text:
Talk:Income redistribution

Wealth redistibution vs. income redisrtibution
Tsk. Wealth redistribution is the meta issue. income redistribution is only one element of wealth distribution. The recent redirect is in completely the wrong direction; the right article has been thrown away, the wrong (or at least subsidiary) has been retained. Bah. --Tagishsimon

Cleaning up
I'm cleaning up some of the socialist bullshit in the 'proponents argue' paragraph. It looks like it was written by some 9th grader who had Jay Bennish as a teacher, and failed to notice that this article is titled 'Income redistribution', not 'Wealth redistribution'. -- Anonymous 69.194.38.246 00:59, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Tagishsimon has a point. This article probably should be titled 'Wealth redistribution'. -- John Alder 10:59, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

I couldn't help but notice how one-sided and poorly written this article is. Could someone please work on making the article a little more neutral? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.106.104.4 (talk) 09:30, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Propose merger with Property redistribution
--Mike18xx 12:08, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Anybody? Anybody? Bueller? ...?--Mike18xx 02:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

I think income redistribution and property redistribution – and also "wealth redistribution" – should be merged to an article redistribution as they were before, because they're all more or less the same purpose. Béka 11:08, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That's nuts. They are very different, if only because we can't redistribute property in America (see takings clause) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.13.194.15 (talk • contribs) 25 October 2006.

I agree that the the various types of redistribution should be merged, since income redistribution, property redistribution and wealth redistribution has one aim soley, that is, to reduce income inequality among various income groups and reduce the incidence of proverty. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.50.85.8 (talk • contribs) 25 October 25, 2006.

Define and distinguish these very different terms; as different as stock and flow
Keep wealth and income separate. Indeed, clearly define and sharply distinguish these very different terms. Wealth is a stock variable and income a flow--both measured in very different units (wealth as an absolute level, often measured in dollars alone; income as a rate, a flow of dollars per unit of time, usually a year). In the bathtub model, wealth relates to the level of accumulated water in the tub--a function of income and expenditures, the rates it flows into, minus out of, the tub.

Also distinguish those components of income that flow from labor, capital, gifts, inheritances, etc.--and the non-monetary forms of both income and wealth, as Emerson does here:

"The first wealth is health."

The above can also "flow" into discussions of national budgets, deficits and surpluses, debt--as well as GDP (flows of goods and services--and goods and bads), net economic welfare, national wealth, etc.

Best,

Tom Foote

 * Hmm. I'd be more inclined to combine them. It seems to me that it is more useful to be able to compare and contrast within a single article. - Jmabel | Talk 02:47, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with Tom Foote: keep income redistribution separate from wealth redistribution. The two have radically different policy implications, and different social consequences as well. Furthermore, property redistribution is a form of wealth redistribution, but its role in economic and political history is so different from "wealth taxation" that it too needs its own article. These are extremely tricky areas of public policy, and deserve far better treatment that Wikipedia has heretofore given them. — Aetheling 18:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed reference to the 2007 Public Choice Journal study. The study is not clear as to it's definition of "redistribution." It has been made clear here in the discussion page that the distinction between income redistribution, wealth redistribution and property redistribution is a very important one. We don't know if the study's results are appropriate for this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.237.19.42 (talk) 08:19, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Who benefits?
According to German scholar Olaf Gersemann, tranfers in Europe overwhelmingly go to the middle class: ''In Germany, the poorest 30% get 31.7% of the cash transfers. In Italy, they get only 20.5%''

Other authors point out that the greatest recipients of redistribution are public sector workers, well above poor welfare recipients. I have not seen all the data, but it would be worthwhile to look at the budget and calculate how much the poorest actually receive. With the big military spending of the US budget, who knows how much redistribution actually goes to defense contractors? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Flix2000 (talk • contribs).

 * At least for Germany, that would be reasonably impressive: a generally disenfranchised section of society getting approximately an equal share of anything is rather exceptional.

 * Doing our own calculations of net effects of a budget would be precisely the type of original research that Wikipedia does not accept, but if you can find published work from reliable sources, that would be a good addition. I have no doubt that at least since the early 1980s the net wealth transfers in the U.S. have been upward, not downward; income transfer is probably harder to get a clear handle on. - Jmabel | Talk 19:43, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

In "The state against blacks" Walter Williams proves with several case studies just that. Poor minority americans in the cities studied received less in transfers than they paid in taxes (local,state and federal).--82.211.83.9 13:30, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Move/Merger
After thinking about it for awhile, I think this article should be changed slightly and moved to "Wealth redistribution" to replace the (much worse) article that used to be there. Or, alternatively, it could be merged with "Property redistribution" and moved to "Redistribution (economics)". Thoughts?-- Thesocialistesq/M.Lesocialiste 01:08, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. "Spread the wealth" redirects to that page. It's an obvious attempt to attack obama.YVNP (talk) 04:24, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Difference between redistribution and socialism
Socialism is not about redistribution. Socialist believe in giving the government as much control over the economy. As I said on the wealth redistribution page I suspect this is a republican vandalism.YVNP (talk) 04:23, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:50, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Income redistribution


text:
Acid (disambiguation)

An acid is any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH of less than 7.0.

Acid or ACID may also refer to:

Science

 * Corrosive substance, commonly (though imprecisely) referred to as an acid
 * Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a semisynthetic, psychedelic drug commonly referred to as acid

Computing

 * ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), an initialism for the transactional properties of database management systems
 * Acid1, a web browser test page
 * Acid2
 * Acid3
 * Acid Pro, professional digital audio workstation software
 * Acid (computer virus), a computer virus

Music

 * "Acid-like", the sound produced by the Roland TB-303 electronic music synthesizer

Genres

 * Psychedelic music, inspired by the use of psychedelic drugs including LSD
 * Acid rock, originating in the mid-1960s
 * Acid house, originating in the mid-1980s
 * Acid jazz, originating in the mid-1980s
 * Acid trance, originating in the early to mid-1990s
 * Acid techno, originating in the early 1990s
 * Neo-Psychedelia, originating in the early 1980s, and sometimes called acid punk
 * Stoner rock, originating in the mid-1990s, and sometimes called acid metal
 * Psychedelic funk, originating in the late-1960s, and sometimes called acid funk

Bands

 * Acid (Belgian band), a Belgian heavy metal band
 * Acid (band), a Japanese band
 * Acid (hip hop group), a Burmese hip-hop group
 * The Acid, an electronic music band

Songs

 * "Acid", by Venom from the 1991 album Temples of Ice
 * "Acid", by Red Harvest from the 1992 album Nomindsland
 * "Acid", by Esham from the 1992 album Judgement Day Vol. 1: Day
 * "Acid", by Toad the Wet Sprocket from the 1997 album MOM II: Music for Our Mother Ocean
 * "Acid", by Emm Gryner from the 1998 album Public
 * "Acid", by Gigi D'Agostino from the 1999 EP Tanzen
 * "Acid", by G.G.F.H. from the 2001 album The Very Beast of G.G.F.H. Vol. 1
 * "Acid", by Lil Wyte from the 2003 album Doubt Me Now
 * "Acid", by Ghost Town from the 2014 album The After Party
 * "Acid", by Blancmange from the 2015 album Semi Detached
 * "Acid", by Power Trip from the 2018 album Opening Fire: 2008–2014
 * "Acid", by Jockstrap from the 2020 EP Wicked City
 * "Acidic", by Slipknot from the 2022 album The End, So Far

Other uses

 * A common street name for LSD
 * Acid (2018 film), a 2018 Russian drama film
 * Acid (2023 film), a 2023 Franco-Belgian fantasy drama film
 * Acid (novel), a 2016 novel by Sangeetha Sreenivasan
 * ACiD Productions, an underground digital art group also known as ANSI Creators in Demand
 * "Acid", a track on Richard Pryor's 1976 comedy album Bicentennial Nigger
 * Acid Betty, Jewish-American drag queen
 * Acid (YouTuber), Belgian influencer convicted for stalking

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acid (disambiguation)


text:
J. Bradford DeLong

James Bradford "Brad" DeLong (born June 24, 1960) is an American economic historian who has been a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley since 1993.

Education
DeLong received a BA in social studies from Harvard University in 1982, and a PhD in economics from Harvard in 1987. From 1986 to 1987, he was an instructor at MIT, and he taught economics at Harvard and Boston University from 1987 to 1993. In 1991–92 he was a John M. Olin Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, where he has also been a research associate since 1995.

Career
DeLong joined U.C. Berkeley as an associate professor in 1993. From April 1993 to May 1995, he served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the Treasury Department in Washington, DC. As an official in the Treasury Department in the Clinton administration, he worked on the 1993 federal budget, the unsuccessful health care reform effort, and other policies, and on several trade issues, including the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the North American Free Trade Agreement. He became a full professor at Berkeley in 1997 and has been there ever since.

