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Timurid Empire

The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey. The empire was culturally hybrid, combining Turko-Mongolian and Persianate influences, with the last members of the dynasty being "regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers".

The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as Genghis's heir, and associated closely with the Borjigin. Timur continued vigorous trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng regularly traveling west to Samarkand to buy and sell goods. The empire led to the Timurid Renaissance, particularly during the reign of astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Begh.

By 1467, the ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, had lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation. However, members of the Timurid dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there. Twenty years later, he used this kingdom as a staging ground to invade the Delhi Sultanate in India and establish the Mughal Empire.

Names of the state
Timurid historian Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi states in his work Zafarnama (Book of victories) that the name of the Timur's state was Turan. Timur personally ordered the name of his state as Turan be carved onto a rock fragment in Ulu Tagh mountainside (present-day Kazakhstan), known today as Karsakpay inscription. The original text, in particular, states:

"'... Sultan of Turan, Timur bey went up with three hundred thousand troops for Islam on the Bulgarian Khan, Tokhtamysh Khan...'"

In the literature of the Timurid era, the realm was formally referred to as Iran-u-Turan in the same manner that the words 'Turk' and 'Tajik' were paired together. The border between the two areas was considered to be at the Oxus River. Both terms were concerned with imperial traditions, Iran being Persian and Perso-Islamic, and Turan with the steppe empires of the Turks and the Mongols. Mawarannahr (ما وراء النهر) also appears as the name of the realm.

According to Shia authors, the ruling dynasty of Timurids was called Gurkani (, Gurkāniyān). Gurkani means 'son-in-law', a title applied by Timur to help legitimise his rule as he could not claim Genghisid descent. To this end, he married a Genghisid princess, Saray Mulk Khanum.

Genealogy
Timurid dynasty originated from the Mongol Barlas tribe, which had increasingly Turkicised since it settled in the Central Asia. Timur's father told him the story of how his family was descended from Abu al-Atrāk ( 'Father of the Turks'), according to the statement of his father.

According to the Timurid ruler Ulugh Beg's Tārīkh-i arbaʿ ulūs ( 'History of Four Nations'), abridged as the Shajarat al-atrāk ( 'Genealogy of Turks'),  Timurids were descendants of Turk, son of Yāfas (Japheth). Turk was commonly referred as "Father of the Turks". Mughul and Tatar were twin brothers and children of Aljeh Khan, and therefore fifth generation descendants of Turk.

Ulugh Beg's work on genealogy classified Mongols as Turks, while also praising their warrior spirit.  Ulugh Beg included Yāfas (Japheth), Turk, Mughūl, Tātār and Ughūz in the genealogical record of the Genghisids and Timurids.

History
Timur conquered large parts of the ancient greater Persian territories in Central Asia, primarily Transoxiana and Khorasan, from 1363 onwards with various alliances. He took Samarkand in 1366 and Balkh in 1369, and was recognized as ruler over them in 1370. Acting officially in the name of Suurgatmish, the Chagatai khan, he subjugated Transoxania and Khwarazm in the years that followed. Already in the 1360s he had gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate and while as emir he was nominally subordinate to the khan, in reality it was now Timur who picked the khans, who became mere puppet rulers. The western Chagatai khans were continually dominated by Timurid princes in the 15th and 16th centuries and their figurehead importance was eventually reduced into total insignificance.

Rise
Timur began a campaign westwards in 1380, invading the various successor states of the Ilkhanate. By 1389, he had removed the Kartids from Herat and advanced into mainland Persia where he enjoyed many successes. This included the capture of Isfahan in 1387, the removal of the Muzaffarids from Shiraz in 1393, and the expulsion of the Jalayirids from Baghdad. Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, was a major rival to Timur in the region. In 1394–1395, he triumphed over the Golden Horde, following his successful campaign in Georgia, after which he enforced his sovereignty in the Caucasus.

In 1398, the anarchy prevailing in the Delhi Sultanate had drawn Timur's attention. At the beginning of 1398, Timur sent an army led by his grandson Pir Muhammad to cross the Indus and attack Multan; the successful siege lasted six months. Later in the same year, Timur himself marched the main army across the Indus, and after destroying Tulamba joined Pir Muhammad. At Sutlej, he defeated the Khokhar chief Jasrat and then took the Loni and Bhatnair forts, seven miles northeast of Delhi. In December 1398, Timur engaged with the armies of Sultan Mahmud Shah and won. This led to his triumphal entry into Delhi, where he conducted a massacre but spared the craftsmen to be sent to Samarkand. He left Delhi in January 1399. During Timur's entry into India, he was faced by a sultanate that was already in decline due to the secession of its richest provinces.

Later in 1400–1401 he conquered Aleppo, Damascus and eastern Anatolia. In 1401 he destroyed Baghdad, and in 1402 he defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara. This made Timur the most preeminent Muslim ruler of the time, as the Ottoman Empire plunged into civil war. Meanwhile, he transformed Samarkand into a major capital and seat of his realm.

Stagnation and decline
Timur appointed his sons and grandsons to the main governorships of the different parts of his empire, and outsiders to some others. After his death in 1405, the family quickly fell into disputes and civil wars, effectively weakening themselves, and many of the governors became conclusively independent. Due to the fact that the Persian cities were desolated by wars, the seats of Persian culture were now in Samarkand and Herat, cities that became the centre of the Timurid renaissance. The costs of Timur's conquests included the deaths of possibly 17 million people.

Shahrukh Mirza, the fourth ruler of the Timurids, dealt with the Qara Qoyunlu, who aimed to expand into Iran. But in the wake of Shahrukh's death, the Qara Qoyunlu under Jahan Shah drove the Timurids out to eastern Iran after 1447 and also briefly occupied Herat in 1458. After the death of Jahan Shah, Uzun Hasan, bey of the Aq Qoyunlu, conquered the holdings of the Qara Qoyunlu in Iran between 1469 and 1471.

Fall
The power of Timurids declined rapidly during the second half of the 15th century, largely due to the Timurid/Mongol tradition of partitioning the empire as well as several civil wars. The Aq Qoyunlu conquered most of Iran from the Timurids, and by 1500, the divided and war-torn Timurid Empire had lost control of most of its territory, and in the following years it was effectively pushed back on all fronts. Persia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Eastern Anatolia fell quickly to the Shiite Safavid Empire, secured by Shah Ismail I in the following decade. Much of the Central Asian lands was overrun by the Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani who conquered the key cities of Samarkand and Herat in 1505 and 1507, and who founded the Khanate of Bukhara. From Kabul, the Mughal Empire was established in 1526 by Babur, a descendant of Timur through his father and possibly a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. The dynasty he established is commonly known as the Mughal dynasty though it was directly inherited from the Timurids. By the 17th century, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India but eventually declined during the following century. The Timurid dynasty finally came to an end when the remaining nominal rule of the Mughals was abolished by the British Empire following the 1857 rebellion.

Culture

Although the Timurids hailed from the Barlas tribe, which was of Turkicized Mongol origin, they converted to Islam, and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan. Thus, the Timurid era had a dual character, reflecting both its Turco-Mongol origins and the Persian literary, artistic, and courtly high culture of the dynasty.

Language
During the Timurid era, Central Asian society was bifurcated, with the responsibilities of government and rule divided into military and civilian spheres along ethnic lines. At least in the early stages, the military was almost exclusively Turco-Mongolian, while the civilian and administrative element was almost exclusively Persian. The spoken language shared by all the Turko-Mongolians throughout the area was Chaghatay. The political organization hearkened back to the steppe-nomadic system of patronage introduced by Genghis Khan. The major language of the period, however, was Persian, the native language of the Tājīk (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate or urban people. Timur was already steeped in Persian culture and in most of the territories he incorporated, Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled "diwan" was Persian, and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin. Persian became the official state language of the Timurid Empire and served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry. The Chaghatay language was the native and "home language" of the Timurid family, while Arabic served as the language par excellence of science, philosophy, theology and the religious sciences.

Persian

Persian literature, especially Persian poetry, occupied a central place in the process of assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture. The Timurid sultans, especially Shāh Rukh Mīrzā and his son Mohammad Taragai Oloğ Beg, patronized Persian culture. Among the most important literary works of the Timurid era is the Persian biography of Timur, known as Zafarnāmeh, written by Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi, which itself is based on an older Zafarnāmeh by Nizam al-Din Shami, the official biographer of Timur during his lifetime. The most famous poet of the Timurid era was Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī, the last great medieval Sufi mystic of Persia and one of the greatest figures in Persian poetry. Hearing of the Persian culture of the Timurid empire, the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II encouraged those under his patronage to engage with the models provided by Persian cultural centers like Shiraz and Tabriz, and in particular by the Timurid court of Sultan Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–1506) in Herat. Mehmed II was determined to foster the creation of a new language and literary-artistic culture for his burgeoning court in Istanbul.

In addition, some of the astronomical works of the Timurid sultan Ulugh Beg were written in Persian, although the bulk of it was published in Arabic. The Timurid prince Baysunghur also commissioned a new edition of the Persian national epic Shāhnāmeh, known as Shāhnāmeh of Baysunghur, and wrote an introduction to it. The Persian poet 'Ismat Allah Bukhari taught poetry to Khalil Sultan, grandson of Timur. According to T. Lenz:

"It can be viewed as a specific reaction in the wake of Timur's death in 807/1405 to the new cultural demands facing Shahhrokh and his sons, a Turkic military elite no longer deriving their power and influence solely from a charismatic steppe leader with a carefully cultivated linkage to Mongol aristocracy. Now centered in Khorasan, the ruling house regarded the increased assimilation and patronage of Persian culture as an integral component of efforts to secure the legitimacy and authority of the dynasty within the context of the Islamic Iranian monarchical tradition, and the Baysanghur Shahnameh, as much a precious object as it is a manuscript to be read, powerfully symbolizes the Timurid conception of their own place in that tradition. A valuable documentary source for Timurid decorative arts that have all but disappeared for the period, the manuscript still awaits a comprehensive monographic study."

