text:
Talk:Nixie tube

Sectioned format
I took the liberty of restoring the sectioned format I had structured this article into, after it was reverted by 68.125.53.148 as 'improper'. However, I also updated the article with said contributor's very relevant factual correction about nixies not being vacuum devices. --Wernher 09:49, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Mr. "Wernher":

 * Why do you keep MESSING UP this article?

 * I have a copy of the December 1954 ELECTRONICS magazine, containing a PRESS RELEASE stating the Burroughs had bought Haydu and introduced the Nixie display. Why do you keep making it "1950s"???

 * I will keep FIXING your ignorant "revisions" until you GET THE PICTURE.

 * What do YOU know about early electronics history?? I'm the Senior Editor of VACUUM TUBE VALLEY magazine, a longtime contributor to GLASS AUDIO magazine, and have been writing about tube electronics for almost 15 years. Please DO NOT presume to tell me I'm wrong. YOU'RE WRONG.

 * Eh -- if I have mistakenly reinserted the vaguer '1950s' instead of the precise '1954', it was only done totally unintended as a side-effect of reverting to the sectioned format, which I think is better for the article's structure. That is, I have absolutely no reason to, whatsoever (and neither did I), bring into doubt the correctness of the '1954' fact.

 * I therefore, luckily, do not feel myself being a proper target of the tirade above. Rather, I want to make the positive comment that I appreciate contributions to Wikipedia by people who were actually there when it happened, regarding any subject field. Myself I am only a (very interested) student of tech history, especially digital electronics and analog and digital computing. Best regards, --Wernher 17:17, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Haydu Nixies?
I'm curious about the source of the claims (found in several places on the internet) that Haydu Brothers Laboratories "invented" or "developed" the Nixie tube. I'm not old enough to know firsthand, nor do I have access to authoritative documentation supporting or refuting this connection. But if it's true, it seems to me that in retrospect it was probably one of the most significant contributions made by the Haydus. If so, why then is it not mentioned on the Warren Township Historical Society's Brief history of Haydu Brothers site?

In fact, I've found an internet reference which directly contradicts this: Historical Timeline of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company (see entries under 1954) "Burroughs acquires Haydu Brothers [...] to produce special purpose electronic tubes for data display which have resulted from research at the Paoli laboratory."

This clearly is claiming that Burroughs's own research at their Paoli, Pennsylvania labs led to the Nixie tube, and Haydu was purchased strictly for their manufacturing capability. This webpage is what led me to delete the Haydu reference previously (since restored by another contributor). I'd love to spend some time searching the Burroughs Corporation archive in the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Michigan (or perhaps get it directly from George and/or Zoltan Haydu before it's too late...) to get this straightened out with certainty once and for all.

A.

Photo?
Anybody got a photo of a Nixie tube display?

 * If you just want photo(s) of a nixie tube, I have dozens of photos and hundreds of nixie tubes (specializing in collecting the rarest but have many common types too), what kind do you want? Clear or coated with a contrast-enhancing colored lacquer? Side viewed (with or without a "nipple" tip seal on top), end viewed (round or oval), lit (and what number/letter/symbol) or unlit, or perhaps some combination of tubes in one or more photos? I also have a few pieces of equipment with nixie displays (and connections to several people with more extensive equipment collections). This could illustrate how they were used, but the tinted filter lenses on the equipment typically obscure all details of the tubes themselves except for the lit digits.

 * A.

Revival
Re the new paragraph beginning, "Citing boredom with conventional, modern displays...", I'm not completely comfortable with the opening line's phraseology, "boredom" in particular. As a member of a group of nixie enthusiasts, I believe that it's more like displeasure with the aesthetic aspects of typical 7-segment and dot-matrix displays (rectilinear, artificial) than simple boredom. The nostalgia aspect is also a very strong part of the motivation for many. I'm not sure how best to rephrase this sentence to better convey typical modern nixie clock builder's reasons for choosing nixie tubes.

Perhaps, "Citing dissatisfaction with the aesthetics of modern digital displays...", would serve better.

Comments?

A.

 * Since I didn't get any feedback, I went ahead and made a minor change in line with the sentiment expressed above.

 * A.

 * Yeah, dissatisfaction sounds right. I'm not a nixie enthusiast but I know exactly how you feel.  In fact, I am developing a new 8-segment display that is less rectilinear and – perhaps no less artificial – but certainly closer to ordinary type than the 7-segment is.  I've got high hopes for it.

 * RadRafe 03:57, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Is your new display anything like these 1970s vintage 9-segment "Itron" VFD tubes? http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/bc3260.html ;-)

 * Smaller ones were also made in an 8-segment format without the tiny "tail" segment on digit "4".

 * A.

 * Thanks for the link. My design is similar in motivation but rather different in the details.  I'm aiming for a slightly more print-like look.  For instance, 012 are all half-height, like in text figures.

 * RadRafe 18:50, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Things have moved on since this was first written. Dalibor Farney is well established as a new tube manufacturer, and there are other people producing new tubes (e.g. Millclock ZN-18) on a commercial basis. Isparkes (talk) 10:26, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

I would also like to update the section about electronics. SuperTex (now Microchip) produce shift register based high voltage drivers, and have done so for some time. Isparkes (talk) 10:26, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

Longevity
Should the paragraph on nixie longevity (in Applications) be given its own section, moved to the first section, or perhaps even removed?

A.

 * Never mind, it's good now. A.

Does anyone have any real numbers for how long these things last in a clock? I've heard some VERY conflicting numbers in this area. The very popular IN-14's have a MTF of 12,500 hours. But some people claim that they've run their clocks 24-7 for 3 years and no problems so far. Anyone?
 * Achra 15:02, 21 Jun 2006 (PDT)

 * The numbers are very conflicting because lifetime varies greatly between types, and even between early and late examples of the same type (among types which had long production lives). IN-14s are Russian-made tubes, and Russian tubes of the era have a well-deserved reputation for extreme variation in quality. Finally, lifetime depends a great deal on several factors such as peak current, average current, temperature, duty cycle, ratio of use of the different symbols in each tube, and probably a few more that I'm forgetting.

 * A.

 * Yikes, you were right. I built 2 clocks with 4 IN-14's each (one with also 2 IN-17's) 6 months ago. One of the clocks has already lost 2 IN-14's.
 * Achra 07:16, 05 Feb 2007 (PDT)

I worked with Coherent brand Argon Lasers. One variant eliminated gas-fill solenoid valves in favor of argon-filled glass ampules with a gas-ballast tank. As gas pressure dropped, external copper tubes protruding from the gas-ballast tank could be crimped to break glass ampules within, releasing contained argon to replenish lost gas. Four pinched-off copper tubes containing glass ampules protruded from the gas ballast tank. How this relates to the Nixie: inside some Burroughs Nixie tubes a glass ampule can be seen, surrounded by a heater or filament of sorts. After learning about the Coherent Argon Laser refill function, I inferred the glass ampule seen inside the Nixie also performs a gas-refill function, presumably activated by heating the filament. Ampule gas release might happen gradually by heating and diffusion or increased permeability, or incrementally by thermal-shock-fracture or glass-liquefaction/bubble-burst preceding gas release. Or maybe another imperative was addressed by the designer(s) who incorporated a glass ampule for another reason. I would be interested in learning more about this engineering artifact, and about how to reactivate a spent Nixie using the filament surrounding the ampule, if this was indeed the original intent. Jeffreagan (talk) 21:42, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Most nixies have a small amount of mercury in them to improve their lifespan. The mercury was held in the filament-wrapped bulb. The nixie received its fill of argon and neon and was then sealed. Only then would the filament receive a current to vaporize the mercury. You can't regenerate a nixie by applying a current to the filament. Hellbus (talk) 09:20, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

Foreign import
Can someone import the nl:Afbeelding:Nixie.gif pic? Or make their own? It'd be great somewhere in here... Thanx 69.142.2.68 21:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Were these in Goldfinger?
I was just curious if this is the same type of display shown at the end of Goldfinger where James Bond is handcuffed to a bomb inside the Fort Knox vault. This display is shown in a close up. --65.190.140.201 01:36, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the atomic bomb countdown display in Goldfinger was another technology from the same period: edge-lit lightguide readouts. These use small incandescent light bulbs at the edges of plates of clear plastic stacked together with narrow gaps between them. In each plate, a single numeral is formed from a series of "dimples" drilled from the back side. The plates are assembled in a holder so that their edges are not easily seen. A bulb shining in one edge will cause little or no light to be emitted from the smooth faces, due to the optical phenomenon known as "total internal reflection". However, the drilled dimples are at a less obtuse angle to the approaching light rays, and have rough surfaces, therefore scatter the light more nearly perpendicular to the plane of the plates' front surfaces, where it can escape to be seen by the viewer. Thus, the digits appear as a group of bright white dots apparently floating in a small dark space without any visible support. Contrast this with nixies, which display figures as continuous lines broken only by the fine anode mesh and the lines of other digits which may lie in front of the lit digit, always glow in the pink-orange-red range, and are usually placed behind red or dark orange filters to enhance contrast. Although the white(ish) light of edge-lit displays could be filtered to any desired color, historically this was almost never done.

 * A.

