text:
Once and Again

Once and Again is an American family drama television series that aired on ABC from September 21, 1999, to April 15, 2002. It depicts the family of a single mother and her romance with a single father. It was created by Marshall Herskovitz and Edward Zwick.

One of the show's unique aspects was the "interview" sequences filmed in black and white and interspersed throughout each episode, where the characters would reveal their innermost thoughts and memories to the camera.

Premise
Lily Manning (Sela Ward) is a suburban soccer mom in her forties, who lives in Deerfield, Illinois. Recently separated from her philandering husband Jake (Jeffrey Nordling), Lily is raising her two daughters, insecure, anxiety-ridden 14-year-old Grace (Julia Whelan), and precocious nine-year-old Zoe (Meredith Deane). For support, she turns to her more free-spirited younger sister, Judy (Marin Hinkle), with whom she works at their bookstore called My Sister's Bookstore (renamed Booklovers later in the series).

Lily's life changes when, during the pilot episode, she meets Rick Sammler (Billy Campbell) in the principal's office of Grace's school, Upton Sinclair High School.

Rick is a single father and co-head of an architectural firm, Sammler/Cassili Associates, which is located in downtown Chicago. Rick has been divorced from his uptight ex-wife Karen (Susanna Thompson) for three years and has two children, Eli (Shane West), a 16-year-old basketball player at Sinclair High who suffers from a learning disability, and sensitive 12-year-old Jessie (Evan Rachel Wood), who longs for the days before her family's disintegration.

Lily and Rick share an immediate mutual attraction and begin dating. Their budding relationship causes problems in both of their respective families. Grace strongly objects to Lily and Rick's relationship as she still hopes to see her parents get back together. Karen, a public interest attorney at the downtown law firm of Harris, Riegert, and Sammler, is worried about the toll Rick's new relationship would take on their children, particularly Jessie, who is shy and emotionally fragile. She is also working through her own feelings of jealousy that Rick is moving on to a new relationship.

In addition to Lily and Rick's relationship, the show also focused to a lesser degree on their exes, Jake and Karen, and their own struggles to move on in a post-divorce environment.

Season 1
Lily is in the process of divorcing her restaurateur husband, Jake. She is reluctant to begin dating again due to the sensitivities of her daughters, who are still emotional about the divorce. She meets and is instantly attracted to divorced architect Rick Sammler. However, their new relationship is complicated by Lily's many remaining emotional and financial issues with Jake. Lily must navigate the complicated worlds of divorce, finding herself in midlife, and reentering the workforce. She is able to find strength and resilience as she affirms her marriage to Jake is over, starts a new job as a publishing assistant at the magazine Pages Alive, and grows in her relationship with Rick. Grace and Eli become close when she becomes his tutor. Judy has a relationship with Rick's friend, Sam Blue (Steven Weber) before discovering Sam is married.

Season 2
Lily and Jake's divorce is finalized and she hopes to spend more time with Rick. However, Rick becomes sidetracked by difficulties at work and has to begin working with unscrupulous developer Miles Drentell (David Clennon, reprising his role from the series thirtysomething). Things become difficult for Lily when Rick's project runs into legal difficulties and his ex-wife Karen is hired to represent the opposition. Jessie flirts with an eating disorder and begins to address her problems with the help of a therapist (played by show producer Edward Zwick). Jake's girlfriend Tiffany announces she is pregnant. At the end of season two, Rick has to dissolve his architectural firm, and Lily and Rick get married.

Season 3
Rick resumes his partnership with Sam Blue, now divorced, to design a hotel for a new client. Sam and Judy try to be friends but eventually resume their romantic relationship. Jake and Tiffany have a baby girl and eventually decide to get married. Grace develops a crush on her English teacher, Mr. Dimitri (Eric Stoltz); although their relationship never became sexual, an investigation eventually forces Mr. Dimitri to leave the school. Meanwhile, Jessie discovers she is attracted to another girl: upperclassman Katie Singer (Mischa Barton), and after Katie acknowledges her own romantic feelings towards Jessie with a love letter, the two girls quietly begin dating while hiding their romance from everyone, in what became the first teen lesbian romance on American network television. Karen deals with her depression; just as she is starting to make progress, she is hit by a car, leading to months of painful rehabilitation where she meets physical therapist Henry Higgins (D. B. Woodside). Lily faces more painful domestic struggles when her mother begins to show signs of Alzheimer's disease and her brother Aaron (Patrick Dempsey), who is schizophrenic, wants to move in with his girlfriend. By the end of the season, Rick and Lily face big decisions when he is offered a job in Australia and she is offered a nationally syndicated radio show. Their decisions are never shown, but in the last moments of the series finale, Lily reveals she is pregnant and everyone comes together to attend Jake and Tiffany's wedding.

Main

 * Sela Ward as Lily Manning: Grace and Zoe's mother, separated from Jake
 * Billy Campbell as Rick Sammler: Eli and Jessie's father, divorced from Karen
 * Jeffrey Nordling as Jake Manning: Lily's estranged husband, Grace and Zoe's father
 * Susanna Thompson as Karen Sammler: Rick's ex-wife, Eli and Jessie's mother
 * Shane West as Eli Sammler: Rick's son
 * Julia Whelan as Grace Manning: Lily's elder daughter
 * Evan Rachel Wood as Jessie Sammler: Rick's daughter
 * Meredith Deane as Zoe Manning: Lily's younger daughter
 * Marin Hinkle as Judy Brooks: Lily's younger sister
 * Todd Field as David Cassilli (season 2; recurring season 1): Rick's business partner and friend
 * Ever Carradine as Tiffany Porter (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1): Jake's mistress/girlfriend
 * Jennifer Crystal Foley as Christie Parker (season 2): Lily's boss at PagesAlive.com
 * David Clennon as Miles Drentell (season 2): Rick and David's primary client
 * Steven Weber as Samuel Blue (season 3; recurring season 1): Rick's friend and Judy's lover

Recurring

 * Kimberly McCullough as Jennifer: Eli's girlfriend before Cassidy and before Carla
 * Kelly Coffield as Naomi Porter: Lily and Karen's mutual friend
 * James Eckhouse as Lloyd Lloyd: Karen's ill-fated date
 * Paul Mazursky as Phil Brooks: Lily and Judy's father
 * Bonnie Bartlett as Barbara Brooks: Lily and Judy's mother
 * Mark Feuerstein as Leo Fisher: Karen's younger boyfriend
 * Alexandra Holden as Cassidy: Eli's girlfriend after Jennifer
 * Patrick Dempsey as Aaron Brooks: Lily and Judy's schizophrenic brother
 * Audrey Marie Anderson as Carla Aldrich: Eli's girlfriend
 * Mark Valley as Will Gluck: Handyman and Judy's lover
 * D. B. Sweeney as Graham Rympalski: Lily and Christie's co-worker at PagesAlive.com
 * Marco Gould as Spencer Lewicki: Grace's boyfriend
 * Eric Stoltz as August Dimitri: Grace's English teacher/acting coach/romantic interest
 * Paul Dooley as Les Creswell: Lily's boss at WIPX
 * Mischa Barton as Katie Singer: Jessie's friend/girlfriend
 * Christina Chang as Amanda: One of Rick's employees

Production
The series was filmed at the Century Studio Corporation sound stages in Culver City, California, and also on location in the Los Angeles area.

DVD releases
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (formerly Buena Vista Home Entertainment) released Season 1 on November 5, 2002, mere months after the series finale. However, it took three more years and numerous petition drives for season two to be released, which occurred on August 23, 2005. A little over a month later, on September 30, 2005, news broke about the release of the third and final season, which was slated to occur on January 10, 2006. Mock-up photos of the packaging were even released. However, by October 2005 the title was delayed indefinitely with no explanation and was never released.

It was almost two years before another official word was uttered on the subject and in July 2007, it was reported that Buena Vista's license on the program was soon to expire. As a result, a new company could acquire the distribution rights to the title and potentially release the third season.

title: Once and Again


text:
Indecision Records

Indecision Records is an independent American hardcore punk record label, which was started by punk photographer and fanzine editor Dave Mandel in 1992 as an offshoot of his fanzine, Indecision. It is based in Garden Grove, California, and until about 2001 it was based in nearby Huntington Beach.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indecision Records


text:
Sunset Beach

Sunset Beach may refer to:

Canada

 * Sunset Beach (Vancouver), in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

United States

 * Sunset Beach, California (Orange County)
 * Sunset Beach in Pacific Grove, California
 * Sunset Beach (Treasure Island), Florida
 * Sunset Beach (New Jersey), in Cape May, New Jersey
 * Sunset Beach (Oahu), in Pupukea, Oahu, Hawaii
 * Sunset Beach State Recreation Site, in Oregon
 * Sunset Beach, North Carolina
 * Sunset Beach, West Virginia

Australia

 * Sunset Beach, Western Australia

Canada

 * Sunset Beach, Alberta
 * Sunset Beach, Ontario (disambiguation), one of four communities in Ontario, Canada
 * Sunset Beach, Saskatchewan

United States

 * Sunset Beach, California
 * Sunset Beach, Oregon
 * Sunset Beach, New Jersey
 * Sunset Beach, New York
 * Sunset Beach, North Carolina
 * Sunset Beach, Washington
 * Sunset Beach, Wisconsin

Other

 * Sunset Beach (TV series), an American television soap opera from 1997 to 1999
 * Sunset Beach Hotel

title: Sunset Beach


text:
Billy Campbell

William Oliver Campbell (born July 7, 1959 ) is an American film and television actor. He first gained recognition for his recurring role as Luke Fuller in the TV series Dynasty and in The Rocketeer. Then he became known for playing Rick Sammler on Once and Again, Det. Joey Indelli on Crime Story, Jordan Collier on The 4400, and Dr. Jon Fielding on the Tales of the City miniseries. His most notable films include The Rocketeer, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Enough. He portrayed Darren Richmond on the AMC television series The Killing, Dr. Alan Farragut in the SYFY series Helix and Det. John Cardinal on CTV's Cardinal.

Early life
Campbell was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. He attended Fork Union Military Academy, Western Albemarle High School and New Trier East High School. His parents divorced when he was two years old.

