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Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory

Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory is the fifth studio album and first concept album by American progressive metal band Dream Theater, released on October 26, 1999, through Elektra Records. It was recorded at BearTracks Studios in Suffern, New York, where the band had previously recorded their second studio album, Images and Words (1992), and the EP A Change of Seasons (1995).

The album is the sequel to "Metropolis—Part I: 'The Miracle and the Sleeper', a song featured on the band's 1992 album Images and Words. It was the first album to feature Jordan Rudess on keyboards.

For the album's twentieth anniversary, the band performed the album live in its entirety throughout the Distance over Time Tour (as documented on Distant Memories - Live in London).

On June 24, 2024, it was announced that the album would be receiving a novel adaptation, partnering with Peter Orullian as the author. It is set to be released on October 26, 2024, coinciding with the album's 25th anniversary.

History
Fans had previously requested a sequel to the song "Metropolis—Part I" from Images and Words, but the band had not yet been able—nor had they originally intended—to make one. The "Part I" was added by Petrucci as a joke. With the sessions for Falling Into Infinity (1997), the band recorded a 21-minute instrumental demo of "Metropolis Pt. 2" (which Mike Portnoy later released via his YtseJam Records site along with the other Falling Into Infinity demos), but this did not make it onto that album. The demo, which included several musical citations from "Metropolis—Part I" and featured many motifs that would later appear on Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory (most notably the majority of "Overture 1928" and "Strange Deja Vu" and parts of "The Dance of Eternity" and "One Last Time"), was however significantly different from the finished album version in most parts.

At some point during the mixing sessions for their 1994 album, Awake, keyboardist Kevin Moore left Dream Theater. Accordingly, They held auditions for keyboardists. Initially, Jordan Rudess played one concert with them on September 9, 1994, but wasn't yet considered a full-time member due to commitments to another band, the Dixie Dregs and his job at Kurzweil Music Systems. Once more, they held another round of auditions for keyboardists, and in October 1994, they selected Derek Sherinian as a touring keyboardist, then promoted him to full-time member in February 1995. His time in Dream Theater yielded an EP (A Change of Seasons), one studio album (Falling into Infinity), and one live album (Once in a LIVEtime). As such, Sherinian provided synth work for the "Metropolis Pt. 2" demo recorded during the sessions for "Falling Into Infinity".

While Dream Theater had to promote that album with Sherinian, their drummer Mike Portnoy and guitarist John Petrucci had a side-project named Liquid Tension Experiment, which also counted with the help of bassist Tony Levin and returning session keyboardist Jordan Rudess.

Portnoy and Petrucci then convinced bassist John Myung and singer James LaBrie to have Jordan Rudess join, and Derek Sherinian was fired from Dream Theater via conference call. (Portnoy and Petrucci have stated that while it was an uncomfortable and unattractive situation, they didn't want to ask Derek to fly from Los Angeles to New York only to be fired.)

After his departure, the band went back to BearTracks Studios in Suffern, New York, to record their new album, previously the site of recording for Images and Words (a photograph of Beartracks is featured on the album's back cover, meant to represent the house in the album). After the commercial failure of Falling Into Infinity, their record label gave the band free rein over their new album's direction, which led the band to finally finish the story. The final version of the story became a concept album, dealing with the story of a man named Nicholas and the discovery of his past life, which involves love, murder and infidelity as Victoria Page, and as such was heavily inspired by the 1991 film Dead Again, more so than "Metropolis—Part I".

Following the album's release, the band embarked on an extensive world tour, and at a show in New York City the band hired actors to perform the narrative elements of the album whilst they played. The performance was recorded and was released in 2001 as the Metropolis 2000 live DVD. In 2011 the album was released on LP for the first time to celebrate Record Store Day. In 2019, the twentieth anniversary of the release of Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory, Dream Theater performed it live in its entirety alongside material from their fourteenth studio album, Distance over Time. The Distance over Time tour was documented as well and released in November 2020.

Act I
Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory opens to Nicholas, a troubled man going through past life regression therapy. In a hypnotic trance induced by his hypnotherapist, he begins to see a girl named Victoria Page (her full name is in the CD booklet and was shown during the 2019 tour, when the album was performed in its entirety) and a life that feels strangely familiar, despite the fact that he has never been here. ("Regression") He learns that she was murdered, and that he was Victoria in a past life. ("Strange Deja Vu") He begins to believe that Victoria is haunting him to reveal the truth about her murder. ("Through My Words") Nicholas is able to recall that Victoria began distancing herself from her lover Julian Baynes (also given last name in 2019 tour video and is also in the CD insert) because of his drinking and gambling addictions; she sought comfort in Julian's brother Edward Baynes and began an affair with him. Nicholas assumes that Julian murdered her out of jealousy and then killed himself, a story backed up by a newspaper article covering the events, which cites a witness' testimony. However, Nicholas begins to doubt this series of events, and converses with an older man who was more familiar with the case (an animated video that played during "Fatal Tragedy" on the 2019 tour heavily suggests he is a reincarnated Julian). He realizes that he will never be able to get on with his own life until he solves her murder. ("Fatal Tragedy"; "Beyond This Life", "Through Her Eyes")

Act II
The second act begins by describing Julian's addictions to cocaine and gambling, which drives Victoria away from him. ("Home") Edward feels guilty about deceiving his brother, but decides that his love for Victoria is greater than his guilt, and he seduces her when she is vulnerable following her breakup. ("The Dance of Eternity") After visiting Edward's old house, Nicholas believes he has solved the mystery: Julian had tried to beg Victoria for forgiveness, and when rebuffed, killed both her and Edward, and positioned himself as the witness in the newspaper article. ("One Last Time") Nicholas comes to terms with what has happened, and bids farewell to Victoria. The hypnotherapist ends the session at this point, despite pleas from Victoria's memories. ("The Spirit Carries On") The narrative then cuts to Edward's perspective, revealing that he wished his romance with Victoria was more than a simple affair. As Victoria begins to reconcile with Julian again, Edward confronts the two of them, murders them, then stages the scene and assumes the role of the witness for the newspaper column. The flashback includes Edward telling Victoria to "open [her] eyes" before killing her, echoing the same words the hypnotherapist used to wake Nicholas from his hypnotic trance. ("Finally Free") In the present, Nicholas arrives home, followed by the hypnotherapist. Nicholas is startled by another request to "open [his] eyes", before the album cuts to (and concludes on) phonographic static. The band confirmed on the Scenes from New York live DVD that the hypnotherapist is Edward's reincarnation, and has killed Nicholas to complete the cycle yet again.

The static that closes this album continues at the beginning of "The Glass Prison", the first song on their next album, Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence (2002), and continuing a chain for their subsequent albums until Octavarium (2005) with the same idea but different closing notes.

Influences
Scenes from a Memory showcased a traditional progressive rock sound. According to the "Making of Scenes from a Memory" video, some of the influences for Metropolis Pt. 2 are the following concept albums: The Who's Tommy (1969), Genesis' The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974), Roger Waters' Amused to Death (1992), Radiohead's OK Computer (1997), Queensrÿche's Operation: Mindcrime (1988), The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), Marillion's Misplaced Childhood (1985), and Pink Floyds' The Wall (1979) and The Final Cut (1983). These albums are shown on a table Mike calls "Inspiration Corner".

Reception
Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory reached #73 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, #2 on the Billboard Top Internet Albums, #6 on the Finnish Albums Chart and #8 on the German Albums Chart. The album received acclaim from a variety of sources. It was ranked number 95 on the October 2006 issue of Guitar World magazine's list of "The greatest 100 guitar albums of all time". It is ranked as the 15th Greatest Concept Album (as of March 2003) by Classic Rock Magazine. The German Rock Hard magazine voted it Album of the Month, giving a perfect score, and eventually ranked it number 410 in their book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time in 2005.

