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Creation and annihilation operators

Creation operators and annihilation operators are mathematical operators that have widespread applications in quantum mechanics, notably in the study of quantum harmonic oscillators and many-particle systems. An annihilation operator (usually denoted $$\hat{a}$$) lowers the number of particles in a given state by one. A creation operator (usually denoted $$\hat{a}^\dagger$$) increases the number of particles in a given state by one, and it is the adjoint of the annihilation operator. In many subfields of physics and chemistry, the use of these operators instead of wavefunctions is known as second quantization. They were introduced by Paul Dirac.

Creation and annihilation operators can act on states of various types of particles. For example, in quantum chemistry and many-body theory the creation and annihilation operators often act on electron states. They can also refer specifically to the ladder operators for the quantum harmonic oscillator. In the latter case, the creation operator is interpreted as a raising operator, adding a quantum of energy to the oscillator system (similarly for the lowering operator). They can be used to represent phonons. Constructing Hamiltonians using these operators has the advantage that the theory automatically satisfies the cluster decomposition theorem.

The mathematics for the creation and annihilation operators for bosons is the same as for the ladder operators of the quantum harmonic oscillator. For example, the commutator of the creation and annihilation operators that are associated with the same boson state equals one, while all other commutators vanish. However, for fermions the mathematics is different, involving anticommutators instead of commutators.

Ladder operators for the quantum harmonic oscillator
In the context of the quantum harmonic oscillator, one reinterprets the ladder operators as creation and annihilation operators, adding or subtracting fixed quanta of energy to the oscillator system.

Creation/annihilation operators are different for bosons (integer spin) and fermions (half-integer spin). This is because their wavefunctions have different symmetry properties.

First consider the simpler bosonic case of the photons of the quantum harmonic oscillator. Start with the Schrödinger equation for the one-dimensional time independent quantum harmonic oscillator, $$\left(-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \frac{d^2}{d x^2} + \frac{1}{2}m \omega^2 x^2\right) \psi(x) = E \psi(x).$$

Make a coordinate substitution to nondimensionalize the differential equation $$x \ = \ \sqrt{ \frac{\hbar}{m \omega}} q.$$

The Schrödinger equation for the oscillator becomes $$ \frac{\hbar \omega}{2} \left(-\frac{d^2}{d q^2} + q^2 \right) \psi(q) = E \psi(q).$$

Note that the quantity $$ \hbar \omega = h \nu $$ is the same energy as that found for light quanta and that the parenthesis in the Hamiltonian can be written as $$ -\frac{d^2}{dq^2} + q^2 = \left(-\frac{d}{dq}+q \right) \left(\frac{d}{dq}+ q \right) + \frac {d}{dq}q - q \frac {d}{dq} .$$

The last two terms can be simplified by considering their effect on an arbitrary differentiable function $$ f(q), $$

$$\left(\frac{d}{dq} q- q \frac{d}{dq} \right)f(q) = \frac{d}{dq}(q f(q)) - q \frac{df(q)}{dq} = f(q) $$ which implies, $$\frac{d}{dq} q- q \frac{d}{dq} = 1 ,$$ coinciding with the usual canonical commutation relation $$ -i[q,p]=1 $$, in position space representation: $$p:=-i\frac{d}{dq}$$.

Therefore, $$ -\frac{d^2}{dq^2} + q^2 = \left(-\frac{d}{dq}+q \right) \left(\frac{d}{dq}+ q \right) + 1 $$ and the Schrödinger equation for the oscillator becomes, with substitution of the above and rearrangement of the factor of 1/2, $$ \hbar \omega \left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(-\frac{d}{dq}+q \right)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(\frac{d}{dq}+ q \right) + \frac{1}{2} \right] \psi(q) = E \psi(q).$$

If one defines $$a^\dagger \ = \ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(-\frac{d}{dq} + q\right)$$ as the "creation operator" or the "raising operator" and $$ a \ \ = \ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(\ \ \ \!\frac{d}{dq} + q\right)$$ as the "annihilation operator" or the "lowering operator", the Schrödinger equation for the oscillator reduces to $$ \hbar \omega \left( a^\dagger a + \frac{1}{2} \right) \psi(q) = E \psi(q).$$ This is significantly simpler than the original form. Further simplifications of this equation enable one to derive all the properties listed above thus far.

Letting $$p = - i \frac{d}{dq}$$, where $$p$$ is the nondimensionalized momentum operator one has

$$ [q, p] = i \,$$ and $$\begin{align} a &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(q + i p) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( q + \frac{d}{dq}\right) \\[1ex] a^\dagger &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(q - i p) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( q - \frac{d}{dq}\right). \end{align}$$

Note that these imply $$ [a, a^\dagger ] = \frac{1}{2} [ q + ip, q-i p] = \frac{1}{2} ([q,-ip] + [ip, q]) = -\frac{i}{2} ([q, p] + [q, p]) = 1. $$

The operators $$a\,$$ and $$a^\dagger\,$$ may be contrasted to normal operators, which commute with their adjoints.

Using the commutation relations given above, the Hamiltonian operator can be expressed as $$\hat H = \hbar \omega \left( a \, a^\dagger - \frac{1}{2}\right) = \hbar \omega \left( a^\dagger \, a + \frac{1}{2}\right).\qquad\qquad(*)$$

One may compute the commutation relations between the $$a\,$$ and $$a^\dagger\,$$ operators and the Hamiltonian: $$\begin{align} \left[\hat H, a \right] &= \left[\hbar \omega \left ( a a^\dagger - \tfrac{1}{2}\right ), a\right] = \hbar \omega \left[ a a^\dagger, a\right] = \hbar \omega \left( a [a^\dagger,a] + [a,a] a^\dagger\right) = -\hbar \omega a. \\[1ex] \left[\hat H, a^\dagger \right] &= \hbar \omega \, a^\dagger. \end{align}$$

These relations can be used to easily find all the energy eigenstates of the quantum harmonic oscillator as follows.

Assuming that $$\psi_n$$ is an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian $$\hat H \psi_n = E_n\, \psi_n$$. Using these commutation relations, it follows that $$\begin{align} \hat H\, a\psi_n &= (E_n - \hbar \omega)\, a\psi_n. \\[1ex] \hat H\, a^\dagger\psi_n &= (E_n + \hbar \omega)\, a^\dagger\psi_n. \end{align}$$

This shows that $$a\psi_n$$ and $$a^\dagger\psi_n$$ are also eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, with eigenvalues $$E_n - \hbar \omega$$ and $$E_n + \hbar \omega$$ respectively. This identifies the operators $$a$$ and $$a^\dagger$$ as "lowering" and "raising" operators between adjacent eigenstates. The energy difference between adjacent eigenstates is $$\Delta E = \hbar \omega$$.

The ground state can be found by assuming that the lowering operator possesses a nontrivial kernel: $$a\, \psi_0 = 0$$ with $$\psi_0\ne0$$. Applying the Hamiltonian to the ground state,

$$\hat H\psi_0 = \hbar\omega\left(a^\dagger a+\frac{1}{2}\right)\psi_0 = \hbar\omega a^\dagger a \psi_0 + \frac{\hbar\omega}{2}\psi_0=0+\frac{\hbar\omega}{2}\psi_0=E_0\psi_0.$$ So $$\psi_0$$ is an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian.

This gives the ground state energy $$E_0 = \hbar \omega /2$$, which allows one to identify the energy eigenvalue of any eigenstate $$\psi_n$$ as $$E_n = \left(n + \tfrac{1}{2}\right)\hbar \omega.$$

Furthermore, it turns out that the first-mentioned operator in (*), the number operator $$N=a^\dagger a\,,$$ plays the most important role in applications, while the second one, $$a a^\dagger \,$$ can simply be replaced by $$N+1$$.

Consequently, $$\hbar\omega \,\left(N+\tfrac{1}{2}\right)\,\psi (q) =E\,\psi (q)~.$$

The time-evolution operator is then $$\begin{align} U(t) &= \exp ( -it \hat{H}/\hbar) = \exp (-it\omega (a^\dagger a+1/2)) ~, \\[1ex] &= e^{-it \omega /2} ~ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} {(e^{-i\omega t}-1)^k \over k!} a^{{\dagger} {k}} a^k ~. \end{align}$$

Explicit eigenfunctions
The ground state $$\ \psi_0(q)$$ of the quantum harmonic oscillator can be found by imposing the condition that $$ a \ \psi_0(q) = 0.$$

Written out as a differential equation, the wavefunction satisfies $$q \psi_0 + \frac{d\psi_0}{dq} = 0$$ with the solution $$\psi_0(q) = C \exp\left(-\tfrac 1 2 q^2\right).$$

The normalization constant $a$ is found to be $$1/ \sqrt[4]{\pi}$$ from $\int_{-\infty}^\infty \psi_0^* \psi_0 \,dq = 1$, using the Gaussian integral. Explicit formulas for all the eigenfunctions can now be found by repeated application of $$ a^\dagger$$ to $$ \psi_0$$.

Matrix representation
The matrix expression of the creation and annihilation operators of the quantum harmonic oscillator with respect to the above orthonormal basis is $$ \begin{align} a^\dagger &= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ \sqrt{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{3} & 0 & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \dots & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & \sqrt{n} & 0 & \dots & \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots \end{pmatrix} \\[1ex] a &= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sqrt{1} & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{3} & \dots & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ddots & \vdots & \dots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \sqrt{n} & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & \ddots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots \end{pmatrix} \end{align} $$

These can be obtained via the relationships $$a^\dagger_{ij} = \left\langle\psi_i \right| a^\dagger \left| \psi_j\right\rangle$$ and $$a_{ij} = \left\langle\psi_i \right| a \left| \psi_j\right\rangle$$. The eigenvectors $$\psi_i$$ are those of the quantum harmonic oscillator, and are sometimes called the "number basis".

Generalized creation and annihilation operators
Thanks to representation theory and C*-algebras the operators derived above are actually a specific instance of a more generalized notion of creation and annihilation operators in the context of CCR and CAR algebras. Mathematically and even more generally ladder operators can be understood in the context of a root system of a semisimple Lie group and the associated semisimple Lie algebra without the need of realizing the representation as operators on a functional Hilbert space.

In the Hilbert space representation case the operators are constructed as follows: Let $$H$$ be a one-particle Hilbert space (that is, any Hilbert space, viewed as representing the state of a single particle). The (bosonic) CCR algebra over $$H$$ is the algebra-with-conjugation-operator (called *) abstractly generated by elements $$a(f)$$, where $$f\,$$ranges freely over $$H$$, subject to the relations

$$\begin{align} \left[a(f), a(g)\right] &= \left[a^\dagger(f), a^\dagger(g)\right] = 0 \\[1ex] \left[a(f), a^\dagger(g)\right] &= \langle f\mid g \rangle, \end{align}$$ in bra–ket notation.

