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Wānaka

Wānaka is a popular ski and summer resort town in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. At the southern end of Lake Wānaka, it is at the start of the Clutha River and is the gateway to Mount Aspiring National Park.

Wānaka is primarily a resort town with both summer and winter seasons. Its economy is based on the many outdoor opportunities this offers.

Historically, Māori visited the Wānaka area to hunt and fish in summer, or on their way to seek pounamu (greenstone) on the West Coast. Ngāi Tahu abandoned their seasonal camps after a raid by a North Island war party in 1836.

The current town was founded as Pembroke during the gold rush of the 19th century, and renamed to Wanaka in 1940. Along with the rest of the Queenstown-Lakes District, Wānaka is growing rapidly, with the population increasing by 50% between 2005 and 2015.

Names
Wānaka is the South Island dialect pronunciation of wānanga, which means 'sacred knowledge or a place of learning'. The New Zealand Gazetteer cites the meaning as "the lore of the tohunga or priest".

While the name could also be a variation of Ō-Anake or Ō-Anaka, a proper name, Ngāi Tahu's atlas Kā Huru Manu dismisses this variation as a simple spelling mistake.

A Kāti Māmoe settlement at the site of modern Wānaka was Para karehu or Parakārehu. Take Kārara was a Kāi Tahu kāinga nohoanga (settlement) at the southern end of Lake Wānaka, including Ruby Island.

The town was named Wanaka when it was first surveyed in 1863, but renamed Pembroke within a month of the surveyor returning his books to Dunedin. Pembroke was the family name of the Hon Sydney Herbert, a UK Cabinet Minister and member of the Canterbury Association.

The town's name reverted to Wanaka on 1 September 1940 to reduce confusion between the names of the town and the lake. The official name of the lake was updated from Lake Wanaka to Lake Wānaka in 2019, and the town to Wānaka in 2021.

History
A Kāti Māmoe settlement at the site of modern Wānaka was named Para karehu.

The area was invaded by the Ngāi Tahu in the early 18th century. Ngāi Tahu visited annually, seeking greenstone in the mountains above the Haast River and hunting eels and birds over summer, then returning to the east coast by descending the Clutha River in reed boats called mōkihi. Their settlement Take Kārara included a pā and a kāinga mahinga kai (food-gathering site) where pora ('Māori turnip'), mahetau, tuna (eels), and weka were gathered. Eels and birds were gathered at a lagoon Manuhaea on the Hāwea side of The Neck, which also supported gardens of potato and turnips.

Ngāi Tahu use of the land was ended by attacks by North Island tribes. In 1836, the Ngāti Tama chief Te Pūoho led a 100-person war party, armed with muskets, down the West Coast and over the Haast Pass. They fell on the Ngāi Tahu encampment between Lake Wānaka and Lake Hāwea, capturing ten people and killing and eating two children. Some of the Ngāi Tahu fled down the Waitaki river to the coast. Te Puoho took his captives over the Crown Range to Lake Wakatipu and thence to Southland where he was killed and his war party destroyed by the southern Ngāi Tahu leader Tūhawaiki.

The first European to visit the area was Nathanael Chalmers, who was guided inland by Chiefs Reko and Kaikōura in 1853. Reko and Kaikoura showed Chalmers the rock bridge Whatatorere at Roaring Meg, which was the only place that the Kawarau River could be jumped over, and returned him down the Clutha in a mōkihi reed boat - arguably the first recorded instance of adventure tourism in the region.

European settlement began in the Upper Clutha River Valley in the 1850s, with the establishment of sheep stations by runholders. The first station was at Albert Town, the only place where settlers could ford the Clutha River. The present site of Wānaka was first surveyed in 1863. Gold was discovered in the nearby Cardrona valley in 1862 with many joining the gold rush. Settlement increased in Pembroke during the 1870s because of timber milling in the Matukituki Valley that used Lake Wānaka for transport.

Mass tourism began in 1867 when Theodore Russell opened the first hotel, and with the world's first sheepdog trials. The first school in the area was opened in Albert Town in 1868. The Pembroke post office opened in 1873; the Pembroke school opened in 1880 (it became the Wanaka District High School in 1940). In 1885 the Commercial Hotel opened in Pembroke, and in 1887 the Wanaka Library opened on Ardmore Street. In 1922, the First Wānaka Hotel was destroyed by fire and was replaced the following year by the Wanaka Public Hall. Wānaka was connected to the national electricity grid in 1940.

Wānaka proved a very popular tourist destination because of its borderline continental climate and easy access to snow and water. With the development of Treble Cone (1968) and Cardrona ski fields (1980), Wānaka grew in popularity as a winter destination.

Geography
The town of Wānaka is at the southern end of Lake Wānaka, surrounded by mountains. To the southwest is the Crown Range and town of Queenstown, 120 km away. To the north the Haast Pass cuts through the Southern Alps near Makarora. To the northeast are the towns of Omarama and Twizel. Lake Wānaka comes within 1 km of the slightly smaller Lake Hāwea; they are separated only by rocky ridge called "The Neck". South of Wānaka, the wide Upper Clutha valley leads to Cromwell at the junction of the Kawarau and Clutha rivers.

Glendhu Bay is on the lake's western shore, close to the Matukituki River valley which gives access to the Mount Aspiring National Park.

The centre of the town lies on flat land beside Roy's Bay. The town has expanded into the hills surrounding the centre and in both directions along the lake shore. The lakeside area of the town is prone to occasional flooding in spring when heavy rain and snowmelt can cause the lake to rise quickly, as in November 1999.

Climate
Despite New Zealand's mostly oceanic climate, Wānaka is one of the few areas in the country to enjoy a semi-continental climate, with four distinct seasons. The weather is fairly dry, with spring (September–December) being the wettest season. Annual rainfall is 682 mm which is half the national average. Wānaka's summers are warm, with temperatures reaching the high 20s and an average summer maximum of 24 C. Wānaka's highest-ever temperature of 35.2 C was recorded in January 2018.

Winter can be extreme by New Zealand standards with temperature mostly in the single digits during the day time followed by cold and frosty nights and frequent snowfalls.

Demography
Wānaka covers 28.61 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is the country's 43rd-largest urban area and the fifth-largest urban area in Otago behind Dunedin, Queenstown, Mosgiel and Oamaru.

Wānaka had a population of 9,552 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 3,078 people (47.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 4,509 people (89.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,480 households, comprising 4,719 males and 4,842 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 1,662 people (17.4%) aged under 15 years, 1,611 (16.9%) aged 15 to 29, 4,599 (48.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,695 (17.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 92.7% European/Pākehā, 5.2% Māori, 0.5% Pasifika, 4.5% Asian, and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 28.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 60.7% had no religion, 31.2% were Christian, 1.0% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,340 (29.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 720 (9.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,641 people (20.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,386 (55.6%) people were employed full-time, 1,323 (16.8%) were part-time, and 72 (0.9%) were unemployed.

Government
Wānaka is in the Waitaki electorate, represented by the New Zealand National Party's Miles Anderson since 2023.

Wānaka's local governments are the Queenstown-Lakes District Council and the Otago Regional Council.

Wānaka wine sub-region
The area around Wānaka is a formal sub-region of the Central Otago wine region with several top wineries and vineyards. As with other parts of the wine region, the main grape variety in the area is pinot noir.

Attractions
With its lake and mountain views, Wānaka has become a popular tourist resort, considered less commercialised than Queenstown.

