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Groundbreaking

Groundbreaking, also known as cutting, sod-cutting, turning the first sod, turf-cutting, or a sod-turning ceremony, is a traditional ceremony in many cultures that celebrates the first day of construction for a building or other project. Such ceremonies are often attended by dignitaries such as politicians and businesspeople.

The actual shovel used during the groundbreaking is often a special ceremonial shovel, sometimes colored gold, meant to be saved for subsequent display and may be engraved. In other groundbreaking ceremonies, a bulldozer is used instead of a shovel to mark the first day of construction. In some groundbreaking ceremonies, the shovel and the bulldozer mark the first day of construction.

Meaning
When used as an adjective, the term groundbreaking may mean being or making something that has never been done, seen, or made before; "stylistically innovative works".

History
Groundbreaking ceremonies have been celebrated for centuries in an attempt to begin the construction of a property, thanking those who made it possible. Though adapted to modern times, these ceremonies are still important to the construction industry. Early ceremonies were rooted in religion; by now, their basic foundations have still stood the test of time.

Initially, some offerings/refreshments were also used to offer in such ceremonies, including;

 * Fruit
 * Wine
 * Grains
 * Incense
 * Beans
 * Tea leaves
 * Sacred items, like holy coins and relics.

Historical groundbreaking ceremonies
The first documented groundbreaking ceremony took place in ancient China, in 113 BC. Later, the tradition of symbolically consecrating the project's location became a part of Hindu, Taoist, Shinto, Buddhist, and Feng Shui traditions. Historically, these are some notable events that were inaugurated by groundbreaking ceremonies.

 * The festival for the Washington Monument in 1848; was hosted by President James K. Polk.
 * The ceremony for the Parliament House in Melbourne, Australia in 1980; the event was held for Queen Elizabeth.

Modern approach to groundbreaking ceremonies
The reason for holding groundbreaking ceremonies in today's modern world has nothing or little to do with religion. Today, the western world exercises this old-age practice with a different purpose.

Today, the celebratory serves as a business activity for building interest in a new project/building. The ceremony generates positive press and regards those who are significant to the development and its overall scope.

Usually, the project developer organizes groundbreaking ceremonies to attract clients and reflect positive impacts on the community, customers/clients, and employees.

Often such ceremonies also incorporate speeches by people of influence, like the founder of the company, a celebrity, or a known politician/member of the community. The sole purpose of such speeches is to showcase how a company is working, growing, meeting its mission, and/or reflecting on its vision, the company's struggles, and future plans.

To create a lasting impression of the company and the ceremony, some common supplies, including shovels, hardhats, etc., are given to participants/attendees.

Latest Trends in Groundbreaking Ceremonies
Nowadays, real estate companies are trying different approaches to their groundbreaking ceremonies to stand out among their competitors and draw media attention.

A Los Angeles developer Lowe Enterprises, hosted a "wall raising" in 1997 to draw attention to the start of their building project. Another developer from Santa Monica hosted a "bottoming out" party to mark the completion of their parking garage's lowest level.

A Hollywood developer, TrizecHahn, practiced another unconventional ceremony. The company hosted a costly groundbreaking event for its $350-million Hollywood & Highland entertainment-retail project. The event was served by Music producer Quincy Jones and catered by the famed chef Wolfgang Puck.

title: Groundbreaking


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Kii Peninsula

The Kii Peninsula (紀伊半島) is the largest peninsula on the island of Honshū in Japan and is located within the Kansai region. It is named after the ancient Kii Province. The peninsula has long been a sacred place in Buddhism, Shinto, and Shugendo, and many people would visit from all over Japan as part of the Kumano religious practices.

Overview
The area south of the “Central Tectonic Line” is called Nanki (南紀), and is home to reef-like coral communities which are amongst the northernmost in the world (apart from cold-water corals ) due to the presence of the warm Kuroshio Current, though these are threatened by global warming and human interference. Because of the Kuroshio’s strong influence, the climate of Nankii is the wettest in the Earth’s subtropics with rainfall in the southern mountains believed to reach 5 m per year and averaging 3.85 m in the southeastern town of Owase, comparable to Ketchikan, Alaska or Tortel in southern Chile. When typhoons hit Japan, the Kii Peninsula is typically the worst affected area and daily rainfalls as high as 940 mm are known so the Kii Peninsula is often referred to as the Typhoon Ginza (after Ginza in Tokyo). The peninsula was severely affected by the 2011 typhoon season, which caused severe damage and many deaths. A significant amount of damage remains today from the 2011 landslides caused by the typhoons.

The natural landscape of the Kii Peninsula is dense temperate rainforest, but the vast majority of forests are monoculture pine plantations which were planted to rebuild after the destruction of World War II. The region is well known for its citrus varieties and orchards. Much of the coast consists of networks of small rias into which flow very steep and rapid streams characterised by numerous high waterfalls. Forestry and fishing were the traditional economic mainstays of the region and remain important even today despite a declining population and labour force. The region is affected by the dual-crises of severe population decline and widespread poverty.

Location
Wakayama Prefecture occupies much of the area, including the entire southern part. To the northwest of Wakayama Prefecture is Osaka Prefecture, whose southern part is on the peninsula. East of Osaka Prefecture is landlocked Nara Prefecture; farther east is Mie Prefecture.

The Seto Inland Sea lies to the west of the Kii Peninsula. To the south and east is the Pacific Ocean and to the north is the valley of the Kiso Three Rivers and Ise Bay.

Notable places
Notable places in the Kii Peninsula include:
 * Nara, former capital of Japan.
 * Mount Kōya (or Kōyasan), the headquarters of the Shingon sect of Buddhism.
 * Wakayama, former home of the Kii (or Kishu) Tokugawa clan. It is the location of the Hinokuma Shrine, which is affiliated to the Grand Shrine of Ise.
 * Shirahama, a resort town famous for its beachside onsens.
 * Matsuzaka, now the center of a major beef-producing area, formerly the center of Ise merchants.
 * Ise, the location of the Grand Shrine of Ise and center of pearl production.
 * Yoshino District, a wild area of heavily forested deep mountains, home of the Southern Imperial Court during the Nanboku-chō period of Japanese history.
 * Kumano Region, home of the Kumano Shrines, the World Heritage Kumano Kodo pilgrimage routes and Nachi Falls. Another name is Muro District.
 * Kushimoto, Wakayama, the southernmost point in Honshū.
 * Taiji, Wakayama, the birthplace of Japanese traditional whaling.

The Kii Peninsula is the location of a UNESCO World Heritage Site: Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range.

In 2004, UNESCO designated three other locations on the Kii Peninsula as World Heritage Sites. They are:

 * 1) Yoshino and Mount Omine, mountainous areas in the north of the peninsula.
 * 2) Kumano Shrines, three shrines at the southern tip of the peninsula.
 * 3) Mount Kōya, the mountain at the west of the peninsula.

