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Don Shula

Donald Francis Shula (January 4, 1930 – May 4, 2020) was an American professional football player, coach and executive who served as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) from 1963 to 1995. He played seven seasons as a defensive back in the NFL. For most of his career, Shula was the head coach of the Miami Dolphins.

Shula held his first head coaching position with the Baltimore Colts, whom he coached for seven seasons from 1963 to 1969. With the Colts, he led them to seven consecutive winning seasons, was a three-time NFL AP Coach of the Year (1964, 1967, 1968), and in 1968 led the Colts to a 13–1 record and a win in the 1968 NFL Championship Game over the Cleveland Browns. However, in Super Bowl III and despite being heavy favorites over the 19 1⁄2 point underdog New York Jets, the Colts were defeated in a massive upset by a score of 16–7. After coaching one more season in Baltimore, in 1970 Shula was then hired to be the Miami Dolphins next head coach, and would remain with the Dolphins for the next 26 seasons. In 26 seasons with the Dolphins, Shula had only two losing seasons (1976, 1988), while leading the Dolphins to 11 division titles, 5 AFC Championships including three in a row (1971–1973, 1982, 1984), and back-to-back Super Bowl Championships in 1972 and 1973 in Super Bowl VII and Super Bowl VIII. His Super Bowl VII victory, capped off the only undefeated perfect season in NFL history when his Dolphins finished the 1972 season with a perfect 17–0 record, and also won Shula his 4th NFL AP Coach of the Year Award.

Shula was the first head coach to appear in six Super Bowls, five with the Dolphins and one with the Colts. His six Super Bowl appearances rank second among head coaches (behind only Bill Belichick) and he has the most Super Bowl losses at four. He was the first head coach to bring two franchises to the Super Bowl and appear in three consecutive Super Bowls, which he accomplished with the Dolphins from 1971 to 1973. Having guided Baltimore to Super Bowl III and Miami to Super Bowl VI, Shula is also the only head coach to lead two NFL franchises to their Super Bowl debut.

Shula retired with an all-time regular and post season overall win-loss record of 347–173–6, which currently ranks him 1st in regular season wins (328) and overall total wins (347), making him the winningest head coach in NFL history in terms of coaching victories. He was selected as a coach to the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team and enshrined into the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll immediately after his retirement in 1996. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997 in his 1st year of eligibility, and in 2020 was selected to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team as one of the 10 greatest head coaches in NFL History. Shula passed away in 2020 at the age of 90.

Early life and education
Shula was born on January 4, 1930, in Grand River, Ohio, a small town along the Lake Erie shore in the northeastern part of the state. His parents, Dan and Mary Shula (Dénes Süle and Mária Miller),  were of Hungarian origin, having immigrated when they were children. Shula's father Dan worked for $9 a week at a rose nursery and saved up to buy the small house where Shula spent his early childhood. The house was next door to a grocery store in Grand River owned by Mary's parents. Shula played football in his neighborhood as a child, but his parents forbade it after he got a gash on his face when he was 11.

Shula had six siblings, including a set of triplets born in 1936. To meet the family's financial needs, his father obtained a job in the local fishing industry for $15 a week, and later worked at a rayon plant in nearby Painesville, Ohio. Shula attended elementary school at St. Mary's, a private Catholic school in Painesville; his mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and his father converted to that denomination when they married.

Playing career
Shula later attended Harvey High School in Painesville, Ohio, where he played on its football team starting in 1945. He did not try out for the team because of his mother's prohibition and because he was recovering from a bout of pneumonia, but an assistant football coach noticed him in a gym class and convinced him to join. Shula forged his parents' signatures to sign up.

Within weeks of joining Harvey's football team, Shula was a starting left halfback in the school's single-wing offense. He handled a large portion of the team's rushing and passing duties, and helped lead the team to a 7–3 win–loss record in his senior year. It was the first time in 18 years that Harvey High School had had a seven-win season. The team would have won a league title had it not lost an early game to Willoughby. He ran the 440 at Harvey and was an 11-time letterman in his three years there.

John Carroll University
As Shula prepared to graduate from high school in 1947, many men whose football careers were delayed by service in World War II were returning and competing for athletic scholarships. As a result, Shula was unable to get a scholarship and contemplated working for a year before going to college. That summer, however, he had a chance meeting at a gas station with former Painesville football coach Howard Bauchman, who suggested he ask about a scholarship at John Carroll University.

Shula received a one-year scholarship at the private Jesuit school in University Heights, a suburb of Cleveland. It was extended to a full scholarship after Shula performed well during his freshman year, including a victory over Youngstown State in October 1948. He ran for 175 yards and scored two touchdowns substituting for the injured starting halfback. The same year, Shula considered joining the Catholic priesthood after a three-day retreat at John Carroll, but decided against it because of his commitment to football.

During his senior year in 1950, he rushed for 125 yards in a win over a heavily favored Syracuse team.

Cleveland Browns
Shula graduated in 1951 as a sociology major with a minor in mathematics, and was offered a job teaching and coaching at Canton Lincoln High School in Canton, Ohio for $3,750 a year (equivalent to $0 in ). The Cleveland Browns of the National Football League, however, selected him in the ninth round of the 1951 draft that January. Cleveland had won the NFL championship the previous year behind a staunch defense and an offense led by quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and end Dante Lavelli. Shula was joined in the Browns' training camp by John Carroll teammate Carl Taseff, whom Cleveland coach Paul Brown selected in the 22nd round. Brown made the selections in part because John Carroll coach Herb Eisele attended his coaching clinics and used similar schemes and terminology as Brown did. Shula and Taseff both made the team and were its only two rookies in 1951. Shula signed a $5,000-a-year contract and played as a defensive back alongside Warren Lahr and Tommy James.

Shula played in all 12 of Cleveland's games in 1951, making his first appearance as a starter in October, and recorded four interceptions. The Browns, meanwhile, finished with an 11–1 record and advanced to the championship game for a second straight year. The team lost the game 24–17 to the Los Angeles Rams in Los Angeles.

Shula was a member of an Ohio Army National Guard unit that was activated the following January during the Korean War. Military service in Ohio and at Fort Polk in Louisiana kept Shula away from football until the unit was deactivated that November. Returning to the Browns, Shula signed a $5,500-a-year contract and played in five games at the end of the season, having become a full-time starter because of injuries to other players. The Browns again advanced to the championship game and again lost, this time to the Detroit Lions.

Baltimore Colts
In early 1953, Brown traded Shula along with Taseff and eight other players to the Baltimore Colts in exchange for five Colts players including tackles Mike McCormack and Don Colo. Before joining Baltimore, Shula finished a master's degree in physical education at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

Shula signed a $6,500-a-year contract with the Colts, which was preparing for its first season after relocating from Dallas, where the franchise had been called the Dallas Texans. The team replaced an earlier Colts franchise that folded after the 1950 season. The Colts finished with a 3–9 record in 1953 despite leading the NFL in defensive takeaways, including three interceptions by Shula. Baltimore continued to struggle the following year under new head coach Weeb Ewbank, a former Browns assistant. The team again finished 3–9 for last place in the NFL West, although Shula had a career-high five interceptions.

Shula had five interceptions again in 1955, but the Colts finished 5–6–1, well out of contention for the divisional championship. Shula missed the final three games of the season because of a broken jaw suffered in a 17–17 tie with the Los Angeles Rams. Ewbank brought in future Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas as a backup in 1956, but the Colts posted a losing record even after Unitas became the starter partway through the season. Shula had just one interception that year.

The Colts waived Shula at the end of training camp in 1957 season, and the Washington Redskins picked him up. Shula spent one season with the Redskins before retiring. In his seven NFL seasons, he played in 73 games, intercepted 21 passes and recovered four fumbles.

Early years (1958–1962)
Shula got his first coaching job shortly after ending his playing career, signing as a defensive backs coach at the University of Virginia under Dick Voris in February 1958. Virginia finished with a 1–9 record that year. Shula got married in the summer before the season to Dorothy Bartish, who grew up near Painesville. Shula and Bartish had begun dating after he graduated from John Carroll; she was working as a teacher in Hawaii when he proposed.

After one season at Virginia, Shula moved to another defensive backs coaching job at the University of Kentucky in 1959 under head coach Blanton Collier. Collier had been an assistant to Paul Brown when Shula played in Cleveland. After one season in Kentucky, Shula got his first NFL coaching job as the defensive backfield coach for the Detroit Lions in 1960. The Lions posted winning records in each of Shula's three seasons there under head coach George Wilson and finished in second place in the NFL West in 1961 and 1962. Detroit's defense was near the top of the league in fewest points allowed when Shula coached there, including a second-place finish in 1962. The defense also led the league that year in fewest yards allowed, with 3,217. Detroit's defense featured a group of linemen dubbed the "Fearsome Foursome" in 1962, consisting of defensive tackles Roger Brown and Alex Karras and defensive ends Darris McCord and Sam Williams.

Baltimore Colts (1963–1969)
Weeb Ewbank, under whom Shula had played in Cleveland and Baltimore, was fired as the Colts' head coach in 1963 following three disappointing seasons and disagreements over team strategy and organization with owner Carroll Rosenbloom. Rosenbloom immediately named Shula as the team's next head coach, having recruited him for the job earlier.

Shula was only 33 years old, making him the youngest coach in league history at the time, but Rosenbloom was familiar with his personality and approach from his playing days in Baltimore. While Rosenbloom said he realized he was "out on a limb" in hiring Shula, he felt it would bring a sense of team spirit back to the Colts. While Shula had only been an average player, he was "always... taking pictures, talking football", said Rosenbloom. "He had always wanted to coach".

Shula lost his first regular-season game, a September 15 matchup against the Giants. The 1963 Colts won their next game, however, and went on to finish the season with an 8–6 record for third place in the NFL West. The team was still led by Johnny Unitas, who was Shula's teammate during his final year as a player in Baltimore and had helped the Colts win championships in 1958 and 1959. The team's primary receivers were end Raymond Berry and tight end John Mackey, while defensive end Gino Marchetti anchored the defense.

Shula guided the team to a 12–2 record in his second year as coach. That put the Colts on top of the NFL West and earned them a spot in the NFL championship against the Browns, which by then were coached by Collier. The Colts were heavily favored to win even by sportswriters in Cleveland, due in large part to their strong receiving corps and Unitas, who had 2,824 passing yards and won the league's Most Valuable Player award. Halfback Lenny Moore also had 19 touchdowns, setting an NFL record. In addition to having the NFL's top-scoring offense, the Colts defense allowed the fewest points in the NFL. Before the championship, Collier said Shula had always thought about coaching even during his playing career, giving him "the experience of a man in the profession for ten years". The Colts, however, lost to the Browns 27–0 in the title game. Despite the loss, Shula won the NFL's Coach of the Year Award.

