text:
Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull (lit. 'glacier of the mountains of the islands'), sometimes referred to by the numeronym E15, is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, north of Skógar and west of Mýrdalsjökull. The ice cap covers the caldera of a volcano with a summit elevation of 1651 m. The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the Last Glacial Period, most recently in 2010, when, although relatively small for a volcanic eruption, it caused enormous disruption to air travel across northern and western Europe for a week.

Geography
Eyjafjallajökull consists of a volcano completely covered by an ice cap. The retreating ice cap covered an area of 66 sqkm in 2019, but was previously more than 80 km2, with many outlet glaciers. The main outlet glaciers are to the north: Gígjökull, flowing into Lónið , and Steinholtsjökull , flowing into Steinholtslón. In 1967, there was a massive landslide on the Steinholtsjökull glacial tongue. On 16 January 1967 at 13:47:55 there was an explosion on the glacier. It can be timed because the seismometers at Kirkjubæjarklaustur monitored the movement. When about 15000000 m3 of material hit the glacier a massive amount of air, ice, and water began to move out from under the glacier into the lagoon at the foot of the glacier.

The mountain itself, a stratovolcano, stands 1651 m at its highest point, and has a crater 3 to 4 km in diameter, open to the north. The crater rim has three main peaks (clockwise from the north-east): Guðnasteinn, 1500 m; Hámundur , 1651 m; and Goðasteinn , 1497 m. The south face of the mountain was once part of Iceland's coastline, from which, over thousands of years, the sea has retreated some 5 km. The former coastline now consists of sheer cliffs with many waterfalls, of which the best known is Skógafoss. In strong winds, the water of the smaller falls can even be blown up the mountain. The area between the mountain and the present coast is a relatively flat strand, 2 - 5 km wide.

Etymology
The name means "glacier of Eyjafjöll" (or more properly here "ice cap"). Eyjafjöll is the name of the southern side of the volcanic massif together with the small mountains which form the foot of the volcano. The word jökull, meaning glacier or ice cap, is a cognate with the Middle English word surviving in the -icle of English icicle.

The name Eyjafjöll is made up of the words eyja (genitive plural of ey, meaning eyot or island), and the plural word fjöll, meaning fells or mountains, and together literally means: "the mountains of the islands". The name probably refers to the close by archipelago of Vestmannaeyjar.

The word fjalla is the genitive plural of fjöll, and so Eyjafjalla  is the genitive form of Eyjafjöll and means: "of the Eyjafjöll". A literal part-by-part translation of Eyjafjallajökull would thus be "Islands' Mountains' glacier".

Hence the southern slopes of the mountain Eyjafjöll result in the sea side strip of land beyond being called Undir Eyjafjöllum.

Geology

The stratovolcano, whose vents follow an east–west trend, is composed of basalt to andesite lavas. Most of its historical eruptions have been explosive. However, fissure vents occur on both (mainly the west) sides of the volcano. The volcano is 800,000 years old.

The volcano is fed by a magma chamber under the mountain, which in turn derives from the tectonic divergence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is part of a chain of volcanoes stretching across Iceland. Its nearest active neighbours are Katla, to the northeast, and Eldfell, on Heimaey, to the southwest. The volcano is thought to be related to Katla geologically, in that eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have generally been followed by eruptions of Katla.

Eyjafjallajökull erupted in the years 920, 1612, 1821, and 2010. The Skerin Ridge eruption in 920 was a VEI 3 radial fissure eruption while the subsequent 1612 and 1821 eruptions were VEI 2 small summit eruptions. In the case of the 1821 eruption, a short explosive phase in December 1821 was followed by a year of intermittent explosive to effusive activity.

1821 to 1823 eruptions
Some damage was caused by a minor eruption in 1821. Notably, the ash released from the eruption contained a large fraction of fluoride, which in high doses may damage the bone structure of cattle, horses, sheep and humans. The eruption also caused some small and medium glacier runs (jökulhlaups) and flooding in nearby rivers Markarfljót and Holtsá. The eruptive phase started on 19 and 20 December 1821 by a series of explosive eruptions and continued over the next several days. The sources describe heavy ash fall in the area around the volcano, especially to the south and west.

After that event the sequence of eruptions continued on a more subdued level until June 1822.

From the end of June until the beginning of August 1822, another sequence of explosive eruptions followed. The eruption columns were shot to considerable heights, with ashfall in both the far north of the country, in Eyjafjörður, and in the southwest, on the peninsula of Seltjarnarnes near Reykjavík.

The period from August to December 1822 seemed quieter, but farmers attributed the death of cattle and sheep in the Eyjafjörður area to poisoning from this eruption, which modern analysis identifies as fluoride poisoning. Some small glacier runs occurred in the river Holtsá. A bigger one flooded the plains near the river Markarfljót. (The sources do not indicate the exact date.).

In 1823, some men went hiking up on Eyjafjallajökull to inspect the craters. They discovered a fissure vent near the summit caldera a bit to the west of Guðnasteinn.

In early 1823, the nearby volcano Katla under the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap erupted and at the same time steam columns were seen on the summit of Eyjafjallajökull.

The ash of Eyjafjallajökull's 1821 eruptions is to be found all over the south of Iceland. It is dark grey in colour, small-grained and dacitic intermediate rock containing about 28–40% silicon dioxide.

2010 eruptions

On 26 February 2010, unusual seismic activity along with rapid expansion of the Earth's crust was registered by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. This gave geophysicists evidence that magma was pouring from underneath the crust into the magma chamber of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano and that pressure stemming from the process caused the huge crustal displacement at Þorvaldseyri farm. In March 2010, almost three thousand small earthquakes were detected near the volcano, all having a depth of 7 –. The seismic activity continued to increase and from 3–5 March, over a thousand earthquakes were measured at the epicenter of the volcano.

The eruption begun on 20 March 2010, about 8 km east of the top crater of the volcano, on Fimmvörðuháls, the high neck between Eyjafjallajökull and the neighbouring icecap, Mýrdalsjökull. This first eruption, in the form of a 300-meter-long radial fissure vent, did not occur under the glacier and was smaller in scale than had been expected by some geologists. The eruption consisted of 15 lava fountains reaching heights of up to 185 meters. The fissure opened on the north side of Fimmvörðuháls, directly across the popular hiking trail between Skógar, south of the pass, and Þórsmörk, immediately to the north. On 14 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull resumed erupting after a brief pause, this time from the top crater in the centre of the glacier, causing jökulhlaup (meltwater floods) to rush down the nearby rivers, and requiring 800 people to be evacuated. This eruption was explosive, due to meltwater getting into the volcanic vent. It was estimated to be ten to twenty times larger than the previous one in Fimmvörðuháls. Pulsating explosive activity on 17 April 2010 was later understood to be due to periodic clogging/plugging of the conduit associated with the rise and degassing of more magma. This second eruption threw volcanic ash several kilometres up in the atmosphere, which led to air travel disruption in northwest Europe for six days from 15 to 21 April 2010. This disruption affected over 20 countries and as many as 10 million air travelers. The volcano erupted again in May 2010, causing the closure of airspace over many parts of Europe. The eruptions also created electrical storms. The London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre declared the eruption to have stopped on the 23rd of May 2010, but stated that they were continuing to monitor the volcano. As a direct result of this disruption being viewed by some as excessive, new standards for the closure of airspace as a result of air contamination by dust/ash were agreed internationally. The volcano continued to have several earthquakes daily, with volcanologists watching the volcano closely. As of August 2010, Eyjafjallajökull was considered dormant. Infrasound sensors have been installed around Eyjafjallajökull to monitor for future eruptions.

In total, the 2010 eruptions generated about 0.27 cubic km (270,000,000 cubic metres) of tephra, causing ash fallout over central southern Iceland and parts of continental Europe. Nearby areas saw an ash layer of up to several centimeters, and surrounding glaciers saw a significant albedo reduction due to the ash.

Relationship to Katla

Eyjafjallajökull lies 25 km west of another subglacial volcano, Katla, under the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, which is much more active and known for its powerful subglacial eruptions and its large magma chamber. Each of the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in 920, 1612, and 1821–1823 has preceded an eruption of Katla. Katla did not display any unusual activity (such as expansion of the crust or seismic activity) during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, though geologists have been concerned about the general instability of Katla since 1999. Some geophysicists in Iceland believe that the Eyjafjallajökull eruption may trigger an eruption of Katla, which would cause major flooding due to melting of glacial ice and send up massive plumes of ash. On 20 April 2010, Icelandic President Ólafur Grímsson said "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close...we [Iceland] have prepared...it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption".

Volcanologists continue to monitor Katla, aware that any eruption from Katla following an eruption from Eyjafjallajökull has historically occurred within months of an Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The Icelandic Meteorological Office updates its website with reports of quakes at both Eyjafjallajökull and Katla. On 8 July 2011 there was a jökulhlaup that destroyed a bridge on the Ring Road and caused cracks to appear on Katla's glacier.

Postage stamp
Icelandic Post issued three special stamps in 2010 for the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano. All stamps contain real volcanic ash which fell on 17 April 2010.

Popular culture
The volcano was featured in the 2013 movie The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, where Walter had to flee from an eruption after pursuing photographer Sean O'Connell to Iceland.

Eyjafjallajökull was used in Season 5 Episode 6 of Madam Secretary which aired on 11th November 2018. It was used as the basis of the airport being closed in Ireland trapping Secretary of State Elizabeth McCord and her delegation and the Turkish foreign minister and his delegation.

