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Tao Yuanming

Tao Yuanming (365–427), also known as Tao Qian (also T'ao Ch'ien in Wade–Giles), was a Chinese poet and politician who was one of the best-known poets during the Six Dynasties period. He was born during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420) and died during the Liu Song (420–479) dynasty (Jin-Song transition). Tao Yuanming spent much of his life in reclusion, living in the countryside, farming, reading, drinking wine, receiving the occasional guest, and writing poems in which he often reflected on the pleasures and difficulties of life, as well as his decision to withdraw from civil service. Tao's simple and direct style was somewhat at odds with the norms for literary writing in his time. In the Tang dynasty (618–907), he was well known as a recluse. During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), influential literati figures such as Su Shi (1037–1101) declared him a paragon of authenticity and spontaneity in poetry, predicting that Tao Yuanming would achieve lasting literary fame. However, Tao Yuanming's inclusion in the 6th century literary anthology Wen Xuan argues for at least a beginning of fame in his own era, at least in his own birth area. Tao Yuanming would later be regarded as the foremost representative of what we now know as Fields and Gardens poetry. Tao Yuanming found inspiration in the beauty and serenity of the natural world close at hand. Tao Yuanming is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.

Names
In the middle of his life, Tao changed his name (keeping his family name) from Tao Yuanming to Tao Qian. "Master of the Five Willows", another name which he used when quite young, seems to be a sobriquet of his own invention. There is a surviving autobiographical essay from his youth in which Tao Yuanming uses "Five Willows" to allude to himself. After this, Tao refers to himself in his earlier writings as "Yuanming"; however; it is thought that with the demise of the Eastern Jin dynasty in 420, that he began to refer to himself as "Qian", meaning "hiding", as a signification of his final withdrawal into the quiet life in the country and his decision to avoid any further participation in the political scene. Tao Qian could also be translated "Recluse Tao". However, this in no way implies an eremitic lifestyle or extreme asceticism; rather a comfortable dwelling, with family, friends, neighbors, musical instruments, wine, a nice library, and the beautiful scenery of a mountain farm were Tao Qian's compensation for giving up on the lifestyle of Tao Yuanming, government servant.

The names Yuanliang (元亮), Shenming (深明), and Quanming (泉明) are all associated with Tao Yuanming. Some of this confusion results from a naming taboo during the Tang dynasty, specifically that the characters for an emperor's name were impermissible to use either to write or even to casually pronounce. This taboo required the substitution of similar characters or words in order to avoid this prohibition. As the "High Founder" of the Tang dynasty (posthumously titled Emperor Gaozu of Tang) had the personal name Li Yuan, the yuan (渊) character became taboo. So, since this was the same as the yuan in Yuanming, various authors substituted the synonymous shen (深) for yuan—both referring to "depths".

Ancestry
Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather was the eminent Jin dynasty general and governor, Tao Kan (259–334). His grandfather and father also both served as government officials, rising to the level of county governor. However, the family circumstances into which Tao Yuanming was born were only those of moderate poverty and lack of much political influence. Family circumstances included the death of his father when he was eight years old.

Personal background

Tao Yuanming is considered to be a person of the Eastern Jin dynasty (316/317 – 419/420 CE), although living beyond the demise of that dynasty. The last stable period in Chinese history had been during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), which was followed by the various political permutations known as the Three Kingdoms, one of these successor states being Cao Wei, founded and ruled by the Cao clan, and basically briefly reunifying China. The Jin dynasty was founded and controlled by the Sima clan, the leading members of which were known for gaining and retaining power through corruption. This began before the birth of Tao Yuanming, when Sima Yan usurped the throne of the monarchal ruler of Cao Wei dynasty, establishing its headquarters at the western capital of Chang'an, and renaming the kingdom Jin. Subsequently, the history of the dynasty was characterized by nepotism, corrupt politics, civil disorder, and violence. Various other clans also vied for power. The Sima fought against these as well as each other. The weaknesses inherent in the system culminated in the War of the Eight Princes (291 to 306), all eight princes being Simas. Immediate subsequent events resulted in certain rebels and bandits overruning the country. Many of these prominent rebels were not ethnic Han Chinese, and they were generally referred to as the Five Barbarians, or Wu Hu, one of which was the Xiongnu—this event is thus known as the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The Xiongnu founded their state of Han-Zhao and overthrew remnants of the Jin north of the Yangzi river, eventually capturing, and killing the two last Sima rulers of Western Jin, and in the process capturing the ancient capitals, Luoyang and Chang'an. Upon the territory north of the Yangzi being captured, a prince in the south named Sima Rui set up a new Jin dynasty state with a capital at Jiankang. This new Jin empire continued the traditions of violence and corruption of their predecessor; and, it was this manifestation of Jin, known as Eastern Jin, was the one in which Tao Yuanming was born and lived most of his life. Control of Eastern Jin was usurped by a series of successors of various clans, and also subject to less-successful rebellions by various warlords, and also facing external threats from other states such as Northern Wei, whose dynastic rulers were of the Tuoba (Tabgach) clan of the Xianbei. Eventually the whole Jin state was replaced by Liu Song, in 419/420. This new dynasty was named Song (like the much later, larger dynasty) and was ruled by the Liu family, and was also corrupt and short-lived. Versions of Tao Yuanming's biography in the Chinese source material vary as to his name and age during the various historical events of Eastern Jin and Liu Song known from other sources.

Birth
Tao Yuanming was born during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420), in Chaisang, a place which is now a district of the city of Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province, China.

Year of birth controversy
Tao Yuanming is generally believed to have been born in the year 365 CE in Chaisang (柴桑; modern Jiujiang), an area of great natural beauty. At the time Jiujiang was named Jiangzhou, and had an actively Buddhist governor. This birth date is confirmed in Tao's biography in the Book of Jin, which state that he was born "in the third year of the Xingning Reign Period of Emperor Ai", or Common Era year 365. However, there is some uncertainty regarding this date, and the Chinese scholar Yuan Xingpei has argued that Tao was actually born in 352.

Place of birth
The name of Tao Yuanming's ancestral village, Chaisang, literally means "Mulberry-Bramble". Nearby sights have included Mountain Lu, Poyang Lake (then known as P'eng-li), as well as a good selection of nature's features located in the immediate vicinity of Chaisang.

Younger years
Detailed information on Tao Yuanming's younger years are not known, although it is safe to say that they were lived in a difficult environment. When he would have been eighteen or nineteen, both the invasion by the state of Former Qin (ruled by an ethnically Hu dynasty) and the events culminating in the Battle of Fei River (383) occurred; after great risk to the existence of Eastern Jin this, against the odds, resulted in gains of territory north of Yangzi river, while also whetting Eastern Jin appetites for reconquering the former northern territories. Many events would occur during Tao Yuanming's lifetime, including two revolts leading to the usurpation of the throne, and eventually, in his old age, the overthrow of Eastern Jin.

Incident at Tiger Creek Bridge

Tao Yuanming's birthplace was very near Mountain Lu, which became a center of Buddhism, and eventually a source of origin for Pure Land Buddhism. According to historical accounts, in the eleventh year of emperor Xiaowu's Taiyuan reign period (386), when Tao Yuanming would have been 21 years old, Buddhist priest Huiyuan (later considered the First Ancestor of Pure Land Buddhism) came to build the Donglin Monastery and organized the White Lotus Society, or a branch thereof. Many scholars and poets participated in the Huiyuan's social circle, centered at the mountain monastery. According to the book Stories of Worthy Personages in the Lotus Society (蓮社高賢傳), Master Huiyuan was supposed to never leave the monastery, except for one time. The official border of the monastery was known as Tiger Creek (also known as Tiger Gorge), named for the tigers then inhabiting the neighboring hills and over which spanned a bridge. However, once, following a visit by Tao Yuanming and another scholar, Master Huiyuan, on accompanying his guests out, became so wrapped up in their conversation, that he did not notice that he was leaving the monastery grounds. Upon crossing the Tiger Creek Bridge, the local tigers were so astonished at this departure from the Master's practice of never leaving the monastery grounds that they began roaring and howling. The story goes on to say that once Huiyuan realized he had breached his practice, the three all burst out laughing. This incident later became the subject of the famous paintings of "Three Laughing Men at Tiger Creek" (虎溪三笑; Pinyin: hǔ xī sān xiào).

Government service
Tao Yuanming ended up serving more than ten years in government service, personally involved with the sordid political scene of the times, which he did in five stints. Tao served in both civil and military capacities, which included making several trips down the Yangzi to the capital Jiankang, then a thriving metropolis, and the center of power during the Six Dynasties. The ruins of the old Jiankang walls can still be found in the modern municipality of Nanjing. During this period, Tao Yuanming's poems begin to indicate that he was becoming torn between ambition and a desire to retreat into solitude.

Political background
Through the history of the times, enough is known of the general state of affairs during Tao's governmental career to indicate why such service during that sorry state of political affairs was so miserable for him: Tao Yuanming served under the two usurpers Huan Xuan and Liu Yu, not to mention the weak and pitiful emperor An.

The future emperor An of Eastern Jin (born 382 and personally named Sima Dezong) was a scion of the dynastic ruling family of the Jin empire, the Sima. His father was emperor Xiaowu, who named him crown prince in 387, despite his extreme developmental disabilities (being unable to dress himself, speak, or generally communicate). When Xiaowu was murdered in bed by his secondary wife, the Lady Zhang, An was crowned emperor in 397. Acting as regent, actual control of the empire was in the hands of emperor An's father's younger brother Sima Daozi. The regent, Sima Daozi, could dress himself and communicate verbally, but nevertheless was not that capable of a ruler, with a reputation for feasting and drinking rather than attending to affairs of state, and surrounding himself with flatterers. Various insurrections developed during the span of this corrupt and incompetent government, mostly unsuccessful, a state of affairs which did not change much when Sima Daozi's son Sima Yuanxian succeeded as regent (an event reported to happening during a bout of drunkenness on the part of Sima Daozi). Eventually, the warlord Huan Xuan was able to consolidate enough power to seize the regency for himself. Huan Xuan was a kleptocrat, who found some way to seize whatever valuable objects or properties that he envied. Besides that, Huan had a habit of tyrannically punishing any official who made the slightest mistake or whom he was suspicious of. In 403, Huan had emperor An abdicate, so that he himself could be ruler both in fact and in name, and renamed his empire as the Chu dynasty. Shortly thereafter Huan Xuan was killed during the course of an uprising, in 404/405. The rebels then restored emperor An to his nominal position, and the empire's name to Jin. The leader of the rebels was Huan Xuan's general Liu Yu, who proceeded to rule as regent for emperor An. A typical pattern of external warfare and rebellions from within followed. In 418/419 Liu Yu had an assassin kill emperor An. Liu Yu installed An's younger brother (Sima Dewen) as emperor Gong, with Liu Yu retaining the real power. Liu Yu then forced Gong to abdicate, and not long after had him assassinated. Upon Gong's abdication, Liu Yu had himself named as Emperor Wu of Song, thus officially ending the Jin dynasty. This is the government in which Tao Yuanming served, and his poems portray his increasing discontent with doing so, whether or not he was really inclined to do so anyway is less clear (and he seems to have other personal, family reasons for his decision to resign). Nevertheless, after around a decade of service, Tao decided to leave the government and go back to his home region.

