text:
Talk:Old French

Gaulish loanwords
In the article you state that 200 words have a Celtic origin and 15% comes from Germanic/Frankish. Are these figures accurate? I have read -- I admit in an linguistic book from the 1960s -- that only around 40 words still remain from Gaulish and 400 from Frankish. Also- how many words does 15% represent?

 * The 200 word claim is repeated in the secion on the French lexicon in "The Romance Languages", (Harris and Vincent, eds.), ISBN 0-19-520829-3. IIRC, the 15% claim (for the total lexicon of Old French) comes from Pope's "From Latin to Modern French," which I don't have in front of me.  Smerdis of Tlön 14:09, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Some populist works put the number much higher, but reputable scholarly works give 150 or so. Delamarre lists 167 words in Old, Modern, and Dialectal French that come from Gaulish (each with a separate entry) with shorter lists for words that entered Provençal/Occitan, Italian, Catalan, Spanish and Romanch. So, I have edited '200' to '167' and given a reference. --Nantonos 16:40, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

References?
I was about to add the reference to Delamarre (see above) and then realised this would be the only reference in that article! I went ahead and did it anyay, but it highlights the lack of references in this otherwise promising article. --Nantonos 17:12, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps this reading list will be helpful - anyone have any of these works? http://users.ox.ac.uk/~fmml0059/TutorialF4.html --Nantonos 17:12, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Is caballus really from Gaulish? My Latin dictionary gives Greek: kaballe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.70.36.5 (talk) 18:32, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

New article?

 * I for one think that an article on French words of Gaulish origin and French words of Frankish origin are in order here. I might do it myself if I can track down the Pope book.  As an amateur etymologist I would use this list my self, especially when those words made it into English in some form.  And if arguments arise as to which language a word traces to, alternate theories with appropriate links (where applicable) could be noted in the interest of fairness/completeness.Hraefen 06:02, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Proposed move
It has been proposed that Languages of Oïl be renamed and moved to Langues d'Oïl. Comments and votes on Talk:Languages of Oïl, please, if you're interested. Man vyi 09:15, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Normans

 * It is important to distinguish however words which came from Germanic initially, via Frankish, and those that were introduced later, via the Normans in the 10th century.

This needs explanation. Why did words from the Normans not enter French before the 10th century? It is particularly confusing given the opening paragraph, which associates Old French with the area ‘roughly corresponding to the northern part of modern France’, which would seem to include Normandy. Widsith 14:07, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've reworded that sentence. It seemed to want to say that more Germanic words arrived with the Norse invasions of Normandy. Smerdis of Tlön 15:22, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Much better. Widsith 18:55, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Classical Latin
Since when does Classical Latin have the diphthongs AE (pronounced as y in my) and OE (pronounced as oy in boy)? The both digraphs (that's how these are called, not diphthongs!) AE and OE were pronounced /e/, as in bed in the Classical period. In the Archaic period (Archaic Latin), yes, AE=/ai/ and OE=/oi/ but not in the Classical period! --85.206.191.128 10:51, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference for that? There seems to be controversy as to when the various sound shifts took place.  AAR, it's probably an issue that more properly belongs at Vulgar Latin than here specifically. - Smerdis of Tlön 11:41, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In every Latin book I have ever read, AE and OE are called diphthongs. 70.81.81.203 03:44, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

"derived languages"
Whether you accept Old French = Old Francien, or Old French = intermediary dialect, it is incorrect to state that all of the langues d'oïl derived from Old French; they all derived from the langue d'oïl, but that is not the same thing as Old French (though it is often misused in this sense). Norman, for example, derived from Old Norman, which was a distinctly different dialect than Old French. (If Old French is intended simply to mean langue d'oïl, then this article is redundant with langue d'oïl). The Jade Knight 18:25, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, this article currently attempts to cover both the ancestral langue d'oïl, and the specific ancestor of French. One solution might be to move the general content to Langue d'oïl and reserve Langues d'oïl for an overview of the modern languages of the family and this article for what is specifically Old French. Compare Old Russian language and some of the arguments at Talk:Old East Slavic. Man vyi 10:33, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This proposal has my support. The Jade Knight (talk) 22:51, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've noticed this discussion occured 12 years ago and no change has been done to the page. How come?
 * As a speaker of Walloon, I find it a bit offensive to say that it is derived from Old French. Sorry, but it evolved from Gallo-Romance and you can find Latin features that Old French didn't have. It is classified as one of the Langues d'oïl due to the shared features with French and other related languages (Norman, Picard, etc.). So as the comments above suggested it, we should move everything that is related to Langues d'oïl into the article about Langues d'oïl and reserve this article for information specifically on Old French, the ancestor of French itself. --Matuzåd (talk) 15:53, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * hi, It's fashionable to be offended by anything these days (sigh). As far as I know, “Old French” is the name given to the medieval stage of all dialects of the Oïl continuum, including Norman or Walloon. So in that sense, Old French is also the ancestor of modern Walloon: there's no real issue here I think. — Womtelo (talk) 18:55, 16 December 2020 (UTC).
 * Womtelo, I'm not trying to be "fashionable"... I'm just not convinced with this name. Walloon is a dying language, not to be confused with the variety of French spoken nowadays in Belgium, and I spend all my time explaining to people that Walloon, Picard, Norman and so on are NOT French dialects but Oïl languages. Which is why they should be preserved.
 * Old French may be a way of naming that continuum in medieval times when these languages weren't identified separately yet. But it doesn't mean they didn't have specific local features.
 * In my opinion, calling them "French" can lead visitors into thinking that all the Langues d'Oïl are derived from one source that came from France.
 * On this page, I find the right-hand part even more misleading because Old French is classified as "Francien", while Francien is a dialect of it, not the opposite.
 * As other people pointed out (12 years ago), this page mixes information about Langues d'Oïl in general and Francien and it can be quite confusing.
 * --Matuzåd (talk) 23:53, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * hi @Matuzåd, I actually agree with you. Francien is not the ancestor of Old French, it's just one of its dialects; that cladistic chart on the right margin is misleading. Among other reasons for the confusion, are (1) the need to insist that Old French was not a unified language, but a linkage of Romance dialects with lots of internal variation and isoglosses; (2) the usual problem with the tree model, which is unable to deal properly with linkages and dialect continuums (a problem hotly debated recently).
 * Alright, I just edited the page to reflect your proposals. — Womtelo (talk) 09:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC).

 * As already mentioned above, Old East Slavic used to be called Old Russian (and it still is in Russian), but that term has largely been phased out after the perestroyka for political reasons somewhat similar to the aforementioned ones. It's appropriate to call dialect continuum a language when all those dialects were/are mutually comprehensible, and I believe Old French satisfies this criterium (just like OES prior to ~15th c. does). If only reliable sources called that idiom Old Langue d'Oïl or something like that, we could designate it that way, but they don't. We may see such a change one day, who knows? Ain92 (talk) 13:11, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Sentence
Can someone make this sentence below clearer so that the reader doesn't have to guess at the meaning?

 * A number of other Germanic peoples, including the Burgundians, were active in the territory at that time; the Germanic languages spoken by the Franks, Burgundians, and others were not written languages, and at this remove it is often difficult to identify from which specific Germanic source a given Germanic word in French is derived.

Were active? In what way? At this remove? Does that mean 'on this account', or 'for this reason'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by RedRabbit1983 (talk • contribs) 12:19, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

errors in Vulgar Latin vowels
According to any reference book one might choose, Vulgar Latin had seven simple vowels, not nine as shown on the chart. There were three back vowels: lower and higher O, and U. Short Latin U (e.g. bucca) developed into the VL higher O, as did Latin long O. There were three front vowels: lower and higher E, and I. Short Latin I (e.g. fide) developed into the VL higher E, as did Latin long E.Jakob37 (talk) 05:45, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, at some time in Vulgar Latin (a term which refers to a broad range of time and place of spoken Latin)there was a leveling between /I/ and /e/, and between /U/ and /o/. This didn't happen all at once, and probably not necessarily everywhere Latin was spoken. Perhaps the table should say "/I/, later /e/" and "/U/, later /o/". Also, I'm curious as to how in some Latin words, short i seems to be preserved across many languages, such as tristis and facilis. These don't seem to have ever been *treste or *facele. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.84.171.146 (talk) 03:06, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Please consult the Wikipedia article on Vulgar Latin, and try to arrange the vowel chart here to be compatible with the information in the chart there. As to the gradual change of one vowel into another: 1) there is no general linguistic principle about how fast or slow such things happen; unless you have some specific time-related evidence to introduce (which would also make the discussion rather more complicated), the chart we see in your chart already implies that "there was a leveling between /I/ and /e/" etc. 2)We might want to distinguish between a Vulgar Latin system which distinguished the vowels by quality and which co-existed parallel to the "Classical" pronunciation based on quantity, but that really belongs in the Vulgar Latin article, not here. If you want, you could refer to the reduced seven-vowel system as "Italo-Western-Romance" since it does not apply to all of Latin's descendants. As for words such as "tristis", have you considered the difference in development between stressed and non-stressed vowels? Jakob37 (talk) 14:41, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Vulgar Latin clearly had 9 vowels, at least in the early period -- this is the only way to account for the differing developments in Sardinian, Romanian and Italian. As you yourself point out, the 7-vowel system is the system of Proto Western Romance (PWR).  As for tristis and facilis, tristis had a long i in Latin, not a short one, and facilis is a learned borrowing. Benwing (talk) 05:19, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Altho a certain kind of logic does lead to "Vulgar Latin clearly had 9 vowels", the fact remains that in much scholarly literature, Sardinian and Romanian are left out of the picture, with the result that what is technically "Proto-Western Romance" (or Italo-Romance) is often equated with Vulgar Latin in terms of the phonological system. As for the 9-vowel system, "The Romance Languages" (ed. Harris, Vincent 1988) refers to this as "Transitional Late Latin" (p.32) or even just "Latin" (p.33-chart). The only difference with Classical Latin, in terms of contrasts, is the loss of distinction between two kinds of "a", and one wonders how late Classical Latin actually shows evidence for the long vs. short "a". I would also think the actual number of contrastive vowels is perhaps a little too abstract a concept: Sardinian only shows five contrasts, Balkan Romance shows six contrasts (divying up the pie in quite a different way), and PWR shows its seven. Was there simultaneously a super-system of nine contrasts spread over the whole Roman empire to account for these three systems? I'm not sure.Jakob37 (talk) 12:29, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Sound changes
Where does the addition of the epenthetic e before initial s before another consonant occur in this chronological list of sound changes? I've searched and searched but I can't find it, but I know it shoudl be there somewhere. Also, I have often seen words quoted in etymologies as being Old French ending with -u (nouns derived from latin second-declension). Is this just an orthographic phenomenon, or was there a sound change from /o/ back to /u/ before the loss of final vowels?