Wānaka boasts a growing number of restaurants, cafes and a diverse nightlife. Other attractions in the town include Puzzling World and the Paradiso Cinema. Puzzling World contains a maze, optical illusions and a leaning clocktower. The Paradiso is a classic old cinema, with seating consisting of old couches and an in-theatre Morris Minor. There are several wineries in the area. Just out of town next to the Wānaka Airport is the National Transport and Toy Museum.

In winter, Wānaka is an excellent place to see the Southern Lights.

A number of mountains surrounding Wānaka can be climbed, including Roys Peak, Mount Iron, Mount Grand and the Pisa Range, all of which provide views of the surrounding area.

"That Wānaka Tree" – a willow growing just inside the lake – is a tourist attraction in its own right, featuring on many tourists' Instagram feeds. The tree had its lower branches cut by vandals in 2020.

Festivals

 * The biennial Warbirds over Wanaka airshow is a major attraction for national and international guests.
 * Wanakafest
 * NZ Freeski Open
 * The biennial New Zealand music Rippon Festival
 * Challenge Wanaka Triathlon Festival
 * The Festival of Colour is a biennial multi disciplinary arts festival featuring theatre, music, dance and visual arts. Held every second April, it alternates with the ideas festival Aspiring Conversations; both are organised by the Southern Lakes Arts Festival Trust.
 * Rhythm & Alps
 * The Wānaka agricultural and pastural show has been held since 1934 at the showgrounds in Wānaka. Thirty to forty thousand people were expected at the 85th edition in March 2022.
 * The Wanaka Rodeo is normally held each summer but was forced to cancel the 2022 edition due to "uncertainty around Covid-19 and new regulations".

Film locations
Films made in the Wānaka region include The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, the Legend of S, and A Wrinkle in Time.

Summer
Wānaka is host to outdoor recreation and tourism activities with hiking, mountain biking, mountaineering, rock climbing, fishing, paragliding, kayaking, rafting, jetboating, and environmental activities. Wānaka has a sunny climate and serves as an access point to the highest New Zealand mountain outside of the Aoraki / Mount Cook region: Mount Aspiring / Tititea.

Mount Aspiring National Park is popular for mountaineering and hiking. Tourists enjoy day trips into the park and many tourists go hiking in the park for up to a week at a time. Parts of the Matukituki Valley on the road to the park are popular for rock climbing, and for day walks.

Lake Wānaka itself is popular for waterskiing, wakeboarding and sailing. This along with the local rivers provide many opportunities for fishing. There is a dedicated mountain biking area made by volunteers in a local pine forest. Adjacent to the bike park is an 18-hole disc golf course. All the local ski resorts are open for mountain biking and hiking in the summer.

Winter
Wānaka has the broadest range of snow activity choices of any town in New Zealand. These include Treble Cone, Cardrona Alpine Resort and Snow Farm, some of New Zealand's premier commercial ski fields. Wānaka is the main accommodation provider for these resorts and so is very busy in high season (July–September).

Winter in Wānaka is also the home to a variety of winter sporting events including everything from the annual free Winter Games to the Merino Muster.

Treble Cone has good lift-accessed terrain and for this reason has become popular amongst visitors, 'ConeHeads'. It also catches some of the better snow in the area, with its location and orientation getting more snow from NW storms.

Cardrona is more attractive to families and beginners, though an attempt has been made at the park riding population in competition with SnowPark. Snowpark is a dedicated 100% artificial terrain park for advanced riders. Snow Farm is New Zealand's only commercial cross-country ski field.

Cardrona also hosts one of the few Olympic-sized half-pipes in the world and has been used for practice for Olympic competition.

Swimming pool
The Wānaka Recreation Centre has a 25 metre lap pool, a 20 metre learners pool and hot pool for adults. It is located at 41 Sir Tim Wallis Drive. The swimming complex was opened in 2018 and cost $12.8 million.

Wānaka Community Hub
The Wānaka Community Hub is home to 25 community organisations. The building includes a hall, foyer and offices. The build cost $3.8 million and was opened in October 2021.

Library
The Wānaka Library is in Dunmore Street. As well as an extensive collection of books and ebooks, audiobooks and newspapers, the library provides Wi-Fi, printing, copying and computer facilities. After issues with freedom campers in 2016, signs in the Wānaka Library ask people not to bathe or wash dishes in the toilets.

Golf course
The Wānaka golf course, located on Ballantye Road, was established in 1922. A further nine holes were added to the course in 1967 to make it an 18 hole golf course. The Wanaka Golf Club has around 950 members.

Tititea/Mount Aspiring National Park visitor centre
The Tititea/Mount Aspiring National Park visitor centre is located on the corner of Ardmore St and Ballentyne Rd. It provides advice about walking and hiking in the national park and information about the huts, campsites, weather and heritage sites. There is also a small museum display of the history, fauna and flora of the national park within the visitor centre.

Pembroke Park
Pembroke Park covers 10.5 ha on the foreshore of Lake Wānaka. The majority of the park is grass fields, with a skate park and 136 carparks close to the town centre.

Originally known as "The Commonage", the park was surveyed in 1875 and 1880. A nine-hole golf course was established on the park by 1920, with barbed wire to keep the cows out. From 1940, the New Zealand Electricity Department held the park with the thought that Lake Wanaka might be used for hydro-electricity production. It was designated as a recreational reserve in 1971, managed by Lake County Council, (which later became the Queenstown-Lakes District Council).

The establishment of the parking lot in Pembroke Park in 2000 was controversial, as one of its management objectives is "to preserve in perpetuity Pembroke Park as a recreational area for the enjoyment of the people of Wanaka and visitors".

Saint Columba's Anglican Church
Saint Columba's was built in 1902 and completed in 1911. It is a category 2 historic place.

Chalmers' cottage
Chalmers' cottage is a grade 2 listed building. It was built in the 1870s for Archibald Chalmers, who was a butcher based in Wānaka.

Wānaka War Memorial
The Wānaka War Memorial commemorates the twenty seven soldiers from the area that died in World War I and the nine that died in World War II. It is located on Chalmers Street.

Dinosaur slide
The dinosaur slide built by the Wānaka Jaycees in 1976 is a well known fixture at the lakefront playground in Wānaka.

Wānaka watersports facility
Described as having a "richly textured and contoured façade [which] belies the tough functional requirements demanded by a project realised in a sensitive environmental zone", the Wānaka watersports facility was the winner of the 2020 Southern Architecture Awards. It is used by the Wānaka Rowing Club Rowing Club, Wanaka Lake Swimmers and TriWanaka. { The facility gained resource consent in 2016 despite 744 submitters opposing the build.

Holy Family Catholic Church
Holy Family Catholic Church was built in 2011 and its organic form was designed to allude to the mountains that surround it. The church replaced the previous church in Brownston Street. It is located next to the Holy Family School.

Education
Wānaka has four schools.

 * Holy Family School is a state-integrated Catholic full primary (Year 1–8) school, and has students. The school was established in 2006.
 * Mount Aspiring College is a state Year 7–13 secondary school, and has students. The school was established in 1986 following the split of Wanaka Area School.
 * Wānaka Primary School is a state contributing primary (Year 1–6) school and has students. The school was established in 1986 following the split of Wanaka Area School and relocated to its current site in October 2010.
 * Te Kura O Take Kārara is a state contributing primary school, and has students. The schools was established in 2020, providing capacity for more primary school aged children as Wānaka's population grows.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Transport
Wānaka is served by the Wānaka Airport as well as by roads over the Crown Range, through the Haast Pass/Tioripatea to the West Coast, to Mount Cook Village via the Lindis Pass to the north, and south through Cromwell by.