Transportation

 * Nanki-Shirahama Airport in Shirahama serves the southern part of the Kii Peninsula.
 * The Kisei Main Line connects Wakayama to Mie Prefecture and runs along the peninsula's coastline.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kii Peninsula


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Cradle Will Rock

Cradle Will Rock is a 1999 American historical drama film written, produced and directed by Tim Robbins. The story fictionalizes the true events that surrounded the development of the 1937 musical The Cradle Will Rock by Marc Blitzstein; it adapts history to create an account of the original production, bringing in other stories of the time to produce a social commentary on the role of art and power in the 1930s, particularly amidst the struggles of the labor movement at the time and the corresponding appeal of socialism and communism among many intellectuals, artists and working-class people in the same period.

The film is not based on Orson Welles's unproduced screenplay for The Cradle Will Rock, an autobiographical drama about the production of Blitzstein's musical. Written in 1984, a year before Welles's death, the script was published in 1994; the film has not been produced.

Plot
At the height of the Great Depression, aspiring singer Olive Stanton dreams of getting a job as an actress with the Federal Theatre Project. Playwright Marc Blitzstein is working on his new musical, The Cradle Will Rock, but lacks the inspiration to finish it. While attending a public protest, he is visited by two imaginary figures representing his late wife and the famed German playwright Bertolt Brecht. They encourage him to make the play more relevant to the times rather than an abstract concept.

Ventriloquist Tommy Crickshaw is given the assignment to train the untalented duo Sid and Larry. He attempts to initiate a romance with FTP clerk Hazel Huffman. Actor Aldo Silvano moves out of the apartment paid for by his parents because of his family's fascist sympathies.

At the same time, the FTP faces increasing pressure from the federal government, which has begun investigating leftist infiltration of American society through the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Huffman and Crickshaw rehearse her alarmist testimony. The committee accuses FTP director Hallie Flanagan of propagating communism, making reference to her past claims and the play Revolt of the Beavers.

Huffman rejects Crickshaw's advances. He oversleeps and wakes up to Sid and Larry doing his routine, with one of them playing the dummy. Depressed, Crickshaw gives a show in which his dummy is a communist. Part of the disgusted audience, Huffman cries and leaves. Crickshaw leaves his dummy on the stage, which is carried off by Sid and Larry. After her testimony, Huffman is shunned by her coworkers.

The WPA, faced with the threat of losing its budget, cuts funding for all FTP productions, lays off thousands of workers, and orders all ongoing projects, including The Cradle Will Rock, to cease their activities. The actors' union refuses to let them perform without federal approval, cancelling the show's opening.

Rather than give in, the show's director, Orson Welles, and producer, John Houseman, set up an improvised performance in a shuttered theater, with Blitzstein as both the cast and the orchestra. As he begins the first song, the other actors suddenly appear in the audience and perform the entire play without setting foot on the stage. A group of workers destroy the mural Man at the Crossroads, following a dispute between Nelson Rockefeller and Diego Rivera over the inclusion of Russian communist leader Lenin in the artwork.

As the cast and audience break into celebration, a group of former FTP performers stage a mock funeral of Crickshaw's dummy (renamed "Federal Theatre Project") down the street outside. The procession walks into present-day Times Square, which is lined with billboards advertising Broadway plays.

Historical context and production
This film takes place in the 1930s during the Great Depression. The film takes some narrative license and presents certain events as simultaneous, when they really occurred at different times. Some examples of this are the addition and subsequent destruction of Rivera's Man at the Crossroads in the RCA Building (1933–34), the Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935), labor strikes against Little Steel (1937) and the Dies Committee’s assault on the Federal Theatre Project (1938) (Weales 2000).

In telling the story of The Cradle Will Rock—a leftist labor musical that was sponsored by the Federal Theatre Project (FTP) only to be banned after the WPA cut the project and diverted its funds elsewhere—Robbins is able to tie in issues such as labor unrest, repression by the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and the role and value of art in such a tumultuous time.

The film was released in conjunction with a book that Robbins put together to provide a deeper look into the film's time period. The book includes the film’s script, which is accompanied by essays and pictures describing the people, events, and themes that are the basis for the film.

The 1937 children's play Revolt of the Beavers by playwright/screenwriter Oscar Saul (who would later do the screenplay for the 1951 film A Streetcar Named Desire) was also featured in this film. It, too, was under scrutiny from the HUAC for promoting a communistic ideal of equal work and equal rewards. In the film it was valiantly defended by the head of the FTP, Hallie Flanagan (Cherry Jones), and the play ran for approximately one month at the Adelphi theater in New York.

Reception
Cradle Will Rock was met with mostly positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 65%, based on 74 reviews, and an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus states: "Witty and provocative." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

While the original production of The Cradle Will Rock was stated to be "The most exciting evening of theater this New York generation has seen" (MacLeish, Cole 2000), some critics did not feel the same about Robbins' reproduction of the event for film. Although it was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival, among other festivals, and some have praised the film as an astute commentary on censorship and the lines between art and life (Cole 2000), others have criticized the piece for attempting to bring too many themes together into one story, and thus losing the power of the original context altogether (Alleva 2000; Weales 2000).

title: Cradle Will Rock


text: User talk:206.129.84.87

title: User talk:206.129.84.87


text:
Wave vector

In physics, a wave vector (or wavevector) is a vector used in describing a wave, with a typical unit being cycle per metre. It has a magnitude and direction. Its magnitude is the wavenumber of the wave (inversely proportional to the wavelength), and its direction is perpendicular to the wavefront. In isotropic media, this is also the direction of wave propagation.

A closely related vector is the angular wave vector (or angular wavevector), with a typical unit being radian per metre. The wave vector and angular wave vector are related by a fixed constant of proportionality, 2$\pi$ radians per cycle.

It is common in several fields of physics to refer to the angular wave vector simply as the wave vector, in contrast to, for example, crystallography. It is also common to use the symbol $k$ for whichever is in use.

In the context of special relativity, wave vector can refer to a four-vector, in which the (angular) wave vector and (angular) frequency are combined.

Definition

The terms wave vector and angular wave vector have distinct meanings. Here, the wave vector is denoted by $$ \tilde{\boldsymbol{\nu}} $$ and the wavenumber by $$\tilde{\nu} = \left| \tilde{\boldsymbol{\nu}} \right|$$. The angular wave vector is denoted by $k$ and the angular wavenumber by $k = |k|$. These are related by $$\mathbf k = 2\pi \tilde{\boldsymbol{\nu}}$$.

