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Association for Computational Linguistics

The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is a scientific and professional organization for people working on natural language processing. Its namesake conference is one of the primary high impact conferences for natural language processing research, along with EMNLP. The conference is held each summer in locations where significant computational linguistics research is carried out.

It was founded in 1962, originally named the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics (AMTCL). It became the ACL in 1968. The ACL has a European (EACL), a North American (NAACL), and an Asian (AACL) chapter.

History
The ACL was founded in 1962 as the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics (AMTCL). The initial membership was about 100. In 1965, the AMTCL took over the journal Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics. This journal was succeeded by many other journals: the American Journal of Computational Linguistics (1974–1978, 1980–1983), and then Computational Linguistics (1984–present). Since 1988, the journal has been published for the ACL by MIT Press.

The annual meeting was first held in 1963 in conjunction with the Association for Computing Machinery National Conference. The annual meeting was, for a long time, relatively informal and did not publish anything longer than abstracts. By 1968, the society took on its current name, the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). The publication of the annual meeting's Proceedings of the ACL began in 1979 and gradually matured into its modern form. Many of the meetings were held in conjunction with the Linguistic Society of America, and a few with the American Society for Information Science and the Cognitive Science Society.

The United States government sponsored much research from 1989 to 1994, characterized by an increase in author retention rates and an increase in research in some key topics, such as speech recognition, in ACL. By the 21st century, it was able to maintain authors at a high rate who coalesced in a more stable arrangement around individual research topics.

Annual Meeting of the ACL
Every year, the ACL holds the Annual Meeting of the ACL. The location lies in Europe in years zero modulo three, North America in years one modulo three, and Asia–Australia in years two modulo three. In 2020, the Annual Meeting received for the first time more submissions from China than the United States.

Activities
The ACL organizes several of the top conferences and workshops in the field of computational linguistics and natural language processing. These include:
 * Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), the flagship conference of the organization
 * Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)
 * International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP), held jointly one of the other conferences on a rotating basis
 * Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)
 * Lexical and Computational Semantics and Semantic Evaluation (SemEval)
 * Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM)
 * Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation (WMT)

Besides conferences, the ACL also sponsors the journals Computational Linguistics and Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL). Papers and other presentations at ACL and ACL-affiliated venues are archived online in the open-access ACL Anthology.

Special Interest Groups
ACL has a large number of Special Interest Groups (SIGs), focusing on specific areas of natural language processing. Some current SIGs within ACL are:

Presidents
Each year, the ACL elects a distinguished computational linguist who becomes vice-president of the organization in the next calendar year and president one year later. Recent ACL presidents are:


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Ragnar Granit

Ragnar Arthur Granit (30 October 1900 – 12 March 1991) was a Finnish-Swedish scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967   along with Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye".

Early life and education
Ragnar Arthur Granit was born on 30 October 1900 in Riihimäki, Finland, at the time part of the Russian Empire, into a Swedish-speaking Finnish family. Granit was raised in Oulunkylä, a suburb of the Finnish capital of Helsinki, and attended the Svenska normallyceum in Helsinki.

Granit graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Helsinki in 1927.

Career and research
In 1940, when Finland became the target of a massive Soviet attack during the Winter War, Granit sought refuge – and peaceful surroundings for his studies and research work – in Stockholm, the capital of neighbouring Sweden, at the age of 40. In 1941, Granit received Swedish citizenship, which made it possible for him to live and continue with his work without having to worry about the Continuation War, which lasted in Finland until 1944. Granit was proud of his Finnish-Swedish roots and remained a patriotic Finnish-Swede throughout his life, maintaining homes in both Finland and Sweden after the Moscow Armistice ended the Continuation War and secured Finnish independence.

Granit was professor of neurophysiology at the Karolinska Institute from 1946 to his retirement in 1967.

Awards and honors
Granit was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1954. In 1960, Granit was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).

In 1967 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Granit said that he was a "fifty-fifty" Finnish and Swedish Nobel laureate. He was elected an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences the following year. In 1971, he was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Death
Granit died on 12 March 1991 in Stockholm at the age of 90. Granit and his wife Marguerite, who died the same year, were buried in a church cemetery on the Finnish island of Korpo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ragnar Granit


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Wilhelm Bauer

Wilhelm Bauer (23 December 1822 – 20 June 1875) was a German inventor and engineer who built several hand-powered submarines.

Biography
Wilhelm Bauer was born in Dillingen in the Kingdom of Bavaria. His father was a sergeant of a Bavarian cavalry regiment. Due to this, after an apprenticeship as a wood turner, Bauer also joined the army. Working as an artillery engineer, he witnessed the German/Danish war for Schleswig-Holstein between 1848 and 1851.

Seeing how the Prussian coast was easily blockaded by the Danish navy, Bauer quickly developed a plan to build a new type of submersible ship to help break the blockade. He began studying hydraulics and ship construction. However, before his studies could get very far, the troops of the German Confederation decided to withdraw and surrendered Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. However, Bauer was determined to realize his plan at any cost and left the Bavarian Army to join the forces of Schleswig-Holstein.

It proved very hard for Bauer, who held only a low military rank, to get his plans through the military bureaucracy, not to mention getting funds to build his submarine. He finally succeeded with the help of Werner von Siemens and others, being granted a small sum to build a model of his proposed u-boat idea.

The Brandtaucher ("Incendiary Diver") Submarine
Incendiary ships were a well known concept in blockade-breaking. A ship was loaded with explosives and set free to drift into the enemy fleet, exploding at contact. The incendiary diver was planned to work on a similar principle: It would dive under an enemy vessel, fix an electrically triggered mine to its hull and escape, igniting the mine from a safe distance. The more or less same technique was employed by all military submarine designs of that time, like Julius Kröhl’s Explorer, the U.S.S. Alligator by Brutus de Villeroi and the famous Hunley, which became the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel.

After the model of the submarine, built by Bauer himself, proved to be working, he was granted enough money to build a full scale submarine. But the military authorities still were largely against Bauer’s plan and forced Bauer to change his designs in order to reduce costs.

The finished Brandtaucher, built by August Howaldt of the later Howaldtswerke was 28 feet long, weighing about 70,000 pounds. As at that time no suitable mechanical power system was available the submarine was powered by two sailors turning a big tread wheel with their hands and feet. The third crew member, the captain, was positioned at the stern of the submarine. His job was to operate the rudders and other controls. Having arrived under the target ship the captain would reach out through a gutta percha (rubber) glove fixed to an opening of the hull, grab the mine located within reach on the hull of the submarine and fix it on the target.

Had the Brandtaucher been built according to Bauer’s original designs, it would have achieved submersion by filling several tanks with sea water. But in the changed version the vessel itself was to be partly flooded with water, thus rendering the submarine dangerously unstable. Also the thickness of the hull and the dimensions of the pumps had to be greatly reduced.

First trials of the submarine took place in December 1850. Although Bauer wanted to make several improvements of the submarine, the military ordered a public show on 1 February 1851.

This public demonstration almost ended in a disaster. After reaching a depth of 30 ft the craft began to lay down by the stern. As the submarine sank down the thin walls could not take the water pressure any more and started to crack. The water pressure proved too much for the weak pumps and the propeller wheel was damaged when the vessel began to keel over. The submarine slowly sank to the ground of the Kiel harbour. For six hours Bauer and his sailors had to wait inside the sunken craft, until enough water had seeped in. This increased the air pressure inside the submarine and finally allowed the men to open the blocked hatchway. As the submarine stayed buried on the ground of the sea, its crew came to the surface unharmed. This was the first submarine escape to be witnessed and reported.

The sunken submarine was raised in 1887 and can now be visited at the museum of military history at Dresden, Germany (Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr).

The Seeteufel ("Sea Devil") Submarine
After the sinking of the Brandtaucher, Bauer instantly began to make plans for an improved, larger submarine. But the government of Schleswig-Holstein refused to support Bauer after their bad experience with Bauer’s first submarine.

So Bauer left Schleswig-Holstein. In the following years he tried to obtain support for his invention in several countries, like the Austria-Hungary, the British Empire or France. Finally, in 1855, Bauer made a contract with the grand prince of St. Petersburg (Russia). During that year Bauer built his second submarine, the Seeteufel (Sea Devil or Angler) in St. Petersburg.