In 2012, the readers of Rolling Stone voted the album into the #1 position of their "Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time" poll. Scenes from a Memory was ranked by the same magazine at #29 in their list "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time."

In 2015, The Prog Report ranked it #3 in the Top 50 Modern Prog Albums 1990–2015.

Jordan Blum of PopMatters called the album "the greatest progressive metal work of all time."

Loudwire named it at #14 in their list "Top 25 Progressive Metal Albums of All Time."

Personnel

 * Dream Theater
 * James LaBrie – vocals
 * John Petrucci – guitars, backing vocals, programming (track 7), production
 * Jordan Rudess – keyboard
 * John Myung – bass
 * Mike Portnoy – drums, background vocals, production

 * Guests
 * Theresa Thomason – additional vocals (tracks 7, 11)
 * Terry Brown – Spoken voice (tracks 1, 5, 12)
 * David Bottrill – Spoken voice (track 12)
 * Gospel choir on track 11 arranged and conducted by Jordan Rudess.
 * Choir: Theresa Thomason, Mary Canty, Shelia Slappy, Mary Smith, Jeanette Smith, Clarence Burke Jr., Carol Cyrus, Dale Scott

 * Production
 * Doug Oberkircher – sound engineering
 * Brian Quackenbush – assistant engineering
 * Michael Bates – assistant engineering
 * Terry Brown – vocals co-production
 * Kevin Shirley – mixing engineering (tracks 2–8, 11)
 * Rory Romano – mixing engineering assistance (tracks 2–8, 11)
 * David Bottrill – mixing engineering (tracks 1, 9, 10, 12)
 * Shinobu Mitsuoka – mixing engineer assistance (tracks 1, 9, 10, 12)
 * George Marino – mastering engineering
 * Eugene Nastasi – mastering engineering assistance
 * Lili Picou – art direction and design
 * Dave McKean – cover illustration
 * Ken Schles – still life photography
 * Andrew Lepley – house photography
 * Darko Danicic – band photography

title: Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory


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Large emerald

The large emerald (Geometra papilionaria) is a moth which is the type species for the family Geometridae. It is found throughout the Palearctic region and the Near East in and around deciduous forests, heathlands, marshland and in settlements close to woodland. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

Description
This is a large and attractive moth, which, as the specific name suggests, is very butterfly like. It has a wingspan of 50–65 mm. Newly emerged adults are distinctive pale green with slightly darker green and, especially, white fascia, though the green colouration fades after a few days. The characteristic white fascia take the form of three jagged, broken lines of white spots on the forewings, of which two semicircular rows continue over the hindwings.

Technical description and egg, larva and pupa
Bright green, the forewing usually with two lunulate-dentate white lnes,the hindwing with one, the lunules in the submedian area of forewing the thickest ; both wings usually in addition with a faintly darker green cell-mark and some indistinct white intraneural spots distally to the postmedian line. Under surface similarly but more weakly marked, with no antemedian line.- ab. herbacearia Men. is a form in which both the lines are obsolete. It was originally described, from Amurland, and as a separate species - ab. cuneata Burr, is characterized by a large wedge-shaped white spot adjoining the discal mark proximally in addition to the usual markings.-ab. subcaerulescens Burr, is of a bluer green ground-colour than the normal, but is probably scarcely worth naming.- ab. deleta Burr, is another unimportant aberration, in which the distal series of white spots is entirely obsolete - in ab. subobsoleta Burr. the antemedian line of the fore-wing is likewise obsolete. — ab. alba Gillm. is entirely white, above and beneath., slightly tinged with yellowish. The egg of is approximately oval, broader at one end and here flattened; it is strong and heavy looking, the surface sculptured, with strongly marked cells, the micropyle shown by a shallow, circular rayed pit. The larva feeds on birch and alder, and has been closely studied for its beautiful protective adaptations. It is rather stout, rugose, the surface shagreened, the head slightly notched, the setae mostly with enlarged summits. The larva hibernates small, and is at this time brown in colour, protectively assimilated to the tiny twigs. In the spring many become green, and they are wonderfully like the birch catkins among which they feed, various small protuberances and projecting edges of segments enhancing the resemblance. The pupa is cylindrical, tapering regularly from the fourth abdominal segment to the anal extremity; spiracles and tubercles distinct, the latter dark-coloured, bearing short curved setae; anal armature consisting of 8 hooks; the generalolour is pale green, the wing-cases tinged with brown.

Similar species
Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Thetidia smaragdaria, Campaea margaritata, Comibaena bajularia, Hemithea aestivaria and Hylaea fasciaria All lack the white, interrupted, jagged spot line on the wings.

Biology
It flies at night from June to August and is attracted to light. The hibernating larva is a reddish brown colour matching dead leaves. It turns green after hibernation to match spring leaves. It feeds mainly on birch though it has also been recorded on alder, beech, hazel and rowan. The chrysalis, enclosed in a flimsy silken web among the dead leaves, usually on the ground, is of a delicate green colour, dotted with buff on the back, and shaded with buff on the wing cases.

Subspecies

 * G. p. papilionaria Europe to the Urals, Southwest Siberia, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasus
 * G. p. herbacearia Ménétries, 1859 West Siberia - Southeast Siberia, Korea
 * G. p. subrigua (Proute, 1935) Japan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Large emerald


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Tortricidae

The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 11,000 species described, and is the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea, although the genus Heliocosma is sometimes placed within this superfamily. Many of these are economically important pests. Olethreutidae is a junior synonym. The typical resting posture is with the wings folded back, producing a rather rounded profile.

Notable tortricids include the codling moth and the spruce budworm, which are among the most well-studied of all insects because of their economic impact.

Description
Tortricid moths are generally small, with a wingspan of 3 cm or less. Many species are drab and have mottled and marbled brown colors, but some diurnal species are brightly colored and mimic other moths of the families Geometridae and Pyralidae.

Life cycle and behavior
Tortricid eggs are often flattened and scale-like.

Larvae in the subfamilies Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae usually feed by boring into stems, roots, buds, or seeds. Larvae in the subfamily Tortricinae, however, feed externally and construct leaf rolls. Larvae in the subfamily Tortricinae tend to be more polyphagous than those in Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae. Tortricinae also possess an anal fork for flicking excrement away from their shelters.

Some common tortricids
The tortricids include many economically important pests, including:
 * Summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana)
 * Fruit tree tortrix moth (Archips podana)
 * Rose leaf roller (Archips rosana)
 * Argyrotaenia ljungiana, a pest on vines, maize, and fruit trees
 * Peach moth (Cydia molesta)
 * Codling moth (Cydia pomonella)
 * Plum fruit moth (Cydia funebrana)
 * Pea moth (Cydia nigricana)
 * Chestnut and acorn moth (Cydia splendana)
 * Light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana)
 * Hemp borer (Grapholita delineana)
 * Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta)
 * Cherry fruitworm (Grapholita packardi)
 * European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana)
 * Barred fruit tree tortrix moth (Pandemis cerasana)
 * Grape berry moth (Paralobesia viteana)
 * Long-palped tortrix or vine leaf roller (Sparganothis pilleriana)
 * Bud moth (Spilonota ocellana)
 * False codling moth (Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) leucotreta)
 * Spruce budworm (Genus Choristoneura)

See also Mexican jumping bean moth (Cydia saltitans)

A typical tortricid – the codling moth
The Tortricidae are considered to be the single most important family of insects that feed on apples, both economically and in diversity of feeding found on fruit, buds, leaves, and shoots. In New York, no fewer than seventeen species of Tortricidae have gained pest status in regards to apple production.

