text:
Talk:Ross and Cromarty

Untitled
I've updated the 'Other Industries' and 'Population and Administration' sections. Other sections I've not touched, although perhaps only the agriculture one is really in need of updating. Average Earthman 23:40, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Whilst we are updating the description, would it not make more sense for it to relate to the modern leuitenancy area rather than the administrative county (remember Ross and Cromarty is NOT a "traditional county")? Thus we should include Skye and exclude Lewis. The disclaimer at the top can then be altered.Grinner 13:45, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

Oops, that was lazy of me. Sorry. Average Earthman 15:13, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

This is supposed to be an entry covering the -county- of Ross and Cromarty (yes, it -is- a 'traditional county', even though it is made up of two older counties) and should be developed from that point of view. 'Lieutenancies' are irrelevant concepts for most purposes and any information about these should only appear under that heading, and it is up to the person who develops the entry on Lieutenancies to describe their coverage, with links to entries on the counties or areas themselves. We could go further and get political about it, but it is sufficient to note that if it is mentioned at all in the -county- entry it should certainly not distort the coverage of the article itself by including descriptions of the areas outside the county (thus, it should not be including descriptions of, for instance, Skye and Raasay, which belong to Inverness-shire).

The editing I have done is, apart from the deletion of the descriptions of Skye etc, minor (typographical errors (yes, even 'The Oracle' stumbled some times!), and errors in usage, etc.).

The whole entry is in dire need of updating. There is no point in reproducing an entry from the 11th edition of Enc. Brit. - however well regarded it might be. Apart from the fact that the information (and the points of view adopted by the compilers!) is almost a century out of date, if all that people are doing is copying from the Enc. Brit., then you might just as well make Wikipedia a carbon copy of the Encyclopaedia Britannica - and that, as we all know, has already been done. It is available elsewhere on the internet. I thought the idea of the Wikipedia was to create a new encyclopedia! Yes, mine the Encyclopaedia for historical information, but we should not present the entry itself as a supposedly authoritative account of the area.

Some geographic features remain to be properly identified, and it is not clear whether some of the topics mentioned (e.g., the meteorology of the area, and the status of the railway system within the area) actually give the current information. I will work on as many of these as I can, given my current location and resources available to me. Eilthireach 23:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Geography - of constituency?
The area covered by the Geography section is that of the constituency, not the county, the district or the lieutenancy area? Laurel Bush 11:25, 22 December 2005 (UTC).

Or is the Ross and Cromarty of the geography section a Britannica-defined 'geographical area' dating from 1911 (and perhaps earlier)? It just happens to have boundaries similar to those of the post-1918 constituency? (Or, perhaps, the Btitannica-defined area was an influence on how constituency boundaries were redrawn in 1918.) Laurel Bush 10:20, 13 January 2006 (UTC).

Constituency
I am dubious about this:

 * ''the [[Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)|

Ross and Cromarty county constituency]] (consisting of the mainland area of Ross-shire and Cromartyshire, minus parliamentary burghs within the county constituency)''.

The Western Isles constituency was not created until 1918, and I imagine prior to that date Lewis was in the Ross and Cromarty constituency. Laurel Bush 10:25, 4 January 2006 (UTC).

Committee area as primary subject of article
I note the article is defined currently as being primarily about a Highland Council committee area, which seems to be a somewhat emphemeral concept, unlikely to survive long in its current form. I understand these committee areas have no legislative definition and are purely Highland Council inventions, defined in terms of lists of wards. The council can not control the development of ward boundaries and the relevant Boundaries Commision is not constrained to respect committee area boundaries. Boundaries are expected to change dramatically in 2007 (to create new multi-member wards). Therefore committee areas are likely then to have quite different shapes, and perhaps also different names. Laurel Bush 16:15, 16 January 2006 (UTC).

 * There definitely needs to be a transfer of content to Ross. The latter article is of quite shocking quality; if I were to devote time to improving it, in most cases it would just overlap with the content of this article. Calgacus (ΚΑΛΓΑΚΟΣ) 02:28, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Remember there is also "Ross-shire" and "Cromartyshire". Laurel Bush 09:24, 23 August 2006 (UTC).

 * I don't understand what you mean? Calgacus (ΚΑΛΓΑΚΟΣ) 15:47, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Just that when considering where to put info re Ross there are more than two options to take into consideration. Laurel Bush 10:28, 24 August 2006 (UTC).

Content forking
Content forking: the landscape section of this aricle overlaps totally with Ross, Scotland, and is also repeated at Ross-shire. I propose to move anything that isn't about the existince of Ross and Cromarty in administration/local government over to Ross, Scotland, with appropiate links to ensure that this artice is found by those who arrive here. Any thoughts/objections? Grinner (talk) 12:23, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I have done the above. Grinner (talk) 12:56, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ross and Cromarty


text:
Llanelly

Llanelly (Llanelli) is the name of a parish and coterminous community in the principal area of Monmouthshire, within the historic boundaries of Brecknockshire, south-east Wales. It roughly covers the area of the Clydach Gorge. The population of the parish and ward at the 2011 census was 3,899.

Location
The parish encompasses the area surrounding the Clydach Gorge, west of Abergavenny, east of Brynmawr and south of Crickhowell.

Settlements
Llanelly Hill, Blackrock, Clydach, Maesygwartha and Gilwern are the main settlements in the parish. Llanelly Hill occupies the north-west hilltop of the Clydach Gorge. It developed as a result of coal mining and limestone quarrying for the nearby ironworks including those at Clydach and Ebbw Vale.

Blackrock and Clydach North (also referred to as Cheltenham) were both built up along the turnpike road that ran on the north side of the river between Govilon and Merthyr Tydfil. Clydach South developed on the south side of the river above the ironworks. It climbs the north-west slopes towards Llanelly Hill.

Gilwern is located at the mouth of the River Clydach, where it meets the River Usk. Maesygwartha lies between Clydach and Gilwern along one of the many tramroads in the gorge.

History
The Church of St Elli dates from the 14th century or earlier. The parish is part of the principal area of Monmouthshire. Historically within Brecknockshire, from the local government reorganisation of 1974 until that of 1996, it lay in the district of Blaenau Gwent, but the electors overwhelmingly voted to be transferred out. The highest part of the parish, in the southwest had previously been transferred into the new urban district of Brynmawr in the 1890s. The Brecon Beacons National Park encompasses the parish and the surrounding area.

Governance
The electoral ward of Llanelly Hill is coterminous with the Llanelly community and elects one county councillor to Monmouthshire County Council.

Notable persons

 * Sir Henry Bartle Frere (1815–1884), Governor-General of South Africa at the outbreak of the Anglo-Zulu War
 * Thomas Phillips (1801–1867), Mayor of Newport during the Newport Rising

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Llanelly


text:
Dabbawala

A dabbawala (also spelled dabbawalla or dabbawallah, called tiffin wallah in older sources) is a worker who delivers hot lunches from homes and restaurants to people at work in India, especially in Mumbai. The dabbawalas constitute a lunchbox delivery and return system for workers in Mumbai. The lunchboxes are picked up in the late morning, delivered predominantly using bicycles and railway trains, and returned empty in the afternoon.

Origins
In the late 1800s, an increasing number of migrants were moving to Bombay from different parts of the country, and fast food and canteens were not prevalent. All these people left early in the morning for offices, and often had to go hungry for lunch. They belonged to different communities, and therefore had different types of tastes, which could only be satisfied by their own home-cooked meals. So, in 1890, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche started a lunch delivery service in Bombay with about a hundred men. This proved to be successful, and the service grew from there. In 1930, he informally attempted to unionize the dabbawalas. Later, a charitable trust was registered in 1956 under the name of Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust. The commercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association.

Etymology
When literally translated, the word "dabbawala" means "one who carries a box". "Dabba" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container) from, while "wala" is an agentive suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word. An English translation would be "tiffin box delivery man".

Colour-coding system
Lunch boxes are marked in several ways:
 * 1) Abbreviations for collection points
 * 2) Colour code for starting station
 * 3) Number for destination station
 * 4) Markings for handling dabbawala at destination, building and floor

A colour-coding system identifies the destination and recipient. Each dabbawala is required to contribute a minimum capital in kind, in the form of two bicycles, a wooden crate for the tiffins, white cotton kurta-pyjamas, and the white Gandhi cap (topi). Each month there is a division of the earnings of each unit. Fines are imposed for alcohol, tobacco, being out of uniform, and absenteeism.

