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Talk:New Zealand electricity market

Uniform price auction
The New Zealand electricity market is an energy only market exchange with prices set through a process similar to a uniform price auction. It is similar in method but not in effect, because instead of a fixed amount of commodity being sold uniformly for the lowest bid price of an idefinite number of bids, in fact the energy is sold uniformly to all bidders for the highest tendered price from an indefinte quantity of tenders, required to meet demand for the commodity. Blastfurnis (talk) 00:56, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, I concur, and have removed the sentence referring to uniform price auction, now that there is a fuller explanation Marshelec (talk) 03:05, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup proposals
Some of the areas for clean up appear to be:
 * replace outdated references to Electricity Commission with Electricity Authority ✅
 * replace outdated references to EGR's with Electricity Industry Participation Code ✅
 * add information and timelines about establishment of Electricity Authority ✅
 * reverse the order of the timeline of historic milestones so that it reads more logically from oldest to most recent ✅

Marshelec (talk) 22:02, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Keeping track of energy retailers
It is a challenge to keep track of energy retailers, and even to develop a complete listing. The Switchme website does not show all the retailers that currently appear to be active. The Consumer website lists a few more, but still not all. I have fixed page links that were broken, and added weblinks for those that do not current have a Wikipedia page. I hesitate to create new pages for the smaller retailers, but will do so if there is a strong feeling that this is appropriate. Marshelec (talk) 06:58, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Anyone who needs to know where to buy electricity can look at the Auckland Yellow Pages. It would be more important for an encyclopedia article to give an overview of overall activity of retailers, with trends (more supppliers/customers or fewer? Percentage of energy sold? How many switch? Is consumption growing/falling? Are consumer prices rising/falling?) than trying to be a directory of energy suppliers. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:39, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, useful feedback, thanks. I have found this reference about rates of switching at the Electricity Authority website. I could create my own graph from the data to help describe trends in switching retailers, but as a new editor, I am not sure how to do this in Wikipedia.  Can you point me to some tutorial or guidance on creating graphs ? Marshelec (talk) 02:49, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm very poor at graphics, confining myself to a few picture uploads; there are help topics available and open-source tools that produce graphs in formats that Wikipedia prefers, but aside from their (probable) existence I know nothing about them. Excel or Open Office don't seem to export in Wikipedia-friendly forms. --Wtshymanski (talk) 04:13, 27 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Here's a chart of the numbers of consumers switching suppliers each month. Mrfebruary (talk) 22:41, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Table giving retail market share by retailer and region
I suggest this table is abandoned. The level of detail involved makes this table really hard work to keep up to date, and this level of detail is likely to be of interest only to analysts in the retail companies themselves. I suggest that this article presents only a national perspective. Marshelec (talk) 09:30, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on New Zealand electricity market. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130822100243/http://www.ea.govt.nz/act-code-regs/code-regs/the-code to http://www.ea.govt.nz/act-code-regs/code-regs/the-code
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090727194742/http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/opdev/retail/regstats/index.html to http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/opdev/retail/regstats/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140315071128/https://www.ea.govt.nz/consumer/powerswitch/ to https://www.ea.govt.nz/consumer/powerswitch/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110829184953/http://www.ea.govt.nz/industry/mo-service-providers/ to http://www.ea.govt.nz/industry/mo-service-providers
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110102230704/http://www.ea.govt.nz/document/12098/download/about-us/documents-publications/ to http://www.ea.govt.nz/document/12098/download/about-us/documents-publications/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091209045346/http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/opdev/wholesale/marketdesign/mktdesignrpt to http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/opdev/wholesale/marketdesign/mktdesignrpt/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111203072736/http://www.auroraenergy.co.nz/content/electricitysupplyindustry.php to http://www.auroraenergy.co.nz/content/electricitysupplyindustry.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160121205805/http://www.mightyriver.co.nz/PDFs/Results/Annual-Reports/Mighty-River-Power_Annual-Report-2015.aspx to http://www.mightyriver.co.nz/PDFs/Results/Annual-Reports/Mighty-River-Power_Annual-Report-2015.aspx

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title: Talk:New Zealand electricity market


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Local class field theory

In mathematics, local class field theory, introduced by Helmut Hasse, is the study of abelian extensions of local fields; here, "local field" means a field which is complete with respect to an absolute value or a discrete valuation with a finite residue field: hence every local field is isomorphic (as a topological field) to the real numbers R, the complex numbers C, a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Qp (where p is any prime number), or the field of formal Laurent series Fq((T)) over a finite field Fq.

Approaches to local class field theory
Local class field theory gives a description of the Galois group G of the maximal abelian extension of a local field K via the reciprocity map which acts from the multiplicative group K×=K\{0}. For a finite abelian extension L of K the reciprocity map induces an isomorphism of the quotient group K×/N(L×) of K× by the norm group N(L×) of the extension L× to the Galois group Gal(L/K) of the extension.

The existence theorem in local class field theory establishes a one-to-one correspondence between open subgroups of finite index in the multiplicative group K× and finite abelian extensions of the field K. For a finite abelian extension L of K the corresponding open subgroup of finite index is the norm group N(L×). The reciprocity map sends higher groups of units to higher ramification subgroups, see e.g. Ch. IV of.

Using the local reciprocity map, one defines the Hilbert symbol and its generalizations. Finding explicit formulas for it is one of subdirections of the theory of local fields, it has a long and rich history, see e.g. Sergei Vostokov's review.

There are cohomological approaches and non-cohomological approaches to local class field theory. Cohomological approaches tend to be non-explicit, since they use the cup-product of the first Galois cohomology groups.

For various approaches to local class field theory see Ch. IV and sect. 7 Ch. IV of They include the Hasse approach of using the Brauer group, cohomological approaches, the explicit methods of Jürgen Neukirch, Michiel Hazewinkel, the Lubin-Tate theory and others.

Generalizations of local class field theory
Generalizations of local class field theory to local fields with quasi-finite residue field were easy extensions of the theory, obtained by G. Whaples in the 1950s, see chapter V of.

Explicit p-class field theory for local fields with perfect and imperfect residue fields which are not finite has to deal with the new issue of norm groups of infinite index. Appropriate theories were constructed by Ivan Fesenko. Fesenko's noncommutative local class field theory for arithmetically profinite Galois extensions of local fields studies appropriate local reciprocity cocycle map and its properties. This arithmetic theory can be viewed as an alternative to the representation theoretical local Langlands correspondence.

Higher local class field theory
For a higher-dimensional local field $$K$$ there is a higher local reciprocity map which describes abelian extensions of the field in terms of open subgroups of finite index in the Milnor K-group of the field. Namely, if $$K$$ is an $$n$$-dimensional local field then one uses $$\mathrm{K}^{\mathrm{M}}_n(K)$$ or its separated quotient endowed with a suitable topology. When $$n=1$$ the theory becomes the usual local class field theory. Unlike the classical case, Milnor K-groups do not satisfy Galois module descent if $$n>1$$. General higher-dimensional local class field theory was developed by K. Kato and I. Fesenko.

Higher local class field theory is part of higher class field theory which studies abelian extensions (resp. abelian covers) of rational function fields of proper regular schemes flat over integers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Local class field theory


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Ship of Fools (website)

Ship of Fools is a UK-based Christian satirical website.

Origins
Ship of Fools was first launched as a magazine in 1977. The magazine folded in 1983 and was resurrected as an internet magazine website and bulletin board system community forum in 1998. Subtitled "the magazine of Christian unrest", Ship of Fools pokes fun and asks critical questions about the Christian faith. The site is part magazine and part web community.

Leadership
Ship of Fools was founded and is edited by Simon Jenkins (editor) and Stephen Goddard (co-editor). Jenkins is an author, designer and cartoonist from London (not to be confused with Sir Simon Jenkins, former Editor of The Times and author of England's Thousand Best Churches). Goddard is a journalist and public relations consultant; both have formal theological education. They also perform a show, Ship of Fools Live, in churches, universities and elsewhere, with excerpts from the site's magazine content. The show toured in the United States in February 2004.

Website
The website presents itself as ecumenical/pan-Christian, although the prevailing ethos is English-speaking Trinitarian Christianity. The diversity of the users range from complete atheists to evangelical and liberal Christians.

Notable features of Ship of Fools website are:

 * "The Mystery Worshipper" – reports on church services made by anonymous worshippers. The intention is to give feedback on how they appear to outsiders and first-time visitors.
 * "Gadgets for God" – kitsch Christian-based products on the internet.
 * "Features & Projects" – irregular columns and a range of projects including "R Father" (2001 competition for rewriting the Lord's prayer as a text message ) and "Church of Fools" (see below).
 * Discussion boards – debate and discussion amongst registered members, who are known as ("shipmates").

"Church of Fools", an online 3D interactive church, originally ran as a multi-user environment from May to September 2004, before moving to its own website and eventually becoming St Pixels (whose last service was on Facebook in 2015). In April 2020, "Church of Fools" returned to the Ship of Fools website in response to the COVID-19 crisis.

Other Activities
Ship of Fools sometimes leaves the internet for the real world. There are frequent "Shipmeets" where shipmates get together at different locations around the world. Ship of Fools also ran a Ned Flanders Night at the Christian festival Greenbelt.

title: Ship of Fools (website)


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Ship of Fools (satire)

Ship of Fools (Modern German: Das Narrenschiff, Stultifera Navis, original medieval German title: Daß Narrenschyff ad Narragoniam) is a satirical allegory in German verse published in 1494 in Basel, Switzerland, by the humanist and theologian Sebastian Brant. It is the most famous treatment of the ship of fools trope and circulated in numerous translations.

Overview
The Ship of Fools was published in 1494 in Basel, Switzerland, by Sebastian Brant. It was printed by Michael Furter for Johann Bergann von Olpe. The book consists of a prologue, 112 brief satires, and an epilogue, all illustrated with woodcuts. Brant takes up the ship of fools trope, popular at the time, lashing with unsparing vigor the weaknesses and vices of his time. He conceives Saint Grobian, whom he imagines to be the patron saint of vulgar and coarse people.

