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TeamTNT

TeamTNT was a distributed group of Doom mappers, originally formed as a Doom mailing list in 1994. The team are known for creating the TNT: Evilution episode of Final Doom, as well as several free level packs and developer resources for Doom II. Their source ports, the BOOM and Boom-DM engines were used by many level designers during the height of Doom modding in the 1990s. The group was largely inactive from 2008, with their resources remaining online until the 2015 death of administrator Ty Halderman.

Origins & Final Doom
TeamTNT developed in late 1994 and early 1995 from the highly active doom-editing mailing list. TeamTNT originally formed as a two-group entity: the Alpha group whose concerns centered primarily on level design and mod work employing pre-existing Doom II resources as developed by the original Id Software team, and the Beta group who would be focused more closely on partial and total conversions including sprite changes. The Beta team dissolved shortly after the official formation of The TeamTNT Trust, the legal entity which dealt with Id Software during negotiations concerning Final Doom. As of February 1995 team membership numbered at 104 members (including all former members of the doom-editing mailing list).

Decline
During the late 1990s membership declined and fluctuated such that as of 1999, membership ranged from 35–40 members with as many as an additional 40 former and inactive members still listed on official member lists. Paul Fleschute broke his "Ultimate Invasion" project away from TeamTNT, though this project never emerged. A number of TeamTNT members were also involved with the LUC project (a game then being developed by Suspension Software based on the Quake II engine). The LUC website went down at some point in the late 2000s without release. Most of TNT's ongoing projects were cancelled in 2007, and the last level pack released by the group was Eternal Doom IV in 2008. TNT website administrator Ty Halderman continued to maintain the /idgames archives until his death from brain cancer on July 31, 2015.

Releases
All of these were released for free, save for Final Doom- though it would ultimately be packaged as a free update to console owners of Doom II in 2019. Several of these were in co-operation with other developers or groups.
 * Mar. 1996: Icarus: Alien Vanguard (32-level solo-play level pack initially entitled TNT2)
 * Jun. 1996: Final Doom (64-level pack, and the only one to be released commercially)
 * Aug. 1996: Bloodlands (32-level multiplayer Doom DM)
 * Dec. 1996: Grievance (32-level multiplayer Doom DM)
 * Oct. 1997: Pursuit (32-level multiplayer Doom DM)
 * Nov. 1997: Eternal Doom [1–3] (34-level solo-play level pack created by TeamTNT and Team Eternal [from the CompuServe forums], which later joined TeamTNT)
 * Jun. 1998: Eternal Deathmatch (multiplayer Doom DM run through the Eternal Shell)
 * Feb. 1999: Reclamation (32-level multiplayer Doom DM)
 * Oct. 1999 to Sep. 2000: The Return (TeamTNT public contribution project; collection of single maps for solo- or multiplay, 7 of which were created by TeamTNT)
 * Dec. 2003: Daedalus: Alien Defense (32-level solo-play level pack previously released in early 7-map form as Doom2000 at 12:01am January 1, 2000 )
 * Jan. 2008: Eternal Doom IV: Return From Oblivion (7-level solo-play, developed by Team Eternal and TeamTNT intended as a sequel to Eternal Doom 3).

Cancelled projects
Some of these were in development in the late 1990s. In 2007 a message was added to the top of TNT's future projects page indicating that these were cancelled.
 * Doom Revisited (32-level solo-play level pack attempting to recreate the feel of the original Doom/Doom2 series)
 * Eternally New (32-level multiplayer Doom DM run through the Eternal Shell focusing on cooperative play)
 * PuzzleWorld (solo-play level pack focusing on puzzles)
 * Ragnarok: The Search For Aasgard (and Ragnarok DM) (a total conversion which was awaiting development of the Open Gaming Resource Engine [OGRE])
 * Open Gaming Resource Engine [OGRE] (a source merger project between BOOM, WinDoom, and DOSDoom among others. Note: this is not related to the non-TeamTNT OGRE Engine.)
 * An additional 25 maps for Eternal Doom IV to convert it into a megawad.

title: TeamTNT


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A Grand Don't Come for Free

A Grand Don't Come for Free is the second studio album by English rapper and producer Mike Skinner, under the music project the Streets. It was released on 17 May 2004 and is listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. It is a rap opera and concept album that follows the story of its protagonist's relationship with a girl named Simone, alongside the mysterious loss of £1,000 from his home (the eponymous "grand").

Plot
In the story, the protagonist loses £1,000, or a "grand" in slang terms, and strives to recoup the money.

In his book The Story of the Streets, Skinner explained his decision to create a story that ran through the album:""The reason I decided to write A Grand Don't Come for Free as episodes from a single unfolding narrative was because I'd got so into my songwriting manuals and books by Hollywood screen-writing gurus – not just Robert McKee but Syd Field and John Truby as well – and I wanted to try and put what I'd learnt from them into practice. Every song needs a drama at the centre of it, and once you have the drama, the song writes itself – that's what I firmly believed, and still do believe. I'm not alone in this conviction, either. It's something pretty much all rappers seem to be sure about.""

In the first track on the album, "It Was Supposed to Be So Easy", Skinner attempts several tasks during a day but they do not go according to plan. When he comes home he cannot find the £1,000 he has saved and his television is broken. In the process of trying to recover the money he:

 * Starts seeing a girl called Simone who works in JD Sports with his friend Dan. ("Could Well Be In")
 * Tries to recover the £1,000 by gambling on football. After a series of wins, he frustratingly cannot get to the bookmakers in time to make a big gamble. Fortuitously, the prediction is wrong — it is his lucky day. ("Not Addicted")
 * Is stood up at a nightclub by Simone, but passes the time drinking alcohol and taking ecstasy. He thinks he sees Simone kissing Dan but the drug-induced high distracts him before he can think about it properly. ("Blinded By the Lights")
 * Moves into Simone's house and finds himself comfortable smoking marijuana there, rather than drinking with his friends at the pub. ("Wouldn't Have It Any Other Way")
 * Argues with Simone and gets kicked out of her house. ("Get Out of My House")
 * Poses to impress a girl in a take away restaurant during a heavy night drinking on holiday. ("Fit But You Know It")
 * Flies back from the holiday and remorsefully reviews the events of the previous night during a phone call to a friend, realising he still wants to be with Simone. ("Such a Twat")
 * Suspects his mate Scott of stealing his coat, money, and girlfriend but discovers that Simone is actually having an affair with Dan. ("What is He Thinking?")
 * Tries to cope with his girlfriend breaking up with him. ("Dry Your Eyes")
 * Deals with the events of his life in one of two ways; the final track, "Empty Cans", features two endings to the plot, a bitter ending and a happy ending (the former where he and a TV repairman get into a fight over the repairman's fee, and the latter in which he reconciles with his mates and finds the £1,000 had fallen down the back of the TV, making it malfunction).
 * The B-side of the UK single release of "Fit But You Know It" is the song "Soaked by the Ale". The story of this song takes place between the events of "Fit But You Know It" and "Such a Twat". It documents one of Skinner's mates being annoyed at Mike for stealing a tub of ice cream whilst on holiday in Spain as a result of his excessive drinking. The chronological order is identified in "Such a Twat" where Skinner raps "And that incident with the ice cream I forgot, it all ended in our vodka".

Like the Streets' debut album Original Pirate Material the album was recorded in a flat in south London, but this time in Skinner's own flat in Stockwell which he had bought using the money he had received upon signing his publishing deal.

Artwork
The front cover of the album features Skinner posing in a bus shelter at night, taken by British photographer Ewen Spencer.

Singles
The first single from the album, "Fit But You Know It" reached number four on the UK Singles Charts with the second single, "Dry Your Eyes" entering the UK Charts at number one. The album itself reached number one in the UK Album Charts, number eleven in Australia and number eighty-two in the United States.
 * "Fit But You Know It" Released: 3 May 2004 No. 4 UK
 * "Dry Your Eyes"      Released: 26 July 2004 No. 1 UK
 * "Blinded by the Lights" Released: 4 October 2004 No. 10 UK
 * "Could Well Be In"     Released: 6 December 2004 No. 30 UK

Critical reception
Critical response for the album, like for his previous album, was near universally positive. It currently scores 91/100 on Metacritic, slightly higher than his previous album, which scored 90/100.

Critics noted the difference in style compared to Skinner's debut album. In Q, Garry Mulholland said that instead of thinking of the record as a concept album, it was more like "a spoken-word opera, or a short story with an exquisitely crafted pop soundtrack". Calling it "the best album of 2004 so far, and by some distance", Mulholland concluded that "if [Skinner] sees a darkness in the private hell of the everyday, it's an inspiring one", and that the album "puts forth a musical argument that our own lives are more important and relevant than the aspirational celebrity imagery that dominates 21st century pop." The Guardian said that the album "raises the stakes to such an extent that it sounds literally unprecedented: there isn't really any other album like this", and PopMatters stated that Skinner "is now in a class all his own; nobody else is making music like this." Trouser Press said that "Skinner seems both edgier and more contemplative".

Pat Blashill of Rolling Stone called A Grand Don't Come for Free "the best British hip-hop concept album ever" and stated that "it is both simpler – in sound and scope – than Pirate and more ambitious". He was impressed by Skinner's ability with "tickling and tearing vowels, adverbs and lexicons", but, above all, "his real gift is literary". He concluded that the story was "thoroughly mundane ... yet Skinner's ear for language and detail keeps it vivid, and hilarious". "In a previous decade, A Grand Don't Come for Free would have been a rock opera, and it would have taken itself very seriously," observed Blender. "But Skinner isn't interested in pinball wizards or ancient alien races ... [It] demands the same attention as a movie, and that's why some people will hate it while others will find it uniquely riveting." The Austin Chronicle named the album "the first hip-hop classic of the new millennium."

