text:
General Electric F110

The General Electric F110 is an afterburning turbofan jet engine produced by GE Aerospace (formerly GE Aviation). It was derived from the General Electric F101 as an alternative engine to the Pratt & Whitney F100 for powering tactical fighter aircraft, with the F-16C Fighting Falcon and F-14A+/B Tomcat being the initial platforms; the F110 would eventually power new F-15 Eagle variants as well. The engine is also built by IHI Corporation in Japan, TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) in Turkey, and Samsung Techwin in South Korea as part of licensing agreements.

The F118 is a non-afterburning variant of the F110 that powers the Northrop B-2 stealth bomber and Lockheed U-2S reconnaissance aircraft.

Design and development
The F110 emerged from an intersection of efforts in the 1970s by General Electric to reenter the U.S. fighter engine market and the U.S. Air Force's desire to address the reliability, longevity, and maintenance issues with the Pratt & Whitney F100 engines that powered its F-15s and F-16s. In 1975, General Electric used its own funds to begin developing the F101X, a derivative of its F101 engine for the B-1 bomber; the F101X would inherit much of the core design while having a smaller fan that was upscaled from the F404 so that its thermodynamic cycle and thrust were better suited for a fighter engine. The convergent-divergent iris nozzle was also derived from the F404.

The cancellation of the B-1A by the Carter Administration (in lieu of the Advanced Technology Bomber which became the B-2) meant a loss of business for General Electric, and provided further impetus to provide the F101X for the fighter engine market. The engine attracted the interest of the Air Force's Engine Model Derivative Program (EMDP), and in 1979 began funding it as the F101 Derivative Fighter Engine, or F101 DFE. The Air Force saw the F101 DFE as a potential alternative to the F100 and also a way to coerce better performance from Pratt & Whitney in addressing issues with the F100.

Following the completion of ground tests in 1980, the F101 DFE was first fitted on an F-16 for flight testing, where it showed considerable improvement in performance and operability over the existing F100. In 1982, the Air Force began the full-scale development of the F101 DFE as an option to compete with the F100 for application in future F-15 and F-16 production; the engine was eventually selected for the F-16 and designated F110-GE-100. The threat by the F110 has been cited as a reason for Pratt & Whitney to more quickly rectify the issues affecting the F100 and developing the improved F100-PW-220 variant. Seeking to drive unit costs down and improve contractor performance, the Air Force implemented the Alternate Fighter Engine (AFE) competition between the F100 and F110 in 1983 in what was nicknamed "The Great Engine War", where the engine contract would be awarded through competition. The Air Force would buy both engines starting in 1984, with contracts being competed every fiscal year and the percentages of F100 versus F110 would vary based on contract; the competitions eventually ended in 1992.

The F101 DFE was also tested in the F-14B prototype in 1981, and the aircraft saw considerable performance improvement over the existing Pratt & Whitney TF30. Although further testing was halted by the Navy in 1982, it would use the results of the Air Force's AFE evaluation to choose the powerplant for future F-14s. The F101 DFE was eventually chosen by the Navy in 1984 and was designated F110-GE-400.

Design
The F110-GE-100/400 is a low-bypass axial-flow afterburning turbofan. It has a 3-stage fan driven by a two-stage low-pressure turbine and a 9-stage compressor driven by a one-stage high-pressure turbine; overall pressure ratio is 30.4 and bypass ratio is 0.87. In contrast to the ambitious raw performance goals for the F100 of high thrust and low weight, the F110 placed a greater emphasis on balancing between reliability, operability, and performance. The fan and inlet guide vanes were designed to smooth airflow to increase resistance to compressor stalls. The engine has an electronic and hydromechanical control system that make it more forgiving of rapid throttle inputs. The main difference between the -100 and the -400 is the latter's augmentor, or afterburner section, being about 50 inches longer. The -100, used on the F-16C/D Block 30/40, had an uninstalled static thrust of 16600 lbf in intermediate power and 28200 lbf in afterburner; the figures for the -400, used on the F-14B/D, were 16333 lbf and 26950 lbf respectively.

Further developments
In the mid-1980s, the Air Force sought greater power for its tactical fighters and began Improved Performance Engine (IPE) programs for the F100 and F110, with the goal of achieving thrust in the 29000 lbf class, while retaining the durability improvements achieved in the F100-PW-220 and F110-GE-100. The result would be the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 and General Electric F110-GE-129. Compared to the F110-100, the -129 incorporated component improvements, including a full authority digital engine control (FADEC), that allowed maximum thrust to be achieved in a wider range of conditions and across larger portions of the flight envelope, while retaining 80% commonality; bypass ratio was reduced to 0.76. The -129 produces 17155 lbf of thrust in intermediate power and 29500 lbf in full afterburner, and was first fielded in 1992 on the F-16C/D Block 50; the engine would also power enhanced F-15E variants, starting with the F-15K for South Korea.

A non-afterburning variant of the F110, designated the F118, would power the B-2 stealth bomber and the re-engined U-2S reconnaissance aircraft. A variant of the F110-100 fitted with a 3-dimensional axisymmetric thrust vectoring nozzle, referred by General Electric as the Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle (AVEN), was tested on a specially modified F-16 called the NF-16D VISTA under the Multi-Axis Thrust-Vectoring (MATV) program.

The F110 would see the development of a further enhanced variant starting in 2000 with the F110-GE-132, initially referred to as the F110-GE-129EFE (Enhanced Fighter Engine). Both the -132 and its competitor, the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-232, were designed to make full use of the F-16's Modular Common Inlet Duct (MCID), or "Big Mouth" inlet introduced in the Block 30 variant. The -132 incorporates an improved fan that is more efficient and can increase maximum airflow, composite fan duct, durability improvements to the hot section, radial augmentor (or afterburner), and control system improvements. The engine leveraged research performed under the Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology (IHPTET) program. The -132 produces 19000 lbf of thrust in intermediate power and 32500 lbf in afterburner but can also be tuned to run at -129 thrust levels to increase inspection intervals from 4,300 cycles to 6,000; the older -129 can be upgraded to the -132 configuration, with the new fan being a modular component. The F110-132 was selected to power the F-16E/F Block 60 for the United Arab Emirates. Engine flight tests began in 2003, and first delivery was in 2005.

Technology from the -132 as well as from commercial CFM56 developments are shared with the F110 Service Life Extension Program (SLEP), and F110-129 upgraded with SLEP technology were given the designation -129C. Further improved subvariants with 6,000-cycle intervals were designated -129D (for the F-16) and -129E (for the F-15). The -129E also powers the TAI Kaan prototype.

F-14

The F-14A entered service with the United States Navy in 1973 powered by Pratt & Whitney TF30s. By the end of the decade, following numerous problems with the original engine (and similar problems with the F100 on the F-15 and F-16), the DoD began procuring the upgraded TF30-P-414As. While these engines solved the serviceability problems, the fuel consumption and thrust was comparable to the initial model—considerably less than what the F-14 had been designed for; the F-14's originally planned Pratt & Whitney F401, an upscaled naval development of the F100 design, was also canceled due to costs and reliability issues.

After reviewing the results of the Air Force's AFE evaluation, the Navy would choose the F101 DFE to re-engine the F-14 in 1984, with the variant designated the F110-GE-400; the primary difference between the -400 and the Air Force's F110-GE-100 is length — the -400 had a 50 in tailpipe extension to suit the F-14 airframe, which was fitted downstream of the augmentor (afterburner section). The engine produced 26950 lbf of uninstalled thrust with afterburner; installed thrust is 23400 lbf with afterburner at sea level, which rose to 30200 lbf at Mach 0.9. This was similar to the F-14's originally intended F401 and provided a significant increase over the TF30's maximum uninstalled thrust of 20,900 lbf (93 kN). These upgraded jets were initially known as F-14A+ before being re-designated as the F-14B, as were new production aircraft powered by the F110. The same engine also powered the final variant of the aircraft, the F-14D.

Proposed upgraded variants of the F-14, such as the Super Tomcat 21 (ST-21), were to be powered by the F110-GE-429, the naval variant of the F110-GE-129 IPE.

F-16
The F-16 Fighting Falcon entered service powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100 afterburning turbofan. Seeking a way to drive unit costs down, the USAF implemented the Alternate Fighter Engine (AFE) program in 1984, under which the engine contract would be awarded through competition. As of June 2005, the F110 powered 86% of the USAF's F-16C/Ds. While the F110-GE-100 can provide around 4000 lbf more thrust than the F100-PW-200, it requires more airflow for the jet to fully exploit the engine; the standard normal shock inlet (NSI) limited the F110 to 25735 lbf. This led to the increase in the area of the engine inlet for the MCID. The F-16C/D Block 30/32s were the first to be built with a common engine bay, able to accept both engines, with Block 30s having the bigger MCID inlet (also known as "Big Mouth") for the F110 and Block 32s retaining the standard inlet for the F100.

The F-16C/D Block 30 and 40 were powered by the 28200 lbf F110-GE-100, while the Block 50 was powered by the 29500 lbf F110-GE-129 IPE. The United Arab Emirates' F-16E/F Block 60 is powered by the 32500 lbf F110-GE-132, as was the proposed Lockheed Martin-Tata F-21, based on the Block 60 and initially designated F-16IN, for the Indian Air Force MMRCA competition.

