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Jessica Fletcher

Jessica Beatrice "J. B." Fletcher (born Jessica Beatrice MacGill) is a fictional detective and writer and the main character and protagonist of the American television series Murder, She Wrote. Portrayed by award-winning actress Angela Lansbury, Fletcher is a best-selling author of mystery novels, an English teacher, amateur detective, criminology professor, and (briefly) congresswoman. In 2004, Fletcher was listed in Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters". AOL named her one of the "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters". The same website listed her among "TV's Smartest Detectives". She was ranked at number six on Sleuth Channel's poll of "America's Top Sleuths". Guinness World Records called her the "most prolific amateur sleuth".

Background
Jessica Beatrice Fletcher's ancestors hailed from Kilcleer, County Cork, Ireland. She has two sisters and two brothers, Martin and Marshall (Jason Evers), a doctor. Jessica's maiden name was MacGill, inspired by the real-life maiden name of Angela Lansbury's mother. Before she met her husband Frank, Jessica went to Harrison College in Green Falls, New Hampshire, to become a journalist. In the episode "Alma Murder", she mentions being a member of Delta Alpha Chi sorority.

Jessica is introduced as a widow in the first episode, her beloved husband Frank having died a couple of years before the start of the series. They had no children—she says she and Frank "weren't blessed that way"—but spent some years raising their nephew Grady (Michael Horton) after the death of his parents, an unnamed brother of Frank and his wife. For this reason, Jessica is very close with Grady. In the show's first episode, it is Grady who launches Jessica's career as an author when he secretly sends her book The Corpse Danced at Midnight to an agent after she said she had no intention of doing so herself. Grady is a recurring character throughout the first six seasons, then makes one more appearance in season 11. Grady has several relationships that end in disappointment in some way until the introduction of girlfriend Donna Mayberry (played by Horton's wife, Debbie Zipp) in the season 4 episode "Just Another Fish Story". The two marry in the season 5 episode "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue". Grady and Donna later have a son, Frankie, named after Jessica's late husband.

Fletcher lives at 698 Candlewood Lane in the town of Cabot Cove, Maine, 03041. Cabot Cove is a town of 3,560 inhabitants near the ocean. Based on the number of murders that occur in a given season of the series, the town seems to have probably one of the highest murder rates of any town or city. This has even been remarked on in the series by the town sheriff, Mort Metzger (Ron Masak), who notes to Jessica Fletcher that in his first year in Cabot Cove, he had to deal with five murders and nicknames the town the “death capital of Maine”.

Along with being a fiction author, Fletcher has other occupations during the series. It is mentioned that she was a substitute English teacher while raising Grady. After the sudden death of a congressman for Maine, she is asked to temporarily assume the position as congresswoman until another politician can step in; she also teaches a creative writing class at a women's prison at one time. In the eighth-season premiere, Jessica accepts a job as a criminology instructor at Manhattan University. During this time, she keeps an apartment in Manhattan at the Penfield House Apartments, located at 941 West 61st Street. On the weekends, she still regularly returns to Cabot Cove.

It is established early in the series that Jessica cannot drive. This was written into the program to facilitate the character's questioning of suspects and fellow investigators while having them drive her somewhere. Jessica's travels as an author frequently take her to places around much of the world, giving the show writers freedom to explore characters and situations beyond rural New England. One trip takes her to Hawaii, where she shares a crossover case with private investigator Thomas Magnum (the titular star of Magnum, P.I.).

Relatives
Throughout the series, it is shown that Jessica has a sizeable family, both by blood and by marriage. Although Grady and Donna featured prominently, there were also numerous other nieces, nephews, and cousins who found themselves in need of Jessica's help after becoming involved in murder cases. After Grady, the most notable recurring relative was Jessica's niece Victoria Brandon (Genie Francis), who was married to hapless actor Howard Griffin (Jeff Conaway); both found one or the other of themselves accused of murder on no less than three occasions.

Jessica was also close with the family of Frank's brother Neil (Jackie Cooper), who had died some years before Frank had. In the third-season premiere, while attending the wedding of Neil's granddaughter Carol Bannister (Courteney Cox), Carol convinces Jessica that Neil is not dead, having received a silver leprechaun from an unknown sender as a wedding present—the same present Neil has promised to send her since childhood. Despite her own skepticism, Jessica investigates and discovers that Neil faked his death, changed his name to Carl Schulman, and ran away to join the circus. When found, he confesses to Jessica that he could no longer face living out a loveless marriage to his domineering wife Constance (Laraine Day), nor could he tolerate his materialistic daughter Audrey (Susan Brown); he does express regret for not saying goodbye to Carol or her father, Audrey's genial but henpecked husband Howard (Dennis Howard). Soon after their reunion, Neil finds himself chief suspect for the murder of the circus's abusive ringmaster. After solving the case and clearing Neil's name, Jessica brings him back to reunite with Carol before her wedding.

Other relatives who appeared in the series for one-time appearances include niece Carol Donovan (Anne Kerry Ford), her detective husband Bert (James Stephens) and their children, Billy and Cindy (sibling actors Summer and Joaquin Phoenix); her brother Marshall's widowed daughter, Pamela Crane (Belinda Montgomery); nieces Nita Cochran (Alice Krige), Jill Morton (Kristy McNichol) and Carrie Palmer (Kate McNeil); nephew Johnny Eaton (Todd Bryant); cousins Abby Benton Freestone (Lynn Redgrave), Ann Owens Arden (Shirley Jones), Helen Owens (Doris Roberts) and George Owens (Robert Walker Jr); and Frank's distant cousin, Calhoun Fletcher (Peter Bonerz).

Career and life as a best-selling author
Fletcher began her career writing on an old Royal typewriter, but as her career progresses, she eventually purchases a computer running Windows 3.1. Among her friends she can count multi-millionaires who own Beech Starships as well as down-on-their-luck homeless people, moving effortlessly between the social strata. The format of the show usually has Jessica solving the mysteries within five minutes of the end of each program, unless the producers felt they could prolong the suspense across two episodes. Perhaps her most notable experience was encountering a Mr. Potts, who preferred to be called Mr. Bond—he did at least have an Aston Martin DB6, in which Jessica herself ended up racing to the rescue.

Fletcher's relationship with law-enforcement officials varies from place to place. Both the sheriffs of Cabot Cove are used to, or have resigned themselves to, having her meddle in their cases. However, most detectives and police officers do not want her anywhere near their crime scenes, until her accurate deductions persuade them to listen to what she has to say. Others are fans of her books and give her free rein. With time, she makes friends in many police departments across the United States, as well as a British police officer attached to Scotland Yard.

Solving crimes
Fletcher is a retired teacher-turned-author of detective fiction under the name J.B. Fletcher, but constantly finds that her work and personal life overlap. In every episode, she is introduced into a situation where someone is killed shortly after her arrival. She is generally forced to solve every mystery herself in the style of one of the characters from her book, as the police prove to be incapable of doing so without her help. In fact, on at least one occasion, a law enforcement officer is actually unmasked as the killer, when John Astin appears as the villainous Sheriff Harry Pierce.

Episodes usually follow a formula. The episode opens as Fletcher arrives, either in her fictitious town of residence (Cabot Cove, Maine), or visiting elsewhere (typically in New York City or Boston) and meets several characters. These characters are usually Mrs. Fletcher's friends, family, relations, or business associates (in connection with her role as a successful author). Several of these characters are shown to have motive with respect to the potential demise of (either themselves or) one of their associates (typically an unlikeable individual). Often at least one of them is heard to make a threat against this individual, upon which the character will become the principal suspect. About a third of the way through the episode, if not earlier, the likely victim is found dead. After a brief investigation, the authorities arrest the most obvious suspect, but Jessica believes that the arrested suspect (who is an amiable person, often a friend, or relative of Jessica) is innocent, and sets out to prove it.

An unrelated conversation will often suggest to Jessica the solution to the mystery, at which point she will rush off to confirm her suspicion (without telling the viewers what she has in mind and sometimes even says she thinks she knows the culprit but must still figure out how to prove it before she reveals who). The next scene will present Jessica at the place where the crime was committed, where Jessica will find one of the characters, usually alone. She enters into a conversation with this character and in a few minutes accuses him or her of being the killer, explaining how and why this person did it. The murderer first denies guilt, but Jessica describes a few clues which she observed and which the episode viewers may or may not have had an opportunity to see. Sometimes Fletcher will make up evidence which was not actually found, but the discovery of which will seem plausible to the killer. At this point, the murderer admits guilt and confesses, whereupon Jessica shakes her head sadly. Sometimes the killer will draw a weapon and attempt to kill Jessica but will be thwarted by timely police appearance from a hiding place to arrest the true killer.

