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EMF (band)

EMF are an English alternative rock band from Cinderford, Gloucestershire, who came to prominence at the beginning of the 1990s. During their initial eight-year run, from 1989 to 1997, the band released three studio albums before a hiatus. Their first single, "Unbelievable", reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, and was a number 1 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Their debut album, Schubert Dip, went to number 3 on the UK Albums Chart. In April 2022, EMF released their first album of new material in 27 years, Go Go Sapiens.

Band name
The name EMF is an initialism of Epsom Mad Funkers, a name taken from a fan club of the band New Order in 1989.

Formation (1989)
All the members of the band were relatively well known in the Forest of Dean music scene before forming EMF in Cinderford in October 1989. Keyboard and sampler player Derry Brownson had formed a band called Flowerdrum but left to join bass guitarist Zac Foley, drummer Marc Decloedt, DJ Milf, and singer James Atkin as EMF. Ian Dench was the last to join, having already tasted moderate success as a guitarist for Apple Mosaic.

The band's music has been classified as indie rock. They toured the UK in 1990 with Stereo MCs.

Schubert Dip and Stigma (1990–1992)
In 1990, their debut single "Unbelievable" topped the charts in many countries around the world, reaching number 1 in the U.S. in July 1991. The single featured sampled utterances from comedian Andrew Dice Clay. In 1991, EMF released their debut album Schubert Dip which went to number 3 in the UK. The name was explained by songwriter Ian Dench, as "If ever I'm short of a chord sequence, I nick one from Schubert." Successful singles from the album included "I Believe", "Children", and "Lies". "Lies" included a voice sample of Mark Chapman, John Lennon's murderer. Yoko Ono, Lennon's wife, achieved an injunction, and a modified version was included in future pressings.

In 1992, EMF returned with the Unexplained EP (including a cover version of "Search and Destroy") and later Stigma, their second album. Both of these releases did poorly in the charts. The singles released were "Getting Through", "They're Here", and "It's You".

Also in 1992, EMF appeared on the Red Hot Organization's dance compilation album Red Hot + Dance, contributing "Unbelievable (The Hovering Feet Mix)". The album attempted to raise awareness and money in support of the AIDS epidemic, and all proceeds were donated to AIDS charities.

Cha Cha Cha and first hiatus (1995–2000)
EMF's third album, Cha Cha Cha, was released in 1995 and featured the singles "Perfect Day" and "Bleeding You Dry". In the same year, EMF teamed with comedians Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer and recorded "I'm a Believer", a cover of The Monkees song. This single reached No. 3 in the UK singles chart.

Following the release of the Afro King single (which failed to do well), the band split up for the first time. However, all members of the band continued to play music. Ian Dench formed the indie rock band Whistler, which was active from 1998 to 2000. James Atkin formed the big beat trio Cooler and Derry Brownson formed the alternative rock trio LK. Zac Foley became the bass player for Carrie.

Reunion and second hiatus (2001–2006)
In 2001, EMF played a reunion gig in London. They also released a greatest hits album: Epsom Mad Funkers: The Best of EMF.

Zac Foley died on 3 January 2002 at the age of 31, due to an overdose of non-prescribed drugs. Following his death, EMF played just four more gigs in late 2002 before splitting again.

Second reunion and third hiatus (2007–2009)
In 2007 the band reformed to play a one-off gig at the Scala in King's Cross, London, on 18 December. The place of Foley was taken by Richard March, formerly of Pop Will Eat Itself and Bentley Rhythm Ace.

In 2008 EMF played the Portsmouth Festival on 9 October and supported Carter USM at Birmingham Academy and London's Brixton Academy in November that year.

In May 2009 EMF announced that due to personal issues, the band would not be doing any more shows in the near future, thus ending their second reunion.

Third reunion (2012–2019)
In 2012, they reformed to play at the inaugural festival Lakefest in Tewkesbury, alongside Levellers and Dodgy, on 18 and 19 May. The band welcomed new bassist Stevey Marsh during this show. For the first time, they performed every track from the album Schubert Dip in order to coincide with the 21st anniversary re-release. The band headlined at the Westbury Festival on 25 August 2012. In December 2012 the band played Schubert Dip and Stigma from start to finish at the Gloucester Guildhall. The show was recorded and sold as a live Blu-ray/DVD titled Videodrome: Long Live the New Flesh.

On 1 October 2016 the band headlined Indie Daze in London.

From Us To You and Go Go Sapiens (2020–present)
In 2020 the band released a career-spanning vinyl box set titled From Us to You. It contained all the full-length albums remastered, and a fourth disc containing unreleased demos and non-album tracks. On 1 April 2022, the band released an all-new material album, titled Go Go Sapiens. Its first single, "Sister Sandinista", was released 1 March 2022. They also had a short UK tour in early April 2022.

Members

 * James Atkin (vocals, guitars)
 * Ian Dench (guitars, keyboards)
 * Stevey Marsh (bass)
 * Adrian Todd (drums)
 * Derry Brownson (keyboards, samples)

Former members

 * Zac Foley (bass), born 9 December 1970, Gloucester; died 2 January 2002
 * DJ Milf (DJ) Original member 1990 Born 1970
 * Jack Stephens (drums)
 * Tim Stephens (guitars)
 * Mark Decloedt (drums)
 * Richard March (bass)

Later work
Since 2010 James Atkin has taught music at Holy Family Catholic School in Keighley, West Yorkshire and is a touring member of Bentley Rhythm Ace. As of June 2020, he has released four solo albums including Circadian Rhythms (2023), Popcorn Storm (2019) and A Country Mile (2014).

title: EMF (band)


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Columbia University School of General Studies

The School of General Studies, Columbia University (GS) is a liberal arts college and one of the undergraduate colleges of Columbia University, situated on the university's main campus in Morningside Heights, New York City. GS is known primarily for its traditional B.A. program for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of at least one year or are pursuing dual degrees). GS students make up almost 30% of the Columbia undergraduate population.

GS offers dual-degree programs with several leading universities around the world. It offers dual degrees with List College of the Jewish Theological Seminary, Sciences Po in France, Trinity College Dublin in Ireland, Tel Aviv University in Israel, and City University of Hong Kong. It also offers the BA/MA Option with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Combined Plan and the MS Express program with the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and five-year joint degrees with the School of International and Public Affairs. GS offers the Postbaccalaureate Premedical Program, the oldest and largest program of its kind in the United States.

Notable alumni include Nobel Prize winners Simon Kuznets, Baruj Benacerraf, and Louise Glück, as well as Isaac Asimov, J.D. Salinger, Amelia Earhart, Leonard Cohen and Princess Firyal of Jordan.

Predecessor institutions
GS's evolutionary ancestor is the now-defunct, all-male Seth Low College, named for former Brooklyn mayor and President of Columbia Seth Low. It was established in Downtown Brooklyn in 1928 to help alleviate the flood of Jewish applicants to Columbia College. The entrance requirements for Seth Low Junior College were reportedly the same as those enforced in Columbia College. Following completion of the two-year program, graduates could complete their undergraduate degrees at the university's professional schools, such as the School of Law, Business School, or School of Engineering and Applied Science (all of which conferred terminal bachelor's degrees at the time) or earn B.S. degrees in the liberal arts as University Undergraduates.

Seth Low Junior College was closed in 1936 due to the adverse economic effects of the Great Depression and concomitant popularity of the tuition-free Brooklyn College in 1930. Henceforth, its remaining students were absorbed into the Morningside Heights campus as students in the University Undergraduate program, which was established by Nicholas Murray Butler in 1904.