The codling moth Cydia pomonella causes worm-holes in apples. It has been accidentally spread from its original range in Europe and is now found in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, wherever apples are grown. Control has required the use of the harshest available insecticides – historically lead arsenate and DDT were used for control. These chemicals brought considerable environmental dangers, and in any case the insect gradually developed resistance to them. Currently, organophosphate sprays are favored and are timed carefully to catch the hatching larvae before they can bore into the fruit.

title: Tortricidae


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United Provinces of Agra and Oudh

The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was a province of India under the British Raj, which existed from 22 March 1902 to 1937; the official name was shortened by the Government of India Act 1935 to United Provinces (UP), by which the province had been commonly known, and by which name it was also a province of independent India until 1950.

It corresponded approximately to the present-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Uttarakhand. Allahabad served as the administrative headquarters and the capital of the province. Two years after the annexation of Oudh State in 1856, i.e. after 1858 and until 1902, the region had existed as North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Oudh being a Chief Commissionership.

Lucknow became its capital some time after 1921. Nainital was the summer capital of the province.

History
By the 18th century, the once vast Mughal Empire was collapsing, undone by internal dissension and by expansion of the Marathas from the Deccan, the British from Bengal, and the Afghans from Afghanistan. By the middle of the century, present-day Uttar Pradesh was divided between several states: Oudh in the centre and east, ruled by a Nawab who owed allegiance to the Mughal Emperor but was de facto independent; Rohilkhand in the north, ruled by Afghans; the Marathas, who controlled the Bundelkhand region in the south, and the Mughal Empire, which controlled the entire Doab (the tongue of land between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers) as well as the Delhi region.

In 1765, the combined forces of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor met the British at the Battle of Buxar. The British won, but they did not take any territory; the whole of Awadh was restored to the Nawab, and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam was restored the subahs of Allahabad and Kora in the lower Doab, with a British garrison in the fort of Allahabad. Governor-General Warren Hastings later augmented the territory of Awadh by lending the nawab a British army to conquer Rohilkhand in the Rohilla War, and by giving Allahabad and Kora to Awadh on the ground that Shah Alam had placed himself in the power of the Marathas. At the same time the British received the province of Benares from Awadh.

Subsequently, no great change took place until the arrival of Lord Wellesley (Governor-General 1797–1805) who acquired a very large accession of territory in two instalments. In 1801 he obtained from the Nawab of Oudh the cession of Rohilkhand, the lower Doab, and the Gorakhpur Division, thus enclosing Awadh on all sides except the north. In 1804, as the result of Lord Lake's victories in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, part of Bundelkhand and the rest of the Doab, including Agra and the guardianship of the old and blind emperor, Shah Alam, at Delhi, were obtained from Scindia. In 1815 the Kumaon Division was acquired after the Gurkha War, and a further portion of Bundelkhand from the Maratha Peshwa in 1817. These new acquisitions, known as the ceded and conquered provinces, continued to be administered by the governor-general as part of Bengal. In 1833 an act of Parliament was passed to constitute a new presidency (province), with its capital at Agra. But this scheme was never fully carried out, and in 1835 another statute authorised the appointment of a lieutenant-governor for the North-Western Provinces, as they were then known.

The North-Western Provinces included the Delhi and Gurgaon territories, transferred later, after the Revolt of 1857 to the Punjab; and also (after 1853) the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories, which in 1861 became part of the Central Provinces. Awadh remained under its nawab, who was permitted to assume the title of king in 1819. Awadh was annexed in 1856 and constituted a separate chief commissionership. Then followed the Revolt of 1857, when all signs of British rule were for a time swept away throughout the greater part of the two provinces. The lieutenant-governor died when shut up in the fort at Agra, and Oudh was only reconquered after several campaigns lasting for eighteen months.

In 1877 the offices of Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh were combined in the same person; the formula was common in British imperial administration, and was known as 'double-hatting'. In 1902, when the new name of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was introduced, the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence. In 1935, the official name of the province was shortened to the United Provinces (UP).

The United Provinces became a province of the newly independent India in 1947. After the political integration of India and upon the coming into force of the new Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, three former princely states, Rampur, Benares, and Tehri Garhwal was added to it and it was renamed Uttar Pradesh.

Geography
The provinces were bounded on the north by Tibet, and on the north-east by Nepal; on the east and south-east by the Champaran, Saran, Shahabad, and Palamau Districts of Bengal; on the south by two of the Chota Nagpur States in the Central Provinces, Rewah and some small States in the Central India kanpur technical augor District in the Central Provinces; on the west by the States of Gwalior, Dholpur, and Bharatpur, the Districts of Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, and Ambala in the Punjab, and the Punjab States of Sirmur and Jubbal. The Jumna river formed part of the western boundary, the Ganges part of the southern, and the Gandak part of the eastern; other boundaries are artificial. According to the District surveys the areas of the two Provinces are, in square miles: Agra, 83,198; Oudh, 23,966; total, 107,164.9044 Including some river-beds which form District boundaries and are excluded from the District details, 041 the total area amounts to 107494 sqmi. The area of the two Native States in the Provinces (Rampur and Tehri) is 5079 sqmi more. A Presidency of Agra was first formed in 1834, up to which date the area then separated had been included in the Presidency of Bengal, being sometimes called the Western Provinces. The United Provinces included four distinct tracts of country namely, portions of the Himalayas, the sub-Himalayan tracts, the great Gangetic plain, and portions of the hill systems of Central India.

Administrative divisions
The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh included 10 divisions with 48 districts.

 * Meerut Division
 * Meerut District
 * Dehra Dun District
 * Saharanpur District
 * Muzaffarnagar District
 * Bulandshahr District
 * Aligarh District
 * Agra Division
 * Muttra District (Mathura)
 * Agra District
 * Farrukhabad District
 * Mainpuri District
 * Etawah District
 * Etah District
 * Rohilkhand Division
 * Bijnaur District (Bijnor)
 * Moradabad District
 * Budaun District
 * Bareilly District
 * Shahjahanpur District
 * Pilibhit District
 * Allahabad Division
 * Cawnpore District (Kanpur)
 * Fatehpur District
 * Banda District
 * Allahabad Division
 * Hamirpur District
 * Jhansi District
 * Benares Division
 * Mirzapur District
 * Benares District
 * Jaunpur District
 * Ghazipur District
 * Ballia District
 * Gorakhpur Division
 * Azamgarh District
 * Gorakhpur District
 * Basti District
 * Kumaun Division
 * Almora District
 * Naini Tal District
 * Garhwal District
 * Lucknow Division
 * Lucknow District
 * Unao District (Unnao)
 * Rae Bareli District
 * Hardoi District
 * Sitapur District
 * Kheri District
 * Faizabad Division
 * Faizabad District
 * Bahraich District
 * Gonda District
 * Sultanpur District
 * Bara Banki District
 * Partabgarh District

Princely states

 * Rampur State
 * Tehri-Garhwal State

Dyarchy (1920–37)
The Government of India Act 1919 expanded the United Provinces Legislative Council to 123 seats, including more elected Indian members. The reforms also introduced the principle of diarchy, whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of the Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent members and ministers in the United Provinces were Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan (Home Member), C. Y. Chintamani (Minister of Education and Industries) and Jagat Narain Mulla (Minister of Local & Self Government).

title: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh


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Kauravi dialect

Kauravi (कौरवी, ), also known as Khaṛībolī, is a dialect of Hindustani descended from Shauraseni Prakrit that is mainly spoken in northwestern Uttar Pradesh, outside of Delhi.