A sinusoidal traveling wave follows the equation
 * $$\psi(\mathbf{r},t) = A \cos (\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{r} - \omega t + \varphi) ,$$

where:
 * $r$ is position,
 * $λ$ is time,
 * $t$ is a function of $r$ and $ψ$ describing the disturbance describing the wave (for example, for an ocean wave, $t$ would be the excess height of the water, or for a sound wave, $ψ$ would be the excess air pressure).
 * $ψ$ is the amplitude of the wave (the peak magnitude of the oscillation),
 * $A$ is a phase offset,
 * $φ$ is the (temporal) angular frequency of the wave, describing how many radians it traverses per unit of time, and related to the period $ω$ by the equation $$\omega= \tfrac{2\pi}{T},$$
 * $k$ is the angular wave vector of the wave, describing how many radians it traverses per unit of distance, and related to the wavelength by the equation $$|\mathbf{k}|= \tfrac{2\pi}{\lambda}.$$

The equivalent equation using the wave vector and frequency is
 * $$ \psi \left( \mathbf{r}, t \right) = A \cos \left(2\pi \left( \tilde{\boldsymbol{\nu}} \cdot {\mathbf r} - f t \right) + \varphi \right) ,$$

where:
 * $$ f $$ is the frequency
 * $$ \tilde{\boldsymbol{\nu}} $$ is the wave vector

Direction of the wave vector
The direction in which the wave vector points must be distinguished from the "direction of wave propagation". The "direction of wave propagation" is the direction of a wave's energy flow, and the direction that a small wave packet will move, i.e. the direction of the group velocity. For light waves in vacuum, this is also the direction of the Poynting vector. On the other hand, the wave vector points in the direction of phase velocity. In other words, the wave vector points in the normal direction to the surfaces of constant phase, also called wavefronts.

In a lossless isotropic medium such as air, any gas, any liquid, amorphous solids (such as glass), and cubic crystals, the direction of the wavevector is the same as the direction of wave propagation. If the medium is anisotropic, the wave vector in general points in directions other than that of the wave propagation. The wave vector is always perpendicular to surfaces of constant phase.

For example, when a wave travels through an anisotropic medium, such as light waves through an asymmetric crystal or sound waves through a sedimentary rock, the wave vector may not point exactly in the direction of wave propagation.

In solid-state physics
In solid-state physics, the "wavevector" (also called k-vector) of an electron or hole in a crystal is the wavevector of its quantum-mechanical wavefunction. These electron waves are not ordinary sinusoidal waves, but they do have a kind of envelope function which is sinusoidal, and the wavevector is defined via that envelope wave, usually using the "physics definition". See Bloch's theorem for further details.

In special relativity
A moving wave surface in special relativity may be regarded as a hypersurface (a 3D subspace) in spacetime, formed by all the events passed by the wave surface. A wavetrain (denoted by some variable $T$) can be regarded as a one-parameter family of such hypersurfaces in spacetime. This variable $X$ is a scalar function of position in spacetime. The derivative of this scalar is a vector that characterizes the wave, the four-wavevector.

The four-wavevector is a wave four-vector that is defined, in Minkowski coordinates, as:

 * $$K^\mu = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \vec{k}\right) = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \frac{\omega}{v_p}\hat{n}\right) = \left(\frac{2 \pi}{cT}, \frac{2 \pi \hat{n}}{\lambda}\right) \,$$

where the angular frequency $$\tfrac{\omega}{c}$$ is the temporal component, and the wavenumber vector $$\vec{k}$$ is the spatial component.

Alternately, the wavenumber $X$ can be written as the angular frequency $k$ divided by the phase-velocity $ω$, or in terms of inverse period $vp$ and inverse wavelength $T$.

When written out explicitly its contravariant and covariant forms are:
 * $$\begin{align}

K^\mu &= \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, k_x, k_y, k_z \right)\, \\[4pt] K_\mu &= \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, -k_x, -k_y, -k_z \right) \end{align}$$

In general, the Lorentz scalar magnitude of the wave four-vector is:

 * $$K^\mu K_\mu = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}\right)^2 - k_x^2 - k_y^2 - k_z^2 = \left(\frac{\omega_o}{c}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{m_o c}{\hbar}\right)^2$$

The four-wavevector is null for massless (photonic) particles, where the rest mass $$m_o = 0$$

An example of a null four-wavevector would be a beam of coherent, monochromatic light, which has phase-velocity $$v_p = c$$

 * $$K^\mu = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \vec{k}\right) = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \frac{\omega}{c}\hat{n}\right) = \frac{\omega}{c}\left(1, \hat{n}\right) \,$$ {for light-like/null}

which would have the following relation between the frequency and the magnitude of the spatial part of the four-wavevector:

 * $$K^\mu K_\mu = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}\right)^2 - k_x^2 - k_y^2 - k_z^2 = 0$$ {for light-like/null}

The four-wavevector is related to the four-momentum as follows:
 * $$P^\mu = \left(\frac{E}{c}, \vec{p}\right) = \hbar K^\mu = \hbar\left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \vec{k}\right) $$

The four-wavevector is related to the four-frequency as follows:
 * $$K^\mu = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \vec{k}\right) = \left(\frac{2 \pi}{c}\right)N^\mu = \left(\frac{2 \pi}{c}\right)\left(\nu, \nu \vec{n}\right)$$

The four-wavevector is related to the four-velocity as follows:
 * $$K^\mu = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \vec{k}\right) = \left(\frac{\omega_o}{c^2}\right)U^\mu = \left(\frac{\omega_o}{c^2}\right) \gamma \left(c, \vec{u}\right)$$

Lorentz transformation
Taking the Lorentz transformation of the four-wavevector is one way to derive the relativistic Doppler effect. The Lorentz matrix is defined as
 * $$\Lambda = \begin{pmatrix}

\gamma & -\beta \gamma & \ 0 \ & \ 0 \ \\ -\beta \gamma &       \gamma & 0     & 0 \\ 0 &            0 & 1     & 0 \\                0 &             0 & 0     & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$

In the situation where light is being emitted by a fast moving source and one would like to know the frequency of light detected in an earth (lab) frame, we would apply the Lorentz transformation as follows. Note that the source is in a frame $S^{s}$ and earth is in the observing frame, $S^{obs}$. Applying the Lorentz transformation to the wave vector
 * $$k^{\mu}_s = \Lambda^\mu_\nu k^\nu_{\mathrm{obs}} $$

and choosing just to look at the $$\mu = 0$$ component results in
 * $$\begin{align}

k^{0}_s &= \Lambda^0_0 k^0_{\mathrm{obs}} + \Lambda^0_1 k^1_{\mathrm{obs}} + \Lambda^0_2 k^2_{\mathrm{obs}} + \Lambda^0_3 k^3_{\mathrm{obs}} \\[3pt] \frac{\omega_s}{c} &= \gamma \frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{c} - \beta \gamma k^1_{\mathrm{obs}} \\ &= \gamma \frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{c} - \beta \gamma \frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{c} \cos \theta. \end{align}$$

where $$\cos \theta $$ is the direction cosine of $$k^1$$ with respect to $$k^0, k^1 = k^0 \cos \theta. $$

So
 * {|cellpadding="2" style="border:2px solid #ccccff"

 * $$\frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{\omega_s} = \frac{1}{\gamma (1 - \beta \cos \theta)} $$
 * }

Source moving away (redshift)
As an example, to apply this to a situation where the source is moving directly away from the observer ($$\theta=\pi$$), this becomes:
 * $$\frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{\omega_s} = \frac{1}{\gamma (1 + \beta)} = \frac{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}{1+\beta} = \frac{\sqrt{(1+\beta)(1-\beta)}}{1+\beta} = \frac{\sqrt{1-\beta}}{\sqrt{1+\beta}} $$

