text:
Talk:Photojournalism

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Writing Style
A quick read through the article turns up phrases like:

"is albums were sent to European royals houses. Just a few of his photography survived. The next ones were British press reporters"

This has fairly bad grammar and incorrect words (photography instead of photographs) and doesn't seem very professional. Author or regular editors should maybe do a sweep through the article and fix these details? Nano Dan (talk) 15:51, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Awesome
I think that this article is awsome!! --142.167.95.134 17:27, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)Dianna--142.167.95.134 17:27, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

List

 * List of photojournalists (Category) maybe? Feydey 16:01, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Learning
I am learning about photography and i think this page is awesome!!!

This page is so cool and informative. I just love it and it helps me with my advisory class. thank you wikipedia. your new best visitor.

Some notable fictional photojournalists
I reverted this addition (which was just one entry -- Frank West from the video game Dead Rising) today because I think this article should be factual in nature and deal with real photojournalism and not fictional. I found the diversion to fictionalism to be off topic for this article. If other editors think otherwise, please post your comments here for discussion. SteveHopson 17:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't have a problem with listing the fictionals at the very bottom and clearly denoted as such. I'd probably title it 'Photojournalists in Fiction', and the ones I might add, L.B. "Jeff" Jeffries, Chuck Allen and Peter Parker (of 'Rear Window', and 'Brenda Starr' and 'Spiderman', respectively) mostly represent a reflection and personification of the "golden age". One should also consider whether, if there were ever an article on fictional photojournalists, whether we'd argue that that article should be combined with this one ;-) KevinCuddeback 18:46, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, I think it is important to note fictional photojounalists. It shows that the field is well-respected, and is a catagory worth it's set of tales. And as said, I made the section completely at the bottom of the article so it wouldn't distract from the article. And their are plenty of fictional photojouranalists, but the one that came to my mind was Frank West seeing as I am currently enjoying the game. And, Peter Parker (Spider-man) is also worth note. :D Smile Lee 05:35, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * (i) If this article's coverage of real-world photojournalists doesn't manage to convey their importance, this article will have failed. (ii) How is representation in fiction evidence that a field is well-respected? (Is Humbert Humbert evidence that pedophilia is well-respected?) (ii) The ludicrously prolix article on Spider-Man (to which Peter Parker redirects) hardly mentions his photography, which seems merely a minor plot device. -- Hoary 02:12, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Notable Photojournalists
This list is getting too long to maintain within this article. As new entries are added, it losses its meaning within the context of the article as highlighting the few photojournalists who represent the profession and is quickly becoming a vanity list. For now, I'm removing the photojournalists without Wiki articles as non-notable. In the future, if the list keeps growing, it should become a separate article.

Below are the names removed today, the ones that are truly notable should have articles started about them. SteveHopson 01:40, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Donna Ferrato
 * Robert Flora
 * Gary Haynes
 * Darryl Heikes
 * David S. Holloway
 * Joseph C. Marquette
 * Eugene Richards
 * Carlos Schiebeck
 * Bill Snead
 * Zak Waters

 * I certainly agree with the thrust of what you're saying, Steve. Just one quibble: Eugene Richards is a photographer who richly deserves the degree of attention characteristically paid in W'pedia to such dubious photographers as Frank West, and if he's at all representative as the others in the list (among whom only two names are vaguely familiar to me), they're not at all non-notable. Though, as I've said, you were right to remove the whole lot. -- Hoary 02:16, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree about Richards and, perhaps, other unknown to me. I would encourage editors with an interest to start articles on the notable photojournalists that I removed. SteveHopson 03:48, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

The whole thing strikes me as superfluous. I pulled it. Here's the latest version:

 * Eddie Adams
 * Mohamed Amin
 * Diane Arbus
 * Felice Beato
 * Werner Bischof
 * Esther Bubley
 * Robert Capa
 * Pogus Caesar
 * Kevin Carter
 * Henri Cartier-Bresson
 * Dickey Chapelle
 * David Conover
 * Walker Evans
 * Roger Fenton
 * Kaveh Golestan
 * Lauren Greenfield
 * Philip Jones Griffiths
 * John Harrington
 * Olivia Heussler
 * Lewis Hine
 * Walter Iooss
 * André Kertész
 * Dorothea Lange
 * Neil Leifer
 * Mary Ellen Mark
 * Don McCullin
 * Steve McCurry
 * Susan Meiselas
 * James Nachtwey
 * Marc Riboud
 * Ruth Orkin
 * Jacob Riis
 * James Robertson
 * George Rodger
 * Joe Rosenthal
 * Sebastiao Salgado
 * David Seymour
 * W. Eugene Smith
 * Melissa Springer
 * Weegee
 * John H. White
 * Li Zhensheng
 * Reza_Deghati

I don't question that most (all?) of these are notable photojournalists. (I'm very familiar with the work of some of them, hugely more interesting to me than the work of news photographers with monster lenses covering sports events.) This doesn't mean that a list, even a whittled down list, is helpful in this article. -- Hoary 14:34, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, the list has overtaken the article. In addition, we have a separate article for this purpose, List of photojournalists.  At the time I wrote my comments above, I did not know of this List article.  I've now added a reference to the List to this article.  SteveHopson 14:59, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

What is photojournalism, anyway?
We read (after markup-stripping):
 * Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by the qualities of:
 * Timeliness — the images have meaning in the context of a published chronological record of events.
 * Objectivity — the situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict.
 * Narrative — the images combine with other news elements, to inform and give insight to the viewer or reader.

Perhaps photojournalism differs from any of the others in that it has (or purports to have, or should have) all three. But I wonder. Just one example: If Smith was a photojournalist, one of his greatest achievements was Minamata; this may be fair and accurate, but it's hardly "objective". It doesn't even pretend to be: aside from its other qualities (which are considerable), it's a blazing indictment of corporate evil and of callousness and gross negligence by others. But I suppose you can say that here he wasn't being a PJ but instead was creating a documentary.

Also, I wonder about the banal mass of photos that appear in the press, neatly exemplified in this article by the shot of so-called photojournalists crowding around a "starlet" at Cannes. How does the result "inform and give insight to the viewer or reader"? If the reader is a febrile 16-year-old male, I see how it might give him a boner, and I see how it might increase sales of the magazine, and that's about it. At the non-titillatory extreme, no information or insight is imparted (to me, anyway) by the endless procession of photos of dignitaries sitting next to each other in armchairs, or shaking hands in corridors.

No solutions or even suggestions quite yet, just a venting of miscellaneous feelings of unease about this article. -- Hoary 02:33, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

One other small problem here. This whole passage it is very nearly a direct quote from an article written in 1986, however some small changes to the verbiage has been made (The original is by far more grammatically correct) Myraedison 04:53, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

I suggest adding to the qualities that characterise PJ the additional quality of I expect this wording could be improved. But the intention is to exclude "starlets at Cannes" and children washing their dogs and so on. Perhaps an actor receiving an award could be considered significant. Rodney Topor (talk) 03:30, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * "Significance" - the events depicted are newsworthy and have widespread interest.

FSA
We read:
 * Whether [FSA photography] can be called "photojournalism" is debatable, since the FSA photographers had more time and resources to create their work than most photojournalists usually have.

