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Birmingham Stallions

The Birmingham Stallions were a franchise in the United States Football League, an attempt to establish a second professional league of American football in the United States in competition with the National Football League. They played their home games at Birmingham, Alabama's Legion Field. They competed in all three USFL seasons, 1983–1985. During their run, they were one of the USFL's more popular teams, and seemed to have a realistic chance of being a viable venture had the USFL been better run.

The owner was Cincinnati financier and Birmingham native Marvin Warner. The team's coach was Rollie Dotsch, who was previously the offensive line coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers during its Super Bowl years and ended up with the second most wins in USFL history. The Stallions starting quarterback for their final two seasons was Cliff Stoudt, a long-time backup to Terry Bradshaw with the Steelers. Stoudt had finally taken over for the injured Bradshaw in 1983 and had played very well for the first half of the season, but his game fell apart in the second half of the season, leading Steeler fans to harshly turn on him. After the season, Stoudt quickly decided it was not worth staying in Pittsburgh and signed with the Stallions. (Amusingly, the expansion Pittsburgh Maulers' lone sellout was the game where Cliff Stoudt returned to Pittsburgh. Steeler fans pelted the hated Stoudt with snowballs throughout the game, but Stoudt and Birmingham won, 30–18.)

In Birmingham, Stoudt proved to be an excellent QB, finishing in the league's top 5 in 1984 and 1985, among such peers as Jim Kelly and Chuck Fusina and leading the team to two divisional titles. The Stallions also added Bills star HB Joe Cribbs in 1984. Cribbs led the league in rushing in 1984 and finished 6th in 1985. Former Steeler WR Jim Smith was another of the team's stars. Many other Stallions players would play in the NFL once the USFL went out of existence.

1983 season
Warner was initially slated to be the owner of the USFL's Washington franchise–what became the Washington Federals. However, when he learned that the USFL was putting a franchise in his hometown, he jumped at it. Without Warner's wealth behind them, the Federals were forced to abandon the capital after two seasons and move to Orlando as the Renegades.

The Stallions scrambled to put a roster together after training camp and signed or claimed approximately 20 players via trades or waivers in the week prior to their first game. However, Dotsch managed to mold them into a fairly competitive team that finished 9-9.

Although the team made a splash in signing their first-round draft pick, quarterback Reggie Collier out of Southern Mississippi, the remainder of the Stallions consisted of mostly unsung former NFL reserves and college free agents.

One of the few pro veterans signed was center Tom Banks (a Birmingham native), who spent ten seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals. Banks played 116 NFL games (starting 63) while with the Cardinals and was brought in by coach Rollie Dotsch to serve as a mentor to a very young club. Banks eventually retired after the 1984 Stallions' season and became an assistant coach on the Birmingham staff in 1985.

Other NFL veterans who signed with the Stallions included former Kansas City Chief RB Earl Gant (2 years, 20 games with the Chiefs), RB Ken Talton (1 year, 2 games with the Lions), WR/KR Kevin Miller (3 years, 20 games with the Vikings), TE Steve Stephens (1 year, 16 games with the Jets), OT Robert Woods (8 years, 99 games with the Jets and Saints), OG Buddy Aydelette (1 year, 9 games with the Packers), DE Mike Raines (7 years, 104 games with the CFL Ottawa Rough Riders), DE Reggie P. Lewis (2 years, 22 games with the Buccaneers), LB Dallas Hickman (6 years, 91 games with the Redskins), CB Mike Thomas (6 years, 77 games with the Redskins and Chargers) and SS Billy Cesare (5 years, 46 games with the Buccaneers, Dolphins and Lions),

The Stallions had some success in signing several of their 1983 draft picks to go along with Collier. Guard Pat Saindon (8th round, Vanderbilt), nose tackle Charles Martin (15th round, Livingston College) and reserve guard Mike Turner (16th round, Louisiana State). Martin would go on to play for the Green Bay Packers and was involved in an infamous bodyslam tackle of Chicago Bears QB Jim McMahon in 1986 at Soldier Field. They also signed two key territorial draft selections in defensive end Jackie Cline from Alabama and offensive tackle Pat Phenix from Ole' Miss.

The Stallions also signed a rookie free agent named Scott Norwood who would later be infamous as the Buffalo Bills kicker who missed a field goal in the dying minutes of the Super Bowl in 1990.

After dropping their opening game on a Monday night (9-7, at home to the Michigan Panthers) the Stallions rebounded on the road the following week with a 20–14 overtime victory in Oakland against the Invaders to record their first franchise win.

However, the Stallions struggled out of the gate with a 2–5 record as Coach Rollie Dotsch and his staff put a patchwork, blue-collar, run-oriented club together.

Prior to the Stallions' sixth game of the season, former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Jim Smith (6 years, 73 games with the Steelers) was signed by Dotsch to add some punch to a listless receiving corps. Smith did not disappoint as his arrival helped the offense almost immediately. Dotsch was very familiar with Smith as they were members of two Super Bowl Championship clubs in the Steel City.

The turning point in the season, however, was during a home game in Week #8 (Sunday, April 24) against the Oakland Invaders when backup quarterback Bobby Lane took the reins of the Stallions offense from Collier, who struggled with injuries and inconsistency.

Lane's heroics won the game vs. Oakland and the Stallions went on to win four subsequent games that improved their record to a 7–5 mark. However, the club managed to only win two of their last six games to finish with a 9–9 mark and a fourth-place finish in the Central Division.

All four teams in the USFL Central Division in 1983 were at .500 or above (Michigan 12–6, Chicago 12-6 and Tampa Bay 11-7 all recorded strong campaigns).

The biggest game of the 1983 season for the Stallions came in Week #11 on a Saturday night (May 14, 1983) when they defeated the visiting Los Angeles Express, 35–20, in front of the largest crowd of the year at Legion Field (42,212). The crowd featured over 20,000 people from the families of local steel and Iron workers unions.

The following week, the Stallions went on the road and defeated the eventual USFL Champion Michigan Panthers, 23–20 at the Pontiac Silverdome. The game was highlighted by a disputed touchdown late in the game when a Michigan defender intercepted a ball in the end zone, spiked the ball and had it recovered by a Stallions' player before the play was blown dead.

Birmingham finished the season as the top rushing club in the USFL with 3,017 yards on 701 carries, however, the Stallions ranked 11th in the 12-team loop with 2,999 yards passing.

Late in the season, the club also announced the signing of former Buffalo Bills running back Joe Cribbs, who would join the club at the start of the 1984 season. Cribbs, who played his college ball locally for the Auburn Tigers, signed a three-year contract with the Stallions.

1983 Birmingham Stallions Schedule
Sources

1984 season
With the off-season signing of former NFL'ers quarterback Cliff Stoudt, running back Joe Cribbs, full back Leon Perry, defensive end Dave Pureifory and CFL cornerback Ricky Ray, the Stallions outlook for the 1984 campaign was bright.

Coach Dotsch shored up several areas, including the defensive line where three players from the 1983 squad were let go. Also added to the lineup was a college free agent in safety Chuck Clanton who burst onto the scene with the Stallions in 1984 as a major force on a re-build defense.

The Stallions also employed a re-vamped defense with a regular "Nickel" formation featuring, two linebackers and 5 defensive backs – one of the first defenses of its kind utilized in the USFL (the San Antonio Gunslingers were the other team to feature the nickel defense as well in 1984). They already had a reputation as a hard-hitting team, which was thought to be carried over from Dotsch's days with the Steelers.

The Stallions' first game of the 1984 campaign was before a league record 62,500 fans at Legion Field against another re-constructed club in the New Jersey Generals. With the Generals arriving in town like a circus with new owner Donald Trump, running back Herschel Walker and quarterback Brian Sipe in tow, Birmingham was abuzz with anticipation for the new season.

The opening game against New Jersey was broadcast on national television on ABC, however, the Stallions were listless in a 17–6 loss to the Generals to start the season.

However, the game would mark the start of a nine-game unbeaten streak that took the Stallions into a May 6 contest at Legion Field with a 9–1 record against the 9-1 Philadelphia Stars. In its biggest game since the opener against New Jersey, the Stallions came up flat in a 43-11 spanking at the hands of the Stars who would go on to win the 1984 USFL Championship.

The game against the Stars drew a crowd of 49,500, however, the loss sullied interest in the team for the rest of the season as the club averaged only averaged 27,000 fans per game for their last four home games, despite chalking up a 14–4 record. The decline was also blamed on the USFL's decision in May to move to a fall schedule for the 1986 season – a scenario that transpired in several USFL markets.

With their 14–4 mark, the Stallions captured the Southern Division Championship and a berth in the USFL playoffs with a 35–20 win over the Memphis Showboats in Week #17 at a sold-out Liberty Bowl.

In the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals, the Stallions defeated their southern division rivals the Tampa Bay Bandits with a convincing 36–16 win at Legion Field in front of 32,000.

One week later, the Stallions dropped the Eastern Conference Championship, 20–10 to the Philadelphia Stars in a game played at Franklin Field. The venue was moved to the University of Pennsylvania campus when Veterans Stadium was occupied by the Philadelphia Phillies.

1984 Birmingham Stallions Schedule
Sources

1985 season
After having a very successful 1984 season and coming to within a win of the USFL Championship game, the Stallions entered 1985 with high hopes. However, the team was nearly derailed in mid-season. On March 4, ESM Government Securities, a Florida-based securities dealer owned by Tampa Bay Bandits co-owner Steve Arky, was raided and shut down by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The ESM raid, and Arky's subsequent suicide, triggered a massive run on Home State Savings Bank, the Cincinnati-based savings and loan Warner controlled, resulting in its seizure by Ohio regulators.

With most of his money tied up in either Home State or the Stallions, Warner was forced to give up control of the Stallions just days after Home State's collapse. The league had required its owners to post a $1.3 million letter of credit for just such an emergency. Unfortunately, the Stallions' letter of credit was backed by Home State, rendering it worthless.

In response, team president Jerry Sklar urged the Stallions' limited partners to chip in more money, and persuaded the city government to buy a $100,000 stake in the team along with a $900,000 credit line. This allowed the Stallions to stay in business and remain in Birmingham.

More or less out of necessity, the Stallions exercised more fiscal responsibility in 1985 and made only minor upgrades to their roster in the off-season. The only notable addition during the off-season was defensive tackle Doug Smith who was a 2nd round pick by the Houston Oilers in 1984. Smith, an Auburn graduate, was a territorial selection of the Stallions in 1984, and signed with the Stallions after being unable to come to a contract agreement with the Oilers.

After acquiring the first overall pick in the 1985 USFL Open Draft, the Stallions selected a wide receiver from Mississippi Valley State University named Jerry Rice. The USFL draft was held in January 1985, however, when the NFL Draft was held four months later, Rice was considered a "project" by several NFL scouting staffs and dropped to the 16th overall pick to the San Francisco 49ers.

Although Rice signed with the 49ers, credit should be given to GM Jerry Sklar and his staff for realizing the potential of Rice well ahead of most other professional scouting staffs.

