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Josh Duhamel

Joshua David Duhamel (born November 14, 1972) is an American actor. After various modeling work, he made his acting debut as Leo du Pres on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children and later starred as Danny McCoy on NBC's Las Vegas.

Duhamel has ventured into film, appearing as one of the main protagonists in four of the Transformers films, most recently in the fifth entry, Transformers: The Last Knight (2017). He has also appeared in When in Rome (2010), Life as We Know It (2010), New Year's Eve (2011), Safe Haven (2013), and You're Not You (2014). In 2015, Duhamel co-starred on the short-lived CBS crime drama Battle Creek. He has also starred in several video games, most notably Call of Duty: WWII (2017). In 2018, he appeared in the coming of age film Love, Simon. In 2021, Duhamel starred in the role of Sheldon Sampson in the Netflix superhero series Jupiter's Legacy. He also played the role of Jacob Lee in the 2022 survival horror game The Callisto Protocol.

Early life
Duhamel was born in Minot, North Dakota. His mother, Bonnie L. (Bachmeier) Kemper, is a retired teacher and local businesswoman, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertising salesman. Duhamel's family is Catholic.

His parents divorced during his youth. He was raised by his mother and stepfather George Kemper. He has a younger sister and two younger maternal half-sisters. After graduating from Minot High School in 1991, Duhamel attended Minot State University and played backup quarterback for the university's football team. He planned to attend dental school, but dropped out one-and-a-half credits shy of his undergraduate degree. He later completed his credits, and received his degree in 2005.

Career
Duhamel has stated, "After college, I followed an ex-girlfriend to northern California, did a bunch of odd jobs." He won the title of Male Model of the Year in an International Modeling and Talent Association (IMTA) competition in 1997 (the runner-up was actor Ashton Kutcher).

Duhamel began his acting career as an extra in the music videos for Donna Summer's "I Will Go With You (Con te partirò)" and Christina Aguilera's "Genie in a Bottle" in 1999. Josh trained with Scott Sedita Acting Studios. Later that year, he won the role of Leo du Pres on the ABC soap opera All My Children. His work on the show, especially his character's pairing with Greenlee Smythe (portrayed by actress Rebecca Budig), garnered critical acclaim. In 2000, he posed fully nude for Greg Gorman's As I See It photography book.

In 2003, he received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for the Special Fan Award for America's Favorite Couple in 2002, shared with Budig, and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Leo du Pres. Duhamel left All My Children in 2002 to pursue other acting opportunities. In 2003, Duhamel landed a primetime role on the NBC show Las Vegas, playing the head of security for the Montecito Casino, Danny McCoy. His character succeeded James Caan's as head of the casino after Caan departed the series at the end of the fourth season. The series ended in 2008.

Duhamel made his big-screen acting debut in 2004's Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!, then starred in the thriller Turistas (2006). After watching an episode of Las Vegas in which Duhamel's character had just returned from the war in Iraq, Steven Spielberg handpicked him for the role of Captain William Lennox in 2007's summer blockbuster film Transformers (a film for which Spielberg was the executive producer). Duhamel reprised the role in three of the sequels: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, released in June 2009, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, released in June 2011, and Transformers: The Last Knight, released in June 2017.

Duhamel was the official pace car driver for the 2009 Indianapolis 500, driving the 2010 Chevrolet Camaro pace car. In 2010, he played the lead role in the film When in Rome as Nick Beamon. In 2014 Duhamel starred in the touching drama You're Not You (2014) playing the husband of Kate (Hilary Swank), who has the degenerative disease ALS.

On March 23, 2013, Duhamel hosted the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards, which was broadcast live from Los Angeles, California. He and his co-star from Safe Haven, Julianne Hough, performed a Safe Haven-themed showcase appearance via video on The Price is Right with Drew Carey.

In 2016, he starred as Frank Dunning in the Hulu science fiction thriller miniseries 11.22.63.

In 2018, he was used on a Taco Bell commercial to advertise Mexican spiced fries with nacho cheese sauce called Web of Fries.

In March 2018, it was announced that Duhamel will be starring alongside Megan Fox, in the independent family comedy Think Like a Dog. In the same year, he starred in the romantic comedy-drama film, Love, Simon.

On February 11, 2019, it was announced that Duhamel had been cast as Sheldon Sampson in the Netflix superhero series, Jupiter's Legacy. The series premiered on May 7, 2021, and was canceled less than a month later.

In February 2021, it was announced that Duhamel would co-star opposite Jennifer Lopez in the upcoming film Shotgun Wedding, replacing Armie Hammer, who had left the project in January, following controversy concerning sexually explicit social media activity. In August 2021, it was announced that Duhamel joined Renée Zellweger in The Thing About Pam limited series on NBC. He was to play a defense attorney, Joel Schwartz, on this show based on a real-life crime story.

In early 2022, it was announced that Duhamel had been cast as a series regular on The Mighty Ducks: Game Changers, for its second season, as Colin Cole, a former NHL player-turned-coach who runs the hockey institute.

On September 23, 2022, Duhamel's film Bandit, based on the best-selling novel and true story about The Flying Bandit, was released in theatres and on demand. The film received positive reviews with critics calling it a career-best performance for Duhamel.

Other ventures
In 2005, he became the co-owner of 10 North Main, a restaurant in Minot, North Dakota.

Duhamel is a spokesman for North Dakota tourism and has appeared in promotional videos for the state over the past decade. In 2022, Duhamel was paid $75,000 to become the face of the State’s Tourism Campaign for the next two years.

Relationships and family
Duhamel met and began dating singer Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, in September 2004 after Ferguson appeared on Duhamel's show Las Vegas with her then-band The Black Eyed Peas. The couple wed on January 10, 2009, in a Catholic ceremony at the Church Estate Vineyards in Malibu, California. They have a son born in August 2013. On September 14, 2017, the couple announced that they had separated earlier in the year. On June 1, 2019, the couple filed for divorce after two years of separation. As of late-November 2019, their divorce was finalized.

In late 2018, Duhamel began dating former Miss World America Audra Mari. On January 8, 2022, Duhamel announced his engagement to Mari. They married on September 10, 2022. In September 2023, it was announced that the couple are expecting their first child. Their son was born in January 2024. In a 2023 interview, Duhamel said: "That's why Audra's so great for me. We're both hardcore North Dakotans. We both love lake life."

Interests and politics
Duhamel is a practicing Catholic and attends church regularly.

On June 28, 2023, Duhamel announced his support for Doug Burgum, the sitting Governor of North Dakota, in the 2024 Republican presidential primary election. In a story post on Instagram, he wrote, "I don't normally get involved in politics, but Governor Burgum has become a good friend over the years and I can't think of anyone better than him to be our president."

Residence
Duhamel owns two cabins in Minnesota. In October 2023, in an interview on In Depth with Graham Bensinger, Duhamel said: "And the older I got, the more I wanted to come back here [to North Dakota]." He described his lake house as a place where he "can get back to being who I really am."

In the media
In 2012, Duhamel was inducted into the Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame, a signature event of Norsk Høstfest. On May 19, 2022, Minot State University named their Summer Theatre stage the "Josh Duhamel Stage" in his honor.

title: Josh Duhamel


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Talk:Chris Keeler

terrible english!

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Has had a speedy delete tag put on, but not listed on the Candidates page. Have done so. Nick04 10:49, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion. The consensus was to delete original content, but no objection was lodged to keeping this page purely as a redirect. See archived debate.''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chris Keeler


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Vanessa Marcil

Vanessa Marcil is an American actress. She is best known for her television roles as Brenda Barrett on General Hospital, Gina Kincaid on Beverly Hills, 90210, and Sam Marquez on Las Vegas.

Early life
Marcil, the youngest of four children, was born in Indio, California, to Patricia Marcil, an herbalist, and Pete Ortiz, a contractor and self-made millionaire. Marcil's father is Mexican, and her mother is an American of French and Italian ancestry.

Career
Marcil acted in a number of theatre productions before landing the role of Brenda Barrett on the soap opera, General Hospital, in 1992. She garnered three Daytime Emmy Award nominations (in 1997, 1998, and 2003) for her portrayal, and she won in 2003 as Outstanding Supporting Actress. In February 1998, she was named Outstanding Lead Actress at the Soap Opera Digest Awards.

