text:
United States Shipping Board

The United States Shipping Board (USSB) was established as an emergency agency by the 1916 Shipping Act (39 Stat. 729), on September 7, 1916. The United States Shipping Board's task was to increase the number of US ships supporting the World War I efforts. The program ended on March 2, 1934.

Initiation
The United States had a maritime position that had been eroding for decades with some congressional concern. Some remedies actually worsened the situation since European shipping companies dominated overseas trade, and just over 10% of the value of trade carried in American-owned ships. The 1916 Act was the result of congressional efforts to create a board to address the problem dating from 1914. The legislation was not then a part of any war effort with specific intent, as stated in the act:

 * "An Act to establish a United States Shipping Board for the purpose of encouraging, developing, and creating a naval auxiliary and naval reserve and a Merchant Marine to meet the requirements of the commerce of the United States with its territories and possessions and with foreign countries; to regulate carriers by water engaged in the foreign and interstate commerce of the United States for other purposes."

A board of five commissioners was to be appointed by the US president with confirmation by the US Senate as the United States Shipping Board (USSB) to acquire and construct suitable vessels and to create corporations under its control to execute the programs. In essence, the board was given "complete control over American ships and shipping."

US President Woodrow Wilson made public his nominations for the board on December 22, 1916, with some dissatisfaction in the shipping industry about particular nominees and the board's power to set ocean freight rates raising particular concern and skepticism. The initial nominees were William Denman (chairman), who was instrumental in drafting the legislation for the establishment of the board for a term of six years, Bernard N. Baker for five years, John A. Donald for four years, James B. White for three years, and Theodore Brent for a term of two years. The members of the board gathered in Washington in the first week of January 1917 to plan and organize while they awaited confirmation, which came in late January. The board's formal organization was on January 30.

US vessels had suffered a disadvantage, and the laws passed by Congress had in some cases had the effect of giving advantage to European shipping, instead of the desired effect of making the country no longer heavily dependent on foreign shipping. With the outbreak of war in Europe, the national fleets of the warring countries became involved in those countries' wartime efforts and were withdrawn from commercial trade, which was vital to US commerce. One initial step was granting authority to the president to allow registration of foreign-built ships owned by US companies to enter the US registry and operate under the US flag and to repeal certain penalties for those using foreign-built vessels. The net effect was negligible as shipbuilding in the United States declined almost equally with the benefits gained.

The US entered the war just over two months after the board had begun its work, which completely changed its focus from generally strengthening the nation's maritime position to a massive wartime program. Though it was sometimes referred to as the War Shipping Board, the official title remained the United States Shipping Board.

The board was to address the shortage of shipping through acquisition of existing hulls and, with the declaration of war by the United States on Germany on 6 April 1917, a construction program through its Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) was created 16 April. The precedent for using such a corporation had been set during the construction of the Panama Canal during which the Panama Railway Company was charged with much of the construction and had its stock entirely owned by the US Secretary of War. The Shipping Act had explicitly empowered the board to found such a company, which was done with issuance of $50,000,000 in stock all initially held by the board; the majority portion had to be retained, and another provision required the trustees of the EFC to hold stock. During the war, Congress granted the president extraordinary wartime powers, which were used by means of Executive Orders to expand the board's authority and its corporation. The board, as a regulatory and policy body, executed its programs largely through the EFC, a separate entity that was fully under the policy control of the majority stockholder, the board. The Chairman of the USSB was initially the head of the EFC, but the General Manager had all real authority except the power to sign contracts.

The division of authority between the USSB and the EFC and the construction program's direction led to conflict between USSB Chairman Denman and EFC General Manager Major-General George Washington Goethals. That resulted in the resignation of both men and the reconstitution of the board and the corporation.

The new USSB composition, which remained throughout the war was Edward N. Hurley as chairman, with Raymond B. Stevens replacing James B. White as vice-chairman and John Donald, Bainbridge Colby and Charles R. Page as members. Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps, formerly Constructor of the Navy and Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Construction, became the General Manager of the EFC.

World War I
Shipbuilding before America entered the war had been expanded to some extent, with domestic shipping companies replacing ships withdrawn from trade by belligerents and both the United Kingdom and neutral countries contracting for ships in US yards. The UK had contracted for ships through private British companies for security and for US neutrality needs. In March 1917, just before the US entered the war and the USSB shifted to full wartime operations, there were about 700,000 tons of new construction underway for the private US owners, and all 234 building ways in the US were occupied by either those or by ships for neutral and domestic shipping lines. There was no possibility for a quick expansion of capacity to incorporate the USSB/EFC shipbuilding program.

Interned enemy ships
The most readily available hulls were 91 German vessels of aggregate tonnage refurbished for use by the USSB and under legislation of 12 May 1917 and an executive order of 30 June 1917 giving the USSB formal power to seize the vessels and enter them into the US registry. The report of December 1918 showed one Austrian steamer, 87 German steamers that now included four from Cuba, and seven sailing vessels seized. Some of Germany's premier liners, such as SS Amerika (1905), SS George Washington, SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1906), Astoria, Pensacola, Aeolus, Mercury, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Prinz Eitel Friedrich, Republic, President Lincoln, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Antigone, Rhein, Kronprinz Wilhelm, Covington, Friedrich der Große and SS Vaterland (1913), were among the seized ships.

On 15 November 1917, the USSB authorized negotiations with foreign countries that had seized German or Austrian ships with actual discussions that continued until January 1918. The result was the charter or the outright purchase of a number of ships interned from South America to China.

Commandeering existing construction
The USSB's first action regarding new construction was commandeering every contract, hull, and even steel in the US yards for ships over. The first order was signed by Chairman Hurley on 3 August 1917, to be executed by the EFC to secure control of the shipyards and construction already underway. The action was immediately protested by nearly every shipyard and owner of the ships under construction, with the foreign owners protesting through the US State Department. A large number of the contracts and ships under construction for foreign accounts were for the United Kingdom, and the protest was solved with the British government's agreement that the ships would be used in the total war effort. With one exception, a new ship from Union Iron Works that had already loaded for departure, War Sword, the contracts and the ships were requisitioned.

Out of 431 such ships, totaling, 414 of the requisitioned were completed after cancellations of some contracts for ships of unwanted design that were in early stages of construction or not yet laid down. A very large group of these ships, contracted with names prefixed with "War" and renamed before completion, were being built for the British Shipping Controller of Ministry of Shipping under various shipping line contracts. Examples of such ships are SS War Topaz, which became USS West Bridge, and one of the Great Lakes built ships, originally War Bayonet, which became USS Lake Superior for the first war and USS Tuluran for the second. Others among the ships found service in the next war; for example, War Dido was torpedoed and sunk as SS Empire Springbuck in 1941, and War Dragon was seized by Japan and sunk as Renzan Maru by USS Porpoise (SS-172) on 1 January 1943. Some being built for domestic shippers had long careers, with USS Orizaba (ID-1536) and Oriente being examples.

Construction program
The Board's construction program, most notably the Hog Islander ships, was executed through the Emergency Fleet Corporation, which it established on 16 April 1917.

The shipbuilding program was concluded with the 9 May 1922 delivery of the ship completed and delivered as Western World, launched as Nutmeg State 17 September 1921, by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation at Sparrows Point, Maryland.

Ship management
When ships were delivered from the builder to the USSB, they came under the management of the Division of Operations, which allocated them to the US War Department, US Navy Department, or commercial service, based on needs and the class and type of ship. By December 1918, the division had become the largest ship operating entity in US history, with a total fleet of 1,386 vessels totaling owned outright, managed, or chartered.