The Colts tied the Green Bay Packers with a 10–3–1 record at the end of the 1965 season, forcing a playoff to determine which of them would play in the championship game. The Colts had lost twice to the Packers during the regular season, and Unitas and backup Gary Cuozzo were sidelined by injuries as the playoffs approached. Baltimore got out to a 10–0 lead at halftime while using halfback Tom Matte at quarterback, but the Packers, coached by Vince Lombardi, made a comeback in the second half and tied the score at the end of regulation. The Colts stopped the Packers on their opening drive in the sudden-death overtime, but the ensuing drive ended with a missed field goal by placekicker Lou Michaels. The Packers then drove for a field goal of their own, winning 13–10. Shula said after the game that while his team could not expect to execute its usual strategy without Unitas and Cuozzo, the Colts "don't belong in this league" if they could not beat Green Bay once in three tries.

The Colts fell to second place in the NFL West the following season, the first year a Super Bowl was played between the NFL champion and the winner of the rival American Football League. In 1967, the Colts again failed to make the playoffs despite a regular-season record of 11–1–2, losing the newly created Coastal Division on a tiebreaker with the Los Angeles Rams because the Rams scored more points in the games between the two clubs. The Colts' only loss was a 34–10 setback to the Rams at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on the final Sunday of the season. Though the season ended in disappointment, Shula won his second Coach of the Year award, and Unitas was again the league's MVP.

Before the 1968 season began, Unitas injured his elbow and was replaced by backup Earl Morrall. Expectations for Morrall were low, but the veteran quarterback led the Colts to a string of wins at the beginning of the season. Shula tried to ease Unitas back into the lineup, but the quarterback's injury flared up numerous times, culminating with a game against Cleveland in which he had just one completion and three interceptions. That turned out to be the only loss of the season for Baltimore, which finished with a league-leading 13–1 record. The Colts beat the Minnesota Vikings in the Western Conference championship game, and then beat the Browns 34–0 in the NFL Championship Game the following week. That set up a matchup with the New York Jets in Super Bowl III. The Jets were coached by Ewbank, and led by quarterback Joe Namath, who guaranteed a victory before the game despite being the underdog. New York won the game 16–7.

Shula spent one more season as the head coach of the Colts, who posted an 8–5–1 record in 1969 and missed the playoffs. He compiled a 71–23–4 record in seven seasons in Baltimore, but was just 2–3 in the postseason, including upset losses in the 1964 NFL Championship Game and Super Bowl III, where the Colts were heavy favorites.

Shula's 73 victories were the most in Colts history until 2007 when Tony Dungy surpassed him with his 74th win.

Miami Dolphins (1970–1995)
The relationship between Shula and Rosenbloom had soured after Shula's Super Bowl loss in 1969, and when Miami Dolphins owner Joe Robbie offered the coach a $70,000-a-year contract, the powers of general manager, and a 10% ownership stake in the AFL team after that season, he jumped at the opportunity. Rosenbloom cried foul at an NFL meeting in 1970 in Hawaii, alleging that Robbie's hiring of his coach violated the league's prohibition on tampering, or negotiating to hire other teams' employees without seeking permission. Shula and Robbie hoped that Shula's ownership stake and status as his own general manager would avoid tampering penalties under an exception for an employee leaving a club to "better himself". League commissioner Pete Rozelle found the Dolphins in violation of the tampering policy because they did not seek permission to negotiate and did not notify the Colts of the hiring before its announcement. As punishment, Rozelle awarded the Colts Miami's first-round pick in 1971.

The Dolphins had been one of the AFL's worst teams in the years leading up to Shula's hiring, which came as the AFL and NFL prepared to merge starting in the 1970 season. Between the team's founding in 1966 and the 1969 season, the Dolphins won no more than five games in any season under coach George Wilson.

Shula led Miami to immediate success, delivering a 10–4 win–loss record in the 1970 season and a 10–3–1 record the following year, when the team won the AFC championship but lost Super Bowl VI to the Dallas Cowboys by a score of 24–3. The team's stars included several future Pro Football Hall of Fame members: quarterback Bob Griese, fullback Larry Csonka, guard Larry Little, center Jim Langer, linebacker Nick Buoniconti and wide receiver Paul Warfield, whom Shula acquired from the Browns in 1970 for a first-round draft pick.

Shula's Miami teams during his first decade as coach were known for great offensive lines, led by Larry Little, Jim Langer, Bob Kuechenberg and Norm Evans, strong running games featuring Csonka, Jim Kiick, and Mercury Morris, quarterbacking by Griese and Earl Morrall and excellent receivers in Warfield, Howard Twilley and Jim Mandich. The Dolphins' defense was known as "The No-Name Defense", though it had a number of outstanding players, including defensive tackle Manny Fernandez, linebacker Nick Buoniconti, and safeties Dick Anderson and Jake Scott.

In 1972, Shula led Miami to the NFL's first and only perfect season, ending with a 17–0 record and a 14–7 victory in Super Bowl VII over the Washington Redskins. No other team has since equaled that feat; the 2007 Patriots went undefeated until losing to the New York Giants in the Super Bowl. Shula strung together the wins despite the loss of his quarterback, Griese, due to injury in the fifth game of the season. He was replaced by 38-year-old Earl Morrall, who had been the backup to Unitas during Shula's years in Baltimore. Griese was able to return for the playoffs, leading the team in the Super Bowl win. That season, Shula would also be the first American professional football coach to reach 100 wins in his first decade as a head coach.

Shula's 1973 team lost its second game of the season to the Oakland Raiders, ending an overall winning streak that stretched to 18 games. That run is tied for the third-longest in league history. The team finished with a 12–2 regular-season record and went on to win a second Super Bowl in a row, defeating the Minnesota Vikings 24–7.

The 1974 Dolphins had a chance to win a third title in a row, but they fell to the Oakland Raiders 28–26 in an AFC divisional playoff game. With 35 seconds remaining in the game, Oakland quarterback Ken Stabler was in the process of being sacked by Dolphins defensive end Vern Den Herder when, just before he was tackled, he completed a desperation forward pass to his running back Clarence Davis in the game's final moments — since dubbed The Sea of Hands play. The Dolphins team was decimated the following season by the creation of the now-defunct World Football League and their inability to match contract offers from the rival league to three of its star players: Csonka, Warfield and Jim Kiick. All three left to join the Memphis Southmen for the 1975 season.

Shula led the team to more winning seasons through the 1970s and into the 1980s, only posting a losing record once, in 1976 when the team finished 6–8. The team advanced to the playoffs in 1978, 1979 and 1981, but lost in the first round each time. The playoff loss in the 1981 season against the San Diego Chargers was a hard-fought back-and-forth battle that many sportswriters, players and coaches consider one of the greatest games ever played. Shula called it "maybe the greatest ever". The Chargers won the so-called Epic in Miami 41–38 with a field goal in double-overtime.

In 1982, Shula's team advanced through the playoffs to the Super Bowl during the strike-shortened season, but lost the championship to the Washington Redskins. The offense was led by David Woodley and Don Strock, who shared duties at quarterback following Griese's retirement after the 1980 season, and fullback Andra Franklin, who was second in the NFL in rushing. The defense, one of the best in the league, was nicknamed the "Killer Bees" because six starters' last names began with "B", including defensive tackle Bob Baumhower, linebacker Bob Brudzinski and safeties Lyle Blackwood and his brother Glenn Blackwood.

The 1983 season marked the beginning of a new era in Miami with the selection of quarterback Dan Marino out of the University of Pittsburgh in the first round of the NFL draft. Marino won the starting job halfway through the 1983 regular season, and by 1984, the Dolphins were back in the Super Bowl, due largely to Marino's record 5,084 yards through the air and 48 touchdown passes. The Dolphins, however, lost the game to the San Francisco 49ers, then led by quarterback Joe Montana.

Over the years, Shula's relationship with Robbie chilled considerably, in part due to Robbie's unwillingness to spend money on higher-profile players, which led to contract holdouts by Marino and linebacker John Offerdahl. Shula's power over the Dolphins as general manager and part-owner of the team also led to conflict that at times burst into public view. When Shula arrived late to a banquet celebrating Miami's 1974 Super Bowl win, Robbie ordered Shula to "get the hell into the room," to which Shula replied that he'd "knock you on your ass" if Robbie shouted at him again.

One of the few times Shula came close to leaving Miami was during the 1983 season, when Donald Trump, the owner of the New Jersey Generals in the upstart United States Football League, offered Shula a $1 million-a-year contract–a significant increase from the $450,000 Shula was earning at the time with the Dolphins. Trump said the negotiations were derailed when Shula insisted on obtaining a rent-free apartment at Trump Tower. Shula broke off the negotiations and called the courtship "a huge distraction", deciding to stay in Miami. Years later, Larry Csonka, by then an executive with the Jacksonville Bulls, said that he believed Shula would have taken the job with Trump's team, but he was angered at being "thrown out to the press" by Trump.

After the 1984 season, Shula's teams posted only one losing record, but they never again advanced to the Super Bowl. The Dolphins reached the playoffs in 1985, 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1995, Shula's final season. On October 2, 1994, Don Shula's Miami Dolphins defeated son David Shula's Cincinnati Bengals by a score of 23–7. Dubbed the “Shula Bowl”, it marked the first time in NFL history that a head coaching matchup featured father against son. Shula's retirement in 1996 was tinged by speculation that he was forced out by Wayne Huizenga, a businessman who took full ownership of the team in 1994 from the Robbie family, who inherited it after Robbie's death in 1990. Shula said he was "at peace with myself" in making the decision to step away from the game at 66 years old. He finished his coaching career with a 328–156–6 regular-season record, giving him the all-time lead in wins for an NFL head coach.

Shula changed his coaching strategy as his personnel changed. His Super Bowl teams in 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1982 were keyed by a run-first offensive strategy and a dominating defense. In the years when Marino was quarterback, the team leaned on its offense, and particularly its passing attack, to win games. "I've been accused of being a conservative, 'grind'em-out' kind of coach, because that was the style of my teams in 1972–73, but I point out that when I was at Baltimore, and Johnny Unitas was my quarterback, we used to have a wide-open, explosive passing attack," Shula said in 1985. "And when I came down to Miami, I didn't try to jam the Unitas style down the throat of Bob Griese, who was a different kind of quarterback, nor did I try to force the Griese style on Marino when he came along."