On June 14, 1993, she appeared in the Prince music video "Poorgoo,” which was officially released in very limited numbers. In 1994, she was cast in the Prince music video, "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World,” and she also made People's 50 Most Beautiful list the next year. She made her feature-film debut in the film, The Rock (1996), in which she appeared opposite Nicolas Cage, Sean Connery, and Ed Harris.

In 1998, after six years on General Hospital, she left the show to star in the made-for-television movie, To Love, Honor and Deceive and had a recurring guest role on the police drama High Incident, which was produced by Steven Spielberg. In November 1998, Marcil joined the Beverly Hills, 90210 cast as Gina Kincaid and remained with the show for one-and-a-half seasons. In 1999, she starred in two independent films: Nice Guys Sleep Alone, with Sean O'Bryan, and This Space Between Us, with Jeremy Sisto.

In 2001, she was initially cast to join NYPD Blue's ninth season as a new series regular, Detective Carmen Olivera. However, after her first appearance in "Johnny Got His Gold,” the show decided to redo the role and replaced Marcil with Jacqueline Obradors, as Detective Rita Ortiz. Marcil made one more cameo appearance, as Detective Olivera, in the 11th-season episode, "Shear Stupidity.”

From 2002 to 2003, she returned to General Hospital, as Brenda Barrett, garnering her a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 2003. Vanessa later joined the cast of the NBC drama Las Vegas as Sam Marquez, a casino host, where she remained on the show for five seasons until 2008. That same year, she became the host of Lifetime's reality show Blush: The Search for the Next Great Makeup Artist, as well as making a three-episode guest appearance on the NBC show Lipstick Jungle.

In 2009, she starred in the Hallmark Channel movie The Nanny Express and in the Lifetime movie, One Hot Summer. In 2010, she was in the web series The Bannen Way, and in August 2010, after a seven-year absence, she made her return to General Hospital, remaining on the show for a year before her departure from the daytime series in July 2011. Marcil did reprise her role by making a guest appearance in April 2013, however, to commemorate the show's 50th anniversary.

In 2014, she starred in the Hallmark channel movie, Stranded in Paradise, and in 2015, she joined the cast of the Pop reality series, Queens of Drama, about the lives of former soap-opera actresses attempting to pitch a pilot for a television network. In 2016, she starred in her latest Hallmark channel movie, The Convenient Groom.

Personal life
Marcil was married to actor Corey Feldman from 1989 to 1993.

In 1999, Marcil started dating her Beverly Hills, 90210 cast mate, Brian Austin Green, whom she met on set. The two became engaged in July 2001 and had a son named Kassius Lijah Marcil-Green. They planned to wed that year, but they ended their relationship in 2003.

On July 11, 2010, Marcil married actor Carmine Giovinazzo in a private ceremony in New York City. In June 2011, the couple announced they were expecting their first child together; however, Marcil suffered a miscarriage, her second that year. Marcil filed for divorce in August 2012 on the basis of irreconcilable differences. The divorce was finalized in March 2013.

In April 2015, Marcil revealed on social media that she was engaged to a California Deputy Sheriff, MC Martin. On November 13, 2017, Marcil announced she was pregnant again. On January 9, 2018, she revealed that she was expecting a daughter, but on January 27, released a statement on Instagram stating she had miscarried for the seventh time.

Marcil's father, Pete, died on September 14, 2017.

Marcil converted to Judaism.

title: Vanessa Marcil


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User:Frenchy~enwiki

My name is Frédéric, I am 28 and live in Québec, Canada.

title: User:Frenchy~enwiki


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Heebie-jeebies

Heebie-jeebies is a phrase, widely attributed to Billy DeBeck, meaning a feeling of anxiety, apprehension, depression or illness.

Heebie-jeebies or heebie jeebies may also refer to:

 * "Heebie Jeebies" (composition), a 1926 single by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five
 * "Heeby-Jeebies", a 1956 single by Little Richard
 * "Heebiejeebies", a song on the album Good for You by Aminé featuring Kehlani
 * The Heebee-jeebees, an a capella band from Canada
 * The Hee Bee Gee Bees, a comedy parody of the Bee Gees
 * Heebie Jeebies (film), a 2013 science fiction horror film

title: Heebie-jeebies


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life/Marsupial poll

In March of 2004, Wikipedia user PlatinumX posted a comment on the discussion page of the article Marsupial, asking whether Marsupials should be placed in the subclass Metatheria or Marsupialia. Acting upon this, I decided that since neither PlatinumX nor myself are qualified to make the final decision, I would attempt to get input on this topic from users of Wikipedia.

General information
In their comment, PlatinumX, cited two reasons for switching from Marsupialia to Metatheria. Firstly, the article on the taxon Metatheria seems to suggest it is the more modern taxon. Secondly, University of Michigan Museum of Biology uses Metatheria rather than Marsupialia.

Metatheria is part of a classification system proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, in which the three main groups of mammals were classified into three subclasses, Prototheria, Metatheria, and Eutheria. The older system was essentially the same, but used the names Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Placentalia.

The older system referred to the unique features of each group's reproductive system. Monotremes are unique because their urinary, excretory, and reproductive systems share the same opening (monotreme means 'single opening' in Greek). Marsupials are named after the pouch, or marsupium, in which their young spend most of their foetal development. Placentals are named for the placenta, a system in placental mammals that protects the developing organism from harmful substances such as toxins and bacteria during pregnancy. The advantage of the older system is that the animals within each taxon are called by the same name in everyday conversation: monotremes and marsupials are rarely, if ever, called prototheres and metatheres.

Huxley's Prototheria-Metatheria-Eutheria is almost a renaming of the older system. Prototheria means 'first beasts', a reference to the fact that monotremes were the first mammals and the closest to mammals' reptilian ancestors. Metatheria can be roughly translated as 'intermediary beasts', referring to a common belief at that time that marsupials were ancestors of placentals. Eutheria means 'true beasts', reflecting a feeling that placentals were 'superior' in the evolutionary line over Prototheria and Metatheria. One potential criticism of this system is that it seems to suggest that evolution is a march from 'primitive' to 'advanced' forms of life, which is both arrogant and completely untrue.

The Prototheria-Metatheria-Eutheria system has a number of miniscule differences from the Monotremata-Marsupialia-Placentalia system. One of these is that the groups involved are somewhat more inclusive than their predecessors. For example, Metatheria also includes the non-marsupial ancestors of the marsupials, after their divergence from placentals; Eutheria includes the non-Placental ancestors of placentals, after their divergence from marsupials.

A variant of the Prototheria-Metatheria-Eutheria system is the Prototheria-Theria system. Under this system, two subclasses exist: Prototheria 'first beasts', and Theria beasts. Theria is divided into two infraclasses, Metatheria and Eutheria. This system is supported by the fact that the marsupial and placental groups diverged from each-other more recently than the monotremes separated. The Prototheria-Theria system is consistent with 'evolutionary classification', in which the organisms in a taxon are more closely related to each other than those in other taxa.

The two infraclasses of Theria in the Prototheria-Theria system may also be Marsupialia and Placentalia. This provides the connexion between the groups and the names of their taxa seen in the pre-Huxley system. (This particular variant can go even further, using Monotremata-Ditremata, rather than Prototheria-Theria).

Choosing a system
Now that the relevant information has been presented, I will move to the purpose of this article. The goal in making it was to get input from Wikipædia users on which system of classification should be used. A number of different options are listed below. To vote, add an entry under each subsection (after the explanation paragraph). If you don't feel you're qualified to make a decision, please wait until you've read the descriptions below, and then decide if you're qualified to chose.

Please include a fairly detailed explanation of your reasoning. Any information on your qualifications (schoolteacher/professor, biologist, taxonomist, etc.) would also be useful. Please include a signature with timestamp (just type -- ~ or press the 'signature and timestamp' button on the wiki edit bar on the top of the edit box) at the end of your entry. Votes without a signature and timestamp will not be counted.

To see the voting system, please look under Voting on the talk page. Thanks for your input. -- 03:19, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

System 1: Monotremata-Marsupialia-Placentalia
The classic system, with three subclasses: Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Placentalia.

