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Arjun (tank)

The Arjun is a third generation main battle tank developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), for the Indian Army. The tank is named after Arjuna, the archer prince who is the main protagonist of the Indian epic poem Mahabharata. Design work began in 1986 and was finished in 1996. The Arjun main battle tank entered service with the Indian Army in 2004. The 43rd Armoured Regiment, formed in 2009, was the first regiment to receive the Arjun.

The Arjun features a 120 mm rifled main gun with indigenously developed armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot ammunition, one PKT 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and a NSVT 12.7 mm machine gun. Powered by a single MTU multi-fuel diesel engine rated at 1,400 hp, it can achieve a maximum speed of 70 km/h and a cross-country speed of 40 km/h. It has a four-man crew: commander, gunner, loader and driver.

In 2010 and 2013, the Indian Army carried out comparative trials in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, pitting the newly inducted Arjun MK1 against the Indian Army's frontline Russian-designed T-90 tanks, during which the Arjun reportedly exhibited better accuracy and mobility.

The fire-control system (FCS) originally developed for the Arjun main battle tank has been integrated into the T-90 tanks built in India under a transfer of technology (ToT) agreement by the Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) at Avadi.

History
After the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, the Government of India decided to develop a new main battle tank. The Indian Army issued a general staff qualitative requirement (GSQR) for a new battle tank, called for a 50 tonne main battle tank equipped with a 120 mm rifled gun, computerised FCS and powered by a 1,400 hp diesel engine. The programme to develop an indigenous tank was authorised in 1974 and funds were released for its development. In 1976, the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) was established under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to undertake the development of the Arjun main battle tank and to carry out research and development (R&D) on future combat vehicles for the Indian Army.

In 1983, the project began following a consultancy agreement with Krauss-Maffei, who had previously developed the Leopard 2, to oversee design, development and evaluation, while Indian state owned Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and HVF were joined with the CVRDE in the development of the Arjun. The original plan envisaged the development and rollout of the first tank prototype by 1980, which was later revised to 1987. The first prototype was delivered in 1989. The prototype tank resembled the Leo2A4 main battle tank of Germany.

From 1993 to 1996, the Indian Army carried out an extensive series of trials, which revealed some major defects in the tank, including the engine overheating and suboptimal performance of the weapons system. By the end of 1996, 14 pre-production series (PPS) tanks (PPS-1 to PPS-14) were built and delivered to the Indian Army to conduct trials. Based on these trials, the Army identified 10 shortcomings that needed to be addressed before inaugurating the tank into the service. During this period, the cost of the Arjun programme increased significantly from the 1974 estimate of inr 155000000 to a developmental cost of inr 3074800000 in 1995.

The initial delays and cost escalations were attributed to the sequential revisions done to the original General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) issued in 1974 to accommodate new features. In 1996, the development of the PPS-15 tank prototype was initiated to address the shortcomings listed by the Army. In 1997, a 'joint action plan' was formulated to address the identified flaws and to make the tank ready for induction. By 1999, both the Army and Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) gave clearance for a limited production run of the Arjun main battle tank based on the PPS-15 prototype. In 2000, the Indian Army placed an order for the procurement of 124 Arjun MK1 tanks.

Production and deployment
One Arjun tank (PPS-15) operated by the 43rd Armoured Regiment made a public appearance in the 1997 and 2001 Republic Day Parades. The serial production of the Arjun main battle tank began in 2003 at HVF Avadi. The first tank equipped with the BEL developed Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS), ballistic computer and gunner's main sight, was rolled out in 2004 and delivered in the first batch of five Arjun tanks on 7 August 2004. The first tranche of production version Arjun tanks was delivered to the 43rd Armoured Regiment in 2004. By 2009, two armoured regiments had been equipped with the vehicle. The first test firing of the LAHAT-launched (Laser Homing Attack or Laser Homing Anti-Tank gun) anti-tank guided missile was carried out in 2004.

By 2006, unit maintenance and unit repair vehicles developed for the Arjun-equipped regiments had been cleared for induction. In 2008, a multi-purpose mobile camouflage system (MCS), developed as part of the Defensive Aid System (DAS) project, had been completed successfully. Field evaluation trials were conducted on the Arjun MK1 main battle tank in 2009. In 2009, an advanced laser warning countermeasure system (ALWCS) and a fibre-optic gyro-based sensor package unit was developed and integrated on the Arjun MK1 main battle tank after field trials were carried out in two phases from May to August 2009. The first batch of the Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) developed recoil system for the Arjun was delivered to the HVF Avadi after successful completion of field trials in 2009; the total order was for 124 systems.

In 2010, combat simulators (turret and driver simulators) developed for the Arjun had been inducted into the Army, its development was authorised in 2009. By June 2011, more than 100 tanks had been delivered to the Indian Army. The delivery of all 124 tanks was completed by mid-2012. From 2013 to 2015, 75% of the Arjun tanks had to be grounded because of a lack of spare parts. By 2016, this problem had been rectified, and the tanks returned to active service.

Upgrades
In 2010, the DRDO proposed an improved variant of the Arjun designated as the Arjun MK2 as a next step in the programme. The configuration of the new variant was finalised in mid-2010 after consultations with the army. The new tank was redesigned to have 89 major and minor improvements intended to enhance the firepower and survivability of the tank. Of these, 73 improvements could be fitted easily on the existing MK1 variant tanks. In the same year, the Indian Army placed an order for the procurement of 124 Arjun MK2 tanks, which was later approved by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC). In 2011, the first MK2 prototype was built. This incorporated some 20 improvements, including a new commander's independent panoramic sight system. The tank was handed over to the army to carry out validation trial phase one. By 2012, the first complete prototype incorporating all the listed improvements was rolled out for system validation trial phase two.

As part of the developmental trials, the first phase of the LAHAT gun-launched anti-tank guided missile firing trials were carried out by 2013. In 2015, DRDO developed an Integrated Automotive Vetronics System (IAVS) that was integrated into the Arjun MK2 prototype tank. Field trials were carried out over 430 km under harsh environmental conditions. In 2014 and 2016, two new rounds, Penetration-Cum-Blast and Thermobaric, were developed for the Arjun tank and successfully tested. Impact assessments were also carried out with instruments to measure shock and blast pressure.

In the meantime, the Arjun MK2 variant was redesignated as the Arjun MK1A. By 2018, two Arjun MK1A prototypes had been built and completed user trials by the end of the year.

In February 2024, DRDO reported that deliveries of the MK1A are facing delays because of shortages of tank engines.

Primary
The Arjun main battle tank has a 120 mm rifled gun fitted with an ARDE-developed (Armament Research and Development Establishment) recoil system, muzzle reference system and fume extractor, which can fire a variety of guided or unguided anti-armour munitions. The main gun is made from high strength electro-slag remelting (ESR) steel which is insulated with a thermal sleeve and autofrettaged to withstand higher pressure. The newer Arjun MK1A variant retains the 120 mm rifled gun with improved barrel, although India has developed a 125 mm smoothbore gun for the T-90 tank, which is under license for production. The Arjun MK1 can fire several types of munitions, including indigenously developed armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) and dual purpose high-explosive squash head (HESH) rounds. The Arjun MK1 can carry a mix of 42 APFSDS and HESH rounds in blast-proof canisters with blow out panels. In 2017, the Mark 2 variant of the APFSDS with a long rod tungsten alloy penetrator was developed and successfully tested by ARDE for the new Alpha variant of the Arjun (MK1A). The new APFSDS Mark 2 round reportedly has improved penetration compared to the extant Mark 1 round. In addition to the existing rounds, the ARDE also developed and successfully tested two high explosive 120 mm rounds for the Arjun: Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) and Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition for urban warfare, which can be fired from existing MK1 and newer MK1A tanks.

SAMHO
To enhance the firepower of the Arjun, DRDO earlier considered equipping the tank with a LAHAT gun-launched anti-tank guided missile, but in 2014, it was announced the plan had been dropped. In the same year, DRDO announced the development of an Indian-made, gun-launched guided missile under Cannon Launched Guided Missile Programme (CLMDP), the SAMHO. In 2020, DRDO successfully test fired SAMHO from an Arjun main battle tank.

ARDE developed the SAMHO missile in association with the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) and the Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE). The SAMHO guided missile has two high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) tandem-charge warheads designed to defeat explosive reactive armour (ERA) protection. The SAMHO is a dual purpose guided missile which can engage and neutralise armoured fighting vehicles, tanks, and low flying targets such as attack helicopters at a minimum range of 1.5 km and maximum range of up to 5 km.

Secondary
In addition to the main gun, the Arjun has two machine guns:
 * 1) A 12.7 mm NSV heavy machine gun mounted in front of the gunner's hatch for engaging armoured vehicles, low flying aircraft and attack helicopters. In the Arjun MK1 it is operated manually while in MK1A it has been replaced with a remotely operated gun turret which can be operated from inside the tank without exposing personnel to the hostile battlefield.
 * 2) A 7.62 mm machine gun in a coaxial weapon mount.

Fire control and sights
The Arjun tanks are equipped with an indigenous fire control system developed by BEL, the Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS). The IFCS consists of a digital ballistic computer which cues information from microprocessor-based sensors for wind-speed, tilt angle, target range, vehicle speed etc., to provide an accurate firing solution. The Arjun's IFCS is designed for quick target acquisition with "first round-first hit probability" during day and night and in all weather conditions. The Arjun has a gun control system integrated into its 120 mm rifled gun which electro-hydraulically stabilises the gun to retain aim accuracy irrespective of the terrain disturbances (while moving). The two axis-stabilised gun control system interfaced with the IFCS offers high accuracy and slewing speed for engaging moving targets while on the move. The fire control system originally developed for the Arjun tank has been integrated into the Indian Army's T-90 tanks.

The Arjun gunner's main sight has an integrated laser range finder, day sight and thermal sight for day and night target recognition and engagement, and dual magnification and fibre-optic gyro based two-axis stabilisation. The sight is integrated with an automatic target tracking system developed by DRDO.

The commander's panoramic sight operates independently of the turret. It is stabilised with a fibre-optic gyro, and has an integrated laser rangefinder, day sight with dual magnification and a thermal imaging camera for day and night all-weather 360-degree surveillance. The sight is also interfaced with the ballistic computer, which enables the commander to override the gunner to select and engage targets independently. In addition to the laser rangefinder, the Arjun MK1A variant has an integrated laser target designator linked to the SAMHO gun-launched guided missile.

