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Dera Ismail Khan

Dera Ismail Khan (Urdu and, ډېره اسماعيل خان), abbreviated as D.I. Khan, is a city and capital of Dera Ismail Khan District, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is the 37th largest city of Pakistan and fifth largest in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population. Dera Ismail Khan is situated on the west bank of the Indus River, at its junction with the Gomal River.

It is 300 km south of the provincial capital Peshawar, and 230 km northwest of Multan, Punjab.

Etymology
In the local language, the word ḍerā means "tent, encampment", and is commonly found in the name of towns in the Indus Valley such as Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Bugti. It is named after Dodai mercenary Ismail Khan, son of Malik Sohrab Dodai, who founded the town. "Dera Ismail Khan" thus means "Camp of Ismail Khan."

Early history
The region around Dera Ismail Khan has been inhabited for millennia, as evidenced by the nearby site of Rehman Dheri — a pre-Harappan archaeological site dating back from 3300 BCE. In the seventh century, the city had a large population of Brahmins and Buddhists.

Medieval history
D. I. Khan is located in the historical Derajat region, which was established in the 15th century, when Baloch people were invited to settle the region by Shah Husayn, of the Langah Sultanate of Multan.

Shah Husayn being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, assigned the region around D. I. Khan to Sardar Malik Sohrab Khan Dodai Baloch in 1469 or 1471 and appointed him as "Jagir". Malik originally hailed from the Makran District of southwestern Balochistan province. His success lead to the migration of other Makrani tribesmen — one of which, Ghazi Khan, founded the city of Dera Ghazi Khan further south. Malik's son, Ismail Khan, is traditionally believed to have founded the city of Dera Ismail Khan, though the Emperor Babur passed through the region in 1506 and made no mention of the city.

Baloch settlers were assimilated through the, later waves of Pashtun settlement, although villagers along the alluvial plains are typically Baloch or Jat.

In the late medieval era, Vaishnavite temples of the Puṣṭimārga (Eighth Gaddī) and Gauḍiya sects were founded in Dera Ismail Khan.

Dera Ismail Khan region was part of Multan Subah of Mughal Empire. The city was along the major Multan-to-Kandahar trade route, though D. I Khan never attained a station of great power or importance before the British period. D. I. Khan grew prosperous as a trading centre for Powindah nomads. During Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire.

D. I. Khan was ruled by nine generations of Baloch leaders descended directly from Ismail Khan. The last, Nusrat Khan, was removed from power after the city was captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1750. In 1794, the city was granted to Nawab Muhammad Khan Sadozai by Shahzada Kamran Durrani.

Re establishment of the city
The original town was swept away by flooding on the Indus River in 1823. The present city was founded by Nawab Sher Muhammad Khan of the Saddozai clan in 1825, and now stands four miles (6 km) away from the permanent channel of the river, atop a small plateau. Nawab Sadozai took into consideration the opinions of Diwan Lakhi Mal and Tej Bhan Nandwani for the city's reconstruction. Architects were brought in from Punjab, who designed a city where Hindus would live south of the city center and Muslims north of it. Four bazaars were laid in each of the cardinal directions, with all four converging in the town's central Chowgalla. The rebuilt city contained a large bazaar for Afghan traders, and the city prospered from trade via the Gomal Pass. An eight-foot mud wall with nine gates was built around the city during this time as well, some of which such as the Kaneran Wala and Sakki survive until today. All existing buildings date from no earlier than the 19th century.

Sikh rule (1821–1849)
D. I. Khan remained under Sadozai rule from the nearby town of Mankera until it was annexed by Bhatti Jatsikh ruler Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh of the Sikh Empire in 1836. Diwan Lakhi Mal appointed city's Kardar ruler, though the Nawabs of the city from the Durrani order were allowed to maintain their title and some income. The city suffered under punitive taxes that lead to frequent complaints in the Sikh Darbar at Lahore, resulting in several changes of Kardar.

Colonial British India era
D. I. Khan's first deputy commissioner under British Indian Empire was General Henry Charles Van Cortland, who arrived in February 1848, before departing later that year to quell a revolt in nearby Multan. Following the defeat of rebels at Multan, Lieutenant Butler was made the next deputy commissioner of D. I. Khan and Bannu. Under his rule, city's infrastructure and colonial administration system were established in which top posts were exclusively occupied by the British. The city was on the edge of the Tribal Areas — lands that were frequently in rebellion against British Indian Empire. The town did not rise up in revolt against British Indian Empire during the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny. In 1861, D. I. Khan was made into the Divisional Capital of the new Dera Ismail Khan Division: analogous to a British county.

The municipality was constituted in 1867, while the Dera Ismail Khan Cantonment was established in 1894. By 1881 the city's population was 22,164. The military cantonment area, which lies southeast of the town, had an area of 44 sqmi, excluding the portion known as Fort Akalgarh on the northwest side.

The Dera Ismail Brigade had its winter headquarters at Dera Ismail Khan, and the garrison consisted of a mountain battery, a regiment of Native cavalry, and three regiments of Native infantry. Detachments from these regiments helped to garrison the outposts of Drazinda, Jandola, and Jatta. The "Civil Lines" neighborhood was built to the south.

The town possessed a civil hospital; its chief educational institutions were two aided Anglo-vernacular high schools, one maintained by the Church Missionary Society and the other by the Bharatri Sabha, and an Anglo-vernacular middle school maintained by the municipality.

According to the 1901 census, the population of Dera Ismail Khan was 31,737, of whom 18,662 were Muslims, 11,486 Hindus, and 1,420 Sikhs. Of the total, 3,450 lived in the cantonment.

In 1932, the population of Dera Ismail Khan was 56,741. It consisted of Hindus and Muslims, the latter of which included recent converts from Hinduism and Pashtuns.

The predominantly Muslim population (which accounted for more than 80 % of the local population of Dera Ismail Khan) supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. After the Partition of India and independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India, while the Muslim migrants from India settled in Dera Ismail Khan. In India, Model Town, Vijay Nagar and Derawal Nagar colony in Delhi absorbed many Hindu former residents of D. I. Khan.

After Independence of 1947
Following an influx of refugees following the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, D. I. Khan's population tripled.

D. I. Khan was badly affected by a terrorist campaign conducted throughout northwest Pakistan, primarily between 2007 and 2014 by the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan. A suicide bomber on January 29, 2007 detonated himself killing two while injuring seven people. During the 2008 Dera Ismail Khan suicide bombing a bomber targeting some specific Shias blew himself up in a hospital waiting room, killing 32 people. The attacks were carried out by the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan to pressure the government to call off its offensive in Swat and the Bajaur Agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which had begun less than two weeks earlier.

During the November 2008 Dera Ismail Khan bombing, Shia religious leader Allama Nazir Hussain Shah was shot dead in a sectarian killing with Shah Iqbal Hussain. During his funeral prayers, a suicide bomber blew himself up, killing nine people and injuring 39. In the January 2009 bombings, 52 people were injured while 16 were killed as three explosions took place in the city.

In May 2009, three explosions caused the deaths of five people while nine were injured. On 14 June 2009, eight people were killed while 27 injured in an explosion in Pir Market near a bus stand. On 29 July 2009, two people were killed and four injured when a bomb planted in car detonated near the district court. On May 18, 2010, a bomb planted on a motorcycle exploded near a police van killing 13 people while injuring 14. On 25 June 2011, between 10 and 12 militants of Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan attacked a police station in the nearby town of Kulachi, killing 10 police officers. The Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan claimed the responsibility of these attacks.

In 2014, the wide-scale Operation Zarb-e-Azb was launched against militants throughout Pakistan, which resulted in a greatly improved security environment by 2016, although on January 4, 2017 15 people including five policemen were killed when a remote control planted bomb exploded on Bannu Road. On 17 February 2017, another five people, including four police officers, were killed after unidentified suspects opened fire on a police van near Mission Mor.

As part of the 2015 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, it was announced that D. I. Khan would be the terminus of the Hakla–Dera Ismail Khan Motorway — a four-lane controlled access motorway, 280 km in length, that is to begin at the M1 near Islamabad and serve as part of the Western Alignment of the economic corridor.

On 3 November 2023, a bomb blast occurred in Dera Ismail Khan, in which a number of people were killed and injured.

Climate
Dera Ismail Khan has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh) with sweltering summers and warm winters. Rain mainly falls in two distinct periods: in the late winter and early spring from February to April, and in the monsoon in July and August.

D. I Khan is situated at an altitude of 177 metres above sea level.

Road
.

The city is connected to Bannu via the highway, which further connects it to the provincial capital of Peshawar via Kohat and Darra Adam Khel. Another road connects D. I. Khan to Mianwali through Chashma Barrage, and another connects the city to Zhob. The third major road connects it to Bhakkar in Punjab, situated on the eastern bank of the Indus River. A bridge on the Indus River was constructed in the early 1980s, before which the approach to Bhakkar was made through a boat bridge. Another road connect it to district Tank which further leads towards Jandola-AngoorAdda areas of South South Waziristan district at North west and Pezu on eastern side.

D. I. Khan is at the terminus of the Hakla–Dera Ismail Khan Motorway — a 280-km, four-lane controlled access motorway that is to extend from the Hakla Interchange on the M1 Motorway, near Islamabad to D. I. Khan.

