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Fabio Capello

Fabio Capello ( born 18 June 1946) is an Italian former professional football manager and player.

As a player, Capello represented SPAL, Roma, Milan and Juventus. He played as a midfielder and won several trophies during his career which lasted over 15 years. He won the Coppa Italia with Roma in 1969, though he was most successful with Juventus, winning three Serie A titles in 1972, 1973 and 1975. With Milan, he won the Coppa Italia again in 1977 and also won another Serie A in 1979. Capello also played internationally for Italy during his career, amassing 32 caps and scoring 8 goals.

In his first five seasons as a manager, Capello won four Serie A titles with Milan, where he also won the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League, defeating Barcelona 4–0 in a memorable final. He then spent a year at Real Madrid, where he won the La Liga title at his first attempt, and in 2001 led Roma to their first league title in 18 years. Capello also won two titles at Juventus (which were later stripped after the Calciopoli scandal), and in 2006 returned to Real Madrid, where he won another La Liga title. Overall, he has won a major league championship in seven (or nine, counting the two revoked titles with Juventus) of his 16 seasons as a coach. He is regarded as one of the greatest managers of all time.

Capello was appointed as manager of the England national team in December 2007. During his time as manager, he was successful in tournament qualification, guiding the team to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where they were knocked out in the second round, and UEFA Euro 2012, where they were knocked out in the quarter-finals under new manager Roy Hodgson. In February 2012, he resigned as manager due to a dispute with The Football Association, before being appointed coach of the Russian national team in July 2012. On 14 July 2015, he was sacked by the Russian Football Union and replaced with Leonid Slutsky. In 2017, he was appointed as the coach of Chinese club Jiangsu Suning, but was sacked the following year, after which he subsequently retired from coaching.

Club career

Capello was signed by Paolo Mazza, the President of SPAL, for the fee of two million lire despite interest from Milan. In his second season in the youth team, he helped the club win the Italian Youth Championship and made his first-team debut in a 3–1 away defeat against Sampdoria in Serie A on 29 March 1964. A talented and tactically intelligent holding midfielder, with a good positional sense, he could read the play well and was strong both in the air and in the tackle, in spite of his lack of notable height and unorthodox physique. He usually operated as a deep-lying playmaker in midfield, however, due to his outstanding technique and vision, which enabled him to orchestrate his team's attacking moves or create chances for teammates, and furthermore was an excellent passer of the ball with both feet. Going forward he was also equally effective, and possessed an eye for goal from midfield, due to his powerful and accurate shot, as well as his ability at penalty kicks, but he lacked pace, and was notorious for not being particularly hard-working. With SPAL, he made four appearances for a struggling side that was relegated from Serie A. After returning to the top division at the first attempt, Capello became a key player in the 1965–66 season, taking penalties and helping them avoid a swift return to Serie B. He was also called up to the Italian under-23 side alongside teammate Edoardo Reja despite still being a teenager. However, injury to his left knee restricted him to just 16 appearances the following season.

In 1967, Capello moved to Roma where he became a key player for the club. In his first season, he helped them to first place after eight matches, including scoring the winner in a 1–0 victory over Juventus. A recurrence of the injury to his left knee, however, kept him out for the rest of the season and Roma eventually finished in tenth place, just five points away from relegation. The following season, under new manager Helenio Herrera, a fit Capello scored six goals as Roma finished eighth and won his first major trophy, the Coppa Italia. This qualified Roma to play the Anglo-Italian League Cup, where they played Swindon Town. Capello played in both legs against Swindon, Roma winning 2–1 at home in the first leg but losing 4–0 in the second leg at the County Ground. They also reached the semi-finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup, but were knocked out by Polish side Górnik Zabrze after losing the deciding coin toss following three draws.

He was then sold to Juventus in 1970. He had a poor start to his time there, as he publicly criticised manager Armando Picchi on the same day it was revealed that Picchi had been diagnosed with cancer. Capello escaped with a fine from the club after Picchi insisted that he not receive a suspension. Capello became an influential figure under new manager Čestmír Vycpálek, despite being only 24, and was assigned the number 10 shirt; he largely decided the team's tactics for the 1971 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final against Leeds United. Capello scored at the Stadio Olimpico di Torino, but Juventus lost the tie on away goals. Juventus went on to win the league title in 1971–72, 1972–73 and 1974–75. They also reached the 1973 European Cup Final, where they were beaten 1–0 by the dominant "Total Football" approach of Ajax. They missed out on the chance of winning the double after losing to Milan on penalties in the 1973 Coppa Italia Final. Reaching the semi-finals of the 1974–75 UEFA Cup, Juventus were surprisingly beaten by Dutch side Twente.

Juventus were concerned with Capello's knee injuries, and so traded him to Milan in exchange for Romeo Benetti and 100 million lire in 1976. He missed just two league starts in the 1976–77 campaign playing under influential manager Nils Liedholm. However, he was limited to just eight appearances in the 1978–79 title-winning season. He played just three games in the 1979–80 season before finally accepting that he was unable to continue as a professional footballer.

International career

Capello played 32 times for Italy between 1972 and 1978, scoring 8 goals; he made his international debut on 13 May 1972, in a 2–1 defeat to Belgium. He is particularly remembered for a goal with which Italy beat England 1–0 at Wembley Stadium for the first time in its history (14 November 1973), which he himself regarded as the highlight of his playing career. Capello scored the lone goal for Italy against Poland during the 1974 World Cup, though Italy lost the match 2–1 and failed to qualify for the second round of the competition. He was overlooked for the 1978 World Cup even after having good club form with Milan: the manager at that time, Enzo Bearzot, preferred other defensive-minded midfielders such as Marco Tardelli over the more attacking minded Capello.

Style of play
Regarded as one of the best Italian players of his generation, Capello was a talented, dynamic, energetic, and tactically intelligent holding midfielder, with a good positional sense and excellent intuition. He could read the play well and was strong both in the air and in the tackle, in spite of his lack of notable height and unorthodox physique; he usually played in the centre of the pitch, however, where he operated as a deep-lying playmaker in midfield, due to his outstanding technique and vision, which enabled him to orchestrate his team's attacking moves or create chances for teammates, and was an excellent passer of the ball with both feet. In spite of his playing role, he was an offensive-minded midfielder: indeed, going forward he was also equally effective as he was creatively and defensively, and possessed an eye for goal from midfield, due to his powerful and accurate shot, as well as his ability at penalty kicks; his offensive movement and ability to make late runs into the area from behind also made him an offensive threat, but at the same time he lacked pace, and was notorious for not being particularly hard-working.

After retirement
After several years as a football pundit for Italian TV SPW and a brief spell as caretaker manager of Milan in 1987, Capello became a leading candidate to succeed Arrigo Sacchi as coach of the team, and he was formally appointed as manager of Milan in 1991.

Early years

As a guest of the SFA, Capello began coaching on a three-week visit to Scotland. He worked with Craig Brown and Andy Roxburgh in the early 1980s. Capello coached training sessions with Clyde at Shawfield in Glasgow and took charge of the Scotland youth team training in Paisley.

Before going into management, Capello spent the early 1980s coaching the Milan youth teams. Bringing through talent such as Paolo Maldini and Alessandro Costacurta, he led the under-19s to numerous youth tournament successes. He completed the last of his coaching badges in 1986. He was promoted to first team coach in 1987, and worked as Nils Liedholm's assistant. His first experience as a head coach was leading Milan in the last six games of the 1986–87 season, replacing Liedholm and achieving UEFA Cup qualifications in a play-off with Sampdoria. The following season, however, Silvio Berlusconi hired Arrigo Sacchi as the new Rossoneri manager and Capello stepped aside, but still worked for the club.

A student at Coverciano, in 1984 he penned a research article entitled "The Zonal Marking System". While at Coverciano, Capello acted as general manager for a variety of sports, including baseball, ice hockey, volleyball and rugby union. After standing aside as manager, Berlusconi sent him on high-level business courses.

First spell at Milan
Capello replaced Sacchi as Milan manager in June 1991, and was a controversial appointment as he was seen as a Berlusconi "yes-man" compared to the demanding (both on the club's finances and on his players) but highly successful Sacchi. Capello largely retained the players and tactical systems put in place by Sacchi, though he replaced ageing central midfielder Carlo Ancelotti with a young Demetrio Albertini and signed goalkeeper Sebastiano Rossi. Allowing for more creative freedom from his attackers, Milan won the Serie A title undefeated in 1991–92.

He spent around £15 million on winger Gianluigi Lentini, breaking the world football transfer record. He also signed Fernando De Napoli, Stefano Eranio, Jean-Pierre Papin, Dejan Savićević and Zvonimir Boban. Already boasting talent such as Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Paolo Maldini and Frank Rijkaard, Capello was one of the first managers to introduce a squad rotation approach. He played Rijkaard and Albertini as deep-lying central midfielders, allowing his wingers more license to attack. Milan dominated the league in the 1992–93 season, defending the Serie A title, and reached the 1993 UEFA Champions League final, losing to 1–0 Marseille. Milan remained unbeaten for 58 league games, between 19 May 1991 and 21 March 1993, which included an entire season in the league, a record in Italian football. They were finally defeated 1–0 by Parma after a goal from Faustino Asprilla.

