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IT disaster recovery

IT disaster recovery (also, simply disaster recovery (DR)) is the process of maintaining or reestablishing vital infrastructure and systems following a natural or human-induced disaster, such as a storm or battle. DR employs policies, tools, and procedures with a focus on IT systems supporting critical business functions. This involves keeping all essential aspects of a business functioning despite significant disruptive events; it can therefore be considered a subset of business continuity (BC). DR assumes that the primary site is not immediately recoverable and restores data and services to a secondary site.

IT service continuity
IT service continuity (ITSC) is a subset of BCP, which relies on the metrics (frequently used as key risk indicators) of recovery point/time objectives. It encompasses IT disaster recovery planning and the wider IT resilience planning. It also incorporates IT infrastructure and services related to communications, such as telephony and data communications.

Principles of backup sites
Planning includes arranging for backup sites, whether they are "hot" (operating prior to a disaster), "warm" (ready to begin operating), or "cold" (requires substantial work to begin operating), and standby sites with hardware as needed for continuity.

In 2008, the British Standards Institution launched a specific standard supporting Business Continuity Standard BS 25999, titled BS25777, specifically to align computer continuity with business continuity. This was withdrawn following the publication in March 2011 of ISO/IEC 27031, "Security techniques — Guidelines for information and communication technology readiness for business continuity."

ITIL has defined some of these terms.

Recovery Time Objective
The Recovery Time Objective (RTO) is the targeted duration of time and a service level within which a business process must be restored after a disruption in order to avoid a break in business continuity.

According to business continuity planning methodology, the RTO is established during the business impact analysis (BIA) by the owner(s) of the process, including identifying time frames for alternate or manual workarounds.

RTO is a complement of RPO. The limits of acceptable or "tolerable" ITSC performance are measured by RTO and RPO in terms of time lost from normal business process functioning and data lost or not backed up during that period.

Recovery Time Actual
Recovery Time Actual (RTA) is the critical metric for business continuity and disaster recovery.

The business continuity group conducts timed rehearsals (or actuals), during which RTA gets determined and refined as needed.

Recovery Point Objective
A Recovery Point Objective (RPO) is the maximum acceptable interval during which transactional data is lost from an IT service.

For example, if RPO is measured in minutes, then in practice, off-site mirrored backups must be continuously maintained as a daily off-site backup will not suffice.

Relationship to RTO
A recovery that is not instantaneous restores transactional data over some interval without incurring significant risks or losses.

RPO measures the maximum time in which recent data might have been permanently lost and not a direct measure of loss quantity. For instance, if the BC plan is to restore up to the last available backup, then the RPO is the interval between such backups.

RPO is not determined by the existing backup regime. Instead BIA determines RPO for each service. When off-site data is required, the period during which data might be lost may start when backups are prepared, not when the backups are secured off-site.

Data synchronization points
A data synchronization point is a backup is completed. It halts update processing while a disk-to-disk copy is completed. The backup copy reflects the earlier version of the copy operation; not when the data is copied to tape or transmitted elsewhere.

System design
RTO and the RPO must be balanced, taking business risk into account, along with other system design criteria.

RPO is tied to the times backups are secured offsite. Sending synchronous copies to an offsite mirror allows for most unforeseen events. The use of physical transportation for tapes (or other transportable media) is common. Recovery can be activated at a predetermined site. Shared offsite space and hardware complete the package.

For high volumes of high-value transaction data, hardware can be split across multiple sites.

History
Planning for disaster recovery and information technology (IT) developed in the mid to late 1970s as computer center managers began to recognize the dependence of their organizations on their computer systems.

At that time, most systems were batch-oriented mainframes. An offsite mainframe could be loaded from backup tapes pending recovery of the primary site; downtime was relatively less critical.

The disaster recovery industry developed to provide backup computer centers. Sungard Availability Services was one of the earliest such centers, located in Sri Lanka (1978).

During the 1980s and 90s, computing grew exponentially, including internal corporate timesharing, online data entry and real-time processing. Availability of IT systems became more important.

Regulatory agencies became involved; availability objectives of 2, 3, 4 or 5 nines (99.999%) were often mandated, and high-availability solutions for hot-site facilities were sought.

IT service continuity became essential as part of Business Continuity Management (BCM) and Information Security Management (ICM) as specified in ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO 22301 respectively.

The rise of cloud computing since 2010 created new opportunities for system resiliency. Service providers absorbed the responsibility for maintaining high service levels, including availability and reliability. They offered highly resilient network designs. Recovery as a Service (RaaS) is widely availability and promoted by the Cloud Security Alliance.

Classification
Disasters can be the result of three broad categories of threats and hazards.

 * Natural hazards include acts of nature such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and epidemics.
 * Technological hazards include accidents or the failures of systems and structures such as pipeline explosions, transportation accidents, utility disruptions, dam failures, and accidental hazardous material releases.
 * Human-caused threats that include intentional acts such as active assailant attacks, chemical or biological attacks, cyber attacks against data or infrastructure, sabotage, and war.

Preparedness measures for all categories and types of disasters fall into the five mission areas of prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery.

Planning
Research supports the idea that implementing a more holistic pre-disaster planning approach is more cost-effective. Every $1 spent on hazard mitigation (such as a disaster recovery plan) saves society $4 in response and recovery costs.

2015 disaster recovery statistics suggest that downtime lasting for one hour can cost
 * small companies $8,000,
 * mid-size organizations $74,000, and
 * large enterprises $700,000 or more.

As IT systems have become increasingly critical to the smooth operation of a company, and arguably the economy as a whole, the importance of ensuring the continued operation of those systems, and their rapid recovery, has increased.

Control measures
Control measures are steps or mechanisms that can reduce or eliminate threats. The choice of mechanisms is reflected in a disaster recovery plan (DRP).

Control measures can be classified as controls aimed at preventing an event from occurring, controls aimed at detecting or discovering unwanted events, and controls aimed at correcting or restoring the system after a disaster or an event.

These controls are documented and exercised regularly using so-called "DR tests".

Strategies
The disaster recovery strategy derives from the business continuity plan. Metrics for business processes are then mapped to systems and infrastructure. A cost-benefit analysis highlights which disaster recovery measures are appropriate. Different strategies make sense based on the cost of downtime compared to the cost of implementing a particular strategy.

Common strategies include:
 * backups to tape and sent off-site
 * backups to disk on-site (copied to off-site disk) or off-site
 * replication off-site, such that once the systems are restored or synchronized, possibly via storage area network technology
 * private cloud solutions that replicate metadata (VMs, templates and disks) into the private cloud. Metadata are configured as an XML representation called Open Virtualization Format, and can be easily restored
 * hybrid cloud solutions that replicate both on-site and to off-site data centers. This provides instant fail-over to on-site hardware or to cloud data centers.
 * high availability systems which keep both the data and system replicated off-site, enabling continuous access to systems and data, even after a disaster (often associated with cloud storage).

Precautionary strategies may include:
 * local mirrors of systems and/or data and use of disk protection technology such as RAID
 * surge protectors — to minimize the effect of power surges on delicate electronic equipment
 * use of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and/or backup generator to keep systems going in the event of a power failure
 * fire prevention/mitigation systems such as alarms and fire extinguishers
 * anti-virus software and other security measures.

Disaster recovery as a service
Disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS) is an arrangement with a third party vendor to perform some or all DR functions for scenarios such as power outages, equipment failures, cyber attacks, and natural disasters.

title: IT disaster recovery


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Chronic granulomatous disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), also known as Bridges–Good syndrome, chronic granulomatous disorder, and Quie syndrome, is a diverse group of hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly the superoxide radical due to defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase) used to kill certain ingested pathogens. This leads to the formation of granulomas in many organs. CGD affects about 1 in 200,000 people in the United States, with about 20 new cases diagnosed each year.

This condition was first discovered in 1950 in a series of four boys from Minnesota, and in 1957 it was named "a fatal granulomatosus of childhood" in a publication describing their disease. The underlying cellular mechanism that causes chronic granulomatous disease was discovered in 1967, and research since that time has further elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Bernard Babior made key contributions in linking the defect of superoxide production of white blood cells, to the cause of the disease. In 1986, the X-linked form of CGD was the first disease for which positional cloning was used to identify the underlying genetic mutation.

Symptoms and signs
Classically, patients with chronic granulomatous disease will have recurrent bouts of infection due to the decreased capacity of their immune system to fight off disease-causing organisms. The recurrent infections they acquire are specific and are, in decreasing order of frequency:
 * pneumonia
 * abscesses of the skin, tissues, and organs
 * septic arthritis
 * osteomyelitis
 * bacteremia/fungemia
 * superficial skin infections such as cellulitis or impetigo

Most people with CGD are diagnosed in childhood, usually, before age 5. Early diagnosis is important since these people can be placed on antibiotics to ward off infections before they occur. Small groups of CGD patients may also be affected by McLeod syndrome because of the proximity of the two genes on the same X-chromosome.