Air
The city is served by Dera Ismail Khan Airport, though no commercial flights operate to the airport.

title: Dera Ismail Khan


text:
Talk:Hawaiian Kingdom

Whitewash of U.S. citizens' involvement
User:Rjensen has twice deleted the phrase "largely at the hands of United States citizens" from the intro, claiming it is false and unsupported. However, other Wikipedia articles provide ample support. For example, from Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii:
 * The overthrow itself was started by newspaper publisher Lorrin Thurston, a Hawaiian subject and former Minister of the Interior who was the grandson of American missionaries, and formally led by the Chairman of the Committee of Safety, Henry E. Cooper, an American lawyer.  They derived their support primarily from the American and European business class residing in Hawaii and other supporters of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Most of the leaders of the Committee of Safety that deposed the queen were United States and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects.   They included legislators, government officers, and a Supreme Court Justice of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

Jeff in CA (talk) 05:30, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
 * POV is when an editor selects facts to make a political point germane to his politics in 2018. It's a bad habit. All the leaders were permanent Hawaiian residents and only a minority were US citizens. As for the Queen-- her advisors were likewise mostly of European descent. The native Hawaiians had very little say one way or the other (likewise the large and fast growing Japanese element). The idea of tolerating an absolute monarch was very much out of fashion worldwide in 1890s (with Russia the main exception--and that one was assassinated).  American influence had been dominant for 60 or more years in Hawaii. Rjensen (talk) 05:44, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Then I suggest you modify all the other articles as well and explain why References 2, 3 and 4 below are incorrect. Jeff in CA (talk) 19:41, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
 * they seem to assume that the Queen planned to get rid of her actual advisors and replace them with people of old Hawaiian ancestry, and they seem to approve of this racist move. There is no evidence whatever of that. She had few such advisors or close associates at any time. She and nearly all her advisors were trained in American culture (not native Hawaiians) --she also mingled with  Americans like her husband John Owen Dominis (born in New York). Her Her ministers and closest friends all opposed her attempt to impose a new constitution.   Rjensen (talk) 07:34, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

This was brought up to me by User:Steve laudig. Pinging as well. Your politics in 2018 comment disregards the growing new scholarly research into the indigenous Hawaiian perspective which tells a different story. You’re version ascribe too much to older narrative that demonized the monarchy and blamed Kalakaua and Liliuokalani. It was revisionist history that skewed in favor of the overthrowers. Phrases such as “absolute power” (Kalakaua did not have absolute power; absolute power meant he could act unilaterally which he couldn’t, he ruled as a constitutional monarch but more powerful than other constitutional monarch such as in Britain; the last absolute Hawaiian monarch was Kamehameha III) and “when her army did not rally to her defense” (Hawaii didn’t have a standing army and she refused for her guards to act with force suspecting the US marines will reinforce the revolutionaries if she did). As for the involvement, it is indisputable that the instigators of the overthrow were white men composed of Hawaii-born American, naturalized subjects or foreigners of American or European descent. And Native Hawaiians definitely advised the queen and the growing prominence of Hawaiians in government and sense of nationalism was a contributing factor to why the white elite wanted annexation to the US as well. KAVEBEAR (talk) 21:53, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
 * as the quote above states, "Most of the leaders of the Committee of Safety that deposed the queen were United States and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects" they were citizens of Hawaii regardless of dual citizenship with US, UK, France and other countries. Rjensen (talk) 22:56, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The ethnicity matters. Using another example, the American Revolution would have been much different if the Native Americans were the leaders of the revolution and not Anglo-American settlers. KAVEBEAR (talk) 23:15, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Further breakdown of those involved: Six Hawaiian subjects (all white, four descend from the American missionaries), five American citizens with no Hawaiian citizenship, a German subject with no Hawaiian citizenship, and a British subject with no Hawaiian citizenship composed the committee of thirteen responsible for the overthrow. . Many of the Hawaiian subject of American descent were educated in the US, lived there for a time and identified strongly as American (you can read this recent book Hawaiian by Birth: Missionary Children, Bicultural Identity, and U.S. Colonialism in the Pacific). Saying it was solely US citizen is wrong but saying it was solely the Hawaiian citizens (divorcing their white ethnicity and imperial era racism) acting is even worst. KAVEBEAR (talk) 23:35, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

Changing the name requires more consensus at the moment and changing two articles is not addressing the problem and can be viewed as disruptive.
I would like the get a definition of "consensus" and even the "notion" of consensus on matters of fact is also problematic. The objection that "changing two articles is not addressing the problem" I find a bit problematic as one must start somewhere and it's seems an invalid objection that since the change isn't universal it shouldn't be done at all. If the consensus is that 2 +2 is 5, its a consensus but not a correct answer:

Aloha KaveBEar:

Could we have a conversation about this point? I can be emailed at SteveLaudig@gmail.com. I believe that I can present evidence that there is a distinction that needs recognition between the term "Hawaiian Kingdom" and "Kingdom of Hawaii". They are not synonyms. I propose we discuss it since you object to the changes. The summary of the argument is that the "Kingdom of Hawai'i" would apply until unification after that the almost uniform reference made by the government itself as "Hawaiian Kingdom" not "Kingdom of Hawaii", as evidenced in official documents, including 1852 Constitution Title 1864 Constitution Art. 47 73 76

1887 Constitution Art. 11; 20 45 46 59 76 Signature page

Nearly all treaties use the term "King of Hawaiian Islands" The http://hawaiiankingdom.org/pdf/Sweden_Norway_Treaty.pdf

I have found no instance of it systematically calling itself the "Kingdom of Hawaii"

This is just a sample. I assume we share an interest in factual accuracy. And the "Kingdom of Hawaii" is, in my opinion, inaccurate even if used.

If one searches on the term "Supreme Court of the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands" one gets returns to the official court reports. So the executive branch refers to the country as the "Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands" as does the judicial branch. Likewise the legislative branch. https://books.google.com/books/about/Members_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom_House_of.html?id=XitqmQEACAAJ

I don't quite follow this comment at all " The second link you provided is literally a fake book of an old Wikipedia category I created showing I had issues with consistency then. "

I provided two links. One to a treaty. The second was, if I understand what you are stating, a fake book text that you created and left laying around on the internet. May I suggest that all such fakes be labelled as such that they are not inadvertently, and innocently passed, on, as I did, here.
 * You have to understand how to use Google Books for research which was what I was saying when I point out you linked a fake source that mirrors a Wikipedia Category link. I left nothing laying around on the internet. Wikipedia encrypts anything created here online and I had no part in it and cannot do anything about these false links. The link is basically a fake book listing 72 pages of Wikipedia articles from Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles. The link literally says “Source: Wikipedia”.KAVEBEAR (talk) 03:01, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

But the factual point is that is that. I didn't provide links, thinking it unnecessary, to the Constitutions in which the term used in Article 46 of 1864 is. "This Body shall be styled the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom."

So I suppose if I understand the terms of engagement here the issue needs to be discussed. As I am new to this I propose it be discussed and after discussion if it is deemed an erronous the error [or whatever one wishes to call it, that systematic steps be taken to explain and emend it.

I am interested in being enlightened as to the rules for the discussion. I don't see how confusion is engedered by a satisfactory explanatory noting things. If a professional historian is needed I can ask if he'd be willing to provide advice/suggestions on the historiography of the terms.

If I have omitted a step I look forward to being advised.

In sum the issue is rectifying/clarifying "Kingdom of Hawaii" [which did exist on Hawaii Island for a while] versus "Hawaiian Kingdom or Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands" which was the term Hawaiians came to use. And I think it is important consideration what the Hawaiians used, not non-Hawaiians however qualified they may, or may not be, as historians.

Mahalo and Cheers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Steve laudig (talk • contribs) 00:48, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Steve laudig, you sent a Wiki email to User:GreenC bot but that is a backend computer process that happened to make an edit to this page. You probably meant to email someone else you may be involved in a conversation with here. -- Green  C  19:28, 10 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I second that notion. It seems that, perhaps, after "Hawaii Territory" was changed to "Territory of Hawai'i" and then to "State of Hawai'i", people began referring to what was always called the Hawaiian Kingdom to "Kingdom of Hawai'i."   This is perhaps the reason for the proliferation and wide usage of the misnomer "Kingdom of Hawaii."  I invite all to do historical research themselves, and see indeed the term Hawaiian Kingdom, and the term King of the Hawaiian Islands is constantly referred to in original documents.  To not change the name of this article would make its title a historically inaccurate.  Let's make the change.  Cheers :)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.234.117.161 (talk) 04:09, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This is likely a cause since looking at old newspapers. The proliferation of Kingdom of Hawaii dates before the advent of Wikipedia or the internet. It may also have been bolstered by the Apology Resolution which used KofH. KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:18, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

Requested move to Hawaiian Kingdom 3 July 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. The provided evidence shows that Hawaiian Kingdom is the common name for this country. (non-admin closure) —  Newslinger   talk   03:05, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