Two derivatives of the F-16, the Mitsubishi F-2 and the General Dynamics F-16XL, are powered by the -129 IPE. The engines for the F-2 were license-built by IHI Corporation and designated F110-IHI-129, prior to the reporting of an IHI company whistleblower in February 2024. On April 24, 2024, IHI announced that investigation was underway by Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of its subsidiary, IHI Power Systems Co., which had falsified its engine data since 2003, impacting over 4,000 engines globally.

F-15

Although the Air Force chose the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 as the IPE for the F-15E Strike Eagle, a pair of F110-GE-129s were mounted on one aircraft for flight testing. South Korea would choose the -129 to power 40 F-15K fighters, the first time production F-15s were powered by a General Electric engine. The engines were manufactured through a joint licensing agreement with Samsung Techwin Company. It has also been chosen by the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) to power its F-15SG.

The F-15E would be further developed into the Advanced Eagle with a new fly-by-wire control system that incorporates the F110-GE-129's FADEC. The Advanced Eagle would be the basis for Saudi Arabia's F-15SA, Qatar's F-15QA, and the U.S. Air Force's F-15EX.

Variants

 * F110-GE-100: Initial variant resulting from the F101 DFE (Derivative Fighter Engine), powers the F-16 Block 30 and 40.
 * F110-GE-400: Naval variant of the -100 with a 50” afterburner extension to fit the F-14, powers the F-14A+ (later designated F-14B) and F-14D.
 * F110-GE-129: Improved performance engine variant, powers the F-16 Block 50 and 70 and the F-15K, SG, SA, QA, and EX.
 * F110-GE-132: Further enhanced thrust variant powering the F-16 Block 60.

Applications

 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
 * General Dynamics F-16XL
 * Grumman F-14A+ (F-14B) and F-14D Super Tomcat
 * McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle and Boeing F-15EX Eagle II
 * Mitsubishi F-2
 * TAI TF Kaan

title: General Electric F110


text:
Treniota

Treniota (also spelled Troniata; Транята; c. 1210 – 1264) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1263 to 1264.

Treniota was the nephew of Mindaugas, the first and only king of Lithuania. While Mindaugas had converted to Christianity in order to discourage Livonian Order and Teutonic Knights attacks on Lithuania, becoming king in the process, Treniota remained a staunch pagan. It is believed that Treniota was trusted to rule Samogitia.

Despite Mindaugas's conversion, the Teutonic Knights regularly made incursions in Lithuanian territory. After the Battle of Durbe in 1260, Treniota convinced Mindaugas to relapse from Christianity and attack the Teutonic Order, though the attack was ineffective and the Teutonic Knights were barely weakened. Mindaugas began to question his alliance with Treniota. However, before he was able act against his pagan nephew, Treniota together with Daumantas assassinated Mindaugas and two of his sons in 1263. Treniota usurped the throne and reverted the nation to paganism. However, he only ruled for a year before being deposed by Vaišvilkas, the younger son of Mindaugas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Treniota


text:
IIPF

IIPF may refer to:

 * The International Institute of Public Finance, a world organization for Public Finance economists
 * Islamic Iran Participation Front, a reformist political party in Iran

title: IIPF


text:
Preakness

Preakness may refer to:

 * The Preakness or Preakness Stakes, an American flat thoroughbred horse race held in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Preakness (horse), an American thoroughbred racehorse from Preakness Stables
 * Preakness, New Jersey, a section of Wayne in Passaic County, New Jersey
 * Preakness Range, a range of the Watchung Mountains in northern New Jersey
 * Preakness Stud, a former thoroughbred horse racing breeding farm and racing stable in Preakness, New Jersey

title: Preakness


text:
Talk:X

Codes for computing
I find this section to be largely superfluous: EBCDIC is a thing of the past, and all other codes are derived from ASCII: Unicode adopted ASCII 32-126 which include capital and small 'x', as did HTML/XML. So I'd propose to remove this section (haven't checked other similar articles to see if they include something like this). Jalwikip (talk) 16:43, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

the letter x goes Ks Ks Ks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.206.5.85 (talk) 19:52, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Greek sound
Did the Greeks actually use it to sound like 'ks', and then begin words with it? I realize these are the same people who regularly began words with 'pt' (as did the Egyptians) and.. well, anglophones used to regularly begin words with 'kn' but.. I understood that the greek X was always pronounced K, as in the word for Christ, and that Xylos (wood) ought to be pronounced kylos in english, and by extension kylem and kylophone.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 02:01, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
 * (Yes it's a year later, but just for reference -) There are two different Greek letters you're thinking of here.  One is chi; it looks like X and has the pronunciation you have in mind; the other is xi, which is transliterated as X but in Greek looks like Ξ -- this is the one pronounced 'ks' (which was and is indeed used to start words).  'Christos' uses chi, and 'xylos' and the others use xi.   --Muke Tever talk 15:22, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Surely we should include xi (pronounced "ksi") in the "related letters" section? 162.204.192.221 (talk) 20:34, 11 November 2013 (UTC)Spencer Hixon

 * Hey it's four years later now, but I still appreciate your answer. So rather than being pronounced kylem, xylem was pronounced ksylem? I just need to get my pretentious lingo right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.22.31.84 (talk) 05:39, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
 * It's another two and a half years later, but yes, absolutely. Double sharp (talk) 09:05, 25 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Its 6 years later and they just named Twitter the haunt of every unclean bird X
 * The Pharisees Pharmacy just named a terrible plague X
 * I think the world is in trouble. 2603:6080:D000:45C6:3403:7316:F4B0:4D2 (talk) 00:54, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

Lao X
--Pawyilee (talk) 09:52, 17 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Kingdom
 * Lan Xang (Lan Sang, Lane Sang)
 * Provinces of Laos
 * Bolikhamxai (Bolikhamsai, Borlikumsai)
 * Oudomxai (Oudomxay)
 * Sainyabuli (Xaignabouli, Saiyabouly)
 * Sekong (Xekong)
 * Xaisomboun
 * Xiangkhoang (Xieng Khouang, Siangkuang)
 * Xieng Dong Xieng Thong and outpost Xay Fong
 * See Romanization of Lao Initial position BGN/PCGN --Pawyilee (talk) 14:25, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

'sh' sound in Old Spanish
Old Spanish had the 'sh' sound. See: http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/634-1103/634-BRADLEY-0-0.PDF Modern Spanish has the softer version of this sound, like 'ich'. The TED talk mentioned in some of the revisions of this page is completely wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.114.194 (talk) 14:32, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

More references, these from Wikipedia: Old_Spanish, History_of_Spanish, Don_Quixote (See Spelling and Pronunciation). The scholarly references in these pages, especially in the History of Spanish page, provide further details about the evolution of Spanish. The statement that the 'sh' sound is hard to pronounce in the Iberia Peninsula is absurd for anyone speaking Spanish or Portuguese. The statement that it was hard pronounce then is absurd for those who are familiar with Iberian Medieval works -- they are full of words containing some version of that sound. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.114.194 (talk) 14:58, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

One last reference, this one from contemporary scholars in Portugal and Galicia: The Galician-Portuguese Cancioneiro, scanned and transcribed. These are some of the oldest written literary works in the Iberian Peninsula, pertaining to 150 years between the 12th and 14th centuries, so about the same time when the Arabic works were being translated. Some of the songs have musical renditions, so you can both see the original scans that used the letter χ and you can hear how those words sound. Here is one of the songs, Ũa pastor se queixava. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.114.194 (talk) 16:41, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Maltese X
According to, Maltese X is also pronounced [ʒ] before voiced consonants (as an allophone of /ʃ/)? Burzuchius (talk) 08:03, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation in English
Two points: First, is a [citation needed] really needed after the note about 'xu' being pronounced as /kš/ and /gž/. Any native speaker with a knowledge of Phonology can attest to this.

Second, with so much detail given about word-medial and -final pronunciation, why not also mention the general /z/ sound used in word initial positions (Xylophone, xeriscaping, etc.) and at least one exception that comes to mind...Xavier?

Also, (so, a third point) maybe mention of 'x' as an early orthographic option to replace the English digraph "sh" /š/? 50.248.57.235 (talk) 17:01, 19 October 2014 (UTC)Tom in South Florida

Occitan
Is it worth pointing out that in Occitan that  is often pronounced /ts/? 2600:8803:7D89:8000:2C2B:9F5E:719E:67D (talk) 19:20, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 3 September 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved  Dr Strauss   talk   13:58, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

X → X (letter) – Unique among the 26 letters, X has 2 primary meanings, the letter and a symbol for the number 10. Georgia guy (talk) 18:35, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose, other letters haver other uses as well. I had to go way down to X (disambiguation) just to find it only says at Mathematics "10 (number) (Roman numeral: X)", so I don't see how the letter itself is not the primary topic. Also, this article already covers this at X. ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 20:25, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment. OS X is in fact properly pronounced OS 10, as is the upcoming iPhone X. X must be a common representation for the number 10 these days, so there must be 2 meanings of X that are just like lead meaning to lead a line and lead the chemical element. Both meanings are common. Georgia guy (talk) 21:07, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * So is I, V, L C, D and M (I and V are more common than the rest). I found this RM weird, especially because all the latin alphabet is the primary topic. The symbol "X" (named "ex" in English) is the primary topic for the symbol X. Any other value or meaning added to that symbol, in this case "ten", is just that, an additional meaning . ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 03:25, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose this good faith nomination per consistency of the names of pages on letters of the latin alphabet and other above comments. Randy Kryn (talk) 04:33, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose move. The Roman numeral usage of X is not common enough.  ONR  (talk) 10:41, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The letter is the primary topic, and there's a strong consistency argument too. I'm confused by the claim that X is "unique among the 26 letters" by being both a letter and a Roman numeral—what about I, V, L, C, D, and M? I think the Roman numeral I is at least as common as X, and V might be too. —Granger (talk · contribs) 11:32, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

1.144.111.48 (talk) 01:24, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

Paella x conundrum
One of the Spanish rice varietals used for paella is frequently designated as "Balilla x Sollana", or sometimes "Balilla X Sollana".

