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Self-stabilization

Self-stabilization is a concept of fault-tolerance in distributed systems. Given any initial state, a self-stabilizing distributed system will end up in a correct state in a finite number of execution steps.

At first glance, the guarantee of self stabilization may seem less promising than that of the more traditional fault-tolerance of algorithms, that aim to guarantee that the system always remains in a correct state under certain kinds of state transitions. However, that traditional fault tolerance cannot always be achieved. For example, it cannot be achieved when the system is started in an incorrect state or is corrupted by an intruder. Moreover, because of their complexity, it is very hard to debug and to analyze distributed systems. Hence, it is very hard to prevent a distributed system from reaching an incorrect state. Indeed, some forms of self-stabilization are incorporated into many modern computer and telecommunications networks, since it gives them the ability to cope with faults that were not foreseen in the design of the algorithm.

Many years after the seminal paper of Edsger Dijkstra in 1974, this concept remains important as it presents an important foundation for self-managing computer systems and fault-tolerant systems. As a result, Dijkstra's paper received the 2002 ACM PODC Influential-Paper Award, one of the highest recognitions in the distributed computing community. Moreover, after Dijkstra's death, the award was renamed and is now called the Dijkstra Award.

History
E.W. Dijkstra in 1974 presented the concept of self-stabilization, prompting further research in this area. His demonstration involved the presentation of self-stabilizing mutual exclusion algorithms. It also showed the first self-stabilizing algorithms that did not rely on strong assumptions on the system. Some previous protocols used in practice did actually stabilize, but only assuming the existence of a clock that was global to the system, and assuming a known upper bound on the duration of each system transition. It was only ten years later when Leslie Lamport pointed out the importance of Dijkstra's work at a 1983 conference called Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing that researchers directed their attention to this elegant fault-tolerance concept. In his talk, Lamport stated:"I regard this as Dijkstra's most brilliant work - at least, his most brilliant published paper. It's almost completely unknown. I regard it to be a milestone in work on fault tolerance... I regard self-stabilization to be a very important concept in fault tolerance and to be a very fertile field for research."Afterwards, Dijkstra's work was awarded ACM-PODC influential paper award, which then became ACM's (the Association for computing Machinery) Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing given at the annual ACM-PODC symposium.

Overview
A distributed algorithm is self-stabilizing if, starting from an arbitrary state, it is guaranteed to converge to a legitimate state and remain in a legitimate set of states thereafter. A state is legitimate if, starting from this state, the algorithm satisfies its specification. The property of self-stabilization enables a distributed algorithm to recover from a transient fault regardless of its nature. Moreover, a self-stabilizing algorithm does not have to be initialized as it eventually starts to behave correctly regardless of its initial state.

Dijkstra's paper, which introduces the concept of self-stabilization, presents an example in the context of a "token ring"—a network of computers ordered in a circle. Here, each computer or processor can "see" the whole state of one processor that immediately precedes it and that this state may imply that the processor "has a token" or it "does not have a token." One of the requirements is that exactly one of them must "hold a token" at any given time. The second requirement prescribes that each node "passes the token" to the computer/processor succeeding it so that the token eventually circulates the ring.

 * Not holding a token is a correct state for each computer in this network, since the token can be held by another computer. However, if every computer is in the state of "not holding a token" then the network altogether is not in a correct state.
 * Similarly, if more than one computer "holds a token" then this is not a correct state for the network, although it cannot be observed to be incorrect by viewing any computer individually. Since every computer can "observe" only the states of its two neighbors, it is hard for the computers to decide whether the network altogether is in a correct state.

The first self-stabilizing algorithms did not detect errors explicitly in order to subsequently repair them. Instead, they constantly pushed the system towards a legitimate state. Since traditional methods for detecting an error were often very difficult and time-consuming, such a behavior was considered desirable. (The method described in the paper cited above collects a huge amount of information from the whole network to one place; after that, it attempts to determine whether the collected global state is correct; even that determination alone can be a hard task).

Efficiency improvements
More recently, researchers have presented newer methods for light-weight error detection for self-stabilizing systems using local checking. and for general tasks.

The term local refers to a part of a computer network. When local detection is used, a computer in a network is not required to communicate with the entire network in order to detect an error—the error can be detected by having each computer communicate only with its nearest neighbors. These local detection methods simplified the task of designing self-stabilizing algorithms considerably. This is because the error detection mechanism and the recovery mechanism can be designed separately. Newer algorithms based on these detection methods also turned out to be much more efficient. Moreover, these papers suggested rather efficient general transformers to transform non self stabilizing algorithms to become self stabilizing. The idea is to, The combination of these 4 parts is self stabilizing (as long as there is no trigger of fault during the correction fault phases, e.g., ). Initial self stabilizing protocols were also presented in the above papers. More efficient reset protocols were presented later, e.g.
 * 1) Run the non self stabilizing protocol, at the same time,
 * 2) detect faults (during the execution of the given protocol) using the above-mentioned detection methods,
 * 3) then, apply a (self stabilizing) "reset" protocol to return the system to some predetermined initial state, and, finally,
 * 4) restart the given (non- self stabilizing) protocol.

Additional efficiency was introduced with the notion of time-adaptive protocols. The idea behind these is that when only a small number of errors occurs, the recovery time can (and should) be made short. Dijkstra's original self-stabilization algorithms do not have this property.

A useful property of self-stabilizing algorithms is that they can be composed of layers if the layers do not exhibit any circular dependencies. The stabilization time of the composition is then bounded by the sum of the individual stabilization times of each layer.

New approaches to Dijkstra's work emerged later on such as the case of Krzysztof Apt and Ehsan Shoja's proposition, which demonstrated how self-stabilization can be naturally formulated using the standard concepts of strategic games, particularly the concept of an improvement path. This particular work sought to demonstrate the link between self-stabilization and game theory.

Time complexity
The time complexity of a self-stabilizing algorithm is measured in (asynchronous) rounds or cycles. To measure the output stabilization time, a subset of the state variables is defined to be externally visible (the output). Certain states of outputs are defined to be correct (legitimate). The set of the outputs of all the components of the system is said to have stabilized at the time that it starts to be correct, provided it stays correct indefinitely, unless additional faults occur. The output stabilization time is the time (the number of (asynchronous) rounds) until the output stabilizes.
 * A round is the shortest execution trace in which each processor executes at least one step.
 * Similarly, a cycle is the shortest execution trace in which each processor executes at least one complete iteration of its repeatedly executed list of commands.

Definition
A system is self-stabilizing if and only if:
 * 1) Starting from any state, it is guaranteed that the system will eventually reach a correct state (convergence).
 * 2) Given that the system is in a correct state, it is guaranteed to stay in a correct state, provided that no fault happens (closure).

A system is said to be randomized self-stabilizing if and only if it is self-stabilizing and the expected number of rounds needed to reach a correct state is bounded by some constant $$k$$.

Design of self-stabilization in the above-mentioned sense is well known to be a difficult job. In fact, a class of distributed algorithms do not have the property of local checking: the legitimacy of the network state cannot be evaluated by a single process. The most obvious case is Dijkstra's token-ring defined above: no process can detect whether the network state is legitimate or not in the case where more than one token is present in non-neighboring processes. This suggests that self-stabilization of a distributed system is a sort of collective intelligence where each component is taking local actions, based on its local knowledge but eventually this guarantees global convergence at the end.

To help overcome the difficulty of designing self-stabilization as defined above, other types of stabilization were devised. For instance, weak stabilization is the property that a distributed system has a possibility to reach its legitimate behavior from every possible state. Weak stabilization is easier to design as it just guarantees a possibility of convergence for some runs of the distributed system rather than convergence for every run. A self-stabilizing algorithm is silent if and only if it converges to a global state where the values of communication registers used by the algorithm remain fixed.

Related work
An extension of the concept of self-stabilization is that of superstabilization. The intent here is to cope with dynamic distributed systems that undergo topological changes. In classical self-stabilization theory, arbitrary changes are viewed as errors where no guarantees are given until the system has stabilized again. With superstabilizing systems, there is a passage predicate that is always satisfied while the system's topology is reconfigured.

A Theory that started within the area of self-stabilization is verifying (in a distributed manner) that the collection of the states of the nodes in a network obeys some predicate. That theory has grown beyond self-stabilization and led to notions such as "distributed NP" (a distributed version of NP (complexity)), distributed Zero Knowledge (a distributed version of Zero Knowledge), etc. The International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIRROCO) Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing of 2024 was awarded for initiating that theory.

title: Self-stabilization


text:
Jimo (disambiguation)

Jimo or JIMO may refer to:

 * Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
 * Joint Institute for Marine Observations
 * Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, an international journal
 * Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter, a formerly proposed NASA probe to Jupiter and Europa
 * Journal of the International Meteor Organization

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jimo (disambiguation)


text:
Queensferry, Flintshire

Queensferry (Fferi Buddug / Fferi Isaf) is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, lying on the River Dee near the border. The community includes the village of Sandycroft. It is between Connah's Quay, Shotton and Saltney Ferry. Queensferry is also part of the wider Deeside conurbation.

Description
Its name derives from the ferries that crossed the River Dee. The settlement of Higher Ferry (Y Fferi Uchaf) is now known as Saltney, while Queensferry was named Lower Ferry (Y Fferi Isaf). The town's name was changed to Kingsferry on the coronation of King George IV of the United Kingdom in 1820, and became Queensferry on the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837. Queensferry lies along the B5441 and B5129 roads, and is bypassed by the A494 dual carriageway. It is contiguous with Deeside. Queensferry is considered part of Deeside, which lends its name to many of Queensferry's features, including the Deeside Leisure Centre, a sports and leisure venue that also hosts music concerts.

The town has a Memorial Institute rather than a cenotaph type of war memorial. It is a corrugated black and white building near the entrance to Asda from the coast road. The Jubilee Bridge, also known as the Blue Bridge, spans the River Dee. It is a double leaf rolling bascule bridge. The railway station served the town on the North Wales Coast Line between 1864 and 1966.

