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Pseudo-Geber

Pseudo-Geber (or "Latin pseudo-Geber") is the presumed author or group of authors responsible for a corpus of pseudepigraphic alchemical writings dating to the late 13th and early 14th centuries. These writings were falsely attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (died c. 806–816, latinized as Geber), an early alchemist of the Islamic Golden Age.

The most important work of the Latin pseudo-Geber corpus is the Summa perfectionis magisterii ("The Height of the Perfection of Mastery"), which was likely written slightly before 1310. Its actual author has been tentatively identified as Paul of Taranto. The work was influential in the domain of alchemy and metallurgy in late medieval Europe. The work contains experimental demonstrations of the corpuscular nature of matter that were still being used by seventeenth-century chemists such as Daniel Sennert, who in turn influenced Robert Boyle. The work is among the first to describe nitric acid, aqua regia, and aqua fortis.

The existence of Jabir ibn Hayyan as a historical figure is itself in question, and most of the numerous Arabic works attributed to him are, themselves, pseudepigrapha dating to c. 850–950. It is common practice among historians of alchemy to refer to the earlier body of Islamic alchemy texts as the Corpus Jabirianum or Jabirian Corpus, and to the later, 13th to 14th century Latin corpus as pseudo-Geber or Latin pseudo-Geber, a term introduced by Marcellin Berthelot. The "pseudo-Geber problem" is the question of a possible relation between the two corpora. This question has long been controversially discussed. It is now mostly thought that at least parts of the Latin pseudo-Geber works are based on earlier Islamic authors such as Abu Bakr al-Razi (c. 865–925).

Corpus
The following set of books is called the "pseudo-Geber Corpus" (or the "Latin Geber Corpus"). The works were first edited in the 16th century, but had been in circulation in manuscript form for roughly 200 years beforehand. The stated author is Geber or Geber Arabs (Geber the Arab), and it is stated in some copies that the translator is Rodogerus Hispalensis (Roger of Hispania). The works attributed to Geber include:
 * Summa perfectionis magisterii ("The Height of the Perfection of Mastery").
 * Liber fornacum ("Book of Furnaces"),
 * De investigatione perfectionis ("On the Investigation of Perfection"), and
 * De inventione veritatis ("On the Discovery of Truth").

Being the clearest expression of alchemical theory and laboratory directions available until then—in a field where mysticism, secrecy, and obscurity were the usual rule—pseudo-Geber's books were widely read and influential among European alchemists.

The Summa Perfectionis in particular was one of the most widely read alchemy books in western Europe in the late medieval period. Its author assumed that all metals are composed of unified sulfur and mercury corpuscles and gave detailed descriptions of metallic properties in those terms. The use of an elixir for transmuting base metals into gold is explained (see philosopher's stone) and a lengthy defense is given defending alchemy against the charge that transmutation of metals was impossible.

The practical directions for laboratory procedures were so clear that it is obvious the author was familiar with many chemical operations. It contains early recipes for producing mineral acids. It was not equaled in chemistry until the 16th century writings of chemist Vannoccio Biringuccio, mineralogist Georgius Agricola and assayer Lazarus Ercker.

The next three books on the list above are shorter and are, to a substantial degree, condensations of the material in the Summa Perfectionis.

Two further works, Testamentum Geberi and Alchemia Geberi, are "absolutely spurious, being of a later date [than the other four]", as Marcellin Berthelot put it, and they are usually not included as part of the pseudo-Geber corpus. Their author is not the same as the others, but it is not certain that the first four have the same author either. De inventione veritatis has the earliest known recipe for the preparation of nitric acid.

Manuscripts:
 * Geber Liber Fornacum translatum [...] per Rodericum Yspanensem, Biblioteca Marciana, Venice, MS. Latin VI.215 [3519].
 * Geberi Arabis Philosophi sollertissimi rerum naturalium pertissimi, liber fornacum ad exterienda [...] pertimentum interprete Rodogero Hisaplensi interprete, Glasgow University Library, Ferguson MS. 232.
 * Eejisdem 'liber fornacum', ad exercendam chemiam pertinentium, interprete Rodogero Hispalensi, British Library, MS Slane 1068

Early editions:
 * 1525: Faustus Sabaeus, Geberis philosophi perspicacissimi Summa perfectionis magisterii in sua natura ex exemplari undecumque emendatissimi nuper edita, Marcellus Silber, Rome.
 * 1528, 1529: Geberi philosophi de Alchimia libri tres, Strasbourg
 * 1531: Johann Grüninger, Geberi philosophi ac alchimistae maximi de alchimia libri tres, Strasbourg.
 * 1541: Peter Schoeffer the Younger, Geberis philosophi perspicacissimi, summa perfectionis magisterii in sua natur ex bibliothecae Vaticanae exemplari (hathitrust.org)
 * 1545: Alchemiae Gebri Arabis libri, Nuremberg
 * 1572: Artis Chemicae Principes, Avicenna atque Geber, Basel
 * 1598: Geberi Arabis de alchimia traditio, Strasbourg.
 * 1668: Georgius Hornius, Gebri Arabis Chemia sive traditio summae perfectionis et investigation magisterii, Leiden
 * 1682: Gebri, regis Arabum, summa perfectionis magisterii, cum libri invastigationis magisterii et testamenti ejusdem Gebri - et Avicennae minearlium additione, Gdansk

Early translations:
 * 1530 Das Buch Geberi von der Verborgenheyt der Alchymia, Strasbourg
 * 1551: Giovanni Bracesco, Esposizione di Geber filosofo, Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari e fratelli, Venice
 * 1678: The Works Of Geber, Latin-to-English translation by Richard Russell. Book delivers most of the Pseudo-Geber corpus in English. It was reprinted in 1686.
 * 1692: William Salmon, The Sum of GEBER ARABS, Collected and Digested: At EEBO in two parts: Part 1 and Part 2
 * 1710: Geberi curieuse vollständige Chymische Schriften, Frankfurt

Authorship
Islamic alchemy was held in high esteem by 13th century European alchemists, and the author adopted the name of an illustrious predecessor, as was usual practice at the time. The authorship of Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) was first questioned in the late 19th century by the studies of Kopp, Hoefer, Berthelot, and Lippmann. The corpus is clearly influenced by medieval Islamic writers (especially by Abu Bakr al-Razi, and to a lesser extent, the eponymous Jabir). The identity of the author remains uncertain. He may have lived in Italy or Spain, or both. Some books in the Geber corpus may have been written by authors that post-date the author of the Summa Perfectionis, as most of the other books in the corpus are largely recapitulations of the Summa Perfectionis. Crosland (1962) refers to Geber as "a Latin author" while still emphasizing the identity of the author being "still in dispute". William R. Newman has argued that the author of the Summa perfectionis may have been Paul of Taranto, a tentative identification which is often accepted as likely.

The estimated date for the first four books is 1310, and they could not date from much before that because no reference to the Summa Perfectionis is found anywhere in the world before or during the 13th century. For example, there is no mention in the 13th century writings of Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon.

The degree of dependence of the corpus from actual Islamic sources is somewhat disputed: Brown (1920) asserted that the pseudo-Geber Corpus contained "new and original facts" not known from Islamic alchemy, specifically mention of nitric acid, aqua regia, oil of vitriol and silver nitrate. Already in the 1920s, Eric John Holmyard criticized the claim of pseudo-Geber being "new and original" compared to medieval Islamic alchemy, arguing for direct derivation from Islamic authors. Holmyard later argued that the then-recent discovery of Jabir's The Book of Seventy diminished the weight of the argument of there being "no Arabic originals" corresponding to pseudo-Geber, By 1957, Holmyard was willing to admit that "the general style of the works is too clear and systematic to find a close parallel in any of the known writings of the Jabirian corpus" and that they seemed to be "the product of an occidental rather than an oriental mind" while still asserting that the author must have been able to read Arabic and most likely worked in Moorish Spain.

With Brown (1920), Karpenko and Norris (2002) still assert that the first documented occurrence of aqua regia is in pseudo-Geber's De inventione veritatis. By contrast, Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan (2005) claimed that Islamic texts dated to before the 13th century, including the works of Jabir and Abu Bakr al-Razi, did in fact contain detailed descriptions of substances such as nitric acid, aqua regia, vitriol, and various nitrates, and Al-Hassan in 2009 argued that the pseudo-Gerber Corpus was a direct translation of a work originally written in Arabic, pointing to a number of Arabic Jabirian manuscripts which already contain much of the theories and practices that Berthelot previously attributed to the Latin corpus.

title: Pseudo-Geber


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Charlevoix Regional County Municipality

Charlevoix is a regional county municipality in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Baie-Saint-Paul.

Subdivisions
There are 7 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Baie-Saint-Paul

 * Municipalities (3)
 * L'Isle-aux-Coudres
 * Les Éboulements
 * Petite-Rivière-Saint-François

 * Parishes (2)
 * Saint-Hilarion
 * Saint-Urbain

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-Pikauba

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charlevoix Regional County Municipality


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Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality

Charlevoix-Est is a regional county municipality in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Clermont.

Subdivisions
There are 9 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Clermont
 * La Malbaie

 * Municipalities (5)
 * Baie-Sainte-Catherine
 * Notre-Dame-des-Monts
 * Saint-Aimé-des-Lacs
 * Saint-Irénée
 * Saint-Siméon

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Mont-Élie
 * Sagard

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


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Richard A. Searfoss

Richard Alan "Rick" Searfoss (June 5, 1956 – September 29, 2018) was an American aviator who was United States Air Force colonel, NASA astronaut and test pilot.

Early life
Searfoss was born on June 5, 1956, in Mount Clemens, Michigan, but had considered Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to be his hometown. Growing up, he became an Eagle Scout.

After graduating from Portsmouth Senior High School, Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1974, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1978, and a Master of Science degree in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology on a National Science Foundation Fellowship in 1979. In the Air Force, he attended Squadron Officer School, Air Command and Staff College, and Air War College.

Air Force service
Searfoss graduated in 1980 from Undergraduate Pilot Training at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona. From 1981 to 1984, he flew the F-111F operationally at RAF Lakenheath, England, followed by a tour at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, where he was an F-111A instructor pilot and weapons officer until 1987. In 1988 he attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School, Patuxent River, Maryland, as a USAF exchange officer. He was a flight instructor at the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, when selected for the astronaut program.

He has logged over 6,000 hours flying time in 77 different types of aircraft and over 939 hours in space. He also holds FAA Airline Transport Pilot, glider, and flight instructor ratings.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in January 1990, Searfoss became an astronaut in July 1991. Initially assigned to the Astronaut Office Mission Support Branch, Searfoss was part of a team responsible for crew ingress/strap-in prior to launch and crew egress after landing. He was subsequently assigned to flight software verification in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL). Additionally, he served as the Astronaut Office representative for both flight crew procedures and Shuttle computer software development. He also served as the Astronaut Office Vehicle System and Operations Branch Chief, leading a team of several astronauts and support engineers working on Space Shuttle and International Space Station systems development, rendezvous and landing/rollout operations, and advanced projects initiatives.

Searfoss served as STS-58 pilot on the seven-person life science research mission aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia, launching from the Kennedy Space Center on October 18, 1993, and landing at Edwards Air Force Base on November 1, 1993. The crew performed neurovestibular, cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and musculoskeletal medical experiments on themselves and 48 rats, expanding our knowledge of human and animal physiology both on earth and in space flight. In addition, the crew performed 16 engineering tests aboard the Orbiter Columbia and 20 Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project experiments. The mission was accomplished in 225 orbits of the Earth.

