text:
Talk:Neil Goldschmidt

Recent news coverage
The girl whom Goldschmidt abused has recently died and her name has now been made public by some media outlets (Willamette Week) but not all (The Oregonian). I don't think there is one Wikipedia policy that completely captures the issue of whether we should add the woman's name to the story. On one hand, Wikipedia is not censored of course, and sadly, WP:BLP not longer applies in this case; however, the victim was a minor at the time of the event which I think does have some impact to her survivors in terms of WP:BDP; and the name itself is not strictly relevant. In any case, I'd like some discussion here before we add the name to the article. I would also propose that the name be removed if added to the article until a consensus is reached here. A little thoughtful discussion seems appropriate. --Esprqii (talk) 06:11, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I took it out it was added by an oregon ip, sadly the womans death is irrelevant to this BLP. - unless there is some connection? Also - as you say - only some media outlets have named her and unless there is additional notability associated to this name and case, adding the name here will have little or no added educational or informative value. 12:08, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm not completely convinced. Whether or not one feels that explicitly naming the victim is in itself informative, I think it is absolutely notable that "her mother was a City Hall aide and campaign staffer" as reported in the WW obit. Ulmanor (talk) 20:05, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * How about something about the revelation without the name, at least till the issue is further discussed:
 * On January 31, 2011, following her passing on January 16 at the age of 49 after a long struggle with substance abuse, both The Oregonian and Willamette Week published stories about the victim. Willamette Week chose to disclose her name, while The Oregonian withheld it based upon her most recent wishes communicated to the paper.  The stories revealed that the victim, who was the daughter of a Portland City Hall staffer who worked for Goldschmidt's campaign, had received a $350,000 settlement in exchange for not naming Goldschmidt.
 * Ulmanor (talk) 20:31, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * THe substance abuse and death are nothing to do with this BLP. If there are details of the settlement that perhaps is related and noteworthy here - Off2riorob (talk) 20:44, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree that the substance abuse information is irrelevant, but I think it is worth mentioning that the victim has died and that is why her name has been made public in some places. I don't think there is any new information about the settlement now revealed; the $250,000 settlement was in Jacquiss's original 2004 Willamette Week article but I can't find it in this article. I'd have to look at the archives of discussion on this article to see if it's an intentional omission, but I can't see why that would be. So perhaps something like:

 * On January 31, 2011, following her death on January 16 at the age of 49, both The Oregonian and Willamette Week published stories about the victim, who was revealed to have been the daughter of a member of Goldschmidt's staff. In addition, Willamette Week chose to disclose her name, while The Oregonian withheld it based upon her most recent wishes communicated to the paper.

 * It also might make sense to update the second paragraph of the abuse section to discuss the new revelations in full context. --Esprqii (talk) 21:07, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, mentioning the context that some released her name after she passed away while some didn't is what we should cover, not the name of the woman herself. Classic NPOV is reporting on the controversay over an issue, rather than taking a stance on whether the name should be published or not. If people really want to learn her name, they can then go to the original sources. Steven Walling  00:08, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Because of why The Oregonian did not publish her name, it "has been intentionally concealed" (WP:BLPNAME). -- Jsayre64  (talk)  21:03, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Criticism of Oregonian's coverage
A recent edit by Mindbunny removed the mention of criticism of the Oregonian's coverage, with an edit summary indicating that the cited source does not really support the claim. Mindbunny, I wonder if maybe you didn't notice that the article linked (reference #1) is a multi-page story; the most relevant content is not on the article's first page. This paragraph is the key, though the issue is covered in numerous places throughout the article: Ughs reverberated through the Northwest that morning.

Outrage and incredulity flamed as Oregonian readers and journalists made their way through the Friday paper. They decried the A1 headline for glossing over the ugliness and criminality of Goldschmidt's actions. They slammed the editorial for failing to properly consider the victim. And they castigated the paper in general for burying Willamette Week's role in forcing Goldschmidt's confession. After all, they surmised, Goldschmidt came to the Oregonian for a reason. Or, as the Washington Post would later put it in an A1 story, if Goldschmidt confessed to the Oregonian in hopes of an easier ride, his strategy appeared to pay "coverage dividends."

As a resident of the state following the story in many publications, I can attest this is if anything an understatement. Many sources could be cited to reflect this, but this one -- by an out-of-state publication whose central purpose is to discuss the practice of journalism -- is really the best one. It's a true secondary source, where you might consider other publications primary sources in this instance. So I believe the content should stay as we had it; I believe this is a very well-cited, and a very important, point. -Pete (talk) 01:44, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I'll add though, it may be worth also finding and citing the Washington Post story referenced above. It may already be cited in this article; it may be the Howard Kurtz or the Blaine Harden story, I'm not sure. But it would strengthen the referencing. I don't think it's necessary in any way, but it certainly couldn't hurt. -Pete (talk) 01:47, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

 * There are several problems with that text. The main problem is that many blanket claims are being made in passive voice (i.e. "weasel words"), and all of them were sourced to that one article which was really a critique or analysis, rather than reporting. This is a BLP, and strict standards for sourcing apply. Also, I didn't remove "mention of criticism," I just shortened it, to what is well-documented. Mindbunny (talk) 15:29, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, the material was about the Oregonian, not about Goldschmidt. It is better placed in the article on the Oregonian, assuming better sourcing can be found. Combining all these factors, it seemed wise to shorten the treatment. Mindbunny (talk) 21:14, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

 * As to your first point: again, I urge you to look more closely at the AJR article. The paragraph I quoted above has blanket claims that are specifically supported by the many paragraphs following it. In those paragraphs, the following journalists are quoted, with their detailed criticisms of the behavior of Goldschmidt and of the Oregonian: a former executive editor of the Wall Street Journal now retired and living on the Oregon coast, a columnist at the Seattle Post-Intelligencer,  a businessman who writes an online community news column from the town of Grants Pass, Portland State University's adviser for student publications, and numerous others. In addition, the story references "61 letters on the Goldschmidt coverage — and most of them were angry" within a period of one day or one week (it's slightly unclear on that point). And it also has Oregonian editors expressing regret about various actions associated with the story. But really -- you shouldn't need me to point this out to you. You are claiming that the text in the WP article is not supported by the AJR source; I think it would be fair to expect you to look closely at the AJR article before making such a claim, which you clearly haven't.

 * On the second point: the AJR article makes it clear that the concerns were primarily about the relationship between Goldschmidt and the Oregonian. In the paragraph I quoted above, for instance, the Washington Post posits that Goldschmidt's choice of the Oregonian was strategic. That point (and related ones, made in various publications) is germane to both Goldschmidt and to the Oregonian, as a reflection on the thinking, motivations, and ethics of both parties, and should be included in both Wikipedia articles. -Pete (talk) 00:29, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I can't tell what your point is. The article states that the Oregonian was criticized for its coverage and use of the term "affair." I didn't take that out. I mainly took out the opinions "The paper was considered to have favored Goldschmidt" and that the Oregonian hadn't given due credit to the Willamette Week--which has nothing to do with Goldschmidt. Those opinions shouldn't be given as passive-voice blanket statements. The source itself, AJR, is full of opinion and not neutral reporting. Mindbunny (talk) 01:32, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Mindbunny, here is my concern: it seems as though you first decided that the content should be cut, and then started looking for reasons to justify the removal, which is the opposite of how it should work. This makes me wonder whether you have a conflict of interest, or are here to argue for the sake of argument.
 * First, you said the article cited didn't support the content included here. When that was demonstrated to be false, you changed your objection, arguing that the blanket nature of the claims and the passive voice were the problem. When I demonstrated that reflected your lack of familiarity with the source, you challenged the neutrality of the source article. (See below.) Also along the way you argued that the criticisms were not related to the man but to the newspaper, which I also demonstrated to be inaccurate. (You almost have a point when it comes to crediting the Willamette Week, but when the newspaper's judgment on the story is deeply intertwined with its relationship with the article's subject, there's no reason not to provide context like this.)
 * I'd like to point out that the text you're objecting to has been through a Good Article review, and is part of an article that has withstood a good deal of scrutiny over the years. While Wikipedia content can always be improved upon, when you're dealing with an article that has been discussed and scrutinized at great length, you would do well to put some careful thought into any new arguments you'd like to advance; many of the observations you have made so far are simply not accurate.
 * On your latest argument – that the source is not neutral – the obligation of a publication like AJR is not to be neutral toward the people or publications it covers, but toward the application of journalistic practices. Your suggestion that they should be neutral toward Goldschmidt or the Oregonian is not sensible; should they look at every subject and say "some people objected to the approach the paper took, but others supported it," regardless of the facts? No. That would produce stories that are uninteresting, and more significantly, intellectually dishonest. The AJR did what all good publications do: it sought out experts on the subject, and presented their views to the reader, with some synthesis to establish the broad themes. It was written months after the initial coverage, and by a publication and a reporter based 3,000 miles away from Oregon, which establishes the kind of distance required for objective reflection. This is precisely the kind of source we most value at Wikipedia, because, quite simply, they make the creation of high quality encyclopedic content possible. -Pete (talk) 02:40, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

