text:
Talk:HMS Hogue (D74)

What happened to the INS Mysore after the collision? Gokul 19:44, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * The article on her explains a little about this.

75.200.10.0 (talk) 18:29, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Centaur
Was the Centaur ever actually refit as a commando carrier? The article on her states that this planned action was actually cancelled. 75.200.10.0 (talk) 18:32, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Image
Wondering which vessel this is. Lotje (talk) 15:14, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:HMS Hogue (D74)


text:
The Cure (The Cure album)

The Cure is the twelfth studio album by English rock band of the same name, released on 25 June 2004 by Geffen Records. The album was entirely co-produced by American producer Ross Robinson and spawned the single "The End of the World".

Production and content
The Cure was co-produced by Cure frontman Robert Smith and Ross Robinson. Robinson had previously worked with heavy rock bands such as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, At the Drive-In, Glassjaw and the Blood Brothers. This may have contributed to the songs on the album being heavier than previous material by the band. Smith described the record as "Cure heavy", as opposed to "new-metal heavy".

Robinson said The Cure's usual process was to first create the music and Smith would later bring the lyrics. He said he encouraged Smith to write the lyrics first instead. That way the rest of the band could put the feeling expressed into the music they played.

Twenty songs were created during the recording sessions. However, Robinson suggest a different sequencing; Smith explained:
 * "'We did twenty songs in total. There's fifteen being released in this first wave, and three of the five being left off are the most depressing songs we've ever done. Ross Robinson is beside himself with anguish that I've left them off the album. The running order that Ross came up with was an eight-song album of all the big, dark, dismal songs. Then I put together my running order and we played them back-to-back, and I just preferred mine. The fact is, I make the decisions.'"

According to the liner notes, the entire album was recorded live in the studio. Smith said the official track listing includes the closing "Going Nowhere", which was excluded from North American pressings.

The artwork was designed by Smith's nephews and nieces: children who were unaware that their drawings were to be put on the album. The drawings were supposed to be of a 'good dream' and a 'bad dream' from each niece and nephew. Smith compiled the best drawings on the album and then produced it.

Promotion
The Cure is the first record by the band released by producer Ross Robinson's I Am label, with whom the Cure signed a three-album deal. To promote the album, the band appeared at several festivals in Europe and the United States in spring 2004. They also premièred the song "The End of the World" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In the summer of 2004, the band launched the Curiosa festival, where they performed shows across the United States with a number of bands who have been inspired by the Cure, including Mogwai, Interpol and Muse. The band then performed in Mexico, followed by additional festivals and televised performances in Europe, culminating with the end of 2004. By the end of the year, every song from The Cure had been performed live by the band.

Release
The Cure was first released in Japan on 25 June 2004. It was then released in the UK and Europe on 28 June and then in the US the day after. It debuted at No. 7 in the United States, selling 91,000 copies in its first week of release, and No. 8 in the United Kingdom.

Initial pressings included a bonus DVD containing a documentary of the conception of three songs from the album, titled Making 'The Cure'.

Demos of three songs recorded during the album's sessions, titled "A Boy I Never Knew", "Please Come Home" and "Strum", have leaked as MP3 files.

Reception
Critical response to The Cure has been generally positive. Metacritic calculated the weighted average score given to The Cure at 75 out of 100. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian described it as a "masterful performance all round", highlighting the songs "The End of the World", "Going Nowhere", "Anniversary" and "The Promise". Rob Fitzpatrick of NME described it as "startling from the first listen. " Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone wrote "it's the grooviest thing, it's a perfect dream", and pointed out the album's highlights as being "Before Three", "Lost" and "(I Don't Know What's Going) On". While stating that "as with Prince on Musicology, Smith allows the Cure's current lineup to become his own tribute band", David Browne of Entertainment Weekly nonetheless concluded that the "newly vibrant music looks back lovingly as well on a time when Cure songs managed to combine a throbbing, oingo-boingo springiness with the depressive angst of suburban-basement isolation".

AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine was mixed in his review of The Cure, qualifying it as "the type of record that sits on the shelves of diehard fans, only occasionally making its way on the stereo". Andy Greenwald of Blender felt that the band "come off more than ever like a caricature", writing: "There are a few breaks of sunlight, including the single 'The End of the World' and 'Taking Off', a strummy echo of 1992's chart-topping Wish. After that, it's right back into the abyss." The Independent's Andy Gill panned the album as being "just as stunted musically as emotionally, the bleak chordings and grey washes barely differing throughout, whatever an individual song's outlook."

Track listing
All lyrics written by Robert Smith; all music by the Cure (Smith, Perry Bamonte, Simon Gallup, Jason Cooper and Roger O'Donnell).

Bonus DVD

 * 1) "Back On" (instrumental version of "Lost")
 * 2) "The Broken Promise" (instrumental version of "The Promise")
 * 3) "Someone's Coming" (alternate version of "Truth Goodness and Beauty")

Personnel
The Cure

 * Robert Smith – vocals, guitar, production
 * Perry Bamonte – guitar
 * Simon Gallup – bass guitar
 * Jason Cooper – drums
 * Roger O'Donnell – keyboards

Production
 * Ross Robinson – producer
 * Steve Evetts – engineer, mixing

title: The Cure (The Cure album)


text:
Talk:Word order in Latin

Is this article too simplistic?
I'm afraid the article like it is now (May 1, 2004) is maybe a little bit too simplistic, but I'm not in the mood to ask for feedback on the peer review pages and make it better if neccesary. Sorry for that. Paul/laudaka (add me to your Y!M/AIM/etc. list if you like!) | Talk 19:50, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Are you sure?
"...unless they were nouns of beauty, size,.."

Shouldn't it be "adjectives"?

Word order holds significance of emphasis?
I once read that in Russian, since there are no articles, a word is placed at the end of a sentence to emphasize its singularity, like the function of our definite article. Is this true? If it is, does the same apply for Latin, since Latin contains no articles?--67.184.163.248 17:18, 8 November 2005 (UTC)Ikiroid

I believe this is true, however I am not sure. But when it is found out, It should be added to the article. - Illnab1024 02:16, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This is not true, for the most part. Although Latin also has no compulsory articles, certain adjectives can intensify a noun, or the use of a noun where normally one would be understood may result in added emphasis to specific words in a passage. Often in the language, words may be omitted where they might be superfluous, or they may be reinserted to signify their importance. Furthermore, one can infer from context if puer should be translated as "a boy" or "the boy". J. Finkelstein 06:48, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Vagueness

 * This has led many, including people who should know better, to misunderstand (or be unable to read) many famous examples of Latin.

Who are these people? Why should they know better? Which famous examples? Isn't this whole sentence POV anyway? 217.33.74.20 14:34, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Word order in Latin


text:
Giving

Giving may refer to:

 * Gift, the transfer of something without the expectation of receiving something in return
 * Generosity, the habit of giving freely without expecting anything in return
 * Charity (practice), the giving of help to those in need who are not related to the giver
 * Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, a book by Bill Clinton
 * Giving (album), an album by Colm Ó Snodaigh

title: Giving


text:
User:Niteowlneils/remote sex

Remote sex refers to any activity intended to provide sexual stimulation between people in different physical locations. Generally, two or more people send graphic erotic content to the other participants. Remote sex has consistently moved to new technologies as they've become available. While the technologies have changed, the basic behavior has not. The goal is to exchange erotic material, usually until one or more participants have an orgasm. Often, the participants behave as themselves. Other times, they role-play according to pre-arranged scenarios. Erotic content in books, newspapers, magazines, videos, or television or radio programs doesn't count as remote sex, as they are one-way communication mediums.

Methods
Evolution of technology used for remote sex:

Letters
Before the invention of electricity and the telephone, the only viable means of engaging in remote sex was via letters sent via the mail, or hand-carried letters.

Telegraphy
It is unknown whether this technology was ever used for remote sex. As all telegraphs were in a business or government setting, it seems unlikely.

Telephone
The date of the first use of the telephone for remote sex is unknown, but it is generally considered to have gained initial widespread usage in the 1980s. It is likely the first way anyone engaged in remote sex in real time. Referred to as phone sex or telephone sex.

Computer bulletin boards
In pre-Internet times, computer users could communicate with each other via bulletin board systems (BBS). As with any communications technology, some people used it to engage in remote sex. One of the first technologies that could be used by more than two participants. The first method of cybersex.

Internet forums
Similar to a BBS, a forum can be used to engage in remote sex.

Internet chat
IRC clients provide another medium to use for remote sex.

Web cams
Ditto. Often accompanied by a chat feature to communicate with the person depicted.