Why delete links to the main nixie resource (and it really is) on the web?
I added a link to the neonixie-l Yahoo! group which is undoubtedly (and, yes, I can probably provide proof of that) the premier source of nixie and related tubes' expertise online. (*Yahoo! NEONIXIE-L group Very active discussion group with archives, links & support for everything to do with nixies & related tubes).

I realise that the WP:EL redirect says that links to discussion forums should "normally be avoided", but this is not a rule cast in stone, and the link specified is not just a very balanced and informed forum, it has substantial files on the history, usage & types of nixies etc. BTW, I have no connection with neonixie-l, other than being one of the nearly 1700 members of that group.

I should also point out that you have left links to reference sites that have a commercial side, and neonixie-l is completely non-commercial.

Why remove it, Femto? Nickds1 20:26, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The question that needs to be answered about external links isn't "why not keep them" but "why are they needed". Forum links are encyclopedically useless. If there is any specific WP:EL-compliant content, link to it directly. Besides, the site is full of Yahoo-ads and far as I see access is members-only. Usually the decision about one link has no impact on the others, commercial or not. If you think a link is overly commercial please remove it. Femto 11:08, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

references tag
(I'm more or less copying my response from Help desk. See also User talk:MsHyde and Special:Contributions/MsHyde.)

MsHyde has been adding that tag to a truckload of articles, and I find it disruptive. For instance, this edit was wholly inappropriate. She seems to be adding the tag to articles willy-nilly without any regard as to whether it is needed; she also isn't going through the trouble of helping out by adding references to any of the articles she's tagged.

Yes, the nixie tube article is borderline. There are a number of external links, and they are not formal references, but they seem to be about the best one can do for such a subject. I would appreciate someone coming up with a compromise for this article or a plan for finding sources for this article. Lunch 20:56, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This article does not have any references. If any of those external links are meant to serve as references, then please put them in a references section, ideally linking them to the paragraphs/sentences/ideas they reference. If you don't know how to do references, post which ones belong where on here and I will put them in for you. This article needs references, and the appropriate action on finding an article (particularly a lengthy article) which has no references, and about which you do not know enough to reference it yourself, is to add that template. It may be that this user has added this template in places in which it is inappropriate, but it absolutely belongs here unless you are going to provide references really soon. That way, people who might have access to sources are alerted to the lack of references, and can add them. Skittle 23:24, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I've added three of the standard references for nixie data, and will add more as time permits. The Weston book is the definitive source of data (so far as we [on neonixie-l] know). I've also taken the liberty of removing the unreferences article tag. Nickds1 06:13, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Nick, that's great. If you could try to add at least one of the references to each paragraph (but only, obviously, if the reference supports that paragraph!), that would make the whole thing much more verifiable. If you like, when you've added them in to the right places, I could convert the references to footnote form, but not if you'd rather keep the Harvard style. Skittle 17:20, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Some of these books have no ISBN (they pre-date that) but have Library of Congress numbers. Is there a way to add these to a citation? Nickds1 21:48, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't know what is normally done (I don't have much experience with Harvard-style referencing), but I would just add LCCN (whatever the number is) in the same way that you've added the ISBN to the first reference. Skittle 01:09, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Seven-segment neon displays
Somewhere in a drawer I have some seven-segment neon-filled displays; these are in flat packages like an IC, but with a glass window over the front and with wire leads coming out the back (not in IC-style parallel rows, just randomly arranged). What were these called and who made them? I'll have to search for these and see if there's any maker's data stamped on them. They must have been uncommon since I don't ever recall seeing equipment using them (not even at hamfests). --Wtshymanski 14:23, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There was a place where I worked that had a postal scale with a neon seven segment display. I can't remember who made it, though. You might see them here. Hellbus 21:28, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that it sounds like you're describing Panaplex displays (developed by Burroughs just before their merger with Sperry, then later produced by Beckman and currently by Babcock.) However, it's also possible that what you have are actually incandescent rather than neon. The most common brand of these subminiature Numitron-style displays is Minitron.

 * A.

 * I'd completely forgotten the name "Panaplex" - used to be big ads in the back of "Computer Trader" looking for NOS Panaplex devices. I also have some of the seven-segment incandescent devices which I bought for a digital clock project (back when digital clocks were made from about a score of TTL chips). I'll put taking photos of these devices on my to-do list. If I could get them all lit up at the same time, I could do a photo of an LED display, neon, incandescent and vacuum flourescent - the surplus bins at Radio Shack and my local surplus dealer were a favorite haunt of mine. (My 30-year-old LED digital clock still runs, and the display seems as bright as ever.) --Wtshymanski 13:45, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Weston book reprints no longer available
I have received confirmation today (Nov 16 2007) from jan wuesten that reprints of the weston book are no longer available. The last print copy was sold and the data files used for the reprints are lost. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.109.251.120 (talk) 08:53, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Animated image
I believe there are guidelines against using animated images on wikipedia, because when you print it, you don't see the animation. I'm trying to dig those up now.--58.230.124.16 (talk) 03:00, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Note that it is not recommended to use animated GIFs to display multiple photos. The method is not suitable for printing and also is not user friendly (users can not save individual images and have to wait before being able to view images while other images cycle round).Image_use_policy. This image should be split if its felt that it is necessary to have all these numbers in the article.--58.230.124.16 (talk) 03:04, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * A line from a certain movie comes to mind: "The pirate's code's more what ye might call guidelines than actual rules." I don't consider the printing issue to be a serious one. Also note that this image cycles rather quickly, so user friendliness (a term I've never heard with regards to an animation) isn't really a concern either. Hellbus (talk) 10:39, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Completely Incorrect Trochotron History
Trochotrons were not developed by Haydu. Their specific origin has been traced back to Ericsson. Ericsson engineers Hannes Alfven and Harald Romanus patented the first linear trochotron in 1946, and another Ericsson engineer, Nils Backmark, patented the first cylindrical trochotron in 1949. Burroughs patented their first improved cylindrical trochotron variant in 1952 (they added the switching grid and various geometry-related improvements), several years before they acquired Haydu. Haydu had little or nothing to do with the development of either the Nixie or the Trochotron. They merely produced them for Burroughs after the merger/acquisition. Burroughs needed a tube fabrication division to manufacture their pre-existing designs, so they bought Haydu. The primary innovators of the mature Nixie and trochotron are Saul Kuchinsky and Sin-Pih Fan, Burroughs engineers. Another Burroughs engineer named Roger Wolfe was directly involved with Kuchinsky in the development of the Beam-X Switch internal-magnet trochotron. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Accutron (talk • contribs) 13:47, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Text that needs clarifying
Second paragraph: "Such tubes rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F) even under the most severe of operating conditions in a room at ambient temperature. [2]"

Does that mean that these tubes are rarely operated in an ambient hotter than that? They don't dissipate much power, so they don't get hot. Kindly clarify?

Regards, Nikevich (talk) 05:54, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that "ambient" refers to room temperature. Because they consume very little power, they do not get hot, and thus the tube's temperature does not exceed 40 °C (104 °F). I'm not sure how to reword the article to reflect this. Hellbus (talk) 11:46, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Trochotron Article
I support the previous paragraph re "Completely Incorrect Trochotron History".The prime inventor of the trochotron was Prof. Hannes O. G. Alfven, who was at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), in Stockholm, Sweden. It is misleading to include the description of the Trochotron in the History section of the Nixie tube article. Trochotrons were vacuum tubes (based on the technology of the magnetron), with hot cathodes - not cold-cathode, gas-filled, tubes. Until a few weeks ago, there was a "Trochotron" article heading in Wikipedia, but it was empty and the reader was redirected to the Nixie article. Now it's disappeared and the redirect, from the index of trochotron-related sites on the Web, goes straight to the Nixie article. The Trochotron definitely deserves its own article, for which the two relevant paragraphs in the Nixie article could be a start. If the Dekatron has two pages, then the trochotron should have two! The trochotron was NOT similar in function to glow-tansfer tubes as most did not (with one exception - see below) give a visible indication of the count position, but did operate 1,000 times faster than most gas-filled tubes. The Vintage Technology Association has a detailed and accurate document on Beam-Switching Tubes (i.e. Trochotrons) at www.decadecounter.com/vta/tubepage.php?item=18. The key points of that report could be summarized for the Trochotron entry. In the summer of 1953 I worked in Stockholm and met several times with a small team (in LM Ericsson's then head office site, at Midsommerkransen), which was trying to develop an electronic telephone exchange based on the trochotron. The LME engineers saw the trochotron's potential as a fast, electronic replacement for the crossbar switch. The poor crosstalk characteristics of the tube inhibited its use to carry telephone traffic and this work ended around 1958. By then it was clear that other technologies would be more viable. As explained in the VTA article, the trochotron was used successfully by Burroughs as a counting tube (with speeds of up to 10Mhz), for the best part of a decade. For the year of 1956, I used a frequency counter, which was based on the Philips' E1T trochotron, while working at Mullard Equipment (a subsidiary of Philips Telecommunication Industries), in Wandsworth, London.This counter was vital in the accurate tuning of oscillators and filters, for frequencies up to 105khz, in a seven-channel Transistorized Rural Carrier system (TRC-7). John Roger A. (talk) 19:51, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Fuel pump displays.
Nixie tubes were used in fuel pump displays. I remember them first appearing sometime in the 1980's on the first pumps with non-mechanical numeric displays, which I thought odd, why would new pumps be equipped with old technology like nixie tubes instead of LED or VFD. If you happen to gas up at an older station that still has pumps with nixie tubes, snap a pic for the article. Bizzybody (talk) 11:35, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Same reason nixie tubes were used for displays on station platforms. They are self-illuminated at night, have good contrast in bright sunlight, and they have wide viewing angles. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:47, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Are we talking about actual nixie tubes with stacked cathodes, or flat seven-segment neon displays? If it's the latter case, I think they're called Panaplex displays. I can think of a gas station near my apartment that has pumps with Panaplexes. Hellbus (talk) 01:45, 2 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Both. As they're the same illumination tech, they both have the same advantages. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:13, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Capitalizing proper noun Nixie
I've capitalized the proper noun Nixie in the article. Like Kleenex, it's a trademark, and has been capitalized in all the technical and popular discourse I recall reading back in the '70s. Merriam-Webster does not include this definition in its entry, only that of the Germanic water sprite, aka nix. (Cambridge Online and Oxford Online don't even have nixie at all, let alone Nixie.) I recommend sticking with capitalization unless someone can cite compelling evidence to the contrary. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 20:09, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

In the former Soviet Union

 * In the former Soviet Union, Nixies were still being manufactured in volume in the 1980s, so Russian and Eastern European Nixies are still available.