The concept of foolishness was a frequently used trope in the pre-Reformation period to legitimize criticism, as also used by Erasmus in his Praise of Folly and Martin Luther in his "An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation von des christlichen Standes Besserung" (Address to the Christian Nobility). Court fools were allowed to say much what they wanted; by writing his work in the voice of the fool, Brant could legitimize his criticism of the church. The abbot of Sponheim Johannes Trithemius lamented Brant's title choice and would have preferred the book to be called Divina Satyra. He compared the work to Dante Alighieri's Divina Commedia for the use in both of their local languages. The educator Jacob Wimpfeling deemed the book worthy to be taught in school and Ulrich von Hutten praised Brant for his mixture of classical metrics with a barbarian dialect and the organization of the poetry in the Ship of Fools.

The work immediately became extremely popular, being published in Reutlingen, Nuremberg, Strasbourg and Augsburg, with six authorized and several unauthorized editions until 1512. Brant's own views on humanism and the new, revolutionary views on Christianity emerging in the 16th century are unclear. The debate still continues about whether Ship of Fools is itself a humanist work or just a remnant of medieval sensibilities.

The book was translated into Latin by in 1497, into French by  in 1497 and by Jean Drouyn in 1498, into English by Alexander Barclay and by Henry Watson (poet) in 1509.

Of the 103 woodcuts, two-thirds are attributed to the young Albrecht Dürer, and the additional wood-cuts are the work of the so-called, the gnad-her-Meister and two other anonymous artists.

An allegorical painting by Hieronymus Bosch, The Ship of Fools, a fragment of a triptych said to have been painted by Bosch between 1490 and 1500, may have been influenced by the frontispiece for the book. The painting is on display in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Modern interpretations
Some 20th-century artists, including Art Hazelwood,, István Orosz, Richard Rappaport, Brian Williams, made images based on Das Narrenschiff, or drew illustrations for contemporary editions of The Ship of Fools.

title: Ship of Fools (satire)


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Ship of Fools (film)

Ship of Fools is a 1965 American drama film directed by Stanley Kramer, set on board an ocean liner bound for Germany from Mexico in 1933. It stars a prominent ensemble cast of 11 stars — Vivien Leigh (in her final film role), Simone Signoret, Jose Ferrer, Lee Marvin, Oskar Werner, Elizabeth Ashley, George Segal, Jose Greco, Michael Dunn, Charles Korvin and Heinz Ruehmann. It also marked Christiane Schmidtmer's first U.S. production filmed in Black and white to Technicolor (The Wizard of Oz).

Ship of Fools, which was based on Katherine Anne Porter's 1962 novel of the same name, was highly regarded, with reviewers praising the cast's performance but also noting, at 150 minutes, the movie's overlong (for 1965) runtime. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1966, including for Best Picture, Best Actor for Oskar Werner, Best Actress for Simone Signoret, and Best Supporting Actor for Michael Dunn. It won for Best Art Direction, Black-and-White and Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.

Ship of Fools was the only English-language film in the nearly 70-year acting career of German film actor Heinz Rühmann, one of the most famous German actors of the 20th century.

Synopsis
The action on the Ship of Fools takes place almost entirely on board a passenger ship in 1933, between Veracruz Mexico and Bremerhaven, Germany. Most of the scenes unfold on the First Class deck or among the upper middle-class passengers, but the ship is carrying 600 displaced workers, far more than the ship is certified to carry and they're assigned to squalid conditions in steerage. They are all being deported back to Spain by the order of the Cuban dictator, Gerardo Machado. Many passengers bound for Nazi Germany are happy, some are apprehensive, while others downplay the significance of fascist politics. Passenger attitudes differ among those who feel "superior", who exclude and demean others, and the "excluded" passengers, who tend to be sympathetic and supportive of others.

Introductory comments by Michael Dunn
"My name is Carl Glocken and this... is a ship of fools. I'm a fool and you'll meet more fools as we go along... this tub is packed with them. Emancipated ladies... ball players... lovers... dog lovers... ladies of joy... tolerant Jews... dwarfs... all kinds... and who knows... if you look closely enough, you may even find yourself on board."

Plot
The ship's medical officer, Dr. Schumann, takes a special interest in La Condesa, a Spanish countess being deported from Cuba who has an opiate addiction which he reluctantly accommodates with prescriptions. Under arrest, she is being transported to a Spanish prison on the Canary Island of Tenerife for illegally hiding and helping arm agitators. The 600 laborers in steerage, deported to Spain because of the low market price of Cuban sugar, cheer the activist Condesa as she boards the ship under police escort. The Condesa reveals to the doctor that she was motivated by seeing the impoverished conditions under which the 5,000 laborers lived, under "patronage" of the man with whom she lived in luxury, supported by their labor. While she manipulates the doctor to cope with her sense of doom, her activism is in sympathy with the doctor's humanitarian insistence that the laborers in steerage be treated like human beings rather than cargo. Their shared sympathies soon evolve into love, though both realize it is a hopeless passion. The doctor conceals having a heart condition.

Selected passengers—mostly Germans—are invited to dine each night at the captain's table. Some are amused and others offended by the anti-Semitic rants of a German (originally Austrian) businessman, Rieber, who begins an affair with Lizzi, who admires him until learning he is married. Rieber pontificates on topics such as "how we can expunge foreign influences and restore Germany to its National greatness" and the desirability of "exterminating the unfit at birth". The captain is reassured by Rieber's rants, believing that nobody can ever take his party seriously. Though Jews and dwarfs are excluded from the table, the Hutten’s dog, Baby, is allowed. When an animal-loving steerage laborer drowns saving Baby, who was thrown overboard by mischievous children, the Huttens worry about Baby and ignore the dead rescuer.

The Jewish Lowenthal is seated at a side table with a dwarf named Glocken, and the two bond over their social exclusion. Later Freytag, a German passenger, is shocked to find himself blackballed from the Captain's Table when Rieber learns Freytag's wife is Jewish. Eventually Freytag discloses that he is separated from his Jewish wife, having found his marriage too detrimental for his career. Lowenthal, displaying the Iron Cross he earned in WWI, counsels Glocken regarding tactical accommodation to the Nazis, stating that Germany has been good for the Jews and the Jews have been good for Germany, "We are Germans first and Jews second...There are nearly a million Jews in Germany. What are they going to do, kill all of us?" Glocken tells him that he may be the biggest fool on the ship.

An American artist couple, David and Jenny, have a passionate but rocky relationship. David is disconsolate at his lack of success as a socially committed artist; the independent Jenny finds his art unsellable and is not sufficiently willing to build him up. He is dismissive of her artistic talent, which she herself undervalues. David expresses that whoever shares his life will need to accept that his art will always supersede her. Jenny fears that their life together will be endlessly fighting with neither willing to put the other’s needs before their own.

Passengers are entertained nightly by a troupe of flamenco musicians and dancers, whose leader pimps the women in the troupe. Johann, an unpaid caregiver to Herr Graf, his invalid uncle, ignores the wholesome and insecure Elsa, who is traveling with her parents. Instead, Johann is attracted to one of the dancers, who rejects him for inability to pay. Johann threatens his stingy uncle if he does not give him money which has been promised to him in his uncle's will. He loses his virginity to one of the dancers, who treats him with gentleness when he pays.

Mary Treadwall, a divorced fading beauty hoping to recapture her youth in Paris, is "too far from the cradle" to interest the captain. She disdains the lieutenant who shows interest, dismissing him first as doing his duty to "unattended" women and later as insignificant. When fellow American, former baseball player Bill Tenny is seated at her table, she finds him crass. Bill expresses surprise at the open hostility toward the Jews onboard; she sarcastically replies that "maybe he was too busy lynching Negroes to take time out for the Jews." Tenny pesters one of the flamenco dancers, believing that buying a magnum of champagne entitles him to her favors. She gives him the cabin number of the "snotty" Mrs. Treadwell. In a drunken stupor, Tenny accosts Mrs. Treadwell, who momentarily responds passionately until she realizes that he has mistaken her for a prostitute; she then slaps him repeatedly, crying out for help.

The ship arrives in Tenerife where the deported workers from steerage disembark. The doctor briefly considers staying with the Condesa, but the captain calls him foolish, contending that the Condesa manipulated him for drugs. After an emotionally painful farewell with the doctor, the Condesa is forced to exit the ship under Civil Guard escort. When the captain tells the distraught doctor she isn’t worth his anguish, the doctor replies, "When I think of the things I have seen on this ship, the stupid cruelties, the vanities…she looked into the garbage dump, she did something about it, and we are the intelligent, civilized people who carry out orders we are given no matter what they may be." The doctor dies of a heart attack before the ship reaches Bremerhaven; upon arrival his body is unloaded in a coffin with his estranged wife and sons in attendance.

At disembarkation, as in a parade, most characters proceed with "business as usual", having learned nothing on the voyage. The last passenger to leave the "Ship of Fools" is Glocken, who speaks directly to camera, as he did in the opening minutes of the film. Glocken asks the film's audience if they are thinking, "What has all this to do with us? Nothing," he declares with a sardonic dismissive smile and exits into the crowd.

Songs
Music by Ernest Gold Lyrics by Jack Lloyd
 * "Heute abend geh'n wir bummeln auf der Reeperbahn" ("Tonight we're going for a stroll on the Reeperbahn")
 * "Irgendwie, irgendwo, irgendwann" ("Somehow, somewhere, sometime")

Production

Katherine Anne Porter's novel Ship of Fools was published in 1962. The essayist and short story author's only novel was the culmination of a 20-year-long project that was based on her reminiscences of a 1931 ocean cruise she had taken from Veracruz to Germany.

