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Romania national football team

The Romania national football team (Echipa națională de fotbal a României) represents Romania in men's international football, and is administered by the Romanian Football Federation (Federația Română de Fotbal), also known as FRF. They are colloquially known as Tricolorii (The Tricolours).

Romania is one of only four national teams from Europe—the other three being Belgium, France, and Yugoslavia—that took part in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930. Including that participation, Romania has qualified for seven World Cup editions, the latest in 1998. The national team's finest hour came in 1994, when led by playmaker Gheorghe Hagi it defeated Argentina 3–2 in the round of 16, before being eliminated by Sweden on a penalty shoot-out in the quarter-finals.

At the European Championships, Romania's best performance was in 2000 when they advanced to the quarter-finals from a group with Germany, Portugal, and England, before falling to eventual runners-up Italy. They also reached the last eight in 1960, 1972 and 1984, and have qualified for a total of six tournaments.

Early years
The Romanian Football Federation (Federația Română de Fotbal) was established in October 1909 in Bucharest. Romania played their first international match on 8 June 1922, a 2–1 win over Yugoslavia in Belgrade, being coached by Teofil Moraru. Several temporary coaches were employed, before Moraru resumed control in August 1924, managing the side for nearly four years. Romania enjoyed some success during the 1930s; manager Costel Rădulescu took them to the first three FIFA World Cup tournaments, a feat matched only by Brazil, Belgium and France.

World Cups in the 1930s
At the 1930 World Cup, Romania won their first match against Peru, 3–1, with goals from Adalbert Deșu, Constantin Stanciu, and Nicolae Kovács and Samuel Zauber as goalkeeper, before losing 4–0 by hosts and eventual winners Uruguay.

Romania qualified for the next World Cup in 1934 after beating Yugoslavia 2–1 in a repeat of their first international. At the finals, Romania played only one game in a new knock-out format, losing 2–1 to Czechoslovakia in Trieste, Italy, with Ștefan Dobay scoring their only goal of the tournament.

Romania qualified by default for the 1938 World Cup after their qualifying playoff opponents Egypt withdrew. They suffered a shock defeat in the finals in France, losing to minnows Cuba, who, like Romania, had only qualified due to the withdrawal of their qualifying opponents, the United States. The first match at the Stade du T.O.E.C. in Toulouse ended 3–3 after extra time, but Cuba won the replay four days later 2–1.

1970 World Cup
Despite a 3–0 loss to Portugal in Lisbon and two draws against Greece, Romania was able to qualify for the 1970 World Cup in Mexico. Angelo Niculescu's promising side were given the toughest of draws, in Group 3 with 1966 winners England, giants Brazil and Czechoslovakia.

A Geoff Hurst goal gave England a narrow victory in Romania's first match at the Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara in what was a very physical game. Chances were improved with a 2–1 win over the Czechs. After going behind early to a Ladislav Petráš goal, Romania turned it around after half-time with Alexandru Neagu and Florea Dumitrache scoring to give them two vital points. Even then, only a win over the Brazilians would take them into the quarter-finals.

There were rumours before the match that Brazil might prefer Romania to progress than world champions England; after beating them 1–0 in their previous match in Guadalajara, the South American giants still viewed England as one of its biggest obstacles to tournament victory. But Brazil played some of the best football of the competition, with Pelé scoring twice and a Jairzinho goal in between. Romania battled bravely; Dumitrache pulled the score back to 2–1 before the break and a late Emerich Dembrowski goal made it 3–2, but they were out.

1972 to 1978
On 26 September 1972, under new coach Valentin Stanescu, Romania suffered a significant defeat to East Germany in Leipzig. The East Germans won 2–0 to effectively seal their first ever qualification for the World Cup, which would be held over the border in West Germany. With East Germany scoring a predictable 4–1 win in Albania, Romania were out, despite a huge 9–0 win over Finland in Bucharest.

Romania continued to suffer poor form in the UEFA European Championship. In their qualifying group for the 1976 European Football Championship, they were out-qualified by Spain despite an impressive 1–1 draw in the away match. Romania failed to win matches, drawing twice with Scotland and Spain and dropping points in Denmark with a dismal goalless draw.

Romania were again beaten by Spain for a place in the 1978 World Cup in Argentina. After a 1–0 win in Bucharest, Romania lost a match at home to Yugoslavia 6–4 having led 3–2 at half time. Spain won 1–0 in Belgrade to seal passage to Argentina.

1984 European Championship
Romania's sole successful qualifying campaign between 1970 and 1990 was for the European Championships in 1984 in France. At the finals, Romania were drawn with Spain, holders West Germany and Portugal. Under head coach Mircea Lucescu, an encouraging opening game in Saint-Étienne saw them draw with the Spanish. Francisco José Carrasco opened the scoring from the penalty spot but Romania equalized before half-time with a goal from Laszlo Bölöni.

Against the Germans in Lens, Marcel Coraș scored an equalizer in the first minute of the second half in response to Rudi Völler's opener, but Völler would score a winning goal. Their last match in Nantes was a must-win match, but Nené's late winner meant Portugal progressed with Spain, who netted a dramatic late winner against West Germany at the Parc des Princes in Paris.

Romania stuttered throughout the rest of the decade, but a stronger squad at the end of the decade saw them qualify for their fifth World Cup in 1990. A win over Denmark in their last match took Emerich Jenei's side to the finals for the first time in 20 years.

1990 World Cup
With an increasing trend for big clubs in Italy and Spain buying up the best foreign talent, Romania's squad was entirely domestic-based. Midfielder Ilie Dumitrescu, striker Florin Răducioiu and genius playmaker Gheorghe Hagi, were in the squad. After world champions Argentina were stunned by Cameroon in the tournament's opening match, Romania did their chances no harm with a convincing win over the Soviet Union at the San Nicola in Bari, with Marius Lăcătuș scoring in each half. The result was all the more impressive given the absence of Hagi. There was controversy, however, as Lăcătus' second was a penalty given for a handball by Vagiz Khidiatullin that television replays clearly showed to be some way outside the penalty area.

Romania lost to Cameroon next; cult hero Roger Milla, aged 38, came on as a substitute for Emmanuel Maboang Kessack and scored twice before Gavril Balint pulled one back. Romania needed a point in their last match against improving Argentina at the San Paolo in Naples; Pedro Monzón gave Argentina the lead after an hour, but Balint quickly equalized and Romania held on to reach the second round.

Against Jack Charlton's Republic of Ireland side in Genoa, Romania did not have the quality to break down a defensive opposition. Daniel Timofte was the only player to miss in the penalty shoot-out – his kick saved by Packie Bonner – and Romania were out.

1994 World Cup
Romania missed out on Euro 1992. Scotland qualified after Romania drew a must-win last match in Sofia against Bulgaria, with Nasko Sirakov's equalizer sealing their fate.

Romania was successful, however, in reaching another World Cup in the United States in 1994. After losing in Belgium and suffering a heavy 5–2 defeat in Czechoslovakia, Romania went into their last match at Cardiff Arms Park with Wales needing a win to pip them to a place in the finals. Goals from Gheorghe Hagi and Dean Saunders meant the game was finely balanced, before Wales were awarded a penalty. Paul Bodin of Swindon Town stepped up but hit the woodwork and Romania went on to win 2–1, Florin Răducioiu's late goal proving unnecessary as Czechoslovakia dropped a point in Belgium and were eliminated.

At the finals, Romania were one of the most entertaining teams in the early stages, with Gheorghe Hagi, Florin Răducioiu and Ilie Dumitrescu on form. Romania beat Colombia 3–1 at the Pasadena Rose Bowl in Los Angeles (all but one of Romania's games took place in California, and they were awarded the advantage of playing most of their games in LA). Răducioiu opened the scoring before Hagi scored a spectacular second from wide on the left touchline. Adolfo Valencia pulled one back with a headed goal just before half-time, but Romania held on and Răducioiu sealed the win with a late third.

In Detroit's indoor Pontiac Silverdome, the temperature soared due to the greenhouse effect in the indoor arena. Switzerland, acclimatized after having already played the hosts there, outran Romania in the second half and turned a 1–1 half time score into a 4–1 win. Romania responded by beating the hosts 1–0 in Pasadena with an early Dan Petrescu goal.

In the Round of 16 knockout stage they faced Argentina, minus Diego Maradona who had been thrown out of the tournament for taking drugs, in Los Angeles. The suspended Răducioiu was hardly missed, as coach Anghel Iordănescu pushed Dumitrescu forward to play as a striker and the player responded by scoring twice in the first 20 minutes, one a subtle left foot flick from a right-wing Hagi cross slotted between the Argentine defenders. In between, Gabriel Batistuta scored a penalty, but after half-time Romania netted a third on the counterattack, with Hagi beating goalkeeper Luis Islas. Abel Balbo pulled one back, but Romania held on for a shock win.