University Extension was responsible for the founding of the Columbia Business School, the School of General Studies and the School of Dental and Oral Surgery (now the College of Dental Medicine). The School of Continuing Education (now the School of Professional Studies), a separate school, was later established to reprise University Extension's former role.

The Establishment of the School of General Studies
With an influx of students attending the university on the GI Bill following the resolution of World War II, in December 1946, the University Undergraduate program was reorganized as an official undergraduate college for "qualified students who, because of employment or for other reasons, are unable to attend other schools of the University." Columbia University pioneered the use of the term "General Studies" when naming the college, adapting the medieval term for universities, "Studium Generale." Thus, the School of General Studies bears no semblance to general studies or extension studies programs at other universities in the United States. In December 1968, the University Council permitted GS to grant the B.A. degree instead of the B.S. degree (over the objections of some members of the Columbia College Faculty).

Merging of Columbia College and School of General Studies Faculties
In 1991, the Columbia College (CC), School of General Studies (GS), and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) faculties were merged into the Faculty of Arts & Sciences, which resulted in the complete academic integration between the School of General Studies and Columbia College. As a result, both GS and CC students receive B.A. degrees conferred by the Trustees of Columbia University through the Faculty of Art & Sciences, and GS is recognized as an official liberal arts college at Columbia University.

Academics
GS students make up almost 30% of the Columbia undergraduate population and in 2013 were reported as consistently collectively earning the highest average GPA among undergraduates at Columbia University. Approximately 20% of GS students are part-time students who have significant, full-time work commitments in addition to their academic responsibilities. Numerous GS students have gone on to win prestigious fellowships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, the Gates Cambridge Scholarship, and the Fulbright Scholarship.

The School of General Studies confers the degree of Bachelor of Arts in more than 70 majors. All GS students are required to complete the Core Curriculum, which includes University Writing, Literature/Humanities, Contemporary Civilization/Social Science, Art Humanities, Music Humanities, Global Core, Quantitative Reasoning, Science, and Foreign Language.

GS offers dual degree programs with Sciences Po, the City University of Hong Kong, Trinity College Dublin in Ireland, Tel Aviv University, and List College of the Jewish Theological Seminary. It also offers dual degree programs with the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the School of International and Public Affairs, and Columbia Business School. GS has a Post-baccalaureate Premedical Program, the oldest program of its kind.

Admission
Admission to Columbia GS requires an online application, official high school (or GED) transcripts, SAT or ACT test scores within the past eight years or a score on the General Studies Admissions Examination, an essay of 1,500-2,000 words, and two recommendation letters. Interviews are conducted in person and over phone.

Joint Program with the Jewish Theological Seminary – Albert A. List College
Since 1954, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) and the School of General Studies have offered a joint degree program leading to a B.A. from Columbia University and a B.A. from List College. Professor Lisa Rosen-Metsch, Dean of the School of General Studies, is an alumna of the Joint Program.

Dual BA with Sciences Po Paris
The Dual BA Program is a unique program in which undergraduate students earn two Bachelor of Arts degrees in four years from both Columbia University and Sciences Po, one of the most prestigious universities in France and Europe. This program is geared towards traditionally-aged applicants in high school, and is one of the most selective undergraduate programs in the nation.

Students spend two years at one of four Sciences Po campuses in France (Le Havre, Menton, Poitiers, or Reims), each of which is devoted to a particular region of the world. At Sciences Po, undergraduates can pursue majors in political science, economics, law, finance, history, among others. After two years at Sciences Po, students matriculate at Columbia University, where they complete the Core Curriculum and one of over 70 majors offered at Columbia. Graduates of the program are guaranteed admission to a Sciences Po graduate program.

Joint Bachelor's Degree with City University of Hong Kong
This program is open to top-ranked undergraduates enrolled at the City University of Hong Kong and allows graduates to receive two bachelor's degrees from the City University and Columbia in four years. Undergraduates spend their first two years at the City University and their final two years at Columbia, where they complete the Core Curriculum and choose one of 70 majors offered at Columbia.

Dual BA Program with Trinity College Dublin
The Dual bachelor's degree Program with Trinity College Dublin is a unique program in which undergraduate students earn two Bachelor of Arts degrees in four years from both Columbia University and Trinity College Dublin. Trinity College Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland and is widely considered to be its most prestigious institution. This program is geared towards traditionally-aged applicants in high school.

Tel Aviv University and Columbia University Dual Degree Program
The Tel Aviv Columbia Dual Degree Program allows undergraduates to earn two bachelor's degrees over the course of four years. Students spend the first two years of their undergraduate careers at Tel Aviv and then spend their final two years at Columbia while completing the Core Curriculum and major. Tel Aviv University is considered to be one of Israel's leading and most prestigious institutions. This program is geared towards traditionally-aged applicants in high school.

Combined Plan with the School of Engineering and Applied Science
GS students are eligible for competitive admission to the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) through the Columbia Combined Plan program, under the condition that they complete the necessary pre-engineering courses with a high GPA and obtain recommendations from 3 instructors. Students in the program receive a B.A. in a liberal arts discipline from GS and a B.S. in an engineering discipline from SEAS. Students may apply for the Combined Plan program in their junior (3-2 program) or senior (4-2) year of undergraduate study.

Notable alumni
An asterisk (*) indicates a former student who did not graduate.

Academia

 * Herbert Aptheker (1933), American Marxist historian and political activist
 * Simon Kuznets (1923), Nobel Prize-winning economist.
 * Alex B. Novikoff (1931), professor of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, recipient of the E.B. Wilson Medal
 * Emil L. Smith (1931), American biochemist, professor at University of California, Los Angeles
 * Isaac Asimov (1939), science fiction writer and biochemist, professor of biochemistry
 * Baruj Benacerraf (1942), Nobel Prize-winning immunologist.
 * Eric McKitrick (1949), professor at Columbia University, winner of the 1994 Bancroft Prize
 * Allen Forte (1950), professor at Yale University, music theorist and musicologist
 * Karl Katz (1952), art historian, former director of the Israel Museum and the Jewish Museum in New York City
 * Alfred Appel (1959), scholar on Vladimir Nabokov.
 * Jehuda Reinharz (1964), President of Brandeis University
 * Edward Cecil Harris (1971), Creator of the Harris matrix
 * Roger Pilon (1971), Constitutional scholar and legal theorist.
 * George M. von Furstenberg (1963), professor at Indiana University Bloomington
 * Gershon Hundert (1968), Canadian historian of Jewish history at McGill University
 * Barbara Ransby (1984), professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and president of the National Women's Studies Association
 * Keren Yarhi-Milo (2003), Dean of School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University and professor of political science

Politics

 * Philippe Reines (2000), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and Senior Advisor to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.
 * Patrick Gaspard* (1994–1997), United States Ambassador to South Africa (2013–2016), White House Political Affairs Director for U.S. President Barack Obama, former executive director of the Democratic National Committee
 * Mike Gravel (1956), Former United States Senator from Alaska and candidate for the 2008 Democratic nomination for President of the United States. Released full Pentagon Papers.
 * Howard Dean (1975), Former Governor of Vermont and Chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
 * Peter H. Kostmayer (1971), United States Congressman from Pennsylvania.
 * Seymour Halpern (1934), United States Congressman from New York
 * Gale Brewer (1997), 27th Borough president of Manhattan
 * Stewart Rawlings Mott (1959), American lobbyist and philanthropist, son of General Motors co-founder Charles Stewart Mott
 * Patricia Robinson (1955), First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago from 1997 to 2003
 * Perezi Kamunanwire (1969), former ambassador of the Republic of Uganda to the United States and Germany; permanent representative at the United Nations
 * John Paton Davies Jr. (1931), American diplomat, Medal of Freedom recipient, and one of the recognized China Hands who took part in the Dixie Mission
 * Zoltan Istvan (1998), American transhumanist who ran for President of the United States in 2016
 * Ethan Gutmann (1986), China watcher and human rights advocate
 * Julian F. Harrington* (1924), United States Ambassador to Panama from 1955 to 1960

