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Indoor cycling

Indoor cycling, often called spinning, is a form of exercise with classes focusing on endurance, strength, intervals, high intensity (race days) and recovery, and involves using a special stationary exercise bicycle with a weighted flywheel in a classroom setting. When people took cycling indoors in the late 19th century, whether for reasons of weather or convenience, technology created faster, more compact and efficient machines over time. The first iterations of the stationary bike ranged from the vertical Gymnasticon to regular bicycles on rollers.

Class content and goals
Classes generally use specialized stationary bicycles. Features include a mechanical device to modify the difficulty of pedaling, specially shaped handlebars, and multiple adjustment points to fit the bicycle to a range of riders. Many have a weighted flywheel, which simulates the effects of inertia and momentum when riding a real bicycle. The pedals are equipped with toe clips as on sports bicycles to allow one foot to pull up when the other is pushing down. They may alternatively have clipless receptacles for use with cleated cycling shoes. Padded shorts aid comfort and avoid the chafing caused by the sewn seams in underwear.

If the exercise is not done correctly or the rider's position is bad, injuries can occur; problems with the lower back and knees are most common. To avoid injury and aid comfort it is important to make sure the bio-mechanical position of the rider is correct. Group cycling bikes have a wide range of adjustment, and it is essential to obtain the correct setup prior to riding. The seat position must be right for the participant's height. The height of the seat should be in level with the hip when the participant is standing next to the cycle. Horizontally, the seat should be set in order for the front of the knee to be directly in vertical line with the ball of the foot when the pedal is pointing forward. This results in a position where the knee is slightly bent at an angle between 25% and 35% when the leg is extended with the foot resting flat at the bottom of the pedal stroke. Handlebar height can be adjusted for comfort; less experienced riders may want to set them higher to ease lower back discomfort. A reasonable reference point is to set it in level with the seat.

A typical class involves a single instructor at the front of the class who leads the participants through routines that are designed to simulate terrain and situations similar to riding a bike outdoors. Some of the movements and positions include hill climbs, sprints and interval training. A well-trained instructor uses music, motivation, visualization and enthusiastic coaching to lead students through a ride that best suits their fitness level and goals. Most instructors will lead what is called an interval ride, where students will sprint, run, climb, and jump all in the same ride, but there will not be definable pattern to the exercises. In the early 2000s, "terrain-based" classes that simulate outdoor conditions (e.g., wind resistance) were introduced. Terrain-based classes are designed to improve a rider's outdoor skill set and increase endurance while providing an intense cardio-based workout.

Participants set goals based on their heart rate, which can be measured by hand or using a heart rate monitor and ride simulated variations in terrain by altering resistance and cadence. Some participants choose to maintain a moderate, aerobic intensity level, with a heart rate of between 50 and 85% of max while others drive their heart rates higher in intervals of anaerobic activity to levels of between 85 and 92%.

One of the major advantages of indoor cycling is that each participant can exactly control his/her level of intensity to suit ability or fitness level but still remain as a group together. The classes can therefore be heterogeneous. As an alternative, participants can judge their level of exertion relative to a perceived exertion scale. The instructor should advise a recommended exertion scale from 1 (no exertion at all) to 10 (maximum exertion). Each rider is permitted to dictate how hard he/she chooses to work with the instructor providing active and dynamic encouragement together with technical and practical advice throughout the class.

Besides burning (on average) between 300 and 500 kcal in 60 minutes, indoor cycling also strengthens the muscles of the lower body. It tones the quadriceps and hamstrings, along with working the back and hips without placing the same strain present in typical weight-bearing exercises. It can be difficult to stay at the moderate level in a class that is geared towards more intensity. The difficulty of the workout is modulated in two ways:

There are five core movements in the Spinning programme.
 * 1) By varying the resistance on a flywheel attached to the pedals. The resistance is controlled by a knob, wheel or lever that the rider operates, causing the flywheel brake (a common bicycle brake, a friction wheel, a magnetic eddy current brake, a viscoelastic fluid brake, or a strap running around the flywheel) to tighten. On most bikes the brake can be adjusted from completely loose, providing no resistance to pedaling beyond the inertia of the flywheel, to so tight that the rider cannot move the pedals. Usually riders who can't pedal at the resistance called out by the instructor are encouraged to ride at a level at which they feel comfortable yet challenged.
 * 2) By changing the cadence (the speed at which the pedals turn). Pedaling at a higher rate expends more energy than pedaling at a lower rate with the same resistance. Correct cadence is between the range of 80 to 110 RPM for seated flat, standing flat (running) and jumping and 60 to 80 RPM for seated climb, standing climb, running with resistance and jumps on a hill. Sprints are taken under hill resistance building cadence up to no more than 110 RPM. Seated sprints are most suitable as the rider maintains full control of posture at all times and will avoid falling due to exhaustion. A correct sprint should last from 10 to 25 seconds, leaving the rider exhausted in the 85 to 92% max heart rate range.
 * Seated flat, with hands at the center part of the handlebars. This is hand position one. This position should be used only when seated, for flat road simulations and during the warm-up and cool down. Cadence between 80 and 110 RPM.
 * Standing flat (also known as running), with hands wide on the back 12–14″ part of the handlebars that crosses the rider's body. This is hand position two. Proper form for standing while running requires the body to be more upright and the back of the legs touching or enveloping the point of the saddle, with the center of gravity directly over the crank. The pressure of body weight should never rest excessively on the handlebars. Cadence is between 80 and 110 RPM
 * Jumps, (also known as lifts), a combination of seated and standing with riders hands at position two for durations of between two and eight seconds. Cadence between 80 and 110 RPM.
 * Seated climb with hands at position two, increased resistance and lower cadence of 60–80 RPM.
 * Standing climb with hands wide and forward so the thumb tips are touching the far end of the handlebars (hand position three). The rider is canted slightly forward so that maximum force can be exerted onto the pedals with heavy resistance and a cadence of 60–80 RPM.

These five movements each work a different part of the body and focus on different leg muscle groups. The rider should always maintain control of the flywheel by having resistance applied and remaining below a cadence of 110 RPM. Not all bikes have a freewheel, or 'smart release', and it is possible that the flywheel will 'run away' with the rider with the potential for causing injury. The rider should be able to maintain perfectly even pedal rotations at high resistance. This becomes difficult below 60 RPM cadence and failing to make 'perfect circles' increases the risk of knee and hip injury. A road cyclist will normally have a natural pedal cadence, of about 85 RPM and will control changes in terrain by changing gear to maintain this rate. The goal of the spinning programme is not to exceed this natural rate by more than 25 RPM higher (110 RPM) or lower (60 RPM) There are five further advanced movements based on those listed above.
 * Running with resistance
 * Jumps on a hill
 * Seated flat sprint
 * Seated hill sprint
 * Standing hill sprint

Most indoor cycling classes are coached with music. Riders may synchronize their pedalling to be in time with the rhythm of the music, thus providing an external stimulus to encourage a certain tempo. Often, the music chosen by the instructor is dance music or rock music set to a dance beat (i.e. 4/4 time), but not necessarily. This tends to help motivate participants to work harder than they might otherwise. The instructor also may choose specific songs for sprints, climbs, and jumps. While the music provides a tempo cue, the cadence does not need to be a multiple of the beat in order for the rider to feel in rhythm; the music therefore helps a rider maintain any constant cadence, not just a cadence that matches the beat. It may depend on the level of exertion whether or not someone changes position or the instructor can tell the class to change.

A variation known as "aqua cycling" or "hydrospinning" also exists. In this, the stationary bicycles are underwater in a pool.

title: Indoor cycling


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Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 12 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland permitted the state to ratify the Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty. It was approved by referendum on 18 June 1992 and signed into law on 16 July of the same year.

Overview
The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution was one of a number of amendments that have been made to expressly permit the state to ratify changes to the founding treaties of the European Union (then known as the European Community) (others have been the Tenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-sixth and the Twenty-eighth Amendments). These amendments were all adopted because of the finding of the Supreme Court in Crotty v. An Taoiseach (1987) that major changes to the treaties are unconstitutional unless accompanied by an amendment.

The Eleventh Amendment was introduced by a Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats coalition government and was also supported by opposition parties Fine Gael and the Labour Party. Democratic Left and the Green Party were opposed to it. Some anti-abortion groups also opposed the treaty, arguing that it might lead to legalised abortion in Ireland.

Changes to the text
The Eleventh Amendment amended Article 29.4 by the deletion of the highlighted sentence from subsection 3°:

and by the addition of the following subsections:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Quart Festival

The Quart Festival was an annual popular music festival that took place in Kristiansand, Norway in the beginning of July, from 1991 to 2008. It was the most visited music festival in Norway.

It was first named Qvadradurmusivalen in 1991, but changed into the more ear-catching Quart Festival the following year. For several years Quart was the largest music festival in Norway, but went bankrupt in 2008 in part due to tough competition from the Hovefestivalen in Arendal and some Oslo-based festivals.

Scandals
There have been some scandals during the years.
 * A local band Flying Crap fired a shotgun from the stage in 1995.
 * Marilyn Manson ripped a bible on stage in 1999.
 * The Kovenant burned a bible on stage in 2000.
 * Mayhem threw pigs' heads at the audience in 2001.
 * Eight musicians from hiphop group Equicez were arrested for drug offences in 2003.
 * Kristopher Schau attached an engine to a dead pig and used it as a boat in 2003.
 * Two persons from rainforest charity group Fuck For Forest had live sex on stage during a concert with The Cumshots in 2004.