This list could also use some cleaning up. There are some changes that are listed twice, and it's not clear if they're meant to have occurred twice or not. There are also some lapses in consistency of notation. I'd try cleaning it up myself, but I'm afraid of basing a change on a misinterpretation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.84.171.146 (talk) 02:56, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed about the cleanup. The epenthetic /e/ was added during the Vulgar Latin period, and should be listed at the very beginning; properly it was a short /i/ added before the Romance vowel changes, which changed it to an unstressed /e/.  The final /u/ in etymologies is simply the Vulgar Latin /u/ resulting from the Latin -um ending, prior to the Romance vowel changes; it was deleted in the Gallo-Romance period. Benwing (talk) 02:51, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Old French/British Coronation
A number of years ago, I read that there is a part of the British coronation ceremony which incorporates Old French. Does anyone have any information on the subject, which could be included here and in the coronation page. ButtonwoodTree (talk) 04:13, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * You may be thinking of Anglo-Norman. The Jade Knight (talk) 03:43, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Sound change rs > ss
From the section on sound changes:
 * 'rs' > 'ss' when originating from Old Latin 'rtt', but retained when originating from Old Latin 'rct' (thus dorsum > Modern French dos, but ursus (compare Greek arktos) > Modern French ours).

This looks highly dubious, considering that sound change has no memory. It would mean that a distinction had been maintained between two different kinds of rs all the way from Old Latin through Vulgar Latin to Old French. --Schuetzm (talk) 14:53, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's obviously bogus, and I took it out. Benwing (talk) 05:23, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, the 'rs' in 'ursus' in no way derives from "Old Latin 'rct'". The 'ct' vs. 's' difference exists because the word had a thorn cluster in PIE, i.e. '*Hrtkos'; cf. Hittite 'hartagga' "wild beast". Benwing (talk) 05:28, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

IPA charts
The phonetic system seemed pretty spread-out and hard-to-find in this article, so I have added a couple of IPA charts based on late-12th-century OF. They are based on a couple of sources, as referenced. I'm not sure where exactly they should go in the article, perhaps they ought to be either higher up (to introduce the language) or lower down (to summarise the sound changes as explained). Diphthongs/triphthongs also need to be added. Widsith (talk) 15:52, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Provoire/prestre
It's an interesting "myth" that provoire and prestre are the same word. I can't find any evidence of it. In fact, both can have full inflections and they don't appear in texts together than often. If anything, in early Old French they were the same word and in later Old French which is better recorded in writing (Marie de France, Chrétien de Troyes) they were synonyms rather than the same word. However, I can't find any evidence to suggest that, it seems to be either a myth or just really hard to cite. Mglovesfun (talk) 11:47, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It is true that these two forms cannot be derived phonetically from the same stem, so it's not a completely straightforward case, but I don't think there is any doubt that they were originally two forms of a single paradigm in OF. One standard citation is from the Roman de Thèbes (have a look at lines 2053-56 here). Otherwise I would think that any textbook on French historical morphology will mention this example in the discussion of imparisyllabic nouns. (If you want to show that it's a "myth", then the onus is on you to find full paradigms of both words in early OF, or at least to reconstruct them hypothetically and explain their phonetic development from Latin.) CapnPrep (talk) 12:30, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Update: here's a quote from de la Chaussée (1977) that suggests that there were indeed two parallel paradigms in Proto-French (but a single composite paradigm in OF):

"PRESBYTĔR, PRESBYTĔRI a subi une refection. Au nominatif, la syncope de la posttonique explique PRESTRE (avec réduction du groupe -sbtr-). Mais PREVEIRE ne peut pas remonter à PRESBYTERI : même en admettant que le phonème grec transcrit Y soit devenu ĭ donc é tonique, on ne pourrait attendre que * PRESBEIRE, car le b n'est pas intervocalique. La forme PRAEBYTER (CIL, x, 6635) montre qu'il y a eu réfection sur PRAEBITOR, -TŌRIS ( PRAEBĬTĔRE → PRAEBITĒRE ), peut-être deux flexions parallèles. La Gaule du Nord semble n'avoir retenu qu'une flexion composite : PRESBYTER > prestre, PRAEBITĒRE > prǝvéirǝ. La forme PROVOIRE s'expliquerait par un changement de préfixe. (§22,3A,b)"
 * CapnPrep (talk) 13:14, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Nice find for the citation. Mglovesfun (talk) 14:21, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Lede text doesn't match article.
Most of this article, quite rightly, is about one of the langues d'oïl; but the lede text makes it sound like the article will be about the langues d'oïl taken collectively. (The term "Old French" is often used in reference to the langues d'oïl collectively, and the article should probably address that, if only in a hatnote. But as long as the article itself is about Old French specifically, the lede needs to match.) —Ruakh TALK 17:19, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Old French and the Frankish language
Perhaps this article could explain how it is that the Franks came into what is now modern France speaking a Germanic language, conquered the Celts/Romans living there, and then adopted the language of those they conquered (albeit with some modification) rather than preserving their own language and adopting loan words. (In other words, why it is that the French speak a Romance language rather than a Germanic language, as the Germans, English, Dutch and many others do in territories conquered by the Germanic tribes.) The article mentions that the Frankish language affected pronunciation of Old French, but not why "Old French" (or Old Gallo-Romance) superseded Frankish in the first place. RobertM525 (talk) 11:19, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * There were many reasons why Old French superseded Frankish:
 * Latin was the only written language in the Western Roman empire.
 * Most of the Franks were bilingual before the conquest.
 * Latin was the language of the clergy which was closely linked to the Franks.
 * The inhabitants of Southern Gaul didn't use the Germanic language, so Vulgar Latin became the language of unification.
 * Unlike England where the Germanic language was already spoken by the time of the Anglo-Saxons invasion, in Gaul the Germanic language was no longer spoken by the Belgae and other tribes of Northern Gaul. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.82.96.145 (talk) 02:26, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think it was as simple as the Franks coming in, conquering the Gauls, then forletting their native tongue. Early invaders spoke Old Low Frankish, later rulers spoke Old Frankish (=Old High German), which signifies that a later wave of immigration en masse from the east occurred, enough to cause the descendants of the early Franks to learn the new Germanic dialect. I think too that the emergence of Old French rang the death knell for Old Frankish, as Old Frankish begins to decline just shortly after Old French emerges. Old French may have been regarded as a replacement for both Latin and Old Frankish among the people, with only a few wealthy newcomers speaking Frankish. This decline happens slowly, over centuries, as the Germanic languages retreat farther north and east, the laves of which still cling to life in regions of northern and eastern France. Leasnam (talk) 22:39, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * In fact, it can be concluded that in Charlemagne's time (8th/9th century) the boundary between Germanic and Romance was not nearly as clear-cut as in later times, and there was a broad bilingual zone in Northern France, with Romance language islands all the way to the Rhine.
 * (One Romance island was even found in the Black Forest, of the Gallo-Romance or French type, judging by place names. Presumably, Roman settlers fled to the Black Forest from the Alemannic invaders, after the breakdown of the Upper Germanic limes in the 3rd century. Incidentally, that seems to confirm that the Roman settlers were never actually evacuated from the Agri decumates, as historians traditionally claimed.)
 * On the other hand, a large area in Northern France was settled by speakers of Old Frankish, or later Old High German (Old West Franconian dialect; the Pariser Gespräche and perhaps the Oaths of Strasbourg seem to contain samples of it), judging by place names of Germanic origin, in particular, but in the course of the 9th century, at the latest (or already the 8th in places), this dialect dropped out of use, in order to be replaced by Early Old French.
 * (It is to be noted that the citizenry of the ancient Roman cities in Gaul had, in all likelihood, never abandoned their Romance tongue; the speakers of Germanic were probably the families of peasants and aristocrats, probably alongside settlements of Romance-speaking peasants, so that it depended on the settlement in question what language was spoken. Essentially, there was a mosaic of Germanic and Romance settlements, I presume, with a small aristocratic class that was Germanic-speaking, as well.)
 * The partition of the Frankish Empire in 843 is conceivably the decisive event that caused the bilingual speakers to stop speaking Germanic with their children, or their children to reject the Germanic tongue of their ancestors, paving the way for French to take over everywhere in the western part of the empire (although the language boundary seems to have never followed any political border; the borders changed too frequently, anyway, but the border between France and Germany broadly approximated the boundary between French and German/Dutch). The Romance language islands in the east, on the other hand, seem to have lingered on longer. In the end, it seems to have been a self-enforcing circle of cause and effect, something linguistic and political boundaries often display. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:18, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

--Re: Frankish introduction of [w] and [h]--
 * I just modified the sentence:

 * "Otherwise two new phonemes that did not exist anymore in Vulgar Latin were added: [h] and [w]..."

 * I did this to make it more obvious to the reader that the two phonemes were previously extant, had died out and were reintroduced by the Franks. However, the example given for [w] bothers me. My background is in Historical changes from VL to Spanish and Portuguese, so my general knowledge of the underlying concepts of sound change is strong, but my specific understanding of French past the VL stage is not, so I cannot give an example to replace it. Correct me if I'm wrong... I feel the example with 'wasp' would mislead a lay reader into thinking moribund phonemes can spontaneously reappear in a speech community. In other words, the [w] of Latin 'vispus', having already transitioned to a bilabial fricative won't just go back to the previous sound. It's a bit like implying the 'gh' in English 'light' can just revert to the [x] it used to represent (and that's including the fact we maintain vestigial spellings such as that- probably not the case for VL.