Searfoss flew his second mission as pilot of STS-76 aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis, which launched at night on March 22, 1996. During this 9-day mission the STS-76 crew performed the third docking of an American spacecraft with the Russian space station Mir. In support of a joint U.S./Russian program, the crew transported to Mir nearly two tons of water, food, supplies, and scientific equipment, as well as U.S. Astronaut Shannon Lucid to begin her six-month stay in space. STS-76 included the first-ever spacewalk on a combined Space Shuttle-Space Station complex. The flight crew also conducted scientific investigations, including European Space Agency sponsored biology experiments, the Kidsat earth observations project, and several engineering flight tests. Completed in 145 orbits, STS-76 landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on March 31, 1996.

Searfoss commanded a seven-person crew on the STS-90 Neurolab mission which launched on April 17, 1998. During the 16-day Spacelab flight the crew served as both experiment subjects and operators for 26 individual life science experiments focusing on the effects of microgravity on the brain and nervous system. STS-90 was the last and most complex of the twenty-five Spacelab missions NASA has flown. Neurolab's scientific results will have broad applicability both in preparing for future long duration human space missions and in clinical applications on Earth. Completed in 256 orbits, STS-90 landed at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on May 3, 1998.

A veteran of three space flights, Searfoss logged over 39 days in space. He retired from the Air Force and left NASA in 1998. He became a commercial transport pilot for Southwest Airlines for a brief period and then returned to the space program by serving as the chief of safety for United Space Alliance at Kennedy Space Center. For the next few years, he continued to work as a contract research test pilot at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. For the year and a half immediately prior to his death, he was a T-38 instructor pilot at Edwards Air Force Base.

Civilian space
After leaving NASA, Searfoss served as a judge for the Ansari X-Prize, where he officially declared SpaceShipOne to have won the competition on October 4, 2004, after completing two flights within a two-week period.

Searfoss was a test pilot instructor at the National Test Pilot School at the Mojave Spaceport.

In 2008, he was a featured guest in a Volkswagen commercial, where he argued with a black Beetle about who has more engineers between Volkswagen and NASA.

From the mid-2000s until the company closed, Searfoss worked with XCOR Aerospace in the development of their rocket-powered aircraft. , he was Chief Test Pilot at XCOR. He flew the flight tests and envelope expansion of the EZ-Rocket. He also served as XCOR's only test pilot for a rocket-powered prototype racing aircraft. He made a total of 52 rocket-powered flights and was the world's only tri-qualified rocket pilot (Space Shuttle, EZ Rocket, Rocket Racer prototype).

Honors and awards

 * Eagle Scout
 * Awarded the Harmon, Fairchild, Price and Tober Awards (top overall, academic, engineering, and aeronautical engineering graduate), United States Air Force Academy Class of 1978.
 * Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory Excellence in Turbine Engine Design award.
 * USAF Squadron Officer's School Commandant's Trophy as top graduate.
 * Distinguished graduate, USAF Fighter Weapons School.
 * Named the Tactical Air Command F-111 Instructor Pilot of the Year, 1985.
 * Selected for Outstanding Young Men of America, 1987.
 * Air Force Commendation Medal
 * Meritorious Service Medal
 * Defense Meritorious Service Medal
 * Defense Superior Service Medal
 * NASA Space Flight Medal (3)
 * NASA Exceptional Service Medal
 * NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
 * Distinguished Flying Cross
 * Orbit Award
 * Asteroid 13157 Searfoss, discovered by the Spacewatch survey in 1995, was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48394).

Organizations

 * Society of Experimental Test Pilots
 * Association of Space Explorers
 * National Eagle Scout Association
 * Air Force Association
 * Academy of Model Aeronautics

Popular culture
In January 2017, Searfoss was a featured guest on the first Star Trek Cruise, where he gave a presentation with actor Robert Picardo about the history and future of space flight. He offered two lectures on both sailings of the Star Trek Cruise II in January 2018.

Searfoss made small appearances in several films, including Green Lantern, Oblivion, and Trek Nation.

title: Richard A. Searfoss


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn

These are the 106 municipalities of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

List

 * Aedermannsdorf
 * Aeschi (SO)
 * Balm bei Günsberg
 * Balsthal
 * Bärschwil
 * Bättwil
 * Beinwil (SO)
 * Bellach
 * Bettlach
 * Biberist
 * Biezwil
 * Bolken
 * Boningen
 * Breitenbach
 * Buchegg
 * Büren (SO)
 * Büsserach
 * Däniken
 * Deitingen
 * Derendingen
 * Dornach
 * Drei Höfe
 * Dulliken
 * Egerkingen
 * Eppenberg-Wöschnau
 * Erlinsbach (SO)
 * Erschwil
 * Etziken
 * Fehren
 * Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus
 * Flumenthal
 * Fulenbach
 * Gempen
 * Gerlafingen
 * Grenchen
 * Gretzenbach
 * Grindel
 * Günsberg
 * Gunzgen
 * Hägendorf
 * Halten
 * Härkingen
 * Hauenstein-Ifenthal
 * Herbetswil
 * Himmelried
 * Hochwald
 * Hofstetten-Flüh
 * Holderbank (SO)
 * Horriwil
 * Hubersdorf
 * Hüniken
 * Kammersrohr
 * Kappel (SO)
 * Kestenholz
 * Kienberg
 * Kleinlützel
 * Kriegstetten
 * Langendorf
 * Laupersdorf
 * Lohn-Ammannsegg
 * Lommiswil
 * Lostorf
 * Lüsslingen-Nennigkofen
 * Luterbach
 * Lüterkofen-Ichertswil
 * Matzendorf
 * Meltingen
 * Messen
 * Metzerlen-Mariastein
 * Mümliswil-Ramiswil
 * Neuendorf
 * Niederbuchsiten
 * Niedergösgen
 * Nuglar-St. Pantaleon
 * Nunningen
 * Oberbuchsiten
 * Oberdorf (SO)
 * Obergerlafingen
 * Obergösgen
 * Oekingen
 * Oensingen
 * Olten
 * Recherswil
 * Rickenbach (SO)
 * Riedholz
 * Rodersdorf
 * Rüttenen
 * Schnottwil
 * Schönenwerd
 * Seewen
 * Selzach
 * Solothurn
 * Starrkirch-Wil
 * Stüsslingen
 * Subingen
 * Trimbach
 * Unterramsern
 * Walterswil (SO)
 * Wangen bei Olten
 * Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen
 * Winznau
 * Wisen (SO)
 * Witterswil
 * Wolfwil
 * Zuchwil
 * Zullwil


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Coaticook Regional County Municipality

Coaticook is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Coaticook.

History
On September 3, 1783, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Paris the American Revolutionary War ended with Great Britain. Quebec's border with the states of Vermont and New Hampshire was established at 45 degrees north latitude.

Subdivisions
There are 12 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Coaticook
 * Waterville

 * Municipalities (9)
 * Barnston-Ouest
 * Compton
 * Dixville
 * East Hereford
 * Martinville
 * Saint-Herménégilde
 * Saint-Malo
 * Saint-Venant-de-Paquette
 * Stanstead-Est

 * Townships (1)
 * Sainte-Edwidge-de-Clifton

Demographics
Mother tongue data from Canada 2016 Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes

title: Coaticook Regional County Municipality


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D'Autray Regional County Municipality

D'Autray is a regional county municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Berthierville.

The municipality has a land area of 1,249.30 km2 and its population was 42,189 inhabitants as of the 2016 Census. Its largest community is the city of Lavaltrie.

Subdivisions
There are 15 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Berthierville
 * Lavaltrie
 * Saint-Gabriel

 * Municipalities (9)
 * La Visitation-de-l'Île-Dupas
 * Lanoraie
 * Mandeville
 * Saint-Cléophas-de-Brandon
 * Saint-Cuthbert
 * Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon
 * Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola
 * Sainte-Élisabeth
 * Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier

 * Parishes (3)
 * Saint-Barthélemy
 * Saint-Didace
 * Saint-Norbert

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: D'Autray Regional County Municipality


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Municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen

The following are the 75 municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen,.

List

 * Altstätten
 * Amden
 * Andwil
 * Au, St. Gallen
 * Bad Ragaz
 * Balgach
 * Benken, St. Gallen
 * Berg, St. Gallen
 * Berneck
 * Buchs, St. Gallen
 * Bütschwil-Ganterschwil
 * Degersheim
 * Diepoldsau
 * Ebnat-Kappel
 * Eggersriet
 * Eichberg
 * Eschenbach, St. Gallen
 * Flawil
 * Flums
 * Gaiserwald
 * Gams
 * Goldach
 * Gommiswald
 * Gossau, St. Gallen
 * Grabs
 * Häggenschwil
 * Jonschwil
 * Kaltbrunn
 * Kirchberg, St. Gallen
 * Lichtensteig
 * Lütisburg
 * Marbach, St. Gallen
 * Mels
 * Mörschwil
 * Mosnang
 * Muolen
 * Neckertal
 * Nesslau
 * Niederbüren
 * Niederhelfenschwil
 * Oberbüren
 * Oberriet
 * Oberuzwil
 * Pfäfers
 * Quarten
 * Rapperswil-Jona
 * Rebstein
 * Rheineck
 * Rorschach
 * Rorschacherberg
 * Rüthi
 * Sargans
 * Schänis
 * Schmerikon
 * Sennwald
 * Sevelen
 * St. Gallen
 * St. Margrethen
 * Steinach
 * Thal
 * Tübach
 * Untereggen
 * Uznach
 * Uzwil
 * Vilters-Wangs
 * Waldkirch
 * Walenstadt
 * Wartau
 * Wattwil
 * Weesen
 * Widnau
 * Wil, St. Gallen
 * Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann
 * Wittenbach
 * Zuzwil, St. Gallen


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Ronald M. Sega

Ronald Michael "Ron" Sega (born December 4, 1952) is an American former astronaut who is professor of systems engineering and Vice President for Energy and the Environment at the Colorado State University Research Foundation, a non-profit advocacy organization supporting CSU. He is also the Vice President and Enterprise Executive for Energy and Environment at Ohio State University. From August 2005 to August 2007, he served as Under Secretary of the Air Force. He is a retired major general in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut. Sega was born in Cleveland, Ohio, he is of Slovene origin. He was married to fellow astronaut Bonnie J. Dunbar. He is now married to Ann Sega and they have two sons. He has lived in both Northfield, Ohio and Colorado Springs.

Education
Sega graduated from Nordonia High School, Macedonia, Ohio, in 1970 after which he received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and physics from the United States Air Force Academy in 1974, a Master of Science degree in physics from Ohio State University in 1975, and a doctorate in electrical engineering from University of Colorado at Boulder in 1982.

Career
Sega completed pilot training in 1976 and served as an Instructor Pilot at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, until 1979. From 1979 to 1982 he was on the faculty of the United States Air Force Academy in the physics department where he designed and constructed a laboratory facility to investigate microwave fields using infrared techniques while pursuing a doctorate in electrical engineering. In 1982 he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs as assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He was promoted to associate professor in 1985, granted tenure in 1988, promoted to professor in 1990, and is currently on an extended leave of absence. From 1987 to 1988 he served as Technical Director, Lasers and Aerospace Mechanics Directorate, of the Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory at the U.S. Air Force Academy. From 1989 to 1990, while on leave from the University of Colorado, he served as Research Associate Professor of Physics at the University of Houston, affiliated with the Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center, and is adjunct professor of physics. Sega is a co-principal investigator and mission director for the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) which has flown on Space Shuttle mission STS-60 in February 1994 and STS-76 in 1996. He has authored or co-authored over 100 technical publications.