Literature and arts

 * Ashley Bryan (1950), writer and illustrator of children's books and recipient of the Children's Literature Legacy Award in 2009
 * Ina Caro (1962), American travel writer, wife of Robert Caro
 * J. D. Salinger* (1939), Writer, The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger is also a WWII combat veteran, having served in the U.S. Army's 12th Infantry Regiment. He stormed Utah Beach on D-Day during the Normandy landings.
 * Federico García Lorca* (1929), Spanish poet and dramatist; influential member of the Generation of '27
 * Barbara Probst Solomon (1960), American author, essayist and journalist
 * Louis Simpson (1948), Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet
 * Ingrid Bengis (1996), American writer
 * Sasha Frere-Jones (1993), American writer, music critic, and musician
 * Alicia Graf Mack (2000s), American dancer
 * Ted Rall (1991), Syndicated cartoonist, president of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists from 2008 to 2009
 * Simi Linton (1977), author, consultant, public speaker who focuses on disability studies
 * Menachem Kaiser (2009), author, winner of the 2022 Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature
 * Edward Klein (1960), Author.
 * Kevin Brown* (1990), biographer, essayist, translator
 * Joy Leftow (1983), poet, fiction writer, essayist
 * Mykola Dementiuk (1984), American author; twice winner of the Lambda Literary Award
 * Lee Siegel (1980s), cultural critic
 * Cecil Brown (1966), African American writer and educator
 * John Rousmaniere (1967), American sailor, author on sailing and yachting history
 * Castle Freeman, Jr. (1968), author, Go with Me; contributor to Old Farmer's Almanac
 * Hunter S. Thompson*, (1959). Writer, founder of the Gonzo journalism movement
 * Herbert Kuhner (1959), Austrian writer and translator
 * Donald Clarence Judd (1953), Artist.
 * Dolores Dembus Bittleman (1952), American fiber artist
 * Louise Glück (attended), poet, recipient of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, former United States Poet Laureate
 * Alexandra Ansanelli (2010-), American ballet dancer for The Royal Ballet
 * Arlene Shuler (1977), President and CEO of the New York City Center

Technology and entrepreneurship

 * Thomas Reardon (2008), creator of Internet Explorer
 * John W. Backus (1949), Developer of Fortran, the first true computer language, winner of the 1977 Turing Award
 * Scott Brinker (2005), programmer and entrepreneur, VP of HubSpot
 * Chris Dixon (1996), angel investor, partner of venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, co-founder of Hunch and SiteAdvisor
 * Lovens Gjed (2019), Founder of MEnvesti.com
 * Arthur Kantrowitz (1934), American engineer, professor at Dartmouth College
 * N. Robert Hammer (1965), former chairman, President, and CEO of Commvault

Activism

 * Jane Jacobs* (1940s), author The Death and Life of Great American Cities, urban theorist and activist.
 * Florynce Kennedy (1949), Feminist, Civil Rights advocate, Social activist
 * Susan Mesinai (1965), activist, founder of the Ark Project that aimed to find out information on non-Russians taken prisoner by the former Soviet Union
 * Matthew Lipman (1948), founder of the Philosophy for Children movement
 * Irwin Kula (1978), co-president of CLAL, National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership.
 * Cameron Kasky (2023), student activist who founded Never Again MSD and organizer of March for Our Lives

Music

 * Ira Gershwin* (1918), Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer.
 * Heather D’Angelo (2012), member of the pop band Au Revoir Simone.
 * Leonard Cohen* (1957), Musician and poet
 * Jason Everman (2013), former member of Nirvana, Soundgarden, other side projects. Everman also served in the U.S. Army as both a Ranger and Green Beret. He completed tours in Iraq and Afghanistan.
 * Yonatan Gat (2014), Musician, producer, founder of Monotonix and solo artist
 * Gil Shaham (1990), Violinist.
 * Lena Park (2010), Korean-American singer
 * Robin Pecknold (2016), American musician and frontman of Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes
 * Pat Boone (1957), Singer and actor.
 * Tamar Kaprelian (2016), Singer.
 * Ben Platt* (2016), Broadway actor and singer, Pitch Perfect, The Book of Mormon, Dear Evan Hansen, transferred from Columbia College
 * Lipa Schmeltzer* (2018), singer, "the Lady Gaga of Hasidic music"

Film and entertainment

 * Joseph Gordon-Levitt* (2000–2004), American actor and director
 * Robert Sean Leonard*, American actor
 * Jonathan Taylor Thomas (2010), Actor
 * Kristi Zea (1974), American production designer, costume designer, art director, and director
 * David O. Selznick* (1923), Hollywood producer, King Kong, Gone with the Wind
 * Telly Savalas (1946), Actor, Emmy Award winner and Oscar nominee.
 * Sarah Ramos (2013-), American actress, American Dreams, Parenthood
 * Michelle Rejwan (2008), Senior vice president of Lucasfilm, producer of Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker
 * Eric Shaw (2003), Emmy Award-winning writer for SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Ossie Davis (1948), Actor and social activist, Emmy- and Golden Globe-award nominee
 * Eric Drath (1994), Sports Emmy Award-winning director and producer
 * Adriana Ferreyr (2011-), Brazilian film, television and stage actress, Marisol
 * Julia Bacha (2003), Brazilian documentary maker, director of Budrus
 * Larysa Kondracki (2001), Canadian film director, The Whistleblower
 * Donald Richie (1953), Film Critic
 * Anthony Perkins* (1954), Actor and writer known for his portrayal of Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho
 * Frank Sutton (1952), actor, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
 * Famke Janssen* (1990s), Dutch actress, GoldenEye, the X-Men series, Hemlock Grove and How to Get Away with Murder
 * Taylor Black (2014), American actress, All My Children, winner of Miss New York Teen USA in 2009
 * Elegance Bratton (2014), filmmaker and photographer
 * Chloe Bridges (2020), actress, Freddie, Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam
 * Yeonmi Park (2020), North Korean defector and human rights activist
 * Morgan Saylor (2023), actress, Homeland

Media

 * R. W. Apple (1961), The New York Times associate editor.
 * James S. Vlasto (1950s), American editor, public relations consultant for Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. and Herman Badillo; press secretary for Governor of New York Hugh Carey; father of Chris Vlasto, executive producer of Good Morning America
 * Jacques Pepin (1970), internationally recognized French chef, TV personality, dean at the International Culinary Center
 * Mary Helen Bowers (2008), celebrity fitness guru, entrepreneur, former New York City Ballet dancer
 * Ray William Johnson* (2008), YouTube celebrity best known for his show "Equals Three"
 * Trish Regan (2000), Fox Business Network anchor
 * Steve Hofstetter (2002), comedian, host, and executive producer of "Laughs" on Fox television stations
 * Erik Courtney (2000) Bravo TV personality Newlyweds: The First Year
 * Mark Rotella (1992), senior editor at Publishers Weekly
 * John Horgan (1982), American science journalist, known for his 1996 book, The End of Science
 * Howard G. Chua-Eoan (1983), News Director, Time
 * Jamal Dajani (1988), Palestinian-American journalist, Peabody Award winner, and former aide to Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority Rami Hamdallah
 * Eytan Schwartz (2001), Israeli Reality television personality
 * Mitch Swenson (2014), American freelance reporter and designer of video game 1000 Days of Syria