Atypical infections
People with CGD are sometimes infected with organisms that usually do not cause disease in people with normal immune systems. Among the most common organisms that cause disease in CGD patients are: Patients with CGD can usually resist infections of catalase-negative bacteria but are susceptible to catalase-positive bacteria. Catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide in many organisms. In infections caused by organisms that lack catalase (catalase-negative), the host with CGD is successfully able to "borrow" hydrogen peroxide being made by the organism and use it to fight off the infection. In infections by organisms that have catalase (catalase-positive), this "borrowing mechanism" is unsuccessful because the enzyme catalase first breaks down any hydrogen peroxide that would be borrowed from the organism. Therefore in the CGD patient, hydrogen peroxide cannot be used to make oxygen radicals to fight infection, leaving the patient vulnerable to infection by catalase-positive bacteria.
 * Bacteria (particularly those that are catalase-positive)
 * Staphylococcus aureus.
 * Serratia marcescens.
 * Listeria species.
 * E. coli.
 * Klebsiella species.
 * ''Pseudomonas cepacia, a.k.a. Burkholderia cepacia.
 * Nocardia.
 * Fungi
 * Aspergillus species. Aspergillus has a propensity to cause infection in people with CGD and of the Aspergillus species, Aspergillus fumigatus seems to be most common in CGD.
 * Candida species.

Genetics
Most cases of chronic granulomatous disease are transmitted as a mutation on the X chromosome and are thus called an "X-linked trait". The affected gene on the X chromosome codes for the gp91 protein p91-PHOX (91 is the weight of the protein in kDa; the gp means glycoprotein). CGD can also be transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion (via CYBA, NCF1, NCF2 and NCF4) which affect other PHOX proteins. The type of mutation that causes both types of CGD are varied and may be deletions, frame-shift, nonsense, and missense.

A low level of NADPH, the cofactor required for superoxide synthesis, can lead to CGD. This has been reported in women who are homozygous for the genetic defect causing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), which is characterised by reduced NADPH levels.

Pathophysiology
Phagocytes (i.e. neutrophils and macrophages) require an enzyme to produce reactive oxygen species to destroy bacteria after they are ingested (phagocytosis), a process known as the respiratory burst. This enzyme is termed "phagocyte NADPH oxidase" (PHOX). This enzyme oxidizes NADPH and reduces molecular oxygen to produce superoxide anions, a reactive oxygen species. Superoxide is then disproportionated into peroxide and molecular oxygen by superoxide dismutase. Finally, peroxide is used by myeloperoxidase to oxidize chloride ions into hypochlorite (the active component of bleach), which is toxic to bacteria. Thus, NADPH oxidase is critical for phagocyte killing of bacteria through reactive oxygen species.

(Two other mechanisms are used by phagocytes to kill bacteria: nitric oxide and proteases, but the loss of ROS-mediated killing alone is sufficient to cause chronic granulomatous disease.)

Defects in one of the four essential subunits of phagocyte NADPH oxidase (PHOX) can all cause CGD of varying severity, dependent on the defect. There are over 410 known possible defects in the PHOX enzyme complex that can lead to chronic granulomatous disease.

Diagnosis
When chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is suspected, neutrophil-function testing should be carried out, and positive findings should be confirmed by genotyping. The p47phox mutation is due to a pseudogene conversion, hence it may not be detectable by standard sequencing; in these cases, an immunoblot or gene dose determination may be needed to confirm p47phox deficiency.

Infections caused by the pathogens commonly associated with CGD should prompt functional or genetic screening; neonatal or early postnatal screening of potentially affected children is essential with a family history of CGD.

Neutrophil function tests: These include nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123 test, direct measurement of superoxide production, cytochrome c reduction assay, and chemiluminescence. DHR test is usually preferred because it is easy to use, objective, and it is able to distinguish between X-linked and autosomal forms of CGD; furthermore, it allows to detect gp91phox carriers.
 * The nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) test is the original and most widely known test for chronic granulomatous disease. It is negative in CGD, meaning that it does not turn blue. The higher the blue score, the better the cell is at producing reactive oxygen species. This test depends upon the direct reduction of NBT to the insoluble blue compound formazan by superoxide which is produced by normal peripheral blood neutrophils stimulated in vitro; NADPH oxidase catalyzes the aforementioned reaction and NADPH is oxidized in the same reaction. This test is simple to perform and gives rapid results but only tells whether or not there is a problem with the PHOX enzymes, not how much they are affected.
 * Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123 test: In this test the respiratory burst of the neutrophils is stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), resulting in oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 (nonfluorescent derivative of rhodamine) to rhodamine 123 (green fluorescent compound), which can be measured by flow cytometry. This test is abnormal in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (i.e., there is no shift in fluorescence with stimulation). Moreover, its quantitative nature allows to differentiate oxidase-positive from oxidase-negative phagocyte subpopulations in CGD carriers and identify deficiencies in gp91phox and p47phox. Modest residual production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) as assessed by DHR 123 test, is associated with significantly less severe illness and a greater likelihood of long-term survival than patients with little residual ROI production. On the other hand, in the case of complete myeloperoxidase deficiency, DHR test gives abnormal results (false positive for CGD) because the DHR signal yielded by flow cytometry depends on intact NADPH oxidase activity as well as the presence of a myeloperoxidase (MPO); however, NBT test demonstrates normal production of superoxide.

Genetic testing: Once CGD has been diagnosed based on abnormal neutrophil function tests, genetic testing should go next. As mentioned above, p47phox defect is usually difficult to identify genetically because it is caused by pseudogene conversion and may be missed in typical sequencing studies; in this case, immunoblotting or flow cytometry can show absence of protein.

Prenatal testing: It is particularly useful when a family member has already been diagnosed with CGD. This test may be performed by analysis of NADPH oxidase activity of neutrophils from fetal blood. Samples from amniotic fluid or chorionic villi provides an earlier and more reliable diagnosis for families at risk.

Classification
Chronic granulomatous disease is the name for a genetically heterogeneous group of immunodeficiencies. The core defect is a failure of phagocytic cells to kill organisms that they have engulfed because of defects in a system of enzymes that produce free radicals and other toxic small molecules. There are several types, including:
 * X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
 * autosomal recessive cytochrome b-negative CGD
 * autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive CGD type I
 * autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive CGD type II
 * atypical granulomatous disease

Treatment
Management of chronic granulomatous disease revolves around two goals: 1) diagnose the disease early so that antibiotic prophylaxis can be given to keep an infection from occurring, and 2) educate the patient about his or her condition so that prompt treatment can be given if an infection occurs.

Antibiotics
Physicians often prescribe the antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to prevent bacterial infections. This drug also has the benefit of sparing the normal bacteria of the digestive tract. Fungal infection is commonly prevented with itraconazole, although a newer drug of the same type called voriconazole may be more effective. The use of this drug for this purpose is still under scientific investigation.

Immunomodulation
Interferon, in the form of interferon gamma-1b (Actimmune) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of infection in CGD. It has been shown to reduce infections in CGD patients by 70% and to decrease their severity. Although its exact mechanism is still not entirely understood, it has the ability to give CGD patients more immune function and therefore, greater ability to fight off infections. This therapy has been the standard treatment for CGD for several years.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a matched donor is curative although not without significant risk.

Prognosis
There are currently no studies detailing the long term outcome of chronic granulomatous disease with modern treatment. Without treatment, children often die in the first decade of life. The increased severity of X-linked CGD results in a decreased survival rate of patients, as 20% of X-linked patients die of CGD-related causes by the age of 10, whereas 20% of autosomal recessive patients die by the age of 35. Recent experience from centers specializing in the care of patients with CGD suggests that the current mortality has fallen to under 3% and 1% respectively. CGD was initially termed "fatal granulomatous disease of childhood" because patients rarely survived past their first decade in the time before routine use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents. The average patient now survives at least 40 years.

Epidemiology
CGD affects about 1 in 200,000 people in the United States, with about 20 new cases diagnosed each year.

Chronic granulomatous disease affects all people of all races; however, there is limited information on prevalence outside of the United States. One survey in Sweden reported an incidence of 1 in 220,000 people, while a larger review of studies in Europe suggested a lower rate: 1 in 250,000 people.

History
This condition was first described in 1954 by Janeway, who reported five cases of the disease in children. In 1957 it was further characterized as "a fatal granulomatosus of childhood". The underlying cellular mechanism that causes chronic granulomatous disease was discovered in 1967, and research since that time has further elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical abscess drainage, and vaccination led to the term "fatal" being dropped from the name of the disease as children survived into adulthood.

Research
Gene therapy is currently being studied as a possible treatment for chronic granulomatous disease. CGD is well-suited for gene therapy since it is caused by a mutation in single gene which only affects one body system (the hematopoietic system). Viruses have been used to deliver a normal gp91 gene to rats with a mutation in this gene, and subsequently the phagocytes in these rats were able to produce oxygen radicals.

In 2006, two human patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease underwent gene therapy and blood cell precursor stem cell transplantation to their bone marrow. Both patients recovered from their CGD, clearing pre-existing infections and demonstrating increased oxidase activity in their neutrophils. However, long-term complications and efficacy of this therapy were unknown.

In 2012, a 16-year-old boy with CGD was treated at the Great Ormond Street Hospital, London with an experimental gene therapy that temporarily reversed the CGD and allowed him to overcome a life-threatening lung disease.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chronic granulomatous disease


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Archie Manning

Elisha Archibald Manning III (born May 19, 1949) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons, primarily with the New Orleans Saints from 1971 to 1982. He also had brief stints with the Houston Oilers and the Minnesota Vikings. He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989. Manning is the patriarch of the Manning football dynasty, having preceded sons Peyton and Eli as successful NFL quarterbacks.