The map $$a: f \to a(f)$$ from $$H$$ to the bosonic CCR algebra is required to be complex antilinear (this adds more relations). Its adjoint is $$a^\dagger(f)$$, and the map $$f\to a^\dagger(f)$$ is complex linear in $B$. Thus $$H$$ embeds as a complex vector subspace of its own CCR algebra. In a representation of this algebra, the element $$a(f)$$ will be realized as an annihilation operator, and $$a^\dagger(f)$$ as a creation operator.

In general, the CCR algebra is infinite dimensional. If we take a Banach space completion, it becomes a C*-algebra. The CCR algebra over $$H$$ is closely related to, but not identical to, a Weyl algebra.

For fermions, the (fermionic) CAR algebra over $$H$$ is constructed similarly, but using anticommutator relations instead, namely

$$\begin{align} \{a(f),a(g)\} &= \{a^\dagger(f),a^\dagger(g)\} = 0 \\[1ex] \{a(f),a^\dagger(g)\} &= \langle f\mid g \rangle. \end{align}$$

The CAR algebra is finite dimensional only if $$H$$ is finite dimensional. If we take a Banach space completion (only necessary in the infinite dimensional case), it becomes a $$C^*$$ algebra. The CAR algebra is closely related, but not identical to, a Clifford algebra.

Physically speaking, $$a(f)$$ removes (i.e. annihilates) a particle in the state $$|f\rangle$$ whereas $$a^\dagger(f)$$ creates a particle in the state $$|f\rangle$$.

The free field vacuum state is the state $\left\vert0\right\rangle$ with no particles, characterized by $$a(f) \left| 0\right\rangle=0.$$

If $$|f\rangle$$ is normalized so that $$\langle f|f\rangle = 1$$, then $$N=a^\dagger(f)a(f)$$ gives the number of particles in the state $$|f\rangle$$.

Creation and annihilation operators for reaction-diffusion equations
The annihilation and creation operator description has also been useful to analyze classical reaction diffusion equations, such as the situation when a gas of molecules $$A$$ diffuse and interact on contact, forming an inert product: $$A+A\to \empty$$. To see how this kind of reaction can be described by the annihilation and creation operator formalism, consider $$n_{i}$$ particles at a site $C$ on a one dimensional lattice. Each particle moves to the right or left with a certain probability, and each pair of particles at the same site annihilates each other with a certain other probability.

The probability that one particle leaves the site during the short time period $A= B + i C$ is proportional to $$n_i \, dt$$, let us say a probability $$\alpha n_{i}dt$$ to hop left and $$\alpha n_i \, dt$$ to hop right. All $$n_i$$ particles will stay put with a probability $$1-2\alpha n_i \, dt$$. (Since $B,C$ is so short, the probability that two or more will leave during $dt$ is very small and will be ignored.)

We can now describe the occupation of particles on the lattice as a 'ket' of the form $$|\dots, n_{-1}, n_0, n_1, \dots\rangle$$. It represents the juxtaposition (or conjunction, or tensor product) of the number states $$\dots, |n_{-1}\rangle$$ $$|n_{0}\rangle$$, $$|n_{1}\rangle, \dots$$ located at the individual sites of the lattice. Recall that

$$a\left| n \right\rangle = \sqrt{n} \left|n-1\right\rangle$$ and $$a^\dagger \left| n\right\rangle= \sqrt{n+1}\left| n+1\right\rangle,$$ for all $dt$, while $$[a,a^{\dagger}] = \mathbf 1$$

This definition of the operators will now be changed to accommodate the "non-quantum" nature of this problem and we shall use the following definition:

$$\begin{align} a \left|n\right\rangle &= (n) \left|n{-}1\right\rangle \\[1ex] a^\dagger \left|n\right\rangle &= \left| n{+}1\right\rangle \end{align}$$

note that even though the behavior of the operators on the kets has been modified, these operators still obey the commutation relation $$[a,a^{\dagger}]=\mathbf 1$$

Now define $$ a_i$$ so that it applies $$ a$$ to $$ |n_i\rangle$$. Correspondingly, define $$ a^\dagger_i$$ as applying $$ a^\dagger$$ to $$ |n_i\rangle$$. Thus, for example, the net effect of $$ a_{i-1} a^\dagger_i$$ is to move a particle from the $(i-1)$-th to the $p$-th site while multiplying with the appropriate factor.

This allows writing the pure diffusive behavior of the particles as $$\partial_{t}\left| \psi\right\rangle = -\alpha \sum_i \left(2a_i^\dagger a_i-a_{i-1}^\dagger a_i-a_{i+1}^\dagger a_i\right) \left|\psi\right\rangle = -\alpha\sum_i \left(a_i^\dagger-a_{i-1}^\dagger\right)(a_i-a_{i-1}) \left|\psi\right\rangle. $$

The reaction term can be deduced by noting that $$n$$ particles can interact in $$n(n-1)$$ different ways, so that the probability that a pair annihilates is $$\lambda n(n-1)dt$$, yielding a term $$\lambda \sum_i (a_i a_i-a_i^\dagger a_i^\dagger a_i a_i)$$

where number state $q$ is replaced by number state $dt$ at site $$i$$ at a certain rate.

Thus the state evolves by $$\partial_t\left|\psi\right\rangle = -\alpha\sum_i \left(a_i^\dagger-a_{i-1}^\dagger\right) \left(a_i-a_{i-1}\right) \left|\psi\right\rangle + \lambda\sum_i \left(a_i^2-a_i^{\dagger 2}a_i^2\right) \left|\psi\right\rangle $$

Other kinds of interactions can be included in a similar manner.

This kind of notation allows the use of quantum field theoretic techniques to be used in the analysis of reaction diffusion systems.

Creation and annihilation operators in quantum field theories
In quantum field theories and many-body problems one works with creation and annihilation operators of quantum states, $$a^\dagger_i$$ and $$a^{\,}_i$$. These operators change the eigenvalues of the number operator, $$N = \sum_i n_i = \sum_i a^\dagger_i a^{\,}_i,$$ by one, in analogy to the harmonic oscillator. The indices (such as $$i$$) represent quantum numbers that label the single-particle states of the system; hence, they are not necessarily single numbers. For example, a tuple of quantum numbers $$(n, \ell, m, s)$$ is used to label states in the hydrogen atom.

The commutation relations of creation and annihilation operators in a multiple-boson system are, $$\begin{align} \left[a^{\,}_i, a^\dagger_j\right] &\equiv a^{\,}_i a^\dagger_j - a^\dagger_ja^{\,}_i = \delta_{i j}, \\[1ex] \left[a^\dagger_i, a^\dagger_j\right] &= [a^{\,}_i, a^{\,}_j] = 0, \end{align}$$ where $$[\cdot, \cdot ]$$ is the commutator and $$\delta_{i j}$$ is the Kronecker delta.

For fermions, the commutator is replaced by the anticommutator $\{\cdot, \cdot \}$, $$\begin{align} \{a^{\,}_i, a^\dagger_j\} &\equiv a^{\,}_i a^\dagger_j +a^\dagger_j a^{\,}_i = \delta_{i j}, \\[1ex] \{a^\dagger_i, a^\dagger_j\} &= \{a^{\,}_i, a^{\,}_j\} = 0. \end{align}$$ Therefore, exchanging disjoint (i.e. $$i \ne j$$) operators in a product of creation or annihilation operators will reverse the sign in fermion systems, but not in boson systems.

If the states labelled by i are an orthonormal basis of a Hilbert space H, then the result of this construction coincides with the CCR algebra and CAR algebra construction in the previous section but one. If they represent "eigenvectors" corresponding to the continuous spectrum of some operator, as for unbound particles in QFT, then the interpretation is more subtle.

Normalization
While Zee obtains the momentum space normalization $$[\hat a_{\mathbf p},\hat a_{\mathbf q}^\dagger] = \delta(\mathbf{p} - \mathbf{q})$$ via the symmetric convention for Fourier transforms, Tong and Peskin & Schroeder use the common asymmetric convention to obtain $$[\hat a_{\mathbf p},\hat a_{\mathbf q}^\dagger] = (2\pi)^3\delta(\mathbf{p} - \mathbf{q})$$. Each derives $$[\hat \phi(\mathbf x), \hat \pi(\mathbf x')] = i\delta(\mathbf x - \mathbf x')$$.

Srednicki additionally merges the Lorentz-invariant measure into his asymmetric Fourier measure, $$\tilde{dk}=\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3 2\omega}$$, yielding $$[\hat a_{\mathbf k},\hat a_{\mathbf k'}^\dagger] = (2\pi)^3 2\omega\,\delta(\mathbf{k} - \mathbf{k}')$$.

title: Creation and annihilation operators


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User talk:Casta

PLease don't pase patent nonsense into the 'pedia. Dunc_Harris|☺ 21:05, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

At the very least, this shold be at etymology of Al-Andalus, but I'm not sure its worth of an article. Dunc_Harris|☺ 21:05, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

also please see welcome, newcomers

I don't mean to bite you, btw. (don't bite the newcomers) Dunc_Harris|☺ 21:05, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Wickipedia:Speedy deletions
Hi. Wikipedia:Speedy deletions isn't a place for complaints or advice. Is there anything I can help you with? - Tεx  τ  urε  21:18, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I looked at your article at Al-Andalus, etymology(ies) and I have to admit that I do not know the subject matter. However, it does seem to be original work and not an article about existing knowledge. The opening sentence, "On the origins of the name Al-Andalus...I think this is an intriguing question, and not so easily answered! " is more suited for editorials than an encylopedic entry. Perhaps you could rework the wording to a format more suitable for the encyclopedic format and less personal? I hope you don't mind the suggestion. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:38, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism
Do not vandalise my personal page. The history of all pages is recorded. This can be used against you for breaching Wikiquette, should you continue to be childish, and ultimately you may be banned. Dunc_Harris|☺ 10:38, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Casta, don't go outside proper procedure. Your page, Al-Andalus, etymology(ies) is getting votes to keep on Votes for deletion. Keep cool and let things come out as they will. - Tεx  τ  urε  16:39, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Al-Andalus
I have incorporated the content written by Casta at Al-Andalus, etymology(ies) (subsequently moved to Etymology of Al-Andalus) into the article at Al-Andalus and recommended that the former two pages should redirect to the latter. — Chameleon 15:45, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Casta


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North Scituate

North Scituate is the name of several places in the United States:

 * North Scituate, Massachusetts
 * North Scituate (MBTA station)
 * Smithville-North Scituate historic district in Scituate, Rhode Island

title: North Scituate


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Talk:Oconee, Illinois

"As of the census of 2000, there are 202 people, 78 households, and 64 families residing in the village. The population density is 216.6/km² (560.8/mi²). There are 86 housing units at an average density of 92.2/km² (238.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 100.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race."