Five stints as a government official

Tao Yuanming's first stint in government was as State Officer of Rites, when he was about twenty-nine. He did this in part due to family poverty, and to support his aged parents. However, he had a difficult time of it and returned home. Accounts of Tao's second and third government service stints vary somewhat. One source of information is A Year-by-Year Biography of Tao Yuanming by Lu Qingli. Tao's second stint in government seems to have been working for Huan Xuan. According to Lu, Tao served in the government during the Long'an years of emperor An, during the time of the Sun En revolt. (Sun En seems to have been a populist magician associated with the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice movement.) Tao would have been about thirty-five years old, and the warlord Huan Xuan had become governor of Tao's home province, Jiangzhou. Huan had a plan to coordinate with other warlords (including Liu Yu) to eradicate Sun En. Again according to Lu, Tao Yuanming was the official to go to the imperial capital, Jiankang, and officially submit this proposal to the imperial government. After receiving approval, Huan and associates successfully subdued the rebellion. Then, about three tears later, Huan Xuan and other warlords rebelled, and captured both the capital city and the emperor, An, and thus the imperial power. But by this time Tao Yuanming was working not for Huan but as Defense Strategist (apparently his third stint as a government official), handling paperwork for Liu Yu, the general in charge of defending the Sima-lead imperial government. There was also a fourth stint. When he was about forty, Tao worked for general Liu Jingxuan, who resigned about a year later, and Tao along with him. Tao Yuanming's fifth and final stint, as Penze county magistrate (beginning March of the first year of the Yixing regnal year), only lasted about eighty days, as he resigned in August the same year. This was the time period when he wrote his essay "To Return", in his preface to which he mentions taking the job because having "a house full of little kids", and goes on to explain why he wants to give up government work and return home. Each stint seems to have lasted no more than a few years, and each time Tao Yuanming seems to have resigned and returned home. Officially, his retirement was due to the sudden death of his younger sister and his need to attend to the funeral rites. Another reason, given by his biographer Xiao Tong, was that Tao was faced with the imminent imposition of an onerous supervisor, whom he was told he "had to treat right", and which was the occasion of him saying, "I won't bow to a bucolic boy for the sake of five pecks of rice." Subsequently, despite various offers by Liu Yu, after he became emperor, Tao Yuanming refused to return to government service. Of Tao Yuanming's career Su Shi describe him as "working for the government when he desired to, without feeling shame in his requests; retiring when he desired to, without thinking himself lofty."

Return to the fields

In the Spring of 405, Tao Yuanming was serving in the army, as aide-de-camp to the local commanding officer. The death of his sister together with his disgust at the corruption and infighting of the Jin Court prompted him to resign. As Tao himself put it, he would not "bow like a servant in return for five pecks of grain" (為五斗米折腰), a saying which has entered common usage meaning "swallowing one's pride in exchange for a meager existence". "Five pecks of grain" was among other things the specified salary of certain low-rank officials. Certainly Tao Yuanming's salary as Penze County Magistrate was far higher than five pecks, so this was a symbolic expression. For the last 22 years of his life, he lived in retirement on his small farmstead.

Children and family

Tao Yuanming married two times. His first wife died when he was in his thirties.

Tao Yuanming had five sons. The oldest son was Tao Yan, as mentioned in his letter "A Letter to My Sons Yan, Etc.", a sort of apology for any hunger or cold which they suffered as a result of following his ideal and conscience and not working for the government anymore. The daughters, if any, were unrecorded (as customary). However, just how this occurred within the chronology of his life is unknown.

Religious and philosophical influences
Tao Yuanming's works show a certain spiritual side to them. The three main sources of religious/philosophical influence on Tao Yuanming were Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist.

In his youth, Tao says, "I enjoyed studying the Six Classics." He mentions this in Title 16 of his Drinking Poems series. The Six Classics refers to the Six Confucian Classics (now the Five Classics, due to the loss of the Book of Music), fundamental Confucian texts. Tao shows his Taoist influence in various works, for example, through such lines as "I long to return to Nature" from his poem "Returning to Country and Farming", or his sentiments in his essay "Return". In these texts, Tao deprecates artificial limits or restrictions in interpersonal relationships, instead expressing the desire for a simple life, with nature taking its course. Also in "Returning to Country and Farming", Tao Yuanming shows a Buddhist side (although he never formally became a Buddhist): "Life is like an illusion; everything returns to emptiness," he says, echoing the Buddhist sutras. His ability to absorb and creatively employ the three diverse religions/philosophies leads Florence Chia-ying Yeh to say: "Among the Chinese poets, Tao Yuanming had the greatest perseverance and integrity. His power to persevere was based upon his acceptance and absorption of the essentials of various philosophies, such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. He mastered not only the external words, doctrines, and rituals, but also had a thorough internal understanding and acceptance of the best and most valuable parts of those schools of thought."

Death
His main biographies give Tao Yuanming's death as "in the fourth year of the Yuanjia reign period of Emperor Wen". Thus, Tao Qian is generally but not universally held to have died in 427, which mathematically works out to the age of 63. If, however, he was in fact born in 352, he would instead have been 76 years old when he died.

Works and legacy
Approximately 130 of his works survive, consisting mostly of poems or essays which depict an idyllic pastoral life of farming and drinking.

Poetry
Because his poems depict a life of farming and of drinking his homemade wine, he would later be termed "Poet of the Fields". In Tao Yuanming's poems can be found superlative examples of the theme which urges its audience to drop out of official life, move to the country, and take up a cultivated life of wine, poetry, and avoiding people with whom friendship would be unsuitable, but in Tao's case this went along with actually engaging in farming. Tao's poetry also shows an inclination to fulfillment of duty, such as feeding his family. Tao's simple and plain style of expression, reflecting his back-to-basics lifestyle, first became better known as he achieved local fame as a hermit. This was followed gradually by recognition in major anthologies. By the Tang dynasty, Tao was elevated to greatness as a poet's poet, revered by Li Bai and Du Fu.

Han poetry, Jian'an poetry, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, and the other earlier Six dynasties poetry foreshadowed some of Tao's particular symbolism and the general "returning home to the country" theme, and also somewhat separately show precursory in evolving of poetic form, based on the yuefu style which traces its origin to the Han dynasty Music Bureau. An example given of the thematic evolution of one of Tao's poetic themes is Zhang Heng's Return to the Field, written in the Classical Chinese poetry form known as the fu, or "rhapsody" style, but Tao's own poetry (including his own "Return to the Field" poem) tends to be known for its use of the more purely poetic shi which developed as a regular line length form from the literary yuefu of the Jian'an and foreshadows the verse forms favored in Tang poetry, such as gushi, or "old-style verse". Tao's poems, prose and their combination of form and theme into his own style broke new ground and became a fondly relied upon historical landmark. Much subsequent Chinese painting and literature would require no more than the mention or image of chrysanthemums by the eastern fence to call to mind Tao Yuanming's life and poetry. Later, his poetry and the particular motifs which Tao Yuanming exemplified would prove to importantly influence the innovations of Beat poetry and the 1960s poetry of the United States and Europe. Both in the 20th century and subsequently, Tao Yuanming has come to occupy a position as one of the select group of great world poets.

Poems
The following is an extract from a poem Tao wrote, in the year 409, in regard to a traditional Chinese holiday:

 * Written on the Ninth Day of the Ninth Month of the Year yi-yu

 * The myriad transformations
 *  unravel one another
 * And human life
 *  how should it not be hard?
 * From ancient times
 *  there was none but had to die,
 *  Remembering this
 * scorches my very heart.
 *  What is there I can do
 *  to assuage this mood?
 *  Only enjoy myself
 *  drinking my unstrained wine.
 *  I do not know
 *  about a thousand years,
 *  Rather let me make
 *  this morning last forever.

Poem number five of Tao's "Drinking Wine" series is translated by Arthur Waley:

I built my hut in a zone of human habitation

my hut in a zone of human habitation, Yet near me there sounds no noise of horse or coach. Would you know how that is possible? A heart that is distant creates a wilderness round it. I pluck chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge, Then gaze long at the distant summer hills. The mountain air is fresh at the dusk of day: The flying birds two by two return. In these things there lies a deep meaning; Yet when we would express it, words suddenly fail us.

Another, from the same source is "Returning to the Fields" (alternatively translated by others as "Return to the Field"):

I was young, I was out of tune with the herd: My only love was for the hills and mountains. Unwitting I fell into the Web of the World's dust And was not free until my thirtieth year. The migrant bird longs for the old wood: The fish in the tank thinks of its native pool. I had rescued from wildness a patch of the Southern Moor And, still rustic, I returned to field and garden. My ground covers no more than ten acres: My thatched cottage has eight or nine rooms. Elms and willows cluster by the eaves: Peach trees and plum trees grow before the hall. Hazy, hazy the distant hamlets of men. Steady the smoke of the half-deserted village, A dog barks somewhere in the deep lanes, A cock crows at the top of the mulberry tree. At gate and courtyard—no murmur of the World's dust: In the empty rooms—leisure and deep stillness. Long I lived checked by the bars of a cage: Now I have turned again to Nature and Freedom.

Tao's poems greatly influenced the ensuing poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties. A great admirer of Tao, Du Fu wrote a poem Oh, Such a Shame of life in the countryside:

 * Only by wine one's heart is lit,
 * only a poem calms a soul that's torn.
 * You'd understand me, Tao Qian.
 * I wish a little sooner I was born!