Romania would suffer penalty heartbreak again in the quarter-final against Sweden in San Francisco. With just 13 minutes to play, a tight match opened up as Sweden's Tomas Brolin scored from a clever free-kick move, the ball passed outside the Romanian wall by Håkan Mild for Brolin to smash in. Iordănescu threw caution to the wind and the returning Răducioiu found a late equalizer, again from a free-kick move but this time down to a deflection and a failure of the Swedes to clear. In extra time Răducioiu scored again after a mistake by Patrik Andersson, but Sweden then scored their own late equalizer as giant striker Kennet Andersson climbed above goalkeeper Florin Prunea to head home a long ball. Prunea had come in after two matches to replace Bogdan Stelea, whose confidence was shattered by the 4–1 loss to the Swiss. In the shoot-out, Dan Petrescu and Miodrag Belodedici had their kicks saved by Thomas Ravelli and Sweden went through.

Euro 1996
At Euro 1996, held in England, Romania arrived as a highly thought-of and popular team but had a nightmare. Iordănescu's side were based in the northeast, with their first two games at St James' Park in Newcastle. Against France, they lost to a Christophe Dugarry header reminiscent of Kennet Andersson's two years earlier, beating the goalkeeper to a lofted through ball. An early goal from Bulgaria striker Hristo Stoichkov at St James' Park put Romania on the back foot in Euro 1996, but Dorinel Munteanu appeared to have kept Romania in the match – and in the tournament – with a thunderbolt that hit the bar, bounced over the line, and back out. Referee Peter Mikkelsen merely waved play on, however, and Romania went on to lose the game 1–0, a defeat which sent them out of the tournament.

1998 World Cup
Despite a poor performance at Euro 1996, Romania impressed in qualifying, finishing ten points clear of the Republic of Ireland and were seeded for the final tournament of the 1998 World Cup.

Adrian Ilie scored the only goal with a fine chip in their first match against Colombia at Lyon's Stade Gerland. In Toulouse, they met an England side starting with prodigal striker Michael Owen on the bench, with Teddy Sheringham preferred alongside Alan Shearer. A mistake by Tony Adams was punished by Viorel Moldovan, who played for Coventry City, before Owen came on to claim an equalizer. But Romania won with a wonderful late goal from Dan Petrescu, also playing in England with Chelsea, fighting off his club teammate Graeme le Saux and nutmegging goalkeeper David Seaman.

The next match was against a Tunisia side eliminated after losing to both England and Colombia. With England–Colombia being the more decisive game, the Stade de France in Paris was an 80,000-strong sell out and the crowd were nearly rewarded with a shock as Skander Souayah scored an early penalty to give the north Africans the lead. Romania needed a point to win the group and avoid Argentina in the round of 16, and got it when Moldovan volleyed a late equalizer. It did them little good, however, as in the round of 16 match at Bordeaux against Croatia, Davor Šuker scored a twice-taken penalty to eliminate Romania.

Euro 2000
Romania had a strong qualifying campaign, winning a tough Group 7 with Portugal, Slovakia, Hungary, Azerbaijan and Liechtenstein. The Romanians impressed, never losing and winning seven times, including a big upset in Porto after defeating Portugal thanks to a late goal scored by Dorinel Munteanu. In Bucharest, the score finished 1–1.

At Euro 2000, held in Belgium and the Netherlands, Romania were drawn against 1996 champions Germany, semi-finalists England and Portugal. The chances for the Romanians to qualify through quarter-finals were seen as slim.

Romania, however, started brightly against the Germans in Liège, with Viorel Moldovan scoring from close range. A long-range Mehmet Scholl equalizer meant they had to be content with a point and their position looked shaky after Costinha headed a last minute winner for Portugal in their second match.

Emerich Jenei, back as coach, threw caution to the wind in the last match in Charleroi against England, a must-win match for Romania. Defender Cristian Chivu's cross went in off the post in the 22nd minute, but despite Romania dominating, England led at half-time through an Alan Shearer penalty and a late Michael Owen goal after he rounded goalkeeper Bogdan Stelea to score a tap-in, both in the last five minutes of the half. Romania attacked after the break and were quickly rewarded; Dorinel Munteanu punishing a poor punch from Nigel Martyn, a late replacement for injured goalkeeper David Seaman, to equalize three minutes after the restart. England cracked under the pressure. Unable to retain possession or pose an attacking threat, they fell deep and late on Phil Neville, playing out of position at left-back, conceded a penalty scored by Ioan Ganea in the 89th minute.

Romania's relief was tempered by tough opposition in the last eight, and Italy, who would end up seconds from being crowned European champions in an agonizing final, comfortably saw them off 2–0 in Brussels. Francesco Totti and Filippo Inzaghi scoring towards the end of the first half. In the 35th minute, Gheorghe Hagi, in his final international tournament, hit the woodwork with goalkeeper Francesco Toldo stranded off his line and, after the break, was sent off for diving. Romania's tournament was over and Emerich Jenei left his job as coach again.

2000s – World Cup dry spell
Romania failed to qualify for the next three major tournaments. They drew Slovenia, who had been surprise qualifiers for Euro 2000 in a playoff for a place in the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan. A narrow 2–1 deficit – having led through a Marius Niculae goal – after the first leg in Ljubljana was not irretrievable. With fan hero Gheorghe Hagi now coaching the side, they were confident of getting the win they needed in Bucharest against the Balkan upstarts, but Slovenia took the lead before the hour through Mladen Rudonja. Right wing-back Cosmin Contra quickly equalized but Romania could not find the goal they needed to force extra time and Slovenia, with maverick manager Srečko Katanec, were in a major tournament again.

Euro 2004
Romania were confident of qualifying for the tournament, drawn in Group 2 with seeds Denmark, Norway, Bosnia and Herzegovina and minnows Luxembourg, with Anghel Iordănescu back as coach. Despite a good start – a 3–0 win away to Bosnia in Sarajevo – Romania stuttered. Steffen Iversen's late goal gave Norway a surprise win in Bucharest and they were stunned at home by the Danes, 5–2, with Thomas Gravesen scoring a spectacular goal from around 50 yards out, after leading twice. They recovered slightly, completing a double over the Bosnians and earning a point in Oslo, but conceded a cutting injury time equalizer in Denmark to draw 2–2. It was decisive, as they now required Norway to fail to win at home to Luxembourg to stand any realistic chance of qualifying. Eventually, the Danes got a point in Bosnia to scrape through a tight group, with Norway going to a play-off with Spain.

2006 World Cup
Romania were drawn with the Netherlands and the Czech Republic, who were ranked first and second in Europe respectively in 2006 World Cup qualification. Early wins over Finland and Macedonia were unconvincing, and they were behind the two leaders by the time they earned a 2–0 home win over the Czechs. Despite a record of eight wins, three losses and one draw, they finished third behind the Dutch and the Czechs and missed out on another major tournament.

Euro 2008
Romania were drawn in a group with the Netherlands again, along with Bulgaria for Euro 2008 qualifying. Romania, however, performed well, losing only away against Bulgaria and beating the Netherlands 1–0 at home with a goal scored by Dorin Goian from a suspicious offside position not seen by referee Kyros Vassaras. On 17 October 2007, Romania became the fourth team to qualify for Euro 2008, the nation's first international tournament since Euro 2000. Coincidentally, Victor Pițurcă also led Romania to qualification for Euro 2000, only to sit back and let Emerich Jenei coach the team in the final tournament; this time, however, he stayed in the role, the first time he coached a national team in the final stages of a tournament.

Romania was drawn in the so-called "Group of death" alongside the Netherlands, world champions Italy and France, runners-up in the 2006 World Cup. Romania started with a 0–0 draw against a lacklustre France while Italy were soundly beaten by the Netherlands, 3–0. In their next match, against Italy, Adrian Mutu opened the scoring early in the second half. Their lead was a very short one, however, as Italy's Christian Panucci scored a minute later off of a corner kick. Nearing the end of the match, Daniel Niculae earned a penalty for his team, but goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon saved the subsequent Mutu penalty, leaving Romania with two points and needing a win against the Netherlands, who defeated France 4–1 that same evening. The Netherlands beat Romania 2–0 in the final game of the group, which meant that Italy joined the Netherlands in the quarter-finals and Romania finished third, ahead of France.