Much less information is known about this submarine than of the Brandtaucher. However, it is said to have been twice as long as its predecessor, its iron walls 1/2' thick with 21 windows in them. It had three big cylinders to hold water as diving ballast and was designed for a crew of 12.

Having learned from his first boat’s disaster, Bauer provided the Sea Devil with a newly invented rescue device: the diver’s chamber. Through this chamber, which worked like an airlock, divers could leave and enter the submerged vessel.

The Sea Devil proved to be a very good design. It made 133 successful diving runs within four months. But during the 134th dive, the submarine got stuck in the sand of the seafloor. By emptying the water cylinders with the pumps, the crew managed to raise the submarine high enough so that the hatchway was above the waterline. The whole crew (including Bauer) was saved, but unfortunately, the submarine sank back to the bottom of the sea.

Legacy
After the end of the Sea Devil, Bauer left Russia. Realizing he would not find support for another submarine, he undertook other projects. In 1863 Bauer managed to raise a sunken ship by using inflatable balloons made of canvas. But his more ambitious plans all failed because of a complete lack of funding. Disappointed, Bauer died in 1875 in Munich.

It would be wrong to claim the German submarine fleet of the World wars was directly descended from Wilhelm Bauer’s prototypes, but he nevertheless influenced them. The modern submarine began its history with the inventions of Simon Lake and John Philip Holland. However, the submarine pioneers of the 19th century - de Villeroi, Monturiol, Hunley and others - were all aware of Bauer’s efforts and drew inspiration and even ideas from his submarine.

In 1960 the German Bundesmarine renamed a Type XXI submarine Wilhelm Bauer after him.

Films about Bauer
In 1941, German director Herbert Selpin directed a biopic about Bauer with the title Geheimakte W.B.1 (Secret file W.B.1; W.B = Wilhelm Bauer)), which was released in 1942. It was a propaganda movie to further the submarine war. The plot was based on the novel Der Eiserne Seehund (The iron seal) from Hans Arthur Thies, published in 1941.

Zoran Simic, a filmmaker from Kiel described in his documentary film Submarine Ingenieur the life and work of Bauer, and also the principles upon which he built the “Incendiary diver”. In many 3D graphics sequences, he illustrates the functioning of the submarine. On 3 February 2008 the 57-minute version of the film was shown in the local cinema, in the event centre KoKi, in Kiel.

title: Wilhelm Bauer


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Talk:Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)

It's good to have the source given, but "(Wilson p. 174)" isn't much use unless you already know what Wilson is - any chance of a full citation under a "References" heading or something? --Camembert

 * Oops- done! Markalexander100

 * Ta :) --Camembert

flute solo in finale
The article says that the solo flute in the coda plays the C-D-C motif (the primary motive of the finale and the inversion of that for the first movement). But the eighth note motion is only in the pizzicato violas; the flute joins for only the last note in each instance.

Also, none of the strings are tremolo in the coda. The violins are sustaining a C major triad and the rest of the strings are pizzicato. 71.104.166.112 14:47, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I have fixed this. --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 18:01, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Shost4move4marca.ogg
Image:Shost4move4marca.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 11:44, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Shost4fate.ogg
Image:Shost4fate.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 11:44, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

State of the article
I am not very happy about this article overall, especially the whole comparison-to-Beethoven aspect. The end of this work can hardly be described as triumphant, so why even bring that element up? --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 18:04, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Berliner Philharmoniker recordings
The Berliner Philharmoniker has just released recordings of the 8th-10th symphonies. Would this recording be notable enough to be included here? Nick McCurdy (talk) 10:27, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)


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Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol. Patients typically have a history of at least 10 years of heavy alcohol intake, typically 8–10 drinks per day. It is usually found in association with fatty liver, an early stage of alcoholic liver disease, and may contribute to the progression of fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis. Symptoms may present acutely after a large amount of alcoholic intake in a short time period, or after years of excess alcohol intake. Signs and symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity), fatigue and hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver failure). Mild cases are self-limiting, but severe cases have a high risk of death. Severity in alcoholic hepatitis is determined several clinical prediction models such as the Maddrey's Discriminant Function and the MELD score.

Severe cases may be treated with glucocorticoids with a response rate of about 60%. The condition often comes on suddenly and may progress in severity very rapidly.

Signs and symptoms
Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by a number of symptoms, which may include feeling unwell, enlargement of the liver, development of fluid in the abdomen (ascites), and modest elevation of liver enzyme levels (as determined by liver function tests). It may also present with Hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver failure) causing symptoms such as confusion, decreased levels of consciousness, or asterixis, (a characteristic flapping movement when the wrist is extended indicative of hepatic encephalopathy). Severe cases are characterized by profound jaundice, obtundation (ranging from drowsiness to unconsciousness), and progressive critical illness; the mortality rate is 50% within 30 days of onset despite best care.

Alcoholic hepatitis is distinct from cirrhosis caused by long-term alcohol consumption. Alcoholic hepatitis can occur in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcoholic hepatitis by itself does not lead to cirrhosis, but cirrhosis is more common in patients with long term alcohol consumption. Some alcoholics develop acute hepatitis as an inflammatory reaction to the cells affected by fatty change. This is not directly related to the dose of alcohol. Some people seem more prone to this reaction than others. This inflammatory reaction to the fatty change is called alcoholic steatohepatitis and the inflammation probably predisposes to liver fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells to produce collagen.

Pathophysiology
The pathological mechanisms in alcoholic hepatitis are incompletely understood but a combination of direct hepatocyte damage by alcohol and its metabolites in addition to increased intestinal permeability are thought to play a role. Heavy alcohol consumption increases intestinal permeability by causing direct damage to enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells) and causing disruptions of tight junctions that form a barrier between the enterocytes. This leads to increased intestinal permeability which then leads to pathogenic gut bacteria (such as enterococcus faecalis) or immunogenic fungi entering the portal circulation, and travelling to the liver where they cause hepatocyte damage. In the case of enterococcus faecalis, the bacterium can release an exotoxin which is directly damaging to liver cells. Chronic alcohol consumption may alter the gut microbiome and promote the production of these pathogenic bacteria. Many of these pathogenic bacteria also contain Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), extracellular motifs that are recognized by the immune system as foreign material, which may lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response in the liver which further leads to hepatocyte damage.

Alcohol is also directly damaging to liver cells. Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde in the liver via the enzymes CYP2E1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde forms reactive oxygen species in the liver as well as acting as a DNA adduct (binding to DNA) leading to direct hepatocyte damage. This manifests as lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage, and glutathione (an endogenous antioxidant) depletion. Damaged hepatocytes release Danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are molecules that lead to further activation of the immune system's inflammatory response and further hepatocyte damage.

The chronic inflammation seen in alcoholic hepatitis leads to a distinctive fibrotic response, with fibrogenic cell type activation. This occurs via an increased extracellular matrix deposition around hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells which causes a peri-cellular fibrosis known as "chickenwire fibrosis". This peri-cellular chickenwire fibrosis leads to portal hypertension or an elevated blood pressure in the portal veins that drain blood from the intestines to the liver. This causes many of the sequelae of chronic liver disease including esophageal varices (with associated variceal bleeding), ascites and splenomegaly.

The chronic inflammation seen in alcoholic hepatitis also leads to impaired hepatocyte differentiation, impairments in hepatocyte regeneration and hepatocyte de-differentiation into cholangiocyte type cells. This leads to defects in the liver's many functions including impairments in bilirubin transport, clotting factor synthesis, glucose metabolism and immune dysfunction. This impaired compensatory liver regenerative response further leads to a ductular reaction; a type of abnormal liver cell architecture.

Due to the release of DAMPs and PAMPs, an acute systemic inflammatory state can develop after extensive alcohol intake that dominates the clinical landscape of acute severe alcoholic hepatitis. IL-6 has been shown to have the most robust increase among pro-inflammatory mediators in these patients. Furthermore, decreased levels of IL-13, an antagonistic cytokine of IL-6 was found to be closely associated with short-term (90-day) mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis patients.