Modern Hindi and Urdu are two standard registers of Hindustani, descending from Old Hindi. Dehlavi, also called Hindavi gained prestige when it was accepted along with Persian as a language of the courts. Before that, it was only a language the Persianate states (like Delhi Sultanate) spoke to their subjects in, and later as a sociolect of the same ruling classes.

Modern Kauravi contains some features, such as gemination, which give it a distinctive sound and differentiates it from Braj and Awadhi. Old Hindi developed into Hindustani and then into today's Hindi and Urdu registers.

Geographical distribution
Khariboli is spoken in the rural surroundings of Delhi and northwestern Uttar Pradesh, as well as in some neighbouring areas of Haryana and Uttarakhand. The geography of this part of North India is traditionally described as doabs.

In Haryana, the following districts are Khari-speaking:
 * Kurukshetra
 * Ambala
 * Yamunanagar
 * Panchkula
 * Northern half of Faridabad
 * Eastern parts of Karnal, Sonepat, Panipat

In Uttar Pradesh, the following districts of the Yamuna-Ganges doab are Khari-speaking:

 * Saharanpur
 * Muzaffarnagar
 * Shamli
 * Baghpat
 * Meerut
 * Ghaziabad
 * Hapur
 * Bulandshahr
 * Gautam Buddha Nagar

In the trans-Ganges area, it is spoken in the following districts of Rohilkhand region in Uttar Pradesh:
 * Moradabad
 * Rampur
 * Sambhal
 * Bareilly
 * Badaun
 * Amroha
 * Bijnor

In Uttarakhand, the following districts of the Yamuna-Ganges doab are partially Khari-speaking:
 * Haridwar
 * Dehradun

In the trans-Ganges area, it is partially spoken in the following districts of Uttarakhand:

 * Nainital only in the Terai region.
 * Udham Singh Nagar

Khariboli in Hindustani popular culture
Khariboli is often seen as rustic by speakers of Standard Hindustani, and elements of it were used in Hum Log, India's first television soap opera, where the main family was depicted as having roots in Western Uttar Pradesh.

As the two main Hindustani dialects of Western Uttar Pradesh and the areas surrounding Delhi, Khariboli and Braj Bhasha are often compared. One hypothesis of how Khariboli came to be described as khari (standing) asserts that it refers to the "stiff and rustic uncouthness" of the dialect compared to the "mellifluousness and soft fluency" of Braj Bhasha. On the other hand, Khariboli supporters sometimes pejoratively referred to Braj Bhasha and other dialects as Pariboli (पड़ी बोली, ).

Kauravi and Sankrityayan's proposal
Although most linguists acknowledge that Modern Standard Hindustani descended from Khariboli, the precise mechanism of dialectical changes from Khari to the prestige dialect (such as the loss of gemination which is so prevalent in Khari) lacks consensus. There are also variations within Khari itself across the area in which it is spoken. In the mid-twentieth century, Indian scholar and nationalist, Rahul Sankrityayan, proposed a redrawing of the linguistic map of the Hindustani zone. Drawing a distinction between the Khari of Old Delhi and the Khari of the extreme western parts of Western Uttar Pradesh, he advocated that the former retain the name Khariboli while the latter be renamed to Kauravi, after the Kuru Kingdom of ancient India. Although the term Khariboli continues to be applied as it traditionally was, some linguists have accepted the term Kauravi as well, applying to the language spoken in the linguistic arc running from Saharanpur to Agra (i.e. the close east and northeast of Old Delhi). Sankrityayan postulated that this Kaurvi dialect was the parent of Old Delhi's specific Khari dialect. Sankrityayan had also advocated that all Hindustani be standardized on the Devanagari script and Perso-Arabic entirely is abandoned.

Other dialects of Hindustani
Khariboli is related to four registers of Hindustani, the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan: Standard Hindi, Standard Urdu, Dakhini and Rekhta. Standard Hindi (also High Hindi, Manak Hindi) is the language of the government and is one of the official languages of India, Standard Urdu is the state language and national language of Pakistan, Dakhini is the historical literary dialect of the Deccan region, and Rekhta the "mixed" Hindustani of medieval poetry. These registers, together with Sansiboli, form the Hindustani dialect group.

Early influences
The area around Delhi has long been the center of power in northern India, and naturally, the Khari Boli dialect came to be regarded as urbane and of a higher standard than the other surrounding languages. This view gradually gained ground over the 19th century; before that period, other languages such as Awadhi, Braj Bhasha, and Sadhukaddi were preferred by littérateurs. Standard Hindustani first developed with the migration of Persian Khari Boli speakers from Delhi to the Awadh region—most notably Amir Khusro, mixing the 'roughness' of Khari Boli with the relative 'softness' of Awadhi to form a new language which became called "Hindavi." This also became referred to as Hindustani, which was adopted as Hindi and Urdu by India and Pakistan after partition.

Although as a dialect, Khari Boli belongs to the Upper Doab, "Hindavi" developed in the cultural spheres of Allahabad and Varanasi.

Rise as the basis for Standard Hindustani
The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in the compositions of Amir Khusro (1253–1325).

Before the rise of Khariboli, the languages adopted by the Bhakti saints: Braj Bhasha (Krishna devotees), Awadhi (adopted by the Rama devotees) and Maithili (Vaishnavites of Bihar). However, after the Bhakti movement became ritualistic, these languages came to be regarded as rural and unrefined. Khariboli, on the other hand, was spoken in the urban area surrounding the Mughal courts, where Persian was the official language. The Persian-influenced Khariboli thus gradually came to be regarded as a prestige dialect, although hardly any literary works had been written in Khariboli before the British period in India.

The European administrators in India and the Christian missionaries played an important role in the creation and promotion of the Khariboli-based modern Hindustani. In 1800, the British East India Company established a college of higher education at Calcutta named the Fort William College. John Borthwick Gilchrist, a president of that college, encouraged his professors to write in their native tongue; some of the works thus produced were in the literary form of the Khariboli dialect. These books included Premsagar by Lallu Lal, Nasiketopakhyan by Sadal Mishra; Sukhsagar by Sadasukh Lal of Delhi and Rani Ketaki Ki Kahani by Inshallah Khan. More developed forms of Khariboli can also be seen in some mediocre literature produced in the early 18th century. Examples are Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima by Ganga Bhatt, Yogavashishtha by Ram Prasad Niranjani, Gora Badal Ki Katha by Jatmal, Mandovar Ka Varnan by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's Jain Padmapuran by Daulat Ram (dated 1761). With government patronage and literary popularity, the Khariboli flourished, even as the use of previously more literary tongues such as Awadhi, Braj, and Maithili declined in the literary vehicles. The literary works in Khariboli gained momentum from the second half of the 19th century onwards. A prominent Indian historian Raja Sivaprasad was a promoter of the Hindi language, in particular the Khariboli version. Gradually, in the subsequent years, Khariboli became the basis for standard Hindustani, which began to be taught in schools and used in government functions.

Urdu, the heavily Persianised version of Khariboli, replaced Persian as the official language of local administration in North India in the early 19th century. However, the association of the Persian script with Muslims prompted Hindus to develop their own Sanskritised version of the dialect, leading to the formation of Hindi. After India became independent in 1947, the Khariboli-based dialect was officially recognised as the Hindi language, which was declared as one of the official languages for central government functioning.

title: Kauravi dialect


text:
Micah Wright

Micah Ian War Dog Wright (born 1969) is an American writer who has worked in film, television, animation, video games and comic books. He is an enrolled member of the Muscogee Creek Nation.