DeLong has been a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow.

Along with Joseph Stiglitz and Aaron Edlin, DeLong is co-editor of The Economists' Voice, and has been co-editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives. He is also the author of a textbook, Macroeconomics, the second edition of which he coauthored with Martha Olney. He co-edited (with Heather Boushey and Marshall Steinbaum) the book After Piketty: The Agenda for Economics and Inequality (2017), a volume of 22 essays about how to integrate inequality into economic thinking. He also contributes to Project Syndicate.

In 1990 and 1991, DeLong and Lawrence Summers co-wrote two theoretical papers that became critical theoretical underpinnings for the financial deregulation put in place when Summers was Secretary of the Treasury under Bill Clinton.

In 2019, DeLong said that he and other neoliberals had been "certainly wrong, 100 percent, on the politics" of economic policies. While he continued to believe that "good incremental policies" might be superior, he concluded that they were politically unattainable because of the lack of Republicans willing to work toward such goals. Instead, DeLong said, he favored "Medicare for all, funded by a carbon tax, with a whole bunch of Universal Basic Income rebates for the poor and public investment in green technologies." He concluded, "The world appears to be more like what lefties thought it was than what I thought it was for the last 10 or 15 years."

DeLong is an active blogger on political and economic issues and media criticism. In 2022, he published Slouching Towards Utopia, an economic history of the 20th century from a Keynesian perspective.

Personal life
DeLong lives in Berkeley, California, with his wife, Ann Marie Marciarille, a professor of law (specializing in healthcare law) at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

Publications

 * Slouching Towards Utopia (2022 Basic Books -- 605 pp economic history from 1870 through 2010 detailing phenomenal growth in wealth and failure to achieve social justice.)
 * "Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets" (Journal of Political Economy, 1990; co-authored with Andrei Shleifer, Lawrence Summers, and Robert Waldmann)
 * "Equipment Investment and Economic Growth" (Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1991; co-authored with Lawrence Summers)
 * "In Defense of Mexico's Rescue" (Foreign Affairs, 1996; co-authored with Christopher DeLong and Sherman Robinson)
 * "Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution" (Journal of Law and Economics 1993; co-authored with Andrei Shleifer)
 * "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Programme" (in R. Dornbusch et al., eds., Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East, Cambridge: M.I.T., 1993; co-authored with Barry Eichengreen)
 * "Between Meltdown and Moral Hazard: The International Monetary and Financial Policy of the Clinton Administration" (co-authored with Barry J. Eichengreen)
 * "Review of Robert Skidelsky (2000), John Maynard Keynes, volume 3, Fighting for Britain" (Journal of Economic Literature, 2002)
 * "The Triumph of Monetarism?" (Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2000)
 * "Asset Returns and Economic Growth" (Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2005; co-authored with Dean Baker and Paul Krugman)
 * "Productivity Growth in the 2000s" (NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2003)
 * "The New Economy: Background, Questions, Speculations" (Economic Policies for the Information Age, 2002; co-authored with Lawrence Summers)
 * "Speculative Microeconomics for Tomorrow's Economy" (First Monday, 2000; co-authored with Michael Froomkin)
 * "America's Peacetime Inflation" (in Reducing Inflation, 1998)
 * "Keynesianism Pennsylvania-Avenue Style" (Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1996)
 * "Productivity and Machinery Investment: A Long-Run Look, 1870-1980" (Journal of Economic History, June 1992)
 * "The Stock Market Bubble of 1929: Evidence from Closed-End Funds" (Journal of Economic History, September 1991; co-authored with Andrei Shleifer)

title: J. Bradford DeLong


text:
User talk:Austin Hair/Archive I

Hi,

I renamed your account as requested on Changing_username. If there are any problems, please drop me a note. -- JeLuF 20:15, Jul 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Many thanks! —Austin Hair 03:03, Jul 6, 2004 (UTC)

Nice re-writing on the new Zoroastrian paragraph on Chinese adherents. Good job! --Menchi 01:38, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * And thank you, in turn, for your contribution on the topic—I wasn't previously aware of the extent of Zoroastrianism's influence in China, and it makes the article less Persia-centric. Austin Hair 01:42, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

Secular humanism
Please see the manual of style — the correct capitalisation for secular humanism was at secular humanism, not Secular Humanism, which probably ought to be a redirect though. Only an admin can move it back. Dunc_Harris|☺ 19:26, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I did, in fact, consult the MoS, which reflects the common English capitalization rules I complied with—Secular Humanism is a proper noun phrase referring to a religious/philosophical movement, and is capitalized as such in the text of the relevant articles themselves. This is analagous to "catholic" (the Church as a universal entity) but "Roman Catholic" (the body of churches presided over by the Bishop of Rome).  Austin Hair 23:38, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

Analogue disc record
I'm moving my comment not yours.

I originally placed my comment in the wrong place and I positioned it where I originally intended which is after Graham's comment. If you look at the datestamps you will see that your comment was after mine. Mintguy (T) 09:55, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * In that case, the indentation should reflect that, don't you agree? Austin Hair 09:57, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * The indentation is in line with my earlier comment above that. If you want to change it go ahead. Mintguy (T)

 * I simply don't want it to appear as if I were replying to your comment, which I'm not, as one might be led to believe based on our threading conventions. Austin Hair 10:06, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

Indentation
I can't find it at the moment but somewhere in the Wikipedia namespace, it is suggested that comments be added using using the following indentation style. Not that I follow this everytime of course (as above).

 * comment from A
 * comment from B
 * comment from C
 * comment from A
 * comment form B
 * comment from C
 * comment from A
 * comment from C
 * comment from D
 * comment form B

 * If you want to indent it further go ahead, but I don't think it looks like you are replying to me, when the sentence begins "I too disagree.." Mintguy (T) 10:09, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Cricket
Thank you for sorting out the cricket (sport) thing. You are officially my hero of the day. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:41, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I still haven't finished, but you're certainly welcome, and I thank you for the kind words. Austin Hair 10:52, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, thank you again - I trust that you are not doing it all by hand? If so, I'll give you a gold star too! -- ALoan (Talk) 10:54, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I am, but it's not as painful as you might think—my browser (Lynx) and textarea editor (vi) make this relatively easy, if somewhat tedious, work. Austin Hair 11:01, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * [Sorry - I neglected to give you your gold star: here you are. I trust that a Soviet honour will not offend ;) -- ALoan (Talk) 01:34, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)]

 * Not if it's awarded in the spirit of irony, anyway! Much of the credit goes to Kate, who jumped in midway and fixed at least as many articles as I did, but I gratefully accept your acclaim.  Austin Hair 07:48, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, the thanks is sincere, but the star is somewhat ironic. As you have probably seen, I gave a gold star to Kate too - but thanks for your help too! -- ALoan (Talk) 09:27, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Analogue disc record
I notice that you've retained both of your votes for the runoff—an act which effectively cancels itself out, regardless of whether votes count for 1 or 0.5. Are you sure you can't be persuaded to hop off the fence? Austin Hair 16:02, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * My (peculiar) reason for wanting the votes counted as 0.5 is that I wanted my indifference to be recognized in to any statement of the final vote. To take an extreme example, if there were five people in favor of "Gramophone record", two in favor of "Record (audio)", and 10,000 who feel as I do, then I would want the final vote stated as 5005 to 5002 rather than 5 to 2. My reason for saying 0.5 votes per proposal is that I'm only entitled to one vote total.

 * Actually I'm sort of enjoying this. I don't think it really matters what the title is as long as everything else redirects to it, and I think it's amusing that there is so clearly no consensus. I refuse to Wikistress about it. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:15, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, no Wikistress here, and in the end all that matters is that we finally ditch that crappy title. I'm pulling for the colloquial, dialect-neutral option, though.  Austin Hair 16:32, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

Anonymous comment on Village Pump
Hi Austin. I'm sorry that the comment you responded to was taken off. The user had placed pretty little messages like "Fuck off wanker admins" throughout the Village Pump, and it was only later that I realised my reversion of his or her edits had also removed a valid comment. I have restored it now. Sorry for the inconvenience. - Mark 05:44, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Support
Hey! Thanks for voting for me during my run for admin. No doubt I'll see you on IRC tonight and we can talk more then. Mike H 23:42, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your support for my adminship, and your kind words. Jayjg 16:26, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

title: User talk:Austin Hair/Archive I


text:
Systems science

Systems science, also referred to as systems research, or, simply, systems, is a transdisciplinary field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout engineering, technology and science, itself.

To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems. The field aims to develop transdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business, technology, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.

Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.