 * So, maybe, instead of wasp, which is a close IE cognate between Germanic and Romance, another word of Frankish origin without an equivalent [w]/'v-' in Latin would make it clear that this phenomenon of reintroduced phonemes is not dependent on vestigial orthography or historical pronunciation of a specific lexeme, but rather across the board in all corresponding phonemic environments. I hope this makes sense! The example with [h] is good because the Frankish introduction was not cognate with the VL word it displaced (I.e., the word 'stop' did not previously have an [h] in Classical Latin, to be lost in Vulgar Latin, then to be resurrected by the Franks).50.248.15.235 (talk) 21:23, 29 September 2014 (UTC)Tom in Fort Lauderdale

Adjective
I do not see any treatment of the Old French adjective: how it is inflected, placement, comparisons/superlative construction, etc. Leasnam (talk) 21:51, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I've made a start, we should mention somewhere that most other parts of speech are invariable (adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions for a start). Something on pronouns would be good, do we already have anything? Mglovesfun (talk) 19:33, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * CapnPrep's summary doesn't quite work - povre doesn't fit in anywhere as the feminine does end in -e, but not an extra -e (not povree) and the stem doesn't change. Mglovesfun (talk) 17:36, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I just reproduced Moignet's (simplified) criteria for a three-way classification, but I'll add the necessary complications from Zink and other sources. CapnPrep (talk) 23:47, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Former contents of loanwords category
"Category:Old French loanwords" (English words derived from Old French via Middle English) contained the articles listed below. The category is being deleted per this CFD. DexDor (talk) 06:19, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Auburn hair
 * Baron
 * Cabin
 * Connoisseur
 * Faubourg
 * Fountain
 * Invective
 * Mallard
 * Marquess
 * Marquis (disambiguation)
 * Marriage
 * Mountain
 * Parliament

Burgundy ?
The article states this : the Burgundian of Burgundy, then an independent duchy whose capital was at Dijon; without giving sources to support this.

As far as I know, the Kingdom of Burgundy was defeated by the Franks, divided in two parts, the duchy being part of the frankish realm as early as the 6th centruy. From the 9th century onwards, the duchy of Burgundy had always been an appanage (i.e. reserved for one of the french king's sons) even when Burgundy sided with England against the French king.

So what are the sources for this statement and what are the justification to insert such a piece of information?

90.127.13.52 (talk) 11:51, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Gaulish and capsa > *kaxsa > caisse, captīvus > *kaxtivus > OF chaitif
If there is any non-circular evidence to support the Gaulish hypothesis as opposed to the more straightforward /ps/ > /ss/ > /s/ and /pt/ > /tt/ > /t/, it needs to be presented. Internally to Latin > French, the modern outcomes of /s/ rather than /z/ in caisse and /t/ rather than null in chétif align perfectly with assimilation, and Italian cassa and cattivo, clearly assimilations, argue in favor of the assimilation hypothesis, not against it. See also septe > Fr. [sɛt], Italian sette. 96.42.57.164 (talk) 17:48, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * But what about the diphthong in caisse? CodeCat (talk) 17:55, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * caisse is a bit of a mess. The first giveaway that something's awry is the obstruent /k/, which "should be" /ʃ/. Sure enough, the "organic" French form is châsse, with the palatal, and caisse is supposedly a borrowing from Provence. That just pushes the question of the origin of ai over to that language, though, with the same inconclusive results. But the main point is that there's nothing to suggest the intermediate stages *kaxsa,*kaxtivus other than the Gaulish argument, which is presented circularly in the article. The possibility of Gaulish causation can certainly be mentioned, but it's speculative, far from being a certainty, and it's irresponsible scholarship to claim that it is. 96.42.57.164 (talk) 01:48, 27 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The point is the diphthong, which you still haven't addressed. Yes, caisse is from Old Occitan caissa. In Old French, chasse (the expected form) and casse (from Old Northern French) are both attested, but the diphthong in Occitan caissa still remains to be explained. As does the diphthong in Old French chaitif ~ caitif and Old Occitan caitiu. The only explanation is Gaulish interference (compare Proto-Celtic *kaxtos). --Florian Blaschke (talk) 06:13, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

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The status of Old French in Sub-Loirean France
Any known sundredness betwixt the Old French once found abaft and below the Loire river?

Latin Survival (Masculine Genitive Plural)
I'm certain I recall reading that in some few cases, the Masculine Genitive Plural ending -orum from Latin, survived (albeit in a truncated form) into Old French as a kind of adjective. Typically, Romanor "of the Romans" was the only common example of this. Yet I don't see it covered here. Nuttyskin (talk) 14:53, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm aware of four: ancienor, christienor, francor, paienor. Einhorn covers this in Old French: A Concise Handbook. Really no need to cover it here. Renard Migrant (talk) 21:23, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

/ts/ had three spellings
Technically untrue, as c and ç are spelled the same in Old French, ç is a transcription of c before a, o and u in modern editions. But there is a third, which is ts (usually written z, but not always). Renard Migrant (talk) 21:21, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Re: vicinus
User:Womtelo & User:BengkelBerkah05

So after our recent edits we have the following:

 * Evolution of the form: Latin vīcīnus [wiːˈkiːnus] > Vulg. L. *vĭcīnus [βɪˈkʲiːnʊs] > Proto-Gallo-Romance *vecíns [veˈd͡zʲins] > OF veisins [vejˈzĩns]; Modern French voisin [vwaˈzɛ̃].

And the table below contains this:

 * li vecíns
 * lu vecín
 * li vecín
 * los vecíns

I would like to ask, did Proto Gallo-Romance already have complete loss of unstressed (and unsupported) final vowels other than /a/? A glance at early medieval French, Francoprovençal, and Occitan would seem to suggest so, yes, but there are actually a fair number of survivals. For instance the Latin graecus 'greek' entered Old French as grieus, still showing a reflect of the Latin /ŭ/. Pope (1934: § 254, 481) goes over some other examples, a particularly interesting one being Latin clavus 'nail' > *[klau̯.u] > Old French [klɔu̯] ⟨clou⟩. This prevents us from reconstructing Proto Gallo-Romance */grɛːks/ or */klau̯/, for instance.

After considering the above, Pope places the general loss of final non-/a/ vowels at a relatively late point in Gallo-Romance, merely specifying that it happened "before the ninth century" (§ 256) and mentioning that there was "much variation in the pace at which the process was carried on" (§ 249).

Another matter is the labial fricative. Pope reconstructs the "Early Gallo-Roman" (her term for Proto Gallo-Romance) consonant system (§ 168) with [β] rather than a labiodental [v]. That is consistent with, for instance, the retention of a bilabial fricative in Gascon and Lengadocien ('central Occitan').

Altogether, I think it would be safer to posit an early Proto-Gallo-Romance [βeˈdzʲiːnos].

Incidentally Grandgent (1907: § 229.4) says that Latin /ī/ dissimilated in certain 'Vulgar' pronunciations directly to [e] in the aforementioned word, citing the attested form ⟨uecinus⟩. That would suggest, for our purposes, a pronunciation like [βeˈkʲiːnʊs] for Vulgar Latin. Although we could always jump directly from the Classical Latin form to the Proto Gallo-Romance one, if you prefer.The Nicodene (talk) 20:29, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

 * hi Nicodene — good questions. Indeed I was surprised to see the deletion of unstressed vowels posited to such an early node as PGR; that said, it may not be entirely wrong. Simply, what happened was a change from a form [veˈt͡sʲinos] to a later form [veˈd͡zʲins]; so the question is really: which of these two forms should be called PGR?
 * In fact, I'm pretty sure both are true, i.e. the change from one to the other took place during the lifetime of PGR. In other words, what we really have is probably this: { early PGR [veˈt͡sʲinos] > late PGR [veˈd͡zʲins] }. Which of these two forms we end up assigning to the putative language "PGR" is ultimately an arbitrary choice (depending also on the model we have of a protolanguage). I don't have a strong opinion one way or another. — Womtelo (talk) 21:43, 22 May 2021 (UTC).

Ireland, Scotland and Wales
Wouldn't Anglo-Norman have been the predominant tongue of the Normans in Ireland, Scotland and Wales? Alongside Latin and soon after, English and Irish. Hadn't Anglo-Norman diverged from Old French in England before any sort of migration into Wales, Scotland and Ireland, especially in anything approaching considerable numbers? However the infobox implies Old French was spoken in parts. 86.5.160.43 (talk) 21:40, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old French


text:
Murray Baron

Murray McElwain Roy Baron (born June 1, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, St. Louis Blues, Montreal Canadiens, Phoenix Coyotes, and Vancouver Canucks.

Philadelphia Flyers
Baron was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the eighth round, 167th overall, of the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. He then attended the University of North Dakota for three years. Baron got his feet wet in the NHL playing 16 games with the Flyers in 1989–90 before playing 67 games the following year and establishing himself as an every-day NHLer. Shortly before the start of the 1991–92 season Baron was part of a deal that saw him and long-time Flyer Ron Sutter traded to the St. Louis Blues for Rod Brind'Amour and Dan Quinn.

St. Louis Blues
For the next five seasons in St. Louis Baron built a reputation as a bruising physical defensemen. Early on in the 1996–97 season, Baron was part of a blockbuster trade that sent him and Shayne Corson, along with a 5th-round draft pick to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Pierre Turgeon, Craig Conroy and Rory Fitzpatrick.

Montreal Canadiens
Baron's time with the Canadiens proved to be short-lived and after just 60-games he was on the move again, this time off to the Phoenix Coyotes in a deal for fellow defensemen Dave Manson.

Phoenix Coyotes
Baron would play just 63-games with the Coyotes over the next two seasons before he was changing addresses again, signing on with the Vancouver Canucks as a free agent.

Vancouver Canucks
In Vancouver, Baron finally found some stability setting in on the Canucks blue line and spending the next five seasons with the team and serving as their alternate captain. Following the 2002–03 season Baron left Vancouver as a free agent.

Return to St. Louis
With time running out in his career, the 37-year old blue liner signed a one-year deal to return to the St. Louis Blues. Baron scored one goal and added five assists in 80 games and retired from the NHL following the season.

Coaching career
In 2011, Baron began his coaching career as an assistant coach with the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League's Kamloops Storm. He also coaches for Kamloops Minor Hockey.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Murray Baron


text:
Talk:Call of Duty: United Offensive

Untitled
''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see /Delete.''