 * You're being antagonistic. Please restrict comments to sources and policies, and refrain from speculation about motives and psychology. Also, don't distort what I said. I didn't say a source should do anything "regardless of the facts." The objection to the the source is that it is as much an opinion piece as it is neutral reporting. The objection to the source is not the only objection or "my latest argument." Mindbunny (talk) 04:33, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree, and I think your statement is out of step with Wikipedians' thinking on this. The conflict of interest guideline clearly asserts that there is legitimate grounds for concern about an editor's relationship to the subject of an article. But: I've expressed my concern, you have elected not to address it, and I don't see a lot of benefit to pursuing it.
 * Your claim that the AJR piece is an "opinion piece" is inaccurate. An opinion piece is something that "mainly reflects the author's opinion about the subject." In the AJR piece, there are many opinions cited. The opinions are diverse; they include interviews with Oregonian leadership. The overall focus is not the opinion of the author, but a synthesis of the various expert views gathered for the story. This is a strong example of fact-based reporting, quite unlike an opinion piece. -Pete (talk) 16:51, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
 * At this point, I've forgotten a bit of our back and forth (I became distracted by various wikidramas elsewhere). My point is that the removed text was about the Oregonian, not Goldschmidt. It belongs in an article on the Oreognian, or just on the media coverage of the story. In addition, the source uses a lot of language not found in neutral reporting (language which was reproduced here). It has elements of creative non-fiction, such as projecting the feelings of the characters and providing other "color" that is, while engaging writing, POV. For example, "Ughs reverberated through the Northwest that morning." and "Oregonian editors and some reporters take extreme umbrage at the insinuation that...." and "... the paper's editorial voice pumped up Goldschmidt like an admirer and occasionally a defender." and so on. The text's passive voice often hid the fact that everything was sourced to this one article. I'd go for a compromise if we could find more than one source, but really I think material on the Oregonian belongs in an article on the Oregonian. Mindbunny (talk) 04:49, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I'll let you re-read what's above, as I've already addressed your concern about the paper vs. the person.
 * I've reviewed the sources again, and found that the Kurtz and Harden pieces (both from the Washington Post, the latter republished in the Seattle Times) and the Willamette Week all were written around sources who asserted essentially the same criticisms. I have not yet been able to track down the A1 Washington Post story mentioned in the AJR article. In addition, it's important to note that the Oregonian leadership itself endorsed at least one of the principal critiques: both the editor in chief and the public editor strongly asserted that the word "affair" was the wrong choice. Steve Duin's Oregonian columns could also be cited; but as an opinion writer (unlike all the other sources cited), we would need to exercise care with that one. (The Portland Tribune's Phil Stanford also falls into that category.)
 * So, I think your points have made it clear that it's important to include some of this other sourcing. If any reader should come to this article and get the impression that the criticism was in any way limited to the AJR, that would be a terrible mistake and highly undesirable. Adding more of the sources explicitly would help avoid that possibility. In addition, I noticed that the text never explicitly stated the central (and linking) criticism -- that Goldschmidt's tight relationship with the Oregonian was the core problem from which the others sprang.
 * So, when restoring the content, adding some citations and adding that central criticism to the text would be important. -Pete (talk) 15:35, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Name of rape victim
Proposal to include name of rape victim in the article. The victim of the rape is now dead. The name of the victim has been, subsequently, revealed in the American media. When a person is dead, there is no sense in "protecting anonymity" (and, as the case may be, "dignity") because everyone who passes away has his/her life open for History, by default, and does not suffer, in any sense of the term, anything anymore. This is precisely the reason why in Wikipedia there is one set of rules for biographies of persons who have passed away and another set of (more robust) rules for biographies of living persons. Wouldn't it be a disservice to History if we were, for example, to hide the names of the victims of Jack the Ripper? (Note that there is no "statute of limitations" about this. There is simply a clear demarcation between living and dead persons.)-The Gnome (talk) 05:42, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment First, let me state that I am not 100% opposed to adding the name, but I would like to seek a wider consensus. The discussion below was pretty close, but nothing was ever inserted into the article. My concerns are along the lines of WP:BDP, as the victim's family is still very much alive and had always requested anonymity. Moreover, not all of the media has revealed the name. To my knowledge, the Willamette Week is the only reliable source that has revealed the name. The Jack the Ripper analogy is not particularly valid because it was more than 100 years ago, and none of his victims' families are still alive, nor were they minors who had their names withheld by the media for many years. A better analogy might be children who were abused by priests; many have come forward in adulthood, but many have not. Should we reveal all their names immediately upon their deaths? I don't want to get hung up on analogies though. Bottom line is that I don't see the value of the name adds to the article at this time. I don't think we have to wait 100 years, but four months may not be enough. --Esprqii (talk) 17:16, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Only one small remark. Family ("the wishes of the family") should not come into considerations of historical reference. If one's mother has been raped, her name can be revealed after her death, if that revelation serves historical purposes (or is notable, in wiki terms), even if the son/daughter objects. The reasons a family offers, in objecting, are (a) social stigma to the family, and (b) protection of the deceased's dignity and right to anonymity. The latter are void as soon as one dies. The former cannot possibly be accepted as legitimate: the notion that a family somehow loses social standing simply for having a now-deseased family member who's been victimized in the distant past would be a significantly biased social notion for Wiki to endorse.-The Gnome (talk) 08:00, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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References to seek out:
 * Louise Sweeney, Christian Science Monitor, March 11, 1980. (Mentioned in "Current Biography" reference)
 * Washington Post, October 15, 1979
 * Playboy, January 1973
 * National Jaycees, Ten Outstanding Young Men of America, 1974
 * Time: 200 Faces of the Future, 2974
 * Oregonian poll 1977, Goldschmidt could have challenged Hatfield

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title: Talk:Neil Goldschmidt


text:
Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality

Les Etchemins is a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of eastern Quebec, Canada. It is named for the Etchemin River which finds its source in the region, as well as Etchemin Lake. Lac-Etchemin is the seat of the RCM. Les Etchemins can be found on the Maine border, southeast of Quebec City.

Subdivisions
There are 13 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Municipalities (10)
 * Lac-Etchemin
 * Saint-Benjamin
 * Sainte-Aurélie
 * Sainte-Justine
 * Sainte-Rose-de-Watford
 * Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague
 * Saint-Luc-de-Bellechasse
 * Saint-Magloire
 * Saint-Prosper
 * Saint-Zacharie

 * Parishes (3)
 * Saint-Camille-de-Lellis
 * Saint-Cyprien
 * Sainte-Sabine

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways
 * None

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec

Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is a municipality located in Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, in Quebec, Canada. . It is located on the islands of the Magdalen Islands archipelago, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 250 km from Gaspé, 120 km from Prince Edward Island, 90 km from Cape Breton Island, and 150 km from Newfoundland.

History
The Mi'kmaq were among the original occupants of Atlantic Canada, inhabiting the coastal regions of the Gaspé Peninsula and The Maritimes east of the Saint John River. This traditional territory is called Mi'gma'gi (Mi'kma'ki).

According to Mi'kmaq oral history and archaeological evidence collected to date, there has been a seasonal First Nations presence on the Magdalen Islands for 6,000 to 10,000 years. This occupation was mainly for summer fishing and hunting, marine mammals or other game.

The explorer Jacques Cartier was the first known European to visit the islands in 1534.

The first concerted settlement attempt was made by English Brownist (a group of English Dissenters or separatists) Francis Johnson in 1597, which failed. François Doublet de Honfleur received the concession of the archipelago from the Company of One Hundred Associates (Compagnie des Cent-Associés), in 1663, he gave it its current name, in honour of his wife Madeleine Fontaine.

The first real settlers to settle on the islands came after the fall of Louisbourg and the dispersal of the Acadians from the Grand-Pré region of Acadia.

In 1765, the islands were inhabited by 22 French-speaking Acadians and their families. They were working and hunting walruses for a British trader, Richard Gridley. Many inhabitants of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine still fly the Acadian flag and identify as both Acadian and Québécois. The islands were administered as part of the British Colony of Newfoundland from 1763 to 1774, when they became part of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791) by the Quebec Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain.

Some of the islanders are descendants of survivors of the more than 400 shipwrecks on the islands. Some of the historic houses were built using wood that was salvaged from the shipwrecks.

"Once, 48 ships sank during a single storm."

The islands have some of Quebec's oldest English-speaking settlements. Although most anglophones have long either assimilated with the francophone population or migrated elsewhere, English-speaking settlements are found at Old Harry, a hamlet in Grosse-Île, and Entry Island. To improve the safety of ships, the government constructed lighthouses on the islands. They indicate navigable channels and have reduced the number of shipwrecks, but many old hulks are found on the beaches and under the waters.

Until the 20th century, the islands were completely isolated during the winter since the sea ice made the trip to the mainland impassable by boat. In August 1880, the Canadian Government's telegraphy service installed the first submarine cable that connected the islands with the mainland.

On January 6, 1910, this cable connecting the village of Old Harry, Magdalen Islands, to Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, broke. On February 2, 1910, Magdalen Islanders, cut off from the rest of the world, threw into the sea a ponchon, that is to say, a barrel containing the original molasses, the wooden barrel, equipped with a rudder and a sheet metal sail on which they had painted the inscription "Winter Magdalen Mail". In the ponchon, it has letters placed in sealed tin cans, these letters are addressed to families on the continent, except one written for the person who would find the makeshift boat and another addressed to Rodolphe Lemieux, Member of Parliament for Gaspé and Postmaster General. The ponchon reached Halifax around February 14, 1910. A year later, the Government of Canada responded to the Magdalen Islanders' grievances and installed a wireless telegraphy system in the Islands.

Geography
Created in 2002, the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is the result of the merger of multiple municipalities within the archipelago.

As part of a municipal reorganization across Quebec, the seven communities of the Magdalen Islands amalgamated to form the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine on January 1, 2002. Grosse-Île has since regained its status as a separate municipality; the list below presents the six hamlets of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

L'Étang-du-Nord
L'Étang-du-Nord is the main fishing centre of the Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, the place received its first inhabitants around 1830 and was officially erected as a municipality in 1875. The community hosts a campus of Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles, the Magdalen Islands' only post-secondary institution.

Fatima

Located on the island of Cap-aux-Meules, Fatima was settled between 1820 and 1845. It is named after Fátima in Portugal, a pilgrimage site highly visited after three young shepherds claimed the Holy Virgin appeared to them. Its population, as of 2006, was 2,809.