Source moving towards (blueshift)
To apply this to a situation where the source is moving straight towards the observer ($θ = 0$), this becomes:

 * $$\frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{\omega_s} = \frac{1}{\gamma (1 - \beta)} = \frac{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}{1-\beta} = \frac{\sqrt{(1+\beta)(1-\beta)}}{1-\beta} = \frac{\sqrt{1+\beta}}{\sqrt{1-\beta}} $$

Source moving tangentially (transverse Doppler effect)
To apply this to a situation where the source is moving transversely with respect to the observer ($θ = π/2$), this becomes:
 * $$\frac{\omega_{\mathrm{obs}}}{\omega_s} = \frac{1}{\gamma (1 - 0)} = \frac{1}{\gamma} $$

title: Wave vector


text:
Rebecca Schaeffer

Rebecca Lucile Schaeffer (November 6, 1967 – July 18, 1989) was an American actress and model. She began her career as a teen model before moving on to acting. In 1986, she landed the role of Patricia "Patti" Russell in the CBS comedy My Sister Sam. The series was canceled in 1988, and she appeared in several films, including the black comedy Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills. At the age of 21, she was shot and killed by Robert John Bardo, a 19-year-old obsessed fan who had been stalking her. Schaeffer’s death helped lead to the passage in California of legislation aimed at preventing stalking.

Early life
Schaeffer was born November 6, 1967, in Eugene, Oregon, the only child of Danna (née Wilner), a writer and instructor who taught at Willamette University and Portland Community College, and Dr. Benson Schaeffer, a child psychologist. Schaeffer was raised in Portland, where she attended Lincoln High School. She was raised Jewish and initially aspired to become a rabbi, but she began modelling during her junior year in high school. She appeared in department store catalogues and television commercials, and as an extra in a television film. In 1984, when she was 16, she worked a summer in New York City with Elite Model Management and with her parents' permission stayed in the city to pursue modelling.

Career
While working in New York, Schaeffer attended Professional Children's School. She also had a short-term role on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light.

In late 1984, Schaeffer landed the role of Annie Barnes on ABC's One Life to Live for a stint that lasted six months. During this time, she attempted to further her modeling prospects. At 5ft 7in, she was considered too short for high-fashion modeling and struggled to find work. In 1985, she moved to Japan in hopes of finding more modeling jobs, but still encountered difficulty due to her height and weight. She returned to New York City and decided to focus on an acting career.

In 1986, Schaeffer won a small role in Woody Allen's comedy Radio Days, but her character was edited out except for one brief scene. She continued modeling and also worked as a waitress. She appeared on the cover of Seventeen magazine, which caught the attention of television producers who were casting for the comedy My Sister Sam starring Pam Dawber. Schaeffer won the role of Patricia "Patti" Russell, a teenager who moves from Oregon to San Francisco to live with her 29-year-old sister Samantha ("Sam") after the death of their parents. Schaeffer lived with co-star Pam Dawber during her work on the series. My Sister Sam was initially a hit, ranking in the top 25, but it was canceled halfway through its second season in April 1988 due to falling ratings.

After My Sister Sam, Schaeffer had supporting roles in Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills, Voyage of Terror: The Achille Lauro Affair, The End of Innocence, and the television film Out of Time. She also served as a spokesperson for the children's charity Thursday's Child.

Murder
On July 18, 1989, 19-year-old fan Robert John Bardo shot and killed Schaeffer at her home in West Hollywood. At the time of her death, she had been stalked by Bardo for three years. He had previously been obsessed with child peace activist Samantha Smith, who died in a plane crash in 1985. He then wrote numerous letters to Schaeffer, one of which she answered. In 1987, he traveled to Los Angeles hoping to meet with Schaeffer on the set of My Sister Sam, but Warner Bros. security turned him away. He returned a month later armed with a knife, but security guards again prevented him from gaining access. He returned to his native Tucson, Arizona, and lost focus on Schaeffer for a while as his obsession shifted toward pop singers Tiffany, Debbie Gibson, and Madonna.

Bardo watched Schaeffer in the black comedy film, Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills in 1989, in which she appeared in bed with another actor. He became enraged by the scene, apparently out of jealousy, and decided that Schaeffer should be punished for "becoming another Hollywood whore". Arthur Richard Jackson had stalked and stabbed actress Theresa Saldana in 1982, and Bardo learned that Jackson had used a private investigator to obtain Saldana's address. Bardo then paid a detective agency in Tucson $250 to find Schaeffer's home address in California's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) records. His brother helped him get a Ruger GP100 .357 handgun.

Bardo traveled to Los Angeles a third time and roamed the neighborhood where Schaeffer lived, asking people if she actually lived there. Once he was certain that the address was correct, he rang the doorbell. Schaeffer was preparing for an audition for The Godfather Part III and was expecting a script to be delivered, so she answered the door. Bardo showed her a letter and autograph that she had previously sent him; after a short conversation, she asked him not to come to her home again. He went to a diner nearby and had breakfast, then returned to her apartment an hour later. She answered the door with "a cold look on her face", Bardo later said. He pulled out the handgun and shot her in the chest at point-blank range in the doorway of her apartment building; according to Bardo, she fell and said only, "Why? Why?" Schaeffer was rushed to the emergency room of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where she was pronounced dead 30 minutes after her arrival. She was buried at Ahavai Sholom Cemetery in Portland, Oregon.

Aftermath
Tucson Police Chief Peter Ronstadt arrested Bardo the next day after motorists reported a man running through traffic on Interstate 10. He immediately confessed to the murder. Marcia Clark, later known for her role as lead prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson murder case, prosecuted the case against him. Bardo was convicted of first-degree aggravated murder in a bench trial and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. As a result of this incident, federal law regarding the release of personal information through the DMV was changed. The Driver's Privacy Protection Act, which prevents the DMV from releasing private addresses, was enacted in 1994. Schaeffer's death also helped prompt the 1990 passing of America's first anti-stalking laws, including California Penal Code 646.9.

At the time of her death, Schaeffer was dating director Brad Silberling. Her death influenced his film Moonlight Mile (2002) about a man's grief after his fiancée is murdered. Shortly after Schaeffer's death, Pam Dawber and her My Sister Sam co-stars Joel Brooks, David Naughton, and Jenny O'Hara filmed a public service announcement for the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence in her honor.

title: Rebecca Schaeffer


text: User talk:64.63.232.78

title: User talk:64.63.232.78


text:
North Woodbury

North Woodbury may refer to:

 * North Woodbury, Ohio
 * North Woodbury Township, Blair County, Pennsylvania

title: North Woodbury


text: File:Tom Petty Echo.jpg

title: File:Tom Petty Echo.jpg


text:
Melt-Banana

Melt-Banana is a Japanese noise rock band that is known for playing extremely fast noise rock and hardcore punk mixed with experimental, electronica and pop-based song structures. Since forming in 1992 the band has released ten albums and toured worldwide extensively.