It was mentioned in JJ Doom's song "Guv'nor".

Valencian singer-songwriter Pau Alabajos released a song called "Eyjafjallajökull" on his 2011 album "Una Amable, una Trista, una Petita Pàtria," drawing imagery from the travel disruptions following the 2010 eruption.

Emo band The World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die released a song on their 2010 EP Formlessness called "Eyjafjallajokull Dance."

An Operator in the mobile game Arknights is named after it.

In the season 1 episode 8 of Sense8, Will wants to see "the volcano no one can pronounce the name of", and Riley responds with it.

If the corresponding DLC is owned, the volcano is a possible natural wonder that can spawn in Sid Meier's Civilization VI. On Steam, the game has a related achievement that references the ensuing aviation shutdown due to the 2010 eruptions.

Photos

 * Satellite image of 2010 eruption by NASA
 * A collection of satellite images from the CIMSS Satellite Blog
 * Best of Photo Collection

Videos and webcams

 * Webcams of the eruption
 * A short time-lapse from April 17, 2010. About 30 minutes played in 18 second.
 * Video of the first 2010 eruption
 * Video of the first 2010 eruption by Raw Iceland
 * Video of the aftermath of Eyjafjallajokull eruption. Shot on July 28, 2010
 * A film crew lands on Eyjafjallajokull during the 2010 eruption

Geological articles

 * Magma pathways and earthquakes at Eyjafjallajökull, Icelandic Meteorological Institute (PDF)
 * SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for Eyjafjallajökull
 * SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for Eyjafjallajökull

Aviation ash forecasts

 * Volcanic Ash Advisory Graphical Forecast for the North Atlantic region

Maps

 * Contour map

title: Eyjafjallajökull


text:
Minister of Civil Aviation

Minister of Civil Aviation can refer to:

 * Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)
 * Secretary of State for Transport, the British position called the Minister of Civil Aviation from 1941 to 1959

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minister of Civil Aviation


text:
Jia Dao

Jia Dao (779–843), courtesy name Langxian (浪仙), was a Chinese Buddhist monk and poet active during the Tang dynasty.

Biography
Jia Dao was born near modern Beijing; after a period as a Buddhist monk, he went to Chang'an. He became one of Han Yu's disciples, but failed the jinshi exam several times. He wrote both discursive gushi and lyric jintishi. His works were criticised as "thin" by Su Shi, and some other commentators have considered them limited and artificial.

According to Dr. James J.Y. Liu (1926–1986), a professor of Chinese and comparative literature, Jia's poem The Swordsman (劍客) "seems...to sum up the spirit of knight errantry in four lines." "The Swordsman" reads in Liu's translation as follows:

A metric translation of the original Chinese poem with one iamb per Chinese character reads as follows:

The original Chinese:

劍客: 十年磨一劍, 霜刃未曾試. 今日把示君, 誰有不平事.

The opening line of The Swordsman is often used as a proverb to refer to a long and arduous undertaking.

title: Jia Dao


text:
Talk:Cinnabar

Untitled
'what value does cinnabar have?' Is Cinnabar the same as Vermilion? If no, what's the difference? My dictionary lists both as translations of the German de:Zinnober. --212.144.165.5 10:13, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Vermilion is the standard name in English given to the red artists' pigment based on artificially made mercuric sulfide, while cinnabar is the name given to the natural mineral. See:http://www.naturalpigments.com/detail.asp?PRODUCT_ID=450-10S

81.84.78.118 18:31, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Hey this is some pretty heavy academic shit to be dropping on the laypeople out here. Can anyone work around the geology-ese? Twinning? What the hell is that in plain english?
 * Twinning doesn't exist in plain English. Crystal twinning occurs when two (or more) crystals grow from the same lattice separately but maintaining a fixed structural relationship. --Bejnar (talk) 09:14, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

The following sentence in about the 5th paragraph seems to be wrong: "It has the highest refractive power of any mineral. Its mean index for sodium light is 3.08,[8] whereas the index for diamond is 2.42 and that for gallium(III) arsenide (GaAs) is 3.93." How can it be the highest when its refractive index lies between that of diamonds and GaAs? I did not change anything because I am not familiar with the subject. Jimknock (talk) 03:44, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

reference for the toxicology

Lewis, Richard J., Sr, (2003). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (10th Edition) Volumes 1-3. John Wiley & Sons. Online version available at: http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=707&VerticalID=0 Mercury Sulfide is given the highest Hazard Rating (3 on a scale of 1-3) --Atcack 04:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Merger
It seems to me that the Mercury sulfide page is frankly rather pointless. It contains very little information. I just thought it would be more productive to have them on the same page (especially since each page says its the same as the other...). I would also accept leaving Mercury sulfide as the parent page if that was thought to be more appropriate and beneficial. Slithytove2 10:23, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

I also considered adding Vermilion to the list to be merged also, but it seemed that it was more... or maybe not? any suggestions? (note the question at the very top of this page.) Slithytove2 10:26, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the cinnabar article should focus on the mineralogy aspects, whereas purely chemical data and uses should be in a separate article on the chemical compound. Perhaps we need to shift some content - some duplication will remain, but the two should remain separate as should vermillion. Vsmith 12:10, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose Merge It is tha same like edible salt and sodium chloride have to merge. There is a difference between the mineral or ore and the chemical substance!--Stone 12:55, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

I've removed the merge tags. --Ligulem 16:52, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Medicinal Use
IMO reference to arsenic is superfluous and should be removed 195.38.93.206 13:37, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

IMO, the medicinal section should be expanded to include historical usage in alchemy. I'm not as familiar with its usage in Western alchemy, but in Taoist Chinese alchemy, cinnabar and gold were the two prime ingredients in most "immortality elixirs" and such. I can provide more detailed (and sourced) information, if consensus is in favor of expanding this section. Rpine75 (talk) 02:14, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

It should probably be mentioned that these elixers killed almost everyone who took them. Omicron91 22:22, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Seriously? This section of the article is not only unsourced and ridiculous, but also incredibly dangerous should someone actually, in any way, take it lightly how extremely poisonous Mercury is. It may be alternative "medicine" to some people, but I think the only real thing it could replace would be the drugs they use for lethal injection. I'm going to tag this section is dubious and unsourced and as needing an expert. Noformation (talk) 08:30, 5 August 2008 (UTC)Noformation
 * Removed. Vsmith (talk) 12:20, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree with outright removal. I'm not disputing the toxicity of mercury/cinnabar, but removing all mention of medicinal use doesn't change the fact that it has been used for medicinal purposes in the past, and continues to be used so under certain non-Western medicinal regimens. Trepanning is mostly discredited now too, but that doesn't change the fact that it was used for milennia for medicinal purposes. Rpine75 (talk) 14:45, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Mention why this article is rightly in Category:Traditional Chinese medicine, and the numerous poisonings, to this very day. Jidanni (talk) 00:40, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Cinnabon
Any relation to Cinnabon? The first five six lettars are the same. D-Fluff has had E-Nuff 00:47, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think Cinnabon has anything to do with cinnabar. Instead, i think Cinnabon has many things to do with Cinnamon :). 119.40.118.201 (talk) 06:23, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

both are related to cinnamon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.17.136.33 (talk) 08:21, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 07:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Cinnabar in the Netherlands?
I have flagged with "citation needed" the mention of Laaren, Netherlands as a locality where cinnabar is found. The modern spelling of Laaren is Laren, and there are two communities in the Netherlands with this name, one in North Holland and another in Gelderland. In the Dutch Wikipedia, the article about cinnabar (cinnaber in Dutch) makes no mention of any occurrence in the Netherlands, nor does either of the articles about the two communities named Laren mention cinnabar or exploitation of any other mineral resource. Hydrothermal mineral deposits of any kind are not common in the Netherlands. A search of other lists of places where cinnabar is or has been exploited finds mention of Laaren or Laren only in texts which appear to have been cloned word-for-word from this Wikipedia article.--Piperh (talk) 12:34, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed. Vsmith (talk) 01:15, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

File:Cinnabar on Dolomite.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Cinnabar on Dolomite.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on August 28, 2010. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2010-08-28. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks!  howcheng  {chat} 16:30, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Modern Use of Cinnabar
As a hobby and professional jewelry maker I was stunned to discover the toxicity of Cinnabar. Many people are using Cinnabar beads which generally come from China and are often sold at popular USA arts and craft department stores. While the article sites that the toxic material is replaced by a resin pigment, I can't help but wonder if there is still a toxicity level when handling cinnabar beads, or if it is considered completely safe, safe enough to put in one's mouth? I mean babies are always grabbing onto necklaces and could try and taste it! Personally I am wondering if I should forgo ever using cinnabar again. Expert insight on this matter would be an appreciated addition to the article. Thanks, Bmah318 (talk) 12:35, 10 January 2012 (UTC)Melanie
 * Check out Medical disclaimer. --Bejnar (talk) 09:14, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Cinnabar is quite stable, and has extremely low solubility. It can be contaminated with elemental mercury, which is toxic.  On its own though, it's typically fairly stable and non-toxic (obviously, you don't want to react it with things like acids, or put it in fire).  See the MSDS .  No medical advice, though. Buddy431 (talk) 15:36, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:52, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Dupe
Should the duplicate article Cinnebar be merged or redirected? Keahapana (talk) 00:14, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Made it a redirect here, see talk:Cinnebar. Vsmith (talk) 03:01, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cinnabar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090626042032/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/metals/stories/mercury.html to http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/metals/stories/mercury.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:24, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

Etymology
I don’t know the answer to this question, but my recollection is that there are only 9 words in Ancient Greek that contain a doubled nu, and all of them are foreign words borrowed from other languages. (I remember this fact from reading about the name of the Sea of Gallilee, lake gennesaret, in the New Testament.) If this is true, kinnebari deserves to show derivation from something further behind the Greek, since it is not a natural Greek word.