As a pilot, Sega has logged over 4,000 hours in the Air Force, Air Force Reserves and NASA.

NASA career
Sega became an astronaut in July 1991 after selection in 1990. His technical assignments included:
 * working Remote Manipulator System (RMS) issues for the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch
 * supporting Orbiter software verification in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
 * Chief of Astronaut Appearances
 * Science Support Group Lead
 * Space Station integration team
 * Astronaut Representative to the Space Station Science and Utilization Advisory Board (primarily an external board for NASA).

From November 1994 to March 1995, Sega was the NASA Director of Operations, Star City, Russia (The Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center) responsible for managing NASA activities at Star City. These activities involved building an organization and infrastructure to support astronaut and cosmonaut mission and science training for flight on the Russian Space Station Mir. He also participated in training on Russian Space Systems and was the first American to train in the Russian EVA suit (Orlan) in their underwater facility (Hydrolaboratory). A veteran of two space flights (STS-60 in 1994 and STS-76 in 1996), Sega logged over 420 hours in space.

Space flight experience
STS-60 was the first joint United States/Russian Space Shuttle mission. Launched on February 3, 1994, STS-60 was the second flight of the Space Habitation Module-2 (Spacehab-2), and the first flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF-1). During the 8-day flight, the crew of Discovery conducted a wide variety of biological, materials science, earth observation, and life science experiments. Sega was the flight engineer for ascent and entry on this mission, performed several experiments on orbit, and operated the robotic arm, berthing the Wake Shield onto its payload bay carrier on four separate occasions. Following 130 orbits of the Earth in 3,439,705 miles, STS-60 landed at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 11, 1994. With the completion of his first space flight, Sega logged 8 days, 7 hours, 9 minutes in space.

STS-76, the third docking mission to the Russian space station Mir, launched at night on March 22, 1996, with a crew of six aboard Atlantis. Following rendezvous and docking with Mir, a NASA astronaut transferred to Mir for a five-month stay to begin a continuous presence of U.S. astronauts aboard Mir for the next two years. Sega was the payload commander for this mission and lead on Biorack, a small multipurpose laboratory located in the Spacehab module carried in the Shuttle payload bay. Biorack was used to technology development, fundamental biology (research into plant and animal cellular function), and environment characterization. He was responsible for planning and on-orbit operations, including extensive transfer of logistics and science, including 4800 pounds of science and mission hardware, food, water and air to Mir, and returning over 1100 pounds of U.S. and ESA science and Russian hardware. Following 144 orbits of the Earth, Atlantis landed with a crew of five at Edwards Air Force Base in California on March 31, 1996. Mission duration was 9 days, 5 hours, 15 minutes.

Post-NASA career
Sega left NASA on July 1, 1996, to become Dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. In 2001, he became acting Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Programs.

Sega served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, from August 2001 through August 2005.

The Defense Research and Engineering was made by Paul Wolfowitz the key compliance officer regarding, among others, the protection of human subjects in DoD supported research.

In the same period, he also served as the Reserve Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS. According to the Senate Armed Services Committee Report of the Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody, The Joint Chiefs were involved in the approval of the controversial interrogation program both the DoD and the CIA engaged.

In January 2004, during Sega's tenure as director, a DoD-wide review of human subjects protection policies was initiated by Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E).

On November 14, 2006, A Navy presentation at a DoD Training Day said the review found the Navy "not in full compliance with Federal policies on human subjects protection." It was pointed out that the Navy had "no single point of accountability for human subject protections."

In 2005 he became Under Secretary of the Air Force, thus serving as Department of Defense Executive Agent and Milestone Decision Authority for Space. Starting in 2007, he worked at the Colorado State University, where Sega has "served as Vice President of Energy and the Environment for the Colorado State University Research Foundation, a private, non-profit advocacy organization for the university, and as the Woodward Professor of Systems Engineering in the College of Engineering". In September 2010, Colorado State University and The Ohio State University collaborated to create a shared position called the Vice President and Enterprise Executive for Energy and the Environment. In this position, Sega "will help the institutions work together to identify and lead potential national initiatives and economic development opportunities and will also look for opportunities for collaboration between the universities."

Awards and honors

 * Distinguished Graduate of the United States Air Force Academy, 1974
 * Top Graduate of the Pilot Instructor Training Course, 1976
 * Officer of the Year in the Department of Physics, U.S. Air Force Academy, 1980
 * Meritorious Service Medal
 * Commendation Medal
 * USAF Reserve Achievement Medal
 * Air Force Research Fellow — Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 1985.
 * Received the Outstanding Faculty Award — Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Colorado, 1985
 * Selected to the Academic Hall of Fame of his high school in Macedonia, Ohio, 1988
 * Reserve Officer of the Year (IMA), Air Force Space Command, 1988
 * Reserve Officer of the Year (IMA), U.S. Air Force, 1988
 * Received an honorary doctorate from Clarkson University, 1993
 * NASA Space Flight Medals, 1994 and 1996
 * NASA Superior Achievement Award - NASA Director of Operations, Russia, 1995
 * NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, 1997
 * IEEE fellow for contributions to material research in space and regional engineering education, in 2002.
 * Colorado Space Hall of Fame, on 7 October 2016
 * Air Force Commander's Award for Public Service, 14 November 2016

Organizations

 * American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) — Associate Fellow (1992)
 * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 * American Physical Society (APS),
 * Institute for the Advancement of Engineering — Fellow (1992)
 * Society for Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
 * Air Force Reserve Officer Association
 * Association of Space Explorers
 * Eta Kappa Nu

title: Ronald M. Sega


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau

The following are the 80 municipalities of the canton of Thurgau, as of 2009.

List

 * Aadorf
 * Affeltrangen
 * Altnau
 * Amlikon-Bissegg
 * Amriswil
 * Arbon
 * Basadingen-Schlattingen
 * Berg (TG)
 * Berlingen
 * Bettwiesen
 * Bichelsee-Balterswil
 * Birwinken
 * Bischofszell
 * Bottighofen
 * Braunau
 * Bürglen (TG)
 * Bussnang
 * Diessenhofen
 * Dozwil
 * Egnach
 * Erlen
 * Ermatingen
 * Eschenz
 * Eschlikon
 * Felben-Wellhausen
 * Fischingen
 * Frauenfeld
 * Gachnang
 * Gottlieben
 * Güttingen
 * Hauptwil-Gottshaus
 * Hefenhofen
 * Herdern
 * Hohentannen
 * Homburg
 * Horn
 * Hüttlingen
 * Hüttwilen
 * Kemmental
 * Kesswil
 * Kradolf-Schönenberg
 * Kreuzlingen
 * Langrickenbach
 * Lengwil
 * Lommis
 * Mammern
 * Märstetten
 * Matzingen
 * Müllheim
 * Münchwilen (TG)
 * Münsterlingen
 * Neunforn
 * Pfyn
 * Raperswilen
 * Rickenbach (TG)
 * Roggwil (TG)
 * Romanshorn
 * Salenstein
 * Salmsach
 * Schlatt (TG)
 * Schönholzerswilen
 * Sirnach
 * Sommeri
 * Steckborn
 * Stettfurt
 * Sulgen
 * Tägerwilen
 * Thundorf
 * Tobel-Tägerschen
 * Uesslingen-Buch
 * Uttwil
 * Wagenhausen
 * Wäldi
 * Wängi
 * Warth-Weiningen
 * Weinfelden
 * Wigoltingen
 * Wilen (TG)
 * Wuppenau
 * Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf

title: Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau


text:
La Haute-Gaspésie Regional County Municipality

La Haute-Gaspésie is a regional county municipality in the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec, Canada, on the Gaspé peninsula. The regional county municipality seat is in Sainte-Anne-des-Monts.

Prior to May 27, 2000, it was known as Denis-Riverin Regional County Municipality.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Cap-Chat
 * Sainte-Anne-des-Monts

 * Municipalities (4)
 * La Martre
 * Rivière-à-Claude
 * Sainte-Madeleine-de-la-Rivière-Madeleine
 * Saint-Maxime-du-Mont-Louis

 * Villages (2)
 * Marsoui
 * Mont-Saint-Pierre

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Coulée-des-Adolphe
 * Mont-Albert

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Wanda at Large

Wanda at Large is an American sitcom starring Wanda Sykes; Sykes also created the series alongside Bruce Helford, Les Firestein, and Lance Crouther. The series aired for two seasons on Fox from March 26 to November 7, 2003.

Synopsis
Sykes starred as Wanda Hawkins, a former government worker who decides to become a stand-up comedian. Through her friend Keith (Dale Godboldo), Wanda is tapped by WHDC-TV head Roger to become a new editorial correspondent for the low-rated political talk show The Beltway Gang. She is immediately seen as unprofessional and inexperienced by the show's moderators, Bradley (Phil Morris) and Rita (Ann Magnuson), whose conservative politics clash with Wanda's liberal views. At home, she must deal with her sister-in-law Jenny (Tammy Lauren), a widow raising Wanda's niece Holly (Jurnee Smollett) and nephew Barris (Robert Bailey Jr.), whom Wanda finds irritating. As the show progresses, Wanda begins to bond with her family and win over her colleagues, with some hinted attraction to Bradley.

Cast

 * Wanda Sykes as Wanda Hawkins
 * Dale Godboldo as Keith Townsend
 * Phil Morris as Bradley Grimes
 * Tammy Lauren as Jenny Hawkins
 * Jurnee Smollett as Holly Hawkins
 * Robert Bailey Jr. as Barris Hawkins

Recurring

 * Jason Kravitz as Roger
 * Ann Magnuson as Rita Bahlberg

Season 2 (2003)
Note: The unaired second-season episodes were aired for the first time on TV One on July 4, 2006, during the 4th of July launch marathon of the series.

Production and cancellation
Fox premiered it on March 26, 2003. Fox renewed the show for a second season. The show returned with new episodes in September 2003, but in the so-called Friday night death slot at 8:00pm. It was canceled on November 7, along with the new Fox comedy series Luis.

During an interview with the Urbanite magazine at Georgia State University, Sykes explained that the show was only supposed to be on Friday night for an interim basis. According to Sykes, "We were told if the new night didn't work out, we would be moved to another timeslot. But, that's part of the game television execs play." She also admitted in a January 2004 interview that she wished that the series would have launched on UPN instead of Fox.

Broadcast and syndication
Reruns began airing regularly on July 5, 2006 on American cable channel TV One. A marathon aired on July 4 as part of the channel's "Power to the People" July 4 weekend celebration.

In 2022, the series is made available for streaming online on Fox Corporation's Tubi.

Ratings
Wanda at Large premiered on Fox on March 26, 2003, following American Idol. It gradually decreased in the ratings, premiering with 14.3 million viewers, and diminishing to 10 million by the season finale. It still averaged 12.2 million for the six-episode season, however, making it the fourth highest-rated show on Fox that year out of 26, and leading Fox to renew the show. In September, the show returned with new episodes in the Friday night death slot at 8:30pm.

title: Wanda at Large


text:
XLink

XML Linking Language, or XLink, is an XML markup language and W3C specification that provides methods for creating internal and external links within XML documents, and associating metadata with those links.

The XLink specification
XLink 1.1 is a W3C recommendation and the successor of XLink 1.0, which was also a W3C recommendation.

Linking with XLink
XLink defines a set of attributes that may be added to elements of other XML namespaces. XLink provides two kinds of hyperlinking for use in XML documents. Simple links connect only two resources, similar to HTML links. Extended links can link an arbitrary number of resources.