About Mistakes in Call of Duty: United Offensive, the entire Call of Duty series has highly questionable historical accuracy. To list all of the historical inaccuracies in the game would take pages and pages, so why not just a sentence or two mentioning that the game fails to be accurate to history much of the time? Roman Soldier 00:51, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Inaccuracies
"Except in sound and sight, all of the game's armoured vehicles are the same within their class. The Sherman, the Panzer IV, and the T-34/85 are exactly the same, while the two heavy tanks - SU-152 and Elefant - are identical to each other." This paragraph is incorrect. The Sherman is noticeably weaker than the Panzer IV in this game, though the t-34/85 is roughly the same as the Panzer and there's really no difference between the su-152 and Elefant.

 * Perhaps it looks like that to you in game. However, the code would beg to differ. (USMA2010 03:25, 12 October 2006 (UTC))

AWE
Why no mention of the AWE mod? Perhaps the most popular mod in the CoD series.

 * If you want to put it in, then feel free. If the rest of us eventually think it needs to be taken down though, don't cry about it. (USMA2010 03:26, 12 October 2006 (UTC))

 * Considering that AWE is featured on the Call of Duty article as well as the List of Call of Duty mods, it should be mentioned in the article; though I don't feel that it's entirely relevant unless you expand the Multiplayer section. --Scottie theNerd 09:18, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey the List of Call of Duty mods is now deleted. 109.174.115.127 (talk) 13:29, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

The Guns of Navarone
"The Sicily mission is arguably influenced by The Guns of Navarone." If this refers specifically to the film as opposed to the novel, please disambiguate. Cheers. TheMadBaron 12:43, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Gordan Freeman
This is the first time I have talk so if I'm doing anything wrong please tell me. ok. Did anyone see on the USA mission there was two soldiers one called "Gordan" and the other "Freeman". That makes gordan freeman from half-life :D

Houckuk —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Houckuk (talk • contribs) 15:49, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

The best clans?
This is an unneeded note in the multiplayer changes section, and is also not cited at all —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.164.172.183 (talk) 04:39, 17 February 2007 (UTC).

Gameplay changes
I'm going to be busy for a while so I won't be able to get around to this for a while but I strongly belive that this article should include more thorough and detailed explanations on the gameplay changes. The new types of guns ect.

If no one else wants to do it I will, but it would be great if some one else would.

~Moose --Mooseberry 05:38, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The current section covers the significant changes without going into excessive minutiae. When you say "detailed explanations", what do you mean? -- Scottie_theNerd  09:44, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Thought provoking..
Thought I might bring this to your attention:

http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-wtf-world-of-wikipedia/a-2008062510326553058

--Broadbandmink (talk) 19:43, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Is this is expasion pack or a unofficial addon?
Is this is expasion pack of a unofficial addon? some count it as expasion pack but i feel it like a unofficial addon as well the "Operation Abver", "Operation Market Garden" and "The Secrets of Reich". 109.174.115.127 (talk) 13:34, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Yup Return to Castle Wolfenstein had many unofficial addons as well: Operation Trondheim — H.M. Special Forces, Operation Trondheim 2: Red Alert, Operation Trondheim 3: Iron Cross, Stalingrad, Time Gate, Project 51, Resident Evil (Призраки Войны), Диверсант (В тылу врага), Проклятие фараонов and Ставка больше, чем жизнь. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.174.115.127 (talk) 13:42, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

 * OMG! "United Offensive" also shows in multiplayer in mods, so i will better conut it as unofficial addon. 109.174.115.127 (talk) 10:03, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * That's not good enough. If you wanna make the case that it's unofficial, find a reliable, third-party source that describes it as such. Eik Corell (talk) 14:17, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Call of Duty 2 also had unofficial addon Holy War, however compared to United Offensive this unofficial addon/mod and others ones does not well known and so popular, making United Offensive the one of unofficial addons/mods that are very well known and so popular as well the original games and official expasion packs. 109.174.115.63 (talk) 12:21, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

my god i can't believe this argument still goes on. united offence is offical by a sub developer. it appearing in mods list is normal behaviour for the times. proof of offical other than activision labeled boxes where the war packs of call of duty 1 and 2 including this as an expansion pack as well as CallofDuty patch site listing a seperate section of call of duty 1 patches for people with united offensive (an action usually done only for expansions and not mods). unless you find a notable source with activision stating it was unoffical its pretty much confirmed it is. 152.91.9.153 (talk) 04:31, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

Noville, not Neuville
Neuville, Belgium is a hamlet outside of Stavelot. Noville, Belgium is a small hamlet outside of Bastogne. They are different places. It's referred to as Noville in the game, and historically, the 506 PIR of the 101st Airbornefought at Noville. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.50.4.4 (talk) 23:36, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Call of Duty: United Offensive


text:
William Congreve (disambiguation)

William Congreve (1670–1729) was an English playwright and poet.

William Congreve may also refer to:

 * Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet (1742–1814), father of the inventor
 * Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet (1772–1828), inventor
 * William Congreve (died 1843), Lord of the Manor at Aldermaston
 * Billy Congreve (1891–1916), Victoria Cross recipient

title: William Congreve (disambiguation)


text:
Sultartangalón

The lake Sultartangarlón is situated in the Highlands of Iceland to the north of the volcano Hekla. It is a reservoir of the river Þjórsá. Its surface area is 20 km2. Many reservoirs have been constructed and are being constructed in the highlands, which raises questions in Icelandic society about the roles and interests of industry and environment.

title: Sultartangalón


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Call of Duty: United Offensive

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Call of Duty: United Offensive.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

 * Keep. 219.88.80.77 added msg:vfd, I am just listing it here. Thue 22:58, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * As notable as any other random computer game. Keep. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:28, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, unless it contains bogus information. Abigail 12:14, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet

Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet KCH FRS (20 May 1772 – 16 May 1828) was a British Army officer, Tory politician, publisher and inventor. A pioneer in the field of rocket artillery, he was renowned for his development and use of Congreve rockets during the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography
He was the eldest son of Rebeca Elmston and Lt. General Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet, the Comptroller of the Royal Laboratories at the Royal Arsenal and raised in Kent, England. He was educated at Newcome's school in Hackney, Wolverhampton Grammar School and Singlewell School in Kent. He then studied law at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1793 and MA in 1796. In 1814 he succeeded his father as second Baronet Congreve.

In 1803, he was a volunteer in the London and Westminster Light Horse, and was a London businessman who published a polemical newspaper, the Royal Standard and Political Register, which was Tory, pro-government and anti-Cobbett. Following a damaging libel action against it in 1804, Congreve withdrew from publishing and applied himself to inventing. Many years previously, several unsuccessful experiments had been made at the Royal Laboratory in Woolwich by Lt. General Thomas Desaguliers. In 1804, at his own expense, he began experimenting with rockets at Woolwich. Congreve was named as comptroller of the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich from 1814 until his death. (Congreve's father had also held the same post.)

Congreve was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Hanoverian army's artillery in 1811, and was often referred to as "Colonel Congreve", later made major general in the same army. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March that year. He was also awarded the Order of St. George following the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and 1816 he was made Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order (KCH). In 1821 he was awarded the Order of the Sword by the King of Sweden.

He enjoyed the friendship of the Prince Regent, in whose household he served as an equerry from 1811, carrying on the service when the Prince, who supported his rocket projects, became King George IV in 1820.

Earlier in 1812 he offered to contest for Parliament the borough of Liverpool but withdrew before polling for lack of support. He entered Parliament later that year when he was nominated as MP for the rotten borough of Gatton in 1812, but withdrew at the next elections in 1814 in favour of the son of the borough's proprietor Sir Mark Wood. In 1818 he was returned as Member for Plymouth, a seat he held until his death.

After living with a mistress and fathering two illegitimate sons, he married in December 1824, at Wessel, Prussia, Isabella Carvalho (or Charlotte), a young woman of Portuguese descent and widow of Henry Nisbett McEvoy. They had two sons and a daughter.

In 1824, he became general manager of the English Association for Gas Lighting on the Continent, a sizeable business producing gas for several cities in mainland Europe, including Berlin.

In later years, he became a businessman and was chairman of the Equitable Loan Bank, director of the Arigna Iron and Coal Company, the Palladium Insurance Company and the Peruvian Mining Company. After a major fraud case began against him in 1826 in connection with the Arigna company, he fled to France, where he was taken seriously ill. He was prosecuted in his absence, the Lord Chancellor ultimately ruling, just before Congreve's death, that the transaction was "clearly fraudulent" and designed to profit Congreve and others.

He died in Toulouse, France, in May 1828, aged 55, and was buried there in the Protestant and Jewish cemetery of Chemin du Béarnais.

Congreve's name was used for a kind of friction match, "Congreaves", though he was not involved in their invention or production.

Congreve Rockets

Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets that were successfully deployed for military use. Hyder Ali, the 18th century ruler of Mysore and his son and successor Tipu Sultan used them against the forces of the East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, beginning in 1780 with the Battle of Pollilur. In battles at Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with minimal effect against the British.

The experiences of the British with Mysorean rockets, mentioned in Munro's book of 1789, eventually led to the Royal Arsenal beginning a military rocket R&D program in 1801. Several rocket cases were collected from Mysore and sent to Britain for analysis. The development was chiefly the work of William Congreve, who set up a research and development programme at the Woolwich Arsenal's laboratory. After development work was complete the rockets were manufactured in quantity further north, near Waltham Abbey, Essex. He was told that "the British at Seringapatam had suffered more from the rockets than from the shells or any other weapon used by the enemy." "In at least one instance", an eyewitness told Congreve, "a single rocket had killed three men and badly wounded others."

It has been suggested that Congreve may have adapted iron-cased gunpowder rockets for use by the British military from prototypes created by the Irish nationalist Robert Emmet during Emmet's Rebellion in 1803. But this seems far less likely given the fact that the British had been exposed to Indian rockets since 1780 at the latest, and that a vast quantity of unused rockets and their construction equipment fell into British hands at the end of the Anglo-Mysore Wars in 1799, 4 years before Emmet's rockets.