Early life
Born in Drew, Mississippi, Manning was the son of Jane Elizabeth (née Nelson) and Elisha Archibald Manning Jr. He grew up heavily involved in football, basketball, baseball, and track. His father, known as "Buddy", was interested in Archie's sports activities, but the nature of his job left him little if any time for attending games. Instead, Archie III drew his inspiration from a local high school sports star, James Hobson. His mother was "a ubiquitous presence at all of his games, no matter what the sport or level." Manning attended Drew High School. Manning was selected in the Major League Baseball draft four times, first in 1967 by the Braves, twice by the White Sox, and finally by the Royals in 1971. In the summer of 1969, his father, Buddy Manning, committed suicide. Archie, who was home from college for summer vacation, was the first to discover Buddy's body. In the biopic-documentary Book of Manning, Manning said that he considered dropping out and getting a job to support his mother and sister, but his mother persuaded him to return to college and not put his rising football career to waste.

College career
Manning attended the University of Mississippi in Oxford and was the starting quarterback at Ole Miss for three years. In the first national prime time broadcast of a college football game (on ABC, October 4, 1969), Manning threw for 436 yards and three touchdowns, also rushing for 104 yards, in a 33–32 loss to Alabama.

During Manning's last two seasons at Ole Miss, the Rebels had a record of 15–7. In his college career, he threw 4,753 yards and 31 touchdowns (despite 40 interceptions) and ran for 823 yards. He scored 14 touchdowns in 1969. In both 1969 and 1970, he was named to the All-SEC team and his No. 18 jersey was retired by Ole Miss. In 1969, Manning was Mississippi Sportsman of the Year and recipient of the Nashville Banner Trophy as Most Valuable Player in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in addition to winning the Walter Camp Memorial Trophy. He was fourth in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1969 and third in 1970. He was also inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa in 1970 at Mississippi.

Manning was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989. Manning's legacy is honored on the Ole Miss campus, where the speed limit is 18 miles per hour in honor of Manning's jersey number. During his time at Ole Miss, Manning was a member of Sigma Nu fraternity. He was named SEC Quarterback of the Quarter Century (1950–75) by several publications.

NFL career
Manning was the second overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and played for the New Orleans Saints for ten full seasons. During his tenure in New Orleans, the Saints had nine losing seasons. They reached .500 only once, in 1979, the only season they finished higher than third in the division. Nevertheless, he was well-respected by NFL peers. For example, although Manning was sacked 337 times during his Saints career, Sports Illustrated senior writer Paul Zimmerman wrote in 2007 that the number should have been even higher than that. Zimmerman wrote that opposing defensive linemen, "Jack Youngblood in particular" as well as most of the division rival Rams, were known to take it easy on the poorly protected Manning and not hit him as hard as they could. For his part, Manning seemed to appreciate Youngblood's kindness, telling the Los Angeles Times on September 23, 1974, "The Rams front four is the best I ever faced ... I've got to say that Youngblood was nice enough to pick me up every time he knocked my ass off." Today, Manning jokes that Youngblood's career would not have been as successful without him. He even stated that Youngblood should have let him be his presenter when he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001, saying, "He wouldn't have gotten in without having me to sack."

In 1972, he led the league in pass attempts and completions and led the National Football Conference in passing yards, though the team's record was only 2–11–1. Manning sat out the entire 1976 season after corrective surgery on his right shoulder, spending the second half of that season in the team's radio booth after Dick Butkus abruptly quit his position as color commentator. In 1978, he was named the NFC Player of the Year by UPI after leading the Saints to a 7–9 record. That same year, Archie was also named All-NFC by both the UPI and The Sporting News.

Manning was selected to the Pro Bowl in 1978 and 1979. He finished his career with the Houston Oilers (1982–1983) and the Minnesota Vikings (1983–1984). He ended his 13-year career having completed 2,011 of 3,642 passes for 23,911 yards, 125 touchdowns, and 173 interceptions. He also rushed for 2,197 yards and 18 touchdowns. His 2,011 completions ranked 17th in NFL history upon his retirement. His record as a starter was 35–101–3 (26.3%), the worst in NFL history among QBs with at least 100 starts. He retired having never played on a team that notched a winning record or made the playoffs. Indeed, he is one of the few players to have played 10 or more years in the NFL without taking part in an official playoff game.

The Saints have not reissued Manning's No. 8 since he left the team midway through the 1982 season. While it has not been formally retired, it has long been understood that no Saint will ever wear it again.

Post-NFL career
Manning continues to make his home in New Orleans, though he also owns a condo in Oxford, Mississippi, to which he relocated following Hurricane Katrina. He has served as an analyst with the Saints' radio and television broadcasts, and has worked as a commentator for CBS Sports' college football broadcasts. Archie has also appeared as a commercial spokesman for products in Southeast Louisiana, where he remains popular with many fans. Working with his three sons, Cooper, Peyton, and Eli, Archie hosts the Manning Passing Academy each summer. This camp brings together young players from grades 8–12 who work with high school coaches and college players. In 2007, Manning was awarded the Silver Buffalo Award by the Boy Scouts of America. The Silver Buffalo is the highest award given for service to youth on a national basis.

In 2007, Manning was hired as a spokesman for a United Parcel Service contest to promote its "Delivery Intercept" service. He appeared in an advertising campaign for the UPS Delivery Intercept Challenge Video Contest, which saw amateur videos of football interceptions from high school and youth games. Among the prizes were a tailgate party with Manning as well as Manning-autographed footballs.

In October 2013, Manning was selected to be one of the 13 inaugural members of The College Football Playoff Selection Committee. He is one of three appointees who are members of the College Football Hall of Fame.

In 2014, for health reasons, he stepped down from the College Football Playoff Committee.

Manning owns a football-themed restaurant called Manning's Sports Bar and Grill, located in Harrah's New Orleans.

Family
Archie Manning is married to Olivia Manning. They met while at Ole Miss. The couple has three sons: Cooper, Peyton, and Eli. Cooper was diagnosed with spinal stenosis prior to his senior year of high school, which ended his football career. Peyton played 18 years in the NFL, winning two Super Bowls and a record five NFL MVPs among many other accolades. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021. Eli, who played 16 years in the NFL, won two Super Bowls in 2008 and 2012, earning the MVP award for both games. Cooper's son, Arch, the top-rated high school quarterback in the class of 2023, is a freshman member of the University of Texas football squad.

title: Archie Manning


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User talk:Gazwim/archive

Hi. Please stop creating dozens of articles just containing the text 'Car', please. Thanks, Morwen - Talk 21:08, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Like the man above said. If you want to create a lot of articles, please write at least a stub initially and fill them in later. These ones are just asking to be deleted, which means more work for you. DJ Clayworth 21:11, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * You should watch out for Lancia artilces written by him. He has posted copyvio articles about them in the past. Krik 21:16, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Renault and Lancia templates
Nice work on the Renault and Lancia templates, they look good! akaDruid ([[User talk:Akadruid|Talk)]] 09:16, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gazwim/archive


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U.S. Route 266

U.S. Route 266 (US 266) is a 43.09 mi, east–west U.S. Numbered Highway in Okmulgee, McIntosh, and Muskogee counties in Oklahoma, United States, that connects U.S. Route 62 U.S. Route 75 (US 62/US 75) in Henryetta with U.S. Route 64 (US 64) in Warner. The highway no longer meets the former route of its parent, U.S. Route 66 (US 66), and is closely paralleled by Interstate 40 (I-40), which replaced US 266 (along with accompanying routes US 62 from Oklahoma City to Henryetta and US 64 from Warner to the Arkansas border west of Fort Smith, Arkansas) as the major east–west highway east of Oklahoma City during the 1960s.

Route description

US 266 begins at US 62/US 75 on the northeast side of Henryetta, approximately 2 mi north of I-40. The highway heads east from this point, quickly crossing into the town of Dewar, which it bisects. As it leaves Dewar, US 266 turns northeast, crossing Coal Creek and the Deep Fork River. The highway bypasses Hoffman to the east, providing access via Hoffman Road. The route then passes through the southeastern outskirts of Grayson. The highway then turns due east. Immediately after the curve, the highway serves as the southern terminus of Oklahoma State Highway 52's northern section. US 266 then continues east into McIntosh County.

US 266 continues due east, running parallel to the Deep Fork Arm of Eufaula Lake, the reservoir's northernmost arm. South of Council Hill, the highway intersects Oklahoma State Highway 72 (SH-72) at its southern terminus. US 266 turns south-southeast, continuing the alignment of SH-72. The route then turns back to the east and heads into the city of Checotah. On the west side of town, US 266 has an interchange with the modern freeway route of U.S. Route 69 (US 69). Further east, in downtown Checotah, the route intersects the old alignment of US 69 (US 69 Business). The highway heads due east out of Checotah, descending a ridge and passing just south of its summit, Mt. Nebo. The highway passes under I-40 just before crossing into Muskogee County.

Just under 3 mi east of the McIntosh–Muskogee county line, US 266 intersects the southern Oklahoma State Highway 2 (SH-2). US 266 begins a concurrency with the state route (SH-2), traveling northwest to an interchange with I-40, numbered as Exit 278. The highways then curve around to due north to pass through Warner. On the north edge of Warner lies an intersection with US 64, where both US 266 and SH-2 end. Continuing straight puts the traveler on westbound US 64 towar Tulsa, while turning right brings the motorist onto eastbound US 64 toward Fort Smith, Arkansas.

History
Prior to the inception of the U.S. highway system, Oklahoma State Highway 9 (SH-9) covered much of the corridor from Oklahoma City to Spiro. Upon the US route system's inception, US 266 replaced SH-9 from its junction with US 66 at 23rd Street and Lincoln Boulevard in Oklahoma City to US 64 in Warner. By 1930, along with changes to several other branches of US 66, the route was truncated at Henryetta. The segment from Oklahoma City to Henryetta became part of US 62, which was commissioned in 1930.

title: U.S. Route 266


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Causes

Causes, or causality, is the relationship between one event and another. It may also refer to:

 * Causes (band), an indie band based in the Netherlands
 * Causes (company), an online company

title: Causes


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Snorri Þorbrandsson

Snorri Þorbrandsson (also Snorri Thorbrandsson) was a 10th-century Icelandic warrior. The main sources of Snorri's life are the semi-historical Icelandic sagas.