Later life and death
Shula entered the branding business in 1989, lending his name to a steakhouse owned by the wealthy Graham family, who became friends with Shula and his family after the Shulas moved to the Graham-developed suburb of Miami Lakes. Dozens of Shula-branded restaurants opened in the ensuing years, primarily in Florida, including steakhouses, burger restaurants and bars. Shula also put his name on other Graham-owned properties in 1991, including the family's hotel in Miami Lakes where his first steakhouse was located. It was renamed Don Shula's Hotel & Golf Club in exchange for an equity stake in the family's hospitality division. He remained active in the branding business during his retirement, and the company bearing his name expanded, although his son Dave assumed management of the firm during his later years.

Shula also became a frequent product promoter in his later years, working for Miami-based auto dealership Warren Henry, HearUSA hearing aids, NutriSystem diet plans, Humana health insurance and Budweiser beer, among others. In 2007, he joined his wife Mary Ann in promoting NutriSystem diets geared for people age 60 and older. "If it's something I feel fits into my personality, what I feel is important and what I actually do, then I'll do it. It's all things that I enjoy doing and take a lot of pride in representing," he said in 2012. As part of a government public awareness campaign, Shula was the first American to enroll in the Medicare Part D prescription drug plan, just after midnight on November 15, 2005.

After Shula's retirement, he was named the Dolphins' vice-chairman. He maintained other connections to football in retirement, often appearing in ceremonial roles. In 2003, at Super Bowl XXXVII in San Diego, he performed the ceremonial coin toss to end the pregame ceremonies. In 2007, at Super Bowl XLI in Miami Gardens, Shula took part in the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation. On February 3, 2008, he attended Super Bowl XLII in Glendale, Arizona, in which the Patriots could have matched his Dolphins team's perfect season, but lost.

Shula was also an avid golfer after his coaching career and had a home near the Indian Creek Country Club in the wealthy enclave of Indian Creek, Florida as well as a condominium overlooking the Links at Pebble Bay in Pebble Beach, California. On March 25, 2007, Shula presented the Winners Cup to Tiger Woods, winner of the 2007 WGC-CA Golf Tournament held at the Doral Resort in Miami.

Shula was involved in a number of activities outside of sports. In 2011, he received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of his humanitarian efforts. And at John Carroll University, he endowed the Don Shula Chair in Philosophy, which supports the Philosophy Department by presenting programs of interest to philosophers and the general public.

Shula suffered from sleep apnea and heart issues toward the end of his life, and had a pacemaker implanted in 2016. Shula died on May 4, 2020, at the age of 90 at his home in Indian Creek.

Personal life
Shula married Painesville, Ohio native Dorothy Bartish, with whom he was in a relationship since high school, on July 19, 1958, after his playing career ended. They had five children: Dave (b. May 28, 1959), Donna (b. April 28, 1961), Sharon (b. June 30, 1962), Anne (b. May 7, 1964), and Mike (b. June 3, 1965). Dorothy died of breast cancer on February 25, 1991, aged 57. That same year, the Don Shula Foundation for Breast Cancer Research was founded.

He married his second wife, Mary Anne Stephens, on October 15, 1993. They resided in the Indian Creek home Mary Anne had received in her divorce settlement from her third husband, investment banker Jackson T. Stephens. The couple split their time between Indian Creek and a home in San Francisco where they stayed during Florida's hurricane season.

Shula was a devout Roman Catholic throughout his life. He said in 1974, at the peak of his coaching career, that he attended Mass every morning. Shula once considered becoming a Catholic priest, but decided he could not commit to being both priest and coach.

Legacy
Shula set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is the all-time leader in victories with 347 when including the postseason. He is first in most games coached, with 526, most consecutive seasons coached, with 33, and Super Bowl losses with four, tied with Bud Grant, Dan Reeves, and Marv Levy. His teams won 15 division titles, six conference title wins, two NFL championships and six Super Bowl appearances.

Shula's teams were consistently among the least penalized in the NFL.

Shula was known as a tough and practical coach who worked players hard and put an emphasis on discipline, which helped reduce errors in games. However, while he looked the tough-guy part, Shula paired it with a sharp football mind that helped keep him ahead of the competition.

During the last 20 years of his coaching career, Shula served on the NFL's Competition Committee, an era when the body pushed through rules that made the league more pass-oriented.

Shula had a winning record against almost every coach he faced, with seven exceptions: Levy, against whom he was 6–14 during the regular season and 0–3 in the playoffs; John Madden, against whom he was 2–2 in the regular season and 1–2 in the playoffs for a total of 3–4; and Bill Cowher, against whom Shula was 1–2 late in his career. Shula also had losing records against Tom Flores (1–6) Raymond Berry (3–8), Walt Michaels (5–7–1), and Vince Lombardi (5–8).

Shula has the distinction of having coached five different quarterbacks to Super Bowl appearances: Johnny Unitas and Earl Morrall in 1968, Bob Griese in 1971, 1972, and 1973, David Woodley in 1982, and Dan Marino in 1984, three of them future Hall of Famers. He also coached Johnny Unitas to another World Championship appearance in the pre-Super Bowl era in 1964. The only other NFL coach to approach this distinction is Joe Gibbs, who coached four Super Bowls with three different quarterbacks — Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien — winning three times.

Shula was added to the Miami Dolphin Honor Roll on November 25, 1996, not long after he retired. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997. In 1999, Shula was honored with the "Lombardi Award of Excellence" from the Vince Lombardi Cancer Foundation. The award was created to honor coach Vince Lombardi's legacy, and is given annually to an individual who exemplifies the spirit of the coach. On January 31, 2010, a statue of him was unveiled at Hard Rock Stadium, where the Dolphins play. The stadium's street address is 347 Don Shula Drive, making reference to his career win total. In 2011, he was added to a Walk of Fame outside the stadium, and in 2013 he attended a White House ceremony honoring the 1972 team's perfect season.

Shula is honored at the Don Shula Stadium at John Carroll University, which was named after him when it opened in 2003, and the Don Shula Expressway in Miami, which was dedicated in 1983. Since 2002, an annual college football game between South Florida schools Florida Atlantic and FIU is named the Shula Bowl in his honor. The game's winner receives a traveling trophy named the Don Shula Award.

Literary works
Shula co-authored three books: The Winning Edge (1973) with Lou Sahadi ISBN 0-525-23500-0, Everyone's a Coach (1995) ISBN 0-310-20815-7, and The Little Black Book of Coaching: Motivating People to be Winners (2001); ISBN 0-06-662103-8, both with Ken Blanchard (author of The One Minute Manager).

Head coaching record

 * 57-day long players' strike reduced the 1982 season from a 16-game schedule per team to 9

Coaching tree
Shula worked under three head coaches:
 * Dick Voris, Virginia (1958)
 * Blanton Collier, Kentucky (1959)
 * George Wilson, Detroit Lions (1960–1962)

Nine of Shula's assistant coaches have become NFL or NCAA head coaches:
 * Don McCafferty, Baltimore Colts (1970–1972), Detroit Lions (1973)
 * Bill Arnsparger, New York Giants (1974–1976), LSU (1984–1986)
 * Chuck Noll, Pittsburgh Steelers (1969–1991)
 * Howard Schnellenberger, Baltimore Colts (1973–1974), University of Miami (1979–1983), Louisville (1985–1994), Oklahoma (1995), Florida Atlantic (2001–2011)
 * Monte Clark, San Francisco 49ers (1976), Detroit Lions (1978–1984)
 * Wally English, Tulane (1983–1984)
 * Dan Henning, Atlanta Falcons (1983–1986), San Diego Chargers (1989–1991), Boston College (1994–1996)
 * Dave Shula, Cincinnati Bengals (1992–1996)
 * Mike Shula, Alabama (2003–2006)

Four of Shula's former players have become NFL or NCAA head coaches:
 * Ray Perkins, New York Giants (1979–1982), Alabama (1983–1986)
 * Doug Marrone, Syracuse (2009–2012), Buffalo Bills (2013–2014), Jacksonville Jaguars (2016, interim, 2017–2020)
 * Doug Pederson, Philadelphia Eagles (2016–2020), Jacksonville Jaguars (2022–present)
 * Don Strock, Florida International University 2002–2006

Four of Shula's executives became general managers in the NFL:
 * Bobby Beathard, Miami Dolphins (1972–1977), Washington Redskins (1978–1988), San Diego Chargers (1990–2000)
 * Kevin Colbert, Pittsburgh Steelers (2000–2021)
 * Tom Heckert Jr., Philadelphia Eagles (2006–2009), Cleveland Browns (2010–2012)
 * Jason Licht, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014–present)

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IQ and the Wealth of Nations

IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a 2002 book by psychologist Richard Lynn and political scientist Tatu Vanhanen. The authors argue that differences in national income (in the form of per capita gross domestic product) are correlated with differences in the average national intelligence quotient (IQ). They further argue that differences in average national IQs constitute one important factor, but not the only one, contributing to differences in national wealth and rates of economic growth.

The book has drawn widespread criticism from other academics. Critiques have included questioning of the methodology used, the incompleteness of the data, and the conclusions drawn from the analysis. The 2006 book IQ and Global Inequality is a follow-up to IQ and the Wealth of Nations by the same authors.

Outline
The book includes the authors' calculation of average IQ scores for 60 countries, based on their analysis of published reports. It reports their observation that national IQ correlates with gross domestic product per capita at 0.82, and with the rate of economic growth from 1950 to 1990 at 0.64.

The authors believe that average IQ differences between nations are due to both genetic and environmental factors. They also believe that low GDP can cause low IQ, just as low IQ can cause low GDP. (See Positive feedback).

The authors write that it is the ethical responsibility of rich, high-IQ nations to assist poor, low-IQ nations financially, as it is the responsibility of rich citizens to assist the poor.

National IQ estimates
The result claims that Hong Kong has the highest national IQ estimate with 107, followed by South Korea with 106.

Central to the book's thesis is a tabulation of what Lynn and Vanhanen believe to be the average IQs of the world's nations. Rather than do their own IQ studies, the authors average and adjust existing studies and use other methods to create estimates.

For 104 of the 185 nations, no studies were available. In those cases, the authors have used an estimated value by taking averages of the IQs of neighboring or comparable nations. For example, the authors arrived at a figure of 84 for El Salvador by averaging their calculations of 79 for Guatemala and 88 for Colombia. Including those estimated IQs, the correlation of IQ and GDP is 0.62.

To obtain a figure for South Africa, the authors averaged IQ studies done on different ethnic groups, resulting in a figure of 72. The figures for Colombia, Peru, and Singapore were arrived at in a similar manner.

In some cases, the IQ of a country is estimated by averaging the IQs of countries that are not actually neighbors of the country in question. For example, Kyrgyzstan's IQ is estimated by averaging the IQs of Iran and Turkey, neither of which is close to Kyrgyzstan—China, which is a geographic neighbor, is not counted as such by Lynn and Vanhanen. This is because ethnic background is assumed to be more important than proximity to other nations when determining national IQ.

