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Jebediah

Jebediah are an Australian alternative rock band formed in 1994 in Perth, Western Australia. They were formed by Chris Daymond on lead guitar, Kevin Mitchell (aka Bob Evans) on lead vocals and rhythm guitar, and Vanessa Thornton on bass guitar. They were joined a year later by Kevin's older brother, Brett Mitchell, on drums. After winning the National Campus Band Competition, the group were brought to national attention when their 1996 single "Jerks of Attention" received heavy airplay on Australian alternative radio station Triple J – which was followed by their breakthrough debut album, Slightly Odway (8 September 1997).

The band released four studio albums by 2004: three entered the top ten on the ARIA Albums Chart; their second album, Of Someday Shambles (3 October 2000), is the highest charting at number two. After touring to celebrate their tenth anniversary, the band went on hiatus in 2005. Kevin Mitchell continued solo work under his pseudonym, Bob Evans. Kevin also appeared on a self-titled album in July 2010 by the Basement Birds, a supergroup which he formed with fellow musicians, Kavyen Temperley, Josh Pyke and Steve Parkin. Jebediah reconvened in 2010 and released their fifth studio album, Kosciuszko, in the following year, which charted in the ARIA top ten.

1994–1996: Formation, Twitch EP
Jebediah was formed in Perth in 1994 by Chris Daymond (ex-Hybrid) on lead guitar, Almin Fulurija on drums, Kevin Mitchell on vocals and rhythm guitar, and Vanessa Thornton (ex-Hybrid, lead guitar) on bass guitar, whilst they were still students at Leeming Senior High School. They are named after Jebediah Springfield, the fictional founder of Springfield on the American TV cartoon series, The Simpsons. Daymond and Mitchell had met in a theatre class at Leeming High School in their final year, while Daymond and Thornton knew each other from childhood and had been members of Hybrid.

By early 1995, Kevin's older brother, Brett Mitchell, replaced Fulurija because the latter would not turn up to practice sessions, Brett had been a drummer with various groups including The Jerk Offs. In May that year Jebediah performed their first gig, for a Leeming High School formal, at the Perth Sheraton Hotel, where they played cover versions of material by Green Day, Nirvana, Pearl Jam and The Smashing Pumpkins, and one original.

They won the Western Australian semi-finals of the 1995 Australian National Campus Band Competition and in October they won the national final in Lismore. This led to an opening slot on the Summersault Music Festival before high-profile bands, Beastie Boys, Foo Fighters and Sonic Youth. Brett explained in a 2011 interview: "In the very early days, everything was just a bit of a shock ... to us; it was like, it was either a shock, if it, if it actually happened, or it was, it seemed kind of absurd if someone was, ah, you know, putting an idea forward about how things would go".

In August 1996 Jebediah issued their debut five-track extended play, Twitch, which was produced by Chris Dickie (The Pogues, Morrissey, Header). According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, Twitch contained "quirky tracks like 'Mister Masonic' and 'Tracksuit' and was a strong taster for the band's fuzzy pop".

In April that year they had signed to Murmur, a subsidiary label of Sony Music, on the basis of their live performances. They followed with a national tour alongside Snout, and Automatic. In 2004 Daymon recalled "our very first EP came out through Murmur. Right from the very start we never really self-financed any of our early material ... Thinking about it now, over the years, a lot of being in a band – for us – is touring and playing the shows; that's always done independently anyway". At the West Australian Music Industry Awards of 1996 they won their first WAMi for Best Stage Presence. Twitch debuted at number one on the local Perth singles chart. It appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart in the top 100.

1997–2000: Slightly Odway, Of Someday Shambles, Jebediaries
Jebediah's first single, "Jerks of Attention", was released in December 1996 and appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart top 100 in the following month. It received national airplay on the Triple J radio network. The group's appearances at Homebake and the Big Day Out concerts as well as support slots for Soundgarden, Everclear, The Presidents of the United States of America, Silverchair and You Am I, further raised their public profile. Another single, "Leaving Home", was issued in June and reached the top 50. The group won two WAMi awards in 1997: Most Popular Band and Most Popular Song for "Jerks of Attention".

In September Jebediah issued their first studio album, Slightly Odway, with Neill King (The Smiths, Madness, Elvis Costello) producing. The album's title is "a comment on the slightly odd way they feel they approach life as well as music". It peaked at number seven on the ARIA Albums Chart and remained in the top 50 for 54 weeks. Popular tracks included "Leaving Home" and the third single, "Military Strongmen" (November 1997). Slightly Odway also reached number two on the ARIA alternative charts, and within four months it was certified gold.

Jonathan Lewis of Allmusic felt it showed them "as a talented young band, despite the flimsy songwriting and the lack of light and shade on the album". While Greg Lawrence at WHAMMO.com.au noted that it provides "a mature, complete range – from the early-penned punk mayhem of 'Blame' to the delicacy of the 'Twilight=Dusk', from the dark tones of 'Jerks of Attention' to the bright strains of radio hit 'Leaving Home'. The album does a great job of capturing the amazing live dynamic of the band".

"Leaving Home" was rated number 10 in the Triple J Hottest 100 music poll for 1997. Slightly Odway eventually received a double-platinum certificate (140,000 units shipped), with two more top 50 singles, "Teflon" (March 1998) and "Harpoon" (on the EP of the same name, June), adding to the group's chart success. Murmur label mates, Something for Kate, provided a cover version of "Harpoon" on the EP. Murmur also issued a split-EP with both versions of "Harpoon" backed with Something for Kate's "Clint" and Jebediah's cover version of that track.

Jebediah supported United States alternative rockers, The Smashing Pumpkins, on the Australian leg of their 1998 tour in May. Jebediah released their second album, Of Someday Shambles, in November 1999, with producer Mark Trombino (Knapsack, Blink 182). McFarlane noted that it "was brimming with youthful exuberance and feisty, melodic, guitar-based fuzzy punk-pop perfectly suited to the post-grunge alternative generation". Lawrence felt it was "sporting tonnes more light and shade than their first effort and stretching out in the studio ... honing its craft, growing up in public in the most enviable of ways".

The album peaked at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart – their highest peaking release – and remained in the top 50 for 25 weeks. While its lead single, "Animal" (August 1999), reached number 16 and is their highest charting single to date. The band toured Canada and New Zealand and won further WAMi awards with Best Video for "Harpoon", and Thornton winning Best Bass Player. By December 2000, Of Someday Shambles received a platinum certificate from ARIA.

The group started 2000 by playing its second Big Day Out tour. They continued touring internationally playing the US, Canada and New Zealand. Daymon recalled "There have been times, especially after Someday Shambles, when our popularity in Australia had really surprised us and we were playing to huge crowds at the Big Day Out and we'd had two really successful records. We were a little dismayed as to why we couldn't push it further into the overseas area. Unfortunately it seemed to be the politics of working with a record on a major label that held us back. It's not much of an incentive for a label overseas to make you a priority if a lot of the profit is going back to the company where the band is from". In August, the group issued a six-track split EP with Jimmy Eat World, Jebediah / Jimmy Eat World in the US through independent label, Big Wheel Recreation.

In October 2000 Sony issued a video compilation album, Jebediaries, in VHS format for PAL systems, which contained their music videos and concert footage. It was followed in December by the DVD version which added a bonus track, "Animal" (live). Andrew Siers at MichaelDVD described it as "mainly a collection of the band's greatest hits in video clip form, but in between songs it is also a documentary. These sections of the feature are quite interesting and kept my attention at all times".

2001–2003: Self-titled album, split from Sony, Gleesides & Sparities
The band recorded their third studio album, Jebediah, from June to August 2001, with production by Magoo (Regurgitator, Spiderbait, Midnight Oil). The album was not released until March the following year. Lawrence opined that it "sees a band in their element, brimming with confidence. Led by the tracks 'Fall Down' and 'Nothing Lasts Forever'". Ed Nimmervoll at Howlspace described their aim "for the third album they resolved to try to have fun again, recorded relatively quickly". Whilst it debuted at number eight on the charts, it did not achieve gold status. Its lead single "Fall Down" had reached number 24 in late October 2001.

Music videos were filmed for the three singles released from the album, "Fall Down", "Nothing Lasts Forever" and "NDC". On 25 May 2002 the group were guest programmers on ABC-TV's video program, rage, and played 12 of their music videos including "Fall Down" and "Nothing Lasts Forever".

Glee Sides and Sparities, a compilation of B-sides and rare tracks, the band's final album with Murmur, was released in January 2003 and the band subsequently left Sony in the following month to continue as an independent act. Lawrence summarised "[it] combines the best b-sides and covers and adds the extra incentive of two fresh, unreleased tracks. For hungry Jebediah fans it will complete their collections and with 18 tracks there's plenty of fuzzy rock on offer".

2004–2010: Braxton Hicks, 10th anniversary, Hiatus
In June 2004 Daymond told WHAMMO.com.au "I think [Sony Records] knew that we were looking to do something a little different. As a company they'd just gone through some major infrastructure changes in the last few years and I think by talking to us and realising that we were maybe not as happy as we were on the label when we signed – that the label had changed a lot and the roster was completely different". In an interview for Rolling Stone in May 2011, Thornton told music journalist, Andrew McMillen, that the band's manager at the time "couldn't be fucked fighting the label for anything that we wanted, and he'd made the decision that we were just going to go with whatever the label reckoned. Near the end, it was fucking soul-destroying for me".