A collecting dabbawala, usually on bicycle, collects dabbas either from a worker's home or from the dabba makers. As many of the carriers are of limited literacy (the average literacy of Dabbawallahs is that of 8th grade), the dabbas (boxes) have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or group of symbols.

The dabbawala then takes them to a sorting place, where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort the lunch boxes into groups. The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes). The markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the destination building delivery address. Some modern infrastructure improvements such as the Navi Mumbai Metro are not used in the supply chain, as cabins do not have the capacity for hundreds of tiffins.

At each station, boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala, who delivers them. The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses. The dabbawalas also allow for delivery requests through SMS.

Ethnicity
Most dabbawalas are related to each other, belong to the Varkari sect of Maharashtra, and come from the same small village near Pune. Tiffin distribution is suspended for five days each March as the dabbawalas go home for the annual village festival.

Dabbawalas have traditionally been male, but in recent years a few women have joined the profession. A dabbawala can be either a foreman, mukadam, or a simple delivery man, gaddi. Typically, they begin between the ages of 15 and 20. While they take pride in their freedom and the fact that they work in a network of their relatives, the relatively low compensation provided for their physical exertion makes them discourage their own children from joining the profession.

In a typical day, a dabbawala picks up tiffins every morning and then sorts them once before they are loaded onto the morning train (at approximately 10a.m.). The tiffins are sorted another time in the luggage compartment of the train. At the destination station, the tiffins are loaded into carts and deposited in stacks at the entrances of the various workplaces. Following lunch, the same procedure is carried out in the reverse order with the empty tiffins.

Association
The earliest meetings of the Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association were held in the open air. They took up premises in 1943 and settled the headquarters at Dadar in 1962. Located on the first floor of a building, the premises consist of a large, simply furnished room. A large mirrored painting of Saint Dnyaneshwar with Vithoba adorns one corner. Other portraits adorning the room include those of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the founder of the association, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche.

The association was reportedly started after a dabbawalla was ill-treated by a customer, resulting in the dabbawallas deciding to form a "united front" while dealing with injustices or difficulties, such as funerals. The association also helps with managing legal issues, including conflicts between mukadams and gaddis. All conflicts are resolved in the presence of 20 mukadams, which are selected every six years.

The charitable Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust consists of nine members who are elected every five years. Its main role is to collect funds for dharamshalas.

Economic analysis
Each dabbawala, regardless of role, is paid around 8,000 rupees per month (about US$131 in 2014). Between 175,000 and 200,000 lunch boxes are moved each day by 4,500 to 5,000 dabbawalas. Tiffin-wallahs are self-employed. The union initiation fee is 30,000 rupees, which guarantees a 5,000-rupee monthly income and a job for life. The 150 rupee a month fee provides for delivery six days a week. (2002)

It is frequently claimed that dabbawalas make less than one mistake in every six million deliveries; however, this is only an estimation from Ragunath Medge, the president of the Mumbai Tiffinmen's Association in 1998, and is not from a rigorous study. Medge told Subrata Chakravarty, the lead author of the "Fast Food" article by Forbes where this claim first appeared, that dabbawalas make a mistake "almost never, maybe once every two months" and this statement was extrapolated by Subrata Chakravarty to be a rate of "one mistake in 8 million deliveries." Chakravarty recalled the affair in an interview and said:

""Forbes never certified the dabbawalas as being a six-sigma organization. In fact, I never used the term at all. As you know, six-sigma is a process, not a statistic. But it is commonly associated with a statistic of 1.9 errors per billion operations, and that is what caused the confusion …. I was impressed by the efficiency and complexity of the process by which some 175,000 tiffin boxes were sorted, transported, delivered and returned each day by people who were mostly illiterate and unsophisticated. I asked the head of the organization how often they made a mistake. He said almost never, maybe once every two months. Any more than that would be unforgivable to customers. I did the math, which works out to one mistake in 8 million deliveries—or 16 million, since the tiffin carriers are returned home each day. That is the statistic I used. Apparently, at a conference in 2002, a reporter asked the president … whether the tiffinwallahs were a six-sigma organization. He said he didn't know what that was. When told about the 1.9 error-per-billion statistics, I'm told he said: "Then we are. Just ask Forbes". The reporter, obviously without having read my story, wrote that Forbes had certified the tiffinwallahs as a six-sigma organization. That phrase was picked up and repeated by other reporters in other stories and now seems to have become part of the folklore.""

The New York Times reported in 2007 that the 125-year-old dabbawala industry continues to grow at a rate of 5–10% per year.

Studies
Various studies have focused on dabbawalas:
 * In 2001, Pawan G. Agrawal carried out his PhD research in "A Study & Logistics & Supply Chain Management of Dabbawala in Mumbai". He presented his results on the efficiency of Dabbawallas in various fora.
 * In 2005, the Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad) featured a case study on the Mumbai Dabbawallas from a management perspective of logistics.
 * In 2010, Harvard Business School added the case study The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time to their compendium for its high level of service with a low-cost and simple operating system.
 * In 2014, Uma S. Krishnan completed her PhD research in "A Cross-Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of The Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Non-mainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices."

Notable events

 * Dabbawallas were invited to the wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005.
 * As of 2010, the dabbawallas were chosen by Bharti Airtel to distribute advertising pamphlets, with a commission for every dabbawalla.
 * On 21 March 2011, Prakash Baly Bachche carried three dabbawalla tiffin crates on his head at one time, which was entered as a Guinness World Record.
 * In 2011, dabbawalas went on strike for the first time in 120 years to promote and attend a rally at Azad Maidan to support Anna Hazare as part of the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement.
 * Over the years, the dabbawallas have been visited by many prominent personalities like Charles, Prince of Wales, Richard Branson and then US Commerce Secretary, Gary Locke.

In popular culture
The 2013 Bollywood film The Lunchbox is based on the dabbawala service.

The Top Gear: India Special, a special episode of the British TV series Top Gear, had the presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May attempting to outdo the dabbawalas in efficiency and accuracy, by delivering the lunches with their cars, rather than by train and bicycle.

title: Dabbawala


text:
User:VampWillow/Notes

My notes for future articles ... not for archiving or other use!

Mimi Parent: http://forum.psrabel.com/biografien/parent.html or http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://forum.psrabel.com/biografien/parent.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522Mimi%2BParent%2522%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8

title: User:VampWillow/Notes


text:
Schizophrenic (JC Chasez album)

Schizophrenic is the only released studio album by American recording artist JC Chasez. It was released on February 24, 2004, by Jive Records. The album spanned various musical genres, including New Wave, electronica, rock, disco, soul and reggae. Chasez served as a primary producer, co-writing fifteen of the album's tracks. Two singles were released from the album: "Some Girls (Dance with Women)" and "All Day Long I Dream About Sex".

Though the album had minimal promotion at its time of release and was not met with large commercial success, it has since been retroactively praised by critics for its musical breadth, vocals, production, and electropop sound.

Background
After his group NSYNC went on hiatus following the Celebrity Tour in 2002, Chasez teamed up with producer Dallas Austin to record the song "Blowin' Me Up (With Her Love)" for the soundtrack to the film Drumline. Following the song's success as a single, Chasez began working on a record that he intended to be different from NSYNC's music. Chasez had not intended on embarking on a solo career until Austin convinced him to make an album. Of Austin's encouragement, Chasez said, "He's like, 'You've got too much to say. You know, there's no reason why you shouldn't. You're writing songs anyway.’"

Chasez said the album title is derived "from [its] different styles and attitudes that are on this album. It's gritty, it's noisy, and it is definitely not like anything I've done before." Austin described the album as a throwback "to George Michael and Prince and that '80s era, where even though you had up-tempos, they still had songs to them, they had a lot of attitude.'" Aside from Chasez and Austin, the album features productions from Robb Boldt and Riprock 'n' Alex G, the latter having worked with Chasez on No Strings Attached and Celebrity. Basement Jaxx wrote and produced the song "Shake It" after Chasez lent his vocals to the duo's single "Plug It In."

Release and promotion
The release of Schizophrenic was delayed repeatedly, with a planned release date in the summer of 2003 bumped to that fall, and again bumped to January in the following year. When the album was released on February 24, 2004, promotion was further affected by the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy which had occurred earlier that month. Chasez was scheduled to perform "Some Girls (Dance with Women)" at the Pro Bowl in Hawaii a week after the Super Bowl, but due to the NFL's crackdown on what they perceived to be indecent content in the song, organizers demanded Chasez sing "Blowin' Me Up (With Her Love)" instead. Chasez was again asked to make changes to the song, particularly the line: "She was leaning on me/ Getting horny/ Maybe we'll get naughty". Ultimately, Chasez's Pro Bowl appearance was nixed. In addition, radio stations declined to play the single "All Day Long I Dream About Sex" for fear of FCC fines, preventing the song and music video from gaining exposure.