To account for the Flynn effect (an increase in IQ scores over time), the authors adjusted the results of older studies upward by a number of points.

Scores that do not support the theory
In several cases the actual GDP did not correspond with that predicted by IQ. In these cases, the authors argued that differences in GDP were caused by differences in natural resources and whether the nation used a planned or market economy.

One example of this was Qatar, whose IQ was estimated by Lynn and Vanhanen to be about 78, yet had a disproportionately high per capita GDP of roughly US$17,000. The authors explain Qatar's disproportionately high GDP by its high petroleum resources. Similarly, the authors think that large resources of diamonds explain the economic growth of the African nation Botswana, the fastest in the world for several decades.

The authors argued that the People's Republic of China's per capita GDP of at the time roughly US$4,500 could be explained by its use of a communist economic system for much of its recent history. The authors also predicted that communist nations whom they believe have comparatively higher IQs, including China and North Korea, can be expected to rapidly gain GDP growth by moving from centrally planned economies to more capitalist based economic systems, while predicting continued poverty for sub-Saharan African nations no matter what economic systems are used.

Reception and impact
Several negative reviews of the book have been published in the scholarly literature. Susan Barnett and Wendy Williams wrote that "we see an edifice built on layer upon layer of arbitrary assumptions and selective data manipulation. The data on which the entire book is based are of questionable validity and are used in ways that cannot be justified." They also wrote that cross country comparisons are "virtually meaningless."

Richardson (2004) argued, citing the Flynn effect as the best evidence, that Lynn has the causal connection backwards and suggested that "the average IQ of a population is simply an index of the size of its middle class, both of which are results of industrial development". The review concludes that "This is not so much science, then, as a social crusade." A review by Michael Palairet criticized the book's methodology, particularly the imprecise estimates of GDP and the fact that IQ data were only available for 81 of the 185 countries studied. However, the review concluded that the book was "a powerful challenge to economic historians and development economists who prefer not to use IQ as an analytical input", but that it's likely those scholars will deliberately ignore this work instead of improving it.

By economists
In a book review for the Journal of Economic Literature, Thomas Nechyba wrote that "such sweeping conclusions based on relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions seem misguided at best and quite dangerous if taken seriously. It is therefore difficult to find much to recommend in this book."

Writing in the Economic Journal, Astrid Oline Ervik said that the book may be "thought provoking", but there is nothing that economists can learn from it. She criticized the book's authors for not establishing cross country comparability and reliability of IQ scores, for relying on simple bivariate correlations, for not considering or controlling for other hypotheses, and for confusing correlation with causation. Ervik stated, "The arguments put forward in the book to justify such comparisons [between the average IQ in different countries and their GDP] seem at best vague and unconvincing. At worst, passages in the book appear to be biased and unscientific...The authors fail to present convincing evidence and appear to jump to conclusions."

Edward Miller, an economist who has published many controversial papers on race and intelligence, gave the book positive reviews in two different white nationalist publications, the Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies and The Occidental Quarterly.

Criticism of data sets
Academic reviews of the book generally criticized both its methodology and conclusions.

The methods of the study were criticized by Richard E. Nisbett for relying on small and haphazard samples and for ignoring data that did not support the conclusions.

University of Reading geographer Stephen Morse also criticized the book (as well as IQ and the Wealth of Nations), arguing that the authors' hypothesis rests on "serious flaws". Morse also argued: "The central dilemma of the Lynn and Vanhanen case rests with their assumption that national IQ data are primarily (not wholly) a function of innate ability, which in turn is at least partly generated by genes. There are many assumptions of cause–effect in here, and some of them involve substantial leaps of faith."

In the 2010 paper "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans", also published in Intelligence, Jelte M. Wicherts and colleagues stated:

"'For instance, Lynn and Vanhanen (2006) accorded a national IQ of 69 to Nigeria on the basis of three samples (Fahrmeier, 1975; Ferron, 1965; Wober, 1969), but they did not consider other relevant published studies that indicated that average IQ in Nigeria is considerably higher than 70 (Maqsud, 1980a, b; Nenty & Dinero, 1981; Okunrotifa, 1976). As Lynn rightly remarked during the 2006 conference of the International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR), performing a literature review involves making a lot of choices. Nonetheless, an important drawback of Lynn (and Vanhanen)'s reviews of the literature is that they are unsystematic.'"

Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg replied that "critical evaluation of the studies presented by WDM shows that many of these are based on unrepresentative elite samples" and that a further literature review, including taking into account results in mathematics, science, and reading, gave "an IQ of 68 as the best reading of the IQ in sub-Saharan Africa". Wicherts and colleagues in yet another reply stated: "In light of all the available IQ data of over 37,000 African testtakers, only the use of unsystematic methods to exclude the vast majority of data could result in a mean IQ close to 70. On the basis of sound methods, the average IQ remains close to 80. Although this mean IQ is clearly lower than 100, we view it as unsurprising in light of the potential of the Flynn effect in Africa (Wicherts, Borsboom, & Dolan, 2010) and common psychometric problems associated with the use of western IQ tests among Africans."

Some criticisms have focused on the limited number of studies upon which the book is based. The IQ figures are based on 3 different studies for 17 nations, two studies for 30 nations, and one study for 34 nations. There were actual tests for IQ in the case of 81 countries out of the 185 countries studied. For 104 nations there were no IQ studies at all and IQ was estimated based on the average IQ of surrounding nations. The limited number of participants in some studies as well as outdated data has also been criticized. A test of 108 9- to 15-year-olds in Barbados, of 50 13- to 16-year-olds in Colombia, of 104 5- to 17-year-olds in Ecuador, of 129 6- to 12-year-olds in Egypt, and of 48 10- to 14-year-olds in Equatorial Guinea, all were taken as measures of national IQ.

Denny Borsboom argued that mainstream contemporary test analysis does not reflect substantial recent developments in the field and "bears an uncanny resemblance to the psychometric state of the art as it existed in the 1950s". For example, he argued that IQ and the Wealth of Nations, in order to show that the tests are unbiased, uses outdated methodology – if anything, indicative that test bias exists. Girma Berhanu, in an essay review of the book, concentrated on the discussion of Ethiopian Jews. The review criticized the principal assertion of the authors that differences in intelligence, attributed to genetics, account for the gap between rich and poor countries. Berhanu criticized the book as being based in a "racist, sexist, and antihuman" research tradition and alleged that "the low standards of scholarship evident in the book render it largely irrelevant for modern science".

Impact on psychology
In 2006, Lynn and Vanhanen followed IQ and the Wealth of Nations with their book IQ and Global Inequality, which contained additional data and analyses, but the same general conclusions as the earlier book. Discussing both books, Earl Hunt writes that although Lynn and Vanhanen's methodology and conclusions are questionable, they deserve credit for raising important questions about international IQ comparisons. Hunt writes that Lynn and Vanhanen are correct that national IQs correlate strongly with measures of social well-being, but they are unjustified in their rejection of the idea that national IQs could change as a result of improved education.

On July 27, 2020, the European Human Behavior and Evolution Association issued a formal statement opposing the utilization of Lynn's national IQ dataset, as well as all updated forms of it, citing various criticisms of its methodology and data collection. They concluded that "any conclusions drawn from analyses which use these data are therefore unsound, and no reliable evolutionary work should be using these data."

title: IQ and the Wealth of Nations


text:
Talk:List of numerical analysis topics

Numeric Monte
Is there a Numeric Monte package? :) Charles Matthews 05:44, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

List updater
In subsection A below, listed are articles which are missing from the List of numerical analysis topics. They were found by looking in the categories in subsection C. One can add more categories to be searched to subsection C, see some suggestions in subsection D.

All this process can be restarted by clicking on the link at the bottom of subsection E.

Please note that anything around here is editable, but please don't modify the lines of the form

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A: Articles missing from the List of numerical analysis topics
Algebraic eigenvalue problem -- All-serial CORDIC -- Branching CORDIC -- Closest point method -- Compensated CORDIC -- Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer -- DCORDIC -- Differential CORDIC -- Factor combining -- Finite Legendre transform -- GetFEM++ -- Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables -- Hybrid CORDIC -- Identifiability Analysis -- Karlsruhe Accurate Arithmetic -- Kulisch arithmetic -- List of operator splitting topics -- Material point method -- Merged CORDIC -- Model order reduction -- Modulus of smoothness -- Multilevel fast multipole method -- ND4J (software) -- ND4S -- NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions -- Newton–Krylov method -- Order of approximation -- Pipelined CORDIC -- Pocketbook of Mathematical Functions -- Pseudo-multiplication -- Redundant CORDIC -- Rounding Errors in Algebraic Processes -- Scale co-occurrence matrix -- Scarborough criterion -- The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem -- Unified CORDIC -- Volder's algorithm -- Whitney inequality -- Bernstein's theorem (polynomials) -- Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem -- Least-squares function approximation -- Arakelyan's theorem -- Knuth's Simpath algorithm -- The Art of Computer Programming -- Treiber Stack -- Chronology of computation of π -- Zhao Youqin's π algorithm -- Chirp Z-transform -- Beam and Warming scheme -- Central differencing scheme -- Falling and rising factorials -- Proximal gradient methods for learning -- Structured sparsity regularization -- Discrete spline interpolation -- Regression-Kriging -- Sarason interpolation theorem -- Active set method -- Applicable mathematics -- Benders decomposition -- Constructive cooperative coevolution -- Constructive heuristic -- Deterministic global optimization -- Dual norm -- Evolutionary multimodal optimization -- Exact algorithm -- General Mission Analysis Tool -- International Society for Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization -- Intertemporal budget constraint -- Inventory theory -- Map segmentation -- Max–min inequality -- Minimax theorem -- NP-completeness -- Non-negative least squares -- Online optimization -- Parametric programming -- Pontryagin's maximum principle -- Proximal operator -- S-procedure -- Semidefinite embedding -- Simulation-based optimization -- Sports rating system -- State transition algorithm -- Steiner's calculus problem -- Unit commitment problem in electrical power production -- Weber problem -- Affine scaling -- Fundamental theorem of linear programming -- Network simplex algorithm -- Revised simplex method -- Caratheodory-π solution -- Double-setpoint control -- GPOPS-II -- Microgrid -- Adaptive dimensional search -- BOBYQA -- Berndt–Hall–Hall–Hausman algorithm -- Communication-avoiding algorithms -- DATADVANCE -- Derivative-free optimization -- Divide and conquer algorithms -- Generalized iterative scaling -- Genetic improvement (computer science) -- LINCOA -- NEWUOA -- PSeven -- Quasi-Newton Inverse Least Squares Method -- Quasi-Newton Least Squares Method -- Social cognitive optimization -- TOLMIN (optimization software) -- Truncated Newton method -- UOBYQA -- Held–Karp algorithm -- Line wrap and word wrap -- Most frequent k characters -- Shortest common supersequence problem -- WASP (cricket calculation tool) -- Correlation gap -- Construction of an irreducible Markov chain in the Ising model -- MPMC -- Mean field particle methods -- Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm -- Monte Carlo tree search -- Sampling in order -- TraPPE force field -- Volumetric path tracing -- Time-dependent variational Monte Carlo -- Microscale and macroscale models -- P-FEM -- Principles of grid generation -- Raviart–Thomas basis functions -- Strang splitting -- Volume of fluid method -- Finite element exterior calculus -- Mixed finite element method -- SimScale -- Surface triangulation -- Armadillo (C++ library) -- DADiSP -- Data Analytics Acceleration Library -- Dune (software) -- ILNumerics -- Interpolative decomposition -- OpenBLAS -- Rybicki Press algorithm -- SequenceL -- Wolfram Language -- Least squares adjustment -- Partial least squares path modeling -- Polynomial least squares -- Robust principal component analysis -- Sparse matrix-vector multiplication --