 * Votes:

 * 1) I'm not big on mammals, but I'd suggest this.  First, everyone who recognises the groups will recognise these names, which may not be the case for the other system.  Placing the latter two in a separate subclass Theria gives only a very small amount of evolutionary information, the price of which is listing both subclass and infraclass everywhere.  Further, one should keep in mind the Multituberculata, an extinct group of mammals that are not "therian" but are still closer to them than to the monotremes.  The Prototheria include them, and as such are a paraphyletic group, which are rejected by many authors and so should be avoided where possible.  It would be better to treat them as a fourth subclass, which supports at the very least using Monotremata. -- Josh 05:40, 30 May 2004
 * 2) Multis are probably not closer to therians than to monos; higher-level phylogeny of mammals is highly uncertain. They're probably members of the separate subclass Allotheria. I think a subclass Theria is better, as that could also include fossil mammals such as zatherians, tribosphenidans and dryolestidans. Ucucha 08:27, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I'm voting for this one, too. ToL Web uses Monotremata/Marsuialia/Eutheria, but I prefer Placentalia to Eutheria. Colin Tudge, in The Variety of Life (2000 ISBN 0-19-850311-3) page 438, uses order Monotremata, Metatheria (unranked clade) and order Marsupialia, and Eutheria. - UtherSRG 02:51, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) This is the generally recognised classification. There are good reasons to consider the others, but even better reasons to support this one, I think. My qualifications: I have no formal training in biology, however I live in Australia (where most monotremes and marsupials come from) and wrote maybe three-quarters of the Wikipedia monotreme and marsupial articles that exist at present, using the standard sources as recommended by the leading experts I have been lucky enough to meet. Tannin 07:43, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) McKenna & Bell uses the subclass Theriiformes. I think we should follow them. Ucucha 08:27, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

System 2: Prototheria-Metatheria-Eutheria
Huxley’s system, in which The three subclasses are Prototheria, Metatheria, and Eutheria, rather than Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Placentalia. The three subclass using the Proto-, Meta-, and Eu- prefixes emphasizes the utility of these latin terms making classroom instruction easily and more mememorable.

 * Votes:

System 3: Prototheria-Theria
This is the system in which two subclasses exist: Prototheria and Theria. Theria is divided into two infraclasses, Metatheria and Eutheria. (Prototheria would also have an infraclass corresponding to these. This could be the infraclass Prototheria or Monotremata, though it could also be Ornithodelphia listed in the article Mammalia.)  Explanation in table form:

 * Votes:

 * 1) This is really the only way it's ever presented in the classic modern texts to my knowledge.  Wilson and Reeder (1993) use this system and that's what most mammalogists take until proven otherwise.  Likewise, most textbooks and mammalogy courses use this.  To my knowledge, McKenna and Bell (1997) is the only major text that uses the term Placentalia (and Marsupialia in a non order or superorder sense) and they call it a cohort, not an infraclass.  I'm also fairly certain McKenna and Bell (1997) place the cohorts Placentalia and Marsupialia within the infraclasses Eutheria and Metatheria respectively, though I don't have the text in front of me at the moment.  Also, it's important to note the distinction between the egg-laying prototherians and the live-bearing therians.  Another thing is that if Placentalia, Marsupialia, and/or Monotremata are used at a subclass or infraclass level, when articles for fossil mammals that are prototherian but not monotreme (or even ornithodelphian), metatherian but not marsupial, and/or eutherian but not placentalian, we won't have a place for them.  The subclasses for extant mammals should be Prototheria and Theria (Theriiformes is also acceptable).  The Theria should be divided into two infraclasses: Metatheria and Eutheria.  Once extinct mammals are included: the infraclass Ornithodelphia should be used for all members of the order Monotremata, Cohort (Grandorder, Mirorder, or Superorder rank may be worthy) Marsupialia should be for for extant metatherians, and Cohort Placentalia for extant Eutherians.  A final note:  all marsupials have a placenta, but not all marsupials have a marsupium (pouch).  The marsupial placenta is a chorioallantoic (spelling?) placenta, while the eutherian placenta is choriovitelline.  The exception is the Peramelia (bilbies and bandicoots), which also have a choriovitelline placenta.  The difference between eutherians and metatherians regarding this character is in the degree of transfer from mother to offspring.  My point is that although they should certainly be redirected to the sites, common names should not be driving this, because the common names are misnomers.  Also, common names shouldn't really be driving taxonomic arguments anyway.  --Aranae 07:28, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Update: I still think a monotreme group vs. live-bearing mammals is the appropriate division at the level of subclass. I'm not particular in how they're named, but Ucucha's proposal for Australosphenida seems to be more encompassing and probably best. That hypothesis is still a bit new and only in a few papers, so we may want to wait and see if there's dissension or if mammalogists start using it.  I think Theriiformes is the way to go for the subclass of live bearing mammals, but that should include the Allotheria (such as in McKenna and Bell 1997).  The best interpretation of fossils indicates multituberculates probably gave birth to live young.  So that would be subclass Australosphenida and subclass Theriiformes.  The Theriiformes contains the three infraclasses Allotheria (multituberculates and kin), Tricondonta, and Holotheria.  Holotheria contains the cohorts Marsupialia and Placentalia, which contain all extant taxa.  Note that extant taxa can just simply be referred to as being in the subclass Theriiformes and the appropriate cohort without listing the infraclass and other ranks.  Those other ranks will come into play for prehistoric mammal articles.  Without those ranks, though, the prehistoric mammals simply won't fit into the resy of wikipedia's mammal taxonomy.  --Aranae 01:27, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the system currently in use (subclass Monotremata, subclass Marsupialia, and subclass Placentalia) is about the worst option on this page.

 * 1) It fails to account for the long period of evolutionary history shared by marsupials and placentals.
 * 2) It invents new ranks for these terms. According to McKenna and Bell (1997), the term Monotremata has been used as an order before, but never as a subclass.  Technically ICZN doesn't apply above superfamily, but if it did, this type of new rank would mean that wikipedia should (perhaps - people argue about what constitutes publishing) get cited by all comprehensive discussions that involve the term.  Marsupialia has been used as a family, class, superorder, order, cohort, and supercohort, but never as a subclass.  The same thing applies to using subclass rank for Placentalia.
 * 3) Many many fossil mammals just don't fit into this scheme. --Aranae 01:27, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I mostly agree, however, I don't think that Allotheria and Triconodonta are Theriiformes (multis may have been given birth to live young, but that's probably convergent evolution). In that case, Holotheria has become synonymous with Theriiformes, as there are no other groups in that subclass, so that my Cladotheria-Metatheria-Eutheria system could be used. Ucucha See Mammal Taxonomy 12:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

System 4: Prototheria-Theria Variant
This is a variant on the Prototheria-Theria scheme. Rather than have the two infraclasses of Theria be Eutheria and Metatheria, they would be Placentalia and Marsupialia. The infraclass of Prototheria would be Monotremata. Table explanation:

 * Votes:

 * 1) I am casting the vote for this system, because I feel it is the most logical. Since Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals are always referred to by these names, the taxa that are similar should be retained, since it makes taxonomy easier.  The reason why I chose the two-sublclass/three-infraclass system is because I feel evolution is very important in taxonomy, so two subclasses with three infraclasses makes the most sense in organising mammals.  Theria and Prototheria makes the most sense because Prototheria avoids confusion with its infraclass/order Monotremata.  --Ingoolemo 06:29, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

System 5: Monotremata-Ditremata
This is the same as Variant 1, except that the two subclasses are Monotremata 'single opening' and Ditremata 'dual opening'. Ditremata is used in a scholarly lecture, On the emergence of mammals by B. Lukács of Hungary, in which 'Atheria [read: prototheria] vs. Theria' is equated with 'Monotremata vs. Ditremata'. Table explanation:

 * Votes:

System 6: Australosphenida-Allotheria-Theriiformes
This system includes a number of subclasses, as following:
 * Class Mammalia
 * Incertae sedis, for example Symmetrodonta, Shuotherium and Morganucodonta
 * Subclass Allotheria, including Multituberculata, Gondwanatheria and Haramiyida
 * Subclass Australosphenida, including Ambondro, Asfaltomys, ausktribosphenids and monotremates.
 * Subclass Theriiformes
 * Infraclass Cladotheria (paraphyletic) including Zatheria, Boreosphenida, Dryolestida and others.
 * Infraclass Metatheria including marsupials and extinct relatives (Marsupialia does only include the last common ancestor of living marsupials)
 * Infraclass Eutheria including placentals and extinct relatives (Placentalia does only include the last common ancestor of living placentals)

This is the system I use on Mammal Taxonomy. I think it gives the best impression of evolutionary relationships. Ucucha 08:33, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Votes:

 * 1) Ucucha 08:33, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC). I think this is the only system in which all mammals can be placed. When you use the "Marsupialia", deltatheroids will no longer have a place, as they are metatheres but not marsupials. The Australosphenida, including Ambondro, Asfaltomylus, Ausktribosphenos and Bishops is probably better than a Prototheria which only includes the Australian "real" monotremates and Monotrematum (if you want to know what kind of beast these are, please use Mesozoic Mammals). The Cladotheria is necessary to let those beasts belong somewhere. Ucucha See Mammal Taxonomy 12:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ornithodelphia, Monotremata, or Prototheria?
Logically, under the Prototheria-Theria scheme, the infraclass of Prototheria corresponding to Eutheria and Metatheria should also be called Prototheria. But under Systems 4 and 5, should Monotremata be used, as described, or should Ornithodelphia be used, as in the mammal article?

