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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/May 2004

Easy-to-install wiki software with free links and versioning?
I'm looking to start a simple wiki for my own purposes, and I need to choose software to use. MediaWiki's install process is scary, and most of the simpler options lack the features I need (free links and version history). Wikipedia-like syntax would be nice, but not required. I would prefer PHP, or maybe Python/CGI; MySQL or flat files would both work.

Does such a thing exist? Thanks a lot. Eurleif 20:50, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, if you haven't tried it, mediawiki really isn't as scary as it might at first appear (at least on windows). One really just runs four windows installers (apache, php, mysql, mediawiki) and twiddles two or three config files (a couple of lines in apache, and I think four or five in mediawiki's), all of which are fairly elementary (and pretty well documented).  I think I did the whole thing in about half an hour (plus download time) the first time I tried.  And I'm as thick as a plank :) -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 21:11, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * But to answer your actual question, see Wiki software and Ward'sWiki's list. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 01:47, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I've personally had good success with MoinMoin http://moinmoin.wikiwikiweb.de/ and PHPWiki http://phpwiki.sourceforge.net/ Thunderbolt16 01:26, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC)

Do you have to run MediaWiki on your own server, or can it be set up on a webhost, if they have Apache, PHP and MySQL capabilities? Catherine - talk 04:54, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * You can run it on a hosted server. I believe there were some issues on hosted accounts which lack the root account on the MySQL, but I think those are fixed. And of course if you have virtual hosting there's no effective difference between that and a dedicated machine. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 00:06, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Finlay! It'd be great if the MediaWiki User's Guide had step-by-step instructions for installing on a hosted account -- it would make the whole thing less intimidating for those who just want a wiki on their own little website... I'll go suggest it over there. Catherine - talk 20:59, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

blood group O recessive, thus dominant?
It is not clear to me why the blood group O is the more frequent around the world, when it is stated that either A or B alleles are codominant over i (O)allele.

Thanks. sleopoldo@tiscali.it

 * While the A and B alleles are codominant over i, the i allele is very common in many populations. Additionally, people with A or B blood can carry the i allele and pass it on to their children. As an example from real life, my grandfather had A blood, my grandmother has B, yet my mother is O, one of her sisters is A and the other is AB, so geneticly my grandfather was Ai, and my grandmother is Bi. For another example, blue eyes are recessive, yet lots of people have blue eyes because the blue eyed allele is very common in some populations. Gentgeen 10:31, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * PS: I found an article that discribes this better than I did above. Dominance relationship. -gent

 * Dominance relationship does help explain codominence, but the reason the blood group O is more frequent is a result of gene frequency rather than of dominance. The 'i' allele is much more frequent than the "A" and "B" alleles: that is, it all breaks down to allele frequency and the Hardy-Weinberg principle. For example, among the American white population, blood type frequency is 45% O, 41% A, 10% B, and 4% AB. From this it can be calculated that the frequency of the i allele is 67%, the frequency of the  A allele is 26%, and the frequency of the B allele is 7%.  So type O blood predominates because 67% of the alleles in the population are allele O.  - Nunh-huh 07:37, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Plastic bullets in NI
are rubber/plastic bullets still used in northern ireland?

 * May we have the circumstances for this question? Dieter Simon 23:40, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Per Plastic bullet, rubber bullets were replaced by plastic bullets in 1975. I believe plastic bullets are still issued to riot police in northern ireland, but the circumstances in which they were used have (almost) disapeared.  The plastic bullet page "in 1999 only 112 rounds were fired, compared to 8,300 in 1996", and that there hasn't been a PB related fatality since 1989 (which is both a reflection increased civil order in the province, and changes in police tactics when using PB rounds). -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:48, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Descendants of Cain?
Bible question - someone once tried to persuade me that (per biblical tradition) there were no surviving descendants of Cain, citing Noah as being descended only of Abel (and all postdilluvial humans being descended only of him). Neglecting the in-the-air provenance of 'er indoors (Naamah), does this theory, er, hold water (in a purely biblical sense)? -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 02:00, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, this isn't my field, but I'm pretty sure that Genesis says that (a) only Noah and his sons and their wives went into the ark, and (b) that all flesh, including "every man", died in the flood except what was in the ark. This would indeed imply that all of humanity now alive is descended from Noah. (Making us really, really inbred, I suppose)

 * Obviously this contradicts the legend--where did it originate?--that Cain was doomed not to die, but that, as I understand it, has no particular biblical basis.कुक्कुरोवाच

 * Some popular (pulpy) stories like to explain vampires as being the "children of Cain", their doom indeed being not to die. This doesn't explain how they survived the great flood, but I suppose several months clinging to a log would explain their profound dislike of water :) -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 17:08, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've encountered related uses of the mythology. It doesn't hold water, I don't think, unless you can call them something other than flesh. Also, the original "children of Cain" (i.e., in some accounts, the nephilim), were definitely killed off in the flood, as that was the whole point of the flood.कुक्कुरोवाच 22:44, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks (I'd forgotten the nephilim). I can't seem to find a wikipedia article like Old testament family tree or Genesis family tree, which is rather surprising. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:28, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You are being way too scientific! The Bible and Logic Based on Tangible Evidence? Not very hand-in-hand. --Menchi 00:28, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That's why I said "in a purely biblical sense", hoping to sidestep discussions of out-of-africa hypotheses etc., while still entertaining tall tales of giants and vampires. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:38, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * At least you're making the Bible entertaining -- Something some priests fail to achieve with their numb audience.... But seriously, the Bible is so ingrained in the Western society, it is intransically linked with many elements of semi-secular folklore and culture. Quite intriguing these "pulpy" connections are. --Menchi 00:48, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Genesis 4:15 says: '[The LORD said] "if anyone kills Cain, he will suffer vengeance seven times over." Then the LORD put a mark on Cain so that no one who found him would kill him.'. and 4:17 'Cain lay with his wife, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Enoch.'. So God prohibited Cain's family from taking vengenace on him, but did not say he would never die. Also Cain had descendants.

 * As to the question of whether Noah was descended from Abel only, Genesis 5 indicates that Noah is not descended from Abel at all, but from Adam's third son, Seth. DJ Clayworth 17:56, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Noah may have been descended only from Abel, but is there anything that says his sons' wives (or Noah's wife, for that matter) were so "pure"? Or does the female bloodline not count in this discussion?  Catherine - talk 21:18, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The Noah article sheds much unlight on this: "Noah's wife is not named in the Bible; according to later Jewish traditions ... her name is Naamah". So the distaff line seems to be a "don't know". I dunno about the son's wives. DJ: thanks! -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 22:03, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

the science of whistling
Is whistling a voiced sound; that is, are the vocal folds vibrating during the production of a whistle? Please direct answers/comments to mari65@optonline.net. Thank you.

 * Whistling has nothing to do with the vocal folds; it's entirely labial. It is possible to whistle one note and hum (with the vocal folds) another - I can do this (I guess everyone can), although I don't (yet) have the ability to properly control the interval between the two notes. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 17:11, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

FDR's Four Policemen
02 May 2004 13:48 Hello,

Firstly, I just want to say, I'm hooked on Wikipedia! It’s sad! But in a good way! Now, to the question. I'm a Poly Sci major at Old Dominion University (Norfolk, VA) and I'm currently reading Henry Kissinger's Diplomacy and he makes reference to FDR's Four Policemen in Chapter 16. The Four Policemen is a term coined by FDR before D-Day that suggested that the US, UK, the Soviet Union and possibly China would be the only armed nations in the post WWII era that would restore and maintain peace, throughout Europe or so that’s what I get from it. I was wondering if any of you other learnt scholars could perhaps create a page about that, because I would like to learn more about this idea of the Four Policemen, and why it didn't work? Who gave up on it first? And why did Russia play for keeps, rather then simply liberating Eastern Europe. (Maybe I just answered my own question) So can someone make a page about the Four Policemen?

Thanks

Tony C. Anderson a.k.a. ConsensuOmnium

ConsensuOmnium@aol.com

Medals for Suez Canal Zone Veterans
imported from Village pump by IMSoP 18:40, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

It has been reported that there is significant delay in issuing these medals although I received mine without too much delay.

Why wait for applications? The M o D must have records of all those who served out there during the appropriate period. Army Navy RAF Records will also have such lists. Why not issue them based on these lists.? Many Veterans will have answered Roll Call elsewhere and their Descendants may not even be aware.

Maurice Scott ex 1 R Lincolns Mauricescott@Hotmail.com

science assignment - really need information fast!
[original submitter left no text]

 * Well, as an encyclopedia, this site is chock full of information, including plenty on Science, so you've come to the right place; but maybe you're after some specific information, in which case perhaps you could let us know what, and we may be able to point you in the right direction... - IMSoP 21:04, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

light bulb
I read the entry on light bulbs but still am confused about what makes the wattage of light bulbs different. For example, what is the difference in the light bulb between a 15 watt bulb and a 150 watt bulb that makes the 150 brighter? Is the filament thicker or does the bulb base reduce the voltage to it? Also if you drop a bulb, it often burns brighter for a short time before burning out. What causes that?

 * Let me try to answer that from a few things I remember from school :) A watt (the unit of power) by definition is unit Energy output per unit time. In electrical terms, that makes it 1 Volt Potential difference multiplied by 1 Ampere of Current. But Voltage/Resistance = Current. So, it becomes obvious that one cannot try to alter one quantity independent of the other two. But, on standard power supply lines, the voltage is practically maintained constant, by the huge capacity power grids which can pump in enough "energy" to compensate for any drop in the voltage due to commercial/domestic usage. So, in a constant voltage scenario, the only way to increase your power output is by increasing the current (by decreasing the resistance.)

 * When the power output increases, one needs to go for a compromise. In the absence of a suitable resisting medium, the excess power gets dissipated to the surroundings in the form of heat and also by raising the temperature of the carrying medium - which can in turn push the medium to higher energy levels and make it glow. The objective in a light bulb is to maximise the power output in the form of light. This also means that the substance that glows (in this case a filament) should be capable of withstanding the high temperature and glow without melting. This leads to a compromise which makes the best conductors of electricity (like silver and copper) unsuitable for the job, while others like Tungsten are better suited.