History
In 1991, while attending Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Yasuko Onuki started a band called Mizu and, after a short period rehearsing with another guitarist, recruited Ichiro Agata to play guitar in the band. Mizu's original drummer and bass player quit six months after Agata joined, leaving Yasuko to handle the bass and vocal duties until she found bassist Rika. They briefly performed shows around Tokyo without a drummer. Sudoh Toshiaki then joined as the new drummer in November 1992, and they changed their name to Melt-Banana.

In May 1993, Melt-Banana played a show opening for KK Null of Zeni Geva fame, who was impressed enough to immediately offer them a deal with his label, and would later introduce them to Mark Fischer of Skin Graft Records and Steve Albini.

In 1996, sick Zip Everywhere was nominated for MTV UK's best video. In the same year the band completed their first European tour.

In 1997, they created their own recording company, A-Zap (formerly Iguana Coax), and re-issued most of their early albums. Around this time, drummer Sudoh Toshiaki quit. Oshima Watchma became the new official drummer in February 1998.

The band recorded its first Peel Session in September 1999. Onuki thought John Peel looked like Santa Claus; Agata has said that when finishing a new song, he still thinks of Peel and what he would think of it if he listened. Peel described the session as "Simply one of the most extraordinary performances I have ever seen and ever heard ... just mesmerizing, absolutely astonishing." The broadcast exposed the band to new audiences in the United Kingdom and beyond.

Watchma left the band in 2000, and since then the band has had different drummers on their tours and albums.

In 2007, Melt-Banana recorded the song "Hair-Cat (Cause the Wolf Is a Cat!)" for Perfect Hair Forever on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim lineup.

The studio album Fetch, released September 2013, saw the band transition to a duo. The decision not to use a live drummer led on to the decision not to have a live bass player. Using a computer for the rhythm allowed more freedom in the arrangement. Hamamoto's help was not needed for the new duo format. Additionally, throughout the band's career Agata and Onuki had been the main songwriters.

In late 2019, during an interview conducted on tour, with Louder magazine, the band stated they would record a new album. A new studio album titled "3+5" was announced on May 23, 2024.

Style
Melt-Banana's music is typically described as noise rock, with roots in punk,  grindcore,  electro-pop and electronic music. The band has shied away from any classification, saying they "don't write music according to genre", and has described their music as "like a chimera". Melt-Banana has cited The Sex Pistols, Einstürzende Neubauten, Masonna, Violent Onsen Geisha, Aphex Twin and Atari Teenage Riot as influences, as well as the compilation album No New York. Agata also gets inspiration from the feelings of excitement, triumph and peril he experiences when playing video games, and interpreting that musically. He believes that influences from outside music, including video games, help them see from fresh angles and keep them from writing "the same kind of music again and again". Games he has cited as an inspiration include Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3, Ecco the Dolphin, Demon's Souls and Shadow of the Colossus.

Onuki's distinctive vocal style has been described as "loud, piercing and unexpectedly authoritative". Asked about her influences, Onuki explained: "there is no tradition and no influence besides maybe Lydia Lunch and the Teenage Jerks. She opened a new book for me. It was so unique and distinctive, you could tell by listening to the voice who is singing – that what I wanted to achieve with my own voice too."

Although the band is Japanese, their lyrics are written in English. Onuki originally sung in Japanese, but quickly changed to English, believing that it was better suited to her style of singing. Because English is not her native language, Onuki often has to look words up in dictionaries, which also allows her to find words that sound interesting to her. In writing a song, Onuki typically starts with particular words and then works backwards, the content of which comes from what she "see[s] and feel[s] in [her] usual life".

Agata is noted for his distinct style of guitar playing that involves heavy use of effects and pedals.

The band is known for playing an "eclectic" selection of cover songs, both live and on studio recordings. Melt-Banana was inspired to do so after touring with Mr. Bungle and seeing them perform several cover songs, and thinking it would be fun for both the audience and the band themselves. Songs that Melt-Banana has covered include "Surfin' U.S.A." (The Beach Boys), "Neat Neat Neat" (The Damned) and "Paint It Black" (The Rolling Stones). In choosing the songs, Melt-Banana simply "play songs that [they] like."

Members

 * Yasuko Onuki – vocals (1992–present)
 * Ichiro Agata – guitars, effects (1992–present)

Bass
From 2013 onward the band does not have a bass player.
 * Rika Hamamoto (1992–2013)

Drums
Melt-Banana does not currently have an official drummer. From 2013 onward the band does not have a drummer when playing live. There have been two drummers who were official members; Sudoh Toshiaki and Oshima Watchma. A number of guest drummers have been used for studio recordings and live performances.

 * Sudoh Toshiaki (Machine and the Synergetic Nuts) (1992 to December 1997). Appears on Speak Squeak Creak, Cactuses Come in Flocks, and Scratch or Stitch.
 * Kiku (ex-Assfort) – guest live drummer, one show, early 1998.
 * Youichiro Natsume (ex-Multiplex, ex-Force) – guest studio drummer, early 1998. Appears on Charlie.
 * Oshima Watchma (Coaltar of the Deepers, ex-Satanic Hell Slaughter) (February 1998 to 2000). Toured, and appears on MxBx 1998/13,000 Miles at Light Velocity and Teeny Shiny.
 * Dave Witte (Municipal Waste, ex-Discordance Axis) – guest touring drummer, US and Europe only, 2001 to 2005.
 * Obokata – guest live drummer, Japan only.
 * Masashi Sakata (324) – guest live drummer, Japan and ATP UK 2002.
 * Takiya Terada – guest live drummer in 2002, 2010–2012.
 * Eiji Uki (ex-Acid Mothers Temple, ex-Monghang) – Guest live drummer, Japan and 2007 US tours and 2008 Europe tour.
 * Yasuhiro Inomata – guest live drummer in 2009.

Touring and collaborations
The band have carried out lengthy US and UK tours yearly and smaller Japanese tours (the reason for this, according to them, is that travelling in Japan is quite expensive). Melt-Banana have worked with a diverse range of artists, including Merzbow, John Zorn, Agathe Max, Mike Patton, and Discordance Axis. Melt-Banana has toured as an opening act with high-profile bands such as:

 * Jim O'Rourke and Zeni Geva (1994, Japan)
 * Mr. Bungle (1995, US)
 * Melvins (1999, Japan and US)
 * Fantômas (2004, US)
 * Tool (2007, US)
 * Metal Machine Trio (2010, Australia)
 * Napalm Death and Melvins (2016, US)
 * Igorrr and Otto von Schirach (2023, US)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Speak Squeak Creak (1994)
 * Cactuses Come in Flocks (1994)
 * Scratch or Stitch (1995)
 * Charlie (1998)
 * Teeny Shiny (2000)
 * Cell-Scape (2003)
 * Bambi's Dilemma (2007)
 * Fetch (2013)
 * 3+5 (Upcoming, 2024)

title: Melt-Banana


text:
Universal Soldier

Universal Soldier may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Luc Deveraux, the main character from the Universal Soldier film series

Films

 * Universal Soldier (film series)
 * Universal Soldier (1992)
 * Universal Soldier II: Brothers in Arms (1998)
 * Universal Soldier III: Unfinished Business (1998)
 * Universal Soldier: The Return (1999)
 * Universal Soldier: Regeneration (2009)
 * Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning (2012)
 * Universal Soldier, a 1971 film directed by Cy Endfield
 * Universal Soldiers, a 2007 military science fiction film

Music

 * "Universal Soldier" (song), a 1964 song by Buffy Sainte-Marie
 * Universal Soldier (1967 Donovan album)
 * Universal Soldier (1995 Donovan album)
 * Universal Soldier (Pastor Troy album), 2002

Other

 * Universal Soldier, rebranded version of the Turrican II: The Final Fight video game

title: Universal Soldier


text:
Khmelnytskyi

Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький, ) is a city in western Ukraine. Located on the Southern Bug, it serves as the administrative centre of Khmelnytskyi Oblast as well as Khmelnytskyi Raion within the oblast. With a population of Khmelnytskyi is the second-largest city in the historical region of Podolia, after Vinnytsia.

