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Netherlands in World War II

Despite Dutch neutrality, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of Fall Gelb (Case Yellow). On 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the royal family relocated to London. Princess Juliana and her children sought refuge in Ottawa, Canada until after the war.

German occupation lasted in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945. Active resistance, at first carried out by a minority, grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the majority of the country's Jews to Nazi concentration camps.

Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants among local regions in the Netherlands, scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level. In part due to the well-organised population registers, about 70% of the country's Jewish population were killed in the course of World War II—a much higher percentage than in either Belgium or France, although lower than in Lithuania. Declassified records revealed that the Germans paid a bounty to Dutch police and administration officials to locate and identify Jews, aiding in their capture. Communists in and around the city of Amsterdam organised the February strike—a general strike (February 1941) to protest against the persecution of Jewish citizens.

World War II occurred in four distinct phases in the Netherlands:
 * September 1939 to May 1940: After the war broke out, the Netherlands declared neutrality. The country was subsequently invaded and occupied.
 * May 1940 to June 1941: An economic boom caused by orders from Germany, combined with the "velvet glove" approach from Arthur Seyss-Inquart, resulted in a comparatively mild occupation.
 * June 1941 to June 1944: As the war intensified, Germany demanded higher contributions from occupied territories, resulting in a decline of living standards. Repression against the Jewish population intensified and thousands were deported to extermination camps. The "velvet glove" approach ended.
 * June 1944 to May 1945: Conditions deteriorated further, leading to starvation and lack of fuel. The German occupation authorities gradually lost control over the situation. Nazis wanted to make a last stand and commit acts of destruction. Others tried to mitigate the situation.

The Allies liberated most of the south of the Netherlands in the second half of 1944. The rest of the country, especially the west and north, remained under German occupation and suffered from a famine at the end of 1944, known as the "Hunger Winter". On 5 May 1945, German surrender at Lüneburg Heath led to the final liberation of the whole country.

Background

The Dutch colonies such as the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) caused the Netherlands to be one of the top five oil producers in the world at the time and to have the world's largest aircraft factory in the Interbellum (Fokker), which aided to the neutrality of the Netherlands and the success of its arms dealings in the First World War. The country was one of the richest in Europe and could easily have afforded a large and modern military. Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and centre-right political parties. From 1933, the Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression, which had begun in 1929. The incumbent government of Hendrikus Colijn pursued a programme of extensive cuts to maintain the value of the guilder, which resulted in workers' riots in Amsterdam and a naval mutiny between 1933 and 1934. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the gold standard and to devalue the currency.

Numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era, which were inspired by Italian fascism or German Nazism, but they never attracted enough members to be an effective mass movement. The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) supported by the National Socialist German Workers' Party which took power in Germany in 1933, attempted to expand in 1935. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands, as did its calls to violence. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the NSB was already declining in both members and voters.

During the interwar period, the government undertook a significant increase in civil infrastructure projects and land reclamation, including the Zuiderzee Works. That resulted in the final draining of seawater from the Wieringermeer polder and the completion of the Afsluitdijk.

Neutrality
During World War I, the Dutch government, under Pieter Cort van der Linden, had managed to preserve Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the Interwar Period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its "Independence Policy" even after the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany in 1933. The Anti-Revolutionary Party's conservative prime minister, Hendrikus Colijn, who held power from 1933 until 1939, believed that the Netherlands could never withstand an attack by a major power. Pragmatically, the government did not spend much on the military. Although military spending was doubled between 1938 and 1939, amid rising international tensions, it constituted only 4% of national spending in 1939, in contrast to nearly 25% of Nazi Germany. The Dutch government believed it could rely on its neutrality or at least the informal support of foreign powers to defend its interests in case of war. The government began to work on plans for the defence of the country, which included the "New Dutch Waterline", an area to the east of Amsterdam that would be flooded. From 1939, fortified positions were constructed, including the Grebbe and Peel-Raam Lines, to protect the key cities of Dordrecht, Utrecht, Haarlem and Amsterdam, and creating a Vesting Holland (or "Fortress Holland").

In late 1939, with war already declared between the British Empire, France and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. The government gradually mobilised the Dutch military from August 1939 that had reached its full strength by April 1940.

German invasion

Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands were invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a formal declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium and Luxembourg. The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium and to pre-empt a possible British invasion in North Holland. The Luftwaffe needed to take over the Dutch airfields on the North Sea to launch air raids against the United Kingdom.

The armed forces of the Netherlands, with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, were caught largely unprepared. Much of their weaponry had not changed since the First World War. In particular, the Royal Netherlands Army did not have comparable armoured forces and could mount only a limited number of armoured cars and tankettes. The air force had only 140 aircraft, mostly outdated biplanes. Sixty-five of the Dutch aircraft were destroyed on the first day of the campaign.

The invading forces advanced rapidly but faced significant resistance. A Wehrmacht parachute assault on the first day, aimed at capturing the Dutch government in The Hague and the key airfields at Ockenburg and Ypenburg, was defeated by Dutch ground forces with heavy casualties. The Dutch succeeded in destroying significant numbers of transport aircraft that the Germans would need for their planned invasion of Britain. However, the German forces succeeded in crossing the Maas river in the Netherlands on the first day, which allowed the Wehrmacht to outflank the nearby Belgian Fort Eben-Emael and force the Belgian army to withdraw from the German border.

In the eastern Netherlands, the Germans succeeded in pushing the Dutch back from the Grebbe Line, but their advance was slowed by the Dutch fortifications on the narrow Afsluitdijk Causeway that linked the north-eastern and the north-western parts of the Netherlands. The German forces advanced rapidly and, by the fourth day, were in control of most of the east of the country.

The Dutch realised that neither British nor French troops could reach the Netherlands in sufficient numbers to halt the invasion, particularly with the speed of the German advance into Belgium.

Bombing of Rotterdam
Fighting in Rotterdam had taken place since the first day of the campaign, when German infantrymen in seaplanes landed on the Maas River and captured several bridges intact. The Germans hesitated to risk a tank attack on the city for fear of heavy casualties. Instead, the German commander presented an ultimatum to the Dutch commander in the city. He demanded the surrender of the Dutch garrison and threatened to destroy the city by aerial bombing if it did not accept. The ultimatum was returned on a technicality since it had not been signed by the German commander. While the corrected ultimatum was being resubmitted, Luftwaffe bombers, unaware that negotiations were ongoing, struck the city.

During the Rotterdam Blitz, between 800 and 900 Dutch civilians were killed, and 25,000 homes were destroyed. The bombers' targets were the civilian areas of Rotterdam, rather than the town's defences. Under pressure from local officials, the garrison commander surrendered the city and his 10,000 men on the evening of the 14th with the permission of Henri Winkelman, the Dutch commander-in-chief. That opened up the German advance into "Fortress Holland".

Dutch surrender
The Dutch high command was shocked by the Rotterdam Blitz. Knowing that the army was running low on supplies and ammunition and receiving news that the city of Utrecht had been given an ultimatum similar to that of Rotterdam, Winkelman held a meeting with other Dutch generals. They decided that further resistance was futile and wanted to protect civilian residents. In the afternoon of 14 May, Winkelman issued a proclamation to his army to order them to surrender:

This afternoon Germany bombarded Rotterdam, while Utrecht has also been threatened with destruction. In order to spare the civil population and to prevent further bloodshed I feel myself justified in ordering all troops concerned to suspend operations ... By great superiority of the most modern means [the enemy] has succeeded in breaking our resistance. We have nothing wherewith to reproach ourselves in connection with this war. Your bearing and that of the forces was calm, firm of purpose and worthy of the Netherlands.

On 15 May, the Netherlands officially signed the surrender with Germany. Dutch forces in the province of Zeeland, which had come under French control, continued fighting alongside French forces until 17 May, when the bombardment of the town of Middelburg forced them to surrender also. The Dutch Empire, in particular the Dutch East Indies, supported the Allies; the colonies were unaffected by the surrender. Many ships of the Royal Dutch Navy in Dutch waters fled to the United Kingdom.

During the four-day campaign, about 2,300 Dutch soldiers were killed and 7,000 wounded, and more than 3,000 Dutch civilians also died. The Germans lost 2,200 men killed and 7,000 wounded. In addition, 1,300 German soldiers captured by the Dutch during the campaign, many around The Hague, had been shipped to Britain and remained POWs for the rest of the war.

Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch government succeeded in escaping from the Netherlands before the surrender and formed a government-in-exile. Princess Juliana and her children went to Canada for safety.

Life in occupied Netherlands
Initially, the Netherlands was placed under German military control. However, after the refusal of the Dutch government to return, the Netherlands was placed under control by a German civilian governor on 29 May 1940, unlike France or Denmark, which had their own governments, and Belgium, which was under German military control. The civil government, the Reichskommissariat Niederlande, was headed by the Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart.

The German occupiers implemented a policy of Gleichschaltung ("enforced conformity" or "coordination") and systematically eliminated non-Nazi organisations. In 1940, the German regime more or less immediately outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands.