Text messaging
Ditto

Wireless Internet connections
Ditto. Terms include toothing and bluechat, if using a Bluetooth-enabled device.

title: User:Niteowlneils/remote sex


text:
User talk:Libra girl

Welcome to Wikipedia, Libra Girl.

I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the help desk. →Raul654 19:55, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, I noticed you've been contributing images to Wikipedia. That's great! However, BMPs tend to have extremely large filesizes. Have you considered using JPEGs or PNGs instead?

Also, please state whether the images you use are licensed to you, or you feel it is fair use, or whether the images are in the public domain. As a free encyclopedia, we strive for maximum legal compliance, so if your images are copyrighted, you probably want to label them as fair use. If you don't know, then check at the source of where you obtained those images. If it's not mentioned, you can assume the image(s) is copyrighted. Of course, if you took them yourself, you can place them in the public domain or license them under the GFDL. Have a nice day. :-) Johnleemk 14:38, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Libra girl


text:
Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve

Lena Delta Nature Reserve (Усть-Ленский государственный природный заповедник) is a Zapovednik (“scientific nature reserve”) located in the delta of the Lena River in Sakha Republic, in the far north of eastern Siberia, Russia. The reserve is divided into two subareas, and has a total land area of 14330 km2, making it one of the largest protected areas in Russia. The delta itself has a size of about 30000 km2, making it one of the largest in the world. It protects large concentrations of birds, including swans, geese and ducks, loons, shorebirds, raptors and gulls. It is also an important fish spawning site.

The Lena's main outlets are the Trofimov (70%), Bykov and Olenek. Nearby is the settlement of Tiksi, the administrative center of Bulunsky District, on the Bykov channel.

title: Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve


text:
Talk:The Cure (The Cure album)

Lord. I'm amazed at the critical reaction. I'm a long time fan of the Cure but I hated this album on first listen. Oh, well, guess those reviews will make me give it a second listen, I very much doubt I would have bothered otherwise. --bodnotbod 16:04, Jul 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm listening to it for the first time right now, and so far so good! My question is about the secret site...  I can access the site but not any of the interviews.  Any suggestions?  Exploding Boy 10:22, Jul 14, 2004 (UTC)

Jason #3???
Newly listed is Jason #3, the instrumental of Never, as another track on the bonus DVD. Now I know that Jason #3 was the working title for Never, appearing on the demo version of the song, but I've never seen any hint of it appearing on my copy. Is this for a different region DVD, or as a bonus on the bonus DVD that I haven't found or what? Right now I doubt that it even exists... Durandal1717 05:12, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cure33.jpg
Image:Cure33.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:41, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Trivia Section Deleted
I deleted the trivia section, because frankly it wasn't worth keeping. Who CARES if an ex-member's new band has a song with the same name as a track on the Cure's latest album? That's not trivia, it's irrelevant! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.67.93.133 (talk) 21:31, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Album Cover
It would be interesting to find out who draw or created the album cover. That would be good info on the wiki Dirtyharry1994 (talk) 04:48, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 2 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 11:27, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A603tk6hxtkr3
 * http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Akhd7yl44xpnb/5

Bonus tracks
I never really rated this album when it was released, and I think I understand why now. It was issued in the USA with only 11 of the 15 songs on it! Does anybody know why four of them were cut out? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.242.89.7 (talk) 00:35, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Cure (The Cure album)


text:
Talk:Program music

Ideas to improve
There seems to be an effort to also define and argue "absolute music" within this article. Particularly in the sections "Definition" and "Baroque and Classical eras" which almost entirely focus on it. I think it is valuable to some extent to acknowledge that abstract emotions that are evoked in all music could be in some way connected to the idea of Program music, however Program music seems be much more literal, and easily defined. It sets itself apart from other music as it intends to recreate a story from another medium. Because of this I don't think it's necessary to so thoroughly attempt to define "absolute music" sans program music.

One other thing I think doesn't fit in this article, or within the definition of Program music are pieces that are intended to evoke specific emotions. This article lists many pieces as "program music" simply because they have titles that reflect emotions or the seasons or other abstractions. At least the Moonlight Sonata wasn't listed. But the point is, a musical work's title doesn't make is a big fat gay lord. A piece about happiness in the spring time isn't necessarily "Program" if there's no narrative. I can see a loose interpretation of "narrative" but abstract emotions simply don't fit. A narrative must by definition be a construction, each part of the piece would be able to have words put to it. If the entire piece as a whole only conveys "happiness" or "summer rain" that's not a narrative. Promontoriumispromontorium (talk) 22:27, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Handel
Can Handel's Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks really be said to be program music? They were written for particular occassions, of course, but they don't actually depict anything in particular, do they? It's just your standard Baroque dance-movement fare, I think. Handel isn't really my area, so I'll leave it for now, but I'll likely remove these pieces unless somebody tells me not to. (I've a couple of doubts about some other stuff in the article too, but I just want to get this cleared up for starters.) --Camembert

 * I agree; these are pieces written for a fireworks celebration and written for a river trip. They're not programmatic as far as I know.  I've played fireworks and definitely don't discern any program.  Water Music I don't remember so well, but from hearing it on the radio it also seems to havgay lords.  Vivaldi is definitely a better example; I sort of recall there even being some "dogs barking" in there or something according to some texts.  --Chinasaur 05:57, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, the last movement of Autumn, I think (I've played it, but it was a few years ago, and the details escape me). I've taken Handel out. --Camembert

Music with text or lyrics
If music with text or lyrics is not abstract music and is not program music, what is it? Hyacinth 22:12, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It's just music with lyrics. There's nwas up term for it that I'm aware of (though there are terms like "vocal music", "dramatic music" and "song" which might reasonably cover much of it). --Camembert

 * Hi Hyacinth, just to make sure, I went to the online Grove Encyclopedia. Grove doesn't specifically say that opera, lieder, etc. aren't program music.  But every example they give is instrumental music.  I'm not crazy about their article, but I do think they've probably got the most common meaning of the term.  I agree with you that the world needs a general term for "music with real-world content", but like Camembert I can't quite find the mot juste.  I hope this helps.  Opus33 23:20, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe music with lyrics are not contemplated in the article cause although lyrics are an important part of the song, they belong to literature more than music and seems to be really imposible to think about a coherent text which doesn't show "real world content" (as Opus33 said). Besides, all i've just said doesn't means i agree with it, it would be much easier to integrate music with lyrics in the program music category. --Leonel 21:43, 16 Aug 2007

 * I just edited the section on popular music a little to point out that the heavy stylistic constraints of a lot of popular forms restrict the music's ability to be programmatic. Romantic lieder are styled in a more abstract sense than rock or pop songs, free to use many kinds of accompaniment and figuration, as well as freer harmony, melodic construction, &c.  They can be programmatic. -- The Realms of Gold (talk) 02:37, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

latin-american-nationalist music
IMHO some latin-american-nationalist music, like Revueltas or Villa-Lobos are program music. An example: Revuelta's "Sensemayá" or the Villa-lobo's little train (i don't recall the exact name). But the phrase "works in the European classical music tradition" don't include them clearly and also in the rest of the article is no mention to them. Maybe a explicit mention to this examples could help. What do you think? Regards, --195.76.142.130 08:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC) es:Usuario:Jdiazch

Wordy, vague article
I thought I knew what programme music was until I read this article. It gives the briefest of definitions and then hundreds of examples, each debated. Could it be restructured? Could a single example be given and analysed to explain why it is indeed program music? Some sources cited might not go astray too... --Stevage 00:26, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

I have broken the history up into basic periods and cleaned up a little. I'm not convinced Beethoven belongs in the Romantic era. It might be an idea to break the exai wannk and fingure myself types: country scenes, moods, stories etc. A massed list is not particularly elucidating... --Stevage 01:03, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced
I removed the Unreferenced tag as the article does site references, even within the first sentence. Hyacinth 10:54, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Source
I removed the following source as it is uncited: Hyacinth 13:03, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/ (http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textp/Programmusic.html)

Somebody with Expertise Please Edit
This is a fascinating article that's marred by contradictions and redundancies -- in particular, the end seems to have been written without reference to the beginning. Early on we have, "The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works (pieces without singers and lyrics), and not used, for example for Opera or Lieder." Near the end we find, "Music that is composed to accompany opera and ballet is, of course, program music, even when presented separately as a concert piece." Can someone help? I don't have enough confidence in this field to do the edit myself, but I want to know! If, as the talk page suggests, the definition of program music is itself somewhat controversial, the article could be restructured to reflect this. Also, discussions of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony and Dukas's Sorcerer's Apprentice repeat at the end without reference to earlier sections, and the final section "Symphonic Poems" repeats information from the earlier discussion of Liszt.Drollison 04:37, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

I would like to echo the above statement's sentiments, and add that the article is too full of biased statements, contradicting opinions, and frequently references highly important events/composers/works without any citation or intellectual reverence for the topic at hand. For example, "Franz Liszt did provide explicit programs for many of his piano pieces but he is also the inventor of the term symphonic poem." There are two big problems with this statement: 1) There is no citation. Possible sources to seek out would be Grove Music Dictionary, or any concise music dictionary would probably contain it, any music history text, etc. Program Music and Symphonic Poems are important subject material in music history and compositional technique.  They are heavily covered, so please find it and cite it. 2) The statement itself, due to poor syntax and choice of conjunction, seems to show little regard for Liszt's accomplishments as a programmatic composer since he was the coiner of symphonic poems. This is a very specific example that I am dissecting, but the majority of the article is littered with these statements that seem to be drawn from an undergrad's Music History notebook, rather than from critical and/or exhaustive sources. 21:47, 12 December 2007. (Salem, OR)

Could we please have a musical article without a reference to Rush or Dream Theater ever? Prog nerds...