In July 2004 Jebediah issued their fourth studio album, Braxton Hicks, which was produced by the band itself and appeared on their own record label, Redline Records, distributed by Shock Records. Redline Records had been set up in July 2000 with their then-manager, Heath Bradby, of Naked Ape Management. The album is named for the intermittent weak contractions which some pregnant women experience. Daymond reflected on the recording process "Because it was self-produced as well, there was no one in the producer's chair to tie the whole thing together. We've had to do that ourselves. We're a very close band but it was even more of a bonding experience in the recording studio, where we had to motivate each other to do our best and I think it's paid off".

Lawrence praised the group's decision to leave their previous label, "[they] seem reborn and the subsequent autonomy and enthusiasm have combined to deliver the bestest Jebs album in memory ... [they] have reached that point where every element is under their control – from production to business – and if Braxton Hicks is the end product of that control, every signed band should rip up their major label contracts immediately". It debuted at number 26 while its lead single, "First Time", made the top 50. During August and September that year they toured Australia to promote the album. In June 2005 Jebediah launched their 10-year anniversary tour and released the five-track Anniversary E.P. to coincide. Their shows consisted mainly of B-sides and rarities which fans had requested on the band's official internet forums.

In late 2005, after completing their 10th-anniversary tour, Jebediah decided to take an indefinite break. While a member of Jebediah, Kevin Mitchell had started a parallel solo career using the pseudonym, Bob Evans, from 1999. His first solo album Suburban Kid was issued in September 2003. During 2006 to 2007, Kevin released and then promoted his second solo album, Suburban Songbook and had relocated to Melbourne in 2008. Brett began drumming for Perth band, The Fuzz. Thornton joined Felicity Groom's backing band, The Black Black Smoke. That group includes Alex Archer (The Kill Devil Hills), Andrew Ryan (Adam Said Galore) and Mat Marsh. In 2009 they won a WAMi Award for Best Indie Pop Act. Aside from Jebediah commitments, Daymond works in a record store in Perth. Following Mitchell's 2007 solo tour, he said that Jebediah would return to start recording their next album. They returned for a festival appearance at the Rollercoaster 07 Music Carnival, held at the Western Foreshore in Mandurah on 29 December, where they appeared alongside Hilltop Hoods, The Black Keys, Shihad, Kisschasy, Birds of Tokyo and Ash Grunwald. In September 2008 the group also played gigs in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The shows were sold out despite little advertising and largely relying on word of mouth.

Kevin released his third studio album, Goodnight, Bull Creek!, in April 2009. The following year, he formed Basement Birds with Kavyen Temperley of Eskimo Joe, Josh Pyke, and Steve Parkin (studio musician for Goodnight, Bull Creek). They released their debut self-titled album in July 2010 and played a headlining tour in addition to festival dates.

2011–present: Reunion, Kosciuszko and Oiks
Jebediah returned to the studio in 2010 to rehearse old material and write more music for their fifth studio album, Kosciuszko, which appeared on 15 April 2011 on the Dew Process label. Due to Kevin's other musical commitments, recording for the album had occurred sporadically since early 2008. Kosciuszko was produced by the group members, who created it without any time constraints. Brett explained in a 2011 interview:

The best thing for us was the freedom we had to make it. We had all the time we wanted on it. With Kevin being in Melbourne we'd take a week here and there and we could work and shape the songs more with that freedom and time ... there were periods where, for example, Kevin was the only one in the studio with the rest of us all working or doing whatever.

According to Brett Mitchell, all four band members were satisfied with the outcome of the recording sessions and it was "a more unanimous feeling than it has been in the past." Kevin also reflected on making the album:

It's a very different record for us and I'm really excited about it. It's the first real "studio" album we have ever made. Every other album has been recorded quite traditionally. We write a bunch of songs, play them live a bunch of times and then go in to studio and bash them out in a few weeks. This time round we had barely played the songs live, we wrote a few of them in the studio and we really used the studio as an instrument.

The album debuted at number six and stayed in the top 50 for five weeks. Richard Kingsmill premiered the lead single, "Lost My Nerve", on his Triple J music show on 17 October 2010. The second single, "She's Like a Comet", was released in January 2011, with an accompanying music video, and became the most added single to radio airplay. "She's Like a Comet" peaked at number four on the ARIA Australian Artists Singles Chart, number 47 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and reached number 29 on the Australian Music Report Top 100 Airplay Chart.

The group toured nationally to promote the album throughout the remainder of 2011, playing at the Splendour in the Grass festival and then visiting regional locations from Broome to Mount Hotham. They also performed at the National Youth Week 2011 launch event in Melbourne and appeared on morning TV program, Sunrise, to perform "She's Like a Comet". Matt Hogan of X-Press magazine attributed the success of the fifth album to Kevin's solo work as Bob Evans, and as a member of the Basement Birds.

On 13 April 2011, the band uploaded a 13-minute documentary film onto YouTube, Welcome to Kosciuszko, which was released in conjunction with Dew Process and filmed by an Australian-based production company, The Grindhouse (directed by Brent Quincy Buchanan and filmed by Harry Joaquin Charnock). It relates the band's history, featuring interviews with all four members.

Released following the band's hiatus, the documentary serves as both a re-introduction of the band to the public arena, but also a reflection upon the past. Thornton described her perspective:

We were so caught up in our own wild ride that we were being swept along doing what we were doing, and, I mean, at the time, we were meeting all these bands that we idolised and, and, were big fans of ... and, um, got to play gigs with them all ... The first tour we went on, then led into the next tour and, before we knew it, we were on the road to pretty much ten years solid.

Kevin explained:

We didn't really have aspirations to make records at that point, when we first started out; it was all about playing live, really. You know, enjoying each other's company, and writing songs, and gettin' stoned, partying and having fun ... Once we started, which was 1996, we didn't really stop until 2005. And, yeah, like I said, we were proud of how much we toured. We were-it was a badge of honour to play as much as possible.

Daymond reflected:

Without, sort of, having to organise it too much, we were all committed to the band to see how far it would go; and I think everyone was really happy with where it ended up taking us ... We were 17 when we started touring, um ... it was really awesome to be involved with a label like Murmur as well—Murmur had a lot of really cool bands on the roster; I mean, just getting invited to see a Silverchair gig, or something like that, was really exciting.

The band's perspective on the Murmur label is further elucidated; Thornton states: "There's no way we would've done what we did if Murmur wasn't our label", while Brett explained: "Because even though they were part of a much bigger company [Sony], um, we were shielded from a lot of that".

On 28 September 2012 Jebediah performed at the Rock Lily venue, part of the Star Casino complex in Sydney with The Sculptures and Conrad Greenleaf as their support acts. On 24 November they played at the Super Saturday horse racing event at the Ascot Raceway, Perth.

In January 2013 on web-based publication, Tone Deaf, Kevin described the songwriting process with his "best mates" as "a real democratic process, it's like trying to pass legislation". Kevin elaborated on the future of the group in March while promoting his fourth solo (Bob Evans) album: "I don't know, I like to think there will be [more to come]. I'd love to make another Jebediah record but at this stage we haven't even got together or started writing or anything yet so it's too far away to really be able to tell".

During January 2014 the band played locations in New South Wales, from Dee Why to Ulladulla. On 23 August 2014, Jebediah was the headline act at the Eaton Hills "FMX Extreme Weekend" in Queensland, Australia.

In March 2015 Jebediah announced that they would be undertaking a 20th Anniversary tour in June that year, performing fan favourites and surprises in the first set, then their 1997 debut album Slightly Odway in its entirety. To coincide with the tour they announced that they would be releasing a new compilation album, Twenty, on 29 May.

In September 2023, Jebediah released "Gum Up the Bearings", their first new single in over a decade. That same month, it was announced that the band would be inducted into the WAM Hall of Fame that November. Following a national tour in support of "Gum Up the Bearings", the band announced their sixth studio album OIKS. It is set for release on 12 April 2024 via Cooking Vinyl Australia. To coincide with the announcement, the band also shared a new single entitled "Rubberman".

Cover versions
In June 1998 Something for Kate recorded a cover version of "Harpoon" which was released on the Harpoon EP alongside Jebediah's version. Jebediah provided a cover version of Something for Kate's track "Clint" on a split EP which also had each bands' versions of "Harpoon". In September 1998 Australian band Ratcat covered "Blame" from Slightly Odway and released it as a B-side.

Jebediah performed a cover version of the Bacharach and David-written track, "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", for Triple J's "Like a Version" radio segment – it was compiled on the various artists' album Like a Version, which was issued in 2005. In the following year Gyroscope covered "Monument" (B-side of "Leaving Home", 1997) which was compiled on Like a Version: Volume Two. Jebediah's version of "Apartment" (1995 single) by Custard appeared on Like a Version: Volume Eight (2012). In 2011 The Grates performed a cover version of "Please Leave" for a "Like a Version" segment.

Redline Records
In July 2000 Jebediah, in partnership with Naked Ape Management (run by their talent manager, Heath Bradby), launched an independent licensing label, Redline Records, which was distributed through the Australian company, Shock Records. Kevin explained:

I think we were all pretty naive about what we, what we were achieving—we were having too much fun to get kind of caught up. We'd just released our second album overseas on an independent label; and, spent time in America as an independent act. And that was around about the time where we started our own label, just to, um, release, maybe, release a few, some bands of friends of ours, in bands.

Before the official dissolution of the label in December 2011, Redline Records had released recordings from Adam Said Galore, Jimmy Eat World, Blueline Medic, Big Heavy Stuff, Gyroscope, and Sekiden. It also released Jebediah's fourth album, Braxton Hicks (July 2004), and their Anniversary E.P. (June 2005).

Other projects
Jebediah members have been involved in various other projects. Kevin has achieved commercial success with his solo project, Bob Evans. His fourth studio album, Familiar Stranger, appeared in March 2013. It was preceded by an EP, The Double Life, in November 2012 and a national tour of Australia. Kevin stated during an "Unplugged and Wired" performance for Google+ on 28 November 2012 that the EP's title applied to both his concurrent work with Jebediah, in addition to his new role as father and husband.

Brett and Thornton have joined an English singer–songwriter, Addison Axe, to form a group, Axe Girl; which is based in Perth. They have performed at local venues, including Hyde Park Hotel. They released their debut EP, Ghost Romance, as a free download in October 2012, which was launched at The Norfolk Basement Hotel, Fremantle.

Ghost Romance was accompanied by a video scrapbook showing excerpts from the recording process, which was uploaded to the band's YouTube page. By 24 October 2012, the band had signed with Perth music management company, Tyranocorp (Cal Peck & The Tramps, Fear of Comedy). In September 2013, they published photos from a video shoot for their track, "Give Me Your Tee Shirt", which was filmed in Perth. The band's self-titled debut album—funded by a crowdfunding campaign—is scheduled for an 8 November 2014 release, followed by a national Australian tour.

Thornton has also played with other Perth-based groups: End of Fashion, and Felicity Groom and the Black, Black Smoke. In a September 2009 interview, Thornton revealed that "Chris mostly keeps to himself and does his crazy paintings". As of 2012, Daymond is a member of a Nirvana cover band, Nirvanarama (not to be confused with an Ipswich, United Kingdom band of that name), alongside members of other groups, Gyroscope and Karnivool. Nirvanarama's debut live performance was in December 2011 at The Hen House, Perth. The group maintains a Facebook fan page and a Twitter account.

Personal lives
Kevin married long-term girlfriend, Kristen, in November 2006 and in December 2008 they relocated from Perth to Seddon, an inner-west suburb of Melbourne. As of March 2013, Kevin and Kristen are the parents of a baby, and reside in Deer Park. Speaking on his personal life prior to the release of Familiar Stranger, Kevin revealed "I have zero social life. I have no hobbies, I have nothing else except making music and being a father". Kevin relocated with his family to coastal Victoria in early 2014.

Daymond married his partner, Belinda, in a Western Australian outdoor location, The Quarry, in December 2012, with Kevin and Thornton in attendance. An Irish dance performance was part of the wedding ceremony.

Members

 * Chris Daymond – guitar, backing vocals, percussion (1994–2005, 2010–present)
 * Brett Mitchell – drums, backing vocals (1995–2005, 2010–present)
 * Kevin Mitchell – lead vocals, guitar (1994–2005, 2010–present)
 * Vanessa Thornton – bass guitar (1994–2005, 2010–present)

 * Former members
 * Almin Fulurija – drums (1994–1995)

Discography

 * Slightly Odway (1997)
 * Of Someday Shambles (1999)
 * Jebediah (2002)
 * Braxton Hicks (2004)
 * Kosciuszko (2011)
 * Oiks (2024)

APRA Awards
Jebediah have received two nominations for Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) Awards.

 * rowspan="3" | 2012 || rowspan="3"| "She's Like a Comet" (Christopher Daymond, Brett Mitchell, Kevin Mitchell (aka Bob Evans), Vanessa Thornton) || Most Played Australian Work || Nominated
 * Rock Work of the Year || Nominated
 * Song of the Year ||
 * Rock Work of the Year || Nominated
 * Song of the Year ||
 * Song of the Year ||

ARIA Awards
Jebediah have received five nominations for Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Awards.

 * 1997 || "Jerks of Attention" || Best New Talent || Nominated
 * 1998 || Slightly Odway || Breakthrough Artist – Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | 2004 || Braxton Hicks || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * Matt Lovell – Braxton Hicks || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * 2011 || Kosciuszko || Best Rock Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | 2004 || Braxton Hicks || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * Matt Lovell – Braxton Hicks || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * 2011 || Kosciuszko || Best Rock Album || Nominated
 * 2011 || Kosciuszko || Best Rock Album || Nominated
 * 2011 || Kosciuszko || Best Rock Album || Nominated

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The Western Australian Music Industry Awards (commonly known as WAMis) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). Jebediah has won eight awards

(wins only)
 * 1996
 * Jebediah
 * Best Stage Presence
 * rowspan="2"| 1997
 * Jebediah
 * Most Popular Band
 * "Jerks of Attention"
 * Most Popular Song
 * rowspan="2"| 1999
 * "Harpoon"
 * Best Local Video Clip
 * Vanessa Thornton (Jebediah)
 * Best Female Bass Player
 * 2002
 * Vanessa Thornton (Jebediah)
 * Best Female Original Bass Player
 * 2005
 * Vanessa Thornton (Jebediah)
 * Best Original Bass Player
 * 2011
 * "She's Like a Comet"
 * Most Popular Single
 * 2023
 * Jebediah
 * Hall of Fame
 * inducted
 * Best Female Original Bass Player
 * 2005
 * Vanessa Thornton (Jebediah)
 * Best Original Bass Player
 * 2011
 * "She's Like a Comet"
 * Most Popular Single
 * 2023
 * Jebediah
 * Hall of Fame
 * inducted
 * 2023
 * Jebediah
 * Hall of Fame
 * inducted
 * Hall of Fame
 * inducted

International Songwriting Competition (ISC)

 * 2011 – Rock – "She's Like a Comet"

title: Jebediah


text:
Talk:Quantum Zeno effect

Untitled
my god! mnemonic 13:31, 2004 May 31 (UTC)

Collapse
I think "This occurs because every measurement causes the wavefunction to "collapse" to a pure eigenstate of the measurement basis." this is not correct. It should be "This occurs because each monitoring of the particle or system causes it to reset to its initial wavefunction" In fact the effect of a measurement in quantum mechanics causes it to collapse. However, if a quantum mechanical system collapses to one of its eigenstates, the system then becomes classical, in other words other possibilities are lost. The quantum zeno effect does not tell us that a decaying, i.e. unstable, will collapse to one of its eigenstates, it tells us that the possibility of finding a particle decayed in an interval of a time scale will decrease with the frequency of monitoring it whether it decayed or not. A continuous observation will make this possibility zero. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.122.120.162 (talk) 17:41, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Definition
I suggest the definition:

In general, the Zeno effect can be defined as Class of phenomena when a transition is suppressed by some interaction which allows the interpretation of the final state in terms of ‘‘a transition has not yet occured’’ or ‘‘a transition already occurred’’. In quantum mechanics, such an interaction is called ‘‘measurement’’ because its result can be interpreted in terms of classical mechanics. Frequent measurement prohibits the transition.

If colleagues agree, let us put it a the main page.dima 11:27, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Sounds like original research
The reason we can't use the Zeno effect as a science-fiction-like stasis field to freeze large objects is because there is no way to couple them so strongly to  the environment. Ordinary molecular forces are clearly insufficient. A much easier way to freeze a large object would be to cool it down to near absolute zero. At absolute zero the system is in its ground state and there is no macroscopic evolution. This is known as the third law of thermodynamics. Note that the Zeno effect allows a system to be frozen into an excited state, not just the ground state, so in some sense it is more versatile."

Can we get some references on this? 129.7.56.177 01:02, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I just went ahead and removed that. Now I'm wondering upon this business:

In reality, collapse of the wavefunction is not a discrete, instantaneous event...

 * Where "in reality" does anyone discourse on the process of wavefunction collapse? 129.7.57.183 00:24, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Anyone looked at this?
http://www.physorg.com/news11087.html

Practical application of the QZE. I've checked around and it doesn't appear to be anything other than what it claims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Father Shandor (talk • contribs) 12:21, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Connection with Turing?
Apparently Alan Turing had something to say about zeno-like paradoxes.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/#8 ''…‘the Turing Paradox’; it is easy to show using standard theory that if a system start in an eigenstate of some observable, and measurements are made of that observable N times a second, then, even if the state is not a stationary one, the probability that the system will be in the same state after, say, 1 second, tends to one as N tends to infinity; i.e. that continual observation will prevent motion. Alan and I tackled one or two theoretical physicists with this, and they rather pooh-poohed it by saying that continual observation is not possible. But there is nothing in the standard books (eg Dirac's) to this effect, so that at least the paradox shows up an inadequacy of Quantum Theory as usually presented.''

Has anyone explored this connection? 129.7.57.101 02:14, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

I believe Turing invented the "Turing paradox" which was what it was referred as in the first reference in the literature. Turing two years before his death spent allot of time working on the problem of whether the mind was computable; the essential question being that of bringing quantum mechanics into a form that can simulated on a Turing machine. I believe this is eventually the problem of developing the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics into a form that does not reference an observer. I believe it was Turing who first noticed that a quantum mechanical system's transition into another state was delayed by repeated measurement by the reduction of the quantum mechanical system's state into an eigenstate upon measurement. Turing Paradox should redirect here. Agalmic (talk) 14:56, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

aplication
We need a short paragraph about application of Zeno effect. with reference Some enhancement of a chemical reaction, or some advanced detector based on the Zeno effect.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Domitori (talk • contribs) 01:43, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Analogy
Does this explain why the rabbit never caught up with the tortoise? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.168.3.4 (talk) 06:15, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No, but it would explain why a watched pot never boils. —Długosz — Preceding unsigned comment added by Długosz (talk • contribs) 18:13, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Petrovsky
The cite Petrosky offers a refutation of this experiment in Physica A 170 (1991) 306-325 is in a style, different from other cites. Could you check it and sullpy the link? dima 14:21, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

zeno.qcl
Someone might want to mention or reference http://www.lysator.liu.se/~jc/zeno.qcl.html in the article. I'm the author, so I don't think i should include it myself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.57.245.11 (talk) 05:57, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

implications on quantum suicide/immortality
woudln't this zeno effect have implications on quantum suicide for those who wanted to prove the existence many-worlds?

I mean, the person performing the experiment would be doing a continuous observation when he/she pulls the trigger, such observation would prevent the particle from decaying, and thus his/her own death, and after a few attempts the person would falsely believe that the many-worlds interpretation is correct.

It should be noted then, that the correct way to perform quantum suicide requires you to not observe continuosly while you pull the trigger, otherwise you'd get misleading results   -- Vladimir — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adun99 (talk • contribs) 20:51, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * HAHAHA! That's funny, you brainwashed un-scientific quantum physics molester! HRMPFH! >:( — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.11.174.131 (talk) 16:37, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Definition
Somebody removed the definition
 * In general, the Zeno effect can be defined as a class of phenomena wherein transition is suppressed by an interaction that produces a state that can be interpreted as indicating either "a transition has not yet occurred" or "a transition already occurred."

from section Definition. Was it an accident? (No crytics of the definition above appeared, and no alternative definition is suggested.) dima (talk) 03:02, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed the name of this section to "Description" as a defintion appears in the first line of the article. In my mind, the present paragraph introducing the section "Description" is a clearer statement than the muddled version above. It also has the merit of being proposed by workers in the field. Brews ohare (talk) 17:51, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Merits are indicated in the preamble. It is good. Now the title of the section corresponds to its content. It is also good. However, the Encyclopedic article should indicate not only merits, and not only describe the term, but also define it. The definition should be as general as possible and as short as possible. I would add section Definition. dima (talk) 01:50, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The statement:
 * the situation in which an unstable particle, if observed continuously, will never decay
 * appears to me to be a definition. Apparently you do not agree. Why not? Brews ohare (talk) 06:03, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The 30 year old definition is too narrow. Since 1977, various colleagues applied the same term to other transitons. One may work with a waweguide, which slowly mixes the modes (for ex., rotates the plane of polarization). One can set a series of polarisers, that "measure" the polarization, preventing the rotation; and claim, that this is manifestation of the Zeno effect. Past century, Bogdan Mielnik claimed that quantum mechanics is uncomplete, because the Zeno effect means, that frequent look for a body in some region should prevent the body from entering that region. His interpretation is wrong, but his reference to the Zeno effect is correct; and it refers to the moving arrow better than the decaying atom does. Now, the "Zeno effect" may refer to ANY transition. The historical case you mention (I recognise the merit of Sudarshan) is the subset of phenomena called as "Zeno effect". (First trains were moved with steam locomotives, but one should not specify "steam machine" in definition of word "train".) dima (talk) 08:04, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It sounds like an historical section is needed. Maybe the intro line could read as is with a caveat that further developments are discussed below? That would need some references that I don't know about. Mine are from the literature already cited. They go up to 2006 so they are current, but maybe not broad enough in scope? Brews ohare (talk) 15:45, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I took a stab at enlarging the definition by quoting another research paper. How're we doing? Brews ohare (talk) 16:03, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The sentence This universal phenomenon has led to the prediction that frequent measurements during this nonexponential period could inhibit decay of the system, the so-called quantum Zeno effect looks like definiiton. Do you think that it covers all cases you would call with such term? dima (talk) 22:30, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Quadradic Time Dependance of Decay Time

 * "However, its probability of collapsing into state B, after a very short amount of time t, is proportional to t², since probabilities are proportional to squared amplitudes, and amplitudes behave linearly,"

from the section "Periodic Measurment of a Quantum System seems to imply that since the wave function is a function of t, the probability is a function of t^2 since hermetian operators are linear... This makes absolutely no sense and should be removed. The reason the probability of transition becomes a function of t^2 (as far as my understanding goes) has to do more with the nature of how that decay time is approximated for very small time scales. Regardless, the statement "However, its probability of collapsing into state B, after a very short amount of time t, is proportional to t², since probabilities are proportional to squared amplitudes, and amplitudes behave linearly." Should be removed. DerwinUMD (talk) 18:58, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It is both, actually. Embedded within the argument is the notion that the Hamiltonian is a linear operator, and for short times the time evolution operator exp(-iHt/hbar) can be expanded in a Taylor series truncated to first order: 1 - iHt/hbar. This can also be thought of as a small phase angle approximation . 69.140.12.180 (talk) 04:11, 25 April 2009 (UTC)Nightvid

Stabilizing Radioactive Elements?
Would it be possible to use the quantum Zeno effect (or the watchdog effect) in some way to prevent nuclei of polonium, astatine, or other radioactive elements from ever decaying at all? This would greatly expand the possible applications of these elements if it could be done (since it would effectively "add new stable elements" to the periodic table)? Stonemason89 (talk) 23:08, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

consciousness
The stuff about consciousness looks rather fringe to me. Can it be toned down? 66.127.52.47 (talk) 05:05, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree - as far as I'm aware, neurons are quite big, in a quantum sense - I've not heard that we expect them to decohere. 131.111.184.8 (talk) 10:02, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Significance to cognitive science
Does one really need a section for this topic. I mean, it could be a separate article, pointing out the argument and counter-argument between the groups considering various hypotheses related to the significance of the quantum zeno paradox in cognitive science. Such a short description tends to confuse more than help create exposure, and in this particular case, is not much relevant to the article either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.212.187.69 (talk) 07:42, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Possible inconsistency in direct and inverse proportionalities
I like the fact that this is in plain language instead of mathematics, but it seems inconsistent to me. It is first stated that stronger coupling to the environment results in faster collapse. It is then stated that continuous coupling to the environment results in completely slow, or no collapse. Can someone who knows QM please fix this or else explain why it is consistent? Exactly when do obervations/measurements delay collapse and when do they speed it? Can the half-life of radium actually be increased and decreased experimentally, as is implied? David Spector (talk) 00:47, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

A few remarks, attempting to help with regard to the above question:
 * 1) Strictly speaking, collapse is used improperly here. Here, it is only about decoherence, which means that the system of interest, in a superposition of distinguishable states, interacting with the environment, unavoidably gets entangled with the environment, which prevents the states in the superposition from being able to interfere later with each other. This decoherence is enough to explain that we never observe superpositions of states at the macroscopic level and that the result of a measure gives a single number, in other words you will never see the arrow of a measuring device pointing in two different directions at the same time. (The release of a single photon into the environment or the interaction with a single photon from the environment is in principle enough to get a complete decoherence of the system of interest, because of entanglement between the system and this photon). Taking this fact into account, most physicists interprete that we don't need anymore to deal with collapse because, for all practical purposes, decoherence is enough to explain that we never observe superpositions of states at the macroscopic level, ...which is also a consequence of a collapse. But decoherence does not generate actual wave function collapse (quote from Quantum decoherence), for the simple reason that mathematically they are (very clearly) two different operations. This is just to explain how it is possible that, according to this interpretational shortcut, the word collapse is used (improperly) when dealing with decoherence. This was not your question but pointing out what we are talking about could help too. The time it takes for the wave function to "collapse" should be read as The time it takes for the system of interest to get entangled with its environment, from which it would then follow without ambiguity that it is related to the decoherence time of the system when coupled to the environment because indeed we are talking about decoherence.
 * 2) We then agree that stronger coupling to the environment results in faster decoherence. This means for instance that if we have more photons all around in the environment it will take less time for one of these (without regard to which one it could be) to interact with the system of interest. Or it means that the bigger the system of interest is, the more quickly it will emit a photon because of thermal radiation from the system itself, even if we took care to cool it as much as we could.
 * 3) And now I don't understand the origin of the issue because the second half of the sentence is not from the original text (in its current state of today, at least): It is then stated that continuous coupling to the environment results in completely slow, or no collapse. Again the word collapse is used instead of the word decoherence. And instead of slow decoherence, I would have said continuous decoherence, in the sense of repeaded. And to repeat it continuously, it has of course to be fast, not slow. I would further comment saying that, without the mathematics, we are further abused by the collapse/decoherence ambiguity, because in this sentence and/or in what the writer was thinking about, other features of these concepts may collide. I mean : collapse (now taken in its proper meaning) does mean a change in the quantum state, while the Quantum Zeno effet means preventing a change in the quantum state. So, to such a point, one may say something while thinking to the opposite making use of improper terms. May be...JPB (talk) 16:18, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

A summary of the situation is provided by Davies
I don't think that the provided quotation by Davies has anything to do with quantum Zeno effect. I think it does not bring anything useful to the discussion and may be deleted. Danko Georgiev (talk) 08:44, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Simple Question
It would improve the article if it could answer a simple question. Imagine a large lump of uranium. If a given atom decays and fissions, then it will affect nearby atoms, both by its emitted particles, and by its change in radius and momentum. So aren't those nearby atoms "observing" it, simply by being there? Shouldn't this continuous observation prevent any lump from ever being radioactive?

An answer would greatly help the reader in understanding this subject. Or, if that answer is currently unknown or debated, then that fact should be mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:100D:B028:6C24:45CB:CD82:838F:D412 (talk) 21:24, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

Interpretational stuff
I have removed this reference "Koshino" from the article and I have just replaced it by a "Citation needed" because the chapter at the end of which the reference was deals only with the interpretations of QM, while in this paper (PDF available online) there is no interpretational stuff. So this reference had nothing to do there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jp.basuyaux (talk • contribs) 20:16, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:37, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

First sentence grammatically incorrect?
Maybe it's just me who's not able to parse it, but I'm pretty sure it's grammatically or syntactically incorrect. At the very least it's way too long. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.193.200.213 (talk) 23:19, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Hoax?
I think several of the articles cited may be hoaxes, but this article is so badly written I can't tell what it's supposed to describe. Turing's quote is about a property of statistics, and has nothing to do with observation frequency. Power~enwiki (talk) 07:22, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Which of the citing articles do you think are hoaxes? I'll take a closer look at them. Porphyro (talk) 13:00, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't believe "Anti-Zeno effect" is even well-defined, it's unclear to me how the overall situation it is described in is different from "nothing quantum happening at all". is the article I think is possibly a hoax. Power~enwiki (talk) 19:22, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look at it in the coming week and at least try to clean up the section if not remove it. Porphyro (talk) 16:53, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

Detecting progress through transitions
These people: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-leaps-long-assumed-to-be-instantaneous-take-time-20190605/ based on a paper here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1287-z ought to have to take the quantum zeno effect into account, but we haven't been shown (without paying) how they do.

222.153.251.42 (talk) 03:51, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

"The stronger the coupling is, and the shorter the decoherence time, the faster it will collapse"
I think it should be "slower", not "faster".--Reciprocist (talk) 09:16, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Quantum Zeno effect


text:
Skógar

Skógar (pronounced ), literally "forests", is a small Icelandic village with a population of roughly 25 located at the south of the Eyjafjallajökull glacier, in the municipality of Rangárþing eystra.

The area is known for its waterfall, Skógafoss, on the Skógá river, which springs from 60 metres at the top of an eroded cliff. At Skógar is a folk museum, Skógasafn, as well as a museum on transport in Iceland.

Not far from Skógar is the Kvernufoss fall. Further upstream on the Skógá river there are a number of other falls. While climbing in the small forest behind the old school, some ruins of old farms can be seen.

This settlement was severely affected by the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010.

title: Skógar


text:
The Blue Bird (play)

The Blue Bird (L'Oiseau bleu) is a 1908 play by Belgian playwright and poet Maurice Maeterlinck. It premiered on 30 September 1908 at Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, and was presented on Broadway in 1910. The play has been adapted for several films and a TV series. The French composer Albert Wolff wrote an opera (first performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1919) based on Maeterlinck's original play, and Maeterlinck's inamorata Georgette Leblanc produced a novelization.

The story is about a girl called Mytyl and her brother Tyltyl seeking happiness, represented by The Blue Bird of Happiness, aided by the good fairy Bérylune.

Maeterlinck also wrote a relatively little known sequel to The Blue Bird titled The Betrothal; or, The Blue Bird Chooses.

Story
In the opening scene, the two children gleefully describe the beautiful decorations and rich desserts that they see in the house of a wealthy family nearby. When Bérylune says that it is wrong for the rich not to share their cakes with Tyltyl and Mytyl, the boy corrects her. It is enough that he gets to watch others’ happiness; their joy does not create envy in him. The theme is emphasized again when the children meet the Luxuries, particularly the biggest one of all, the Luxury of Being Rich. When Tyltyl turns the diamond, the hall is bathed with a dazzling brightness, and the Luxuries run wildly in search of a dark corner where they may hide their ugliness from the ethereal light.

At the end of the play, Tyltyl shows what he has learned about happiness. He looks out the window at the forest and remarks how beautiful it is. The inside of the house looks much lovelier to him than it did before. Also, he creates great happiness for another by giving his pet bird, which seems much bluer than before, to the sick child.

Novelization
The Blue Bird for Children by Georgette Leblanc and Maurice Maeterlinck

Film

 * The Blue Bird (1910 film), a silent film starring Pauline Gilmer and Olive Walter
 * The Blue Bird (1918 film), a silent film directed by Maurice Tourneur
 * The Blue Bird (1940 film), starring Shirley Temple, directed by Walter Lang
 * The Blue Bird (1970 film), a Soviet animated film
 * The Blue Bird (1976 film), a joint Soviet-American production directed by George Cukor
 * Blue Bird, filmed in Togo. Directed by Gust Van Den Berghe and presented at the 2011 Cannes festival.

Fine art

 * L'Oiseau bleu (The Blue Bird ), is a 1912–13 Cubist painting by Jean Metzinger.
 * The Mysterious Garden, 1911, by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh

Television

 * Maeterlinck's Blue Bird: Tyltyl and Mytyl's Adventurous Journey, a 1980 Japanese animated TV series

Radio

 * The Blue Bird was dramatized as a half-hour radio play on the December 24, 1939, broadcast of The Screen Guild Theater, starring Shirley Temple and Nelson Eddy.

Opera

 * L'oiseau bleu, 1919 opera by Albert Wolff, libretto by Maurice Maeterlinck based on his play.

Notable cultural references

The Dutch school types Mytyl schools and Tyltyl schools are named after Mytyl and Tyltyl: they are for children with a physical disability and for children with both a physical and mental disability, respectively. The Scouting Nederland section for children with special needs (Extension Scouting) is named: "Blauwe Vogels" (Blue Birds).

Celebrating the 100th anniversary of "Maurice Maeterlinck's greatest contemporary success The Blue Bird", as it was termed, his play was selected as the main motif of a high-value collectors' coin: the Belgian 50 euro Maurice Maeterlinck commemorative coin, minted in 2008.

title: The Blue Bird (play)


text:
Talk:Correspondence chess

World Champions
Can we please give a unique meaning to the term "World Champion"? There is only one international chess federation, that is ICCF, so I don't see why we have FICGS so called world champions in this page. FICGS is a webserver, FICGS world champions are n. 931, 282 and 60 (Eros Riccio, clearly the stronger FICGS chess player), in the world ranking. None of them was ever able to qualify for a ICCF world championship final (probably Eros Riccio will be able to do so in the future). FICGS history started some years ago thanks to the effort of a webmaster, FICGS championship is probably managed by the webmaster alone. ICCF was founded in 1951 as a new appearance of the ICCA (International Correspondence Chess Association), which was founded in 1945, as successor of the IFSB (Internationaler Fernschachbund), founded in 1928. All ICCF titles, championships and ratings are recognised by FIDE. Mauropetrolo (talk) 13:48, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with removing FICGS. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 17:40, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

I've removed world champions list since I've created "World Correspondence Chess Championship" and I've copied there the same list. I've also redirected "World Correspondence Chess Champion" to the new page. Mauropetrolo (talk) 19:47, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, I didn't know that when I undid your removal. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:38, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

It would be nice to add to "ICCF World Champions" list years when tournament took place, e.g.: 2002-2004.

 * I agree, but unfortauntely don't have such dates to hand. If anybody does, that would be great. The dates we have right now seem to be a mix of start dates and end dates, which isn't very useful. --Camembert 15:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The ICCF now has full tournament tables and dates for each of the championship finals on their website (men, women), so I've updated our article to reflect the info there. --Camembert 15:07, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

annoying meta-discussion right on the page
I got confused, can anyone clean it up? Someone with a grudge against "engines" made it really confusing.

links

 * Angelfire comparison -- these servers are old, minor and irrelevant;
 * FICGS -- one-month old chess server;
 * CorrespondenceChess.com -- nothing here;
 * eChess.org -- not a server and of no particular use;
 * itsyourturn.com -- not a server...;
 * chessontheweb.com -- there are 300 users on this site, and 3/4th of them are clones.

└ VodkaJazz / talk ┐ 07:48, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Some data in this article are quite old. Now correspondence chess is generally daily chess. I have already added list of the most popular chess platforms for correspondence chess (or if somebody prefer daily chess). (2023) PlayChessBetter (talk) 17:59, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Commentary on The Oxford Companion to Chess entry on correspondence chess
Tim Harding wrote an interesting column examining some details in The Oxford Companion to Chess entry on correspondence chess. I'm not very knowledgeable about correspondence chess and don't have time to incorporate anything from his column into this article right now, but I'm recording it here in case someone can make use of it: http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kibitz95.pdf. Quale 04:28, 30 August 2007 (UTC) -

'computer assistance' is a pretty strange section
I came to this article because I recently started playing correspondence chess, and was hoping to find something insightful in the article about the problem of cheating in correspondence chess (by using a chess program).

At first I thought the section on 'computer assistance' might help, but in reality it is pretty outdated (2006 is a long time in computer science), and contains a pretty strong and (I should say) sort of unlikely claim, unless I'm missing the point of the editor that wrote it: that the strongest available chess programs can be beaten by moderately strong club players.

I'm pretty sure that the consensus is that, apart from a very small number of humans (i.e. top level grandmasters), chess engines beat almost every human player in a one-on-one match. Yet it looks like the section in this article claims otherwise.

My proposal for a rewrite: first, I would really like to get rid of this whole outdated 'hydra' information (the engine isn't even developed anymore. rybka is generally considered the strongest engine right now). Second, get rid of the whole discussion about how strong computers play against humans, which I believe to be a tangential point for this article (the question about the relative strength of human vs. PC chess belongs into another article, probably 'computer chess'). Finally, I'd like find some material on how prevalent or problematic cheating is in correspondence chess. Because I believe /that/ would be highly relevant for this article: for example, any survey that explores how many players on correspondence chess servers use a chess engine, or if there are algorithmic ways of discovering if a player uses assistance (I'm not an expert in chess engine design, but I can easily imagine that there should be some statistical analysis that, based on a players moves, can say with some certainty if he/she is using an engine.) Not sure how much I can find on that subject, so if you can link to something relevant I'd be grateful. Thanks for your input.

Minvogt (talk) 13:27, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

According to International Correspondence Chess Federation, using a computer engine while playing correspondence chess is allowed, so that is not cheating. Having some experience in computer science, in online chess and in correspondence chess, I do believe there is no way to find out whether a correspondence chess player is using a chess engine. ...and there is no way to find out whether a female player is getting any help by her GM husband while playing for the female championship (this is not allowed by ICCF).

Mauropetrolo (talk) 16:37, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

 * In 2023 you cannot find IM or GM who is ready to play correspondence chess with engines support. Elite GMs have no chances against basic chess programs on their mobiles. PlayChessBetter (talk) 18:03, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

unclear
The article says "match between correspondence chess grandmaster Arno Nickel and six computer programs on the now defunct Chessfriend server ended +1=3-2." Who won 1 and who won 2? I assume that Nickel won 2, but it isn't clear. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 07:40, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

History Section
One of most interesting things about correspondence chess is its history and development, stretching back centuries and integral with the history of mail delivery itself, in addition to the famous people of the past who played it. I do not know anything about this though, so someone else should write it.

"Forced Move" Rules?
I thought some versions of correspondence chess had a "forced move" rule, in which you could assume that the other player was forced to make a move under certain circumstances, and make the move for them, saving time.

For example, if you capture their knight with your bishop, it is "forced" that they regain the material lost by capturing your bishop, so you can assume that they will use a pawn or whatever seems most reasonable to capture your bishop, and you can send in two moves.

I once resigned a game when someone sent me this "forced move" in the mail. I told him "no moves are forced in chess, except getting out of check". 140.221.3.23 (talk) 20:09, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It is possible to have only one legal move and not be in check. There is a forced move in the sense that it is the only legal move, and the term is also used when any other move would be much worse.  There are "if moves", e.g. 21.NxB if 21... RxN then 22.Qe4" (excuse the mixing of notations).  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 21:08, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

 * In confirm what Bubba73 said, but I will also add that «If moves» appeared early and quite naturally in correspondence chess simply to save money on stamps or telegrams, and of course to save time on obviously forced variations. Often, especially during the opening, a serie of moves could be proposed, and it was up to the opponent to decide if he wanted to diverge at any point in the middle of the proposed variation (he wasn't forced to accept the full variation).
 * Perhaps that's was the intent of your opponent, or simply he could not imagine you playing anything else. In any case, you were never forced to accept any «forced» move or variation even if anything else is obviously wrong.  Of course, if there is only one legal move, the only way to refuse the proposed move is by resigning.  Also, Internet correspondence chess may put on more limitations, but you can't be forced to play any move.
 * I think that you were the victim of a simple misunderstanding. Maybe both players somehow misunderstood the rules, but that is still a kind of misunderstanding.
 * I think that you were the victim of a simple misunderstanding. Maybe both players somehow misunderstood the rules, but that is still a kind of misunderstanding.
 * I think that you were the victim of a simple misunderstanding. Maybe both players somehow misunderstood the rules, but that is still a kind of misunderstanding.

Linkspam
No external links to correspondence chess services should be added -- either inline or in the "External Links" section -- unless the service is a) very prominent and b) focuses mostly/entirely on correspondence chess. For example, linking to Chess.com is inappropriate because it is a general pay-to-play chess service, and not specifically about correspondence chess. Wikipedia is not the proper venue to advertise it. Likewise, some service on which one can play correspondence chess via instant messaging is not appropriate for linking. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.104.178.144 (talk) 08:01, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removing players section
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External links modified
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Phenomenon of correspondence chess played over the internet
This article needs an update for the phenomenon of correspondence chess played over the internet, which I started to do. The fact that chess is played on the internet is not in dispute and has stood correctly stated in the article for at least 10 years. The term "Internet correspondence chess servers" has been in the article since at least 2007, although now abbreviated to "correspondence chess servers." Therefore, please do not make wholesale deletions from the article about internet-based chess (including the nature of the games and types of chess games being played).

Improvements by any editor to the article are welcome. But please discuss here before making large deletions of properly referenced material. You are also welcome to help by editing and supplementing existing material (rather than deleting) and adding reliable references and citations to statements that may appear to be dubious.LithiumFlash (talk) 15:15, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * You need to read & understand WP:UNDUE and WP:BRD and WP:POV and WP:PROMOTION. There is no obligation to okay with you on Talk before removing your gross additions. Your edits are like an invading species from Chess.com. --IHTS (talk) 16:33, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The material I added had proper references and citations. Examples from chess.com are fine because it is by far the most popular chess-playing website. In fact it is 20 times more popular than the next most popular chess-playing website (below). It is also subject to peer-review, and is moderated by experts in the field of chess.
 * http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/chess.com
 * http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/chessgames.com
 * —LithiumFlash (talk) 16:19, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

Types
There also existed  telechess. It's somewhere between online chess and correspondence chess. It was played before the internet. Between 1977 and 1990 there were three olympiads of telechess. 213.149.61.19 (talk) 22:34, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

How computers changed the game
Game of correspondence chess was changed by computers. So today exists so called engine assisted chess, where computer program called chess engine is used while playing. One of the well known and free is Stockfish. Of course, it is important to know and understand the game to be able to efficiently direct engine analysis. Although there are competitions where computer help is forbidden, in practice that is difficult to enforce. 22:34, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

Correspondence chess in the 3rd decade of the 20th century.
I have introduced some updates to the article, especially concerning sections related to chess engines and types of correspondence chess. Currently, correspondence chess is experiencing a renaissance thanks to modern chess platforms. The vast majority of both amateur and professional players exclusively participate in daily chess tournaments. Personally, I don't know anyone who still plays using email or traditional mail. Considering the growing popularity of daily chess on leading platforms, I believe this Wikipedia article is quite significant. I also attempted to create a separate article for daily chess, but it was suggested that I move this information to the correspondence chess article. PlayChessBetter (talk) 18:17, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Correspondence chess


text:
Justice (disambiguation)

Justice is the philosophical concept of the morally correct assignment of goods and evils.

Justice or Justices may also refer to:

Common uses

 * Justice (economics), a subcategory of welfare economics
 * Justice (virtue), one of the four cardinal virtues
 * Criminal justice, the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes
 * Distributive justice, a socially just allocation of goods
 * Global justice, an issue in political philosophy
 * Lady Justice, the Roman personification of justice
 * Retributive justice, a theory of punishment
 * Social justice, a concept of fair relations between the individual and society

Law and politics

 * Justice (Armenia), a progressive electoral coalition in Armenia
 * JUSTICE, a UK human rights and law reform organisation
 * Justice (title), a title of certain classes of judge
 * "Justice", a Harvard University course taught by Michael J. Sandel, published on TV, book and online
 * Justice?, a 1990s campaign against the UK's Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
 * Justice (electronic court filing system), the case management and electronic court filing system for most of the Russian courts

Places

 * Justice, Illinois, a village in Cook County
 * Justice, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Franklin County
 * Justice, Oklahoma, a census-designated place in Rogers County
 * Justice, West Virginia, a census-designated place in Mingo County
 * Justices, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Roane County, also known as Left Hand
 * Deera Square, also known as Justice Square

People

 * Justice (singer) (born 1985), an American pop recording artist
 * Justice, a member of the American Gladiators
 * Justice, a female professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling
 * Justice, one half of the tag-team The American Eagles
 * Justice (given name), includes a list of people with the given name
 * Justice (surname), includes a list of people with the surname

Fictional entities

 * Justice (comics), various entities
 * Justice (Guilty Gear), a character in the fighting video game Guilty Gear
 * Justice, the main antagonist in the anime Afro Samurai
 * Justice, a potential companion in the video game Dragon Age: Origins – Awakening
 * Apollo Justice (character), a character in the Ace Attorney series
 * Justice Strauss, a character in the A Series of Unfortunate Events books
 * Ultraman Justice, a character from the third Ultraman Cosmos movie Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice: The Final Battle
 * Justice, a character from the video game Helltaker

Films

 * Justice (1914 film), a British silent crime film directed by Frank Wilson
 * Justice (1917 film), a British silent crime film directed by Maurice Elvey
 * Justice (1993 film) (German:Justiz), a German film directed by Hans W. Geißendörfer
 * Justice (2002 film), a Japanese short film
 * Justice (2023 film), an American documentary film
 * Seeking Justice, also known as Justice, a 2011 American film starring Nicolas Cage

Literature

 * Justice (play), a 1910 British play by John Galsworthy
 * Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?, the book accompanying Michael Sandel's course

Music

 * Justice (band), a French electronic duo
 * Cross (Justice album), 2007, alternatively known as Justice on digital platforms
 * Justice (Steve Camp album), 1988
 * Justice (Glay album), 2013
 * Justice (Molly Hatchet album), 2010
 * Justice (Rev Theory album), 2011
 * Justice (Justin Bieber album), 2021
 * "Justice" (song), a 1983 single by Paul Haig
 * "Justice", a song by Krokus from Hellraiser
 * "Justice", a song by Robert Forster from Danger in the Past

Periodicals

 * Justice (newspaper), a newspaper of the British Social Democratic Federation
 * Justice Weekly, a defunct Canadian erotic magazine
 * The Justice (newspaper), an independent weekly student newspaper at Brandeis University founded in 1949

Programs

 * Justice (1954 TV series), a 1954–1956 American television series set in New York City
 * Justice (1971 TV series), a 1971–1974 British television series set in Northern England
 * Justice (2006 TV series), a 2006 American television series set in Los Angeles
 * Justice (2011 TV series), a 2011 British television series set in Liverpool
 * Justice (South Korean TV series), a 2019 South Korean television series
 * Justice: Qalb Al Adala, a 2017 Arabic-language television series
 * Justice with Judge Jeanine, a 2011–2022 American legal and current events program

Episodes

 * "Justice" (Death Note episode)
 * "Justice" (Red Dwarf), a 1991 episode of the science fiction sitcom
 * "Justice" (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (TNG: Star Trek: The Next Generation)
 * "Justice", an episode of Smallville

Channels

 * Justice Network, a television network in the United States

Other arts

 * Justice (Titian) or Judith, a c.1508 dry fresco
 * Justice (sculpture), a 1991 statue by Diana K. Moore
 * Justice, a 1999 sculpture by Fred Graham at the Auckland High Court

Other uses

 * Justice (Tarot card), a Major Arcana card in Tarot
 * Justice (store), a children's clothing retailer
 * Justice Sunday, a series of religious conferences
 * ST Justice, an Admiralty tugboat
 * Justice, Inc. (role-playing game), a simulation of adventure stories in 1930s pulp magazines
 * Justice (ethics), the fair selection of research participants

title: Justice (disambiguation)


text:
Teatro Comunale di Bologna

The Teatro Comunale di Bologna is an opera house in Bologna, Italy. Typically, it presents eight operas with six performances during its November to April season.

While there had been various theatres presenting opera in Bologna since the early 17th century, they had either fallen into disuse or burnt down. However, from the early 18th century, the Teatro Marsigli-Rossi had been presenting operatic works by popular composers of the day including Vivaldi, Gluck, and Niccolò Piccinni. The Teatro Malvezzi, built in 1651, burned down in February 1745 and this event prompted the construction of a new public theatre, the Nuovo Teatro Pubblico, as the Teatro Comunale was first called when it opened on 14 May 1763.

Design and inauguration
Despite opposition from other competitors, the architect Antonio Galli Bibiena won the theatre design contract. The theatre's inaugural performance was Gluck's Il trionfo di Clelia, an opera which Gluck had composed for the occasion. A bell-shaped auditorium consisting of four tiers of boxes plus a royal box and small gallery with a ceiling decorated as if open to the sky, was built primarily of masonry as a protection against fire. However, much work remained unfinished, the facade in particular which was not completed until 1936. Also, many of the backstage facilities which would allow for the presentations of operas were unfinished and only completed due to competition from another theatre in 1805.

It was to be the first major opera house to be constructed with public funds and owned by the municipality. Although 35 of its 99 boxes were sold for private use, the terms of ownership were also unique in that they have been described as being limited to "the right to rent in perpetuity" rather than outright ownership and control.

Various renovations were undertaken between 1818 and 1820 and also in 1853/54. After fire destroyed much of the stage area in 1931, the theatre was closed, and it did not re-open until 14 November 1935. By that date, the original bell-shaped auditorium had given way to a horseshoe-shaped one seating 1,034 people.

Associated music history
The 19th century saw the presentation of twenty operas by Gioachino Rossini, while seven of Vincenzo Bellini's ten operas were presented in the 1830s. Works by Giuseppe Verdi and, later in 1871, the Italian premiere of Wagner's Lohengrin, dominated the theatre's repertoire as the century progressed. In fact, Bologna became the location for several other Wagner opera premieres in Italy, notably with the composer present for his Rienzi and the Parsifal premiere on 1 January 1914.

Another major figure associated with the Teatro Comunale from 1894 onwards was Arturo Toscanini, who conducted Verdi's Falstaff in that year and conducted with the company until the Second World War.

Premieres at the house have included Alessandro Solbiati's Il suono giallo, based on Wassily Kandinsky's experimental play The Yellow Sound on 13 June 2015.

The orchestra of the company was established on a stable foundation in 1956. Sergiu Celibidache was the first principal conductor under this new regime, from 1956 to 1973. The most recent principal conductor of the company was Michele Mariotti, from 2008 to 2018, and he also held the title of music director from 2014 to 2018.

In March 2021, Oksana Lyniv made her first guest-conducting appearance with the company, in a streamed quarantine concert without an audience. She returned for an additional guest-conducting appearance in a May 2021 concert with an audience present. In October 2021, the Teatro Comunale di Bologna announced the appointment of Lyniv as its new music director, effective January 2022, with an initial contract of 3 years. Lyniv is the first female conductor to be named music director of the company, and the first female conductor ever to be named music director of an Italian opera company.

Conductors in leadership positions

 * Sergiu Celibidache (1956–1973, principal conductor)
 * Zoltán Peskó (1956–1973, principal conductor)
 * Vladimir Delman (1980–1983, permanent conductor)
 * Riccardo Chailly (1984–1993, principal conductor)
 * Daniele Gatti (1997–2007, principal conductor)
 * Michele Mariotti (2008–2018, principal conductor; 2014–2018, music director)
 * Oksana Lyniv (2022–present, music director)

title: Teatro Comunale di Bologna


text:
Talk:Tim Buckley

Improving the article
I think things could be improved if we could include things from the biographies: Blue Melody (Lee Underwood), Dream Brother: The Lives and Music of Jeff and Tim Buckley (David Browne). I'll look to make a page for the second biography shortly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sillyfolkboy (talk • contribs) 16:58, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

I've made the lead a full-size lead but now it's about half the size of the full biography. I'm looking to expand that soon too, which in turn should negate the need for any references in the lead. Help with the main if you can. Sillyfolkboy (talk) 19:51, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Tim Buckley and Bob Dylan
I know the press associated Tim as one of many "New Dylan"s and "Goodbye and Hello" isn't miles apart from some of Dylan's work but Buckley actually stated he didn't care much for Bob Dylan in this article:

''When asked, "what do you think of Dylan?" Buckley replied, "I generally don't." I then came up with a personal question, "What is your favorite Dylan song?" He thought for a moment, and then looked up at me, and said "Desolation Row." Dylan "likes it," he explained.''

I think this makes it clear. Unless you can find evidence to the contrary it's best not to say Dylan was an inspiration to Buckley. Thanks. Sillyfolkboy (talk) 12:23, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

This is silly. People often react unpleasantly hurt when compared too often to someone else. Think of Buckley jr when the ubiquitous comparison to sr came up within 5 sec. Throw it out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.166.41.102 (talk) 00:32, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Princess Ramona
I removed this:

At the age of 15, Buckley abandoned the banjo and moved on to the guitar, playing with Princess Ramona & The Cherokee Riders, a country and western band. However, the lead singer saw Buckley was uninterested and instead suggested he apply himself to the emerging 1960's folk scene. My reasoning:
 * 1.) It's not in the source listed.
 * 2.) The actual source is discredited by biographer David Browne.

Anybody object? Linguistixuck (talk) 15:40, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

All that jazz
This article seems to imply that Happy Sad was weird and out there and ill-received. I don't want to cut things I'll later regret, so I'll… why would anyone think that? Linguistixuck (talk) 15:51, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The article from Happy Sad to Look at the Fool is very sketchy and uncited, and remains largely unchanged from the version I partially overhauled over a year ago. It still needs quite a bit of rewriting for it to approach anything encyclopaedic. It's rather fan-ish in my opinion. I just wish I hadn't gone so overboard in the early parts: they seem rather long now and might need condensing. What do you think? Any additions are very welcome. Sillyfolkboy (talk) (edits) WIKIPROJECT ATHLETICS NEEDS YOU!  20:09, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * This is awkward... I seem to recall you reverting a wee bit of vandalism on my part... at any rate, this article is frustrating becaus so much work has clearly gone into it that it looks like a patchwork of personal projects. So let's rethink it a  bit.  Do we need the massive biography?  How are we going to divide the periods of his life?  I suggest this:

1. Early life 2. Folk Rock Days 3. Experimentation 4. Sex Funk

Then we should expand the posthumous success section with references. Sound good? If so, I'll set to it immediately. Then we can whittle down the album articles, borrowing text from here.Linguistixuck (talk) 21:53, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * What vandalism was that? I can't remember, you tend to forget specific incidents after revert #862! (Unless it was the one which changed the Buckley infobox picture to a penis?)
 * I think the early life parts, while long, are still generally fine: a similarity can be drawn with the corresponding section in (former featured article) Kurt Cobain.
 * By the section titles I presume that Early life will remain as is, Tim Buckley/Goodbye/Happy Sad/Blue Afternoon will be grouped in a folk rock section, Lorca/Starsailor will be grouped under experimentation, and the last three will form a sex funk heading. Grouping by genre seems a very logical thing to do. Also, I would like to see a move away from crappy titles like "All that Jazz" and the apocryphal "bye bye baby". Sillyfolkboy (talk) (edits) WIKIPROJECT ATHLETICS NEEDS YOU!  00:14, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I'll check out the Kurt Cobain article, and I've already done some work here. Is it okay to use the word "sex" in a section title? Linguistixuck (talk) 17:31, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Free image
I noticed that nobody seemed to make an effort to locate a photographer and ask to upload a photo of Buckley via Creative Commons; instead relying upon a "fair use" image alone. Tsk tsk.. I'm uploading a photo of Tim Buckley, and feel that others should be able to find other photos of him. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 19:24, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

"...he was ready to catch the folk bug going around".
Not very encyclopaedic phrasing, maybe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.44.40.7 (talk) 16:38, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Tim Buckley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081022004931/http://home.casema.nl:80/jim2873/timbuckley/highflyer.html to http://home.casema.nl/jim2873/timbuckley/highflyer.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110105094037/http://www.timbuckley.com:80/biography/ to http://www.timbuckley.com/biography

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:46, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tim Buckley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090425235312/http://home.casema.nl:80/jim2873/timbuckley/dallas.html to http://home.casema.nl/jim2873/timbuckley/dallas.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:22, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

Early life...confused sources and use thereof
The initial parts of the Early Life section are unreliable. Sources are confused; for example, one takes you to an enotes page and another cites Lee Underwood as the biographer but it takes you to a Wayback Machine bio by Richie Unterberger (that's also found on AllMusic). Assertions such as his musical life began in earnest after moving in 1956 or that his grandmother and parents introduced Tim to certain artists are either not supported by sources or a mis-use of the ones cited. "His grandma dug Bessie Smith" is not that same as the article claims that she introduced Tim to Bessie. Aren't there more reliable sources than this? Buckley is a highly significant artist and deserves better than this from Wikipedia as well as those who admire him. Allreet (talk) 03:00, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

“Sex funk”
I can find no credible sources that associate Tim Buckley with anything regarded as “sex funk.“ The only references I can find are instances where people have clearly used the Wikipedia text as their content. Buckley followers would probably argue that it is well-known or understood that a period of Buckley’s life was associated with something called “sex funk,“ but unless that can be properly cited from a legitimate source, it has no place in an encyclopedia. If someone can locate a legitimate source for that labeling of Buckley’s music, then I am happy with it being returned, because I have no dog in this fight other than I am an editor and journalist by trade and I am interested only in bringing Wikipedia articles into proper style. MarydaleEd (talk) 19:09, 3 August 2019 (UTC)
 * There are many sources clearly not based on Wikipedia that classify that period of albums as "sex funk". For instance, here is an article from 1994 that describes it as such. SFB 22:34, 3 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that information. Yes, I saw that website before I wrote the paragraph above. However, I don’t find that to be a credible Wikipedia source. It is simply a website someone started. I have started dozens of them and I’m no expert on anything except writing and editing, and none of my websites are about either of those things. I still find no credible source that refers to this man’s work as “sex funk.”MarydaleEd (talk) 03:12, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Borderline personality disorder
There's No Public Record of him having it so why is he in that category — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.127.202.204 (talk) 18:17, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tim Buckley


text:
Category talk:Science fiction

Sci-fi TV shows?
If sci-fi novels are being subcategorized, might the same not be done for sci-fi tv shows, of which several occur as direct children of this category? -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 13:49, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * There's fewer of them than the books, so it's hard to say. IMHO, if it has both a movie and a tv show it definately belongs on this page.  But the specific show or specific movie would go on those respective pages and/or under the universe subcategory.  Really, it's a judgement call that should change when things start looking cluttered.  Seems OK now, but... --ssd 21:01, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Speculative fiction
I'm trying to work out if speculative fiction deserves a different category. I just placed "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" in the present category, but it's not exactly science fiction. -- Jmabel 15 Sep 2004
 * Are there enough articles where the distinction is clear enough? --[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 23:40, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Speculative fiction would make a fine parent category for Category:Science fiction, I think. I don't know if there are many articles that could fill it, but it would be a fine way to unify Category:Science fiction, Category:Horror, and Category:Fantasy. -Seth Mahoney 02:00, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)

Template:Science fiction
I dont know where to note this but here, but Template:Science fiction may be placed at any sf related article, if i understand the purpose of navbox templates on WP. I think the goal is for every article to be templated, even if the article is not IN the template itself. this provides for an additional means to navigate for every article.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 07:28, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Science fiction


text:
Búðardalur

Búðardalur is a village situated on the Hvammsfjörður in the north-west of Iceland.

The village also lies at the north-eastern end of the Snæfellsnes peninsula and is part of the municipality of Dalabyggð. Búðardalur had about 270 inhabitants in 2014 and is a service center for the area, including the regional tourist information centre. In the traditional system of counties of Iceland that existed until the late 1980s, it was part of Dalasýsla, a name that is still used for the region.

Overview
Búðardalur contains a supermarket and a petrol station, hair salons, a pub/restaurant, a coffee shop, a health-care centre, an off-licence, a garage and a craft shop; the information centre is in the same building as a cafe and a museum on the Vínland expeditions.

The village has a long history, dating from the time of the first settlements in Iceland. The name means "Camp Valley", or more etymologically straightforward "Boothdale"; it is where settlers had temporary camps when coming to the area. In 1899, Búðardalur was officially granted the right of commerce. An old house from this time still exists.

At a short distance from the village is Eiríksstaðir, the homestead of Erik the Red, who was the first European to discover Greenland and whose son Leif Erikson, born at Eiríksstaðir, was the first European to discover America ahead of Columbus.

Climate
Depending on the isotherm used (-3 C or 0 C), Búðardalur has either the rare dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen: Dsc) or the extremely rare cold-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csc) with cold but not severe winters and cool summers.

title: Búðardalur


text:
Trinomial expansion

In mathematics, a trinomial expansion is the expansion of a power of a sum of three terms into monomials. The expansion is given by

 * $$(a+b+c)^n = \sum_{{i,j,k}\atop{i+j+k=n}} {n \choose i,j,k}\, a^i \, b^{\;\! j} \;\! c^k, $$

where $n$ is a nonnegative integer and the sum is taken over all combinations of nonnegative indices $i, j,$ and $k$ such that $i + j + k = n$. The trinomial coefficients are given by

 * $$ {n \choose i,j,k} = \frac{n!}{i!\,j!\,k!} \,.$$

This formula is a special case of the multinomial formula for $m = 3$. The coefficients can be defined with a generalization of Pascal's triangle to three dimensions, called Pascal's pyramid or Pascal's tetrahedron.

Derivation
The trinomial expansion can be calculated by applying the binomial expansion twice, setting $$d = b+c$$, which leads to

\begin{align} (a+b+c)^n &= (a+d)^n = \sum_{r=0}^{n} {n \choose r}\, a^{n-r}\, d^{r} \\ &= \sum_{r=0}^{n} {n \choose r}\, a^{n-r}\, (b+c)^{r} \\ &= \sum_{r=0}^{n} {n \choose r}\, a^{n-r}\, \sum_{s=0}^{r} {r \choose s}\, b^{r-s}\,c^{s}. \end{align} $$

Above, the resulting $$(b+c)^{r}$$ in the second line is evaluated by the second application of the binomial expansion, introducing another summation over the index $$s$$.

The product of the two binomial coefficients is simplified by shortening $$r!$$,

{n \choose r}\,{r \choose s} = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!} \frac{r!}{s!(r-s)!} = \frac{n!}{(n-r)!(r-s)!s!}, $$

and comparing the index combinations here with the ones in the exponents, they can be relabelled to $$i=n-r, ~ j=r-s, ~ k = s$$, which provides the expression given in the first paragraph.

Properties
The number of terms of an expanded trinomial is the triangular number

 * $$ t_{n+1} = \frac{(n+2)(n+1)}{2}, $$

where $n$ is the exponent to which the trinomial is raised.

Example
An example of a trinomial expansion with $$n=2$$ is :

$$(a+b+c)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca$$

title: Trinomial expansion