Arithmetic here doesn't add up - also is it worth including the 0% figures?

title: Talk:Oconee, Illinois


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Talk:Red Dragon (2002 film)

Old messages
To the recent editor: Thank you so much for vastly improving this article. I wrote it very quickly off the top of my head initially because it was a most wanted article. Needless to say, you have improved it beyond measure. Pcb21| Pete 21:06, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I changed the word 'unwordly' in "Lecter treats Starling as an unworldly student but Graham as a fellow professional (though not an equal)." to unworthy, as it appeared to be a typo. Please revert this if I am mistaken. Unworthy doesn't seem quite the right word to me, perhaps on his outer ways it does, although his thoughts are otherwise internally (been a while, so I don't dare attempt to write anything on the complex relationship between Clarice and Lector). MardukZero 03:01, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

PS: I would also rephrase the sentences to less confusing grammar in the latter parts of the synopsis (around where Graham confronts Dolarhyde while he is holding Graham's son hostage), but my mind is not in a proper state to do it correctly right now. MardukZero 03:07, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Synopsis is so far off that I do not believe a simple edit can fix/cover everything. While it gives a passing fair account of events, its shallow conclusions and wayward intimations quite horribly miss the point of the novel.--HungryHippo 08:22, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't think that the synopsis is so far off in the context of the simplistic story given in the film(s). However I feel that this article blurs the line between novel and book, and in that way miss the point of the novel. Perhaps separate articles for film(s) and novel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christiansnyder (talk • contribs) 17:54, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
The assertation in the trivia section is absurd - "This film is unique in that it is an adaptation of the Red Dragon novel, while at the same time being a remake of Manhunter." There have been countless novels which have been filmed more than once (think A Tale of Two Cities!) and in each case the second film has been both an adaptation and a remake. I will remove this piece of non-trivia in a week, unless someone shows good reason why this film is different in kind to other remakes of adaptations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmc29 (talk • contribs) 12:58, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

"Oysters"
Early in the movie, Norton's character says "The tenderest part of the chicken is the oysters ... on either side of the back". Which cut of the chicken is this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.82.2.63 (talk • contribs) 08:03, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That's probably the kidneys. Afalbrig (talk) 05:11, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

WRONG; it is definitely NOT kidneys which are neither tender nor 'on either side of the back' Oysters are two small, round pieces of dark meat on the back of poultry near the thigh. Some regard the "oyster meat" to be the most flavorful and tender part of the bird, while others dislike the taste and texture. It is referenced in the films Amélie and Red Dragon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.219.16.89 (talk) 06:54, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Lecter's identity
The line that states Will Graham to be co-agent and friend of Lecter is possibly incorrect on both facts. Lecter was not an FBI agent, and most probably was never a friend of Will Graham. I will remove this sentence from the plot in a week's time unless good reason is shown for its existence. Treason of isengard 05:13, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Hannibal Lecter films
Template:Hannibal Lecter films has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. --CyberGhostface 22:00, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Chronology
We've got two conflicting statements:

"This film is set to be followed by Hannibal Rising, though this film precedes Red Dragon* in the Hannibal Lecter chronology."

"Red Dragon is, in both publishing chronology and story order, the first story in the Lecter trilogy."

I imagine the intent was to have the * be Hannibal Rising, but being that I don't know, I just figured I'd bring it to someone's attention. 65.190.120.48 02:28, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Disembowel
he didn't stab him randomly.The term dissembowel isn't apropriate.he new what he was doing,he is a doctor,he tell's him "your in a shock ...",i'm guessing he was aming at his splean, in order to blead him to death.--87.65.171.194 02:32, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Repetition of painting information
The difference in paintings is mentioned in full twice in this article. Once in the introductory paragraph and then once in an Error section.

Does anyone else feel like this is redundant? --65.189.245.127 08:43, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, it isn't totally redundant as the error section mention actually addresses it as an error. Dr. Hannibal Lecter 14:25, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

The Raspail issue
I posted this a year ago on the Hannibal Lecter talk page. It's a response to the Raspail confusion:

"It's actually an inconsistency in "Hannibal" only. In the books Lecter killed Raspail and Gumb killed Klaus but "Silence" screenwriter Ted Tally condensed the two characters into one. For the record, the literary Raspail was killed by Lecter but the cinematic Raspail was killed by Gumb.

The problem with "Hannibal" is that it wasn't written by Ted Tally. Tally passed on the project along with Jonathan Demme, Jodie Foster & Scott Glenn. Unfortunately the screenwriter of "Hannibal" (Stephen Zaillian) apparantly paid no attention to the changes Tally made in the previous film as he not only failed to reflect the changed Raspail situation in his screenplay but also included a scene from the original "Hannibal" novel (that was ultimately deleted for good reason) between Clarice and a mental hospital patient that makes no sense within the movie as it cannot be understood because the character was introduced in an unfilmed scene from the "Silence" novel.

A further continuity issue regarding "Hannibal" as it relates to "The Silence of the Lambs" is that the timestamp on the nurse video in no way matches the date that Chilton says that the incident took place on. I don't remember the two dates off the top of my head but if you go back and watch those scenes you'll see that the actual shown tape in "Hannibal" is literally YEARS off of what it should be, though it's likely that this was a mistake from someone else in the production as such a minor detail probably wouldn't be included in the screenplay. In any case, it demonstrates that continuity wasn't important to the makers of "Hannibal".

In any case, it's apparent that continuity IS important to Ted Tally because the Tally-written "Red Dragon" dances around the mess "Hannibal" made of the continuity. Those familiar with the Lecter books will notice that the opening scene of Tally's script details the story of the literary Benjamin Raspail but a more subtle fact is that the character modeled after Raspail in "Red Dragon" is NEVER identified by name in the movie, the screenplay or the credits. He is merely "flautist". Furthermore, he is completely bald whereas the head of Raspail in "Silence" has shaggy, curly hair. Since Raspail is never described as a flautist in "Silence" there are no continuity issues in regards to Benjamin Raspail when watching the two Tally-penned films. The continuity in "Hannibal" may be all messed up but at least Tally got it right.

The literary Lecter did indeed kill a flautist named Benjamin Raspail and served him to the symphony board but the cinematic Lecter of Tally's films did not kill Raspail, though he did kill an unnamed flautist identical to the literary Raspail in every respect but name.GuruAskew 09:09, 17 September 2006 (UTC)"

Perhaps the best way to address this confusion is to start a page for the Benjamin Raspail character that deals with this confusion because it's too long and complicated to go into on all applicable pages.GuruAskew 22:26, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Red Dragon movie.jpg
Image:Red Dragon movie.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 08:11, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Willandgram.jpg
Image:Willandgram.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:09, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Differences between versions
I removed the following from the article and bring it here for discussion:

The story of Red Dragon has been filmed twice. The first film, released in 1986 under the title Manhunter, was written and directed by Michael Mann and focused on FBI Special Agent Will Graham, played by William Petersen. Lecter (renamed Lecktor) was played by Brian Cox. Manhunter leaves out Dolarhyde's backstory and has him die at Graham's hands during the climactic scene. Lecter in Ratner's adaptation appears numerous times, and even the opening sequence was filmed specifically to show the audience how he was caught by Will Graham (in a version modified from the book).

At the end of the film version of Red Dragon, the family is together as Graham reads a letter from Lecter and throws it into the ocean in disgust. The book ends with Graham in the hospital recovering from Dolarhyde's attack, and Jack Crawford intercepts the letter before Graham ever learns of its existence.

This is entirely unreferenced, not to mention original research, and should not be readded to the article without sources. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive' 14:36, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Creative merit
I would like to add a personal thought about Ratner's adaptation. If anyone has any concrete references, then this can be added to the main article. In my opinion, Ratner's adaptation has limited creativity and the film follows Mann's storyline; admittedly, Ratner adds some interesting new material, but the majority appears like duplication -- I'm surprised there was no lawsuit! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.191.207.186 (talk) 11:28, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Are you aware that they're both based on the same book, and that the Ratner version is actually more faithful to the original text?--CyberGhostface (talk) 00:23, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Incomplete
InfamousPrince, since you added the "incomplete" template, can you please explain what you feel is missing from this article? Thank you. ---  RepublicanJacobite  TheFortyFive  13:52, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The article is just to short if you compare it to the other Hannibal Lecter film articles, it only has "Reception" section bellow "Cast". It needs to be expanded so that there is at least "Development" or "Release" (which includes "Box-office performance" and "Accolades" sections with "Reception" that is already there). If you don't agree, then remove the template. InfamousPrince  15:16, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Remake?
why "should it not be considered as a remake"? this is absurd - please can someone give a good explanation? --Diogenes2000 (talk) 09:06, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

- it should be considered as a remake because it completely is.. --217.131.5.187 (talk) 21:11, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

Who does not consider it a remake when it is identical to the earlier film. I mean every scene is in the same order, the script the dialog is largely the same. So did the directors not see it as a remake, did Hollywood not technically see it as a remake.?--Inayity (talk) 18:29, 10 November 2014 (UTC)
 * It isn't a remake of Manhunter. It is just a film based on the same source material. And no, it is not practically identical to Manhunter. While there are certain scenes in the film that were used in Manhunter (again, because they are based on the same book), there are major differences in the plot. The film is closer to the book than it is to Manhunter (it is also closer to the book than Manhunter was). Visually and stylistically, Red Dragon has more in common with The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal (which it is a prequel of) than it does with Manhunter. Aside from being based on the same novel, Red Dragon and Manhunter have very little in common aside of featuring a few of the same scenes (which, once again, is unavoidable because of the source material). Darkknight2149 (talk) 16:10, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Very different films with completely different "feels" - and you'll be hard-pressed to find Iron Butterfly playing in Red Dragon.50.111.2.50 (talk) 01:00, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Not helpful?
User:TheOldJacobite, could you please explain how a link to FBI, mental illness pathology, and alternate personality isn't helpful in a movie about the FBI trying to catch someone with an alternate personality. I did remove the full moon link though (I had meant to see if there was a section on FM triggering psychotic episodes but forgot). Also the capture of Lecter was during the 1980's. The '80s is a distinct era in western culture, before the computerization of police databases such as VICAP and many others. If you disagree I would propose we ask a neutral party. 50.64.119.38 (talk) 17:14, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * The link to FBI is a redirect, so that's not helpful. The year in which the film takes place is not stated, so saying it was the 1980s is a guess, and is not relevant unless it's importance is stated in the film.  And the pathology would also have to be clearly stated, which I do not believe it is. ---  The Old Jacobite   The '45  17:44, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * The year of the film is written right at the start of the symphony. And I have fixed the FBI link. 50.64.119.38 (talk) 18:14, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Once again, even if stated, what is the relevance of the year? ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  14:24, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

The FBI is one of the key plot elements of movie. However, I am intrigued by your opinion that the link to FBI is "wrong" .I am by nature non-confrontational, so pls do not take the next sentence as any sort of escalation, But please tell me why it is "wrong." 50.64.119.38 (talk) 11:00, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I have inserted a piped link on FBI in the lede, which is sufficient. ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  11:55, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Date of first scene of movie.
The movie came out in 2002. Silence of the Lambs came out in 1991. By including the year at the start of the movie the director pinpoints the date of Lecter's capture. Even if this was useless information, which I assure you it is not, by showing the date at the start of the very first live action scene, the director has shown it is of import (some would say crucial) to the setting of this scene. I vote we let the director have the last word on this subject. 50.64.119.38 (talk) 13:04, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Page move
This page was moved from its current, and longstanding, title to Red Dragon (2002 film) without discussion and without consensus. Though I am sure the editor who made the move was well-intended, such page moves should be discussed here first. The disambiguation between this film and the 1965 film is unnecessary as, between the two, I am sure a strong case can be made that this is the main topic for which people search. All this is necessary is disambiguation between the film and the original novel. ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  13:53, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It was I that moved Red Dragon (film) to Red Dragon (2002 film), and it was reverted by you. I proposed the page move at the next section. We may discuss there. Thanks. --Neo-Jay (talk) 14:46, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 8 September 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Pages moved as per consensus. — usernamekiran (talk)  19:14, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Red Dragon (film) → Red Dragon (2002 film) – Red Dragon (film) should be moved to Red Dragon (2002 film) because there is another article Red Dragon (1965 film). According to Naming conventions (films), "If one film is the primary topic, name its article after the film's title without any means of disambiguation. For the other films (or all the films, if none of them are the primary topic), add the year of its first verifiable release (including film festival screenings)". This 2002 film is not the primary topic for "Red Dragon", which redirects disambiguation page Red dragon now. Please note that if this 2002 film is the primary topic, then it should be named without any means of disambiguation, i.e., the article title should not be added a "(film)". A relevant discussion can be found at Talk:Independence Day (1996 film)/Archive 3, which indicates how editors, after two failed title requests, finally came to the conclusion that Independence Day (film), which also seems to be the primary topic among the same-title films, should be moved to Independence Day (1996 film). Neo-Jay (talk) 14:08, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per the guidelines. Unnecessary to have a hierarchy beyond a primary topic and the set of secondary topics, all of which should be disambiguated from each other. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 14:35, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support — no such thing as a partial primary topic.  Taylor Trescott  - my talk + my edits 14:38, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Actually, the most prominent exception to your point is Thriller (album), given where it redirects. (I'm just pointing out that exceptions exist; I'm not debating your point as my opinion of how disambiguation should be set up mirrors your statement.) Steel1943  (talk) 16:57, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Given that the page's name is Thriller (Michael Jackson album), I wouldn't exactly say it's a partial primary topic.  Taylor Trescott  - my talk + my edits 19:10, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:NCF and then redirect to the dab page.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 18:18, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:NCF and then redirect to the dab page, verbatim. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:58, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Connect the dots
Oh come on. We know it was Clarice Starling that Lector was gonna be meeting, at the end of the movie. GoodDay (talk) 05:39, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Subdue?
"Realizing Graham is close to discovering he is the killer, Lecter stabs him, but Graham subdues him before falling unconscious." Graham stabs Lecter with 3 arrows and then shoots at him six times, striking him at least twice. That's far from "subduing". Maineartists (talk) 01:57, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Fix it! I haven't seen the movie in decades so if you can describe it better go ahead. Popcornfud (talk) 09:29, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red Dragon (2002 film)


text:
Belgrade declaration

The Belgrade declaration (Белградская декларация, Beogradska deklaracija, Beograjska deklaracija, Белградска декларација) is a document signed by President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev on 2 June 1955 that brought about a short reconciliation between the two states. Negotiations leading up to the signing of the document took place between 27 May and 2 June.

The declaration guaranteed noninterference in Yugoslavia's internal affairs and legitimized the right to interpret other forms of socialist development in different countries. While the declaration failed in achieving lasting rapprochement between the two countries (a result of Yugoslav anxiety over the Hungarian Revolution of 1956) it had an effect on Yugoslav disengagement from the Balkan Pact with the NATO member states of Turkey and Greece. The document was a cornerstone for the relations between the two countries for the following 35 years.

Background
After Stalin's death in 1953, Tito had to choose between a more Western approach to reforms or an agreement with new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The two countries formally reestablished diplomatic relations with Soviet ambassador Vasily Valkov arriving to Belgrade on 30 July and Yugoslav ambassador Dobrivoje Vidić arriving to Moscow on 30 September 1953 under the leadership of Georgy Malenkov. This, however, did not automatically lead to normalization between the two ruling parties. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the League of Communists of Yugoslavia exchanged letters in late 1955.

Tito tried to reconcile with the Soviet Union, inviting Khrushchev to Belgrade in 1955. The Khrushchev trip to Belgrade is sometimes colloquially known as the "Soviet Canossa".

This meeting resulted in the Belgrade declaration ending the Informbiro period, granting other socialist countries the right to interpret Marxism in a different way, and ensured more equal relationships amongst all satellite states and the Soviet Union. But the limits of this agreement became evident after the Soviet intervention in Hungary in October 1956; this was followed by a new Soviet campaign against Tito, which held the Yugoslav government responsible for the Hungarian insurrection. Soviet–Yugoslav relationships went through similar cool periods in the 1960s (after the violent ending of the Prague Spring and the subsequent Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia) and thereafter. Yugoslavia, however, became an associated member of the Comecon in 1964 after an agreement was reached with the Soviet leadership.

title: Belgrade declaration


text:
Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer (23 September 1902 – 8 February 2000) was a Romanian communist politician and lawyer, and the 49th Prime Minister of Romania. He is the longest serving Prime Minister in the history of Romania (having served for 12 years and 343 days).

Early life, family, and education
Maurer was born in Bucharest to an Alsatian father of German descent and a Romanian mother with petit-bourgeois background. He completed studies in law at the University of Bucharest in 1923, after which he pursued graduate studies at the Sorbonne in Paris. Upon returning to Romania, he became an attorney, practicing law in Sighișoara, then serving as public prosecutor and later judge. In 1932 he went to Bucharest as counsel for several large banks.

The first wife was named Dana Gavrilovici, according to other sources, Lucretia. She was older than him and had two daughters with him as well as a son from her first marriage, Alexandru Niculescu, who became an officer. He remarried in 1949 to Elena (Lili) Stănescu, ex-wife of his friend N.D. Cocea and with whom he had a son, Jean Maurer, who lives in Munich. His wife died a year before his death, but fearing a heart attack his son kept this fact a secret, so Maurer died believing his wife was still alive and being treated in a hospital.

Political career
He became active politically, defending in court members of the illegal leftist and Anti-fascist movements. Occasionally, as in the 1936 Craiova Trial of Romanian Communist Party (PCR) activists, including Ana Pauker, Alexandru Drăghici, and Alexandru Moghioroș, he assisted Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu.

Before 1937, he was briefly active in the Radical Peasants' Party, formed by Grigore Iunian as a splinter group of the National Peasants' Party; however, he was by then already a member of the illegal Communist Party and active in the Agitprop section.

In 1942–1943, during World War II he was imprisoned for his political activity (notably, in the Târgu Jiu internment camp), and, as a member of a paramilitary grouping, played a secondary part in the events of 23 August 1944 that led to the downfall of the Ion Antonescu regime. During this time, although present among the few active leaders of the Party around general secretary Ștefan Foriș, he became a supporter of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's faction (dominated by imprisoned activists). In 1944, he played a hand in Foriș's deposition, assisting Emil Bodnăraș and Gheorghiu-Dej.

After the war, Maurer became a member of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party (the new name of the PCR after it had incorporated the Social Democratic Party) and took several ministerial positions in the new communist government of Romania — including that of undersecretary of the Communications and Public Works Ministry under Gheorghiu-Dej in the first Petru Groza government. In 1946-1947, he was a member of Romania's delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (headed by Gheorghe Tătărescu) and was briefly employed by Ana Pauker at the Foreign Ministry, before being dismissed for having an unsatisfactory level of political conviction. He was removed from the forefront for the following decade, working for the Institute of Juridical Research.

He supported Gheorghiu-Dej's nationalist policy, eventually becoming foreign minister of Romania in 1957 (replacing Grigore Preoteasa), holding office for six months, and serving in the delegations establishing closer contacts with the People's Republic of China during the Sino-Soviet split and a détente with France in 1959.

Regarded, according to the claims of dissident journalist Victor Frunză, as Gheorghiu-Dej's chosen successor, Maurer was head of state (President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly of Romania) from 1958 to 1961. He took the seat previously occupied by Constantin Pîrvulescu on the Politburo, and then replaced Chivu Stoica as Prime Minister of Romania in 1961. In the latter capacity, he was the recipient of a 1963 letter by the British philosopher and activist Bertrand Russell, who pleaded with the Romanian authorities to free from jail Belu Zilber (a victim of the conflict between the Party leadership and Pătrășcanu, Zilber had been a political prisoner for sixteen years by then). Maurer was also one of three acting Chairmen of the State Council of Romania (heads of state) between March 19 and March 24, 1965.

Alongside Emil Bodnăraș, Maurer was an important member of the Politburo in opposing the ambitions of Gheorghe Apostol and, together with Bodnăraș, helping along the establishment of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. Among others, Maurer helped silence potential opposition from inside the Party by withdrawing his support for Corneliu Mănescu and welcoming Ceaușescu's directives, before being himself criticized and sidelined (at the same time as his collaborator Alexandru Bârlădeanu). Pensioned in 1974, he was still present in the forefront at most Party ceremonies.

A prominent member of the nomenklatura for much of his life, he was known for his latent conflict with a large part of the PCR hierarchy. He accumulated a sizable wealth and was known for his ostentatious lifestyle. In 1989, Maurer's earlier support for Ceaușescu led the sidelined PCR members who were planning to state their opposition to the regime by drafting the so-called Letter of the Six (Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Silviu Brucan, Constantin Pîrvulescu, and Grigore Răceanu) not to enlist his assistance in the process.

Death
He died in Bucharest a decade after the Romanian Revolution of December 1989, leaving a son, Jean. He was 97.

title: Ion Gheorghe Maurer


text:
1920 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1920 in the United Kingdom.

Incumbents

 * Monarch – George V
 * Prime Minister – David Lloyd George (Coalition)

Events

 * January–November – Experimental radio broadcasts including speech and music are made from a studio at the Marconi Company factory in Chelmsford, Essex.
 * 9 January – The cargo steamer Treveal is wrecked in the English Channel; 35 people lose their lives.
 * 11 February – The Council of the League of Nations meets for the first time in London.
 * 23 February – War Secretary Winston Churchill announces that conscripts will be replaced by a volunteer army of 220,000 men.
 * 10 March – The Ulster Unionist Council accepts the Government's plan for a Parliament of Northern Ireland.
 * 17 March – Queen Alexandra unveils a monument to Nurse Edith Cavell in London.
 * 27 March – Troytown wins the Grand National.
 * 29 March – Sir William Robertson is promoted to Field Marshal, the first man to rise from private (enlisted 1877) to the highest rank in the British Army.
 * 31 March
 * In the Second reading, debate in Parliament on the Government of Ireland Bill, Unionist leader Sir Edward Carson opposes the division of Ireland, seeing it as a betrayal of Unionists in the south and west.
 * Disestablishment of the Church in Wales comes into effect, under terms of the Welsh Church Act 1914.
 * 5–30 April – 1920 blind march, a protest march of 250 blind men from across Britain to London.
 * 10 April – West Bromwich Albion win the Football League title for the first time.
 * 20 April–12 September – Great Britain and Ireland compete at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and win 15 gold, 15 silver and 13 bronze medals.
 * 24 April – Aston Villa beat Huddersfield Town 1–0 in the first FA Cup Final since 1915.
 * 29 April – Welwyn Garden City established by Ebenezer Howard. The first house is occupied just before Christmas.
 * 7 May – Morecambe F.C. is founded during a meeting at the West View Hotel on the town's promenade.
 * 10 May – Forty Irish republican prisoners on hunger strike at Wormwood Scrubs are released.
 * 11 May – Oswald Mosley, a Conservative MP, marries Cynthia Curzon, second daughter of ex-Viceroy of India, Earl Curzon of Kedleston, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London.
 * 13 May – "Hands Off Russia" campaign: London dockers refuse to load the SS Jolly George with munitions intended for Poland in the Polish–Soviet War.
 * 17 May – Sinn Féin supporters and Unionists engage in pitched street battles in Derry.
 * 18 May – Women lecturers are given equal status to their male colleagues at the University of Oxford.
 * 21 May – The UK Government proposes a car tax of £1 per horsepower (13 p/kW).
 * 29 May – Louth flood of 1920 in Lincolnshire kills 23.
 * 9 June – King George V opens the Imperial War Museum at The Crystal Palace.
 * 15 June – Australian soprano Nellie Melba becomes history's first well-known performer to make a radio broadcast when she sings two arias as part of the series of Marconi broadcasts from Chelmsford.
 * 20 June – Five people are killed during severe rioting in Ulster.
 * 24 June – Troops are sent to reinforce the Derry garrison.
 * 3 July – The Scenic Railway (roller coaster) at Dreamland Margate amusement park opens, the first in the UK.
 * 5 July – A new airmail service starts from London to Amsterdam.
 * 13 July – London County Council bans foreigners from almost all council jobs.
 * 16 July – World War I is officially declared over with Austria.
 * 21 July – Protestants expel Catholic workers from the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
 * 23 July – Fourteen die and one hundred are injured in fierce rioting in Belfast.
 * 24 July – Frank T. Courtney wins the Aerial Derby aircraft race from Hendon at an average speed of 153.5 mi/h.
 * 28 July – The first women jury members in England are empanelled at Bristol quarter sessions.
 * 30 July–8 August – 1st World Scout Jamboree held at Olympia, London.
 * 31 July
 * Irish-born Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix is detained on board ship off Queenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities elsewhere in the UK.
 * The Communist Party of Great Britain is founded in London.
 * 1 August – The first Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain opens.
 * 3 August – There are Catholic riots in Belfast in protest at the continuing British Army presence.
 * 9 August – The Labour Party says it will call for a general strike if the United Kingdom declares war on Russia.
 * 13 August – The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act receives Royal Assent, providing for Irish Republican Army activists to be tried by court-martial rather than by jury in criminal courts.
 * 16 August
 * Blind Persons Act 1920 passed, the world's first disability-specific legislation, providing a pension allowance for blind persons aged between 50 and 70 years of age, directing local authorities to make provision for the welfare of blind people and regulating charities in the sector.
 * First Firearms Act passed.
 * 18 August – The first night bus services are introduced in London.
 * 28 August – The first games in the new Football League Third Division are played by the 22 clubs who were elected to the new division from the Southern League. Among the members of the new division are Southampton, Crystal Palace, Millwall, Norwich City, Queen's Park Rangers and Luton Town. A northern section is planned for next season.
 * 29 August – Eleven die and forty are injured in street battles in Belfast.
 * September
 * First Bentley cars are delivered to customers.
 * City of Birmingham Orchestra formed, the UK's first municipally-supported orchestra.
 * 22 September – The Metropolitan Police forms the Flying Squad, following an announcement on 17 February that their horses will be replaced by cars.
 * 7 October – The first one hundred women are admitted to study for full degrees at the University of Oxford.
 * 10 October – It is announced that compulsory hand signals are to be introduced for all drivers. Hand signals will remain a crucial part of motoring life until the 1970s, when the increased use of indicators on vehicles renders them no longer necessary.
 * 14 October – The first women receive degrees at the University of Oxford, these being awarded retrospectively. Dorothy L. Sayers and Ivy Williams are among them.
 * 16 October – Miners go on strike.
 * 20 October – The suffragette activist Sylvia Pankhurst is charged with sedition after calling upon workers to loot the London Docks.
 * 25 October
 * The Emergency Powers Bill to counter the miners' strike has its second reading in the House of Commons.
 * Terence MacSwiney, jailed Lord Mayor of Cork, dies in Brixton Prison after a 78-day hunger strike.
 * 28 October – Sylvia Pankhurst is jailed for six months.
 * 3 November – The miners' strike ends after only a small majority vote to continue.
 * 8 November – Rupert Bear first appears in a cartoon strip in the Daily Express.
 * 10 November – The body of The Unknown Warrior arrives from France aboard HMS Verdun.
 * 11 November – King George V unveils The Cenotaph in London; The Unknown Warrior is buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * 15 November – First complete public performance of Gustav Holst's suite The Planets given in London by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Albert Coates.
 * 21 November – Bloody Sunday: the Irish Republican Army, on the instructions of Michael Collins, shoot dead the Cairo gang, fourteen British undercover agents in Dublin, most in their homes. Later the same day in retaliation, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary open fire on a crowd at a Gaelic Athletic Association Football match in Croke Park, killing thirteen spectators and one player and wounding 60. Three men are shot on this night in Dublin Castle "while trying to escape".
 * 28 November – Kilmichael Ambush: the flying column of the 3rd Cork Brigade IRA, led by Tom Barry, ambushes two lorries carrying Auxiliaries at Kilmichael, County Cork, killing seventeen (with three of its men also dying), which leads to official reprisals.
 * 29 November – Rationing imposed during World War I ends when the restriction on availability of sugar is lifted by the Government.
 * 5 December – The Scots vote against prohibition.
 * 11 December – Irish War of Independence: the Burning of Cork: British forces set fire to 5 acre of the centre of the city of Cork, including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks after a British auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush.
 * 15 December – Vaughan Williams' The Lark Ascending is premiered in its original version for violin and piano with Marie Hall as violinist at Shirehampton near Bristol.
 * 23 December
 * Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.
 * Jewish leaders in London launch a £25 million appeal for Palestine.
 * 26 December – Dick, Kerr's Ladies F.C. draw the largest-ever crowd to attend a women's association football match, 53,000 spectators at Goodison Park, Liverpool, for a game against St. Helen's Ladies.

Undated

 * This year sees the all-time highest annual number of live births in the country, over 1.1 million.
 * Meccano Ltd of Liverpool produce the first Hornby toy train, a clockwork 0 gauge model.
 * Prince Albert (later George VI), having become Duke of York earlier in the year, meets Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, who will become his wife in 1923 (and later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother).
 * The British Empire, the largest empire ever in history, reaches its peak of 33 million square miles and a population of 423 million people.
 * Huddersfield Corporation buys the leaseholds of much of the town from the Ramsden estate for £1.3M, becoming "the town that bought itself".

Publications

 * Edmund Blunden's The Waggoner and Other Poems.
 * John Galsworthy's novels In Chancery and Awakening, part of The Forsyte Saga.
 * Dean William Inge's Romanes Lecture The Idea of Progress.
 * Wilfred Owen's collected Poems (posthumous).
 * Charles à Court Repington's The First World War, 1914–1918.
 * The anthology Valour and Vision: Poems of the War, 1914–1918.

January – March

 * 2 January – Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, peer (died 2004)
 * 3 January – Hugh McCartney, Labour MP (died 2006)
 * 5 January – William Ward, 4th Earl of Dudley, life peer (died 2013)
 * 6 January – John Maynard Smith, biologist and geneticist (died 2004)
 * 9 January – Clive Dunn, actor (died 2012)
 * 12 January
 * James Bottomley, diplomat (died 2013)
 * Janet Elizabeth Macgregor, physician and cytologist (died 2005)
 * 20 January
 * Sarah Baring, socialite and memoirist (died 2013)
 * John Maynard Smith, theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist (died 2004)
 * Joyce Waley-Cohen, educationist and public servant (died 2013)
 * 22 January
 * Philippa Pearce, children's author (died 2006)
 * Alf Ramsey, footballer and manager (died 1999)
 * Charlie Stubbs, footballer (died 1984)
 * 24 January – Keith Douglas, poet (killed in action 1944)
 * 26 January – Derek Bond, actor (died 2006)
 * 27 January – John Box, film production designer (died 2005)
 * 28 January – James A. Whyte, priest and theologian (died 2005)
 * 30 January
 * Michael Anderson, film director (died 2018)
 * Patrick Heron, painter, writer and designer (died 1999)
 * 31 January – Bert Williams, footballer (died 2014)
 * 5 February – Frank Muir, actor, comedy writer and raconteur (died 1998)
 * 6 February – Maurice Beresford, historian and archaeologist (died 2005)
 * 10 February – Alex Comfort, physician and scientist (died 2000)
 * 16 February – Tony Crook, racing driver (died 2014)
 * 17 February – Ronald Butt, journalist (died 2002)
 * 19 February – George Rose, actor (died 1988)
 * 21 February – Logan Scott-Bowden, army general (died 2014)
 * 25 February – Antony Duff, diplomat (died 2000)
 * 26 February
 * Derek Goodwin, ornithologist (died 2008)
 * Kenneth Hubbard, RAF pilot (died 2004)
 * 27 February – Reg Simpson, cricketer (died 2013)
 * 2 March – George Cowling, weatherman (died 2009)
 * 3 March
 * Ronald Searle, cartoonist (died 2011)
 * Sydney Templeman, Baron Templeman, judge and law lord (died 2014)
 * 5 March – Rachel Gurney, actress (died 2001)
 * 6 March – Lewis Gilbert, film director (died 2018)
 * 9 March
 * Michael Brock, historian (died 2014)
 * Alison Robins, military communications listener (died 2017)
 * 11 March – D. J. Enright, academic, poet, novelist and critic (died 2002)
 * 14 March – Dorothy Tyler-Odam, high jumper (died 2014)
 * 17 March – John Ehrman, historian (died 2011)
 * 19 March – Jack Odell, inventor of Matchbox Toys (died 2007)
 * 20 March
 * Pamela Harriman, née Digby, socialite, dipliomat and political activist in the United States (died 1997)
 * Edwin Hunt, waterman, Queen's Bargemaster (died 2022)
 * Dudley Savage, theatre organist (died 2008)
 * Rosemary Timperley, fiction writer (died 1988)
 * 22 March – Fanny Waterman, pianist and musical educator (died 2020)
 * 23 March – Barbara Low, biochemist (died 2019)
 * 25 March
 * Paul Scott, novelist, playwright and poet (died 1978)
 * Patrick Troughton, actor (died 1987)
 * 27 March – Robin Jacques, illustrator (died 1995)
 * 31 March – Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, aristocrat, writer and socialite (died 2014)
 * March – Walter Smith, land surveyor (died 2018)