Should not be included in the list

 * Abaqus, AIMMS, Algebraic modeling language, ALGOR, AMD Core Math Library, AMPL, Analytica (software), ANSA Pre-processor, ANSYS, APMonitor, APOPT, Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software, Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms, Biology Monte Carlo method, BLOPEX, Breve (software), Bridge Software Institute, CASINO, COBYLA, DIDO (software), EISPACK, Electromagnetic Design System, FEDEM, FEFLOW, Femap, FEniCS Project, FFTPACK, FFTW, Flexcom, General Algebraic Modeling System, General Matrix Multiply, GNU Multi-Precision Library, GotoBLAS, Hermes Project, HFSS, Hypre, IPOPT, Jacket (software), Julia (programming language). LAPACK, LINPACK, Lis (linear algebra library), LS-DYNA, LUSAS, MATLAB, Math Kernel Library, MOEA Framework, Momentum (electromagnetic simulator), MPIR (mathematics software), MPS (format), Nastran, NEi Nastran, nl (format), OOFEM, OpenBUGS, Paradiseo, PARI/GP, Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation, PROPT, QUADPACK, Quickfield, Range Software, Safehull, SAMCEF, SAMPL, SLEPc, sol (format), Speakeasy (computational environment), Starmad, STRAND7, Vflo, Virtual Cell, VisualFEA (software)
 * Alexander Hrennikoff, Athanasios Papoulis, Bruce Irons (engineer), Daniel Gillespie, David B. Hertz, Elliott Ward Cheney, Jr., Enrico Fermi, Ervand Kogbetliantz, Gene H. Golub, John Argyris, John von Neumann, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Kazushige Goto, Max Gunzburger, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Nicholas Metropolis, Olgierd Zienkiewicz, Phelim Boyle, Philippe G. Ciarlet, Renfrey Potts, Richard Courant, Stanislaw Ulam, Steven Anson Coons, Walter Edwin Arnoldi (people go in list of mathematicians)
 * Alpha–beta pruning, Ant colony optimization algorithms, Approximate string matching, Assignment problem, Auction algorithm, Bellman–Ford algorithm, Bin packing problem, Bitonic tour, Borůvka's algorithm, Braess' paradox, Branch and bound, Branch and cut, Branch and price, Coffman–Graham algorithm, Cutting-plane method, Damerau–Levenshtein distance, Dead-end elimination, Extremal optimization, Floyd–Warshall algorithm, Forward–backward algorithm, Graver basis, Hirschberg's algorithm, Hungarian algorithm, Hunt–McIlroy algorithm, Integer points in convex polyhedra, Knapsack problem, Kruskal's algorithm, Levenshtein distance, Lin-Kernighan, Longest alternating subsequence, Longest common subsequence problem, Longest common substring problem, Longest increasing subsequence, Matrix chain multiplication, Maximum subarray problem, Minimum spanning tree, Monte-Carlo tree search, MTD-f, Needleman–Wunsch algorithm, Optimal design, Overlapping subproblems, Prim's algorithm, Pruning (algorithm), Pseudo-Boolean function, Shortest common supersequence, Smith–Waterman algorithm, Special ordered set, Subset sum problem, Tree rearrangement, Viterbi algorithm, Word wrap, 2-opt, 3-opt, k-opt (all combinatorial or discrete optimization)
 * Anti-diagonal matrix, Diagonal matrix, Generalized permutation matrix, Identity matrix, Permutation matrix, Shear matrix, Shift matrix, Single-entry matrix, Zero matrix (sparse matrix types that are typically studied outside numerical analysis)
 * Artificial development, Effective fitness, Evolutionary art, Evolutionary Acquisition of Neural Topologies, Gene expression programming, Grammatical evolution, Human-based genetic algorithm, HyperNEAT, Interactive evolutionary computation, Interactive genetic algorithm, Learning classifier system, Neuroevolution, Neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (artificial evolution articles without link to optimization or numerical analysis)
 * Bareiss algorithm, Block Lanczos algorithm for nullspace of a matrix over a finite field, Block Wiedemann algorithm, Double dabble, Fisher–Yates shuffle, Method of Four Russians (discrete algorithms)
 * Bayesian efficiency, Calculus of variations, Difference polynomials, Faulhaber's formula, Holonomic, Hu Washizu principle, Machin-like formula, Pochhammer symbol, Steiner's problem, Table of Newtonian series, Umbral calculus (analytic, not numerical)
 * Binding constraint, Exponential random numbers, Illinois algorithm, Non-binding constraint, Poisson random numbers, Reverse Cuthill-McKee algorithm (redirects)
 * Blind signal separation, Coefficient of determination, Dynamic mode decomposition, Explained sum of squares, Fraction of variance unexplained, Generalized least squares, Lack-of-fit sum of squares, Least squares support vector machine, Mean squared error, Ordinary least squares, Partial least squares regression, Partition of sums of squares, Principal component analysis, Proofs involving ordinary least squares, Residual sum of squares, Total sum of squares (more statistics than numerical analysis)
 * Buffon's needle, Leibniz formula for pi (not practical within numerical analysis)
 * Cake number, Jeep problem, Lazy caterer's sequence (optimization problems with no numerical aspects)
 * Central composite design (experimental design)
 * Cellular Potts model (stochastic model, but not numerical analysis)
 * Crew scheduling, Fernandez’s method, Job-shop problem, Job shop scheduling, Multi-armed bandit, Multiprocessor scheduling, Open-shop scheduling, Sequence-dependent setup, Single-machine scheduling (scheduling is discrete optimization)
 * CYK algorithm, Earley parser, Database tuning, Optimization (computer science) (that is computer science)
 * Decomposition (computer science), Matheuristics, Metaheuristic, Modular design, Parallel metaheuristic, Swarm intelligence (more general concepts than numerical analysis)
 * Differential algebraic equation, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Kempner series, Kernel (linear algebra), Linear algebra, List of publications in mathematics, Matrix analysis, Matrix multiplication, Partial differential algebraic equation, Polynomial, System of linear equations, Trajectory (fluid mechanics), Trigonometric polynomial (only a small part of these articles is about numerical analysis)
 * Hawk and dove (game theory), Homicidal chauffeur problem, Killer heuristic, Minimax, Negamax, Pareto efficiency, Walrasian auction (more game theory than optimization)
 * Institute of Robotics in Scandinavia AB (company with little to do with numerical analysis)
 * Kernel (matrix) (the list contains a link to a section of this article)
 * List of numerical analysis topics (no self-references)
 * Mutation testing
 * P versus NP problem, NP-complete, Weakly NP-complete (more computer science)
 * Quality control and genetic algorithms
 * Quincunx (too hard too spell; also computer graphics)
 * Quote notation (exact, so not numerical analysis)
 * Rational root theorem, Ruffini's rule (symbolic, not numerical)
 * Sculpted prim (specific to Second Life)
 * Tau-leaping (simulation technique but not numerical analysis)
 * Ziff–Gulari–Barshad model (too much chemistry and Monte Carlo)

Unsure

 * Artificial bee colony algorithm, Artificial development, Artificial immune system, Bees algorithm, Biogeography-based optimization, Biologically inspired algorithms, Cuckoo search, Cultural algorithm, Eagle strategy, Firefly algorithm, Glowworm swarm optimization, Graduated optimization, Hyper-heuristic, Imperialist competitive algorithm, Intelligent Water Drops algorithm, IOSO, Iterated local search, Multi-swarm optimization, Natural evolution strategy, Search-based software engineering, Very large-scale neighborhood search (more frameworks than methods?)
 * Artificial neural network, Compositional pattern-producing network, Group method of data handling (general computational tools, not really numerics)
 * Autocorrelation technique
 * Artificial precision, Automatic basis function construction, Reversible jump (don't understand enough of article to classify it)
 * Basis function
 * Carlson's theorem, Delta operator, Indefinite sum, Mean value theorem (divided differences), Nörlund–Rice integral, Reciprocal difference, Thiele's interpolation formula (calculus of finite differences; might be too analytical but might also have applications in NA)
 * CMA-ES
 * Combinatorial data analysis
 * Complex wavelet transform / Discrete wavelet transform
 * Constraint optimization, Distributed constraint optimization, Goal programming, Ordinal optimization, Zionts–Wallenius method
 * Divide and conquer algorithm, Prune and search (more a general algorithm paradigms)
 * Dynamic time warping, Greedy algorithm, Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure, Hill climbing, Local search (optimization), Quantum annealing, Random-restart hill climbing, Reactive search, Stochastic hill climbing (currently more about discrete optimization, but may be expanded to cover continuous optimization)
 * Flexibility method (more structural physics / engineering?)
 * Finite element machine, MANIAC II (specific computers)
 * Generalized singular value decomposition, Orthogonal Procrustes problem, Rank factorization, Schmidt decomposition, Singular value, Pseudospectrum, Spectral theorem, Two-dimensional singular value decomposition (too much linear algebra?)
 * Geometry of roots of real polynomials, Solving quadratic equations with continued fractions
 * Kriging, Multiple-indicator kriging, Markov chain geostatistics, Regionalized variable theory, Regression-kriging, Transiogram (could well be a standard mathematical or statistical techniques applied to geology; perhaps not numerical?)
 * Lloyd's algorithm (unclear what it optimized)
 * Mathematics of Operations Research, Operations research (what is the relation between OR and optimization?)
 * Moment problem, Sion's minimax theorem, Viscosity solution (too much analysis?)
 * Normal mode, Structural analysis (very applied)
 * Pidgin code
 * Resampling (statistics), Slice sampling
 * RTCP hierarchical aggregation
 * Schild's ladder (computational geometry)
 * Secular equation / Secular function
 * Triangulation (topology) (homeomorphism makes it not useful in practice?)
 * Variation diminishing property (quite a general mathematical concept, perhaps more analysis?)