Early life
Wright was born in Lubbock, Texas. He graduated from the University of Arizona with degrees in political science and creative writing. While in college, Wright was involved in a weekly sketch comedy show where he started out as a writer and eventually became a performer.

Animation and comics
After graduating and moving to Los Angeles, Wright started interning at Nickelodeon, before becoming script supervisor and eventually a staff writer on The Angry Beavers. In early 2000, a number of writers working on Nickelodeon cartoons contacted the Writers Guild of America to renegotiate the contracts on their behalf and organize a union. At the time, Wright, who also took part in the union drive, was writing and producing the pilot for his own show, Constant Payne, a steampunk science fiction series following a family of adventurers co-produced with Madhouse, with an aesthetic inspired by anime, pulp magazines and early Soviet propaganda posters. The show, which would have been Nickelodeon's first action adventure offering, was not ordered to series due to the network's fears of violent programming in the wake of the September 11 attacks as well as Nickelodeon's suspicions that Wright was one of the figureheads in the union organizing effort. Wright has since tried pitching Constant Payne to Warner Bros. Animation and to foreign studios as an animated feature-length film but the project remains uncompleted. During his time at Nickelodeon, Wright became friends with Jay Lender, with whom he would collaborate as a writing partner on numerous projects across various media.

At San Diego Comic Con in 2001, Wright, who has been a fan of comics since childhood, was introduced to some of the editors of DC Comics' Wildstorm imprint through his friend, artist John Cassaday. Wright pitched his idea for a creator-owned G.I. Joe-type series, hoping to publish it through the Homage sub-imprint. The editors liked the concept but asked Wright to rework it to fit into the Wildstorm Universe, and the project was eventually developed into a new version of one of the imprint's founding titles, Stormwatch. Stormwatch: Team Achilles with art by Whilce Portacio, debuting in July 2002 under the "mature readers" sub-imprint Eye of the Storm, featured a UN-sanctioned team that consisted primarily of human soldiers and was created in response to the growing superhuman presence in the political areas of the Wildstorm Universe, particularly the events depicted in Mark Millar's run on The Authority. Despite consistent critical acclaim throughout its run,     Stormwatch, like other Eye of the Storm titles, suffered from low sales  and was ultimately cancelled few issues shy of Wright's planned 26-issue storyline. Shortly before the cancellation, the series took part in the line-wide crossover "Coup d'Etat" which saw The Authority take over the United States, forcing Team Achilles to go on the run.

Soon after the launch of Stormwatch: Team Achilles, Wright and artist Mark Robinson created a pitch for the revival of another Wildstorm property, DV8, which was rejected due to the low sales of the series' previous iteration and the creators' relatively unknown status. In 2003, Wright teamed up with artist Rick Remender to pitch a series focusing on the exploits of a low-ranking member of Advanced Idea Mechanics, a villainous organization operating within the Marvel Universe. The proposal, titled Joe A.I.M. and submitted for publication under Marvel's briefly revived Epic imprint, was rejected, prompting Wright to share his dissatisfaction with the Epic editorial on his Delphi message board, which resulted in a public dispute between him and Marvel's then-Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada. In an interview later that year, Wright expressed regret for making the issue public. Other unproduced projects include American Cross with artist Niko Henrichon, a revenge story that takes place during the American Revolution, Lifer with artist Steve Pugh, a four-issue military sci-fi series described by Wright as "Starship Troopers meets Catch-22", Los Diablos with art by Taesoo Kim, a rejected weird western anime pitch repurposed into a comic book series. and Thunderhead!, an adult-oriented animated series co-created by Wright and Jay Lender.

Controversy and fallout
Outside of his work in animation and comics, Wright gained online popularity with a series of satirical military propaganda posters that combined the imagery of the World War II-era propaganda posters and the modern anti-war messages as slogans. Shortly after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, some of the posters were collected into a book, You Back the Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want, with a foreword by Kurt Vonnegut and an introduction by Howard Zinn. Early printings of the book featured another introduction, where Wright described his experiences as a sergeant in the United States Army Rangers who had seen active combat in the 1989 invasion of Panama, a claim he had previously made discussing his military-themed series Stormwatch: Team Achilles in various interviews   as well as responding to the criticism of his poster work online, and further elaborated upon while promoting You Back the Attack with a radio interview on Democracy Now! and a profile in The Washington Post. Wright's credentials were then questioned by actual Rangers, prompting them to contact The Post profile's author Richard Leiby, who began researching Wright's background. In April 2004, after Wright learned that Leiby was writing an exposé questioning his military service, he confessed that he had never been a Ranger, having only participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, and apologized online.

The revelation resonated across the comic book industry, attracting responses from a number of industry figures including writers Steven Grant, Jeff Parker, Kurt Busiek and Mark Millar, as well as journalists Tom Spurgeon and Rich Johnston. According to Johnston, the mini-series Vigilante, which was supposed to be Wright's writing debut in the DC Universe, was already causing internal concern at the company due to the direction and tone of the title, as the titular character eschewed taking down street criminals or organized crime in favor of corporate criminals, and the controversy made it easier to take Wright off the book. Wright responded by stating that the quality of his work was not an issue. Meanwhile, Seven Stories Press, the publisher of You Back the Attack, removed Wright's introduction from the subsequent printings of the book and cancelled its follow-up volume, If You're Not a Terrorist... Then Stop Asking Questions, but eventually published the third collection of his poster work in 2006. That same year, the Vigilante mini-series, which was never officially confirmed as cancelled, was published with a new creative team and plotline. In a 2012 interview, Wright stated that following the controversy, he was privately told by the representatives of Marvel and DC that he has been blacklisted at both companies.

Video games and WGA
Since 2004, Wright has worked primarily in the field of video game writing, often with his long-time writing partner Jay Lender. The pair's shared credits include Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Electronic Arts, The Dukes of Hazzard: Return of the General Lee for Ubisoft, Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon and its sequel for THQ, as well as Robocalypse for Vogster. Wright is a member of the Writers Guild of America West, where he is the chair of the Video Game Writers Caucus. In 2007, Wright and Lender were cited as being "instrumental" in creating the WGA's first ever Video Game Writing Award as part of the traditional film and television Writers Guild Awards. In 2011, the Video Game Writing Award attracted criticism from various video game websites for being too exclusive, prompting Wright to address the issue online.

In addition to his work at WGA's Video Game Writers Caucus, Wright co-founded the Native American and World Indigenous Writers Committee and was elected to be a part of the Guild Negotiating Committee for 2014.

2010s
In 2012, Wright returned to comics with the launch of a Kickstarter campaign for Duster, a graphic novel he co-created with Jay Lender. The story, initially developed as a film script, depicts the life of a recently-widowed female cropduster pilot at the end of World War II and her battle against a group of Nazi soldiers who crash-landed near her farm in West Texas. The graphic novel was eventually published in 2015. That same year, Wright worked as a consultant on HTC Vive's virtual reality game TheBlu, which led to his interest in VR technology and eventually a position as a teacher of the virtual reality filmmaking course at the Los Angeles branch of Emerson College. In 2016, Wright and Lender made their directorial debut with the feature film They're Watching, a found footage horror comedy distributed by Amplify.

Between 2017 and 2019, Wright served as the Chief Content Manager of the Native American broadcast television network First Nations Experience, overseeing the creation of first original programming in the network's history.