2010 World Cup

Romania were drawn into the UEFA qualifying round for the 2010 World Cup alongside France, Serbia, Austria, Lithuania and the Faroe Islands. Although Romania were seeded in the second pot, they eventually finished fifth, above only the Faroe Islands. Their campaign was a disaster that began with a 3–0 home loss to Lithuania and included a 5–0 trashing in Belgrade by Serbia. Furthermore, various problems were caused during the poor campaign, such as the retirement from international football of Cosmin Contra, Mirel Rădoi and Adrian Mutu (the latter would later be recalled after a year's absence). Coach Victor Pițurcă resigned and was replaced by Răzvan Lucescu.

Euro 2012
In Euro 2012 qualifying, Romania was drawn into Group D along with France, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Albania and Luxembourg. Although the team initially seemed prepared to continue their awful form from their disastrous World Cup campaign, beginning with a 1–1 draw with Pot 5 members Albania and following up with a goalless draw with Belarus and a pair of losses to France and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the team was able to rebound somewhat and register their first two victories. The first was a win against Luxembourg and the second was an important win in the rematch against Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania's last decent result came when they battled France to a goalless draw before ending the campaign the way it began – two disappointing draws with Albania and Belarus. They finished qualification in a distant third place and only one point ahead of Belarus.

2014 World Cup
Romania were drawn into the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying round with the Netherlands, Turkey, Hungary, Estonia and Andorra. They made an impressive start with a 2–0 away win in Estonia followed by a 4–0 win at home against modest Andorra and another away win in Turkey (1–0). After that, Romania were defeated by the Netherlands, both at home and away, and managed to secure only a draw in Hungary, in between. Romania started the last part of the campaign with a victory at home, against Hungary, but was defeated by Turkey. The last two match days were decisive, with Romania securing its place in the play-off with two wins, against Andorra and Estonia, while qualification rivals Turkey and Hungary were both defeated by the winner of the group, the Netherlands. Romania were drawn to play Greece for a place in the World Cup finals, but a 3–1 loss in Greece and a 1–1 home draw ended its run.

UEFA Euro 2016
For the qualifying stage of the Euro 2016 Romania was drawn into Group F along with Greece, Hungary, Finland, Northern Ireland and the Faroe Islands. Romania began its first successful qualification campaign since 2008 with a win over Greece before following up with a 1–1 draw with Pot 2 team Hungary and a 2–0 win over Finland. Despite the initial success, Romania decided to part with coach Victor Pițurcă by mutual consent. Anghel Iordănescu came out of retirement to return to coach Romania for a third time.

Under Iordănescu, Romania was able to follow up with comfortable 2–0 win over Northern Ireland and, despite a disappointing 1–0 win over the Faroe Islands and a 0–0 draw in the return game against Northern Ireland, Romania remained on top of Group F, one point above Northern Ireland and three points above third-placed Hungary. After a goalless draw in the match against Hungary in Budapest, however, the team fell back on the second place, one point behind Northern Ireland and three above Hungary, still placed third. Following a 1–1 draw clinched in overtime at home against Finland, Romania secured their spot at the final tournament in the last game after a confident 3–0 win in the Faroe Islands. Romania finished the qualification group second, one point behind group winners Northern Ireland, completing their first successful qualification campaign in eight years undefeated after five wins and five draws. With only two goals conceded, Romania had the best defence in the qualifiers.

Romania advanced to Euro 2016, where they were drawn in Group A, being named to play the opening match against the hosts France. The match began better for the Romanian side, who almost scored the first goal of the tournament in the fourth minute, after Bogdan Stancu tricked the French defence at a corner kick executed by his co-national Nicușor Stanciu and his shot was narrowly saved by the French goalkeeper Hugo Lloris. Shortly after the half-time, France dominated, and scored the first goal of the tournament after a header by Olivier Giroud in the 57th minute. Less than eight minutes later, Nicușor Stanciu was fouled by Patrice Evra in the French box, and Hungarian referee Viktor Kassai gave Romania a penalty which Bogdan Stancu scored. With the match coming to an end, just after Romania narrowly missed an opportunity after a free kick, Dimitri Payet shot hard from outside the box and scored France's second goal, crushing Romania's dream of a perfect start in the Euros.

In the second match, Romania faced Switzerland, in a match that began with the Swiss side dominating. In the 17th minute, Alexandru Chipciu was fouled in the box, the second penalty of the tournament being accorded again to Romania. The same Bogdan Stancu went on and scored, giving an advantage for the Romanian side. Just after Switzerland almost scored an own goal, Admir Mehmedi scored for an equalizer in the 57th minute. The match eventually finished in a 1–1 draw.

With one point accumulated and on the third place in the group before the final match, Romania needed a victory against Albania in order to be among the first four best-third-placed teams and to qualify further in Euro. The match began good for the Romanian side, but Armando Sadiku's header in the 43rd minute went past Ciprian Tătărușanu, giving Albania the lead and their first ever goal in a tournament. The despondent Romanian side failed to score in this match, with Florin Andone striking the post in the 76th minute. The negative score meant that Romania ended on the last place of the group, ending their Euro dream with no victory and after one draw, two defeats, two goals scored (both from penalties) and four conceded, with only one point, the poor results making the manager Anghel Iordănescu to resign before the matches for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers began three months later.

2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
It was German manager Christoph Daum who took the place of Anghel Iordănescu for the next qualifying campaign. Due to FIFA's ranking revamp, Romania was drawn from Pot 1, having to face Denmark, Poland, Montenegro, Armenia and Kazakhstan. The campaign began with a mediocre 1-1 draw against Montenegro in Cluj-Napoca, followed by a thrashing 5-0 victory in Yerevan against Armenia before another mediocre draw in Astana against Kazakhstan, a 0-3 defeat in Bucharest and a 1-3 defeat in Warsaw against Poland, a lacklustre 0-0 draw against Denmark in Cluj-Napoca and a lucky victory in the last minutes against Armenia in Bucharest.

With only nine points after seven fixtures, Romania had to win against the revelation of the group, Montenegro, in Podgorica, but failed amid a Stevan Jovetić winner and were mathematically eliminated, leading to the sacking of Daum and his replace with Cosmin Contra. This defeat was followed by a 3-1 victory against Kazakhstan in Ploiești before a lucky 1-1 draw against Denmark in Copenhagen. Romania ended fourth in the group, with 13 points, twelve goals scored and ten conceded.

UEFA Nations League 2018-19
The poor performance in the qualifiers meant Romania would be in the League C of UEFA's first season of the new competition, the Nations League. They were drawn against neighbours Serbia, Montenegro again and Baltic side Lithuania.

In the first match, Romania registered yet another mediocre result against Montenegro, in a 0-0 draw in Ploiești, before a double comeback in Serbia in a 2-2 draw and a late-winner in Vilnius against Lithuania. This was followed by another 0-0 draw in Bucharest against Serbia, in which Dušan Tadić missed a penalty and a comfortable 3-0 victory over Lithuania in Ploiești.

Overall results meant that it was possible for Romania to win the group shall it win in Podgorica against Montenegro and Serbia lose to Lithuania in Belgrade. Despite Romania actually emerging victorious from the duel against the Montenegrins, Serbia comfortably won against Lithuania and won the group. However, following UEFA's revamp of the competition, Romania, as the second place, promoted too in League B for the next edition.

UEFA Euro 2020 qualification
For the qualifiers of Euro 2020, Romania was drawn in a group including Spain, Sweden, and Norway alongside Malta and the Faroe Islands. In the opening game, Romania suffered a 1–2 defeat to Sweden in Stockholm, followed by a comfortable 4–1 victory over the Faroe Islands in Cluj-Napoca and a 2–2 draw with Norway in Oslo, with Claudiu Keșerü scoring in the last minute.

Eventually, Romania stayed on track by defeating Malta in a 4-0 victory in Valletta, but it was later followed by a defeat to Spain in Bucharest, with two very late misses from George Pușcaș and Dragoș Grigore, and a poor 1-0 victory against Malta. This meant Romania had to win against Norway in October, but after a goal from Alexandru Mitriță in the 62nd minute, Alexander Sørloth scored in the last minute and the match in Bucharest ended 1-1. This had significantly reduced their chances of automatic qualification, as they had to meet the Swedish and Spanish sides for the two remaining competitive games.

A 0–2 defeat to Sweden in Bucharest ensured Romania's fail to finish on any of the automatic qualification places. In the last matchday, they were thrashed by Spain in Madrid in a 0-5 defeat, meaning they would end the campaign with seventeen goals scored but also fifteen conceded. Due to the revamp of the previous Nations League and poor performance of Greece, Romania managed to grab the last spot for UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs, and was drawn in Path A. Shall it had won it, Romania would have been drawn in Group C of the final tournament, but it did not, Iceland winning in Reykjavík and eliminating them. Their performance cost Cosmin Contra his coaching position, as he was changed with Mirel Rădoi before the play-offs.