Gleichschaltung was an enormous shock to the Dutch, who had traditionally had separate institutions for all main religious groups, particularly Catholic and Protestant, because of decades of pillarisation. The process was opposed by the Catholic Church in the Netherlands, and in 1941, all Roman Catholics were urged by Dutch bishops to leave associations that had been Nazified.

A long-term aim of the Nazis was to incorporate the Netherlands into the Greater Germanic Reich. Adolf Hitler thought very highly of the Dutch people, who were considered to be fellow members of the Aryan "master race".

Initially, Seyss-Inquart applied the 'velvet glove' approach; by appeasing the population he tried to win them for the National Socialist ideology. That meant that he kept repression and economic extraction as low as possible and tried to co-operate with the elite and government officials in the country. There was also a pragmatic reason since the NSB offered insufficient candidates and had no great popular support. The German market went open, and Dutch companies benefited greatly from export to Germany even if that might be seen as collaboration if goods might be used for German war efforts. In any case, despite the British victory in the Battle of Britain, many considered a German victory a realistic possibility and that it would therefore be wise to side with the winner. As a result, with the ban on other political parties, the NSB grew rapidly. Although gasoline pumps had been sealed in 1940, the occupation seemed tolerable.

After the failure of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 and the subsequent German defeats at Moscow and Stalingrad in the Eastern Front of World War II, Germany increased economic extraction from its occupied territories, including the Netherlands. Economic extraction increased, and production was limited mostly to sectors relevant for the war effort. Repression increased, especially against the Jewish population.

After the Allied invasion of June 1944, the railroad strike and the frontline running through the Netherlands caused the Randstad to be cut off from food and fuel. That resulted in acute need and starvation, the Hongerwinter. The German authorities lost more and more control over the situation as the population tried to keep what little they had away from German confiscations and were less inclined to co-operate now that it was clear that Germany would lose the war. Some Nazis prepared to make a last stand against the Allied troops, followed Berlin's Nero Decree and destroyed goods and property (destructions of the Amsterdam and Rotterdam ports, inundations), but others tried to mediate the situation.

Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was especially interested in the Netherlands, as the country was designated to become the main area for the air force bases from which to attack the United Kingdom. The Germans started construction of ten major military air bases on the day after the formal Dutch surrender, 15 May 1940. Each of them was intended to have at least 2 or 3 hard surface runways, a dedicated railway connection, major built-up and heated repair and overhaul facilities, extensive indoor and outdoor storage spaces, and most had housing and facilities for 2,000 to 3,000 men. Each air base also had an auxiliary and often a decoy airfield, complete with mock-up planes made from plywood. The largest became Deelen Air Base, north of Arnhem (twelve former German buildings at Deelen are now national monuments). Adjacent to Deelen, the large central air control bunker for Belgium and the Netherlands, Diogenes, was set up.

Within a year, the attack strategy had to be altered to a defensive operation. The ensuing air war over the Netherlands cost almost 20,000 airmen (Allied and German) their lives and 6,000 planes went down over the country, an average of three per day during the five years of the war.

The Netherlands turned into the first line of western air defence for Germany and its industrial heartland of the Ruhrgebiet, complete with extensive flak, sound detection installations and later radar. The first German night-hunter squadron started its operations from the Netherlands.

Some 30,000 Luftwaffe men and women were involved in the Netherlands throughout the war.

Forced labour and resistance
The Arbeitseinsatz, the drafting of civilians for forced labour, was imposed on the Netherlands. That obliged every man between 18 and 45 (530,000) to work in German factories, which were bombed regularly by the western Allies. Those who refused were forced into hiding. As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands, rationing increased (with ration books). At times, the resistance would raid distribution centres to obtain ration cards to be distributed to those in hiding.

For the resistance to succeed, it was sometimes necessary for its members to feign collaboration with the Germans. After the war, that led to difficulties for those who pretended to collaborate when they could not prove they had been in the resistance, which was difficult because it was in the nature of the job to keep it a secret.

Atlantic Wall
The Atlantic Wall, a gigantic coastal defence line built by the Germans along the entire European coast from southwestern France to Denmark and Norway, included the coastline of the Netherlands. Some towns, such as Scheveningen, were evacuated because of that. In The Hague alone, 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move. The Arbeitseinsatz also included forcing the Dutch to work on these projects, but a form of passive resistance took place there with people working slowly or poorly.

Holocaust
Shortly after it was established, the military regime began to persecute the Jews of the Netherlands. In 1940, there were no deportations, and only small measures were taken against the Jews. In February 1941, the Nazis deported a small group of Dutch Jews to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. The Dutch reacted with the February strike, a nationwide protest against the deportations, unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe. Although the strike did not accomplish much—its leaders were executed—it was an initial setback for Seyss-Inquart. He had intended both to deport the Jews and to win the Dutch over to the Nazi cause.

Before the February strike, the Nazis had installed a Jewish Council (Dutch: Joodse Raad). This was a board of Jews, headed by Professor David Cohen and Abraham Asscher. Independent Jewish organisations, such as the Committee for Jewish Refugees—founded by Asscher and Cohen in 1933—were closed. The Jewish Council ultimately served as an instrument for organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently; the Jews on the council were told and convinced they were helping the Jews.

In 1939 the Jewish population of the Netherlands was between 140,000 and 150,000, 24,000–34,000 of whom were refugees from Germany and German-controlled areas. That year, the Committee for Jewish Refugees established the Westerbork transit camp to process incoming refugees; in 1942 the German occupiers repurposed it to process outgoing Jews to labour and concentration camps. Over half of the total Jewish population—about 79,000—lived in Amsterdam; this number increased as Germans forcibly moved Dutch Jews into the city in preparation for mass deportation.

In May 1942, Jews were ordered to wear Star of David badges. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands publicly condemned the government's action in a letter read at all Sunday parish services. The Nazi government began to treat the Dutch more harshly, and notable socialists were imprisoned. Later in the war, Catholic priests, including Titus Brandsma, were deported to concentration camps.

Concentration camps were built at Vught and Amersfoort as well. Eventually, with the assistance of Dutch police and civil service, the majority of the Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps.

Germany was particularly effective at deporting and killing Jews in the Netherlands. By 1945, the Dutch Jewish population was about a quarter of what it had been (about 35,000). Of that number, about 8,500 escaped deportation by being in a mixed marriage to a non-Jew; about 16,500 hid or otherwise evaded detection by German authorities; and 7,000–8,000 escaped the Netherlands for the duration of the occupation.

The Dutch survival rate of 27% is much lower than in neighbouring Belgium, where 60% of Jews survived, and France, where 75% survived. Historians have offered several hypotheses for the low survival rate, including:

 * The Netherlands included religion in its national records, which reduced the opportunity for Jews to mask their identity.
 * Dutch authorities and the Dutch people were unusually co-operative with German authorities.
 * The flat, unforested Dutch landscape deprived Jews of potential hiding places.

Marnix Croes and Peter Tammes examined the survival rates among the different regions of the Netherlands. They conclude that most of the hypotheses do not explain the data. They suggest that a more likely explanation was the varying "ferocity" with which the Germans and their Dutch collaborators hunted Jews in hiding in the different regions. In 2002, Ad Van Liempt published Kopgeld: Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden, 1943 (Bounty: Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943), published in English as Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews (2005). He found in newly-declassified records that the Germans paid a bounty to police and other collaborators, such as the Colonnie Henneicke group, for tracking down Jews.

A 2018 publication, De 102.000 namen, lists the 102,000 known victims of the persecution of Jewish, Sinti, and Roma people from the Netherlands; the book is published by Boom, Amsterdam, under the auspices of the Westerbork Remembrance Center.

Collaboration

Many Dutch men and women chose or were forced to collaborate with the German regime or joined the German armed forces, which usually would mean being placed in the Waffen-SS. Others, like members of the Henneicke Column, were actively involved in capturing hiding Jews for a price and delivering them to the German occupiers. It is estimated that the Henneicke Column captured around 8,000 to 9,000 Dutch Jews who were ultimately murdered in the German death camps.

The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands was the only legal political party in the Netherlands from 1941 and was actively involved in collaboration with the German occupiers. In 1941, when Germany still seemed certain to win the war, about three per cent of the adult male population belonged to the NSB.

After the war broke out, the NSB sympathised with the Germans but nevertheless advocated strict neutrality for the Netherlands. In May 1940, after the German invasion, 10,000 NSB members and sympathizers were put in custody by the Dutch government. Soon after the Dutch defeat, on 14 May 1940, they were set free by German troops. In June 1940, NSB leader Anton Mussert held a speech in Lunteren in which he called for the Dutch to embrace the Germans and renounce the Dutch Monarchy, which had fled to London.