There are daily bus services to Christchurch, Dunedin, Queenstown and Greymouth.

During the early 20th century an unsuccessful proposal was made for the Otago Central Railway, then terminated at Cromwell, to be extended to Wānaka and onward to Lake Hāwea. The main reason for NZR's reluctance was having to cross the Clutha River twice. A more direct route to Hāwea was planned but dropped due to cost.

Utilities
Aurora Energy operates the electricity distribution network in and around Wānaka. Electricity is fed from Transpower's national grid at Cromwell to Wānaka via twin 66,000-volt lines.

Fresh water for the town is drawn from Lake Wānaka via two inlets and treated by chlorination prior to distribution. Since 2008, the water supply has had issues with Didymo "rock snot" algae entering the system and building up, clogging filters and household plumbing. The Queenstown-Lakes District Council planned to add protozoal treatment to the water supply in 2024.

Commerce
In late 2021, Wānaka became home to the smallest Countdown supermarket in New Zealand. It will provide increased competition in the supermarket trade for Wānaka.

Resource consent was approved for a film studio development in 2021. The film studio is expected to cost $280 million and will include up to 10 sound stages, an 11 hectare lake, an Italian village and replicas of parts of Venice, Paris and New York City.

Notable people

 * Tim Wallis – A pilot and businessman, started Warbirds over Wanaka, and has a street named after him in the town: Sir Tim Wallis Drive.
 * Nico Porteous – New Zealand's youngest Olympic medallist
 * Zoi Sadowski-Synnott – New Zealand's first winter Olympic gold medallist

title: Wānaka


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List of medical symptoms

Medical symptoms refer to the manifestations or indications of a disease or condition, perceived and complained about by the patient. Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals.

Because most people are not diagnostically trained or knowledgeable, they typically describe their symptoms in layman's terms, rather than using specific medical terminology. This list is not exhaustive.

Symptoms by presentation
'''My ... hurts''' I feel:
 * abdomen
 * back
 * chest
 * ear
 * head
 * pelvis
 * tooth
 * rectum
 * skin
 * Extremities
 * leg
 * Chronic pain
 * Chills
 * Fever
 * Paresthesia (numbness, tingling, electric tweaks)
 * Light-headed
 * Dizzy
 * Dizzy – about to black out
 * Dizzy – with the room spinning around me
 * My mouth is dry
 * Nauseated
 * Sick
 * like I have the flu
 * like I have to vomit
 * Short of breath
 * Sleepy
 * Sweaty
 * Thirsty
 * Tired
 * Weak

I can't:
 * Breathe normally
 * Hear normally:
 * losing hearing
 * sounds are too loud
 * ringing or hissing in my ears
 * Move one side – arm and/or leg
 * Defecate normally
 * Urinate normally
 * Remember normally
 * See properly:
 * Blindness
 * blurred vision
 * double vision
 * Sleep normally
 * Smell things normally
 * Speak normally
 * Excrete solid feces
 * Stop scratching
 * Stop sweating
 * Swallow normally
 * Taste properly
 * Walk normally
 * Write normally

Medical signs and symptoms
Where available, ICD-10 codes are listed. When codes are available both as a sign/symptom (R code) and as an underlying condition, the code for the sign is used.

When there is no symptoms for a disease that a patient has, the patient is said to be asymptomatic.

 * General
 * anorexia (R63.0)
 * weight loss (R63.4)
 * cachexia (R64)
 * chills and shivering
 * convulsions (R56)
 * deformity
 * discharge
 * dizziness / Vertigo (R42)
 * fatigue (R53)
 * malaise
 * asthenia
 * hypothermia (T68)
 * jaundice (P58, P59, R17)
 * muscle weakness (M62.8)
 * pyrexia (R50)
 * sweats
 * swelling
 * swollen or painful lymph node(s) (I88, L04, R59.1)
 * weight gain (R63.5)
 * Cardiovascular
 * arrhythmia
 * bradycardia (R00.1)
 * chest pain (R07)
 * claudication
 * palpitations (R00.2)
 * tachycardia (R00.0)
 * Ear, Nose and Throat
 * dry mouth (R68.2)
 * epistaxis (R04.0)
 * halitosis
 * hearing loss
 * nasal discharge
 * otalgia (H92.0)
 * otorrhea (H92.1)
 * sore throat
 * toothache
 * tinnitus (H93.1)
 * trismus
 * Gastrointestinal
 * abdominal pain (R10)
 * bloating (R14)
 * belching (R14)
 * bleeding:
 * Hematemesis
 * blood in stool: melena (K92.1), hematochezia
 * constipation (K59.0)
 * diarrhea (A09, K58, K59.1)
 * dysphagia (R13)
 * dyspepsia (K30)
 * fecal incontinence
 * flatulence (R14)
 * heartburn
 * nausea (R11)
 * odynophagia
 * proctalgia fugax
 * pyrosis (R12)
 * Rectal tenesmus
 * steatorrhea
 * vomiting (R11)
 * Integumentary
 * Hair:
 * alopecia
 * hirsutism
 * hypertrichosis
 * nail:
 * Skin:
 * abrasion
 * anasarca (R60.1)
 * bleeding into the skin
 * petechia
 * purpura
 * ecchymosis and bruising (Sx0 (x=0 through 9))
 * blister (T14.0)
 * edema (R60)
 * itching (L29)
 * Janeway lesions and Osler's node
 * laceration
 * rash (R21)
 * urticaria (L50)
 * Neurological
 * abnormal posturing
 * acalculia
 * agnosia
 * alexia
 * amnesia
 * anomia
 * anosognosia
 * aphasia and apraxia
 * apraxia
 * ataxia
 * cataplexy (G47.4)
 * confusion
 * dysarthria
 * dysdiadochokinesia
 * dysgraphia
 * hallucination
 * headache (R51)
 * hypokinetic movement disorder:
 * akinesia
 * bradykinesia
 * hyperkinetic movement disorder:
 * akathisia
 * athetosis
 * ballismus
 * blepharospasm
 * chorea
 * dystonia
 * fasciculation
 * muscle cramps (R25.2)
 * myoclonus
 * opsoclonus
 * tic
 * tremor
 * flapping tremor
 * insomnia (F51.0, G47.0)
 * Lhermitte's sign (as if an electrical sensation shoots down back & into arms)
 * loss of consciousness
 * Syncope (medicine) (R55)
 * neck stiffness
 * opisthotonus
 * paralysis and paresis
 * paresthesia (R20.2)
 * prosopagnosia
 * somnolence (R40.0)
 * Obstetric / Gynaecological
 * abnormal vaginal bleeding
 * vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy / miscarriage
 * vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy
 * amenorrhea
 * infertility
 * painful intercourse (N94.1)
 * pelvic pain
 * vaginal discharge
 * Ocular
 * amaurosis fugax (G45.3) and amaurosis
 * blurred vision
 * Dalrymple's sign
 * double vision (H53.2)
 * exophthalmos (H05.2)
 * mydriasis/miosis (H570)
 * nystagmus
 * Psychiatric
 * amusia
 * anhedonia
 * anxiety
 * apathy
 * confabulation
 * depression
 * delusion
 * euphoria
 * homicidal ideation
 * irritability
 * mania (F30)
 * paranoid ideation
 * phobia:
 * suicidal ideation
 * Pulmonary
 * apnea and hypopnea
 * cough (R05)
 * dyspnea (R06.0)
 * bradypnea (R06.0) and tachypnea (R06.0)
 * orthopnea and platypnea
 * trepopnea
 * hemoptysis (R04.2)
 * pleuritic chest pain
 * sputum production (R09.3)
 * Rheumatologic
 * arthralgia
 * back pain
 * sciatica
 * Urologic
 * dysuria (R30.0)
 * hematospermia
 * hematuria (R31)
 * impotence (N48.4)
 * polyuria (R35)
 * retrograde ejaculation
 * strangury
 * urethral discharge
 * urinary frequency (R35)
 * urinary incontinence (R32)
 * urinary retention

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of medical symptoms


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/System Administration and Networking Engineering

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled System Administration and Networking Engineering.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was deletion.