I hope someone can add some explanation on why these countries make this thing111.251.228.212 (talk) 08:12, 13 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The text refers Russian tubes. nixieshop.com is a Ukrainian clock company whose web page says Ukraine had two Nixie manufacturing plants. Any objection to changing Russian to Soviet (except where the text says Russian or Eastern European)? Ronstew (talk) 06:40, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

K155ID1 Nixie Driver IC is not obsolete
In the article text its says "...The original 7400 series drivers integrated circuits such as the 74141 BCD decoder driver (or its Russian equivalent the K155ID1) have long since been out of production." That's not true when it comes to the Soviet Version. You can still order it from Integral Semiconductor in Minsk/ Belarus. See here: http://www.integral.by/?section_id=111 or here (english): http://www.integral.by/eng/?section_id=86 213.196.161.3 (talk) 15:30, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

IMHO, this article is poor....
I have contributed substantial parts of this article over many years, but now its so hacked about that it has lost its structure and the use of English, in part, is not good. Actually, I'll go further - it's poor, contains errors and lacks cohesion.

Over the next few weeks I'll seek to completely rewrite this article with a better structure, improved use of English, no duplication, expanded references etc. If others feel that this is not appropriate, please contribute below; if you feel something is missing and needs to be added, please say so. Let me know your thoughts.

Nick de Smith (moderator of the neonixie-l forum). Nickds1 (talk) 10:07, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * As a member of that group I am in favor of this. Hellbus (talk) 22:20, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

Read the explanation of nixie physics and came away disappointed. Not really much to explain why it glows. Also notice the phrase "adding power to". What is that supposed to mean? Needs improvement.Longinus876 (talk) 14:10, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Nixies in modern media
I recently saw the movie, Tomorrowland, and it contained numerous images of Nixie displays. Perhaps that should be listed? Also, I recall that in about 1969, desktop calculators made by the Wang Corporation employed Nixie tubes. Sluefoot (talk) 22:34, 24 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Tomorrowland isn't a good source for anything, as it's not only fictional, it's deliberately retrofuturistic. Are nixies used because they belong in that period? Or where they added to the film to create a particular effect? You might find something in Hipster Monthly that sources "Tomorrowland deliberately adds nixies to create a vintage effect", but that's about it. We certainly can't rely on Tomorrowland itself as a source.

 * Mains-powered desk calculators, and shop weighing scales, used nixies well into the '70s. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:10, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

 * In the Netflix series Wednesday, the title character has a Nixie clock on her desk. Which is what brought me to this article. Ronstew (talk) 06:42, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I'd like to add to the article. I wasn't aware of how to pronounce it, and seems like this bit of info could be helpful. Let me know your objections. Kyleleitch 4:40 UTC, 20 Nov 2016

Alternatives and successors
This section has almost no citations when it lists other forms of display technology. What on earth is a "backlit columnar transparency?" I searched for this phrase and came up with nothing except this page and bot-driven copies of this page. Saying "thermometer displays" in parenthesis only further confuses things. Someone please edit, elaborate, or delete this sort of thing!

Anonymous grouch editing as 173.66.167.67 (talk) 00:10, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nixie tube


text:
Sahel (disambiguation)

Sahel is an ecoclimatic and biogeographic transition zone in Africa.

Sahel may also refer to:

Geographic

 * Sahel (Eritrea), a town
 * Sahel, Larache, a town in Morocco
 * Sahel, Mali, a commune
 * Sahel, Tunisia, a region of that country
 * Arbaa Sahel, a town in Morocco
 * Khemis Sahel, a town in Morocco
 * Maten al-Sahel, a village in Syria
 * Oulad Hriz Sahel, a town in Morocco
 * Sahel Borj, a village in Iran
 * Sahel Oulad H'Riz, a town in Morocco
 * Sahel Region, of Burkina Faso
 * Sahel River, a river in Algeria
 * Sahel Selim, a city in Egypt
 * Northern coast of Egypt (or simply El Sahel), Egypt
 * UAE

Sports

 * Sahel SC (Kuwait), a Kuwaiti football club
 * Sahel SC, a Nigerien football club
 * Sahel FC, a Cameroonian football club
 * Étoile du Sahel, a Tunisian sports club
 * Shabab Al-Sahel, a Lebanese football club
 * Al-Sahel FC, a Saudi football club
 * Al-Sahel SC, a Syrian football club

Politics
Alliance of Sahel States, an alliance of Sahel states

Other uses

 * Omran Sahel, an Iranian company
 * Voix du Sahel, a national radio station of Niger
 * Mostapha Sahel (1946–2012), Moroccan politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sahel (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Sahel

This is simply wrong.
"Historically, the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region (bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان "lands of the Sudan"). "

No, that would be the EASTERN part of the Sahel.

This page definitely needs a map.
I checked the Commons and all the maps of Africa are old. I wonder if Wikipedia can get an open source atlas going or even buy the rights to an atlas at least for the continent level. 04:29, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I have been trying to move the Sahel_Africa article back to Sahel because it should not have been moved. I think it should be classified as a type C case (see Disambiguation) and instead of moving it to Sahel Africa there a note about the Tunisian province could have been added.

I moved the disambiguation page at Sahel here to make room for a move of Sahel Africa back to Sahel, it obviously did not work and its all quite a mess right now. Maybe I'll fix it later, until then, please do as you please! --Dittaeva 14:10, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

"The countries of the Sahel today include Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia." If you take a closer look at the map, you can see it excludes several ones mentioned in the list. There should be some coherence, this way or another. --Oop 14:26, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

The map does not show South Sudan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Salvadorcases (talk • contribs) 17:01, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Undoing a redirect
The discussion page for Sahel currently redirects here. How to undo that so that it has its own discussion page? --A12n 00:37, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Flora
I removed the txt about the juju tree. It was under geography. If folks want to add a flora section, they might want to take a look at Category:Flora of Africa, and some of these:
 * Acacia senegal
 * Faidherbia albida
 * Roselle (plant)
 * Tisane
 * Acacia
 * Baobab

'''Might want to integrate these: "The Sahel type of the Savannah which is also known as the semi-desert vegetation that becomes manifest from the middle of the state as one moves from the south to the northern part of the state. The characteristic of this type of vegetation comprises isolated stands of thorny shrubs."
 * Bauchi State

"Agriculturally, the first cases of domestication of plants for agricultural purposes occurred in the Sahel region circa 5000 BC, when sorghum and African rice began to be cultivated. Around this time, and in the same region, the small guinea fowl became domesticated.
 * History of Africa

According to the Oxford Atlas of World History, in the year 4000 BC the climate of the Sahara started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace.[2] This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink rather significantly and caused increasing desertification. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa.[3]"

 * Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

 * Nomadic pastoralism

At least a link to Afrotropic ecozone and Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel

Just some fodder for those who know the subject. :T L Miles 16:17, 3 July 2007 (UTC) ==''Bold text' Bold text '

Etymology
Pay attention: the usual interpretation of sahel as "border or coast of the Sahara desert" is wrong. The name comes from a misunderstanding by French scientists who considered sahel as a proper name of a region, while it was simply an indigenous term meaning "north". More details in it:Sahel and in the references cited there.--Vermondo (talk) 19:39, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Dear Vermondo, that looks possible, but I can't find any reference in it:Sahel. On the other hand, I'd eliminate the sentence, now in the article, which says "it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل "plain" instead.[4]. Because even if not attested in classical sources, Sahel is commonly used in Modern Arabic for the region as ساحل not as سهل. See the CEN-SAD site - it's not very plausible that modern Arab politicians would have mistakenly back-written that word from French sources, when they could just have used سهل which in Modern Arabic, effectively, keeps meaning "flat land". Ilyacadiz (talk) 08:21, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

animals
whilest looking though the page i noticed there was no sections on the wild life of the sahel i do not have the knolage but if anyone did it may be good for the page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.43.164.28 (talk) 15:59, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Map needs to be updated to include South Sudan
Map needs to be updated to include South Sudan --Bruce Hall (talk) 12:13, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Driest areas in the Sahel
""Sahelian Acacia savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2009-12-07." claims that the annual rainfall is around 600 mm in the south of the ecoregion, but declines rapidly to the north to around 200 mm. But if we look carefully at the map of this ecoregion (http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http:%2F%2Fglobalspecies.org%2Fkmlserver%2fgetkml%2fat0713), Khartoum (Sudan) and Atar (Mauritania) belong to this ecoregion and annual mean rainfall in Khartoum is 156.8 mm (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum#Climate) and in Atar is even 91 mm during 1923-2004 (see http://geofizika-journal.gfz.hr/vol_25/No1/25_4_ahmed.pdf). Is Atar really in the Sahel region is debatable ?