 * When we desire lesser luminosity, the power output desired is small and hence the resistance can be kept quite high, employing poorer conductors of electricity and/or substances, which are not capable of going beyond a particular luminosity without melting. The reverse holds good for bulbs, of which we expect higher luminosity. Note that I only mentioned "better" and "poorer" conductors here, because two filaments of the same substance can possess different resistances based on its thickness (the thicker the filament, the lower its resistance), and in most cases it is indeed the thickness of the filament coil that makes the difference. So, it is generally assumed that the wattage of the bulb has a direct bearing on the amount of power dissipated and the luminosity of the filament - all other factors considered equal. It is a complicated picture overall, where the wattage can only give a general idea of the luminoxity that can be expected of the bulb (more determinant in lower wattage operations, while at higher voltages wattage and luminosity are rarely in proportion) and can never pinpoint the exact behaviour of the bulb/luminosity under various circumstances (like the duress of the filament cause by voltage fluctuations, air pressure and the oxygen levels). Much of what I said may be crude/inaccurate, but I guess this is the big picture. Chancemill 13:54, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Let me offer a shorter answer to the question. The wattage is set by the length and thickness of the filament.  The are no extra components in the base to alter the voltage. -- Heron 14:21, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * About your second question, when you drop a bulb, it might develop a crack and allow air to get inside the previously vaccumised bulb. The oxygen in the air aids speedier combustion/oxidation of the filament (oxidation reactions are generally exothermic - they give out energy) which perhaps causes the bulb to glow a bit brighter than normal. However, oxides of almost all the metals possess lower melting points and strengths and hence go crack! Chancemill 14:13, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

original name of China
Why China is also known as zhong guo (mandarin pronunciation) ie.Middle Why its people were also called Hua ren? China was known as shen zhou or the God's Land, and why does this change and when was it changed. Thank you. --Anon

 * The answers can be found in China in world languages + Chinese. Shenzhou is not an original name, it is just a nickname. It is still in use in literary occasions. It was never changed. --Menchi 08:29, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There's a bit more non-NPOV to the story than the Wikipedia article has. China is "中國" (Zhongguo) because in the days of the old Empire, China's official ideology was very ego-centric.  They believed that China was the centre of the world, thus theirs was the "Middle Kingdom".  I've never heard of China being called "神洲" (Shenzhou), but then, my Chinese sucks pretty hard so I probably wouldn't have. Diderot 19:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Economic track time
Sir,

I am a keen researcher on economic matters of current day relevance. Presently, I am working on a subject i.e. Economic track time, which essentially mean the effective time taken for the movement of logistics from one place to another and its implication on national economy.

Please refer to educative articles on the subject and if possible, a communication to my e-mail raktimdutta@rediffmail.com

 * Do you mean Time and Motion Studies? --bodnotbod 16:54, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Prostitution and singing
I was reading the article of the day on prostitution and it mentioned in some cultures prostitutes where the only women allowed to sing publicly. I was wondering what cultures (and what time periods) these were.

Speaking of cousins
I generally have difficulty in comprehending what people mean when they speak of cousins (especially the nth removed jargon). The article on Family says -

 * Two persons who share a grandparent are "first cousins" (one degree of collaterality); if they share a great-grandparent they are "second cousins" (two degrees of collaterality) and so on. If the shared ancestor is the grandparent of one individual and the great-grandparent of the other, the individuals are said to be "first cousins once removed"''

My question - If my grandparent is the great-grandparent of another, will that make us first cousins once removed (from my perspective) or second cousins once removed (from the others perspective)? How did this phrase come into common parlance? Around where I live, regardless of the "removal factor" - the elder is usually considered an uncle or an aunt to the younger person. And while we are at it, is there a "once added" clause too :) ? Chancemill 07:16, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * To quickly answer the first and last of those questions, you are both "first cousin once removed" to each other. If the other person had a child, that child would then be your "first cousin twice removed". The "... removed" part of the terminology uses the word "remove" not as the opposite of "add": it's a technical term in Genealogy describing the number of generations between two people: if you drew up a family tree where each member appeared as high up as possible (given that some people might appear more than once because cousins may be married) people "twice removed" would appear two rows apart. HTH HAND --Phil | Talk 12:42, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * On "aunt" and "uncle"--commonly used affectionately for any close adult, usually but not always related to the child because we have no other term for it. My mom's cousin was always "aunt" to us; our great-aunts we also called "aunt"; close family friend of parents who was around a lot and maybe took kids places & did special treats and so on also "aunt".  Elf | Talk 23:24, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * And just to further clarify Phil's excellent answer - regarding removed: you are only ever "removed" in one direction - that is, your second cousin's parent is seen as "one step down from a first cousin" never "one step up from a second cousin" - so they will be a "first cousin once removed" to you just as you are to them. - IMSoP 10:35, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks everybody :) Chancemill 12:42, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

Towns in Bohemia
Do you have a source for the names of Towns, Villages etc. in Bohemia in the years 1905-1906?

Operation Overlord
What was the name of proposed British plan to build a pontoon airfield off the French coast for use in Operation Overlord?

How many of the 92 early warning stations were put out of action in the NEPTUNE area of Operation Overlord?

 * I've never heard of the pontoon airfield plan, and it seems an unlikely one given the immense logistical effort involved and the fact that it would, according to expectation, only be needed for a few days until an airfield was captured or built on land. If the Allies had really wanted air support closer than the British coast they had aircraft carriers available.

 * The second question is much easier. I don't have the exact figures but the answer is 'most'. I believe there were virtually no German radar stations left working in the Normandy area, resulting in a low in-air casualty rate for the airborne assault. However a few were left working in the Pas de Calais so that they would pick up large fleet of aircraft specifically sent there as a decoy. I think I got that from Keegan's "The Second World War". DJ Clayworth 16:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Washington State Name
I heard somewhere that Washington (the state, I mean) was originally going to be called "Colombia" or "Columbia" or something like that. Is this true?
 * If you look at Washington Territory, you'll see that you're exactly right! :-) Richard Stanton was the one who proposed "Washington" as a name. Jwrosenzweig 22:39, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That's fairly ironic, considering Washington, DC stands for District of Columbia :-) --WhiteDragon 15:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Rare Beatle Recording
To Whom It May Concern:

I have been trying to track down an extremely rare (in 24 years I haven't found one person, Beatlemanic and or whomever that has ever heard of it?) recording done by a Belgian Pianist around 1979/1980/1981 of various Beatle Songs (this is all intrumental Piano) done up in the style of the Great Composers.

ie; Obladi-Obblada was performed by this Pianist as if he were interpreting a composition written by Mozart and so on. A Day in the Life was performed as if Rahmaninoff had written it and so on. This pianist covered Chopin/Bach/Shubert and most of the biggies?

I can't for the life of me remember his name? My father bought it for me as a Christmas present around 1980 I think? He purchased it through at that time what was called: "The Book of them Month Club" which at that point was also offering various LP's for sale.

I have never come across it anywhere? I have never seen any reference to it in even the foggiest details and I have been searching for 20 years. I lent it to a musician friend back in '82 and never got it back. Naturally, I lost track of him and have not been able to locate him either.

I would pay handsomely to find a copy of the LP (better yet on CD?) and or Cassette.

If you have any info on this and or could direct me to an internet url or what have you that might provide any clues what-so-ever, I would be grateful. Better yet, I would like to buy a copy, albeit from you and or one of your connections.

Thank You.

Sincerely,

Kip Long  e-mail elangroup@hotmail.com   516-690-1206
 * I may be way off, but this sounds a lot to me like Richard Clayderman. I have no idea if he's Belgian, but I know he's from Western/Central Europe, and my recollection is that he did albums like this for a number of years.  Hope this helps. Jwrosenzweig 07:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Clayderman is French. --Auximines 09:41, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Alternatively, how about the details of the musician friend, we could try to track them down! Mark Richards 01:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm emailing my brother about this. We had a record of similar description in our house many years ago, I just looked for it, but it wasn't there.  The cover of the vinyl LP was a painting, possibly airbrushed, of - presumably - the pianist sitting at his piano.  Eleanor Rigby was one of the tracks.  I didn't used to play it much cos the cover scared me as a child.  I'm pretty sure Bach is in the title.  But I'll report back when my brother answers my email. --bodnotbod 15:14, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I can answer your question : The name of the Belgian pianist you are looking for is : François Glorieux. The tracks on that recording are :

 * Yesterday (F. Chopin) listen
 * Let it be - Help (R. Schumann) listen
 * Can't buy me love (G. Gershwin/S. Prokofiev) listen
 * Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da (W.A. Mozart) listen
 * Hey Jude (J.S. Bach)
 * Michelle (M. Ravel)
 * Yellow Submarine (L. Van Beethoven)
 * Girl - Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da (J. Brahms)
 * Norwegian Wood (D. Milhaud)
 * The fool on the hill (S. Rachmaninoff)
 * In my life (C. Debussy)
 * Eleanor Rigby (B. Bartok)
 * Something (E. Grieg)
 * When I'm sixty four (J. Strauss) - I want to hold your hand (J.P. Sousa)
 * Penny Lane - Eight days a week (F. Glorieux)
 * You've got to hide your love away - Lady Madonna (F. Liszt)
 * Here there and everywhere (F. Glorieux)
 * Please, please me - All my loving (P. Tchaikovsky)
 * Lucy in the sky with diamonds (F. Glorieux)
 * Nowhere man - I will (F. Mendelssohn)
 * With a little help of my friends (F. Schubert)
 * The long and winding road (A. Scriabin)
 * Hello Goodbye (E. Satie)

His official website is : François Glorieux

In case you would ask : no, I don't possess any recordings of him. I still remember his performances on the VRT, the Flemish Television. A real remarkable man. JoJan 10:20, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia Talk and Google
Moved to Help desk - the Reference desk is for factual/encyclopedic information, the help'' desk is for Wikipedia-specific/technical information. - IMSoP 17:28, 6 May 2004 (UTC)''

Bridget Riley Questions
To Wikipedia: I read your text about Bridget Riley, and I had a couple of questions for you. 1. Which of Bridget Riley's art pieces would you believe to be her masterpiece? Why? 2. How is Bridget Riley important to modern day life, and how has she effected the course of art and culture? Thank You.