Peach Blossom Spring
Aside from his poems, Tao is also known for his short, influential, and intriguing prose depiction of a land hidden from the outside world called "Peach Blossom Spring" (桃花源記). The name Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源, Tao Hua Yuan) is now a well known, standard Chinese term for a utopia. This fable recounted by Tao Yuanming begins with a claim that it occurred in the Taiyuan era of the Jin dynasty (376–396). According to the story, a fisher gets lost and discovers a place out of time, but cannot find it again after he leaves and tells of its existence. It is a very influential story.

Legacy
Tao Yuanming's literary legacy also includes his influence on later poets and authors. One example is Song dynasty poet Xin Qiji. Another example is Su Shi's composition "Matching Tao's Poems", in which the Song dynasty poet wrote a new poem in response to Tao's poems, but used the same rhymes for his lines. Another poet inspired in part by Tao Yuanming was the 16th century Korean poet Yi Hwang.

Critical appraisal
Zhong Rong (468–518) described Yuanming's literary style as "spare and limpid, with scarcely a surplus word." In Poetry Gradings (詩品) Zhong Rong wrote: [Yuanming's] sincerity is true and traditional, his verbalized inspirations supple and relaxed. When one reads his works, the fine character of the poet himself comes to mind. Ordinary men admire his unadorned directness. But such lines of his as "With happy face I pour the spring-brewed wine," and "The sun sets, no clouds are in the sky," are pure and refined in the beauty of their air. These are far from being merely the words of a farmer. He is the father of recluse poetry past and present.

Su Shi (1037–1101), one of the major poets of the Song era, said that the only poet he was particularly fond of was Yuanming, who "deeply impressed [him] by what he was as a man." Su Shi exalted Yuanming's "unadorned and yet beautiful, spare and yet ample" poems, and even asserted that "neither Cao Zhi, Liu Zhen, Bao Zhao, Xie Lingyun, Li Bai, nor Du Fu achieves his stature".

Huang Tingjian (1045–1105), one of the Four Masters of the Song dynasty and a younger friend of Su Shi, said, "“When you’ve just come of age, reading these poems seems like gnawing on withered wood. But reading them after long experience in the world, it seems the decisions of your life were all made in ignorance.”

Lin Yutang (1895–1976) considered Yuanming the perfect example of "the true lover of life". He praised the harmony and simplicity in Yuanming's life as well as in his style, and claimed that he "represents the most perfectly harmonious and well-rounded character in the entire Chinese literary tradition."

In Great lives from history (1988), Frank Northen Magill highlights the "candid beauty" of Yuanming's poetry, stating that the "freshness of his images, his homespun but Heaven-aspiring morality, and his steadfast love of rural life shine through the deceptively humble words in which they are expressed, and as a consequence he has long been regarded one of China's most accomplished and accessible poets." He also discusses what makes Yuanming unique as a poet, and why his works were perhaps overlooked by his contemporaries: It is this fundamental love of simplicity that distinguishes T'ao Ch'ien's verses from the works of court poets of his time, who utilized obscure allusions and complicated stylistic devices to fashion verses that appealed only to the highly educated. T'ao Ch'ien, by way of contrast, seldom made any literary allusions whatsoever, and he wrote for the widest possible audience. As a consequence, he was slighted by his era's critics and only fully appreciated by later generations of readers.

Gallery
Tao Yuanming has inspired not only generations of poets, but also painters and other artists.

Editions

 * Meng Erdong ed. Tao Yuanming Ji Yi Zhu ISBN 7-80626-064-1.
 * Wu Zheshun ed. Tao Yuanming Ji  ISBN 7-80520-683-X
 * David Hinton (translator). The Selected Poems of T'ao Ch'ien (Copper Canyon Press, 1993) ISBN 1-55659-056-3.
 * Karl-Heinz Pohl (translator). Der Pfirsichbluetenquell (Bochum University Press, 2002)
 * Davis, A.R. T'ao Yuan-ming (Hong Kong, 1983) 2 vols.
 * William Acker (translator). T'ao the Hermit: Sixty Poems by T'ao Ch'ien, 365–427 (London & New York: Thames and Hudson, 1952)
 * Philippe Uguen-Lyon (translator), Tao Yuanming : Œuvres complètes 陶淵明集, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2022 ISBN 978-2251452500.

Commentary

 * Ashmore, Robert. The Transport of Reading: Text and Understanding in the World of Tao Qian (365–427) (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2010) ISBN 9780674053212
 * Hightower, James R. Poetry of T'ao Ch'ien ISBN 0-19-815440-2. Revised Edition The Poetry of Tao Qian 陶潛 (Tao Yuanming 陶淵明) 365-427 (Quirin Press 2024) ISBN 978-1-922169-28-0
 * Xiaofei Tian. Tao Yuanming and Manuscript Culture: The Record of a Dusty Table ISBN 978-0-295-98553-4.

title: Tao Yuanming


text:
Black-legged kittiwake

The black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) is a seabird species in the gull family Laridae. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Larus tridactylus. The English name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'. In North America, this species is known as the black-legged kittiwake to differentiate it from the red-legged kittiwake, but in Europe, where it is the only member of the genus, it is often known just as kittiwake.

Taxonomy
The black-legged kittiwake was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed with the gulls in the genus Larus and coined the binomial name Larus tridactylus. Linnaeus specified the type location as northern Europe but this has been restricted to Great Britain. The black-legged kittiwake is now placed together with the red-legged kittiwake in the genus Rissa that was introduced in 1826 by the English naturalist James Stephens. The genus name is from the Icelandic word "rita" for a black-legged kittiwake. The specific tridactyla is from Ancient Greek tridaktulos meaning "three-toed". The English name "kittiwake" is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'.

Two subspecies are recognised. These are listed below together with their breeding ranges.
 * R. t. tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) – high Arctic to temperate north coasts, from Greenland, Iceland, west, northwest Europe, Svalbard and northwest New Siberian Islands; Canadian high Arctic (northeast Canada), Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland (southeast Canada)
 * R. t. pollicaris Ridgway, 1884 – high Arctic to temperate north coasts, from northeast New Siberian Islands to Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril and Commander Islands (east Russia); Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea islands and west, southwest Alaska mainland

Distribution and habitat
The black-legged kittiwake is a coastal bird of the arctic to subarctic regions of the world. It can be found all across the northern coasts of the Atlantic, from Canada to Greenland as well as on the Pacific side from Alaska to the coast of Siberia. Black-legged kittiwakes' wintering range extends further south from the St-Lawrence to the southern coast of New Jersey as well as in China, the Sargasso sea and off the coast of west Africa. There are two subspecies of black-legged kittiwake. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla can be found on the Atlantic coast whereas Rissa tridactyla pollicaris is found on the Pacific coast.

Out of all the laridae, the kittiwakes are the most pelagic ones. Kittiwakes are almost exclusively found at sea with the exception of the breeding period, from May to September, where they can be found nesting on the sheerest sea cliffs. They are rarely found inland, though they have been reported on few instances as far as 20 km inland. For the rest of the year, kittiwake spend most of their time on the wing out of sight from the coast.

Adult plumage
The adult is 37 - 41 cm in length with a wingspan of 91 – and a body mass of 305 - 525 g. It has a white head and body, grey back, grey wings tipped solid black, black legs and a yellow bill. Occasional individuals have pinky-grey to reddish legs, inviting confusion with red-legged kittiwake. The inside of their mouth is also a characteristic feature of the species due to its rich red colour. Such red pigmentation is due to carotenoids pigments and vitamin A which have to be acquired through their diet. Studies show that integument coloration is associated with male's reproductive success. Such hypothesis would explain the behavior of couples greeting each other by opening their mouth and flashing their bright mouth it to their partner while vocalizing. As their Latin name suggests, they only possess three toes since their hind toe is either extremely reduced or completely absent. The two subspecies being almost identical, R. tridactyla pollicaris is in general slightly larger than its counterpart R. tridactyle tridactyla. In winter, this species acquires a dark grey smudge behind the eye and a grey hind-neck collar. The bill also turns a dusky-olive color.

Since kittiwakes winter at sea and rarely touch ground during this period, very little is known about their exact molting pattern.

Juvenile plumage
At fledging, the juveniles differ from the adults in having a black 'W' band across the length of the wings and whiter secondary and primary feathers behind the black 'W', a black hind-neck collar and a black terminal band on the tail. They can also be identified due to their solid black bill. This plumage is a hatch-year plumage and will only remain for their first year. Kittiwakes obtain their mature plumage at 4 years old, but will gradually change their juvenile plumage over time until maturity is reached. A second-year juvenile resembles a hatch-year regarding the plumage, though the bill is no longer solid black but instead has a greenish color. The black marking on the coverts and the tail is still visible. The black marking will only molt during their third year, where the black is no longer present on the coverts, but the grey smudge on the head remains. A third-year bird will also exhibit a small zone of bright yellow/orange at the base of its mostly greenish bill. It is only at four years old that the bill will reach an overall colour of bright yellow and complete its mature plumage.

The old fisherman's name of "tarrock" for juvenile kittiwakes is still occasionally used.

Vocalization
The kittiwake is named after its call that resembles a long "kit-ti-wake". Apart from their typical call, kittiwakes have a wide array of vocalization. Their greeting call is used by the two members of a pair when meeting at the nest after an absence of one or both members. Before and during copulation, the female will often vocalize by making a series of short high pitched "squeak". This call is also used by the female to beg for food from the male (courtship feeding). When predators are around, the kittiwake alarm call, an "oh oh oh oh" will be heard all across the colony. Kittiwake will vocalize all day for various reasons and will only stop when the sun is down.

Similar species
The red-legged kittiwake is the only other species in the genus Rissa and can be differentiated from its counterpart by its red legs, as the name suggests. The head of the red-legged kittiwake is slightly smaller and bears a shorter bill. The chicks of the Pacific black-legged kittiwake and red-legged kittiwake cannot be distinguished during their youngest downy phase.

The juvenile black-legged kittiwake can be confused with the Bonaparte's gull juveniles although the kittiwakes' plumage has more black on the primaries and a different pattern going across the coverts.

Flight
Kittiwake are known for their graceful flight. Unlike larger gulls, their flight is light with the wings beating in fast strokes. When looking at them flying around the colony, kittiwakes often look as if they are playing in the wind with their agile flips and loops. Kittiwakes are highly gregarious and therefore are rarely seen flying alone far away from the colony.

Breeding
It is a coastal breeding bird around the north Pacific and north Atlantic oceans, found most commonly in North America and Europe. Kittiwakes are colonial nesters that form monogamous pairs and exhibit biparental care, meaning that both take part in nest building, incubation and chick rearing. They tend to nest in large numbers on cliffs by the sea side. It breeds in large colonies on cliffs and is very noisy on the breeding ground. Cliff nesting for gulls occurs only in the Rissa species, and the kittiwake is capable of utilizing the very sheerest of vertical cliffs, as is evident in their nesting sites on Staple Island in the outer Farne Islands.