The episode concludes with a final scene in which the innocent former suspects say goodbye to Jessica and thank her for the happy ending. Almost every episode then ends with a freeze frame shot of Jessica laughing or smiling. Of course, the above is only a formula and there were some unusual shows, such as the one episode where the supposedly framed suspect actually was the murderer. Then, there is another episode in which, while Grady and his heavily pregnant wife were house-sitting for Jessica who was visiting London, someone was murdered in the lounge. Fortunately Jessica, who had been blissfully unaware of the murder for half the episode, solved the crime over the phone.

Novels
Novels by Fletcher that are mentioned during the series:

 * The Corpse Danced at Midnight
 * Dirge for a Dead Dachshund
 * A Faded Rose Beside Her
 * Murder on the Amazon
 * Lover's Revenge
 * The Umbrella Murders
 * Murder at the Inn
 * Murder at the Digs
 * Murder in a Minor Key
 * The Stain on the Stairs
 * The Mystery of the Mutilated Minion
 * The Belgrade Murders
 * Sanitarium of Death
 * Calvin Canterbury's Revenge
 * Murder at the Asylum
 * Murder Comes to Maine
 * Good-bye, Charlie
 * The Corpse That Wasn't There
 * Ashes, Ashes, Fall Down Dead
 * The Messengers of Midnight
 * The Poison in My Heart
 * All the Murderers
 * Murder at the Ridge Top
 * The Corpse at Vespers
 * The Triple Crown Murders
 * The Crypt of Death
 * A Killing at Hastings Rock
 * The Uncaught
 * Murder in White
 * The Dead Must Sing
 * The Killer Called Collect
 * Stone Cold Dead On Wall Street
 * Endangered
 * The Launch Pad Murders
 * Runway to Murder
 * The Venomous Valentine
 * A Case and a Half of Murder
 * Yours Truly, Damian Sinclair
 * The Dead Man Sang
 * The Corpse Swam by Moonlight
 * The Zero Aspect
 * Murder at Midnight

Spin-off novels
Jessica Fletcher is credited along with authors Donald Bain, Jon Land, and Terrie Farley Moran as co-author of a series of Murder, She Wrote novels inspired by the television series. The first book Gin & Daggers was published in 1989.

title: Jessica Fletcher


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Talk:Michael Watts (geographer)

Untitled
Tried to reformat this, however, I am not sure which format is being used to cite the publications at the bottom of the article, as well, I am not quite sure which way these kind of publications are cited in this field/in Wikipedia. I am inclined to use MLA for this kinda stuff, but I'd like to hear someone else's opinion. The current form seems kinda strange. -Yizzerin 23:54, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

'Famous' Geography Professors, or Vanity Publishing?
A simple question: what is the criterion governing the inclusion of this individual in Wikipedia, and what is the relation of the writer (or writers) to the subject of this entry? Isn't there a danger that this kind of entry becomes little more than a form of vanity publishing.... 18 June 2006

A good question: who wrote this entry, and why? 17 July 2006

This article could be written better so it doesn't appear to be a vanity post. However, I believe Michael Watts deserves inclusion as an entry. He is a major figure within Geography and the broader field of political ecology. His work Silent Violence is often considered one of the first works of this sort. He is also one of the few geographers whose work is widely read and recognized across other disciplines. I have no personal relationship with Dr. Watts, nor have I ever even met him, although I have read a lot of his work...Aug. 4, 2006

Believing that someone 'deserves' an entry is not actually an explanation of why such a person has one. I think that my friend Fred, who is kind to his dogs and children, 'deserves' an entry, but no one (rightly) would accept this as a valid reason. There is currently far too much puffery where obscure academics are concerned, and it is important to know who wrote it, and why. 4 August 2006

Since I am just about to write a biography of him for an encyclopaedia, I would say his fame deserves mention in Wikipedia. If anything, for geographical contributions, and for being extraordinarily knowledeable (I have met him). If in doubt see David Harvey entry for why some geographers transcend academia and reach into public debate. 24 Aug 06

There speaks a true client, tasked with spreading the 'fame' of his/her master. Why don't you get up off your knees ('I have met him' - and no doubt he turned water into wine, and blessed you in between miracles) and look at the academic world (and perhaps the world itself) a bit more critically. BN, 13 Sept 2006

Is the writer of the last but one observation the same person who wrote the following words in a review of a book: ‘the theoretical mastery of its editors…[the book] is important and valuable, and the editors and contributors are to be congratulated on a fine volume. It will carve out a vital place for geographers involved in these debates and be remembered for years as a benchmark text that offers significant breakthroughs for political ecology.’ Guess who is one of the editors of that book… 17 September 2006

Sure I wrote that review - so what? no different to what most reviewers offered of a ten-year old book. it was right, too, and the book went into 2nd edn. and has sold loads. i've neither been taught by, nor had much personal interaction with, anybody i've edited.

Why are you, a geographer, writing so many fawning pieces (book reviews, wikipedia entries) about senior people in the discipline? If you don't want to be regarded as a client, then don't act like one. Whether or not you have been taught by (or know) the people you write so uncritically about is beside the point. To be a client of someone it is not necessary to have been taught by him/her. 8/10/06

As a postscript to these comments, those interested should compare the highly uncritical entry written by the above geographer about (predictably) another geographer -'Stuart E. Corbridge' - in the book Key Thinkers on Space and Place, with two highly critical reviews by non-geographers of a book about India co-authored by the same Stuart E. Corbridge. One appeared in the Journal of Development Studies, vol. 38, no. 1 (October, 2001), and the other in the Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 29, no. 1 (October, 2001).

On closer inspection, 75% of the items listed under 'books by Watts' are in fact edited texts, or volumes to which others have contributed substantially. His list of articles is not that impressive either, most being very short pieces. All in all, a fairly average cv. Why, then, this entry? 18/10/06

What's Watt? Isn't one of the editors of Key Thinkers on (Outer) Space and (Peyton) Place a geographer called Hubbard - L. 'Ron' Hubbard? Jacques the Quipper, 27th October 2006

Shhh! You'll scare away the geographer who composed this entry, going about the worthwhile task of spreading the fame of his senior colleagues. Naughty, very naughty - not nice at all to interrupt such good work. 2/11/06

Another fairly silly debate. Who is "notable" within a discipline is generally best-determined by people in that discipline, so it should be no surprise to see geographers writing the entries. As it happens, Watts is well-known outside geography, too (well-enough that I know who he is, anyway, and find it quite useful to have his basic bio up on Wikipedia). And really, if you're so concerned that Wikipedia has too many articles on it (is it going to fill up? Are the servers groaning under the weight of these 1K text files?), might not the endless streams of articles on minor comic book characters, singles by obscure singers, and other pop culture effluvia not be a better place to start? That would be silly of course--and so is this odd campaign against academics. 131.111.8.98 16:39, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

You just don't get it, do you? This is neither a 'campaign against academics' nor a 'silly debate'. What it concerns - and has done so all along - is the attempt to elevate some academics to clebrity status, when in fact their work is either unoriginal or not very important. The claim that those in the discipline are in the best position to judge who is 'notable' not only misses this point, but also overlooks the extent to which what are actually puffs emanate from subordinates and/or clients. Such judgements about 'eminent intellectuals' are thus not only biased (a form of vanity publishing) but also inaccurate (subordinates have little knowledge about the dbates involved, and where these actually originated). 4 June 2007

'Discoveries' by Geographers
Oh dear, more problems with Key Thinkers on Place and Space. The entry on Escobar attributes to other Geographers writing in 1999 and 2000 (Kiely, Bebbington) the critique of post-development. This is wrong. Like other Geographers, they were writing in support of post-development when the critique of this approach was formulated in the early and mid-1990s by those who were not Geographers. 16/11/06

That, surely, is the point. Spreading the fame of senior colleagues entails, among other things, attributing to their generalship victories that were in fact won by others. Isn't that the way one becomes famous? Jacques the Quipper, 23rd November 2006

Mon dieu - everything has gone quiet. Where will the phantom sycophant strike next, I wonder? Which geographer is to have his/her reputation inflated as a result? Jacques the Kipper, 6th Dec 2006

Another thing. The subjects of these entries have not noticeably come forward to distance themselves from the fawning nature of what is written about them. Moreover, the details contained in the entries themselves, plus the occasional correction made to them, does suggest the existence of a link between the writer of the entry and its subject. In short, the entries are by people who, contrary to the assertion above (‘i've neither been taught by, nor had much personal interaction with, anybody i've edited’), appear to be unusually well-informed concerning those about whom they write. BW, 12/12/2006

The divinely named phantom sycophant – el zalamero – appears to have been working overtime recently, to the extent that there does not seem to be a professor of geography anywhere whose name and ‘achievements’ (‘a five-page article published in Geography Now ten years ago’) are now not posted up on wikipedia in lights. MJ, 22 December 2006

Surely, these achievements should extend to include the famous geographers who painted the Mona Lisa, invented the combustion engine, and split the atom? Kip le Jacqueur, 24 Dec 2006.

