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Silver Streak (film)

Silver Streak is a 1976 American thriller comedy film, about a murder on a Los Angeles-to-Chicago train journey. It was directed by Arthur Hiller and stars Gene Wilder, Jill Clayburgh, and Richard Pryor, with Patrick McGoohan, Ned Beatty, Clifton James, Ray Walston, Scatman Crothers, and Richard Kiel in supporting roles. The film score is by Henry Mancini. This film marked the first pairing of Wilder and Pryor, who were later paired in three other films.

The film is primarily set on a train called Silver Streak. A passenger accidentally finds out about the murder of an art historian, and about efforts to discredit the victim's book. A shady art dealer is profiting from forged works of Rembrandt, and is willing to kill in order to maintain secrecy about his crimes.

Plot
Aboard the Silver Streak train to Chicago, book editor George Caldwell meets salesman Bob Sweet and Hilly Burns, secretary to Rembrandt historian Professor Schreiner. Hilly and George share an instant attraction and she invites him to her cabin. There, he sees Schreiner's body fall from the train's roof outside her window. Hilly believes George is mistaken, so he goes to investigate Schreiner's cabin, where he encounters Whiney and Reace, searching Schreiner's belongings. After Whiney implies that Hilly is in trouble, the burly Reace throws George off the train. Concerned about Hilly, George follows the train tracks until he meets a farmer, who flies George in her biplane to a station ahead of the Silver Streak where he can reboard.

Once aboard the train again, George sees Hilly with art dealer Roger Devereau and assumes they are romantically involved. He confronts Devereau, who explains that Wiley and Reace are in his employ and their confrontation was a misunderstanding. Devereau also introduces George to a seemingly-alive Schreiner (in actuality his other employee, Johnson, in disguise).

Convinced he was wrong, and upset at Hilly's presumed relationship with Devereau, George gets drunk and explains the situation to Sweet, who reveals himself to be an undercover FBI agent named Stevens. He explains that the FBI has been investigating Devereau, a ruthless criminal known publicly as a professional art appraiser. Stevens believes Devereau wants Schreiner's Rembrandt letters, which could expose Devereau for authenticating forged paintings as genuine Rembrandts. George realizes the letters are hidden inside Schreiner's book, and shows them to Stevens.

Reace interrupts and attempts to assassinate George but inadvertently kills Stevens. Reace pursues George to the train's roof, where George kills him with a harpoon gun. George falls from the roof of the moving train, and again finds himself on foot.

George seeks help from a local sheriff, who finds George's story unbelievable. Learning that George is a suspect in Stevens' murder, he attempts to arrest him. George escapes the inept sheriff and steals a patrol car, unaware that arrested car thief Grover T. Muldoon is in the back. George and Grover work together to catch up to the train at Kansas City so George can save Hilly.

With police searching for George, Grover disguises George as a black man using shoe polish so they can reboard the train. Devereau captures George, recovers the Rembrandt letters and later burns them. Devereau tells George and Hilly he plans to frame them for Schreiner's murder, then make their deaths look like murder-suicide.

Grover poses as a steward and rescues George and Hilly but, after a shootout with Devereau's men, Grover and George are forced to jump from the train to escape. They are promptly arrested and taken to Stevens' boss, Chief Donaldson, who says he knows George is innocent. He explains that the FBI planted the news that George was guilty to convince Devereau he was safe, while ensuring the police would find George to keep him safe.

As George and Grover amicably part ways, Donaldson has the train stopped and surrounded by police, then evacuates the passengers. A firefight erupts, Whiney is wounded, and George, alongside a returning Grover, boards the train to kill Johnson and rescue Hilly. Devereau seizes the train controls, setting it to run at fullspeed without a driver, and throws Whiney from the train. Donaldson provides supporting fire from a helicopter, and George mortally wounds Devereau, who is decapitated by an oncoming freight train.

Unable to stop the driverless Silver Streak, George and a porter uncouple the train cars from the engine to trigger their brakes, saving the remaining passengers. But the runaway engine crashes into Chicago's Central Station, destroying everything in its path. George, Hilly and Grover survey the damaged engine as Grover drives away in a stolen car. George and Hilly bid him goodbye and leave to begin their new relationship.

Cast

 * Gene Wilder as George Caldwell
 * Jill Clayburgh as Hildegarde "Hilly" Burns
 * Richard Pryor as Grover T. Muldoon
 * Patrick McGoohan as Roger Devereau
 * Ned Beatty as FBI Agent Bob Stevens / Bob Sweet
 * Clifton James as Sheriff Oliver Chauncey
 * Gordon Hurst as Deputy "Moose"
 * Ray Walston as Edgar Whiney
 * Scatman Crothers as Porter Ralston
 * Len Birman as FBI Agent Donaldson
 * Lucille Benson as Rita Babtree
 * Stefan Gierasch as Professor Arthur Schreiner / Johnson
 * Valerie Curtin as Plain Jane
 * Richard Kiel as Reace
 * Fred Willard as Jerry Jarvis
 * Ed McNamara as Benny
 * Henry Beckman as Conventioneer
 * Harvey Atkin as Conventioneer
 * Robert Culp as FBI Agent (uncredited)
 * J.A. Preston as The Waiter (uncredited)

Production
The film was based on an original screenplay by Colin Higgins, who at the time was best known for writing Harold and Maude. He wrote Silver Streak "because I had always wanted to get on a train and meet some blonde. It never happened, so I wrote a script."

Higgins wrote Silver Streak for the producers of The Devil's Daughter, a TV film he had written. Both they and Higgins wanted to get into television. The script was sent out to auction. It was set on an Amtrak train and Paramount was interested, but wanted Amtrak to give its approval. Alan Ladd Jr. and Frank Yablans at 20th Century Fox didn't want to wait and bought the script for a then-record $400,000. Ladd said "It was like the old Laurel and Hardy comedies. The hero is Laurel, he falls off the train, stumbles about, makes a fool of himself, but still gets the pretty girl. Audiences have identified with that since Buster Keaton."

Colin Higgins wanted George Segal for the hero – the character's name is George – but Fox preferred Gene Wilder. Ladd reasoned that Wilder was "younger, more identifiable for the younger audience. And he's so average, so ordinary, and he gets caught up in all these crazy adventures." (Wilder was actually older than Segal.)

Colin Higgins claimed the producers did not want Richard Pryor cast because Pryor had recently walked off The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings; he says the producer at one stage considered casting another black actor as a backup. However, Pryor was very professional during the shoot.

Release
The film had over 400 previews around the United States starting November 28, 1976 in New York City. It had its premiere at Tower East Theater in New York on Tuesday, December 7, 1976 and opened in New York City the following day. It opened in Los Angeles on Friday, December 10 before opening nationwide in an additional 350 theaters on December 22.

Reception
The film grossed over $51 million at the box office and was praised by critics, including Roger Ebert. It maintains a 76% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes from 25 reviews. Ruth Batchelor of the Los Angeles Free Press described it as a "fabulous, funny, suspenseful, wonderful, marvelous, sexy, fantastic trip on a train, with the most lovable group of characters ever assembled." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune, however, called the film "a needlessly convoluted mystery yarn, which calls everyone's identity into question except Wilder's." Siskel, who gave the film just two stars, added that "the story isn't easy to follow" and that "I'm still not sure whether Clayburgh's character, secretary to Devereaux, was in on the hustle from the beginning." (Hilly Burns was actually Professor Schreiner's secretary, not Devereaux's.)

Awards and honors

 * Academy Award nomination: Best Sound (Donald O. Mitchell, Douglas O. Williams, Richard Tyler, and Harold M. Etherington)
 * Nomination: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy — Gene Wilder
 * Writers Guild of America nomination: Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen – Colin Higgins
 * The film was chosen for the Royal Film Performance in 1977.
 * In 2000, American Film Institute included the film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #95.

Score and soundtrack
Though the film dates to 1976, Henry Mancini's score was never officially released on a soundtrack album. Intrada Records' 2002 compilation became one of the year's best-selling special releases.

title: Silver Streak (film)


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Jean du Vergier de Hauranne

Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, the Abbé (Abbot) of Saint-Cyran, (1581 – 6 October 1643) was a French Catholic priest who introduced Jansenism into France.

Life
Born in the city of Bayonne to a family of Gascon and Basque merchants, Vergier studied with the Jesuits of Agen. At the age of sixteen he was sent to study at the Sorbonne, and then took up theology at the Catholic University of Leuven. There he formed a friendship with Cornelius Jansen and, as the wealthier of the two, became Jansen's patron for a number of years, getting Jansen a job as a tutor in 1606. Two years later, he obtained for Jansen a position teaching at the episcopal (or "bishop's") college back in Bayonne. The duo spent 1611–1614 there, in seclusion in a house belonging to his family, where they studied the Church Fathers together, with a special focus on the thought of Augustine of Hippo, until Jansen left Bayonne in 1614 to return to the Dutch Republic.

In 1617 Vergier left Bayonne at the invitation of Henri-Louis Chasteigner de La Roche-Posay, the Bishop of Poitiers, where he soon became a leading figure of the diocese. He was ordained a priest in 1618. In 1620 he became the commendatory abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Cyran and was thus generally known as the Abbé de Saint-Cyran for the rest of his life. The new commendatory prelate resided little in his abbey. During that same year, he made the acquaintance of the mystic, Charles de Condren, and through him Pierre de Bérulle, founder of the French Oratory, under whose influence, he adopted an Augustinian Christocentrism. He also became friends with Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, through whom he became connected with the Arnauld family.

Vergier kept up his correspondence with Jansen, urging him to prepare his book Augustinus, the source of the Jansenist teachings. He also became spiritual director and confessor of the nuns of the abbey of Port-Royal des Champs, in whose history the Arnauld family played significant roles. Under his leadership from 1633 to 1636 the abbey became a center of Jansenism.