Following the publication of Mukhtar al-Ikhtiyar, a legal manual that was used until the twentieth century, by the head magistrate of Bayqara in Herat, Persian was used as a language of jurisprudence (fiqh) under the late Timurids.

During the reign of sultan Husayn Bayqara, the Irshad al-zira'a, a Persian agricultural treatise, was written by Qasim b. Yusuf Abu Nasiri. Based on in-depth, first-hand conversations with farmers, the Irshad al-zira'a, covered the agricultural development of Herat and included minor architectural suggestions for gardens.

Chagatai
The Timurids also played a very important role in the history of Turkic literature. Based on the established Persian literary tradition, a national Turkic literature was developed in the Chagatai language. Chagatai poets such as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī, Sultan Husayn Bāyqarā, and Zāhiruddīn Bābur encouraged other Turkic-speaking poets to write in their own vernacular in addition to Arabic and Persian. Nawa’i's work, predominantly based on Persian designs, was an attempt to create a culture that was specific to the Turkophone audience. The Bāburnāma, the autobiography of Bābur (although being highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology, and vocabulary), as well as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī's Chagatai poetry are among the best-known Turkic literary works and have influenced many others.

Despite being spread throughout Central and South Asia, Chaghatai Turkic remained the junior partner to Persian, and was not promoted systemically in the Timurid Empire to replace Persian. Chaghatai texts were found at Sultan Husayn Bayqara's court, but the Timurid chancery and court continued to use Persian. Although the body of Turkic literature produced in Central Asia increased during the Timurid era of the fifteenth century—partially as a result of Mir 'Ali Shir Nawa'i's independent efforts toward the end of the Timurid century—it was still dwarfed by the Persian literary output that the Timurid elite supported. There are no surviving Turkic historical work from the Timurids, although two Turkic histories seem to have been written during the Timurid period before the flowering of the Timurid historiography in Persian.

Art
The golden age of Persian painting began during the reign of the Timurids. During this period – and analogous to the developments in Safavid Iran – Chinese art and artists had a significant influence on Persian art. Timurid artists refined the Persian art of the book, which combines paper, calligraphy, illumination, illustration and binding in a brilliant and colourful whole. The Mongol ethnicity of the Chaghatayid and Timurid khans was the source of the stylistic depiction of Persian art during the Middle Ages. These same Mongols intermarried with the Persians and Turks of Central Asia, even adopting their religion and languages. Yet their simple control of the world at that time, particularly in the 13th–15th centuries, reflected itself in the idealised appearance of Persians as Mongols. Though the ethnic make-up gradually blended into the Iranian and Mesopotamian local populations, the Mongol stylism continued well after and crossed into Asia Minor and even North Africa.

Architecture
Timurid architecture elaborated on the existing tradition of Iranian and Central Asian architecture that had grown up to the preceding Ilkhanid period. The Timurid style is distinguished by large-scale buildings, layouts with strong axial symmetry, prominent double-shelled domes in bulbous form, rich exterior tile decoration (in both tile mosaic and banna'i techniques), and sophisticated interior vaulting. Timur used various tools for legitimisation, including urban planning in his capital, Samarkand. One of the earliest surviving Timurid monuments is the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in present-day Kazakhstan (1389–1399). Many of the major imperial monuments of the era are found in Samarkand, including the Gur-i Amir Mausoleum (completed c. 1404), the Bibi-Khanym Mosque (1399–1404), the Shah-i Zinda necropolis (late 14th to early 15th centuries), and the Ulugh Beg Madrasa (1417–1420). The most important patron of architecture in the 15th century was Gawhar Shad, whose constructions demonstrate a high quality of decoration and increasingly elaborate structural elements, with important examples being her religious and funerary complex in Herat and the mosque of Gawhar Shad in Mashhad. The power and prestige of the empire, along with the scale of its patronage, ensured that its architectural style was a major subsequent influence in many regions. In Iran, it was inherited by the Safavids, while in the east it was inherited by the Mughals (of Timurid origin) on the Indian subcontinent, where it was blended with Indo-Islamic influences to create the Mughal style. Further west, it also influenced early Ottoman architecture.

Military
In the Chagatay translation of Ali Yazdi's Zafarnama, Timur's army is called a "Chagatay army" (Čaġatāy čerigi).

The Timurids relied on the conscription of troops from settled populations. They were unable to fully subjugate many other nomadic tribes. This was not because of lack of military power as Timur succeeded in defeating them, but rather because he was unwilling to integrate autonomous tribes into his power structure due to his centralised governance. The tribes were too mobile to effectively suppress and the loss of their autonomy was unattractive to them. Hence, Timur was unable to win the loyalty of the tribes, and his hold over them did not survive his death.

The role of slave soldiers such as the ghilman and mamluks was considerably smaller in Mongol-based armies like the Timurids, as compared to other Islamic societies.

The Timurids had a contingent called the nambardar levy, which mostly consisted of native Iranians, and occasionally scholars and fiscal administrators. The nambardar were used to bolster the size of the army for large expeditions.

Symbols of the state
The main symbol of the Timurids is thought to have been the so-called "sign of Timur", which is three equal circles (or rings) arranged in the form of an equilateral triangle. Ruy de Clavijo (d. 1412), the ambassador of the king of Castile to the court of Timur in 1403, and the Arab historian, Ibn Arabshah described the sign, which was encountered on the seal of the Amir, as well as on Timurid coins. Timur himself issued several coins bearing the "three annulets" tamgha on the reverse.

It is not known for certain what meaning the triangular sign had, but according to Clavijo, each circle meant a part of the world (of which there were three before 1492), and the owner of the symbol was their ruler. The sign consisting of circles perhaps tried to illustrate Timur's nickname of "Sahib-Qiran" (the ruler of three benevolent planets). According to Ruy de Clavijo, the emblem adopted by Timur was composed of "three circlets" arranged into the shape of a triangle: ""The special armorial bearing of Timur is the three circlets set thus to shape a triangle, which same it is said signifies that he Timur is lord of all three quarters of the world. This device Timur has ordered to be set on the coins that he has stuck, and on all buildings that he has erected (…) These three circlets which, as said, are like the letter O thrice repeated to form a triangle, further are the imprint of Timur’s seal, and again by his special order are added so as to be seen patent on all the coins stuck by those princes who are become tributary to his government.""

- Ruy González de Clavijo (d. 1412)

Often images of abstract symbols (tamga) on coins were accompanied by the Persian expression "Rāstī rustī", which can be translated as "In rectitude lies salvation". It is also known that the same expression was used in flags as well.

Flag
Standards with a golden crescent are mentioned in different historical sources. Some miniatures depict the red banners of Timur's army, and it is thought that Timur generally used red banners, probably for visibility, with variable cut-outs, to which may have been added the tail of a horse or yak (the Mongol tugh), topped with the crescent of Islam. During the Indian campaign, a black banner with a silver dragon was used. Before the campaign to China, however, Timur ordered the depiction of a golden dragon on the army's banners.

There is little certainty about the actual flag of the Timurid Empire. Yuka Kadoi studied the possibility that the "brown or originally silver flag with three circles or balls" in the Catalan Atlas could be associated with the "earlier dominions of the Timurid Empire", specifically referencing a flag raised over the city of Camull (the modern city of Khamil in Xinjiang).

Yuka Kadoi also noted the existence of Timur's umbrella detail with three-dots decorative motif, as well as some contemporary coins from Samarkand which also have the three circles as a motif. Beyond that, the evidence remains scant and ambiguous, but according to Kadoi "one can reasonably conclude that the flag with a tri-partite motif had a certain iconographic association with the Timurid Empire". For other authors, the flag with the three red crescent moons, which is seen all over Mongol dominions in eastern Asia in the Catalan Atlas (dated to 1375), is simply intended as the flag of the Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan China).

Emperors (Emir)

 * Timur
 * Pir Muhammad (son of Jahangir) (ruled 1405–1407)
 * Khalil Sultan
 * Shah Rukh
 * Ulugh Beg
 * Abdal-Latif Mirza
 * Abdullah Mirza
 * Sultan Muhammad
 * Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
 * Sultan Ahmed Mirza
 * Sultan Mahmud Mirza
 * Mirza Shah Mahmud
 * Ibrahim Mirza
 * Abu Sa'id Mirza
 * Umar Shaikh Mirza II
 * Babur
 * Sultan Husayn Bayqara
 * Yadgar Muhammad Mirza (ruled 1469–1470)
 * Badi' al-Zaman Mirza

Governors Mirza

 * Qaidu bin Pir Muhammad bin Jahāngīr 808–811 AH
 * Abu Bakr bin Mīrān Shāh 1405–1407 (807–809 AH)
 * Pir Muhammad (son of Umar Shaikh) 807–812 AH
 * Rustam 812–817 AH
 * Sikandar 812–817 AH
 * Ala al-Dawla Mirza 851 AH
 * Abu Bakr bin Muhammad 851 AH
 * Sultān Muhammad 850–855 AH
 * Muhammad bin Hussayn 903–906 AH
 * Abul A'la Fereydūn Hussayn 911–912 AH
 * Muhammad Mohsin Khān 911–912 AH
 * Muhammad Zamān Khān 920–923 AH
 * Shāhrukh II bin Abu Sa'id 896–897 AH
 * Ulugh Beg II 873–907 AH
 * Sultān Uways 1508–1522 (913–927 AH)

title: Timurid Empire


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Talk:Last prophet

Heading
Usedbook, you have been very annoying with your Mani prophet. "The last prophet" or "The seal of prophets" never refers to anyone other than Muhammad. Please refrain yourself from editing this page unless you are 100% sure and confident about your knowledge about the issue. Please consult with other users to enhance your knowledge.