Not really a subject and rather empty.

 * It's a misleading name too, it should be System Administration and Networking Engineering Conference . Even so, this is probably just a means for the conference organizers to promote it. Delete. Wikispam. Alcarillo 21:01, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If someone wants to write up the conference, fine; otherwise we should (probably have) distinct articles on System Admin, and Network Engineering. --Tagishsimon
 * Delete: content-free advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:54, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing-burger. -- Stevietheman 01:19, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Shut 'Em Down (album)

Shut 'Em Down is the third album by American hip hop group Onyx, released on June 2, 1998, by JMJ Records and Def Jam. The album was produced by Keith Horne and Self, with help from DJ Scratch of EPMD, Bud'da and Latief. The album features guest appearances from Onyx's affiliate X1, DMX, a then-unknown 50 Cent, Still Livin from Gang Green, All City, Mr. Cheeks, Wu-Tang Clan, N.O.R.E., Big Pun and others.

Shut 'Em Down debuted at number 10 on the U.S. Billboard 200, and number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart and sold 90,000 copies in its first week. The album features three the Billboard singles The Worst, Shut 'Em Down and React. The album sold fairly well, moving over 500,000 units.

"Shut 'Em Down" was the last album released by Onyx on Def Jam. JMJ Records as well as Onyx were officially removed from Def Jam on "Black Thursday" - January 21, 1999 - because the label PolyGram, who in 1994 purchased 50% of Sony's Def Jam, was sold to Seagram on December 10, 1998.

Background
"Shut 'Em Down" was originally supposed to be released on March 17, 1998, but was delayed until April 17, then May 19, and was finally released on June 2. Chyskillz was originally picked as the main producer of the third album. This was written in the "Billboard Magazine" on July 13, 1996.

In February 1998, in an interview for MTV over the phone line, Sticky Fingaz told about the new album: "'...It's like a combination of both of the (first two) albums taken to the next level. All We Got Iz Us was more narcissistic, it was a dark album. This one has elements of both, style flipping. We got appearances by Nas and Wu-Tang'."

Recording and production
The album was recorded in New York City and Los Angeles. The album features guest spots from Onyx's affiliate X1, DMX, Chocolate, Clay The Raider (also known as Scarred 4 Life), 50 Cent, Bonifucco, Still Livin' from Gang Green, Sunshine, Bubba Smith, All City's J. Mega and Greg Valentine, Mr. Cheeks, Killa Sin, Method Man, Raekwon, N.O.R.E. and Big Pun. Most of the album was produced by Self and Keith Horne, with help from DJ Scratch on the songs "Street Nigguz", "Conspiracy" and "Black Dust", Bud'da also produced the songs "React" and "Ghetto Starz". Latief made music for collaboration with Wu-Tang Clan called "The Worst".

According to Keith Horne, one of the producers of the album "Shut 'Em Down", this album was technically the forth studio album by Onyx. It was recorded a lot of songs for two albums, but eventually only one album was released. Keith Horne made 11 songs with Onyx, but only 5 of them were included on the album. "Take That" was cut from the album to not make a double album. The song "Broke Willies" samples a portion of Rolling Stones's song Miss You.

Self was introduced to the group by Onyx's road manager Eat 'Em Up. Self did seven tracks for their third album Shut 'Em Down, but only five of them were placed on the album. He produced the single Shut 'Em Down, the first record with DMX. He also produced the remix for this song featuring Big Pun.

Shut 'Em Down (Exclusive Advance)
Def Jam released a promo release on the CD in the cardboard sleeve "Shut 'Em Down (Exclusive Advance)" in February 1998. The contents of this CD differed significantly from the final version of the album: "Broke Willies" was originally called "Stones", "Rob & Vic" was originally called "Love Of Money" (and had a completely different beat), the song "I Don't Wanna Die" was later removed (since R. Kelly did not give permission for using his chorus), there was a X1 verse in the song "Ghetto Starz", "Overshine" was not a hidden track, in the song "Black Dust" the line from Sonny Seeza's verse was cut, "The Worst" was named "Onyx vs. Wu-Tang". In addition, the original cover of the album was too similar to the cover of the album "All We Got Iz Us" and the members of Onyx thought that people could get confused, so they changed it

The 1998 Grammy Awards
The 40th Annual Grammy Awards, were held on February 25, 1998, at Radio City Music Hall, New York City. Sticky Fingaz told Ol' Dirty Bastard of his plan to take over the stage to promote Onyx's new album "Shut 'Em Down" at that evening the Grammys were going to take place. "'...This time I need to promote 'Shut 'Em Down' album... Me and my DJ LS One, we ain't even have tickets to the Grammys... we just walked through security, talking to each other like we supposed to be here... I went to the bathroom, I washed my hands and I'm looking at the mirror and saw a nigga ODB, I'm like 'Who the fuck is this? What up my nigga! Yo, I'm about to go shut this shit down, basically go onstage and promote the motherfucking album' and I told the nigga my plan, he's like, 'Alright! Let's go! Do it!'. Along the way, I stopped to talk to a motherfucking bitch... ODB was with U-God. I was with LS One, so I asked 'Yo! LS, where's this nigga Dirty go?'. He's like 'I don't know'. We walk into the auditorium, open the door, and who the fuck do I see onstage? ODB. I'm like, 'This motherfucker stole my shit and did it without me?''."

Ol' Dirty stole his idea and did it without him. Shawn Colvin's trip to the podium to pick up her award for Song of the Year was interrupted by the Wu-Tang Clan's Ol' Dirty Bastard who stole the mic to praise his group, and his new clothes, after Wu-Tang lost the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The album in question was Wu-Tang Forever. They lost to Puff Daddy's "No Way Out". O.D.B. urged the crowd to "Please calm down," and launched into a confusing speech thusly: "'...I went and bought me an outfit today that cost me a lot of money, because I figured that Wu-Tang was gonna win. I don't know how you all see it, but when it comes to the children, Wu-Tang is for the children. We teach the children. Puffy is good, but Wu-Tang is the best. I want you all to know that this is ODB, and I love you all, peace'."

This incident was immortalized by Sticky Fingaz in the song "Shut 'Em Down Remix": "They scared to death mothafuckas trying to ban me / I'm the one who told Ol' Dirty to shut down the Grammys".

Def Jam promo campaigns
In 1997, Def Jam released a series of 5 audio cassettes entitled "The Unstoppable Def Jam Sampler": Foxy Brown, LL Cool J, Method Man, Redman, EPMD. On each cassette was pictured one artist of Def Jam in the form of a comic book character. The packaging opened like a pack of cigarettes. All the tapes had the same 11 tracks from the artists of the label Def Jam. On all cassettes there was the same Onyx's track "Face Down" from the upcoming album "Shut 'Em Down".