…not to mention the even more famous geography professors who won the 1970 world cup for Italy in Mexico City, bowled out Don Bradman for 253 at the Oval Test in 1948, and came first in the synchronized swimming event during the 1321 Olympic Games. MJ, 27 December 2006

Another gem from the pen of el zalamero, in a review of ‘Struggles over Geography’ (sic) by Michael Watts: “Michael Watts’ ability to make connections – across the local and global, between historical events, and among the theories and arguments of a daunting range of intellectuals and activists – will be well known to most readers…… he argues convincingly that coercive regimes have persisted in the twentieth century, accompanied by an upsurge of different types of violence on a world scale… Watts outlines the prospects for boosting ‘human capability’ - broadly, this means the satisfaction of human needs but with freedom of human agency, enhanced political participation and political accountability...If poverty is a result of ‘capability failure’ and a lack of entitlements, the solution is not only to respond by meeting society’s material needs, but also by developing ‘critical autonomy’ and a strong ‘sense of society’ to enhance freedoms… This is an essential book for collectors of Watts work, and another (daunting) exploration of his ecumenical excavations into cross-cutting ideas and literatures… Watts shows that morality lies with certain social movements and elements of the rural peasantry, rather than with corrupt and repressive elites, politicians and business interests. This is a clear signal to the shapers of future development policy.” This is so profound, soooooo profound, I’m left gasping for breath. How did we not know this already? Until Watts told us, nobody - but nobody - had an inkling of a solution along these lines... Kip le Jongleur, 29 Dec 2006

The Critique of Community
Is the Michael J. Watts who in 2007 is critical of the concept ‘community’ – ‘The sinister political life of community’, in G. Creed, The Romance of Community, SAR Press – the same Michael J. Watts who in 1983 (Silent Violence) was extolling the virtues of self-same pre- or non-capitalist ‘community’? Surely not. Then again, probably yes. Oh dear, oh dear, oh dear…. 04.01.07

Presumably, the question is what or who could have influenced Watts to change his mind so completely? Has anyone else recently challenged the view that rural ‘community’ is benign, and written a monograph criticizing its idealization? If so, Watts is bound to have acknowledged this. SW, 18th Jan 2007.

Not everyone does, although there is absolutely no suggestion that Watts has failed to do this. The usual pattern is really simple: come across a better idea than your current one, and – without identifying the source – write about it. A client will then run around (unbidden, of course) saying that it was your idea in the first place, telling the world what a famous person you are as a result. It always persuades those lacking an in-depth knowledge of the debate. Jungle Kipper, 19th January 2007.

Watts always a Marxist?
In the light of the above – Watts’ initial espousal of a populist approach (see the comments on community)– the inference that his views have always been ‘informed by an abiding commitment to Marxian political economy’ is not correct. For this reason, the following qualification has been reinserted: ‘informed – so it is said – by an abiding commitment to Marxian political economy’. SW, 23/01/07

accusation of plagiarism
I know there is a policy on biographies on wikipedia to avoid libel, so I wanted to bring up accusations of plagiarism against the Retort collective (of which Watts is a member) here first.  These authors accuse Retort of plagiarism in their articles and the book Afflicted Powers. This claim has been made publicly, so I'm not sure if its acceptable to include here or not. It would probably be better suited on a page about the Retort Collective, but I don't believe such a page exists.--Cwhalvor 23:40, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Most interesting... 29 September 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.185.135 (talk) 20:53, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Michael Watts (geographer)


text: User talk:69.161.78.136

title: User talk:69.161.78.136


text: User talk:63.207.141.254

title: User talk:63.207.141.254


text:
A Quiet Normal Life: The Best of Warren Zevon

A Quiet Normal Life: The Best Of Warren Zevon is a greatest hits album by American musician Warren Zevon released in 1986.

This compilation covers Zevon's four studio albums with Asylum Records. It was mastered by Barry Diament.

Track listing
All songs written by Warren Zevon unless otherwise indicated.
 * 1) "Werewolves of London" (LeRoy Marinell, Waddy Wachtel, Zevon) (from Excitable Boy, 1978)  – 3:29
 * 2) "Excitable Boy" (Marinell, Zevon) (from Excitable Boy, 1978)  – 2:39
 * 3) "Play It All Night Long" (from Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School, 1980)  – 2:50
 * 4) "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" (David Lindell, Zevon) (from Excitable Boy, 1978)  – 3:47
 * 5) "The Envoy" (from The Envoy, 1982)  – 3:12
 * 6) "Mohammed's Radio" (from Warren Zevon, 1976)  – 3:41
 * 7) "Desperados Under the Eaves" (from Warren Zevon, 1976)  – 4:45
 * 8) "Johnny Strikes Up the Band" (from Excitable Boy, 1978)  – 2:48
 * 9) "I'll Sleep When I'm Dead" (from Warren Zevon, 1976)  – 2:56
 * 10) "Lawyers, Guns and Money (Radio edit)" (single, 1978)  – 2:56
 * 11) "Ain't That Pretty at All" (Marinell, Zevon) (from The Envoy, 1982)  – 3:34
 * 12) "Poor Poor Pitiful Me" (from Warren Zevon, 1976)  – 3:04
 * 13) "Accidentally Like a Martyr" (from Excitable Boy, 1978)  – 3:39
 * 14) "Looking for the Next Best Thing" (Kenny Edwards, Marinell, Zevon) (from The Envoy, 1982)  – 3:39


text: User talk:68.10.163.118

title: User talk:68.10.163.118


text: Talk:A Quiet Normal Life: The Best of Warren Zevon


text:
Professional Basketball League of America

The Professional Basketball League of America (1947–1948) was a basketball league in the United States that was started in 1947 in response to the tremendous upsurge in interest in basketball in the era immediately following World War II. The organization was underfunded compared to its competitors—the Basketball Association of America, the National Basketball League, and even the American Basketball League; there was simply not room in the marketplace for four major professional basketball leagues. The PBLA folded without completing its only season.

Teams
Northern Division
 * Chicago Gears (8-0)
 * St. Paul Saints  (6-3)
 * Grand Rapids Rangers
 * Louisville Colonels
 * Omaha Tomahawks
 * Kansas City Blues
 * Waterloo Pro-Hawks
 * St. Joseph Outlaws

Southern Division
 * Houston Mavericks
 * Atlanta Crackers
 * Birmingham Skyhawks
 * Tulsa Ranchers
 * Chattanooga Majors
 * Oklahoma City Drillers
 * New Orleans Hurricanes
 * Springfield Squires


text:
Goongerah, Victoria

Goongerah is a community on the Brodribb River, located in Gippsland, Australia, near Mount Ellery. At the, Goongerah had a population of 31.

Goongerah Post Office opened on 21 November 1952 and closed in 1974. Goongerah had one of the smallest primary schools in Victoria, with about 11 students. It closed in 2019.

Goongerah is home to GECO (the Goongerah Environment Centre Office), which is dedicated to fighting for the protection of native forests in East Gippland from logging, such as Goolengook.

title: Goongerah, Victoria


text:
Bravais lattice

In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after, is an infinite array of discrete points generated by a set of discrete translation operations described in three dimensional space by

 * $$\mathbf{R} = n_1 \mathbf{a}_1 + n_2 \mathbf{a}_2 + n_3 \mathbf{a}_3,$$

where the ni are any integers, and ai are primitive translation vectors, or primitive vectors, which lie in different directions (not necessarily mutually perpendicular) and span the lattice. The choice of primitive vectors for a given Bravais lattice is not unique. A fundamental aspect of any Bravais lattice is that, for any choice of direction, the lattice appears exactly the same from each of the discrete lattice points when looking in that chosen direction.

The Bravais lattice concept is used to formally define a crystalline arrangement and its (finite) frontiers. A crystal is made up of one or more atoms, called the basis or motif, at each lattice point. The basis may consist of atoms, molecules, or polymer strings of solid matter, and the lattice provides the locations of the basis.

Two Bravais lattices are often considered equivalent if they have isomorphic symmetry groups. In this sense, there are 5 possible Bravais lattices in 2-dimensional space and 14 possible Bravais lattices in 3-dimensional space. The 14 possible symmetry groups of Bravais lattices are 14 of the 230 space groups. In the context of the space group classification, the Bravais lattices are also called Bravais classes, Bravais arithmetic classes, or Bravais flocks.

Unit cell
In crystallography, there is the concept of a unit cell which comprises the space between adjacent lattice points as well as any atoms in that space. A unit cell is defined as a space that, when translated through a subset of all vectors described by $$\mathbf{R} = n_{1}\mathbf{a}_{1} + n_{2}\mathbf{a}_{2} + n_{3}\mathbf{a}_{3}$$, fills the lattice space without overlapping or voids. (I.e., a lattice space is a multiple of a unit cell.) There are mainly two types of unit cells: primitive unit cells and conventional unit cells. A primitive cell is the very smallest component of a lattice (or crystal) which, when stacked together with lattice translation operations, reproduces the whole lattice (or crystal). Note that the translations must be lattice translation operations that cause the lattice to appear unchanged after the translation. If arbitrary translations were allowed, one could make a primitive cell half the size of the true one, and translate twice as often, as an example. Another way of defining the size of a primitive cell that avoids invoking lattice translation operations, is to say that the primitive cell is the smallest possible component of a lattice (or crystal) that can be repeated to reproduce the whole lattice (or crystal), and that contains exactly one lattice point. In either definition, the primitive cell is characterized by its small size. There are clearly many choices of cell that can reproduce the whole lattice when stacked (two lattice halves, for instance), and the minimum size requirement distinguishes the primitive cell from all these other valid repeating units. If the lattice or crystal is 2-dimensional, the primitive cell has a minimum area; likewise in 3 dimensions the primitive cell has a minimum volume. Despite this rigid minimum-size requirement, there is not one unique choice of primitive unit cell. In fact, all cells whose borders are primitive translation vectors will be primitive unit cells. The fact that there is not a unique choice of primitive translation vectors for a given lattice leads to the multiplicity of possible primitive unit cells. Conventional unit cells, on the other hand, are not necessarily minimum-size cells. They are chosen purely for convenience and are often used for illustration purposes. They are loosely defined.

Primitive unit cells are defined as unit cells with the smallest volume for a given crystal. (A crystal is a lattice and a basis at every lattice point.) To have the smallest cell volume, a primitive unit cell must contain (1) only one lattice point and (2) the minimum amount of basis constituents (e.g., the minimum number of atoms in a basis). For the former requirement, counting the number of lattice points in a unit cell is such that, if a lattice point is shared by m adjacent unit cells around that lattice point, then the point is counted as 1/m. The latter requirement is necessary since there are crystals that can be described by more than one combination of a lattice and a basis. For example, a crystal, viewed as a lattice with a single kind of atom located at every lattice point (the simplest basis form), may also be viewed as a lattice with a basis of two atoms. In this case, a primitive unit cell is a unit cell having only one lattice point in the first way of describing the crystal in order to ensure the smallest unit cell volume.

There can be more than one way to choose a primitive cell for a given crystal and each choice will have a different primitive cell shape, but the primitive cell volume is the same for every choice and each choice will have the property that a one-to-one correspondence can be established between primitive unit cells and discrete lattice points over the associated lattice. All primitive unit cells with different shapes for a given crystal have the same volume by definition; For a given crystal, if n is the density of lattice points in a lattice ensuring the minimum amount of basis constituents and v is the volume of a chosen primitive cell, then nv = 1 resulting in v = 1/n, so every primitive cell has the same volume of 1/n.

Among all possible primitive cells for a given crystal, an obvious primitive cell may be the parallelepiped formed by a chosen set of primitive translation vectors. (Again, these vectors must make a lattice with the minimum amount of basis constituents.) That is, the set of all points $$\mathbf{r} = x_{1}\mathbf{a}_{1} + x_{2}\mathbf{a}_{2} + x_{3}\mathbf{a}_{3}$$ where $$0 \le x_{i} < 1$$ and $$\mathbf{a}_{i}$$ is the chosen primitive vector. This primitive cell does not always show the clear symmetry of a given crystal. In this case, a conventional unit cell easily displaying the crystal symmetry is often used. The conventional unit cell volume will be an integer-multiple of the primitive unit cell volume.

Origin of concept
In two dimensions, any lattice can be specified by the length of its two primitive translation vectors and the angle between them. There are an infinite number of possible lattices one can describe in this way. Some way to categorize different types of lattices is desired. One way to do so is to recognize that some lattices have inherent symmetry. One can impose conditions on the length of the primitive translation vectors and on the angle between them to produce various symmetric lattices. These symmetries themselves are categorized into different types, such as point groups (which includes mirror symmetries, inversion symmetries and rotation symmetries) and translational symmetries. Thus, lattices can be categorized based on what point group or translational symmetry applies to them.

In two dimensions, the most basic point group corresponds to rotational invariance under 2π and π, or 1- and 2-fold rotational symmetry. This actually applies automatically to all 2D lattices, and is the most general point group. Lattices contained in this group (technically all lattices, but conventionally all lattices that don't fall into any of the other point groups) are called oblique lattices. From there, there are 4 further combinations of point groups with translational elements (or equivalently, 4 types of restriction on the lengths/angles of the primitive translation vectors) that correspond to the 4 remaining lattice categories: square, hexagonal, rectangular, and centered rectangular. Thus altogether there are 5 Bravais lattices in 2 dimensions.

Likewise, in 3 dimensions, there are 14 Bravais lattices: 1 general "wastebasket" category (triclinic) and 13 more categories. These 14 lattice types are classified by their point groups into 7 lattice systems (triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, cubic, rhombohedral, and hexagonal).

In 2 dimensions
In two-dimensional space there are 5 Bravais lattices, grouped into four lattice systems, shown in the table below. Below each diagram is the Pearson symbol for that Bravais lattice.

Note: In the unit cell diagrams in the following table the lattice points are depicted using black circles and the unit cells are depicted using parallelograms (which may be squares or rectangles) outlined in black. Although each of the four corners of each parallelogram connects to a lattice point, only one of the four lattice points technically belongs to a given unit cell and each of the other three lattice points belongs to one of the adjacent unit cells. This can be seen by imagining moving the unit cell parallelogram slightly left and slightly down while leaving all the black circles of the lattice points fixed.

The unit cells are specified according to the relative lengths of the cell edges (a and b) and the angle between them (θ). The area of the unit cell can be calculated by evaluating the norm $\|a × b\|$, where a and b are the lattice vectors. The properties of the lattice systems are given below:

In 3 dimensions
In three-dimensional space there are 14 Bravais lattices. These are obtained by combining one of the seven lattice systems with one of the centering types. The centering types identify the locations of the lattice points in the unit cell as follows:

 * Primitive (P): lattice points on the cell corners only (sometimes called simple)
 * Base-centered (S: A, B, or C): lattice points on the cell corners with one additional point at the center of each face of one pair of parallel faces of the cell (sometimes called end-centered)
 * Body-centered (I): lattice points on the cell corners, with one additional point at the center of the cell
 * Face-centered (F): lattice points on the cell corners, with one additional point at the center of each of the faces of the cell

Not all combinations of lattice systems and centering types are needed to describe all of the possible lattices, as it can be shown that several of these are in fact equivalent to each other. For example, the monoclinic I lattice can be described by a monoclinic C lattice by different choice of crystal axes. Similarly, all A- or B-centred lattices can be described either by a C- or P-centering. This reduces the number of combinations to 14 conventional Bravais lattices, shown in the table below. Below each diagram is the Pearson symbol for that Bravais lattice.

Note: In the unit cell diagrams in the following table all the lattice points on the cell boundary (corners and faces) are shown; however, not all of these lattice points technically belong to the given unit cell. This can be seen by imagining moving the unit cell slightly in the negative direction of each axis while keeping the lattice points fixed. Roughly speaking, this can be thought of as moving the unit cell slightly left, slightly down, and slightly out of the screen. This shows that only one of the eight corner lattice points (specifically the front, left, bottom one) belongs to the given unit cell (the other seven lattice points belong to adjacent unit cells). In addition, only one of the two lattice points shown on the top and bottom face in the Base-centered column belongs to the given unit cell. Finally, only three of the six lattice points on the faces in the Face-centered column belong to the given unit cell.

The unit cells are specified according to six lattice parameters which are the relative lengths of the cell edges (a, b, c) and the angles between them (α, β, γ), where α is the angle between b and c, β is the angle between a and c, and γ is the angle between a and b. The volume of the unit cell can be calculated by evaluating the triple product a · (b × c), where a, b, and c are the lattice vectors. The properties of the lattice systems are given below:

Some basic information for the lattice systems and Bravais lattices in three dimensions is summarized in the diagram at the beginning of this page. The seven sided polygon (heptagon) and the number 7 at the centre indicate the seven lattice systems. The inner heptagons indicate the lattice angles, lattice parameters, Bravais lattices and Schöenflies notations for the respective lattice systems.

In 4 dimensions
In four dimensions, there are 64 Bravais lattices. Of these, 23 are primitive and 41 are centered. Ten Bravais lattices split into enantiomorphic pairs.

title: Bravais lattice


text: User talk:80.43.216.81

title: User talk:80.43.216.81


text:
Theodore Van Kirk

Theodore Jerome "Dutch" Van Kirk (February 27, 1921 – July 28, 2014) was a navigator in the United States Army Air Forces, best known as the navigator of the Enola Gay when it dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Upon the death of fellow crewman Morris Jeppson on March 30, 2010, Van Kirk became the last surviving member of the Enola Gay crew.

Career
Van Kirk was born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, to Frederick and Grace (Snyder) Van Kirk. He joined the Army Air Force Aviation Cadet Program in October 1941. On 1 April 1942, he received both his commission and navigator wings and transferred to the 97th Bomb Group, the first operational Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress unit in England. The crew of the "Red Gremlin" also included pilot Paul Tibbets and bombardier Tom Ferebee. Van Kirk would later fly with these men on the Hiroshima mission.

From August to October 1942, the crew flew 11 missions out of England. They were the lead aircraft, responsible for group navigation and bombing. In October 1942, they flew General Mark Clark to Gibraltar for his secret North African rendezvous with the French prior to Operation Torch. In November, they ferried General Eisenhower to Gibraltar to command the North African invasion forces. After German reinforcements began pouring into the port of Bizerte, Tunisia, posing a serious threat to Allied strategy, a new mission emerged. On 16 November 1942, the crew led their group in an attack that took the Germans by surprise at Sidi Ahmed Air Base at Bizerte.

Atomic bombing of Japan
Van Kirk returned to the U.S. in June 1943 after flying a total of 58 missions overseas. He served as an instructor navigator until reuniting with Tibbets and Ferebee in the 509th Composite Group at Wendover Field, Utah, in late 1944. The group flew the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, with Tibbets as commander and Van Kirk as the group navigator. From November 1944 to June 1945 they trained continually for the first atomic bomb drop, which occurred 6 August 1945.

The thirteen-hour mission to Hiroshima began at 02:45 hrs in the morning Tinian time. By the time they rendezvoused with their accompanying B-29s at 0607 hrs over Iwo Jima, the group was three hours from the target area. As they approached the target Van Kirk worked closely with the bombardier, Tom Ferebee, to confirm the winds and aimpoint. The bomb fell away from the aircraft at 09:15:17 Tinian time. Van Kirk later participated in Operation Crossroads, the first Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests. According to the 1995 New York Times interview by Gustav Niebuhr Mr. Van Kirk said he was often asked, "given a choice about his role in the Hiroshima bombing, would he do it again?": "Under the same circumstances – and the key words are 'the same circumstances' yes, I would do it again. We were in a war for five years. [sic] We were fighting an enemy that had a reputation for never surrendering, never accepting defeat. It's really hard to talk about morality and war in the same sentence. In a war, there are so many questionable things done. Where was the morality in the bombing of Coventry, or the bombing of Dresden, or the Bataan Death March, or the Rape of Nanking, or the bombing of Pearl Harbor? I believe that when you're in a war, a nation must have the courage to do what it must to win the war with a minimum loss of lives." In October 2007, Van Kirk auctioned off the flight log he kept on board the Enola Gay during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima for US$358,500 in a public auction. Van Kirk stated he decided to sell the log, because he wanted it to be kept at a museum. The auction house did not reveal the name of the successful bidder, although it said it was a U.S. citizen.

Later life
In August 1946 Van Kirk completed his service in the Army Air Forces as a Major. His decorations include the Silver Star, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and 15 Air Medals. Van Kirk went on to receive his Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in Chemical Engineering from Bucknell University in 1949 and 1950. For the next 35 years, he held various technical and managerial positions in research and marketing with DuPont.

Dutch Van Kirk appeared April 9–10, 2005 at the MacDill Air Force Base Air Fest, Tampa, FL, filling in for scheduled Paul Tibbets, who was ailing.

Van Kirk was present at the 2008 Thunder over Michigan Air Show.

On Friday, April 9, 2010 Van Kirk spoke at the University of West Georgia in the Biology Building Lecture Hall. It was billed as "Lone Survivor of Enola Gay Visits UWG".

On September 3, 2010 Major Van Kirk, accompanied by his wife, appeared at the model air show "Warbirds Over Atlanta 2010" in Ball Ground, Georgia where he signed his books and photographs as a replica of the B-29 flew overhead.

Van Kirk appeared and signed books at the Vectren Dayton Air Show on July 8, 2012.

Van Kirk appeared at the Marietta Museum of History on August 11–12, 2012. He signed his book, My True Course, from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. on both Saturday and Sunday at the museum's Aviation Wing. On Saturday, August 11 at 4 p.m., he gave a rare address at the main wing of the museum.

On September 14, 2013, Major Van Kirk visited and spoke at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas. He spoke for about an hour about his experience in the service, and afterwards, he signed copies of his book, My True Course. During this event, Mr. Van Kirk relayed stories about both his practice bombing runs in America and his real bombing missions abroad. He was asked to describe the difference between the practice and real missions, and he replied, "In America, they're not shooting at you!"

On September 15, 2013, he spoke for approximately an hour and answered questions about his military service and specifically his role as the navigator on the Enola Gay at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas. Afterward, he signed copies of his book, My True Course.

Van Kirk died on July 28, 2014. He was survived by his four children.

Awards and decorations
His decorations include:

Silver Star citation

 * Van Kirk, Theodore J.
 * Captain, U.S. Army Air Forces
 * 393d Bombardment Squadron, 509th Composite Group, 20th Air Force
 * Date of Action: August 6, 1945
 * Headquarters, 20th Air Force, General Orders No. 69 (September 22, 1945)
 * Citation:

"Captain (Air Corps) Theodore J. Van Kirk, United States Army Air Forces, for gallantry in action while engaged in aerial flight against the Japanese Empire on 6 August 1945. Captain Van Kirk was Navigator for a combat crew of the B-29 aircraft of the 393d Bombardment Squadron, 509th Composite Group, 20th Air Force, which flew from a base in the Marianas Islands to drop on the city of Hiroshima, Japan, the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. Flying 1500 miles over open water to the coast of Japan, they manned their assigned positions and crossed the island of Shikoku and the Inland Sea. They constantly faced the danger of being hit by anti-aircraft fire, enemy fighters, or suffering mechanical or other failures which would intensify the risks of carrying this powerful missile. Throughout the mission the element of hazard from the unknown prevailed, for this was the first time that this bomb, much more destructive than any other in existence, had been dropped from an airplane. The effect it would have on the airplane and these crew members was only to be estimated. Shortly after 0900 they brought the plane in over the city, and at 0915 the bomb release was pressed. The bomb cleared, and fell toward the planned objective. They then headed from the area and, despite a minor effect from the detonation, returned safely to their home base. By their courage and skillful performance of duty achieved in outstanding fashion despite the dangers involved in accomplishment of this historic mission, these individuals distinguished themselves by extraordinary achievement and reflect great credit on themselves and the Army Air Forces."

title: Theodore Van Kirk


text:
Talk:Johannes Valentinus Andreae

From Translation into English

 * Article: de:Johann Valentin Andreae
 * Corresponding English-language article: Johannes Valentinus Andreae
 * Worth doing because: English article is a stub; German one looks decent
 * Originally Requested by: Jmabel on behalf of an anon user
 * Status: Almost completely done. Please proofread. Not sure about certain translations: Konsistorialrat and the various "companies". Cat 09:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC) --- Fixed some typos and spelling, and changed translations: of "company" to "society" and "fearful" to "fruitbearing". Lisa Paul 24 June 2004.
 * Other notes: One of the founders of the Rosicrucians

other talk
who claimed to be the author of an ancient text

Hardly ancient: the Hochzeit, even if the date given on the titlepage were taken as authentic, only predates him by a little over a century.

Nuttyskin (talk)_

Speculative material removed
I removed the following sentence as irrelevant, speculative and almost incomprehensible:  It is possible that this was because the list tended to includes names of people who were associated with alchemy, such as Nicolas Flamel.  Steve (talk) 00:58, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Poor Quality Article
It would be difficult to completely rewrite the pages concerning the Fama, Confessio, Chemical Wedding etc without including large parts of the work of McKay, Godwin, or McIntosh. However, the pages as they exist now are very poor indeed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:646:8C00:4DB0:3030:FE2B:7375:D7CD (talk) 07:05, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johannes Valentinus Andreae


text:
National Professional Basketball League (1950–51)

The National Professional Basketball League (NPBL) was a professional basketball league in the United States from 1950–51, serving as a successor league to the National Basketball League that operated from 1937 to 1949.

History
The National Basketball Association contracted after the 1949–1950 season, losing six teams: The Anderson Packers, Sheboygan Red Skins and Waterloo Hawks jumped to the NPBL, while the Chicago Stags, Denver Nuggets and St. Louis Bombers folded. The league went from 17 teams to 11 before the 1950–1951 season started. Midway through the 1950–1951 season, the Washington Capitols folded as well, bringing the number of teams in the league down to ten.

The National Professional Basketball League was formed around the former NBA teams, with teams added in new larger markets. The charter teams were the East Division: Sheboygan Redskins (Former NBA), Anderson Packers (Former NBA), Louisville Alumnites and Grand Rapids Hornets. West Division: Denver Refiners/Evansville Agogans, Saint Paul Lights, Kansas City Hi-Spots and Waterloo Hawks (Former NBA).

The league played just one season, with no championship finals ever being staged. Doxie Moore served as commissioner. The Grand Rapids Hornets, Kansas City Hi-Spots, Louisville Alumnites and Saint Paul Lights franchised folded during the season and the Denver Refiners relocated to Evansville, Indiana to become the Evansville Agogans.

The Sheboygan Red Skins and Waterloo Hawks both claimed the championship because they were each in first in their divisions at the end of the season, but they never met in a playoff series.

1950–1951 Standings
Notes:
 * Disbanded during the season.
 * Denver moved to Evansville during the season.

Eastern Division

 * Sheboygan Red Skins
 * Louisville Alumnites
 * Anderson Packers
 * Grand Rapids Hornets

Western Division

 * Waterloo Hawks
 * Denver Refiners/Evansville Agogans
 * Saint Paul Lights
 * Kansas City Hi-Spots


text: User talk:68.70.219.58

title: User talk:68.70.219.58


text:
User talk:Astarael

Registered: 5/17/04 So, I'm new here. Hopefully I'll be able to help with Wikicleanup. I'm not an adult, but I do have decent grammar and spelling. Unless it's urgent, I'd suggest not trying to e-mail me. I check on it infrequently. Nothing much more to say, just that aside from games, anime, manga, a little HTML, and English, I don't know much, to be bluntly honest. I am in the process of learning Japanese, but other than that, don't expect any or many complete pages from me. The lady doth make a better editor, methinks. Whoops. Too much Shakespeare. Ja ne! Hi Astarel, welcome. Hope you enjoy it here, there's always plenty of cleanup to do. - Hephaestos|§ 00:07, 18 May 2004 (UTC) Welcome. We're a good bunch here and glad to have you. - Tεx τ urε 00:29, 18 May 2004 (UTC) A couple of small requests to make things easier on Cleanup: Appreciating your contributions, but I hate having to check the diffs for every edit to see what you did ...—Morven 23:32, 18 May 2004 (UTC) Whoops, sorry Morven. I usually do use the edit summary field, but I hadn't yet gotten the hang of what to say. Hopefully I'm doing better now. Astarael 20:04, 29 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Use the 'Edit summary' field so we know what changes you made.
 * Don't mark everything as a minor edit. Adding new articles to cleanup is not minor.  Adding your signature if you forgot it is minor.

User categorization
Greetings! Your user page hasn't been vandalized :-) --it was updated to use the new User Categorization scheme. Although I know that some people don't like to be "categorized" I have categorized your User Page as a Wikipedian in Nevada (Category:Wikipedians in Nevada) since your name was listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Nevada page and I didn't want to lose sight of that.  The Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Nevada page is scheduled for deletion.    Thanks!   Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 03:43, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Utah Wikipedia Meetup
--Admrb♉ltz (talk) 22:27, 15 September 2008 (UTC) via AWB

title: User talk:Astarael


text:
Talk:Violator (album)

'Rock' /Synth 'Rock'/Alternative 'Rock' / Industrial 'Rock'
Why the genre 'Rock' is incorrect:

Daniel Miller Quote (p 333, in the book ‘Stripped’ By Jonathan Miller): “The thing is, they’re not a rock band... because it’s not pure [rock ‘n roll]. There’s a horrible kind of authenticity about rock music, and they’re definitely not authentic in that sense” http://books.google.com/books?id=gIrZbmss3kEC&pg=PA333&lpg=PA333&dq=martin+gore+depeche+mode+%22not+a+rock+band%22&source=web&ots=67M7nujLj1&sig=Z4Iq30etb0pSfB-mvB_ceTps3Ns&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result. Kalied04 (talk) 14:57, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Alan Wilder himself mentioned on his Recoil website http://www.recoil.co.uk/, Q&A Section, Songs of Faith and Devotion ... "Well, SOFAD is far from a rock album but that's another issue" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.232.168.216 (talk) 14:14, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 22:12, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

"Many view Violator as the third in the band's triptych of top albums"
This sentence has a few problems: 1) Define "many" and give sources. 2) Name the other two parts of the supposed triptych. Thanks CapnZapp (talk) 16:16, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

No information about the album
Mainly about the remasters and re-releases, please help.--Holy Roman Empire (talk) 22:31, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Consider removal of Rolling Stone article that seems to be for another album
If you read through some of the linked Rolling Stone review, it is pretty obvious that they're reviewing another album, not Violator. It must be some sort of mistake the webmaster of the Rolling Stone website hasn't noticed, especially considering that Rolling Stone ranked Violator 342 of the 500 Greatest Albums Ever, why would they say that after giving it 2/5 stars?

- TheBrightLights (talk) 02:23, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Nope, RS had such a big hate for the album that they barely even mentioned it's name in the article and the 2/5 stars review is correct. On the other hand, a Soulja Boy album is much better... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.76.27.68 (talk) 12:39, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Stop labeling this as Synthpop!
Please stop labeling all of Depeche Mode's work as synthpop. Only their first two albums were in this genre. Everything after 1982 is NOT synthpop anymore.