In Spanish text culture, "x" often takes the place of "por". So I tried this, and sure enough, I could find many instances of "Balilla por Sollana" on the tubes.

What didn't bring me joy was "Spanish" "x" "explained" outside of phone culture (nor, disappointingly, here, either).

Perhaps it could be added. — MaxEnt 17:43, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Resolved the puzzle myself, after unleashing Google translate on ca.Wikipedia (Basque, apparently). I had already read that there is a second meaning of "por" (entirely different word) which means "multiplied by". Turns out Balilla X Sollana are two varietals, cross bred, and Sollana is not actually the Sollana municipality (a location), but a rice varietal associated with Sollana. I think in English we might write Balilla–Sollana with the ndash to give equal weight to both sides, in some implied relationship that's left entirely unspecified. We might also use the special symbol × in some contexts, though I've never seen that used on a retail package. — MaxEnt 17:56, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

 * "In biology, the multiplication sign is used in a botanical hybrid name, for instance Ceanothus papillosus × impressus (a hybrid between C. papillosus and C. impressus) "
 * —DIV (1.144.111.48 (talk) 01:24, 17 April 2019 (UTC))

Halogens
X is the symbol for halogens. Porygon-Z 18:23, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * That is not true. "X" is a common symbol for an unknown/unspecified variable, and therefore it can stand for an unspecified halogen, but also can be used to stand for many other unspecified chemical species, or indeed unknown/unspecified numbers in chemical formulæ, such as NOX or NOX (although I prefer & recommend a subscripted lowercase-italic "x" in this specific context, NOx).  —DIV (1.144.111.48 (talk) 01:20, 17 April 2019 (UTC))

Handwriting animation
What's up with the handwriting animation? I don't know anyone who writes a lowercase "x" like that. Please clarify what style it is attempting to reproduce, and/or amend the animation. —DIV (1.144.111.48 (talk) 01:15, 17 April 2019 (UTC))

〷 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 〷. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 17:44, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

"Pronunciation of X" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pronunciation of X. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 23:29, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Incomprehensible
FTA: Three exceptions are pronounced [s]: six ("six"), dix ("ten") and in some city names such as Bruxelles (although some people pronounce it 'ks') or Auxerre; it is fully pronounced [ks] in Aix, the name of several towns. 92.67.227.181 (talk) 17:51, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Unreferenced article
Only sixteen references for such a long article, stating so many short facts? That makes the article almost entirely unreferenced. 92.67.227.181 (talk) 17:52, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Issues with the History section
So I have noticed that the History section had no references, so I was looking to improve it. However, the articles I have found contain different info than what is in this article. Either that, or not enough info is provided. I think it might be best to just completely redo the History section, but I want to see what other users believe. Here's two sources I found. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ulysses Grant Official (talk • contribs) 22:52, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Phonetic usage [Ø]
The phone appears in the infobox but no language with this usage is cited in the main text. Does such a language actually exist? Weirdly in the infobox it's the only phonetic value (wrongly) capitalized and only one not linked to its phonetic WP page. — maiku (talk) 18:20, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I think I figured out what's going on. I think "[Ø]" means silent, which is the word used in the main text for one French usage.  I edited the infobox to make the thing consistent.  But if you want to use the empty-set symbol for zero, then I suggest you use the proper symbol and not capital O with slash. —maiku (talk) 01:10, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Xi vs Phi in History section.
In the history section, it talks about how Chi and Psi were variants of the same letter. But that is a mistake, and should be Chi and Xi. 2601:646:C101:2840:274D:6174:B357:DAE8 (talk) 16:40, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

For the love of God, maintain the letter X as the main redirection for when someone searches for 'X'
This is still early, but I just want to say this just in case. All the letters, from A to Z redirect to their letter page, we must maintain consistency. One of the things that annoys me the most is people appropriating basic words, shapes or things into their agenda. ElskverdigHug (talk) 05:12, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Ξ/ξ (Xsi) stands phonetically for X in classical and modern Greek. Etruscan and Latin borrowing of X from Χ/χ (Khi/Chi) could have occurred from pre Hellenic localized dialects
The Wikipedia entry for Xsi acknowledges it as the phonetic Greek counterpart to the Roman Letter X inasmuch as it symbolizes the "ks" phonetic particle which is what X in English sounds like.

The status as a recognized form of Greek of ancient pre hellenic localized dialects from which the etruscans borrowed "X" is not clarified from sources in the article, thus it is not conclusive that the counterpart of X in Greek is Khi(χ).

Very evidently there was no Letter Ξ(ξ) in those dialects thus Χ(Khi) (dialectal) is indeed the root of X. However the counter part in established Greek is indeed Ξ(ξ).

Therefore, sources for the development of the letter X from localized (pre) Hellenic dialects have to be introduced. And the mention of Ξ(ξ) as the official Greek language counterpart has to be placed as well. Ctmv (talk) 17:12, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Perhaps something from Archaic Greek alphabets could be usefully added here. —Tamfang (talk) 02:03, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

gz in Polish
It was never  /gz/, article doesn't even provide an example. Since the article is protected, I can't edit it. So please, either show at least 1 example (both in table and sub topic 1.2. "Other languages") or remove mention of  /gz/ in Polish.

31.182.226.214 (talk) 13:00, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

Should this list the social network as a possible meaning?
If someone is searching for X on Wikipedia, they're likely looking for the social network, formerly called Twitter (and still titled that on WP). Maybe we should change the first line to, so users looking for the social network don't have to go through a disambiguation page? 206.204.236.63 (talk) 15:01, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I think people searching for X are unlikely to be looking for Twitter; they'd just look up "Twitter" instead. From my anecdotal experience, it feels like most people still refer to Twitter as Twitter, and news sites generally say something along the lines of "X (formerly Twitter)" SheepTester (talk) 01:02, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Speculated Origins?
It claims an Egyptian Hieroglyph (Possibly Djed) is the speculated origin of the letter, but I cannot find a single source corroborating this fact, it is barely mentioned in the article, is this just an info box to article inconsistency or am I reading this wrong? Much thanks for any response. Goodbyecomputer (talk) 04:17, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

Hatnote to Twitter
Should the hatnote here link to Twitter?

My impression is that it shouldn't; Twitter, when referenced as X, isn't so dominant a topic compared to the other items on the disambiguation list that it warrants direct inclusion in the hatenote. BilledMammal (talk) 20:48, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think a lot of people come here just to see if this article is about the social network, or if it links to it etc. Whether or not that's a good enough reason to include it is arguable Snowmanonahoe (talk · contribs · typos) 17:23, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

Edit request
Delink the phrase Its name in English to Its name in English in the last sentence to maintain consistency like 25 letters else. 2001:EE0:4BE2:4ED0:9496:F804:F0D4:C864 (talk) 01:22, 19 February 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] ⋮ 12:31, 19 February 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] ⋮ 12:40, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi @Urropean, while this news may dissuade you to go, I am regrettably sorry and worried that some of your contributions, here to X, the content of the article may, or ever to be, vandalized in part. Please notice carefully and make your change consciously. I look the page so not seamlessly, thus I suggest you to fix the code error and implement it. 2001:EE0:4BCC:A880:9496:F804:F0D4:C864 (talk) 03:13, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi again! I assume you are referring to my failure to remove the link properly, considering that is the only edit I made to the page. I've since fixed it! Thanks for letting me know.

title: Talk:X


text:
Talk:List of English words of Yiddish origin

Minyan?
I don't believe minyan is used as an English word. Where can I find an example of it in a thoroughly English context - where it is not merely functioning as untranslated religious terminology, not used with the expectation that the reader will know Yiddish, and where it is used without explanation?

I can imagine it happening. If I saw "We had hoped to play baseball, but we didn't have a minyan so we just went for lunch" written by someone who isn't Jewish and whose readers don't know Yiddish, I would start thinking this could be an English word.

Hanukkah is not even included in this list of English words of Yiddish origin. If there are reasons to exclude Hanukkah from the list, shouldn't all the same reasons apply to minyan (a Hebrew word), only more so?