Black-legged kittiwake gulls traditionally prefer nesting on natural cliffs and ledges, and there are historically few instances of kittiwakes nesting on man-made structures. In recent years, a shift in nesting behavior has been noted, particularly in the coastal areas of Northern Norway.

Nesting
Kittiwake pairs both participate in building the nest in which the female will lay their eggs. The breeding season begins in mid-June and usually end in August. Building the nest in order to welcome their fragile eggs is a tedious task and requires time and energy. The parents begin with a layer of mud and grass in order to form a platform that will cushion and help to isolate the eggs from the cold ground. A cup is then built around the platform in order to keep the eggs from rolling out of the nest. Finally, the nest is lined with soft and dry material such as moss, grass or seaweed. The nest is solidified by a continuous trampling of the materials by the pair. Throughout this period, the male will do courtship feeding by feeding the female at their nest site. The reasons for such behavior are not quite understood but many hypotheses have been brought up to explain the phenomenon. Hypothesis such as the "nutrition hypothesis" and the "copulation enhancement hypothesis" have shown evidence that this behavior evolved either through natural or sexual selection.

Eggs and incubation
Kittiwakes are single-brooded, meaning that the pair will only reproduce once per year. Egg formation within the female usually takes around 15 days and normal egg clutch size ranges from one to two sub-elliptical eggs, though three eggs clutches are not impossible. The female will lay eggs on alternate days. The eggs' color varies quite a bit, ranging from white, brownish to turquoise with dark brown speckles. Once the eggs are laid, the parents will take turns and incubate their clutch for an average period of 27 days. In case of egg loss, the female might relay another egg within 15 days after the loss.

Chick-rearing
Chicks usually hatched through the larger end of the egg using their egg tooth. The egg tooth usually disappear after seven days post-hatching. The alpha and beta chicks tend to hatch 1.3 days apart. Kittiwake are born semi-precocial. The downy young of kittiwakes are white, since they have no need of camouflage from predators, and do not wander from the nest like Larus gulls for obvious safety reasons. Regardless of predation, the chicks are most vulnerable within their first week due to their incapacity to properly thermoregulate during that period. Kittiwake chicks also exhibit siblicide, meaning that the first-born chick may kill its sibling in order to avoid competition for food from their parents. If siblicide is to occur, it will most likely occur within the first 10 days of life of the smaller chick, in most cases the last born.

The downy plumage of chicks start to be replaced by the juvenile plumage only five days after hatching and will continue to do so for about 30 days, until the juvenile plumage is complete. It is not long after the completion of their juvenile plumage that the chicks will have their first flight at 34–58 days old. Chicks will come back to the nest for several weeks after hatching and will eventually follow the adults at sea where they spend the winter. Kittiwakes reach sexual maturity at around 4–5 years old.

Food and feeding
Kittiwakes are primarily pelagic piscivorous birds. Their main food source consists of fish, though it is not unlikely to find invertebrates such as copepods, polychete and squids in their diet, especially when fish is harder to find. Due to their wide range, kittiwake diet is quite variable. In the Gulf of Alaska, their diet is usually composed of Pacific capelin, Pacific herring, Pacific sand land and much more. Kittiwakes of the coast of the United Kingdom, in Europe, rely mostly on sandeels. In 2004, the kittiwake population in the Shetland islands, along with the murre (guillemot) and tern population, completely failed to reproduce successfully due to a collapse in sandeel stock. Like most gulls, kittiwake forage at the surface of the water where they tend to catch their prey while in flight or sitting on the water. Throughout winter, kittiwakes spend all of their time at sea where they forage. Unlike some gull species, they do not scavenge at landfills.

The foraging style of the kittiwakes is often compared to the terns' foraging strategy due to their frequent hovering and their head diving quickly at the surface of the water. Instances of kittiwakes following whales are also common since they benefit from the fish fragments expelled by these huge marine mammals. Fishers and commercial fishing boats are also the frequent witnesses of big groups of kittiwakes, often mixed with other gull species and terns, hovering around their ship in order to benefit from the scraps rejected in their sewage water or thrown overboard.

There are few studies focussing on their water needs, though they seem to prefer salt water to fresh water. Captive kittiwakes are known to refuse fresh water but will willingly drink salt water.

Relationship with humans
Kittiwakes are a frequent encounter of fisheries in northern regions. Their diet consisting almost exclusively of fish, fishermen tend to seek large aggregation of seabirds since they are often a sign of fish abundance. On the other hand, kittiwake and other seabirds hang around fishing boats or platforms to collect scraps or any fish that might have been left out. Due to the kittiwake pelagic lifestyle, they rarely interact with humans on the land, other than occasional sight near the ocean's coast.

In New England, the black-legged kittiwake is often called the "winter gull" since its arrival often signals to people that winter is coming.

The city of Tromsø, along with other cities in the far north of Norway, has experienced a remarkable increase in the number of kittiwakes choosing to utilize city structures as nesting sites. This rise in urban nesting populations has seen the number of pairs skyrocket from a mere 13 to over 380 between 2017 and 2022. Researchers attribute this climate change related breeding failures, along with the absence of natural predators in the city, providing a safer environment for the gulls to breed and raise their young. The increasing nesting population has created challenges, as the gulls produce vast amounts of ammonia-smelling feces, discoloring buildings and streets, as well as the noise pollution generated by their constant vocalizations.

To address these challenges, innovative measures have been implemented in Tromsø. One such initiative involves the establishment of "Kittiwake hotels," which are artificial bird cliff-structures built to encourage nesting away from urban facades. The hotels have, along with mitigation measures preventing nesting on the city's structures, had success in attracting kittiwakes without having a negative impact on breeding.

Population trends
Since the 1970s, it has been believed that the global population of black-legged kittiwake has declined of about 40% in only three generations (one generation is in average 12.9 years), putting the species in a dangerous place for the future. The global population is estimated at 14,600,000-15,700,000 individuals and is in constant decline. The individual distribution of kittiwakes across the world varies quite a bit, with Europe representing more than 50% of the world's kittiwake and North America representing only 20%. In their recent species assessment, the IUCN Red List pointed out that all but one populations of kittiwakes were in decline, with the exception of the small Canadian arctic population that seems to be increasing at a rate of 1% per year. The last IUCN Red List report in 2017, the species was moved from "least concern" to a "vulnerable" status on a global scale.

Fisheries
Since the kittiwakes are fish specialist and tend to rely on prey species, their reproductive success highly depends on fish availability. Commercial fisheries have been known to have many direct and indirect impacts on their surrounding ecosystem. Direct impacts on the fish species themselves are well known, but the presence of fisheries also has an array of impacts on marine predators that not only rely on the species harvested but also on the "bycatch" species. Fisheries harvesting species such as the sandeel, one of the main food source for kittiwakes in Europe, are known to have a huge impact of the reproductive success of local populations kittiwakes and other seabirds. Long-term research on the effect of food availability on kittiwakes in the Gulf of Alaska showed a direct correlation between food availability and reproductive success, using a supplemental-feeding experiment. Seabirds can also be a direct victim of fisheries. Their tendency to hang around them in hope of a good meal can lead to entanglements in fishing gear, often resulting in death by drowning.

Global warming
With global warming, the rising of ocean temperature is becoming a serious concern, affecting not only the marine flora and fauna but also the species exploiting the marine environment. Kittiwake are extremely sensitive to variation in food stocks. Such variations can be due to over exploitation, as mentioned above, but can also be due to variations in sea surface temperature. With the rising the sea surface temperature, many fishes, such as sandeels, are negatively affected by a rise in ocean temperature. Studies show that sandeels and many copepods populations are being negatively impacted due to increasing sea surface temperature. Such effect on marine species can have tremendous impact on breeding kittiwakes which rely almost exclusively on pelagic fishes, making food more scarce in a time of high energetic needs.

Conservation plan
There are still no global conservation plans for the black-legged kittiwake though the species is closely monitored for population trends shifts. There are currently no international legislations regarding this species. However, the black-legged kittiwake is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 that has been ratified by the US, Canada, Mexico, Russia and Japan. As for many gull species, the kittiwake is not a species of special interest for the public, therefore there are no education plans put in place in order to inform and educate people regarding this species.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black-legged kittiwake


text:
British Open (snooker)

The British Open is a professional snooker tournament, held as a ranking tournament from 1985. It was not held for 17 years, from the 2004/2005 season until the 2021/2022 season, when it returned to the calendar. The event has had various sponsors and venues over the years. It took place around November each year. Prior to the 1999/2000 season, it was held later in the season. As a result, two tournaments were held in 1999, one for the 1998/1999 season and one for the 1999/2000 season. Since 2022, the tournament's trophy is named the Clive Everton Trophy, after the popular commentator.

The reigning champion is Welshman Mark Williams who won his third title in 2023. The record for the most titles is held by Englishman Steve Davis with five, one ahead of Scots Stephen Hendry and John Higgins.

History
The tournament began in 1980 as the British Gold Cup in the Assembly Rooms, Derby. It was a sixteen-man invitation event and was played on a round robin basis with the group winners advancing to the semi-finals. The next year Yamaha took over sponsorship and the tournament was renamed the Yamaha Organs Trophy. The next year the tournaments name was changed to International Masters. The top eight of the first round robin stage played in two further groups and the winners advanced to the final. For 1984 the field of the tournament was increased to 27 and nine three-man groups were organised. The winners played in three semi-final groups and the winners played in a three-man round robin final.

After WPBSA decided to increase the number of ranking events in 1984/1985 and Yamaha withdrew its sponsorship the event was renamed the British Open. Dulux was the sponsor of the event between 1985 and 1987. In the next six years the event had four different sponsors: MIM Britannia Unit Trusts in 1988, Anglian Windows in 1989, Pearl Assurance between 1990 and 1992, and Wickes Home Improvements in 1993. In 1990 FA Cup style draws were introduced from the last 32 stage of the event.

In 1994 the tournament was moved to the Plymouth Pavilions. Between 1994 and 2004 the event was sponsored in only three years by Castella in 1995 and 1996, and by Stan James in 2001. The event was moved to the first half of the calendar in 1999/2000. The event than moved to the Telewest Arena in Newcastle for 2001, the Telford International Centre for 2002 and the Brighton Centre for 2003 and 2004. The event was dropped from the calendar in 2005/2006.