L’Île-du-Havre-Aubert
The hamlet of L’Île-du-Havre-Aubert is made up of the island of Havre-Aubert and the island of L’ Île-d’Entrée.

Havre-aux-Maisons
Havre-aux-Maisons, located on the island of Havre aux Maisons, was first settled in 1765 from Acadia.

Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport, Magdalen Islands' only port of entry by air, is located on Havre-aux-Maisons.

Cap-aux-Meules
Cap-aux-Meules, is the largest commercial and fishing port in the archipelago as well as maritime links to the outside world Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (CTMA),

Grande-Entrée
Grande-Entrée is located on Grande Entrée Island, the hamlet is made up of two points of land facing each other which, between their arms, form a bay where boats can enter as if in a natural harbour, hence the name Grande-Entrée.

Language
The language of the Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is made up of the language of France and Acadia, the language of the sea and the coasts, the influences of English, the additions made, from the beginning of the 19th century by sailors and traders of Jersey in the Channel Islands, and there are also the contributions of the Mi'kmaq language and Quebec French.

In its maritime and island environment, Madelinian culture draws the colours of its language from multiple crucibles of identity, the sea, the dunes, the wind, the mist where the roots of Acadia, Quebec, the Jersey islands, the distant echoes of the First Nations, and others, where a unique culture mixes and knits together.

Over the years and as a result of the numerous shipwrecks, the population of the municipality increases on both sides of the linguistic and religious barrier, but the proportion of Anglophones never exceed 3%.

Attractions
La Grave heritage site includes buildings with a variety of functions: general store, salt works, tinsmith's shop, fishing tackle store, fish sales counter, small warehouses and scaffolds.

Sea
The Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.) operates a ferry service between terminals in Souris, Prince Edward Island, and Cap-aux-Meules.

The Société des traversiers du Québec (STQ), under an agreement withCoopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.), transports goods year-round.

In summer the STQ offers an 8-day round-trip cruise from Port of Montreal to the Port of Cap-aux-Meules. This service has been on hold between 2020 and 2023.

Road
Quebec Route 199 is an essential link for the municipality of Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

In April 2023, Geneviève Guilbault, Quebec's Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility (Transports Québec) announced the start of work to protect Highway 199, which will protect the road from coastal hazards and limit the consequences of coastal erosion and submersion on road network infrastructure. According to the Minister, the work demonstrates the government's willingness to innovate in the context of climate change.

Air
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport is located at Havre-aux-Maisons. The airport operates flights across the archipelago as well as to Montreal, Quebec City and Gaspé and seasonally, to the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.

title: Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec


text:
Les Jardins-de-Napierville Regional County Municipality

Les Jardins-de-Napierville (English: "The Gardens of Napierville") is a regional county municipality (RCM) in southwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Montérégie region. Founded on January 1, 1982. Its seat is Napierville.

History
The RCM was formed on January 1, 1982 by combining historic Napierville County with other municipalities.

Subdivisions
There are 11 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Saint-Rémi

 * Municipalities (8)
 * Napierville
 * Saint-Bernard-de-Lacolle
 * Saint-Cyprien-de-Napierville
 * Saint-Édouard
 * Saint-Jacques-le-Mineur
 * Saint-Michel
 * Saint-Patrice-de-Sherrington
 * Sainte-Clotilde

 * Townships (1)
 * Hemmingford

 * Villages (1)
 * Hemmingford

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways
 * None

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes


text:
Les Laurentides Regional County Municipality

Les Laurentides (English: The Laurentians) is a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Mont-Blanc. It is named after the Laurentian Mountains.

The population was 50,777 according to the 2021 Canadian Census.

Subdivisions
There are 20 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Barkmere
 * Mont-Tremblant
 * Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts

 * Municipalities (14)
 * Brébeuf
 * Huberdeau
 * Ivry-sur-le-Lac
 * Labelle
 * La Conception
 * Lac-Supérieur
 * Lac-Tremblant-Nord
 * La Minerve
 * Lantier
 * Mont-Blanc
 * Montcalm
 * Sainte-Lucie-des-Laurentides
 * Val-des-Lacs
 * Val-Morin

 * Townships (2)
 * Amherst
 * Arundel

 * Villages (1)
 * Val-David

 * Indian Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Doncaster

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality

Les Maskoutains is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Its seat is in Saint-Hyacinthe.

The name comes from Algonquin word maskutew meaning "bear plain" in plular.

Subdivisions
There are 17 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Saint-Hyacinthe
 * Saint-Pie

 * Municipalities (13)
 * La Présentation
 * Saint-Barnabé-Sud
 * Saint-Bernard-de-Michaudville
 * Saint-Damase
 * Saint-Dominique
 * Saint-Hugues
 * Saint-Jude
 * Saint-Liboire
 * Saint-Louis
 * Saint-Marcel-de-Richelieu
 * Saint-Simon
 * Saint-Valérien-de-Milton
 * Sainte-Hélène-de-Bagot

 * Parishes (1)
 * Sainte-Marie-Madeleine

 * Villages (1)
 * Sainte-Madeleine

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Les Moulins Regional County Municipality

Les Moulins is a regional county municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada.

It is located immediately north of Laval on the north shore of the Rivière des Mille-Îles, and comprises the municipalities of Terrebonne and Mascouche. Historic communities in the region, which are now arrondissements of the two existing cities, include Lachenaie and La Plaine.

The population according to the 2016 Canadian Census was 158,267

Subdivisions
There are 2 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Mascouche
 * Terrebonne

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Les Pays-d'en-Haut Regional County Municipality

Les Pays-d'En-Haut is a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. The population according to the 2016 Canadian Census was 41,877.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (4)
 * Estérel
 * Sainte-Adèle
 * Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson
 * Saint-Sauveur

 * Municipalities (5)
 * Lac-des-Seize-Îles
 * Morin-Heights
 * Piedmont
 * Saint-Adolphe-d'Howard
 * Wentworth-Nord

 * Parishes (1)
 * Sainte-Anne-des-Lacs

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Dry-tooling

Dry-tooling (or drytooling) is a form of mixed climbing that is performed on bare, ice-free, and snow-free, routes. As with mixed climbing, the climber uses ice axes and crampons to ascend the route, but uses only rock climbing equipment for protection; many modern dry-tooling routes are now fully bolted like sport climbing routes. Indoor ice climbing competitions are held on non-ice surfaces and are effectively dry-tooling events.

Dry-tooling developed from the mid-1990s as the standards of mixed climbing rose dramatically, and the most difficult part of the new extreme M-graded mixed routes was often the dry-tooling component (i.e. a roof or severe overhang). Some of the most extreme mixed climbing routes now quote a D-grade alongside the M-grade to signify whether there was any ice encountered (i.e. Iron Man in Switzerland which is M14+/D14+).

Dry-tooling uses the identical equipment and techniques of mixed climbing and has followed its increased regulation of equipment to counter criticisms that it is a form of aid climbing. Dry-tooling has faced additional criticisms due to the damage it can do to natural rock surfaces, and dry-tooling climbing areas are usually separate from rock climbing areas. Dry tooling has been advocated as a more accessible sport for women.

Description
Dry-tooling is mixed climbing performed on surfaces that have no ice or snow. The equipment is identical to mixed climbing, except that none of the ice climbing tools used by mixed climbers for protection are employed (e.g. ice screws). Dry-tooling climbers use the same fruit boots, monopoint crampons, heel spurs, and advanced leashless ice axes, which mixed climbers use. All of the unique techniques used in mixed climbing including stein pulls, torque pulls, undercling pulls, and figure-four moves are also used in dry-tooling.

While dry-tooling techniques are used in alpine climbing, the modern sport of dry-tooling is associated with bolted protection, in the same manner as sport climbing rock routes. Like sport climbing, dry-tooling is also closely associated with competition ice climbing. As with mixed climbing, the equipment of dry-tooling has become more closely governed to counter criticisms of the sport being akin to aid climbing. Dry-tooling in competition ice climbing no longer allows ice axe leashes and controls the dimensions of tools and the use of heel spurs.

Types of routes
Dry-tooling climbers avoid rock climbing venues as the action of the ice axe can damage fragile holds (i.e. dry-tooling climbers do not attempt to repeat graded rock climbing routes). Popular dry-tooling bolted venues are therefore often explicitly unsuitable for rock climbing due to weak rock (e.g. choss rock as found in the Dolomites or in the Fang Amphitheater in Vail, Colorado), and/or are perpetually in damp and wet condition.

Leading dry-tooling climbers focus on roofs to push standards (and under DTS conditions), and thus many of the most important venues are caves (or quasi-caves), such as A Line Above the Sky (D15 DTS) and Parallel World (D16 DTS) in the Tomorrow's World Cave in Marmolada, Bichette Light (D14 DTS) in the L'Usine Cave in Grenoble, or the Storm Giant (D16) in a remote cave in Fernie, British Columbia. or the Aletheia (D16) and Téleios (D16+) in the Tana del drago in Ponte nelle Alpi.

History
Dry-tooling has always been used by ice climbers and mixed climbers to train in the summer months of the off-season, and as part of mixed climbing, dry-tooling techniques have been used in alpine climbing for decades. In 1994, when Jeff Lowe dry-tooled a bare rock roof to get to the impressive hanging icicle of Octopussy in Vail, Colorado, and graded his ascent at WI6 M8, the sport of mixed climbing, but also dry-tooling was born.

While the early surge from 1994 to 2003 was focused on developing mixed climbing routes with sections of both rock and ice, as M-graded milestones rose, the technical challenges became more concentrated on the dry-tooling part of the routes, and particularly on breaching ever-larger roofs. At the same time, the UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup events were being held on non-iced surfaces that were essentially dry-tooling routes, and UIAA male and female competitors also began to push dry-tooling standards in the outside environment.