To put it another way: if "minyan", a religious term in Hebrew - a historical religious language used by many Yiddish speakers - is an English word, then correspondingly, "Filioque" needs to be on the list of Yiddish words borrowed from English. Right? :) TooManyFingers (talk) 17:27, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Our standard, like that of the rest of Wikipedia, is reliable sources. The Oxford English Dictionary is what says that minyan is an English word. The reason Hanukkah isn't on this list isn't because it's not an English word, but because reliable sources don't say that it comes from Yiddish (just Hebrew), whereas for minyan the OED says that it comes from both Yiddish and Hebrew.
 * The word is religious terminology, of course; that doesn't make it not an English word. It's used in contexts with the expectation that the reader will know what the English word minyan means—but that doesn't mean with the expectation that the reader will know Yiddish. AJD (talk) 21:34, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * "Minyan" is a Talmudic Hebrew term so no way it is of Yiddish origin. In this respect "Hanukkah" is of no difference. - Altenmann >talk 00:07, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The word minyan entered English via Yiddish, though, which is the criterion used on this page. By the standard you imply, words such as latke and knish wouldn't be of Yiddish origin either (they're from Polish prior to Yiddish); and even a native Yiddish word like lox could be described as being of Old High German or Proto–Indo-European origin. AJD (talk) 00:22, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * And why are you sure that 'Hanukkah' did not enter into English via Yiddish? Why do you think that 'minyan' had a different way into English? - Altenmann >talk 19:23, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Again, we're depending on what reliable sources say. The primary reliable sources used in this article are the Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, and the Merriam-Webster dictionary. None of those three sources mention Yiddish in their etymologies for the English word Hanukkah. Personally, I think that seems like an omission; my opinion is that Yiddish probably was involved in the borrowing of the English word Hanukkah at some stage. But my opinion doesn't matter; what matters is what reliable sources say about the question. AJD (talk) 06:54, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Merge from Yiddish words used in English
The title of the grossly unreferenced list Yiddish words used in English is splitting hairs so thin that even Great Rabbi Smallman cannot do. Who decides which Yiddish words are used in English? I use the words 'freylikh', 'kabtzon', 'sprakhe', Pollak', 'shnei', 'Glupsk', 'mamele', 'veld', 'gibn', nemn', and thousands more in my makaronishe sprakhe - so they are Yiddish words are used in English, right? Are you saying it is only me who is using these words? Well, ask google and see google uses them as well. If you dont believe google, go listen some of Yiddish comedians who do some routines in Englisch. Therefore the list Yiddish words used in English is not only hugely unreferenced, but also hugely indiscriminate collection, which wikipedia is not.

So I say, merge what is referenced and reference what is unreferenced and merge it as well.- Altenmann >talk 19:19, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I think this is a good idea. It might be worth leaving an article on "Yinglish" as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, but there's no reason for that to be a list of words such as exists currently over at Yiddish words used in English. AJD (talk) 06:56, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

 2:  and I can think of admittable reasons to burn some books; say it's 1942, you're freezing in Leningrad, and you can't digest cellulose
 * While it may seem like a trivial technical distinction to the fleeting layman observer, there is a major difference between Yiddish words used in English and English words of Yiddish origin: The former are, for the most part, not recognised as English words, and their use with English to some extent involves code-switching and is often shibbolethic. The latter have completed the transition and have been successfully introduced into the English lexicon as loanwords, even if still "ethnically coloured". It is true that sources and authorities may differ on whether a particular term properly belongs to the former or latter category; to some extent, that ultimately is a linguistic or lexicographer's judgement call. That does not however take away from the fact that these groups of expressions are categorically distinct. —ReadOnlyAccount (talk) 11:15, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It was addressed in my nomination: the former is extremely vague; these words can pop up arbitrarily, in huge numbers, and as I said, wikipedia is not a collection of indiscriminate information. Therefore it make sense to put several notable examples in the article Yinglish, just like in other pidgins, creoles other and mixed languages. But here is the problem, most notable examples are definitely in the latter group. On the other hand "Yinglish" article may benefit from more detailed description of its peculiarities, most notable being word order in the sentence influenced by German, see article "Runglish" about a similar phenomenon, and with the same issue: there is List of English words of Russian origin, but I can collect an enormous list of Russian words used in English by scarping google. - Altenmann >talk 19:38, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Scarping Google sounds a lot like making it wheelchair-accessible. ♫ It's all about makin' that ADA. —ReadOnlyAccount (talk) 09:18, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * With regards to there being "no reason" for "a list of words such as exists currently over at Yiddish words used in English": Every entry is a plausible search term and a potential entry point, including for those not in the ingroup. One reason however why Deletionists may wish to make entries much harder to google might be that obscurity increases the utility of ingroup jargon as a shibboleth/cant. The motives of Deletionists not even interested in transwikiïng, but interested in quick-and-dirty deletion are at least questionable. —ReadOnlyAccount (talk) 14:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Every foreign word is a plausible search term, but belongs to dictionary. You are welcome to transwiki. The obscurity is actually argument not to list in wikipedia. - Altenmann >talk 17:00, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Translation: "Don't mind my taking the Zippo to this article real quick. You are welcome to do the work of pulling the chestnuts out of my fire if you want."
 * Comment: The topic and title of the article on the pyre is "Yiddish words used in English". Not every foreign word is used in English1 . (Not every foreign word used in English proceeds to enter the English lexicon as a generally-recognised loanword either, but that's why that is a different —inherently easier to source— category and article.)
 * I take a more lenient (enwp != paper) view, but even if —arguendo— you were right in this long-term consensus-created content being somewhat too dictionary-like not just for your taste but for Wikipedia, you should still not play Zippo squad slash Alexandria Library with accumulated cultural knowledge, but address yourself to the task and do the work of transwikiïng – rather than burning "misfiled" books before even persons who might be interested in refiling can see or read them. Of course just burning cultural bridges instead of relocating and rejigging them is much less work for the lazy arsonist – present company excluded as a courtesy.
 * Speaking of burning alleged dictionary content: Of all the books you might consider burning2, the burning of dictionaries —those being cultural bridges— is just about the secular equivalent of burning religious texts, at least in terms of being in a similar category of severity. Heck, if a given civilised person is not a believer, they perhaps might be expected to value dictionaries more.
 * —ReadOnlyAccount (talk) 09:18, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * fn 1: at least to the extent where it becomes a plausible search term
 * Wikipedia is not a dictionary, WP:RS, WP:CITE, WP:BURDEN. What you see as Alexandriua Libray, I see as a stack of love letters tied with faded ribbon of someone's grandmother's sweetheart perished in American Civil War. I am pretty sure there letters store a wealth of info about the events of the time and someone will cry rivers not to burn them, but it is not my pain. - Altenmann >talk 17:03, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Respectfully, what you're doing there is peculiar, but I have to assume you don't realise it, because if you did, that would imply at least a modicum of bad faith, which I shan't assume. So I will spell out how this comes across here: It's a neat lawyer trick to flood the zone with reams of case law and/or appeals to various and sundry Amendments, and to then say (or not even say, just imply), "I have all these on my side, so there." The thing is, the interpretation and application of such precedent and good law is rarely as cut and dried as the expensive pinstripe suit would have you the jury believe. Maybe the suit(-wearer) genuinely believes in his client's case and thinks all they're flooding the zone with only allows for one interpretation—his—no elaboration necessary. But it is often a dead give-away of (wiki)lawyering if none is actually offered. A related lawyer stunt popular with politicians and pro-regime "journalists" is to extract or demand agreement with a general headline/slogan, and then again go, "so there, I'm right", because obviously the person pulling that stunt expects to set the Overton window; no disagreement or alternative interpretations allowed. You just have to agree with the principle, so then I have won – leaving unstated that I claim a monopoly on interpreting and applying the principle for you. On social media, this can "work" even better if I have a clone army of, say, 51 hype men backing me up, going "Oh! Burn!!"
 * I mean, I could have been similarly self-assured in a belief in the correctness of my interpretation and in having the law on my side, especially on your original actions, and I could've gone "edit summary: rvv", and proceeded to plaster your Talk page with various condescending cites, officious notices and templates, but I didn't. —ReadOnlyAccount (talk) 18:26, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It seems that we are entrenched in our positions, so let's drop it and let other people have a say. - Altenmann >talk 18:50, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The requirement "used in English", at least as it's being dealt with in this article, is so vague and general that nothing can logically be excluded from it. Many Yiddish speakers also speak English, and of course they can (and should) say any words that they want to say, in either language and at any time.
 * It is reasonable to assume, based on the number of people who speak both languages and the length of time they've been doing so, that every word of Yiddish qualifies for this list, or at least every commonly used one. That makes the whole article useless; the information it contains is already available, in a much more comprehensive and consistent form, in [insert the name of any good Yiddish–English dictionary]. There is nothing in here, and nothing that potentially could be in here, that isn't already covered far better by such a dictionary.
 * The other Wikipedia article on a similar theme is worthwhile because it covers a reasonable topic, which for the moment I will jokingly re-name as "Yiddish words that cowboys in Montana and auto workers in Michigan seriously claim as English words". That is an interesting topic, and one that cannot be discovered simply by reading a Yiddish–English dictionary cover to cover, as this one can. TooManyFingers (talk) 17:23, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I should add that in my opinion if there are parts found valuable in the running text of this article, they could be merged into the other article; however, this article's list is just a defective dictionary and should not be kept. TooManyFingers (talk) 17:39, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * NOTE: Where I put "this article" I was actually referring to the "Yiddish words used in English" article. The current article, "List of English words of Yiddish origin", is in my opinion the better and more useful one. TooManyFingers (talk) 23:21, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Unsupported by cited sources
@Altenmann's recently added the following three words to this list, citing sources as listed. However, none of the cited sources actually support the inclusion of the words on this page. I'm removing those (and also restoring various other minor cosmetic fixes and accuracy improvements that Altenmann reverted. AJD (talk) 16:14, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * chesed, citing OED. OED says chesed is borrowed from Hebrew, not Yiddish.
 * gesundheit, citing MW, AHD, and OED. All three dictionaries say gesundheit is borrowed from German, not Yiddish.
 * lechaim, citing OED. OED says it's borrowed from Hebrew, not Yiddish.
 * . I stand corrected: I copied these from Yiddish words used in English iwthout paying attention. By ther way, please state your opinionj in Talk:List of English words of Yiddish origin. - Altenmann >talk 16:20, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * My opinion is already stated in that thread: "I think this is a good idea. It might be worth leaving an article on 'Yinglish' as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, but there's no reason for that to be a list of words such as exists currently over at Yiddish words used in English." AJD (talk) 16:50, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Oy gevalt!
@Altenmann, I'm not sure about oy gevalt. The only one of our dictionaries that mentioned it is MW, and it labels it with the heading "Yiddish phrase", which suggests it's not claiming oy gevalt has actually been borrowed into English. Contrast this with MW's treatment of oy vey, which is simply labeled "interjection". So I'm not sure oy gevalt belongs on this list as far as our cited sources go. AJD (talk) 17:39, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Removed. - Altenmann >talk 17:42, 16 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3 Fat Cunts