 * Votes:

 * I'm going to go for Monotremata. The reason why is because it fits in with the Mammalian taxonomy I voted for.  Having a separate infraorder Ornithodelphia is just redundant, because Monotremes are the only order in it.  -- Ingoolemo 06:33, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Monotremata. - UtherSRG 02:52, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Class Prototheria, Infraclass Ornithodelphia, Order Monotremata. There are mammals to build articles about that are not around today. --Aranae 07:28, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Subclass Australophenida, Infraclass Prototheria (Ornithodelphia and Monotremata are synonyms), orders Tachyglossa and Platypoda. Ucucha 08:34, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Total Votes
Mammal System vote, as of June 1:

Egg-laying Mammal Infraclass, as of May 30:


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Subdivisions of Kiribati

In Kiribati, there are no longer official administrative divisions but it is possible to divide Kiribati geographically into one isolated island and three archipelagos or island groups:

 * Banaba – isolated island
 * Gilbert Islands
 * Line Islands
 * Phoenix Islands

Kiribati was divided into six districts before gaining independence:

 * Banaba
 * Tarawa
 * Northern Gilbert Islands
 * Central Gilbert Island
 * Southern Gilbert Islands
 * Line Islands

Four of the former districts (including Tarawa) lie in the Gilbert Islands, where 90% of the country's population lives. Only three of the Line Islands are inhabited, while the Phoenix Islands are uninhabited apart from Canton Island (20 people) and had no official representation. Banaba itself is sparsely inhabited now (330 people in 2020). There is also a representative non-elected of the Banabans relocated since 1945 to Rabi Island in the country of Fiji.

Local councils
There are 21 inhabited islands in Kiribati. Each inhabited island has its own council(s). Two atolls have more than one local council: Tarawa has three and Tabiteuea has two, for a total of 24 local councils.

John Hilary Smith as the Governor, created the three councils of Tarawa, in 1972.

Banaba

 * 1) Banaba

Tarawa

 * 1) Betio Town Council (BTC) of South Tarawa
 * 2) Eutan Tarawa Council (ETC) of North Tarawa
 * 3) Teinainano Urban Council (TUC) of South Tarawa

Northern Gilbert Islands

 * 1) Abaiang
 * 2) Butaritari
 * 3) Makin
 * 4) Marakei

Central Gilbert Islands

 * 1) Abemama
 * 2) Aranuka
 * 3) Kuria
 * 4) Maiana

Southern Gilbert Islands

 * 1) Arorae
 * 2) Beru
 * 3) Nikunau
 * 4) Nonouti
 * 5) North Tabiteuea (Tabiteuea)
 * 6) Onotoa
 * 7) South Tabiteuea (Tabiteuea)
 * 8) Tamana

Phoenix Islands

 * 1) Canton

Line Islands

 * 1) Kiritimati
 * 2) Tabuaeran
 * 3) Teraina

title: Subdivisions of Kiribati


text:
Civic

Civic is something related to a city or municipality. It also can refer to multiple other things:

Civic or CIVIC can also refer to:

General

 * Honda Civic, a car produced by the Honda Motor Co.
 * Civics, the science of comparative government
 * Civic engagement, the connection one feels with their larger community
 * Civic center, a community focal point
 * Civic nationalism
 * Civic Theatre (disambiguation), a name given to a number of theatres around the world
 * Civic virtue

Specific places

 * Civic, Christchurch, a Category II heritage building in the Christchurch Central City
 * Civic, Australian Capital Territory, the central business district of Canberra, Australia

Music

 * Civic (band), an Australian rock band

Other

 * Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict (CIVIC), a humanitarian organization
 * Citizens Independent Vice Investigating Committee (CIVIC), an organization from Los Angeles, California, United States

title: Civic


text:
Mandala (political model)

Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word meaning 'circle'. The mandala is a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among Mueang or Kedatuan (principalities) in medieval Southeast Asian history, when local power was more important than the central leadership. The concept of the mandala balances modern tendencies to look for unified political power, e.g. the power of large kingdoms and nation states of later history – an inadvertent byproduct of 15th century advances in map-making technologies. In the words of O. W. Wolters who further explored the idea in 1982:

"The map of earlier Southeast Asia which evolved from the prehistoric networks of small settlements and reveals itself in historical records was a patchwork of often overlapping mandalas."

It is employed to denote traditional Southeast Asian political formations, such as federation of kingdoms or vassalized polity under a center of domination. It was adopted by 20th century European historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of avoiding the term "state" in the conventional sense. Not only did Southeast Asian polities except Vietnam not conform to Chinese and European views of a territorially defined state with fixed borders and a bureaucratic apparatus, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.

In some ways similar to the feudal system of Europe, states were linked in suzerain–tributary relationships.

Terminology
The term draws a comparison with the mandala of the Hindu and Buddhist worldview; the comparison emphasises the radiation of power from each power center, as well as the non-physical basis of the system.

Other metaphors such as S. J. Tambiah's original idea of a "galactic polity" describe political patterns similar to the mandala. The historian Victor Lieberman prefers the "solar polity" metaphor, referencing the gravitational pull the sun exerts over the planets.

History

Historically, the main suzerain or overlord states were the Khmer Empire of Cambodia; Srivijaya of South Sumatra; the successive kingdoms of Mataram, Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit of Java; the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand; Champa and early Đại Việt. China occupies a special place in that the others often in turn paid tribute to China, although in practice the obligations imposed on the lesser kingdoms were minimal. The most notable tributary states were post-Angkor Cambodia, Lan Xang (succeeded by the Kingdom of Vientiane and Luang Prabang) and Lanna. Cambodia in the 18th century was described by the Vietnamese emperor Gia Long as "an independent country that is slave of two" (Chandler p. 119). The system was eventually ended by the arrival of the Europeans in the mid-19th century. Culturally, they introduced Western geographical practices, which assumed that every area was subject to one sovereign. Practically, the colonisation of French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, British Malaya and Burma brought pressure from the colonisers for fixed boundaries to their possessions. The tributary states were then divided between the colonies and Siam, which exercised much more centralised power but over a smaller area than thitherto.

The advent of Islam in the archipelago saw the application of this system which is still continued in the formation of the government, such as the formation of the 18th century Negeri Sembilan coalition which focused on Seri Menanti as a center flanked by four inner luak serambi and four outer districts. Another example is the post-Majapahit Islamic kingdoms in Java.

Historian Martin Stuart-Fox uses the term "mandala" extensively to describe the history of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang as a structure of loosely held together mueang that disintegrated after Lan Xang's conquest by Thailand starting in the 18th century.

Thai historian Sunait Chutintaranond made an important contribution to study of the mandala in Southeast Asian history by demonstrating that "three assumptions responsible for the view that Ayudhya was a strong centralized state" did not hold and that "in Ayudhya the hegemony of provincial governors was never successfully eliminated."