For more control of traffic required by the war effort, methods applied by the British were employed in which rates were adjusted and control was exercised through the division's Chartering Committee, whose approval was necessary to obtain license to refuel in US ports. With American-registered ships already under tight control, those regulations were largely directed at neutrals. A specific example was the preferred trade by neutrals in manganese with eastern South America when the war effort required nitrates from the west of the continent. The board's efforts were directed to shift the balance. Enforcement of rates was strict and at one point, before wide compliance, 136 steamers were held in US ports. By December 1918, the USSB directly controlled such a large portion of US shipping through ownership and charter that the USSB's prewar rate-setting regulatory function had largely become a minor factor.

A Maritime Intelligence Department in the division and a separate Division of Planning and Statistics collected and analyzed shipping data to help determine what level of shipping was necessary for commerce and how much could be shifted to the war effort.

Ship manning
As of 1 June 1917, the USSB established a recruiting service with headquarters in Boston, with the first of an eventual 43 training centers, in recognition that traditional methods were too slow for the rapid wartime expansion for deck officers, at Cambridge, Massachusetts on 4 June. A second set of schools was created for engineering officers with those engineers destined for turbine powered ships being sent to the builders of turbines for training. The early result, between 1 June 1917 and 1 October 1918 was 11,618 licensed officers. The officer training was expanded to training for crew, deck sailors, firemen, wipers, cooks, and stewards by December 1917 and was open to all male citizens of the ages 18 to 20 or 32 to 35 with a goal expanded from an estimated 85,000 to 200,000 because of the revised estimates of ships by the end of the war.

To ensure that labor problems did not disrupt necessary war shipping, the USSB employed special labor consultants and entered agreements with labor and other government agencies to resolve labor disputes directly and also to standardize wages across the industry. One of the USSB organizations that as specifically concerned with the issue was the Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Division, which was to coordinate all labor related matters, and by late 1918, industry and labor had begun referring disputes to the board and thus avoided any stoppages.

National Adjustment Commission
The National Adjustment Commission was established in 1917 as an adjunct to the USSB for the adjustment and control of wages, hours, and conditions of labor in the loading and the unloading of vessels. In 1918, the initial operation and policies of the commission was agreed to between the USSB and the following parties:
 * US Secretary of War
 * US Secretary of Labor
 * American Federation of Labor
 * International Longshoremen's Association
 * Major shipping companies on the Atlantic and the Gulf Coasts.

Subsequently, additional shipping companies and labor organizations entered the agreement with modifications. William Z. Ripley was chairman of the commission from 1919 to 1920.

In July 1920, the USSB withdrew from the commission agreement and decided to deal with shipping workers directly. The commission ceased operations on October 1, 1920.

Postwar and abolishment
The USSB operated a shipping business with its surplus ships until 1920, when the overseas freight market collapsed, and it began to lay up its vessels. In 1925, Henry Ford bought 199 of the out-of-service ships for $1,697,470 as part of an investigation into the secondary use of materials. The first ship reached the Ford River Rouge Complex in November, and all of the remaining ships were broken down and recycled the following summer.

The USSB was abolished effective March 2, 1934.

Its successor agencies have been the US Shipping Board Bureau of the US Department of Commerce (1933–36); the US Maritime Commission (1936–50); the US Federal Maritime Board of the US Department of Commerce (regulatory functions only, 1950–61); the US Federal Maritime Commission (regulatory functions only, 1961–); the US Maritime Administration of the Department of Commerce (all other functions, 1950–81); and the US Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation (all other functions, 1981–).

U.S. Shipping Commissioners

 * 1920–1921 Joseph Nathan Teal
 * 1921 - 1923 Albert Lasker
 * 1923 - Edward P. Farley

From 1924 to 1933, the board was instead chaired by T. V. O'Connor.

title: United States Shipping Board


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Dublin Metropolitan Police

The Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) was the police force of Dublin in British-controlled Ireland from 1836 to 1922 and then the Irish Free State until 1925, when it was absorbed into the new state's Garda Síochána.

19th century
The Dublin city police had been subject to major reforms in 1786 and 1808. Organised rural policing in Ireland began when Robert Peel, then Chief Secretary for Ireland, created the Peace Preservation Force in 1814. This rudimentary paramilitary police force was designed to provide policing in rural Ireland, replacing the 18th century system of watchmen, baronial constables, revenue officers and British military forces. Peel went on to found the London Metropolitan Police.

In 1822, a new act created four improved "county" constabularies, whose organisation was based around the traditional provinces of Ireland.

1836: reform
In 1836, the county constabularies were merged into a new centralised Constabulary of Ireland, and the Peace Preservation Force ceased to exist. At the same time separate non-paramilitary forces were set up in the largest cities: Dublin, Belfast, and Derry. A perceived lack of impartiality following rioting in the municipal police forces of Belfast and Derry saw both forces absorbed by the national force in 1865 and 1870 respectively, and only Dublin maintained its separate force. The DMP was established under the Dublin Police Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 29) as an unarmed, uniformed force of one thousand day and night constables. The Castle-controlled organisation was more accountable than the untrained constables and night watchmen it replaced.

The 1836 Act authorised the "chief governor of Ireland" to establish a police office in Dublin, supported by two salaried justices, to administer the police force which would be under the direction of the Chief Secretary for Ireland. It also provided for the recruitment and appointment of policemen and the regulation of their conduct. It also created powers of arrest and made arrangements for the financial affairs of the new force, including new taxation.

The DMP was modelled closely on London's Metropolitan Police. Not only were the uniforms of the two forces almost indistinguishable, especially after the helmet and Bath Star were adopted, but the two forces also had a similar organisational structure; rather than a Chief Constable, they were commanded by a Commissioner, who was not a police officer, but a magistrate holding a Commission of the Peace. The first Commissioner of the Dublin Metropolitan Police was John Lewis More O'Ferrall, brother of Richard More O'Ferrall. This was descended from the 18th century system of controlling parish constables, and was a sop to the public's fears about the danger of a standing police force under government control.

1880s: Land War
The force came under considerable pressure in the 1880s during the Land War, in which 500 policemen were injured. A series of protest meetings were held and strikes were threatened in 1882.

1913–14: Dublin Lock-out
Two men died and several hundred people were injured over the course of the five-month Dublin Lock-out, including two hundred policemen. Although the police were involved in "frequent collisions" with union members and used tactics such as baton charges against them, a vice-regal commission cleared them of wrongdoing after the events – though their reputation had suffered considerably.

1916 onwards
As an unarmed urban force, the Dublin Metropolitan Police did not participate as actively in the War of Independence as did the RIC, and as such did not suffer the casualty rate of that force, although three men were killed and seven injured. One of their number David Neligan (who was an IRA agent) records in his book "The Spy in the Castle" that the majority of the DMP uniformed personnel observed a neutral role, restricted to traditional policing functions. The political "G" Division did not come off so lightly, and selected "G men" were first given warnings by the Irish Republican Army in April 1919. Five members of "G" Division were subsequently killed by the IRA, the first in July 1919. Several DMP officers actively assisted the IRA, most notably Edward Broy, who passed valuable intelligence to Michael Collins throughout the conflict.

In the 1996 film Michael Collins, Broy is discovered and subsequently tortured and killed by the British. In reality, he was not caught and went on to become the Commissioner of the Garda Síochána in the 1930s. His fate in the film is based on that of Dick McKee, who, with Peadar Clancy and the civilian Conor Clune, was murdered after torture in Dublin Castle on "Bloody Sunday", 21 November 1920.

After the creation of the Irish Free State, the DMP became known as "Políní Átha Cliath" (Police of Dublin) from 1922–1925, after which the force ceased to exist as a separate entity, being absorbed into the Garda Síochána (Guardians of the Peace). Its last Commissioner was W.R.E. Murphy. "Dublin Metropolitan" is today a geographic region of the Garda Síochána's command structure.

Unlike the RIC, but in common with police forces in Great Britain, the DMP was an unarmed force. In contrast to the green uniformed RIC, the DMP wore dark blue with silver insignia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dublin Metropolitan Police


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Dr. Finlay

Dr Finlay is a fictional character, the hero of a series of stories by Scottish author A. J. Cronin.