 * Vanity listing of an obscure website. Delete. --Robert Merkel 13:14, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Zero google results. Delete. Vanity. Alcarillo 13:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Darwin Awards --bodnotbod 14:58, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.--Samuel J. Howard 17:35, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity listing, vanity website. The name sure gets your attention!  Still, delete. - Lucky 6.9 22:08, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * As this listing shows, that's not always a good thing ;o) --bodnotbod 23:22, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Think bodnotbod's humerous suggestion would be a giggle, but should probably delete. -- Graham :) | Talk 23:01, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Matt Stan 08:14, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Andrewa 06:57, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Senseless and uninteresting. Delete. Thanks. Sid 16:25, 10 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Charles Harris

I would just like to confirm that the article you posted is your own work (or copyright-free) and discuss a better title. More legends would only work if we were talking about the legends of the More tribe. Perhaps Zambezi legends? Is there some other page it is related to? Presently iy is unconnected to any page. Rmhermen 13:21, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick answer. Unfortunately we can't delete a title ourselves -it requires a system administrator. Sometimes if you put "Please delete this bad title" in the edit summary, someone will catch it and take care of it. Otherwise you can list it on Redirects for deletion Rmhermen 13:49, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice you said it is public domain. If you're sure of that statement, could you please change the tag that I put on it to. Thanks! Kbh3rd 00:41, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:Karibadam.jpg

Nyaminyami: Legend of the River God
I have added a "" template to the article Nyaminyami: Legend of the River God, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. - ∅  ( ∅ ), 17:42, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:Karibadam.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Karibadam.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. - ∅  ( ∅ ), 17:00, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Zimbabwebird.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Zimbabwebird.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. - ∅  ( ∅ ), 18:49, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charles Harris


text:
Talk:List of Finnish treaties

Non-aggression pact 1932
Could anyone add the non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union 1932 to the list?

User:Auru Aro 22:01 6 Nov 2005 (UTC)

Aland
I added Åland and EU, but I must admit not to know for sure when they were actually signed. 1922? 1923? 1992? I hope someone else (or me, myself) someday will compensate my slappyness. /Tuomas 13:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Finnish treaties


text:
Talk:Treaty of Tartu

Comments
I made some changes, of which most are uncontroversial, I hope! However, it's to be noted that the Soviet Union strictly speaking didn't exist yet in 1920, why the correct link better is to Bolshevist Russia. Further more, Finland had not as far as I know annexed any areas in East Karelia, why the notion of "joined" areas is exchanged for occupied. /Tuomas 13:29, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Reply to Tuomas:
 * I know. Repola was joined and occupied. If you can Finnish, see pages:

 * http://www.student.oulu.fi/~saka/sultsina2000/bobi.html I copied the main points here: "Suomessa oleskelevien Itä-Karjalan johtomiesten tavoitteena oli tosin vain autonomian saaminen kansalleen, mutta myös itäkarjalaisissa esiintyi halua liittyä juuri itsenäistyneeseen veljesmaahan Suomeen."

 * "Vaikka Vienan retki ei onnistunutkaan, niin Aunuksen puolella, sen pohjoisosassa sijaitseva Repola päätti kaksipäiväisessä pitäjankokouksessa 31.8-1.9. 1918 liittyä Suomeen."

 * "Aunuksen retken ainoana konkreettisena tuloksena Repolan naapurikunta Porajärvi oli liittynyt Suomeen."

 * I'll translate: "There were wish to join Finland among East Karelians", "Repola decided to join Finland during two day parish congress 31.8.-1.9. 1918", "During Aunus expedition Porajärvi joined to Finland"

 * http://www.repola-seura.org/kyla/rkysaannot1920.html

 * After that of course Finnish forces went to parishes and occupied them.

 * A text from Aunus Expedition:

 * The only "gain" from the expedition was that the parish of Porajärvi declared that it wished to join Finland. As had the parish of Repola already done in 1918. Some volunteer forces were left in these two villages. In the treaty of Tartu in 1920 Finland and Soviet Union agreed on their common border. Repola and Porajärvi were left on the Soviet side and the Finnish troops had to be withdrawn before February 14, 1921. The young police chief in Repola, Bobi Sivénin shot himself in protest.
 * /81.197.10.131 8:23, 6 May 2004 (UTC) (?)

 * As far as I know Finland did not formally annex the two parishes. Note the difference in your text: "Porajärvi (joined during Aunus expedition)" and mine: "Porajärvi declared that it wished to join Finland". (Compare also with Åland: they votet to join Sweden, but that had no real effect). -- Jniemenmaa 07:51, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, yes, there is difference. But if one say only "Finland occupied Repola", he cut a lot of information out. -- Kahkonen

English text for Russo-Estonian treaty
Please note that a contemporary English text of the Treaty of Tartu is available in my homepage: http://www.hot.ee/almanach/tartu.htm

Erki Kangro

 * That's Russo-Estonian treaty. Is there somewhere English text for Russo-Finnish treaty? Kahkonen 08:11, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC)

Separate articles
I think there should be two separate articles for these two separate treaties: Treaty of Tartu (Russo-Estonian) and Treaty of Tartu (Russo-Finnish). Kahkonen 13:23, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. --Jaakko Sivonen 06:59, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Not quite. The Treaty of Tartu is discussed/seen/known in Estonia solely as Russian - Estonian agreement. The Finnish part is not discussed in this issue. Thus there should be left at least a link to the Finnish - Russian agreement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.50.145.22 (talk • contribs) 17 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Tartu


text:
Fluvastatin

Fluvastatin is a member of the statin drug class, used to treat hypercholesterolemia and to prevent cardiovascular disease.

It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1994. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects are comparable to other statins. Common are nausea, indigestion, insomnia and headache. Myalgia (muscle pain), and rarely rhabdomyolysis, characteristic side effects for statins, can also occur.

Interactions
Contrary to lovastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin, fluvastatin has no relevant interactions with drugs that inhibit the liver enzyme CYP3A4, and a generally lower potential for interactions than most other statins. Fluconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9, does increase fluvastatin levels.

Mechanism of action
Fluvastatin works by blocking the liver enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which facilitates an important step in cholesterol synthesis.

Pharmacodynamics
In a Cochrane systematic review the dose-related magnitudes of fluvastatin on blood lipids was determined. Over the dose range of 10 to 80 mg/day total cholesterol was reduced by 10.7% to 24.9%, LDL cholesterol by 15.2% to 34.9%, and triglycerides by 3% to 17.5%.

Pharmacokinetics
The drug is quickly and almost completely (98%) absorbed from the gut. Food intake slows down absorption, but does not decrease it. Due to its first-pass effect, bioavailability is lower: about 24–30% according to different sources. Over 98% of the substance is bound to plasma proteins.

Several cytochrome P450 enzymes (mainly CYP2C9, but also CYP3A4 and CYP2C8) are involved in the metabolism of fluvastatin, which makes is less liable to interactions than most other statins. The main metabolite is inactive and is called "N-desisopropyl propionic acid" in the literature.

93–95% of the drug is excreted via the feces, less than 2% of which in form of the original substance.

Names
Fluvastatin is the INN. Brandnames include Lescol, Canef, Vastin.

Research
Data from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) publication was used to determine the effects of fluvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on LDL cholesterol lowering and reduction of myocardial infarction. In two RCTs an average dose of 72 mg/day fluvastatin reduced LDL cholesterol by 31.9%, and reduced myocardial infarction, relative risk, 0.68 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.85) as compared to placebo. In five RCTs a mean atorvastatin dose of 26 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 44.0% and reduced myocardial infarction, relative risk, 0.67 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.77) as compared to placebo. In four RCTs a mean rosuvastatin dose of 16 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 48.8% and reduced myocardial infarction, relative risk, 0.82 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.93) as compared to placebo. Thus despite reducing LDL cholesterol by a much lesser amount with fluvastatin than atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, fluvastatin reduced myocardial infarction similarly to atorvastatin and to a greater degree than rosuvastatin.

authors: حسن علي البط

title: Fluvastatin


text:
Talk:Korean Teachers and Education Workers Union

Untitled
Nanshu, I think what Norium did was NPOVing, not deleting. Plus you are so famous for right-winged and nationalistic POVness on some political matters, so the original definately needed revision.

Hey, what's wrong? --Nanshu 23:51, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

=Soman stop your reverting= A portion of the text that read "Critics argue that KTU members downplay the negative aspects of North Korea" was referenced by Rallies have little to do with food safety. The citation does not support such a statement and I have changed the text to reflect what the citation actually states on this subject: "The notoriously xenophobic and anti-American KTU has been given many opportunities to spout off against American beef imports."

I have responded to your reverts by adding 2 further citations that support this matter.