Obligations
The obligations on each side of the relationship varied according to the strength of the relationship and the circumstances. In general, the tributary was obliged to pay bunga mas, a regular tribute of various valuable goods and slaves, and miniature trees of gold and silver (bunga mas dan perak). The overlord ruler reciprocated with presents often of greater value than those supplied by the tributary. However, the tributary also had to provide men and supplies when called on, most often in time of war. The main benefit to the tributary was protection from invasion by other powers, although as South East Asia historian Thongchai Winichakul notes, this was often "mafia-like protection" from the threats of the overlord himself. In some cases, the overlord also controlled the succession in the tributary, but in general interference with the tributary's domestic affairs was minimal: he would retain his own army and powers of taxation, for example. In the case of the more tenuous relationships, the "overlord" might regard it as one of tribute, while the "tributary" might consider the exchange of gifts to be purely commercial or as an expression of goodwill (Thongchai p. 87).

Personal relationships
The emphasis on personal relationships was one of the defining characteristics of the mandala system. The tributary ruler was subordinate to the overlord ruler, rather than to the overlord state in the abstract. This had many important implications. A strong ruler could attract new tributaries, and would have strong relationships over his existing tributaries. A weaker ruler would find it harder to attract and maintain these relationships. This was put forward as one cause of the sudden rise of Sukhothai under Ramkhamhaeng, for example, and for its almost equally steep decline after his death (Wyatt, 45 and 48). The tributary ruler could repudiate the relationship and seek either a different overlord or complete independence. The system was non-territorial. The overlord was owed allegiance by the tributary ruler, or at most by the tributary's main town, but not by all the people of a particular area. The tributary owner in turn had power either over tributary states further down the scale, or directly over "his" people, wherever they lived. No ruler had authority over unpopulated areas.

The personal relationship between overlord and subordinate rulers also defined the dynamic of relationship within a mandala. The relations between Dharmasetu of Srivijaya and Samaratungga of Sailendra, for instance, defined the succession of this dynastic family. Dharmasetu was the Srivijayan Maharaja overlord, while the house of Sailendra in Java is suggested to be related and was subscribed to Srivijayan mandala domination. After Samaratungga married Princess Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became his successor and the house of Sailendra was promoted to become the dynastic lineage of later Srivijayan kings, and for a century the center of Srivijaya was shifted from Sumatra to Java.

Non-exclusivity
The overlord-tributary relationship was not necessarily exclusive. A state in border areas might pay tribute to two or three stronger powers. The tributary ruler could then play the stronger powers against one another to minimize interference by either one, while for the major powers the tributaries served as a buffer zone to prevent direct conflict between them. For example, the Malay kingdoms in Malay Peninsula, Langkasuka and Tambralinga earlier were subject to Srivijayan mandala, and in later periods contested by both Ayutthaya mandala in the north and Majapahit mandala in the south, before finally gaining its own gravity during Malacca Sultanate.

Additional references

 * Chandler, David. A History of Cambodia.   Westview Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8133-3511-6
 * Lieberman, Victor, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
 * Stuart-Fox, Martin, The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline, White Lotus, 1998.
 * Tambiah, S. J., World Conqueror and World Renouncer, Cambridge, 1976.
 * Thongchai Winichakul. Siam Mapped.   University of Hawaii Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8248-1974-8
 * Wolters, O.W. History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. ISBN 0-87727-725-7
 * Wolters, O.W. History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Revised Edition, 1999.
 * Wyatt, David. Thailand: A Short History (2nd edition).  Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-300-08475-7
 * Wyatt, David. Thailand: A Short History (2nd edition).  Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-300-08475-7

title: Mandala (political model)


text:
Talk:Mandala (political model)

The origins of the system are a gap in my knowledge; I've come across hints that it may be connected to the Chinese or Indian systems, but Thongchai seems to say the term itself is of modern introduction. I don't know to what extent it existed under the Indianised states (Angkor and before). I have the impression that Angkor was more unitary, and that the others were too shadowy for us to know much about them. Markalexander100 03:27, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

the mandala state was regionwide
The mandala system was first described in the Arthashastra although sadly our article says nothing about it. See |Mandala: From Sacred Origins to Sovereign Affairs in Traditional Southeast Asia. The article needs expansion. The mandala system is a modern heuristic, but it is used to describe the devaraja cult in the Indianised kingdoms of Southeast Asia, instead of being specific to the region the article describes. The Sultanate of Malacca has been described as a type example of the mandala state. Southeast Asian history articles have a common flaw of focusing on national histories, even though the contemporary national borders are of relatively recent origin. (Anon)

 * I don't understand your point. You say "the mandala state was regionwide"- assuming you mean the southeast Asia region, yes. That's what the article says.  If you're thinking of a larger region, which region? Malacca, the last time I looked was also in southeast Asia.  Your link doesn't work, by the way. HenryFlower 11:54, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Indian Origins and Citations
"The mandala system was first described in the Arthashastra although sadly our article says nothing about it."

Now it points to Tambiah's work. I'll add some citations to Wolters, Chutintaranond, Lieberman's work, and Stuart-Fox.

The whole page might read a little bit better if the essentials were picked out of the defining works. Wolters revisted this idea that he largely created, with help from Tambiah and the Arthasastra, in 1999 right before he died. In the revised edition of his book, he reviews most of the progress in applying the term "mandala" to actual history since his original writing of 1982.

(Jonfernquest 17:37, 30 August 2006 (UTC))

Name change: Mandala (Southeast Asian history)
I've never seen the phrase "mandala system" even once. Naming it "Mandala (Southeast Asian history)" is really more accurate.

The historians who really make productive use of the concept like Sunait Chutintaranond, use the concept to help show that political structure was not as unified and centralized as previously thought.

The criteria I would use as to whether this article is accurate or not, is whether I would use it for a university class on Southeast Asian history or not, and I wouldn't. Why? It has to focus on what a "mandala" is and what it is not. Mandalas are a lot like the segmentary state in Indian history and like forms of social organization in political anthropology that come before the state like the chieftainship. It is not a universally accepted and used metaphor or idea. Lieberman does not use it.

I'll change the name, but the previous synonym will still exist.

(Jonfernquest 04:54, 31 August 2006 (UTC))

Cutting and Simplifying
"The term mandala in this context is of modern origin; as it was the standard system of the time, its practitioners did not require terminology to discuss the system or to contrast it with others."

I cut this because it is too long-winded. It's a model of Southeast Asian history that was originated in about 1982 with roots that go back deeper.

"This pattern of power relationships is said to have existed between the states of south-east Asia until the advent of European cultural and political colonisation in the mid-19th century."

I cut this because it isn't true. According to Stuart-Fox (1998) the Mandalas of Laos-Lan Xang ended with the conquest by Siam which was an indigenous Southeast Asian kingdom. Likewise, the the expansionary warfare of the Burmese state (c. 1539-1630) put an end to many of the mandalas in the Shan states.

The contributions of Wolter, Ajaan Sunait, and Thongchai Witichakun have to be made clearer with citations. (Jonfernquest 02:57, 1 September 2006 (UTC))

List of states
The list of states needs revision. Righty now it's just a list of contemporary Southeast Asian countries without mention of Srivijaya, any of the Javanese kingdoms, or historical formations like Champa or the Khmer empire. Alan 01:34, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Strange parallels
I found this article did not make clear who Tambiah and Lieberman are. Tambiah already has an article, so I linked it. Lieberman at present does not, so I foot-noted his official bio. As Tambiah is cited only indirectly as cited by Lieberman, I sorted out in just what pub it most likely was in. I haven't read it myself, but as it is e-pub'd, I'll try to get it. I've already found out his study goes far beyond SEA: Additional Physical Format: 	Print version: Strange parallels. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003- (DLC) 2002071481 Document Type: 	Internet Resource, Computer File All Authors / Contributors: 	Victor B Lieberman ISBN: 	9786610160440 6610160449 0511119283 9780511119286 0511071752 9780511071751 OCLC Number: 	252482354 Description: 	1 online resource (v. <1->) Contents: 	v. 1. Integration on the mainland. Series Title: 	Studies in comparative world history. Responsibility: 	Victor Lieberman. This ambitious work has two novel goals: to overcome the extreme fragmentation of early Southeast Asian historiography, and to connect Southeast Asian to world history. Combining careful local research with wide-ranging theory Lieberman argues that over a thousand years, each of mainland Southeast Asia's great lowland corridors experienced a pattern of accelerating integration punctuated by recurrent collapse. These trajectories were synchronized not only between corridors, but most curiously, between the mainland as a whole, much of Europe, and other sectors of Eurasia. He describes in detail the nature of mainland consolidation - which was simultaneously territorial, religious, ethnic, and commercial - and dissects the mix of endogenous and external factors responsible. Here, then, is a fundamentally original analysis not only of Southeast Asia, but of the pre-modern world.--Publisher description. --Pawyilee (talk) 11:33, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Genre/Form: 	Electronic books
 * Lieberman, Victor B., 1945-
 * Material Type: 	Document, Internet resource
 * Find more information about:
 * Abstract:
 * PS: I don't start articles, myself, but maybe someone will be inspired to start one for Victor B. Lieberman after reading this review at Amazon.com. --Pawyilee (talk) 11:53, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Southeast Asian political model
Southeast Asian political model redirects to the section that initially constituted the whole article, to simplify linking from articles that want only the original. --Pawyilee (talk) 14:21, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