April – June

 * 2 April – Jack Stokes, animation director (died 2013)
 * 9 April – Alex Moulton, mechanical engineer and inventor (died 2012)
 * 11 April – Peter O'Donnell, fiction and comic strip writer (died 2010)
 * 14 April – Ivor Forbes Guest, historian of dance (died 2018)
 * 16 April – Alan Pegler, English businessman (died 2012)
 * 17 April – Arnold Yarrow, actor
 * 18 April – Roy Paul, Welsh footballer (died 2002)
 * 21 April – Ronald Magill, actor (died 2007)
 * 23 April – Eric Yarrow, businessman (died 2018)
 * 27 April – Edwin Morgan, Scottish poet and translator (died 2010)
 * 28 April – Hugh Bentall, surgeon (died 2012)
 * 30 April
 * Alexander Lamb Cullen, electrical engineer (died 2013)
 * Tom Moore, World War II soldier and NHS fundraiser (died 2021)
 * William Ralph Turner, painter (died 2013)
 * 4 May – Ronald Chesney, harmonica player and comedy scriptwriter (died 2018)
 * 5 May – Glanmor Williams, geographer (died 2005)
 * 9 May
 * Richard Adams, novelist (died 2016)
 * Michael Dauncey, brigadier (died 2017)
 * 10 May
 * Helen Crummy, social activist (died 2011)
 * Bert Weedon, guitarist and composer (died 2012)
 * 13 May – Gareth Morris, flautist (died 2007)
 * 16 May – Geoffrey Page, air ace (died 2000)
 * 18 May – Anthony Storr, psychiatrist and author (died 2001)
 * 20 May
 * William Bulmer, businessman (died 2012)
 * Betty Driver, actress (died 2011)
 * 21 May
 * John Chadwick, cryptanalyst and classical scholar (died 1998)
 * Anthony Steel, actor (died 2001)
 * 23 May – P. N. Furbank, writer and literary critic (died 2014)
 * 28 May – Jim Russell, racing driver (died 2019)
 * 30 May – Reginald Harland, Royal Air Force commander (died 2013)
 * 2 June – Johnny Speight, television comedy scriptwriter (died 1998)
 * 6 June – Aubrey Richards, actor (died 2000)
 * 9 June – Sheila Keith, actress (died 2004)
 * 11 June – Diana Armfield, artist
 * 12 June – Peter Jones, actor (died 2000)
 * 17 June
 * Patrick Duffy, Labour politician and economist
 * John Waddy, British Army colonel (died 2020)
 * 19 June
 * Johnny Douglas, composer and musician (died 2003)
 * Geoffrey Lewis, professor (died 2008)
 * 22 June – Marea Hartman, athletics administrator (died 1994)
 * 23 June – Henry Chadwick, theologian (died 2008)
 * 24 June – John Coplans, artist, curator and museum director (died 2003)
 * 28 June
 * Reginald Coates, civil engineer (died 2004)
 * Clarissa Eden, born Anne Spencer-Churchill, wife of Prime Minister Anthony Eden (died 2021)

July – September

 * 1 July – Geoffrey Lees, cricketer (died 2012)
 * 2 July – Annette Kerr, actress (died 2013)
 * 4 July – Anthony Barber, Conservative politician (died 2005)
 * 10 July – Leslie Porter, businessman (died 2005)
 * 12 July – Randolph Quirk, linguist (died 2017)
 * 13 July – Bill Towers, footballer (died 2000)
 * 14 July – Tom Neil, RAF pilot (died 2018)
 * 17 July – Kenneth Wolstenholme, sports commentator (died 2002)
 * 19 July – George Dawkes, cricketer (died 2006)
 * 20 July – Jasper Blackall, racing yachtsman (died unknown)
 * 21 July – John Horsley, actor (died 2014)
 * 24 July
 * Tamar Eshel, Israeli diplomat and politician (died 2022)
 * Toby Graham, Olympic cross country skier and university professor (died 2013)
 * Charles Suckling, biochemist (died 2013)
 * 25 July – Rosalind Franklin, crystallographer (died 1958)
 * 29 July – Jack Richardson, chemical engineer (died 2011)
 * 30 July
 * Bob Cobbing, poet (died 2002)
 * Michael Crawford, cricketer (died 2012)
 * Lady Brigid Guinness, nurse and noblewoman (died 1995)
 * 31 July – Peter Thomas, politician (died 2008)
 * 2 August
 * Julie Dawn, singer (died 2000)
 * Hugh Hickling, lawyer, colonial civil servant (died 2007)
 * 3 August
 * Norman Dewis, test driver and development engineer (died 2019)
 * P. D. James, writer of crime fiction (died 2014)
 * Hugh Lunghi, military interpreter (died 2014)
 * 10 August – Tony Tenser, film producer (died 2007)
 * 12 August – Peter West, sports commentator (died 2003)
 * 13 August – Forbes Howie, businessman (died 2000)
 * 15 August – Glyn Gilbert, major-general (died 2003)
 * 17 August – Emrys Jones, geographer (died 2006)
 * 18 August – David Lacy-Scott, amateur cricketer (died 2020)
 * 19 August – Hugh Manning, actor (died 2004)
 * 21 August – Christopher Robin Milne, author and bookseller (died 1996)
 * 23 August – W. I. B. Crealock, yacht designer (died 2009)
 * 27 August
 * Michael Giddings, air marshal (died 2009)
 * James Molyneaux, Ulster Unionist Party leader (died 2015)
 * Peter Vansittart, writer (died 2008)
 * 3 September – Les Medley, footballer (died 2001)
 * 6 September – Trevor Morris, footballer (died 2003)
 * 7 September – Brian Pippard, physicist (died 2008)
 * 9 September – Michael Aldridge, actor (died 1994)
 * 12 September – Cornel Lucas, photographer (died 2012)
 * 17 September – Dinah Sheridan, actress (died 2012)
 * 21 September – Kenneth McAlpine, English racing driver (died 2023)
 * 22 September – Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele, peer and businessman (died 2024)
 * 24 September – Leo Marks, author and cryptographer (died 2001)
 * 29 September – Peter D. Mitchell, chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1992)

October – December

 * 1 October – David Jamieson, Army officer (died 2001)
 * 2 October – Norman Whiting, cricketer (died 2014)
 * 3 October
 * Philippa Foot, née Bosanquet, philosopher (died 2010)
 * Philip Knights, Baron Knights, police officer and life peer (died 2014)
 * 5 October
 * Ronald Leigh-Hunt, actor (died 2005)
 * Richard Wood, Baron Holderness, politician (died 2002)
 * 8 October – Alf Bellis, footballer (died 2013)
 * 9 October – Michael Shaw, Baron Shaw of Northstead, politician (died 2021)
 * 13 October – Donald Russell, classicist (died 2020)
 * 15 October – Daniel Everett, RAF pilot (killed in action 1945)
 * 16 October – Arthur Worsley, ventriloquist (died 2001)
 * 18 October – Alexander Young, operatic tenor (died 2000)
 * 19 October – Harry Alan Towers, film producer and screenwriter (died 2009)
 * 24 October – Steve Conway, singer (died 1952)
 * 25 October – J. Denis Summers-Smith, ornithologist and tribologist (died 2020)
 * 31 October – Dick Francis, steeplechase jockey and crime novelist (died 2010)
 * 1 November – Ted Lowe, snooker commentator (died 2011)
 * 3 November
 * Ursula Dronke, medievalist (died 2012)
 * William Goodreds, cricketer (died 2014)
 * John Westcott, computer scientist (died 2014)
 * 4 November – Peter Ayerst, World War II RAF fighter and test pilot (died 2014)
 * 5 November – Tommy Godwin, cyclist (died 2012)
 * 11 November – Roy Jenkins, politician (died 2003)
 * 13 November – Ian Gourlay, Army general (died 2013)
 * 15 November
 * Colin Collindridge, footballer (died 2019)
 * Daphne Pochin Mould, author and photographer (died 2014)
 * 16 November – Laurence Stark, World War II air ace (died 2004)
 * 18 November – Jerry Roberts, codebreaker and businessman (died 2014)
 * 20 November – Ian McHarg, architect (died 2001)
 * 22 November – Anne Crawford, film actress, in Mandatory Palestine (died 1956)
 * 25 November
 * Shelagh Fraser, actress (died 2000)
 * Bernard Weatherill, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons (died 2007)
 * 27 November – Buster Merryfield, character actor (died 1999)
 * 28 November
 * Cecilia Colledge, Olympic figure skater (died 2008)
 * Patrick Rodger, Scottish-born Anglican bishop (died 2002)
 * 3 December – Sheila K. McCullagh, author (died 2014)
 * 6 December – George Porter, chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2002)
 * 7 December – Frank Taylor, sports journalist (died 2002)
 * 10 December – Alfred Goldie, mathematician (died 2005)
 * 11 December – William Elliott, Baron Elliott of Morpeth, politician (died 2011)
 * 12 December – Dick James, singer and record producer (died 1986)
 * 16 December
 * Les Leston, racing car driver (died 2012)
 * David Seely, 4th Baron Mottistone, naval officer and life peer (died 2011)
 * 18 December
 * Ian Edward Fraser, World War II sailor (died 2008)
 * Merlyn Rees, Labour politician, Home Secretary (died 2006)
 * 23 December – Tim Elkington, RAF pilot (died 2019)
 * 24 December – John Barron, actor (died 2004)
 * 30 December – David Fraser, Army general (died 2012)

Deaths

 * 6 January – Walter Cunliffe, 1st Baron Cunliffe, banker (born 1856)
 * 11 January – Pryce Pryce-Jones, Welsh entrepreneur (born 1834)
 * 18 January – John McClure, admiral in the Imperial Chinese Navy (born 1837)
 * 24 January – William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket, diplomat and administrator (born 1864)
 * 7 February – Dollie Radford, poet (born 1858)
 * 19 February – Ernest Hartley Coleridge, literary scholar and poet (born 1846)
 * 13 March – Charles Lapworth, geologist (born 1842)
 * 15 March – Edith Holden, nature artist, drowned (born 1871)
 * 21 March – Evelina Haverfield, suffragette (born 1867)
 * 26 March – Mary Augusta Ward (Mrs. Humphry Ward), novelist (born 1851 in Tasmania)
 * 14 April – John George Bartholomew, cartographer (born 1860)
 * 17 April – Alex Higgins, Scottish international footballer (born 1863)
 * 20 April – Briton Rivière, painter (born 1840)
 * 7 May – Hugh Thomson, illustrator (born 1860)
 * 14 May – Ronald Montagu Burrows, archaeologist (born 1867)
 * 18 May – Frank Matcham, theatrical architect and designer (born 1854)
 * 28 May – Hardwicke Rawnsley, clergyman, hymnodist and conservationist (born 1851)
 * 4 June – John Bruce Glasier, Scottish-born socialist politician (born 1859)
 * 5 June – Rhoda Broughton, novelist (born 1840)
 * 10 July – John ("Jackie") Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, admiral (born 1841)
 * 17 July – Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet, studio potter (born 1846)
 * 2 August – George W. Anson, actor (born 1847)
 * 10 August – Erskine Beveridge, textile manufacturer and antiquarian (born 1851)
 * 16 August – Sir Norman Lockyer, astronomer and science editor (born 1836)
 * 5 October – William Heinemann, publisher (born 1863)
 * 17 October – Reginald Farrer, botanist, in China (born 1880)
 * 24 October – Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (Duchess of Edinburgh), member of the royal family, in Switzerland (born 1853)
 * 23 November – Sir George Callaghan, admiral (born 1852)
 * 3 December – William de Wiveleslie Abney, astronomer and photographer (born 1843)
 * 20 December – Linton Hope, Olympic yachtsman and yacht and aircraft designer (born 1863)

title: 1920 in the United Kingdom


text:
Joseph Vance (Ohio politician)

Joseph Vance (March 21, 1786 – August 24, 1852) was a Whig politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. He served as the 13th governor of Ohio and was the first Whig to hold this position.

Biography
Vance was born in Catfish (now Washington), Pennsylvania. He moved to Vanceburg, Kentucky, with his father Joseph C. Vance, a Revolutionary War veteran, in 1788, and later moved to Urbana, Ohio, in 1805. Vance married Mary Lemon in 1807.

Career
A salt farmer, Vance gained a commission during the War of 1812 and rose quickly from Major to Major General. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1812–1813, 1815–1816 and 1818–1819. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1820, Vance served seven terms before losing a bid for an eighth term in 1834. Vance ran for governor in 1836 and served a single two-year term, losing a bid for re-election in 1838.

He intended to retire but was elected to the Ohio State Senate, and served in the Senate from 1840 to 1841. Vance ran again for the House of Representatives in 1842 and served two more terms in the House. He did not run for re-election in 1846. Vance was a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention and was a member of the Ohio State Constitutional Convention in 1851.

Death
Vance died on August 24, 1852, and was buried at Oak Dale Cemetery.

Legacy
Vance was instrumental in laying out the town of Findlay, Ohio.

title: Joseph Vance (Ohio politician)


text:
Kalmah

Kalmah is a Finnish melodic death metal band from Pudasjärvi  that formed in 1998. In less than a year after its formation, Kalmah was signed by Spinefarm Records. The word "kalmah" is Karelian and could be translated as "to the grave" or "to the death".

History
In 1991, Pekka Kokko and Petri Sankala founded the metal band Ancestor. After Ancestor had recorded two demos, Antti Kokko joined the band as lead guitarist. In 1998, after five demos, Ancestor disbanded and Kalmah formed. The new band consisted of Pekka Kokko performing vocals and guitar, Antti Kokko on lead guitar, Pasi Hiltula on keyboards, Altti Veteläinen on bass, and Petri Sankala on drums.

Kalmah began to write songs for a promotional CD entitled Svieri Obraza. With this demo, they acquired a recording contract with Spinefarm Records and headed to Tico-Tico Studios to record their debut album, Swamplord which was released in 2000.

By November 2001, they returned to Tico-Tico Studios to record their second studio album, They Will Return. By this time, Veteläinen and Sankala were replaced by Timo Lehtinen on bass and Janne Kusmin on drums, respectively. In 2002, Kalmah played shows in Finland and at Wacken Open Air. In February 2003, they recorded their third studio album, Swampsong. In 2004, keyboardist Pasi Hiltula left and was replaced by Marco Sneck. The band released The Black Waltz in 2006 and For the Revolution in 2008. Kalmah toured in Canada and Finland to promote the latter album.

12 Gauge
Kalmah's sixth studio album was released in Japan on 24 February 2010, Canada on 2 March, Europe on 3 March and North America on 6 April.

Recording and mixing took place from May to August at Tico-Tico Studios in Finland, and mastering for the disc took place at the Cutting Room in Sweden.

The track "Bullets Are Blind" was released in December 2009 on a two-CD collection included with the 35th anniversary issue of Soundi magazine.

In March 2010, 12 Gauge became the first Kalmah album to be released on vinyl. The album was mastered for vinyl by Joona Lukala, Noise for Fiction, and released by Svart Records in a limited run of 500 copies.

Seventh Swamphony
In 2012, Kalmah finished filming a new music video for their upcoming album, due to be released in 2013. The band have kept fans up to date with their process via social networking website Facebook by uploading different photos, as well as a short behind the scenes video from the day of filming their video. They also announced that they currently have six songs finished, and they plan to enter the studio in January 2013.

The artwork for their seventh studio album will be created by artist Juha Vuorma, the man also behind the art of Kalmah's first 3 albums.

In April 2013, it was announced that the band will release their seventh studio album, Seventh Swamphony, on 17 June.

Palo
Kalmah's eighth album, Palo, was released on 6 April 2018. A single from the album, "Evil Kin" was released on 9 February 2018.

Kalmah
In March 2023, the band announced their self-titled ninth album would be released on 26 May.

Musical style
The band's musical style is primarily classified as melodic death metal with their sound including strong influences of power metal, thrash metal and black metal. Musically, the band has been compared to fellow Finnish metal acts Children of Bodom, Norther and Wintersun.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Pekka Kokko – vocals, rhythm guitar (1998–present)
 * Antti Kokko – lead guitar (1998–present)
 * Timo Lehtinen – bass (2001–present)
 * Janne Kusmin – drums (2001–present)
 * Veli-Matti Kananen – keyboards (2012–present)

 * Former members
 * Altti Veteläinen – bass guitar (1998–2001)
 * Petri Sankala – drums (1998–2001)
 * Antti-Matti Talala – keyboards (1999)
 * Pasi Hiltula – keyboards (1999–2004)
 * Marco Sneck – keyboards (2004–2011)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Swamplord (2000)
 * They Will Return (2002)
 * Swampsong (2003)
 * The Black Waltz (2006)
 * For the Revolution (2008)
 * 12 Gauge (2010)
 * Seventh Swamphony (2013)
 * Palo (2018)
 * Kalmah (2023)

Demos and EPs
 * As Ancestor

 * Ethereal Devotion (1992)
 * Material World God (1993)
 * With No Strings Attached (1995)
 * Tomorrow (1997)
 * Under the Burbot's Nest (1998)
 * As Kalmah

 * Svieri Obraza (1999) − promo
 * Demo 2004 (2004)

Videos
 * Withering Away (2000)
 * The Groan of Wind (2006)
 * 12 Gauge studio diary in seven parts (2009)
 * 12 Gauge (2010) (music video)
 * Seventh Swamphony (2013)
 * Evil Kin (2018)
 * Blood Ran Cold (2018)
 * Take Me Away (2018)

title: Kalmah


text:
Maurer

Maurer is a German surname, translating in English to "bricklayer" or "wall builder." Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adrian Maurer (1901–1943), American football player
 * Alfred Maurer (politician) (1888–1954), Estonian politician
 * Alfred Henry Maurer (1868–1932), American artist
 * Andreas Maurer (tennis) (born 1958), German professional tennis player
 * Andreas Maurer (Austrian politician) (1919–2010), Austrian politician
 * Andreas Maurer (German politician) (born 1970), German local politician
 * Andy Maurer (1948–2016), American football player
 * Angela Maurer (born 1975), German long-distance swimmer
 * Bill Maurer (born 1968), American academic scholar of legal and economic anthropology
 * Brandon Maurer (born 1990), American professional baseball pitcher
 * Chris Maurer (born 1984), former bassist of ska band Suburban Legends
 * Claude Maurer (born 1975), Swiss sailor
 * Daphne Maurer, Canadian professor of experimental psychology (visual perception)
 * Dave Maurer (American football) (1932–2011), American football player and coach
 * Dave Maurer (baseball) (born 1975), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * David Warren Maurer (1906–1981), professor of linguistics
 * Dóra Maurer (born 1937), Hungarian artist
 * Franciszek Maurer (1918–2010), Polish architect, artist, and professor
 * Friedrich Maurer (handballer) (1912–1958), Austrian field handball player
 * Friedrich Maurer (linguist) (1898–1984), German linguist and medievalist
 * Georg Ludwig von Maurer (1790–1872), German statesman and historian
 * Georg Maurer (1907–1971), German poet, essayist, and translator
 * German Mäurer (1811–1883), German writer and labor leader
 * Hermann Maurer (born 1941), Austrian computer scientist
 * Howard Maurer (born 1935), American musician, performer and actor
 * Hubert Maurer (1738–1818), German painter, graphic artist and art professor
 * Ingo Maurer (1932–2019), German lighting designer
 * Ion Gheorghe Maurer (1902–2000), Romanian politician
 * James Hudson Maurer (1864–1944), American trade unionist
 * Jeff Maurer (born July 9, 1947), American businessperson
 * Jimmy Maurer (born 1988), American soccer player
 * Joan Howard Maurer (1927–2021), American writer and actress
 * John Maurer (Social Distortion) (born 1961), American punk musician
 * John Maurer (jazz musician), American instrumentalist and instructor
 * John J. Maurer (1922–2019), American politician
 * José Clemente Maurer (1900—1990), German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
 * José Maurer (1906–1968), Argentine actor of Jewish ancestry
 * Joshua D. Maurer (born 1964), American film producer, writer and actor
 * Jost Maurer, German mason, architect and construction entrepreneur
 * Julius Maximilian Maurer (1857–1938), Swiss meteorologist
 * Jürgen Maurer (born 1967), Austrian actor
 * Konrad von Maurer (1823–1902), German legal historian and collector of Old Norse folklore
 * Kurt Maurer (1926–20??), Swiss footballer
 * Lea Maurer (born 1971), American former competition swimmer
 * Linus Maurer (1926–2016), American cartoonist
 * Louis Maurer (1832–1932), German-born American lithographer
 * Lucille Maurer, the first woman Treasurer of Maryland
 * Ludwig Maurer (1859–1927), German mathematician
 * Ludwig Wilhelm Maurer (1789–1878), German composer, conductor, and violinist
 * Marc Maurer (born 1951), American lawyer
 * Marco Maurer (born 1988), Swiss ice hockey player
 * Mario Maurer (born 1988), Thai actor and model
 * Matthias Maurer (born 1970), German European Space Agency astronaut and materials scientist
 * Melanie Maurer (born 1988), Swiss cyclist
 * Michel Maurer (1904–1983), Luxembourgian boxer
 * Mike Maurer (born 1975), Canadian football player
 * Neža Maurer (born 1930), Slovene poet and writer
 * Norman Maurer (1926–1986), American writer, director and producer of films and TV shows
 * Oscar Maurer (1870–1965), American photographer
 * Peter Maurer (born 1956), Swiss diplomat
 * Reiner Maurer (born 1960), German footballer and football manager
 * Reinhart Maurer (born 1935), German philosopher and professor
 * René Maurer (born 1936), Swiss high jumper
 * Rob Maurer (born 1967), American baseball player
 * Robert D. Maurer (born 1924), American scientist and expert in fibre optics
 * Sigrid Maurer (born 1985), Austrian politician
 * Stefan Maurer (1960–1994), Swiss cyclist
 * Steve Maurer (born 1947), American politician
 * Tim Maurer (born 1980), former lead singer of ska band Suburban Legends
 * Tommy Maurer (born 1960), American soccer player
 * Traudl Maurer (b. 1961), German ski mountaineer
 * Ueli Maurer (cryptographer) (born 1960), Swiss professor of computer science
 * Ueli Maurer (born 1950), Swiss politician
 * Uli Maurer (born 1985), German ice hockey player
 * Ulrich Mäurer, German lawyer and politician
 * Walter Maurer (wrestler) (1893–1983), American wrestler
 * Walter Maurer (artist) (born 1942), German designer and university lecturer

title: Maurer


text:
Li Lisan

Li Lisan (18 November 1899 – 22 June 1967) was a Chinese politician, member of the Politburo, and later a member of the Central Committee.

Early years
Li was born in Liling, Hunan province in China in 1899, under the name of Li Rongzhi. His father, a teacher, taught Li Chinese traditional poems and classics. In 1915, he arrived at Changsha for high school and saw an advertisement in a newspaper written by a student from First Normal School of Changsha with the pen name 28 Strokes. Li met and then became friends with the young man, whose real name was Mao Zedong. Later, Li joined the army of a local warlord in Hunan. One of the Division Commanders, Cheng Qian, who was both Li's father's townsman and alumni, sponsored Li to study in Beijing.

France
When Li reached Beijing, he applied to study in France and arrived there in 1920. He worked part-time as an assistant to a boilermaker to earn his tuition. His boss was a member of Communist Party and Li was influenced in accepting communism, taking part actively in the struggles for Chinese labour rights in France. For his active and fearless revolutionary work, Li was labelled as a trouble-maker. In 1921, Li was expelled along with more than 100 other Chinese by the French authorities.

Back in China
When Li returned to Shanghai, he was introduced by Chen Duxiu to join the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The party assigned him to organising labour activities in Anyuan Coal Mine (安源煤矿) in Pingxiang, Jiangxi. Being the most important labor work leader there, Li greatly increased the number of CCP members and perfected methods of organisation. By the end of 1924, there were only 900 CCP members throughout China, 300 of whom came from Anyuan Coal Mine. It was at this time that Li showed his great talent in labour work and organisation in conjunction with Liu Shaoqi, who later became his deputy.

The Nationalists had a high opinion of Li's organisational skills; a secret report prepared during their rural pacification campaign in 1928 explained why they were having particular difficulties in Anyuan:"The reason the Communist Party has such a deeply rooted and firm foundation at Anyuan is because in the past the Communists carried out comprehensive 'red education' at Anyuan. Six or seven years ago, the Anyuan workers were all country bumpkins…Not one of them could stand up at a meeting and say a word, let alone deliver a speech. Still less had any of them ever heard of organising anything. It was only after the Communist bandit Li Lisan went to Anyuan…that the knowledge of how to organise became widespread. Now workers were speaking up at public meetings and even giving lectures! The Communists at Anyuan greatly valued education but they did not mechanically evangelise Communism like a missionary cramming a religious belief into a worker's head. At first they focused on literacy and basic knowledge. Every week they convened lectures as well as workers' debate societies and study groups."

In 1926, Li came to Wuhan, the labour work center of China to lead the labour work. Although Xiang Zhongfa, who later became general secretary of the CCP, was the top leader at that time, Li was the man who actually made the decisions. In 1927, after the split of the alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT) with the CCP, Li was the first one to propose the Nanchang Uprising against the KMT and took the job as director of the security guards. Although the uprising proved to be imprudent and poorly planned, and its failure unavoidable, Li was thrust into the central stage of the CCP for his prominence in labour work and his courage under fire.

Reign of Xiang
At the 6th National Congress of CCP held in Moscow, Li's old friend Xiang Zhongfa was elected as General Secretary with the support from the Comintern and the Soviet Union. During the reign of Xiang, Li Lisan played a gradually more important role. Xiang sacked Cai Hesen, the incumbent standing member of Politburo of the CCP and Minister of Propaganda Department of the CCP for Cai's extremist way in directing the Sunzi Division of CCP, which resulted in extreme democracy and discontent at the CCP center. Xiang chose Li to replace Cai. Li became one of only four standing members of the politburo and minister of Propaganda Department of the CCP in October 1928.

When the Far East Bureau of the Comintern issued an order for anti-rightism and blamed the CCP for not being active enough in 1929, Xiang protested the decision. He knew Li was an appropriate candidate for doing the communication work because of his eloquence and energy. Thus, Li took the job of handling conflicts with the Comintern. When Xiang sent Zhou Enlai to Moscow for further instruction, Li took on Zhou's work in organisation too, which gave Li a large enough stage to prove his talent.

Decline
When Xiang learned of the Comintern's decision on anti-rightism, he claimed that the Chinese revolution was in its peak period. Li turned this blindness into extremism, which was later known as Li Lisan line (立三路线), calling for armed uprising in the cities leading by workers and the extension of the revolution to the whole country.

From June 1930, Li Lisan line became mature under the support from Xiang. The CCP gave the daily operation from its headquarters to divisions in all provinces, setting up action committees in all provinces and preparing for the full-scale uprising in October. But the Comintern expressed its discontent, stating that it was working out systemic policies for the Chinese revolution and that the CCP should concentrate on the uprising in one or several provinces instead. Xiang supported Li and stood by his idea that it was the zero hour of the Chinese revolution. In several rounds of discussion, the tension between Xiang, Li and the Comintern rose greatly. Suspicion and criticism of the CCP towards the Comintern was the same as betrayal in the eyes of the Comintern.

In July 1930, the communist army under the leadership of Li Lisan captured Changsha in Hunan province, but KMT troops defeated his forces just a few days later. Uprisings in other cities were quickly put down by KMT forces. Furthermore, Li had turned many CCP members into enemies with his authoritarian style. Some of these were old CCP members, such as labour activists He Mengxiong and Luo Zhanglong, who were blamed for their rightism only because they were against Li's extremism. Wang Ming and his group of 28 Bolsheviks came back from Moscow, designated to take the leadership of the CCP by their mentors in Moscow, but they only received a cold shoulder from Li.

Doom
With so many opponents both inside and outside the CCP, Li's doom was sealed. The Comintern sent Qu Qiubai and Zhou Enlai back to China to enforce its policy. And the 28 Bolsheviks took advantage of this opportunity to denounce Li. Xiang, and Li still did not realize the clear danger he was in and criticised these young immature students severely. Then Comintern sent a telegram to call Li to Moscow for repentance. Pavel Mif, president of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University and mentor of the 28 Bolsheviks, went to Shanghai as an envoy of the Comintern also. Under Mif's direction, the 4th Plenary Meeting of 6th National Congress of the CCP was held. Li was replaced by Mif's protégé, Wang Ming, and his associates in the 28 Bolsheviks took other important jobs.

Punishment
Li went to Moscow for his confession and repentance. But he did not know it would be such a long time of redemption. In the next 15 years, Li suffered from rounds of reprimand, criticism, and purge. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union even refused to accept Li as a CCP member for several years. Moreover, when Wang Ming and Kang Sheng came back to Moscow as representatives of the CCP to the Comintern, they persecuted Li by every means available. The only comfort was that in the Soviet Union Li met, and later married, a Russian noblewoman and typesetter named Lisa Kishkin (Elizaveta Pavlovna Kishkina; Елизавета Павловна Кишкина;, d. 2015 ), who would later migrate to China with Li.

Aftermath
But Li's old friend Mao did not forget about him. Li was elected as member of the Central Committee of CCP in the 7th National Congress of the CCP held in Yan'an. In 1946, Li was sent back to China. Li first came to northeast China to work for the local division of the CCP as Minister of the City Work Department. At the resumption of the Chinese Civil War, Li was appointed as chief representative of the CCP to the military arbitration panel consisting of members from the KMT and the United States.

People's Republic of China
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Li went back to the field of his main expertise, being appointed as Minister of Labour to lead the labour union. Li was dedicated to his old cause and brought forth guidance on democratic management measures in industry, which was later called the Constitution of Anshan Steel Mill by Mao. At the same time, Li Lisan was one of the founders of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference mechanism. During the Korean War, he was appointed as the secretary general of Anti Air Defence Council ranking as vice-premier, due to his WWII anti-air attack experience during his stay in Moscow.

Li remained an advocate for independence of the trade unions, which brought him into conflict with Mao. He was the Vice Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions until 1958 and the first president of China Institute of Industrial Relations.

Consequences of China-Soviet split
After the Chinese-Soviet Union split in the 1960s, Li's life turned tougher and tougher again. Although his wife, Lisa Kishkin, handed in her Russian passport and took Chinese nationality to show her loyalty to her husband and his country, there still was no way to ease the situation. Especially when the Cultural Revolution came, Kang Sheng spared no effort in denouncing his old rival. Li was labeled an agent of the Soviet Union and was tortured both mentally and physically by the Red Guards. His wife and daughters were also imprisoned.

Supposedly unable to face this humiliation any more, Li was said by his tormentors to have committed suicide by taking sleeping pills after finishing a final letter to Mao. Li's biographer, Patrick Lescot, has cast doubt on the nature of Li's death. Li Sishen (李思慎), Li Lisan's personal secretary, later wrote he did not believe it possible Li Lisan could have had access to sufficient pills to kill himself. Li Sishen had been responsible for overseeing the issuing of the sleeping pills. He recalled arguing with Li Lisan, who wanted an extra pill each night as the struggle sessions were affecting his sleep. Li Lisan dismissed the notion he might kill himself as ridiculous:"""This is a joke! I've made it through all these decades of strife and turmoil and you think I can't get through this? Are you worried I'll kill myself? Suicide would mean betraying the Party, I know that well enough; am I going to turn renegade against the Party? It's simply laughable."In 1980 the central Organisation Department finally allowed Li Lisan's family to read his autopsy report. It listed his height incorrectly by 15 cm and contained other errors which added to the family's doubts over the accepted version of Li's death. The Central Committee also held a memorial meeting for Li.

In 1983, the Hubei Provincial Committee carried out an investigation on Li's suicide. But it was fruitless and his death remains unsolved.

title: Li Lisan