 * 1) the one with all the zigzag lines 2) having personally experienced a Riley-exhibition induced migraine, I can attest that her works surely have a future as non-lethal weapons for riot control or crushing political dissent. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 03:39, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In case you have missed the point here, your questions sound awfully like a request to write a homework essay. We're not here to do your homework for you. --136.186.1.116 05:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Thatcher?: 'any man who finds himself on a bus at the age of 26 can account himself a failure'
I have come across this quote, at least twice at different sources, but wonder if the attribution to Thatcher is correct? -- Kaihsu 09:26, 2004 May 5 (UTC)

 * Google returns one hit for the quote, attributed to That cher. Anárion 09:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

A man who, beyond the age of 26, finds himself on a bus can count himself as a failure.

The attribution is correct. She said it in 1986.

Mrs Thatcher was a snide conservative. Seems to me there is another word for her attitude, one that rhymes with "itchy", but it eludes me for the moment. (I am over the age of 26 and ride the bus to work, so I may perhaps be a bit POV.)

If you need an attribution, you can find it in refered to in the UK Hansard  on 2 July 2003 by Mr. Don Foster, MP for Bath. The exact time and place of the original speech I have not been able to identify, but my guess is that it is in the 1986 Hansards, which are not online. Diderot 09:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I have made a tinyurl out of the above link: and will add her quote to Wikiquote. I hope to eventually locate the Hansard source (1986). -- Kaihsu 09:59, 2004 May 5 (UTC)

The earliest reference I can find is (with Factiva) in the "Observer", 26 July 1998, article by Joanna Walters, as "if a man finds himself a passenger on a bus having attained the age of 26, he can account himself a failure in life". Would love to see a photo of the Hansard page. Given the outrageousness of the quote I'm surprised it didn't make the press at the time, so feeling a bit skeptical. -- 2005-12-22

Writing in The Daily Telegraph 30.10.06 Philip Johnston states "it has been attributed to Thatcher, principally by people on the left who seek to give the impression that this is something that she would have said, when the oppostite is the case". It goes on to that this quotes like this are put out by cavalier Labour ministers with scant regard to the truth.

Lindi and Malindi
(from Village pump)

Dear Ms/Sir

Is Lindi the new name of the ancient city of Malindi in Tazania?

Some one had said that Malindi is the name of three ancient cities located in Kenya, Tazania and South Africa. Is this true?

Malindi has been mentioned in Zhenghe's navigation chart as the last port of call in East africa.

kk Tan

Venomous snakes
To my fellow Wikipedians, I'm researching a piece of fiction and stumbled upon a problem. I need to find info on a venomous snake, its venom highly neurotoxic to humans, causing death in about 5 seconds (preventing someone from making a quick defensive move). The catch is: this particular snake needs to handled by a skilled herpetologist and temporarily put in a briefcase - so its size is limited. Also, I'd like the signs of poisoning to be minimal, besides the bite marks. I have no clie where to start. Can anyone point me to some relevant info?

Rest assured, I'm not intending to handle snakes or use them to kill someone. - MGM 12:24, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know very much about snakes but I believe that even the most dangerous kill with in hours rather the seconds. (well they kill their prey much more quickly but a rat is a lot smaller than a man) I don't know of any snake that can kill within seconds. What about man made poisions. There are plenty, I think many of the cyanide typew compounds would work. theresa knott 13:34, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In Kill Bill, author Quentin Tarantino uses a black mamba for this purpose. It is the fastest moving land snake, and has fairly fast-acting venom.  (in the movie the speed was perhaps slightly unrealistic, but hey, it's fiction) -Anon

 * Yes poetic licence is a wonderful thing. According to this web site at U of C San diego 30 - 120 minutes is a more realistic timing. theresa knott 19:47, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, in the movie, it could have been that much time. Half an hour is certainly within the time frame of the movie.  Two hours might be stretching a bit. --WhiteDragon 14:59, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps this explains why real assassins rarely use poisonous insects, venomous spiders, sawmill blades, runaway trains, burning ropes suspending heavy objects, or teenage japanese girls with katanas, but stick instead to a prosaic diet of bombs, rockets, and particularly guns. The "mercenary" manual for the ancient Traveller role-playing game gave sage advice in killing people.  Despite technological innovations, it said, the easiest way to kill someone is to inject their body with a large amount of kinetic energy, ideally imparted by a large chunk of metal moving at speed. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 20:00, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The fierce snake produces the most toxic venom of any snake. LD-50 is 0.025 mg/kg . Trouble is, there are no recorded deaths. All recorded bites to date have been snake handlers, who generally have some anti-venom handy. The Black Mamba venom has a toxicity of 0.32 mg/kg. Unfortunately readily-available toxicity data isn't particularly closely related to kill time. Hydrogen cyanide, when injested, has a toxicity of about 1 mg/kg, but kills much faster than snake venom. Perhaps you should pick some exotic snake that nobody has ever heard of, and claim it kills in 5s. -- Tim Starling 02:20, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

Are we decided on snakes? I think there are types of sea creatures that are more poisonous - what about the Blue-ringed Octopus, or the Pufferfish? Mark Richards 03:12, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, for some reason whenever people talk about poisonous animals, the discussion turns to Australian native wildlife. Blue-ringed octopuses aren't particularly dangerous, they take many hours to kill and even then I don't think they kill 100% of people. Pufferfish aren't really dangerous unless you eat them. No, if you wanted a truly dangerous poisonous sea creature, the obvious choice would be the Box jellyfish. They can kill in half an hour or so, fast enough that the victim might not be able to get medical attention. -- Tim Starling 01:56, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's true about Australia! It has a reputation ;) Mark Richards 16:46, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Please keep discussing, your ideas so far have been great...- MGM 19:38, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * I just remembered some information about snake bites that I learnt in school. In most cases, the snake venom is not injected directly into a blood vessel. Instead it's picked up by the lymphatic system. Unlike the circulatory system, material is moved by a ratchet effect, with help from gravity and muscle movement. The huge majority of snake bites are to a limb. Applying a pressure bandage to the affected limb, immobilising it with a splint or similar, and keeping the patient still can slow progression of symptoms by a large factor. I heard on the weekend about someone dying from a Black Mamba bite in a couple of minutes, because he sprinted away to get help. If the snake bit a person and by chance struck an artery, and the person had a very high heart rate at the time, perhaps death could occur in seconds. -- Tim Starling 02:31, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

Join venture 100-yen shop in Bangladesh
Hello! Last November03 I've visited some of the 100-yen shop Japan.I'm really interested to establish such type shop in Bangladesh. In this regard, I hope to get your assistance.Your experiance can guide our footsteps.I'm looking forward.Thank you. Major Rahman Bangladesh

 * I think you may be in the wrong place. We are an encyclopedia and have no money. DJ Clayworth 17:07, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Who knows though, there may well be people here with experience that can guide this gentleman's steps. Mark Richards 18:48, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A name change would be a start. But I can't seem to determine how many Bangladeshi Paisas are in 100 yen (or vice versa).  This venture sounds like what we in Britain call "Pound Shops" - everything within the shop costs £1 and stock consists of piles of buckets, rickety picture frames and gaudy plastic ornaments. --bodnotbod 20:18, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

Well, a brief look seems to show that 100 Japanese Yen = approx 56 Bangladeshi Taka, which would make the equivalent a '56-Taka Shop'. Of course, I'm not sure what the buying power of the Taka is in Bangladesh - it might be wise to set the value either higher or lower depending on the relative cost of living / earnings. Perhaps this is what Major Rahman needs advice on? Mark Richards 00:29, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Some of you may be amused (or dismayed) to hear that in Romania they are "dollar stores", based on the value of the U.S. dollar. The Romanian leu is too volatile to provide a useful denomination for this purpose. -- Jmabel 01:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * ...So does Israel....heaven knows why, as the currency is fairly stabel...I guess theres just nothing to sold for a shekel, and it sounds better than 4.3 shekel shop...I remember before the Euro, in the Netherlands I knew both of a couple 5 gulden shops, and few 2.5 ones....I always thought that was funny for some reason...Datepalm17 18:47, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Interesting, that may be a good approach for Major Rahman. A quick and crude estimate (Bangladesh's per capita GDP is 1,800USD, Japan's is 28,700USD), I calculate that a 6 Taka shop might be more appropriate - it's possible (although I don't know) that there is a 5 Taka note or coin, which might make a more convenient value. Bear in mind that there is 40% unemployment in Bangladesh, so a low value is probably better than a high. Best wishes, Mark Richards 15:30, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed there are 5 Taka notes here for a picture! I think we're in business - all we need now is to know how to write 'Everything for five Taka' in Bangladeshi, and we're away! Mark Richards 23:33, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

I think this would be the place to ask about translation - Bengali Wikipedia, but I can't read their main page to know where to ask... Mark Richards 19:45, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia Talk and Google (2nd Post)
''I've merged this with the question it was a continuation of - please just edit a section to continue a discussion, rather than starting a new one. I've then moved the whole discussion to Help desk, as this page is for finding facts, whereas that one is for asking about Wikipedia itself. - IMSoP 17:33, 6 May 2004 (UTC)''

Wikipedia Languages
I would like to know how many languages the Wikipedia articles are available in and which ones they are.

 * Check the "other languages" links at the bottom of every page theresa knott 20:02, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Since all the translations are done manually, it depends on the article in question. You can also see a list of languages an article is available in at the top of the page.. - MGM 22:39, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

Lect
In sociolinguistics, what is a lect?

 * "any variety of a language: family lect, village lect, etc."   -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 22:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

How do I refrence this website if I need to use it as a source for a research project?
anon

 * see Citing Wikipedia - IMSoP 17:19, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Sorted list meta tag
I feel we should extend the Wikilanguage to include a meta tag for specifying that a section is going to be a lexically sorted list, so that in whatever order Wikipedians add entries to the list, the list will always be rendered in a lexically sorted order.

I don't know if this is the right forum to ask this question.

