palaces of England, along with Hillsborough Castle, are the responsibility of Historic Royal Palaces.

Unlike the other nations of the United Kingdom, there is no official residence for a member of the royal family in Wales; Llwynywermod is the private Welsh residence of the Prince of Wales.

title: List of British royal residences