Associated fields
The systems sciences are a broad array of fields. One way of conceiving of these is in three groups: fields that have developed systems ideas primarily through theory; those that have done so primarily through practical engagements with problem situations; and those that have applied ideas for other disciplines.

Control theory

 * Affect control theory
 * Control engineering
 * Control systems

Cybernetics

 * Autopoiesis
 * Conversation Theory
 * Engineering Cybernetics
 * Perceptual Control Theory
 * Management Cybernetics
 * Second-Order Cybernetics
 * Cyber-Physical Systems
 * Artificial Intelligence
 * Synthetic Intelligence

General systems theory

 * Systems theory in anthropology
 * Biochemical systems theory
 * Ecological systems theory
 * Developmental systems theory
 * General systems theory
 * Living systems theory
 * LTI system theory
 * Social systems
 * Sociotechnical systems theory
 * Mathematical system theory
 * World-systems theory

Soft systems methodology
The soft systems methodology was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year action research programme. The main contributor is Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK), a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University.

Systems analysis
Systems analysis branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, or interaction with its environment, often prior to their automation as computer models. Systems analysis is closely associated with the RAND corporation.

Systemic design
Systemic design integrates methodologies from systems thinking with advanced design practices to address complex, multi-stakeholder situations.

Systems dynamics

 * System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems", which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows.

Systems engineering

 * Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of engineering, that focuses on the development and organization of complex systems. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems", for example: signal processing systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering. Systems Science is foundational to the Embedded Software Development that is founded in the embedded requirements of Systems Engineering.

 * Aerospace systems
 * Biological systems engineering
 * Earth systems engineering and management
 * Electronic systems
 * Enterprise systems engineering
 * Software systems
 * Systems analysis

Earth system science

 * Climate systems
 * Systems geology

Systems biology

 * Computational systems biology
 * Synthetic biology
 * Systems immunology
 * Systems neuroscience

Systems ecology

 * Ecosystem ecology
 * Agroecology

Systems psychology

 * Ergonomics
 * Family systems theory
 * Systemic therapy

title: Systems science


text:
Talk:Human growth hormone

Content was integrated into growth hormone. For a variety of reasons explained near the end of growth hormone treatment, "human growth hormone" is no longer the preferred name in a physiological or medical context.Alteripse 23:29, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Why use the term "nonsense?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.12.201.88 (talk • contribs)
 * Because much of the "information" you can find about things "labeled" HGH on the net is nonsense: lies, misinformation, fraud, ignorant misunderstandings, etc. We had an article spelling out the details until another editor who defends health fraud and dishonesty as just another respectable POV forced its removal. alteripse 23:48, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The word "nonsense" is not NPOV, see NPOV. I changed the phrase from "nonsense promulgated by the internet" to "lacking approval by the medical community" to conform with policy in the way the policy page suggested. The editor that removed details from another page did not act properly according to the policy, the controversy should be explained, not hidden. hateless 18:49, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Fraud is an objectively definable and supportable term; so is nonsense. Many of the HGH "information" and products meet all criteria to be described as such. Accuracy is the preferred POV of an encyclopedia; go elsewhere if you want to write from a different POV. alteripse 23:11, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You need to calm down, alteripse. Nonsense is not an objective term, "making sense" is an individual feat and thus subjective. Fraud has an objective measure, and that's why its kept. And on a personal level, I would agree with you that it all qualifies as garbage, but I know my opinions have nothing to do with this encyclopedia. Let me note that one man's "accuracy" is another man's "subjective opinion". It leads to edit wars, it does not work for a collaborative encyclopedia. And please don't tell me to go elsewhere when you're the one who disagrees with one of the three core principals of Wikipedia. hateless 05:46, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Conversion to redirect
The page in its existing form was not a real disambiguation page, but more of an index to articles pertaining to a common topic. All of the articles were already linked at the top of growth hormone, except for HGH controversies which was linked in the growth hormone treatment article that was linked at the top of the main GH article.

All of the pages linking to HGH were pertaining to growth hormone itself, which the GH article describes. Since the destination is obvious, disambiguation is unneccessary, and I've converted the page to a redirect. Riotgear 09:17, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Except you made it so it takes 2 steps instead of one for someone to find what they want; not an improvement with all that jazz and all how can we become superstarts ??

. alteripse 13:31, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It does not take 2 steps. In the case of GH itself, which is the most likely situation, it takes 1 less step, in any other case, it takes the same number of steps because the links are already right on the top of the GH page.  In the case of HGH controversies ONLY, it takes an additional step.  ALL of the links to the human growth hormone page are in reference to growth hormone, so it makes no sense for a disambiguation page to be in here when it is NOT ambiguous what people are looking for, it just gives them one MORE link to click. Riotgear 04:48, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I am going to have to agree with Riotgear, this isn't a dab page. Dab pages are for a set of articles with the same name, not to list out articles related to the subject. Either this needs to be expanded into into an article with these links or redirected. Also, HGH is a dab page that directs to this page, which is bad as well, a dab page should never link to another dab page. --Holderca1talk 15:55, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human growth hormone


text:
Talk:Azeroth

Replacing this stub--this is totally wrong!

"In the computer game WarCraft, Azeroth is a mythical fortress in which orcs reside."

 * This article isn't even a disambiguation because it really only links to 1 article containing the name. Lame. Just delete it already, as you would treat most other Warcraft related articles. --Intentionally unsigned —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.175.18.130 (talk) 00:48, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Azeroth


text:
Austromoine

Stremonius or Saint Austremonius or Saint Stramonius or Austromoine, the "apostle of Auvergne," was the first Bishop of Clermont. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Legend
During the consulship (in 250 AD) of the Emperor Decius and Vettius Gratus, according to Gregory of Tours, who calls him Stremonius, Pope Fabian sent out seven bishops from Rome to Gaul to preach the Gospel: Gatien to Tours, Trophimus to Arles, Paul to Narbonne, Saturninus to Toulouse, Denis to Paris, Martial to Limoges, and Austromoine to Clermont (Historia Francorum, i.30).

At Clermont he is said to have converted the senator Cassius of Clermont and the pagan priest Victorinus, to have sent St. Serenus to Thiers, St. Marius to Salers, and Antoninus into other parts of Auvergne, and to have been beheaded. A tradition states that Saint Austremonius ordered Nectarius of Auvergne to Christianize the plain of Limagne in the Massif Central.

Veneration
His veneration was highly localized, but at Clermont he was moved back in time, to the 1st century AD, along with others of the Apostles to Gaul, such as Saint Martial, to become one of the "seventy-two Disciples of Christ", and was claimed to have been a converted Jew who came with St. Peter from Palestine to Rome and subsequently became the Apostle of Auvergne, as well as of Berry and Nivernais.

This local view found its origin in a life of St. Austremonius written in the 10th century in the Abbey of Mozac, where the body of the saint was transferred in 761. The Vita was rewritten and amplified by the monks of Issoire, who retained as a relic the saint's head. There is a further elaborated Vita of the late 11th century, with new episodes, made at the same time as a forgery of a charter of Pippin (the Short or one of two kings of Aquitaine being intended). The tomb was opened in 1197.

Gregory of Tours, who was born in Auvergne in 544 and was well versed in the history of that country, looks upon Austremonius as one of the seven envoys who, about 250, evangelized Gaul; he relates how the body of the saint was first interred at Issoire, being there the object of great veneration, before the body, though not the head, was translated to Clermont.

The possibility that the major dioceses of Gaul each needed an apostolic figure, and that where the historical details had lapsed (compare Gatien of Tours) one had to be supplied, to serve local pride, should not be entirely dismissed.

title: Austromoine


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Harwoods Hole

Harwoods Hole is a cave system located in the northwest of the South Island of New Zealand, in the Abel Tasman National Park. At 183 m, it is New Zealand's deepest vertical shaft. It was first explored in 1958, long after it was discovered.

Formation
Evidence suggests that run-off from an area of approximately 20 square km converged into a stream that then flowed down a dry valley to create what is now Harwoods Hole. Since then the river appears to have changed course. Subsequently, Harwoods Hole receives water through sinkholes and surrounding dry valleys; this water then percolates through surrounding rock ensuring it becomes saturated with calcite, before entering the cave where the calcite is deposited. This second phase means that rather than expanding, Harwoods Hole is being filled in.

History
It is one of several important cave systems in Tākaka Hill, between Golden Bay and Tasman Bay. Starting at the surface as a 50 m diameter entrance and descending 183 m, Harwoods Hole is New Zealand's deepest vertical shaft. Further in it connects with Starlight Cave. The long rope descent is considered one of the most spectacular parts of the caving experience at Harwoods. Harwoods Hole has an overall depth, defined as height above sea level of entry to height of outlet, of 357 m.