However I slightly changed the minimum annual rainfall averages from 200 mm to about 100 mm in the Sahelian region. Carlo Colussi (talk) 07:52, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Map of the Sahel may be wrong
Arctic Gazelle (talk) 22:27, 11 January 2021 (UTC) The map of the Sahel here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sahel_Map-Africa_rough.png does not match exactly the one here. One of them must be at least slightly wrong.Arctic Gazelle (talk) 22:22, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

War in Sahel
French article - does it have an English counterpart? (see my post on WP Terror). Bokoharamwatch (talk) 15:32, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Simple language
I'm sure in some academic sense that it is technically accurate to call the Sahel an "ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition" but this is incredibly technical language to put in an introductory sentence. I would propose changing this to "The Sahel is a region in Africa. It is defined as the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition..." although even this could probably be simplified. The article already calls it a region elsewhere so this isn't a radical proposal. At the moment I have no doubt a large percentage of people will come to this page wondering what the Sahel is and will be left utterly confused because they have no idea what the first sentence means. 5.133.47.155 (talk) 13:39, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

Sahel map is significantly inaccurate
Is part of southern Algeria really in the Sahel region? It also goes too far north around the eastern end in Sudan and Chad. Khartoum has a hot desert (BWh) climate with only 5 inches (130 mm) of rain a year. Similarly, In Guezzam, in far-southern Algeria, has a typical Saharan climate with extremely hot summers, very short winters, only 1.7 in (43 mm) of rain a year, and 7 months with no rain at all (on average). These places are, without a doubt, in the Sahara Desert, not the Sahel. Please insert more accurate maps in place of the current ones. Jtadesse (talk) 16:46, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sahel


text:
Peter Hunter (British Army officer)

Lieutenant-General Peter Hunter (11 July 1746 – 21 August 1805) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. He was the eldest son of John Hunter, Laird of Knapp and his spouse, Euphemia Jack of Longforgan, Perthshire, Scotland.

In 1767, he entered the British Army by purchasing an ensign's commission in the 1st Foot. He rose to lieutenant in 1770 and served in Menorca from 1771 to 1775, being promoted to captain on the regiment's return to England. He became a major in the 92nd Foot in 1779 and went to the West Indies, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, transferring to the 60th Foot in 1781. His unit was posted to Nova Scotia in 1786 and he assumed command of the battalion in 1787.

In 1789, Hunter, after leave in England, was appointed acting Superintendent of British Honduras in 1790, following the suspension of incumbent Edward Despard. He held that position until 1791 and was said to have administered the new colony in an authoritarian manner. He returned to England in 1793 and was given the rank of colonel serving in Europe and then the Caribbean before becoming a military governor in County Wexford, Ireland following the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

On 10 April 1799, Hunter was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, succeeding John Graves Simcoe. He was also made commander of military forces in both Upper Canada and Lower Canada with the rank of lieutenant-general in 1802. He became colonel of the 9th Foot in 1804.

Hunter died unexpectedly in 1805 in Quebec and was buried at Cimetière Anglican Saint-Matthew. Alexander Grant became administrator of Upper Canada and continued Hunter's policies until a new lieutenant governor, Francis Gore, arrived from Britain in August 1806.

title: Peter Hunter (British Army officer)


text:
Henning Bergenholtz

Henning John Bergenholtz (born 26 August 1944) is a Danish linguist, who is head of Center for Lexicography at Aarhus School of Business in Denmark. Professor Bergenholtz has contributed to lexicography as a science with publications on theoretical lexicography as well as several printed and electronic dictionaries.

Bergenholtz went to study in Germany at age 16. He received his master's degree at the Technische Universität Berlin in 1973, and his doctorate degrees at the University of Essen in 1975 and 1978. He was a lecturer at universities in Cologne, Bonn and Bochum and moved back to Denmark in 1987.

In an interview to Danmarks Radio in 2007 he said that Wikipedia was more trustworthy than most other encyclopedic dictionaries. He is currently an advisor regarding the Danske Netordbog, part of Ordbogen.com.

On 17 June 2010, he received a Honoris Causa Doctorate by the University of Valladolid. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

title: Henning Bergenholtz


text:
Liliana Mumy

Liliana Mumy is an American actress. Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy.

In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes. For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder. For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House.

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and actor/musician Bill Mumy. She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy.

Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life".

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures. Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause. In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life".

Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school. She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch. Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J.D. daydreams of shoving into her cake). She also voiced Panini in the animated series Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008. She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies. In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube. Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House.

title: Liliana Mumy


text:
Sandro Nielsen

Sandro Nielsen (born 1961) is a Danish metalexicographer, Associate Professor at Centre for Lexicography at the Aarhus School of Business, Denmark, from where he received his PhD in 1992. Nielsen has contributed to lexicography as a theoretical and practical lexicographer with particular reference to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries (technical dictionaries). He is the author and co-author of more than one hundred publications on lexicography, theoretical papers, printed and electronic (online) dictionaries.

Influence and work
Sandro Nielsen is an authority on legal lexicography and bilingual law dictionaries and has proposed a fundamentally sound general theory of bilingual legal lexicography, which is described in his book The Bilingual LSP Dictionary – Principles and Practice for Legal Language published in 1994.

His research and publications identifies him as a modern lexicographer with the introduction of lexicographic concepts such as lexicographic information costs (Nielsen 2008), the distinction between a maximizing dictionary and a minimizing dictionary, the typology of multi-field, single-field and sub-field dictionaries, and the concept of function-related cross-references. He is one of the lexicographers that have combined lexicographic theory and translation strategies in an attempt to suggest improvements to bilingual translation dictionaries by showing how bilingual LSP dictionaries mix up source-language and target-language translation strategies (Nielsen 2000).

In his paper "Changes in dictionary subject matter" from 2003, Sandro Nielsen suggested a lexicographic approach to defining a dictionary in contrast to the traditional linguistic approach. He defines a dictionary in terms of its major features, and a dictionary has three such features: A dictionary is a lexicographic reference work that has been designed to fulfill one or more functions (its pure potential), contains lexicographic data supporting the function(s), and contains lexicographic structures that combine and link the data in order to fulfill the function(s). This definition applies to printed, electronic and Internet dictionaries, and it applies to existing, planned and imaginary dictionaries alike.

Sandro Nielsen has also proposed a practical and theoretical framework for reviewing dictionaries (Nielsen 2009). In this paper, he describes the requirements for scholarly or academic reviews and suggests that the dictionary should be regarded as a true object of analysis and examination. The framework introduces three approaches to dictionary reviewing: the linguistic approach, the factual approach, and the lexicographic approach. These approaches may be combined so as to achieve really academic reviews. Finally, the framework also gives some guidelines as to the requirements regarding the informative value of dictionary reviews: they must be reliable, deal with relevant and material aspects, and be unbiased.

In addition to his theoretical publications, Sandro Nielsen has published three printed dictionaries, an English-Danish law dictionary (Engelsk-Dansk Juridisk Basisordbog) a Danish-English accounting dictionary (Regnskabsordbogen. Dansk-Engelsk), and an English-Danish accounting dictionary (Regnskabsordbogen. Engelsk-Dansk) and five Internet dictionaries, a Danish-English law dictionary (Dansk-Engelsk CISG-ordbog), a Danish accounting dictionary (Den Danske Regnskabsordbog), a Danish-English accounting dictionary (Den Dansk-Engelske Regnskabsordbog), an English accounting dictionary and an English-Danish accounting dictionary. He is the author of The Bilingual LSP Dictionary – Principles and Practice for Legal Language and is a contributor to the Manual of Specialised Lexicography.

Published literature

 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].
 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].
 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].
 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].
 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].
 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].
 * Nielsen, S., 2003. Towards a General Theory of Bilingual Legal Lexicography. In Handelshøjskolen i Århus, Det erhvervssproglige fakultet, Århus. Available at: http://research.asb.dk/research/(6586) [Accessed September 25, 2010].

title: Sandro Nielsen


text:
Le Nouvel Obs

Le Nouvel Obs, previously known as L'Obs (2014–2024), Le Nouvel Observateur (1964–2014), France-Observateur (1954–1964), L'Observateur aujourd'hui (1953–1954), and L'Observateur politique, économique et littéraire (1950–1953), is a weekly French news magazine. Based in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, Le Nouvel Obs is one of the three most prominent French news magazines alongside Le Point and L'Express. Its current editor is Cécile Prieur.

History and profile
The magazine was established in 1950 as L'Observateur politique, économique et littéraire. It became L'Observateur aujourd'hui in 1953 and France-Observateur in 1954. The name Le Nouvel Observateur was adopted in 1964. The 1964 incarnation of the magazine was founded by Jean Daniel and Claude Perdriel.

