text:
Irving Chernev

Irving Chernev (January 29, 1900 – September 29, 1981) was a chess player and prolific Ukrainian-born American chess author. He was born in Pryluky, Ukraine, then a part of the Russian Empire and emigrated to the United States in 1905. Chernev was a national master-strength player and was devoted to chess. He wrote that he "probably read more about chess, and played more games than any man in history."

Chernev's deep love for the game is obvious to any reader of his books. Chess historian Edward Winter commented:
 * Although Chess Notes items have shown that he sometimes cut corners, he was active at a time when writing and scholarship were not regarded as a natural pairing and when anecdotes and other chestnuts were particularly prevalent. Few were interested in sources. Above all, in the pre-digital age the work of writers in his field was far harder; they could not fill in gaps in their knowledge with press-of-a-button 'research'. …

 * Chernev's output — clear, humorous and easy-going — gave the impression of effortlessness, but much industry lay behind it all. …

 * Although his prose was often conversational, it was literate and carefully structured, bearing no resemblance to the ultra-casual 'I'm-just-one-of-the-lads' stuff increasingly seen in chess books and magazines since his time. We have also been struck by the scarcity of typographical errors in Chernev's writing throughout his life.

He wrote 20 chess books, among them: Chessboard Magic!, The Bright Side of Chess, The Fireside Book of Chess (with Fred Reinfeld), The Most Instructive Games of Chess Ever Played, 1000 Best Short Games of Chess, Practical Chess Endings, Combinations: The Heart of Chess, and Capablanca's Best Chess Endings, the last of these being highly regarded by Edward Winter:

 * Published by the Oxford University Press in 1978 and reprinted by Dover in 1982, Capablanca's Best Chess Endings by Irving Chernev presents (in full algebraic notation) sixty complete games, annotated with emphasis on the final phase. Well over half are absent from the Golombek volume, a fact which underscores not only the inadequacy of Golombek's selection but also Chernev's readiness to embrace newly-found material. Written with deceptive casualness, Capablanca's Best Chess Endings was, perhaps, Chernev's finest book, combining hard analytical work and his customary screwball levity. Only Chernev could write annotations like (page 169) '“Don't simplify against Capablanca!”, I keep telling them at the office'.

In 1945, he and Kenneth Harkness wrote An Invitation to Chess, which became one of the most successful chess books ever written, with sales reaching six figures. Perhaps his most famous book is Logical Chess: Move by Move, first released in 1957. This takes 33 classic games from 1889 to 1952, played by masters such as Capablanca, Alekhine, and Tarrasch, and explains them in an instructive manner. An algebraic notation version was published by Batsford in 1998, with minor alterations to the original text. Similar editions followed for Winning Chess and The Most Instructive Games of Chess Ever Played. Chernev died in San Francisco in 1981. He was survived by his wife, Selma Kulik, and their son Melvin Chernev.

Books

 * Chess Strategy and Tactics (with Fred Reinfeld); Black Knight 1933
 * Curious Chess Facts; Black Knight 1937
 * Chessboard Magic!; Chess Review 1943
 * An Invitation to Chess (with Kenneth Harkness); Simon & Schuster 1945
 * Winning Chess Traps; Chess Review 1946
 * The Russians Play Chess; McKay 1947
 * The Bright Side of Chess; McKay 1948
 * Winning Chess (with Fred Reinfeld); Simon & Schuster 1948
 * The Fireside Book of Chess (with Fred Reinfeld); Simon & Schuster 1949
 * 1000 Best Short Games of Chess; Simon & Schuster 1955
 * Logical Chess: Move by Move; Simon & Schuster 1957
 * Combinations: The Heart of Chess; Crowell 1960
 * Practical Chess Endings; Simon & Schuster 1961
 * The Most Instructive Games of Chess Ever Played; Simon & Schuster 1965
 * The Chess Companion; Simon & Schuster 1968
 * Chess in an Hour (with Frank J. Marshall); Sentinel 1968
 * Wonders and Curiosities of Chess; Dover 1974
 * The Golden Dozen (later renamed Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games); Oxford 1976
 * Capablanca's Best Chess Endings; Oxford 1978
 * The Compleat Draughts Player; Oxford 1981
 * 200 Brilliant Endgames; Simon & Schuster 1989

title: Irving Chernev


text:
Brunsbüttel

Brunsbüttel (Northern Low Saxon: Bruunsbüddel) is a town in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany that lies at the mouth of the Elbe river, near the North Sea. It is the location of the western entrance to the Kiel Canal.

History
The earliest reference to the town is in a document dated 14 July 1286. With the construction of the Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee-Kanal) in 1911, the town was divided in two.

During the opening days of World War II, on 4 September 1939, the No. 149 Squadron RAF carried out the second bombing of that war, targeting warships near the town.

Economy
Brunsbüttel became an industrial area in the 1960s and 1970s. The ChemCoast Park Brunsbüttel is still the most important enterprise zone and at 2,000 ha also the largest industrial area in Schleswig-Holstein.

Chemical Plants

 * Total S.A.
 * Bayer MaterialScience
 * Lanxess
 * Sasol
 * Yara International

Energy

 * Vattenfall: Gas Turbine Power Station (near the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant which is out of service)

 * A terminal to import 8 e9m3/a of liquefied natural gas is under construction. Originally expected to become operational in approximately 2026, following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia it

Harbours

 * Brunsbüttel Ports GmbH (port operation and logistics)

Twin towns - sister cities
Brunsbüttel is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇿 Horní Počernice (Prague 20), Czech Republic (2004)

Notable residents

 * Horst Wohlers (born 1949), former football player, played 301 pro games, then a manager
 * Dirk Busch (born 1951 in Brunsbüttelkoog), a professor, singer, songwriter, composer and music producer.
 * Jennifer Oeser (born 1983), heptathlete

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brunsbüttel


text:
Talk:Britain's Best Sitcom

Not shocking
Yes the top 10 were all BBC made but is that quite so shocking when you consider that something like 60% of British sitcom production is completed by them (plus of course it used to be much higher!). Whilst Father Ted was great don't forget it was a bit of a cult show.

 * More than 60% if you're talking about quality stuff that people watch years later. What has ITV done since Men Behaving Badly? What has Channel 4 done since Father Ted? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.146.47.250 (talk) 21:42, 19 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Given that this is not about 'Britain's' Best Sitcom, should not the heading be changed to 'The BBC's best Sitcom'? For the BBC have found yet another way to plug their own TV shows. 91.110.75.104 (talk) 16:38, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

Is it really true?
"top ten programmes were all their own productions". In the strict TV meaning of "production" (i.e. the company that made the programme) Dibley was made by Tiger Aspect as was at least the last (worst) part of Blackadder (same page). So I think the article should say "were all shown on the BBC" not "were all their own productions". -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:14, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, but think that "were all first shown on the BBC", or "were all produced to be shown on the BBC" would be better to distinguish Blackadder, say, from imports such as Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, or if the BBC showed other British shows from other networks. I don't know that the BBC have done this, although other channels have (UK gold in particular).  Another alternative is "are all BBC shows", but that's more vague. Silverfish 11:00, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think I like your last suggestion best (as otherwise the more precise we get, the more ungainly the resulting prose). -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 13:24, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * How about "were all commissioned or made by the BBC"? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.146.47.250 (talk) 21:43, 19 February 2007 (UTC).

 * "were all premiered on BBC" is probably sufficiently precise and economical of language. I'm not entirely sure if the word premiered is used much for TV shows but it's meaning is clear here. "were all produced for premiere on BBC" is concise and contains most of the meaning being discussed here. Admittedly, the phrase perhaps implies an intent which might not have always existed during production. Un chien fou (talk) 17:44, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

NPOV?
"The high position achieved by The Vicar of Dibley and the low positioning of Fawlty Towers and Open All Hours surprised many observers."

Says who? Personally I'm not in the least bit suprised by the high position of The Vicar of Dibley. I think a citation is needed. Failing that- just remove it. Anyone agree? -Matt
 * There was a lot of press articles about this very topic at the time. It was a surprise to many people, therefore it should stay.--HDC7777 13:14, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Only Fools and Horses vs. Blackadder
I'm almost positive that Blackadder won this competition? Edit: I checked the website, and it says they came 2nd.. but I'm still sure I remember Rowan Atkinson picking up the award. -Mikay 19:33, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

No, it was Only Fools and Horses that won, as you can find out by going to the BBC website. Vorbee (talk) 16:53, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

BBC Poll About The BBC
Further to some of the above posts, the criticism of the BBC for the entire top ten being BBC productions as been removed. Given this was a poll that was open to all, would the BBC ever adjust the rules to get the RESULTS they want?

Personally, I don't think it's at all surprising that the top ten are BBC productions, for" who else makes decent British sitcoms"? The paragraph about some being surprised at the performance (or lack of) by certain BBC programmes has been removed, as it seems to un-sourced and "weaselly".

Just thought I'd explain the removals. Cheers!  Mi re ma re  21:37, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Copyvio
Publishing the entire list here might actually be a copyright violation. The JPS talk to me  14:59, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The Database Directive of the European Parliament, the CDPA of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the UK's Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, and the decisions of the High Court and ECJ case in 2012 all agree that such lists are not copyrightable.

 * If you read the legal language behind the acts that decide whether or not a collection of data is copyrightable, you shall always find a stipulation that the data must be arranged systematically. Why isn't the sitcom list a 'systematical arrangement'? Because by systematical the law means that someone made qualitative evaluations in deciding what to include, and that they made creative choices in arranging the data.

 * Compare this list with the those of the aforementioned 2012 case: The Premier League sued Yahoo!, Enetpulse Aps, and Stan James for republishing the data from their fixture lists (locations and times of football matches). The ECJ ruled that "a football fixture list cannot be protected by copyright when its compilation is dictated by rules or constraints which leave no room for creative freedom". In case you're wondering, Wikipedia also publishes fixture lists (example).

 * In the case of the sitcom list, the constraints to creative freedom are the facts of how many people voted for each sitcom, and facts are not copyrightable. The High Court and ECJ decisions, consistent with the legal acts listed above, reject the sweat of the brow doctrine; in other words, the mere labour of compiling a data set is insufficient for copyright. We may all count ourselves fortunate that not even the arbitrary capping of the list at 100 is a sufficiently "creative" act to merit copyright.

 * To summarize: The data in the sitcom list was not decided by a creative effort at the BBC, but by public polling. According to the rules of the contest, no one at the BBC chose which titles to include or exclude; if they did then the competition was fraudulent. (Indeed, some people voiced suspicions about this because all the top 10 sitcoms are all BBC productions.) Ordering by vote count precludes the possibility of ordering by a qualitative assessment.