Sundar 06:31, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

Of course it isn't. You're not even asking a question. Put it here. And make sure nobody else has already listed it or similar. --bodnotbod 15:44, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd have been a bit more polite than that, but yes, that's the best place for this kind of dicussion. I also think that feature would be a bit magic and unwikilike, but that's just my opinion - the main problem would be dealing with the formatting of the list, which would vary from article to article. Once I'm not officially too busy, I intend to offer my services using Perl to sort lists that are badly out of order, and other similar jobs that are easier for a computer than a human. - IMSoP 17:13, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks both of you. -- Sundar 12:02, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

definition of "dramatic programming" ?
Hi, could someone familiar with entertainment industry terms give a short definition of dramatic programming? (as used in BBC World Service for example, we stumbled over it while trying to translate that entry into German.) I understand that it is sort of an umbrella term for comedy, sports, sitcoms, movies...? thanks, High on a tree 13:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not British, the definition may be a bit different at the Beeb, but I would define it as programming produced from a teleplay - e.g., there was a script, a director, and actors playing parts. This excludes sports, news, reality TV programs, award shows, stand-up comedy... that sort of thing.  There is, to my mind, a strong implication of work commissioned for television, or at the limit theatre films being broadcast on TV.  I would include sitcoms but not variety programs like Saturday Night Live or The Man Show, even though they are scripted and have actors.  The sense I have is that dramatic programming ought to have a dramatis personae, along with a plot and a denouement.

 * However, there could be regional difference. This term is not often heard in America. Diderot 14:24, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * 'programming' in BBC speak just means the making of programmes. 'dramatic programming' would be the making of programmes that are 'drama'. Drama shows (almost) are always scripted and fictional (so sports, news, reality and game shows are not drama). Drama is usually used in radio and TV to mean 'serious' or 'not comedy'. So a sitcom is not usually considered 'drama'. However it isn't a unniversal rule; a production of a classic play would normally be 'drama', even if it is funny. Miniseries are often 'drama' even if they are comedies. And some organisations may consider sitcoms 'drama'; it depends.

 * In the US I believe there is a very simple guideline - half hour shows are comedies; one hour shoows are dramas. But that's just hearsay or maybe common usage. DJ Clayworth 14:52, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm British. Diderot is right. At the BBC there is a job description Head of Drama (various posts throughout the regions). Instead, maybe, of trying to condense Diderot's reply - which is hardly short - perhaps you could red link it and someone else can make an article later on? Alternatively Google BBC "Head of Drama" to explore this topic. --bodnotbod 15:52, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * thanks for your replies! I googled a bit further (1920 hits for "dramatic programming"). Most hits seem to be for Canadian TV, there is a mandatory v-chip program rating system there which defines among other categories drama programming: dramatic series and soap operas, made-for-television movies, comedy series. That is in accord with Diderot's definition. Btw I'm not sure it is an official BBC term. Also, the article BBC World Service uses it in a radio (not TV) context: In addition (to news broadcasts), the World Service provides educational, dramatic, and sports programming.. regards, High on a tree 16:20, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

I'll write a stub. -- Jmabel 19:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Church of Ireland dioceses
The Church Temporalities Act of 1833 degraded the archdioceses of Tuam and Cashel to dioceses. It also merged ten dioceses with other dioceses: does anyone know which dioceses were merged together? -- Emsworth 22:43, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * List of Church of Ireland dioceses -- Jim Regan 21:13, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

exact size of DVD-R
The DVD-R article gives the capacity of DVD-R media as the commonly reported 4.7GB. Does anyone know the exact size in bytes? I want to burn an ISO 9660 filesystem with one file on it. What is the largest file size I can use?

thanks, WhiteDragon 18:05, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * (not really answering your question directly) I dunno about the actual size of the disk (if it's anything like CD then it's horribly variable) but if you _really_ want to squeeze the max from it, don't burn a filesystem at all - just burn the file you want directly to the disk. The only way to read it back would be with dd, but you'd save some (rather trivial) amount of filesystem space. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:55, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Look at this

According to http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa6.htm a DVD has 4.7GB space. However, this is missleading as the manufacturers use the term GB differently to how Windows(tm) uses it (Windows is in the right for once).

DVD-R can apparently store 4,700,000,000 bytes, although there might be minor variations in this size depending on your media.

4,700,000,000 bytes == 4,589,843 kbytes == 4,482 Mbytes == 4.377 GB

But because the disks can hold 4,700,000,000 bytes, manufacturers (incorrectly) call thier disks 4.7GB when in fact they can only hold a max of 4.377GB

tuberculosis
Anyone know about the derivation of the word tuberculosis? And about old children songs that include disease?

 * "tuberculosis" means roughly "tubercle-disease". A tubercle is a tuber-like little lesion on the lung tissue, which the disease causes. It's called that because it looks a bit like a tuber. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:41, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * urgh. Well, "tuber" in latin is, I believe, "a lump".  So really it means "lump-disease". -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Tuberculosis is so named because of the "tubercles" (bumps or nodules) it causes (specifically the nodules of greyish matter (characterized as caseating necrosis) in diseased lungs). The word originated in the Latin tuber, meaning a bump or swelling. When first used (in English, about 1860) tuberculosis could mean any disease characterized by the formation of tubercles. Since the discovery by Robert Koch in 1882 of the tubercle-bacillus it is restricted to diseases caused by it. -- Nunh-huh 23:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't think of any British children's songs about tuberculosis, not that I'm claiming there is any special reason I should know them, or that it's my field. You may be thinking of (what I call) Ring o' ring 'o roses - documented there in a number of different forms quite different to those I sang as a child and, apparently, NOT related to the black plague as I've thought for many years.  How disillusioning this knowledge business can be.  I quite liked the idea a song I sang at school had sinister origins.  --bodnotbod 12:54, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Who were the romans and what were their effects on modern life?

 * from the pump

P.S. this won't be a huge rabling on commentary article, unlike the title! Please participate in this discussion! ==

So we all know who the ROmans were, but what is their relevancy to modern day technology and life? They certainly were interesting folk, letting the most part of their P.O.W.s actually become citizens of their empire, which lasted over 2000 years!!!! The aqueducs are another sign of their ingenuity and originality. So, what do YOU know about the Romans, who influenced our life today? Where would we be without them? Comments, please!

 * This might be somewhat more appropriate on a page about the Romans? Mark Richards 01:59, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * BBC - What the Romans Did For Us - knock yerself out ;o) --bodnotbod 12:58, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Try also: http://www.mwscomp.com/movies/brian/brian-09.htm :) Adam Bishop 05:00, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent for the minority view is Petr (sic) Beckmann's A History of π, if you can find it: chapter 5 is titled "The Roman Pest". A flavor: "Rome was not the first state of organized gangsterdom, nor was it the last, but it was the only one that managed to bamboozle posterity into an almost universal admiration. Few rational men admire the Huns, the Nazis or the Soviets; but for centuries, schoolboys have been expected to read Julius Caesar's militaristic drivel and Cato's revolting incitements to war. They have been led to to believe that the Romans had attained an advanced level in the sciences, the arts, law, architecture, engineering and everything else....What the Romans excelled in was bullying, bludgeoning, butchering and bloodbaths. Like the Soviet Empire, the Roman Empire enslaved peoples whose cultural level was far above their own. They not only ruthlessly vandalied their countries, but they also looted them, stealing their art treasure, abducting their scientists and copying their technical know-how, which the Romans' barren society was rarely able to improve on. No wonder, then, that Rome was filled with great works of art. But the light of culture which Rome is supposed to have emanated was a borrowed light: borrowed from the Greeks and the other peoples that the Roman militarists had enslaved." Well worth reading just for the prose style. - Nunh-huh 22:09, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Semantax and Layering
In linguistics, what do the terms semantax and layering mean?

 * Semantics (if that is what you meant) is the study of meaning. I'm not too sure about layering, but you may want to check out the series of articles related to linguistics. -- Wapcaplet 04:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Try a Google search on "Semantic layering" (over 500 hits), include the quote marks. Here's the top hit. It's all greek to me. --bodnotbod 13:01, May 7, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Lance Cade

Lance Kurtis McNaught (March 2, 1981 – August 13, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he performed under the ring names Garrison Cade and Lance Cade.

After being trained by Shawn Michaels, Cade made his debut in 1999 and worked in Japan before being signed to a developmental contract by WWE. He was assigned to Memphis Championship Wrestling, and later Heartland Wrestling Association, before ending up in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in 2003. In OVW, he formed a tag team with Mark Jindrak, and they were promoted to the Raw brand in June 2003. In 2004, the team split up, and Cade took time off after a knee injury, before returning to Raw with new tag partner Trevor Murdoch. The pair teamed together for almost three years before they broke up in May 2008. Cade then entered a storyline with Chris Jericho and Michaels, however, he was released in October 2008.

Cade was a three-time World Tag Team Champion with Murdoch in WWE and has also held the HWA Heavyweight Championship and HWA Tag Team Championship with both Steve Bradley and Mike Sanders. He was a one-time TWA Television Champion in the Texas Wrestling Alliance.

Early career (1999–2001)
Cade started his wrestling career by becoming a student of Shawn Michaels at the Shawn Michaels Wrestling Academy in San Antonio, Texas in 1999.

Cade and fellow wrestler Bryan Danielson went to Japan on December 1, 1999. They competed in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). Cade and Danielson worked as a tag team for a while before they went their separate ways; Cade stayed in FMW and faced off against Extreme Championship Wrestling wrestler Balls Mahoney in tag team matches and a three-way dance against another FMW wrestler. Cade left FMW after he was defeated by Mahoney in a three-way dance on February 25, 2000, also involving Crazy Boy.

Heartland Wrestling Association (2001–2002)
After Cade signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he was sent to Memphis Championship Wrestling in 2001. During the summer of that same year, he was moved to Les Thatcher's Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA). Cade quickly formed a tag-team with Surfer Cody Hawk, but the team split after only a few months when Cade joined the World Championship Wrestling camp in HWA's Invasion angle. Cade aligned with Mike Sanders, a former WCW wrestler. The downfall of the team came on February 13, 2002, when Lance Cade and Mike Sanders defeated Val Venis and Steve Bradley to win the HWA Tag-Team titles. Cade and Sanders broke up that very day, and the titles were vacated. The next week, Cade faced Sanders and defeated him in a singles match, giving Cade the belts. Cade then chose Steve Bradley to be his new partner. However, Cade and Bradley had problems defeating WWF competition, as Hugh Morrus and Raven defeated on March 12, 2002, for the titles. Cade and Bradley, however, won the HWA Tag Titles three days later.