Producer David O. Selznick wanted to purchase the film rights, but United Artists owned the property and demanded $400,000. The novel was adapted for film by Abby Mann. Producer and director Stanley Kramer, who ended up with the film, planned to star Vivien Leigh but was initially unaware of her fragile mental and physical health. The film proved to be her last film and in later recounting her work, Kramer remembered her courage in taking on the difficult role, "She was ill, and the courage to go ahead, the courage to make the film--was almost unbelievable." Leigh's performance was tinged by paranoia and resulted in outbursts that marred her relationship with other actors, although both Simone Signoret and Lee Marvin were sympathetic and understanding. In particular, during one scene shoot, she hit Lee Marvin so hard with a spiked shoe, that it bruised his face.

At the conclusion of filming, screenwriter Mann reportedly threw a party for almost the entire cast and crew except Gila Golan, whose performance Mann was reputedly not happy with.

Reception
Although well received by audiences, Ship of Fools was looked at by some reviewers as a Grand Hotel (1932) afloat, a film which had often been imitated. "Preachy and melodramatic" was another criticism, although the cast was universally praised.

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times saw the film as much more, "Stanley Kramer has fetched a powerful, ironic film ... there is such wealth of reflection upon the human condition in Ship of Fools and so subtle an orchestration of the elements of love and hate, achieved through an expert compression of the novel by Mr. Kramer and his script writer, Abby Mann, that it is really not fair to tag it with the label of any previous film. It has its own quiet distinction in the way it illuminates a theme." He also singled out the work of Oskar Werner. In a similar vein, Variety noted, "Director-producer Stanley Kramer and scenarist Abby Mann have distilled the essence of Katherine Anne Porter's bulky novel in a film that appeals to the intellect and the emotions."

The film was banned in Franco's Spain because of its anti-fascist stance.

On Rotten Tomatoes, Ship of Fools holds a rating of 58% from 24 reviews.

Awards and nominations
Vivien Leigh won the L'Étoile de Cristal for her performance in a leading role.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated

Home media
The film has been issued on VHS, laserdisc and DVD. The film's standalone DVD release is an open matte 1.33:1 transfer with no supplements. The film was later reissued in widescreen with supplements in a Stanley Kramer box set from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Currently, the film is also available in a budget-priced two-disc, four-movie collection DVD licensed from Sony to Mill Creek Entertainment. All four films are presented in their original theatrical aspect ratios and are anamorphically enhanced. The film has been released on Blu-ray in a double feature pack with the film Lilith via Mill Creek.

title: Ship of Fools (film)


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Talk:Broadcom Corporation

Untitled
Broadcom and Intel are involved with a dispute with China concerning WiFi and proprietorship. Both Broadcom and Intel are playing significant roles in the openning up of the Chinese industry, especially the wireless industry. (As of the Feb? 2004)

What about the lack of Linux drivers for devices with the Broadcom chipset? Can anyone speak credibly about this?-

yes check there site, good luck finding a driver; and search online, you will find many woes about it.
 * This company's drivers, like those of many competitors, are not designed to run on consumer Linux boxes. While this may be aggravating, this level of detail hardly belongs in a high-level article about the corporate entity itself.  I would encourage you to check out the linux_sta or bcm43xx drivers, as most people have had success with one or the other.  Or, vote with your feet, and select a chipset that has better software support under your OS of choice. --BsdIsDying 02:06, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Since most of the Google search results for "broadcom wireless" are related to the company's refusal to release open source drivers or accommodate GNU/Linux users, would anyone have any issues with creating a section regarding this ongoing issue? Perhaps "Linux Driver Controversy", or a "Criticism" section? --Wolf m corcoran (talk) 14:26, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

"The Linksys (802.11G) wireless routers allow a greater degree of customization and configurability, through the loading of third-party open-source firmware."

Now I know what we're trying to say here, but what on earth do linksys's 802.11G routers have to do with the price of tea in china? This sentence needs to somehow relate itself to Broadcom.--24.117.45.211 02:44, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Broadcom purchase of Percello is missing
Hi,

It seems that you forgot to add to the list of Broadcom purchase of Percelo:

http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=s523205 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.88.162.1 (talk) 09:56, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

Moves?
I propose we move this article to Broadcom Corporation and move Avago to Broadcom Limited. Thoughts? Talk to SageGreenRider 13:09, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Broadcom (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:31, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 10 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus from over a month of being open.  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )   11:54, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

– Broadcom Limited is the surviving entity from Avago's acquisition of Broadcom Corporation and Avago's subsequent name change to Broadcom Limited. Therefore, according to WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, the primary topic of the term "Broadcom" has shifted from the now defunct entity Broadcom Corporation to Broadcom Limited. This proposal reflects this new status quo. Note My prior proposal was discussed here (userfied version) and here and failed to gain consensus. This new proposal came up during that discussion. Talk to SageGreenRider 15:13, 10 April 2016 (UTC) --Relisted. — Amakuru (talk) 11:13, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Broadcom → Broadcom Corporation
 * Broadcom Limited → Broadcom
 * Move - Looking at the old conversation, User:James Allison brought up the WP:COMMONNAME issue (rightly I think); after pondering this a little, I think this would be covered by the WP:NAMECHANGES provision in COMMONNAME. It strikes me as sorta common sense that RS's are going to start using the term "Broadcom" to refer to the new company, not the old one. I haven't actually tested this, but I'm have difficulty believing it could be otherwise. Why shouldn't we just follow the sources on this? NickCT (talk) 16:06, 13 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose per prior discussions. Regards, James(talk/contribs) 02:43, 16 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment - please could you give a more specific reason why the common name arguments put forward by  and  are not valid? I'm not sure which prior discussions you mean, and I think more clarity is needed to assess whether there is any argument against the move. Thanks  — Amakuru (talk) 11:13, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Based on a review of external sources, it appears to me that "Broadcom" is the common name for the "old" company, and "Broadcom Limited" is the common name for the "new" one. I was referring to both prior discussions that the nom links to in their proposal, community consensus has been against this proposal both times. The community has spoken; I see no reason to rehash the same arguments so soon after two failed attempts at this proposal that had more participation than this current discussion. Regards, James(talk/contribs) 18:13, 19 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Could you give us the specifics of your review of external sources? Are they current or historical? A cursory review of Google over the past 30 days suggests otherwise. In addition it seems logical to me that our readers are looking for the surviving entity rather than the defunct one. The previous debates were for a different proposal and therefore not germane to this one. Talk to SageGreenRider 00:23, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
 * , the old discussion doesn't really have much there.. For the moment, I'm supporting a move as it does seem to follow the sources that I've found and WP:COMMONNAMES.  Chrisw80 (talk) 01:12, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that, for encyclopedic purposes, we should be treating these as if they were unrelated entities. Almost any major company has gone through some change of ownership or phase of reorganization or the like, but a good encyclopedia article would capture the entire narrative of the company as a continuing core entity through those superficial changes. bd2412  T 01:55, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with BD2412. I think it's confusing to split this into two articles. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 06:32, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment Merging the two articles is impractical because there are two histories, one for Avago, one for Broadcom Corporation, that are indeed unrelated until 2016. It isn't simply a "change of ownership" because the Broadcom Limited article contains the history of Avago before 2016 and the on going history of the merged surviving entity. The situation here is similar to AT&T and SBC and the moves here will follow that template. Talk to SageGreenRider 11:19, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Notable alumni
Broadcom is notable, not just for its influence in the semiconductor industry, but the people who come from Broadcom and go on to lead new businesses - I've started a small list here, but it would be good to have other names added.The Little Platoon (talk) 03:21, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

What is the intended scope of this article?
I get that this article is supposed to cover the original Broadcom through 2016 and that the Broadcom Inc. article is supposed to cover the new merged company from 2016 forward. But where should post-2016 developments with the Broadcom semiconductor/wireless/broadband subsidiary go, here or there? Wasted Time R (talk) 13:22, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Not seeing any responses, I will posit that all post-2016 content should go to the other article and that this article should full stop at 2016.  That's the simplest for editors to maintain and the easiest for readers to understand.  I will move/merge the post-2016 content that's currently here, to there.   Wasted Time R (talk) 00:23, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Sounds right ~Kvng (talk) 14:03, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Broadcom Corporation


text:
Andrew Kirkpatrick (lawyer)

Andrew Kirkpatrick (1756–1831) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist from New Jersey.

Biography
Andrew Kirkpatrick was born in Mine Brook, New Jersey on February 17, 1756. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1775.

He served one term as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1797 to 1798. He was appointed to the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1798. In 1804, he became the chief justice of that Court, and remained so until 1825.

For many years Kirkpatrick was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, and trustee of Queen's College (now Rutgers) from 1792 to 1809. He also served as a vice-president of the American Bible Society. He died on January 7, 1831, at New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Marriage and family
Kirpatrick married Jane Bayard in 1792, and they had four children. Their son Littleton Kirkpatrick also became an attorney and politician, serving in Congress and as mayor of New Brunswick, New Jersey.

His namesake grandson, Andrew Kirkpatrick became an attorney and a United States District Court judge.

title: Andrew Kirkpatrick (lawyer)


text:
Modular curve

In number theory and algebraic geometry, a modular curve Y(Γ) is a Riemann surface, or the corresponding algebraic curve, constructed as a quotient of the complex upper half-plane H by the action of a congruence subgroup Γ of the modular group of integral 2×2 matrices SL(2, Z). The term modular curve can also be used to refer to the compactified modular curves X(Γ) which are compactifications obtained by adding finitely many points (called the cusps of Γ) to this quotient (via an action on the extended complex upper-half plane). The points of a modular curve parametrize isomorphism classes of elliptic curves, together with some additional structure depending on the group Γ. This interpretation allows one to give a purely algebraic definition of modular curves, without reference to complex numbers, and, moreover, prove that modular curves are defined either over the field of rational numbers Q or a cyclotomic field Q(ζn). The latter fact and its generalizations are of fundamental importance in number theory.