The city was first mentioned in 1431 as a Polish military post, where it was known as Płoskirów under Polish rule. It was seized by Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky Uprising and later ruled by the Ottomans until 1699. It was passed to Russia in 1793, as a result of the Second Partition of Poland, and became part of the newly-formed Podolia Governorate, where it became known as Proskuriv or Proskurov. From 1917 to 1920, it was controlled by the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic before becoming part of Soviet Ukraine. The city's Jewish population fell from 42 per cent in 1939 to 10 per cent in 1959 as a result of the Holocaust in Ukraine. In 1954, it was renamed Khmelnytskyi in honor of the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Khmelnytskyi is the location of a rail junction and an important industrial centre, as well as a centre for higher education such as the Khmelnytskyi National University and the Khmelnytskyi Oblast Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater.

Names
Khmelnytskyi had several names throughout history. In the oldest written evidence about this settlement, the name of the city was mentioned as Ploskirowce, while later documents mentioned its name as Płoskirów, which probably comes from the name of the Ploska River.

In 1793, the city was renamed Proskurov, which appeared on the decree to create Podolia Governorate. This toponym is very similar to the name "proskura", which is a bread in the liturgical service.

On 16 January 1954, Proskuriv was renamed to Khmelnytskyi in honor of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Cossack hetman who rebelled against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the Bronze Age 2000 B.C., and from Scythian times from 7–3 century B.C. The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431, when it was known as Płoskirów (Ploskirov, Плоскиров) and was part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was a royal city.

Polish rule was briefly interrupted by the Ottomans between 1672 and 1699. During this period, it was nahiya centre in Mejibuji sanjak in Podolia Eyalet as Poloskiruf. After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city was annexed by the Russian Empire and was renamed Proskurov (Проскурoв). According to the Russian census of 1897, Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi, Uman, Vinnytsia and Balta. In 1920 it became part of Soviet Ukraine. In 1954 the city was finally renamed Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

After new archival sources presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.

Pogroms
A series of anti-Jewish pogroms have been carried out in the region, known together as the Proskurov pogrom. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko). Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.

The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine (Bund, Poale Zion, Folks-Partei, Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the Ukraina newspaper on February 20 (March 4, old style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out on March 20, 1920. Other sources claim that he was released.

During the Schwartzbard trial, at the end of which Petliura's assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail (revenge), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.

World War II
The town was occupied by the German Army from July 8, 1941 to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages were shot by an Einsatzgruppe. A ghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total.

Cold War
Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces during the Cold War. The intercontinental ballistic missile silos of the division that were housed there were removed and destroyed, partially with U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction funding, during the 1990s.

Russo-Ukrainian War
Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.

Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 10 October 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city was targeted by Russian cruise missiles as part of a major retaliation strike for the Crimean Bridge explosion, causing a blackout in the city and limiting water supply.

During a missile attack on 31 December, a gas station and a military facility inside the city was hit by two Russian cruise missiles, killing at least one civilian and wounding nine. The attack also caused a partial blackout and damaged more than a dozen cars and several residential buildings, including a kindergarten.

On 23 February 2023, Russian forces hit Khmelnytskyi with 3 Iranian-made UAVs of the "Shahed type", killing one person and wounding four. Additionally, the attack caused a fire and damaged multiple buildings.

Geography
Khmelnytskyi is the regional center of the Khmelnytskyi region which is located in the western part of Ukraine in the middle of Podillia, its total area makes up 8624 ha. Khmelnytskyi has a favorable geographical position. Khmelnytskyi is crossed by one of the longest rivers of Ukraine – the Southern Bug. Coincidentally, through the western portion of the city flows the small river Ploska.

The most abundant make up for the ground in Khmelnytskyi are layers of the following overburden: loess and loess-type rocks. The ground-climatic conditions of Khmelnytskyi are favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat and rye, sugar beet, potato and other crops. Khmelnytskyi is also ideal for the development of gardening and vegetable growing. In the territory of Khmelnytskyi there are the vegetations of two geobotanical zones of Ukraine: Polissya and forest-steppe. Khmelnytskyi and its greater region supplies many rock products, particularly building materials such as limestone, plaster, chalk, tripoli powder, crystal layers (granites, gneisses), sand, sandstones, and also graphite, saponite, kaolin, phosphorite, lithographic stone, and roofing slate. There are also deposits of peat, bitumen, shale, and oil.

Climate
The climate of Khmelnytskyi is moderately continental. The average temperature of Khmelnytskyi in its warmest month (July) is 20 to 22 C, and the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is -5 to -6 C. The maximum temperatures in the summer on average reaches 36 to 38 C, and the minimum temperatures in the winter on average is -24 to -30 C. Khmelnytskyi's average annual temperature is 7 to 8 C. Khmelnytskyi's average annual precipitation is 510 to 580 mm.

Demographics
According to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians.

Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 88% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 9% spoke Russian.

Education
Khmelnytskyi hosts 6 universities, 2 academies, 3 institutes, 12 colleges, 4 technical schools and 15 representative offices of other Ukrainian HEIs.

Transport
Khmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv by railway is estimated to be 366 km, by highway it is estimated to be 384 km. The highways Kyiv-Lviv, Odesa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kyiv pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by the Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a 2200 m concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine.

Sports
Khmelnytskyi is home to the competitive football team FC Podillya Khmelnytskyi.