2008 cancelling and bankruptcy
On the evening of 6 June, citing low ticket sales (14,000 against a budget of 30,000), the festival management officially decided to cancel the 2008 festival (due to start on 1 July) and as well file the managing company for bankruptcy. Following the 2007 festival, the company had a deficiency of roughly 16 million kroner.

2009 – The festival returns
The Quart Festival was revived by one of the original organisers and was held on 30 June to 4 July 2009. Slash's performance was backed by Teddy Andreadis, Jason Bonham, Chris Cheney, John 5 and Frankie Perez, and included guest performances from Ozzy Osbourne, Ronnie Wood and Fergie.

The festival was an economic disaster with low attendances and slow revenues. The festival was by mid-September 2009 still not able to pay their employees and is now threatened by bankruptcy.

Key performers
1992: Spiritualized, The Boo Radleys, Tom Russell, Bel Canto, Pogo Pops, Black Press,

1993: Motorpsycho, Seigmen, 808 State

1994: Elvis Costello, The Orb, Blur, Elastica

1995: The Black Crowes, Weezer, Lisa Germano, Morphine

1996: Motorpsycho, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Pulp, Ministry, Orbital, Underworld, Beck, Massive Attack, Black Grape

1997: Rage Against the Machine, Suede, Einstürzende Neubauten, Daft Punk, Aphex Twin, The Charlatans

1998: Beastie Boys, Portishead, Björk, Iggy Pop, Tori Amos, Teenage Fanclub, Wyclef Jean

1999: The Roots, Fatboy Slim, Happy Mondays, Garbage, Marilyn Manson, Blur, Massive Attack, The Cardigans, Skunk Anansie

2000: Sonic Youth, Oasis, Leftfield, Moby, Death in Vegas, Morten Abel, Madrugada, Nine Inch Nails, Counting Crows, Macy Gray

2001: Manic Street Preachers, Deftones, Beck, Alanis Morissette, PJ Harvey, The Dandy Warhols, Motörhead, Coldplay, Wyclef Jean, Mayhem

2002: David Bowie, Travis, Rammstein, No Doubt, Morten Abel, Belle and Sebastian, Turbonegro, Kent, …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Kaizers Orchestra, Muse, White Stripes

2003: Massive Attack, Nas, Coldplay, The Flaming Lips, Queens of the Stone Age, Röyksopp, The Cardigans, Immortal, Mew, Tumi And The Volume

2004: Alicia Keys, The Black Eyed Peas, Sean Paul, The Darkness, Morrissey, Pixies, Franz Ferdinand, The Hives, !!!, Phoenix, Pleasure, The Cumshots, Slipknot, N.E.R.D.

2005: Audioslave, Green Day, Foo Fighters, Jimmy Eat World, Snoop Dogg, Thomas Dybdahl, The Game, Porcupine Tree, Stonegard, Fantômas

2006: Depeche Mode, Tool, Kanye West, Muse, Pharrell, Arctic Monkeys, Damian Marley, Devin the Dude, Placebo, Rufus Wainwright, Opeth, The Raconteurs, Wolfmother, Richard Hawley, Gogol Bordello, Flogging Molly, The Cat Empire, Death Cab for Cutie

2007: Turbonegro, The Who, Scissor Sisters, 50 Cent, BigBang, Chris Cornell, Motorpsycho, Black Debbath, The Roots, Mew, Talib Kweli

2009: Marilyn Manson, John 5, Slash, Ozzy Osbourne, Young Jeezy, The Black Eyed Peas, Placebo, Korn, Chris Cornell

Quart 1996 booking (as seen on official poster)
Headliners: Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Pulp, Ministry, Massive Attack, Coolio, Orbital, Leftfield, Underworld, Beck, Black Grape

Goldie/Metalheadz, The Presidents of the USA, Foo Fighters, The Amps, The Chemical Brothers, The Roots, Ocean Colour Scene, Fear Factory, Slayer, GZA, The Mike Flowers Pops

Ken Ishii, Nightmares on Wax, BT, Faithless, Lionrock, Moloko, Ash, Nicolette, Spring Heel Jack, Dog Eat Dog, Whipping Boy, Dirty Three, The Brotherhood, Morcheeba, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Hallucinogen, Super Furry Animals, Bis, Motorpsycho, Peltz, The Highrollers, Penthouse Playboys, Palace of Pleasure, Folk & Røvere, Gartnerlosjen, Turbonegro, Subgud, Kåre and the Cavemen, The 3rd and the Mortal, Alania, Tørst, Salida, Gluecifer, Mindstate, Red Cloud, Dryads, Silent, Ad Libitum, Groms, The Weeds, Cirkus Gilmour, Whipped Cream Royale.

25th anniversary festival
28 and 29 June 2016, the Quart Festival will be revived at Odderøya. The occasion is the 25th anniversary since the first festival. The organisers promise major Norwegian and International names.

title: Quart Festival


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Lamma

Lamma may refer to:
 * Lamma Island, Hong Kong
 * a dialect of the Western Pantar language of Indonesia
 * Lamma, Sumerian name for Lamassu, a protective female deity
 * LAMMA show, an agricultural show in the United Kingdom
 * LAMMA, abbreviation for laser microprobe mass analyzer

title: Lamma


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Delta State

Delta State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Named after the Niger Delta—a large part of which is in the state—the state was formed from the former Bendel State, on 27 August 1991. Bordered on the north by Edo State, the east by Anambra and Rivers states, and that south by Bayelsa State while to the west is the Bight of Benin which covers about 160 kilometres of the state's coastline. The state was initially created with 12 local government areas in 1991, but was later expanded to 19 and now has 25 local government areas. Its capital city is Asaba which is located along the River Niger on the northeastern end of the state, while the state's economic center is the city of Warri on the southwestern coastline.

Of the 36 states, Delta is the 23rd largest in area and twelfth most populous with an estimated population of over 5.6 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the Central African mangroves in the coastal southwest and the Nigerian lowland forests in most of the rest of the state as a small portion of the Niger Delta swamp forests are in the far south. The other important geographical features are the River Niger and its distributary, the Forçados River, which flow along Delta's eastern and southern borders, respectively; while fellow Niger distributary, the Escravos River, runs through Warri and the coastal areas are riddled with dozens of smaller Niger distributaries that make up much of the western Niger Delta. Much of the state's nature contain threatened dwarf crocodile, Grey parrot, African fish eagle, mona monkey, and African manatee populations along with potentially extirpated populations of African leopard and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee. Offshore, the state is also biodiverse as there are populations of Lesser African threadfin, crabs, and blue mussel along with various cetacean species.

What is now Delta State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Isoko and Eruwa in the centre of the state; Ukwuani in the east; the Ika, Enuani, and Olukumi in the northeast; the Anioma in the northwest; and the Ijaw, Itsekiri, and Urhobo, in the southwest. In the pre-colonial period, now-Delta State was divided into various monarchial states like the Kingdom of Warri and Agbor Kingdom before the area became a part of the British Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1884. In the early 1900s, the British incorporated the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate) into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate which later amalgamated into British Nigeria. However, colonial forces did not gain permanent control of modern-day Delta State until the 1910s, due to the uprisings of the Ekumeku Movement. Notably, Delta has one of the few parts of now-Nigeria to have been under French control as the UK leased the enclave of Forcados to France from 1903 to 1930.

After independence in 1960, the area of now-Delta was a part of the post-independence Western Region until 1963 when the region was split and the area became part of the Mid-Western Region. In 1967, the Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra and invaded the Mid-Western Region in an attempt to capture Lagos and end the war quickly; Biafran forces were halted and eventually pushed back but briefly declared the captured Mid-Western Region (including now-Delta State) as the Republic of Benin. During the occupation there were widespread hostilities between the Biafran forces and the mainly non-Igbo inhabitants of now-Delta State with Biafran forces committing atrocities against ethnic Hausa, Urhobo, and Ijaw people; similarly, upon the liberation of the Mid-West, Nigerian forces committed the Asaba massacre against ethnic Igbos in Asaba. At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the Mid-Western Region was reformed until 1976 when it was renamed Bendel State. In 1991, Bendel State was split with the north becoming Edo State and the south becoming Delta State.

Economically, Delta State is based around the production of crude oil and natural gas as one of the main oil-producing states in the country. Key minor industries involve agriculture as the state has substantial oil palm, yam, and cassava crops along with fishing and heliciculture. In large part due to its vast oil revenues, Delta has the fourth highest Human Development Index in the country; however, disputes between oil companies and local communities along with years of systemic corruption have led to hostilities that are often tied to the lack of development in host communities.

Geography
Delta State covers a landmass of about 18050 km2, of which more than 60% is land. The state lies approximately between 5°00' and 6°45' E and 5°00' and 6°30' N. It is geographically located in Nigeria's Midwest, bounded in the north and west by Edo State for 350 km (218 miles), the east by Anambra, and Rivers States for about 93 km and about 50 km respectively, southeast by Bayelsa State across the Niger River for 17 km and the Forçados River for 198 km, and on the southern extreme is the Bight of Benin which covers about 160 kilometres of the state's coastline. Delta State is generally low-lying without any remarkable hills. The state has a wide coastal belt inter-laced with rivulets and streams, which form part of the Niger Delta.

Climate
An important characteristics of the Climate of Delta State is flooding. The ecological attributes of Delta State also include heavy rainfall, which makes the state, like other states in the Niger-Delta Nigeria to be regarded as lowland rainforest, freshwater swamp and mangrove swamp. Delta State has a mean rainfall of 36.9 mm, as well as increase in rainfall which in year 2015 resulted to inundation of farmlands in the state. 2015 was also the year the state had the highest rainfall, amounting to 3183.6 mm. In year 2007, the state had the lowest rainfall over the 11-year period, amounting to an annual rainfall of 2030.58 mm. While January has the lowest rainfall in the state, in July, rainfall is very high at 423.2 mm.