Snorri appears as a character in the Icelandic Eyrbyggja saga. He was from the area of Álftafjörður in west Iceland. He was a blood-brother of Snorri goði  and comrade-in-arms with Þorfinnr Karlsefni. Following mild injury and outlawry resulting from a conflict with Steinthor Thorlaksson (Steinthor of Eyr), Snorri traveled to Greenland with his brother Thorleif Kimbi and perished in battle against the skrælings, the Indigenous peoples of the Americas), during Karlsefni's trip to Vinland.

Other sources

 * Pencak, William (1995) The Conflict of Law and Justice in the Icelandic Sagas (Rodopi) ISBN 9789051838350

Related Reading

 * Magnusson, Magnus; Pálsson, Hermann (1965) The Vinland Sagas (Penguin) ISBN 0-14-044154-9
 * Smiley, Jane (2001) The Sagas of the Icelanders (Viking Penguin) ISBN 0-14-100003-1

title: Snorri Þorbrandsson


text:
Middleham

Middleham is a market town and civil parish in the district and county of North Yorkshire, England. It lies in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales, on the south side of the valley, upstream from the junction of the River Ure and River Cover. There has been a settlement there since Roman times. It was recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Medelai, meaning "middle ham or village".

History
Though there is no evidence of civil settlement in the Roman period, a rural villa was discovered in the 19th century some 300 m east of the castle, in farmland south of the road to Masham. A branch road from the major Roman thoroughfare of Dere Street passed by, across the valley, through the fort of Wensley to the Roman site of Virosidium at Bainbridge.

Before the Norman Conquest, the lands around were controlled by Gilpatrick. In 1069, William the Conqueror granted them to his Breton cousin Alan Rufus, who built a wooden motte-and-bailey castle above the town. By the time of the 1086 Domesday Book, Alan had passed the castle to his brother Ribald. Its earthworks are still visible at William's Hill. Alan also built the castle at Richmond.

Construction began in 1190 of Middleham Castle, which still dominates the town. The Nevilles, Earls of Westmorland, acquired it through marriage to a female descendant of Ribald in the 13th century. It has been dubbed the "Windsor of the North". The castle belonged to Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, when his cousin Richard, Duke of Gloucester (the future Richard III) came there to learn knighthood skills in 1462. During the Wars of the Roses, both Edward IV and Henry VI were held prisoner there. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became master of the castle in 1471 after Warwick's death at the Battle of Barnet. He used it as his political base for ruling the North on behalf of his brother Edward IV. Richard married Warwick's daughter, Anne Neville, in 1472. Middleham Castle is where their son Edward was born in about 1473 and died in April 1484. Richard III, who died in August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth, was the last reigning King of England to perish in battle. Under Richard III, Middleham was a bustling market town and political centre. In 1389, the Lord of Middleham Manor received a crown grant to hold a weekly market and yearly fair on the feast of St Alkelda the Virgin. The town has market places: the larger, lower one is dominated by a medieval cross, topped by a modern iron cross in Celtic style. The upper or swine market centres on the remains of a 15th-century market cross and a line of steps. At one end of the cross is a worn effigy of an animal reclining; the other may have had a moulded capital. Most buildings in old parts of Middleham predate 1600. The old rectory incorporates some medieval features. In 1607 Middleham was important enough to house a royal court for residents of the forest of Wensleydale. Middleham and surrounding lands were part of the Crown estates from the accession of Richard III until Charles I sold the manor to the City of London in about 1628. In 1661 the City of London sold Middleham Manor on to Thomas Wood of Littleton. It has remained in private hands since then. In 1915 the annual livestock market was still regionally important, but the weekly market had been discontinued. Today's livestock market is in Leyburn.

Parish church
The Church of Saints Mary and Alkelda was founded in 1291. Its mainly 14th and 15th-century architecture includes some stones that indicate a church on the site perhaps a century before. The only remaining Norman artefact is a section of zigzag moulding that once surrounded a door or window and now appears above the north aisle. The church has a three-metre Perpendicular font cover and a replica of the Middleham Jewel, found locally. West of the church is St Alkelda's Well, whose waters were once said to restore weak eyes.

In 1478 Edward IV gave permission for a leper hospital to be built on the east side of town, in conjunction with the church. The location, Chapel Fields, now holds a horse-training stables. No trace of a hospital or chapel remains.

Middleham today
Today's Middleham is a centre of horse racing and home to Middleham Trainers' Association. The first racehorse trainer at Middleham was Isaac Cape in 1765. Today there are several, including Mark Johnston, Jedd O'Keefe, James Bethell, and Ben Haslam. Racing is the foremost employer in the town and tourism the second. The castle is a ruin, having been dismantled in 1646, but the keep, built by Robert Fitz Ralph in the 1170s, survives, as do the 13th-century chapel and 14th-century gatehouse.

Middleham has four pubs, a village shop, a fish and chip shop, a tea room, several bed and breakfast suppliers, a primary school and nursery and a community centre called Middleham Key Centre. The picture depicts the Richard III Hotel. The building next door was a tearoom called The Nosebag. It is now a Racing Welfare office providing support and guidance to hundreds of stable staff based in and around the town.

Governance
Middleham is part of the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency. The current Member of Parliament is Rishi Sunak, a Conservative, who is also the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. His predecessor was William Hague, former Conservative Party Leader and Foreign Secretary, who represented the constituency from 1989 to 2015.

An electoral ward of the name exists, stretching south-west to Melmerby in Coverdale. Its population in the 2011 census was 1,284, when the parish population was 825 in the 2011 census, estimated at 781 in 2019.

Middleham Jewel

In 1985 the Middleham Jewel was found on a bridle path near Middleham Castle by Paul Kingston and Ted Seaton using a metal detector. A late 15th-century 68-gram gold pendant with a 10-carat blue sapphire stone, it has since passed to the Yorkshire Museum in York for £2.5 million. The lozenge pendant, engraved on the obverse with a representation of the Trinity, is bordered by a Latin inscription warding off the evil of epilepsy. The reverse has a decorative engraving of the Nativity, bordered by faces of 13 saints.

The back panel slides to reveal a hollow interior, which originally contained three-and-a-half tiny discs of silk embroidered with gold thread. The textile contents identify the jewel as a reliquary, containing a fragment of reputed holy cloth. It would have been worn by a lady of high social status as the crest for a large necklace. The sapphire may represent Heaven, and have acted as an aid to prayer.

Other notable finds
Other notable finds from Middleham include:
 * The Middleham Hoard – three pots containing 5,099 silver coins in total, buried in the English Civil War. This is the largest such hoard ever found.
 * A livery badge for pinning to the chest or a hat, in gilded copper high relief, with Richard III's emblem of a white boar – this is likely to have been worn by one of his household, when he was Duke of Gloucester.
 * The Middleham ring in the Yorkshire Museum, found in 1990 – this gold ring is decorated with a low-relief inscription along the band reading SOVEREYNLY.
 * A circular, copper-alloy plaque (70 mm diameter) bearing the initials "R" and "A" surrounded by the French motto A Vo. Plaisir (For your pleasure) – this may be a casket mark given by Richard, Duke of Gloucester to his wife Anne.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Bilsdale transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio York on 104.3 FM, BBC Radio Tees can also be received on 95.0 FM, Greatest Hits Radio York & North Yorkshire on 103.5 FM and Dales Radio on 104.9 FM.

The town is served by the local newspapers, The Northern Echo and Darlington & Stockton Times.

Geography and geology
The town lies between 400 and 500 ft above ordnance datum. The valley of the River Ure below the town has an altitude of 325 ft and the summit of the hill to the south-west of the town of 850 ft. The parish contains 2155 acre of land, mostly permanent pasture with about 150 acre arable. The topsoil is mixed. The valley has modern alluvial terraces and gravel deposits, but the subsoil is mainly limestone, intersected here and there by sandstone with plate. There is a known vein of lead in the northern part of the parish. Braithwaite lead mine lies just outside the parish borders.

Notable people
In birth order:
 * Anne Neville (1456–1485), consort of King Richard III of England, spent most of her childhood at the castle.
 * Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales (1473–1484) was born and died at the castle.
 * Tobias Pullen (1648–1713), religious controversialist and Church of Ireland bishop, was born in the town.
 * John Baynes (1758–1787), miscellanist and lawyer, was born in the town.
 * Job Marson (1817–1857), a celebrated jockey, died at Middleham.
 * John Osborne Jr. (c. 1833–1922) jockey.

Popular culture
Middleham appeared three times in the UK television series All Creatures Great and Small. The episode "Against the Odds" had the Manor House as the home of the Barraclough family. In the episode "Where Sheep May Safely Graze", Middleham Antiques, in North Road, became Geoff Hatfield's confectionery shop. Ferndale became the home of the Darnley sisters in the episode "The Rough and the Smooth".

Twin town
Middleham is twinned with Azincourt, France.

title: Middleham


text:
XD-Picture Card

The xD-Picture Card is an obsolete form of flash memory card, used in digital cameras made by Olympus, Fujifilm, and Kodak during the 2000s. The xD in the xD-Picture Card stands for eXtreme Digital.

xD cards were manufactured with capacities of 16 MB up to 2 GB. The standard was phased out in the late 2000s in favour of the SD card, which had been its primary competitor.