In April 2002, Cade's first HWA tag-team partner returned, as Cody Hawk and the Ice Cream Man defeated Cade and Bradley for the tag-team titles. Cade and Bradley tried for the next month to get the titles back, even winning a tag team championship contendership match to get another shot, but never managed to get the titles back. On May 19, 2002, Cade defeated Johnny the Bull to become the HWA Heavyweight Champion. Cade defended the title for 2 months before Johnny the Bull won the title back on July 20. On the same night, however, Cade defeated Johnny in a second match, becoming the 2-time Heavyweight Champion. This reign lasted only one day, as Cade, lost his title to Cody Hawk.

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2003–2004)
During the summer of 2002, the HWA was dropped as a developmental territory by the renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), but Cade was transferred over to WWE's main developmental company, Ohio Valley Wrestling when he signed a developmental contract in 2003. Cade continued to search for a strong tag-team partner to work with. He found René Duprée and both joined Kenny Bolin's Bolin Services. The two worked as a tag-team throughout most of their stay in OVW.

In the OVW Tag Team Championship Tournament contested in February/March 2003, Cade and Duprée defeated Matt Morgan and BJ Payne, but could not beat the Disciples of Synn in the finals. Cade and Duprée had another shot at Spring Break-Out 2003, but the current champions at the time were WWE regulars The APA, and Cade and Duprée could not overcome the odds. Mark Jindrak later joined Bolin Services. Duprée appeared in WWE only a few weeks after their title shot. Cade continued tagging with Mark Jindrak, but was promoted to the Raw brand in June 2003 under the name, Garrison Cade.

Teaming with Mark Jindrak; return to Ohio Valley Wrestling (2003–2005)
Cade debuted on an episode of Sunday Night Heat against Lance Storm on June 1, who forced him to submit to the Sharpshooter. The next week on Raw, he faced Storm in a re-match. Stone Cold Steve Austin came out interrupted, chanting the word "Boring", and Storm became distracted, allowing Cade to sneak in and get the victory. Soon afterwards, Cade again found a tag-team partner in Mark Jindrak and began to challenge for the World Tag Team Championship. The belts were being held by former Cade ally René Duprée and his new partner Sylvain Grenier, a unit collectively known as La Résistance.

Over the next few months, Cade and Jindrak fought against many different teams, from La Resistance and the face gimmicks of the Dudley Boyz to battles against the top heels on Raw, Evolution. The duo also formed a semi-partnership with then babyface, Maven, helping each other out on occasion. Cade and Jindrak soon began to be known more for their cheating ways, however, rather than their abilities. This led them to turn heel and be entered into the Tag-Team Turmoil Match at Armageddon for the World Tag Team Championship. They came in from the crowd when their turn hit and quickly rolled up The Hurricane to eliminate him and Rosey. Cade and Jindrak next faced a face gimmick of Lance Storm and Val Venis, and Cade tripped up Venis from the outside on a suplex attempt, then held onto Venis' legs while Jindrak made the pinfall. The next team to come down were the Dudley Boyz, who eventually took out Jindrak with the 3-D to eliminate the boys. The duo got some revenge, though, attacking the Dudley Boyz after the match before leaving, making it harder for the Dudley Boyz to come out victorious (which they did not, losing at the end to then heels, Ric Flair and Batista).

Going into 2004, Cade and Jindrak continued to work together as a team, firmly entrenched in the mid-card ranks. The team got a win in March 2004, when they defeated The Hurricane and Rosey to earn a shot at the World Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania XX. Cade and Jindrak entered a four-way tag match against the champions, then babyface, Booker T and Rob Van Dam, and the other two competing teams, La Résistance and the Dudley Boyz. Cade and Jindrak lost the match, though, after Rob Van Dam pinned Rob Conway.

After Jindrak was drafted to the SmackDown! brand, Cade briefly associated himself with Jonathan Coachman, helping Coachman get a win over Tajiri at Backlash. Cade later teamed up with Coachman at Vengeance to take on the debuting team of Rhyno and Tajiri. Cade and Coachman lost the match, and Cade was taken off WWE television after an injury in July 2004. While off WWE television for quite some time, Cade returned to OVW in 2005 under his former ring name Lance Cade in order begin a return to the main roster. Cade sided with The Blueprint Matt Morgan and Vengeance against the OVW Heavyweight Champion Elijah Burke. In February 2005, Cade took on Burke in a $5,000 Bounty Match, but was defeated.

Cade faded into the background for the next few weeks, eventually making his return to the ring at the June 3 OVW Summer Sizzler Series 2005 show, taking on Al Snow. While Cade brought his cowboy hat with him, Snow brought Head, routinely turning to the mannequin head for guidance. During the match, when Cade was knocked to the outside, Snow destroyed Cade's hat, stomping on it. This made the match more personal to Cade, but in the end, Snow knocked out Cade with Head, getting the victory. Later that night, Cade interfered in the Brent Albright/Elijah Burke OVW Heavyweight Title match, with Cade attacking the champion, Albright. The two foes had a No Disqualification, Loser Must Tap Out Match at the OVW Summer Sizzler Series 2005 show on June 17, 2005. Cade tried to pin Albright early in the match. The ref did not allow it, causing a shoving match between the two. Later in the match, Albright got his Crowbar submission on Cade, but Cade escaped, then appeared to be leaving, with Albright chasing him down. Albright got the Crowbar applied on Cade again, right on the ramp. With nowhere to go, Cade was forced to tap, losing to Albright.

Teaming with Trevor Murdoch (2005–2008)
On August 22, 2005, a promo was shown on Raw showcasing a long-haired Cade, who was soon to be returning with tag team partner Trevor Murdoch. The promo showed Cade and Murdoch portraying rednecks, with Cade (who retained his real first name) playing the role of a smooth-talking cowboy while Murdoch was depicted as an angry Southern trucker.

Cade and Murdoch debuted as a team on Raw on September 5, 2005. They defeated the World Tag Team Champions, the Hurricane and Rosey in a non-title match. This earned them a World Tag Team title shot at Unforgiven. During the title match, Murdoch delivered an elevated DDT on The Hurricane to the outside. The DDT caused Hurricane to suffer a kayfabe stinger. It also allowed Cade and Murdoch to defeat Hurricane and Rosey for the World Tag Team championships. They defended against random teams on Raw for the next month before losing the titles to Big Show and Kane at Taboo Tuesday. After losing in a rematch on the November 7 episode of Raw, Cade and Murdoch began to be squashed by other tag teams, before wrestling singles matches.

On the November 28 episode of Raw, it was announced that Cade and Murdoch had parted ways as a tag team. The next week, Cade debuted with the gimmick of a "Refined Southern Gentleman," wearing new tights with rhinestones on them as well as his new jacket he wore to the ring. Cade was relegated to Heat, making very few appearances on Raw at the end of 2005. He had a chance to get into the 2006 Royal Rumble, competing with Rob Conway and Gregory Helms against the Big Show in a Second Chance Battle Royal. However, The Big Show won the spot in the Rumble.

Eventually, the Cade and Murdoch tandem reformed as they were seen helping Chris Masters and Carlito attack Kane. On the edition of April 14 of Heat, it was announced that Cade and Murdoch were reuniting as a tag team after Murdoch helped Cade defeat Goldust. Cade also debuted another slight change with wet hair and shorter tights with a design similar to when he was teaming with Murdoch. On the edition of May 19 of Heat Cade and Murdoch officially reformed their tag team by facing and defeating Charlie Haas and Viscera.

Cade and Murdoch next entered a short-lived feud against D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels). It started when Cade and Murdoch ambushed Shawn Michaels and Triple H, before Triple H's match with Vince McMahon on the September 11 episode of Raw. Cade and Murdoch continued to battle DX, until they were defeated in a street fight, ending the feud on the October 9 episode of Raw.

After biding much of their time on Raw's sister show Heat, Cade and Murdoch began a feud in April with World Tag Team Champions The Hardys, leading to their title match at Backlash, which The Hardys won. In the storyline, Cade and Murdoch suddenly gained a great deal of respect for The Hardys and began to praise their abilities. The Hardys then began an alliance with Cade and Murdoch. Despite the alliance, Cade and Murdoch faced The Hardys in a rematch at Judgment Day which The Hardys won. On the edition of June 4 of Raw, Cade and Murdoch were given another shot at the World Tag Team Championship against The Hardys and were successful, becoming two time World Tag Team Champions. When Cade made the pin on Jeff Hardy, Hardy's foot was on the ropes but was pushed off by Murdoch. After the match, when Matt Hardy argued with Cade and Murdoch, they attacked Matt and Jeff with the tag belts, becoming heels again. At Vengeance: Night of Champions, Cade and Murdoch defeated the Hardys to retain the gold after Cade pinned Jeff. Cade along with Murdoch lost the titles at a house show on September 5 to Paul London and Brian Kendrick on a South Africa tour. Later on, in that same tour, Cade and Murdoch won the titles back. After 93 days, their third reign came to an end on December 10 at the Raw XV anniversary, when they lost the championship to the team of Hardcore Holly and Cody Rhodes. On December 28, Cade separated his shoulder at a house show in Atlanta, and was inactive for the next month. Cade made his return, teaming with Murdoch, on the February 4 episode of Raw, in a losing effort to Holly and Rhodes.

Late in April 2008, Murdoch began to develop a country singing gimmick. On the May 12 episode of Raw, Cade turned on Murdoch following a "victory song," punching Murdoch in the face twice, ending the partnership. The two faced off on the edition of June 2, 2008 of Raw, with Cade getting the victory to end their feud.

Alliance with Chris Jericho; departure (2008)
Cade formed an alliance with Chris Jericho on the June 16 airing of Raw when he assisted Jericho in laying out John Cena and Triple H. In the following weeks, Cade began accompanying Jericho to the ring for his matches, becoming a protégé of sorts and aiding him in his feud with Shawn Michaels. Cade claimed that, being a former protégé of Michaels, he was not going to wait for him to turn on him like Michaels did several past partners.