History
Delta State was defined out of the former Bendel State on 27 August 1991. The state was actualized following agitations for the realization of a separate distinct state by the peoples of the old Delta Province. There was yet another state request proposed as "Anioma State " comprising the Asaba and Agbor Divisions of the old Midwest region. The then Military President, Gen. Ibrahim Babangida, recognized Delta state but chose "Asaba" a prominent town within the "Northwestern Lower Niger" as capital city. The proposed capital was a virgin land in the heart of the two constituent divisions that constitutes the Northwestern Lower Niger. Delta state was once integrated in the Mid Western state from 1963 to 1976 and later Bendel state, from 1976 to 1991. The name "Bendel" (Ben-Del) was coined from the old Benin and Delta Provinces of Western Region-Delta to reflect the integration of Benin and Delta provinces.

Politics
The State government is governed by an elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly.

Electoral system
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

Demographics
Delta State is predominantly inhabited by the Urhobo, Anioma, Isoko, Uvwie, Okpe, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Ika, Enuani, Igbo Itsekiri and the Olukumi people. The population of other groups in the state are negligible.

The Urhobo-Isoko are basically the same people and are the most predominant people inhabiting the state and currently about 3.3 million spanning across 13 local government areas, followed by Ukwuani, Ika and Aniocha-Oshimili (Igboid/Igbo) people of Delta State with a population of about 1.8 million spanning across 9 Local government areas who are sometimes referred to as the Anioma people. The Itsekiri speak a language very closely related to Yoruba but have been culturally influenced by the Edo from neighbouring Edo state, as well as the Urhobo, and Ijaw.

The Okpe is a dialect of Urhobo language. The Okpe people occupy two local government areas (Sapele and Okpe) in Delta Central.

The Ijaws are a group of people related to the predominant people of neighbouring Bayelsa State, while the Olukumi are becoming culturally and linguistically extinct, due to acculturation and assimilation.

The vast majority of inhabitants are Christian, with very few practicing traditional religions.

The Catholic Church includes the Diocese of Warri (1964) with 135 parishes under Bishop Anthony Ovayero Ewherido (2022), and parts of Bomadi (1991) under Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo (2009), both suffragans of the Archdiocese of Benin City.

The Bendel Province of the Anglican Church of Nigeria under Archbishop Cyril Odutemu (2020) includes the Dioceses of Asaba (1977) led by Bishop Kingsley Chukwakanadu Obuh (2022), Ika (2001) led by Bishop Godfrey Ifeanyichukwu Ekpenisi (2018), Ndokwa (2008) led by Bishop Festus Nwafili (2023), Sapele (2009) led by Bishop Blessing Erifeta (2009), Ughelli led by Bishop Cyril Odutemu, Warri (1980) led by Bishop Christian Esezi Ide (2006) and Western Izon (2005) led by Bishop Victor Okporu (2021).

Administration
Sheriff Oborevwori, a member of the People's Democratic Party, was elected Governor and chief executive of Delta State in March 2023. His deputy is Monday Onyeme. The state has three National Senatorial Districts (South, North and Central). In 2011 and 2013, the elected senators were James Manager, Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi and Emmanuel Aguariavwodo who replaced Pius Ewherido who died in 2013 at National Hospital, Abuja. In 2015, Chief Ighoyeta Amori was elected Senator of Delta Central but his election was annulled and Senator Ovie Omo-Agege sworn in as Senator of Delta Central, James Manager retained his position and Chief Peter Nwaoboshi was elected Senator of Delta North. The Executive, Legislative and Judicial Chambers are housed in Asaba with a government house annex in Warri.

Past & present administrations

 * Sheriff Oborevwori - 29 May 2023 to date (PDP)
 * Ifeanyi Okowa - 29 May 2015 to 29 May 2023 (PDP)
 * Emmanuel Uduaghan - 29 May 2007 to 29 May 2015 (PDP)
 * James Ibori - 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007 (PDP)
 * Walter Feghabo - 12 August 1998 to 29 May 1999 (Military)
 * John Dungs - 22 August 1996 to 12 August 1998 (Military)
 * Ibrahim Kefas - 26 September 1994 to 22 August 1996 (Military)
 * Bassey Asuquo - 10 December 1993 to 26 September 1994 (Military)
 * Abdulkadir Shehu - 17 November 1993 – 10 December 1993 (Military)
 * Luke Chijiuba Ochulor - 28 August 1991 - January 1992 (Military)
 * Felix Ibru - January 1992 - November 1993 (SDP)

Local Government Areas
Delta State consists of 25 Local Government Areas (shown with 2006 population figures):

Local Governments/Indigenous people
Indigenous ethnic groups of Delta State listed by LGA:

Economy
The state is one of the richer and more developed ones in Nigeria and has the second-lowest incidence of extreme poverty (around 3% of the population against a national average of 31%) according to World Bank data from 2018.

Natural resources
There are various solid mineral deposits within the state - industrial clay, silica, lignite, kaolin, tar sand, decorative rocks, limestone, etc. These are raw materials for industries such as brick making, ceramics, bottle manufacturing, glass manufacturing, chemical/insulators production, chalk manufacturing and sanitary wares, decorative stone cutting and quarrying, but these minerals are under-utilized.

Delta state also has huge deposits of crude oil and is also one of the largest producers of petroleum products in Nigeria. Sales of petroleum products is what majorly drives its economy.

Higher education
Institutions of higher learning in Delta state include:
 * Federal University of Petroleum Resources,Effurun
 * Delta State University, Abraka
 * Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro
 * Dennis Osadebe University, Anwai
 * University of Delta, Agbor
 * Delta State Polytechnics (two different Polytechnics, one at Oghara, and one at Ogwashi-Uku)
 * The Film and Broadcast Academy, Ozoro
 * College of Education Warri.
 * Federal College of Education Technical, Asaba
 * College of Education, Mosogar
 * Delta State College of Health Technology, Ofuoma, Ughelli
 * Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Ughelli
 * Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun
 * Western Delta University, Oghara
 * Novena University, Ogume-Amai
 * National Open University of Nigeria (three study centres, one at Asaba, one at Emevor and another at Owhrode).
 * Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu
 * Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Warri South West
 * Conarina School of Maritime & Transport Technology, Oria-Abraka
 * University of Information and Communication Technology, Agbor
 * State School of Midwifery, Asaba
 * School of Nursing (two schools, one at Agbor and another at Warri)
 * Baptist School of Nursing, Eku
 * Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo
 * Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri
 * Admiralty University of Nigeria at Ibusa and Sapele

 * Adam Igbudu Christian Institute, Emevor (a private Nigerian university named after the founder of the Anglican Adam Preaching Society, Cornelius Adam Igbudu

Transportation
Federal Highways are:
 * A2 as the Elele-Alimini-Patani East-West Rd across the Forçados River from Bayelsa State by the 850 m bridge (2014) at Patani and north via Warri to Benin City,
 * A232 (Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa) east from Edo State via Agbor and Asaba to Onitsha by the 1,404 m River Niger Bridge (1965).

Other major roads include
 * the Warri-Sakpoba Rd northeast from A2 at Ogharefe Junction to Edo State at Otefe,
 * the Agbor Eku Rd south from Agbor,
 * the Sakpoba Rd southwest from Agbor to Edo State at Ugbeka,
 * the Uromi Igbanke Rd north from A232 at Agbor to Edo State.

Airports: Warri Airport or Osubi Airstrip, built by Shell Oil in 1999.

Tourist attractions
Delta State has some historical, cultural and socio-political tourist centres that attract visitors from around the globe. Some of these sites of tourism include:
 * The Nana's Palace built by Chief Nana Olomu of Ebrohim. He was a powerful 19th-century indigenous entrepreneur who traded with the British. The relationship eventually turned sour. Later, he surrendered (not without putting up a fight) and was exiled to Ghana. His personal effects are housed in this grand palace.
 * The River Ethiope  which is reputed to be the deepest inland waterway in Africa (at 176 km). Its source is at the foot of a giant silk-cotton tree at Umuaja in Ukwuani Local Government Area of the state and flows through seven Local Government Areas in the State. It is a place of worship for Olokun traditional religion and also a common site for faithful of the Igbe Religious Movement.
 * The Araya Bible Site  which houses a copy of the Holy Bible. It is believed that the bible descended to this spot miraculously from heaven around August 1914. The bible dropped on rain-soaked yam and it didn't get wet. The site now attracts thousands of Christians yearly.
 * Demas Nwoko Edifice  which was built using traditional materials, designs and construction techniques of the Igbo civilization by Demas Nwoko, an architect, builder and artist of international repute from Idumuje-Ugboko, in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
 * The Mungo Park House which is now the site of the National Museum, Asaba. The house was constructed by the Royal Niger Company (RNC) in 1886 and was used as a colonial administrative headquarters, a military house, the colonial administrative divisional headquarters, the RNC Constabulary building, and the seat of the Urban District Council at different times.
 * The Abraka Turf and Country Club, Abraka features a horse club where an international polo tournament holds every year during Easter.
 * The Niger Bridge which connects Delta State (by extension, western Nigeria) to the Eastern part of Nigeria. It is a beauty to behold. It was completed in 1965 and cost £5 million. It was damaged during the civil war but later repaired.
 * Lander Brothers Anchorage, Asaba which was built in memory of early British explorers. The complex has a museum, a graveyard, and many artworks and writings. It houses a replica of one of the boats that was used by the brothers.
 * Falcorp Mangrove Park
 * Warri Kingdom Royal Cemetery which is a 512-year-old burial ground and serves as the resting place of past rulers of the Warri kingdom. A tree is planted on each grave.
 * Mungo Park House, Asaba is the first headquarters of the Royal Niger Company and Nigeria's first political headquarters in 1900.
 * Kwale Game Reserve is situated in the low coastal zone of Delta State, characterized by rainforest vegetation and deltaic swamps. It is rich in reptiles and water associated animals, particularly red river hog, sitatunga and a variety of brackish, marine and freshwater fish species.