Simple links
A simple link creates a unidirectional hyperlink from one element to another via a URI. Example:

Extended links
Extended links allow multiple resources, either remote or local, to be connected by multiple arcs. An arc is information about the origin, destination and behavior of a link between two resources. The origin and destination resources are defined by labels. By using one or more arcs, an extended link can achieve specific sets of connections between multiple resources.

For example, if all resources in an extended link were given the label A, then an arc within that link declaring  would form connections between all resources.

Extended links do not need to be contained in the same document as the elements they link to. This makes it possible to associate metadata or other supplementary information with resources without editing those resources.

XLink also supports richer information about link types and the roles of each resource in an arc.

SVG
Hypertext links in Scalable Vector Graphics can currently be defined as simple XLinks. The working draft of SVG 1.2 proposes using extended XLinks as well. In the SVG 2 specification, XLink was deprecated in favor of non-namespaced equivalent attributes.

RDDL
The Resource Directory Description Language, an extension to XHTML Basic that is used to describe XML Namespaces, uses simple XLinks.

XBRL
The eXtensible Business Reporting Language has used simple and extended XLinks since the XBRL 2.0 specification was published in 2001. Most large XBRL taxonomies contain extensive linkbases. As of 2009, XBRL is probably the most extensive use of XLink in production systems.

METS
The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, supported and maintained by the Library of Congress for describing file aggregations, uses simple XLinks in pointing to file locations as well as linkbases which describe relationships among external files (though these restrict  and   attributes to type IDREF instead of NMTOKEN).

GML
Geography Markup Language uses simple XLinks to implement referencing. In particular, GML uses xlink:href to support a graph model for geospatial information. GML's graph model is essentially the same as RDF, on which early versions of GML were based. The GML specification constrains the semantics of XLinks to be essentially the same as rdf:resource (from the RDF/XML syntax) i.e. the referent can logically be placed in-line and the data is still valid.

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox has supported simple XLinks since version 1.5, but only for SVG and MathML documents. It is unsupported in other XML documents. Only the,  ,   and   attributes are supported.

Prince
Prince supports simple XLinks.

title: XLink


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Uri

There are 19 municipalities in the Canton of Uri in Switzerland.

In general, municipalities (Politische Gemeinden) in Switzerland are grouped in districts (Bezirke), but Uri has no districts.

Mergers of municipalities
The 19 municipalities of the Canton of Uri were mentioned in the cantonal constitution and any merger had to be approved by a cantonal referendum that would change the constitution accordingly. A referendum in 2013 approved with 57%, the removal of the names of the 19 municipalities from the constitution, thus allowing municipalities' mergers without the need of a cantonal referendum. The municipalities of Seedorf and Bauen were the first that voluntarily decided to merge. The merger took place on 1 January 2021, after approval by the population of both municipalities in a referendum in October 2019; the population of both Seedorf and Bauen voted in favor of the merger with 80% and 69% respectively

title: Municipalities of the canton of Uri


text:
Sherwood C. Spring

Sherwood Clark Spring (born September 3, 1944) is a retired United States Army colonel and former NASA astronaut. Spring is married with two children. He is the father of United States Olympian Justin Spring. Sherwood Spring has logged 165 hours in space, 12 of which were spent conducting spacewalks. Spring has also accumulated 3,500 hours in 25 different military and civilian aircraft; over 1,500 of those hours were spent in jet aircraft.

Personal life
Spring was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. Spring met his future wife, Debbie Cooper (an elementary school physical education teacher), while they were both students at the University of Arizona.

Spring's son, Justin, was a member of the 2008 US Olympic Men's Gymnastics team that earned bronze in Beijing, was the men's gymnastics head coach at the University of Illinois for 12 seasons and currently an assistant coach at the University of Alabama.

Education
Graduated from Ponaganset High School (North Scituate, Rhode Island) in 1963; received a Bachelor of Science degree in General Engineering from the United States Military Academy in 1967 and a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Arizona in 1974. Graduated from the United States Naval Test Pilot School in 1976 and the Defense Systems Management College in 1989.

Organizations
Member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Association of the United States Army, Association of Space Explorers (ASE), and a lifetime member of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy.

Special honors
Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross, 2 Bronze Stars, Meritorious Service Medal, 3 Army Commendation Medals, 9 Air Medals, a Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medals, and NASA Space Flight Medal. Recipient in 1986 of two honorary doctorate degrees: a Doctor of Science, and one Doctor of Humane Letters. In 1989, Spring was recipient of a second honorary Doctor of Science degree.

Recipient of the Victor A. Prather Award in 1985 for performance during an EVA.

Experience
After graduation from West Point in 1967, Spring served two tours of duty in Vietnam. The first was from 1968 to 1969 with the 101st Airborne Division. The second tour, 1970–1971, came immediately after flight school, where he served as a helicopter pilot with the 1st Cavalry Division. Upon return, he received fixed wing training en route to a master's degree program with the University of Arizona in 1974. After a short tour at Edwards Air Force Base, California as a flight test engineer, he attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland. He then returned to the army's Flight Test Facility at Edwards AFB to complete four years as an experimental test pilot.

He has military and civilian experience in 25 types of airplanes and helicopters and has logged more than 3,500 hours flying time—including over 1,500 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA career
Spring was selected as an astronaut in May 1980. His technical assignments have included software verification at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory and Flight Simulation Laboratory; vehicle and satellite integration at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, for STS-5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; Astronaut Office EVA (Extra-vehicular activity) expert; and Space Station construction, EVA maintenance, and design. Spring served as a mission specialist on STS-61-B which flew November 26, 1985, through December 3, 1985. During that mission, he was responsible for launching three communications satellites and performed two EVAs. During the EVAs, which totaled more than 12 hours, Spring investigated Space Station construction techniques, large structure manipulation while on the end of the remote arm, and a time and motion study for comparison between Earth training and space performance, with the EASE/ACCESS experiment. With the completion of STS-61-B, he has logged a total of 165 hours in space. After the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, Spring participated in the Kennedy Space Center Tiger Team for accident investigation, then led the Astronaut Office EVA (Extra Vehicle Activity) program until 1988.

Post-NASA career
Following his retirement from NASA in August 1988, Spring spent the next five years directing the Army Space Program Office in Washington, D.C. He retired from the army in July 1994, and worked as a contractor on Defense and Intelligence programs in the Washington, D.C. area. He is currently a professor at the Defense Acquisition University (DAU) and lives in San Diego, California.

title: Sherwood C. Spring


text:
ABBA (album)

ABBA  is the eponymous third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits "SOS", "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" and "Mamma Mia".

Overview
Following the Eurovision success of "Waterloo", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" topped the charts in Australia, as did "Mamma Mia" shortly after. "SOS" and "Mamma Mia" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on "Tropical Loveland" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with "Intermezzo No. 1" (early working title: "Mama").

ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of "Man in the Middle" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of "The ABBA Remasters" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with updated cover artwork incorporating their ambigram, first used for their next album Arrival, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a "Deluxe Edition". On the original UK cassette release of the album, "Bang-A-Boomerang" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two.

Track listing
Source:

Notes
 * undefined signifies arranged by

Non-album tracks
Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became "Rock Me". "Baby" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section.
 * "Baby"

"Crazy World" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the "Money, Money, Money" single in November 1976. "Crazy World" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. "Here Comes Ruby Jamie" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set "Thank You for the Music" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. Recording began on 6 May 1975 at Glen Studio. It remains ABBA's only studio recorded release of material not written by themselves, and was originally released on the 1975 German charity album "Stars Im Zeichen Eines Guten Sterns". In 1978, it featured (with a slight audio tweak, for many years mistakenly referred to as a 'remix') as the B-side of the "Summer Night City" single. The song was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, then the 1978 version appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. "Rikky Rock 'N' Roller" was recorded on 15 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. Later released by Jerry Williams on the album Kick Down in 1976.
 * "Crazy World"
 * "Here Comes Ruby Jamie"
 * "Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special"
 * "Rikky Rock 'N' Roller"

Personnel
ABBA
 * Agnetha Fältskog – lead vocals (4, 10), co-lead vocals (1, 2, 6, 7, 11), harmony and backing vocals
 * Anni-Frid Lyngstad – lead vocals (3), co-lead vocals (1, 2, 6, 7, 11), harmony and backing vocals
 * Björn Ulvaeus – guitars, lead vocals (5, 8), harmony and backing vocals
 * Benny Andersson – harmony and backing vocals, piano, marimba, accordion, organ, clavinet, synthesizers

Additional musicians
 * Roger Palm – drums, tambourine, timpani
 * Ola Brunkert – drums on "SOS", "Man in the Middle" and "So Long"
 * Rutger Gunnarsson – bass
 * Mike Watson – bass on "Mamma Mia", "Tropical Loveland", "SOS", "Man in the Middle", "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" and "So Long"
 * Janne Schaffer – guitar on Mamma Mia, "Hey, Hey Helen", "SOS", "Man in the Middle", "Bang-A-Boomerang", "I've Been Waiting for You", and "So Long"
 * Finn Sjöberg – guitar on "Mamma Mia", "Rock Me", "Intermezzo No. 1" and "I've Been Waiting For You"
 * Lasse Wellander – guitar on "Tropical Loveland", "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do", "Rock Me" and "Intermezzo No. 1"
 * Ulf Andersson – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
 * Bruno Glenmark – trumpet
 * Björn J:son Lindh; Sven-Olof Walldoff – string arrangements
 * Björn J:son Lindh – horn arrangements

Production
 * Benny Andersson; Björn Ulvaeus – producers, arrangers
 * Michael B. Tretow – engineer
 * Ola Lager – photography
 * Sten-Åke Magnusson – original album design
 * Jon Astley; Tim Young; Michael B. Tretow – remastering for the 1997 Remasters
 * Jon Astley; Michael B. Tretow – remastering for the 2001 Remasters
 * Henrik Jonsson – Remastered for The Complete Studio Recordings box set

title: ABBA (album)


text:
Talk:Homestar Runner (character)

Michael?
What's the name Michael from? metaeducation

Its from the new Halloween toon that was posted a few days ago. Marzipan says it near the beginning. --LiberalPA

I think it's also one of the developers middle names. But I'm not sure... --Gamesfreak22

It's the first name of the animator, Mike Chapman. 74.119.26.14 23:47, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Homestar Runner Wiki
This article on homestar runner was essentially a very bizarre subset of what is featured on the Homestar Wiki about the character. I've described a strategy for managing the edits in the discussion of a new template, so if you want to discuss the idea, start by looking there. metaeducation

Homestar's Accent
Can someone describe the character's accent? Is that some dialect exaggerated? Or is that just stupid gibberish? --Menchi 15:40, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's pretty much gibberish. Homestar Runner has a slight lisp, however, there are other factors to his speech impediment that are hard to describe. All I can say for certainty is that he is really fun to imitate.
 * SpikeIke 00:58, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Don't you mean "he's WEALLY fun to imitate."

 * Basically, he has trouble pronouncing the letter "R" (though in some words, such as "Marzipan", he manages to pronounce it). For example, he pronounces "Homestar Runner" as something like "Homestaw Wunnow". It seems to be something of a childlike lisp. He also seems to have trouble pronouncing other words (for example, "appetizers" comes out as "appe-teasers"), though that could be because he's not very bright and he just pronounces unfamiliar words phonetically.

 * In his 'older' voice, he had hard times saying "z" and "r". But with the new voices it's easier to understand him. Some words he says without his speech impediment, such as "internet", but it's hard to find those words.