Governance
Queensferry is a ward and elects one county councillor to Flintshire County Council.

Notable people

 * Reg Spencer (1908–1981) footballer with 235 caps with Tranmere Rovers F.C.
 * T. G. Jones (1917–2004) footballer with 178 caps for Everton F.C. and 17 for Wales
 * Grenville Millington (born 1951) former football goalkeeper with 288 caps with Chester City F.C.
 * Kevin Ratcliffe (born 1960 in Mancot) footballer with 359 caps with Everton F.C. and 59 with Wales
 * Beverley Jones (born 1974) paralympian athlete

title: Queensferry, Flintshire


text:
Talk:Chevrolet Camaro

4th Gen Camaro's
I just saw that traction control was standerd equipment on the fourth gen camaros, it was not. My 1992 does not have it as do others I know this was an option although most dealers orderd it, so the vast majority of z28 owners just assume it was standerd. I will leave it off for a few days then do the edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Supercopone (talk • contribs) 06:28, 9 December 2009 (UTC) 92 was not a fourth gen —Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.27.9.20 (talk) 20:45, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Disregard my previous comment, I actually researched it --AlxeMsatain (talk) 04:55, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

That was a bad section header, it was unrelated
just a question, but what do you call these cars when you take the design of an older car like the ones listed above. and remake them years later. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.122.0.112 (talk) 21:31, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Yeah, DON'T take my word for this, but retrofitting? that in the def, was one of the 4 definitions, also by the way, it was ford who did this first, with the mustang in 2005, then it was dodge with the Challenger, then ford again, the chevrolet, then dodge again. --AlxeMsatain (talk) 04:52, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Trivia
I removed the "Notable Appearances" section because there is nothing notable about anything in the section, it is just a list of popular culture references, waiting to grow and get worse. How many movies had a star drive a Camaro? How many popular songs mention a Camaro? If this section stays, they will eventually all be listed. And will add absolutely nothing of value to the article. As WP:Handling Trivia notes: At heart, much trivia is an attempt to connect partially-related topics through a given context. This section contains the name of one actor, and three films. The section does nothing but connect those popular culture references to the Camaro. It adds no useful facts or context to the story of the Camaro; it is just trivia. Wikipedia:Manual of Style (trivia sections) says that Trivia sections should be avoided, therefore, I deleted the section, and I continue to believe it should be deleted.--Paul (talk) 00:58, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

 * In the case of a mass market models such as the Camaro, there are too many instances of so-called "Notable appearances" that most often attract non-notable mentions (but are considered significant by their editors) of films, songs, television, etc. that have not "influenced the sales, design or other tangible aspect of the vehicle." This quote comes from WP:WPACT. It goes on to explain "such facts belong in the article about the owner, movie or TV show."
 * This article about the Camaro is an overall review of several generations of this model spanning many decades. The focus should be on the history of the vehicle. It should not be expanded with all sorts of cultural references. Those can be explained in detail within their own respective articles -- if deemed noteworthy there.
 * In summary, the Camaro's "Notable appearances" section should be removed, per WP:WPACT guidelines. CZmarlin (talk) 02:25, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Camaro is a small town to the west-north-west of the Sicilian city of Messina. It's more like a suburb of Messina now. 203.214.22.116 (talk) 04:40, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

CHEVROLET CAMARO
Chevrolet Camaro Performance & Efficiency Standard Features Chevrolet Camaro Handling, Ride & Braking Standard Features Chevrolet Camaro Exterior & Aerodynamics Standard Features
 * Engine: 3,564 cc V 6 double overhead cam with VVT ( 11.3 :1 compression ratio ; four valves per cylinder)
 * Fuel: unleaded ( 87 octane)
 * Gasoline direct injection fuel system
 * 19.0 gallon fuel tank
 * Power: 312 HP ( 233 kW) @ 6,500 rpm; 278 ft lb of torque ( 377 Nm) @ 5,100 rpm
 * ABS
 * Four disc brakes including four ventilated discs
 * Electronic brake distribution
 * Electronic traction control via ABS & engine management
 * Immobilizer
 * Rear limited slip differential
 * Stability control
 * Multi-link front and rear suspension independent with stabilizer bar and coil springs
 * Tire kit
 * Painted front and rear bumpers
 * Day time running lights
 * Driver and passenger power painted door mirrors
 * External dimensions: overall length (inches): 190.4, overall width (inches): 75.5, overall height (inches): 54.2, wheelbase (inches): 112.3, front track (inches): 63.7, rear track (inches): 64.1 and curb to curb turning circle (feet): 37.7
 * Complex surface lens halogen bulb headlights
 * Metallic paint
 * Fixed rear window with defogger
 * Weights: curb weight (lbs) 3,780
 * Windshield wipers with variable intermittent wipe —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.26.184.181 (talk) 14:48, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

What is "curb weight"? 98.245.148.9 (talk) 19:07, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedia is your friend: Curb weight.--Paul (talk) 19:12, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Yes, what is 'curb weight'?

24.9.117.18 (talk) 22:15, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

copo camaro's
Most of the Chevy Camaros were ordered using the Regular Production Option (or RPO) method. This provided a wide variety of performance and styling upgrades, but the Central Office Purchase Order (COPO) is legendary for creating rare, super secret, high performance Camaros.

The COPO system was truly intended for more mundane fleet type of alterations. The most common use of COPO system was to specify fleet paint schemes for municipal vehicles, heavy duty springs and special fabrics for use in taxicabs. It was never intended for creating ultra high performance Chevrolet vehicles, but try telling that to Don Yenko, Baldwin-Motion, and Berger Chevrolet.

Don Yenko of Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, is largely credited with being the first to exploit Chevy’s COPO system. Exploiting it, is probably not the right term to use here, Yenko simply build Chevrolets the way he thought they should have been built all along, more powerful.

Chevrolet had two primary COPO codes for camaro 9560 and 9561. There were also, perhaps one of the best keep secrets, the COPO 9567 option.

Without a doubt, the most exotic of all Camaros were those rare 1969 models equipped with COPO 9560, which cost $4,160.15 above the cost of a base Camaro coupe. The price tag ran higher if any other options were ordered. At $7,000 new, it was quite simply, the most exotic engine available at the time from any auto maker, the all-aluminum ZL1 427.

The ZL1 featured an aluminum cylinder case, cylinder heads, intake manifold, and even an aluminum water pump. The ZL1 was fitted with forged aluminum Chevrolet TRW pistons, which squeezed on the air/fuel mixtue at 12.25:1. This predominantly aluminum ZL1 engine was incredibly lightweight. For comparison, the ZL1 weighted roughly the same as a typical cast-iron “small block” 350 V-8.

Chevrolet was hoping to get the ZL1 Camaros into the lower class in the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) and the International Hot Rod Association (IHRA) drag racing, because they knew results at the track was results in the showroom. Chevy under rated the horsepower at 425, but both sanctioning bodies quickly saw through chevrolets facade and re-classed the ZL1 engine into the appropriate class. Word spread fast, the stock ZL1′s were churning out nearly 550 horsepower on the dyno.

Professional engine tuners, quickly changed from the pathetic cast-iron exhaust manifolds to tubular exhaust headers which allowed the engine the produce enormous horsepower. Though teams kept the true horsepower secret, drag strip performances in the mid-10-second bracket indicated that they were developing around 600 horsepower.

Today, these COPO Camaros are some of most coveted Camaros ever. This was not the case the late 60′s, given its steep price tag most Camaro buyer passed on these exotic optioned Camaros. In fact, most of the 9560-equipped Camaros that made it to the dealers’ showrooms sat there for ages before ultimately being sold at a steep discount to get them off the lot! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.150.97.158 (talk) 22:39, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Was it introduced September 26 or September 29?
The date of the introduction of the Chevrolet Camaro listed in this article (Sept. 29) is contrary to the date listed in the following article (Sept. 26): Chevrolet Camaro (first generation) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro_(first_generation)

 * The correct date for the introduction of the new Camaro at Chevrolet dealerships is Thursday, September 29, 1966. See here. CZmarlin (talk) 00:21, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

What you think of a camaro
I think they are the best looking or one of the best looking cars out there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.244.86.177 (talk) 17:44, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

COPO ??
I understood this acronym to stand for Central Office PRODUCTION Order.....not PURCHASE order. Right ?? Wrong ?? H2RICK (talk) 03:41, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The acronym COPO stands for Central Office Production Order. See here (American Muscle by Randy Leffingwell, page 75) - CZmarlin (talk) 12:26, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 June 2014
Josay Guapo (talk) 10:50, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

If you want to suggest a change, please request this in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ". Please also cite reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to any article. - Arjayay (talk) 10:55, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not requested a change.

I drive a 1992 I-ROCZ with the LT-1. It's the truth.I'd say there's less than you think are out there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.87.22.126 (talk) 07:33, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Sorry, but the last IROC-Z was built prior to midnight 31 December, 1989, as the license to use the name by GM expired at that point (1985-1990). Any cars produced afterwards, while still mechanically identical, were labeled merely as Z28's. Also, no third gen Camaro was ever produced and sold publically with the LT1 engine. You may have a 1992 Camaro that someone swapped an LT1 into (a common swap), and there are countless examples of fraudulently re-badged third gen Camaro's with IROC-Z graphics and emblems. Thirdgen.org, Nastyz28.com, and GM's own production numbers can verify all of the above, as well as numerous books and sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:B01B:F340:349B:631F:1A70:71E1 (talk) 18:30, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

Class
The infobox currently lists the Chevrolet Camaro as a Pony Car, Muscle Car and a Sports Car. Barring rare exceptions (i.e. a car could be both a sports car and a roadster) a car should only fall into one classification. The only other instance of a car having more than one class would be if one generation of the car was classified as one class and then the automaker completely revised the car but kept the existing name and the revised car was now a different class (i.e. the original Thunderbird was a 2 seat roadster vs. the Thunderbird from the 70’s was a mid-sized coupe)

While the definition of muscle car would typically exclude the Camaro, the term muscle car has been diluted from its original meaning some could argue it would include the Camaro however would it be agreed that a car can’t be both a pony car and a muscle car?