To promote Schizophrenic, Chasez began a mini club tour in December 2003, earning positive reviews from The New York Times and San Francisco Chronicle. Marketing for the album fared better in the United Kingdom,   where Chasez was an opening act on several dates for Britney Spears' Onyx Hotel tour. Prior to and after his opening dates for Spears, Chasez toured venues in the U.S accompanied by a five-piece band. In a review of his show at New York's Roseland Ballroom, Chasez was described as "a fine singer who performed every song during the brief but explosive 75-minute set. Still, as good as his voice was (especially on the ballad 'Dear Goodbye'), his dancing stole the show."

Devon Powers of PopMatters noted that "Chasez's years of performing multiple nights to crowds ten times as large were put to good use. Complete with dancers, costume changes, lights, and props, Chasez crossed the line from sheer musician to pure entertainer...If the music business is a circus, Chasez set out to produce The Greatest Show on Earth." Powers also praised his vocal talents: "His voice is, without question, a miracle: elastic and tough, it can move from curdling to coddling in an instant, pushing the limits of what one would think is humanely possible."

Jon Pareles (The New York Times) commented "Mr. Chasez is most retro in his rock; like a promising apprentice, he directly mimicked Robert Plant and Prince (singing Prince's 'Let's Go Crazy'), and whipped up a fervor to rival early Sting in his Police imitation, 'Everything You Want.'" Patrick Berkery (The Philadelphia Inquirer) wrote, "Chasez was a bumping and grinding, locking and popping dancing machine as he sang carnally minded jams from his debut solo outing...in a voice that alternated between achy tenor and fluttery falsetto."

In addition to touring, Chasez appeared and performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, On Air with Ryan Seacrest, and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. He performed the ballad "Build My World" at the Miss Teen USA pageant.

The title and cover art for Schizophrenic attracted criticism from mental health groups for misappropriating schizophrenia, the brain disorder. Chasez issued an apology, clarifying that his album title and cover art was not in reference to the clinical definition of the term, but to the album's varied musical styles.

Critical reception
Upon release, Schizophrenic garnered mixed to positive reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 57 based on 16 reviews. Critics lauded the album for its adventurous range of musical styles. James Hunter of Rolling Stone admired JC for going through different genres throughout the album, concluding with "No doubt about it, Schizophrenic is a lot. It's also cool." P.E. Nelson called the album "an immensely listenable collection of well-crafted pop tunes" that shows Chasez wears "his influences on his sleeve," and Aidin Vaziri of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote Schizophrenic "[proves] that dance music is fun and technological and dirty." Peter Robinson of The Guardian wrote although the album wasn’t a commercial success, “Chasez has still come up trumps, creatively and artistically at least, with a dark and unusually adventurous collection of 1980s electro and Prince-type funk”.

In another positive review of the album, Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe likened the first single "Some Girls (Dance with Women)" to "a jungly clutch of rhythms iced with an itchy-sweet melody, part conga line, part pop tune. It's sexy and silly and funky in a George Michael sort of way." Critic William Jefferson praised the "fast and furious wordplay" of "Some Girls" as well as its "tightly woven harmonies as alluring as silk and satin." Doug Rule of Metro Weekly wrote, "Chasez exudes confidence in creating pop music -- and especially playful pop music of a hot-blooded, dance orientation," and said the single "All Day Long I Dream About Sex" has a "fascinating acoustic meets electronica sound and an extended instrumental bridge that glistens with updated '80s synth-pop."

Critics also had praise for the album's ballads, particularly "Dear Goodbye and Build My World", Chasez's vocals, and the album's production. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the producers for taking risks with different genres, concluding "Chasez may not be able to eclipse Timberlake's star, but in his favor, he does have an album that on a strictly musical level tries harder and achieves more than Justified ". Tom Moon of The Philadelphia Inquirer noted how Chasez "avoided the just-add-water hooks of teen pop in favor of more elaborate chord sequences and compositional schemes."

Other critics were divided about the album's refusal to stick to one uniform sound, as well as the album's length. Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly noticed the '80s influenced production by Riprock and Alex G. but found Chasez's attempt at a new sound to be "a tad misguided." Much attention was given to the album's more overtly sexual lyrics, which some critics saw as distracting and as an excessive attempt by Chasez to shed his boy band image. Others saw these lyrics as tongue-in-cheek humor, noting how Chasez knowingly "[pokes] fun at himself in the comical 'One Night Stand.’" Many reviews were also focused on comparing Schizophrenic to Timberlake’s Justified, which had debuted about a year prior to Chasez’s album.

In more recent reviews, critics have noted that Schizophrenic was ahead of its time in its "dance-pop and electronic-driven style." A lack of support from Jive Records, as well as bad timing, have been seen as factors in preventing Schizophrenic from gaining wider appreciation during its release. In a piece for Shondaland.com discussing Chasez's work on Schizophrenic, writer Britt Julious wrote:"'Schizophrenic' showed the sort of promise rarely seen from post-pop stardom musicians. From the smart wordplay of 'Some Girls (Dance With Women)' to the progressive, percussion-heavy production of 'Blowing Me Up (With Her Love),' 'Schizophrenic' was an original album from an artist’s artist. Chasez’s appreciation for a variety of different genres of music was on full display in the album’s production. In the first three tracks alone, Chasez bounces between sensual R&B, comforting pop-rock, and progressive rock. It didn’t sound like any other pop released in its era."

Commercial performance
Schizophrenic debuted at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 selling 52,000 copies in its first week. In its second week the album dropped 65 positions to number 82 with sales of 15,000. As of 2013, the album has sold 121,000 copies in total.

Track listing
Notes:
 * "One Night Stand" contains a sample of Donna Summer's 1977 hit "I Feel Love".
 * "Come To Me" contains a sample of Corey Hart's 1983 hit "Sunglasses at Night".

title: Schizophrenic (JC Chasez album)


text: User talk:198.104.0.100

title: User talk:198.104.0.100


text:
Talk:Chinese philosophy

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2020 and 6 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): CaptainJoseph.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Comments
I'm transferring here some comments left inside the article source at the end of "Concepts within Chinese philosophy" section. _R_ 21:54, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

this paragraph only reflected the grand philosophy of merging Confucianism and Daoism and some aspects of Mohism since the Han Dynasty. Legalism, for example, doesn't have such a view as seen in Shang Jun Shu (商君書)

''There's a lot more to it, but unfortunately I'm not an expert in this subject... Some gaps to be filled: more about the common concepts, differences between Western and Chinese philosophy, something about modern Chinese philosophy... you name it''

Added a very simplistic explanation of the impact of Buddhist philosophy, which was sizeable though perhaps not as significant as established schools -- prat

I have modified few things but this article still needs improvement.gbog

What are the main philosophical schools of thought in contemporary China?
What are the main philosophical schools of thought in contemporary China? Specifically I'm interested in how orthodox Dialectical Materialism is promulgated in the PRC. Based on the way Chinese law and economic academia comes mainly from the Anglo-Saxon tradition, I would guess that Analytical Philosophy is the most influential in universities. Although I suppose Phenomenological philosophy would be more Marxist leaning. Also the CPC has promoted a revival of traditional Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism.

If you could recommend websites books or journal articles, that be great too. I'm more interested in mainstream "official" philosophy of the universities, as opposed to dissident philosophers. --Gary123 (talk) 18:40, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, you might be wrong, phenomenology is having more attention from Chinese scholars than analytic philosophies, and little influenced by Marxism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kuphrer (talk • contribs) 17:09, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Would you have any links discussing phenomenology in contemporary Chinese philosophy? Not questioning your claim simply very curious. Jessesmoot (talk) 03:50, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

Add a reference
About how do those ancient philosophers influence modern Chinese society. DOI:10.1080/09585190903239757 — Preceding unsigned comment added by CaptainJoseph (talk • contribs) 01:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

aesthetic
chinese philosopher / philosophers of art and his / their respective theory / theories of art 136.158.28.229 (talk) 06:45, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Section "Chinese philosophy as a philosophy" is gross and ahisorical.
See: Talk:Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy 76.20.184.116 (talk) 19:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese philosophy


text:
Castilian

Castilian or Castillian may refer to:

 * Castile, a historic region of Iberian peninsula
 * Castilian people, an ethnic group from Castile
 * Castilian languages, a branch of the West Iberian languages consisting of all linguistic varieties descended from Old Latin
 * Spanish language, a Romance language that originated in Castile
 * Crown of Castile, a former state on the Iberian Peninsula
 * Kingdom of Castile, a former kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula
 * Castile and León, an autonomous community of Spain
 * Castile–La Mancha, an autonomous community of Spain
 * SS Castilian, a 1919 British ship
 * The Castilian, a 1963 film
 * Castilian War, a war between several sultanates and the Spanish Empire.

title: Castilian


text:
Treasure Island Hotel and Casino

Treasure Island Hotel and Casino (also known as Treasure Island Las Vegas and "TI") is a pirate-themed hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, U.S. It includes 2,885 rooms and a 47927 sqft casino. The resort is owned and operated by businessman Phil Ruffin.