C: Categories to be searched
The bot will look for potential additions to the List of numerical analysis topics in this list of categories. You may add any other categories to this list, for example from subsection D below. Use the format Category:XXX (the colon shows up twice!).

Category:Numerical analysis
 * Category:Approximation theory
 * Category:Theorems in approximation theory
 * Category:Computer arithmetic algorithms
 * Category:Pi algorithms
 * Category:FFT algorithms
 * Category:Finite differences
 * Category:First order methods
 * Two subcategories that are covered elsewhere
 * Category:Numerical integration (quadrature)
 * Category:Interpolation
 * Category:Multivariate interpolation
 * Category:Splines
 * Category:Iterative methods
 * Category:Relaxation (iterative methods)
 * Two subcategories that are covered elsewhere
 * Category:Mathematical optimization
 * Category:Combinatorial optimization — excluded because that is discrete and hence not numerical analysis
 * Category:Convex analysis — excluded because it is analysis, though I'm not sure about it
 * Category:Convex optimization
 * Category:Convexity in economics — excluded because it is economics
 * Category:Decomposition methods
 * Category:Generalized convexity — excluded because it is analysis, though I'm not sure about it
 * Category:Linear programming
 * Category:Polyhedra — excluded because it is geometry
 * Category:Mathematical optimization software — excluded because it is covered by List of numerical analysis software
 * Category:Optimal control
 * Category:Optimization algorithms and methods
 * Category:Dynamic programming
 * Category:Evolutionary algorithms — excluded because it is hardly mathematics
 * Category:Gradient methods
 * Two subcategories that are covered elsewhere
 * Category:Optimization in vector spaces
 * Category:Calculus of variations — excluded because it is analysis, though I'm not sure about it
 * Category:Variational analysis — excluded because it is analysis, though I'm not sure about it
 * Category:Optimization of ordered sets — excluded because it is discrete (I think)
 * Category:Pseudoconvex minimization
 * Category:Pseudolinear minimization
 * Category:Regression analysis — excluded because it is more statistics than numerics
 * Category:Relaxation (approximation)
 * Category:Decomposition methods — see above
 * Category:Stochastic optimization
 * Category:Sequential experiments — excluded because it is discrete (I think)
 * Category:Mesh generation
 * Category:Mesh generators — excluded because it is covered by List of numerical analysis software
 * Category:Triangulation (geometry)
 * Category:Monte Carlo methods
 * Category:Markov chain Monte Carlo
 * Category:Monte Carlo methods in finance — excluded because it is too applied, perhaps
 * Category:Monte Carlo methodologists — excluded because it is covered by List of mathematicians
 * Category:Monte Carlo software — excluded because it is covered by List of numerical analysis software
 * Category:Non-uniform random numbers
 * Category:Quantum Monte Carlo
 * Category:Variance reduction
 * Category:Numerical analysts — excluded because it is covered by List of mathematicians
 * Category:Numerical differential equations
 * Category:Domain decomposition methods
 * Category:Finite element method
 * Category:FEM elements
 * Category:Finite element software — excluded because it is covered by List of numerical analysis software
 * Category:People associated with the finite element method — excluded because it is covered by List of mathematicians
 * Two subcategories that are covered elsewhere
 * Category:Runge–Kutta methods
 * Category:Numerical linear algebra
 * Category:Exchange algorithms
 * Category:Least squares
 * Category:Matrix decompositions
 * Category:Singular value decomposition
 * Category:Sparse matrices
 * Two subcategories that are covered elsewhere
 * Category:Numerical software — excluded because it is covered by List of numerical analysis software
 * Category:Polynomials — excluded because it is too general
 * Category:Root-finding algorithms
 * Category:Structural analysis — excluded because it is too applied
 * Category:Wavelets — excluded because it is more functional analysis / approximation theory than numerical analysis, though I'm not sure about it

D: Potential searchable categories
Move up to subsection C any categories which the bot should search for missing articles in the List of numerical analysis topics.

Category:Numerical analysts -- Category:Numerical software -- Category:Polynomials -- Category:Structural analysis -- Category:Wavelets -- Category:Shift-and-add algorithms -- Category:Splines (mathematics) -- Category:Combinatorial optimization -- Category:Convex analysis -- Category:Deterministic global optimization -- Category:Generalized convexity -- Category:Mathematical optimization software -- Category:Metaheuristics -- Category:Optimization of ordered sets -- Category:Regression analysis -- Category:Variational analysis -- Category:Convexity in economics -- Category:Polyhedra -- Category:Evolutionary algorithms -- Category:Calculus of variations -- Category:Sequential experiments -- Category:Stochastic control -- Category:Mesh generators -- Category:Monte Carlo methodologists -- Category:Monte Carlo methods in finance -- Category:Monte Carlo software -- Category:Computational fluid dynamics -- Category:Finite element software -- Category:People associated with the finite element method -- Category:Matrix multiplication algorithms --

E: Articles in List of numerical analysis topics not in categories
May be redirects or articles which should be removed/categorized.

Computational physics -- Celestial mechanics -- Global optimum -- Floating point -- Numerical weather prediction -- Active set -- Freivalds' algorithm -- Pick matrix -- Wavelet -- Bond fluctuation model -- BKM algorithm -- Climate model -- Large eddy simulation -- I-spline -- Long division -- Particle swarm optimization -- Cannon's algorithm -- Inventory control problem -- Composite Bézier curve -- -- MAFELAP -- Newton's method -- Partial least squares -- NAFEMS -- Approximations of π -- Harmony search -- Computational magnetohydrodynamics -- Computational chemistry -- Rigorous coupled-wave analysis -- List of wavelet-related transforms -- Gibbs phenomenon -- Multiplicative inverse -- Multiplicative inverse -- Strassen algorithm -- Constructions of low-discrepancy sequences -- Restoring division -- Non-linear iterative partial least squares -- Dynamic errors of numerical methods of ODE discretization -- Box spline -- Computational fluid dynamics -- Shadow price -- M-spline -- Combinatorial optimization -- Aeroacoustic analogy -- Lattice Boltzmann methods -- List of functional analysis topics -- Tabu search -- Orders of approximation -- Pontryagin's minimum principle -- Goldschmidt division -- Relations between Fourier transforms and Fourier series -- SRT division -- Monte Carlo methods in finance -- Computational sociology -- Orthogonalization -- Coupled cluster -- Least squares (function approximation) -- Bluestein's FFT algorithm -- List of numerical analysis software -- Newton–Raphson division -- Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance -- G space -- Properties of discretization schemes -- -- BHHH algorithm -- List of numerical computational geometry topics -- Centripetal Catmull–Rom spline -- Smoothing spline -- Regression analysis -- Kernel (matrix) -- Gram–Schmidt process -- -- List of statistics topics -- K-approximation of k-hitting set -- Non-restoring division -- Density functional theory -- Benders' decomposition -- T-spline -- AGM method -- Coons surface -- Monte Carlo methods for option pricing -- Cutting stock problem -- Computational electromagnetics --

Refresh the above lists — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oleg Alexandrov (talk • contribs) 09:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of numerical analysis topics


text:
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 1974 spy novel by British-Irish author John le Carré. It follows the endeavours of taciturn, aging spymaster George Smiley to uncover a Soviet mole in the British Secret Intelligence Service. The novel has received critical acclaim for its complex social commentary—and, at the time, relevance, following the defection of Kim Philby. It was followed by The Honourable Schoolboy in 1977 and Smiley's People in 1979. The three novels together make up the "Karla Trilogy", named after Smiley's long-time nemesis Karla, the head of Soviet foreign intelligence and the trilogy's overarching antagonist.

The novel has been adapted into both a television series and a film, and remains a staple of the spy fiction genre. In 2022, the novel was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Background
As the tension of the Cold War is peaking in 1973, George Smiley, former senior official in Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (known as "the Circus" because its London office is at Cambridge Circus), is living unhappily in forced retirement, following the failure of an operation codenamed Testify in Czechoslovakia which ended in the capture and torture of agent Jim Prideaux. Control, chief of the Circus, had suspected that one of the five senior intelligence officers at the Circus was a Soviet mole, and had assigned them code names for Prideaux to relay back to the Circus, derived from the English children's rhyme "Tinker, Tailor": Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, rich man, poor man, beggarman, thief. The failure resulted in the dismissal of Control, Smiley, and allies such as Connie Sachs and Jerry Westerby, and their replacement by a new guard consisting of Percy Alleline, Toby Esterhase, Bill Haydon, and Roy Bland. Control has since died, and Smiley's former protégé, Peter Guillam, has been demoted to the "scalphunters".

Guillam unexpectedly approaches Smiley and takes him to the house of Under-Secretary Oliver Lacon, the civil servant who oversees the Circus. There they meet Ricki Tarr, an agent recently declared persona non grata due to suspicion of having defected. Tarr defends himself by explaining that he was informed of a Soviet mole at the highest level of the Circus – codenamed Gerald – by Irina, the wife of a trade delegate, while in Hong Kong. Irina claimed that the mole, Gerald, reports to a Soviet official stationed at the embassy in London called Polyakov. Shortly after Tarr relayed this to the Circus, Irina was forcibly returned to the Soviet Union, leading Tarr to suspect that the mole was real, and now knew his identity. Tarr went into hiding, resurfacing to contact Guillam.

Lacon reasons that neither Smiley nor Guillam can be the mole, due to their respective dismissal and demotion, and so requests that Smiley investigate the presence of the mole in total secrecy to avoid another PR scandal for both the Government and the Circus. Smiley cautiously agrees, and forms a team consisting of himself, Guillam, Tarr, and retired Scotland Yard Inspector Mendel. Smiley is also given access to Circus documents, and begins by examining Alleline's restructuring, discovering the ousting of Jerry Westerby and Connie Sachs, as well as slush fund payments to Jim Prideaux.

Smiley begins the hunt
Smiley visits Sachs, discovering that she confronted Alleline about her discovery that Polyakov was actually a Soviet Colonel called Gregor Viktorov, but he ordered her to drop the subject. She also mentions rumours of a secret Soviet facility for training moles, and makes allusions to Prideaux and Bill Haydon's relationship being more than just platonic friendship.

Smiley examines Operation Witchcraft, an operation in which Soviet intelligence was obtained through a key source known as "Merlin", which was treated with suspicion by both Smiley and Control. Alleline obtained ministerial support to circumvent Control's authority, and his post-Testify promotion supporters Haydon, Esterhase, and Bland have sponsored it. Smiley also learns that this "Magic Circle" has obtained a safe house somewhere in London where they obtain information from a Merlin emissary posted in London under a diplomatic cover, who – Smiley concludes – is Polyakov himself.

Smiley suspects that the Circus does not realise the flow of information is going the other way, with the mole "Gerald" passing important British secrets ("gold dust") in return for low-grade Soviet material ("chicken feed"), which would make "Witchcraft" simply a cover for the mole.

Karla
Smiley also discovers that the log from the night Tarr reported in from Hong Kong has been removed, and Guillam starts to suffer from paranoia as a result of their operation. Smiley tells Guillam that he suspects a Soviet intelligence officer named Karla is linked in some way to the operation, and reveals what he knows about him. Karla is believed to have followed his father into espionage, getting his start during the Spanish Civil War posing as a White Russian émigré in the forces of General Francisco Franco, recruiting foreign, mainly German, operatives. After this the Circus lost track of Karla, but he resurfaced during Operation Barbarossa, directing partisan operations behind German lines. Smiley explains his belief that somewhere in the gap between these two conflicts, Karla travelled to England and recruited Gerald.

Smiley points out that Karla is fiercely loyal to both the Soviet Union and communism, highlighting Karla's current rank despite his internment in a gulag by the Stalinist regime, and reveals that Karla turned down an offer from Smiley in India to defect, even though his return to the USSR in 1955 was to face a likely execution. During his attempt to obtain Karla's defection, Smiley plied him with cigarettes and promises that they could get Karla's family out to the West safely. Smiley suspects that this only revealed his own weakness, his love for his unfaithful wife, Ann. Smiley offered Karla his lighter, a present from Ann, to light a cigarette, but Karla rose and left with it.

Merlin and Testify
Smiley suspects a link between Merlin and the botched Operation Testify. Sam Collins, who was duty officer that night, tells Smiley that Control ordered him to relay the report of the Czech operation only to him, but that when he did so, Control froze up, and that Bill Haydon's sudden arrival was the only reason the hierarchy didn't fall apart that night. Smiley then visits Max, a Czech operative who served as a legman for Prideaux on the operation, who tells Smiley that Prideaux gave him instructions to leave Czechoslovakia any way he could if Prideaux didn't surface at the rendezvous at the appointed time. Smiley next visits Jerry Westerby, who tells Smiley about the trip to Prague when a young army conscript insisted that the Russians were in the woods waiting for Prideaux a full day before he was ambushed.

Finally, Smiley tracks down Prideaux. Prideaux tells him Control believed there was a mole in the Circus, and had whittled it down to five men, Alleline (Tinker), Haydon (Tailor), Bland (Soldier), Esterhase (Poorman), and Smiley himself (Beggarman), and that his orders were to obtain the identity from a defector in Czech intelligence who knew. He tells Smiley he almost didn't make the rendezvous with Max because he noticed he was being tailed, and that when he arrived to meet the defector, he was ambushed, taking two bullets to his right shoulder. During his captivity, both Polyakov and Karla interrogated him, focussing solely on the extent and status of Control's investigation. Prideaux suggests that the Czech defector was a plant, contrived by Karla to engineer Control's downfall through Testify's failure, all conceived to protect the mole.

Catching the mole
Smiley confronts Toby Esterhase, stating that he is aware that Esterhase has been posing as a Russian mole, with Polyakov as his handler, in order to provide cover for Merlin's emissary Polyakov. Smiley compels Esterhase into revealing the location of the safe house, through making him realise that not only is there a real Soviet mole embedded in the SIS, but also that Polyakov has not been "turned" to work in British interest pretending to run the "mole" Esterhase, and in fact remains Karla's agent. Tarr is sent to Paris, where he passes a coded message to Alleline about "information crucial to the well-being of the Service". This triggers an emergency meeting between Gerald and Polyakov at the safe house, where Smiley and Guillam are lying in wait.

Haydon is revealed to be the mole, and his interrogation reveals that he had been recruited several decades ago by Karla and became a full-fledged Soviet spy partly for political reasons, partly in frustration at Britain's rapidly declining influence on the world stage, particularly on account of the failings at Suez. He is expected to be exchanged with the Soviet Union for several of the agents he betrayed, but is killed shortly before he is due to leave England. Although the identity of his killer is not explicitly revealed, it is strongly implied to be Prideaux, due to the method of execution echoing the way he euthanises an injured owl earlier in the book, Prideaux's implied threat to execute a driver in Czechoslovakia in the same way that Haydon is killed, and a sense Smiley has of someone with Prideaux's background observing some of his later interrogations. Smiley is appointed temporary head of the Circus to deal with the fallout, and is still head at the start of the second book of The Karla Trilogy, The Honourable Schoolboy.

Background
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is the fifth of le Carré's spy novels to feature the character of George Smiley (the first four being: Call for the Dead, A Murder of Quality, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, and The Looking Glass War) and the fictionalized intelligence agency of "the Circus." Two of the characters, Peter Guillam and Inspector Mendel, first appeared in Call for the Dead, while Control appeared in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. With Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, le Carré returned to the world of spy fiction after his non-espionage novel, The Naïve and Sentimental Lover, was panned by critics.

When Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy was published in 1974, revelations exposing the presence of Soviet double agents in Britain were still fresh in public memory. Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, and Kim Philby, later known as members of the Cambridge Five, had been exposed as KGB spies. The five had risen to very senior positions in the British diplomatic service.

John le Carré, whose real name was David Cornwell, worked as an intelligence officer for MI5 and MI6 (SIS) in the 1950s and early 1960s. Senior SIS officer Kim Philby's defection to the USSR in 1963, and the consequent compromising of British agents, was a factor in the 1964 termination of Cornwell's intelligence career. Le Carré also drew from the paranoid atmosphere created by CIA counterintelligence chief James Jesus Angleton, who after Philby's defection became convinced that there were other moles operating at the highest levels of Western intelligence agencies.

The title alludes to the nursery rhyme and counting game Tinker Tailor.

Themes
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is set against a theme of decline in British influence on the world stage after the Second World War, with the USSR and the USA emerging as the dominant superpowers during the Cold War. Mark Fisher said the notion of "postcolonial melancholia" hangs over the novel, arguing that both the protagonists and antagonists are motivated by what they see as Britain's "irreversible decline." These themes are particularly found in the character of Bill Haydon, who is modelled off the upper-class double agent Kim Philby. After his unmasking and capture, Haydon voices both a latent hostility towards the United States and a mourning of Britain's lack of "relevance or moral viability in world affairs." The novel is emblematic of a British "rottenness," according to critic David Monaghan, and le Carré locates it with a failure of the British ruling class itself, which has become directionless and self-seeking.

Central to the novel is the theme of betrayal. Melvyn Bragg wrote that le Carré sought to illustrate that "the public or institutional default is always more excusable than the personal betrayal of faith." Haydon's betrayal of the Circus to Karla comes as a reaction to a postwar world that "[deprived] him of the Empire he was trained to rule." Monaghan notes that le Carré (in Smiley's People) refers to Haydon as a "born deceiver," who betrays his colleague (Smiley), his lover (Ann and/or Prideaux) and his country. Nevertheless, Haydon's exact motivations are left vague – unlike Philby, who espoused a deep ideological commitment to communism."

Historian David A.T. Stafford considered Haydon's eventual capture to be a mythologized reimagining of the Philby affair. He noted that, "far from receiving his just desserts," the real-life mole ended up alive and well in Moscow, thanks to the incompetence of his superiors and the willful ignorance of his colleagues. "That Philby was protected by a conspiracy of class is true enough, but that he was unmasked by a Smiley is not... Tinker Tailor is a fantasy; George Smiley a myth." In this sense, Stafford considers Smiley and Haydon to exist as classic foils to each other:

"Like Philby, [Haydon] betrays his colleagues, his friends, his country, and his class [...] Smiley, on the contrary, lives by loyalty — to his faithless wife, Ann, his subordinates, his colleagues, and his country. In the end, integrity triumphs over corruption."

Tom Maddox wrote that Smiley's conflict with the Circus, past and present, represents the idealistic virtues of the Second World War that are "at odds" with the inhumanity, sophistry, and careerism of the spying profession. "The secret service seeks to dispense with that humanity, the consensus on high being that humane virtues have outlasted whatever limited usefulness they might have had. So Smiley comes and goes, comes and goes." Fisher noted Smiley's characterization as an outsider to the affairs the Circus, representing an archetypical Englishness that is both "stolid" and "voyeuristic". Fisher likens Smiley in the novel to both King Arthur — a "perpetually cuckolded" figure "returning to save his ailing kingdom" — as well as T. S. Eliot's figure of J. Alfred Prufrock, who is at once self-conscious and "pathologically self-blinding" to his weaknesses.

Characters

 * George Smiley – Formerly a senior officer in the Circus, who was pushed out at the same time as Control, his mentor. Smiley's timid nature and unassuming appearance belies his keen understanding of spycraft. He is called upon to investigate the presence of a Soviet mole in the Circus. Various inspirations for Smiley have been suggested, including le Carré's superior in MI5, John Bingham, and MI6 chief Maurice Oldfield (who took the position in 1973, a year before the book was published).
 * Peter Guillam — Head of the scalphunters, the section of the Circus used in operations that require physical action and/or violence. Previously the head of Satellites Four, in charge of East German operations, he was "exiled" to the scalphunters outstation in Brixton after Control was dismissed. Son of a French businessman and an Englishwoman, he is a longtime associate of Smiley's.
 * Jim Prideaux — Former field agent and head of the scalphunters, Prideaux was shot in Czechoslovakia under the codename "Jim Ellis" during Operation Testify and kept in Soviet captivity. Now teaches at a boys' prep school. He was first identified as a prospective recruit by fellow student Bill Haydon at Oxford.
 * Control — Longtime head of the Circus, now dead. Once a Cambridge don, he becomes convinced that one of his subordinates is a Soviet agent, and spends the last years of his tenure trying to uncover them.
 * Sir Percy Alleline — Chief of the Circus following Control's ousting. Alleline spent his early career in South America, northern Africa and India. He is vain and overambitious, and is despised by Control. Alleline is knighted in the course of the book in recognition of the quality of the intelligence provided by the source codenamed Merlin.
 * Bill Haydon — Commander of London Station, he has worked with the Circus since the war. A polymath, he was recruited at Oxford where he was a close companion of Prideaux. A distant cousin of Ann Smiley, he has an affair with her, and this knowledge subsequently becomes widely known. One of the four who ran the double agent codenamed Merlin.
 * Roy Bland — Second in command of London Station to Bill Haydon. Recruited by Smiley at Oxford, he was the top specialist in Soviet satellite states and spent several years undercover as a left-wing academic in the Balkans before being instated in the Circus.
 * Toby Esterhase — He is the head of the Acton lamplighters, the section of the Circus responsible for surveillance and wiretapping. Hungarian by birth, Esterhase is an anglophile with pretensions of being a British gentleman. He was recruited by Smiley as "a starving student in Vienna."
 * Oliver Lacon — A permanent secretary in the Cabinet Office. Civilian overseer of the Circus. A former Cambridge rowing blue; his father "a dignitary of the Scottish church" and his mother "something noble."
 * Mendel — Retired former inspector in the Special Branch, he assists Smiley during his investigation. Frequently a go-between for Smiley and other members helping him investigate.
 * Connie Sachs — Former Russia analyst for the Circus, she is forced to retire, and now runs a rooming house in Oxford. Alcoholic, but with an excellent memory. She is said to have been modelled upon Milicent Bagot.
 * Ricki Tarr — A field agent and presumed defector who supplies information that indicates there is a Soviet mole in the Circus. He was trained by Smiley. Worked for Guillam as one of the scalphunters before going AWOL in Hong Kong.
 * Miles Sercombe — The government minister to whom Lacon and the Circus are responsible. A distant cousin of Smiley's wife, he plays a peripheral role in Smiley's investigation. Not highly regarded.