Analytic definition
The modular group SL(2, Z) acts on the upper half-plane by fractional linear transformations. The analytic definition of a modular curve involves a choice of a congruence subgroup Γ of SL(2, Z), i.e. a subgroup containing the principal congruence subgroup of level N for some positive integer N, which is defined to be

 * $$\Gamma(N)=\left\{

\begin{pmatrix} a & b\\ c & d\\ \end{pmatrix} : \ a \equiv d \equiv 1 \mod N \text{ and } b, c \equiv0 \mod N \right\}.$$

The minimal such N is called the level of Γ. A complex structure can be put on the quotient Γ\H to obtain a noncompact Riemann surface called a modular curve, and commonly denoted Y(Γ).

Compactified modular curves
A common compactification of Y(Γ) is obtained by adding finitely many points called the cusps of Γ. Specifically, this is done by considering the action of Γ on the extended complex upper-half plane H* = H ∪ Q ∪ {∞}. We introduce a topology on H* by taking as a basis:
 * any open subset of H,
 * for all r > 0, the set $$\{\infty\}\cup\{\tau\in \mathbf{H} \mid\text{Im}(\tau)>r\}$$
 * for all coprime integers a, c and all r > 0, the image of $$\{\infty\}\cup\{\tau\in \mathbf{H} \mid\text{Im}(\tau)>r\}$$ under the action of
 * $$\begin{pmatrix}a & -m\\c & n\end{pmatrix}$$
 * where m, n are integers such that an + cm = 1.

This turns H* into a topological space which is a subset of the Riemann sphere P1(C). The group Γ acts on the subset Q ∪ {∞}, breaking it up into finitely many orbits called the cusps of Γ. If Γ acts transitively on Q ∪ {∞}, the space Γ\H* becomes the Alexandroff compactification of Γ\H. Once again, a complex structure can be put on the quotient Γ\H* turning it into a Riemann surface denoted X(Γ) which is now compact. This space is a compactification of Y(Γ).

Examples
The most common examples are the curves X(N), X0(N), and X1(N) associated with the subgroups Γ(N), Γ0(N), and Γ1(N).

The modular curve X(5) has genus 0: it is the Riemann sphere with 12 cusps located at the vertices of a regular icosahedron. The covering X(5) → X(1) is realized by the action of the icosahedral group on the Riemann sphere. This group is a simple group of order 60 isomorphic to A5 and PSL(2, 5).

The modular curve X(7) is the Klein quartic of genus 3 with 24 cusps. It can be interpreted as a surface with three handles tiled by 24 heptagons, with a cusp at the center of each face. These tilings can be understood via dessins d'enfants and Belyi functions – the cusps are the points lying over ∞ (red dots), while the vertices and centers of the edges (black and white dots) are the points lying over 0 and 1. The Galois group of the covering X(7) → X(1) is a simple group of order 168 isomorphic to PSL(2, 7).

There is an explicit classical model for X0(N), the classical modular curve; this is sometimes called the modular curve. The definition of Γ(N) can be restated as follows: it is the subgroup of the modular group which is the kernel of the reduction modulo N. Then Γ0(N) is the larger subgroup of matrices which are upper triangular modulo N:

 * $$\left \{ \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d\end{pmatrix} : \ c\equiv 0 \mod N \right \},$$

and Γ1(N) is the intermediate group defined by:

 * $$\left \{ \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d\end{pmatrix} : \ a\equiv d\equiv 1\mod N, c\equiv 0 \mod N \right \}.$$

These curves have a direct interpretation as moduli spaces for elliptic curves with level structure and for this reason they play an important role in arithmetic geometry. The level N modular curve X(N) is the moduli space for elliptic curves with a basis for the N-torsion. For X0(N) and X1(N), the level structure is, respectively, a cyclic subgroup of order N and a point of order N. These curves have been studied in great detail, and in particular, it is known that X0(N) can be defined over Q.

The equations defining modular curves are the best-known examples of modular equations. The "best models" can be very different from those taken directly from elliptic function theory. Hecke operators may be studied geometrically, as correspondences connecting pairs of modular curves.

Quotients of H that are compact do occur for Fuchsian groups Γ other than subgroups of the modular group; a class of them constructed from quaternion algebras is also of interest in number theory.

Genus
The covering X(N) → X(1) is Galois, with Galois group SL(2, N)/{1, −1}, which is equal to PSL(2, N) if N is prime. Applying the Riemann–Hurwitz formula and Gauss–Bonnet theorem, one can calculate the genus of X(N). For a prime level p ≥ 5,

 * $$-\pi\chi(X(p)) = |G|\cdot D,$$

where χ = 2 − 2g is the Euler characteristic, |G| = (p+1)p(p−1)/2 is the order of the group PSL(2, p), and D = π − π/2 − π/3 − π/p is the angular defect of the spherical (2,3,p) triangle. This results in a formula

 * $$g = \tfrac{1}{24}(p+2)(p-3)(p-5).$$

Thus X(5) has genus 0, X(7) has genus 3, and X(11) has genus 26. For p = 2 or 3, one must additionally take into account the ramification, that is, the presence of order p elements in PSL(2, Z), and the fact that PSL(2, 2) has order 6, rather than 3. There is a more complicated formula for the genus of the modular curve X(N) of any level N that involves divisors of N.

Genus zero
In general a modular function field is a function field of a modular curve (or, occasionally, of some other moduli space that turns out to be an irreducible variety). Genus zero means such a function field has a single transcendental function as generator: for example the j-function generates the function field of X(1) = PSL(2, Z)\H*. The traditional name for such a generator, which is unique up to a Möbius transformation and can be appropriately normalized, is a Hauptmodul (main or principal modular function, plural Hauptmoduln).

The spaces X1(n) have genus zero for n = 1, ..., 10 and n = 12. Since each of these curves is defined over Q and has a Q-rational point, it follows that there are infinitely many rational points on each such curve, and hence infinitely many elliptic curves defined over Q with n-torsion for these values of n. The converse statement, that only these values of n can occur, is Mazur's torsion theorem.

X0(N) of genus one
The modular curves $$\textstyle X_0(N)$$ are of genus one if and only if $$\textstyle N$$ equals one of the 12 values listed in the following table. As elliptic curves over $$\mathbb{Q}$$, they have minimal, integral Weierstrass models $$y^2 + a_1 x y + a_3 y = x^3 + a_2 x^2 + a_4 x + a_6$$. This is, $$\textstyle a_j\in\mathbb{Z}$$ and the absolute value of the discriminant $$\Delta$$ is minimal among all integral Weierstrass models for the same curve. The following table contains the unique reduced, minimal, integral Weierstrass models, which means $$\textstyle a_1, a_3\in\{0,1\}$$ and $$\textstyle a_2\in\{-1,0,1\}$$. The last column of this table refers to the home page of the respective elliptic modular curve $$\textstyle X_0(N)$$ on The L-functions and modular forms database (LMFDB).

Relation with the Monster group
Modular curves of genus 0, which are quite rare, turned out to be of major importance in relation with the monstrous moonshine conjectures. First several coefficients of q-expansions of their Hauptmoduln were computed already in the 19th century, but it came as a shock that the same large integers show up as dimensions of representations of the largest sporadic simple group Monster.

Another connection is that the modular curve corresponding to the normalizer Γ0(p)+ of Γ0(p) in SL(2, R) has genus zero if and only if p is 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 41, 47, 59 or 71, and these are precisely the prime factors of the order of the monster group. The result about Γ0(p)+ is due to Jean-Pierre Serre, Andrew Ogg and John G. Thompson in the 1970s, and the subsequent observation relating it to the monster group is due to Ogg, who wrote up a paper offering a bottle of Jack Daniel's whiskey to anyone who could explain this fact, which was a starting point for the theory of monstrous moonshine.

The relation runs very deep and, as demonstrated by Richard Borcherds, it also involves generalized Kac–Moody algebras. Work in this area underlined the importance of modular functions that are meromorphic and can have poles at the cusps, as opposed to modular forms, that are holomorphic everywhere, including the cusps, and had been the main objects of study for the better part of the 20th century.

title: Modular curve


text:
Hackney Marshes

Hackney Marshes is an area of open space in London's Lower Lea Valley, lying on the western bank of the River Lea. It takes its name from its position on the eastern boundary of Hackney, the principal part of the London Borough of Hackney, and from its origin as an area of true marsh.

The marshes were extensively drained from Medieval times onwards, and rubble was dumped here from buildings damaged by air raids during World War II, raising the level of the ground.

The principal area of the marsh lies below Lea Bridge Road between the Old River Lea, and the Hackney Cut – an artificial channel of the Lee Navigation, dug about 1770, to avoid a loop in the natural watercourse. The southern extent is marked by the A12; although the industrial land around Hackney Wick Stadium was originally an extension of the marsh, it now forms a part of the Olympic Park for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Hackney Marsh is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with 136.01 ha of protected commons.

The marsh
The River itself was always an important waterway, being navigable to Hertfordshire; the Marsh was formed by the periodic flooding of the river, and so formed useful pasture, but could not be occupied permanently. Before the 10th century, the estuary of the river came as far as Hackney Wick, crossed at Old Ford. Marsh Road, the continuation of Homerton High Street, led to the marshes, and thence to Temple Mills. The Romans appear to have built a significant stone causeway across the marshes here; a periodical, the Ambulator of 1774, noted "there have been discovered within the last few years the remains of a great causeway of stone, which, by the Roman coins found there, would appear to have been one of the famous highways made by the Romans" The river forms a natural boundary, so in 527 AD it formed the boundary between the Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Middlesex. In the 9th century, it formed a part of the Danelaw boundary and reputedly, King Alfred stranded an invading Viking fleet here in 895 AD. This was achieved by draining the river where it met the River Thames, but the increased drainage affected river navigability, until it was restored in the 17th century.

By medieval times, both sides had become counties in England, and attempts were made to control the flow of water through the marshes. Mills were established including the Knights Templar mill at Temple Mills. Much of the marsh was 'owned' by the Templars and used for pasture. When the Templars were abolished, the land passed to the Knights Hospitaller, and thence to the Crown during the Reformation, when monastic lands were seized. At this time, much of the land was associated with the Hackney village of Lower Homerton and with the large manor house at Hackney Wick.

