text:
List of Motorola products

This is a list of Motorola products. Motorola Mobility is an American subsidiary company of Chinese multinational technology company Lenovo that manufactures consumer electronics and telecommunications products.

Laptops

 * ML910
 * MW810
 * MW800
 * ML900
 * ML850
 * ML950
 * MNope2

Handheld

 * HC700 series
 * Symbol Technologies line of products
 * HYT
 * ICOM
 * Motorola
 * MotoG

Mobile VHF UHF Two way Radio

 * VHF MT 1000
 * UHF GP 388 GP 388
 * VHF GM 300
 * VHF GER 300
 * VHF UHF Repeater MSR 2000, GR 500, MTR 2000

StarMax

 * StarMax 3000
 * StarMax 4000
 * StarMax 5000
 * StarMax 5500

Home and consumer products

 * Vintage radio and television receivers
 * Follow Me TV
 * m25 (256 MB) and m500 (5 GB) digital audio players
 * iRadio music subscription service

Cordless phones

 * C series: C50, C51, C51, C70
 * E series: E30, E31, E32, E33, E34, E40, E51, E51, E52
 * G series: G13, G14, G32, G52, G54, G62, G73, G84
 * T series: T31
 * MA3100 series (2.4 GHz): MA3153, MA3163
 * MD4100 series (2.4 GHz digital): MD4153, MD4163
 * MD600 series (5.8 GHz digital): MD671, MD681, MA681, MA61
 * "Disney phones"

Home monitoring and automation

 * Homesight

Cameras

 * HMVC3050
 * HMVC3075
 * HMVC3020

Semiconductors
Note:, these are part of the product portfolio of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Please see the List of Freescale products for more information.

Data networks

 * Canopy – A line-of-sight wireless technology, primarily used by ISPs to provide broadband internet
 * MotoMESH – A mobile wireless broadband product providing proprietary "Mesh-Enabled Architecture" and standards-based 802.11 network access in both the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band and the licensed 4.9 GHz public-safety band
 * HotZone Duo – Meshed wireless broadband networking product supporting both 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g and 5.8 GHz 802.11a standards. The system supports 802.11e for quality of service management, and is planned to support the 802.11s standard for mesh networking once that standard is finalized
 * Orthogon Systems – wireless, non-line-of-sight (NLOS), point-to-point Ethernet bridges
 * WiMax Wi4 – GAP, DAP & SAAP Systems. Base Stations based on the recent WiMAX technology. Pointed to Wireless BroadBand Access and Internet.

Mobile network carrier infrastructure

 * ASTRO 25 – implementation of APCO Project 25
 * BSC (GSM)
 * Dimetra – proprietary implementation of TETRA
 * Horizon 2 Macro BTS (GSM)
 * Horizon 2 Mini BTS (GSM)
 * MSS – Mobile Soft Switch (Multiple Technologies)
 * PCU (GSM)
 * RXCDR (GSM)

Mobile telephones

 * Status: D = discontinued; P = in production

iDEN/CDMA dual-mode a.k.a. Cobra
See also: Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Mobile phone accessories

 * TXTR

Smartwatches

 * Motoactv (2011)
 * Moto 360 (2014)
 * Moto 360 (2015)
 * Moto 360 Sport

Bluetooth

 * HT820 Bluetooth stereo wireless headset
 * HF850 Bluetooth Car Adapter
 * H3-bluetooth Bluetooth Headset
 * H350 Bluetooth Headset
 * H500 Bluetooth Headset
 * H605 Bluetooth Headset
 * H700 Bluetooth Headset
 * HS805 Bluetooth Headset
 * HS815 Bluetooth Headset
 * HS820 Bluetooth Headset
 * HS830 Bluetooth Headset
 * HS850 Bluetooth Headset
 * S9 Stereo Bluetooth Headset
 * EQ5 Stereo Bluetooth Speaker

Wired

 * P000 Y-splitter USB adapter
 * GP300 Portable Radio
 * GP340 Portable Radio
 * GP360/380 Portable Radio
 * GP68 Portable Radio
 * GP328/HT750 Portable Radio
 * GP338/339 Portable Radio
 * GM360/380 Mobile Radio
 * Visar Portable Radio
 * MT1000 Portable Radio
 * MT500 Portable Radio
 * HT1000 Portable Radio
 * MT2000 Portable Radio
 * MTS2000 Portable radio
 * DP/DM Series Portable/Mobile DMR Radio

Tone and voice

 * AT&T Bellboy
 * AT&T Bellboy II
 * BPR2000
 * Dimension IV
 * Director
 * Director II
 * Gold Line Pen Pager
 * METRX
 * Pageboy
 * Pageboy II
 * Sensar

Numeric

 * Bravo Alpha
 * Bravo/Lifestyle
 * Bravo Classic
 * Bravo FLX/Pro Encore
 * Bravo Instinct
 * Bravo Lx/Encore
 * Bravo Plus
 * BR850
 * eXpress Xtra
 * eXpress Xtra FLX
 * GoldLine Pen
 * LS350
 * LS550
 * LS750
 * Pronto
 * Pronto FLX
 * Renegade
 * Sensar DTMF
 * Ultra Express

Alphanumeric

 * Advisor
 * Advisor Elite
 * Advisor Gold
 * Advisor Pro
 * Advisor II
 * Advisor Graphix
 * Everest
 * Memo Express
 * Motorola Optrx
 * Jazz
 * Jazz Flex
 * Scriptor
 * Scriptor Linguist
 * PageFinder
 * CP1250

Message senders

 * AlphaMate
 * QuickWORD
 * WordSender
 * WordTrek
 * WordTrek Plus

Two-Way Message Pagers

 * Tango
 * T900
 * PF1500
 * 9501 (Iridium Satellite Pager)
 * PageWriter 2000

Voice

 * PR2000
 * PR3000
 * PR5000

Fire pagers

 * Motorola BMD pager
 * MINITOR pager
 * MINITOR II
 * MINITOR III
 * MINITOR IV
 * MINITOR V
 * Motorola PageBoy I
 * Motorola PageBoy II
 * Motorola Skyfire
 * Motorola Skyfire II

Mobile radios

 * APX 7500 (The first "Dual-Band" Offering)
 * APX 6500 (A single-band version of APX 7500)
 * ASTRO Spectra
 * ASTRO Spectra Plus (Offered XTL features in an ASTRO Spectra package)
 * CDM750
 * CDM1250
 * CDM1550
 * CLS1413
 * GM300 (6, 8 or 16 channels)
 * M10 (a single channel GM300)
 * M120 (a two channel GM300)
 * M130 (a two channel GM300)
 * Maratrac
 * Maxtrac
 * Maxar
 * MC Micro
 * Motrar (Trunked version of the Maxar)
 * Micom (HF SSB Series)
 * Micor
 * Mitrek
 * Motrek
 * Mocom
 * Mostar
 * Mototrbo/XPR Series (ETSI DMR Series)
 * Motrac
 * Moxy
 * MCS 2000
 * Radius M10, M110, M120, M206, M208, M216, GM300
 * Spectra
 * Syntor, Syntor X, Syntor X9000
 * T-power
 * Traxar
 * Syntrx
 * Syntrx Plus
 * XTL 1500
 * XTL 2500
 * XTL 5000
 * XPR 5550
 * XPR 5350
 * XPR 5580
 * XPR 5380

Portable radios

 * SCR-536
 * APX8000HXE, APX8000HX, APX8000, APX7000HXE, APX7000HX, APX7000, APX6000, APX5000, APX4000, APX1000, APX900
 * BPR 40
 * DTR 650
 * HT-100
 * HT 200
 * HT 220
 * MT-500
 * MX-300, MX-300S
 * HT 90, HT 440
 * HT600, HT600E, HT800, MT1000, MTX800, MTX810, MTX900, and P200
 * GP300
 * GP900, GP1200, HT1000, HT1100, JT1000, MT2000, MT2100, MTS-LS, MTX838, MTX2000, MTX8000, MTX9000, MTS2000, MTS2010, MTS2013, PTX1200, and PTX3600
 * STX
 * GTX
 * ASTRO Digital Saber
 * Systems Saber
 * European Saber MX 1000, MX 2000, MX 3000, Stornophone 7000
 * Talkabout
 * TLKR Series
 * Visar
 * HT 750, HT 1250, HT 1550
 * WHK-R Series
 * XTS Series
 * XPR series
 * Spirit
 * Radius GP 300