With the USFL from 18 to 14 teams, the Stallions also acquired some solid depth in safety David Dumars from the Denver Gold, offensive tackle Phil McKinnely from the Memphis Showboats, linebacker Ken Kelley from the Chicago Blitz and defensive back Mickey Sutton from the Pittsburgh Maulers.

Birmingham opened the season, as they did in 1984, by hosting the New Jersey Generals at Legion Field. The game featured the USFL debut of 1984 Heisman Trophy winner Doug Flutie at quarterback for the Generals. In front of 34,785 at Legion Field, the Stallions controlled the majority of the game and won their opener, 38–28 over New Jersey.

The Stallions jumped out to a 5–1 record in 1985 and finished the regular season on a 6-1 clip to claim the Eastern Conference title and the #2 seed in the USFL Playoffs with a 13-5-0 mark. Only the Oakland Invaders had a better record in 1985 with a 13-4-1 record.

Quarterback Cliff Stoudt had a solid season passing for 3,358 yards, 34 touchdowns and 19 interceptions. Stoudt's 34 touchdown passes was second only to Houston's Jim Kelly who tossed for 39 majors in 1985.

Stoudt's primary target in 1985 was wide receiver Jim Smith who had a career year catching a USFL record 20 touchdown passes. Smith caught 87 passes for a league leading 1,322 yards and was named to the USFL All-Star team.

Running back Joe Cribbs recorded his second consecutive 1,000+ yard season with 1,047 yards on 267 carries and 7 touchdowns.

Safety Chuck Clanton also set a professional football record with 16 interceptions in 1985 as he also added 275 returns yards and a major picking off passes. The NFL record of 14 in a season was set in 1952 by Dick 'Night Train' Lane of the Los Angeles Rams. The CFL record of 15 in a season was set in 1972 by Al Brenner of the Calgary Stampeders.

In the USFL Quarter-Final, the Stallions defeated the visiting Houston Gamblers 22–20, at Legion Field.

The following week, the Stallions hosted the defending champion, and nemesis, the Baltimore Stars at Legion Field. After losing to the Stars in the Eastern Conference final in 1984, the Stallions were hoping to exact revenge, however, they dropped a 28-14 decision to Baltimore in what would eventually be Birmingham's last USFL game.

1985 Birmingham Stallions Schedule
Sources

Single-season records

 * Rushing attempts; 297 (1984), Joe Cribbs
 * Rushing yards: 1467 (1984), Joe Cribbs
 * Rushing TDs: 13 (1984), Leon Perry
 * Receptions: 89 (1984), Jim Smith
 * Receiving yards: 1607 (1984), Jim Smith (USFL record)
 * Receiving TDs; 20 (1985), Jim Smith (USFL record)
 * Pass Completions: 266 (1985), Cliff Stoudt
 * Pass Attempts; 444 (1985), Cliff Stoudt
 * Passing yards: 3188 (1985), Cliff Stoudt
 * Passing TDs: 35 (1985), Cliff Stoudt
 * Kickoff returns: 26 (1985), Paul Ott Carruth
 * Kickoff return yards: 477 (1985), Paul Ott Carruth
 * Kickoff return Avg: 23.2 (1984), Lonnie Johnson
 * Punt returns: 33 (1985), Thad McFadden
 * Punt return yards: 328 (1985), Thad McFadden
 * Punt return Avg: 9.9 (1985), Thad McFadden
 * Field Goals Made: 25 (1983), Scott Norwood
 * Field Goal Attempts: 34 (1983), Scott Norwood
 * Punts: 67 (1985), Bob Parsons
 * Punt Yardage: 2626 (1985), Bob Parsons
 * Punt Average: 41.4 (1983), Skip Johnston
 * Tackles: 149 (1985), Herb Spencer
 * Sacks: 10.0 (1984), Dave Pureifory
 * Passes Defensed: 18 (1985), Chuck Clanton
 * Fumbles Recoveries: 3 (1984), Mike Murphy
 * Interceptions: 16 (1985), Chuck Clanton (USFL and Pro Football record)
 * Interception yards: 275 (1985), Chuck Clanton (USFL record)

Season-by-season
Lost Semifinal (Philadelphia) Lost Semifinal (Baltimore) !Totals || 38 || 20 || 0
 * 1983 ||9||9|| 0 ||4th Central||--
 * 1984 ||14 || 4 || 0 || 1st EC Southern ||Won Quarterfinal (Tampa Bay)
 * 1984 ||14 || 4 || 0 || 1st EC Southern ||Won Quarterfinal (Tampa Bay)
 * 1984 ||14 || 4 || 0 || 1st EC Southern ||Won Quarterfinal (Tampa Bay)
 * 1985 || 13 || 5 || 0 || 1st EC || Won Quarterfinal (Houston)
 * 1985 || 13 || 5 || 0 || 1st EC || Won Quarterfinal (Houston)
 * colspan="2"| (including playoffs)

After football
A few of those associated with the Stallions made their mark in Birmingham after the league folded:
 * Joey Jones, who played wide receiver, coached football at two local high schools. In 2006, he became the first head football coach at Birmingham Southern College since 1939, when football was cancelled as a varsity sport. In 2008, after just one year at BSC, he returned to his hometown of Mobile and started the college football program at the University of South Alabama.
 * Joe Cribbs returned to the NFL to finish out his football career. He returned to Birmingham to help those recovering from drug and alcohol addiction.
 * Jim Hilyer, an assistant coach, went on to be the first ever football coach at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He would also be an assistant to three other pro football teams to play in Birmingham. After football, he was an instructor in physical fitness at the Birmingham Police Academy.
 * Buddy Aydelette is a city councilman with Trussville. Aydelette played offensive lineman for the Stallions and the University of Alabama.

Other history
The Stallions were the first pro football team to draft Jerry Rice. They received the first overall pick in the 1985 USFL Draft, due to a trade with the Orlando Renegades. Rice never played in Birmingham.

Among those considered to be Birmingham's coach were Bobby Bowden, Gene Stallings, and Hank Stram.

title: Birmingham Stallions


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User:Lev

Hi everybody!

I'm Lev. I think Wikipedia is a cool idea so I keep browsing – and contributing.

My interests:
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Some articles I've written completely or large parts of:
 * Interreligious marriage
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 * I have also contributed to the linguistic articles Portmanteau, Syllabic abbreviation and Placeholder name.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lev


text: User:P.T. Aufrette

title: User:P.T. Aufrette


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Lagavulin distillery

Lagavulin distillery is a malt whisky distillery in the village of Lagavulin on the south of the island of Islay, Scotland. It distills spirit that will become Islay single malt Scotch whisky.

Lagavulin is owned by Diageo, a multinational beverage alcohol company headquartered in London. It was previously marketed under the Classic Malts range of single malts, which is now defunct.

The standard bottling is a 16-year-old, bottled at 43% ABV. They also bottle a Distiller's edition, finished in Pedro Ximénez Sherry casks. Alongside these, they regularly release a 12-year-old cask strength version and various older and rarer expressions.

The name Lagavulin is an anglicisation of Lag a' Mhuilinn, the Scottish Gaelic for hollow of the mill.

History
The distillery of Lagavulin officially dates from 1816, when John Johnston and Archibald Campbell Brooks constructed two distilleries on the site. One of them became Lagavulin, taking over the other—which one is not exactly known. Records show illicit distillation in at least ten illegal distilleries on the site as far back as 1742, however.

The distillery was run by John Johnston until 1835 at which point the distillery had a valuation of £1,103 9s 8d. . It was taken over by Alexander Graham who installed his son Walter Graham as the distiller. Walter ran it until 1848 when he moved to Laphroaig and presumably his brother John Crawford Graham took charge. In 1849 improvements were carried out to extend the buildings and provide new roads and access. Later John Crawford Graham entered into a partnership with James Logan Mackie. John Crowford had other business interested in Glasgow and gradually lessened his direct influence over the distillery which left James Logan Mackie in charge from 1856. In 1878 Peter Mackie joined his uncle's firm and in the mid-1880s, they established Mackie & Co. to market Lagavulin and other whiskies in London and further afield. Several legal battles ensued with their neighbour Laphroaig, brought about after the distiller at Lagavulin, Peter Mackie, leased the Laphroaig distillery. It is said that Mackie attempted to copy Laphroaig's style. Since the water and peat at Lagavulin's premises was different from that at Laphroaig's, the result did not match. Peter Mackie took over as sole partner in 1889. In 1895 the two businesses amalgamated as Mackie & Co (Distillers) and began to blend White Horse using whisky from Lagavulin. In 1895, Mackie's became a limited company. Peter was in charge until 1902 by which time he was in partnership with Andrew Hair Holm. The partnership held a lease of Lagavulin for £800 per year for 50 years.

The White Horse brand became well-known for its quality and won many awards. In 1908 Mackie and Co were honoured by Royal Warrant Appointment as purveyors of White Horse whisky to King Edward VII.

In the early 1920s the distillery was sold off by Iain Ramsay to Peter Mackie for £16,000. In 1923 the firm was acquired by Buchanan Dewar Ltd who continued with the White Horse brand. The company joined Distillers Company in 1925, which was acquired by Guinness in 1986, and Guinness merged with Grand Metropolitan to form Diageo in 1997.

Lagavulin is known for its producer's use of a slow distillation speed and pear shaped pot stills. The two wash stills have a capacity of 11,000 l and the two spirit stills of 12,500 l each.

Accolades
International spirits ratings competitions have generally given Lagavulin's 16-year spirit extremely high scores. The San Francisco World Spirits Competition, for instance, gave the 16-year four consecutive double gold medals between 2005 and 2008 and has awarded it gold medals in the years since. Wine Enthusiast Magazine put the 16-year in its 90–95 point interval in 2004. Spirits ratings aggregator proof66.com, which averages scores from the San Francisco Spirits Competition, Wine Enthusiast, and others, classifies the spirit in its highest ("Tier 1") performance category.