 * Regardless of whether or not you accept these arguments, please do not continue the edit war. Instead, discuss it here until there is understanding and consensus. If such good-faith efforts are inconclusive, invite outside arbitration by posting the article to Suspected copyright violations. —Ringbang (talk)
 * The case was already decided for us by Wikimedia legal staff long ago, and the decision was that we could not even include the top ten out of such a list without violating copyright. —Kww(talk) 21:36, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I would humbly suggest that Wikimedia legal staff are fucking idiots. Really, the list of winners from some contest can't be posted on Wikipedia? Why is the top 10 from this contest listed then? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_Canadian Absolutely ridiculous, I will guarantee you that anyone reading this page wants to know the final results, and not just the winner. I personally think the winner they chose was preposterous and would like to see where Fawlty Towers and Yes Minister ranked. There is no point in this page existing without the results.24.137.115.238 (talk) 03:13, 12 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Why wasn't that documented on the talk page or in code comments? Ringbang (talk) 20:55, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * That's a good question. It led to the deletion of a whole raft of articles about Channel 4 shows. I'll see if I can find a good template/marker to the discussion to put on relevant talk pages.—Kww(talk) 23:07, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that would be very helpful. You say "good question", but wasn't it you who edit-warred with User:維基小霸王 over this? Ringbang (talk) 17:19, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

Chef!
Was "Chef!" really not included in the BBC's poll or did the program have a different name in the UK? 75.23.74.36 (talk) 13:51, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes, forgotten show I'm afraid. But there have been hundreds of great series left off (including comedy dramas. Also there have been a number of bad series for good reason forgotten. 78.151.115.121 (talk) 06:45, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Number of episodes
I have started adding the number of episodes to the list. This is vital as just saying the years broadcast doesn't state how large or small the output of the show was. 78.151.115.121 (talk) 06:48, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Complete list of celebrities needed
Rather than just have a vague mention of how different celebrities spoke up for a different sitcom in the Top Ten, and then have a couple listed, wouldn't it be nice to have the complete list of names in here? For example, Donald Dickinson spoke up for Only Fools and Horses, Carol Vorderman for The Vicar of Dibley, John Sargent for The Black Adder, Jack Dee for Fawlty Towers, Anneka Rice for The Good Life and Phil Jupitus for Dad's Army. This information could go in the article to improve the article somewhat. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 19:33, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

A question on phraseology
I have now put in the complete list of advocates, although I do wonder whether the expression "spoke up on behalf of" is a little too colloquial for an encyclopaedia. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:17, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

I have changed the phrasing now to "advocated" _ I hope that this is OK. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 15:44, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Article needs more precise title
The article should be retitled "Britain's Best Sitcom (2004)". The article's list of 100 sitcoms is a "snapshot in time" of tastes and inclinations at a single point many years ago. The present title (without date) is misleading if one arrives seeking up-to-date info (as was the case in my visit). The article should also say more about the TV series of the title, and not just be a list of the sitcoms (useful though they are). The dates when the programmes in the series were aired would be useful. A 2003 comedy-discussion website referred to the limited background to the voting as "viewers have to vote for a mere ten sit-coms, from a practically pre-determined and non-negotiable list of 100 (you can nominate only one of your own choosing that isn't on the list. Woop-de-*******-doo)." Information like this should also be included, although obviously without the descriptive anti-programme bias. It also seems definite, from other web-sources including the BBC, that the poll was conducted by the BBC (not BBC, ITV and Channel 4 as stated in the article opening). Also it is an undisputable fact (pure and simple) that the top 10 were all BBC sitcoms. When someone removed an alleged "criticism" of the BBC for the entire top ten being BBC productions (above, 2007), they took out all reference entirely - a case of throwing out the baby with the bathwater! This is my summary of what's needed [IMHO] to improve the article. I'll leave it for a day or two for any comments, and then try to action as above if no one objects. Pete Hobbs (talk) 12:01, 18 September 2011 (UTC)
 * You make some well-reasoned points. I haven't yet seen the deleted references you mention, but certainly they are worthy of integration if they are from good sources. Earlier this year I added some information about the television series and its context, which I think makes the topic of the article clearer to readers. As for renaming the article to avoid reader disappointment: Britain's Best Sitcom is a proper noun. That should communicate to readers that we are not speaking in general about the subjective identification of Britain's 'best' sitcom (however that's defined). There are no other works called Britain's Best Sitcom from which to distinguish this one. Adding a year implies that there is a Britain's Best Sitcom campaign for some other year, but—as of this writing—there isn't. —Ringbang (talk) 16:57, 14 December 2014 (UTC)
 * To be a statement of fact, should the article should be retitled 'The BBC's Best Sitcom (2004)'? 91.110.75.104 (talk) 17:24, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

And the winner was...?
I understand the point made above that publishing the whole list has copyvio problems - but not even mentioning which show won seems absurd. A one-line "The eventual winner was [show]" wouldn't hurt, surely? 31.50.56.210 (talk) 15:55, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added on 8 October 2014. Ringbang (talk) 17:02, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

TBA
Why is it that the written by column constantly has the phrase "TBA" in it? This survey was a long time ago now, back in 2004, so it would seem unlikely there is anything "to be announced" about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vorbee (talk • contribs) 19:39, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

This article could do with a list of rankings
This article could do with ranking how the Top Ten sitcoms were ranked following the final poll - it was 1. Only Fools and Horses 2. The Black Adder 3. The Vicar of Dibley 4. Dad's Army 5. Fawlty Towers 6. Yes, Minister / Yes Prime Minister 7. Porridge. 8. Open All Hours 9. The Good Life 10. One Foot in the Grave. Vorbee (talk) 16:50, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

Suggestion about putting in wikilinks
Since most, if not all, of the Top Ten sitcoms have their own entries in Wikipedia, the list of episodes could present the names of the sitcoms in Wikilinks. Vorbee (talk) 10:37, 28 March 2018 (UTC)
 * They are wikilinked in the episode descriptions. Linking them in the episode titles creates the expectation that the links lead to a page about the episode. The way they are linked now follows the principle of least astonishment. —Ringbang (talk) 18:49, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Sorry - looking at the table just now, I do see that they are wikilinked in episode descriptions. Vorbee (talk) 14:05, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Website with complete list on it
If one goes to the website tvtropes.org/pm.wiki/pm.wiki.php/Series/Britain's Best Sitcom, one will see the full list of the nation's favourite sitcoms with their rankings. This website could be put in the external links. Vorbee (talk) 14:43, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't know if we can link to that. My understanding of the situation is that the list is still protected under sui generis and the "sweat of the brow" doctrine, since it was created in Europe. However, since this restricts use for 15 years, I believe we can publish the complete list by the end of March 2019. Until then, the list is accessible through the archived "Official website" link. —Ringbang (talk) 18:05, 10 June 2018 (UTC)
 * So surely it’s now time to add it… TrottieTrue (talk) 23:08, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Sequels
The article refers to Porridge and then says "and its sequel Going Straight. Since Yes Minister had a sequel Yes Prime Minister, could it not say "and its sequel Yes Prime Minister? Vorbee (talk) 07:55, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for mentioning this. I checked BBC Comedy Guide about it, and also skimmed the respective episodes for scenes from Yes Prime Minister and Going Straight. As far as I can tell, they were not co-nominees with Porridge and Yes Minister. Maybe Johnny Vaughan uses Going Straight in his case for Porridge? —Ringbang (talk) 20:06, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

List Inclusion?
Stumbled on this article and it's talk page. I note that a previous section User:Ringbang noted that any copyright concerns about publishing the results of this poll would expire on 27 March 2019. I'm no legal expert, so is there any reason why a list of ranked results (be it bulletpointed or tabled) could be included, as per the page for the similar poll 100 Greatest Britons. Unless there are any objections, I'm happy to draft a list section. I'll wait for responses for a month before acting. Hjheath1 (talk) 21:35, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Where is the list? TrottieTrue (talk) 23:08, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Full List
The article on 100 Greatest Britons gives the full list. Should this article give the full list of the sitcoms, in order of their ranking? A ranking of the sitcoms finished up as:

1. Only Fools and Horses 2. Blackadder 3. The Vicar of Dibley 4. Dad's Army 5. Fawlty Towers 6. Yes Minister/ Yes Prime Minister 7. Porridge/ Going Straight 8. Open All Hours 9. The Good Life 10. One Foot in the Grave 11. Father Ted 12. Keeping Up Appearances 13. Allo Allo 14. Last of the Summer Wine/ First of the Summer Wine 15. Steptoe and Son 16. Men Behaving Badly 17. Absolutely Fabulous 18. Red Dwarf 19. The Royle Family 20. Are You Being Served/ Grace and Favour 21. To the Manor Born 22. Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em 23 The Likely Lads/ Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? 24. My Family 25. The Office 26. Drop the Dead Donkey 27. Rising Damp 28. Dinner Ladies 29. As Time Goes By 30. Hancock's Half Hour 31. The Young Ones 32. 'Til Death Us Do Part/ In Sickness and in Health 33. Butterflies 34. The Thin Blue Line 35. The Rise and Fall of Reginald Perrin 36. Phoenix Nights 37. Waiting for God 38. Birds of A Feather 39. Bread 40. Hi-de-Hi 41. The League of Gentlemen 42. I'm Alan Partridge 43. Just Good Friends 44. Two Point Four Children 45. Bottom 46. It Ain't Half Hot Mum 47. The Brittas Empire 48 Gimme Gimme Gimme 49. Rab C Nesbitt 50. Goodnight Sweetheart 51. Up Pompei 52. Ever Decreasing Circles 53. On The Buses 54. Coupling 55. George And Mildred 56. A Fine Romance 57. Citizen Smith 58. Black Books 59. The Liver Birds 60. Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 61. The New Statesman 62. Sykes 63. Please Sir 64. Dear John 65. Barbara 66. Spaced 67. Bless This House 68. Love Thy Neighbour 69. Man About the House 70. Desmonds 71. Duty Free 72 All Gas and Gaiters 73. Terry and June/Happy Ever After 74. Only When I Laugh 75. Brass 76. The Rag Trade 77. Sorry 78. Kiss Me Kate 79. Doctor in the House/ Doctor At Large/ Doctor in Charge/ Doctor on Top/ Doctor At Sea/Doctor on the Go 80. I Didn't Know You Cared 81. Shelley 82. Nearest and Dearest 83. Fresh Fields/ French Fields 84. The Army Game 85. Robin's Nest 86. The Dustbinmen 87. Whoops Apocalypse 88. My Wife Next Door 89. Never the Twain 90. Nightingales. 91. Early Doors 92. Agony 93. The Lovers 94. Father Dear Father 95. Hot Metal 96. And Mother Makes Three.. and Mother Makes Five 97. Life with the Lyons 98. Marriage Lines 99. A Sharp Intake of Breath — Preceding unsigned comment added by YTKJ (talk • contribs) 22:06, 3 November 2021 (UTC) 100. No Problem

 * Yes! Where is it? TrottieTrue (talk) 23:04, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Rollo August (talk) 21:59, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Britain's Best Sitcom


text:
User talk:Scoff1988

Scoff,

Welcome to the Wikipedia! I see you have already begun creating your own articles. I just wanted to remind you that Wikipedia strives to keep a high standard of encyclopedic excellence. If you want to contribute to articles please make sure that they are factually accurate and of at least stub quality. Please keep in mind that all edits are immediately visible on the wiki, so if you just want some practice editing feel free to play around in the sandbox.

Again, welcome and I hope you find the Wikipedia a fun and informative place.

--Ed Cormany 18:41, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scoff1988


text:
Jack McCall

John McCall ; (1852/1853 – March 1, 1877), also known as "Crooked Nose" or "Broken Nose Jack", was the murderer of Old West legend Wild Bill Hickok. McCall shot Hickok from behind as he played poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, on August 2, 1876. McCall was executed for the murder on March 1, 1877.

Early life
Many details of McCall's life are unknown. He was most likely born in the early 1850s in Jefferson County, Kentucky. McCall was raised in Kentucky with three sisters and eventually drifted west to become a buffalo hunter. By 1876, he was living in a gold mining camp outside Deadwood, under the alias "Bill Sutherland".

Murder of Hickok
McCall was intoxicated while drinking alcohol at Nuttal & Mann's saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, on August 1, 1876, when one of the players dropped out of a poker game that included "Wild Bill" Hickok. The inebriated McCall quickly took his place. McCall proceeded to lose several hands, and was soon out of money. Hickok offered McCall money to buy breakfast and advised him not to play again until he could cover his losses. Though McCall accepted the money, he reportedly felt insulted.

The following day on August 2, 1876, another poker game was taking place at the saloon. On this particular evening, Hickok had his back to the door, in contrast to his normal practice of sitting in a corner to protect his back. Among the players at the table (sitting in the corner) was Charles Rich, who refused Hickok's request to switch seats. Hickok reluctantly took the empty seat and joined the game, which was a fatal mistake. A drunken McCall entered the saloon, and ordered a drink from the bar. He proceeded to move down the bar, and stopped a few steps behind Hickok, as if to look at the hand he had been dealt. Not noticing McCall, Hickok said to another player, "The old duffer. He broke me on the hand," his final words. McCall shot Hickok in the back of the head with a single-action .45-caliber revolver, shouting "Damn you! Take that!" Hickok died instantly. McCall ran out the back door of the saloon and tried to make his escape on a horse, but the saddle was loose, causing McCall to fall off. He was apprehended by several men shortly after.

First trial
An impromptu court was called to order with the prosecution, defense, and jury made up of local miners and businessmen. On trial the next day in McDaniel's Theater, McCall claimed his actions were in retribution for Hickok having previously killed his brother in Abilene, Kansas. McCall was found not guilty after two hours. The verdict brought the Black Hills Pioneer to editorialize: "Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills."

Second trial and execution
Fearing for his safety, McCall soon left the area and headed into Wyoming Territory, where he repeatedly bragged at local saloons about killing Hickok in a "fair" gunfight. But Wyoming authorities refused to recognize the result of McCall's acquittal on the grounds that the court in Deadwood had no legal jurisdiction. Because Deadwood was not under a legally constituted law enforcement or court system, officials argued that McCall could be tried for murder again. Agreeing, the federal court in Yankton, Dakota Territory, declared that double jeopardy did not apply, and set a date for a retrial.

The trial began on December 4, 1876. No witnesses were called for the defense, and the guilty verdict came in at 10:15 p.m. on December 6. McCall stated that he had been heavily intoxicated at the time of the murder and did not remember any details of the event. He requested a new trial, as well as claimed that his name was not really Jack McCall, and that he had changed it when he left home as a child. Judge Granville Bennett did not believe his story and sentenced McCall to death by hanging.

At 10:15 a.m. on March 1, 1877, McCall was hanged in a public execution in Yankton, at age 24.

Aftermath and legacy
McCall was buried in Sacred Heart Cemetery in Yankton County, South Dakota, a cemetery which was moved in 1881. When McCall's body was exhumed, it was found to have the noose still around its neck. McCall was the first person to be executed by federal officials in the Dakota Territory.

The killing of Hickok and the capture of McCall is reenacted every summer evening (except Sundays) at the Masonic Temple in Deadwood.

Portrayals
McCall has been played by:
 * Porter Hall in the film The Plainsman (1936)
 * Lon Chaney Jr. in the film Badlands of Dakota (1941)
 * George Montgomery in the film Jack McCall, Desperado (1953)
 * David Arquette in the film Wild Bill (1995)
 * John Pyper-Ferguson in the 1995 television series Legend
 * Garret Dillahunt in the 2004 HBO television series Deadwood

title: Jack McCall


text:
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 * Orthoceras (corrected and updated)
 * Orthoceratidae
 * Orthocerida
 * Orthocone
 * Body chamber
 * Phragmocone
 * - M Alan Kazlev

May 4

 * Aptychus --DanielCD 20:32, 5 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Vambrace

Vambraces (French: avant-bras, sometimes known as lower cannons in the Middle Ages) or forearm guards are tubular or gutter defences for the forearm worn as part of a suit of plate armour that were often connected to gauntlets. Vambraces may be worn with or without separate couters in a full suit of medieval armour. The term originates in the early 14th century. They were made from either boiled leather or steel. Leather vambraces were sometimes reinforced with longitudinal strips of hardened hide or metal, creating splinted armour. Sometimes vambraces were decorated with extravagant designs as was customary for nobles during the late middle ages.

title: Vambrace


text:
Talk:Francisco de Zurbarán

Untitled
Notice: An earlier version of this article was at Francisco de Zurbaran; hence older page history of this page is there. -- Infrogmation 18:57, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Editing of gallery
I have edited the gallery from over 70 images down to nine, believing that the more economical format looks better and distills Zurbaran's work to essentials. I have tried to choose some of his best works, searching for the higher quality photo images. All the remaining images, as is the case with many other artists, are viewable in the commons. Previously, the entire Zurbaran commons gallery was grafted onto the article.

There is no specific guideline as to size of gallery, as far as I know, so other editors are welcome to disagree, and revert my action. JNW 18:00, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Metzenmacher
The Metzenmacher 'trivia' is well worth deletion. Bigturtle 15:10, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

The Spanish edition is fuller
I corrected a mistaken reference to the (non-existent) Seville Museum in the original, to the Museo de las Bellas Artes Seville. But a quick look across at the Spanish language Wikipedia entry on Zurbarán shows it to be a great deal more comprehensive than the English, so I will try to add an appropriate note at the head of the entry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.154.115.28 (talk) 22:32, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved by (non-admin, housekeeping closure). Jenks24 (talk) 02:25, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Francisco Zurbarán → Francisco de Zurbarán — It's the more common form of his name, as seen at the Spanish Wiki and in Google-Book and -Scholar searches, as well as the form of his name we use in the first line. Srnec (talk) 17:35, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Died in poverty
I checked a couple of monographs on Zurbaran including the catalog of a 1987 retrospective at the MMA in NYC, and the consensus seems to be that this is a myth; an inventory of his belongings after his death suggests that he was reasonably well off, comparable to Murillo or Goya. Maybe somebody more motivated than myself could make an edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.95.66 (talk) 18:48, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I added some info on this, plus a cite Marjaliisa (talk) 12:38, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Discrepancy
I am confused by "It had been preceded by numerous pictures of the screen of St. Peter Nolasco in the cathedral." There is indeed an major set of paintings by Zurbaran making up the altarpiece of the Capilla de San Pedro in the Seville Cathedral. However, it is demonstrably St. Peter the apostle, not St. Peter Nolasco -- it shows him accompanying Jesus walking on water, enthroned as pope, etc (image at https://www.flickr.com/photos/anitagould/39139645160/). Is there some other work there that does show St. Peter Nolasco, or is this just an error? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gould363 (talk • contribs) 21:22, March 25, 2018 (UTC)
 * You're right, the article is confused. Zurbarán's paintings of St. Peter Nolasco are not in the cathedral; I've added some clarification. Ewulp (talk) 04:15, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Francisco de Zurbarán


text:
Royal Irish Academy

The Royal Irish Academy (RIA; Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann), based in Dublin, is an academic body that promotes study in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is Ireland's premier learned society and one of its leading cultural institutions. The Academy was established in 1785 and granted a royal charter in 1786. the RIA has around 600 members, regular members being Irish residents elected in recognition of their academic achievements, and Honorary Members similarly qualified but based abroad; a small number of members are elected in recognition of non-academic contributions to society.

Until the late 19th century the Royal Irish Academy was the owner of the main national collection of Irish antiquities. It presented its collection of archaeological artefacts and similar items, which included such famous pieces as the Tara Brooch, the Cross of Cong and the Ardagh Chalice to what is now the National Museum of Ireland, but retains its very significant collection of manuscripts including the famous Cathach of Colmcille, the Lebor na hUidre (c. 1100), the later medieval Leabhar Breac, the Book of Ballymote, and the Annals of the Four Masters.

Work
The RIA is an independent forum of peer-elected experts, operating on an all-Ireland basis, which draws on Members' expertise to contribute to public debate and policy formation on issues in science, technology and culture. It works across the academic world, and with government and business, and it leads national research projects, particularly in areas relating to Ireland and its heritage. The RIA also represents Irish learning internationally, operates a major research library, and is an academic publisher.

Membership
Election to Membership of the Academy is a public recognition of academic excellence and is sometimes held to be the highest academic honour in Ireland. Those elected are entitled to use the designation "MRIA" after their name. The criterion for election to membership is a significant contribution to scholarly research as shown in the candidate's published academic work. However some of those elected to membership are not academics at all but receive the accolade in recognition of other contributions to society: these include former public servants, philanthropists, leaders in political and business life, and others.

Regular membership
To be elected to regular membership, a candidate has to be proposed and recommended by five Members, and selection is made by a rotating committee of existing Members, their names not made known outside the Academy. Presently, up to 24 Members are elected each year, equally divided between the sciences and humanities. Regular membership is open only to those resident in Ireland.

Honorary membership
Honorary membership can be awarded to persons who have made an outstanding contribution to their academic discipline, but who are normally resident outside the island of Ireland. At least two existing Members must propose and recommend a candidate for Honorary Membership. Honorary members are entitled to use the designation "Hon. MRIA" after their name.

Publishing

The Academy is one of the longest-established publishers in Ireland, having commenced in 1787. The Academy currently publishes six journals:
 * Ériu
 * Irish Studies in International Affairs
 * Mathematical Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
 * Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature
 * Irish Journal of Earth Sciences and
 * Biology and Environment.

The Academy's research projects also regularly publish the Irish Historic Towns Atlas series, the Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, Foclóir na nua-Ghaeilge, the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from Celtic Sources, and the New Survey of Clare Island. In 2014 the Academy published (in association with Yale University Press) the five-volume Art and Architecture of Ireland.

The Academy is committed to publishing work which not only influences scholarship, but also the wider community, for example Flashes of Brilliance by Dick Ahlstrom, and Judging Dev by Diarmaid Ferriter. Both of these publications have been accompanied by either a television or a radio series.

Research projects
The Academy manages a number of high-profile research projects in the sciences and humanities. Past projects have included The Digital Humanities Observatory (DHO), New Survey of Clare Island (NSCI), The Origins of the Irish Constitution (OIC), and the Dictionary of Irish Biography (DIB).

Other projects include:

 * Dictionary of Medieval Latin from Celtic Sources (DMLCS)
 * Documents on Irish Foreign Policy (DIFP)
 * Foclóir na nua-Ghaeilge (Dictionary of Modern Irish) Online Historical Irish Corpus 1600–1926
 * Irish Historic Towns Atlas (IHTA)
 * Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI)

Academy committees
During the 1950s the Academy began forming national committees, each relating to a specific discipline. Today these act as strategic national fora, providing input into policy, research priorities and issues of public concern, such as climate change. They also organise public outreach activities, such as lectures and public interviews, and award grants for research and travel. The Academy committees are made up of both Members and non-Members, including representatives from universities, research institutions, government agencies and, where appropriate, industry. They include: Life and Medical Sciences; Physical, Chemical and Mathematical Sciences; Climate Change and Environmental Sciences; Engineering and Computer Sciences; Geosciences and Geographical Sciences; Ethical, Political, Legal and Philosophical Studies; Historical Studies; Social Sciences; Study of Languages, Literature, Culture and Communication; and Coiste Léann na Gaeilge, Litríocht na Gaeilge agus na gCultúr Ceilteach. There are also Standing Committees for Archaeology, International Affairs and North-South matters.

Headquarters
The first meeting of the academy were held at the Earl of Charlemont's personal residence Charlemont House.

Navigation House
On application to the Commissioners of Inland Navigation, the academy was then granted the use of a building at 114 Grafton Street named Navigation House around 1787, previously used by the Grand Canal Company. The building had originally been constructed in 1766 as the dedicated offices of the Commissioners of Inland Navigation alongside the then headquarters of the Dublin Society which they eventually sold on in 1796.

The academy had already been using the building for meetings from 1785.

Academy House
In 1852 the Royal Irish Academy moved to its current premises at 19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2, known as Academy House.

Built in c. 1750, the building has fine decorative plasterwork and a meeting room designed in 1854 by Frederick Clarendon and now used for conferences, exhibitions and public talks. The Academy allows the use of these meeting rooms by external bodies when its own activities permit.

Academy House was home to many of Ireland's finest national treasures, including the Ardagh Chalice and the Tara Brooch, until 1890 when the Academy transferred its collections to the newly established National Museum of Ireland.

Library
The Academy Library holds the largest collection of Old Irish manuscripts in the world, and is an important research centre for studies covering Irish history, language, archaeology and the history of Irish science. The Library is home to the sixth-century Latin psalter, the Cathach, reputedly copied by St Columcille. The Library also holds the personal library and a harp belonging to Thomas Moore and the philological collection of Osborn J. Bergin.

See also Category:Royal Irish Academy Library

Governance
The President and Council are responsible for the Academy's general government and regulation. They are elected annually at the Stated Meeting on 16 March. The President normally serves a three-year term of office. The membership of the Council is drawn from the Sciences and Humanities sections. The Council formulates policies and recommends candidates for membership.

The Executive Committee supports the Council in supervising the day-to-day business of the Academy. The members of the Executive Committee are the President, Senior Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, Secretaries of Science and PL&A (Polite Literature & Antiquities, i.e. Humanities), Executive Secretary, Secretary for International Relations, and a staff representative.

The Royal Irish Academy became a prescribed body under the terms of the Freedom of Information Act 1997 and the Freedom of Information Act (Amendment) 2003, on 31 May 2006.

Presidents
• 1785–1799: James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont (1st president)

• 1799–1812: Richard Kirwan

• 1812–1822: Charles Bury, 1st Earl of Charleville

• 1822–1835: John Brinkley

• 1835–1837: Bartholomew Lloyd

• 1837–1846: Sir William Rowan Hamilton

• 1846–1851: Humphrey Lloyd

• 1851–1856: Thomas Romney Robinson

• 1856–1861: James Henthorn Todd

• 1861–1866: Charles Graves

• 1866–1869: James Talbot, 4th Baron Talbot de Malahide

• 1869–1874: John Hewitt Jellett

• 1874–1876: William Stokes

• 1877–1882: Robert Kane

• 1882–1886: Samuel Ferguson

• 1886–1891: Samuel Haughton

• 1891–1892: William Reeves (died 1892)

• 1892–1896: John Kells Ingram

• 1896–1901: Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse

• 1901–1906: Robert Atkinson

• 1906–1911: Francis Alexander Tarleton

• 1911–1916: John Pentland Mahaffy

• 1916–1921: John Henry Bernard

• 1921–1926: Sydney Young

• 1926–1931: Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister

• 1931–1934: Robert Lloyd Praeger

• 1934–1937: Edward John Gwynn

• 1937–1940: Arthur William Conway

• 1940–1943: Eoin MacNeill

• 1943–1946: Richard Irvine Best

• 1946–1949: Thomas Percy Claude Kirkpatrick

• 1949–1952: John James Nolan

• 1952–1955: Patrick Joseph Boylan (1879–1974)

• 1955–1958: James O'Connor (1886–1974)

• 1958–1961: Aubrey Osborn Gwynn

• 1961–1964: John Lighton Synge

• 1964–1966: Joseph Doyle (1891–1974)

• 1966–1967: Myles Dillon

• 1967–1970: Joseph J. Raftery (1913–1992)

• 1970–1973: Vincent Barry

• 1973–1976: David Greene

• 1976–1979: Frank Mitchell

• 1979–1982: Proinsias Mac Cana

• 1982–1985: William Arthur Watts

• 1985–1987: T. K. Whitaker

• 1987–1990: James Dooge

• 1990–1993: Aidan Clark

• 1993–1996: John O. Scanlan

• 1996–1999: Michael Herity

• 1999–2002: Thomas David Spearman

• 2002–2005: Michael E. F. Ryan

• 2005–2008: James Slevin

• 2008–2011: Nicholas Canny

• 2011–2014: Luke Drury

• 2014–2017: Mary E. Daly

• 2017–2020: Michael Peter Kennedy

• 2020: Mary Canning

Awards of the Royal Irish Academy
The premier award of the Royal Irish Academy is the Cunningham Medal, which it awards every three years in recognition of "outstanding contributions to scholarship and the objectives of the Academy." Other awards include the Gold Medals which are awarded to two people each year who "made a demonstrable and internationally recognised outstanding scholarly contribution in their fields," and US-Ireland Research Innovation Awards which are awarded annually in three categories HEIs, Multinationals and SMEs.

The Royal Irish Academy also operates a number of prizes including the annual Hamilton Prize for Mathematics which it awards to the best mathematic students as nominated by academic institutions, the Kathleen Lonsdale Prize for Chemistry which is awarded to the most outstanding Irish Ph.D. thesis in the general area of the chemical sciences, and the biennial RIA Michel Deon Prize for Non-Fiction which honours the life of Michel Déon (1919–2016) by continuing his work in supporting and championing writing talent and sustains his legacy in celebrating the richness and diversity of cultural experience in Europe.

Notable members
• Sir Francis Beaufort, hydrographer and originator of the Beaufort Wind Scale

• Jan Łukasiewicz, Polish logician and philosopher best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic

• Sir William Betham (1779–1853), Ulster King of Arms 1820–1853

• Frederick Boland, diplomat

• Andrew Nicholas Bonaparte-Wyse, civil servant

• Angela Bourke, award-winning author and academic

• Hugh Carleton, 1st Viscount Carleton, eminent judge and politician

• James Rawson Carroll, architect

• Rónadh Cox, geologist and geomorphologist

• Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach 1932–1948; 1951–1954; 1957–1959 and President of Ireland 1959–1973

• James Dooge, engineer, Government minister, architect of the European Union; President of the RIA 1986–1990

• Samuel Ferguson (1810–1886)

• Garret FitzGerald, Taoiseach 1981–1982 and 1982–1987

• Ray Flannery, (1941–2013), theoretical physicist known for his work in atomic and molecular physics

• Aloys Fleischmann (1910–1992), composer

• James Gandon, architect

• Edmund Getty, antiquarian and naturalist

• Henry Grattan, politician

• Seamus Heaney (1939–2013), poet, Nobel laureate

• William Rowan Hamilton, mathematician

• Walter Heitler, physicist

• Thomas Dix Hincks (1767–1857), orientalist and naturalist

• John Houston (1802–1845), surgeon and anatomist

• Richard Kirwan, chemist, meteorologist, and mineralogist

• Seán Lemass, Taoiseach 1959–1966

• F. S. L. Lyons, historian

• Gearóid Mac Eoin, linguist and historian, member since 1975

• Eoin MacNeill, politician and historian

• William Hunter McCrea, astronomer

• Frank Mitchell, naturalist

• Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin and President of the International Olympic Committee

• Thomas E. Nevin (1906–1986), elected in March 1942, distinguished career in molecular spectroscopy

• Cormac O'Ceallaigh, cosmic ray physicist

• Charles O'Conor, writer, antiquarian and protagonist for Catholic civil rights

• Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, Attorney General 1946–1948, 1951–1953 and President of Ireland 1974–1976

• Fergus O'Rourke, zoologist

• John O'Donovan (1806–1861), Irish language scholar and place-name expert

• Eva Philbin (1914–2005), chemist and first female senior vice-president

• David Puttnam, Lord Puttnam

• William Reeves (1815–1892), antiquarian and bishop, President of the Academy in 1891

• Erwin Schrödinger (1931), Nobel physics laureate

• Mary Somerville (1780–1872), science writer, astronomer, mathematician

• Robert William Smith (1807–1873), surgeon and pathologist

• James Henthorn Todd (1805–1869), biblical scholar, educator, and Irish historian

• Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923), winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in physics

• Ernest T. S. Walton (1935), Nobel physics laureate

• Trevor West, mathematician and senator

• Robert Anthony Welch (1945–2013), author, educator, and literary historian

• Isaac Weld (1774–1856), topographical author

• William Wilde (1815–1876), polymath and father of the playwright, Oscar Wilde

• Edward Percival Wright (1834–1910), ophthalmic surgeon, botanist and zoologist

title: Royal Irish Academy


text:
United States v. Dominguez Benitez

United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74 (2004), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that, in a criminal proceeding in federal court, a defendant who does not alert the district court to a possible violation of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure must show on appeal that the violation affirmatively affected his rights in order to obtain reversal of his conviction by guilty plea. Rule 11, which pertains to criminal prosecutions in United States federal courts only, governs the offering of plea bargains to criminal defendants and the procedures district courts must employ to ensure that the defendant knows of and properly waives his trial-related constitutional rights.

In Benitez, the trial court violated Rule 11 when it took the defendant's plea by failing to warn him that the plea could not be withdrawn if the court did not accept the prosecution's sentencing recommendations. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the conviction, considering that the non-English speaking defendant did not understand his rights under those circumstances.

The Supreme Court unanimously reversed, ruling the Court of Appeals had applied the wrong test by not requiring the defendant to show how the error actually prejudiced the proceedings. The Court of Appeals had consequently failed to consider the entire record regarding what the defendant understood. An eight-justice majority of the Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice David Souter, held that a defendant attempting to reverse his conviction due to a Rule 11 violation must show a reasonable probability that, but for the trial court's error, he would not have entered the plea. Justice Antonin Scalia concurred in the judgment but disagreed with the majority's standard.

Arrest and indictment
Carlos Dominguez Benitez arranged to sell several pounds of methamphetamine to an informant secretly working with law enforcement. Benitez was arrested while making the sale, confessed, and gave information on his supplier and fellow drug dealers. Benitez was then indicted by a federal grand jury under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 for conspiracy to possess more than 500 g of a methamphetamine mixture, and for possession of 1391 g of a methamphetamine mixture, both with intent to distribute. Under the statutory sentencing ranges, Benitez faced anywhere from ten years to life in prison, and his court-appointed counsel began discussing a plea bargain while he faced trial before the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Plea agreement and District Court sentencing
Benitez, who could only speak and write in Spanish, sent several letters to the District Court, in which he expressed dissatisfaction with his attorney and the plea agreement he was being encouraged to sign. During a hearing, however, Benitez expressed that he did not want to go to trial but just wanted a better deal, and the court declined to make any change. Benitez and the federal prosecutor subsequently agreed that he would plead guilty to the conspiracy charge in exchange for the possession charge being dropped, and that the prosecutor would stipulate to a "safety valve" that would allow him to avoid the statutory ten year minimum sentence, provided he could meet the statutory conditions. Benitez was warned in discussion with the prosecutor and in the written plea agreement that the agreement was not binding on the District Court, and that Benitez would not be able to withdraw his guilty plea if the court rejected the prosecutor's recommendations.

However, at the hearing the next day when Benitez entered his guilty plea, District Court judge Alicemarie H. Stotler failed to deliver the warning required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(3)(B) that he would not be able to withdraw his plea. Benitez's earlier criminal convictions under a different name were subsequently discovered, which rendered him ineligible for the "safety valve." He was then sentenced to the statutory minimum of ten years in prison over his objection that he was never told what the conditions of the "safety valve" sentence reduction were.

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision
Benitez appealed his conviction and sentencing to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, arguing that the District Court's failure to comply with all of the required Rule 11 warnings was ground for reversal. A three-judge panel of the court consisting of Circuit Judges James R. Browning, Stephen Reinhardt, and Richard C. Tallman voted 2-1 to reverse his conviction and sentence. The court's opinion was written by Judge Browning, and the dissent by Judge Tallman.

Because Benitez did not object to the District Court's failure prior to his conviction, the error was not preserved for appeal and so was reviewed under the plain error standard of Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b), pursuant to the Supreme Court's ruling in United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55 (2002). The Court of Appeals applied a two part test to determine whether plain error had been committed. First, the defendant had to establish that the court's error was not "merely minor or technical." The court considered this satisfied by the inherently serious nature of a Rule 11 violation alone, because the rule was intended to ensure that a defendant's plea was made intelligently and knowingly. Second, the defendant had to establish that he did not understand the rights at issue when he entered his guilty plea. The court found that this second element was satisfied because Benitez's language barrier had prevented him from gaining a full understanding of his rights from only the written plea agreement and other comments made by the court.

Judge Tallman's dissent argued that Vonn required the court to view the proceedings as a whole in determining whether the Rule 11 violation constituted plain error. He believed that although the record showed that the Rule 11 "magic words" may not have been spoken, Benitez's counsel and the District Court had fully discussed the plea agreement with him, and that he had expressed understanding of all the relevant issues.

The court's decision
The Supreme Court granted review on the narrow issue of on what basis a court's failure to comply with Rule 11 constitutes reversible error, and unanimously reversed. Justice David Souter wrote the majority opinion, which seven Justices joined. Justice Antonin Scalia wrote a separate opinion concurring in the judgment.

The Court stated that even for preserved errors, only those that structurally "undermine the fairness of a criminal proceeding as a whole" require reversal without a consideration of the effect the error had on the proceeding. The omission of a Rule 11 warning alone does not fall into this category. Furthermore, the Rule 52 phrase "error that affects substantial rights," which is used in Rule 52, "has previously been taken to mean error with a prejudicial effect on the outcome of a judicial proceeding." The Court concluded by holding that "a defendant who seeks reversal of his conviction after a guilty plea, on the ground that the district court committed plain error under Rule 11, must show a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have entered the plea." The Court explained that a reasonable probability is one that is "sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome" of the proceeding.

In the Court's view—essentially the same as Judge Tallman's—the Court of Appeals' standard failed because it did not consider record evidence that tended to show that any misunderstanding was inconsequential, or what the relative significance of the factors involved in Benitez's plea decision were regardless of the Rule 11 error. The Court acknowledged that the standard it imposed would be very rarely met, but that it was still easier than if the defendant had to prove the claim by a preponderance of the evidence.

Though the Supreme Court did not explicitly decide whether Benitez met the proper standard, its opinion nonetheless proceeded with an unfavorable analysis of his case. The Court believed that his statements in the record showed that he may have been confused about the substantive law of the safety valve provision, but not that there was a "causal link" between his confusion and the Rule 11 violation. The strength of the government's case was also a factor, and the Court did not think that the proper Rule 11 warning would have changed his "assessment of his strategic position." This was especially true because the written plea agreement included the warning that it would be irrevocable, and it had been read to him in Spanish. The Court accordingly reversed the Court of Appeals, and remanded the case.

Scalia's concurrence
In a short separate opinion, Justice Scalia expressed agreement with much of the Court's analysis, but disagreed with the standard of probability the Court required the defendant to meet. Scalia listed four different standards that the Court had adopted in different contexts to prove what would have happened in a trial absent error, and stated that these "ineffable gradations of probability" confused judicial reasoning more than aided it. He wrote that a court could only achieve the precision of two standards—beyond a reasonable doubt, and by a preponderance of the evidence—and that the latter should apply to the claim at issue.

Subsequent developments
Upon remand from the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals affirmed Benitez's conviction and sentencing in a per curiam, summary opinion.

title: United States v. Dominguez Benitez


text:
Talk:Gunnery sergeant

Untitled

 * The only time the term "Gunny" is unacceptable is in ultra-formal situations.

I added that some Gunnery Sergeants don't like to be addressed by that term, I personally knew one in my time in the Corps. Most Gunnies understand that the term is an expression of respect and appreciation. Del arte 19:04, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

I concur that historical examples of Gunnery Sergeants should be included. As a Gunnery Sergeant I do not agree that it is only inappropriate to call a Gunnery Sergeant "Gunny" in ultra-formal settings. It is inappropriate unless the Gunnery Sergeant asks you to call them Gunny, or refers to themself as Gunny. When addressing a Gunnery Sergeant with whom you are unfamiliar you should ALWAYS address them as Gunnery Sergeant and not risk the butt chewing you may receive by calling them Gunny.

Expansion
This article should be expanded to include the roles and responsibilities of an average gunnery sergeant, famous gunnies, etc. It's pretty bare bones.

Notable Gunnery Sergeants
Should Leroy Jethro Gibbs really be listed as a "Notable Gunnery Sergeant?" This is a fictional character, not a real Gunnery Sergeant. Such a designation would seem to better belong in a "Gunnery Sergeants in Popular Culture" section that could also reference the character R. Lee Ermey played in Full Metal Jacket and other fictional Gunnys. As it stands now, the Gibbs link detracts from the real Gunnys listed above him Echtoran (talk) 03:59, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree and I removed the fictional gunny. Windyjarhead 20:19, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there any source for George Peppard's place on this list? On his own page, he's listed as having reached only Corporal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.101.62.41 (talk) 14:39, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Nick Popaditch should be added to this list. He was the subject, of a fairly well known photo, wrote a book, and is running for congress. I'd argue, hes about as well know, if not more so than Brad Colbert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.231.239.198 (talk) 19:05, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Quote did not match source
The use of He/She is a neologism that has been inflicted upon us by the politically correct speech movement, and could not possibly have been used in 1912 testimony. The source you provided confirms this. I have corrected the quoted material on the page to match the original. Amccray (talk) 14:42, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Field First Sergeant
I think this reference to "field First Sergeant" is referring to "a First Sergeant" who happens to be stationed out in the field as opposed to a desk on a base. Field First Sergeant, as the name of the rank, I agree with this revert  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 23:39, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

I believe your latest references just strengthens my rational. Mlpearc ( open channel ) 23:57, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, think whatever you want, but you are wrong. A "real" First Sergeant (E-8) is a rank and a title. He is the senior enlisted advisor to the Commanding Officer and along with the Executive Officer handles the day-to-day administration of the company/battery/troop. Even when the unit is deployed in the field and/or in combat he may be "in the rear" so to speak (i.e., not out on the line or on patrol with the rifle platoons, but at the company command post). The Field First Sergeant is usually a senior Sergeant First Class (E-7) and the position is an ad hoc one, not officially a slot in the TO&E, but "created" by the CO with the advice of the 1st SGT, because it is practical, efficient, and effective, especially in combat or during field exercises. The "Field First" is usually an experienced Platoon Sergeant, and he serves as the COs "eyes and ears" reporting back to the CO as he monitors the tactical situation out with the platoons and "supervises" the platoon sergeants regarding NCO and enlisted matters and advises the officers on the tactical situation. He usually supervises various logistical and support details such as ammo resupply and redistribution. The Field First Sergeant performs duties and has responsibilities very similar to a Company Gunnery Sergeant in the USMC. The difference is that all USMC companies/batteries (there are no troops in the USMC) have a TO billet designated as Company/Battery Gunnery Sergeant. Most Company/Battery "Gunnies" are GySgt (E-7) but some units, such as the Weapons Company of a Marine Infantry battalion, a Tank company, or an AAV company are authorized a MSGT (E-8) as the Company Gunnery Sergeant. In these positions he serves as essentially an Operations and Training Chief for the company and as the "duty expert" on infantry, tank, or AAV (as applicable) tactics, training, and employment. CobraDragoon (talk) 00:28, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

Fictional Gunnery Sergeants
What, pray tell, is this fascination with fictional characters of any military rank? In this article alone, we now have almost twice as many fictional gunnery sergeants listed as we do real ones. As Wikipedia purports to exist as an encyclopaedia, why do we allow this proliferation of "pop culture" references, which in my view, does nothing more than promote the denigration of our product into a compendium of useless information. Seriously, if one is researching "gunnery sergeant," for example, is it really important that Frank Sutton portrayed GySgt Vincent Carter in Gomer Pyle, USMC?
 * I tend to remove all pop-culture cruft in comic book articles unless there is some significance to it. I think we should remove it in articles like these to. The thing about rank is that people tend to change go up or down in them so listing any kind of person who's had or is the rank at the moment is problematic.★Trekker (talk) 20:29, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't believe fictional characters should be listed at all. For real rank-holders, while it is possible that one's rank may change after a signal event in that same one's life or career, generally speaking the reason one would be "notable" would be for an achievement or event while in the rank in which the article concerns, or by the rank the cited individual was most famous for holding. A couple of examples: Sergeant Alvin York was actually a corporal when he performed the heroic actions in WWI for which he is honored (and later served as a major and a colonel during WWII) and "General" (Brevet Major General) George Custer was actually a lieutenant colonel when he was killed at the Little Big Horn. However, Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone was killed on Iwo Jima while serving as a gunnery sergeant and GySgt Carlos Hathcock, while he was medically retired as a gunnery sergeant, did not perform all of his sniper duties in that rank. So, for real rank holders it would depend upon the rank held when that person did whatever it was, or was most "notable" for, holding at the time of the event, during their career, or at the time of their death. For York and Custer they were not "most notable" for having served as (and for Custer died as), a corporal or lieutenant colonel, respectively, while both Basilone and Hathcock are both most well known as gunnery sergeants.CobraDragoon (talk) 14:51, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with you, but remember to sign your posts man.★Trekker (talk) 14:17, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

Thanks. CobraDragoon (talk) 14:51, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gunnery sergeant


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RIA

Ria or RIA may refer to:

 * Ria, a landform, often referred to as a drowned river valley
 * Ria (given name), a short form of Maria

Media

 * Astro Ria Malaysian pay-TV channel 104
 * Ria 89.7FM, a Singaporean radio station
 * RIA Novosti, Russian state news agency
 * RIA, formerly Research Institute of America, an American publisher on tax and regulatory matters owned by Thomson Reuters

Sciences

 * Radioimmunoassay
 * Rare Isotope Accelerator
 * Research into Ageing

Technology

 * RateItAll, a review website
 * Rich Internet Application
 * Robotic Industries Association
 * Rock Island Armory
 * IATA-Code of Santa Maria Airport

Others

 * Royal Italian Army, army of the Kingdom of Italy
 * Registered investment advisor, United States
 * Regulatory impact analysis
 * Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railway station, Wales
 * Ria (singer), New Zealand singer
 * RIA (restaurant), Chicago
 * Rock Island Arsenal, army base on the Mississippi River
 * Royal Irish Academy, an academic body
 * Ria Money Transfer, a remittances operator based in California
 * Railway Industry Association, a trade association in the United Kingdom

title: RIA


text:
The Hanson Brothers (band)

The Hanson Brothers were a Canadian punk rock band formed in 1984 in Victoria and later based in Vancouver. The group included John and Rob Wright and Tom Holliston, all members of the punk rock band Nomeansno. The Hanson Brothers' band name references characters in the cult ice hockey film Slap Shot.

History
From 1984 to 1989, the Wright brothers (John on drums and Rob on bass guitar) and original NoMeansNo guitarist Andy Kerr performed Ramones cover sets sporadically under the name The Hanson Brothers. The Hanson Brothers later began to write "their own Ramones songs" i.e., original songs in the fast, melodic style of the Ramones. At this time John Wright played drums and the three members shared lead vocal duties. Examples of songs from this era are "Ya Little Creep" and "Bad," two Kerr-era NoMeansNo songs with songwriting credited to the Hanson Brothers; the former appears on the 1991 compilation Clam Chowder and Ice Vs. Big Macs and Bombers, and the latter on The Sky Is Falling and I Want My Mommy, a collaborative LP with Jello Biafra.

The Wrights began working with guitarist Tom Holliston as the Hanson Brothers in 1989. The earliest sessions from this time still featured John Wright on drums; however, Ken Jensen of D.O.A. soon joined as the drummer and John Wright devoted himself to the lead vocals. After releasing a debut 7-inch, the band recorded their first album, Gross Misconduct, in 1992. The album featured art spoofing the cover of the Ramones' Road to Ruin.

Jensen died in a house fire in 1995. Ken Kempster (member of, among many other groups, the Showbusiness Giants) became the group's next drummer, referred to as "Kenny Jr" Hanson. This lineup released the group's second record, Sudden Death, through a subsidiary of Virgin Records. The cover spoofed D.O.A.'s "The Prisoner" single cover.

In 2000, the songs "Rink Rat", "Third Man In", "Stick Boy", and "Danielle", were featured in the NHL Rock The Rink game for the Sony PlayStation. Also in 2000, John Wright, in his Johnny Hanson character, recorded an instructional video regarding homebrewing beer. Wright also compiled and released two compilations of hockey-themed songs called Puck Rock Volumes I and II.

Kempster left the group in 2001, and Ernie Hawkins joined for touring behind the group's third record, My Game. The cover parodied Black Flag's My War. In April 2006, the band went on a tour of Canada. Hawkins appears on the group's 2008 live album It's a Living, whose cover parodies the Ramones' It's Alive. Mike Branum, from The Freak Accident, debuted as the group's drummer for their 2008 tour. Byron Slack replaced Branum in 2014.

Members

 * Johnny Hanson (John Wright) – lead vocals (1984–2016), drums (1984–1991)
 * Robbie Hanson (Rob Wright) – bass guitar (1984–2016)
 * Andy Kerr – guitar, vocals (1984–1989)
 * Tommy Hanson (Tom Holliston) – guitar, vocals (1989–2016)
 * Kenny Hanson (Ken Jensen) – drums (1991–1995)
 * Kenny Hanson II (Ken Kempster) – drums (1995–2001)
 * Ernie Hanson (Ernie Hawkins) – drums (2001–2006)
 * Mikey Hanson (Mike Branum) – drums (2008–2013)
 * Ronnie Hanson (Byron Slack) – drums (2014–2016)

Full-length albums

 * Gross Misconduct – 1992
 * Sudden Death – 1996
 * My Game – 2002
 * It's a Living (live) – 2008

EPs and singles

 * Brad (7-inch single) – 1992
 * The Hockey Song (split 7-inch single with D.O.A.) – 1996
 * Brad (EP re-release of Brad single with bonus tracks) – 2003

Additionally, there are numerous compilation albums featuring Hanson Brothers tracks.

title: The Hanson Brothers (band)


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The Bernie Mac Show

The Bernie Mac Show (often shortened to Bernie Mac in syndication) is an American sitcom television series created by Larry Wilmore, that aired on Fox for five seasons from November 14, 2001 to April 14, 2006. The series featured Bernie Mac and his wife Wanda raising his sister's three kids: Jordan, Vanessa, and Bryana.

Premise
The series was loosely based on Mac's stand-up comedy acts. In real life, Bernie "Mac" McCullough was married with one daughter; Mac's character on the show (a stand-up comedian) was married with no children of his own. The pilot episode, aired on November 14, 2001, set up the basic premise for the series: the character Bernie Mac takes in his sister's children after she enters rehab (a fictional premise taken from one of Mac's stand-up routines which was eventually featured in the 2000 film, The Original Kings of Comedy). "In reality, the story is a blend of two real incidents: Mac briefly took in his niece Toya who was an at risk youth and her daughter Monique; while a friend of his had to raise her sister's children long-term."

Much of the humor in the show was derived from Mac's continual adjustment to and his unique take on parenthood. A frequent motif of the show was the juxtaposition of Mac's acerbic comments, such as his threats to "bust the (children's) heads 'til the white meat shows," and the parental affection he felt toward the trio, which often brought him to the verge of tears. Toward the end of the series, Bryana's long-lost father (Anthony Anderson) returns and drops by from occasionally to help Bernie and Wanda with the kids.

Many of his most emotional scenes occurred in segments in which Mac, while still in character, broke the 'fourth wall' and talked to the television audience, which he referred to as "America". This technique was notably used before an episode during the 2005–2006 season, when Bernie, as himself and wearing a Chicago White Sox cap and jacket, delivered a heartfelt congratulatory message to the baseball organization and its staff on their recent World Series Championship. Mac, who grew up on Chicago's south-side, was a die-hard fan of the White Sox and was seen at Game 1 of the World Series, in a front row seat.

The show also features yellow captions pointing things out that aren't explicitly mentioned.

Mac's character's celebrity worked as a plot device allowing other celebrities to appear on the show as themselves, including Serena Williams, Chris Rock, Ashton Kutcher, Billy Crystal, Carl Reiner, Don Rickles, Angela Bassett, Ellen DeGeneres, Ice Cube, Isaac Hayes, Flavor Flav, Lucy Lawless, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Triple H, Matt Damon, Charles Barkley, Jon Garland, Jules Sylvester, Sugar Ray Leonard, India Arie, Shaquille O'Neal, Sugar Shane Mosley, Hugh Hefner, Phil McGraw, and Marcus Allen.

Main

 * Bernard "Bernie" McCullough (Bernie Mac) – The show's main character who is loosely based on Mac. Bernie and his wife take in the three kids when their drug-addicted mother (Bernie's sister Stacy) is no longer able to be a proper parent. Bernie uses tough-love parenting tactics and he can be both strict and comical. He narrates the series, and between scenes, he talks to the audience by addressing them as "America". Although he loves all three kids, his favorite is Bryana (whom he affectionately calls "Babygirl" because she is the youngest), and finds himself in conflict with teenage Vanessa, the eldest sibling, who has a poor attitude.
 * Wanda McCullough (née Thomas) (Kellita Smith) – Bernie's loving wife, an intelligent woman who is vice president for AT&T, and later in the series, vice president at the fictional West Coast Wireless. She enjoys raising the kids with Bernie, but periodically her patience is tested. Whenever Bernie has a problem, she does her best to help, though her assistance can be overbearing and unnecessary at times.
 * Jordan Thomkins (Jeremy Suarez) – Bernie and Wanda's nephew and the middle child. Jordan is very mischievous and peculiar. He is interested in collecting bugs and conducting odd science experiments. Early in the series, he gets beat up by his little sister, Bryana, and he would frequently cry, occasionally vomit, and sometimes urinate on himself. As the series progresses, he becomes emotionally tougher and gains confidence.
 * Bryana "Baby Girl" Thomkins (Dee Dee Davis) – Bernie and Wanda's younger niece, the youngest child, and the half-sister of Jordan and Vanessa. Bryana is a friendly child who is sweet, innocent, and naive, though she is often more bratty and obnoxious as the series progresses. Bryana is her uncle's favorite, and has a trusting relationship with her Uncle Bernie. Bernie fears that one day she will grow up and end up like Vanessa.
 * Vanessa "Nessa" Thomkins (Camille Winbush) – Bernie and Wanda's elder niece, and the eldest of the three children. Vanessa purposely gives Bernie trouble with her attitude, most of which comes from the pressure of being the eldest and having to take a parental role with her younger siblings. As the series progresses, she gets along better with Bernie.

Recurring

 * W.B. (Reginald Ballard) – Bernie's close friend who's always on his side
 * Bonita (Niecy Nash) – Bernie's younger sister (seasons 2–4)
 * Chuy (Carlos Mencia (season 1) and Lombardo Boyar) – Bernie's friend
 * Kelly (Michael Ralph) – Bernie's friend
 * Jerry Best (Rick Hoffman) – Bernie's manager
 * Father Sean Cronin (Wade Williams) – The Dean of Discipline at Damien Elementary, Jordan and Bryana's school
 * Bryan (Anthony Anderson) – Bryana's father (season 5)
 * Donna (Naya Rivera) – Vanessa's friend
 * Teri (Ashley Monique Clark) – Vanessa's friend (guest, season 3; recurring, seasons 4–5)

Unseen characters

 * Stacey Thomkins – One of two of Bernie's sisters and Vanessa, Jordan, and Bryana's mother. Before the events of the show, she became addicted to drugs; Bernie had to place her in an institution to recover and took in her children until the time came she could care for them herself. Though institutionalized, Stacey's addiction was such that she was not known to make any serious attempts to recover and her children remain with Bernie for the run of the series. A picture of her younger self is seen once in "Road to Traditions".
 * Mr. Thomkins – Vanessa and Jordan's biological father, who left them when she was five years of age and he was a baby. According to Bernie and Vanessa, he's in prison for various law violations that include gun violence. A picture of him (played by an unknown man) is shown in the episode "Saving Sergeant Thomkins".
 * Big Mama – Bernie's grandmother. She died sometime before Bernie became famous. She is frequently mentioned by Bernie over the course of the series. In the family reunion episode, Bebe Drake played the matriarchal role.
 * Uncle Ellister – Bernie's uncle who is, in actuality, his biological father.

Main crew

 * Creator and executive producer: Larry Wilmore
 * Executive producers: Pete Aronson, Warren Hutcherson.
 * Co-executive producers: Bernie Mac, Richard Appel, Teri Schaffer, Michael Benson, Marc Abrams.
 * Producers: Michael Petok, Steven Greener

Cancellation
After five seasons and 104 episodes, Fox announced the cancellation of The Bernie Mac Show.

The series finale titled "Bernie's Angels" focused on Bernie getting an electrical shock and ends up traumatized. After he recovers, he begins to teach Jordan and Bryanna how to do certain things on their own. Also, Vanessa doesn't want Bernie to be involved in her choosing a college. Meanwhile, Jordan takes advantage of Bernie's kindness. In the end, Vanessa and Bernie make up (mainly due to her writing an essay about who inspires her most: which is him). In the final scene of the series, Bernie goes back to his normal self and takes back the iPod he bought Jordan since he was taking advantage of him. Bernie's final line is a farewell message to the viewers and stating that he is going to continue to raise and teach the kids for as long as they need it and he also wishes the viewers luck. The scene pans out with Jordan on his knees sobbing and begging for the iPod while Bernie smugly laughs and teases him.

Broadcast history
The series debuted in its time slot on November 14, 2001, with solid ratings in spite of a weak lead-in, Grounded for Life. The show had a very successful first season and in the process won a handful of honors including an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series" and the prestigious Peabody Award. Bernie Mac also received Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor in a Comedy Series.

In fall 2002, the series aired against the Damon Wayans comedy My Wife and Kids which may have hurt the show's momentum in the ratings during the first half of its second season run. Larry Wilmore, the show's creator and executive producer, was fired at this time. In interviews, Wilmore said he was fed up with the network's creative interference with the show, in addition to Fox constantly shuffling it around the schedule. Fox contended that it wasn't happy with the show's direction under Wilmore in the second season, claiming the show "wasn't delivering enough laughs". With The Bernie Mac Show's inability to topple My Wife and Kids in the Wednesday 8 p.m. timeslot, Fox eventually aired the show after American Idol, after which it received its highest ratings ever.

The third season was scheduled to start on October 29, 2003, but was postponed due to The O.C. being moved. Instead, the series started the season at the late date of November 30, 2003. The ratings were mediocre, despite the large ratings of its lead-in The Simpsons. In March 2004, the show was moved to Monday nights in a plan to boost ratings for the new show Cracking Up, but the ratings were low for both shows. Cracking Up was canceled and The Bernie Mac Show was pulled from May Sweeps with leftover episodes that aired in June (one of which included an episode about Thanksgiving).

The Bernie Mac Show returned to its original time slot on September 8, 2004, to start the fourth season. The production was shut down a month later due to Bernie's sickness. The show returned on January 14, 2005, with new episodes on Friday nights. Although the ratings were low enough that commentators questioned the show's future (especially when it was postponed from May Sweeps again), the show was renewed for a fifth season.

The fifth season started September 23, 2005, on Friday nights and beginning mid-season, airings were followed by reruns of the show.

The Bernie Mac Show celebrated its 100th episode on February 3, 2006, even though the actual 100th episode was not aired until March 31.

Syndication and international broadcast
The series had been airing in syndication since September 2005 and aired on Independent Fox UPN and The WB affiliates (the letter networks The WB 100+ Station Group (now The CW Plus) also carries the program as part of its national schedule) and was on the FX network from September 2008 until 2011. In syndication, the series' title is shortened simply to Bernie Mac. Bernie Mac's hometown of Chicago aired the series on the city's independent station The U. The Bernie Mac Show began its run on the station in September 2005. In the beginning of fall 2009, the series briefly moved to The U's sister station Me-TV, before returning to The U where it remained until late 2010. It also formerly aired reruns on BET, BET Her, Laff, MTV2 and TV One and currently airs on Bounce TV and Aspire TV.

On the day of Mac's funeral, The U aired a retrospective TV special called A Tribute to Bernie Mac, which featured clips from the series and an interview with Camille Winbush, who portrayed Vanessa.

Reruns of the show were also aired on Much in Canada. The show aired in Jamaica on CVM Television.

Home media
The Season One DVD boxset was released on DVD May 4, 2004.

Awards and nominations
The Bernie Mac Show won a Peabody Award in 2001, the Humanitas Prize, a Primetime Emmy Award, three NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series, and was honored by the Television Critics Association.

For his role in the show, Bernie Mac was honored by the Television Critics Association for Individual Achievement in a Comedy as well as the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series four years in a row: 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006.

title: The Bernie Mac Show


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Classified advertising

Classified advertising is a form of advertising, particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals, which may be sold or distributed free of charge. Classified advertisements are much cheaper than larger display advertisements used by businesses, although display advertising is more widespread. They were also commonly called "want" ads, starting in 1763, and are sometimes called small ads in Britain.

Newspaper classifieds
Advertisements in a newspaper are typically short, as they are charged for by the line or word, and are one newspaper column wide.

Publications printing news or other information often have sections of classified advertisements; there are also publications that contain only advertisements. The advertisements are grouped into categories or classes such as "for sale—telephones", "wanted—kitchen appliances", and "services—plumbing", hence the term "classified". Classified ads generally fall into two types: individuals advertising sales of their personal goods, and advertisements by local businesses. Some businesses use classified ads to hire new employees.

One issue with newspaper classified advertising is that it does not allow images, even though display ads, which do allow images, can be found in the classified section.

Developments
In recent years the term "classified advertising" or "classified ads" has expanded from merely the sense of print advertisements in periodicals to include similar types of advertising on computer services, radio, and even television, particularly cable television but occasionally broadcast television as well, with the latter occurring typically very early in the morning hours.

Like most forms of printed media, the classified ad has found its way to the Internet, as newspapers have taken their classified ads online and new groups have discovered the benefits of classified advertising.

Internet classified ads do not typically use per-line pricing models, so they tend to be longer. They are also searchable, unlike printed material, and may foster a greater sense of urgency as a result of their daily structure and wider scope for audiences. Because of their self-regulatory nature and low cost structures, some companies offer free classifieds internationally. Other companies focus mainly on their local hometown region, while others blanket urban areas by using postal codes. Craigslist.org was one of the first online classified sites, and has grown to become the largest classified source, bringing in over 14 million unique visitors a month according to Comscore Media Metrix. The sex ad section of the site was probed by authorities until it was shut down indefinitely. A growing number of sites and companies have begun to provide specialized classified marketplaces online, catering to niche market products and services, such as boats, pianos, pets, and adult services, among others. Facebook marketplace provides classified-style services but prohibits the sale of firearms.

A number of online services called aggregators crawl and aggregate classifieds from sources such as blogs and RSS feeds, as opposed to relying on manually submitted listings.

Additionally, other companies provide online advertising services and tools to assist members in designing online ads using professional ad templates and then automatically distributing the finished ads to the various online ad directories as part of their service. In this sense these companies act as both an application service provider and a content delivery platform.

Statistics
In 2022, the digital classifieds market generated around $21 billion in worldwide revenue, according to a report by Statista.

Newspapers' revenue from classifieds advertisements is decreasing continually as internet classifieds grow. Classified advertising at some of the larger newspaper chains dropped by 14% to 20% in 2007, while traffic to classified sites grew by 23%.

As the online classified advertising sector develops, there is an increasing emphasis toward specialization. Vertical markets for classifieds are developing quickly along with the general marketplace for classifieds websites. Like search engines, classified websites are often specialized, with sites providing advertising platforms for niche markets of buyers or sellers.

title: Classified advertising


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Shlomo Kalo

Shlomo Kalo (שלמה קאלו; February 25, 1928 – August 30, 2014) was a writer and microbiologist. He published approximately 80 fiction and nonfiction books in Hebrew, some of which are published in translation internationally.

Biography
Shlomo Kalo was born on 25 February 1928, in Sofia, Bulgaria. At the age of 12, Kalo joined the anti-Fascist underground in Bulgaria. Aged 15, when Bulgaria was under Nazi occupation, Kalo was imprisoned in an improvised concentration camp in Somovit.", Aged 18, in 1946, he won a prize in a poetry competition and went to Prague, where he studied medicine at the Charles University, worked as a freelance journalist and wrote short stories.

When the state of Israel was founded in 1948, Shlomo Kalo joined the Mahal ("Volunteers from abroad": individuals outside Israel who volunteered to fight together with the Israeli forces in its war of independence) and was trained as a pilot in Olomouc, Czechoslovakia. In 1949, at the age of 21 he immigrated to Israel. In 1958 he got his M.Sc. in microbiology at the Tel Aviv University. For 26 years till his retirement (in 1988) he worked as director of the medical laboratories of Kupat Holim Klalit health services, in Rishon-leZion. His first book in Hebrew, a collection of short stories, was published in 1954 by "Sifriyat ha-Poalim".

In 1969, a sharp turn in his life occurred (described in the last pages of his autobiographic novel "Erral"). It affected his life, thoughts and literary activity ever since. Kalo wrote about it: "First Sunday of the year 1969 AD, twelve noon. Body tensed like a bow-string. Not he. Warmth rising from the region of the heart. Not he. He stopped being what he was. He will no longer be as he was, forever and ever, for all eternity. He was, he is, he will be, forever and ever, for all eternity." In 1979 an informal group known as "DAAT" (Hebrew acronym, meaning knowledge, standing for "know yourself always") formed around Shlomo Kalo. This group had a varying number of members or supporters till it disbanded in 2009. Some well-known and influential journalists and artists (Shlomo Bar-Abba, Odetta Schwartz and Rivka Zohar, for example) were associated at times with the group.

In 2009, the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz reported that rumours were persistent that Shlomo Kalo was among few Israeli writers who had been shortlisted as candidates for the Nobel Prize for Literature, similar reports were made by other news sites in 2010 and in 2011.

Shlomo Kalo was married to Rivka Zohar-Kalo, a prominent Israeli singer, who performs and records, among others, songs he has written (music and lyrics). Shlomo Kalo died at his home on August 30, Shabbat morning. His wife said on a Channel 2 TV interview that his summarizing last words were: "Everything is excellent to the one who is not subjugated".

Literary activity
In the 1960s two other works of his were published by "Am Oved" and won great appreciation. In 1969 he established a publishing house named "DAAT Publications", from which he retired after a few years, though he continued to publish most of his following titles there. During the 1970s he translated into Hebrew classical writings of Far-Eastern schools such as: Patanjeli's Yoga verses, The Bhagavadgita, Budha's Dhamapada, Tao-Te-Ching and others. During these years and later in the 1980s Kalo published several nonfiction titles dealing with philosophical, moral and spiritual topics (two out of his seven volumes of lectures were published in this decade). Some other titles were literary fiction about a philosophical issue ("The Self as Fighter", "The Gospel of the Absolute Free Will" and the novel "Like the Scarlet Thread"). A lot of his music and songs were written in this period.

During the following two decades Kalo continued to write prolifically in a variety of genres and styles. In the 1990s his first titles written in a newly introduced genre (the so-called "documented" stories) were published: "Forevermore" and "Moments of Truth", as well as his best-selling historical novel title "The Chosen", printed in first edition. During these two decades translation rights of some of his books were sold over in 17 countries.

Short stories written by Shlomo Kalo were published in literary magazines in Israel, among them literary supplements of large newspapers. Some of his stories were included in various anthologies celebrating Israel's Jubilee year and other occasions. Prof. Gershon Shaked (Hebrew University) maintains in his Modern Fiction study (Indiana University, 2000; p 102-3) that Kalo's book "The Heap" marked 'two turning points in Hebrew Literary History; the beginning of modernist fiction in Israel, and the advent of Sephardi and Ashkenazi authors who wrote about the immigrant Sephardic community'. "The Heap," prof. Shaked continues, "has a special place in the history of Hebrew fiction because it is a neo-modernist social protest of an immigrant author". The novel is built around a number of immigrants who, reflecting their existential crisis, 'embody the archetype of human failure'.

Some 40 out of Kalo's 80 titles were published during the years 2000–2011.

Other activities
1988 was the year when the extensive media exposure of Shlomo Kalo's contemplative and spiritual lifework began. Since that time, messages and solutions to a variety of issues have been both aired by national TV and radio channels, and widely covered by the press.

During the Kosovo Crisis in 1999 Shlomo Kalo was the most prominent Israeli intellectual who publicly protested against US and NATO military attacks on Yugoslavia.

Fiction

 * 1954: Kuhim BeYafo (Hebrew כוכים ביפו)
 * 1962: ha-ʻAremah (Hebrew (הערימה
 * 1966: Lev ha-baśar (Hebrew (לב הבשר
 * 1979: ha-ʻAtsmi ke-loḥem (Hebrew (העצמי כלוחם
 * 1983: Meshalim (Hebrew משלים)
 * 1985: Masaʻ Atos (Hebrew מסע אתוס)
 * 1987: Beśorat ha-ratson ha-ḥofshi ha-muḥlaṭ (Hebrew בשורת הרצון החופשי המוחלט)
 * 1988: Ke-ḥuṭ ha-shani (Hebrew כחוט השני)
 * 1990: Shekheneha shel dodati Rashel (Hebrew שכניה של דודתי ראשל)
 * 1990: Ben kokhav aḥer (Hebrew בן כוכב אחר)
 * 1991: ʻAlilotaṿ ha-muflaʼot shel Loiṭenlib le-Vet Meyunkhaʼuzen (Hebrew עלילותיו המופלאות של לויטנליב לבית מיונכאוזן)
 * 1993: Melekh u-shemo ahavah (Hebrew מלך ושמו אהבה)
 * 1994: ha-Nivḥar (Hebrew הנבחר)
 * 1995: ʻAd ʻolam (Hebrew עד עולם)
 * 1995: Regaʻim shel emet (Hebrew רגעים של אמת)
 * 1996: ha-Mikhnasayim (Hebrew המכנסיים)
 * 1999: ha-Dolar ṿeha-eḳdaḥ (Hebrew הדולר והאקדח)
 * 2000: Ḥaṭifah (Hebrew חטיפה)
 * 2002: ʻAd sheha-maṿet yeḥaber benehem (Hebrew עד שהמוות יחבר ביניהם)
 * 2003: Samurai : shaḥ maṭ (Hebrew סמוראי)
 * 2003: Shenat arbaʻ-ʻeśreh la-sefirah she-lo heḥelah (Hebrew שנת ארבע־עשרה לספירה שלא החלה)
 * 2004: Pashuṭ (Hebrew פירוש)
 * 2005: Thriller (Hebrew Thriller)
 * 2006: Mifgashim (Hebrew מפגשים)
 * 2006: Mishpaḥat Ṿais (Hebrew משפחת וייס)
 * 2007: Migrash ḥanayah (Hebrew מגרש חניה)
 * 2007: Shete novelot (Hebrew שתי נובלות)
 * 2008: Ḥarig (Hebrew חריג)
 * 2008: Lili (Hebrew לילי)
 * 2008: Shaʻare ha-barzel ha-ʻatiḳim (Hebrew שערי הברזל העתיקים)
 * 2009: ha-Na'ar ha-Hungari (Hebrew הנער ההונגרי)
 * 2009: Trepan (Hebrew (טראפן
 * 2009: Tisis (Hebrew טיסיס)
 * 2009: Jenny (Hebrew ג'ני)
 * 2010: Jewish Faust – A play in one act (Hebrew פאוסט היהודי)
 * 2011: No Complaints (Hebrew אין תלונות)
 * 2012: Shigela Shiga (Hebrew שיגלה שיגה)

Nonfiction

 * 1974: Zen ṿe-ḥakhme zen. Translation. (Hebrew (זן וחכמי זן
 * 1976: Shir ha-Elohim The Bhagavad Gita. Translation.
 * 1981: ʻAśui li-veli ḥat (Hebrew (עשוי לבלי חת
 * 1982: Du-śiaḥ shel ḥerut (Hebrew (דו־שיח של חרות
 * 1984: Atah hinkha atah (Hebrew (אתה הנך אתה
 * 1984: Maʻagal ha-ʻotsmah ha-Ṭibeṭi. Translation, retold (Hebrew (מעגל העוצמה הטיבטי
 * 1985: Omanut ha-milḥamah le-ḥerut-emet (Hebrew (אמנות המלחמה לחרות־אמת
 * 1988: Yedidai
 * 1989: ha-Emet hi ḥedṿah (Hebrew (האמת היא חדווה
 * 1990: Ahavah menatsaḥat kol (Hebrew (אהבה מנצחת כל
 * 1991: Le-hatḥil ha-kol me-ḥadash (Hebrew (להתחיל הכל מחדש
 * 1993: Gam lo bi-fene ʻatsmekha (Hebrew (גם לא בפני עצמך
 * 1996: ha-Dimui (Hebrew הדימוי)
 * 1996: Ṿe-hineh hu ba (Hebrew (והנה הוא בא
 * 1997: ha-Enʼonim ke-mashal (Hebrew (האינאונים כמשל
 * 1997: ha-Matat she-lo hikhzivah (Hebrew (המתת שלא הכזיבה
 * 1999: Le-lo perush ṿe-tosafot (Hebrew (ללא פירוש ותוספות
 * 1999: Masaʻʼel (Hebrew (מסעאל
 * 2000: Har ha-osher (Hebrew (הר האושר
 * 2000: Teshuvot (Hebrew (תשובות
 * 2001: ʻIm G'uliʼan (Hebrew (עם ג׳וליאן
 * 2002: Ḳandar (Hebrew (קנדר
 * 2002: Ḳav hafrada (Hebrew (קו הפרדה
 * 2003: Matemaṭiḳah rom (Hebrew (מתמטיקה רום
 * 2004: Kata (Hebrew (קטה
 * 2007: ha-Hebeṭ ha-aḥer (Hebrew (ההיבט האחר
 * 2007: Ḳatedralah (Hebrew קתדרלה)
 * 2007: Hitnatslut (Hebrew (התנצלות
 * 2009: Hevel Ure'ut Ru'ah (Hebrew הבל ורעות רוח)

Autobiographies

 * 2001: Athar (Hebrew אטאר)
 * 2004: ʻErʻal (Hebrew ערעל)

Poetry

 * 2006: 18 Hagihim (Hebrew שמונה-עשר הגיחים)
 * 2008: Hagihim II (Hebrew (הגיחים 2
 * 2008: Shirei Herut – complete edition with music notes and CD (Hebrew (שירי חרות
 * 2011: Hagihim III (Hebrew הגיחים 3)

Translated books

 * The Dollar and the Gun (theme connected stories), Calder Publications, UK
 * The Self as Fighter (literary fiction, bordering philosophy), St. Pauls Publications, UK
 * The Chosen (historical novel), D.A.T. publications
 * Lili (novel), D.A.T. Publications
 * Erral (autobiographical novel), D.A.T. Publications
 * Athar (autobiographical novel), D.A.T. Publications
 * The Trousers – Parables for the 21st Century (parables collection), D.A.T. Publications
 * Forevermore (documented stories), D.A.T. Publications
 * The Fantastical Adventures of Leutenlieb of the House of Munchausen (humor), D.A.T. Publications

Kalo's books have been translated into: English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Greek, Malayalam, Bulgarian, Portuguese, Korean, Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, and Romanian.

title: Shlomo Kalo