There have been nine maximum breaks during the history of the tournament. James Wattana made the first in 1992 in the last 16 against Tony Drago. The second and third came at the qualifying stage of the event. David McDonnell compiled it in the fourth round of the 1995 event against Nic Barrow and Jason Prince in the fifth round of the first 1999 event against Ian Brumby. Graeme Dott made the fourth at the same event in the last 64 against David Roe. The fifth was Stephen Hendry's sixth official maximum break, which he compiled in the final of the second 1999 event against Peter Ebdon. The sixth was compiled by John Higgins in 2003 in the last 32 against Michael Judge. The revived 2021 event recorded two maximum breaks. Higgins made one in the first frame of his first-round win over Alexander Ursenbacher, while Ali Carter made his during the second frame of his fourth-round match against Elliot Slessor. The most recent maximum break was made in 2022 by Mark Selby in the third round against Jack Lisowski.

title: British Open (snooker)


text:
Talk:Jordan normal form

Mischaracterization of diagonalizability?
The article states:

 * A n × n matrix A is diagonalizable if and only if the sum of the dimensions of the eigenspaces is n. Or, equivalently, if and only if A has n linearly independent eigenvectors.

But the 0 matrix is diagonalizable (indeed diagonal) without having this property. What am I missing?

 * a reply: the 0 matrix has that property. any vector is an eigenvector of the 0 matrix. Mct mht 12:37, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * But matrix $$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} $$ isn't diagonalizable (it's not similar to matrix with only one non zero entry) but it has two eigenspaces - one 1d and second 2d, which gives 3 dimentions. What am I missing? Micha7a (talk) 19:04, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

 * another reply: No contradiction. That example matrix has a 0-eigenspace with dimension 1 and a 1-eigenspace with dimension 1. So a set of independent eigenvectors for that 3 by 3 matrix has at most 2 elements, not diagonalizable. Akrodger (talk) 16:18, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

Source of Proof
Where was the proof adapted from? Source please. Also, are there any other sources for the real canonical form besides Shilov, Horn & Johnson, and Hirsch & Smale? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.202.54.148

 * I assume that this refers to the section that starts with "We give a proof by induction that any complex-valued matrix A may be put in Jordan normal form." Indeed that is a long section that was not tagged with sources. Someone also stuck a "disputed" template on it, but did not bother to post on this talk page what is being disputed.67.198.37.16 (talk) 23:20, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * The section "A proof" has several issues, for example:
 * The section begins with "We give a proof by induction." A proof of what?  This should be stated in the section title or at the beginning.
 * The arguments seem too technical and difficult to understand.
 * The section cites no sources.
 * Due to items 2 and 3 above, the factual accuracy is difficult to verify.
 * The first paragraph is difficult to follow. For example, "The 1 × 1 case is trivial. Let A be an n × n matrix."  If this paragraph describes the 1 × 1 case, then why refer to A as an n × n matrix?  "Take any eigenvalue λ of A."  If n = 1, why refer to "any eigenvalue λ of A?  And so on.
 * I gave up reading after the first paragraph and inserted the multiple issues template. I think this section should be completely rewritten.  If the proof were clear, it shouldn’t need any sources.—Anita5192 (talk) 07:19, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Answers: 1. -- its a proof of the statement immediately before it, obviously. I quote directly: every square matrix A can be put in Jordan normal form is equivalent to the claim that there exists a basis consisting only of eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors of A.

 * Answers: 2. -- what exactly is too technical? To me, it seems clear as a bell and is written at the same level of sophistication as the rest of the article. If you understood the rest of the article, I can't imagine why you wouldn't understand the proof.

 * Answer 3. -- In mathematics, the standard way of verifying factual accuracy is very definitely NOT to look it up somewhere, but determine if the proof is actually correct!

 * Answer 4. --It may seem difficult, but it is no harder than a homework problem or a class lecture. It doesn't use any concepts that didn't already appear earlier in the article.

 * Answer 5. -- then why refer to A as an n × n matrix?  Because it is obviously a proof by induction. I mean, it tells you that it's a proof by induction, in the first sentence. All proofs by induction always start exactly in this way. The words "proof by induction" means that you prove two things: that the N=1 case holds, and that N implies N+1. If these two things hold, then it holds for all N. Since, for this case N=1 is trivial, the proof immediately jumps to general N. (Try it! Just plug in N=1 everywhere, and see what happens! By the end of the proof, you will have N=2. Now go back, plug in N=2...)

 * Answer 5. -- If n = 1, why refer to "any eigenvalue λ of A? Because matricies that are 1x1 are still matricies, and still have eigenvalues and eigenvectors!

 * I'm removing the prod. The proof appears to be sane; it appears to follow commonplace style and conventions for proofs. It appears to be written at the same level of sophistication as the rest of the article. It appeals only to entirely ordinary topics in linear algebra, like kernel, range, subspace and basis, topics that you would be expected to already know, before having your first encounter with Jordan normal forms. If you don't know what kernel, range, subspace and basis are, then ... pretty much none of this article is going to make sense.  I don't see anything actionable, here. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 06:58, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for cleaning up the section. It is much more readable now.  When I inserted the "disputed" template on October 08, 2017, the section was difficult to understand.  Since then, at least one other editor made some improvements, and now you have made it even better.  —Anita5192 (talk) 07:40, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I still think the proof section is far from clear. It is not clear to me what the claim is: 'every square matrix can be put into Jordan form' or 'a square matrix can be put into Jordan form if and only if there exists a basis consisting only of eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors.' Those are two different claims. The paragraph immediately before the proof, under Generalized eigenvectors, does not justify the statements made. The paragraph preceding the proof, under Generalized eigenvectors, states facts without trying to explain why they are true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:546:C200:4CB0:8C57:7362:C5F8:4724 (talk) 00:59, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Why is it relevant? How is it used?
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.83.40.35 (talk) 16:48, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Something suspicious in section "Powers"
In section "Powers" what does the following matrix represent?

$$ \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \lambda_1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \lambda_2 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \lambda_2 \end{bmatrix} $$

It is not a Jordan block because there are two eigenvalues on the diagonal; it's not a matrix in Jordan form because it's not a block matrix. Maybe the two eigenvalues should be the same?
 * Fixed. Algebraist 15:52, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

A more formal Jordan Chain?
Yes, they clearly exist, but there is no foundational explanation of what a Jordan chain is. I believe this may be a point of misunderstanding. Perhaps a small section explaining the existence of the Jordan chains without use of Jordan normal form would be enlightening? (As the notion of a Jordan chain is also used in the proof of the existence of a Jordan normal form) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.176.80.18 (talk) 20:13, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

sign mistake in part "Real matrices"?
Shouldn't $$C_i = \begin{bmatrix} a_i & b_i \\ -b_i & a_i \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ be transposed since

$$ \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ -b & a \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ \end{bmatrix}  =  \begin{bmatrix} ax+by  \\ -bx+ay \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ ≠ $$ \begin{bmatrix} ax-by \\ bx+ay  \\ \end{bmatrix} $$

As would be required for the multiplication by λ=a+ib. This occurs in the part "Real matrices" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.73.8.8 (talk) 21:30, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, I believe that is correct; I just fixed it. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 02:15, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

Matrices with entries in a field
The page on Jordan-Chevalley decomposition has a counterexample. Where is the reference, anyway?--345Kai (talk) 12:01, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Adding article to enhance to frobenius normal form and Weierstraß normal form
Dear math wiki folks, please mention the application of these and hint the limits of the form (and where to use)

Further the point how to enhance to that forms and that it is a generalization from polynomial depiction should be stated out. When using determinant entries equals 0 it is not feasible or needs to be enhanced.

Using group theory is nice, but there should be a short sum up to this as well for other folks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.61.105.245 (talk) 14:47, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Frobenius normal form. Weierstraß normal form Weierstrass normal form, Weierstrass form. Applications. Phew. There are applications in atomic physics; assorted atomic and molecular spectra go degenerate like this in magnetic fields or whatever. I've forgotten the details. It shows up in engineering, something to do with degenerate spectra of vibrations. Shows up in shift spaces, with the Jordan chain being the shift; shift spaces show up in analysis of chaotic/ergodic motion. I've only the vaguest recollection of the details. Yes, examples should be given. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 02:23, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

Important not to round? What would be rounded anyway and why?
Does anybody know exactly what purpose the sentence, "As the next section explains, it is important to do the computation exactly instead of rounding the results." serves? I sincerely mean no offence, but is that sentence ridiculous as it is, or is it just me? Adam Dent (talk) 16:42, 5 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Firstly, maybe I haven't looked closely enough, but I can't see an explanation of this in the 'next section'; and besides, this point should probably be worded better, with a specific reference to the section or even just a summary of the explanation if it's so important.
 * "Important" to what? What will the side-effects be if there is rounding in the process?
 * For that matter, why exactly might I be computing the Jordan normal form of a matrix of numbers either by hand or in some other situation where I might be tempted to round some of the results? I'm an algebraist, not an engineer, but surely either one is describing the Jordan normal form of some mostly-generic matrix, or a computer is performing the calculation already as precisely and accurately as it can? If there is some other application, or if a special command needs to be given to a computer for it to use sufficient precision when ordering it to convert matrices to Jordan normal, again I think this should be specified and probably even discussed.

 * ✅ I removed it for the reasons you mentioned. I also removed two other instances of the qualifier, "exactly," as it is superfluous in this article. Since this article is about linear algebra but not numerical linear algebra, it should be up to the user to decide whether and how to approximate. Thank you for pointing this out. —Anita5192 (talk) 16:57, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

Flat normal form
Is the content of the "flat normal form" section notable enough to be included here? It doesn't seem that way to me (and I am a professional mathematician). Especially with the name included explicitly in the text, it sounds suspiciously like a self-insert (or an insert by some misguided student). 185.49.31.254 (talk) 01:41, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jordan normal form


text:
User:Ivn~enwiki

Hi

(sorry my english...)

I'm "small math-physic-philosoph-idiot",

I'm a spanish guy (Madrid-Europe).

-"Keywords":

Badiou, Deleuze-Guattari, Bruno Latour, Lawvere, topos, categories (maths), "thinking"...