Around 1770, the river was straightened by the construction of the Hackney Cut, now forming the western extent of the marsh. The natural watercourse passes to the east over the Middlesex Filter Beds Weir, just below Lea Bridge Road. A nature reserve occupies the former Middlesex Filter beds on the island between the two watercourses.

By 1795, the former Templar mills were being used for preparing lead (submerged in urine, and heated by decaying cow dung, the lead was converted to lead oxide, and then finely ground to form a pigment for white, yellow and red lead paint). A new watermill was established on the Crown land of the marshes by Prince Rupert for an improved method of boring guns, however the secret died with him in 1682 and the enterprise collapsed.

At the end of the 19th century Hackney suffered from increased demand for building land, both for housing and to extend the factories in Homerton. The marshes had always suffered periodic flooding from the Lea but with the introduction of mains sewerage a flood relief sewer was constructed beneath the marshes. Most common and Lammas lands were then preserved by an Act of Parliament and passed to the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, but the marsh remained excluded from the MBW scheme because many of the lammas rights were still exercised, predominantly grazing. This was a period of increasing arguments between landowners and groups, such as the Eton Manor Mission, who were trying to use the marsh for recreation. The 337 acre of marshes were finally preserved by the London County Council in 1890, by purchasing the rights and landowners' interests for £75,000. They opened to the public in 1893 by the Chairman of the LCC, Sir John Hutton and were formally dedicated in 1894. The LCC undertook further flood prevention, straightening some of the bends in the River by introducing four 'cuts', the old channels being retained to form islands.

There were few houses on the marshes, but a notable exception was the White House Inn, by a bridge on the old road to Leyton. Originally built as part of a Lea fishery scheme, the pub is now long gone but a bridge remains, rebuilt to supply anti-aircraft batteries during World War II. "In the Marshes towards Hackney Wick were low public houses, the haunt of highwaymen and their Dulcineas. Dick Turpin was a constant guest at the 'White House,' or 'Tyler's Ferry,' near Joe Sowter's cock-pit at Temple Mills; and few police-officers were bold enough to approach the spot." Small areas of the marsh have been taken for housing and sports fields and others added. 35.5 acre were taken in 1915 to build the 'National Projectile Factory'; after World War I, in 1922 this site was used to create the Mabley Green recreation ground. A further 22.5 acre were taken in 1937 for the building of the Kingsmead Estate. Hackney Power Station was situated to the north west of the marshes, across the Lee Navigation, and operated between 1901 and 1976.

Between the 1970s and 1990s, a camping site was situated at the north end of the Marshes, adjacent to Cow Bridge, at one point branded as Tent City.

The Lesney die cast model factory was built on the Homerton side of the Lee Navigation in the 1940s, having success for many years with their Matchbox brand. The factory was a major local employer and closed in 1990.

Sport
In 1881, men from Homerton College, then still in the London area, founded the Glyn Cricket Club. Members of the cricket club then decided to form a football section to keep fit during the winter months, this football section was to become the famous Clapton Orient Football Club which for thirty years played its home games at Millfields Road Stadium (1900–1930). In 1946 the Club was renamed Leyton Orient and their home ground is now the Matchroom Stadium in Brisbane Road, Leyton, E10 5NF.

Today the marshes provide many pleasant walks, in reach of the inner city, but the most famous use of Hackney Marshes is for Sunday league football, with 88 full-size football pitches marked out. On a typical Sunday, over 100 matches are played by amateur teams in several local leagues, such as the Hackney and Leyton Sunday League and the Camden Sunday League. In 2006 there was a dispute between the London Borough of Hackney and Nike, Inc. over the company's use of the borough logo on their sportswear. The dispute was settled with payment of £300,000 going to support local youth sports groups.

The annual Hackney Half marathon, taking place in May, starts and finishes at the marshes.

London Olympics 2012
Part of the London Olympic park for the Summer Olympics of 2012 was built on Hackney Marshes. This caused some controversy with local residents' groups, who expressed concerns that East Marsh was to be tarmacked and used as a disabled coach park for the games. This was a temporary measure.

Arena Fields, however, was lost to the Olympic Park and its site will become part of the legacy Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park permanently. This area is to be replaced by parkland of comparable size and value on the Hackney side at the end of the 2012 Summer Olympics. It will not be possible to reinstate the loss of mature and varied trees or to compensate for the disruption caused to wildlife by construction.

The natural course of the River Lea forms the borough boundary with Waltham Forest and Newham (except for East Marsh, which lies between the river and Temple Mills). The Olympic plans included upgrading this watercourse and improving public access. The Olympic Park lies south of the A12, on industrial land around the former Hackney Stadium.

Music, literature and film
"Oh it really is a wery pretty garden And Chingford to the eastward could be seen; 'Wiv a ladder and some glasses, You could see to 'Ackney Marshes, If it wasn't for the 'ouses in between."
 * Alexander Baron wrote a celebrated novel The Lowlife, published in 1963. The book takes place primarily in the Hackney area and loosely depicts Baron's childhood.
 * The celebrated cockney music hall performer Gus Elen sang a song entitled If It Wasn't for the 'Ouses In Between which included the following chorus:
 * An experimental 15-minute film Hackney Marshes November 4th 1977 by John Smith was shot on the marshes. It was adapted for television the following year.
 * In 1997, Nike presented a selection of Premiership players turning out for the Sunday League teams to the soundtrack of Blur's "Parklife".
 * The 2005 film Bullet Boy (Saul Dibb) used the marshes and local streets as a location.
 * Radio 1's Hackney Weekend was held here on the marshes on 23 and 24 June 2012. with acts such as Jay-Z, Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, will.i.am, Florence + The Machine, Leona Lewis and Plan B all performing across the two days.

Railway stations
The area is not well served by public rail transport, although has many bus services. Access to the Olympic Park is served by Stratford.

Lea Bridge station is the closest rail station to the Marshes. It is one stop away from Stratford.

The nearest London Overground station are Hackney Wick and Homerton, which are about a twenty-minute walk away. At about thirty minutes walking time, the nearest London Underground stations are Leyton and Stratford. Stratford International is also a Eurostar and National Rail station. (International trains are not currently stopping here).

Walking and cycling
Nearby, Hackney Wick is on the Capital Ring walking route, much of which is accessible to cyclists. The River Lea and local canals have a tow path which is accessible for both walking and cycling. The River Lea provides a continuous route to Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire via the Lea Valley Path for the particularly determined.

Leyton Marsh and the Walthamstow Marshes SSSI are located to the north of Hackney Marshes, and are part of the Lee Valley Regional Park.

title: Hackney Marshes


text:
J-function

J-function may refer to:
 * The Klein j-invariant or j function in mathematics
 * Leverett J-function in petroleum engineering

title: J-function


text:
Jocelyn

Jocelyn is a surname and first name. It is a unisex (male/female) name. Variants include Jocelin, Joceline, Jocelyne, Jocelynn, Jocelynne, Joscelin, Josceline, Joscelyn, Joscelynn, Joscelynne, Joseline, Joselyn, Joselyne, Joslin, Joslyn, Josselin, Joslynn, Josselyn, Josilyn, Josslyn, Joycelyn, and Juscelino. The name may derive from Josselin, a locality in Brittany, France, and have been introduced to England after the Norman Conquest. It derives from the Germanic name Gauzlin.

In French, the spelling "Jocelyn" is exclusively male. The female counterpart is spelled "Jocelyne".

Goscelin

 * Goscelin, 11th-century hagiographer, also known as Jocelyn

Jocelyn

 * Joss Ackland, British actor whose birth name is Sidney Edmond Jocelyn Ackland
 * Jocelyn Angloma, French-Guadeloupean football player
 * Jocelyn Barrow, British educator, community activist and politician
 * Jocelyn Bell Burnell, British astronomer
 * Jocelyn Bioh, Ghanaian-American writer and actor
 * Jocelyn Bolante, Filipino politician
 * Jocelyn Brooke, British author
 * Jocelyn Brown, American singer
 * Jocelyn Burdick, American politician
 * Jocelyn de Brakelond, 12th-century chronicler
 * Jocelyn Chia, American comedian
 * Jocelyn Enriquez, American singer
 * Jocelyn Erickson, American softball player
 * Jocelyn Gill, American astronomer
 * Jocelyn Godefroi, British translator
 * Jocelyn Jee Esien, British comedian
 * Jocelyn Lovell, Canadian cyclist
 * Jocelyn McCallum, Australian softball player
 * Jocelyn Moorhouse, Australian film director
 * Jocelyn Nuttall, New Zealand professor of education
 * Jocelyn Pook, English violist
 * Jocelyn Thibault, Canadian hockey player
 * Jocelyn Wildenstein, Swiss-American socialite known for having a cat-like appearance due to extensive cosmetic surgery

Joscelin

 * Joscelin, Bishop of Paris, 9th-century French cleric
 * Joscelin I, Count of Edessa (died 1131), Crusader lord
 * Joscelin II, Count of Edessa (died 1159), Crusader lord
 * Joscelin III of Edessa (1159 – after 1190), Crusader lord
 * Joscelin of Louvain, Brabantian/English nobleman

Josceline

 * Josceline de Bohon, Bishop of Salisbury
 * Josceline Percy, officer in the British Royal Navy
 * Josceline Percy, English politician
 * Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English nobleman
 * Josceline Dimbleby, British cookery writer

Joscelyn

 * Joscelyn Godwin, British composer, musicologist, and translator
 * Joscelyn Roberson, American artistic gymnast
 * Joss Stone, British singer whose birth name is Joscelyn Eve Stoker

Jocelin

 * Jocelin (d. 1199), abbot of Melrose, and Bishop of Glasgow
 * Jocelin of Soissons (d. 1152)
 * Jocelin of Wells, a 13th-century bishop of Bath and Wells
 * Jocelin de Dijon (fl. 1200–25), trouvère

Jocelyne

 * Jocelyne Betty Okagua Apiafi, Nigerian politician
 * Jocelyne Lanois, French-Canadian singer
 * Jocelyne Villeton, French long-distance runner