In 1940, the German regime had outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the NSB, which openly collaborated with the occupation forces. Its membership grew to about 100,000. The newcomers (meikevers, Cockchafers or Maybugs, where May refers to the month of the German invasion) were shunned by many existing members, who accused them of opportunist behaviour. The NSB played an important role in lower government and civil service. Every new mayor appointed by the German occupation government was a member of the NSB. However, for most higher functions, the Germans preferred to leave the existing elite in place since they knew that the NSB neither offered enough suitable candidates nor enjoyed enough popular support.

After the German signing of surrender on 6 May 1945, the NSB was outlawed. Mussert was arrested the following day, and was executed on 7 May 1946. Many members of the NSB were arrested, but few were convicted.

In September 1940, the Nederlandsche SS was formed as "Afdeling XI" (Department XI) of the NSB. It was the equivalent to the Allgemeine SS in Germany. In November 1942, its name was changed to Germaansche SS in Nederland. The Nederlandsche SS was primarily a political formation but also served as manpower reservoir for the Waffen-SS.

Between 22,000 and 25,000 Dutchmen volunteered to serve in the Waffen-SS. The most notable formations were the 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland which saw action exclusively on the Eastern Front and the SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade Landstorm Nederland which fought in Belgium and the Netherlands.

The Nederland brigade participated in fighting on the Eastern Front during the Battle of Narva, with several soldiers receiving the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, Nazi Germany's highest award for bravery.

Another form of collusion was providing goods and services essential to the German war efforts. Especially in 1940 and 1941, when a German victory was still a possibility, Dutch companies were willing to provide such goods to the greedily-purchasing Germans. Strategic supplies fell in German hands, and in May 1940 German officers placed their first orders with Dutch shipyards. The co-operation with the German industry was facilitated by the fact that due to the occupation the German market 'opened' and due to facilitating behaviour from the side of the partly pro-German elite. Many directors justified their behaviour with the argument that otherwise, the Germans would have closed down their company or would have replaced them with NSB members and so they could still exercise some limited influence. After the war, no heavy sentences were dealt to high officials and company directors.

Dutch resistance
The Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly, but its counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks provided key support to Allied forces beginning in 1944 and through the liberation of the country. Discovery by the Germans of involvement in the resistance meant an immediate death sentence.

The country's terrain, lack of wilderness and dense population made it difficult to conceal any illicit activities, and it was bordered by German-controlled territory, which offered no escape route except by sea. Resistance in the Netherlands took the form of small-scale decentralised cells engaged in independent activities. The Communist Party of the Netherlands, however, organised resistance from the start of the war, as did the circle of liberal democratic resisters who were linked through Professor Dr. Willem or Wim Schermerhorn to the Dutch government-in-exile in London, the LKP ("Nationale Knokploeg", or National Force Units, literal translation "Brawl Crew"). This was one of the largest resistance groups, numbering around 550 active participants; it was also heavily targeted by Nazi intelligence for destruction due to its links with the United Kingdom. Some small groups had absolutely no links to others. These groups produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published underground newspapers, sabotaged phone lines and railways, prepared maps, and distributed food and goods. After 1942 the National Organisation (LO) and National Force Units (LKP) organised national coordination. Some contact was established with the government in London. After D-day the existing national organisations, the LKP, the OD and the Council of Resistance merged into the internal forces under the command of Prince Bernhard.

One of the riskiest activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, Jewish families, underground operatives, draft-age Dutch, and others. Collectively these people were known as onderduikers ('under-divers'). Later in the war, this system of people-hiding was also used to protect downed Allied airmen. Reportedly, resistance doctors in Heerlen concealed an entire hospital floor from German troops.

In February 1943, a Dutch resistance cell rang the doorbell of the former head of the Dutch general staff and now-collaborating Lieutenant general Hendrik Seyffardt in the Hague. Seyffardt commanded the campaign to recruit Dutch volunteers for the Waffen-SS and the German war effort on the Eastern Front. After he answered and identified himself, he was shot twice and died the following day. The assassination of the high-level official triggered a harsh reprisal from SS General Hanns Albin Rauter, who ordered the killing of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. On October 1 and 2, 1944, the Dutch resistance attacked German troops near the village of Putten, which resulted in war crimes on behalf of the occupying Germans. After the attack, part of the town was destroyed, and seven people were shot in the Putten raid. The entire male population of Putten was deported and most were subjected to forced labour; 48 out of 552 survived the camps. The Dutch resistance attacked Rauter's car on March 6, 1945, unaware of the identity of its occupant, which in turn led to the killings at Woeste Hoeve, where 116 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 Gestapo prisoners executed elsewhere.

Dutch government and army in exile
The Dutch army's successful resistance in the Battle for The Hague gave the royal family an opportunity to escape. Several days before the surrender, Princess Juliana, Prince Bernhard and their daughters (Princess Beatrix and Princess Irene) travelled from The Hague to London. On 13 May, Queen Wilhelmina and key members of the Dutch government followed. The royal family were guests at Buckingham Palace, where Irene was christened on 31 May. Juliana later took Beatrix and Irene to Canada, where they remained for the duration of the war.

Shortly after the German victory, the Dutch government, led by Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer, was invited by the Germans to return to the country and to form a pro-German puppet government, as the Vichy government had agreed to do in France. De Geer wanted to accept that invitation, but the Queen refused it and dismissed him in favour of Pieter Gerbrandy.

Dutch East Indies and war in the Far East
On 8 December 1941, the Netherlands declared war on the Japanese Empire. On 10 January 1942, the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).

Dutch naval ships joined forces with the Allies to form the American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Fleet, commanded by Dutch Rear Admiral Karel Doorman. On February 27–28, 1942, Doorman was ordered to take the offensive against the Imperial Japanese Navy. His objections on the matter were overruled. The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of the Java Sea at which Doorman gave the order to engage. During the ensuing battle, the Allied fleet suffered heavy losses. The Dutch cruisers Java and De Ruyter were lost, together with the destroyer Kortenaer. The other Allied cruisers, the Australian Perth, the British Exeter, and the American Houston, tried to disengage but were spotted by the Japanese in the following days and were eventually all destroyed. Many ABDA destroyers were also lost.

After Japanese troops had landed on Java, and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army had been unsuccessful in stopping their advance because the Japanese could not occupy a relatively-unguarded airstrip [clarfiy], the Dutch forces on Java surrendered on 7 March 1942. Some 42,000 Dutch soldiers were taken prisoner and interned in labour camps, but some were executed on the spot. Later, all Dutch civilians (some 100,000 in total), were arrested and interned in camps, and some were deported to Japan or sent to work on the Thai-Burma Railway. During the Japanese occupation, between 4 and 10 million Javanese were forced to work for the Japanese war effort. Some 270,000 Javanese were taken to other parts of Southeast Asia; only 52,000 of those survived.

A Dutch government study described how the Japanese military forcibly recruited women as prostitutes in the Dutch East Indies and concluded that among the 200 to 300 European women working in Japanese military brothels, "some sixty five were most certainly forced into prostitution". Others, faced with starvation in the refugee camps, agreed to offers of food and payment for work, the nature of which was not completely revealed to them.

The Dutch submarines escaped and resumed the war effort from bases in Australia such as Fremantle. As a part of the Allied forces, they were on the hunt for Japanese tankers on their way to Japan and the movement of Japanese troops and weapons to other sites of battle, including New Guinea. Because of the significant number of Dutch submarines active in the Pacific Theatre of the war, the Dutch were named the "Fourth Ally" in the theatre, along with the Australians, the Americans, and the New Zealanders.

Many Dutch Army and Navy airmen escaped and, with aeroplanes provided by the Americans, formed the Royal Australian Air Force's Nos. 18 and 120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadrons, equipped with B-25 Mitchell bombers and P-40 Kittyhawk fighters, respectively. No. 18 Squadron conducted bombing raids from Australia to the Dutch East Indies. Both squadrons eventually also participated in their recapture.

Gradually, control of the Netherlands East Indies was wrested away from the Japanese. The largest Allied invasion of the Pacific Theatre took place in July 1945 with Australian landings on the island of Borneo to seize the strategic oil-fields from the Japanese forces, which were now cut off. At the time, the Japanese had already begun independence negotiations with Indonesian nationalists such as Sukarno, and Indonesian forces had taken control of sizeable portions of Sumatra and Java. After the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalists, led by Sukarno declared Indonesian independence, and a four-year armed and diplomatic struggle between the Netherlands and the Indonesian nationalists began.

Dutch civilians, who suffered greatly during their internment, finally returned home to a land that had greatly suffered as well.

Final year
After the Allied landing in Normandy in June 1944, the Western Allies rapidly advanced in the direction of the Dutch border. Tuesday, 5 September, is known as Dolle dinsdag ("Mad Tuesday") since the Dutch began celebrating and believed that they were close to liberation. In September, the Allies launched Operation Market Garden, a failed attempt to advance from the Dutch-Belgian border across the rivers Meuse, Waal and Rhine into the north of the Netherlands and Germany. However, the Allied forces did not reach the objective because they could not capture the Rhine bridge at the Battle of Arnhem. During Market Garden, substantial regions to the south were liberated, including Nijmegen and Eindhoven. A subsequent German counterattack against the Nijmegen salient (the Island) was defeated in early October.