Career
After an appearance in an episode of the hit 1980s sitcom Family Ties, Campbell's first prominent role was that of Luke Fuller, Steven Carrington's lover on Dynasty. Campbell appeared in the show's fifth season (1984–85) when Dynasty was the number one show on American television. Following this, he had a regular role as Detective Joey Indelli on the 1986–88 NBC series Crime Story. Campbell was the first choice of the producers of Star Trek: The Next Generation to play the role of William Riker, but lost the role to Jonathan Frakes. Campbell appeared as a guest star during the show's second season, portraying the title character in "The Outrageous Okona".

In 1991 Campbell played the lead role in The Rocketeer. He went on to appear as Quincey Morris, a vampire hunter in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992). In 1993, he starred in the short-lived detective series Moon Over Miami. That same year, he was seen in the role of Dr. Jon Fielding in the television adaptation of Tales of the City. He appeared in the sequels More Tales of the City in 1998, and Further Tales of the City in 2001.

In 1999 Campbell began his role as Rick Sammler on Once and Again, opposite Sela Ward. The series ran for three seasons until 2002, during which time Campbell received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series. Campbell then had a regular role as Jordan Collier on the sci-fi series The 4400, which aired for four seasons on the USA Network between 2004–2007. In 2005, he had a recurring role in the teen soap The O.C.

After his role in the 2002 film Enough, in which he played the abusive husband of Jennifer Lopez's character, he portrayed serial killer Ted Bundy in the 2003 television film The Stranger Beside Me. He then played a college professor accused of raping a student in a 2004 episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and also played an accused serial killer who defends himself in the 2007 television series Shark. In 2010, Campbell had a recurring role in the short-lived revival of Melrose Place. Following this, Campbell took a prominent role in the AMC series The Killing, an American remake of the Danish series of the same name.

In 2012 Campbell played the stern but kindly father in the independent film, Fat Kid Rules the World. In 2000, Campbell was named one of the "World's 50 Most Beautiful People" by People magazine. In 2013, he played Abraham Lincoln in the National Geographic television adaptation of the Bill O'Reilly/Martin Dugard book, Killing Lincoln.

From 2017 to 2020, he starred in the Canadian television drama series Cardinal, for which he won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor in a Limited Series or Television Film at the 6th Canadian Screen Awards in 2018, the 7th Canadian Screen Awards in 2019 and the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020.

Personal life
By the end of filming of 1991's The Rocketeer, the 31-year-old Campbell was in a romance with his 20-year-old co-star Jennifer Connelly. They were engaged before they broke up in 1996 after being involved for five years. He now has a Norwegian wife and two children, and they live at her family's farm in Rygge (Moss since 1 January 2020), Norway.

Campbell is a rugby enthusiast, having played for the Virginia Rugby Football Club, Chicago Lions RFC and the Santa Monica Rugby Club.

Campbell has "permanent resident" immigration status in Canada, with an apartment in Vancouver, British Columbia.

title: Billy Campbell


text:
Wikipedia:Recent additions 8

Did you know...

 * ...that many old buildings near Government Center in Boston, Massachusetts once hid fugitive slaves who traveled along the Underground Railroad?
 * ...that the Irish Supreme Court sits at the Four Courts building in Dublin?
 * ...that the Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests as a voting qualification in the United States?
 * ...that surgery patients who experience anesthesia awareness may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder?
 * ...that rapid single flux quantum is an electronics technology that relies on quantum effects in superconducting materials rather than the present-day transistor standard?
 * ...that Pizza Hut was founded by Dan and Frank Carney?
 * ...that the cucumber sandwichs and their association with high tea are referenced in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest?
 * ...that in 1934 Leonid Nikolaev was executed by firing squad for the murder of Sergei Kirov, the popular chief of the Leningrad Communist Party?
 * ...that the French flying ace René Fonck had the most confirmed World War I aerial victories, after Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron"?
 * ...that the Australian Corps was the largest single corps fielded by the British Army in France during World War I?
 * ...that authentic shrunken heads have nose hair?
 * ...that an apartment building known as Pavlov's House became a symbol of Soviet resistance during the Battle of Stalingrad?
 * ...that color television public broadcasting in New Zealand began in 1975?
 * ...that the first branch of the Free Library of Philadelphia was located at Philadelphia City Hall?
 * ...that the Lion's Mane Jellyfish is the biggest jellyfish in the world?
 * ...that residents of California buy more earthquake insurance than residents of any other U.S. state?
 * ...that in architecture, there are at least five kinds of buttress: clasping, angle, flying, set-back and diagonal?
 * ...that during the Cold War, Soviet leaders used the phrase "and you are lynching negroes" to counter American discussion of human rights?
 * ...that hoodoos are tall skinny spires of rock that protrude from the bottom of arid basins and badlands?
 * ...that the evolution of sex is a major puzzle of evolutionary biology, due to the so-called two-fold cost of sex?
 * ...that the hyper engine was a hypothetical aircraft engine design meant to deliver 1 horsepower from 1 cubic inch (46 kW/L) of displacement?
 * ...that Gatianus of Tours was one of seven bishops sent by Pope Fabian from Rome to Gaul to preach the Gospel?
 * ...that quantum optics is a field of research in physics, dealing with the application of quantum mechanics to phenomena of light?
 * ...that the Hubbard Glacier is the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska?
 * ...that former American decathlete Rafer Johnson ignited the Olympic Flame during the opening ceremonies of the 1984 Summer Olympics?
 * ...that it was the British geologist Joseph Prestwich who confirmed the findings of Boucher de Perthes?
 * ...that England brokered the 1617 Treaty of Stolbova between Sweden and Russia?
 * ...that Gabriel García Márquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude includes seven generations of characters?
 * ...that Groundskeeper Willie, a character on The Simpsons, coined the phrase "cheese-eating surrender monkeys"?
 * ...that the Mid-Canada Line of Canadian radar sites designed to warn of a Soviet nuclear attack replaced the Pinetree Line but later became almost entirely obsolete and was replaced with the Distant Early Warning Line as intercontinental ballistic missiles replaced strategic bomber as the main delivery system for nuclear weapons?
 * ...that the caterpillar of the Western Tiger Swallowtail butterfly has large yellow eyespots?
 * ...that on Dagen H ("H Day") on September 3, 1967, Sweden switched from driving on the left to driving the right at exactly at 5 a.m.?
 * ...that professional baseball in Taiwan began in 1989, and the Chinese Professional Baseball League and Taiwan Major League merged in 2003?
 * ...that the All-China Youth Network Civilization Convention is a short statement promulgated by the authorities in the People's Republic of China, regulating the use of the Internet by the Chinese youth and prohibitng such activities as "browsing 'malignant information'"?
 * ...that the water-cooled Vickers machine gun was the standard weapon on all British and French military aircraft after 1916?
 * ...that nearly half the eligible male population of New Zealand served in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force during World War I?
 * ...that most people on a raw food diet won't eat anything heated to more than 46°C (115°F)?
 * ...that the first helicopter flight was in 1906 in Lisieux, France?
 * ...that the Exotic World Burlesque Museum is located on the site of an abandoned goat farm?
 * ...that the Pascha greeting is an Easter custom amongst Orthodox Christians?
 * ...that the Homestead Grays were the Negro League world champs every year from 1937 through 1945?
 * ...that the Siam Tulip is not a tulip, but is related to ginger?
 * ...that Marcin Kromer was a 16th-century prince-bishop of Warmia as well as a cartographer and historian in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth?
 * ...that the so-called Loughall Martyrs were a group of eight men from the Provisional IRA's East Tyrone Brigade who were ambushed and killed on May 8, 1987 by the British SAS special forces?
 * ...that the root of the Purple Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) tastes of oysters?
 * ...that the Homomonument in Amsterdam commemorates all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their sexual orientation?
 * ...that the Diadochi were generals of Alexander the Great who sought power after his death?
 * ...that when released, the film Waterworld was the biggest failure, in terms of financial returns?

title: Wikipedia:Recent additions 8


text:
Crown Street, Wollongong

Crown Street is the main street in the city of Wollongong, New South Wales. It was created in the early 19th century from a cattle track which follows a ridge from Mount Keira to the first farm house in the area, and quickly became the "main" street of the then-town.

Today Crown Street is the main arterial route through Wollongong from the southern suburbs to the north east. Along its route it features Wollongong Hospital, the Piccadilly Centre, Wollongong railway station, and the now-abandoned PMG building. Crown Street has also now become a major shopping district after being partially converted into a mall in the mid 1980s.

Crown Street Mall
The pedestrian-only zone of Crown Street Mall stretches from the corner of Crown and Keira Streets in the west to the corner of Crown and Kembla Streets in the east - these cross streets being named after the local mountains Mount Keira and Mount Kembla respectively. The mall had originally included two distinctive archways as well as several fountains and architectural features, however the archways on the junction of Crown and Keira Streets have since been demolished to make room for a pedestrian bridge. There is currently a revitalisation scheme under way that includes converting this area to al fresco dining for night shoppers. Opening the mall to slow moving traffic has also been considered.

The two main buildings are the North Building (formerly Crown Central) and the South Building (formerly Crown Gateway). They both started as independent shopping centres but are now joined as part of Wollongong Central. Wollongong Central also occupies, West Keira, a new building on Keira Street which joins to the North Building by foot bridge and tunnel. South Building used to have a food court but this was replaced by a medical centre in the early 21st century, and the area is now a Rivers menswear outlet.

The council has announced that the mall would go through a major facelift beginning in early 2012. The facelift was completed in October 2014.

Each Friday the lower mall area is converted into a local market.

title: Crown Street, Wollongong


text:
Chris Bratton (drummer)

Chris Bratton (born January 16, 1969) is an American drummer involved in the hardcore punk scene since 1983. He has drummed in several influential bands including Justice League, No For An Answer, Chain Of Strength, Inside Out, Statue, Drive Like Jehu and Wool.

With Inside Out
Inside Out were a hardcore punk band, in particular, they were a part of its youth crew subculture. They cited influences including Minor Threat, Bad Brains and Led Zeppelin. Just prior to the band's breakup, the music being written was significantly more influenced by hip hop, particularly Run-DMC.

Songs were composed by DiCara and de la Rocha evenly, with some songs having instrumentals and lyrics written by DiCara and some by de la Rocha while others were collaborations between the two.