At a Raw house show in early August, Cade suffered a broken nose in a match against Paul London, who was also busted open as a result of a botched move. Cade returned to in-ring action on Raw on September 22 in a handicap match with Jericho and John "Bradshaw" Layfield, defeating Michaels and Batista, with Cade pinning his former mentor. Michaels would then defeat Cade one-on-one in a no disqualification match on the October 6 episode, in what was Cade's last appearance. On October 14, 2008, Cade was released from his WWE contract. Jim Ross later stated that "he made a major league mistake while utilizing bad judgment" and that it was instrumental to his departure. Ross referenced Cade having a seizure on a plane and needing emergency medical care as a part of this:

"Lance Cade was abruptly released from his contract this week much to the surprise of many of us. I have always thought that Cade had a wealth of physical potential and he was always a polite young man in my dealings with him. Like many fans, I too did my share of arm chair quarterbacking as to why Cade was not featured in a more prominent role on WWE TV programming. However it seemed that in the past several weeks those issues were being addressed even to the point of Cade defeating HBK on a recent Monday Night Raw.

The story that I have read on many internet sites about the reason for Cade’s sudden dismissal isn’t accurate. Many pundits speculate that Cade was dismissed because of a bad performance in a recent TV bout against DX on Raw which is absolutely untrue. Lance’s dismissal had zero to do with his in-ring performances or his lack of ability.

Lance Cade was dismissed from the WWE because, like many humans, he made a major league mistake while utilizing bad judgment that cost him his job. This included Lance having a seizure on an airplane and having to have emergency medical care. Luckily, Lilian Garcia was on the same flight and was instrumental in helping Lance get taken to a hospital where a battery of tests were run that luckily determined that there was nothing seriously wrong with the young man such as a brain tumor, etc.

Everyone makes mistakes, Lord knows I have made plenty in my career, but in this day and time some mistakes just simply can’t be condoned. To some fans, Lance Cade will likely still be perceived as the victim in this matter and his punishment too harsh.

Under the circumstances of the situation, I don’t know what other decision the WWE could have made. I’m just relieved that it wasn’t me in my former role that would have had to address this matter. I really like this kid and hope that he continues to follow his dreams. Second chances are not foreign in the wrestling business so perhaps that could be in Lance’s future but that’s just a personal observation.

Lance Cade is a talented young man whose best days should be ahead of him and I wish him nothing but success. Lance has been knocked down and now it is up to him to get off the canvas and get back in the game. I’m damn sure pulling for him."

Independent circuit (2008–2010)
Less than a week after Cade's release, he began accepting bookings with Trevor Murdoch as a team on the independent circuit, including Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South as well as NWA Showcase.

Cade returned to Japan in December 2008 teaming with his former tag team partner René Duprée for Hustle on December 24 and 25. They appeared as masked wrestlers, Dyna and Might Sharpe, a parody of the Sharpe Brothers. The team defeated Tenyru and Koshinaka both nights. Five nights later they had their third and final match with Tenyru and Koshinaka and HUSTLEMANIA in a losing effort. Cade returned as "Cowboy" Cade, his former WWE character, on February 19 at Korakuen Hall to defeat the tag team of Tajiri and Akebono when Cade pinned Tajiri. On February 22, Cade defeated Akebono in a singles match in the main event of Hustle's debut show in Chiba, Japan.

Cade was scheduled to face NWA North American Heavyweight Champion Apollo in an NWA On Fire event on August 22, 2009, but was unable to attend due to a family emergency. He wrestled Trevor Murdoch at a World Stars of Wrestling event in September 2009.

In September 2009, Cade was re-signed by WWE, appearing in its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling, but was released in April 2010 without returning to the main roster.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2010)
In May 2010, Cade began wrestling for All Japan Pro Wrestling, where he joined the Voodoo Murders stable. He participated in AJPW's "Rise Up" and "Cross Over" tours. He primarily wrestled alongside his stablemates such as René Duprée, Hate, Minoru, and TARU in tag team matches and six-man tag team matches. He wrestled what became the final match of his career on July 4, 2010, defeating Seiya Sanada. At the time of his death, he had been scheduled to challenge for the World Tag Team Championship alongside René Duprée.

Personal life
McNaught married Tanya Gonzalez on June 14, 2000, but they divorced on May 16, 2006. In September 2008, he and Tanya remarried in Las Vegas, NV, and they remained married until his death in 2010. He had two daughters, Natallye and Laryssa, and a stepson named Brian. Tanya is the daughter of professional wrestler Black Gordman. In January 2010, McNaught attended rehabilitation, and completed a 30-day program in February.

Death
McNaught died on August 13, 2010, at the age of 29 of apparent heart failure in San Antonio, Texas. His wife Tanya had noticed that he was not looking well in the week prior to his death. He was taken to a hospital on August 10, 2010, with difficulty breathing, but discharged himself the next day. Two months later, on October 13, 2010, a staffer of the San Antonio medical examiner said he had accidentally died from "mixed drug intoxication, complicating a cardiomyopathy".

A "Lance Cade Tribute Show" took place on March 5, 2011, at the Texas Wrestling Academy Gym in San Antonio.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Heartland Wrestling Association
 * HWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * HWA Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Steve Bradley (2) and Mike Sanders (1)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 80 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2008
 * Texas Wrestling Alliance
 * TWA Television Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Trevor Murdoch

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lance Cade


text:
Dagen H

Dagen H (H-day), today usually called "Högertrafikomläggningen" (lit. 'the right-hand traffic reorganisation'), was on 3 September 1967, the day in which Sweden switched from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right. The "H" stands for "Högertrafik", the Swedish word for right-hand traffic. It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden's history.

Background
There were various arguments for the change:
 * All neighbouring countries drive on the right, including Norway and Finland, with which Sweden shares land borders, with five million vehicles crossing annually.
 * More than 90 percent of Swedes drove left-hand drive vehicles, and this led to many head-on collisions when passing on narrow two-lane highways. City buses were among the very few vehicles that conformed to the normal opposite-steering wheel rule, being right-hand drive (RHD).

However, the change was unpopular; in a 1955 referendum, 83 percent voted to keep driving on the left. Nevertheless, the Riksdag approved Prime Minister Tage Erlander's proposal on 10 May 1963 of right-hand traffic beginning in 1967, as the number of cars on the road tripled from 500,000 to 1.5 million and was expected to reach 2.8 million by 1975. The Swedish Commission for the Introduction of Right-Hand Driving (Statens högertrafikkommission, HTK) was established to oversee the change. It also began implementing a four-year education programme on the advice of psychologists.

The public information campaign leading up to Dagen H included extensive advertising, road markings, and even distribution of reminder items like gloves and stickers to ensure everyone was aware of the change.

The campaign included displaying the Dagen H logo on various commemorative items, including milk cartons and underwear. Swedish television held a contest for songs about the change, and the winning entry was "Håll dig till höger, Svensson" ('Keep to the right, Svensson') written by Expressen journalist Peter Himmelstrand and performed by The Telstars.

As Dagen H neared, every intersection was equipped with an extra set of poles and traffic signals wrapped in black plastic. Workers roamed the streets early in the morning on Dagen H to remove the plastic. A parallel set of lines was painted on the roads with white paint, then covered with black tape. Before Dagen H, Swedish roads had used yellow lines. Approximately 350,000 signs had to be removed or replaced, including some 20,000 in Stockholm alone.

Vehicles had to have their original left-hand-traffic headlamps replaced with right-traffic units. One of the reasons the Riksdag pushed ahead with Dagen H despite public unpopularity was that most vehicles in Sweden at the time used inexpensive, standard-size round headlamps, but the trend towards more expensive model-specific headlamps had begun in continental Europe and was expected to spread through most other parts of the world. Further delay in changing over from left- to right-hand traffic would have greatly increased the cost burden to vehicle owners.

The switch
On Dagen H, Sunday, 3 September 1967, all non-essential traffic was banned from the roads from 01:00 to 06:00. Any vehicles on the roads during that time had to come to a complete stop at 04:50, then carefully change to the right-hand side of the road and stop again (to give others time to switch sides of the road and avoid a head-on collision) before being allowed to proceed at 05:00. In Stockholm and Malmö, however, the ban was longer – from 10:00 on Saturday until 15:00 on Sunday – to allow work crews to reconfigure intersections. Certain other towns also saw an extended ban, from 15:00 on Saturday until 15:00 on Sunday.

One-way streets presented unique problems. Bus stops had to be constructed on the other side of the street. Intersections had to be reshaped to allow traffic to merge.

Results
The relatively smooth changeover saw a temporary reduction in the number of accidents. On the day of the change, only 157 minor accidents were reported, of which only 32 involved personal injuries, with only a low number being serious. On the Monday following Dagen H, there were 125 reported traffic accidents, compared to a range of 130 to 198 for previous Mondays, none of them fatal. Experts suggested that changing to driving on the right reduced accidents while overtaking, as people already drove left-hand drive vehicles, thereby having a better view of the road ahead; additionally, the change caused a marked surge in perceived risk that exceeded the actual level, and thus was followed by very cautious behaviour that caused a major decrease in road fatalities. Indeed, fatal car-to-car and car-to-pedestrian accidents dropped sharply as a result, and the number of motor insurance claims went down by 40%.

These initial improvements did not last, however. The number of motor insurance claims returned to "normal" over the next six weeks and, by 1969, the accident rates were back to the levels seen before the change.

Trams in central Stockholm, in Helsingborg and most lines in Malmö (which ultimately abolished its tram system in 1973) were withdrawn and replaced by buses, and over one thousand new buses were purchased with doors on the right-hand side. Some 8,000 older buses were retrofitted to provide doors on both sides, while Gothenburg and Malmö exported their left-traffic buses to Pakistan and Kenya.

Although all road traffic in Sweden changed to the right-hand side, railways and metro system in Stockholm did not switch to the new rule and continued to drive on the left, with the exception of tram systems. Additionally, many of them were abandoned as a result of Dagen H; only the trams in Norrköping and Gothenburg and three suburban lines in the Stockholm area (Nockebybanan and Lidingöbanan) survived. Gothenburg faced high costs for reconfiguring trams, while Stockholm's budget only covered purchasing new buses, since the remaining lines had bidirectional trams with doors on both sides. In any event, most trams in Stockholm were replaced by the metro, a decision made long before the Dagen H decision.