Lastly, the Camaro is not a sports car. A sports car has only 2 seats. Although there are some rare exceptions (Porsche 911 is a 2+2 and is considered a sports car) the Camaro would not fall into this exception. Even the Wikipedia page on Sports Cars discusses that while some cars may have a sporty image (sport compacts, muscle cars, etc.) and may even be called sports cars for marketing purposes, it does not effectively make them sports cars.

I edited the page recently to list the Camaro as only a Pony car however another user reverted the edit citing the Camaro is listed on the muscle car page. Upon reviewing the Wikipedia muscle car page, it specifically lists the Camaro as a Pony car in the Muscle car Revival section. The classification of “pony car muscle models” listed on the muscle car page seems highly dubious as well.

Based on the above, it makes sense to classify the Camaro as a Pony Car only and remove it from being labeled a Sports Car or Muscle Car.

Please revise the class in the infobox on the Camaro from Pony Car, Muscle Car and Sports car to Pony Car.

Let me know your thoughts.

Expandinglight5 (talk) 04:40, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm the "another user", so I'll throw my 2 cents in.
 * A pony car has a "long hood, short deck" but doesn't always have a big engine (eg the Mustang often had a boring 6 cylinder).
 * A muscle car has a V8 in a light body.
 * A sports car is obviously meant for sporty driving (although the early Mustang and Camaro don't excel at handling).
 * The Camaro is definitely a pony car. It is also a muscle car but only when not stuck with a 4 or 6 cylinder engine. Purists will argue it is not a sports car (handling sucks on early models) but most will accept it as a low level sports cars - ie not at teh Porsche level but defeintly a lot sportier than the typical family hauler.
 * I have no problem with it being in multiple categories.  Stepho  talk 08:31, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

 * All versions of the Camaro can be classified as "pony car" and only those with appropriately powerful V8 engines can also be under the broad "muscle" category. However, the majority of typical consumer and rental fleet sales are hardly "sports" related. Moreover, the "sports car" term has been applied to almost all types of vehicles mainly to make them more marketable. For example, a "2015 Toyota Yaris 1.5 Sport" version is still a economy sedan, not a "sports car" by any definition. Of course, it may be viewed as more "sporty" by the advertising agency (and even by the buyer) than the base model that lacks the fancy wheels and rear deck spoiler, but having such an model in the lineup does not justify adding the "sports car" category. The majority of "sports car" references to the Camaro are self-serving boastful superlatives (BS) by the manufactures, its marketing efforts, and associated automotive media that owe their existence to the automaker and the legions of dedicated brand enthusiasts. In short, an authoritative encyclopedia article should not be used to promote the boastful superlatives that are generated by the manufacturer and their marketing agencies. Just my thoughts - CZmarlin (talk) 18:35, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Chevrolet Camaro. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130330231638/http://www.chevrolet.com:80/culture/article/camaro-z28-returns-2014.html to http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/camaro-z28-returns-2014.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:08, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

The terms "muscle car" and "pony car" are too subjective
See WP:CARCLASS for more information. Everyone has different perspectives on what is considered a muscle/pony car. Just like with super/hypercar 137.25.35.93 (talk) 22:44, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

I suggest replacing with the more simple "sports car" 137.25.35.93 (talk) 22:44, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The guideline you reference didn't mention anything of the sort until you tried to slip it in there without consensus trying to push your position.
 * The pony car article is well-sourced, and the term is well-known and widely used. Just because you don't like the classification doesn't negate its existence. --Sable232 (talk) 18:43, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Clarification for production stop?
Concluding the 4th gen section: ''Chevrolet offered a 35th anniversary edition for the 2002 model year. Production of the F-Body platform was discontinued due to slowing sales, a deteriorating market for sports coupés, and plant overcapacity, but an entirely new platform went on sale in 2009.''

Would rewording/rearrangement assist here? IMO, there's room for clarification to explain why Chevrolet ceased production after the 2002 anniversary edition before initiating the 2006/2007 concept redesigns as subsequently mentioned in the 5th gen section. Seems like they could redesign in advance. Why wait until 2009 to sell new cars? Gprobins (talk) 16:49, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chevrolet Camaro


text:
Deschutes River (Washington)

The Deschutes River is a 50 mi river in the U.S. state of Washington. Its headwaters are in the Bald Hills in Lewis County, and it empties into Budd Inlet of Puget Sound at Olympia in Thurston County. It was given its name by French fur traders, who called it Rivière des Chutes, or "River of the Falls", a translation of the First Nations name for the site. (The city of Tumwater, founded in the same location, takes its name from the Chinook Jargon translation for "waterfall".)

Tributaries of the river include Spurgeon Creek, Thurston Creek and Lake Lawrence.

Recreation
There are numerous parks along its course, including Pioneer Park and Tumwater Falls Park. A popular tubing stretch runs from Pioneer Park to Tumwater Falls.

The Chehalis Western Trail parallels the river for a stretch of 2 mi, allowing users direct views and access to the river.

title: Deschutes River (Washington)


text:
Mostyn

Mostyn is a village and community in Flintshire, Wales, and electoral ward lying on the estuary of the River Dee, located near the town of Holywell. It has a privately owned port that has in the past had a colliery and ironworks and was involved in the export of commodities, and in present times services the offshore wind industry and ships the wings for the Airbus A380 which are manufactured at Broughton.

History
Mostyn was mentioned in the Doomsday Book of 1086. Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) landed here in 1399 before attacking Richard II at Flint Castle. Coal was mined at Mostyn Colliery and iron production started in the mid nineteenth century. The combination of a colliery, iron works and the docks made this a profitable enterprise. Nineteen hundred people were employed at one time. The coal eventually became exhausted and the ironworks closed in 1965. Between 1848 and 1966 there was a railway station in the village on the Chester to Holyhead line. Mostyn once served as a port from which ferries used to sail (until 2004) to Dublin on the Liverpool-Dublin route. Today, manufactured wings for the Airbus A380 aircraft leave Mostyn on the ship Ville de Bordeaux, after travelling down the River Dee by barge from the Airbus wing factory at Broughton, Flintshire. See Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit for more details of the transportation. Mostyn's port area is home to the headquarters of Warwick International Group Limited, manufacturers of bleach activators for detergent applications.

Port of Mostyn
The Port of Mostyn is privately owned and is one of the oldest ports in the country; in the past, it handled cargoes including steel, coal, timber, woodpulp, animal feedstuffs and fertilizers. Nowadays, it specialises in the assembly and installation of wind turbines. It has been involved in the construction of North Hoyle (constructed 2003–2004), Burbo Bank (2006–2007), Rhyl Flats (2008–2009) and Gwynt y Môr (2012–2015); it was involved in part of the work building Robin Rigg and Walney windfarms.

In early 2023, the Port of Mostyn applied to Natural Resources Wales (NRW) for a marine licence. This was to build a new 350 metre-long quay wall and reclaim 4.5 hectares of land behind it to create new berths for ships, as well as deepening existing berths and re-dredging the approach channel.

Mostyn Hall
Mostyn Hall is a large Grade I listed country house, set in extensive gardens; it lies around half a mile to the north-west of the village. It is surrounded by gardens and parkland, and is approached from the south driveway. The former gatehouse, Porth Mawr, lies to the south-west and a complex of farm buildings to the west.

The village
Just down the A548 road from Mostyn at Llanerch-y-Mor is the now closed Mostyn Fun Ship. The ship started life as the Duke of Lancaster, a car ferry and cruise ship. After it was permanently dry-docked in Mostyn, it earned its later name from its new operation as an arcade and bar.

Governance
Mostyn is also an electoral ward, coterminous with the community. It elects one county councillor to Flintshire County Council. A by-election was held on 31 July 2014 after the disqualification of the longstanding Independent councillor, Patrick Heesom,

On the 5th May 2022, as part of the most recent 2022 Welsh local elections, Mostyn elected Pamela Banks who was represented as an Independent, by a 26% majority as former councillor Patrick Heesom saw defeat.

Languages
According to the United Kingdom Census 2021, 14.9 per cent of all usual residents aged 3+ in Mostyn can speak Welsh. 22.5 per cent of the population noted that they could speak, read, write or understand Welsh. The 2011 census noted 18.2 per cent of all usual residents aged 3 years and older in the village could speak Welsh.

Country of Birth
The 2011 Census noted that 98.0 per cent of the population was born in the United Kingdom; 64.0 per cent of the population was born in Wales and 33.1 per cent of the population was born in England.

Notable people

 * Emlyn Williams, Welsh dramatist and actor

title: Mostyn


text:
Périgordian

Périgordian is a term for several distinct but related Upper Palaeolithic cultures which are thought by some archaeologists to represent a contiguous tradition. Thought to have existed between c.35,000 BP and c.20,000 BP the Perigordian was theorized by prehistorians (namely ).

The earliest culture in the tradition is the Châtelperronian which is thought to have produced denticulate tools and flint knives. It is argued that this was superseded by the Gravettian with its Font Robert points and Noailles burins. The tradition culminated in the proto-Magdalenian.

Critics have pointed out that no continuous sequence of Périgordian occupation has yet been found, and that the tradition requires it to have co-existed separately from the Aurignacian industry rather than being differing industries that existed before and afterwards.

Sites

 * Font-Robert - (Jalón). Périgordia V.
 * Gorge d'Enfer - (Dordogne). Lower and Upper Périgordia.
 * La Ferrassie - (Dordogne).
 * La Gravette - (Dordogne). Périgordia IV.
 * Labattut (Abri) - (Dordogne). Périgordia IV-VI.
 * Laugerie Haute - (Dordogne).
 * Laussel - (Dordogne) Périgordia IV.
 * Le Moustier - (Dordogne).
 * Noailles - (Corrèze). Périgord V.
 * Oreille d'Enfer - (Dordogne). Périgord V.
 * Abri Pataud - (Dordogne). Périgord IV-VII.
 * Vignaud (Abri) - (Dordogne). Périgord V.

title: Périgordian


text:
Wikipedia:Village pump/May 2004 archive 1

foo Day
I think for greater community spirit we should hold certain theme days, or days where people concentrate on certain subjects that need attention, for example we could have 'fix stub day' or a day where we would all fix stubs, ( of course participation would be voluntary. There could be a page where people would nominate what days to hold and what subjects to consentrate on, it could be anything, like gathering information about a tricky subject or cleaning up some pages.