UEFA Nations League 2020-21
For the second Nations League edition, Romania was drawn against Austria, Norway and Northern Ireland. A very lacklustre 1-1 draw against Northern Ireland in the first matchday was followed by an impressing 3-2 victory over Austria in Klagenfurt am Wörthersee. This meant that, after the first two matchdays, Romania was on the first place and supposed to promote to League A, but a 0-4 defeat to Norway in Oslo and a 0-1 defeat to Austria on homesoil meant Romania would fall back on the third place before the last two matches.

For the home match against Norway, the Romanians were given a 3-0 victory from UEFA after the impossibility of Norwegians to travel to Bucharest, following Omar Elabdellaoui's positive test for COVID-19 and the restrictive measures imposed by the Norwegian Ministry of Health. Another 1-1 draw against Northern Ireland in Belfast meant Romania would end on the third position and remain in League B.

2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
Following an acceptable Nations League campaign, Romania was drawn from Pot 2 in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, in a group with Germany, Euro 2016 revelation Iceland who eliminated them from UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs two months prior, future revelation North Macedonia, Armenia again and Liechtenstein. In their first match, Romania managed a hard victory over North Macedonia in Bucharest after two quick Macedonian goals and a late winner from Ianis Hagi. Three days later, Germany managed a victory over them on the same stadium despite a huge opportunity from Nicolae Stanciu in the last minutes. This was followed by a shameful 2-3 defeat to Armenia in Yerevan.

Poor performance in the June friendlies, combined with the results so far gave the feeling of another poor World Cup campaign, just like last time, before a shocking 2-0 victory over Iceland in Reykjavík, followed by a mediocre 2-0 victory over Liechtenstein and a 0-0 draw in Skopje against North Macedonia. Initial group revelation Armenia fell behind in the following matches and it was Romania and North Macedonia who'd fight for the second place, but despite a heroic defeat to Germany, in which Romania held the lead for almost an hour, and a victory over Armenia in Bucharest, a 0-0 draw against Iceland meant that Romania would depend on Iceland to hold a draw against North Macedonia in the last matchday. North Macedonia won, however, and went over Romania by a single point, eliminating them from another campaign.

UEFA Nations League 2022-23
Romania was drawn from Pot 3 in the UEFA Nations League season 2022-23, in a group against Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland and Montenegro. In a similar scenario like five years prior, Montenegro comfortably won against Romania 2-0 in Podgorica, which was then followed by another defeat, to Bosnia and Herzegovina in Zenica and a lacklustre victory over Finland in Bucharest.

With little to nothing achieved so far, Romania was crushed by Montenegro in Bucharest in a 0-3 defeat, meaning that chances to retain the place in League B were dim. A 1-1 draw against Finland in Helsinki meant Romania was again at the expence of other team, this time Montenegro, who needed not to lose against Finland, which eventually happened despite Romania's comfortable victory over eventual group winners Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, Romania relegated to League C for the next Nations League edition.

UEFA Euro 2024
The terrible Nations League performance meant Romania would be drawn from Pot 3 in Euro 2024 qualifiers, which led them to a group with Switzerland, Israel, Kosovo, Belarus and Andorra. Two initial victories against Andorra and Belarus in Bucharest, followed by a lacklustre 0-0 against Kosovo in Pristina gave the impression of another despondent campaign before a shocking comeback against Switzerland in Lucerne, Valentin Mihăilă scoring a brace in the last three minutes. This was then followed by a 1-1 draw against Israel in Bucharest before a controversial match against Kosovo; the match was interrupted for almost an hour after an extremist side of the Romanian fans began chastising Kosovar players and chant Serbian-irredentist chants, with the Kosovars leaving the pitch in protest. Two late goals for Romania after the match restarted, a draw against Belarus on neutral pitch because of their involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine and a comfortable victory over Andorra meant Romania had to obtain a single point in the ninth matchday in order to mathematically qualify for Euro 2024.

In the ninth matchday. Romania faced a tired Israeli side, who had to play four games in nine days because of the Israel-Hamas war, on neutral pitch. Eran Zahavi stunned Romania in the 88th second of the match before George Pușcaș scored an equalizer eight minutes later. One hour in the match, Ianis Hagi assured Romania's qualification to Euro 2024 with a goal that meant Romania would win 2-1 over Israel. Moreover, Romania went on and won against Switzerland in Bucharest too, meaning they would win the group and be drawn from Pot 2 at the final tournament, in a heroic act of the Tricolours.

For the final tournament, Romania was drawn against Belgium, Slovakia and neighbours Ukraine in Group E. In the first matchday, Romania met Ukraine in Munich, and achieved the best result at a final European Championship tournament; a Nicolae Stanciu screamer that came in second for the ”Goal of the Round” award, a long shot from Răzvan Marin and a tap-in from Denis Drăguș gave Romania a 3-0 victory after not playing in an international tournament for eight years. The victory was only the second victory of Romania at an European Championship, the first one being against England in 2000. In the second matchday, Romania was stunned by Youri Tielemans of Belgium in the 74th second, and despite a decent fight, lost the match 0-2 after a controversial De Bruyne goal in the final minutes.

All the four teams had the same amount of points at the end of the second matchday, three. Because of the overall goal difference, Romania was on the first position at this point, with three goals scored and a +1 difference. In the third matchday, Slovakia and Romania drew in a comfortable match as both teams assured qualification at that score, as neither Ukraine or Belgium managed to win the other match. With the table unchanged from the second matchday, Romania was crowned as the group winner despite all the teams ending with four points, having a victory against fourth place Ukraine, a better goal difference than third place Slovakia and more goals scored than second place Belgium. In the round of 16, Romania had to face the Netherlands in Munich, and despite a good start, Cody Gakpo stunned the Tricolours in the 20th minute, before Donyell Malen's brace in the last minutes. Despite losing 0-3 against the Dutch side and leaving the tournament early, Romania's performance was praised by numerous figures of the football world, achieving a very good result for the overall level of the national team.

Rivalry against Hungary
Romania's most fierce rivalry is against their neighbours Hungary. The reason for the rivalry are the general feelings for the other country, as Hungary and Romania have a long-standing dispute over certain parts of Romania that were historically part of Hungary, most well-known being Transylvania. This has been the subject of the constant squabble between Hungarian and Romanian fans during the direct matches of the two countries or clubs from them.

The first match between the two countries took place in Bucharest, on October 4, 1936. Romania initially took the lead through Silviu Bindea, but two goals in the second half scored by Gyula Lázár and Géza Toldi led to Hungary's victory. At that moment, Hungary was, if not the best, among the best teams on the planet, and after this result, impressive results of the Hungarians were obtained during their matches against Romania, most notably the worst defeat of Romania to the date, a 0-9 defeat in Budapest on June 6, 1948. Other notable Hungarian victories include the 7-2 on September 30, 1945, two 5-1's, one in Bucharest on October 24, 1948 and one in Budapest on September 19, 1954, and a 3-0 in Bucharest on October 12, 1947.

Romania's first victory against Hungary came almost 63 years after the first match, in the seventeenth derby overall. Romania won 2-0 in Bucharest on June 5, 1999, in the qualifying stage of UEFA Euro 2000. Since then, Hungary has yet to defeat Romania again, and Romania won five more times, including a notable 3-0 in the qualifying stage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Due to the general antipathy between the two peoples, derbies often led to skirmishes between the two fans. The worst incidents were recorded on September 6, 2013 and October 8, 2014, during the derbies of the two countries in Bucharest for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016, respectivelly. During the first match, Hungarians lit many flames, booed the Romanian anthem, and after the 0-3 defeat were quickly transported back home, not before some of them fought with Romanian fans in the Old Town of Bucharest. After Romania's elimination in the Second Round by Greece, many Hungarians thanked Greeks and publicly insulted Romania on their social media accounts. One year later, the fights between the two groups of fans led to 58 people seeking medical care after Romanian fans jumped the fence separating their sector from the one Hungarian fans were in and attacked them. The match ended 1-1 and fights were again commenced in the Old Town, where many terraces of the local coffee shops and bars were destroyed by Hungarian fans.

Notable opportunities when the two teams have met include: the football tournament of the 1952 Summer Olympics, the qualifying stages for UEFA Euro 1972, 2000 and 2016 and the qualifying stages for the FIFA World Cups of 1982, 2002 and 2014.