After the death of his friend Bérulle in 1629, Vergier became the leader of a group of devotees, allied with the Parlement of Paris, which brought him into conflict with the French Prime Minister, Cardinal Richelieu. In 1638, Richelieu had him imprisoned at Vincennes, where he remained until after the cardinal's death in 1642. He himself died shortly after in Paris in 1643, having lived long enough to hear of the condemnation of Jansen's teachings by Pope Urban VIII the previous year.

Works
Together with Jansen, Saint-Cyran insisted that love of God was fundamental, and that only contrition, and not simple attrition (imperfect contrition), could save a person. The debate between the respective roles of contrition and attrition was one of the motives of his imprisonment. However, he remained hesitant on this matter, and in prison signed a declaration in favor of attrition.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jean du Vergier de Hauranne


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List of intelligence agencies of France

This is a list of current and former French intelligence agencies.

Currently active

 * DGSE: Directorate-General for External Security – Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure. It is the military foreign intelligence agency, which succeeded the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE) in 1982 (itself preceded by the Direction Générale des Études et Recherches (DGER), dependent on the BCRA.
 * DGSI: General Directorate for Internal Security – Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure. Founded in 2008 by the merger of the RG and the DST, it is tasked with counter-espionage, counter-terrorism and the surveillance of potential threats on French territory.
 * DRM: Directorate of Military Intelligence – Direction du renseignement militaire. It was created by Socialist Interior Minister Pierre Joxe in 1992, after the Gulf War, to centralize military intelligence information.
 * TRACFIN : Intelligence Processing and Action Against Clandestine Financial Circuits - Tracfin. Founded in 1990, it is tasked with tackling money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
 * DRSD: Directorate of Intelligence and Security of Defense – Direction du renseignement et de la sécurité de la Défense. It is a military intelligence agency, charged with conducting counter-espionage.
 * BRGE: Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Brigade – Brigade de renseignement.
 * DCPJ: Judicial Police – Direction centrale de la police judiciaire.
 * CNCTR: National Commission for the Control of Security Interceptions – Commission nationale de contrôle des techniques de renseignement.
 * SCRT: Central Service of Territorial Surveillance - Service central de surveillance du territoire
 * SNRP: Service national du renseignement pénitentiaire, a French intelligence agency for carceral security (riot prevention, surveillance of radicalized prisoners for avoid others radicalization, etc.

Former agencies

 * Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (BCRA) was an intelligence agency created during World War II in 1940.
 * Cabinet noir More formally, the cabinet du secret des postes. c. 1750.
 * Deuxième Bureau: France's external military intelligence agency from 1871 to 1940. It was dissolved together with the Third Republic upon the armistice with Germany.
 * DST: Directorate of Territorial Security – Direction de la surveillance du territoire. It was an intelligence agency of the Minister of Interior, charged with conducting counter-espionage (in particular in economic matters), and, since the end of the Cold War, also with counterterrorism issues. It was abolished in 2008 and merged into the DCRI.
 * RG: General Intelligence Directorate – Direction centrale des renseignements généraux. It was the intelligence agency of the French police, directed by the Minister of the Interior. It was charged with overlooking gambling activities, criminal activities, and political radicals (far right and far left). It also used to have as a mission to oversee French political parties, but officially is not charged with this anymore. It was merged into the Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur in 2008.
 * Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage (SDECE), successor to BCRA.

title: List of intelligence agencies of France


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Edward James Salisbury

Sir Edward James Salisbury CBE FRS (16 April 1886 – 10 November 1978) was an English botanist and ecologist. He was born in Harpenden, Hertfordshire and graduated in botany from University College London in 1905. In 1913, he obtained a D.Sc. with a thesis on fossil seeds and was appointed a senior lecturer at East London College. He returned to University College London as a senior lecturer, from 1924 as a reader in plant ecology and from 1929 as Quain Professor of botany.

Salisbury was director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1943 to 1956. He was responsible for the restoration of the gardens after the Second World War.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 15 March 1933 and won the society's Royal Medal in 1945 for "his notable contributions to plant ecology and to the study of the British flora generally". In 1936, he was awarded The Veitch Memorial Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society in acknowledgement of his book The Living Garden (1935), which was enormously popular. In 1939, he received the Commander of the Order of the British Empire and in 1946 he was knighted.

At first, his research was focussed on forest ecology, particularly in his native Hertfordshire. Later, he pioneered investigations of seed size and reproductive output of plants in relation to habitat. He also investigated the ecology of garden weeds and of dune plants.

He was elected President of the Sussex Wildlife Trust in January 1962, where he remained in office until April 1967.

Popular science books

 * The Living Garden. 1936
 * Flowers of the Woods. 1946

Selected scientific papers

 * Salisbury, E.J. (1916) The emergence of the aerial organs in woodland plants. Journal of Ecology 4 (3–4): 121–128.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1920) The significance of the calcicolous habit. Journal of Ecology 8 (1): 202–215.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1922) Stratification and Hydrogen-ion concentration of the soil in relation to leaching and plant succession with special reference to woodlands. Journal of Ecology 9 (2): 220–240.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1925) The incidence of species in relation to soil reaction. Journal of Ecology 13 (1): 149–160.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1925) Note on the edaphic succession in some dune soils with special reference to the time factor. Journal of Ecology 13 (2): 322–328.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1925) Note on the edaphic succession in some dune soils with special reference to the time factor. Journal of Ecology 13 (2): 322–328.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1926) The geographical distribution of plants in relation to climatic factors. The Geographical Journal 67 (4): 312–335. Discussion on pp. 335–342 by H.N. Ridley a.o.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1927) On the causes and ecological significance of stomatal frequency with special reference to woodland flora. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B 216 (1928): 1–65.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1929) The biological equipment of species in relation to competition. Journal of Ecology 17 (2): 197–222.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1930) Mortality amongst plants and its bearing on natural selection. Nature 125 : 817. Commented by Ronald A. Fisher (1930) in Nature 125: 972–973.; Reply by Salisbury in Nature 126: 95–96.
 * Salisbury, E.J. (1971) The pioneer vegetation of exposed muds and its biological features. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 259 : 207–255.
 * Salisbury, E. (1974) Seed size and mass in relation to environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 186 (1083): 83–88.
 * Salisbury, E. (1975) The survival value of modes of dispersal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 188 (1091): 183–188.
 * Salisbury, E. (1976) Seed output and the efficacy of dispersal by wind. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 192 (1108): 323–329.

title: Edward James Salisbury


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List of intelligence agencies of Germany

List of intelligence agencies of Germany

Currently active

 * Federal Intelligence Service (BND) (in Bundesnachrichtendienst): foreign and military intelligence
 * Military Counterintelligence Service (MAD) (Militärischer Abschirmdienst): (defensive) counterintelligence within the Bundeswehr and the Federal Ministry of Defence.
 * Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz): national domestic intelligence
 * State Offices for the Protection of the Constitution (LfV) (Landesbehörden für Verfassungsschutz): domestic intelligence for the 16 subnational states

Besides that there are several other military and civilian agencies in Germany which do not have the status of an intelligence service, but have certain responsibilities similar to those of intelligence services or include close cooperation with German intelligence services:
 * Strategic Reconnaissance Command (KSA) (Kommando Strategische Aufklärung): central functional command for military intelligence, military signals intelligence and geospatial intelligence, part of Cyber and Information Domain Service. Subordinate units include Centre for Cyber Operations and Centre for Operational Communication (the latter being responsible for military Psychological Operations and Information Operations).
 * Central Office for Information Technology in the Security Sector (ZITiS) (Zentrale Stelle für Informationstechnik im Sicherheitsbereich): cryptanalysis and digital surveillance. Mainly works as a support and research agency for law enforcement and BfV.
 * Federal Office for Information Security (BSI): information security and cyber security.
 * Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) (in Bundeskriminalamt): criminal and national security intelligence. Not actually an intelligence agency, but resembles one in a few aspects (the department State Protection (German: Staatsschutz) investigates police-relevant political extremism, terrorism and espionage; recently new departments for cyber crime and Islamist terrorism were created).
 * State Criminal Police Offices: State police services have their own police units responsible for State Protection. Further responsibilities for state protection may be distributed to regional police entities within the states.
 * Federal Police (BPOL) (in Bundespolizei): Federal (primarily) uniformed police service with responsibility for border, aviation and railway security ; one of its legal responsibilities is the support of the BfV on the field of radio technology, including signals intelligence to identify foreign intelligence services communication within Germany.
 * Customs Investigation Bureau (ZKA): investigation and analysis of certain financial crimes, cases of arms proliferation and drug trafficking. Central organizational entity for the regional branches of federal customs investigation service.
 * Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). Central agency for the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. Formerly and entity of the BKA and set up in 2017 as a subdirectorate of the ZKA until becoming a division of the General Customs Directorate 2021.