Parts of the southern Netherlands were not liberated by Operation Market Garden, which had established a narrow salient between Eindhoven and Nijmegen. In the east of North Brabant and in Limburg, British and American forces during Operation Aintree managed to defeat the remaining German forces west of the Meuse between late September and early December 1944 by destroying the German bridgehead between the Meuse and the Peel marshes. During the offensive, the only tank battle ever fought on Dutch soil took place at Overloon.

At the same time, the Allies also advanced into the province of Zeeland. At the start of October 1944, the Germans still occupied Walcheren and dominated the Scheldt estuary and its approaches to the port of Antwerp. The crushing need for a large supply port forced the Battle of the Scheldt in which First Canadian Army fought on both sides of the estuary during the month to clear the waterways. Large battles were fought to clear the Breskens Pocket, Woensdrecht and the Zuid-Beveland Peninsula of German forces, primarily "stomach" units of the Wehrmacht as well as German paratroopers of Battle Group Chill. German units composed of convalescents and the medically unfit were named for their ailment; thus, "stomach" units for soldiers with ulcers.

By 31 October, resistance south of the Scheldt had collapsed, and the Canadian 2nd Infantry Division, British 52nd (Lowland) Division and 4th Special Service Brigade all made attacks on Walcheren Island. Strong German defences made a landing very difficult, and the Allies responded by bombing the dikes of Walcheren at Westkapelle, Vlissingen and Veere to flood the island. Though the Allies had warned residents with pamphlets, 180 inhabitants of Westkappelle died. The coastal guns on Walcheren were silenced in the opening days of November and the Scheldt battle declared over. No German forces remained intact along the 64 mi path to Antwerp.

After the offensive on the Scheldt, Operation Pheasant was launched in conjunction to liberate North Brabant. The offensive after some resistance liberated most of region; the cities of Tilburg, 's-Hertogenbosch, Willemstad and Roosendaal were liberated by British forces. Bergen Op Zoom was taken by the Canadians and the Polish 1st Armoured Division led by General Maczek liberated the city of Breda without any civilian casualties on 29 October 1944. The operation as a whole also broke the German positions that had defended the region along its canals and rivers.

The Dutch government had not wanted to use the old water line when the Germans had invaded in 1940. It was still possible to create an island out of the Holland region by destroying dikes and flooding the polders, which contained the main cities. The Dutch government had decided that too many people would die to justify the flooding. However, Hitler ordered for Fortress Holland (German: Festung Holland) to be held at any price. Much of the northern Netherlands remained in German hands until the Rhine crossings in late March 1945.

Hunger Winter

The winter of 1944–1945 was very harsh, which led to "hunger journeys" and many cases of starvation (about 30,000 casualties), exhaustion, cold and disease. The winter is known as the Hongerwinter (literally, "hunger winter") or the Dutch famine of 1944. In response to a general railway strike ordered by the Dutch government-in-exile in expectation of a general German collapse near the end of 1944, the Germans cut off all food and fuel shipments to the western provinces in which 4.5 million people lived. Severe malnutrition was common and 18,000 people starved to death. Relief came at the beginning of May 1945.

Bombing of the Bezuidenhout
On 3 March 1945, the British Royal Air Force mistakenly bombed the densely populated Bezuidenhout neighbourhood in the Dutch city of The Hague. The British bomber crews had intended to bomb the Haagse Bos ("Forest of the Hague") district where the Germans had installed V-2 launching facilities that had been used to attack English cities. However, the pilots were issued with the wrong coordinates, so the navigational instruments of the bombers had been set incorrectly. Combined with fog and clouds which obscured their vision, the bombs were instead dropped on the Bezuidenhout residential neighbourhood. At the time, the neighbourhood was more densely populated than usual with evacuees from The Hague and Wassenaar; 511 residents were killed and approximately 30,000 were left homeless.

Liberation
After crossing the Rhine at Wesel and Rees, Canadian, British and Polish forces entered the Netherlands from the east and liberated the eastern and the northern provinces. Notable battles during the movement are the Battle of Groningen and the Battle of Otterlo, both in April 1945.

The western provinces were not liberated until the surrender of German forces in the Netherlands was negotiated on the eve of 5 May 1945 (three days before the general capitulation of Germany), in the Hotel de Wereld in Wageningen. Previously the Swedish Red Cross had been allowed to provide relief efforts, and Allied forces were allowed to airdrop food over the German-occupied territories in Operation Manna.

During Operation Amherst, Allied troops advanced to the North Netherlands. To support the advance of the II Canadian Corps, French paratroopers were dropped in Friesland and Drenthe who were the first Allied troops to reach Friesland. The French successfully captured the crucial Stokersverlaat Bridge. The region was successfully liberated shortly after. On the island of Texel, nearly 800 men of the Georgian Legion, serving in the German army as Osttruppen, rebelled on 5 April 1945. Their rebellion was crushed by the German army after two weeks of battle. 565 Georgians, 120 inhabitants of Texel, and 800 Germans died. The 228 surviving Georgians were forcibly repatriated to the Soviet Union when the war ended.

After being liberated, Dutch citizens began taking the law into their own hands, like in other liberated countries, such as France. Collaborators and Dutch women who had relationships with men of the German occupying force, called "Moffenmeiden" were abused and humiliated in public, usually by having their heads shaved and painted orange.

Casualties
By the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men, women and children had died of war-related causes. The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all Nazi-occupied countries in Western Europe (2.36%). Over half (107,000) were Holocaust victims. There were also many thousands of non-Dutch Jews in the total, who had fled to the Netherlands from other countries, seeking safety, the most famous being Anne Frank. Another 30,000 died in the Dutch East Indies, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese POWs. Dutch civilians were also held in these camps.

Postwar

After the war, some accused of collaborating with the Germans were lynched or otherwise punished without trial. Men who had fought with the Germans in the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS were used to clear minefields and suffered losses accordingly. Others were sentenced by courts for treason. Some were proven to have been wrongly arrested and were cleared of charges, sometimes after they had been held in custody for a long period of time. The Dutch government initially developed plans to annex part of Germany (the Bakker-Schut Plan), which would substantially increase the country's land area. The German population would be expelled or "Dutchified". The plan was dropped after an Allied refusal. Two small villages were added to the Netherlands in 1949 and returned in 1963. One successfully-implemented plan was Operation Black Tulip, the deportation of all holders of German passports from the Netherlands, numbering several thousand.

The bank balances of Dutch Jews who were killed were still the subject of legal proceedings more than 70 years after the end of the war.

The end of the war also meant the final loss of the Dutch East Indies. After the surrender of the Japanese in the Dutch East Indies, Indonesian nationalists fought a four-year war of independence against Dutch and at first British Commonwealth forces, which eventually led to the Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia under pressure of the United States. Many Dutch and Indonesians then emigrated or returned to the Netherlands.

World War II left many lasting effects on Dutch society. On 4 May, the Dutch commemorate those who died during the war, and all wars since. Among the living, there are many who still bear the emotional scars of the war from both the first and the second generation. In 2000, the government was still granting 24,000 people an annual compensatory payment although that also includes victims from later wars, such as the Korean War.

In 2017, the Dutch Red Cross offered its “deep apologies” for its failure to act to protect Jews, Sinti, Roma, and political prisoners during the war after the publication of a study that it had commissioned from the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies.

title: Netherlands in World War II


text:
Party in the Park

Party in the Park is the generic name given to music concerts organised by various radio stations and local authorities and groups in the United Kingdom, typically in large parks during the summer, however it is also used to refer to a family oriented event where people can literally have a Party in the Park.

Party in the Park Nanaimo
Party in the Park Nanaimo is in the third iteration. 2018's event is headlining Madeline Merlo, JJ Shiplett and Andrew Hyatt. The inaugural Party In The Park headlined Monster Truck, One Bad Son and Girls Guns and Glory. Party In The Park Nanaimo 2017 headlined Aaron Pirchett, Lion Bear Fox and EagleEyes. The annual outdoor music festival that occurs in Nanaimo, British Columbia every June is held on the 37,000 m2 Beban Sports Fields.

Leeds' Party in the Park
Party in the Park, Leeds was an annual free event, held in Leeds on the grounds of Temple Newsam by Leeds City Council and 96.3 Radio Aire. It took place each year the day after Opera in the Park at the same location and attracted around 70,000 people.

The event started in 1994 and was headlined by Bad Boys Inc and included performances by E.Y.C.

In 2011, tickets for Party in the park were prioritised for people with a Leeds postcode since it was an event held by Leeds City Council and also had overwhelming demand for tickets from all over West Yorkshire.

It was decided in 2013 by Leeds City Council that the tickets would no longer be free due to budget restrictions. Instead, they would be priced at up to £10 each.

Finally in 2014, Leeds City Council and 96.3 Radio Aire announced that Party in the Park would be cancelled due to a lack of funds. The concert has not returned since.