History
The cards were developed by Olympus and Fujifilm, and introduced into the market in July 2002. Toshiba Corporation and Samsung Electronics manufactured the cards for Olympus and Fujifilm. xD cards were sold under other brands, including Kodak, SanDisk, PNY, and Lexar, but were not branded with the respective companies' logos, except for Kodak. Previously, xD competed primarily with Secure Digital (SD) cards, CompactFlash (CF), and Sony's Memory Stick. Because of its higher cost and limited usage in products other than digital cameras, xD lost ground to SD, which is broadly used by cellular phones, personal computers, digital audio players and many other digital cameras.

Olympus began to move away from the xD format with the mid-2009 announcement of the E-P1 camera, which supported only Secure Digital memory cards. As of Spring 2010, all new Olympus cameras announced at the 2010 Consumer Electronics Show and Photo Marketing Association International Trade Show can use SD cards. This changeover to the SD card format has never been officially announced by Olympus Corporation. The higher-end DSLR cameras such as the E-3 and E-5 among others continue to use CompactFlash cards as well. Certain final Olympus cameras using xD cards are also supporting microSD cards with a special, included adapter.

Fuji released its last digital camera accepting that card, namely Fujifilm FinePix F200EXR (a variant of 2008 FinePix F100fd), being released back in Q2 2009, as being moving away from xD format since Q4 2008.

Comparison with rival formats
Amazon Best Sellers in xD-Picture Cards reports no products offered with a Date First Available since 4 August 2009.

Advantages

 * Contains no flash translation layer (designed to emulate the block device structure of a magnetic disk drive). Better-designed flash file systems can directly access the NAND flash hardware.
 * Very similar to a standard NAND chip. Modified XD readers can be used to read arbitrary NAND chips.

Disadvantages

 * Card format is proprietary to Fujifilm and Olympus, just as the Memory Stick format is to Sony. No public documentation was available (see below for reverse-engineering results). In contrast, the CompactFlash format is described by completely open and free specifications.
 * Has not kept up with the transfer rate, or speed, of other cards, notably CompactFlash and SD, but also the later versions of the Memory Stick. The fastest xD card offers less than 10% of the speed of current (2009) CompactFlash cards.
 * Directly derived from the SmartMedia card. Thus, has no wear leveling controller. May have a shorter life span than comparable cards with FTL wear levelers if the file system used does not take into account wear leveling.
 * Generally more expensive than other memory card types., 2 GB (2000 MB) xD cards' retail prices are approximately three times those of same-capacity SD cards.
 * Many newer Olympus and Fujifilm digital cameras accept the more popular SD or CF cards, in addition to or instead of the xD format.
 * Small maximum capacity relative to other memory card formats. First-generation xD cards (Type S) have a maximum capacity of only 512 MB. Type M expands the theoretical maximum capacity to 8 GB (8000 MB), but, there are no cards available with capacity greater than 2 GB.
 * Although physically smaller than Secure Digital and Memory Stick cards, xD cards are larger than these competitors' reduced-size variants (microSD and Memory Stick Micro).
 * Less widely supported by camera, card reader, and accessory manufacturers than other formats., SD cards (and variants) are supported by all consumer-level digital cameras from major manufacturers.

Type M/M+ and Type H cards

The original xD cards (Type S) were available in 16 MB to 512 MB capacities. The Type M card, released in February 2005, uses multi-level cell (MLC) architecture to achieve a theoretical storage capacity of up to 8 GB., Type M cards are available in sizes from 256 MB to 2 GB. However, the Type M suffers from slower read/write speeds than the original cards.

The Type H card, first released in November 2005, offers higher data rates than Type M cards (theoretically as much as 3 times faster). As of 2008, Type H cards were only available in 256 MB, 512 MB, 1000 MB, and 2000 MB capacities. Both Fuji and Olympus discontinued the production of Type H cards in 2008, citing high production costs.

The Type M+ card, first released in April 2008, offers data rates 1.5 times that of Type M cards. As of 2008, cards are available only in 1 and 2 GB capacities.

Olympus says that its xD cards support special "picture effects" when used in some Olympus cameras, though these software features are not intrinsically hardware-dependent. Type H and M+ cards however, are required in newer models to capture video at high rate (640×480 @ 30fps). Due to changes in the cards' storage architecture, newer Type M and H cards may have compatibility issues with some older cameras (especially video recording). Compatibility lists are available for Olympus: Olympus America's and Fujifilm's. Newer cards are incompatible with some card readers.

Theoretical transfer speeds
Pictures may be transferred from a digital camera's xD card to a personal computer by plugging the camera into the PC by a USB or IEEE 1394 cable, or by removing the card from the camera and inserting it into a card reader. In both cases, the computer sees the card as a mass storage device containing image files, although software or firmware can alter this representation. Card readers may be integrated into the PC or attached by cable. Adapters are available to allow an xD picture card to be plugged into other readers (and in some cases cameras), including PC card, parallel port, CompactFlash and SmartMedia. A chart showing which sizes and types of xD cards were available can be found below.

Reverse-engineered specifications
Detailed specifications are tightly controlled by Olympus and Fujifilm, which charge licensing fees and royalties and require non-disclosure agreements in exchange for the technical information required to produce xD-compatible devices.

The memory format used is not well documented. It is difficult to study it directly, since most camera devices and most USB card readers do not provide direct access to the flash memory. Since the cards are controller-less, cameras and card readers must perform wear leveling and error detection. They normally hide the portion of the memory which stores this information (among other things) from higher level access.

However, a few models of xD card readers based on the Alauda chip do allow direct access (bypassing the above mechanisms) to an xD card's flash memory. These readers have been reverse-engineered and Linux drivers have been produced by the Alauda Project, which has documented the on-chip data structures of the xD card. According to this information, xD card headers are similar to those used by SmartMedia, and include chip manufacturer information.

Raw hardware

At the raw hardware level, an xD card is simply an ordinary NAND flash integrated circuit in an unusual package. Comparing the pinout of an xD card to the pinout of a NAND flash chip in a standard TSOP package, one finds a nearly one-to-one correspondence between the active pins of the two devices. xD cards share this characteristic with the older SmartMedia cards, which are also basically raw NAND flash chips, albeit in a larger package.

xD and SmartMedia cards can be used by hobbyists as a convenient source of NAND flash memory chips for custom projects. For example, the Mattel Juice Box PMP can be booted into Linux using a modified cartridge containing an xD card with a boot image written on it. Additionally, SmartMedia and xD card readers can be used to read the data from NAND flash chips in electronic devices, by soldering leads between the chip and the card reader.

Panoramic mode
Some Olympus cameras offer camera-based panoramic processing. In those cameras that support both xD and CompactFlash cards, panoramic processing only works with images stored on the xD card, if installed. Newer Olympus cameras have neither xD cards nor this restriction.

Unsubtantiated reports claim that some cameras such as the E-450 only support panoramic processing when using Olympus branded xD cards. The model numbers have not been documented. In this case, there appears to be a workaround: it appears that the card manufacturer information is simply stored in the flash memory, in the Card Information Structure. Thus, it is possible to alter another brand of xD card to present itself as Olympus xD card by accessing the raw flash memory. This can be done by using a hacked device driver for a USB card reader.

title: XD-Picture Card


text:
Talk:Protoss

Move Units
May want to move the units section to a new page, which I'd call Protoss units and buildings, before they remove it like they did to the Zerg page. Then just add discriptions of the buildings.

Major merge
A lot of pages need to be merged into Zerg, Terran (StarCraft), Protoss and StarCraft, this article is one of them, see details on Talk:StarCraft

Wheels
Despite supposedly being the most advanced race in the known universe, etc. why have they not invented wheels? Or atleast borrowed the concept from humans?

 * I suppose when you can make things hover (probe, for example) you don't need wheels?

protoss have no need for wheels why make what you dont need?

Technology Section
Can someone read this part? This section is pretty badly written. I'm not sayin I can write better, but there's stuff like "clocked units" (instead of "cloaked units"), and it looks like there's some random things put here.

Thats what I think. I mean, they can fly and stuff (and the dragoons can walk).

Strategy section
How can 12 dragoons be defeated by "simply a group of 12 or more Zerglings"? I'd think you'd need more than 12 lings for sure. Consider editing this to a 6 dragoon rush which is the most common timing if they are to be "rushed" at all.

 * I changed the "opening strategy" "dragoon rush" - 4 to 12 dragoons takes too much time to be an opening or a "rush". ~ Reaverdrop

Strategy Section
This section is far too simplistic. It should either be improved or eliminated. ShardPhoenix 08:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * We're working on it - Reaverdrop

Protoss Physiology
How do you know that Protoss has blood? I have always thought Protoss is made up of something like "psionic pulse" encased in a physical body, and once this physical body is gone, the "psionic pulse" is released. --Ryz05 01:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You say Protoss have blood, but I think you are mistaking that blue stuff coming out of the Dragoon, and that really isn't blood; it's just a kind of cybernetic fluid to keep the driver alive and the Dragoon functional. --Ryz05 18:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It is-look at Fenix's portfait as a Dragoon, and it's obvious that it's not blood. I think they don't have blood-they have psi energy instead.