Opinions reflected in citations are allowed per [WP:CIT]. Personal editor opinions are not. Please stop ignoring editing rules and cease your revert warring.Melonbarmonster2 (talk) 22:43, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have removed only one sentence in the article; "The KTU is also notorious for its xenophobic and anti-American views as well as propagating anti-American sentiment among the student through propaganda activities within the classroom". This sentence is not in compliance with WP:NPOV. The fact that you can google up one guy saying that KTU is "notoriously xenophobic" doesn't mean that it should be stated in the text. It is possible to include criticisms in articles, clearing stating whose opinion the criticism is (For example: "[well-known author] claims that [subject of article] has failed to adress issues relating to...") In this case the text seems to stem from a random gringo resident in South Korea, and frankly I cannot see how his opinion would be of any major importance. --Soman (talk) 23:08, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Soman, if you didn't know, your or my criticism and opinion of the referenced article is irrelevant. Whether you or I agree with the author of the article is irrelevant.  The reference, even if it's opinion that you do not like, is a perfectly fine citation. It's published by a reputable newspaper. I'm not even the editor that put it in the article.  All that we need to do is to make sure that the sentence of this wiki article ACCURATELY reflects the information contained in the citation.  Furthermore I have responded to your complaint by adding 2 more references that support the claim.  Three proper citations cannot be deleted because of your personal opinion. Please read NPOV and citation rules in the Wikipedia help page if this is new information to you. Editor opinions are not what determines article content.Melonbarmonster2 (talk) 02:51, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Melon, you have a highly creative view of what WP:NPOV requires as related to what verifiable and sources are allowed - in the encyclopedic voice, to do.

 * First, describing this union as "pro-North Korea" is ipso facto a violation of NPOV. That is out completely. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" is a long-standing rule of thumb regarding neutrality in wikipedia. Please refrain from reinserting this text in this form. At best, if you can find sufficient sourcing for this, and you can find them, you can attribute the opinion that they are pro-north korea. I am not sure, however, that an opinion like this, even if widely held, belongs in the lede of the article.

 * Second, the cited text, which I have reverted:

 * "The KTU is also notorious for its xenophobic and anti-American views as well as propagating anti-American sentiment among the student through propaganda activities within the classroom.  ."

 * You have an incorrect view on how to cite in wikipedia. We do not just cite verbatim from sources, but we qualify the sources, and do not speak for them. At worse, we use direct quotes with attribution, at best we atribute the general ideas as opinions in the encyclopedic voice.

 * Perhaps, in this case you can say, "According to XYZ, this union "Relevant quote". But how it is written, it is a classic example of what we call, in wikipedia, synthesis. I read the provided sources, and none of them can be quoted as saying what the reverted edit says. Since these are not "facts" but opinions, they should be attributed as such, not just with sourcing but specific indications that these are not verifiable facts but verifiable opinions.

 * One of the things that separates NPOV from POV presentation is the care taken to show the difference between a verifiable fact, like the height of a mountain or the self-description of a group, and what are verifiable opinions, like describing the mountain as very tall or a group as racist. A verifiable fact is that this is a South Korean Trade union. A verifiable opinion is that it is described as pro-North Korea by some people. The difference lies that the first one is inherently neutral, as it makes no value judgments, whereas the second is inherently a POV and hence requires care when presenting it. I trust and assume that you will see the difference and provide a helpful contribution that enriches the content of this article rather than detracts from the non-negotiable adherence to a neutral point of view we have around here.

 * I hope you understand that no one is trying to hide this information - feel free to find a way to present it in an NPOV fashion, and if you need my assistance by all means ask for it - but your last revert of Soman was unfortunately unacceptable in its current form. The problem is not the sources - we can all agree the Korea Times is a partisan RS - the problem is how the information in these sources is conveyed, which has to be in an NPOV manner. --Cerejota (talk) 03:54, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Violation of 3RR rules
To user:Melonbarmonster2: Hi. You have reverted others' edits 8 times in the article Korean Teachers & Education Workers' Union on June 29, 2001. Please note that it is a violation of the 3RR rule. Hkwon (talk) 05:37, 4 July 2010 (UTC)


text:
Roblin, Manitoba

Roblin is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Roblin, Manitoba, Canada. It is located approximately 400 km northwest of Winnipeg.

Prior to 1 January 2015, Roblin was designated as a town. In 2010, the Town of Roblin and the former Rural Municipalities of Hillsburg and Shell River had a total population of 3,284.

About 40% of the population is involved in agriculture and other resource-based industries. Services, tourism and the processing of wood and agricultural products largely contribute to the local economy.

History
During the 1880s, the first group of Europeans to settle in Roblin were mainly Cattle ranchers and grain farmers In 1903, many Eastern European farming families also settled in Roblin with the arrival of the railway. The village was originally named Goose Lake but was renamed Roblin in 1904 after the Premier of Manitoba, Rodmond Palen Roblin. Also in 1904, the post office was established as Goose Lake and was located on 8-26-28W. The first postmaster was W. Atkey and the first mayor was Irwin L. Mitchell (1882-1956) who served from 1914 to 1917. In addition, Roblin also served as the location for the former Saint Vladimir's College. Later, on 1 May 1912, the village was incorporated and became a town on May 1, 1962. Roblin celebrated its 100th anniversary in July 2013. The current mayor of the municipality of Roblin is Robert Misko.

Krosney Lake (east of East Goose Lake) is a commemorative lake officially named by the Geographical Names Board of Canada in memory of Private Darren Michael Krosney (July 4, 1965, Winnipeg, Manitoba – August 21, 1983).

Demographics
According to the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Roblin had a population of 1,709 living in 820 of its 903 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,697. With a land area of 3.75 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Recreation
Roblin is located on Goose Lake and Krosney Lake, and is within a short drive to Lake of the Prairies. The community is located between Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Riding Mountain National Park. Moreover, Roblin has a 9-hole golf course, outdoor swimming pool, ice arena, curling rink and movie theater.

Transportation
Roblin is 90 km west of Dauphin via PTH 5, about a 45-minute drive east from Yorkton on PTH 5, and is accessible by the Roblin railway station, which is served by Via Rail.

title: Roblin, Manitoba


text:
Walking on Glass

Walking on Glass is the second novel by Scottish writer Iain Banks, published in 1985.

Walking on Glass is formed of three storylines that initially do not appear to be linked, but eventually come together. The extent to which these stories are interconnected is dependent on how deeply into the book the reader is willing to read.

Plot summary
Each part of Walking on Glass, apart from the last, is divided into three sections, which appear at first sight to be independent stories. Two of the stories are set in and around Islington in North London; the other is set in the far distant future.

 * Graham Park is a young man in love with a girl he met at a party, Sara ffitch. Richard Slater is his friend. Bob Stock, a "macho black-leathered never-properly-seen image of Nemesis" seems all that stands in the way of Graham's happiness.
 * Steven Grout is a paranoid roadmender who believes himself to be an admiral from a galactic war imprisoned in the body of an Earthman. He believes he is under constant threat from the Microwave Gun, and reads much science fiction, since "he had long ago realised that if he [were] going to find any clues to the whereabouts of the Way Out, the location or identity of the Key, there was a good chance he might get some ideas from that type of writing."
 * Quiss and Ajayi are war criminals from opposing sides in a galactic war, who are imprisoned in the Castle of Bequest (also Castle Doors) and forced to play impossible games until they can solve the riddle: "What happens when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object?"

Eventually, links between the three storylines become apparent.

Literary significance and criticism
Iain Banks commented that the book "didn't do exactly what it set out to do and I think you have failed to an extent if the reader can't understand what you're saying. I worry sometimes that people will read Walking on Glass and think in some way I was trying to fool them, which I wasn't."

Release details

 * 1985, UK, Macmillan (ISBN 0-333-37986-1) Pub date 7 March 1985, hardback (first edition)

title: Walking on Glass


text:
Bridgestone Arena

Bridgestone Arena (originally Nashville Arena, and formerly Gaylord Entertainment Center and Sommet Center) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Completed in 1996, it is the home of the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League.

Ownership
Designed by HOK Sport (now Populous) in conjunction with the Nashville-based architecture/engineering firm Hart Freeland Roberts, INC., it was designed at an angle on the corner of Broadway and 5th Avenue in Nashville in physical homage to the historic Ryman Auditorium, the original home of the Grand Ole Opry.

Bridgestone Arena is owned by the Sports Authority of Nashville and Davidson County and operated by Powers Management Company, a subsidiary of the Nashville Predators National Hockey League franchise, which has been its primary tenant since 1998.

Events
The Predators hosted the NHL Entry Draft here in 2003 and 2023; it was also the location for the 2016 NHL All-Star Game.

In 1997, it was the venue of the United States Figure Skating Championships, and in 2004 hosted the USA Gymnastics National Championships. It was the home of the Nashville Kats franchise of the Arena Football League from 1997 until 2001, and hosted the team's revival from 2005 to 2007, when the Kats franchise folded.

The arena has hosted college basketball events, including both men's (2001, 2006, 2010) and women's tournaments of the Southeastern Conference and the Ohio Valley Conference. Nashville will serve as a primary venue for the SEC men's basketball tournament nine times between 2015 and 2025 (2015–2017, 2019–2021, and 2023–2025) after the SEC signed a long-term agreement with the Nashville Sports Council in 2013. It hosted the 2014 NCAA Women's Final Four, the 2018 SEC women's basketball tournament and will host again in 2022 and 2026.

In odd-numbered years, the arena was regularly one of eight sites to host the first and second rounds of the men's NCAA Basketball Tournament for the first ten years of its existence, though it was taken out of the rotation for several years, partly due to the obsolete octagonal mid-1990s-style scoreboard that hung above the arena floor. It was replaced in the summer of 2007 by a new $5 million scoreboard and digital control room. The NCAA Tournament returned to Nashville in 2012.