Previous artists to perform: Atomic Kitten, Westlife, Busted, McFly, Forbidden JUiCE, Olly Murs, The Wanted, Kelly Rowland, Peter Andre, JLS, Ricky Martin, E.Y.C., MN8, Deuce, 911, B*Witched, Fast Food Rockers, Louise Redknapp, Bad Boys Inc, Let Loose, Ultimate Kaos, Kavana, 5ive, Scouting for Girls, The Saturdays, Jason Donovan, Craig David, Damage, Pixie Lott, Girls Aloud, The Baseballs, Chicane, Ross Copperman, Alesha Dixon, Cher Lloyd, Jay Sean, Shayne Ward, Alexandra Burke, Alyssa Reid, Arctic Monkeys, Conor Maynard, Cover Drive, DJ Fresh, Labrinth, Little Mix, Marcus Collins, One Direction, Professor Green, Stooshe, Tulisa Contostavlos, Wretch 32, Inna.

Global Radio's Party in the Park
Party in the Park was a fundraiser event for the Prince's Trust, but was cancelled in 2005 due to the Live 8 concerts, when the Prince's Trust received £1.6 million in compensation from the Live 8 text message hotline.

in Hyde Park, London by 95.8 Capital FM in Preston Park by Southern FM in Bute Park by Red Dragon FM in The Hop Farm Country Park by Invicta FM in South Park by Fox FM on Southampton Common by Power FM, called Power in the Park
 * London
 * Brighton
 * Cardiff
 * Kent
 * Oxford
 * Southampton

UTV Radio's Party in the Park
Party in the Park was cancelled in 2006 by UTV Radio, due to an insight of the recession in the United Kingdom.

by The Pulse of West Yorkshire in Britannia Stadium by Signal 1 in Singleton Park by The Wave
 * Bingley
 * Stoke-on-Trent
 * Swansea

Orion Media's Party in the Park
in Cannon Hill Park by BRMB (due to BRMB's sale to Orion Media, Party in the Park was going to be reintroduced to Birmingham in 2010 but was axed in favour of BRMB Live at the LG Arena in November 2010)
 * Birmingham

2004

 * Alanis Morissette
 * Anastacia
 * Avril Lavigne
 * Beverley Knight
 * Blue
 * Busted
 * Darren Hayes
 * Jamelia
 * Lemar
 * Lenny Kravitz
 * Lionel Richie
 * Matt Goss
 * McFly
 * Natasha Bedingfield
 * Nelly Furtado
 * Peter Andre
 * Sean Paul
 * Shapeshifters
 * Sugababes
 * The Calling
 * The Corrs
 * Will Young

2003

 * Atomic Kitten
 * Avril Lavigne
 * Beyoncé
 * Blue
 * Busted
 * Craig David
 * Daniel Bedingfield
 * Dannii Minogue
 * David Gray
 * Emma Bunton
 * Gareth Gates
 * Girls Aloud
 * Kym Marsh
 * Liberty X
 * Meat Loaf
 * Melanie C
 * Mis-Teeq
 * Nelly Furtado
 * Shania Twain
 * Simply Red
 * Sugababes

2002

 * A1
 * Ashanti
 * Atomic Kitten
 * Beverley Knight
 * Blue
 * Bryan Adams
 * The Calling
 * Darius Danesh
 * Darren Hayes
 * Enrique Iglesias
 * Gabrielle
 * Gareth Gates
 * Ja Rule
 * Liberty X
 * Lighthouse Family
 * Michelle Branch
 * Mis-Teeq
 * Natalie Imbruglia
 * Ronan Keating
 * Shaggy and Rayvon
 * Shakira
 * Sophie Ellis-Bextor
 * Westlife
 * Will Young
 * Wyclef Jean

2001

 * A1
 * Anastacia
 * Architechs
 * Atomic Kitten
 * BBMak
 * Blue
 * Catatonia
 * Craig David
 * Damage
 * David Gray
 * Destiny's Child
 * Eddy Grant
 * Emma Bunton
 * Geri Halliwell
 * Hear'Say
 * Jamiroquai
 * Lil Bow Wow
 * Nelly Furtado
 * Ricky Martin
 * Ronan Keating
 * Shaggy and Rayvon
 * Sisqó
 * Sugababes
 * Tom Jones
 * Usher
 * Wheatus
 * Wyclef Jean

2000

 * All Saints
 * Backstreet Boys
 * Billie Piper
 * Bon Jovi
 * Bryan Adams
 * Christina Aguilera
 * The Corrs
 * Craig David
 * Destiny's Child
 * Dumdums
 * Elton John
 * 5ive
 * Honeyz
 * Kylie Minogue
 * Lionel Richie
 * Marti Pellow
 * Martine McCutcheon
 * Melanie C
 * Moloko
 * Queen
 * Ronan Keating
 * Savage Garden
 * Sisqó
 * Sonique
 * Steps
 * Suggs
 * Travis
 * Truesteppers & Dane Bowers featuring Victoria Beckham
 * Westlife

1999

 * Adam Rickett
 * Blondie
 * The Brand New Heavies
 * The Corrs
 * Culture Club
 * Elvis Costello
 * Eurythmics
 * Gary Barlow
 * Geri Halliwell
 * Honeyz
 * Madness
 * Mark Morrison and Conner Reeves
 * Martine McCutcheon
 * Mike + The Mechanics
 * Ricky Martin
 * Ronan Keating
 * Roxette
 * S Club 7
 * Shania Twain
 * Steps
 * Texas
 * UB40
 * Westlife

1998

 * All Saints
 * B*Witched
 * Boyzone
 * Del Amitri
 * Des'ree
 * Eternal
 * Gary Barlow
 * Julian Lennon
 * Lionel Richie
 * Louise
 * Lutricia McNeal
 * Natalie Imbruglia
 * Shania Twain
 * The Mavericks
 * DJ Ska

 * Tina Arena
 * Tom Jones
 * Ultra Nate

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Party in the Park


text:
Maison de la Mutualité

The Maison de la Mutualité (often shortened to la Mutualité) is a conference center at 24 Rue Saint-Victor, 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. The closest métro station is Maubert-Mutualité.

It is the headquarters of the federation of nonprofit mutual insurers of the Île-de-France région, which rents its halls and rooms to outside users. The conference center has an attached restaurant.

La Mutualité hosts a variety of events, from the yearly meeting of the shareholders of small companies to important meetings of national political parties. Because of the latter, it often appears in the news.

The theatre of the Maison de la Mutualité was used as a classical recordings venue, particularly for many records by the Paris Conservatoire Orchestra after the Second World War, but also in more recent years, for instance by Deutsche Grammophon for Messiaen's Quatuor pour la fin du temps and by Philips for Cavalleria rusticana conducted Semyon Bychkov.

French anarchist singer-songwriters Léo Ferré (see live album Léo Ferré Mai 68) and Renaud sang here. Congolese band Zaïko Langa Langa headlined many concerts in the hall between 1989 and 1991.

In 1950 the Association Internationale de la Mutualité was established during a conference in the Maison de la Mutualité.

title: Maison de la Mutualité


text:
Talk:Numerical Recipes

Link to Colt for Java
Hi, I think that it would me useful to add a link to the voice about the Colt library for Java. I say this because in the past I actually found myself looking for something similar to Numerical Recipes for Java, and it wasn't straightforward to find it. I actually don't know of a Java version of the LEDA library, so if anyone knows one, it would be nice to add a link in the LEDA voice as well.

Thanks, 155.198.157.29 (talk) 14:28, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Deleted section
I deleted the following section from the article:

 * Negative criticism of the books, almost without exception, has one or more of the following characteristics:

 * It refers to the first edition
 * It is nonspecific
 * It is anonymous
 * It is unsupported by citations or reference to "better" techniques
 * Assertions of "efficiency" are not quantitative
 * It cites numerous "bugs" that have long since been corrected
 * It claims something like "serious scholars have long since derided  and now "modern techniques" are in use, all without specific citations
 * It claims something like "the book seems OK at first glance but serious analysis of 'my specialist area' shows that at least this part of the book is deficient"

 * As such, much of the negative criticism of the book has much in common with urban myth or pseudoscience.

In my opinion, this is not a fair reflection of the complaints which have been mentioned in reviews about the books. I replaced the above fragment with a summary of the main critisms. -- Jitse Niesen 18:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi Jitse

I liked your NPOV rephrasing of my bullet points. If anything, your phrasing makes the case for NR more strongly than my rather more explicit list. I particularly liked the bit about clear and intelligible programs being efficient.

Notwithstanding that, all the complaints about the book that I have seen DO adhere to the bullet points...I'd be very interested to see any complaints you have about NR that we could discuss.

best wishes

Robinh 20:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Robin, I'm glad that you like my changes. All reviews about NR that I've read (which are just a few) refer to the first edition (except for the reviews of the Fortran 90 book, which is quite different); however, I think it is quite natural that the second edition of a book is not reviewed as widely as the first edition. So it's not so much that the text which I deleted is not true, it's only that I did not like the tone, especially of the last sentence.

As for my personal opinion about NR: I have only browsed through it and I've heard people talking about it, so I don't feel qualified to give a definitive opinion, but my impression is not that bad. I think that people using NR should be warned that it's not the final word; a lot of theory and alternative algorithms is omitted (as is necessary for a book of this scope), and the writing style may cause some people to forget this. However, the book seems quite okay as an introduction for non-mathematicians (I think it has too little analysis for mathematicians), and if you just have an easy problem that you want to solve numerically, that's all you need.

I hope that clarifies my position a bit. All the best, Jitse Niesen 00:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

PS: I just added a section on software in Numerical Analysis mentioning NR, which you are welcome to review. Jitse Niesen 00:51, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles are not the place to give your opinions on neither the book nor the criticisms of it. Both its criticism and "criticism about the criticism" have to be properly sourced. 190.188.180.148 (talk) 23:52, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Criticism
Can anyone point out where in Whaley it says that "LAPACK with a highly optimized BLAS library can be an order of magnitude faster than textbook linear-algebra routines such as the Gaussian elimination or LU decomposition code in Numerical Recipes"? I tried to locate this statement, or anything like it, in the paper, but couldn't. --Robert.Baruch (talk) 19:04, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

 * In the beginning of part III of the paper, they point out that level-3 BLAS operations (which are what is used in LAPACK for things like LU decomposition) "can display orders of magnitude speedups" compared to unoptimized code (e.g. the textbook-style triply nested loops are specifically mentioned), and they back this up by comparing benchmarks (fig. 4) to the reference BLAS, which is basically the textbook 3-loop implementation. (As far as I can tell, there is nothing controversial about this statement; the order-of-magnitude speedups from rearranging algorithms for locality is the whole reason behind the restructuring of the old LINPACK+EISPACK into LAPACK+BLAS.  But I haven't seen anyone who bothered to publish a benchmark specifically against Numerical Recipes; everyone who does numerical linear algebra seriously already knows that NR is an order of magnitude slower precisely because it copies the old pre-LAPACK style.)  — Steven G. Johnson (talk) 22:48, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Not that I disagree with the statement, but I just think the positioning of the phrase "such as the ... code in Numerical Recipes" is somewhat misleading, putting the phrase in the mouths of the authors. Perhaps a tiny rewrite? --Robert.Baruch (talk) 22:36, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that it could be more clearly worded. — Steven G. Johnson (talk) 12:30, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Remove this page entirely?
There are decisions to be taken about this page. Is it a balanced piece of information about what a book has to offer, or is it a springboard for a rant? At the moment, the "Overview" section is less informative than an Amazon search. The external links section is fundamentally useless: the NR site can be found more quickly using Google, and the other sites are of poor quality and are confusing. For example, the "Boycott numerical recipes" is merely a vehemently expressed, vitriolic attack on restricted licenses, and the Numerical Recipes authors are hardly the only people out there to have imposed licensing conditions. One feels that they were unfortunate to fall in the gun-sights! "Boycott.." also fails to display legibly in many popular browsers (e.g. Internet Explorer 7), which is not acceptable for a Wikipedial external source.

Good encyclopedias give guidance to the person who doesn't have a huge background. This wikipedia page won't tell the numerical expert anything they don't already know, and will leave the numerical beginner completely confused about whether NR is a good book or a bad, and none the wiser about what's in it.

Can I suggest that this page be removed completely since it is worse than the sum of an Amazon and a Google search? 149.155.96.6 (talk) 13:14, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

 * WP:IDONTLIKEIT is not a valid reason for deletion. Do you have a constructive suggestion about what information should be included to make the article more informative?  — Steven G. Johnson (talk) 03:12, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you're misunderstanding me. My problem with the page is that this wikipedia page looks itself to an outside reader like a sort of "IDONTLIKEIT" book-review, set up not to inform, but to attack a particular book. It lacks balance, and it references inappropriate external websites. That part of it that aims to be informative contains less information than can be obtained from Amazon.

 * You've quite reasonably asked how I would improve the page. (1) I think the uninitiated reader needs to know the level at which the book is aimed. What mathematical background do you need before you can understand this book. The Overview states that the book is "accessible", but to whom? I'd reckon that it's accessible to anyone with first-year University maths, but this is a PoV. (2) The list of contents is currently a single sentence; this could be expanded (See GNU page as an example), or alternatively leave this to the NR home-page in the external links. (3) The book is clearly about understanding, not merely about being a code-library. While this is mentioned once at the start of the Overview, the "Analysis and Criticism" section unbalances the article by spending many, many sentences comparing the book unfavourably to code-libraries. Code-libraries are fundamentally different! Their raison d'etre is to be efficient, not to teach.

 * It's this third point that causes me most trouble. The "Analysis and Criticism" section (together with its continuation in External Links) is really a collection of points of view with little peer-reviewed support. The two references used in "Analysis and Criticism" are no doubt relevant, but not specific to NR. I'm not sure this section can be improved as I don't think data are available. I agree that there needs to be a mention that NR has stirred up controversy, but the flavour of the article at the moment is that the book is fundamentally misleading and dangerous in the eyes of all but its authors. Please consider at least trimming this section (I'm not going to unless there's agreement). In particular, I feel strongly that the "Boycott..." external reference is completely inappropriate. It is a hate-blog written by an individual with an axe to grind, and falls firmly on the wrong side of WP policy about "Opinion". Some of the external references appear to perpetuate rumours that NR algorithms are incorrect, rumours that the authors strenously deny. I'd argue that continuing to reference them verges on scandal-mongering, also against WP policy. Of the external links, I would remove (a) "Reviews of NR", which contains mostly unreferenced, anonymous viewpoints; (b) "Boycott NR"; (c) "Why not use NR", which is mostly a copy of (a), or vice versa. I would leave the two authors' sites (NR and rebuttal) and the Norman Gray and Alternative sites. This is a fair 2-all balance, with the Norman Gray site being informative and balanced, and the Alternative site offering genuine help as well as a strong critique. 149.155.96.6 (talk) 13:42, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

 * It would be helpful to have some reputable positive reviews to cite in order to add balance. For describing the level of the book, we could either cite what the book itself says or cite external reviews; we don't want to add our own opinions.  — Steven G. Johnson (talk) 16:14, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I came to this page from Linear Congruential Generator, where it lists the LCR values used in this book. I clicked through to see if that meant these were values worth using. From a quick skim of this page, I quickly came to the conclusion that this book was some sham book of no significant notability, and mo mathematical strength. Why, then, I wondered, were its numbers cited on the LCR page? Why was this obviously-terrible book even noteworthy? Why had this page not been deleted? Probably spam, not my problem, moved on. But as I read more about LCRs, those numbers and this book kept coming up, so I came back to read more carefully. I am in complete agreement that this page basically mostly reads like a smear campaign, and that the huge "Criticism" section is basically inappropriate in an article that lacks any description of what the book covers, what it's been used for, by whom, why it's considered so great, by whom, and all the actually-relevant stuff. 70.114.130.6 (talk) 02:18, 24 August 2014 (UTC)

Major Rewrite Answering Some Issues Above
I've done a major rewrite of this article to try to restore it to a neutral viewpoint. It is without doubt that the Numerical Recipes books are an important set of works that have had a significant influence over more than a generation of scientific programmers. On the other hand, there are some valid criticisms of the books that must be aired.

I've tried to get across the "spirit" of the books that has indeed made them best-sellers over the years, but not to minimize their limitations -- and also to identify the communities that the criticism has come from.

I think the "debate" about errors in the code is 20 years out of date and not worth wasting wiki-space on. You can go to the Numerical Recipes web site to see their list of bugs found in the last few years. They are down to very few, and very minor, per year, indicating a mature code base.

I've pruned the "rant" external references down to a minimum. I'm not sure I've included the right ones, so welcome discussion here as to which (if any) should be restored, or which included ones should be deleted. As for me, I'd delete them all, but I want to accommodate other views if they really still exist out there (not just as old fossils).

SciCompTeacher (talk) 03:48, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Date of First Edition
The First Edition of Numerical Recipes was first published in 1989, even though it has a copyright date of 1986. The code therein was all ANSI-standard FORTRAN-77. Other languages, such as BASIC, were later handled in supplements that were somewhat thinner than the main book, since they contained mostly program listings with very little discussion. I own a copy of the First Edition, Second Printing, with the yellow dust jacket. This edition isn't shown on the Numerical Recipes site anymore. — QuicksilverT @ 18:00, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Deleting inappropriate criticism.
I've no dog in this race: I've never seen or heard of this book until today. But this section was really awful.

Rationale for each but deleted is given: please consider a counter-rationale before replacing. I've kept what I could, but it wasn't much.

"An early reviewer wrote, "The phrase 'numerical recipes' is bound to send the shudders down every honest numerical mathematician's spine." He also praised, however, the authors' readiness to "go out on a limb and present their own opinions"."

 * Assuming good faith, I think this is intended to be balanced, but just comes across as an insult, followed by a backhanded insult.
 * Calls the authors (and anyone who uses the book) a dishonest mathematician; then calling the authors opinionated.
 * Review by "an early reviewer" is likely to be for 1st ed, so is arguing against a strawman anyway. A review for a version of a software program that's 25 years old would not be considered worth mentioning, so why is this factless, opinionated spite, a quarter of a century old, considered relevant here?

"Given the editorial style of the books, it is not surprising that they were (and to some extent remain) controversial within the numerical analysis community."

I was going to just slap a here, but... OR premises (the books are editorial; they are controversial in that community) and unfounded OR conclusion (premise A comes from premise B) suggest it's best to just delete.

"Early criticism centered on the books' assumed unreliability (the First Edition indeed contained some mistakes), the exclusion of some algorithms, and the authors' implication, not always correct, that their programs were as efficient and reliable as "black-box" libraries, for example the NAG Numerical Libraries."

 * "Early criticism" - is criticism of 1st ed notable in some way?
 * The "authors' implication" - without a cite, a quote, or even a claim that they directly claimed that, ever? Sounds like someone misread/misinterpreted the book.

Passage can't stand as is, but could be reintroduced with references of this being a specific criticism leveled against this book, since it does feel like it might almost be notable. I've replaced it with a small placeholder and a cite tag, rather than delete it outright.

"Although not mentioning Numerical Recipes by name, Whaley et al. demonstrate that LAPACK with a highly optimized BLAS library can be an order of magnitude faster (or more) than textbook-style triply nested-loop linear-algebra routines similar to the code in Numerical Recipes. As another example, Frigo and Johnson point out that the fast Fourier transform (FFT) code in highly optimized programs on modern computer architectures is 5–40 times faster than the example in Numerical Recipes."

 * That's really cool, but... not at all relevant to this page. This is a page about a book.
 * Unless the book explicitly claims to give maximally-optimized code-snippets (and it doesn't; covered above), the fact that there are faster versions of the algorithms described therein should come as no surprise to anyone, anywhere. Info on the current-fastest algorithms may be relevant under Linear Algebra and fast Fourier transform, though.
 * Given that math and computing are fields where development is common, it's normal to expect faster algorithms to be found.
 * Given that both examples postdate the first edition by well over a decade, you can't claim as a "criticism" of the work that someone found a faster way to do stuff using massive parallelism.
 * Given that both examples described predate the current edition, it's even unsafe to claim that the book does not already mention them.
 * Given that the refs for these faster implementations do not even mention this book, they cannot be counted as criticisms of the book, so don't deserve mention in this section.
 * The book is cited 3k times a year according to an earlier paragraph... and yet, the "criticisms" cited here are neither critical, nor cites.

"A second line of criticism centers on the fact that, although printed in the books, the code is copyright by the Numerical Recipes authors, and thus not freely available for use under a GNU General Public License or similar open license. Indeed, one early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for Numerical Recipes. The Numerical Recipes authors have been unapologetic to this criticism. They derive income from selling individual and corporate licenses to the code, and clearly consider the Numerical Recipes enterprise as a business. "

This had some (unreferenced) facts that might actually be worth including, but was quite laced with bias:
 * "although printed in the books" - printing doesn't relieve stuff of copyright.
 * "and thus not GNU" - Copyright doesn't preclude open licensing, it depends on it. GNU is not Public Domain.
 * "have been unapologetic" - Sounds like OR, plus, why should they apologize for doing no wrong?
 * "clearly consider the NR enterprise a business" - authors counting their book as a business?! The shame! Except... that's what authors DO. It's their JOB.

70.114.130.6 (talk) 03:22, 24 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Numerical Recipes


text:
Tom Moore (actor)

Thomas J. Moore (May 1, 1883 – February 12, 1955) was an Irish-American actor and director. He appeared in at least 186 motion pictures from 1908 to 1954. Frequently cast as the romantic lead, he starred in silent movies as well as in some of the first talkies.

Born in Fordstown Crossroads in May 1883, County Meath, Moore, along with his brothers, Owen, Matt, and Joe, and their sister Mary (1890–1919), he emigrated to the United States as a steerage passenger on board the S.S. Anchoria and was inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896. Owen and Matt also had successful movie careers. Tom Moore appeared in his first silent motion picture in 1908. He also directed 17 motion pictures in 1914 and 1915, including The Secret Room (1915).

Personal life
In 1914, he married silent star Alice Joyce, with whom he had a daughter, Alice Moore (1916–1960), who acted in six films with her father from 1934 to 1937. While in New York City on New Year's Eve 1920, Moore met the young French actress Renée Adorée. A whirlwind romance ensued and six weeks after their meeting, on February 12, 1921, they were married at his home in Beverly Hills. The marriage lasted only a few years. In 1931, Moore was married a third time, to actress Eleanor Merry. His brother, Owen Moore, was also an actor, and was married to Mary Pickford.

The Great Depression saw many studios close and much consolidation as the motion picture industry went through tough times. Moore retired from the screen in the mid-1930s. Ten years later, he returned to act in minor supporting roles.

Tom Moore died of cancer at age 71 in Santa Monica, California. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1640 Vine Street.

Selected filmography

 * The Christmas Burglars (1908, Short) - Customer
 * The Helping Hand (1908, Short) - Man in Office / Wedding Guest
 * The Criminal Hypnotist (1909, Short) - Party Guest
 * The Vampire's Trail (1914, Short) - Horace Payne - a Wealthy Broker
 * The Judge's Wife (1914) - Mr. Johnson
 * Dollars and the Woman (1916) - Dan Hilyer
 * The Primrose Ring (1917) - Bob MacLean
 * The Jaguar's Claws (1917) - Phil Jordan
 * The Lesson (1917) - Chet Vernon
 * Little Miss Optimist (1917) - Deal Hendrie
 * The Wild Girl (1917) - Donald MacDonald
 * The Cinderella Man (1917) - Anthony Quintard
 * Dodging a Million (1918) - Jack Forsythe
 * Go West, Young Man (1918) - Dick Latham
 * The Floor Below (1918) - Hunter Mason
 * The Danger Game (1918) - Jimmy Gilpin
 * The Fair Pretender (1918) - Don Meredith
 * Just for Tonight (1918) - Theodore Whitney Jr.
 * The Kingdom of Youth (1918) - Jimmy Betts
 * Thirty a Week (1918) - Dan Murray
 * Brown of Harvard (1918) - Tom Brown
 * A Man and His Money (1919) - Harry Lathrop
 * One of the Finest (1919) - Larry Hayes
 * The City of Comrades (1919) - Frank Melbury
 * Heartsease (1919) - Eric Temple
 * Lord and Lady Algy (1919) - Lord Algy
 * Toby's Bow (1919) - Tom Blake
 * The Gay Lord Quex (1919) - The Marquis of Quex
 * Duds (1920) - Phoebe Plunkett
 * The Great Accident (1920) - Wint Chase
 * Stop Thief! (1920) - Jack Dougan
 * Officer 666 (1920) - Travers Gladwyn
 * Hold Your Horses (1921) - Daniel Canavan
 * Made in Heaven (1921) - William Lowry
 * Beating the Game (1921) - 'Fancy Charlie'
 * From the Ground Up (1921) - Terence Giluley
 * Mr. Barnes of New York (1922) - Mr. Barnes
 * Over the Border (1922) - Sgt. Flaherty
 * The Cowboy and the Lady (1922) - Teddy North
 * Pawned (1922) - John Bruce
 * The Harbour Lights (1923) - Lieutenant David Kingsley
 * Mary of the Movies (1923) - Himself (uncredited)
 * Marriage Morals (1923) - Young Harry Ryan
 * Rouged Lips (1923) - James Patterson III
 * Big Brother (1923) - Jimmy Donovan
 * Manhandled (1924) - Jim Hogan
 * One Night in Rome (1924) - Richard Oak
 * Dangerous Money (1924) - Tim Sullivan
 * Adventure (1925) - David Sheldon
 * On Thin Ice (1925) - Charles White
 * Pretty Ladies (1925) - Al Cassidy
 * Under the Rouge (1925) - Whitey
 * The Trouble with Wives (1925) - William Hyatt
 * A Kiss for Cinderella (1925) - Policeman
 * The Song and Dance Man (1926) - Happy Farrell
 * Good and Naughty (1926) - Gerald Gray
 * The Clinging Vine (1926) - Jimmie Bancroft
 * Syncopating Sue (1926) - Eddie Murphy
 * Cabaret (1927) - Tom Westcott
 * The Love Thrill (1927) - Jack Sturdevant
 * The Wise Wife (1927) - John Blaisdell
 * The Siren (1927) - Peter Dane
 * Anybody Here Seen Kelly? (1928) - Pat Kelly
 * His Last Haul (1928) - Joe Hammond
 * The Yellowback (1929) - O'Mara
 * Side Street (1929) - Jimmy O'Farrell
 * The Woman Racket (1930) - Tom
 * The Costello Case (1930) - Mahoney
 * The Last Parade (1931) - Mike O'Dowd
 * Stout Hearts and Willing Hands (1931, Short) - Lookalike Bartender 2
 * Cannonball Express (1932) - John Logan
 * Men Are Such Fools (1932) - Tom Hyland
 * Neighbors' Wives (1933) - John McGrath
 * Bombay Mail (1934) - Civil Surgeon
 * The Dark Angel (1935) - Hunt Guest (uncredited)
 * Robin Hood of El Dorado (1936) - Sheriff Hannan (uncredited)
 * Trouble for Two (1936) - Major O'Rook
 * Parole! (1936) - Carmody (uncredited)
 * The Girl on the Front Page (1936) - Brace (uncredited)
 * Reunion (1936) - Dr. Richard Sheridan
 * Ten Laps to Go (1936) - Mr. Corbett - Norma's Father
 * Behind Green Lights (1946) - Metcalfe (uncredited)
 * The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) - Office Clerk (uncredited)
 * Moss Rose (1947) - Coroner's Foreman (uncredited)
 * Mother Wore Tights (1947) - Man (uncredited)
 * Forever Amber (1947) - Killigrew (uncredited)
 * Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948) - Judge Stillwell (uncredited)
 * The Walls of Jericho (1948) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Cry of the City (1948) - Doctor (uncredited)
 * Road House (1948) - Foreman (uncredited)
 * The Fighting O'Flynn (1949) - Tavernkeeper
 * The Redhead and the Cowboy (1951) - Gus
 * The Turning Point (1952) - Drugstore Owner (uncredited)
 * The Great Diamond Robbery (1954) - Seedy Man (uncredited)
 * Return from the Sea (1954) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * The Human Jungle (1954) - Witness at Murder Scene (uncredited)