Building for the 1993–94 season, Capello signed Christian Panucci, Brian Laudrup, Florin Răducioiu and Marcel Desailly. Playing the former defender Desailly as a holding midfielder allowed the rest of the midfield to push on and attack. His side lost 3–2 to São Paulo in the 1993 Intercontinental Cup, but defended the Serie A title, the club's third consecutive Scudetto, and won the 1994 Champions League final with a 4–0 victory over Johan Cruyff's Barcelona "Dream Team". Due to injuries endured by several of the club's attacking stars, in particular Van Basten, Milan only scored 36 goals in 34 games in the league that season, but finished with the best defence in Italy, conceding just 15 goals. The club's back four at the time, primarily made up by Mauro Tassotti, Franco Baresi, Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini, is regarded as one of the greatest defences of all time; the club's defensive strength under Capello helped Milan's goalkeeper Rossi achieve the longest streak without conceding a goal in Serie A history during the 1993–94 season: in an 11-match span, from 12 December 1993 to 27 February 1994, Milan's defence went unbeaten for 929 consecutive minutes. The record was broken by Juventus' Gianluigi Buffon during the 2015–16 season.

With Van Basten and Papin gone, Capello recalled Ruud Gullit from Sampdoria and signed winger Paolo Di Canio as Milan struggled at the start of the 1994–95 season, losing in the 1994 Intercontinental Cup to Vélez Sársfield. However, they beat Arsenal in the 1994 European Super Cup, and reached their third consecutive Champions League final in 1995, where they were defeated by Ajax. They finished the league campaign in fourth place, however, failing to qualify for the Champions League the following season.

Building for the 1995–96 season, Milan signed strikers George Weah and Roberto Baggio, as well as winger Paulo Futre; this created a selection problem as Capello already had several forwards and wingers in his squad, including Di Canio, Lentini, Savićević, Eranio, Roberto Donadoni and Marco Simone. Capello, however, was once again able to implement a squad rotation policy successfully, and even modified Milan's 4–4–2 formation at times, introducing an attacking trident in which the lone striker Weah was supported by Baggio and Savićević, thus allowing the two playmakers to play alongside each other. That season, Milan won the league title by an eight-point margin.

First spell at Real Madrid
Capello was unveiled as the new Real Madrid coach in 1996. A major task was combining the attacking talents of Davor Šuker, Predrag Mijatović and Raúl in a single team, which Capello did by playing a three-man attack, in spite of his reputation for cautious and defensive football. A simple but effective tactic would be the long ball from defender Fernando Hierro to a sprinting Roberto Carlos, who would be supported on the left by Mijatović and Raúl; Roberto Carlos would then have the option of either going to goal or passing to Šuker, Mijatović or Raúl. He had a single season in charge of Real guiding the club to the Spanish league title in 1997. Real managed to edge out their bitter rivals Barcelona by just two points. Despite his tenure with Los Merengues lasting only a year, he was credited with bringing in a number of players such as Šuker, Mijatović, Roberto Carlos and Clarence Seedorf who helped the club establish their Champions League dominance over the next few years. Despite his success, he fell out with chairman Lorenzo Sanz and was not popular with fans or the Spanish press for "demoting" Raúl to the left-wing.

Second spell at Milan
Despite a belief by the Lazio owner Sergio Cragnotti that Capello had made a verbal agreement to coach his club, Capello instead returned to Milan for a brief and less successful spell. Some of the previous squad had departed, and others such as Franco Baresi were coming to the end of their careers. The squad had to be extensively rebuilt, and high quality signings such as Patrick Kluivert, Leonardo, Winston Bogarde, Christian Ziege, André Cruz and Ibrahim Ba did not gel. The team managed to win just 11 games all season, with a particular low occurring in March 1998 when they lost 4–1 to Juventus and Capello was sent off for protesting a decision by the referee. This was followed by a 5–0 defeat to Roma in May. Milan finished the 1997–98 Serie A season in tenth place, 30 points behind the champions Juventus, by which time Capello had already departed the club. Some of the players suggested that Capello had instituted a more lax training regime than he had in his previous spell. A run in the Coppa Italia ended when Milan were beaten in the final by Lazio 3–2 on aggregate, despite taking a 1–0 lead in the first leg. Capello took credit for Milan's title win the following season claiming, as he had rebuilt the side, that it was "my team".

Roma
Following his dismissal at Milan, Capello took a short break from coaching. He told a reporter that he "sat on a beach and thought about football". He also enjoyed a spell as a colour commentator for Italian television, participating in coverage of the 1999 Copa América. In May 1999, he moved to Roma, the club he had first joined as a player 30 years prior. His arrival was hailed by Roma president Franco Sensi, who said, "Capello is a winner and I believe in him." Capello was joined by Franco Baldini, who became the club's sporting director. Capello built his side around Marco Delvecchio, sometimes leaving Vincenzo Montella on the bench. Believing his squad lacked a world-class striker, Capello made a move to sign Ruud van Nistelrooy, but the deal was wrecked following a serious injury. His first season saw Roma finish sixth, made particularly disappointing as cross-city rivals Lazio won the title, and they were knocked out of the UEFA Cup by Leeds United.

Capello's breakthrough at the club occurred when he won the 2000–01 Serie A title, having signed Walter Samuel to strengthen his defence, and Gabriel Batistuta as a main goalscorer. Although the large fee for Batistuta was initially questioned, the Argentine striker scored a number of vital goals. With Roma, Capello switched from his trademark 4–4–2 to an aggressive 3–4–1–2 formation, which allowed the club's star playmaker and captain Francesco Totti to function in his preferred role as an attacking midfielder, while Cafu and Vincent Candela served as attack-minded wing-backs on the flanks. The season began in difficult fashion with Roma struggling for form and an angry fans protest at the club's Trigoria training complex which turned violent when players cars were attacked. Capello resisted calls for his resignation, and the team's results dramatically improved helped by the performances of the Brazilian midfielder Emerson. The title was sealed with a 3–1 victory over Parma at the Stadio Olimpico on 17 June, prompting a major pitch invasion by the Roma supporters. Capello was praised for fielding Montella, a player he had had a bust-up with just days before due to the fact that he often substituted him for tactical reasons in the second half, in the final match of the season; Montella, along with Totti and Batisuta went on to score in the title-deciding victory.

That was Roma's first major honour in a decade and only the third time ever that they had been crowned champions of Italy. Following the title win there was also a widespread belief that he had done a secret deal to succeed Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United. Ferguson had announced his decision to retire, with Capello a leading candidate to replace him allegedly going so far as to meet with the Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards. Capello did little to dispel the rumours when he remarked, "I like the spirit of English football and I would like to work in English football", adding that it was an honour to be pursued by the club.

Capello's link with United eventually came to nothing after Ferguson abandoned his decision to retire and signed a new contract, with Martin Edwards claiming that United had been three or four days away from appointing a new manager, believed to be Capello, when Ferguson changed his mind. The 2001–02 season developed into a battle between Roma and Juventus. After a heated encounter between the teams, Capello used an interview to criticise Luciano Moggi from Juventus, particularly their dealings with players agents.

Capello signed a new contract in April 2002, worth £2.37 million a season. One of the highlights of the season was a 5–1 win over rivals Lazio which saw Vincenzo Montella score four goals. The defence of the title, however, was dealt a major blow when the club drew with bottom-placed Venezia, as Roma finished second in the table behind Juventus by a single point. The following season Roma failed to maintain a serious challenge, and finished in eighth.

Their Champions League ambitions were also ended following a defeat and a draw against Arsenal which saw them finish bottom of their group. Once again, it had been English opposition that had thwarted Roma in Europe. Roma lost the Coppa Italia final to Milan, with Capello particularly angered by supporters who waved banners calling on him to go. Capello's final year at Roma began well with the team playing much better football. They went on a seven-game winning streak before Christmas, including comfortable victories over Juventus and Internazionale. This led to speculation linking him with Juventus, despite his past differences with Luciano Moggi. Capello believed he had taken Roma as far as he could, and began to seriously considered a move. In the run-in, the club's form dipped and they ended up finishing 11 points behind champions Milan.

Juventus
In 2004, Capello left debt-ridden Roma to sign with Juventus. His move came as a surprise because he had kept it such a secret, and because he had been engaged in a war of words with Luciano Moggi. One of Capello's first moves was to sign Emerson from Roma, further angering many of his critics who believed he had betrayed Roma. Capello's Juventus reached the quarter-finals of the 2004–05 and 2005–06 Champions Leagues before being eliminated by Liverpool and Arsenal respectively. Juventus also won the 2004–05 and 2005–06 Scudetti under Capello's leadership, but were later stripped of their trophies due to the team's involvement in the 2006 Serie A scandal.