Armour
The Arjun MK1 tanks are protected by an indigenously developed armour called Kanchan armour, named after the city of Kanchanbagh, where the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) which designed and developed the armour is located. Kanchan is a composite armour that consists of ceramic tiles and composite panels sandwiched between rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) plates. Its exact composition, the material used and the manufacturing processes are kept highly secret. The armour was fielded on the Arjun after extensive evaluation trials carried out against a variety of modern anti-tank munitions, including APFSDS.

The Arjun tanks are also protected with ultra-high strength low alloy DMR-1700 steel armour plates developed by the DMRL, which offer enhanced protection against kinetic energy penetrator projectiles such as APFSDS (125 mm) rounds, over the existing RHA plates by a margin of 20 per cent and 25 per cent against 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm armour-piercing projectiles.

The latest variant Arjun, the MK1A, has a completely redesigned turret protected with improved Kanchan armour with enhanced protection against large calibre kinetic energy projectiles, explosive reactive armour (ERA) panels (ERA MK-II) on the turret, hull glacis and the side skirt. The MK1A also has non-explosive reactive armour (NERA) protection. The turret is redesigned to reduce its silhouette, thereby delaying detection at ranges using modern electro-optical sights.

The tank has NBC protection and an automatic fire detection and suppression system for enhanced crew protection and survival.

Defensive aid system
Passive protection is provided by a multi-purpose mobile camouflage system (MCS) developed by DRDO; it is integrated on Arjun tanks and evaluations were carried out in 2009. The Arjun also has anti-infrared/anti-thermal paints to reduce its IR signature. Active protection is provided by the Advanced Laser Warning Countermeasure System (ALWCS), and consists of four laser warning receivers mounted on the top of the turret to provide 360-degree protection cover. The ALWCS alerts the crew and indicates the direction of a threat when a laser rangefinder/designator, IR illuminator is pointed at the tank. The ALWCS has integrated IR jammers and aerosol based smoke grenades to confuse the anti-tank guided munitions.

The ALWCS is interfaced with the FCS of the Arjun tank, which autonomously rotates the grenade launcher in the direction of and perceived threat and fires aerosol smoke grenades. It has auto and manual modes of operation.

Crew safety and protection
The Arjun has a crew of four—commander, gunner, loader and driver. The Arjun's crew compartment is ergonomically designed for crew safety and comfort and is protected with armour and ERA. In Arjun MK1A, the driver's safety and comfort is enhanced with roof mounted seat to protect him from Shock waves. The Arjun's crew and engine compartments are equipped with an automatic fire detection and suppression system, which detects and suppresses fire within 200 milliseconds, while ammunition rounds are stored in a containerised ammunition bin with an individual shutter with blow off panels to mitigate the hazard caused by ammunition cook off. The Arjun MK1A variant tank has a track-width mine plough to reduce the risk of anti-tank mines; the tank also has NBC protection.

Mobility
The Arjun is a heavy main battle tank that moves on seven roadwheels on each side, supported by an indigenously developed hydropneumatic suspension system. Powered by an MTU 838 Ka 501 turbo charged 10 cylinder liquid cooled diesel engine with a rated power output of 1400 hp at 2400 rpm, the tank has a 70 km top speed and a 40 km/h cross country speed. The Arjun tank has a maximum fuel capacity of 1,610 L and a range of 450 km.

The latest Arjun MK1A variant retains the 1,400 hp diesel powerplant but with a redesigned hydropneumatic suspension system and new advanced running gear system for optimal performance and efficiency.

As of February 2019, reports suggest the engine of MK1A variant will be replaced by the DATRAN 1500 hp engine which is developed by DRDO and currently under testing phase. This is because of the sudden closure of MTU Friedrichshafen's supply chain which is expected to take four years more to restart. The modified DATRAN 1500 engine, which is also being developed for the Futuristic Main Battle Tank program had its first testing in 2023. On 20 March 2024, 1500 hp prototype engine was again successfully tested at BEML's Mysuru facility. The engine has electronic control, self-cleaning air filter, CRDi fuel injection system, and electronic warning control. In addition, the engine has a high power-to-weight ratio and can run in a variety of harsh environments, such as 5,000 meters or more above sea level, in sub-zero temperature of -40°C, and up to +55°C in a hot desert environment. Twenty such engines, with an emphasis on technology stabilization, will be produced in 2024 and put through additional testing to evaluate their performance, robustness, and dependability. The project is expected to be finished by the middle of 2025.

Earlier Arjun tanks were equipped with tracks supplied by the German company, Diehl, but these were later replaced with tracks supplied by Larsen & Toubro.

The Arjun has a ground of clearance 0.45 m, and can ford through 2.15 m deep water without using a snorkel. During this operation, air for fuel combustion is drawn through the commander's and loader's hatches.

The MK1A variant has a new auxiliary power unit (APU) with double power generation capacity, which allows the tank to operate in silent watch mode while the main engine is off. The use of an APU reduces the IR/thermal and acoustic signature and enhances the tank's ambush attack capability. The Arjun MK1A has an Advanced Land Navigation System (ALNS) in addition to the GPS/inertial navigation system it retains from its predecessor, for enhanced navigation in uncharted hostile enemy territory.

In the Arjun MK1A variant, the driver has an uncooled Night Vision camera and an uncooled thermal imager with binocular vision enabling effortless driving at a reasonable speed on a pitch-black night.

Integrated Automotive Vetronics System
Developed by CVRDE, the Integrated Automotive Vetronics System (IAVS) is a health monitoring system developed for tanks and armoured fighting vehicles operated by the Indian Army. The IAVS is a "system of systems" which integrates sensors and subsystems on board the Arjun to make the tank an efficient fighting machine. The IAVS monitors the data bus that interlaces the hull and turret subsystems, analyses automotive performance and alerts the crew when maintenance is due.

The system also integrates the driver's enhanced sight system and provides automated driving. The tank crew interacts with the system through an integrated touch screen display. Its trials were successfully completed in August 2015 during which the prototype covered 430 km under harsh weather conditions.

Operational history
Since its induction into service, the Arjun has participated in a number of wargames carried out by the Indian Army. In 2010, the first two armoured regiments equipped with Arjun tanks participated in the Army's annual winter exercise. The same year, the Indian Army carried out a comparative trial pitting the newly inducted Arjun MK1 tanks against the imported T-90 tanks. The trial was carried out in four phases from 19 February 2010 to 12 March 2010, checking the subsystem performance, medium fording capability, automotive run and firing trials. The result of the comparative trial was not published until 2013, when it was reported that the Arjun had outperformed the T-90.

During the comparative trials, the Arjun reportedly demonstrated its ability to target and engage moving targets while moving in the opposite direction. In addition, it demonstrated a zero water ingress medium fording capability, multiple target discrimination, and effortless automotive performance achieved even in the heavy dunal desert terrain.

In 2013, the Indian Army announced it would not purchase any additional vehicles above the 124 Arjuns that had already been ordered. In 2014, a report from the Comptroller and Auditor General of India noted that some parameters of the 2010 comparative trials had been relaxed for the T-90 tanks.

Variants

 * Arjun MK1: First production variant Arjun tank similar to the Leopard 2A4, entered service with the Indian Army in 2004. It is a 58.5 ton main battle tank equipped with Kanchan composite armour, a 120 mm rifled gun and an indigenous FCS with digital ballistic computer. It has a laser warning receiver based active protection system.
 * Bhim SPH: A 155 mm self-propelled howitzer variant of the Arjun has been prototyped by fitting the South African Denel T6 turret, which comes with the G5 howitzer to the Arjun chassis. This project has been cancelled as Denel has become embroiled in a corruption scandal in India.
 * Arjun Catapult System: A 130 mm Catapult howitzer system based on the Arjun chassis. The trials were concluded successfully, and the Indian Army is expected to place an order for 40 systems.
 * Bridge Layer Tank (BLT) based on the Arjun chassis developed by the CVRDE. It uses the "scissors type" of bridge laying method, which does not raise the bridge high up into the air, reducing its visibility to hostile forces.
 * Arjun ARRV: Armoured recovery and repair vehicle based on the Arjun chassis developed by CVRDE and BEML, for supporting Arjun tank regiments in battlefield.
 * Tank EX: A hybrid experimental tank prototype, coupling a T-72 chassis with an Arjun turret.
 * Arjun MK1A: The MK1A (previously designated as MK2) is a new variant of Arjun tank designed to enhance firepower, mobility and survivability. It has a completely redesigned turret protected with improved Kanchan armour and ERA. The MK1A has 89 major and minor improvements, of these 73 could be easily incorporated into the MK1 variant. Other major improvements include the addition of NERA for protection, integration of the gun-launched SAMHO ATGM, integration of the gunner's main sight with the automatic target tracking system, integration of the commander's panoramic sight (CPS MK-II) with the laser rangefinder and dual magnification day sight, the addition of an uncooled thermal sight interfaced with the FCS for hunter-killer capability, the addition of an uncooled sight system with binocular vision for the driver, a remote controlled weapon station, a track width mine plough, a containerized ammunition bin with individual shutter (CABIS) for crew safety, an advanced land navigation system, a new auxiliary power unit with double power generation capacity, and a redesigned hydropneumatic suspension system with new advanced running gear system (ARGS) to enhance agility. The Arjun MK1A has considerably more indigenous content than previous variant.
 * Unmanned ground vehicle variant planned for production.

FMBT
Variably referred to as the Arjun MK2, Next Generation Main Battle Tank (NGMBT) or Future MBT (FMBT), the FMBT is an upcoming main battle tank developed by DRDO for the Indian Army. The FMBT is designed to be considerably lighter than Arjun variants, planned to be equipped with advanced electro-optical sight systems and possibly a high power laser-based weapon system in addition to the main gun. The type and calibre of the main gun has not been decided yet but according to the DRDO the FMBT will have a main gun able to fire high velocity projectiles at a longer distance. The FMBT will also have network-centric warfare abilities.

The FMBT is intended to be a replacement for the Indian Army's fleet of T-72s, and will be a 50 tonne tank powered by an indigenous 1,500 hp or 1,800 hp engine with an automatic transmission system collectively called the "Bharat Power Pack". The planned FMBT will have a modular design to accommodate emerging technologies. Early in the concept phase, it was decided to begin development of the FMBT only after the completion of the Arjun MK1A (previously designated as Arjun MK2).