Let's keep it simple. Was a primary intention of this work that it should be displayed in newspapers or magazines? If so, surely it's photojournalism. If not, what other reason is there to call it photojournalism? -- Hoary 14:56, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I always think of FSA as pure documentary photography, not photojournalism. The Wiki article (which, IMHO, should really be split off from the FSA article into its own article) says this, "The Information Division of the FSA was responsible for providing educational materials and press information to the public. Under Roy Stryker, the Information Division of the FSA adopted a goal of "introducing America to Americans.""  So the FSA program considered that it was documenting the conditions and then presenting the photos in both educational materials and in the press.  Since photojournalism was well established at the time of FSA, why would the federal government see the need to supply more photos to the press?  Obviously the primary purpose of the project is to document conditions not reported in the press.  For this reason, I think FSA is primarily a documentation project and should only be briefly mentioned in this article.  SteveHopson 15:08, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with you, but the OxCompPhoto does seem to take PJ to include topical photographs for documentary purposes, regardless of an journalistic or similar intent. I'll have to think more about this. -- Hoary 00:02, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Notable photos in the history of photojournalism
This section was removed which I agree with but I think the article should mention specific photos which have had a significant impact both on photojournalism and society as a whole. For example "Execution of Nguyen Van Lem" by Eddie Adams had a major impact on American public support for the Vietnam war. I originally put "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" by Joe Rosenthal and "The Falling Man" by Richard Drew in the list as these both had significant impacts on the public as well. It doesn't have to be these three photos but I think there should be some mention of specific photos. Isn't there a famous photo of a woman in a petrol station who finds her dead husband and son after they've been killed by an exploding tyre?--Moonlight Mile 22:54, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, Moonlight. It would be great to give some names of great photojournalists as well as their photos in the "History" section. I know there would always be dispute over who and what is considered as "great", but I think the entry could be improved by suggesting some names to laymen who would like to explore more on this topic.--Mar9 02:48, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

How to create an article?
I'd like to create an article on Philip Jones Griffiths but I don't want it to become a little orphan - how do I ensure it gets linked to other articles? PiCo 09:36, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Why, by linking it to and from other articles! Sorry, I'm in a rush now, so can't show you by example. But in one browser window, look for other photojournalists who might have articles and see their links and also (using an option that's probably to the left of the screen) what links to them: this should inspire you to use another browser window to link to and from your new article, which I see already exists.

 * NB I also notice that the new article makes some seemingly controversial claims. For all I know, they may very well all be uncontroversially true, but you should back them up with sources wherever possible. The article on photojournalism is not (yet) a good model for this; see for example Felice Beato to see how to do it well. Don't worry if you can't get it quite right to start with; do your best and later I or somebody else will pop by to do a little clearing up. -- Hoary 11:32, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. Please let me know what you regard as controversial. PiCo 12:43, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Photojournalism for the young (?)
I've just now removed:

 * ''Photojournalism in Video games
 * In the Xbox 360 game titled 'Dead Rising' the main character who the player takes the role of is a photojournalist in a mall who is taking photos of a zombie infestation.

This strikes me as the kind of thing that's supremely uninteresting to people who want to find out about photojournalism. But perhaps I grievously underestimate the significance of appearances in video games and the importance of describing these appearances. Comments welcome. -- Hoary 10:45, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Photo of photojournalists
I've just now removed the picture and caption that (if your browser supports CSS and unless you've done something imaginative to the CSS) appears on the right.

This shows sports photographers, all pointing cameras with long lenses in the direction of a scheduled and no doubt heavily promoted commercial spectacle. What these photographers are doing is certainly photojournalism of a sort. But it seems to me a peculiarly humdrum kind of photojournalism, at odds with what's described in the article and what's of most interest beyond the short term. It therefore seemed unsuitable. But perhaps I was too hasty. Comments welcome. -- Hoary 10:53, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * "Humdrum" in comparison to the genre's highest expressions, no doubt, but this is a HUGE segment of the work involved in the life of most photojournalists, and I would suggest that a cluster of "long lenses" is an iconic representation of the profession for many people. You see the same thing at a Presidential press conference and the Olympics; are those commercial spectacles?

 * I suggest restoring it until someone provides something better, but I'll leave that to someone else, since it's my photo and I don't want to make a spectacle of myself. ;-)

 * Rdikeman 16:54, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it illustrates the article and would 'vote' in favor of restoration. If someone can provide a photo that better illustrates the mainstream of photojournalism, this photo could always be put in a separate section on sports photoj.  TheMindsEye 17:17, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This picture is very representative of sports photographers. And sports photography is indeed photojournalism. Ericd 00:03, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You see the same thing at a Presidential press conference and the Olympics; are those commercial spectacles? -- The former: they were, but the great American public no longer seems to be buying it. The latter: yes of course!

 * To me, a iconic representation of the profession of photojournalism would be one of somebody like James Nachtwey popping up to take a photo or two between rounds of gunfire.

 * But yes, the huge majority of photographed news consists of staged spectacles such as car races: advertising jamborees for booze and fags, the last time I heard. (By which I don't mean to imply that what goes on within the spectacles is fixed, though of course Freakonomics lucidly explains how a lot of sumo matches are indeed fixed.) -- Hoary 00:49, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a great shot, just one thing: can we not have a slightly bigger version? Gets my restoration vote either way, per comments above. A shot of the other "common" photojournalist, the lone cameraman, would just be a shot of some guy with a camera, not very enc at all. Even it was Robert Capa.. mikaultalk 00:56, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

When there is a photographer popping up to take a photo or two between rounds of gunfire, most of the time there is no other photographer around. And when there is one, he is probably not shooting the first photographer ;-) Ericd 08:59, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Hi
When the worlds dies so do you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.157.146.194 (talk) 15:37, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

OMG this is a GREAT website for school projects...PJ is basically taking pictures and putting them into a story or something like that!!!:) :P —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.75.169.209 (talk) 14:41, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Interesting Brief Article
I am new here however not new to the subject, I was a correspondent in Vietnam and have been a journalist since 1959 (though not a "notable" one.

Here is an interesting article giving practical advice to photojournalists: Photojournalism: Shooting Under Stress. by a rather interesting photojournalist. He is a well respected photojournalist and the information he provides in brief is unique and pertinent for a myriad of reasons and I believe a link should be included to this article.

One little known fact about this photographer is that he made his living from 1980 until about 1995 by covering conflicts all over the globe including The Falklands, Lebanon, Panama, Afghanistan, Rwanda, Uganda and Croatia by selling images to other photojournalists who are still taking credit for shooting the images. Moyopic (talk) 16:52, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The photographer is Daniel Colegrove (the Wikipedia article about whom has been deleted). The article is indeed interesting, but it's a howto, and so doesn't really belong here. -- Hoary (talk) 03:28, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Featured article
This article is featured and very, very complete in the Wikipedia in spanish. Check it out.

--190.90.107.2 (talk) 15:03, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Photo politics
If the article ever becomes more detailed, it should maybe address the phenomenon of photo politics, where photojournalism eventually becomes manipulated for political or ideological purposes, especially when some photographies are alleged to have a hidden or cryptic message. ADM (talk) 04:19, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Genre?
What genre of type would be of a website that contrains photographs related to current events or news? Saqib talk 12:30, 9 November 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Saqib Qayyum (talk • contribs)

decline/evolution of the profession
I just added one reference from dpreview.com regarding the decline of still-photo journalist as a career and its evolution to focus on video. We need more information in the article on the impact of recent technologies, including the broader macroeconomic trends in the media (eg Newsweek going to online-only format, decline in print media sales, etc). (Heroeswithmetaphors)  talk  18:26, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Why all these illustrations?
In its current version, the article Photojournalism comes with four photographs. The third, fourth and fifth -- by Dorothea Lange, Eddie Adams (though uncredited) and Richard Drew -- are well known and their significance is clearly explained in the caption. The second, by Robert F. Sargent, is much less known but its importance is explained (and, once explained, obvious). The first, however, is rather a contrast. It's captioned "Nomad woman inside her house,Morocco". A journalistic angle may be there, but if so it's not explained. (Yes, I do appreciate "slow journalism", but I'm not going to simply presume that it exists.) The page of this image at Commons says that it's by Commons:User:Dmitri1999, and also that http://www.dmitrimarkine.com is to be credited. Click this and you're given a wedding photo and the choice between two websites (or two versions of a website). I clicked the one for computers and was given a black screen, under the title Dmitri Markine | Best Toronto Celebrity Wedding Photographer. The page seems to be some Flash concoction, so I'll ignore it, but the description given in a META tag is: ''Unique and artistic wedding photography for those who want the absolute best for their wedding event. Canada,USA and the world.''