Henry Harwood (1844–1927), with John Horton and Thomas Manson, opened up the Canaan Downs area and discovered Harwoods Hole, though it was not immediately entered. It remained untouched until seven cavers explored it over the 1958/59 summer. With a home-built winch weighing 255 kg, the first person was lowered down on 28 December 1958. Upon completion of the initial exploration, Harwoods Hole became the deepest explored cave in New Zealand, a record that was later broken by Nettlebed Cave in the nearby Mount Arthur region.

The following summer, 21 cavers explored Harwoods Hole further. The team was also interested in finding the outflow of the underground stream. They suspected that The Gorge Creek at East Tākaka was the outlet as the flow rate matched, and green dye released inside Harwoods Hole was soon visible when it emerged at Starlight Cave, so named by the cavers where The Gorge Creek emerged. With the connection confirmed, a squeeze was widened by gelignite and a connection from Harwoods Hole to East Tākaka for cavers was thus established. On 4 January 1960, Harwoods Hole was the site of the first fatality by a member of the New Zealand Speleological Society when the leader of the caving expedition, Peter Lambert, was killed by rock fall. A cairn at the bottom of the shaft with Lambert's helmet placed on it acts as a memorial.

Access
Near the top of Tākaka Hill on State Highway 60, an unsealed side road leading to Harwoods Hole is sign-posted. After 11 km, a car park is reached. From here, a 2.9 km walking track gives access to Harwoods Hole. The hole is not fenced.

title: Harwoods Hole


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El Palo Alto

El Palo Alto (Spanish: 'the tall stick' ) is a coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) located on the banks of the San Francisquito Creek in Palo Alto, California, a city in the San Francisco Bay Area. The namesake of the city and a historical landmark, El Palo Alto is 0 years old and stands 110 ft tall.

Before European arrival, the land around El Palo Alto was home to the Ohlone Native Americans. Local folklore holds that El Palo Alto was a rest stop for the first European expedition that discovered San Francisco Bay, led by Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portolá in 1769. The tree became widely known with the early-1850s establishment of a highway between San Francisco and San Jose, and as a landmark along the San Francisco–San Jose railroad, construction of which passed the tree in 1863. In 1876, Leland Stanford, co-founder of Stanford University along with his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford, purchased land near El Palo Alto.

Early images and accounts indicate that El Palo Alto once had two trunks. It lost one trunk before 1883—the exact date is unknown—perhaps due to heavy rainfall and erosion of the riverbank. Fearing the tree's total loss, Leland Stanford directed that the riverbank be reinforced with a wooden bulkhead, which was replaced with concrete abutments in 1904 and again in 1911. Train soot suffocated the leaves of the tree's upper limbs, nearby wells lowered the water table, and by the late 1920s the tree was declared moribund. Although it has decreased in stature by some 50 ft since the late 1800s, El Palo Alto was ultimately saved by the continuous preservation efforts of the city, local arborists, Stanford University, and Southern Pacific (the owner of the adjacent railroad); a 1997 appraisal concluded that the tree would "persevere and grow for centuries to come". El Palo Alto is featured prominently on the City of Palo Alto logo and the Stanford University seal, and is recognized by the National Arborist Association and International Society of Arboriculture as a tree of historical importance.

Name and background
El Palo Alto is a coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a giant and long-lived tree species only found near the North American Pacific coast. The redwood has been California's official state tree since 1937. The world's tallest trees are coast redwoods, with the record holder, Hyperion, reaching 380 ft. El Palo Alto is not so tall, at about 110 ft, down from 162 ft in the 19th century. At 0 years, nor is El Palo Alto particularly old; the longest-lived redwoods may approach 2,500 years in age. Although today there are thousands of redwoods in the city of Palo Alto, El Palo Alto is one of only a few not planted by humans. Redwoods generally require wet climates like those found close to the coast, but El Palo Alto is much further inland, close to Palo Alto's northern border with Menlo Park. The tree's location next to San Francisquito Creek provided it the necessary water to survive.

History
El Palo Alto germinated around AD 940, when the San Francisco Peninsula was populated by the Ohlone people, one of the indigenous peoples of California. The tree is thus contemporaneous with the Viking Age, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China, or the Fatimid Caliphate in the Islamic world.

Prior to European contact, the Ramaytush speaking subgroup of the Ohlone people lived near to the tree, in the village of Puichon.

Portolá's expedition
Before conquest by Spanish missionaries in the 18th century, the land around El Palo Alto was home to the Ohlone. According to traditional history, El Palo Alto was the campsite of Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portolá's men between November 6 and 11, 1769. Portolá was traveling north up the California coast from Mexico in search of Monterey Bay, but failed to identify it. Nourished by Ohlone natives, the expedition continued north and on November 1 were greeted with the expanse of the San Francisco Bay. They traveled southwest and arrived at San Francisquito Creek on November 6, 1769, where they camped until November 11.

Visiting the bay in 1774, Father Francisco Palóu came upon a large tree on the creek, considered its location suitable for a new mission, and erected a wooden cross near it. His diary entry indicated the location of Portolá's camp as nearby and is the tree's first appearance in writing. In 1776, Juan Bautista de Anza and Father Pedro Font visited the tree and concluded the creek's flow was too unreliable, instead founding the Mission Santa Clara de Asís—modern day Santa Clara—15 mi to the southeast. Font measured the tree with a graphometer: fifty varas (137 feet; 42 m) high and 5.5 varas (15 feet; 3 m) around at the base, noting that soldiers had told him there were larger ones in the mountains. A 1777 map of the bay by Font indicated a large tree on San Francisquito Creek.

Most evidence suggests that El Palo Alto is not the actual tree in Font's map or referenced by early Spanish diarists, who recorded their travels in detail but made no mention of a tree with twin trunks. Local historian Steve Staiger says Portolá's camp may have been under a tree further downstream, later felled by a Spanish military engineer to make a bridge. Two candidates for the true landmark tree, elsewhere along the creek, fell in 1852 and 1911.

Early landmark

In July 1850, a highway from San Francisco in the north to San Jose to the south was ordered to be built. Previous travelers took narrow trails on horseback or slightly wider tracks on oxcart; it was joked that the road between the two cities was "three miles wide". The highway passed close to El Palo Alto and likely brought it to prominence. The tree was nearly cut down in 1850, but was saved by a timely shipment of lumber.

El Palo Alto was first known as the Palos Colorados, roughly meaning 'red trees'. The earliest known reference to the name "Palo Alto" dates to 1853, and an 1856 official land survey labeled it the "Palo Alto Redwoods"; the name "Rancho of Palo Alto" was used as a disambiguation in 1857. Construction of a railroad by the San Francisco & San Jose Railroad Company, connecting San Francisco to San Jose, passed the tree in 1863, making it an obvious landmark for travelers. The section from San Francisco to "Big Tree Station" at the creek was inaugurated on October 7 that year. The Southern Pacific Transportation Company purchased the company in March 1868; the tree was featured in Southern Pacific advertising. Edward Vischer's Pictorial of California (1870) contains a drawing of the tree with two trunks, noting it to be "one of the very few instances of that mountain monarch [the redwood] being found in the open level country", and suggests that the tree originally had three trunks, describing it as "[t]wins, once a trio".

Land transfers and the Stanfords

The land beneath and nearby the tree passed through various owners before becoming part of the city of Palo Alto, which did not yet exist. First, the tree lay at the northwest corner of a Mexican land grant called Rancho Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito, which spanned 2229 acres of oak trees and brush. This corner abutted Rancho San Francisquito to the west and Rancho de las Pulgas to the north. In 1835, the Rinconada grant was first given to Don Rafael Soto, whose father had settled in the de Anza expedition of 1775–76. Soto's widow inherited the grant in 1841. She entered a dispute with the US government—which acquired California as a state in 1850, after the Mexican–American War —over whether her claim was valid. Soto's heirs were finally declared the rightful owners in 1872, and gave the contractors who had represented them about 1400 acre of land as compensation; the heirs kept the other, northern part.

In 1876, Rancho San Francisquito was purchased by Leland Stanford—who later founded Stanford University with his wife Jane Stanford—for his Palo Alto Stock Farm, a place for breeding and training horses. It would eventually grow to about 8000 acre. Following the death of their son in 1884, the Stanfords established a university in his honor on their land. In 1887, Soto's heirs sold their land to a good friend of Leland Stanford, Timothy Hopkins, who used it to develop the nearby town of University Park (see 1894 view). In particular, Hopkins acquired land near El Palo Alto, adjacent to Southern Pacific–owned land, that eventually became the city-owned El Palo Alto Park. Stanford University opened on October 1, 1891, with 440 students in attendance, and prompted the rapid growth of University Park. In 1894 it incorporated as the city of Palo Alto, a new name for which Stanford had a "great fondness". The first university seal, adopted in 1908, featured El Palo Alto prominently (although its artist Arthur Bridgman Clark drew a more "vigorous" tree, how El Palo Alto might have looked centuries earlier ), adorned with to its left and  to its right as a motto.