Former agencies

 * Prussian Secret Police (German: Preußische Geheimpolizei): Precursor of the Gestapo between 1851 and 1933.
 * Naval Intelligence Service (N, MND) (German: Marinenachrichtendienst, also Nachrichten-Abteilung): Intelligence department of the Imperial German Navy.
 * Department IIIb (German: Abteilung III b): Military intelligence of the German General Staff of Imperial Germany.
 * Foreign Armies East (German: Abteilung Fremde Heere Ost). Army intelligence analysis service of Nazi Germany.
 * Defense (German: Abwehr): Army intelligence gathering service of Nazi Germany.
 * Observation Service (B-Dienst, χB-Dienst, MND III) (German: Beobachtungsdienst): Naval intelligence service of Nazi Germany.
 * Secret State Police (Gestapo) (German: Geheime Staatspolizei): Secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.
 * Secret Field Police (GFP) (German: Geheime Feldpolizei): Secret military police of the Wehrmacht.
 * Security Service (SD) (German: Sicherheitsdienst): Intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party. See also: Reich Security Main Office
 * Gehlen Organization ("The Org", "Zipper"): Precursor to the Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service).
 * Ministry for State Security (MfS, "Stasi") (in Ministerium für Staatssicherheit): State security service of the German Democratic Republic. See also: Main Directorate for Reconnaissance
 * Military Reconnaissance of the National People's Army (MIL-ND) (German: Militärische Aufklärung der Nationalen Volksarmee): Military intelligence agency of East Germany.
 * Office/Center for Intelligence of the Federal Armed Forces (ANBw/ZNBw) (German: Amt/Zentrum für Nachrichtenwesen der Bundeswehr): Military intelligence analysis organization of the Bundeswehr. The majority of the tasks of ZNBw was taken over by the Bundesnachrichtendienst after an agreement between the Federal Ministry of Defence and the Federal Chancellery.


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Putting-out system

The putting-out system is a means of subcontracting work, like a tailor. Historically, it was also known as the workshop system and the domestic system. In putting-out, work is contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who complete the project via remote work. It was used in the English and American textile industries, in shoemaking, lock-making trades, and making parts for small firearms from the Industrial Revolution until the mid-19th century. After the invention of the sewing machine in 1846, the system lingered on for the making of ready-made men's clothing.

The domestic system was suited to pre-urban times because workers did not have to travel from home to work, which was quite unfeasible due to the state of roads and footpaths, and members of the household spent many hours in farm or household tasks. Early factory owners sometimes had to build dormitories to house workers, especially girls and women. Putting-out workers had some flexibility to balance farm and household chores with the putting-out work, this being especially important in winter.

The development of this trend is often considered to be a form of proto-industrialization, and remained prominent until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century.

At that point, it underwent name and geographical changes. However, bar some technological advancements, the putting-out system has not changed in essential practice. Contemporary examples can be found in China, India, and South America, and are not limited to the textiles industry.

Firearms
Historian David A. Hounshell writes: "In 1854, the British obtained their military small arms through a system of contracting with private manufacturers located principally in the Birmingham and London areas ... Although significant variation occurred, almost all of the contractors manufactured parts or fitted them through a highly decentralized, putting-out process using small workshops and highly skilled labor. In small arms making as in lock production, the "workshop system" rather than the "factory system" was the rule."

All of the processes were carried out under different cottage roofs. It was replaced by inside contracting and the factory system.

European cloth and other trades
The domestic system was a popular system of cloth production in Europe. It was also used in various other industries, including the manufacture of wrought iron ironware such as pins, pots, and pans for ironmongers.

It existed as early as the 15th century, but was most prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries. It served as a way for employers and workers to bypass the guild system, which was thought to be cumbersome and inflexible, and to access a rural labor force. Having the workers work in their homes was convenient for both parties. Workers were remote worker, manufacturing individual articles from raw materials, then bringing them to a central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold. In other cases travelling agents or traders would tour the villages, supplying the raw materials and collecting the finished goods. The raw materials were often provided by the merchant, who received the finished product, hence the synonymous term "putting-out system". The advantages of this system were that workers involved could work at their own speed, and children working in the system were better treated than they would have been in the factory system, although the homes might be polluted by the toxins from the raw materials. As the woman of a family usually worked at home, someone was often there to look after any children. The domestic system is often cited as one of the causes of the rise of the nuclear family in Europe, as the workers' earnings made them less dependent on their extended family. This often led to more prosperity among workers, with more furniture, and better food and clothing than they had had before. It was mostly centralized in Western Europe and did not take a strong hold in Eastern Europe.

Thomas Hood's poem "The Song of the Shirt" (1843) describes the wretched life of a woman in Lambeth labouring under such a system. It was written in honour of a woman who is known only as Mrs. Biddell, a Lambeth widow and seamstress who lived in a state of poverty. In what was, at that time, common practice, she sewed trousers and shirts in her home using materials given to her by her employer, for which she was forced to give a £2 deposit. In a desperate attempt to feed her starving infants, Mrs. Biddell pawned the clothing she had made, thus accruing a debt that she could not repay. Biddell was sent to a workhouse, and her ultimate fate is unknown; however, her story motivated those who actively opposed the wretched conditions of England's working poor, who often spent seven days a week labouring under inhuman conditions, barely managing to survive and with no prospect of relief.

Anders Jonsson (1816–1890) was a famous Swedish entrepreneur who continued a putting-out business at Holsljunga. He contracted up to 200 domestic workers, who came to his house to get the raw material and returned after a couple of weeks with textiles, which local pedlars from the city of Borås then bought and went out to sell, among other things, around Sweden and Norway.

Cottage industry
A cottage industry is an industry—primarily manufacturing—which includes many producers, working from their homes, and was often organized through the putting-out system. The biggest participants in this system were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker. The merchant would "put-out" basic materials to the cottage workers, who then prepared the materials in their own homes and returned the finished merchandise back to the merchant. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing, lace-making, wall hangings, or household manufacturing. Some industries which are nowadays usually operated from large, centralized factories were cottage industries before the Industrial Revolution. Business operators would travel around the world, buying raw materials, delivering them to people who would work on them, and then collecting the finished goods to sell, or typically to ship to another market. One of the factors which allowed the Industrial Revolution to take place in Western Europe was the presence of these business people who had the ability to expand the scale of their operations. In Russia, the Kustar were rural artisans engaged in cottage industries. Such industries were very common at a time when much of the population was engaged in agriculture, because the farmers and their families often had both the time and the desire to earn additional income during the part of the year (winter) when there was little work to do farming or selling produce.

title: Putting-out system


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2747 Český Krumlov

2747 Český Krumlov, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid and slow rotator from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos at Kleť Observatory on 19 February 1980, and named for the Czech town of Český Krumlov.

Orbit and classification
Český Krumlov belongs to the Hygiea family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,991 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.

It was first identified as at Almaty Observatory (210) in 1953. The body's observation arc begins four weeks later with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory, 27 years prior to its official discovery observation at Klet Observatory.

Physical characteristics
Český Krumlov has been characterized as an X-type and carbonaceous C-type asteroid.

Slow rotator
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Český Krumlov was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 438.7098 hours with a brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=2). This makes it a very slow rotator.

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Český Krumlov measures between 22.51 and 36.33 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.06.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 20.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.16.

Naming
This minor planet was named after the historic Czech town of Český Krumlov, near to the location of the discovering Kleť Observatory. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 29 November 1993 (M.P.C. 22828).

title: 2747 Český Krumlov


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Talk:Demographics of the Dominican Republic

Religion info is contradicted elsewhere on Wikipedia
95% Christian is not the same as 95% Catholic. And other references Wikipedia uses state 29% of the country is "no religion."

(two sources in the article below) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic￼ Emptybookdan (talk) 18:00, 26 March 2023 (UTC)


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Frontenac

Frontenac may refer to:

People

 * Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France

Canada
Quebec
 * Château Frontenac, hotel in Quebec City
 * Frontenac, Quebec
 * Frontenac County, Quebec
 * Frontenac (Montreal Metro), Montreal Metro station
 * Frontenac National Park (Parc national de Frontenac)
 * Frontenac (provincial electoral district), Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Frontenac (Quebec federal electoral district), former federal electoral district
 * Frontenac (1912–1973 provincial electoral district), former Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Frontenac Lake (Milieu River), Lac-Ashuapmushuan, RCM Le Domaine-du-Roy, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean

Ontario
 * Fort Frontenac, French fort and trading post located in what is now Kingston, Ontario
 * Frontenac County:
 * Township of Central Frontenac
 * Township of Frontenac Islands
 * Township of North Frontenac
 * Township of South Frontenac
 * Frontenac Provincial Park, a provincial park near Kingston, Ontario
 * Frontenac Public School, Burlington, Ontario
 * Frontenac Secondary School, Kingston, Ontario
 * Frontenac (Ontario electoral district), former federal electoral district
 * Frontenac (Ontario provincial electoral district), former provincial electoral district

France

 * Frontenac, Gironde
 * Frontenac, Lot

United States

 * Frontenac, Kansas
 * Frontenac, Minnesota
 * Frontenac State Park
 * Frontenac, Missouri
 * Frontenac, Florida

Automotive

 * Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co, produced automobiles under the name Frontenac 1906-1913
 * Frontenac Motor Corporation, a joint racing-car venture of Louis and Gaston Chevrolet 1916-1921
 * Dominion Motors Frontenac, a division of Durant Motors that built and sold automobiles in Canada 1931-1933
 * Frontenac (marque), an automobile introduced in 1960 by Ford Motor Company of Canada

Others

 * Frontenac (grape)
 * Frontenac Axis, a geological feature in Canada and the United States
 * Lac Frontenac or Lac de Frontenac, an old name for Lake Ontario
 * PS Frontenac, first paddle steamer launched on the Great Lakes
 * McColl-Frontanac Oil Company, a Canadian company acquired by Texaco in 1956
 * Frontenac: or The Atotarho of the Iroquois, a poem by Alfred Billings Street

title: Frontenac


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User:Umeeksk

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title: User:Umeeksk


text:
Stonewall Inn

The Stonewall Inn (also known as Stonewall) is a gay bar and recreational tavern at 53 Christopher Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots, which led to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. When the riots occurred, Stonewall was one of the relatively few gay bars in New York City. The original gay bar occupied two structures at 51–53 Christopher Street, which were built as horse stables in the 1840s.