Online music magazine Pitchfork placed A Grand Don't Come for Free at number 129 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s. Music magazine NME placed the album at number 16 on their list of "top 50 albums of the noughties".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A Grand Don't Come for Free


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São Paulo Metro

The São Paulo Metro (Metrô de São Paulo, ), commonly called the Metrô, is a rapid transit system that forms part of the urban railways that serves the city of São Paulo, alongside the São Paulo Metropolitan Trains Company (CPTM), both forming the largest metropolitan rail transport network of Latin America. The six lines in the metro system operate on 104.4 km of route, serving 89 stations. The metro system carries about 4,200,000 passengers a day.

Metro itself is far from covering the entire urban area in the city of São Paulo and only runs within the city limits. However, it is complemented by a network of metropolitan trains operated by CPTM and ViaMobilidade, which serve the city of São Paulo and the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The two systems combined form a 380 km long network. The metropolitan trains differs from Metro because it also serves other municipalities around São Paulo with larger average distance between stations and freight trains operating in some lines.

Considered the most modern in Latin America, the system is the first to install platform screen doors at a station, and use communications-based train control with lines 4 and 15 being fully automated. Line 15 is a monorail line that partially opened for service in 2014 and is the first high capacity monorail line of Latin America. The São Paulo Metro and CPTM both operate as State-owned companies and have received awards in the recent past as one of the cleanest systems in the world by ISO9001. The São Paulo Metro was voted Best Metro Americas at the MetroRail 2010 industry conference and has been frequently chosen as one of the best metro systems in the world by specialist media outlets such as CNN and Business Insider, being the only system in Latin America to make the list.

History

The Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo (Metrô) was founded on April 24, 1968. Eight months later, work on the initial North–South line (now Line 1 - Blue) was initiated. In 1972, the first test train trip occurred between Jabaquara and Saúde stations. On September 14, 1974, the segment between Jabaquara and Vila Mariana entered into commercial operation.

The first line, Norte/Sul (North/South), later renamed "Blue Line" or Line 1 - Blue, was opened on September 18, 1972, with an experimental operation between Saúde and Jabaquara stations. Commercial operations started on September 14, 1974, after an eight-year "gestation" period that began in 1966, under Mayor Faria Lima's administration. Expansion of the metro system includes new lines. As of late 2004, construction began on a US$1 billion, 12.8 km all-underground line (Line 4 - Yellow), with eleven stations, aimed at transporting almost one million people per day. By 2004, Line 2 was also being expanded, with two new stations open in 2006 and another one in 2007.

A 10.5 km expansion of Line 5 was completed in 2018.

, tickets cost R$5.00. In 2006, the São Paulo Metro system has started to use a smart card, called "Bilhete Único" (or "Single Ticket" in English).

Current operational data
The metro system consists of six color-coded lines: Line 1 (Blue), Line 2 (Green), Line 3 (Red), Line 4 (Yellow), Line 5 (Lilac) and Line 15 (Silver), operating from Sunday to Saturday, from 4:40 AM to midnight (1:00 AM on Saturdays). Line 15 (Silver), is a high-capacity monorail, the rest being standard metro lines.

The six lines achieved an average weekday ridership of 5.3 million in 2019. On 14 September 2019, Metrô recorded the highest ever ridership figure of 5.5 million on a single business day, caused by the recent expansion of some lines. The Metro provided 1,4945 billion rides over the course of 2019.

Bus terminals
In May 1977, Metro assumed the administration and commercial utilization of the Inter-City Jabaquara Intermunicipal Terminal, and inaugurated, in May 1982, the modern Inter-city Tietê Bus Terminal, replacing the former Júlio Prestes Terminal.

This agreement established that Metro would be in charge of the studies for the planning, implementation, and operation of passenger transportation in the municipal district of São Paulo, either directly or through third parties.

Later, the other inter-city bus terminals were integrated into the system, such as Bresser, in January 1988, and Palmeiras-Barra Funda, in December 1989. In January 1990 the inter-city bus terminals were outsourced by Metrô, which through public bidding, contracted Consortium Prima for the administration and commercial utilization of the 4 inter-city bus terminals of the city of São Paulo. This contract included the responsibility for maintenance and conservation of the existing installations, as well as of the expansion and modernisation of the terminals.

Rolling stock
The first cars started operating in 1974, the same year the company's commercial activities were initiated. This model was named A Stock, whose cars received the numbers of 1001 to 1306 (51 trains of 6 cars each). They were designed in United States by the Budd Company, and the national rolling stock manufacturer Mafersa did the final assembly. The model was based on the Class A trains from the Bay Area Rapid Transit system, even using the same Westinghouse 1460 series chopper traction controls, and was to be used along the north–south line, now known as Line 1 - Blue. The initially they operated with two car trains with cars added as demand increased, up to a maximum of six cars. All of them have a pair of electric motors and a cab.

Today, this stock is known as "A stock". The entire "A stock" was planned to be phased out by the beginning of 2015, as the recent modernization processes saw them being converted into two different stocks: I and J. The last A stock train was withdrawn from service in February 2018.

To reduce the manufacturing costs, the Cobrasma company decided to provide, for the East-West Line, now Line 3. Trains had cabs only and made use of more advanced ventilation and maintenance systems. This stock was known by the name of "C". The batch of trains designed for this line were produced by two different national companies, Cobrasma and Mafersa (whose trains got named as "D"). The trains entered service between 1984 and 1986 on Line 3 and remained there for their entire service lives, although in their final years, some of the D stock trains were transferred to Line 1 where they ran with the older A stock trains. The only difference between the two is the front mask and some structural framework. Their original technical nomenclature was 300. According to it, the C stock was numbered from 301 (C01) to 325 (C25), and the D stock had trains numbered from 326 (D26) to 347 (D47). The C stock trains were already refurbished as K stock and the D stock was refurbished and created the L cars. The refurbishment program for the entire stock of A, C and D trains was completed in 2018.

Today the rolling stock of the São Paulo Metro consists of 11 stocks, 232 trains and 1,419 cars and it is divided as follows:

 * E stock: Built by Alstom and entered service between 1998 and 1999. They currently operate on Line 1 - Blue.
 * F stock: Alstom trains specially built for Line 5 - Lilac between 2001 and 2002.
 * G stock: Also built by Alstom and entered service in 2008. They currently run on Lines 1 - Blue and 3 - Red.
 * H stock: Streamlined CAF-built trains built in 2010 which operate exclusively on Line 3 - Red since 2014.
 * I and J stock: Refurbished A stock trains which operate on Lines 1 - Blue and 2 - Green from 2011. They differ cosmetically as well as mechanically. I stock was rebuilt by Alstom and Siemens while J stock was rebuilt by Bombardier, Temoinsa, BTT and Tejofran.
 * K stock: Refurbished C stock trains rebuilt by a consortium consisting of T’trans, MTTrens, MPE and Temoinsa. They operate on Line 3 - Red just like the original trains.
 * L stock: D stock refurbished by Alstom and IESA and operates on Line 1 - Blue
 * M stock: The Monorail stock built by Bombardier between 2013 and 2016 and operates on Line 15 - Silver.
 * P stock: CAF-built trains from 2013 which run on Line 5 - Lilac alongside the former F stock.
 * 400 series: Driverless trains built in 2009-2010 and 2016-2017 by Hyundai Rotem for Line 4 - Yellow

Security
Metro's security agents have police powers and in case of need they will provide assistance. All police matters that occur within the system are directed to the police station of the subway system, Delegacia de Polícia do Metropolitano de São Paulo (DELPOM), located at Palmeiras-Barra Funda station.

Future developments
Several conventional metro and monorail lines are currently under construction or under project.

title: São Paulo Metro


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Talk:Whirlwind (disambiguation)

Willywilly
The page Willywilly is redirected to this article, yet willywilly is not mentioned in the article. If willywilly is merely an Australian term for whirlwind, this should be stated. If it is something else, it should explained or given its own, non-redirected page. -- Jeff Q 04:51, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Diablo
I suppose the Diablo reference is justified, but it's horribly badly done (and I'm not really up to fixing it just now). DS 02:08, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I just removed it -- I don't think it belongs in the article. Neilc 02:02, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hrildwind means this........
Whrildwind means something or someone how needs help everyday that is what is means pls leave a comment ok thx u Kike Osinubi New Life Academy School

title: Talk:Whirlwind (disambiguation)


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Free look

Free look (also known as mouselook) describes the ability to move a mouse, joystick, analogue stick, or D-pad to rotate the player character's view in video games. It is almost always used for 3D game engines, and has been included on role-playing video games, real-time strategy games, third-person shooters, first-person shooters, racing games, and flight simulators. Free look is nearly universal in modern games, but it was one of the significant technical breakthroughs of mid-1990s first-person perspective games. Many modern console games dedicate one of the several analogue sticks on the gamepad entirely to rotating the view, where as some older console games, when gamepads usually had fewer or only a single D-pad or analogue stick, had a feature where the single D-pad or analogue stick would move the view instead of the character whilst the player held down another button at the same time, often labelled in game as the "look button".