Congreve first demonstrated solid fuel rockets at the Royal Arsenal in 1805. He considered his work sufficiently advanced to engage in two Royal Navy attacks on the French fleet at Boulogne, France, one that year and one the next. In 1807 Congreve and sixteen Ordnance Department civilian employees were present at the Bombardment of Copenhagen, during which 300 rockets contributed to the conflagration of the city.

Congreve rockets were successfully used for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, with the most important employment of the weapon being at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. The "rockets' red glare" in the American national anthem describes their firing at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. In January 1814 the Royal Artillery absorbed the various companies armed with rockets into two Rocket Troops within the Royal Horse Artillery. They remained in the arsenal of the United Kingdom until the 1850s. Congreve organized the impressive firework displays in London for the peace of 1814 and for the coronation of George IV in 1821.

Other inventions
Besides his rockets, Congreve was a prolific (if indifferently successful) inventor for the remainder of his life. He registered 18 patents, of which 2 were for rockets. Congreve invented a gun-recoil mounting, a time-fuze, a rocket parachute attachment, a hydropneumatic canal lock (installed at Hampstead Road Lock, north London ) and sluice (1813), a perpetual motion machine, a process of colour printing (1821) which was widely used in Germany, a new form of steam engine, and a method of consuming smoke (which was applied at the Royal Laboratory). He also took out patents for a clock in which time was measured by a ball rolling along a zig-zag track on an inclined plane; for protecting buildings against fire; inlaying and combining metals; unforgeable bank note paper; a method of killing whales by means of rockets; improvements in the manufacture of gunpowder; stereotype plates; fireworks; and gas meters.

Congreve's unsuccessful perpetual motion scheme involved an endless band which should raise more water by its capillary action on one side than on the other. He used capillary action of fluids that would disobey the law of never rising above their own level, so to produce a continual ascent and overflow. The device had an inclined plane over pulleys. At the top and bottom, there travelled an endless band of sponge, a bed, and, over this, again an endless band of heavy weights jointed together. The whole stood over the surface of still water. The capillary action raised the water, whereas the same thing could not happen in the part, since the weights would squeeze the water out. Hence, it was heavier than the other; but as "we know that if it were the same weight, there would be equilibrium, if the heavy chain be also uniform". Therefore, the extra weight of it would cause the chain to move round in the direction of the arrow, and this would go on, supposedly, continually.

Publications

 * A Concise account of the origin and progress of the rocket system (1804)
 * A Concise Account of the Origin and Progress of the Rocket System (1807)
 * The details of the rocket system (1814)
 * The Congreve Rocket System (1827, London)
 * An Elementary Treatise on the Mounting of Naval Ordnance (1812)
 * A Description of the Hydropneumatical Lock (1815)
 * A New Principle of Steam-Engine (1819)
 * Resumption of Cash Payments (1819)

 * Systems of Currency (1819)

title: Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet


text:
Affine logic

Affine logic is a substructural logic whose proof theory rejects the structural rule of contraction. It can also be characterized as linear logic with weakening.

The name "affine logic" is associated with linear logic, to which it differs by allowing the weakening rule. Jean-Yves Girard introduced the name as part of the geometry of interaction semantics of linear logic, which characterizes linear logic in terms of linear algebra; here he alludes to affine transformations on vector spaces.

Affine logic predated linear logic. V. N. Grishin used this logic in 1974, after observing that Russell's paradox cannot be derived in a set theory without contraction, even with an unbounded comprehension axiom. Likewise, the logic formed the basis of a decidable sub-theory of predicate logic, called 'Direct logic' (Ketonen & Wehrauch, 1984; Ketonen & Bellin, 1989).

Affine logic can be embedded into linear logic by rewriting the affine arrow $$A \rightarrow B$$ as the linear arrow$$A \multimap B \otimes \top$$.

Whereas full linear logic (i.e. propositional linear logic with multiplicatives, additives, and exponentials) is undecidable, full affine logic is decidable.

Affine logic forms the foundation of ludics.

title: Affine logic


text:
North Sydney Bears

The North Sydney Bears is an Australian rugby league football club based in North Sydney, New South Wales. The club competes in the New South Wales Cup, having exited the National Rugby League following the 1999 NRL season after 90 years in the premier rugby league competition in Australia. North Sydney is based on Sydney's Lower North Shore, and has played at North Sydney Oval since 1910. There have been on-going bids to resurrect the club in the NRL as either The Bears, based in Perth and Sydney, or as the Central Coast Bears, based at Gosford. The club was established in 1908, making it one of the original founding members of the New South Wales Rugby Football League, and one of Australia's first rugby league football clubs. North Sydney continued competing with some success in the first half of the 20th century in the NSWRL, and through the ARL and NRL premierships until the club created a joint venture with Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles to form the Northern Eagles for the 2000 season. The joint venture club lasted only until 2002 when it split again, with the Bears not returning to first grade and being represented in the NSWRL competition, the second-tier rugby league competition, where Norths continue to play today. The North Sydney club also field teams in the Harold Matthews Cup and SG Ball competitions.

North Sydney was in a partnership with South Sydney serving as Souths' reserve grade side from 2007 until the agreement ended in 2018. In total, 247 players who had been affiliated with Souths played with Norths in the Intrust Super Premiership NSW. Until the end of season 2009, Souths were coached by the Bears' record-breaking top points scorer, Jason Taylor. In September 2018, North Sydney announced that it had signed a five-year deal to become the Sydney Roosters feeder club and reserve grade side with Taylor returning to the club as head coach. On the 17 May 2023, it was announced that North Sydney had signed a two-year partnership with NRL club Melbourne starting in 2024.

History

North Sydney was formed as a foundation club of the newly arrived rugby league game in 1908 and were initially known as the Shoremen. The club was formed at the North Sydney School of Arts in Mount Street on 7 February 1908. Like the other Sydney district clubs, Norths were largely born from players and officials from the local Rugby Union club, Northern Suburbs Rugby Club. The club initially struggled to obtain access to North Sydney Oval, but council obstruction was removed and the Shoremen played their first real home game in 1910. Many good players such as Andy Morton, Jimmy Devereaux and Sid Deane were lost to English clubs in the years after making the semi-finals in the season of 1908.

They were nearly dropped from the competition during World War I due to dwindling spectator numbers. Towards the end of the war Norths' fortunes improved, playing quality and spectators numbers increased, and they won 2 premierships in 1921–22 coached by Chris McKivat. Unfortunately, these would be their last first grade premierships, and their last grand final appearance was in 1943. when an injury riddled North Sydney were beaten by Newtown 34–7. North Sydney's Captain-coach in the Grand Final of 1943 was the future doyen of rugby league broadcasters, Frank Hyde. Hyde, who was living in Lane Cove at the time, had been forced to switch from Balmain to Norths in 1941 due to the league's residency rules which stated that a player was required to live in their club's district. As Lane Cove was in North Sydney's district, the club protested to the NSWRFL and claimed Hyde from Balmain.

The team became known as the North Sydney Bears during the 1950s after accepting a sponsorship from the nearby Big Bear supermarket at Neutral Bay.

The 1952 season saw North Sydney reach the finals for the first time since 1943. Norths went on to make the finals again in 1953 and 1954, losing to Souths and St. George respectively. Norths then had to wait 10 years to make the finals again, this time against Balmain where they lost 11–9. The following year North Sydney came 2nd in the regular season, but were defeated 47–7 by St George, and then lost to South Sydney 14-9 the following week.

During that time, North Sydney produced arguably the greatest winger the game has ever seen in Ken Irvine. Irvine held the record for most first grade tries for one club (171) and overall (212). New South Wales representative Queenslander, Bruce Walker, captained the Bears in the final of the 1976 Amco Cup.

It would be 17 years before North Sydney made the finals series again when they finished 3rd in the 1982 season. North Sydney were coached that year by the great Ron Willey. Norths were knocked out of the finals series that year in consecutive games, first losing to Manly and then to Eastern Suburbs. In 1986 North Sydney missed the finals. They were eliminated by Balmain in a playoff for 5th place.

The nineties saw finals appearances and near misses in 1991 and 1994–1998. In that time Norths made the preliminary final 4 times but lost on each occasion. In 1991 North Sydney finished the regular season in 3rd place and defeated local rivals Manly in the first week of the finals. In the next match North Sydney had the chance to make their first grand final in 48 years if they could defeat Penrith in the semi-final. After being behind on the scoreboard 12–0, Norths fought their way back into the match to level the scores at 14–14. Normally a reliable goal kicker, Daryl Halligan missed 4 shots at goal and kicked only 1 from 5 including a penalty miss in the dying minutes. Penrith won the match 16–14 despite the fact that Norths scored more tries. North Sydney would have another chance the following week to make the grand final going up against defending premiers Canberra in the preliminary final. North Sydney went down 14–30 giving Penrith a rematch of the 1990 grand final against Canberra.

On 14 July 1994, the club was fined $87,000 for breaching the salary cap. That year they came within one match of the grand final but lost to Canberra.

North Sydney remained loyal to the Australian Rugby League during the Super League war of the mid-1990s. In the 1996 ARL season Norths came within one match of the Grand Final but lost the game to the St George Dragons 29-12.

The following year saw two separate national rugby league championships, and confirmation of the club's intention to move north to New South Wales' Central Coast.

In the 1997 season North Sydney again made the preliminary final against Newcastle at the Sydney Football Stadium. The winner of the match was to play minor premiers Manly in The Grand final. With the score 12–8 in favour of Newcastle with less than 10 minutes to play Jason Taylor set up Michael Buettner for a try which made the score 12–12. Normally a very reliable kicker and one of the most accurate in the competition, Taylor had already missed two previous conversions in the match but if he was to kick this goal it could send North Sydney through to their first grade final since 1943. Taylor ended up missing the goal. With the scores locked at 12–12, Newcastle player Matthew Johns kicked a field goal with 2 minutes to play to make it 13–12. With only seconds remaining Norths frantically threw the ball around and lost it, the ball was swooped up by Newcastle's Owen Craigie and he raced away to score a try and won the game.

In 1998, Norths finished 5th on the table and qualified for the finals. Once again they were eliminated from the finals after losing both their matches in consecutive weeks, 25–12 against Parramatta and 23–2 the following week against Canterbury.