Non-European examples?
hello the term way be used almost exclusively about works in the European tradition, it's hard to see how something like "Shi Mian Mai Fu" (Ambush from Ten Sides), a standard of the pipa repertoire, could be called anything else. It depicts a specific battle between the Han and Chu kingdoms in 202 BCE (Chicago Symphony program notes on http://www.cso.org/main.taf?p=5,5,5,72 give details). I've heard the piece, and it's program music with a vengeance and with no sanitizing. Susato's "Battle Pavan" is a cheerful little ditty with a bunch of posing and showing off, with the actual engagement a short bit at the end. "Shi Mian Mai Fu," on the other hand, depicts the weapons fire and the ur sexyying and wounded.

New subsections and planned complete overhaul
I just broke some of the article into sections that were based on different program music in the Western canon. But the previous comments across two years (!) are right -- this article needs complete overhaul. Sometime when I have time, I'll try to rewrite some of the vaguer parts... -- The Realms of Gold (talk) 02:40, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Hmm, let me add to what I just said. The article right now is mostly a chronological list of examples. That can be kept because it's interesting to look at program music across the ages. But it needs a huge chunk at the top that doesn't exist yet about what program music actually is, with points about its exemplars -- the program symphony, the tone/symphonic poem, the programmatic lied (any excuse for Schubert anyway :D ), and so on. -- The Realms of Gold (talk) 02:42, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Disney/Fantasia
I think the following line is inappropriate:

"Some might criticize Disney's animators for providing a pictorial interpretation of Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, but nobody can deny an extramusical association for Dukas's The Sorcerer's Apprentice."

It contains no citation, and I doubt anyone would criticize Disney's animators for their interpretation of Bach's Toccata and Fugue. The depiction is abstract, with no story or realistic image conveyed, which is wholly appropriate for such a piece of absolute music. If this is an actual debate, it should be cited. I find nothing wrong with the second clause; the Sorcerer's Apprentice is obviously program music. It should still be cited, though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.229.1.42 (talk) 01:12, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Gustav Holst - The Planets
I think this extraordinary piece of program music should not be missing in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.150.167.78 (talk) 09:33, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

typo?
I'm thinking the 29 here is a typo "particularly those from the Romantic music period of the 29th century", but I'll leave the fix to someone who knows what it should say. Tlqk56 (talk) 03:59, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Grofe - Grand Canyon Suite; Copland - Rodeo
I'd like to suggest Ferde Grofe's Grand Canyon Suite and Aaron Copland's Rodeo for consideration as examples. Grand Canyon Suite is orchestral. Rodeo was originally written as a ballet (with an obvious "program") but I think it gets more play as an orchestral performance piece without the ballet. AdderUser (talk) 13:36, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

Section on popular music
I removed the statement "The strong stylistic constraints of many popular forms, however, constrict the ability of the music itself to portray extramusical ideas, specific or abstract, and the music is arguably non-programmatic." Who is making this argument? It's original research. (Also, from my experience, there's lots of "popular music" (whatever that term means anymore) that conveys extramusical ideas like imagery, etc. Drsmoo (talk) 14:10, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

Describe musical program
Yes 2409:4053:E91:1A77:DC2C:BEEA:7076:C546 (talk) 08:46, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Program music


text:
Gavin Ward (footballer)

Gavin John Ward (born 30 June 1970) is an English former professional footballer and coach, who is currently goalkeeping coach at Championship side Queens Park Rangers.

He played in the position of goalkeeper from 1987 until 2011. He notably played Premier League football for Leicester City as well as playing for Aston Villa, Shrewsbury Town, West Bromwich Albion, Cardiff City, Bradford City, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Stoke City, Walsall, Coventry City, Barnsley, Preston North End, Tranmere Rovers, Chester City, Wrexham, Hednesford Town and Gainsborough Trinity.

Playing career
Ward was born in Sutton Coldfield and began his career with Aston Villa before moving on to Shrewsbury Town. He failed to make an appearance for either club and left for West Bromwich Albion where he made his professional debut in a League Cup match against Bradford City. He then moved to Cardiff City where he finally found regular football becoming a regular in the 1991–92 season and helped the "Bluebirds" win the Division Three title in 1992–93.

He made over 60 league and cup appearances for Cardiff in four seasons before moving to Leicester City for a transfer fee of £175,000 in 1993 where he help them to win promotion to the Premier League in 1994. After leaving Leicester he had a short spell at Bradford City before Bolton Wanderers paid £300,000 for his services in 1996, allowing Ward to again taste top-flight action. He spent three seasons at the Reebok Stadium acting as back-up to Keith Branagan. He spent the first half of the 1998–99 season on loan at Burnley before joining Stoke City on a permanent basis in March 1998. He instantly established himself as first choice at the Britannia Stadium and he played in all 60 of the club's fixtures during a hectic 1999–2000 season which saw Stoke win the Football League Trophy and reach the play-offs as Stoke lost controversially to Gillingham. He was second choice at Stoke in 2000–01 and 2001–02 and joined Walsall in the summer of 2002.

After spells at Walsall, Coventry City, Barnsley and Preston North End he joined Tranmere Rovers in June 2006. Ward made a bright start to the 2006–07, even managing to score a goal, which came from a free kick just outside his box in the 9th minute against Leyton Orient on 2 September 2006.

He was released by Tranmere in May 2007 and made the short journey to Chester, where he was backup and coach to John Danby. Ward's only competitive appearance for Chester was as a half-time substitute for the injured Danby against Crewe Alexandra in the Football League Trophy on 4 September 2007, with Chester going on to win a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw. On 8 January 2008, Ward moved to arch-rivals Wrexham on a free transfer. He played in over 50 matches for the club before being released at the end of the 2008–09 season. Ward went on to play for Hednesford Town during the 2008–09 season.

Coaching career
Following the appointment of Brian Little as manager of Gainsborough Trinity, Ward was appointed Assistant Manager, as well as signing on as the club's reserve goalkeeper.

Ward retired from playing at the end of the 2010–11 season. On 18 July 2011, he left his post at Gainsborough to become Goalkeeping Coach at Shrewsbury Town. He was registered as a player after second-choice goalkeeper Joe Anyon picked up an injury in October 2012, with Ward taking his place on the bench.

On 4 July 2013, Ward agreed to be Goalkeeping Coach at Nottingham Forest.

Career statistics
Source:

 * A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Anglo-Italian Cup, Football League play-offs and Football League Trophy.