Television

 * The Angry Beavers (script supervisor, 1997–1999; writer, 1999–2001)
 * Constant Payne (writer/director/executive producer, unreleased pilot)
 * Ozzy and Drix (writer, 2002)
 * Aboriginal Unity Experience (executive producer, 2017–2018)
 * KVCarts (executive producer, 2017–2018)
 * Native Shorts (executive producer, 2017–2019)
 * Smoke Signals (writer/executive producer, 2017–2019)
 * First Nations Comedy Experience (executive producer, 2018)
 * Studio 49 (executive producer, 2018–2019)
 * Wassaja (executive producer, 2018)
 * Future Proof (executive producer, 2018)
 * California Pow-Wow (writer/executive producer, 2018–2019)
 * The Huunam of Paakuma (executive producer, 2018)
 * Native Vote 2018 (executive producer, 2018)
 * Live from 3rd and Grand (executive producer, 2019)
 * Sherlock & Daughter (writer, 2025)

Film

 * Wonderful Days (uncredited; co-writer with Jay Lender, 2003)
 * They're Watching (co-writer and co-director with Jay Lender, 2016)

Comics

 * DC Comics:
 * Stormwatch (Wildstorm):
 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles #1–23 (with Whilce Portacio, Mark Texeira (#7), Tomm Coker (#8), C. P. Smith, Clément Sauvé (#21–22) and Carlos D'Anda (#22–23), Eye of the Storm, 2002–2004)
 * The series was set for cancellation with issue #24 which was solicited for July 2004 but ended up being unpublished due to the controversy surrounding Wright's claims of military service.
 * Wright has posted the full scripts for the entire series, including the unpublished Stormwatch: Team Achilles #24, online.
 * The series, along with the related short stories originally released in various other publications, has been partially collected in two volumes:
 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles Volume 1 (collects #1–6 and the 8-page preview from Wizard #129, tpb, 160 pages, 2003, ISBN 1-4012-0103-2)
 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles Volume 2 (collects #7–11, tpb, 128 pages, 2003, ISBN 1-4012-0123-7)
 * Includes the "40 Winks" short story (art by Tomm Coker) from Eye of the Storm Annual (2003)
 * Another volume was solicited for a 2004 release but subsequently cancelled: Stormwatch: Team Achilles Volume 3 (tpb, 192 pages, ISBN 1-4012-0289-6)
 * Coup d'Etat #2: "Of, by and for the People" (with Carlos D'Anda, Eye of the Storm, 2004) collected in Coup d'Etat (tpb, 112 pages, 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0570-4)
 * Eye of the Storm Annual: "Delivery" (with Carlos D'Anda, co-feature, Wildstorm, 2003)
 * Vigilante vol. 2 (with Carlos D'Anda, unreleased 6-issue limited series — initially announced for 2004)
 * Duster (co-written by Wright and Jay Lender, art by Diego Coglitore and Cristian Mallea, graphic novel self-published as Evil Scum, 264 pages, 2015, ISBN 1-9427-4982-1)
 * In addition to the print release, the book was also published as a digital 6-issue limited series (via Comixology) and serialized in the form of a webcomic.
 * Get Lucky (co-written by Wright and Jay Lender, art by Diego Coglitore, 29-page webcomic, 2015–2016)

Poster books

 * You Back the Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want (96 pages, Seven Stories Press, 2003, ISBN 1-58322-584-6)
 * If You're Not a Terrorist... Then Stop Asking Questions (48 pages, self-published via Xlibris, 2005, ISBN 1-4134-9276-2)
 * Surveillance Means Security (128 pages, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 1-58322-741-5)

Work in video games

 * Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003), Electronic Arts
 * Shadow Ops: Red Mercury (2004), Atari
 * The Dukes of Hazzard: Return of the General Lee (2004), Ubisoft
 * Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), 2K Games
 * Friends: The One with All the Trivia (2005), Warner Bros. Home Video
 * The Sopranos: The Road To Respect (2006), THQ
 * HUXLEY (2008), Webzen
 * Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon (2008), THQ
 * Destroy All Humans! Big Willy Unleashed (2008), THQ
 * Night at the Museum 2 (2008), Brash Entertainment
 * League of Legends (2008), Riot Games
 * Robocalypse (2008), Vogster
 * Rolando 2: Quest for the Golden Orchid (2009), Ngmoco
 * Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Activision
 * Big League Sports Summer (2009), Activision
 * Robocalypse: Mobile Destruction (2009), Vogster
 * Robocalypse: Beaver Defense (2009), Vogster
 * Raving Rabbids: Travel in Time (2010), Ubisoft
 * PlayStation Move Heroes (2010), SCEA/Nihilistic Software
 * Skullgirls (2011), Reverge Labs
 * Call of Duty: Black Ops II (2012), Activision
 * TheBlu (2016), WeVR

title: Micah Wright


text:
Danny White

Wilford Daniel White (born February 9, 1952) is an American former football quarterback who played for 13 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He was the third major franchise quarterback in Cowboys history, following Roger Staubach and Don Meredith. White was 62–30 as a starter, was a second team All-Pro selection in 1982, and led the Cowboys to five playoff appearances, with three consecutive appearances in the NFC Championship game from 1980 to 1982. White was also among the last Cowboys quarterbacks in the Tom Landry era, alongside 1988 starter Steve Pelluer.

White primarily played the quarterback position, but occasionally played punter. Upon his retirement, White coached in the Arena Football League (AFL). He has been the color commentator for Cowboys games on Compass Media Networks' America's Team Radio Network since the 2011 season. He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils.

Early life
A graduate of Westwood High School in Mesa, Arizona, White did not receive a lot of notice while being the starter at quarterback, due to his perception as a better baseball prospect.

Frank Kush, then the football head coach at Arizona State University, helped convince Bobby Winkles, the school's baseball coach, to sign White to a scholarship with the provision that he would also play punter for the football team. During those early years Kush gave him a chance to improve his skills as a quarterback, which eventually would lead him to become the starter midway through his sophomore season, ending up throwing for six touchdowns in a game against the University of New Mexico.

White went on to have a stellar career as a quarterback and punter, compiling a 32–4 record, winning three Fiesta Bowls, setting seven NCAA passing records and being named an All-American in 1973, when he led the nation's second rated total offense. He finished with 6,717 passing yards, 64 touchdowns, 42 interceptions and averaged 41.7 yards per punt.

Besides having his jersey retired, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the State of Arizona Sports Hall of Fame, and the Arizona State University Athletics Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was named Arizona Athlete of the Century by the Arizona Republic. He also was an inaugural member of Dunham and Miller Hall of Fame.

On October 29, 2010, White was honored, along with other Sun Devil Quarterbacks, at a Legends Luncheon hosted by the Arizona State University Alumni Association and Sun Devil Club. Other honorees included John F. Goodman, Andrew Walter, and Jake Plummer.

Memphis Southmen (WFL)
The Dallas Cowboys selected him in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1974 NFL Draft, but were mainly interested in him as a punter, so he chose to sign with the World Football League's Memphis Southmen for a better offer.

White shared the quarterback position with John Huarte, helping his team reach the semifinals as a rookie and a second-place finish in 1975. During these two years, he passed for 2,635 yards and 21 touchdowns in 30 games, and also led the league in punting his last year.

Dallas Cowboys
In 1976, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys after the World Football League folded. Through 1979, White was the Cowboys' punter and the backup to the team's star quarterback Roger Staubach. After Staubach's retirement following the end of that season, White became the Cowboys' starting quarterback. Until 1984, he continued to serve as the team's punter, making him one of the last starting quarterbacks in NFL history to also start at a different position. He punted for the last time in his career once in 1985.