Joycelyn

 * Joycelyn Elders, American Public Health Administrator

Joselyn

 * Joselyn Cano, American Model
 * Joselyn Dumas, Ghanaian television host
 * Joselyn Alejandra Niño, Mexican criminal

Joseline

 * Joseline Hernandez, Puerto Rican reality television personality, rapper and actress

Juscelino

 * Juscelino Kubitschek, Brazilian President
 * Juscelino Filho, Brazilian federal deputy and cabinet minister

Surname

 * Frances Jocelyn, Viscountess Jocelyn, British photographer
 * Harry Jocelyn (1933–2000), Australian Latinist and classical scholar
 * John Joscelyn, an English antiquarian
 * Nathaniel Jocelyn, American painter
 * For the Jocelyns of Hyde Hall near Sawbridgeworth, see the Earl of Roden

title: Jocelyn


text:
Jacksboro

Jacksboro is the name of two places in the United States:

 * Jacksboro, Tennessee
 * Jacksboro, Texas

title: Jacksboro


text:
Jackman

Jackman is a surname and rarely, a given name. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Barret Jackman, Canadian ice hockey player
 * Bernard Jackman, Irish rugby player
 * Clyde Jackman, Canadian politician
 * Danny Jackman, English footballer
 * David Jackman (musician), British artist
 * David Jackman (minister), English minister
 * Galen B. Jackman, Retired United States Army Major General
 * Henry N.R. "Hal" Jackman, Canadian politician and former Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
 * Henry R. "Harry" Jackman, Canadian politician and entrepreneur (Empire Life Insurance Co.)
 * Herbert Louis Jackman (1867–1936), Australian architect, in practice with Daniel Garlick as Garlick & Jackman (and variations) in Adelaide
 * Herbert Montefiore Jackman (1897–1968), Australian architect, in practice with George Soward as English, Soward & Jackman in Adelaide
 * Herbert Louis Jackman, early South Australian architect who worked with Daniel Garlick
 * Hugh Jackman, Australian actor
 * Joseph Jackman (1844–1914), founder of Jackman's Rooms in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Jermain Jackman, singer
 * Lois Jackman (born 1937), Australian discus thrower
 * Maia Jackman, New Zealand footballer
 * Marion Jackman, Australian squash player
 * Mary Jackman, Irish politician
 * Myles Jackman, British lawyer
 * Pål Jackman, Norwegian director
 * Ric Jackman (born 1978), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Robert Jackman, also known as Ajahn Sumedho  prominent Theravada  bhikkhu
 * Robin Jackman, English cricketer
 * Tim Jackman, American ice hockey player

Given name
Notable people with the given name include:
 * Jackman "Jack" Harlow (born 1998), American rapper
 * Jackman Stewart (1930-2000), American teacher, coach, and school administrator at the Berkshire School in Sheffield, Massachusetts

title: Jackman


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User:Morwen/tradgoogle

Here are some interesting google hits. From these it seems there are two main areas where traditional counties have remained in use - these are the outer boroughs of Greater Manchester, and of Greater London. Obviously these statistics don't prove anything on an individual level, but they do act as an indicator of a general trend.

Places where traditional counties clearly win -

Bromley, Uxbridge, Staines, Wigan, Rochdale, Dagenham

Places where administrative counties clearly win -

Bournemouth, Brighton, Carlisle, Barrow, Brixton, West Ham, Caversham, Abingdon, Huntingdon, St Ives, Liverpool, Coventry, Birmingham, Solihull, Sheffield, Slough, Sunderland, Gateshead, Bootle

Places where former administrative counties win -

Bath, Bristol (may be overstated) Middlesbrough

slough, berkshire - 49,100 slough, buckinghamshire - 814

carlisle, cumbria - 34,500 carlisle, cumberland - 5,250

barrow-in-furness, lancashire - 601 barrow-in-furness, cumbria - 18,000

bromley, london - 4,480 bromley, kent - 46,900

brixton, london - 17,400 brixton, surrey - 493

west ham, london - 5,350 west ham, essex - 965

dagenham, essex - 16,300 dagenham, london - 3,540

caversham, berkshire - 1,830 caversham, oxfordshire - 411

huntingdon, huntingdonshire - 1,190 huntingdon, cambridgeshire - 23,100

uxbridge, london - 3,120 uxbridge, middlesex - 54,3000

liverpool, merseyside - 56,100 liverpool, lancashire - 8,580

staines, surrey - 3,450 staines, middlesex - 21,100

st ives, cambridgeshire - 12,300 st ives, huntingdonshire - 733

abingdon, berkshire - 750 abingdon, oxfordshire - 30,900

brighton, sussex - 29,400 brighton, east sussex - 54,100

grimsby, lincolnshire - 9,380 grimsby, north east lincolnshire - 4,400 grimsby, humberside - 2,050

bath, avon - 48,100 bath, somerset - 30,700

bournemouth, hampshire - 1,630 bournemouth, dorset - 102,000

middlesbrough, cleveland - 20,200 middlesbrough, yorkshire - 857 middlesbrough, north yorkshire - 2020 middlesbrough, north riding - 208

gateshead, tyne and wear - 15,300 gateshead, tyne & wear - 13,100

gateshead, durham - 1,680 gateshead, co. durham - 401 gateshead, county durham - 424

coventry, west midlands - 37,700 coventry, warwickshire - 14,700

birmingham, warwickshire - 6,680 birmingham, west midlands - 87,600

newport, hampshire - 161 newport, isle of wight - 36,600

peterborough, northamptonshire - 785 peterborough, cambridgeshire - 32,400

oakham, leicestershire - 6,270 oakham, rutland - 11,800

hull, yorkshire - 7,960 hull, east yorkshire - 16,100 hull, east riding of yorkshire - 6,250 hull, humberside - 11,600

hereford, hereford and worcester - 1,650 hereford, herefordshire - 16,400

bristol, gloucestershire - 7,180 bristol, avon - 69,500 (many refer to river)

wigan, greater manchester - 3,880 wigan, lancashire - 30,300

trafford, greater manchester - 884 trafford, lancashire, 1,110

solihull, warwickshire - 2,710 solihull, west midlands - 43,600

newport, gwent - 45,200 newport, south wales - 15,800 newport, monmouthshire - 3,210

sheffield, west riding - 255 sheffield, south yorkshire - 59,500 sheffield, yorkshire - 23,600

warrington, lancashire - 5,620 warrington, cheshire - 57,800

birkenhead, cheshire - 2,050 birkenhead, merseyside - 15,800

bolton, lancashire - 36,600 bolton, greater manchester - 7,710 bolton, manchester - 28,800

sunderland, durham - 3,810 sunderland, co durham - 746 sunderland, county durham - 981

sunderland, tyne and wear - 14,400 sunderland, tyne & wear 7,860

rochdale, lancashire - 31,700 rochdale, manchester - 824 rochdale, greater manchester - 2,870

bootle, lancashire - 322 bootle, merseyside - 13,200

title: User:Morwen/tradgoogle


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Jacksonburg

Jacksonburg may refer to:

 * Jacksonburg, Indiana
 * Jacksonburg, New Jersey
 * Jacksonburg, New York
 * Jacksonburg, Ohio

title: Jacksonburg


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Places inhabited by Rusyns

The contemporary administrative entities roughly corresponding the traditional territory of settlement of the Rusyns. Following areas have been included which still are or up to the World War II were inhabited by each of the Rusyn sub-ethnicities mentioned below:

Dolinyans:

 * Ukraine: Zakarpattia Oblast excluding Rakhiv Raion, see Hutsuls;

Boykos:

 * Poland: Subcarpathian Voivodship: Bieszczady County, Lesko County; also see the Wikipedia article Operation Vistula;
 * Ukraine: Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast: Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Kalush Raion, Rozhniativskyi Raion; Lviv Oblast: Starosambirskyi Raion, Skolivskyi Raion, Turkivskyi Raion;

Hutsuls:

 * Romania: Maramureș County;
 * Ukraine: Chernivtsi Oblast: Hlyboka Raion, Putyla Raion, Storozhynets Raion, Vyzhnytsis Raion; Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast: Kosiv Raion, Nadvirna Raion, Verkhovyna Raion, Yaremche City; Zakarpattia Oblast: Rakhiv Raion;

Lemkos:

 * Poland: Lesser Poland Voivodeship: Gorlice County, Nowy Sącz County, Nowy Targ County, Tatra County; Subcarpathian Voivodship: Jasło County, Krosno County, Sanok County; also see the Wikipedia article Operation Vistula;
 * Slovakia: Košice Region: Michalovce District, Sobrance District, Trebišov District; Prešov Region: Bardejov District, Humenné District, Kežmarok District, Medzilaborce District, Poprad District, Snina District, Stará Ľubovňa District, Stropkov District, Svidník District; Žilina Region: Námestovo District, Tvrdošín District.

There are Pannonian Rusyns, too, in Serbia (most notably in Vojvodina), and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Hungary.

For the Rusyn diaspora see the Wikipedia articles Rusyns and Rusyn American. Also see the article Gorals for a group of related Carpathian microethnoses.

title: Places inhabited by Rusyns


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Talk:Voting Rights Act of 1965

Broken external link
The external link to Text of original Act and 1970, 1975, and 1982 amendments does not work. Nick Levine (talk) 18:23, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voting Rights Act of 1965


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Jacksonport

Jacksonport may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Jacksonport, Arkansas, a town
 * Jacksonport, Wisconsin, a town
 * Jacksonport (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * West Jacksonport, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Jacksonport


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Manuel de Arriaga

Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue (8 July 1840 – 5 March 1917) was a Portuguese lawyer, the first attorney-general and the first elected president of the First Portuguese Republic, following the deposition of King Manuel II of Portugal and a Republican Provisional Government headed by Teófilo Braga (who would succeed him in the post following his resignation).