New section
Whatever the heck happened to the new section? Whoever boldly cut it out without discussion better put it right back where and how it was, then come here to discuss why it doesn't belong in the lede. I might agree with that, and could agree whit its being moved to the end, since it is deep history. Simply whacking it out equates to what Vandals did to Rome. --Pawyilee (talk) 16:56, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

 * If you take a look at the article history, you'll be able to see the edit summary which stated: "Reverted to 20 May version - this article is about the Southeast Asian political model described by Wolters in 1982. Rajamandala may be appropriate as a separate article." --Paul_012 (talk) 18:33, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * My bandwidth does not allow me to peruse article histories casually. Hatnote_talk addresses that with respect to cell-phone uses similar charged, so I propose we resolve this with new subjects, below.--Pawyilee (talk) 03:34, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Hatnote proposed

 * There being no objection, I put the hatnote on the article, though I really prefer that Rajamandala be merged write back here. --Pawyilee (talk) 16:04, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Redirects proposed
The government of Canton now claims our notice. Here, as in every other place throughout the dominions of the Mantchow Chinese, all power emanates from one man, honoured as the vice-regent of "High heaven;" hence the present line of monarchs have not been satisfied with the dignity of sovereigns but have laid claim to the character of sages.
 * Southeast Asian political model redirects here; ok?
 * South Asian political model redirect to Rajamandala?
 * Chinese political model needed? Sacred king redirects from Priest-King. A source for China:

The sovereign of men, say they, "is heaven's son; nobles and statesmen are the sovereign's children; the people are the children of nobles and statesmen. The sovereign should serve heaven as a father, never forgetting to cherish reverential thoughts, but exciting himself to illustrate his virtues, and looking up to receive from heaven, the vast patrimony which it confers; thus the emperors will daily increase in felicity and glory. Nobles and ministers of state should serve their sovereign as a father, never forgetting to cherish reverential thoughts, not harbouring covetous and sordid desires, nor engaging in wicked and clandestine thoughts, but faithfully and justly exerting themselves; thus their noble rank will be preserved. The people should never forget to cherish reverential thoughts towards the nobles and ministers of state, to obey and keep the laws; to excite no secret or open rebellion; then no great calamity will befall their persons.''

For Siam, H. G. Quaritch Wales, M.A., Ph.D. Late of the Lord Chamberlain's Department, Court of Siam, Siamese State Ceremonies, and W. A. R. Wood, A History Of Siam
 * Paul_12 neglected to create Rajamandala, so I did it, largely by retrieving User:Wiki-uk's addition from the memory hole; I hope to live to see it merged back here. Meanwhile, Priest-King and its Sacred king redirect it pitiful, having no reference to Melchizedek, who held both offices in Exodus, but who recommended to his son-in-law Moses that functions of the two offices be separated (though without calling for the non-priest function be called king. No mention is made that, for most of the history of the Emperors of Japan, they were priests, not rulers. Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures only alludes to a priestly class called Jaguars, and does not adequately explain that Jaguars also represent the night-time sky - and by extension, Heaven. It does allude to kings crossing the line, to represent themselves as jaguars (i.e., priests) anf fails to say king really translates to Speaker [for the gods.] No, I'm not gonna live long enough to take care of that. --Pawyilee (talk) 16:49, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * According to me the pages should be:
 * Mandala (political model): Disambiguation page, introducing and linking to the regional pages.
 * Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
 * Rajamandala

 * Redirects:
 * Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
 * Mandala (South Asian political model)
 * Wiki-uk (talk) 08:07, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Moved this article to Mandala (Southeast Asian history); disambiguation is at Mandala (disambiguation). --Paul_012 (talk) 10:41, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

disambiguation inadequate
Today's disambiguation does not afford a fix the the very first complaint on this talk page, which can best be resolved by not being ambiguous in the first place. Merge Rejamandala back here where it belongs. I would put it last as the historical precedent, but write now this is costing me time AND money better spent elsewhere, the same reason I bailed out on trying to disambiguate the two different varieties of Banyan merchants related only by a word used in India for merchants and for the Hindu merchant caste that does not include merchants descended from merchants who were merchants before there was a caste system, or a Manadala political model. --Pawyilee (talk) 13:47, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 16 July 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Cúchullain t/ c 16:31, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Mandala (Southeast Asian political model) → Mandala (political model) – As above, "Mandala" used to refer to two different political systems. One of the pages (Rajamandala) has been created but this page hasn't been moved back to reflect WP:DISAM 68.150.86.232 (talk) 22:41, 16 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Support - As per WP:DISAM rationale stated by the anon above. - Alternativity (talk) 02:03, 18 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Mandala (political model)


text:
Cairo Metro

The Cairo Metro (مترو أنفاق القاهرة, lit. "Cairo Tunnel Metro" or مترو الأنفاق  ) is a rapid transit system in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It was the first of the three full-fledged metro systems in Africa and the first in the Middle East to be constructed. It was opened in 1987 as Line 1 from Helwan to Ramses Square with a length of 29 km. As of 2013, the metro carried nearly 4 million passengers per day. As of 15 May 2024, the Cairo Metro has 84 stations of which 5 are transfer stations, with a total length of 106.8 km. The system consists of three operational lines numbered 1 to 3.

The Cairo Metro is owned by the National Authority for Tunnels. The lines use standard gauge.

Operations

The middle two cars (4th and 5th) of each train have been reserved for women since 1989 (the 5th car becomes mixed-use after 21:00). There are blue signs (pink on the first and second lines) at every station that signify the position of these cars. These cars are used as an option for women who do not wish to ride with men in the same car; however, women can still ride other cars freely. This policy was introduced to the protection of women from sexual harassment by men.

Cairo Metro operates from 05:00 to 01:00 (except during Ramadan, when it operates from 05:00 to 02:00), with the remaining hours reserved for maintenance work.

The ticket price was £E1 for each journey, regardless of distance. The Ministry of Transportation agreed to double the ticket prices, starting from Friday 24 March 2017, costing £E2 for the normal ticket, £E1.5 for the ticket of the minor, £E1 for the special needs ticket after formerly costing £E1, £E0.75 and £E0.5, respectively. Again on 10 May 2018, the ministry of transportation agreed to raise the ticket prices to be £E3 for 9 stops, £E5 for 16 stops and £E7 for more than 16 stops. As of July 2020, 9 stops cost £E5, 16 stops cost £E7, and rides exceeding 16 stops cost £E10.

Line 1
Line 1 (blue) is the oldest line of the Cairo Metro and the first metro to open in Africa and the Middle East, with its first 29 km segment having opened in 1987. The line is 44 km long and serves 35 stations. This line carries trains with 3 units (9 train cars), which have a headway of 3.5 to 4 minutes, and a maximum speed of 80 km/h. The line can carry 60,000 passengers per hour in each direction.

Line 1 has a train driving simulator supplied by Transurb Technirail that won the international tender issued by Cairo Metro in 2011.

Line 2
Line 2 (red) is the second line of the Cairo Metro, first opening in 1996. The line is 21.6 km long, of which 13 km are in tunnels. It serves 20 stations, of which 12 are underground. It is mostly in the bored tunnel, with two exceptions: a short section at the northern end approaching Shubra El Kheima which is elevated, and a section just south of this by cut-and-cover. Line 2 uses the third rail electrification system instead of the overhead line used in the first line. The communication extension for line 2 was provided by Alcatel in 2005.