Since 2002, the arena has hosted a Professional Bull Riders Built Ford Tough Series event every year (except in 2005 and 2006) until 2010. The event moved to the Arena in 2002 after having previously occupied the Municipal Auditorium from 1994 to 2001; during the venue's first year hosting this event, the Built Ford Tough Series was known as the Bud Light Cup.

The venue has also hosted numerous concerts and religious gatherings. Beginning in 2006, the Country Music Association Awards have been held in the arena, after the awards show moved from the Grand Ole Opry House with a one-year stop in New York City at Madison Square Garden in 2005.

Due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout, the Predators did not host any games that season until January 19, 2013. Instead, the arena hosted a Southern Professional Hockey League preseason game between the only other Tennessee pro hockey franchise, the Knoxville Ice Bears, and their cross-border rivals Huntsville Havoc on October 20.

Seating capacity
Bridgestone Arena has a seating capacity of 17,159 for ice hockey, 19,395 for basketball, 10,000 for half-house concerts, 18,500 for end-stage concerts and 20,000 for center-stage concerts, depending on the configuration used. It has also hosted several professional wrestling events and a boxing card since its opening.

The seating configuration is notable for the oddly-shaped south end, which features two large round roof support columns, no mid-level seating, and only one level of suites, bringing the upper-level seats much closer to the floor.

The arena can be converted into the 5,145-seat Music City Theater, used for theater concerts and Broadway and family shows, by placing a stage at the north end of the arena floor and hanging a curtain behind the stage and another to conceal the upper deck. The arena also features 43000 sqft of space in a trade show layout.

Nate Bargatze set the attendance record on April 15, 2023, with 19,365 fans in attendance. The previous record (19,292) had been set six weeks earlier by Morgan Wallen. Kacey Musgraves set the record for the highest attendance for a female headliner with 18,373 fans during the Oh, What a World: Tour.

Notable events
Besides hosting the Nashville Predators, because of its location near Music Row and Nashville's role as the center of country music, Bridgestone Arena has seen many other famous performers and events:

 * CMA Awards (annually 2006–present, except in 2020 which was held in the nearby Music City Center as it follows the restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic)
 * CMT Music Awards (annually 2000–2005; 2009–2016; 2018–2019)
 * 2003 NHL Entry Draft June 21, 2003
 * North American Youth Congress August 5-7, 2009
 * 61st National Hockey League All-Star Game January 31, 2016
 * 2017 Stanley Cup Finals Game 3, 4 and 6; June 2017

Awards and nominations
The Bridgestone Arena was nominated for the 2007 Pollstar Concert Industry Venue of the Year Award. This is the fourth time the venue has been nominated. The first was in 1998 as the Nashville Arena, and then in 1999 and 2000 as the Gaylord Entertainment Center. In 2017 it was named loudest arena in sports.

Naming rights
When completed in 1996, the venue was known as Nashville Arena. In 1999, the arena was renamed Gaylord Entertainment Center after a 20-year, $80 million naming rights contract was signed between the Predators and Nashville-based Gaylord Entertainment Company, which at the time was a minority owner of the team.

In February 2005, it was announced that the Predators and Gaylord (which had earlier sold its stake in the team) had reached an agreement terminating any further involvement between them, and that the Gaylord name would remain on the building only until a new purchaser could be found for the naming rights. As a result, many in the Nashville media quickly reverted to calling the facility by its original name. With the beginning of the 2006 season, the Predators began referring to the arena by its original name as well. In doing so, the team replaced the "Gaylord Entertainment Center" wordmark on the center ice circle with the original "Nashville Predators" wordmark from the inaugural season. The "Gaylord Entertainment Center" name, however, was still displayed on the building's exterior signage at that point.

The facility was officially renamed Nashville Arena again, and all Gaylord signage was removed from the building's exterior on March 16, 2007.

On May 18, 2007, Sommet Group, a Franklin-based collection of companies whose services included human resources administration, payroll processing, software development, computer repair, insurance, and risk management bought the naming rights to the arena, and it became known as Sommet Center. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. The company had previously been the corporate title sponsor for the Predators during the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The agreement had lasted little more than two years when the Predators sued the Sommet Group on November 25, 2009, for breach of contract, alleging the latter had failed to make numerous payments under the naming rights agreement. As part of the suit, the Predators stated intentions to seek a new title sponsor for the arena. Unlike the Gaylord parting-of-ways, Sommet Group's name was stripped from all signage inside and outside the arena as soon as the team was legally allowed to do so. The arena reverted to the Nashville Arena name after a Nashville Sports Authority meeting approving the change on December 3, 2009. On July 6, 2010, Sommet Group's headquarters were raided by the FBI and IRS due to suspicion of fraudulent activities, and the company subsequently filed for bankruptcy and was liquidated. Sommet's founder, Brian Whitfield, was eventually convicted of fraud, including using some of the fraudulent funds to secure the arena naming rights.

The building briefly resumed using the Nashville Arena moniker until February 23, 2010, when it was announced that the Predators had signed a naming rights deal with Nashville-based Bridgestone Americas, Inc., the North American subsidiary of Japanese tire manufacturer Bridgestone. The arena became known as Bridgestone Arena.

Renovations
In the summer of 2007 a number of renovations were made to what was then called the Sommet Center at a cost of several million dollars. Renovations included changes to concession stands and public areas, as well as major changes to infrastructure. The most obvious change was the August 2007 replacement of the original center-hanging scoreboard (at a cost of $3.6 million ) with a new scoreboard made by ANC Sports. The original analog scoreboard had become outdated and was no longer supported by the original manufacturer, making parts difficult to come by. The new scoreboard is referred to as the "megatron" by arena and Predators staff. In addition, the TV–media control room was renovated at a cost of $2.6 million.

During the summer of 2011, a new NHL-mandated ice and dasherboard system was constructed and installed in the arena. In addition, the south side of the upper concourse was redesigned as a "fan zone". The wall separating the arena and that part of the upper concourse was removed.

In the summer of 2015, the Predators began replacing all of the arena's seating. This project was completed in Summer of 2016.

In the summer of 2019, the scoreboard above center ice was replaced with a new model known as "FangVision" which measures 12 ft high and 34 ft wide, along with the replacement of urinals in the men's toilets with waterless versions.

Flood damage
Twice in the building's history, event level space (located below street level) has sustained significant flood damage.

In early May 2010, downtown Nashville was heavily impacted by a major flooding event. Located 0.3 miles away and uphill from the bank of the Cumberland River, Bridgestone Arena escaped heavy damage, but drainage system backups caused several inches of standing flood water to seep into the building. The Predators had been eliminated from the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs the week prior, and the arena's schedule was mostly clear for the remainder of May as a result. No events were affected by cleanup and repairs.

On November 25, 2022, a water main beneath Demonbreun Street ruptured, spilling thousands of gallons of water into the arena. Two Predators games were postponed as a result, and a college hockey game planned for Bridgestone Arena was moved to another facility in Nashville.

title: Bridgestone Arena


text:
Talk:1885

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1885 is currently conforming to proposed general model

BUT the "fictional events" section has to go...

--BozMo 12:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:58, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

Wrong Mary Gartside
The link is clearly to a person who cannot have had an appendectomy in 1885. Probably should be clarified or the link dropped. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nashjc (talk • contribs) 20:25, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:1885


text:
Talk:1884

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1884 is currently NOT conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a "see also" box as in 1886 ff

--BozMo 12:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

title: Talk:1884


text:
Privy seal

A privy seal is the personal seal of a reigning monarch, used to authenticate official documents of a personal nature, in contrast to a great seal, which is used for documents of greater importance.

Privy Seal of England
The Privy Seal of England can be traced back to the reign of King John. It has been suggested that it was originally the seal that accompanied the person of the Sovereign, while the Great Seal was required to remain in the Chancery. Eventually, the Privy Seal took on a broader function and was replaced by the Signet as the king's personal seal. The Great Seal Act 1884 (47 & 48 Vict. c. 30) effectively ended the use of the Privy Seal in England by providing that it was no longer necessary for any instrument to be passed under the Privy Seal.

Privy Seal of Scotland
There is also a separate Privy Seal of Scotland, which existed from at least the reign of Alexander III.

Article XXIV of the Treaty of Union provided that

"the Privy Seal ... now used in Scotland be continued But that the said Seals be altered and adapted to the State of the Union as Her Majesty shall think fit And the said Seals and all of them and the Keepers of them shall be subject to such regulations as the Parliament of Great Britain shall hereafter make..."

The Seal was last used in 1898 to execute the commission appointing the Rev. James Cooper to a Regius Chair at the University of Glasgow, but has never been abolished. The office of Keeper of the Privy Seal has not been filled since the death of the Marquess of Breadalbane in 1922.

Privy Seal of Ireland
The "signet or privy seal" of the Kingdom of Ireland was a single seal, whereas in England and Scotland the signet was a separate seal kept by the Clerk of the Signet and Keeper of the Signet respectively. Fiants were issued under the privy seal or signet seal by the Keeper of the Signet or Privy Seal to authorise the issue of letters patent by the Lord Chancellor of Ireland under the Great Seal of Ireland.

Privy Seal of Japan

The Privy Seal of Japan is the official seal of the Emperor of Japan. While it is printed on many state documents, it is separate from the State Seal of Japan. The Privy Seal was made from copper beginning in the Nara period. After the Meiji Restoration, a new seal was made from stone in 1868. The present seal was made from gold in 1874.