– Per above and this ngram showing that sources predominantly uses Hawaiian Kingdom. Further supporting prove should be forwarded as well. It would be problematic if Wikipedia is popularizing "Kingdom of Hawaii" because of naming conventions despite what the sources say. I want this to be a discussion of this large scale change and any oppose to be backed by sources rather than opinions. I've been sympathizing with the anon-editors who have been changing the naming convention and Steve Laudig for a long time but only opposed because of the logistic nightmare of switching over in every in-article text referring to Kingdom of Hawaii or Hawaiʻi to Hawaiian Kingdom. But now I think the logistics of switching over would not be problematic with the use of a bot or something. Not listed here are also all the categories containing the phrase "Kingdom of Hawaii". Pinging:, , KAVEBEAR (talk) 23:48, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Kingdom of Hawaii → Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Kingdom of Hawaii–United States relations → Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations
 * Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii → Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii → Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Privy Council of the Kingdom of Hawaii → Privy Council of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii → 1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii → 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii → 1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii → 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii → Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii → Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * 1892 Legislative Session of the Kingdom of Hawaii → 1892 Legislative Session of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * List of bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii → List of bilateral treaties signed by the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Other examples that Kingdom of X is not an absolute convention include: Merina Kingdom and Zulu Kingdom KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:01, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Support the change in article titles relating to the Kingdom. I also want to mention that I have access to copies of the Session Laws of Hawaii from the mid-1880s through 1892 -- the documents (which are the official government records of laws passed by the House of Nobles and House of Representatives and enacted by the Monarch) all make reference to the "Hawaiian Kingdom" rather than "Kingdom of Hawaii." just out of curiosity, do you know why there is a spike in references to "Kingdom of Hawaii" in the ngram between about 1880 and 1910? Aoi (青い) (talk) 00:07, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't really know. Ngrams are not that great to be honest. You have to search it on Google Books as well. Searching it: HK vs KoH shows that Hawaiian Kingdom was more readily use during this period. Another case for Hawaiian Kingdom may be the works of Ralph Simpson Kuykendall whose three volume work is probably the seminal history of Hawaii from the 20th century. KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:15, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The fact that Kuykendall uses the term is definitely also persuasive. Thanks for your reply, and thanks for taking the time to propose this change. Aoi (青い) (talk) 00:17, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Kingdom of Italy, etc. Create redirects when necessary. --Comment by  Selfie City  ( talk about my  contributions ) 03:20, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Not a great rationale given there is also Merina Kingdom, Zulu Kingdom, Second Mexican Empire, and etc.KAVEBEAR (talk) 04:15, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The third one in your list is an empire, not a kingdom. --Comment by  Selfie City  ( talk about my  contributions ) 14:04, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * We are just going back and forth with Other stuff exists. Also not many sources exist for the usage of British Kingdom, Yugoslav Kingdom or Italian Kingdom (at least with the uppercase K) while many sources do exist for the usage of "Hawaiian Kingdom". KAVEBEAR (talk) 17:35, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources? Could you name me a couple? --Comment by  Selfie City  ( talk about my  contributions ) 18:36, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Here is a few. KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:06, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Secondary Sources - just based on titles of book alone not counting content
 * History of the Hawaiian Kingdom by Norris Whitfield Potter, Lawrence M. Kasdon, Ann Rayson
 * Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine by Walter F. Judd
 * The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1778-1854 : Foundation and transformation by Ralph Simpson Kuykendall
 * The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1854-1874: twenty critical years by Ralph Simpson Kuykendall
 * The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1874-1893, the Kalakaua dynasty by Ralph Simpson Kuykendall
 * Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom by Juri Mykkänen
 * The Gods Depart: A Saga of the Hawaiian Kingdom by Kathleen Dickenson Mellen
 * The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Political History by Merze Tate
 * The Victorian visitors: an account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861-1866, including the journal letters of Sophia Cracroft; extracts from the journals of Lady Franklin, and diaries and letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii. - technically this is a primary source but the title of the book is selected by the compiler
 * A tree in bud: the Hawaiian kingdom, 1889-1893 by Georges Sauvin

Primary Sources
 * Liliuokalani's declaration upon her overthrow
 * 1864, 1887, 1893 Constitutions of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * Compiled Laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 * The Penal Code of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Compiled from the Penal Code of 1850
 * Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the Hawaiian Kingdom and Other Powers, Since 1825
 * Statutes of the Hawaiian Kingdom Relating to Apprentices and Contract Laborer: With a Synopsis of Rulings and Decisions of the Supreme Court Thereon
 * Patent Laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Rules of Practice in the Patent Office
 * A Brief History of Land Titles in the Hawaiian Kingdom

 * I have withdrawn my oppose vote. --Comment by  Selfie City  ( talk about my  contributions ) 14:16, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't Hawaiian Kingdom be potentially ambiguous with the pre-unification kingdoms of Kauai, Maui, Oahu etc, which could also be described as "Hawaiian kingdoms" given their locality in what are now called the Hawaiian islands? Opera hat (talk) 15:55, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Well the current name is also ambiguous for the pre-conquest state of the Kingdom of Hawaii (island) ruled by the Keawe line which the Kamehameha dynasty was a part of. The unified state that was form in 1795 was the "Hawaiian Islands", but the predominant terminology for the state prior to 1893 was the "Hawaiian Kingdom" if you were to reference the constitutions of 1864, 1887 and 1893 and other diplomatic documents. To address the ambiguity, we can have a disambiguation page or tab for the Hawaiian kingdoms redirect. But at this point there are no articles for the pre-conquest states of Maui, Kauai, Oahu and Hawaii Island. KAVEBEAR (talk) 17:31, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Hawaiian Kingdom is NOT Kingdom of Hawaii
Please correct this error as soon as possible. As Wikipedia shows up at the top of search results, we don’t need this misnomer spreading any more.

The Hawaiian Kingdom refers to the unified state of all the Hawaiian islands. The Kingdom of Hawaii refers to the ISLAND of Hawaii - also known as the Big Island - which was a sovereign kingdom before the Hawaiian Kingdom was established.

You can’t just say “also know as” when they are two distinct legal entities. 72.234.106.107 (talk) 19:15, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hawaiian Kingdom


text:
Talk:2009

Collage depreciation
At Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Years, a discussion on whether to depreciate collages in general in going on. Please share your thoughts. Koopinator (talk) 07:44, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:2009


text:
Talk:Backbone Mountain

Untitled
There is nothing here about the "plan" to put wind farms at the mountain peaks all along Backbone Mountain in MD. (I personnally detest the idea but it is relevant to the article). --71.245.164.83 (talk) 01:24, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Welcome to Wikipedia. The great thing about a wiki is that everyone can contribute - feel free to locate sources and write information about the wind farm into the article. Bitmapped (talk) 03:46, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Backbone Mountain


text:
Barnsley College

Barnsley College is a further education college just outside the town centre of Barnsley, England. It has several campuses, including the SciTech Digital Innovation Centre and The Electric Theatre. The college provides A Levels, apprenticeships and vocational courses for students.

Upon its last Ofsted inspection, the college was awarded the grade of Outstanding, the highest grade available; further to this award the college was also deemed The best college in the UK by Ofsted officials.

Campus
The Old Mill Lane Campus is the main campus building and it has a variety of facilities available to students, including art and design studios, catering kitchens, a simulated nursery and classroom, hair salons, beauty therapy rooms, music recording studios, a drama studio, a dance studio, and a simulated aircraft cabin.

SciTech Digital Innovation Hub
Originally opened by Sir Patrick Stewart in November 2004, the SciTech Centre was home to health sciences, social care professions and computing subjects. In 2020, an extensive refurbishment project, supported by the Department for Education and the Sheffield City Region Local Enterprise Partnership, was completed, with the aims of improving facilities and the digital curriculum within Barnsley. The campus was renamed to the SciTech Digital Innovation Hub, and now offers industry-standard, high-spec computing technology to students.

Honeywell Sports Campus
The Honeywell Sports Campus offers team sports as well as support for individual athletes. All sports courses are delivered on campus, as well as public services.

Construction Centre
The Construction Centre opened in September 2015, and accommodates students studying a range of construction trades. Facilities include workshops, a construction project workshop, break-out areas for independent study and classrooms with an IT network.

Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) Centre
The STEM Centre offers modern facilities to students including engineering and electrical workshops, laboratory facilities and computer learning zones. The STEM Centre additionally accommodates students studying Health, Science and Social Care Professions courses.

Lifelong Learning Network
Barnsley College is a partner institution of Higher Futures, the Lifelong Learning Networks (LLN) for South Yorkshire, North Derbyshire and North Nottinghamshire.

History: incorporation
The 1990s incorporation of colleges brought radical changes in management style led by David Eade. Franchising on a large scale brought new funds but ultimately in 2001 financial collapse and 100+ staff redundancies (Hansard 21 June 2001: Column 226 Link) as the leadership failed to respond to changes in the funding arrangements (opinion). Stuart Spacey served a prison sentence for fraud as a consequence of actions in this period (Serious Fraud Office press release 19 April 2007 SFO).

Notable alumni

 * Joann Fletcher, Egyptologist and TV presenter
 * Matt Helders of the indie rock group Arctic Monkeys studied music
 * Stephanie Hirst radio presenter most notably for time at Capital Yorkshire.
 * Gary Jarman, bassist of the indie rock group The Cribs studied music there, but failed to finish the course.
 * Ryan Jarman, front man of the indie rock group The Cribs studied music there, but failed to finish the course.
 * Sam Nixon was a catering student until he entered the Pop Idol TV competition in 2003. He is now a television presenter.
 * Kate Rusby attended in the early 1990s. She is now a folk singer.
 * Oliver Sykes, lead vocalist in the metalcore band Bring Me the Horizon.
 * Alex Turner of the indie rock group Arctic Monkeys studied music technology.

title: Barnsley College


text:
Thorpe Park

Thorpe Park, formerly also known as Thorpe Park Resort, is a theme park located in the village of Thorpe between the towns of Chertsey and Staines-upon-Thames in Surrey, England, 20 mi southwest of Central London. It is operated by Merlin Entertainments and includes rides, themed cabins, live events and Hyperia, the United Kingdom's tallest and fastest rollercoaster. In 2019, Thorpe Park was the UK's third most visited theme park (1.9 million visitors), behind Alton Towers and Legoland Windsor. However, in 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the park only had a 125-day operation season, along with limited capacity, leading to massively reduced visitor numbers.

After demolition of the Thorpe Park Estate in the 1930s, the site became a gravel pit, but in the early 1970s part of that gravel pit was flooded, creating a unique water-based environment for the park, with the intention of building a leisure attraction on it. Thorpe Park resort was built on that site in 1979, and being partially flooded it allowed visitors to view Thorpe Park as an island. It has since grown into a major theme park in the UK and one of the top 10 theme parks in Europe. Major attractions include Tidal Wave, a large water ride; Ghost Train, a dark ride; as well as a number of rollercoasters including Colossus, Nemesis Inferno, Stealth, Saw – The Ride, The Swarm, The Walking Dead: The Ride, and Hyperia.

History

The demolition of the Thorpe Park Estate in the 1930s transformed the grounds into a gravel pit, originally owned by Ready Mixed Concrete Limited. When the pits were exhausted, RMC flooded part of the site. In 1975 the Water Ski World Championships were held on the site. RMC established a subsidiary, Leisure Sport Limited, to operate a 400 acre park for water sports, leisure and heritage exhibitions, at a cost of £3 million.

The park was formally opened to the public by Lord Louis Mountbatten on 24 May 1979, his final public appearance shortly before he was assassinated by a bomb on board in a fishing boat planted by the Provisional IRA in Mullaghmore, Ireland. In addition to lakes and parkland, the park featured a replica Stone Age cave, Celtic farm, Norman castle and Viking camp as well as ancient water vehicles and aircraft.

Between 1983 and 1989 it was often used as a filming location for The Benny Hill Show.