Base stations

 * Fixed Voice-Only Base Stations
 * MICOR Base Station (Voice)
 * MDB Base Station (Voice)
 * MSY Base Station (Voice)
 * MTR 300 Base Station (Voice)
 * MTR 2000 Base Station (Voice)
 * MSR 2000 Base Station (Voice)
 * MSF 5000 Base Station (Voice)
 * MCR 100 / Radius R100 Base Station (Voice)
 * GR 1225 / RKR 1225 Base Station (Voice)
 * Data Base Stations
 * Gemini Base Station (MDC4800 Data)
 * DataTAC DSS-III Base Station (Data)
 * MSF 5000 DBS (Data Base Station)
 * Quantar DBS (Data Base Station)
 * Integrated Voice & Data Stations (IV&D)
 * Quantro Base Station (Voice & Data)
 * Quantar Base Station (Voice & Data)
 * MTR 3000 Base Station (Voice & Data)
 * GTR 8000 Base Station (Voice & Data)
 * Transportable Base Stations
 * XTVA Transportable Base Station (Analog & Digital Voice)
 * MX-based Suitcase Repeater (Analog/CVSD Encrypted Voice)
 * PDR 3500 Suitcase Repeater (Analog & Digital Voice)
 * Paging Base Stations
 * MICOR PURC Paging Station (Based on the MICOR Product)
 * PURC 5000 Paging Station (Based on the MSF 5000 Product)
 * NUCLEUS Paging Station
 * NUCLEUS II Paging Station
 * PeopleFinder series on-site Paging Stations

Fixed Repeaters

 * ATS Cumulative Repeater
 * MSY Repeater Station (Based on the MOTRAC design)
 * MICOR Repeater Station
 * GR 300 (Based on two GM 300 Mobile Radios)
 * GR 500 (Based on two GM 300 Mobile Radios)
 * GR 1225 / RKR 1225 Conventional Repeaters
 * MCR 100 / Radius R100 Conventional Repeaters
 * GTR 8000 Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * MSR 2000 Conventional Repeater
 * MTR 2000 Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * MTR 3000 Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * MSF 5000 Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * PDR 3500 Portable Analog & P25 Repeater
 * Quantar Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * Quantro Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * XPR 8300 Conventional & Trunked Repeater
 * XPR 8400 Conventional & Trunked Repeater

 * Vehicle-based Repeaters
 * PAC, PAC-PL & PAC-RT Mobile Repeaters
 * VRS•EP Mobile Repeater
 * VRS 750 Mobile Repeater
 * Futurecom DVRS Mobile Repeater (a third-party product)

Site & Zone Controllers

 * 6809 Trunked Central Controller (SmartNET, SmartZone Prime & Remote)
 * MTC 3600 SmartNET/SmartZone 4.1 Controller (Prime & Remote)
 * PSC 9600 Astro25 6.x Site Controller (Remote Sites)
 * MTC 9600 ASTRO25 Site Controller (Prime Sites)
 * GCP 8000 ASTRO25 Site Controller (Prime & Remote Sites)
 * MZC 3000 SmartZone 4.1 Zone Controller (4.1 Master Sites)
 * MZC 5000 Astro25 7.x Zone Controller (7.x Master Sites)

Voting Comparators

 * TAC (Total Area Coverage) Voting Comparator (Supporting analog calls)
 * SpectraTAC Voting Comparator (Supporting analog calls)
 * SECURENET DIGITAC Voting Comparator (Supporting analog & CVSD encrypted calls)
 * ASTROTAC Comparator (Supporting VSELP & IMBE (P25) Digital Calls)
 * ASTROTAC 3000 Voting Comparator (Supporting analog & IMBE (P25) Digital calls)
 * GCM 8000 Voting Comparator (Supporting Astro25 Trunked & Conventional)
 * MLC 8000 Voting Comparator (Supporting P25 & Analog calls)

Satellite and Auxiliary Receivers

 * TAC Satellite Receiver (Based on the MOTRAC Receiver Design)
 * SpectraTAC Satellite Receiver (Based on the MICOR Receiver Design)
 * MSF 5000 Satellite Receiver (a receive-only version of the MSF 5000 Base Station)
 * MTR 2000 Satellite Receiver (a receive-only version of the MTR 2000 Base Station)
 * ASTROTAC Satellite Receiver (Based on the Quantar Receiver Design)
 * Quantar Satellite Receiver (a receive-only version of the Quantar Base Station)
 * MTR 3000 Satellite Receiver (an analog, receive-only version of the MTR 3000 Base Station)
 * GPW 8000 Satellite Receiver (a receive-only version of the GTR 8000 Base Station)

Telemetry Radios

 * APCOR (Advanced Portable Coronary Observation Radio)
 * RNET Telemetry Radio

Other wireless

 * MeshTrack – An integrated non-GPS location system and data network that can be deployed to incident sites by public safety organizations
 * Bag Phone was a portable cellular telephone manufactured from 1992 to 2000

Cable TV and broadband

 * In 2012, Motorola Mobility's home unit was acquired by Arris Group, which includes set-top boxes (e.g. VIP series), and SURFboard cable modems.

TV receivers

 * DCT2000
 * DCT6412 HDTV DVR
 * DCT3412 HDTV digital tuner

Cable modems

 * SURFboard SB3100 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB4100 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB4200 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB5100 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB5101 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB5120 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB5102 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6120 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6121 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6141 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6180 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6182 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6183 cable modem
 * SURFboard SB6220 cable modem
 * MB7220 cable modem
 * MB7420 cable modem
 * SURFboard SBV5121 voice cable modem
 * SURFboard SBV5122 voice cable modem
 * SBG900 wireless cable modem gateway
 * SBG900i wireless cable modem gateway
 * SBG901 wireless cable modem gateway
 * SBG941 wireless cable modem gateway
 * SBG6580 wireless cable modem gateway
 * SBG6782-AC wireless cable modem gateway
 * SBG6900-AC wireless cable modem gateway
 * MG7310 wireless cable modem gateway

Voice over IP

 * VT1000 and VT1005v analog telephony adapters. Has been distributed by Vonage.

title: List of Motorola products


text:
User:Newfie~enwiki

I am a computer programmer in Newfoundland, Canada, hence the name newfie!

Hobbies include programming, hunting, and photography. Since I discovered this site, I'm sure it will become a new hobby. ;)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Newfie~enwiki


text:
Roy Walford

Roy Lee Walford, M. D. (June 29, 1924 – April 27, 2004) was a professor of pathology at University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, a leading advocate of calorie restriction for life extension and health improvement, and a crew member of Biosphere 2.

Career highlights
Walford is credited with significantly furthering aging research by his discovery that laboratory mice, when fed a diet that restricted their caloric intake by 50% yet maintaining nutritional requirements, almost doubled their expected life span.

He received his medical degree from the University of Chicago in 1948. He completed his internship at Gorgas Hospital, Panama, and served his residency at the V.A. Medical Center in Los Angeles. He then served two years in the US Air Force during the Korean War.

Walford joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1954. He became a Professor of Pathology at the UCLA School of Medicine in 1966. He became Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emeritus, for UCLA, when he left to join the crew of Biosphere 2 in 1991.

While at UCLA, Walford served in the following roles:
 * Director of the Blood Bank and of the Hematology Division of the Clinical Laboratories (1959–1980)
 * Director of the School of Medical Technology (1962–1972)
 * Chairman of the Vivarium Committee (1965–1968)

In addition to his service at UCLA, he was an expert advisor in immunology for the World Health Organization from 1969 to 1984, was a senatorial delegate to the White House Conference on Aging in 1981, and a member of the National Institute on Aging.

His honors and awards include:
 * Levine Award of the American Society of Clinical Pathology
 * Research Award of the American Aging Association
 * Kleemeier Award from the Gerontological Society of America
 * Henderson Award from the American Geriatrics Society
 * 1998 Longevity Prize of the Foundation IPSEN
 * The Senator Alan Cranston Award
 * Infinity Award of the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
 * Asteroid #4629 was named after him by its discoverer (E. Helene) in 1986

Walford and his work were featured in print in dozens of articles in popular publications such as Omni, Discover, and Scientific American. During his life he also made dozens of featured appearances on various television shows.

Roulette winnings
In 1947, while on vacation during medical school, Walford and Albert Hibbs, a mathematics graduate student, used statistical analysis of biased roulette wheels to "break the bank" in Reno. They tracked the results of the spins, determined which wheels were biased, and then bet heavily on the ones which were unbalanced. The casinos eventually realized that Walford and his friend knew what they were doing and threw them out. A Life magazine photographer captured the pair drinking milk and counting their chips in a photograph published in the December 8, 1947 issue. Their methods were also mentioned in the roulette book The Eudaemonic Pie by Thomas Bass. Different sources have the pair winning anywhere from $6,500 to $42,000. The high end is more likely, as Walford was reputed to have paid for part of his medical school education and a house from his winnings. The pair also bought a yacht and sailed the Caribbean for over a year.