In a memorable 1980 playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons, White led the Cowboys to a come-from-behind 30–27 victory. He also played in one of the Cowboys' most painful playoff losses against the San Francisco 49ers in the 1981 NFC Championship Game, famous for the Joe Montana-to-Dwight Clark game-winning play, which would simply come to be known as "The Catch". White threw for 173 yards, 2 TDs and 1 INT, and his passer rating in the game was actually higher than Montana's, 98.1 vs. 81.4. He received Pro Bowl and second-team All-Pro honors in 1982.

White led the Cowboys to three consecutive NFC Championship Games (1980–1982). The Cowboys were favored to win all three games even though they played on the road against the NFC's top seeded team in each game - even, oddly, in 1982 when the Cowboys' and Redskins' regular season records were 6-3 and 8-1 respectively. White received criticism, some unfairly, after the Cowboys lost all three games. White was criticized during the 1982 NFL Players Strike by teammate Tony Dorsett for crossing the picket line citing financial reasons, though Dorsett himself was criticized for crossing the picket line with his own financial concerns soon after. Fans and teammates alike began to show support for him to be replaced as the Cowboys quarterback by Gary Hogeboom, who had thrown two touchdowns in the 1982 NFC Championship Game (which they lost to the archrival Washington Redskins) after White was knocked out of the game with a concussion. Even his statistically career-best 1983 season failed to silence the critics, after ending it with consecutive blowout losses to the Redskins (at home) and the 49ers after a 12–2 start. To add insult to injury, the Cowboys lost the NFC Wildcard Playoff game to the Los Angeles Rams. That apparently was enough for him to lose his starting job to Hogeboom at the start of the 1984 season. Under Hogeboom, the Cowboys looked impressive with a 4–1 start, but then a loss to division rival St. Louis and ineffective plays by Hogeboom convinced coach Tom Landry to reinstate White as his starter. The Cowboys finished 9–7, but missed the playoffs in 1984 for the first time in a decade; but with White as quarterback, the Cowboys made it back in 1985 with a 10–6 record. However, they lost again to the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs.

In 1986, the Cowboys started 6–2, had the #1 offense in the NFL, were tied for the lead in the NFC Eastern Division and White was also the number one rated passer in the NFC at that point in the season. During an away game against Bill Parcells's New York Giants, however, a blind-side sack by Giants linebacker Carl Banks broke White's throwing wrist and tore ligaments, knocking him out of the game and ending his season. Dallas lost the game, 17–14, and without him the team faded badly, finishing the year 7–9 and the Cowboys first losing season since 1965.

White returned as the starter at the beginning of 1987, but after inconsistent play, he was benched in favor of Steve Pelluer for 4 of the final 6 games. In 1988, Pelluer won the starting job in training camp, relegating White as a backup. White appeared briefly in only two games, and in his second game he suffered a season-ending knee injury. An option on his contract was not picked up in April 1989 and he announced his retirement on July 12, 1989, paving the way for the recently-drafted Troy Aikman to take the reins of the by-then struggling franchise.

White had 1,761 completions on 2,950 attempts for 21,959 yards, 155 touchdowns, and 132 interceptions in his career. He also gained 482 yards and scored 8 touchdowns rushing. Unusual for a quarterback, he had two pass receptions for touchdowns, both from a halfback option pass. On special teams he punted 610 times for 24,509 yards, an average of 40.4 yards per punt, with 144 punts inside the 20 and 77 touchbacks. His record as the Cowboys' starting quarterback was 62–30 (.659 winning percentage) during the regular season, and 5–5 in the playoffs.

Being Roger Staubach's successor and never reaching a Super Bowl as a starting quarterback contributed to White's being an unappreciated player, even considering all of the successes he achieved for the Cowboys and the NFL during the decade of the eighties. "I don't think anybody could have followed Roger and done as well as Danny", Coach Tom Landry remarked, "Danny was a solid winner."

Coaching career
White's career as a coach began shortly after his playing days ended. This is appropriate considering that, while an active player, he was widely regarded—like Staubach before him—as knowledgeable of the game and as something of a coach on the field. He also began working as a broadcast commentator during his coaching career, which was possible because he coached Arena football, which is played during the outdoor game's off-season.

White served as the head coach of the Arizona Rattlers from 1992 to 2004, winning the ArenaBowl championship in 1994 and 1997. White's contract was not renewed by the new Rattlers ownership after the 2004 season following three consecutive ArenaBowl losses. He was named the head coach of the Arena Football League expansion Utah Blaze, which began play in 2006. He led his teams to the playoffs in 10 of 11 seasons, including two championships (1994 and 1997), finishing with a 162–95 record as a head coach.

In 2002, he was inducted into the Arena Football League Hall of Fame in recognition for his coaching success.

Personal life
White's father, Wilford "Whizzer" White (no relation to Byron White, who also was nicknamed "Whizzer" and played American football), was the first Arizona State University All-American football player and still ranks third in school history with 1,502 rushing yards in a season (1950), he also played halfback for the Chicago Bears from 1951–52.

In 1983, White briefly recorded as a country music artist for the Grand Prix label. His only single, "You're a Part of Me", a duet with Linda Nail, reached #85 on the Hot Country Songs charts.

White and his wife, JoLynn, have four children, Ryan (d. 2015), Geoff, Heather and Reed, and sixteen grandchildren. He now makes corporate appearances and motivational speeches. JoLynn died on August 15, 2016. White is currently married to Linda L. Bang. In recent years he has been seen on TV doing ADT security infomercials.

White is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

title: Danny White


text:
Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France

Blanche of Navarre (Blanche d'Évreux; c. 1331 – 5 October 1398), was a French princess and Infanta of Navarre as a member of the House of Évreux (a cadet branch of the House of Capet) and by marriage Queen of France from 29 January until 22 August 1350.

Blanche d'Évreux was intended to become the bride of John, Duke of Normandy, heir of the throne of France — whose first wife had just died of the Black Death— but eventually married his father, King Philip VI of France. Only a few months after their wedding, the French king died prematurely and Blanche found herself a widow.

After giving birth in 1351 to a posthumous daughter, Blanche refused to remarry King Peter of Castile and retired to the large dower lands that were granted by her late husband. Despite her widowhood, she played an essential role in 1354 by attempting to reconcile her brother King Charles II of Navarre with King John II of France. In 1389, she organized the coronation of Isabeau of Bavaria, the wife of King Charles VI of France.

Life
Born around 1331, Blanche was the third daughter of King Philip III and Queen Joan II of Navarre; by both her paternal and maternal ancestry, she belonged to the House of Capet.

Blanche was engaged on 19 August 1335 to Andrew, only son and heir of the Dauphin Humbert II of Viennois, but the project was abandoned after the premature death of her fiancé two months later. Then, on 15 March 1340, a marriage contract was signed between Blanche and Louis of Male, only son and heir of Louis I, Count of Flanders, which provided for payment of a dowry of 50,000 livres for the Infanta of Navarre. The engagement was nullified on 6 June 1347 by the marriage of Louis of Male to Margaret, daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant. Finally, on 1 July 1345, while still officially engaged with the heir of Flanders, a marriage contract was drawn up between Blanche and Peter, son and heir of King Alfonso XI of Castile. Nevertheless, it was almost immediately abandoned by the Castilian court in favor of a marriage with Joan, daughter of King Edward III of England.

Queenship
On 29 January 1350 at Brie-Comte-Robert, Blanche married King Philip VI of France, forty years her senior. Initially, she was intended to marry John, Duke of Normandy, heir of the throne of France. However, King Philip VI became captivated by her beauty and decided to marry her instead; explaining her reputation as one of the most beautiful princesses of her time and her nickname "Beautiful Wisdom" (Belle Sagesse). The Duke of Normandy was married to Blanche's first cousin Joan I, Countess of Auvergne. As the chronicler Jean Le Bel recounts:

"«...the father took the beautiful young damsel Blanche, whom his son had wanted as a wife. The father was so attracted to her for her beauty and gracefulness that he married her, and gave his son in marriage to the damsel Blanche's first cousin.»"