In 2010, French climbers, including Jeff Mercier, introduced Dry Tooling Style (DTS), restricting equipment use and prohibiting figure-four and figure-nine moves (also called a "yaniro"). Competitions under DTS rules have been held, and several leading dry-tooling climbers have set new grade milestones in DTS fashion.

In 2012, Swiss climber Robert Jasper made the first ascent of Iron Man in completely dry conditions and graded it D14+, using a "D" prefix to denote "dry conditions"; he then repeated the route later in iced conditions and added a grade of M14+, for "mixed conditions". In 2016, when the late British climber Tom Ballard freed the hardest dry-tooling climb in history, A Line Above the Sky, he graded it D15 DTS (i.e. done in the DTS style) and avoided the "M" prefix.

Techniques
As well as using standard techniques of ice climbing (e.g. front pointing) and of rock climbing (e.g. crack climbing, but with ice axes), dry-tooling climbers have developed a range of techniques that are largely unique to their sport (and the derived sport of mixed-tooling). These include:
 * Stein pull. The climber inverts their ice axe and wedges the blade upwards into cracks in the rock, gaining an upward momentum by then pulling down on the handle (with the blade wedged). Stein pulls are used frequently on overhanging sections, and for creating a resting position.
 * Undercling pull. The climber has gone above the stein pull hold, and can either convert their stein pull into a mantel-type move (i.e. pushing down on the handle), or can re-set the axe blade into an undercling pull where they pull themselves into the rock; an advanced technique that absorbs a lot of energy.
 * Torque pull. The climber wedges the blade of their ice axe into a crack and then pulls sideways, thus creating "torque" between the axe and the wedged blade, enabling the climber to move upwards.  Torque pulls are used frequently to ascent vertical cracks.
 * Figure-four. The climber creates a lock-off with their arm so that the ice axe is wedged into the rock, and the arm holding the axe is locked at an angle; they then use this arm like a hold by hooking their "opposite" leg over the arm and pushing their leg down to reach upward. A figure-nine uses the "non-opposite" leg.

In addition, dry-tooling climbers try to keep their elbows near their sides (i.e. to avoid draining energy in torque and stein pulls), and are very careful in extracting wedged blades (i.e. which can ricochet back into the climber's face), and of gently balancing the front points of their crampons on thin holds.

Evolution of grade milestones
While many mixed climbing M-graded routes could be more accurately described as combinations of D-graded dry-tooling routes and WI-graded ice climbing routes, it was not until Robert Jasper's ascent of Iron Man in 2012, that D-grades become more common for routes that had no ice whatsoever.

 * 2009. Bichette Light D14 DTS L'Usine Cave, Grenoble, France. First ascent was in 2009 by Jeff Mercier and is considered the first D14 in dry-tool history; Mercier did it in DTS fashion with a D14+/D15 grade, now softened to D14.

 * 2012. Iron Man D14+ Eptingen, Switzerland. First ascent was in 2012 by Robert Jasper and is considered one of the first D14+s in dry-tool climbing history; Japer climbed it in completely dry conditions, grading it D14+, although he did it later again in iced conditions, grading it M14+ (the first M14+ in history).

 * 2016. A Line Above the Sky D15 DTS Tomorrow's World Cave, Dolomites, Italy. First ascent was in 2016 by Tom Ballard and is considered the first D15 in dry-tool climbing history; Ballard also climbed it in DTS fashion. Grade was confirmed by Gaetan Raymond, Dariusz Sokołowski and Jeff Mercier.

 * 2017. Storm Giant D16 Fernie, British Columbia, Canada. First ascent was in 2017 by Gordon McArthur and is considered the first D16 in dry-tool climbing history; McArthur did not climb it in DTS fashion.

 * 2019. Parallel World D16 DTS Tomorrow's World Cave, Dolomites, Italy. First ascent was in 2019 by Darek Sokołowski and is the first D16 in dry-tool climbing history that was done in DTS fashion. Then the route has been downgraded to D15+ by Kwon YoungHye and Matteo Pillon. The first and so far only repeat in DTS was done in 2024 by Victor Varoshkin.

 * 2021. Aletheia D16 Tana del Drago ("Dragon's Den"), Ponte nelle Alpi, Italy. First ascent was in 2021 by Matteo Pilon, and repeated by Kevin Lindlau in 2024.

 * 2024. Téleios D16+ Tana del Drago, Ponte nelle Alpi, Italy. First ascent was in 2021 by Matteo Pilon, the route has not yet been repeated.

Female grade milestones
Most leading female dry-tooling climbers are competition ice climbers from the UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup tour, however, despite their smaller grouping, on several occasions, female dry-tooling climbers have set grade milestones that matched the highest male grades at the time; dry-tooling has been advocated as an accessible sport for women:

 * 2007. Law and Order D13 Diebsöfen, Austria. First female ascent was in 2007 by Ines Papert and is considered the first D13 by a female in dry-tooling history; also graded M13 but is largely a dry route.

 * 2013. Iron Man D14+ Eptingen, Switzerland. First female ascent was in 2013 by Lucie Hrozová and is considered the first D14 by a female in dry-tooling history; at the time of Hrozová's ascent Iorn Man was considered the hardest route in the world.

 * 2017. A Line Above the Sky D15 Tomorrow's World Cave, Dolomites, Italy. First female ascent was in 2017 by Angelika Rainer and is considered the first D15 by a female in dry-tool history; at the time the highest male grade was also D15.

title: Dry-tooling


text:
Le Val-Saint-François Regional County Municipality

Le Val-Saint-François is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Richmond.

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Richmond
 * Valcourt
 * Windsor

 * Municipalities (10)
 * Bonsecours
 * Maricourt
 * Racine
 * Saint-Claude
 * Saint-Denis-de-Brompton
 * Saint-François-Xavier-de-Brompton
 * Sainte-Anne-de-la-Rochelle
 * Stoke
 * Ulverton
 * Val-Joli

 * Townships (3)
 * Cleveland
 * Melbourne
 * Valcourt

 * Villages (2)
 * Kingsbury
 * Lawrenceville

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Clarinet sonata

A clarinet sonata is piece of music in sonata form for clarinet, often with piano accompaniment.

The Clarinet Sonatas by Brahms are of special significance in the development of the clarinet repertoire. Several important transcriptions are also possible, including sonatas by Mozart, Schubert, Reinecke, Copland, and Prokofiev.

Clarinet sonatas

 * This list is approximately in chronological order.

 * François Devienne: Clarinet sonata no.1 (1798), Clarinet sonata no.2 (1798)
 * Ferdinand Ries: Clarinet Sonata, Op. 29 (1808)
 * Carl Maria von Weber: Grand Duo Concertant, Op. 48 (1816)
 * Felix Mendelssohn: Clarinet Sonata (1824)
 * Alice Mary Smith: Clarinet Sonata (1870)
 * Charles Swinnerton Heap: Clarinet Sonata (1879)
 * Theodore Gouvy: Clarinet Sonata, Op. 76 (1882)
 * Ebenezer Prout: Clarinet Sonata, Op. 26 (1882)
 * Felix Draeseke: Clarinet Sonata (1887), which also can be played by a violin
 * Samuel Coleridge-Taylor: Clarinet Sonata (c1893)
 * Josef Rheinberger:Clarinet Sonata, Op. 105a (1893)
 * Johannes Brahms:
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 1 (1894)
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 2 (1894)
 * William Henry Hadow: Clarinet Sonata (1897)
 * Max Reger:
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 1 (1900)
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 2 (1900)
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 3 (1909)
 * Donald Francis Tovey: Clarinet Sonata in B-flat major, Op. 16 (1906)
 * Charles Villiers Stanford: Clarinet Sonata, Op. 129 (1912), which can also be played by a viola
 * Camille Saint-Saëns: Clarinet Sonata (1921)
 * William Henry Bell: Clarinet Sonata in D minor (1926)
 * Darius Milhaud: Sonatina for Clarinet (1927)
 * George Frederick Linstead: Clarinet Sonata (1932?)
 * John Cage: Sonata for Solo Clarinet (1933)
 * Arnold Bax:
 * Clarinet Sonata in E major (1901)
 * Clarinet Sonata in D major (1934)
 * Antoni Szalowski: Clarinet Sonatina (1936)
 * Mary Lucas: Clarinet Sonata (1938)
 * Paul Hindemith: Clarinet Sonata (1939)
 * Roger Fiske: Clarinet Sonata (1941)
 * Leonard Bernstein: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1942)
 * Aaron Copland: Sonata for Clarinet (Violin) and Piano (1943)
 * York Bowen: Clarinet Sonata (1943)
 * John Ireland: Fantasy Sonata (1943)
 * Sergei Prokofiev: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, Op.94 (1943), originally for flute, also arranged for violin
 * Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, Op. 128 (1945)
 * Nino Rota: Sonata in D major for Clarinet and Piano (1945)
 * Mieczysław Weinberg: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, Op. 28 (1945)
 * Herbert Howells: Clarinet Sonata (1946)
 * Marga Richter: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1948)
 * Christopher Shaw: Clarinet Sonata (1949)
 * Malcolm Arnold: Clarinet Sonatina (1951)
 * Roger Fiske: Clarinet Sonatina (1951)
 * Pamela Harrison: Clarinet Sonata (1954)
 * Iain Hamilton: Clarinet Sonata, Op. 22 (1955)
 * Ruth Gipps: Clarinet Sonata (1956)
 * Bohuslav Martinů: Clarinet Sonatina, H. 356 (1956)
 * Peter Maxwell Davies: Clarinet Sonata (1956)
 * Arnold Cooke: Clarinet Sonata in B flat (1959)
 * Francis Poulenc:
 * Sonata for two clarinets, Op. 7 (1918/1945)
 * Sonata for clarinet and bassoon, Op. 32 (1922/1945)
 * Clarinet Sonata (1962)
 * Alun Hoddinott: Clarinet Sonata (1967)
 * Carlos Guastavino : Clarinet sonata (1970)
 * Vyacheslav Artyomov:
 * Sonata for clarinet solo (1966)
 * Confession, clarinet solo (1971)
 * Derek Bourgeois: Clarinet Sonata (1975)
 * Timothy Salter: Clarinet Sonata (1976)
 * Antony Roper (1921–2013): Clarinet Sonata (1979)
 * Joseph Horovitz: Clarinet Sonatina (1981)
 * Graham Whettam: Clarinet Sonata (1988)
 * Gary Carpenter: Clarinet Sonata (1991)
 * Adam Gorb: Clarinet Sonata (1991)
 * Marcus Blunt: Clarinet Sonata (1991)
 * Jack Cooper: Sonata for Clarinet (1999)
 * Michael Finnissy: Clarinet Sonata (2007)
 * Peter Klatzow: Sonata (2007)
 * Octavio Vazquez: Clarinet Sonata (2009)
 * Dieter Lehnhoff: Sonata Urbana for Clarinet and Piano, Op. 30 (2010)
 * Jennifer Higdon: Sonata for Clarinet & Piano (2011)
 * Hendrik Hofmeyr: Clarinet Sonata (2013)
 * Bruno Vlahek: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, Op. 42 (2015)
 * David Conte: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (2019)
 * Jerzy Fryderyk Wojciechowski: Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (2023)