One trunk falls
El Palo Alto had two trunks until some time between 1875 and 1882, when the north, more-curved trunk fell. The stump's rings were counted and gave an age of 967 years.

The exact date and cause of the trunk's falling is unknown. A 1900 article in Palo Alto Live Oak dates the falling to the winter of 1879, blaming a freshet. A December 1882 article in The Sacramento Bee states: "Some years ago it had a companion tree, but the latter was undermined by a subterranean stream and fell to the ground." Local historian Guy Miller studied the matter for over two decades and estimated a date of 1885. Miller suggested that railroad records likely to contain definitive information were destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire.

The San Francisquito Creek's eroding banks further threatened El Palo Alto. Fearing its loss, after the first trunk fell, Leland Stanford directed a wooden bulkhead to be built reinforcing the tree's side of the creek. In 1904 Jane Stanford ordered the building of a cement wall, which was further reinforced around 1909 by Southern Pacific.

Early Stanford students had a tradition of climbing the tree and placing a flag as high as possible. The day before admissions day of 1909, a Stanford student (or possibly an employee ) was marooned and had to be rescued by other students at night time, marking the last known climb.

Declining health

Smog and disruption of roots from the railroad placed El Palo Alto under existential threat; the adjacent railroad was doubled to two tracks in 1902 and by the 1920s the tree was passed by some 70 trains per day. Nearby wells and water being taken from San Francisquito Creek lowered the water table, depriving the tree of needed water. Stanford botany professor George James Peirce already found in 1901 that the tree's crown was seriously injured, that the railway had caused changes in the nearby soil's drainage, and that a "thicket of suckers" was present around the tree, akin to those seen "around the stump of a felled or fallen redwood of advanced age." In 1915 Peirce planted seven redwoods on university grounds so that one of them could succeed El Palo Alto following its death. Six remain —one was crushed as a sapling by a lawnmower.

The Native Sons of the Golden West, an organization dedicated to the preservation of California landmarks, took stewardship of the tree in 1920. Southern Pacific leased the tree to the Native Sons in 1922 and in 1925 the surrounding land was converted into a park, now El Palo Alto Park. The park spans 0.5 acre and has a pedestrian-bike pathway connecting Palo Alto to Menlo Park. University tree surgeons filled decayed cavities with cement and the tree's base was irrigated using six-inch pipes, sunk eight feet into the earth at regular intervals. Southern Pacific hooked up guy wires to stabilize the tree.

Fearing the tree's death, the Native Sons placed a plaque set in a granite boulder under the tree in 1926, in a ceremony attended by more than a thousand people and featuring speeches from the mayor, a Stanford professor, a Southern Pacific representative, and several Native Sons. Despite continuous preservation efforts, by the late 1920s newspapers declared the tree moribund. The top of the tree continued to die and measurements in 1950 found a height of 135 ft, compared to 162 ft in 1930.

Recovery
A watering system—dubbed the "Fool the Redwood Plan" by a caretaker —was installed in 1955 to simulate the moisture that redwoods get in their typical habitat, and to wash soot off the foliage; dead branches were removed during installation. A Jeep-mounted pump was used twice a month to pump water for two hours up the line, which reached 10 ft above the tree. It soon became clogged and bent out of shape by high winds, but was fixed in 1958 in a collaboration with the city fire department. In 1961 six local arborists together deemed the tree to be in fair condition, but suffering from smog, insufficient water, termites, and a deteriorating root system. Smaller, "nurse" trees were planted to protect El Palo Alto's root system from compacted soil. Dead wood and termite infestations were progressively removed, mulch was added at the tree's base, and the tree's top was cut off as it died.

El Palo Alto Park was officially named and made a city park in June 1971. With their disbandment in 1974, the Native Sons' lease of the land immediately around the tree from Southern Pacific expired. The city of Palo Alto, who had long cared for the tree, had incorrectly assumed they were part of the lease. The city sent Southern Pacific a new lease in 1978.

The switching of nearby cities to the Hetch Hetchy water system incidentally let the water table return. Together with watering and fertilization efforts the tree was finally adorned with new growth. A 1999 appraisal concluded that "notwithstanding a catastrophic event ... it is expected that the El Palo Alto redwood will persevere and grow for centuries to come."

Legacy
Once a lone tall tree visible for miles, the tree's decline and the growth of nearby planted trees, such as eucalyptus, have made El Palo Alto much less visible from afar. El Palo Alto stands at about 110 ft in height, with a 90 in diameter and crown spread of 40 ft, and enjoys much greater health than it did a century ago. Preservation efforts continue, including with ground-penetrating radar, "air-spade excavation", drone monitoring of the tree's crown, and a prism attached to its top to track movement. Caltrain plans to make the railroad electric by 2024, which would eliminate the impact of smoke, and will replace the 1902 trestle.

The tree remains prominent on the City of Palo Alto seal, in the Stanford University seal, and as a mascot in the university's marching band. The State of California designated the nearby "Portolá Journey's End" as the second California Historical Landmark in 1932; in 1974 the tree itself was registered with the state as a Point of Historical Interest. In 1987 the National Arborist Association and the International Society of Arboriculture recognized the tree for its historical importance. In 2004, seedlings from El Palo Alto were planted in the American Forests Historic Tree Nursery in Jacksonville, Florida.

title: El Palo Alto


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Redfield Proctor

Redfield Proctor (June 1, 1831 – March 4, 1908) was a U.S. politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 37th governor of Vermont from 1878 to 1880, as Secretary of War from 1889 to 1891, and as a United States Senator for Vermont from 1891 to 1908.

Biography
Redfield Proctor was born on June 1, 1831. a native of Proctorsville, a village named after his family in the town of Cavendish in Windsor County, Vermont. His father, Jabez Proctor, was a farmer, merchant, and prominent local Whig politician. He was raised by his mother, Betsy Parker Proctor (1792–1871), from age 8 after the sudden death of his father. Proctor's first cousins on his mother's side included Isaac F. Redfield and Timothy P. Redfield, both justices of the Vermont Supreme Court.

After graduating from Dartmouth College in 1851, Proctor returned to Proctorsville, where he became first a businessman, and later a lawyer. He earned his master's degree from Dartmouth College and graduated from Albany Law School in 1859. He married Emily Jane Dutton in 1858, and moved to Boston, Massachusetts two years later. They had five children; Arabella G. Proctor Holden (1859–1905), Fletcher Dutton (1860–1911), Fanny Proctor (1863–1883) Redfield Jr. (1879–1957), and Emily Dutton Proctor (1869–1948). He was initiated into Delta Upsilon fraternity as an honorary member by the Middlebury College Chapter.

Civil War
Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Proctor returned to Vermont and enlisted in the 3rd Vermont Infantry, was commissioned as lieutenant and quartermaster, and repaired to the front. In July of the same year he was appointed on the staff of General William F. ("Baldy") Smith, and in October was promoted and transferred to the 5th Vermont Infantry, of which he was commissioned major. With this regiment he served nearly a year in the neighborhood of Washington and on the Peninsula. In October 1862, Major Proctor was promoted to colonel of the 15th Vermont Infantry, and participated in the Gettysburg Campaign, but was stationed in the rear and did not participate in the battle.

Career
After being mustered out of military service in 1863, Proctor initially returned to practicing law, this time in Rutland, Vermont. He entered into law partnership with Wheelock G. Veazey. In 1869, he entered business again, taking a job as a manager in the Sutherland Falls Marble Company. In 1880, this company merged with another to become the Vermont Marble Company, over which Proctor served as president. Six years later, the area containing the company's marble quarries was split into a separate town called Proctor.

During these years, Proctor began his political career. In 1866 he became a selectman of the town of Rutland. In 1867 he represented his town in the Vermont House of Representatives, serving as chairman of the committee on elections. Again a member of the House in 1868, he served as a member of the committee on ways and means. Elected to the Vermont Senate in 1874, he was chosen president pro tempore.

In 1876 Proctor was elected lieutenant governor, and in 1878 was nominated by the Republicans and elected Governor of Vermont. He remained active in state politics after stepping down as governor. He was delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention in 1884, and also in 1888. In the latter year he was chairman of the Vermont delegation, and seconded the presidential nomination of Benjamin Harrison.

In 1888, he was again elected to the Vermont House. Following the 1888 presidential election, the Vermont legislature unanimously recommended him for a cabinet position, and in March 1889, President Benjamin Harrison chose Proctor to be his Secretary of War. At the War Department, Proctor made a mark with his managerial skill and reforming zeal, with which he modernized the Army and improved the living conditions of enlisted soldiers.

From President Harrison State of the Union Address, Dec 1892: The report of the Secretary of War exhibits the results of an intelligent, progressive, and businesslike administration of a Department which has been too much regarded as one of mere routine. The separation of Secretary Proctor from the Department by reason of his appointment as a Senator from the State of Vermont is a source of great regret to me and to his colleagues in the Cabinet, as I am sure it will be to all those who have had business with the Department while under his charge.

In the administration of army affairs some especially good work has been accomplished. The efforts of the Secretary to reduce the percentage of desertions by removing the causes that promoted it have been so successful as to enable him to report for the last year a lower percentage of desertion than has been before reached in the history of the Army. The resulting money saving is considerable, but the improvement in the morale of the enlisted men is the most valuable incident of the reforms which have brought about this result. Proctor left the War Department in November 1891 to become a United States Senator, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of George F. Edmunds. As a Senator he served as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee to Establish a University of the United States from 1891 to 1893, the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry (1895–1909), and the Committee on Military Affairs (1905–1907). He remained a Senator for the rest of his life, and was an effective advocate in the Senate for high tariffs and the gold standard, as well as an influence on the military policies of the McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt administrations.

Death
Proctor died in Washington, D.C., on March 4, 1908. He is interred at South Street Cemetery, Proctor, Vermont. Two of Proctor's children, Fletcher D. Proctor and Redfield Proctor, Jr., served as Governors of Vermont, as did his grandson Mortimer R. Proctor. His 1867 Rutland residence is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Redfield Proctor


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Curb Records

Curb Records (also known as Asylum-Curb and formerly known as MCG Curb) is an American record label started by Mike Curb, originally as Sidewalk Records in 1963. From 1969 to 1973, Curb merged with MGM Records where Curb served as President of MGM and Verve Records.

History
Throughout the years, the Curb Companies have had major successes with such artists as the Stone Poneys (featuring Linda Ronstadt), Eric Burdon and War, Sammy Davis Jr., the Osmond Family (including Donny & Marie), Lou Rawls, Exile, the Righteous Brothers, Solomon Burke, Gloria Gaynor, the Hondells, the Arrows (featuring Davie Allan), Lyle Lovett, Roy Orbison, the Electric Flag (featuring Mike Bloomfield and Buddy Miles), the Sylvers, and the Four Seasons. The Four Seasons' comeback album, Who Loves You, included "December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)". It was the first single to spend more than one year on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart.

Curb's roster past and present includes Chet Atkins, Rodney Atkins, Kaci Battaglia, Bellamy Brothers, Lee Brice, Sawyer Brown, Solomon Burke, Clark Family Experience, Sammy Davis Jr., Desert Rose Band, Exile, Family Force 5, Four Seasons, Gloria Gaynor, Lee Greenwood, Steve Holy, Wynonna Judd, The Judds, Hal Ketchum, Lyle Lovett, Ronnie McDowell, Tim McGraw, Jo Dee Messina, Roy Orbison, Lou Rawls, Righteous Brothers, LeAnn Rimes, Rio Grand, Neil Sedaka, T.G. Sheppard, Jim Stafford, Ray Stevens, Jonathan Thulin, Mel Tillis, Trick Pony (featuring Heidi Newfield), Hank Williams Jr. and Chris Young.

In late 2002, Curb Records also acquired a stake in Word Records from then-owners Time Warner. Warner Music Group sold its remaining stake in the label to Curb in 2016, making Word a wholly owned subsidiary, while Warner Music continues to distribute its output.

Four-time GMA Music Award Female Vocalist of the Year Natalie Grant is signed to Curb Records, in addition to the five-time GMA music award-winning group Selah. Throughout the years, Curb has had success with other Gospel music artists such as MercyMe, the Second Chapter of Acts, Degarmo and Key, Patti Cabrera, Michael English, Debby Boone, the Fisk Jubilee Singers, Barlowgirl, pureNRG, Worship Kids, Francesca Battistelli, Big Daddy Weave, Building 429, Fernando Ortega, Downhere, Nicole C. Mullen, Larry Norman, Jonathan Pierce, Plumb, Point of Grace, Group 1 Crew, Salvador, Jamie Slocum, Steller Kart, Jaci Velasquez and Mark Schultz.

In 2006, Curb launched a sister rock label Bruc Records, the name of which is an backronym for "Blues, Rock, Urban, Country" (the name is also "Curb" spelled backwards). Straight to Hell by Hank Williams III was the first album to be released on the new imprint.

In 2011, Curb filed a lawsuit against singer Tim McGraw alleging breach of contract, and McGraw filed a counter lawsuit against Curb. Early court rulings came down in favor of McGraw. In 2012, McGraw stopped recording with Curb, which had released all his albums and singles since 1990s, and switched to Big Machine Records.

In 2015, Jim Ed Norman was named CEO of the Curb Group. However, Mike Curb remains extremely involved as the founder and chairman of the board.

Curb Foundation
Curb Records supports charitable programs through the Mike Curb Family Foundation. Some of the supported programs include: the Mike Curb Family Welcome Center at Second Harvest, Curb Youth Symphony, Curb Young Musicians Competition, Curb Concerto Competition, the Curb Family Humane Center, the Curb Junior Achievement Center in Los Angeles and Nashville, the Curb Family Pediatric Center, the Nashville Boy Scout Conference Center, the Patriots Theatre at Fort Campbell, the Curb Family Education Oasis Center and the Stella Curb Teacher Development Classrooms.

The Curb Foundation is very active in education including the Curb Center at Vanderbilt (which has launched the Curb Creative Campus Program), the Curb College for Music Business at Belmont University, the Curb College of Arts, Media and Communication at Cal State University Northridge, the Curb Beaman Jubilee Singers Chair at Fisk University, the Curb College of Arts, Music and Sciences at Daytona State College, the Business and Law Chair and Facility at Claremont McKenna College, the Curb Learning Lab for Music and Entertainment at Baylor University, the Curb Keller Dormitories at Neve Yerushalayim in Jerusalem University and the Curb History Institute at Rhodes College.

Projects
In conjunction with Curb's educational projects, Curb has purchased and restored Elvis Presley's first home in Memphis, Tennessee, the Johnny Cash Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, the Historic RCA Studio B, and Columbia's Historic Quonset Hut (which was the first recording studio on Nashville's famed Music Row). These historic facilities were used by students, at the various Curb-supported colleges and universities, for the purpose of studying music history.

In October 2008, the 6,000 seat Curb Event Center at Belmont University in Nashville hosted the Town Hall Presidential debate between Senators John McCain and Barack Obama.

Curb Records (Europe)
In the United Kingdom, Curb artists (apart from those sub-licensed to majors) are eligible for the UK 'independent' charts. In January 2006, Curb scored a Top 10 hit with Brian Kennedy and Peter Corry's Tribute to George Best, an EP featuring recordings of "You Raise Me Up". Curb previously had major hits in Europe with the Four Seasons, the Osmonds, LeAnn Rimes and soundtracks, such as Coyote Ugly.

title: Curb Records


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James Bond 007: Nightfire

James Bond 007: Nightfire (sometimes stylised NightFire) is a 2002 first-person shooter video game published by Electronic Arts for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows, with additional versions released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003, and Mac OS X in 2004. The computer versions feature modifications to the storyline, different missions, and the removal of driving sections used in home console versions.

The game's story involves fictional British secret agent James Bond, as he undertakes a mission to investigate the operations of a noted industrialist, uncovering a plot by them to conquer the world via a major defence satellite created by the United States. The game uses the likeness of James Bond actor Pierce Brosnan, although the character is voiced by Maxwell Caulfield.

The home console versions received positive reviews from critics, while other versions received mixed reactions.

Gameplay
Nightfire features two game modes for use - a single-player mode featuring a variety of missions focused on the game's story, and a multiplayer mode where players can engage with other players, as well as AI bots. The game operates from a first-person perspective and features a variety of weapons all based on real-life models, but, much like previous games involving James Bond, have alternate names. The game features a similar arrangement to monitoring health as with GoldenEye 007, in that players have a health meter that decreases when they take damage, with the player's character killed when it is fully depleted, though armor can be acquired to absorb the damage during gameplay.

In the single-player mode, players must complete a set of objectives, which requires navigating around each mission's level dealing with hostiles and making use of gadgets. Completing a level is done by completing all objectives and reaching the level's exit goal. Each level has many unique tokens, referred to as "007 tokens", which unlock special rewards in the game and are acquired by completing certain actions in a level. Players may also carry out "Bond Moments", utilizing gadgets and parts of the level environment to dispatch enemies, open secret paths, and destroy obstacles, the act of which will contribute to the player's performance rating for that level. At times, the player also engages in driving sections during certain levels - these stages function in a similar style to those used in the Spy Hunter series of video games, in which the player uses offensive weapons and gadgets to deal with enemies while following a linear A-to-B route from the start to the finish of the level. Completing a level allows the player to receive a score that denotes how well they performed.

Multiplayer
Multiplayer mode focuses on players battling with each other and AI bots across a variety of stages - while some stages are based on levels from the game, others are based on settings and fictional locations based on the James Bond film franchise, including Fort Knox, from Goldfinger (1964), and Atlantis from The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). Players can choose which characters to play, including a selection taken from the film franchise such as Jaws, Baron Samedi, Max Zorin, Auric Goldfinger, and Renard. Players can customise settings before a match, such as length of play, conditions for winning, and so forth, as well as the setting for any AI bots used in the match - alongside players, bots can be used (four for PlayStation 2, and six for GameCube and Xbox), which can be customised with different reaction times, speed and health.

PC/Mac gameplay
Computer versions of the game function similar to the console versions, though with some differences:

 * There are no driving stages used in single-player.
 * Some weapons are changed for different models.
 * Multiplayer mode allows for online gaming and the use of 12 bots; console versions mainly offer split-screen multiplayer.

Plot
British MI6 agent James Bond works alongside French Intelligence operative Dominique Paradis to prevent the use of a stolen nuclear weapon within the city of Paris by a terrorist group during New Year's Eve. The pair manage to thwart the terrorists and prevent the device from being detonated before Bond and Dominique spend the evening celebrating the new year. Shortly after returning, Bond's boss M reveals news that a missile guidance chip, intended for the Space Defense Platform (SDP) - a new militarised space station built by the United States - has been stolen. MI6 suspects the theft is linked to Phoenix International, a company owned by industrialist Raphael Drake - and that the head of Drake's Asian division, Alexander Mayhew, is due to bring the chip to him during a party at his castle in Austria.

M sends Bond to recover the chip during the exchange and investigate Drake's motive for its acquisition. Infiltrating the party, Bond meets with CIA agent Zoe Nightshade, his contact sent to assist in the chip's recovery, but is surprised to find Dominique within the castle, learning that she is working undercover as Drake's mistress. After reaching the meeting room where Drake and Mayhew intend to meet, Bond overhears the men discussing a project codenamed "Nightfire" before discovering that Zoe has been captured. Bond recovers the chip before going after and rescuing Zoe, whereupon the pair make their escape down the mountain for a rendezvous with Q while dealing with Drake's men and his head of security, Armitage Rook. Following the incident, Mayhew contacts MI6 to offer information on Drake's operations in exchange for protection.

Bond is sent to Japan to extract Mayhew at his Japanese estate, but shortly after being introduced to his bodyguard Kiko, Drake's men attack the building. While Mayhew is killed, Bond finds important information that leads him to Phoenix's Tokyo offices and a nuclear power plant being decommissioned. After gathering evidence, Kiko turns on Bond and brings him to Drake, who exposes Dominique as a spy for helping Bond escape his security teams and has her killed, though not before she distracts Kiko to help Bond break free and escapes to the ground floor of the Phoenix building, where he is rescued by Australian Intelligence agent Alura McCall. Upon leaving Tokyo, Bond finds himself sent to an island in the South Pacific alongside Alura, learning that Drake owns it and is using a jamming signal to conceal what he has stationed there.

Sent ahead of a joint task force of UN, EU, and NATO forces, Bond and Alura deal with the island's defences, while eliminating Rook and Kiko. Discovering that Drake built a launch facility on the island, Bond determines that he plans to capture the SDP and use its weapons to dominate the world. While Alura remains behind, Bond pursues Drake in one of his space shuttles. On reaching the station, he proceeds to sabotage it so that it will destroy itself and then eliminates Drake as the station begins to break apart. Bond swiftly escapes in an escape pod moments before the station is destroyed and returns to Earth. Upon his return, Bond reunites with Alura and spends a romantic evening celebrating another successful mission.

Development and release
The game had been in development as early as September 2000, and was announced as James Bond 007 in May 2001. By February 2002, the game's working title was James Bond in... Phoenix Rising. The game's final title was unveiled three months later. In July 2002, James Bond actor Pierce Brosnan had his head scanned with a laser digitizer to create the player character, who is voiced by Maxwell Caulfield.

Eurocom developed the home console versions, while Gearbox Software handled the Windows version. Gearbox utilized the GoldSrc game engine by id Software and Valve Corporation, though it was heavily modified for Nightfire. Driving levels were developed by Savage Entertainment and a team at Electronic Arts. These levels were excluded from the Windows version so Gearbox could focus on the first-person and multiplayer modes. Nightfire marked the first time a James Bond video game featured an original song: "Nearly Civilized" performed by Esthero. Its original score was composed by Steve Duckworth, Ed Lima and Jeff Tymoschuk.

In North America, Nightfire was released for home consoles around 18 November 2002, coinciding with the theatrical release of the Bond film Die Another Day. The Windows version was released a week later. In January 2003, Electronic Arts announced that a Game Boy Advance version of the game was in development by JV Games. A Macintosh version, by Aspyr Media, was released in June 2004.

Reception
Home console versions of James Bond 007: Nightfire received "generally favorable" reviews, while the Game Boy Advance and PC versions received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. It was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best Shooter on GameCube" award, which went to TimeSplitters 2. In 2008, PC Games Hardware included Alura McCall, Makiko Hayashi, Dominique Paradis and Zoe Nightshade among the 112 most important female characters in games. During the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Nightfire for "Console First-Person Action Game of the Year".

By September 2003, the game had sold five million copies across all platforms, with the Xbox version achieving Platinum Hits status for selling at least two million copies. In the United States, the computer version sold 230,000 copies and earned $5.3 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2002. It was the country's 93rd best-selling computer game during this period. The PlayStation 2 version received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

title: James Bond 007: Nightfire


text:
List of New York state senators

This is a complete list of members of the New York State Senate, past and present. Members who were serving in the Senate as of July 2022 are highlighted undefined.

title: List of New York state senators


text:
Sergeant (disambiguation)

Sergeant is a police or military rank.

Sergeant may also refer to:

Entertainment

 * Sergeant (band), an indie band from Glenrothes, Scotland
 * Sergeant (Ender's Shadow), a character in Orson Scott Card's novel Ender's Shadow
 * The Sergeant (1910 film)
 * The Sergeant (1968 film), a 1968 drama starring Rod Steiger
 * The Sergeant (1991 film) Iranian film directed by Masoud Kimiai
 * The Sergeant (Gordon Davis), a series of pulp novels by Len Levinson (unrelated to the film)
 * Sergeant (Indian film), a 2023 Hindi film

Other uses

 * Sergeant (surname)
 * Sergeant Township, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Sergeant's Crag, Lake District, England
 * Sergeant (Sweden and Finland), a military rank
 * MGM-29 Sergeant, a US short-range rocket of the 1960s
 * Sergeants, butterflies in the genus Athyma

title: Sergeant (disambiguation)


text: User talk:69.158.106.243

title: User talk:69.158.106.243


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kashykk

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Kashykk.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to redirect to Kashyyyk.

I've made a spelling mistake. The correct spelling is Kashyyyk. And thus this page should simply be deleted. __earth 23:49, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've merged the content with Kashyyyk and made it into a redirect. Fredrik 00:05, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep redirect. Likely to be misspelled in the future. -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:13, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect. Like Cyrius says. Andrewa 03:54, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kashykk


text:
Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts

Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts is a collaborative studio album released by Curb Records in 1996. It combines the songs of Hank Williams, who died in 1953, with newly recorded accompanying vocals from his son Hank Williams Jr. and grandson Hank Williams III, the latter of whom makes his recording debut. Aside from Hank Williams' songs, this album also features a new song written by Hank Williams Jr. titled "Hand Me Down". The album was recorded largely to cover Williams III's child support debts.