Merriam-Webster.com says “... from Greek kinnabari, of non-Indo-European origin; akin to Arabic zinjafr cinnabar” (not much help. What was the immediate non-Indo-European predecessor?)

The Wikipedia article on the spice cinnamon says it’s name was borrowed into Greek from a Phoenician word. “Ancient Greek: κιννάμωμον kinnámōmon (later kínnamon), via Latin and medieval French intermediate forms. The Greek was borrowed from a Phoenician word, which was similar to the related Hebrew: קינמון (qinnāmōn).” Aragorn 21:49, 21 December 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jkshrews (talk • contribs)

Synthesis of cinnabar
@Hu741f4, regarding why was it removed? As the edit summary here indicates, it was removed because the fact that combining mercury and sulphur results in the synthesis of cinnabar has probably been known since the very first experiments with mercury, which likely predate even the advent of alchemy in the first century CE, and is of no historical importance whatsoever. In any case, it was known by all Arabic alchemists, including the earliest of them, writing under the name of Jabir ibn Hayyan. See, for example, :

So it's nonsense to claim that The earliest known method for the synthesis of Cinnabar first appeared in De aluminibus et salibus of al-Razi, nor does the source used actually claim that. What the source does –correctly– say is that the De aluminibus et salibus contains the earliest description of a way to prepare corrosive sublimate or Mercury(II) chloride, which in contrast to the production of cinnabar was of great historical importance.

Apart from that, the attribution of the De aluminibus et salibus is generally considered false by scholars; see :

It's only sometimes attributed to al-Razi, but this is not considered correct. The anonymous 11th/12th-century Andalusian Arabic treatise is considered to be strongly influenced by al-Razi's authentic works though, but that is neither here or there. ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 14:40, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

Ok thanks! I learned a new stuff today Hu741f4 (talk) 01:45, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cinnabar


text:
Bristol Grammar School

Bristol Grammar School (BGS) is a 4–18 mixed, private day school in Bristol, England. It was founded in 1532 by Royal Charter for the teaching of 'good manners and literature', endowed by wealthy Bristol merchants Robert and Nicholas Thorne who made their money through the work and trade of enslaved Africans. The school flourished in the early 20th century under headmaster Sir Cyril Norwood (1906–1916), embodying "the ideals and experiences of a leading public school". Norwood went on to serve as the master at Marlborough College and Harrow, and as president of St John's College, Oxford.

The headmaster, Jaideep Barot MA MSc, is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) and was appointed in September 2018. The school was first cited in the Public Schools Year Book in 1907, and former headmaster John Mackay (1960–1975) served as the chairman of the HMC in 1970. Founded as an all-boys school, Bristol Grammar is now fully co-educational having first admitted girls in 1980. The school counts among its alumni prominent personalities including Nobel laureate Sir John Pople, former British ambassador to the US Lord Oliver Franks, and founder of Penguin Books Sir Allen Lane. It has educated members of both houses of the UK Parliament and has a strong legal tradition, having educated three present Lord Justices of Appeal (Sirs Rabinder Singh, Mark Warby and Timothy Holroyde).

The school is divided into four sections: the Infant School (ages 4–6), the Junior School (ages 6–11), the Senior School (ages 11–16) and Sixth Form (ages 16–18). The Junior School was ranked in 2016 by The Good Schools Guide as one of the best value prep schools in the UK. The Senior School and Sixth Form rank academically amongst the best performing independent schools in South West England.

History
The school was founded on 17 March 1532 by brothers Robert and Nicholas Thorne, merchants who enslaved African people. It was housed in the St Bartholomew's Hospital, as part of the new founding of schools after Henry VIII's closure of the monasteries, where previously a large proportion of England's education had occurred. The school motto Ex Spinis Uvas, which translates as "Grapes From Thorns", is a play upon the names of the school founders Robert and Nicholas Thorne.

The Grammar Scole at Frome Gate was in the care of its first schoolmaster, Thomas Moffat, when good fortune stepped in to secure its future. The Thorne family were wealthy Bristol merchants, friends of men like John Cabot and known to royalty. They wished to endow a school where the sons of Bristol merchants and tradesmen could receive an education. On 17 March 1532, Henry VIII issued a Charter under which the Thornes could endow the Grammar School and establish it in larger premises at St Bartholomew's Hospital near the bottom of Christmas Steps. There the boys learnt Latin and Greek, Divinity and some Hebrew.

By 1767, the buildings were cramped. Charles Lee, the Master, persuaded the Corporation that the Grammar School should be allowed to exchange premises with the other City School, Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, which had a pleasant, new site on Unity Street, further up the hill. This exchange was carried out, and Charles Lee proceeded to enjoy his new school by greatly reducing the numbers of boys. The School was set to rights in 1812, but education was moving away from the classics and this caused further problems resulting in the school being closed in 1844. It received a new scheme in 1847 and re-opened in January 1848 with 300 pupils.

By 1870 the headmaster (Rev John William Caldicott) told the Endowed Schools Commission that the school was "full to overflowing" with 240 boys. However, it was significantly less well endowed than Bristol's other secondary schools (Queen Elizabeth's, Red Maids' and Colston's), and its now dilapidated buildings were located in the wrong area of the city for pupils who mostly lived in Clifton and Redland. At that time, Bristol had substantial hospital endowments (second only to London and Edinburgh) but these were mostly spent on charity rather than education. The assistant charity commissioner proposed a scheme that would reorganise the objectives of the endowed schools and secure funding for the Grammar School and the new Clifton High School for Girls. After several years of debate and negotiation the initiative was approved in 1875, and in 1877 a new location in Tyndalls Park was agreed.

The first buildings in Tyndalls Park were occupied in 1879: the Big School, with its Great Hall, and the Headmaster's House, a modest dwelling which is now the Junior School. Further classrooms were added, a Gymnasium and a Fives Court and a Rifle Range. These have been rebuilt as art rooms and rehearsal rooms, but the Winterstoke wing still houses the laboratories which were added in 1914. The Preparatory School began in 1900, and in 1928 moved into its own building on Elton Road, but this was destroyed on the night of 24 November 1940 by incendiary bombs.

The Prep Hall, which survived, is now the Mackay Theatre. The Elton Road ruin was rebuilt as classrooms under John Garrett, who added the University Road block and began to colonise the other side of Elton Road. Since then, the school has built yet more classroom accommodation and a new sports hall; Modern Languages, Classics, Geography and Art have their own Elton Road Houses, and the former playing field is now the Design and Technology Centre.

The school became a direct grant grammar school in 1946 as a result of the Education Act 1944 and chose to become independent in 1979 when direct grants were abolished by the 1974–9 Labour Government.

In 1980 the school became fully coeducational, having admitted girls to the Sixth Form for the previous two years.

Houses
There are six Houses in the Senior School, each named after its Head of House. Each student is placed in one of the six House groups at the beginning of their time in the Senior School, remaining in the House until they leave school. House activities include plays, music competitions and inter-House sporting tournaments.

The House names and colours are:
 * Scott's (black)
 * Parrat's (yellow)
 * Edwards's (blue)
 * Glenn's (red)
 * Short's (brown)
 * Hilliard's (green)

Between 1894 and 1939 the school also had a boarding house, Thorne Lodge, situated on Oakfield Grove in Clifton. The boarding house masters were J. G. Holmes (1894-1911), F. G. Beauchamp (1911-28) and R. J. McGregor (1929-39).

Colours
House colours are awarded, given at the end of the term should that person perform well in an activity or sport.

School colours are awarded to pupils typically in their final year, who perform exceptionally well in sport or any other school activity. They would be expected to compete in a school team (such as Cricket, Rugby, Hockey or Football) and show continued commitment. This was extended to include performing arts, awarding several students colours for their contribution to concerts, plays and taking House assemblies.

Tutors and teaching
The size of teaching groups ranges from 25 students per teacher in lower years to occasionally one per teacher (for less popular subjects in the sixth form). Optional subjects include Russian and Economics. All students have access to computers with internet access as well as their own ipads provided by the school.

The school offers Ancient Greek as a subject from Year 9 onwards, and Classical Civilisation is also available now as a GCSE.

Sport
During the autumn term, the sport curriculum is dominated by rugby for the boys and hockey for the girls. During the spring term, it is dominated by hockey, football, and rugby for the boys and netball for the girls.

During the summer term, there is a division between cricket for the boys and for the girls. Both sexes may participate in sports such as tennis and athletics.

The school owns a large area of land in Failand which features two AstroTurf hockey pitches, tarmac tennis/netball courts, five cricket pitches, nine rugby pitches, two football pitches and a 3G astro pitch. There is an athletics track as well as shot and javelin areas. Full-time grounds staff are employed. Sport is compulsory one afternoon a week for every year-group up to, and including, year 11. A new pavilion has been built as part of the 475th anniversary expansion of the school, replacing the old pavilion. There is now a larger car park and better coach access. The new pavilion provides facilities for up to 350 pupils and staff at a time with improved showering and changing facilities as well as an attractive hospitality area for spectators. The total cost of the project was £2.4 million.

This is in addition to the sports hall on the Tyndall's Park campus, which supplements the one afternoon a week pupils spend doing sport with around another hour or so a week of PE within the school day.

The school rugby team won the U15 1991 Daily Mail Cup and came runner-up in the same competition in 1995. Bristol Grammar has a sporting rivalry with fellow Bristol public school Clifton College.

Model United Nations
Bristol Grammar has been successful at Model United Nations for a number of years now, holding their own conference BGSMUN, in February, since 2007. These conferences, presided over by the school's own Secretaries General, include chairing teams of BGS Sixth Form students. Various schools are invited to compete, with Exeter College winning the 2015 conference. The school's own team has been particularly successful in recent years, winning Best Delegation at both Exeter College MUN and MUNCH.

Campus
Bristol Grammar School occupies a triangle of land between the University of Bristol on the University Road side, what used to be Dingle's department store on the lower side and a series of houses on the Elton Road side known as Tyndalls Park. The school has been expanding, and while it has always owned all the houses to one side of the main campus until recently only four (Barton's, Norwood's, Martin's and Garrett's) were occupied. Most of the houses have now had their leases relinquished and have been converted into teaching space.

Great Hall
The foundation stone was laid on 10 June 1877 and the school moved in during 1879. It is the largest first floor hall in the United Kingdom. In 1996, the old servery was removed and the hall was restored to its old layout; the roof was also renewed during this time. There is a full kitchen between the Great Hall and the Science Wing, as well as two classrooms and an office belonging to the history department. Underneath the Great Hall is the Staff Room, the Pople Room, and the school offices. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.

To one side of the Great Hall, sitting separate from the Hall itself and the Junior School, is another building designed to blend in. During the 1940s/1950s, this was the woodworking department, and later a staff work room. It is now a Music room which is also used for House Assemblies.

The Great Hall foundation stone has never been found. Inside the foundation stone there is a time capsule, reported to contain "Copies of The Times and of the Bristol newspapers and a parchment document containing an account of the ceremony". However, despite extensive searches of the outer walls, it has not been found. Two possibilities exist - that the foundation stone was placed at the far end of the building where the Science wing now is, and was destroyed or covered up when that building was erected; or that the stone is buried under tarmac towards the front of the building. The foundation stone was laid on 10 June 1877.

The Big School was designed in the late Perpendicular Gothic style, by the Bristol firm of Foster and Wood. Sometimes known as the Long Room, but now usually as the Great Hall, it was designed as a teaching room, and the Masters' stalls are still in place.

The room is 140 ft long, 50 ft wide and 50 ft high. Downstairs there are now, as in 1879, the Headmaster's Study, the Senior Common Room, offices and classrooms. Originally these would have accommodated the Sixth Form, while the rest of the school had lessons together in the Hall.

The organ, which was built by Vowles & Son of St James' Square, was presented by William Wills, 1st Baron Winterstoke, in January 1880. It cost over £1,000 and it is still played for assemblies and concerts. Nowadays, the organ would cost at least £2 million.

The main stairs leading out of the Great Hall have been modified to fulfil fire and safety regulations and in preparation for the new library and Sixth Form building known as The Hub. When the whole school assembled in the Great Hall for the official opening of the new staircase, the invited guests included people who donated large sums of money to help get the project on its way and some of the OBs, including John Pople, who have supported the school. This work was permitted due to work done by the school's archivist who demonstrated that this was the way that the original staircase was likely to have been. This satisfied the authorities sufficiently that they granted permission to make structural alterations to the Grade II listed building. The Hub project however, was cancelled by the, then, new Headmaster, Roderick MacKinnon, so the planned building, which was popular among students, was discarded. This was mainly due to financing issues as building the hub would be very expensive (at least £1 million).

The staircase was originally one big staircase which started at ground level, led up and split into two smaller ones which doubled back to reach the Great Hall. This has now been reversed; two smaller staircases lead up and merge into a larger one which doubles back to reach the Great Hall. This meant that the wall between the two smaller staircases could be knocked through to insert a modern automated double glass door allowing pupils to reach the Great Hall with greater ease from within the campus. The old entrance with the great wooden doors at the front still remains. Previously a small door to the campus side of the building was for visitors, teachers and Prefects only.

The School has re-purposed the Elton Road block, and changed the Mackay Theatre into a mixed use space for the music school. Most of the teaching rooms in this block are now used for this purpose. The block has been extended with a new 245 seat (standard layout) theatre, and additional rehearsal/teaching space, and is named the 1532 Performing Arts Centre. This centre fits between the Elton Road Block and the Princess Anne Block. This is one of the biggest building jobs on the main campus since 1994 when the Design & Technology Centre was built in the centre of the site..

School song
Carmen Bristoliense (Song of the Bristolians) is the school song of Bristol Grammar School, which is sung in Latin. The song was written in 1909 by Headmaster Cyril Norwood, and set to music by the Director of Music, C. W. Stear. It is sung in the final school assembly each term, and at other school or related events such as the annual prize giving ceremony and old boys' (and girls') dinners. The song consists of four verses and a chorus, although usually only the first verse and chorus are sung. The fifth line was updated from Norwood's original on the 400th anniversary of the school's founding.

Headmasters
Until the 19th century, the Headmaster was known simply as the "Master" and his assistants as "Ushers". Little is known of those of the 16th century and nothing of any before Thomas Moffat, the "scolemaster" of the City Audit Book of 1532 who took the School to the Bartholomews. The first few dates are conjectural.

title: Bristol Grammar School


text:
Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary

A language-for-specific-purposes dictionary (LSP dictionary) is a reference work which defines the specialised vocabulary used by experts within a particular field, for example, architecture. The discipline that deals with these dictionaries is specialised lexicography. Medical dictionaries are well-known examples of the type.

Users
As described in Bergenholtz/Tarp 1995, LSP dictionaries are often made for users who are already specialists with a subject field (experts), but may also be made for semi-experts and laypeople. In contrast to LSP dictionaries, LGP (language for general purposes) dictionaries are made to be used by an average user. LSP dictionaries may have one or more functions. LSP dictionaries may have communicative functions, such as helping users to understand, translate and produce texts. Dictionaries may also have cognitive functions such as helping users to develop knowledge in general or about a specific topic, such as the birthday of a famous person and the inflectional paradigm of a specific verb.

Different types
According to Sandro Nielsen, LSP dictionaries may cover one language (monolingual) or two languages (bilingual), and occasionally more (multilingual). An LSP dictionary that attempts to cover as much of the vocabulary in a subject field as possible is classified by Nielsen as a maximizing dictionary, and one that attempts to cover a limited number of terms within a subject field is a minimizing dictionary.

Also, Nielsen 1994 distinguishes between the following types of dictionaries: An LSP dictionary that covers more than one subject field is called a multi-field dictionary, an LSP dictionary that covers one subject field (e.g. a dictionary of law) is called a single-field dictionary, and an LSP dictionary that covers part of a subject field (e.g. a dictionary of contract law) is called a sub-field dictionary.

Usage dictionaries
A common form of LSP dictionary is a usage dictionary for a particular field or genre, such as journalism, providing advice on words and phrases to prefer, and distinctions between easily confused usages. Probably the best known of these for news style writing is the AP Stylebook. Many such works also have elements of a style guide, though most of the latter are not in dictionary format, but arranged as a series of rules in sections, and more concerned with grammar and punctuation. Some usage dictionaries are intended for a general rather than specialized audience, and are therefore more comprehensive; two major ones are Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage and Garner's Modern English Usage.


text:
Stephen Altschul

Stephen Frank Altschul (born February 28, 1957) is an American mathematician who has designed algorithms that are used in the field of bioinformatics (the Karlin–Altschul algorithm and its successors ). Altschul is the co-author of the BLAST algorithm used for sequence analysis of proteins and nucleotides.

Education
Altschul graduated summa cum laude from Harvard University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in mathematics and has a Ph.D. in the same field from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Research
His research interest centers around sequence-alignment algorithms, statistics of sequence comparison, and measurement of sequence similarity.

Background
He is the son of Stephanie Rosemary (née Wagner) and Arthur Altschul, a former partner at Goldman Sachs. In 1994, he married Caroline Kershaw James, the daughter of Caroline James-Pritz of Cincinnati and Harry Keithan James of Dayton, Ohio. The Rev. Luther D. Miller Jr. performed the ceremony at St. David's Episcopal Church in Washington.

His half-sister is journalist Serena Altschul, who is known for her tenure at MTV. On his father's side, he is a member of the Lehman family.

He has two sons, James and William Altschul. William Altschul is a former college Ultimate player at Washington University in St. Louis.

From mathematics to bioinformatics
During his undergraduate years, Altschul developed an interest in biology. As a result, he started reading books about DNA. One of the books that he read was The Double Helix by Watson. Furthermore, he had also taken a course on Evolutionary Biology. Altschul had also spent two summers working in laboratories at Rockfeller University where he helped to write computer codes for an X-ray crystallography project.

Due to his interest, Altschul had considered trying to apply to graduate school in biology. He instead decided to apply to programs in applied mathematics, with the hope of finding some applications of mathematics to biology to work on.

Notable appointments/positions held
Upon graduation, Stephen Frank Altschul worked in the Mathematics Research Branch of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases as an IRTA postdoctoral fellowship. From 1990 to present, he has worked in the NCBI Computational Biology Branch, holding the position of senior investigator.

title: Stephen Altschul


text:
Talk:Pacific Crest Trail

PCT Deaths
A bleak topic, but I felt it was important to add. Not sure if it should be under Notable hikers or its own section. Trellar (talk) 23:06, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

 * It looks like the deaths section should likely be removed, very few Wiki pages covering hiking trails have such a section, it seems rather unusual for there to be a "notable deaths" section. I don't see that it adds any value, nobody researching the PCT cares about fatalities or injuries, after all. Damotclese (talk) 20:44, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Hiking records
Heather "Anish" Anderson is not the first woman to complete the Triple Crown of Hiking, I believe she is the first woman to complete the Triple Crown of Hiking in a Calendar year, a much more impressive feat. This means she did all three trails back to back in period between January and December in a given year.

I think incorporating speed and other kinds of records is a bad idea. Such endeavors should not receive acclaim or notoriety. If someone wants to blaze from Mexico to Canada at warp factor 9, that is their prerogative. But the PCT is not generally recognized as a race course; it is wilderness, a natural environment full of wonderful scenery, textures, scents, and sounds.

The slowly advancing "race" for youngest person to have completed the PCT means what: Increasing pressure to get a toddler to walk thousand of miles? Same goes for oldest person, the one who died of exhaustion at age 103 just as they reached the US-Canadian border?

Should the film article mention the people who have seen the most movies in one viewing session? Should the eye article mention the world champion of not blinking?

Instead, this article would be better advanced by enumerating the groups doing the most to analyze, develop, and maintain the trail. Or more details, segment by segment, about the pitch, terrain, wildlife, and climate. There are many more details about the trail itself which could/should be added. Let's try not to encourage the occasional misdirected person who ambles along on it. —EncMstr (talk) 20:19, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

 * :) I have to agree with EncMstr (talk) about the PCT not being a race track, however a great many hikers and other people are very interested in records, so the information should be included in the article. This is an encyclopedia, after all, and speed times and other relevant numeric and demographic information is useful and informative.
 * Sectional hikers who take years to complete the trail from end to end probably do enjoy the experience more than those who attempt to "get through it" rather than those who become part of it, but I think from reading the fast-timers' blogs and magazine articles, going fast is still a very rewarding experience, it's a personal challenge for themselves, for their bodies, they exceed their own envelopes and comfort zones which adds to the environmental experience. Damotclese (talk) 16:32, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Removal of material about Ryback possibly hitchhiking
has twice removed the material talking about Ryback possibly hitchhiking part of the PCT, claiming "no citation, all speculation and opinion, no facts" and "deleted an untrue statement and fake news article". The material was supported by citations to Smithsonian Magazine and the PCT Guidebook by Wilderness Press. On User talk:Boardergirl432, she said that the material violated WP:NPOV. The material seemed to be NPOV to me, because it did not make a statement about whether Ryback did or did hitchhike, but simply stated that his claim of thru-hiking was disputed.

What do other editors think? Did that material obey WP:BLP? —hike395 (talk) 01:52, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I watched those edit removals by User talk:Boardergirl432 and also wondered why he or she did that since the references and citations were legitimate and the reporting of facts is what Wikipedia is about, it's not a violation of WP:NPOV or even impacts WP:BLP in any degree. I'll go look at the specific text that was removed and see if it should be reinstated. We may need to ask User talk:Boardergirl432 to explain his or her reasons for removal since the text at first glace met all Wikipedia expectations, I'll go see. Damotclese (talk) 02:45, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The text that was removed is the following:
 * However, Ryback's claim is disputed. When the guidebook publisher, Wilderness Press, stated that Ryback had used motor transport in places along the PCT, Ryback sued for $3 million but withdrew the suit after Wilderness Press revealed statements from the people who claim to have picked up the young hiker along highways parallel to the 2,600-mile trail. Ryback is in Smithsonian's top 9 list of people Cheating Their Way to Fame though it notes that The claims that Ryback “cheated” are still doubted by some.
 * The citation offered is a valid one and also the information provided is informative and valuable, it should not have been removed, it does not violate any salient WP guide for editors, the text needs to be reinstated. People perform Google searches for information like this, the whole point of Wikipedia is to provide references and background such as this, the text should not have been removed. If nobody else restores the text, I will do so tomorrow. Damotclese (talk) 02:50, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The citation offered is a valid one and also the information provided is informative and valuable, it should not have been removed, it does not violate any salient WP guide for editors, the text needs to be reinstated. People perform Google searches for information like this, the whole point of Wikipedia is to provide references and background such as this, the text should not have been removed. If nobody else restores the text, I will do so tomorrow. Damotclese (talk) 02:50, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The citation offered is a valid one and also the information provided is informative and valuable, it should not have been removed, it does not violate any salient WP guide for editors, the text needs to be reinstated. People perform Google searches for information like this, the whole point of Wikipedia is to provide references and background such as this, the text should not have been removed. If nobody else restores the text, I will do so tomorrow. Damotclese (talk) 02:50, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Also I see that (Special:Contributions/Boardergirl432) is a WP:SPA which is a violation of Wikipedia rules, that account should likely be terminated for violating WP:SPA Damotclese (talk) 02:57, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Can someone just direct me to the correct person or page or talk where I can actually defend my statements and edits? Yes, I am new, but Wikipedia clearly states to not pick on newcomers. I edit the PCT page because I am an expert on it and the history of it, I am not biased but when I see a mistake I will correct it. If I was an expert on Notable Figure Skaters I would edit that page if I saw a mistake. Anywho, just let me know where to leave my comments so this can be taken care of, I am being Pinged on 3 “talks”. Boardergirl432 (talk) 04:48, 12 January 2018 (UTC)boardergirl432

 * This is the correct place to present rationale for your edits. See the talk page guidelines.  Note that we operate by consensus, not authority, not "lawyering", and not by voting.  This organization is likely strange at first for all newcomers—we were all new once as well.  The basis of the decision making process is hinted at in The Five Pillars.  While you may well be an expert on this topic, the best you can do (for this discussion) is provide links to verifiable and reliable sources which are neutral.
 * The text you removed clearly states both sides of the controversy. To delete the original text, show there is doubt that the Smithsonian is correct or that Wilderness Press acted inappropriately (for example).  There may be other factors not presented which also have an impact.  Demonstrate your expertise to help us reach a proper consensus that the article is as true as it can be.  —EncMstr (talk) 05:09, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Perfect! Thank you thank you!! I will compile all my notes/sources/factors/etc. and post my complete rationale here tomorrow. Follow up question: I see the Smithsonian article link, but both you and refer to Wilderness Press as a source and I have searched for a link or citation and there is none provided anywhere. That is a big concern that all of the Wilderness Press statements are not backed up from any source I can find. While I compile my rationale in the mean time can you please refer me to where I can find the Wilderness Press links/articles/etc? Thank you again and I look forward to working through this with you all Boardergirl432 (talk) 05:42, 12 January 2018 (UTC)boardergirl432

 * Alastair Bland's Smithsonian Magazine article is the source of the Wilderness Press statement. It states "When the guidebook publisher, Wilderness Press, stated in print that Ryback had used motor transport in places along the PCT, Ryback sued for $3 million—but he withdrew the suit after Wilderness Press revealed statements from the very people who had supposedly picked up the young hiker along highways parallel to the 2,600-mile trail. The claims that Ryback “cheated” are still doubted by some" —hike395 (talk) 05:50, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Yes I see that but even the link/cite in his article that refers to these rumors is broken and leads nowhere (I’ve contacted the Smithsonian about that this week as well, am waiting for a reply). It seems he could have literally made that up or it could be hearsay because the Wilderness Press website and archives does not have anything about it. There are so many articles by the utmost respected publications that have not done their due diligence in fact checking (it happens quite often and especially in cases of who is the first/fastest/best/etc) so even though the name “Smithsonian” is behind it, doesn’t mean the author took proper steps to ensure accuracy. Food for thought. If we are basing a lot of this on Wilderness Press and it’s such an important source I think it’s crucial we are able to verify. Boardergirl432 (talk) 06:06, 12 January 2018 (UTC)boardergirl432
 * We base articles on reliable sources. Given that all sources potentially are inaccurate, I think “Smithsonian” is at least as good as the average. It would be helpful if additional sources could be found since this item is disputed by an editor, but even if that is not possible, the “Smithsonian” content must be included, in some form, in the article to satisfy WP:NPOV. The exception would be if it were retracted or so broadly disputed by reliable sources to be unlikely to be accurate. The dropping of the lawsuit by Ryback is uninformative regarding the hitchhiking allegation. Because of free speech protection in the United States, it is very difficult to recover legal fees, much less damages, from alleged libel. He would have had to prove that Wilderness acted in bad faith, a very high bar.Walter Siegmund (talk) 18:08, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The text will be reinstated and the WP:SPA account will need to be be discussed elsewhere. Damotclese (talk) 18:12, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

I haven't even given my rationale yet, that was simply a question to help me determine what I need to provide. As you, mentioned earlier "We may need to ask User talk:Boardergirl432 to explain his or her reasons for removal since the text at first glace met all Wikipedia expectations, I'll go see." I am working on my rationale as fast as I can if you can just please be patient. In regards to the WP:SPA here is a direct quote from that exact page "Communal standards such as don't bite the newcomers apply to all users. Be courteous. Focus on the subject matter, not the person. If they are given fair treatment, they may also become more involved over time." Also "If you wish to continue working as a SPA, capitalize on the strengths of that role, particularly with regard to sources. Be willing to buy or borrow books and articles on your chosen subject. Search thoroughly for information on-line. Make notes reminding you from where your information comes, carefully check its reliability and neutrality. Reproduce it in the form of citations. The community's main concern is that edits by single-purpose accounts stand at odds with Wikipedia's neutrality and advocacy policies." I am taking my time in my rationale as to make sure I follow all of these mentioned neutrality and reliability policies (and at the same time learning those policies since I am NEW). I am feeling quite "bitten" and rushed in this talk and I would really appreciate some patience and understanding. I can assure you I am acting in good faith and would hope everyone would show respect rather than hostility toward me. Boardergirl432 (talk) 19:10, 12 January 2018 (UTC)boardergirl432

 * Please don't feel picked on. While  is focusing (perhaps too harshly) on one aspect of your editing history, the Ryback tidbit has been contentious in the past.  See this, this, and this.  Please try to convince me that Ryback's achievement need not have doubt.
 * In support of Damotclese's opinion, it is common for longtime editors to feel exhausted/overwhelmed by the commercial world's persistent attempts to introduce advertisements and favorably biased coverage of their interests in Wikipedia. We all get a little cranky about such cretins people from time to time.  After you finish your current task, maybe you could help improve another interesting article—preferably a topic in which you are not an expert.   —EncMstr (talk) 23:40, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I understand someone's desire to protect a friend on Wikipedia, however the extant article is and was accurate insofar as the erroneously removed text. WP:SPAs are routinely created for such purposes, however the reference provided is solid, there is no controversy about the accuracy of the text which was removed. Editors should remember that more information backed by testable, falsifiable references and citations is what Wikipedia is about -- well, that and a few other things. Damotclese (talk) 21:06, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

User hike395 you need to reinstate that text, I don't see that it is Damo's task to reinstate it but I agree with Damo completely, the text was removed without serious cause. Also the Boardergirl432 account needs to be banned for violating Single Purpose Account guidelines.

TrainsOnTime isn't your group responsible for about 110 miles of the PCT? Maybe you should chime in on this and give your opinion on why the removed text needs to be restored. Since you work on the PCT seems like you have a dog in this race, Damo and I don't other than being colleagues. BiologistBabe (talk) 17:35, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Hey! What? :) BB you were working somewhere in Mongolia the last I heard, not on the PCT. You never answer your phone or emails yet Wiki emailed me saying you invoked my good name here. :) I know you're not allowed to use private emails or phones where you are but that made me laugh. :) Damo at least answers his emails, albeit slowly, slowly.
 * I looked this over, hike395 found the problem initially so he should fix it, yeah. Also our group works as unpaid employees of the USFS and that 110 miles of trails is spread out across some 20 or 30 trails, we're responsible for the sections from Mount Hawkins through Windy Gao, through Little Jimmy Trail Camp and on to Baden-Powell, with some responsibility in the Mount Waterman Designated Wilderness which has a PCT fragment where the PCT crosses Angeles Crest Highway 2. I think overall the PCT mileage that we're responsible for is about 5 miles in total, and even then the USFS does not list a 2N in our inventory for that PCT section since the other trails overlap PCT with their own 2Ns.
 * Damotclese Just because someone uses a single purpose account doesn't mean they're spamming, but it does look like Boardergirl432 has unclean hands with a motive here. The text that was removed, it looks to me, is well-references, you don't get much better than the Smithsonian, but the accurate commentary about cheating is embarrassing so I could see why a friend or family member -- not to mention the person himself -- would want the text removed from this article. If it was me who was caught cheating, I wouldn't want Wikipedia mentioning the fact either, I suppose. (Or maybe in the Talk page I would defend my cheating, maybe, if I were an idiot -- which I am, admitted with pride!) TrainsOnTime (talk) 19:07, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm aware of that. I remove a lot of SPA accounts after blatant vandalism, but occasionally there is an SPA that is legitimate. If hike395 does not reinstate the removed text by the end of this evening I will do so.
 * Thanks, everybody! Wikipedia editors are awesome. :) Damotclese (talk) 18:08, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Good summary, BiologistBabe. Restoration of the deleted text does not preclude revisiting this issue should more and/or better sources become available. But in their absence, it should be restored. Walter Siegmund (talk) 01:44, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Trail deaths
I attempted to remove the Deaths section from the article, but was reverted by.

My reasoning: all hiking trails are hazardous. There are about 40 hiking deaths/year in the United States. A long-enough trail will accumulate a number of fatalities: none of the deaths listed (beyond the first) are notable. The whole section should be deleted, according to WP:NOTNEWS. —hike395 (talk) 02:17, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

 * WP:NOTNEWS does not apply here, as it is part of the history of the trail, and is inherently notable to the trail itself.  It would not be appropriate for a general article on hiking, but is absolutely appropriate for this article.  Scr ★ pIron IV 13:35, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

Edits and Suggested Edits by Scott Wilkinson of the PCTA
Hi Fellow PCT Editors:

I'm the director of communications and marketing for the Pacific Crest Trail Association. Today (May 5, 2018) I made some edits to the PCT page as follows:

1. I clarified the statement on the exact length of the trail; we (the PCTA) use 2,650 miles as the "official" length of the trail. While we readily acknowledge that this is not a precise number, it's also a fact that the precise mileage varies from year to year due to fire closures, reroutes, and trail realignments (most recently the Sierra Buttes realignment). One could argue that there is an "original" or "ideal" path of the trail and measure that, but in practice this argument doesn't work well, as the trail is somewhat dynamic and changes from year to year.

 * Hi, Scott. Thanks for contributing to this article and making your affiliation known (you're following the practice recommended at our conflict of interest guideline). You may wish to read our guideline on reliable sources. Your edit was reverted because you had sourced it to yourself, which potentially violates our guideline on original research. If you can add a reference to a guidebook from a reputable publisher or to a U.S. Government web site, that would be ideal. For example, you could add A reference to the PCTA website itself would probably be acceptable, also, although less preferred. —hike395 (talk) 04:05, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

2. I added brief mentions of Catherine Montgomery as being the earliest known person to suggest a trail from Mexico to Canada. This was not to suggest that Montgomery is the "founder" of the PCT, but rather to clarify that Clinton C. Clarke cannot be undisputably called the founder of the trail (it depends on what your definition of "founder" is). The reality is that there were many people instrumental in the creation of the trail (Theodore Solomons and Warren Rogers being two others who were influential in the trail's origins.)

 * Again, this was removed because there you didn't supply a source. I would suggest citing and add the page number. —hike395 (talk)

3. Because I believe it's important information and relevant to the PCT entry, I added a new section about the management of the trail. I was very careful to maintain a neutral point of view and state only the facts, and avoided promoting the PCTA in any way.

 * I agree that a management section would be a helpful addition to the article. If you could find a reliable source for the material, then I think it would stick. —hike395 (talk)

4. I also clarified an edit about the (future) Tejon Ranch relocation of the trail. I did this to avoid any interpretation by readers that this relocation is either happening now or could happen soon. In fact, it's a long-term project that will take many years to come to fruition.

 * Wikipedia avoids speculation about future events, because they are difficult to verify. I suspect this should be left out of the article. —hike395 (talk)

---

SUGGESTION: I believe the section on thru-hiking the PCT should be removed from this entry, as I don't believe it is directly relevant to the trail. While it's fundamentally okay, there are a few statements that aren't well-supported (such as the bit about "traditional" versus "ultralight" hikers---this is somewhat murky as all hikers fall somewhere along a spectrum between the two). I also think removal of this section is fine due to the presence of another article on thru-hiking. (By the way, the spelling "thru-hike" may not be grammatically correct, but I think it's fine to use because it is, in fact, the most common way of spelling this phrase. We use it exclusively in the PCTA, and one could argue that it should be included in dictionaries as a standard spelling.)

SUGGESTION: I agree with the editor who suggested that the "Deaths" section be removed. It isn't directly relevant to an article about the trail, and as pointed out elsewhere, people die on all long-distance trails (and other trails don't have "death sections.") Furthermore, the list isn't completed or up-to-date, and including a section like this places an additional burden on editors of having to maintain it.

 * I'm glad you agree with this. I shall remove the section (again), but we can discuss further if necessary. —hike395 (talk) 04:05, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

- February 21, 2019 COMMENT REGARDING UPDATES: In response to edits I tried to make last year (which were reasonably reverted because I was sourcing these edits to myself), Hike395 stated that "A reference to the PCTA website itself would probably be acceptable, also, although less preferred." I'd like to suggest that the PCTA (and our website and materials we pubish) is, in fact, the most reliable source of information about the PCT on the web. We're the primary steward of the trail, and we work in partnership with federal agencies such as the USFS, BLM, and NPS. Most guidebooks for the PCT, as well as U.S. Government websites, source much of their information from us. I don't say any of this to promote the PCTA, but simply to establish the fact that our knowledge of the trail is extremely reliable (and generally more current than any other agency or organization).

As an aside, I'll do some looking around in Wikipedia to see if other nonprofit trail orgs are cited as reliable sources. If not, they should be. (For example, no organization or agency knows more about the Pacific Northwest Trail than the Pacific Northwest Trail Association; the same could be said for many other national trails.)

I admit I'm not fluent at Wikipedia's editing policy. And if the point of sourcing external references is simply to have *other* references (than the organization an editor represents), I understand. (Though I'd still add that the act of adding other references doesn't in itself make those other references any more reliable.)