Sorry in advance if this has been brought up before. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 16:02, 2004 May 6 (UTC)

 * I think it's a great idea. Perhaps have a signup page such as Flying squad or Gala days which would list supporters and keep a calender of such days, past and future. Those interested could then watch the page, and discuss ideas for new Gala Days on its talk page.

 * One severe caution, we would want to make sure that there were clear guidelines as to exactly what was to be done, and have plenty of review of these by some old hands. Done in this way, newbies participating would learn a lot. But without this preparation, there's the prospect of many hands all at once creating the same sorts of problems for admins and developers to sort out... Aaaargh!!!! It's enough to make you want to bang your head against your monitor to see which breaks first. Andrewa 20:26, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed, there would have to be clear guidelines about what specifically would have to be done, --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 08:54, 2004 May 11 (UTC)
 * Probably worth mentioning Article of the week here. --bodnotbod 12:05, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

This is almost at the top of village pump now which means it will be chopped off soon, any ideas where this discussion could be continued? Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 19:55, 2004 May 13 (UTC)

Overzealous brand documentation?
Is it just me, or are we seeing a lot of overzealous documentation of the specifics of commercial products—the verbatim copying of ingredients lists, labels, the detailed listing of all the products in a specific product line, and so forth? My perception is that this material is not being contributed by people trying to promote the product, but just by people who, for whatever reason, just like to do it. Fans of the products, I think. I don't want to single out Sharpie other than as an example of the sort of thing I mean. Is it really valuable to note that it is available in Fine, Extra Fine, Ultra Fine, Super, Twin, Super Twin, Chisel, Metallic, Grip, Industrial, and Professional tips, and in Yellow, Black, Blue, Green, Orange, Red, Brown, Purple, Turquoise, Lime, Aqua, Berry, Olive, Marigold, Navy, Plum, Burgundy, and Silver ink? I won't remove valid information just because I personally happen to think it's silly, but... is this getting out of hand and, if so, do we need to draw a line, and if so, where? Dpbsmith 23:38, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think people do this not only because they like the product but because they want to contribute an article with "encyclopedia-like" details, but can't think of something to write about. And I have cut out most of this ridiculous Sharpie details. DavidWBrooks 00:39, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I think David's hit it on the head there. Someone likes a product, or - even - just has it on their desk, and they feel virtuous, conscientious including every detail from the labelling.  I suppose it's interesting to consider how difficult it might be to find the ingredients of a soft drink that stopped being produced ten years earlier without such people ;o)  --bodnotbod 16:49, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * If these were products discovered on a dig in of an 1872 heritage site in Virginia, we'd be glad to have this historical documentation; would we not be creating a cultural record of our modern society for future archeologists, sociologists, paleontologists, et al? It may be rather odd to create the historical documentation for those historians of the future, but they'll thank us for it. -- user:zanimum

 * That's [http://www.archive.org]'s mission, not Wikipedia's. Dpbsmith 17:16, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not too sure about that, not to mention that, for a marker, tips are important. Furthermore, I do not entirely approve of DavidWBrook's edit, although this probably belongs in the article's discussion page. What I would have done is change the bulleted list (which takes up far too much space) into a comma-separated list, which would have fit nicely within a single paragraph, while preserving all information. -- Itai 02:54, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Screen width
Looking at a specific astrology page issue regarding appearance at 800x600 (I usually run higher), I discovered that Wikipedia comes close enuf to fitting that it seems to be the target resolution, but in reality, is just enuf wider to be a pain. Anyone know if TPTB are aware of this? Niteowlneils 17:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know what TPTB means... but anyway I have a 800x600 resolution (pity me) and I have the left hand menu turned on.... wikipedia renders perfectly for me without horizontal scrolling. Unless, that is, there is an element on a specific page which is wider than my screen.  Perhaps the problem is with the astrology page you were on, do you remember which it was?  fabiform | talk 18:49, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It was probably Taurus (constellation) (or possibly Gemini or Taurus (I've spent most of the day cleaning up move from Taurus--see above))--all are fine if I'm not editting them. Niteowlneils 19:55, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * (the powers that be). It may depend on which skin Niteowlneils is using. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 18:58, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * ...and which browser (css not being quite as portable as one might hope). Niteowlneils - if you can tell us the page, skin, and browser combination, it may be possible to submit a bugfix request to have the stylesheet tweaked. It tries very hard to work everywhere, but suc transit... -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 19:01, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Initial report. Skin/left nav=default. browser=IE 5.5 and Mozilla 1.4. OS=Win2k. Page=at a minimum, edit pages. Niteowlneils 19:08, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * So far seems to be limited to Edit pages. Also occurs with Netscape6/7 and Opera 7. Niteowlneils 19:12, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Also happens currently on VP and VfD, but I believe it is due to the Darwin image and a long URL, respectively, so I don't think those need to be "fixed". Niteowlneils 19:19, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Screenshot of problem (using IE5.5--the severity is pretty consistent between all browsers tested) at Image:IEHorScroll75percent.jpg. Niteowlneils 19:35, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * FWIW (not too surprisingly) the Wiktionary Edit page has the same hor. scroll issue. I'm going to assume that A) the problem is limited to the Edit pages, and B) the issue has been sufficiently documented, so I am going to bump my resolution back up, unless someone has a specific request. Niteowlneils 19:42, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This seems to happen only when the "Edit box has full width" is not checked (which I think it isn't when you're not logged in). This makes the edit box a fixed width, and one that does appear to be just a bit big for 800x600 (probably depending on your default font settings).  You could file a bug on this, suggesting the default be a wee bit smaller. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 20:10, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll go do that. Since I have changed few, if any, of my Prefs, and I see the problem logged in, I have to assume the fixed width box is the default. Nice diagnosis--I went back to 800x600, checked the box, went to an Edit page, and confirmed that there was no hor. scroll. Niteowlneils 20:26, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. #951517. Niteowlneils 21:08, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In the monobook skin the edit area has a % width by default, the pref is only there to work around some bugs in the old skin/ in ancient browsers afaik. Could be dropped maybe, and shouldn't default to a fixed width in any case. Try http://test.wikipedia.org in doubt. -- Gabriel Wicke 22:51, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Compliment Committee
We have a Welcoming Committee to greet new users, but once they get greeted, they're rarely subject to much positive at the hands of other users, and many of them are subjected to a slew of insults from trolls, vandals, etc. Perhaps we should have a parallel committee, modeled after the WC, to compliment users when we see good edits, substantial work on pages, etc. Something less than a barnstar, but still a nice thing to do for the users. I suspect that, after a lengthy edit, it would be more than a little welcome to see a post on your talk page to let you know you did a good job, and that this would foster Wikilove Snowspinner 20:50, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this could fit in well with the recent idea of Great editing in progress; or, to be more accurate, I think some hybrid of the two ideas could be achieved that served this role well... IMSoP 21:45, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hearing compliments from "Compliment Committee" is like you hearing "You look great!" from your grandma (as opposed to your girlfriend or partner). My point is that, the person who gets such a compliment won't feel particularly honoured, because those people saying so are comissioned ...to say such a "compliment"! Doesn't mean much. It sounds much better when coming from some random person. However, an Award Commission makes more sense. --Menchi 21:52, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that last sentence made more sense when attached to the thoughts in your head (unless it's just that the thoughts in my head are rather detached right now :-/). What do you envisage an "Award Commission" as being/doing? - IMSoP 22:37, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just an organization that gives out Barnstar and Wikipedian of the Year Award and stuff like once a month. --Menchi 12:00, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think the compliment commttee would be as problematic. It's not as though every comment will get complimented. At least as I'm picturing it, the CCwould not simply compliment everyone blindly. It would be a more or less completely informal list of people who are committed to recognizing good work when they see it. We already have plenty of people dedicated to recognizing bad work, but very few beyond featured articles for good. Snowspinner 16:20, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this is a good idea, and hearby appoint every single user to the Compliment Committee. Please remember to thank others when you see good things happening! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 07:59, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm new and I've already left a few comments on talk pages like "Great page - well done to all concerned." And when people have reverted vandalised pages that I'm particularly interested in I drop them a note to thank them - particularly when it's my User Page as was the case yesterday.  Apparently I smell of cabbage.  Some people who know me in real life might say that was NPOV. --bodnotbod 21:40, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I also think it's a great idea, and would like to hereby second Pete's nominations of all users. Andrewa 07:03, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Newspaper story about Wikipedia: Thoughts welcome.
First things first: I learned of the village pump through Raul654. He said this would be a good place to find administrators and members who'd like to share details about the more interesting facets of Wikipedia. So here I am.

I write for The News Journal, a newspaper in Wilmington, Del. The story I'm writing is meant to inform readers about Wikipedia and how it works, but also to answer some of the questions they're most likely to have. What intrigues me about Wikipedia, beyond the vast collection of articles on obscure topics, is the culture that beats within the site. Here's where you come in.

Raul654 gave me a quick education on two of the more prolific Wiki-outlaws. That's what intrigues me most, and readers are likely to share that wonder. And through the sharing of such tales, readers will learn much about the evolution and self-policing of this unique site. (I'm loathe even to call it a mere "site.")

Please contact me at cyasiejko-at-delawareonline-dot-com. (Have I thwarted the spambots? I hope so.)

Take care, Christopher Yasiejko The News Journal

 * While of course I wouldn't dream of telling you what should intrigue you, I do think "wiki-outlaws" shouldn't. They are footnotes to parenthetical remarks, distractions from the purpose of Wikipedia, which is to build a useful and reliable reference work. On Wikipedia there is a "giant conspiracy attempting to have articles agree with reality". That some refuse to participate in this conspiracy is, in the end, irrelevant to its success, as it is irrelevant to the generally progressive nature of human knowledge. -- Nunh-huh 22:40, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree entirely. A useful analogy (and a deeper one that might first appear) is to compare wikipedia with the wild west.  It's easy to think there's a lot of lawlessness, gunfights, tough-but-kindhearted sheriffs, and bitter feuds in blanco canyon (as The Simpsons would have it "now with 50% more rootin-tootin"). It is like the wild west, but not like that - like the unreported wild west, the unreported wikipedia is mostly a bunch of farmers - each plowing their personal furrow on an unthinkably vast land.  Many never see a stranger for weeks on end, many have no-one to turn to when their crops fail.  Here and there there's an odd little clan, the faithful in neglected commune, a two-horse wikiproject, someone's grand scheme gone to seed. It's a little more populated each day, each day a new stranger in town.  Most of your cattle go unrustled, most of your banks unrobbed, and one day the railroad may come this way. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:08, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just so you guys know (so you can be specific in your responses), the 2 users I told Chris about (he spent about an hour interviewing me) are Michael and Plautus Satire. →Raul654 05:07, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Does having a newspaper article about them count as feeding the trolls?! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:38, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * lol @ Pcb21 Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 19:24, 2004 May 13 (UTC) ;)

Offices Held by politicians
Do any guidelines exist for the content of tables showing the offices held by politicians? (See the bottom of the Tony Blair entry for an example.) It appears that periods spent as members of bodies such as Parliament aren't included, but I think it would be a good idea to do so. Betelgeuse 15:33, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * My first instinct was to agree with you, but after thinking about it, at least in the US, congressional districts change often enough that it's difficult to ascribe a real continuity to all of them. Similarly, Senate seats are arranged as junior and senior, but which seat is which will change periodically. So at least in US politics, I'm not sure how the linear nature of these boxes would work. I don't know, in Britain, how variable districts and their representation are, so I don't know if this problem exports to other countries. Snowspinner 16:29, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It'd be awkward to include such tables on all politicians, even without reapportionment or redistricting - very few politicians stay in the same office for very long, and including a table for each office held would make their articles bulky. - jredmond 16:44, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Tricky. UK parliamentary boundaries are reviewed about every 10 years, and if the changes are too drastic a sitting MP may jump ship and look for a more winnable seat elsewhere (I'm reminded of one Conservative MP who looked for a better seat in 1997 and failed to win it, while what was left of his original seat remained Conservative...). Also MPs may lose their seat at one election, and be elected somewhere totally different at a later election (see Gwyneth Dunwoody or Tony Benn for example). -- Arwel 16:45, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Sir George Young is an example of an MP who moved constituencies because of boundary adjustments. For his entry I would add 'MP for Ealing Acton 1974 - 1997' and 'MP for North West Hampshire 1997 - present'. I don't think the two extra rows would add to much bulk to the article (most politicians entries are little more than stubs anyway), and I think it's the type of information a reference work like wikipedia should include. Betelgeuse 16:56, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know about UK politicians, but it would be a huge mess trying to figure it out for U.S. representatives except for perhaps the last few decades. For early politicians, documentation is not always readily available about which district a representative was from (and even if available, may be misleading because the district boundaries change frequently). So even if we could figure it out, I'm not sure it would be that helpful since the actual districts change dramatically over time. For example, when Michigan first became a state, the entire state was one congressional district. Now the state is divided into 16 districts. I believe it had more districts in the past. Further, there are MANY U.S. politicians who have held multiple offices: representative, senator, governor, Presidential cabinet (sometimes different positions in the cabinet). In short, it *might* be feasible to do this for U.S. Senate seats, but I don't see any point to attempting it for House seats. older ≠ wiser 17:47, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Besides, many (perhaps, sadly, most) people in the U.S. don't even know who their representative is let alone what district they are in. older ≠ wiser 17:52, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia for crosswords
Hey, I just found a new use for Wikipedia. I was wrestling with today's crossword puzzle. Usually the weekday ones are fine, but today--lots of facts that I just didn't know. I used it to find the following in just a couple of minutes:
 * Adlai Stevenson's middle name
 * Star of Camille (5 letters starting with G)
 * Another phrase for motley fool (this was a search)
 * Ingrid's role in Casablanca
 * "A" wearer's name (I had to already know that this referred to The Scarlet Letter)
 * AKA for Baby Face Nelson
 * Star of Barnaby Jones
 * Meaning of otological (also a search)
 * 1936 presidential loser
 * Van Eyck's first name

But--I couldn't find "dashboard of an English car"!? Elf | Talk 18:56, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * How many letters? Marnanel 19:02, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Five, am I right? Did you get the one about the flute? (spooky coincidence) As a thoroughbred Englishman, I can tell you that the dashboard of an English car is called... a "dashboard". So I'm not surprised you didn't find the answer here! [What crossword is this, anyway?] - IMSoP 19:18, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Tribune Media Services puzzle; I'm seeing it in the San Jose Mercury News. Elf | Talk 20:12, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A five letter synonym for Dashboard in an English car would be "Dials"... But from what I read elsewhere, that doesn't fit. Peet42 19:47, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * How about fascia? That the best english-german dictionary http://dict.leo.org showed as one of the translations of the german Armaturenbrett. andy 20:08, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh. I am 95% certain about all of the crossing words. This leaves me with a 5-letter word for "dashboard of an English car" as _ACIA, and "high-pitched flutes" of _IBES (first letter is same for both words). I played flute for many years & don't know what they're talking about.  I thought of Fascia, but that's 6 letters, so unless they spelled it wrong-- and that also left me with "fibes", which I couldn't find a reference to anywhere.  Elf | Talk 20:11, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * According to Dictionary.com, "Facia" is an archaic form of "Fascia". I'd assume a problem with the "b", making the other answer "Fifes"... :) Peet42 20:35, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe they think it's an Anglicism. (It isn't, to the best of my knowledge.) -- the English Marnanel 20:39, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, fifes works. (For some reason the first time I looked at the B vs F for the first letter it didn't make any sense. Another case of brain needing cache cleared & reloaded.) 66.122.214.230 21:28, 18 May 2004 (UTC) (oops, that was me. Elf | Talk 16:13, 20 May 2004 (UTC))

 * Collins English Dictionary definitely gives fascia or facia as Brit.. a less common name for "dashboard". Dieter Simon 01:18, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (2000) says that facia (pl. facias) is 'the instrument panel of a motor vehicle' (among other things), and that fascia (pl. fasciae) is 'a long flat surface between mouldings on the architrave' etc. IME this dictionary is more conservative than those on the Web, and is of course Britannocentric. -- Heron 18:43, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I love seeing Wikipedia being used for a wide variety of purposes like this. I found Wikipedia when I was running "online pub quizes" and in desperate need of trivia.  Our list of lists was perfect for my purposes, and in a few weeks I'd got interested in the project and began contributing.  Elf, perhaps soon the compilers of your crosswords will use Wikipedia as a source, just as you use it to crack the hard clues. ;)  fabiform | talk 07:25, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've used the Wikipedia for this myself. It helped about 75% of the time. Crazyeddie 00:30, 2004 May 24 (UTC)

XML usage
My apologies if there's a better place to ask this, but I was curious if Wikipedia supports XML. I mainly ask for the possiblity of implementing a few databases. Oberiko 16:50, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that a forthcoming version of mediawiki supports exporting articles in an XML format. Is that what you had in mind? -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 16:57, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you mean by support, but try out Special:Export. In the upcoming version 1.3 there will be more features that involve XML (look for them in http://test.wikipedia.org ). Dori | Talk 17:00, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Clarification

 * An example of what I mean by supporting XML would be to keep data, stored on Wikipedia, in an XML format for the purpose of table generation etc. I think it would make it easier to read, edit, use and upload/download by users. It would also allow data to be kept centrally for seperate articles that might rely on it (thus preventing redudancy). Oberiko 17:05, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Optimally, of course, would be if Wikipedia had an actual database and allowed JSP. It would certainly help in terms of large articles, especially long lists so that we could dynamically generate sub-lists. Oberiko 17:43, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * To date, a trade-off has been made. We've favoured ease of editing, with wikimarkup accesible to almost anyone who can run a web browser, trading this against the increased amount of manual work this entails.  You're quite right to identify this need - the next time there's a major election in a country for which we have good constituency coverage (particularly the US and UK) there will be a lot of work to get the wiki back to being correct, and a nontrivial period during which it will be wrong.  Worse, when the next US census data comes along,  thousands of articles will be outdated.  We've used bots in the past, but they have limited use in making updates (as opposed to mere substitutions or additions).  The addition of transclusion to mediawiki makes some tasks simpler (such as centralising some kinds of tables).  The real problem is that very very few of wikipedia's contributors are web developers - so the software project is short of developers.  Also, we need to keep our barrier-to-entry for new contributors very low (that's how we've grown so big) and making a database-inclusion mechanism that's accessible not just to sad technogeeks like you and I, but to our moms and dads, is durn hard.  But your idea is good (although exposing the ordinary contributor to XML is about as welcome as exposing them to ebola)) and the need exists (it's not a major problem yet, but it will slowly increase as the wikipedia expands and the bot-authored data ages).  The mediawiki article has links to the sourceforge page - perhaps you'd consider helping adding these features to mediawiki. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 17:58, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Your comment re: US and UK elections and the next census, while quite correct, are nevertheless also quite depressing. →Raul654 18:08, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as updating tables goes.. where a table appears in a page, a link saying "Edit Table of Australian States" (or whatever) appears in the edit page. Clicking this link goes to a grid of edit boxes where names, stats, figures, and other fields, can be updated.  Layout can be varied as needed.  You don't need to be a programmer to update databases, look at the number of office admin staff who perform data entry as part of their job. --Chuq 06:19, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

I saw some debate about using the As of 2004 etc feature to mitigate this - is there any concensus? Mark Richards 19:45, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I was about to mention that, too - the explanation lies at As of, to which is attached much discussion. It doesn't remove the need for manual updating, of course, but it allows one to find where it is needed most. I rather like the idea, personally.

 * My main concerns with having some kind of database/XML "backend" built into the wiki are a)who would design the schema, and how (given that if you ever changed it, it would break everything using it); and b)how would the information be incorporated grammatically into free text (which I'd guess the majority of places this would be used would require). I guess you could have something like, but it would be hard work making sure it made sense properly.

 * I think SQL is simple enough that it could be incorporated (it's not like EVERY user would have to use it... just those who know), so long as it's limited to SELECT statements. Something like.

 * An example of census data it would just be .  Still quite readable IMHO Oberiko 23:37, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think elections are fine - not all that much changes each time; most MPs stay in the same seat for years [how lazy! ;-)] - but the census data is going to be a pain. Will we run Rambot (and other similar bots for other countries) every time a new census comes out? But if we did it a more database-y way, how encouraging would it be for users to edit the page (one of the main arguments put forward for inclusion of Rambot-style data) if it was covered in some weird syntax they didn't understand? Hmm... - IMSoP 21:20, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The election data is indeed an manageable change (it'd be worse of lots more countries' electoral constituencies were added). The census data is problematic - lots of Rambot's additions have now been manually changed to make the article as a whole read better (e.g. East Palo Alto). With hindsight (and more software) inclusion of such external info might better have been (or in future be) handled by transclusion (e.g.  ), which would make a discrete box on the page.  Such a large, and rich, source of raw data would justify writing specific code to support. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 21:36, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * this isn’t the forum – but, m2cw, couldn’t conventional div or span tags address some of these problems more simply? ie giving the robots hints about what to target?
 * eg "Brisbane has a population of  1.5 million "
 * just a thought… Erich 00:28, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Eek! That's kind of a half-way house - much of the XML ugliness, but less of its power. Really, what we're collectively asking for is something with the expressive power of a query language and presentation layer, but the simplicity of free text - something I don't think can be done.  Not to worry - wikipedia is a testament to the power of thousands of people botching stuff together. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 01:04, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Magie delle Ande: Portale Perù
Buenos dias. Deseo segnalar las mejores paginas web sobre el Perú en idioma italiano. Apartenecen a nuestra asociacion sociocultural Latinoamericana Magie delle Ande. Gracias por su disponibilidad. Gabriele Poli

http://www.peru.sudamerica.it http://www.magiedelleande.it

 * Babelfish translation (FWIW): "Good day. Desire to segnalar the best paginas Web on Peru in Italian language. Apartenecen to our sociocultural association Latin American Magie delle Ande. Thanks for its availability."

 * Mostly close enough; "segnalar" ==> "Señalar ==> "point to"; I believe "Apartenecen" is an un-word; the last sentence is basically "Thanks for helping (more literally "putting yourself at my disposal"). Anyway, he wants Italian-language pages about Peru, presumably either from Wikipedia or elsewhere. -- Jmabel 05:44, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems to me like you've got the intent backwards. The poster has pages on Peru in Italian, and wants us to point at them. But then, I don't speak Italian. -- Cyrius|&#9998 17:21, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * You could be right. It's a little hard to decipher an Italian-speaker's slightly broken Spanish. (Wonder why he thought it was better to address English-speakers in Spanish than in Italian...) -- Jmabel 18:00, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Which also shows how rusty my Spanish is. -- Cyrius|&#9998 19:18, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * A little OT, but... Does anybody know of a open-source translator project? There has got to be something better than babelfish. Crazyeddie 01:10, 2004 May 24 (UTC)

MediaWiki 1.3
We're going to be phasing in a pre-release version of MediaWiki 1.3 over the next 24 hours or so. Expect minor service disruptions, and the sudden appearance of lots of new features. -- Tim Starling 14:08, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've created a new page to serve as a collection of comments and bugs about the new release: m:MediaWiki 1.3 comments and bug reports. Please use only that page to focus the efforts. Dori | Talk 14:42, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Sweet. I think everyone needs to give props to our very hard-working developers. →Raul654 15:20, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * this feature will only trigger an edit conflict if users attempt to edit the same few lines. Oh. My. God. Who do I buy a beer for??!! Fantastic! Mark Richards 16:03, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Dibs on the second round, for that and for Links in summaries allowed! - jredmond 16:11, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * *frown* Still no Wikisophia features like chessboards, music and chemistry diagrams, and they put in this timeline thingy, which seems to have just flown out of nowhere? Pfeh. It's a lot easier to write a text timeline than it is to write a text chemical diagram, or to make one with xfig or PPCHTeX Though I definitely appreciate the ability to include wikitext in image captions, and the ability to caption images without thumnailing them. This is the way image markup should be, definitely. Grendelkhan 20:28, 2004 May 22 (UTC)

 * If I understood previous responses correctly, that whole version of Wikitex was more-or-less a one-man project, and that one man has since disappeared, so I wouldn't hold your breath for it - it's all got to be rewritten from scratch if at all. (I may have the wrong end of the stick there, though). - IMSoP 20:46, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm putzing around with the developers now. Pain in the butt. Might be easier to track down the guy who wrote wikitex. grendelkhan|(blather) 07:35, 2004 May 23 (UTC)

I see that Wikiquote, Wikisource, Meta-Wiki, & Wikibooks have all switched to it. When will the rest be switched over?

New features
With the upcoming features I think we should keep in mind that "just because we can doesn't necessarily mean we should." What I mean by that is that the new parametrized templates and categories can make pages pretty hard to figure out. We should probably come up with a policy/guideline about how these two features should be used. As an example, keep a newbie mindset and try and figure out this page: We should preserve the wiki principles of simple and easy editing as much as possible while making use of new features IMO. Dori | Talk 21:26, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * While I agree we could need a policy on new features (we still need one on the navigation bar inflation on the country pages, many now having four of them already), I think the templated version of the infobox is easier to grasp for a newbie, as content and display is separated. I consider the HTML table currently in Belgium much more scary than the template useage one on [test:Belgium]. And for shorter infoboxes, for example a taxobox, the difference will be much more striking. andy 21:37, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * To be honest I'll be glad if that example is as bad as it gets. Apart from writing the template parameters in thisstyle instead of this_style it looks quite readable. I think a newbie would be able to "get it", even if creating new templates would be an advanced user thing. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 21:54, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I am sure it can get a lot worse than that. Perhaps we will need an obfuscation contest to see just how bad it can get. Dori | Talk 03:47, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I added to Dori's example comments above & below the infobox of the style that we've been using in the dog breeds tables. Comments like this will help newbies a bunch. ... Oh, BTW, the little help box that pops up when the mouse hovers over that demo page's Save button says "Save you page".  Is this a bug? Elf | Talk 05:03, 26 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Bia River

The Bia is a river that is situated primarily in Ghana and flows through Ghana and Ivory Coast, emptying into Aby Lagoon. A hydroelectric dam was built across the Bia at Ayamé in 1959, causing the formation of Lake Ayame.

title: Bia River


text:
Robert Wright

Robert, Bob, Rob or Bobby Wright may refer to:

Law

 * Sir Robert Wright (judge, died 1689) (c. 1634–1689), Lord Chief Justice of England, 1687–1688
 * Robert Wright (South Carolina judge) (1666–1739), Chief Justice of South Carolina from 1725
 * Robert William Wright (1816–1885), American lawyer, politician, newspaper editor, and author
 * Sir Robert Samuel Wright (1839–1904), British judge
 * Robert Wright, Baron Wright (1869–1964), British judge

Sports

 * Robert Wright (English cricketer) (1852–1891), English first-class cricketer
 * Robert Kelsell Wright (1858–1908), English greyhound "slipper"
 * Robert Wright (English footballer) (1880–?), English footballer
 * Bob Wright (greyhound trainer) (1886–1943), English greyhound trainer
 * Bob Wright (baseball) (1891–1993), American baseball pitcher
 * Robert Wright (Australian cricketer) (1914–1965), Australian cricketer
 * Bob Wright (Scottish footballer) (1915–?), Scottish footballer
 * Bob Wright (basketball) (1926–2012), American high school and college basketball coach
 * Bob Wright (Australian footballer) (1943–2019), Australian rules footballer
 * Bobby Jack Wright (born 1950), American football coach

History

 * Robert Wright (British historian) (1906–1992), Royal Air Force historian and biographer of Hugh Dowding
 * Robert K. Wright Jr. (born 1946), American military historian and author
 * Robert E. Wright (born 1969), American business, economic, financial, and monetary historian

Medicine

 * Sir Robert Wright (surgeon) (1915–1981), British surgeon
 * Bobby E. Wright (1934–1982), American clinical psychologist

Music

 * Robert Wright (musical writer) (1914–2005), American composer and lyricist of musicals
 * Bobby Wright (born 1942), American country music singer
 * Rob Wright (born 1954), Canadian musician

Politics

 * Robert Wright (Maryland politician) (1752–1826), United States Senator from Maryland and Governor of Maryland
 * Robert R. Wright (1844–1927), mayor of Denver, Colorado
 * Robert Wright (New Zealand politician) (1863–1947), MP and mayor of Wellington
 * Robert Howard Wright (1865–1933), mayor of Aylmer, Quebec
 * Bob Wright (Utah politician) (1935–2012), Utah lawyer, Republican gubernatorial candidate, biographer of David O. McKay
 * Robert C. Wright (politician) (1944–2014), Pennsylvania State Representatives and judge

Religion

 * Robert Wright (Calvinist priest) (1556–1624), English Anglican priest
 * Robert Wright (English bishop) (1560–1643), Bishop of Bristol, 1623–1632, and Bishop of Lichfield, 1632–1643
 * Robert Wright (priest, died 1622), Archdeacon of Carlisle
 * J. Robert Wright (1936–2022), American theologian and author
 * Robert Wright (priest, born 1949), Church of England priest, Archdeacon of Westminster and Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons
 * Rob Wright (bishop) (born 1964), American bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta

Others

 * Robert Wright (courtier) (1553–1596), English scholar and courtier
 * Robert Wright (Medal of Honor) (1828–1885), Irish-born American Union Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient

 * Robert Ramsay Wright (1852–1933), Scottish zoologist
 * Sir Robert Patrick Wright (1857–1938), Scottish agriculturalist
 * Robert Herring Wright (1870–1934), American teacher, president of East Carolina Teachers Training School
 * Bob Wright (born 1943), American television businessman and former CEO of NBC
 * Sir Robert Wright (RAF officer) (born 1947), British air marshal
 * Robert Wright (journalist) (born 1957), American journalist and author of books popularizing evolutionary psychology and game theory
 * Rob Wright (writer) (– ), American television producer and writer
 * Robert Wright (special effects artist), American special effects artist
 * Robert Wright Jr. (– ), American FBI agent and critic of FBI counterterrorist activities
 * Robert G. Wright, Canadian diplomat

title: Robert Wright


text:
User:Caton~enwiki

fr:Utilisateur:Caton la:Usor:Cato Wikibooks

Wikisource

 * Wiki sur Nietzsche

title: User:Caton~enwiki


text:
Talk:Search.ch

Untitled
Why would this be a candidate for speedy deletion? Even if it is only a minor search site it still would not be a candidate for speedy deletion, but rather a candidate for VfD. - Tεx τ urε 18:54, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Search.ch


text:
User:Maryjane3

'''I reached into the darkened sky and felt your life go passing by while my fingers touched the pain your spirit to me remains the same'''

This is a verse from a Copyrighted poem written by MaryJane Garrison A Lifelong Resident of Texas

title: User:Maryjane3


text:
Pencoed

Pencoed, or Pen-coed, is a town and community in the county borough of Bridgend, Wales. It straddles the M4 motorway north east of Bridgend and is situated on the Ewenny River. At the 2011 census it had a population of around 9,166.

Early habitation
The earliest evidence of habitation in the area is the nearby Ogof y Pebyll ("Tents Cave") or Ogof Coed-y-Mwstwr ("Hubbub Wood Cave")),(51.5159°N, -3.5131°W, Grid Ref: SS951807) which is a scheduled monument and appears to have been inhabited during Neolithic or Bronze Age periods. Worked flint flakes have been found, along with the teeth of numerous mammals of many different species.

Spelling, pronunciation and etymology
In Welsh, the correct spelling is Pen-coed. Often, in English, spellings now superseded in the Welsh language are used as the official name (i.e. spellings regarded as obsolete since the publication of Rhestr o Enwau Lleoedd / A Gazetteer of Welsh Place-Names in 1967).

Thus "Pencoed", without a hyphen, is usually used in English, but is considered misleading in Welsh as it suggests that "pen" bears the stress rather than "coed" (the hyphen shows that the stress falls on the final syllable). The spelling "Pencoed", when used in Welsh, is considered to be, strictly speaking, incorrect.

The basis of the name is "pen y coed" ("head, top, end (of) the forest"). The linking definite article (y) is often lost in place names, hence places called Pen-y-coed as well as the shorter Pen-coed.

There are various pronunciations of the name to be heard.

The standard Welsh pronunciation is or. The diphthong 'oe' in a monosyllable is generally reduced to a long vowel 'o' [o:] in South Wales, and so the pronunciation of the town has traditionally been. This local form is spelt as "Pen-côd" in texts written in the Gwentian dialect (that is, south-eastern Welsh).

One pronunciation used in English is an approximation of the standard Welsh form but with stress shift. A poor pronunciation in English heard from outsiders and often on the English media is a spelling pronunciation as if the name were in English orthography – (as if the second element were "co-ed", the short form of the adjective "co-educational").

Local signage shows the use of the two forms (Pen-coed, Pencoed) in English contexts but also in Welsh contexts, with Pencoed predominating. Thus one sees Pencoed Primary School in English, and Ysgol Gynradd Pencoed in Welsh, on the sign on the school façade. The library sign reads Pencoed Library and Llyfrgell Pencoed. The railway station sign has Pencoed. Roadsigns show Pencoed Cemetery and Mynwent Pencoed. However, other signs are Pen-coed Technology Park and Parc Technoleg Pen-coed, and the roadsign on Heol Pen-y-bont / Penybont Road at the entrance to the village half a mile from the centre shows "Pen-coed ½", whereas a sign just across the road indicating the entrance to the village has Pencoed.

Present town
Pencoed as a town developed in the late 19th century, around the coal mining industry; the coal mines have now closed.

The town is in the Ewenny Valley and is divided by the M4 motorway near Junction 35, although almost all of the town lies to the north of the M4. About two miles north of the town, the upland relief of the South Wales Valleys starts. To the south are the rolling countryside of the Vale of Glamorgan and the rugged north coast of the Bristol Channel.

The town consists of three distinct areas, which were once four small hamlets. To the north is Penprysg ("copse end"), which lies at the end of the low ridge (100 m) of Cefn Hirgoed ("long wood ridge"). To the west is Hendre ("lowland winter homestead", literally "old settlement") which rises gently from the railway line in the centre of the town towards the common land at Ystadwaun, on older maps as Ystad y Waun and Gwastadwaun ("level moor"). The central and eastern part of the town, which lies on the valley floor near the railway, consists of Pencoed itself and Felindre ("mill settlement"). There are numerous streams rising and running through the town, and two main rivers, the Ewenni Fawr (Great Ewenny) and the Ewenni Fach (Little Ewenny). At the centre of the town, close to the station, is the war memorial (known locally as the Monument), the shopping centre and the local Community Hall (Pencoed Miners' Welfare Hall). The town is well provided with sports facilities, schools, pubs and clubs. A new development, Earlswood Parc, was announced in 2002 and now has been completed, incorporating various Westbury built homes and Bocam business park.

The current mayor is Councillor Barry Doughty.

Pencoed hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1998.

The Raspberry Pi single-board computer is manufactured at the Sony Technology Centre in Pencoed, which produces 44,000 every week.

Twinning
Pencoed has twinning arrangements with:
 * 🇩🇪 Waldsassen, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Plouzané, France

title: Pencoed


text:
Copper Green

Copper Green is reportedly one of several code names for a U.S. black ops program in which coercive psychological and physical measures were used on detainees in military prisons. Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh reported on the term in an article in the May 24, 2004 issue of The New Yorker. According to Hersh, the task force was formed with the direct approval of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, and run by Deputy Undersecretary Stephen Cambone. Hersh claims the Special Access Program (SAP) members were told "Grab whom you must. Do what you want." The program allegedly designed physical coercion and sexual humiliation techniques for use against Muslim Arab men specifically, to retrieve information from suspects, and to blackmail them into becoming informants.

According to the article, the sexual humiliation techniques were based on the book, The Arab Mind, written by cultural anthropologist Raphael Patai in 1973. The book claimed to be a "study of Arab culture and psychology". According to Hersh's anonymous intelligence source, the Patai book was "the bible of the neocons on Arab behavior", which gave life to two themes: "One, that Arabs only understand force and, two, that the biggest weakness of Arabs is shame and humiliation".

Hersh claims to have spoken to a senior CIA official who said the program was designed by Rumsfeld to wrest control of information from the CIA, and place it in the hands of the Pentagon. According to Hersh's sources, the program was so successful in Afghanistan, that Cambone decided to introduce the SAP program to operations during 2003 invasion of Iraq, eventually leading to the use of common soldiers instead of using special ops forces exclusively. In Hersh's view, the program was used on detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison, leading directly to the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.

Department of Defense spokesperson Lawrence Di Rita issued a statement about the accusations, referring to them as "outlandish, conspiratorial, and filled with error and anonymous conjecture". Senators on Capitol Hill, most notably the former POW John McCain, promised to investigate the reported claims, "regardless of where it leads".

In popular culture
Copper Green was mentioned in author JD Wallace's debut novel, Silent Cats: Deadly Dance. The male hero, who is based on a real person who the author claims to know personally, was an interrogator who worked on the Copper Green task force, among other task force groups.

Copper Green was mentioned in Lt. Col. Anthony Shaffer's memoir, Operation Dark Heart on page 257: "The interrogation program, called Copper Green, was authorized, but a lot of us felt it wasn't appropriate and just wasn't right." The Pentagon blacked out the words "Copper Green" in the second printing.

title: Copper Green


text:
Robert Wright (journalist)

Robert Wright (born January 15, 1957) is an American author and journalist known for his wide-ranging interests in philosophy, society, science (especially evolutionary psychology), history, politics, international relations, and religion. He has published five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). Wright has taught at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania; more recently, in 2019 he was Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York.

In addition to teaching, lecturing, books, and journalism, Wright has been an innovator in the development of content on the Internet. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv, the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv, the founder and chief correspondent of the Nonzero Newsletter and Nonzero Podcast (available on Substack), and the creator of the Nonzero Foundation. His running commentary on current events can also be followed weekly on Patreon in his ongoing dialogue with fellow commentator Mickey Kaus.

Early life and education
Wright was born in Lawton, Oklahoma, into a Southern Baptist family and attended public secondary schools in San Francisco, California, and San Antonio, Texas. A self-described "Army brat", Wright attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University, where he studied sociobiology, a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His teachers at Princeton included author John McPhee, whose style influenced Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.

Journalism
Wright was employed as Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic, and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. As a contributing editor at The New Republic, he co-authored the "TRB" column. He has also worked at Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine. He has occasionally contributed to The New York Times, putting in a stint as guest columnist in April 2007 and in 2010 acting as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page. Wright assumed the title of senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. In February 2015 the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic."

University teaching and research
In early 2000s, Wright taught occasionally at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, leading a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and teaching an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion." At Princeton, Wright was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and co-taught a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition. In 2014, Wright taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on "Buddhism and Modern Psychology". In 2019, Wright was a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Also in 2019, Wright was a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America.

Meaningoflife.tv
In 2002, Wright ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, where he interviewed a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics. Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation. Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade.