Athletics

 * Red Auerbach* (1937–39), legendary basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, Tri-Cities Blackhawks, and general manager of the Boston Celtics
 * Kimberly Navarro (2004), ice dancer, 2008 & 2009 U.S. bronze medalist and 2008 Four Continents bronze medalist.
 * Trent Dimas (2002), Olympic champion gymnast
 * Gillian Wachsman (1994), former skater; 1985 NHK Trophy champion and 1986 U.S. national champion
 * Sandy Koufax* (1955), Hall of Fame pitcher for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Courtney King-Dye (2004), Olympic equestrian
 * Troy Murphy (2015), former NBA player
 * Sasha Cohen (2016), Olympic Silver medalist in figure skating
 * Reed Kessler (2018 - attending), Olympic show jumping competitor
 * Silvia Hugec (2023), figure skater and Slovak national champion

Fashion

 * Gerard W. Ford (1957), Founder of the Ford Modeling Agency.
 * Mary McFadden (1959), Fashion Designer
 * Rachel Williams (1994), American model, landscape designer, daughter of architect Tod Williams and sister of filmmaker Tod Williams
 * Kelly Killoren Bensimon (1998), model, author, socialite, The Real Housewives of New York City
 * Sara Ziff (2011), American supermodel, president and founder of Model Alliance
 * Cameron Russell (2013), model and activist, daughter of Zipcar founder Robin Chase
 * Abby Stein (2014 - attending), model and activist, direct descendant of the Hasidic Savran dynasty
 * Alexandra Waterbury (2021), ballet dancer and fashion model

Miscellaneous

 * Amelia Earhart* (1920), American aviator and early female pilot
 * Steve Brozak (1982), investment banker, retired marine
 * Jim Dunnigan (1970), author, military-political analyst, wargame designer
 * Princess Firyal of Jordan (1999) Jordanian princess, socialite, and philanthropist
 * Yitzhak Aharon Korff (1969), Rebbe of the Mezhbizh and Zvhil dynasties, and ex-husband of ViacomCBS heiress Shari Redstone
 * Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1962), Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch Dynasty
 * John Tauranac (1963), Chief designer of the New York City Subway map of 1979
 * Josh Waitzkin* (1999), Child chess prodigy and author, whose life inspired the movie Searching for Bobby Fischer
 * Gabby Gabreski (1949), American flying ace during World War II and the Korean War; headed the Long Island Rail Road
 * Farahnaz Pahlavi (1986), eldest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, last Shah of Iran

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Log cabin

A log cabin is a small log house, especially a minimally finished or less architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history in Europe, and in America are often associated with first-generation home building by settlers.

Europe
Construction with logs was described by Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio in his architectural treatise De Architectura. He noted that in Pontus in present-day northeastern Turkey, dwellings were constructed by laying logs horizontally overtop of each other and filling in the gaps with "chips and mud".

Log cabin construction has its roots in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. Although their precise origin is uncertain, the first log structures were probably being built in Northern Europe by the Bronze Age around 3500 BC. C. A. Weslager describes Europeans as having:

"The Finns were accomplished in building several forms of log housing, having different methods of corner timbering, and they utilized both round and hewn logs. Their log building had undergone an evolutionary process from the crude 'pirtti'... a small gabled-roof cabin of round logs with an opening in the roof to vent smoke, to more sophisticated squared logs with interlocking double-notch joints, the timber extending beyond the corners. Log saunas or bathhouses of this type are still found in rural Finland.

By stacking tree trunks one on top of another and overlapping the logs at the corners, people made the 'log cabin'. They developed interlocking corners by notching the logs at the ends, resulting in strong structures that were easier to make weather-tight by inserting moss or other soft material into the joints. As the original coniferous forest extended over the coldest parts of the world, there was a prime need to keep these cabins warm. The insulating properties of the solid wood were a great advantage over a timber frame construction covered with animal skins, felt, boards or shingles. Over the decades, increasingly complex joints were developed to ensure more weather tight joints between the logs, but the profiles were still largely based on the round log."

A medieval log cabin was considered movable property, evidenced by the relocation of Espåby in 1557, where the buildings were disassembled, transported to a new location, and reassembled. It was also common to replace individual logs damaged by dry rot as necessary.

The Wood Museum in Trondheim, Norway, displays fourteen different traditional profiles, but a basic form of log construction was used all over North Europe and Asia and later imported to America.

Log construction was especially suited to Scandinavia, where straight, tall tree trunks (pine and spruce) are readily available. With suitable tools, a log cabin can be erected from scratch in days by a family. As no chemical reaction is involved, such as hardening of mortar, a log cabin can be erected in any weather or season. Many older towns in Northern Scandinavia have been built exclusively out of log houses, which have been decorated by board paneling and wood cuttings. Today, construction of modern log cabins as leisure homes is a fully developed industry in Finland and Sweden. Modern log cabins often feature fiberglass insulation and are sold as prefabricated kits machined in a factory, rather than hand-built in the field like ancient log cabins.

Log cabins are mostly constructed without the use of nails and thus derive their stability from simple stacking, with only a few dowel joints for reinforcement. This is because a log cabin tends to compress slightly as it settles, over a few months or years. Nails would soon be out of alignment and torn out.

Log cabins were largely built from logs laid horizontally and interlocked on the ends with notches. Some log cabins were built without notches and simply nailed together, but this was not as structurally sound.

The most important aspect of cabin building is the site upon which the cabin was built. Site selection was aimed at providing the cabin inhabitants with both sunlight and drainage to make them better able to cope with the rigors of frontier life. Proper site selection placed the home in a location best suited to manage the farm or ranch. When the first pioneers built cabins, they were able to "cherry pick" the best logs for cabins. These were old-growth trees with few limbs (knots) and straight with little taper. Such logs did not need to be hewn to fit well together. Careful notching minimized the size of the gap between the logs and reduced the amount of chinking (sticks or rocks) or daubing (mud) needed to fill the gap. The length of one log was generally the length of one wall, although this was not a limitation for most good cabin builders.

Decisions had to be made about the type of cabin. Styles varied greatly from one part of North America to another: the size of the cabin, the number of stories, type of roof, the orientation of doors and windows all needed to be taken into account when the cabin was designed. In addition, the source of the logs, the source of stone and available labor, either human or animal, had to be considered. If timber sources were further away from the site, the cabin size might be limited.

Cabin corners were often set on large stones; if the cabin was large, other stones were used at other points along the sill (bottom log). Since they were usually cut into the sill, thresholds were supported with rock as well. These stones are found below the corners of many 18th-century cabins as they are restored. Cabins were set on foundations to keep them out of damp soil but also to allow for storage or basements to be constructed below the cabin. Cabins with earth floors had no need for foundations.

United States and Canada
In North America and the United States, cabins were constructed using a variety of notches. One method common in the Ohio River Valley in Southwestern Ohio and Southeastern Indiana is the block house end method, which is exemplified in the David Brown House in Rising Sun, Indiana.