"While most current popular music in the industrialized world is realized via electronic instruments, synthpop has its own stylistic tendencies which differentiate it from other music produced by the same means. These include the exploitation of artificiality (the synthesizers are not used to imitate acoustic instruments), the use of mechanical sounding rhythms, vocal arrangements as a counterpoint to the artificiality of the instruments, and ostinato patterns as an effect. Synthpop song structures are generally the same as in other popular music." - Wikipedia

Read the definition and you can clearly see DM is not synthpop. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.76.26.6 (talk) 12:11, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 19:01, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A1s320rjac489

No idea what listening
No idea what listening. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.25.8.176 (talk) 19:38, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Violator (album)


text:
Saratoga Race Course

Saratoga Race Course is a Thoroughbred horse racing track located on Union Avenue in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. Opened in 1863, it is often considered to be the oldest major sporting venue of any kind in the U.S. It is the fourth oldest racetrack after Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack (1858), Freehold Raceway (1854) and Fair Grounds Race Course (1852).

The Saratoga meet originally lasted only four days. The meet has been lengthened gradually since that time. From 1962 to 1990, the meet lasted four weeks and began in late July or early August. In 2010, the meet expanded to 40 racing days, with races held five days per week. It lasts from mid-July through Labor Day in early September.

History
Saratoga Springs was the site of "trials of speed and exhibition of horses" at county fairs as early as 1822. In 1847, in anticipation of the New York State Fair being held in Saratoga that September, the Saratoga Trotting Course was built, and hosted its first harness race on August 14. The old harness racing track was located just south of the current Oklahoma Track, and today the area is called Horse Haven.

In 1857 the Empire Race Course was opened on an island in the Hudson River near Albany, but was in operation only a short time.

On August 3, 1863, casino operator and future congressman John Morrissey organized the first thoroughbred race card on the Oklahoma Track. After the successful meet ended, Morrissey purchased 125 acres of land across the street from the old standardbred track, built a new grandstand, and dubbed the venue Saratoga Race Course. Among those instrumental to the creation of the new course were John Hunter (later the first chairman of The Jockey Club), William R. Travers, John Morrissey, and Leonard Jerome.

Saratoga Race Course has been in use almost every year since 1864, with only a handful of exceptions. The course was closed in 1896 due to increasing competition among thoroughbred tracks, making the meet at Saratoga not viable that season. Anti-gambling legislation, which had passed in New York, resulted in a cessation in all thoroughbred racing in that state during 1911 and 1912. From 1943 to 1945, racing was curtailed at Saratoga due to travel restrictions during World War II. During those years, the stakes races usually held at Saratoga Race Course were instead contested at Belmont Park.

The late 1800s were a period of decline for the Race Course. In 1892 it was purchased by notorious gambler Gottfried "Dutch Fred" Waldbaum, the operator of the notorious Guttenberg racetrack in North Bergen, New Jersey. In 1901, it was purchased by a group of investors led by William Collins Whitney, who made major improvements and restored its reputation.

The track's first parimutuel betting machines were installed in 1940.

In the 1960s, the grandstand was extended, doubling the track's seating capacity.

In 1999, Saratoga Race Course was rated as Sports Illustrated's #10 sports venue of the 20th century.

On Saturday, June 8, 2024, the 156th running of the Belmont Stakes was held at Saratoga Race Course, due to construction at Belmont Park.

Saratoga Race Course has several nicknames: The Spa (for the nearby mineral springs), the House of Upsets, and the Graveyard of Champions.

Graveyard of Champions
Famous race horses to lose at the track:
 * Man o' War suffered his only defeat in twenty-one starts while racing at Saratoga Race Course, losing to Upset in the 1919 Sanford Stakes
 * Gallant Fox, the 1930 Triple Crown winner, was beaten by the 100-1 longshot Jim Dandy in the 1930 Travers Stakes
 * Secretariat, the 1973 Triple Crown winner, was defeated by Onion in the 1973 Whitney Handicap
 * Rachel Alexandra, the 2009 Horse of the Year, was beaten in the 2010 Personal Ensign Stakes by Persistently, who closed a length and a half in the final 1/16 mile;
 * American Pharoah, the 2015 Triple Crown winner and a 1-5 favorite, was upset in the 2015 Travers Stakes by Keen Ice for his second career loss

Course
As is the case with the other two tracks operated by the New York Racing Association – Aqueduct and Belmont Park – there are three separate tracks in the main course at Saratoga Race Course: Steeplechase races are also run at Saratoga Race Course and take place on the inner turf course.
 * a main (dirt) track, which, like that at Aqueduct, has a $1 1/8$-mile (9-furlong or 1,811 m) circumference;
 * chute for 7-furlong events
 * chute for 1 mile events known as the Wilson Chute. Originally was in use until 1972 when an additional parking lot was created. The chute was used in 1992 for one season. The Wilson Chute was resurrected in 2022.
 * a 1-mile (8-furlong) turf track, known officially as the Mellon Turf Course in honor of the Mellon family, whose members include prominent thoroughbred owner/breeder Paul Mellon and his father Andrew Mellon, a former United States Treasury Secretary; and
 * an inner turf track, the circumference of which is 7 furlongs (1,408 m).

The Oklahoma Training Track, which is across Union Avenue from the main course (was originally named Horse Haven), is used for warmups and training. The Oklahoma Training Track site was the location of the track used for racing at the inaugural meet in 1863; the main grandstand was opened at the current site the following year. On August 3, 2013, the new Whitney Viewing Stand opened at the Oklahoma Track. It allows public viewing of workouts at the track, replicating a former stand from the 19th century.

A distinctive feature of Saratoga Race Course's dirt track was the Wilson Mile chute, which branched off from the clubhouse (first) turn at a 90-degree angle. The chute was dismantled after the 1972 season to make room for additional parking, although in 1992 some one-mile dirt races were brought back at approximately the same location. NYRA announced in January 2022 that the Wilson Mile chute would be rebuilt for the 2022 racing season. The grounds at Saratoga Race Course contain several unique features. Prior to each race, a bell is hand rung at exactly 17 minutes prior to scheduled post time for each race to call the jockeys to the paddock. Patrons can get close up views of the horses being led to the paddock as the path from the stables runs through the picnic grounds. There is a mineral spring called the Big Red Spring in the picnic grounds where patrons can partake of the water that made Saratoga Springs famous. A gazebo is a prominent feature of the infield, and a stylized version of the gazebo is part of the Saratoga Race Course logo.

Saratoga Race Course is home to several of the most important races in North America. Since 1864, the track has been the site of the Travers Stakes, the oldest major thoroughbred horse race in the United States. Like the Kentucky Derby, the Travers Stakes is contested on dirt and is open only to three-year-olds, with a purse of $1,250,000. Several other major stakes races are held at Saratoga each year as well, including the Alabama Stakes (for three-year-old fillies), the Hopeful Stakes for two-year-olds, and the Whitney Stakes for three-year-olds and up (a Breeders' Cup Classic "Win and You're In" qualifier).

A new addition in recent years has been "twilight racing", where the first race post time is at 2:30 pm on some days, previously 2:45 PM.

Races
The 2022 racing season includes 77 stakes races worth $22.6 million in total purses. This represents a $1.1 million increase over the 2021 season.

The following are Graded stakes races run at Saratoga:

Grade I Stakes races:

• Alabama Stakes

• Alfred G. Vanderbilt Handicap

• Ballerina Stakes

• Coaching Club American Oaks

• Diana Stakes

• Forego Stakes

• Fourstardave Handicap

• H. Allen Jerkens Memorial Stakes

• Hopeful Stakes

• Jockey Club Gold Cup

• Personal Ensign Stakes

• Saratoga Derby

• Spinaway Stakes

• Sword Dancer Stakes

• Test Stakes

• Travers Stakes

• Whitney Stakes

Grade II Stakes races:

• Amsterdam Stakes

• Ballston Spa Stakes

• Bowling Green Stakes

• Glens Falls Stakes

• Honorable Miss Handicap

• Flower Bowl Stakes

• Jim Dandy Stakes

• Lake George Stakes

• Lake Placid Stakes

• National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame Stakes

• Prioress Stakes

• Saratoga Special Stakes

• Shuvee Stakes

Grade III Stakes races:

• Adirondack Stakes

• Caress Stakes

• Forbidden Apple Stakes

• Lake George Stakes

• Quick Call Stakes

• Sanford Stakes

• Saranac Stakes

• Saratoga Oaks

• Schuylerville Stakes

• Troy Stakes

• With Anticipation Stakes

Ungraded stakes

• Albany Stakes

• Alydar Stakes

• Bernard Baruch Handicap

• Better Talk Now Stakes

• Birdstone Stakes

• Bolton Landing

• Coronation Cup

• Curlin Stakes

• De La Rose Stakes

• Evan Shipman Handicap

• Fleet Indian Stakes

• Funny Cide Stakes

• Galway Stakes

• John Morrissey Handicap

• John's Call

• Johnstone Mile

• Lucky Coin Stakes

• Lure Stakes

• Mahony Stakes

• P. G. Johnson

• Rick Violette

• Riskaverse

• Saratoga Dew Stakes

• Seeking The Ante

• Shine Again

• Skidmore Stakes

• Smart N Fancy

• Summer Colony Stakes

• Suzie O'Cain (NYB)

• Tale of the Cat Stakes

• Union Avenue Stakes

• West Point Handicap

• Wilton Stakes

• Yaddo Handicap

Discontinued Stakes races:

• Albany Handicap

• Bold Reason Handicap

• Champlain Handicap

• Delaware Handicap

• Flash Stakes

• Grand Union Hotel Stakes

• Huron Handicap

• Kenner Stakes

• Kentucky Stakes

• Merchants and Citizens Handicap

• Saratoga Handicap

• United States Hotel Stakes

Steeplechase:

 * New York Turf Writers Cup Handicap (Grade I)
 * A. P. Smithwick Memorial Handicap (Grade I)

Burials
Buried at Clare Court Jogging Track are Fourstardave, Mourjane (IRE), Quick Call and A Phenomenon. Champion filly Go For Wand, who suffered a fatal injury during the stretch run of the 1990 Breeders Cup Distaff, is buried in the Saratoga Race Course infield.

Economy
The Saratoga Race Course is a significant contributor to the Saratoga Springs economy. A 2011 economic analysis of the Saratoga Race Course found that visitors of the race track yielded between $39 million and $55 million annually in direct spending, and a total (a sum of the direct effects and the indirect and induced effects of visitor spending) of $67 million and $94 million annually. This spending was a result of expenditures for lodging, meals, entertainment, retail, and transportation in Saratoga County.

In August 2021, the President of the Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce, Todd Shimkus, estimated that the race track had a $240 million annual regional economic impact. The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on small business owners in the city of Saratoga Springs, as the 2020 meet did not allow in-person spectators at the venue.

Other reading

 * Heller, Bill. Saratoga Tales: Great Horses, Fearless Jockeys, Shocking Upsets and Incredible Blunders at America's Legendary Race Track (2004). Whitston Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87875-551-6.

title: Saratoga Race Course


text:
Adora

Adora may refer to:
 * Adora (given name)
 * Adora (Apocrypha), a town mentioned in the Apocrypha
 * Adora, Har Hevron, an Israeli settlement on the West Bank
 * Adora (singer), South Korean singer-songwriter
 * Adora, a novel by Bertrice Small
 * Princess Adora, the alter ego of the fictional superheroine She-Ra
 * "Adora", a song by Indochine from the album Alice & June
 * Adora Magic City, a ship of Carnival China Adora Cruises

title: Adora


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Needs & Assessments

The entry doesn't have any context, nor pages linking to it, in addition, doesn't really impart much information, the title has nothing to do with the article, and finally, doesn't seem very encyclopedic. Seems much more like an outline of a plan for a new organization. -Yizzerin 00:13, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Right. Delete, the sooner the better.Beelzebubs 00:14, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oy, it's been around for months. Delete.  RickK 00:15, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Has that copyvio cut-and-paste look to it. -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:36, May 18, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Astarael

Nothing much to say about me, but here goes nothing... Aside from games, anime, manga, some HTML, a bit of Flash, beginning Java, up to high school math, and how to use decent grammar and spelling, I know next to nothing. At least I admit it, right? Anyhow, don't expect new pages from me. I think I'll do better as an editor.

title: User:Astarael


text:
Christopher Tye

Christopher Tye (c.1505 – before 1573) was an English Renaissance composer and organist. Probably born in Cambridgeshire, he trained at the University of Cambridge and became the master of the choir at Ely Cathedral. He is noted as the music teacher of Edward VI of England and was held in high esteem for his choral music, as well as chamber works such as his 24 polyphonic In nomines. It is likely that only a small percentage of his compositional output survives, often only as fragments; his Acts of the Apostles was the only work to be published in his lifetime.

He ceased composing when he became a clergyman, returning to Ely Cathedral and later becoming rector of Doddington, Cambridgeshire. Today, he is perhaps best known for the hymn "Winchester Old", based on a theme from Acts of the Apostles, which forms the basis of the most commonly performed version in the United Kingdom of "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks".

Beginnings
Little is known about Tye's origins. Cambridge University records for the academic year 1536-37 indicate that he received the degree of Bachelor of Music after "a study of ten years in the musical art"; from this it is supposed that Tye was born around 1505 (making him a direct contemporary of Thomas Tallis), probably in Cambridgeshire, where the family name was common and where Tye would go on to spend much of his career. For two terms in 1537 Tye is recorded among the lay clerks of King’s College; it was in 1536-37 that the so called "temporary" chapel (in use since the 1440s) collapsed, so Tye may well have been part of the first generation of lay clerks to sing in regular worship in the iconic King's chapel known today.

By 1543 Tye had taken up the position of Magister Choristarum at Ely Cathedral. In 1545 the University of Cambridge awarded him the degree of Doctor of Music, and three years later the same honor was bestowed on him by the University of Oxford.

Work with the Royal Court
The composer's career shows that he had a strong connection to Dr. Richard Cox, who was a passionate church reformer and a tutor of King Edward (then Prince Edward). This affiliation would prove to have a strong influence on him for the rest of his life. Dr. Cox was also the person who very probably introduced Tye to the royal court. It is believed that this led to Christopher Tye being a kind of musical adviser of the court who worked closely with Edward. In 1605, Samuel Rowley (believed to be Tye's grandson) wrote a play entitled When You See Me, You Know Me. In the play, Tye and King Edward play important roles and exchange dialogue where Edward identifies 'Doctor Tye' as 'Our music's lecturer.'

Later, in 1553, Christopher Tye published his rhymed scriptural paraphrase, The Actes of the Apostles. In it he takes the ideas set forth in the book of 'Acts' in the Bible and sets them to meter. Although it was met with divided reviews (even today), the work is hugely important because it is dedicated to Edward. In the preface he goes into some detail that implies a kind of friendship between the two. Although it is never mentioned explicitly, it is generally assumed that Tye held a position in the Chapel Royal Staff during the 1550s at some point.

Religious posts
In 1558, Tye took up his posting again at Ely, probably at the request of his old friend, Richard Cox. Soon, thereafter, Tye took it upon himself to take up a place in the ministry and thus ceased to compose music. Dr. Richard Cox, who was bishop at Ely during this time, ordained the composer as a deacon and later as a priest in the same year. In 1561, Tye resigned from the post at Ely and was appointed to Doddington, Cambridgeshire, the richest benefice in England. He is believed to have died there before March 1573 when his successor was appointed, although no record is found of his death.

Works
As a pre-eminent court musician with strong Protestant leanings, Tye is generally considered to be one of the most influential English composers of his day. Even after his appointment in the ministry when his composing ceased, his reputation as a musician continued to spread. However, only one of Tye's works, Actes of the Apostles of 1553, a verse translation of the Acts of the Apostles into four part harmony, was published during his lifetime. Compared to his polyphonic works, this work is not well regarded, although it is from this collection that his most familiar piece is derived; the most common tune of "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks".

His surviving Latin polyphonic choral works, most likely dating from the reign of Henry VIII include three full masses - the Peterhouse mass, a Westron Wynde mass and a six voice Missa Euge bone. Other surviving movements from psalms include Quaesumus omnipotens et misericors Deus, Miserere mei, Deus, Omnes gentes, plaudite manibus, Peccavimus cum patribus nostris.

Some works only exist in parts or excerpts. For example, it was only after laboriously reconstructing a supposedly missing bass voice part of the anthem "To Father, Son and Holy Ghost" that the editor Vladimir Fedorov discovered the 'missing' part. Works such as O God, be merciful unto us have been revived.

His In Nomines and other instrumental for four or five works survive, some of the earliest examples of chamber music. Nigel Davison, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests that given his reputation as an organist, it would be inconceivable that he composed no keyboard works and concludes that these must have also been lost.

title: Christopher Tye