Fellow Nordic country Iceland changed to driving on the right in May 1968, on a day known as H-dagurinn.

title: Dagen H


text:
Big and Little Wong Tin Bar

Big and Little Wong Tin Bar, also known as Seven Little Valiant Fighters and Two of a Kind, is a 1962 Hong Kong film. It is notable for being Jackie Chan's and Sammo Hung's film debut. Until 2016, the film was considered lost. The only footage that survived before that period were a 9-minute opening clip and a short 5-minute clip of dialogue. The film was rediscovered when a complete copy was released onto YouTube on 3 February 2016.

Plot
Old hero Wong Samtai, is hosting a banquet for warriors from the four seas. The invitation is received also by the head of the Black Wind fortress Kam Ching, who wants to marry his daughter Lotus to his son Wong Tinbar. But Tinbar does not want this wedding and sees his future with Cheung Kwailan. The afflicted Ching and his daughter steal the jade seal, which belongs to the King of Magical Power. Tinbar is accused of theft. He fails to find a seal and his father is imprisoned. Cheung Kwailan is trapped in the Black Wind Fortress during an overnight search along with Tinbar, but the sudden appearance of the Seven Little Rookies saves her from captivity. Thanks to this, her searches continue and lead to the Dragon Cave with a poisonous python, where the seal is located. Nevertheless, Tinbar is under arrest by the lord. Kwailan and the Seven Rascals force the culprits to surrender - this is part of the Tinbar rescue mission at the lord's residence to settle this problem once and for all.

Cast
NOTE: Many actors who were featured in this film do not have the same names as they do today, this was due to them taking their master's name which is part of Chinese tradition while studying martial arts.

 * Yu Kai as Wong Tinbar
 * Yuen Lau (a.k.a. Jackie Chan) – Played a singing kid and fights a man.
 * Yuen Lung (a.k.a. Sammo Hung) – Played an unknown kid.
 * Yuen Wah
 * Ho Siu-hung – as Master Wong Sam-tai
 * Cheng Bik-ying – as Cheung Kwai-lan
 * Yam Yin – as Lotus
 * Lau Hark-suen – as Black Wind Fortress Kam Ching

Additional cast

 * Yuen Fu (a.k.a. Lee Kuk-wah)
 * Yuen Ting (a.k.a. Ng Ming-choi)
 * Yuen Man (a.k.a. Mang Yuen-man)
 * Yuen Tai
 * Lam Yim
 * Mui Yan
 * Yam Tai-koon
 * Wah Wan-fung

Chronology of events
Until 2009, the film was considered lost. After many decades in which this film was considered lost it was found in the Hong Kong Film Archive (HKFA). To this day the film has only screened twice – on 14 and 22 November 2009 – at the Cinema of the HKFA.

A few days after the two screenings, in December 2009, two short clips (a 9-minute opening clip and a short 5-minute clip of dialogue) were uploaded to YouTube. On 3 February 2016 the full movie was uploaded to YouTube.

Until the screenings at the Cinema of the HKFA and the upload in 2016, there were 3 known scenes involving Jackie Chan and some kids only. He fights someone older and then sings. Some footage of this film is shown in Jackie Chan: My Story.

Filming Information
Big and Little Wong Tin Bar was filmed in Hong Kong in the Cantonese language using Black-and-white 35 mm film with a Mono audio track.

title: Big and Little Wong Tin Bar


text:
Sabre Wulf

Sabre Wulf is an action-adventure game released by British video game developer Ultimate Play the Game for the ZX Spectrum home computer in 1984. The player navigates the pith-helmeted Sabreman through a 2D jungle maze while collecting amulet pieces to bypass the guardian at its exit. The player does not receive explicit guidance on how to play and is left to decipher the game's objectives through trial and error. Sabreman moves between the maze's 256 connected screens by touching the border where one screen ends and another begins. Each screen is filled with colourful flora, enemies that spawn at random, and occasional collectibles.

Ultimate released the game for the ZX Spectrum at an above-average price to combat piracy. Its premium product packaging became a company standard. The developers had finished Sabre Wulf sequels in advance of its release but—in keeping with their penchant for secrecy—chose to withhold them for marketing purposes. The sequels were swiftly released later that year. Ultimate hired outside developers to port Sabre Wulf to other computing platforms: the BBC Micro, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC. The game was later featured in compilations including the 2015 retrospective of games by Ultimate and its successor, Rare.

Several gaming publications recommended the game, and Crash magazine readers named it the "Best Maze Game" of 1984. Sabre Wulf was a bestseller and a financial success. Though its labyrinthine gameplay was similar to that of Ultimate's previous release, reviewers preferred Sabre Wulf. They further noted its difficult gameplay and lauded its graphics. Game journalists remember Sabre Wulf among the Spectrum's best releases, and for starting the Sabreman series.

Gameplay

In Sabre Wulf, the player guides the pith-helmeted adventurer Sabreman through a two-dimensional maze. The player must reconstruct an amulet from its four pieces scattered throughout the maze to bypass the guardian at its exit, a cave that leads to the game's sequel, Underwurlde. The maze is presented in flip-screens such that the player views one static tile of the maze's grid at a time. For example, when Sabreman reaches the left edge of one screen, he continues the maze at the right edge of the next screen.

The game opens to music composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. Its tiled maze contains 256 screens and is drawn in a 16 by 16 grid. The maze's paths are bordered by tropical flora, populated with attacking enemies and, on its outskirts, surrounded by mountains. Apart from the jungle, the game's maze also includes several lakes. The player swings Sabreman's sabre with the push of the joystick's fire button to defeat enemies that spawn in random on-screen locations. When the player idles too long in the same screen, an indestructible bushfire appears to pursue Sabreman. Enemies include spiders, scorpions, snakes, bats, indigenous people, sleeping hippos, and a fast wolf (the titular Sabre Wulf). Some enemies are killed, others flee when hit, while the wolf, cave guardian, and bushfire are unaffected by the sabre.

The player does not receive any explicit guidance on how to play and is left to decipher the game's objectives through trial and error. Sabre Wulf graphics fill the screen with a minimal user interface consisting of the current game score, number of lives left and a high score meter on the top row. Sabreman can eat orchid power-ups, which bloom for only a few seconds, to turn the colour of the orchid and receive a temporary character effect. Some effects empower (e.g. invulnerability, increased speed) while others impair (e.g. reversing the player's controls). Sabreman can also collect treasure and extra lives scattered throughout the maze. The Spectrum and Commodore 64 releases include a two-player mode in which players take turns controlling their own Sabreman.

Development

The developer of Sabre Wulf, Ultimate Play the Game, had a reputation for secrecy. The company rarely gave interviews or revealed details about their internal practices or upcoming games. Little is known about their development process apart from using Sage IV computers, preferring to develop for the ZX Spectrum's Z80 microprocessor, and often outsourcing development for other platforms, such as those that ran 6502 microprocessors. After releasing Atic Atac at the end of 1983, Ultimate went silent until it ran teaser advertisements for Sabre Wulf in April 1984. The company rarely depicted actual gameplay in their advertisements. They had already prepared Knight Lore, the third game in the Sabreman series, in advance of the character's introduction in Sabre Wulf. Ultimate withheld Knight Lore for about a year because they felt Sabre Wulf would not have sold as well once players saw the former's graphical advancements. Knight Lore subsequently became known as a seminal work in British gaming history and an iconic game of the 1980s for its popularization of the isometric platformer format.

Ultimate released Sabre Wulf for the ZX Spectrum in 1984 and the other Sabreman titles that were released later that year. Sabre Wulf was Ultimate's first game to use what would become the company's standard price and mysterious, unadorned packaging. Retailing at £9.95, Ultimate nearly doubled its usual price in what they saw as a "bold step" to combat piracy. They expected legal owners to be more protective over letting friends copy their more expensive games. Ultimate had seen competitor prices slowly increasing and felt that the price was fair for their time invested. The game retailed in a large, high-quality cardboard box with a glossy instruction manual, both upgrades over typical game packaging. It became Ultimate's standard packaging for new games. The company's game packaging was nondescript and showed no screenshots of the in-game world. Ultimate's games also did not display internal credits. The company hired outside developers to complete Sabre Wulf ports for other computers. Paul Proctor wrote the BBC Micro conversion, and in 1985, Greg Duddle wrote the Commodore 64 conversion, which was licensed under Firebird. Sabre Wulf later appeared in the 1985 compilation They Sold a Million, a collection of Spectrum games that had together sold a million units. When the compilation was released for the Amstrad CPC, Sabre Wulf was converted for the platform and eventually released in a standalone edition. Sabre Wulf also appeared alongside Underwurlde, its sequel, in a Commodore 64 pack, and in the August 2015 Xbox One compilation of 30 Ultimate and Rare titles, Rare Replay.

Reception
Reviewers appreciated the game's graphics and found its gameplay similar to Ultimate's previous game, Atic Atac—particularly in its opening sequence and maze format—but preferred Sabre Wulf. Critics also noted the game's difficulty and above-average pricing. Sabre Wulf received a Crash Smash award in July 1984, and was also a selected recommendation in Personal Computer Games (August 1984), and Popular Computing Weekly (June 1984). The game was named "Best Maze Game" in the 1984 Crash Readers Awards. Ultimate's new pricing strategy was a success and Sabre Wulf topped the sales chart in the video game format. While Retro Gamer reported that Sabre Wulf broke the company's sales records, Computer and Video Games (CVG) said that the release underperformed prior games, with only 30,000 copies sold by December 1984. Eurogamer later reported that 350,000 units were sold in total.

Crash confirmed rumours that the game was similar to Atic Atac, but declared Sabre Wulf the better and predicted that they would have similar legacies. The magazine wrote that their inability to intuit Sabreman's current inventory or resistance to damage added to the game's mystique, and that Ultimate was particularly skilled at not giving hints but leaving sufficient clues through the game's design. Personal Computer Games found one such tip: that the indigenous enemies make a sound when aligned with an amulet piece. In a similar experience, Popular Computing Weekly slowly learned to use rather than avoid the orchids. CVG described the game's instructions as "cryptic". Crash later reflected that comparisons to Atic Atac at its launch were unfair, similar to calling any two text adventures identical.