Some older buildings in the Midwestern United States and the Canadian Prairies are log structures covered with clapboards or other materials. 19th-century cabins used as dwellings were occasionally plastered on the interior. The O'Farrell Cabin (c. 1865) in Boise, Idaho, had backed wallpaper used over newspaper. The C.C.A. Christenson Cabin in Ephraim, Utah (c. 1880) was plastered over willow lath. Log cabins reached their peak of complexity and elaboration with the Adirondack-style cabins of the mid-19th century. This style was the inspiration for many United States Park Service lodges built at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century.

Log cabin building never died out or fell out of favor. It was surpassed by the needs of a growing urban United States. During the 1930s and the Great Depression, the Roosevelt administration directed the Civilian Conservation Corps to build log lodges throughout the west for use by the Forest Service and the National Park Service. Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was such a log structure, and it was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1930, the world's largest log cabin was constructed at a private resort in Montebello, Quebec, Canada. Often described as a log château, it serves as the Château Montebello hotel.

The modern version of a log cabin is the log home, which is a house built usually from milled logs. The logs are visible on the exterior and sometimes interior of the house. These cabins are mass manufactured, traditionally in Scandinavian countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe. Squared milled logs are precut for easy assembly. Log homes are popular in rural areas, and even in some suburban locations. In many resort communities in the Western United States, homes of log and stone measuring over 3000 sqft are not uncommon. These "kit" log homes are one of the largest consumers of logs in the Western United States.

In the United States, log homes have embodied a traditional approach to home building, one that has resonated throughout American history. Log homes represent a technology that allows a home to be built with a high degree of sustainability. They are frequently considered to be on the leading edge of the green building movement.

Crib barns were a popular type of barn found throughout the American Southern and Southeastern regions. Crib barns were especially ubiquitous in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountain states of North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas. In Europe, modern log cabins are often built in gardens and used as summerhouses, home offices, or as an additional room in the garden. Summer houses and cottages are often built from logs in Northern Europe.

Chinking refers to a broad range of mortar or other infill materials used between the logs in the construction of log cabins and other log-walled structures. Traditionally, dried mosses, such as Pleurozium schreberi or Hylocomium splendens, were used in the Nordic countries as an insulator between logs. In the United States, Chinks were small stones or wood or corn cobs stuffed between the logs.

In the United States, settlers may have first constructed log cabins by 1640. Historians believe that the first log cabins built in North America were in the Swedish colony of New Sweden along the Delaware River and Brandywine River valleys.

Most of the settlers were actually Forest Finns, a heavily oppressed Finnish ethnic group originally from Savonia and Tavastia, who starting from the 1500s were displaced or persuaded to go inhabit and practice slash and burn agriculture (which they were famous for in eastern Finland) in the deep forests of inland Sweden and Norway, during Sweden's 600+ year colonial rule over Finland, who since 1640 were being captured and displaced to the colony.

After arriving, they would escape the Fort Christina center where the Swedes lived, to go and live in the forest as they did back home. They encountered the Lenape Indian tribe, with whom they found many cultural similarities, including slash and burn agriculture, sweat lodges and saunas, and a love of forests, and they ended up living alongside and even culturally assimilating with them (they are the earlier and lesser-known Findian tribe, being overshadowed by the Ojibwe Findians of Minnesota, Michigan and Ontario, Canada). In those forests, the first log cabins of America were built, using traditional Finnish methods. Even though New Sweden existed only briefly before it was absorbed by the Dutch colony of New Netherland, which was eventually taken over by the English, these quick and easy construction techniques of the Finns not only remained, but spread.

Germans and Ukrainians also used this technique. The contemporaneous British settlers had no tradition of building with logs, but they quickly adopted the method. The first English settlers did not widely use log cabins, building in forms more traditional to them. Few log cabins dating from the 18th century still stand, but they were often not intended as permanent dwellings. Possibly the oldest surviving log house in the United States is the C. A. Nothnagle Log House (c. 1640) in New Jersey. Settlers often built log cabins as temporary homes to live in while constructing larger, permanent houses; then they either demolished the log structures or used them as outbuildings, such as barns or chicken coops.

Log cabins were sometimes hewn on the outside so that siding might be applied; they also might be hewn inside and covered with a variety of materials, ranging from plaster over lath to wallpaper.

Log cabins were constructed with either a purlin roof structure or a rafter roof structure. A purlin roof consists of horizontal logs that are notched into the gable-wall logs. The latter are progressively shortened to form the characteristic triangular gable end. The steepness of the roof was determined by the reduction in size of each gable-wall log as well as the total number of gable-wall logs. Flatter roofed cabins might have had only 2 or 3 gable-wall logs while steeply pitched roofs might have had as many gable-wall logs as a full story. Issues related to eave overhang and a porch also influenced the layout of the cabin.

The decision about roof type often was based on the material for roofing like bark. Milled lumber was usually the most popular choice for rafter roofs in areas where it was available. These roofs typify many log cabins built in the 20th century, having full-cut 2×4 rafters covered with pine and cedar shingles. The purlin roofs found in rural settings and locations, where milled lumber was not available, often were covered with long hand-split shingles.

The log cabin has been a symbol of humble origins in U.S. politics since the early 19th century. At least seven U.S. presidents were born in log cabins, including Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, and James A. Garfield. Although William Henry Harrison was not born in a log cabin, he and the Whigs were among the first to use them during the 1840 presidential election as a symbol to show Americans that he was a man of the people. Other candidates followed Harrison's example, making the idea of a log cabin a recurring theme in U.S. presidential campaigns.

More than a century after Harrison, Adlai Stevenson II said, "I wasn't born in a log cabin. I didn't work my way through school nor did I rise from rags to riches, and there's no use trying to pretend I did." Stevenson lost the 1952 presidential election in a landslide to Dwight D. Eisenhower.

A popular children's toy in the United States is Lincoln Logs, which are various notched dowel rods that can be fitted together to build scale miniature-sized structures.

Related housing

 * Beach cabin
 * Beach hut
 * Mountain hut
 * Shack
 * Sweat lodge
 * Tiny house

title: Log cabin


text:
Stephen F. Austin State University

Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU or SFA) is a public university in Nacogdoches, Texas. It was founded as a teachers' college in 1923 and subsequently renamed after one of Texas's founding fathers, Stephen F. Austin. Its campus resides on part of the homestead of Thomas Jefferson Rusk. On May 11, 2023, the university joined the University of Texas System; it was previously one of two public universities in the state not affiliated with one of Texas's seven university systems.

It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. Though the university is located in the rural East Texas college town of Nacogdoches, the vast majority of SFA students come from Greater Houston, the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and other cities throughout Texas. SFA has also served students from 46 states outside Texas and 42 countries outside the United States.

The Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks are members of the Southland Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports. The Lumberjacks football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. The Lumberjacks basketball team has made five appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament, with two upset first-round wins in 2014 and 2016.

Academics
Stephen F. Austin offers more than 120 areas of study, including more than 80 undergraduate majors, nearly 60 graduate degrees, and four doctoral programs. Stephen F. Austin offers classes through six colleges and one independent school.

The Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture is nationally recognized, and houses one of only two schools of forestry in the State of Texas (and the only forestry college in the timber-producing East Texas region). It was responsible for mapping and recovery of debris and remains from Space Shuttle Columbia that fell on its premises in 2003.

During the 2021-2022 academic year, there were 2,792 degrees awarded. Of those degrees, 2,230 (79%) were undergraduate, 552 were post-graduate (20%), and 10 (1%) were doctoral.

Since 2007, Stephen F. Austin has served as the headquarters of the Association for Business Communication. It is also the home of the National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops, which in 2011 discovered a potential cancer-fighting agent from the extract of giant salvinia, one of the world's most notorious invasive species.

Colleges and schools

 * Nelson Rusche College of Business
 * Gerald W. Schlief School of Accountancy
 * James I. Perkins College of Education
 * Micky Elliott College of Fine Arts
 * School of Art
 * School of Music
 * School of Theatre
 * Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture
 * College of Liberal and Applied Arts
 * School of Social Work
 * College of Sciences and Mathematics
 * Richard and Lucille DeWitt School of Nursing
 * School of Honors
 * The Graduate School

Campus
In addition to the main campus which encompasses 430 acres, the university maintains a 642 acre agricultural research center for beef, poultry, and swine production and an equine center; an observatory for astronomy research, a 2,650-acre experimental forest in southwestern Nacogdoches County and a 25.3 acre forestry field station on the Sam Rayburn Reservoir. SFA has purple lights visible on top of the tallest buildings on campus, Steen Hall. A purple light also is illuminated in the Student Center clock tower.

Athletics
In tribute to the forestry industry, which is a major component of the area's economy, the men's athletic teams are called Lumberjacks, and women's teams are known as Ladyjacks. Lumberjacks name was chosen in 1923, when T. E. Ferguson, a professor of English at SFA, submitted name to the students and faculty assembly. The choice was made given the university's location in the Piney Woods, where forestry and timber products are a major part of the area's economy. Most of SFA's athletic teams participate in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), which hosts teams from the states of Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington. SFA joined the WAC in July 2021 after 34 years in the Southland Conference (SLC). Stephen F. Austin's colors are purple and white. In July 2024, SFA will re-join the Southland Conference

Men's NCAA sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, indoor & outdoor track and field. Women's NCAA sports include basketball, beach volleyball, bowling, cross country, golf, indoor & outdoor track and field, soccer, softball, tennis, and (indoor) volleyball.

SFA's football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) in the United Athletic Conference (UAC), formed after the 2022 season as a football-only merger of the WAC and ASUN Conference. SFA's football team earned a berth into the FCS playoffs in 2009, which was the first for the university since 1995. The team also earned a playoff berth in 2010, marking the first time in the program's history that the team had reached the playoffs in consecutive seasons. The 2010 season also marked the first time that the school had won an outright conference championship since 1989. Stephen F. Austin's only bowl appearance was the 1973 Poultry Bowl, in which the team defeated Gardner–Webb 31–10.

The men's basketball team reached its first NCAA tournament in 2009 after winning the Southland Conference regular season and tournament. They lost 59–44 to Syracuse. In their second appearance in 2014, they upset VCU in overtime, 77–75. In their third appearance in 2016, they upset 3rd seeded West Virginia 70–56. In the second round against 6th seeded Notre Dame they lost 77–76 on a buzzer beater by Notre Dame's Rex Pflueger. On November 26, 2019, in arguably the biggest upset in NCAA Division I basketball in 15 years, SFA upset #1-ranked Duke in overtime by a score of 85–83. This was the first home game against a nonconference opponent that Duke had lost in the Blue Devils' past 150 home games.

In 2020, the athletic department of Stephen F. Austin was found by the NCAA to have had several administrative errors in reporting the grades of the student athletes from 2013 to 2019, which resulted in the university having academically ineligible players to be on rosters. As a result, the SFA's football, men and women's basketball teams victories from this time span (including the 2016 men's basketball team win over WVU and the Southland Conference titles from 2014 to 2018) had to be vacated.

In July 2021, SFA joined the Western Athletic Conference. SFA houses three sports outside the WAC—football in the UAC; beach volleyball (a women-only NCAA sport) in the Sun Belt Conference; and bowling (another women-only sport) in Conference USA, which absorbed SFA's former bowling home of the Southland Bowling League after the 2022–23 season.

Notable alumni and faculty

Points of interest and notable campus buildings

 * Mast Arboretum
 * The Stone Fort Museum, built in 1936, is a museum and a replica of the eighteenth century house built by Antonio Gil Y'Barbo, the earliest Spanish settler of Nacogdoches.
 * The Planetarium
 * The Observatory
 * SFA Art Galleries
 * Griffith Gallery
 * The Art Center
 * Ralph W. Steen Library
 * The AARC, Academic Assistance and Resource Center, is located on the first floor of the Ralph W. Steen Library, and offers free tutoring to Stephen F. Austin State University students:
 * The ETRC, East Texas Research Center, is located for public use on the second floor of the Ralph W. Steen Library.
 * The East Texas Historical Association is based on the Stephen F. Austin campus.

title: Stephen F. Austin State University


text:
Schubert Dip

Schubert Dip is the debut album by British rock band EMF, released on Parlophone Records on 7 May 1991. It features the worldwide hit single "Unbelievable" which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The name of the album is a pun on the name of the popular sweet sherbet dip and the 19th-century composer Franz Schubert.

Critical reception
Alex Henderson of AllMusic gave the album three stars out of five, feeling that overall it was not as good as the standout single "Unbelievable": "The only song that comes close to packing the punch of 'Unbelievable' is the intoxicating 'Long Summer Days'. For the most part, Schubert Dip is a prime example of an album that is simply decent when it should have been excellent."

Track listing
All songs written and composed by James Atkin, Derry Brownson, Mark Decloedt, Ian Dench & Zac Foley, except where noted.

 * 1) "Children" – 5:15
 * 2) "Long Summer Days" – 4:00
 * 3) "When You're Mine" (Dench) – 3:22
 * 4) "Travelling Not Running" (Dench) – 4:20
 * 5) "I Believe" – 3:43
 * 6) "Unbelievable" – 3:29
 * 7) "Girl of an Age" – 3:56
 * 8) "Admit It" (Dench) – 3:28
 * 9) "Lies" (Dench) – 4:27 (4:19 on reissue)
 * 10) "Longtime" – 4:25 (original length was 8:10, as it included "EMF" as a hidden track)
 * 11) "EMF" (Live at the Bilson) – 3:54 (hidden track on the original, later listed separately on reissue)

Note
 * The track "Lies" on the first pressings of Schubert Dip originally began with a sample of the voice of John Lennon's assassin, Mark David Chapman, reciting the first two lines of the lyrics to Lennon's "Watching the Wheels". Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, objected to this sample and as a result all subsequent pressings of the album have omitted the sample of Chapman's voice.
 * The Hungarian speech at the beginning of the track "Travelling Not Running": "Az nem lehet, hogy az ellenzéknek is ártani lehet, ezt majd a végső eredmény eldönti" ("It is impossible to harm the oppositionist, the final result will decide it".) The person was János Berecz, a Hungarian Communist Party ("Hungarian Socialist Labour Party") politician at the end of the Iron Curtain era.

Sample credits
 * "Unbelievable" includes samples of US comedian Andrew Dice Clay throughout the track.
 * The song "Girl of an Age" contains a sample of the character Ernie from Sesame Street speaking to his friend Bert.
 * The song "Longtime" contains a sample of a reading of The Hollow Men by T. S. Eliot.