They have been cited as an influence by Have Heart, Stick to Your Guns, Linkin Park, Refused, Incendiary, Coalesce and Mouthpiece.

With Chain Of Strength
The first Chain of Strength release was a 7" EP entitled True Till Death, released through Revelation Records. After parting ways with Revelation, they formed their own Foundation Records to release another 7", What Holds Us Apart. Both of these records eventually fell out of print, yet were still in demand. As a result, Revelation Records released both EPs (plus one unreleased track) as a CD/LP called The One Thing That Still Holds True.

Both EP's were released in the UK on First Strike Records, a record label based in Wigan, run from a skate shop called Alans.

From 2006-2008, Alex Barreto played bass for the band Alien Ant Farm. Currently, he is the guitarist of Excel.

With Drive Like Jehu
Drive Like Jehu was an American post-hardcore band from San Diego active from 1990 to 1995. It was formed by rhythm guitarist and vocalist Rick Froberg and lead guitarist John Reis, ex-members of Pitchfork, along with bassist Mike Kennedy and drummer Mark Trombino, both from Night Soil Man, after their two bands disbanded in 1990. Drive Like Jehu's music was characterized by passionate singing, unusual song structure, indirect melodic themes, intricate guitar playing, and calculated use of tension, resulting in a distinctive sound amongst other post-hardcore acts and helped to catalyze the evolution of hardcore punk into emo.

After releasing their eponymous debut in 1991 through local record labels Cargo Music and Headhunter Records, Drive Like Jehu signed to major label Interscope Records along with Reis' other band Rocket from the Crypt. Their second album, 1994's Yank Crime, gained a cult following, but the group disbanded shortly afterward. Reis continued with Rocket from the Crypt and Trombino became a successful record producer and audio engineer, while Froberg and Kennedy pursued careers outside of music. In 1999, Reis and Froberg began playing together again in Hot Snakes, which was active from 1999 to 2005 and again from 2011 to present. Reis also re-released Yank Crime through his Swami Records label.

With Wool
Wool formed in the early 1990s when brothers Pete and Franz Stahl (vocals/guitar and guitar/vocals, respectively) were forced to terminate their popular band Scream after bassist Skeeter Thompson left the band and after drummer Dave Grohl joined Seattle grunge band Nirvana midway through a U.S. tour.

The brothers then teamed up with drummerPeter Moffett (also a member of Government Issue and Burning Airlines) and bassist Al Bloch (member of Concrete Blonde, and brother of Seattle Sub-Pop legend Kurt Bloch from the Fastbacks).

The quartet's first single "Little Darlin'", is a well-regarded punk single. Then, the band released 1992's rollicking Budspawn, which was released independently on External Records (the original vinyl version consisted of eight tracks clocking in at over 30 minutes while the CD version had six tracks and was classified as an EP instead). The material on Budspawn combined the four members' inherent punk aesthetics with a tendency toward more straight-ahead, anthemic hard rock and drug-induced psychedelia.

With No For An Answer
No For an Answer was a Californian hardcore punk band active primarily between 1987 and 1989. The band has also done a couple of reunion shows, most notably the Revelation 25th anniversary shows in California.

with Chain of Strength

 * True Till Death 7" (Revelation Records)
 * What Holds Us Apart 7" (Foundation Records)
 * The One Thing That Still Holds True CD/LP/Cassette (Revelation Records)

with Justice League

 * "Think Or Sink" (Just 4 Fun Records)
 * "Shattered Dreams" CD/LP/Cassette (Fartblossom Enterprizes)
 * "Reach Out" 12" (Fartblossom Enterprizes)

with No For An Answer

 * "You Laugh" EP (1988) Revelation Records
 * "A Thought Crusade" (1989) Hawker/Roadrunner Records

with Wool

 * Little Darlin (7-inch) (1991)
 * Mayday (7-inch) (1992)
 * Box Set (LP/CD) (1994)
 * Shine! / Short Term Memory Loss (1996)

with Inside Out

 * No Spiritual Surrender (1990)

title: Chris Bratton (drummer)


text:
Levetiracetam

Levetiracetam, sold under the brand name Keppra among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy. It is used for partial-onset, myoclonic, or tonic–clonic seizures and is taken either by mouth as an immediate or extended release formulation or by injection into a vein.

Common side effects of levetiracetam include sleepiness, dizziness, feeling tired, and aggression. Severe side effects may include psychosis, suicide, and allergic reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or anaphylaxis. Levetiracetam is the S-enantiomer of etiracetam. Its mechanism of action is not yet clear.

Levetiracetam was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999 and is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 101st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6million prescriptions. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Focal epilepsy
Levetiracetam is effective as single-drug treatment for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in adults. It reduces focal seizures by 50% or more as an add-on medication.

Partial-complex epilepsy
Levetiracetam is effective as add-on treatment for partial (focal) epilepsy.

Generalized epilepsy
Levetiracetam is effective for treatment of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy. It has been approved in the United States as add-on treatment for myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. Levetiracetam has been approved in the European Union as a monotherapy treatment for epilepsy in the case of partial seizures or as an adjunctive therapy for partial, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures.

Levetiracetam is sometimes used off label to treat status epilepticus.

Prevention of seizures
Based on low-quality evidence, levetiracetam is about as effective as phenytoin for prevention of early seizures after traumatic brain injury. It may be effective for prevention of seizures associated with subarachnoid hemorrhages.

Other
Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treatment of neuropathic pain, nor for treatment of essential tremors. Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treating all developmental disorders within the autism spectrum; studies have only proven to be an effective treatment for partial, myoclonic, or tonic-clonic seizures associated with autism spectrum disorder.

Special groups
Studies in female pregnant rats have shown minor fetal skeletal abnormalities when given maximum recommended human doses of levetiracetam orally throughout pregnancy and lactation.

Studies were conducted to look for increased adverse effects in the elderly population as compared to younger patients. One such study published in Epilepsy Research showed no significant increase in incidence of adverse symptoms experienced by young or elderly patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders.

Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects of levetiracetam treatment include CNS effects such as somnolence, decreased energy, headache, dizziness, mood swings and coordination difficulties. These adverse effects are most pronounced in the first month of therapy. About 4% of patients dropped out of pre-approval clinical trials due to these side effects.

About 13% of people taking levetiracetam experience adverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, which are usually mild. These include agitation, hostility, apathy, anxiety, emotional lability, and depression. Serious psychiatric adverse side effects that are reversed by drug discontinuation occur in about 1%. These include hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, or psychosis. These occurred mostly within the first month of therapy, but they could develop at any time during treatment.

Although rare, Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which appears as a painful spreading rash with redness and blistering and/or peeling skin, have been reported in patients treated with levetiracetam. The incidence of SJS following exposure to anti-epileptics such as levetiracetam is about 1 in 3,000.

Levetiracetam should not be used in people who have previously shown hypersensitivity to levetiracetam or any of the inactive ingredients in the tablet or oral solution. Such hypersensitivity reactions include, but are not limited to, unexplained rash with redness or blistered skin, difficulty breathing, and tightness in the chest or airways.

In a study, the incidence of decreased bone mineral density of patients on levetiracetam was significantly higher than those for other epileptic medications.

Suicide
Levetiracetam, along with other anti-epileptic drugs, can increase the risk of suicidal behavior or thoughts. People taking levetiracetam should be monitored closely for signs of worsening depression, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, or any altered emotional or behavioral states.

Kidney and liver
Kidney impairment decreases the rate of elimination of levetiracetam from the body. Individuals with reduced kidney function may require dose adjustments. Kidney function can be estimated from the rate of creatinine clearance.

Dose adjustment of levetiracetam is not necessary in liver impairment.

Drug interactions
No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between levetiracetam or its major metabolite and concomitant medications. The pharmacokinetic profile of levetiracetam is not influenced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin, digoxin, ethinylestradiol, or warfarin.

Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism by which levetiracetam acts to treat epilepsy is unknown. Levetiracetam does not exhibit pharmacologic actions similar to that of classical anticonvulsants. It does not inhibit voltage-dependent Na+ channels, does not affect GABAergic transmission, and does not bind to GABAergic or glutamatergic receptors. However, the drug binds to SV2A, a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, and inhibits presynaptic calcium channels, reducing neurotransmitter release and acting as a neuromodulator. This is believed to impede impulse conduction across synapses.

Absorption
The absorption of levetiracetam tablets and oral solution is rapid and essentially complete. The bioavailability of levetiracetam is close to 100 percent, and the effect of food on absorption is minor.

Distribution
The volume of distribution of levetiracetam is similar to total body water. Levetiracetam modestly binds to plasma proteins (less than 10%).

Metabolism
Levetiracetam does not undergo extensive metabolism, and the metabolites formed are not active and do not exert pharmacological activity. Metabolism of levetiracetam is not by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, but through other metabolic pathways such as hydrolysis and hydroxylation.

Excretion
In persons with normal kidney function, levetiracetam is eliminated from the body primarily by the kidneys with about 66 percent of the original drug passed unchanged into urine. The plasma half-life of levetiracetam in adults is about 6 to 8 hours, although the mean CSF half life of approx. 24 hours better reflects levels at site of action.

Analogues
Brivaracetam, a chemical analogue to levetiracetam, is a racetam derivative with similar properties.

Society and culture
Levetiracetam is available as regular and extended release oral formulations and as intravenous formulations.

The immediate release tablet has been available as a generic in the United States since 2008, and in the UK since 2011. The patent for the extended release tablet will expire in 2028.

The branded version Keppra is manufactured by UCB Pharmaceuticals S.A.

In 2015, Aprecia's orally disintegrating tablet form of the drug manufactured using pharmaceutical 3D printing techniques was approved by the FDA, under the trade name Spritam. Some have said that the drug has been improved by 3D printing, as the formula used now has improved disintegration properties.

Australia
Levetiracetam is a Schedule 4 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2020). A Schedule 4 substance is classified as "Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription."

Japan
Under Japanese law, levetiracetam and other racetams cannot be brought into the country except for personal use by a traveler for whom it has been prescribed. Travelers who plan to bring more than a month's worth must apply for an import certificate, known as a Yakkan Shoumei (薬監証明).

Research
Levetiracetam has been studied in the past for treating symptoms of neurobiological conditions such as Tourette syndrome, and anxiety disorder. However, its most serious adverse effects are behavioral, and its benefit-risk ratio in these conditions is not well understood.

Levetiracetam is being tested as a drug to reduce hyperactivity in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease.

Additionally, Levetiracetam has been experimentally shown to reduce Levodopa-induced dyskinesia, a type of movement disorder, or dyskinesia associated with the use of Levodopa, a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease.

Of the ten medications evaluated in a 2023 systematic review of the literature, levetiracetam was found to be the only medication with sufficient evidence showing that it may cause seizure freedom in some infants. Further, adverse effects from levetiracetam were rarely severe enough for the medication to be discontinued in this age group. Because available research included only 2 published studies reporting seizure freedom rates, however, the strength of the evidence was judged to be low.

title: Levetiracetam


text:
Barclaycard

Barclaycard (stylized as barclaycard) is a brand for credit cards of Barclays PLC. , Barclays had over ten million customers in the United Kingdom.

History
Barclays launched Barclaycard on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit, it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom until the introduction of the Access Card in October 1972.

Barclays was not the first issuer of a credit card in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in September 1976.

In 2021, Barclaycard cut credit limits for over 100,000 customers, including customers who had never missed a payment. In some cases limits were cut by over 95%, resulting in "completely useless" credit limits.

Providian
In July 2003, Barclays took over Monument, the United Kingdom branch of the U.S. bank Providian, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to CompuCredit Holdings Corporation in April 2007.

Egg
In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business of Egg from Citigroup for an undisclosed price. At the time of the announcement, Barclays claimed that the credit card assets consisted of 1.15 million accounts with approximately £2.3bn of gross receivables. They intended to integrate those customers within their own credit card arm.

At the time of the announcement, Citi said it was "committed to working with Barclays on a seamless transfer of the customer accounts, ensuring continuation of the high level of service to which customers are accustomed".

Analog Analytics
In June 2012, Barclays acquired Analog Analytics, a digital coupon and daily deal business similar to Groupon.

The Logic Group
In September 2014, Barclays announced it was going to acquire The Logic Group, a managed payment and loyalty business. The acquisition would enable Barclaycard's clients to benefit from The Logic Group's single platform transaction processing capabilities, alongside data insights, which would allow merchants to better target their services to customers.

In late 2014, Barclays confirmed that the Logic Group acquisition has been finalised.

title: Barclaycard


text:
Talk:Fridays (TV series)

Untitled
Does anybody think this goes into a bit too much detial about where the characters went after Fridays? Shouldn't that besaved for their articals? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.44.187.50 (talk) 13:41, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Cast
Who was on this show? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.165.188.30 (talk) 13:41, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Darrow Igus, Mark Blankfield, Brandis Kemp, Bruce Mahler, Melanie Chartoff, Maryedith Burell, John Roarke, Micheal Richards, Larry David & Jack Burns (Host) –172.251.61.80 (talk) 05:47, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

I have added Micheal Richards please do not delete Sattmaster (talk) 14:38, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Melanie Chartoff was the news anchor not Julia Louis Dreyfuss. I corrected this as well as the spelling of the word 'anchor.' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.219.88.140 (talk) 13:09, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Guest stars
It would be worth noting the guest stars; either a complete list or at least some of the more significant.--SidP (talk) 18:26, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

West Coast
Amusing page. I had considered attending a show taping. One thing this page lacks is mention that this show had a considerably different West Coast feel to it contrasted with SNL. 143.232.210.38 (talk) 22:17, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Show Length
Wasn't the show originally 70, not 60, minutes long? I watched the show religiously when it originally aired, and I seem to recall the odd timing of the show before they expanded it to the full 90 minutes. - --Hudson (talk) 05:18, 16 October 2011 (UTC)Hudsonthedog

SNL and its "decline"?
I am going to trim the original research in this article. Under the section "series Overview" the first sentence says that Friday's was created as a reflection of the "decline" of Saturday Night Live in the 1980's after Lorne Michaels left the show - yet Lorne Michaels was still producer of SNL when Friday's first aired. It seems disingenuous to state that as a reason. A few sentences later the article talks about SNL in "shambles" due to "mismanagement," which is merely an opinion unsupported by a citation.Polkadreamer (talk) 17:09, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fridays (TV series)


text:
Lisbon Lions

The Lisbon Lions is the nickname given to the Celtic team that won the European Cup at the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon, Portugal on 25 May 1967, defeating Inter Milan 2–1.

Name
The name is likely due to the fact that the Lisbon-based Sporting football club's mascot is a lion, and the club wear green and white striped jerseys like Celtic.

Event
All but two members of the 15 man squad were born within 10 miles of Celtic Park in Glasgow, Scotland (Bobby Lennox, who was born 30 miles away in Saltcoats, and Tommy Gemmell, who was born in Motherwell 11 miles away). Celtic's style was the antithesis of the cynical – but highly effective – defensive style of Inter. Jimmy Johnstone described the team's style as "like the Dutch speeded-up".

In the stadium where his father Valentino played his last match, Sandro Mazzola opened the scoring for Inter with a 7th-minute penalty after Jim Craig had brought down Renato Cappellini. The Italians then retreated into their famous 11-man defence. Inter did not win a single corner and forced Celtic goalkeeper Ronnie Simpson to make only two saves. Celtic had two shots off the crossbar, and 39 other attempts on goal, 13 of which were saved by Italian goalkeeper Giuliano Sarti, seven were blocked or deflected, and 19 were off-target. Craig made amends for his penalty mistake on 63 minutes, when he laid off the ball for Tommy Gemmell to fire home for the Celtic equaliser. With 83 minutes on the clock, Gemmell was allowed space, and he played the ball to Bobby Murdoch, whose long-range shot was deflected by Stevie Chalmers past Sarti into the net.

Celtic were the first British club to win the European Cup, and still the only Scottish club to have reached the final. Having already triumphed in the Scottish top flight, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, the Lisbon Lions became the first winners of the European Treble and remain the only winners of the fabled Quadruple. Celtic are also one of just three European clubs to have won five trophies in a single season, thanks to their Glasgow Cup triumph over Partick Thistle. They reached the European Cup final again in 1970 but were beaten 2–1 by Feyenoord after extra time in the San Siro Stadium in Milan.

Celtic team in the final

 * 1) Ronnie Simpson
 * 2) Jim Craig
 * 3) Tommy Gemmell
 * 4) Bobby Murdoch
 * 5) Billy McNeill (captain)
 * 6) John Clark
 * 7) Jimmy Johnstone
 * 8) Willie Wallace
 * 9) Stevie Chalmers
 * 10) Bertie Auld
 * 11) Bobby Lennox
 * 12) John Fallon (substitute goalkeeper, not used)

 * Jock Stein (Manager)
 * Sean Fallon (Assistant Manager)
 * Neil Mochan (Trainer)

Notes: Celtic did not wear numbers on their shirts at this time. The numbers shown were sewn onto their shorts.

A second goalkeeper was the only substitute allowed at the time. The other members of the squad who played in Europe during that season were Charlie Gallagher, John Hughes, Joe McBride and Willie O'Neill.

Awards

 * BBC Sports Team of the Year:
 * 1967

 * SPFA Special Merit Award:
 * 1992 (awarded to Lisbon Lions)

 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame:
 * 2017 (Lisbon Lions inducted)

 * The Loving Cup (Lord Provost's Awards):
 * 2017 (the 50th anniversary)

title: Lisbon Lions


text:
Bedazzled (1967 film)

Bedazzled is a 1967 British comedy DeLuxe Color film directed and produced by Stanley Donen in Panavision format. It was written by comedian Peter Cook and starred both Cook and his comedy partner Dudley Moore. It is a comic retelling of the Faust legend, set in the Swinging London of the 1960s. The Devil (Cook) offers an unhappy young man (Moore) seven wishes in return for his soul, but twists the spirit of the wishes to frustrate the man's hopes.

Plot
Stanley Moon, a cook in a Wimpy restaurant, is infatuated with waitress Margaret Spencer, but is too shy to approach her. Distraught, he attempts suicide by hanging but is interrupted by George Spiggot, a man claiming to be the Devil. In return for his soul, George offers Stanley seven wishes. When Stanley accuses George of being delusional, he offers Stanley a "trial wish". Stanley wishes for a raspberry ice lolly, and George takes him to buy one from a nearby shop. Finding it melted, Stanley confirms that George is the Devil.

Blowing a raspberry will undo the effects of a wish if Stanley changes his mind. George's heightened sense of pride caused God to expel him from Heaven, and they are now in a game: if George is first to claim 100 billion souls, he will be readmitted to Heaven. His staff of seven deadly sins, especially Lust and Envy, are helping him with minor acts of vandalism and spite to reach this goal. Agreeing to the deal, Stanley uses his wishes to try satisfying his love for Margaret, but George twists his words to frustrate him.

 * 1) Stanley first wishes to be more articulate. George turns him into a talkative intellectual. Margaret becomes equally pretentious and agrees with all of Stanley's beliefs. When Stanley makes his move, however, she is horrified and starts screaming "Rape!".
 * 2) Stanley wishes to be a multi-millionaire with Margaret as his "very physical" wife. She ignores him and his lavish gifts, including the original Mona Lisa, instead being physical with other men.
 * 3) Stanley wishes to be a pop singer. However, his fame is quickly usurped by a new band, Drimble Wedge and The Vegetation, whose lead singer performs in a hypnotic, monotone voice, expressing disdain for anyone except himself. Margaret and other entranced groupies mob Drimble in excitement.
 * 4) Stanley comments in passing that he wishes he were "a fly on the wall" and George turns them both into literal flies on the wall in a morgue, where a police inspector shows Margaret various dead bodies, hoping that she will identify one as Stanley. When the inspector invites Margaret to a vice squad party, Stanley launches an attack on him, only to be felled with bug spray.
 * 5) Stanley wishes he and Margaret lived a quiet life in the countryside with children. However, Margaret becomes another man's wife. While deeply in love, Stanley and Margaret's attempt to consummate their affection drives both into emotional agony.
 * 6) Determined to frame a wish that George cannot ruin for him, Stanley wishes that he and Margaret loved one another, lived away from the city with no other men around, and would always be together. George turns him into a nun of the Order of Saint Beryl, or the Leaping Beryllians, who glorify their founder by jumping on trampolines. Margaret is also a nun there but refuses to consider consummating their love as they are both women. Stanley attempts to escape the wish by blowing a raspberry, to no effect, and returns to London to confront George.
 * 7) When Stanley tries to use his seventh wish, George reveals he has already used it: his trial wish for an ice lolly.

Ultimately, George spares Stanley eternal damnation because he exceeded his quota of 100 billion souls and can afford to be generous. George ascends to Heaven, where God's disembodied voice rejects him again; when he gave Stanley back his soul, George did the right thing with the wrong motive. Thinking he can nullify this by reclaiming Stanley's soul, George tries and fails to stop Stanley from burning his contract.

Back at the restaurant, Stanley asks Margaret to dinner, and despite saying she is busy, she suggests meeting another night. Stanley smiles. George tries to entice Stanley again, but Stanley says he would rather start a relationship with Margaret his own way. Frustrated, George leaves and threatens revenge on God by unleashing all the tawdry and shallow technological curses of the modern age while God triumphantly laughs.

Soundtrack
Moore wrote the film's soundtrack, which was performed by the Dudley Moore Trio. The title track, Moore's best known song, was performed within the movie by the fictional psychedelic rock band Drimble Wedge and the Vegetation, featuring Cook's character as the vocalist. The piece has since been covered widely, including performances by Tony Hatch and Nick Cave. Moore recorded several instrumental versions.

Novelisation
In 1968 Sphere Books published a novelisation of the Cook and Moore screenplay written by Michael J. Bird.

Critical
Upon its release, reviews for Bedazzled were mixed. Writing for The New York Times in December 1967, Bosley Crowther called it a "pretentiously metaphorical picture" which becomes "awfully precious and monotonous and eventually ... fags out in sheer bad taste." Crowther does, however, compliment Donen for his "colorful and graphic" mise-en-scène. Roger Ebert’s review for the Chicago Sun-Times was far more genteel, comparing the film's humour to that of Bob and Ray. Ebert enthusiastically called Bedazzled's satire "barbed and contemporary ... dry and understated," and overall, a "magnificently photographed, intelligent, very funny film".

A January 1968 review in The Monthly Film Bulletin panned the film, saying, "'Script by Peter Cook, based on an idea by Peter Cook and Dudley Moore.' Well, it wasn't much of an idea in the first place and distinctly shop-soiled at that, but even the Faust legend still has more life in it than this tired farrago. The story is used simply as a series of pegs on which to hang sketches by Dud, Pete and Eleanor Bron, all of whom appear in virtually every scene. The wit is strictly fourth-form: "Don't you know suicide is a criminal offence? You could be hanged for it," says Spiggott when he finds Stanley rope in hand, after his unsuccessful attempt on his own life. The dialogue also has an embarrassing preoccupation with the Deity and keeps making pussyfooted little dabs at blasphemy like a naughty choirboy putting out his tongue at the vicar. The feebleness of the script would matter less if the performances were on a higher level, but the principals appear to have been given their heads and there is no sign of any control by director Stanley Donen The result, inevitably, is self-indulgent, amateurish and dull, and the one genuinely hilarious moment – three nuns on a trampoline – is repeated from an old television show. Perhaps the kindest thing is to put this one down to experience and hope that next time ambition will not run so far ahead of ability."

In a retrospective review from 1989, Leslie Halliwell wrote that Bedazzled was a "camped-up version of Faust which resolves itself into a series of threadbare sketches for the stars. All rather desperate apart from the leaping nuns." In the 1990s, The Virgin Film Guide said "Cook and Moore brilliantly shift from character to character with just a change of voice (not unlike Peter Sellers), and the movie never flags". The Time Out Film Guide 2009 describes the film as a "hit and miss affair" which is "good fun sometimes", but suffers from a "threadbare" plot.

In the 2010s, The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 3/5 stars, writing: "From the days when London was swinging and Peter Cook and Dudley Moore were a partnership made in comedy heaven, this Faustian fantasy has Dud as a cook lusting after waitress Eleanor Bron and being granted seven wishes by Pete, as a drawlingly engaging Devil hungry for Dud's soul. A briefly clad, briefly glimpsed Raquel Welch is one of the Deadly Sins, while Barry Humphries turns in a hilarious performance as Envy. Director Stanley Donen settles for quirky comedy instead of razor-sharp satire."

Film aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives Bedazzled a 74% approval rating based on 38 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.6/10.

Remake
In 2000, 20th Century Fox released an American remake by the same name, with Brendan Fraser as Elliot Richards (counterpart to Moore's role) and Elizabeth Hurley as the Devil.

title: Bedazzled (1967 film)


text:
Wikipedia:GFDL

GFDL is the GNU Free Documentation License, the copyright under which Wikipedia formerly published.

Wikipedia articles:
 * Merge and delete – Why merging and the deleting the original page is normally not permitted under GFDL
 * Wikipedia copyrights
 * Copyright disclaimers on images
 * What the GFDL is not

Use of Wikipedia content in other works:
 * Reusing Wikipedia content
 * Verbatim copying under the GFDL

Full text:
 * Full text of the GNU Free Documentation License

title: Wikipedia:GFDL


text:
Jewish languages

Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora. The original Jewish language is Hebrew, supplanted as the primary vernacular by Aramaic following the Babylonian exile. Jewish languages feature a syncretism of Hebrew and Judeo-Aramaic with the languages of the local non-Jewish population.

Ancient history
Early Northwest Semitic (ENWS) materials are attested through the end of the Bronze Age—2350 to 1200 BCE. At this early state, Biblical Hebrew was not highly differentiated from the other Northwest Semitic languages (Ugaritic and Amarna Canaanite), though noticeable differentiation did occur during the Iron Age (1200–540 BCE). Hebrew as a separate language developed during the latter half of the second millennium BCE between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, an area known as Canaan.

The earliest distinctively Hebrew writing yet discovered was found at Khirbet Qeiyafa and dates to the 10th century BCE. The Israelite tribes established a kingdom in Canaan at the beginning of the first millennium BCE, which later split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south after a dispute of succession.

The kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 BCE, and the kingdom of Judah was conquered by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, its higher classes exiled and the first Temple destroyed. Aramaic became the primary language of the Jews deported to Babylonia, with the first attestations of Jewish/Judean Aramaic found in scrolls from the 5th century BCE on the island of Elephantine. Later the Persians made Judah a province and permitted Jewish exiles to return and rebuild the Temple. Aramaic became the common language in the north of Israel, in Galilee and Samaria, though Hebrew remained in use in Judah with Aramaic influence.

Alexander the Great conquered Judah in 332 BCE, beginning the period of Hellenistic domination. During the Hellenistic period Judea became independent under the Hasmoneans, but later the Romans ended their independence, making Herod the Great their governor. One Jewish revolt against the Romans led to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and the second Bar-Kochba revolt in 132–135 CE led to a large departure of the Jewish population of Judea. Biblical Hebrew after the Second Temple period evolved into Mishnaic Hebrew, which ceased being spoken and developed into a literary language around 200 CE. Hebrew remained in widespread use among diasporic communities as the medium of writing and liturgy, forming a vast corpus of literature which includes rabbinic, medieval, and modern literature prior to the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language.

Development of Jewish varieties of languages
Jewish communities were dispersed around the world in the diaspora which followed the Jewish-Roman wars. Some adopted the languages of their neighbors, but many developed new varieties of these languages, collectively termed "Jewish languages". Various reasons led to the development of distinctive Jewish varieties of the languages of their non-Jewish host populations. Jews have often had limited exposure to non-Jewish society for various reasons, including imposed ghettoization (whether self-imposed separation or the forced creation of the ghetto by the host city) and strict endogamy, and as a result, Jewish languages diverged and developed separately from non-Jewish varieties in the territories they settled in. Due to frequent expulsions and migrations, single Jewish communities were often influenced by multiple distinct regional languages via language contact. For example, Yiddish, while based on Middle High German, has elements of Romance and Slavic. Jewish languages belong to a variety of genealogical language families, but these languages have common characteristics, making their study a distinct field of comparative linguistics known as Jewish linguistics. The common feature between the Jewish languages is the presence of Hebrew and Judeo-Aramaic lexical components, stemming from the shared use of these languages in writing and liturgy. Many Jewish languages also display phonological, morphological, and syntactic features distinct from their non-Jewish counterparts. Most written Jewish languages are Hebraized, meaning they use a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet. These languages, unless they already have an accepted name (i.e. Yiddish, Ladino), are prefixed with "Judeo" (e.g. Judeo-Italian, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Persian, Judeo-Aramaic, Judeo-Marathi, Judeo-Malayalam, etc). Bukharan Jews spoke Bukhori, a dialect of Tajik, and Mountain Jews spoke Judeo-Tat.

In the early 20th century, secularism among Jews and large population shifts prompted the beginning of a shift from Jewish to non-Jewish languages. Even so, the majority of Jews in Eurasia and Africa, and many immigrants in North America and Palestine, still spoke Jewish languages. However, the Holocaust brought about a significant drop in the use of Jewish languages, especially Yiddish. Later, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, learning Yiddish has begun to see a significant increase in popularity and interest, with studies revealing a surge in registration to online Yiddish language learning resources such as Duolingo.

Classification
Jewish languages are generally defined as the unique linguistic varieties of Jewish communities in the diaspora in their contact with surrounding non-Jewish languages. Languages vary in their distance and divergence from their non-Jewish sister languages. For example, Judeo-Yemeni Arabic is quite similar to some non-Jewish varieties of Yemeni Arabic, while Yiddish, a Germanic language, shows a high degree of dissimilarity to modern German dialects. Due to continued liturgical and literary use of Hebrew and Aramaic, Jewish communities were naturally in a state of diglossia. Along with their vernacular Jewish language, most Jews could read and write in Hebrew, which was necessary to fulfill the religious commandment to learn Torah and teach it. Jews were expected to also have knowledge of Judeo-Aramaic, the language of religious commentary (targumim) as well as many prayers, including the Kaddish. Hebrew, the "Holy Tongue", was the highest linguistic register in these communities, used for liturgy and study. Hebrew-Aramaic is the only adstratum shared by all Jewish languages. Some Jewish languages have multiple registers; for example, both Yiddish and Judezmo have three linguistic registers: colloquial, written, and scholarly-liturgical.

Some Jewish languages show the effects of the history of language shift among the speakers, including Hebrew-Aramaic influence. Yiddish exemplifies such a language. Some Jewish languages may become marked as distinctively Jewish because some shift affected some parts of the language as a whole. For example, what is today known as Baghdad Jewish Arabic (because it is the Arabic variety that was up until recently spoken by Baghdad's Jews) was originally the Arabic dialect of Baghdad itself and was used by all religious groups in Baghdad, but the Muslim residents of Baghdad later adopted Bedouin dialects of Arabic. Similarly, a dialect may be perceived as Jewish because its Jewish speakers brought the dialect of another region with them when they were displaced. In some cases, this may cause a dialect to be perceived as "Jewish" in some regions but not in others.

Some Jewish language varieties may not be classified as languages due to mutual intelligibility with their parent language, as with Judeo-Malayalam and Judeo-Spanish. In the case of Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, linguistically it is a dialect of Spanish, mutually intelligible with other Spanish dialects and varieties, albeit with each Spanish dialect having loanwords and influences from different source languages: Nahuatl and Maya loanwords and influences for Mexican Spanish; Quechua and Aymara in Peruvian Spanish; Italian, Quechua and Guaraní in Argentinian Spanish; Maghrebi Arabic and Berber in "Ladino Occidental" (also known as Haketia); Levantine Arabic, Greek, Turkish and South Slavic in "Ladino Oriental".

In some cases, as with Ladino, a register may be developed for Biblical translation and exegesis in which Hebrew-Aramaic patterns are frequently calqued, though the number of true Hebrew and/or Aramaic loanwords may be low. Another possibility is that Jews may speak the same language as their non-Jewish neighbors, but occasionally insert Hebrew-Aramaic or other Jewish elements. This is a transitory state in the shift from the use of Jewish to a non-Jewish language, often made in the context of assimilation. This occurred, for example, with many educated German Jews who transitioned from Western Yiddish to German. This variety of German, used between 1760 and the end of the 19th century (the Haskala), was written with the Hebrew alphabet, and contained a small number of Hebrew and Yiddish loans. An example is Moses Mendelsohn's translation of the Hebrew Bible into German written with Hebrew letters.

Judaeo-Papiamento, the only living Jewish ethnolect endemic to the Americas and likely the only one that is also a creole language, has lexical differences from its non-Jewish counterpart that go beyond the influence of Hebrew and Aramaic. In formal contexts, Sephardic Jewish speakers of Papiamento tend to use extensive borrowing from French and Portuguese, whereas non-Jewish Curaçaoans mostly use Spanish loanwords in similar contexts.

Status
Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are Yiddish, Ladino, and the Judeo-Arabic group of languages. Yiddish is the Judeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who lived in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. Ladino, also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol, is the Judeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian peninsula before the expulsion by the Catholic Monarchs. Judeo-Catalan (also called Catalanic or Qatalanit), was the Jewish language spoken by the Jewish communities in Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. Judeo-Provençal and Judeo-Gascon were two Jewish varieties of Occitan language as it was historically spoken by French Jews.

Many ancient and distinct Jewish languages, including Judaeo-Georgian, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Berber, Krymchak, Judeo-Italian, Judeo-Malayalam have largely fallen out of use due to the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab lands, the assimilation policies of Israel in its early days and other factors.

Yiddish was the language spoken by the largest number of Jews in the 1850s, but today the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews are English, modern Hebrew, and Russian—in that order. Yiddish, as well as several other Jewish languages, has contributed to the vocabulary of coterritorial non-Jewish languages, such as English or French.

Kol Yisrael, Israel's former public-service broadcaster, had long maintained short daily news and featured programming in many Jewish languages and dialects. For domestic audiences, it broadcast in Iraqi Jewish Arabic on its Arabic network, while also producing in Yiddish, Ladino, Moroccan Jewish Arabic, Bukharian and Judeo-Tat for both domestic and overseas shortwave audiences in relevant areas. In addition, for over two decades starting in the late 1970s, a daily 30-minute shortwave transmission was made to Yemen in Yemenite Jewish Arabic.

Radio Exterior de España, Spain's international public broadcaster, provides programming in Ladino, which they refer to as Sefardi.

In the United States as well as in Birobidzhan, Russia, there are some local radio programs in Yiddish.

Judeo-Marathi (Marathi: जुदाव मराठी) is a form of Marathi spoken by the Bene Israel, a Jewish ethnic group that developed a unique identity in India. Judeo-Marathi, like other Marathi dialects, is written in the Devanagari script. It may not be sufficiently different from Marathi as to constitute a distinct language, although it is characterized by a number of loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic as a result of influence from the Cochin Jewish community, as well as from Judeo-Malayalam, Portuguese and also some influence from the Urdu language.

Alphabets

For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branching off as independent languages. The usual course of development for these languages was through the addition of Hebrew words and phrases used to express uniquely Jewish concepts and concerns. Often they were written in Hebrew letters, including the block letters used in Hebrew today and Rashi script.

Conversely, Ladino, formerly written in Rashi script or Solitreo, since the 1920s is usually written in Turkey in the Latin alphabet with a spelling similar to that of Turkish, and has been occasionally printed in the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets.

Also, some Yiddish-speakers have adopted the use of the Latin alphabet, in place of the Hebrew alphabet. This is predominantly to enable communications over the internet, without the need for special Hebrew keyboards.

title: Jewish languages


text:
Lakenvelder cattle

The Lakenvelder is a Dutch and German breed of dairy cattle. It is reported from the Netherlands and Belgium, but may be extinct in Germany.

History
No written evidence supports an often-repeated claim that the Lakenvelder derives from cattle of the Gurtenvieh or belted Braunvieh of Switzerland, brought to the Netherlands in or after Mediaeval times by the nobility or the wealthy. It is however supported by molecular genetic studies, which have shown that the Gurtenvieh, the Lakenvelder and the Belted Galloway all carry the same candidate gene for the belted phenotype. Cattle with this characteristic are shown in Dutch paintings from the seventeenth century. It seems likely that the Lakenvelder derives directly from Swiss and Austrian belted cattle, and that during the reign of William of Orange some cattle of this type found their way to Scotland, where they inter-bred with Galloway stock, giving rise to the Belted Galloway.

A herd-book for the Lakenvelder was started in 1918; at that time there were about fifteen farms breeding the cattle, with some 200 head between them. In 1930 regulations were introduced to control milk production and to make testing for tuberculosis obligatory; by the end of the Second World War only five herds remained.

title: Lakenvelder cattle


text:
Born Against

Born Against was an American hardcore punk band from New York active between 1989 and 1993. Though Born Against received little media exposure while still together, they have since been described as "legendary" by the Chicago Reader and the LA Weekly.

History
The group was founded in early 1989 by guitarist Adam Nathanson, bassist Neil Burke, vocalist Sam McPheeters, and drummer John Guzman, who was replaced in early rehearsals by a drummer named George. George's tenure was also brief, and he was replaced after a single show by Nigel Schreiber in July 1989. This lineup recorded a demo cassette and a track for the Murders Among Us 7-inch compilation released on McPheeters' Vermiform Records label before Burke and Schreiber left the group later that year. Born Against would continue to be plagued by rhythm section fluctuation throughout its existence.

In March 1990, the band reemerged with bassist Javier Villegas and drummer Darryl Kahan. The band issued its first two vinyl releases, the Eulogy single (whose anti-religious title track was dedicated to Steve Reddy of Equal Vision Records), a self-titled 7-inch EP, and several compilation tracks. Later that year, Kahan was replaced by drummer John Hiltz, birthing the longest lasting incarnation of the band. The group toured extensively, and released a debut LP, 1991's Nine Patriotic Hymns for Children, on Vermiform. Villegas left the group in late 1991 and was replaced by bassist Bret Blue.

With Hiltz and Blue, Born Against continued its extensive touring, including a trip to Europe. By this point, the band's aggressive political message and related critique of their contemporaries had attracted media attention, and they endured animosity in New York City and beyond. They then began work on a new record, which was stalled in July 1992 when Hiltz left the group. The final sessions that produced the resultant 10-inch record, Battle Hymns of the Race War, featured Melissa York on drums, although York never performed live with the group.

By early 1993, Nathanson and McPheeters had relocated to Jersey City, New Jersey and begun a new version of the band with bassist Tonie Joy (of Moss Icon and Universal Order of Armageddon) and drummer Brooks Headley (also from Universal Order of Armageddon). Although only extant for seven months, this was a prolific incarnation, as they continued to tour and released split 7-inches with Screeching Weasel (in which both bands swapped lyrics) and Universal Order of Armageddon. Their radical leftist stance became increasingly drenched in cynicism, which slowly threatened to overtake their message – the results of this evolution are evidenced in the nonsense song "Lillian" and other non-sequitur pieces from this time. Their final release was a split 8" record with Man is the Bastard. Born Against played its final show in July 1993.

Two posthumous CDs containing the entire Born Against catalog (aside from their demo tape) have since been released – Patriotic Battle Hymns (featuring Nine Patriotic Hymns for Children and Battle Hymns of the Race War) and The Rebel Sound of Shit and Failure (featuring all other material). Initially released on the now-defunct Vermiform, these records have since been taken on by the Kill Rock Stars and Prank Records imprints.

Members

 * Sam McPheeters – vocals (1989–1993)
 * Adam Nathanson – guitar, vocals (1989–1993)
 * Neil Burke – bass, vocals (1989)
 * John Guzman – drums (1989)
 * George – drums (1989)
 * Nigel Schreiber – drums (1989)
 * Javier Villegas – bass, vocals (1990–1991)
 * Daryl Kahan – drums (1990)
 * Jon Hiltz – drums (1990–1992)
 * Bret Blue – bass, vocals (1991–1992)
 * Melissa York – drums (1992)
 * Tonie Joy – bass, vocals (1993)
 * Brooks Headley – drums (1993)

Studio albums

 * Nine Patriotic Hymns for Children LP (1991, Vermiform Records, later reissued by Prank Records and Kill Rock Stars)
 * Battle Hymns of the Race War 10-inch (1993, Vermiform Records, later reissued by Prank Records and Kill Rock Stars)

EPs and splits

 * Eulogy/Riding With Mary 7-inch (1990)
 * Born Against 7-inch (1990)
 * Born Against/Suckerpunch 8" flexi-disc split with Suckerpunch (1992, Ebullition Records)
 * Born Against/Screeching Weasel split 7-inch/CD with Screeching Weasel (1993, Lookout! Records)
 * Born Against/Universal Order of Armageddon split 7-inch with Universal Order of Armageddon (1993, Gravity Records)
 * Born Against/Man Is the Bastard split 8" with Man Is the Bastard (1994)

Compilation albums

 * Patriotic Battle Hymns compilation CD/LP (1994, Vermiform Records, later reissued by Kill Rock Stars)
 * The Rebel Sound of Shit and Failure compilation CD/LP (1995, Vermiform Records, later reissued by Kill Rock Stars)

Compilation appearances

 * Murders Among Us (1990, Combined Effort Records/Vermiform Records)
 * Forever (Irate)
 * Bllleeeeaaauuurrrrgghhh! (Slap-a-Ham)
 * ''Our Voice, Pro Choice (Hands On)
 * Give Me Back (1991, Ebullition Records)
 * The Dignity of Human Being Is Vulnerable (1993, Anti War Action Records/De Konkurrent Records)
 * God's Chosen People (Old Glory)

title: Born Against


text:
Nootropic

Nootropics ( or  ; but not   or , which are common mispronunciations), colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs and cognitive enhancers, are natural, semisynthetic or synthetic compounds which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as executive functions, attention or memory.

While commonly in the form of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals or energy drinks, some nootropic compounds are prescription and non-prescription drugs in various countries.

In the United States, nootropics are commonly advertised with unproven claims of effectiveness for improving cognition. The Federal Trade Commission and FDA have warned manufacturers and consumers about possible advertising fraud and marketing scams concerning nootropic supplements.

History of term
The term nootropic is derived.

The first documented use of "nootropic" in reference to substances purported to increase cognitive functions was by Corneliu E. Giurgea in 1972. When researching a new compound, Giurgea found a spectrum of effects that did not align with any psychotropic drug category, leading to his proposal of a new category and the concept of the term nootropic.

Giurgea stated that nootropic drugs should have the following characteristics:

 * 1) They should enhance learning and memory.
 * 2) They should enhance the resistance of learned behaviors or memories to conditions which tend to disrupt them (e.g. electroconvulsive shock, hypoxia).
 * 3) They should protect the brain against various physical or chemical injuries.
 * 4) They should increase the efficacy of the tonic cortical control mechanisms.
 * 5) They should lack the usual pharmacology of other psychotropic drugs (e.g. sedation, motor stimulation) and possess few adverse effects and low toxicity.

However, there is no globally accepted or clinical definition of a nootropic. Most compounds described as nootropic do not correspond to Giurgea's characteristics.

Unproven marketing claims
In the United States, nootropics are commonly advertised with unproven claims of effectiveness for improving cognition. Manufacturers' marketing claims for dietary supplements are usually not formally tested and verified by independent entities. In 2019, the US FDA and FTC warned manufacturers and consumers about possible advertising fraud and marketing scams concerning nootropic supplement products. The FDA and FTC stated that some nootropic products had not been approved as a prescription drug effective for any medical purpose, were not proven to be safe, and were illegally marketed in the United States under violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

In 2018 in the United States, some nootropic supplements were identified as having misleading ingredients and illegal marketing. In 2019, the FDA and FTC warned manufacturers and consumers about possible advertising fraud and marketing scams concerning nootropic supplements.

Over the years 2010 to 2019, the FDA warned numerous supplement manufacturers about the illegal status of their products as unapproved drugs with no proven safety or efficacy at the doses listed on the products, together with misleading marketing.

Availability and prevalence
In 2008, stimulants, such as caffeine, were the most commonly used nootropic agent. In 2016, the American Medical Association adopted a policy to discourage prescriptions of nootropics for healthy people, on the basis that the cognitive effects appear to be highly variable among individuals, are dose-dependent, and limited or modest at best. Piracetam, noopept and meclofenoxate have been sold as dietary supplements.

Adverse effects
The main concern with pharmaceutical drugs and dietary supplements are adverse effects. Long-term safety evidence is typically unavailable for many nootropic compounds. Racetams, piracetam and other compounds that are structurally related to piracetam, have few serious adverse effects and low toxicity, but there is little evidence that they enhance cognition in people having no cognitive impairments.

In the United States, dietary supplements may be marketed if the manufacturer can show that the supplement is generally recognized as safe, and if the manufacturer does not make any claims about using the supplement to treat or prevent any disease or condition; supplements that contain drugs or advertise health claims are illegal under US law.

Central nervous system stimulants
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical research using low doses of certain central nervous system stimulants found that these drugs may enhance cognition in healthy people. In particular, the classes of stimulants that demonstrate possible cognition-enhancing effects in humans have evidence in vitro as direct agonists or indirect agonists of dopamine receptor D1 or adrenoceptor A2. Relatively high doses of stimulants cause cognitive deficits.
 * Amphetamine – systematic reviews and meta-analyses report that low-dose amphetamine may improve cognitive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, episodic memory, working memory, and aspects of attention) in healthy people and in individuals with ADHD.   A 2014 systematic review noted that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to improved recall of information in non-ADHD youth. It also improves task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and performance on tedious tasks that required a high degree of effort.
 * Caffeine – a meta-analysis found an increase in alertness and attentional performance.
 * Eugeroics (armodafinil and modafinil) – are classified as "wakefulness-promoting agents"; modafinil may increase alertness, particularly in sleep-deprived individuals, and may improve reasoning and problem solving in non-ADHD youth. In a systematic review of small, preliminary studies where the effects of modafinil were examined, when simple psychometric assessments were considered, modafinil intake enhanced executive function. Modafinil does not improve mood or motivation in sleep-deprived or non-sleep deprived individuals.
 * Methylphenidate – a benzylpiperidine derivative that may improve working memory, episodic memory, and inhibitory control, aspects of attention, and planning latency in healthy people. It also may improve task saliency and performance on tedious tasks. At above optimal doses, methylphenidate has off–target effects that decrease learning.
 * Nicotine – has been associated with improved alertness, attention, memory, and motor performance, according to a meta-analysis. However, a 2020 systematic review raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest, noting industry funding in many studies and inconsistent results regarding nicotine's cognitive effects. This review found that over half of the studies published after 2010 had tobacco industry affiliations, often undisclosed.

Racetams
Racetams, such as piracetam, oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and aniracetam, are often marketed as cognitive enhancers and sold over the counter. A 2019 study found that piracetam supplements sold in the United States were inaccurately labeled. Racetams are often referred to as nootropics, but this property is not well established in humans, and nootropics are not consistently found in all racetams. The racetams have poorly understood mechanisms, although piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems.

According to the FDA,

"Piracetam is not a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or other botanical, or dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake. Further, piracetam is not a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any such dietary ingredient. [...] Accordingly, these products are drugs, under section 201(g)(1)(C) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(C), because they are not foods and they are intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. Moreover, these products are new drugs as defined by section 201(p) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(p), because they are not generally recognized as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in their labeling."

Cholinergics
Some supposed nootropic substances are compounds and analogues of choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) and phosphatidylcholine (a structural component of cell membranes).
 * Alpha-GPC – L-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine has been studied only in the context of cognitive performance alongside other substances such as caffeine.
 * Choline bitartrate – Choline bitartrate is a tartaric acid salt containing choline (41% choline by molecular weight). One meta-analysis found choline bitartrate to be ineffective at improving any measure of cognitive performance.
 * Citicoline – Compound consisting of choline and cytidine. A meta-analysis found that it may be effective for improving memory and learning in older people with mild cognitive decline, and in people recovering from a stroke.

Herbs

 * Centella asiatica – A 2017 meta-analysis showed no significant improvement in  cognitive function. Clinical efficacy and safety have not been scientifically confirmed for this herb.
 * Ginkgo biloba – An extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf is marketed in dietary supplement form with claims it can enhance cognitive function in people without known cognitive problems, although there is no high-quality evidence to support such effects on memory or attention in healthy people.
 * Panax ginseng – A Cochrane review found possible "improvement of some aspects of cognitive function, behavior and quality of life", but concluded that "there is a lack of convincing evidence to show a cognitive enhancing effect of Panax ginseng in healthy participants and no high quality evidence about its efficacy in patients with dementia."

Nutrients and dietary supplements

 * Folate – no cognition-enhancing effects in middle-aged and older adults without folate deficiency.
 * Omega-3 fatty acids: DHA and EPA – two Cochrane Collaboration reviews on the use of supplemental omega-3 fatty acids for ADHD and learning disorders conclude that there is limited evidence of treatment benefits for either disorder. Two other systematic reviews found no cognition-enhancing effects in the general population.
 * Vitamin B12 – no cognition-enhancing effects in middle-aged and older adults without B12 deficiency.
 * Vitamin B6 – no cognition-enhancing effects in middle-aged and older adults without B6 deficiency.
 * Vitamin E – no cognition-enhancing effects in middle-aged and older adults without vitamin E deficiency.

title: Nootropic


text:
Sunset Beach (New Jersey)

Sunset Beach is a beach located on the Cape May Peninsula, in Lower Township, New Jersey, near Cape May Point, along the Delaware Bay, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a local tourist attraction due in part to its proximity to the SS Atlantus, also known as the Concrete Ship, and the Cape May Lighthouse.

Attractions
Sunset Beach is known for a flag raising-lowering ceremony, which is held daily from Memorial Day weekend through August, and on Saturdays in September. All the flags flown in the ceremony are flags from the caskets of veterans. The ceremony has been taking place on Sunset beach since 1973. Other attractions include Cape May diamonds, clear quartz crystals that can be easily found along the beach's length; the SS Atlantus, a partially submerged concrete ship; summer fireworks.

Ecology
Many whales are seen from May to December, while migratory birds are seen in the spring and fall. Monarch butterflies use Sunset Beach as a migratory stopover on their way to Mexico from Canada.

title: Sunset Beach (New Jersey)


text:
Darlington Raceway

Darlington Raceway is a race track built for NASCAR racing located in Darlington, South Carolina. It is nicknamed "The Lady in Black" and "The Track Too Tough to Tame" by many NASCAR fans and drivers and advertised as "A NASCAR Tradition." It is of a unique, somewhat egg-shaped design, an oval with the ends of very different configurations, a condition which supposedly arose from the proximity of one end of the track to a minnow pond the owner refused to relocate. This situation makes it very challenging for the crews to set up their cars' handling in a way that will be effective at both ends.

History
Harold Brasington was a retired racer in 1948, who had gotten to know Bill France Sr. while competing against France at the Daytona Beach Road Course and other dirt tracks in the Southeast and Midwestern United States; he quit racing in the late 1940s to concentrate on farming and his construction business. He began planning a new speedway after he noticed the huge crowds while attending the 1948 Indianapolis 500 and thought, "If Tony Hulman can do it here, I can do it back home." Brasington bought 70 acres from farmer Sherman Ramsey, and started making a race track from a cotton and peanut field. However, he was forced to create an egg-shaped oval with one corner tighter, narrower, and more steeply banked because he promised Ramsey that the new track wouldn't disturb Ramsey's minnow pond at the west side of the property. Brasington was able to make the other turn at the east side of the property wide, sweeping, and flat as he wanted. It took almost a year to build the track.

Brasington made a deal in the summer of 1950 with France to run a 500 mi race in Darlington on Labor Day that year. The first Southern 500 carried a record $25,000 purse, and was co-sanctioned by NASCAR and its rival Central States Racing Association. More than 80 entrants showed up for the race. Brasington used a 2-week qualifying scheme similar to the one used at the Indianapolis 500. Brasington was also inspired by Indianapolis when he had the 75-car field aligned in 25 rows of three cars. These practices have been curtailed over the years as NASCAR adopted a more uniform set of guidelines with regard to the number of cars which could qualify for a race. The race was won by Johnny Mantz in a car owned by France.

In recent years the track has been reconfigured; since 1997, what was the front stretch is now the back stretch, from late 2003 to early 2004 lights were installed for night racing to take advantage of the cooler temperatures, and the turns have been renumbered accordingly. Seating has been increased to approximately 65,000, although it has been limited by the proximity of a highway behind the back stretch and the minnow pond.

Darlington has something of a legendary quality among drivers and older fans; this is probably due to its long track length relative to other NASCAR speedways of its era and hence the first venue where many of them became cognizant of the truly high speeds that stock cars could achieve on a long track. The track allegedly earned the moniker The Lady in Black because the night before the race the track maintenance crew would cover the entire track with fresh asphalt sealant, in the early years of the speedway, thus making the racing surface dark black. Darlington is also known as "The Track Too Tough to Tame" because drivers can run lap after lap without a problem and then bounce off of the wall the following lap. Racers will frequently explain that they have to race the racetrack, not their competition. Drivers hitting the wall are considered to have received their "Darlington Stripe" thanks to the missing paint on the right side of the car.

On January 28, 2019, it was revealed on ISC's 2018 annual report that the raceway's track seating was reduced from 58,000 to 47,000.

Races
For many years, Darlington was the site of two annual NASCAR Cup Series races. One, the Rebel 400, was held in the spring while the other, the Southern 500, was always held on Labor Day weekend. In 2003, the Labor Day race was given to California Speedway, and the Southern 500 was moved to November 2004 and was run as part of the Chase for the Nextel Cup.

In 2005, NASCAR eliminated the Southern 500 altogether as a result of the Ferko lawsuit, offending many fans who had followed the sport for generations. The race was merged into the 400 mi spring race, and moved to Mother's Day weekend. A 500-mile race named after a Dodge vehicle was held for the next four years, before the race was given the Southern 500 moniker in 2009.

The move was the result of several factors. Darlington suffered from poor ticket sales, particularly in the spring. Part of this is due to the track's location in the Textile Belt of South Carolina, where there has been an ongoing general economic decline for many years. Additionally, there is very little of interest to the average fan from outside the Darlington area other than the events at the track itself. Many newer NASCAR venues are near major cities to avoid this problem. A further factor in the move was an ongoing desire by NASCAR to spread its events out over more of the country. However, the novelty having now worn off of many of these newer races and venues, several of them are now suffering much worse attendance than Darlington has ever experienced.

Darlington received a $10 million upgrade in 2008, the largest investment in the track's history. This followed a $6 million upgrade the previous year, which included an entire repaving of the oval for the first time since 1995.

In 2014, Darlington swapped dates with Kansas Speedway and was run in April. In 2015, the Southern 500 returned to its traditional Labor Day weekend date.

In 2020, Darlington Raceway gained two additional Cup Series races, The Real Heroes 400 and the Toyota 500, and an additional Xfinity Series race, the Toyota 200, as part of NASCAR resuming its season after it was put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Later in the year, it was revealed that the Craftsman Truck Series would gain its own spot back onto the schedule, after a nine-year gap between races. The temporary dates became permanent events for all three series in 2021.

On July 28, 2022, the raceway signed Coastal Carolina quarterback Grayson McCall to a name, image, and likeness agreement that would have him promote races at the track and be the face of the raceway.

Records

 * NASCAR Cup Series Qualifying: Aric Almirola, 26.705 s – 184.145 mph, April 11, 2014
 * NASCAR Cup Series Race (500 miles): Matt Kenseth, 3 h 32 min 45 s – 141.383 mph, May 2013
 * NASCAR Cup Series Smallest Margin of Victory: .002 seconds, Ricky Craven over Kurt Busch, March 16, 2003.
 * NASCAR Cup Series Largest Margin of Victory: 14 laps, Ned Jarrett in the 1965 Southern 500.
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series Qualifying: Carl Edwards, 27.784 s – 176.994 mph, May 9, 2008
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series Race (200 miles): Michael Waltrip, 1 h 27 min 13 s – 138.14 mph, September 5, 1992
 * NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Qualifying: Cole Whitt, 28.273 s – 173.933 mph, 2011
 * NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Race (200 miles): Bobby Hamilton, 1 h 30 min 9 s – 133.645 mph, March 14, 2003

Lap records
As of May 2021, the fastest official race lap records at Darlington Raceway are listed as:

NASCAR Cup Series records
(As of 3-September-2023 )

* from minimum 5 starts.

Darlington Raceway Stock Car Museum
The Darlington Raceway Stock Car Museum is an automotive museum that focuses on the history of Darlington Raceway and the sport of stock car racing. Exhibits include race car history, memorabilia and classic cars, including ones driven at Darlington by such famous race car drivers as Richard Petty, Darrell Waltrip, and the 1950 Plymouth that Johnny Mantz drove to win the first Southern 500 at Darlington. The museum also features the National Motorsports Press Association (NMPA) Hall of Fame about the sport of NASCAR racing. Inductees include Alan Kulwicki, David Pearson, Junior Johnson, Lee Petty, Richard Petty and Neil Bonnett.

The museum was conceived by NASCAR race car champion Joe Weatherly, who was killed in a NASCAR Cup Series race at Riverside International Raceway in 1964, and was dedicated to him in 1965. The museum was originally known as the Joe Weatherly Stock Car Museum until it was expanded in 2003.

Film
The 1959 Southern 500 is prominently featured in the 1960 film Thunder in Carolina, starring Rory Calhoun and Alan Hale Jr. Darlington Raceway is featured in the 1990 film “Days of Thunder”, starring Tom Cruise and John C. Reilly. Darlington Raceway is featured in the 1967 film “Thunder Alley”, starring Annette Funicello and Fabian.

title: Darlington Raceway


text:
User talk:Sharavanabhava

Please click here to leave me a new comment.

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sharavanabhava


text:
Talk:T-symmetry

Electric Dipole Moment and Notation
The section on the electric dipole moment is difficult to understand. Why does the permanent electric dipole moment have to be proportional to the expectation value of the current, ? Or is J really the total angular momentum operator (not that it would make the dipole argument easier to understand)? Perhaps J should be defined again in the section on anti-untiarity.

Second question: Shouldn't the similarity transforms in the section on anti-unitarity really be like TxT^-1, instead of TxT? For P it doesn't matter, of course, but if T^2=-1 is does make a difference.

"Unsolved" tag deleted
I've deleted the "unsolved" tag becasue it's not considered an unsolved issue. CPT symmetry has been proven in the context of quantum field theory, and the only case where T asymmetry can appear and does not appear is the QCD theta-term, which is known as strong CP problem. This is the unsolved problem, not the one mentioned in the tag.

Definitions of "Trace Defined" Asomtopics of CTP-Symetry Theroies
Strange enough before actually experiencing first hand the nature of the malady which Heisenberg attempted to define as 'absolute uncertain; I simply had no understanding for the reasoning how this could be the case after learning of reversals of symmetry, as sited. There is an abundance of absolution and separation of concerns which I will not attempt further resolve what I do not know beyond reason and experience; nor would I want to sit in a cage with an otherwise vicious series of chaotic beyond my own control although it seems a rational conclusion one could derive. Theory and practice categorically seems to derive from Heisenberg conjecture, as noted previously. Aparently what appears to often be missing in solutions of absolution is that which is lost and becomes the obvious: 'known/unknown quanity(s)'. Just an experimental theroy. [[User:ProtoBytes|ProtoBytes ProtoBytes] 12:00, 13 October 2011 (CNT)

If all the particles (quarks) spin backwards, could we travel back wards
If all the particles (quarks) spin backwards, could we technically age backwards i.e - could a 70 year old deage to a 20 year old if suddenly all the quarks started reversing because of the T-symmetry principle? 2A00:23C7:1502:6401:C4F1:9027:5B25:5C85 (talk) 10:14, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * That is a tricky question when thinking about time travel.
 * Another important point is - that the time does not flow - what this theory is missing and why it is flawed.
 * See Page and Wootters (1983) for a start. Or Julian Barbour. The reality consist of set of instants. 194.111.119.48 (talk) 06:15, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:T-symmetry