Rivalry against Greece
A notable rivalry was built with Greece, as it is the team Romania has met the most times: thirty-six (Romania met Yugoslavia thirty-seven times, a record which was annulled after the dismantle of Yugoslavia). Out of all the matches overall, Romania won eighteen of them, dominating the rivalry. Greece won an additional eight matches and ten ended in a draw.

The only notable opportunity the two teams have met was in the Second Round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, to which Greece qualifying after defeating Romania in a two-legged play-off, winning 3-1 in Athens and drawing 1-1 in Bucharest.

Montenegro
In the last period, a small rivalry was built against Montenegro. The two teams met a total of seven times, and Romania's 4-0 victory in a friendly on May 31, 2008 was Montenegro's biggest defeat up to a 0-7 defeat in London in 2019. The teams met in the qualifying stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and it was Montenegro who eliminated Romania after a 1-0 victory in Podgorica which came after a 1-1 draw on Romanian soil. The two teams met again one year later, in Group 4 of League C of the inaugural season of the UEFA Nations League. Romania avenged itself with a 1-0 victory in Podgorica, which was not enough however to win the group over mutual neighbour Serbia. In the third edition of the same competition, the two teams met again, this time Montenegro decimating Romania twice, 2-0 in Podgorica and 3-0 in Bucharest.

Kosovo
Romania is a strong supporter of Serbia's territorial integrity and has not recognized the legitimacy of Kosovo's independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008. The two teams met only twice but both matches led to problems and antipathy feelings between the two peoples. On September 12, 2023, the two teams met in Bucharest for the qualfiying stage of UEFA Euro 2024. In the eighteenth minute, the Kosovar players left the pitch in a protest after a bottle was thrown from the Romanian sector, which was combined with the two banners quoting "Basarabia e România” (”Bessarabia is Romania” in Romanian) and ”Kosovo je Srbija” (”Kosovo is Serbia” in Serbian) and the constant pro-Serbia chants of the Romanian extremist fanbase ”Uniți sub Tricolor” (”United under Tricolour”). The match was interrupted for fifty minutes and the Football Federation of Kosovo appealed for a 3-0 victory over Romania because of the incidents, which was turned down by UEFA. Romania won the match 2-0.

The two teams are to meet again in a group of League C of the UEFA Nations League, season 2024-25.

Kits
Romania's kits have been supplied by Spanish company Joma from 2015, which replaced Adidas following a three-decade contract. In 2017, the Romanian Football Federation announced its first brand identity and a new kit; the new emblem references the coat of arms of all five Romanian provinces with the intention to symbolise the unity of Romania.

Home stadium
The Romania national team mainly plays its home games at the Arena Națională in Bucharest, the largest stadium in the country. It opened in 2011 and has a capacity of 55,600 seats. The stadium is a Category 4 venue and hosted the 2012 Europa League final and Euro 2020.

Other games, including friendlies and World Cup and Euro qualifiers, have been played at other venues such as the Steaua Stadium (Bucharest), the Ion Oblemenco Stadium (Craiova), the Cluj Arena (Cluj-Napoca), the smaller Dr. Constantin Rădulescu (Cluj-Napoca), Ilie Oană (Ploiești) and Rapid-Giulești (Bucharest) stadiums.

Media coverage
Romania's UEFA Nations League games, major tournament qualifiers and friendlies are to be televised on Pro TV up until 2022. Between 2008 and 2014, Antena 1 had the rights to broadcast the country's home matches, friendlies and qualifiers. From 2014 to 2018, Romania's qualifying matches for the European Championship and the World Cup, plus two pre-Euro and one post-Euro friendly match were taken over by TVR. The friendly matches that were not broadcast by TVR were taken over by Pro TV. In March 2019, the latter took over all broadcasts of Romania's fixtures from TVR, with the effective broadcasting starting in September 2018.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history
Below is the full list of all former coaches for Romania from 1922 onwards:

 * 🇷🇴 Teofil Moraru (1922–1923)
 * 🇷🇴 Costel Rădulescu (1923, 1928–1934, 1935–1938)
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Suciu (1923–1924)
 * 🇷🇴 Teofil Moraru (1924–1928)
 * 🇦🇹 Josef Uridil (1934)
 * Peter Farmer (1934–1935)
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Săvulescu 1938)
 * 🇷🇴 Liviu Iuga (1938–1939, 1940)
 * 🇷🇴 Virgil Economu (1939–1940, 1941–1942, 1946)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Lăpușneanu (1942)
 * 🇷🇴 Emerich Vogl (1943, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950–1952)
 * 🇷🇴 Coloman Braun-Bogdan (1945)
 * 🇷🇴 Colea Vâlcov (1947)
 * 🇷🇴 Francisc Ronnay (1947)
 * 🇷🇴 Colea Vâlcov (1948, 1949)
 * 🇷🇴 Petre Steinbach (1948)
 * 🇷🇴 Iuliu Baratky (1948)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Mihăilescu (1949)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Albu (1950)
 * 🇷🇴 Volodea Vâlcov (1950)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Popescu (1951–1953, 1954–1955, 1961, 1962)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Dobay (1953–1954)
 * 🇷🇴 Augustin Botescu (1958–1960)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Teașcă (1962, 1967)
 * 🇷🇴 Silviu Ploeșteanu (1962–1963)
 * 🇷🇴 Ilie Oană (1965–1966, 1967)
 * 🇷🇴 Bazil Marian (1967)
 * 🇷🇴 Angelo Niculescu (1967–1971, 1972)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Ola (1972)
 * 🇷🇴 Valentin Stănescu (1973–1975, 1980–1981)
 * 🇷🇴 Cornel Drăgușin (1975)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Kovács (1976–1979, 1980)
 * 🇷🇴 Florin Halagian (1979)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Cernăianu (1979)
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Lucescu (1981–1986)
 * 🇷🇴 Emerich Jenei (1986–1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Constantin (1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Rădulescu (1990–1992)
 * 🇷🇴 Cornel Dinu (1992–1993)
 * 🇷🇴 Anghel Iordănescu (1993–1998, 2001–2004, 2014–2016)
 * 🇷🇴 Victor Pițurcă (1998–1999)
 * 🇷🇴 Emerich Jenei (2000)
 * 🇷🇴 Ladislau Bölöni (2000–2001)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Hagi (2001)
 * 🇷🇴 Victor Pițurcă (2005–2009, 2011–2014)
 * 🇷🇴 Răzvan Lucescu (2009–2011)
 * 🇩🇪 Christoph Daum (2016–2017)
 * 🇷🇴 Cosmin Contra (2017–2019)
 * 🇷🇴 Mirel Rădoi (2019–2021)
 * 🇷🇴 Edward Iordănescu (2022–present)

Current squad
The final list of players called up for UEFA Euro 2024 was announced on 7 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 2 July 2024, after the match against Netherlands.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months.

 * Notes
 * INJ = Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
 * COV = Player withdrawn from the squad due to positive COVID-19 test.
 * RET = Player who retired from national team.
 * WD = Player withdrew from the squad.
 * SUS = Player suspended.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Romania.

Youngest debutants

 * Results list Romania's goal tally first.

Competitive record
Champions  Runners-up   Third place

FIFA World Cup

 * *Denotes draws including knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out. Normal colour indicates loss.

UEFA European Championship

 * *Red border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Summer Olympics
Football at the Summer Olympics was first played officially in 1908. The Olympiads between 1896 and 1980 were only open for amateur players. The 1984 and 1988 tournaments were open to players with no appearances in the World Cup. After the 1988 Olympics, the football event was changed into a tournament for U23 teams, with a maximum of three older players. See Romania Olympic football team for competition records from 1992 until present day.

Balkan Cup

 * *Edition abandoned.

All-time head-to-head record

 * Last match updated was against on 2 July 2024.

FIFA ranking history
The following is a chart of yearly averages of Romania's FIFA ranking.

Honours

 * Balkan Cup
 * Winners (4) – Record: 1929–31, 1933, 1936, 1977–80
 * Runners-up (1): 1973–76
 * Third place (4): 1932, 1934–35, 1946, 1947

title: Romania national football team


text: User talk:82.82.140.79

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.82.140.79


text:
Systematic theology

Systematic theology, or systematics, is a discipline of Christian theology that formulates an orderly, rational, and coherent account of the doctrines of the Christian faith. It addresses issues such as what the Bible teaches about certain topics or what is true about God and his universe. It also builds on biblical disciplines, church history, as well as biblical and historical theology. Systematic theology shares its systematic tasks with other disciplines such as constructive theology, dogmatics, ethics, apologetics, and philosophy of religion.