Personnel
EMF
 * James Atkin – vocals, guitars
 * Derry Brownson – keyboards, samples
 * Mark Decloedt – drums
 * Ian Dench – keyboards and guitars
 * Zac Foley – bass

Additional personnel
 * DJ Milf – turntables, scratching
 * Claudia Fontaine – backing vocals on "Children", "I Believe", "Girl of an Age" & "Lies"
 * Sindy Finn & Laurane McIntosh – backing vocals on "Travelling Not Running"
 * Mastering by George Marino at Sterling Sound, NYC

title: Schubert Dip


text:
Talk:Log cabin

This article has been renamed from log cabin (building) to log cabin as the result of a move request.

Lincoln
Popular myth that Lincoln grew up a log cabin? You mean he didn't? Of course he didn't grow up in Illinois, but in Indiana, after being born in Kentucky. He lived and worked in Illinois. -- Decumanus | Talk 03:50, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Double checked. Certainly the national park service thinks he was born in a log cabin, and they run the birth place in Kentucky -- Decumanus | Talk 03:56, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The "myth" thing may arise from the fact that the log cabin that exists at the birth place now was not the log cabin in which he was born, since it was constructed 30 years after his death. . -- Decumanus | Talk 04:02, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Died out?
Did log cabins die out in the 20th century, I think that's when most of them were built, especially in Alaska. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.165.134.49 (talk • contribs) at 20.51, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No - in fact 40,000 (approx.) are built each year. but they are log "homes." 68.98.145.55 (talk) 01:48, 14 January 2008 (UTC)andrew

Article scope
If log-cabins are primarily an American (US) architectural style, then why shouldn't this article primarily reflect an American viewpoint? 69.19.14.22 22:32, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

If this is so, then the page title and heading should reflect that. However the reference to the "Swedes" somewhat counters that claim, and it's a fact that many log dwellings were/are built in other parts of the world. Plus the style of the writing has a non-encyclopedic tone which also narrows the focus to N. American dwelling. An example:

"See the O'Farrell Cabin (ca. 1865) in Boise, Idaho where a backed wallpaper was used over newspaper."

First of all, see it how?  A link to a Boise, Idaho page is liable to be frustrating to people who blindly click on it, thinking it will be a picture of the O'Farrell Cabin. Secondly, the reference to backed wallpaper over newspaper should be confirmed with either a direct image or description link, or it should be accompanied by an image showing the style. Dmodlin71 (talk) 06:17, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Folk Log Structures - Follow-up
Log structures were used and continue to exist in several parts of Europe, particularly throughout Scandanevia, the Bohemian region of Germany, and in small pockets of France, and the British Isles (though much later on). This type of construction technique and shelter type became perhaps most prevelant and popular in America, but its source is the immigrants from the nations above who imparted these skills and techniques throughout the Midland Culture Region, spreading from the East Coast (particularly throughout Pennsylvania) the Ohio River Valley, and into several states of the western United States. Log structures continued to be built for the initial purpose of shelter, farming, and storage into the early 20th century, replicas continue to be made and original structures have in many cases been renovated or re-built in new locations. I'll look at this article and expand in the next several days. Internazionale 14:49, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Rename

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

moved Log cabin (building) to Log cabin. ●DanMS • Talk 04:29, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
Log cabin (building) → Log cabin — almost every link to Log cabin intends the building —Ewlyahoocom 05:48, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support - every other page listed at Log cabin (disambiguation) has some additional qualifying word in the name (Campaign, Texas, Republicans, etc). Pfly 06:07, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Support - per reasons given. Reginmund 22:52, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Support - Pfly made a point. -- Tλε Rαnδom Eδιτor  ( ταlκ )  23:38, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Support - I don't even think there should be a dab page when only one entry is ever referred to as a "log cabin". Dekimasu よ! 05:32, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Loghouse merge
Loghouse is a previously "lonely" article that consisted of nothing about a paragraph of misspelled, poorly written, unreferenced text about log homes. While this Log cabin article has tags regarding the limited scope and US-centric writing style, Loghouse suffers from these problems even more.

There was previously One article that linked to it, and I've switched it to here. My main question is this: Is there any real distinction between a Log cabin and a Loghouse or reason to keep that page?

 * The distinction I've read in several places is that "log cabin" means (or once meant) a rough and quickly built structure intended to be temporary, while a "log house" means (or once meant) something intended to be nice and permanent. A distinguishing feature sometimes cited is whether the logs are left round and maybe with the bark still on (log cabin) or whether they are squared flat (log house). Apparently in the frontier days of America log houses were often covered with plaster on the inside, and perhaps wallpaper, and sometimes with clapboard on the outside.

 * But I don't see a need for two pages on the topic. Since all old log homes in America are typically called log cabins, even when they are quite big, the page "log cabin" could serve as the main one, but contain info about the difference in historical usage. I'm not sure about modern log houses, but I expect they could be included in such an article too. Fewer short articles often equals a more encyclopedic approach! If I remember, I'll look for the books where I read about this stuff, next time I'm at the library. Pfly 03:42, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * If such a distinction does exist then fine. The problem is that the articles don't reflect that. -Theanphibian (talk • contribs) 02:38, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge Whatever distinctions exist can be better highlighted in a merged article. Note that there's also a Log home article which seems to deal with "modern" log structures. Ewlyahoocom 05:33, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actioned - I have carried out the merge. TerriersFan (talk) 18:50, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

plagiarism
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Log_cabin&diff=80951724&oldid=79737062 shows that large parts of at least this page were copied without attribution and by deceivingly changing individual words.--Espoo (talk) 00:45, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Symbolism (internet?)
Two years a go an unregistered user added this line to symbolism;

"The "Log Cabin" has become a vernacular reference to the Internet, referring to the solitary, shut-in nature of computer geeks who decrease socializing."

It has been without a citation for two years, and I can find nothing on this in any of the slang or vernacular dictionaries. I am deleting; if anybody can find anything please correct me.

--Bridgecross (talk) 19:31, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Dubious
There is no way that some tplace in New Jersey has teh greatest consentration of Log Cabins in the world. Try cottage country in Canada, where there are whole log towns mand log resorts. --Kevlar (talk • contribs) 20:52, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Confusing Sentence
I'm confused by the second half of this introductory sentence: "...it was the first generation home building erected quickly for frontier shelter." Is it "the first generation-home-building" or "the first-generation home-building," meaning the method of choice for the first generation of European settlers in the US? Is it "the first...building [to be] erected quickly?" Or is it "the first building [because it could be] erected quickly?" I might be missing something, but I've read this sentence over a few times and I'm not sure how the clauses add up.Sadiemonster (talk) 10:56, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Edits
I made some changes for readability and clarity, also tried to do something about the American slant, at least in the European section. And cut out an interesting paragraph on the military applications of log construction that was unrelated to cabins. Hope this meets with approval. SereneRain (talk) 03:25, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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How many Presidents were born in log cabins?
The article says "Seven United States Presidents were born in log cabins, including..." (and names six Presidents). Was it really six? Or did one President get left out of the list, perhaps maliciously? Also, there appears to be a link supporting this statement, but the link (which is dead, but from the name of it in the references section should be https://www.nps.gov/whho/index.htm ) does not seem to have anything to do with log cabins? Mathmannix (talk) 21:17, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

Photo of log cabin
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cabin_21_47_53_270000.jpeg&oldid=358048383 whicky1978talk 13:54, 14 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Log cabin


text:
Hitman: Contracts

Hitman: Contracts is a 2004 stealth video game developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is the third installment in the Hitman video game series, and serves as both a remake of Hitman: Codename 47 and sequel to Hitman 2: Silent Assassin, incorporating gameplay elements introduced in the latter into missions from the first game, which have been remastered with enhanced graphics. The game also includes several new missions, which serve as flashbacks experienced by the player character, the cloned assassin Agent 47, after being almost killed on a botched job.