Uhhh...
Why does the Ted Baxter link take you to Mary Tyler Moore page?? Hoekenheef 12:20, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Because Ted Baxter doesn't have an article, and because he's a character on the show? -- The KoG | (talk) 15:34, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Makes sense, I guess. Hoekenheef 03:16, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Jooky?
Where did Jooky come from?--Princess Homestar

Yes. He was addressed as "Homestar Micheal Runner" but never had I heard "Jooky" as part of his name. --TotalSpaceshipGuy3 16:31, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

It's just a bit of vandalism from AOL IP 205.188.117.11 on 29 November 2005. It's too bad it wasn't reverted sooner. —BazookaJoe 04:05, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

'Kipedia
Should we mention Homestar's reference to Wikipedia from the toon, "No Hands On Deck!"?--Martin925 03:13, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

IMO no....avoid self-reference. Kariià Deranged Ramblings 20:38, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Scientology is NOT something that doesn't suck.

4 branches section
This section seems quite overkill for an article on Wikipedia. It's based entirely on something Strong Bad made up in one email and that has little to do with who Homestar is (which is really the only thing we need to include in his bio here). I propose we eliminate this section from this article. Heimstern Läufer 02:18, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

About Homestar........
By Default, I don't think the contents on The Show, The office and Highschool homestar are even important to his article (though his first appearance, I'm not sure to either remove or shorten it), anyway I'm asking if I can remove those sections from his article, just to avoid being called a vandal. --Bad-Gy 14:21, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Forgot to sign it....

homestar's teeth
is the picture of homestar with teeth really necessary?? it seems kind of random to me. Tyler9090 19:37, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homestar Runner (character)


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Valais

There are 122 municipalities in the canton of Valais, Switzerland.

List

 * Agarn
 * Albinen
 * Anniviers
 * Arbaz
 * Ardon
 * Ausserberg
 * Ayent
 * Baltschieder
 * Bellwald
 * Bettmeralp
 * Binn
 * Bister
 * Bitsch
 * Blatten
 * Bourg-Saint-Pierre
 * Bovernier
 * Brig-Glis
 * Bürchen
 * Chalais
 * Chamoson
 * Champéry
 * Chippis
 * Collombey-Muraz
 * Collonges
 * Conthey
 * Crans-Montana
 * Dorénaz
 * Eggerberg
 * Eischoll
 * Eisten
 * Embd
 * Ergisch
 * Ernen
 * Evionnaz
 * Evolène
 * Ferden
 * Fiesch
 * Fieschertal
 * Finhaut
 * Fully
 * Gampel-Bratsch
 * Goms
 * Grächen
 * Grengiols
 * Grimisuat
 * Grône
 * Guttet-Feschel
 * Hérémence
 * Icogne
 * Inden
 * Isérables
 * Kippel
 * Lalden
 * Lax
 * Lens
 * Leuk
 * Leukerbad
 * Leytron
 * Liddes
 * Martigny
 * Martigny-Combe
 * Massongex
 * Mont-Noble
 * Monthey
 * Mörel-Filet
 * Naters
 * Nendaz
 * Niedergesteln
 * Oberems
 * Obergoms
 * Orsières
 * Port-Valais
 * Randa
 * Raron
 * Riddes
 * Ried-Brig
 * Riederalp
 * Saas-Almagell
 * Saas-Balen
 * Saas-Fee
 * Saas-Grund
 * Saillon
 * Saint-Gingolph
 * Saint-Léonard
 * Saint-Martin (VS)
 * Saint-Maurice
 * Salgesch
 * Salvan
 * Savièse
 * Saxon
 * Sembrancher
 * Sierre
 * Simplon
 * Sion
 * St. Niklaus
 * Stalden (VS)
 * Staldenried
 * Steg-Hohtenn
 * Täsch
 * Termen
 * Törbel
 * Trient
 * Troistorrents
 * Turtmann-Unterems
 * Unterbäch
 * Val de Bagnes
 * Val-d'Illiez
 * Varen
 * Vernayaz
 * Vérossaz
 * Vétroz
 * Vex
 * Veysonnaz
 * Vionnaz
 * Visp
 * Visperterminen
 * Vouvry
 * Wiler (Lötschen)
 * Zeneggen
 * Zermatt
 * Zwischbergen

title: Municipalities of the canton of Valais


text:
Desjardins Regional County Municipality

Desjardins was a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. It and Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière Regional County Municipality were formed from the division of Lévis County in the 1980s. Desjardins ceased to exist when most of it, along with most of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière RCM, amalgamated into the expanded city of Lévis on January 1, 2002.

Subdivisions
Desjardins RCM consisted of:
 * Lévis (in its pre-amalgamation borders)
 * Pintendre
 * Saint-Henri
 * Saint-Joseph-de-Lévy

Dissolution
When Desjardins RCM was dissolved, nearly all of its components amalgamated into the newly expanded Lévis:

 * Lévis, Pintendre, Saint-Joseph-de-Lévy amalgamated into the newly expanded Lévis and comprised the Desjardins borough of that city.
 * Saint-Henri remained independent and joined Bellechasse Regional County Municipality.

title: Desjardins Regional County Municipality


text:
Robert Springer

Robert Springer may refer to:

 * Robert C. Springer (born 1942), American astronaut and test pilot
 * Robert D. Springer (born 1933), United States Air Force general

title: Robert Springer


text:
Robert C. Springer

Robert Clyde Springer (born May 21, 1942 ) is a retired American astronaut and test pilot who flew as a mission specialist on two NASA Space Shuttle missions in 1989 and 1990. A decorated aviator in the United States Marine Corps, Springer also flew more than 500 combat sorties during the Vietnam War. He has logged over 237 hours in space and 4,500 hours flying time, including 3,500 hours in jet aircraft.

Pre-spaceflight experience
Springer was born May 21, 1942, in St. Louis, Missouri. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second-highest rank, Life Scout. He graduated from Ashland High School in Ashland, Ohio in 1960. He received a commission in the U.S. Marine Corps following his 1964 graduation from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland with a Bachelor of Science degree in Naval Science. Springer attended The Basic School at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia before reporting to the Naval Air Training Command for flight training at Pensacola, Florida and Beeville, Texas.

Upon receiving his aviator wings in August 1966, he was assigned to VMFA-513 at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina. There Springer flew F-4 Phantom II fighters. He was subsequently assigned to VMFA-115 at Chu Lai in South Vietnam, where he completed 300 F-4 combat missions. In June 1968, Springer served as an advisor to the South Korean Marine Corps units in Vietnam and flew 250 combat missions in O-1 Bird Dogs and UH-1 Iroquois "Huey" helicopters.

Springer returned to the United States to attend the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, receiving a Master of Science degree in Operations Research and Systems Analysis in 1971. In March 1971 he was assigned to the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing at MCAS El Toro, California, where he became Wing operations analysis officer.

He flew UH-1Es in 1972 while with HML-267 at Camp Pendleton, California and then went to Okinawa in Japan to fly UH-1Es with HML-367, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. Springer flew F-4 Phantom II fighters as an aircraft maintenance officer with VMFA-451 in Beaufort, South Carolina and also attended what was then called Navy Fighter Weapons School ("TOPGUN").

A 1975 graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, he served as Head of the Ordnance Systems branch and as a test pilot for more than 20 different types of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. In this capacity, he performed the first flights in the AH-1T helicopter. He graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia in 1978, and was assigned to Headquarters Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, where he assumed responsibility for joint operational planning for Marine Forces in NATO and the Middle East. He was serving as aide-de-camp for the Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, when advised of his selection by NASA in May 1980.

NASA experience
Springer became an astronaut in August 1981. His technical assignments included support crew for STS-3, concept development studies for the Space Operations Center, and the coordination of various aspects of the final development of the Remote Manipulator System ("Canadarm") for operational use. He worked at Mission Control in the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center as the CAPCOM for seven flights between 1984 and 1985.

Springer was responsible for Astronaut Office coordination of Design Requirements Reviews and Design Certification Reviews. These review efforts encompassed the total recertification and reverification of the Shuttle prior to STS-26 return to flight status. He flew as a mission specialist on STS-29 in 1989, and STS-38 in 1990.

Springer retired from NASA and the U.S. Marine Corps in December 1990.

STS-29
Space Shuttle Discovery (March 13–18, 1989) was launched from Kennedy Space Center. During 80 orbits of the Earth on this highly successful five-day mission, the crew deployed a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, and performed numerous secondary experiments, including a Space Station "heat pipe" radiator experiment, two student experiments, a protein crystal growth experiment, and a chromosome and plant cell division experiment. In addition, the crew took over 4,000 photographs of the Earth using several types of cameras, including the IMAX 70 mm movie camera. Mission duration was 119 hours and concluded with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

STS-38
Space Shuttle Atlantis (November 15–20, 1990) was launched at night from Kennedy Space Center. During the five-day mission the crew conducted Department of Defense operations. After 80 orbits of the Earth, Atlantis and her crew landed back at the Kennedy Space Center, in the first Shuttle recovery in Florida since 1985.

Awards and honors
Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star, Air Medal (21st award), Navy Commendation Medal (2nd award), Navy Achievement Medal, Combat Action Ribbon, NASA Space Flight Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, Navy Unit Citation, and various Vietnam Campaign ribbons and service awards.

title: Robert C. Springer


text:
Talk:Asian Theatre of World War II

For some reason a simple page move wouldn't work.

I moved this here, from Pacific War for several reasons.

1. Pacific doesn't really include battles that took place as far inland as Burma (major British campaign there) or China.

2. This better matches with the European Theatre of World War II

Oberiko 15:42, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asian Theatre of World War II


text:
Kremerata Baltica

Kremerata Baltica is a chamber orchestra consisting of musicians from Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). It was founded by Latvian violinist Gidon Kremer in 1997. Gidon Kremer is an artistic director of Kremerata Baltica.

Description
Kremerata Baltica first appeared on stage of Austria's Lockenhaus Chamber Music Festival and since then has become well known for its energy and joy in playing. The orchestra was formed as an educational project promoting the cultural life of the Baltics.

By Los Angeles Times they were described as "extraordinary young players ... [who] animate everything their bows touch."

Kremerata Baltica performs around 70 concerts annually during tours throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Regular performances are held in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Japan, the United States of America, and other countries concert halls like Carnegie Hall (USA), Schloss Neuhardenberg, Schloss Elmau, Philharmonie im Gasteig in Munich (Germany), Schloss Esterhazy, Lockenhaus, Musikverein (Austria), Rudolfinum (Czech Republic), the Royal Albert Hall (United Kingdom). During its career the orchestra visited many festivals – Salzburg Festival, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, the Prague Spring, The Proms, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, etc. Kremerata Baltica also holds its own Festival in Sigulda, Latvia since 2003.

While the majority of the concerts are led by and performed with Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica has appeared with artists like soprano Jessye Norman; pianists Martha Argerich, Mikhail Pletnev, Evgeny Kissin, Oleg Maisenberg, Daniil Trifonov; violinists Thomas Zehetmair, Vadim Repin, Tatiana Grindenko; cellists Boris Pergamenschikov, Yo-Yo Ma, Mischa Maisky, David Geringas; conductors include Sir Simon Rattle, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Christoph Eschenbach, Kent Nagano, Heinz Holliger, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla.

In recent seasons the ensemble has pushed back the boundaries of its work to include events such as "To Russia with Love", a concert staged at Berlin's Philharmonie in 2013 to promote the cause of human rights in Russia, and "All About Gidon", a part-scenic autobiographical show in which Gidon Kremer performs works close to his heart and speaks about the life and career of an artist. Since 2013 Kremerata Baltica and Gidon Kremer have partnered the famous Russian clown and mime artist Slava Polunin and his Academy of Fools in "Snow Symphony", a joint project based on Polunin's "Snowshow". In 2015 the ensemble launched its creative project "Masks and Faces", collaboration between Gidon Kremer and the Russian painter, polemicist and philosopher Maxim Kantor. The latest Kremerata Baltica project "Pictures from the East" is a joint venture with a Syrian artist Nizar Ali Badr, which focuses on the situation in the Middle East and the current refugee problem.

Essential to Kremerata Baltica's artistic personality is its creative approach to programming, which often looks beyond the mainstream  and has given rise to numerous world premieres of works by composers such as Arvo Pärt, Giya Kancheli  Pēteris Vasks, Leonid Desyatnikov, Alexander Raskatov, Artūrs Maskats. The chamber orchestra is supported by the governments of three Baltic States – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

Recordings
Mieczyslaw Weinberg: Chamber Symphonies & Piano Quintet

Works by Mieczysław Weinberg

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica, Yulianna Avdeeva, Mate Bekavac, Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla

2017, ECM New Series ECM 2538/39

Shostakovich: Piano Concertos

Works by Dmitri Shostakovich

Performed by: Anna Vinnitskaya, Kremerata Baltica, Tobias Willner, Ivan Rudin

2015, Alpha Classics Alpha 203

Chiaroscuro

Works by Giya Kancheli

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica, Patricia Kopatchinskaja

2015, ECM NeSe 2442

New Seasons

Works by P. Glass, A. Pärt, G. Kancheli, S. Umebayashi,

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica, Giedre Dirvanauskaite, Andrei Pushkarev, Girls' Choir of Vilnius Choir-Singin School "Liepaites"

2015, Deutsche Grammophon 0289 479 4817

Mieczysław Weinberg

Works by Mieczysław Weinberg

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica, Daniil Trifonov, Daniil Grishin, Giedre Dirvanauskaite, Danielis Rubinas

2014, ECM New Series 2368-69

The Art of Instrumentation: Homage to Glenn Gould

Works by Valentin Silvestrov, Georgs Pelecis, Alexander Raskatov, Alexander Wustin, Carl Vine, Raminta Serksnyte, Giya Kancheli, Leonid Desyatnikov, Victoria Vita Poleva, Stevan Kovacs Tickmayer, Victor Kissine.

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Andrei Pushkarev, Dita Krenberga, Justina Gelgotaite, Reinut Tepp, Dzeraldas Bidva, Agne Doveikaite-Rubiniene, Daniil Grishin, Vidas Vekerotas, Giedre Dirvanauskaite, Peteris Cirksis, Kremerata Baltica

2012, Nonesuch Records 528982

Transfigurations

Works by: F. Schubert

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2012, Burleske De Profundis

Works by Jean Sibelius, Arvo Pärt, Raminta Šerkšnyte, Robert Schumann, Michael Nyman, Franz Schubert, Stevan Kovacs Tickmayer, Dmitri Shostakovich, Lera Auerbach, Astor Piazzolla, Georgs Pelecis, and Alfred Schnittke

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2010, Nonesuch Records 287228

Hymns and Prayers

Works by Stevan Kovacs Tickmayer, César Franck and Giya Kancheli

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Roman Kofman, Khatia Buniatishvili, Andrei Pushkarev, Marija Nemanyte, Maxim Rysanov, Giedre Dirvanauskaite, Sofia Altunashvili, Kremerata Baltica

2010, ECM 2161

Mozart: Piano Concertos 20 & 27

Works by: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Performed by: Evgeny Kissin, Kremerata Baltica

2010, EMI 26645

Mozart: The Complete Violin Concertos

Works by: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2009, Nonesuch Records 512789

Gustav Mahler/Dmitri Shostakovich

Works by: G. Mahler/D. Shostakovich

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Yulia Korpacheva, Fedor Kuznetsov, Kremerata Baltica

2007, ECM 8372024

Shostakovich

Works by: D. Shostakovich

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Yuri Bashmet, Kremerata Baltica

2006, Deutsche Grammophon 477 619-6

Lollipops/Georgs Pelecis

Works by: F. Schubert, J. S. Bach, S. Gubaidulina, F. Mendelssohn, F. A. Mozart, R. Schumann, B. Bartok, D. Schostakowitsch, A. Piazzolla, J. Mandel, V. Reinfeldt, G. Miller, G. Pelecis

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2006, Burleske String Quartet in G Major

Works by: F. Schubert (arr. V. Kissine)

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2005, ECM 8371883

In l'istesso tempo

Works by: Giya Kancheli

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Oleg Maisenberg, Kremerata Baltica, Bridge Ensemble

2005, ECM 8371767

G. Pelecis: Revelation

Works by: G. Pelecis

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2005, Burleske Kremerland

Works by: F. Liszt, G. Kancheli, S. Dreznin, L. Czishyk, A. Vustin, A. Bakshi, G. Pelecis, Ī. Dunayevsky, W. A. Mozart

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Marta Sudraba, Leonids Czishyk, Andrei Pushkarev, Danelius Rubins, Kremerata Baltica

2004, Deutsche Grammophon 474 8012

Russian Seasons

Works by: L. Desyatnikov, A. Raskatov

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Julija Korpaceva, Kremerata Baltica

2003, Nonesuch Records 79803

Happy Birthday

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2003, Nonesuch Records 79657

George Enescu

Works by: G. Enescu

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Dzeraldas Bidva, Ula Ulijona, Marta Sudraba, Andrius Zlabys, Kremerata Baltica

2002, Nonesuch Records 79682

Tracing Astor

Works by: A. Piazzolla, G. Sollima, L. Desyatnikov, G. Pelecis

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Ula Ulijona, Marta Sudraba, Sol Gabetta, Leonid Desyatnikov, Horacio Ferrer, Kremerata Baltica

2001, Nonesuch Records 79601 After Mozart

Works by: W. A. Mozart, A. Raskatov, A. Schnittke, V. Silvestrov

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2001, Nonesuch Records 79633 Silencio

Works by: A. Pärt, P. Glass, V. Martynov

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica, Tatjana Grindenko, Reinuts Teps, Eri Klas

2000, Nonesuch Records 79582 Eight Seasons

Works by: A. Vivaldi, A. Piazzolla

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

2000, Nonesuch Records 79568

Tango Ballet

Works by: A. Piazzolla

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica, Ula Zebriunaite, Marta Sudraba, Pers Arne Glorvigens, Aloizs Poss, Vadims Saharovs

1999, Teldec 22661

Vasks: Distant Light / Voices

Works by: P. Vasks

Performed by: Gidon Kremer, Kremerata Baltica

1999, Teldec 22660

Honors and awards

 * ECHO Klassik award in 2016 in the category of "Concert Recording (Music of the 20th/21st Centuries)
 * Grammy Award nomination in 2015 for recording "Mieczysław Weinberg" (ECM New Series, 2014) in the category of Classical Music: Best Classical Compendium
 * Grammy Award in 2002 for recording "After Mozart" (Nonesuch, 2001) in the category of Classical Music: Best Small Ensemble Performance
 * ECHO Klassik prize in 2002 for recording "After Mozart" (Nonesuch, 2001)
 * Praemium Imperiale Grant for Young Artists in 2009
 * Daily Latvian newspaper's "Diena" annual prize in culture in 2004, 2012
 * The supreme Latvian state award in music "The Grand Music Award (LMB)" 1999, 2004

title: Kremerata Baltica


text:
Óscar Henríquez

Óscar Eduardo Henríquez [en-ree'-kayz] (born January 28, 1974) is a Venezuelan former relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Houston Astros (1997), Florida Marlins (1998) and Detroit Tigers (2002) in parts of three seasons spanning 1997–2002. Listed at 6' 6", 220 lb., Henríquez batted and threw right handed. He was born in La Guaira, Vargas. In the 1997 season he was with the New Orleans Zephyrs before being called up to the Astros. During the 1996 season he pitched with the Kissimmee Astros of the Gulf Coast league and ranked fifth on the team in strikeouts with 40.

Career
Henríquez was signed as a free agent by the Astros in 1991. Because of his immense size and overpowering fastball, Henríquez became a celebrity in his native Venezuela, where he was dubbed Manacho.

In 1995, Henríquez was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, a rare disorder that affects the nervous system and causes muscle weakness. He had a surgery to remove the thymus gland in the upper neck, and later came down with pneumonia in both lungs. But Henriquez recovered and told the Astros he would be back, and the organization stood by him.

In a 49-game career, Henríquez posted a 1–2 record with a 6.06 ERA and two saves, including 45 strikeouts and 30 walks in 52 innings of work.

In between, Henríquez played winter ball with the Cardenales de Lara, Navegantes del Magallanes and Tiburones de La Guaira clubs of the Venezuelan League in 12 seasons spanning 1992–2006, and also pitched for the Hyundai Unicorns of Korea Professional Baseball in 2001. In 2005 he pitched for San Marino in the Italian Baseball League.

title: Óscar Henríquez


text:
Deux-Montagnes Regional County Municipality

Deux-Montagnes is a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. It is located immediately north of Laval on the north shore of the Rivière des Mille-Îles and on the north shore of the Lake of Two Mountains. Its seat and largest city is Saint-Eustache.

The municipality has a land area of 242.88 km2 and its population was 102,052 residents as of the 2021 Census.

Subdivisions
There are 7 subdivisions and one native reserve within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Deux-Montagnes
 * Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac
 * Saint-Eustache

 * Municipalities (4)
 * Oka
 * Pointe-Calumet
 * Saint-Joseph-du-Lac
 * Saint-Placide

 * Native Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Kanesatake Mohawk Reserve

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Drummond Regional County Municipality

Drummond is a regional county municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Drummondville.

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Drummondville

 * Municipalities (12)
 * Durham-Sud
 * L'Avenir
 * Lefebvre
 * Saint-Bonaventure
 * Saint-Cyrille-de-Wendover
 * Saint-Edmond-de-Grantham
 * Saint-Eugène
 * Saint-Félix-de-Kingsey
 * Saint-Germain-de-Grantham
 * Saint-Guillaume
 * Saint-Lucien
 * Wickham

 * Parishes (4)
 * Notre-Dame-du-Bon-Conseil
 * Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults
 * Saint-Majorique-de-Grantham
 * Saint-Pie-de-Guire

 * Villages (1)
 * Notre-Dame-du-Bon-Conseil

Demographics
Mother tongue from 2016 Canadian Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Drummond Regional County Municipality


text:
Francheville Regional County Municipality

Francheville was a former regional county municipality in the Mauricie region of Quebec, Canada. Prior to its dissolution, it had an area of 1124 km2.

The RCM was dissolved on December 31, 2001, when Saint-Étienne-des-Grès was transferred to the Maskinongé Regional County Municipality, the municipalities of Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Pointe-du-Lac, Saint-Louis-de-France, Sainte-Marthe-du-Cap, Trois-Rivières and Trois-Rivières-Ouest were merged into the new City of Trois-Rivières, and the remaining municipalities became part of the new Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality.

Although the division no longer functions as a regional county municipality in the political sense, the amalgamated city of Trois-Rivières and the regional county municipality of Les Chenaux are still grouped together as the census division of Francheville by Statistics Canada for census purposes. The division had a population of 143,267 in the Canada 2006 Census.

Subdivisions
Prior to its dissolution, the RCM consisted of:

Villes

 * Cap-de-la-Madeleine
 * Saint-Louis-de-France
 * Sainte-Marthe-du-Cap
 * Trois-Rivières
 * Trois-Rivières-Ouest

Municipalities

 * Batiscan
 * Champlain
 * Pointe-du-Lac
 * Saint-Luc-de-Vincennes
 * Saint-Stanislas
 * Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade

Parish municipalities

 * Saint-Étienne-des-Grès
 * Saint-Maurice
 * Saint-Narcisse
 * Saint-Prosper
 * Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan


text:
Joliette Regional County Municipality

Joliette is a regional county municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Joliette.

The municipality has a land area of 417.41 km2 and its 2021 census population of 71,124 inhabitants.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (4)
 * Crabtree
 * Joliette
 * Notre-Dame-des-Prairies
 * Saint-Charles-Borromée

 * Municipalities (5)
 * Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes
 * Saint-Ambroise-de-Kildare
 * Sainte-Mélanie
 * Saint-Paul
 * Saint-Thomas

 * Villages (1)
 * Saint-Pierre

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Joliette Regional County Municipality


text:
Albert Sacco

Albert Sacco Jr. (born May 3, 1949) is an American chemical engineer who flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia on Shuttle mission STS-73 in 1995.

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Sacco completed a B.S. degree in chemical engineering from Northeastern University in Boston in 1973, and then a Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977. He then joined the faculty of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, becoming a full professor and rising to department head in 1989.

Sacco served as the Dean of the Edward E. Whitacre Jr. College of Engineering at Texas Tech University, from January 1, 2011, to August 16, 2022.

Sacco flew as a payload specialist on STS-73, which launched on October 20, 1995, and landed at the Kennedy Space Center on November 5, 1995.

Sacco was originally chosen as the payload specialist for the ill-fated STS-107 mission, which ended in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. He trained with the other six astronauts for two months until NASA and the U.S. government decided to replace him with Israeli payload specialist Ilan Ramon.

title: Albert Sacco


text:
Kamouraska Regional County Municipality

Kamouraska is a regional county municipality in eastern Quebec, Canada. The regional county municipality seat is Saint-Pascal, but the largest town is La Pocatière.

The area is an important research, development and education centre for agriculture. Factories in the region produce metal products and public transportation equipment. One of the people instrumental in settling and developing this area was Pascal Taché, an early seigneur.

The name "Kamouraska" comes from an Algonquin word meaning "where rushes grow at the water's edge".

Adjacent counties and municipalities

 * Aroostook County, Maine – southeast
 * L'Islet Regional County Municipality, Quebec – southwest

Subdivisions
There are 19 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * La Pocatière
 * Saint-Pascal

 * Municipalities (12)
 * Kamouraska
 * Mont-Carmel
 * Rivière-Ouelle
 * Saint-Alexandre-de-Kamouraska
 * Saint-André-de-Kamouraska
 * Saint-Bruno-de-Kamouraska
 * Saint-Denis-De La Bouteillerie
 * Sainte-Hélène-de-Kamouraska
 * Saint-Gabriel-Lalemant
 * Saint-Germain-de-Kamouraska
 * Saint-Onésime-d'Ixworth
 * Saint-Pacôme

 * Parishes (3)
 * Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière
 * Saint-Joseph-de-Kamouraska
 * Saint-Philippe-de-Néri

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Petit-Lac-Sainte-Anne
 * Picard

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Kamouraska Regional County Municipality


text:
2003 United Kingdom elections

Various elections were held in the United Kingdom in 2003, including:

 * 2003 Scottish Parliament election
 * 2003 National Assembly for Wales election
 * 2003 United Kingdom local elections

title: 2003 United Kingdom elections


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Aargau

These are the 197 municipalities of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland.

List

 * Aarau
 * Aarburg
 * Abtwil
 * Ammerswil
 * Aristau
 * Arni
 * Auenstein
 * Auw
 * Baden
 * Beinwil (Freiamt)
 * Beinwil am See
 * Bellikon
 * Bergdietikon
 * Berikon
 * Besenbüren
 * Bettwil
 * Biberstein
 * Birmenstorf
 * Birr
 * Birrhard
 * Birrwil
 * Boniswil
 * Boswil
 * Bottenwil
 * Böttstein
 * Bözberg
 * Böztal
 * Bremgarten
 * Brittnau
 * Brugg
 * Brunegg
 * Buchs
 * Bünzen
 * Büttikon
 * Buttwil
 * Densbüren
 * Dietwil
 * Dintikon
 * Dottikon
 * Döttingen
 * Dürrenäsch
 * Eggenwil
 * Egliswil
 * Ehrendingen
 * Eiken
 * Endingen
 * Ennetbaden
 * Erlinsbach
 * Fahrwangen
 * Fischbach-Göslikon
 * Fisibach
 * Fislisbach
 * Freienwil
 * Frick
 * Full-Reuenthal
 * Gansingen
 * Gebenstorf
 * Geltwil
 * Gipf-Oberfrick
 * Gontenschwil
 * Gränichen
 * Habsburg
 * Hägglingen
 * Hallwil
 * Hausen bei Brugg
 * Hellikon
 * Hendschiken
 * Herznach-Ueken
 * Hirschthal
 * Holderbank
 * Holziken
 * Hunzenschwil
 * Islisberg
 * Jonen
 * Kaiseraugst
 * Kaisten
 * Kallern
 * Killwangen
 * Kirchleerau
 * Klingnau
 * Koblenz
 * Kölliken
 * Künten
 * Küttigen
 * Laufenburg
 * Leibstadt
 * Leimbach
 * Lengnau
 * Lenzburg
 * Leuggern
 * Leutwil
 * Lupfig
 * Magden
 * Mägenwil
 * Mandach
 * Meisterschwanden
 * Mellikon
 * Mellingen
 * Menziken
 * Merenschwand
 * Mettauertal
 * Möhlin
 * Mönthal
 * Moosleerau
 * Möriken-Wildegg
 * Muhen
 * Mühlau
 * Mülligen
 * Mumpf
 * Münchwilen
 * Murgenthal
 * Muri
 * Neuenhof
 * Niederlenz
 * Niederrohrdorf
 * Niederwil
 * Oberentfelden
 * Oberhof
 * Oberkulm
 * Oberlunkhofen
 * Obermumpf
 * Oberrohrdorf
 * Oberrüti
 * Obersiggenthal
 * Oberwil-Lieli
 * Oeschgen
 * Oftringen
 * Olsberg
 * Othmarsingen
 * Reinach
 * Reitnau
 * Remetschwil
 * Remigen
 * Rheinfelden
 * Riniken
 * Rothrist
 * Rottenschwil
 * Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg
 * Rüfenach
 * Rupperswil
 * Safenwil
 * Sarmenstorf
 * Schafisheim
 * Schinznach
 * Schlossrued
 * Schmiedrued
 * Schneisingen
 * Schöftland
 * Schupfart
 * Schwaderloch
 * Seengen
 * Seon
 * Siglistorf
 * Sins
 * Sisseln
 * Spreitenbach
 * Staffelbach
 * Staufen
 * Stein
 * Stetten
 * Strengelbach
 * Suhr
 * Tägerig
 * Tegerfelden
 * Teufenthal
 * Thalheim
 * Uerkheim
 * Uezwil
 * Unterentfelden
 * Unterkulm
 * Unterlunkhofen
 * Untersiggenthal
 * Veltheim
 * Villigen
 * Villmergen
 * Villnachern
 * Vordemwald
 * Wallbach
 * Waltenschwil
 * Wegenstetten
 * Wettingen
 * Widen
 * Wiliberg
 * Windisch
 * Wittnau
 * Wohlen
 * Wohlenschwil
 * Wölflinswil
 * Würenlingen
 * Würenlos
 * Zeihen
 * Zeiningen
 * Zetzwil
 * Zofingen
 * Zufikon
 * Zurzach
 * Zuzgen

Mergers
As with most Swiss cantons there has been a trend since the early 2000s for municipalities to merge, though mergers in Aargau have so far been less radical than in other cantons.

The following mergers between the canton's municipalities have occurred since 2000:

 * 2002: Mühlethal merged into Zofingen
 * 2006: Oberehrendingen and Unterehrendingen combined to create Ehrendingen
 * 2006: Stilli merged into Villigen
 * 2010: Hilfikon merged into Villmergen
 * 2010: Rohr merged into Aarau
 * 2010: Etzgen, Hottwil, Mettau, Oberhofen and Wil combined to create Mettauertal
 * 2010: Umiken merged into Brugg
 * 2010: Sulz merged into Laufenburg
 * 2010: Ittenthal merged into Kaisten
 * 2012: Benzenschwil merged into Merenschwand
 * 2013: Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg combined to create Bözberg
 * 2014: Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into Bremgarten
 * 2014: Oberflachs and Schinznach-Dorf combined to create Schinznach
 * 2014: Unterendingen merged into Endingen
 * 2018: Scherz merged into Lupfig
 * 2019: Attelwil merged into Reitnau
 * 2020: Schinznach-Bad merged into Brugg
 * 2022: Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen combined to create Zurzach
 * 2022: Bözen, Effingen, Elfingen and Hornussen combined to create Böztal
 * 2023: Herznach and Ueken combined to create Herznach-Ueken
 * 2023: Burg merged into Menziken
 * 2024: Turgi merged into Baden

Separations
1983: Arni-Islisberg split into two new municipalities — Arni and Islisberg

Name changes
1984: Oberwil became Oberwil-Lieli

title: Municipalities of the canton of Aargau


text:
Talk:Tivadar Soros

Language of his name
Which languages are his name written in? I guess Soros Tivadar is Hungarian, and Teodoro Ŝvarc is Esperanto, and Teodoro Schwartz is German? Anyone who knows care to clarify? User:Gabbe|Gabbe]] 15:49, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

You are right. Soros Tivadar is Hungarian, Teodoro Ŝvarc is Esperanto. Teodoro Schwartz is a bit curious: Schwartz is definitely German, Teodoro, however, is Esperanto (the German form would be Theodor).

Furthermore, Soros is not the translation of Schwartz. In the period before WWI, it was common in Hungary for people with German-, Slavic- etc sounding family names to change it for a similar but more 'Hungarian'-sounding name as a step of declaration of their Hungarian cultural identity. Thus, Kohn would be changed to Kun, Maczák to Magyar etc. TS was probably born as Schwartz and changed his name to Soros.

 * If we knew that for sure, the article should reflect that... But it's quite possible that he was born Theodor Schwartz, legally changed his name Soros Tivadar in the spirit of Hungarization, and consequently used Teodoro Ŝvarc as a Esperanto-ized pen-name, isn't it? —Gabbe 16:42, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's the most possible scenario indeed. There were even funnier cases, like when someone Hungarianized their name but their siblings retained the old one, or siblings Hungarianized the name in different ways.--Tamas 17:12, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Arika Okrent claims in In the Land of Invented Languages that "Soros" is actually Esperanto, meaning "will soar". There's also the Hungarian interpretation of Soros meaning "next in line" (George Soros). I wonder if he deliberately chose the name because of its bilingual implications or if these are post facto interpretations. Still looking for a citable source.--89.204.136.52 (talk) 09:31, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, Ŝvarc is just an Esperanto transliteration of the German (or Yiddish) name Schwartz. ŝ is pronounced like the English sh and the c is pronounced like the English ts. The German w is pronounced like the English v and the Esperanto v is like the English one.  It's not uncommon for writers of Esperanto to use Esperanto transliterations of their names, so that their readers will know how the name is pronounced. Theodore.norvell (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 15:59, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

Esperanto writer? Isn't that like saying Klingon writer?