Method
With a methodological tradition that differs somewhat from biblical theology, systematic theology draws on the core sacred texts of Christianity, while simultaneously investigating the development of Christian doctrine over the course of history, particularly through philosophy, ethics, social sciences, and natural sciences. Using biblical texts, it attempts to compare and relate all of scripture which led to the creation of a systematized statement on what the whole Bible says about particular issues.

Within Christianity, different traditions (both intellectual and ecclesial) approach systematic theology in different ways impacting a) the method employed to develop the system, b) the understanding of theology's task, c) the doctrines included in the system, and d) the order those doctrines appear. Even with such diversity, it is generally the case that works that one can describe as systematic theologies begin with revelation and conclude with eschatology.

Since it is focused on truth, systematic theology is also framed to interact with and address the contemporary world. There are numerous authors who explored this area such as the case of Charles Gore, John Walvoord, Lindsay Dewar, and Charles Moule, among others. The framework developed by these theologians involved a review of postbiblical history of a doctrine after first treating the biblical materials. This process concludes with applications to contemporary issues.

Categories
Since it is a systemic approach, systematic theology organizes truth under different headings and there are certain basic areas (or categories), although the exact list may vary slightly. These are:

 * Angelology – The study of angels
 * Bibliology – The study of the Bible
 * Hamartiology - The study of sin
 * Christology – The study of Christ
 * Ecclesiology – The study of the church
 * Eschatology – The study of the end times
 * Pneumatology – The study of the Holy Spirit
 * Soteriology – The study of salvation
 * Theological anthropology – The study of the nature of humanity
 * Theology proper – The study of the character of God

History
The establishment and integration of varied Christian ideas and Christianity-related notions, including diverse topics and themes of the Bible, in a single, coherent and well-ordered presentation is a relatively late development. The first known church father who referred to the notion of devising a comprehensive understanding of the principles of Christianity was Clement of Alexandria in the 3rd century, who stated thus: "Faith is then, so to speak, a comprehensive knowledge of the essentials." Clement himself, along with his follower Origen, attempted to create some systematic theology in their numerous surviving writings. In Eastern Orthodoxy, an early example is provided by John of Damascus's 8th-century Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, in which he attempts to set in order and demonstrate the coherence of the theology of the classic texts of the Eastern theological tradition.

In the West, Peter Lombard's 12th-century Sentences, wherein he thematically collected a great series of quotations of the Church Fathers, became the basis of a medieval scholastic tradition of thematic commentary and explanation. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologiae best exemplifies this scholastic tradition. The Lutheran scholastic tradition of a thematic, ordered exposition of Christian theology emerged in the 16th century with Philipp Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and was countered by a Calvinist scholasticism, which is exemplified by John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion.

In the 19th century, primarily in Protestant groups, a new kind of systematic theology arose that attempted to demonstrate that Christian doctrine formed a more coherent system premised on one or more fundamental axioms. Such theologies often involved a more drastic pruning and reinterpretation of traditional belief in order to cohere with the axiom or axioms. Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, for example, produced Der christliche Glaube nach den Grundsätzen der evangelischen Kirche (The Christian Faith According to the Principles of the Protestant Church) in the 1820s, in which the fundamental idea is the universal presence among humanity, sometimes more hidden, sometimes more explicit, of a feeling or awareness of 'absolute dependence'.

Resources

 * Barth, Karl (1956–1975). Church Dogmatics. (thirteen volumes) Edinburgh: T&T Clark. (ISBN 978-0-567-05809-6)
 * Berkhof, Hendrikus (1979). Christian Faith: An Introduction to the Study of the Faith. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. (ISBN 978-0-8028-0548-5)
 * Berkhof, Louis (1996). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
 * Bloesch, Donald G. (2002–2004). Christian Foundations  (seven volumes). Inter-varsity Press. (ISBN 978-0-8308-2753-4, ISBN 978-0-8308-2754-1, ISBN 978-0-8308-2755-8, ISBN 978-0-8308-2757-2, ISBN 978-0-8308-2752-7, ISBN 978-0-8308-2756-5, ISBN 978-0-8308-2751-0)
 * Calvin, John (1559). Institutes of the Christian Religion.
 * Chafer, Lewis Sperry (1948). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: Kregel
 * Chemnitz, Martin (1591). Loci Theologici.  St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1989.
 * Erickson, Millard (1998). Christian Theology (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.
 * Frame, John. Theology of Lordship (ISBN 978-0-87552-263-0)
 * Fruchtenbaum, Arnold (1989). Israelology: The Missing Link in Systematic Theology. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries
 * Fruchtenbaum, Arnold (1998). Messianic Christology. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries
 * Geisler, Norman L. (2002–2004). Systematic Theology (four volumes). Minneapolis: Bethany House.
 * Grenz, Stanley J. (1994). Theology for the Community of God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. (ISBN 978-0-8028-4755-3)
 * Grider, J. Kenneth (1994). A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology (ISBN 0-8341-1512-3)
 * Grudem, Wayne (1995). Systematic Theology. Zondervan. (ISBN 978-0-310-28670-7)
 * Hodge, Charles (1960). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
 * Jenson, Robert W. (1997–1999). Systematic Theology.  Oxford: Oxford University Press. (ISBN 978-0-19-508648-5)
 * Melanchthon, Philipp (1543). Loci Communes.  St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1992. (ISBN 978-1-55635-445-8)
 * Miley, John. Systematic Theology. 1892. (ISBN 978-0-943575-09-4)
 * Newlands, George (1994). God in Christian Perspective. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
 * Oden, Thomas C. (1987–1992). Systematic Theology (3 volumes).  Peabody, MA: Prince Press.
 * Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1988–1993). Systematic Theology.  Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
 * Pieper, Francis (1917–1924). Christian Dogmatics.  St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House.
 * Reymond, Robert L. (1998). A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith (2nd ed.). Word Publishing.
 * Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1928). The Christian Faith.  Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
 * St. Augustine of Hippo (354–430). De Civitate Dei
 * Thielicke, Helmut (1974–1982). The Evangelical Faith. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
 * Thiessen, Henry C. (1949). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: William B. Erdsmans Publishing Co.
 * Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. (3 volumes).
 * Turretin, Francis (3 parts, 1679–1685). Institutes of Elenctic Theology.
 * Van Til, Cornelius (1974). An Introduction to Systematic Theology. P & R Press.
 * Watson, Richard. Theological Institutes. 1823.
 * Weber, Otto. (1981–1983) Foundations of Dogmatics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

title: Systematic theology


text:
SSAB

SSAB AB, earlier Svenskt Stål AB (English: Swedish Steel) (omx: SSE300 SSAB A) is a Swedish company, formed in 1978, that specialises in producing steel. The largest shareholders are LKAB and the Government of Finland.

History
The headquarters are in central Stockholm. SSAB initially saw losses during the years 1978 to 1981, and became profitable in 1982. It is involved in the production of steel and steel products, both standardized and specialized for various fields and uses. In addition to steel production, the company also partners with design firms during their execution of architectural projects. Its R&D department works with customers in order to provide custom solutions for new projects. In 2014 SSAB became a member of the four year pilot program organization “Steel Eco-System” sponsored by the Swedish government. In November 2017 the company has a market cap of $35.55 billion, and is traded on the Stockholm NASDAQ exchange. The company is also the sponsor of the SSAB's Swedish Steel Prize. SSAB's operations which include the SSAB Special Steels, SSAB Europe, and SSAB Americas, and its subsidiaries Ruukki Construction and Tibnor. SSAB's offering includes such brands as SSAB Domex, Hardox, Docol, GreenCoat, Armox and Toolox.

In 2021, SSAB produced the first steel manufactured without the use of fossil fuels. Created with a process using hydrogen instead of traditional methods that require the coking process, the first fossil-free steel was delivered to Volvo on a trial basis.

Swedish operations
The production is located at Luleå, Borlänge, Oxelösund and Finspång. SSAB is the largest steel sheet manufacturer in Scandinavia, with its blast furnace, coking plant, and steelworks located in Luleå and its rolling mills and coating plants in Borlänge—the initial product is sent from one location to the other via train. The division also has a coil coating line, lamination line, and special steels production. SSAB Special Steels in Oxelösund is the only steelworks in Sweden to have its entire vertical production base in one place, from raw material handling to its rolling plates. Ninety percent of its production is exported, with its chief export partner being Germany. SSAB produces nearly all of the steel plates created in Sweden. The company also has operations in China.