The original Stonewall Inn was founded in 1930 as a speakeasy on Seventh Avenue South. It relocated in 1934 to Christopher Street, where it operated as a restaurant until 1966. Four mafiosos associated with the Genovese crime family bought the restaurant and reopened it as a gay bar in early 1967. The Stonewall Inn was a popular hangout for gay men, particularly for youth and those on the fringes of the gay community. Stonewall operated as a private club because it was not allowed to obtain a liquor license; police raided the bar frequently, in spite of bribes from the owners. The Stonewall riots of June 28 to July 3, 1969, took place following one such raid.

The bar went out of business shortly after the riots, and the two buildings were divided and leased to various businesses over the years. In 1990, Jimmy Pisano opened a new bar at 53 Christopher Street, which was initially named New Jimmy's before becoming Stonewall. After Pisano's death in 1994, his boyfriend Thomas Garguilo took over the bar, followed by Dominic DeSimone and Bob Gurecki. The Stonewall Inn closed in 2006, and it reopened in March 2007 after Bill Morgan, Tony DeCicco, Kurt Kelly, and Stacy Lentz acquired the bar. The structure at 51 Christopher Street became a visitor center for the Stonewall National Monument in the 2020s.

The buildings themselves are architecturally undistinguished, with facades of brick and stucco, while the original bar's interior has been modified significantly over the years. The modern bar hosts various events and performances, and its owners also operate an LGBT advocacy organization. The Stonewall Inn became a tourist attraction and a symbol of the LGBT community after the riots, and various works of media about the bar have been created over the years. In part because of its impact on LGBT culture, the Stonewall Inn is the first LGBT cultural site designated as a National Historic Landmark and a New York City designated landmark. The bar is also part of the Stonewall National Monument, the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBT rights movement.

Background and early history
The Stonewall Inn buildings at 51–53 Christopher Street, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, were constructed as double-height horse stables. The older of the two buildings is 51 Christopher Street, which was built in 1843 by A. Voorhis and expanded to three stories in 1898. The other structure, 53 Christopher Street, was built in 1846; it was originally used by Mark Spencer before becoming a bakery operated by Baptiste Ycre in 1914. The then-owner of the buildings, Henry J. Harper, hired the architect William Bayard in 1930 to combine and redesign the structures in the Arts & Crafts style. The two structures were reclad in stucco, and the third story atop 51 Christopher Street was removed. The ground floor continued to host a bakery until 1933, while the Ycre family lived on the second floor.

Meanwhile, Vincent Bonavia had opened Bonnie's Stone Wall (or Bonnie's Stonewall) at 91 Seventh Avenue South, near the Christopher Street buildings, in 1930. Bonnie's Stonewall might have been named after The Stone Wall, a lesbian autobiography by Mary Casal. The historian David Carter wrote that, even in the 1930s, this may have been an attempt to subtly welcome queer women. The bar was a secret speakeasy that illegally sold alcohol during Prohibition in the United States; as a consequence, it was raided in December 1930. Bonavia relocated to 51–53 Christopher Street in 1934, after Prohibition was repealed. The architect Harry Yarish installed a large vertical sign on the facade and a doorway with columns around the entrance to 53 Christopher Street. The interior was designed in the style of a hunting lodge.

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) wrote that, despite a lack of documentation on Stonewall's early history, "sources suggest that it was among the most notorious of the tearooms operating in the Village in the early 1930s". The restaurant hosted various banquets and weddings, as well as events including a 1935 dinner for the Greenwich Village Association and a 1961 reunion party for performers involved with the play Summer and Smoke. The eatery had become Bonnie's Stonewall Inn by the 1940s and the Stonewall Inn Restaurant by the 1950s or 1960s. The interior of the restaurant was destroyed by fire in the 1960s, and the structures at 51 through 61 Christopher Street were sold in March 1965. Sources disagree over whether the new owner was Burt and Lucille Handelsman or Joel Weiser. The restaurant had definitely shuttered by 1966. After the restaurant closed, the buildings were vacant; the signs above the ground-story windows were removed, and the second story of the facade was patched.

Renovation and conversion
Greenwich Village had become an LGBT neighborhood as early as the 1930s. The neighborhood's LGBT community was originally concentrated around Greenwich Avenue and Washington Square Park, but, by the 1960s, had started to move westward along Christopher Street. To cater to the growing LGBT community, in 1966, four mafiosos associated with the Genovese crime family paid $3,500 for the Stonewall Inn, turning the restaurant into a gay bar. The team of owners were led by "Fat Tony" Lauria; he paid $2,000 for the restaurant, and three other mobsters named Zookie Zarfas, Tony the Sniff, and Joey paid $500 each. It was one of several gay bars operated by the Genovese syndicate in New York City. Matty Ianniello, a Genovese mafioso who controlled various mob-operated bars, collected a portion of the bar's profits.

The owners believed that a business catering to the LGBT community might turn a profit; in return, they demanded regular payoffs for protection. Stonewall's owners could not obtain a liquor license because state law in the 1960s did not allow bartenders to legally serve LGBT people. At the time, the New York State Liquor Authority (NYSLA) regarded any LGBT person in a bar as engaging in disorderly conduct. Frequent raids against gay bars forced most to close, except for those operated by mobsters. Furthermore, gay people who were arrested risked losing their jobs, homes, and families. By contrast, members of private clubs could bring their own alcoholic beverages under New York state law. Accordingly, Lauria and his co-owners acquired a private club's license for Stonewall, as they intended to serve LGBT people without obtaining a license from the NYSLA.

After acquiring the buildings, the owners renovated the exterior, blacked out the windows for privacy, and reinforced the wooden front doors with steel plates in anticipation of police raids. The new operators added peepholes and several locks to the front doors, and they removed the columns that flanked the original entrance. The operators also placed 2×4 pieces of wood behind the windows so the police could not easily enter through the windows during a raid. The interior was painted black because that color was used in other gay bars and it would hide the interior's burn damage. The new owners retained the Stonewall Restaurant's old name so they did not have to replace the exterior sign (although the word "restaurant" was officially dropped from the name, that word was not painted over on the sign). At the time of the conversion, LGBT bars and straight bars had similar facades, though LGBT bars tended to have an intentionally rundown appearance so straight patrons would be discouraged from going to these bars.

Operation
Stonewall opened as a gay bar on March 18, 1967. It had two dance floors in addition to a long bar, jukebox, tables, and seating booths. The facade was nondescript, and the only external indication of the club's existence was a small sign proclaiming that it was a private, members-only club. When it opened, Stonewall "was a small gay bar just like any other", as the LGBT newspaper Gay News would later describe it. Its manager was Ed Murphy (also known as the Skull), an ex-convict who was known for sitting motionless around the bar and watching patrons.

Clientele
Visitors were greeted by bouncers who inspected them through the peepholes in the door. The bouncers accepted almost any LGBT individual who wanted to enter, but they screened out straight patrons and undercover police officers. Admission was granted to would-be patrons who "looked gay" or who had visited the club before, as well as new patrons who were accompanied by someone that could vouch for them. People under the legal drinking age were frequently admitted. In keeping with private club regulations, patrons were required to sign a logbook upon entry; the logbook also served to screen out straight patrons. The visitor logbook frequently contained pseudonyms such as Donald Duck, Elizabeth Taylor, and Judy Garland. If a visitor wished to leave the bar and return the same night, the bouncers would stamp their hand with individual ink. Any customer who passed the screening process paid an admission fee of $3 on weekends and $1 on weekdays.

Patrons were predominantly in their teens or early twenties, though men in their late twenties and early thirties congregated around the main room's bar. Most patrons were young gay men of various races and occupations, though Stonewall did also accept women (regardless of sexuality), transsexuals, and transvestites. It is unknown to what extent women patronized the bar, though several observers interviewed by David Carter described the bar as being almost exclusively male. These observers also said that almost all of the lesbians at Stonewall were butch lesbians. Due to differing terminologies used in the late 1960s, it is also unknown to what extent transvestites visited the bar, but Carter writes that the number of transsexual and transvestite customers was not insignificant. Many homeless young men slept across the street in Christopher Park and would often try to enter so customers would buy them drinks.

The Stonewall Inn was a popular hangout for gay men. The bar was called "one of the most active spots in town currently; very crowded on weekends" in a 1968 guidebook, and it was New York City's only gay bar that allowed open dancing. It was also located on a busy road and was cheaper than comparable gay bars. The artist Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt recalled that Stonewall was one of the only bars in the city where couples could slow dance together, while the historian Martin Duberman said that the bar was frequented by a "non-vanilla mix of people: people in suits and ties, street hustlers, drag queens, a few dope pushers, a fair number of nonwhites". The New York Daily News called the bar a "mecca" for the LGBT community in the neighborhood, and Newsday wrote that "Here the young men with the delicate wrists and the bobby pins in their hair come to dance the night away with one another". One contemporary patron described the bar as being accepting of "anyone who was in the margins of gay society", but that this gave the bar a "trashy, low, and tawdry" feel. Homeless youth and drag queens frequented the bar by 1969; it was one of the only places where they were socially accepted, and the admission fee meant that additional drinks did not require a tab. Other LGBT patrons shunned Stonewall because of its mob ownership and the drag queens' presence.

Ambiance and activities
As a private club, Stonewall was not legally allowed to accept money for drinks, and each customer was given two tickets that could be exchanged for drinks. Different-colored tickets were used each day to prevent patrons from saving up drink tickets. The Stonewall Inn's operators pressured customers to buy drinks almost as soon as they entered. Each drink cost a dollar, more than in contemporary bars, even though they were watered-down drinks that were, in many cases, acquired illegally. The owners could earn up to $5,000 on Fridays and $6,500 on Saturdays, and, given the monthly rent of $300, recouped their $3,500 investment soon after opening. The cash registers were taken the first time the New York City Police Department (NYPD) raided the bar; thereafter, Stonewall's income was stored in cigar boxes. The activist Craig Rodwell described Stonewall as "one of the [...] more financially lucrative of the Mafia's gay bars in Manhattan".