Sports
Delta State is known to have produced several sportsmen and women, notably Stephen Okechukwu Keshi, Sunday Ogochukwu Oliseh, Austin Jay-Jay Okocha, Wilson Oruma, Efetobore Sodje Blessing Okagbare, Jonathan Akpoborie, and Ogenekaro Etebo.

Notable people

 * Francis Agoda aka I Go Dye, popular comedian across Africa and United Nations' Millennium Development Goals Ambassador
 * Alibaba Akpobome, stand-up comedian and actor
 * Venita Akpofure, British-Nigerian actress and video vixen
 * Eyimofe Atake, Senior Advocate of Nigeria
 * F.O.M. Atake, Nigerian Judge (1967–1977) and Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979–1982)
 * Rt Rev'd John U Aruakpor Bishop, Anglican Diocese of Oleh
 * Michael Ashikodi Agbamuche, former Attorney General & Minister for Justice of Nigeria
 * Udoka Azubuike, professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz, played at college for the University of Kansas
 * Bovi, Nigerian comedian, event host, Actor and skit maker
 * John Pepper Clark, first professor of English in Africa, poet and writer
 * David Dafinone, Renowned Account/Politician
 * Destalker, Nigerian comedian
 * Paul Dike, Past Chief of Defence Staff
 * Enebeli Elebuwa, Nigerian Actor
 * Mairo Ese, Nigerian gospel singer
 * Tony Elumelu, UBA and Heirs Holdings
 * Godwin Emefiele present CBN Governor
 * Olorogun O'tega Emerhor, Nigerian financial industry leader and politician
 * Ayiri Emami, is a Nigerian businessman, politician, and philanthropist.
 * Erigga, Nigerian Hip hop recording artist, songwriter
 * Peter Etebo, Nigerian professional footballer
 * Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin, founder of Christ Mercyland Deliverance Ministry
 * Harrysong, Nigerian singer, songwriter and instrumentalist
 * James Ibori, former governor of Delta State
 * Alex Ibru, Former minister of interior affairs and founder of the Guardian Newspaper
 * Cecilia Ibru, Former Managing Director of Oceanic Bank
 * Elvina Ibru, Nollywood Actress
 * Felix Ibru, First civilian governor of Delta State
 * Michael Ibru, pioneer industrialist
 * Oskar Ibru, business magnate
 * Maiden Alex Ibru, media executive
 * Goodie Ibru, businessman and hotelier
 * Emmanuel Ibru, Businessman and football administrator
 * Cornelius Adam Igbudu (1914–1981), founder of the Anglican Adam Preaching Society
 * Ogaga Ifowodo, lawyer and human rights activist
 * Dumebi Iyamah Owner of Andrea Iyamah Brand
 * Don Jazzy, Nigerian singer and producer
 * Ibe Kachikwu, former Minister of State, Petroleum Resources, Nigeria
 * Stephen Keshi, Nigerian ex-defender, former head coach of the super eagles
 * Festus Keyamo, Nigerian lawyer and a Senior Advocate of Nigeria SAN
 * Lynxxx, Recording artist, entrepreneur and the first Nigerian Pepsi brand ambassador
 * Senator James Manager Ebiowou, Nigerian politician at the Senate level
 * Rosaline Meurer, Gambian-born Nigerian actress

 * Richard Mofe-Damijo, Nigerian veteran actor, writer, producer, and lawyer, former Commissioner for Culture and Tourism in Delta State
 * Collins Nweke, First non-Belgian born person elected to political office in West Flanders Belgium
 * Nduka Obaigbena Founder, ThisDay & AriseTV
 * Sam Obi, Ex-speaker and former acting governor of Delta State
 * Sheriff Oborevwori Governor Delta State
 * Sunny Ofehe, international human & environmental rights activist
 * Kenneth Ogba, politician
 * Timothy Ogene, writer and lecturer at Harvard University
 * Joy Ogwu, former Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations
 * Tanure Ojaide, professor of English and renowned writer
 * Mandy Ojugbana, musician
 * Okocha, former Super Eagles Captain
 * Blessing Okagbare, athlete, Olympic and World Athletics Championships medalist in the long jump, and a world medallist in the 200 metres
 * Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, economist and international development expert, Boards of Standard Chartered Bank, Twitter, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, and the African Risk Capacity
 * Chris Okotie, Nigerian musician, televangelist, politician
 * Ifeanyi Okowa former governor of Delta State
 * Ben Okri, writer, Nigerian poet and novelist
 * Sunday Oliseh, Football Manager and former player
 * Omawumi, Nigerian singer, songwriter, actress; brand ambassador for Globacom, Konga, Malta Guinness
 * Mabel Evwierhoma, Professor of Theatre Arts, University of Abuja
 * Ovie Omo-Agege, Nigerian lawyer, politician
 * Rachel Oniga, was a Nigerian film actress
 * Dominic Oneya, Retired Brigadier General in the Nigerian Army, former chairman of the Nigeria Football Association
 * Divine Oduduru, Nigerian sprinter and athlete
 * Bruce Onobrakpeya, 2006 UNESCO Living Human Treasure Award, trustee of Western Niger Delta University
 * Gamaliel Onosode, Nigerian technocrat, administrator and a former presidential candidate
 * Orezi, singer, songwriter
 * Ayo Oritsejafor, founder of Word of Life Bible Church
 * Stephen Oru, Nigerian politician, former Minister of Niger Delta Affairs
 * Peter Godsday Orubebe, politician, ex-Minister of State for Niger Delta Affairs, ex-Minister of special duties
 * Dennis Osadebay, Nigerian politician, lawyer, poet, journalist
 * Ifeanyi Ossai Founder CribMD
 * Prof Onigu Otite, sociologist and anthropologist
 * Kingsley Otuaro former deputy governor of Delta State
 * Jim Ovia, Nigerian businessman, founder of Zenith Bank
 * Tim Owhefere, Nigerian politician
 * General Alexander Ogomudia, former chief of Defense staff (CDS) and former Chief of Army staff (COAS)
 * Amaju Pinnick, president of the Nigeria Football Federation
 * Alfred Rewane, businessman and NADECO financier
 * Igho Sanomi, Nigerian businessman
 * SHiiKANE, Nigerian Afro-Pop, Pop, Afrobeat, Jazz, Dance, R&B music group
 * Zulu Sofola, First published female Nigerian playwright and dramatist, first female Professor of Theater Arts in Africa
 * Ojo Taiye, Nigerian poet, winner of the Kingdoms in the Wild 2019 Annual Poetry Prize
 * Tompolo, former Nigerian Militant Commander
 * Abel Ubeku, first black managing director of Guinness Nigeria Plc
 * Patrick Utomi, a Nigerian professor of political economy and management expert, Fellow of the Institute of Management Consultants of Nigeria and a former presidential candidate
 * Prince Tega Wanogho, American football player
 * Faithia Williams, is a Nigerian actress, filmmaker, producer and director.

 * Kenneth Gbagi (1961-2024), Nigerian politician, industrialist and lawyer

title: Delta State


text:
Roger Caillois

Roger Caillois (3 March 1913 – 21 December 1978) was a French intellectual whose idiosyncratic work brought together literary criticism, sociology, ludology and philosophy by focusing on diverse subjects such as games and play as well as the sacred. He was also instrumental in introducing Latin American authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda and Miguel Ángel Asturias to the French public. After his death, the French Literary award Prix Roger Caillois was named after him in 1991.

Biography
Caillois was born in Reims, but moved to Paris as a child. There he studied at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, an elite school where students took courses after graduating from secondary school in order to prepare for entry examinations for France's most prestigious university, the École Normale Supérieure. Caillois's efforts paid off and he graduated as a normalien in 1933. After this he studied at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, where he came into contact with thinkers such as Georges Dumézil, Alexandre Kojève and Marcel Mauss.

The years before the war were marked by Caillois's increasingly leftist political commitment, particularly in his fight against fascism. He was also engaged in Paris's avant-garde intellectual life. With Georges Bataille he founded the College of Sociology, a group of intellectuals who lectured regularly to one another. Formed partly as a reaction to the Surrealist movement that was dominant in the 1920s, the College sought to move away from surrealism's focus on the fantasy life of an individual's unconscious and focus instead more on the power of ritual and other aspects of communal life. Caillois's background in anthropology and sociology, and particularly his interest in the sacred, exemplified this approach. He participated in Bataille's review Acéphale (1936–39).

Caillois left France in 1939 for Argentina, where he stayed until the end of World War II. During the war he was active in fighting the spread of Nazism in Latin America as an editor and author of anti-Nazi periodicals. From 1940 to 1945, he lived in South America. In 1948, after the War, he worked with UNESCO and traveled widely. In 1971 he was elected to the Académie française. In 1977, he started to write a book with the painter Bernard Mandeville. In 1978, Caillois wrote Le fleuve Alphée, an award-winning autobiographical essay (Marcel Proust Awards and European Union Prize for Literature), followed by Cases d’un échiquier. He died, aged 65, in Kremlin-Bicêtre.