title: Clarinet sonata


text:
L'Île-d'Orléans Regional County Municipality

L'Île-d'Orléans is a regional county municipality in central Quebec, Canada, in the Capitale-Nationale region. Its seat is Sainte-Famille-de-l'Île-d'Orléans. The population in the 2016 census was 7,082 people.

The RCM consists solely of the Île d'Orléans, an island in the Saint Lawrence River just east of Quebec City. It is the smallest RCM in Quebec in terms of land area (though not in total area including water).

Subdivisions
There are 6 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Municipalities (5)
 * Sainte-Famille-de-l'Île-d'Orléans
 * Saint-François-de-l'Île-d'Orléans
 * Saint-Jean-de-l'Île-d'Orléans
 * Saint-Laurent-de-l'Île-d'Orléans
 * Saint-Pierre-de-l'Île-d'Orléans

 * Villages (1)
 * Sainte-Pétronille

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways
 * None

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
L'Islet Regional County Municipality

L'Islet is a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada.

The county seat is Saint-Jean-Port-Joli.

Adjacent counties and municipalities

 * Kamouraska Regional County Municipality – northeast
 * Aroostook County, Maine – southeast
 * Montmagny Regional County Municipality – southwest
 * Charlevoix Regional County Municipality – northwest

Subdivisions
There are 14 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Saint-Pamphile

 * Municipalities (11)
 * L'Islet
 * Saint-Adalbert
 * Saint-Aubert
 * Saint-Damase-de-L'Islet
 * Sainte-Félicité
 * Sainte-Perpétue
 * Saint-Jean-Port-Joli
 * Saint-Marcel
 * Saint-Omer
 * Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies
 * Tourville

 * Parishes (2)
 * Saint-Cyrille-de-Lessard
 * Sainte-Louise

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

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 * External Routes
 * None

title: L'Islet Regional County Municipality


text:
Lotbinière Regional County Municipality

Lotbinière is a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec. It is an almost exclusively rural RCM, with no village with a population above 4,000. As of the 2016 Canadian Census, the RCM had a population of 31,741. Its seat is in Sainte-Croix.

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Municipalities (14)
 * Dosquet
 * Leclercville
 * Lotbinière
 * Saint-Agapit
 * Saint-Antoine-de-Tilly
 * Saint-Apollinaire
 * Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière
 * Sainte-Croix
 * Saint-Flavien
 * Saint-Gilles
 * Saint-Janvier-de-Joly
 * Saint-Patrice-de-Beaurivage
 * Saint-Sylvestre
 * Val-Alain

 * Parishes (3)
 * Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Cœur-d'Issoudun
 * Saint-Édouard-de-Lotbinière
 * Saint-Narcisse-de-Beaurivage

 * Villages (1)
 * Laurier-Station

Language
Mother tongue from 2016 Canadian Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Lotbinière Regional County Municipality


text:
Talk:Mesolithic

Confusion
I find the addition of the LBK confusing, as it is Neolithic, not Mesolithic --Yak 16:41, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Yak, you are quite correct, my mistake - I was applying western European chronology to central Europe. The link has been removed. adamsan 17:36, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

changed the taxobox. In Central Europe, the Mesolithic (Maglemose, Beuronien, Sauveterien) is not the same as the Epipalaeolithic (Hamburg, Ahrensburg). In some areas, like the Middle East, some authors use the expressions synonymously (Kebaran to Natufian). Should better be explained in page. Also, the dates given are confusing - they obviously refer to the levant, in Central Europe it would be 8.000-5500, in some areas of Scotland (Larnian) about 4000 BC cal. So I would suggest to leave them out of the box altogether. --Yak 07:33, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

Still the same objection: dates of Mesolithic vary widely depending on area: the box pretends to a synchroneity that does not really exist --Yak 22:57, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You also need to add the broad spectrum revolution at least... If you feel up to it try getting into detail, this was a major event in the mesolithic period - Foxman

Proper use of the terms Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic
I am a non-expert in the field of archeology, although I do have extensive training in ancient languages and literatures, and I must tell you that I find the prevalence of the "Mesolithic/epipaleolithic" debate within this article to be highly confusing and unnecessary. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia article, and not the proceedings of an academic conference. It is also poorly written, and refers to subjects and concepts that should be defined in a clear and general manner, instead of being used as jargon. I'm not qualified to edit the work here, but I hope someone with the proper understanding of the subject matter will consider eliminating this section, or edit it extensively and move it toward the end, and get on with the business at hand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.201.142.26 (talk) 00:17, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

AFAIK the term Mesolithic refers:
 * 1) Strictu sensu: to those transitional cultures between Paleolithic and Neolithic, like Natufian.
 * 2) Broad sense: to anything late Paleolithic, but this is more specifically described with the term epipaleolithic

Agains what the article claims, epipaleolithic does not refer to transitional cultures like Natufian but rather to non-transitional ones like Azilian or Sauveterrian.

The same confusion (inverted meaning) is present in the article Epipaleolithic. If nobody can present clear evidence that I'm wrong in this, I will proceed to correct both articles radically. --Sugaar (talk) 11:35, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * No replies in a week or so. Yet people keep adding with the same confusion of meaning.
 * BTW, references: Archaeology Wordsmith: Epipaleolithic, Mesolithic, confirming my perception. --Sugaar (talk) 09:08, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Edited accordingly. I don't know who's that Mitten but he seems totally confused. Still I have kept his opinion and references.
 * As I expect a storm after the edition, and someone will surely ask who is that A. Moure and which are his credentials. Here is his C.V. (as per the book, published by a respectable History-oriented editorial company, Historia16): Doctor in History (Universidad Complutense), becary of the Spanish Institute of Prehistory and the Superior council of Scinetific Research (Spain), Profesor of Prehistory in the Complutense University, Professor of Prehistory and Ethnology in the University of Valladolid, Cathedratic of Prehistory in the University of Valladolid, in 1999 he was Cathdratic in the University of Cantabria. He used to be as well member of the XI Comission (Paleolithic Art) of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, advisor of several administraive bodies of arhaeological significance and was also Director of the National Anthropological Museum of Spain.
 * Anyhow, when the Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic distinction is made almost anywhere (I'm really puzzled at that Mitten's terminology) it's always in this sense: Meolithic = transitional, Epiplaeolithic = not transitional, as seen for instance in the Archaeology Wordsmith reference. True that many authors don't make any distinction and call all Mesolithic equally. --Sugaar (talk) 09:51, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the new version of this page. It finally made it clearer to me what Mesolithic means -- the older version was waaay too confusing. Please correct this phrase: "Additionally, some authors, seem to prefer..". There is no comma between the subject and the predicate... :^) --Fbs  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.137.130.189 (talk) 05:47, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Ten years later: this edit by Sugaar in 2007 introduced the idea that Mesolithic cultures could also be Palaeolithic at the same time, which rather amazingly remained in the article unchallenged until just now! Johnbod (talk) 15:44, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

Problematic use of the term "mesolithic"
The term "mesolithic" should, in my opinion, be used primarily to refer to societies in areas where the megafauna extintion forced new adaptations centered around hunting of small game, birds and fishing (much like Clark does 1962 in  The Prehistory of Europe and South-west Asia). I.e from the time of the last ice age to the advent of agriculture in a specific area. In areas that wasn't much effected by the ice age (e.g. in Africa and the Levant), the term Epipaleolithic should be applied. Technologicaly the mesolithic is manifested in the production of microblades and microliths. This is almost exactly how the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the term in their article (Mesolithic Period. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online) and that could be a good starting point for this article. Note how Ofer Bar-Yosef avoids the term mesolithic and uses the term epi-paleolithic in this article conserning the Natufian culture:
 * Ofer Bar-Yosef: The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture, in Evolutionary Anthropology, no 5 (1998).