In July 2006, with Juventus in the midst of the aforementioned scandal, Capello resigned as Juventus manager. Press reports strongly linked him with a move back to Real Madrid; new club president Ramón Calderón had publicly stated his hope that Capello would return for a second stint at the club and on 5 July 2006, the official Real Madrid website announced Capello's appointment.

Second spell at Real Madrid

In 2006, Capello arrived in Madrid to a Real side suffering one of the longest spells without a trophy in their history. He quickly drew the disdain of Real's ardent supporters because of his defensive playing style. In interviews, Capello responded to those critics by saying that the beauty of attacking plays was old. He said that results were much more important than playing beautifully. He also added that "those days are over". His remit was to bring the title back to Madrid, a task that had been too much for five other coaches since 2003.

In Spain, he was commonly referred to as "Don Fabio". At Real Madrid, Capello had several high-profile falling outs. He was criticised for not playing David Beckham because of his contract wranglings and Ronaldo, who struggled for fitness and form. Capello also feuded with his compatriot Antonio Cassano; the two had previously had disputes at Roma.

In March, Real were again eliminated early from the Champions League and were mired in fourth place in the league, six points behind Barcelona. On 20 February 2007, Real Madrid were forced to deny rumours that Capello would be leaving after that day's match. Despite the unrest, Capello recalled Beckham, whose return was pivotal for the team's recovery. A string of successful results in the latter half of the season took Real to the top of the table, while Barça's results became inconsistent.

Real Madrid won their 30th league title on the final day of the season by beating Mallorca 3–1 at home. The victory was achieved after Capello substituted an injured Beckham and brought on José Antonio Reyes. Real had been 1–0 down prior to the substitution and Reyes turned the match scoring two goals. Despite winning La Liga, Capello was sacked on 28 June 2007 due to Real's pragmatic style of play at a club with recent memories of the individualistic and free-flowing, but ultimately unsuccessful, Galácticos era.

England

Capello was formally appointed as manager of the England national team on 14 December 2007. He began his day-to-day role on 7 January 2008 on a four-and-a-half-year deal. His annual pay was claimed to be £6 million. After being confirmed for the job, he announced it would be his last in football. Capello announced on the day of his unveiling that it was a dream come true to manage the England national team and that he hoped to learn the English language in the following month prior to his first official meeting with the players.

Capello was welcomed by many English fans and the press who hailed his appointment as a triumph, citing in particular his impressive trophy haul and his reputation as a disciplinarian in contrast to the excessive leniency perceived to have existed under his two predecessors, Sven-Göran Eriksson and Steve McClaren. His arrival generated some criticism, notably from then FIFA President Sepp Blatter, who said, "I would say it is a little surprising that the motherland of football has ignored a sacrosanct law or belief that the national team manager should be from the same country as the players."

England's first match with Capello as manager was at Wembley Stadium against Switzerland on 6 February 2008. On 31 January 2008, it was confirmed that a number of senior players including Sol Campbell and David Beckham had not been selected for Capello's debut squad. Goalkeeper Paul Robinson was also dropped after recent erratic form. Debut call-ups were handed to two players: Curtis Davies and Gabriel Agbonlahor, both of Aston Villa. Jermaine Jenas and Shaun Wright-Phillips scored in England's 2–1 win at Wembley. England lost their second match under Capello, an international friendly against France. England lost the game 1–0 after a Franck Ribéry penalty.

Capello's third game in charge was against the United States on 28 May 2008. England won the game 2–0 thanks to goals from John Terry and Steven Gerrard. On 1 June 2008, England beat Trinidad and Tobago 3–0. Capello had been rotating the captaincy around several senior players during his first few matches in charge. On 19 August 2008, he announced that John Terry would be named the permanent captain. On 20 August 2008, England drew 2–2 with the Czech Republic after goals from Wes Brown and Joe Cole.

World Cup qualification
England opened Capello's first competitive campaign with a 2–0 victory over Andorra in Barcelona on 6 September 2008. Four days later, on 10 September, England played Croatia, the team that had already secured a spot at UEFA Euro 2008 in the final qualification matchday but won 3-2 which prevented England from qualifying as well. England won 4–1 with Theo Walcott scoring a hat-trick. The next qualification game was at Wembley just over a month later, on 11 October, against Kazakhstan. The game remained goalless at half-time, but England went on to win 5–1. A fourth-straight win on 15 October made this England's best ever start to a World Cup qualifying campaign as they beat Belarus 3–1. England rounded off 2008 by beating Germany 2–1 on 19 November. Goals from Terry and Matthew Upson secured the victory.

In the spring of 2009, England fell to a 2–0 defeat against reigning European champions Spain and beating Slovakia 4–0. In the summer of 2009, England played another friendly against the Netherlands, coming back from 2–0 down to secure a 2–2 draw away from home. Slovenia were beaten 2–1 in Wembley in the same year. England resumed their qualification campaign by beating Ukraine 2–1, on 1 April 2009, at Wembley. On 6 June, they travelled to Almaty and beat Kazakhstan 4–0, and four days later, they returned to Wembley and to beat Andorra again 6–0, making it seven wins out of seven in the qualification campaign. A notable feature of the campaign was the goalscoring form of Wayne Rooney: eight in seven games.

With two in the friendly against Slovakia in March 2009, Rooney had scored ten goals in eight England games. On 9 September 2009, Capello successfully guided England to qualification to the 2010 World Cup following a 5–1 win at home to Croatia. England's hopes of a 100% record in their 2010 qualifying campaign were ended with a 0–1 defeat in Ukraine in the final away match. However, a 3–0 victory over Belarus confirmed England as the top scorers in the UEFA zone with 34 goals, 6 ahead of second top scorers Spain. In November 2009, England were beaten 1–0 by Brazil in Qatar, Capello's third defeat as England manager.

2010 World Cup
In March 2010, England played a friendly against Egypt and beat the African champions 3–1. Two months later, in the last home match before the World Cup, they beat Mexico by the same scoreline. In May 2010, England played a friendly against Japan at UPC-Arena, Graz, and won 2–1. The two goals conceded by Japan were both own goals by Marcus Tanaka and Yuji Nakazawa. After constant speculation linking him with the vacant managerial post at Internazionale, on 2 June 2010 Capello committed himself to the England job until at least after Euro 2012. England's build-up to the World Cup started badly, with John Terry being stripped of the captaincy by Capello after his involvement in a tabloid scandal in February 2010.

Terry's successor as captain, Rio Ferdinand, was injured in a training session prior to England's opening match, resulting in his withdrawal from the squad. England drew the first game 1–1 with the United States due to an error by goalkeeper Robert Green, after which Capello declared the tournament Adidas Jabulani ball was "impossible to control". This was followed by a poor display against Algeria leading to a 0–0 draw and widespread criticism of both Capello and the England team. On 23 June, Capello led England into the round of 16 of the World Cup after they beat Slovenia 1–0. However, they were beaten in their first knockout match 4–1 by Germany.

With Germany leading 2–1, Frank Lampard scored a 20-yard strike. However, even though the ball clearly bounced a full yard over the German goal-line, all the match officials failed to see it and did not award a goal. As England pressed forward in the second half, they conceded two counter-attack goals. Nevertheless, England's performance led to much criticism from fans, the media, and pundits alike. After England's elimination, Capello was criticized for imposing a strict military regime at England's Bloemfontein training camp, and not allowing his senior players to have tactical input. His 4–4–2 formation was derided as "outdated" with Steven Gerrard's positioning on the left of midfield also criticized.

Capello's squad selection was questioned, with the selection of an unfit Ledley King and out of form Emile Heskey, as well as the surprising omission of Theo Walcott also coming under fire. Capello's indecision over his starting goalkeeper was cited as a reason for Robert Green's error in England's opening match with the U.S. On 2 July 2010, The Football Association (FA) announced that Capello would remain as the manager of the England national team following speculation over his future following the World Cup.

Euro 2012 qualification
England kicked off their Euro 2012 qualifying campaign with two wins, 4–0 against Bulgaria and 3–1 away against Switzerland, yet could only draw 0–0 against group leaders Montenegro at Wembley. Capello made some changes afterwards, with Ferdinand and Gerrard out of the picture. John Terry was reinstated as captain to much criticism. The traditional 4–4–2 was transformed to 4–3–3, with Darren Bent as centre forward and Rooney as a left-sided forward. The result was successful, as England beat Wales 2–0 at the Millennium Stadium on 26 March 2011. England's next game was at Wembley against Switzerland on 4 June 2011, which they recovered from a 0–2 deficit to draw 2–2 with goals from Frank Lampard and Ashley Young.

After a narrow 1–0 win against Wales at Wembley, Capello claimed that several England players were "mentally fragile" and suggested he intended to reinvent his squad once Euro 2012 qualification had been sealed. On 7 October 2011, England qualified for the European Championships with a 2–2 draw in Montenegro.

England completed their campaign with a record of five wins, three draws and no defeats. England completed an unbeaten 2011 with 1–0 friendly victories over Spain and Sweden in November 2011. Capello resigned on 8 February 2012 following the FA's removal of the captaincy from John Terry.