Biography
Of his early life details are brief: Arriaga was born to an aristocratic family; son of Sebastião José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (c. 1810 – Setúbal, 18 October 1881) and his wife, whom he married on 24 December 1834, Maria Cristina Pardal Ramos Caldeira (c. 1815 – ?). Arriaga's father was a rich merchant in the city, only son, and property-owner, whose heritage traced his lineage to the Fleming Joss van Aard, one of the original settlers of the island of Faial (of the male line to a Basque family of small nobility) and whose second cousin was Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira. The young Manuel was also the grandson of General Sebastião José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, who distinguished himself in the Peninsular Wars, and grand-nephew of the Judge of the Supreme Court, who between 1821 and 1822 was also a representative for the Azores in the Constituent Courts.

The Arriaga family included six children, of these the following siblings: Maria Cristina, the oldest (a poet, referred by Vitorino Nemésio in his obra-prima Mau Tempo no Canal); José de Arriaga, a historian (known for História da Revolução Portuguesa de 1820, published in 1889 and Os Últimos 60 anos da Monarquia, published in 1911); Sebastião Arriaga Brum da Silveira Júnior, agricultural engineer (after studying abroad, he worked on land recuperation projects in the Alentejo); and Manuel, the fourth in line of succession (who decided early on to concentrate on politics).

Education
Arriaga had his primary education in his native city of Horta. Around the age of 18, he moved with his younger brother (José de Arriaga) to Coimbra to study at the University of Coimbra in the Faculty of Law (from 1860 to 1865), where he distinguished himself for his brilliant mind and notable oratory. During this time he adhered to philosophical positivism and republican democracy, where he frequently joined others is discussions on philosophy and politics, showing a capacity for argument and imagination. His republican idealism, considered subversive, caused a rift between him and his conservative monarchist-leaning father (a supporter of the traditionalist King D. Miguel); his father would break-off ties with his sons (for those subverse ideals), forcing the older Manuel to work as a private teacher to support his and his brother's studies.

After finishing his studies in 1865, Manuel worked as a lawyer in Lisbon, but, desiring to be a teacher, he competed for the 10th chair at the Escola Politécnica (Polytechnical school) in 1866, as well as the chair in History in the department of Letters. Unsuccessful, in 1875 he ended up working in Lisbon both as an English teacher at the local secondary school, and as a lawyer.

Later, he established a legal practice, and quickly developed a clientele, which permitted him the financial security to assist his brother in completing his studies. Between many of the causes he defended while a lawyer, in 1890, he was the advocate for António José de Almeida, after he wrote "Bragança, o último" an article against King D. Carlos in the academic journal O Ultimatum.

On 26 August 1876, he joined the Comissão para a Reforma da Instrução Secundária ("Commission on the Reform on Secondary School Instruction").

Politics
A member of the Portuguese Republican Party (before the 31 January 1891 revolt), alongside Jacinto Nunes, Azevedo e Silva, Bernardino Pinheiro, Teófilo Braga and Francisco Homem Cristo, he was an active parliamentarian during the constitutional monarchy of King Luís I; he was involved in the debates on the reform of education, the penal code and prisons, in addition to electoral reform. By this time doctrinaire republicans had, by that time, been replaced by others in the party affiliated with masonry or the nascente Carbonari associations. He was also elected deputy for Funchal (1883–84) in the minority Republican government and later Lisbon (1890–92). A pragmatist, he actively promoted the Republican cause, while maintaining good relations with the Roman Catholic Church, unlike some of his contemporaries in the Republican movement. But, at the same time, he was combative and critical of what he saw as the "lethargy of monarchical governments, the [general] wastes and luxuries of the royal family. Yet, he ardently denounced irregularities in his own government, especially when some Ministers transferred funds from the government coffers into private hands.

Following the establishment of the Republic (5 October 1910), young Republican students in Coimbra entered the installations of the Senate, and vandalized the Hall and furniture used in Doctoral ceremonies and damaged paintings of the last Portuguese kings. In order "to impede other depravities Dr. António José de Almeida (Republican from the first hour) invited Dr. Manuel de Arriaga to be rector of the old University and gave him leave on 17 October of 1910 in a ceremony without academic ceremonies, which was enough to curb student enthusiasm".

During the period of the Provisional Government, he became the Attorney-General of the Republic premièring in that way as a paladin of Republican propaganda and as one of the more caustic Portuguese.

As one of the older figures of the Republican regime (he was 71), he was elected President on 24 August 1911; he did not campaign for the position, and noted that it was a heavy burden, which he believed he was personally incapable of fulfilling its duties, but accepted it "for the good of the Republic". The other candidate was Dr. Bernardino Machado (who would also become President later), but it was António José de Almeida who had suggested Manuel de Arriaga at the end of Teófilo Braga's Provisional Government. As Almeida had believed Arriaga "was one of the few if not the only man in the Party who worked well with everyone and whom the Lord Christ didn't speak ill".

The Presidency was itself not an enviable or prestigious position; although the elected person, for a time, occupied a large home in Horta Seca, they were required to furnish the home at their own cost, pay rent and had no transport budget, nor personal secretary (Arriaga would ask his own son to help him in this role). Later, the first President lived in the Palace of Belém, but not in the main building, but rather an annex off of the Pátio das Damas. This occurred in a period when personal divisions between different factions had splintered the Republican cause; António José de Almeida would form the Evolutionist Party, Brito Camacho the Republican Union, while Afonso Costa would continue to front the main Republican Party (renamed the Democratic Party). Manuel de Arriaga, for his part, would select the politician and journalist João Chagas to head his first government. In his personal autobiography, Arriaga recounted how he hoped that he would not be another factor to divide Republicans, especially in a time where there existed a need to work together; it was a difficult period historically, due to the exasperation of the "religious question", constant social agitation and political party instability (associated with "Machiavellian strategies" of some politicians) that fermented during the infancy of the First Republic. Frequently, Arriaga was unable to contain these tensions and often had to deal with counter-revolutionary revolts, such as the Royalist attack on Chaves led by Captain Paiva Couceiro. During his mandate, several governments fell; there were eight changes in the Prime Minister's office, disorder in the streets, violent reactions against the church, as well as counter-revolutionary monarchist movements. Finally, he invited Dr. António José de Almeida to lead the government, but he refused, and opted for the Republican Afonso Costa, who would govern off-and-on until 1917. Hated, but feared, he governed and even sought to restore some order and economy to the public accounts. Although Afonso Costa was able to reduce the deficit, the instability and conflict between Parties persisted, made more critical by internal politics and growing international tensions in 1914 (that would eventually begin World War I).

Arriaga deplored the circumstances, going so far as to announcing his intent to resign unless a coalition or non-party government could be installed that resolved the outstanding issues of amnesty and separation of church and state. But, subsequent governments would not resolve the issue immediately; on 22 February 1914 an amnesty was conceded for those not accused of violent actions, and eleven leaders of subversive groups were released, but the Law of Separation remained unrevised.

Revolt to resignation
Continuing political intrigues inevitably forced the first Republic down the path towards dictatorship. At the onset of the First World War, there was also pressure from the Portuguese colonies in Africa, principally Angola and Mozambique and the National Assembly had decided, while remaining initially neutral in the conflict, to send troops to those colonies which fronted German possessions.

The new Republic was now increasingly unmanageable, and further, there were divergences developing between the government and the army. At one point, a military contingent in Oporto attempted a coup d'état in Lisbon, which was suppressed. The government suggested disbanding the regiments involved, but their leaders appealed to General Pimenta de Castro. In an attempt to mitigate these problems, Manuel de Arriaga wrote to the three party leaders (Camacho, Afonso Costa and António José de Almeida) in order to come to an accord and form a unity government, but Afonso Costa did not react well to the proposal. The President then withdrew his support for the government, then-presided by Vítor Hugo de Azevedo, and to calm the Army called on General Joaquim Pimenta de Castro (who had been the Minister of War under João Chagas) to form a government. Arriaga had known and placed his confidence in Castro. But, Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro selected for his ministers, seven military officers, who did not permit the re-opening of Parliament, and provided an amnesty for convicted monarchists involved in the Attack on Chaves He made changes to electoral law and began governing as a dictator, which was only supported by the Evolutionist Party (Portugal) and the group led by Machado dos Santos on the political right of the Republicans.

What had started as an attempt to eliminate an inevitable conflict between the armed forces and the political class, eventually resulted in a bloody conflict. The parliamentarians, meeting secretly on 4 May 1915 in the Palácio da Mitra, declared Arriaga and Pimenta de Castro outside the law, their acts undemocratic and essentially void. Then, on 14 May, in a revolt instigated by members of the Democratic Party, elements of civil reactionary groups and supported by elements of the Navy began what was essentially a civil war; there were many deaths and injuries on both sides. The well-intentioned and pacifist Arriaga had only one option; twelve days following the start of the uprising, he resigned from the Presidency. In his resignation letter, he stated that the deaths during the revolt were needless, that Pimenta de Castro's regime was less a dictatorship then earlier governments and that 1914–15 laws had given future governments unusual war powers.

He paid heavily for his political naivety; as the author Raul Brandão noted the man, "although profoundly altruistic and magnanimous, good-natured and honorable", had rapidly turned into a political criminal and accused of duplicity with the dictatorial and violent Pimenta de Castro. In his resignation (to his ministers and Party) he defended himself against these unjust accusations and declared his well-intentioned loyalty to the Republican cause, which he had supported throughout his life (but which had abandoned him disillusioned). The parliamentarian, writer and journalist, Augusto de Castro later recounted a conversation with the former President, shortly before his death (in 1917):
 * "The man, an admirable magistrate, with an aristocratic comportment and a romantic look, who once was one of the most handsome boys of his time, had transformed himself, in half-a-dozen months, into an old, curved and pathetic man...Arriaga recounted to me one of his unique pleasures during his exile...his flowers, garden and poetry...in that afternoon, seated in his garden, seated in the warmth of the sun's rays, I told the old man my predictions. That politics was not made for idealists nor poets, like him...Arriaga listened silently, forcing a smile respectively. Eventually, tears covered his eyes...And while making small patterns in the carpet with his cane, he told me, with an irony...'I am a political criminal, my friend'...I wanted to comfort him, and remembered his sense of pride in popular sentiment and justice, that yet remained in his soul...the people that you had esteemed, continue to respect and love you. That much is true. There are few in the theater, in public, who caricature you..."