The spaces were poorly lit, giving it the impression of a dive bar. At the rear of the bar, the men's restroom had its own attendant, and the women's restroom had a red lightbulb. The main room's bar lacked running water, forcing barkeeps to run dirty glasses through rubber tubs and immediately reuse them. The bar had a poor sound system, and the toilets were regularly clogged, giving the Stonewall Inn a reputation for filthiness. The buildings, at the time, did not have a rear emergency exit, which not only precluded Stonewall from receiving a liquor license but also created a fire hazard. Additionally, the bar's employees were known to have engaged in blackmail. In the 1969 edition of the New York Mattachine Society's guidebook to gay clubs around the city, there was a notation advising would-be patrons against giving out any personally identifying information at the Stonewall Inn, especially to employees. The bar was not openly used for prostitution, but drug sales and other cash transactions did take place, and Carter wrote that "there is little doubt" that a prostitution ring operated out of the second story. Six months before the Stonewall riots, the bar had reportedly been the source of a small outbreak of hepatitis.

Despite the poor conditions, the Stonewall Inn's popularity endured. Stonewall was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed, and dancing was its main draw after it opened as a gay club. Of the two bar rooms, the main room to the east typically played mainstream rock. There was a jukebox behind the bar in the main room; patrons could pay to have a song played on the jukebox. In addition to dancing, the main room was a popular place for gay men to congregate and cruise, and there were a small number of tables with candles. There was typically a single waiter in the main room, which was often called the "white room" because of its music and clientele.

The back room, to the west, mostly played soul music. It was called the black room or the Puerto Rican room, as it was frequented by black and Hispanic customers, as well as youth. The back room was even more dimly lit than the main room, and it had numerous waiters, all of whom cajoled guests to buy drinks. The south end of the back room, near Christopher Street, was occupied by "the most marginal of the Stonewall's customers". Around 1968, the owners removed a partition in 51 Christopher Street to create a dance floor, while another partition was installed in 53 Christopher Street. Alice Echols, in a 2010 book, cited the two dance floors as possibly having "helped to undermine the sort of sexual indirection and repression that characterized most gay bars".

Bribes and raids
The bar's lack of a license made it vulnerable to police raids. The owners gave cash bribes to the NYPD's 6th Precinct (within which the bar was located) to stave off raids. A magazine article, published five months after the bar's opening, implied that the bar paid the police around $1,200 a month. Some observers such as the activist Craig Rodwell objected to the payoffs because of the corruption involved. In addition, despite these payoffs, Stonewall was raided once a month on average, and it was raided even more frequently before elections or when local residents complained. Seymour Pine, a police inspector who later led the raid that caused the Stonewall riots, said his team frequently raided gay bars because LGBT people did not fight back when they were arrested. Pine recalled that limousines carrying wealthy patrons would come to the bar on Saturdays, so he tried to avoid raiding the bar on these nights.

The bar's management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished. There were white floodlights inside the bar, which could be activated in case of a raid. Many bars kept extra liquor nearby so they could resume business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized. During a typical raid, the lights were turned on, and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification were often arrested, along with the bar's staff. Also liable to be arrested were people who did not wear at least three pieces of gender-conforming clothing, such as men in full drag. Anyone who was detained in a raid was often released within hours, and as a result the staff were unconcerned about being arrested.

By June 1969, campaigning for that year's mayoral election had precipitated frequent raids in local bars, including one at the Stonewall Inn less than a week before the Stonewall riots. The raids targeted not only gay bars but also straight bars frequented by minorities, and several clubs in Greenwich Village closed because of these raids. According to Rodwell and the novelist Edmund White, the new captain of the NYPD's 6th Precinct had ordered the raids in Greenwich Village. In a 1987 retrospective, Robert Amsel wrote in the LGBT magazine The Advocate that many LGBT people were in favor of the raids because they did not want the bars to be operated by the mafia; according to Amsel, these critics did not see that "without the mafia's money, there might not have been any gay bars to legitimize".

Uprising

The Stonewall riots started in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969. According to a Daily News article from the time, the NYPD had obtained a warrant to raid the bar because it was illegally serving liquor; later accounts said the raid was precipitated by an anonymous tip that the Mafia was trading stolen bonds. In any case, it was the first time the NYPD did not give the managers advance notice of a raid. Around 1:20 a.m., a team of eight undercover officers, led by Pine, raided the bar. As was customary, the police began to check patrons' identification. The routine raid did not go as planned, as patrol wagons for the arrested patrons took longer to arrive than expected. A scuffle broke out when a butch lesbian in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. The police tried to restrain some of the crowd and knocked a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Eventually, the police were barricaded inside; the crowd was not cleared until 4:00 a.m.

Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken in the riots, and what little liquor remained was given away for free afterward. Stonewall's windows were covered with boards the night of the riots, and graffitied messages in support of LGBT rights and gay bars appeared on the bar's facade the day afterward. The riot was covered in the city's major media outlets, including in radio and newspapers. Another demonstration took place on June 29; it attracted hundreds of protesters of all sexualities. Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic over the next two days due to inclement weather, but another riot took place on July 2. The riots ultimately ended on July 3, when the NYPD dispersed the protests. Allen Ginsberg, a beat poet who witnessed the riots, said that "the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago".

Closure and relocation
By the end of 1969, the Stonewall Inn had closed; sources disagree on whether it was shuttered in October or in December. Carter writes that the bar's downfall may have been because of its infamy, the fact that it had no liquor license, and resentment toward the mafiosos who operated the bar. Pine claimed that he had been ordered to raid the bar because it was blackmailing wealthy patrons, but Carter could not find evidence to corroborate this claim. A Newsday article from 1970 described Stonewall as "still a battered, broken place, with a For Rent sign on it now".

Another Stonewall opened at 211 22nd Street in Miami Beach, Florida, in 1972. Two patrons there filed a lawsuit against the local police chief in 1973, asserting malicious harassment. The Miami Beach establishment burned down shortly before 7:00 a.m. on March 2, 1974, following a suspected arson.

Commercial conversion
Manny E. Duell, the operator of a holding company named 51 to 61 Christopher Corp., took over the buildings in March 1970. The owners submitted alteration plans to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and the New York City Department of Buildings in late 1970, as they sought to convert 51 to 53 Christopher Street into a restaurant and non-alcoholic bar. The new venue would have retained most of the 1967 bar's interior decorations, but the architects planned to replace the damaged doors and windows. By 1973, the original gay bar had been divided into two storefronts at the ground level and apartments on the second story. The Gay Activists Alliance planned to install a plaque on the buildings, as it did not have enough money to buy the structures for preservation purposes. There were numerous attempts to install a commemorative plaque or a statue on or near the bar buildings, but these efforts received criticisms for failing to sufficiently acknowledge nonwhite or transgender people.

LPC documents show that, in 1975, Duell leased out the two storefronts there as distinct spaces. Thereafter, the buildings were used by a variety of businesses, and subsequent renovations removed all of the original gay bar's decorations. Documents indicate that the owners of 51 Christopher Street filed plans to widen that building's entrance in August 1975. The structure at 53 Christopher had become a bagel shop known as Bagels And by 1976. Mimi Sheraton, in a New York Times article from that year, described 53 Christopher Street as having wood-paneled walls, wood columns, and rhombus-shaped mirrors, giving the appearance of a "never-ending abstract forest". A commemorative plaque was installed on the facade in 1979 on the tenth anniversary of the riots.

After serving as a bagel shop, 53 Christopher Street became a Chinese restaurant, known as the Szechuan Cottage Restaurant. Sources disagree on when the changeover occurred. The LPC writes that the Chinese restaurant was in operation by 1982, when the restaurant altered the building without the agency's permission, but a 1985 description of the site characterizes the bagel shop as still being located within the Stonewall site. A bar named Stonewall opened in 51 Christopher Street in 1987. New York City mayor Ed Koch proposed co-naming the stretch of Christopher Street outside Stonewall Inn as Stonewall Place in early 1989, and the New York City Council overwhelmingly approved the plan that April. The new street signs were installed at the beginning of that June. The bar at number 51 closed in 1989, upon which the sign on the building's facade was disassembled. By the early 1990s, the building at 51 Christopher Street had become a men's clothing store.

Reopening
A gay bar named New Jimmy's opened at the Stonewall site in May 1990, serving the city's growing outwardly LGBT community. The space was operated by Jimmy Pisano, a first-time bar owner who, according to his boyfriend Thomas Garguilo, was initially loath to name the bar "Stonewall" because of the sudden closure of the similarly named bar next door. Rather, Pisano initially named the bar after Jimmy Merry, who had taught him how to operate a bar. New Jimmy's occupied only the space at 53 Christopher Street and was unrelated to the original bar. Dominic DeSimone was hired to renovate the space; he wanted to restore the bar to its 1960s-era condition, but critics such as David Carter expressed concerns that the new operators wanted to exploit the bar's name for commercial purposes. A commemorative plaque was also installed outside the bar's entrance. In a contrast to the first iteration of the gay bar, the NYPD did not raid the revived Stonewall Inn, and gay officers sometimes even ordered drinks from the bar.