Historically, Mani and Muhammad have much in common. Both claimed: that messengers had been sent to every nation, a belief that someone was crucified by the Jews in the place of Jesus, to be the Comforter promised by Jesus, and of course, the title of Last Prophet. Arthur Jeffery, in his book 'The Qur'an as Scripture', states the following: "Explicitly, however, Mani had claimed that he was the last in the succession of messengers from God, so that in the Arabic sources it is recorded that his followers called him "the Seal of the Prophets". As such Mani had issued his own Scriptures and had set forth a "new law" for his community. This is what Muhammad does." (Jeffery, The Qur'an as Scripture, p. 79). Take care. Usedbook 01:31, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no such prophet in the monotheistic creed of Abraham. Mani is not a prophet of the line that includes Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. Nor he is in the list of 25 prophets of Islam. Islam shares the same historical legend of Christianity and Judaism in terms of the people that were sent by God as His messenger. Your mani is not listed there. Whatever you said doesn't make any sense. Whatever Mani and Muhammad had in common doesn't make Mani to claim titles that are used to refer to Muhammad. No one except you claimed those titles for Mani. Mani is not a messenger of God. Whatever he and his followers may say doesn't make him a messenger of God, doesn't make him a kin of Abraham. I urge you not to edit these pages further. --Hiwamy 11:23, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately for you, there does not exist a monolithic creed of Abraham, so the burden of proof is with you. Christians view Muhammad as a false prophet and Jews consider Jesus to be a false Messiah, as you are aware of, yet Islamic beliefs regarding great figures such as Moses, Jesus and Abraham are tolerated by the former. Thus, should you not adopt the same tolerance, a trait required to contribute at Wikipedia? The title Seal of the Prophets and The Last Prophet have no copyright, yet if they did as you are assuming, Muhammad could be charged with plagiarism as Mani used these titles for himself hundreds of years prior to Surah Al-Alaq. So with all due respect, you are required to adopt a NPOV when editing articles; I suggest placing your personal beliefs aside for the sake of a free and impartial encyclopedia. I urge you to unveil tolerance and neutrality. Take care. Usedbook 20:55, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * "there does not exist a monolithic creed of Abraham" - Just curious, who said that? All I wanted to say is that all Prophets and Messengers of God can be traced back to Abraham. This definition denies prophethood to Mani and others who are not within the kinship of Abraham, regardless of his greatness. It will be very helpful if you can provide other sources claiming Mani a prophet, let alone the last prophet. --Hiwamy 23:41, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * "All I wanted to say is that all Prophets and Messengers of God can be traced back to Abraham." With all due respect, you seem to be merely preaching a personal brand of Islamic belief and interpretation. There is no consensus regarding these aspects of the lives of figures such as Abraham, Jesus, Mani or Muhammad, so lets be open to all views. Mani, like Muhammad, claimed to have received revelations from God. If you're suprised that a feature of the Islamic religion was used prior to the time of Muhammad, you shouldn't be for Islam relied heavily on already established pre-Islamic practices and creeds. Perhaps you should adopt the NPOV when editing articles here at Wikipedia. Take care. Usedbook 15:32, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I am not surprised by your Mani because anyone can create or invent him using wikipedia. But as I said, it will be very helpful if you can provide sources other than you that describe Many as a prophet, let alone last prophet. Also, what guidance Mani received from God - like Gospel, Torah, Quran, etc? Where Mani claimed that he is the last prophet? Harping on NPOV won't work if you cannot provide substantial and accountable sources supporting your accusations. Hiwamy 02:05, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * "Islam relied heavily on already established pre-Islamic practices and creeds" Mr. usedbook, please don't consider yourself an expert of Islam. Because this statement proves that you know nothing about Islam. It is the same God who sent Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. There must be consistency in paths they have shown to mankind because they are from one and only God. Islam does not rely on other religions because Islam is the same religion that was revealed to Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. Hiwamy 02:08, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hiwamy, please try to retain neutrality in all articles. Just because you believe something one way doesn't mean that others do, and you can't revert the other people's postings because you disagree with their beliefs.  RickK 02:14, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That is classic coming from you Rick. I've seen you revert things that don't reflect your personal views time after time. When you are shown to be wrong you bring up a completely different argument to maintain your edits. Double standards eh?

 * hey Rick, I have asked usedbook to provide sources. Is that a problem? Isn't it helpfull for the wikipedia? So, don't play boss around here. And you should read an article before reverting. Hiwamy 03:40, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

I wonder what would be your NPOV version of the following statement:

''Muslims believe that Muhammad was the last Prophet and Messenger of the monotheistic Abrahamic tradition, and that the Quran is the last revelation of God. Muslims also believe that after Quran and Muhammad, there will be no guidance from God. In the Quran, Muhammad is referred to as the "Seal of the Prophets" or the "last Prophet".

Followers of Mani (founder of the Persian faith Manichaeism) believe that these titles (the Seal of the Prophets and the Last Prophet) are attributed to Mani who, his followers claim', came before Muhammad.'

I've bolded the statements that makes it NPOV. Now tell me how it compromises NPOV. If you are so much concerned with NPOV then why are you reverting to usedbook's version? I have asked him to cite sources of his claim and he didn't do so. Hiwamy 03:45, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

"In religion, the Last Prophet is the final interpreter or spokesperson of a deity. A prophet's statements on behalf of a deity are sometimes called revelation." - It resembles as if we are teaching children. People already know these things and thus are unnecessary to put in here.

"Muslims believe that ..." is much better than "According to the Islamic tradition ..." if you consider NPOV.

"the term was used in Manichaeism" is a gross statement and is not reflecting NPOV. Thus it should be replaced by something like "Mani claims that ..." or "followers of Mani claim that ..."

Hiwamy 12:21, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It is a standard for articles to have an introduction with the title subject in bold font. Regarding content, there is really only a little difference between our opinions. The article now looks like a rough draft. I used "According to the Islamic tradition..." simply for the fact that not all of those who claim to be Muslim adhere to that particular interpretation. Similar to how not all Christians believe Jesus Christ to be God in flesh, although many think it is the core of Christianity, millions of Christians regard him as a man. Concerning the Manichaeism sentence, it seems to me that you are personally unwilling to accept that an individual, prior to the time of Muhammad, claimed to be the 'Last Prophet'. You should not be offended, for even Jesus was not the first nor last to claim being the promised Messiah. The followers of Manichaeism, although once a group comprising over half a billion from Egypt to Asia, declined severely due to schism and presently has little impact in the world today. I find no difference between "the term was used in Manichaeism" and Mani claimed that..." but lets not belittle the religion with "followers of Mani claim that...". There are no Manichaeists who contribute to or possibly even visit Wikipedia but that does not mean we should ignore the articles and does not mean we should withhold respect to that particular religious tradition. When I first arrived at Wikipedia, articles like Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Sikhism were a 50% polemical while Judaism and Christianity were blooming with activity. Someone has to stand up for the little guys, and in the cause of the Manichaeist content, there are no little guys. So lets be neutral. And when you say "your Mani", you are assuming. I honestly have zero belief in Mani or Manichaeism. Take care. Usedbook 21:07, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

I agree that the term "followers of Mani claim that..." can be belittling. Then we can use "Manichaeists believe ..." in the same manner we use "Muslims believe ..." or "Christians believe ...". And don't be offended either.

Overwhelming majority of Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last Prophet. Both Shia and Sunni goes by this belief. Even Ahmadiya and Druze are scolding their forefathers. In my country (Bangladesh) Ahmadiya community published an advertisement to communicate that they accept Muhammad as the last prophet (and considers Ahmad only a messiah). So, yes it is 100% legitimate for one to say that "Muslims believe that ..." instead of "according to Islamic tradition ...". Because those who do not believe this, despite their having a Muslim name, cannot be considered Muslims.

If you are not a follower of Mani then I am sure this is coming from your dissatisfaction with Islam. Because I have seen you infuriating Christians to adopt false and controversial statements about Muslims (i.e. recently in Christianity and World Religions). Sorry if my statements are/were offending. Hiwamy 22:30, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree with you, the vast majority of Muslims believe that Muhammad is the Last Prophet. And on a personal note, I myself have no dissatisfaction with Islam. Although I do not take the Qur'an as the *literal* speech of Allah (swt), still I consider myself of those who testify that there is no god but God. I disagree with the common Islamic interpretation that one must accept Arabism and literalism to be considered a legitimate believer. But there is only one who can judge us, as you may know. And you might have mistaken me for someone else because the only contact I've had with the Christianity and World Religions article was when I sent a message to Wesley urging him to reevaluate his contribution. I was only trying to help. Take care. Usedbook 19:59, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

False again. Who said that "one must accept Arabism and literalism to be considered a legitimate believer" and that it is a "common Islamic interpretation" - from where you have heard this scrap? Knowledge is something one needs to earn. It does not reveal upon the one who claims it. And yes I agree with you, there is only one who can judge us. Hiwamy 23:06, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Notes on rewrite
This article struck me as a little messy, so I rewrote it, using the same basic info. I eliminated the part about Christianity teaching that John the Baptist is the last prophet, since this is not the case. See Seal of the Prophets for an explanation. — Nowhither 03:07, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Christ
Does Christianity claim that Jesus was the last prophet??