The minimum headway for the line is 2.7 to 3 minutes.

Line 2 has a simulator installed in Shubra since 2002 which was delivered by French company CORYS.

The first tunnel to be built under the Nile River carries Line 2 across the river.

Line 3
Line 3 (green) is currently the newest, opening the first section in 2012. It presently operates from Rod El-Farag Corridor and Cairo University to Adly Mansour. Eventually, it will be extended to Cairo International Airport. The line crosses under the two branches of the River Nile, as does Line 2. The total length of the line will be approximately 50 km, most of which are in the bored tunnel, and will be implemented in four phases.

Phase 1 from Attaba station to Abbassia station opened in 21 February 2012, with five stations and a total length of 4.3 km. Phase 2 to Al Ahram Station was opened in 7 May 2014, by Adly Mansour, with four additional stations and an added length of 7.7 km, for a total length of 12.0 km. Phase 4A from Al Ahram to El Shams Club opened in 15 June 2019 (except for Heliopolis Square station which opened later that year). Phase 3A from Attaba station to Kit Kat station opened in October 2022. Phase 3B from Kit Kat station to Rod El-Farag Corridor station opened in January 2024, adding six more stations and 6.6 km. and began revenue service on 1 January 2024. Phase 3C from Kit Kat to Cairo University was opened in 15 May 2024.

Background
As the biggest and most densely populated megacity in Africa and the Middle East, Greater Cairo had a strong case for a metro. In 1987 that population stood at 10 million residents, not counting the two million or so commuters who came into Cairo every day to work. The capacity of Cairo's public transport infrastructure was around 20,000 passengers/hour, which increased to 60,000 after the construction of the metro.

Proposed plans
The idea of a metro was first proposed in the 1930s by engineer Saiyed Abdel Wahed of the Egyptian Railway Authority, however, the idea did not progress. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, there was renewed interest in the idea. In 1954 French experts made a report about the future of the transportation in Egypt. They proposed a metro encompassing two lines, one 12 km long line connecting Bab al-Louq and Ismailia and a second 5 km line connecting Boulaq and Abou al-Ela Castle. They also proposed that there should be one company in charge of all transportation systems.

Later on, multiple experts came to Egypt regarding that project: Soviet experts in 1956, Japanese experts in 1960 and French experts in 1962, which concluded the following: The creation of a metro system with multiple lines. The first is a 5 km line connecting Helwan with El-Marg going under Kasr el Eini street and Ramses Street. The second line would be from Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque to Shobra going under Downtown Cairo and would be 9.5 km long. The third would be from Giza to Abbaseya and would be 11.5 km long. The fourth would be from Al Awqaf to the Castle and would be 6.7 km long.

In 1964, British experts advised the creation of a metro line from Bab El Louk to Shubra. In 1966 Japanese experts advised the creation of a lane between Helwan and El Marg and another one going through Mohandiseen, Heliopolis and 26 of July Street, for a total of 26 km. Lastly, in 1969, the government approved the need for a study showing the needed capacity for Cairo's transportation system. The Egyptian Ministry of Transport issued an international tender for the creation of the study. Eight companies applied and the French company SOFRETU won the tender on 20 September 1970. The study was finished in 1973 and included mainly the study of the population development in Cairo and its needs for transportation capacity in 1980, 1985 and 1990. It concluded the necessity for three lines in greater Cairo to solve the transportation problem. The first line would use the already available railways (Helwan-Bab El luk and Al Laymoun Bridge-El Marg) and connect them through a metro. It would be in total 43 km long. The second line would be 13.5 km and connect Shubra El-Kheima and Bulaq going through Ramses Street and Tahrir Square. The third line would go from El Darasa to Imbaba and would be in total 10 km long.

The priority for the project was the first line which would reduce 30% of the daily transport to and from Cairo and would incorporate pre-existing rail infrastructure. The detailed study of the construction took 6 years from 1975 to 1981. A tender was made for the construction of the metro and the Egyptian-French company Entra Nevra Arabco won it and had the task of constructing the metro system.

Construction works
The construction of Line 1 started in 1982 after the French government agreed on giving Egypt the necessary loan. The first section was opened in 27 September 1987 and the line was completed in 1989 connecting Helwan with El Marg and consisting of 34 stations with a total length of 42.5 km of which 4.7 km underground. In 1999, New El Marg station was added to the northern end of the line, bringing its total length to 44 km. Helwan University station was built between Wadi Houf and Ain Helwan stations.

Cairo's metro network was greatly expanded in the mid-1990s with the building of Line 2, from Shoubra El Kheima to Cairo University, with an extension to Giza. The line includes the first tunnel under the Nile. The construction of the line was finished in October 2000, and it was later extended to El Mounib.

Line 4 (October-Oasis Highway - the Police Academy)
Line 4 is planned to run from Haram District to the New Cairo district, connecting Greater Cairo from West to East. It will cross the two branches of the Nile river and have a total length of 24 km. Construction began in 2024 for completion in 2028.

Phase 1 (west) of the project will run from El-Malek El-Saleh Station (Interchange with Line 1) to the October-Oasis Highway Station with a total length of 18 km, passing through Giza Railway Station (Interchange with Line 2); the original plan for phase 1 was for it to start from El-Malek El-Saleh Station and end at the Grand Egyptian Museum Station with a total length of 10 km, but the Ministry of Roads & Transportation decided to extend the Line in their efforts to further connect the Governorate of 6 October to the Greater Cairo Area; Phase 1 also includes the plan to connect the end of Line 4 to the suburbs of 6 October mainly through executing The October 6th Tram system (The O6T) which will be by using a tram-train system supplied with the Alstom Regio-Citadis trams. This phase will have 15 stations to be constructed with a duration of 6.5 years. Phase 1 stations will be equipped with an automatic fare collection system and platform screen doors, and will include elevators for the use of disabled passengers. Phase 1 bidding was postponed until May 2015 to enable Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to complete the feasibility study and to resolve other problems with the construction starting by 2015 or 2016 according to Ismail El-Nagdy, Chairman of the National Authority for Tunnels with Japan International Cooperation Agency financing a $1.2 billion loan, while Egyptian government would cover the remainder, $2.4 billion.

Phase 2 will begin from El-Malek El-Saleh Station, passing east through Magra El-Oyoun street and Salah El-Din Citadel in Salah Salem street and ending at the 6th District Station (beginning of Nasr City district) with a completion date set at October 2018.

Phase 3 will begin from 6th District Station and end at Makram Ebeid Station, following Mustafa El-Nahas street in bored tunnels under the existing old tram system, and ultimately deconstructing the old railway and paving its right-of-way (increasing the street by two lanes in each direction, which is critically needed to lighten the traffic congestion in the area). This phase has a completion date set for October 2019. Mitsubishi was the only company to submit an offer on a tender for 64 trains in the third and fourth phases of the project. The offer was accepted in October 2018.

Phase 4, the final phase, will begin from Makram Ebeid Station with bored tunnels following Doctor Hassan El-Sherif street and Ahmed El-Zomor street, ending at Police Academy Station near the Ring Road.

The New Cairo Monorail
This project was first proposed by private investors as a plan to connect Line 3 with Line 4, through a route that is mostly parallel to the Ring Road's eastern arc, therefore covering New Cairo from north to south starting at the Cairo International Airport and ending at the beginning of the Cairo-Ain Sokhna Highway.

In August 2016, a different monorail project was under discussion, connecting 6 October city with other western parts of Greater Cairo. The line was expected to be 35 km long, cost $1.5 billion, and be completed by 2018.

A contract was signed in August 2019 with Bombardier Transportation, Orascom Construction, and Arab Contractors for $4.5 billion to build and operate the two monorail lines. The first will run 54 km from eastern Cairo to the new administrative capital. The second will run 42 km from 6 October City to Giza.

Qalyub Line 2 extension
As of December 2017, Spokesperson for the Egyptian National Authority for Tunnels (NAT) said that there are plans to extend Line 2 7 kilometers to the north from Shubra Al-Kheima station to end at Qalyub station due to the increasing traffic in north Cairo entrances, He also said that bidding will be held in February 2018 and the winner will be revealed mid-2018. The station will be an at-grade station built parallel to the train railway, bridges will be built to divert traffic from the Metro route.