In May 1998, as part of its "Survival Of The Illest" campaign, Def Jam released a series of 3 CDs called "Survival Of The Illest", vol. 1/2/3 (Limited Collector's Edition CD). The first such promotional CD was released as a bonus CD of DMX's album "It's Dark And Hell Is Hot", released on May 19, 1998. It included 11 tracks of Onyx, 10 of which were on the album "Shut 'Em Down". Another track is the freestyle "See You In Hell, Pt.2", recorded for DJ Clue's mixtape "The Curse Of The Clue" (1997), this freestyle can also be found on the compilation Cold Case Files Vol. 1 (2008). The second promo CD was released as a bonus disc of Onyx's album "Shut 'Em Down" on June 2, 1998. The third promo CD was released as a bonus disc of Def Squad's album "El Niño", released on June 30, 1998.

In May 1998, as part of its "Survival Of The Illest" campaign, Def Jam released a series of 2 vinyl records called "Survival Of The Illest", vol. 1 and vol. 2, which included new tracks from DMX, Onyx and Def Squad. The 1st collection includes Onyx's tracks from the album "Shut 'Em Down": "React" (Radio Edit) and "React" (TV Track). The 2nd collection includes Onyx's tracks from the album "Shut 'Em Down": "Broke Willies" (Radio Edit) and "Broke Willies" (TV Track).

In 1999, Def Jam released a series of 8 CDs titled "The Unstoppable Def Jam Sampler": Redman, Foxy Brown, Public Enemy, DMX, ONYX, LL Cool J, Method Man, EPMD. On each disc was one rapper of Def Jam in the form of a comic book character. On each disc there were 6 tracks from the artists of the label. On the discs "Method Man" and "EPMD" there was a freestyle called "See You In Hell" by Onyx, recorded for DJ Clue's mixtape in 1997.

In 1999, Def Jam released a series of 2 CDs entitled "The Unstoppable Def Jam Sampler", vol I and vol II. On each disc, 4 artists of the Def Jam label were shown in the form of comic book characters. On each disc there were 12 tracks from the artists of the label. On the first CD there was a freestyle called "See You In Hell" by Onyx, recorded for DJ Clue's mixtape in 1997.

The last album on Def Jam
"Shut 'Em Down" is the last album released by Onyx on Def Jam. JMJ Records as well as Onyx were officially removed from Def Jam on "Black Thursday" - January 21, 1999 - because the label PolyGram, who in 1994 purchased 50% of Sony's Def Jam, was sold to Seagram on December 10, 1998.

Only four years earlier, Onyx were "saving Def Jam", as Sticky Fingaz put it, but now they were hoping the label would save them. Their third—and what would become their final—album on Def Jam, "Shut 'Em Down", barely went gold. "'...Our unity with [Jam Master] Jay was broken, our unity with the label was broken', says Sticky, who came by the office one day and threw a tantrum. 'I flipped out, pulling plaques off the wall, throwing shit around, mad', he remembers."

Singles
Four singles were released from this album: "The Worst", "Shut 'Em Down", "React", "Broke Willies".

The first single, "The Worst" featuring Wu-Tang Clan's Method Man, Raekwon and their affiliate Killa Sin was released, December 23, 1997. The song appeared on the Ride soundtrack. Fredro Starr and Sticky Fingaz also starred in this movie "Ride", which was originally called "I-95". The song peaked at #6 on the "Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales" for two weeks, #22 on the "Hot Rap Singles" for two weeks, and #64 on the Billboard's "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs" for two weeks. The video was directed by Diane Martel and depicts a post-apocalyptic world where rap is banned. The video was filmed in Chinatown, Manhattan, New York City (Ipoh Garden Malaysian Chinese) in December 1997 and was released on "The BOX" on March 14, 1998.

In February 1998, in an interview for MTV, Sticky Fingaz told about collaborating with Wu-Tang: "'...It was a collaboration. Working on the soundtrack was a lot like the tour we did with them, we're on the same vibe... It's about the worst of the worst, meaning the best. We're the worst nightmare for everyone in hip-hop. That shit is fucking right'."

The second single, "Shut 'Em Down" featuring DMX was released on February 6, 1998. Single was released with a promo sticker "From the forthcoming album 'Shut 'Em Down' in stores March 17, 1998". The song debuted at #43 on the "Hot Rap Singles" on February 7, 1998, peaked at #26 on the "Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales" for two weeks, and #61 on the Billboard's "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs".

In the interview on "White Label Radio", Fredro Starr told a story about how Onyx recorded the title track. DMX came to the NYC's studio, "Sound On Sound Studios, to record the song "Shut 'Em Down" accompanied by his pitbulls and members of Ruff Ryders, but on the shooting of a video in Downtown Los Angeles, he arrived alone with the dogs!

The video was directed by Gregory Dark and was filmed in Downtown Los Angeles in December 1997 and was released on "The BOX" in February 1998.

The third single, "React" featuring Bonifucco, X1, 50 Cent and Still Livin was released on June 2, 1998. The song peaked at #44 on the "Hot Rap Singles", and #62 on the Billboard's "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs".

"React" was debut directorial video of the famous director Little X and premiered in "Rap City" (aired on BET)

50 Cent spoke on his appearance in the video "React" when asked about the last time he went ice-skating. "'...It's been a long time,' 50 Cent said. 'It actually was the Onyx video. I had to learn for the video. I didn't know why. I was like 'What the—?' I asked them to put me in the box. Like an actual [penalty box]'."

The fourth single, "Broke Willies / Ghetto Starz" featuring X1 and Mr. Cheeks was released in September 1998 with a promo sticker "The next single from the gold album Shut 'Em Down '98". An alternative radio version of the song "Broke Willies" was released on the singles "React" and "Broke Willies". Dirty single version is still not released.

The video was directed by Little X on August 1, and premiered in "Rap City" (aired on BET) in September 1998.

The Queens, N.Y., natives give R. Kelly's "I Believe I Can Fly" a macabre reworking, offering a somewhat controlled version of their seemingly endless rage.

In February 1998, in an interview for MTV over the phone line, Fredro Starr told about the meaning of the song "Raze It Up": "'...'Raise It Up' is about representing wherever you at, representing this real hip-hop shit, so wherever you are on the other end, you can hear it and know we know what's going on'."

Original versions
In 2012, the original full version of the song "Take That" was found. The song contains verses from Fredro Starr and Sonny Seeza, which were cut down on the album. Also, original versions of the songs "Raze It Up" and "Broke Willies" were found, originally called "We Comin' Thru Ya'll". Both songs contain completely different lyrics. All these songs were included in the compilation Cold Case Files Vol. 2.

In 2016, the original version of the song "Shut 'Em Down Remix" was found. The song contains completely different lyrics from all the members of the group. There's also a verse from X1 that did not get on the album.

Tribute
In 2005, "Shut 'Em Down (Remix)" was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories.

In 2012, the Mongolian hip-hop group Ice Top recorded a cover version of the song "Shut 'Em Down Remix" by Onyx called "Shartai" and then filmed a video for this track.

In 2014, Onyx released an album called #WakeDaFucUp that included a song called "The Tunnel" dedicated to the NYC's club "The Tunnel" in which the group performed several times. In 1998, Onyx was at the club "The Tunnel" on Sunday May 31, 1998, where they come to present their new album "Shut 'Em Down" which was released after 2 days on Tuesday, June 2, 1998.

In 2017, in honor of 19th anniversary of Onyx's album "Shut 'Em Down" Atlanta's rapper Sick Flo, who's also a member of Onyx's movement "100 MAD", released a tribute video called "Shut 'Em Down".