Redirect to Seal of the Prophets
If I don't hear any objections, I'll be redirecting this article to Seal of the Prophets. Editor2020 (talk) 01:36, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Improving the article
I'm a prophet. This article is bullshit. I'm on reddit, a verified prophet. I'm also a wikipedian but I'm too angry to "out" myself as a prophet, but I've been a wikipedian for over a decade. 71.215.83.8 (talk) 16:56, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

Ahmadiyya movement
I happened to see the last couple of edits, and they looked like a developing edit war with religious POV behind it. I don't have a religious POV on this, but don't have relevant knowledge or background either. Regardless, thinking of WP:DUE, I've WP:BOLDly made an edit which suggests restoring the removed content outside of but adjacent to the Islam section, relocating one sentence and adding a however. It seems to make sense to me. Can this be the basis for a compromise here? Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 15:37, 14 June 2020 (UTC) I've just reverted a relevant edit here. I did some googling following on that and turned up -- I've linked  a seemingly relevant assertion on page 1 there. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 21:13, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Last prophet


text:
Admiral of the Navy

Admiral of the Navy was the highest-possible rank in the United States Navy, prior to the creation of fleet admiral in 1944. The rank is considered to be at least equivalent to that of a five-star admiral, with Admiral George Dewey being the only officer to be appointed to the rank.

Post-Spanish American War
The rank has only been awarded once, to George Dewey, in recognition of his victory at Manila Bay in 1898. On March 2, 1899, Congress approved the creation of the grade of Admiral of the Navy. On March 3, President McKinley transmitted to the Senate his nomination of Dewey for the new grade, which was approved the same day. But McKinley's nomination had used the term "Admiral in the Navy," while the act creating the new grade had used "Admiral of the Navy." On March 14, 1903, this discrepancy was addressed when President Roosevelt nominated and the Senate approved Dewey to the grade of "Admiral of the Navy," retroactive to March 2, 1899. The Navy Register of 1904 listed Dewey for the first time as "Admiral of the Navy" instead of "Admiral."

Though this clarified the grade's unique title, the precedence of the new rank was still considered "four star", equivalent to general in the army, in the US Navy Regulations of 1909. In the U.S. Navy Regulations of 1913, the gun salute for Admiral of the Navy was set to 19, the equivalent salute for a British field marshal or admiral of the fleet. More four-star officers were appointed after an act authorizing the temporary grade of admiral for three fleet commanders-in-chief was passed in 1915.

In terms of insignia, Dewey appears in a photograph soon after his promotion wearing the sleeve stripes last worn by Admiral David Dixon Porter, which are the same as present-day admirals (one two-inch band with three half-inch stripes above). When a new edition of US Navy Uniform Regulations was issued in May 1899, the sleeve insignia for admiral was specified as "two strips of 2-inch gold lace, with one 1-inch strip between, set one-quarter of an inch apart." In the 1905 Uniform Regulations, a similar description was used but with the title "Admiral of the Navy." The collar and shoulder insignia were four silver stars, with gold foul anchors under the two outermost stars.

World War II
In 1944, with the establishment of the rank of fleet admiral, the Department of the Navy specified in a Bureau of Navigation memo that "the rank of Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy shall be considered the senior most rank of the United States Navy". As Dewey had been deceased for nearly thirty years, no comparison between his rank and that of fleet admiral was made until 1945. At that time, during the preparations for Operation Downfall, the proposed invasion of Japan, the possibility was raised of promoting one of the serving United States Fleet Admirals to "six-star rank" should the Army take a similar measure by promoting Douglas MacArthur to the rank of General of the Armies.

As Congress was trying to create the rank of fleet admiral in 1944, the Navy wanted to re-establish and elevate Admiral of the Navy be equivalent to General of the Armies, but it could not legally do so without a congressional act. The Navy's chief of naval personnel, Vice Admiral Randall Jacobs, testified before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives, recommending that the rank of Admiral of the Navy should be made equivalent to General of the Armies, but a previous bill submitted for its re-establishment on February 25, 1944, failed to be passed into law. Congress passed Pub.L. 78-482 on December 14, 1944, creating the rank of fleet admiral, without re-establishing the rank of Admiral of the Navy. As such, the rank remained nonexistent. By 1955, the Navy concluded that the rank was honorary. And while it held to the belief that the rank was equivalent to General of the Armies, the Navy amended its regulations to establish fleet admiral as its highest achievable rank, adhering to the standard set by the law.

Text of Act
The act to create the grade of Admiral of the Navy read as follows:

"Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President is hereby authorized to appoint, by selection and promotion, an Admiral of the Navy, who shall not be placed upon the retired list except upon his own application; and whenever such office shall be vacated by death or otherwise the office shall cease to exist."

title: Admiral of the Navy


text:
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur

Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (Никола́евск-на-Аму́ре) is a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia located on the Amur River close to its liman in the Pacific Ocean. Population:

Medieval and early-modern history
In the late Middle Ages, the people living along the lower course of the Amur (Nivkh, Oroch, Evenki) were collectively known in China as the "wild Jurchen". The Yuan dynasty Mongols sent expeditions to this area with an eye toward using the region as a base for attack on Japan, or for defending against the Sakhalin Ainus. According to the History of Yuan, in 1264 the Nivkhs recognized the Mongol sovereignty. In 1263, the Mongols set up the "Command Post of the Marshal of the Eastern Campaign" near the modern settlement of Tyr, some 100 km upstream from today's Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. At roughly the same time, a shrine was built on the Tyr Rock.

From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch Yishiha, a man of Haixi Jurchen origin, led four large missions to win over the allegiance of the "Jurchen" tribes along the Sunggari and Amur Rivers. During this time, the Yongning Temple was constructed at Tyr, and stelae with inscriptions erected.

Russian period

The Russian settlement, likely preceded by the Manchu village of Fuyori, was founded as Nikolayevsky Post by Gennady Nevelskoy on 13 August 1850 and named for Tsar Nicholas I.

The settlement quickly became one of the main economic centres on the Pacific coast of the Russian Empire. It became Russia's main Pacific harbour (replacing Petropavlovsk) in 1855 after the Siege of Petropavlovsk of 1854. It was granted town status and renamed Nikolayevsk-on-Amur in 1856, when Primorskaya Oblast was established. Admiral Vasily Zavoyko supervised the construction of a naval base in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur.

The town emerged as an important commercial harbour; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by the sandbanks in the Amur estuary and because sea ice made the harbour unusable for five months each year, the main Russian shipping activities in the Pacific transferred to the better situated Vladivostok in the early 1870s. The town remained the administrative centre of this region until 1880, when the governor relocated to Khabarovsk. Anton Chekhov, visiting the town on his journey to Sakhalin in 1890, noted its rapid depopulation, although this trend slowed somewhat in the late 1890s with the discovery of gold and the establishment of salmon fisheries.

During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922 the town's population plummeted from 15,000 to 2,000, as a local Soviet partisan leader, Yakov Tryapitsyn, later executed by the same Bolsheviks he was supposed to be aligned with, razed the entire town to the ground and massacred the minority Japanese population along with most of the Russian population. In response to this event, Northern Sakhalin was briefly occupied by Japan between 1920 and 1925. During this time, the town was called Nikō (尼港町).

Around 1940 a prison camp of the gulag system was located in the town.

Like many other places in the Russian Far East, the town has seen a drop in population since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dropping from 36,296 inhabitants recorded in the (1989 Census), to 22,772 in 2010.

Geography
The town is situated on the left bank of the Amur River, 80 km from where it flows into the Amur estuary, 977 km north of Khabarovsk and 582 km from the Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway station. It is the closest significant settlement to the Strait of Tartary separating the mainland from Sakhalin.

Climate
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), almost cold enough to be a subarctic climate (Dfc). Precipitation is not as low in the winter as over most of Siberia since the coast in on the fringe of influence from the Aleutian Low. The near-maritime location only marginally—by 5 C-change—moderates the winters compared to interior Siberia, but makes the summers noticeably cool (especially in May and June) though the Oyashio fogs are less prevalent than on Sakhalin itself and sunshine hours therefore rather longer.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Nikolayevsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure is incorporated within Nikolayevsky Municipal District as Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement.

Economy
Fishing and fish processing are the main industries of the town, along with ship maintenance and some agricultural production in the surrounding area.

Transportation
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has no land transport connections. Traffic to and from the town enters via the port on the Amur, or the small airport, namely Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Airport, which is home to Nikolaevsk-Na-Amure Air Enterprise.

title: Nikolayevsk-on-Amur


text: User talk:156.1.60.60

title: User talk:156.1.60.60


text: User talk:62.151.146.75

title: User talk:62.151.146.75


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Avala

This page has been certified as of 19:48, 20 May 2004 (UTC).

 * (Avala | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct.