In the early 1980s, the park was redeveloped into a theme park with permanent themed rides and attractions. New attractions were opened throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Space Station Zero was the park's first rollercoaster, opening in 1984. The last large attraction opened by the park's original owners was "X:\No Way Out" in 1996.

In 1998, The Tussauds Group bought the park. From the outset they started opening key attractions such as Tidal Wave in 2000, Colossus in 2002, Nemesis Inferno in 2003 and Stealth in 2006.

In May 2007, Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group for US$1.9 billion and the company was merged into Merlin Entertainments, who took over operation of Thorpe Park. Dubai International Capital also acquired 20% of Merlin Entertainments.

On 17 July 2007, as part of the financing for the Tussauds deal, Merlin sold Thorpe Park to private investment firm Prestbury, under a sale and leaseback agreement. The site is operated by Merlin based on a renewable 35-year lease. As of 2023, the site is owned by LXi REIT Plc.

The target audience for the resort is teenagers and young adults, with rides such as Saw – The Ride and The Swarm being added. In 2014, Merlin decided also to target a broader family-based market with new attractions such as Angry Birds Land and the park's onsite hotel.

On 20 February 2019, the official Twitter account of Thorpe Park confirmed the permanent closure of Logger's Leap, a log flume that had opened in 1989 but had been closed since 2015 due to the Smiler accident at Alton Towers that year.

In 2021, Thorpe Park announced plans for a new rollercoaster in the Old Town section of the park under the project name of Project Exodus. This ride is set to be the tallest and fastest ride in the UK, at a height of 236 feet (71.9 metres) and a speed of 81 mph (130 km per hour).

On 30 October 2023, Thorpe Park announced that Angry Birds Land would be closing. It permanently closed the following day. On 16 November 2023, the park revealed that the land would be rethemed to Big Easy Boulevard, which opened on 24 March 2024. In response to a survey taken in late 2022, Thorpe Park revitalised their branding on 30 November 2023, with a brand new logo (previously unchanged since 2008) and slogan, bidding farewell to their iconic "infinity" symbol (used for the park since 2001) and light-hearted An Island Like No Other tagline - instead marketing itself as the home of Feel-Good Thrills. The new logo comes with six palettes and patterns for their marketing materials and merchandise, stating that this “encapsulates the spirit of Thorpe Park”.

On 27 March 2024, Thorpe Park announced that Hyperia would open on 24 May.

On 24 May 2024, Hyperia, the UK's tallest and fastest rollercoaster opened to the public at the resort.

Territories
In 2024, with the addition of Big Easy Boulevard and Fearless Valley, Thorpe Park is zoned into nine 'island territories'.

 * Port and Basecamp includes the turnstile entrance, bridge, the dome and the playground.
 * Amity (originally 'Amity Cove') opened with Tidal Wave and now includes Stealth, Depth Charge, Amity Beach, High Striker, Flying Fish, and Storm Surge.
 * The Jungle contains Nemesis Inferno, Rumba Rapids, Mr Monkey's Banana Ride, and a street of restaurants.
 * Old Town is located towards the back of the park and includes Saw - The Ride and Samurai.
 * Fearless Valley is located towards the back of the park and includes Hyperia.
 * Lost City contains Colossus, Rush, Quantum, Vortex, and Zodiac.
 * Swarm Island opened as the plaza for The Swarm.
 * The Dock Yard (previously named 'The Depot' and 'Thorpe Junction') is the plaza immediately outside Ghost Train, previously known as "Derren Brown's Ghost Train", and includes the nearby The Walking Dead: The Ride rollercoaster, previously known as "X" and "X:\ No way out".
 * Big Easy Boulevard (formerly 'Angry Birds Land' between 2014-2023) is located between Amity and The Jungle, and contains Detonator, Big Easy Bumpers (Dodgems), and Sunset Cinema (4D Theatre).

Port and Basecamp
The 'Basecamp' area contains security, the turnstiles, toilets, business/staff reception, 'Island HQ' and bridge where guests enter the park. This leads to 'The Dome' which acts as a hub for the park, which houses 'Vibes Bar & Kitchen' (formerly Infinity Bar & Kitchen), an arcade area, The Coffee Shack, toilets, lockers, the Island Gift Shop, guest services, first aid, photo points and staff areas (canteen, 'The Core' and offices).

The dome was previously known as 'Port Atlantis' with an underwater Atlantian themed interior. Much of the scenery and underwater effects went missing since Merlin's acquisition of the park and was removed altogether after the building's change of theme.

The Dome remains open outside park operating hours to provide entertainment and dining facilities for guests staying at Thorpe Shark Cabins, including a breakfast buffet.

Amity
Amity is set as a 1950s-era American fishing village hit by a tidal wave and opened with Tidal Wave in 2000. It was previously named 'Amity Cove', as still named on themed signage. The area was expanded in 2006 with Stealth, set at 'Amity Speedway' racetrack. It later took on attractions from the former 'Neptune's Beach' family area, Depth Charge, and Amity Beach outdoor water park. Amity and Amity Speedway are no longer physically connected, being divided by Big Easy Boulevard.

It also includes attractions from the former 'European Park' area, Flying Fish and Storm In A Teacup. Flying Fish was originally located beside Tidal Wave (where Stealth sits today) but was removed following construction of Stealth in 2005. It was reopened, in its present location near The Swarm, in 2007, due to popular demand. In 2011, the raft water ride Storm Surge was re-located from Cypress Gardens in Florida, USA, before it was rethemed into Legoland Florida. Storm Surge was built on the former site of the Octopus Garden children's area.

The Jungle
The area's main attractions are Nemesis Inferno, a Bolliger & Mabillard inverted coaster set in a volcano, and Rumba Rapids a river rapids ride. The area was previously named 'Calypso Quay', the area now also includes part of the former 'Ranger County' family area, including Mr Monkey's Banana Ride, a small swinging ship ride, as well as shopfronts and restaurants from the former 'European Park' area.

The Dock Yard
This area is primarily the plaza for Ghost Train, an indoor dark ride, and also contains The Walking Dead: The Ride an indoor rollercoaster. The area has no major themed features, other than buildings and scenery remaining from 'Octopus's Garden' (a since-closed children's area) which was later themed to Amity such as the Megastore, various buoys, and a carnival game that resembles a cargo ship.

Lost City
The Lost City's theme is that of the ruins of a recently unearthed Atlantean civilisation, with Colossus as the main attraction (since 2002). The area first opened in 2001 with the Vortex and Zodiac rides as the only attractions. In 2003, this area was expanded further, with the additions of Quantum (a magic carpet ride) and Eclipse (a Ferris Wheel). Eclipse was removed after the 2004 season (being relocated to Chessington World of Adventures); in its place, Rush, an S&S Screamin' Swing, was opened in the 2005 season. At the end of the 2005 season, Zodiac was removed, and replaced with a new HUSS Enterprise (relocated from Drayton Manor, where it operated under the name Cyclone, until it had to be closed down due to noise complaints). The replacement Zodiac opened (without fanfare) for the 2006 season.

Old Town
The main ride in this area is Saw - The Ride, a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter with a 100 ft, 100-degree beyond vertical drop. The ride is themed to the Saw horror movie franchise and is set in a derelict warehouse/sawmill. A flat ride called Samurai was relocated from Chessington World of Adventures in 2004.

The area was previously named 'Canada Creek' and was the plaza for Logger's Leap, which opened in 1989 as one of the tallest log flumes in the world. It had a loose Canadian forest theme, although this has mostly been lost through redevelopments and resembles more of a Western town theme. The main attractions listed in the area sat outside the plaza. Logger's Leap ceased to operate after the 2015 season, and its permanent closure was confirmed in 2019. It also used to have the main station for the Canada Creek Railway, a miniature railway which used to take guests to and from the (now closed) 'Thorpe Farm' area of the park, and around the backwoods of Canada Creek (after the closure of Thorpe Farm, it only traversed the backwoods of the Canada Creek area). The railway was closed during the 2008 season (and the track had to be partially rerouted due to the construction of SAW - The Ride), before being closed permanently at the end of the 2011 season. In the years since its closure, the trains, station, and route used by this ride were utilized by several Fright Nights attractions. The area was also home to the experience Black Mirror Labyrinth from 2021-2023.

Most of the rides in this area have been closed since the start of the 2022 season, due to construction work for Hyperia (opening 24 May).

Fearless Valley
The main ride in this area is Hyperia, the UK's tallest and fastest rollercoaster. Fearless Valley also includes a Burger King, Victorious Games, Hyporium gift shop, Cloud Nine Treats and toilets themed to Hyperia.

Swarm Island
Swarm Island is the plaza area for The Swarm, a Bolliger & Mabillard wing coaster, opened in 2012. The area was built on land reclaimed from the surrounding lakes. The area is themed as the scene of an apocalyptic disaster/alien invasion from "The Swarm" which is intertwined with the area and ride station. Major theming pieces include a crashed plane, various damaged emergency vehicles like a helicopter and fire truck, a partially destroyed church (used as the ride station), and other destroyed structures. Many of the areas facilities are based within these structures, such as the ride station being housed in the church, the shop being housed in a shipping container, and the ride control room being based in an overturned police trailer wedged in the roof of the church.