But Augusto de Castro ended his story by noting that upon leaving the ex-President's home he purchased a newspaper that referred to Arriaga as a renegade and traitor, and thought, "never, like that afternoon, did politics seem so cruel and a sinister thing".

Manuel de Arriaga was replaced as President by Professor Teófilo Braga in 1915, who had led the provisional government following the abdication and exile of King Manuel II.

Later life
In 1874, Arriaga had married Lucrécia Augusta de Brito de Berredo Furtado de Melo (Foz do Douro, Porto, 13 November 1844 – Parede, Oeiras, 14 October 1927), from a family friendly to the Arriagas (from the island of Pico). The ceremony occurred in a chapel near Valença do Minho, where her father was General and Governor. For a few years the couple lived in Coimbra, where Manuel de Arriaga flourished in his law practice. Six children were born, two boys and four girls, and the family regularly spent their holidays in Buarcos.

Following his resignation, Manuel de Arriaga died in Lisbon two years later on 5 March 1917. His home, near Rua da Janelas Verdes, overlooked the boats in the Tejo, and in the room where he died there were photographs of the two men he most admired, Victor Hugo and Alexandre Herculano, while above his bed, an image of Christ. In the end, former-President Arriaga's image was rehabilitated by the Portuguese media for his "intelligence, patriotism, benevolence and his honor for the manner in which he exercised his functions". This was further enhanced by his public papers and documents, as well as the work of several intellectuals.

Arriaga was buried in the Prazeres Cemetery the day after his death. In 2004, by decision of the Assembly of the Republic, his body was moved to the National Pantheon.

Published works
Although a distinguished lawyer and orator, most of Arraiga's works were presented to the public, but also included published:
 * O Partido Republicano e o Congresso (The Republican Party and the Congress), presented at the Clube Henriques Nogueira (11 December 1887);
 * A Questão da Lunda (A Question of Lunda), represented in the Chamber of Deputies (1891);
 * Descaracterização da Nacionalidade Portuguesa no regime monárquico (The De-characterization of Portuguese Nationality in the Monarchical Regime) presented in the Chamber of Deputies (1897);
 * Começo de liquidação final (Beginning the Final Liquidation)
 * Sobre a Unidade da Família Humana debaixo do Ponto de Vista Económico (About the Unity of the Human Family under the Economic View)
 * A irresponsabilidade do poder executivo no regime monárquico liberal (The Irresponsibility of Executive Power in the Liberal Monarchical Regime)
 * Contos Sagrados (Sacred Stories)
 * Irradiações (Diffusion)
 * Harmonia Social (Social Harmony)

title: Manuel de Arriaga


text:
Talk:Eurabia conspiracy theory

This article is utter shit.
This article defines Eurabia as a very specific theory of the political motivations behind mass muslim migration. Then it uses the overly narrow definition as a straw man to attack people who use the word colloquially to describe islamization of Europe without any conspiracy theory of the political motivations for it.

None 95% of the colloquial usage of the term DOES NOT involve any conspiracy theory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8801:0:1530:b48f:7ddd:69ea:34d7 (talk) 21:15, 24 February 2017

Agreed. The article breathes kind of appeasement and seeks for denial of obvious. It doesn't make clear the word and it's meaning in context of the real existing and future Europe. I think it lacks neutral pov and is just for negating facts so it fits an agenda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:EA:9706:D800:2450:BB72:B701:B9EE (talk) 19:03, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

I personally find that this whole article is completely out-of-date as nearly all of the references are 10, 15, or more years old now and there is no reference at all to the changes in the last couple of years, especially the mass immigration allowed by Angela Merkel and what the new percentage of the Euro population is (or will be) Muslim as a result. Back in 2010, before Angela Merkel, I would have completely agreed that the idea of an Islamic takeover of Europe would be preposterous.

 * The article is about the term Eurarabia, nothing else. And this isn't a venue for discussion of immigration. Doug Weller  talk 11:52, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

I was surprised to read that "Eurabia is ... used to describe a conspiracy theory". How a term can decribe a theory? I first encountered this term many years ago in a translation of a book by Walter Laquere and thought its meaning is to describe increasing cultural and institutional interdependence of Europe and the Middle East. (Hence the questions of demografics are crucial). So, I argee with above that the article defines Eurabia too narrowly and than uses this definition as a straw man. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.91.49.164 (talk) 01:08, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * The article rightfully explains that "Eurabia" is a malicious idea, coined by populists who strive to frighten the world for "those terrible muslims". Typically for demagogic writing, the main message is hidden as an implied presumption. Apparently the article is about an alleged increasing Arab influence, but the main message is hate against Arabs. Rbakels (talk) 23:06, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * can you suggest some reliable sources and changes you'd like to make? What you say sounds correct, but what do we do about it? Doug Weller  talk
 * Lawyers learned me the Latin phrase negativa non sunt probanda: one can not prove that something does not happen. That applies to this conspiracy theory as well. Is there some collective intent behind the alleged mass migration from muslim countries? Who knows. That is the reason why the "Eurabia" idea is attractive for populist political use. Still the actual number of immigrants from the Middle East is much lower than most people think, which is an explicit indication. Fundamentally, the burden of proof is on the side of people who pretend Eurabia is coming. I think they will fail. Rbakels (talk) 07:51, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Anon here. Agree the article is shit. Example https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurabia#Demography

> Demography > The Pew Research Center said in 2011 that "the data that we have isn't pointing in the direction of 'Eurabia' at all"

LOL. The 2015 migration crisis seems relevant to Demography. The article is shit, which is not surprising on wiki political topics. Math coverage is great though --136.49.80.62 (talk) 08:37, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Original research is prohibited in Wikipedia articles, so a proposed change would need to substantiate the claim with a reliable source that connects the 2015 European migrant crisis to the Eurabia conspiracy theory. —  Newslinger  talk   08:24, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Extremely poor article
I thought Wikipedia was supposed to be neutral & unbiased? This article paints anyone who rejects Islamic migration into Europe as a far right wing lunatic. I find that absolutely outrageous, radical, and far left wing. Does this mean everyone about to vote in the upcoming French election for anti-immigration candidates is delusional? Any westerner who wants to preserve western values is equal to a 9/11 conspiracy theorist? Absolutely unacceptable for Wikipedia. Manchester18 (talk) 22:03, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

 * As stated in the article, the term Eurabia refers to a "far-right Islamophobic conspiracy theory, involving globalist entities allegedly led by French and Arab powers, to Islamise and Arabise Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining a previous alignment with the United States and Israel". Opposition to immigration to Europe is covered more broadly at . Most people who oppose immigration to Europe do not invoke the Eurabia conspiracy theory. —  Newslinger  talk   08:19, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

political neologism, a portmanteau
The terms political neologism, a portmanteau appear in the first sentence of the article.

I am not a native speaker of English but I believe that even native English speakers aren't familiar with these two terms and that anyway even most native English readers will feel a psychological twitch or would be biased when coming across these two works juxtaposed and hence I think that the first sentence of the article should not include these words. 2A10:8012:19:AD67:81FC:8744:739A:CC41 (talk) 14:25, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately these are the words in English that have exactly the meaning required. It could be said in a more long-winded way but to do so would give undue space to the etymology (which is important enough to be in the lead). Both terms have links to articles that explain them if needed. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:52, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I have seen the Blue links but it doesn't matter; I personally find a problem of reading flow, when these two words are juxtaposed in this context, to the level which I find the article failing to pass on the message at its core. 2A10:8012:19:AD67:4820:3F5B:E02B:F013 (talk) 16:53, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes. I think is is OK. The only way to make it simpler would be to recast the introduction to be more directly about the conspiracy theory and less about the term itself. E.g.
 * Eurabia is a far-right, anti-Muslim political conspiracy theory, which alleges that globalist entities, led by French and Arab powers, seek to Islamize and Arabize Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining its previous alliances with the United States and Israel. The name Eurabia is a neologism, composed as a portmanteau of Europe and Arabia.
 * That only helps a little bit so I'm not sure if it is worth doing. Maybe it would be good to break up the longer sentences but I can't see a nice way to do that. DanielRigal (talk) 15:09, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know how best to phrase the opener, but based on your quote, I suggest this:
 * Eurabia is an anti-Muslim concept, which alleges that globalist entities, led by French and Arab powers, seek to Islamize and Arabize Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining its previous alliances with the United States and Israel. The name Eurabia is a neologism, composed as a portmanteau of Europe and Arabia.

Arabia or the Arab world
Eurabia is comprised of Europe and Arabia, no doubt, but the context is "The Arab World" (which is a predominantly Muslim), hence wouldn't it be better to write "portmanteau of Europe and the Arab world"? Thanks. 2A10:8012:19:AD67:4820:3F5B:E02B:F013 (talk) 16:59, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

 * No, because where would the "ia" bit come from? The whole point of a portmanteau is that it is fitting two words together. We need to say which two words. The portmanteau of "Europe" and "the Arab world" would probably be "the Eurarab world", which is not the same word as "Eurabia", even if it is only very slightly sillier. Anyway, it is not what the sources say and we are not allowed to just make stuff up. DanielRigal (talk) 17:50, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * We should quote the sources right, I agree. What's wrong with a link such as Arabia ? 2A10:8012:19:AD67:4820:3F5B:E02B:F013 (talk) 19:19, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Because it is an easter egg link, what belongs there is the word Arabia. Because what the sentence is talking about is the word itself.  nableezy  - 19:25, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with you technically, but as long as "Arabia" links to an article about the Arabian Peninsula there is a context problem. 2A10:8012:19:AD67:2CFD:3FC6:E921:7E72 (talk) 21:21, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eurabia conspiracy theory