Avala has been repeatedly editing Milan Kucan and Janez Drnovsek to include allegations that the leaders were involved in war crimes. Other users have pointed out that these allegations are minor, that they are not reported on widely, and that they seem to be a non-issue. Avala refuses to let it go, and engages in a continual revert war, at times reverting articles more than 4 times a day (c.f. ). Avala regularly adopts a shrill tone of voice with those who disagree, at times accusing them of being communists, fascists, etc. These articles have been posted on RfC previously, and to date no one other than Avala has supported the additions. Avala has also attempted to bring this matter to the Arbitration committee, where it appears that it will be rejected. Avala proceded to remove all mentions of war crimes from Slobodan Milosevic in retalliation for the deletion of the content from the other articles.
 * Description:

Beyond that, Avala has been involved in edit wars regarding various boxes related to country pages, including Template:SFRY, Template:Serbia and Montenegro, Template:NAM, and Template:EU countries. When Template:NAM was listed on VfD, for instance, Avala proceeded to delete uses of Template:EU countries citing the precedent of NAM, making comments to the effect that while he or she disagreed with deleting the box, there was clear consensus. In a similar vein, while discussion was still actively going on about the appropriateness of Template:SFRY, Avala listed the box on VfD.

Finally, Avala is prone to misuse of Vandalism in progress, regularly listing people on there over article content disputes instead of requesting mediation or listing on RfC.

 * Evidence of disputed behavior (provide diffs and links):
 * Vandalism in progress - listings for GeneralPatton. Also see archives, such as for entries on other users
 * [MediaWiki:Serbia and Montenegro]], Template:SFRY, User_Talk:Avala, Talk:Janez Drnovsek all contain personal attacks on the part of Avala
 * - extreme reverting, including in excess of three a day, as well as personal attacks in edit comments
 * Deletion of substantial content from Slobodan Milosevic in retalliation for deletions from Janez Drnovsek and Milan Kucan.
 * Deleting content from EU box, again in retalliation for comments about Template:NAM

 * Applicable policies:
 * No personal attacks
 * Staying cool when the editing gets hot
 * How to revert a page to an earlier version
 * Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point

 * Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute (provide diffs and links):
 * Talk:Janez Drnovsek
 * User_Talk:Avala
 * MediaWiki talk:SFRY
 * MediaWiki_talk:EU_countries

 * Users certifying the basis for this dispute (sign with ~ ):
 * Snowspinner Snowspinner 19:02, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Romanm 19:48, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * GeneralPatton 22:10, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Other users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * Zoney 20:07, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

To start from the beginning.

Milan Kucan and Janez Drnovsek were sued for command responsibilty of shooting that 40 people. First Romanm said I maid it all up. Then I gave newspaper scan after which he said they made it up. After I provided evidence on Slovene language he admitted but said that this is not important. I don`t see how is it not important to be sued in 4 courts(2 international) especially when the person is the president. As a sign of protest I deleted info in Slobodan Milosevic article so you can see what is it like when other stubber users delete some important information. I tryed to be cooperative, I rewrote everything in NPOV style but you deleted it again. I called you a communist then. I think it is much better to call people communist then what GeneralPatton called me.

When we talk about Template:SFRY I will just say that we reached the consensus that this box should be placed in History section of ex-Yugoslavian states and that new boxes that have current info should be placed on main page.

I made Template:Serbia and Montenegro on SFRY box base. Snowsppiner kept saying that new S&M box is too small but it has all the information. There are 2 states and 2 APs in Serbia and Montenegro. We can`t add anything more.

About using Vandalism in progress I will say this:
 * I reported user GeneralPatton for the obvious reason. He called my edits in List of Croatians-radical nationalist, choban(shepherd), pickica(small cunt-i am just translating), then he said serem ti sliku kralja petra(I shit on your king peters picture). And what was I reverting in that article? That Ante Pavelic is not a politician but military Ustasha leader and that Mario Andretti is not Croatian just because he was born in Italian teritory which is in Croatia today. He also said that Norac will always be a hero even though Norac was indicted in the Hague. He uses ZDS which stands for Za Dom Spremni which is what Ustashas were saying in WWII. Ustashas were Croatian puppet state leaders and their army.

Snowspinner also reverted Adolf Hitler article when I inserted picture of Ante Pavelic shaking hands with him. Reputedly because picture is not of best quality. He/She said that term puppet state is not NPOV. Even though she lives in Chicago she was acting that she doesn`t know for term puppet state.

When I added Macedonian CoA Romanm was trying to prove that I added copyrighted material even though he knew that CoA cannot be copyrighted because it is public. Of course picture was not deleted. He was making fun of things I wrote in Janez Drnovsek article. He was even mentioning Bozo the Clown.

So if one of your fellow users GeneralPatton is inserting information just becuase he saw that some people talk about that in forum or when people try to revert his vandalism he calles them-cunt, shepherd(cowardly on foreign language so other users cannot understand) and everything else I said, then I think you do not have anything to backup your accusations.

If I forgot to write something it is written in mentioned articles and users involved talk pages.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Avala 13:44, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) I'm not in the position to confirm any of the particular points stated by Avala above, but this whole page, along with the arbitration request, seems to be a severe overreaction emblematic of the Wikipedia's increasing legalism. At the root of this problem, he has a non-Western take on history and politics, to which some users object. On top of this, it is extremely difficult for him to respond, given that English is obviously not his first language. This matter is best addressed on the individual talk pages of the article's he's working on, not here. 172 20:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Defense
On Avala's behalf, I would like to note that I have been obscenely harrassed by both Snowspinner and GeneralPatton -- I am inclined to believe that it is they who should be banned, not Avala. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Avala


text:
Dick and Jane

Dick and Jane are the two main characters created by Zerna Sharp for a series of basal readers written by William S. Gray to teach children to read. The characters first appeared in the Elson-Gray Readers in 1930 and continued in a subsequent series of books through the final version in 1965. These readers were used in classrooms in the United States and in other English-speaking countries for nearly four decades, reaching the height of their popularity in the 1950s, when 80 percent of first-grade students in the United States used them. Although the Dick and Jane series of primers continued to be sold until 1973 and remained in use in some classrooms throughout the 1970s, they were replaced with other reading texts by the 1980s and gradually disappeared from school curricula.

The Dick and Jane series were known for their simple narrative text and watercolor illustrations. For a generation of middle-class Americans, the characters of "Dick", "Jane", and their younger sister "Sally" became household words. The Dick and Jane primers have become icons of mid-century American culture and collectors' items.

Despite criticisms of the stereotypical content that depicted white, middle-class Americans and despite the "whole-word" or "sight word" (look-say) method of teaching reading on which these readers are based, they retain cultural significance for their impact on literacy education in the mid-twentieth century.

Origins
The predecessors to the Dick and Jane primers were the phonics-based McGuffey Readers, which were popular from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, and the Elson Basic Readers. William Scott Gray (1885–1960), director of the Curriculum Foundation Series at Scott, Foresman and Company and dean of the University of Chicago's college of education, co-authored with William H. Elson the Elson Basic Readers (renamed the Elson-Gray Basic Readers in 1936), which Scott Foresman published in Chicago, Illinois. Gray's research focused on methods to improve reading instruction using content that would be of interest to children and develop their word-recognition skills. Gray's vision was to tie "subject area" books in health, science, social studies, and arithmetic (each discipline having its own series of graded texts also published by Scott Foresman) with the vocabulary mastered in the basic readers, thus vastly improving readability in these same areas.

Zerna Sharp, a former teacher, came up with the idea for what became the Dick and Jane readers for elementary school children while working as a reading consultant and textbook editor for Scott Foresman. She worked with Gray to develop the readers after noting the reduced reading ability of children and urged the use of a new reading format for primers. In addition, Sharp developed the main characters of "Dick" and "Jane", the older brother and sister in a fictional family that included "Mother", "Father", and a younger sister named "Sally", their pets, "Spot" (originally a cat in the 1930s, but a dog in later editions), and "Puff", their cat; and a toy teddy bear named "Tim". Sharp named the characters, selected and edited the storylines from ideas that others submitted, and supervised production of the books. Gray and others wrote the Dick and Jane stories; illustrator Eleanor B. Campbell did most of the early illustrations.

"Dick" and "Jane" originally appeared in Elson-Gray Readers in 1930. Before the appearance of the first Dick and Jane stories, reading primers "generally included Bible stories or fairy tales with complicated language and few pictures." After the Elson-Gray series ended in 1940, the characters continued in a subsequent series of primary readers that were later revised and enlarged into newer editions. The Dick and Jane readers were widely used in classrooms in the United States and in other English-speaking countries for nearly four decades and reached the height of their popularity in the 1950s, when 80 percent of first-grade students in the United States were learning to read though these stories. The 1965 edition, the last of the Dick and Jane series, introduced the first Black family as characters in a first-grade reader. Although the Dick and Jane series of primers continued to be sold until 1973 they remained in use in some classrooms throughout the 1970s. By the 1980s, the Dick and Jane stories had been replaced with other reading texts and gradually disappeared from school curricula. However, some believe they continue to serve as a model for restrictive reading practices in classrooms.

Content and illustrations
William Gray and Zerna Sharp worked together to develop readers that incorporated the whole-word or look-say method of word recognition (also called sight reading). The Dick and Jane primers introduced new readers to one new word on each page and only five new words in each individual story. Gray and Sharp also wanted children who read the books to be able to readily identify with the characters. Sharp chose stories where the characters participated in typical children's activities.