By the start of the 1999 NRL season the future looked bright with plans for the move north well underway, but one unfortunate and apparently non-negotiable outcome of the Super League war's peace deal was a criterion designed to reduce the number of teams in the NRL to fourteen. With the NRL deeming North Sydney Oval unfit for first grade rugby league at the end of 1998, North Sydney spent the majority of the 1999 NRL season on the road playing home matches at Parramatta Stadium, Stadium Australia and Lang Park whilst they awaited their new stadium on the Central Coast to be constructed but heavy rainfall delayed the ground being built. North Sydney were allowed to return to North Sydney Oval midway through the season where they played Balmain winning 64–12. North Sydney played their final game in the top grade at the oval in round 25 against Melbourne with Norths winning 24–20. On 28 August 1999, Norths played their final game as a first grade side against the North Queensland Cowboys in Townsville. Norths won the game 28–18.

Northern Eagles
Due to having a debt of around $4 million largely because the Central Coast Stadium not being constructed in time, the North Sydney club was not considered under the NRL's inclusion criteria.

The joint venture club played out of Brookvale Oval and Central Coast Stadium at Gosford, a ground successfully lobbied and built for the Bears. However, poor on-field performances and factional fighting led to the collapse of the Northern Eagles in 2002, after only three years. After this, the Northern Eagles' licence then reverted to the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, leaving the foundation club out of the top flight of rugby league in Australia after more than 90 years.

New South Wales Cup
North Sydney play in the second-tier NSW Cup competition, serving as the reserve side for the Sydney Roosters. They have also been affiliated with the New Zealand Warriors, the South Sydney Rabbitohs and the Melbourne Storm in the past.

In the 2007 NSWRL Premier League the North Sydney club made the Grand Final facing off against Parramatta. They were beaten 20-15 by Weller Hauraki, scoring a controversial try with just 13 seconds to go, which many believed should not have been allowed due to a forward pass. North Sydney finished the 2008 season as NSW Cup minor premiers and were eliminated in the finals in straight sets.

In 2009, North Sydney lost to Balmain Tigers in extra time to miss out on the Grand Final 19–18. 2010 was a poor season for Norths, who received the wooden spoon. However this was turned around in the 2011 season with the North Sydney side reaching the preliminary final and losing to eventual premiers the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. Deon Apps and Curtis Johnston represented the Bears in the 2011 NSW Residents side with Johnston finishing up leading try scorer for the competition by the end of the regular season with 28 tries, Johnston would play 110 games with the North Sydney NSW Cup scoring 97 tries in 6 seasons.

2012 saw North Sydney make the semi-finals, missing out on the minor premiership by points differential to Canterbury-Bankstown. They lost their first semi final to Newcastle Knights but had a chance to remain in the running of the competition the week after only to give up a 24–6 lead to the Newtown Jets and lose in extra time 32-30 from a Daniel Mortimer 35-metre penalty goal.

Newtown went on to beat Balmain in the 2012 NSW Cup Grand Final. In 2013, the Bears recorded several large victories in the regular season and finished third. They defeated the Newcastle Knights 32–28 in the first week of the finals, and were then eliminated by minor premiers and eventual NSW Cup premiers the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the preliminary final, who recorded a convincing 38-6 win. This was the third consecutive season that the North Sydney side had been eliminated in the finals by the team which would eventually win the premiership. This was also Matt King's final game of Rugby League.

After three consecutive top four finishes, season 2014 was a horror year for North Sydney, who recorded only two wins throughout the entire season and finished with the wooden spoon, eight points below the second-last placed Manly Warringah. Season 2015 saw a strong improvement as Norths won nine games throughout the season and returned to the NSW Cup finals, only to be eliminated by Canterbury in Week One, and finished eighth.

In the 2016 NSW Cup North Sydney finished the season in 10th place and therefore missed the finals.

In the 2017 season, Norths finished 6th on the ladder and qualified for the finals. On 3 September 2017, Norths played against Newcastle in the first elimination match and were defeated 40–18 ending their season. On 19 September, it was announced that Ben Gardiner was leaving as coach of the club after two and a half years in charge.

On 11 October 2017, Shane Millard was announced as new head coach by the club. On 20 May 2018, it was revealed that North Sydney were in advanced negotiations to sign former NRL player Todd Carney. South Sydney who have a partnership with Norths were not happy with this decision and declared that there would be no NRL pathway for Carney and declared that they might withdraw their relationship with Norths as a result. North Sydney chairman Perry Lopez said of the deal "We are the North Sydney Bears, we’re not South Sydney," The decision is based on what’s best for our club. At the end of the day, if they don’t like the decision the Bears make, they can take it up with us. "If Souths don’t agree with what we’re doing and decide it’s not in our interest, we will look at the other avenues we have to ensure we have a competitive ISP side. At the end of the day, we are the North Sydney Bears and we’ll look to not just have a competitive side but a winning side. This decision comes on the back of that. Our club is a 1908 foundation club,". "We are here to win games and show our fans a product they can be proud of. We are super excited to have a player of Todd Carney’s calibre join the mighty North Sydney Bears".

On 21 May 2018, Carney officially signed with North Sydney, in reaction to the signing, General Manager of football at Souths Shane Richardson said "We've spoken to Norths about Todd Carney and it's our position that we will develop our young halves, as opposed to bringing in a player from outside the club in this instance," Richardson said. "'The 'Rabbitoh Way' is to build a culture that rewards young players for hard work, a culture that has respect for the club and its people, respects the members and sponsors that invest financially and emotionally into what we are doing here at South Sydney, and a culture of developing young players that want to play for South Sydney and that we see having a future NRL career". On 1 July 2018, Carney's move to North Sydney was blocked after Carney refused to pay a $15,000 release fee. The Northern Pride who Carney was contracted with demanded that Norths pay the fee which the club refused to do and hoped that a deal could be met between Carney's management team and The Queensland Cup side before the 30 June transfer window closed. Carney spoke to the media saying "I had that option with the Bears but Souths have blocked that, I'm sure something will come up". Carney's blocked move coincided with the departure of Souths contracted player Robbie Farah who spent the first 12 weeks playing for North Sydney.

On 25 August 2018, Norths lost their last game of the season against the New Zealand Warriors due to a last minute try scored by Chanel Harris-Tavita. Norths came into the game with an outside chance of making the finals but the loss ensured Norths finished outside the top 8 and with a bad point points differential meant they finished in second last place on the table.

On 5 September 2018, North Sydney announced that they were ending their agreement with South Sydney Rabbitohs to act as their reserve grade side and had signed a 5 year deal to join the Sydney Roosters as their new feeder club team for the 2019 season. Former North Sydney player and the club's leading record point scorer Jason Taylor was named as new head coach. At the end of the 2019 Canterbury Cup NSW regular season, Norths finished third on the table and qualified for the finals.

North Sydney would go on to lose both finals matches against South Sydney and Newtown. In the elimination final against Newtown, Norths lost 30-28 even though they scored more tries than the opposition. Norths player Drew Hutchison also had a bad match kicking two goals from six attempts including one from right in front to send the game into extra-time.

In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Canterbury Cup NSW, Ron Massey Cup and Sydney Shield competitions were cancelled. North Sydney chose to join the temporary Presidents Cup competition which involved teams from country New South Wales and the Ron Massey Cup. North Sydney would eventually reach the preliminary final in the competition but were defeated by Glebe 26-6. In the 2022 NSW Cup season, North Sydney finished third on the table and qualified for the finals. North Sydney would be eliminated from the finals in straight sets losing to Penrith and Canterbury. On 8 November 2022, the Sydney Roosters announced that they would be ending their partnership deal with North Sydney at the end of the 2023 season. The Sydney Roosters revealed that they would be fielding their own team in the NSW Cup for 2023 and would still provide some contracted players to North Sydney as part of the agreement. On 17 May 2023, North Sydney announced that they had agreed a two-year partnership with NRL club Melbourne starting in 2024. Throughout the two-year deal, Melbourne players will now be divided between three feeder clubs — the North Sydney side in the New South Wales Cup, as well as Queensland Cup sides Sunshine Coast Falcons and Brisbane Easts. In the 2023 NSW Cup, North Sydney claimed their first minor premiership since 2008 with two games to spare in the regular season. North Sydney would reach the 2023 NSW Cup grand final against South Sydney who they had lost against in the first week of the finals. In the grand final, North Sydney lead the match with only five minutes remaining before South Sydney scored a try to win 22-18. In November 2023, Jason Taylor left his position as North Sydney head coach to take up a role as Canterbury's new assistant head coach. The club then announced Pat Weisner as his replacement.

The Bears have won eight premierships in reserve grade, making them the fifth most successful club currently participating in the competition. They last won a premiership in 1993, defeating Newcastle in the grand final 5–4. The Bears have also been the only team to have participated in every season of reserve grade since the competition's inception in 1908.

The Central Coast Bears
There was a movement for a return to first-grade Rugby League for the club, with the North Sydney Bears moving to Gosford (on the Central Coast, New South Wales) and becoming the Central Coast Bears. The Bears bid committee lobbied the NRL for inclusion as the next expansion team. They were headed up by Perry Lopez and Greg Florimo and had the corporate backing of a number of local Central Coast and some North Shore businesses. The proposed team would play 11 games in Gosford and one game at North Sydney Oval (obviously against Manly as part of a heritage or rivalry round). North Sydney legend David Fairleigh was proposed to become the inaugural coach. Prominent rugby league personalities who publicly backed the club include Phil Gould, Andrew Johns and Peter Sterling while support has also come from as high up as Federal Treasurer and North Sydney MP Joe Hockey.

Bears fan Alan McLoughlin, a Central Coast resident, set up a Facebook petition to bring the Bears to Gosford.

The Central Coast Bears had 7,200 financial members with new members joining weekly. They were aiming for 5,000 by March 2011, when the official bid was due to be handed in to the NRL but passed that mark in 2010. Mortgage House signed a three-year deal to sponsor the Central Coast Bears, also becoming a major jersey sponsor for the Bears. In November 2010, it was reported that Ken Sayer, CEO of Mortgage House, planned to underwrite the bid for $10 million to help ensure their financial equity was shored up when the bid was submitted. Both major political parties showed support for the Central Coast Bears bid in 2010–2011, with Labor supporting the bid by granting $100,000 for the Bears, and the Liberal party supporting the bid by promising to acquire land at Mt Penang, Central Coast, NSW to build a state-of-the-art Sports Centre of Excellence in the lead up to the 2011 New South Wales state election.