Records held by the park

 * Nemesis Inferno is the first inverted coaster to feature interlocking corkscrews (in the same layout).
 * Additionally, the world record for 'most naked people on a rollercoaster' was set on Nemesis Inferno in May 2004.
 * The Swarm opened as Europe's tallest wing coaster and the first coaster in the world to feature the "wing over drop".
 * SAW - The Ride was marketed as having the world's steepest 'freefall' drop, and as the world's first horror movie themed roller coaster. SAW - The Ride was not actually the steepest rollercoaster in the world when it opened in March 2009 - Steel Hawg at Indiana Beach had opened the previous year with a steeper 111° drop. However, whilst Steel Hawg's drop has brakes on it, SAW's drop is brakeless - hence it being marketed as having the steepest freefall drop. This particular accolade was taken by The Monster in 2016 (and, as of 2022, is held by Defiance).
 * Colossus held the world record for the most inversions on a rollercoaster when it opened in 2002, with 10 inversions. This record was matched in 2006 by "10 Inversion Coaster" (an exact clone of Colossus) and then beaten in 2013 by The Smiler at Alton Towers Resort, with 14 inversions.
 * Stealth was the UK's fastest roller coaster, launching from 0–80 mph in 1.8 seconds (as of 2024 this record has been taken by Hyperia) Standing at 205.1 ft, it is also the UK's third tallest roller coaster (behind The Big One and Hyperia).
 * Tidal Wave opened as Europe's tallest water ride.
 * Hyperia is the tallest roller coaster in the UK at 236 ft, and the fastest roller coaster in the UK at 81 mph (130 km/h). Hyperia also contains Europe's tallest inversion at 168ft (51.2 m), and a world's first outer-banked turn inversion. Thorpe Park also claim that Hyperia has 14.8s of airtime being the UK's most weightless coaster. However, this is debated as they have included a 3s stall in this statistic, which is widely regarded as hangtime and not airtime.
 * Stealth is the world's fastest accelerating rollercoaster (0–80 mph in 1.8 seconds) with the announced closure of Do-Dodonpa at Fuji-Q Highland on 13 March 2024.

Fright Nights
Fright Nights, formerly "Fright Nites" is Thorpe Park's annual Halloween event and also its largest Halloween event in the UK. It is an event that has been running at Thorpe Park since 2002, celebrating Halloween with the park staying open until late at night, as well as operating a range of temporary Halloween attractions. Roaming actors in costume or with make up can also be found around the park. During Fright Nights, the park stays open until 9pm, with a range of "scare mazes" available for guests, who normally enter in groups of 8–10. "Face it Alone" has sometimes been available as an upcharge, where a guest enters unaccompanied and must sign a disclaimer before entering.

In 2013, Fright Nights was relaunched with a horror movie theme, courtesy of a three-year contract with Lionsgate. All of the pre-existing Fright Nights attractions were removed with the exception of The Asylum and SAW: Alive to make way for new horror-film themed attractions.

In 2014, when the Thorpe Shark Hotel opened, Thorpe Park offered two overnight scare attractions, one of which involved a 'night terror' character appearing in guests' hotel rooms during the night. The other attraction, the 'Extra Cut', involved guests being 'kidnapped' from their hotel room during the night and chased throughout the park.

In 2017 Fright Nights was reinvented with a Walking Dead theme. The addition of two Walking Dead attractions coincided with the season 8 premier of the show. SAW Alive, The Big Top and Platform 15 remained in operation from previous years, with Containment returning as an upcharge attraction.

In 2020, restrictions put into place due to the COVID-19 Pandemic meant that only two mazes operated: Platform 15 and Roots of Evil, both of which took place primarily outdoors. This led to a wide selection of scare zones introduced for the first time to Fright Nights, with The Swarm: Invasion located on Swarm Island, Creek Freaks Unchained in Old Town, The Fearstival Arena in The Dockyard, The Howling of LycanThorpe High in Lost City (on the site near Zodiac and Rush typically used for a scare maze), and Terror at Amity High returning for its third year on the Stealth Plaza. The Crows were also added as roaming actors dressed as scarecrows, based in a few main locations but found anywhere around the park, including interacting with other scare zones.

– Previous Fright Night attraction. – Current Fright Night attraction.

Thorpe Shark Cabins
Guests can stay over on-park at the 'Thorpe Shark Cabins', comprising 90 rooms converted from shipping containers with a link to facilities in the adjacent Dome. The accommodation takes its name from its shark head entrance feature built from recycled park signage.

The hotel initially opened in 2013 as 'The Crash Pad', run by external company Snoozebox. The temporary development was purchased by the park the following year and rebranded as the Thorpe Shark Hotel.

Thorpe Park had originally been planning to build a permanent 250-bed hotel as far back as 2006. This would have been located on the opposite side of the lake, on the site of former excavation works, featuring a lakeside bar, health club and restaurant. Planning permission was granted in 2011.

The development was pitched again following the installation of 'The Crash Pad' to "test market conditions". The park received planning permission to construct the permanent hotel in 2014, with construction planned to begin in 2016 and an opening in 2018. However, the hotel was never constructed and the Shark Hotel's planning permission was extended by 10 years instead.

In 2023, new Swarm, Nemesis Inferno and Stealth themed rooms opened in the Thorpe Shark Cabins. They feature special theming in the room and unlimited fastrack on each rooms roller coaster on your 2nd day.

In 2024, new Colossus and Hyperia themed rooms opened in the Thorpe Shark Cabins.

Operations and developments
Thorpe Park has a maximum capacity of 15,000 guests.

In 2010, the park outlined a 5-year development plan that outlined new rollercoasters for 2012, which was later realised in The Swarm. The plan outlined another rollercoaster scheduled for 2015 as well as a permanent lakeside hotel, both of which have not come to fruition. No application was ever submitted for the 2015 development and the earmarked site behind The Swarm remains undeveloped.

On 26 November 2021, the park launched a public consultation website outlining a proposal for a brand new roller coaster. Alongside this, leaflets were handed out to local residents, stating the proposal will 'involve the removal of existing old rides and replacement with a new roller coaster in the Old Town part of the resort'. The public consultation began on 10 December 2021, with plans detailing a 236 ft tall steel hyper coaster codenamed "Project Exodus". An application for planning permission was submitted on 14 March 2022.

Objections to the planning permission application were raised by Surrey Wildlife Trust, Natural England, and the Environment Agency; citing concerns regarding biodiversity impacts, pollution, and flood risks. The concerns raised by Surrey Wildlife Trust and Natural England were addressed, leading to their objections subsequently being withdrawn, however, the Environment Agency's concerns remained unresolved as of October 2022. On 5 October 2022, Runnymede Borough Council approved the application for "Project Exodus", but, due to the unresolved objection from the Environment Agency, the application had to be referred to the Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities for approval (under the terms of The Town and Country Planning (Consultation) (England) Direction 2021).

On 1 November 2022, a letter sent to Runnymede Borough Council on behalf of the Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities stated that 'He is content that it should be determined by the local planning authority'. Subsequently, Runnymede Borough Council granted planning permission for "Project Exodus" on 2 November 2022.

Construction for the project has begun with the manufacturer being confirmed as Mack Rides, the site of Old Town (and the remaining rides have been flattened for the project), and the ground pins for the ride's footers have arrived at the park. On 17 July 2023, the first supports arrived for the coaster.

On 16 August 2023, Project Exodus was confirmed to be the UK's fastest roller coaster, and the colour scheme of black, gold and white was confirmed.

On 5 October 2023, the name for Project Exodus, Hyperia, was revealed. On 6 March 2024, the track for Hyperia was completed. Later that month the scheduled opening date for Hyperia was revealed as 24 May.

Transport
There are no direct rail connections to Thorpe Park; the nearest railway station is Chertsey, 2 km away.

Thorpe Park is served by the 950 express bus, which runs from Staines railway station, from which journeys from London Waterloo or Reading can be made. Other local bus routes that serve the park include routes 461 and 446. There is also the seasonal 951 bus between Watford and Thorpe Park, operating once daily (arriving in the morning, departing in the evening) although there are two return journeys during Fright Nights.

title: Thorpe Park


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Simla Agreement

The Simla Agreement, also spelled Shimla Agreement, was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Shimla, the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It followed the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which began after India intervened in East Pakistan as an ally of Bengali rebels who were fighting against Pakistani state forces in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Indian intervention proved decisive in the war and led to East Pakistan's breakaway from its union with West Pakistan and the emergence of the independent state of Bangladesh.

The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of India–Pakistan relations while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.

The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that the Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas, including Turtuk, Dhothang, Tyakshi (earlier called Tiaqsi) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley, which was more than 883 km2.

Details
The treaty was signed in Simla (also spelt "Shimla") in India by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India. The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan. Technically, the document was signed at 0040 hours in the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972. Some of the major outcomes of the Simla Agreement are:
 * Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations". India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party intervention even that of United Nations.
 * The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations". Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement, to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government. Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing. This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has been argued by India as making United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan insignificant. As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the cease-fire line as identified in Karachi agreement of 1949 which no longer exists. Pakistan has a different take on this issue and both countries still host the UN mission.

The agreement has not prevented the relationship between the two countries from deteriorating to the point of armed conflict, most recently in the Kargil War of 1999. In Operation Meghdoot of 1984 India seized all of the inhospitable Siachen Glacier region where the frontier had been clearly not defined in the agreement (possibly as the area was thought too barren to be controversial); this was considered as a violation of the Simla Agreement by Pakistan. Most of the subsequent deaths in the Siachen Conflict have been from natural disasters, e.g. avalanches in 2010, 2012, and 2016.

Text
Simla Agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and President of Pakistan, Z. A. Bhutto, in Simla on 2 July 1972.

Delhi Agreement
The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by Kamal Hossain, the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, Sardar Swaran Singh, Minister of External Affairs of India and Aziz Ahmed, the Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan.

title: Simla Agreement


text:
Baby Jessica

Baby Jessica may refer to:

 * Baby Jessica case, a 1993 custody battle and court case in Ann Arbor, Michigan
 * Jessica McClure (born 1986), a toddler rescued after she fell down a well in Midland, Texas

title: Baby Jessica


text:
Category:Education

Education is the teaching or learning of knowledge, especially to develop the reasoning, judgement and skill required in adult life and professional occupations.

title: Category:Education


text:
Judy Johnson

William Julius "Judy" Johnson (October 26, 1899 – June 15, 1989) was an American professional third baseman and manager whose career in Negro league baseball spanned 17 seasons, from 1921 to 1937. Slight of build, Johnson never developed as a power threat but achieved his greatest success as a contact hitter and an intuitive defenseman. Johnson is regarded as one of the greatest third basemen of the Negro leagues. In 1975, he was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame after being nominated by the Negro Leagues Committee.