Russia

On 26 July 2012, Capello became manager of the Russia national team, following the resignation of Dick Advocaat. His first game in charge was a 1–1 draw with Ivory Coast. Capello's first competitive game in charge of Russia was the opening match of the 2014 World Cup qualification campaign, a 2–0 victory at home to Northern Ireland. He led Russia into the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification finals, finishing first in Group F. In January 2014, Capello committed his future to the Russia national team until the end of the 2018 World Cup in Russia.

At the 2014 World Cup, Russia were knocked out at the group stage, finishing third after a 1–1 draw against Algeria in their final match. During qualifying for UEFA Euro 2016, Capello had six games as the head coach of Russia with results: two wins, two draws and two losses. On 14 June 2015, Russia lost 1–0 to Austria. Thereafter, on 14 July 2015, Capello was sacked as Russian manager.

Jiangsu Suning and retirement
On 11 June 2017, Capello signed a contract with Chinese club Jiangsu Suning. The club finished as the 12th (out of 16 teams) in 2017 Chinese Super League. On 28 March 2018, Capello was sacked after only 3 games into the new season. In April, later that year, he officially announced that he had retired from coaching.

Style of management
"'When Capello gets angry, hardly anyone dares to look him in the eye, and if he gives you an opportunity and you don't take it, you might as well be selling hot dogs outside the stadium, basically. You don't go to Capello with your problems. Capello isn't your mate. He doesn't chat with the players, not like that. He's the sergente di ferro, the iron sergeant, and it's not a good sign when he calls for you. Then again, you never know. He breaks people down and builds them up. [...] After the very first training session, all the others in the team had gone in to shower, and I was completely exhausted. I would have gladly called it a day as well. But a goalie from the youth team came over from the touchline, and I twigged what was going on. Italo was going to feed me balls – bam, bam! They came at me from all angles. There were crosses, passes, he chucked the ball, he gave me wall passes, and I shot at goal, one shot after another, and I was never allowed to leave the box, the penalty area. That was my area, he said. That's where I was supposed to be and shoot, shoot, and there was no chance of taking a break or taking it easy. The pace was relentless. [...] "I'm gonna knock Ajax out of your body," he [Capello] said. "I don't need that Dutch style. One, two, one, two, play the wall, play nice and technical. Dribble through the whole team. I can get by without that. I need goals. You understand? I need to get that Italian mindset into you. You've got to get that killer instinct." [...] Under Capello, I was transformed. His toughness was infectious, and I became less of an artiste and more of a bruiser who wanted to win at any price.'

Zlatan Ibrahimović, on how Capello trained his strikers at Juventus."

Considered to be one of the greatest and most successful football managers of all time, Capello has been described as being a "pragmatic" coach, and is known for his tactical versatility and ability to adapt his formations to tactical systems which best suit his players. He was nicknamed Don Fabio by the Spanish media during his time with Real Madrid. While he has drawn praise for his success, tactical awareness, leadership, and effectiveness as a manager, as well as for often developing several promising young players, he has also drawn criticism at times from both players and pundits for being overly strict and defensive minded as a coach, which has led to many well-publicised disagreements with several of his players, as well as other managers, including Dejan Savićević, Roberto Baggio, Antonio Cassano, Alessandro Del Piero, Ronaldo, Ancelotti, and Arrigo Sacchi. However, he did like to have players with strong leadership qualities and dressing room personalities in his teams. Capello has described his own coaching philosophy as one of copying and developing. He has also occasionally been criticised by pundits for his perceived arrogance and stubbornness as a manager. In 2008, when writing for The Guardian, David Lacey likened Capello to Alf Ramsey for their shared belief in the importance of a solid defensive base, while also praising him for his ability to identify a problem and deal with it in a quick and successful manner, his ability to command respect in the dressing room and maintain a professional attitude with his players, and his ability to manage press conferences effectively. Capello was known for his defensive style, as well as his use of high pressing and quick counter-attacks to score goals. Due to his strong character and tough personality, Ibrahimović nicknamed Capello "sergente di ferro" in his autobiography (the "iron sergeant," in Italian).

In his highly successful first spell with Milan, Capello retained many of the players and the 4–4–2 tactical system put in place by Sacchi, although his style of management was less demanding and rigorous than Sacchi's, which initially gave his forwards more creative freedom to attack; he also introduced several younger players into the first team. In subsequent seasons, following injuries to several attacking players, he adopted a more conservative 4–1–4–1 formation, in which the team's strong defensive line, further protected by Desailly, a former centre back who was converted to a holding midfielder by Capello, provided the foundation for much of the team's success, and also gave the wingers and more creative, offensive-minded midfielders licence to attack. In the final season of his first spell at the club, Capello often rotated several of the team's attacking players in order to get the best out of each them without offsetting the balance within the team; he also abandoned the club's trademark 4–4–2 formation for a 4–3–2–1 formation at times, featuring an attacking trident that allowed the team's two offensive playmakers, Baggio and Savićević, to play alongside each other, behind the club's main striker Weah.

In his first spell with Real Madrid, Capello once again built a title-winning side based on a strong defence and an efficient playing style, but also fielded three strikers – Šuker, Mijatović, and Raúl – while promoting several other promising young players to the first team. A key component of the team's success was the club's new left-back Roberto Carlos, who excelled at making overlapping attacking runs to beat the opposition's defensive line and get on the end of Hierro's long balls from the back; the role gave him the freedom to either run on goal or look to deliver the ball to one of the team's strikers. He was also criticised in the media, however, for using striker Raúl as a left winger at times.

"'When you talk about me and Capello, you talk about two personalities. If I have an opinion and I don't agree with you that's it, and he was the same. Capello used the guys with strong personalities – I remember he did it with [striker] Predrag Mijatovic as well – he motivated the team by creating a discussion with somebody, by looking for conflicts. And when he did, the team would go out and kick butt.'

Clarence Seedorf in 2010 on Capello's first spell at Real Madrid"

During the 2000–01 title-winning season with Roma, Capello adopted a 3–4–1–2 formation, which made use of a three-man back-line and attacking wing-backs (Cafu and Candela), while Totti operated as the team's advanced playmaker behind a main striker and a more mobile, creative forward; the offensive trio was supported by two hard-working and aggressive defensive minded midfielders, namely Emerson, and Damiano Tommasi. Following the purchase of talented youngster Cassano the next season, Capello switched to a 3–5–2 formation.

At Juventus, Capello rejected the club's board members' requests to field a three-man front line and once again reverted to his preferred 4–4–2 formation. Capello won consecutive league titles, and put together a balanced and efficient side which was built upon a strong and highly organised back-line, which was further supported by two dynamic, defensive-minded box-to-box midfielders in the centre, such as Manuele Blasi, Stephen Appiah, Alessio Tacchinardi, Emerson, and later Patrick Vieira, who both alternated defensive and playmaking duties in midfield; the team's attacking wingers, Pavel Nedvěd and Mauro Camoranesi, were required both to drop back defensively and also assist the strikers from an offensive standpoint. Capello usually partnered the team's main striker David Trezeguet alongside the emerging Zlatan Ibrahimović up-front, with the latter playing in a more creative role, while the team's captain, Alessandro Del Piero, was used mostly as a substitute. Capello also introduced several younger players into the squad, such as the Romanian striker Adrian Mutu, and left-back Giorgio Chiellini; the latter's performances later prompted Capello to bench Jonathan Zebina and shift left-back Gianluca Zambrotta to right-back, in order to accommodate the youngster into the first team.

In his second spell with Real Madrid, Capello implemented a 4–2–3–1 formation, which made use of two defensive-minded full-backs, two defensive midfielders, and two wingers who also often tracked back; however, as a result, the club's main striker, Ruud van Nistelrooy, was often isolated, while the team's efficient playing style was described as being boring in the media, and Capello was frequently derided for his overly defensive tactics. Despite the criticism he endured, Capello made several bold decisions which allowed several talented players to co-exist, benching Ronaldo, and reinstating David Beckham into the starting line-up, as well as Brazilian forward Robinho, Spanish midfielder Guti, and centre-back Iván Helguera, who were initially out of favour with the manager at the start of the season. He was also able to get the best out of new signings Ruud van Nistelrooy, Emerson, Mahamadou Diarra, and Fabio Cannavaro, despite their poor form at the beginning of the season. He was consequently able to create an organised, determined, and unified team environment through his disciplined and pragmatic approach; he ultimately led the club to an eight match unbeaten streak to come back from behind and claim the Liga title, although he was sacked at the end of the season.

Personal life
Capello was born in San Canzian d'Isonzo near Gorizia, in north-eastern Italy, in what was then the Allied-occupied Zone A of the Julian March. His parents were Guerrino and Evelina Capello. Capello is a devout Catholic who prays twice a day, and he has expressed admiration for Pope Benedict XVI. His father, a schoolteacher, played football, and his uncle Mario Tortul was also a football player; for Triestina, Padova, Sampdoria and the Italy national team during the 1960s. Capello has spent his entire adult life working in football. He has been married to his wife Laura, whom he first met on a bus as a teenager, for over 40 years. He is represented by his son Pier Filippo, who acts as his agent. In January 2008, Italian police announced that they were launching an investigation into tax irregularities by Capello. The probe, however, has been dismissed as routine by Capello's spokesmen, who said this was part of a wider investigation into a number of wealthy Italians. The FA revealed that they had known about the upcoming probe when they had appointed Capello, and expected no charges to be brought.