The Dick and Jane primers taught reading as well as American middle-class values to school-aged children. The storylines described the lives and experiences of a stereotypical American middle-class, white family in their suburban home. "Father" wore a suit, worked in an office, mowed the lawn, and washed the car. "Mother" stayed at home, did housework, and raised the children. "Dick", the oldest of the family's three children, was active and well-behaved; "Jane", the middle child, was pretty and carefree. She also helped care for "Sally", the baby of the family.

The texts and illustrations for the Dick and Jane primers were intended to work together to help young readers understand the story. The texts introduced a repetitive pattern of words; the illustrations provided visual reinforcements to help convey the meaning of the words. The simple but distinctive illustrations for the books were done by artists Eleanor Campbell and Keith Ward. Robert Childress did the illustrations during the 1950s. Richard Wiley took over the illustrations in the 1960s. The Dick and Jane beginning readers became well known for their simple narrative text and watercolor illustrations. Because the primers were intended for nationwide distribution, the text and illustrations intentionally lacked references to specific regional geographical features such as mountains, rivers, lakes, plains, or the seashore.

Books published in the series

 * Grade 1 – Before We Read, We Look and See, We Work and Play, We Come and Go, Guess Who, Fun with Dick and Jane, Go, Go, Go, and Our New Friends
 * Grade 2 – Friends and Neighbors and More Friends and Neighbors
 * Grade 3 – Streets and Roads, More Streets and Roads, Roads to Follow, and More Roads to Follow
 * Transitional 3/4 – Just Imagine
 * Grade 4 – Times and Places
 * Grade 5 – Days and Deeds
 * Grade 6 – People and Progress
 * Grade 7 – Paths and Pathfinders; Parades
 * Grade 8 – Wonders and Workers; Panoramas
 * Grade 9 – Helpful in Ways

In the mid-1950s, the texts for grades four, five, and six were split into two books for each grade level, as was originally the pattern with the lower grades in the series. The naming pattern for this group of books added the words "The New" at the beginning of the title for the first book in each grade level and the word "More" to the beginning of the title for the second book in each grade level to form new titles: The New Times and Places and More Times and Places; The New Days and Deeds and More Days and Deeds; and The New People and Progress and More People and Progress.

In the late 1950s, the texts for grades seven and eight were re-packaged into a Basic Reading and Literature series consisting of Book 1 (for seventh grade) and Book 2 (for eighth grade) without changing any of the contents from the original late 1940s versions. As an alternative to this more literary approach for these two grades, entirely new texts were published with shorter, simpler readings with the titles of Parades and More Parades for the seventh grade and Panoramas and More Panoramas for the eighth grade. Focusing on targeted reading and word attack techniques, a soft-cover workbook, Basic Reading Skills, was published for the junior high (seventh and/or eighth grade) and intended to be used independently, similar to the Think And Do books were used in conjunction with the graded texts at the elementary school level.

Scott Foresman made changes in their readers in the 1960s in an effort to keep the stories relevant, updating the series every five years. Scott Foresman published Wide Wide World in 1960 for the seventh grade; it included longer literary selections from authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, and Rudyard Kipling.

In the mid-1960s, Scott Foresman's New Basic Readers were heavily revised. The books had a larger page size, new and updated artwork, some shortened stories from previous editions, and a large portion of new stories. In addition, the "Dick", "Jane", and "Sally" characters were a bit older and a bit more sophisticated. Teaching procedures also were slightly different: the vocabulary control was looser and more phonics training was added. Helen M. Robinson became the head author. The earliest titles, released in 1962, were: We Read Pictures, We Read More Pictures, Before We Read, Sally Dick and Jane, Fun With Our Family, Fun Wherever We Are, Guess Who, Fun With Our Friends, More Fun With Our Friends (all Grade 1); Friends Old and New and More Friends Old and New (grade 2); Roads to Follow and More Roads to Follow (grade 3); Ventures (grade 4); Vistas (grade 5); Cavalcades (grade 6); Dimensions (grade 7); and Challenges (grade 8).

In 1965, Scott Foresman became the first publisher to introduce an African American family as characters in a first-grade reader series. The family included two parents and their three children: a son, "Mike", and twin daughters, "Pam" and "Penny". In the multi-ethnic edition, the titles of the 1st and 2nd pre-primers were changed to Now We Read and Fun With the Family to reflect the addition of an African-American family. Other books in the series retained the 1962 titles. In addition, the 1965 edition books were available in two covers: one cover featured characters as in previous books; the other cover, which many people refer to as a "fingerpaint" cover, was listed in the Scott, Foresman catalog a "child-art" and did not feature any characters. The Think-and-Do Book workbooks, which began as Silent Reading Workbooks with the Elson readers if the 1930s, were part of the 1950s and the 1960s editions of the updated readers. An experimental Initial Teaching Alphabet version was launched with the multi-ethnic series in the 1960s as well.

In 1967, two years after Scott Foresman retired the Dick and Jane series, the company launched its Open Highways series, which included heavily illustrated classic children's stories and poems, as well as placing greater emphasis on multicultural content and phonics training in its subsequent readers. Wide Horizons, a compansion series for advanced readers, was introduced as well. Initially, the readers for grades one through seven were indicated as "Book 1", "Book 2", and so on, but later editions for each grade-level reader had its own title in the series, such as Ready to Roll and Rolling Along (the Open Highways books for the first grade): Moving Ahead and More Power for the second grade' and Splendid Journey and Speeding Away books for the third grade.

Adaptations
The Dick and Jane readers inspired other publishers to adopt a similar format, but Scott Foresman's Dick and Jane series were the market leaders until the early 1960s, In Catholic editions of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s series (including the Cathedral Basic Readers and the New Cathedral Basic Readers), the "Sally", "Dick", and "Jane" characters were renamed "Judy", "John", and "Jean" to reflect the names of Catholic saints. Another series, published by Ginn and Company, featured characters named "David" and "Ann". Groups of stories in each book were replaced by Catholic-oriented stories of the saints or portrayed moral choices. Some 1960s grade-level readers also had Seventh-day Adventist versions that used the 1965 multi-ethnic characters with revised book title. For example, Now We Read became Friends to Know and Fun Wherever We Are became Places to Know. W. J. Gage published British English language versions in Canada with appropriate spelling changes. In lower grades French language versions also were issued in the 1950s in Canada, with the main characters renamed Jeanne, Paul, and Lise in these editions.

Teaching methodology
For three decades (roughly 1940 to 1970), the whole-word or look-say method (also called sight reading) on which the Dick and Jane readers were based remained the dominant reading method in American schools. Phonics-based reading methods came into fashion in the 1970s. The whole-language movement developed in the 1980s. Other methods were also in use for shorter periods before they were replaced as well. The look-say method used a controlled vocabulary and taught readers to memorize the words through repetition, placing less emphasis on teaching phonics Texts in the Dick and Jane readers repeated words within phrases such as Oh, oh!' said Jane. 'It is Baby!' 'It is Baby!' said Dick. Baby said, 'See, see! Pretty, pretty kitten.' Dick and Jane laughed. 'Funny, funny Baby,' said Dick." Teacher's guides accompanying the texts also encouraged adoption of the whole-word (look-say) method of identifying the meaning of words from the illustrations and repeating words introduced in the text.

For this reason, the Dick and Jane readers came to be used less and less as overuse of systematic phonics replaced the more effective method of foundational literacy skills.

Criticisms
According to the history of the Institute for Juvenile Research, psychologist Marion Monroe developed methods for early childhood reading programs, which led to the Dick and Jane stories.

Impact on students
For decades, critics and advocates continued to debate the impact of the sight reading method and the primers that used it. Samuel T. Orton, a neuropathologist, warned educators in his article published in the February 1929 issue of the Journal of Educational Psychology that the look-say method would lead to reading disability. In Why Johnny Can't Read (1955), author Rudolf Flesch concluded that the whole-word (look-say) method was ineffective because it lacked phonics training. In addition, Flesch was critical of the simple stories and limited text and vocabulary in the Dick-and-Jane-style readers that taught students to read through word memorization. Flesch and other critics also believed that the look-say method did not properly prepare students to read more complex materials in the upper grade levels. Arther Trace also criticized the Dick and Jane series in his book, Reading Without Dick and Jane (1965). In 2002, author Samuel L. Blumenfeld, a supporter of teaching reading skills with phonics reading, argued that the Dick and Jane series and others that used the whole-word, look-say, or sight-reading method caused poor reading skills among the millions of American students who learned to read using this method. Harold Henderson asserted in his book Let's Kill Dick and Jane (2006) that the series focused on trivial aspects of reading and left children far behind their peers in Europe.

Bias and stereotypes
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, critics of the Dick and Jane readers began to point out its stereotypes; class, gender, and racial bias; and errors in content and illustrations. Critics objected to the Dick and Jane storylines and stereotyped roles, arguing that "many students could not relate to family with two children, a dog named Spot, and a cat named Puff." Increasing social changes, including the civil rights movement in the 1960s and efforts to include a stronger presentation of other races and cultures in classroom texts, made the white, middle-class characters of "Dick and Jane seem increasingly irrelevant to some." Zerna Sharp, who created the characters and edited the readers countered the harsh criticisms with the reply, "That's all an adult's viewpoint."

Although the Dick and Jane primers were already declining in popularity by the mid-1960s, critics continued to attack the look-say method and the content of the readers, especially their gender stereotypes (i.e., the mother staying at home to take care of the children and keep house, while the father went to work, along with passive female characters such as Jane) and lack of racial and cultural diversity.