Points of interest

 * Proskurivska street, a modern central pedestrian street of the city, preserved buildings of the end of the 19th - the beginnings of 20th century in the styles of modernist, eclecticisms, Baroque, stone (characteristic only for Proskuriv).
 * The house of the former Oleksiyivske real school (now it is the building of the City Executive Committee)
 * The house of O. Brusilov (now is the House of Ceremonial events)
 * The church of Nativity of the Virgin (the first stone construction in the city)
 * The Protection cathedral
 * St. George church
 * Andriy Pervozvannyi church in "Dubovo" district

Notable people

 * Nellie Casman (1896–1984) an actress and singer in Yiddish theatre in New York.
 * Ariel Durant (1898–1981) an American author and historian
 * Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000) a Russian ophthalmologist, politician and professor
 * Alberto Gerchunoff (1883–1950), Argentine author and journalist
 * Max Husmann (1888–1965), Swiss peacemaker, helped Operation Sunrise in WWII
 * Anatoly Kashpirovsky (born 1939, Russian psychotherapist and psychic healer
 * Harry A. Marmer (1885–1953), American mathematician and oceanographer
 * Jack Liebowitz (1900–2000), an American accountant and co-owner of what became DC Comics
 * Mischa Mischakoff (1895–1981), American violinist, teacher, and conductor
 * Oleksandr Ponomaryov (born 1973), Ukrainian singer
 * Lesia Nikitiuk (born 1987), Ukrainian TV presenter
 * Oksana Shachko (1987–2018), Ukrainian artist and activist with FEMEN
 * Alexandra Shevchenko (born 1988), FEMEN activist
 * Mikhail Tsekhanovsky (1889—1965) artist, animation director, book illustrator, screenwriter and sculptor.
 * Natalia Valevska (born 1981), Ukrainian pop and dance singer
 * Alla Zahaikevych (born 1966) composer of contemporary classical music and performance artist.
 * Klemens Zamoyski (1738–1767) a Polish nobleman and 8th Ordynat of Zamość estate
 * Tomasz Józef Zamoyski (1678–1725) a Polish nobleman and the 5th Ordynat of Zamość estate.

Sport

 * Vitaliy Balytskyi (1978–2018) a Ukrainian football player with 297 club caps
 * Dmytro Bezotosnyi (born 1983) a Ukrainian football goalkeeper with over 300 club caps.
 * Lyudmyla Holovchenko (born 1978) a retired amateur Ukrainian freestyle wrestler
 * Dmytro Ianchuk (born 1992) sprint canoeist and bronze medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Andriy Kirlik (born 1974) footballer with over 350 club caps and an ordained deacon
 * Ruslan Kostyshyn (born 1977) a Ukrainian retired footballer with 547 club caps
 * Leonid Krupnik (born 1979) an American-Israeli former soccer player with over 300 club caps, and current coach.
 * Oksana Masters (born 1989), American Paralympic rower and cross-country skier
 * Serhei Nahorny (born 1956) sprint canoeist, silver and gold medallist at the 1976 Summer Olympics
 * Vita Palamar (born 1977) a female high jumper from Ukraine.
 * Serhiy Petrenko (born 1956) sprint canoeist, twice gold medallist at the 1976 Summer Olympics
 * Olga Polyuk (born 1987), freestyle skier, specializing in aerials, three time Olympian.
 * Bohdan Shershun (1981–2024), footballer with over 330 club caps and 4 for Ukraine

Twin towns — Sister cities
Khmelnytskyi confidently sets a course for European integration. The city of Khmelnytskyi became the winner of The Europe Prize in 2021 – it is the highest honor Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which is awarded to cities for spreading European ideals.

Khmelnytskyi develops and maintains cooperation with sister cities and twin towns from different countries around the world:

 * 🇺🇸 Modesto, United States (1987)
 * 🇧🇬 Silistra, Bulgaria (1992)
 * 🇷🇸 Bor, Serbia (1995)
 * 🇲🇩 Bălți, Moldova (1996)
 * 🇸🇪 Kramfors, Sweden (1997)
 * 🇵🇱 Ciechanów, Poland (1997)
 * 🇲🇽 Aguascalientes, Mexico (2000)
 * 🇱🇹 Siauliai, Lithuania (2001)
 * 🇪🇸 Manises, España (2002)
 * 🇮🇱 Daliyat el-Carmel, Israel (2007)
 * Rustavi, Georgia (2016)
 * Shijiazhuang, China (2019)
 * 🇺🇿 Namangan, Uzbekistan (2021)
 * 🇹🇷 Efeler, Türkiye (2021)
 * 🇬🇧 Sheffield, United Kingdom (2022)
 * 🇩🇪 Stuttgart, Germany (2023)
 * 🇩🇪 Dresden, Germany (2023)

Khmelnytskyi has established official partnerships with the municipal district Prague 6 (the Czech Republic) and Sviancianski District (the Republic of Lithuania).

In January 2016 the Khmelnytskyi city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Tver and Ivanovo due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present).

title: Khmelnytskyi


text:
North Washington

North Washington may refer to a place in the United States:

 * North Washington, Colorado
 * North Washington, Iowa
 * North Washington, Maine

title: North Washington


text: User talk:64.233.247.34

title: User talk:64.233.247.34


text:
Little Kentucky River

The Little Kentucky River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 37 mi long, in northern Kentucky in the United States.

It rises in southwestern Henry County, approximately 30 mi northeast of Louisville. It follows a winding course generally north across Trimble and Carroll counties. It joins the Ohio 2 mi west of Carrollton, and approximately 1 mi west of the mouth of the Kentucky River.

title: Little Kentucky River


text:
New Jack City

New Jack City is a 1991 American crime action film based on an original story and written by Thomas Lee Wright and Barry Michael Cooper, and directed by Mario Van Peebles in his feature film directorial debut. The film stars Wesley Snipes, Ice-T, Allen Payne, Chris Rock, Judd Nelson, Bill Cobbs, Bill Nunn, and Van Peebles. Its plot follows Nino Brown, a drug lord in New York City during the crack epidemic, and Scotty Appleton, an NYPD detective who vows to end Nino's rise to power by going undercover to work for Nino's gang.

New Jack City premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 1991, and was released in the United States by Warner Bros. Pictures on March 8, 1991.

Plot
In the New York City neighborhood of Harlem, Nino Brown and his gang, the Cash Money Brothers (CMB), become the dominant drug ring once crack cocaine is introduced to the streets. His gang consists of Gerald "Gee Money" Wells, his best friend since childhood; enforcer and personal bodyguard Duh Duh Duh Man; gun moll Keisha; Nino's girlfriend, Selina Thomas; and her tech-savvy cousin, ex-bank teller Kareem Akbar.

Nino converts the Carter apartment complex into a crack house. Gee Money and Keisha kill rival Fat Smitty, and the CMB forces out the tenants and landlord. Meanwhile, Scotty Appleton, an undercover police detective working with the NYPD, attempts to make a deal with stick-up kid Pookie, who absconds with the money. Appleton chases and shoots Pookie in the leg, but released on bail. As the years pass, Nino's gang successfully run the streets of Harlem with absolute power.

When Stone, the leader of the CMB police operation, comes under pressure from NYPD Commissioner Fred R. Price, Appleton, currently on suspension for shooting Pookie, volunteers to infiltrate Nino's gang and is partnered with loose-cannon Nick Peretti. Elsewhere, mobster and tax collector Frankie Needles attempts to get protection money from Nino, who refuses to pay. While Appleton and Peretti observe Nino and his gang handing out Thanksgiving turkeys to the poor, Appleton spots Pookie, now a crack addict, and soon gets him into rehab.