Today Caillois is remembered for founding and editing Diogenes, an interdisciplinary journal funded by UNESCO, and La Croix du Sud (Southern Cross), a collection of books translated from contemporary Latin American authors published by Gallimard that is responsible for introducing authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier and Victoria Ocampo to the French-speaking public. He is also widely cited in the nascent field of ludology, primarily from passages in his book Les Jeux et les Hommes(1958). The book has been translated to English by Meyer Barash in 1961 as Man, Play and Games.

Caillois' key ideas on play
Caillois built critically on an earlier theory of play developed by the Dutch cultural historian Johan Huizinga in his book Homo Ludens (1938). Huizinga had discussed the importance of play as an element of culture and society. He used the term "Play Theory" to define the conceptual space in which play occurs, and argued that play is a necessary (though not sufficient) condition for the generation of culture.

Caillois began his own book Man, Play and Games (1961) with Huizinga's definition of play:

"Summing up the formal characteristics of play we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside 'ordinary' life as being 'not serious,' but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings which tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress their difference from the common world by disguise or other means."

Caillois disputed Huizinga's emphasis on competition in play. He also noted the considerable difficulty in arriving at a comprehensive definition of play, concluding that play is best described by six core characteristics:
 * 1. it is free, or not obligatory
 * 2. it is separate from the routine of life, occupying its own time and space
 * 3. it is uncertain, so that the results of play cannot be pre-determined and the player's initiative is involved
 * 4. it is unproductive in that it creates no wealth, and ends as it begins economically speaking
 * 5. it is governed by rules that suspend ordinary laws and behaviours and that must be followed by players
 * 6. it involves imagined realities that may be set against 'real life'.

Caillois' definition has itself been criticized by subsequent thinkers; and ultimately, despite Caillois' attempt at a definitive treatment, definitions of play remain open to negotiation.

Caillois distinguished four categories of games:

 * Agon, or competition. It's the form of play in which a specific set of skills is put to the test among players (strength, intelligence, memory). The winner is who proves to have mastery of said skill through the game, for example a quiz game is a competition of intelligence, the winner proves that it's more intelligent than the other players. E.g. chess.
 * Alea, or chance, the opposite of Agon, Caillois describes Alea as "the resignation of will, an abandonment to destiny." If Agon used the skills of players to determine a victor Alea leaves that to luck, an external agent decides who the victor is. E.g. playing a slot machine.
 * Mimesis, or mimicry, or role playing Caillois defines it as "When the individual plays to believe, to make himself or others believe that he is different from himself." E.g. playing an online role-playing game.
 * Ilinx, which Caillois describes as "voluptuous panic" in the sense of altering perception by experiencing a strong emotion (panic, fear, ecstasy) the stronger the emotion is, the stronger the sense of excitement and fun becomes. E.g. bungee jumping or Caillois's example of children spinning in a circle until they become dizzy.

It's worth noting that these categories can be combined to create a more diverse experience and enhance the players interaction, for example poker is a form of Agon-Alea, Alea is present in the form of the cards and their combinations, but it's not the only winning factor; since Agon is present in the form of bluffing, making your opponent think you have better cards by rising the bet, therefore putting pressure on the other players and thus making it possible to win by having a card combination but winning by implementing the bluff skill.

Caillois also described a dualistic polarity within which the four categories of games can be variously located:

 * Paidia or uncontrolled fantasy, spontaneous play through improvisation, the rules of which are created during playing time. E.g. concerts and festivals.
 * Ludus which requires effort, patience, skill, or ingenuity, the rules are set from the beginning and the game was designed before playing time. E.g. the Chinese game of Go.

Caillois disagreed particularly with Huizinga's treatment of gambling. Huizinga had argued in Homo Ludens that the risk of death or of losing money corrupts the freedom of "pure play". Thus to Huizinga, card-games are not play but "deadly earnest business". Moreover, Huizinga considered gambling to be a "futile activity" which inflicts damage on society. Thus Huizinga argued that gambling is a corruption of a more original form of play.

Against this, Caillois argued that gambling is a true game, a mode of play that falls somewhere between games of skill or competition and games of chance (i.e. between the Agon and Alea categories). Whether or not a game involves money or a risk of death, it can be considered a form of Agon or Alea as long as it provides social activity and triumph for the winner. Gambling is "like a combat in which equality of chances is artificially created, in order that adversaries should confront each other under ideal conditions, susceptible of giving precise and incontestable value to the winner’s triumph."

Caillois' interest in mimicry
When Caillois worked with Bataille at the College of Sociology, they worked on two essays on insects in the 1930s: ''‘La mante religieuse. De la biologie à la psychanalyse’ (1934) and ‘Mimétisme et la psychasthénie légendaire’'' (1935) Caillois identifies "the praying mantis and mimicking animals as nature’s automatons and masquerades." He formulates "in his peculiarly naturalist fashion what it would mean to act and create without the intervention of the sovereign ego, that magnificent artifact of the modern West that surrealism and the avant-garde have taken such drastic measures to counteract." These articles "might read like two obscurantist entomological studies that, in a way some would describe as bizarre, try to contradict all evolutionary explications for animal cannibalism and mimicry. Their publication in the context of [the surrealist journal] Minotaure makes it possible to see them as the search for figures that evidence the possibility of intelligence without thought, creativity without art, and agency in the absence of the (human) agent."

Roger Caillois French Literary Prize
The Roger Caillois French Literary Prize for Latin American Literature was created in 1991 and has also been awarded to figures such as Carlos Fuentes, José Donoso and Adolfo Bioy Casares.

title: Roger Caillois


text:
Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

The Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1996 (previously bill no. 49 of 1996) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which provides that a court can refuse bail to a suspect where it feared that while at liberty they would commit a serious criminal offence. It was approved by referendum on 28 November 1996 and signed into law on 12 December of the same year.

Background
In People (AG) v O'Callaghan (1966), the Supreme Court had ruled that the provisions of Article 40.4, which guarantees personal liberty and the principle of habeas corpus, meant that an individual charged with a crime could only be refused bail if they were likely to flee or to interfere with witnesses or evidence. In a 1976 Dáil debate on "the breakdown in law and order", Paddy Cooney, the Minister for Justice in the Fine Gael–Labour coalition, said the government favoured a referendum on reducing the right to bail.

A Law Reform Commission report published in August 1995 and chaired by former Supreme Court judge Anthony Hederman considered legal approaches to bail. The Sixteenth Amendment made it possible for a court to take into account whether or not a person had committed serious crimes while on bail in the past. The amendment was introduced by the Fine Gael–Labour Party–Democratic Left government led by Taoiseach John Bruton.

Changes to the text
Insertion of new Article 40.4.7°:

Note: This provision was renumbered as 40.4.6° by the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in 2002.

Oireachtas debate
A similar proposal had been proposed by Fianna Fáil Justice Spokesperson John O'Donoghue on 8 June 1995. On 4 October 1995, this was rejected by 65 votes to 47.

On 16 October 1996, Minister for Justice Nora Owen proposed the Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1996. It was supported by the two major opposition parties, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, and passed final stages in the Dáil on the same day. It passed final stages in the Seanad on 23 October and proceeded to a referendum on 28 November 1996.

Aftermath
The Bail Act 1997 was passed as the provision to be made by law arising from the amendment.


text:
The Lawnmower Man (film)

The Lawnmower Man is a 1992 science fiction horror film directed by Brett Leonard, written by Leonard and Gimel Everett, and starring Jeff Fahey as Jobe Smith, an intellectually disabled gardener, and Pierce Brosnan as Dr. Lawrence "Larry" Angelo, a scientist who decides to experiment on him in an effort to give him greater intelligence by stimulating his brain using nootropic drugs and virtual reality computer simulations. The experiments give Jobe superhuman abilities, but also increase his aggression, turning him into a man obsessed with evolving into a digital being.

The film was originally marketed as the adaptation of a 1975 short story by Stephen King, which featured a Pan-worshipping satyr using his mystical powers to operate a landscaping business and mow lawns. Allied Vision began developing the film after a planned adaptation of King’s book Night Shift (1978), an anthology the story was published in. However, it struggled to expand King’s original story into a feature film and instead rewrote an unrelated screenplay entitled CyberGod into an adaptation. The final film bears little resemblance to the original story beyond a single sequence of the antagonist telekinetically using a lawn mower to murder a character named “Harold Parkette.” Because of the deviation from his story, King successfully sued to have his name removed from the film, which was originally titled Stephen King's The Lawnmower Man. King won further damages when his name was included in the title of the home video release.

A sequel, Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace, was released in 1996, with Austin O'Brien as the only returning actor from the original film.

Plot
Dr. Lawrence Angelo, a scientist at Virtual Space Industries (VSI), runs experiments using psychoactive drugs and virtual reality to enhance cognitive performance, labeled "Project 5". Angelo has benevolent aims, but VSI is funded by "The Shop", a clandestine group hoping to find military applications for Angelo's research. One of his test subjects, a chimpanzee named "Rosco," is gifted with new intelligence, warfare training, and increased aggression; he escapes and is killed by the laboratory's security forces. Angelo consequently decides to recruit intellectually disabled gardener Jobe Smith as a test subject, telling the man he will become smarter. Angelo redesigns the intelligence-boosting treatments to remove the "aggression factors" used in the chimpanzee experiments. Not only is Jobe's intelligence enhanced, but he also develops psychokinesis and telepathy. He continues training at the lab until an accident forces Angelo to abort the experiment.