Managers

 * Murdoch McEwan 1925–1945
 * Jack Wilson circa 1974
 * Neil Gillies, 1975–1980
 * Ian Marland, 1980–1983
 * Alistair Robertson, 1984–1988
 * Grant Carmichael, 1988–1995
 * Mike Nicolson, 1995–October 1998
 * Donald Renwick, 1998–2005
 * John Thomson, 2005–2006
 * Graham Logie, 2006–2008
 * Peter Campbell, 2008–2010
 * Georgie Crawford, 2010–2018
 * Colin Gordon, 2018–2020
 * Pierrick Guillaume, 2020–2022
 * Jordan Paisley, 2022–

Cultural references

 * Michael Schur, co-creator of NBC's Parks and Recreation  made Lagavulin the drink of choice of character Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), featuring it throughout the series.
 * The Lagavulin distillery was featured in the two-part opening episode of the show's sixth season, titled "London."
 * 51 % of The Lagavulin distillery was bought by Ron Swanson in the last episode of the show's seventh season, titled "One Last Ride."
 * Following the series, Offerman appeared in several commercials for the product and Lagavulin issued an Offerman edition.
 * In The West Wing (season 3, episode 15, titled 'Dead Irish Writers'), Lagavulin was featured as the drink of choice of Lord John Marbury (Roger Rees).
 * Lagavulin 16 was offered to the character Lionel Toussaint (Leslie Odom Jr.) as his preferred drink in Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery.
 * Lagavulin is mentioned as the preferred drink of DC Comics supervillain Lex Luthor in the series finale of Titans.
 * Lagavulin is mentioned as the favorite scotch of Bruno Correges, the title character in Martin Walker's "Bruno, Chief of Police" mystery novels.
 * Lagavulin is ordered by Lisbeth Salander in a bar in Gibraltar near the end of the book, " The Girl Who Kicked The Hornets' Nest ". She tastes it, then asks for something that could not be used to tar a boat and returns to Tullamore Dew.

title: Lagavulin distillery


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George Thomas Napier

Sir George Thomas Napier (30 June 1784 – 16 September 1855) was a British Army officer who saw service in the Peninsular War and later commanded the army of the Cape Colony.

Life
He entered the British Army in 1800, and served with distinction under Sir John Moore and the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula—losing his right arm at the 1812 storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, where, as a major in the 52nd Foot, he led the Light Division's storming party.

He became major-general in 1837, KCB in 1838 and lieutenant-general in 1846. He was governor and Commander-In-Chief of the army in the Cape Colony from 1839 to 1843, during which time the abolition of slavery and the expulsion of the Boers from Natal were the chief events. He was offered, but declined, the chief command in India after the Battle of Chillianwalla, and also that of the Sardinian army in 1849. He became full general in 1854. He died at Geneva, Switzerland on 16 September 1855, aged 71.

His autobiography, Passages in the Early Military Life of General Sir G.T. Napier, was published by his surviving son, General William Craig Emilius Napier (the author of an important work on outpost duty) in 1885.

The town of Napier, Western Cape, and also Napier House at Fairbairn College, Goodwood, Cape Town, are named after Sir George Thomas Napier.

Family

 * Father - Colonel George Napier (1751–1804)
 * Mother - Lady Sarah Lennox (1745–1826), daughter of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond.
 * Brother - Sir Charles James Napier (1782–1853), Commander-in-Chief in India. The New Zealand city of Napier is named after him.
 * Brother - Sir William Francis Patrick Napier (1785–1860), soldier and military historian.
 * Brother - Henry Edward Napier (1789–1853), naval officer and historian
 * Wife - Frances Dorothea Blencowe, formerly married to William Peere Williams Freeman.
 * Son-in-law - Colonel Henry William St Pierre Bunbury (1812–1875), married his daughter Cecilia
 * Lieut. Colonel George S. F. Napier (c. 1862–1942)

title: George Thomas Napier


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TAUM system

TAUM (Traduction Automatique à l'Université de Montréal) is the name of a research group which was set up at the Université de Montréal in 1965. Most of its research was done between 1968 and 1980.

It gave birth to the TAUM-73 and TAUM-METEO machine translation prototypes, using the Q-Systems programming language created by Alain Colmerauer, which were among the first attempts to perform automatic translation through linguistic analysis. The prototypes were never used in actual production.

The TAUM-METEO name has been erroneously used for many years to designate the METEO System subsequently developed by John Chandioux.

title: TAUM system


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Ralf Schumann

Ralf Schumann (born 10 June 1962) is a former German 25 m rapid fire pistol shooter. He is a three-time Olympic Champion and twice the World Champion. One of the most decorated shooters of the modern era, he is the first of two sport shooters to have won three Olympic gold medals in one individual event (25 metre rapid fire pistol) and became the first of three sport shooters to have won three Olympic individual gold medals. He won the gold medals for the 25 metre rapid fire pistol event at the 1992, 1996 and 2004 Olympics and also won two silver medals at this event, becoming the most successful Olympic shooter at this event. Schumann participated in seven consecutive Olympic Games from 1988 to 2012, setting a new record for most Olympic appearances by a German athlete.

Career
His international breakthrough came in the years before the Seoul Olympics in 1988, where he was considered the most likely winner. However, he was beaten by Afanasijs Kuzmins of the Soviet Union (later Latvia) by 598 to 597 in the qualification round, and could not close the gap in the finals as Kuzmins achieved a perfect 100. After this, the targets were changed, lowering results considerably, but Schumann's hegemony has only increased. He won the 1990 World Championships and the 1992 Olympics. He scored 596 points on several occasions before raising the World Record to 597 in 1995, which he equalled in 2000. After the major rule change in 2005, he beat the world record again with 588 points, bettered by Sergei Alifirenko later the same year. He also held the pre-2005 final World Record and the Olympic records (from 1996), excelling in the four-second final shooting.

Being the favourite in every competition he entered, it was natural that his failures to win received some attention. Most notable among these is his performance in the Sydney Olympics in 2000, when at the prospect of winning his third Olympic gold medal (something no RFP shooter before has managed) he only finished fifth. However, his results since then have proved that this was not the beginning of a long-term decline, and in the Athens Olympics in 2004, he finally won his third Olympic gold.

Sponsorships
Ralf has worked as a precision mechanic during his shooting career, and his employers have sponsored his competitive shooting by offering Ralf a 3-month paid leave of absence each year to train. He also designed a custom .22 caliber pistol which is sold by Italian manufacturer Pardini.

Personal life
Schumann was born in Meissen in Saxony. He took up pistol shooting in 1977 and was eventually trained at the East German national shooting arena in Suhl, Thuringia. He has on several occasions been voted the athlete of the year in Thuringia. He now lives in nearby Stockheim, Bavaria. His wife, Anke Völker-Schumann is also a shooter; she joined Ralf in competing at the 1988, 1996, and 2000 Olympics.

title: Ralf Schumann


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Gérald Tremblay

Gérald Tremblay (born September 20, 1942) is a former Canadian politician and businessman who served as mayor of Montreal from 2002 until his resignation in 2012. He also served as president of the Montreal Metropolitan Community. Before becoming mayor he had a long career in business and management. Tremblay resigned as Mayor on November 5, 2012, following allegations of corruption made at the Charbonneau Commission.

Early life and career
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Tremblay grew up in Montreal, where his family moved when he was four years old. His parents, Georges Albert Tremblay, a notary, and Rollande Forest, had four boys: Michel, Gérald, Marcel, and François. He obtained a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Ottawa in 1969, and was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1970. He earned a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Harvard Business School in 1972.

He was a professor and lecturer at HEC Montréal from 1974 to 1977.

He then served as a senior manager in several companies. He worked at a consulting firm from 1977 to 1981, the Fédération des caisses d'entraide économique du Québec from 1981 to 1982, as well as various businesses in the hospitality and retail industry from 1982 to 1986 and the Société de développement industriel from 1986 to 1989. He was also a member of the board of directors of the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and Hydro-Québec, as well as the governor of the Quebec MBA Association.

He was elected as the Liberal MNA for Outremont in 1989. He first sat in the National Assembly and served as Minister of Industry, Commerce, Science and Technology in the Bourassa Cabinet from October 11, 1989, to January 11, 1994, and in the Johnson Jr. Cabinet from January 11 to September 26, 1994.

He was re-elected to the National Assembly in September 1994, and was named president of the Commission de l'économie et du travail from December 1, 1994, until his resignation on April 15, 1996.

After his second term in the legislature and up until his election as mayor on November 4, 2001, Tremblay returned to the private sector. He taught again at HEC Montréal, worked at Monitor Company and Rolland, and sat on the board of directors of various companies. He was also a successful entrepreneur, setting up a chain of specialty boutiques called Dans un Jardin which sold mostly perfume, but also jam, and other small delicacies. He also served as president of World Skills 1999, held in Montreal.

Gérald Tremblay and his wife, Suzanne Tailleur, were married on November 24, 1979, and four years later adopted twins, Marie-Laurence and Georges-Etienne.

Mayoral career
Tremblay ran for mayor of Montreal after the controversial merging of the 29 municipalities that made up the Montreal Urban Community (MUC) into one single city spanning the entire island of Montreal, which caused then-mayor Pierre Bourque, who was associated with orchestrating the merger, to call an election. Tremblay's municipal political party was known as the Montreal Island Citizens Union (now known as Union Montréal), and his election campaign was based on re-evaluating the merger and decentralizing the city structure. In the 2001 election, shortly after the towns on the island of Montreal had been forcibly merged into a new Island-wide city of Montreal, Tremblay campaigned as the defender of towns and cities. He received a great deal of support from opponents of the amalgamation. He was elected mayor on November 4, 2001, with the support of a diverse coalition, formed mostly of opponents of the merger.

However, in the subsequent referendum on the question of demerger, he was accused of betraying his supporters by coming out strongly in favour of the "no" side, supporting the megacity.

On November 6, 2005, Gérald Tremblay won his second term in office, easily winning against long-time rival Pierre Bourque by 74,646 votes. The voter turn-out estimated at 39.13% was the lowest ever in the history of the Montreal municipal elections. (See 2005 Quebec municipal elections).

Since he took office, Tremblay has streamlined the city's operations but also generated controversy in some quarters. While his administration improved public consultation mechanisms, it is also considered by many to be one of the most secretive administrations in Montreal history, causing some to declare that the democratic deficit has grown during his tenure despite improvements to consultation.

In 2006, Tremblay was appointed vice president for North America of United Cities and Local Governments and re-elected vice president of the International Association of Francophone Mayors.

Gérald Tremblay was re-elected for a third term on November 1, 2009, with 37.90% of the vote. He defeated Louise Harel (32.73%) of Vision Montreal and Richard Bergeron (25.45%) of Projet Montréal. The 2009 campaign focused on ethics and governance in the wake of the scandal of water meters and collusion in the awarding of contracts in infrastructure.

Criticism
His administration decentralized the city by giving more power to the boroughs. He has been criticized by suburban mayors who decry his clear preference for Montreal to receive a much larger share of the island's tax revenues than it would have had the merger not taken place. However, many argue that these boroughs are even less responsive to the public than City Hall, since they are not required to offer public consultations on their decisions. Nevertheless, the public can (and sometimes does) force referendums on particular bylaw proposals.

Tremblay received criticism for his proposal to change the name of Avenue du Parc to Avenue Robert-Bourassa, in honour of former Quebec premier Robert Bourassa, without public consultation. The proposal was approved by City Council in a vote on November 29, 2006. Much of the criticism of the proposal came from residents and businesses who inhabit Avenue du Parc. On February 6, 2007, Mayor Tremblay backed away from his position on Avenue du Parc after losing the support of Bourassa's family. In a press conference on the issue, the mayor claimed to "have learned that the opinion of citizens is important."

Resignation
During a hearing at the Charbonneau Commission on October 1, 2012, construction industry contractor Lino Zambito alleged that Tremblay's party, Union Montreal received a sum equivalent to 3% of the value of sewerage rehabilitation contracts awarded by the City of Montreal to a mafia-linked cartel.