To conclude I would like to leave you with this quote fronm Britannica (referensed as above)

 * "There is no direct counterpart to the Mesolithic Period outside northwestern Europe, and the term is no longer used to reflect a hypothetical worldwide sequence of human cultural evolution." MiCkE 13:28, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

I still haven't understood what mesolithic means. The article lacks a proper definition, and it should definitely not be buried somewhere within the paragraph of the history of the term. A definition/explanation belongs ABOVE, after the lead in sentence (In other words: there's no quick reference for a quick reader). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.20.32.60 (talk) 19:59, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Paleoloithic / mesolithic terminology in africa
an anon editor to the Klasies River Caves stated that - Paleolithic not used for Africa, MSA is catch all for time from ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago - Paleolithic is a term that does not apply to Africa in general. Mesolithic is just wrong, If this is this true, What terminology should be used? Autodidactyl (talk) 18:55, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Their should be no confusion in translating "Mesolithic" as "Middle Stone Age". If my understanding of "Paleolithic" as derived from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "old"; and λίθος, lithos, "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old Stone Age," is correct, then the Lower Paleolithic would be replaced by "Early Old Stone Age," Middle Paleolithic by "Middle Old Stone Age" and Upper Paleolithic by "Later Old Stone Age". This is strongly supported by the german translation of Paleolithic with "Altsteinzeit" (Old Stone Age)( DTV Atlas)SamiAEH (talk) 18:30, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

Jutta Paulina de Roever
A large portion of JP Roever's 2004 Ph.D. thesis (on pottery sherds found at Swifterbant) has been used as the sole source for 1/3 of this article. This work has not been published in a peer reviewed journal and is therefore not WP:RS. Apart from the summary, which does not support some of the sentences included here, it is in Dutch, not English. The material was copied and pasted by User:Rokus01 from the now deleted Broad Homeland hypothesis. If this material cannot be found elsewhere, it should not be included here, as it does not seem to be the point of view of mainstream archaeologists. Please use the WP:RS noticeboard to resolve this matter. Mathsci (talk) 03:47, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The same source was used by User:Rokus01 in Dnieper-Donets culture. Mathsci (talk) 04:04, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Note: JP de Roever obtained her Ph.D. at the age of 58. The introduction contains some autobiographical details. She had previously produced a pamphlet (in English) on Swifterbant pottery in 1979. Mathsci (talk) 04:30, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

The source you mean is a university thesis, that use ample scientific references. The cited facts could be retrieved from the referenced sources as well. University theses are peer reviewed by definition: "Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field." If you have any problems with the content then please discuss this in a different way. Rokus01 (talk) 05:55, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This thesis remains unpublished and cannot be used as the sole basis for 1/3 of this article. Please supply other sources in peer-reviewed journals to back up what appears to be WP:OR. Mathsci (talk) 00:09, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

I don't understand why you insist this thesis is "unpublished". Of course it is published. The study is peer reviewed and should be considered representative to what is known of this period. Your accusation of OR is completely outrageous and not supported by any indication of contradiction to what is known from other sources. If you can find any, then please supply constructive edits. Like this, you indulge yourself to willful deletion of sourced information, that can be considered vandalism. At this moment the article on the Mesolithic is nothing more than a stub. The paragraph on Europe is near to nothing. You have to explain the world why you think the article should not be expanded with sourced information. This is contrary to the objective of Wikipedia to supply information. Rokus01 (talk) 09:11, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * We should have good information. Are you really saying that that is the best source for information on the Mesolithic? And that some unknown PhD is enough to say something is consensus?
 * It's not good information if it is primarily sourced from an unknown scholar writing in a foreign language. Most editors can't read the original, and I find it hard to believe that there aren't better English language sources.
 * As it stands it is confusing even to someone who knows something about the subject. There must be stuff in, for instance, The Oxford illustrated history of prehistoric Europe By Barry Cunliffe, which is easily accessible. You've combined what I think is too much detail with a complete omission of, for instance, anything about the British mesolithic. I think we need to move back a bit and decide what should be in this section, and definitely use better sources. Doug Weller (talk) 10:37, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

It is the best source I know that gives a comprehensive view of most participant Mesolithic cultures in some depth, for this is what this article should give. The focus of this published dissertation was pottery and why should you use a popular book to describe pottery techniques that have archeological importance? Cunliffe is good, though does not go into so much depth about this period. You have to consider the indicated difference of contemporary "ceramic Mesolithic" and "aceramic Neolithic". This definition excludes sedentary areas as well as the Mesolithic in Brittany where no pottery was found. To avoid confusion, this could be explained more in the edit. Rokus01 (talk) 08:36, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree, it's long-standing practice on Wikipedia to use information from PhD theses very sparingly and very carefully; sourcing so much from a single thesis (written in a language only a small minority of editors can even read) in a short article is not proper. - Merzbow (talk) 00:31, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

If you look at the footnotes, I used this thesis most of all for general information and most of all for identifying aceramic Mesolithic cultures. The thesis is used both carefully and sparingly, having the quotes confined to a few pages. I don't think Dutch editors are a small minority in Wikipedia, still the Dutch quotes are confined to page 135 (giving an assessment on aceramic Mesolithic and a list of important scholars that wrote on this subject) and page 137 that just states that the Mesolitic people from all over Europe used the same pottery making techniques and must have had close contacts. Most other quotes involve dating, that might be retrieved from any other recent source. The quoted pages 162-163 are written in English and also concentrate on the most general notion of cultures being interconnected. In short: this thesis does not intend to come up with daring (or any other) deviations from Mesolithic mainstream and just do a great job to give a comprehensive overview. Yes, the article is short: I would say too short or a stub, especially on Europe. I don't think the European Mesolithic justifies a stub and I would plead for rather more information in order to comply to the Wikipedia objective to supply information. Rokus01 (talk) 08:36, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Reference
An useful reference for Danube area http://www.arheologie.ro/doc/sp3/3-Boroneant_Dinu.pdf

BCE
I propose to change BC to BCE as being a more neutral and secular way of expressing the ages. See [| Common Era] David Hirst 13:59, 8 August 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dynamicpricing (talk • contribs)
 * The present covention is to leave date format as found per Manual of Style (dates and numbers).--Charles (talk) 19:31, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Mesolithic revisited
It still isn't right. Lubbock didn't know a thing about the Mesolithic. This topic is now covered under Three-age system. This article needs updating. Will do at some point if no one else does.Dave (talk) 10:57, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

New intro
All right. I have a new intro ready to go and will be putting it in. This should help clarify things a bit. I can't help jumping around a little in these 3-age system articles. It really is a complex topic so don't feel bad if you may have missed any of this info. It is taking me a long time and it isn't just me, it is the subject.Dave (talk) 11:48, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's the subject. No problem. Dougweller (talk) 12:25, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

General update
I will get round to this at some point! Great job everyone but it really needs alot of work PatHadley (talk) 21:36, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Contradiction in Article
The article states:

"By the time of Vere Gordon Childe's work, The Dawn of Europe (1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that the Mesolithic was in fact necessary and was indeed a transition and intermediary between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. [...] The type of tool remains the diagnostic factor. The Mesolithic featured composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped stone tools. The Paleolithic had utilized Modes I-IV and the Neolithic mainly abandoned the modes in favor of polished, not chipped, stone tools."

Thus, logically enough, the development stage considered is indeed a later stage of the paleolithic, and there is no need for a Mesolithic. I mean, according to the article's own words; not according to current scientific data or the "reality of facts" (hum). Denispir (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 10:14, 22 August 2011 (UTC).

I don't understand the drama surrounding this article. "Mesolithic" is a term that some archaeologists have been found useful as a shorthand for "a cultural stage transitional between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic". No, there is no absolute, objective need for it. No, it cannot be use to indicate absolute chronology. Using it is a comment on a culture's relative stage of development. People who don't want to use it do not use it. People who prefer "Epipaleolithic" use "Epipaleolithic". I do not understand how "after the development of radiocarbon dating the arbitrary nature of its definition has become apparent", as radiocarbon dating (absolute chronology) has nothing to do with the topic. --dab (𒁳) 16:24, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Article Doesn't Clearly Define the Period in the Opening, Other than by Timeline
What made it the "mesolythic"? Where the tools different? Did the technology shift? And if so, how? That is central to the article and should be briefly sketched in the opening paragraph, and of course then expanded on later in the article. Leaving it out of the opening makes the article vague, and a chore to read.

This is a perfect example of how Wikipedia policy focuses entirely on verifiability and citations, but never on quality writing.

69.171.160.20 (talk) 15:53, 15 October 2011 (UTC).
 * Your first observation surely is correct, the conclusion is not, because it has nothing to do with the observation. A correct intro would lead to the conclusion that the legend to the figure is extremely wrong and misleading, because the Mesolithic starts with the foresting starting with the begin of the Holocene, forcing people to change their hunting strategies. This was NOT in the late Pleistocene, better "Cold Period".HJJHolm (talk) 07:52, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You realize you are replying to a comment from 2011, when the article was probably rather different? Johnbod (talk) 12:54, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Nanzhuangtou dating discrepancy
Nanzhuangtou is giving 12600-11300 BCE as its date rather than the much more recent date in this article. 67.6.98.101 (talk) 01:53, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

A submerged monolith in the Sicilian Channel gives Evidence for Mesolithic human activity
The latest hint that archaeologists have completely misled us about the origins of civilization – and that their ‘house of history’ is built on foundations of sand -- comes from a team of marine scientists and geologists diving in the Sicily Channel in the Mediterranean. You can read the full report, and get a clearer view of the sea-floor scans and photographic record, here: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15300535 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenorb (talk • contribs) 17:06, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Highlights from that study:

 * A submerged, 12 m long monolith has been discovered at a water depth of 40 m, in a shallow bank of the Sicilian Channel.
 * Morphological evidence, underwater observations, and results of petrographic analysis testify that the monolith is man-made.
 * This monolith suggests a significant human activity in the Pantelleria Vecchia Bank, a former island of the Sicilian Channel.
 * Seawater inundated the Pantelleria Vecchia Bank at 9350 ± 200 yr B.P., presumably forcing inhabitants to migrate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenorb (talk • contribs) 17:08, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Assuming that this monolith is man made, it could easily have moved from a different location. Also, what's with your hatred of archaeology. Qwed117 (talk) 16:31, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Discussion at Talk:Neolithic § Why not "Neolithic era" or "Neolithic age"
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Neolithic § Why not "Neolithic era" or "Neolithic age". —GoldRingChip 14:22, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mesolithic


text:
Manicouagan Regional County Municipality

Manicouagan is a regional county municipality in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada. It is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River with its seat in Baie-Comeau. It was created in 1981, and named after the Manicouagan River.