Treasure Island was developed by casino owner Steve Wynn through his company, Mirage Resorts. Project designers included Joel Bergman and Jon Jerde. Wynn announced Treasure Island in October 1991, and construction began four months later. The resort opened on October 26, 1993. Treasure Island was among several family-oriented resorts to open in Las Vegas during the 1990s, taking advantage of the growing tourist demographic. Treasure Island's facade was built with a lagoon containing two pirate ships. Free pirate battles were performed daily for spectators over the next two decades. The resort has also hosted Mystère since 1993, making it the longest-running show by Cirque du Soleil.

In 2000, MGM Grand Inc. acquired Mirage Resorts and was renamed MGM Mirage. Treasure Island's pirate theme was scaled back during a 2003 project aimed at attracting a more mature audience, in contrast to the family trend of the 1990s. MGM's revamp included new signage abbreviating the resort's name as "TI", while the original pirate show, Battle of Buccaneer Bay, was replaced by Sirens of TI.

MGM struggled financially during the Great Recession. In 2009, it sold Treasure Island to Ruffin for $755 million. Ruffin targeted a middle-class clientele, making various changes to appeal to the demographic. He added two signature restaurants: Gilley's Saloon in 2010, and Señor Frog's in 2012. The pirate shows ended the following year, although the ships remain on display.

History
In 1986, casino owner Steve Wynn purchased property on the Las Vegas Strip extending north to Spring Mountain Road. He opened a resort, The Mirage, on the southern portion of the land in 1989. Wynn had always wanted to build a second casino on the remaining acreage, which was being used as a parking lot for the Mirage.

Wynn's company, Mirage Resorts, announced the Treasure Island project on October 30, 1991. Like other new resorts in Las Vegas, Treasure Island was planned as a family-oriented property, taking advantage of the growing tourist demographic. It would also cater to a middle-class clientele, unlike the Mirage. Groundbreaking took place on March 2, 1992, earlier than anticipated. Construction was originally expected to cost $300 million, but the final cost rose to $430 million.

Employees and their families stayed at Treasure Island a couple days before the opening to put the resort through a trial run. Treasure Island opened to the public at 10:00 p.m. on October 26, 1993, following a private opening for VIPs, including Nevada governor Bob Miller. The resort's facade featured a free pirate show taking place in a man-made lagoon. Wynn's other Strip resort, the shuttered Dunes, was imploded the following night in a grand ceremony which incorporated the pirate show. One of the ships fired its cannon as the implosion began, simulating the resort's destruction by cannonballs.

In 1996, Treasure Island hosted a naturalization ceremony for 93 workers. It was the first Las Vegas resort to hold such an event.

A man robbed the casino twice in 2000, stealing more than $30,000. He was arrested after a failed third attempt, during which he shot a security guard. He was sentenced to 130 years in prison.

The Prairie Island Indian Community, owners of a Treasure Island casino resort in Minnesota, filed a $250 million damages lawsuit against Mirage Resorts in May 2000. The suit alleged that Wynn violated trademark law by using the "Treasure Island" name for his own casino resort. The suit also requested that Wynn be barred from using the name, which Wynn said he registered in 1993.

Wynn departed Mirage Resorts in 2000, when it was acquired by MGM Grand Inc., later renamed MGM Mirage.

Treasure Island's family amenities included the pirate show and an arcade. However, the pirate theme and family appeal would be gradually scaled back in subsequent years. In April 2003, Treasure Island announced a major revamp to transform the resort into a more sophisticated property aimed primarily at adults, although children would still be welcomed. Describing the resort's transformation, Treasure Island president Scott Sibella said, "We've seen a return of Las Vegas to its roots as an adult destination. As the city has evolved, so too has Treasure Island." He said, "We've evolved from a yo-ho-ho feel to a more sophisticated feel. We want to change the exterior to introduce the outside to what we've already done inside." As part of the revamp, Treasure Island began using the abbreviated name "TI". Sibella described the new name as trendy and sexy, and said it was a name that residents and guests already used. He compared the abbreviated name to the former Desert Inn resort, also known as "D.I." MGM Mirage began a marketing campaign for TI in June 2003, including advertisements in various publications.

MGM struggled financially during the Great Recession, and businessman Phil Ruffin made an offer to buy Treasure Island. MGM accepted and announced the deal at the end of 2008. The purchase was finalized on March 20, 2009, at a cost of $755 million. At the time, Treasure Island was the only hotel-casino on the Strip to be owned by a single individual, as others are corporate-owned. Because of the sale, Treasure Island was removed from MGM's extensive customer database. Later that year, the resort joined K Hotels, a worldwide collection of approximately 50 hotels. Amid the recession, Ruffin spent $20 million on various changes to target a middle-class clientele. The hotel rooms were left untouched, as MGM had conducted a $92 million renovation of them shortly before selling the resort to Ruffin.

A rooftop swamp cooler caught fire in July 2012, sending smoke through hallways of the upper hotel floors, which were evacuated. The fire caused $20,000 in damage, but resulted in only minor injuries for guests.

Ruffin is a business partner of Donald Trump's and a supporter of his presidential campaign. Trump has held several campaign rallies at Treasure Island, including one in 2016 during which an audience member attempted to assassinate him.

In 2019, Treasure Island's hotel joined Radisson Hotel Group. Under the agreement, the resort kept its name and exterior signage. Room renovations began that year. State casinos were temporarily closed in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada, and the closure allowed planned renovations across the resort to accelerate. Among the additions was an expanded sportsbook.

Features
Treasure Island includes a 47927 sqft casino, and has 2,885 rooms, located in a 36-story tower. As part of the 2003 transformation, the tower was given a darker paint color, using 6,200 gallons of terra cotta/"Salmon Stream" paint, replacing an earlier pink coloring. Treasure Island received a Four Diamond Award every year from 1999 to 2013.

Tangerine, a nightclub featuring an orange and white interior, operated from 2004 to 2007. Fashion designer Christian Audigier opened an eponymous nightclub at Treasure Island in 2008, in partnership with Pure Management Group. The decor included rhinestone-encrusted skulls and two large tanks containing jellyfish. Audigier said, "When you're going into a club, you want to see sparkling and glitter and rhinestones". Christian Audigier did not perform as well as Ruffin would have liked, prompting its closure in 2010. Ruffin's other changes included a $3 million makeover of the spa, with renovations overseen by his wife Oleksandra Nikolayenko. At one point, Treasure Island had 18000 sqft of convention space, which received a $4 million renovation in 2012. Four years later, the space was expanded to 30500 sqft.

In 2013, the resort announced plans to build a three-story mall, replacing the northern portion of the pirate lagoon area. It was completed two years later, and includes a CVS Pharmacy on the first floor. At the end of 2015, the resort announced that it would lease the upper floors to Victory Hill Exhibitions. In 2016, the company opened the Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N., an interactive self-guided exhibit based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

The Mirage-Treasure Island Tram traveled between the two resorts. It ceased operations in June 2024 prior to The Mirage's closing on July 17, 2024.

Theme and design
Various themes were considered for the resort, until a friend of Wynn's suggested the name "Treasure Island", resulting in a pirate theme. It is named after the 1880s novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. The resort was designed by Joel Bergman, who previously designed the Mirage. Bergman designed the Treasure Island tower with a floorplan that branched out three ways in a Y-shape, with elevators in the center. This was done for convenience to guests, making the walk to their rooms brief. The Y-shape was modeled after the Mirage hotel tower.