title: Tom Moore (actor)


text:
Bodelwyddan

Bodelwyddan is a village, electoral ward and community in Denbighshire, Wales, approximately 5 miles (8 km) South of Rhyl. The Parish includes several smaller hamlets such as Marli and Pengwern.

Bodelwyddan is home to over sixty listed buildings including notable locations such as the Marble Church and Bodelwyddan Castle.

The population of only 2,106, increasing to 2,147 at the 2011 census, is served by a single public house, a small number of shops, two takeaways (a Chinese takeaway called The Lucky Garden and the fish and chips shop ‘Church View Chippy’), a primary school and a driving range; as well as having its own Community Centre.

It is now bypassed by the A55 road, but continues to be a hub of activity due to the presence of Glan Clwyd Hospital. It has a Town Council with a Mayor.

History
The name "Bodelwyddan" translates as Abode (Bod) of Elwyddan, he being a fifth-century Romano-British Chieftain of the area.

While Bodelwyddan may not have a long and notable history, it does contain many historic buildings, and has been the site of several important military training exercises during the two World Wars.

Until 1860, Bodelwyddan was a part of the parish of St Asaph, before being gazetted as a new and separate parish on 3 August, following the construction of the Marble Church.

During the two World Wars, the nearby Kinmel Camp was used to house soldiers, and was the location of the Kinmel Park Riots in 1919, which led to several Canadian deaths.

Historically, Bodelwyddan was home to a lead mine, but plans to abandon the mine were submitted in 1857 and the mine closed shortly thereafter. The nearby "Engine Hill" was named after the mine engines designed to keep the mine's water problems under control. Engine Hill has four "main" engine shafts with multiple smaller shafts, however the majority of knowledge on earlier working has been lost.

The A55 road Bodelwyddan bypass was completed in 1986, and has been fundamental in shaping the changing Bodelwyddan, being at least partially responsible for the Local Development Plan and the continued existence of Ysbyty Glan Clwyd.

Local Development Plan
In 2010, it was made public that Denbighshire County Council's Local Development Plan (LDP) had allocated over 1,700 new houses to be built in Bodelwyddan.

Following the announcement, the proposal has been heavily opposed by locals including Conwy County Borough Council, who said “No evidence has been presented by Denbighshire County Council providing details of the likely impact on services generally in Conwy County (especially Health and Education)"

According to forecasts, the population of Bodelwyddan would be expected to rise significantly until 2021, potentially tripling the population.

In 2011 a referendum was held by the Town Council on the topic, with a resounding 94% against result. Despite the clear and near-unanimous opposition, the decision was made to go ahead with the plan, following a split vote by Denbighshire County Council.

Geography
Despite Bodelwyddan's small size, it is a town and not a village, as evidenced by its Town Council.

To its South lies Bodelwyddan Castle, which sits on Engine Hill - so named for the Steam Engines that drove the mining operations that took place there in the past.

In the area surrounding Bodelwyddan lie small farms, including two farm shops. Also nearby are several hamlets - including: Cefn Meiriadog, Marli, Llannefydd and Pengwern.

Demographics
At the time of the 2001 Census, the Usual Resident Population numbered 1,802, of which 915 (50.8%) were male and 887 (49.2%) were female.

With a density of just 20.95 people per hectare, Bodelwyddan is one of the most sparsely populated towns or villages in North Wales that is not classified as a hamlet.

Notable landmarks

Bodelwyddan has over sixty listed buildings within its boundary. Bodelwyddan Castle and the Faenol Fawr are two of the oldest buildings.

Notable buildings include the Marble Church, built by John Gibson in the 1850s; Bodelwyddan Castle, now used as a branch of the National Portrait Gallery; and Glan Clwyd Hospital, the major hospital for central North Wales.

Bodelwyddan Castle
Bodelwyddan Castle, built around 1460 as a manor house is one of the most obvious buildings on the Bodelwyddan skyline, both at day and at night. Being of a more recent vintage than most other nearby castles, Bodelwyddan Castle is well preserved. Today, Bodelwyddan castle is used primarily as a hotel and art gallery, but in the past has served other functions, such as being a private school for girls between 1920 and 1982.

Faenol Fawr
Faenol Fawr was built in 1597 as a country house for John Lloyd, registrar for the St Asaph diocese. Dormer windows with stepped gables were installed as part of an 18th-century renovation. It is now a country house hotel. It is a grade II* listed building.

Glan Clwyd Hospital
Glan Clwyd Hospital (Ysbyty Glan Clwyd) is one of the largest hospitals in North Wales, and is the major hospital for Central North Wales. Until 2007, it served as the headquarters of the Conwy & Denbighshire NHS Trust, prior to the mergers that took place to form the Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board.

Serving a population of approximately 195,000, with over 675 beds, it brings much traffic through Bodelwyddan and benefits from Bodelwyddan's good traffic links and proximity to the A55 Road.

Kinmel Camp
Kinmel Camp is an army training base, that dates from 1915, during the First World War. The Kinmel Camp Railway served the camp up until 1964, and the camp is home to several First World War practice trenches, dug by recruits; now legally protected poignant examples of pristine trenches from that era.

In the 1919 Kinmel Park Riots, five Canadian soldiers perished; There have been other tragic events in Kinmel Park history, including the death of many soldiers in the 1918 flu pandemic.

Marble Church
St Margaret's Church, better known as 'The Marble Church', is clearly visible from a great distance up and down the A55 road and was erected between 1856 and 1860, and was built with local Limestone, sourced from nearby Llanddulas, whose appearance closely resembles porcelain.

The Church is dedicated to two Saints, Margaret and Kentigern, and contains several notable graves - including the grave of Elizabeth James, mother of Sir Henry Morton Stanley, a renowned Victorian Explorer. It is also home to the graves of over eighty Canadian soldiers, dating to 1918 and 1919.

Education
The local primary school is Ysgol y Faenol, which primarily feeds into Ysgol Glan Clwyd in St Asaph and Ysgol Emrys Ap Iwan in Abergele.

Notable residents

 * Jade Jones - 2012 and 2016 Olympic taekwondo gold medalist was born in the town.
 * Phil Salt - cricket player for The England and Wales Cricket Board.
 * Matt Sargent - footballer

title: Bodelwyddan


text:
Talk:List of Israeli newspapers

Why add these external links to each newspaper??? This should be a list of internal links, to the articles about each newspaper. Each article can include a link to the respective newspaper website - we don't need those external links in the list too!

Also, why add so many papers with red links? It would be better to list only existing articles, I think... Nyh 18:28, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I've started overhauling this page. Some of my ideas: Nyh 10:36, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * When possible, only link to seperate articles. These articles should contain links to internet sites and designations like "right wing newspaper", not this list.
 * Don't use unqualified tags like "low circulation". I want to find the actual circulations of each paper, when know, and give it next to its name. Then we can sort by circulation.
 * Reduce the number of "red links", replacing them by stubs when possible.

Bakehila (translation: in the community).
Israeli Hebrew, Religous Jewish weekly newspaper: Bakehila.

It's sold in New York too on Fridays (the fresh one..).

Bakehila.com

title: Talk:List of Israeli newspapers