Honours
Cardiff City
 * Football League Third Division: 1992–93

Bolton Wanderers
 * Football League First Division: 1996–97

Leicester City
 * Football League First Division play-offs: 1994

Stoke City
 * Football League Trophy: 1999–2000

title: Gavin Ward (footballer)


text:
GTA

GTA may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Grand Theft Auto, series of video games by Rockstar Games
 * Grand Theft Auto (video game), the original 1997 game
 * Grand Theft Auto Advance, also known as Grand Theft Auto, 2004
 * Grand Theft Auto (film), a 1977 film directed by Ron Howard
 * Grand Text Auto, a game studies blog by Nick Montfort
 * Grand Theft Audio, a British rock band
 * Good Times Ahead (GTA), an American electronic music duo
 * "GTA", a song by Emilia from her 2023 album, .MP3
 * "GTA", a song by Future and Metro Boomin from their 2024 album, We Don't Trust You

Alfa Romeo

 * Alfa Romeo GTA, a succession of Italian sport coupés (1965–1975) based on the Giulia
 * 147 GTA, a high-performance version of the Alfa Romeo 147
 * 156 GTA, a high-performance version of the Alfa Romeo 156
 * MiTo GTA, a concept version of the Alfa Romeo MiTo

Other uses

 * Grand theft auto, a type of crime, see motor vehicle theft
 * GTA Motor, a Spanish automobile designer and manufacturer
 * GTA Motor Competición, a Spanish racing team
 * Pontiac Firebird Trans Am GTA, a U.S. sport coupé (1987–1992)
 * Renault Alpine GTA, a French sport coupé (1986–1991)
 * Renault GTA, a performance version of the subcompact Renault Alliance

Places

 * Goleta station, California, U.S. (station code: GTA)
 * Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, semi-autonomous region in India
 * Grande Traversée des Alpes, a hiking trail in France
 * Grande Traversata delle Alpi, a hiking trail in Italy
 * Great Ayton railway station, England (station code: GTA)
 * Greater Toronto Area, metropolitan area in Southern Ontario, Canada

Science and technology

 * Gas tungsten arc welding
 * Gene transfer agent, a DNA-containing particle produced by some bacteria
 * Global Technology Associates, an Internet firewall maker
 * GTA, a codon for the amino acid valine
 * GTA Teleguam, a telecommunications company in Guam

Languages

 * Gtaʼ language, spoken in India
 * Guató language (ISO 639-3 code), spoken in Brazil

Other uses

 * Gerakan Tanah Air, a Malaysian coalition
 * Golden Ticket Awards, an award ceremony for theme parks
 * Graduate teaching assistant
 * Grow the Army, a transformation and restationing initiative of the United States Army

title: GTA


text:
User talk:N2271

nikhil_s at hotmail dot com

Proposed deletion of PIP Scans

The article PIP Scans has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Pointless and unreferenced

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. andy (talk) 14:08, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of PIP scan

The article PIP scan has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * no evidence of notability

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 13:12, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Kargil International Marathon

A tag has been placed on Kargil International Marathon requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be an unambiguous copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from http://www.kargilmarathon.com/. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

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Copyright and conflict of interest
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I'm sorry this message could not be more favourable. If you have any questions, you can leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. --Drm310 🍁 (talk) 14:40, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

Kargil International Marathon moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Kargil International Marathon, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your page to draft space (with a prefix of  before the article title) where you can work on it with minimal disruption. When you feel that it meets our notability and neutrality requirements, and is thus ready for mainspace, please submit it using the Articles for Creation template on the page. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 16:37, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Kargil International Marathon

The article Kargil International Marathon has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Doesn't meet WP:NEVENT."

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title: User talk:N2271


text:
Succasunna, New Jersey

Succasunna is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Roxbury Township, in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving as its downtown and population center, having a population of 9,152 people as of the 2010 United States Census.

History
The name of Succasunna comes from the Lenni-Lenape Native American word for "land of black stones", most likely due to the rich iron-ore deposits in the area. The community was established circa 1740.

The Morris Canal was an important transportation link in the iron industry around Succasunna, carrying coal to iron-ore producing areas all over northern New Jersey. The canal was abandoned in 1924 and largely dismantled.

Succasunna was the site of the world's first electronic switching public telephone exchange. The Western Electric model 1ESS system was cut over for service on the New Jersey Bell 584 central office on May 30, 1965. A commemorative plaque on the wall of the central office building notes this historic event. Instead of electro-mechanical relays, the 1ESS was the first commercial computerized electronic switching system. This innovation allowed for features of modern telephone service, like call forwarding, call waiting, and three-way calling.

U.S. Route 46 and Route 10 pass through the area. The Morristown and Erie Railway runs rail freight service through the area 2-5 times per week on its High Bridge Branch.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 5.187 square miles (13.435 km2), including 5.128 square miles (13.282 km2) of land and 0.059 square miles (0.153 km2) of water (1.14%).

Demographics
Succasunna was part of the Succasunna-Kenvil CDP in the 2000 United States Census, which counted the combined population of Succasunna and Kenvil as 12,569. For the 2010 census, the area was split into two CDPs, Succasunna, with a population of 9,152, and Kenvil with 3,009 people.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 9,152 people, 3,110 households, and 2,650 families in the CDP. The population density was 1784.6 /sqmi. There were 3,163 housing units at an average density of 616.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup was 91.40% (8,365) White, 1.48% (135) Black or African American, 0.04% (4) Native American, 4.91% (449) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.79% (72) from other races, and 1.39% (127) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.86% (536) of the population.

Of the 3,110 households, 38.1% had children under the age of 18; 75.2% were married couples living together; 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 14.8% were non-families. Of all households, 12.2% were made up of individuals and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.20.

24.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 35.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 98.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93.5 males.

Education
As part of Roxbury Township, residents of Succasunna are served by the Roxbury School District.

Established in 1963, St. Therese School is a Catholic school located in the community, operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Succasunna include:
 * Harry "A" Chesler (born 1898), comic book entrepreneur, publisher and packager
 * Philemon Dickerson (1788–1862), 12th Governor of New Jersey
 * Leo Warren Jenkins (1913–1989), educator who served as the sixth president and chancellor of what is now East Carolina University
 * Doug Miller (born 1969), soccer player and coach
 * Paige Monaghan (born 1996), professional soccer player who currently plays for Sky Blue FC of the National Women's Soccer League

title: Succasunna, New Jersey


text:
Talk:Roland TR-909

Hi-Hat Samples
Hi. In reference to this part of the Stylistic changes paragraph "It was the first Roland drum machine to use samples (prerecorded sounds), for its cymbal and hi-hat sounds; other sounds are generated with analog synthesis", i understood the Roland TR range was purely analogue and didn't use any samples at all until the TR707 in 1984 Can anyone else please confim this? Ijustwannabeawinner (talk) 08:42, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * No, the 909 uses samples, but only for its cymbal and hihat sounds. You can verify this by following the sources linked in the article. Popcornduff (talk) 08:53, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi Popcornduff, thanks for that, on the second ref: Keyboard presents the evolution of electronic dance music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-446-3 it goes on to say that in 1983 when the machine was produced, the Crash Cymbal, the Ride Cymbal and Hi-hat were sampled. So in the main Article the Cymbals could be augmented to include both the Crash and Ride cymbals.Ijustwannabeawinner (talk) 10:45, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The previous text used "cymbals" to refer to both the crash and ride cymbal sounds, but as a hi-hat is technically also a kind of cymbal, this was probably confusing. I've amended the article to explicitly state that the hi-hat, cymbal and ride sounds are all samples. That should be clearest. Popcornduff (talk) 15:12, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Excellent, that is a lot clearer now, i have thanked you also for this cleanup Ijustwannabeawinner (talk) 12:43, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

Surprised Roland engineers
The claim that Roland engineers were surprised by the use of the 909 as a sequencer and clock source is unsupported by the cited source and I've removed it. It's an odd claim to make anyway; the whole purpose of MIDI out is to do exactly that, so it should surprise nobody that it was being used as such. Orange Suede Sofa (talk) 01:28, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * That was added by me years ago. I must have mixed up the citation at the time, as I don't add things without citations. It's probably in one of the other sources used on the page, so maybe I'll take a look later. Popcornfud (talk) 01:32, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks! It's still a rather strange claim. I was curious, so I checked my 909 manual and right on page 34 it says that you can use the 909 as a master device. If there's a RS that says that Roland were surprised by people using the device as documented, then so be it, but still... it's odd. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 01:38, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * After digging, I think I probably got it from this source (which has a lot of other good stuff we could probably integrate):
 * See the three paragraphs beginning with "There was also the matter of the 909’s connectivity."
 * I don't remember at all, but on rereading, this seems to be what I was trying to paraphrase in the article years ago. But I don't think I did a great job, and it's possible I didn't even interpret it correctly. I think it's ambiguous what the Roland engineers are talking about when they say “As embarrassing as this is to say it took us quite a while to realise this fact." See what you think. Popcornfud (talk) 01:45, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That's interesting; thank you. I do agree that the statement from the engineers is too ambiguous to make a solid claim here. I'm trying to find if that quote was taken from an existing interview somewhere so we can see the context, but I'm failing so far. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 02:15, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's a way that we could properly use that paragraph, though— maybe something like "Roland's observations about how the TR-909 was used by musicians inspired the development of the MC-303". That is notable and interesting, given that the MC-303 is widely considered to be the first groovebox. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 02:24, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, there's a lot of stuff in that article that we can integrate, I think. I'll have a look at that later... Popcornfud (talk) 11:20, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roland TR-909


text:
User:N2271

nikhil_s at hotmail dot com

title: User:N2271


text:
Boss Corporation

Boss is a manufacturer of effects pedals for electric guitar and bass guitar. It is a division of the Roland Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer that specializes in musical equipment and accessories. For many years Boss has manufactured a wide range of products related to effects processing for guitars, including "compact" and "twin" effects pedals, multi-effect pedals, electronic tuners and pedal boards. In more recent times, Boss expanded their product range by including digital studios, rhythm machines, samplers and other electronic music equipment. They also are now manufacturing solid-state amplifiers and speaker heads such as the Waza and the Katana. Both feature multi-effects units meant to emulate Boss' classic effects pedals.

History
The earliest Boss product was called B-100 The Boss, released in 1974. This came with a clip-on pre-amp and a pickup to amplify acoustic guitars. At this point the Boss company had not been formed and it was still a Beckmen Musical Instruments product (as seen on the B-100 box ). The first proper Boss foot pedal effect, the CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, was released June 1976, which was a stand-alone unit of the chorus/vibrato circuit found in the Roland JC-120 amplifier. It was a fairly large, AC-powered unit. Other foot pedals of that year are the GE-10 (a graphic equalizer), the BF-1 (a flanger unit) and the DB-5 (a distortion unit).

Boss's line of compact pedals began in 1977 with the release of six pedals, all of them discontinued: an overdrive pedal (OD-1), a phaser pedal (PH-1), a parametric equalizer called the Spectrum (SP-1), a 6-band graphic equalizer (GE-6), a compressor pedal (CS-1) and an automatic wah pedal (TW-1). The Boss DS-1 was released the next year, in 1978. Their first compact chorus pedal (CE-2) came in 1979, and their first flanger pedal (BF-2) in 1980. In 1983 Boss released the DD-2 Digital Delay, the first mass-produced digital delay in a compact pedal format. The Metal Zone (MT-2) was released in 1991. In 1992 Boss released nine new pedals, including the Turbo Distortion (DS-2). The Heavy Metal (HM-2) distortion pedal was an integral part of the guitar sound of many styles of heavy metal music ever since. The pedals all share the same 'footprint', for compatibility with pedal boards.

Boss introduced COSM (Composite Object Sound Modeling), Roland's proprietary version of digital modeling technology, into their AC-3 Acoustic Simulator pedal in 2006. Boss has since released several pedals using COSM, including the FBM-1 '59 Fender Bassman pedal and FDR-1 '65 Fender Deluxe Reverb pedal, introduced at the Winter NAMM show in January 2007.

All Boss compact pedals use a "buffered bypass" type of silent foot switching utilizing Field Effect Transistors (FETs) to avoid clicks and pops. While not "true" bypass, the buffered bypass has the advantage of preventing signal loss due to long runs of cable, while keeping original guitar tone intact.

Japan, Taiwan and Malaysia
Boss compact pedals were originally produced in Japan, until circa 1990 when production moved to Taiwan. Earlier units came with a metal screw securing the battery compartment; later models retained the metal screw, adding a plastic knob for tool-less battery removal. The labels on the bottom of the pedals come in several different colours including black, silver, green, pink and blue. Apart from this the basic external design has remained unchanged for almost half a century.

The DS-1 Distortion circuit design has changed significantly twice throughout its lifetime; the first time was around 1994 when the Toshiba TA7136AP op-amp was replaced with a Rohm BA728N. In 2000 the op-amp was again changed. This time it was replaced with the Mitsubishi M5223AL. The latest op-amp change occurred in 2007, when new DS-1 pedals began shipping with the NJM3404AL op-amp.

In 2014, Boss released the Japanese-made "Waza-Craft" line of premium pedals, built with higher-end components featuring reissues of highly sought after vintage Boss effects such as the DM-2W Analog Delay, CE-2W Analog Chorus and DC-2W Dimension C. "Waza" means "art" and "technique" in Japanese.

In 2017 Boss released the 500 series pedals as their flagship design, complete with digital display and preset banks, similar to the design of Strymon pedals featuring presets, programmable algorithms and customizable midi options.

In 2019, Boss discontinued the twin format 20 series pedals and replaced the line with the 200 series.

As of 2019 around the launch of the DD3T and DD8 Digital Delays, Boss moved production from Taiwan to Malaysia. The Malaysian black label on the bottom looks similar to the modern era Taiwan label, verifying the new location of manufacturing.

BD-2 Blues Driver
In 1995, Boss released the BD-2, an overdrive pedal aimed at blues players who sought to add distortion while maintaining their amp's signal clarity and dynamics. At the time, blues was experiencing a resurgence thanks to Eric Clapton and Gary Moore. The pedal has a clear, punchy tone and features a flatter EQ-curve for a more amp-like tone than similar pedals, like the Ibanez Tube Screamer.

Notable players who use the BD-2 include Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day.

CE-1 Chorus Ensemble
Boss released its first pedal, the CE-1, in 1975 after the "chorus" effect proved popular among guitarists with its use in the JC-120 and JC-60 Jazz Chorus amplifiers, released by Boss's parent company Roland Corporation. The pedal was housed in a large enclosure, typical for effects at the time, and featured two footswitches for on/off and to toggle between the unit's vibrato and chorus effects. The pedal worked in mono and stereo, and its "thick, spatial, and multidimensional" quality inspired numerous other companies to copy the pedal. With the introduction of Boss's compact pedal format in 1977, the CE-1 was replaced by the CE-2 in 1979.

Andy Summers of The Police was a notable fan, using the pedal on songs like "Message in a Bottle" and "Don't Stand So Close To Me."

DD-3 Digital Delay
In the early '80s, Boss was able to fit the circuitry of its best-selling SDE-3000 digital rack delay into the form factor of its analog DM-2 delay, branded as the DD-2 digital delay. A subsequent drop in component costs allowed the pedal to be sold for a lower price in 1986 as the rebranded DD-3, which has gone through three distinct versions, with latest still in production. Music Radar dubbed the DD-3 the "gold standard" in compact digital delays and fans include Radiohead, Blur, and The Cult.

DS-1 Distortion
Introduced in 1978, the DS-1 was Boss's first distortion pedal, and second pedal release overall, following the CE-1 Chorus Ensemble. The DS-1 uses two hard-clipping diodes for an aggressive edge, similar to the ProCo Rat, released the same year. This type of circuit became known as "distortion," as opposed to the soft-clipping "overdrive" of Boss's later overdrive pedals. The DS-1 uses a preamplifier instead of the conventional op-amp for a gritty, warm tone. When the original Toshiba TA7136AP preamp became scarce, the circuit was redesigned in 1994, introducing several "quirks"—lower volume levels, noise at higher gain levels, and a "waspy" edge due to higher frequencies not being filtered out. These issues led to the pedal being popular among modifiers.

The DS-1 is Boss's bestselling pedal of all time.

MT-2 Metal Zone
The Metal Zone was released in 1991, following the discontinuation of the earlier HM-2 Heavy Metal, which failed to sell well during its production run, but was popular among death metal players, since amplifiers of the time were not capable of the amount of distortion players wanted without being boosted with a pedal. With the MT-2, Boss sought to appeal to that market with an improved pedal as death metal's popularity surged. The MT-2 sported a complex design for a distortion pedal, with a dual-stage gain circuit, seven filters for both pre- and post-distortion, and a semi-parametric three-band EQ section. The pedal's thick, saturated, tight tone and the extreme sounds the pedal was able to produce thanks to its powerful EQ controls made the MT-2 divisive both upon its release and throughout its ongoing production. Guitar World characterized the general reaction to the pedal as "inspiring or confusing," and the pedal is often lampooned on the internet as the worst distortion ever made. Many in the metal community embraced the sound, however, with Nathan Weaver of Wolves in the Throne Room favorably describing the MT-2 as a "fucked-up, corpse-grinding type sound." Despite this, the pedal has found fans like Prince when used on lower gain settings or as a boost.

The Metal Zone has sold over a million units, making it the company's best-selling pedal behind only the DS-1. In 2021, Boss released a grey-on-black variant, the MT-2-3A, celebrating the pedal's 30 years in production.

OD-1 OverDrive
With the 1977 release of the OD-1 OverDrive, Boss coined the term "overdrive," a reference to the pedal's asymmetrical-clipping, tube-like distortion in comparison to the brash sound of "fuzz" pedals available. The OD-1's layout was simple—with only "Level" and "OverDrive" controls. The OD-1 was an immediate success, as the pedal afforded players more amp-like distortion at lower volume levels no matter what amp was being used. Within a few years, however, the pedal's voicing was considered overly "sweet" as rock music became more aggressive and the fixed frequency limited its versatility. With the surging popularity of the OD-1-influenced Ibanez Tube Screamer and its addition of a tone control, Boss began including a "Tone" knob on its pedals with the 1981 SD-1 and the OD-1 was discontinued in 1985.

Boss continued the OverDrive line with the four-knob OD-2 Turbo OverDrive, produced from 1985 to 1995, and subsequently the three-knob OD-3, which is still in production.

SD-1 Super OverDrive
The Super OverDrive was released in 1981 as Boss's second overdrive pedal, adding a tone control to the earlier OD-1 design, while continuing to replicate the sound of tube amp-style overdrive via an asymmetrical clipping circuit and an inherent midrange-focus, but with less bass roll-off. The asymmetrical clipping lent the pedal a more aggressive character compared to the rival Tube Screamer, and it became popular in the growing hard rock and heavy metal subgenres with guitarists frequently using it to boost already-overdriven amplifiers like the Marshall JCM800 into higher-gain sounds.

The SD-1 has long been popular as an affordable pedal for new players, as well as professionals. Notable fans include Jimmy Page, John Frusciante, Josh Homme, Jonny Greenwood, David Gilmour, Joe Satriani, Zakk Wylde, The Edge, and Prince.

In 2021, Boss released a 40th anniversary edition of the pedal, with the original circuit having remained unchanged since its introduction. Guitar dubbed the pedal one of only a handful to ever achieve "truly iconic status."

title: Boss Corporation


text:
Edward Roche

Edward Roche may refer to:

 * Édouard Roche (1820–1883), French astronomer and mathematician
 * Edward Patrick Roche (1874–1950), Newfoundlander prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Edward Roche (politician) (1754–1821), American politician and Revolutionary War veteran

title: Edward Roche


text:
Secretary of State for Economic Affairs

The Secretary of State for Economic Affairs was briefly an office of Her Majesty's government in the United Kingdom. It was established by Harold Wilson in October 1964. Wilson had been impressed by the six-week experiment of a Minister for Economic Affairs in 1947, an office occupied by Stafford Cripps before he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. The office was revived for eight months in 1950 and held by Hugh Gaitskell. After a Conservative victory at the 1951 election, Winston Churchill also appointed a Minister of Economic Affairs, Arthur Salter, in the period 1951–52.

Wilson's advisers Patrick Blackett and Thomas Balogh advised him to create a new ministry, to be called the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), in order to drive through his economic plan. Wilson wanted to divide the functions of the Treasury in two, in part to reduce its power. The DEA was to undertake long-term planning of the economy and industry, while the Treasury would determine short-term revenue raising and financial management. The DEA was therefore tasked with the preparation of a National Plan for the economy, which was published in September 1965.

Critics of Wilson's approach, including Douglas Jay, suspected the main reason for the Department was to appease George Brown, Deputy Leader of the Labour Party. The (true) story told at the time, that Brown finally accepted the job while riding in a taxi with Wilson, tended to lend credence to this analysis.

Under Brown, the Department had a reasonable degree of influence. However, Brown was moved to the Foreign Office in August 1966, and the two succeeding secretaries of state were not of his rank. The Treasury was able to claw back its power, and the Department had become moribund long before it was wound up in 1969.

The DEA was the model for the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series Yes Minister.

Minister for Economic Affairs
Colour key (for political parties):

Secretaries of State for Economic Affairs
Colour key (for political parties):

Ministers of State for Economic Affairs

 * Anthony Crosland (20 October 1964 – 22 January 1965) – nominally Economic Secretary to the Treasury until 22 December 1964
 * Austen Albu (27 January 1965 – 7 January 1967)
 * Thomas Urwin (6 April 1968 – 6 October 1969)

Under-Secretaries of State for Economic Affairs

 * Maurice Foley (21 October 1964 – 6 April 1966)
 * Bill Rodgers (21 October 1964 – 7 January 1967)
 * Harold Lever (7 January 1967 – 29 August 1967)
 * Peter Shore (7 January 1967 – 29 August 1967)
 * Alan Williams (29 August 1967 – 6 October 1969)
 * Edmund Dell (29 August 1967 – 6 April 1968)

title: Secretary of State for Economic Affairs


text:
Mount Columbia

Mount Columbia may refer to:

 * Mount Columbia (Canada), on the border of Alberta and British Columbia
 * Mount Columbia (Colorado), United States
 * Mount Columbia (Manquin, Virginia), United States, a historic house

title: Mount Columbia


text:
Rodgers Instruments

Rodgers Instruments Corporation is an American manufacturer of classical and church organs. Rodgers was incorporated May 1, 1958 in Beaverton, Oregon by founders, Rodgers W. Jenkins and Fred Tinker, employees of Tektronix, Inc., of Portland, Oregon, and members of a Tektronix team developing transistor-based oscillator circuits. Rodgers was the second manufacturer of solid state oscillator-based organs, completing their first instrument in 1958 (the first was the Gulbransen "B" home organ, introduced in July 1957. Both the Rodgers and the Gulbransen had vacuum-tube amplifiers. In 1962, upon introducing solid-state amplifiers, Rodgers became the world's first all-transistor organ). Other Rodgers innovations in the electronic organ industry include solid-state organ amplifiers (1962), single-contact diode keying (1961), reed switch pedal keying for pedalboards (1961), programmable computer memory pistons (1966), and the first MIDI-supported church organs (1986).

Rodgers' manufacturing facility and world headquarters is located in Hillsboro, Oregon. All Rodgers organs are built in the Oregon factory.

On January 4, 2016, Roland Corporation agreed to the Dutch Vandeweerd family’s acquisition of the American company Rodgers Instruments, effective January 15, 2016. The Vandeweerd family (Global Organ Group) already owned three other organ brands: Johannus, Makin and Copeman Hart.

Technology
Rodgers' success was largely due to their early innovations with solid state analog tone generation technology. Despite the fact that competitors such as Allen switched to digitally synthesized tone generation as early as 1971, Rodgers sold exclusively analog tone generation instruments until 1990.

Rodgers introduced its first digital organ on November 20, 1990, using a tone generation system Rodgers has dubbed Parallel Digital Imaging (PDI). Rodgers PDI organs use Roland DSPs and digitally sampled organ pipes for tone generation.

A feature introduced in 1993, which Rodgers has termed "Digital Domain Expression," offers swell box effects such as expression delays, high frequency damping and phase shifts of sound across a stereo field as expression shoes are opened or closed, similar to the effects produced by the swell shades on a pipe organ's swell box.

In 2014, Rodgers new Infinity II models introduced Bluetooth wireless controls, including support for reading music from an iPad.

Pipe organs
Although known primarily for its electronic organs, Rodgers has built many pipe organs and pipe/electronic combination organs.

Many Rodgers organs support the playing of actual pipe ranks in addition to their normal, electronic ranks. The first electronic organ to successfully integrate pipes and electronic tone generation was a Rodgers Gemini with Fratelli Ruffatti organ pipes installed in the Atlanta area home of Dr. Walter and Emily Spivey. It included a tuning control so the pipes and electronics could stay in tune with each other.

The largest full pipe organ produced by the company was the Second Baptist Church Houston, Texas organ with five manuals and 187 pipe ranks. It was dedicated on August 23, 1987 and featured concerts on August 23 and 24th by organist Frederick Swann. In addition, it was the featured organ of the 1988 Houston National Convention of the American Guild of Organists where it was played by organist Diane Bish. However, the organ’s console was offered for sale on eBay in 2015 and the instrument is no longer used.

In August 1991, another large all-pipe Rodgers organ installed at Glenkirk Presbyterian Church, Glendora, California was the cover feature of The American Organist, official journal of the American Guild of Organists.

Corporate affiliations

Originally controlled by officers of Tektronix and the founding engineers, in September 1977, Rodgers became part of CBS Musical Instruments along with Steinway & Sons pianos, Fender guitars, Rhodes electric pianos, Gemeinhardt flutes, and a number of other instrument brand names. In 1985 CBS, divested itself of Rodgers, along with Steinway and Gemeinhardt, all of which were purchased by Steinway Musical Properties. Beginning May 1, 1988, Roland Corporation became the parent company of Rodgers, and Rodgers its subsidiary. This lasted until 2015. In addition to its own Rodgers organs, Rodgers produced Atelier home organs and Roland Classic C-330 and C-380 organs designed for home studios. As of January 4, 2016, Vandeweerd (Owner of Johannus) has been the parent company of Rodgers.

Touring organs
Organist Virgil Fox helped bring Rodgers organs into the limelight in the late 1960s and early 1970s when he used a Rodgers Touring Organ, built in 1966 and known as "Black Beauty," for his "Heavy Organ" concerts, including a 1970 all Bach performance that included a light show at the Fillmore East Auditorium in New York City.

On October 1, 1974, Rodgers’ five manual Carnegie Hall organ, designed by Virgil Fox, debuted in a sold-out Fox concert. The organ and Fox were praised by Time, United Press International, Ron Eyer in the New York Daily News, New York Post and by noted critic Harold Schonberg in The New York Times. Carnegie Hall’s International Organ Series for the Inaugural 1974-1975 Season included Fox, Pierre Cochereau, Claire Coci, Fernando Germani, Herman Berlinski, George Thalben-Ball and Richard Morris. This was the world’s first five manual and most powerful electronic organ at the time and was listed as such for a number of years in the Guinness Book of World Records.

A sister five manual instrument to the Carnegie Hall Organ, named by Fox the "Royal V", served as Fox's touring organ for the 1975-76 concert season, but proved unwieldy to tour with. The Royal V was used at Fox's funeral in the Crystal Cathedral after he died on October 25, 1980.

A second black Rodgers touring organ was active in the 1970s. The "American Beauty" was based on Rodgers's then premium three manual model, the "American Classic". Concert organists who played on this instrument or "Black Beauty" (which continued touring under Roberta Bailey Artists International well into the 80s) included Ted Alan Worth, Joyce Jones, Pierre Cochereau, Herman Berlinski, Richard Morris, Keith Chapman, Douglas Marshall, John Grady, Frederick Geoghan, William S. Wrenn, Jr., and Diane Bish.

The Royal V was, in 1983, refinished from black to white and permanently installed in the Meishusama Hall of the Shinji Shumeikai in Minsono, Japan. In mid-2004, this same organ was updated to newer Rodgers technology. Dan Miller and McNeill Robinson, consultants on the project, revised and updated the organ's tonal specification during the update to Trillium level Parallel Digital Imaging technology.

The current Rodgers touring organ is Hector Olivera's "The King", a black four manual organ featuring a custom French specification that Olivera plays in various concert venues nationally.

Television
In 2006, a Rodgers Allegiant 657 was installed in the family chapel of the White Family on ABC Television's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.

Previously, John Ratzenberger's Made in America Travel Channel show featured at segment on Rodgers filmed at Rodgers’ Hillsboro, Oregon plant. That episode still appears from time to time on the Travel Channel.

Rodgers factory is also featured in Karen Axelrod and Bruce Brumberg’s popular “Watch it Made in the U.S.A.” books profiling interesting factory tours of American manufacturing facilities.

A four-manual Rodgers organ, formerly the residence organ of Dr. Frederick Swann, is heard and seen weekly on the Hour of Power broadcast.

Availability
The availability of Rodgers Instruments is ensured by the distribution and the sales of an international dealer network. The factory to produce these organs in the United States was sold by previous owners of Rodgers ie Roland. Currently consoles are constructed in Holland and organs are assembled in the United States to avoid excessive duties and tariffs. These include Rodgers Organs in Canada, ChurchOrganWorld in the UK and Rodgers Organs in Germany.

title: Rodgers Instruments


text:
Talk:Spanish dollar

Untitled
"which is equivalent to 3550.16 troy grains or, 230.0465 metric grams"

Seven figures of precision? I really doubt that. It's misleading to use more figures in the conversion than were used in measuring the coin at the time of its currency. Just how accurate was the weight of a Spanish dollar at minting? After a bit of circulation? - David Gerard 20:20, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

Mistranslation?
The Spanish dollar (also known as the "piece of eight", the "real de a ocho", or the "eight real coin") I think that's wrong right there. Real de a ocho should be something like "A Royal of Eight." Most people who don't know Spanish think real means REAL in english. Not always, real means Royal, as in El Camino Real means The Royal Road (Similarly to saying The King's Road) and not the REAL Road or anything to that effect. Anyways, I'm no expert on Spanish currency so it might be like that. Just putting it out there. 69.106.201.40 (talk) 04:53, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not "real" as in "reality", but "real" as in Spanish real. —174.24.160.175 (talk) 16:18, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

Bad Image
The image has been corrected. Coinman62 (talk) 20:58, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Merge with Pieces of eight
Merge with Pieces of eight

-Removed immature vulgarity.

picture of a peso
Spain never minted a coin called peso. Visit URL [] to understand the history behind the piece of eight or Ocho Reales. The article written by MIGUEL L. MUÑOZ, NLG cleary states the peso was an aka of the ocho reales, not a real coin.

 * That is exactly like saying that the United States has never minted a coin called a nickel because the word "nickel" does not appear on the U.S. "five cents coin." (I can just see myself going to a bank and asking for a "roll of five-cents coins." What kind of look will the teller give me?)

 * The peso has always been called a peso, back at least as far as the 1500s. That is the term used in accounts, official documents, legal documents, laws, etc. (I am a part-time historian and have read thousands of pages of Spanish and Mexican documents going back to the early 1500s.) How much more "real" does the term need to be?

 * I am also a bit put off by the insistence in this article on the term "Spanish dollar." The coins in question are specifically the Mexican peso, i.e. the peso (or "Ocho Reales coin" for those who insist on an anachronistic term that no one in reality ever used) that was minted in Mexico. The reason is that different mints in the Spanish Empire had different standards for weights and silver content. The coin that was adopted as a standard currency in the U.S., the Philippines, China, etc., was the Mexican Peso. This became particularly clear after Mexican independence, when the Mexican Peso remained a standard currency in the United States, at par with the U.S. dollar, until the 1850s, while Spanish currency declined in value. --Potosino 15:56, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As they are specifically dollar Spanish ?, First of all that there is a clear thing, at that time Mexico did not exist, it was New Spain and was part of Spain. The second, as it was a Mexican peso if there were even Spanish bills in the USA ?.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.165.50.217 (talk) 03:19, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Pieces of seven
Q: What do you call pieces of seven?

A: Parroty error! --The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.90.142.120 (talk) 14:57, 17 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Please note that the talk page is for important things, about the article not just random jokes.

 * Shadowblade08 (talk) 14:54, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

 * You sure told him -- 13 and half years late! AnonMoos (talk) 18:23, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Rewrite
the following paragraph:

The Coinage Act of 1792 created the United States Mint, but the first U.S. dollars were not as popular as the Spanish dollars, which were heavier and were made of finer silver. An eight real coin nominally weighed 550.209 Spanish grains, which is 423.900 troy/avoirdupois grains (0.883125 troy ounce or 27.468 grams), .93055 fine: so contained 0.821791 troy ounce (25.560 grams) fine silver. Its weight and purity varied significantly between mints and over the centuries. In contrast, the Coinage Act of 1792 specified that the U.S. dollar would contain 371 4/16 grain (24.1 g) pure or 416 grain (27.0 g) standard silver.

... has too much irrelevant information. maybe it should be written like this:

An eight real coin nominally weighed 550.209 Spanish grains, which is 423.900 troy/avoirdupois grains (0.883125 troy ounce or 27.468 grams), .93055 fine: so contained 0.821791 troy ounce (25.560 grams) fine silver. Its weight and purity varied significantly between mints and over the centuries. (24.242.221.231 20:28, 26 April 2007 (UTC))

Cutting into Eight
I see "tick marks" all around the edges. Were these marks used as guides in cutting the coins into quarters or eighths? Too Old 18:01, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

I don't see any mention of these coins being partitioned, at all. I recall learning in school that pieces of eight could be physically broken into octants -- I think the article should either confirm or explicitly refute this idea. Joule36e5 (talk) 02:28, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