Critical response
Shut Em Down was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Judson Kilpatrick of Vibe magazine saying "On their third album, Shut 'Em Down. Onyx still sound loud, grimy, and angry. But their usual cutthroat lyric barrages are now balanced by a few mellow tracks, such as “Ghetto Starz” (which features the radio-friendly Lost Boyz rapping over Queen’s thumping 1980 “Another One Bites the Dust”). Onyx even transform the O'Jays’ 1973 “For the Love of Money” into a self-help message rap-albeit one filled with graphic violence. As Sticky Fingaz says on the title track, “If men are dogs / I'm the Rottweiler.” Shut ’Em Down is worthy. This time their beats are slightly more delicate, but Onyx are anything but soft."

Soren Baker of The Source gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying "Their third opus, Shut 'Em Down, arrives with a sound and attitude that lies somewhere between their first two projects. The excitement of “Raze It Up” and the gut-busting title track (which features yet another blazing performance from DМХ) will appeal to those thirsting for the rougher side of things. Onyx occasionally falter with their attempts at capturing the R&B/hip-hop aesthetic. Evidently, after watching most of their peers win with club songs, the bald-headed wonders decided to follow suit. “Ghetto Starz” features a guest appearance from the always lively Lost Boyz, while R. Kelly's “I Believe I Can Fly” gets a ghetto revamping on the bizarre “I Don't Wanna Die”. No question. the group is better suited when they stick to their guns and leave that club shit to P-Diddy and his Family. Flaunting a more expanded musical repertoire. Onyx's 'Shut 'Еm Down' will probably not overtake the current commercial stance of the rap game, but, for the most part, it serves as an appealing reminder of why this Q-borough crew blew up in the first place.

"Shut 'Em Down" is a favorite album of Onyx's Sticky Fingaz.

Track listing

 * Notes
 * "The Worst" contains a hidden track - "Overshine" which is track 18b here.

Personnel
Credits for Shut 'Em Down adapted from AllMusic and CD booklet.

 * Onyx — executive producer, primary artist, producer
 * Jason Mizell — executive producer
 * Randy Allen — executive producer
 * Irv Gotti — A&R direction
 * Khary "Eat 'Em Up" Lee — A&R direction
 * Aaron Seawood — management
 * Tom Coyne — mastering
 * Jazz Young — marketing
 * The Drawing Board — art direction, design
 * Clay McBride — photography
 * Connie Johnson — stylist
 * Lydia High — project coordinator
 * DJ LS One — scratches
 * DMX — guest artist, performer, primary artist
 * The Lost Boyz — guest artist
 * Method Man — vocals
 * Raekwon — vocals
 * Bubba Smith — vocals
 * Bud'da — producer
 * DJ Scratch — producer
 * Keith Horne — producer
 * Patrick Viala — remixing
 * Tony Black — mixing, remixing
 * Don Elliott — engineer, mixing
 * Ken "Duro" Ifill — engineer, mixing
 * Vinny Nicoletti — mixing
 * John Klemmer — sample source
 * J.R. Cobb — composer
 * Lowell Fulson — composer
 * Erin Hinson — composer
 * Ernie Isley — composer
 * Chris Jasper — composer
 * K. Jones — composer
 * Jimmy McCracklin — composer
 * Mr. Cheeks — composer
 * J.B. Moore — composer
 * Richard Rodgers — composer
 * Fred Scruggs — composer
 * Clifford Smith — composer
 * George Spivey — composer
 * T. Taylor — composer
 * K. Walker — composer
 * C. Woods — composer

Leftover tracks
Songs that were recorded in 1996-1997 during the "Shut 'Em Down" sessions but cut from the final album:
 * "Mad World" (feat. Who$ane & X1) (prod. by Self Service)
 * "My Time" by X1 (prod. by Self Service)
 * "Hi Hoe"
 * "Crime Stories"
 * "Anything Goes"
 * "See You In Hell"
 * "See You In Hell, Pt. 2" (also known as "Livin' In Hell") (feat. X1)
 * "Shut 'Em Down Remix" (Original Version) (feat. Noreaga, X1 and Big Pun) (prod. by Patrick Viala)
 * "Wili'n Wili'n" (feat. All City and Gang Green)
 * "Set It Str8" (feat. X1 and Dez from Gang Green)
 * "Hydro" (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "Pussy On The Regular" (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "Take That" (Full Version) (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "Raze It Up" (Alternate Lyrics) (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "I Don't Wanna Die" (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "Love Of Money" (feat. X1 and Chocolate) (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "We Comin' Thru Ya'll" (prod. by Keith Horne)
 * "Love Of Money '96" (feat. X1 and Chocolate) (Unreleased rock version with different lyrics)
 * "Vissi D'Arte" (feat. Kathy Magestro) (prod. by Voelker Brothers)
 * "Ghetto Starz" (feat. X1 and Mr. Cheeks) (prod. by Bud'da)
 * "Hey!" (also known as "Bring It") (The Philadelphia Flyers half time anthem) (prod. by Keith Horne)

title: Shut 'Em Down (album)


text:
PanAmSat

PanAmSat Corporation was a satellite service provider headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1984 by Reynold "Rene" Anselmo, it operated a fleet of communications satellites used by the entertainment industry, news agencies, internet service providers, government agencies, and telecommunication companies. Anselmo got the idea for PanAmSat from Norm Leventhal, a communications lawyer in Washington, D.C., to whom he had turned to for advice regarding difficulties he was encountering in getting reasonably priced satellite transmission for his Spanish International Network (SIN), the current-day Univision. Anselmo financed the entire project himself and Leventhal's law firm, hiring Martin Rothblatt for special satellite technical advice, filed for approval from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and lining up an initial satellite from RCA Astro-Electronics and a heavily discounted launch from Arianespace.

PanAmSat effectively broke the monopoly on international satellite communications which was held by Intelsat, an international treaty-based organization founded and owned by several countries including the United States. PanAmSat, led by Anselmo, successfully lobbied the United States Congress to permit it to operate globally, competing against Intelsat. Univision would also gain a nationwide cable audience through PanAmSat's efforts, gaining a head start in Spanish-language television in the United States and remaining the #1 Spanish network to this day.

Following the death of Rene Anselmo in 1995, his widow Mary Anselmo controlled the company for a time. PanAmSat was sold to Hughes Electronics, a division of General Motors, in a US$3 billion cash and stock deal. The satellite operations continued to be under PanAmSat with Hughes being the majority shareholder. In May 1997, Hughes Communication Galaxy merged with PanAmSat, adding 9 more satellites to its fleet. In 2003, News Corporation purchased Hughes Electronic's PanAmSat division and on 24 April 2004 sold PanAmSat to a consortium of private equity firms in a leveraged buyout including Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), Carlyle Group and Providence Equity Partners for US$4.3 billion.

2004 leveraged buyout
KKR led the 2004 leveraged buyout by purchasing a 44% stake in the company. Carlyle and Providence each invested 27%, with management representing the remainder of the equity. The consortium invested only US$550 million in equity, financing the remainder through bank loans and bonds. The transaction closed in August 2004. One month after the buyout, the company issued an additional US$250 million in discount notes used to pay the consortium dividends. Three months later, PanAmSat filed an initial public offering with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

In an ironic twist of fate, its private equity owners sold PanAmSat to its archrival Intelsat in August 2005 for a total of US$4.3 billion in a deal finally consummated in July 2006. At the time of its sale, PanAmSat was the world's leading carrier of TV channels. In combination with INTELSAT (which had also gone private under private equity ownership in 2001), the new company — called Intelsat — is the world's largest commercial satellite company, with 53 spacecraft serving over 200 countries, with nearly 1400 employees.