Who is Commons:User:Dmitri1999? He tells us: ''Dmitri Markine is a Canadian photojournalist and a wedding photographer. In 2009 was named one of the Top 10 Wedding photographers in Canada. And: Feature(5 best Canadian wedding photographers) Honorable mention multiple 1st,2nd and 3rd places and 20 awards of excellence Press Release 3rd and 4th places nominee Photolife Feature Featured as one of top 10 wedding photographers in Canada nominee nominee nominee National Geographic's Best Photographs of 2007 nominee Gold Award; 2nd place Best of the Best wedding photographs 2010 Best of The Best Wedding Images 2011 National Geographic Editors Choice 2011(3 images)''.

Who put the image in this article (and in top position)? User:Dmitri1999 did. Dmitri1999 (whose user page here is similar to that at Commons) has been active in adding images to articles, e.g. here, in which he adds a curious wedding-related photograph (the one from the top of dmitrimarkine.com) to the article on Havana. In the history of the article Photographer, he seems to have got into a bit of an argument with other editors. There's no self promotion, he writes in one edit summary. I don't need it...

Dmitri1999 may not need self-promotion, but I find it hard to believe that self-promotion is not a major factor. I propose to delete his image from this article as unneeded and improperly conspicuous. Any reason why I should hesitate? -- Hoary (talk) 11:29, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * No, I don't think so. Antique Rose — Drop me a line  11:40, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * See - he's leaving. Dougweller (talk) 17:54, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Eddie Adams photo
User:Alvesgaspar readds a photo by Eddie Adams, saying ''Undid revision 535956001 by Nick-D (talk) No need to refer to images in the articles. License is also ok, as far as we know. This is an iconic image!''

Well well. The license is. . . none. This is instead a conventionally copyright photo. It is neither in the public domain nor copylefted. It can only be used via "fair use". One necessity for "fair use" within this article is a rationale in File:Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém.jpg for its fair use within the article. Are you planning to provide one? -- Hoary (talk) 13:46, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I've removed it. We don't add copyright material to articles hoping that it's really ok. This is explicitly a copyright article. The only Fair Use rationale is for Eddie Adamn's article. Anyone replacing it without an acceptable Fair Use rationale is adding copyvio. Dougweller (talk) 15:27, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

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Loose Forms of Plagiarism
There's a few places that could use some citations. Also, I checked the "History" heading and the "Decline" sub-heading citation (#29) and it is very close to the original article. I would change this to something more original. Travelingphotog (talk) 23:20, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:51, 16 February 2019 (UTC)
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Wiki Education assignment: Mass Communication History and Theory
— Assignment last updated by Dukesure (talk) 18:31, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Photojournalism


text:
Talk:Shire-reckoning

Shire-reckoning
Which should be the main article, Shire Calendar or Shire-reckoning?

Do we need both articles or should reckoning redirect to Calendar?- Drhaggis 17:30, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I (independently) decided it should be a redirect. None of the minimal content that was here is missing from the main article, and it's alright for an article to be on two closely-related things. Derrick Coetzee 18:50, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shire-reckoning


text:
Thórsmörk

Thórsmörk (Þórsmörk, ) is a mountain ridge in Iceland that was named after the Norse god Thor (Þór). It is situated in the south of Iceland between the glaciers Tindfjallajökull and Eyjafjallajökull. The name "Thórsmörk" properly refers only to the mountain ridge between the rivers Krossá, Þröngá, and Markarfljót, but is sometimes used informally to describe a wider area that includes the region between Thórsmörk and Eyjafjallajökull. Thórsmörk is one of the most popular hiking areas in Iceland.

In the valley, the river Krossá winds between the mountains. The valley is closed in between glaciers, Mýrdalsjökull being at the rear end of the valley. This leads to an especially warm climate, better than in the rest of south Iceland. In the protected valley, green vegetation of moss, fern, birchwood, and other small shrubs are found.

Thórsmörk is popular amongst hikers. Many different tours are possible, from hiking on the glaciers to trekking (i.e., Laugavegur up to Landmannalaugar) or smaller excursions, such as to the canyon Stakkholtsgjá with its waterfall or five small day treks, to the summits of surrounding peaks, with rewarding views, even in bad weather. The Krossá is a cold, fast river coming down from glaciers; a bridge allows pedestrians to cross. Coaches arrive daily from Reykjavík and other towns in Iceland.

Volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajökull
During the spring 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, much of the area was covered in a thick layer of volcanic ash. Several months were needed for nature to return to normal.

title: Thórsmörk


text:
User:Morwen/England

The original plan for the 1974 reform was much more extensive than the version finally passed. Changes proposed by the Government, but that did not make it into the Act included

 * Isle of Wight merged into Hampshire
 * Glossop part of Tameside in Greater Manchester
 * Skipton and Harrogate part of Leeds in West Yorkshire
 * Ellesmere Port part of Wirral in Merseyside
 * Skelmersdale part of Merseyside
 * Long Eaton part of Nottinghamshire
 * Brackley part of Oxfordshire
 * Lowestoft part of Norfolk
 * Aldershot -> somewhere
 * Ingleton -> Lancashire
 * Cherlwood and Horley -> West Sussex

other stuff

 * Hereford and Worcester was suggested to be 'Malvernshire'
 * Cleveland originally called 'Teesside', changed to avoid seeming like an expanded Teesside county borough

title: User:Morwen/England


text:
John Beatty (Continental Congress)

John Beatty (December 10, 1749 – May 30, 1826) was an American physician, statesman and slaveowner from Princeton, New Jersey.

Early life
He was born in Neshaminy in the Province of Pennsylvania on December 10, 1749. Beatty was the oldest of ten children of Irish born Rev. Charles Clinton Beatty and Anne (née Reading) Beatty, who were married in 1746. His father was a Presbyterian minister who did missionary work among the Native Americans.

His maternal grandfather was John Reading, president of the New Jersey Provincial Council and acting Governor of the Province of New Jersey. His paternal grandparents were John Beatty and Christiana (née Clinton) Beatty. John's grandmother was the daughter of James Clinton and the sister of Charles Clinton (himself the father of Revolutionary War Major General James Clinton and Vice President George Clinton, and the grandfather of New York Governor DeWitt Clinton).

Beatty graduated from the College of New Jersey (later known as Princeton University) in 1769. He was a student of Founding Father Benjamin Rush.

Career
Beatty became a doctor and opened his first practice in Hartsville, Pennsylvania. He rose to the rank of major in the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He was captured at the surrender of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. After his exchange, he was appointed Commissary General for Prisoners with the rank of colonel.

By the end of the war he had become a resident of New Jersey, serving as a member of the New Jersey Legislative Council (now the New Jersey Senate) from 1781 to 1783, representing Middlesex County, and delegate from that state to the Continental Congress in 1784 and 1785.

In 1784, when Thomas Jefferson's proposed ban on slavery in all future territories came up for a vote in Congress, Beatty became sick and was absent from the meeting. As Jefferson noted, "[Je]rsey would have been for it, but there were but two members, one of whom [Beatty] was sick in his chambers"; thus, New Jersey could not submit its vote. The proposal failed to pass by one vote.

Beatty was the speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1789 to 1790, and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives in the Third Congress from 1793 to 1795. While serving in the U.S. House, he was one of nine representatives to vote against the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. He later served as Secretary of State of New Jersey from 1795 to 1805.

Personal life
Beatty was married to Catherine DeKlyn (1773–1861), the daughter of Mary (née Van Sant) DeKlyn and Barnt DeKlyn, who became wealthy selling textiles to the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Together, they were the parents of Robert Beatty and William Beatty.

Beatty was admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of New Jersey, and served as the organization's treasurer from 1823 until his death on May 30, 1826, in Trenton in Mercer County, New Jersey.

Legacy
The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has a collection of personal papers, including diaries, correspondences and genealogical notes, related to the Beatty Family. Besides John Beatty's papers, the collection also includes journals by his father, Charles Clinton Beatty, who served as an early missionary with George Duffield among Native Americans.

title: John Beatty (Continental Congress)


text:
Mopar

Mopar is an American car parts, service, customer care, and organization, business division of the former Chrysler Corporation, now owned by Netherlands-based automobile manufacturer Stellantis. It serves as a primary OEM accessory seller for Stellantis companies under the Mopar brand. The name is a portmanteau of the words "MOtor" and "PARts". "Mopar" is also used as a nickname by enthusiasts of Chrysler-built products to refer to any product built by the company.

Mopar also designs and builds a small number of customized vehicles.

History
The term was created by an internal activities council and was first used by Chrysler in 1937 as a product name to put on cans of Chrysler Motor Parts Antifreeze. This new branded product became known as "MoPar antifreeze" a portmanteau of the terms "motor" and "parts".

Mopar parts are original equipment manufactured parts for FCA US LLC vehicles. The term "Mopar" has passed into broader usage among car enthusiasts as an unambiguous reference to vehicles produced by former parent company Chrysler Corporation/Chrysler Group LLC/FCA US LLC, now known as Stellantis.

The term has thus become an inclusive word for any Chrysler-built vehicle—most any Dodge, Chrysler, Plymouth, Imperial, DeSoto, Fargo (Canada-only in later years) or Dodge Trucks/Ram. By extension, it is also used for Jeep and AMC vehicles built after Chrysler's 1987 buyout of American Motors Corporation, including the short-lived Eagle brand.

In Canada, Chrysler parts were sold under the "Chryco" and "AutoPar" brands until the Mopar brand was introduced into that nation's market, starting in the late 1970s.

Custom cars
Mopar does not have dedicated assembly lines. There are 13 Mopar Custom Shops that install customer-chosen accessories on their vehicles prior to delivery.

There are also limited-edition Mopar versions of FCA vehicles. These are marketed featuring custom paint and equipped with numerous Mopar performance and cosmetic modifications.

An example was the 2013 Dodge Dart finished in black with an offset Mopar Blue racing stripe and featuring sport-tuned steering, exhaust, premium brakes with slotted rotors, lowered sport suspension, and gloss black 18-inch aluminum wheels with low profile performance tires. The Dart had production plans for 500 units.

A special edition Mopar 2017 Dodge Challenger was introduced at the 2017 Chicago Auto Show as part of 80th anniversary of the Mopar brand. A total of 160 were built: half were finished in blue with black effects and the second half in silver with black accents.

Sponsorship
Over its 80 years, Mopar has sponsored a number of racers in a variety of motorsports series.

In 1996, Mopar sponsored the No. 30 car of Jimmy Hensley in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. From 2004 to 2007 Mopar sponsored the No. 9 car driven by Kasey Kahne in the Nextel Cup Series for the Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. They also sponsored his sprint car.

In the United States and Canada, Mopar participates in Formula D. Formula Drift drivers are Samuel Hübinette, and in Canadian Drift Championship Vanessa Ozawa, Kevin Huynh, and John Yakomoto. Mopar had sponsored NHRA drag racer Allen Johnson in that series' Pro Stock division for 20 years, but for 2016 season they sponsored Jegs Coughlin Jr. and Erica Enders-Stevens.

Mopar remains active in drag racing events. It sponsors Don Schumacher Racing drivers, such as Tony Schumacher, in the Funny Car and Top Fuel classes of the NHRA Camping World Drag Racing Series. Drivers of the Mopar Dodge Challenger Drag Pak are eligible for a variety of Mopar contingency awards and benefits.

Mopar sponsors the Mopar Mile-High NHRA Nationals held each July in Denver. It is the longest-running sponsorship in all of drag racing.

title: Mopar


text:
User:Starfoxy

I'm a 22 year old woman that lives in Phoenix. I'm married to Horndude77 and we just had a baby boy on July 10. I have a B.S. of Astronomy from Northern_Arizona_University and have been a wikipedian for... um, awhile. I don't remember how long exactly.

Here is a list of things I like to contribute to:
 * Physics pages needing attention.
 * The works of C.S. Lewis, especially the Chronicles of Narnia
 * Knots
 * Random Pages

Other Interests
 * Homestar Runner
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Knitting

Send me Wikipedia email

title: User:Starfoxy


text: Category:International organizations

title: Category:International organizations


text:
John Beatty (Ohio banker)

John Beatty (December 16, 1828 –December 21, 1914) was an American banker and statesman from Sandusky, Ohio. He served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Biography
Beatty was born near Sandusky, Ohio. He entered the banking business in Morrow County. Presidential elector for Lincoln/Hamlin in 1860 and in 1884. When the Civil War started Beatty volunteered as a private in the 3rd Ohio Infantry, serving in western Virginia. By 1863, he was commissioned as a brigadier general following his distinguished service in the Battle of Perryville, the Battle of Stones River, and the Tullahoma Campaign. He took command of a brigade of infantry and led it through the rest of the war. Beatty participated in the Tullahoma Campaign, the Battle of Chickamauga, and the successful Union attack on Missionary Ridge during the Chattanooga Campaign. He resigned his commission in January 1864 and re-entered the banking business.

Following the war, he represented Ohio in the U.S. Congress from 1868 to 1873.

He served as a presidential elector in 1884 for the Blaine/Logan ticket.

A 1909 biographer wrote that Beatty "is the sole survivor of the electoral college of Ohio, which cast its vote for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, and as far as known, the only surviving elector who cast a vote for President Lincoln when he was chosen to his first term almost a half century ago."

Beatty was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Sandusky.

Autobiography
Beatty wrote The citizen-soldier, or, Memoirs of a volunteer, Cincinnati : Wilstach, Baldwin, 1879. The book has been reprinted more than once.

title: John Beatty (Ohio banker)


text:
Talk:Mathew Brady

Best photograph?
Can anyone suggest and give a link to his best photograph? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.35.10.19 (talk) 17:53, 29 May 2006

 * I don't think he has a single best-known photo; it's even a little fuzzy which ones were his and which were taken by people he employed, under his direction. The 'Dead of Antietam' exhibit is mentioned in most descriptions of his work, but I think that's more to do with its historical value, signalling a change from idealized paintings of war to stark photos of actual corpses. grendel|khan 15:59, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There are many famous photographs that he personally took. His MOST famous is the cooper union photograph of President Abraham Lincoln which Lincoln claimed made him president.--Octavian history (talk) 07:38, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Banners on this page
matthew brady is american photographer that was distrod by the civil war the photogrphs made him go in to bank rupcy and he died penniless and anprdictible...

made by mariah rae massengill (i love youhh nick!♥) lol=)*

Studio in AT Stewart's Store?
It's my understanding that Brady had a "studio" in Alexander T Stewart's store at some point. Anyone know when? DEddy (talk) 19:57, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Matthew B. Brady
What does the B. stand for? Has this information been lost to history? Robert K S (talk) 06:51, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * He claimed that it stood for nothing. ref ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 20:24, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Film?
According to Youtube, he was the inventor of an early film-projector, and made a short movie of Abraham Lincoln! (Watch here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jl3bW_wsUa8&feature=related)

Is there any fact behind that story?

Completely false. Film came about in the late 1880s. While Lincoln was still alive, photographic techniques required large glass plates used as the negatives. There isn't really a method for feeding long strings of glass plates into a camera. torq (talk) 16:52, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Date of birth
What is source? It is my understanding that no birth certificate or other documentation has ever been found. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.60.251.44 (talk) 08:15, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I have placed a request for citation on the birthdate. While searching, I didn't find a source with that date but found sources with dates that were all over the place from 1822 to 1824. As for birth certificate...you wouldn't find one as they came into existence in the US in 1915 and didn't become popular until Social Security required that you have one (or other ample proof...a vouching parent or family bible) in the 1930s. Maybe another editor can shed some light on his birthdate. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 20:33, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I changed it to ca. 1823 - the date on the gravestone and in the Library of Congress catalog. --Jarekt (talk) 21:39, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

New documents from the National Archives related to this topic

This message is to inform editors interested in the topic of this article that there are new documents from the US National Archives related to the topic now available on Commons. The Commons category "Mathew Brady Photographs of Civil War-Era Personalities and Scenes, compiled 1921 - 1940, documenting the period 1860 - 1865" currently contains 6061 files. Please browse the category for images which could be used in this or related articles. These files represent the best quality images of the documents that have been made, and if they duplicate any images already being used, please update the article with the higher-resolution images from the National Archives. These were uploaded as a result of a cooperation between the National Archives and Wikimedia. Please visit our project page at WP:NARA to learn how help with our collaboration with the National Archives. In addition, any textual documents in the series may be transcribed on Wikisource; please see WS:NARA to get involved in transcribing documents. Dominic·t 18:57, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Death year?
Hi all. Brady's grave at the Congressional Cemetery seems to specify a death year of 1895, whereas other gravestones and this article say that he died in 1896. Is there a reason for this discrepancy? Thanks. Mike Peel (talk) 20:58, 15 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, I think I missed the explanation when I was touring the cemetery, since his other grave (photograph at File:Mathew Brady's grave 1.jpg) shows his death year of 1896.... Thanks. Mike Peel (talk) 21:07, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

First Modern Ad?
When I saw the wording "In 1856 Brady created the first modern advertisement", I thought – what about all those ads in Illustrated London News and The Times. So I tried the two links, and the second, "Emergence of Advertising in America" was dead, so I replaced it with the correct one (http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa/timeline/#1850s)

On that page it says:

1856: Mathew Brady advertises his services of "photographs, ambrotypes and daguerreotypes" in the New York Herald paper. His inventive use of type in the ad goes against the newspaper industry standard of all-agate and all same-size type used for advertisements in the papers.

It does not say he was the first to create a modern advertisement, "modern" (as the article Wikipedia article suggests) because he used a different font from the rest of the newspaper. If "modern" and "first" can be used in that context, then there are prior ads in England such as this one from 1851 for Smedley's Chillie Paste, which uses fancy fonts. See http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/victorians/health/victorianhealth.html

At best, Brady could be considered one of the pioneers, in the USA, to use different fonts in an ad.

So, I am challenging the assertion of the first modern ad, and have replaced it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guyburns (talk • contribs) 01:30, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

Invented (or maybe not) stock photography
According to Stockphoto, who got it from The Stock Photography Handbook (ASMP, New York/Pennyfeather Press, 1984), Mathew Brady was either the first stock photographer or one of the first:

"The business of selling stock photography has been around since the American Civil War, when Matthew (sic) Brady sold images he and other photographers made of the war for use in stereo viewers (ASMP, 1984). Various stock photography libraries have been actively conducting business around the world for much of this century, but the real surge in popularity for publishing these existing photographs has only surfaced over the past fifteen years."

 * 1) Who the hell is "ASMP"? Are they a reliable source?
 * 2) The article already mentions that after the war, Brady died bankrupt because no one would buy his photos because they were all trying to forget the war. We also know that stereo viewers remained popular after the war - although they didn't use war photos. One wonders why Brady didn't sell his pre-war photos, or take new photos and sell those. Of course, in less than 3/4 of a century, the business of selling photos made quite a comeback.
 * 3) The fact that Brady sold his photos for use in "stereo viewers" isn't mentioned in the Mathew Brady or stock photography articles. If "ASMP" is a reliable source, shouldn't it be mentioned in one or both? (And if not, it should be mentioned if we can find a reliable source mentioning it). By the way, who were these "other photographers"? Did Brady sell all their images? Did they all die bankrupt?

- Hop on Bananas (talk) 00:32, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

B in Brady
The B in the middle name stands for benjamin. And I think his full name is Mathew Benjamin Brady 111.119.197.120 (talk) 22:09, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * It does not stand for Benjamin; it does not stand for anything at all. See for instance Meredith, "Mr Lincoln's Camera Man" ,P. 1 viewable here: https://books.google.com/books?id=6j2dgf9qursC&pg=PA1&dq=%22mathew+b+brady%22+middle+name&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoxdCoiKr5AhViATQIHRRdATMQ6AF6BAhOEAI#v=onepage&q=%22mathew%20b%20brady%22%20middle%20name&f=false Pseudonymous Cognonmen (talk) 06:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

Photos at 1st Bull Run?
I've tagged the claim about His first popular photographs of the conflict were at the First Battle of Bull Run as a dubious claim - see William A. Frassanito, Antietam, p. 30. Frassanito then goes on to convincingly demonstrate why the "Confederate dead at Mathews Hill" photograph is actually of living troops playing dead. It certainly looks like our article's claim of Brady taking photographs at 1st Bull Run is highly questionable, and the claim that these were His first popular photographs of the conflict is false. Hog Farm Talk 18:00, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Not perhaps the best source (very short and rather juvenile style) but :
 * "Brady had little or nothing to show to show for his efforts at Bull Run. He had taken no photos and much of his equipment had been destroyed during the chaotic retreat. It is significant, and somewhat strange, that some people believed that he had produced photos of the battle. Humphrey's Journal of Photography reported on August 15, 1861, that Brady "has been in Virginia with his camera, and many and spirited are the pictures he has taken". ...Yet no such photos of the First Bull Run battle have ever surfaced."

 * However, p. 13:
 * "Brady did eventually photograph the Bull Run battlefield. This occurred in March 1862, long after the battle was over. Brady sent his assistants George Bernard and James Gibson to the scene of the conflict. There, they took photos of some Confederate fortifications. They also captured images of the graves of Union soldiers killed in the battle and the ruins of a burned railway station."

 * "Brady had photographed encampments and troops on his way to Manassas, though whether he made any battlefield pictures at Bull Run, or whether any negatives survived the rout, remains unclear. The pictures referred to by the Times were most likely made elsewhere, and even though Humphrey's Journal noted that "his are the only reliable records at Bull's Run," no specific battlefield image is mentioned."
 * "Brady had photographed encampments and troops on his way to Manassas, though whether he made any battlefield pictures at Bull Run, or whether any negatives survived the rout, remains unclear. The pictures referred to by the Times were most likely made elsewhere, and even though Humphrey's Journal noted that "his are the only reliable records at Bull's Run," no specific battlefield image is mentioned."

 * Pickersgill-Cunliffe (talk) 18:57, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I can't help notice that this 2016 worksheet (from Chicago Historical Society) aimed at teens seems to indicate "However, Matthew Brady personally photographed the Battle of Bull Run at Manassas, Virginia, in 1861." The only source provided is "Davis, William C. First Blood: Fort Sumter to Bull Run. Alexandria, Virginia: Time Life Books, 1983." Likely true and documented. Example photos seen at LOC and other popular sites like this never include images taken during the first action at BR. The photos of the battlefield taken in Spring 1862 are important to the first battle IMHO because of the later action on much of the same ground. This 2013 NYT article reviewing the Brady biography by Robert Wilson says "Brady lost his Bull Run images in the tumult and rarely went near a battlefield again." Page 5 of this undergraduate monograph sourced to the contemporary Humphrey's Journal (Page 133, September 1861) concludes "His are the only reliable records of the fight at Bull Run." BusterD (talk) 22:28, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This is from Ray, Frederic. “The Photographer's of the War” in Davis, William C. and Bell I. Wiley. The Image of War, 1861 – 1865, Volume I: Shadows of the storm.. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981. ISBN 978-0-385-15466-6. Pages 410-411.

 * “Then came Brady. “I can only describe the destiny that overruled me by saying that, like Euphorion, I felt I had to go.” So he said, and so he did. Perhaps he was urged to by the example of Edwards and the others - for he and the North knew of their work - but more likely he and they had had the same idea at the same time. In July 1861, excited by the prospect of capturing scenes of the then three-month-old war, he claimed to have accompanied McDowell's army on the road to Bull Run.

 * “ “I went to the first Battle of Bull Run with two wagons,” he said. His innovative portable darkroom, a wagon hooded in black, was dubbed the 'what-is-it' wagon. Clad in linen duster and straw hat, Brady says he “got as far as Blackburne's Ford.” “We made pictures and expected to be in Richmond next day, but it was not so, and our apparatus was a good deal damaged on the way back to Washington.” So Brady claimed thirty years later. In fact, no verifiable images from the first expedition have survived. Some that Brady later said were taken then, actually date months later, calling into question his entire account of his first trip to the front. Brady was first and foremost a businessman, a promoter, and his stories of many of his war exploits are highly colored by exaggeration.

 * “Brady's eyesight was failing and he relegated the actual camera work to his assistants. He appears frequently in front of the camera in a number of his war views, but it is probable that he did not expose any images in the field himself. Throughout the war years, he only occasionally ventured to the armies, and instead spent his time in New York and Washington, supervising his flourishing portrait business and amassing the collection of views taken [p. 411] by his assistants and others that he would produce as “Brady's Album Gallery.” “

 * From “The Contributors”: Frederic E. Ray, a lifelong student of Civil War art and artists, is art director of Civil War Times Illustrated and American History Illustrated, as well as serving as a photographic consultant for The Image of War. His book Alfred R. Waud, Civil War Artist is probably the foremost biography et of one of the legion of battlefield artists who followed the armies.

 * If Brady and assistants “got as far as Blackburne's Ford”, they did not get close enough to the main Bull Run battlefield to photograph anything there on July 21, 1861. Not only do maps show that Blackburn's Ford is not close to the main Bull Run Battlefield (Henry Hill, etc.), but a visit to the area would show it is two or three miles away. There was some fighting at Blackburn's Ford, not just on July 18, 1861 but some minor action on July 21. Nonetheless, there is no verification that Brady or an assistant photographed anything in an area of combat at the First Battle of Bull Run.

 * Also as noted by User:Hog Farm quoting photographic historian William A. Frassanito, and backed up by Pickersgill-Cunliffe research, it was almost impossible to take photos during a battle because of the bulkiness of the equipment and length of time needed for exposures and it is unlikely that anyone could have photographed the battle, or even a side action at Blackburn's Ford, while it was occurring.

 * The bottom line is that there is no verification for Brady's statement, or implication, that he made pictures on the battlefield at the time of the First Battle of Bull Run or even at Blackburn's Ford on July 21, or earlier on July 18, the date of the main skirmish there. Ray and Frassanito support this conclusion. Any extant photos of the battlefield were taken later, long after the battle was over. A picture from 1862 is shown at the article Blackburn's Ford. Donner60 (talk) 04:33, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I'll give it a couple more days to see if any more sourcing comes in and will then post some ideas for rephrasing here (hopefully over the weekend). Hog Farm Talk 21:35, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Paul Morphy
I think including the world chess champion as one of his subjects is worth mentioning. 50.230.251.244 (talk) 07:49, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathew Brady


text:
Helsinki Citizens' Assembly

The Helsinki Citizens' Assembly (hCa) is an international organization of citizens dedicated to peace and democracy. The hCa functions as a non-governmental organization working to improve fundamental rights and freedoms, pluralism, and human rights in Europe.

History and objectives
The Helsinki Citizens' Assembly was founded in October 1990 in Prague, Czechoslovakia as an international working conference. Over one thousand delegates from Western and Eastern Europe attended. Civil society groups, women's organizations, trade unions, peace organizations, and representatives from the European Union participated in the founding meeting.

The hCa works independently from political parties, government and states, and aims to:

 * introduce the basic rights and freedoms accepted in international agreements and outlined by universal standards into daily life
 * to promote peaceful processes for the resolution of problems through mutual understanding dialogue and peace
 * to improve pluralist democratic bodies and civil society initiatives
 * to ensure the supremacy of law and to defend an economic system that promotes the well-being of human life and the environment

The Helsinki Final Act (1975) provided a basis for creating conditions favorable to peace in Europe and made human rights a common value to be respected by all nations in a world which was divided into East and West camps in that period. The word "Helsinki" refers to the historic significance of this agreement.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall and the new global political context this created gave rise to a new peace movement called the "Helsinki Citizens' Assembly". From October 19 to 22 1990, peace activists from all parts of Europe (chaired by Václav Havel, then president of Czechoslovakia) held a meeting. They agreed on the "Prague Appeal" and founded the hCa as a permanent forum, within which peace and civic groups, as well as individuals and institutions representing a broad spectrum of views, could exchange experiences, discuss common concerns and formulate joint campaigns and strategies.

As stated in the Founding document (Prague, 1990):

''Overcoming the division of Europe is the job, especially, of civil society, of citizens acting together in self-organized associations, movements, institutions, initiatives and clubs across national boundaries. It means the creation of new social relationships, new forms of dialogue, through which citizens can negotiate with governments and each other, put pressure on political institutions, and, indeed, resolve many issues without the direct involvement of governments. It means the expansion of public -that is, non-State, non-private- spheres of activity and the creation of a European public opinion. The commitment of politicians to open diplomacy must go beyond the ante-chamber of high politics. It is not just a matter of informing journalists or even non-governmental organizations. The Helsinki process from above has to be complemented by an equally significant Helsinki process from below.''

Let us therefore found a Helsinki Citizens Assembly!

The idea was to set up different national hCa chapters, many of which still exist today. In its first news bulletin, an impressive list of projects and activities was published. These included editorials by Mary Kaldor and Mient Jan Faber, reports from national committees, various conferences, a directory of 42 national contact persons for HCA, etc.

In the early nineties, the hCa initiative very much resembled other large international networks, like the END-Convention and IPCC (International Peace Communication and Coordination Center) and many of the activists and organizations of END and IPCC joined the hCa. The main differences between hCa and the two other networks was that hCa had a great potential of being more than just a network of peace organizations, including also activists and groups working around other issues, like North-South relations.

Chapters of the hCa organize seminars, workshops, meetings, and conferences at the local, national, and international levels. Chapters often cooperate with other NGOs, civil society, and think tanks.

Areas of operation
The hCa maintains active branches across Europe, including countries from the Balkans, the Caucasus, and from EU member states.

title: Helsinki Citizens' Assembly


text:
Ruislip Gardens tube station

Ruislip Gardens is a London Underground station. It lies on the Central line, between West Ruislip and South Ruislip, in Travelcard Zone 5. The closest stations on the Metropolitan line and Piccadilly line are Ruislip and Ruislip Manor. The station serves RAF Northolt.

History
The tracks through the station were laid by part of the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway with services starting on 2 April 1906 although there was no station at Ruislip Gardens at that time. The station opened on 9 July 1934.

As part of the 1935-40 New Works Programme, Central line services were projected westwards from a new junction, west of North Acton on the line to Ealing Broadway. The original intention was to extend the service as far as Denham, but work was delayed by World War II and the formation of the Metropolitan Green Belt after the war and so the terminus of the extension was cut back to West Ruislip, with services starting on 21 November 1948.

The main line services stopping at Ruislip Gardens ceased on 21 July 1958 and the station closed, leaving only the Central line services in place. Until recently the entrance to a passenger stairwell was visible on the London-bound side of the Chiltern tracks.

The station today
The station has an island platform layout. Some services start or terminate here rather than West Ruislip, the trains leaving or entering the Central line depot to the west of the station, south of the running lines. There is a link from the Central line depot for stock movement to the Metropolitan line just to the west of Ruislip via a shunting neck.

A running link round the southern boundary of the depot has several times been proposed, to make a connection with the Metropolitan line. This would allow through running of Central line trains onwards from Ruislip Gardens to Uxbridge, but nothing has ever come of these suggestions.

Local places of note
RAF Northolt and a Polish War Memorial are also close by.

In popular culture
The station achieved poetic immortality in John Betjeman's poem Middlesex:

 * Gaily into Ruislip Gardens
 * Runs the red electric train,
 * With a thousand Ta's and Pardon's
 * Daintily alights Elaine;
 * Hurries down the concrete station
 * With a frown of concentration,
 * Out into the outskirt's edges
 * Where a few surviving hedges
 * Keep alive our lost Elysium – Rural Middlesex again.

Connections
London Buses route E7 and school route 696 serve the station.

title: Ruislip Gardens tube station


text:
Rosy-billed pochard

The rosy-billed pochard (Netta peposaca), alternatively named rosybill or rosybill pochard, is a member of family Anatidae. Though classified as a diving duck, this pochard feeds more like a dabbling duck feeding on seeds roots, sedges, aquatic plants and other grasses. Netta is Ancient Greek for "duck" and peposaca is a transcription of the Guaraní name of this species which means "showy wings", referring to the broad white stripe that is only visible with stretched out wings. Male characteristic features include a bright red bill with a rounded knob at the base.

The rosy-billed pochard is endemic to South America. It is found in Argentina, central Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil. The population in southern Argentina migrates northward during the austral winter, reaching Brazil and southern Bolivia. It is a vagrant to the Falkland Islands.

Taxonomy
The rosy-billed pochard is one of five pochard species that make up the genus Netta, which is one of 31 genera of the subfamily Anatinae. Within subfamily Anatinae, there is a tribe called Aythini. This tribe was thought to be limited to the Northern Hemisphere (what was believed to be the Palearctic), and experienced three or four bursts of speciation, one of which was by the ancestor of the rosy-billed and southern pochards. Rosy-billed pochards were first described in 1816 by taxon author Viellot, in Paraguay and Buenos Aires, Argentina. The species is highly autapomorphic and is placed in a sister-group with the southern pochard, but evidence for this relationship is lacking. Additionally, they have been known to hybridize with the red-crested pochard and other pochards from ornamental waterfowl collections. The rosybill is monotypic and thus no further classifications exist.

Description
Like many other members of family Anatidae, the rosy-billed pochard exhibits significant sexual dimorphism. Males have a purplish-black head, neck and breast with gray sides, a white area on the crissum (the area around the cloaca), and a bright red bill and red eyes. The bill has a large rounded knob, which is bright red, and rest of the bill gradually fades towards a pale pink before ending with a black tip. The rounded knob of the bill increases in size and intensity in colour during the mating season. When in flight, the mostly dark plumage noticeably contrasts with the white primaries and secondaries. The legs and feet are yellow to orange. On the other hand, females are dull and brown. The bill is bluish-gray with a black tip and the legs are yellow-orange to gray. The contrasting white crissum is the most noticeable feature on females.

Young are almost identical in appearance to the females, but their underparts are darker. Rosybill adults lack the dull eclipse plumage that is characteristic of northern individuals of the genera Aytha and Anas.

Males tend to be slightly larger than females, but in general both sexes are very similar in terms of body size. Adults can grow to about 22 inches (56 cm) in length and weigh 2.2-2.6 pounds (1-1.2 kg). Despite these pochards being strong fliers, their blunt-tipped wings require a faster wing-beats than that of many ducks and they have some trouble taking off. They do not walk as well on land as other dabbling ducks because their legs are placed further back on their bodies to help propel them when underwater. Their minimum wingspan recorded is 72 cm, while the maximum is 84 cm.

Distribution and habitat
Rosy-billed pochards nest within tall grasses in wetlands, mainly in areas that extend from the central provinces of Córdoba, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Buenos Aires, southwards to Río Negro. Individuals are also found in shallow freshwater swamps, marshes and small lakes.

They are a fully migrant species and their movements are heavily associated with water conditions. Seasonal dry periods are common in central Argentina and they force birds to move towards larger water areas in late summer. By early fall, these areas are often dry and individuals are forced to move to find more water and better food sources elsewhere. An increase in population size can be seen during wet periods.

Behaviour
Rosy-billed pochards are highly sociable ducks and may congregate in flocks of thousands of individuals.

Diet
Rosybills are omnivorous ducks, feeding on mostly knotgrass and barnyard grasses, but also roots, sedges, aquatic plants and other grasses and some animal products. However, their diet is dominated by seed consumption. This seed-dominated diet is due to the need to obtain carbohydrate-rich food, which is essential for meeting their thermoregulation requirements for the season. The seeds are high in energy, and this energy is also important for controlling temperature stressors. Though they are classified as diving ducks, they feed by dabbling on the surface of the water, upending in shallow water and occasionally grazing on land, but they rarely dive. Since the rosybill has a relative general diet and does not depend on a single food source, the species is said to be relatively adaptable to the offer of alternate food sources.

Reproduction
Each breeding season, a male and female rosy-billed pochard will form a seasonal bond. The pairs, however, are not monogamous and they do not pair for life. A distinct spring courtship period exists during which courtship displays are important. The courtship displays are performed before breedings and consist of distinct movements performed by both sexes. The displays include exaggerated drinking activities, mock preenings, head bobbings and neck extensions. Breeding generally occurs in October to November and can be done in single pairs or in small groups.

Females construct nests using plant matter and they line the nest with down. Nests are normally built over the water at the edge of the water. Females have also been observed to make their nests in rice fields.

The female lays up to 10 cream to greenish coloured eggs and she may even lay her eggs in another bird's nest if available. Eggs are incubated for 27-29 days, and fledging occurs within 50-75 days. Females will raise the ducklings without help from the males. Occasionally, broods from different females will merge and females will raise the young as a collective.

Vocalizations
Similar to almost all other bird species, rosybills have different calls used for different purposes. The characteristic 'honk' of family Anatidae is obvious in this pochard's vocalization, however it is much deeper as compared to a mallard, for example. Based on limited recordings of vocalizations, it appears as if the vocalization of the rosey-billed pochard is relatively quiet.

Use by humans
Rosy-billed pochards are commonly used by humans for consumption, as pets/display animals and even in horticulture. The species, has been indicated as a pest in rice fields, and they experience a large amount of pressure from hunting in Argentina. Not only does this pressure stem from the direct hunting of the birds, but also from lead poisoning. Lead shot is the only available ammunition in Argentina, and investigations into lead toxicosis is still very recent. A 2013 study looking into lead pellet ingestion and tissue levels in ducks from Argentine hunting spots discovered that rosy-billed pochards were more prone to ingesting lead shot than any other duck species they sampled. Rosybills will swallow the lead bullets thinking they are stones, which are required for the mechanical breakdown of food within their gizzard. Not only were the bullets found inside the gizzard, but there were traces of lead concentrations within their bones, which is very toxic and detrimental to the health of the bird. This threat of lead poisoning from hunting has led researches to believe that populations could be declining due to excessive hunting.

Ownership of individuals is relatively accessible and they can be purchased even online.

Conservation status
Current population trends show that populations are increasing and are not severely fragmented. There is currently no action recovery plan, however there is a systematic monitoring scheme in place. Conservation sites exist across the entire range of rosybills and they occur in at least one protected area.

title: Rosy-billed pochard


text:
Talk:Framework (office suite)

Perhaps this should be a disambiguation page? Framework is used to imply application framework in OOP, and the word has a number of other meanings as well, not related to this software package.

David Remahl 17:40, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Framework (office suite)


text:
Buck Leonard

Walter Fenner "Buck" Leonard (September 8, 1907 – November 27, 1997) was an American first baseman in Negro league baseball and in the Mexican League. After growing up in North Carolina, he played for the Homestead Grays between 1934 and 1950, batting fourth behind Josh Gibson for many years. The Grays teams of the 1930s and 1940s were considered some of the best teams in Negro league history. Leonard and Gibson are two of only nine players in league history to win multiple batting titles.

Leonard never played in Major League Baseball (MLB); he declined a 1952 offer of an MLB contract because he felt he was too old. Late in life, Leonard worked as a physical education instructor and was the vice-president of a minor league baseball team. He and Gibson were elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. In 1999, he was ranked number 47 on the 100 Greatest Baseball Players list by The Sporting News.

Early life
Born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, Leonard was the brother of fellow Negro leaguer Charlie Leonard. His father worked as a railroad fireman while his mother was a homemaker who cared for the six Leonard children. Leonard's parents called him "Buddy", but his younger brother began mispronouncing it "Bucky". Family members began calling him "Buck", a name which stuck with him throughout his life. When Leonard was about seven years old, he would sneak over to the baseball field of the local white team and watch games through the fence. Local police even once arrested Leonard and his friends when they were caught peeking through the fence at the segregated field.

Leonard's father died when he was eleven and Leonard picked up jobs after school to help his family. There was no black high school in Rocky Mount, so Leonard finished the eighth grade and went to work shining shoes for a rail station. He also worked in a hosiery mill and for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. He later earned a GED by correspondence. He began playing semiprofessional baseball while working for the railroad, then decided to pursue his living with the sport.

Negro league career
He began his Negro league career in 1933 with the Brooklyn Royal Giants, then moved to the legendary Homestead Grays in 1934, the team he played for until his retirement in 1950. The Grays of the late 1930s through the mid-1940s are considered one of the greatest teams of any race ever assembled. The team won nine league pennants in a row during that time.

Leonard batted fourth in their lineup behind Josh Gibson. He led the Negro leagues in batting average in 1948 with a mark of .395, and usually either led the league in home runs or finished second in homers to teammate Gibson. Since Gibson was known as the "Black Babe Ruth" and Leonard was a first baseman, Buck Leonard was inevitably called the "Black Lou Gehrig." Together, the pair was colloquially known as the "Thunder Twins" or "Dynamite Twins". In fact, Negro league star Monte Irvin said that if Leonard had been allowed in the major leagues, baseball fans "might have called Lou Gehrig the white Buck Leonard. He was that good." The Grays disbanded after 1950.

Mexican League career
Beginning in 1951, Leonard went to the Mexican League. Teams played three games per week in this league, a pace that worked well for the aging player. Leonard said that he got sick from the water every year that he returned to Mexico, but he otherwise enjoyed the league. For much of his time in Mexico, he was managed by Cuban baseball star Martín Dihigo. Leonard was impressed by Dihigo's baseball knowledge. In 1952, Leonard was offered a major league contract, but he believed that at age 45 he was too old and might embarrass himself and hurt the cause of integration. He stayed in Mexico through 1955, playing for teams in Torreón, Xalapa, Durango and Obregón.

Minor league career
In 1953, Leonard made his only appearances in "organized" ball, playing for the unaffiliated Portsmouth Merrimacs of the class B Piedmont League, hitting .333 in 10 games and 46 at bats.

Later life
After retiring as a player, Leonard worked as a truant officer, served as a physical education instructor and started a realty company. From 1962 to 1972, he was vice president of the Rocky Mount Leafs and then, from 1973 to 1975,  of the Rocky Mount Phillies. The Leafs were a Class A Carolina League farm team for the Detroit Tigers from 1965 to 1972. In 1962 and 1963. the Leafs were a farm club of the Cincinnati Reds and in 1964, the Leafs were a farm club of the Washington Senators. The Phillies were a farm team for the Philadelphia Phillies.

Leonard was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972 along with Gibson. At his induction ceremony on August 7 of that year, Leonard said, "We in the Negro leagues felt like we were contributing something to baseball, too, when we were playing. We played with a round ball and we played with a round bat. And we wore baseball shoes and wore baseball uniforms and we thought we were making a contribution to baseball. We loved the game and we liked to play it. If we didn't, we wouldn't have played because there wasn't any money in it."

Leonard was also inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1974. He suffered a stroke in the 1980s. In 1994, the Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held in Pittsburgh, hometown of the Grays, and the 88-year-old Leonard was named an honorary captain. He appeared wearing a replica of a Grays uniform. Shortly before his death in 1997, Leonard was the subject of a North Carolina General Assembly proclamation recognizing his contributions to baseball. His death late that year stemmed from complications of his earlier stroke.

Legacy
In 1999, he ranked Number 47 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, one of five players so honored who played all or most of their careers in the Negro leagues, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

Leonard's contemporaries, including catcher Roy Campanella and pitcher Dave Barnhill, cited his quick bat as one of his greatest strengths. "You could put a fastball in a shotgun and you couldn't shoot it by him," Barnhill said. Negro league pitcher Leon Day said that he would have rather pitched against Gibson than Leonard. Grays owner Cumberland Posey described Leonard as one of the most talented clutch hitters in the Negro leagues.

He was named to the Washington Nationals Ring of Honor for his "significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington, D.C" as part of the Homestead Grays on August 10, 2010.

Negro leagues
The first official statistics for the Negro leagues were compiled as part of a statistical study sponsored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and supervised by Larry Lester and Dick Clark; a research team collected statistics from thousands of boxscores of league-sanctioned games. The first results from this study were the statistics for Negro league Hall of Famers elected prior to 2006, which were published in Shades of Glory by Lawrence D. Hogan. These statistics included the official Negro league statistics for Buck Leonard as of 2006.

After seven Negro leagues were declared major leagues in December 2020, Baseball Reference added Negro League statistics compiled by the Seamheads Negro Leagues Database to its website. These statistics include the official Negro major league statistics for Buck Leonard as of 2021.

Mexican League
Source:

title: Buck Leonard


text:
Talk:E J Bowen

Brackenbury Scholarship : did he win this twice?

title: Talk:E J Bowen