From 1921 to 1929, Johnson was a member of the Hilldale Daisies ball club and became an on-the-field leader respected for his professional disposition. His consistent swing and fielding prowess helped the Daisies win three straight pennants in the Eastern Colored League and the 1925 Colored World Series. After serving as a player manager for the Homestead Grays followed by the Daisies in the early 1930s, Johnson signed with the Pittsburgh Crawfords; as a part of the vaunted Crawford line-up of 1935, Johnson contributed to a team widely considered the greatest in Negro league history. He retired in 1937 after a short second stint with the Grays.

Following his retirement from baseball as a player, Johnson became a scout for Major League Baseball teams. He was hired as an assistant coach by the Philadelphia Athletics in 1954, becoming one of the first African Americans signed to a coaching position on a major league ball club. In his later years, Johnson served on the Negro Leagues Committee and stepped down in 1975 to accept his hall of fame nomination. He suffered a stroke in 1988 and died a year later.

Early life
William Julius Johnson was born on October 26, 1899, in Snow Hill, Maryland, to William Henry Johnson, a sailor and licensed boxing coach, and Annie Lee Johnson. Johnson had an older sister Mary Emma and a younger brother John, both of whom were named after heavyweight boxer Jack Johnson, a long-time friend of William Henry. Early into his childhood, the family moved to Wilmington, Delaware; by that time his father worked at the docks as a shipbuilder and as the athletic director at the Negro Settlement House.

When Johnson was eight years old, his father began grooming him to become a pugilist. William Henry bought two pairs of boxing gloves: one pair for his son and the other for Mary Emma, his sparring partner. The sport was unappealing to Johnson, however; instead, he began playing sandlot ball and joined his father's local amateur team the Rosedale Blues which competed against black and white teams. In 1917, he stopped attending Howard High School to work on shipyards in New Jersey and play weekend games on baseball teams that were drawn from the community, including the Rosalies and the Chester Stars. The following year he joined the semi-professional ball club the Bacharach Giants for a $5 wage per game.

The Hilldale Daisies (1921–1929)
In early 1919, Johnson worked out for the Hilldale Daisies and was attached with the Madison Stars, Hilldale's unofficial minor league affiliate, to hone his skills. By 1921, with the Daisies in need of an infielder, Johnson signed a professional baseball contract worth $135 a month with Ed Bolden, who owned the Hilldale ball club. The rookie ballplayer was soon adorned with the nickname "Judy" because of his resemblance to Chicago American Giants pitcher Judy Gans; the name stuck with Johnson for the duration of his baseball career. Johnson spent his first year as a professional ballplayer at shortstop while his player manager Bill Francis played at third base, Johnson's natural position. Once the regular season began, Johnson struggled at the plate, finishing his rookie year with a .188 batting average (BA), yet he played every day and was mentored by Francis in the offseason in order to make the transition to third base.

During the 1922 season, Johnson was used as the starting third baseman. With Francis leaving for the Bacharach Giants, Johnson looked to John Henry Lloyd for guidance. A renowned infielder, the veteran ballplayer became a role model to him, and Johnson's defensive style closely resembled his mentor's. After his playing career, Johnson stated, "He's [Lloyd] the man I give the credit to for polishing my skills; he taught me how to play third base and how to protect myself... John taught me more baseball than anyone else". In the offseason, the Hilldale club joined Bolden's newly established Eastern Colored League (ECL). Bolden had rebuilt the team as well, strengthening its core with the signings of Biz Mackey and George "Tank" Carr, both from the American Giants.

The 1923 campaign was the beginning of a series of successful seasons for Johnson which saw his emergence as a hitter and leader of the Daisies. Measured at 5-feet-11 inches and 155 lbs. (70.3 kg.), Johnson never developed as a serious power threat; instead, he became a player who consistently hit for contact and drove the ball at gaps in the defense. A "scientific hitter" at the plate, as sports historian Richard Bak described him, Johnson used different strategies to get on base such as taking walks or crowding in on the plate to allow the ball to hit his sleeve. In the field, Johnson was the defensive leader of the Daisies' infield, noted for his intuitive fielding prowess and strong throwing arm. The Daisies won their first Eastern Colored League pennant with Johnson as their most consistent player at the plate; he batted .391 in 1923.

The Hilldale club had another successful season in 1924, clinching their second pennant. The Daisies had high expectations when they met the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League (NNL) in the 1924 Colored World Series, the first official World Series between the respective champions of the NNL and ECL. Johnson led both teams with a .364 BA and hit a clutch Inside-the-park home run in Game Five of the best-of-nine series, but the Daisies lost, five games to four (with one tied game). The following season, with Johnson hitting .392, the Daisies secured a third straight pennant and returned to the World Series for a rematch with the Monarchs. The favored Hilldale club owed its success in the series—which they won five-to-one—to a stronger line-up consisting of seven starters finishing the regular season batting over .300 and pitching staff led by Nip Winters.

After the season, Johnson started playing winter ball in Cuba and was moved to the clean-up spot in the line-up for the remainder of his stint with Hilldale. The Daisies finished second in the ECL pennant race of 1926 to the Bacharach Giants. During the playoffs, the Daisies played four exhibition games against a team composed of white major leaguers, including Lefty Grove, Heinie Manush, and Jimmy Dykes. Hilldale bested them in three out of the four games; Johnson made more money from the games than if the team had played in the World Series.

The 1930s
The onset of the Great Depression in the United States drastically affected attendance at Negro league baseball games, forcing the Daisies to temporarily fold before the 1930 season. At 29 years old, Johnson signed on with the Homestead Grays as a player manager. During the season, Johnson directed his attention to Crawford Colored Giants catcher Josh Gibson who was mentioned in several newspapers for his ability to hit long home runs. The Grays, however, did not seriously pursue Gibson—the team already had two catchers, Buck Ewing and Vic Harris, on its roster. On July 25, 1930, the Grays played an exhibition game with the Monarchs; scheduled at night, the field was illuminated by Monarchs owner J. L. Wilkinson's portable lighting system to attract fans. Ewing, the starting catcher, lost sight of the ball in the low visibility and was injured by a pitch as Harris was playing in the outfield. In attendance, Gibson was called from the stands by Johnson to catch for the remainder of the game. He finished the season with the Grays; Johnson, his mentor, used him to catch batting practice every day and gradually worked him into the line-up.

Johnson spent the 1931 and early 1932 seasons managing the Daisies which joined the East–West League for the latter year. Although he was in the twilight of his playing career, Johnson still felt he could contribute to a winning team and signed on with the Pittsburgh Crawfords in 1932. The 1932 Crawfords team is considered one of the greatest squads ever assembled, often receiving comparisons to the New York Yankees' 1927 team known as the Murderers' Row. Their owner, the wealthy businessman Gus Greenlee, had little experience with baseball when he purchased the Crawfords in 1930 but was determined to aggressively purchase and trade for the best available players. By 1932, Greenlee signed five future hall of famers: Johnson, Cool Papa Bell, Josh Gibson, Satchel Paige, and Oscar Charleston, the player manager.

Like Charleston, Johnson remained productive in the latter stage of his career, hitting well above a .300 BA during his five-year stint with the Crawfords. In 1935, he was chosen as captain, and the Crawfords were favored to win the pennant race. The team secured the first half of the championship but finished second in the latter half to the Cuban Giants. As a tiebreaker, both clubs met for a seven-game series to determine the winner of the pennant. In Game Seven, with the Crawfords trailing 7–4 and down to their final out, Johnson hit an infield single to load the bases and kept Pittsburgh's pennant hopes alive. Charleston followed next in the order and hit a walk-off grand slam to win the game and the series.

Although the Crawfords finished the second half of 1936 in first place and Johnson showed little signs of slowing down with age, Greenlee shockingly traded him and Gibson to the Homestead Grays in exchange for Pepper Bassett and Henry Spearman, both of whom were considered marginal players at best. Johnson took the deal personally; he played for a few games at the beginning of the 1937 season and announced his retirement soon after.

Later life and legacy
After he retired from baseball, Johnson worked for the Continental Cab Company and managed a general goods store with his brother. In 1951, the Philadelphia Athletics hired Johnson as a scout. He urged the team, albeit unsuccessfully, to sign prospects Hank Aaron and Minnie Minoso. Before the Athletics relocated to Kansas in 1954, the club assigned Johnson as an assistant coach tasked with instructing black players Bob Trice and Vic Power during spring training. Due to the brief nature of Johnson's assignment, Buck O'Neil is generally credited with being the first African-American to coach in Major League Baseball (MLB).

Johnson spent time scouting with the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, Philadelphia Phillies, and Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1950s and 1960s. He is credited with instigating the signings of slugger Dick Allen and Bill Bruton who later became his son-in-law. As one of the oldest surviving stars of the Negro leagues, Johnson was offered a seat on the Committee on Negro Baseball Leagues when it was appointed by MLB commissioner Bowie Kuhn in 1971. The Committee's responsibility was to select noteworthy Negro league players for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1975, Johnson stepped down from his position in the Committee to accept his Baseball Hall of Fame nomination.

In 1976, Johnson was inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame.

Johnson is recognized as the best third baseman of the Negro leagues; Arthur Ashe in his book  A Hard Road to Glory termed his play as "the standard by which other third-basemen were measured". His leadership was the centerpiece of two of the most dominant Negro league teams—the Hilldale Daisies in the 1920s and the Pittsburgh Crawfords in the 1930s. Former teammates, including Ted Page and Johnson's mentor John Henry “Pop” Lloyd, praised his composure under pressure, both on the field and at the plate. Johnson suffered a stroke in 1988 and died a year later on June 15, 1989, in Wilmington; he was 89 years old. His home, the William Julius "Judy" Johnson House in Marshallton, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Judy Johnson Field at Daniel S. Frawley Stadium is named for him.

In 2019, a memorial statue dedicated to Johnson was unveiled in his home town of Snow Hill, Maryland, in front of the town's library.

title: Judy Johnson


text:
Reyn Guyer

Reynolds Winsor "Reyn" Guyer (born in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1935) is an American inventor.