Since 1964, Le Nouvel Observateur has been published by Groupe Nouvel Observateur on a weekly basis and has covered political, business and economic news. It features extensive coverage of European, Middle Eastern and African political, commercial and cultural issues. Its strongest areas are political and literary matters, and it is noted for its in-depth treatment of the day's main issues. It has been described as "the French intellectuals' parish magazine", or more pejoratively as "the quasi-official organ of France's gauche caviar [caviar left]". It is often referred to as Le Nouvel Obs for short.

Franz-Olivier Giesbert joined the Nouvel Observateur in 1971 as a journalist in the political department and then became a reporter. In 1985, Giesbert became the editorial director.

Patrick Fiole and Christina Sourieau launched the magazine's internet site in 1999.

The magazine's new charter, adopted in June 2004 (on the 40th anniversary of its foundation), outlines the paper's principles: "The Nouvel Observateur is a cultural and political weekly whose orientation belongs within the general social-democratic movement. A tradition ever concerned with combining respect for freedom and the quest for social justice."

Alongside its editorial activities, the Nouvel Observateur group bought the online news site Rue89 in December 2011, becoming its only shareholder.

In January 2014, the owners of Le Monde, Pierre Bergé, Xavier Niel, and Matthieu Pigasse, purchased a 65% stake in the magazine. On 12 March 2014 the two co-directors of the press group, Laurent Joffrin and Nathalie Collin, resigned because the Nouvel Observateur was being sold to Le Monde.

On 23 October 2014, the magazine was renamed L’Obs and its layout was changed to include in-depth reports on investigations, stories and discussions of ideas.

Its current editorial board is headed by two of its co-founders, Jean Daniel and Claude Perdriel, two editors-in-chief, Laurent Joffrin and, and the director general, Jacqueline Galvez. André Gorz and other journalists who had left L'Express helped to found the publication.

The holding company Le Monde Libre, the majority shareholder of Groupe Le Monde, owns 99% of the weekly Le Nouvel Obs.

On 21 March 2024, the magazine changed its name from L'Obs to Le Nouvel Obs.

Related publications
Le Nouvel Observateur formerly published ParisObs, a general information supplement focusing on Paris and the Île-de-France region, also published weekly.

Challenges is an international business magazine published by Le Nouvel Observateur since 1982. Released every two weeks, it contains information on companies and their managers at the CEO level all around the world.

TéleObs is a supplement containing articles about TV and cinema. It was published every two weeks until October 2014, when it began to be published weekly.

In March 2012, Le Nouvel Observateur launched Obsession, a monthly supplement focused on fashion.

Circulation
The circulation of Le Nouvel Observateur was 385,000 copies in 1981, 340,000 copies in 1987 and 370,000 copies in 1988.

In 2001–2002, the magazine had a circulation of 471,000 copies. In 2010, its circulation was 502,108 copies, making it the best-selling European news magazine.

The magazine had a circulation of 526,732 copies during the first half of 2013 and 460,780 copies in 2014.

In 2014, L'Obs was one of the highest-circulated news magazines in France.

title: Le Nouvel Obs


text:
Peter Russell (politician)

Peter Russell (11 June 1733 – 30 September 1808) was an Anglo-Irish military officer in the American War of Independence and a government official, politician and judge in Upper Canada.

Early life
Born in Cork, Kingdom of Ireland to Captain Richard Russell, later living in England, Russell attended the University of Cambridge briefly. His debts forced him to enter the British Army during the Seven Years' War. He was commissioned into the 14th Foot and served in the 94th Foot and the 64th Foot.

After fleeing due to gambling debts, Russell returned to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War, seeking promotion in the military, served as assistant secretary to Sir Henry Clinton and being promoted Captain in 1781. He was appointed superintendent of the port of Charleston in 1782 before returning to England.

Politics
After several years of job-searching Russell was appointed by the British government as Receiver General for the new colonial province of Upper Canada. In 1791 he joined the administration of John Graves Simcoe, the province's first Lieutenant-Governor. Russell was also appointed to the Executive Council and Legislative Council, and served as Speaker of the Legislative Council. In July 1794, after the departure of Chief Justice William Osgoode, Simcoe issued a temporary commission to Russell to fill a vacant seat of Puisne Judge of the King’s Bench.

Simcoe requested a leave of absence in December 1795 and recommended that Russell act as administrator of Upper Canada in his absence. Russell assumed the position in July 1796 on Simcoe's departure and remained administrator until 1799 when Simcoe's permanent replacement was appointed.

Russell's administration saw the peaceful transfer of six border posts from the British to the Americans under the terms of the Jay Treaty. During his temporary appointment, Russell was at a disadvantage, however, as Simcoe had taken the vast majority of his official papers with him, leaving only 12 documents behind. This left Russell ignorant of British policy and of Simcoe's proposals for management of the province.

Russell attempted to tighten up the system of land grants in order to curtail speculation, nepotism and corruption. He clashed with the new chief justice, John Elmsley, (who served on the Executive Council as part of his duties) over issues such as the seat of government with Elmsley objecting to the implementation of Simcoe's directions on making York the capital. Elmsley also objected to Russell's self-appointment to the Court of King's Bench due to Russell's lack of legal training and the violation of the separation of judicial and executive powers. Russell needed the extra income, however, and ignored Elmsley's objections.

Peter Russell was a supporter of Native issues in the town of York, supporting them when they had issues with encroaching pioneers. However, he owned and traded in slaves.

Russell Abbey
Russell lived at a town home on King Street between Sherbourne and Princess (now 255 King Street East), built of timber from German Mills, Ontario. Russell lived with his sister Elizabeth and it was referred to as Russell Abbey. The home was a park lot granted to Russell in 1798. Russell died in 1808 and his sister until 1822, the home burned down in 1856.

Later years and legacy
By 1798 it became evident that Simcoe would never return. Russell hoped to become the new lieutenant-governor and was disappointed when Peter Hunter was given the position in 1799.

Russell remained on the Executive Council but his influence waned and he had little power. When Hunter died in 1805, Russell again hoped to be named administrator but was passed over in favour of Alexander Grant. Tired of Canada, he wished to return to England but, unable to find a buyer for his 6,000 acres (24 km2) of land, he could not afford the trip and remained in the province until his death in 1808. Russell was buried at the old Garrison Burial Grounds, now Victoria Memorial Square, near Fort York.

The town of Russell, Ontario takes its name after Russell. In 2020, following the George Floyd protests, the township announced it will search for a new Russell as its namesake due to Peter Russell's ownership of black slaves.

title: Peter Russell (politician)


text:
Talk:Brest, Belarus

old comment on names from 2004
The following caught my attention: It was renamed Brest-Litovsk in the 14th century and became the capital of the combined Polish and Lithuanian kingdom in 1569. While the earlier might be true (but I guess that the city was not renamed per se but simply changed its name in one of the languages used around (while the others continued to call the city the way it was called). As to the latter statement - could anyone provide any info? I never heard of Brest being the capital of the Commonwealth since both the king, the grand duke and the sejm had their sites elsewhere... Halibutt 10:30, 13 May 2004 (UTC) Regarding Brest as a capital is quite wrong! 1569 has to do with Union of two churches. User:yogi555

Missing Twinned City
Ashdod is a twinned city of Brest but it's missing in the list of twinned cities - came across this here "Ashdod is home to one of the largest and most active Belarusian communities in Israel which makes a contribution to the promotion of the cultural dialogue. Ashdod is also a sister city of Brest where a monument to Israeli Prime Minister, Nobel Peace Prize Menachem Begin, who was born and raised in the Belarusian town, was opened." http://eng.belta.by/society/view/monument-to-belarusian-poet-yanka-kupala-unveiled-in-israel-87946-2015/ I also had a look on the Ashdod, Israel wiki and Brest appears as a twinned city. Can someone add it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.69.174.42 (talk) 15:08, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

Union of Brest
I slighty modified the history section reagrding the 1596 Union of Brest to make it more understandable, I also replaced "Uniate Church" with "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church" (Uniate is a term us Eastern Catholics find offensive, it is kind of like calling a Jew a "kike"). User:starzaz —Preceding comment was added at 19:18, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Map
A locational map is needed. →Iñgōlemo←  talk 23:56, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC) You can ask more yogi who lives in Brest yogi555@tut.by

Ukrainian?
I removed the following addition by an anon:
 * Some Ukrainian leaders who considered the city a part of the Ukrainian ethnic territory asked the Soviet authorities to make Brest a part of Ukraine, then a Soviet republic, but their request was never granted.

I've never heard about that, and it will not go into the article without confirmation. mikka (t) 00:10, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I know that the Ukrainian claims following the WWI included large chunks of modern Belarus (most of Polechia, actually), as well as the Carpathians up to the Tatras, but I never heard of anyone repeating such arguments in Soviet times. Halibutt 03:32, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * There were really Ukrainian claims on Brest and Polesia where people speak a dialect close to Ukrainean language --Czalex 08:11, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Additions, corrections and modifications
Additions, corrections and modifications are welcomed. Larry Schenker (Binenbaum) from Los Angeles, California, United States 05:26, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

To 'add' to the deletion concerning the Ukrainian connection, it is surely worth stressing that Ukrainian nationalists were every bit as greedy (some maybe even still are - plus ca change) to get their hands on the city -and above all the vital railway junction - as the Poles, Russians, and so on and so forth. Details as to who made what claims and in what circumstances needn't be all that clear even now, because much of the documentation would still be inaccesible to mere mortal researchers.