"I think one of the happiest things I've done is getting rid of Dick and Jane."

"You learn to read in school with Dick and Jane, but the Dick and Jane stuff was so dull! You know, the stories were stupid, even for a first or second grader. Years later I saw some of the famous McGuffey readers, go back further, things that my mother's generation would read from in the 1930s or 1920s, and those things were filled with real stories from real writers that the kids were learning. But my generation, the baby boomers, we had Dick and Jane, and that couldn’t convince me to keep reading. But Batman and Superman could: they were much more interesting than Dick and Jane."

Collectibles and reprint editions
The primers that made the characters of "Dick", "Jane", and "Sally" household words have become icons of mid-century American culture, as well as collectors' items. First editions of the books sell for as much as US$200. Grosset & Dunlap, an imprint of Penguin Random House, reissued the books in 2003, and over 2.5 million copies were sold, but the publishers warned against using them to teach reading to children. Related merchandise, such as shirts and magnets, also gained wide popularity, particularly among people who had never been exposed to the original series, but were familiar with catchphrases such as "See Spot run!"

Advertising and branding

 * See Jane Work is a line of organizational products at Office Depot designed by Holly Bohn; the inspiration for the name comes from the character Jane.
 * Many Target commercials featuring Target Dog included the phrase "See Spot save", a take on of the series' famous "See Spot run".

Cartoons

 * In a Calvin and Hobbes cartoon Calvin wrote a book report titled, "The Dynamics of Interbeing and Monological Imperatives in Dick and Jane: A Study in Psychic Transrelational Gender Modes".
 * A Sunday Issue also has him read the "See Spot Run" story as a homework assignment.

Films

 * Fun with Dick and Jane (1977) and its 2005 remake refer to Fun with Dick and Jane, the title of the Grade 1 book in the reading series. The movies are about two lovable con artists who happen to share the names of the literary characters, and the 1977 version opens with a display of a picture book that spoofs a typical Dick and Jane volume.
 * One sequence of Disney's animated feature film Tarzan (1999) that is set to music features a book with a page that says, "See Jane, See Jane Run."
 * The title of See Spot Run is based on a line in the books.

Literature

 * Marc Gallant's illustrated parody book, More Fun with Dick and Jane (1986), shows the characters as grown-ups.
 * Nobel Prize-winner Toni Morrison invents her own version of a Dick and Jane text in the opening chapter of her 1970 novel, The Bluest Eye, and the text is repeated with variations throughout the book to signify on the idyllic white family in their suburban setting, juxtaposing it with black families living in poverty in 1940, years after the Great Depression.

Music

 * Gil Scott-Heron referenced Dick and Jane in his 1971 song “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”.
 * The band Human Sexual Response referenced the characters and style of the books in the song "Dick and Jane", from their EP Fig. 14 (1980).
 * The band Hawaiian Pups spoofed the characters in the song "Baby Judy", from their EP Split Second Precision (1983).
 * Musician JG Thirlwell has a song called "See Dick Run", recorded under his Foetus alias, which references the two titular characters.

Television

 * In a 1963 episode of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle, Wossamotta U, the most pathetically backward university in America, has Dick and Jane at the Seashore as the center of its required reading course.
 * A PBS children's television series called Between the Lions does a spoof of the books entitled Fun with Chicken Jane.
 * Singer Bobby Vinton recorded a song in the 1970s entitled "Dick and Jane".
 * In The Simpsons episode "They Saved Lisa's Brain", the Comic Book Guy's T-shirt reads "C:/DOS C:/DOS/RUN RUN/DOS/RUN", similar to the catch phrases in the book series.
 * 3rd Rock from the Sun (1996-2001), a sitcom revolving around a man named Dick Solomon, often has episode titles based on book/movie titles or popular sayings, sometimes with the names of the show's characters added in. Dick and Jane are the source for a number of these - e.g., "See Dick Run," "See Dick Continue to Run," "Fun with Dick and Janet," etc.

Video games

 * "See Spot burn!" is the catchphrase of Hot Dog, a playable character in the Skylanders game series; the catchphrase is a reference to "See Spot run".

Public exhibitions
The Dick and Jane readers were featured in an exhibition at Lakeview Museum of Arts and Sciences in Peoria, Illinois, in 1994 and at the Richmond Public Library in Richmond, Indiana, in 1997.

title: Dick and Jane


text:
Abasolo, Coahuila

Abasolo is a city and seat of the municipality of Abasolo in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. In 2000, the city had 1,130 inhabitants.

History
In 1730 it went by the name of Vicente el Alto, by November 14, 1827, it was granted village status and renamed after Independence caudillo Mariano Abasolo.

Coat of arms
Over a parchment appears the image of an eagle with its wings extended as a frame separated into three sections. In the upper right section the San Vicente Ferrer church is shown. A lit torch symbolizes the free spirit of its inhabitants in the upper left section. Finally in the lower section, prosperity and modernity are depicted in which a tractor driver works the land irrigated by a brook. In the background mountains and trees are seen. The inscription at the top of the parchment reads "Terra Mater", which emphasizes the importance of the land to its inhabitants.

title: Abasolo, Coahuila


text:
Ciudad Frontera

Ciudad Frontera is a town in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. It is in the east-central part of the state, just west of the city of Monclova. It is located in the state's central region (Región Centro).

There were 65,606 inhabitants in the city as of the 2005 census, making it the state's sixth-largest community. The city serves as municipal seat of its surrounding municipality, which had a population of 70,160 and includes numerous small outlying communities such as Ocho de Enero. The municipality is part of the Monclova-Frontera metropolitan area.

title: Ciudad Frontera


text:
John Morris

John or Johnny Morris may refer to:

Art and culture

 * John Morris (piper) (fl. 1870s), Irish piper
 * John Morris (composer) (1926–2018), film composer often employed by Mel Brooks
 * John Chester Brooks Morris or Chester Morris (1901–1970), American actor
 * John Morris (American actor) (born 1984), American voice actor
 * John Morris (Australian actor) (born 1963), Australian television actor
 * John G. Morris (1916–2017), picture editor
 * John Meirion Morris (1936–2020), Welsh sculptor
 * John Morris (sculptor) (born 1963), English sculptor
 * John Morris (filmmaker) (born 1983), American film screenwriter and producer

Military

 * John Morris (soldier) (1617–1649), English army officer
 * John W. Morris (1921–2013), U.S. Army general
 * John Morris (Medal of Honor) (1855–?), United States Marine Corps corporal who received the Medal of Honor
 * John Ignatius Morris (1842–1902), Royal Marines officer
 * John Thomas Morris (1931–2015), British Army soldier
 * John Morris (activity 1663–1672), (see below), British pirate and privateer with Henry Morgan

Politics and law

 * John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon (1931–2023), British politician, former Attorney-General
 * John Morris (Australian politician) (1936–2013), Australian senator
 * John Morris (Conservative politician) (1894–1962), British MP for Salford North, 1931–1945
 * John Morris, Baron Morris of Borth-y-Gest (1896–1979), British law lord
 * John Morris (judge) (1902–1956), Australian jurist
 * John Carnac Morris (1798–1858), English civil servant of the East India Company
 * J. H. C. Morris (John Humphrey Carlile Morris, 1910–1984), academic lawyer
 * John Henry Morris (1828–1912), administrator in British India
 * John Morris (FBI) (born 1947), Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent

Religion

 * John Morris (Hebraist) (1595–1648), Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford University (1626)
 * John Morris (bishop) (1866–1946), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
 * John Brande Morris (1812–1886), English Anglican theologian, later a Roman Catholic priest
 * John Edward Morris (1889–1987), American Roman Catholic priest
 * John Gottlieb Morris (1803–1895), American Lutheran minister and entomologist
 * John Hughes Morris (1870–1953), English Presbyterian minister, editors and writer
 * John Morris (Jesuit) (1826–1893), English Jesuit and historical writer
 * John Moses Morris (1837–1873), American minister and author
 * John D. Morris (1946–2023), Christian creationist

Baseball

 * John Morris (pitcher) (born 1941), American professional baseball pitcher
 * John Harold Goodwin Morris or Yellowhorse Morris (1902–1959), American baseball pitcher
 * John Morris (outfielder) (born 1961), American baseball player

Cricket

 * John Morris (Australian cricketer) (1831–1921), Australian cricketer
 * John Morris (cricketer, born 1880) (1880–1960), English cricketer
 * John Morris (New Zealand cricketer) (1933–1970), New Zealand cricketer
 * John Morris (South African cricketer) (1940–2011), South African cricketer
 * John Morris (cricketer, born 1964), English cricketer

Other sports

 * John Morris (footballer, born 1873) (1873–?), Chirk F.C. and Wales international footballer
 * John Morris (bowls), former lawn bowls competitor for New Zealand
 * John Morris (New Zealand footballer) (born 1950), New Zealand international footballer
 * John Morris (curler) (born 1978), Canadian curler
 * John Morris (rugby league) (born 1980), Australian rugby league coach

Others

 * John Albert Morris (1836–1895), American businessman
 * John Morris (physician) (1759–1793), American physician
 * Sir John Morris, 1st Baronet (1745–1819), Welsh industrialist
 * John Morris (geologist) (1810–1886), geologist
 * John McLean Morris (1911–1993), American gynecologist
 * John Morris (historian) (1913–1977), English historian
 * John Morris (anthropologist) (1895–1980), British mountaineer and journalist
 * John Morris (pirate) (fl. 1663–1672), English buccaneer
 * John Morris, a character in the video game series Castlevania
 * John Morris and Sons Salford, manufacturers of all kinds of fire fighting equipment

title: John Morris


text:
Candela, Coahuila

Candela is a city in the central region (Región Centro) of the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. It is the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Candela. There were 1,669 inhabitants in 2000. In 2011, according to Wolfram Alpha, it had a population of 1,672.