Gerontix
In 1981, Walford began a commercial collaboration with fellow researchers Richard Weindruch and Kathleen Yankee Hall, and her husband William Hall, a wealthy businessman. In her tribute after his death, Kathleen Hall wrote of Walford, "we both threw in a few thousand dollars and started a small business together." Incorporated in California as Gerontix, the company was to sell supplements intended to improve health and increase life span. The first Gerontix product was butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with lysine and zinc, which was sold in capsules and marketed as a treatment for herpes. Motivated by the success of the bestselling book Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach, by Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, the group intended to sell a package of products, called MaxiLife, which would capitalize on the release of Walford's book, Maximum Life Span. It was expected that Walford, a highly publicized researcher, would experience the same success as Pearson and Shaw. Before Walford's book was published and Gerontix started to manufacture its coordinated products, the manufacturer Twin Laboratories (Twinlab) began to sell a multi-ingredient supplement called MaxiLIFE, which the owners of Gerontix discovered in November 1982. Despite the potential for trademark conflict, the Gerontix group elected to proceed with plans to use the brand name MaxiLife. Twin Laboratories brought suit against Gerontix for trademark infringement, and the court issued a summary judgement in favor of Twin Laboratories on February 13, 1984. Before the resolution of the lawsuit, the Gerontix MaxiLife products were brought to market and sold poorly, partly because of the lackluster sales of Walford's book. Lack of success in federal court and in health food stores led to the demise of Gerontix. Gerontix subsequently brought suit for legal malpractice against the attorneys whom Gerontix had hired to obtain the trademark right to the name MaxiLife, but on February 17, 1989 a summary judgement against Gerontix was entered by Los Angeles Superior Court judge Loren Miller, Jr. Gerontix eventually appealed the case to the California Supreme Court after losing an appeal in the California Court of Appeals.

In Appendix B of Walford's Maximum Life Span he noted, "Additional additives, such as antioxidants and some of the other materials I've listed in Chapters 7 and 8, can be obtained from Gerontix Biological Research Products...," but he did not disclose that he would profit from the sale of Gerontix products. The company's MaxiLife product brochure, which refers to Walford and his research, also makes no mention of his connection to Gerontix.

Biosphere 2
Walford was one of the eight “crew members” who were sealed inside Biosphere 2 where they lived from September 26, 1991 to September 26, 1993. Walford served as the crew's physician. During his stay in Biosphere 2, the crew found that they could not grow as much food as anticipated, so Walford convinced the crew to follow his calorie restriction diet. In November of the first year the crew decided to open a cache of emergency food supplies grown outside of the bubble to supplement their meager diets.

Death
At age 79, Roy Walford died of respiratory failure as a complication of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.

According to Walford's friend and colleague, Kathleen Hall, his diagnosis of ALS came as a result of her urging him to see a physician when she noticed "the strangeness in Roy's gait." She says that before his death Walford "continued writing, taking courses on film production. He had me all over New York and in Dallas for just the right production shots." Meanwhile, Hall remembers that "Roy and I together with his daughter, Lisa, and his friends exhausted all the literature, looking for a cure, a solution. I found myself scouting the alleys of Chinatown in New York searching out a particular mushroom, looking for the best grass to help him through the pain." Even before developing ALS, Walford was no stranger to "grass." In his book Eternity Soup: Inside the Quest to End Aging, Greg Critser says that Walford's "consumption of marijuana was legendary."

Walford was survived by his three children, Peter, Morgan, and Lisa Walford. Their mother was Martha Sylvia Schwalb, to whom Walford was married for 20 years before divorcing in the 1970s.

Published works
Walford authored several books, and set out his dietary beliefs in the bestseller Beyond the 120-Year Diet. In addition, he published at least 340 scientific papers, mainly focused on the biology of aging.

Walford authored or co-authored the following books:

title: Roy Walford


text:
Talk:Alexandra, New Zealand

Untitled
Why have two people now tried to reformat this article as though it is a finished entity rather than a stub to be developed? Most mature articles on towns have sections covering location, demographics, history, economy and unique features. Moriori's edit splits the economy material across two other sections, which will be akward once the article is expanded.
 * That's when it gets any necessary reformatting. However, no problem. Moriori

Secondly, since when does W have a policy of km for Kilometre? If it does, it is wrong.

 * What we think is less important than wiki style which was designed to give conformity throughout the entire site. See here for km, mm etc. Incidentally, your edit left the page with both Km and km! Moriori

I have two references which say that all SI prefixes greater than 1 should use capitals while all less than 1 use lower case. This is to eliminate confusion between deci and Deca, milli and Mega, pico and Peta etc. and the other prefices follow suit for the sake of consistency. dramatic 19:15, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * We can all find references re other styles, but surely it is the Wiki style that is important.That's why I have again changed Km to km. Cheers. Moriori 22:51, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

carisbrook
carisbrook has no 'e' on the end
 * Thanks - but why didn't you just edit the article? dramatic 08:31, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

continental climate
Sorry but Alex doesn't have a continental climate. Refer Koppen Climate classification. Live in Montana or North Dakota if you want "severe winters and hot, dry summers"
 * Seriously. Alexandra winters are about as "severe" as those of central Virginia.--Mishnayd (talk) 04:20, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Climate
This hasn't been much of an issue as of yet (especially with this article) but I want to preempt a problem that I can definitely see occurring, as well as have an argument ready in case it becomes an issue and a dispute arises. Alexandra has neither a semi-arid climate nor a continental climate, going by the most widely used climate classification system, the Köppen-Geiger system. Using the climate data found in Alexandra's article, my explanation follows.

Continental climates (Type D): These climates are defined as having at least four months with daily mean temperatures equal to or above 10°C, one month with a daily mean temperature equal to or below 0°C, and not being dry enough to be classified as arid or semi-arid. While Alexandra meets the first and third criteria, it fails the second criterion. The daily mean temperature in the coldest month, June, is 2.9°C (average daily high of 7.5°C plus average daily low of -1.7°C, divide by 2). The aridity criterion will be covered in the next paragraph. Make no mistake, Alexandra does display greater continentality than most of New Zealand, but, strictly speaking, its climate is not continental.

Semi-arid climates (Type BS): These climates are defined as having an annual average precipitation lower than, but greater than half of potential evapotranspiration, with potential evapotranspiration being represented by a calculated precipitation threshold. This threshold (in millimetres) is calculated as follows:

 * First, find the annual average temperature in °Celsius and multiply it by 20. Alexandra's annual average temperature is 10.8°C (annual average high of 16.7°C plus annual average low of 4.9°C, divide by 2)

 * Second, find the percentage of annual average precipitation that falls in the high sun months (October through March in the Southern Hemisphere). If the percentage is below 70%, then add 140mm. If the percentage is equal to or greater than 70%, then add 280mm. On average, Alexandra receives 201mm of precipitation from October to March, which is 54.3% of its 370mm annual average.

Alexandra's precipitation threshold is therefore 356mm (10.8 x 20 + 140 = 356). As this is lower than Alexandra's annual average precipitation of 370mm, Alexandra does not experience a semi-arid climate (though the difference is only 14mm).

For brevity's sake (read: laziness), I will not positively show that Alexandra has an oceanic climate (Type Cfb), but the criteria to be met for a climate to be classified as such can be found in my source, which will be given under my signature and timestamp below.

1brettsnyder (talk) 04:53, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

My source

Māori name: should it be the transliteration (Areketanara) or the historically attested Manuherikia?
The article currently gives the transliteration of Alexandra into (Areketanara) as the Māori name for Alexandra. Is there any authoritative source for this? As far as I can see from a limited scan, this is not official or in common use. The LINZ website has no mention of it. Given that one of the names for the town in the gold-mining period was Manuherikia (from the river), it seems strange to drop a historical name in te Reo for a transliteration of the more recent English name.

I'm not sure what the usual policy is when deciding between a transliteration and a historical name and would be interested to see examples or evidence which would decide this either way. Will also be interesting to see what the Ngāi Tahu mapping project suggests once it is released: http://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/cultural-mapping-unlocks-ngai-tahu-history/

Thanks in advance for any input on this. BenBenOcho (talk) 12:27, 4 February 2017 (UTC)
 * You can check out Place Names of New Zealand – Ingoa Wāhi o Aotearoa. It also has reference to the Maori equivalent of Alexandra.
 * You should bear in mind that 97.4% of the population in Alexandra said they belong to the European ethnic group. Perhaps the local Maori living there can help you confirm what the Maori name of the township is. --BrianJ34 (talk) 09:15, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexandra, New Zealand


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Gastropods

WikiProject Gastropods is a group of people who are working on creating and improving Wikipedia articles about gastropods, i.e. snails and slugs of every kind: those that live in saltwater, brackish water, freshwater, and on land. The project also covers articles on topics related to gastropods, including anatomical features of snails and slugs, malacologists, or other aspects of gastropod biology. Any editor who is prepared to contribute constructively is welcome to join this endeavour.

Taxonomy
For all marine species, Project Gastropods uses the taxonomy in the online database WoRMS or more recent changes, published in a scientific article. Synonyms are to be given alphabetically such as in WoRMS.

Parentage
This WikiProject is an subproject of WikiProject Tree of Life

 * WikiProject Science
 * WikiProject Biology
 * WikiProject Tree of Life
 * WikiProject Animals
 * WikiProject Gastropods

Participants
If you would like to help work on WikiProject Gastropods, please place your name at the bottom of the list. Once you are signed up, please watchlist the project talk page, so you know what's happening with the project in general; sometimes input is needed from all the members on issues that come up. Thanks.

Note: If you are not signed up here, or if you have subsequently removed your name from the list, it will be assumed that you are not a member of Project Gastropods. If you wish to be considered part of the Project, your name must be on the list. If you are about to become permanently inactive in this project, please strike your name out or remove it from the list. If you cannot contribute over a significant period of time for any other reason but do intend to return, please note that on this list. If you are inactive for a year with no explanation your name may be removed from the list. Thank you.

2004 2005
 * - 13:20, 10 May 2004 (UTC), founder of the project
 * No new editors during 2005

2006 2007 2008
 * - 00:59, 11 April 2006 (UTC) Australian and extinct Gastropods
 * - 00:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC) - what am I doing right now: User:Snek01/to do
 * - 14:01, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * - 13:06, 12 August 2007 (UTC) Caribbean marine, British non-marine, and Californian marine
 * - 12:06, 27 September 2007 (UTC) - land snails, especially North American
 * No new editors during 2008

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
 * - 21:49, 14 March 2009
 * - May 2009, has contributed numerous articles on and photos of the nudibranchs of the Cape Town area of South Africa
 * - 02:46, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * - 15:34, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * - 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * - 16:37, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * - 18:10, 7 December 2009 (UTC), Nudibranchia, especially Indo-Pacific
 * - 22:21, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * - 11:12, 12 February 2010 (UTC)- Central European molluscs
 * - 20:32, 30 April 2010 (UTC), bot and software expertise
 * - 00:49, 20 December 2010 (UTC) -Invertzoo invited me to join a few days ago, and I finally got around to it! My goal is primarily to add articles to the project, but because I am busy, I may be participating in on/off spurts.
 * - Peter Maas - 21:03, 6 June 2011 (UTC) Mainly recent extinctions (since about 1500 AD), extinctions in the wild, and rediscoveries.
 * - 23:51, 21 September 2011 (UTC) especially Californian, endangered, and newly described species.
 * - Marine mollusca, with emphasis on Californian and Panamic province marine gastropods, world-wide molluscs, systematics, evolution, ecology, etc. - 20:56, 1 October 2011 (UTC)
 * - 06:37, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
 * -Сollector Cones. Photos of Cones. Site of my collection Cone Shells - Knights of the Sea - 08:30,11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * - 20:55, 16 March 2012 (UTC) land snail taxonomist
 * - 18:39, 15 April 2012 (UTC))
 * - 08:14, 4 June 2012 (UTC) Shell photography
 * - 10:59, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
 * - 21:33, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
 * - 10:42, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * - 03:13, 5 July 2012 (UTC)
 * - 06:46, 5 July 2012 (UTC)
 * - 01:47, 9 August 2012 (UTC) - mainly images and references
 * - 14:03, 27 November 2012 (UTC) - mainly adding images and missing pages for Heterobranch gastropods
 * - 09:55, 10 December 2012 (UTC) - I am more than happy to improve the Pyramidellidae-related articles.
 * - 20:44, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
 * - 20:28, 1 February 2013 (UTC) - Write stubs every now and then.
 * - 16:35, 15 March 2013 (UTC) - mainly images and references
 * - 05:49, 5 August 2013 (UTC) - Just a keen scuba diver and nudibranchophile
 * - 13:39, 18 August 2013 (UTC) -- Non-expert, creating stubs, and trying to supply binomial authorities to all species. Got plans.
 * - 3 February 2014, Biologist, worked on oyster parasitology for seven years with published papers, scuba diver, high school science teacher who took students to Heron Island several times.
 * - 17:54, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * - 16:39, 30 March 2014 (UTC) - Anything from the Cape Peninsula and False Bay, and occasional other things that may come up from time to time. I work intermittently and unpredictably on several projects.
 * 02:18, 15 November 2014

2015
 * - 22:21, 13 January 2015 (UTC) - I'm familiar with Nudipleura and some Cephalaspidea
 * - 01:01, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * - 23:11, 7 March 2015 (UTC) - InvertZoo invited me to the group. I've been adding/updating IUCN details to most animal pages since the 2014.3 update.

2016
 * - 05:27 January 2016 (UTC)--I mianly edit Chinese land snails .And I wish that WikiProject Gastropods will be better and better.
 * - 03:26, 2 March 2016 (UTC)
 * - 06:11, 31 July 2016 (UTC) -- Australian and European taxa

2017
 * - 17:10, 15 July 2017 (UTC)) - I study New Zealand buccinoid whelks (mainly). Happy to help! My priority is getting more of the primary literature cited, with findings accessible to the public.

2018
 * - 16:42, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

2019
 * - 19:18, 13 January 2019 (UTC) - Sea slug enthusiast
 * - 19:00, 20 January 2019 (UTC) - European land snails, mainly adding information about clausilids
 * 17:02, 16 May 2019 (UTC) - I study slugs in the UK and want to update the pages for them

2020
 * - 'Edible' (land) snails, with focus on heliciculture (snail farming).
 * - I mostly plan on editing stub and start quality articles, adding more information that can be found

2021
 * - I plan on editing the Ampullariidae page KaileyMag12 (talk) 00:23, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * - Adding pages and info for shells in my collection
 * - Slug enthusiast on a mission to create/improve sea slug articles
 * - uni student majoring in geography

2022
 * - I mainly edit/add-to stub and start quality articles, re. Western Atlantic marine species.
 * (mainly stubs - trying to link with authors and their texts)
 * - I mainly edit/add-to stub and start quality articles, re. Western Atlantic marine species.
 * (mainly stubs - trying to link with authors and their texts)

2024
 * - Definitely want to create some articles, lower the amount of red links.

Honorary members (a light-hearted and non-serious listing) :
 * , who helped us a great deal a few years ago, especially with love dart
 * , who gave us much encouragement in 2009 and 2010

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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Gastropods


text:
American Experience

American Experience is a television program airing on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States. The program airs documentaries, many of which have won awards, about important or interesting events and people in American history.

The series premiered on October 4, 1988, and was originally titled The American Experience, but the definite article was later dropped during a rebrand and image update. The show has had a presence on the internet since 1995, and more than 100 American Experience programs are accompanied by their own internet websites, which provide background information on the subjects covered as well as teachers' guides and educational companion materials. The show is produced primarily by WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, though occasionally in the early seasons it was co-produced by other PBS stations such as WNET (Channel 13) in New York City.

Some programs considered part of the American Experience collection were produced prior to the creation of the series. Vietnam: A Television History was one of them, airing originally in 1983 after taking six years to assemble. Also, in 2006, American Experience rebroadcast Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, the first half of the 1986 documentary series about the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Critical reception
American Experience has received generally positive reviews from television critics and parents of young children. Glenn McNatt of The Baltimore Sun wrote that it is "TV's finest history series ever." Steve Johnson of Chicago Tribune wrote, "History comes alive in excellent docu-series."

Home media
A DVD boxset collecting episodes about United States presidents was released on August 26, 2008. The collection was updated to include the documentary on Bill Clinton's presidency on August 28, 2012.

A DVD boxset for the five-part documentary We Shall Remain was released on May 12, 2009.

title: American Experience


text: User:Burgundavia/editing

title: User:Burgundavia/editing


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Transcribers

We are always in need of contributors with the skills to accurately transcribe music and the spoken word. To appear on this list you must be a Wikipedian who has contributed your own work to the project.

Please include a link to your user page and also to a Wiki gallery of your work, if you maintain one.

If you would be happy to respond to requests for transcription from other Wikipedians, please indicate this in the listing.

Add yourself in lexicographic order and please keep any comments very short.

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Transcribers


text:
Briard

The Briard or Berger de Brie (plural: Bergers de Brie) is a French breed of large shepherd dog, traditionally used both for herding sheep and to defend them. It was first shown at the first Paris dog show, in 1863; the first Briard to be registered in the Livre des Origines Françaises, the national stud-book, was Sans Gêne in 1885. It was in the past also known as the Chien de Berger français de Plaine.

History
The Briard originated in, and is named for, the Brie historic region of north-central France, where it was traditionally used both for herding sheep and to defend them. The first written mention of the shepherd dogs of Brie is thought to be in the Cours complet d'agriculture of Jean-Baptiste François Rozier, who in 1783 wrote that the "chien de Brie" was long-haired and usually black; that in the open plains there was little danger from wolves, and so the dogs were used more for herding than for defence; and that shepherd dogs had the task of preventing the sheep from straying into crops or vineyards where they might cause damage. Pierre Mégnin, writing in 1895, clearly distinguishes the short-haired Chien de Beauce – the modern Beauceron – from the long-haired Chien de Brie or Briard. In 1896, Mégnin was among those who founded the Club des chiens de berger français.

The Berger de Brie was first shown at the first Paris dog show in 1863, where a bitch named Charmant took a prize. The first Briard to be registered in the Livre des Origines Françaises, the national stud-book, was Sans Gêne, winner of a gold medal at the Paris show in 1885. A breed standard was established in 1897, in which two varieties were described: one with a woolly or sheep-like coat, the other with a coat more similar to that of the goat; the woolly type later disappeared. In 1909, a breed society, Les Amis du Briard, was formed.

Breed numbers fell during the First World War; any dog thought suitable for military use was sent to the front. The breed society resumed its activities in 1923, and a rival breed association was formed at about the same time; in 1935, this last organised the first single-breed show for the Berger de Brie, with seventy-eight participants. Numbers again fell sharply under the Nazi occupation of France during the Second World War. After the war the two breed clubs merged under the name Club des Amis du Briard.

In 1954, the Berger de Brie was fully recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.

Partly as a consequence of the mechanisation of agriculture and resulting rural depopulation of the post-War years, the Berger de Brie came to be commonly kept as a companion dog. In the 1970s and 1980s, its numbers increased substantially: annual registrations in the Livre des Origines Françaises rose from 317 in 1970 to 905 in 1975, to 4101 in 1980 and then to a peak of 6364 in 1986, after which they fell precipitously; at one point the breed club had over 6000 members, more than any other French breed association at any time. Disagreements within the association resulted in its expulsion from the Société Centrale Canine; a new breed society, the Association du Berger de Brie, was recognised in 1989. In 1996, ten European breed associations in nine different countries joined to form the Union Européenne du Berger de Brie.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12.6 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

In 2001, blindness caused by a disease similar to Leber congenital amaurosis was partially reversed in three Briard puppies by researchers at Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania using gene therapy.

Characteristics
The coat is long (no less than 7 cm), thick and harsh like that of a goat; it may be solid black, grey, blue or fawn, or fawn overlaid with black; greying is seen to a variable extent. Dogs stand 62–68 cm at the withers, bitches about 56–64 cm. An unusual characteristic of the breed is the double dewclaw on the hind legs; the breed standard specifies a single or absent dewclaw as a disqualifying fault.

title: Briard


text:
Voiceprint

Voiceprint can refer to the spectrogram of a voice. More specific uses include:
 * VoicePrint, as of March 2012 now AMI-audio, Canada's broadcast reading service
 * Voiceprint Records, an English record label
 * The stored template used to identify a person via their voice in speaker recognition

title: Voiceprint


text:
Gasterophilus

Gasterophilus, commonly known as botfly, is a genus of parasitic fly from the family Oestridae that affects different types of animals, especially horses, but it can also act on cows, sheep, and goats. A case has also been recorded in a human baby.

This parasite affects the animal gastrointestinal tract in order to give to their offspring an alimentary source.

Although not deadly, due to the usual low larva population that infests the animal, large larva populations can cause health issues to the host. For example, a typical horse can tolerate a hundred larvae without any effects.

Species
There are nine species of Gasterophilus:
 * Gasterophilus flavipes – ranges Palaearctic and Afrotropical, primarily infects donkeys
 * Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis (lip botfly) – ranges worldwide and primarily infects horses, mules, donkey and reindeer
 * Gasterophilus inermis – an Old World species that infects horses, donkeys and zebra
 * Gasterophilus intestinalis (horse botfly) – ranges worldwide and primarily infects horses, mules and donkeys
 * Gasterophilus meridionalis – ranges Afrotropical and primarily infects zebra
 * Gasterophilus nasalis (throat botfly) – especially Holarctic but ranges worldwide, primarily infects sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, zebra and sometimes cattle
 * Gasterophilus nigricornis (broad-bellied horse bot) – ranges from the Middle East to China, infects duodenum of horses and donkeys
 * Gasterophilus pecorum (dark-winged horse bot) – the most pathogenic species in the genus. Ranges through the Old World and infects the mouth, tongue, esophagus and stomach of horses, donkeys and zebras
 * Gasterophilus ternicinctus – ranges Afrotropical and primarily infects zebra

Larva
In the third larval stage, the larvae have a length that can go from 1.27cm to 1.91 cm. They have a hooked mouthpart that allows them to attach into the gastrointestinal tract of the infected animal and a rounded body that is covered with spines in rows, of which quantity varies from different species.

After this stage, the larva is excreted with the animal feces in the form of a pupa.

Adult
The adults have a length that can be between 1.67 and 1.91 cm. During this phase they look similar to drone bumble bees; They have developed a pair of wings with brown patches and a body that is covered with yellow and black hairs.

Looking into the different species, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. nasalis can be identified because they have two rows of spikes on the ventral surface of the larval segments. G. intestinalis, on the other hand, has mouthparts that are not uniformly curved dorsally and the body spikes present have blunt-ended tips.

Life cycle
The first stage: During the summer months, the full-grown Gasterophilus lays the eggs over the hair, face, and extremities of their future host (these eggs are laid on different portions of the body according to the various Gasterophilus species). Due to the animal grooming that starts after seven days from the egg being laid, the hatched larvae end up in the host mouth and tongue where they get attached for more than a month before being ingested.

During this process, the animal can suffer from inflammation of the oral mucosa.

The second stage: In this stage, the larvae have been ingested and are now in the gastrointestinal tract of the host where they attach themselves. Here, they mature and stay there from eight to nine months to pass the winter and are released in the spring. During this phase, the infection can manifest in the host's digestive system resulting in gastritis or ulceration, which may result in perforations in the walls of the tract in severe cases and much more.

The third stage: The larvae are mature enough to develop their pupa, and once finished they are released with the animal feces during spring. After leaving, which occurs in about 3-10 weeks,(depending on the temperature) the adult bot fly emerges from the pupa and starts the cycle again.

Treatment
The most efficient way known to avoid the infection of Gasterophilus is by parasitizing the animals with products like trichlorphon and dichlorvos, by using hot water to scrub the areas where the eggs are laid to kill the larvae, and by cleaning the areas where the feces of the infected animal had been in order to avoid the adult formation.

title: Gasterophilus


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Gastropods/family taxobox example


text:
Performative utterance

In the philosophy of language and speech acts theory, performative utterances are sentences which not only describe a given reality, but also change the social reality they are describing.

In a 1955 lecture series, later published as How to Do Things with Words, J. L. Austin argued against a positivist philosophical claim that the utterances always "describe" or "constate" something and are thus always true or false. After mentioning several examples of sentences which are not so used, and not truth-evaluable (among them nonsensical sentences, interrogatives, directives and "ethical" propositions), he introduces "performative" sentences or illocutionary act as another instance.

Austin's definition
In order to define performatives, Austin refers to those sentences which conform to the old prejudice in that they are used to describe or constate something, and which thus are true or false; and he calls such sentences "constatives". In contrast to them, Austin defines "performatives" as follows:

 * Performative utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable; instead when something is wrong with them then they are "unhappy", while if nothing is wrong they are "happy".
 * The uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action (Austin later deals with them under the name illocutionary acts), the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as simply "saying" or "describing" something (cf. Austin 1962, 5).

The initial examples of performative sentences Austin gives are these:
 * "I do (sc. take this woman to be my lawful wedded wife)" – as uttered in the course of a marriage ceremony.
 * "I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth"
 * "I give and bequeath my watch to my brother" – as occurring in a will
 * "I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow" (Austin 1962, 5)

As Austin later notices himself, these examples belong (more or less strikingly) to what Austin calls, explicit performatives; to utter an "explicit" performative sentence is to make explicit what act one is performing. However, there are also "implicit", "primitive", or "inexplicit" performatives. When, for instance, one uses the word "Go!" in order to command someone to leave the room then this utterance is part of the performance of a command; and the sentence, according to Austin, is neither true nor false; hence the sentence is a performative; – still, it is not an explicit performative, for it does not make explicit that the act the speaker is performing is a command.

As Austin observes, the acts purported to be performed by performative utterances may be socially contested. For instance, "I divorce you", said three times by a man to his wife, may be accepted to constitute a divorce by some, but not by others.

Every performative utterance has its own procedure and risks of failure that Austin calls 'infelicities'. He sees a sharp distinction between the individual text and the 'total speech act situation' surrounding it. According to Austin, in order to successfully perform an illocutionary act, certain conditions have to be met (e.g. a person who pronounces a marriage must be authorized to do so). Besides the context, the performative utterance itself is unambiguous as well. The words of an illocutionary act have to be expressed in earnest; if not, Austin discards them as a parasitic use of language.

John Searle
Building on Austin's thought, language philosopher John Searle tried to develop his own account of speech acts, suggesting that these acts are a form of rule-governed behaviour. On the one hand, Searle discerns rules that merely regulate language, such as referring and predicating. These rules account for the "propositional content" of sentences. On the other hand, he discerns rules that are constitutive in character and define behaviour (e.g. when making a promise). These rules are the conventions underlying performative utterances and they enable not only representation and expression, but also communication.

This focus on effect implies a conscious actor and Searle assumes that language stems from an intrinsic intentionality of the mind. These intentions set the prerequisites for the performance of speech acts and Searle sets out to map their necessary and sufficient conditions.

Searle argued in his 1989 article How Performatives Work that performatives are true or false just like constatives. Searle further claimed that performatives are what he calls declarations; this is a technical notion of Searle's account: according to his conception, an utterance is a declaration, if "the successful performance of the speech act is sufficient to bring about the fit between words and world, to make the propositional content true." Searle believes that this double direction of fit contrasts the simple word-to-world fit of.

Performative text
Building on the notion of performative utterances, scholars have theorized on the relation of a spoken or written text to its broader context, that is to say everything outside the text itself. The question whether a performative is separable from the situation it emerged in is relevant when one addresses for example the status of individual intentions or speech as a resource of power. There are two main theoretical strands in research today. One emphasizes the predetermined conventions surrounding a performative utterance and the clear distinction between text and context. Another emphasizes the active construction of reality through spoken and written texts and is related to theories of human agency and discourse. The ideas about performance and text have contributed to the performative turn in the social sciences and humanities, proving their methodological use for example in the interpretation of historical texts.

Early theories acknowledge that performance and text are both embedded in a system of rules and that the effects they can produce depend on convention and recurrence. In this sense, text is an instance of 'restored behaviour', a term introduced by Richard Schechner that sees performance as a repeatable ritual. The focus here is largely on individual sentences in the active first person voice, rather than on politics or discourse. The syntactical analyses are firmly anchored in analytical epistemology, as the distinction between the research object and its context is not conceived as problematic.

Postmodernist theories
The second set of theories on performance and text diverged from the tradition represented by Austin and Searle. Bearing the stamp of postmodernism, it states that neither the meaning, nor the context of a text can be defined in its entirety. Instead of emphasizing linguistic rules, scholars within this strand stress that the performative utterance is intertwined with structures of power. Because a text inevitably changes a situation or discourse, the distinction between text and context is blurred.

Austin and Searle thought in terms of demarcated contexts and transparent intentions, two issues that in the 1970s led Searle into polemics with postmodern thinker Jacques Derrida.

The postmodern philosopher Jacques Derrida holds with Austin and Searle that by illocutionary force, language itself can transform and effect. However, he criticizes the notion of 'felicity conditions' and the idea that the success of a performative utterance is determined by conventions. Derrida values the distinctiveness of every individual speech act, because it has a specific effect in the particular situation in which it is performed. It is because of this effect or 'breaking force' that Derrida calls the possibility of repeating a text 'iterability', a word derived from Latin iterare, to repeat.

According to Derrida, the effects caused by a performative text are in a sense also part of it. In this way, the distinction between a text and that what is outside it dissolves. For this reason it is pointless to try to define the context of a speech act.

Besides the consequential effects, the dissolution of the text-context divide is also caused by iterability. Due to the possibility of repetition, the intentions of an individual actor can never be fully present in a speech act. The core of a performative utterance is therefore not constituted by animating intentions, as Austin and Searle would have it, but by the structure of language.

The philosopher Judith Butler offers a political interpretation of the concept of the performative utterance. Power in the form of active censorship defines and regulates the domain of a certain discourse. Indebted to the work of Michel Foucault, Butler expounds how subjects are produced by their context, because the possibilities of speech are predetermined.

Notwithstanding such social restraints, Butler underscores the possibility of agency. The boundaries of a discourse need continuous re-demarcation and this is where speech can escape its constriction. The emphasis on the limits of what is allowed to be said also frames that what is silenced. Performativity has a political aspect that consists in what Derrida has described as the breaking force, by which an utterance changes its context. Butler assigns an important role to what Austin has called infelicities and parasitic uses of language. Quotations, parodies and other deviations from official discourse can become instruments of power that affect society.

Historical methodology
The historian Quentin Skinner developed classical and postmodern theories on performative texts into a concrete research method. Using Austin's vocabulary, he seeks to recover what historical authors were doing in writing their texts, which corresponds with the performance of illocutionary acts. According to Skinner, philosophical ideas are intertwined with claims of power. Every text is an act of communication that positions itself in relation to the status quo it seeks to change.

Skinner agrees with Derrida that contexts in their entirety are irretrievable but nevertheless states that there is a relevant context outside the text that can be described in a plausible way. Extensive research is required to relate historical texts to their contemporary discourses. According to Skinner 'there is a sense in which we need to understand why a certain proposition has been put forward if we wish to understand the proposition itself'. He values agency over structure and stresses the importance of authorial intentions. Skinner therefore proposes to study historical sources in order to retrieve the convictions the author held, reflect on their coherence and investigate possible motives for the illocutionary act. This practical method seeks to deal with the blurred distinction between text and context and offer a meaningful way of interpreting historical reality.

The receiving side
Kent Bach and Robert Harnish claimed that performatives are successful only if recipients infer the intention behind the literal meaning, and that therefore the success of the performative act is determined by the receiving side.

Performativeness as non-dichotomous variable
Eve Sedgwick argued that there are performative aspects to nearly all words, sentences, and phrases. Additionally, according to Sedgwick, performative utterances can be 'transformative' performatives, which create an instant change of personal or environmental status, or 'promisory' performatives, which describe the world as it might be in the future. These categories are not exclusive, so an utterance may well have both qualities. As Sedgwick observes, performative utterances can be revoked, either by the person who uttered them ("I take back my promise"), or by some other party not immediately involved, like the state (for example, gay marriage vows pre-legalisation).

Performative writing
The above ideas have influenced performative writing; they are used as a justification for an attempt to create a new form of critical writing about performance (often about performance art). Such a writing form is claimed to be, in itself, a form of performance. It is said to more accurately reflect the fleeting and ephemeral nature of a performance, and the various tricks of memory and referentiality that happen in the mind of the viewer during and after the performance.

title: Performative utterance


text:
Krais of Russia

A krai (край) is a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation. The country is divided into 85 federal subjects, of which nine are krais. Oblasts, another type of federal subject, are legally identical to krais and the difference between a political entity with the name "krai" or "oblast" is purely traditional; both are constituent entities equivalent in legal status in Russia with representation in the Federation Council. During the Soviet era, the autonomous oblasts could be subordinated to republics or krais, but not to oblasts. Outside of political terminology, both words have a very similar general meaning ("region" or "area" in English) and can often be used interchangeably. When a distinction is desirable, "krai" is sometimes translated into English as "territory", while "oblast" can variously be translated to "province" or "region", but both of these translations are also reasonable interpretations of "krai".

Overview
Each krai features a state government holding authority over a defined geographic territory, with a state legislature, the Legislative Assembly, that is democratically elected. The Governor is the highest executive position of the state government in a Krai, and is elected by people. Krais can be divided into raions (districts), cities/towns of krai significance, and okrugs. Krais previously featured autonomous okrugs until the formation of Zabaykalsky Krai on March 1, 2008, when the last remaining autonomous okrug of a krai was abolished.

The term krai or kray is derived from the Russian word for an edge, and can be translated into English as 'frontier' or 'territory'. The largest krai by geographic size is Krasnoyarsk Krai at 2339700 km2 and the smallest is Stavropol Krai at 66500 km2. The most populous krai is Krasnodar Krai at 5,404,300 (2010 Census) and the least populous is Kamchatka Krai at 322,079 (2010).

Historically, krais were massive first-level administrative divisions in the Russian Empire, divided into large guberniyas (governorates). Following the numerous administration reforms during the Soviet era, the guberniyas were abolished and krais were reshaped into smaller, more numerous divisions. Eventually, krais and oblasts became almost totally equal as the top-level administrative division of the Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), the constituent political entities of the Soviet Union, with the only difference being autonomous oblasts could be subordinated to krais but not to oblasts. The krais were unique to the Russian SFSR, and held very little autonomy or power, but when the Soviet Union dissolved into sovereign states along the lines of the SSRs, they became first-level administrative divisions of the Russian Federation and received much greater devolved power.

List
Below is a list of the krais of Russia, listed in alphabetical order:
 * Altai Krai
 * Kamchatka Krai
 * Khabarovsk Krai
 * Krasnodar Krai
 * Krasnoyarsk Krai
 * Perm Krai
 * Primorsky Krai
 * Stavropol Krai
 * Zabaykalsky Krai

title: Krais of Russia


text:
Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis

Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis (also called nose botfly or lip botfly) is a species of the genus Gasterophilus that lays eggs on the lips and around the mouth of horses, mules and donkeys. Their hatching is simulated by moisture from licking or feeding of hosts.

First instar development: Penetrate epidermis of the lips of hosts and migrate into mouth.

Second instar: move to stomach and duodenum(first section of small intestine)

Third instar: larvae become detached after some time and then pass to the rectum and re-attach themselves.

Appearance: Postsutural scutum with ground color uniformly brown or black legs yellowish brown, with femora distinctly darkened; abdomen ground color dark brown or black, with reddish-yellow or orangish setae posteriorl. Males possess a surstylus that abruptly tapers distally, with short surstylar setae that reach at most halfway to the sagittal plane. Regarding egg description, the pedicel is long and slender, with a width/length ratio of approximately 1/6 in lateral view, comprising 2/5 of the total egg length.

Egg Description: Pedicel long and slender, with width/length ratio around 1/6 in lateral view, accounting for 2/5 of the total egg length.

In Equidae, third-stage larvae attach to the stomach, but also to the rectum, sometimes in great numbers. Heavy infestation can cause anal prolapse in foals and mules.

They do not parasitise humans.

title: Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis


text:
Talk:Tilden Regional Park

Tilden as Amusement Park
By almost any definition of 'amusement park' I've ever heard, Tilden does not qualify. It is an outdoor nature park that happens to have one traditional amusement park ride - a merry go round - in it. That hardly qualifies it as an amusement park. If someone said to you 'hey, lets go to this amusement park I know of' and you said 'great idea, I love amusement parks more than anything else in the world' and you ended up at Tilden, you would be sorely disappointed.--Fizbin (talk) 18:28, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

There is a science museum to have fun in, a train to be ridden, a lake to swim in, a nature center to see.a merry go round to go around in. It fits my idea of a "amusement area in the BAy Area" though I hear what you are saying that it is not Marine World AfricaUSA or Great America. rkmlai (talk) 18:34, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * As I said above, calling it an amusement park is exceedingly deceptive advertising. Great America and the Santa Cruz Boardwalk are amusement parks - Tilden is not. By your definition 90% of the parks in the Bay Area are amusement parks. --Fizbin (talk) 19:07, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I dont believe that 90% of the parks in the Bay Area all include amusement park rides, museums, nature centers. Which parts of the Bay Area do you reside in or abouts ? They sound like fun areas. rkmlai (talk) 19:30, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Grew up next to and played/hiked/rode often in Tilden. Never once considered it an amusement park. Those, back in the day, were Playland at the Beach and the Santa Cruz Boardwalk.--Fizbin (talk) 19:58, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I grew up in Berkeley. Went swimming in Lake Anza, then took my kids to the Redwood Valley Railway and Tilden Park Merry-Go-Round, then later took my girlfriend's dog on walks around Lake Anza. These were the less expensive, local, environmental, amusement parks of my time. I still think Tilden should be listed as an place of "amusement" and "park" rkmlai (talk) 20:47, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Its amusing to think of it as an amusement park. Does that make it one?Mercurywoodrose (talk) 21:41, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Tilden Picture
The picture and caption are obviously mismatched, and were removed from the entry. The photo is of a person, the caption says it is a picture of the park. If someone can confirm that the photo is of Mr. Tilden, perhaps that should be shown under the page for that individual, rather than for the park. Here is what was removed:

 * No idea whether that is Mr Tilden, but there used to be a picture of the park there! I'll have a look for it, and re-upload if necessary.  Pictures on Wikipedia do seem to acquire a life (or death) of their own, sometimes seglea 21:44, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * turns out the picture is Samuel Tilden, uploaded in all innocence by ChrisDJackson who was doing a biog of him. No connection with the park, unless he turns out to be a relative of Charles Lee Tilden - maybe ChrisDJackson will know seglea 21:55, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The photo of thistles and the bay is probably not taken from within the borders of the park, as the park exists beyond the first ridge of hills that are the eastern edge of berkeley. nice photo, though.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 21:39, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Tilden Park is not in Wildcat Canyon
Examination of a map shows the following not to be true: "Much of Tilden Regional Park is situated in the upper stretches of Wildcat Canyon which is also the location of Lake Anza". The upper stretches of Wildcat Canyon are, in fact, Wildcat Canyon Regional Park. Lake Anza is located in the central portion of Tilden Park about a mile above the University of California Berkeley campus. I have removed the erroneous statement. Dangnad (talk) 00:02, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Propose moving the banner from -- and explanation of changes to -- the Features section
Hi! I followed the list of features offered at the park's site to make sure that we had a complete, straightforward list of features, not mixed in with discussions of grazing. I propose that we removed the encyclopedic tone template from this section. Thoughts and input on the section? Chris vLS (talk) 07:35, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Hearing no objection, I'm going to remove the template. Thanks. Chris vLS (talk) 16:43, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Sarah Alexander13 (talk) 18:20, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tilden Regional Park


text:
Talk:1778

years page layout
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page. However pre 1800 the change is largely cosmetic.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:32, 10 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format
09-December-2006: As of December 2006, each year has a different format, as people add events or subhead categories, "Ship events" and such. Year 1778 had month-name subheads parallel to the "Events" subhead (which had events with no months). I divided Events as 3 groups: Jan-June, July-December, and Unknown-dates. It seems unless month names are identified in subheaders, the un-dated events get added into scattered locations. As with any Wiki article, the format evolves, and multiple people must edit to maintain all 5: new facts, accurate facts, images, Wiki-format, and consistency with related articles. It is too difficult to expect each person will master all 5 jobs. -Wikid77 17:11, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Images

 * [See: Talk:1780. -Wikid77 13:11, 11 December 2006 (UTC)]

Hi, what is Dogsember as mentioned twice on page? Is this an error? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.75.128.200 (talk) 07:48, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

UK declared war
"February 6 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France, signaling official recognition of the new republic" - a short time after that (when exactly??) the UK declared War to France. Does so. know the exact date ? --Neun-x (talk) 08:31, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
 * If you read further down the page, it says that on July 10, France declared war on the UK. /Ludde23 Talk Contrib 10:51, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:1778


text:
Talk:1777

years page layout
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page. However pre 1800 the change is largely cosmetic.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:33, 10 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

events on the war

 * (empty)

Images

 * [See: Talk:1780. -Wikid77 13:47, 11 December 2006 (UTC)]

Anura 2402:4000:12CD:6F7E:1:0:2E5D:3769 (talk) 01:32, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

anne 175.157.175.169 (talk) 12:59, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1777


text: Template:Motorola processors and microcontrollers


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Gastropods/species taxobox example with picture


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tmxxine

 * I consider this patent nonsense and borderline for speedy deletion. I'll let others see if they agree though. EddEdmondson 19:42, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe it is patent rubbish and have deleted it, as others have in the past, and as I would encourage others to do in the future if it should be recreated again. UninvitedCompany 19:43, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I almost did, but thought it might warrant the process (then someone else beat me to the nomination). Kill it. Meelar 00:56, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense: Speedy Delete. Much of the text looks like similar to Markov text, and I wonder if some of it was generated as a prank to test the boundaries of what we are willing to accept. -- The Anome 00:59, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Given the apparent consensus here, and my belief that this is a case for speedy deletion on the patent nonsense criterion rather than a candidate for VfD, I'm going to delete. -- The Anome 01:11, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not, RickK got there first. -- The Anome 01:12, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tmxxine


title: User:Jam2k


text:
Autonomous okrugs of Russia

Autonomous okrugs (автономный округ, avtonomnyy okrug; more correctly referred to as "autonomous districts" or "autonomous areas") are a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation and simultaneously an administrative division type of some federal subjects. As of 2024, Russia has four autonomous okrugs of its 83 federal subjects. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the only okrug which is not subordinate to an oblast. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a part of Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are parts of Tyumen Oblast.

According to the Constitution of the Soviet Union, in case of a union republic voting on leaving the Soviet Union, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts, and autonomous okrugs had the right, by means of a referendum, to independently resolve whether they will stay in the USSR or leave with the seceding union republic, as well as to raise the issue of their state-legal status.

History
Originally called national okrug, this type of administrative unit was created in the 1920s and widely implemented in the 1930s to provide autonomy to Indigenous peoples of the North, like the Karelian National Okrug for the Tver Karelians. The 1977 Soviet Constitution changed the term "national okrugs" to "autonomous okrugs" in order to emphasize that they were indeed autonomies and not simply another type of administrative and territorial division. While the 1977 Constitution stipulated that the autonomous okrugs were subordinated to the oblasts and krais, this clause was revised on December 15, 1990, when it was specified that autonomous okrugs were subordinated directly to the Russian SFSR, although they still could stay in the jurisdiction of a krai or an oblast to which they were subordinated before.

Recent developments
In 1990, ten autonomous okrugs existed within the RSFSR. Between 2005 and 2008, the three autonomous okrugs in which the titular nationality constituted more than 30% of the population were abolished. Since then, three more have been abolished, leaving four. On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following the collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. The process was subsequently scrapped on July 2 following public outcry to the merger.

The ten autonomous okrugs in 1990 were:

Ethnic composition of autonomous okrugs
The table below also includes autonomous okrugs which have since changed status.

title: Autonomous okrugs of Russia


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Gastropods/genus taxobox example with picture


text:
Rat Terrier

The Rat Terrier is an American dog breed with a background as a farm dog and hunting companion. They share much ancestry with the small hunting dogs known as feists. Common throughout family farms in the 1920s and 1930s, they are now recognized by the United (UKC) and American Kennel Clubs (AKC) and are considered a rare breed. Rat Terriers are an intelligent and active breed that can be kept both for pest control and as a family pet.

Appearance
The Rat Terrier ranges from about 10 to 25 lb and stands 10 to 18 in at the shoulder. The miniature size—13 in and under as defined by the UKC—has become more popular as a house pet and companion dog, but the miniature is still a hunting dog. The standard says "small to medium" and the miniature is small enough to go in and under those places where vermin like to hide. A larger strain, often in excess of 25 lb, has been developed. Called the Decker or Decker Giant, it was named after breeder Milton Decker who created a larger hunting companion and are recognized by the National Rat Terrier Association (NRTA, see "Breed recognition" below). UKC and AKC do not recognize the Decker strain as another breed; they are merely considered a standard variety. The NRTA recognizes a Toy variety weighing 10 lb or less. The NRTA continues to classify the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier as the Type B Rat Terrier. In the 1970s, a hairless mutation appeared in a single Rat Terrier and was propagated into a strain of the Rat Terrier. After a period of development this line resulted in the American Hairless Terrier, recognized as a separate breed by several registries.

The Rat Terrier comes in a variety of coat colors. The classic coloring is black tan point with piebald spotting (known as black tricolor), but chocolate, tan (varying in shade from pale gold to dark mahogany), blue, isabella (pearl), lemon, and apricot are all fairly common. They may be tricolor or bicolor, always with some amount of white present. Sable may overlay any of these colors. Creeping tan (often "Calico"), is also acceptable. Ticking is usually visible in the white parts of the coat, or in the underlying skin. Brindle, currently disallowed by the main breed standards, is considered by some to be a traditional Rat Terrier pattern, and there is a growing movement to have this pattern accepted into the breed. However, merle is widely considered to be the result of recent outcrosses and, because of associated health problems, is rejected by most Rat Terrier breeders.

Ear carriage is erect, but can also be tipped, or button, all of which contribute to an intelligent, alert expression. The tail has been traditionally docked to about 2 - 3 in, but the bobtail gene is very common in Rat Terriers and can result in a variety of tail lengths. Today, some breeders prefer a natural, undocked tail, which is accepted in the breed standards.

Rat Terriers tend to be both intelligent and stubborn, knowing how to get what they want when they want it. They are also considered good family pets because of their energy and compatibility with kids. They are playful and require much exercise.

Temperament

The social sensitivity of Rat Terriers makes them very trainable and easier to live with for the average pet owner, but it also means that extensive socialization from an early age is critical. Proper socialization of a Rat Terrier puppy includes exposing the animal to a wide variety of people and places, particularly during the first three months of life. Like most active and intelligent breeds, Rat Terriers tend to be happier when they receive a great deal of mental stimulation and exercise. Rat terriers are usually loyal to their owners and are very respectful if they receive the proper amount of training at a young age.

Health

Due to regular outcrossings throughout the Rat Terrier's history, overall it is a very hardy breed. However, with its growth in popularity in recent years some issues are becoming more common. The Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) recommends that Rat Terriers be tested for patellar luxation, cardiac abnormalities, pancreatic issues, hip dysplasia, and Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome. The average lifespan of a well-bred Rat Terrier is 16–19 years.

History
The earliest-known record of a rat-catching dog is that of "Hatch", whose remains were recovered from the Mary Rose, the flagship of Henry VIII, sunk in 1545 and re-raised in 1982. Hatch is thought to have been a mongrel, and was brought on board to control the rat population. The breed name comes from the occupation of its earliest ancestors brought to the US by working-class British migrants as the dogs were used in rat-baiting. However, they were, for the most part, bred for speed. Their speed is used for controlling vermin and hunting small game such as squirrels and hares. After the 1890s, as the breed type became popular in the United States, they were bred with beagles, Italian Greyhounds, and Manchester Terriers. Many of the foundation Rat Terriers were indistinguishable from small mixed-breed hunting dogs known as "feists". The smaller varieties diverged from the Rat Terrier line very early on, with UKC registration for the Toy Fox Terrier beginning in 1936.

Rat Terriers were cherished as loyal hunting companions and efficient killers of vermin on 20th-century American farms: as a result, they were one of the most popular dog types from the 1920s to the 1940s. However, the widespread use of chemical pesticides and the growth of commercial farming led to a sharp decline in the breed from the 1950s onwards. Breed loyalists maintained the bloodline, leading to the modern Rat Terrier.

The genetic diversity of the Rat Terrier has contributed to the overall health, keen intelligence, and soundness of the breed. Most modern breeds were developed from a few founding dogs and then propagated from a closed gene pool. In contrast, the Rat Terrier has benefited from a long history of refinement with regular outcrosses to bring in useful qualities and genetic variability.

In the current times, the Rat Terrier is becoming popular not only as a family pet but as a working dog in several fields.

Their affectionate and calm temperament along with small size has made them popular as service dogs in hospice, treatment for depression, in Assisted Living, and other human-care jobs.

Police departments have started using them as contraband search dogs as their intelligence level shortens training to as little as three weeks which is much shorter than for traditional police service breeds. Also, their small size allows search of cars, homes, and prison cells without causing the major damage a large German Shepherd or other traditional police service breed would do during a car search and lessening the chances of major financial settlements if there is nothing found during a search.

One source claims that a single terrier killed 2,501 rats in a seven-hour period in a rat-infested barn (an average of one rat every ten seconds).

Breed recognition
Rat Terrier organizations exhibit the typical disputes over the course of action to be taken for the promotion and preservation of the breed. As usual among working breeds, points of departure are which dog type best represents the breed and whether the dog's working qualities will be sacrificed to selection for conformation show competition.

The Rat Terrier Club of America is the official breed parent club for the American Kennel Club (AKC). Rat Terriers were accepted into the AKC's terrier group June 2012. Rat terriers have been competing in the United Kennel Club events for over 15 years. UKC is a family-friendly group that promotes many different venues for dogs to compete. The National Rat Terrier Association is the largest independent registry and has maintained lineage records for decades. Feeling the working terrier nature of the breed will suffer, it is the most prominent of those clubs and associations opposed to Kennel Club closed-registry breeding rules.

The Decker Hunting Terrier Registry was created specifically for the Decker Giant. This registry's mission is to keep all the qualities that set the Decker aside from the standard Rat Terrier, while retaining and improving upon the hunting ability.

The UKC officially recognized the breed on January 1, 1999. The AKC recognized the Rat Terrier as a breed on July 1, 2010; however, it allowed them to compete in companion events beginning January 1, 2006 in sanctioned AKC Companion events (Obedience, Agility, Rally). The first Rat Terrier to earn a title under AKC Sanctioning was in Agility on January 14, 2006 in Van Nuys, California by Harpur's Giddy Upp "Gigi" and D. Davidson Harpur. AKC accepted the Rat Terrier into the Terrier Group in June 2012. The first AKC Champion Rat Terrier was "Annie" GCH GRCH King Pen RnB's Queen Ann bred, owned by Sherry & Dud Lee Hendrix of Modesto, California.

title: Rat Terrier