Web: mesetas

(thanks,

mail: iviann @ g m a i l. r e m o v e t h i s

. c o m)

title: User:Ivn~enwiki


text:
NSE

NSE may refer to:

Stock exchanges

 * Nagoya Stock Exchange, Japan
 * Nairobi Stock Exchange, Kenya
 * Nigerian Stock Exchange, Lagos
 * National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), Mumbai, India
 * National Stock Exchange, the former name of Vilnius Stock Exchange, Lithuania

Transportation

 * Network SouthEast, a former sector of British Rail
 * North–South Expressway (Malaysia)
 * North–South Expressway, Singapore
 * Norwegian Air Sweden, a Swedish low-cost airline

Education

 * Norwegian School of Economics, a business school in Bergen, Norway
 * National Spanish Examinations, an online assessment for students studying Spanish as a second language in the United States
 * National Student Exchange, an exchange program for American and Canadian undergraduate students

Computing

 * Namespace Shell Extension, see shell extension
 * Network Search Engine, a device that helps computer network routers accelerate one of the most common functions: searching for patterns/addresses in data packets
 * Network Software Environment, an early project aware revision control system implemented on top of the Source Code Control System
 * Nmap Scripting Engine, a feature of the Nmap security scanner that allows users to write (and share) simple scripts

Science

 * Navier–Stokes equations, describing motion of fluid substances
 * Neuron-specific enolase, is an enzyme used to identify neuronal cells and cells with neuroendocrine differentiation
 * Neutron spin echo, an spectroscopic method, using inelastic neutron scattering
 * Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient, a statistical index

Other uses

 * National Support Element, a military term for a supply and support unit deployed primarily in Hungary
 * National Society for Epilepsy, a United Kingdom-based epilepsy charity
 * New Schubert Edition, a 20th–21st century edition of the complete works of Franz Schubert
 * Non-Speaking Extra, an extra
 * NSE: Net Sphere Engineer, a 2004 manga by Tsutomu Nihei
 * Nu Skin Enterprises, a direct selling multi-level marketing company

title: NSE


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EditPlus (1st nomination)

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled EditPlus.

This page is kept as an historic record.

Consensus was not reached, so the article was kept.

This just a page to link to their commercial software site. Not encyclopedic or deserving of an article.

 * There's zillions of text editors for Windows. Delete unless someone explains why this one is notable. -- Cyrius|&#9998 16:19, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Should EditPad also go? The two articles were of approximately the same size and content when created. Both are essentially advertisements, though. Fredrik 16:27, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably. Although now that I look at it, EditPlus is linked off List of encyclopedia topics. Weird. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:19, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fredrik, if you'd like, please list EditPad separately -- it's a bit messy if we try to discuss two unrelated articles at once. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:26, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm kinda on the fence about this one. Wikipedia is not paper, but it's not a junk heap either.  I expanded it a bit, but it sounds identical to some other source code editors, such as Visual SlickEdit. —Frecklefoot 22:45, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I used to use this program ages ago. I think it's notable enough to be mentioned in wiki but it needs some NPOVing, the stub reads like an advertisement. --Starx 05:10, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I use this editor--it's a classic--especially unique for its abilities for allowing you to edit files directly on the server bypassing an FTP program.
 * Delete: not notable. There are bazillions of text editors. Nothing special about this one. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:26, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's a popular text editor Ivan 17:21, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
In Dubious Battle

In Dubious Battle is a novel by John Steinbeck, written in 1936. The central figure of the story is an activist attempting to organize abused laborers in order to gain fair wages and working conditions.

Prior to publication, Steinbeck wrote in a letter: This is the first time I have felt that I could take the time to write and also that I had anything to say to anything except my manuscript book. You remember that I had an idea that I was going to write the autobiography of a Communist ... There lay the trouble. I had planned to write a journalistic account of a strike. But as I thought of it as fiction the thing got bigger and bigger. It couldn't be that. I've been living with this thing for some time now. I don't know how much I have got over, but I have used a small strike in an orchard valley as the symbol of man's eternal, bitter warfare with himself.

Explanation of the novel's title
The title is a reference to a passage from John Milton's Paradise Lost: Innumerable force of Spirits armed,

That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring,

His utmost power with adverse power opposed

In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven

And shook his throne. What though the field be lost?

All is not lost—the unconquerable will,

And study of revenge, immortal hate,

And courage never to submit or yield:

And what is else not to be overcome?

Plot summary
In Dubious Battle deals with a fruit-workers' strike in a California valley and the attempts of labor unions to organize, lead, and provide for the striking pickers.

Jim Nolan meets Harry Nilson who initiates Jim's application process to become the newest member of the Party. Mac "Doc" McLeod, the Party organizer, tells Jim they will go to the Torgas Valley (a composite location) in an attempt to rouse the two thousand fruit pickers against the Growers' Association, and to encourage the strike to spill over into the cotton fields in Tandale.

Momentum for strike action builds after old Dan breaks two rungs out of a ladder and falls. London becomes chairman of a committee of seven men, while Mac convinces Al Anderson's father to loan five acres as a base for the fruit pickers in exchange for them picking his crop for free. Doc Burton is hired by Mac to maintain the sanitation of the strikers' camp, so as to prevent it from being disbanded by the Red Cross.

The course of the strike is recounted in some detail, including the politics of the local growers, the support by Al through his little luncheonette, the "sweet-talking" of some locals in order to garner food and other help for the pickers, and personal crises and tragedies in individual cases. Mac emerges as a heroic but quite single-minded figure; Jim's occasional doubts are presented as well.

Jim joins Sam in a picket as they go after some 'scabs' in the apple orchard. Sam's pickets violently injure them. While out on the road Dakin, the leader of the pickers, is ambushed by a vigilante group at gunpoint. Later, the Anderson barn is burned down by vigilantes. In the aftermath, Jim is killed by a high powered shotgun. As the book ends, Mac is continuing to rouse and motivate the picketers, in spite of seemingly hopeless odds.

Characters

 * Doc Burton – A doctor who, despite his skepticism of leftist views, works in the strikers' camp, ensuring that it cannot be disbanded on the basis of a lack of sanitation.
 * Jim Nolan– New member of the "Party," whose political development is one of the book's central themes. His father was a labor organizer himself, and was legendary as one who fought.
 * London – the second, but more significant, elected leader of the striking workers
 * Mrs. Meer – Jim's landlady
 * Harry Nilson – Party official who initiates Jim's application process for the Party
 * Roy Nolan – Jim's father (killed three years earlier)
 * Mr. Webb – Manager at Tulman's Department Store, where Jim worked who denies knowing Jim when he hears he is a radical.
 * May Nolan – Jim's older sister who mysteriously disappears at a young age
 * Mac McLeod – Party organizer and Jim's mentor. He becomes the main driver of the plot after taking Jim under his wing.
 * Dick Halsing – "pretty boy" party member in charge of soliciting Party sympathizers for donations
 * Joy – a radical of the time. Had spent many years fighting for workers rights.
 * Alfred Anderson – Owner/operator of Al's Lunch Wagon; son of a small apple farmer in the valley.
 * Sam – "lean-face", a picker
 * Lisa – London's daughter-in-law who is assisted by Mac when in labor
 * Dan – an old picker whose fall from a rotten ladder initially causes the other workers to take strike action
 * Dakin – leader of pickers at the Hunter place
 * Alla – Dakin's wife
 * Jerry – a picker at Hunter's who favors strike
 * Al Anderson – Alfred's father, small farm owner, proud of his dogs
 * Burke – Dakin's assistant
 * Albert Johnson – truck owner
 * Bolter	– President of the Fruitgrower's Association

Literary significance and criticism
On publication, New York Times reviewer Fred T. March compared it to the "genial gusto" of the "picaresque" Tortilla Flat. He commented that "You would never know that In Dubious Battle was by the same John Steinbeck if the publishers did not tell you so." He called it "courageous and desperately honest," "the best labor and strike novel to come out of our contemporary economic and social unrest," and "such a novel as Sinclair Lewis at his best might have done had he gone on with his projected labor novel..."

In 1943, with Steinbeck now famous, Carlos Baker "revalued" the novel. He opened by saying "Among Steinbeck's best novels, the least known is probably In Dubious Battle." Steinbeck, he said, "is supremely interested in what happens to men's minds and hearts when they function, not as responsible, self-governing individuals, but as members of a group.... Biologists have a word for this very important problem; they call it bionomics, or ecology." He said that "Steinbeck's bionomic interest is visible in all that he has done, from Tortilla Flat, in the middle Thirties, through his semi-biological Sea of Cortez, to his latest communiqués as a war correspondent in England." He characterized In Dubious Battle as "an attempt to study a typical mid-depression strike in bionomic terms."

In 1958, critic Alfred Kazin referred to In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath as "his most powerful books," contrasting them with Cannery Row and The Wayward Bus. President Barack Obama told the New York Times that it was his favorite book by Steinbeck.

The novel likely recounts a fruit worker strike that occurred in Tulare County, California.

Film adaptation
On January 30, 2015, it was announced that James Franco would direct and star in a film version of the novel. The screenplay was written by Matt Rager and will be produced by AMBI Productions, Rabbit Bandini Productions, and That's Hollywood Productions. The film stars Nat Wolff in the lead role, along with Josh Hutcherson, Bryan Cranston, Robert Duvall, Ed Harris, Selena Gomez, and others. Principal photography began on March 19, 2015 in Atlanta and Bostwick, Georgia. Additional footage was shot in orchards West of Yakima, Washington September 27 and 28, 2015. The film was released in theaters in the United States on February 17, 2017.

title: In Dubious Battle


text:
Franz Kline

Franz Kline (May 23, 1910 – May 13, 1962) was an American painter. He is associated with the Abstract Expressionist movement of the 1940s and 1950s. Kline, along with other action painters like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell, John Ferren, and Lee Krasner, as well as local poets, dancers, and musicians came to be known as the informal group, the New York School. Although he explored the same innovations to painting as the other artists in this group, Kline's work is distinct in itself and has been revered since the 1950s.

Biography
Kline was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a small community in the Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. When he was seven years old, Kline's father killed himself. During his youth, he moved to Lehighton, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from Lehighton High School. His mother later remarried and sent him to Girard College, an academy in Philadelphia for fatherless boys. After graduation from high school, Kline studied art at Boston University from 1931 to 1935, then spent a year in England attending the Heatherley School of Fine Art in London. During this time he met his future wife, Elizabeth V. Parsons, a British ballet dancer. She returned to the United States with Kline in 1938.

Upon his return to the country, Kline worked as a designer for a department store in New York state. He then moved to New York City in 1939 and worked for a scenic designer. It was during this time in New York that Kline developed his artistic techniques and gained recognition as a significant artist.