Inventions
Among his notable developments are Twister in 1967 and the NERF ball in 1969, which he developed for Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers, respectively. He was inducted into the Hasbro toy and game Inventors' Hall of Fame in 1986.

Besides his work as a toy inventor, Guyer has also founded a music publishing company called Wrensong/Reynsong Music of Nashville in 1985.

Philanthropy
Having struggled with dyslexia himself, Reyn cofounded Winsor Learning in 1991 to help children who also struggle to read. The Sonday System and Let's Play Learn are effective remediation methods for students who are behind in their reading skills. These programs are used in hundreds of school systems across the country.

Current Projects

 * My Friend Wren is Reyn's current project. My Friend Wren is a thoughtfully crafted collection of creative and gentle children's stories and songs designed to provide insightful, educational material and adventure to both kids and parents alike. Reyn narrates and sings every story and song himself.
 * The Curly Lasagna project, a series of stories and songs for kids and parents that he created with Jeff Harrington
 * A dice game Rally Roll, which he invented in 2014
 * Creating sculptures and artwork, many of which are in private collections
 * A new lawn game called King's Court

title: Reyn Guyer


text:
Seven Oaks Dam

Seven Oaks Dam is a 550 ft high earth and rock fill embankment dam across the Santa Ana River in the San Bernardino Mountains, about 4 mi northeast of Redlands in San Bernardino County, southern California. It impounds Seven Oaks Reservoir in the San Bernardino National Forest.

The dam was proposed in response to major floods in the mid–20th century, and was constructed between 1993 and 2000. Seven Oaks is a dry dam that serves mainly for flood protection to Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, although it also used to impound water for groundwater recharge. One of the largest embankment dams in the United States, the dam was built under contract from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) by Odebrecht Corporation of California, a subsidiary of the Brazilian firm Contructora Norberto Odebrecht,. The dam is now owned and operated by local flood control districts.

History
The USACE began an ambitious effort to improve levees and dams on the Santa Ana River system known as the Santa Ana River Mainstem Project. Among the works proposed under the project were an expansion of the massive Prado Dam, which despite filling to capacity did not fully prevent heavy flooding damages in Orange County, and the construction of the $530 million "Mentone Dam" across the Santa Ana north of Mentone in San Bernardino County. However, the Mentone Dam site was controversial because it would affect groundwater recharge, was aesthetically unpleasing and lay on unstable sediment deposits directly above the San Andreas Fault. In response to public opposition, the USACE replaced the Mentone proposal with the $304 million Upper Santa Ana River Dam, later to be called Seven Oaks Dam, in a bedrock canyon one mile (1.6 km) upstream in the southern San Bernardino Mountains.

The contract for Seven Oaks Dam was awarded in 1994 and construction work began in May. A system of conveyor belts totaling 3.5 mi, with a capacity of 3,400 short tons (3,080 t) per hour, was built to transport materials to the dam site. Fill used in the embankment was excavated from the Santa Ana River canyon directly below the dam, the alluvial fan of the river north of Mentone, and a cut in a ridge directly southeast of the dam that now serves as the dam's spillway. The dam was built in ten alternating zones of dirt, rock and clay that ultimately totaled 38000000 yd3. When completed and dedicated in January 2000, the Seven Oaks Dam was the 12th highest dam in the world and was one of the last major dams built in the United States. At $450 million, the final cost of the dam significantly exceeded the USACE's projected cost. The federal government shouldered 70.47% of the total cost, while Orange County paid 27.09%, San Bernardino County 1.71%, and Riverside County 0.73%.

Design and operations

Seven Oaks Dam is a 2980 ft long arched embankment structure standing 550 ft high above the Santa Ana River and 650 ft above its deepest foundations. The dam is 40 ft wide at the crest and over 2200 ft wide at the base. Situated close to the San Andreas Fault, Seven Oaks is designed to withstand an 8.0 ML earthquake. The reservoir has a gross storage capacity of 145600 acre feet, with 113600 acre feet reserved for flood control and the remainder for sediment accumulation. At full pool, the reservoir lies at an elevation of 2604.4 ft and has an area of 780 acre. Water releases are controlled by a 1623 ft long tunnel outlet that runs through the base of the structure, and a 500 ft wide ungated overflow spillway located just southeast of the dam. The dam controls runoff from an area of 176 mi2 or 209 mi2 including the drainage area of Baldwin Lake, which overflows into the Santa Ana River system during periods of heavy runoff.

In tandem with Prado Dam, Seven Oaks prevents about $140 million of flood–related damages each year in Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties and provides flood protection to more than two million people. During flood events, Seven Oaks Dam will store runoff as long as the reservoir of Prado Dam is rising, then release the captured water as quickly as downstream channel conditions allow. Seven Oaks is designed to completely contain a "Reservoir Design Flood" of 85000 cuft/s, corresponding to a 350-year flood event, reducing it to a peak outflow of 7000 cuft/s. The dam is capable of withstanding an inflow of up to 180000 cuft/s, or the "Probable Maximum Flood". In addition, controlled releases from the dam allow about 10000 acre feet of additional groundwater recharge in the upper Santa Ana River basin each year. Captured floodwater from the Seven Oaks Dam benefits local water districts, as river water costs only a fraction of water imported through the State Water Project, which supplies most agricultural and municipal needs in the area.

Since its construction, Seven Oaks Dam has not yet been filled to capacity. The highest lake level on record was about 43000 acre feet, or less than a third of capacity, on March 8, 2005. The high water presented an opportunity to test large water releases through the dam's outlet works, but the trial had to be cancelled because the high flows destroyed sections of the concrete tunnel lining. The tunnel was repaired and later tested successfully in 2011.

Environmental impacts
In March 1999, as the dam neared completion, environmental groups filed a lawsuit against the USACE because construction activity at the Seven Oaks site had affected the habitats of two endangered plants, the Santa Ana River woolly star and slender-horned spineflower, and the endangered San Bernardino kangaroo rat. The USACE responded by purchasing 1547 acre of land adjoining the dam and reservoir to use in conservation of these species. The Seven Oaks Dam has also damaged the habitat of native fish species including the Santa Ana sucker, which is endemic to a handful of river systems of Southern California.

title: Seven Oaks Dam


text:
Mairé-Levescault

Mairé-Levescaultt is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. (Not to be confused with Mairé, in the same general area).

History
The history and derivation of the name of Mairé-L'Evescault are closely linked to that of Saint Junian (Junien), the patron saint of Poitou ploughmen. He was born in the year AD 500 or AD 501 in the area of "Briosso" (now called Briançais) on an estate named "Champagné" which still exists close to the village of Mairé in the commune of Perigné, Deux-Sèvres, and was educated by his parents who were Gallo-Roman nobility.

Although his name is undoubtedly of Pagan origin, coming from the Roman gods Juno/Jupiter, he was dedicated to the service of God from his earliest childhood and was instructed in all the sacred and human sciences which were taught at that time.

Nothing else is known about his early life but we re-encounter Junien as a young man living as a hermit in a place called Bois Trappeau in the commune of Ardilleux in Deux-Sèvres.

In 559, King Clotaire I made him a gift of land on which to found a monastery dedicated to the rule of Saint Benoît. This isolated place evoked memories of his childhood home and Junien named it "Mariacus" - subsequently "Mairé". The "L'Evescault" was added after a great religious festival in Poitiers to which Junien was invited by Queen Radagonde who raised him to the same rank as the other bishops or "Les Evêques" who were present. Hence the name Mairé-L'Evescault.

The monastery was partially destroyed during the wars of Pepin the Short and Charlemagne but survived for another thousand years. It was finally demolished during the French Revolution, the stone being re-used for local construction and the lands reverting to their farming origins.

The commune today
The commune is now a sprawl of scattered villages with a population of approximately 560.

title: Mairé-Levescault


text:
Bram Fischer

Abraham Louis Fischer (23 April 1908 – 8 May 1975) was a South African Communist lawyer of Afrikaner descent with partial Anglo-African ancestry from his paternal grandmother, notable for anti-apartheid activism and for the legal defence of anti-apartheid figures, including Nelson Mandela, at the Rivonia Trial. Following the trial, he was himself put on trial accused of furthering communism. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and diagnosed with cancer while in prison. The South African Prisons Act was extended to include his brother's house in Bloemfontein where he died two months later.

Family and education
Fischer came from a prominent Afrikaner family; his father was Percy Fischer (1878–1957), a judge president of the Orange Free State and his grandfather was Abraham Fischer (1850–1913), a prime minister of the Orange River Colony and later a member of the cabinet of the unified South Africa.

Prior to studying at University of Oxford (New College) as a Rhodes scholar during the 1930s, he was schooled at Grey College and Grey University College in Bloemfontein, he was a resident of House Abraham Fischer which is named after his grandfather Abraham Fischer. During his stay at Oxford, he travelled on the European continent, including a trip in 1932 to the Soviet Union. In a letter to his parents during his trip indicating that he had become radicalized, he noted similarities between the position of Russian farmers that he encountered along the Volga river and South African blacks.

In 1937, Fischer married Molly Krige, a niece of Jan Smuts; the couple had three children. Their son, Paul died of cystic fibrosis at the age of 23 while Fischer was in prison. Molly became involved in politics and was detained without trial during the 1960 state of emergency declared after the Sharpeville massacre. In 1964, Bram, Molly and a friend, Liz Franklin, were driving to Cape Town for daughter Ilse's 21st birthday. Bram swerved the car to avoid hitting a cow that had strayed onto the road. The car veered off the road and overturned into a river, causing Molly to drown.

Professional and political activities
Fischer joined the Communist Party of South Africa (SACP) in the 1940s and soon rose to leadership positions. The CPSA had a close relationship with the African National Congress (ANC) and in 1943, Fischer co-authored revisions to the constitution of the ANC. In 1946 he was charged with incitement arising out of his position as a leader of the CPSA and the African Mine Workers' Strike of that year. After the CPSA was dissolved and banned in 1950, he became Chairman of the illegal South African Communist Party when it was established underground in 1953.