Hitman: Contracts was met with generally positive reviews; praise was directed at the improved gameplay elements, graphics, soundtrack, darker tone and atmosphere, while criticism was reserved for the lack of significant improvements and the familiarity with the previous two games. As of April 2009, the game has sold around 2 million copies. High-definition ports of Contracts, Silent Assassin, and the sequel Blood Money were released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in January 2013 as the Hitman HD Trilogy.

Gameplay
In Hitman: Contracts, players control Agent 47 from a third-person perspective, who is sent to various locations across the globe to assassinate specific targets. A wide array of weapons can be used, from kitchen knives, assault rifles and handguns to belt-fed machine guns. While stealth and subterfuge is encouraged, the game allows the player to take a more violent approach and gunfight their way to their mission goals. As players progress through the game, they can collect the various armaments found in the levels, allowing them to be used in future missions. Aside from the more straightforward ways of killing targets such as gunplay and strangulation, several missions allow the player more subtle ways to eliminate hits, such as judicious use of poison, or arranging "accidents" like a heat-induced heart attack inside a sauna.

Players are rated on their performance based on several factors; key among which are the number of shots fired, non-player characters (NPCs) killed (and whether they were armed adversaries or innocents), and the number of times the guards are alerted. The lowest rank is "Mass Murderer", which is awarded to players who kill large numbers of NPCs in the pursuit of their target and do not use stealth. The highest rank is "Silent Assassin", which is earned when the player accomplishes their mission without being detected, and generally without killing anyone other than the intended target(s).

Contracts continues the trend of context sensitive actions, which means that one button is used in multiple situations for multiple uses. For example, when the player is near a door, the context sensitive button will allow the player to perform door-relevant actions such as keyhole-peeking, lock picking, or if allowed, simply opening it. When the player is near an unconscious or dead NPC, the same button will allow the ability to either acquire the person's outfit, or drag the body to an area where it will not be found by guards.

Along with the context sensitive button, the "Suspicion Meter" returns as well; this meter informs players of how close they are to blowing their respective cover. Actions like excess running indoors, brandishing weapons openly, residing in restricted areas, or sneaking can raise suspicion. Proximity will also usually raise the meter. If the "Suspicion Meter" fills, guards will open fire on sight of the player and the current cover becomes useless. If the guards discover a fallen body, or if an unconscious person wakes and alerts them, the "Suspicion Meter" will raise much faster than it would otherwise.

Disguises can be either found in the environment or taken from the bodies of male NPCs. Depending on the disguise, the player can then access areas restricted to most individuals in a level. These disguises can be seen through by guards, as stated above; e.g. if guards in a level are all wielding shotguns, a player dressed as a guard but not similarly equipped will draw more suspicion. Also, certain behaviors (like picking locks) will cause guards to see through a disguise as well.

Plot
On 17 March 2004, around two years after the events of Silent Assassin, Agent 47 is shot and critically wounded while carrying out a mission in Paris for his employers, the International Contracts Agency (ICA). Returning to his hotel room, he reflects on his past, beginning with his escape from Romanian special forces after killing his creator, Dr. Otto Ort-Meyer, at his own facility. 47 then recalls various contracts he carried out over the years, including the assassination of two fetishists who had kidnapped and murdered a client's daughter in Romania; the killing of a black marketeer in Kamchatka selling weapons to terrorists, and the destruction of their weapon labs aboard a submarine; the murder of a corrupt nobleman and his son in the United Kingdom; the assassination of a biker crime lord in Rotterdam; and the killings of three of his five genetic "fathers", namely gunrunner Arkadij Jegorov, who the bikers were doing business with in Rotterdam, terrorist Frantz Fuchs - incidentally, the brother of the black marketeer in Kamchatka - in a hotel in Budapest, and Triad boss Lee Hong in Hong Kong.

During this time, an ICA doctor arrives and performs emergency surgery on 47 before he can bleed out, but officers from the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) storm the hotel to capture 47. While the ICA doctor is forced to flee without dressing the wound, 47 regains his strength and prepares to deal with the officers, before recalling the briefing for his current contract. He remembers that he had taken out two of the three targets he had been sent to eliminate (an event later addressed in Hitman: Blood Money), all of whom were involved in a child prostitution ring in Eastern Europe. He also recalls that the third target, corrupt GIGN officer Albert Fournier, survived 47's attempt on his life after being tipped off to his presence, and was responsible for his injury.

As the GIGN prepares to storm his room, which is slowly being filled with tear gas, 47 escapes from the hotel, intending to complete his contract. Upon reaching the streets, he finds and kills Fournier, before escaping to the Charles de Gaulle Airport. Boarding a plane that is leaving the country, 47 is reunited with his handler Diana Burnwood, who confirms his suspicion that someone knew about the contract and warns him that the ICA is being targeted by the same group. 47 agrees to handle the matter and takes possession of a file which names the group as the Franchise, an enemy of the ICA that seeks to undermine them and gain control of governments worldwide.

Development
The third Hitman game was originally meant to be the final game of a trilogy, but due to time pressure from IO Interactive's then publisher, Eidos, IOI split into two teams to work on Hitman: Contracts and Hitman: Blood Money at the same time, with Hitman: Contracts being a smaller game containing remastered levels from Hitman: Codename 47 in addition to new levels. Hitman: Contracts was developed on a tight schedule to release two years after Hitman 2: Silent Assassin. The game was released in 2004 in North America on 20 April, in the UK on 30 April, in Australia on 13 May, and in Japan on 14 October.

Soundtrack
Hitman: Contracts Original Soundtrack was composed by Jesper Kyd and released in 2004. The score features the same Latin choral arrangements as in all the other scores; however, they are heavily sampled and mixed into the dark electronic soundscape. As summed up by Kyd, "First of all it is a much darker score. Hitman 2 was an epic story that kind of spanned all over the world. This one, although there are different locations, it's not one big epic story. It's a lot of darker, psychological small stories mixed together, so the score follows the darker aspect of Hitman and his career." The score was awarded the title of "Best Original Music" at the 2005 BAFTA Games Awards.

Besides the original Jesper Kyd score, the game features the following songs:
 * "Put Your Head on My Shoulder" by Paul Anka in Level 2 "The Meat King's Party". 2:37
 * "A Different Kind of Love" by Dick Walter in Level 4 "Beldingford Manor" 5:18
 * "Immortal" by Clutch in Level 5 "Rendezvous in Rotterdam".
 * "Walking Dead" by Puressence in Level 6 "Deadly Cargo".
 * "Le Souteneur (Monsieur Claude)" by Faf Larage in Level 12 "Hunter and Hunted".

Reception
Hitman: Contracts received mostly positive reviews. Critics praised the improved gameplay elements, graphics, soundtrack, darker tone and atmosphere, while criticism was directed towards the familiarity and the lack of significant changes and additions from the previous game.

Although GameSpot's Greg Kasavin liked that some of the missions from Hitman: Codename 47 are featured here with graphical enhancements, he did feel it was a "cheap move." Kasavin also criticised the normal difficulty in the game; he felt it was too easy and that players can take the 'Mass Murderer' route with little to no consequences. Air Hendrix of GamePro said of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions, "In this captivating outing, 47 revisits the past while modernizing the nagging flaws of his previous games, making for his best trail of assassinations yet."

title: Hitman: Contracts


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