Later, Pookie offers to help bring down Nino. Against his better judgment and the disapproval of Stone and Peretti, Appleton recruits Pookie as an informant. When Pookie relapses, Gee Money realizes that he is wired and orders the Carter destroyed. The cops find Pookie's booby-trapped corpse; Peretti defuses the explosives seconds before it explodes. Nino angrily warns Gee Money against repeating such a costly mistake.

After Pookie's funeral, Appleton and Peretti, no longer needed by Stone, go undercover as drug dealers. After bribing Frankie, Appleton infiltrates the CMB, partly due to Gee Money's increasing ambition and drug use. Though Nino distrusts them, he agrees to do business. After relating an anecdote about his own violent initiation into a gang in 1974, Nino warns that he will kill both Appleton and Gee Money if any problems occur. Appleton gains Nino's trust when he reveals information about Gee Money's side deal and saves him from a gun-toting "Old Man" who had earlier appealed to police for help against Nino.

While Nino, Appleton, and the CMB attend a wedding, Peretti sneaks into Nino's mansion to collect evidence. Don Armeteo, Frankie's boss, sends mobsters to kill Nino, and a massive shootout erupts. When Nino uses a child as a shield, Appleton attempts to shoot Nino in the back; Keisha is killed. Later, Nino throws Selina out when she condemns his nature, before killing Don Armeteo and his crew single-handedly.

Stone, Appleton and Peretti arrange a sting operation to nab Nino. Kareem, aware of Appleton and Pookie's connection, exposes the former, and a shootout ensues. Peretti saves Appleton by killing the Duh Duh Duh Man, and Nino escapes. That night, Nino confronts and regretfully kills Gee Money. After the gang's collapse, Nino holes up in an apartment and continues his criminal empire solo. Appleton, Peretti, and the police assault the complex, where Appleton brutally beats Nino, revealing that it was his mother whom Nino killed in his gang initiation. Peretti dissuades Appleton from killing Nino, who is taken into custody.

At his trial, Nino pleads guilty to a lesser charge, claims to have been forced to help the gang due to threats, and identifies Kareem as the leader. He is sentenced to only a year in jail. As Nino speaks with reporters outside the courtroom, the Old Man confronts and fatally shoots him in the chest, causing Nino to fall over a balcony to his death. Appleton and Peretti leave satisfied as onlookers look down at Nino's dead body.

In the closing moments, an epilogue states that the crack epidemic is still ongoing and decisive action must be taken to stop real-life Nino Brown analogues.

Production
The film is based upon an original story and screenplay written by Thomas Lee Wright, who had worked as a story editor at The Walt Disney Company and Columbia Pictures before moving to creative executive at Paramount Pictures. According to Carl Hart, who corresponded with Wright following Hart's criticism of New Jack City, the screenplay was originally written as The Godfather: Part III, and featured a protagonist who sold heroin rather than cocaine. Wright wrote a treatment for Paramount on the idea, which they liked enough to have him try to do a first draft. Wright based his script to interviews he had with people from Little Italy in New York along with the story of Nicky Barnes, the black kingpin that had modeled his criminal organization in Harlem after the Mafia. Wright later wrote, directed and produced Eight Tray Gangster: The Making of a Crip, a documentary of gang life in South Central Los Angeles.

The screenplay was co-written by Barry Michael Cooper, a former investigative reporter with the Village Voice who would later write the screenplays for the 1994 dramatic films Above the Rim and Sugar Hill, the latter of which also starred Snipes. Cooper's rewrite was adapted from his December 1987 Village Voice cover story entitled "Kids Killing Kids: New Jack City Eats Its Young," about the drug war in Detroit. The account referred to the 20th anniversary of the 1967 riots in Detroit, and in its wake, the rise of crack cocaine gangs in the late 1980s, such as Young Boys Inc., and the Chambers Brothers. The original story received notice from Quincy Jones, who sought a meeting with Cooper. He was then tasked with re-writes on a screenplay that had been done about the life of Nicky Barnes.

Filming occurred in New York City between April 16 and June 6, 1990.

Reception

New Jack City was favorably received by film critics for its cast, storyline, and soundtrack. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four, writing: "Truffaut once said it was impossible to make an anti-war movie, because the war sequences would inevitably be exciting and get the audience involved on one side or the other. It is almost as difficult to make an anti-drug movie, since the lifestyle and money of the drug dealers looks like fun, at least until they're killed. This movie pulls off that tricky achievement. Nino, who looks at the dead body of Scarface and laughs, does not get the last laugh." Time Out London described the film as "a superior example of what used to be called blaxploitation."

The film initially premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 1991, before being released nationally on March 8, 1991. The film, produced with an estimated $8,000,000 budget, grossed $7,039,622 during its opening weekend. It became the highest-grossing independent film of 1991, grossing a total of $47,624,253 domestically. The film holds an 80% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's consensus states: "Stylishly directed by Mario Van Peebles, New Jack City offsets its melodramatic streak with electrifying action and a cavalcade of effective performances." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

American Film Institute Lists
 * AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - Nominated
 * AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Gangster Film

Home media
The film was released on DVD in Region 1 in the United States on August 25, 1998 and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on July 26, 1999, distributed by Warner Home Video. The film was re-released on DVD as a Two-Disc Special Edition in Region 1 in the United States on August 23, 2005 and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on January 23, 2006.

Special Edition DVD features:
 * 1) Commentary by: director and co-star Mario Van Peebles
 * 2) New Jack City: A Hip-Hop Classic
 * 3) Harlem World: A Walk Inside
 * 4) The Road to New Jack City
 * 5) Original music videos: "New Jack Hustler" (Nino's Theme) by Ice-T, "I'm Dreamin'" by Christopher Williams, and "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd
 * 6) Original theatrical trailer

The film was released on Blu-ray in the United States by Warner Home Video on August 14, 2012.

Cultural influence
Cooper suggested Teddy Riley name his new genre new jack swing, after the movie. The New Orleans-based hip hop record label Cash Money Records is named after the Cash Money Brothers gang. Cash Money Records rapper Lil Wayne has a series of albums titled Tha Carter after The Carter Complex, and Lil Wayne and Tyga have referred to themselves as Young Nino.

Reboot
In 2019, Deadline announced that Warner Bros are rebooting the film with Malcolm Mays writing.

Stage play adaptation
In September 2022, film producer Je'Caryous Johnson announced the launching of the stage production adaptation of New Jack City: Live on Stage after his successful adaptation of another film, Set It Off: Live on Stage. The stage play stars Allen Payne, who reprises his role as "Gee Money", Treach as Nino Brown, Flex Alexander as "Pookie", Big Daddy Kane as Stone and Gary Dourdan as Scotty. The stage production's first preview ran October 29–30, 2022 at the Gas South Theater in Atlanta, Georgia and then opened a nationwide tour from November 2022 and extended until the summer of 2023. The play returned back by popular demand in January 2024 running in Houston, Texas with a final announced date set for Memphis, Tennessee June 2024. Omar Gooding was cast as Stone, while the latter three actors reprises their role from the tour.

The stage play is produced with special set design arrangements by Warner Bros. Theater Ventures.

title: New Jack City