Due to the Black Death that spread throughout the kingdom, the new Queen of France was not crowned after the wedding ceremony. Blanche's union with King Philip VI only lasted six months before he suddenly died on 22 August 1350. According to some chroniclers, his death was due to exhaustion from constantly fulfilling his conjugal duties. Pregnant by her late husband, Blanche gave birth to her daughter Joan in May 1351.

Since the announcement of the death of King Philip VI, Pope Clement VI considered the remarriage of Blanche with her former fiancé, King Peter of Castile, to strengthen the links between the Kingdoms of Castile and France. After discussing it with Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, Archbishop of Toledo, and Pedro, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, the Pope wrote on this subject on 5 October 1350 to Blanche's brother, King Charles II of Navarre, who had encouraged her marriage to Philip VI a few months before. The marriage plan was temporarily put on hold due to Blanche's pregnancy, but the Pope insisted that she be married after she gave birth. However, she refused to consider a second marriage and is said to have even declared, "The Queens of France do not remarry" (Les reines de France ne se remarient point). Tenacious, the pontiff wrote in March 1352 to Joan of Évreux —Blanche's paternal aunt and also Dowager Queen of France— in order to make her change her mind, but the widow of Philip VI resolutely rejected the papal proposal.

Retirement
Once widowed, Blanche retired to the residence of Neaufles-Saint-Martin, located near Gisors, which her husband had granted her as her dower land. She devoted herself to the education of her daughter Joan, whose marriage contract with Infante John, Duke of Girona, son and heir of King Peter IV of Aragon, was signed on 16 July 1370; unfortunately, the princess died on 16 September 1371 in Béziers on her way to Perpignan to celebrate her wedding. Blanche's retirement did not prevent her from temporarily returning to the court of King John II, whom she tried to bring closer to her brother King Charles II of Navarre. Thus, after the assassination of Charles de la Cerda on 8 January 1354, she persuaded the French monarch to sign the Treaty of Mantes with the King of Navarre on 22 February of the same year.

Blanche had an influential presence under the reign of King Charles VI of France. On 2 October 1380, she attended the proclamation of the end of the regency of the young sovereign at the Palais de la Cité, and on 18 July 1385, she welcomed his new wife Isabeau of Bavaria at Creil. Blanche was charged with teaching the new Queen the traditions and etiquette of the French court. On 22 August 1389, she organized the Joyous Entry of Queen Isabeau in Paris, which preceded her coronation the next day. During the coronation ceremony in Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, Blanche attended on Charles VI, along with her cousin Princess Blanche of France, Duchess of Orleans, youngest daughter of King Charles IV of France and Joan of Évreux. After this ceremony, Blanche withdrew to Neaufles-Saint-Martin and died on 5 October 1398, aged 67. She was buried in the royal necropolis at the Basilica of Saint-Denis next to her daughter. Her tomb, like many other royal ones, was desecrated on 17 October 1793 by the revolutionaries.

In Literature
Blanche de Navarre is a minor character in the historical series "The Accursed Kings" (Les Rois maudits) by Maurice Druon. She appears in the seventh and final volume, titled When a King loses France. The author describes it as follows:

"«Then there is Madame Blanche, the sister of Charles of Navarre, the second wife of Philip VI, who was only queen six months, barely enough time to get used to wearing a crown. She has the reputation of being the most beautiful woman in the kingdom. I saw her recently, and I gladly ratify this judgment. She is twenty-four now, and for six years now she has wondered what use there can be in the whiteness of her skin, her enamel eyes, and her perfect body. Had nature given her a less splendid appearance, she would be queen now, since she was destined for King John! ...The late king only took her for himself because he was pierced by her beauty.

After she had, in half a year, made her husband pass from the bed to the tomb, she was proposed in marriage to the King of Castile, Don Pedro, whom his subjects nicknamed "the Cruel." She sent her answer, perhaps a little hastily: "A queen of France does not remarry." She was greatly praised for this expression of dignity. But now she wonders if it was not a very heavy sacrifice that she made for her past magnificence. The domain of Melun is her dower. She makes great embellishments there; but although she can change the rugs and hangings that make up her room at Christmas and Easter, it is always alone that she sleeps there.»"

- Maurice Druon, When a King loses France.

Testament patronage and material culture

 * First publication:
 * — About the founding by Blanche de Navarre of a funeral chapel in the abbey church at the Basilica of St Denis.
 * — About the founding by Blanche de Navarre of a funeral chapel in the abbey church at the Basilica of St Denis.

title: Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France


text:
Talk:Gene flow

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Untitled
Right. I cut out some nonsense out of this article:

Namely:

(1) gene flow not demonstrable in humans - wrong. There are genes that have spread from blacks to whites in North America. Will try to remember to find out what they are... (and that is not racist, btw.)

Snipped out too nonsense about eugenics and genetic determinism as being irrelevant to the main article (though not a valid comment for elsewhere)

Duncharris 16:30, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Gene flow is greater in the North than in the South, due to cultural attitudes."

The last phrase is an opinion unless we have a source, so I removed it. --zandperl 23:41, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

I understand the logic of adding HGT and hybridization to the Gene flow article but it creates some confusion. In the classic sense, restricting gene flow is essential for speciation. However, HGT and Hybridization both generate speciation so then gene flow in this sense is essential for speciation. GetAgrippa 05:54, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

The phrasing in the introductory paragraph needed a little bit of tightening, I thought. I changed the phrase '(the number of individual members carrying a particular variant of a gene)' to 'the proportion of members...' As well, I switched a couple sentences in the second paragraph, changing "One of the most significant factors is mobility, and animals tend to be more mobile than plants. Greater mobility of an individual tends to give it greater migratory potential." to "...is mobility, as greater mobility of an individual tends to give it greater migratory potential. Animals tend to be more mobile than plants, although pollen and seeds may be carried great distances by animals or wind." I wasn't sure that the statement about animals even needed to be included, particularly without cites, because it's so broad as to be nearly meaningless (think marine algae vs pines vs rhinos vs crows... no obvious patterns emerge) Bar fly high 00:11, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gene flow


text:
Talk:Forensic science

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NPOV
The article gives too much weight towards suggesting these methods are reliable. See my comments at Talk:Fingerprint. I also had to add issues with their validity in forensic science to the lead of that article as there was nothing in the lead suggesting any issues. Doug Weller talk 14:45, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed. DolyaIskrina (talk) 20:29, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

Skeptoid EL
As I was posting the Dunning Skeptoid external link I see the note regarding ELs. As in his many podcasts I think Dunning is even-handed and informative. This EL is appropriate. – S. Rich (talk) 05:12, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Question about location for information
I have information about DNA profiling of root fragments of teeth. Would this fit more under the forensic dentistry portion under the questionable techniques or under the DNA section of this article? KalleyO (talk) 18:34, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Forensic science


text:
Institute for Dialectology, Onomastics and Folklore Research in Umeå

DAUM, the Institute for Dialectology, Onomastics and Folklore Research in Umeå (Dialekt-, ortnamns- och folkminnesarkivet i Umeå), is a Swedish governmental archive bureau which collects, preserves, work up and provides information about dialects, place names, folklore culture and local history. DAUM is part of the Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore.


text:
User:Foodman

Hello.

title: User:Foodman