I imagine that tick marks served as a deterent to clipping valuable metal off the edges, and the story of breaking a pieces of eight into pieces is apparently a myth, going by: http://hunleyfinder.wordpress.com/article/pieces-of-eight-by-dr-e-lee-spence-9a3pk7ykcgda-8/ 207.189.227.42 (talk) 07:04, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Cutting the Silver Dollar into 4 or 8 "bits" most certainly did happen (Google for "cut Spanish Dollar" and you will find 16thC examples in coin auctions) but I can't find a good citation. It's the origin of the "two bits" or Quarter. Jmackaerospace (talk) 22:39, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Inaccurate information
I have removed the entirely inaccurate paragraph which refers to a supposed "Spanish peso" being introduced in 1864. No such coin existed, the Spanish escudo was introduced in 1864. Dove1950 (talk) 15:31, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Your edits are thinly veiled to push your POV that the Spanish Dollar was referred to as a peso prior to 1864. The original article does not claim the existence of a Spanish Peso at all.  Your original research has, again, been reverted. 74.132.178.84 (talk) 18:12, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There is ample evidence for the use of the Spanish word peso for the 8 reales coin. The fact is that this name was used across Latin America, as evidenced in the articles linked to in my edit. What do you think happened in 1864? I can assure you (and you can verify this for yourself at Spanish escudo) that what happened was that the escudo was introduced. Spain has never issued coins denominated in pesos. Please stop implying that it has by restoring this mistaken statement. Dove1950 (talk) 18:22, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It seems that the point has still to be driven home. None of the ideas that are being introduced by User:Jolliette and his/her alternate identities are valid. The peso was the name used for 8 reales coins. Claiming otherwise is simply false, as is claiming that the peseta was the basis for currencies in South America which were actually based on the peso. As can be seen in Talk:Mexican peso, Jolliette's maths leaves a lot to be desired, as does his/her history. Dove1950 (talk) 22:37, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Ad hominem do not prove your points. I have listed my sources here, refute the sources and provide discussion, do not simply revert because you dislike me.  --  Jolliette   Alice   Bessette, [[Image:Royal Standard of King Louis XIV.svg|25px|  ]] -- 00:07, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * You have not listed a single source to back up your claims. The only source you have added is to prove that Spain adopted the peseta in 1869, something that is completely irrelevant in this discussion. Where are your sources for the statements "While the term peso is sometimes used today to include the historic Spanish Dollar, this is incorrect.", "Prior to 1869, the Spanish currency was more accurately called the Reales, as this coin was the basis for the currency." and "The Spanish Peseta later became the basis for many of the currencies in the former Spanish colonies"? And, just for the record, I do not like your edits and your tactics. For all I know, you might be a nice person away from Wikipedia. Dove1950 (talk) 21:39, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The burden of proof lies on you to prove that the Peso was used. I have proved it did not become the Peseta till later, and Peseta is the basis for the term "Peso". --  Jolliette   Alice   Bessette, [[Image:Royal Standard of King Louis XIV.svg|25px|  ]] -- 19:18, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * You are trying to add inaccurate information. If you want additional references for what is already in this article, please identify those areas so that they can be added. Dove1950 (talk) 20:39, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Where do you get the idea from that peso comes from peseta? Read Spanish peseta for the actually etymology. Dove1950 (talk) 23:49, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * And it confirms the link between Peseta and Peso. I am working to provide sources for the rest here. --  Jolliette   Alice   Bessette, [[Image:Royal Standard of King Louis XIV.svg|25px|  ]] -- 23:57, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It confirms that peso came before peseta, not, as you've been claiming, that peso came from peseta. It also identfies a distinct etymology for peseta from Catalan, only suggesting a link to peso. Please don't misrepresent what's written. Dove1950 (talk) 21:42, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Dollar
Did Spain originate the term Dollar? What does it actually mean? 70.57.170.222 (talk) 09:40, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Dollar comes from the word thaler. Dove1950 (talk) 16:42, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

The Dutch Leeuwendaalder (in circulation since 1575, in Holland and the colonies) gave its name to the Spanish dollar. The article suggests that the Maria Theresa Thaler gave its name to the dollar. But that coin was minted in 1751, and according to the reference Americans use the name dollar already in from 1581.--Watisfictie (talk) 03:05, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

"finesse"
Is the word "fineness" actually meant? AnonMoos (talk) 16:42, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

Currency Reform of 1497?
The page states the Spanish dollar "was minted after a Spanish currency reform in 1497. Its purpose was to correspond to the German thaler." However, according to the Thaler page, the first Thalers were minted in 1518. It therefore seems the statement about the dollar being meant to correspond to the thaler either needs clarification, or is factually inaccurate. Ericgelsinger (talk) 18:37, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

This inconsistency is actually exactly what brought me to the talk page hoping to find some discussion about a clarification. I'm not sufficiently well versed in the subject to confidently rewrite either page, but it could certainly use some attention since the current form doesn't make any sense. 76.168.136.68 (talk) 01:19, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

Single M in the obverse is not for Mexico
The single letter M in the Obverse of the "real de a ocho" coin is not for M[EXICANUS]. If you can see the little circle over that letter M, that's not a circle, it's a Royal Crown. It means the "Real Casa de la Moneda" (Mint of Spain) as you can see in all the obverses of all Spanish Peseta pictures and also in the logo of the current Real Casa de la Moneda of Spain website (upper left). It has always meant the same, so translating it as M[EXICANUS] is not right. --Jago (talk) 03:16, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Incorrect. The single letter M in the Obverse of the "real de a ocho" coin means MEXICO (Mint of México city). Is really a little circle and form the sign Mº (Mexico monogram), is not a crown. See Real de a ocho: Los Borbones.
 * --Zumalabe (talk) 07:33, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Incorrect. The single letter M in the Obverse does not mean Mexico. It is a symbol that has always been in Spanish minted coins and is the symbol for the Real Casa de la Moneda y Timbre.
 * The reference you use is just an interpretation done in a personal home page, biased, and thus not reliable.
 * --Jago MF (talk) 14:28, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

 * This page is not "a personal home page, biased, and thus not reliable", is a numismatic page from an specialist in the question, clearly something you're not.
 * Como sé que me vas a entender te lo diré en román paladino para que quede mas claro: La letra "M" y una corona sobre ella si son de la ceca de la Real Casa de la Moneda, pero no viene eso en las monedas en cuestión que están en esta página, sino la abreviatura de la ceca donde se troquelaban la mayoría de los reales de a ocho que circulaban por el imperio español de aquella época, la ceca de la ciudad de Méjico. Ese acrónimo es una "M" y una pequeña "o" sobre ella (mas o menos, Mº) y es así desde la época colonial (y también lo es en la actualidad). Los siguientes enlaces no son, precisamente, páginas personales no fiables, espero que te lo dejen mas claro y que sepas reconocer los muy diferentes signos que en ellas vienen: Casa de la Moneda de México en Wikipedia, Página oficial de la Casa de Moneda de México y la Página oficial de la Real Casa de la Moneda, en Madrid. No son, Obviamente, los mismos símbolos.--Zumalabe (talk) 18:32, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Conversion
This page should include a table listing conversions where it weights the (presumably shifting) value of 1 peso throughout the centuries when compared against the current value €1, £1 and $1, in order to reflect the actual adquisitive power of the coin, since basing it on the current prices of silver as is done in the Spanish treasure fleet page is deceptive. The peso was a global coin and in terms of adquisitive power, it was worth more than its current weight in silver. 107.77.216.181 (talk) 16:14, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Those figures may not, themselves, be available in any source. What I would like to see is an indication of hoe the coin's weight and purity changed over the years Then again, I have no idea why this acticle's largest section (history) has a "main" link to an article with a scope which is nominally more restricted.

 * That said, if you have the figures, feel free to use them. Aoeuidhtns (talk) 10:29, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Elisabeth/Isabella
In the first box illustrating the coins the names of the "Catholic Monarchs" are given in the left-hand column as "Ferdinand and Elisabeth". Although "Elisabeth/Elizabeth" is generally translated into Spanish as "Isabel" (Britain's current queen is known in the Spanish media as "Isabel II"), the female Catholic Monarch of Spain is always called "Isabella" in English (and "Isabel" in Spanish) - this is the only time I've ever seen her referred to as "Elisabeth". In the right-hand column of the same box she in fact appears as "Isabella", and the article the link goes to also has "Isabella" in the title. I'd change this myself, but as usual I'm afraid to damage the link - and clicking on it to make a correction simply activates it!213.127.210.95 (talk) 13:27, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish dollar


text:
Talk:To the 5 Boroughs

Album cover art
I just noticed that the version of the cover art shown in the article has the World Trade Center erased from the background. The album artwork i have in iTunes features the towers, quite prominently actually, as well as all of the results on the Google image search. My two questions are

1. Why did the uploader of the picture erase the towers (the comparison can be seen through the link to the original image from Amazon.com 2. Should the original cover be featured here instead - 99.237.9.80 (talk) 02:15, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I changed this, and then someone reverted it. I reverted it back, I don't understand why the correct version of the album cover isn't shown here. The album cover was NEVER released commercially with the towers removed. The uploader erased the towers themselves, which confuses me. The CD was released in 2004, it wasn't like the CD was released on September 10, 2001 and then they decided to change it. The cover with the towers is the correct version, why is this incorrect and altered version being displayed here? It also says in the significance section that the towers are on the album cover. Won't this confuse the readers if the album cover pictured in the article has the towers removed? The whole point of the album was a tribute to New York City, the Beastie Boys hown town, and also about the post 9/11 world. Erasing the towers just seems to destroy the whole point of the album. - 99.237.9.80 (talk) 08:50, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Stop reverting this. I am right and you are wrong. Leave it alone, and leave it CORRECT AND ACCURATE. - 99.237.9.80 (talk) 16:52, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Citations?
The citations don't go anywhere... Can someone fix this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.175.57.148 (talk) 16:34, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
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 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A81apqjkwojka
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Abs841v74zzpa

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title: Talk:To the 5 Boroughs