Operators

 * 🇮🇳 India
 * Indian Army
 * 124 Arjun MK1 tanks in service.
 * 2 MK1A (prototypes) in service, with 118 MK1A tanks on order. On 23 September 2021, the Indian Army signed a contract for 118 Arjun Mk.1As with the first five due to be delivered within 30 months.
 * 40 130 mm M-46 Catapults based on Arjun chassis.

Potential operators

 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain: Bahrain is in talks with India for the procurement of Arjun Mk II, which was reported in March 2022.
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia: Colombia expressed interest to purchase the Arjun in 2009. As of 2022, there's no signed contract available.

title: Arjun (tank)


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Talk:Public sector

Military spending
Is there a source that could be cited to indicate in this article whether military spending is considered "public sector" spending? (sdsds - talk) 18:51, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

with in what age we should join public limited company  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.92.159.143 (talk) 10:27, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

I would argue that government itself is part of the public sector
The public sector is those organizations owned by the public and/or the government, and governments are organizations owned by the public and/or self-owned organizations; ergo, the government is itself a part of the public sector. Is any of the two premises fallacious? Is there any fault in this reasoning? Everything Is Numbers (talk) 10:49, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Healthcare is not necessarily universal or part of the public sector
"Healthcare" is referenced as being part of the public sector. This is only true in countries with universal healthcare. In the United States, for example, HC is a mixture of public and private entities. This is so common I don't even know how to reference it. And across the globe every country mixes these entities in different proportions. But it seems to me to be definitely no generality. Aliris19 (talk) 16:39, 16 October 2022 (UTC) - thanks!

Should a page on "Public Commons" redirect here?
I am not sure, but I believe "Public Commons" refers essentially to the "public sector". There is a Wikipedia page on "Commons" but "public" doesn't really get referenced there. The term alone means 'resources held in common'. So this is a special case of that and it means, I believe, essentially the "public sector". imo the term "public commons" is used sufficiently to warrant a page that redirects to here in the absence of its fulfillment. I also have no reference for this, and don't know whether this is the right location for my remark. tia. Aliris19 (talk) 16:51, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Public sector


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Yale Daily News

The Yale Daily News is an independent student newspaper published by Yale University students in New Haven, Connecticut, since January 28, 1878.

Description
Financially and editorially independent of Yale University since its founding, the Yale Daily News is published online by a student editorial and business staff five days a week, Monday through Friday, during Yale's academic year. Although the paper historically produced a daily print edition, it transitioned during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to a weekly print schedule and now prints only a Friday paper. Called the YDN, or sometimes the News, the Daily News, or the Daily Yalie, the newspaper and the website are produced in Briton Hadden Memorial Building at 202 York Street in New Haven and printed off-site at Valley Publishing Company in Derby, Connecticut.

Each day, reporters, mainly freshmen and sophomores, cover the university, the city of New Haven and sometimes the state of Connecticut. Besides updating its website with new stories five days a week, the YDN sends out daily, weekend and breaking -news newsletters and posts it's contents to Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok and YouTube. Its robust multimedia platforms include YTV, which produces video news, features and commentary, and numerous podcast series.

The YDN also publishes a daily opinion section, a Friday "WKND" section and special issues focusing on the experiences of Latinx, Black and Asian students in October, February and April, respectively.

Staff members generally serve as editors on the managing board during their junior year. A single chairman led the editorial and business sides of the News until 1970. Today, the editor-in-chief also serves as president of the Yale Daily News Publishing Company, while the publisher oversees business operations. An editorial board, independent of the newsroom, publishes a monthly column

In addition to the newspaper, the Yale Daily News Publishing Company produces the Yale Daily News Magazine and special newspaper issues for the incoming freshman class, Yale's Class Day and Commencement and The Game against Harvard University.

19th century
In its inaugural edition on January 28, 1878, the newspaper's first editors wrote: "The innovation which we begin by this morning's issue is justified by the dullness of the times, and the demand for news among us."

20th century
In 1920, the News began to report on national news and viewpoints. In 1940 and 1955, when professional dailies were not operating due to unrest among its workers, the News continued to report on national topics.

From 1968 to 1970, the YDN published a cartoon strip called Bull Tales by Garry Trudeau '70, parodying the exploits of Yale quarterback Brian Dowling. The strip which was reborn as Doonesbury and syndicated in newspapers nationwide for decades.

During the student strike of 1970, in response to the U.S. expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, the Yale Daily News announced that it did not support involvement in the student strikes occurring across the nation, making it the only Ivy League college newspaper to disagree with the protests. In response, fifty pro-strike demonstrators visited the News offices and called the editors 'fascist pigs'. In its editorial, the Yale Daily News warned that "radical rhetoric and sporadic violence, such as marked the weekend demonstrations at Yale, only added fuel to the 'demagoguery of Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew, John Mitchell and the other hyenas of the right.'"

When women first arrived at Yale College in the fall of 1969, the YDN was one of Yale's first meaningfully coed student organizations. Within weeks, the newspaper published bylined articles by five women—Dori Zaleznik, Shelley Fisher (now Fishkin), Martha Wesson, Linda Temoshok (now Lydia Temoshok), and Ruth Falk. That first year, Fisher and Zaleznik were elected to the 1971 Editorial Board and Falk and Temoshok to the 1972 Editorial Board.

The YDN was also among the first student organizations to elect women to leadership roles. Zaleznik was elected Associate Executive Editor in 1970. Amy Oshinsky became the first female publisher in 1975. Anne ("Andy") Perkins was elected the first female editor-in-chief in 1979.

The News survived for a century solely on income generated by subscriptions and ad sales. But by the mid 1970s, its Gothic building on the Yale campus had fallen into disrepair and help was needed to maintain it.

In 1978, a group of News alumni including Eric Nestler '76, Jonathan Rose '63, Jim Ottaway '60, and Joseph Leiberman '64 created the Oldest College Daily Foundation to solicit philanthropic support for building repairs and capital expenditures.

21st century
The YDN has won numerous awards for its design and editorial content. Its front page design for November 5, 2008, the day after Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 Presidential Election, was featured in the Poynter Institute book: President Obama Election 2008: Collection of Newspaper Front Pages by the Poynter Institute.

In 2009, the Yale Daily News won the Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award.

On September 10 of that year, the News broke the news of the murder of Annie Le, a Yale graduate student reported missing and subsequently found murdered in the basement of her laboratory.

In summer 2010, the 78-year-old Briton Hadden Memorial Building was renovated, increasing the amount of usable space in the basement and adding a multimedia studio in the heart of the newsroom.

On November 21, 2019, the News published an article detailing allegations of impropriety and sexual misconduct against Brendan Faherty, the Yale women's soccer coach, by former players when he was coach of the women's soccer team at the University of New Haven from 2002 to 2009. Yale announced Faherty's departure the same day.

In 2018, the Foundation changed its name to the Yale Daily News Foundation in 2018 and now provides financial support to News staffers who would otherwise need to take paying jobs during the academic year and staffers taking low-paying journalism jobs during the summer. The YDN student staff continues to be responsible for all editorial and business decisions.

The Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University has an extensive Yale Daily News Historical Archive, containing digitized versions of printed issues from 1878 through 1995. Digitization of issues from 1996 through the present is currently underway. The collection is indexed, searchable and available to the public.

Contested claim
The News, founded in 1878, calls itself the "oldest college daily" in the United States, a claim contested by at least six other college student newspapers.

 * Columbia Daily Spectator, founded one year earlier than the YDN in 1877, calls itself the second-oldest college daily, but was not independent until the 1960s.
 * The Cornell Daily Sun, launched in 1880, calls itself the "oldest independent college newspaper", notwithstanding the YDN's independence since its founding two years earlier.
 * The Daily Californian at the University of California, Berkeley, was founded in 1871 but did not achieve independence until 1971.
 * The Daily Targum at Rutgers University was founded in 1869 but was published initially as a monthly newspaper and did not gain independence from the University until 1980.
 * The Dartmouth at Dartmouth College, which opened in 1799 as the Dartmouth Gazette, calls itself the oldest college newspaper, though not the oldest daily. Most accurately put, the News is the oldest independent college daily newspaper.
 * The Harvard Crimson calls itself "the oldest continuously published college daily", but it was founded in 1873 as a fortnightly publication called The Magenta and did not appear daily until 1883. The News ceased publishing briefly during World War I and World War II after editors volunteered for military service.

Alumni
The News serves as a training ground for journalists at Yale, and has produced a steady stream of professional reporters who work at newspapers, magazines and websites including The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Time, Newsweek, The New Yorker, The Economist, ProPublica and Politico.

Yale Daily News alumni have also pioneered new forms of American journalism. Shortly after graduating from Yale, classmates and rivals Briton Hadden '20 and Henry Luce '20 co-founded Time Inc. and its magazine empire. In 2010, Paul Steiger '64, the longtime managing editor of The Wall Street Journal, co-founded ProPublica Inc., a nonprofit online newsroom that has won six Pulitzer Prizes for investigative journalism.

Politics

 * Potter Stewart, former Supreme Court associate justice
 * Brett Kavanaugh, Supreme Court associate Justice
 * Joseph Lieberman, former US Senator from Connecticut, 2000 Vice Presidential nominee and 2004 presidential candidate
 * Steve Mnuchin, Secretary of the Treasury under former President Donald Trump
 * Samantha Power, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, USAID Director
 * Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution and former Deputy Secretary of State under President Clinton
 * Jake Sullivan, national security advisor to President Joseph Biden
 * William L. Borden, executive director of United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 1949–53
 * Lanny Davis, advisor to President Clinton, author and public relations expert
 * David Gergen, advisor to four presidents and U.S. News & World Report editor-at-large
 * Reed Hundt, former FCC chairman
 * Robert D. Orr, former governor of Indiana
 * David A. Pepper, Ohio politician
 * Andrew Romanoff, former Colorado Speaker of the House, candidate for Democratic nomination to US Senate
 * Sargent Shriver, first Peace Corps director
 * Stuart Symington, former US senator from Missouri
 * Garry Trudeau, cartoonist and creator of Doonesbury, which first appeared in the News' pages as Bull Tales

Journalism

 * Pete Axthelm, sportswriter
 * Michael Barbaro, host of The Daily by The New York Times
 * Ellen Barry, Pulitzer Prize–winning Moscow correspondent, The New York Times
 * Alex Berenson, novelist and former business reporter for The New York Times
 * Christopher Buckley, novelist and writer
 * William F. Buckley Jr., founder of National Review
 * Meghan Clyne is a Washington, D.C.-based writer, recently for The Weekly Standard
 * Henry S.F. Cooper, a New Yorker journalist and author
 * Michael Crowley, senior editor, New Republic
 * Charles Duhigg, business reporter for The New York Times
 * Charles Forelle, European correspondent for The Wall Street Journal
 * Dan Froomkin, Washington Editor of TheIntercept.com
 * Zack O'Malley Greenburg, Forbes staff writer and author of Jay-Z biography Empire State of Mind
 * Lloyd Grove, freelance writer, former gossip columnist for the New York Daily News and The Washington Post
 * Briton Hadden, co-founder of Time
 * R. Thomas Herman, reporter and tax columnist for The Wall Street Journal
 * John Hersey, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and author
 * Robert G. Kaiser, associate editor of The Washington Post
 * Matthew Kaminski, Editor-in-Chief of Politico, former editor at The Wall Street Journal
 * David Leonhardt, Pulitzer Prize–winning economics columnist, The New York Times
 * Joanne Lipman, founding Editor-in-Chief of Conde Nast Portfolio magazine and former Deputy Managing Editor of The Wall Street Journal.
 * Adam Liptak, supreme court correspondent for The New York Times
 * Henry Luce, co-founder of Time
 * Dana Milbank, columnist and former White House correspondent for The Washington Post
 * Martine Powers, senior audio producer and host of Post Reports by The Washington Post
 * Philip Rucker, White House bureau chief for The Washington Post
 * Robert Semple, Pulitzer Prize winner and former member of The New York Times editorial board
 * Paul Steiger, Emeritus Editor-in-Chief of "ProPublica," former managing editor of The Wall Street Journal
 * John Tierney, columnist for The New York Times
 * Calvin Trillin, columnist and humorist
 * Jacob Weisberg, editor of Slate
 * Vivian Yee, Cairo bureau chief for The New York Times

Other

 * Kingman Brewster, former president of Yale University and ambassador to the Court of St. James's
 * Lan Samantha Chang, director of Iowa Writers' Workshop
 * Theo Epstein, Chicago Cubs general manager
 * Thayer Hobson, chairman of William Morrow and Company
 * Eli Jacobs, Wall Street investor.
 * Ted Landsmark, educator and attorney
 * Paul Mellon, philanthropist
 * John E. Pepper Jr., former chairman of the Walt Disney Company
 * Gaddis Smith, professor emeritus of history at Yale
 * Lyman Spitzer, theoretical physicist
 * Daniel Yergin, Pulitzer Prize-winning author and economic researcher

In popular culture

 * The characters Rory Gilmore and Paris Geller have both served as editors of the Yale Daily News on the CW TV show Gilmore Girls.
 * In The Great Gatsby, narrator and protagonist Nick Carraway says that he wrote a series of editorials for the paper while in college.

title: Yale Daily News


text:
Talk:Sikhs

Orphaned references in Sikhs
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Sikhs's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "eos": From Golden Temple:  From Ranjit Singh:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 18:47, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Punjabi Sikhs should be merged into this article. Afaik, almost all Sikhs are Punjabis so it doesn't make much sense to have a separate article. --RegentsPark (comment) 13:33, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Undecided - whilst it’s true that the vast majority of Sikhs are ethnic Punjabis, it does not mean all Sikhs are Punjabi. To be more specific, the vast majority of orthodox Khalsa Sikhs are ethnic Punjabis but there are vast, unaccounted for amounts of other groups of people who exist within the boundaries of Sikhism and Hinduism with no clear define, such as Nanakpanthis (who are mostly concentrated amongst Sindhis) and whose numbers have wide estimates, sometimes surpassing even the number of Khalsa Sikhs. Furthermore, having a separate Punjabi Sikh page helps dispel the misunderstanding that Sikhism is theologically an ethnoreligious group by choice rather than circumstance that only exists amongst Punjabis and is synonymous with Punjab, which is not the case as there are many other ethnic communities of Sikhs who are not Punjabis, such as Sikhligar Sikhs, Kashmiri Sikhs, etc. The article Sikh art and culture discusses a few non-Punjabi Sikh communities. There is a lack of recognition and research in this field. However, there does exist some literature and scholarly work regarding non-Punjabi Sikhs and I do plan to do work in this field in the near future here on Wikipedia by creating pages dedicated to a few of the non-Punjabi Sikh communities, which are under-recognized at the moment. For the Punjabi Sikh page, it could differ from the general Sikhs article by focusing more on the relation between Punjab and Sikhism, with focus on the cultural, linguistic, historical, and social impacts. I am still undecided about your suggested merge and cannot come to a decision because I do acknowledge your point that there is a lot of clear overlap just due to the majority of mainstream Sikhs happening to be Punjabis, therefore your point is duly noted by me as well that maintaining a separate article may be difficult to justify if the content follows too closely to the other article.
 * ThethPunjabi (talk) 04:34, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Undecided- Unless I’ve got this wrong, the article refers to people that identify as Indian-Punjabi which doesn’t include people who now have a different nationality or citizenship. For example someone whose grandparents moved to England when they were young. And nowadays a lot of Sikhs do hold passports for different countries so it may be appropriate to have an article for strictly Indian-Punjabi Sikhs which I think are still the majority. However it could be easier to merge into a section and make it more clear. Tescomealdeal1 (talk) 05:35, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Guru nanak religion and classed as a Khatri
is there any evidence that he was born into a Hindu family or that he was a Khatri from what I have seen many people allege this but they don't give any evidence he might of been but this is speculation without the proper evidence the source cited doesn't give itself any evidence for this claim only stating it Dopplegangman (talk) 11:31, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Kindly remove:
Kindly remove the word “baptism”, as Baptism a word for conversion into Christianity. And The “Initiation” done by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Dev Ji was called “Amrit Sanchar” (meaning water of immortality life-cycle rite) or “Khande di Pahul” (meaning Initiation with the double edged sword). 119.252.203.181 (talk) 08:46, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, I agree with this recommendation because the accurate term should be "initiation" instead of the more common "baptism".
 * I've made the necessary changes in the page, but wanted to inquire what the initiation ceremony would be for someone who with cut hair who still accepts Sikhi (Sehajdhari Sikh). Would they also undergo the Amrit Sanchar or Khande di Pahul or would they undergo a different rite?
 * (This question is open for anyone) AnyBurro9312 (talk) 14:07, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * According to a pathi(religious scholar) I asked in my gurudwara you cannot go through with it if you do not follow 5 K's. 49.255.90.94 (talk) 22:15, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sikhs


text:
White-browed fantail

The white-browed fantail (Rhipidura aureola) is a small passerine bird belonging to the family Rhipiduridae.

Description
The adult white-browed fantail is about 18 cm long. It has dark brown upperparts, with white spots on the wings, and whitish underparts. The fan-shaped tail is edged in white, and the long white supercilia meet on the forehead. The throat and eyemask are blackish and border whitish moustachial stripes.

Distribution and habitat
The white-browed fantail breeds across tropical regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The species ranges from eastern Pakistan to southern Indochina. It is found in forest and other woodland.

Behaviour and ecology
Three eggs are laid in a small cup nest in a tree. The white-browed fantail is insectivorous, and often fans its tail as it moves through the undergrowth.

title: White-browed fantail


text: User talk:211.30.107.248

title: User talk:211.30.107.248


text:
Picard theorem

In complex analysis, Picard's great theorem and Picard's little theorem are related theorems about the range of an analytic function. They are named after Émile Picard.

The theorems

"Little Picard Theorem: If a function $f: \mathbb{C} \to\mathbb{C}$ is entire and non-constant, then the set of values that $f(z)$  assumes is either the whole complex plane or the plane minus a single point."

Sketch of Proof: Picard's original proof was based on properties of the modular lambda function, usually denoted by $\lambda$, and which performs, using modern terminology, the holomorphic universal covering of the twice punctured plane by the unit disc. This function is explicitly constructed in the theory of elliptic functions. If $f$ omits two values, then the composition of $f$  with the inverse of the modular function maps the plane into the unit disc which implies that $f$ is constant by Liouville's theorem.

This theorem is a significant strengthening of Liouville's theorem which states that the image of an entire non-constant function must be unbounded. Many different proofs of Picard's theorem were later found and Schottky's theorem is a quantitative version of it. In the case where the values of $f$ are missing a single point, this point is called a lacunary value of the function.

"Great Picard's Theorem: If an analytic function $f$ has an essential singularity at a point $w$, then on any punctured neighborhood of $w, f(z)$  takes on all possible complex values, with at most a single exception, infinitely often."

This is a substantial strengthening of the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem, which only guarantees that the range of $f$  is dense in the complex plane. A result of the Great Picard Theorem is that any entire, non-polynomial function attains all possible complex values infinitely often, with at most one exception.

The "single exception" is needed in both theorems, as demonstrated here:
 * ez is an entire non-constant function that is never 0,
 * $e^{\frac{1}{z}}$  has an essential singularity at 0, but still never attains 0 as a value.

Little Picard Theorem
Suppose $f: \mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}$  is an entire function that omits two values $z_0$  and $z_1 $ . By considering $\frac{f(z)-z_0}{z_1 - z_0}$ we may assume without loss of generality that $z_0 = 0$  and $z_1=1$.

Because $\mathbb{C}$ is simply connected and the range of $f$   omits $0 $, f has a holomorphic logarithm. Let $g$  be an entire function such that $f(z)=e^{2\pi ig(z)}$. Then the range of $g$ omits all integers. By a similar argument using the quadratic formula, there is an entire function $h$  such that $g(z)=\cos(h(z))$. Then the range of $h$ omits all complex numbers of the form $2\pi n \pm i \cosh^{-1}(m)$, where $n $ is an integer and $m$  is a nonnegative integer.

By Landau's theorem, if $h'(w) \ne 0$, then for all ${R > 0}$ , the range of $h$ contains a disk of radius $|h'(w)| R/72$. But from above, any sufficiently large disk contains at least one number that the range of h omits. Therefore $h'(w)=0$ for all $w$. By the fundamental theorem of calculus, $h$ is constant, so $f$  is constant.

Great Picard Theorem
Suppose f is an analytic function on the punctured disk of radius r around the point w, and that f omits two values z0 and z1. By considering (f(p + rz) − z0)/(z1 − z0) we may assume without loss of generality that z0 = 0, z1 = 1, w = 0, and r = 1.

The function F(z) = f(e−z) is analytic in the right half-plane Re(z) > 0. Because the right half-plane is simply connected, similar to the proof of the Little Picard Theorem, there are analytic functions G and H defined on the right half-plane such that F(z) = e2πiG(z) and G(z) = cos(H(z)). For any w in the right half-plane, the open disk with radius Re(w) around w is contained in the domain of H. By Landau's theorem and the observation about the range of H in the proof of the Little Picard Theorem, there is a constant C > 0 such that |H′(w)| ≤ C / Re(w). Thus, for all real numbers x ≥ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2π,
 * $$|H(x+iy)|=\left|H(2+iy)+\int_2^xH'(t+iy)\,\mathrm{d}t\right|\le|H(2+iy)|+\int_2^x\frac{C}{t}\,\mathrm{d}t\le A\log x,$$

where A > 0 is a constant. So |G(x + iy)| ≤ xA.

Next, we observe that F(z + 2πi) = F(z) in the right half-plane, which implies that G(z + 2πi) − G(z) is always an integer. Because G is continuous and its domain is connected, the difference G(z + 2πi) − G(z) = k is a constant. In other words, the function G(z) − kz / (2πi) has period 2πi. Thus, there is an analytic function g defined in the punctured disk with radius e−2 around 0 such that G(z) − kz / (2πi) = g(e−z).

Using the bound on G above, for all real numbers x ≥ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2π,
 * $$\left|G(x+iy)-\frac{k(x+iy)}{2\pi i}\right|\le x^A+\frac{|k|}{2\pi}(x+2\pi)\le C'x^{A'}$$

holds, where A′ > A and C′ > 0 are constants. Because of the periodicity, this bound actually holds for all y. Thus, we have a bound |g(z)| ≤ C′(−log|z|)A′ for 0 < |z| < e−2. By Riemann's theorem on removable singularities, g extends to an analytic function in the open disk of radius e−2 around 0.

Hence, G(z) − kz / (2πi) is bounded on the half-plane Re(z) ≥ 3. So F(z)e−kz is bounded on the half-plane Re(z) ≥ 3, and f(z)zk is bounded in the punctured disk of radius e−3 around 0. By Riemann's theorem on removable singularities, f(z)zk extends to an analytic function in the open disk of radius e−3 around 0. Therefore, f does not have an essential singularity at 0.

Therefore, if the function f has an essential singularity at 0, the range of f in any open disk around 0 omits at most one value. If f takes a value only finitely often, then in a sufficiently small open disk around 0, f omits that value. So f(z) takes all possible complex values, except at most one, infinitely often.

Generalization and current research
Great Picard's theorem is true in a slightly more general form that also applies to meromorphic functions:

"Great Picard's Theorem (meromorphic version): If M is a Riemann surface, w a point on M, P1(C) = C ∪ {∞} denotes the Riemann sphere and f : M\{w} → P1(C) is a holomorphic function with essential singularity at w, then on any open subset of M containing w, the function f(z) attains all but at most two points of P1(C) infinitely often."

Example: The function f(z) = 1/(1 − e1/z) is meromorphic on C* = C - {0}, the complex plane with the origin deleted. It has an essential singularity at z = 0 and attains the value ∞ infinitely often in any neighborhood of 0; however it does not attain the values 0 or 1.

With this generalization, Little Picard Theorem follows from Great Picard Theorem because an entire function is either a polynomial or it has an essential singularity at infinity. As with the little theorem, the (at most two) points that are not attained are lacunary values of the function.

The following conjecture is related to "Great Picard's Theorem":

"Conjecture: Let {U1, ..., Un} be a collection of open connected subsets of C that cover the punctured unit disk D \ {0}. Suppose that on each Uj there is an injective holomorphic function fj, such that dfj = dfk on each intersection Uj ∩ Uk. Then the differentials glue together to a meromorphic 1-form on D."

It is clear that the differentials glue together to a holomorphic 1-form g dz on D \ {0}. In the special case where the residue of g at 0 is zero the conjecture follows from the "Great Picard's Theorem".

title: Picard theorem


text:
Lists of schools in Canada

A list of schools in Canada:

By province or territory

 * List of senior high schools in Alberta
 * List of schools in Manitoba
 * List of schools in New Brunswick
 * List of schools in the Northwest Territories
 * List of schools in Nova Scotia
 * List of schools in Nunavut
 * List of high schools in Ontario
 * List of schools in Prince Edward Island
 * List of schools in Quebec
 * List of art schools in Quebec
 * List of schools in Yukon

By region

 * List of French public schools in Eastern Ontario
 * List of Waterloo Region, Ontario schools (educational institutions)
 * List of high schools in Windsor and Essex County, Ontario
 * List of English-language educational institutions in Quebec
 * List of Canada-accredited schools abroad

By city

 * List of schools in Greater Moncton
 * List of schools in London, Ontario
 * List of schools in Oakville, Ontario
 * List of schools in Ottawa (educational institutions)
 * List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board (English Catholic schools)
 * List of schools of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board (English public schools)
 * List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est (French Catholic schools)
 * List of schools of the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario (French public schools)
 * List of schools in Regina, Saskatchewan
 * List of educational institutions in Toronto
 * List of schools in Winnipeg, Manitoba

title: Lists of schools in Canada


text:
Jesse Palmer

Jesse James Palmer (born October 5, 1978) is a Canadian television personality, sports commentator, and former professional football player who was a quarterback for five seasons in the National Football League (NFL) in the early 2000s. Palmer played college football for the Florida Gators under coach Steve Spurrier, and thereafter, he played professionally for the New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers in the NFL before spending half of the 2006 season with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Palmer was cast in 2004 as the bachelor on the fifth season of the reality television series The Bachelor. He went on to become a college football analyst for ESPN/ABC in the United States, and has been a contributor to The Sports Network (TSN) in Canada. He was also a contributor to ABC's Good Morning America. In 2018, he hosted the kickoff season of The Proposal on ABC. Since 2017 he has hosted the Holiday Baking Championship on Food Network. Jesse was host of DailyMailTV from 2017 to 2020. Palmer married model Emely Fardo on June 5, 2020, at a close friend's house in Connecticut. In 2021, Palmer was named as the permanent host of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette.

Early years
Palmer was born in Toronto, Ontario, and raised in Nepean, Ontario, a suburb of Ottawa. He attended both Confederation and St. Pius X high schools, although he played all of his amateur football on teams in the Ontario Minor Football Association and most importantly with the Ottawa Norsemen and Myers Riders Football Clubs in Ottawa.

His father, Bill Palmer, played seven years for the Ottawa Rough Riders. His mother, Susan, was a prominent fashion and print model, co-founder of Barrett Palmer Models and former owner of the original ITM: International Top Models, a modeling agency and training centre located in Ottawa, which eventually became the current agency MIM Model International Management.

He has two younger brothers and attended a French-immersion school. His brother Billy played tight end for the University of Notre Dame. His cousin, Griffen Palmer is a country music singer and songwriter.

College career
Palmer accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Steve Spurrier's Florida Gators football team from 1997 to 2000.

Palmer often alternated playing time with quarterback Doug Johnson, and, later, with quarterback Rex Grossman. As a senior, he was selected as one of the team captains and received the Gators' Fergie Ferguson Award, recognizing the "senior football player who displays outstanding leadership, character and courage." He finished his four-year college career with 3,755 passing yards.

Palmer graduated from the University of Florida in 2001 with two undergraduate degrees: a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and a Bachelor of Science degree in marketing from the College of Business Administration. He was named to the Southeastern Conference’s academic honor roll in 1998, 1999 and 2000.

National Football League
Palmer was selected by the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) in the fourth round (125th overall pick) of the 2001 NFL Draft, and he played for the Giants from 2001 until he was cut before the start of the 2005 season. As a Giants quarterback, he spent most of his NFL career as a backup behind starter Kerry Collins. In 2002, Palmer played in two games. The following season, Palmer played in six games, starting three. Palmer was the second Canadian (after Mark Rypien of the Washington Redskins) to start at quarterback in the NFL.

After a four-year stint as a backup quarterback, he was cut on September 3, 2005, by the Giants. He had entered the summer 2005 training camp as the backup to Eli Manning, but found himself odd-man-out when the Giants went with Tim Hasselbeck at number two and Jared Lorenzen at number three QB.

Attempting to locate another opportunity to stay in the NFL, Palmer worked out with the Minnesota Vikings and Oakland Raiders and was signed by the San Francisco 49ers on November 1, 2005, as injuries plagued their quarterbacks Alex Smith and Ken Dorsey. Dorsey and Smith returned from injury three weeks later, and Palmer was released without having played a down. Palmer was re-signed by the 49ers in March 2006 during the off-season, but was released on August 29, 2006, toward the end of training camp.

Canadian Football League
After leaving the NFL, he looked to the Canadian Football League for employment. Palmer had been drafted by the Montreal Alouettes15th overall in the 2001 CFL Draft. His rights were still held by Montreal; however, the Ottawa Renegades tried to acquire the Ottawa native as their top quarterback in September 2005, and Palmer expressed interest in playing for his home town.

On September 11, 2006, the Montreal Alouettes signed him to their developmental roster. Palmer did not dress for a game with Montreal. He retired from the CFL before the start of the 2007 season to pursue a broadcasting career.

The Bachelor
In 2004, Palmer was the first professional athlete to appear on The Bachelor television program and the first non-American Bachelor. During the first rose ceremony, Palmer called the name Katie in error, meaning to say Karen. After consulting with host Chris Harrison, Palmer offered a rose to both contestants. He eventually selected Jessica Bowlin, but their courtship lasted for only a few months after the end of the show. He would return as host of the 26th season, a role which he also filled on the 19th season of The Bachelorette. Palmer also hosted Bachelor In Paradise, Season 8. He is currently host of The Bachelor franchises. This includes The Golden Bachelor, the first season of which aired in Fall of 2023.

Broadcasting career
Palmer’s broadcast career began with Fox Sports Net analyzing Arena Football League games. He was later a game and studio analyst for CSTV in late 2005 and worked NFL games for Fox in 2006. He also appeared on the NFL Network and the MSG Network.

Palmer was a color commentator for Fox for two games late in the 2005 season, and returned to the booth on November 26, 2006. On April 25, 2007, Palmer appeared on the NFL Network as an analyst and commentator for the weekend's NFL Draft.

On May 24, 2007, Palmer announced his retirement from the Canadian Football League to pursue a broadcasting career with Fox. He joined ESPN in 2007. Palmer worked for ESPN as a studio analyst on College Football Live and ABC telecasts, and frequently appeared with fellow Canadian John Saunders until 2017. He was a game analyst on ESPN Thursday Night College football games. He was also co-host on The Palmer and Pollack Show on ESPNU with former Georgia defensive end, David Pollack.

On March 12, 2014, ESPN named Palmer and Brent Musburger as the lead game announcers for the forthcoming SEC Network.

Palmer was also New York correspondent for CTV's entertainment news program, eTalk, covering both sports and entertainment events, including the Super Bowl and the 79th and 80th Academy Awards.

Palmer was a studio analyst for ESPN's broadcast of the 2012 Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, the 2010 Fiesta Bowl in Glendale, Arizona, and the 2009 Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. He was the ESPN analyst for the 2023 Orange Bowl in Miami Gardens, Florida.He is also an NFL analyst for TSN's "Monday Morning Quarterback" segment.

Palmer guest starred in the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 7 episode "Design," portraying professional baseball player Don Lacey. He hosted the first two seasons of the food competition show Recipe to Riches on Food Network Canada. On May 19, 2015, Palmer joined Good Morning America as a "Special Contributor". He left the position in August 2017, to host the newly launched DailyMailTV. He began hosting Spring Baking Championship in 2023 and has been hosting the Holiday Baking Championship for several seasons on Food Network, as well as Food Truck Face Off, Bakeaway Camp, and Holiday Baking: Gingerbread Showdown. In 2019 he became one of the commentators on ESPN’s College Football Final.

In September 2018, Palmer began doing commercials as a spokesman for retail furniture chain Rooms To Go. He also became host of The Proposal on ABC.

On August 14, 2020, the producers of DailyMailTV announced that for the show's fourth season, Thomas Roberts was replacing Palmer.

In 2021, Palmer hosted the inaugural season of ABC's show The Ultimate Surfer. Subsequently it was announced that he would become the new host of The Bachelor, Season 26, replacing Chris Harrison. He then hosted The Bachelorette, Season 19, and Bachelor In Paradise, Season 8. He is currently host of The Bachelor franchises.

In October 2023, he became the spokesman for Avocados from Mexico.

Personal life
Jesse Palmer is married to Brazilian photographer and model Emely Fardo. They met in a boxing class in 2017 and married in Connecticut in 2020. After pandemic restrictions eased, they had a second wedding at Château De La Gaude, a luxury hotel in Aix-en-Provence, France in 2022. Their daughter Ella was born in January 2024.

title: Jesse Palmer


text:
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders

Listed are all Major League Baseball players who have reached the 2,000 hit milestone during their career in MLB. Pete Rose holds the Major League record for most career hits, with 4,256. Rose and Ty Cobb, second most, are the only players with 4,000 or more career hits. George Davis was the first switch hitter to collect 2,000 hits, achieving that total during the 1902 season.

Players with 2,000 or more hits

 * Stats updated as of July 19, 2024.

Other active players with 1,800 or more hits through July 19, 2024.

 * Paul Goldschmidt (1,994) 85 in 2024
 * Evan Longoria (1,930) 0 in 2024
 * Manny Machado (1,830) 93 in 2024


text:
Taman Negara

Taman Negara is a national park in Peninsular Malaysia. It was established in 1938 and 1939 as the King George V National Park after Theodore Hubback lobbied the sultans of Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan to set aside a piece of land that covers the three states for the creation of a protected area. After independence, it was renamed Taman Negara, which means "national park" in Malay.

Taman Negara has a total area of 4,343 km2 and it is one of the world's oldest rainforests, estimated to be more than 130 million years old. Mount Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia's highest point, is within the park's boundaries. Taman Negara is an important conservation area for the Peninsular Malaysian rain forest and montane rain forest ecoregions, is rich in biodiversity and home to several endangered species such as the Malayan tiger and Asian elephant. The park exists on the traditional lands of several Orang Asli groups, such as the Batek people, whose use rights are recognised in the park's legislation.

A popular tourist attraction, the park is found near Kuala Tahan (where the Park headquarters for Pahang is located) and features a canopy walkway, the Gua Telinga cave system, and the Lata Berkoh rapids. Visitors can experience the tropical rainforest, birdwatching, jungle trekking, and the river views along the Tahan River, with many local resorts and hotels for visitors located nearby.

Geography

The park encompasses three states, Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu, each with its own legislation. The Taman Negara Enactment (Pahang) No. 2 of 1939 is enforced in the state of Pahang, the Taman Negara Enactment (Kelantan) No. 14 of 1938 in the state of Kelantan and the Taman Negara Enactment (Terengganu) No. 6 of 1939 in the state of Terengganu. The enactments have similar contents.

Taman Negara Pahang is the largest at 2,477 km2, followed by Taman Negara Kelantan at 1,043 km2 and Taman Negara Terengganu at 853 km2. At an estimated age of more than 130 million years old, it is reputed to be the "oldest tropical rainforest", although the title more accurately belongs to the Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia, estimated to be between 135 million years old and 180 million years old.

Taman Negara is mostly located on ancient, sedimentary rocks and the oldest part of the continent, it features mostly gentle rolling hills where about 57% of the total land area of the park are located below 300m above sea level due to a long time erosion. Despite that, it also features some mountainous parts of the Tahan Range, a subrange of the Tenasserim Hills. The Tahan Range is home to Mount Tahan, the highest and most prominent point in Peninsular Malaysia at about 2,187m above sea level.

The park acts as an important headwater for the states of Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang. There are three main river systems that originated from The park, which are the Lebir, Terengganu and Tembeling Rivers. The Lebir is one of the tributaries of the Kelantan River, flowing northward passing through Kelantan Delta, while the Terengganu River flows eastward toward Kenyir Lake and is one of the primary inflow for the lake; and Tembeling River is one of the tributaries of the Pahang River, flowing southward towards the central valley of Pahang. These rivers ultimately discharge into the South China Sea.

The park has been developed into an ecotourism destination in Malaysia. There are several geological and biological attractions in the park. Gunung Tahan is the highest point of the Malay Peninsula; climbers can use Kuala Tahan or Merapoh as their departure point. All visitors to the park must obtain permits from the Department of Wildlife and National Parks.

Indigenous people
Taman Negara is part of the traditional territory of several groups of Orang Asli, the indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia. In particular, several groups of Batek people still live on the periphery of the park. The park legislation recognises use-rights of Orang Asli within Taman Negara (e.g. section 15(c), Pahang En. 2/1939). In this regard, six "aboriginal tribes" are listed (Ple, Temiar, Ple-Temiar, Senoi, Semang, and Pangan).

Flora
Taman Negara features a largely virgin, lowland dipterocarp rainforest as well as Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests on the higher elevation parts of the park.

Fauna

Taman Negara is home to some rare mammals, such as the Malayan tiger, Malayan gaur (seladang) and Asian elephant. Additionally, some biologists also believe that a small population of Northern Sumatran Rhinoceros live in the park. As well as birds such as the great argus, red junglefowl, and the rare Malayan peacock-pheasant are still found here in some numbers. Tahan River has been preserved to protect the Malaysian mahseer (ikan kelah in Malay), a type of game fish. Species found in the park include 10,000 plants, 150,000 of insects, 25,000 invertebrates, 675 birds, 270 reptiles, 250 freshwater fish and 200 mammals at the national park, including some of which are rare or indigenous to Malaysia.

Transportation
Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM)'s KTM Intercity and Express trains stop at Jerantut railway station. Visitors to Taman Negara can disembark here.

Local tour operators arrange transportation from Kuala Lumpur to the entrance of the Park at Kuala Tahan. This may involve a 3-4 hour bus journey to Jerantut and Kuala Tembeling Jetty followed by a 2.5 hour river boat ride to Kuala Tahan. Entrance permits and park tours are often included in the package.

From Kuala Lumpur, buses may depart from Terminal Bersepadu Selatan and Hentian Pekeliling going to the nearest town, Jerantut. From here travel to Kuala Tembeling Jetty and Kuala Tahan.

title: Taman Negara


text:
Talk:William Caslon

Dates
i got to "william caslon" page by klicking on his name in the "typeface" volume. it is written there ("typeface") that he released the "egyptian" font in 1816. in his volume it's written that he lived between 1692 to 1700 and something. is these dates are maKING ANY SENSE?

Caslon Ltd
Isn't his company still going? These people say that this Wm. Caslon founded their company in 1720---Caslon Ltd of St. Albans, Herts. Is this really a decendant of the original Caslon foundry? They do seem to sell actual, physical founts (fonts...) ButterStick (talk) 09:09, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Yes, the St Albans company is run by descendants of William Caslon. The managing director today is W. Richard Caslon, with the W. doubtless standing for William. It was previously run by his father, Roy. It sells a range of equipment mainly concerned with business cards and stationery (such as thermography, blocking/embossing, metallic foiling, cutting cards to size and so on). It also owns the old Adana range of very small letterpress platens, which are no longer manufactured new but it refurbishes old examples and sells spares and accessories. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Simoneccles (talk • contribs) 13:11, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

William Caslon References
Here are some references that will be used for continued work on the William Caslon page.
 * Haden, H.J. William Caslon: Master of Letters. Technology and Culture, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1974), pp. 329-332
 * A printed specimen of Caslon Old Style type with appropriate ornaments: being the first of a series of books showing the many beautiful types. New York: [Redfield, Kendrick, Odell Co.], 1921. Print.

More will be posted as soon as I can find them.-Rl081289 (talk) 21:18, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

william caslon resources

 * William Caslon. Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 4: 1700 to 1799. Detroit: Gale, 2000. p441-442.Word Count:80.

 * Printing Industry. Dan Kirklin. Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. Vol. 6. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. p466-470.Word Count:3340.

 * Type and Typography. Jim Martin. Encyclopedia of Journalism. Ed. Christopher H. Sterling. Vol. 4. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2009. p1405-1409.Word Count:2718.

 * Jong, Cees de. Creative type : a sourcebook of classic and contemporary letterforms / Cees W. de Jong, Alston W. Purvis, Friedrich Friedl ; [translated from the Dutch by Roz Vatter-Buck, Doe-Eye]. London ; New York : Thames & Hudson, 2005. 399 p. : ill. (some col.), ports. ; 26 cm.

RESOURCES FOUND THUS FAR...Token718 (talk) 00:30, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Potential Articles_will_burtin_com232
I would like to add many thing in this page. I would add: --Kpervaiz (talk) 15:08, 25 September 2013 (UTC)
 * His picture
 * Early life
 * His contributions
 * His achievements
 * work detail
 * More References
 * you were apparently giving guidance to this editor, and copied the live article into his User:Kpervaiz/sandbox, after which he integrated more material there, but did not edit here again. Please would you review and incorporate what is useful into the live article, then redirect that WP:COPYARTICLE? – Fayenatic  L ondon 07:09, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

That would have been from a 2013 wiki Ed supported course. Anything useful would have already been included in the article. And/or would be largely useless, because it has been 8 years and the article has improved since then. Please feel free to blank or redirect that sandbox, or if you prefer, I can do so. Theredproject (talk) 08:17, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

1st Peer Review
So far it looks like your work on Caslon is going well. Your page is aesthetically pleasing, as you have added visuals and your external link section looks promising as well as your overall organization. A possible category that you might consider adding is a section on the thoughts of others on Caslon for example, quotes or opinions on him and his work. Your sources all seem legitimate so far, the addition of more will possibly give your page a more well rounded foundation. Jfgx4 (talk) 02:25, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Peer Review
I like the way your article looks nice pictures I feel that the specimen sheet looks weird where it is but it is not a huge deal. The information you have good and the bibliography is nice but the due date is coming up and I don't know if the rest of it is in sandbox. Kpol1298 (talk) 04:51, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Caslon


text:
User:Zedkatuf

About
I live in Bristol, UK and am a physics and computing teacher at Clifton College by day, and occasional astronomer by night.

I am keen to promote the use of free software wherever possible, and am co-ordinating an astronomy project which uses free, open source software as its backbone. In 2005, I attended a talk by Richard Stallman in Bristol, one of the key advocates of free software, in which he outlined the potential threats of DRM (or "Digital Restrictions Management", as he so aptly calls it).

As a voluntary effort, I have put together a Physics learning content portal using Moodle, an open source educational content management system. The information on the site does need updating, and a few bugs in the site currently prevent Guest logins (this will be fixed at some point!).

I intend to produce material for the above, and also in the religion section of Wikipedia; my family website has a few details about our family's ideas about God,politics & life in general, and the church that we are part of can be found : here - so check these out too, if you have time :)

Finally, I'm a keen Zaurus user, and am starting to contribute to the Open Zaurus Wiki. . I've now sold my Zaurus and am using an Asus EeePC mini laptop.

Dez now also runs a web design company UK Biz Online and is now managing websites for, Bristol based Five On One Magazine, Alain Wilkie, and freelance writer, broadcaster and journalist Ben Clatworthy.

You can contact me at: dfutakJJJJ@projectgalileoKKKK.orgLLLL.ukMMMMM

(just remove the capitals to get the email address proper).

Other Links

 * Open Source Community - using open source software & redundant computers in a school environment
 * Is Climate Change Real? - a jumping-off point for anyone interested in finding out about Climate Change.
 * Google Pages Mashup - just a random collection of links
 * Blog Page - musings & thoughts on things significant & trivial

Dez Futak 17:22, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Zedkatuf


text:
Microsoft Publisher

Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft, differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and graphic design rather than text composition and proofreading. It is planned for discontinuation in October 2026.

Overview
Publisher is included in higher-end editions of Microsoft Office, reflecting Microsoft's emphasis on the application as an easy-to-use and less expensive alternative to the "heavyweights" with a focus on the small-business market, where firms do not have dedicated design professionals available to make marketing materials and other documents. However, it has a relatively small share of the desktop publishing market, which is dominated by Adobe InDesign and formerly by QuarkXPress.

While most Microsoft Office apps adopted ribbons for their user interface starting with Microsoft Office 2007, Publisher retained its toolbars and did not adopt ribbons until Microsoft Office 2010.

On February 15, 2024, Microsoft announced that Publisher will be discontinued on October 13, 2026. After this date, Publisher will no longer be included in Microsoft 365 plans, and existing on-premises installations will no longer be supported. This date will mark the end of Publisher as a standalone Microsoft program since its initial release in 1991.

Compatibility
Several applications can import Publisher's proprietary file format (.pub) for editing with some success, including Collabora Online, LibreOffice, and Scribus. Another option is to save the document as a separate EPS file for each individual page in the publication, and to then open the EPS files in the aforementioned applications or other applications.

Publisher supports some other file formats, including Microsoft's Enhanced Metafile (EMF) format, which is supported on Windows platforms. The Microsoft Publisher trial version can be used to view .pub files beyond the trial period.

Adobe PageMaker also saved files with a .pub extension, but the two file formats were unrelated and incompatible.

title: Microsoft Publisher


text:
Talk:Suikoden

Article name change
Suikoden should redirect to the first game, while Suikoden (series) should redirect to the series. Some quick research reveals that Breath of Fire and Dragon Warrior follow this convention, but Final Fantasy does not. What do you think? Schmloof (talk) 17:43, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that 27 True Runes be merged into Suikoden. The former lacks sufficient notability on its own, and it is better, as an alternative to deletion, that it be merged and redirected here. Please discuss below and indicate whether you support or oppose the merger. If no discussion occurs within five days on the sign date, then the proposal will carry due to lack of opposition. MuZemike (talk) 23:29, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support the merger. Pointless having this as its own article: not notable, very short, no sources. --Oscarthecat (talk) 20:31, 23 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I'd much prefer the 27 True Runes article be expanded. There is plenty of information out there on sites like Suikosource.  I may even get around to it myself. Godheval (talk) 16:07, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Those types of sites are fansites which are not considered verifiable sources. MuZemike (talk) 16:58, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * They're verifiable where they get the information from the game creators themselves, i.e. from artbooks and similar resources. Suikosource in particular doesn't just post anything, but information that has been verified.  Godheval (talk) 20:49, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I will seek further clarification from other users at WP:VG/S. In my view, it is not verifiable, even though there does seem to be some system of editorial oversight set up. MuZemike (talk) 00:28, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Video games/Sources. MuZemike (talk) 05:53, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. This should be a no-brainer - it's total gameguide content, and I find it pretty unlikely that fansites would count as both independent and reliable when establishing notability even if sufficient secondary sources of that type were to be found. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 22:30, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Except it's not a no-brainer, and that's why we're having a discussion. The True Runes are not "game guide" information, as they not only correspond to the game's "magic" - which would be game guide information, but are heavily rooted in the story of every game and the overall lore of the Suikoden universe.  That gives them greater significance.  You will not see an in-depth background of the true runes in any game guide. Godheval (talk) 14:56, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Neutral - This page was previously deleted on the account that the information it contained was mostly copied and pasted from Suikosource. I think the expansion and improvement of this article should proceed with this warning in mind before this article is either kept or deleted.  While I would like for it to remain, I think that it's fair to say that if the same thing happens in the compiliation of information, it will probably be deleted again.  EikaKou (talk) 04:44, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I have seen that this article has been deleted twice - first for a copyvio for ripping material apparently right off of Suikosource - and second from an AfD discussion here. This can be a candidate for speedy deletion per G4 (blatant recreation of deleted material) and possibly also for WP:SALTing. However, I have judged that maybe this article can be better me merged to its parent article rather than deleted outright. Hence, I come back to why I have proposed a merge here. MuZemike (talk) 05:14, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, the only reason I prefer the expansion over the merge is that there is a lot that can be written about the True Runes, such that it would bog down the main Suikoden article. But if the consensus is that in-depth info about the TRs could be included without doing so, then I'm okay with the merge.  I just want the subject to be adequately represented. Godheval (talk) 14:56, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - all the relevant arguements for are stated above. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk  ) 16:09, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Note — I have placed an invite notice on the WPVG discussion page in order to generate a more thorough discussion/consensus. MuZemike (talk) 16:41, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Move Proposal
I propose that this article be moved to Suikoden (series), and the Suikoden (video game) article be moved here, in keeping with the usual format for games and game series on Wikipedia. See Phantasy Star and Phantasy Star series as another example. The first game in the series is called Suikoden. If you say Suikoden, you mean that game, not necessarily the entire series. The word "series" is an important qualifier and should be in the title of the article about the series. I will post the request on the WP:RM page. Godheval (talk) 15:01, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The word "series" should be in parentheses per naming conventions. Hence, it should be Suikoden (series). Phantasy Star series should also be the same thing. MuZemike (talk) 15:53, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Works for me. So I take it, that's a Support for the move? Godheval (talk) 16:04, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes, support. This might be able to be moved without going to WP:RM. Did you try moving it yourself by clicking the "move" tab on the top? MuZemike (talk) 16:44, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I was led to believe from a move proposal on another article that the WP:RM submission was mandatory, i.e. Wikipedia protocol. But if not, then I can just go ahead and do it. Godheval (talk) 20:39, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it's not mandatory, unless the destination page is already occupied, or the destination page is blacklisted, admin help is needed for moving, or if a move discussion is at a standstill and outside opinions/assistance are needed (read the first two paragraphs in WP:RM).
 * That is fine with the Suikoden article. However, I think what you are asking for with the Suikoden (video game) article is for it to be merged into that new series article, is that correct? MuZemike (talk) 21:02, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No, not at all. I want to maintain separate articles, but have Suikoden be about the game, and Suikoden (series) to be about the series.  The Suikoden (video game) article would disappear, or rather, redirect to the new Suikoden article. Godheval (talk) 21:34, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I think I understand what's going on, now. If I'm right, you're trying to make it just like the Double Dragon group of articles. If you're going to do that, you will need to request at WP:RM for the second move you mentioned. You will also need to create a disamb page and note on top of both articles what each article pertains to. Of course, you can also keep everything as-is (see Ninja Gaiden for example) and just create a disamb page. MuZemike (talk) 22:51, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, the first move is complete. The second move will require administrative intervention and the original request (Suikoden → Suikoden (series) was altered on the WP:RM page to become the new request (Suikoden (video game) →Suikoden) Godheval (talk) 00:08, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose the dab suggestion above seems better. 70.55.85.122 (talk) 08:02, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Does anyone on the English language Wikipedia speak English? I get so tired of having to look-up Wikinese terms just to understand what people are saying.  What is a dab? And regardless of what it is, it's not a better suggestion.  CONSISTENCY ACROSS GAME ARTICLES.  Good grief. Godheval (talk) 14:02, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * dab = disamb = disambiguation. See the WP:GLOSSARY for a bunch of frequently used "shorthand" terms. MuZemike (talk) 14:58, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * However, some articles do it one way, while some do it another. The ball seems to be already moving, and until we have a uniform way of how to disambiguate video game articles without a certain user arguing his only way to the point of disruption, then we might as well finish it. MuZemike (talk) 15:01, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Note — I have placed an invite notice on the WPVG discussion page in order to generate a more thorough discussion/consensus. MuZemike (talk) 16:42, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
108 Stars of Destiny (Suikoden) should be merged into this article, as it is a gameplay aspect of the series and is not referenced enough to merit its own article. As for the huge chart, I commend whoever made it but it's still original research and should be transwikied unless a source is found attributing those characters to their counterparts.--ZXCVBNM 20:39, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Okay, I don't watch the Suikoden articles much anymore, but the chart is a navigational table - more helpful from the time when every character had their own article, sure, but still a table (consider it something like "List of Suikoden characters (all)").  It's not original research - the Stars are clearly identified in every game in a tablet, if you haven't played it.  I guess you could argue that the description parts of the article are too gameplay-focused, but WP standard seems to be to have some description of the lists rather the list straight-up, so I'm not sure there's a good way around that.  I guess the table could be merged here and then made collapsible into one of those show/hide boxes, but meh.  Why not just have the table in its own page?  It's no different than, say, List of people associated with the American Civil War, which also could be theoretically merged somewhere, but is a bit too long. SnowFire (talk) 22:17, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Like SnowFire, I don't watch the Suikoden articles as often anymore, but I agree with most of the points presented regarding the article. EikaKou (talk) 03:05, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

What section of the article are violating the Wiki in general??
I want to know please!! (game instructions etc...) I would be pleased to help trim it down as I've helped changed most of the article's content.--JCD (Talk) 10:29, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Suikoden


text:
Silver Convention

Silver Convention were a German Euro disco recording act of the 1970s. The group was originally named Silver Bird Convention or Silver Bird.

Career
The group was initiated in Munich by producers and songwriters Sylvester Levay and Michael Kunze. The group was named after Levay, "Silver" being Levay's nickname. Kunze had in the late 1960s been a pop lyricist who wrote protest songs in German; when these tunes went out of style, he began producing pop records and commercials. Levay had developed a taste for American music while growing up in Yugoslavia, eventually becoming a music arranger and lyricist.

Using female session vocalists named Ingrid, Wilma and Monica, they scored a successful single in the United Kingdom in 1975 with the song "Save Me", which peaked at #30. They later used other vocalists, such as Gitta Walther, Lucy Neale, Betsy Allen, Roberta Kelly, and Jackie Carter for their first recordings and upcoming album. Since they were only a studio group, Levay and Kunze realized then that they would need to find professional entertainers for presentation to the public. Penny McLean, Ramona Wulf and Linda G. Thompson became the public face of Silver Convention.

They scored two major US and Canadian hit singles. "Fly, Robin, Fly", of which the complete lyrics consisted of only six different words (fly, robin, up, to, the, sky), maintained three weeks at #1 in late November and early December 1975, and won the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in December 1975. Initially the song was titled "Run, Rabbit, Run", changed by the writers moments before the recording took place. Their next success "Get Up and Boogie", which also consisted of only six different words (Get, Up, And, Boogie, That's, Right), hit #1 in Canada on June 15, 1976, had 3 weeks at #2 in the U.S in June 1976 and also peaked at #7 in the UK, in May 1976. Their next release, "No No Joe," only scored #60 in September 1976. The further singles released by the trio attempted to duplicate the sound that had made them successful briefly, but they were only minor successes. At this time, Linda G. Thompson left the group and was replaced by New Yorker Rhonda Heath, who was chosen over other hopefuls at an open casting call to become the newest singer for the group.

Michael Kunze wrote the lyrics on the first two albums under the pseudonym Stephan Prager. During this time the three singers released their own solo work. McLean and Thompson achieved hit singles with "Lady Bump" and "1-2-3-4... Fire!", and "Ooh What a Night" respectively. Wulf's solo effort was only a moderate success.

Silver Convention represented Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1977 with "Telegram", finishing eighth. The entry had only English lyrics (with considerably more words than their past hits), but was allowed to enter in spite of the language rule being reintroduced this year, because the song had been chosen to represent Germany before the reintroduction was announced. In 1994, Rhonda Heath returned to Eurovision, providing backing vocals and keyboards for the German entry "Wir geben 'ne Party" performed in German by Mekado. This entry did better than Silver Convention's effort, finishing third out of the 25 entries in Dublin.

With a new producer, John Davis, and a revised line-up of singers (Suzie McClosky a.k.a. Zenda Jacks, Rhonda Heath and Ramona Wulf), Silver Convention was successful again during 1978 with the album Love in a Sleeper. The 12" single release from the LP was "Spend the Night With Me" backed with "Mission To Venus".

Levay also worked with Giorgio Moroder, and Kunze began work with Jim Steinman. The solo careers of the three singers ended quickly and they left the music industry, since interest in the disco scene was declining during this period. Levay and Kunze later collaborated on the successful Vienna productions of the musicals Elisabeth, Mozart! and Rebecca.

First U.S. concert for Braniff Airways
Silver Convention's first United States Concert was held at Dallas, Texas, in the North Hangar of Braniff International Airways Operations and Maintenance Base at Dallas Love Field Airport on Wednesday evening, February 23, 1977. The group had travelled from Acapulco, Mexico, where they had also performed on February 19, 1977 for Braniff during a special party dubbed Three Evenings To Remember. The airline threw the promotional party to announce its new Ultra Elegance Campaign and debut new air and ground crew uniforms by American fashion designer Halston. Silver Convention penned a song titled "Ultra Ultra" specifically for Braniff to commemorate the carrier's new inflight service; this song they performed in Acapulco and at the Dallas concerts. The day after the Love Field concert, the group travelled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to tape an interview for The Mike Douglas Show.

Cover versions of their songs
American jazz flautist Herbie Mann recorded a cover version of "Fly, Robin, Fly" for his 1976 album, Bird in a Silver Cage, which was co-produced and arranged by Sylvester Levay. The Australian/British string quartet Bond also recorded a version of "Fly, Robin, Fly" for their 2004 album, Classified. In 2003, German lifestyle company Apartment20 produced a version of "Fly, Robin, Fly", which featured Ramona Wulf on lead vocals and in the video for the song.

The Dancing Tolmans And Johnny Brogan covered "San Francisco Hustle" on their album "The Dancing Tolmans And Johnny Brogans Anniversary Album". The song was also covered by Blackbuster in 1976, in their album "Blackbuster 3".

The song "Get Up and Boogie" was also covered by American industrial metal band Static-X, and released as a bonus track for the album Cannibal, in 2007.

"Thank You, Mr. DJ", a B-side of the "No, No, Joe" single was sampled by the Australian alternative rock band Regurgitator for the track "The Song Formally Known As" from their second album, Unit.

American alternative rock band the Bloodhound Gang sampled "Get Up and Boogie" for the main riff of their 1996 song "Lift Your Head Up High (And Blow Your Brains Out)", released on their album One Fierce Beer Coaster. The sample was played as is during performances of the song with Lupus Thunder, but Daniel P. Carter replaced it with a live guitar part.

Discography

 * Save Me (1975)
 * Get Up and Boogie (1976)
 * Madhouse (1976)
 * Summernights (1977)
 * Telegram (1977)
 * Love in a Sleeper (1978)

title: Silver Convention


text:
Penny McLean

Gertrude Wirschinger (born 4 November 1948), better known as Penny McLean, is an Austrian vocalist who initially gained acclaim with the disco music act Silver Convention, but also had exposure as a single recording artist. As a solo singer, she is most remembered for her million seller "Lady Bump". She is also an author.

Early life and career
Gertrude Wirschinger was born in Klagenfurt.

In the early 1970s, under the name Barbra Münzer, she was part of the duo Barbra & Helmut. They released "Hideaway" bw "Stop" on the Telefunken label in 1972. Late she was a member of the trio Tony & Liza & Penny. In 1973, they released a single on the Ariola label, "Öffne Die Tür" ("Open The Door") bw "Der Fremde" ("The Stranger"). By the mid-70s, she was a member of Silver Convention, a group that also included Linda G. Thompson and Ramona Wulf. They had hits with "Save me" and "Fly, Robin, Fly". Around mid 1977, McLean left Silver Convention. She was replaced by Zenda Jacks. In October 1976, her single "Devil Eyes" was released on the Ariola label. Around July 1978, her album The Best of Penny McLean was released on Jupiter Records. In 1979, she released the single, "Tut-Ench-Amun" which was written by Bernd Meinunger, Horst Hornung and Christian Dornaus. Backed with "Child of Egypt", it was released on Jupiter 100 698. By late 1980, she was on the Teldec label roster.

Hits
Her hit "Lady Bump" sold in the millions. She also had hits with "1-2-3-4-Fire", "Dance, Bunny, Honey, Dance" and more.

"Lady Bump"
By November 1975, the track bw "The Lady Bumps On" was rated # 14 in the New York discos. In January 1976, it was #8 on the Cash box pop singles charts. In July 1976, "Lady Bump" #7 in Australia's 2S Music Survey. The single itself sold 3 million copies.

Writings
As a popular author, she has written on spiritual and numerology matters. Some of the books she has written are ''Lass los, was dich festhält. Von der Kunst, du selbst zu sein, Numerologie und Schicksal. Ihr Leben ist berechenbar and Schattenspringer - Ein Jacobsweg der Seele''.

title: Penny McLean


text:
Organic salt

Organic salt may refer to:

 * In chemistry, an organic salt is a salt (chemistry) containing an organic ion
 * In marketing, organic salt is a term for table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) that is without additives like iodine or anti-caking agents

title: Organic salt