In March 2007, Forbes magazine estimated the net worth of Rene Anselmo's widow, Mary Anselmo at US$1 billion. Anselmo, 78, lives in Greenwich, Connecticut.

title: PanAmSat


text:
Custard Factory

The Custard Factory is a creative and digital business workspace complex, including independent shops, cafes and bars, on the site of what was the Bird's Custard factory off High Street, Deritend, in the Digbeth area of central Birmingham, England.

Development
The Custard Factory complex is set in fifteen acres (60,000m2) of factory buildings, originally constructed for Sir Alfred Frederick Bird (1849–1922), the son of Alfred Bird (1811–1878), the inventor of egg-free custard. The architectural firm commissioned to design the building was Hamblins. At one time, a thousand people worked at the factory. The Bird company moved to Banbury in 1964. The Custard Factory project was started by Bennie Gray and substantially expanded by his son Lucan Gray, who owned and ran the project until June 2017. A City Grant Award of £800,000 was used to start the redevelopment in January 1992. This public sector funding levered in £1.6 million of private sector investment for the refurbishment of 100000 sqft of redundant buildings, providing 145 units for use by artists, designers and communicators. The architect was the Birmingham-based firm, Glenn Howells Architects. The first phase created around 300 jobs. On the completion of the Custard Factory project, an anticipated 1,000 jobs will have been created.

Phase one consisted of the refurbishment of Scott House which is now home to a community of media companies, artists and small creative enterprises. The loading bay was turned into a lake around which are set 200 studio workshops above ground floor level. On the ground floor itself are meeting rooms, dance studios, holistic therapy rooms, a café and a record and clothes shop. In the foyer are art display cases with a larger gallery space at the rear. A huge iron dragon sculpture crawls up the exterior rear elevation. There are stages for musicians, DJs and rappers and a 220-seat theatre.

Phase two - originally named 'The Greenhouse', but now 'Gibb Square' after the Gibb Street location - was completed in 2002. It focuses on new media and media businesses and includes a hundred studio/offices plus galleries, restaurants and shops set around a central pool with fountains. The pool is sometimes emptied to allow for dance music events. The Green Man, a 40 ft high sculpture by Tawny Gray made from vegetation and stone, overlooks Gibb Street.

Zellig
In March 2007, the regional development agency, Advantage West Midlands, announced new funding of £9.6m for 100 new office and workspace units. The result was Zellig (former Devonshire House), a restored grade II listed building, which opened in May 2010 and features a new sculpture, the Deluge, by Toin Adams.

Co-located media training
The presence of the Custard Factory has drawn two media training agencies to locate nearby. The old Trades Union Studies Centre is now a media and arts annexe of South Birmingham College and in 2005, the VIVID media centre moved from the Jewellery Quarter. Also nearby is Access Creative College in Birmingham, a specialist 16-19 education provider in creative vocational qualifications.

About 800 yd away is the new "Progress Works" complex, opened in 2005 as part of the Custard Factory quarter, on Heath Mill Lane. "The Bond" complex is also a short walk away.

Three-quarters of a mile north is BIAD, the largest British university art & design teaching and research centre outside London.

Nearby entertainment and shopping locations
Nearby are two music venues, The Institute (formerly The Sanctuary) and AIR, home to and owned by Godskitchen the trance superclub. The Custard Factory is close to the Old Crown pub, a half-timbered building dating from the 14th century, Birmingham Coach Station, and the Bull Ring which is Birmingham's main shopping centre, with its landmark Selfridges building.

Occupants
Notable past and current occupants include:

 * Huel
 * Fused Magazine
 * Cartoonist Alex Hughes
 * Maverick Television
 * North One Television
 * Beer Digbeth (formerly Clink Beer)
 * Punch Records
 * Rhubarb Radio
 * The Gadget Show
 * Ocean Colour Scene
 * ASOS.com
 * Rare
 * Codemasters
 * Gensler
 * Powershop
 * Birmingham Pilates Studios
 * No Basic Bombshell
 * Fix My Broken Mac

title: Custard Factory


text:
Bacdafucup: Part II

Bacdafucup: Part II is the fourth album from rap group Onyx, released on July 9, 2002, by Koch Records. The album was produced by Davinci, DR Period, Havoc, Self, Ant Boogie, Co-Stars, Scott Storch. The album features appearances by American rappers X1, Still Livin', Versatile, Platinum Plus and Felisa Marisol.

Bacdafucup: Part II debuted at number 46 on the US Billboard 200, number 11 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums and number 2 on the Top Independent Albums chart.

Background
Bacdafucup: Part II is the first album released by Onyx after the group left Def Jam. Onyx returns after Sticky Fingaz, Fredro Starr and Sonny Seeza took time off to do solo albums and become film stars. Onyx made a deal with Koch Records to release one album and came back with the sequel to their very successful debut LP Bacdafucup. Onyx reunited for Bacdafucup: Part II. The album cover even echoes that of the debut, although only the three remaining members of Onyx are featured on the new album. The album consists of 12 new tracks and includes a return to their biggest hit "Slam Harder", the DR Period track uses a clever sample of the theme song from the TV show "Welcome Back, Kotter" to introduce the song and provide melody throughout. However, "Slam Harder" is censored on the album when the rest of the LP is explicit. The song "Feel Me" was recorded on the night of the September 11 attacks and dedicated to the events that happened that day in the USA.

Mobb Deep's Havoc and X-1 guest on the new album, contributing to the fast-paced "Hold Up." Other cuts include the ode to females "She's Straight Gangster" and "Gun Clap Music," on which the trio pays tribute to three of its late hip-hop heroes—Fredro Starr apes the Notorious B.I.G.'s style, Sonee Seeza raps like Big Pun, and Sticky Fingaz delivers a 2Pac-esque verse. "We're bringing it back to the streets," Fingaz said in a statement about the new album. "A lot of things that's on the radio nowadays is candy-coated. I'll be listening to radio and I want to hear the hard s***, but it don't exist no more."

Many artists and fans alike cite a lack of creativity for the recent glut of uninspired rap albums. Onyx blames something else: lack of energy. With Bacdaf—up: Part 2, due for a June release, Onyx wants to prove that they are still the kings of hardcore grime. After the relatively lukewarm response to debut solo albums from Starr (2001's Firestarr) and Fingaz (2001's [Black Trash] The Autobiography of Kirk Jones), the group has plenty of motivation to come with another batch of irresistible musical fury.

Singles
Four singles from this album were released: "Hold Up", "Big Trucks/Bring 'Em Out Dead", "Slam Harder/Hold Up" and "Slam Harder/Bring 'Em Out Dead"

Critical response
The album mostly received negative reception from critics. Complex claimed that the album and "the passion and energy behind it wasn't nearly as believable as it was back in the early 1990s." MVRemix said of the album in retrospect that "this LP has gotten horrible reviews by critics as well as die hard Onyx fans. After the incredible Sticky Fingaz solo album or the last very dense Onyx LP ("Shut 'Em Down"), this album does seem somewhat lazy and sloppy."

Accolades
In 2012 in the Russian version of the magazine GQ rapper Влади commented on the choice of favorite CDs Макса Коржа, among which was the album Onyx Bacdafucup: Part II. In 2013 Complex put the album in their list A History of Rap Album Sequels. In 2015 LA Weekly put the album in their list The Top 20 Rap Album Sequels of All Time.