Some signs and pathological changes in liver histology include: If chronic liver disease is also present:
 * Mallory's hyaline body – a condition where pre-keratin filaments accumulate in hepatocytes. This sign is not limited to alcoholic liver disease, but is often characteristic.
 * Ballooning degeneration – hepatocytes in the setting of alcoholic change often swell up with excess fat, water and protein; normally these proteins are exported into the bloodstream. Accompanied with ballooning, there is necrotic damage. The swelling is capable of blocking nearby biliary ducts, leading to diffuse cholestasis.
 * Inflammation – neutrophilic invasion is triggered by the necrotic changes and presence of cellular debris within the lobules. Ordinarily the amount of debris is removed by Kupffer cells, although in the setting of inflammation they become overloaded, allowing other white cells to spill into the parenchyma. These cells are particularly attracted to hepatocytes with Mallory bodies.
 * Fibrosis
 * Cirrhosis – a progressive and permanent type of fibrotic degeneration of liver tissue.

Epidemiology

 * Alcoholic hepatitis occurs in approximately 1/3 of chronic alcohol drinkers.
 * 10-20% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis progress to alcoholic liver cirrhosis every year.
 * Patients with liver cirrhosis develop liver cancer at a rate of 1.5% per year.
 * In total, 70% of those with alcoholic hepatitis will go on to develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis in their lifetimes.
 * Infection risk is elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (12–26%). It increases even higher with use of corticosteroids (50%) when compared with the general population.
 * Untreated alcoholic hepatitis mortality in one month of presentation may be as high as 40-50%.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made in a patient with history of significant alcohol intake who develops worsening liver function tests, including elevated bilirubin (typically greater than 3.0) and aminotransferases, and onset of jaundice within the last 8 weeks. The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase is usually 2 or more. In most cases, the liver enzymes do not exceed 500. A liver biopsy is not required for the diagnosis, however it can help confirm alcoholic hepatitis as the cause of the hepatitis if the diagnosis is unclear.

Management
Clinical practice guidelines have recommended corticosteroids.

People should be risk stratified using a MELD Score or Child-Pugh score. These scores are used to evaluate the severity of the liver disease based on several lab values. The greater the score, the more severe the disease.

 * Abstinence: Stopping further alcohol consumption is the number one factor for recovery in patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
 * Nutrition Supplementation: Protein and calorie deficiencies are seen frequently in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, and it negatively affects their outcomes. Improved nutrition has been shown to improve liver function and reduce incidences encephalopathy and infections.
 * Corticosteroids: These guidelines suggest that patients with a modified Maddrey's discriminant function score > 32 or hepatic encephalopathy should be considered for treatment with prednisolone 40 mg daily for four weeks followed by a taper. Models such as the Lille Model can be used to monitor for improvement or to consider alternative treatment.
 * Pentoxifylline: Systematic reviews comparing the treatment of pentoxifylline with corticosteroids show there is no benefit to treatment with pentoxifylline Potential for combined therapy: A large prospective study of over 1000 patients investigated whether prednisolone and pentoxifylline produced benefits when used alone or in combination. Pentoxifylline did not improve survival alone or in combination. Prednisolone gave a small reduction in mortality at 28 days but this did not reach significance, and there were no improvements in outcomes at 90 days or 1 year.
 * Intravenous N-acetylcysteine: When used in conjunction with corticosteroids, improves survival at 28 days by decreasing rates of infection and hepatorenal syndrome.
 * Liver Transplantation: Early liver transplantation is ideal and helps to save lives. However, most transplant providers in the United States require a period of alcohol abstinence (typically six months) prior to transplant, but the ethics and science behind this are controversial.

Prognosis
Females are more susceptible to alcohol-associated liver injury and are therefore at higher risk of alcohol-associated hepatitis. Certain genetic variations in the PNPLA3-encoding gene, which codes for an enzyme involved in triglyceride metabolism in adipose tissue are thought to influence disease severity. Other factors in alcoholic hepatitis associated with a poor prognosis include concomitant hepatic encephalopathy and acute kidney injury.

title: Alcoholic hepatitis


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Talk:Karin Spaink

This article is 100% WP:OR or someone could not provide RSs
all said, this article needs a major cleanup. COFS 23:16, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

As there seems to be some confusion on what that means, here is the relevant paragraph of WP:ATTRIB.

 * Wikipedia articles must be based on reliable sources

Reliable sources are credible published materials with a reliable publication process; their authors are generally regarded as trustworthy or authoritative in relation to the subject at hand. How reliable a source is depends on context. In general, the most reliable sources are books and journals published by universities; mainstream newspapers; and magazines and journals that are published by known publishing houses. What these have in common is process and approval between document creation and publication. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Material that is self-published is generally not regarded as reliable, but see below for exceptions. Any unsourced material may be removed, and in biographies of living persons unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material must be removed immediately.

Wikipedia does not publish original research or original thought

Original research refers to material that is not attributable to a reliable, published source. This includes unpublished facts, arguments, ideas, statements, and neologisms; and any unpublished analysis or synthesis of published material that appears to advance a position. Material added to articles must be directly and explicitly supported by the cited sources.

Note the difference between unsourced material and original research:

* Unsourced material is material not yet attributed to a reliable source. It is unattributed. * Original research is material that cannot be attributed to a reliable source. It is unattributable.

The only way to demonstrate that material is not original research is to cite reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article, and to adhere to what those sources say. COFS 21:47, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * If you would indicate *where* you think that reliable sources are missing, I might be able to provide them. I think that the joined autors have managed to write a fairly accurate description of parts of my activities, although - of course - not of all. For instance, my work with/for digital civil rights organisations is missing. Karin Spaink 22:09, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I pulled the disputed tag. Considering it's been 7 months and the subject of the article has commented herself, I hardly think it is justified.  Keith Henson (talk) 03:21, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

I romoved the References-needed tag that was inserted in May 2008. Again, I consider this a fair article, and I have offered to provide references where needed. But _when_ you want them, please be specific about _where_ you want them. Karin Spaink (talk) 06:11, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * User:Karin Spaink, I do not agree with the original research claims but the article does lack references. The article When to cite may give a good impression of when and where citiations are needed. Some examples:
 * Quotations, for instance in the part about New Age there is a claim that Spaink invented neologism, these would be quotes, needing sources
 * Contentious statements about living people: If I would have written the bio, I would provide a reference for every sentence or at least make clear where I found the information. The claim that Spaink suffers from specific diseases would need referencing for instance. The same is true for the court case(s).
 * Other: I would have, if possible, provided a reference to an (internet) archive of the columns Spaink wrote,
 * Moreover I advise you to conservative in editing Karin Spaink page. Autobiography states "Avoid writing or editing an article about yourself, other than to correct unambiguous errors of fact." Providing (reliable, external, third party) references would be fine however.
 * - C mon (talk) 11:06, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karin Spaink


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Antoine Galland

Antoine Galland (4 April 1646 – 17 February 1715) was a French orientalist and archaeologist, most famous as the first European translator of One Thousand and One Nights, which he called Les mille et une nuits. His version of the tales appeared in twelve volumes between 1704 and 1717 and exerted a significant influence on subsequent European literature and attitudes to the Islamic world. Jorge Luis Borges has suggested that Romanticism began when his translation was first read.

Life and work
Galland was born at Rollot in Picardy (now in the department of Somme). After completing school at Noyon, he studied Greek and Latin in Paris, where he also acquired some Arabic. In 1670 he was attached to the French embassy at Istanbul because of his excellent knowledge of Greek and, in 1673, he travelled in Syria and the Levant, where he copied a great number of inscriptions, sketched and—in some cases—removed historical monuments.

After a brief visit to France, where his collection of ancient coins attracted some attention, Galland returned to the Levant in 1677. In 1679 he undertook a third voyage, being commissioned by the French East India Company to collect for the cabinet of Colbert. On the expiration of this commission, he was instructed by the government to continue his research, and had the title of antiquary to the king (Louis XIV) conferred upon him. During his prolonged residences abroad, he acquired a thorough knowledge of the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages and literatures, which, on his final return to France, enabled him to render valuable assistance to Melchisédech Thévenot, the keeper of the royal library, and to Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville.