The project director, Sebastian Timms, keeps tabs on the progress of the experiment and secretly swaps Angelo's new medications with the old Project 5 supply. When Jobe invites his new lover Marnie to the lab to engage in cybersex, he accidentally lobotomizes her. Jobe continues the treatment on his own and begins killing the people who mistreated him in the past, as well as the abusive father of his 10-year-old friend Peter. Angelo learns the drugs have been swapped and confronts Jobe, who captures him and declares his plan to reach an ultimate stage of evolution by becoming a being of "pure energy" existing in the VSI computer mainframe, connecting to all computer systems of the world afterward. He promises his "birth" will be signaled by every telephone on the planet ringing simultaneously.

The Shop sends a team to capture Jobe, but with his new abilities he scatters them to pieces. Jobe uses the lab equipment to enter the VSI mainframe and become a digital being, abandoning his physical body. Angelo remotely accesses the VSI computer, encrypting connections to the outside world, and traps Jobe in the mainframe. As Jobe searches for an unencrypted network connection, Angelo sets bombs to destroy the building. Feeling responsible for what happened to Jobe, Angelo enters virtual reality to attempt to reason with him one last time or die with him. Jobe overpowers Angelo and crucifies his digital body. Peter runs into the building and Jobe realizes he is in danger from the bombs. Still caring for the boy, he allows Angelo to leave the mainframe in order to rescue Peter. Jobe escapes through a maintenance line just before the building is destroyed.

Angelo is later at home with Peter and his mother Carla. The telephone rings, followed by the noise of a second telephone ringing elsewhere, followed by all telephones ringing all around the world.

Cast

 * Pierce Brosnan as Dr. Lawrence Angelo
 * Jeff Fahey as Jobe Smith
 * Jenny Wright as Marnie Burke
 * Geoffrey Lewis as Terry McKeen
 * Jeremy Slate as Father Francis McKeen
 * Dean Norris as The Director
 * Austin O'Brien as Peter Parkette
 * Troy Evans as Lieutenant Goodwin
 * Rosalee Mayeux as Carla Parkette
 * Mark Bringelson as Sebastian Timms
 * Ray Lykins as Harold Parkette
 * Colleen Coffey as Caroline Angelo

Production
The plot of Stephen King's 1975 short story "The Lawnmower Man" concerns Harold Parkette, who hires "Pastoral Greenery and Outdoor Services Inc." to cut his lawn. Parkette later spies on the serviceman, discovering his lawnmower mows the lawn by itself while he crawls after it, naked, eating the grass. The serviceman is actually a satyr who worships the Greek god Pan. When Parkette tries to call the police, the mower and its owner ritually kill him as a sacrifice to Pan.

Milton Subotsky and Andrew Donally first acquired the film rights to Night Shift (1978), the anthology the story appeared in, in 1978. Edward and Valerie Abraham wrote a screenplay for an anthology film adapting “The Lawnmower Man,” “The Mangler,” and “Trucks” revolving around the theme of humanity’s relationship with technology. Dino De Laurentiis purchased the rights to the screenplay in 1984 with the intention of making a series of King anthology films beginning with Cat's Eye (1985). However, it was later decided that the stories should be made into individual films, beginning with the adaptation of “Trucks” as Maximum Overdrive (1986). Allied Vision acquired the rights to adapt “The Lawnmower Man” but struggled to adapt the story into a feature-length film.

Meanwhile, director Brett Leonard and producer Gimel Everett wrote an original screenplay about virtual reality technology titled Cyber God. They were inspired by seeing Jaron Lanier and his VPL Research technology at a San Francisco event called "Cyberthon"; Brosnan later suggested using some Lanier's lines in the film, and both VPL's DataSuit and EyePhone appear in the film as props. Allied Vision decided to combine the two projects, and between May and August 1990 they rewrote their script into The Lawnmower Man. The new screenplay carried minor elements of King's original story, including the scene where Jobe kills Peter's father with the lawnmower "Big Red", and the aftermath in which the police state that they found some of his remains in the birdbath. The addition of a government agency known as "The Shop" was drawn from separate works of King's, such as Firestarter (1980) and The Tommyknockers (1987).

The film has several elements in common with the 1959 Daniel Keyes novel Flowers for Algernon, which also deals with a mentally disabled man whose intelligence is technologically boosted to genius levels. A similar parallel can be drawn with the Star Trek television series (second pilot) episode of 1966 titled "Where No Man Has Gone Before".

Principal photography on the film began on May 28, 1991, in Los Angeles with a $10 million budget. The computer-generated imagery (CGI) was created for the film by Angel Studios. The scene where the priest is set on fire is an early use of motion capture, and was done by an Italian company who used the technology as a tool for golf training. A technique called the Gemini process was used to transfer CGI onto film by putting the digital images on a high-resolution cathode-ray tube [CRT] screen, frame by frame, which were then shot with a motion picture camera. The supervising sound editor was Frank Serafine, who was hired as a result of his sound creation work in the 1982 film Tron. Fuji Creative's Masao Takiyama is also credited as a co-producer.

Release
The film was tested in Jacksonville, Florida, Fresno, California, and Providence, Rhode Island on February 14, 1992 and released in the United States on March 6, in 1,276 theatres.

The film was released in Japan under the title Virtual Wars.

Director's cut
The original theatrical release had a large element cut from it involving Rosco the chimpanzee. In the film's opening Rosco escapes the lab and is helped by Jobe, who then witnesses him getting shot dead. This then led to several other cuts throughout the film to remove call back to this plot element. Another major difference includes moments with Lawrence's wife. In the theatrical cut she just disappears, but in the director's cut, Jobe controls her later on, and still later she is killed by the agents. Along with those major additions, there are also several scenes with extra dialogue. The director's cut was initially released on VHS and laserdisc by New Line Cinema. The 1997 DVD however only included the theatrical cut with most of the director's cut scenes included as deleted scenes. In 2017, Shout! Factory released both cuts on blu-ray, both taken from 4K scans of the original elements.

Critical reception
, the film held a 37% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews with an average of 4.9 out of 10. The site's consensus states: "The Lawnmower Man suffers from a predictable, melodramatic script, and its once-groundbreaking visual effects look dated today". Metacritic gives the film a rating of 42 out of 100 based on 14 reviews.

Box office
The movie debuted at number two at the box office with $7.7 million in its opening weekend behind Wayne's World. It went on to gross $32.1 million in the United States and Canada, making it the highest-grossing independent film for the calendar year and the second biggest released in 1992 after Miramax's The Crying Game. It did better internationnaly and grossed £3,622,720 ($6 million) in the United Kingdom and $112 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $150 million.

Stephen King lawsuit
The film, originally titled Stephen King's The Lawnmower Man, differed so much from the source material that King sued the filmmakers in May 1992 to remove his name from the title. King stated in court documents that the film "bore no meaningful resemblance" to his story.

A federal judge ruled in King's favor in July 1992, the first successful such ruling since James Oliver Curwood had his name removed from 1922's I Am the Law. On appeal, it was ruled in October that the on-screen credit could remain but that King's name should be removed from advertising. King received $2.5 million in settlement.

Despite the ruling, New Line still did not comply and initially released the home video version as Stephen King's The Lawnmower Man. In 1994, New Line was held in contempt of court.

Home media
The theatrical version of the film was initially released on VHS and Laserdisc on August 26, 1992. Alongside the 108-minute theatrical version, New Line Home Video also released an unrated director's cut running 142 minutes on VHS and Laserdisc. The success of the unrated version alerted King to New Line's continued defiance of the order that his name be stricken from the film's credits and all marketing as the back covers stated "Based on a Story by Stephen King". A third court order was needed to force the studio's compliance. As before, the court upheld the two prior judgments, but it took the extra step of imposing a penalty of $10,000 directly payable to King for every day New Line remained in contempt by defying the order. Additionally, the studio would have to forfeit all profits earned on the film during that same period.

The film was released on VCD in 1996. The DVD, released in December 1997, contains only the theatrical cut, with scenes from the unrated edition being presented on the DVD as deleted scenes.

In February 1997, the director's cut was released in widescreen for the first time on double LaserDisc, featuring various special features on the C-side. The transfer used for the LaserDisc left King's name in the opening credits, but removed it from the title screen.

The director's cut was released on DVD with the inclusion of the sequel Lawnmower Man 2 on October 25, 2010, in the United Kingdom. However, it is a direct port of the earlier open matte NTSC LaserDisc release converted to PAL.

Prior to the US Shout! Factory release, Blu-ray versions of the film were only available in Italy through Minerva Pictures and in Germany under the Alive brand. The Italian release contains edited Italian credits at the beginning, which are taken from the DVD version as the difference in quality from the rest of the movie can be seen (interlaced framing notably).

Shout! Factory released The Lawnmower Man on Blu-ray for the first time in the United States in June 2017. The two-disc set includes new 4k digital restorations of the theatrical and director's cuts, audio commentary with director Brett Leonard and producer Gimel Everett, an all-new retrospective documentary featuring Leonard and star Jeff Fahey, and all of the bonus features from the original New Line DVD. For unknown reasons, a line of dialogue from the theatrical release related to the killing of a chimp (which makes no sense in the context of the plot of the director's cut - in that version, the chimp escaped from the VSI lab) was re-introduced to the director's cut.

In Australia, the only version of the film to be released was the theatrical cut - the director's cut was only available as a UK import. It was never released on DVD until 2008, when Force Entertainment released a budget DVD, containing the theatrical cut and the special features from the US DVD, on its own or as a two-pack with its sequel.