 * Not exactly -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_literature -- Writtenonsand 18:11, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Profession
The main article states that he was a doctor and a lawyer. Did he really earn university degrees in both disciplines? In the Europe, these two fields of study are not usually simply post-graduate programs of 3-4 years. They are the equivalents of combined undergraduate/graduate programs that can last 6-9 years. Poldy Bloom 05:30, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tivadar Soros


text:
Talk:Inverse surveillance

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Sousveillance. dbenbenn | talk 16:49, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inverse surveillance


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Bern

There are 335 municipalities in the canton of Bern, Switzerland.

List

 * Aarberg
 * Aarwangen
 * Adelboden
 * Aefligen
 * Aegerten
 * Aeschi bei Spiez
 * Affoltern im Emmental
 * Alchenstorf
 * Allmendingen
 * Amsoldingen
 * Arch
 * Arni
 * Attiswil
 * Auswil
 * Bannwil
 * Bargen
 * Bäriswil
 * Bätterkinden
 * Beatenberg
 * Bellmund
 * Belp
 * Belprahon
 * Berken
 * Bern
 * Bettenhausen
 * Biel/Bienne
 * Biglen
 * Bleienbach
 * Blumenstein
 * Bolligen
 * Boltigen
 * Bönigen
 * Bowil
 * Bremgarten bei Bern
 * Brenzikofen
 * Brienz
 * Brienzwiler
 * Brügg
 * Brüttelen
 * Buchholterberg
 * Büetigen
 * Bühl
 * Büren an der Aare
 * Burgdorf
 * Burgistein
 * Busswil bei Melchnau
 * Champoz
 * Corcelles
 * Corgémont
 * Cormoret
 * Cortébert
 * Court
 * Courtelary
 * Crémines
 * Därligen
 * Därstetten
 * Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee
 * Diemtigen
 * Diessbach bei Büren
 * Dotzigen
 * Dürrenroth
 * Eggiwil
 * Epsach
 * Eriswil
 * Eriz
 * Erlach
 * Erlenbach im Simmental
 * Ersigen
 * Eschert
 * Evilard
 * Fahrni
 * Farnern
 * Ferenbalm
 * Finsterhennen
 * Forst-Längenbühl
 * Fraubrunnen
 * Frauenkappelen
 * Freimettigen
 * Frutigen
 * Gals
 * Gampelen
 * Gerzensee
 * Gondiswil
 * Graben
 * Grandval
 * Grindelwald
 * Grossaffoltern
 * Grosshöchstetten
 * Gsteig bei Gstaad
 * Gsteigwiler
 * Guggisberg
 * Gündlischwand
 * Gurbrü
 * Gurzelen
 * Guttannen
 * Habkern
 * Hagneck
 * Hasle bei Burgdorf
 * Hasliberg
 * Häutligen
 * Heiligenschwendi
 * Heimberg
 * Heimenhausen
 * Heimiswil
 * Hellsau
 * Herbligen
 * Hermrigen
 * Herzogenbuchsee
 * Hilterfingen
 * Hindelbank
 * Höchstetten
 * Hofstetten bei Brienz
 * Homberg
 * Horrenbach-Buchen
 * Huttwil
 * Iffwil
 * Inkwil
 * Innertkirchen
 * Ins
 * Interlaken
 * Ipsach
 * Iseltwald
 * Ittigen
 * Jaberg
 * Jegenstorf
 * Jens
 * Kallnach
 * Kandergrund
 * Kandersteg
 * Kappelen
 * Kaufdorf
 * Kehrsatz
 * Kernenried
 * Kiesen
 * Kirchberg
 * Kirchdorf
 * Kirchlindach
 * Köniz
 * Konolfingen
 * Koppigen
 * Krattigen
 * Krauchthal
 * Kriechenwil
 * La Ferrière
 * La Neuveville
 * Landiswil
 * Langenthal
 * Langnau im Emmental
 * Lauenen
 * Laupen
 * Lauperswil
 * Lauterbrunnen
 * Leissigen
 * Lengnau
 * Lenk im Simmental
 * Leuzigen
 * Ligerz
 * Linden
 * Lotzwil
 * Loveresse
 * Lüscherz
 * Lütschental
 * Lützelflüh
 * Lyss
 * Lyssach
 * Madiswil
 * Matten bei Interlaken
 * Mattstetten
 * Meienried
 * Meikirch
 * Meinisberg
 * Meiringen
 * Melchnau
 * Merzligen
 * Mirchel
 * Mont-Tramelan
 * Moosseedorf
 * Mörigen
 * Moutier
 * Mühleberg
 * Münchenbuchsee
 * Münchenwiler
 * Münsingen
 * Müntschemier
 * Muri bei Bern
 * Neuenegg
 * Nidau
 * Niederbipp
 * Niederhünigen
 * Niedermuhlern
 * Niederönz
 * Niederried bei Interlaken
 * Nods
 * Oberbalm
 * Oberbipp
 * Oberburg
 * Oberdiessbach
 * Oberhofen am Thunersee
 * Oberhünigen
 * Oberlangenegg
 * Oberried am Brienzersee
 * Oberthal
 * Oberwil bei Büren
 * Oberwil im Simmental
 * Ochlenberg
 * Oeschenbach
 * Oppligen
 * Orpund
 * Orvin
 * Ostermundigen
 * Perrefitte
 * Péry-La Heutte
 * Petit-Val
 * Pieterlen
 * Plateau de Diesse
 * Pohlern
 * Port
 * Radelfingen
 * Rapperswil
 * Rebévelier
 * Reconvilier
 * Reichenbach im Kandertal
 * Reisiswil
 * Renan
 * Reutigen
 * Riggisberg
 * Ringgenberg
 * Roches
 * Roggwil
 * Rohrbach
 * Rohrbachgraben
 * Romont
 * Röthenbach im Emmental
 * Rubigen
 * Rüderswil
 * Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh
 * Rüeggisberg
 * Rüegsau
 * Rumendingen
 * Rumisberg
 * Rüschegg
 * Rüti bei Büren
 * Rüti bei Lyssach
 * Rütschelen
 * Saanen
 * Safnern
 * Saicourt
 * Saint-Imier
 * Sauge
 * Saules
 * Saxeten
 * Schangnau
 * Schattenhalb
 * Schelten
 * Scheuren
 * Schüpfen
 * Schwadernau
 * Schwanden bei Brienz
 * Schwarzenburg
 * Schwarzhäusern
 * Seeberg
 * Seedorf
 * Seehof
 * Seftigen
 * Signau
 * Sigriswil
 * Siselen
 * Sonceboz-Sombeval
 * Sonvilier
 * Sorvilier
 * Spiez
 * St. Stephan
 * Steffisburg
 * Stettlen
 * Stocken-Höfen
 * Studen
 * Sumiswald
 * Sutz-Lattrigen
 * Täuffelen
 * Tavannes
 * Teuffenthal
 * Thierachern
 * Thörigen
 * Thun
 * Thunstetten
 * Thurnen
 * Toffen
 * Trachselwald
 * Tramelan
 * Treiten
 * Trub
 * Trubschachen
 * Tschugg
 * Twann-Tüscherz
 * Uebeschi
 * Uetendorf
 * Unterlangenegg
 * Unterseen
 * Ursenbach
 * Urtenen-Schönbühl
 * Uttigen
 * Utzenstorf
 * Valbirse
 * Vechigen
 * Villeret
 * Vinelz
 * Wachseldorn
 * Wald
 * Walkringen
 * Walliswil bei Niederbipp
 * Walliswil bei Wangen
 * Walperswil
 * Walterswil
 * Wangen an der Aare
 * Wattenwil
 * Wengi
 * Wichtrach
 * Wiedlisbach
 * Wiggiswil
 * Wilderswil
 * Wiler bei Utzenstorf
 * Wileroltigen
 * Willadingen
 * Wimmis
 * Wohlen bei Bern
 * Worb
 * Worben
 * Wynau
 * Wynigen
 * Wyssachen
 * Zäziwil
 * Zielebach
 * Zollikofen
 * Zuzwil
 * Zweisimmen

Mergers

 * January 1, 2004
 * Englisberg and Zimmerwald merge to form Wald
 * Niederwichtrach and Oberwichtrach merge to form Wichtrach

 * January 1, 2007
 * Forst and Längenbühl merge to form Forst-Längenbühl
 * Gutenburg and Madiswil merge to form Madiswil

 * January 1, 2008
 * Oberönz and Herzogenbuchsee merge to form Herzogenbuchsee

 * January 1, 2009
 * Wanzwil, Heimenhausen and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee merge to form Heimenhausen
 * Rüti bei Riggisberg and Riggisberg merge to form Riggisberg

 * January 1, 2010
 * Ballmoos and Jegenstorf merge to form Jegenstorf
 * Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merge to form Twann-Tüscherz
 * Untersteckholz and Langenthal merge to form Langenthal
 * Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach and Oberdiessbach merge to form Oberdiessbach

 * January 1, 2011
 * Bettenhausen and Bollodingen merge to form Bettenhausen
 * Busswil bei Büren and Lyss merge to form Lyss
 * Leimiswil, Kleindietwil and Madiswil merge to form Madiswil
 * Wahlern and Albligen merge to form Schwarzenburg

 * January 1, 2012
 * Belp and Belpberg merge to form Belp

 * January 1, 2013
 * Kallnach and Niederried bei Kallnach merge to form Kallnach
 * Rapperswil BE and Ruppoldsried merge to form Rapperswil BE
 * Münsingen and Trimstein merge to form Münsingen

 * January 1, 2014
 * Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Fraubrunnen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merge to form Fraubrunnen
 * Gadmen and Innertkirchen merge to form Innertkirchen
 * Jegenstorf, Münchringen and Scheunen merge to form Jegenstorf
 * Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach and Oberdiessbach merge to form Oberdiessbach
 * Lamboing, Diesse and Prêles merge to form Plateau de Diesse
 * Plagne and Vauffelin merge to form Sauge
 * Höfen bei Thun, Niederstocken and Oberstocken merge to form Stocken-Höfen
 * Kienersrüti and Uttigen merge to form Uttigen

 * January 1, 2015
 * La Heutte and Péry merge to form Péry-La Heutte
 * Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merge to form Petit-Val
 * Bévilard, Malleray and Pontenet merge to form Valbirse

 * January 1, 2016
 * Ersigen, Niederösch and Oberösch merge to form Ersigen
 * Bangerten and Rapperswil BE merge to form Rapperswil BE
 * Hermiswil and Seeberg merge to form Seeberg

 * January 1, 2017
 * Münsingen and Tägertschi merge to form Münsingen

 * January 1, 2018
 * Grosshöchstetten and Schlosswil merge to form Grosshöchstetten
 * Gelterfingen, Kirchdorf, Mühledorf and Noflen merge to form Kirchdorf

 * January 1, 2019
 * Golaten and Kallnach merge to form Kallnach

 * January 1, 2020
 * Schwendibach and Steffisburg merge to form Steffisburg
 * Niederbipp and Wolfisberg merge to form Niederbipp
 * Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen merge to form Thurnen

 * January 1, 2021
 * Langenthal and Obersteckholz merge to form Langenthal
 * Riggisberg and Rümligen merge to form Riggisberg
 * Hindelbank and Mötschwil merge to form Hindelbank

 * January 1, 2022
 * Clavaleyres and Murten (Canton of Freiburg) merge to form Murten

 * January 1, 2023
 * Diemerswil and Münchenbuchsee merge to form Münchenbuchsee

 * January 1, 2024
 * Wangen an der Aare and Wangenried merged to form Wangen an der Aare
 * Reutigen and Zwieselberg merged to form Reutigen

title: Municipalities of the canton of Bern