Bloggingheads.tv
On November 1, 2005, Wright, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv, a current-events diavlog. Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived. While many diavlogs feature Wright, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade.

Views on religion
Wright has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God. In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, Wright responded:

"I would say so. Now, I don't think that precludes the possibility that as ideas about God have evolved people have moved closer to something that may be the truth about ultimate purpose and ultimate meaning... Very early on, apparently, people started imagining sources of causality, imagining things out there making things happen. And early on there were shamans who had mystical experiences that even today a Buddhist monk would say were valid forms of apprehension of the divine or something. But by and large I think people were making up stories that would help them control the world."

On The Colbert Report, Wright said he was "not an atheist" but did not subscribe to any of the three Abrahamic religions. He opposes creationism, including intelligent design. Wright has a materialist conception of natural selection; however, he is intrigued by the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, natural selection possibly being itself the product of design, in the context of teleology. Wright describes what he calls the "changing moods of God," arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic, and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation.

Wright has also been critical of organized atheism. He has described himself as a secular humanist. Wright makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and resists the notion that its bad effects necessarily outweigh its good effects. He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do. Wright has said that it is counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems.

In Why Buddhism is True, Wright investigates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of the element of reincarnation. He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is largely vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, justifying his book's title. He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman).

Personal life
Wright lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa; they have two daughters. Two of their dogs, named Frazier and Milo, have been featured in Bloggingheads.tv episodes.

Books

 * 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. ISBN 0-06-097257-2
 * 1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. ISBN 0-679-76399-6
 * 1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. ISBN 0-679-75894-1
 * 2009 The Evolution of God. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-73491-8
 * 2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment. ISBN 1439195455

Awards and recognition

 * The Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.
 * The New York Times Book Review chose Wright's The Moral Animal as one of the ten best books of 1994; it was a national bestseller and has been published in at least twelve languages.
 * Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in at least nine languages. Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of "the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time."
 * Wright's first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.
 * Wright's column "The Information Age," written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism.

title: Robert Wright (journalist)


text:
Lach

Lach is an American singer-songwriter who founded the Antifolk movement, which is cited as a main inspiration by contemporary performers like Beck, Jeffrey Lewis, Hamell on Trial, The Moldy Peaches and Regina Spektor in the US and Laura Marling in the UK.

Lach has released six albums, a book of poetry, a fantasy novel, and was the star (writer and host) of a critically acclaimed series on BBC Radio 4 called The Lach Chronicles.

Early life
Lach was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in suburban Rockland County. He learned to play classical piano at a young age, but turned to rock music after discovering punk bands like the Sex Pistols, the Clash, the Damned, and the Jam. Lach went to college but quickly dropped out to live in Las Vegas, resuming his education at Boston University, where he met his later bassist Geoffrey Notkin.

Career
Lach moved to Greenwich Village in New York City in 1983, looking to play the renowned Folk City club. Having been rejected by the club's bookers, who believed his music was too "punk", he moved to the Lower East Side, opening his own illegal after-hours club, the Fort. The opening of the Fort coincided with the New York City Folk Festival, so Lach held an event at his club called the New York Antifolk Festival, which remains a popular event in the East Village.

In 1990, Lach put out his debut CD, Contender on the Goldcastle label. The album received rave reviews in the press and considerable radio play, but the record label folded three months later. Lach moved to San Francisco releasing an EP, Family Values Pack, containing "The Hillary Clinton Song" which aired on over 600 stations during Bill Clinton's first campaign.

In 1993, Lach returned to New York City and started The Fort up again at The Sidewalk Cafe in the East Village, ushering in a new wave of anti-folk. In 1997 Lach started his own label, Fortified Records, and released, in conjunction with Shanachie Records, Lach's Antihoot: Live from the Fort. Fortified subsequently released downtown comedian Rick Shapiro's Unconditional Love, produced by Lach (1998) and Major Matt Mason USA's Me, Me, Me (2000). In 1999 Fortified released Lach's second album Blang!, produced by Richard Barone.

September 18, 2001 saw the domestic release of Kids Fly Free, again produced by Richard Barone with a 16-page lyric booklet illustrated by Daniel Johnston. Tours of the UK by Lach and other NYC anti-folkers such as The Moldy Peaches, Hamell On Trial and Jeffrey Lewis sparked the beginnings of the UK scene, inspiring such British artists as Milk Kan, Filthy Pedro, David Cronberg's Wife, Sgt. Joe Buzzfuzz and Laura Marling. The 12 Bar Club began hosting monthly anti-folk nights called Blang!

In 2002 Lach signed with the Agency Group as his exclusive European booking agent, and with Steve Hawkins as his tour manager. Track Records released Kids Fly Free in the UK on May 7. Lach was also featured on Antifolk Vol.1 (Rough Trade), compiled by The Moldy Peaches.

In 2004, Sanctuary Press released Waking Up in New York City: A Musical Tour of The Big Apple by Mike Evans, with a chapter devoted to Lach. Lach's band 'Lach and The Secrets', featuring Billy Ficca on drums and Roy Edroso on bass, arrived in the UK In March that year for eight shows in eight nights including a show at The Basement Club organized by Strokes producer Gordon Raphael. Lach and The Secrets released their album, Today. Lach toured UK and France as a solo artist, performing 35 dates supporting Suzanne Vega, Television and The Fine Young Cannibals.

In 2005, he toured the UK including five dates sharing the bill with The Casbah Club. In 2006, Lach organized the biggest 'Fortified Summer Antifolk Fest' yet with a concert in Tompkins Square Park, an anti-folk parade and special guest set from Suzanne Vega. Lach toured the UK including an Anti-folk Fest at The Barfly in London featuring Lach headlining a show with nine other UK anti-folk acts.

In 2007, Lach signed with Primary UK Booking Agency. Lach finished his fifth album The Calm Before recording once again with Billy Ficca, Richard Barone, Mike Visceglia, Chris Barron and Lydia Ooghe at Studio G in Brooklyn.

In 2008, Lach said goodbye to Sidewalk Café and his weekly Antihoot, New York's longest running open mic ("A Manhattan Institution"). A subsequent documentary on Lach's farewell was filmed YouTube. The Calm Before was released on Fortified Records and Lach toured the US for the first time as well as the UK and the Netherlands. The album hit the College Charts, becoming Fortified's best seller. In 2009, he toured the UK with Neil Halstead. In 2010, Lach completed a new album, Ramshackle Heart which was recorded in the UK with Halstead. Lach took on running two nights a week (the 'Tuesday Antihoot' and Wednesday's 'Lach Presents' series) at the Webster Hall in New York. Lach subsequently took on the role of executive producer of the venue.

After debuting his one-man show 'The Day I Went Insane' in the UK, Lach was discovered by BBC producer Richard Melvin and comedy producer Karen Koren. He was then invited to headline The Edinburgh Fringe Festival's venue, The Gilded Balloon.

Lach moved to Edinburgh, a move documented on BBC Radio Scotland in a special entitled From New York to New Town. Lach continued to do The Edinburgh Fringe in 2011 and 2012. Lach also toured the UK extensively including shows with Hamell on Trial, Michelle Shocked, Dean Friedman, The Spin Doctors and Florence and The Machine. Lach wrote a book, The Day I Went Insane which was then commissioned by BBC Radio 4 for a full series produced by Dabster Productions.

In 2013, he became executive producer of Edinburgh's Henry's Cellar Bar revamping the look and style of the venue and programming performances from such stars as Thomas Truax and Toby Goodshank. At the venue, he started the Mondays Antihoot Open Stage, Tuesdays Songwriter's Cellar and Wednesday's Antihoot Radio Night. Antihoot Radio Night featured a weekly radio sit-com written by Lach and featuring some of the top comics in Scotland. His 2013 Edinburgh Fringe show Anticdotes was produced in conjunction with transgressive comedian Bob Slayer's Heroes of The Fringe.

In August 2013, BBC Radio 4 premiered The Lach Chronicles written and performed by Lach and produced by Edinburgh's Dabster Productions. A weekly four-part series featuring Lach's songs, stories and comedy. In 2014, he left Henry's Cellar Bar and Dive took up residency at Summerhall in Edinburgh. The BBC commissioned a second series of The Lach Chronicles and it was broadcast in December 2014. Desert Hearts publishing commissioned a book of poetry from Lach entitled The Thin Book of Poems for a January 19, 2015 release.

In 2015, Lach toured the UK with Chris Barron. Desert Hearts Publishing released Lach's The Thin Book of Poems and Lach toured the UK reading selections from the book in bookstores during the day and playing the local music venues at night. In 2016, BBC Radio 4 commissioned a third series of The Lach Chronicles aired in June. Lach was named creative director of The New Wee Theatre which presented performances at The New Town Theatre as part of The Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2016.

Discography

 * Contender (1991) – 3/5 on AllMusic
 * Blang! (1999)
 * Kids Fly Free (2001)
 * Today (2004) – "a gem of an album"
 * The Calm Before (2008) – 3/5 on AllMusic
 * Ramshackle Heart (2011) – 3/5 in The List

title: Lach


text:
Checkered Flag

Checkered Flag or Chequered Flag may refer to:

 * Checkered flag, or chequered flag, a type of racing flag

Films

 * The Checkered Flag (1926 film), an American silent drama film
 * The Checkered Flag (1963 film), a film directed by William Grefe
 * The Checkered Flag (1967 film) or Devil's Angels, an American outlaw biker film
 * Checkered Flag (film), a 1990 film by John Glen and Michael Levine

Music

 * Checkered Flag (album), a 1963 album by Dick Dale and his Del-Tones
 * "The Chequered Flag (Dead or Alive)", a song by Jethro Tull from Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!

Video games

 * Chequered Flag (video game), a 1983 game by Sinclair Research Ltd.
 * Chequered Flag (1988 video game), an arcade game by Konami
 * Checkered Flag (1991 video game), for Atari Lynx video game
 * Checkered Flag (1994 video game) for the Atari Jaguar

title: Checkered Flag