Sequel and other media
A graphic novel adaptation of the film was announced by Innovation Comics for April 1992 release, but was never published.

A sequel, Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace, was released in 1996 with Austin O'Brien as the only returning actor from the original film. It was retitled Lawnmower Man 2: Jobe's War for its video release. The film received negative reviews from critics and fans of the first movie.

The film spawned two video games: The Lawnmower Man in 1993, and Cyberwar in 1994.

Comic book writer Grant Morrison said in an interview that they were contacted by the owners of the Lawnmower Man in 1995 and asked to write treatments for Lawnmower Man 2. Morrison claims they were asked to "bend the Lawnmower Man series in an X-Men superhero-type direction". Neither of Morrison's script treatments was used and Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace was produced without their involvement.

Some of the CGI footage of The Lawnmower Man was featured in the 1992 CG art film Beyond the Mind's Eye.

Jaunt VR, a virtual reality studio, attempted to adapt the feature into a virtual reality experience with the original rights holders but ultimately went out of business before realizing its efforts.

Short film
An earlier short film, also titled The Lawnmower Man, was directed by Jim Gonis in 1987. That film was a direct adaptation of the short story by King.

title: The Lawnmower Man (film)


text:
NIR

NIR or Nir may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Near-infrared, a region within the infrared part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
 * Near-infrared spectroscopy, a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region (from 780 nm to 2500 nm).
 * National Identity Register, a former UK database
 * National Internet registry, which coordinates IP address and other resource allocation
 * NIR, proposed variation of the SECAM colour television system in the Soviet Union
 * Numéro d'inscription au répertoire national d'identification des personnes and numéro d'inscription au répertoire, national identity numbers; see INSEE code

Places

 * Nir, Iran (disambiguation), several places in Iran
 * Negros Island Region, one of the 18 regions of the Philippines
 * Nigeria, UNDP country code
 * Northern Ireland (FIFA country code: NIR, ISO 3166 code: GB-NIR), a part of the United Kingdom
 * Ness Islands Railway, a miniature railway in Scotland

Other uses

 * Nir (name), a Hebrew given name and surname
 * Northern Ireland Railways, the railway operator in Northern Ireland
 * Rate of natural increase, a demographic metric of population increase

title: NIR


text:
USS Dale (DD-290)

The third USS Dale (DD-290) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Richard Dale.

United States Navy
Dale was launched 19 November 1919 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Squantum, Massachusetts; sponsored by Mrs. A. J. Peters; and commissioned 16 February 1920.

From 3 March to 3 April 1920 Dale patrolled New England waters aiding in the recalibration of radio compass stations in the 1st Naval District. Assigned to Destroyer Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, she operated with destroyer squadrons along the Atlantic coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean Sea. Her activities included tactical exercises and battle practice; fleet maneuvers, war exercises, and fleet search problems; training naval reservists; and service from Norfolk, Virginia in the calibration of radio compass stations in the 5th Naval District.

On 17 June 1924 Dale sailed from Newport, Rhode Island under the command of William F. Halsey, Jr. to make courtesy visits to ports in Germany, Denmark, Norway, Scotland, England, France, Spain, and Portugal. Arriving at Gibraltar on 21 September, she cruised in the Mediterranean Sea until June, engaging in battle practice, intelligence work, and international goodwill calls. She departed Gibraltar on 2 July 1925 for New York City, arriving on 16 July.

Dale operated with Destroyer Squadrons, Scouting Fleet, on the United States East Coast, in the Caribbean, and in the Panama Canal Zone until arrival at Philadelphia, on 21 September 1929. She was decommissioned there on 1 May 1930 and sold on 17 January 1931.

Commercial banana boat
The destroyer equipped with a new propulsion plant, converted to a banana carrier and renamed MV Masaya operating for the Standard Fruit and Steamship Co., of New Orleans, Louisiana from 1933.

United States Army and fate
With the Philippines cut off by Japanese forces the War Department attempted to use blockade runners. Some were to make the attempt from Australia or Java, but some were to make the attempt directly from the United States. One recommendation, carried directly to the President of the United States, was the acquisition by bareboat charter and use of three World War I destroyers that had been converted to fast banana carriers, one immediately available in New Orleans. Cargos for two other vessels, then in the Caribbean, were to be sent to await their availability in New Orleans. Delays occurred, but Masaya departed New Orleans on 2 March 1942 with Matagalpa following on 11 March and Teapa on 18 March. All were delayed for repairs in Los Angeles with reloading for Corregidor. They reached Hawaii too late to relieve Corregidor. The ship was instead sent to the Southwest Pacific Area, entering the Southwest Pacific Area command's permanent local fleet on 12 March 1942, where in an effort to support operations in Buna she was bombed and sunk five miles to the east of Oro Bay, New Guinea on 28 March 1943. Casualties were 10 killed + 1 DOW/4 wounded

title: USS Dale (DD-290)


text:
LCE

LCE may refer to
 * Landing Craft, Emergency repairs, a World War II landing craft
 * Golosón International Airport, La Ceiba, Honduras (IATA Airport code LCE)
 * Leaving Certificate Examination, for school leavers in Ireland
 * LCE (automobile), an automobile manufactured in the 1910s
 * Life Cycle Engineering, a methodology for assessing environmental impact.
 * Lithium Carbonate Equivalent, a term used in the lithium industry for the first commonly traded Lithium intermediate in the value chain
 * Load Carrying Equipment, soldier's webbing such as MOLLE and PLCE
 * Loews Cineplex Entertainment, a cinema chain in the United States which merged with AMC Theatres
 * Logistics Combat Element, responsible for providing logistical support for United States Marine Corps MAGTFs
 * London Commodity Exchange, which merged into LIFFE
 * Low-carbon economy, an economy which has a minimal output of carbon dioxide emissions into the biosphere
 * Lyapunov characteristic exponent, a measure of the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories in a dynamical system.
 * Lycée Classique d'Echternach, a school at Echternach, Luxembourg
 * Choriolysin L, an enzyme

title: LCE


text:
JCE

JCE may refer to the following:

In publishing:

 * The Journal of Chemical Education
 * The Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, a scientific journal focusing on cardiac arrhythmias
 * The Journal of Comparative Economics

In education:

 * Jerusalem College of Engineering, an Israeli Academic College for Engineering Studies, bestowing B.Sc. degrees
 * Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, popularly known as JCE, an engineering college in India
 * Jordanhill College of Education

In computing:

 * JWPce file extension
 * Java Cryptography Extension defines APIs for several encryption mechanisms
 * Joomla Content Editor

Other:

 * Journey to the Center of the Earth
 * Junior Certificate
 * Joint criminal enterprise
 * Jackie Chan Emperor, a film production company owned by actor Jackie Chan

title: JCE


text:
Talk:Touchpad

Early untitled section
It is a common misapprehension that touchpads measure transcapacitance: the capacitance between x and y lines on an circuit board. This is not true, please see. I reverted the edit. -- hike395 20:12, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Someone seems to dislike Cirque...

There is most definitely programmability on the Alps touchpad - i'm usng it right now. Revised!--Chao 21:27, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Manufacturers paragraphs are MS Windows centric.
Personally I don't think that the fact if a driver is Windows certified belongs in an encyclopedia. What about X11/Linux, MacOs or Zeta drivers?

Hermit: By all means, tell me that the driver is or is not Windows Certified, that's information, and has it's place in an encyclopedia. What bothers me is that the implication is that there are problems simply because the driver isn't "Windows Certified". ("Windows Certified" should be WHQL-certified, where WHQL is "Windows Hardware Quality Labs".) It may be true that the driver didn't achieve WHQL certification because it was of poor quality, but it wasn't of poor quality because it wasn't WHQL certified. I've seen WHQL-certified drivers that crash reliably under easilly replicated circumstances (For the longest time, the certified Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG driver reliably caused a B.S.O.D. when using Telnet on high-latency connections) .... and have used non-WHQL-certified drivers that have never crashed. Implying that WHQL is the ONLY standard that should be applied to drivers is a MAJOR NPOV faux-pas.  -Hermit
 * Windows-certification stuff removed. -- Orborde 02:24, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

"Touchpad"
I often see the word "touchpad" used to describe the plastic-membrane-covered buttons commonly found on home appliances, especially microwave ovens. They're not truly touch-sensitive (they usually require pressure to deform a plastic "bubble" and close an electrical contact) but the usage is very common, if not universal, within that industry. Exia 09:47, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Motion seconded to expand 'Touchpad' category to multiple non-computer related applications. --vex5 06:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Relative/absolute motion
Touchpads are relative motion devices

Really? Doesn't the moodpad thing that comes with the synaptic drivers show that touchpads use absolute positioning? Playstationman 00:09, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree it is misleading to say that "touchpads are relative motion devices", even if it is technically true that touchpad device drivers often emulate a relative motion device. The touchpad hardware itself gives the absolute position of the user's finger. And many touchpad device drivers often have absolute position features -- such as tapping the (absolute) upper right corner or (absolute) lower right corner to scroll up or down.
 * Nearly all computer mouse hardware are inherently relative motion device -- it's practically impossible for software to take mouse data and deduce the absolute position of the mouse. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 16:30, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

"The first laptop ever to carry such a device" was the Psion MC 400
"The first laptop ever to carry such a device" was the Psion MC 400 (Psion MC 200/400/600/WORD series) and not from Apple. It was introduced in 1989.
 * The Psion pad, unlike the touchpads used in modern notebooks, was an absolute-position system. As the link says, "The pad corresponds to the screen..." The Psion tap-to-point design did not catch on, however, the Apple stroke-to-point design has. Both are probably significant. (unknown user)