Alongside Issy Maisels and others, Fischer played an integral role on the defense team in the Treason Trial of 1956 – 1961 where Mandela and many other anti-apartheid activists were acquitted on 29 March 1961. In his autobiography, Mandela affectionately recalls Fischer reading the left wing publication New Age at his table during the trial proceedings.

Fischer led Nelson Mandela's legal defence team at the Rivonia Trial of 1963 – 1964. By a coincidence, Fischer had not been present at the raid on Liliesleaf Farm, although he had in fact been part of the trusted Rivonia inner circle. A number of documents seized by authorities were in his handwriting.

Mandela and co-defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment instead of the death penalty, which the state prosecutor Percy Yutar had been asking for. This was considered a victory for the defence. International pressure also played a role. At this time, Fischer's role as leader of the SACP was unknown even to his closest white friends.

After the verdict, Bram Fischer visited the Rivonia trial prisoners on Robben Island to discuss the question of an appeal in their case. Wishing to protect the prisoners, he did not tell them of his wife’s death one week earlier. After the meeting, Mandela learned about Mrs Fischer's death and wrote to Fischer, a letter that his prison guards never delivered. A few days later Fischer was himself arrested, held in solitary confinement for three days and then released. On 23 September 1964, he was again arrested and joined the 12 white men and women facing charges of being members of the illegal South African Communist Party.

Fischer was released on bail to handle a patent case in London. He applied for bail to attend to his case. In his appeal to Court in the bail application he stated:

"I am an Afrikaner. My home is in South Africa. I will not leave my country because my political beliefs conflict with those of the Government."

Fischer returned to South Africa to face trial despite pressure put on him to forgo his £5,000 bail and go into exile. One day, after proceedings began, he did not arrive at Court and instead sent a letter to his counsel, Harold Hanson which was read out in court. He wrote:

By the time this reaches you I shall be a long way from Johannesburg and shall absent myself from the remainder of the trial. But I shall still be in the country to which I said I would return when I was granted bail. I wish you to inform the Court that my absence, though deliberate, is not intended in any way to be disrespectful. Nor is it prompted by any fear of the punishment which might be inflicted on me. Indeed I realise fully that my eventual punishment may be increased by my present conduct...

My decision was made only because I believe that it is the duty of every true opponent of this Government to remain in this country and to oppose its monstrous policy of apartheid with every means in his power. That is what I shall do for as long as I can...

What is needed is for White South Africans to shake themselves out of their complacency, a complacency intensified by the present economic boom built upon racial discrimination. Unless this whole intolerable system is changed radically and rapidly, disaster must follow. Appalling bloodshed and civil war will become inevitable because, as long as there is oppression of a majority, such oppression will be fought with increasing hatred.

Fischer went underground to support the liberation struggle against apartheid. In doing so, he went against the advice of Mandela, who had advised him to support the struggle in the courtroom, "where people could see this Afrikaner son of a judge president fighting for the rights of the powerless. But he could not let others suffer while he remained free. […] Bram did not want to ask others to make a sacrifice that he was unwilling to make himself."

Fischer was struck off the advocate's roll in 1965 in a trial completed in his absence. Advocates Harold Hanson, Sydney Kentridge, and Arthur Chaskalson defended him at the hearing. Vernon Berrange led the defence case and Ismail Mahomed (who later became Chief Justice in the new South Africa) and Denis Kuny acted as Junior Counsel.

Imprisonment and death
Fischer carried on underground activities for almost a year. He was arrested in November 1965, nine months after his return to South Africa and after 290 days underground. In March 1966 he was put on trial for a second time on charges of furthering the aims of communism and conspiracy to overthrow the government. He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was imprisoned in Pretoria Central Prison. "After the revolution, he will be my garden boy"

- Braam Fischer (about General Petrus Johann Coetzee)

In 1974 Denis Goldberg and another prisoner, Marius Schoon, became concerned about Fischer’s health; his hip was giving him pain, his digestion was poor and he looked gaunt and frail. Suspecting that Fischer would not receive the proper care he needed, Goldberg kept a detailed diary of Fischer’s medical care which was subsequently smuggled out of prison. Fischer needed a crutch to walk but a request for one was denied; a broom was found and used instead. In September 1974 he fell and fractured his femur and neck whilst trying to shower, after which it took thirteen days before he was admitted to hospital. When he returned from the hospital Fischer was in a wheelchair, disorientated and unable to look after himself. The hip was found to be cancerous. Goldberg argued, and was eventually allowed, to spend the nights with Fischer in his cell where he tried to make him comfortable. By this time Fischer was so emaciated that Goldberg could easily carry him to the toilet pot.

It was not until December of that year that the authorities had him transferred to a hospital. When news of his illness was publicised, the public lobbied government for his release.

Non-political prisoners rarely served their full term and would be released after serving half or two-thirds of their sentence, but political prisoners were required to serve every day of their sentence. Fischer was allowed to leave the prison shortly before his death and placed under house arrest at his brother's home in Bloemfontein in April 1975. He died a few weeks later.

The prisons department had Fischer's ashes returned to them after the funeral and they have never been located. Anti-apartheid political leaders in Parliament Colin Eglin and Harry Schwarz both called for Fisher's remains to be returned to his family, which was refused.

Tributes and legacy
Nelson Mandela wrote in his 1995 autobiography, Fischer was one of the "bravest and staunchest friends of the freedom struggle that I have ever known." From a prominent Afrikaner family, he gave up a life of privilege, rejected his heritage, and was ostracized by his own people, showing "a level of courage and sacrifice that was in a class by itself."

Fischer had been reluctant to serve as leader of the defence at the Rivonia Trial, since many of the witnesses could implicate him in illegal communist activities. In addition, his handwriting was found on documents from Liliesleaf Farm. His white friends could not understand his reluctance and persuaded him to do so, not knowing his Communist Party membership. As a result, when Lionel Bernstein heard about it, he remarked that "He deserves the Victoria Cross".

In her account of her detention and solitary confinement by the South African Security Branch in 1963, Ruth First writes about being questioned about Fischer, telling her interrogators, "Bram is a friend, a very dear friend of mine, a wonderful man, and – thank God for the reputation of your people that you have at least one saving grace – he's an Afrikaner."

Fischer was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize, in 1967.

He was respected by fellow prisoners in Pretoria Central, and even earned the respect of prison warden Vermeulen, who at his trial following suspected involvement in the prison escape involving Tim Jenkin and others in 1979, called him the nicest prisoner he'd guarded, saying "Fischer was very keen on rugby. We used to talk about it a lot. I felt sorry when he died. He was a gentleman. He was the leader of the prisoners."

One of the first major post apartheid housing projects in Johannesburg was named Bram Fischerville in his honour. It is located north of Soweto, has 22000 formal houses and was settled from 1997 onwards.

In Country of My Skull (1998), Antjie Krog wrote, "He was so much braver than the rest of us, he paid so much more, his life seems to have touched the lives of so many people – even after his death".

In 2003 Fischer became the first South African ever to be posthumously reinstated to the Bar.

In 2004, despite opposition from alumni and management, Fischer was awarded a posthumous honorary degree by Stellenbosch University.

Rhodes House (University of Oxford), where Fischer was a student, has held an annual Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture to honour his legacy since 2007, a reincarnation of a former lecture in his name hosted by New College.

In December 2012, Bloemfontein Airport was renamed Bram Fischer International Airport.

Works about Fischer
An early biography was written in Bram Fischer's lifetime by Naomi Michison, A Life for Africa: The Story of Bram Fischer (1973).

Burger's Daughter (1979), a novel by literature Nobel Prize winner and fellow South African, Nadine Gordimer, is based on the life of Bram Fischer's daughter; he is the "Burger" of the title.

Fischer is also the subject of Stephen Clingman's Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary, which won the Alan Paton Award in 1999, and Martin Meredith's Fischer's Choice.

South African director Sharon Farr's documentary, Love, Communism, Revolution & Rivonia – Bram Fischer’s Story, won the Encounters Film Festival Audience Award for Best South African Documentary in August 2007.

Harry Kalmer wrote The Braam Fischer Waltz a play performed by David Butler at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown in 2013 and 2014.

In 2017 the feature film Bram Fischer (alternative title An Act of Defiance) directed by Jean van de Velde was released in the Netherlands, with the role of Bram Fischer played by Peter Paul Muller.

title: Bram Fischer


text: Category:Dancers

title: Category:Dancers


text:
Category:British television presenters

Television presenters on television in the United Kingdom or from the United Kingdom.

title: Category:British television presenters


text: Category:Entertainers

title: Category:Entertainers


text:
Category:Jazz musicians

See also the List of jazz musicians.

title: Category:Jazz musicians


text:
Category:Jazz

Jazz is a musical art form, commonly characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms and improvisation.

title: Category:Jazz


text: Category:Jazz composers

title: Category:Jazz composers


text:
Category:Jazz bandleaders

Classification: Music genres: Jazz: Musicians: Bandleaders

also: Music: Musicians: Bandleaders: Jazz

title: Category:Jazz bandleaders


text:
Category:Jazz pianists

See also jazz piano, list of jazz pianists.

title: Category:Jazz pianists


text:
Category:Mass media

The mass media are the entire array of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a large audience, like radio, television, magazines, newspapers and the World Wide Web. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks and mass-circulation newspapers and magazines.

The word "media" is widely used as a short-hand for "mass media". Although commonly misused as a singular term — erroneously implying that "the media" are a single, monolithic entity — "media" is the plural of "medium", and thus refers to the multiplicity of publications, broadcast outlets, etc.

In addition, "media" is often used interchangeably with "news media", disregarding the fundamental distinction between those two terms. The news media are those segments of the media which employ journalists to report and disseminate news; articles pertaining to that subject area are found in .

Other forms and uses of media generally fall under the heading of entertainment media (with some media combining elements of both news and entertainment), along with advertising, public relations, and propaganda.

Individual creative works such as films, television programs, books, plays and so on should be categorized in the appropriate subcategories at Category:Creative works, not here.

title: Category:Mass media


text: Category:Bassists

title: Category:Bassists


text: Category:Bandleaders

title: Category:Bandleaders