Personnel

 * Eddie Bayers - drums, background vocals
 * J.T. Corenflos - electric guitar
 * Larry Franklin - fiddle
 * Paul Franklin - steel guitar
 * Dann Huff - electric guitar
 * David Hungate - bass guitar, tic tac bass, background vocals
 * Brent Mason - electric guitar
 * Terry McMillan - harmonica
 * Steve Nathan - keyboards
 * Brent Rowan - electric guitar
 * Michael Spriggs - acoustic guitar
 * Audrey Williams - background vocals
 * Hank Williams - lead vocals
 * Hank Williams III - lead vocals
 * Hank Williams Jr. - acoustic guitar, lead vocals, background vocals
 * John Willis - electric guitar
 * Glenn Worf - bass guitar

title: Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts


text:
Coopers Creek

Cooper's Creek or Coopers Creek may refer to:

 * Cooper Creek, formerly Cooper's Creek, a river in Queensland and South Australia, Australia
 * Coopers Creek (New South Wales), a river in Australia
 * Coopers Creek, New Zealand, a town in the Waimakariri District
 * Coopers Creek (West Virginia), a stream in the United States
 * Coopers Creek, Victoria, a former township in Australia
 * Upstream Cooper River (New Jersey), in the United States

title: Coopers Creek


text:
Private

Private or privates may refer to:

Music

 * "In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album Reputation
 * Private (band), a Denmark-based band
 * "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album Private, written and also recorded by Ringo Sheena
 * "Private" (Vera Blue song), from the 2017 album Perennial

Literature

 * Private (novel), 2010 novel by James Patterson
 * Private (novel series), young-adult book series launched in 2006

Film and television

 * Private (film), 2004 Italian film
 * Private (web series), 2009 web series based on the novel series
 * Privates (TV series), 2013 BBC One TV series
 * Private, a penguin character in Madagascar

Other uses

 * Private (rank), a military rank
 * Privates (video game), 2010 video game
 * Private (rocket), American multistage rocket
 * Private Media Group, Swedish adult entertainment production and distribution company
 * Private (magazine), flagship magazine of the Private Media Group
 * Privates, or Intimate parts, a euphemism for human genitals

title: Private


text:
Talk:Private

Would it be better to name this entry Private magazine or something similar?

 * I'd say only if someone is planning on expanding it beyond the 1-liner. - Wguynes 20:51, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

Why is "private" (genitals) in bold? And why can't I undo it? 141.217.221.212 23:25, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It was bolded because it was linking back to itself. I removed the link; a link to genitalia should be sufficient. --SigPig 03:03, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Private


text:
Urge

Urge may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Urge (film), a 2016 film
 * The Urge (1987–2005), St. Louis, Missouri, USA Rock/Ska band
 * "Urge" (song), the second and last single released from Endless Nameless album by The Wildhearts
 * Urge (album), a 1966 album by American trumpeter Ted Curson
 * The Urge (album), a 1991 album released by bassist Stuart Hamm

Other uses

 * HMS Urge, a 1940 lost World War II British submarine
 * Sucking urge, an infant's instinctive urge to breastfeed
 * Nissan URGE, a concept car announced by Nissan that will be integrated with the Xbox video game console
 * Urge (digital music service), a defunct online music service
 * Urge (drink), a citrus soft drink produced in Norway, equivalent of Surge
 * Urge, Pärnu County, Estonia
 * Urge, Rapla County, Estonia

title: Urge


text:
Talk:Taíno/Archive 1

From Speedy deletions
 * Taíno - cut & paste move. Need to delete in order to move Taino there.   —John | Talk 21:32, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Why no discussion on the Talk page about the move? How many people agree that it should be moved?  I ask this because it was originally moved the other way in Dec 2002.  (Also, I am restoring the redirect on Taíno instead of the cut-and-paste.  Wait until the merge/move.  Don't try to maintain two articles.) - Tεx τ urε 21:38, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The correct word is Taíno, with an acute on the 'i'. Have you noticed the convenience used in the Führer article? Taíno should be the main article, with Taino being a redirect to it.   —John | Talk 23:11, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That is a valid point. Since it has already been moved once in the opposite direction I think it best if you start a topic on the talk page regarding your suggested move. - Tεx τ urε 23:54, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Please leave this on the talk page for a week first. If there are no objections, then it can be moved, but currently most pages link to Taino, not Taíno, and there are far more Google hits for Taino than Taíno. Angela. 00:00, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Article's introduction; cultural heritage
I am about to make a pretty severe edit of the introduction to this story. The simple truth of the matter, which no serious academic questions, is that the Taínos culture ceased to exist in the 16th century.

The problem is that there are a couple of small groups who insist that they are full-blooded "Taínos", mostly based in New Jersey, intent on gaining recognition as a tribal nation. This is simply ridiculous, given the historical record. Claims about DNA tests are irrelevant for two reasons: (a) there was a significant number of South and Central American Amerindians who immigrated to Puerto Rico throughout its time as a Spanish colony; (b) whatever the DNA of anybody in Puerto Rico, Taíno culture has been dead for 400-450 years.

The current introduction also has a glaring flaw of logic where it "proves" that supposedly 62% of the population of Puerto Rico has a significant amount of Taíno descent. -- 171.64.42.82 04:13, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello, if you haven't registered your username so far please take a moment to do so. You can do so by visiting the register your loginname page. It takes only a few seconds. =)

 * While I may agree with you that the Taino culture can be considered as dead, others do not. That is why Dr. Juan Carlos Martínez Cruzado from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez is currently investigating this on his research projects.

 * —John | Talk 05:26, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Martínez Cruzado very clearly flubs Puerto Rican history by saying that the "Indians" in the 1777 and 1787 censuses were Taínos-- hell, he's citing Salvador Brau, a 19th century historian. It is well known that there was Amerindian immigration to the island from South America (a fact that can be picked up easily if your source is more recent than 1894!).

 * mtDNA is weird: it is transmitted almost exclusively through the maternal line. It is stereotypical of colonial situations that the colonists are predominantly male, and that they take native wives and/or concubines. One definitely expects a founder effect for mtDNA.

 * And anyway, the whole project is infused with a subtle racism that I don't know whether you can grasp. -- 171.64.42.82 09:55, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I made an edit to your edits. First, the center of contemporary Taíno self-identification is New Jersey, not Puerto Rico. Second, I looked through the article about Taíno heritage in the Dominican Republic; the article's  conclusion that "the roots of traditional Dominican culture are truly Taíno" is plain ridiculous.  Just because the Dominicans have a folk ideology that attributes admirable qualities to the Taínos doesn't mean that their culture is Taíno.  Very, very little of what the author mentions is any actual cultural transmission; and a lot of it is disguised racism (it's good to be "indio", bad to be "black").

 * Every place where you say the plural "scholars", you mean something like "two loonies with a weird agenda." Also, you reinserted the nonsense math averaging the averages of two samples, one of them admittedly nonrepresentative.

 * In short, I suspect this article is being hijacked for a political agenda, by prominently citing two utterly nonrepresentative sources of scholarship on this topic. -- 171.64.42.82 10:27, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Beware hijacking
I just reviewed the history of this entry, and I must warn editors that it runs a terrible risk of being hijacked for political causes.

Taíno culture ceased to exist over 400 years ago. However, in recent decades, a small group of Puerto Ricans in the USA, based in New Jersey, have been agitating to be recognized as the true item by the US Government and gullible academics.

As such, this group of people endeavors to place their Taíno survival propaganda all over the web. The history of this entry shows this very clearly.

The people doing this are intellectually dishonest. The one truly interesting bit of information that they cite is mtDNA studies of the Puerto Rican population. They regularly fudge the math on these; for example, this article had the following statment: "In research, sample sets collected from people who claimed to have a maternal ancestor with Native American physiognomic traits showed a higher likelihood of possessing Native American mtDNAs (70%) than did unbiased sample sets (53%). Averaging between these two figures would suggest that 62% of the entire Puerto Rican population descend, at least in part, from the Taíno..." This is really, really bad math, averaging from two different, non-representative samples.

Another thing that jumps out is the fact that one of the references inserted by JohnCrawford's recent edit was from the e-"journal" Kacike. The name of this journal is cognate to the word "cacique", which is the word recorded by the Spaniards for Taíno chiefs. A quick examination of the journal's index reveals that a grand total of 12 people have published in it, and 7 of these are either in the Editorial Board or Editorial Staff ("peer review" my a**). It can't have had more than 3 or 4 issues. Also, browsing through the articles, they are clearly about pushing an agenda, and a number of them show very questionable scholarship; for example this article by P.J. Ferbel (who, incidentally, is Assistant Editor) reads like something an undergrad would write.

The biggest problem is that before long, the combination of fake New Jersey "We want affirmative action and casinos" "Taíno tribe", and the Dominican "I'm not Black like the Haitians, I'm Indian like the Taínos" racists, will again conspire to pass fantasy and questionable scholarship as fact, and set their aims at this entry again. -- 171.64.42.82 11:41, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Relax dude. Then register up.   —John | Talk 05:23, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Zemi
I removed the proposal to merge Zemi in the main Taíno article after expanding the Zemi article enough that it can stand on its own. -Uyvsdi (talk) 19:49, 19 September 2009 (UTC)Uyvsdi

Semi-protected edit request on 17 May 2019
Godoffrye12 (talk) 03:48, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Please read Wikipedia:Edit requests on how to use this template. There is nothing in your request to act on. - Donald Albury 14:06, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taíno/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Egmont

Untitled
Need to disambiguate this page User: Alan Liefting

 * Feel free. --Camembert

title: Talk:Egmont