With weekly membership drives and ongoing community involvement, the Central Coast Bears targeted entry into the NRL in 2015, but this date passed without admission. In 2016, it was reported that there were moves for the Bears to buy the Gold Coast Titans franchise. The General Manager of Norths and most capped player of the club Greg Florimo said at the time of North Sydney's first public interest in purchasing The Gold Coast licence as "the last chance". Florimo then went on to say "I don't see too many other options presenting themselves, The energy and finance that we put into the Central Coast bid really didn't come to fruition ... so we're going hard to the plate on this".

Throughout 2017 there was much media speculation around North Sydney and their moves to purchase the struggling Gold Coast Titans licence when it went on sale by The NRL. North Sydney reportedly placed a $7 million bid to purchase The Gold Coast Licence and as part of the bid if they were to be successful was to rename the side The Gold Coast Bears and continue to play games at Robina plus taking two games to North Sydney Oval with one game being held against fierce rivals The Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. The Gold Coast colors would also change to Norths red and black with the logo being changed as well to fit the proposed new club. On 3 November 2017, it was revealed that Norths had failed in their bid to purchase The Gold Coast licence. On 14 December 2017, it was officially announced by The NRL that the consortium of Darryl Kelly and self made property tycoon Rebecca Frizelle had won the bid to purchase The Gold Coast Titans.

On 22 February 2018, it was announced that North Sydney were in talks with a Western Australian consortium with the possibility of creating a franchise and to seek inclusion into The NRL.

On 11 November 2018, new North Sydney CEO David Perry said he was aiming at seeing a North Sydney/Central Coast bid come to fruition when the current television deal ends at the end of 2023. Perry suggested that the NRL should look at creating a promotion/relegation system similar to other sports around the world. Perry went on to say "You need 12 and 12, so 24 key markets, and stricter criteria about those clubs around their funding model which means all of the 24 may not fit the top tier criteria, it may only be 16-18 franchises that make the cut, their catchment areas, their population, and their commercial growth, because currently I believe a lot of clubs haven’t been accountable as much as they should have. They’ve been too reliant on funding from the NRL and haven’t been measurable enough".

On 9 August 2019, rugby league immortal Andrew Johns said that having a team on the Central Coast would be a "no-brainer". Johns went on to say "I think it’s a must, We keep talking about Perth, but it’s so far away I imagine the costs would be astronomical getting everyone over there and back. At the Central Coast they have a stadium up there and they have a huge junior base. There are so many players play up there, so you can get the best kids aspiring to play for the Central Coast".

On 25 September 2019, Australian entrepreneur John Singleton spoke to former NRL player Matthew Johns about a team being placed on the Central Coast. Singleton said “We had the players and the lifestyle on the Central Coast once you get people up there they go: ‘wow, how good’s this’. I can live on the beach". Singleton then spoke about the Gold Coast Titans and how their bid beat Singleton's initial bid for a Central Coast team in 2006 saying “They had no money and no stadium, and we did have a stadium built for North Sydney. And was a year late, that’s all. And we had a $50 million bank guarantee, so we would have been strong.  It made sense to relocate one of the Sydney teams to the Central Coast".

The Bears
After the Northern Eagles went defunct, the North Sydney Bears have continued to field teams in several grades of the NSW rugby league competitions, and were behind the failed Central Coast Bears bid in the mid-2000s. But as recently as April 2021 the Bears have expressed their intent on eventually returning the brand to the NRL competition. In 2018 they’d explored the possibility of establishing a Western Bears franchise based in Perth.

On 27 October 2021, the Bears revealed their intention to return to the NRL, coinciding with a new logo. The proposed franchise, to be known simply as The Bears, would split home matches between various regional centres including Wagga Wagga, Dubbo, Tamworth, Coffs Harbour and Central Coast, along with major cities Perth, Adelaide, Hobart and Darwin that are otherwise currently without NRL representation. They would allocate between four and six games at a potentially upgraded North Sydney Oval. The Bears intend to retain their 113-year history and traditional black and red colours.

North Sydney Leagues Club
Rebranded as Norths, the North Sydney Leagues Club was established by the district's football club, the North Sydney Bears, in 1955 in a house in the Sydney suburb of Neutral Bay. In 1964, the club moved to new premises, its current location, in Abbott Street, Cammeray.

In the fifty years the new building has stood, a number of redesigns and refurbishments have taken place. In 2014 facilities comprised two dining areas, function rooms, a 530-seat auditorium, a fitness and wellness centre, indoor and outdoor lounge areas, a bottle shop, a TAB, two squash courts, a courtesy bus service, a members rewards program and a multi-level car park for 320 vehicles. Membership in 2016 stood at 21,500.

In 1996, Norths merged with the North Sydney Bowling Club, which was established in 1888 and is the second oldest club (by one day) in Australia. This Bowling Club was transformed and re-branded as The Greens North Sydney in November 2014. Norths also amalgamated with the Seagulls, a border club at Tweed Heads on the far north coast of New South Wales, the oldest provincial rugby league club in Australia.

Team of the Century
On 26 August 2006 the club announced their "Team of the Century".

Former players of note
Australia
 * George Ambrum
 * Martin Bella
 * Cec Blinkhorn
 * Albert Broomham
 * Kerry Boustead
 * Brian Carlson
 * Brett Dallas
 * Peter Diversi
 * David Fairleigh
 * Mario Fenech
 * Greg Florimo
 * Bill Hamilton
 * Harold Horder
 * Frank Hyde
 * Ben Ikin
 * Ken Irvine
 * Peter Jackson
 * Les Kiss
 * Gary Larson
 * Denis "Dinny" Lutge
 * Ken McCaffery
 * Don McKinnon
 * Billy Moore
 * Mark O'Meley
 * Tim Pickup
 * Matt Seers
 * Jason Taylor
 * Duncan Thompson
 * Bruce Walker
 * Lloyd Weier
 * Billy Wilson

New Zealand
 * Fred Ah Kuoi
 * Olsen Filipaina
 * Clayton Friend
 * Mark Graham
 * Daryl Halligan
 * Sean Hoppe

England
 * John Gray

Wales
 * Merv Hicks
 * Jim Mills

Coaches
^ Did not play first grade for Norths

Club records
5 Biggest Wins
 * 62 points, 62–0 against North Queensland Cowboys at North Sydney Oval on 23 August 1998
 * 54 points, 60–6 against North Queensland Cowboys at North Sydney Oval on 16 April 1995
 * 52 points, 64–12 against Balmain Tigers at North Sydney Oval on 30 May 1999
 * 52 points, 55–3 against Penrith at North Sydney Oval on, 16 July 1978
 * 45 points, 45–0 against Cumberland at Wentworth Park on 25 July 1908

Biggest Loss
 * 56 points, 3–59 against Glebe at Wentworth Park on 17 July 1915.

Highest Points
 * 64 points, Norths defeated Balmain Tigers 64–12 at North Sydney Oval on 30 May 1999.

Highest Score Conceded
 * 60 points, Brisbane Broncos defeated Norths 60–6 at QSAC Stadium on 26 April 1998.

Most first grade appearances for the club
 * 285, Greg Florimo (1986–1998)
 * 233, Gary Larson (1987–1999)
 * 211, Billy Moore (1989–1999)
 * 210, Norm Strong (1949–1962)
 * 193, David Fairleigh (1989–1999)
 * 188, Don McKinnon (1977–1987)
 * 186, Ross Warner (1963–1974)
 * 176, Ken Irvine (1958–1970)
 * 170, Mark Soden (1989–1999)
 * 157, George Ambrum (1966–1974)

Most Tries for the club
 * 171, Ken Irvine in 176 games (1958–1970)

Most Goals for the club
 * 563, Jason Taylor in 147 games (1994–1999)

Most Points for the club
 * 1,274, Jason Taylor (32 tries, 563 goals, 20 field goals) in 147 games (1994–1999)

Most Points in a season
 * 242, Jason Taylor (10 tries, 98 goals, 6 field goals) in 1997

Most Consecutive Wins
 * 9 matches, 24 July 1920 – 14 May 1921
 * 9 matches, 13 June – 14 August 1994

Most Consecutive Losses
 * 12 matches, 3 June – 26 August 1979

Undefeated Season:
 * 1921 (8 games: 7 wins 1 draw)

Home and Away Attendances
 * 47,398 at Sydney Cricket Ground vs St George on 9 May 1959
 * 23,089 at North Sydney Oval vs Manly on 13 May 1994

Finals Attendance Record
 * 60,922 at Sydney Cricket Ground vs Newtown on 4 September 1943 NSWRFL Grand Final

Finals Appearances: No finals were played in 1921.
 * 1908, 1922, 1928, 1935, 1936, 1943, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1964, 1965, 1982, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998

Club honours
Premierships: (2) 1921, 1922

Runners-Up: (1) 1943

Minor Premierships: (2) 1921, 1922

 Midweek Cup [as Amco Cup]:  Runners-up: 1976

Friendly/Youth honours
 Reserve Grade Premierships:  1940, 1942, 1955, 1959, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993

 Third Grade Premiership [and equivalent competitions]:  1937, 1945, 1946, 1959

 President's Cup:  1918, 1933

 H 'Jersey' Flegg Memorial Trophy:  1998

 Lennox Cup:  1949

 Sevens: Runners-Up:  1996, 1997

 City Cup:  Winners: 1920, 1922 Runners-Up 1913, 1959

League Cup:  Runners-Up: 1919

 State Championship:  Runners-Up: 1945

 Pre-season Competition:  Runners-Up: 1964, 1966, 1977

 Channel 10 Challenge Cup:  Winners: 1978

Australian internationals

 * George Ambrum 1972
 * Martin Bella 1986–1989
 * Tom Berecry 1911–1912
 * Cec Blinkhorn 1921–1922
 * Albert Broomham 1909–1912
 * Michael Buettner 1996
 * Brian Carlson 1958–1961
 * Tedda Courtney 1910
 * Arch Crippin 1936
 * Brett Dallas 1996
 * Sid Deane 1908–1914
 * Jim Devereux 1908–1909
 * Peter Diversi 1954–1955
 * David Fairleigh 1994–1996
 * Greg Florimo 1994–1995
 * Nevyl Hand 1948–1949
 * Harold Horder 1920–1922
 * Ben Ikin 1998
 * Ken Irvine 1959–1968
 * Clarrie Ives 1921–1922
 * Peter Jackson 1991–1992
 * Les Kiss 1986
 * Gary Larson 1995–1997
 * Dinny Lutge 1908–1909
 * Ken McCaffery 1957
 * Don McKinnon 1982
 * Keith Middleton 1950
 * Billy Moore 1995–1997
 * Andy Morton 1908–1909
 * Fred Nolan 1937–1938
 * Herman Peters 1921–1922
 * Tim Pickup 1972–1974
 * Con Sullivan 1910–1914
 * Bob Sullivan 1954
 * Duncan Thompson 1919–1922
 * Roy Thompson 1937–1938
 * Bruce Walker 1978
 * Laurie Ward 1937–1938
 * Lloyd Weier 1965–1966
 * Billy Wilson 1963

title: North Sydney Bears


text:
Bor District

The Bor District (Борски округ, ; Districtul Bor) is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It has a population of 101,100 inhabitants, according to the 2022 census results. The administrative center of the Bor district is the city of Bor and the judicial one, due to tradition, Negotin. This district is the easternmost district of Serbia and contains the Serbian panhandle that extends into the Romanian border.