On October 30, 2012, a former Union Montreal party organizer alleged that Mayor Tremblay was involved in illegal financing with the mafia. He claimed that Tremblay knew of these dubious financial practices and did not want to be made aware of them. These statements caused a series of negative reactions from the spokes people of all the provincial political parties.

Following the allegations, Tremblay announced that he would be taking a few days off. On November 5, 2012, Tremblay announced that he was resigning as mayor, and was leaving politics.

title: Gérald Tremblay


text:
Elliott Macklovitch

Elliott Macklovitch is a Canadian linguist specializing in machine translation.

From 1999 to 2009, Macklovitch was the Coordinator of the RALI Laboratory (Recherche Appliquée en Linguistique Informatique) at the Université de Montréal. He served as President of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA) from 2000 to 2004. Since 2010, he has worked as an independent consultant in machine translation for clients in the private and public sectors.

he is the father of Alain Macklovitch.

title: Elliott Macklovitch


text:
Cael Sanderson

Cael Norman Sanderson (born June 20, 1979) is an American former folkstyle and freestyle wrestler who is the current head coach of Penn State's wrestling team. As a wrestler, he won an Olympic gold medal and was undefeated in four years of college wrestling at Iowa State (159–0), becoming a four-time NCAA Division I champion (1999–2002).

Sanderson is the only wrestler in NCAA Division I history to go undefeated in official matches with more than 100 wins. Sports Illustrated named his college career as the second most impressive college sports feat of all-time, behind the setting of four world records by Jesse Owens in a single hour at the 1935 Big Ten track and field conference championship meet.

Early life
Sanderson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Steve and Debbie Sanderson, Cael attended Wasatch High School in Heber City, Utah, where he was coached by his father, a former wrestler at Brigham Young University. As a high school wrestler, Sanderson was a four-time Utah state champion (1994–97) and compiled a record of 127–3.

College
After graduating from high school, Sanderson followed his brothers, Cody and Cole, to Iowa State. After redshirting the 1997-98 college wrestling season, Sanderson won all 39 of his matches to win his first NCAA and Big 12 Conference titles at 184 pounds. He was also the first freshman in NCAA history to be named the Outstanding Wrestler at nationals. His next three seasons were virtually identical, compiling 40 wins and no losses in each and finishing with the only perfect record in NCAA Division I history at 159-0. By winning all of his matches, he became only the second wrestler in history to that point to win four NCAA Division I titles. He was also named the Outstanding Wrestler in all NCAA tournaments he competed in.

Sanderson was a three-time Dan Hodge Trophy winner (collegiate wrestling's equivalent to the Heisman Trophy), being the first to win the award multiple times and the only person to win it three times. For his performance as a senior in 2002, he received the Wade Schalles Award for best collegiate pinner. He holds the longest win-streak across all NCAA divisions. This makes him the most accomplished collegiate wrestler ever.

In 2017, Sanderson was inducted into the Iowa State Hall of Fame.

Freestyle
Sanderson was a two-time US Cadet World Team Member, placing third and fourth in 1994 and 1995, respectively. He was also a US University National Champion in 1999 and a University World Champion in 2000.

He became the US National Champion in 2001, 2002 and 2003. He was also an original US World Team Member in 2001 and 2002, however, he chose not to participate at the 01' World Championships to focus in folkstyle, and the USA team chose to not compete in 2002.

In 2003, he won the Manitoba Open in Canada in February, placed second at the World Cup in April, third at the 2003 Pan American Games and second at the World Championships. In 2004, he once again claimed the Manitoba Open title and won the US Olympic Team Trials.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Sanderson claimed wins over Magomed Kurugliyev, Siarhei Borchanka, Majid Khodaei, Yoel Romero and Moon Eui-jae to become an Olympic Gold medalist in Athens, Greece.

While already a full-time coach at Penn State, Sanderson came out of retirement in 2011 and took home an Ion Corneanu Memorial title, won the US World Team Trials and placed fifth at the World Championships.

In 2011, Sanderson was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.

Freestyle record
! colspan="7"| World Championships & Olympics ! Res. !  Record ! Opponent ! Score ! Date ! Event ! Location ! style=background:white colspan=7 |2011 World Championships 5th at 84 kg ! style=background:white colspan=7 |2004 Summer Olympics at 84kg ! style=background:white colspan=7 |2003 World Championships at 84 kg
 * Loss
 * 13–3
 * align=left|🇷🇺 Albert Saritov
 * style="font-size:88%"|0–1, 0–3
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=6|September 17, 2011
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=6|2011 World Wrestling Championships
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;" rowspan=6|🇹🇷 Istanbul, Turkey
 * Win
 * 13–2
 * align=left| Alireza Goudarzi
 * style="font-size:88%"|6–0, 1–0
 * Win
 * 12–2
 * align=left|🇰🇿 Yermek Baiduashov
 * style="font-size:88%"|4–3, 0–1, 2–1
 * Win
 * 11–2
 * align=left|🇰🇷 Yoon Chan-uk
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Loss
 * 10–2
 * align=left|🇦🇿 Sharif Sharifov
 * style="font-size:88%"|1-3, 1-4
 * Win
 * 10–1
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Alejandro Gallardo
 * style="font-size:88%"|6–0, 7–0
 * style="font-size:88%"|1-3, 1-4
 * Win
 * 10–1
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Alejandro Gallardo
 * style="font-size:88%"|6–0, 7–0
 * style="font-size:88%"|6–0, 7–0
 * Win
 * 9–1
 * align=left|🇰🇷 Moon Eui-jae
 * style="font-size:88%"|3–1
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|August 28, 2004
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2004 Olympic Games
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;" rowspan=5| Athens, Greece
 * Win
 * 8–1
 * align=left|🇨🇺 Yoel Romero
 * style="font-size:88%"|3–2
 * Win
 * 7–1
 * align=left| Majid Khodaei
 * style="font-size:88%"|6–5
 * Win
 * 6–1
 * align=left|🇧🇾 Siarhei Borchanka
 * style="font-size:88%"|9–1
 * Win
 * 5–1
 * align=left|🇰🇿 Magomed Kurugliyev
 * style="font-size:88%"|4–2
 * Win
 * 5–1
 * align=left|🇰🇿 Magomed Kurugliyev
 * style="font-size:88%"|4–2
 * style="font-size:88%"|4–2
 * Loss
 * 4–1
 * align=left|🇷🇺 Sazhid Sazhidov
 * style="font-size:88%"|3–4
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|September 12, 2003
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2003 World Wrestling Championships
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;" rowspan=5|🇺🇸 New York City, U.S.
 * Win
 * 4–0
 * align=left| Rezav Mindorashvili
 * style="font-size:88%"|4–2
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * align=left|🇦🇲 Mahmed Aghaev
 * style="font-size:88%"|3–0
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * align=left| Majid Khodaei
 * style="font-size:88%"|8–2
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * align=left|🇫🇮 Tero Perkkioe
 * style="font-size:88%"|8–2
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * align=left|🇫🇮 Tero Perkkioe
 * style="font-size:88%"|8–2
 * style="font-size:88%"|8–2