Thanks! Scott — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shadepine (talk • contribs) 16:50, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

Oldest thru hiker
I thought the oldest thru hiker designation was finally determined when 'Al' thru hiked the trail starting at age 80 and 287 days. As his son, I am ineligible to re-edit this article, but do attest I walked every continuous footstep with him. If anyone wants to break the record, they will need to begin hiking after they turn 80 years 287 days old and complete the entire trail by the end of the calendar year. Apparently, there is still a question on if 'Al' hiked the trail for his third time in 2018 according to the comments that undid the text that claimed he is the oldest. Al did hike the entire trail. He has my witness, Many 100's of other hikers saw him on the trail, and lots of photographic evidence. His is the age to top to become the oldest hiker. Clearned (talk) 01:59, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Sadly, eyewitness accounts are not accepted as evidence in Wikipedia. Information in Wikipedia has to be verfiable and come from reliable sources. If you can find a newspaper article about the oldest thru-hiker, then we can re-add it to the article. —hike395 (talk) 06:42, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Trail Hazards
Does someone need to expand listing of trail hazards in greater detail as in "Appalachian Trail" article (specific insects, wildlife, etc.)? Victorsteelballs (talk) 15:38, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Timothy Olson's new (probable) FKT?
Presumably someone will add a bit about Timothy Olson's latest FKT when it is confirmed. Joebeone (Talk) 18:21, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

 * They did... And then Karel Sabbe reclaimed it (2023). About Timothy Olson, is that really "true" to write that he is "of Boulder" ? He doesn't seem like he's living there anymore and he's back in Oregon (2023) J.Scriblerus (talk) 05:28, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:12, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Pct-logo.svg

Climate change
This article might benefit from a new section, or at least a couple of paragraphs, on the effects of climate change.

From the New York Times, 31-Aug-2022:

"Heat, Water, Fire: How Climate Change Is Transforming the Pacific Crest Trail. The already grueling 2,600-mile hike now includes the added challenges of global warming, which can mean a lack of shade and exposure to smoke and fire."

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/31/travel/climate-change-pacific-crest-trail.html

Omc (talk) 18:40, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:07, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Pct-logo.svg

title: Talk:Pacific Crest Trail


text:
Steve Zodiac

Steve Zodiac (Real name Stephen John Hepworth) is a guitarist and songwriter, who gained recognition in the early 1980s as frontman of new wave of British heavy metal band Vardis.

He is credited as writer of heavy metal songs "If I Were King", "Lets Go", and "100mph"; and had a Fender Telecaster. He also experimented with bagpipes on the track "Police Patrol" from the 1982 album Quo Vardis, worked with Jools Holland (Squeeze), Andy Bown (Status Quo & Pink Floyd), Ron Asprey, Terry Horbury (Dirty Tricks) and Judd Lander. Steve is thought to have taken his last name from either Sylvia and Gerry Anderson's astronaut in 1960s television show Fireball XL5, or his Selmer Zodiac 100-watt amplifier, which had to be used at full volume to get the distortion and sustain which was fundamental to his sound.

Zodiac's work contributed greatly to modern heavy metal and inspired many heavy metal bands of today. He is directly quoted by giants like Metallica as a heavy influence. He prematurely quit Vardis in the mid-1980s (which resulted in outcry amongst rock 'n' roll fans across Britain), due to mounting tensions between himself and several people within the music industry.

title: Steve Zodiac


text:
Dead ball

Dead ball is a term in many ball sports in which the ball is deemed temporarily not playable, and no movement may be made with it. Depending on the sport, this event may be quite routine, or more uncommon.

Gridiron football
In gridiron football, a dead ball is a condition that occurs between plays. Due to rule differences between leagues, the specific conditions which trigger a dead ball vary slightly, however in general a dead ball typically occurs after any of the following events:
 * The player with the ball runs out of bounds.
 * The player with the ball is declared down, either by being tackled, kneeling, or sliding.
 * Forward progress of the player with the ball is stopped by the defense.
 * A forward pass touches the ground or travels out of bounds without being caught (also known as an incomplete pass).
 * The ball is fumbled and goes out of bounds.
 * A kick travels out of bounds or hits the goal post or crossbar in flight.
 * A punt or kickoff enters the endzone without being touched (known as a touchback).
 * A punt or kickoff is fair caught by the receiving team.
 * A punt is downed by the kicking team before being touched by the receiving team.
 * The helmet comes off of the player with the ball for any reason.
 * Any scoring play (touchdown, field goal, or safety) occurs. In Canadian football this also includes the single.
 * An official otherwise whistles the ball dead, even if inadvertently.

Depending on the league, there may be additional situations which trigger a dead ball. For example, in the CFL, the ball becomes dead if it makes contact with an official, while under NCAA rules, it does not.

During the time in which the ball is dead, the offensive team may not attempt to advance it. The ball remains dead until it is snapped to begin the next play. The clock may or may not be stopped during this time, depending on the specific conditions triggering the dead ball.

Various rule changes over time have altered when a ball may become dead. For example, in the NFL, the ball used to become dead if it came into the possession of the defense for any reason during a try after a touchdown. This rule was changed before the 2015 season, allowing the ball to remain live so that the defense could attempt to return it for a defensive two-point conversion.

Baseball
In baseball, when the ball is dead, no runners may advance beyond the respective bases they are entitled to, and no runners may be put out. The ball becomes dead when:
 * A batter is touched by a pitch or a batted ball (hit by pitch)
 * The plate umpire hinders a catcher's throw attempt and the throw does not directly retire a runner
 * A ball is illegally batted, such as when a batter hits the ball while outside of the batter's box
 * A foul ball is not caught
 * A fair ball touches a runner or an umpire on fair territory before it touches an infielder (including the pitcher)
 * A fair ball touches a runner or an umpire before it has passed an infielder other than the pitcher
 * A live ball lodges in the umpire's or catcher's equipment or in a fence or in another object on the field
 * Any legal pitch touches a runner trying to score
 * A live ball passes out of the playing field (unless it hits or crosses over a base on the ground)
 * A runner or spectator commits interference
 * The defense leaves the field after the half inning or game ends
 * The venue's ground rules call for a dead ball ruling for a ball striking an above-ground obstruction (usually involving the roof of a domed or retractable-roofed stadium), such as the Tampa Bay Rays' Tropicana Field, regarding the catwalks and overhanging speakers above the field.  In the past, overhead dead ball ground rules also existed for the Kingdome in Seattle and Minneapolis's Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
 * An umpire calls time. Umpires typically call "time" after being asked to do so by a participant. An umpire in chief (plate umpire) will also call "time" when:
 * Weather, darkness or similar conditions make play impossible or dangerous
 * Light failure makes it difficult or impossible for the umpires to follow the play
 * An accident incapacitates a player or an umpire
 * The umpire wishes to examine the ball, to consult with either manager, or for any similar cause.
 * An umpire orders a player or any other person removed from the playing field.
 * A balk or obstruction is committed and immediate ensuing play ends
 * The catcher interferes with the batter before the time of pitch
 * An umpire declares "no pitch" after debris or a flying object (such as a bird) collides with the pitched ball.

In general, the ball does not automatically become dead after playing action ends. So, for example, although the recording of a third out generally winds down a half inning, the ball is not automatically dead. If it is to the advantage of the defense to attempt to record a fourth out for any reason, the ball is live and such a play is permitted.

After a dead ball, the ball becomes alive again when the pitcher stands on the pitcher's plate ready to pitch, the batter, catcher and umpire are ready, and the umpire calls or signals "Play."

Players and coaches may ask an umpire for "time," but they themselves may not call "time" and cause the ball to become dead. Nevertheless, "time" is usually granted by the umpire when asked, and thus, colloquially, it is often said that players or coaches indeed can "call time." Unlike sports which have clocks to time the play, the phrase "time out" is not used in baseball. Likewise, there is no limit to the number of times a team can "call time."

In baseball, the term "dead ball" is also used in the context of the dead-ball era, a phase during the early history of the game in the early 1900s. In this context, the ball was not actually "dead" but for various reasons tended to be difficult to hit for distance, resulting in low scores and few home runs by modern standards.

Cricket
In cricket, a dead ball is a particular state of play in which the players may not perform any of the active aspects of the game, meaning batters may not score runs and fielders may not attempt to get batters out.

"The words 'dead ball' were first used in the laws in 1798", in relation to a new law imposing a penalty of five runs if the fielder stopped the ball with his hat. "Before 1798 the words 'dead ball' were not used but the meaning was implicit in some of the other laws of the day."

The ball, referring to the cricket ball, becomes live when the bowler begins their run up in preparation to bowl at the batter. In the live state, play occurs with the batters able to score runs and get out.

The ball becomes dead when any of the following situations occur:
 * The umpire is satisfied that, with adequate reason, the batter is not ready for the delivery of the ball.
 * The ball is finally settled in the hands of the wicket-keeper or of the bowler and that this determination is at the sole discretion of the umpire.
 * A boundary is scored
 * A batter is dismissed. The ball will be deemed to be dead from the instant of the incident causing the dismissal.
 * A ball, whether played or not, becomes trapped between the bat and person of a batter or between items of his/her clothing or equipment or the clothing of an umpire.
 * The ball lodges in a protective helmet worn by a fielder.
 * The umpire intervenes in the occurrence of injury or unfair play.
 * Additionally, Law 20.1.2 states that "The ball shall be considered to be dead when it is clear to the bowler’s end umpire that the fielding side and both batters at the wicket have ceased to regard it as in play".