History
The Triballi dominated the region before the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC that weakened and subdued the Paleo-Balkan tribes. The Triballi, a Triballi-Dacian tribe, were defeated by the Roman army under Marcus Licinius Crassus, the consul of 30 BC. The region was organized into Moesia Inferior in 87 AD by Emperor Domitian.

Hellenistic religious influence is attested through archeological findings in Rovine and Tamnič where Heracles was worshipped, a relief of Zeus, Heracles and Dionysus found in Bukovo.

The Roman site of Selište with a necropolis has been excavated in the village of Rogljevo. Silver and gold fibulae from 250–320 AD have been found at sites in Negotin.

Municipalities
The district encompasses the city of Bor and three municipalities:
 * Kladovo
 * Majdanpek
 * Negotin

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Bor District has 124,992 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the Bor district is as follows:

Economy
The region is a traditionally energy oriented, as it has the hydroelectric power plants of Đerdap: Iron Gate I and Iron Gate II, and is also rich in copper and gold deposits, especially in the Bor and Majdanpek areas; silver has also been discovered, but is rare. The giant mining company RTB Bor operates in the region.

title: Bor District


text:
List of rivers of Kansas

This is a list of rivers in Kansas (U.S. state).

By drainage basin
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.

Arkansas River Basin

 * Arkansas River
 * Neosho River
 * Spring River
 * Shoal Creek
 * Cottonwood River
 * Verdigris River
 * Caney River
 * Elk River
 * Fall River
 * Cimarron River
 * North Fork Cimarron River
 * Salt Fork Arkansas River
 * Chikaskia River
 * Medicine Lodge River
 * Grouse Creek
 * Walnut River
 * Little Walnut River
 * Whitewater River
 * Ninnescah River
 * North Fork Ninnescah River
 * South Fork Ninnescah River
 * Little Arkansas River
 * Cow Creek
 * Rattlesnake Creek
 * Walnut Creek
 * Pawnee River
 * Buckner Creek
 * Bear Creek

Missouri River Basin

 * Missouri River
 * Osage River (MO)
 * Little Osage River
 * Marmaton River
 * Marais des Cygnes River
 * Blue River
 * Brush Creek
 * Kansas River
 * Stranger Creek
 * Wakarusa River
 * Delaware River
 * Mission Creek
 * Big Blue River
 * Black Vermillion River
 * Little Blue River
 * Indian Creek
 * Republican River
 * Buffalo Creek
 * White Rock Creek
 * Prairie Dog Creek
 * Sappa Creek
 * Beaver Creek
 * Little Beaver Creek
 * South Fork Republican River
 * Arikaree River
 * Smoky Hill River
 * Solomon River
 * North Fork Solomon River
 * South Fork Solomon River
 * Saline River
 * Big Creek
 * Hackberry Creek
 * Ladder Creek
 * North Fork Smoky Hill River
 * Wolf River
 * Big Nemaha River

Alphabetically

 * Arikaree River
 * Arkansas River
 * Beaver Creek
 * Big Blue River
 * Big Creek
 * Big Nemaha River
 * Black Vermillion River
 * Blue River
 * Brush Creek
 * Buckner Creek
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Caney River
 * Chikaskia River
 * Cimarron River
 * Cottonwood River
 * Cow Creek
 * Delaware River
 * Elk River
 * Fall River
 * Grouse Creek
 * Hackberry Creek
 * Kansas River
 * Ladder Creek
 * Little Arkansas River
 * Little Beaver Creek
 * Little Blue River
 * Little Osage River
 * Little Walnut River
 * Marais des Cygnes River
 * Marmaton River
 * Medicine Lodge River
 * Mission Creek
 * Missouri River
 * Neosho River
 * Ninnescah River
 * North Fork Ninnescah River
 * North Fork Smoky Hill River
 * North Fork Solomon River
 * Pawnee River
 * Prairie Dog Creek
 * Rattlesnake Creek
 * Republican River
 * Saline River
 * Salt Fork Arkansas River
 * Sappa Creek
 * Shoal Creek
 * Smoky Hill River
 * Solomon River
 * South Fork Ninnescah River
 * South Fork Republican River
 * South Fork Solomon River
 * Spring River
 * Stranger Creek
 * Verdigris River
 * Wakarusa River
 * Walnut Creek
 * Walnut River
 * White Rock Creek
 * Whitewater River
 * Wolf River

By size
Mean flow in cubic feet of water per second (cfs). One cubic foot equals .0283 cubic meters

Average water flow totals vary slightly annually.

title: List of rivers of Kansas


text:
Volcanoes National Park

Volcanoes National Park is a national park in northwestern Rwanda. It covers 160 km2 of rainforest and encompasses five of the eight volcanoes in the Virunga Mountains, namely Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga and Sabyinyo. It borders Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda. It is home to the mountain gorilla and the golden monkey, and was the base for the primatologist Dian Fossey.

History

The park was first gazetted in 1925, as a small area bounded by Karisimbi, Bisoke and Mikeno, intended to protect the gorillas from poachers. It was the very first national park to be created in Africa. In 1929, the borders of the park were extended further into Rwanda and into the Belgian Congo, to form the Albert National Park, a huge area of 8,090 km2, run by the Belgian colonial authorities who were in charge of both colonies. In 1958, 700 hectares of the park were cleared for a human settlement.

Between 1969 and 1973, 1,050 hectares of the park were cleared to grow pyrethrum.

The park later became the base for the American naturalist Dian Fossey to carry out her research on the gorillas. She arrived in 1967 and set up the Karisoke Research Centre between Karisimbi and Visoke. From then on, she spent most of her time in the park, and is widely credited with saving the gorillas from extinction by bringing their plight to the attention of the international community. She was murdered by unknown assailants at her home in 1985, a crime often attributed to the poachers she had spent her life fighting against. Fossey's life later was portrayed on the big screen in the film Gorillas in the Mist, named after her autobiography. She is buried in the park in a grave close to the research center, and amongst the gorillas which became her life.

The Volcanoes National Park became a battlefield during the Rwandan Civil War, with the park headquarters being attacked in 1992. The research centre was abandoned, and all tourist activities (including visiting the gorillas) were stopped. They did not resume again until 1999 when the area was deemed to be safe and under control. There have been occasional infiltrations by Rwandan rebels from the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda in subsequent years, but these are always stopped quickly by the Rwandan army and there is thought to be no threat to tourism in the park.

Buhanga Eco-Park, an ancient woodland containing Rwanda's most interesting folklore, and Musanze Caves, constructed 62 million years ago after the last estimated volcanic explosion, are both located inside the limits of Volcanoes National Park.

Flora
Vegetation varies considerably due to the large altitudinal range within the park. There is some lower montane forest (now mainly lost to agriculture). Between 2400 and 2500 m, there is Neoboutonia forest. From 2500 to 3200 m Arundinaria alpina (bamboo) forest occurs, covering about 30% of the park area. From 2600 to 3600 m, mainly on the more humid slopes in the south and west, is Hagenia-Hypericum forest, which covers about 30% of the park. This is one of the largest forests of Hagenia abyssinica. The vegetation from 3500 to 4200 m is characterised by Lobelia wollastonii, L. lanurensis, and Senecio erici-rosenii and covers about 25% of the park. From 4300 to 4500 m grassland occurs. Secondary thicket, meadows, marshes, swamps and small lakes also occur, but their total area is relatively small.

Fauna
The park is best known for the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). Other mammals include: golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), black-fronted duiker (Cephalophus niger), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) and harnessed bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). The bushbuck population is estimated to be between 1760–7040 animals. There are also reported to be African elephants in the park, though these are now very rare. There are 178 recorded bird species, with at least 13 species and 16 subspecies endemic to the Virunga and Rwenzori Mountains.

Expansion
In 2022, the Government of Rwanda announced plans to expand this national park from 13000 ha to 23000 ha. Of the new 10000 ha, park activities will expand into an estimated new 3740 ha and an estimated 6260 ha will be used to create a buffer zone between the national park and its fauna and flora and the surrounding human communities. The buffer zone will be used for agriculture, particularly agroforestry, which will benefit the park and the humans together. It is expected that this arrangement will reduce "human-wildlife conflicts by 80 percent". Work was expected to start in 2022 and last five years, working with a budget of US$255 million. The Rwanda Development Board announced that a pilot program will begin in 2024.

title: Volcanoes National Park


text:
Svínavatn

There are three lakes of the name Svínavatn in Iceland.
 * A lake to the south of Blönduós. Its surface measures 12 km2.
 * A very small lake in the valley Heydalur near Hvammsfjörður on the peninsula of Snæfellsnes.
 * Another smaller lake to the west of Blöndulón at the north end of Kjölur highland road.

title: Svínavatn


text:
User talk:Slava~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 05:32, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Slava. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Slava~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:46, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slava~enwiki