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Dead metaphor

A dead metaphor is a figure of speech which has lost the original imagery of its meaning by extensive, repetitive, and popular usage, or because it refers to an obsolete technology or forgotten custom. Because dead metaphors have a conventional meaning that differs from the original, they can be understood without knowing their earlier connotation.

Description
Dead metaphors are generally the result of a semantic shift in the evolution of a language, a process called the literalization of a metaphor. A distinction is often made between those dead metaphors whose origins are entirely unknown to the majority of people using them (such as the expression "to kick the bucket") and those whose source is widely known or symbolism easily understood but not often thought about (the idea of "falling in love").

The long standing metaphorical application of a term can similarly lose their metaphorical quality, coming simply to denote a larger application of the term. The wings of a plane now no longer seem to metaphorically refer to a bird's wings; rather, the term 'wing' was expanded to include non-living things. Similarly, the legs of a chair is no longer a metaphor but an expansion of the term "leg" to include any supporting pillar.

There is debate among literary scholars whether so-called "dead metaphors" are dead or are metaphors. Literary scholar R.W. Gibbs noted that for a metaphor to be dead, it would necessarily lose the metaphorical qualities that it comprises. These qualities, however, still remain. A person can understand the expression "falling head-over-heels in love" even if they have never encountered that variant of the phrase "falling in love". Analytic philosopher Max Black argued that the dead metaphor should not be considered a metaphor at all, but rather classified as a separate vocabulary item.

Examples

 * Balls-out (in reference to a centrifugal governor)
 * Balls to the wall (in reference to grips on aircraft controls)
 * Brand new
 * Beyond the pale (in reference to a boundary fence)
 * Cut! (in film)
 * Deadline
 * Fly off the handle (in reference to an ax head)
 * Footage (in film)
 * Glove compartment
 * Go belly up
 * Hang up the phone
 * Go hell-for-leather (refers to horse riding)
 * Hold your horses
 * Three sheets to the wind (refers to a storm-tossed sailing ship)
 * To take a parting shot (Parthian shot)
 * Patching code (refers to paper tape)
 * Pull out all the stops (in reference to a pipe organ)
 * Rewind (in reference to magnetic tape)
 * Roll up the window
 * Sound like a broken record
 * To tape something (to record)
 * Time is running out (in reference to an hourglass)

title: Dead metaphor


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Trophimus of Arles

According to Catholic Tradition, Trophimus of Arles (Trophime) was the first bishop of Arles, in today's southern France.

History
It was an early tradition of the Catholic Church that under the co-Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus (251 AD), Pope Fabian sent out seven bishops from Rome to Gaul, to preach the Gospel: Gatien to Tours, Trophimus to Arles, Paul to Narbonne, Saturninus to Toulouse, Denis to Paris, Austromoine to Clermont, and Martial to Limoges.

Gregory of Tours, apparently quoting from the Acta of Saint Saturninus, says in effect that Trophimus arrived in Gaul with the first bishops of Tours, Paris, and other cities after the middle of 3rd century, in the consulate of Decius and Gratus.

From the mid-fifth century local tradition has assimilated Trophimus of Arles with the Trophimus mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles as a companion of Paul the Apostle. The Martyrium romanum identifies him as the disciple of Paul, but the identification is spurious. Trophîme, as he is in French, does not rate a biography in the Catholic Encyclopedia, but the church at Arles dedicated to him, built from the 12th century onwards over a third-century crypt, is one of the monuments of Romanesque architecture and sculpture in Provence. In its cloister a corner figure in the north gallery, dated about 1180, represents Trophimus.

Trophimus is considered by the Catholic Church the protector of those with gout.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trophimus of Arles


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User talk:Mjaavatt

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome! Thanks for your contribution re Norwegian spelling of Copenhagen. I took the liberty/chance of adding you to the list of Norwegian wikipedians -- feel free to remove your entry in the list if this was a bad guess on my behalf. --Wernher 18:36, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Mjaavatt


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Nonant

Nonant is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Nonant


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Norolles

Norolles is a commune in the Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Norolles


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Noron-l'Abbaye

Noron-l'Abbaye is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Bruyère, Le Jageolet, Le Haut Vallon, Miette and Noron-l'Abbaye.

The river Ante runs through the commune, along with five streams The Manque-Souris, The Noron, The Cassis, The Château de Long Pré and The Frégis.

National heritage sites
The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique

 * Old priory 12th century former priory that was listed as a monument in 1928.
 * Church of Saint-Cyr 13th century church listed as a monument in 1928.

title: Noron-l'Abbaye


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Noron-la-Poterie

Noron-la-Poterie is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Noron-la-Poterie


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Norrey-en-Auge

Norrey-en-Auge (, literally Norrey in Auge) is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northern France.

title: Norrey-en-Auge


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Notre-Dame-d'Estrées

Notre-Dame-d'Estrées is a former commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. In January 2015 it merged with the commune of Corbon to the new commune Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon.

title: Notre-Dame-d'Estrées


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Notre-Dame-de-Courson

Notre-Dame-de-Courson is a former commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

History
Notre-Dame-de-Courson fell in medieval times within the barony of the Ferrers family at nearby Ferrières-Saint-Hilaire, who took part of the Norman Conquest of England. One branch of the Curzons from Notre-Dame-de-Courson accompanied their Ferrers overlord to England.

International relations
Notre-Dame-de-Courson is twinned with the village of Sampford Peverell in Devon, England.

title: Notre-Dame-de-Courson


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Mary Elizabeth Price

Mary Elizabeth Price (March 1, 1877 – February 19, 1965), also known as M. Elizabeth Price, was an American Impressionist painter. She was an early member of the Philadelphia Ten, organizing several of the group's exhibitions. She steadily exhibited her works with the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the National Academy of Design, and other organizations over the course of her career. She was one of the several family members who entered the field of art as artists, dealers, or framemakers.

Early life
Mary Elizabeth Price was born in 1877 in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Her parents were Quakers Reuben Moore and Caroline Cooper Paxson Price who lived in Shenandoah, Virginia. Price spent her childhood in Virginia, West Virginia, and then most of her childhood in Solebury Township, north of New Hope where her mother was born. She had a sister, Alice, and three brothers, Frederick Newlin, Rueben Moore, and Carroll Price. M. Elizabeth Price graduated from the Friends' Central School.

Education
Price studied from about 1896 to 1904 at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art and from about 1904 to 1907 at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts under Hugh Breckenridge and Daniel Garber. She took private lessons from William Langson Lathrop.

Instructor
Price was in New York in 1917 when she taught art to children who attended public schools at the Neighborhood Art School of Greenwich House. The program was funded by Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney to teach children painting, drawing, pottery, wood carving, and sculpting. In the winter of 1919-1920, Price exhibited the children's work, as part of an art education campaign with other schools, at the suggestion of Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh.

Works
Inspired by the painters from Siena and Florence during the Italian Renaissance, Price is best known for her floral still life paintings which used gold and silver leaf. Her works were created by first applying red clay and gesso to wooden panels. Metal leaf was added and then oils painted on the panels of figures or flowers. She created large gilded panels with this technique. "Her work combines a Sienese delicacy of line with a modern freedom in the use of color," wrote a New York Times critic. Examples of such work, including Mallows (1929) and Delphinium Pattern (ca. 1933), were included in The Painterly Voice: Bucks County's Fertile Ground, a 2011 exhibition of the James A. Michener Art Museum. She also painted landscapes, genre scenes, and ships, including a unique series of Spanish treasure ships. One of her floral paintings, made c. 1930 of a Marsh Mallow, was appraised at $40,000 to $60,000 by Robin Starr on the PBS Antiques Roadshow in 2011.

She created murals of 18th and 19th-century needlework samplers in 1931 with Lucille Howard, who she shared a studio and was also a member of the Philadelphia Ten. The murals were made for the clubhouse of the American Woman's Association in New York at 353 West 57th Street. A still life painting of fruit is owned by Smith College and was hung in the Jordan House in 1922.

Exhibitions
She exhibited her works in 1914 at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and in Washington, D.C. at the Corcoran Gallery of Art Biennial. She continued to exhibit at the Pennsylvania Academy annually for most years between 1917 and 1943. Between 1921 and 1934, Price exhibited 16 times at the National Academy of Design, where in 1927 she won the Carnegie Prize for best oil painting by an American artist, for her depiction of sixteenth-century Spanish galleons. Her work was exhibited in the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors' Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition 1889-1939 in New York. She also exhibited at several other venues in the United States over her career.