He later taught at a number of institutions including Black Mountain College in North Carolina and the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. He spent summers from 1956 to 1962 painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and died in 1962 in New York City of a rheumatic heart disease, ten days before his 52nd birthday.

Early work
Kline's artistic training focused on traditional illustrating and drafting. During the late 1930s and early 1940s Kline worked figuratively, painting landscapes and cityscapes in addition to commissioned portraits and murals. His individual style can be first seen in the mural series Hot Jazz, which he painted for the Bleecker Street Tavern in Greenwich Village in 1940.

The series revealed his interest in breaking down representative forms into quick, rudimentary brushstrokes.

The personal style he developed during this time, using simplified forms, became increasingly abstract. Many of the figures he depicted are based on the locomotives, stark landscapes, and large mechanical shapes of his native, coal-mining community in Pennsylvania. This is sometimes only apparent to viewers because the pieces are named after those places and objects, not because they actually look like the subject. With the influence of the contemporary New York art scene, Kline worked further into abstraction and eventually abandoned representationalism. From the late 1940s onward, Kline began generalizing his figurative subjects into lines and planes which fit together much like the works of Cubism of the time.

In 1946, the Lehighton, Pennsylvania, Post of the American Legion commissioned Kline to do a large canvas depicting the town where he had attended high school. The mural Lehighton was acquired from the American legion post in 2016 by the Allentown Art Museum in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and is today on permanent exhibition there.

Later work
It is widely believed that Kline's most recognizable style derived from a suggestion made to him by his friend and creative influence, Willem de Kooning. De Kooning's wife Elaine gave a romanticized account of the event, claiming that, in 1948, de Kooning advised an artistically frustrated Kline to project a sketch onto the wall of his studio, using a Bell–Opticon projector. Kline described the projection as such:

"A four by five inch black drawing of a rocking chair...loomed in gigantic black strokes which eradicated any image, the strokes expanding as entities in themselves, unrelated to any entity but that of their own existence."

As Elaine de Kooning suggests, it was then that Kline dedicated himself to large-scale, abstract works and began developing his personal form of Abstract Expressionism. However, even though Willem de Kooning recalls that Kline delved into abstraction "all of a sudden, he plunged into it", he also concedes that it took considerable time, stating that "Franz had a vision of something and sometimes it takes quite a while to work it out." Over the next two years, Kline's brushstrokes became completely non-representative, fluid, and dynamic. It was also at this time that Kline began painting only in black and white. He explained how his monochrome palette was meant to depict negative and positive space by saying, "I paint the white as well as the black, and the white is just as important." His use of black and white is very similar to paintings made by de Kooning and Pollock during the 1940s. There also seem to be references to Japanese calligraphy in Kline's black and white paintings, through his exchange with the Japanese avant-garde calligraphy group Bokujinkai and its leader Morita Shiryu, although Kline later denied that connection.

Kline's first one-man show took place between October 16 and November 4, 1950, at the Egan Gallery, 63 East 57th Street, and consisted of eleven abstract paintings. Color was a rare element in the paintings: brown underpainting near the bottom of Nijinsky and fleeting hints of green in Leda. The paintings displayed a variety of compositions and moods, but they all had one defining trait: Kline's signature style of black on white. In the early 1950s his work appeared very much inspired by French painter Pierre Soulages, who had exhibited in Betty Parsons' gallery in New York in 1949. In the late 1930s in London, Kline had called himself a "black and white man", but not until the Egan Gallery show had the accuracy of this phase become clear to others. Because of Kline's impact and his concrete style, Kline was dubbed the "black and white artist", a label which stuck with the artist, and by which he would occasionally feel restricted. Kline's first one-man show was a pivotal event in Kline's career as it marked the virtually simultaneous beginning and end of Kline's major invention as an abstract artist. At the age of forty, Kline had secured a personal style which he had already mastered. There were no real ways for Kline to further his investigation; he only had the potential to replicate the style he had already mastered. To move on, there was only one logical direction for Kline to go: back to color, the direction he was headed at the time of his premature death from heart failure.

In the later 1950s, in such paintings as Requiem (1958), Kline began experimenting with more complex chiaroscuro instead of focusing on a strict monochromatic palette. Then in 1958, he reintroduced the use of color in his work through colorful accents in his black and white paintings. This exploration back to color-use was still in development when Kline died in 1962. A digital catalogue raisonne on "Franz Kline Paintings, 1950-1962" was recently published by the Hauser & Wirth Institute using the Navigating.art platform.

Interpretation and legacy
Kline is recognized as one of the most important yet problematic artists of the Abstract Expressionist movement in New York. His style is difficult for critics to interpret in relation to his contemporaries.

Kline's paintings are deceptively subtle. While generally his paintings have a spontaneous, and dramatic impact, Kline often closely referred to his compositional drawings. Kline carefully rendered many of his most complex pictures from extensive studies, commonly created on refuse telephone book pages. Unlike his fellow Abstract Expressionists, Kline's works were only meant to look like they were done in a moment of inspiration; however, each painting was extensively explored before his housepainter's brush touched the canvas.

Kline was also known for avoiding giving meaning to his paintings, unlike his colleagues who would give mystical descriptions of their works. In a catalog of Kline's works, art historian Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev writes that "his art both suggests and denies significance and meaning." Many of his works have been viewed by art historians as indications of a progression towards minimalist painting. They believe that his works hold an objective opacity and frankness that differs from the subjectivity involved with the New York School's style. This would make his work more similar to the avant-garde platforms like minimalism that replaced the Abstract Expressionist movement in the 1960s.

Art historian David Anfam notes that artists working during Kline's life and after—such as Robert Rauschenberg, Aaron Siskind, Cy Twombly, Mark di Suvero, and Brice Marden—have all called Kline an inspiration.

In 2024, Kline was announced as an inductee into the Luzerne County Arts & Entertainment Hall of Fame.

Art market
In 2012 San Francisco financier George R. Roberts sold a nearly 10 ft wide, untitled black-and-white work from 1957 at Christie's, New York. The painting went to a telephone bidder for $36 million, or $40.4 million with fees (Christie's guaranteed the seller Robert Mnuchin an undisclosed minimum), a record price for the artist at auction and more than six times the previous record, which was set in 2005 when Christie's sold Crow Dancer (1958) for $6.4 million.

An early work, UNTITLED, from 1940 (of an interior room) was purchased from Sotheby's in 1995 by a private collector for $21,850. This early piece helps to define his early phase, before his transformation from a realist painter to a groundbreaking abstract expressionist. The painting's bold brushstrokes prefigure the epic black abstraction of his breakthrough style.

In 2018, the Hauser & Wirth Institute in cooperation with the Estate of Franz Kline began preparing the catalogue raisonné Franz Kline Paintings, 1950–1962. The project, which will present for the first time an online compendium of Kline's oil on canvas works made between 1950 and the artist's death in 1962, is expected to be completed in 2022.

Exhibitions
Kline had his breakthrough show at the Charles Egan Gallery in 1950, and he participated in the 9th Street Art Exhibition the following year. In 1958 he was included in the Museum of Modern Art's major exhibition, "The New American Painting", which toured eight European cities. In the decade before his death, his work was included in numerous international exhibitions, including the Venice Biennale (1956, 1960); Documenta, Kassel, West Germany (1959); São Paulo Biennial (1957); and Whitney Annuals and Biennials (1952, 1953, 1955, 1961). The Washington Gallery of Modern Art, Washington, D.C., organized a memorial exhibition (1962). Major monographic exhibitions have also been held at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (1968); Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. (1979); Cincinnati Art Museum, traveling to San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (1985); Menil Collection, Houston (1994); Fundació Antoni Tàpies, Barcelona (1994); and Castello di Rivoli, Museo d'arte contemporanea, Italy (2004).

Selected public collections

 * Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection (Albany, NY)
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
 * Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles)
 * Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
 * Tate Modern (London)
 * Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City)

title: Franz Kline


text:
User talk:Carandol~enwiki

Welcome
Hello Carandol, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

I see you've already headed into the WikiProject Tree of Life - nice contribution to the debate on capitalisation.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! --ALargeElk 09:04, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, thanks for adding the tan24 to the Exact trigonometric constants page. Sorry I removed your first one, but I wanted it to be correct and I didn't have a correct derivation available. So thanks for doing it again, I assume you used my new corrected cot24. I calculated and saved all these silly values 20 years ago and finished all but tan24. It's nice that others like you have helped with it. Take care! --Tomruen 05:55, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Nice to see you on WP too :) Dysprosia 05:18, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Carandol~enwiki


text:
List of Puerto Rican television series

A list of television series broadcast and produced in Puerto Rico:

Drama

 * En un dia
 * Color de Piel

Children

 * Atencion Atencion
 * Burbujita y Bolillo
 * Chicola y la ganga
 * Chiqui chef
 * El planeta de Remi
 * La casa de Maria Chuzema
 * Contra el reloj con Pacheco
 * El tio Nobel
 * Titi Chagua
 * A toda maquina
 * Sport Kids
 * Veloz Mente
 * Hi-5 Fiesta
 * Cine Recreo con Pacheco

Comedy

 * Ahí Va Eso
 * Al Aire Libre
 * A Reirse con Fab
 * A Reirse con Yoyo
 * Atencion Atencion
 * Cara o Cruz
 * Carmelo y Punto
 * Casos y Cosas de Casa
 * Con Lo Que Cuenta Este País
 * Cuqui
 * Desafiando a los Genios
 * Club sunshine
 * El Barrio Cuatro Calles
 * El Caso de la Mujer Asesinadita
 * El Colegio de la Alegria
 * El Condominio
 * El Cuartel de la Risa
 * El kiosco Budweiser
 * El gran Bejuco
 * El Profesor Colgate
 * El Remix
 * El Show de Chanita
 * El Show de Raymond
 * En Casa de Juanma y Wiwi
 * En Familia
 * Entrando por la Cocina
 * Esto no es un Show
 * Esto no Tiene Nombre
 * Gaby, Fofó y Miliki
 * Genovevo (Puerto Rico TV show)
 * Ja ja, jiji, jo jo con Agrelot
 * La Camara Comica
 * La Criada
 * La Criada Malcriada
 * La Pareja Dispareja
 * La Pension de Dona Tere
 * La Taberna Budweiser
 * La Taberna India
 * Los Kakucómicos
 * Los García
 * Mapi y Papi
 * Maripili
 * No hay casa pa' tanta gente
 * Mimicas del Monte
 * Minga y Petraca
 * Mi familia
 * Mi Viejo y Yo
 * Que Angelitos
 * Que Vacilon
 * Risas En Combo
 * Sálvese quien Pueda
 * Simpli la Secretaria
 * Soltero y sin Compromiso
 * Soy Awilda
 * Sunshine's Cafe
 * Sunshine Remix
 * Teatrimundo
 * Teatrilladas
 * Elena Santos
 * La casa del artista
 * TV Ilegal
 * TVO
 * Wilson Wilson
 * Raymond y sus Amigos

Musicals

 * Almorzando con Ruth Fernández
 * Aplausos: Hector Marcano
 * Borinquen Canta: Guillermo José Torres
 * Canta la Juventud: Alfred D. Herger, Lucecita Benítez & Chucho Avellanet
 * Concierto: Cyd Marie Fleming & Hector Marcano
 * Contigo Anexo 3 (Lou Briel, Dagmar)
 * De Mujeres con Yolandita Monge
 * Del Brazo de Ruth Fernández
 * El Show de Carmita Jiménez
 * El Show de Charytín
 * El Show de Chucho Avellanet
 * El Show de Ednita Nazario
 * El Show de las 12:: Eddie Miró
 * El Show de Iris Chacón
 * El Show de Ivonne Coll
 * El Show de Judy Gordon
 * El show de Lissette
 * El Show de Nydia Caro
 * El Show de Olga y Tony
 * El Show de Tito Rodríguez
 * El Show Ford :: Tito Lara & Sonia Noemí
 * El Show Libby's Luis Vigoreaux
 * En Broma y en Serio :: Lou Briel & Dagmar
 * Entre Amigos con Edgardo Huertas
 * Estudio Alegre:: Juan Manuel Lebrón & Awilda Carbia
 * Flash con Alejandro Primero
 * Lo Mejor de la Semana:: Paquito Cordero
 * Luis Vigoreaux Presenta:: Lydia Echevarría & Luis Vigoreaux
 * Musicomedia:: Otilio Warrington, Dagmar, & Juan Manuel Lebrón
 * Música en Dos Tiempos:: Gilbert Mamery
 * Noche de Gala:::  Eddie Miró & Marisol Malaret
 * Noches de Café-Teatro:: Maria Falcon & Edgardo Huertas
 * Pentagrama
 * Nuestra Música tuvo varios animadores entre ellos, Jose Juan Tanon, Nydia Caro, Alejandro Primero, Lou Briel, Marisol Calero, Jose Miguel Class,(el gallito de Manati), Alwida la mimosa y Lunna.
 * Rendezvous Nocturno:: Vilma Carbia
 * Señoras y Señores:: Beba Franco &  Chucho Avellanet
 * Showtime:: Wilkins, Las Caribelles,  Henry Lafont &  El Casanova
 * Super Show Goya:: Lillian Hurst & Enrique Maluenda;;
 * Su Show Favorito:: Henry Lafont & El Casanova
 * Voces en Función:: Lou Briel
 * Yo soy el Gallo:: José Miguel Class &  Awilda, La Mimosa
 * Tenderete

Cooking shows

 * Cielito Rosado en Mediodia P.R.
 * En la Cocina con Giovanna
 * Entrando Por la Cocina
 * Friendo y Comiendo (Luis Antonio Cosme & Bizcocho)
 * Henry Corona & Carmen Despradel
 * Pasteleria creativa
 * Por la Cocina con Luisito y Bizcocho (hosted by Luisito Vigoreaux and Bizcocho)
 * Operación Chef Piñeiro
 * La cocina de Giovani
 * Cocina Sano con Tony Newman

Educational

 * Abriendo Caminos
 * Contra Viento y Marea (hosted by Sandra Zaiter)
 * Cultura Viva hosted by Johanna Rosaly
 * Desde mi pueblo (hosted by YoYo Boing, Deborah Carthy Deu and Maria Falcon)
 * Nueva Economia

Game shows

 * Atrévete
 * A Millón
 * Agujero En La Pared (Acted by Jeff Sutphen, Teck Holmes and Gilberto Valenzuela)
 * BrainSurge con Hoagie Numero 2
 * Control Remoto (based on MTV's Remote Control and removed after MTV threatened to sue)
 * Dale que Dale en Domingo
 * Dame un Break
 * El Tiempo es Oro con Mr. Cash
 * Fantástico
 * La Hora de Oro
 * La Boveda De Teleonce
 * Lo Tomas o lo Dejas
 * Pa 'rriba Papi pa ' rriba
 * Parejo, Doble y Triple
 * Sabado en Grande
 * Sube Nene, Sube!
 * Super Sabados
 * Ring ring gana!
 * El Resuelve
 * Y esto que es?
 * Gana con Ganas
 * Puerto Rico ¡Gana!

News

 * Hoy Día Puerto Rico
 * Rayos X
 * Las Noticias
 * NotiCentro
 * Noticentro al Amanecer
 * Telenoticias
 * NotiSeis
 * En Vivo A Las Cinco
 * Telemundo por la Mañana
 * En la Mañana

Events

 * Premios Kids Choice
 * Premios Hall Of Game

Fit

 * Moverlo movimiento

Reality shows

 * Janid: Atrediva
 * Objetivo Fama
 * La musa de Carlos Alberto
 * La casa de cristal
 * Idol Puerto Rico
 * Juventud 83
 * Kids Choice Sports (Acted by Yaire, Mariano Chiesa, Edgardo Huertas, Jacobo Morales and Kuki Sanban "Numero 3")
 * Guerreros

Virals

 * Acciones Mejores y Videos (Acted by Jeremy Shada)
 * Los Mejores Videos (Acted by Collin Dean)

Sports

 * Baloncesto Superior Nacional
 * Boxeo de Campeones
 * De Todo un Poco
 * Las Carreras
 * NWE Explosion
 * WWC Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre
 * IWA Impacto Total
 * IWA Zona Caliente

Talk shows

 * Levantate!
 * Aqui Estamos con Herman O' Neil y Shanira Blanco
 * Al Grano con Zervigon
 * Jovet, Controversial
 * El Show de Tommy
 * En Serio con Silverio
 * Escenario para la Vida
 * Ellas Al Mediodia
 * Lío
 * Mucho Gusto
 * Ojeda Sin Limite
 * A Calzón Quita'o
 * Ahora Podemos Hablar
 * Monica en confianza
 * Dimelo
 * Myrna, Chispi y la gente de hoy
 * Ruben Sanchez directo
 * Contigo
 * La batalla de los sexos
 * Jugando Pelota Dura
 * Los datos son los datos con Jay Fonseca
 * Cuarto Poder
 * El Poder del Pueblo
 * Primera Pregunta con Rafael Lenin Lopez

Variety

 * Alexandra a las 12
 * Pegate al Mediodia
 * Día a Día con Raymond y Dagmar
 * DavidSo El Show! (Acted by DavidSo)
 * Fenomenal con Hector Marcano
 * Levantate
 * El Super Show
 * El Show De Jojo Siwa (Acted by Jojo Siwa)
 * Entre nosotras
 * La Comay
 * Anda pa'l cara
 * No te duermas
 * Pegate al mediodia
 * Buscados
 * Que suerte que es domingo
 * Lo sé todo
 * PR En Vivo

Teen drama

 * El Show de Los Chicos
 * Juventud 82 (and 83, 84 and so on)
 * La Hora de Menudo
 * Party Time
 * Teenager's Matinee
 * Canta la Juventud
 * Dos A-go-go
 * Discoteca Pepsi
 * Kaleidoscopio
 * La clase del 90
 * La Factoría Eléctrica
 * La Ola Nueva (con Millie Corretjer)
 * Zona Y
 * Punky Brewster 1980s

Spanish soap operas

 * Ahora O Nunca - Now or Never
 * Al Son Del Amor (Vendida en 34 países de América Europa y Asia) - To the beat of Love
 * Amor De Mad - Mother's Love
 * Anacaona
 * Ante la Ley - Before the Law- Figurative Wanderer
 * Ariana
 * Aventurera (Vendida en 17 países de América) - Adventurer
 * Bodas de Odio - Weddings of Hate
 * Cadenas de Amor - Chains of Love
 * Consciencia Culpable - Guilty Conscience
 * Coralito (Viewed in over 30 countries) - Little Coral
 * Cristina Bazan (viewed in over 25 countries)
 * Cuando los Hijos Condenan - When the Children Condemn
 * Diana Carolina - Dianne Caroline
 * Don amor
 * Dueña y Señora - Owner (possibly "Mistress") and Lady (title infers a sharp contrast)
 * El Amor Nuestro de Cada Día - Our Love of Every Day
 * El Gran Amante - The Great Lover
 * El Hijo de Angela Maria -The Son of Angela Mary
 * El Idolo - The Idol
 * El Retrato de Angela - Angela's Portrait
 * En Aquella Playa (Transmitido en USA Vzla Col Ecu Perú Chile Arg Pan Mex PR y Esp) - At that Beach
 * Escandalo (Viewed in over 15 countries) - Scandal
 * Julieta - Juliet
 * Karina Montaner
 * La Isla - The Island
 * La Jibarita - The peasant or country girl
 * La Sombra de Belinda - The Shadow of Belinda
 * La Verdadera Eva - The Real Eve
 * Laura Guzman, culpable - Laura Guzmán, Guilty
 * Los Dedos de la Mano - The Fingers on the Hand
 * Los Robles - The Robusts
 * Milly
 * Modelos SA (Vendida en 15 países de América) - Models, South America
 * Mujeres sin Hombre - Women without a man
 * Natalia - Natalie
 * Poquita Cosa - Little Thing
 * Posada Corazón - Love Hearth
 * Pueblo Chico - Small Town
 * Renzo, el gitano - Renzo, the Gypsy
 * Secretos De Mujer - Woman's Secrets
 * Señora Tentacion (Vendida en 40 países de Latinoamérica U.S.A. Europa Asia y Países Arabes) - Lady Temptation
 * Tanairi (Viewed in over 35 countries, number one in Santa Esperanza - Holy Hope
 * Tomiko - Japanese name
 * Tormento - Rage
 * Tres Destinos (Vendida en 55 países de Latinoamérica U.S.A. Europa Asia y Países Arabes) - Three Destinies
 * Una Pasión En El Espejo - Passion in the mirror
 * Vida - Life
 * Viernes Social (Vendida en 17 países de América) - Social Friday
 * Vivir para Amar - Live to love
 * Vivir Para Ti - Living for You
 * Yo Sé Que Mentía - I know he was lying

title: List of Puerto Rican television series