North American operations
IPSCO Inc. began as Prairie Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in Regina, Saskatchewan in 1956, changing its name to Interprovincial Steel and Pipe Corporation, Ltd. in 1960 and IPSCO, Inc. in 1984; the company would later be purchased by SSAB, and is the origin of SSAB's operations in the region. All SSAB operations in North America are now operated as SSAB Americas.

As of 2000, IPSCO had used mini mills to produce flat-rolled steel for 40 years. Late in 2001, the company officially opened an Axis, Alabama mill (in the Mobile area), with a capacity of 1,250,000 tonnes,. The $US425 million rolling mill, with mill stand housings believed to be the largest one-piece cast mill housings in the world at 350 tons each, uses scrap steel to produce discrete plate and coiled hot rolled plate. Montpelier, Iowa had a similar facility which began operations in 1997, but this one would serve the Gulf coast. On 21 October 2008, SSAB announced a $US460 million expansion of the Axis mill to be completed in 2011. The mill already had 400 employees and 350 contractors.

In May 2007, a deal to acquire IPSCO for $US7.7 billion was announced. At the time, IPSCO's annual production was 4.3 million tonnes, with four steel mills and eleven pipe mills. On 17 July 2008, SSAB announced the completion of the deal. John Tulloch succeeded the retiring David Sutherland as IPSCO president and became an executive vice president of SSAB.

On 17 March 2008, Evraz Group SA announced it would buy SSAB's Canada pipe and plate business and the steel tube business of the American IPSCO unit for $US4.3 billion after steel prices rose and the dollar fell. Evraz also planned to sell some of the American assets for $US1.7 billion to OAO TMK. IPSCO had 4300 employees, with 70% of its operation in the United States and 30% in Canada.

After the sale, SSAB changed the name of its North American operation to SSAB North American Division (NAD), then later to SSAB Americas; headquarters stayed in Lisle, Illinois, USA. Included in this division were steel operations in Mobile and Montpelier, and cut-to-length lines in St. Paul, Minnesota and Houston, Texas, USA; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. David Britten succeeded Tulloch as president. Paul Wilson, with 36 years of industry experience, ten of those with SSAB including management of Mobile's steel operation, became the vice president in charge of the American steel operations. In 2018 the SSAB Americas division relocated its headquarters to Mobile, Alabama.

Expanding to Finland
On 22 January 2014, it was announced that SSAB was to purchase Finnish steel manufacturer Rautaruukki for €1.1 bn. The headquarters for SSAB Europe are located in Hämeenlinna, Finland.

Brands
SSAB's major brands include:

 * Hardox
 * Strenx
 * Docol
 * GreenCoat
 * Toolox
 * Armox
 * SSAB Boron
 * SSAB Domex
 * SSAB Form
 * SSAB Laser
 * SSAB Weathering
 * SSAB Multisteel
 * Hardox In My Body
 * My Inner Strenx
 * Hardox Wearparts

Carbon footprint
SSAB reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 9,989 Kt (−766 /-7.1% y-o-y). This is a higher rate of decline than over the period since 4Q'14 (−1.1% CAGR).

title: SSAB


text:
Shotton, Flintshire

Shotton is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, within the Deeside conurbation along the River Dee, joined with Connah's Quay, near the border with England. It is located 5 miles (8 km) west of Chester and can be reached by road from the A548. In the 2011 census, Shotton had a population of 6,663.

Etymologies
The town's name is first recorded in Old English as Cyllingas. This name derives from the Welsh language word Celyn (meaning Holly) and has persisted in one form or another throughout the town's history. By 1822, Richard Willett recorded the name as Kyllins, which he says contains "one of the parish's most notable ancient houses". Even today, Killin's Farm and Killin's Lane may still be found in the oldest part of town.

The town's modern English name is shared with three other towns in Britain. These towns (all on the English side of the Scottish border) derive their names from Town of Scots but it is unlikely that a Flintshire town shares this etymology. The name probably derives from Scēot-tūn = "farmstead on or near a steep slope", or from Shot-tūn = "farmstead in a clearing in the wood". The town is officially named Shotton in both English and Welsh, making it one of the few towns in Wales to officially have neither a recognised Welsh spelling or Welsh etymology.

History
The town grew from the 18th century around coal mining and farming on reclaimed marshland. Shotton also became a railway junction. The John Summers & Sons steelworks was established in 1896 on a six-acre site. At its peak it employed over 13,000. Following nationalisation in 1967, the works became part of the British Steel Corporation. Although it is known as Shotton Steel Works, the large plant (owned by Tata Steel since 2006) is across the river from Shotton, with most being in the community of Connah's Quay.

The town lies next to the Hawarden Bridge, which was completed in 1889 as a swing-opening bridge. The opening mechanism was disabled in 1960.

Demography
Shotton has an area of 2.34 km2, with a density of 3,001 km2. The population is roughly 50% male and female and 62.2% are between the ages of 18 and 64.

The community consists of three electoral wards of the Flintshire County Council local authority:

Education
Shotton is served by the following schools:
 * Connah's Quay High School (English-medium secondary)
 * Hawarden High School (English-medium secondary)
 * St Ethelwold's Primary School (Church in Wales)
 * Venerable Edward Morgan School (Roman Catholic primary)
 * Ysgol Ty Ffynnon (English-medium primary)
 * Ysgol Croes Atti (Welsh-medium primary)
 * Ysgol Maes Garmon (Welsh-medium secondary)

John Summers High School (formerly Deeside High School) closed on 20 July 2017.

Transport
Shotton railway station is on the Borderlands Line and the North Wales Coast Line.

Notable people

 * Fred Robson (1885–1952) professional golfer, competed in the Open Championship.
 * Henry Weale VC (1897–1959) recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I.
 * Billy Tudor (1918–1965) footballer with 87 club caps, mainly Wrexham A.F.C.
 * Marika Humphreys (born 1977) ice dance coach and choreographer, lived in Shotton.

title: Shotton, Flintshire


text:
Jeff Wall

Jeffrey Wall, OC, RSA (born September 29, 1946) is a Canadian photographer. He is artist best known for his large-scale back-lit Cibachrome photographs and art history writing. Early in his career, he helped define the Vancouver School and he has published essays on the work of his colleagues and fellow Vancouverites Rodney Graham, Ken Lum, and Ian Wallace. His photographic tableaux often take Vancouver's mixture of natural beauty, urban decay, and postmodern and industrial featurelessness as their backdrop.

Career
Wall received his MA from the University of British Columbia in 1970, with a thesis titled Berlin Dada and the Notion of Context. That same year, he stopped making art. With his English wife, Jeannette, whom he had met as a student in Vancouver, and their two young sons, he moved to London to do postgraduate work from 1970 to 1973 at the Courtauld Institute, where he studied with T.J. Clark. Wall was assistant professor at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (1974–75), associate professor at Simon Fraser University (1976–87), and lectured at the European Graduate School. He was a full professor at the University of British Columbia until his retirement in 1999. Wall has published essays on Dan Graham, Rodney Graham, Roy Arden, Ken Lum, Stephan Balkenhol, On Kawara, and other contemporary artists. As a trained art historian, he has also discussed his own work extensively. Wall's essays and interviews conveying his philosophical interests have shaped critical discussions of his career.

Artistic practice
Wall experimented with conceptual art while an undergraduate at UBC. He then made no art until 1977, when he produced his first backlit photo-transparencies. Most of these are staged and refer to the history of art and philosophical problems of representation. Their compositions often allude to artists like Diego Velázquez, Hokusai, and Édouard Manet, or to writers such as Franz Kafka, Yukio Mishima, and Ralph Ellison.

Wall's work beginning in the late 1970s experimented with notions of theatricality influenced by television, advertising, and commercial window displays. Presenting his first gallery exhibition in 1978 as an "installation" rather than as a photography show, the artist placed The Destroyed Room in the storefront window of the Nova Gallery, enclosing it in a plasterboard wall. Mimic (1982) typifies Wall's cinematographic style and according to art historian Michael Fried is "characteristic of Wall's engagement in his art of the 1980s with social issues". A 198 × 226 cm colour transparency, it shows a white couple and an Asian man walking towards the camera. The sidewalk, flanked by parked cars and residential and light-industrial buildings, suggests a North American industrial suburb. The woman is wearing red shorts and a white top displaying her midriff; her bearded, unkempt boyfriend wears a denim vest. The Asian man is casual but well-dressed in comparison, in a collared shirt and slacks. As the couple overtake the man, the boyfriend makes an ambiguous but apparently obscene and racist gesture, holding his upraised middle finger close to the corner of his eye, "slanting" his eye in mockery of the Asian man's eyes. The picture resembles a candid shot that captures the moment and its implicit social tensions, but is actually a recreation of an exchange witnessed by the artist.