Subdivisions
There are 9 subdivisions and one native reserve within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Baie-Comeau

 * Municipalities (1)
 * Franquelin

 * Parishes (1)
 * Ragueneau

 * Villages (5)
 * Baie-Trinité
 * Chute-aux-Outardes
 * Godbout
 * Pointe-aux-Outardes
 * Pointe-Lebel

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Rivière-aux-Outardes

 * Native Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Pessamit

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Maria-Chapdelaine Regional County Municipality

Maria-Chapdelaine is a regional county municipality in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is in Dolbeau-Mistassini.

It runs from Lac Saint-Jean in the south to the deep interior of northern Quebec in the north.

Subdivisions
There are 14 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Dolbeau-Mistassini
 * Normandin

 * Municipalities (8)
 * Albanel
 * Girardville
 * Notre-Dame-de-Lorette
 * Péribonka
 * Saint-Edmond-les-Plaines
 * Saint-Eugène-d'Argentenay
 * Saint-Stanislas
 * Saint-Thomas-Didyme

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Augustin

 * Villages (1)
 * Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Passes-Dangereuses
 * Rivière-Mistassini

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RCM of Maria-Chapdelaine had a population of 24,149 living in 10,967 of its 12,185 total private dwellings, a change of -2.6% from its 2016 population of 24,793. With a land area of 35,501.49 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In 2021, the median age was 50.0, as opposed to 41.6 for all of Canada. French was the mother tongue of 99.0% of residents in 2021. The next most common mother tongues were the related languages of Atikamekw and Innu at 0.3% total, followed by English and Spanish at 0.3% each. 0.3% reported both English and French as their first language. Additionally there were 0.1% who reported both French and a non-official language as their mother tongue.

As of 2021, Indigenous peoples comprised 6.8% of the population, and visible minorities contributed 1.1%. The largest visible minority groups in the RCM of Maria-Chapdelaine are Black (0.5%), Arab (0.2%), and Latin American (0.2%).

In 2021, 79.1% of the population identified as Catholic, while 13.6% said they had no religious affiliation. Jehovah's Witnesses were the largest religious minority, making up 0.6% of the population. Muslims were the largest non-Christian religious minority, making up just over 0.1% of the population.

Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnocultural ancestries were: (Percentages may total more than 100% due to rounding and multiple responses).


text:
Maskinongé Regional County Municipality

Maskinongé is a regional county municipality in the Mauricie region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Louiseville. It is located adjacent on the west of Trois-Rivières on the Saint Lawrence River.

The population according to the 2016 Canadian Census was 36,316, an increase of 0.1% over the 2011 population.

History
The RCM was formed on January 1, 1982, and it consisted of Hunterstown Township (now part of Saint-Paulin); Belleau Municipality (now part of Saint-Alexis-des-Monts); the parish municipalities of Saint-Alexis-des-Monts, Sainte-Angèle (since renamed to Sainte-Angèle-de-Premont), Sainte-Anne-d'Yamachiche (now part of Yamachiche), Saint-Antoine-de-la-Rivière-du-Loup (now part of Louiseville), Saint-Barnabé, Saint-Édouard (since renamed to Saint-Édouard-de-Maskinongé), Saint-Joseph-de-Maskinongé (now part of Maskinongé), Saint-Justin, Saint-Léon-le-Grand, Saint-Paulin, Saint-Sévère, and Sainte-Ursule; and the village municipalities of Louiseville, Maskinongé, Saint-Paulin, and Yamachiche.

On January 1, 2002, the municipalities of Charette, Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan (since renamed to Saint-Boniface), Saint-Élie (since renamed to Saint-Élie-de-Caxton), Saint-Étienne-des-Grès, and Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc were transferred to the Maskinongé Regional County Municipality when the Centre-de-la-Mauricie and Francheville Regional Counties were dissolved.

Subdivisions
There are 17 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Louiseville

 * Municipalities (11)
 * Charette
 * Maskinongé
 * Saint-Boniface
 * Saint-Édouard-de-Maskinongé
 * Saint-Élie-de-Caxton
 * Saint-Justin
 * Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc
 * Saint-Paulin
 * Sainte-Angèle-de-Prémont
 * Sainte-Ursule
 * Yamachiche

 * Parishes (5)
 * Saint-Alexis-des-Monts
 * Saint-Barnabé
 * Saint-Étienne-des-Grès
 * Saint-Léon-le-Grand
 * Saint-Sévère

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Maskinongé Regional County Municipality


text:
La Matanie Regional County Municipality

La Matanie is a regional county municipality, located in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, in Canada. From January 1, 1982, to March 9, 2013, it was known as Matane.

The county seat is the city of Matane.

Subdivisions
There are 12 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Matane

 * Municipalities (7)
 * Baie-des-Sables
 * Grosses-Roches
 * Les Méchins
 * Sainte-Félicité
 * Sainte-Paule
 * Saint-René-de-Matane
 * Saint-Ulric

 * Parishes (3)
 * Saint-Adelme
 * Saint-Jean-de-Cherbourg
 * Saint-Léandre

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Rivière-Bonjour

Personalities

 * Isabelle Boulay, born 6 at Sainte-Félicité
 * Yves Sirois, born at Matane
 * Josélito Michaud, born in 1965 at Matane
 * Alain Côté, born may 3,1957 at Matane
 * Claude Picher, born May 30, 1927 at Québec died in 1998 at Saint-Léandre

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: La Matanie Regional County Municipality


text:
Matawinie Regional County Municipality

Matawinie is a regional county municipality in the region of Lanaudière in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Rawdon. The population according to the 2021 Canadian Census was 55,500.

Subdivisions
There are 27 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Municipalities (14)
 * Chertsey
 * Entrelacs
 * Notre-Dame-de-la-Merci
 * Rawdon
 * Saint-Alphonse-Rodriguez
 * Sainte-Béatrix
 * Saint-Côme
 * Saint-Donat
 * Sainte-Émélie-de-l'Énergie
 * Saint-Félix-de-Valois
 * Saint-Jean-de-Matha
 * Sainte-Marcelline-de-Kildare
 * Saint-Michel-des-Saints
 * Saint-Zénon

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Damien

 * Unorganized Territory (12)
 * Baie-Atibenne
 * Baie-de-la-Bouteille
 * Baie-Obaoca
 * Lac-Cabasta
 * Lac-des-Dix-Milles
 * Lac-Devenyns
 * Lac-du-Taureau
 * Lac-Legendre
 * Lac-Matawin
 * Lac-Minaki
 * Lac-Santé
 * Saint-Guillaume-Nord

 * First Nations reserve (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Manawan

Language
French and Atikamekw are the main languages.

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Matawinie Regional County Municipality


text:
The Magic Circle (organisation)

The Magic Circle is a British organisation dedicated to promoting and advancing the art of magic.

Applicants must qualify for membership, either through a performance exam or by a written thesis on a branch of magic, after which they are designated Members of The Magic Circle (M.M.C.). Further distinctions may earn them the titles Associate of the Inner Magic Circle (A.I.M.C.); and Member of The Inner Magic Circle (M.I.M.C), a select group limited to 300 members. The Circle was founded in 1905, and was male-only until 1991. There is a junior branch, the Young Magicians Club.

History

The Magic Circle was founded in 1905 after a meeting of 23 amateur and professional magicians at London's Pinoli's Restaurant. At this founders meeting, chaired by Servais Le Roy, those present decided upon the name of the Society: it was initially felt that the name of the Society should be the Martin Chapender Club, in memory of the performer and founding member who had recently died at the age of 25. However, it was finally agreed that the name "Magic Circle", which shares the same initials as those of Martin Chapender, would be more appropriate.

The first official meeting was at the Green Man public house in Soho, but meetings were later in a room at St George's Hall in Langham Place, where David Devant and John Nevil Maskelyne were regularly seen performing.

Devant became the first president of The Magic Circle, and in 1906, Maskelyne edited the first issue of The Magic Circular magazine, a regular feature for members ever since. The Magic Circular claims to be the longest-running regular magic magazine in conjuring history.

The club was male-only until 1991, when more than 75% of members voted to admit women. As of 2010 there were around eighty female members of The Magic Circle, including Paul Daniels' wife, Debbie McGee. In 2014, Megan Knowles-Bacon became the first female officer in The Magic Circle, as well as the youngest person to be elected as an officer; she was elected as secretary. In September 2021 she was elected as The Magic Circle's first female, and youngest ever, president, using her working name Megan Swann.

Motto
The motto of the society is the Latin indocilis privata loqui, which roughly translated means "not apt to disclose secrets". Members give their word not to wilfully disclose magic secrets other than to bona fide students of magic. Anyone breaking this or any other rule may be expelled.

Headquarters
Since 1998, The Magic Circle building in central London near Euston Station in Camden has been available for meetings and corporate entertainment. It was voted the UK's Number One Venue in the hospitality industry's Top 20 UK Venues poll 2008.

The Magic Circle's headquarters houses a theatre, library, museum, dining room, clubroom and bars. The museum features magic tricks, props, posters, programmes, toys, photographs and artefacts related to conjuring history. Items of interest include, Robert Harbin's original Zig Zag illusion, Chung Ling Soo's robes, an original Sooty with associated Harry Corbett apparatus, sets of props used by television magicians David Nixon and Tommy Cooper, a sound recording of Harry Houdini taken from an Edison cylinder, and a set of cups and balls used by Charles, the then Prince of Wales when he took his Magic Circle exam in 1975. Visits are by arranged tour.