In games whose free-look systems are controlled fluidly via a pointing device, such as a mouse or the Wii Remote's infrared pointer, the camera will change angle when the cursor moves near an edge of the screen. To lock the camera angle, the player can position the cursor in a central region of the screen called a dead zone, named so in that it prevents the camera from moving. This allows the player to keep a steady focus on what lies forward, and the extent and size of the dead zone may be customizable in certain games.

History
Fully 3D first-person games with restricted free look had appeared as early as 1992 on the PC, allowing the player to look up and down, although vision was controlled by dedicated keys rather than the mouse. At the time it was still cutting-edge technology and didn't become widespread until the age of 3D accelerators. Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss, released in March 1992, as well as the later System Shock (which was made on the same engine), allowed the player to manipulate the camera, looking left, right, up or down by using dedicated keys or by using the mouse to click on the edges of the screen.

Taito's first-person shooter arcade game Gun Buster, released in August 1992, featured a unique control scheme where the player moves using an eight-direction joystick and takes aim using a mounted positional light gun. The player could turn left or right by moving the gun pointer to the left or right edges of the screen. However, the game lacked the ability to look up or down.

In the 1993 game Doom, it was not possible for the player to angle the view up or down, though Raven Software's Heretic, based on the same engine as Doom and released in 1994, added a restricted free look to the engine. Dark Forces was released in 1995 and featured 3D look, but more restricted than the free look of the earlier Ultima Underworld and System Shock.

Raven Software's November 1994 release CyClones featured a basic implementation of the free look; main movement was via keyboard (with turning and strafing via key combinations), but the on-screen weapon aim point was moved independently via the mouse. Moving the aim point to the edge of the screen would cause the viewpoint to temporarily shift up or to the side. This system proved cumbersome and Raven Software did not develop this particular system further. The 1993 DOS version of Bram Stoker's Dracula also used the mouse to aim the player's weapon cross-hair, similar to CyClones, but the player's viewpoint was controlled entirely by the keyboard and did not move with the cross-hair.

The next major step was using the mouse to control the free look. Marathon by Bungie, released in December 1994 for the Apple Macintosh was the first major release to feature the mouse-controlled free look that would later become universal. The first major game for PC to allow mouselook was Descent; it was not the default control mapping, but quickly became the de facto due to the game's inherent need to constantly be able to look in all three dimensions. The first game with full-time fully 3D mouselook by default was Terminator: Future Shock (published by Bethesda Softworks in 1995). However, Terminator: Future Shock did not become very popular and the original Marathon was not available on the PC platform, so their impact was limited. Quake (1996), is widely considered to have been the turning point in making free look the standard, in part due to its Internet multiplayer feature, which allowed large numbers of mouse and keyboard players to face each other head-to-head, and proved the superiority of mouselook over keyboard-only controls. Although games using older engines continued to appear for a few years, the 3D accelerator boom in the mid-1990s meant that for the first time true 3D engines could be run on home PCs, and free mouselook would rapidly become essential and standard in almost every 3D game.

GoldenEye 007 (1997) extended the spread of this technique, introducing it to consoles by incorporating the manual aiming of Sega's light gun shooter Virtua Cop (1994) in its first-person shooter gameplay. According to creator Martin Hollis: "We ended up with innovative gameplay, in part because we had Virtua Cop features in a FPS: A gun that only holds 7 bullets and a reload button, lots of position dependent hit animations, innocents you shouldn’t kill, and an aiming mode. When you press R in GoldenEye, the game basically switches to a Virtua Cop mode."

title: Free look


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Reticle

A reticle, or reticule also known as a graticule, is a pattern of fine lines or markings built into the eyepiece of an optical device such as a telescopic sight, spotting scope, theodolite, optical microscope or the screen of an oscilloscope, to provide measurement references during visual inspections. Today, engraved lines or embedded fibers may be replaced by a digital image superimposed on a screen or eyepiece. Both terms may be used to describe any set of patterns used for aiding visual measurements and calibrations, but in modern use reticle is most commonly used for weapon sights, while graticule is more widely used for non-weapon measuring instruments such as oscilloscope display, astronomic telescopes, microscopes and slides, surveying instruments and other similar devices.

There are many variations of reticle pattern; this article concerns itself mainly with the most rudimentary reticle: the crosshair. Crosshairs are typically represented as a pair of perpendicularly intersecting lines in the shape of a cross, "+", though many variations of additional features exist including dots, posts, concentric circles/horseshoes, chevrons, graduated markings, or a combination of above. Most commonly associated with telescopic sights for aiming firearms, crosshairs are also common in optical instruments used for astronomy and surveying, and are also popular in graphical user interfaces as a precision pointer. The reticle is said to have been invented by Robert Hooke, and dates to the 17th century. Another candidate as inventor is the amateur astronomer William Gascoigne, who predated Hooke.

Firearms
Telescopic sights for firearms, generally just called scopes, are probably the device most often associated with crosshairs. Motion pictures and the media often use a view through crosshairs as a dramatic device, which has given crosshairs wide cultural exposure.

Reticle shape
While the traditional thin crossing lines are the original and still the most familiar cross-hair shape, they are really best suited for precision aiming at high contrast targets, as the thin lines are easily lost in complex backgrounds, such as those encountered while hunting. Thicker bars are much easier to discern against a complex background, but lack the precision of thin bars. The most popular types of cross-hair in modern scopes are variants on the duplex cross-hair, with bars that are thick on the perimeter and thin out in the middle. The thick bars allow the eye to quickly locate the center of the reticle, and the thin lines in the center allow for precision aiming. The thin bars in a duplex reticle may also be designed to be used as a measure. Called a 30/30 reticle, the thin bars on such a reticle span 30 minutes of arc (0.5º), which is approximately equal to 30 in at 100 yd. This enables an experienced shooter to deduce, on the basis of the known size of an object in view, (as opposed to guess or estimate) the range within an acceptable error limit.

Wire crosshairs

Originally crosshairs were constructed out of hair or spiderweb, these materials being sufficiently thin and strong. Many modern scopes use wire crosshairs, which can be flattened to various degrees to change the width. These wires are usually silver in color, but appear black when backlit by the image passing through the scope's optics. Wire reticles are by nature fairly simple, as they require lines that pass all the way across the reticle, and the shapes are limited to the variations in thickness allowed by flattening the wire; duplex crosshairs, and crosshairs with dots are possible, and multiple horizontal or vertical lines may be used. The advantage of wire crosshairs is that they are fairly tough and durable, and provide no obstruction to light passing through the scope.

Etched reticles

The first suggestion for etched glass reticles was made by Philippe de La Hire in 1700. His method was based on engraving the lines on a glass plate with a diamond point. Many modern crosshairs are actually etched onto a thin plate of glass, which allows a far greater latitude in shapes. Etched glass reticles can have floating elements, which do not cross the reticle; circles and dots are common, and some types of glass reticles have complex sections designed for use in range estimation and bullet drop and drift compensation (see external ballistics). A potential disadvantage of glass reticles is that the surface of the glass reflects some light (about 4% per surface on uncoated glass ) lessening transmission through the scope, although this light loss is near zero if the glass is multicoated (coating being the norm for all modern high quality optical products).

Illuminated reticles
Reticles may be illuminated, either by a plastic or fiber optic light pipe collecting ambient light or, in low light conditions, by a battery powered LED. Some sights also use the radioactive decay of tritium for illumination that can work for 11 years without using a battery, used in the British SUSAT sight for the SA80 (L85) assault rifle and in the American ACOG (Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight). Red is the most common color used, as it is the least destructive to the shooter's night vision, but some products use green or yellow illumination, either as a single colour or changeable via user selection.

Graticule
A graticule is another term for reticle, frequently encountered in British and British military technical manuals, and came into common use during World War I.

Reticle focal plane
The reticle may be located at the front or rear focal plane (First Focal Plane (FFP) or Second Focal Plane (SFP)) of the telescopic sight. On fixed power telescopic sights there is no significant difference, but on variable power telescopic sights the front plane reticle remains at a constant size compared to the target, while rear plane reticles remain a constant size to the user as the target image grows and shrinks. Front focal plane reticles are slightly more durable, but most American users prefer that the reticle remains constant as the image changes size, so nearly all modern American variable power telescopic sights are rear focal plane designs. American and European high end optics manufacturers often leave the customer the choice between a FFP or SFP mounted reticle.

Collimated reticles

Collimated reticles are produced by non-magnifying optical devices such as reflector sights (often called reflex sights) that give the viewer an image of the reticle superimposed over the field of view, and blind collimator sights that are used with both eyes. Collimated reticles are created using refractive or reflective optical collimators to generate a collimated image of an illuminated or reflective reticle. These types of sights are used on surveying/triangulating equipment, to aid celestial telescope aiming, and as sights on firearms. Historically they were used on larger military weapon systems that could supply an electrical source to illuminate them and where the operator needed a wide field of view to track and range a moving target visually (i.e. weapons from the pre laser/radar/computer era). More recently sights using low power consumption durable light emitting diodes as the reticle (called red dot sights) have become common on small arms with versions like the Aimpoint CompM2 being widely fielded by the U.S. Military.

Holographic reticles
Holographic weapon sights use a holographic image of a reticle at finite set range built into the viewing window and a collimated laser diode to illuminate it. An advantage to holographic sights is that they eliminate a type of parallax problem found in some optical collimator based sights (such as the red dot sight) where the spherical mirror used induces spherical aberration that can cause the reticle to skew off the sight's optical axis. The use of a hologram also eliminates the need for image dimming narrow band reflective coatings and allows for reticles of almost any shape or mil size. A downside to the holographic weapon sight can be the weight and shorter battery life. As with red dot sights, holographic weapon sights have also become common on small arms with versions like the Eotech 512.A65 and similar models fielded by the U.S. Military and various law enforcement agencies.

Surveying and astronomy
In older instruments, reticle crosshairs and stadia marks were made using threads taken from the cocoon of the brown recluse spider. This very fine, strong spider silk makes for an excellent crosshair.

Surveying
In surveying, reticles are designed for specific uses. Levels and theodolites would have slightly different reticles. However, both may have features such as stadia marks to allow distance measurements.

Astronomy
For astronomical uses, reticles could be simple crosshair designs or more elaborate designs for special purposes. Telescopes used for polar alignment could have a reticle that indicates the position of Polaris relative to the north celestial pole. Telescopes that are used for very precise measurements would have a filar micrometer as a reticle; this could be adjusted by the operator to measure angular distances between stars.

For aiming telescopes, reflex sights are popular, often in conjunction with a small telescope with a crosshair reticle. They make aiming the telescope at an astronomical object easier.

The constellation Reticulum was designated to recognize the reticle and its contributions to astronomy.

title: Reticle


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James V. Monaco

James Vincent Monaco (January 13, 1885 – October 16, 1945) was an Italian-born American composer of popular music.

Life and career
Monaco was born in Formia, Italy. His family emigrated to the United States when he was six, and he grew up in Albany, New York, where he started playing piano in bars by the age of 18. He relocated to Chicago, where he became known as "Ragtime Jimmie", before moving to New York City in 1910.

He played piano at cafes in Manhattan and at Coney Island, and wrote his first successful song, "Oh, You Circus Day", which was featured in a Broadway revue, Hanky Panky, in 1911. Further success came the following year with "Row, Row, Row" (lyrics by William Jerome) in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1912, and perhaps his best remembered song, "You Made Me Love You" (with lyrics by Joseph McCarthy), which was introduced by Al Jolson in 1913 and performed by Judy Garland with revised lyrics as "Dear Mr Gable" in 1937.

In 1914, Monaco became a charter member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Over the next two decades, Monaco "presented the almost archetypal portrait of a successful Tin Pan Alley writer."

Working with a number of lyricists, he wrote several more hits, including "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?" (1916; lyrics by Joseph McCarthy and Howard Johnson) and "Dirty Hands, Dirty Face" (1923; lyrics by Grant Clarke and Edgar Leslie), which was performed in 1927 by Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer. He continued to work with Edgar Leslie, and their 1932 song "Crazy People" was used as the theme song to George Burns and Gracie Allen's radio program. In the mid-1930s, Monaco also led his own dance band.

He moved to Hollywood in 1936 to work for Paramount Studios, and formed a songwriting partnership with lyricist Johnny Burke. They wrote successfully for several Bing Crosby movies, including the songs "My Heart Is Taking Lessons" (1938, from Doctor Rhythm), "I've Got a Pocketful of Dreams" (1938, from Sing You Sinners), and "Only Forever" (1940, from Rhythm on the River).

From 1942, Monaco worked with several lyricists, including Mack Gordon; their most successful song was "I Can't Begin to Tell You" from the 1945 film The Dolly Sisters, one of four Monaco compositions that were nominated for Oscars.

Monaco died from a heart attack in 1945 in Beverly Hills, California, aged 60.

Awards and recognition
Four of Monaco's songs received Academy Award nominations for Best Song:

 * "Only Forever" (lyrics by Johnny Burke) from the 1940 film Rhythm on the River
 * "We Mustn't Say Goodbye" (lyrics by Al Dubin) from the 1943 film Stage Door Canteen
 * "I'm Making Believe" (lyrics by Mack Gordon) from the 1944 film Sweet and Low-Down
 * "I Can't Begin to Tell You" (lyrics by Mack Gordon) from the 1945 film  The Dolly Sisters. This was a posthumous nomination.

Monaco was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.

In 2005, a revue of Monaco's music called Ragtime Jimmie opened in New York City as part of the American Composer Series.

title: James V. Monaco


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The Absolute at Large

The Absolute at Large (Továrna na absolutno in the original Czech, literally translated as The Factory for the Absolute), is a science fiction novel written by Czech author Karel Čapek in 1922. The first sentence opens the story on New Year's Day 1943 - a future date at the time of writing - and describes the fundamental transformations in society as the result of a new mystical source of virtually free energy.

Plot
The story centers on the invention of a reactor that can annihilate matter to produce cheap and abundant energy. Unfortunately, it produces something else as a by-product, the absolute. The absolute is a spiritual essence that according to some religious philosophies permeates all matter. It is associated with human religious experience, as an unsuspecting humanity is to find out all too soon in the story. The widespread adoption of the reactors cause an enormous outpouring of pure absolute into the world. This leads to an outburst of religious and nationalist fervor, causing the greatest, most global war in history.

Čapek describes this war in a self-consciously absurd manner. Characteristic of the war are distant military marches, hence for example "battles of the Chinese with the Senegalese riflemen on the shores of the Finnish lakes." Some of the more prominent political changes the war causes include expulsion of the Russian army to Africa (via Europe) by the Chinese invasion, the conquest of East Asia by Japan that cuts the Chinese conquests in Russia and Europe down to the limits of the former Austro-Hungarian empire, and the Japanese conquest of North America. (The latter was able to occur because the United States were exhausted by a bloody civil war between the supporters and opponents of the Prohibition.)

Absolute does more than affect minds. It also does physical work. During the war, it causes catastrophes against the enemy (various parts of absolute support any given side in the conflict). At some point, it also becomes interested in production of material goods and produces them, in a supernatural manner, in enormous quantities. This leads to economic collapse and, absurdly enough, deficit of all manufactured items because, allegedly, once the price of goods has dropped to zero because of absolute, nobody cares to produce or distribute them any more. Starvation is averted because although absolute does not produce food, the peasants who do naturally do not let the price drop to zero. In fact they force every last penny from the urban population in return for food, hence saving humanity.

Critical reception
R. D. Mullen called the novel "one of the genuine masterpieces of SF", but noted that "it has surely had no great influence on popular SF".

title: The Absolute at Large


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Zalman Shazar

Zalman Shazar (זלמן שז"ר; born Šnejer Zalman Rubašow; Шнэер За́льман Рубашо́ў; Шне́ер За́лмен Рубашо́в; November 24, 1889 – October 5, 1974) was an Israeli politician, author and poet. Shazar served as the third President of Israel for two terms, from 1963 to 1973.

Biography
He was born to a Hasidic family of the Chabad-Lubavitch denomination in Mir, near Miensk, in the Russian Empire (today in Horadnia Region, Belarus). His mother's family descended from Joel Sirkis. In his early years Shazar received a religious education.

He remained involved with Chabad for the rest of his life, assisting Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe in founding the village of Kfar Chabad, and at his behest, allowed the religious community in Israel to set up their own educational system. He later corresponded with the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, and visited him on multiple occasions.

In his teenage years he became involved in the Poale Zion Movement. He worked as a translator in a Zionist publishing house. He visited Palestine in 1911 but returned to Russia to serve in the army. In 1924, after his release, he immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine, settling in Tel Aviv, and became a member of the secretariat of the Histadrut.

Shazar was married to Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, with whom he had one daughter.

He died on October 5, 1974, and was buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

Journalistic and political career
Shazar served as the editor-in-chief of the Israeli newspaper Davar from 1944 to 1949.

He was elected to the first Knesset in 1949 as a member of Workers' Party, and was appointed Minister of Education in David Ben-Gurion's first government. He was not a member of Ben-Gurion's second cabinet, but retained his seat in the 1951 and 1955 elections. He also became a member of the Jewish Agency Executive in 1952. He resigned from the Knesset in 1956, and from 1956 to 1960 was acting chairman of the Jewish Agency's Jerusalem Executive.

President of the State of Israel
Shazar was elected president by the Knesset in 1963. That same year, he attended the funeral of John F. Kennedy after his assassination in Dallas. In 1964, when Pope Paul VI visited Israel, Shazar read to him the verse in Micah stating that though other nations might follow other gods, “we will walk in the Name of our Lord God forever”. He was re-elected for a second term in 1968.

In 1969, Shazar sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface today. It states, "From the President of Israel in Jerusalem with hope for 'abundance of peace so long as the Moon endureth' (Psalms 72,7)." In 1973 he was succeeded by Ephraim Katzir.

International and state visits
During his presidency Shazar made numerous international trips and state visits:
 * - Funeral of President John F. Kennedy (1963), Funeral of President Dwight Eisenhower (1969), state visit and meeting with President Richard Nixon (1971), memorial service to President Harry Truman (1973), State Funeral of Lyndon B. Johnson (1973)
 * - Funeral of Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1965)
 * - State visit and meeting with King Mahendra of Nepal (1966)
 * - State visit and meeting with President Alberto Héber Usher (1966)
 * - State visit and meeting with President Eduardo Frei Montalva (1966)
 * - State visit and meeting with President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco (1966)
 * - Centennial celebrations and meetings with Governor General Roland Michener and Prime Minister Lester Pearson (1967)
 * - Funeral of King Frederik IX of Denmark (1972)

Published works

 * Morning Stars, Jewish Publication Society of America: Philadelphia, 1967. Translated from the Hebrew, Kochvei boker (Tel Aviv: Am Oved Publishers, 1950; 7th edition, 1966) by Shulamith Schwartz Nardi. Library of Congress Card Catalog Number: 66-17828.

Awards and recognition

 * In 1966, Shazar was the co-recipient (jointly with Israel Efrat) of the Bialik Prize for literature.
 * Shazar's portrait appears on 200 shekel bills.
 * Zalman Shazar Junior High School in Kfar Saba is named after him.

title: Zalman Shazar


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The Spine (album)

The Spine is the tenth full-length studio album by They Might Be Giants. The album was released on July 5, 2004 in the UK, and July 13 in the US. The album was released alongside a companion EP, The Spine Surfs Alone. It was preceded by the Indestructible Object EP, which featured two tracks that appear on The Spine.

Promotion
Three music videos were produced for The Spine. The first, a Flash-animated video for "Experimental Film", was created in conjunction with The Brothers Chaps, and features characters from their animated series Homestar Runner. An animated music video for "Bastard Wants to Hit Me" appears on the DVD for Venue Songs. The video was directed by Aaron Sorenson and Courtney Booker of Laika. The video was nominated for the Annie Award for "Best Animated Television Commercial" in 2005. A music video for "Damn Good Times" was animated with previous band collaborator Divya Srinivasan.

Reception
The Spine received mixed reviews from critics. Writing for AllMusic, Heather Phares found that John and John had already exhausted the album's best content on the preceding EP, Indestructible Object. Phares concluded that the album contained a few engaging hooks, but was overall inconsistent. Josh Modell of The AV Club berated the album's lack of "idiosyncrasies", and reported that The Spine was generally unsurprising. Contrarily, Patrick Schabe of PopMatters lauded the album for its uncharacteristically traditional rock arrangements.

title: The Spine (album)


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The Devil's Own

The Devil's Own is a 1997 American thriller film directed by Alan J. Pakula, starring Harrison Ford and Brad Pitt, with Rubén Blades, Natascha McElhone, Julia Stiles, Margaret Colin, Treat Williams, and George Hearn in supporting roles. The plot revolves around a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (Pitt) who comes to the United States to obtain black market anti-aircraft missiles, but his plan is complicated by an Irish-American policeman (Ford), whom the IRA member has come to regard as family.

The film was released by Columbia Pictures on March 26, 1997. It received mixed reviews from critics, but was a financial success. This was the final film of director Pakula, who died the year after its release, and the final film photographed by Gordon Willis, who retired soon after.

Plot
In 1972 Northern Ireland, eight-year-old Frankie McGuire witnesses his father gunned down for republican sympathies. Twenty years later in Belfast, Frankie and three fellow IRA members are ambushed by the British Army and Special Reconnaissance Unit agents. Two of the IRA gunmen are killed, but Frankie and his comrade Sean Phelan escape. Pursued by a British Army helicopter, Frankie's commander Martin MacDuff decides that the IRA needs Stinger missiles to fight back.

Under the alias "Rory Devaney", Frankie arrives in New York City to buy missiles. American Judge Peter Fitzsimmons, a longtime IRA supporter, arranges for him to stay with Irish-American NYPD Sergeant Tom O'Meara, his wife Sheila, and their three daughters on Staten Island. Believing that "Rory" is an immigrant construction worker, Tom and his family welcome Frankie into their home.

Sean reunites with Frankie, acquiring an old fishing boat to smuggle the missiles home. Frankie cuts a deal with black market arms dealer and Irish mobster Billy Burke to receive the missiles in several weeks time. Fitzsimmons has the money for the deal delivered to Frankie by Megan Doherty, another IRA operative posing as his family's nanny, and Frankie hides the duffel bag of cash in the O'Meara's basement. Megan later warns Frankie that MacDuff has been killed by British authorities and they must postpone the deal, much to Burke's displeasure.

After lying to protect his partner, Eddie Diaz, for fatally shooting an unarmed thief in the back, a guilt-stricken Tom decides to retire from the force. He comes clean to Sheila and they return home, only to be confronted by masked intruders. Frankie arrives and he and Tom fight off the intruders as Sheila calls the police, but they are held at gunpoint until sirens approach and the assailants flee. Frankie confronts Burke for sending his men to steal the money, shooting one of the attackers in the knee, but Burke reveals that he is holding Sean hostage and demands payment for the missiles.

Realizing that the intruders were searching Frankie's room in the basement, Tom discovers the duffel bag of cash. Confronted by Tom, Frankie reveals his true identity, but Tom has called Eddie and they arrest him. Stuck in traffic en route to the police station, Frankie overpowers Tom and takes his gun, mortally wounding Eddie when he draws his own gun, but is forced to flee without the money.

With Eddie dead, Tom is questioned by the FBI and their British counterparts and realizes that they intend to kill Frankie, who meets Burke at an abandoned warehouse. Demanding the money, Burke presents Frankie with the missiles as well as Sean's severed head, and Frankie hands over a duffel bag rigged with a bomb. The resulting explosion allows Frankie to kill Burke and his men, and he drives off with the missiles.

Frankie goes to Megan at the Fitzsimmons' residence, determined to complete his mission and deliver the missiles to Ireland. Downstairs, Tom interrupts a cocktail party and confronts the judge, before recognizing Megan from a photo in Frankie's bag, but Frankie escapes. Tom convinces Megan that only he can save Frankie from being killed by the authorities, and she directs him to the boat.

At the dock, Tom sneaks aboard as Frankie sets sail with the missiles, leading to a shootout. Tom is wounded and disarmed, and Frankie prepares to kill him but realizes he too has been shot. Tom embraces a dying Frankie, recognizing that they both were fighting for causes they believe in, before steering the boat back to shore.

Development
The film's origins date back to the early 1980s, it began as a pitch by producers Lawrence Gordon and Robert F. Colesberry, the producers hired screenwriter Kevin Jarre to write the first draft, as Gordon recalled "Jarre had disappeared for a couple of years and came back with a wonderful screenplay", which was an action-packed tale about a heroic operative of the Irish Republican Army. Gordon acquired the script in January 1990.

In 1991, Gordon took the script to Brad Pitt, who was not yet well-known at the time, Pitt enthusiastically accepted the script, which Gordon recalled "was supposed to be a gritty, low-budget thriller with Brad as the only star", the project began moving forward towards pre-production at Universal Pictures, but was left at a standstill due to Pitt's none too impressive acting credits at the time, as well as the politically controversial subject matter on which the story was based.

In the ensuing years interest in the project was renewed thanks to Pitt's performances in Legends of the Fall, Interview with the Vampire, and 12 Monkeys, the project was stuck in development at Universal before the studio put it into turnaround, eventually the project ended up at Columbia Pictures. Pitt visited Belfast in preparation for the role and suffered bruises after he was attacked on the city's Falls Road after being mistaken for a Protestant.

Casting
Despite having Pitt's name attached, the studio was of the opinion that he could not carry a major film alone. For the role of Tom O'Meara, both Gene Hackman and Sean Connery had been considered at various points, but at Pitt's suggestion, Harrison Ford was approached for the role, which at that time was more of a character role. Ford read the script and agreed to play the part, though that meant the script had to be rewritten to create a fuller role for Ford and a more complicated relationship between the characters played by the two men.

To expand Ford's role, producers brought in David Aaron Cohen and Vincent Patrick to rewrite Jarre's script, as Patrick stated "There was no way they were going to shoot the original script. It had to become a two-hero piece with equal action heroes. Supporting two stars is what this was about". Cohen added "Take it from Columbia's perspective, Twenty million, and you want Harrison to be the supporting actor?"

For directing duties, James Gray was offered to direct the project but he turned it down, as did Bryan Singer, and Milcho Manchevski. It was Pitt and Ford's suggestion to bring Alan J. Pakula in as director. , Pakula initially turned it down, as he wanted to focus on other projects that he was developing at the time, he rejected the offer two more times, but eventually accepted the job after Columbia offered to pay him a fee of 5 million dollars.

Filming
Principal photography started in February 1996, with the script "still in flux"; according to The New York Times, "ego clashes, budget overruns and long delays plagued the project." Pitt "threatened to quit early in the shoot, complaining that the script was incomplete and incoherent" and later "denounced the movie as 'the most irresponsible bit of film making – if you can even call it that – that I've ever seen.'"

To ease Pitt's frustrations, the producers hired screenwriter Terry George one week before principal photography was to start, George's primary purpose was to concentrate on helping further develop Pitt's character, and what the actor thought was a superficial outlook on the IRA situation.

In March 1996, Pakula hired screenwriter Robert Mark Kamen to provide rewrites during production, Kamen noted the difficulties on set as he recalled "They were running out of script to shoot. They had a script that wasn't acceptable to either actor, Alan [Pakula] didn't start with a script that everyone had signed off on, we were flying blind....It was scary".

Kamen met with both Ford and Pitt separately to discuss their ideas about improving the script, then he and Pakula would review the material, Pakula would add his own critical comments, and Kamen would go off to write the new scenes.

Contrary to the rumors that were reported at the time, Kamen insisted that both actors were agreeable to each other, "It wasn't the tension between them that made things tense. It was the tension each had with their own parts."

In June 2023, Ford admitted that he was partially at fault for the tension between him and Pitt stating: "I understand why he wanted to stay with his point of view, and I wanted to stay with my point of view, or I was imposing my point of view, and it's fair to say that that's what Brad felt, it was complicated".

According to Pakula, one problem was that the film's plot did not fall along conventionally simple Hollywood lines, as Ford and Pitt were both playing "good guys" according to each of their own distinct moral codes. The New York Times characterized Ford's character as "the upright American cop who deplores violence" and Pitt's as "an I.R.A. gunman for whom violence is a reasonable solution to his people's 300 years of troubles." Pakula compared his intent with the two characters to that depicted in Red River, a 1948 western in which John Wayne's character is defied by his young protégé, played by Montgomery Clift.

The Devil's Own was filmed on location and at the Chelsea Piers studios in New York City, as well as in Newark, Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne, Sandy Hook and Montclair, New Jersey. and Greenport, New York on Long Island. For security reasons, the Northern Ireland scenes were instead shot in the Republic of Ireland. The opening scenes were filmed at Port Oriel, Clogherhead, County Louth, Republic of Ireland. The Belfast shootout scenes were filmed in Inchicore, Dublin in July 1996. Other location shoots in Ireland were in the Wicklow Mountains.

Two months before it opened, the film was still unfinished: Pakula, unhappy with the final scene ("a showdown on a boat with a cargo of Stinger missiles"), called the actors and crew back for additional filming. The scene was "rewritten and reshot over two days in a studio in California."

Reception
The Devil's Own received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it has a approval rating based on  reviews, with an average score of 5.2/10. On Metacritic, it has a score of 53 out of 100, based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating “mixed or average reviews.” Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, saying it showed "ignorance of the history of Northern Ireland" and that "the issues involved between the two sides are never mentioned." The review criticised the contrived plot, stating "The moral reasoning in the film is so confusing that only by completely sidestepping it can the plot work at all." Pitt and Ford were praised, with Ebert complimenting the pair, describing them as "enormously appealing and gifted actors, and to the degree that the movie works, it's because of them."

James Berardinelli gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, saying:For much of its running length, The Devil's Own works as a passable thriller. Certain plot elements (including many of the details surrounding the missile deal) border on preposterous, but that often goes with the territory in films of this genre. The best parts of The Devil's Own are the quiet moments, such as when Frankie and Tom are talking, or when Tom is spending time with his family. There's also an effective subplot that forces Tom to examine his moral outlook on life when his partner (Ruben Blades) accidentally shoots a fleeing suspect in the back. Unfortunately, The Devil's Own goes downhill fast in the final half-hour. Suddenly, it's as if every significant character in the film has undergone a frontal lobotomy. Otherwise-intelligent men start doing extremely stupid things, and the entire "dumbing-down" process becomes frustrating to observe. The final scenes are solid, but the stuff that leads up to them is a problem.

Janet Maslin called it an "unexpectedly solid thriller" with a "first-rate, madly photogenic performance" by Pitt; she notes that it is "directed by Alan J. Pakula in a thoughtful urban style that recalls the vintage New York stories of Sidney Lumet" and "handsomely photographed by Gordon Willis". Richard Schickel called it "quite a good movie – a character-driven (as opposed to whammy-driven) suspense drama – dark, fatalistic and, within its melodramatically stretched terms, emotionally plausible"; he said Pakula "develops his story patiently, without letting its tensions unravel." Entertainment Weekly gave it a "B+," calling it a "quiet, absorbing, shades-of-gray drama, a kind of thriller meditation on the schism in Northern Ireland."

A reviewer for Salon.com called it "a disjointed, sluggish picture" with a problematic script that "bears the marks of tinkering": "swatches of the story appear to be missing, relationships aren't clearly defined, and characters aren't identified." Variety said: Whatever contortions the script went through on its way to the result, Pakula has managed to maintain an admirable concentration on the central moral equation, which posits the Irish terrorist's understandable political and emotional motivations for revenge versus the decent cop's sense of justice and the greater human good.

The film grossed $140 million, exceeding its $90 million budget, of which $43 million was from North America.

Brad Pitt's Belfast brogue was criticized by several reviewers. In 2024, the website Irish Central listed it as one of "The Worst Irish Accents in a Hollywood Movies".

Cast and crew response
In retrospect, Brad Pitt said: "I really like Devil's Own. It was a good schooling for me. Still, I think the movie could have been better. Literally, the script got thrown out."

Harrison Ford is also very fond of the movie: "We had a real hard time making it, but Alan [Pakula] made, I think, a really good movie out of it."

British Royal family controversy
The film was involved in adverse publicity when, two months before her death, Diana, Princess of Wales took 15-year-old Prince William, and 12-year-old Prince Harry, to see the movie. The movie was restricted to movie-goers aged 15 or older, and the Princess persuaded the cinema to let Prince Harry stay despite him being three years underage. She was criticised for flouting the law, for using her influence to persuade the cinema's employees to flout the law, and because of the movie's subject matter (which was said to glamorise the IRA – highly sensitive given that her sons' great-uncle Earl Mountbatten was assassinated by the IRA). She later apologised, saying she had been unaware of the film's content.

Novelization
A paperback novel of the film, written by Christopher Newman, was published by Dell Publishing, and released in 1997.

title: The Devil's Own


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Pete Ross

Peter Joseph Ross is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

Publication history
The character was created by Leo Dorfman and George Papp, and first appeared in Superboy #86 (January 1961).

Silver Age
Pete was the childhood best friend of Clark Kent in Smallville. One night when they were camping together, Pete secretly saw Clark changing into Superboy to attend to an emergency. Pete kept his knowledge of the superhero's secret identity to himself, even avoiding revealing his discovery to Clark. Pete resolved to use this knowledge to help his friend, for example by creating a distraction to allow Clark to slip away from a dangerous situation without raising suspicion.

The Legion of Super-Heroes was aware of Pete's assistance to Clark and made him an honorary member during his teenage years. During the Legion's battle with Mordru, it was stated that Pete Ross's knowledge of Superboy's secret identity would one day end up saving Superman's life (explaining why the Legion allowed Pete to retain that knowledge). No subsequent Superboy or Superman story featuring Pete Ross, as a teenager or an adult, followed up on this detail.

As an adult, Pete became a widower with a son named Jonathan, who also learned the secret of Superman's secret identity. When Pete's son was kidnapped by an alien race, Pete revealed to Clark his knowledge of his friend's dual identity, imploring Superman's help. When Clark was unable to provide this help, Pete suffered a nervous breakdown and attempted to discredit his former friend. Pete resided in a mental institution until his son was eventually saved.

In Alan Moore's story Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow, Pete was captured by Toyman and Prankster and tortured into revealing Superman's true identity before being killed and stuffed in a toychest for Superman to find. Eventually, Superman discovered they were being manipulated by Mister Mxyzptlk.

Pocket Universe
Following the Crisis on Infinite Earths limited series, mainstream DC continuity was altered, such that Superman no longer had a teenage career as Superboy. The Legion of Super-Heroes remained dependent on Superboy's existence as its primary inspiration. In an attempt to resolve the paradox, a Superman/Legion story was crafted, explaining that a version of the Silver Age Superboy (and all his supporting characters, including Pete Ross) inhabited a "pocket universe" created by the Time Trapper, and that the Trapper had protected this universe from being destroyed in the Crisis. Later, the villain tried to destroy the pocket universe Earth. Superboy saved his homeworld, but at the cost of his own life.

Following Superboy's disappearance from the pocket universe Earth, the Lex Luthor of that world is tricked into releasing Kryptonian criminals General Zod, Quex-Ul and Zaora from the Phantom Zone. They proceed to lay waste to the planet, eventually killing its entire population—including Pete Ross. Having been summoned from the regular universe by Luthor and Supergirl, Superman executes the genocidal killers using green kryptonite, and brings Supergirl (a protoplasmic duplicate of Lana Lang) with him back to his own Earth.

Modern Age
The modern version of Pete is a far more minor character in the Superman comics, who eventually married Lana Lang, with the two having a son, Clark. Peter Ross, although the relationship is occasionally strained due to Lana's knowledge of Clark's secret and Pete feeling that he was fundamentally Lana's second choice. The two are presently divorced, even after briefly reuniting following the Ruin storyline. Pete was Vice President of the United States under Lex Luthor and briefly served as President following Luthor's impeachment but quickly resigned.

In the modern comic book continuity, Pete was not initially aware of Clark's secret. Instead, the secret was known by the villainous Manchester Black, who informed then-President Luthor of the secret, only later to wipe his memory of it. Prior to losing the knowledge of Clark's secret, Lex informed Pete that his close friend Clark Kent is in fact Superman. While Pete initially refrained from telling Clark about his knowledge, he did eventually tell him in Adventures of Superman #641.

Recently, it appeared that Ross had become a villain named "Ruin", but it was later revealed that he had instead been kidnapped by the real Ruin, Professor Emil Hamilton. Hamilton also kidnapped Pete's wife and child. Superman defeated the insane Professor Hamilton, rescued Pete, Lana, and their child, and exonerated Pete of the charges against him.

Pete has returned to Smallville without Lana to raise their son. He was seen attending the funeral of Jonathan Kent.

During the "Blackest Night" storyline, Pete works at Smallville's general store.

The New 52
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Pete has only had minor appearances.

Other versions

 * In the Amalgam Comics universe, Pete Ross is an identity taken on by the hero Spider-Boy, who uses a "matter transformer" to alter his appearance.
 * He appears in Superman: Red Son, though his name is changed to Pyotr Roslov. In this story, he is an illegitimate son of Joseph Stalin and is head of the KGB. Unlike his main series counterpart, he harbours resentment and envy for Superman and his abilities. He executes the alternate versions of Thomas and Martha Wayne (in that world, anti-communist protesters), leading to Batman vowing to overthrow the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is also implied that he organised Stalin's poisoning, which then leads to Superman's ascension to the Presidency of the USSR. Later, seeking an opportunity to get rid of the now-President Superman, he allies with the Batman and the United States Government; the plan fails and he is lobotomized by Superman.

Television

 * Pete Ross makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series pilot episode "The Last Son of Krypton".
 * Pete Ross appears in Smallville, portrayed by Sam Jones III. This version resents the Luthor family for their perceived theft of his family's creamed corn business and is aware of Clark Kent's secret identity. In the third season, the FBI brutally interrogates Ross for information about Clark, causing him to move to Wichita to live with his mother for his own safety. He returns in the seventh season episode "Hero", now working as a roadie for OneRepublic. Additionally, he temporarily gains elastic powers from Kryptonite-laced Stride gum.

Film

 * Pete Ross appears in the films set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), portrayed by Jack Foley as a child and Joseph Cranford as an adult:
 * First appearing in Man of Steel, this version is initially a bully to Clark Kent before befriending him after he saves him and a group of children from a bus crash. He later grows up to become the manager of an IHOP.
 * Ross makes a cameo appearance in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as an attendee of Superman's funeral.
 * An alternate universe variant of Pete Ross appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Larry Cedar.
 * A young Pete Ross appears in Superman: Man of Tomorrow, voiced by Cristina Milizia.

Video games
Pete Ross appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Mike Smith.

title: Pete Ross


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title: User talk:24.186.123.225


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Bag people

Bag people (мешочники, meshochniks, or "people with bags") is a term in Russian and other Slavic languages that refers to people, who trade for personal use or for profit, recognizable by their large sacks.

Some of them were people from the cities travelling to the countryside to buy food for small scale trade or for personal consumption, often exchanging it for material goods from farmers due to collapse of the monetary system. Others were people from the countryside doing the opposite trade.

Historically, the bag people have appeared in response to economic and political collapse that ended organized delivery and distribution of food in the cities. The phenomenon was very widespread during and soon after the Russian Revolution. It also flourished throughout Eastern Europe and Germany after the devastation of World War I. With the devastation of the economy during the Russian Civil War and the period of war communism with its policy of prodrazvyorstka (food requisition by state), meshochniks from countryside were seen as profiteers and persecuted by the Cheka.

The meshochnik phenomenon was revived on a different scale in the Soviet Union in the end of the 1980s. With the lifting of the abroad travel restrictions in the Soviet Union, Soviet people traveled abroad to exchange cheaply purchased Soviet goods for goods scarcely produced or altogether absent in Soviet Union (and post-Soviet states). They have become known as "Shuttle traders". The business of shuttle trade continued well beyond the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In literature, bag people are mentioned, for example, in Remarque's The Road Back and Karel Čapek's The Absolute at Large.

title: Bag people


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The Road Back

The Road Back, also translated as The Way Back, (Der Weg zurück) is a novel by German author Erich Maria Remarque, commonly regarded as a sequel to his 1929 novel All Quiet on the Western Front. It was first serialized in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung between December 1930 and January 1931, and published in book form in April 1931.

Plot
Although the book follows different characters from those in All Quiet on the Western Front, it can be assumed that they were in the same company, as the characters recall other characters from the earlier novel. Tjaden is the only member of the 2nd Company to feature prominently in both books.

Set a few weeks after the end of All Quiet on the Western Front, the novel deals with the fall of the German Empire and details the experience of young men in Germany who have returned from the trenches of World War I and are trying to integrate back into civilian life. Its most salient feature is the main characters' pessimism about contemporary society which, they feel, is morally bankrupt because it has allegedly caused the war and apparently does not wish to reform itself.

Reception
The book was banned during Nazi rule.

Adaptations

 * 1937, The Road Back – motion picture directed by James Whale and starring, among others, Noah Beery Jr. and Richard Cromwell.

English translations

 * Arthur Wesley Wheen, as The Road Back. Published in 1931 by Little, Brown, and Company, McClelland & Stewart and G.P. Putnam and Co.
 * Brian Murdoch, as The Way Back. Published in 2019 by Vintage Classics, ISBN 9781784875268.

title: The Road Back


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Talk:Roseville, California

Planning on removing large portions of several sections
Most of this article has no sources provided, especially in the Economy, Revitalization, Educational institutions sections. I will try to find sources to keep notable information. I will remove anything speculative, non-notable, or not directly related to the subject of the article. Gh5046 (talk) 08:50, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Reads Like A Westfield Advertising/Marketing Publication
The article starts off well with neutral statements about the town, and degenerates into sections which would appear were inserted by the Developer or a marketing agency, if not directly off a press release. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.166.157.242 (talk) 16:55, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. Before I actually cared to edit on wikipedia, I liked this page due to the fact it listed all the stuff going on with the mall. But now I notice how developer-centered this page is.Killiondude (talk) 06:15, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Yup. I can't give source, but recognize some of the language. I suspect that it's under copyright - if not copywritten directly by Westfield. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.62.247.82 (talk) 15:24, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Over the top Economy and Current Projects sections
Way to much specific info given. I added the "news release" template at the top of the article for that reason. "If a particular company has been crucial to the economy then discuss it but avoid listing company names for no other reason than just mentioning them." From WP:USCITY. Read the whole WP:USCITY article for more info on how to improve page. Killiondude (talk) 07:05, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay. I'm going to rework the Economy and Current Projects sections. According to WP:NOTDIR and WP:USCITY, I think a lot of the fluff can be taken out. Which in this case will take out most of the writing in the sections. Killiondude (talk) 08:09, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm working on the article. I took out the whole "current projects" section, but I'm going to dump three projects (out of the 10 or so from the article) that might be notable, on the this page. The first and second because I don't know if there are any buildings that have more than 4 stories in the city right now (it talks about the planned construction of some 6-10 story buildings). The third one because it talks about a notable (unique) restaurant. Killiondude (talk) 08:53, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Major projects planned or under construction
Hotel and Convention Center: Joint agreement with Kobra Properties to build a 10-story Embassy Suites and Convention Center. A future phase includes 2 restaurants, parking garage, and second hotel tower. Building permits are being pulled for the Embassy Suites portion of the project and the status on the convention center is on hold at this time. Kobra has asked the city to kick in additional money, and negotiations are ongoing. Construction has been suspended for the time being, but Embassy Suites lists the hotel as opening in 2009. The FY2009 city budget includes an additional $10 million dollars for the center.

Stone Point: Roughly 130 acre mixed-use development which will include housing, lodging, shopping, and offices. The retail component is completed. The rest of the project will include two 6-story office buildings, and three 5-story buildings (1 completed). Plans have been submitted for 18 3-story condo buildings that will house 162 units. Plans have also been recently submitted for a 6-story Mariott Renaissance ClubSport Development, the newest concept to the Mariott chain. It will include a 174 rooms, 40000 sqft pool area, 3200 sqft. restaurant, 2-story 65000 sqft. ClubSport fitness center, as well as up to 55000 sqft, 4 stories, office building.

Cena di Mare: 7600 sqft restaurant with 1100 sqft patio. Restaurant is being developed by Kobra Culinary Concepts, a subsidiary of Kobra Properties, which developed the popular nearby Crush 29. The restaurant is unique by having not one straight wall, meaning that all walls will be curved somewhat. It will also include Bellagio-style fountains choreographed to music, but on a smaller scale. At an extraordinary cost of $10 million, it is the most expensive restaurant ever built in California. It's service will rival the world's best restaurants.

Needs some Historical info
There are at least two books on the history of Roseville, so there should be no lack of source material. I recently read the page on Citrus Heights; it does an excellent job in this regard.

What would seem reasonable is at least a paragraph each on the settlement, the coming of the railroad, and the growth in the last half century.

A discussion of the historical business districts (Main Street, then Vernon Street, then Douglas Blvd.) would be far more usefull than the present boostering for the latest shopping centers. Similarly the rise of important institutions, such as the hospital (the original in the '50s and the newr one in the '90s, and the coming of Kaiser). Lots of interesting local history that even residents are not used to hearing about. (Anyone know anything about the rise of Roseville a regional automotive retail center? How about the rise and fall of the zoo at Royer Park? The auction yard?) Carl doughboy (talk) 22:59, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The City of Roseville gives an excellent source to for its history here, in a decade-by-decade fashion. Not being a Roseville resident or native myself, I haven't put the time into summarizing it and putting it on Roseville's page. Perhaps one day. By all means use that site if you'd like. I agree with your suggestions on adding more historical context to the article rather than recent events. -Killiondude (talk) 00:20, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Notable Natives
I keep having to remove people from the Notable Natives section of this article, it's been a while since I've done this and it built right back up.

If a person wasn't born in Roseville they are not native to it. These are the people I just removed:

 * Tedy Bruschi (born in SF)
 * Patty Souza (born near San Diego)
 * David Yost (born in Iowa)
 * Dominic Sandoval (born in Sacramento, source)
 * Michelle Kane (cannot find source to verify birth place)

I'll keep checking back, and I'll remove people from the list as necessary. gh5046 (talk) 22:42, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it should be retitled? I think it is important to have names of those that perhaps weren't born in Roseville, but now call it their home, as well as those who were born there (and perhaps now don't call it their home). Of course keeping Wikipedia notability principles in mind. Maybe "Famous Rosevillians" or however one might name somebody who lives/lived in Roseville. Killiondude (talk) 00:53, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * If you look at other city articles, a majority of them (at least the ones in and around Northern California) don't have a section titled "Notable Natives". Instead they will say "Notable residents", "Famous Woodlanders" (for Woodland, CA), "Famous people from X", etc. I propose that we keep the names you removed (That have sources showing where they reside), and rename the section to show that it could include people who have lived in Roseville in the past, as well as present. Killiondude (talk) 01:04, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The people themselves may be notable, but where they live doesn't add to the notability of that city, unless they have or had a majour part in the history or current state of that place. Most of these people just pay property taxes to the City of Roseville, there's nothing worth mentioning otherwise.
 * The same can probably be said about listing the natives to a city, but I won't press to have the section as-is removed.
 * If the section gets turned into 'famous people who live or have lived in Roseville', I just suggest removing it altogether. gh5046 (talk) 01:14, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * That is somewhat contradictory to WikiProject Cities' recommendations. Here the guideline states that lists of this sort are recommended, and if the city becomes too large to place it in a separate (linked) article. I am not sure how to internally link to their talk page, but here they discuss a similar matter, and from how I've read it, they generally think it is acceptable to include both natives and residents. Killiondude (talk) 03:01, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I wasn't aware of the guideline, so thank you for linking that. I agree with what is said on the talk page that these lists are trivial, but I lean to the position that they are all trivial unless there is a strong connection between the city in question and the residence or nativity.  It isn't significant enough to just have lived there.
 * So I'm not misunderstood, I'm not saying articles about persons shouldn't list where they have lived, I'm just not keen on articles about cities listing famous residents for no other reason that they are famous.
 * That kind of list is pointless, but as there is a guideline I won't remove it if you decide to create and expand it. gh5046 (talk) 03:46, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with you somewhat. I don't agree with listing famous people just because they live in the city. But in cases such as Dominic Sandoval and Tedy Bruschi, where Dominic was a contest on television listed as from Roseville, Tedy was a prominent sportsmember (as mentioned in his article) during his days at Roseville High; the two people clearly should be included in Roseville's article. I'm just going to add those two. Killiondude (talk) 05:55, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Updating information.
There is some old info in this article. May someone help me fix it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pokemas493 (talk • contribs) 10:15, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

I can do it24.23.58.84 (talk) 01:56, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Boxxy
Why is Boxxy in this article? The sources given say nothing about her living in Roseville. PsychedelicFlashingMudkip (talk) 21:25, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Meh. Find something more concrete then. Maybe she says it in here videos? They were too weird for me to watch more than one minute of. 4chan and Encyclopedia Dramatica are convinced she lives in Roseville, which makes me wonder if she says so herself. Killiondude (talk) 07:00, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * She doesn't say it in any of her videos. 4chan and ED probably shouldn't be considered reliable sources... The only place they're getting that from is from when a member of the group of teenaged boys who hacked her Youtube account and scared her off the internet said that's where she lives. People are saying she moved to Europe now, anyway. Boxxy should probably be removed from this article, random 4chan camgirls aren't really notable. PsychedelicFlashingMudkip (talk) 20:47, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I never claimed her notability came from 4chan avenues, though that's where it may be heading now. If she's notable enough to have a redirect and a one-liner in another article, then she's notable to be in this article if we have some sort of reliable source claiming she lives in Roseville. It makes no difference to me (except for the fact that IP addressees will continuously try to reinsert her in the article), so if a reliable source claiming she lives in Roseville isn't found, then her entry can be removed from this article. Killiondude (talk) 23:21, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Population?
Should this be added as a source?

http://roseville.ca.us/ed/demographics/population/default.asp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.8.105.153 (talk) 21:28, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think we try to stick to official US Census Bureau numbers. There are so many other local level, state level, and even other government agencies that have different figures that it would be kind of overwhelming to try and use sources from all of them. So it's mostly for consistency that we use US census numbers. Killiondude (talk) 20:55, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

Climate data conflicting
The written data on climate (July and August high temperatures) conflicts with the table directly below from weather.com. Written data has no source identified. Particularly egregious is the statement that the average August high is 110 degrees, substantially different than the weather.com table. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.120.177.88 (talk) 23:03, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Outdated
Most of this article is outdated and lacks information for numerous subjects even though there are many sources for said subjects. The city of Roseville is a major suburb and city but the article makes it look like it is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.8.104.239 (talk) 01:11, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You are mostly right. Feel free to make changes. One of Wikipedia's core policies is being bold in editing. Killiondude (talk) 06:11, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Train Explosion
I don't know if roseville's own history website( https://roseville.ca.us/visiting/history_of_roseville/1970s.asp ) is in the sources or not, but there's some information that is missing (though it may be possible that the roseville's page is wrong). For example, the wikipedia page states:

"On April 28, 1973, 18 boxcars loaded with bombs en route to the Concord Naval Weapons Station began detonating in the Southern Pacific Railroad yard after one of the cars caught fire. More than 6000 bombs detonated, injuring more than 350 people. The explosions caused damage to 5500 buildings up to 6,800 feet (2,070 m) away. The cause of the initial car fire has never been determined. [4] In the late 1990s, development in the area by the Union Pacific Railroad uncovered more unexploded ordnance, which were eventually removed.[25]"

However, the roseville history website linked above states, about the same event:

"An exception to the rule, however, occurred on the morning of April 28, 1973 when a wooden floor on a munitions boxcar caught fire from brake shoe sparks. The fire resulted in a series of earth-shattering explosions causing $5.6 million worth of damage in Roseville and neighboring communities of Citrus Heights, Antelope and North Highlands. Miraculously no lives were lost but over 100 people were treated for assorted cuts and bruises caused by broken glass and flying debris."

The wikipedia page does not state that the fire was caused by sparks, or that it costed $5.6 million worth of damage. Should any of this be added? Phenicopter (talk) 04:55, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Very Low Quality Article
For a major city that is a suburb for the state capitol, this article is lacking in severe substance. The city's population is around 120,000 and is expected to grow to 200,000+ in the coming years. There is nothing in this article that mentions the history of the city, nor any specific details of anything. A lot of the information is outdated, and there is nothing about future plans such as the expansion of West Roseville or the restructuring of the I-80/CA-65 split. All I as is, where is the information? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:3086:8C00:711F:9D7B:2ADC:1589 (talk) 03:12, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Roseville, California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081203200357/http://www.sacbee.com/roseville/story/1059867.html to http://www.sacbee.com/roseville/story/1059867.html

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title: Talk:Roseville, California


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Glad

Glad may refer to:

Folklore and mythology

 * Glaðr, a horse in Norse mythology

People

 * Emil Glad (1929–2009), Croatian actor
 * Ingrid Kristine Glad (born 1965), Norwegian statistician
 * John Glad (1941–2015), an American academic, professor of Russian studies
 * Justen Glad (born 1997), American soccer player
 * Karl Glad (born 1937), Norwegian jurist and industrialist
 * Thoralf Glad (1878–1969), Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
 * Glad (duke), ruler in the territory of Banat, who was defeated by the Magyars during the 10th century

Organizations

 * Glad (company), an American brand of household plastic bags, wrap, and containers
 * GLAD, GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders, a non-profit legal rights organization
 * GLAAD, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

Music

 * Glad (band), American Christian pop/rock and a cappella band founded in 1972
 * G.L.A.D, a song by the English singer Kim Appleby
 * "Glad", a song by English rock band Traffic from their 1970 album John Barleycorn Must Die
 * Glad, a 1988 alternative rock album by Miracle Legion

title: Glad


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Standesamt Dziembowo

Standesamt Dziembowo was a civil registration district (Standesamt) located in Kreis Kolmar, province of Posen of the German Empire (1871-1918) and administered the communities of:

Dzi = Dziembowo; Fri = Friedheim, Kr Wirsitz; Mor = Morzewo; Sch = Schneidemühl; Usc = Usch

This article is part of the project WikiProject Prussian Standesamter''. Please refer to the project page, before making changes.''

title: Standesamt Dziembowo


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Standesamt Margonin

Standesamt Margonin was a civil registration district (Standesamt) located in Kreis Kolmar, Posen of the German Empire (1871–1918) and administered 21 communities.

Bud = Budsin; Kol = Kolmar; Mar = Margonin; Wil = Wilhelmstreu

Geography
Margonin was on the north end of a finger lake, where a mill stream emptied the lake into the Netze (Polish: Noteć) River. The Margonin lake dominated the southern portion of the area, blocking east–west traffic. North of Margonin lay Standesamt Samotschin. A bridge crossed the river, providing access to southern Kreis Wirsitz. West of Margonin, the road and railroad diverged on their way to Kreis' seat of Kolmar (Chodziesen; Polish: Chodzież).

The railroad swung north to Samotschin before following the bluff overlooking the river plain. The road ran westward and then swung north to follow the railroad through to Kolmar. In the other direction, the road and railroad ran east and a little south, towards Gollantsch and Kreis Exin, passing through the strip of Kreis Wongrowitz that claims a small piece of the Netze riverbank. The only major road to the south exited Margonin at the southeast, and arched east on its way to the town of Wongrowitz, seat of its Kreis.

Woods sheltered the east of the lake, ran northeast past the Margoninsdorf estate and forestry school, and northwest, on the western side of the stream. Several mills shared the stream there. Aside from the mills, very little industry existed, save from weavers in the early days, and some brewing, conducted by the small Jewish population.

Margonin was a market town, and had churches for all three faiths. The Catholic parish church belonged to the deanery of Czarnikau, which was part of the Posen diocese.

The town suffered destruction by the Swedes, by floods, and cholera.

title: Standesamt Margonin