Critics had high praise for the colourful and detailed graphics and animations. In the opinion of CVG reviewers, Sabre Wulf carried Ultimate's momentum from Jetpac and Atic Atac, and had the best graphics of any ZX Spectrum game, with graphical detail that surpassed what previous reviewers had considered the computer's limits. Sinclair User particularly liked how the hippo enemies force the player to vary their hack-and-slash gameplay style. A Crash reviewer called the game "a Software Masterpiece". The magazine received more mail in praise of Sabre Wulf in 1984 than for any other game and, a year later, repeated that Sabre Wulf was among the top games available for the Spectrum, adding that the game did not feel antiquated. CVG Commodore 64 review, two years after the original release, approved of the port and said that the game remained a classic.

Reviewers complained of the game's high price, which was nearly double the average. Crash wondered if the cost might lead to more piracy. Critics also noted a bug in two-player mode, repeat screens from elsewhere in the maze, and the frustratingly narrow window in which sabre swings register as enemy hits. CVG recommended drawing a map of the maze, without which it was easy to get lost. While Sabre Wulf had some flicker issues, said Sinclair User, the game altogether met Ultimate's high quality benchmarks.

A retrospective review from Retro Gamer reduced Sabre Wulf to "an interactive maze" packed with colour and hack-and-slash gameplay. The magazine likened the game's colour choice and setting to what the magazine considered Ultimate's best arcade game, Dingo (1983), and lamented Sabreman's inability to hit enemies above or below him. Eurogamer Peter Parrish retrospectively found the game's collision detection imprecise as well. In The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies, Simon Niedenthal used Sabre Wulf as an example of games that maximised the limited colour palette of 8-bit computers. He described its colours as "glow(ing) like stained glass, and the effects of color [sic] purity are enhanced by contrast with the black background".

Legacy
Players and game journalists consider the game among the Spectrum's best. Sabre Wulf was the first of four titles in the Sabreman series for the ZX Spectrum. Retro Gamer credited the character's name and character traits for its lasting memorability. As an ordinary human with a hat and exaggerated nose, Sabreman fit the video game 8-bit era's character archetype. The last, unreleased game in the Spectrum Sabreman series, Mire Mare, was planned to have been similar to Sabre Wulf in gameplay. Rare, the successor to Ultimate, later released a side-scrolling platformer in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance handheld console—also titled Sabre Wulf—in which Sabreman enlists jungle animals to solve the Sabre Wulf's puzzles. It was not received well by fans. Elements from the original Sabre Wulf appear in other games, including Rare's Jet Force Gemini and Killer Instinct, which features a character named Sabrewulf. Star Fox Adventures had at one point in development a main character called Sabre the wolf. Retro Gamer considered Sabreman's recurring appearance to be proof of Rare's interest in the character and series.

title: Sabre Wulf


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Protected areas/Status

The layout of protected area articles:

Protected area series

 * Level one:
 * Protected area -B
 * International protected areas -nonexistent

 * Level two
 * Protected areas of Australia
 * Protected areas of the United States

 * Level 3
 * Protected areas of New South Wales (Australia), all other Australian states
 * Protected areas of California -list only
 * that's all

 * Level 4
 * Numerous national park articles -Does any country have a complete set of articles? How many follow format?
 * Numerous state park articles - Do any follow format for level 4?
 * Some National forest articles, wildlife refuge articles, etc. - Do any follow format?
 * Some lower level park articles - Do any follow format for Level 4?

List articles

 * List of national parks
 * List of national parks of England and Wales redirects to article on park system with list as do Scotland and Northern Ireland lists
 * List of Spanish national parks -most other countries articles in form of List of national parks of Belarus
 * List of national parks of Australia
 * List of U.S. national parks
 * List of National Monuments of the United States
 * List of U.S. wilderness areas -97% complete
 * List of miscellaneous U.S. public areas -only three items on list
 * List of U.S. National Forests
 * List of National Wildlife Refuges
 * List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers
 * List of U.S. National Parks Service parks
 * List of U.S. government designations for places

 * List of state parks -only U.S. and Mexico
 * List of New York state parks, etc. -incomplete, no articles on state park systems but some lists provide basic details

 * City level lists
 * List of New York City parks - not complete
 * Royal Parks of London
 * List of urban public parks and gardens of Hong Kong

Descriptive articles

 * Protected area
 * Park
 * National park
 * National Forest -refers to U.S. only
 * State park - refers to U.S. and Mexico only
 * Provincial park - in Canada (stub)
 * Regional park
 * United States National Monument
 * National Memorial - a U.S.-centric article
 * Wilderness
 * Wilderness area
 * Special Protection Area
 * NATURA 2000
 * Special Area of Conservation
 * Site of Special Scientific Interest
 * Global 200
 * World Heritage Site
 * Country park -British only, doesn't mention Hong Kong

Managing organization articles

 * United States Forest Service
 * National Park Service --stub refers to U.S. one only
 * U.S. Park Police
 * U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
 * Bureau of Land Management - U.S.
 * Parks Canada -stub
 * English Nature
 * English Heritage
 * Scottish Natural Heritage
 * Countryside Council for Wales
 * Environment and Heritage Service

See also Conservation series articles -looks like a non-active project (List of conservation topics)
 * Conservation in Australia, a few others

Indonesia

 * Main article: List of national parks of Indonesia
 * All articles have infobox, navbox, map, coordinates, interwikilinks, and wikiproject tags.

Has infobox
all parks now have infobox
 * Tongariro National Park
 * Paparoa National Park
 * Te Urewera National Park
 * Egmont National Park
 * Whanganui National Park
 * Kahurangi National Park
 * Abel Tasman National Park
 * Nelson Lakes National Park
 * Arthurs Pass National Park
 * Westland National Park
 * Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park
 * Mount Aspiring National Park
 * Fiordland National Park
 * Rakiura National Park

South Africa Conservation Areas and Parks
See List of conservation areas of South Africa Initial evaluation (April 3, 2006): 95 parks on list - 21 have at least a stub article, only 6 have an infobox. About 8 are stubs.

U.S. National Parks
I am working my way through the 58 U.S. National Parks articles. Please feel free to help. (Should probably standardize link text) Rmhermen 17:43, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

Using a criteria of designation of 75% or more of the park as wilderness, I have noted the parks which should have the brown background on the summary box instead of green (these are IUCN level Ib).

Minimally complete
(at least one representative picture, infobox box, links to official web site, order of magnitude)
 * Acadia National Park needs discussion on flora and fauna
 * Arches National Park completed, numerous relined links however
 * Badlands National Park
 * Big Bend National Park
 * Biscayne National Park could use expansion
 * Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park could use expansion
 * Bryce Canyon National Park Featured article
 * Canyonlands National Park excellent
 * Carlsbad Caverns National Park needs expansion
 * Capitol Reef National Park excellent
 * Channel Islands National Park not bad, maybe some more on wildlife
 * Congaree National Park could use expansion
 * Crater Lake National Park needs cleanup and expansion
 * Cuyahoga Valley National Park could use expansion
 * Death Valley National Park Featured article
 * Denali National Park and Preserve could use expansion
 * Dry Tortugas National Park okay but brief
 * Everglades National Park, (wilderness) needs expansion
 * Gates Of The Arctic National Park and Preserve needs expansion
 * Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve could use more detail
 * Glacier National Park Featured article
 * Grand Canyon National Park very brief text, needs major expansion
 * Grand Teton National Park
 * Great Basin National Park needs more detail
 * Great Sand Dunes National Park, (wilderness)
 * Great Smoky Mountains National Park
 * Guadalupe Mountains National Park
 * Haleakala National Park, (wilderness)
 * Hawaii Volcanoes National Park needs expansion
 * Hot Springs National Park
 * Isle Royale National Park, (wilderness)
 * Joshua Tree National Park
 * Katmai National Park and Preserve (wilderness)
 * Kenai Fjords National Park
 * Kings Canyon National Park (wilderness)
 * Kobuk Valley National Park needs expansion
 * Lake Clark National Park and Preserve (wilderness) needs expansion
 * Lassen Volcanic National Park (wilderness)
 * Mammoth Cave National Park
 * Manzanar National Historic Site is an FA candidate
 * Mesa Verde National Park
 * Mount Rainier National Park, (wilderness) needs more detail
 * National Park of American Samoa needs more detail
 * North Cascades National Park needs expansion
 * Olympic National Park (wilderness)
 * Petrified Forest National Park
 * Redwood National and State Parks Featured article
 * Rocky Mountain National Park needs expansion
 * Saguaro National Park expand
 * Sequoia National Park (wilderness) need more detail and image of sequoia tree
 * Shenandoah National Park
 * Theodore Roosevelt National Park
 * Virgin Islands National Park
 * Voyageurs National Park needs expansion
 * Wind Cave National Park
 * Wrangell - St Elias National Park and Preserve (wilderness) needs expansion
 * Yellowstone National Park Featured article
 * Yosemite National Park (wilderness)
 * Zion National Park Featured article

U.S. National Forests
For complete listing see List of U.S. National Forests. Still some redlined articles, but becoming more completed. Article quality ranges from single sentence stubs to thoroughly detailed discussions. 2 forests have no articles - as of 14 February 2007

U.S. Wilderness areas
Though some work has been completed, there are hundreds of redlined links to vacant artilces in need of development See: List of U.S. Wilderness Areas. Approximately 40 articles are detailed and utilize images and the infobox appropriate for wilderness articles.
 * Note that the list article may not be complete. See Talk:List of U.S. Wilderness Areas for discussion of "missing" areas.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service areas
Over 250 written articles yet still hundreds of redlined links to vacant articles. See: List of National Wildlife Refuges. Several articles now utilize the infobox but we will need to go back to older articles and add it in to each one.

Sites of Scientific Interest
See User:MarcusBritish/SSSIs for details of SSSI lists still needing work. English Areas are all nearly complete, and plenty of opportunity to develop more into FLs. Cheers,  Ma ®© usBr iti sh {chat} 10:13, 21 October 2012 (UTC)