It was founded in 1690 by General Alonso de León as a mission called San Bernardino de la Candela.

Attractions
Candela attracts people with its beautiful mountainous features and gaping deserts. There are three aquatic recreational areas in Candela: Los Carrisitos, Las Lajitas and El Ojo de Agua. Los Carrisitos is made up of pools that are filled with clean mountain water. It is also a great place to go on a carne asada (term for a Mexican-style barbecue).

Las Lajitas is part of the Candela river which leads downstream to the town. It is notable for the shape of its rocks, hence the name "Las Lajitas".

El Ojo de Agua is a spring of thermoheated waters. One can enjoy a skin renewal bath there.

Another noteworthy asset of Candela is that it boasts several vast ranch-estates in its vicinity, such as the Santa Lucia de Sanmiguel - one of a few hidden jewels amongst the mountains. Like other isolated mountain towns, Candela is a religiously cultured place. One well-known chapel that is near the previously mentioned ranch, a tiny, open-air structure erected in the honor of the Virgen of Guadalupe, is a place in which many ranchers and townspeople alike use as a sanctuary to lay roses and rosaries and to pray for their loved ones.

title: Candela, Coahuila


text:
Brunswick Corporation

Brunswick Corporation, formerly known as the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company, is an American corporation that has been developing, manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of products since 1845. Brunswick has more than 13,000 employees operating in 24 countries. Brunswick owns major boating brands, including Sea Ray, Boston Whaler, Bayliner, Mercury Marine, Attwood, Lund, Crestliner, Mastervolt, MotorGuide, Harris Pontoons, Freedom Boat Club, Princecraft, Heyday, Lowe, Uttern, Quicksilver and CZone, among many others. In 2021, Brunswick reported sales of US$5.8 billion. Brunswick's global headquarters is in the northern Chicago suburb of Mettawa, Illinois.

19th century

Brunswick was founded by John Moses Brunswick who came to the United States from Switzerland at the age of 15. The J. M. Brunswick Manufacturing Company opened for business on September 15, 1845, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Originally J. M. Brunswick intended his company to be mainly in the business of making carriages, but soon after opening his machine shop, he became fascinated with billiards and decided that making billiard tables would be more lucrative, as the better tables then in use in the United States were imported from England. Brunswick billiard tables were a commercial success, and the business expanded and opened the first of what would become many branch offices in Chicago, Illinois, in 1848. It was later renamed J. M. Brunswick & Brother by 1860, after a family member came on board, and the company's slogan at this time was: "The oldest and most extensive billiard table manufacturers in the United States".

In 1874, the Brunswick company merged with competitor Great Western Billiard Manufactory owned by Julius Balke to become the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Company. It was incorporated in 1879 with a capital stock of $275,000, the same year it merged with another competitor, H. W. Collender Company of New York City (founded by Hugh W. Collender), to acquire Collender's patented billiard cushions. In 1884, the partners formed the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company (or B.B.C. [sic] Company for short ) with capital of $1.5 million.

The company expanded into making a number of other products. Large ornate neo-classical style bars for saloons were a popular product. Bowling balls, pins, and equipment led a growing line of sporting equipment. It popularized bowling balls of manufactured materials, vulcanized rubber at first; earlier bowling balls had been solid wood.

1900–1949
In the early 20th century, Brunswick expanded the product line to include such diverse products as toilet seats, automobile tires, and phonographs. In the late 1910s, they introduced a quickly popular line of disc phonograph records, under the name Brunswick Records. In 1930, Brunswick sold the control of the record company to Warner Brothers and came out with a line of refrigerators.

During World War II, Brunswick-Balke-Collender made small target-drone aircraft for the U.S. military. After the war, Brunswick introduced a line of school furniture. In 1949, the Brunswick "Model A" Mechanical Pinsetter fully automated unit premiered, for the purpose of handling bowling pins for ten-pin bowling, in competition with American Machine and Foundry (AMF). Previously, Brunswick had made two models of semi-automated, manually operated "spotting tables" for the tenpin sport, that the "Model A" unit replaced.

1950–1999
The 1950s also saw the introduction of a line of golfing equipment to compete with AMF in the leisure-products and sporting-goods markets.

The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company officially changed its name to the Brunswick Corporation on April 10, 1960. The following year the company reported sales of $422 million. Brunswick acquired Mercury Marine in 1961. In the 1970s, Brunswick introduced the automatic scorer, which electronically tallied the score instead of the bowler doing it by hand.

The Brunswick Corporation patented a machine gun using a delayed blowback operation via a fluted chamber as part of the weapon's operation. Another platform was the Rifleman's Assault Weapon, an unusual grenade launcher that used a spherical rocket propelled grenade.

In the 1980s, Brunswick became a major maker of yachts and pleasure boats, under brands including Bayliner, Boston Whaler, Maxum, Sea Ray, and Trophy.

During the Gulf War, Brunswick supplied the military with camouflage nets. They also made radomes for the Patriot missile.

In 1997, Brunswick purchased the Roadmaster bicycle division, one of the last U.S. manufacturers of low-cost, mass-market bicycles. However, it became apparent that continued U.S. manufacture of such products was not viable in the presence of surging low-priced imports from overseas producers, primarily China. In 1999, Brunswick sold its Roadmaster bicycle division and brand to Pacific Cycle.

2000s
As of the early 21st century, the Brunswick Corporation still manufactured sporting and fitness equipment (Life Fitness, Hammer Strength, Parabody) in addition to boats (Sea Ray, Bayliner, Maxum, etc.) and marine engines under the Mercury Marine brand name.

In 2001, Brunswick acquired Hatteras Yachts from Genmar Industries for approximately $80 million in cash. Brunswick sold its Hatteras/Cabo brand in 2013 to Versa Capital Management.

In 2004, Brunswick acquired Lowe Boats. The same year, the company also purchased Northstar Technologies, a leading marine electronics provider based in Acton, Massachusetts, from Canadian Marconi Corporation (now CMC Electronics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Esterline Technologies Corporation). Brunswick then merged Navman, based in Auckland, New Zealand, with Northstar to make Northstar/Navman a supplier to the Brunswick Boat Groups. Brunswick also acquired Mx-Marine. When George Buckley, CEO at the time, left to join 3M in 2006, new leadership decided to sell Northstar, Navman and Mx-Marine. Navico now owns those three brands in addition to the Eagle, Lowrance, B&G, and Simrad lines. Brunswick has established regional headquarters in Verviers, Belgium; Monterrey, Mexico; Dandenong, Australia; and Dubai, UAE, to better serve its customers by designing, engineering, manufacturing and distributing products based on local needs, using local talent.

2010s
On July 17, 2014, Brunswick announced plans to leave the bowling business by the end of 2014. The company disclosed that it had agreed to sell its bowling center business, which brought in $187 million in revenue in the prior year, to competitor Bowlmor AMF (now known as Bowlero Corporation) for $270 million. It also disclosed that it had retained Lazard to find a buyer for its bowling equipment and products business. The company said it was making these changes to focus on its “core” Marine and Fitness businesses, which provided 92% of company net revenues in 2013. It would retain its heritage billiards business and report billiards financial results as part of the Fitness segment. The sale of the bowling center business to Bowlmor AMF (Bowlero) was completed in September 2014.

Brunswick completed its exit from the bowling business in May 2015 with the sale of its bowling equipment and products division to BlueArc Capital Management, a private investment firm. BlueArc completed the acquisition with investments from Gladstone Investment Corporation, and Capitala Finance Corp. BlueArc continues to produce bowling balls under the Brunswick and DV8 brand names, and on November 15, 2019, it acquired Ebonite International and all of its bowling product brands.

In August 2018, Brunswick Corporation acquired Power Products – Global Marine & Mobile business, which includes the global marine, specialty vehicle, mobile, industrial power, and transportation aftermarket products businesses of Power Products, for $910 million in cash from San Francisco-based private equity firm Genstar Capital.

Also in 2018, the company announced it would be separating the fitness business as Life Fitness Holdings in 2019. In May 2019, Brunswick announced the sale of Brunswick Billiards, Life Fitness, Cybex, Hammer Strength, Indoor Cycling Group, and SCIFIT for $490 million to KPS Capital Partners. The sale was completed in June 2019.

In May 2019, Brunswick announced it would be purchasing the largest marine franchisor in the United States, Freedom Boat Club.

Also in 2019, Brunswick announced a new business structure, Advanced Systems Group (ASG) and named Brett Dibkey as President. ASG is composed of 11 Power Products brands combined with the Attwood Group of businesses including Attwood, Garelick, MotorGuide, and Whale – as well as NAUTIC-ON.

2020s
On October 4, 2021, Brunswick Corporation announced that it has completed its acquisition of Navico, a global leader in marine electronics and sensors for $1.05 billion, adding to Brunswick the industry leading Navico brands of Lowrance, Simrad, B&G, and C-MAP.

title: Brunswick Corporation


text:
Castaños

Castaños is a city in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. It is located at 101° 25' 58" West, 26° 47' 3" North, in the state's central region (Región Centro).

title: Castaños