Apart from that, it is important to stress the fact that a small number of avidly opinion-at-ed debators have lost sight of what here is the most important subject; i.e. not national or political isues but above all else the specific urban question of this exceptionally unfortunate city (ispan.72).

Dispute over name lineup
The dispute is over the name lineup. The names were Byelorussian, Polish, Russian and Lithuanian. So guy came and removed Lithuanian name in name lineup, saying that it is Lithuanian name removed as it is not used, but somehow the Russian and polish names has “Литовск” and “Litewski” (means Lithuanian). Also, city was annexed by Grand Duchy of Lithuania. So, in my opinion, there is enough foundation to leave Lithuanian name in name lineup too. M.K. 14:06, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * This guy expressed his oppinion in these words:"what is now called Lithuanian language was never widely used in the Grand Duchy - the Baltic name for the city was never used at all". It sounds as a case of denying GDL being Lithuanian, which is false statement. I think the previous version of the article should be reverted. Juraune 17:30, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a common state founded by Baltic tribes and dominated by Slavonic (Belarusian and Ukrainean) culture'. Old Belarusian language was the official language of the GDL, but the language now called Lithuanian was never widely used. That's why also there should be a clear understanding of the difference between Litvin where the -Litouski comes in the name from, and the country that is today called Lithuania.
 * Brest lays far from the border to modern Republic of Lithuania and there is no Lithuanian ethnic minority there.
 * PS I insist on not calling me guy, my dear friends--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 12:35, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Firstly about the main topic – name lineup was made quite a long time ago and to nobody it did not trouble ( . But one day some person came and changed everything …..

 * This is called Wikipedia--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, sadly Wikipedia have no immunity against nationalist like you.M.K.

 * Now about your statements:
 * Hmmm:
 * The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a common state founded by Baltic tribes and dominated by Slavonic (Belarusian and Ukrainean) culture

 * Interesting do you personally wrote it or borrowed from somebody? Maybe you could comment a bit more widely? Please!

 * It's a common known fact.
 * I will tell you that is fact – Grand Duchy of Lithuania was founded by the Baltic Lithuanian tribe, which evolved several stages (like Kingdom of Lithuania), after annexation of Slavic lands (present day Belarus, Ukraine, parts of Russia) by Lithuanians, Slavic people played important role in state. And you comment – dominated- pure nationalistic statement. The most interesting thing your explanation of Slavonic culture…. M.K.

 * Old Belarusian language was the official language of the GDL.

 * It is not so simple. Firstly that you identified as official language had a different approach – chancellery language (ruthenian) of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Second point is - within chancellery other languages were used, and not fragmentary.

 * Documents clearly show the language dominating in the Grand Duchy. There was a famous case when the Republic of Lithuania started demanding medieval GDL archives that were brought by Russians to St.Petersburg and Moscow, from the USSR in 1920-ies. The Russians agreed to give to the RL all documents written in Lithuanian - and there was ardly a single of them found there.--Czalex 08:11, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In one point you are right – indeed documents clearly show the language spread in Grand Duchy of Lithuania Chandlery. Take for instance time frame – until XVIc.  In XVc. documents, which were written in German language, were used more greatly in numbers then Ruthenian, not even counting written in Latin. And just for interest until mid XVI c. Volhynia/ Luck dialect was so notable in Garn Duchy of Lithuania chandlery that to call it as you did below as  nowadays called Belarusian is illogical.

And about  give to the RL all documents written in Lithuanian  – they had to give back at least from contemporary Muscovy positions, it had to … M.K. 22:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Later Belarusian was replaced by Polish. But the language nowadays known as Lithuanian was never used even as a chancellory language.--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Stop, writing nonsense! There was no Belarusian language at all in chancellery!  Polish language replaced Ruthenian language.  Your pathetic statement -  was never used even as a chancellery language – one more nationalism and only proving absence of your skills in this time period. “Interesting” you variation -  the language nowadays known as Lithuanian-, - Belarusian was replaced by Polish –
 * The language that was in the Middle Age referred to as Ruthenian on the lands of the Grand Duchy is nowadays called Belarusian. The linkage is direct. --Czalex 08:11, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I hope there are no Ukrainians editors around, because they probably give you some hard words. First of all you confusing (not for first time) some points. Term Ruthenian (which applied if speaking about some Slavic languages/dialects) is scientist definition with contemporary base, definition includes Slavic dialects which were in present day Ukaraine, Belarus some parts of Russia and +- territory, and linked with    dependence to Grand Duchy of Lithuania. So to place Ruthenian = nowadays called Belarusian is  once again showing your absent skills.
 * BTW, contemporary Ruthenian was not applied only Middle Age …. Do you know Middle Age time frame in first place? M.K. 22:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I will tell you once more time in Grand Duchy of Lithuania was used Latin, Ruthenian (had several stages), German, Polish and documents were issued in…..Lithuanian language. Interesting how you call this:,  yup it is in Lithuanian language. Yes Lithuanian language was not used so intensively like Latin in chancellery, but it was used and it was called Lithuanian language contrary then "Byelorussian” case….. M.K.

 * the language now called Lithuanian was never widely used.

 * How this now called Lithuanian was called then – litvianionexe?
 * It was enough wide for Grand Dukes to state – “I told to you in Lithuanian”;
 * “one language and one people" (the talk in this case was about Samogitians and Lithuanians without any deviation as such).
 * It was enough that dukes (especially early time ones) to have names, which as you say, only now called Lithuanian is preserved their meaning;
 * It was enough that oath were made in Lithuanian language. And so on…
 * Of course Ruthenian language was very noticeable, and later Slavs made contribution to state too.

 * that's why also there should be a clear understanding of the difference between Litvin where the -Litouski comes in the name from, and the country that is today called Lithuania.

 * Do you personally understand it? Could you please enlighten us?

 * You may simply follow the given link--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe that you personally should follow these links… M.K.

 * PS I insist on not calling me guy, my dear friends

 * Sorry! I will try not to call you in this is way in the future, agreed? . M.K. 23:26, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * OK :)--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There was no such thing as "official language" status in the times of GDL. "Official language" is a modern day terminology. Very few people could write or even read back then. Reading and writing was important in Christian countries, where the word of God came from written sources of Bible. Lithuanians as pagans worshipped nature forces and didn't feel the need to get the messages from their gods through the written texts. So the best educated people who could read and write where Ruthenian orthodox priests and monks, who came together with the Ruthenian and Slav Christian wifes of Lithuanian dukes. These marriages between ruler families were important in keeping peace between Baltic and Slavonian regions. The claim that "Litvins" were actually Bielarussians and not the ancestors of modern Lithuanians is ungrounded. There are many facts against this claim, some of them are mentioned in comments by M.K.
 * And saying that you do not see a Slavonic cultural and intellectual domination in the GDL?
 * Second it should be noted that edicts, documents of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in XVc. had been issued in German language much more often then in Ruthenian…..
 * And yes western culture impact was the most dramatic beginning from castle building techniques ending in unique correspondence. And much much more statements to put down your -intellectual domination- M.K.

 * No, I don't see. The Catholic church later dominated in GDL much more than Orthodox church. By the way, discussion about "domination" will lead to nowhere, especially "intellectual domination". Hitler also though that somebody is "intelectually" and "culturally" above all. Juraune 12:53, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * An other mistake often made by historicians from the Republic of Lithuania is to 100% identify modern Belarusians and medieval Slavs. All Belarusian lands were historically inhabited by Baltic tribes that were later assimilated by Slavs and actually just took a Slavic language. Some of this assimilation took place even in the Middle Age, so culturally and mentally the Belarusians are actually almost a Baltic nation too (or ancestors of Baltic tribes). Just like Scottish people are ancestors of Celtic tribes despite their speaking a Germanic language.--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:13, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Super nationalistic theory! The main goal of this nationalistic theory which represents nationalist Czalex, is –people of present day Byelorussian territory assimilated with Slavs only in language level.    Pure fantasy of course. While, nobody denies that Balts inhabited quite a bigger territory then today (parts of present day Poland, Russia, Byelorussia too)  but statement  -    actually just took a Slavic language -  is pathetic. The contradiction is in nationalist Czalex statements quite noticeable:- dominated by Slavonic (Belarusian and Ukrainean) culture-, - Slavonic cultural and intellectual domination- and - so culturally and mentally the Belarusians are actually almost a Baltic nation too-.
 * No comments….everything is clear. M.K.

 * Less emotions, more arguments, please :) your absurd Lithuanian nationalistic POV does not have anything to defend itself with--Czalex 08:11, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * From mine side there are no emotions and I do not need to defend mine self. In particular note of mine above, I showed what "ideas" (“arguments”) you talking and your “arguments” were killed by your own “arguments”. M.K. 22:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * So if I understand correctly Byelorussians identifies themselves as Lithuanians (or other Baltic tribe?) but difference is changed language? I lack of skills a bit here, please explain it, don’t leave his way :( ! M.K. 19:31, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The name "Brest" can be explained not only as the Slavonian word for Elm, but by the common words to Slavonic and Baltic languages with Indo-European roots: "бродить", "перебираться" in Russian, "bristi", in Lithuanian, which means to go through something, to cross a river in a shalow place. "Brasta" is the word for a shallow place in the river in Lithuanian.

 * There can also be the logic that the name Berlin comes from a word with Slavic roots, and old Ruthenian language also had the word Бэр - shall we therefore put Бэрлін on the names list?
 * You could, if “old” Ruthenian language as such, was still a live language. Like Lithuanian language is still a live with minimal changes compared to other European languages during the centuries, that’s way to linguist Lithuanian language is a treasure chest…  M.K.

 * It might be a news for you - but Belarusian and Ukrainean are living languages directly deriving from the Ruthenian language. It did not disappear nowhere and simply changed ocer the centuries - just like the modern Lithuanian language differs from the language spoken on the territory of modern Republic of Lithuania 500 or 1000 years ago.--Czalex 08:11, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow thanks for enlighten me, now pick up your head and read that you wrote already above. M.K. 22:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The name Brest is not original. It was deriven by Russian occupational administration from the Polish name Brzesc. That was the way Poles assimilated the ancient name Bierascie (or Berestje). So, the similarity between Brest and Brasta actually seems to be what is called a translator's false friend --Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There cannot be much harm done to anyone, if in the long list of languages, Lithuanian name of the city is mentioned. So, Czalex, please show a good will and stop deleting Lithuanian language from the list. Juraune 18:10, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Besides, we talk only about city name which have survived linkage with Lithuanian history till present day. And this is not the case then we going to make a name lineup with Lithuanian or other country names in all cities of Poland, Russia, Byelorussia and so on, only which has foundation to do so. M.K. 18:58, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The linkage between Brest and History of the Republic of Lithuania is not too close, actually...
 * A quite bigger when you think…. M.K.
 * I'd be thankful of you give me a link where it says about the first usage of the name Letuvias Brasta. I mean, the time when it was--Czalex [[Image:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|15px]] 20:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you know then Litovsk (Литовский) came in front of name? As I said before Lithuanian name had a translation that Литовский mean at the first place…  M.K.

 * From The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia - but not from the Republic of Lithuania that is a completely different state.--Czalex 08:11, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting formulation of contemporary state.
 * About Republic of Lithuania I believe that Republic of Belarus\ Belorussia\ Byelorussia\Insert_new_name_in_case  have to be a bit more silence here.
 * By your thoughts Russian Empire do not have any business with Russian Federation too… M.K. 22:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Don't want to get too heavily involved. The name of the Belarusian city as its known today in English. Period. No Polish, no Russian, no Lithuanian, no Japanese. If there is a link in those languages, great. Then we can know what the name of the city in Catalan is, if necessary, and there's a link to Catalan. If a former name is warranted in the history section of the article, it can be added without POV and the rest of the crap, that exasperates people of good will trying to present a balanced Wikipeda. Dr. Dan 02:26, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I never tried to rename the main article name; I was arguing the secondary name lineup. Also I believe that possible solution could be as fallows – leave only the main name (Brest) without all these diff. languages and make link as this - see also other historical names of the city. I would not object for introducing this feature at all. M.K. 12:21, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the town was very important in Russian history and is commonly found in western sources on WWII under its Russian name. Hence that name should be mentioned somewhere. Also, for most of its existence it has been a part of Poland, which makes the Polish name relevant as well IMO. On the other hand I believe Czalex is right that the Lithuanian name was most probably never used widely enough, not even in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where Lithuanian language was used by but a minority of people for most of its existence. However, I do not feel very strongly about it.  // Halibutt 08:14, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * M.K., if the dispute is only about the inclusion of Lithuanian name of the city, then the template "totally disputed" you put was an overshooting. Anyway, as you suggested, I'm linking it to the list of alternative names. --KPbIC 06:10, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * oky, I see new verion. M.K. 22:05, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree Russian is the official language of Belarus, that has actual preferance at present. If Minsk has a Russian heading Brest certainely cannot be an exception. After all Brest was part of a Russian official state from 1795-1915 and since 1944 inclusively (with small exception of early 90s). --Kuban Cossack [[Image:Romanov Flag.svg|25px|]] 21:53, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Local airport
Closed? That is not the truth. See Брест_(аэропорт). --Sesquialteral 21:10, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Intercontinental highway
"Being situated on the main Berlin–Moscow railway line and intercontinental highway"—exactly which continents are linked by this highway? --Redaktor (talk) 20:59, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Other Brest?
I stumbled upon this article and was surprised not to see a link for Brest, France in the disambiguation. Maybe it's a consequence of the whole "Lithuanian name debate" in this talk page, but it feels like it should be included since (as it currently stands) both cities have the same spelling in Wikipedia. Why not including something like this, as is done on the Brest, France page? For other uses, see Brest. I'll make the change to the main page but wanted to add a little blurb, since redirection has been an issue for this article.NeWDaC (talk) 23:51, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I am curious on this subject also. When it was called "Lithuanian Brest" ("Brest Litovsk"), presumably that was to distinguish it from some other "Brest," most likely in the region.  The French "Brest" seems too small and far away to qualify. Hcunn (talk) 03:33, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Hello. For your information, the metropolitan area Brest in France reaches 300,300 inhabitants so barely the same size as Brest in Belarus and from a western European oint of view, is more famous. I also think that Brest in France has more influence in Europe, notablebly because of its industrial and research facilities. Monsieur W (talk) 22:47, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

religion/ethnic make-up
Can religious and/or ethnic make-up be added? Since the historical predominance of Jews is mentioned, it would be of interest to know about the Jewish population (if any) of today.Kdammers (talk) 03:24, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Brest District
Brest is a regional city, it is not a part of Brest District. It is the same level of administration. Brest is its own "district" - Brest (City), and Brest District is surrounding area. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.45.51.199 (talk) 22:45, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Railroad
There seems to be a broad gauge track going from Brest into Poland.--Bk1 168 (talk) 15:42, 2 July 2017 (UTC)

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Merge "Points of Interest" and "Sights around Brest" sections?
It seems to me that the two sections serve the same purpose and should be merged. Does anyone disagree? If there is a substantial difference in the latter, it should be renamed to something more specific. 1980fast (talk) 05:00, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

Regional Sport Complex Brestsky
There seem to be two photographs of this facility featured in the article, taken from virtually identical perspectives. It's nice for there to be colour but this does seem a tad repetitious. I would submit that the first is the better image, but the second is the better location and caption, so my suggestion would be to move the first into the space currently occupied by the second. Any other views? Lordrosemount (talk) 15:44, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brest, Belarus


text:
Talk:Suda Lexicon

Duplicate article. See Suda.

Sebastjan 13 May 2004 12:35 (CEST)

title: Talk:Suda Lexicon


text:
Alfred Bird

Alfred Bird (1811 – 15 December 1878) was an English food manufacturer and chemist. He was born in Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, England in 1811  and was later a pupil at King Edward's School, Birmingham. He was the inventor of a series of food products, most notably egg-free custard and baking powder. His father was a lecturer in astronomy at Eton College. His son Alfred Frederick Bird continued to develop the business after his father's death.

Career
Alfred Bird registered as a pharmacist in Birmingham in 1842, having served an apprenticeship to Phillip Harris of that city. He was a qualified chemist and druggist and went on to open an experimental chemist's shop in Bull Street.

Alfred Bird's first major invention was egg-free custard in 1837. Alfred Bird used cornflour instead of egg to create an imitation of egg custard. It was originally intended only for his wife Elizabeth who had both egg and yeast allergies. The Birds used genuine custard when entertaining guests, but on one occasion the egg-free custard was (either by accident or design) fed to dinner guests. It was well received, and Alfred Bird realised that his invention had a wider use. Soon afterwards Alfred Bird founded 'Alfred Bird and Sons Ltd', which would go on to become the famous Bird's Custard company and brand.

Bird was not content to revolutionise custard but went on to invent a baking powder in 1843 so he could make yeast-free bread for his wife. This formula for baking powder is essentially the same as used in modern baking powders.

Death
Alfred Bird died on 15 December 1878 in Kings Norton, Birmingham and is buried at Key Hill Cemetery in Birmingham. Famously his obituary in the journal of the Chemical Society (of which he was a fellow) discussed at length his skills and research but did not mention his other activity – the by then famous Bird's Custard and Bird's Jelly. It read:

"Mr. ALFRED BIRD was born in 1811, his father, Mr. John Bird, being lecturer on astronomy at Eton College. In addition to practising as an analytical and consulting chemist at Birmingham, he devoted considerable attention to physics and meteorology. In the course of his investigations into the laws of sound, he constructed a beautiful set of harmonized glass bowls, extending over five octaves, which he used to play with much skill. In meteorology he devised a plan of demonstrating experimentally that the wind blows in circles. He also, in 1859, constructed a water barometer, a description of which is published in the Phil. Mag. for 1865, and which is still in perfect working order. With this he was fond of observing and showing to others the minute oscillations of the atmospheric pressure. He was well known for his originality and as the inventor of several useful appliances."

Personal life
His son, Alfred Frederick Bird, continued the work of his father. Bird junior went on to invent egg substitute powder in 1890, blancmange powder and jelly powder.

The Custard Factory in Digbeth, Birmingham, is now a centre providing space to artists.

title: Alfred Bird


text:
Sahel, Tunisia

The Tunisian Sahel (الساحل) or more precisely the Central East Tunisia is an area of central eastern Tunisia and one of the six Tunisian regions. It stretches along the eastern shore, from Hammamet in the north to Mahdia in the south, including the governorates of Monastir, Mahdia, Sfax and Sousse. Its name derives from the Arabic word sāḥil (ساحل), meaning "shore" or "coast". The region's economy is based especially on tourism and it contains the second-biggest airport in Tunisia: Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport.

Geography
The Sahel extends inland to the hills which protect the low plains of the coast and are covered in olive plantations; the region's low rainfall is compensated for by the atmospheric humidity.

Since antiquity, it has formed a clear geographic unity with its own unique demographic and economic characteristics. Today it consists of the governorates of Sousse, Monastir and Mahdia.

Its geographic area is quite large: about 140 km from north to south and varying between twenty and sixty kilometres east to west. The total area is around 6600 km2, 4.02% of the total surface area of Tunisia.

History
Long inhabited, the area of the modern Tunisian Sahel seems to have been a distinct region dominated by urban settlements on the sea since antiquity; this tradition predates the region's conversion to Islam and Arabisation, but its continuity with region's Arab history is clear.

Phoenician settlement
Most of the cities of the Sahel were founded by the Phoenicians. Thus Hadrumetum was founded at the beginning of the 9th century BC by Tyre - even before Carthage. It gained importance in the following centuries, becoming one of the main Phoenician ports in the Western Mediterranean. The area was a key part of the Carthaginian empire, but after the Second Punic War it came under increasing Numidian influence. In 146 BC, after the Third Punic War, it became part of the new Roman province of Africa.

Rome and Byzantium
The Sahel was the location of one of the key battles of the War between Pompey and Caesar. Julius Caesar landed at Ruspina on 28 December 47 BC, marched to Thapsus and put it under siege at the end of February 46 BC. The Battle of Thapsus took place on 6 April and was a massive victory for Caesar and the city surrendered to him shortly after. Then he proceeded to take control of northern Tunisia.

Around 293 AD the Romans divided the province of Africa and the Sahel became its own province, named Byzacena, which was among the provinces ceded to the Vandals in 442. It was recaptured by the Eastern Roman Empire in the Vandalic War and then formed one of the seven provinces of the Exarchate of Africa, which stretched west to the Atlantic.

Caliphates
With the arrival of Islam and the establishment of the capital of Ifriqiya, Kairouan, in the region, the Sahel's maritime ports became the key to its security. This explains the construction of several ribats in the region, which served defensive, religious and Maraboutic purposes. The most important ribats are those of Monastir, built by governor Harthama ibn A'yun in 796, and of Sousse, built by the Aghlabid emirs.

African Emirates
The city of Sousse received a shipyard which played an important role in the conquest of Sicily, which was launched from it.

The foundation of Mahdia by the Fatamids in 916 gave the Sahel a key political role which continued under the Zirids. Kairouan lost some of its religious role to Monastir, where figures including the Zirid princes and Imam Mezri were buried. Mahdia became the seat of a splendid court which drew poets from across the Maghreb, Al-Andalus and Sicily. However, the invasion of Banu Hilal plunged the region into chaos and Tunisia fractured into numerous taifas; only the Sahel remained under Zirid control. Even Sousse broke away from their power, adopting a republican government. The invasion led to the further urbanisation of the region, with the establishment of many villages which still exist today. A little later the region suffered from Norman attacks – Mahdia was taken in 1148 by troops of Roger II of Sicily – until the arrival of the Almohads in 1160. After this period the Sahel experienced a decline in importance following the transfer of the capital to Tunis.

Beylik of Tunis
In the 19th century, the Sahel was divided into two qaidates, one based at Sousse and the other at Monastir, which occupied approximately the same area as the modern Tunisian governorates of Monastir and Mahdia. They were alternatively called awtan (plural of watan, meaning "district"), individually watan Susah and watan al'Munastir. The two qaidates were awarded only to individuals close to the beys. Often both positions were controlled by a single individual, as was the case with the grand viziers Shakir al-Taba'a (1836) and Mohammed Khaznadar (1851), who was also named "Mohammed governor of the Sahel" (Mohammed 'amil as-Sahil). The majority of the cities and villages of the Sahel revolted against the Bey in 1864. After this, the general Ahmed Zarrouk imposed a heavy tribute (financed by the sail of goods and property) and confiscated large areas of olive plantation.

French protectorate
After the establishment of a French protectorate, the new power established the qaidate of Jemmal (which took part of modern Monastir and Mahdia governorates) and centralised the region at Sousse which became the seat of civil government, contributing to the weakening of the other regional centres.

Modern Tunisia
After independence, the government of Neo Destour ended the Sahel's administrative union during the abolition of the qaidates and establishment of the modern system of governorates. The whole region was under the control of the governor of Sousse from 1956 to 1974, when the governorates of Monastir and Mahdia were created.

Cities

 * Akouda
 * Bekalta
 * Bembla
 * Beni Hassen
 * Bennane
 * Bouhjar
 * Boumerdes
 * Chebba
 * Chorbane
 * Chott Meriem
 * El Bradâa
 * El Jem
 * El Masdour
 * Enfida
 * Hammam Sousse
 * Hebira
 * Hergla
 * Jemmal
 * Kalâa Kebira
 * Kalâa Seghira
 * Kerker
 * Khniss
 * Kondar
 * Ksar Hellal
 * Ksibet El Mediouni
 * Ksour Essef
 * Lamta
 * Mahdia
 * Malloulech
 * Menzel Kamel
 * Moknine
 * Monastir
 * M'saken
 * Messaadine
 * Ouardanine
 * Ouled Chamekh
 * Rejich
 * Sahline Moôtmar
 * Salakta
 * Sayada
 * Sidi Ameur
 * Sidi Alouane
 * Sidi Bou Ali
 * Sidi El Hani
 * Souassi
 * Sousse
 * Takrouna
 * Téboulba
 * Zaouiet Kontoch
 * Zeramdine

Demographics
The Sahel has long been characterised by a large population; its three governorates contain inhabitants of 1,634,611 million peoples The region is thus the Third most populous in Tunisia after North East Tunisia region and South East Tunisia.

Economy
The Sahel occupies a central position on the Mediterranean Sea and is one of the country's most important areas for bathing and tourism on account of the large number of beaches. The cities of Monastir and Sousse are key tourist centres and Mahdia has been attempting to develop its tourist industry since the 1990s. It is home to the Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport, which is the busiest airport in the country in terms of passenger numbers and has the most charter flights of any airport in Africa. There is a commercial port at Sousse, numerous fishing ports and two marinas (Port El Kantaoui and Cap Monastir).

The A1 crosses the region from north to south and there are two railways (national and regional).

Transport
The public transport authority for bus travel within and between the cities of the Sahel is the Société de transport du Sahel (STS), which has its headquarters at Sousse and is divided into three regional branches corresponding to the three governorates. The Sahel Metro is the regional railway line, making several trips daily between Mahdia and Sousse.

The Sahel is an important part of the Tunisian autoroute network, with a major node of the A1 at M'saken, which continues north for 140 km to Tunis and south for 98 km to Sfax. A parallel route runs along the coast.

Sport
The region's name is used by the omnisports club of Sousse, the Étoile sportive du Sahel. The club is supported throughout the region and is one of the most popular sporting clubs in the country. The football club Étoile Sportive du Sahel has achieved several continental victories. The second famous and historical omnisports team in the region is US Monastir located in Monastir since 1923 under the name of Ruspina Sports that was changed in 1942 by Union Sportive Monastirienne. The club was known as the club of the first president of Tunisia native from Monastir Habib Bourguiba who was seen present in Mustapha Ben Jannet stadium for many times. The football club plays in the first division of Tunisian league and has no national and continental title, and the basketball team has won several Tunisian titles and one continental title.

The region is also known for handball, the second most popular sport in Tunisia. The region is home to several handball clubs, of which the most important are the Étoile Sportive du Sahel H.C., El Makarem de Mahdia and SC Moknine.

Politics

 * Abdelwahab Abdallah
 * Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
 * Hedi Baccouche
 * Habib Bourguiba
 * Abdelaziz Ben Dhia
 * Amor Rourou
 * Mohamed Ghannouchi
 * Idriss Guiga
 * Hamadi Jebali
 * Mohamed Jegham
 * Hamed Karoui
 * Habib Chatty
 * Kamel Morjane
 * Mohammed Mzali
 * Hedi Nouira
 * Rachid Sfar
 * Bechir Tekkari

Sciences and letters

 * M'hamed Hassine Fantar
 * Youssef Rzouga

Sports

 * Abdelmajid Chetali

title: Sahel, Tunisia


text: File:Flesh and Blood album cover.jpg

title: File:Flesh and Blood album cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eliasen

Vanity from User:Eliasen? RickK 03:48, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It does reek of vanity, but if the language is notable I think it wouldn't hurt to have Alan Eliasen a redirect to that article. The stub it is now should not be kept, in any case. (If it's true, as the edit summary states, that such articles exist for several language inventors, that could be something to look into.) -- Jao 10:09, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The article on language was created by User:Eliasen a few hours earlier. This strongly suggests vanity. Delete. Andris 17:41, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to delete. I surveyed the listings of many programming languages on Wikipedia for uniformity, and found almost all had links to the author, even when the description of the author was rather frivolous.  (See List of programmers)  That's why I stubbed it out.  Feel free to remove or redirect.  --Alan Eliasen

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eliasen