Cairo International Airport Line 3 extension
Line 3 Phase 4C is proposed to start from Heliopolis station passing through Al-Hegaz Square and Military Academy area to Sheraton District and after 7.0 km ending at Cairo International Airport. If built, it would have five tunnel stations. There is no proposed completion date for this phase.

Long-term plans
A transportation study of the Greater Cairo region was completed in 1999. It recommended the implementation of a six-line system consisting of lines 1, 2 and 3 (existing); and lines 4, 5 and 6. The completed Metro Network would be capable of serving most of the densely populated areas in the Greater Cairo region, which was much in need of a comprehensive mass transit system. The plans include interchange stations between the six metro lines and would also provides interchange facilities with existing main railway stations, the airport, and bus stations.

The six planned metro lines aim to meet the transportation demands of the Greater Cairo area up to the year 2032. However, the actual construction and implementation schedule will be restricted by available funding, and the timetable will likely slip.

Line 5 would be a half-circular line connecting lines 1-4 in northern Cairo, running from Nasr City in the east to Port Said Street and Shubra El Kheima in the west. It would have a length of 20 km, entirely within bored tunnels. It would intersect Line 1 at Helmiet el-Zaitoun station, Line 2 at El-Khalafawy station, Line 3 at Haroun station, and Line 4 at Al-Wafaa we al-Amal station.

Line 6 would be a north-south line, from Shubra in the north to the Maadi and Helwan districts in the south. It would run from Ataba Station through El Kalaa street in bored tunnels to Salah Eldin Citadel Station (Interchange with Line 4) and move on from there to both districts via bored tunnels using the existing route El-Mahager Railway as a guide through both Maadi and Helwan. This Line has a length of 19 km. It would intersect Line 1 at Ghamra station, Line 3 at Bab al-Sharia station, Line 4 at Amr Ibn al-Ase station, and Line 5 at Sawah station.

title: Cairo Metro


text:
Administrative divisions of Peru

The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. The old territorial subdivisions have split or merged due to several reasons, the most common ones being the need for decentralization and population increase, especially in Lima.

History
Peru was divided into 24 departments (departamentos; singular: departamento) until the creation of the regions in 2002. These regions are governed by Regional Governments. Many people still use the old departamentos term when referring to the current regions of Peru, although it is now obsolete. The departments were identical to today's regions, with the exception of two new regions (Callao and Lima). Before the 2002 changeover, the province of Lima (which is basically the city of Lima) was part of the Lima department, and the city of Callao had the special status of Provincia Constitucional (constitutional province). When the regionalization law was passed, the Callao region was created from the former constitutional province, and the province of Lima separated from the rest of the Lima department, which in turn came to form the new Lima Region. A failed attempt to divide the country into twelve autonomous regions had previously been made during the 1980s under the government of Alan García.

Districts
For a new district to be legally established, a 1982 law requires a minimum number of residents to live in the area: 3,500 if it is located in the rainforest, 4,000 in the Andes highlands, and 10,000 in the coastal area.

In the dry Andean area, many districts have fewer than 3,500 inhabitants. In some cases, their populations have decreased in comparison to the days when they were founded. Districts that are located at very high altitudes tend to be scarcely populated. These districts are usually large in area but have little available level land for use. Many basic government services do not reach all residents of these districts due to their difficult geography. Many such districts lack the financial means to govern their whole jurisdictions and often have high emigration rates.

A similar pattern can be observed in many districts located in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Once important settlements created during the era of colonization, they now do not offer much space for agriculture. Deeper into the jungle, the districts of the selva baja (lower jungle) have higher populations living in geographically large districts. Districts located outside the former colonized area have very low populations, which are entirely composed of native Amazonian tribes.

All over the country, many districts have higher populations than the minimum required by law. This is true of the colonized areas of the rainforest and the northern Andes, as well as in the southern Andes from Huancayo to the shores of Lake Titicaca, which is the historical heartland of the Peruvian highlands. These districts are old centers of civilization; they tend to be smaller in area, with high population densities since pre-Hispanic times.

Districts in the Chala (coastal area) tend to be mid-sized, except in low-density areas such as the Sechura desert and part of the southern coast. All have gained large populations due to emigration from other regions of the country, which has turned the Peruvian coast into the country's main economic powerhouse.

Districts with a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants should ideally be subdivided, particularly if they are also large in area, as is the case in part of the Amazon rainforest. Settlement can happen quickly and boundaries of districts are often not modified, except in large urban areas. This is less of a problem on the coast, where communication is easier. However, reaching large populations remain a problem in this area.

Current division
Peru's territory, according to the Regionalization Law, which was passed on November 18, 2002, is divided into 26 units: 25 regions (regiones; singular: región) and the Lima Province. The regions are subdivided into provinces (provincias), which are composed of districts (distritos). There are 196 provinces and 1,869 districts in Peru.

The Lima Province, located in the central coast of the country, is unique in that it does not belong to any of the twenty-five regions. (The city of Lima, which is the nation's capital, is located in this province.)

Callao is also its own region, containing only one province, the Constitutional Province of Callao.

title: Administrative divisions of Peru


text:
User:Plop/monobook.js

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User talk:Kim é‡‘

Kim 金

Hi Kim, I hope you can agree with me on the categorisation of Allah. It seems minor, but this is not the first "categorisation debate" I've landed in. One minor point: when replying to a talk page message, I personally prefer to have my comments in one continuum, rather than replies interspersed (even in italics or on seperate lines). The latter gives the (false) impression that there has been a dialogue, while in fact there's been none. If anything, please quote from the message in your reply... JFW | T@lk  00:23, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Image:6thBeatitude.png
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:6thBeatitude.png. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   03:02, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Template
Please vote your opinion of template:gay. Thanks. Apollomelos 19:34, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Gender identity-role article
Hi Kim! I am not opposed to articles on this topic (obviously), I merely was wondering whether this particular article was not mostly content already available elsewhere - especially since there is exactly one article linking to it - as opposed to gender role, gender identity and gender itself. -- AlexR 06:54, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: Brazillian Wandering Spider
Originally posted on User_talk:ClockworkSoul

Hi, I see that you negotiated with the owner of the copyrighted Brazillian Wandering Spider image for permission to put in in the English Wikipedia. Would you mind trying to get the same permission for the Wikipedia Commons so that I could use the image in the Chinese language version without lots of work-arounds? Thanks. 金 (Kim) 08:19, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, Kim. When I first requested premission from the author he was very happy to let Wikipedia use it. Unfortunately, when I asked about uploading it to the Commons, he was reluctant to allow a free license to be associated with the image. I'll ask again though: perhaps he'll change his mind. – ClockworkSoul 05:59, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Image:6thBeatitude.png
Hi, i just clean this image on wiki french fr:Image:Syriac_syriaque_oriental_mathieu5_8.png.png if you want to use it. Another thing, can you send me the source of this image, because with it i can create a cleanest image. thanks a lot. ~fr:Utilisateur:Bayo.

Asian Fetish Rewrite
Look for it now Asian fetish/rewrite. I was rewriting while you were looking (I needed to create the link first, etc). -- Gnetwerker 07:41, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Image:TaiJiTu.png
What "ancient Chinese text" is this from? I'm curious as to what the words on it mean and to see a larger version of the image. Thanks. -Eep² 01:26, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

File:Chaps (item of clothing - sketch).png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Chaps (item of clothing - sketch).png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Kelly hi! 04:53, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Storm Cellar.gif
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the media by uploader tag if it is present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transfered to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 15:31, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Storm Cellar.gif
Hi, This media was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices,

However, due to changes in the copyright situation in some jurisdictions, there is a need to ensure media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed. It would be appreciated if you were able to confirm that it was your own work, by marking it as own, Fully completeing the information block, and leaving an acknowledgement on the file description page to indicate that you've accepted the license shown (and updated the information accordingly. If you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

If you don't want to keep your media on English Wikipedia, please nominate it for deletion under Criteria G7 of the Criteria for Speedy deletion ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 13:47, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 07:42, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Yinyang ren for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Yinyang ren is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Yinyang ren until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Crossroads -talk- 05:26, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Raphe biol Zipper.png

The file File:Raphe biol Zipper.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned low-quality image redundant to higher-quality images such as File:Raphe int.JPG."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. User toolbox (talk) 20:43, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kim é‡‘