NCAA record
! colspan="8"| NCAA Championships Matches ! Res. !  Record ! Opponent ! Score ! Date ! Event ! style=background:white colspan=6 |2002 NCAA Championships at 197 ! style=background:white colspan=6 |2001 NCAA Championships at 184 lbs ! style=background:white colspan=6 |2000 NCAA Championships at 184 lbs ! style=background:white colspan=6 |1999 NCAA Championships at 184 lbs
 * Win
 * 159-0
 * align=left|Jon Trenge
 * style="font-size:88%"|MAJ 12-4
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|March 21–23, 2002
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2002 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships
 * Win
 * 158-0
 * align=left|Nick Preston
 * style="font-size:88%"|MAJ 18-7
 * Win
 * 157-0
 * align=left|Jason Payne
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 23-8
 * Win
 * 156-0
 * align=left|Kyle Cerminara
 * style="font-size:88%"|PIN 6:33
 * Win
 * 155-0
 * align=left|Eric Mausser
 * style="font-size:88%"|PIN 3:32
 * Win
 * 154-0
 * align=left|Scott Barker
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 22-7
 * Win
 * 153-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 152-0
 * align=left|William Gruenwald
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 151-0
 * align=left|Jon Trenge
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-1
 * Win
 * 150-0
 * align=left|Jason Gore
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 149-0
 * align=left|Ryan Fulaas
 * style="font-size:88%"|Forfeit
 * Win
 * 148-0
 * align=left|Kyle Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 147-0
 * align=left|Will Gruenwald
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 146-0
 * align=left|Bill Stouffer
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 145-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 144-0
 * align=left|Erik Gladish
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 143-0
 * align=left|Jason Payne
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 142-0
 * align=left|Lee Fullhart
 * style="font-size:88%"|5-3
 * Win
 * 141-0
 * align=left|Jon Trenge
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-5
 * Win
 * 140-0
 * align=left|Chris Skretkowlz
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 22-5
 * Win
 * 139-0
 * align=left|Nick Curby
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 138-0
 * align=left|Jim Kassner
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 137-0
 * align=left|Ryan Fulsaas
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 136-0
 * align=left|Jareck Horton
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 135-0
 * align=left|Bart George
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 134-0
 * align=left|Nick McTee
 * style="font-size:88%"|Forfeit
 * Win
 * 133-0
 * align=left|Joe Compton
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 23-7
 * Win
 * 132-0
 * align=left|Aaron Granell
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 131-0
 * align=left|Brent Miller
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 130-0
 * align=left|Greg Sawyer
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 129-0
 * align=left|Daegen Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 128-0
 * align=left|Peter Mosley
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 127-0
 * align=left|Nick Thomas
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 126-0
 * align=left|Chris Skretkowicz
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 125-0
 * align=left|Chad Wallace
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 124-0
 * align=left|Cris Bietz
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 123-0
 * align=left|Josh Broadway
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 122-0
 * align=left|Jeremiah Kovarik
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * 129-0
 * align=left|Daegen Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 128-0
 * align=left|Peter Mosley
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 127-0
 * align=left|Nick Thomas
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 126-0
 * align=left|Chris Skretkowicz
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 125-0
 * align=left|Chad Wallace
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 124-0
 * align=left|Cris Bietz
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 123-0
 * align=left|Josh Broadway
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 122-0
 * align=left|Jeremiah Kovarik
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * align=left|Josh Broadway
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 122-0
 * align=left|Jeremiah Kovarik
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 121-0
 * align=left|Daniel Cormier
 * style="font-size:88%"|8-4
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|March 15–17, 2001
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2001 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships
 * Win
 * 120-0
 * align=left|Victor Sveda
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 21-7
 * Win
 * 119-0
 * align=left|Jessman Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 21-6
 * Win
 * 118-0
 * align=left|Jeremy Wilson
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 117-0
 * align=left|Kyle Hanson
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 24-9
 * Win
 * 116-0
 * align=left|Scott Barker
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 22-7
 * Win
 * 115-0
 * align=left|Daniel Cormier
 * style="font-size:88%"|8-3
 * Win
 * 114-0
 * align=left|Ry Stone
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 113-0
 * align=left|Kyle Hansen
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 21-8
 * Win
 * 112-0
 * align=left|Matt Fletcher
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 111-0
 * align=left|R.D. Pursell
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 110-0
 * align=left|Ry Stone
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 109-0
 * align=left|Josh Lambrecht
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 21-10
 * Win
 * 108-0
 * align=left|Shawn Scannel
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 107-0
 * align=left|Daniel Cormier
 * style="font-size:88%"|10-3
 * Win
 * 106-0
 * align=left|Jessman Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 105-0
 * align=left|Andy Hrovat
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 104-0
 * align=left|Daniel Cormier
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 14-3
 * Win
 * 103-0
 * align=left|Josh Lambrecht
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-8
 * Win
 * 102-0
 * align=left|Ed Aliakseyenka
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 101-0
 * align=left|Ralph Everett
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 100-0
 * align=left|Jason Rossotti
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 99-0
 * align=left|Ralph DeNisco
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 17-6
 * Win
 * 98-0
 * align=left|Francis Volpe
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 97-0
 * align=left|Nate Patrick
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-7
 * Win
 * 96-0
 * align=left|Viktor Sveda
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 14-5
 * Win
 * 95-0
 * align=left|Francis Volpe
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 94-0
 * align=left|Marcus Schontube
 * style="font-size:88%"|16-10
 * Win
 * 93-0
 * align=left|Josh Bocks
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 92-0
 * align=left|Jessman Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 91-0
 * align=left|Jeff Pangborn
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 90-0
 * align=left|Adam Kellogg
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 89-0
 * align=left|Bert Watford
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 88-0
 * align=left|Paul Okins
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 19-3
 * Win
 * 87-0
 * align=left|Ben Blood
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 18-3
 * Win
 * 86-0
 * align=left|Anton Talamantes
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 20-6
 * Win
 * 85-0
 * align=left|Mike Odle
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 84-0
 * align=left|Viktor Sveda
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-3
 * Win
 * 83-0
 * align=left|Josh Lambrecht
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 12-4
 * Win
 * 82-0
 * align=left|Ralph DeNisco
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 81-0
 * align=left|Nick Curcio
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 88-0
 * align=left|Paul Okins
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 19-3
 * Win
 * 87-0
 * align=left|Ben Blood
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 18-3
 * Win
 * 86-0
 * align=left|Anton Talamantes
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 20-6
 * Win
 * 85-0
 * align=left|Mike Odle
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 84-0
 * align=left|Viktor Sveda
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-3
 * Win
 * 83-0
 * align=left|Josh Lambrecht
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 12-4
 * Win
 * 82-0
 * align=left|Ralph DeNisco
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 81-0
 * align=left|Nick Curcio
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * 82-0
 * align=left|Ralph DeNisco
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 81-0
 * align=left|Nick Curcio
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 80-0
 * align=left|Vertus Jones
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 19-6
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|March 16–18, 2000
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2000 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships
 * Win
 * 79-0
 * align=left|Brandon Eggum
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-5
 * Win
 * 78-0
 * align=left|Rob Rohn
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 77-0
 * align=left|Dax Pecaro
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 21-6
 * Win
 * 76-0
 * align=left|Adam Schaaf
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 75-0
 * align=left|Daniel Cormier
 * style="font-size:88%"|8-4
 * Win
 * 74-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 17-7
 * Win
 * 73-0
 * align=left|Kyle Hansen
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 72-0
 * align=left|Charles McTorry
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 22-6
 * Win
 * 71-0
 * align=left|Mike Marshall
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 70-0
 * align=left|John Maze
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 27-10
 * Win
 * 69-0
 * align=left|Brandon Eggum
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-1
 * Win
 * 68-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 19-4
 * Win
 * 67-0
 * align=left|Daniel Cormier
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 20-9
 * Win
 * 66-0
 * align=left|Brandon Eggum
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 8-0
 * Win
 * 65-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 64-0
 * align=left|Lionel Halsey
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 63-0
 * align=left|Jeff Knupp
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 21-6
 * Win
 * 62-0
 * align=left|Rob Anspach
 * style="font-size:88%"|Forfeit
 * Win
 * 61-0
 * align=left|Dave Murray
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 60-0
 * align=left|Cash Edwards
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 59-0
 * align=left|Isaac Weber
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-7
 * Win
 * 58-0
 * align=left|Nate Patrick
 * style="font-size:88%"|7-2
 * Win
 * 57-0
 * align=left|Kevin Vogel
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 17-5
 * Win
 * 56-0
 * align=left|Lionel Halsey
 * style="font-size:88%"|5-1
 * Win
 * 55-0
 * align=left|Sean Salmon
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 54-0
 * align=left|Brian Falciglia
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 53-0
 * align=left|Joe Cotant
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 52-0
 * align=left|Donavan True
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 51-0
 * align=left|Paul Jenn
 * style="font-size:88%"|DQ
 * Win
 * 50-0
 * align=left|Joel Schrimpf
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 49-0
 * align=left|Nathan Ackerman
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 17-2
 * Win
 * 48-0
 * align=left|B.J. Shelley
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 22-6
 * Win
 * 47-0
 * align=left|Chad Karnal
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 46-0
 * align=left|Joe Terrill
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 23-7
 * Win
 * 45-0
 * align=left|Damion Hahn
 * style="font-size:88%"|4-3
 * Win
 * 44-0
 * align=left|Jessman Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 17-2
 * Win
 * 43-0
 * align=left|Carson Andorf
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 17-7
 * Win
 * 42-0
 * align=left|Ty Swarm
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 24-5
 * Win
 * 41-0
 * align=left|Brandon Eggum
 * style="font-size:88%"|7-4
 * Win
 * 40-0
 * align=left|Todd Schmauss
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 39-0
 * align=left|Drew Bouwman
 * style="font-size:88%"|20-5
 * Win
 * 38-0
 * align=left|Ryan Rettke
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 26-11
 * 46-0
 * align=left|Joe Terrill
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 23-7
 * Win
 * 45-0
 * align=left|Damion Hahn
 * style="font-size:88%"|4-3
 * Win
 * 44-0
 * align=left|Jessman Smith
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 17-2
 * Win
 * 43-0
 * align=left|Carson Andorf
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 17-7
 * Win
 * 42-0
 * align=left|Ty Swarm
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 24-5
 * Win
 * 41-0
 * align=left|Brandon Eggum
 * style="font-size:88%"|7-4
 * Win
 * 40-0
 * align=left|Todd Schmauss
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 39-0
 * align=left|Drew Bouwman
 * style="font-size:88%"|20-5
 * Win
 * 38-0
 * align=left|Ryan Rettke
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 26-11
 * 39-0
 * align=left|Drew Bouwman
 * style="font-size:88%"|20-5
 * Win
 * 38-0
 * align=left|Ryan Rettke
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 26-11
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 26-11
 * Win
 * 37-0
 * align=left|Brandon Eggum
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-1
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|March 18–20, 1999
 * style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|1999 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships
 * Win
 * 36-0
 * align=left|Brad Vering
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 35-0
 * align=left|Andy Hrovat
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 34-0
 * align=left|Nate Patrick
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 18-6
 * Win
 * 33-0
 * align=left|Josh Dideon
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 32-0
 * align=left|Brad Vering
 * style="font-size:88%"|9-5
 * Win
 * 31-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 13-5
 * Win
 * 30-0
 * align=left|Ken Bigley
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF
 * Win
 * 29-0
 * align=left|Casey Strand
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-2
 * Win
 * 28-0
 * align=left|Tony Spiker
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 27-0
 * align=left|Jason Moore
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 19-6
 * Win
 * 26-0
 * align=left|Matt Carpenter
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 22-7
 * Win
 * 25-0
 * align=left|Scott Coleman
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 17-7
 * Win
 * 24-0
 * align=left|Vertus Jones
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-5
 * Win
 * 23-0
 * align=left|Brad Vering
 * style="font-size:88%"|Forfeit
 * Win
 * 22-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 21-0
 * align=left|Mark Munoz
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 10-2
 * Win
 * 20-0
 * align=left|Paul Jenn
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF MD 10-2
 * Win
 * 19-0
 * align=left|Tom Grossman
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 20-8
 * Win
 * 18-0
 * align=left|Mark Munoz
 * style="font-size:88%"|5-1
 * Win
 * 17-0
 * align=left|Casey Strand
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 16-0
 * align=left|Tom Ciezki
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-3
 * Win
 * 15-0
 * align=left|Nate Patrick
 * style="font-size:88%"|7-2
 * Win
 * 14-0
 * align=left|Ryan Rettke
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 13-0
 * align=left|John Van Doren
 * style="font-size:88%"|11-4
 * Win
 * 12-0
 * align=left|Aaron Simpson
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 9-3
 * Win
 * 11-0
 * align=left|Greg Gingeleskie
 * style="font-size:88%"|5-0
 * Win
 * 10-0
 * align=left|James Brimm
 * style="font-size:88%"|5-0
 * Win
 * 9-0
 * align=left|Mike Gadsby
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 19-4
 * Win
 * 8-0
 * align=left|Tom Ciezki
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 23-7
 * Win
 * 7-0
 * align=left|Paul Jenn
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 19-4
 * Win
 * 6-0
 * align=left|William Rufis
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 5-0
 * align=left|B.J. Shelley
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|Brant LaGrange
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 21-8
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left|Steve Burleson
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|Joe Brougard
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|George Flannick
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * align=left|Tom Ciezki
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 23-7
 * Win
 * 7-0
 * align=left|Paul Jenn
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 19-4
 * Win
 * 6-0
 * align=left|William Rufis
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 5-0
 * align=left|B.J. Shelley
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|Brant LaGrange
 * style="font-size:88%"|MD 21-8
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left|Steve Burleson
 * style="font-size:88%"|Fall
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|Joe Brougard
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|George Flannick
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * align=left|Joe Brougard
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|George Flannick
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5
 * style="font-size:88%"|TF 20-5

Iowa State
Sanderson began his wrestling coaching career with the season ending in 2004 as a special assistant at Iowa State. After short stints in associate head coaching positions, he became the head coach for the season ending in 2007. In three seasons, Sanderson led Iowa State to NCAA Division I finishes of second, fifth, and third overall. He also coached his wrestlers to two individual NCAA Division I national titles.

Penn State
Before the 2009 season ended, Sanderson became the head coach of Penn State's wrestling team. Sanderson's Penn State teams have won eleven NCAA Division I team titles. During that time, he also coached his wrestlers to 39 individual NCAA Division I titles.