Membership
As an early member of the Philadelphia Ten, a group of women artists begun in 1921, she organized exhibits and participated in solo and group shows in many galleries in New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., including Grand Central Art Galleries, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Corcoran Gallery of Art and the National Academy of Design. Between 1920 and 1927, Price was the chair of the exhibition committee for the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors and arranged 32 exhibitions across America, and in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. She was also a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts fellowship, American Woman's Association, American Artists Professional League, the Art Alliance of Philadelphia, Allied Artists of America, Fine Arts Society of Arkansas, Phillips Mill Community Art Association, and The Plastic Club.

Price family
One of Price's brothers, Frederick, generally known as F. Newlin Price, owned the Ferargil Gallery in New York. It sold many Impressionist artists paintings, including those from Pennsylvania, from 1914 to 1955.

Her sister, Alice, was an artist and brother R. Moore Price was an artist, framemaker, and art dealer. His wife, Elizabeth Freedley Price, was an Impressionist painter. Her sister married Rae Sloan Bredin, another American impressionist painter living in New Hope, Pennsylvania. Her brother, Reuben Moore Price, was a member of the Bucks County arts and crafts frame making movement. Carroll, and his wife Edith, remained on the Solebury Township family farm.

New Hope, Pennsylvania
Price lived much of her early artistic life in New York City and then returned to Bucks County in New Hope, Pennsylvania in late the 1920s. She lived in Pumpkin Seed, an old yellow stone cottage, named for its size and color. The cottage, situated along a canal, had been rented by F. Newlin for several years. M. Elizabeth Price said of it, "When I first saw the original cottage it was painted such a vivid yellow that I instinctively thought of a pumpkin; and it was so small that I named it Pumpkin Seed more in derision than anything else. But the quaintness of the name grew on us so that we've learned to love it." She grew a garden of irises, mallows, peonies, lilies, delphiniums, poppies, hollyhocks, and gladioli that she used as subjects for her paintings. She lived there for the rest of her life with her brother, who owned a house, farm, and property in the New Hope area. She gave lectures to the New Hope Women's Club, where she showed her paintings and encouraged local artists.

Death
Mary Elizabeth Price died in Trenton, New Jersey on February 19, 1965 at Mercer Hospital. At the time of her death, she was a member of the Solebury Friends Meeting and, at the age of 87, had been the last living of the Price children. She was survived by her nieces and nephews. Price is buried in the Solebury Friends Meeting House cemetery.

Her papers are archived at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and National Portrait Gallery Library.

Selected works

 * Bathing Along the Delaware River, private collection
 * By the Laita, Quimperle, France, by 1921
 * Bouquet
 * Butterfly Weed No. 1, by 1929
 * Cheerful Barge, oil on canvas, by 1929, private collection
 * Delphinium and Black Pinks, by 1929
 * Doorway to the Vineyard, Palazzo Afflitto, Italy, by 1921
 * The Fountain, Ravello, Italy, by 1921
 * Freight Boats, Menaggio, Italy, by 1921
 * Gladioli and Japanese Iris
 * House on the Hill, Quimperle, France, by 1921
 * House of Jeanne, Quimperle, France, by 1921
 * Ladies of the Villa d'Este
 * Lavandieres, Quimperle, France, by 1921
 * Market Day in Guingamp, France, by 1921
 * The McGill Farm above New Hope, watercolor, private collection
 * No. 1 Fuchsia, by 1929
 * Picking Potatoes, oil on canvas, ca. 1933, private collection
 * Sabot Market, Guingamp, France, by 1921
 * Saint Aignan, Pig Market, France, by 1921
 * Southern Magnolia, private collection
 * Valley of the Delaware, oil on canvas, private collection
 * Vase with White Poppies, James A Michener Museum, Doyleston, Pennsylvania
 * A Villa on Lake Como, Italy, by 1921
 * Village Queen, by 1929
 * The Well Diggers, by 1929
 * Wine Shop, Quimperle, France, by 1921, James A Michener Museum, Doyleston, Pennsylvania
 * The Yacht Race

title: Mary Elizabeth Price


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Notre-Dame-de-Livaye

Notre-Dame-de-Livaye is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Notre-Dame-de-Livaye


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User:Vedanta

Vedanta is one of the world's most ancient religious philosophies and one of its broadest. Based on the Vedas, the sacred scriptures of India, Vedanta affirms the oneness of existence, the divinity of the soul, and the harmony of religions. Vedanta is the philosophical foundation of Hinduism; but while Hinduism includes aspects of Indian culture, Vedanta is universal in its application and is equally relevant to all countries, all cultures, and all religious backgrounds.

A closer look at the word "Vedanta" is revealing: "Vedanta" is a combination of two words: "Veda" which means "knowledge" and "anta" which means "the end of" or "the goal of." In this context the goal of knowledge isn't intellectual—the limited knowledge we acquire by reading books. "Knowledge" here means the knowledge of God as well as the knowledge of our own divine nature. Vedanta, then, is the search for Self-knowledge as well as the search for God.

What do we mean when we say God? According to Vedanta, God is infinite existence, infinite consciousness, and infinite bliss. The term for this impersonal, transcendent reality is Brahman, the divine ground of being. Yet Vedanta also maintains that God can be personal as well, assuming human form in every age.

Most importantly, God dwells within our own hearts as the divine Self or Atman. The Atman is never born nor will it ever die. Neither stained by our failings nor affected by the fluctuations of the body or mind, the Atman is not subject to our grief or despair or disease or ignorance. Pure, perfect, free from limitations, the Atman, Vedanta declares, is one with Brahman. The greatest temple of God lies within the human heart.

Vedanta further asserts that the goal of human life is to realize and manifest our divinity. Not only is this possible, it is inevitable. Our real nature is divine; God-realization is our birthright. Sooner or later, we will all manifest our divinity—either in this or in future lives—for the greatest truth of our existence is our own divine nature.

Finally, Vedanta affirms that all religions teach the same basic truths about God, the world, and our relationship to one another. Thousands of years ago the Rig Veda declared: "Truth is one, sages call it by various names." The world's religions offer varying approaches to God, each one true and valid, each religion offering the world a unique and irreplaceable path to God-realization. The conflicting messages we find among religions are due more to doctrine and dogma than to the reality of spiritual experience. While dissimilarities exist in the external observances of the world religions, the internals bear remarkable similarities.

title: User:Vedanta


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Noyers-Bocage

Noyers-Bocage is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Noyers-Missy, which became part of the new commune Val d'Arry on 1 January 2017.

title: Noyers-Bocage


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Olendon

Olendon is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Olendon


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Talk:Jonas Savimbi

Page needs work
This page still needs work. The most blatant POV has been removed, but the article still reads a little too pro Savimbi. The failure to take Cuito Cuanavale in 1988 showed that military victory in the conflict was near-impossible, and caused the apartheid government in South to re-evaluate its support too, playing a role in the end of apartheid two years later. UNITA's near-destruction in 1990 should also be mentioned. Greenman - 16/5/2004

 * "but the article still reads a little too pro Savimbi" Really true, half way through the article and i was obsolutely certain the article was written by someone who liked Savimbi. But, then again, turning down the electral result was not that positive.

Response: Savimbi's ultimate inability to win militarily seems adequately represented. Also, the support from South Africa, Ivory Coast, Zaire, etc. is interesting, but it was the U.S. support that elevated this conflict to international stature. The "government" of Angola also had support from some/many African nations; no need to reference all of them. Also, I suppose you can call Angola a "government," but it has held power by force, continues to reject elections, is generally autocratic/totalitarian, so the previous use of the word "regime" to describe it is not so off-base, but will let that stand.

Six years after the last comment on this, the article still has some characteristics of a "hagiography" and is, on the other hand, still influenced by Cold War reasoning. Also, it does not respect the "division of labour" that should exist between the different pages related to Angola (e.g. dealing with aspects that have their proper place in the article on UNITA. Aflis (talk) 18:39, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Tito Chingunji
The death of Tito Chingunji needs to be mentioned somewhere in this article.

 * It is. (Perhaps it was added since the above comment, which includes no date) - DavidWBrooks 21:18, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I added it right after it was mentioned. Everyking 01:38, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It seems to me that a more explicity reference should be made to the fact there were tens of thousands of Cuban troops in Angola, "advisors" is a Soviet Bloc euphemism.

Where is Namibia?
Strange not to see any reference to Namibia in the article on Savimbi. Namibia was involved in the Angolan war. Unita has launced attacks on Namibia and in one of them even tourists got killed while travelling in the Caprivi strip. In Namibia it is an open secret that Savimbi was actually killed by Namibian troops.

Additional comment: The article seems to have been re-edited to also remove any reference to South African support for UNITA and Savimbi. The SADF won many of the victories credited to UNITA - much as Cuban troops won many FAPLA victories. While the Cuban troops (NB: see comment below), there is now essentially NO reference to South African military support. Why is this? Although UNITA liked to pose as the "party of the Black African" they did not hesitate to accept arms, money and military support from the apartheid regime at its very worst.

While the additional comment is basically right, the observations concerning Namibia are off the mark. It is true that the Angolan ally of SWAPO was the MPLA, and that SWAPO had no sympathy for UNITA, not least because of the support UNITA had received from the apartheid regime. But neither was UNITA after 1975 ever in a position to "attack Namibia", nor did the MPLA regime, once in power, need military support from Namibia. NB: Why are the comment above not signed and dated?? Aflis (talk) 17:24, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Cuban "Advisors"
Shouldn't there be a more explicit reference should be made to the fact there were tens of thousands of Cuban troops in Angola? "Advisors" seems a euphemism.

I'd put it in myself, but I'm not sure on the exact number.

Additional comment: The exact number is not known and varied wildly over the course of the war, depending on Soviet funding. To be clear, these were not "advisors". Combat troops included artillery, mobile artillery, elite commando units and other ground troops. The Cubans also basically supplied Luanda with doctors and medical care following the departure of the Portuguese in 1975. As late as when I was there in the mid-1990s, the best private clinic in Luanda was the pink "Portuguese" clinic founded and largely staffed by Cubans.

Anti-communist maoist
I am troubled by the description of Savimbi as an anti-communist who was a Maoist supported by China. Would it be better to look at the entire Angola civil war as something other than a proxy for the US and the Soviet Union? Bronx educator 01:09, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * No. Perspicacite 13:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, by all means. It was a proxy war alright, but it was not just that. Its internal dynamics had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cold War. Also, Maoist China's support for UNITA was just one among several manifestation of disagreements between Paking and Moscow: nothing new there. Aflis (talk) 18:45, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Death
The introduction says he was assassinated, yet the article describes his death in battle. This contradiction needs to be cleared up. 17:29, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Savimbi, together with a small group of followers, had been chased by the Angolan army (including special commandos) for many weeks, in Eastern Angola. The group was finally spotted, came under fire, and all of them died. Aflis (talk) 17:31, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

sPAM e-MAIL
Hi All, this article is being cited in a spam e-mail (you know, the ones where somebody has to transfer massive amount of money, and they ask you to act as middle-man/woman in exchange for a cut of the money, often amounting to millions). Nothing we can do to stop this, but i though that if i made a comment here, then it might dissuade people that are actually considering being shafted by the spammers. Hope no-one minds. Best, Darigan (talk) 11:47, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Ideology
I think that the article should focus more on his ideology (or lack thereof) and the fact that UNITA wasn't initially an anti-communist rebel group. Savimbi went from proclaiming a people's war against the US imperialists and Portuguese colonialists while praising Mao and socialism, to posturing as an ardent foe of socialism. The latter, however, was only when dealing with the West. At home he presented his battles as against the Mestiço elite and against the MPLA's supposed pseudo-concern for the peasantry. He was a pretty impressive opportunist.

There are two online reads (neither in English) on Savimbi's ideology (though the latter is focused more on his overall life):
 * The article "A história secreta da ideologia da Unita," which can be found on AngoNotícias;
 * The article "'ЧЕРНЫЙ ПЕТУХ' АНГОЛЫ," which can be found on Africana.ru. --Ismail (Ismail) 01:39, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Wrong info?
3rd line: involvement of Peoples Republic of China. I thought it a bit weird that the Chinese communists would support something against communists and I am right: nothing about China (not even Republic of China) in link 1. I leave it to someone else to changes things, since I'm not into the subject. Scarabaeoid (talk) 23:45, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The world is not that straightforward - Savimbi was a socialist, and was for example also buying arms from Eastern Block countries.
 * Still, China is not mentioned in the link. I think additional sourcing is necessary. Scarabaeoid (talk) 15:38, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have added a source that specifically mentions Savimbi's early flirtation with Maoist China. There's a chronological issue not mentioned in the article - he didn't receive weapons from all of them all the time - it began with China. 16:05, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

China attacked the USSR as state-capitalist, social-imperialist, and revisionist. It didn't view it as a socialist state, and initially viewed Savimbi as an anti-imperialist fighter against Soviet imperialism. --Ismail (talk) 15:56, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Israelis and South Africans/British helped to kill Savimbi?
The following needs solid verification before it can be inserted: "- and, reportedly, South African mercenaries and Israeli special forces " -- it was the Cubans and Russians who helped the MPLA hunt down and kill Savimbi, how do the South Africans/British and Israelis get to kill him? IZAK (talk) 08:19, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * It is about time to stop the legends about the Civil War in Angola, including those related to Savimbi. While the MPLA badly needed miitary help from Cuba and the USSR, 1974/75 and (less and less so) into the 1990s, the "hunt for Savimbi" was the affair of the Angolan military (in part special commandos). I recommend reading the books by UNITA authors like Jardo Muekalia, Alcides Sakalala, and Samuel Chiwale - and the well researched bibliography on Savimbi that will be available by the end of the year (all books in Portuguese, published in Portugal, of course...).  Aflis (talk) 15:33, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi Aflis: The problem I saw with this claim was that it was based on one "source" that didn't go into the alleged "fact" really, just points out that mercenaries were used, but to put the blame of killing Savimbi at the feet of South Africans/British and Israelis (whose countries were supporting him) needs much stronger WP:VERIFY and WP:RS. IZAK (talk) 06:26, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Hello IZAK: Yes, I understood that this was your intention, and my remarks were really directed at the users who insist on this kind of spurious "information". I hope this point is now buried for good. By the way: South Africa supported UNITA while the Apartheid Regime was in place; the ANC was always in the side of the MPLA. Aflis (talk) 15:56, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Why remove the photo ?
The photo of Jeremias Chitunda and a CIA agent was removed because the photo was "not directly related to Savimbi" ... WHAT ? In a section of the article about Savimbi's Washington allies and the CIA assistance to UNITA, along with the paragraph that tells of Savimbi sending Chitunda to negotiate the run-off election where he was subsequently killed, you say it is not directly related to Savimbi ? It is related to Savimbi AND the article itself. And to then have a photo of Jeremias Chitunda with a CIA agent in Washington DC ... how rare is that !!! Then remove the photo ??? !!! Unbelievable ! Magooba Watusi (talk) 14:36, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Matters of fact
Whatever the feelings one has about actors and events in Angola, it is a fact that the Cubans stepped in in 1974 to save the MPLA from being crushed by FNLA & UNITA & their allies. It is also a fact that Savimbi opted for civil war after independence in 1975. Another fact is that, against strong opposition within UNITA, he prevented a conflict settlement from being achieved in the 1980s. Finally, after the regime change in Angola in 1991, the departure of the Cuban military, and the 1992 elections, he restarted the civil war because he did not accept the results of the elections. NB: The attitudes taken from 1975 onwards reflect, at least in part, the external support he received in a "Cold War" setting. -- Aflis (talk) 09:53, 11 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The MPLA held blatantly rigged elections in 1992, which were rejected by eight opposition parties. An official observer wrote that there was little UN supervision, that 500,000 UNITA voters were disenfranchised and that there were 100 clandestine polling stations.  UNITA sent peace negotiators to the capital, where the MPLA murdered them, along with 20,000 UNITA members.  Savimbi was still ready to continue the elections.  The MPLA then massacred tens of thousands of UNITA and FNLA voters nationwide.  He couldn't have accepted those results.  The only accurate point you make is that if nobody resisted communist slavery, then there would be "peace."  You're right; enough people were killed by 2002 that the rebels had to give up, so I guess foreign aid to them did prolong the conflict.  But you would think that the "genocidal atrocities," mass killing, and famine imposed by the MPLA deserve blame for provoking the revolt.  And, of course, if the dictatorship was indeed about to collapse; then it would be accurate to say that the Cubans prolonged the conflict.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 10:02, 11 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It wasn't because "enough people were killed by 2002" that UNITA stopped its senseless war; it took Savimbi himself being killed to end it. As a US State Department official stated in 1993, "UNITA is exactly like the Khmer Rouge: elections and negotiations are just one more method of fighting a war; power is all." Michael Radu (a supporter of UNITA during the 80s) wrote, "No one who has met UNITA's people could seriously believe that they fight for democracy." (Radu, The New Insurgencies, 1990, p. 64.) And the 1992 election's fairness was endorsed by the US government, the European Community, the actual UN mission in Angola supervising the elections, etc. You also bizarrely accuse the MPLA of "provoking the revolt" by its supposed domestic policies, even though UNITA and allied Apartheid troops were on the offensive against the MPLA even before Angola went independent. Not even your "communist slavery" remark makes any sense given that the MPLA had jettisoned Marxism-Leninism by the 1992 elections. --Ismail (talk) 02:40, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

Photos
The both photos make him look totally like some ridiculous cartoon character. Google Image search shows it was not really a case. It's pretty strange. --Niemti (talk) 11:19, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

"Dat nose" - trofronim reddit.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.184.157.188 (talk) 19:21, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

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Photo
I see someone mentioned this six years ago. The first photo should be replaced by one that seems less of a caricature. YoPienso (talk) 22:53, 16 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah it isn't the most flattering image. The problem, as is usual, is finding an image that isn't copyrighted. --Ismail (talk) 20:08, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

I found an image on commons that was copyright free and i think it looks better let me know! Er surgi (talk) 11:51, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'd say it's a clear improvement. I think ideally the lead photo should show him in military uniform, as that is how he was most often portrayed, but this copyright-free image is evidently the best there is at the moment. --Ismail (talk) 09:07, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jonas Savimbi


text:
Ondefontaine

Ondefontaine is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

title: Ondefontaine


text:
Hermann von Richthofen

Hermann Manfred Georg Freiherr von Richthofen, GCVO (20 November 1933 in Breslau – 17 July 2021 in Berlin) was a German diplomat. He was a great nephew of Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron".

He was ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1989 to 1993, and his name and relation to the Red Baron (see Richthofen family) made him a media favourite. He was later permanent representative of Germany to NATO from 1993 to 1998.

Hermann von Richthofen was married and had three children with his wife.

Hermann Freiherr von Richthofen was awarded an honorary LLD by Birmingham University in 2000.

Career history

 * 1955-58: Studied law at the Universities in Heidelberg, Munich and Bonn
 * 1958: First law degree
 * 1963: Second law degree
 * 1963: Dr. Jur. (PhD Law). Joined German diplomatic service on graduation
 * 1965-66: Federal German Foreign Office Desk Officer in Legal Directorate-General
 * 1966-68: Embassy Saigon Desk Officer for Humanitarian Aid
 * 1968-70: Embassy Jakarta Labour Attaché and Desk Officer in Legal and Consular Section and Political Section
 * 1970-74: Federal Foreign Office Desk Officer in Legal Directorate-General
 * 1974: Deputy Head of Section for International Law
 * 1975-78: Federal Chancellery Head of Section in Political Department of the Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany in Berlin (East)
 * 1978-80: Federal Foreign Office Head of Department in Political Directorate-General
 * 1980-86: Federal Chancellery Head of Working Unit "Deutschland-Politik"
 * 1986: Federal Foreign Office Deputy Under Secretary, Director-General for Legal Affairs and Special Adviser on International Law
 * 1986-1988: Federal Foreign Office Deputy Under Secretary (Political Director)
 * 1989-1993: Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Court of St. James's
 * 1993-1998: permanent representative of Germany to NATO, Brussels

title: Hermann von Richthofen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wooriginal

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Wooriginal.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Just a word invented on some Japanese BBS. Not notable. Meelar 18:49, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.... I can't even tell what the word is supposed to mean. --Starx 19:47, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. According to the article, the bulletin board on which it was created is only five years old itself. No Google hits, surprisingly. Andrewa 20:14, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. RickK 20:53, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - needs more support to be a justifiable article - Tεx τ urε 20:54, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article is totally incoherent and the word is apparently a recently-forged neologism. DO'Neil 21:27, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Um... what? Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 21:33, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Poorly-written, as well as a name that nobody not under the influence of drugs would look up. Delete.Beelzebubs 03:16, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Integrate into 2ch. Ashibaka ✎ 06:17, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Lucky 6.9 16:34, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought that the best solution is move this article to "List of 2ch-related terms" and arrange style (and POV) for a section. If do so, explanation of "Abone"(deletion), "Cap"(Identification mechanism), "Trip"(Self-Identification), and other 2ch-related words will be able to be added. ja.PiaCarrot 10:59, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Leonard J. Arrington

Leonard James Arrington (July 2, 1917 – February 11, 1999) was an American author, academic and the founder of the Mormon History Association. He is known as the "Dean of Mormon History" and "the Father of Mormon History" because of his many influential contributions to the field. Since 1842, he was the first non-general authority Church Historian for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church),  from 1972 to 1982, and was director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History from 1982 until 1986.

Arrington grew up in a large family in Idaho, where he and his family were members of the LDS Church. After high school, he studied agricultural economics at the University of Idaho and continued studying economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While teaching at the Utah State Agricultural College in Logan, Utah, Harvard University Press published his book Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900 in 1958. After a Fulbright professorship at the University of Genoa in Italy, Arrington raised funds to pay for research and writing on LDS (Mormon) biographies. He taught Western American History at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1972 to 1987.

In conjunction with his teaching appointment at BYU, Arrington was also appointed as the first Church Historian for the LDS Church from 1972 to 1982. It was the first time a professional historian was given this job. Arrington and his team of researchers, forming the church Historical Department, began many projects to document LDS Church history, ranging from articles for the church's official magazine to scholarly books written for a non-LDS audience. The Historical Department was not subject to the church's Correlation Program and enjoyed some freedom of research. However, over time, various church members and apostles disliked the historical articles. The new director of the Historical Department, G. Homer Durham, required that all publications go through him and halted the hiring of new employees. In 1982, the LDS Church released Arrington as Church Historian and transferred the History Division to BYU, creating the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History. Arrington published over 20 books and articles, including several biographies, with the help of many research assistants.

Arrington donated his research and personal papers to Utah State University, and also donated microfilms of his pre-1982 diaries to the LDS Church Archives, with the condition that the diaries not be read until 25 years after his death. However, the LDS Church broke the agreement when shortly after Arrington's death they argued that they owned part of the collection, and asked Arrington's daughter to excise portions of Arrington's diary. After legal negotiation, half of a box of the collection was given to the LDS Church Archives.

Early life
Leonard Arrington was born in Twin Falls, Idaho on July 2, 1917, the third of eleven children. His parents, Noah and Edna, were farmers and devout Latter-day Saints, the most well-known branch of Mormonism. Arrington grew up as an aspiring farmer and active member and one of the first national officers of the National FFA Organization. For his FFA independent project, he raised several hundred Rhode Island Red chickens and won a prize for them at the Idaho State Fair in 1934. The chicken project helped him win a Union Pacific Railroad scholarship.

Arrington was also a member of the Boy Scouts and read books by Ernest Thompson Seton, naturalist co-founder of the Boy Scouts. In the summers, he slept outside in the family orchard to have a quiet place to read and enjoyed an idyllic country life. On one evening observing nature, Arrington had a transcendent experience where he felt "an intimate kinship with the world" which he said "made it easy for me [...] to integrate personal religious experiences and intuitions with the more formal affirmations, practices, forms, and ceremonies of the organized church."

During the Great Depression, Arrington was curious about the price of potatoes and set about his first economic experiment. He put slips of paper in some of the sacks of potatoes his family harvested, with the information that the potatoes were sold for five cents per hundred pound sack, and requested that the recipient tell him the price they paid via his address. Several people responded, and one person had paid two dollars for the same sack of potatoes.

Education
Arrington's father offered to pay for Arrington to serve as an LDS missionary, but not for a university education. Arrington did not serve an LDS mission, but considered his educational endeavors a form of church service. Under a scholarship to the University of Idaho, Arrington studied agricultural science in 1935, later changing to agricultural economics. George S. Tanner, the director of the LDS Institute at the University of Idaho, was a progressive intellectual Mormon who taught Arrington that Christianity and science could be compatible and that other translations of the Bible could assist in its interpretation. One of the university's newest economics professors, Erwin Graue, taught the ideas of Alfred Marshall and influenced Arrington to see economics as a study of human relationships and not just mathematical economic forces. Marshall wrote that religious fervor could influence people to act altruistically.

Arrington graduated cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa in 1939. Arrington then began graduate work under a Kenan teaching fellowship at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. and married Grace Fort in 1942. Grace joined the LDS Church in 1946.

In World War II, he served in the Army in North Africa and Italy from 1942 to 1945. He worked in the prisoner-of-war processing division and for Italy's Institute of Statistics. While stationed at a Prisoner-of-war camp for Italian prisoners in North Africa, Arrington reported having another transcendent experience after reading The Brothers Karamazov. He reported feeling that God wanted him to become a teacher and a writer about religion and economics.

Academic career
He was a professor at Utah State Agricultural College in Logan, Utah (which became Utah State University in 1957) from 1946 to 1972. He completed a PhD in economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1952, taking a year's leave from teaching and moving to North Carolina to complete his coursework. Arrington easily completed the coursework and examinations, as he had already been teaching much of the material, and published several articles in the meantime.

In 1958, Harvard University Press published Arrington's Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900, based on his doctoral dissertation, Mormon Economic Policies and Their Implementation on the Western Frontier, 1847–1900. Great Basin Kingdom was published through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, which subsidized publication of books about economic history. Under the grant, all royalties went back into the fund to help publish more books; Arrington did not receive royalties from the book until the University of Utah reprinted it in 1993.

Arrington completed much of the research for Great Basin Kingdom in the LDS Church library archives. Aware of the LDS Church Archives's hostile relationship with academic research at the time, Arrington took John A. Widtsoe's advice and started his research with published materials and theses, working up to unpublished materials. Arrington was able to circumvent A. William Lund's policy of personally approving all notes taken in the archives: Arrington took his notes on a typewriter using carbon copy paper, enabling him to leave a copy with Lund and take his own copy home. In order to rewrite his dissertation into Great Basin Kingdom, Arrington took a sabbatical 1956–1957 and was granted a fellowship at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California.

In Great Basin Kingdom, Arrington traces the Mormon pioneer practices of "central planning, organized cooperation, and the partial socialization of investment implicit in Mormon theory" to the democratic theory of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Arrington also noted that pioneers found religious significance in creating farms out of previously wild land, making irrigation central to their way of life. The way Mormons freely distributed irrigation water—through a central canal and diverted when needed—reflected their communal values. While the Mormon cooperative economy died out in the 1880s, their cooperative spirit anticipated later governmental planning. Great Basin Kingdom ' s thorough documentation called attention to previously hidden sources in the LDS Church Archives. Dean L. May and Donald Worster criticized Great Basin Kingdom for overreaching its thesis that organized irrigation could rejuvenate a culture. One biographer attributes Arrington's overvaluing Mormon achievements to a lack of empirical studies on pioneer settlements at the time. Still, the book was received as an instant classic that raised the standard for Mormon scholarship. Dale L. Morgan, though critical of the lack of attention to the Gentile (i.e., non-Mormon) influence on Mormons, said that it was an indispensable ordering of Mormon data. The book is still considered one of the significant books on Mormon history.

From 1958 to 1959, he was a Fulbright Professor of American Economics at the University of Genoa in Italy. After returning from Italy, Arrington arranged for donations from patrons to fund the writing of Mormon biographies. Much of these biographies were researched and written by graduate students and other assistants, but published under Arrington's name with acknowledgements of the student work. Also in 1959, Arrington wrote an article featured in the first issue of BYU Studies entitled "An Economic Interpretation of 'The Word of Wisdom.'" The article argued that Brigham Young's enforcement of the Word of Wisdom as a commandment was motivated by a desire to keep cash inside Utah (and not spent on luxury imports). BYU Studies was suspended for a year, which Ernest L. Wilkinson told Arrington was because of his revisionist history paper.

From 1966 to 1967 he worked as a visiting professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles. From 1972 to 1987 he was Lemuel H. Redd Jr. Professor of Western American History at BYU. In 1977, he received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Idaho (his alma mater), and in 1982 Utah State University awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Humanities degree.

Historical associations
Arrington helped establish the Mormon History Association in 1965 and served as its first president from 1966 to 1967. After Arrington's article caused the suspension of BYU studies, BYU Studies was wary of publishing any controversial material. Arrington formed the Mormon History Association in part to make a place where controversial material could be discussed. The association welcomed anyone with an interest in Mormon history. Wesley Johnson attended the inaugural meeting, and proposed that the association could publish Mormon studies articles in Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, a publication he helped form. Johnson's proposal was accepted and members of the Mormon History Association submitted papers to Dialogue.

Arrington also founded the Western Historical Quarterly and served as president of the Western History Association (1968–69), the Agricultural History Society (1969–70), and the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association (1981–82). For his distinction in writing American history he was awarded the Western History Association Prize in 1984 and he was made a Fellow of the Society of American Historians in 1986.

Appointment
N. Eldon Tanner was made second counselor to the president of the LDS Church, David O. McKay, in 1963. Tanner met with the director of the BYU library at the time, S. Lyman Tyler, to coordinate LDS historians' work with the LDS Church Archives. Arrington began attending these meetings in 1966.

After McKay died in 1970, the LDS Church Historian Joseph Fielding Smith succeeded him as church President. This left the position of official Church Historian—which was traditionally held by a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles—vacant. Apostle Howard W. Hunter was chosen as the next Church Historian, and he formed a committee of prominent Mormon historians to discuss reorganizing the church history department. As part of this reorganization, Arrington was appointed official Church Historian of The LDS Church, replacing Howard W. Hunter, in January 1972. At the same time, Arrington was appointed as "Lemuel H. Redd Professor of Western History" and Founding Director of the "Charles Redd Center for Western Studies" at BYU; his historian position was funded half by the church and half by BYU. The Church Historian's Office was transformed into the church's Historical Department, and Arrington was made director of its research-oriented History Division. It was the first time a professional historian rather than an administrator was given a church historian position. He hired Jim Allen and Davis Bitton as assistant church historians, whose positions were also funded half by the church and half by their universities.

Arrington and his assistants were supported by a team of editors, administrative assistants, research historians, oral history experts, and student interns. It was common for many individuals to work on a project; generally the principal author was listed in the article's byline, but sometimes Arrington's name was used to lend a publication authority. As a supervisor, Arrington was not a skillful bureaucrat, and junior staffers complained about their exclusion from decision-making and a lack of communication, which Arrington tried to ameliorate. Richard Bushman, a prominent Mormon historian, suggested that Arrington commission a multivolume history of the church, written mostly by scholars outside the history division staff. William Hartley, Gordon Irving, and Gary Shumway began an oral history program, funded by a grant from the descendants of James Moyle, a Utah politician. A summer research fellowship offered $1000 for outside scholars to use the LDS Church Archives for projects on Mormon history. Eugene England Sr. also donated money to support projects that Arrington deemed especially important. Additionally, a special Mormon History Trust Fund was formed from individual donations, including royalties donated by staff members.

The Story of the Latter-day Saints
During his time in the office, Arrington sponsored authors to write academic LDS Church histories. Among the best known works from this "New Mormon History" were two general Church histories, one aimed at LDS Church members, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, and one for interested outsiders, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints. Arrington also granted liberal access to church archival material to both Mormon and non-Mormon scholars. Arrington continued to professionalize the archives with the systematic cataloging started by Joseph Fielding Smith. This era is sometimes referred to as "Camelot" due to its open and idealistic ethos. The division's output was not subject to the LDS Church's Correlation Program. The Correlation Program edited officially published church materials, like instruction manuals and magazines, to ensure that they presented a consistent message that LDS Church authorities agreed on. Arrington, Bitton, Allen, and Maureen Beecher served as a reading committee for the division's writings in place of formal Correlation approval. Arrington wanted to avoid the Correlation Program, stating that "I do not think we could determine the truth of what had happened in history by having the Quorum of the Twelve vote on it."

Mounting resistance
The open and idealistic ethos did not last. The History Division's immediate supervisors, Joseph Anderson and G. Homer Durham, failed to defend the division. Spies within the department, under the instruction of Mark E. Petersen, compiled what they believed to be heretical statements and passed them along to the Twelve Apostles and ultimately the offender's bishop (local ecclesiastical authority). In a meeting with the First Presidency in 1973, LDS Church President Harold B. Lee rejected proposals for a student research award and for a Friends of the Church History organization. Lee preferred that researchers clear sensitive archive research topics like polygamy with the First Presidency ahead of time. Staff historian D. Michael Quinn published an article in the LDS Church magazine, the Ensign, exploring the origins of the office of presiding bishop, and asserted that Edward Partridge was not the first incumbent. Although Quinn's research was correct, space in the Ensign did not permit a complete documentation of Quinn's research, and some readers felt the article insulted Partridge's memory. Apostle Spencer W. Kimball suggested that Arrington submit an apology to readers; Arrington sent a message to the publisher with his regrets that the article's format was unfortunate.

While many readers praised the division's publications, some members criticized the new histories. In a meeting with institute teachers, Ezra Taft Benson, then president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, obliquely criticized some of the terms used in The Story of the Latter-day Saints, like "primitivist" and "communitarian". After the publication of Dean C. Jessee's Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons, apostle Boyd K. Packer wrote a letter to the First Presidency objecting to the inclusion of Young's tobacco use and the fact that his descendants were unhappy with the way Young's will was carried out. Packer preferred that a sanitized version be published and believed that the History Division's work ought to be sent through the Correlation Program. However, church president Spencer W. Kimball found The Story of the Latter-day Saints a "great work". A University of Utah undergraduate wrote a research paper connecting the New Mormon History coming from the Church Division with secularism and the work of anti-Mormon historians Jerald and Sandra Tanner. The paper quoted interviews with Mormon historians that were very unlikely to have been real. A copy of the paper reached the Quorum of the Twelve via Mark E. Petersen, and as a result of the ensuing discussion, several LDS historians were barred from publishing in church sources. Other critics were similarly non-confrontational, but had enough influence to constrain and redirect the historical department.

G. Homer Durham, a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, replaced Joseph Anderson as director of the Historical Department in 1977 and began restraining the History Division's activity. Durham required that all manuscripts go through him for approval before publication. He attempted to combine the Mormon History Trust Fund with the general department budget, but was prevented by Arrington. Durham also refrained from hiring new staff members to replace staff who had left. The multi-volume church history project was dropped, allowing the outside authors to seek publishers other than Deseret Book who would give them royalties and not be tempted to sanitize church history. Not all twelve authors completed their projects, but many books that started from the History Division project were later published through other publishers.

Departure
The church transferred its History Division to BYU in 1982, bringing the era of open LDS Church Archives to a close. Working in a new BYU division, the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History, brought Arrington into a more static situation, as he no longer divided his time between Church Headquarters and BYU. In February 1982, he was privately released as Church Historian and director of the History Division. These positions were assumed by Durham, who said that moving the team would save them from the increasing hostility from the Twelve Apostles. At the April 1982 General Conference, the change was not formally announced and Arrington did not receive the traditional vote of thanks for his service.

In March 1982, Arrington's wife Grace died. Arrington married Harriet Horne, granddaughter of Alice Merrill Horne, in November 1983. Arrington continued on as director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History until 1986 and he retired in 1987. In 2005, the Institute was closed and the department's historians were returned to LDS Church Headquarters.

Other writings
Roland Rich Woolley, lawyer for several Hollywood celebrities, funded three biographies by Arrington. The first was a biography of Woolley's father-in-law, William Spry. Woolley first hired popular writer William L. Roper to write the biography, but as the manuscript lacked professionalism, Roper hired Arrington to complete it. The biography focuses disproportionately on Spry's decision to execute Joe Hill, reflecting Woolley's conservative politics in suppressing labor radicalism.

Woolley's choice of subjects for two additional biographies were his grandfathers Charles C. Rich and Edwin D. Woolley. With these biographies, Woolley gave Arrington complete control over the manuscripts. As Arrington was busy with university commitments at the time, he delegated much of the work to other historians, former students, and administrative assistants. The sources on Rich did not provide any introspection or motives for Rich's actions, and his biography had to focus on the events Rich experienced and his faithfulness, deduced from his actions. Edwin Wooley's letters and personal documents were more personable, and his role as financial adviser to Brigham Young made him a more fruitful subject for biography. Rebecca Cornwall wrote most of the book, and Arrington requested that she be named a co-author, but Woolley insisted that only Arrington's name be in the book's byline. From Quaker to Latter-day Saint: Bishop Edwin D. Woolley reflect's Cornwall's literary elegance and boldness in "informed speculation".

Another wealthy family, the Eccles, commissioned Arrington to write a biography of David Eccles, a millionaire who helped form the industrial economy in Utah. David Eccles was a polygamist, and the descendants of his two wives, Bertha Jensen in Ogden and Ellen Stoddard in Logan, did not agree about how the biography should be written. Nora Harrison from the Logan part of the family originally commissioned the biography, but did not own enough material for the necessary research. Cleone Eccles, David's daughter-in-law from the Ogden side of the family, wanted a biography that focused on only positive things about David Eccles, while Harrison wanted a professional, scholarly work. In order to access Cleone Eccles's collection of David Eccles's manuscripts, Harrison agreed to give Cleone the right to make alterations to the text. Arrington employed JoAnn Bair to do the research and first drafts of the work. Harrison was unhappy with the manuscript and paid their neighbor and writer Wallace Stegner to critique the manuscript; his 15-page guidelines advised the writer to engage the reader through cliffhangers, flashbacks, and speculation. Stegner also found the manuscript too gentle on David Eccles's fraudulent business dealings. To appease Harrison, Arrington had Maureen Ursenbach Beecher improve the manuscript's literary style, but the final biography still lacked real criticism of Eccles's business practices.

Spencer W. Kimball suggested that Arrington write a serious biography of Brigham Young, and Arrington paid assistants for the project out of his own pocket, possibly to insulate it from donor influences. Arrington wrote the in-depth biography with help from many of his associates at the History Division. One of Arrington's biographers, Gary Topping, praised the research in Brigham Young: American Moses, but criticized its lack of psychological depth, missing the opportunity to re-examine the Mountain Meadows massacre and how Young's wives were treated.

Arrington also worked on biographies for Harold Silver, Madelyn Silver, and Charles Redd, with funding from their respective families. Arrington also worked on a biography for Alice Merrill Horne.

During research on his dissertation, Arrington found a manuscript from 1946 by Feramorz Fox about Mormon communitarianism. Arrington found the manuscript fascinatingly free of Marxist thought and together with Dean L. May, revised and expanded the manuscript under the title Building the City of God: Community and Cooperation among the Mormons. Deseret Book published the book in 1976. The book was received poorly at LDS Church Headquarters; Deseret Book was not allowed to reprint the book and Church News was not permitted to review it. Fellow historians found the book well-researched but too willing to give Mormonism credit for modern welfare programs.

Death and legacy
Arrington remained an active and devoted member of the LDS Church throughout his life. In 1982, his wife Grace Fort died, and in 1983 Arrington was remarried to Harriett Ann Horne. On February 11, 1999 at the age of 81, Arrington died of heart failure at his home in Salt Lake City.

Starting in 1999 after his death, the Mormon History Association created the annual Leonard J. Arrington Award, awarded for distinguished and meritorious service to Mormon history. In 2002 he was posthumously awarded the first annual Lifetime Achievement Award by the John Whitmer Historical Association. In 2005, Utah State University created the Leonard J. Arrington Chair in Mormon History and Culture, which was sponsored by more than 45 donors. This chair is the first position at a public institution specifically for the study of Mormon history and culture. In Fall 2007, this chair was first filled by Philip Barlow. The university hosts the Leonard J. Arrington Mormon History Lecture Series, in which Arrington himself gave the inaugural lecture in 1995.

The Leonard Arrington Papers
Prior to his death, Arrington's long history and family ties influenced his decision to donate his papers to Utah State University. After the papers opened to the public in October 2001, a small group of Church Historical Department staff began reading through the collection for over three weeks. Thereafter, a law firm (Kirton and McConkie) hired by the Church Historical Department claimed the church owned up to 60% of the materials in the Arrington Papers due to their relevance to Arrington's tenure as Church Historian, which would have been approximately 400,000 of the 700,000 items in the collection. Kirton and McConkie issued an injunction against using the Arrington Papers' use, and in early November 2001 a lawsuit seemed possible. However, Gordon B. Hinckley, church president, shifted the interaction toward negotiation when he called USU president Kermit Hall and assured him the church would issue no lawsuits. During the course of negotiations, the church revised its request to about 200,000 items. However, USU archivists believed the church could claim ownership only over the Council of Twelve minutes in the papers, less than one-half of one-percent of the total collection.

The church eventually agreed to accepting that amount when it came out during the course of negotiations that church staff had read portions of Arrington's diary. In addition to giving the originals of his diaries to USU, Arrington had given microfilm of his diary from his boyhood until 1982 to the Church Archives, but with the condition that his diaries not be read until 25 years after his death. However, shortly after Arrington's death, a general authority asked Arrington's daughter, Susan Madsen, to excise 40 entries from her father's diary; Arrington's family concluded church staff had read his journals before the request time had elapsed and without proper permission. George Daines, the Arrington family attorney, explained that the family had grounds to take legal action against the LDS Church, and the negotiations soon ended with the church accepting the Arrington family's terms. Arrington's family agreed to give the LDS Church some of the materials, including minutes to meetings with the Twelve Apostles and materials related to the temple ceremony. As for the 40 diary entries, the church dropped the request after an unnamed apostle read the chosen entries and concluded they were unproblematic.

Before his passing, Arrington's children convinced their father to decrease the amount of time before making his diaries available from 25 years to 10 years. The diaries were made available in September 2010 at Utah State University. Arrington's collection of papers at Utah State's Merrill-Crazier Library adds up to 319 linear feet. It has been regarded as "one of the most important archival sources on twentieth-century Mormon history."

Published works
The following is only a partial list of Arrington's published works. For a list that is complete up to 1979, see the "Bibliography of Leonard James Arrington" published by the academic journal Dialogue in 1978.

 * Books

 * Articles

Awards

 * Great Basin Kingdom (1958)
 * Award of Merit (American Association for State and Local History)
 * Best First Book (Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association)

 * "The Search for Truth and Meaning in Mormon History" (1968), article in Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
 * Best Article Award (Mormon History Association)

 * "Intolerable Zion: The Image of Mormonism in Nineteenth-Century American Literature" (1968), article in Western Humanities Review
 * Best Article Award (Mormon History Association)

 * Building the City of God (1976)
 * Best Book Award (Mormon History Association)

 * The Mormon Experience (1979)
 * Best Book Award (Mormon History Association)

 * Brigham Young: American Moses (1985)
 * Best Book Award (Mormon History Association)
 * Evans Biography Award (Utah State University)
 * Nominated, National Book Critics Circle Award

 * Adventures of a Church Historian (1998)
 * Special citation (Mormon History Association)

Archival materials

 * Leonard J. Arrington letters, MSS 7667 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
 * Leonard J. Arrington Historical Archives at Utah State University

title: Leonard J. Arrington


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Aurignacian

The Aurignacian is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. The Upper Paleolithic developed in Europe some time after the Levant, where the Emiran period and the Ahmarian period form the first periods of the Upper Paleolithic, corresponding to the first stages of the expansion of Homo sapiens out of Africa. They then migrated to Europe and created the first European culture of modern humans, the Aurignacian.

The Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian stages are dated between about 43,000 and 37,000 years ago. The Aurignacian proper lasted from about 37,000 to 33,000 years ago. A Late Aurignacian phase transitional with the Gravettian dates to about 33,000 to 26,000 years ago. The type site is the Cave of Aurignac, Haute-Garonne, south-west France. The main preceding period is the Mousterian of the Neanderthals.

One of the oldest examples of figurative art, the Venus of Hohle Fels, comes from the Aurignacian or Proto-Gravettian and is dated to between 40,000 and 35,000 years ago (though now earlier figurative art may be known, see Lubang Jeriji Saléh). It was discovered in September 2008 in a cave at Schelklingen in Baden-Württemberg in western Germany. The German Lion-man figure is given a similar date range.

A "Levantine Aurignacian" culture is known from the Levant, with a type of blade technology very similar to the European Aurignacian, following chronologically the Emiran and Early Ahmarian in the same area of the Near East, and also closely related to them. The Levantine Aurignacian may have preceded European Aurignacian, but there is a possibility that the Levantine Aurignacian was rather the result of reverse influence from the European Aurignacian: this remains unsettled.

Main characteristics

The Aurignacians are part of the wave of anatomically modern humans thought to have spread from Africa through the Near East into Paleolithic Europe, and became known as European early modern humans, or Cro-Magnons. This wave of anatomically modern humans includes fossils of the Ahmarian, Bohunician, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, extending throughout the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), covering the period of roughly 48,000 to 15,000 years ago. In terms of population, the Aurignacian cultural complex is chronologically associated with the human remains of Goyet Q116-1, while the subsequent Gravettian is associated with the Vestonice cluster.

The Aurignacian tool industry is characterized by worked bone or antler points with grooves cut in the bottom. Their flint tools include fine blades and bladelets struck from prepared cores rather than using crude flakes. The people of this culture also produced some of the earliest known cave art, such as the animal engravings at Trois Freres and the paintings at Chauvet cave in southern France. They also made pendants, bracelets, and ivory beads, as well as three-dimensional figurines. Perforated rods, thought to be spear throwers or shaft wrenches, also are found at their sites.

Art
Aurignacian figurines have been found depicting faunal representations of the time period associated with now-extinct mammals, including mammoths, rhinoceros, and tarpan, along with anthropomorphized depictions that may be interpreted as some of the earliest evidence of religion.

Many 35,000-year-old animal figurines were discovered in the Vogelherd Cave in Germany. One of the horses, amongst six tiny mammoth and horse ivory figures found previously at Vogelherd, was sculpted as skillfully as any piece found throughout the Upper Paleolithic. The production of ivory beads for body ornamentation was also important during the Aurignacian. The famous paintings in Chauvet cave date from this period.

Typical statuettes consist of women that are called Venus figurines. They emphasize the hips, breasts, and other body parts associated with fertility. Feet and arms are lacking or minimized. One of the most ancient figurines is the Venus of Hohle Fels, discovered in 2008 in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany. The figurine has been dated to 35,000 years ago and is the earliest known, undisputed example of a depiction of a human being in prehistoric art. The Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel, found in the Hohlenstein-Stadel cave of Germany's Swabian Alb and dated to 40,000 years ago, is the oldest known anthropomorphic animal figurine in the world.

Aurignacian finds include bone flutes. The oldest undisputed musical instrument was the Hohle Fels Flute discovered in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany's Swabian Alb in 2008. The flute is made from a vulture's wing bone perforated with five finger holes, and dates to approximately 35,000-40,000 years ago. A flute was also found at the Abri Blanchard in southwestern France.

Tools
Stone tools from the Aurignacian culture are known as Mode 4, characterized by blades (rather than flakes, typical of mode 2 Acheulean and mode 3 Mousterian) from prepared cores. Also seen throughout the Upper Paleolithic is a greater degree of tool standardization and the use of bone and antler for tools. Based on the research of scraper reduction and paleoenvironment, the early Aurignacian group moved seasonally over greater distances to procure reindeer herds within cold and open environments than those of the earlier tool cultures.

Population

A 2019 demographic analysis estimated a mean population of 1,500 persons (upper limit: 3,300; lower limit: 800) for western and central Europe during the Aurignacian period (~42,000 to 33,000 y cal BP).

A 2005 study estimated the population of Upper Palaeolithic Europe from 40–30 thousand years ago was 1,738–28,359 (average 4,424).

Association with modern humans
The sophistication and self-awareness demonstrated in the work led archaeologists to consider the makers of Aurignacian artifacts the first modern humans in Europe. Human remains and Late Aurignacian artifacts found in juxtaposition support this inference. Although finds of human skeletal remains in direct association with Proto-Aurignacian technologies are scarce in Europe, the few available are also probably modern human. The best dated association between Aurignacian industries and human remains are those of at least five individuals from the Mladeč caves in the Czech Republic, dated by direct radiocarbon measurements of the skeletal remains to at least 31,000–32,000 years old.

At least three robust, but typically anatomically-modern, individuals from the Peștera cu Oase cave in Romania, were dated directly from the bones to ca. 35,000–36,000 BP. Although not associated directly with archaeological material, these finds are within the chronological and geographical range of the Early Aurignacian in southeastern Europe. On genetic evidence it has been argued that both Aurignacian and the Dabba culture of North Africa came from an earlier big game hunting Levantine Aurignacian culture of the Levant.

Genetics
In a genetic study published in Nature in May 2016, the remains of an early Aurignacian individual, Goyet Q116-1 from modern-day Belgium, were examined. He belonged to the paternal haplogroup C1a and the maternal haplogroup M. Haplogroups identified in other Aurignacian samples are the paternal haplogroups C1b and K2a; and mt-DNA haplogroup N, R, and U.

The Aurignacian material culture is associated with the expansion of 'early West Eurasians' during the Upper-Paleolithic, replacing or merging with previous Initial Upper Paleolithic cultures to which possibly relates the European Châtelperronian.

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Europe

 * Cave of Aurignac
 * Bacho Kiro cave
 * Chauvet Cave
 * Hohle Fels
 * Potok Cave

Near-East

 * Ksar Akil
 * HaYonim Cave

Asia
Lebanon/Palestine/Israel region

 * Contained within a stratigraphic column, along with other cultures.

Siberia

 * Many sites in Siberia including around Lake Baikal, the Ob River valley, and Minusinsk.

title: Aurignacian


text: User talk:68.45.217.209

title: User talk:68.45.217.209


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User:Cyb~enwiki

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title: User:Cyb~enwiki


text:
United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. It has jurisdiction over non-defense federal scientific research and development. More specifically, the committee has complete jurisdiction over the following federal agencies: NASA, NSF, NIST, and the OSTP. The committee also has authority over R&D activities at the Department of Energy, the EPA, FAA, NOAA, the DOT, the NWS, the DHS and the U.S. Fire Administration.

History
In the wake of the Soviet Sputnik program in the late 1950s, Congress created the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration on 05 March 1958, chaired by majority leader John William McCormack. This select committee drafted the National Aeronautics and Space Act that created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A staff report of the committee, the Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications, provided non-technical information about spaceflight to U.S. policy makers.

The committee also chartered the permanent House Committee on Science and Astronautics, which officially began on January 3, 1959, and was the first new standing committee established in the House since 1946. The name was changed in 1974 to the House Committee on Science and Technology. The name was changed again in 1987 to the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. After the Republican Party gained a majority in Congress in 1994, the name of the committee was changed to the House Committee on Science. With the return of control to the Democrats in 2007, the committee's name was changed back to the House Committee on Science and Technology.

During the 112th Congress, which was in session from 2011-2013, Committee Chairman Ralph Hall added "Space" back into the committee's name: "The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology" – a nod to the committee's history, broad jurisdiction, and the importance of space exploration in maintaining American innovation and competitiveness.

Members, 118th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (R),  (D),  (D),  (R),  (D),  (D)

Committee chairs, 1959–present
Chairmen since 1959
 * Overton Brooks (LA), 1959–1961
 * George P. Miller (CA), 1961–1973
 * Olin E. Teague (TX), 1973–1978
 * Don Fuqua (FL), 1979–1987
 * Robert A. Roe (NJ), 1987–1991
 * George Brown, Jr. (CA), 1991–1995
 * Robert Smith Walker (PA), 1995–1997
 * Jim Sensenbrenner (WI), 1997–2001
 * Sherwood Boehlert (NY), 2001–2007
 * Bart Gordon (TN), 2007–2011
 * Ralph Hall (TX), 2011–2013
 * Lamar S. Smith (TX), 2013–2019
 * Eddie Bernice Johnson (TX), 2019–2023
 * Frank Lucas (OK), 2023–present

117th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R),  (D),  (D),  (R),  (R)

 * Subcommittees

116th Congress
Sources: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R),  (D),  (R),  (R),  (R),  (D),  (R)

There were five subcommittees in the 116th Congress.
 * Subcommittees


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Ferrari 612 Scaglietti

The Ferrari 612 Scaglietti (Type F137) is an executive 2+2 coupé grand tourer manufactured by the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari between 2004 and 2011. It was designed to replace the smaller 456; its larger size makes it a true 4-seater with adequate space in the rear seats for adults.

The design, especially the large side scallops and the headlights, pays homage to the 375 MM built in 1954, which director Roberto Rossellini commissioned for his wife, Ingrid Bergman.

Chassis
The 612 is Ferrari's second all-aluminium vehicle, the first being the 360 Modena. Its space frame, manufactured in collaboration with Alcoa, is made from extrusions and castings of the material, and the aluminium body is then welded on. The chassis of the 612 formed the basis of the 599 GTB flagship grand tourer.

Engine
The 612 Scaglietti shares its engine with the 575 Superamerica - despite the name's suggestion that it is a six-litre V12 the displacement is actually 5748 cc. The engine has a compression ratio of 11:1 and enables the car to attain a top speed of 320 kph and allows it to accelerate from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 4 seconds.

Transmissions
Two choices of transmissions were available on the 612, a 6-speed manual or the 6-speed automated manual paddle shift transmission designated the F1A, a much refined version of the F1 transmission used in the 360. The gearbox is built by Graziano Trasmissioni.

612 HGT-S and 612 HGT-C
There is not much public knowledge about the 612, but from 2006 the "pre-OTO" versions could be specced with the Handling Gran Turismo Sport or Handling Gran Turismo Competizione packages. They include new calibration settings for the shock absorbers and the gearbox that was 150ms faster as a result (the gearbox had a mode called F1-S instead of the auto mode). The package also includes polished exhaust grilles. Both packages were coming with the factory sport exhaust to produce a more marked and thrilling sound. The packages also included specific 19 inches modular wheels that were polished on the HGT-C package and painted brake calipers. The only difference between HGT-S and HGT-C is the addition of carbon ceramic brakes on the latter.

Production
The body of the 612 was produced at Ferrari's Carrozzeria Scaglietti plant, the former home of the car's namesake coachbuilder in Modena, Italy. It was then taken to the Ferrari factory located at Maranello and the V12 engine along with the interior were installed. A total of 3,025 cars were produced, with only 199 equipped with a manual gearbox.

In 2007 Ferrari announced the availability of the SuperFast robotic (F1) gearbox and a new electro-chromatic glass roof that could tint and lighten at the push of a button for the 612. In early 2008, at the Geneva Car Show, Ferrari unveiled the One-To-One (OTO) personalization program and thereafter the 612 was only available through this special-order process. The OTO program took the catalog of options under the existing Carrozzeria Scaglietti Programme a step further. Clients hand-picked a wide variety of options from leather swatches to brake calipers and everything in between. Although the OTO program was launched on the 612 Scaglietti, it was broadened to the entire Ferrari range in due course.

The Ferrari 612 was replaced by the Ferrari FF in 2011.

Recall
In 2008, Ferrari recalled several hundred 2005–2007 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti equipped with the automated manual "F1" transmission because the clutch sensor in the transmission could malfunction due to heat from the vehicle under normal operating conditions. This would render the vehicle inoperable and possibly result in a crash.

In August 2022, another recall was announced, affecting around 23,000 road cars including the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti. This was due to a problem with the brake fluid reservoir cap "where it fails to vent properly, creating a vacuum in the reservoir which can cause brake fluid to leak. If enough fluid leaks, the car could lose partial or complete braking ability, which is dangerous for the driver." The remedy stated involves "replacing the reservoir cap with a modified version that should vent properly, as well as installing software to provide an alternate warning should brake fluid levels still reach dangerous levels. Dealers and owners will be notified on September 24."

612 Sessanta (2007)
The 612 Sessanta (Italian for "sixty") is a limited (60 unit) variant of the 612 commemorating the 60th anniversary of the company. Standard equipment included 19-inch forged aluminium wheels, black chrome exhaust tips, the automated manual F1 transmission, three-position electrochromic glass roof, start/stop ignition button on the steering wheel, Bose infotainment system and a two-tone paint.

612 Pebble Beach Bicolore (2006)
One-off two-tone 612 Scaglietti special produced which would go on to influence one of the two colors of Sessanta models offered the following year (along with its sister car the 2006 Detroit Motor Show car). With its distinctive Nero and Silver paint scheme, the 612 Pebble Beach was displayed August 2005 at a private event during Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. Press articles in 2006 referred to this as the "Ferrari 612 Pebble Beach".

Cornes 30th Anniversary Edition (2006)
Unveiled June 2006 in Japan, the Cornes 30th Anniversary Edition is a limited (20 unit) variant for the Japanese market commemorating the 30th anniversary of Cornes & Co. importing Ferrari automobiles into Japan. Standard equipment included the HGTC package, Blu Cornes paint scheme, a carbon fibre filler cap, and mesh grille inserts in the front and rear fascias.

It had an MSRP of 33,980,000 Yen ($304,000 USD).

612 GP Berne Edition (2006)
Unveiled at Montreux Grand Prix Switzerland on July 22, 2006, the 612 GP program was in celebration of Ferrari's 40th anniversary in Switzerland and the anniversary of their first Swiss Grand Prix in 1949. The dark grey car - of which 9 were built - featured the HGTC handling package (including carbon-ceramic brakes) bi-colour paint treatment with the 612 Scaglietti's side "scallops" finished in a silver-grey color and color-coded brake calipers. The interior was finished in red with grey trim. The lower dashboard, seat front sections, central tunnel sides, door panels, and lower half of the sports steering wheel all finished in red. A special plaque, imprinted with an outline of the historic Berne track, is mounted on the dash.

It had an MSRP of CHF425,000.

612 Kappa (2006)
The 612 Kappa is a one-off special built by Pininfarina for Peter S. Kalikow, former chairman of the New York Metropolitan Transport Authority, and a renowned Ferrari collector, and unveiled at the Villa d'Este Concours d'Elegance on April 23, 2006. The Kappa stands out from the standard 612 through the use of multiple unique elements, such as a functional hood scoop on the engine cover lined with polished aluminium, added air vents near the front wheels for improved downforce, the rear taillights found on the Ferrari Enzo along with the F430, personalised door handles containing the initials of the owner, chromed headlight bezels, and a sunroof that utilises electrochromic glass to vary the amount of opacity in the glass. On the request of Kalikow, Ferrari agreed to not copy the distinguished elements of the 612 Kappa into its future models.

GG50 (2005)

The Ferrari GG50 is a concept car developed by Italian styling house Italdesign Giugiaro, commemorating the 50th anniversary of Giorgetto Giugiaro as an automobile designer. Based on the 612 Scaglietti, the car was designed by Giugiaro himself and has a fastback coupé body style with a shorter wheelbase than the donor car. The car features folding back seats and a tailgate in order for easy entry and exit of the passengers. The folding back seats also result in increased storage space. The roofline has been designed in a downsloping manner, resulting in more headroom for passengers in the rear seats. Apart from that, the car features a redesigned nose, unique wheels, a glass roof, front air vents near the front wheels for increased downforce and improved brake cooling, thinner headlamps and unique quad tail lamps. Giugiaro wanted a Ferrari that he could easily use with his family and which allowed easy entry and exit of passengers from the rear of the car. The mechanical components are the same as those found in a standard 612.

The car was unveiled at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show. Ferrari provided a rolling chassis of the 612 Scaglietti and technical support to Italdesign during the build process.

title: Ferrari 612 Scaglietti