Don't know who tagged claim "Protoss are widely believed to possess such sensitivities" as personal research, it seems like common knowledge to me. At least with respect to hearing: throughout the whole game a player can hear them talking between themselves, with other races, with player during briefings, etc. And what would be the sense in talking if they were not able to hear? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.66.61.193 (talk) 23:39, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Protoss do have blood; it is slightly purple. This, along with many other facts, are revealed in Firstborn. A lot of this "original research" is in fact presented in the novels, which are supposedly canon, so I am removing the tag. --Taishaku 04:14 PM, 31 October 2007 (PDT)

Biology
The Protoss do not have mouths or noses. Some think Artanis may have a mouth, but it is actually just the lighting/shading in his portrait and the way he moves his head. They consume energy by absorbing Khaydarin Crystals, this is why they require pylons and why some refer to pylons as a source of "food". I also believe they have holes somewhere on their body, (although I don't remember where) this is how they breath. Has anyone else noticed the Covenant Elite/Protoss similarities? i would like to point out that protoss get energy from moonlight/sunlight they do not need Crystals 2. there is very few similarities between Elites and protoss... for one Elites can ( and NEED to ) eat and drink protoss need water and get it threw pores

The protoss may breath by way of diffusion across the skin, as amphibians do.

The protoss must have once had mouths, as they have a visible jaw bone. But they can still somehow communicate verbally, bobing and moving their heads as they do so.

They almost certainly had mouths originally. Besides the jaw bone, the game manual, when describing their history, describes them as having developed a 'society based upon group-hunting and warrior rule.' Hunting would be irrelevant if all they did was 'suck up' psi energy.

They may actually still have them (although they may be a very small detail just below the jawline). The manual merely describes the Xel'Naga as guiding them subtly to a state of high cultural development; it doesn't actually describe them performing massive genetic engineering along the lines of turning the Protoss from a species based on a normal metabolism to some kind of psi-based entities.

Guardsman Bass 18:22, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

I will modify the article to suit. TriniKnight 20:43, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Not only Aldaris (NOT Artanis) but also the Arbiter portrait has - or appears to have - a mouth. Also, Aldaris' mouth seems to be quite present. I think it would be fair to suggest that members of the Judicator Caste (for whatever reason) possess vestigal mouths, which do not appear to open.
 * Uhh, they don't look like they have mouths to me. It's debatable at best.

I'm for “no mouth,” too. And no nose either. Or maybe they can hold their breath real long on those space missions. As for Aldaris, I assume this is just really interesting pigmentation. --MushroomCloud 01:24, 31 March 2007 (UTC) protoss do not have mouthes or noses and they do not need to breath like humans

Protoss do not have mouths, as implied in the Legacy of the Void campaign when Rohana says something to the effect of 'primitive' humans having to talk through orifices while sounded thoroughly horrified and disgusted. Common theory is that they did indeed have them at some point in time due to the jawbone and backstory, though females have a rather smooth face and sometimes no hint of a jawbone at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8800:AC00:506:D9F2:90F8:64C4:F627 (talk) 23:23, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

What, did Sephiroth101 also invent the reaver drop?
Regarding the carrier/arbiter attack combination:

This method of attack was popularized by a player known on Battle.net as Sephiroth101

Does anyone have a cite for this? I don't know if it's true or not, but it seems to me like it could very possibly be an edit done by Sephiroth101.

My vote is to remove it. Bugg42 08:20, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter even if it were true, there are no vanity edits allowed on Wikipedia. It has to be removed, vote or no. Let me revise my statement: It matters only if it positively contributes to the integrity and relevence of the article. If it is going to be easily disputed or not easily backed-up or agreed upon, it should probably not be added. Eluchil 08:23, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Other
I like Fenix. Me too. How does a Protoss/Zerg hybrid looks like? i would guess they would look more like zerg then protoss but have the PSI abilitys as protoss and there natural strength

AoS
Why does this link here?
 * Exactly, it doesn't seem to have any sense at all.

Give me a break!
Give me a break! Is there some sort of new vendetta ongoing against what some people perceive to be fancruft again? Mentioning the things that were just deleted are essential to the understanding of the game and the species. Deleting it is pure nonsense. It's ridiculous. Perhaps some of the more specific game information should be cut out and the descriptions trimmed down, but deleting it outright is ridiculous. bob rulz 02:50, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Please be more specific: what "things" exactly are you referring to?--Chodorkovskiy (talk)  16:24, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

I re-added the sections on units. A couple weeks ago when all the articles on specific units were up for deletion, the general consensus was that the information provided in those separate articles could already be found on the Protoss, Terran, and Zerg articles, therefore they weren't needed. Although te section on structures can be considered to be game guilde material, the section on idividual units had some history and other information beyond the actual game. Because of this, I believe that the information should be there for those that want it. This article mentions that ''There is no reason why there shouldn't be a page for every Simpsons character, and even a table listing every episode, all neatly cross-linked and introduced by a shorter central page. Every episode name in the list could link to a separate page for each of those episodes, with links to reviews and trivia.'' I'm not even asking for separate articles, just one small section.E946 17:28, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's the main section I was talking about. However, I've already taken the issue up with the user in question after he deleted relevant information in another article (don't remember his name...but we reached a compromise on it). bob rulz 13:58, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

The Fibonacci Number
I know this may sound completely irrelevant to most, but why do the Protoss have four fingers? Usually, organic systems tend to organise into the Fibonacci sequence 1,2,3,5,8...An example is the human hand, we have 5 fingers on each hand and 3 joints on each finger. 4 is not a Fibonacci number. This rule applies to all organic creatures. It must be all that Xel'Naga genetic tampering! -- Dark Observer

 * Most insects have six legs each, and there's a gene among humans that causes them to grow a sixth finger or toe. E946 09:26, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Could this gene present in humans be a product of mutation? If so, then it would have to be due to an alteration (mutation) of human genes (I don't know too many people with polydactylism). As for insects, I think that you may have misinterpreted me. What I ment to say was, that if you were to bisect (to cut in half vertically, if viewing from the top) an insect, then it would have only 3 legs on one side, and 3 is a Fibonacci number. Also, because there are 2 sides (because you have cut it in half), 2 is also a Fibonacci number. Insects are not as "evolved" as humans are, and they are definatly not advanced as the Protoss. However in evolution, you use it, or you lose it. Really, which ever works best for the organism through the ages works. A better example of this would be spiders, because they have 8 legs (another Fib number), but 4 legs on each side, but they still use Fibonacci-style symetry. -- Dark Observer

 * Fibonacci is not a law. There are four-petalled flowers, and plenty of other examples besides. It's a remarkable tendency, and one that might only apply to Earth-based life. Anyway, the Protoss were extensively modified by the Xel'Naga, so it's irrelevant in their case. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.22.234.213 (talk) 07:15, 10 May 2007 (UTC).

scouts
are you kidding? i used to go for carriers and bought 2 or 3 scouts and theyd quickly die, but trust me, forget about carriers and pump out scouts (saves lots of upgrade cost as well), if you have a full squadron of scouts (12, or 11 and an arbiter) they will kick ass big time. nothing in the air is so strong and fast as a group of scouts, theyll win all air skirmishes and can be flown all around the map, giving great advantages, almost dictating from the air. its expensive but worth it. the point being, that you cant distinguish one scout from the other, and damage gets devided over the different scouts, and because there are lots of them, there are lots of shields simultaniously regenerating (rate of regen is fixed for all units, same as zerg regen and why the zerglings are fully regenerated in seconds). and if they would take too heavy a damage all their shields would be gone they can easely be flown off. no-one uses scouts as scouts, ironically, there too expensive and vulnerable alone, if you want a scout you use the much faster and cheaper corsair, or simply the observer.--Lygophile 08:28, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, using scouts for scouting seem a bit silly. But massing scouts make even less sense unless your opponent is massing carriers or battlecruisers. MIGHT work in vanilla. No chance in Broodwar with corsairs, valkyries and devourer/mutas. Ledtim 11:31, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This issue is entirely irrelevant, but mass scouts is actually pretty effective. Only devourers and goliaths can really take them on. Or mass hydralisks, since they suck against ground. bob rulz 02:44, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Either way Carriers are by far the most senseless waist of resources. Even their weaponry (interceptors) is costly and vulnerable making them necessary only in occasions that long range aerial assault is required and even there they are not that effective (like breaking a fortification of spore colonies) since the interceptors will fall one after other leaving the slow Carriers completely prone. Additionally the initiate of blizzard to increase the interceptors' shield and hip points from 20/30 to 40/40 did not make any serious change while the increase of armor to Carriers themselves may had increases slightly their survivability but gave no advantage since once a protoss unit starts taking HP damage cannot be repaired. The Carrier is supposed to be the protoss equivalent for Battlecruiser (as regarding cost, technology tree and supply requirements) but any compare between the two units would sound as a joke. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.69.25.113 (talk) 15:03, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

equality among race pages
i posted a comment about this in the zerg talk page, but i have recieved no responce there, so i thought i might write something here. i have also left a comment on the starcraft talk page.

i know that all the unit articles have been removed, and this is something i agree with, what i don't argee with is the short changing of the zerg article, or the favitorism bestowed on the terran and protoss articles. why is it that the units section of the zerg page, not individual articals just their section on the page, has been removed and all attempts at bringing the zerg page to a state of equality with the protoss and terran pages are imidiatly quashed, while the other race pages are allowed to retain their units section. these sections have a very game guide feel to them and i for one cannot see why they remain on those pages when the zerg unit section does not. by allowing these two pages to have the mentioned sections but not allowing the zerg page to have such makes the zerg page seem unfinished and shabby. i move for the removale of those unit sections or for the readdition of the zerg unit section, with the greater emphasis on the removale of said sections.