The Seal has been kept by the Chamberlain of Japan since 1945, when the office of Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was abolished. The Lord Keeper was a personal adviser to the Emperor, a position adapted in 1885 from the earlier post of Naidaijin.

title: Privy seal


text:
Talk:1883

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1883 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a see also box as in 1886

--BozMo 12:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/armenianmoderneastern.html : "The complete Bible in Armenian was first published in 1883." Could someone confirm and add this to page.

Panic of 1893
F 2601:1C0:5300:B9C0:0:0:0:8584 (talk) 04:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1883


text:
Talk:1881

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1881 is currently conforming to proposed general model. unlike 1882, 1883

--BozMo 13:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Events
The following event is not supported by any references or any other entries within wikipedia Nigosh 05:01, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * March 16 - Fenian dynamiters hit Mansion House, London.

Kingdom of Greece conquered Thessaly in 1881
could a native speaker bring that into the article, please ? --Neun-x (talk) 21:39, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:1881


text:
Talk:Kensington (Olympia) station

Text asking for a move removed now it has happened.

article name
Should this be at Kensington Olympia station? The station name only has brackets on the tube map, and since it is managed by Silverlink (who are the primary users) shouldn't the name be what they call (and National Rail call it) rather than what one of the minority users (LUL) call it? Thryduulf 23:47, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

motorail
Should this section be deleted, or at least changed, since motorail no longer operates? Badgerific 11:26, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per discussion below. -GTBacchus(talk) 08:19, 29 November 2007 (UTC) Kensington (Olympia) station → Kensington Olympia station — Brackets only appear on the Tube map. Majority of official sources (Network Rail documents, the National Rail Timetable, station signage itself - at one point a huge banner across the footbridge) omit them. —90.203.45.244 (talk) 20:03, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support. It seems likely that the brackets are there just because of the tube map. The common name would most probably omit them. No significant edit history at the target name, incidentally. Andrewa (talk) 18:20, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Opening date?
This article, though written with some elegance and redundancy, is rather thin on history. The only mention of a date of opening is "1864" in the box. Borley & Kidner's "The West London Railway and the W.L.E.R." gives 27 May 1844 for the opening of Kensington station on the north south side of the Hammersmith Road. That seems to be near Kensington Olympia station. Is 1864 erroneous?--SilasW (talk) 19:01, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The 1844 "Kensington" station was open for only 6 months or so. Then in 1862 an "Addison Road" station opened to the north of Hammersmith Road, according to the London Rail Atlas, J, Brown (Ian Allan, 2009). "Addison Road" station became "Kensington (Olympia)" in 1946 after a period of closure from 1940. best, Sunil060902 (talk) 12:54, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Kensington (Olympia)
The name (Olympia) is that signed at the station, and isn't a case of it just appearing in the Tube map (as discussed in 2007 - see above). In fact, it appears on the National Rail "London Connections" map as (Olympia). Also, this is the name it was given as early as 1946, as it appears as such in the "London Railway Atlas" by Joe Brown (Ian Allan Publishing, 2009). best, Sunil060902 (talk) 10:20, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Please see: Image:Kensington Olympia stn Overground signage.JPG and Image:Kensington Olympia stn Underground signage.JPG. best, Sunil060902 (talk) 10:27, 29 September 2009 (UTC)
 * (Yes I know I didn't use brackets when naming my photos - but's another matter!)

External links modified
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The external links are to the National Rail website, despite the caption saying they are TfL. This is an appropriate TfL link https://tfl.gov.uk/hub/stop/HUBKPA/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.46.163.160 (talk) 10:38, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kensington (Olympia) station


text:
Talk:1880

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1880 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a see also box as in 1881

--BozMo 12:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

I deleted Franklin Roosevelt from the births section, as he was born in 1882. - Simon

f*cker

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:57, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:38, 14 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Dun Gorg Preca.jpg

title: Talk:1880


text:
Kielder Forest

Kielder Forest is a large forestry plantation in Northumberland, England, surrounding Kielder village and the Kielder Water reservoir. It is the largest man-made woodland in England with three-quarters of its 250 sqmi covered by forest. The majority of the forest lies within Kielder Water and Forest Park, with the southern tip known as Wark Forest lying within Northumberland National Park. The forest is next to the Anglo-Scottish border.

History
The forest is owned and managed by Forestry England, which (as the Forestry Commission) initiated the first plantings in the 1920s. During the 1930s, the Ministry of Labour supplied men from among the ranks of the unemployed. Many came from the mining communities and shipyards of North East England. They were housed in one of a number of instructional centres created by the Ministry, most of them on Forestry England property; by 1938, the Ministry had 38 Instructional Centres across Britain. The hutted camp in Kielder is now under Kielder Water. Numerous purpose-built villages were also constructed for workers' families, including Stonehaugh.

Prior to the 1920s, the land was predominantly open moorland, managed for grouse shooting and sheep grazing with remnants of native upland woodland existing along stream sides and in isolated craggy areas. Forestry England, funded from the public purse, purchased land across the country with the brief of establishing a strategic reserve of timber for the nation. This single objective held sway until the 1960s. Since that time, management principles have changed in order to reflect rising awareness of environmental needs and to provide recreational facilities whilst seeking to maintain a sustainable supply of timber. Kielder today remains state-owned and its development from a single-objective plantation to a multi-purpose forest mirrors the development of plantation forestry across the United Kingdom.

Many archaeological remains can be found within the forest and are an important cultural link to the often turbulent history of the area.

Geography
The name "Kielder Forest" is often also applied to the area of hills and remote moorland that surround the forestry plantations. The group of hills merges into the Cheviots to the north-east but is generally well-defined on other sides. It reaches a maximum height of 602 m at Peel Fell and also contains the Marilyns of Sighty Crag and Larriston Fells. These hills, despite not being very high, are particularly remote owing to the scarcity of settlement in the region. Indeed, Sighty Crag is the furthest hill in England from a road, at four miles' distance.

Trees
Kielder is dominated by conifers. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) covers 75% of the planted area; this species thrives in the damp conditions afforded by northern Britain. Other species include Norway spruce (Picea abies) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), which cover 9% of the area each. The remainder is made up of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), larch (Larix spp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and broadleaves including birch (Betula spp.), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), cherry (Prunus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica), and willow (Salix spp.).

Timber
475,000 cubic metres of timber are harvested annually to supply local sawmilling, chipboard, pulp and wood fuel customers. Most of this volume comes from clearfelling areas; an increasing percentage however is sourced from stands harvested under continuous cover silviculture systems. Clear-felled areas are replanted with a mix of coniferous and broadleaf tree species; opportunities are also taken to increase the proportion of open space and to improve the riparian habitat. As with all Forestry England's woodlands, the timber is independently certified under the Forest Stewardship Council scheme.

Wildlife
The forest contains a number of sites of special scientific interest, primarily associated with the upland moorland environment. A programme of restoration of Border mires is ongoing.

The forest is also home to around 50% of England's red squirrel population, and is their biggest remaining stronghold in the country. The best place to catch a glimpse of one is at the squirrel hide at Kielder waterside. It also provides excellent habitat for many species of birds of prey. In 2009 a pair of osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nested successfully in the forest. This pair have continued to nest there each year since, and a second pair nested in 2011. In 2014 eight young were fledged and by 2016 there were four nesting osprey pairs fledging eleven young. A large population of roe deer is actively managed.

Due to the low human population and scarcity of roads and railways, Kielder Forest was proposed in July 2016 as one of the preferred reintroduction sites for the Eurasian lynx, which has been extinct in Britain for 1,300 years. Interest in reintroducing the species was further bolstered in 2016 in relation to a successful breeding program for the Iberian lynx in Spain.

Kielder Castle
Kielder Castle Visitor Centre is an 18th-century hunting lodge built by the Duke of Northumberland, which has been converted into a visitor and information centre. It is located on the edge of Kielder Village at the head of the River North Tyne valley. The Castle serves as a hub for the growing number of recreational facilities on offer, walking and cycling trails, picnic areas and a forest drive. A great football match is reported to have taken place between the men of Tynedale and Redesdale at Kielder Castle in 1790.

Other attractions
The forest contains a number of art and architectural installations including a Skyspace designed by James Turrell and Wave Chamber, a camera obscura in a stone cairn by Chris Drury.

The forest also contains Kielder Observatory which is an astronomical observatory.

In 2010, former British distance runner Steve Cram inaugurated the Kielder Marathon which is a circuit around the lake taking in the surrounding gentle contours.

In the same decade the local authority began a reduction of late night street lights to enhance the dark skies of the park and sponsored observation facilities and advertising to attract visitors to the darkest skies in the mainland of Britain.

The Kielder forest has been used extensively for rallying. The forest's tracks are regarded among crews and enthusiasts as particularly challenging, featuring lengthy straight sections on which very high speeds can be reached, but also deceptive corners, exacerbated by ditches that are very deep and close to the road and the often rough nature of the road surfaces. Notable Motorsport UK marshalls, such as Anthony Jamieson, hold the area in very high regard. Historically, the WRC RAC Rally would include several stages set in Kielder, often nicknamed "Killer Kielder" by commentators due to the high number of rally cars which could be expected to retire from the event at Kielder through accidents and mechanical failures. National rallies, Historic rallies, and British Rally Championship events continue to use the forest.

In 2020, an episode of series 11 of Michael Portillo's Great British Railway Journeys featured Kielder Forest, referring to the 1936 Bradshaw's Guide.

title: Kielder Forest


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