Picture for Women is a 142.5 × 204.5 cm Cibachrome transparency mounted on a lightbox. Along with The Destroyed Room, Wall considers Picture for Women to be his first success in challenging photographic tradition. According to Tate Modern, this success allows Wall to reference "both popular culture (the illuminated signs of cinema and advertising hoardings) and the sense of scale he admires in classical painting. As three-dimensional objects, the lightboxes take on a sculptural presence, impacting on the viewer’s physical sense of orientation in relationship to the work."

There are two figures in the scene, Wall himself, and a woman looking into the camera. In a profile of Wall in The New Republic, art critic Jed Perl describes Picture for Women as Wall's signature piece, "since it doubles as a portrait of the late-twentieth-century artist in his studio." Art historian David Campany calls Picture for Women an important early work for Wall as it establishes central themes and motifs found in much of his later work.

A response to Manet's Un bar aux Folies Bergère, the Tate Modern wall text for Picture of Women, from the 2005–2006 exhibition Jeff Wall Photographs 1978–2004, outlines the influence of Manet's painting: "In Manet’s painting, a barmaid gazes out of frame, observed by a shadowy male figure. The whole scene appears to be reflected in the mirror behind the bar, creating a complex web of viewpoints. Wall borrows the internal structure of the painting, and motifs such as the light bulbs that give it spatial depth. The figures are similarly reflected in a mirror, and the woman has the absorbed gaze and posture of Manet’s barmaid, while the man is the artist himself. Though issues of the male gaze, particularly the power relationship between male artist and female model, and the viewer’s role as onlooker, are implicit in Manet’s painting, Wall updates the theme by positioning the camera at the centre of the work, so that it captures the act of making the image (the scene reflected in the mirror) and, at the same time, looks straight out at us."

Wall's work advances an argument for the need for pictorial art. Some of Wall's photographs are complicated productions involving cast, sets, crews and digital postproduction. They have been characterized as one-frame cinematic productions. Susan Sontag ended her last book, Regarding the Pain of Others (2003), with a long, laudatory discussion of one of them, Dead Troops Talk (A Vision After an Ambush of a Red Army Patrol near Moqor, Afghanistan, Winter 1986) (1992), calling Wall's Goya-influenced depiction of a made-up event "exemplary in its thoughtfulness and power."

While Wall is known for large-scale photographs of contemporary everyday genre scenes populated with figures, in the early 1990s he became interested in still lifes. He distinguishes between unstaged "documentary" pictures, like Still Creek, Vancouver, winter 2003, and "cinematographic" pictures, produced using a combination of actors, sets, and special effects, such as A Sudden Gust of Wind (after Hokusai), 1993. Based on Yejiri Station, Province of Suruga (ca. 1832) a woodblock print by Katsushika Hokusai, A Sudden Gust of Wind recreates the depicted 19th-century Japanese scene in contemporary British Columbia, using actors and took over a year to produce 100 photographs in order "to achieve a seamless montage that gives the illusion of capturing a real moment in time."

Since the early 1990s, Wall has used digital technology to create montages of different individual negatives, blending them into what appears as a single unified photograph. His signature works are large transparencies mounted on light boxes; he says he conceived this format when he saw back-lit advertisements at bus stops during a trip between Spain and London. In 1995, Wall began making traditional silver gelatine black and white photographs, and these have become an increasingly significant part of his work. Examples were exhibited at Kassel's documenta X.

First shown at documenta 11, After "Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue (1999–2000) represents a well-known scene from Ellison's classic novel. Wall's version shows us the cellar room, "warm and full of light," in which Ellison's narrator lives, complete with its 1,369 lightbulbs.

Exhibitions
Wall's early group exhibitions include 1969 shows at the Seattle Art Museum, Washington, and Vancouver Art Gallery, and New Multiple Art at the Whitechapel Gallery, London in 1970. His first one-man show was held at Nova Gallery, Vancouver in 1978.

Solo shows include ICA, London (1984), Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland (1993), Whitechapel Gallery, London (2001), Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg, Germany (2001), Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt (2001/2002), Hasselblad Center, Göteborg, Sweden (2002), Astrup Fearnley Museum, Oslo, Norway (2004) and retrospectives at Schaulager, Basel (2005), Tate Modern (2005) and MoMA, New York (2007), Art Institute of Chicago (2007), SFMoMA, San Francisco (2008), Tamayo Museum, Mexico City and Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver (2008), and Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden (2010). Wall was also included in documentas 10 and 11.

For his retrospective at the Palais des Beaux Arts, Brussels in 2011, Wall chose some 130 works by his favorite artists, from 1900s photographer Eugène Atget to film excerpts (Fassbinder, Bergman, the Dardenne brothers) to pieces by contemporaries Thomas Struth and David Claerbout. They were shown alongside 25 of his own pictures.

Awards and recognition

 * Hasselblad Award, 2002
 * Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 2006
 * Officer of the Order of Canada, 2007
 * Audain Prize for Lifetime Achievement (British Columbia's annual award for the visual arts), 2008
 * Wall was included in Blake Gopnik's 2011 list "The 10 Most Important Artists of Today", with Gopnik arguing, "For three decades, Wall has been testing the full range of what pictures can still do and mean, after anti-art had 'proved' them dead."

Influence
Wall's large-scale images and studied compositions are regarded as influential on the Düsseldorf School of Photography led by Andreas Gursky, Thomas Struth, Thomas Ruff, and Candida Höfer. (Gursky has cited Wall as "a great model for me.")

Publications

 * Jean-François Chevrier, Thierry de Duve, Boris Groys, Mark Lewis, Arielle Pelenc. Jeff Wall: The Complete Edition. Phaidon, 2009. ISBN 9780714855974
 * Jeff Wall. Selected Essays and Interviews. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2007. ISBN 0-87070-708-6
 * Jeff Wall Catalogue Raisonne 2005–2021. Edited by Gary Dufour with contributions by Jean-Francois Chevrier, Thierry de Duve and David Campany. Gagosian and Yale U Press, 2022. ISBN 0300269277

General references

 * Hochdörfer, Achim, ed. Jeff Wall: Photographs. Cologne: Walther König, 2003. ISBN 3-88375-698-9
 * Merritt, Naomi. ‘Manet's Mirror and Jeff Wall's Picture for Women: Reflection or Refraction?’, Emaj (Electronic Melbourne Art Journal), Issue 4, 2009, emaj: online journal of art
 * Newman, Michael. "Towards the Reinvigoration of the 'Western Tableau': Some Notes on Jeff Wall and Duchamp." Oxford Art Journal 30.1 (2007): 81–100.
 * Del Río, Víctor. La querella oculta. Jeff Wall y la crítica de la neovanguardia. El Desvelo Ediciones, 2012. Spain. ISBN 9788493866389
 * Lauter, Rolf. Jeff Wall: figures & places: selected works from 1978–2000; Frankfurt: Museum für Moderne Kunst, 2001/2002. ISBN 3791326074 ISBN 9783791326078

title: Jeff Wall


text:
Talk:All in the Family

Exactly when is the show Set?
The setting section needs to have the "time" not just the "place". I would edit it but I am not sure. To me it looks like it is set a few years earlier than contemporary, perhaps beginning in late 60s? Does anyone know what years it is beyond "the 1970s"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.218.192.199 (talk) 08:54, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Spin-off statement will need updating in 2020
It's premature to put anything in yet, but All in the Family's record of spin-offs will be tied in 2020 when the Star Trek franchise debuts its 7th spin-off, Picard. But it hasn't been released as yet. And an animated 8th spin-off is also coming next year. Here we go into what is considered a direct spin-off, but this article specifies that it includes direct spin-offs and spin-offs of spin-offs, which is what Picard would qualify as. Anyway, once Picard comes out, the statement will need to be updated. 70.73.90.119 (talk) 15:18, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Happy Days is also listed with seven spinoffs, making it a tie. And since Happy Days is a spinoff of Love American Style, which had 2 spinoffs (including Happy Days), then doesn't Love American Style win with 9 spinoffs total (either direct or second generation)? 2601:140:C004:DA0:3410:A5D1:7912:22B3 (talk) 00:54, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

Errors in History and production section
This section really needs a close revision or rewrite, there are numerous errors and unsourced material. An example is the statement on the page claiming this as being the first major television show taped in front of a live studio audience. That was done by I Love Lucy in the 1950's. There are no sources specified in this article to verify any of this as being more significant than that. Soludos2 (talk) 08:58, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:All in the Family