Short stories
The character Dr Finlay first appeared in Cronin's novella Country Doctor and in several subsequent short stories published in Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan magazine from 1935 to 1939. The stories were later collected and republished under several titles, including Adventures of a Black Bag, Dr Finlay of Tannochbrae, Further Adventures of a Country Doctor and Dr Finlay's Casebook.

Dr Finlay is a general physician beginning his practice in the fictional Scottish town of Levenford. One of the later short stories takes him to the lochside village of Tannochbrae. In these stories he is charming and becomes well-acquainted with his patients over many years. It is thus his trademark to know them from birth to death and so provide a continuous relationship.

Adaptations
The stories were used as the basis of the long-running BBC television programme Dr Finlay's Casebook, screened from 1962 to 1971, and the radio series of the same title (1970–78). In these productions the main character, rechristened Dr Alan Finlay, was played by Bill Simpson. He was made the newly joined junior partner in the Tannochbrae practice of Dr Angus Cameron, played by Andrew Cruickshank, with Janet, their unflappable housekeeper and receptionist at Arden House, played by Barbara Mullen.

Dr Finlay returned to television in the ITV series, Doctor Finlay, continuing the stories into the late 1940s. This version starred David Rintoul as Dr Finlay, Ian Bannen as Dr Cameron and Annette Crosbie as Janet. It was later broadcast in the U.S. on PBS's Masterpiece Theatre.

The characters made their return to radio in 2001, when BBC Radio 4 broadcast a six-episode series, Dr Finlay: Adventures of a Black Bag, set in Levenford, with John Gordon Sinclair voicing Dr Finlay, Brian Pettifer as Dr Cameron, Katy Murphy as Janet and the nurse Peggy Angus played by Sharon Small. This was followed by two series of Dr Finlay: Further Adventures of a Black Bag in 2002 and 2003, with Sinclair and Pettifer joined by Celia Imrie as Janet and Stella Gonet as Nurse Angus.

A Dutch adaptation of the Doctor Finlay series entitled Memorandum van een dokter was broadcast on Dutch television from 1963 to 1965, starring Bram van der Vlugt.

title: Dr. Finlay


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CentralMexicanVolcanoesforests

No content. Added by a user with a history of vandalism. GreatWhiteNortherner 08:43, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've moved this one to Speedy Deletions - since, as you say, there is no content there. --Stormie 09:28, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

I deleted it, speedy delete -- Chris 73 | Talk 11:26, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Removed from VfD. --Ben Brockert 03:01, May 11, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neofeudalism

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Neofeudalism.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to replace the article with a rewritten version.

Someone seems to be ripping off some obscure tracts, relegated to a fringe even among Marxist circles (and not even doing a good job at that). This is nothing more than a slogan used by a handful of neo-Marxists, albeit with a glimmer of notoriety, in their polemics in recent years, such as those of YS Brenner, arguing that deregulation is bolstering capital's power vis-à-vis labor, and setting the stage for capitalism's drift back toward "neofeudalism." Delete or redirect to a stub about one of the exponents of this term. 172 08:26, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, without question. It's a real concept, and, yes, it's really happening. Mike Church 10:27, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 11:38, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote yet, lean towards delete. This returns only 128 hits on google. Is this term famous enough? If not, the information should go into another article. Andris 14:40, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've heard it outside Wikipedia. The article needs NPOV, but that's a large article to try to merge into another ... it'd be likely to get separated out again - David Gerard 15:01, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Can you give sources where it's used? The article is very short on those. I am open to being convinced that it should be kept but I would like to hear who invented this term, etc. Andris 17:45, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Leftists talking rubbish on the net, usually. But it is out there - David Gerard 22:39, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * If the authors are able to find some of the sources (and BTW, I helped them out by citing one when I'd first added the article to VFD), the article should be redirected to the name of a key author articulating this concept (e.g., YS Brenner), which can include an overview of the author's work. But right now, this wouldn't even get a passing grade as a high schooler's essay, let alone constitute an encyclopedic entry, given that it is not even citing its sources and giving the slightest bit of indication that it is not dreamt up by a couple of Wikipedia users. 172 20:50, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It wasn't "dreamt up by a couple of Wikipedia users," and the term isn't owned by a single author. It's an easily-comprehensible neologism so has taken root in people's blog blatherings and (IIRC) the less comprehensible parts of academia of its own accord - David Gerard 22:39, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you had read my postings before mouthing off, you'd see that I was the first user (and perhaps still the sole user) to even cite the name of an author articulating this concept. I said that since it wasn't citing its sources at the time, it could give people that impression, not that it was a valid impression. 172 02:21, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - it's heard and seen fairly often in the anti-globalization camp. Smerdis of Tlön 16:29, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * So, just to understand the consequences of your argument, what's the difference between the propaganda of the "anti-globalization camp" and an entry in an encyclopedia? For example, do you favor turning this rant by crackpots who ostensibly take an 'anti-globalization' line into an encyclopedia article? 172 20:50, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - while not very NPOV, it is a good topic, and yes as is said earlier often espoused in the anti-globalization camp. Maybe this page can be added to pages needing att. Burgundavia 17:02, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Just because you think the categories in which other people analyse the world are rubbish doesn't mean you have a right to ban them from using them. Hence a Wikipedia entry is justified, although the article is pretty bad at the moment. Most of all it needs to be put in the context of the people who use this term. pir 17:10, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - The audacity of some people. This is a legitimate and academic term of conceptual value and significance.  It is not POV, anymore than the term "conservative" or "liberal" is POV.  Perhaps some people don't like to be called it?  Polls show that people who, by measure of their values and policy preferences, are liberals, don't like to be called liberals.  That doesn't make their values and policiy preferences not liberal.  And it doesn't make "liberal" an illegitimate term.
 * Then what's the difference between (a) a polemic and an encyclopedic entry (b) a personal essay and an encyclopedic entry (c) a propaganda tract and an encyclopedic entry (d) a more-or-less credible academic dissertation and an encyclopedic entry, etc.? I'm not saying that this concept doesn't warrant mentioning anywhere on Wikipedia, but that it should be brought up instead in articles about the people/groups who use this term. Encyclopedias do not give a separate page to people seeking to selling this POV without even bothering to let readers know the source (and incidentally, whether or not the article's contents even adequately sum up what these sources are saying about 'neofeudalism'). 172 20:50, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yo, relax "unsigned commentator". You'll see that most people here have voted to keep it. Sheesh. BTW, I do too, but I also happen to agree with the gist of 172's assessment and I question its neutrality. -- Alcarillo 19:53, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Wow, quite a battle shaping up here, lots of skirmishes. IMO it would be no loss to delete this, the chance of NPOV seems to be remote at present. But agree deletion seems unlikely. No vote, just some advice:
 * Unsigned votes don't count. Waste of time, even possibly counterproductive.
 * Votes of users with good edit histories carry more weight. Do some work. I think both political poles encourage (-> work, and this article still needs some.
 * But first read the policy on NPOV, and note that it is described as non-negotiable.
 * Examine yourself, and if you're not honestly wanting this article to be NPOV, find another to work on. Others will fix this one. Andrewa 20:31, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've worked up a NPOV stub that could be a good starting point; I invite comment on it. The Scratch Pad. Alcarillo 21:45, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I like it. As you'll see by me having tried some edits on it ;-) Needs more before replacing the present article IMO, but would certainly beat deleting it altogether - David Gerard 22:39, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote, grudgingly lean toward keep, provided we switch to the scratch pad version (thanks, Alcarillo). It really should have more specific information on who exactly (names) uses the term where. - Nat Krause 02:03, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a horrible article, but if this is a real term (and I really don't know), we can have a write-up on it. I've done some work on the beginning of the article myself working towards this goal.  The scratch pad version I think could be the basis for a much more comprehensive fix. -- VV 06:45, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP. Well.  I wrote the original article here.  I wrote it not so much because the specific term itself has gained any immense profile, but because the distilled concept is an extremely widespread perception of the Reagan-Bush economics.  I would be the first to admit that the effects of the policies are not necessarily the intentions of the policies, but that is a matter of the inability to understand connections on the parts of some people, and does not mean that the cause-and-effect connections do not exist -- just as I'm sure there are Serbians who believe in ethnic cleansing who absolutely do not believe in genocide.  In any case, it should be kept because it IS a PREVAILING view of Reagan-Bush economics among the more liberal elements of our society.  Wikipedia should, in fact, enumerate commonly-held beliefs in our world, albeit in whatever NPOV terms.  Oh, and 172 implied that I'm a neoMarxist.  I beg your pardon.  I am an entrepreneurial small businessperson who supports a democratic capitalism; I just oppose corporatism. jaknouse 16:56, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Huh? I wasn't calling you a "neo-Marxist." I said that the published authors who've worked on this concept are neo-Marxists. And BTW, is there anything wrong with being a "neo-Marxist." Marx's work is a colossal contribution to modern social theory. **And oddly enough, I'm the "neo-Marxist" around here!** In case I come under attack for saying this, I'll explain what I mean. Much of my understanding of the modern world economy comes from Fernand Braudel's Civilization and Capitalism, and more recent scholars influenced by Braudel, such as Immanuel Wallerstein. On development, I owe a lot to Andre Gunder Frank, Cardoso and Faletto, and Peter Evans. Much of my understanding of social conflict and institutional change comes from scholars who have integrated the contributions of Marx with those of Weber and other social theorists, such as Herbert Marcuse, Barrington Moore, Eric Wolf, Jürgen Habermas, Theda Skocpol, etc., and more recently Dietrich Rueschemeyer, EH Stephens, and JD Stephens. More often, I draw on historians with roots in schools traversed by Marxist writers, such as Hobsbawm, Kolko, and Foner - just to name some coving broadly different ranges of expertise. However, I do use contending schools of thought, such as classical realism in international relations, and even the contributions of the Austrian school of economics (especially imperfect information), and overall, I probably draw just as much from Max Weber as Marx. So, you're dealing with someone who understands this language. 172 06:40, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * If this is a widespread perception, I would support keeping it. If the term is not widespread, it would good to change the name of the page to a more widespread one. There should be one, if it's a common view. Andris 17:37, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Based on what Jaknouse is saying, maybe it should be moved to "Effects of Bush economic policy" where it could be hashed out on a more even basis? - Nat Krause 04:54, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The term is used. If someone finds an obviously better name some time, it can be moved there then. The point here is that it may need a rewrite, but certainly not deletion - David Gerard 21:52, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This term is a real political philosophy, and as minor as it may seem, reviewing some of the articles here, I found some that were infinitely more minor than this.--Beelzebubs 22:37, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Infinitely more minor than something gets >200 hits on google? Maybe those pages should be on VfD, too? - Nat Krause 04:54, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Divide the number of google hits by 2. Half of them are either Wikipedia mirrors or not relevant (word "neofeudalism" used in some other context). Andris 05:18, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fortunately, the abundance of these minor articles is what differentiates Wikipedia from other online dictionaries-e.g., ideally, a guest would be able to look up any topic he/she has ever heard of and there would be a page about it. However, this does bring up the question of what does constitute a relevant topic.--Beelzebubs 00:46, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but citations would be a definite improvement as there are lots of potentially speculative claims: "...these trends widen the gap between rich and poor, increase the scope and severity of poverty and concentrate a majority of the world's wealth in the hands of a few". -- EuroTom 22:17, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AlexBeckersMikeKrol

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the pages entitled Josh Mirman and Stubble comic.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was deletion.

Doubts about inclusion/notability: these two and the two above are uploaded by the one anon Special:Contributions/24.185.223.210, all about college undergrads, which makes it all look like a vanity/friends of vanity attempt. Dysprosia 07:25, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Also Ian J. --Stormie 06:04, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Removed "STORMIE SUCKS!" comment from the Mike Krol page.  jaredwf 07:24, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I got insulted in an article? I've hit the big time! :-) --Stormie 09:30, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, even though Mike Krol lives to design, but dies to rock. john 08:59, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Chris 73 | Talk 11:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Jeez, all that non-notability and they attempt to insult a Wikipedian in good standing? Delete both as vanity and as incapable of creating an insult above the fourth-grade level. - Lucky 6.9 15:08, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely certain why this page was added, but if it matters to the debate I could also be linked from the Asheron's Call page. I currently work at Turbine Entertainment Software and am the Online Community Relations rep for Asheron's Call. This is probably too trivial for the WikiPedia, but that's not my decision to make. -- Cspariah, 17:15, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing it to my attention; I've de-wikispammed it. Oh and delete the other two pages. Alcarillo 19:25, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both: vanity, nonnotable. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:47, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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FA Youth Cup

The Football Association Youth Challenge Cup is an English football competition run by The Football Association for under-18 sides. Only those players between the age of 15 and 18 on 31 August of the current season are eligible to take part. It is dominated by the youth sides of professional teams, mostly from the Premier League, but attracts over 400 entrants from throughout the country.

At the end of the Second World War the FA organised a Youth Championship for County Associations considering it the best way to stimulate the game among those youngsters not yet old enough to play senior football. The matches did not attract large crowds but outstanding players were selected for Youth Internationals and thousands were given the chance to play in a national contest for the first time. In 1951 it was realised that a competition for clubs would probably have a wider appeal. The FA Youth Challenge Cup (1952–53 season) was restricted to the youth teams of clubs, both professional and amateur, who were members of the FA.

The notion of a youth cup was thought of by Sir Joe Richards, the late President of the Football League. He initially put forward the idea to the league clubs but they were not enthused; Richards then took the idea to the Football Association, who liked the idea and created the competition in the same year. The Youth Cup trophy itself was purchased by the Football League during World War II. However, they never found a use for it. Football League secretary Fred Howarth found the trophy in a cupboard at the Starkie Street office and handed it over to the Football Association.

Manchester United are the competition's most successful club, winning it eleven times. The current holders are Manchester City, who defeated Leeds United 4–0 in the 2024 final.

The tournament has served as a springboard into the professional game for many top British players. The likes of George Best, John Barnes, Ryan Giggs, David Beckham, Gary Neville, Frank Lampard, Michael Owen, Steven Gerrard, Jamie Carragher, Joe Cole, Wayne Rooney, Theo Walcott, Daniel Sturridge, Jack Wilshere, and Gareth Bale had all won the tournament or played in the final. The 1991–92 FA Youth Cup famously spawned the rise of Fergie's Fledglings.

Hat-tricks
Including qualifying and preliminary round matches.

Multiple hat-tricks
Players who have scored multiple hat-tricks in the FA Youth Cup. As players are usually only eligible for the FA Youth Cup for one or two seasons (rather than indefinitely/their whole career), scoring multiple hat-tricks is an even more exceptional feat.

FA Girls' Youth Cup hat-tricks
The FA Girls' Youth Cup has been contested since at least 2012, and is the equivalent competition for under-17 women's association football teams. Of the known hat-tricks, all have been in scored in matches featuring Blackburn Rovers W.F.C.: two for Blackburn Rovers and one in the 2012–13 final against them.

Attendance record
The highest attendance at an FA Youth Cup match was 67,492 for the Manchester United vs Nottingham Forest final at Old Trafford on 11 May 2022, which Manchester United won 3–1.

International capped winners

 * Tables are ordered by date of first cap.

title: FA Youth Cup


text:
Magnolia Plantation

Magnolia Plantation may refer to:

(by state)
 * in the United States
 * Magnolia Plantation, Florida
 * Magnolia Mound, St. Bernard, Louisiana, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in St. Bernard Parish
 * Magnolia Mound Plantation House, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, NRHP-listed
 * Magnolia Mound Plantation Dependency, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, NRHP-listed in East Baton Rouge Parish
 * Magnolia Plantation (Derry, Louisiana), part of Cane River Creole National Historical Park, National Historic Landmark and NRHP-listed
 * Magnolia Plantation (Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana), the home of Gen. Pierre "G.T." Beauregard and his first wife
 * Magnolia Plantation (Schriever, Louisiana), NRHP-listed
 * Magnolia Lane Plantation, Westwego, Louisiana, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
 * Magnolia Plantation (Knoxville, Maryland), NRHP-listed
 * Magnolia Plantation, Mississippi
 * Magnolia Plantation and Gardens (Charleston, South Carolina), NRHP-listed

title: Magnolia Plantation


text:
Travers River

The Travers River is in the South Island of New Zealand.

It lies within the borders of the Nelson Lakes National Park. The valley through which the river flows is popular with trampers and is part of the Travers-Sabine tramping circuit, which follows a major portion of the river, starting from Kerr Bay at Saint Arnaud and, after crossing the Travers Saddle (1787 metres), descends the valley of the Sabine River.

The river feeds into Lake Rotoiti. It is not a navigable waterway due to its small size and numerous rocky cascades. The lower reaches of the river lie in open tussock which was burnt and grazed by early European settlers. Further upstream the river flows through unmodified beech forest. The upper reaches are in subalpine scrub above the bushline.

The New Zealand Department of Conservation maintains a number of mountain huts and shelters along the length of the Travers Valley and within the surrounding mountains. These include the Lake Head Hut, Coldwater Hut, the Angelus Hut, the Hopeless Hut, the Cupola Basin Hut, John Tait Hut, and the Upper Travers Hut. Details of these can be obtained from the DOC Visitors Centre in Saint Arnaud.

The river, as well as the nearby Mount Travers and the Travers Range, are named after New Zealand politician and naturalist William Travers.

title: Travers River


text:
Red Symons

Redmond Symons (born 13 June 1949) is an Australian musician and television and radio personality. He was the lead guitarist in the band Skyhooks, the snide judge of 'Red Faces' (a segment of the long-running variety show Hey Hey It's Saturday) and a judge on talent search show Australia's Got Talent. He hosted ABC Radio Melbourne's breakfast show from 2003 until 2017.

Early life and education
Born in England, he emigrated to Australia at the age of nine in 1958 (on the same ship as the members of the Bee Gees). Symons was educated at Emerald Primary School, Monbulk High School, Upwey High School and the University of Melbourne, where he resided at Queen's College and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in pure mathematics and computer science.

Musical career
After graduating, Symons joined the Australian rock band Skyhooks as a guitarist in the 1970s. He also worked in the theatre as a musical director for several organisations, including The Pram Factory, a famous 1970s Melbourne theatre group. Symons also had three solo singles, "It's Only a Flipside" (EMI 1976); "The Big Time" (Mushroom 1987);  and "Sex Appeal" (Mushroom 1988); none of these songs entered the Australian top 100.

Television career
In 1985, Symons guest-starred in Neighbours as criminal Gordon Miller, Terry Robinson's ex-husband.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, he combined his on-air role on Hey Hey It's Saturday (also playing in the house band) with composing for various film and television shows (such as Blue Heelers) and jingle-writing.

Between 1992 and 1995, he played the role of the narrator in The Rocky Horror Show, touring Australia and Singapore.

In 2003, he appeared on the Australian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and became the first Australian celebrity to reach the $500,000 question; however, he lost $218,000 after failing to answer that Benvenuto Cellini was an architect and not a sculptor, going away with $16,000 for his chosen charity and $16,000 for his home viewer.

Between 2001 and 2011, Symons appeared in advertisements for Thrifty-Link Hardware.

In February 2002, he hosted the Nine Network show Shafted, which was cancelled in April the same year. Later in 2002, he was a contestant on Celebrity Big Brother.

Symons' on-camera persona is a sarcastic killjoy, a role he apparently adopted through his appearance as third judge on 'Red Faces'. On Test Australia: The National IQ Test he scored higher than any of the other celebrities with an IQ of 131.

In October 2005, Symons together with his wife, Elly, competed in and won the 'Celebrity Couples Great Temptation' with Elly answering all the questions in the fast money round during the grand final. He also competed in Network Ten's Australia's Brainiest Comedian the following month, in which he came third.

In 2007, he signed with Channel Seven to be a judge on Australia's Got Talent along with Dannii Minogue and Tom Burlinson. He remained on the show until 2009 and was replaced by Brian McFadden.

In August 2008, Symons participated on a celebrity edition of Deal or No Deal, on which he won $4,000 for a home viewer. He was also a regular member of the brains trust on ABC TV's The Einstein Factor.

In 2009, Symons appeared on the two Hey Hey Reunion Specials, and in 2010, returned to the 20-episode airing of Hey Hey It's Saturday.

He appeared on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? again in February 2021 and won $1,000 after missing his tenth question, this time saying that the word 'entrepreneur' came from the French for 'present yourselves', rather than 'rendezvous'.

Radio career
Symons originally appeared as a presenter in a weekly slot on the ABC Radio Melbourne's breakfast radio program. He then filled in for Lynne Haultain on the breakfast program while she was on maternity leave, replacing her permanently in that slot in 2003, and continuing in the role until late 2017.

In June 2017, Symons interviewed fellow ABC radio presenter Beverley Wang about her new podcast, It's Not a Race. During the interview, Symons asked Wang questions such as "What's the deal with Asians?", "Are they all the same?" and "Are you yellow?", and defended the infamous "blackface" skit on Hey Hey It's Saturday. Most of the controversial comments were edited out of the broadcast interview, but Wang released the full interview on the podcast feed. The ABC removed the recording, saying that "a review of the editorial processes around this content and its use is in progress" and apologised for its broadcast.

In December 2017 Symons announced that he would not return to the breakfast presenter role in 2018 after he was advised that the ABC did not renew his contract.

Personal life
Symons married Elly Agrotis in 1990 and together they had three sons, Samuel, Raphael and Joel.

An Australian Story episode aired in February 2010 documented his son Samuel's fifteen-year battle with cancer. The episode won a silver medal at the 2011 New York Festivals "Worlds Best T.V. and Films" Category and a Quill award in 2010 from the Melbourne Press Club for Best Current Affairs Feature. Samuel died from an aggressive brain cancer on 3 October 2018 at the age of 27.

title: Red Symons


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Glasgow University Union

Glasgow University Union (GUU) is one of the largest and oldest students' unions in the UK, serving students and alumni of the University of Glasgow since 1885.

The GUU organises social affairs for its members, provides catering and entertainment. Students are eligible to become members for free at any point throughout their University career and alumni may become Life Members by applying to the Board of Management.

Foundation
Students at the university instituted the idea of a union building in 1885 to help promote social interaction on campus. The union's formation was driven by members of Glasgow University Dialectic Society, the Glasgow University Medico-Chirurgical Society and the Glasgow University Athletic Club. The same group formed a Students’ Representative Council in 1886 to raise funds for the building and procured the sum of £5000 from John McIntyre of Odiham, Hampshire.

In 1889 the Glasgow University Students' Representative Council obtained statutory recognition under the Act of 1889 and in 1890 they managed to raise sufficient funds to build the union.

The union was originally accommodated in the John McIntyre Building, named for a major benefactor, which opened in 1890 and was designed by John James Burnet. These premises soon proved to be inadequate however, and a new building at the foot of University Avenue was designed by the architect and former assistant to J.J. Burnet, Alan McNaughton of Arthur & McNaughton in the Scots Baronial style. The new Union building was financed from funds raised by donations to the Student Welfare Scheme, started in 1921 to re-invigorate student life and was erected between 1929 and 1931, with the women of the Queen Margaret Union (QMU) moving into the John McIntyre Building in 1932. The John MacIntyre has been the location of the Glasgow University Students' Representative Council, since the new QMU building opened in 1969. An extension to the Glasgow University Union building was designed by Keppie, Henderson & Partners and opened in 1965, which housed four bars: Deep Six, the Gallery Bar, Altitude and Playing Fields - and the union's nightclub, The Hive. The extension was closed in late January 2013, with demolition of the building following in July of that year. Construction of a new 4,191m2, £13.4 million sports and social facility designed by Page/Park Architects and ECD Architects began in June 2014. This is a shared premises with Glasgow University Sports Association. The GUU element of the building includes a revitalised Hive nightclub and three bars: The Well, Base and G12. The new facility was completed in September 2015 and formally launched on 17 October 2015.

Two-union structure
The GUU is one of two unions at the University of Glasgow, the other being the Queen Margaret Union, which was established in 1890, after the first matriculation of women at the university in the wake of its merger with Queen Margaret College.

The reason for this separation is that the GUU originally only permitted men to join, while the QMU only admitted women; in fact, the GUU was the last student union in the UK to have single-sex membership. In 1977, in the wake of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, there was a referendum to mix the two unions, but this was defeated by a large majority. A mixing campaign got seriously under way in 1979, at one point the strictly all-male "Beer Bar" being occupied by a large mixed group of students. An extraordinary general meeting of the QMU voted overwhelmingly to admit men into membership, a move which subverted the whole structure of separate unions. Eventually, in 1980, a GUU special general meeting voted overwhelmingly to admit women into membership, under threat from the University Court of losing the lease on the extension to its building, with just 139 votes against.

Board of Management
Unlike most student unions, the GUU has no sabbatical officers. Instead, the Union's affairs are controlled on behalf of the membership by a 26-member board of management, featuring 17 elected student positions, seven alumni positions and two ex-officio seats for the President of the Glasgow University Sports Association and the Past President.

The three-person executive committee is made up of the President, Honorary Secretary and Assistant Honorary Secretary. The President chairs the board and is responsible for special projects, external communications and external relations. The Honorary Secretary is responsible for day-to-day operations, membership experience and security & licensing matters, as well as organising flagship events such as Freshers' Week and Daft Friday. This is supported by the Assistant Honorary Secretary, who is also responsible for managing the board and supporting them in operating the Union, whilst also handling the Union's relationships with affiliated clubs and societies.

The Executive liaise with the building management daily to organise operations, and are supported by two alumni Vice Presidents (each elected for two-year terms with one up for re-election each year) and the Honorary Treasurer, who provide strategic guidance. Four conveners operate below this, managing their own committees of Debates, Games, Libraries and Entertainments, made up of Union members, which organise regular events during term-time. Ten Present Student Members are elected, five per year on a two-year term, to represent the members and partake in operational committees ranging from PR to Student Welfare and Sustainability. Four Former Student Members provide a voice for the Union's alumni members as well as experience and support for the student members.

The 2024-25 Board of Management is:

Executive
 * President - Fraser Wilson
 * Honorary Secretary - Selena Yedikardes
 * Assistant Honorary Secretary - Rebecca Millar Castillo
 * Vice-President (2023 to 2025) - Nicola Wilkinson
 * Vice-President (2024 to 2026) - Gavin Muir
 * Honorary Treasurer - Christopher Bush

Conveners
 * Convener of Debates - Isaac Gilbert
 * Convener of Games - Cara McKenna
 * Convener of Libraries - James Murdoch
 * Convener of Entertainments - Ewan Anderson
 * Convener of Communications - Rachel Webster

Members

Present Student Members until March 2025

 * Angus MacDonald
 * Emma Imrick
 * Patrick Stewart
 * Tess Kojey-Merle
 * Xavier Lake

Present Student Members until March 2026

 * Anoushka Ross
 * Cameron MacKenzie
 * Craig Wardrope
 * Molly McCrory
 * Sophie Warren

Former Student Members

 * Jag Kooner
 * Paul Baird
 * Robert Fraser McMillan
 * Simon Tierney

Activities
The GUU is a social hub for the university, providing the largest billiard hall in the West End, bars, live entertainment and a nightclub. It is one of the largest licensed premises in Scotland with nine bars (and a tenth which is portable for use during functions). In addition, members can eat in the Servery, which includes a Subway franchise, relax in the Drawing Room Coffee Shop (formerly the Smoking Room), purchase essentials in the Union Shop and take advantage of two libraries provided for study.

The two libraries and the Reading Room, available for study and social events, are maintained by the Libraries Convener. The Elliot Library is named after former inter-war Cabinet Minister Walter Elliot; the Bridie Library after Osborne Mavor, physician, dramatist and founder of the Citizens Theatre, who wrote under the pseudonym, "James Bridie". A mural by Fyffe Christie hangs in the room, illustrating the West End Perk, a poem by Bridie. The Reading Room is dedicated to Donald Dewar, former President of the Union, Secretary of State for Scotland and First Minister of Scotland, and a portrait hangs there in his memory.

Daft Friday
After its impromptu initiation as a piano Sing-along and Smoking concert by the then Honorary Secretary Osborne Henry Mavor on the last day of the 1908 Martinmas Academic term, the highlight of the Union's social calendar is the annual 'Daft Friday' black tie ball which continues to be held at the end of the Martinmas term exam diet. Over the years the event has become increasingly elaborate with the entire union building decorated to a theme and devoted to the festivities. Daft Friday is held as a celebration for the president of the union.

Over 2000 students attend the event, which includes revolves around a secret theme and hosts entertainments such as a swing band, string quartet, DJs, ceilidhs and laserquest. Well known bands have also played Daft Friday in recent years, including: Arcade Fire in 2008, Jack Penate in 2009, Bombay Bicycle Club in 2010, Frightened Rabbit in 2011, Basshunter in 2012, Chvrches in 2013, Sub Focus in 2015, Gabrielle Aplin in 2016, Fickle Friends in 2017 and the Hoosiers in 2018.

The evening also includes the James Bridie Memorial dinner; a seven course meal for around 150 guests. Speakers at the 2011 dinner included Charles Kennedy and David Ross, both of whom are former presidents of the union.

Debating
The GUU is one of the most successful university debating institutions in the world, winning the World Universities Debating Championship five times, the European Universities Debating Championships once and the John Smith Memorial Mace a record 16 times.

The Convener of Debates on the GUU Board is elected from the Union membership and heads the Union Debates Committee. The Convener is responsible for the internal and intervarsity debating activities of the GUU. The Union's Debates Chamber spans the first and second floors of the building.

The Union historically held the biennial John Smith Memorial Debate in memory of the former Leader of the Labour Party and former member of the union and Convener of Debates. The last of these was held in 2011, when guest speakers included Shadow Scottish Secretary Ann McKechin and former Conservative Health Minister Gerry Malone, and which was chaired by then Rector of the University and former leader of the Liberal Democrats Charles Kennedy. A bust of John Smith by Eduardo Paolozzi stands at the entrance to the Debates Chamber gallery.

The Union holds a biennial Charles Kennedy Memorial Debate, the first having been held in 2015. In attendance at the inaugural memorial debate were: Alex Cole-Hamilton, subsequent Liberal Democrat MSP for Edinburgh Western; Alistair Darling, former Chancellor of the Exchequer and Labour MP for Edinburgh South West; Fiona Hyslop, SNP MSP for Linlithgow and Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs; Ian Duncan, Conservative MEP; Graham Stringer, Labour MP for Blackley and Broughton; and Alastair Campbell, former Director of Communications and Strategy at Number 10. The debate was chaired by Former President of the Union and former leader of the Liberal Democrats and MP for North East Fife Sir Menzies Campbell.

World Debating Anniversary
To mark the 30th anniversary of the World Universities Debating Championships, which were founded by GUU, it held a Grand Show Debate on the subject of Scottish independence. This was held in the union on 19 November 2011.

The debate featured eight of the union's ten former world champions and was chaired by the union president, Chris Sibbald. Speakers in the debate included: former ITN presenter John Nicolson, Managing Director of McKinsey & Company UK and Ireland Kevin Sneader, Royal Bank of Scotland Global Head of Equities Frank McKirgan, Gillette Chief Marketing Officer and Vice President of Procter & Gamble Austin Lally, now President of Braun and a member of the P&G Global Leadership Council, advocate Manus Blessing, Managing Director of Bain Capital Robin Marshall, former MSP, Duncan Hamilton, and entrepreneur Gordon Peterson.

Over two hundred of the union's distinguished alumni turned out for the event, including: former leader of the Liberal Democrats Charles Kennedy; former Conservative Minister of Health Gerald Malone; Channel Four Business Correspondent Sarah Smith; Labour peers Lord James Gordon and Baroness Smith, wife of former Leader of the Opposition and friend of the union, John Smith; Lord Justice Clerk Lord Gill; football commentator Archie Macpherson and comedian Len Murray.

The debate motion of "This House believes in an Independent Scotland", a controversial issue in British politics, was won by the 1987 World Champion team of Kevin Sneader and Austin Lally. They won a Worlds tournament in UCD in 1987 of 110 teams. The Best Speaker prize was awarded to Duncan Hamilton.

The debate garnered national press attention and was filmed live and broadcast internationally by STV. STV's political editor Bernard Ponsonby covered the event.

Inter-Varsity Debating
The GUU has an established record of international debating success and prominence. It hosted the first World Universities Debating Championship in its current form in 1981 and again in 1990 and 2001. The Union won the Championship five times, in 1983, 1987, 1992, 1994 and 1997. In addition, the GUU has a distinguished history in the John Smith Memorial Mace, a competition between the winners of regional competitions in Ireland, England, Scotland and, latterly, Wales. It holds the record for the most overall wins with a total of sixteen.

In more recent years, the GUU has regularly reached the advanced stages of both the World and European Universities Debating Championships, in addition to winning several domestic UK competitions. The Union most recently made the World Universities Debating Championships Finals in Chennai 2014 and, with a team of Bethany Garry and Owen Mooney, won the European Universities Debating Championship for the first time in August 2017.

Parliamentary Debating
The Union is notable for its five annual Parliamentary Debates. This format is unique to the Union, involving an Afternoon Session and an Evening Session of five rounds each. GUU Parliamentaries are not to be confused with the British Parliamentary style of debating. Parliamentary debates currently involve five (fictitious) clubs: the Scottish Nationalist Association, Her Majesty's Loyal Tory Club, the Whigs Club, the Independent Socialists and The World Almighty Distributist League. During Parliamentary debates, speakers are referred to by Parliamentary names, assigned to them akin to "constituencies", but usually of a humorous nature.

Some members join clubs to which they are politically aligned; others join clubs for social reasons or for competitive reasons, hoping to be selected by that club's leader to deliver speeches during desirable rounds of the debate. In each year, the clubs rotate roles, as the "Government", "Opposition", Strong Support, Strong Opposition, and Weak Support/Opposition. The Government presents a Bill containing a preamble and three clauses, which is then argued over the course of about nine hours of debate, concluded by the "Prime Minister" who typically gives a speech of between thirty and sixty minutes to sum up the debate.

The debate is judged by the Clerks Bench, consisting of the Clerk to the House, the Deputy Clerk, and three Assistant Clerks. The current Clerk to the House is Ananya Venkatesan, and the Deputy Head Clerk is Jasper Ferguson. The scores are revealed during the last (and longest) debate. In addition to the Club Championship, individual prizes are awarded to the Best Speaker, Most Promising Speaker, Best Maiden Speaker. There are two additional prizes, the Frederick Richters Cup for best performing speaker for whom English is their Second Language and the John Morrison "Hobbit" Prize for outstanding contributions to the GUU debating community.

Each Parliamentary Debate has a theme and the order is usually as follows: The President's Debate (dedicated to the President of the Union), The Secretary's Debate (dedicated to the Board of Management of the GUU), The Dialectic Debate (dedicated to the Dialectic Society), The Old Hacks' debate (where graduates and former members of the House return for a dedicated additional round) and the Guests' Debate (where members of other debating institutions are invited to participate in the "Guest Round").

The Club Leaders for 2021-2022 are:

 * Scottish Nationalist Association - Ethan Marshall
 * Her Majesty's Loyal Tory Club - Meera Mohankrishnan
 * The Whig Club - Calum Esler
 * Independent Socialists - Emma Walker
 * The World Almighty Distributist League - Mischa Watson

Dialectic Society
The Glasgow University Dialectic Society was the original debating society for students at the University, thought to have originated from some time around the University's foundation in 1451 but re-instituted in 1861. The Dialectic Society was one of the organisations which contributed to the establishment of the union in 1885 and continues to be involved in the debating activities of the union, whilst retaining an independent status. The GUU Convenor of Debates is an ex officio member of the Board of the Dialectic Society, and the third Parliamentary of the year is dedicated the Dialectic Parliamentary.

Entertainment
The union offers regular entertainments and competitions for members and non-members. Open Mic runs on a Friday evening from 9pm in The Well along with a number of occasional events such as comedy nights and 'GUU's Got Talent'. The Union currently runs two club nights in The Hive - HIVE Thursdays and Switch Saturday.

Games
The Games Convener was originally charged with ensuring that the tables in the union's Billiard room were kept to a good standard. The Games Committee now runs free weekly events as well as the annual 'Month of Games'.

Weekly events include the Beer Bar Quiz (Mondays at 8pm), Snooker Competition (Wednesdays), Darts and Pool Competitions (Fridays) and annual events comprise snooker and darts competitions, a dodgeball tournament, drinking and Iron Stomach competitions and B.A.D.G.E. (Big All Day Games Event).

Closure of The Hive
In the autumn of 2011, it emerged that the university was considering proposals to demolish the union's extension building and replace it with increased sports facilities. The union's extension building housed five of the union's bars and its nightclub, The Hive. The reaction to these proposals was met with anger among the student population, particularly as loss of the union's nightclub, would result in the closure of the union.

As a result, the union Board of Management campaigned and lobbied the university senior management group, which resulted in national press attention. Many of the union's alumni reacted to the news of this decision with Duncan Hamilton saying: "This is a total failure to appreciate that for many alumni the GUU was the most influential and important part of their university life."

As a result, the university abandoned its original proposals; rather, opting for a joint-venture for union and sports facilities. University of Glasgow principal Professor Anton Muscatelli issued a statement saying: "The University will only commit the Sports Extension when we are also able to commit to a development of GUU social space that will sustain its activities." This was ultimately achieved, with construction of a new extension building starting in June 2014 and completed in September 2015. The Board of Management of 2015−16, along with the Union's General Manager Anne Marie Bennett, formally opened the Hive on 17 October 2015.

Friends of Glasgow University Union
Friends of Glasgow University Union (FoGUU) was formed in 2011 as an independent charity to raise funds for projects at Glasgow University Union. A committee of various life members runs FoGUU and meets on a monthly basis. The committee seeks monthly donations from alumni, with patrons' names being displayed in a Patrons' Board in the union.

FoGUU runs activities for life members, including: reunion dinners, golf days and anniversary events. The charity is an extension of the committee that the union's 125th celebrations in October 2010. This culminated in a dinner for over two hundred alumni, hosted by broadcaster, and former union board member, Andrew Neil.

Controversy
In March 2013, two female debaters visiting the university from Edinburgh and Cambridge for the GUU Ancients Debating Championship complained of incidents of sexist heckling and misogynistic objectification by a number of GUU members. The University's Senate launched disciplinary proceedings against two students, holding a hearing before finding there was "no case to answer". As a result of a separate inquiry launched by the University Union into sexism in its community, conducted by Professor Noreen Burrows, Sandra White MSP and Roddy Neilson, the GUU introduced a new Equality and Diversity policy, Harassment and Bullying policy and Complaints Procedure and made several changes to its Constitution. As part of its response to the culture of sexism identified in the report, the GUU also became the first debating Union in Scotland to introduce diversity quotas, directed towards the increased participation of women in competitions. As a result of these policies, the GUU fielded the team to the European Universities Debating Championships that contained the first woman to win the competition and be named Best Open Speaker.

Notable members
The union counts amongst its former members:
 * John Buchan, author and former Governor General of Canada
 * Menzies Campbell, former leader of the Liberal Democrats (President)
 * Donald Dewar, former First Minister of Scotland (President)
 * Walter Elliot, former Cabinet Minister, after whom the Elliot Library is named
 * Fred Goodwin, former Chief Executive of the Royal Bank of Scotland
 * Hugh Henry, Labour MSP and former Scottish Minister for Education (Assistant Honorary Secretary)
 * Robert Stevenson Horne, former Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Gerald Malone, former Conservative Minister of Health
 * Archie MacPherson, football commentator
 * Angus Grossart, investment banker
 * Brian Gill, Lord Gill, Lord Justice Clerk
 * John Nicolson, SNP MP and former BBC and ITV News journalist. World University Debating champion in 1983, representing Glasgow.
 * Duncan Hamilton, Advocate and former MSP
 * Derry Irvine, former Lord Chancellor
 * Charles Kennedy, former leader of the Liberal Democrats and Rector of the University (President)
 * John MacCormick, one of the founders of the Scottish National Party, former Rector of the University
 * Dickson Mabon, former Scottish Office Minister and Labour MP for Greenock (President)
 * Andrew Neil, journalist and broadcaster
 * Gordon Prentice, Labour MP (President)
 * John Smith, former Leader of the Labour Party (Convener of Debates)
 * Sarah Smith Scotland Editor for the BBC
 * Brian McBride, Chairman of ASOS.com (President)
 * David Muir, former CEO of The Channel and pollster and strategist to Rt. Hon Gordon Brown.
 * Liam Fox, Conservative MP and former Secretary of State for Defence
 * Kirsten Oswald, SNP MP for Renfrewshire East, defeating Jim Murphy in the 2015 elections.
 * Paul Sweeney, Labour & Co-operative MSP for Glasgow Region.

Archives
The archives relating to the Glasgow University Union are maintained in part by the Archives of the University of Glasgow and internally by the Dialectic Society's Archives Librarian (GUAS).

title: Glasgow University Union


text:
Martin K. Weiche

Martin K. Weiche (January 6, 1921 – September 2, 2011 ) was a neo-Nazi political figure in Canada.

Background
Born in Lebus, Germany, January 6, 1921. Weiche was a self-confessed Nazi, but he never belonged to the Hitler Youth or the Nazi Party. As a teenager, Weiche joined the NSKK (National Socialist Motor Corps). Weiche fought for Nazi Germany as a pilot and soldier during World War II. He was later held as a prisoner of war at a Canadian-run internment camp in the Netherlands.

Weiche entered Canada on November 13, 1951, at Halifax, arriving on the steamship SS Homeland.

Coming to Canada after the war, he earned a living from the 1950s onwards by buying houses cheaply, renovating them and then selling them at a profit.

In 1957, Weiche started building apartment buildings in the cities of London and Sarnia. In London, he built a total of thirteen buildings, from a nine unit with a large penthouse suite to the complex known as "Skyview" with 234 units. In Sarnia, in 1965, Weiche built "Huron View Towers" with 74 units and a large penthouse suite, which was the largest apartment building in Sarnia at the time.

Weiche quit his building activities in 1980 and retired to his residence, known as "The Berghof", in Hyde Park, Ontario.

Political activity
In the 1968 federal election in Canada, Weiche ran for election to the House of Commons of Canada as a "National Socialist" candidate in the Ontario riding of London East. Weiche won only 89 votes, 0.3% of the total cast in the riding.

He was identified as a leading figure in the "Canadian Nazi Party" which was led by William John Beattie of Sarnia until 1978 and was later identified as president of the "Canadian National Socialist Party", which was likely the same organization. This party was inspired by the Nazi ideology.

In 1971, he and Beattie disrupted the Social Credit Party of Canada national convention when they refused to leave. Their memberships in the party had been revoked by the party's executive council because their presence was "inimical to the interests of the party". Yelling that the party would have to "bring in storm troopers" to get them out, they disrupted the party's public affairs workshop, and the whole convention. They were allowed to stay as non-voting observers.

Weiche also ran as an independent candidate endorsed by the breakaway Social Credit Association of Ontario and the Western Guard in Trinity riding in the 1974 federal election. He won 64 votes, 0.3% of the total.

Until the 1970s, candidates were free to identify their political affiliation as they saw fit. As of the 1972 election, however, candidates who were not nominated by officially registered political parties could only identify themselves as "Independent" or "no party".

In 1980, Weiche was identified in the media as president of the Canadian National Socialist Party (an unregistered political party) when, in Sarnia, Weiche was invited to appear on radio station CHOK. The appearance was cancelled due to public complaints. Despite the cancellation, a clash broke out between followers of Weiche and members of the Conference Against Racist and Fascist Violence during a protest outside the station.

Later that year, a Ku Klux Klan cross burning and rally led by Alexander McQuirter was held on Weiche's 12 acre farm in southwestern Ontario. McQuirter described Weiche as "nothing more than a friend (who) doesn't necessarily agree with our principles."

A subsequent cross burning on his property in 1993 attended by approximately 40 people dressed in Klan regalia led the provincial government of Bob Rae to consider amending the Ontario Human Rights Code to ban the activity.

Operation Red Dog
In 1981, Weiche was named as one of the financial backers of Operation Red Dog, a failed white supremacist plot to overthrow the government of Dominica. Don Andrews described Weiche as "a National Socialist, or Nazi [with] money and vast real estate holdings" who was interested in Dominica for business reasons. Weiche admitted he had been approached by ringleader Michale Purdue to invest in the scheme but denied any involvement saying "I wasn't interested in his revolution... Perdue is a liar about everything. Perdue is an infiltrator who had to stick it to some people." However, Weiche told a reporter that he would like to see a population transfer where Blacks from the Caribbean are relocated to Canada and whites repopulate the islands and set up an ideal society on white supremacist principles. Though he denied contributing anything financially to the plot, he admitted in an interview that he was "involved with the idea of Dominica since the middle of '79," wanting to create a colony for "all pure whites - Aryan stock, physically as well as mentally."

Later activities
In the 1990s, Weiche worked with the Nationalist Party of Canada's Don Andrews in an attempt to have municipalities recognize "European Heritage Week" following up from a successful 1995 attempt to have London, Ontario recognize "European Heritage Day". Weiche filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission when the city rejected Weiche's proposal.

Weiche made his fortune as a developer and, in 2000, was reported by Now Magazine to be a major financial backer of far-right leader Paul Fromm.

His property near London, Ontario, included a room designed to approximate Adolf Hitler's Alpine retreat. The room reportedly included "oil paintings and photographs of Hitler hang[ing] on walls inside, [along with] two faded swastika pennants. An autographed copy of Hitler's Mein Kampf sits on a study bookshelf. And there are photographs of former U.S. Nazi leader George Lincoln Rockwell and the Queen," according to a 1981 Globe and Mail report.

His son, David Weiche, was a member of the Bandidos biker gang and was described as the "right-hand man" of Wayne Kellestine, the leading perpetrator of the Shedden massacre in which eight fellow members of the Bandidos were murdered. David Weiche moved to Winnipeg three months before the massacre. When the murders came to light, Martin Weiche told the London Free Press, "If I was David... I'd go and hide, I would quickly disappear for a few weeks. The murderers are still out there."

A large backward swastika cut into a field behind Weiche’s home drew international attention to London with the launch of Google Earth.

Weiche died of kidney failure on September 2, 2011, at the age of 90.

title: Martin K. Weiche