The article should have info on what was the first device to use the current "standard" touchpads and also the first laptop to do so. The psion didn't function the same as current laptop touchpads. (I mean first device as well as first laptop.) Ergzay 05:22, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

This entire section has no proofs. AFAIK, DEC produced laptops with touchpads at least as early as 1992. Until there are proofs, all the "firsts" should be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.25.22.14 (talk) 08:32, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Two-finger-stuff
As far as I know, the two-finger-support in late Apple models is not hardware, but software. I have an older model, and I can use 2-finger-scroll with a 3rd-party-kernel extension.
 * IIRC it's actually a Firmware thing, the 3-rd-party kernel extension you mention will probably update the device's firmware accordingly. Also the devices are perfectly capable of detecting more than two fingers, in fact I've put Linux on my iBook and I can now use two-finger as well as three-finger clicks (for middle- and right-click respectively). 84.161.68.217 09:04, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

some extra useless information
I was just trying to operate a touchpad with something else but my fingers, and as is correctly stated in the article, hardly anything but fingers work... then i read about that virtual ground thing, and tried moving a battery on the touchpad. And it works, but only the - pole. Funny, isn't it...?84.57.94.95 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 20:09, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Try your nose-- BorisFromStockdale | Discussion | Contributions  04:50, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * How about a french fry? I recall in a episode of Wired Science that an remote-controlled plane hobbyist discovered he could activate the features of his iPhone with that side dish.--Kevin586 (talk) 16:47, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Edge Motion Merger
An article on Edge motion has been created. The creator suggests that it be merged with Touchpad and I also think that there is not enough material for a separate article. --Gimme danger (talk) 16:02, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - As per rationale above.--Kevin586 (talk) 16:30, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Orthogonally?
Does it really need to say "The conductors in these layers are oriented orthogonally to one another"? Why not say perpendicular or in a grid fashion? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.202.89.125 (talk) 20:19, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Touchpad Gestures
I've worked extensively to enable touchpads to simulate preexisting physical systems(main musical instruments), during my work I have come to a number of realizations regarding touchpads and the general "gestures" that can be performed. At the root you have tap and release. If you take groups of these gestures over time, rather than instantaneously checking state you can then get the idea of a drag, once you extend drag you can come to more complex gestures such as drag across, rub, encircle, etc... Using gestures such a drag across it is possible to simulate the playing of guitar strings with a touchpad, using a rub one could simulate tremlo. Would anyone object to a short section regarding touchpad gestures and their uses in software/hardware design? --Jessecurry (talk) 23:38, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think "touchpad gestures" should go in Wikipedia somewhere -- but perhaps the gesture recognition article would be a better place? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 18:26, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

This article should be updated to include the myriad of possible user inputs available on the latest mac OS X. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cwrobinpenny (talk • contribs) 20:21, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

CAT
Wouldn't Xerox's CAT touchpad from, what was it, the 1970's or early '80's, be an early touchpad? I don't know enough about it (though I used one briefly, forever ago) to add the info to the article. Might someone be able to add this info to a history section of this article? Xenophon777 (talk) 20:17, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes Another user mentioned it here in the talk page but said he doesn't have sources. If this ever gets added who ever does should also note that catpad became a generic term used to describe all track pads, since cat and mouse are commonly connected in culture.  At some point it fell out of favor due to being a proper name like kleenex.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by IRMacGuyver (talk • contribs) 09:19, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Number of fingers detectable
I noticed that it is stated in the article that track pads can sense up to four fingers at a time, yet my Macbook Pro's track pad can sense 5 that I know of. I haven't found software that lets me use more than that, but does anyone know what the real limit is? Is it infinite, just limited by how many fingers you can fit on it? Daleman112290 (talk) 08:37, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

hi71.209.50.180 (talk) 01:24, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Proposed Move
Let's rename Touchpad to Touchpad (computing), same as Mouse (computing). I'll check back in a week or so, and if no one has objected I'll make the move. --Uncle Ed (talk) 02:35, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Why would you want to do that? The only reason "Mouse" has a disambig suffix is because the animal clearly takes precedence. What do you suggest is causing confusion in this case? --rpeh •T•C•E• 22:19, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Apple Inc. Multi-touch TrackPad section
I have removed this section for it is unsourced (and I believe inaccurate) and sounded like advertisement. I think it is inaccurate as I think Apple uses Synaptic touchpad instead of manufacturing themselves; And the section sounded like only Apple laptop uses multi-touch touchpad, which is completely untrue. Those "feature description" lines also sounded like advertisement.

I think we need a section on multi-touch touchpad, but I don't think the removed section is worth fixing. I think it should be completely re-wrote and thus I have removed it. 99.248.215.129 (talk) 18:15, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Trackpad
How about I move Touchpad into Trackpad. If no one rejects in three days, the move is set.-Mike28968 (talk) 20:24, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Trackpad is a pretty much uniquely Apple term. Why would you want to move it to there?  Dicklyon (talk) 20:40, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I did my reseach and found Trackpad is Not much of Apple's term anymore. Therefore,the move is reset.Mike28968 (talk) 17:28, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I can't possibly see of a reason to perform the move, regardless of whether or not 'trackpad' is a strictly Apple term. 72.88.44.60 (talk) 07:08, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Keeping Up
The information is outdated. It seems the latest technology in the record is from two years ago, and we know that in computer-years that's like at least 50. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.84.207 (talk) 20:10, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

I agree. The options available on modern trackpads such as those on Mac or Samsung laptops greatly eclipse what is described in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cwrobinpenny (talk • contribs) 20:22, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Early history
Need more early history, especially who invented the touchpad and when. The Xerox 860 CAT is the earliest I can find, but I can't find a reliable source so didn't add it. Kendall-K1 (talk) 21:21, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Suggested addition
I do not know whether I missed this information, I just thought it would be useful to have a clear section which explains why the touchpad may sometimes be to disabled and how to enable it again. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:38, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

What I was thinking of is this. If one presses the key with a cross inside a square which is just to the right of the key marked F12, it is likely that the touchpad will be disabled to that one can no longer shift the arrow on one's screen around. If one presses this key again, this should enable the touchpad again, and it should be possible to move the arrow on the screen around again. Is this explained in this article? I really think that it should be. If it is not I think that some one should insert into the text in the most appropriate place.ACEOREVIVED (talk) 15:13, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Interaction with power supply
The following paragraph from this article is cited in several places on the Web, and is clearly useful. It has been useful to me, as I have had this problem. This text was deleted from the article. "If the computer is powered by an external power supply unit (PSU), the detailed construction of the PSU will influence the virtual ground effect; a touchpad may work properly with one PSU but be jerky or malfunction with another (this does not imply any electrical risk; a delicate capacitive ground, not a contact ground, is at issue). This has been known to cause touchpad problems when a manufacturer's PSU, which will have been designed to work with the touchpad, is replaced by a different type. This effect can be checked by touching a metallic part of the computer with the other hand and seeing if operation is restored. In some cases touching the (insulated) power supply with some part of the body, or using the computer on the lap instead of on a desk, can restore correct operation."

The Web is full of instances of this problem, but in a quick check I couldn't find an authoritative one. Could I suggest that if anyone can find a source, they reinstate the text with reference? I think this is a real enough issue to use WP:IAR: If a rule [in this case lack of a source deemed reliable] prevents you from improving or maintaining Wikipedia, ignore it. There are quite a lot of technical issues for which Wikipedia-reliable sources are hard to find, but where forum discussions (often by real experts) establish the facts in a way which anyone reasonably familiar with the topic can judge to be useful. The deleted paragraph is informative and useful. While "proper" published references (words) are hard to find, it is far easier for a reader to verify the text by plugging a cheap Chinese power supply into, say, a Dell Inspiron, finding the touchpad doesn't work, touching metalwork on the computer, and finding it now works, than to follow up a Wikipedia-reliable reference (say) to a book to be found only in a national copyright library. Pol098 (talk) 07:14, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

A Microsoft Surface tablet. The touchpad is labeled in brown at the bottom.
I see no brown labeling. SGPolter (talk) 16:11, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

sensel morph
A new improved version of a touchpad or a new device? 95.178.135.0 (talk) 18:35, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

clickpad
the part about clickpads is wrong. clickpads are touchpads with an integrated button that allows the whole pad being "clicked" down. i don't know what a touchpad without any buttons would be called. this might not even exist. 2003:D9:DF2D:9D01:F411:BDBF:2A8D:7CED (talk) 20:19, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

PlayStation
DualShock 4 and DualSense Doremon764 (talk) 18:08, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Touchpad


text:
Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1997 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that the confidentiality of meetings of the cabinet would not prevent the High Court from ordering that certain information be disclosed when this was in the public interest. It was approved by referendum on 30 October 1997 and signed into law on 14 November of the same year.

Changes to the text
Inserted a new subsection in Article 28.4:

The existing subsection 3° of Article 28.4 was renumbered as subsection 4°.

Overview
In 1992, during the Beef Tribunal, the Supreme Court ruled that, as the constitution stood, the confidentiality of meetings of the Government (the cabinet) was unbreachable and absolute. The court derived its ruling from Article 28.4.2°, which requires that the Government observe the principle of collective responsibility. The purpose of the Seventeenth Amendment was to allow cabinet confidentiality to be relaxed in certain circumstances.

The amendment was adopted during the Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats coalition government led by Bertie Ahern but had been first drafted and suggested by the previous Fine Gael–Labour Party–Democratic Left government led by John Bruton. The amendment, therefore, had the support of all major parties. The referendum occurred on the same day as the 1997 presidential election.