Umpires may also call dead ball at their discretion, in the case of a series for events for which there is no provision in either the Laws of Cricket or agreements made prior to the match. This happened on 9 October 2005, when Australian batter Michael Hussey hit the retracted roof at the Telstra Dome. What would have been six in an open stadium was ruled a dead ball, and no runs were awarded.

Note that the ball becomes dead as soon as a batter is out, so it is not possible to dismiss the other batter immediately. Thus the baseball concept of a double play cannot occur in cricket.

If necessary to make it clear to the players and scorers that the umpire considers the ball to be dead, the umpire signals dead ball by crossing and uncrossing his arms in front of his body.

Association football
In association football (soccer), the term "dead ball" refers to a situation when the ball is not in play, e.g. when play has not been restarted after the ball has gone out of bounds or a foul has been committed. It also applies before each kick-off, either at the start of each half or after a goal has been scored. In a dead ball situation, players can position the ball with their hands prior to restarting play. Furthermore, even though the ball is not in play, the referee may still issue cautions or ejections (yellow or red cards) for any incident that occurs off the ball. Fouls, on the other hand, can occur only while the ball is in play.

Basketball
In basketball, most or any time play is stopped the ball is considered dead, such as when a foul has been committed and called by a referee, a foul shot has been attempted and another one is yet to be attempted, or the ball has gone out of bounds. Player substitutions may then be made. Section IV of the NBA rule book contains the official definition of a dead ball.

Pickleball
A dead ball is declared in the game of pickleball when any of the following occur; one of the players commits a fault, the ball hits a permanent object, or a hinder is declared. When a player commits a fault, the other side wins the point. If the ball strikes a permanent object, such as the net post, a referee, or fence, the ball is declared dead, but the point is awarded based on whether or not the ball bounced on the opposing side before hitting the permanent object. If the ball does not bounce on the opposing side's court before hitting the permanent object, the opposing side wins the point. If the ball bounces on the opposing side's court prior to hitting the permanent object, the side that last hit the ball wins the point. If a hindrance results in a dead ball, such as when a person, errant ball or other object enters the court, the serve is restarted with no penalty to either side.

Rugby league
Each end of a rugby league field has a dead ball line; when the ball (or player in possession) crosses or touches this line, the ball is said to have gone dead. This results in a goal line drop out if the defending team had caused the ball to go dead; otherwise, a 20-metre restart ensues.

title: Dead ball


text:
Hilbert–Smith conjecture

In mathematics, the Hilbert–Smith conjecture is concerned with the transformation groups of manifolds; and in particular with the limitations on topological groups G that can act effectively (faithfully) on a (topological) manifold M. Restricting to groups G which are locally compact and have a continuous, faithful group action on M, the conjecture states that G must be a Lie group.

Because of known structural results on G, it is enough to deal with the case where G is the additive group $$\Z_p$$ of p-adic integers, for some prime number p. An equivalent form of the conjecture is that $$\Z_p$$ has no faithful group action on a topological manifold.

The naming of the conjecture is for David Hilbert, and the American topologist Paul A. Smith. It is considered by some to be a better formulation of Hilbert's fifth problem, than the characterisation in the category of topological groups of the Lie groups often cited as a solution.

In 1997, Dušan Repovš and Evgenij Ščepin proved the Hilbert–Smith conjecture for groups acting by Lipschitz maps on a Riemannian manifold using covering, fractal, and cohomological dimension theory.

In 1999, Gaven Martin extended their dimension-theoretic argument to quasiconformal actions on a Riemannian manifold and gave applications concerning unique analytic continuation for Beltrami systems.

In 2013, John Pardon proved the three-dimensional case of the Hilbert–Smith conjecture.

title: Hilbert–Smith conjecture


text:
Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)

The Treaties of Stockholm are two treaties signed in 1719 and 1720 that ended the war between Sweden and an alliance of Hanover and Prussia.

Aspects of the conflict that remained unresolved would be dealt with by two further treaties: the Treaty of Frederiksborg between Sweden and Denmark-Norway in 1720, which was a pure renewal of four previous treaties, Treaty of Copenhagen, Malmö Recess of 1662, Treaty of Fontainebleau, and the Peace of Lund (written in Stockholm in 1679); and the Treaty of Nystad between Sweden and Russia in 1721.

Frederick I began negotiating the Treaties of Stockholm following the death of Charles XII of Sweden in 1718. The death of the Swedish monarch heralded the impending conclusion of the Great Northern War.

Treaty with Hanover
In the treaty with Hanover on 9 November 1719, Sweden ceded the dominion of Bremen-Verden.

Treaty with Prussia
On 21 January 1720, Sweden ceded Swedish Pomerania south of the river Peene and east of the river Peenestrom to Prussia, including the islands of Usedom and Wollin, and the towns of Stettin, Damm and Gollnow. The treaty was formalized in 1720, and became effective when Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia issued a patent declaring the ceded area to be part of Prussia on 29 May 1720. The parts of Swedish Pomerania that were to remain with Sweden were then under Danish occupation, and were restored to Sweden in the Treaty of Frederiksborg on 3 July 1720.


text:
Treaty of Stockholm

The Treaty of Stockholm may refer to:

 * Treaty of Stockholm (1371)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1435)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1465)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1497)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1502)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1523)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1672)
 * The three Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War):
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1719) - Hannover
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1720) - Prussia
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1720) - Denmark
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1813)
 * Treaty of Stockholm (1884) - establishes mutual defensive alliance between Russia and Germany; Russia and Austria-Hungary recognize each other's territorial possessions.
 * Stockholm Convention on organic pollutants

title: Treaty of Stockholm


text:
Carly Schroeder

Carly Brook Schroeder (born October 18, 1990) is an American actress and U.S. Army officer. She is best known for playing Serena Baldwin, the daughter of Scotty Baldwin and Lucy Coe in the General Hospital spin-off Port Charles. She also had a recurring role on the Disney Channel's Lizzie McGuire. In 2007, she played the lead in Gracie, a film inspired by a real-life tragedy during the childhood of sibling actors Elisabeth and Andrew Shue.

In February 2019, Schroeder announced that she would be joining the United States Army. She attended Officer Candidate School, graduating with a commission as a Second Lieutenant on September 20, 2019. She is currently an Infantry Officer with the rank of First Lieutenant.

Life and career
Schroeder was born in Valparaiso, Indiana. Carly's younger brother, Hunter Schroeder, is a former actor; he appeared with her in Gracie and Eye of the Dolphin prior to his current career in the U.S. Marine Corps. Her parents Paul and Kelli currently reside in Ventura County, California. In 1993, while accompanying a cousin to an acting audition, the casting director asked if the cute three-year-old would consider working for them. Initially, her mother was hesitant about the question, but things such as money for a college education began to appeal to her. After her first job as a child print model, she began doing print work in Chicago for Sears, Roebuck and Company, Kmart, Spiegel, Lands' End, Chuck E. Cheese's and many other print advertisers. Two years later in 1995, child director Bob Ebel asked her to do a few television commercials. One of her first commercials was for Birthday Party Barbie in 1998.

In 1997, American Broadcasting Company (ABC) hired Schroeder to play Serena Baldwin on Port Charles. She was twice nominated for a Young Artist Award for her work on the show; once in 1999 and again in 2000, as well as a Young Star Award nomination in 1999 for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Daytime TV Program. Schroeder then appeared as Melina Bianco in The Disney Channel's Lizzie McGuire. Originally booked as a one-time appearance, she shot twelve episodes of the show and also appeared in The Lizzie McGuire Movie in 2003, in the same role.

In 2003, Schroeder auditioned for her first feature film and won the role of Millie in the thriller Mean Creek. The movie won wide acclaim for Schroeder and the rest of the cast, winning the Humanitas Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, and also being awarded the 2005 Independent Spirit Festival Special Distinction Award for best ensemble cast.

Gracie was Shroeder's next film role, in 2006. In order to win the role, she began an intense three-month work-out that included a daily regimen of not only physical fitness, but also of training in advanced soccer skills with professional athletes and trainers. While Gracie was in theaters, Schroeder's other movie, Eye of the Dolphin, was receiving attention, winning two awards from the 2007 International Family Film Festival: a Best Child Actor win for Schroeder, and a Drama Feature win for the movie. The movie has been well received and continues to receive honors, including being named as an Official Selection for the Tribeca Film Festival, Delray Beach Film Festival, Kids First! Film Festival, Tiburon Film Festival, USA Family Film Festival and the Worldfest Houston Film festival. At the 2007 Kids First Awards in October, Schroeder received the award for Best Emerging Actress, while the film received the Best Feature Award (ages 12–18). Her other movies are Forget Me Not (2009), and Slightly Single in L.A., which completed filming in 2009 and was released in 2012. She was also featured in Creepers (2011) and Prep School (2015).

Schroeder graduated from Thousand Oaks High School in June 2009, and graduated from California Lutheran University in 2014 with a double major in communications and psychology, and a minor in theater.

In early July 2017, it was announced that Schroeder would return as Serena Baldwin to General Hospital to honor the late Peter Hansen, who had died in April 2017, who had portrayed her grandfather, Lee Baldwin.

Awards

 * Special Distinction Award at Independent Spirit Awards for Mean Creek (2004)
 * Best Child Actor Award at Int. Family Film Festival for Eye of the Dolphin (2007)
 * Best Emerging Actress at 2007 Kids First! Awards for Eye of the Dolphin
 * Best Actress at 2015 Studio City Film Festival for Prep School

Military Awards
Parachutist Badge (United States)

National Defense Service Medal

Infantry Shoulder Cord

title: Carly Schroeder