Wynn's Atlandia Design worked with Jon Jerde and Olio Design to create the pirate village and lagoon area, originally known as Buccaneer Bay, and later as Siren's Cove. During the design phase, the hotel's lobby entrance was moved to the resort's south side, in order to maintain Buccaneer Bay's location on the east side along the Strip. Jerde's assistants traveled across Europe, India and Nepal searching for historic objects such as doors and columns, which were then replicated for Buccaneer Bay. The lagoon is 65 feet deep, and originally contained 2 million gallons of water. It uses wastewater recycled from a water treatment plant located beneath the resort's parking garage. A maintenance team, including divers, works to keep the lagoon clean.

According to interior designer Roger Thomas, "We thought it would be great fun to create a pirate village with sinking ships and pyrotechnics. The day after it opened we all looked at each other and said, 'What have we done? This is so not us'". Executives realized that the resort's heavy pirate theme did not appeal to people interested in a weekend getaway. By 1998, efforts had begun to downplay the theme. Mirage conducted focus group testing to determine upcoming renovation plans for Treasure Island. A $60 million remodeling of the hotel rooms took place in 1999.

The resort initially included a roadside sign featuring an 8,000-pound pirate skull, made of fiberglass and measuring 27 1/2 feet. The skull sign was removed on July 10, 2003, in a ceremony accompanied by fireworks. Sibella said, "It's a cool sign, but it needs to complement what we're doing inside", referring to the property's revamp. The skull portion was donated to the city's Neon Museum, while much of the remaining sign was scrapped. The sign was replaced by an LED neon "TI" sign with a modern and sophisticated design. The new sign measures 137 feet high and 84 feet wide.

Various pirate memorabilia had been removed from the resort over the course of three years, and was auctioned in September 2003.

Restaurants
Treasure Island opened with several restaurants, including Buccaneer Bay Club, which overlooked the lagoon and its pirate shows. Its menu included steak and seafood. A fine-dining Italian restaurant, Francesco's, was added in 1998. It featured artwork by celebrities such as Tony Bennett and Phyllis Diller.

The arcade was replaced in 2001 by a tropical-themed restaurant and bar named Kahunaville, part of efforts to appeal to a more-adult demographic. Kahunaville included a dinner show space for live entertainment. A new buffet, Dishes, was added in 2005. An Asian restaurant known as Social House opened a year later, replacing Buccaneer Bay Club.

Ruffin made numerous restaurant changes upon taking ownership. In 2009, he replaced Francesco's with a pizzeria by the same name, stating, "It's quick and it's cheap and that's what people are looking for these days". Ruffin also replaced Social House with his own Asian restaurant, Khotan, featuring jade and ivory antiques from his personal collection. In 2010, he opened Gilley's Saloon, a popular Western-themed restaurant, bar and dance hall. It previously operated at Ruffin's New Frontier hotel-casino, which closed in 2007. The new location replaced Treasure Island's Mist Lounge.

In 2012, Ruffin opened a Señor Frog's restaurant and bar to complement Kahunaville and Gilley's. It replaced Christian Audigier and Khotan, the latter relocating elsewhere in the resort. Another new restaurant, Seafood Shack, also opened in 2012. Its interior was created with recycled materials, including reclaimed wood which lines the walls. The restaurant's centerpiece is an anchor pulled from the Atlantic Ocean. The resort also has Phil's Steak House, named after Ruffin. Kahunaville closed in 2016.

Live entertainment
Treasure Island opened with the free Battle of Buccaneer Bay pirate show, performed in the lagoon along the Strip. The 15-minute show was performed several times a day and featured 22 actors. It depicted the landing and subsequent sacking of a Caribbean village by pirates, serving to attract customers from the Strip and into the resort after each show in the same fashion as the volcano fronting the Mirage resort. Notable special effects included a full-scale, crewed British Royal Navy sailing ship that sailed nearly the full width of the property, a gas-fired "powder magazine" explosion, pyrotechnics, and the sinking of the sailing ship Brittania along with its captain.

Battle of Buccaneer Bay held its final performance on July 6, 2003, with a total of 16,334 shows performed over the course of nearly 10 years. It ended as part of the resort's ongoing revamp, which would include a new pirate show. Sibella described the original show as something that would be expected at Disneyland, while calling its successor a "sexy and beautiful, adult Broadway-caliber show."

The new Sirens of TI pirate show debuted in October 2003, marking the resort's 10th anniversary. The Buccaneer Bay was renamed Sirens' Cove and the new show utilized many of the technical elements of its predecessor. The live, free show was intended to appeal more to adults by including singing, dancing, audio-visual effects, bare-chested pirates and attractive women in the large outdoor show produced by Kenny Ortega. The original two ships were kept for the new show but repainted and altered, as well as some special effects.

Sirens of TI was closed on October 21, 2013. The closure was initially intended to be temporary, but was made permanent the following month, to the dismay of the show's actors. The reason cited by Treasure Island was the construction of the new retail space nearby. The shows had cost $5 million to put on annually. While Ruffin said the shows brought "a tremendous amount of attention" to Treasure Island, they amounted to minimal foot traffic inside the resort. The pirate ships remain on display in the lagoon, and are lit up at night.

Treasure Island is home to Cirque du Soleil's Mystère, which introduced the entertainment style of Franco Dragone. It opened on December 25, 1993,  and has been voted nine times as the best production show in the city by the Las Vegas Review-Journal reader's poll. It is Cirque's longest-running Las Vegas show, reaching 13,000 performances in 2022. Mystère has been updated several times throughout its run. It takes place in a 1,600-seat theater, designed by Scéno Plus. To maximize use of the Mystère theater, Ruffin signed entertainers to perform there on nights when the show is not running. Such entertainers have included Bill Cosby, LeAnn Rimes, and Sinbad. The resort has also hosted boxing matches.

In popular culture
An hour-long promotional program, Treasure Island: The Adventure Begins, aired on NBC in January 1994. It stars Corey Carrier as a 12-year-old on vacation with his parents at the resort. There, he meets and teams up with Long John Silver (Anthony Zerbe) to find lost treasure. Mirage Resorts paid NBC $1.7 million to air the program. It was directed and produced by Scott Garen, and written by James V. Hart. The special includes an appearance by Wynn, and incorporates the Dunes' implosion as its climax. The program received low viewership ratings, and was considered an infomercial by critics, who lambasted NBC for not labeling it as such.

Treasure Island has been shown or referenced in other media as well:
 * In the 2004 movie Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story, while Steve the Pirate is walking down Fremont Street, someone drives by yelling "Go back to Treasure Island". An alternative ending to the movie was that the Average Joes lost the dodgeball tournament, but got their money back when Steve won it at Treasure Island.
 * Treasure Island appears in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas under the name "Pirates in Men's Pants", a pun referencing Pirates of Penzance.
 * The resort was a major production location for the 2005 film Miss Congeniality 2,  which included filming of the Sirens of TI show.
 * In the 2007 film Knocked Up, Ben (Seth Rogen) and Pete (Paul Rudd) see Mystère at Treasure Island during their visit to Las Vegas.

title: Treasure Island Hotel and Casino


text:
Richmond, Ontario

Richmond is a rural village within the amalgamated City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1818, it spans the Jock River, a tributary of the Rideau River. A part of the National Capital Region, Richmond is located 10 km southwest of Kanata and immediately south to the community of Stittsville.

History
After the War of 1812, loyal settlers were sought for Upper Canada (now Ontario). The United Empire Loyalists, who, after the American Revolution, had helped to settle areas further south and west in Upper Canada were being regarded with increasing suspicion. Instead, disbanded soldiers were the most immediate loyal settlers for this new era of development.

Richmond was originally laid out for the Government in 1817 by Major George Thew Burke, and settlement commenced as early as 1818. This was a military point for a number of years. Later renamed the Jock River. The Masonic Arms Tavern, his abode on the previous night, was renamed Duke of Richmond Tavern in his honour. Richmond derives its name from the Duke of Richmond.

Richmond was selected by the British Army in 1818 as one of the first military settlements. Others included Perth and Lanark. Named after the Duke of Richmond, who was the newly appointed Governor General of the Canadas, Richmond was laid out in a grid on the north bank of the Jock River (which for a while was renamed the Goodwood after the Duke’s English estate). Richmond was the centre for the administration of lands in the area. Military supervisor, Major Burke, placed mainly Irish soldiers of his 99th Regiment in Goulbourn. Scottish settlers from Perthshire were placed in the adjoining area of northeast Beckwith, while Irish civilians were settled in southeast Beckwith, Goulbourn, and other parts of the neighbouring townships.

In the spring of 1818 the officers and men of 99th were at Quebec, and, in common with those of other regiments, had their choice of a passage home to Ireland or, if they so elected, to remain here in Canada where they would receive free grants of land in the new country to be settled on the Ottawa and Rideau rivers. Thus, in late 1818 (with the help of neighbours in Hull, Quebec assisting in construction) Richmond was born.

From 1818 to 1822, Richmond was managed by the Settling Branch of Upper Canada's Military Department. Life was dominated by military culture and institutions during these early years. While official plans demonstrate an optimism for its future growth and importance, this never came to pass. By the time the military relinquished control of Richmond in 1822, very few civilians had settled. In the case of Richmond, the rising importance of Bytown and the building of the Rideau Canal several kilometres east of Richmond significantly contributed to its failure to thrive. By 1832, Hamnett Pinhey described the state of Richmond to the Freeholders of Carleton as, "a jail in itself." He goes on to note that, "I have known that place these thirteen years, it was then a rising place, but it has been falling ever since, and is now almost nothing; not a house has been built but many a one has fallen down and still are falling... if you get into it in the Spring, you can't get out till Summer; and if you get into it in the Fall, you must wait till the Winter, and whose fault is it but the Magistrates and Gentry of Richmond; that is to say the Shopkeepers?"

Richmond was incorporated on Goodwood river, in the east corner of the township of Goulbourn, 21 miles from Ottawa City, and 11 miles from the Ottawa river in 1850. For a number of years the trade and business was very active, but by the 1860s appears to have declined. By 1866, with a population of 600, contained several general stores, flouring mills and tannery; a grammar school, building of frame, W. Houghton, master. There were four churches-Church of England, built of stone, Rev. J. C. B. Pettit, rector; Church of Scotland, building of frame, Rev. Wm. P. White, minister; Wesleyan Methodist, building of frame; and the Roman Catholic church, built of stone, Rev. Peter O'Connell, parish priest.

It was annexed by Goulbourn Township in 1974. In 1969, Richmond became part of Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton until 2001. It has been within the City of Ottawa since January 1, 2001. Some residents in Richmond are displeased about the most recent amalgamation into the Ottawa city structure and would like to de-amalgamate along with other areas of rural Carleton County.

Richmond Bakery
The original Richmond Bakery started in the late 1800s when Sam Wright came from Kemptville and opened a bakery business on Strachan Street. It was sold in 1900 to Sam Wright, who operated the business until 1926.

In 1930, Harold Brown rented a bakeshop and opened the Richmond Bakery on McBean Street which had a wood-fired brick oven, a few utensils and a kerosene lamp for lighting because there was no electricity. All the water was hand pumped from a well and carried to the bakery. Bread sold for 3 cents a loaf to retailers, who in turn sold it for 5 cents and the baker usually worked 16 hours per day. To deliver the bread, Mr. Brown borrowed horses from the local farmers and fed the horses in return. Drivers had to feed the horses at 4 a.m. and usually didn’t finish deliveries until 7 p.m. covering 20–25 miles per day. After being discharged from the RCAF in 1945, Mr. Brown opened another bakery in Richmond on McBean Street. Although it had electricity and trucks to do the deliveries, water still had to be pumped by hand and carried to the bakery.

In 1952, Mr. Brown moved the Richmond Bakery to the corner of McBean and Perth Streets and new equipment was purchased including, gas and oil ovens, revolving trays and a bread steamer. Water was finally pumped into the bakery with an electric pump. At the new location, Mr. Brown added pastries which became one of the attractions of the bakers.

On August 11, 2014, the Richmond Bakery closed its doors suddenly after 75 years in business. The owner stated that challenges he faced trying to find experienced bakers was the reason for closing.

Today
The mascot is a fox. Richmond has many historical buildings such as St Philip's Church, which is the oldest church in the Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, and St John the Baptist Anglican Church, established in 1822 with the first sanctuary built in 1823; the oldest parish in now what is the Anglican Diocese of Ottawa.

Popular sports in Richmond include baseball, soccer, curling, and ice hockey. The Rideau Trail runs through Richmond. The Ottawa-Carleton Catholic School Board runs an elementary school named St. Philip. The public Ottawa-Carleton District School Board operates an elementary school named Richmond Public School and a high school named South Carleton High School. Residents can take RR 10 in travelling to Carleton Place, Perth, or Smith Falls. They may also take the Highway 416, To Prescott or Ottawa. Richmond Road also meanders to downtown Ottawa. Richmond has a Scout Troop. Bus service to Ottawa is through the 283 OC Transpo.

Richmond has a selection of shops and services including a LCBO, banks, drugstore, grocer, and several restaurants.

Amalgamation
Richmond was amalgamated into the city of Ottawa in 2001.

Media
There are two community newspapers serving Richmond. The "Manotick Messenger" is published every other week and is delivered to every home in Richmond. The Manotick Messenger also operates the www.richmondhub.ca website, a Richmond-based news and information website. "The Stittsville & Richmond Community Voice " is distributed every second week to ALL homes, apartments and businesses by Canada Post. This newspaper was started in August 2019. The Stittsville & Richmond Community Voice details may found at: ottawavoice.ca

Notable residents

 * George Seymour Lyon, won the gold medal in golf for Canada at the 1904 Olympics
 * Gordon Danby, coinventor with James R. Powell of the Null Flux Superconducting Maglev technology used in the JR–Maglev
 * Maria Hill, Early settler and heroine of the War of 1812
 * Terry Gray, Ex NHL Hockey Player

title: Richmond, Ontario


text: Category:Baltic states

title: Category:Baltic states


text:
Marcus Furius Bibaculus

Marcus Furius Bibaculus (1st century BC), was a Roman poet, who flourished during the last century of the Republic.

Life
According to Jerome, he was born at Cremona, in 103 BC; however, scholars believe that this date is much too early and that he seems to be a contemporary of Catullus. Like Catullus, he wrote satirical poems in the same style. It is conjectured that he is the friend whom Catullus jokingly satirises in poems 16, 23, and 26.

He wrote satirical poems after the manner of Catullus, whose bitterness he rivaled, according to Quintilian (Instit. x.i.196), in his iambics. He even attacked Augustus (and perhaps Caesar), who treated the matter with indifference. He was also author of prose Lucubrationes and perhaps of an epic poem on Caesar's Gallic Wars (Pragmatia Belli Gallici).

Otto Ribbeck attributes to him one of the shorter poems usually assigned to Virgil. It is doubtful whether he is the person ridiculed by Horace (Satires, ii.5.40) and whether he is identical with the turgidus Alpinus (Satires, i.10.36), the author of an Aethiopis dealing with the life and death of Memnon and of a poem on the Rhine. Some critics, on the ground that Horace would not have ventured to attack so dangerous an adversary, assume the existence of a poet whose real name was Furius (or Cornelius) Alpinus.

Bibaculus was ridiculed for his high-flown and exaggerated style and manner of expression. Fragments of his work can be found in L. Müller's edition of Catullus' work in the Teubner Series (1870).

title: Marcus Furius Bibaculus


text:
Lord Grey

Lord Grey may refer to:
 * Thomas Grey, Lord Grey of Groby (ca. 1623–1657), MP for Leicester during the English Long Parliament, supported the Parliamentary cause in the Civil War and was a regicide
 * Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon (1862–1933), British Foreign Secretary, 1905–1916
 * Baron Grey (disambiguation), the title of several different lines of the British peerage
 * Earl Grey, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
 * Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), British prime minister, 1830–1834

title: Lord Grey


text:
Structural rule

In the logical discipline of proof theory, a structural rule is an inference rule of a sequent calculus that does not refer to any logical connective but instead operates on the sequents directly. Structural rules often mimic the intended meta-theoretic properties of the logic. Logics that deny one or more of the structural rules are classified as substructural logics.

Common structural rules
Three common structural rules are:

 * Weakening, where the hypotheses or conclusion of a sequence may be extended with additional members. In symbolic form weakening rules can be written as $$\frac{\Gamma \vdash \Sigma}{\Gamma, A \vdash \Sigma}$$ on the left of the turnstile, and $$\frac{\Gamma \vdash \Sigma}{\Gamma \vdash \Sigma, A}$$ on the right. Known as monotonicity of entailment in classical logic.

 * Contraction, where two equal (or unifiable) members on the same side of a sequent may be replaced by a single member (or common instance). Symbolically: $$\frac{\Gamma, A, A \vdash \Sigma}{\Gamma, A \vdash \Sigma}$$ and $$\frac{\Gamma \vdash A, A, \Sigma}{\Gamma \vdash A, \Sigma}$$. Also known as factoring in automated theorem proving systems using resolution. Known as idempotency of entailment in classical logic.
 * Exchange, where two members on the same side of a sequent may be swapped. Symbolically: $$\frac{\Gamma_1, A, \Gamma_2, B, \Gamma_3 \vdash \Sigma}{\Gamma_1, B, \Gamma_2, A, \Gamma_3 \vdash \Sigma}$$ and $$\frac{\Gamma \vdash \Sigma_1, A, \Sigma_2, B, \Sigma_3}{\Gamma \vdash \Sigma_1, B, \Sigma_2, A, \Sigma_3}$$. (This is also known as the permutation rule.)

A logic without any of the above structural rules would interpret the sides of a sequent as pure sequences; with exchange, they can be considered to be multisets; and with both contraction and exchange they can be considered to be sets.

These are not the only possible structural rules. A famous structural rule is known as cut. Considerable effort is spent by proof theorists in showing that cut rules are superfluous in various logics. More precisely, what is shown is that cut is only (in a sense) a tool for abbreviating proofs, and does not add to the theorems that can be proved. The successful 'removal' of cut rules, known as cut elimination, is directly related to the philosophy of computation as normalization (see Curry–Howard correspondence); it often gives a good indication of the complexity of deciding a given logic.

title: Structural rule


text: Category:Anions

title: Category:Anions


text: Category:Ions

title: Category:Ions


text: Category:Planets

title: Category:Planets


text:
Schiller Institute

The Schiller Institute is a German-based political and economic think tank founded in 1984 by Helga Zepp-LaRouche, with stated members in 50 countries. It is among the principal front organizations of the LaRouche movement. The institute's stated aim is to apply the ideas of the poet and philosopher Friedrich Schiller to what it calls the "contemporary world crisis." The Independent describes it as "an extremist political think-tank linked to a right-wing conspiracy theorist, Lyndon LaRouche." According to The Times, its aim is "to propagate [LaRouche's] increasingly wild anti-Semitic conspiracy theories."

The website of the Schiller Institute includes transcripts of conferences that the institute has sponsored, throughout North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, to promote the idea of what it calls "peace through development". The discussion at these conferences centers around LaRouche's proposals for infrastructure projects such as the "Eurasian Land Bridge", and the "Oasis Plan", a Middle East peace agreement based on Arab-Israeli collaboration on major water projects, as well as proposals for debt relief and a sweeping reorganization of the world monetary system. The Institute opposes the "Clash of Civilizations" thesis of Samuel Huntington, counter-posing what it calls a "Dialogue of Cultures". It supports the Belt and Road Initiative, which it says provides "shared mutually beneficial and balanced development".

It publishes quarterly magazines, such as Fidelio, a Journal of Poetry, Science, and Statecraft, and Ibykus, named after Schiller's poem "The Cranes of Ibykus."

After the death of Jeremiah Duggan, a Jewish student, at one of its conferences in 2003, the Institute was accused of antisemitism and cult-like operation.

Founding
The institute was founded at a conference in Wiesbaden, Germany, in 1984 by Helga Zepp-LaRouche, the German-born wife of American political activist Lyndon LaRouche. Its stated aim is to seek to apply the ideas of poet, dramatist and philosopher Friedrich Schiller to the current global political situation. They emphasize Schiller's concept of the interdependence of classical artistic beauty and republican political freedom, as elaborated in his series of essays entitled Letters on the Aesthetical Education of Man.

On November 26, 1984, the institute released a "Declaration of the Inalienable Rights of Man," which it describes as "the basis of the Institute's work and efforts worldwide." It states in part:

"We, therefore, Representatives of the Peoples of the World, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world, do ... solemnly publish and declare that all countries of the world are and of right ought to be free and independent States.

That all human beings on this planet have inalienable rights, which guarantee them life, freedom, material conditions worthy of man, and the right to develop fully all potentialities of their intellect and their souls. That, therefore, a change in the present economic and monetary order is necessary and urgent to establish justice among the peoples of the world."

Zepp-LaRouche has explained the need for the Schiller Institute as follows:

"We need a movement that can finally free Germany from the control of the Versailles and Yalta treaties, which have tossed us from one catastrophe to another for an entire century."

Among the past and present members of the institute's board of directors are Helga Zepp-LaRouche, Webster Tarpley, Civil rights leader Amelia Boynton Robinson, former South Carolina State Assemblyman Theo Mitchell, classical singer William Warfield, former Guyanese Foreign Minister Frederick Wills, physicist Winston H. Bostick, and former Borough President of Manhattan Hulan Jack. Among the founding members of the institute were Hulan Jack and French Resistance leader Marie-Madeleine Fourcade.

Political activity
The Institute's constitution, adopted in 1984, opposes international financial institutions and other supranational bodies for causing a state of tyranny in the world, especially amongst developing nations.

The Institute website includes transcripts of conferences that the institute has sponsored worldwide to promote the idea of what it calls "peace through development". The discussion at these conferences has generally centered around LaRouche's proposals for infrastructure projects such as the "Eurasian Land Bridge", and the "Oasis Plan", a Middle East peace agreement based on Arab-Israeli collaboration on major water projects. The conferences also typically discuss proposals for debt relief and the "New Bretton Woods," a proposal for a sweeping reorganization of the world monetary system (see Political views of Lyndon LaRouche). The Institute strongly opposes the "Clash of Civilizations" thesis of Samuel Huntington, counterposing what it calls a "Dialogue of Cultures".

According to the LaRouche movement's Executive Intelligence Review, LaRouche formed a group called the "Committee to Save the Presidency" to fight the international financiers who he said were behind an attempted coup against President Bill Clinton. Schiller Institute collected petition signatures defending Clinton, and picketed the U.S. Capitol in 1999 with signs that said "Save the Presidency! Jail Kenneth 'Porno' Starr". A Schiller Institute spokesperson said "This is a coup to overthrow the United States government and disenfranchise the American electorate".

The Institute proposed for a national Maglev train system in Denmark in 2007. In the 2007 Danish elections there were four candidates for parliament affiliated with the Institute. They received 197 votes nationwide (while at least 32,000 are needed for a local mandate). The candidates garnered press coverage, including an interview with Tom Gillesberg in Berlingske Tidende, which discussed the slogan of the LaRouche slate, "After the financial crash, Maglev over Kattegat.".

In March 2009, the Danish branch of the institute distributed flyers at a climate change conference in Copenhagen which asserted that "British Climate lies will lead to Genocide", stating that the Bush administration had been a puppet of the British Empire, that "solar activity, not human activity, is the main factor in the Earth's changing climate," and that "massive investment in windmills and solar panels" to combat climate change would create genocide by raising the price of food.

In 2016, speakers at its conference in Australia included UK Labour Party MPs Jeremy Corbyn and Michael Meacher and UK Conservative Party activist Robert Oulds. Corbyn spoke on “the dangers embodied in NATO’s eastward expansion, the hideous aftermath of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, and the impact of Britain’s al-Yamamah arms deal with Saudi Arabia for the money flows in the Middle East, including those connected with terrorism”.

The Institute supports for Donald Trump, who they said in 2019 was being ousted in a "seditious coup". It supports Chinese leader Xi Jinping.

Cultural activity
It held a conference on Saint Augustine in Rome in 1985. Its Labor Day conference in Reston, Virginia, 1986, featured a performance of Mozart's Requiem at C. In 1990 it held a conference on infrastructure in Berlin. In 1993 its Khartoum conference on religions was sponsored by the government of Sudan. In 1997, a conference in Manila featured Jozef Mikloško, president of the Slovakian branch of the Schiller Institute and former vice premier of Czechoslovakia. In 2000, it held a Memorial seminar for Russian Schiller Institute leader Taras V. Muranivsky in Moscow, Russia.

Fidelio
The institute has published its quarterly magazine, Fidelio, since 1992, described as a "Journal of Poetry, Science, and Statecraft." It was co-founded and edited by Kenneth Kronberg. The magazine is named after Ludwig van Beethoven's opera, Fidelio, which tells the story of a political prisoner who is freed by the courage of his wife. At the time the magazine was founded, Lyndon LaRouche was still in prison.

Its issues have included articles on Homer, Henry VII, Benjamin Franklin, Gottfried Leibniz, the Vier ernste Gesänge of Johannes Brahms, Vice President Dick Cheney, Paul Kreingold's “I.L. Peretz, Father of the Yiddish Renaissance”, and reviews of books, art exhibits, and musical, and dramatic performances.

Verdi tuning
In 1988, the institute initiated a campaign to establish "philosophical pitch" or "scientific pitch" as the classical music concert pitch standard. This tuning system is based on middle C set at 256 Hz, making concert A 430.539 Hz rather than the most commonly used 440 Hz. The Schiller Institute calls this system "Verdi tuning" because it was Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi who first sought to stop the increase in pitch to which orchestras are tuned. However, Verdi used the French standard 435 Hz in writing his Requiem in 1874; later he indicated that 432 Hz was slightly more optimal. It is this A=432 Hz standard that the Schiller Institute advocates, which aligns mathematically with their stated preference for C=256 Hz as long as Pythagorean tuning is used (in equal temperament or just intonation, A would be 430.541 Hz or 426.667 Hz, respectively). French acoustic physicist Joseph Sauveur first researched then proposed the philosophical pitch standard in 1713, more than a century before Verdi began leading orchestras. Sauveur was strongly resisted by the musicians he was working with, and the proposed standard was not adopted.

In 1999, the institute circulated a petition calling for the establishment of a permanent orchestra in Verdi's childhood home in Busseto, Italy, employing the special tuning in order to mark the composer's centennial.

The tuning initiative is opposed by Stefan Zucker. According to Zucker, the Institute offered a bill in Italy to impose the Verdi tuning on state-sponsored musicians that included provisions for fines and confiscation of non-Verdi tuning forks. Zucker has written that he believes the claims about the Verdi tuning are historically inaccurate. Institute followers are reported by Tim Page of Newsday to have stood outside concert halls with petitions to ban the music of Vivaldi and even to have disrupted a concert conducted by Leonard Slatkin in order to pass out pamphlets titled "Leonard Slatkin Serves Satan."

Other music initiatives
In 1992, the institute published A Manual on the Rudiments of Tuning and Registration: Book I: Introduction and Human Singing Voice, which discusses the tuning issue from the artistic and the scientific point of view. The Institute asserts the Bel Canto method of singing is "one of the best examples of mankind's ability to discover an existing physical principle, and to use that discovery to create new works of science and art, which then increase humanity's power to build civilization." They also assert that composers such as J.S. Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Giuseppe Verdi all wrote with the distinct vocal registers of the Bel Canto system in mind, and that their compositions intentionally exploit the different tone colors that these registers produce.

In 2010, 25 LaRouche supporters protesting a new production of Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen presented by the Los Angeles Opera carried signs that said, "Wagner: Loved by Nazis, Rejected by Humans" and "L.A. County: $14 Million to promote Nazi Wagner, Layoffs for Music Teachers". They distributed flyers from the Schiller Institute which asked "Does Los Angeles County have nothing better to do ... than bail out L.A. Opera, so that it can celebrate the monstrous sexual fantasies, and the cult of violence, of that vile anti-Semite, Wagner?"

The Schiller Institute presented a performance of Mozart's Requiem at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston, on January 19, 2014, the 50th anniversary of the performance of Mozart's Requiem and pontifical mass for John F. Kennedy which was held at the Cathedral. Remarks were made by Ambassador Ray Flynn, and a letter was read from Irish President Michael D. Higgins. Recordings of speeches by President Kennedy were also featured.

Drama and poetry
The institute has published a four-volume series of English translations of the works of Friedrich Schiller, entitled Poet of Freedom, as well as some translations into other languages.

Ties to the LaRouche movement
The Schiller Institute is closely tied to Lyndon LaRouche. The institute's website states that "[i]t is his work and his ideas, [which] inspired the creation of the international Schiller Institute, as well as his intellectual and moral leadership that continue to set the standard for the policies and activity of the movement." LaRouche's writings are featured prominently in Schiller Institute communications. Before his death in 2019, LaRouche was the keynote speaker at most of the Schiller Institute's conferences.

Death of Jeremiah Duggan
In 2003, Jeremiah Duggan, a student who had been attending a Schiller Institute conference in Germany, died. Duggan had been attending a Schiller Institute conference and LaRouche Youth Movement cadre school in Wiesbaden, Germany, at which Lyndon LaRouche spoke. Duggan died after running onto a busy road. The German police investigation found that he had committed suicide. A British inquest rejected that verdict after hearing testimony about the nature of the Schiller Institute.

Allegations of antisemitism
Following Duggan's death, the Schiller Institute was accused of spreading antisemitic conspiracy theories. According to Duggan's mother,"In Jerry's notes on the five days he spent there, Mrs Duggan discovered that her son had become aware of the anti-Semitic agenda of many LaRouche followers and had spoken out against them. 'There were a lot of comments blaming the Jews for Iraq and he got up to say that he was Jewish and he didn't support the war,' she said. 'Whatever happened it's clear he fell out with these people very quickly.'"According to The Times, "Seminar participants were told that the war had been concocted by a tightly knit group of Jewish bankers with immense political influence over the US Administration." An internal London Metropolitan Police (Scotland Yard) letter, obtained by the BBC's Newsnight during a British investigation into the death says: "The Schiller Institute and the LaRouche Youth Movement... blames the Jewish people for the Iraq war and all the other problems in the world. Jeremiah's lecture notes and bulletins showed the antisemitic nature of [the] ideology."

In an interview with Newsnight, Chip Berlet of Political Research Associates, an American research group that tracks right-wing movements, said: "The antisemitism at a meeting of the Schiller Institute would not be obvious at first. You would have to listen over time to a... set of patterns, and you would begin to hear the echoes of the classic antisemitic conspiracy theories, in the way that Israel is talked about, in the way that Jews are talked about, in the way that the idea is put forward that the wars of America are somehow manipulated by Jewish lobbies and Israeli interests, and this really is an echo of the old classic antisemitic conspiracy theories. It's not that every criticism of Israel or American-Jewish lobby groups is antisemitic, but over time this pattern emerges.'"

The German newspaper Berliner Zeitung also categorizes the Schiller Institute as antisemitic.

The Schiller Institute issued a statement in response to the controversy, calling it "a politically motivated smear job" based on "conspiracy theories," and alleged that the Institute was being targeted because of its opposition to the Iraq War.

A 2008 academic publication by Matthew Feldman, a researcher on the far right, described the "role of the Schiller Institute in disseminating ‘revisionism’, essentially coded anti-Semitic Holocaust denial, incitement to racial hatred, and radical right propaganda more broadly."

Cult allegations
Following the 2003 death of Duggan, cult allegations were made. According to the Berliner Zeitung, the LaRouche movement in Germany, operating as the Schiller Institute, LaRouche Youth Movement, Europäische Arbeiterpartei and Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität (BüSo), had around 300 followers in 2007, and "next to Scientology, [was] the cult soliciting most aggressively in German streets at [that] time."

The BBC's Newsnight has said the institute places members under "psychological duress," during "so-called psycho sessions." Aglaja Beyes Corleis, a member of the Schiller Institute for 16 years, who left in the early 1990s and wrote a book about the Institute, told the BBC: "When I speak with family members how I was then at that time, [they] tell me 'You were like from a different planet.' ... People tend to be drawn into it who did not want to be drawn into it, who did not want to join a cult or a sect or something like that ... I was freaked out and I experienced that other people freaked out. I saw other people who, members who, got out of their mind ... Sometimes Jewish members were put under special pressure. For instance, at a public meeting, the person was picked out and publicly attacked – 'your mother visited Israel'.'"

On November 6, 2003, a British inquest heard allegations that the Schiller Institute is a "political cult with sinister and dangerous connections." which may have used controversial recruitment techniques on Duggan.

Death of Kenneth Kronberg
Kenneth Kronberg, co-founder and editor of the Schiller Institute's magazine, Fidelio, and the president of a LaRouche movement printing business, committed suicide in April 2007. According to Nicholas F. Benton, a former member of the LaRouche movement, Kronberg killed himself on the day that a so-called "morning briefing" (published daily by the LaRouche movement) heavily criticized Kronberg's printing business. Kronberg's printing business was also reported to be in financial trouble, the Washington Monthly described the companies finances as being "in perilous shape. Various LaRouche organizations owed Kronberg hundreds of thousands of dollars. When the IRS and Virginia tax authorities came calling over withholding payments, Ken knew he was in serious trouble."

Russian invasion of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Schiller Institute held an international discussion which concluded that "the confrontation with Russia is detrimental to Germany and the EU". The Ukrainian government Center for Countering Disinformation said the conclusion was "an attempt by Russia to impose their point of view on the world".

Zepp-LaRouche often resorts to distorting facts from history.

title: Schiller Institute


text:
Category:Laboratory equipment

Equipment commonly found in a scientific laboratory.

title: Category:Laboratory equipment