US edition bonus tracks

 * 1) "Hold Up (DJ Infinite Mix)" - 3:54
 * 2) "V-12"  (Produced by Davinci) - 4:01

Japanese edition bonus tracks

 * 1) "Hold Up (Remix)" - 3:54

title: Bacdafucup: Part II


text:
Cajón

A cajón ("box, crate, drawer") is a box-shaped percussion instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front or rear faces (generally thin plywood) with the hands, fingers, or sometimes implements such as brushes, mallets, or sticks. Cajóns are primarily played in Afro-Peruvian music (specifically música criolla), but have made their way into flamenco as well. The term cajón is also applied to other box drums used in Latin American music, such as the Cuban cajón de rumba and the Mexican cajón de tapeo.

Description
Sheets of 13 to 19 mm (1/2 to 3/4 inch) thick wood are generally used for five sides of the box. A thinner sheet of plywood is nailed on as the sixth side, and acts as the striking surface or head. The striking surface of the cajón drum is commonly referred to as the tapa. A sound hole is cut on the back side. The modern cajón may have rubber feet, and has several screws at the top for adjusting percussive timbre.

Origins and evolution
The cajón is the most widely used Afro-Peruvian musical instrument since the late 19th century. Enslaved people of west and central African origin in the Americas are considered to be the source of the cajón drum. Currently, the instrument is common in musical performance throughout some of the Americas and Spain. The cajón was developed during the periods of slavery in coastal Peru. The instrument reached a peak in popularity by 1850, and by the end of the 19th century cajón players were experimenting with the design of the instrument by bending some of the planks in the cajón's body to alter the instrument's patterns of sound vibration. After slavery the cajón was spread to a much larger audience including Criollos.

Given that the cajón comes from musicians who were enslaved in the Spanish colonial Americas, there are two complementary origin theories for the instrument. It is possible that the drum is a direct descendant of a number of boxlike musical instruments from west and central Africa, especially Angola, and the Antilles. These instruments were adapted by enslaved people from the Spanish shipping crates at their disposal. In port cities like Matanzas, Cuba, codfish shipping crates and small dresser drawers became similar instruments. Peruvian musician and ethnomusicologist Susana Baca recounts her mother's story that the cajón originated as "the box of the people who carried fruit and worked in the ports," putting it down to play on whenever they had a moment. Another theory is that enslaved people used boxes as musical instruments to subvert Spanish colonial bans on music in predominantly African areas, essentially disguising their instruments.

While early 20th century versions of the festejo appeared to have been performed without the cajón, especially due to the influence of Perú Negro, a musical ensemble founded in 1969, the cajón began to be more important than the guitar and, indeed, became "a new symbol of Peruvian blackness".

After a short 1977 visit to a diplomat’s party and a TV presentation in Lima along with Peruvian percussionist Caitro Soto, Spanish flamenco guitar player Paco de Lucía brought a cajón to Spain to use it in his own music, after being impressed by the rhythmic possibilities of the instrument. According to percussion historians, it was Pepe Ébano who introduced the cajón into Spanish flamenco, later used with Paco de Lucía in the percussion of "Entre dos aguas". In 2001, the cajón was declared National Heritage by the Peruvian National Institute of Culture. In 2014, the Organization of American States declared the cajón an "Instrument of Peru for the Americas".

Contemporary music
In the 2000s (decade), the cajón was heard extensively in Coastal Peruvian musical styles such as Tondero, Zamacueca and Peruvian Waltz, Spanish modern Flamenco and certain styles of modern Cuban Rumba. The modern cajón is often used to accompany a solo acoustic guitar or piano. The cajón is becoming rapidly popular in blues, pop, rock, funk, world music, jazz, etc. The cajón is often used as a bass drum by bands instead of a full drum kit when performing in minimalist settings, as the cajón can simultaneously serve as both a bass drum and a seat for the drummer. Though occasionally played by some bands in place of the bodhrán, the cajón has become a popular instrument in the folk music of Ireland, where the quieter and higher-pitched bodhrán traditional frame drum serves the same purpose, and has a unique playing style.

Playing styles
The player sits astride the box, tilting it at an angle while striking the head between their knees. The percussionist can play the sides with the top of their palms and fingers for additional sounds. Some harder hitting players use protective drumming gloves to protect their hands from bruises and blisters. Some percussionists attach a bass drum pedal to the instrument, enabling them to play it with a single foot. There are also lap cajons (which are smaller and more portable) that sit on the lap of the musician.

The instrument has been played not only with hands, but also with plastic and metal brushes, as used for drum kits, for example with the Pen Technique, developed by Patrizio Migliarini, which allows the musician to play jazz and funky rhythms with a completeness and dynamic richness close to that of a drums, through the use of metal brushes. Another way of playing the cajón is to use an ordinary bass drum pedal, thus turning the cajón into an indirect percussion instrument which can be played with the feet. This enables the player to beat it just like a pedal-bass drum, thus leaving the hands (and one other foot) free to play other instruments. On the other hand, it also restricts the player's standard cajón-playing position, as when the cajón is placed on the ground, in the bass drum location, it is hard for the performer to slap it with her or his hands.

title: Cajón


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User:Winston Marshall

I am the proprietor of the blog Power Politics. I am a realist (as pertaining to international relations), and a libertarian.

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title: User:Winston Marshall


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Talk:Forecastle

if a fore castle has many cabins, How many beds for sailoors would there be in all? Classifying various dictionaries by what pronunciations they accept of this word, which dictionaries accept which pronunciation(s)?? Any dictionary of the English language is okay with me as a choice, but Wiktionary is not. 66.32.131.87 20:34, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Added fo'c's'le, the spelling from Webster's dictionary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.107.123.198 (talk) 03:45, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

fo'c'sle
Our colleagues have annotated with the following refs :
 * 1. Oxford dictionary search, retrieved 2013-08-22, gives "fo'c'sle"
 * 2. Collins dictionary search, retrieved 2013-08-22, gives "fo'c's'le or fo'c'sle"

(And ‘tis right that we have.)

Nevertheless, surely we could come up with a source that verifies this: the contraction cannot be dismissed as simply dialect and/or sloppy speech. I mean to say — tho I don’t specifically recall it from the Aubrey-Maturin novels — that their (sainted martial-historical-fiction/war-novelauthor was surely of the same opinion as am I. Of course, he is the better (even if perhaps not *fully* WP:RS-grade) authority. Etymology reconstructs verbal history, which is an entity studded with metaphor. And with its bosom buddies(to wit, JerzyA (talk) 18:52, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
 * imitative gestures and sounds
 * desperate analogies
 * similes, and eventually metaphors, etymological innovations, and many good old comfortable lies.

 * Oh, I remember the point of that: neither spelling is likely to reflect solely simply haste, educational, folkways, etc. ad infinitum: the occasions for screaming “All Hands to the Foc’s’l!” in the heat of combat are urgent ones, and such contraction has the tactical function of brevity, outweighing the pride of precision, and the avoidance the appearances of deficient refinement by vocal elision: war and piracy are hell, and those who need the the addition of “... without delay, lest our respected counterparts use our guts for garters!” contribute to mutual survival, if they dispense wi’ fh, nicety our pronouncin’ ev’ry bleedin’ phoneme before getting on to the task of repelling predacious opposing combat personnel. Eh?

Ya’know, jes’ fer wha’i’s werth. --JerzyA (talk) 19:55, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forecastle