When d'Herbelot died in 1695, Galland continued his Bibliothèque orientale ("Oriental Library"), a huge compendium of information about Islamic culture, and principally a translation of the great Arabic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn by the celebrated Ottoman scholar Kâtip Çelebi. It was finally published in 1697 and was a major contribution to European knowledge about the Middle East, influencing writers such as William Beckford (in his oriental tale Vathek).

After the deaths of Thévenot and d'Herbelot, Galland lived for some time at Caen under the roof of Nicolas Foucault, the intendant of Caen, himself no mean archaeologist. There he began, in 1704, the publication of Les mille et Une Nuits, which excited immense interest during the time of its appearance and is still the standard French translation. In 1709 he was appointed to the chair of Arabic in the Collège de France. He continued to discharge the duties of this post until his death in 1715.

Besides a number of archaeological works, especially in the department of numismatics, Galland published in 1694 a compilation from the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, entitled Paroles remarquables, bons mots et maximes des orientaux, and in 1699 a translation from an Arabic manuscript, De l'origine et du progrès du café. The former of these works appeared in an English translation in 1795. His Contes et fables indiennes de Bidpai et de Lokrnan was published posthumously in 1724. Among his numerous manuscripts are a translation of the Qur'an and a Histoire générale des empereurs Turcs. His journal was published by Charles Schefer in 1881.

Translation of The Thousand and One Nights
Galland had come across a manuscript of The Tale of Sindbad the Sailor in Constantinople during the 1690s and, in 1701, he published his translation of it into French. Its success encouraged him to embark on a translation of a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century Syrian manuscript (now known as the Galland Manuscript) of The Thousand and One Nights. The first two volumes of this work, under the title Mille et Une Nuits, appeared in 1704. The twelfth and final volume was published posthumously in 1717.

He translated the first part of his work solely from the Syrian manuscript. In 1709 he was introduced to a Maronite Christian from Aleppo, Hanna Diab, who recounted fourteen more stories to Galland from memory. He chose to include seven of these tales in his version of the Nights.

Mystery surrounds the origins of some of the most famous tales. For instance, there are no Arabic manuscripts of Aladdin and Ali Baba, the so-called "orphan tales", which pre-date Galland's translation. Galland had in turn heard these tales from the Syrian storyteller Hanna Diyab.

Galland also adapted his translation to the taste of the time. The immediate success the tales enjoyed was partly due to the vogue for fairy stories (French: contes de fées), which had been started in France in the 1690s by his friend Charles Perrault. Galland was also eager to conform to the literary canons of the era. He cut many of the erotic passages as well as all of the poetry. This caused Sir Richard Burton to refer to "Galland's delightful abbreviation and adaptation" which "in no wise represent(s) the eastern original."

His translation was greeted with immense enthusiasm and had soon been translated into many other European languages: English (a "Grub Street" version appeared in 1706), German (1712), Italian (1722), Dutch (1732), Russian (1763), and Polish (1768). They produced a wave of imitations and the widespread 18th century fashion for oriental tales. As Jorge Luis Borges wrote:"Another fact is undeniable. The most famous and eloquent encomiums of The Thousand and One Nights – by Coleridge, Thomas de Quincey, Stendhal, Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe, Newman – are from readers of Galland's translation. Two hundred years and ten better translations have passed, but the man in Europe or the Americas who thinks of the Thousand and One Nights thinks, invariably, of this first translation. The Spanish adjective milyunanochesco [thousand-and-one-nights-esque] ... has nothing to do with the erudite obscenities of Burton or Mardrus and everything to do with Antoine Galland's bijoux and sorceries."

Works

 * Les paroles remarquables, les bons mots et les maximes des Orientaux, S. Benard, 1694
 * Contes et fables indiennes, de Bidpaï et de Lokman; traduites d'Ali-Tchelebi ben Saleh, auteur turc.
 * Histoire de l'esclavage d'un marchand de la ville de Cassis, à Tunis, La Bibliothèque, « L'écrivain voyageur ».
 * De l’origine et du progrès du café, La Bibliothèque, coll. « L'écrivain voyageur ».
 * Le Voyage à Smyrne, Chandeigne, coll. « Magellane », 2000.
 * Histoire de Noureddin et de la belle persane, André Versaille Éditeur, 2009
 * Histoire d'Aladin ou la lampe merveilleuse
 * Les Milles et une Nuits

title: Antoine Galland


text:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. It converts the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Therefore, ACE indirectly increases blood pressure by causing blood vessels to constrict. ACE inhibitors are widely used as pharmaceutical drugs for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Other lesser known functions of ACE are degradation of bradykinin, substance P and amyloid beta-protein.

Nomenclature
ACE is also known by the following names:
 * dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
 * peptidase P
 * dipeptide hydrolase
 * peptidyl dipeptidase
 * angiotensin converting enzyme
 * kininase II
 * angiotensin I-converting enzyme
 * carboxycathepsin
 * dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase
 * "hypertensin converting enzyme" peptidyl dipeptidase I
 * peptidyl-dipeptide hydrolase
 * peptidyldipeptide hydrolase
 * endothelial cell peptidyl dipeptidase
 * peptidyl dipeptidase-4
 * PDH
 * peptidyl dipeptide hydrolase
 * DCP
 * CD143

Function
ACE hydrolyzes peptides by the removal of a dipeptide from the C-terminus. Likewise it converts the inactive decapeptide angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II by removing the dipeptide His-Leu.

ACE is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body.

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor in a substrate concentration-dependent manner. Angiotensin II binds to the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1), which sets off a number of actions that result in vasoconstriction and therefore increased blood pressure.

ACE is also part of the kinin–kallikrein system where it degrades bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and other vasoactive peptides.

Kininase II is the same as angiotensin-converting enzyme. Thus, the same enzyme (ACE) that generates a vasoconstrictor (ANG II) also disposes of vasodilators (bradykinin).

Mechanism
ACE is a zinc metalloproteinase. The zinc center catalyses the peptide hydrolysis. Reflecting the critical role of zinc, ACE can be inhibited by metal-chelating agents.

The E384 residue is mechanistically critical. As a general base, it deprotonates the zinc-bound water, producing a nucleophilic Zn-OH center. The resulting ammonium group then serves as a general acid to cleave the C-N bond.

The function of the chloride ion is very complex and is highly debated. The anion activation by chloride is a characteristic feature of ACE. It was experimentally determined that the activation of hydrolysis by chloride is highly dependent on the substrate. While it increases hydrolysis rates for e.g. Hip-His-Leu it inhibits hydrolysis of other substrates like Hip-Ala-Pro. Under physiological conditions the enzyme reaches about 60% of its maximal activity toward angiotensin I while it reaches its full activity toward bradykinin. It is therefore assumed that the function of the anion activation in ACE provides high substrate specificity. Other theories say that the chloride might simply stabilize the overall structure of the enzyme.

Genetics
The ACE gene, ACE, encodes two isozymes. The somatic isozyme is expressed in many tissues, mainly in the lung, including vascular endothelial cells, epithelial kidney cells, and testicular Leydig cells, whereas the germinal is expressed only in sperm. Brain tissue has ACE enzyme, which takes part in local RAS and converts Aβ42 (which aggregates into plaques) to Aβ40 (which is thought to be less toxic) forms of beta amyloid. The latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme. ACE inhibitors that cross the blood–brain barrier and have preferentially selected N-terminal activity may therefore cause accumulation of Aβ42 and progression of dementia.

Disease relevance
ACE inhibitors are widely used as pharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

ACE inhibitors inhibit ACE competitively. That results in the decreased formation of angiotensin II and decreased metabolism of bradykinin, which leads to systematic dilation of the arteries and veins and a decrease in arterial blood pressure. In addition, inhibiting angiotensin II formation diminishes angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, leading to a decrease in water and sodium reabsorption and a reduction in extracellular volume.

ACE's effect on Alzheimer's disease is still highly debated. Alzheimer patients usually show higher ACE levels in their brain. Some studies suggest that ACE inhibitors that are able to pass the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) could enhance the activity of major amyloid-beta peptide degrading enzymes like neprilysin in the brain resulting in a slower development of Alzheimer's disease. More recent research suggests that ACE inhibitors can reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease in the absence of apolipoprotein E4 alleles (ApoE4), but will have no effect in ApoE4- carriers. Another more recent hypothesis is that higher levels of ACE can prevent Alzheimer's. It is assumed that ACE can degrade beta-amyloid in brain blood vessels and therefore help prevent the progression of the disease.

A negative correlation between the ACE1 D-allele frequency and the prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 has been established.

Pathology

 * Elevated levels of ACE are also found in sarcoidosis, and are used in diagnosing and monitoring this disease. Elevated levels of ACE are also found in leprosy, hyperthyroidism, acute hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, multiple myeloma, osteoarthritis, amyloidosis, Gaucher disease, pneumoconiosis, histoplasmosis and miliary tuberculosis. It is also noted in some patients with extensive plaque psoriasis.
 * Serum levels are decreased in renal disease, obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypothyroidism.

Influence on athletic performance
The angiotensin converting enzyme gene has more than 160 polymorphisms described as of 2018.

Studies have shown that different genotypes of angiotensin converting enzyme can lead to varying influence on athletic performance.

The rs1799752 I/D polymorphism consists of either an insertion (I) or absence (D) of a 287 base pair alanine sequence in intron 16 of the gene. The DD genotype is associated with higher plasma levels of the ACE protein, the DI genotype with intermediate levels, and II with lower levels. During physical exercise, due to higher levels of the ACE for D-allele carriers, hence higher capacity to produce angiotensin II, the blood pressure will increase sooner than for I-allele carriers. This results in a lower maximal heart rate and lower maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Therefore, D-allele carriers have a 10% increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the D-allele is associated with a greater increase in left ventricular growth in response to training compared to the I-allele. On the other hand, I-allele carriers usually show an increased maximal heart rate due to lower ACE levels, higher maximum oxygen uptake and therefore show an enhanced endurance performance. The I allele is found with increased frequency in elite distance runners, rowers and cyclists. Short distance swimmers show an increased frequency of the D-allele, since their discipline relies more on strength than endurance.

History
The enzyme was reported by Leonard T. Skeggs Jr. in 1956. The crystal structure of human testis ACE was solved in the year 2002 by R. Natesh, S. Schwager & E. Sturrock in the lab of K. Ravi Acharya. It is located mainly in the capillaries of the lungs but can also be found in endothelial and kidney epithelial cells.

title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme


text:
Consort

Consort may refer to:

Music

 * "The Consort" (Rufus Wainwright song), from the 2000 album Poses
 * Consort of instruments, term for instrumental ensembles
 * Consort song (musical), a characteristic English song form, late 16th–early 17th centuries

Places

 * Consort, Alberta, a village in Alberta, Canada
 * Consort Islands, two small islands in the Dion Islands, Marguerite Bay, Antarctica
 * Consort Mountain, in the Victoria Cross Ranges, Alberta, Canada

Titles

 * Royal consort, a spouse, concubine or companion, in particular the spouse of a reigning monarch:
 * Queen consort, wife of a reigning king
 * Prince consort, husband of a reigning princess or queen
 * King consort, rarely used alternative title for husband of a reigning queen
 * Princess consort, wife of a reigning prince; also, rarely used alternative title for wife of a reigning king
 * Viceregal consort of Canada, spouse of the Governor General of Canada

Other uses

 * Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), reporting standards for clinical trials
 * Consort (nautical), unpowered, fully loaded Great Lakes vessels towed by larger vessels
 * Consort Airport, Consort, Alberta, Canada
 * CONSORT Colleges, a consortium of college libraries in the U.S. state of Ohio
 * HMS Consort (R76), a C-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy
 * The Consort, novel by Sara Jeannette Duncan 1912
 * The Consort, musical journal of the Dolmetsch Foundation
 * The female partner in tantric yab-yum

title: Consort


text:
Expo

An expo is a trade exposition. It may also refer to:

Events and venues

 * World's fair, a large international public exposition
 * Singapore Expo, convention and exposition venue
 * Expo Axis, one of the world's largest membrane roofs, constructed for the 2010 Shanghai Expo
 * Expo MRT station, part of the Singapore MRT Changi Airport Extension, built to handle fluctuating passenger volumes due to events at the adjacent Singapore Expo
 * Expo Tel Aviv, convention and exhibition venue
 * Floriade Expo, an international exhibition and garden festival in the Netherlands

Music

 * Expo (album), a 2005 album by Robert Schneider/Marbles
 * Expo (Magnus Lindberg), a 2009 10-minute musical composition by Magnus Lindberg
 * Expo (Stockhausen), a 1970 composition for three players by Karlheinz Stockhausen

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Expo (magazine), a Swedish anti-fascist magazine
 * Expo Channel, a home shopping channel in Australia
 * Windows Live Expo (codenamed Fremont), a former online classified ads website and social media marketplace

Brands and enterprises

 * Expo Design Center, a chain of high end home furnishing and decor stores owned by The Home Depot
 * Expo Dry Erase Products, Sanford Corp's brand of dry erase markers

Technology

 * LG eXpo, a mobile phone
 * , a standard for computer memory overclocking developed by AMD

Other uses

 * Montreal Expos, a baseball team located in Montreal from 1969 to 2004

title: Expo


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 16, 2004

{| cellspacing=3 width="100%"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday May 16 2004

 * We've recently picked up two major community awards (where is our awards page?), and need a new round of press releases. We need editors to help polish and translate our current draft, and we need energetic WPans to send it out while the Webbys are still on people's minds.  Also help with crafting the five word acceptance speech, a tradition of the Webby Awards.
 * A 17-year cicada swarm is covering large parts of the eastern US. Photos of the event would be greatly appreciated.
 * A MediaWiki software upgrade is planned. Check the Village pump for more information.
 * Wile E. Heresiarch becomes an administrator. Congratulations!

 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles featured on the Main Page
 * Sino-Soviet split (May 16)
 * Bob Dylan (May 17)
 * Comet (May 18)
 * Buckinghamshire (May 19)
 * Fancy cancel (May 20)
 * Crash test dummy (May 21)
 * Star Trek (May 22)

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles that gained "featured" status
 * Vowel (May 16)
 * Acetaminophen (May 16)
 * War elephant (May 16)
 * London Underground (May 16)
 * Kashrut (May 16)
 * Belgium (May 16)
 * Speech synthesis (May 16)
 * VW Type 2 (May 19)
 * Eureka Stockade (May 19)
 * Geology of the Bryce Canyon area (May 19)
 * Olympic Flame (May 19)
 * British East India Company (May 21)
 * Dmitri Shostakovich (May 21)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * }

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 16, 2004


text:
François Lenormant

François Lenormant (17 January 1837 – 9 December 1883) was a 19th-century French Hellenist, Assyriologist and archaeologist.

Early life
Lenormant's father, Charles Lenormant, distinguished as an archaeologist, numismatist and Egyptologist, was anxious that his son should follow in his steps. He made him begin Greek at the age of six, and the child responded so well to this precocious scheme of instruction, that when he was only fourteen an essay of his, on the Greek tablets found at Memphis, appeared in the Revue Archéologique. In 1856 he won the numismatic prize of the Académie des Inscriptions with an essay entitled Classification des monnaies des Lagides and in 1862 he became sub-librarian of the Institut de France.

In 1858 he visited Italy and in 1859 accompanied his father on a journey of exploration to Greece, during which Charles succumbed to fever at Athens. Lenormant returned to Greece three times during the next six years, supervising excavations at Eleusis and gave up all the time he could spare from his official work to archaeological research. He summarized his studies in a popular Manuel d'histoire ancienne de l'Orient jusqu'aux guerres Médiques (Paris 1868). These peaceful labors were rudely interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War, when Lenormant served with the army and was wounded in the Siege of Paris. In 1874 he was appointed professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and in the following year he collaborated with the Baron Jean de Witte in founding the Gazette archéologique.

Accomplishments
As early as 1867 he had turned his attention to Assyrian studies; he was among the first to recognize in the cuneiform inscriptions the existence of a non-Semitic language he named Akkadian (today it is known as Sumerian). Lenormant's knowledge was of encyclopaedic extent, ranging over an immense number of subjects, and at the same time thorough, though somewhat lacking perhaps in the strict accuracy of the modern school. Most of his varied studies were directed towards tracing the origins of the two great civilizations of the ancient world, which were to be sought in Mesopotamia and on the shores of the Mediterranean. He had a perfect passion for exploration. Besides his early expeditions to Greece, he visited the south of Italy three times with this object, and it was while exploring in Calabria that he met with an accident which ended fatally in Paris after a long illness.