Capello is a fine art enthusiast. His art collection is estimated to be worth £10 million. His favourite artist is reportedly Wassily Kandinsky.

Capello is also known for his right–wing political views, despite having previously been a self–described "socialist" in the 1960s, and subsequently a long–time supporter of the Christian Democrats; he was later a long–time supporter of Silvio Berlusconi and his centre–right party Forza Italia. He attracted controversy when he expressed admiration for Spanish dictator Francisco Franco in 2006 and the "legacy of order" he believed him to have left in Spain. He later distanced himself from these comments, however, stating that he did not intend to praise dictatorships. In 2002 he also admitted to having voted for the Northern Italian right–wing separatist political party La Lega once in the past, as well as the Italian Socialist Party and the Republicans in his youth. He has rejected the label of a "conservative," however, noting that he supported the trade unions, stating: "I have great respect for all they have done to alleviate the exploitation of workers."

As a player

 * SPAL
 * Serie B promotion: 1964–65

 * Roma
 * Coppa Italia: 1968–69

 * Juventus
 * Serie A: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75

 * Milan
 * Serie A: 1978–79
 * Coppa Italia: 1976–77

As a coach

 * Milan
 * Serie A: 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1992, 1993, 1994
 * UEFA Champions League: 1993–94
 * European Super Cup: 1994

 * Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 1996–97, 2006–07

 * Roma
 * Serie A: 2000–01
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

 * Juventus
 * Serie A: 2004–05 (Revoked), 2005–06 (Revoked)

Individual

 * Panchina d'Oro: 1991–92, 1993–94, 1997, 2000–01
 * Serie A Coach of the Year: 2005
 * BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award: 2009
 * Marca Leyenda: 2011
 * Gran Galà del Calcio Critics' Award: 2011
 * Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2013
 * ESPN 20th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
 * France Football 21st Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019
 * World Soccer 24th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
 * AIAC Football Leader Career Award: 2016
 * AC Milan Hall of Fame

title: Fabio Capello


text:
User:StWA~enwiki

I'm a former contributor to the GNU Project (as a translator) and I'd like to help Wikipedia by translating some articles (mostly English to Italian and vice versa, I can also translate to and from French).

If there's an article needing a translation, feel free to mail me.

StWA

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:StWA~enwiki


text:
Rhombic triacontahedron

The rhombic triacontahedron, sometimes simply called the triacontahedron as it is the most common thirty-faced polyhedron, is a convex polyhedron with 30 rhombic faces. It has 60 edges and 32 vertices of two types. It is a Catalan solid, and the dual polyhedron of the icosidodecahedron. It is a zonohedron.

The ratio of the long diagonal to the short diagonal of each face is exactly equal to the golden ratio, $φ$, so that the acute angles on each face measure $2 arctan(1⁄φ) = arctan(2)$, or approximately 63.43°. A rhombus so obtained is called a golden rhombus.

Being the dual of an Archimedean solid, the rhombic triacontahedron is face-transitive, meaning the symmetry group of the solid acts transitively on the set of faces. This means that for any two faces, $A$ and $B$, there is a rotation or reflection of the solid that leaves it occupying the same region of space while moving face $A$ to face $B$.

The rhombic triacontahedron is somewhat special in being one of the nine edge-transitive convex polyhedra, the others being the five Platonic solids, the cuboctahedron, the icosidodecahedron, and the rhombic dodecahedron.

The rhombic triacontahedron is also interesting in that its vertices include the arrangement of four Platonic solids. It contains ten tetrahedra, five cubes, an icosahedron and a dodecahedron. The centers of the faces contain five octahedra.

It can be made from a truncated octahedron by dividing the hexagonal faces into three rhombi:

Cartesian coordinates
Let $φ$ be the golden ratio. The 12 points given by $(0, ±1, ±φ)$ and cyclic permutations of these coordinates are the vertices of a regular icosahedron. Its dual regular dodecahedron, whose edges intersect those of the icosahedron at right angles, has as vertices the 8 points $(±1, ±1, ±1)$ together with the 12 points $(0, ±φ, ±1⁄φ)$ and cyclic permutations of these coordinates. All 32 points together are the vertices of a rhombic triacontahedron centered at the origin. The length of its edges is $√3 – φ ≈ 1.176$. Its faces have diagonals with lengths $2$ and $2⁄φ$.

Dimensions
If the edge length of a rhombic triacontahedron is $a$, surface area, volume, the radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the rhombic triacontahedron's faces) and midradius, which touches the middle of each edge are:

 * $$\begin{align}

S &= 12\sqrt{5}\,a^2 &&\approx 26.8328 a^2 \\[6px] V &= 4\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}\,a^3 &&\approx 12.3107 a^3 \\[6px] r_\mathrm{i} &= \frac{\varphi^2}{\sqrt{1 + \varphi^2}}\,a = \sqrt{1 + \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}}\,a &&\approx 1.37638 a \\[6px] r_\mathrm{m} &= \left(1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\right)\,a &&\approx 1.44721 a \end{align}$$

where $φ$ is the golden ratio.

The insphere is tangent to the faces at their face centroids. Short diagonals belong only to the edges of the inscribed regular dodecahedron, while long diagonals are included only in edges of the inscribed icosahedron.

Dissection
The rhombic triacontahedron can be dissected into 20 golden rhombohedra: 10 acute ones and 10 obtuse ones.

Orthogonal projections
The rhombic triacontahedron has four symmetry positions, two centered on vertices, one mid-face, and one mid-edge. Embedded in projection "10" are the "fat" rhombus and "skinny" rhombus which tile together to produce the non-periodic tessellation often referred to as Penrose tiling.

Stellations

The rhombic triacontahedron has 227 fully supported stellations. Another stellation of the Rhombic triacontahedron is the compound of five cubes. The total number of stellations of the rhombic triacontahedron is $358,833,097$.

Related polyhedra
This polyhedron is a part of a sequence of rhombic polyhedra and tilings with $[n, 3]$ Coxeter group symmetry. The cube can be seen as a rhombic hexahedron where the rhombi are also rectangles.

Uses
Danish designer Holger Strøm used the rhombic triacontahedron as a basis for the design of his buildable lamp IQ-light (IQ for "interlocking quadrilaterals").

Woodworker Jane Kostick builds boxes in the shape of a rhombic triacontahedron. The simple construction is based on the less than obvious relationship between the rhombic triacontahedron and the cube.

Roger von Oech's "Ball of Whacks" comes in the shape of a rhombic triacontahedron.

The rhombic triacontahedron is used as the "d30" thirty-sided die, sometimes useful in some roleplaying games or other places.

title: Rhombic triacontahedron


text:
Talk:Half-Life 2

"Gameplay Nausea"
A trait that is unique due to the realness of the HL2 engine is that many people have reported nausea/vertigo when initially playing this game. The movements, screen resolution and physics all have been incited as a cause to many people getting 'sea sick' while playing this game.

http://www.rage3d.com/Board/archive/index.php?t-33805738.html

`` — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.75.5.161 (talk) 05:11, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Dead IGN Link
Hi, sorry, I have no idea how to update the references but the IGN review link is dead. The new link should be this: https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/11/15/half-life-2-review 173.244.4.90 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:37, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. IceWelder  [ ✉ ] 16:19, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:02, 3 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Half-Life 2 and ATI Technologies banner at E3 2003.jpg

"A hacker stole an unfinished version and leaked it online"
User:Popcornfud: I changed this sentence because you can't "steal" digital data, unless you delete it from the place you acquired it, which didn't happen in this instance. Therefore, the sentence is misleading. It was copied from their servers without permission, but it was not "stolen" – i.e. not taken from them (they were not deprived of it). Maybe the sentence can be worded better than I did it, but it still needs to be fixed, as it is currently incorrect. DesertPipeline (talk) 02:27, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It's well understood that if one is talking about a computer hack, "stolen" is clearly meaning to make a copy and extracting that, not the essence of stealing of a physical object. That's why its data theft in that sense. --M asem  (t) 02:32, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: Why should words not be meaningful? Why should we use words that do not accurately describe a certain concept when that is not necessary? How many people would understand that in this specific context, "stolen" does not mean "taken without permission", but instead "copied without permission"? Why can we not describe accurately and neutrally what occurred? DesertPipeline (talk) 03:26, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Because that's the language that reliable sources use, and again, the idea of "theft"/"stealing" of things like data and identity (where only a copy is taken, and not the only version) is well-understood by the average reader. --M asem (t) 03:39, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * What Masem said. Popcornfud (talk) 10:23, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

Isn't it a BLP violation to say that?
What this article is currently doing is accusing that person of a crime he didn't commit. He cracked into Valve's servers; that's a crime, and he did do that, and the article currently says that. He copied Half-Life 2's files from the servers. That's copyright infringement. Also a crime, but legally distinct from theft. It doesn't say that; it says he stole it. Surely that's a BLP violation? That reliable sources use the phrase "theft" is not an excuse, because it is entirely possible to not repeat the claim in this article that he's a thief. It's not original research, because the fact he committed copyright infringement can be backed up with a legal citation which knows what it's talking about. DesertPipeline (talk) 02:25, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

 * It is well established that copying data from servers you do not have authorized access to is theft of intellectual property, period, under US law (eg see ) (this is also what the FBI was investigating him for per files obtained via FOIA, see ) There's no BLP issue here. He further incurred copyright infringement by redistributing that freely on the Internet, which is a separate crime as well. --M asem (t) 06:17, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: He committed copyright infringement by copying the data from the server. He cracked into the server to copy it. That's two crimes. No theft is involved. And if current US law has been warped to better serve the interests of businesses, that doesn't mean we can apply how the law is now to describe an act committed eighteen years ago. DesertPipeline (talk) 06:44, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * It absolutely does mean we use the legal definition of "IP theft" as the basis for what he was charged for. I know you share the same mindset as some in the open-source community that you can't "steal" IP, but that's not how Wikipedia works, where we broadly reflect that most legal, mainstream, and tech sources recognize that when you copy data from a source you shouldn't, you're stealing IP. --M asem (t) 13:03, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: Please don't compare me to people who would use the term "open source"; I believe in ethical behaviour, not mere practicalities. Anyway, please can you quote what you linked before which you say refers to this as "intellectual property theft"? I wasn't aware that those biased terms were so widely-used back then. Also, I'm still fairly certain you can find sources that correctly distinguish between copyright infringement and theft. DesertPipeline (talk) 13:25, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Look at page 17 of, this should be one of the FBI letters where they talk "theft of source code". And yes, there is a massive difference between copyright infringement - which requires redistributing (not simply coping) works you don't hold the copyright to without permission of the copyright owner, from IP theft, accessing any type of IP material from a controlled location. --M asem (t) 13:34, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: I need a quote, please. I don't like visiting unknown websites. Also, what you're describing in your last sentence is called "security breaking". If you access material on a computer system which isn't public without permission, that's a crime. If you have to break security to access that material, that's another crime. It has nothing to do with "intellectual property", because "intellectual property" doesn't exist. If you mean "copyrighted material", then that doesn't apply either, because even if the material was public domain, accessing a non-public computer system without permission to get a copy (or view it) is not allowed. But that's only the case because the computer system is non-public; it has nothing to do with copyright law. DesertPipeline (talk) 02:28, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Its Wired magazine, and if you refuse to visit that, then that's your own issue. I've given you wehre to find where the FBI describe this crime as IP theft. Let's add that we're actually talking *3* separate crimes: unauthorized access to a system (that's your security breaking), intellectual property theft (copying material they weren't supposed to access from the server), and copyright infringement (redistributing that copyrighted information without permission of the owner and clearly beyond the bounds of fair use). --M asem  (t) 03:56, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: I already explained why the second of the third crimes isn't valid. Do you have any response to that? DesertPipeline (talk) 04:28, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Uh, it is 100% a crime in the US. Eg if it were a federal computer system the crimes would fall under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act which criminalizes obtaining information from federal systems without authorization, in addition to accessing systems without authorization. And you are completely wrong; every legitimate reliable source considers intellectual property real. If you cannot accept this view, which is essential not only how we write WP articles, but also how we work in policy towards certain content, then WP is probably not for you. --M asem (t) 04:36, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: What Wikipedia should really be doing is not stating in Wikipedia's voice something that is a common opinion, but still an opinion. It should only say things in Wikipedia's voice when something is an objective fact, such as "Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen". — Preceding unsigned comment added by DesertPipeline (talk • contribs)
 * Intellectual property exists, that's a fact. It can be stolen by copying it off a server, that's a fact. In the US and most other places, doing this without authorization is a crime, that's a fact (see ). You are purposely being blunt here by rejecting a commonly accepted fact about information, and that's the same issues you've tried to raise before elsewhere that were flat out rejected. --M asem  (t) 04:44, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: Not facts; widely-held opinions. The idea that we should even be artificially restricting people from doing things with intangible concepts and ideas is an opinion in the first place. Our entire legal system is opinions about what is right or wrong. Some of those opinions make sense; others not so much, or not at all, like in this case. If you think critically about it, you can determine things like that. Determining what the harm is and what the benefit is. In this case, there is no benefit to the general public when people who want to share ideas and concepts with the world also decide they want to somehow have an artificial monopoly on such intangible things. The law is supposed to benefit the general public. If it fails at that, it needs to be changed. DesertPipeline (talk) 05:03, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, but this view is completely incompatible with how WP operates or accepts as actual reality. This view cannot be accepted here. --M asem (t) 05:15, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: Do you think it would be bad for Wikipedia if we did as I suggest and only wrote in Wikipedia's voice about objective facts? If so, why? DesertPipeline (talk) 05:17, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, we are writing about objective facts. That intellectual property exists, that you can steal it, and there are laws that criminialize that theft. Any other point of view is a fringe view to the reality of the rest of the world, which we do not even give credence to. You may feel strongly personally about this, but the near majority of the world accepts as truth and fact these elements about intellectual property, and we're not going to alter that stance because you think different. --M asem (t) 05:22, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: It is extremely foolish to believe that the most widely-held view is the "correct" one. And all I'm suggesting here is that we don't state these things as if they are fact. I'm not even asking that we state dissenting viewpoints. DesertPipeline (talk) 05:28, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You are coming at this from a completely incompatible position. Everything I've said about intellectual property is consider facts globally by the wealth of coverage from reliable sources (newspapers, academics, governments, etc.) that treats it as facts, and WP is not going to change because you suggest there may be an alternate truth. Yes, I understand there's a fringe view that no one can own ideas, etc. etc. but WP doesn't promote fringe or progressive views, which is exactly you are trying to do here as you have done before. That cannot continue, and you aren't going to change anyone's mind on this. This is becoming problematic and tendentious across the board, vering into the realm of nonsense logic for WP's purposes, and serves no further purpose. Consider this the end of the discussion here. --M asem (t) 05:37, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Masem: I wish you would think about this more. I'm not going to continue the discussion but I just want to clarify what I was trying to say: I think an encylopedia shouldn't evaluate opinions. Stating an opinion in Wikipedia's voice makes it appear that Wikipedia has evaluated it to be true. I don't think that's a necessary action. We can still be a repository of global knowledge without having to tacitly suggest that opinions are true by stating them as if they're fact, and it would make for a better encylopedia, because we can't possibly say we know the truth when it comes to opinions; nor should we try. DesertPipeline (talk) 05:47, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

It's not actually clear if Dr.Breen died or not.
We simply see him falling. Before his death, he is seen talking to an advisor about "a host body" implying that he may have had his consciousness transferred prior to his "physical" death. 105.107.164.234 (talk) 20:01, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Half-Life 2


text:
Fourth power

In arithmetic and algebra, the fourth power of a number n is the result of multiplying four instances of n together. So:

 * n4 = n × n × n × n

Fourth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its cube. Furthermore, they are squares of squares.

Some people refer to n4 as n “tesseracted”, “hypercubed”, “zenzizenzic”, “biquadrate” or “supercubed” instead of “to the power of 4”.

The sequence of fourth powers of integers (also known as biquadrates or tesseractic numbers) is:
 * 0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 14641, 20736, 28561, 38416, 50625, 65536, 83521, 104976, 130321, 160000, 194481, 234256, 279841, 331776, 390625, 456976, 531441, 614656, 707281, 810000, ....

Properties
The last digit of a fourth power in decimal can only be 0 (in fact 0000), 1, 5 (in fact 0625), or 6.

Every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 19 fourth powers; every integer larger than 13792 can be expressed as the sum of at most 16 fourth powers (see Waring's problem).

Fermat knew that a fourth power cannot be the sum of two other fourth powers (the n = 4 case of Fermat's Last Theorem; see Fermat's right triangle theorem). Euler conjectured that a fourth power cannot be written as the sum of three fourth powers, but 200 years later, in 1986, this was disproven by Elkies with:

Elkies showed that there are infinitely many other counterexamples for exponent four, some of which are:

 * $20615673^{4} = 18796760^{4} + 15365639^{4} + 2682440^{4}$ (Allan MacLeod)
 * $2813001^{4} = 2767624^{4} + 1390400^{4} + 673865^{4}$ (D.J. Bernstein)
 * $8707481^{4} = 8332208^{4} + 5507880^{4} + 1705575^{4}$ (D.J. Bernstein)
 * $12197457^{4} = 11289040^{4} + 8282543^{4} + 5870000^{4}$ (D.J. Bernstein)
 * $16003017^{4} = 14173720^{4} + 12552200^{4} + 4479031^{4}$ (D.J. Bernstein)
 * $16430513^{4} = 16281009^{4} + 7028600^{4} + 3642840^{4}$ (Roger Frye, 1988)
 * $422481^{4} = 414560^{4} + 217519^{4} + 95800^{4}$ (Allan MacLeod, 1998)

Equations containing a fourth power
Fourth-degree equations, which contain a fourth degree (but no higher) polynomial are, by the Abel–Ruffini theorem, the highest degree equations having a general solution using radicals.

title: Fourth power


text:
Monarch flycatcher

The monarchs (family Monarchidae) comprise a family of over 100 passerine birds which includes shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.

Monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia, and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.

Taxonomy
Some of the one hundred or more species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. The magpie-lark, for example, was assigned to the same family as the white-winged chough, since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. That family, Grallinidae, is now considered a synonym of Monarchidae. It was formerly considered to have four species. The magpie-lark and the torrent-lark were moved into Monarchidae, into the genus Grallina, on the basis of molecular evidence. The white-winged chough and the apostlebird were assigned to the family Corcoracidae.

With the new insights generated by the DNA-DNA hybridisation studies of Sibley and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor: the same crow-like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos. On that basis they were previously included as a subfamily of the Dicruridae, along with the fantails, although it is now treated at familial rank as Monarchidae.

More recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of Corvida has proven paraphyletic. The narrower 'Core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarchs, drongos, and mud nest builders.

The monarchs are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines, many of which hunt by flycatching.

Taxonomic list
The monarch family has fifteen genera as follows:

FAMILY MONARCHIDAE
 * Subfamily TerpsiphoninaeAsian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)- male W IMG 9283.jpg male at Ananthagiri Hills, in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India.]]
 * Genus Hypothymis (4 species)
 * Genus Trochocercus (2 species)
 * Genus Terpsiphone – typical paradise flycatchers (17 species)
 * Subfamily Monarchinae
 * Genus Chasiempis (3 species)
 * Genus Pomarea (9 species of which 3 extinct)
 * Genus Mayrornis (3 species)
 * Genus Neolalage – buff-bellied monarch
 * Genus Clytorhynchus – shrikebills (5 species)
 * Genus Metabolus – Chuuk monarch
 * Genus Symposiachrus (21 species)
 * Genus Monarcha (9 species)Blackfacedmonarch.jpg]]
 * Genus Carterornis (4 species)
 * Genus Arses (4 species)
 * Genus Grallina – magpie-larks (2 species)
 * Genus Myiagra – broad-billed flycatchers (20 species of which 1 extinct)Broad billed flycatcher1.jpg]]

Description
The monarchs are a diverse family of passerine birds that are generally arboreal (with the exception of the magpie-larks). They are mostly slim birds and possess broad bills. The bills of some species are quite large and the heavy-set bills of the shrikebills are used to probe dead wood and leaves. The plumage of the family ranges from sombre, such as the almost monochrome black monarch, to spectacular, as displayed by the golden monarch. The tails are generally long and spectacularly so in the paradise flycatchers in the genus Terpsiphone. Sexual dimorphism in plumage can be subtle, as in the paperbark flycatcher, where the female is identical to the male except for a slight buff on the throat; strikingly, in the Chuuk monarch, where the male is almost entirely white and the female entirely black; or non-existent, as in the Tahiti monarch. In some species, for example, the Malagasy paradise flycatcher, the males have two or more colour morphs.

Distribution and habitat

The monarchs have a mostly Old World distribution. In the western end of their range, they are distributed through sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and the islands of the tropical Indian Ocean. They also occur in South and Southeastern Asia, north to Japan, down to New Guinea, and most of Australia. The family has managed to reach many Pacific islands, and several endemic genera occur across Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia as far as Hawaii and the Marquesas.

The paradise flycatchers of the genus Terpsiphone have the widest distribution of any of the monarchs, ranging across almost all of sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes and Seychelles, southern and eastern Asia as far as Korea, Afghanistan, the Philippines, and the Lesser Sundas. The other paradise flycatcher genus, Trochocercus, is restricted to Africa. The other exclusively Asian genus is the Hypothymis monarchs. The remaining genera are predominantly found in the Austro-Papuan and Oceania regions. A few monotypic genera are restricted to Pacific islands; these include the Chuuk monarch (Metabolus) in the Micronesian island of Chuuk, the Hawaiian Elepaio (Chasiempis), and the buff-bellied monarch (Neolalage) which is restricted to the islands of Vanuatu. Other Pacific genera are the shrikebills (Clytorhynchus) and the Mayrornis monarchs, both of which are found in Melanesia and west Polynesia, and the Pomarea monarchs, which are exclusively Polynesian in origin.

The majority of the family is found in forests and woodland habitats. Species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but, in denser forest, live in the middle and lower levels. Other habitats used by the monarchs include savannahs and mangroves, and the terrestrial magpie-lark occurs in most Australian habitats except the driest deserts.

While the majority of monarchs are resident, a few species are partially migratory and one, the satin flycatcher, is fully migratory, although the Japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory. The African paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra-African migratory movements.

Breeding
The monarchs are generally monogamous, with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season (as in the African paradise flycatcher) to life (the Elepaio). Only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding, but many species are as yet unstudied. They are generally territorial, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. Nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species. For example, leaden flycatchers' nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird. The nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch species. In all species, the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork, or twig. In some species, the nests can be highly conspicuous.

title: Monarch flycatcher


text:
Pierce v. Society of Sisters

Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 269 U.S. 510 (1925), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court striking down an Oregon statute that required all children to attend public school. The decision significantly expanded coverage of the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to recognize personal civil liberties. The case has been cited as a precedent in more than 100 Supreme Court cases, including Roe v. Wade, and in more than 70 cases in the courts of appeals.

Background
After World War I, some states concerned about the influence of immigrants and foreign values looked to public schools for help. The states drafted laws designed to use schools to promote a common American culture.

On November 7, 1922, under Oregon Governor Walter M. Pierce, the voters of Oregon passed an initiative amending Oregon Law Section 5259: the Compulsory Education Act. The citizens' initiative was primarily aimed at eliminating parochial schools, including Catholic schools.

The Compulsory Education Act, before amendment, had required Oregon children between eight and sixteen years of age to attend public school. There were several exceptions incorporated into this Act:
 * 1) Children who were mentally or physically unable to attend school
 * 2) Children who had graduated from eighth grade
 * 3) Children living more than a specified distance by road from the nearest school
 * 4) Children being home-schooled or tutored (subject to monitoring by the local school district)
 * 5) Children attending a state-recognized private school

The Act was amended by the 1922 initiative, which would have taken effect on September 1, 1926; this eliminated the exception for attendees of private schools. Private schools viewed this as an attack on their right to enroll students and do business in the state of Oregon. The act was promoted by groups such as the Knights of Pythias, the Federation of Patriotic Societies, and the Oregon Good Government League. Among the strongest backers of the Act were the Ku Klux Klan, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic organizations seeking to capitalize on the wave of anti-catholicism sweeping the nation.

Two sorts of opposition to the law emerged. One was from nonsectarian private schools, such as the Hill Military Academy, which were primarily concerned with the loss of their revenue. This loss was felt almost immediately, as parents began withdrawing their children from private schools in the belief that these would soon cease to exist. The other was from religious private schools, such as those run by the Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, which were concerned about the right of parents to send their children to parochial schools. ACLU Associate Director Roger Nash Baldwin, a personal friend of Luke E. Hart, the then–Supreme Advocate and future Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, offered to join forces with the Knights to challenge the law. The Knights of Columbus pledged an immediate $10,000 to fight the law and any additional funds necessary to defeat it.

Facts of the case
The Sisters of the Holy Names and Hill Military Academy separately sued Walter Pierce, the governor of Oregon, along with Isaac H. Van Winkle, the state attorney general, and Stanley Myers, district attorney of Multnomah County (of which Portland is the county seat, and where both the Sisters and the Academy were headquartered). The two cases, heard and decided together, were slanted along slightly different lines. The Sisters' case alleged that "the enactment conflicts with the right of parents to choose schools where their children will receive appropriate mental and religious training, the right of the child to influence the parents' choice of a school, the right of schools and teachers therein to engage in a useful business or profession." (268 U.S. 510, 532).

The Sisters' case rested only secondarily on the assertion that their business would suffer based on the law. That is, its primary allegation was that the State of Oregon was violating specific First Amendment rights (such as the right to freely practice one's religion). Their case alleged only secondarily that the law infringed on Fourteenth Amendment rights regarding protection of property (namely, the school's contracts with the families).

The Hill Military Academy, on the other hand, proposed this as their only allegation:

"Appellee Hill Military Academy .... owns considerable real and personal property, some useful only for school purposes. The business and incident good will are very valuable. In order to conduct its affairs, long time contracts must be made for supplies, equipment, teachers, and pupils. Appellants, law officers of the state and county, have publicly announced that the Act of November 7, 1922, is valid and have declared their intention to enforce it. By reason of the statute and threat of enforcement appellee's business is being destroyed and its property depreciated .... The Academy's bill states the foregoing facts and then alleges that the challenged act contravenes the corporation's rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment."

The schools won their case before a three-judge panel of the Oregon District Court, which granted an injunction against the Act. The defendants appealed their case directly to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court heard the case on 16 and 17 March 1925.

Arguments
The appellants' lawyers, Willis S. Moore for the state and district attorneys, and George E. Chamberlain and Albert H. Putney, for the governor, argued that the state had an overriding interest to oversee and control the providers of education to the children of Oregon. One of them even went so far as to call Oregonian students "the State's children". They contended that the State's interest in overseeing the education of citizens and future voters was so great that it overrode the parents' right to choose a provider of education for their child, and the right of the child to influence the parent in this decision. With respect to the appellees' claims that their loss of business infringed on Fourteenth Amendment rights, the appellants' lawyers countered that since appellees were corporations, not individuals, the Fourteenth Amendment did not directly apply to them. In addition, they asserted, the revenues of a corporation were not property, and thus did not fall under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Finally, they argued that since the law was not scheduled to take effect until September of the following year, the suits were brought prematurely — to protect against a possible coming danger, not to rectify a current problem.

The appellees, represented by Hall S. Lusk, replied that they were not contesting the right of the state to monitor their children's education, only its right to absolute control of their choice of educational system:

"'No question is raised concerning the power of the state reasonably to regulate all schools, to inspect, supervise and examine them, their teachers and pupils; to require that all children of proper age attend some school, that teachers shall be of good moral character and patriotic disposition, that certain studies plainly essential to good citizenship must be taught, and that nothing be taught which is manifestly inimical to the public welfare.' (268 U.S. 510, 534)"

Further, they replied that although the state had a powerful interest in their children's education, the interest was not so strong as to require the state's mandate of an educational choice of this sort. Barring a great emergency, they claimed, the state had no right to require their children to attend, or not to attend, any particular sort of school.

Decision
The Court deliberated for about 10 weeks before issuing their decision on June 1, 1925. The Court unanimously upheld the lower court's decision, and the injunction against the amended Act.

Associate Justice James Clark McReynolds wrote the opinion of the Court. He stated that children were not "the mere creature[s] of the state" (268 U.S. 510, 535), and that, by its very nature, the traditional American understanding of the term liberty prevented the state from forcing students to accept instruction only from public schools. He stated that this responsibility belonged to the child's parents or guardians, and that the ability to make such a choice was a "liberty" protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

With respect to the discussion of whether the schools' contracts with parents constituted property protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, McReynolds agreed that since the schools were corporations, they were not technically entitled to such protections. However, he continued, "they have business and property for which they claim protection. These are threatened with destruction through the unwarranted compulsion which appellants are exercising over present and prospective patrons of their schools. And this court has gone very far to protect against loss threatened by such action." (268 U.S. 510, 535)

McReynolds also agreed that businesses are not generally entitled to protection against loss of business subsequent to "exercise of proper power of the state" (268 U.S. 510, 535). However, citing a number of relevant business and property law cases, he concluded that the enactment of the revised Act was not "proper power" in this sense, and constituted unlawful interference with the freedom of both schools and families.

In response to the claims by the appellants that the suits were premature, attempting to prevent rather than to rectify a problem, Justice McReynolds simply referred them to the evidence provided by the appellees showing that the schools were already suffering falling enrollments.

Legacy
This decision marked the start of the Supreme Court's recognition that due process protected individual liberties; specifically, the Court recognized consciously that the Fourteenth Amendment applies to entities other than individuals, and recognized the scope of liberties or rights which it protected included personal civil liberties. Over the course of the next half century, that list would come to include the right to marry, to have children, or to marital privacy.

Because the statute struck down by Pierce v. Society of Sisters was primarily intended to eliminate parochial schools, Justice Anthony Kennedy has suggested that the case could have been decided on First Amendment grounds. Indeed, as mentioned, that was the primary legal argument advanced by the lawyers representing the Sisters. Seven days later, in the case of Gitlow v. New York, the Supreme Court confirmed that the free Speech Clause of the First Amendment was applicable against the states.

The right of parents to control their children's education without state interference became a "cause célèbre" following the case, and religious groups proactively defended this right from state encroachment. R. Scott Appleby wrote in the American Journal of Education that this led to a "remarkably liberal" education policy wherein religious schools are not subjected to state accreditation but only to "minimal state health and safety" laws.

title: Pierce v. Society of Sisters


text:
User talk:PeterNu

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! - ALargeElk 09:06, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User talk:PeterNu


text:
Talk:Shift key

HOW TO DO IT
DELETE THE ARTICLE ON CAPS LOCK, BECAUSE ONLY REAL MEN HOLD THE SHIFTKEY DOWN.

Strange suggestion
Why would you do the last suggestion, use your right hand for the left shift key and left hand for 'A'. This effectively is crossing your hands! Zoney 09:07, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Darn, got it round the wrong way. Will fix. Dysprosia 09:09, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Two hands or one hand
When shifting, it is proper, according to what I learned a long time ago, to hold down the shift key with one hand while typing a character with the other. However, this article says that some people are taught to use the left shift regardless of what side. Which makes more sense?? 66.32.242.104 02:43, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've successfully learned to use left shift only on purpose, in response to a repetetive stress injury. My right hand has been overworked for years with the mouse, enter, backspace, arrows, numberpad, ... and around half the shifts.  Having switched mouse and shift usage to 90%+ lefthand, I would recommend teaching this as the standard method!  I expect that using two hands for shift commands will be reliably faster, if that is what one seeks. 198.176.219.123 09:25, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Both Shift Keys
I think the bit about both shift keys is not standard. On my keyboard for example, I couldn't type the key Z. My friend couldn't get B but could get others. I am going to modify the text to reflect this anomaly. Epachamo 21:02, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

What decided which keys are pressed with both keys??
I tried this with my computer and got ADEFGHIJKLOPQRSTUWY. What does it depend on?? (Lower row doesn't appear) Georgia guy 01:14, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * See the bottom of the page on the item called MASKING. Some applications also mask. - PGSONIC 20:19, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Oddly enough, on my keyboard, there is a similar effect when I hold down shift an caplocks. I don't get w,s or x. Epachamo 01:43, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

I get ABDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSUW. Shape: QWERtyUIOP ASDFGHJKL zxcvBNm PiotrGrochowski000 (talk) 17:33, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

Shift + Caps Lock
On which computers / operating systems is it true that holding down shift when caps lock is down reverts to lower case? Contrary to the article, I don't think it's all. 91.105.59.164 22:12, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Highlight
Shouln't the article mention that you can highlight by pressing the shift key and the arrow key in which direction you want to highlight. INGLEHOOD! 21:27, 27 July 2007 (UTC) Agreed. That is my second-most common use of the key. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.21.243.41 (talk) 06:42, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

F13 and F14
It said holding down shift+F1 makes you press F13 and shift+F2 makes you type F14. I want to know what it does. Did anyone press it? If so tell me what happens.

Information about shift hold
Is there any information regarding the existence or not of a possibility to use the shift button without the hassle of holding it before typing other keys?

512upload (talk) 20:28, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * see StickyKeys Jndrline (talk) 04:35, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Shift Lock key on Commodore computers
I'm not too sure about the PET but the shift lock key is not scanned on the C-64 and C-128.

The main article could be improved by noting how the apparent need to hold the shift key down while simultaneously holding another key down, is actually an artifact from the olden days when millions of keyboards were built without scannable shift lock keys. There are still a lot of people who find it maddening to brush against a caps lock, more or less inadvertently, and find themselves in a randomly shifted state. This is generally the result of excessive overscanning, where the state of the Shifts Lock key cannot be determined in any practical manner except by watching for it to light up, or be displayed on the monitor. 216.99.198.43 (talk) 20:23, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Caps Lock bug on PC keyboards?
I have heard that many PC keyboards have viruses in them, transmitted through accidental contact with the PC caps lock key. Is there any truth to this? Just typing along, the letters are mysteriously capitalized until you realize the caps lock key got touched. Then you have to toggle it back to its normal state, back up and start typing over again. Where can I get a PC keyboard that treats the caps lock key as a true physical lock, like a typewriter Shift-Lock, and not a software scanned toggle? 216.99.198.43 (talk) 20:23, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

 * How big is the typical keyboard controller inside a detachable keyboard?  In terms of bytes, I mean.   Is there a way of examining the memory in the controller to see if illicit or improper code is in the keyboard, waiting to be downloaded into the main PC?   That would be similar to a virus.   There are a lot of manufacturers who provide "keyboard drivers" with their keyboards.   I'm naturally suspicious of what kind of code is inside the keyboard driver.   Maybe there really are a lot of viruses that work in combination with the caps lock bug mentioned above.   216.99.198.160 (talk) 21:05, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Two shift keys
Something should be say about using one hand or both hands when typing shift + letter. From the comments in this page, there was something but not anymore.

Also, are there platforms where left shift behaves differently than right shift? They are distinguished in some APIs but does the interface distinguish them? Is the combination left shift + right shift used for something? --Error (talk) 11:56, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shift key