--Manwithbrisk 20:54, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Hrm. I don't know why, but I'm on the job (starting now, I guess). Zeratul En Taro Adun!So be it. 01:50, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

We should likely move the unit discriptions to another page as I suggested above (in Move Units) and link to it from here. The anti-game guide people don't seem to be as bothered by that as much as they are as putting it directly on the pages. 63.65.45.102 21:52, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Removed Predator reference
I removed the Predator reference; there seems to be no reason to link to the Predator page. what's the link? They're both tchnologically advanced alien races?

If anyone adds it back, please elaborate on the reason the link is necessary. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by StarManta (talk • contribs) 03:51, 4 April 2007 (UTC).

The alien in preditor looks almost excatly like a protoss and has many silimarities no they do not Preds for one have mouthes protoss do not 2ndly Elites are more like Preds

Republic...
Anyone else here notice a connection between Protoss society and Plato's Republic? I mean, you have the 'golds', or the Judicators which command the Templars and govern the society. The Templars take the place of the 'silver' group, the warriors and soldier who's job it is to protect the society and enforce the law of their superiors (also the idea of the High Templars ascending from the ranks of Templars after maturing, similar to the fact that all members of Plato's 'gold' class were drawn from the 'silver'). Finally, there are the 'bronze/iron' class, the Khalai, the peasants and artisans. Just a thought.

 * It totally does:) It's probably just a coincidence, but it's still great. The only thing that doesn't fit to the Republic in the Protoss society is the way people get into the above mentioned three groups (philosophers, warriors, peasants)- while in the Republic, all children have a common education which sorts them to the groups according to their abilities and dispositions, the Protoss society, on the other hand, was divided into tribes, which themselves were sorted out to the three castes (Judicators, Templars, Khalai)on the eve of Khala's creation by Khas himself, again according to their abilites and dispositions (which raises an interesting question - with Xel'naga having tampered with Protoss evolution and having a hand in the shaping of their society before the Aeon of Strife, is it possible that each tribe having special disposition was their doing? Perhaps with the goal of shaping their society more or less in the way it eventually unfolded anyway?). Honestly, it is with this in mind that I'm kinda disapppointed in the way the Protoss society was portrayed after the Fall of Aiur (with Daelaam, Hierarchy and all that jazz). There's just not much thought put behind it, and that kinda sucks. Also, as a side NOTE, it really pissed me of what SPOILERS ALERT was done with the Khala at the end of the LOTV - it was such a huge part of Protoss race, and they just chucked it away. The LOTV was still OK though.

SPOILER ALERT END — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vrastislav (talk • contribs) 17:15, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I think you're alluding to the fact that the Protoss social structure resembles that of an ancient Western civilization (such as the Romans). There is some basis to this, such as the Dragoon being a Protoss riding (in this case, encased) inside a four-legged mechanical unit, and the Templar in reference to ther term meaning "medieval Christian military order". I see what you're thinking. --Animeronin 08:24, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Trivia Section
Should we add a Trivia section that states that the Protoss Stalker's Blink is very much the same (if not similar) to the Blink the Warden uses in WarCraft III - The Frozen Throne?

 * Aiur is the only Starcraft planet with confirmed provinces, those being Antioch and Scion.
 * Korhal's captial city is Augusgrad... Oidia 01:37, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

What the heck...
What the heck Mate, there is no difference of male and female between Protoss. That's just gay. Haven't they got penis or vagina????????

 * I deem this issue rather irrelevent. --Animeronin 08:25, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I also deem it stupid. bob rulz 02:42, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

you can tell the protoss sexes apart females are thiner or talled then males longer faces and there mental "voices" are more gentle then male mental "voices" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.114.227.174 (talk) 03:30, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Imbalanced article, and proposal to fix
A while back, there was a bunch of material on Starcraft units and strategies. Then there was a great purge under the campaign banner of Wikipedia not being a strategy guide - which was badly needed. However, looking around now, it seems the campaign went overboard. The articles on Starcraft and its three races are overloaded with intricate detail on the plots and characters, which are all relevant only to single-player mode, while there is almost no material on even what the basic units are, which is one of the most important aspect of the game, in either single-player or multi-player mode. The absence is especially significant because probably most game play and notability of Starcraft is in its multi-player mode, not its single-player mode. It's as if you had a long article on chess without ever mentioning that the pieces include a king, a queen, knights, rooks, etc. or how those pieces are different.

I propose we fix this just by at least adding a brief list of the units to each of the three race pages, each with a single short sentence briefly describing the nature of the unit. That would only provide the most basic and undisputedly encyclopedic sort of information about the topic of the articles, and would absolutely not threaten to pollute Wikipedia with verboten "strategy guide" material.

As a secondary matter, it would also help if we trimmed away some of the extensive detail on single-player mode plots and characters.

These concerns are probably true of a lot of other games, though Starcraft is the only one that I have paid attention to.

I'm cross-posting this on the talk pages for Starcraft and its three races plus the video game Wikiproject to draw appropriate attention from potentially concerned users. Please continue the discussion, though at the Video Games Wikiproject talk page, for the sake of a single forum. If consensus ends up running parallel to my proposal here over the next couple weeks, I'll add the units.

- Reaverdrop (talk/nl) 20:32, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * For future reference, overlapping AfDs for Protoss and Zerg resulted in Keep for Zerg, and No Consensus for Protoss, with a conclusion that Korean references are needed.

 * Articles for deletion/Protoss
 * Articles for deletion/Zerg

- Reaverdrop (talk/nl) 09:28, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Chess and Dungeons & Dragons articles good models for gameplay/strategy sections
Dungeons & Dragons was the front page featured article yesterday. Chess was the front page article once a few years ago. Both have featured status. Both have great sections on gameplay / strategy & tactics, and branch-off articles focusing more closely on the same, that are good models to use in adding the needed gameplay/strategy/tactics information to this article on the Protoss. Emulating the kind of material from those featured pages should alleviate concerns about the Protoss page degrading into an "unencyclopedic gaming guide" type document. - Reaverdrop ( talk / nl ) 22:13, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

regarding starcraft 2
I'm thinking how we should add starcraft 2 strategy to this article.

1. Have one section on Starcraft, then a completely new section on Starcraft 2.

2. Have both strategies mixed into one "gameplay" section. Good friend100 23:59, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Strategy should not be added because Wikipedia is not a game guide (see WP:NOT). Any mentioning should at best be superficial. (e.g. protoss units are high-tech, tough, and expensive.) --Voidvector 12:54, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What about the comments above - is there any reason why the goal should not be something very analogous to the strategy/gameplay guides in the Featured Articles on chess and Dungeons & Dragons, as exemplars of providing needed information without decending into "game guide" material? - Reaverdrop ( talk / nl ) 14:31, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You might want to post that question on a policy talk page somewhere as I am no authority over this. It is simply a common practice amongst CVG articles. Regarding D&D, I haven't read/found any D&D or any table-top RPG game guide on Wikipedia, if you can point me to a paragraph that would be great. Regarding chess, it is a world-class game that's been around (and unchanged) for a few hundred years. If StarCraft can be popular that long, then we might discuss. There are general RTS articles like Rush (computer and video games) and Tank rush. --Voidvector 00:32, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

What, so we can't add information that is like guides? I am interested in expanding the section about gameplay, which seems pathetically short. Good friend100 00:59, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As long as you don't add information like "Dark Templar rushes are especially effective against Terran players because of their poor detection abilities." That's a strategy. Describing gameplay is fine (like Protoss units are tough but expensive, or Protoss structures are warped in, allowing probes to seek other jobs while waiting), but strategy is a different story. bob rulz 02:41, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

The History Lesson
This article has been tagged as having a plot summary that is too long. I spoke to the guy that tagged it, and he said it's referring to the history section. I would like to trim this down as much as I can, but as I'm not a fan of this series, I may remove bits that are indeed important (I'll apologies in advance for that. Feel free to replace anything necessary.)  If someone wiser than I could review this when I'm done, all would be right with the world. Larrythefunkyferret 00:04, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Finished. I fear that I might have gotten cut-happy; if I did, sorry. If someone wiser than I thinks that the issues in the tag have been addressed, could you remove the tag? I don't feel right doing it myself. Larrythefunkyferret 06:11, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

The events during the time of StarCraft and Brood War are all out of order. It says that the Overmind invaded Aiur before Tassadar was found. Which is completely backwards. There are other things that are mixed up as well. XBSHX 21:33, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Artanis
On the Blizzard site they have released a recap article for Starcraft's episodes I, II, and III. It reveals that the player character (The Executor)in the Protoss campaign is actually Artanis. Someone ought to update the page citing his name for a small recap of what he did in Episode III. 72.234.46.115 (talk) 08:21, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, this should definitely be added. If no one else does so, I'll add it when I have time. For anyone interested, the link is here: bob rulz (talk) 07:53, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:StarcraftII 03.JPG
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BetacommandBot 16:14, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Protoss Tribes
Should not be some notice about the mentioned Protoss tribes found in the game and their Khali cast grouping? Since I recall even in the game manual there was a brief description of Protoss tribes due to their color and the cast they belong to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.69.25.113 (talk) 15:09, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Protoss


text:
Elmer Flick

Elmer Harrison Flick (January 11, 1876 – January 9, 1971) was an American professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball from 1898 to 1910 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Athletics, and Cleveland Bronchos/Naps. In 1,483 career games, Flick recorded a .313 batting average while accumulating 164 triples, 1,752 hits, 330 stolen bases, and 756 runs batted in (RBIs). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963.