The amount and variety of Lenormant's work is truly amazing when it is remembered that he died at the early age of forty-six. By 1881 he'd been named as a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Probably the best known of his books are Les Origines de l'histoire d'après la Bible, and his ancient history of the East and account of Chaldean magic. He also contributed articles to the Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines, though he did not live to see the dictionary's completion. For breadth of view, combined with extraordinary subtlety of intuition, he was probably unrivalled. He is immortalized in Greece with a main road in Athens named after him.

Selected works

 * "Sur l'origine chrétienne des inscriptions sinaïtiques" in Journal Asiatique, XIII (5th ser., Paris, 1859)
 * Histoire des Massacres de Syrie en 1860 (Paris, 1861).
 * La Révolution en Grèce (Paris, 1862)
 * Essai sur l'organisation politique et économique de la monnaie dans l'antiquité (Paris, 1863)
 * Turcs et Monténégrins (Paris, 1866)
 * Comples Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (vol. 65, p. 903, Paris, 1867)
 * Chefs-d'œuvres de l'art antique (Paris. 1867-1868) in 7 vols.
 * Histoire du peuple juif (Paris, 1869)
 * Le déluge et l'épopée babylonnienne (Paris, 1873)
 * Les premières civilisations (Paris, 1873. 2 vols.)
 * La magie chez les chaldéens et les origines accadiennes (Paris, 1874)
 * La langue primitive de Chaldée et les idiomes touraniens (Paris, 1875)
 * La monnaie dans l'antiquité (Paris, 1878–1879)
 * A travers l'Apulie et la Lucanie (Paris, 1883)
 * La Genèse traduite d'après l'hébreu, avec distinction des éléments constitutifs du texte, suivi d‘un essai de restitution des textes dont s'est servi le dernier rédacteur (Paris, 1884)

title: François Lenormant


text:
User talk:Tyler McHenry

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show Preview button to review your edits.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 11:33, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

I see that...
you have stairs in your house ;) CryptoDerk 05:29, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

Science pearls
Hi,

Please notice the above project. As a wikipedian interested in physics, you might be especially interested in List of publications in physics

I’ll appreciate any help. Thank, APH 10:00, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

User:C1289H2051N343O375S8
You asked why I blocked this person. Here's a brief explanation of my rationale: I hope this helps. --Ryan Delaney talk 20:38, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The user had been uploading copyvio images despite warnings not to do so.
 * 2) Rather than heed the warnings, the user kept uploading the images, and decided to retaliate against those who had given the warnings by vandalising their user and talk pages.
 * 3) The username is in contravention of the blocking policy which forbids confusing usernames. Incidentally, C1289H2051N343O375S8 is the chemical name for tryptophan synthetase A protein, of which the full name is the longest word in the English language with 1913 letters.

Featured article for December 25th
I noticed that you have listed yourself as an atheist Wikipedian. You will probably be interested to know that Brian0918 has nominated Omnipotence paradox as the front page article for December 25th. You can vote on this matter here. The other suggestion being supported by others for that date is Christmas, although Raul654 has historically been against featuring articles on the same day as their anniversary/holiday. AngryParsley (talk) (contribs) 08:16, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Self Harm page
Hi there, I'm getting in touch as commented on the self-harm article. I've done a fair bit of study on this subject recently, so reckon I'm in a position to go through and get a good load of citations in there. What I propose, is moving to using the tag to make this easier, and then I'll go through and get citations in, and replace some of the "some people" type areas with referenced viewpoints, trying to get multiple view is where there are opposing views. Obviously this'll involve a bit of rewriting and adding so I wondered if you have any feedback on this before I start. Acidsaturation 07:43, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Request for Comment on User:Futureobservatory
Hello, you might be interested in Requests for comment/Futureobservatory. It'd be nice to clarify the copyright status of Futureobservatory's contributions. Flammifer 04:52, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Articles
How long does an article need to be so it won't be deleted? --Marshall T. Williams (talk) 17:06, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It can be rather short, but it needs to do a few things:
 * Describe/define clearly what the article is supposed to be about. Make sure the definition makes sense to someone who is not already familiar with the subject. Avoid fallacies of definition. Also, make sure you are not just defining a word - that's for Wiktionary.
 * Assert the notability of the article's subject. Basically say what the subject is famous for, or why it's well-known or important.
 * If the subject will not be immediately recognized as notable by almost any other editor, provide at least one external link to a reliable source which backs up your claim of notability.
 * For an example of how short articles are okay, take a look at The Spike (essay), an article which I recently created. There's a few sentences describing what the essay is, and that's it. Its assertion of notability is that it is an essay by world-famous essayist George Orwell. As the article grows, reliable sources will be required, but because the notability isn't in question, that article isn't at risk of immediate deletion without one. Be especially careful about documenting notability of people, and anything related to music or the Internet - these are favorite topics for people to try to write about themselves and their friends. Finally, short articles of this type are called stubs. There is a whole zoo of stub type templates and you should include the one (or two) most relevant to your article's topic on your short article. This will place your article in a category that editors interested in the topic can check to find articles that they are interested in expanding. Good luck! -- Tyler (talk) 20:37, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Images Help
Hello again! It is me, the one who wanted to know how to make proper signatures! I come to ask you how to insert images. I have asked 2 users already, and not receiving clear answers. First, how do you upload images from Wikipedia? Do you have to send it to Wikipedia and type in the name in the photo gallery thing or something like that? Please answer on my talk page. Thank you. Marshall T. Williams (talk) 00:08, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

THERE you are!
Do you have any idea how difficult it is to find you online now that ANO is full of spammers and cross-posters? :-D --Magmagirl (talk) 19:14, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Sadly, ANO has been nothing but that for years. In fact I haven't even had access to a real Usenet server since I got out of college (though every once I a while I still check ANO through Google Groups). Danny, Dexter, Sunshine, Zonga, Sony and I still keep up to some extent on Facebook. Tyler (talk) 17:25, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, shoot me a friend request, then -- I'm there too! --Magmagirl (talk) 19:30, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Zero interest-rate policy
An article that you have been involved in editing, Zero interest-rate policy, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. greenrd (talk) 22:14, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tyler McHenry


text:
Hugh Shearer

Hugh Lawson Shearer (18 May 1923 – 15 July 2004) was a Jamaican trade unionist and politician, who served as the 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1967 to 1972. He was also Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade from 1980 to 1989, under Edward Seaga.

Early life and education
Shearer was born in Martha Brae, Trelawney, Jamaica, which is located just south of the parish capital of Falmouth. His father was James Shearer, a former soldier, and Esther Lindo, a dressmaker.

Shearer attended St Simon's College after winning a parish scholarship to the school and later received an honorary LLD from Howard University School of Law.

Trade union career
In 1941, he took a job on the staff of a weekly trade union newspaper, the Jamaican Worker. His first political promotion came in 1943, when Sir Alexander Bustamante, founder of the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP), took over editorship of the paper and took Shearer under his wing. Shearer continued to get promotion after promotion within the union and acquired a Government Trade Union scholarship in 1947.

He was appointed Island Supervisor of Bustamante's trade union, BITU, and shortly afterwards elected vice-president of the union.

Political career
Shearer was elected to the House of Representatives of Jamaica as member for Western Kingston in 1955, an office he retained for the next four years until he was defeated in the 1959 elections.

Shearer was a member of the Senate from 1962 to 1967, at the same time filling the role of Jamaica's chief spokesman on foreign affairs as Deputy Chief of Mission at the United Nations. In 1967 he was elected as member for Southern Clarendon and, after the death of Sir Donald Sangster, appointed Prime Minister on 11 April 1967.

Thanks to his work with the Jamaican Worker earlier in his life, Shearer managed to stay on generally good terms with the Jamaican working class, and was generally well liked by the populace. However, he did cause an outcry of anger in October 1968 when his government banned the historian, Walter Rodney from re-entering the country. On 16 October a series of riots, known as the Rodney Riots broke out, after peaceful protest by students from the University of the West Indies campus at Mona, was suppressed by police; rioting spreading throughout Kingston. Shearer stood by the ban claiming that Rodney was a danger to Jamaica, citing his socialist ties, trips to Cuba and the USSR, as well as his radical Black nationalism.

Shearer was generally uncomfortable with notions of pan-Africanism or militant black nationalism. He was also insecure about the stability of newly independent Jamaica in the late 1960s.

His term as prime minister was a prosperous one for Jamaica, with three new alumina refineries were built, along with three large tourist resorts. These six buildings formed the basis of Jamaica's mining and tourism industries, the two biggest earners for the country.

Shearer's term was also marked by a great upswing in secondary school enrolment after an intense education campaign on his part. Fifty new schools were constructed.

It was by pressure from Shearer that the Law of the Sea Authority chose Kingston to house its headquarters.

In the 1972 Jamaican general election, the JLP was defeated by 37 seats to 16 seats, and the People's National Party leader, Michael Manley, became prime minister.

In 1974, Shearer was replaced as leader of the JLP by Edward Seaga. Between 1980 and 1989, during the prime ministership of Seaga, Shearer was deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs.

Personal life
Hugh Shearer, while working as a journalist, married his first wife Lunette, an accounting clerk, on 7 October 1947. They purchased a property at Chisholm Avenue where they lived, until Mr. Shearer left the matrimonial home.

Shearer was separated from his first wife, with whom he had three children, by the time he became prime minister in 1967.

Hugh Shearer married his second wife, Dr. Denise Eldemire, on 28 August 1998. She is the daughter of the late Dr. Herbert Eldemire, who served as Jamaica's first Health Minister from 1962 to 1972. The couple were married for nearly 6 years, until his death in July 2004

Death and legacy
He died at his home in Kingston on 15 July 2004, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, sons Corey Alexander, Howard, Lance and Donald, and daughters Hope, Hilary, Heather, Mischka Garel, and Ana Margaret Sanchez.

On 14 May 2009, the Bank of Jamaica announced a plan to issue a JA$5000 note with the likeness of Shearer on it, as was explained in detail on Monday 18 May 2009 by the Governor of Jamaica's Central Bank Derick Milton Latibeaudiere.

The $5000 bill with Hugh Shearer's portrait was put in circulation on 24 September 2009. In Jamaican slang, a $5000 banknote is referred to as a Shearer.

title: Hugh Shearer


text:
Vivant Denon

Dominique Vivant, Baron Denon (4 January 1747 – 27 April 1825) was a French artist, writer, diplomat, author, and archaeologist. Denon was a diplomat for France under Louis XV and Louis XVI. He was appointed as the first Director of the Louvre museum by Napoleon after the Egyptian campaign of 1798–1801, and is commemorated in the Denon Wing of the modern museum and in the Dominique-Vivant Denon Research Center. His two-volume Voyage dans la basse et la haute Egypte ("Journey in Lower and Upper Egypt"), 1802, was foundational for modern Egyptology.

Birth and name

Vivant Denon was born in Givry, near Chalon-sur-Saône to a family called "de Non", of the "petite noblesse" or gentry, and until the French Revolution signed himself as "le chevalier de Non". Like many of the nobility, he revised his surname at the Revolution to lose the "nobiliary particle" "de". He seems to have consistently avoided using his baptised first name "Dominique", preferring his middle name "Vivant", and so is usually known as "Vivant Denon". He was created "Baron Denon" by Napoleon in August 1812, at the age of 65.

Early life
He was sent to Paris to study law, but he showed a decided preference for art and literature, and soon gave up his profession. In his twenty-third year he produced a comedy, Le Bon Pére, which obtained a succès d'estime, as he had already won a position in society by his agreeable manners and exceptional conversational powers. He became a favorite of Louis XV, who entrusted him with the collection and arrangement of a cabinet of medals and antique gems for Madame de Pompadour, and subsequently appointed him attaché to the French embassy at St. Petersburg.

Diplomatic career

On the accession of Louis XVI, Denon was transferred to Sweden; but he returned, after a brief interval, to Paris with the ambassador M. de Vergennes, who had been appointed foreign minister. In 1775 Denon was sent on a secret mission to Switzerland, and took the opportunity of visiting Voltaire at Ferney. He made a portrait of the philosopher, which was engraved and published on his return to Paris. His next diplomatic appointment was to Naples, where he spent seven years, first as secretary to the embassy and afterwards as chargé d'affaires. He devoted this period to a careful study of the monuments of ancient art, collecting many specimens and making drawings of others. He also perfected himself in etching and mezzotinto engraving. While in Naples he met Sir William and Lady Hamilton and he etched Lady Hamilton 'posing'.

The death of his patron, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, in 1787, led to his recall, and the rest of his life was given mainly to artistic pursuits. On his return to Paris he was admitted a member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (1787). After a brief interval he returned to Italy, living chiefly at Venice. He also visited Florence and Bologna, and afterwards went to Switzerland. While there he heard that his property had been confiscated, and his name placed on the list of the proscribed, and with characteristic courage he resolved at once to return to Paris: his situation was critical, but he was spared, thanks to the friendship of the painter Jacques-Louis David, who obtained for him a commission to furnish designs for republican costumes. When the Revolution was over, Denon was one of the bands of eminent men who frequented the house of Joséphine de Beauharnais. Here he met Napoleon, to whose fortunes he wisely attached himself.

Egypt and the Louvre
At Bonaparte's invitation he joined the expedition to Egypt as part of the arts and literature section of the Institut d'Égypte, and thus found the opportunity of gathering the materials for his most important literary and artistic work. He accompanied General Desaix to Upper Egypt, and made numerous sketches of the monuments of ancient art, sometimes under the very fire of the enemy. The results were published in his Voyage dans la basse et la haute Egypte (Journey in Lower and Upper Egypt), published as two volumes in 1802. The work crowned his reputation both as an archaeologist and as an artist, and sparked Egyptian Revival architecture and decorative arts.

On 19 November 1802, he was appointed by Napoleon to the important office of director-general of museums and head of the new Musée Napoléon, which he filled until the Allied occupation of Paris in 1814, when he had to retire. He was a devoted servant of Napoleon, on whose behalf he personally looted vast numbers of works of art in Italy, the Low Countries and Germany and, through agents (including Francisco Goya), in Spain, for the Musée Napoleon in Paris. Many of these remain in the Louvre, and elsewhere in France, today. In particular, Denon was one of the first men to appreciate the importance of the Italian 'primitives'. The majority of those now in the Louvre were looted by Denon during a sweep he made through Italy in 1812. They were publicly paraded, with elephants and other wild animals, like a Roman triumph, through the streets of Paris, before being deposited in the Louvre.

Denon took full opportunity, while working for Napoleon, to assemble for himself an enormous collection of paintings, drawings, prints, books, statuary and objets d'art. This collection was sold at auction over several days after Denon's death. In 1810 he also assisted the Hermitage Museum in its acquisition of Rosso Fiorentino's Madonna and Child with Cherubs in Paris.

Retirement and death

At the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 Denon was confirmed in place for a year, but was too closely associated with the former regime to keep the position for long, and was replaced by Auguste de Forbin in 1816. After his forced retirement he began an illustrated history of ancient and modern art, in which he had the cooperation of several skillful engravers. He died at Paris in 1825, leaving the work unfinished. It was published posthumously, with an explanatory text by Amaury Duval, under the title Monuments des arts du dessin chez les peuples tant anciens que modernes, recueillis par Vivant Denon in 1829. Denon was also the author of an erotic novel, Point de lendemain, published in 1777 (in 1812 as a separate work), and of a number of erotic etchings.

He died in Paris and is buried in the world famous Père Lachaise Cemetery, where his grave is marked by a life-sized statue.

Legacy
In Napoleon III's Louvre expansion in the 1850s, Denon's name was given to the central pavilion of the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. In the Grand Louvre project of the late 1980s, the entire South Wing of the Louvre Palace was named after him (aile Denon, echoing Richelieu to the North and Sully to the East) as part of a signposting concept developed by the Carbone Smolan Agency.

Works

 * A note at the beginning of this book states 'Point De Lendemain, the authorship of which has also been attributed to Vivant Denon was first published in 1777'. Hence the authorship being stated as Dorat in Sutton's translation.
 * A note at the beginning of this book states 'Point De Lendemain, the authorship of which has also been attributed to Vivant Denon was first published in 1777'. Hence the authorship being stated as Dorat in Sutton's translation.
 * A note at the beginning of this book states 'Point De Lendemain, the authorship of which has also been attributed to Vivant Denon was first published in 1777'. Hence the authorship being stated as Dorat in Sutton's translation.
 * A note at the beginning of this book states 'Point De Lendemain, the authorship of which has also been attributed to Vivant Denon was first published in 1777'. Hence the authorship being stated as Dorat in Sutton's translation.

In fiction
Anthony O'Neill included the character of Vivant Denon in his novel The Empire of Eternity, in which he is portrayed as bisexual.

Lee Langley has written a biographical novel of Denon's life, A conversation on the Quai Voltaire.

Ruth McKenney also includes the character of Vivant Denon in her novel Mirage.

Milan Kundera's Slowness (1995) includes a rewriting of Vivant-Denon's Point de lendemain.

title: Vivant Denon


text:
List of prototype World War II combat vehicles

This list contains combat vehicles which never left the design phase or had an extremely limited production (usually < 10).

Australia

 * Australian Cruiser Tank Mark 3 "Thunderbolt"
 * Australian Cruiser Tank Mark 4
 * Rhino Heavy Armoured Car
 * Australian experimental light tank

Canada

 * Skink anti-aircraft tank

Germany

 * Entwicklung Series Entwicklung series, a comprehensive redesign of German armor from small tracked vehicles to a 100-ton super-heavy tank. Only a single E-100 chassis was completed
 * Leichttraktor, pre-war light tank, four built
 * Neubaufahrzeug, pre-war heavy tank design, five built
 * Panther II, development of the Panzerkampfwagen V "Panther". A single chassis was built
 * Panzerkampfwagen VII "Löwe", a super-heavy tank project that never reached prototype stage
 * Panzerkampfwagen VIII "Maus", a super-heavy tank. Two prototypes built
 * Panzerkampfwagen IX & Panzerkampfwagen X Paper project
 * Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte; paper project
 * Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster; paper project
 * 12.8 cm Selbstfahrlafette auf VK 30.01(H) "Sturer Emil" - tank destroyer; 2 built
 * Heuschrecke 10, Krupp's design for a new self-propelled artillery gun
 * VK 3001 (P) - medium tank; paper project
 * VK 3002(DB) - prototype medium tank; one built
 * VK 4501 (P) - Porsche Tiger tank; 100 hulls built, 90 converted to Ferdinands, one Tiger (P) built, 3 Bergepanzer Tiger (p) and 3 Rammtigers built.
 * Dicker Max, two prototypes built
 * VK 20, medium tank proposed to replace the Panzer III and Panzer IV; paper project
 * Panzer-Selbstfahrlafette II, half-track tank destroyer; two built
 * Panzer-Selbstfahrlafette IV Ausf. C, SPG, 3 built
 * Geschützwagen Tiger, self-propelled artillery gun; one partial prototype built
 * VK 1602 Leopard, reconnaissance tank; paper project

Italy

 * Semovente da 20/70 quadruplo, self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
 * Semovente da 149/40, self-propelled gun
 * Fiat M16/43, fast medium tank
 * P43 heavy tank, Fiat Ansaldo's design for a new heavy tank.

Japan

 * Type 95 heavy tank; 4 built in 1934
 * Hi-Ro Sha 10 cm cannon self-propelled gun on Type 95 heavy tank chassis
 * Ji-Ro Type 92 10 cm cannon self-propelled gun on Type 95 heavy tank chassis
 * Type 97 Chi-Ni medium tank; one prototype built
 * Type 98 Chi-Ho medium tank; 4 built, two in 1940 and two in 1941
 * O-I super-heavy tank design in the 120-ton range. Exact stage of development unknown
 * Type 97 Ki-To SPAAG self-propelled anti-aircraft gun on Type 97 Te-Ke tankette chassis; one prototype built
 * Type 98 Ta-Se single 20 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun on a Type 98 Ke-Ni chassis
 * Type 98 20 mm AAG tank twin 20 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun on a Type 98 Ke-Ni chassis
 * ATG Carrier So-To; light armored transport with an AT Gun in Type 97 Te-Ke tankette structure
 * Type 3 Ke-Ri light tank; a few prototypes were produced
 * Type 2 Ku-Se 75 mm self-propelled gun on a Type 1 Chi-He chassis
 * Type 4 Chi-To medium tank; two completed and four chassis manufactured
 * Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank; one incomplete prototype built
 * Type 5 Ke-Ho light tank; one prototype built
 * Type 4 Ho-To 12 cm self-propelled gun on a modified Type 95 Ha-Go chassis
 * Type 5 Ho-Ru 47 mm self-propelled gun; a light tank destroyer akin to the German Hetzer; one prototype built
 * Type 5 Na-To tank destroyer; two built
 * Type 5 To-Ku amphibious tank
 * Type 5 Ho-Ri tank destroyer with a 105 mm cannon and an additional 37 mm gun; exact status unknown
 * Naval 12 cm SPG; one prototype built with a mounted Type 10 120 mm gun on a Type 97 Chi-Ha chassis

 * Ka-To 105 mm SP AT gun was a combination of the Type 5 Na-To open top superstructure and the extended hull of the Type 4 Chi-To. Exact stage of development unknown
 * Type 5 15 cm SPG Ho-Chi; similar to Type 1 Ho-Ni I and Type 4 Ho-Ro SPGs, with a Type 96 15 cm (149.1 mm) howitzer mounted on a Type 97 chassis. Stage of development unknown
 * Type 97 Experimental flamethrower tank; incomplete prototypes. The first version replaced the hull machine gun with a flamethrower. The second version was fitted with two large, elongated fuel tanks and two flamethrowers on each side of the chassis. It utilized an electric flame igniter system.

New Zealand

 * Schofield tank
 * Bob Semple tank

Poland

 * 9TP light tank
 * 4TP (light) tank
 * 10TP tank
 * 14TP medium tank
 * 20/25TP medium tank
 * PZInż 130 amphibious tank
 * PZInż 152
 * PZInż 202
 * PZInż 222
 * PZInż 303
 * PZInż 342
 * PZInż 603
 * TKW (light) reconnaissance tank
 * TKS-D light tank destroyer

Romania

 * Mareșal tank destroyer
 * TACAM T-38

Spain

 * Verdeja

Soviet Union

 * Antonov A-40
 * T-43 medium tank
 * SMK tank heavy tank; one built
 * T-100 tank heavy tank
 * SU-100Y Self-Propelled Gun 130mm gun on the T-100 chassis
 * SU-14 heavy self-propelled gun on a T-35 chassis
 * PPG tankette
 * KV-3
 * KV-4 super-heavy tank; paper project
 * KV-5
 * KV-9
 * KV-10
 * KV-11
 * KV-12
 * KV-13 Three prototypes built.

United Kingdom

 * Tank, Heavy, TOG I
 * Tank Heavy, TOG II
 * Tank, Heavy Assault, Excelsior (A33)
 * Tank, Infantry, Valiant (A38)
 * Tank, Heavy Assault, Tortoise (A39)
 * Tank, Infantry, Black Prince (A43)
 * A20 heavy tank
 * Alecto

United States

 * M6 heavy tank
 * M7 Medium Tank
 * M38 Wolfhound
 * T14 Heavy Tank
 * T18 Howitzer Motor Carriage; 75 mm howitzer on a M3 chassis
 * T20 Medium Tank
 * T27 Armored Car
 * T28 Super Heavy Tank
 * T29 Heavy Tank
 * T30 Heavy Tank
 * T32 Heavy Tank
 * T34 Heavy Tank
 * T40/M9 Tank Destroyer
 * T54 Gun Motor Carriage
 * T55E1 Gun Motor Carriage
 * T82 Howitzer Motor Carriage
 * T84 Howitzer Motor Carriage
 * T88 Gun Motor Carriage; 105 mm howitzer on a M18 chassis
 * T92 Howitzer Motor Carriage