Jargon
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy employs spy jargon that is presented as the authentic insider-speak of British Intelligence. Le Carré noted that, with the exception of a few terms like mole and legend, this jargon was his own invention. In some cases, terms used in the novel have subsequently entered espionage parlance. For example, the terms mole, implying a long-term spy, and honey trap, implying a ploy in which an attractive person lures another into revealing information, were first introduced in this novel, and have only subsequently entered general usage.

The television adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy also uses the term "burrower" for a researcher recruited from a university, a term taken from the novel's immediate sequel The Honourable Schoolboy.

Moscow Centre
Moscow Centre is a nickname used by John le Carré for the Moscow central headquarters of the KGB, especially those departments concerned with foreign espionage and counterintelligence. It arises from use by Soviet officers themselves, and Le Carré likely just used the nickname to gain greater credibility for his books.

The part of Moscow Centre most often referred to in Le Carré's novels is the fictional Thirteenth Directorate headed by Karla, the code name for a case officer who has risen and fallen from political favour several times and was at one point "blown" by the British in the 1950s. Karla and George Smiley meet while Karla is in prison in Delhi, with Smiley trying to persuade Karla to defect during an interrogation in which Karla gives nothing away. Karla refuses these advances and eventually returns to favour in the USSR, masterminding the Witchcraft/Source Merlin operations supporting the mole Gerald in the Circus. Karla possesses a cigarette lighter given to Smiley by his wife, which he took during Smiley's interrogation of him.

Critical response
In a review for The New York Times written upon the novel's release in 1974, critic Richard Locke called Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy "fluently written," noting that "it is full of vivid character sketches of secret agents and bureaucrats from all levels of British society, and the dialogue catches their voices well." He praised the novel's realism, calling the detailing of "the day to day activities of the intelligence service at home and abroad" convincing. He noted that the "scale and complexity of this novel are much greater than in any of Le Carré's previous books," while the "characterisation too has become much richer."

An article published in in-house Central Intelligence Agency journal Studies in Intelligence, presumably written by agents under pseudonyms, called it "one of the most enduring renderings of the profession". It does question the "organisational compression" involved in the form of a large organisation, which the SIS would be, being reduced to a handful of senior operatives playing operational roles, but admits that this "works very well at moving the story along in print." However, the idea that a major counter-intelligence operation could be run without the knowledge of counter-intelligence professionals, an allusion to Smiley's investigation progressing in an undetected manner, is deemed an "intellectual stretch."

John Powers of NPR has called it the greatest spy story ever told, noting that it "offers the seductive fantasy of entering a secret world, one imagined with alluring richness." Le Carré himself believed the novel to be among his best works.

Television
A TV adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy was made by the BBC in 1979. It is a seven-part serial and was released in September of that year. The series was directed by John Irvin, produced by Jonathan Powell, and stars Alec Guinness as George Smiley, with Ian Richardson as Bill Haydon. Ricki Tarr was played by Hywel Bennett. In the US, syndicated broadcasts and DVD releases compressed the seven-part UK episodes into six, by shortening scenes and altering the narrative sequence.

Radio
In 1988, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a dramatisation, by Rene Basilico, of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy in seven weekly half-hour episodes, produced by John Fawcett-Wilson. It is available as a BBC audiobook in CD and audio cassette formats. Notably, Bernard Hepton portrays George Smiley. Nine years earlier, he had portrayed Toby Esterhase in the television adaptation.

In 2009, BBC Radio 4 also broadcast new dramatisations, by Shaun McKenna, of the eight George Smiley novels by John le Carré, featuring Simon Russell Beale as Smiley. Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy was broadcast as three one-hour episodes, from Sunday 29 November to Sunday 13 December 2009 in BBC Radio 4's Classic Serial slot. The producer was Steven Canny. The series was repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra in June and July 2016, and has since been released as a boxed set by the BBC.

Film
Swedish director Tomas Alfredson made a film adaptation in 2011, based on a screenplay by Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan. The film was released in the UK and Ireland on 16 September 2011, and in the United States on 9 December 2011. It includes a cameo appearance by Le Carré in the Christmas party scene as the older man in the grey suit who stands suddenly to sing the Soviet anthem. The film received numerous Academy Award nominations, including a nomination for Best Actor for Gary Oldman for his role as George Smiley. The film also stars Colin Firth as Bill Haydon, Benedict Cumberbatch as Peter Guillam, Tom Hardy as Ricki Tarr, and Mark Strong as Jim Prideaux.

title: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy


text:
Talk:Mount Athabasca

Watershed flow from Mount Athabaska
The sentence "Mount Athabasca is unusual, in that water flows to the Pacific Ocean from the western slope, the Arctic Ocean from the northeastern slope, and to Hudson Bay from the southeastern slope.[4]" Is subject to immediate deletion, because it is a circular reference to Wikipedia. However, I put it in the article anyway, basically because it was so interesting, and I am hoping that someone may be able to find a more proper reference to this information, as I could not find one. In the mean time, it could be legitimately deleted at any time.

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Alberta Eparaqutam (talk) 02:02, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Athabasca


text:
Umpqua River

The Umpqua River on the Pacific coast of Oregon in the United States is approximately 111 mi long. One of the principal rivers of the Oregon Coast and known for bass and shad, the river drains an expansive network of valleys in the mountains west of the Cascade Range and south of the Willamette Valley, from which it is separated by the Calapooya Mountains. From its source northeast of Roseburg, the Umpqua flows northwest through the Oregon Coast Range and empties into the Pacific at Winchester Bay. The river and its tributaries flow almost entirely within Douglas County, which encompasses most of the watershed of the river from the Cascades to the coast. The "Hundred Valleys of the Umpqua" form the heart of the timber industry of southern Oregon, generally centered on Roseburg.

The Native Americans in the Umpqua's watershed consist of several tribes, such as the Lower and Upper Umpqua (for which the river is named), and the Kalapuya. These tribes witnessed much of the Great Flood of 1862, during which the Umpqua and other rivers rose to levels so high that even the oldest natives had never seen a greater flood.

Course
The North Umpqua and South Umpqua rivers rise in the Southern Oregon Cascades, and flow generally west for over 100 mi to join approximately 6 mi northwest of Roseburg. In modern terminology, the "Umpqua Valley" is sometimes taken to refer to the populated lower reaches of the South Umpqua south of Roseburg, along the route of Interstate 5. The North Umpqua rises from snowmelt and is considered one of the premier summer steelhead streams in the West.

From Roseburg, the Umpqua flows generally northwest through broad farming valleys in the Oregon Coast Range in a serpentine course past the settlement of Umpqua and the city Elkton. At Elkton, it turns to flow west through a narrower canyon past Scottsburg, which is located at the head of tide. At this point, the Umpqua River becomes navigable. It enters Winchester Bay on the Pacific near Reedsport. It receives the Smith River from the north near its estuary on Winchester Bay. The Umpqua River Light protects ships nearing the mouth of the river.

The Umpqua is one of four major rivers in Oregon that start in or east of the Cascade Range and reach the Pacific Ocean. The others are the Rogue River (in Oregon), Klamath River (flowing from Oregon to California) and Columbia River (flowing from British Columbia to Washington and the Pacific between Oregon and Washington).

Tributaries
Named tributaries from source to mouth are the North Umpqua and South Umpqua rivers followed by Hidden Valley, Calapooya, Mill, Hubbard, and Rock creeks. Next come Bottle, Cougar, Wolf, Powell, Leonard, Basin, and Lost creeks followed by Galagher Canyon. Yellow Creek is next, then Deep Gulch and McGee, Waggoner, Martin, Brads, Williams, Whitehorse, Mehl, Fitzpatrick, and Heddin creeks.

Further downstream is Elk Creek then Grubbe, Hart, Beener, Gould, Sawyer, Paradise, Stony Brook, and Little Stony Brook creeks. Then come Scott, Butler, Lutsinger, Weatherly, Burchard, Golden, Wells, and Little Mill Creek. Mill Creek is next, followed by Luder, Charlotte, Franklin, Indian Charlie, Harvey, and Dean creeks. Entering the lower reaches are the Smith River and Scholfield, Providence, and Winchester creeks.

History
In the early 19th century, the Upper Umpqua tribe ceded most of its land to the U.S. government in the 1854 Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya, agreeing to move to a reservation in Lincoln County as part of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz.

The Umpqua River valley was inhabited by several different bands of Indians: primarily the Athabaskan-speaking Upper Umpqua, Takelman speaking Cow Creek Band of Umpqua, the Yoncalla (a Kalapuyan people) in the north, and the Quich (Lower Umpqua) from Scottsburg/Wells Creek to the coast. The Quich (or Kuitsh) spoke a dialect of the Siuslaw language.

In the Great Flood of 1862, the Umpqua River had the largest flood known to all of the area's Indians at the time, and water was 10 to 15 ft higher than the 1853 flood. It rose from November 3 to December 3, subsided for two days then rose again until December 9. At Fort Umpqua, communication up river was cut off above Scottsburg, and the river was full of floating houses, barns, rails and produce. The Coquille River swept away settlers' property. Great damage also occurred on the Rogue River and on other small streams.

Recreation
The Umpqua River is a popular flyfishing and whitewater rafting destination. It has a high concentration of steelhead trout and is also home to salmon, sturgeon, bass, and shad. There are several campgrounds and RV parks on the Umpqua River, some of which offer riverfront RV camping, boat ramps, fish cleaning stations, and hot showers for guests to use.

title: Umpqua River