Membership
Magicians who wish to join may spend up to two years as an Apprentice before applying for full membership. They need to have known two current members for at least one year and must be at least 18 years old. These two members are then asked to act as sponsors, or referees, on the candidate's application form and propose them as a suitable candidate for membership. Following the receipt and processing of the application, the candidate is invited to an interview with the examinations secretary, usually at the London headquarters. If the candidate proves suitable and sufficiently knowledgeable a performance exam is scheduled or a thesis may be written. The exam takes place in front of a panel of judges, and candidates must demonstrate their skills to members in a rehearsed act.

If a thesis is chosen, it is read by two examiners and a copy is made available in The Magic Circle library. The final stage is by vote by members of the Council, who will approve the candidate as a member. Once the applicant is successful, they are free to call themselves "Members of the Society" and use the letters M.M.C. after their name.

Members of The Magic Circle include: King Charles III, Jay & Joss, Luis de Matos, Michael Vincent, Dynamo,  Walter Rolfo, and Stephen Fry. Penn & Teller however have been refused membership due to their tradition of revealing the secrets to magic tricks during their performances.

Members must undertake not to reveal magic secrets to anyone except bona fide magicians; anyone breaking this rule may be expelled.

Associate of the Inner Magic Circle
Members may take a further examination to achieve the degree of Associate of the Inner Magic Circle. The designation A.I.M.C. shows this higher membership. The A.I.M.C. degree can also be attained through thesis, and in rare cases – that is when a candidate gains 18 or higher out of a possible 20 marks in the written exam – examinees taking the M.M.C. exam are awarded the A.I.M.C. degree. Those who attain an A.I.M.C. degree as a result of a performance examination are awarded the A.I.M.C. with silver star.

Inner Magic Circle
Within the society, there are a number of members never exceeding 300 known as the "Inner Magic Circle". Full membership of the Inner Magic Circle is denoted by the letters M.I.M.C. after the member's name. Membership of the Inner Magic Circle is by call of The Society's President. The M.I.M.C. degree may be awarded with a gold star, to signify that the recipient is a performer of magic (as opposed to e.g. an inventor, historian or noteworthy volunteer for the Society).

The Young Magicians Club
The Young Magicians Club is part of the Youth Initiative of The Magic Circle (the other major part being the prestigious Young Magician of the Year Competition) and is a club for magicians between the inclusive ages of 10 and 18 which was founded in 1996. Sponsored by The Magic Circle, members of the Young Magicians Club meet for monthly workshops at The Magic Circle Headquarters, the 'Centre for the Magic Arts' in London. The Young Magicians Club has a current membership of around 200 members.

The Young Magicians Club's principal means of communication among its members is its bi-monthly magazine Secrets. The worldwide membership also communicates through a members-only on-line forum on the Young Magicians Club website.

Membership in The Young Magicians Club requires no interview or exam and is open to all young people interested in magic. There are monthly all-day workshops for members who come from all over the country to take part. Adult members of The Magic Circle take on the responsibility of instructing the members of the Young Magicians Club. Local adult magic clubs will often have a junior magicians club attached to them but The Young Magicians Club is the only such club associated with The Magic Circle. Members of the Young Magicians Club are eligible to join The Magic Circle at a reduced rate when they reach 18, but then they must complete the examination procedure for full membership.

The Young Magicians Club holds their annual one-day convention every October called 'J-Day'. The convention includes lectures and the finals of two competitions with awards, which include the Home Counties Trophy for stage magic, The Mark Leveridge Cup for close-up magic, Kaymar Komedy Cup and the Peter McCahon Award for Originality. In recent years, the celebrity guest lectures have been presented by Derren Brown in 2010, Dynamo in 2011, John Archer in 2012, Marvin Berglas in 2013, Luis De Matos in 2014 and Dave Loosley and Andi Gladwin in 2015.

The popularity of the Harry Potter franchise was one of the key reasons for the organisation's growth this century with membership doubling after the announcement of the first film in 2001.

title: The Magic Circle (organisation)


text:
Mékinac Regional County Municipality

Mékinac is a regional county municipality (RCM) of 5,607 km2 located in the administrative region of Mauricie, along the Saint-Maurice River, which also crosses the RCM from one end to the other, and the Matawin River, a tributary of the Saint-Maurice. Located in the province of Quebec, Canada.

Established in January 1982, the Mékinac RCM is made up of 10 or 11 municipalities depending on the source, Saint-Tite is the most populous city, four unorganized territories occupying two-thirds of its surface area.

Geography
Eleven municipalities and Unorganized Territories make up the RCM de Mékinac. It is distinguished by a huge forest dotted with more than 2,000 lakes, agriculture adapted to the environment, popular holiday sites and picturesque villages. The Mékinac RCM is located on both sides of the Saint-Maurice River, between the upper and central Mauricie regions. It is adjacent to the RCMs of Matawinie, Maskinongé, Centre-du-Québec, Les Chenaux, Portneuf and Haut-Saint-Maurice. As part of the Mauricie administrative region, it is divided into two provincial electoral districts; Portneuf and Laviolette, while the federal riding is Champlain.

Concentrated in the southeastern tip of the territory, agricultural land corresponds to the limit of the invasion of the Champlain Sea. There is also some land cleared for cultivation in certain settlement hamlets scattered between the Laurentian Mountains, on the banks of the Mékinac River, and the northern portion of the Batiscan River.

The forest covers nearly 93% of the total area of the Mékinac RCM. It was the raison d'être of the colonization of the territory and still supports 20% of all jobs.

Forest ownership is shared between: the provincial government (public lands), the federal government (La Mauricie National Park) and approximately 587 private landowners, with a proportion of 79%, 1% and 20% of the forest respectively.

Hydrology: 3 major rivers - 4,665 lakes
The Saint-Maurice River, the Batiscan River and the Sainte-Anne River flow from west to east on the territory of the MRC de Mékinac, the hydrographic network includes: The Mékinac RCM has 4,665 lakes for a total area of 34,272.8 ha (342.7 km2).
 * 2,964 km of permanent watercourses
 * 2,863 km of intermittent rivers for a total of 5827 km.
 * Nearly 38% (2,241 km) of this system is privately owned, with 791 km (35%) of permanent watercourses and 1,450 km of intermittent (65%) watercourses.

 * The number of lakes of one hectare or more is 1,869.
 * Lakes of less than one hectare account for nearly 60% (2,797 ha) of all bodies of water in the MRC.
 * The largest is Lake Mékinac measuring 2,297 ha (23.0 km2). It is divided between the Mékinac RCM and the La Tuque agglomeration, where most (79.9%) is in the Mékinac RCM.
 * Most of the lakes (53.4%) in the MRC are classified as very small (1 to 5 ha) according to Bazoge and Blais (2005) with a surface area of less than 5 ha.
 * Conversely, there are only three very large lakes (625 ha or more) in the RCM, lakes Mékinac, Normand and Salone. Source: MRC de Mékinac Regional Plan for Wetlands and Bodies of Water

Photos
The Mauricie region river's Saint-Maurice, Batiscan, Sainte-Anne (Les Chenaux) and their tributaries cross the territory of Mékinac RCM

Toponymy
Mékinak, (Algonquin). — Lake, river and township of Champlain County. The Mékinac River flows into the Saint-Maurice twelve miles upstream of Les Piles, and 57 miles from Trois-Rivières. A few spell it Mékinac, but the geographic office of Canada considers the ending in k. This word means turtle, and according to Father N. Caron, it was given because of a mountain that had more or less the shape of a turtle.

In the Cree idiom, this word also has the same meaning. In his lexicon of the Algonquin language, Father Cuoq translates Micinimakina as "big turtle" and brings this word of mici which would have lengthened in micini, and mikinak. —Translate from french, source: Publications de la Société du Parler français au Canada 1906

The Algonquin Mikinak means turtle. Native Americans often referred to places based on the naming of the animal kingdom. Once well known, the toponym made it possible to refer to the same place in conversations. The designation Mikinak would have been assigned to a nearby mountain. However, it remains possible that the abundance of turtles in this portion of the territory explains this name

However, the name is also similar to the historical Algonquin word mekanâc, pronounced /me:kana:ʃ/, meaning "small path". The toponym Mekinac was assigned to the Mékinac River, Mékinac Lake, at Mékinac (township), in the ex-municipality of Saint-Joseph-de-Mékinac, Quebec, and town of Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac.

The foothills of the Laurentians are located in Saint-Tite. The Laurentide hinterland is developed for hunting and fishing; it includes, among others, the Tawachiche, Gros-Brochet and Chapeau-de-Paille zecs, as well as the Saint-Maurice Wildlife Reserve

Municipalities of RCM Mékinac
The RCM has 14 entities

Between 2006 and 2011, the population grew by 2.0%. The RCM has 8,237 private dwellings whose 6,096 private dwellings are occupied by usual residents. The median age of the population is 52.6 years old. Statistics Canada reports that in 2011, 88.5% of the population was aged 15 and over, meanings 11,430 individuals (including 5700 men and 5730 women), divided into 3,940 private households. This census indicates that 2,070 people lived alone. Of this population, 1,880 individuals have mastered both French and English, or 14.6%.

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Mékinac Regional County Municipality


text:
Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality

Memphrémagog is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada.

History
After the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, the American Revolutionary War ended. the state of Vermont was established in 1791. The border of Lower Canada was then defined at approximately 45 degrees north latitude. The territory immediately adjacent to it became part of Quebec in 1848.

Subdivisions
There are 17 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Magog
 * Stanstead

 * Municipalities (8)
 * Austin
 * Bolton-Est
 * Eastman
 * Hatley
 * Ogden
 * Saint-Benoît-du-Lac
 * Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton
 * Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley

 * Townships (4)
 * Hatley
 * Orford
 * Potton
 * Stanstead

 * Villages (3)
 * Ayer's Cliff
 * North Hatley
 * Stukely-Sud

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes