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Indian Railways

Indian Railways is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India that operates India's national railway system. As of 2023, it manages the fourth largest national railway system by size with a track length of 132310 km, running track length of 104647 km and route length of 68426 km of which 63456 km is electrified. With more than 1.2 million employees, it is the world's ninth-largest employer and India's second largest employer.

In 1951, the Indian Railways was established by the amalgamation of 42 different railway companies operating in the country, spanning a total of 55000 km. The railway network across the country was reorganized into six regional zones in 1951–52 for administrative purposes, which was gradually expanded to 18 zones over the years.

The first steam operated railway operated in 1837 in Madras with the first passenger operating in 1853 between Bombay and Thane. In 1925, the first electric train ran in Bombay on DC traction. The first locomotive manufacturing unit was commissioned in 1950 at Chittaranjan with the first coach manufacturing unit set-up at Madras in 1955.

Indian Railways runs various classes of express, passengers and suburban trains. In 2018–19, it operated 13,523 trains on average daily covering 7,325 stations and carried 8.44 billion passengers. Indian Railways also operates different classes of rail freight transport. In 2022–23, it operated 8,479 trains on average daily and transported 1418.1 million tonnes of freight. Indian Railways operates multiple classes of rolling stock, manufactured by self-owned coach-production facilities. , Indian Railways' rolling stock consisted of 318,196 freight wagons and 84,863 passenger coaches. , Indian Railways had 10,238 electric and 4,543 diesel locomotives amongst others.

1832–1899
In 1832 the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at Madras was made. In 1835, a railway track was constructed between Red Hills and Chintadripet in Madras and became operational in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam engine imported from England and was used for ferrying granite. The Madras Railway was established in 1845 and the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated in 1849. Temporary railway lines were built such as the railway line at Dowleswaram built at by Arthur Cotton to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River in 1845 and the Solani aqueduct railway, built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani river in 1851. In 1852, a steam locomotive imported from England was tried at Byculla. In 1853, the first passenger train on broad gauge ran for 34 km between Bombay and Thane which had 14-carriages carrying 400 people, hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.

The Thane viaducts, the first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran 24 mi from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854. The construction on the first main line in the South between Royapuram in Madras and Arcot started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856. On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn 3.8 km tram opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat street. On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel. In 1879, the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established which built railway lines across the then Hyderabad State from Kachiguda. In 1877, an Ajmer built F-1/734 Steam Locomotive became the first indigenously built locomotive in India. In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced with Jodhpur Railway, the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures.

1900–1999
The first railway budget was presented in 1924. On 3 February 1925, the first electric train ran between Bombay and Kurla, hauled by a SLM electric locomotive on DC traction. In 1925, the first Electric Multiple Units (EMU) were introduced in Bombay with 1500 V DC units imported were from Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik. Chennai suburban railway started operating in 1931 with a single metre gauge line from Chennai Beach to Tambaram. In the period between 1925 and 1944, the management of the railway companies in the British presidencies and provinces were taken over by the Government.

In 1950, there were about 42 different railway companies operating about 55000 km tracks across the country. These railway companies were amalgamated in steps to form a single entity named as Indian Railways. In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organizing Indian Railways into six regional zones with the Southern (14 April 1951), Central (5 November 1951), and Western (5 November 1951) zones being the first to be created. In 1952, fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in passenger trains and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. The first diesel locomotive used in India was fabricated by North British Locomotive Company in 1954.

The first locomotive manufacturing unit at Chittaranjan was commissioned in 1950. The first rail coaches were manufactured in India from 1956 when the Integral Coach Factory was established at Madras. In 1956, the first air-conditioned train plied between Howrah and New Delhi. In 1957, Indian Railways adopted 25 kV AC traction with the first runs beginning in December 1959 with the WAM-1 locomotives. The first containerized freight rail transport began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966. In 1969, the Government of India announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to 120 kph in the railway budget and the first Rajdhani Express was flagged off from New Delhi to Howrah in March 1969. In 1974, Indian Railways endured a 20-day strike. The first metro rail was introduced in Calcutta on 24 October 1984.

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced. In 1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi. Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in Delhi. In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier and sleeper were introduced. In 1995, Chennai MRTS became the first operational elevated railway line in India. Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai CSMT in 1998 and the nationwide concierge system began operation on 18 April 1999.

2000–present
The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000. Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) was incorporated in 1999 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC. In 2015, the first Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered trains were rolled out. Since 1925, the Railway budget was presented before the Union budget till 2016. The central government approved the merger of the Rail and General budgets from 2017. On 31 March 2017, Indian Railways announced a target of electrifying the entire rail network would be electrified by 2023. In March 2020, Indian Railways announced a nationwide shutdown of passenger service to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in India with the freight operations continuing to transport essential goods. The railways resumed passenger services in a phased manner in May 2020.

Starting in the 2010s, various infrastructure modernization projects have been undertaken including high-speed rail, redevelopment of 400 stations, doubling tracks to reduce congestion, refurbishing of coaches,  Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains and modernization of locomotives. In 2018, a semi-high speed self-propelled train-set capable of reaching speeds of over 160 kph was rolled out from ICF and the Vande Bharat Express was launched in 2019. Indian Railways announced plans to become a net-zero carbon emission railway by 2030 and has implemented rainwater harvesting at stations, reforestation along the tracks, introduction of solar-powered trains, installation of solar and wind power generation facilities, and sustainable LED lighting at all the stations. Indian railways removed all unstaffed level crossings by 2019 with staffed level crossings being replaced by bridges. Other safety projects include the extension of an automated fire alarm system to all air-conditioned coaches and GPS-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices. In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from Coimbatore in June 2022.

Structure
Indian Railways is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India. It is headed by a four-member Railway Board whose chairman reports to the Ministry of Railways and act on behalf of the ministry. The organisation is divided into separate verticals traction, engineering, traffic, rolling stock, signalling, materials, personnel, RPF, finance, health and safety.

Indian Railways is divided into 18 administrative zones (17 operational), headed by general managers which are further subdivided into 71 operating divisions, headed by divisional railway managers (DRM). The divisional officers of the respective operating verticals report to the DRMs and divisional heads and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets. Station masters control individual stations and train movements through their stations' territory. In addition, there are a number of manufacturing units, training establishments, PSUs and other undertakings under the purview of the Indian Railways.

Human resources
Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and D) employees with gazetted employees carrying out executive/managerial level tasks. As of March 2022, Groups A & B constitute 1.5% of the total workforce, while Group C & D account for 98.5%. 80% of Group-A employees are recruited through Indian Railways Management Service with remaining through promotions.

Group B employees are recruited by departmental promotional exams of Group C employees. Recruitment of Group C employees are through exams conducted by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB) and Group D staffs are recruited by zonal Railway Recruitment Cells (RRC). Indian Railways operates seven centralized training institutes and 295 training centers. It also provides housing, healthcare and education facilities for staff.

Subsidiaries
Indian Railways has various public sector undertakings (PSUs) and other organisations under its purview:

Indian Railways also has multiple bodies and undertakings under its purview such as:
 * Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC)
 * Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited (CRWCL)
 * Commission of Railway Safety (CRS)
 * Central Organisation for Modernisation of Workshops (COMW)
 * Central Organisation for Railway Electrification (CORE)
 * Indian Railway Health Service (IRHS)
 * Passenger Amenities Committee
 * Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)
 * Railway Protection Force (RPF)
 * Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB)
 * Railways Sports Promotion Board (RSPB
 * Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO)

Rolling stock

 * Locomotives

The first trains in the 1800s were hauled by imported steam locomotives. In 1877, the first locomotive was built in India. Electric locomotives were introduced in 1925 and diesel locomotives later in 1954. By 1990s, steam locomotives were phased out and are currently operated only on mountrain railways and on heritage trains. Locomotives are classified by track gauge (broad/metre/narrow/narrower), motive power (electric/diesel/battery), function (passenger/goods/mixed), power rating (x1000 HP) and model in a four or five letter code. The locomotives may be Longer Hood Front (LHF), where the driver cabin is behind the hood of the engine or Short Hood Front (SHF), where the cabin is located towards the front. Multiple units (MU) are propelled by locomotives integrated with train-sets. In 2015, the first Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered MUs were rolled out by ICF. In 2018, the semi-high speed self-propelled Vande Bharat train-set was rolled out from ICF. Locomotives are manufactured by five owned manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and BHEL. , 37% of the trains are operated by diesel locomotives and rest mostly by electric locomotives. , Indian Railways had 10,238 electric and 4,543 diesel locomotives amongst others.

 * Passenger coaches

The early rail coaches were based on a prototype by a Swiss company and were termed as ICF coaches after Integral coach factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India. These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s. From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer LHB coaches designed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch of Germany. In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select trains from LHB to new Tejas coaches with enhanced features. As of March 2022, Indian Railways' had 84,863 passenger coaches. Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies BEML and BHEL. The coaching stock have unique five or six digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicating the class. In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.

In the 1960s, Electric multiple units (EMU) were developed for short-haul and suburban rail transit. On regional short-distance routes, Mainline electrical multiple unit (MEMU) and Diesel electrical multiple unit (DEMU) trains are run. These train sets run in formation of 6, 9, 12 or 15 coaches and a three-car set is typified by a motor coaches and two passenger coaches. These train-sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration. In 2018, Indian Railways also rolled out semi-high speed self-propelled train sets with modified coaches for inter city trains.
 * Multiple units

 * Goods wagons

Indian Railways hauls variety of cargo to cater to various requirements and have specialized rolling stock corresponding to the cargo hauled. There are 243 types of rolling stock used for cargo operations. These include covered wagons, boxcars, flat wagons, flatbeds, open wagons, hoppers, containers, automobile carriers, defense vehicle carriers and tankers. The freight cars can often carry loads from 10 to 80 tonnes per car depending on the configuration. A new wagon numbering system was adopted in Indian Railways in 2003. The requirement of wagons was previously met by Bharat wagon and engineering with the procurement and manufacturing now done by both in public and private sector.

Apart from standard passenger classes, the Indian Railways has other specialized coach types used for dedicated functions. These include accident relief medical vans, brake vans, generator cars, inspection carriages, military cars, pantry car and parcel vans. These may be dedicated self-propelled units or attached to train-sets.
 * Others

Indian Railways operates various manufacturing units. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), commissioned in 1950, was the first locomotive manufacturing unit in India. The first rail coache manufacturing unit, the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) was established at Madras in 1956. Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW), commissioned in 1961, is the second locomotive manufacturing unit operated by Indian Railways. BHEL, Patiala Locomotive Works, Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah and Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura also manufacture locomotives in India. Railway coaches are also manufactured at coach factories at Karputhala, Raebareli, Sonipat and Latur. Indian Railways also operates two rail wheel manufacturing factories at Bangalore and Chhpra.
 * Manufacturing

The locomotives are operated and maintained by 44 locomotive sheds. The repair and maintenance of the fleet of other rolling stock is carried out at 212 carriage & wagon repair units and 45 periodic overhaul workshops across various zones of IR.
 * Maintenance

Tracks

As of 31 March 2023, Indian railway network spanned 104647 km of running track length and 68426 km of route length. Indian Railways maintained 132310 km of tracks of which 26578 km of double lines.

Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 80 to 200 km/h, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is 160 km/h. Spanning 65093 km broad gauge is the most used gauge with  metre gauge and  narrow gauge and  narrower gauge tracks limited to certain routes. The broad-gauge network is equipped with long-welded, high-tensile 52kg/60kg 90 UTS rails with pre-stressed concrete (PSC) sleepers and elastic fastenings.

As of July 2020, there are seven major routes a total length of 11295 km which have been classified as High-Density Network (HDN) routes or Trunk routes. There is 60% traffic on these routes, which are designed for speed limit of 160 km/hr. These Trunk route include Chennai–Howrah, Chennai–Mumbai, Delhi–Chennai, Delhi–Howrah, Howrah–Mumbai, Mumbai–Delhi and Delhi–Guwahati.
 * Trunk routes

 * Electrification

The first electric train ran in Bombay in 1925 on DC traction. In 1928, DC traction was introduced on the suburban of Bombay by the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway between Colaba and Borivili and between Madras beach and Tambaram by the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway in 1931. In 1957, Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC as its standard. The first 25 kV AC EMUs operated in Calcutta in 1962 and Madras in 1968. In 2017, Indian Railways announced a plan to electrify the country's entire broad gauge rail network by 2023. Post electrification, 30 billion kWh of electricity will be required on an annual basis for Indian Railways. , Indian Railways has electrified 63456 km or 96.35% of the total broad-gauge route length. Indian Railway uses 25 kV AC traction on all its electrified tracks.

 * Cross-border

India shares land border with multiple countries and have rail-links with some of them. Bangladesh is connected to West Bengal with a construction of new rail link connecting Tripura with Akhaura. Two rail links to Nepal exist as of 2021, with a third under construction. There is an existing railink with Pakistan through Attari–Wagah border.

Signaling and communication
Indian Railways uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements. As of March 2022, around 3549 km of the route uses automatic block signalling for train operations – concentrated in high density routes, large cities and junctions. Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations. Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens. In a few sections, intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment. As of March 2020, 602 block sections have intermediate block signals on IR. Indian Railways primarily uses coloured signal lights, which replaced the earlier semaphores and disc-based signalling. It uses two-aspect, three-aspect and four (or multiple) aspect color signalling across its network.

Signals at most stations are interlocked using panel interlocking, route-relay interlocking or electronic interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors. Indian Railways uses track circuiting, and block proving axle counters for train detection. As of March 2022, 6,523 stations have interlocked and multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes have track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection. Kavach automatic train protection system has been implemented in 1445 km of tracks. The railways has about 59105 km of optical fiber cable network used for train control, voice and data communication with 3445 km of the route covered by GSM-R based Mobile Train Radio communication. In December 2017, Indian Railways announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and control on key routes with an investment of inr 120000000000.

Stations
As of March 2022, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,308 stations. Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings. Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1–6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1–3). The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.

Travel classes
Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its coaches. For the purpose of identification in passenger trains, coaches in a train-set are assigned an alpha-numeric code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number. The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position. In standard coaches, the berths and seats are classified as follows:

Saloon coaches are also available for chartering which are equipped with a bedroom and kitchen and can be attached to normal trains.

Passenger trains
Indian Railways operates various classes of passenger and express trains. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by five digit numbers with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers. Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification. In 2018–19, Indian Railways operated 13,523 passenger trains on average daily and carried 8.44 billion passengers. India Railways operates various categories of express trains including Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Garib Rath Express, Double Decker Express, Tejas Express, Gatimaan Express, Humsafar Express, Duronto Express, Yuva Express, Uday Express, Jan Shatabdi Express, Sampark Kranti Express, Vivek Express, Rajya Rani Express, Mahamana Express, Antyodaya Express, Jan Sadharan Express, Suvidha Express and Intercity Express.

High-speed rail
Rajdhani Express introduced in 1969 were the first trains to reach speeds of up to 120 kph. Shatabdi Express introduced in 1988, are capable of running at a maximum speed of 150 kph. In 2019, Vande Bharat Express was launched with self-propelled EMU train-sets capable of reaching maximum speed of 180 kph with operational speeds restricted to 130-160 kph. A non-airconditioned semi-high speed train-set hauled by two modified WAP-5 locomotives was launched as Amrit Bharat Express. A high-speed rail line is under-construction between Mumbai and Ahmedabad which will become the first true high-speed rail line when completed in 2026.

Mountain railways
Mountain Railways of India refer to three rail lines operated by Indian Railways in hilly terrain. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow-gauge railway in the Lesser Himalayas of West Bengal was opened in 1881. The mountain railways were designated as World Heritage Sites in 1999. The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow-gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh started operating in 1903. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu was opened in 1908 and is the only operational rack railway in India. These railways operate with its own dedicated fleet of locomotives and coaches.

Suburban and metro
The first suburban electric trains were introduced in Bombay in 1925. Chennai suburban lines started operating in 1931 and Kolkata in 1957. Later, AC traction was adopted for suburban lines and are currently operated by Multiple Units (MUs) of various configurations. In 1984, Kolkata Metro, the first metro system and the only system operated by Indian Railways was commissioned. Opened in November 1995, Chennai MRTS became the first operational elevated railway line in India. Indian Railways operates suburban railway systems across the cities of Mumbai (suburban), Chennai (suburban and MRTS), Kolkata (suburban and metro) and Secunderabad (MMTS) covering six railway zones.

Tourism
Indian Railways offers tour packages through IRCTC. It operates tourist trains and coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of the country. It operates luxury tourist trains such as Maharajas' Express, Palace on Wheels, Golden Chariot and Deccan Odyssey, deluxe tourist trains such as Mahaparinirvan Express. It also operates heritage and exhibition trains on special circumstances.

Ticketing and fares
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually. Self-printing ticket machines (SPTM) were introduced in 1988. Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996. The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC. Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through website, smartphone apps, SMS, rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 120 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. Reservation against cancellation tickets is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth. Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the Tatkal train ticket, where no refund is applicable on cancellation. A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train. Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure. Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches. Suburban networks also issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of time.

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised. Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, senior citizens (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.

Freight
The first rail operational in Madras in 1837 was used for ferrying granite. The first dedicated commercial freight rail was operated between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966. Indian Railways ferries various commodities and cargo to cater to various industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments. Apart from dedicated freight trains, parcels, mail and small cargo are carried on specialized carriages attached to passenger trains. In 2022–23, Indian Railways operated 8,479 trains on average daily and transported 1418.1 million tonnes of freight.

Indian Railways has historically subsidized the passenger segment with income from the freight business and prioritized passenger trains on the network. Hence, freight services were unable to complete other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share till the early 2000s. To counter this, Indian Railways established the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India in 2006 to construct dedicated freight corridors to reduce congestion, increase speed and reliability and proposed upgradation of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight trains and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix. End-to-end integrated transport solutions such as roll-on, roll-off (RORO) service, a road-rail system pioneered by Konkan Railway in 1999 to carry trucks on flatbed trailers is extended to other routes.

title: Indian Railways


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SCG

SCG may refer to:

 * Saban Capital Group, a private investment firm founded in 2001 by Haim Saban based in Los Angeles, California focused on media, entertainment, and communications investments
 * SCG (Srbija i Crna Gora), the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code for the former union of Serbia and Montenegro, which peacefully split in 2006 into two countries
 * SCG International Risk, a private military contractor and security firm
 * Screen Cartoonist's Guild
 * Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus, an American high-performance car manufacturer
 * Semiconductor Components Group, a Motorola spinoff of its semiconductor department
 * Self-Changing Gears, a British company
 * Seychelles Coast Guard
 * Shanghai Construction Group, a Chinese construction and engineering firm
 * Siam Cement Group, the largest cement manufacturer in Thailand and patron of SCG Muangthong United
 * Socialist Campaign Group, a left-wing grouping of UK Labour Party MPs
 * Southern Connecticut Gas Company
 * Stone Crossing railway station, Kent, England (National Rail station code)
 * Stuart MacGill, former Australian cricketer
 * SCG, the subcubic graph function, a variation of Friedman's SSCG function, in mathematics
 * Summa contra Gentiles, a Christian studies book
 * Superior cervical ganglion, the largest of the cervical ganglia
 * Sydney Cricket Ground, a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia
 * Sun City Girls, a now defunct United States experimental band.
 * Seattle Coffee Gear, a Seattle-based Espresso Machine Company.

Lista över nationalitetsmärken för motorfordon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SCG


text:
Old Woman River (Ontario)

The Old Woman River is a river in Algoma District of Ontario, Canada, which empties into Old Woman Bay on Lake Superior south of Wawa. It flows through Lake Superior Provincial Park.

The river follows a fault which became a spillway for glacial meltwater following the last ice age. The river's valley has extensive deposits of sand and gravel. At its mouth, the river bends sharply behind a beach berm, that has formed as a result of prevailing westerly winds, which in turn causes lake waves to dam the river's mouth with sand.

Towering cliffs along the bay have been home to peregrine falcons.

The name for the bay and river come from a rock formation near the river's mouth that resembles the face of an old woman.

title: Old Woman River (Ontario)


text:
Talk:2004 European Parliament election

Candidates
I've deleted the list of candidates for one specific party as we are not including specific lists for other parties. Election law is quite clear on this that once the lists of candidates are published (which was today, in the UK anyway) then you must not be seen to favour one party / list / candidate over another and must promote each equally, unless you are promoting that party / list / candidate, in which case you must have an election imprint on the documents / websites / etc. Rather than create lists for every party it seems safer therefore to remove this one link. The country links would appear to meet the legal requirements. --VampWillow 10:57, 2004 May 15 (UTC)

I've had to do this again (twice). I am sure that users only have the best of reasons to want to list the candidates they support but unless it is signed off and has a proper imprint authorised by that party (and Wikipedia taking responsibility for it too). To list *all* the candidates for a particular country is fine ('equal weight') and to provide links to manifesto's without giving a list of policies on here is also acceptable, but to prioritise single parties can't be safely permitted (until after the ballot closes after the 13th) --VampWillow 10:06, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth I agree wholeheartedly. UK election law is now very strict on this - the alternatives are to provide equal weight to every party or none at all (or to include a party imprint). And we can't add them piecemeal - they have to go on either all in one go or not at all. Toby W 14:27, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * SFAIAA [So far as I am aware] most other European countries have similar legisltation or rules to our PPERA [Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act]. --VampWillow 15:20, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

MOVE
Could someone tell me the point of moving this page and its talk page to a new location with an additional comma? seems rather a waste of effort and, to some degree, pointless as as a search term or 'guess the link' entry the comma is unilikly to be there --VampWillow 23:27, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I moved the page because almost all other election pages on wikipedia are named this way. It's for standardization. --Jiang 23:28, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Not sure I agree personally - have posted on Village Pump for wider comments though. --VampWillow 23:48, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with Jiang's move, in the interests of standardisation (see List of election results -- the vast majority are like that). As long as the redirect's there (and it is, of course), there's no real harm done. –Hajor 01:40, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Results
I've removed the results posted for Nederlands. I dislike doing it but most countries haven't voted yet (only UK and NL) and it is illegal to publish these under EU law before Sunday night. The NL government can risk breaking this, I doubt that WP can --VampWillow 23:48, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Correct call, IMHO. (24% UK and 36% NL turnout!) –Hajor 01:40, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Tha's not really our problem, wikipedia can't give in to local censorship. The Wikimedia Foundation is registered in the USA and thus protected by the 1st Amendment to the american constitution. There's no need for us to be more sensitive to eu regulations, then, exempli gratia, to German or French ones (since there are no articles yet, they make it illegal to disscus certin aspects of national socialism and show nazi insignia).

 * The Dutch claim they can legally publish preliminary results, and in fact, these results include 'only' 99.1% of the votes, so they're not really final. But, there's not a really big chance any changes will occur. Netherlands threatened with court case... contains some more details. Taking in account the fact that Wikipedia is registered in the USA and the results have been published at quite some places already, I think it's safe enough to list these.

 * Well, I note that the BBC here haven't convered these 'interim' results and that publishing results in advance of the close of voting in the USA a few years ago resulted in GWB so certainly not an action to be recommended. The data was clearly entered from within the EU and whilst the 'legal' location of WP is the USA there are active plans in progress to register it in France and Germany (at least, I think Jimbo mentioned others too) which could be made more difficult by this publishing. I note that the above comments aren't signed and are from an IP address, which also makes me worry --VampWillow 09:56, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Was it only illegal for the government to publish those results or is it also illegal for individual citizens to spread them further, from what I read it would seem it's only the first one. As for plans to register in other countries, it would be really bad to learn post factum that the protection of freespeech is insufficent. Oh, and pray tell: why does it worry you the above comments are form an IP address?

 * From the brief mention that the NL government had done this on UK tv last night (the results themselves not being presented) it appeared that it was contrary to EU law for anyone to publish them, but IANAL. Why does the IP-only posting worry me? Simple. The worst form of censorship is self-censorship. By refusing to put your name to what you write, and hiding behind an IP address (which, btw. can quickly be shown to be in Portugal and thus subject to EU law), you fail the first test of transparency and free speech. Rumour and anonymous comments (which really amount to the same thing) are not 'free speech' as I understand them nor, I suspect, as most other people use the term. --VampWillow 11:10, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry for not logging in, but for some reason Wikipedia does not remember me, or Firefox throws the cookies away (which it should not, because I allow cookies from Wikipedia), so almost every new browser window I open makes that I'm logged out. And in then I forget to sign in, if I make a small addition. Nevertheless, the results are in newspapers, broadcasted by the public radio and television, and just about available everywhere. I therefore do not see the problems Wikipedia might get, because it is situated in the USA. The fact whether it's legal in the EU remains disputed, as I indicated with the link; for the time being, it seems safe for an American site to publish them.--Berteun 13:15, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually .pl is Poland (still under eu law and the results are openly disscused in state owned tv). Getting a login actually makes one more anonymous, not less. Anyone can register a fake login in a matter of seconds.

 * Sorry ... I misread it in that case (I do not have perfect eyesight). A login, when used consistently, allows others to judge you by your words over time. By not using one though one has to presume that you (a) made all the anon comments on this page - you have no straight-forward deniability available to you - and (b) that you are afraid to discuss the actual issues involved which, I note, you haven't done.

--VampWillow 16:28, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

seat vs percent
Seats and percent results have been merged:

But the meaning of the percent is not clear for countries where the election rule is not 100% pure proportional. Is Percent a percent of people voting or a percent of seats obtained?

For exemple:
 * In France a perty with less than 5% vote will have 0% seats.
 * In France, due to distrrict (circonscriptions) system, the percent should be altered.

 * The Dutch percentages don't add up to 100%, because some minor parties took about 6 or 7% of the votes, not enough for a seat. And these percentages are the percentages of votes they received. A party in the Netherlands has to receive 100/27 = ca. 3.7% to receive a seat. They cannot receive a seat with only 3.5%, but can receive two seats with 7.0%, because the remaining seats are given to those parties that have at least received one seat. But I suspect these rules to vary wildly from country to country.--Berteun 13:21, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * If I recall correctly, it is things like the D'Hondt rules and all the variations therefrom which cause us these problems in matching percentage vote with percentage seats. Also many (but not all) countries having a 'minimum' level to be reached to even be considered for a seat ... --VampWillow 15:33, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * So we should compute two percentages (in two different tables: one for vote, one for seats)?

 * We could, but I'm not sure it would add to the table in a useful sense and would almost certainly make it even more difficult to understand and it is quite difficult already for some people I think unless they are very 'into' elections as there would be a lot of info to add for each country (ie. psephologists only!). Might usefully be the basis of an analysis peice after all the votes are declared though on the subject of proportional voting methods in practice though? --VampWillow 15:46, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Results table
That results table is going to be a monster when it gets fuller. I suspect it'd be easier to read and manage if it was longer than wider -- ie, with the parties along the horizontal axis and the countries listed on the side. Does anyone agree? Does any table guru feel like flipping it? –Hajor 14:41, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you about the width (it already side-scrolls for me and I run wide to start with so hate to think what it does for others) - one of the problems with EU expansion probably! I suppose it might make sense to flip it, there being only 4/8 party groupings. Will see if I can do it off-line on a test page first --VampWillow 14:50, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Maybe we should also include voter turnout in the table?

 * table flipped and turnout column added. Another advantage of this is that it will make adding new results much easier as each country is now all together rather than split. Not sure why bgcolor stopped working though :-( --VampWillow 15:28, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Stout work, table guru! –Hajor

color
Are these colors ok for all european partys of all european countries of europe

EPP-ED                  blue/bleu PES                     pink/rose ELDR                    blue/bleu Greens/EFA              green/vert EUL/NGL                 red/rouge UEN                     yellow/jaune EDD                   ?? N.I.                  ??

 * In the new table, the colors are wores, arent they?

 * ELDR should be yellow. -- Kaihsu 12:11, 2004 Jun 14 (UTC)

At-a-glance table
I'd appreciate someone converting it into a real table. Also, adding fractions ('percentages') of total seats will be useful for comparison, as the total number of seats in the Parliament has changed. -- Kaihsu 12:11, 2004 Jun 14 (UTC)

 * May we have colours for the at-a-glance table as well, please? -- Kaihsu 22:13, 2004 Jun 14 (UTC)

 * I tried myself to add colour to the glance table but I have no idea what the table Wiki syntax is.... Someone else help please! -- Kaihsu 10:36, 2004 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * All right, now added colour. -- Kaihsu 13:37, 2004 Jun 15 (UTC)

 * Just calculated the fractions in the at-a-glance table, which tells a very different story from that presented in the BBC (at least).... Liberals and 'others' gain at the cost of formal far-left and far-right/eurosceptic groupings, and the socialists....  Who are these 'others'?  Are they all new eurosceptic parties not in formal groupings yet?  In any case, Kilroy-Silk's grouping actually suffered losses as it stands now -- so much for his wrecking plans.... -- Kaihsu 22:31, 2004 Jun 14 (UTC)

 * There is something fundamentally wrong with the data in the table -- the number of seats was increased, not reduced. (for example). We should use the correct data in the European Parliament article. ✏ Sverdrup 22:41, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You're confused with the fact that the European Parliament was temporarily augmented with seats from the new member states (going from 626 to 788) before the elections (going from 788 to 732). -- Dissident (Talk) 23:01, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. ✏ Sverdrup 23:17, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I think the eurosceptic parties gained pretty significantly—a spot-check of the "others" grouping, who gained 22 seats, indicates that most of them are either eurosceptic or far-right (or both). I'd imagine they're not in a formal grouping either because nobody wants them (in the case of some of the more far-right parties), or because they don't want to join a pan-European grouping, seeing it as contrary to their pro-single-nation, anti-EU politics. A list of some of the parties in the "other" category is at Non-Inscrits. --Delirium 07:45, Jun 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd guess most of those parties would end up in EDD, rather than the Non-Inscrits. Certainly UKIP were in that group before the elections and the article mentions that Junilistan intend to join the group. — OwenBlacker 10:34, Jun 15, 2004 (UTC)

Parties who fail to get a seat
I've just commented out a Slovenian party who failed to get a seat, as I'd suggest that the information isn't really relevant on a European level (such comments would seem more appropriate on a country-specific page, to me). I'm in two minds as to the percentages by party (see Slovenia's EPP/ED column); I'd suggest that the table would look better listing seats as 1+2+3+4, but percentages as an aggregate for each European Parliament grouping. Apart from anything else, the percentages are quite wide, so either stretch the column (if one omits spaces between the results) or stretch the row (if they wrap onto multiple lines). I'm not quite sure, though, as the data aren't really superfluous, just a little ugly (imho) and in a table that is already quite data-heavy. Opinions? :o)   — OwenBlacker 21:55, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't mind -- just make it nice! -- Kaihsu 22:07, 2004 Jun 14 (UTC)

 * Three Slovenian politicial parties were part of the EPP-ED, but only two of them made it into the European parliament. Should the percentage of the third one then be summed together with the winning ones or not? --Romanm 10:42, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Synchronizing and freezing
We should synchronize the 2 tables (at-a-glance and detailed), and then 'freeze' them (not protect, but an informal freeze) before the new European Parliament convenes and the parties start switching/joining groups. Subsequent changes should go into other articles such as European Parliament. -- Kaihsu 18:29, 2004 Jun 18 (UTC)

 * Agreed… to an extent. But I'm not sure what use it would be to keep the table which shows the number of MEPs elected to each group if those members never actually sat in those groups. Once we freeze the table, it will effectively show 'number of MEPs who would have sat in each group following the 2004 elections if those groups had remained as they were in the 1999-2004 term', which I'm not convinced is a very useful piece of information, to be honest. Toby W 08:28, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The election was organized more or less around the groups.... --Kaihsu 09:22, 2004 Jun 21 (UTC)

 * Sorry... what do you mean? Toby W

 * The national parties had group affinities at the election -- it can be hoped that the electorates actually noticed this and voted somewhat accordingly.... So it is meaningful to keep the groupings as they stand during the election....  -- Kaihsu 09:56, 2004 Jun 22 (UTC)

 * OK, I take your point. I'd be astonished if any more than a tiny fraction of UK voters could tell you which group their vote went to, but other countries may well be better informed. Toby W 14:09, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I can see your point, Kaihsu, about freezing the groupings at election time, but Toby W is definitely right, very few Brits would even know who the PES are, let alone that they might have voted for them. I'd suggest there's at least some merit in this article additionally showing the balance of party groupings once the Parliament actually sits and parties like UKIP work out where they want to be. To be honest, I'm not all that sure that the groupings as they stood during the election are all that valuable, but I don't think it's a bad thing to keep that table in too. — OwenBlacker 15:19, Jun 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Labour is unlikely to switch from PES to any other grouping in this European Parliament, nor are the Tories going to leave EPP-ED anytime soon, right? The only shuffling will be amongst Ukip and the like.  I say we freeze the tables here, and then in the article European Parliament, keep a table with a row having the immediate-post-election snapshot, and another row having whatever reshuffling as the Parliament convenes. -- Kaihsu 16:12, 2004 Jun 22 (UTC)

 * (Irrelevant sidenote: I went to a couple of hustings here in Oxford during the election: A Conservative candidate was grilled by their affinity with EPP-ED, and responded by emphasizing that the party actually is in the European Democrats subgroup, not in the EPP. A Labour candidate tried to tone down the party's support for the Iraq war and emphasize its affiliation with the PES. -- Kaihsu 16:17, 2004 Jun 22 (UTC))

 * I agree tentatively with OwenBlacker, notwithstanding the interesting sidenote, though I'm not sure more than one table would be a good idea - these things get quite unwieldy. Perhaps some stats instead? Toby W

 * Irrelevant sidenote of my own, for Kaihsu: it is quite possible, though perhaps not likely, that the Tories may split with the EPP-ED group, or at least that there will be some more serious discussion about it. Basically, the most eurosceptic candidates were towards the top of the Tories' lists, while the more moderate ones were towards the bottom. So, because UKIP took many of their new seats at the expense of Tories lower down the lists, this means the Conservative delegation in the Parliament is now substantially more eurosceptic than it used to be. Hearing what people like Roger Helmer have been saying recently, I'd be very surprised if the issue of their EPP-ED membership doesn't at least get discussed again over the summer. Toby W 21:43, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, we have an expert and professional amongst us. All right, go ahead with whatever you consider most appropriate. -- Kaihsu 09:32, 2004 Jun 23 (UTC)

The tables are now out of sync and I am guessing with much problems -- rapidly deteriorating. This is troublesome. By the way, last week I went to Brussels and gathered some information, which I shall supply later. -- Kaihsu 15:13, 2004 Jun 30 (UTC)

 * Never mind, they seem to be in sync now. -- Kaihsu 20:09, 2004 Jun 30 (UTC)

Reshuffle
As promised, I have added a new section: European Parliament election, 2004: Possible political group reshuffle after the 2004 election.

 * Any reshuffling should be soon reflected here: EP: MEP. -- Kaihsu 07:55, 2004 Jul 19 (UTC)
 * The new link for 'EP6' is here: http://wwwdb.europarl.eu.int/ep6/owa/p_meps2.repartition -- Kaihsu 12:29, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)

UK vs GB
A sentence read as follows: in Great Britain, closed lists are used; in Northern Ireland, there is the Single Transferable Vote.

Bobblewik changed "Great Britain" to "United Kingdom", but I reverted the change. This is because the sentence referred specifically to Great Britain - i.e. England, Scotland and Wales - and not to the United Kingdom - i.e. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The point being made is that, within the UK, Northern Ireland uses a different system (STV) from the system used by Great Britain (closed list). Toby W 12:58, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Toby, I didn't see the second part about NI. I think the text might be clearer if it said something like in the United Kingdom, closed lists are used in England, Wales and Scotland but the Single Transferable Vote is used in Northern Ireland.. It is not a big deal for me either way. Thanks. Bobblewik 13:27, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * You're absolutely right. I'll make that change now. Toby W 20:56, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"2004-2009" v. "2004 - 2009"
Somebody might look at Members of the European Parliament 2004-2009 and note that most of the country pages linked from there are of the "2004 - 2009" form. It looks a bit of a mess to me. --Henrygb 23:21, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It is still not tidy (there are a mass of redirects), but it is now better. --Henrygb 00:09, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Results breakdown
I find it very confusing that there's no results breakdown which shows country, party and EP grouping which reflects the partliament as it is today, the one on this page is quite confusing in that it's not particularly explicit that these results show the breakdown using the old groups. (PS: the European Parliament page doesn't show a breakdown by country/party/group either, the only way of finding it is clicking on each party and seeing it seperately). It's especially confusing when you go to the linked party articles, for instance, the Liberal Democratic Party (Lithuania) is, on the results table a member of ELDR, yet in the article it states its UEN, which from the perspective of someone who doesn't know much about the Liberal Democratic Party of Lithuania, seems very odd. -- Joolz 23:31, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Why are percentage changes not counted for the after regrouping situation? Why for before enlargement? If this regrouping happened immediatly on the first session, and enlargement just earlier the same year, then I really dont understand; wouldnt a better picture of the relative changes of power in the old and the new parliament between different party groupings be the post-regrouping state then? Also, is there 731 or 732 seats in total - two statistics are giving a different info here. The EU page says 732. So, there is an error in the first table? By a table on a following page, its possible that a seat of GUE/NGL is somehow not counted - it says 42 on a table below and 41 on the first table.--83.131.159.242 09:21, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

ITS
Is it right to have the ITS group listed on this page? We are talking about the 04 results, ITS was created in 2007. Are political groups really retroactive? I would revert it but I can't find its original format, anyone know when it was done? Unless you disagree? -  J Logan t/c: 14:03, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's appropriate, considering it's described as a "notional" calculation and provided in addition to the actual totals as of the party arrangements when the elections took place.  As the groups reorganized within a few weeks of the elections anyway (ie, ALDE and ID created) then the actual time-of results are kind of irrelevant to most sorts of analysis.  The Tom 22:55, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Where do those numbers come from?
The article contains two tables: one for the 2004 estimated result, one for the 2007 notional result. The author has attempted to explain the methodology in the footnotes, and I thank him/her for that, but it's not precise enough. If the table contains a figure of (say) 1,234,567 then it genuinely needs a cite to something that either says "1,234,567", or two cites to something that says "1,200,000" and "34,567" and a line that says 1234567 = 1200000 + 34567. Sorry for this, but in its present uncited state, the tables are unusable and I've inserted an "original research" tag on them. I appreciate that the figure will have been compiled from a wide set of figures and that citing it back will be difficult, but it genuinely needs that kind of audit trail. Right now, I'm looking at a table that says "this has been compiled from official figures"...well, which official figures, where are the citations to them, and how did you get from the official figures to the ones in the tables? Anameofmyveryown 07:18, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

"Majority" Party
The heading in the infobox talks of a "majority party". There is, of course, no majority party, there is a largest party with nowhere approaching a majority, but I cannot find where to edit this. 14:38, 7 June 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qlangley (talk • contribs)

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title: Talk:2004 European Parliament election


text:
Elwyn Berlekamp

Elwyn Ralph Berlekamp (September 6, 1940 – April 9, 2019) was a professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley. Berlekamp was widely known for his work in computer science, coding theory and combinatorial game theory.

Berlekamp invented an algorithm to factor polynomials and the Berlekamp switching game, and was one of the inventors of the Berlekamp–Welch algorithm and the Berlekamp–Massey algorithms, which are used to implement Reed–Solomon error correction. He also co-invented the Berlekamp–Rabin algorithm, Berlekamp–Zassenhaus algorithm, and the Berlekamp–Van Lint–Seidel graph.

Berlekamp had also been active in investing, and ran Axcom, which became the Renaissance Technologies' Medallion Fund.

Life and education
Berlekamp was born in Dover, Ohio. His family moved to Northern Kentucky, where Berlekamp graduated from Ft. Thomas Highlands high school in Ft. Thomas, Campbell county, Kentucky. While an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he was a Putnam Fellow in 1961. He completed his bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering in 1962. Continuing his studies at MIT, he finished his Ph.D. in electrical engineering in 1964; his advisors were Robert G. Gallager, Peter Elias, Claude Shannon, and John Wozencraft.

Berlekamp had two daughters and a son with his wife Jennifer. He lived in Piedmont, California and died in April 2019 at the age of 78 from complications of pulmonary fibrosis.

Career
Berlekamp was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley from 1964 until 1966, when he became a mathematics researcher at Bell Labs. In 1971, Berlekamp returned to Berkeley as professor of mathematics and computer science, where he served as the advisor for over twenty doctoral students.

He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering (1977) and the National Academy of Sciences (1999). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996, and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. In 1991, he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal, and in 1993, the Claude E. Shannon Award. In 1998, he received a Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society. Along with Tom M. Rodgers he was one of the founders of Gathering 4 Gardner and was on its board for many years. In the mid-1980s, he was president of Cyclotomics, Inc., a corporation that developed error-correcting code technology.

He studied various games, including dots and boxes, fox and geese, and, especially, Go. Berlekamp and co-author David Wolfe describe methods for analyzing certain classes of Go endgames in the book Mathematical Go.

Berlekamp and Martin Gardner
Berlekamp was a close friend of Scientific American columnist Martin Gardner and was an important member of the gifted and diverse group of people that Gardner nurtured and acted as a conduit for; people who inspired Gardner and who were in turn inspired by him. Berlekamp teamed up with John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy, two other close associates of Gardner, to co-author the book Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays, leading to his recognition as one of the founders of combinatorial game theory. The dedication of their book says, "To Martin Gardner, who has brought more mathematics to more millions than anyone else."

Berlekamp and Gardner both had great love for and were strong advocates of recreational mathematics. Conferences called Gathering 4 Gardner (G4G) are held every two years to celebrate the Gardner legacy. Berlekamp was one of the founders of G4G and was on its board of directors for many years.

Selected publications

 * Block coding with noiseless feedback. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1964.
 * Algebraic Coding Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968. Revised ed., Aegean Park Press, 1984, ISBN 0-89412-063-8.
 * (with John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy) Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays.
 * 1st edition, New York: Academic Press, 2 vols., 1982; vol. 1, hardback: ISBN 0-12-091150-7, paperback: ISBN 0-12-091101-9; vol. 2, hardback: ISBN 0-12-091152-3, paperback: ISBN 0-12-091102-7.
 * 2nd edition, Wellesley, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters Ltd., 4 vols., 2001–2004; vol. 1: ISBN 1-56881-130-6; vol. 2: ISBN 1-56881-142-X; vol. 3: ISBN 1-56881-143-8; vol. 4: ISBN 1-56881-144-6.
 * (with David Wolfe) Mathematical Go. Wellesley, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters Ltd., 1994. ISBN 1-56881-032-6.
 * The Dots-and-Boxes Game. Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters Ltd., 2000.  ISBN 1-56881-129-2.

title: Elwyn Berlekamp


text:
Ricky Nelson (baseball)

Ricky Lee Nelson (May 8, 1959 – November 19, 2021) was an American professional baseball outfielder who played for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1983 to 1986.

Career
Nelson attended Arizona State University and was selected by Seattle in the 1981 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut on May 17, 1983, against the California Angels. His most productive MLB season came in 1983, when he registered 291 at-bats in 98 games, recording a .254 batting average. He made his final MLB appearance on August 2, 1986, at the Kingdome, appearing as a pinch runner in a 7-3 Seattle victory over the California Angels.

In his 123-game major league career, Nelson batted .247, with six home runs, 39 runs batted in, 38 runs scored, 79 hits, 13 doubles, 3 triples and 8 stolen bases. In 2001, Nelson managed the Oakland Athletics' entry in the Arizona Fall League to the league championship.

Death
He died from COVID-19 pneumonia on November 19, 2021, at the age of 62.

title: Ricky Nelson (baseball)


text:
Talk:Full disclosure movement

The paragraphs in this article are written in a very one-sided manner, and is probably not as neutral as it should be. This may be just be me, so I will refrain from fixing this article myself (bar the fact that I already changed 'Most hackers' in the first sentence to 'Many hackers'). --huwr

Yeah I agree - the article is very informative, but I think it left me without a complete picture

title: Talk:Full disclosure movement


text:
King Street Wharf

King Street Wharf is a mixed-use tourism, commercial, residential, retail and maritime development on the eastern shore of Darling Harbour, an inlet of Sydney Harbour, Australia. Located on the western side of the city's central business district, the complex served as a maritime industrial area in the early and mid 20th century. It was redeveloped as part of extensive urban renewal projects around Sydney Harbour in the 1980s and 90s. The complex is host to a cluster of nine wharves, with the first two wharves currently in use by private ferry operator Captain Cook Cruises and a third decommissioned by Sydney Ferries.

Description
King Street Wharf is adjacent to the Darling Harbour tourist precinct, and on the western edge of the Sydney central business district.

The residential towers occupy the area bounded by King Street to the south, Shelley Street to the east, Erskine Street to the north and Lime Street to the west, including:
 * 155 residential apartments in the 14-story north tower
 * 107 residential apartments in the 10-story south tower
 * 95 residential apartments in the 8-story buildings at 45–49 Shelley Street

The commercial waterfront is between Lime Street and Darling Harbour, and extends slightly north of the end of Erskine Street. It consists of 85 commercial suites with a retail component set underneath. This retail area contains 11 restaurants, the largest of which seats 450 including its outdoor areas.

Developments
Under Walker Corporation, the retail and restaurants, stages of residential and serviced apartments and commercial/retail strata suites were completed. The remainder of the development parcels are still being developed by Brookfield Multiplex. They include the completed KPMG headquarters, American Express House, Ibis Hotel, Macquarie Bank headquarters and One Shelley Street office building. The remaining development will consist of further commercial and retail and public parking expected to be completed over the next few years. It also involves associated infrastructure such as roadworks, car parking, charter vessel berthing facilities and coach parking.

Wharf 1
Wharf 1 is currently used by Captain Cook Cruises as a stop on its Darling Harbour to Circular Quay service. The wharf is serviced by 22 daily services on weekdays, and 23 daily services on weekends and public holidays on looping stopping patterns originating from Harbour Master Steps ferry wharf and terminating at Circular Quay ferry wharf. An additional morning service on weekends originates from the Pier 26 ferry wharf.

Wharf 2
Wharf 2 is currently used by Captain Cook Cruises as the terminus of its Darling Harbour to Manly shuttle service. Seventeen services to Manly Wharf depart from Wharf 2 daily on weekdays, with seven departures on weekends and public holidays.

Wharf 3
Originally opened as one of the many privately operated wharves in the King Street Wharf development, Wharf 3 was selected as the recommended temporary site for a second major terminal on the Sydney Ferries network in the Walker Report, which also recommended that the King Street ferry wharf be upgraded and established as a Western city ferry hub to lessen ferry congestion at Circular Quay, with fare gates and ticketing machines introduced. These were implemented in October 2010.

It was used by Sydney Ferries First Fleet and RiverCat class ferries operating F3 Parramatta River and F4 Darling Harbour services from 2010 until 2017. On 26 June 2017, Sydney Ferries services ceased using the wharf with the opening of the nearby Barangaroo ferry wharf.

title: King Street Wharf


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Azerbaijan national football team

The Azerbaijan national football team (Azərbaycan milli futbol komandası) is the national football team of Azerbaijan and is controlled by Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan. It represents Azerbaijan in international football competitions. The majority of Azerbaijan's home matches are held at the national stadium, Baku Olympic Stadium, with friendly matches sometimes hosted at club stadiums.

The Azerbaijan national football team has taken part in qualification for each major tournament since Euro 1996, but has never qualified for the finals tournament of any World Cup or European Championships. Despite this, Azerbaijan was the first Caucasus country to host a major tournament, the UEFA Euro 2020, even though the national side was the only host to be eliminated in the first round of qualifying.

Early period (before the 1920s)
In the early twentieth century, football began to become popular in Azerbaijan, which was then part of the Russian Empire. In 1912, Azerbaijani football players had their first "international match" and they won in Tbilisi, Georgia against the local "Sokol" team with 4:2. During 1912–1913, matches between Azerbaijani and Georgian football teams were organized, first in Tbilisi and then in Baku. In 1914, the Football Union was founded in Azerbaijan. The Football Union undertook the organization of official city championships and other competitions.

Soviet era (1920s–1991)
The oldest records of football teams in Soviet Azerbaijan goes back to 1926–1927, when Trans-Caucasian Championship was organized in Tbilisi. Three South Caucasian countries participated: Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. The Azerbaijan national football team held its first friendly matches against Georgia and Armenia in 1927 for the Trans-Caucasian Championship in Georgia. Also in 1926, football players from Azerbaijan played three matches with Football team from Iran in Baku. In 1929, there were played three matches between these teams in Tehran. In all matches Azerbaijan players won.

The 1960s is considered the Golden Age for Azerbaijani football as it produced great players like Anatoliy Banishevskiy, Alakbar Mammadov and the football referee Tofiq Bahramov, most famous for being the linesman who helped to award a goal for England in the 1966 World Cup Final between England and West Germany.

1990s
After Azerbaijan gained its independence in 1991, AFFA — Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan — was created. In 1992, renowned Azerbaijani footballer Alekper Mamedov became the first head coach of the Azerbaijani national football team, compiling a 3–1 record as coach that includes the first ever national team victory, over Georgia on May 25, 1993. In 1994, the national team was accepted into FIFA and UEFA. The security issues, forced the team to play all of its home Euro 96 qualifiers in Trabzon, Turkey.

2000s
As of the early 2000s, Azerbaijani football federation started to integrate more players to the national team through FIFA's eligibility rules. In February 2004, Carlos Alberto Torres, captain of the Brazil team that won the 1970 FIFA World Cup was appointed its national coach. Despite a poor start, a 0–6 defeat to Israel on February 18, Azerbaijan won their first ever away match, 3–2 against Kazakhstan on April 28. In June 2005, following a 3–0 defeat by Poland, Torres stood down from the position, to be replaced by former Neftchi coach Vagif Sadygov, his third spell as coach of Azerbaijan. Shahin Diniyev took over as manager in November 2005. He resigned on 31 October 2007, and Gjoko Hadzievski was named as care-taking coach of Azerbaijan.

In April 2008, former German football player and coach Berti Vogts was appointed as a manager of Azerbaijan on a two-year contract. Azerbaijan had a mixed qualifying campaign, finishing with 5 points, just missing out on a last place to Liechtenstein with 2 points.

In November 2009, AFFA extended Berti Vogts' contract a further two years, making him the first manager to manage the weak Azerbaijani national team in two qualification cycles.

2010s
In 2010, following a shock win over Turkey, the team reached 90th place in FIFA World Rankings, Azerbaijan's highest position ever in country's football history. After victory over Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan also broke their scoring and points records by gaining 7 points and scoring 10 goals.

In November 2011, AFFA extended Berti Vogts' contract a further two years, until the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification cycle. Under Vogts, Azerbaijan had some poor results, not being able to defeat second-string sides. Vogts faced major criticism, protest and demonstration from local supporters and the media. However, Azerbaijan managed to finish qualification cycle in fourth place, the team's best ever finish. In December 2013, Vogts being granted a new two-year contract, with aim to lead Azerbaijan through EURO 2016 qualifying. In July 2014, Azerbaijan beat its ranking record by reaching 73rd place in FIFA World Rankings. Following three straight losses, Vogts resigned from his post after spending six years in charge of Azerbaijan.

Succeeding Vogts as full-time manager was former Croatia international Robert Prosinečki. He guided the Azerbaijani team to another record points haul (10) in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying, but the team still finished fifth in the six-team Group C. Prosinečki resigned after deciding not to extend his contract with the Azerbaijan Football Federation and was succeeded by fellow countryman Nikola Jurčević.

2020s
The UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying proved to be a disaster for Azerbaijan as the team finished in bottom with a complete seven defeats, including a famous 1–5 at home against Slovakia, and only one draw, which was, surprisingly, against 2018 FIFA World Cup runners-up Croatia, the home of the manager. Nikola Jurčević departed following the poor performance of Azerbaijan.

Colours
As of UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying round, Azerbaijan's home colours are all-red kit. The team wears an all-blue kit for away games. This combination of colours is traditional for the national team since their first game. At the beginning of 90s, the team wore a white shirt, but towards the end of the decade it was transformed into blue-white striped shirts. At the beginning of the 2000s, the kit was replaced by the white shirt with a vertical tricolour stripe, formed of the colors from the national flag of Azerbaijan on the chest. The kit was changed into blue shirts, red shorts and green socks only for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying round. After the tournament, the national team went back to their usual combination of colours.

Azerbaijan national team's away colours were yellow-black striped shirts, black shorts and yellow socks until UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying round, when it was decided to abandon this kit in favor of the completely blue. During the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying round games the team has used an all red kit.

Since 2017, Azerbaijan's kit have been supplied by Nike. They took over from Puma, who were Azerbaijan's kit suppliers between 2004 and 2006. Before that Umbro were Azerbaijan's kit suppliers between 2002 and 2004.

Nickname
Azerbaijan is often referred to by the media and supporters as Milli (The National), which is the nickname associated with all of Azerbaijan's international sporting teams due to the team's utilization of the country's national colors.

Stadium
Most of Azerbaijan's home matches are played at the new Baku Olympic Stadium in Baku. It has been Azerbaijan's primary home stadium ever since the move from Tofiq Bahramov Stadium in 2015. Today, some qualifying matches and friendly matches are still hosted at the Tofiq Bahramov Stadium, whereas others are hosted at the Lankaran City Stadium, Bakcell Arena and Dalga Arena after it met UEFA stadium criteria.

Media coverage and public relations
Azerbaijan's matches are presently covered by the public channel İTV. 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match rights were held by AZTV and Idman Azerbaijan TV.

AZTV, Idman Azerbaijan TV and Lider TV are among other networks that have previously shown live fixtures.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Current squad
Caps and goals correct as of 11 June 2024, after the match against 🇰🇿 kazakhstan
 * The following players were called up for the friendly matches.
 * Match dates: 7 and 11 June 2024
 * Opposition: 🇦🇱 albania and 🇰🇿 kazakhstan

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.

INJ Withdrew due to injury

PRE Preliminary squad / standby

RET Retired from the national team

SUS Serving suspension

Player statistics

 * Players in bold are still active with Azerbaijan.

Honours

 * ECO Cup
 * Third place (1): 1993

 * UAE International Cup
 * Third place (1): 2009

title: Azerbaijan national football team


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User talk:Leire Sánchez

Welcome to Wikipedia!

I note that you are posting material from http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node2.html to the Wikipedia artificial intelligence article. Please note that this is against Wikipedia's copyright policy. -- The Anome 11:06, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

And similarly this: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Krieger-Corpus.html to corpus linguistics. PLEASE STOP THIS -- IT IS CONTRARY TO SITE POLICY. -- The Anome 11:08, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

And now this: http://www.cs.wits.ac.za/info/what.html to computer science. Please discuss this here, or you will be banned from editing. -- The Anome 11:12, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leire Sánchez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/King Street Wharf

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled King street wharf.

This page is kept as an historic record.

'''The result of the debate was to keep the article as no consensus was reached. The article was moved to the proper capitalization of King Street Wharf.'''

Looks like a commercial, all praise and external links. Magnus Manske 11:13, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs fixing, not deleting, Perhaps shifting to King Street Wharf, Sydney? - David Gerard 13:13, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why was this listed here? If you're going to add things to VfD, please add the VfD header on the article page, tell us why you're putting it here, and sign it.  I added the header.  I vote keep, though it should be at King Street Wharf.  RickK 20:50, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually Magnus did give a reason, but the person (User:220.244.196.122) who originally created the article blanked it off this page. I have restored it. --Stormie 03:18, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I agree with David, should be fixed, not deleted. Oh, and the capitalisation of the name should be fixed. --Stormie 03:18, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I live in Sydney, and this is the first I've heard of this. So far as I can see it is a high-priced but otherwise unremarkable commercial development, one of hundreds of this scale in Sydney alone. The (minimal) website just says there are 84 "commercial suites". I downloaded the brochure (PDF, 1.06 megabytes) from the website, and it tells me a little more. There is a map on the last of the four graphics-intensive pages that tells me that the site is about 350 by 120 metres in size. There are two photos, a panorama that goes from page two to page three and an aerial shot on page four, that seem to show three squat buildings, about five stories each I think. This tallies well with the figure of 84 suites. I think that's all this is. Should I add these details to the article, do you think? Andrewa 04:44, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Widely known urban renewal project and subject of much public debate. Andrewa obviously doesn't get out much.--Gene_poole 05:31, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP This is a relevant piece of information. The original website is showing a new landmark development in Sydney by the foreshores of Darling harbour. How this article could be deleted is beyond me. I thought this Wikipedia was about including relevant facts and info. Well I'm sorry but a friend of mine has been to King Street Wharf and said it was a new Precint in Sydney australia. Boasting clubs, pubs, fine dining , commercial waterfront suites, Retail and residential units all overlooking the water in Sydney. At the moment it is meant to be the latest place to be. The original website illustrates this. I too downloaded the brochure and their is an aerial photo of the above new precinct. However there seems to be further development left. i agree with Gene_Pool. Regards Adam
 * Have a look at the red line on the panorama, it corresponds to the border of the development as shown on the map, and I think it's the boundary. Andrewa 13:16, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I should also point out that "Adam" is an IP not an eligible vote. Andrewa 03:18, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: advert for an unremarkable commercial development. Google (std disclaimer) turns up only advertising and puff pieces -- if there were some controversy I'd expect news items about politicians posturing, Usenet blathering, that kind of stuff. I had to laugh when I read Adam's comment -- "Boasting clubs, pubs, fine dining , commercial waterfront suites..." -- sounds almost like something from Monty Python. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:41, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Just to put its size into perspective, the site is about 42,000 square metres in area. By way of comparison, the WTC site is about 64,750 square metres. But this development is only about five stories tall. To put the debate into perspective, Sydney has several newspapers and TV news services online, and also the NSW parliamentary hansard. If you search for the controversy over the Luna Park or East Circular Quay developments, there is lots on the Web. So wherever this wide public debate occurred, it wasn't in the news or in parliament (-> which is probably why I missed it. Andrewa 01:28, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You live in Sydney and you're not aware of the ongoing debate over harbour foreshore redevelopment (of which this is a prime example)? That must be a very different Sydney from the one located in Australia! Perhaps you just don't pay attention to current affairs. --Gene_poole 07:01, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * There's no need to attack me personally (again). Just provide some evidence. I'm well aware of the debate over foreshore redevelopment. What is it that makes this a particularly good example of... of what? The debate? Redevelopment? The latest place to be? Excellence in dining? My suggestion is you don't answer here, put the information into the article instead and just note here that you've done it. And if it's good evidence I'll change my vote. Andrewa 15:11, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is getting off topic, but it should be pointed out that nobody is attacking you personally. You originally stated that despite living in Sydney you'd never heard of King Street Wharf. My comments were simply intendeed to point out that one cannot always assume comprehensive knowledge of every occurrence or event of note in a particular place just because one happens to live within a 3 hour drive of the location in question.--Gene_poole 07:54, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for updating the article. See the talk page for my comments on the accuracy of what you have written. But this is progress. Just BTW, no part of Sydney is as much as three hours' drive away from this site, I think you could drive there from Newcastle in under three hours in fact. I'm less than thirty minutes away by car myself, depending on the time of day of course. Andrewa 11:00, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No vote (change of vote). I've updated the article to include information given to me by the centre office when I rang them. It still seems to me that including this is rampant inclusionism. But it's no big deal to me so long as it is accurate, and the online brochure is useless as we have demonstrated. If we do keep it, I'll take some photos next time I'm in the city. Andrewa 01:14, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone can add details about why this redevelopment project is more notable than the millions of others around the world. If it's kept, why not a number of articles based on the search vancouver expo redevelopment, an article for Rivermark (earlier pages have annoying music that can't be turned off), Westlake Center (redeveloped a few years ago--twice as many hits as KSW) and countless others. Searching for just "san jose" redevelopment gets over 100,000 hits--do we really need an article for every redevelopment project in the world? If kept, needs to be moved to caps version of title. Niteowlneils 16:56, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I agree with Niteowlneils. Gugganij 21:24, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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ISSF 25 meter center-fire pistol

25 meter center-fire pistol is one of the ISSF shooting events, and is normally a men-only event. Its origin lies in competitions with military-style service pistols, and as such its history dates back to the 19th century.

25 meter pistol (formerly called sport pistol) is essentially the women's equivalent of this event, the only difference being the smaller rimfire caliber handguns used (often the same models only chambered for the smaller caliber).

Caliber
The name center-fire describes the type of cartridges used distinguishes this event from other ISSF events shot with handguns chambered for small caliber rimfire cartridges.

The rules specify that matches are to be shot with handgun of any caliber between 7.62 mm (.30) and 9.65 mm (.38), but the most popular cartridge is the .32 S&W Long Wadcutter, because it has good performance characteristics. Many countries also have laws restricting civilian ownership of firearms chambered for cartridges also used by military forces which would not apply to the rather obscure .32 S&W Long.

Type
Using a revolver is not a disadvantage because the "rapid-fire" stage is not as demanding or fast as the true rapid-fire event of 25 meter rapid fire pistol. The current record is set with a revolver (Toz 49). The most popular handgun choices, however, are larger caliber versions of rimfire semi-automatic pistols originally designed for 25 meter standard pistol. Many of these pistols can be changed from one caliber to the other by simply changing the barrel and magazine. Examples of such firearms are usually from companies specializing in firearms for ISSF events like Pardini Arms, Benelli, Morini, Walther and Hämmerli and include:
 * Hämmerli SP20
 * Pardini HP
 * Morini CM32M
 * Walther GSP
 * Benelli MP-90 and Benelli MP-95

Course of fire
A center-fire match consists of two parts of 30 shots each, both shot at 25 m:
 * A precision stage where 5 shots are to be fired during a 5-minute period.
 * A rapid-fire stage where, for each shot, the shooter has 3 seconds to raise his arm from a 45-degree angle and fire.
 * As with all ISSF pistol disciplines, all firing must be done with one hand, unsupported.

The score zones of the targets are different for the two stages, but scores are usually similar for the two courses. In the precision stage, the target is the same as in 50 meter pistol (although at half the distance), with a 10-zone of 5 cm diameter, and in the rapid-fire stage, the target is the same as in 25 meter rapid fire pistol, with a 10-zone of 10 cm diameter.

Popularity
The event has not made it into the Olympic Games, and so gains little attention. It is part of the ISSF World Shooting Championships however, as well as the CISM World Championships. It is also notable for being the inspiration for the 25 meter pistol event, which is an Olympic event for women.

title: ISSF 25 meter center-fire pistol


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User talk:Chubtoad

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following images:

 * Image:Imminst.gif
 * Image:Immortal.gif

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 03:23, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

title: User talk:Chubtoad


text:
ISSF 25 meter pistol

25 meter pistol, formerly and unofficially still often known as sport pistol, is one of the ISSF shooting events. It was devised as a women's event in the 1960s, based upon the rules of 25 meter center-fire pistol but shot with a .22-caliber sport pistol instead of the larger-caliber guns men used. As with all ISSF pistol disciplines, all firing must be done with one hand, unsupported.

In 1984, female shooting competitions began in the Olympic Games, and so sport pistol made its way into the Olympic program. Internationally, it is still only shot by women and juniors, while men have center-fire pistols instead. However, in many countries, there are also male classes in 25 meter pistol on the national level and lower.

As 25 meter pistol is Olympic, it involves shooting a final, which the center-fire event does not. The top eight contestants reach the final, which consists of four additional rapid-fire stage series of 5 shots each. The final score is added to the qualification score.

Most shooters excelling in 25 meter pistol also compete at the same level in 10 meter air pistol, a similar precision event.

Olympic and World Champions
25 meter pistol for women was introduced in the 1984 Summer Olympics. In its first eight instalments, one shooter has succeeded in winning two gold medals: Mariya Grozdeva from Bulgaria. The current Olympic gold medallist is Anna Korakaki from Greece.

title: ISSF 25 meter pistol


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Honkin' on Bobo

Honkin' on Bobo is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released on March 30, 2004, by Columbia Records. The album includes 11 covers of blues and blues rock songs from the 1950s and 1960s, with one new song, "The Grind". The album pays tribute to Aerosmith's earliest influences and showcases a rawer sound when compared to their more recent commercial efforts. Honkin' on Bobo was produced by Jack Douglas, who was Aerosmith's producer on a vast majority of their 1970s output.

The album sold over 160,000 copies in its first week, reaching number five on the Billboard 200. Honkin' on Bobo was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on May 11, 2004.

Background
After their departure from Geffen Records in 1994, the band wanted their next record to be a blues album. "Then," said singer Steven Tyler, "we caught wind that Clapton was doing it, and we went, 'Fuck!'… We did such incredible research for this album, too… We also thought about our roots, about paying homage to the stuff we loved: early Yardbirds and all. Some of Little Walter's early stuff. Really obscure names… I did some digging around myself in Chicago. We had some great songs to work with – and then Clapton came along and did it."

Honkin' on Bobo was recorded in Joe Perry's ranch near Boston, with the band committing to playing only when they were in a good mood. "We wanted to do something we haven't done before and that excites us," Perry said. "That's what makes us want to do another record. Otherwise, we'd say, 'OK, we've done everything we can do, so why bother even going in again?’"

The album title was suggested by Tyler, who had heard the phrase before, possibly the song by Canadian country/bluegrass band The Good Brothers, and amused the band with it. Perry stated during a radio interview, "We just know that it's a phrase that sounds... jazzish, nastyish, so it works for us."

Many tracks feature harmonica by Tyler, including Little Walter's "Temperature". This was played on an episode of the House of Blues Radio Hour that was about the harmonica. A harmonica keychain was included with the limited edition version. Provisional artwork featured the cover's harmonica stuffed into a model's denim cutoffs. This was vetoed, said its proponent Tyler, "because I'm in a band with four other guys."

"Stop Messin' Around" – a Fleetwood Mac cover, sung by Perry – had never before appeared on an Aerosmith album, despite being a staple of the band's concerts for more than ten years.

Reception
Metacritic gave the album a score of 69 out of 100 based on 12 generally favorable reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that the album is the best the band has done since Pump in 1989, and that it cannot be called a "blues" album because it is a rock album. He called the album a "surprise" in that, even though the album's artwork and title are bad, it marks a return to Aerosmith. In his Blender magazine review of the album, Jon Pareles said that the band did their blues album different from most others because, instead of making "respectable" cover versions, they make quite unrespectable cover versions like "You Gotta Move". The album, to him, proves that Aerosmith can still rock. Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly felt that the album didn't live up to what it should be because it is too loud, but some songs on the album are good.

David Fricke of Rolling Stone magazine wrote an article for the magazine comparing and contrasting Aerosmith's Honkin' on Bobo and Eric Clapton's Me and Mr. Johnson which also explored blues influences. He said that Clapton's album was mostly about pain, while Aerosmith's album was about sex and running away from lovers. He also considers Bobo to be a double-tribute album – one tribute to the original musicians and one tribute for 1960s blues-rock bands – and considers the album to be overdone, which is what Aerosmith is good at.

Personnel
Additional musicians Production
 * Steven Tyler – lead vocals, harmonica, piano on "Never Loved a Girl", backing vocals on "Stop Messin' Around", percussion, production
 * Joe Perry – lead guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Back Back Train" and "Stop Messin' Around", production
 * Brad Whitford – rhythm and lead guitar
 * Tom Hamilton – bass guitar
 * Joey Kramer – drums
 * Tracy Bonham – vocals on "Back Back Train" and "Jesus Is on the Main Line"
 * Johnnie Johnson – piano on "Shame, Shame, Shame" and "Temperature"
 * The Memphis Horns – brass on "Never Loved a Girl"
 * Paul Santo – piano, electric piano, organ, engineering
 * Jack Douglas – production
 * Paul Caruso – engineering
 * Jay Messina – engineering
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Marti Frederiksen – production, mixing, engineering

title: Honkin' on Bobo