New Jimmy's was renamed Stonewall in 1991. During the early 1990s, Stonewall gained a poor reputation among neighborhood residents after several incidents in which the police were called to remove drug dealers there. Stonewall also suffered from low patronage due to competition from other taverns; according to DeSimone, Stonewall frequently did not see more than 50 or 60 patrons even on its busiest nights. Garguilo similarly said that the bar was often empty in the three years after it reopened. Pisano died of AIDS-related complications in early 1994, and Garguilo took over operation, as he wanted the bar to be open for the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. According to Garguilo, so many people came to commemorate the riots' 25th anniversary that there was a line to take pictures of the bar. DeSimone and Pisano's business partner Bob Gurecki took over Stonewall in the mid-1990s.

DeSimone takeover
At the end of 1996, Ben Duell, who owned the building, refused to renew DeSimone's lease unless the latter agreed to expand the bar into the vacant second story. The space at 53 Christopher Street was renovated into a multi-floor nightclub at a cost of $200,000. it included a 95-seat bar room on the second floor. DeSimone needed a permit to operate a dance club within the bar, as it was less than 100 feet from a residential building, but the local Manhattan Community Board 2 unanimously voted against giving him a dance-club permit in early 1997. Despite not having a dance permit, DeSimone decided to open a dance floor on the second story in June 1997, prompting complaints from residents of the nearby condominium building at 45 Christopher Street. By 1999, number 51 was still a clothing store. The bar at number 53 sold souvenirs and was one of several remaining gay bars on the street.

The bar buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1999 and further designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2000. Due to repeated noise complaints, by the 2000s, patrons were required to enter through an adjacent building on Seventh Avenue South, rather than the main Christopher Street entrance. The city government charged the club's owners with several safety violations during this decade. According to one member of Manhattan Community Board 2, the owners were reportedly closing curtains (which was disallowed because the club held a New York state liquor license) and allowing sexually explicit shows inside.

By early 2006, Stonewall's beverage suppliers were suing its operators. The LGBT community generally either did not know the bar was open or were not interested in the events hosted there. In the bar itself, there were no indications of the riots that had taken place there, except for framed newspaper articles on the walls. The Pink News attributed the bar's decline to long-running resentment between different groups of patrons, but neglect, gross mismanagement, and noise complaints from neighbors were also cited as reasons for its downfall. The bar was forced to close again later in 2006 after losing its liquor license, and the storefront at number 53 was available for rent by that August. Stonewall's furnishings, such as bar stools, were placed on sale. At that point, Stonewall's monthly rent was $20,000, making it unlikely that it would reopen as a bar. Kurt Kelly, a local businessman who later helped take over the bar, said: "This is gay history. It's like abusing the Liberty Bell."

New management and visitor center
Around 2007, the bar was taken over by the businessmen Bill Morgan, Tony DeCicco, and Kurt Kelly, along with the bar's first lesbian investor, Stacy Lentz. Morgan told the LGBT newspaper PinkNews that "When we went looking for investors to save the Stonewall people came out of the woodwork. Gay and straight." An NPR reporter stated that the co-owners sought to renovate the bar to approximate its 1969 appearance, although they did not necessarily wish to operate the bar as a museum. The Stonewall Inn reopened in March 2007. Lentz hung a costume in the window to honor the actress Judy Garland, a gay icon who had died a few days before the riots; the costume resembled the dress worn by Garland's character Dorothy in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Kelly said that, after the bar reopened, other bars nearby saw increased business. The bar recorded few issues, other than sporadic violent incidents. One commentator for the Gay and Lesbian Review, said in 2009 that the modern bar's "crowd veers toward a random mix of tourists, city kids, and bridge-and-tunnel gays" but that its symbolism was still important.

During the 2010s, the Stonewall Inn continued to attract regular customers, although a bartender described tourists as comprising most of the visitors. There was a gift shop behind the bar room. The neighboring structure, at 51 Christopher Street, was operating as a nail salon. The Duell family sold 51–53 Christopher Street and five other buildings in 2015 to a holding company associated with Alan Wasserman, which paid $57 million. After the Stonewall National Monument was established around the bar in 2016, the LGBT–rights organization Pride Live tried to develop a visitor center for the monument. Pride Live began negotiating with the owner of 51 Christopher Street in 2019, as the storefront there had been vacated. One of the bar's longest-tenured staff members at the time—the bartender Tree Sequoia, who had been present during the riots—frequently told stories to visitors and was also Stonewall's international ambassador. One commentator described the bar in 2019 as displaying sponsorship banners above the entrance, while the vacant storefront at 53 Christopher Street contained posters decrying violence against LGBT people.

The bar closed temporarily in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, and Stonewall's owners unsuccessfully applied for a loan. Though the bar was allowed to start selling cocktails that June, it was in danger of closing permanently, so Kelly and Lentz launched two crowdfunding campaigns on GoFundMe; They raised at least $300,000 for the bar in one month, and the Gill Foundation provided another $250,000 in matching funds. Stonewall reopened in July 2020 with a limited capacity. The building at 51 Christopher Street was placed for sale in June 2021, but, after Pride Live and the owner of 51 Christopher Street came to an agreement, work on the visitor center there commenced in June 2022. MBB Architects designed the visitor center, and Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits. The visitor center opened on June 28, 2024, as the United States' first official national visitor center for LGBTQ culture. Numerous politicians and celebrities, including the singer Elton John and U.S. President Joe Biden, participated in the inauguration ceremonies, and the New York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed the Christopher Street–Stonewall National Monument station on the same day.

Buildings
The first Stonewall Inn occupied a pair of repurposed horse stables at 51 and 53 Christopher Street, on the northern side of the street. The modern-day bar occupies only the structure at 53 Christopher Street. The neighboring building to the east, at 51 Christopher Street, opened in 2024 as the Stonewall National Monument's visitor center. Because the structures were developed separately, the roof of number 51 is slightly higher than that of number 53, and there is a party wall separating both buildings. The two buildings share a land lot with five other structures;, these seven structures contained numerous storefronts and a combined 23 apartments.

Despite the bar's significance to the LGBT community, David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote: "An architectural monument, Stonewall is not". Ginia Bellafante wrote for the same newspaper in 2015 that the buildings were architecturally undistinguished but received an "A for meaning".

Surroundings
Directly south of the two structures is Christopher Park, a 0.19 acre pocket park between Christopher, West 4th, and Grove streets. In tribute to the riots, the park has contained the Gay Liberation statue by George Segal since 1992. It also displayed a sculpture named A Love Letter to Marsha (a temporary tribute to the transgender activist Marsha P. Johnson, who was present during the riots) during 2021. The New York City Subway's Christopher Street station is next to the park. The station's artwork includes a triptych that depicts the riots, and the station itself was renamed after Stonewall National Monument in 2024.

A crosswalk at Christopher Street and Seventh Avenue South to the west, the closest intersection to the Stonewall Inn, has been painted in the colors of the LGBT rainbow flag since 2017. To the east, Christopher Street intersects Grove Street, Waverly Place (twice), and Gay Street. Parts of these roads are protected on the National Register of Historic Places along with the bar itself.

Facade
On both buildings, the facade of the ground story is mostly made of brick, while the second floor is clad with stucco. The building at 53 Christopher Street is two stories high and divided vertically into three bays. At ground level, the center of number 53's facade contains a rectangular, 4 by storefront window with a brick windowsill, which in turn is flanked by arched entrances. The entrance to the left is a narrow semicircular arch. The entrance to the right is a segmental arch, with wooden double doors. On the second story, the stucco facade is scored horizontally, and there is a rectangular iron flower-box holder beneath each of the three windows. By the 21st century, a neon sign with the bar's name was ordinarily placed in the window, while pride flags were hung on the facade.

The building at 51 Christopher Street is two stories high (previously three), with a one-story rear annex, and is four bays wide. At ground level, the left half of number 51's facade contains a rectangular, 4 by storefront window with a brick windowsill, similar to the window at number 53. Immediately to the right is a segmental arch, with a fanlight above wooden double doors. The bay furthest to the right has a stucco facade at ground level, with a rectangular door leading to the second floor. On the second story, the stucco facade is scored horizontally, and there is a curved iron flower-box holder beneath each of the four windows. At the time of the 1969 riots, the second floor of number 51 had a vertical sign, though this has since been removed. There was also a stoop at 51 Christopher Street's entrance, which was removed when the building became a visitor center.

Original gay bar
When the Stonewall Inn was turned into an LGBT bar, the bar was split into two primary rooms, one in each building. The bar had almost no decoration and scant lighting, and what little decoration did exist was destroyed on the first day of the Stonewall riots. Aside from black paint, the spaces had temporary wooden bars. According to a description of the bar from the 1960s, the decoration was so sparse that it looked "to have only recently been converted from a garage into a cabaret in about eight hours and at a cost of under fifty dollars".

Originally, service spaces such as the coat room were placed at the front of the bar, likely to limit outsiders' views of the interior. Visitors entered straight into a tiny vestibule. There was an office or coat check to the left of the main entrance, immediately behind the front window of 53 Christopher Street. A wishing well was found just inside the doorway. The main bar room was to the right, within 51 Christopher Street, through a doorway and down a single step. The main room had a long bar with narrow stools, and there was a dance floor at the rear. Swinging doors led from the main room, up one step, to the back room at 53 Christopher Street. The back room contained a bar at its rear. Toward the rear of the bar were the men's and women's restrooms, which had doors from both the main and back rooms.

Later configuration
The interior of the original Stonewall Inn was divided into two spaces and redesigned after the original bar closed. The bar at 53 Christopher Street, and the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street, function as separate entities. 53 Christopher Street largely retains its original layout, but the finishes have been completely replaced. The ground floor's interior decorations include a mirror occupying one wall, as well as wood paneling along the other walls. A 2009 article on the bar characterized it as a nondescript space with stools and a pool table. There is also a side room with red lighting. Inside is the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor, which was established in 2019 to honor notable LGBT individuals. The modern bar has contained a variety of pride flags; banknotes collected from foreign visitors; pictures and newspaper clippings about the riots; and a sign indicating that the bar had been raided.

The second story of the revived bar includes a room with a capacity of 150 people; this dance floor has a stage, a disco ball, seats with leopard print upholstery, and velour curtains. A New York magazine article described the dance floor as having a "bar mitzvah vibe" because of its decoration. According to a 2019 account, there was also a basement performance space.

51 Christopher Street has been converted into a 3,700 ft2 visitor center, containing interactive displays and exhibits about the bar and national monument. The visitor center includes a "content story wall" with information about people involved in the riot, a 1960s jukebox similar to the one used in the original bar, and a theater-like space with golden shovels bearing the names of the visitor center's sponsors. There is also artwork, as well as information about the history of the building and the riots. The visitor center also includes restrooms and space for park rangers. The interior of the visitor center is decorated in white, and the doorway to the existing bar at 53 Christopher Street has been bricked up. One observer for the magazine Fast Company said the visitor center "makes Stonewall a sanitary, consumable story", while The New York Times art critic Holland Cotter wrote of the visitor center's "informational softness".

Drinks
The modern Stonewall Inn serves only drinks and not food. The drinks that have been served at the bar have included Off the Wall, a pomegranate-and-lime-juice cocktail. The bar's official beer is Brooklyn Brewery's Stonewall Inn IPA, a lemon and grapefruit IPA that is 4.5% alcohol by volume. Co-owner Stacy Lentz said in 2021 that she mainly wanted to sell beer brands made by LGBT–friendly companies, including Brooklyn Brewery, Gay Beer, and Dyke Beer. The bar stopped selling Anheuser-Busch brands such as Bud Light in 2021 because of Anheuser-Busch's donations to numerous politicians who had introduced anti-LGBT legislation. Bud Light had been among the most popular beer brands sold at the bar when Stonewall stopped selling it.

A Condé Nast Traveler review from 2009 described the beverages as "unfussy and mainstream". Time Out and New York rank the bar's drinks as being moderately priced. The Telegraph wrote in 2018: "All that said, Stonewall is a fine place to sip a vodka soda and meet new friends."

Events
The modern Stonewall Inn has hosted a variety of local music artists, drag shows, trivia nights, cabaret, karaoke, private parties, and same-sex wedding receptions. The bar hosts regular events such as karaoke and drag bingo to attract regular customers. Stonewall also hosted "big gay happy hours" and screened black-and-white films near the main bar room. Time Out New York described the bar in 2021 as being frequented by tourists during the day, while hosting dance parties at night. Kelly, Morgan, and Lentz have also presented fundraising events for LGBT nonprofit organizations. The bar has hosted celebrity performances such as those by Madonna in 2018 and Taylor Swift in 2019, as well as visits from other figures such as U.S. vice president Kamala Harris in 2023. By the 21st century, the Stonewall Inn frequently served as a gathering place for the LGBT community, especially after major events that affected LGBT people. These included celebrations in 2011, after the Marriage Equality Act legalized same-sex marriage in New York state; in 2013, after the U.S. Supreme Court decided in United States v. Windsor to recognize same-sex marriage on the federal level; and in 2015, after the Supreme Court decided in Obergefell v. Hodges to repeal all state bans on same-sex marriage. People have also convened at the bar following negative events. For example, it served as a memorial after dozens of gay men were killed in the 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting, and people protested at the bar in response to anti-LGBT actions taken by the U.S. presidential administration of Donald Trump. The bar has been the site of other LGBT–related events, such as a 2014 announcement by U.S. interior secretary Sally Jewell on LGBT historic sites and a 2015 gay marriage ceremony. Politicians have used the bar for campaign events, such as when New York City Councilwoman Christine Quinn ran in the 2013 New York City mayoral election.

Advocacy
After Lentz took over the bar, she organized several events in support of LGBT rights, such as a 2013 rally for the legalization of same-sex marriage outside the bar. In 2017, Stonewall co-owners Stacy Lentz and Kurt Kelly established the Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative, a nonprofit LGBT–rights advocacy organization. The organization has received proceeds from the sale of the Stonewall Inn IPA and the sale of objects commemorating the Stonewall riots' 50th anniversary. Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative has hosted events such as a 2020 concert co-hosted by German alcohol brand Jägermeister to raise money for nightlife workers. Since 2023, the organization has presented the Stonewall Inn Brick Awards Gala, an event honoring LGBT community leaders.

Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative also operates a program through which LGBT-friendly events could be designated as "safe spaces". Developed in conjunction with six LGBT groups, by 2023, the program had been translated into multiple languages and was being implemented in other countries.

Aftermath of the riots
Although the Stonewall riots were not the first LGBT protests, they were widely considered a watershed event for the gay liberation movement. Many subsequent studies of LGBT history in the U.S. were divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses. Many aspects of gay and lesbian culture from before the riots, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied, and people became less afraid of being openly LGBT. The American LGBT community become more visible following the riots, and wider acceptance of the LGBT community led to the repeal of many anti-LGBT laws and regulations. Even after the closure of the bar, the Stonewall riots also inspired activist movements around the U.S. Within two years of the riots, gay-rights groups had been founded all over the U.S., such as the Gay Liberation Front and Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. The riots also inspired the creation of organizations such as the Lesbian Herstory Archives. According to The New York Times, the riots may have influenced gay bars' design, as later gay bars tended to have areas where sexual contact was encouraged.

Neighborhood impact
In part because of the riots at the Stonewall Inn, LGBT businesses began to congregate around Christopher Street. By the early 1970s, other LGBT businesses had opened along the street, even as the bar itself had closed. A commentator for The Advocate wrote in 1972 that the riots had succeeded in associating Christopher Street's name with LGBT culture, while a 1982 Washington Post article described the street, and particularly the bar's site, as the "birthplace of the gay rights movement in this country".

The bar itself became a symbol of the LGBT community. The New York Times said in 1999 that the Stonewall Inn was "a powerful symbol of resistance". The Stonewall Inn has been contrasted with Julius Bar one block away (where LGBT activists staged sit-ins during the 1960s). For example, the Washington Post wrote in 1994 that Stonewall "seems to belong to another era, one that made the notion of protesting in neckties ludicrous", while The New York Times described Stonewall in 1999 as having more-radical patrons compared with Julius's. The bar is also a tourist attraction, with thousands of annual visitors. The New York City government advertised the bar as a destination for people visiting LGBT cultural sites in 2009, and Stonewall has also been included on walking tours of LGBT sites.

Commemorations
Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots; it, along with other events hosted the same day in other cities, was the first Gay Pride march in U.S. history. The Pride march became the inspiration for gay pride parades in the United States and in many other countries. A Gay Pride march has been hosted in New York City on the final Sunday of June since the first parade in 1970, and the city government has declared June as Pride Month since 1979. Participants in each year's parade typically passed by the Stonewall site to pray and take pictures. Over a million people attended a parade commemorating the 25th anniversary of the riots in 1994; although the main parade did not pass by the Stonewall Inn, a smaller, unofficial group did march near the bar.

As part of the Stonewall 45 exhibit in 2014, which commemorated the 45th anniversary of the riots, the Arcus Foundation and Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation (GVSHP) placed posters in the windows of businesses on Christopher Street, including the Stonewall Inn. After the creation of the Stonewall National Monument in 2016, Google.org donated $1 million toward a program to preserve the bar's history; this became the Stonewall Forever interactive web app, launched in 2019. The bar hosted a rally as part of the Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 event, which took place a half-century after the riots and, with 5 million spectators, was the largest international Pride celebration in history at the time.

Historic district and early proposals
Both of the Christopher Street buildings are part of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission's Greenwich Village Historic District, designated in April 1969, and are also part of a National Register of Historic Places district with the same name. Though the historic district designations provided partial protection to the buildings, they could still be renovated or demolished with the LPC's approval. As early as 1973, the Gay Activists Alliance had advocated for the exterior of the bar to be designated as an individual city landmark. Seventh-day Adventist Kinship International, a support group for LGBT members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, indicated in 1985 that it would seek to have the buildings added to the NRHP as individual landmarks.

National and city designations
In early 1999, thirty years after the riots, the GVSHP and the Organization of Lesbian and Gay Architects and Designers jointly nominated the bar for inclusion on the NRHP. The historian Andrew Dolkart, who prepared the NRHP nomination, included Christopher Park and the surrounding streets in the nomination because of their role in the riots; the officers who had raided the bar were unfamiliar with Greenwich Village's irregular street grid, so they simply chased the crowd down these streets. The Stonewall Inn and surrounding area was formally listed on the NRHP on June 25, 1999. The NRHP designation still did not fully protect the buildings from demolition, but the designation was nonetheless unusual, as sites were generally not added to the NRHP until at least 50 years after their period of historical significance had elapsed. The area was designated a National Historic Landmark in March 2000, a label that, at the time, was given to just three percent of all NRHP sites. David Carter compared the NRHP–designated streets to an "important battlefield" in 2002, saying that "you don't want to alter any part of it".

The GVSHP began advocating for Stonewall to be designated as an individual city landmark in January 2014, following the demolition of a showroom on Park Avenue, as the group wanted the buildings' appearance to be preserved. The LPC agreed to consider designating the bar in May 2015; the Real Estate Board of New York was among the supporters of the designation. The LPC voted on June 23, 2015, to protect Stonewall as a city landmark,; ; ; ; which was confirmed by the New York City Council later that year. Stonewall was, at the time, one of 50 city landmarks selected specifically for its symbolism, out of the city's 33,000 landmarked structures. The designation preserved the buildings' appearance but did not mandate that they continue to be used as a bar.

Efforts to designate the Stonewall Inn as a U.S. national monument began in the 2010s, and three U.S. Congress members from New York formally proposed designating the buildings as a national monument in late 2015. Politicians and activists supported the monument designation, and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed legislation to allow the National Park Service to take over the nearby Christopher Park, though the bar buildings remained privately owned. On June 24, 2016, Cuomo named the Stonewall Inn as a State Historic Site, and U.S. President Barack Obama established a 7.7-acre (3.11 ha) area around the bar as the Stonewall National Monument. ; ; ; ; Stacy Lentz supported both the city landmark and the national monument designations, calling them important for LGBT history.

Stonewall was both the first LGBT cultural site ever added to the NRHP and the first official New York City landmark to be designated specifically based on its LGBT cultural significance. In addition, the Stonewall National Monument was the first U.S. national monument designated around an LGBT historic site. Following Stonewall's designation as a city landmark, the LPC sought to designate other LGBT cultural sites, such as the Audre Lorde Residence and the LGBT Community Center. Other LGBT–related sites were added to the NRHP following Stonewall's designation, including Julius Bar, James Baldwin Residence, and Caffe Cino in New York City. , it was one of 28 NRHP sites nationwide that had been designated specifically because of their LGBT history, out of over 90,000 total NRHP listings.

Namesakes and media
The Stonewall Inn and the subsequent riots inspired the creation of various LGBT–themed works of art, such as music, literature, and visual and performing arts. St. Martin's Press launched a label for LGBT books, Stonewall Inn Editions, in 1987; the label was discontinued in 2002. Other things have been named for the bar and riots, including an LGBT retirement home in Massachusetts, an LGBT-rights organization in Salt Lake City, the British LGBT-rights group Stonewall, and a multi-city sports league. Thomas Garguilo, the bar's onetime operator, also created a Facebook page and a website about the bar's history.

No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots, and contemporary news articles did not describe the riot in detail, nor was it reported widely. Some reporters, such as Fred W. McDarrah of The Village Voice and Joseph Ambrosini of the New York Daily News, took a limited number of pictures of the riots and the bar itself. Additional images of the bar during the riots' final day were published in 2009. The few home movies and photographs that do exist have been used in documentaries.

The bar itself was described in various works of print media, often in association with the riots. For example, Edmund White's 1988 semi-autobiographical novel The Beautiful Room is Empty includes a first-hand account of him unintentionally encountering the Stonewall riots. Martin Duberman's 1993 book Stonewall describes the bar and the events leading up to the riots, and David Carter published a book about the bar's history, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution, in 2004 for the 35th anniversary of the riots. The bar was the subject of Garguilo's 2018 novel Stonewall Revival: Tales Of 53 Christopher Street. and it was described in WNET's 2001 television special A Walk in Greenwich Village. The riots were depicted in movies and theater as well, such as the 1995 comedy film Stonewall, the 2010 documentary Stonewall (which was based on Carter's book), the 2012 play Hit the Wall, and the 2015 drama film Stonewall.

title: Stonewall Inn


text:
Talk:Candlestick Park

Cost of new name
When 3COM changed the name of the park to 3Com Park they had to change all the road signs for the freeway including the signs that said "3com park 5 [miles]". I remember it was some ridiculously large sum of money. Does anyone know how much that cost? If you say how much it cost to build, and have a big deal going on about the name changes, you might as well say how much it costs to change all the traffic signs. Also, did they have to pay for it to be renamed back to SF stadium since it wasn't bought by another company at that time or was that part of the original contract?Billy Nair 23:23, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Move to new name
if the offical name of the stadium is now SF stadium at Candlestick point should not the page be moved to San Francisco Stadium at Candlestick Point? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.12.117.10 (talk • contribs).

As I understand it the convention is to use common names for things, but to list the official name in the first sentence.--Samuel J. Howard 01:07, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Right. See Naming conventions (common names). - Hephaestos|§ 01:09, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

I would respectfully disagree, don't most people in the bay area and sports fans in US call it the stick? so we would should list by that by that standard. Here in St Paul alot if not most of the people call the Xcel Energy Center just Xcel Center or the X Smith03 01:13, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

"The Stick" is a slang reference, and it's not used much more commonly than "Candlestick". Yours, Meelar 01:15, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

So would there be a huge outcry of protest if the page was moved? Smith03 01:59, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Time to move now. The city finally found a new naming rights sponsor, and the stadium is now officially Monster Park. Dale Arnett 00:33, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * As a San Francisco 49ers fan - that's a really stupid name. Can't really argue with the page move, though. --Goobergunch 00:36, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * And the ornery votes of SF voted to keep it as Candlestick Park on Nov 2nd. Palnu 23:51, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

For a short time in 2003 I beleive, the stadium was named "49ers Stadium at Candlestick Point." Further research might uncover that. Doctorindy 22:42, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you're thinking of when it was "San Francisco Stadium at Candlestick Point". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gateman1997 (talk • contribs).

What about "Commercialstick Park"? I know for a while, thats what SportsCenter was referring to is as. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.19.220.200 (talk • contribs).

The whole point of anything having a name is to identify it, so someone can refer to it and have the other person understand what they mean. That's only more important on Wikipedia, where you have a vast range of language and geographical orgins of folks trying to learn about something. Having names change is a pain in the ass. Even in the Bay Area, the one name you can use and have people understand what you're referring to is "Candlestick" (as in "Candlestick Park", to be specific). The article should be titled "Candlestick Park", and whenever this or that corporation pays for naming rights, a new synonym can be added to the article, and a new redirect page can be created. But the article name should remain consistent. Otherwise, we wind up needlessly hassling with updating nested redirects from "Candlestick" to "3Com" to "Monster" to "Candlestick" (again) to... who knows what.ENeville 18:25, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Candlestick Park forever ! !! No matter what name it gets, it will always be candlestick park. Unless you are driving by it all the time and read the signs you would never know it was "3Com" or "Monster".  I only knew it was "Monster" because it said here.  I was in SF when it changed to 3com and people still called it Candlestick there, I think I was the only one calling it 3Com mostly out of jest, and if someone said Monster Park to me now, I would look confused for a while until they said "What they are calling Candlestick these days."  —The preceding unsigned comment was added by BillyNair (talk • contribs).
 * LOL, same. the only reason I ever knew it was "Monster" was from seeing the exit sign on 101 that said "Monster Park -->". Firejuggler86 (talk) 16:29, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

It is now officially "Candlestick Park" again. The title of the page should reflect this fact. Dfrishberg (talk) 06:49, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually the "fact" is that it is still "Monster Park". Candlestick Park does not return as the name until the contract with Monster Cable expires in June. Gateman1997 (talk) 17:31, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Bill Walsh Field
It was announced by Mayor Newsom that the field will be renamed for Bill Walsh. Updated article with reference to: --NCC-1701 (USS Enterprise) 21:39, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Candlestick Park is the most common name for the park. The article should be named that. I think Boston tried to do something like that - change the name of the Boston Garden when they built the new Fleet Center, but everyone still called it the Garden, so TD Bank relented and renamed it to the TD Banknorth Garden. Gonezales (talk) 06:41, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Mention parking lots much larger than stadium
In Image:Stadium.PNG we see the parking areas are much larger than the stadium itself. Do add a note about that. Jidanni 11:16, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
Monster Park → Candlestick Park — Current name of this stadium after May 31 —Gateman1997 (talk) 19:28, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Pictures in the info bar
I changed the pictures in the info box, because I noticed the two pictures inside the article were good representations of how the stadium looked in both it's baseball and football versions, form the same section in the seats. --The gus14 (talk) 19:18, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Seating Capacity
The football seating capacity is obviously wrong, given that it looks to be 10, 150, and 1000 times the real values. I don't know what these values should be, otherwise I'd fix it. Braedley (talk) 23:19, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Football only?
After all of it's renovations, is candlestick stil capable of hosting baseball games? Is it classified as a "football only venue" because if it is California Memorial stadium would no longer be the largest "football only venue" as stated in the article on California Memorial Stadium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Memorial_Stadium. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.102.245.60 (talk) 05:51, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

Closed for football
No matter what happens, the 49ers will never play another game at Candlestick. Not sure why this is being reverted. This should be treated just like the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome article, which is listed in the past tense as the Vikings former home and TCF Bank Stadium is listed as the their current home.Richiekim (talk) 15:57, 18 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Which revert do you not understand? What source did you give for your statements?  Was it a crystal-ball statement, or a sourced fact?  Details like that would let people react to the question.  Dicklyon (talk) 23:58, 18 January 2014 (UTC)
 * And how can you expect an edit like this to not be reverted?  It removes 1.6 KB with not so much as an edit summary to give a clue why.  Dicklyon (talk) 00:09, 19 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I have added a source that Candlestick is officially closed. Richiekim (talk) 00:34, 19 January 2014 (UTC)
 * You also reverted without comment my revert of your kilobytes of removal. And your source is some guy saying "official", yet the 49ers site still shows Candlestick as their stadium at .  Can you not find anything more official to base an edit on?  Dicklyon (talk) 00:41, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

"Enclosed" stadium?
I doubt if there's any canonical authority for terminology like this, but when I hear the term "enclosed," I think "covered."

Is there another acceptable way to describe the stadium as originally not having stands surrounding the entire perimeter, and then later having stands all the way around? Or am I the only one who thinks the term "enclosed" is unintentionally misleading?--NapoliRoma (talk) 05:04, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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My urban legend
What to name the stadium the Giants were to play in? Jack slew the GIANT and Jack jumped over the CANDLESTICK. Candlestick? THAT'S IT! We'll call the stadium Candlestick Park.

title: Talk:Candlestick Park