Flick began his career in semi-professional baseball and played in minor league baseball for two years. He was noticed by George Stallings, the manager of the Phillies, who signed Flick as a reserve outfielder. Flick was pressed into a starting role in 1898 when an injury forced another player to retire. He excelled as a starter. Flick jumped to the Athletics in 1902, but a court injunction prevented him from playing in Pennsylvania. He joined the Naps, where he continued to play for the remainder of his major league career, which was curtailed by a stomach ailment.

Flick was known predominantly for his solid batting and speed. He led the National League in RBIs in 1900, and led the American League in stolen bases in 1904 and 1906, and in batting average in 1905.

Early life
Flick was born on January 11, 1876, the third of five children of Zachary and Mary Flick, on the family farm in Bedford, Ohio. His father was a farmer and mechanic who had served in the American Civil War. Flick attended Bedford High School, where he played catcher on the school's baseball team. He also played American football, wrestled, and boxed.

Flick entered semi-professional baseball by chance. When he was 15 years old, he was at a train station to support the local baseball team as it left for a road trip. Only eight of the team's players showed up at the station, so Flick was recruited to go on the trip with the team. Though Flick did not have a uniform or shoes, he hit well in both games of the doubleheader, though Bedford lost both games. He joined the Bedford team on a regular basis, and he continued to play semi-pro baseball throughout his teenage years.

Minor league baseball
In 1896, the manager of the Youngstown Puddlers of the Interstate League signed Flick. Because the team had an established catcher, Flick played in the outfield, where he struggled to learn the position. In 31 games, Flick had a .826 fielding percentage. However, Flick had a strong performance offensively. Using his father's lathe, Flick crafted his own baseball bat, which he used to hit for a .438 batting average.

The next year, Flick played for the Dayton Old Soldiers, also in the Interstate League, as their regular left fielder. His defense improved, as he compiled a .921 fielding percentage, and he batted .386. He also led the league with 20 triples and 295 total bases.

Major League Baseball
George Stallings, the manager of the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League (NL), noticed Flick while he played for Dayton. Stallings signed Flick to the Phillies to serve as a reserve outfielder for the team in the 1898 season. Starting outfielder Sam Thompson injured his back after six games, forcing Stallings to play Flick. In his debut game, Flick went 2-for-3 with two singles against Fred Klobedanz. Thompson returned to the team briefly, but reinjured his back and announced his retirement in May, allowing Flick to play regularly. Flick proved himself a capable big leaguer, batting .302 with eight home runs, 13 triples and 81 runs batted in (RBIs). In the 1899 season, he batted .342, with 98 runs scored and 98 RBIs. However, he suffered a serious knee injury in August, and reinjured the knee when he returned to the game too quickly.

Before the 1900 season, Philadelphia stars Napoleon Lajoie and Ed Delahanty held out of renewing their contracts with the team. Other members of the team had grown disgruntled. Amid talk of a revival of the American Association, Flick and several other players began to talk about not returning to the team the next year. The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that Flick's father was in the chair business in Cleveland and that he might require Flick's help with the business. Flick agreed to a contract extension before the season started.

That year, he led the NL with 110 RBIs. He finished second in the NL with a .367 batting average, a .545 slugging percentage, 11 home runs, 59 extra-base hits, and 297 total bases. He also engaged in a fistfight with Lajoie that caused Lajoie to miss five weeks due to a broken thumb. The race for the batting title came down to the end of the season. The title winner, Honus Wagner, later said, "I've had a lot of thrills, but don't think I was ever happier than in 1900 when I won after battling Elmer Flick to the last day of the season for the title."

Flick was one of many star NL players who jumped to the fledgling American League (AL) after the 1901 season, playing for the crosstown Philadelphia Athletics. Flick played in 11 games for the Athletics, before the Phillies obtained an injunction from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court prohibiting any player under contract with the Phillies from playing for another team. Though this injunction named Lajoie, Bill Bernhard, and Chick Fraser only, it still applied to Flick as well. As a recourse, Flick and teammate Lajoie signed instead with the Cleveland Naps, as the Pennsylvania injunction could not be enforced in Ohio. The two players often traveled separately from their teammates for the next year, never setting foot in Pennsylvania in order to avoid a subpoena. Flick spent the remainder of his career in Cleveland, and the contract dispute was resolved when the leagues made peace in September 1903 with the National Agreement.

On July 6, 1902, Flick hit three triples in one game. Between 1900 and 2010, 49 players accomplished that feat. By early 1904, Flick did not want to re-sign with Cleveland for the offered $2,500 ($0 in current dollar terms). Plans were being made to run a railroad through a corner of Flick's farm and Flick hoped to hire some of his horses to the construction team. "After July 4, my farm work will be along so that I will be able to give considerable attention to independent ball", he said.

Flick did return to Cleveland for the 1904 season. That year, Flick tied teammate Harry Bay for the league lead with 38 stolen bases. Flick was the AL batting champion in the 1905 season with a .308 average. Only Carl Yastrzemski, who won the batting title with a .301 average in the 1968 season, led the league with a lower average. Flick also led the league with a .462 slugging percentage and 18 triples in 1905. His .383 on-base percentage trailed only Topsy Hartsel. During a 1905 game, Cleveland fielders were charged with seven errors in a single inning, but Flick committed only one of the errors.

In the 1906 season, Flick played a league-leading 157 games. He led the league with 700 plate appearances, 624 at-bats, 98 runs scored, 22 triples, and 39 stolen bases (tied with John Anderson). However, Flick was "said to be dissatisfied with the team", and the Naps considered trading him to the Detroit Tigers for Matty McIntyre. Before the 1907 season, the Naps turned down a trade with the Tigers which would have exchanged Flick for the 21-year-old Ty Cobb. Hughie Jennings, the Tigers' manager, was tired of dealing with Cobb's abrasive behavior. The Naps refused to part with Flick, even in exchange for Cobb. They countered with Bunk Congalton, but the Tigers declined. Flick had been holding out but he signed a few days after the proposed trade. After Cobb was nearly traded away, Jennings attempted to repair the difficult relationships between Cobb and the other Detroit players. "Cobb is too good a hitter to let get away, when a little diplomacy will get the boys together", Jennings said. In the 1907 season, Flick again led the league with 18 triples.

However, baseball took its toll on Flick. Before the 1907 season, he considered retiring to pursue other business opportunities. By 1908, he developed stomach problems. Cleveland personnel initially said that the illness was related to Flick's overeating. He left training camp that year, complaining of "train sickness", and returned home to Cleveland. He missed the majority of the 1908 season, playing in only nine games. He missed the beginning of the 1909 season as well, as a doctor recommended Flick have his appendix removed. Now weighing 130 lbs, Flick was afraid of a bad outcome from the surgery, which was a significant risk at the time. He kept his appendix and played in 66 games, batting .255. He played in another 24 games in the 1910 season before he was again sidelined by his stomach ailment.

The Naps acquired Shoeless Joe Jackson from the Athletics in a trade and had him replace Flick in the lineup. In July 1910, the Naps sold Flick to the Kansas City Blues of the American Association, but Flick refused to report to Kansas City, which cancelled the transaction.

Later career
In 1911, Flick looked to continue his career. Unable to find a major league team willing to sign him, he returned to the minor leagues. The Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association purchased him from Cleveland. Flick played for Toledo in 1911 and 1912. He batted .326 in the 1911 season and .262 in the 1912 season, but did not hit for power. The Mud Hens released him at the end of the 1912 season. He retired from professional baseball after being released by Toledo, though he briefly played as a second baseman for a local amateur team in Bedford in 1914.

Flick retired without playing in a World Series. As of 2003, there were six Hall of Famers without a World Series appearance who played most of their careers after 1903; three of them – Flick, Lajoie and Addie Joss – played together with Cleveland from 1902 to 1910.

Later life
Returning to Bedford, Flick hunted, raised horses, built buildings, and became involved in selling real estate. He also scouted for Cleveland. Only four 19th-century baseball players, including Flick, were still alive in 1970. In his later years, Flick still answered requests for autographs from his fans. Proud of his longevity, Flick often completed autographs by writing the date and his age above or underneath his signature.

Flick was married to Rosa Ella (née Gates). The couple had five daughters. Flick died of congestive heart failure on January 9, 1971, two days before his 95th birthday, in his hometown of Bedford. He had also suffered from mycosis fungoides.

Honors
When Cobb died in 1961, stories written about him mentioned the attempted trade between Cleveland and Detroit, which revived interest in Flick. Flick was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963 after being unanimously elected by the Veterans Committee (VC). When he received the call from Branch Rickey that he had been selected, Flick did not believe Rickey at first. He said that he did not even realize that he was being considered for election at the time. Flick's family had to convince him that the call was real. He was the oldest living inductee in Hall of Fame history. At his induction, the 87-year-old Flick said, "This is a bigger day than I've ever had before. I'm not going to find the words to explain how I feel."

Subsequent to his induction, writers have questioned the validity of Flick's Hall of Fame membership. James Vail characterized Flick and three other Hall of Famers as "some of the most dubious VC choices ever". David Fleitz wrote that Rickey's influence on the Veterans Committee led to Flick's election, as Rickey was the only committee member who had seen Flick play. Author Robert E. Kelly pointed out that Flick's career was relatively short and that stronger candidates from Flick's era (such as Sherry Magee) had not been inducted.

Flick was enshrined in the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame in 1977, and the Ohio Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987. A statue of Flick's likeness was created to be placed in Bedford; it was funded by donations and was ultimately dedicated in September 2013. Mike Hargrove was among the baseball figures who attended the dedication ceremony.

title: Elmer Flick