Coaching results
! colspan=6| Coaching Record ! Season ! Team Finish ! Dual Record ! All Americans ! National Champions ! style=background:white colspan=5|Iowa State University ! style=background:white colspan=5|Pennsylvania State University
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2007
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|13-3-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|4
 * style="font-size:88%"|1
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2008
 * style="font-size:88%"|5th
 * style="font-size:88%"|16-4-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|7
 * style="font-size:88%"|0
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2009
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|15-3-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|4
 * style="font-size:88%"|1
 * colspan="2" style="white; font-size:88%;"|Iowa State
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|44-10-0
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|15
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2
 * colspan="2" style="white; font-size:88%;"|Iowa State
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|44-10-0
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|15
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2010
 * style="font-size:88%"|9th
 * style="font-size:88%"|13-6-1
 * style="font-size:88%"|3
 * style="font-size:88%"|0
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2011
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|17-1-1
 * style="font-size:88%"|5
 * style="font-size:88%"|1
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2012
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|13-1-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|6
 * style="font-size:88%"|3
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2013
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|13-1-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|5
 * style="font-size:88%"|2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2014
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|15-1-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|7
 * style="font-size:88%"|2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2015
 * style="font-size:88%"|6th
 * style="font-size:88%"|11-4-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|5
 * style="font-size:88%"|1
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2016
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|16-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|6
 * style="font-size:88%"|2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2017
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|14-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|6
 * style="font-size:88%"|5
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2018
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|14-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|8
 * style="font-size:88%"|4
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2019
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|14-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|7
 * style="font-size:88%"|3
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2020
 * style="font-size:88%"|DNC
 * style="font-size:88%"|12-2-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|5
 * style="font-size:88%"|0
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2021
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|6-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|6
 * style="font-size:88%"|4
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2022
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|17-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|6
 * style="font-size:88%"|5
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2023
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|16-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|8
 * style="font-size:88%"|2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2024
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|12-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|8
 * style="font-size:88%"|4
 * colspan="2" style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|Penn State
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|203-16-2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|91
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|38
 * colspan="2" style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|Career
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|247-26-2
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|106
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|40
 * style="font-size:88%"|2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|2024
 * style="font-size:88%"|
 * style="font-size:88%"|12-0-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|8
 * style="font-size:88%"|4
 * colspan="2" style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|Penn State
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|203-16-2
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|91
 * style="background:white; font-size:88%;"|38
 * colspan="2" style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|Career
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|247-26-2
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|106
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|40
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|247-26-2
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|106
 * style="background:LIGHTgrey; font-size:88%;"|40

Awards and honors

 * 2011
 * Ion Corneanu Memorial

 * 2004
 * Summer Olympics
 * Manitoba Open
 * John Smith Award as the Freestyle Wrestler of the Year

 * 2003
 * World Wrestling Championships
 * Pan American Games
 * Manitoba Open
 * John Smith Award as the Freestyle Wrestler of the Year

 * 2002
 * Best Male College Athlete ESPY Award
 * Dan Hodge Trophy winner
 * NCAA Division I Championships Outstanding Wrestler
 * Wade Schalles Award winner
 * NCAA Division I
 * Big 12 Conference

 * 2001
 * Dan Hodge Trophy winner
 * NCAA Division I Championships Outstanding Wrestler
 * NCAA Division I
 * Big 12 Conference

 * 2000
 * Dan Hodge Trophy winner
 * NCAA Division I Championships Outstanding Wrestler
 * NCAA Division I
 * Big 12 Conference

 * 1999
 * NCAA Division I Championships Outstanding Wrestler
 * NCAA Division I
 * Big 12 Conference

Other honors

 * Dave Schultz High School Excellence Award in Utah
 * Glen Brand inductee
 * Iowa Sports Hall of Fame inductee
 * Iowa State Cyclones Hall of Fame inductee
 * National Wrestling Hall of Fame Distinguished Member
 * NCAA 75th Anniversary Wrestling Team member
 * Sports Illustrated cover appearance
 * Utah Sports Hall of Fame inductee
 * Wheaties cereal box appearance

title: Cael Sanderson


text:
Zuph

Zuph means honeycomb in Hebrew

 * According to the Books of Chronicles, a Kohathite Levite, a fact not mentioned in the books of Samuel. He was the ancestor of Elkanah and Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1); called also Zophai in the parallel passage, (or  in Hebrew Bible).
 * Land of Zuph, a district in which lay Samuel's city, Ramathaim-Zophim. It was probably so named after Zuph . Zuph and the city of Ramathaim-Zophim are mentioned in the Bible together with Mount Ephraim, suggesting that they shared a similar locality.

title: Zuph


text:
7 Iris

Iris (minor planet designation: 7 Iris) is a large main-belt asteroid and possible remnant planetesimal orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. It is the fourth-brightest object in the asteroid belt. 7 Iris is classified as an S-type asteroid, meaning that it has a stony composition.

Discovery and name
Iris was discovered on August 13, 1847, by J. R. Hind from London, UK. It was Hind's first asteroid discovery and the seventh asteroid to be discovered overall. It was named after the rainbow goddess Iris in Greek mythology, who was a messenger to the gods, especially Hera. Her quality of attendant of Hera was particularly appropriate to the circumstances of discovery, as Iris was spotted following 3 Juno by less than an hour of right ascension (Juno is the Roman equivalent of Hera).

Iris's original symbol was a rainbow and a star: or more simply. It is in the pipeline for Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC1 𜻁.

Geology
Iris is an S-type asteroid. The surface is bright and is probably a mixture of nickel-iron metals and magnesium- and iron-silicates. Its spectrum is similar to that of L and LL chondrites with corrections for space weathering, so it may be an important contributor of these meteorites. Planetary dynamics also indicates that it should be a significant source of meteorites.

Among the S-type asteroids, Iris ranks fifth in mean diameter after Eunomia, Juno, Amphitrite and Herculina. Its shape is consistent with an oblate spheroid with a large equatorial excavation, suggesting it is a remnant planetesimal. No collisional family can be associated with Iris, likely because the excavating impact occurred early in the history of the Solar System, and the debris has since dispersed.

Brightness
Iris's bright surface and small distance from the Sun make it the fourth-brightest object in the asteroid belt after Vesta, Ceres, and Pallas. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +7.8, comparable to that of Neptune, and can easily be seen with binoculars at most oppositions. At typical oppositions it marginally outshines the larger though darker Pallas. But at rare oppositions near perihelion Iris can reach a magnitude of +6.7 (last time on October 31, 2017, reaching a magnitude of +6.9), which is as bright as Ceres ever gets.

Surface features
A study by Hanus et al. using data from the VLT's SPHERE instrument names eight craters 20 to 40 km in diameter, and seven recurring features of unknown nature that remain nameless due to a lack of consistency and their occurrence on the edge of Iris. The names are Greek names of colors, corresponding to the rainbow as the sign of Iris. It is unknown whether these names are under consideration by the IAU. The other 7 features are labeled A through G.

Rotation
Iris has a rotational period of 7.14 hours. Iris’ north pole points towards the ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) estimated to be (18°, +19°) with a 4° uncertainty (Viikinkoski et al. 2017) or (19°, +26°) with a 3° uncertainty (Hanuš et al. 2019). This gives an axial tilt of 85°, so that on much of each hemisphere, the sun does not set during summer, and does not rise during winter. On an airless body this gives rise to very large temperature differences.

Observations
Iris was observed occulting a star on May 26, 1995, and later on July 25, 1997. Both observations gave a diameter of about 200 km.

In February 2024, water molecules were discovered on 7 Iris, alongside 20 Massalia, marking the first time water molecules were detected on asteroids.

title: 7 Iris


text:
Hughesville

Hughesville is the name of several places in the United States:

 * Hughesville, Maryland
 * Hughesville, Missouri
 * Hughesville, New Jersey
 * Hughesville, Pennsylvania

title: Hughesville


text:
Pierre Isabelle

Pierre Isabelle is Principal Scientist and Group Leader of the Interactive Language Technologies group at the National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC).

Isabelle holds a Ph.D. in Computational Linguistics. He started his research career in 1975 as a member of the TAUM machine translation group at the Université de Montréal. Between 1985 and 1996, he was in charge of the machine-aided translation team of CITI, a research laboratory of the Canadian Department of Industry. In 1997 he returned to the Université de Montréal as head of the RALI (Recherche appliquée en linguistique informatique) laboratory of the computer science department. In 1999 he joined the Xerox Research Centre Europe (XRCE) in Grenoble, France, where he managed the Content Analysis area until he joined the NRC in 2005.

He is known for his position on bitexts, and is widely quoted for saying that existing translations contain more solutions to more translation problems than any other available resource.

title: Pierre Isabelle


text:
User:Rosemaryamey

I am a disabled single mother living with chronic pain in Toronto, Canada. My interests include animal rights, veganism, skepticism, disabled rights, unschooling, and sex.

My personal website is RosemaryAmey.ca.

Useful stuff
citation templates * new pages * stubs to be sorted * stub types * warnings etc * speedy deletion templates * my sandbox

Murdered people with disabilities
I am working on articles about murdered people with disabilities. I recently did an extensive rewrite on the Robert Latimer article (Latimer murdered his disabled daughter, Tracy); now I'm working on Marcus Fiesel.

Articles to expand:
 * Karen McCarron, accused of killing her daughter, Katie McCarron
 * Rachel Capra Craig, found not criminally responsible for the murder of her daughter Chelsea Craig due to mental illness

Articles to create:
 * Casey Albury, strangled by her mother, Janine Albury Thomson
 * Angelica Auriemma
 * Dale Bartolome, shot by his father, Delfin Bartolome
 * Charles-Antoine Blais, drowned by his mother, Danielle Blais
 * Jeffrey Bogrett, died while being restrained at the New England Center for Autism
 * Gabriel Britt, drowned by his father, Terrence Britt
 * Casey Collier, died while being restrained at Cleo Wallace Center
 * Maggie Caraballo
 * Linda Cornelison, died at Judge Rotenberg Center
 * Terrance Cottrell, Jr., suffocated during an "exorcism" performed by Ray Hemphill
 * James Joseph Cummings, Jr., stabbed by his father, James Joseph Cummings, Sr.
 * Jason Dawes, suffocated by his mother, Daniela Dawes
 * Christopher DeGroot, locked into a burning apartment by his parents, Nicolaas and Agnes DeGroot
 * Brahim Dukes, starved and dehydrated by his stepmother, Audrey McDaniels
 * Stanley Gardner and Eileen Gardner, suffocated by their son, Daniel Gardner
 * Lillian Leilani Gill, killed by her mother, Sharon Gill
 * Matthew Goodman, died while restrained at The Lindens
 * Shirley Harrison, shot by her husband, Tom Harrison
 * Tiffany Harrold, shot by her father, William Harrold
 * Jim Helm
 * Stephanie Jobin, died while restrained at a group home in Brampton, Ontario, Canada
 * Daniel Leubner, died in a house fire set by his mother, Michelle Davis
 * Patrick Markcrow, given an overdose of drugs and suffocated by his mother, Wendolyne Markcrow
 * Justin Malphus, drowned by his mother, Joyce Malphus
 * Charles Mancill, died while restrained by group home workers
 * Abubakar Nadama, killed by so-called chelation therapy
 * Mark Owens-Young-Rogan, drowned by his mother
 * Pierre Pasquiou, drowned by his mother
 * Tiffany Pinckney, starved by her sister, Alison Cox and her brother-in-law, Orlando Klass
 * Michael Renner-Lewis III, died while restrained at school
 * Nozomu Shinozaki, beaten to death by Ryu Fukushima, Ryuji Hiraki, Nobu Oshima, and Masato Fujita
 * Renee Shreves, shot by her husband, Kenneth Costanzo
 * Adacelli Snyder, starved by her mother, Charlene Snyder
 * Ulysses Stable, killed by his father, Jose Stable
 * David Tarpinian, shot by his mother, Margaret Tarpinian
 * Matthew Vick, died while restrained
 * Wayne Winter
 * Willie Wright

Children harmed by raw foodism
I'd also like to develop article on children harmed (in some cases killed) by raw foodism, not only because child abuse makes me furious, but because these cases are wrongly used to condemn all vegan diets.
 * Woyah Andressohn, deceased (parents: Joseph and Lamoy Andressohn)
 * Ice Swinton (parents: Silva and Joseph Swinton)

title: User:Rosemaryamey


text:
John I, Duke of Brittany

John I (Yann, Jean; c. 1217/1218 – 8 October 1286), known as John the Red due to the colour of his beard, was Duke of Brittany from 1221 to his death and 2nd Earl of Richmond in 1268.

John was the eldest of three children born to Duchess Alix and her husband and jure uxoris co-ruler, Duke Peter I. He became duke upon his mother's death in 1221. His father, who had reigned as duke due to his marriage to Alix, ruled as regent until John reached adulthood. In 1268, Henry III granted the earldom of Richmond to John, and the title continued in his family, through frequent temporary forfeitures and reversions, until 1342.

He experienced a number of conflicts with the Bishop of Nantes and the Breton clergy. In 1240, he issued an edict expelling Jews from the duchy and cancelling all debts to them. He joined Louis IX of France in the Eighth Crusade in 1270, and survived the plague that killed the king. The duchy of Brittany experienced a century of peace, beginning with John I and ending with Duke John III's reign in 1341.

Marriage and issue
In 1236 John married Infanta Blanche, daughter of King Theobald I of Navarre. They had the following surviving issue:

 * John II, Duke of Brittany (1239–1305), married Beatrice of England and had issue.
 * Peter (1241–1268), Lord of Dinan, Hade, Léon, Hennebont and La Roche-Derrien.
 * Alix (1243–1288), Dame de Pontarcy; married John of Châtillon, Count of Blois.
 * Theobald (1245–1246), interred in the church abbey of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys.
 * Theobald (1247 – died young), interred in the church abbey of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys.
 * Eleanor (1248 – died young), interred in the church abbey of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys.
 * Nicolas (1249–1251), interred in the church abbey of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys.
 * Robert (1251–1259), interred in the church abbey of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys.

title: John I, Duke of Brittany


text:
Hughson

Hughson may refer to:

 * Hughson (surname)
 * Hughson, California, city in California, United States

title: Hughson


text:
Cerivastatin

Cerivastatin (INN, brand names: Baycol, Lipobay) is a synthetic member of the class of statins used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease. It was marketed by the pharmaceutical company Bayer A.G. in the late 1990s, competing with Pfizer's highly successful atorvastatin (Lipitor). Cerivastatin was voluntarily withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001, due to reports of fatal rhabdomyolysis.

During postmarketing surveillance, 52 deaths were reported in patients using cerivastatin, mainly from rhabdomyolysis and its resultant kidney failure. Risks were higher in patients using fibrates, mainly gemfibrozil (Lopid), and in patients using the highest (0.8 mg/day) dose of cerivastatin. Bayer A.G. added a contraindication for the concomitant use of cerivastatin and gemfibrozil to the package 18 months after the drug interaction was found. The frequency of deadly cases of rhabdomyolysis with cerivastatin was 16 to 80 times higher than with other statins. Another 385 nonfatal cases of rhabdomyolysis were reported. This put the risk of this (rare) complication at 5-10 times that of the other statins. Cerivastatin also induced myopathy in a dose-dependent manner when administered as monotherapy, but that was revealed only after Bayer was sued and unpublished company documents were opened.

Structure and reactivity
Cerivastatin consists of a fluorophenyl linked to a pyridine. The pyridine has two isopropyl groups, one methoxy group and a dihydroxyheptanoic acid side chain. The dihydroxyheptanoic acid group is the functional part of the molecule. This part will bind to the HMG-CoA reductase making it unavailable for HMG-CoA. Cerivastatin is a pure synthetic drug, produced to create a more potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Cerivastatin was the most potent inhibitor with an inhibitory constant of 0.5 μg/L, which made it already effective at a low dose. It is taken up orally as tablets, where it is combined with sodium salt. The IUPAC name is then (+)-(3R,5S,6E)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-methoxymethylpyridin-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic acid monosodium salt. Cerivastatin sodium (C22H33FNO3Na) is administered orally via a tablet. The molecular weight is 481.5 g/mol. It is odorless and it is soluble in water, methanol and ethanol. Under acidic circumstances, it undergoes cyclization to form pyridinolactone.

Mechanism of action
Five main classes of agents can be used to treat hyperlipidemia, a condition that comes with high cholesterol levels. Those are bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, fibric acid derivatives, probucol and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors. Cerivastatin mainly acts by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA-reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme step in cholesterol biosynthesis. It occurs during the mevalonate pathway in the liver, where hydroxylmethylglutaryl is converted to mevalonate. Cerivastatin is a synthetic and enantiomerically pure inhibitor of the reductase, meaning it can fit into the enzyme's active site, and therefore compete with the substrate HMG-CoA, which is the native substrate for the reductase. Due to the competition, the rate of mevalonate production by the enzyme is reduced. This also means that the rates subsequent biosynthesis is reduced, since less starting material is available. Eventually, this will lead to lower cholesterol levels.

The location of cholesterol biosynthesis and inhibition of HMG-CoA is of significance, since most circulating cholesterol originates from internal production, rather than the diet. If the liver cannot produce more cholesterol, the cholesterol levels in the blood will decrease. Also, HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors cause secondary up-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors, with increased LDL-cholesterol clearance and reduction of both total and LDL cholesterol in the serum.

Metabolism
Cerivastatin is metabolized via the hepatic pathway. In vitro studies with human liver cells showed that two metabolic pathways are equally important; demethylation of the benzylic methyl ether and hydroxylation at one methyl group of the 6-isopropyl substituent. Demethylation is catalysed by the enzymes CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, which generates a metabolite that is known as M-1 in the cerivastatin metabolite pathway. Hydroxylation is catalysed by CYP2C8, which generates the major active metabolite, M-23. M-1 and M-23 are, like cerivastatin, pharmacologically active, with comparable potencies. Combination of the latter leads to another minor metabolite, that is not detectable in plasma, which is also known as M-24. Following a 0.8 mg dose of cerivastatin, the mean steady state Cmax values for cerivastatin, M-1 and M-23 were 12.7, 0.55 and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that the cholesterol-lowering effect is mostly due to the cerivastatin itself.

Efficacy and toxicity
The inhibitory activity of cerivastatin was compared to that of other statins, specifically lovastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin. This comparison was made by determining the IC50 values of each compound. These values were 77 nM, 66 nM and 176 nM for these statins, respectively, while the value for cerivastatin was found to be 1.1 nM. Using Dixon plots, the inhibitory constant of cerivastatin was found to be 1.3 x 10-9 M, which is over 100 times lower than the inhibitory constant of lovastatin, known to be 150 x 10-9 M. To compare cerivastatin activity to that of other statins, its IC25 value was also determined for various types of human smooth muscle cells: cells from the left internal mammary artery (HSMC), cornea fibroblasts (HCF), myoblasts from striated muscle (HM) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The activity in these groups of muscle cells was compared to the activity of the statins listed above, as well as atorvastatin and fluvastatin.

The pharmacological results from cerivastatin show that it is the most active HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor among reported statins. Due to its high enzyme affinity, it would seem to offer ultra-low dose therapy in the microgram range. However, due to its relatively severe adverse effects in comparison to other statins, its market use was discontinued.

The strengths of the available cerivastatin medicine ranged from 0.2 - 0.8 mg, resulting in an actual dose of 1.9 - 13.1 μg/kg body weight for which rhabdomyolysis has been reported. Although the mechanism of the cerivastatin induced myopathy is not exactly known, the risk increases with statin dose. This risk also appears to increase among patients who received gemfibrozil or lovastatin concomitantly, and there is a known interaction between these drugs and cerivastatin. There are 31 cerivastatin-related deaths reported in the US and a further 21 deaths worldwide. There were also 385 cases of non-fatal rhabdomyolysis reported among the estimated 700.000 users in the USA. In 12 of the 31 reported deaths of cerivastatin-related rhabdomyolysis in the US the cerivastatin-gemfibrozil interaction was implicated, while in 7 of the 31 fatal cases in the US, cerivastatin was combined with lovastatin. The reporting rate of fatal rhabdomyolysis in association with cerivastatin monotherapy is 1.9 per million prescriptions, which is 10-50 times as high as for other statins.

Adverse effects
Cerivastatin was generally found to be well tolerated, side effects being rare. Minor side effects include diarrhea, fatigue, gas, heartburn, nasal congestion and headache. Patients with alcoholic or other liver diseases were advised to use cerivastatin with caution.

title: Cerivastatin


text:
John II, Duke of Brittany

John II (Yann; Jean; 1239 – 18 November 1305) reigned as Duke of Brittany from 1286 until his death, and was also Earl of Richmond in the Peerage of England. He took part in two crusades prior to his accession to the ducal throne. As a duke, John was involved in the conflicts between the kings of France and England. He was crushed to death in an accident during the celebrations of a papal coronation.

Life
John was the eldest son of Duke John I of Brittany and Blanche of Navarre. On 22 January 1260, he married Beatrice, a daughter of King Henry III of England. John was very close to his brother-in-law, Edward I. In 1271, he accompanied Edward to the Ninth Crusade, meeting there with his father and King Louis IX of France. Louis succumbed to an illness in Tunis, and John's father returned to Brittany. John, however, followed Edward to Palestine. The crusade ended the following year, having achieved little. In 1285, John took part in the Aragonese Crusade at the side of King Philip III of France.

Upon the death of his father on 8 October 1286, John succeeded him as duke of Brittany, inheriting also the Earldom of Richmond in the Peerage of England. His namesake son was governing Aquitaine in the name of his uncle EdwardI, when King PhilipIV declared Edward's rule forfeit in May 1294 after Edward's refusal to stand before the Parlement of Paris over fishing disputes the previous year that had escalated into naval warfare between the two countries. John assisted his brother-in-law in the ensuing Gascon War but suffered only defeats. When the English army sought to recover by plundering the Breton Abbaye Saint-Mathieu de Fine-Terre in 1296, however, John abandoned Edward's cause. In response, Edward deprived him of the earldom. John proceeded to ally himself with the French, arranging a marriage between his grandson John and King Philip's cousin Isabella of Valois. Philip then raised him into the Peerage of France in September 1297. During the negotiations over the final Treaty of Paris ending the war, John was among Philip's chief negotiators with the English.

From 1294 until 1304, John assisted the King of France in his campaign against Count Guy of Flanders, taking part in the decisive Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. Following King Philip's victory, in 1305, John travelled to Lyon to attend the coronation of Pope Clement V. John was leading the Pope's horse through the crowd during the celebrations. So many spectators had piled atop the walls that one of them crumbled and collapsed on top of the Duke. He died four days later, on 18 November. His body was placed in a lead coffin and sent down the Loire. He was buried on 16 December in the Carmelite convent he had founded in Ploërmel.

Issue
John and Beatrice had six children, several of whom were raised at the English court of their uncle EdwardI.
 * Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (1262–1312)
 * John, Earl of Richmond (c. 1266–1334)
 * Marie, wife of Guy III of Châtillon (1268–1339)
 * Peter, Viscount of Leon (1269–1312)
 * Blanche, wife of Philip of Artois (1271–1327)
 * Eleanor of Brittany, Abbess of Fontevrault (1275–1342)

title: John II, Duke of Brittany


text: User talk:216.177.16.9

title: User talk:216.177.16.9


text:
Granola

Granola is a food consisting of rolled oats, nuts, seeds, honey or other sweeteners such as brown sugar, and sometimes puffed rice, that is usually baked until crisp, toasted and golden brown. The mixture is stirred while baking to avoid burning and to maintain a loose breakfast cereal consistency. Dried fruit, such as raisins and dates, and confections such as chocolate are sometimes added. Granola is often eaten in combination with yogurt, honey, fresh fruit (such as bananas, strawberries or blueberries), milk or other forms of cereal. It also serves as a topping for various pastries, desserts or ice cream. Muesli is similar to granola, except that it is traditionally neither sweetened nor baked.

Granola is sometimes taken when hiking, camping, or backpacking because it is nutritious, lightweight, high in calories, and easy to store (properties that make it similar to trail mix and muesli). Manufacturers also add honey, corn syrup, or maple syrup to it and compress it into granola bars, which make it easy to carry for packed lunches, hiking, or other outdoor activities.

History
The names Granula and Granola were registered trademarks in the late 19th century United States for foods consisting of sweetened whole grain products crumbled and then baked until crisp. The name is now a trademark only in Australia and New Zealand. However, the use of the term granola in Australia was clarified in 2012 when Sanitarium Health foods alleged trade mark infringement by Irrewarra sourdough when using the word granola on their product labels. It was concluded by the Federal Court of Australia that the word granola had become common place and could not infringe Sanitarium's right to the term when used to describe the product itself, rather than as a trade mark.

Granula was invented in Dansville, New York by Dr. James Caleb Jackson at the Jackson Sanitarium in 1863. The Jackson Sanitarium was a prominent health spa that operated into the early 20th century on the hillside overlooking Dansville. It was also known as Our Home on the Hillside; thus the company formed to sell Jackson's cereal was known as the Our Home Granula Company. Granula was composed of Graham flour and was similar to an oversized form of Grape-Nuts. A similar cereal was developed by John Harvey Kellogg. It too was initially known as Granula, but the name was changed to Granola to avoid legal problems with Jackson.

The food and name were revived in the 1960s, and fruits and nuts were added to it to make it a health food that was popular with the health and nature-oriented hippie movement. Due to this connection, the descriptors "granola" and "crunchy-granola" have entered colloquial use as a way to label people and things associated with the movement.

Another major promoter was Layton Gentry, profiled in Time as "Johnny Granola-Seed". In 1964, Gentry sold the rights to a granola recipe using oats, which he claimed to have invented himself, to Sovex Natural Foods for $3,000. The company was founded in 1953 in Holly, Michigan by the Hurlinger family with the main purpose of producing a concentrated paste of brewers yeast and soy sauce known as "Sovex". Earlier in 1964, it had been bought by John Goodbrad and moved to Collegedale, Tennessee. In 1967, Gentry bought back the rights for west of the Rockies for $1,500 and then sold the west coast rights to Wayne Schlotthauer of Lassen Foods in Chico, California, for $18,000. Lassen was founded from a health food bakery run by Schlotthauer's father-in-law.

In 1969, during Woodstock, Lisa Law asked the festival organizers for $3,000 to buy, in New York City, rolled oats, bulgar wheat, wheat germ, dried apricots, currants, almonds, soy sauce, and honey to make muesli. Volunteers fed circa 130,000 people with Dixie cups.

In 1972, an executive at Pet Milk, St. Louis, Missouri, introduced Heartland Natural Cereal, the first major commercial granola. At almost the same time, the Quaker Oats Company introduced Quaker 100% Natural Granola. Quaker was threatened with legal action by Gentry, and they subsequently changed the name of their product to Harvest Crunch. Within a year, Kellogg's had introduced its "Country Morning" granola cereal and General Mills had introduced its "Nature Valley". In 1974, McKee Baking (later McKee Foods), makers of Little Debbie snack cakes, purchased Sovex. In 1998, the company also acquired the Heartland brand and moved its manufacturing to Collegedale. In 2004, Sovex's name was changed to "Blue Planet Foods".

Granola bar

Granola bars (or muesli bars) have become popular as a snack, similar to the traditional flapjack familiar in the British Isles and Newfoundland. Granola bars consist of granola mixed with honey or other sweetened syrup, pressed and baked into a bar shape, resulting in the production of a more convenient snack. The product is most popular in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, parts of southern Europe, Brazil, Israel, South Africa, and Japan.

Matzo granola
Matzo granola is a breakfast food eaten by some Jewish people during the holiday of Passover. It consists of broken up matzo pieces in place of oats. Many variations are possible by adding other ingredients.

title: Granola


text:
Beyond Borders (film)

Beyond Borders is a 2003 American romantic-drama film about aid workers, directed by Martin Campbell and starring Angelina Jolie, Clive Owen, Teri Polo and Kate Ashfield. The original music score was composed by James Horner.

Reflecting Jolie's real-life interest in promoting humanitarian relief, the film was critically and financially unsuccessful. The film was marketed with the tagline "In a place she didn't belong, among people she never knew, she found a way to make a difference."

Concurrently with the release of the film, Jolie published Notes from My Travels, a collection of journal entries from her real-life experiences as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) — similar to her character in the film.

Plot
While attending a fund-raising gala, Sarah Jordan, a naive, married American socialite living in England, witnesses a fiery plea delivered by an intruder – a renegade humanitarian, Dr. Nick Callahan. His plea made on behalf of impoverished children under his care turns Sarah's life upside down. Attracted to Nick and his cause, she impulsively abandons her job at an art gallery and sheltered life in England to do what she can to aid his efforts at the refugee camps. She travels to Ethiopia bringing with her a caravan of essential medical supplies to the impossibly remote camp, where she finds Nick and his closest colleague, Dr. Elliott Hauser.

As Sarah's work based in England takes her to other volatile areas, where few people have traveled and even fewer have survived, she discovers that the harsh realities she encounters, and her persistent romantic attraction to the charismatic, unpredictable doctor, ignite in her a burning passion for saving lives, while risking her own in the process. She works for humanitarian and human rights organizations for ten years after she first travels to Ethiopia. At Dr Hauser's urging, she helps with another key shipment blocked by warring factions and corruption, and again finds Nick, now in the border region of Cambodia and Vietnam. Here she discovers the same nexus of war and refugee suffering but even more tightly bound than in Ethiopia. Khmer Rouge forces terrorize the camp, and Dr. Hauser is killed in a successful effort to free the camp from their grip. Upon her return to London, she gives birth to Nick's daughter, and eventually is appointed the regional representative for the United Kingdom for the U.N.H.C.R.

At the same time, Nick now finds himself inevitably caught up on the humanitarian crisis in Chechnya, and goes missing. Sarah realizes she must find him a third time and tell him he is a father, and that she can never forget him. As they desperately escape his captors, she defiantly refuses to abandon him and dies in a landmine which Nick survives. The film ends with Nick arriving at Sarah and Henry's home in England to first meet his young daughter.

Cast

 * Angelina Jolie as Sarah Jordan Beauford
 * Clive Owen as Dr. Nick Callahan
 * Teri Polo as Charlotte Jordan
 * Kate Ashfield as Kat
 * Linus Roache as Henry Beauford
 * Noah Emmerich as Elliott Hauser
 * Yorick van Wageningen as Jan Steiger
 * Timothy West as Lawrence Bauford
 * Kate Trotter as Mrs. Bauford
 * Jonathan Higgins as Philip
 * John Gausden as Jimmy Bauford
 * Isabelle Horler as Anna Beauford
 * Iain Lee as Master of Ceremonies
 * Keelan Anthony as Jojo
 * John Bourgeois as Rolly
 * Kalyane Tea as Steiger's Girlfriend
 * Julian Casey as Police Officer
 * Norman Mikeal Berketa as Police Officer
 * Aidan Pickering as TV Reporter
 * Nambitha Mpumlwana as Tula
 * Fikile Nyandeni as Gemilla
 * Tony Robinow as Art Dealer
 * Andrew French as Meles
 * Jamie Bartlett as Joss
 * Tumisho Masha as Hamadi
 * Faye Peters as Monica
 * John Matshikiza as Dawit Ningpopo
 * Zaa Nkweta as Titus
 * Sahajak Boonthanakit as Port Official
 * Dennis Tan as Port Official
 * Doan Jaroen-Ngarm Mckenzie as Tao
 * Burt Kwouk as Colonel Gao
 * Teerawat Mulvilai as Ma Sok
 * Bertrand A. Henri as Speaker
 * Jasmin Geljo as Truck Driver
 * Francis X. McCarthy as Strauss
 * Manuel Tadros as Chechen Mobster
 * Elizabeth Whitmere as Beatrice

Production
Oliver Stone was initially attached as director and producer. Catherine Zeta-Jones, Julia Roberts, and Meg Ryan were considered for the role of Sarah Jordan Beauford, while Kevin Costner and Ralph Fiennes were considered for Dr. Nick Callahan.

The film was shot on location in Thailand, Namibia and Canada.

Reception
Beyond Borders received negative reviews from critics, as the movie currently holds a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 103 reviews. Critical consensus on the film has it that "Beyond Borders is good-intentioned, but the use of human suffering as a backdrop for a romance comes across as sanctimonious and exploitative."

It was nominated for the Political Film Society Award for Peace, losing to Sandstorm. Angelina Jolie received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress nomination for her performances in this and Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life, but lost to Jennifer Lopez for Gigli.

title: Beyond Borders (film)