text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Washing disheartening

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Washing dishes.

This page is kept as an historic record.

'''The result of the debate was unclear. The admin (Cyrius) evaluating the vote made a judgement call and replaced the article with the rewrite from Talk:Washing dishes.'''

 * Weird article, I'd say it's nonsense... Maybe this can be turned into an actual article if completely rewritten, but would that worth anything? -- Kieff 07:37, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not encyclopedical but funny. Move to Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense -- Kpalion 07:43, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, this is not the place for tutorials. In favour of keeping only if it's made encyclopedic. Otherwise, BJAODN. -- Jao 09:55, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I sure got a laugh out of it. This is prime stuff for BJAODN. - Lucky 6.9 16:11, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. OK, I'll probably get rolled for this, but it seems to me the problem may just be style. It's certainly not news style. But the topic is OK, the material is there, and I'm in two minds about the style. Maybe we should lighten up a little? Provided that the material is well presented? In either case keep, if you don't like the style refactor it. Andrewa 17:40, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I got a huge kick out of it. I'd say move this to BJAODN.  However, I must agree with Andrewa--there is something encyclopedic to say about this: the history of dishwashing, various methods, sterilization concerns, camping, etc.  Keep if rewritten, and move to dishwashing. Meelar 18:15, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ha. Funny. Delete. BJAODN. --Beelzebubs 22:30, 13 May 2004 (UTC).
 * Keep and place on Pages_needing_attention. For what it's worth, I've tried rewriting it in a less breezy style, keeping the facts and skipping the commentary. The result is in Talk:Washing_dishes. I don't much like either the original or my rewrite though. Dpbsmith 23:41, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Good stuff. I suppose it's encyclopedic, as an activity common to members of society. Would enjoy seeing dishwashing in the media, societal associations of dishwashing, etc. etc.. Rhymeless 23:52, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * ROFL. Saw the debate, didn't read the article closely until now.  Whoever wrote that should be working for The Onion.  Still, this isn't an encyclopedia article. Isomorphic 23:59, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the version on Talk:Washing_dishes and note it on Pages_needing_attention - it could easily become encyclopedic. - TB 08:21, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. Actually, I found it pretty funny.  Seriously, it would be valid to have info on dish sanitation, etc.  An article on dish cleaning should include info on water temperatures, act of soaps/detergents in lysing bacteria, the use of bleach or other disinfectants in a sterilizing bath, etc. jaknouse 14:34, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone wants to rewrite it from scratch. Everyking 19:08, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment/Keep/RewriteThe article as written needs to be kept somewhere. Maybe the talk page or a link off the main text. And it does need to be rewritten in an encyclopedic style(as boring as that is).
 * Yeah, keep the Talkpage version. DS 22:38, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * A very fine piece of work. I feel much more confident now - I no longer fear approaching the sink. It was also very thoughtful of the author to warn children of the dangers of water which is very hot. Youngsters are just so forgetful these days!! And turning containers upside down so they can drain? Fascinating! I have to recommend deletion or BJAODN, though, for two reasons, First, the article is written from a first person perspective, which is a huge encyclopaedic non-non, and the author also committed the act of writing YES!. For this there is no forgiveness. Denni 06:27, 2004 May 18 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:194.80.204.22

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:194.80.204.22


text:
Monastir, Tunisia

Monastir, also called Mestir (المنستير , from the Greek "hermit's cell, monastery"), is a city on the central coast of Tunisia, in the Sahel area, some 20 km south of Sousse and 162 km south of Tunis. Traditionally a fishing port, Monastir is now a major tourist resort. Its population is about 93,306. It is the capital of Monastir Governorate.

Location
Monastir is a peninsula surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea on three sides and forming, to the south, the Gulf of Monastir of the same name, which extends to Cap of Ras Dimass. It offers diverse landscapes, in particular its sandy and rocky beaches as well as a cliff stretching over nearly six kilometers.

History

Monastir was founded on the ruins of the Punic–Roman city of Ruspina. The city features a well-preserved Ribat of Monastir that was used to scan the sea for hostile ships and as a defence against the attacks of the Byzantine fleet. Several ulema came to stay in the ribat of this peaceful city for contemplation. The ribat was, in the 1970s, also one of the filming locations for both the miniseries Jesus of Nazareth and Monty Python's Life of Brian. There are panoramic views of the city taken from a French naval intelligence airship in 1924.

Transportation
The city is on the electrified, metre-gauge Sahel Metro line with trains serving Sousse and Mahdia which the city is served by 5 stations of the metro : Hôtels Monastir, Aéroport Skanès-Monastir, Faculté Monastir, Monastir, Monastir-Zone indistruelle. Monastir – Habib Bourguiba International Airport has flights from most Western European countries. It is run by Tepe Akfen Ventures Airport Holding (TAV).

Climate
Monastir has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with hot summers, pleasant winters, much sunshine and low rainfall year-round. The city sits in the northeast of Tunisia, on its central coast. It is milder than inland areas of Tunisia, forty percent of which is part of the Sahara. In the summer, while humidity is low, the soaring heat can still be hard to handle. The average high temperature of 29 °C in June skips past the 30 °C mark in the middle of the month and rises to 33 °C in July and August.

Economy
The industrial sector, tourism and agriculture constituting the main activities of the population : The economy of this region is also based on agriculture. The 86% of land used for agriculture, of which 13,125 ha are public or private irrigated areas. 450 ha are forests against 4,600 ha for rangelands. The livestock production is around 74,500 head (cattle, goats, sheep). Regarding the main agricultural products, the region produces in particular fishery products (23,983 t / year), red meat, poultry, milk, oil and olive. Olive cultivation covers an area of 60,000 ha. Monastir is also making a reputation for the production of vegetable crops (169,702 t / year) and arboriculture (11,297 t). The development of agriculture is favored by the presence of 8 hill lakes and hill dams. The establishment of a dozen aquaculture sites in the lagoon of Monastir also allows the region to engage in the breeding of sea bream and sea bass.

The tourist sector occupies the third occupation of the population with luxury hotels by the sea, golf courses ... the region attracts many foreign tourists. The tourism sector has more than fifty hotel units with a total accommodation capacity of more than 25,440 beds. These hotels provide 9,000 jobs. In addition to the 8th century ribat, the great mosque, the Bourguiba mosque, the museums, the souk, the Kiriates islands, the city also has other assets such as the marina, diving centers, two golf courses, a racecourse, night clubs etc. Entertainment abounds between fun and sporting activities. For its last 5 decades, it has attracted tourists by the seaside potential of Saknes. It has two hotel units, a museum, a marine district and the marina. There is also the tourist area of Jinène El Oust which has 6 residential units and the Bekalta area which has 6 hotel units and entertainment lots. In addition, the region's transport infrastructure is also one of the determining factors in the growth of this governorate. Indeed, it has an international airport, a train station, and a metro that connects it to Sousse and Mahdia. Buses, taxis, rental vehicles also connect it to these two other governorates.

Nouvelair has its head office in Monastir in the Dkhila Tourist Zone, near the Hôtel Sahara Beach.

Cultural heritage
Monastir has a museum of Islamic arts, inaugurated on August 5, 1958, and which is housed on the first floor of the south wing of the ribat; it contains nearly 300 works (fragments of wood, funerary stelae, polished ceramics, etc.) and receives the visit of almost 100,000 visitors every year.

Music
The ethnomusicologist and clarinetist Hassine Haj Youssef is one of Monastir's most active personalities in the musical field. A disciple of Salah El Mahdi, he is also the father of the violinist and composer Jasser Haj Youssef. He is a professor at the National Conservatory of Monastir and at the Higher Institute of Music of Sousse. He has adapted the method of Zoltán Kodály to the teaching of Arabic music, he is also the producer of several programs of traditional music and anthropology on Radio Monastir and on national television.

Since 2005, he has devoted his time to composition and research on Sufi music in Tunisia.

Education
The city of Monastir has:

 * Five Junior High Schools of basic education: Ali-Bourguiba, Moufida-Bourguiba, Imtiez, Salem-Bchir and a pioneer junior high school;
 * Four High Schools: Fatouma-Bourguiba, Hedi-Khefacha, Bourguiba and a Pioneer high school (open since the school year 2003–2004).

Monastir is also a university city, incorporating the University of Monastir which was founded on September 2, 2004 and covers the governorates of Monastir and Mahdia. The university of Monastir includes sixteen faculty departments, of which ten are located in Monastir:

 * Faculty of science
 * Faculty of medicine
 * Faculty of dental medicine
 * Faculty of pharmacy
 * The National Engineering School of Monastir
 * The Higher School of science and technologies of health
 * The Higher Institutes of Biotechnology
 * The Higher Institutes Computer Science and Mathematics
 * The Higher Institutes Fashion Trades
 * The Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies

The student population of Monastir exceeded 27,000 in 2007–2008, making the city one of the largest in terms of university studies along with Tunis, Sfax and Sousse.

Sport
Monastir is represented by the US Monastir in football and the basketball. In 2022, the US Monastir won the BAL after being the finalist in 2021 BAL season.

The monastirian team plays its matches in the Mustapha Ben Jannet stadium for the football, and the Mohamed-Mzali indoor for the basketball.

The city hosts multiple M15 and M25 tournaments on the ITF World Tennis Tour.

Notable people
Tunisian ex-president Habib Bourguiba was born in Monastir, and his mausoleum is located in the city. Many other famous politicians are also from Monastir: Among other notable people:
 * Mohamed Mzali, prime minister of Tunisia from 1980 to 1986
 * Hedi Amara Nouira, prime minister of Tunisia from 1970 to 1980
 * Amel Majri, footballer for Lyon and the France national team
 * Jawhar Mnari, footballer, born in Monastir and winner of DFB-Pokal (2006/2007).
 * Hamza Younés, footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Monastir is twinned with:
 * 🇹🇯 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
 * 🇹🇷 Manisa, Turkey
 * 🇩🇪 Münster, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Étienne, France
 * 🇲🇦 Tétouan, Morocco
 * Tizi Ouzou, Algeria

Neighbouring area
Monastir's northeastern territories lead into a place called Route de la Falaise, through which one can reach its most notable suburb, Skanes, which is 6 mi from Monastir's town centre. Hugging Tunisia's coastline, Skanes is a holiday resort known mostly for its professional golf courses; white, sandy beaches; clear blue sea; and hotels that fuse Moorish architecture with modern designs. It is frequented throughout the summer by tourists from around the world. They also come for the medina, where it is possible to sample fresh Tunisian cooking and bargain for local goods.

title: Monastir, Tunisia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/German Commander-in-Chief for Submarines

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled German Commander-in-Chief for Submarines.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to redirect the article to Karl Dönitz.

Everything in this article is already in Karl Dönitz. DO'Neil 10:32, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Karl Dönitz. -- Jao 10:50, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Agree. Andrewa 17:34, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Has anyone else ever held this position? If not, redirect. Average Earthman 11:11, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Average Earthman. -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:40, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Aortic regurgitation

Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of aortic regurgitation are similar to those of heart failure and include the following:
 * Dyspnea on exertion
 * Orthopnea
 * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
 * Palpitations
 * Angina pectoris
 * Cyanosis (in acute cases)

Causes
In terms of the cause of aortic regurgitation, is often due to the aortic root dilation (annuloaortic ectasia), which is idiopathic in over 80% of cases, but otherwise may result from aging, syphilitic aortitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, aortic dissection, Behçet's disease, reactive arthritis and systemic hypertension. Aortic root dilation is the most common cause of aortic regurgitation in developed countries. Additionally, aortic regurgitation has been linked to the use of some medications, specifically medications containing fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine isomers and dopamine agonists. Other potential causes that affect the valve directly include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In acute cases of aortic regurgitation, the main causes are infective endocarditis, aortic dissection or trauma.

Pathophysiology

The mechanism of aortic regurgitation, comprises the pressure in the left ventricle falling below the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve is not able to completely close. This causes a leaking of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. This means that some of the blood that was already ejected from the heart is regurgitating back into the heart. The percentage of blood that regurgitates back through the aortic valve due to AR is known as the regurgitant fraction. This regurgitant flow causes a decrease in the diastolic blood pressure in the aorta, and therefore an increase in the pulse pressure. Since some of the blood that is ejected during systole regurgitates back into the left ventricle during diastole, there is decreased effective forward flow in AR.

While diastolic blood pressure is diminished and the pulse pressure widens, systolic blood pressure generally remains normal or can even be slightly elevated, this is because sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis of the kidneys compensate for the decreased cardiac output. Catecholamines will increase the heart rate and increase the strength of ventricular contraction, directly increasing cardiac output. Catecholamines will also cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which causes increased systemic vascular resistance and ensures that organs are adequately perfused. Renin, a proteolytic enzyme, cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II. In the case of chronic aortic with resultant cardiac remodeling, heart failure will develop, and it is possible to see systolic pressures diminish. Aortic regurgitation causes both volume overload (elevated preload) and pressure overload (elevated afterload) of the heart.

The volume overload, due to elevated pulse pressure and the systemic effects of neuroendocrine hormones causes left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). There is both concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy in AI. The concentric hypertrophy is due to the increased left ventricular pressure overload associated with AI, while the eccentric hypertrophy is due to volume overload caused by the regurgitant fraction.

Physiologically, in individuals with a normally functioning aortic valve, the valve is only open when the pressure in the left ventricle is higher than the pressure in the aorta. This allows the blood to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta during ventricular systole. The amount of blood that is ejected by the heart is known as the stroke volume. Under normal conditions, >50% of the blood in a filled left ventricle is ejected into the aorta to be used by the body. After ventricular systole, the pressure in the left ventricle decreases as it relaxes and begins to fill up with blood from the left atrium. This relaxation of the left ventricle (early ventricular diastole) causes a fall in its pressure. When the pressure in the left ventricle falls below the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve will close, preventing blood in the aorta from going back into the left ventricle.

Diagnosis
[[File:UOTW 69 - Ultrasound of the Week 1.webm|thumb|Ultrasound showing aortic regurgitation and vegetations on the aortic valve.

]] In terms of the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation a common test for the evaluation of the severity is transthoracic echocardiography, which can provide two-dimensional views of the regurgitant jet, allow measurement of velocity, and estimate jet volume. The findings in severe aortic regurgitation, based on the 2012 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines include: • An AI color jet width > 65 % of the left ventricular outflow tract diameter

• Doppler vena contracta width > 0.6 cm

• The pressure half-time of the regurgitant jet is < 200 ms

• Early termination of the mitral inflow

• Holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta.

• Regurgitant volume > 60 ml

• Regurgitant fraction > 50 %

• Estimated regurgitant orifice area > 0.3 cm2

• Increased left ventricular size Chest X-ray can assist in making the diagnosis, showing left ventricular hypertrophy and dilated aorta. ECG typically indicates left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiac chamber catheterization assists in assessing the severity of regurgitation and any left ventricular dysfunction.

Physical examination
The physical examination of an individual with aortic regurgitation involves auscultation of the heart to listen for the murmur of aortic regurgitation and the S3 heart sound (S3 gallop correlates with development of LV dysfunction). The murmur of chronic aortic regurgitation is typically described as early diastolic and decrescendo, which is best heard in the third left intercostal space and may radiate along the left sternal border.

If there is increased stroke volume of the left ventricle due to volume overload, an ejection systolic 'flow' murmur may also be present when auscultating the same aortic area. Unless there is concomitant aortic valve stenosis, the murmur should not start with an ejection click. There may also be an Austin Flint murmur, a soft mid-diastolic rumble heard at the apical area; it appears when a regurgitant jet of blood from severe aortic regurgitation partially closes the anterior mitral leaflet. Peripheral physical signs of aortic regurgitation are related to the high pulse pressure and the rapid decrease in blood pressure during diastole due to blood returning to the heart from the aorta through the incompetent aortic valve, although the usefulness of some of the eponymous signs has been questioned: Phonocardiograms detect AI by having electric voltage mimic the sounds the heart makes.

Characteristics- indicative of aortic regurgitation are as follow: • Corrigan's pulse: Rapid upstroke and collapse of pulses

• De Musset's sign: Head bob with each heartbeat

• Quincke's sign: Capillary pulsations

• Traube's sign: Systolic and diastolic sounds heard over femoral arteries

• Duroziez's sign: Systolic and diastolic bruit heard with compression of femoral artery

• Landolfi's sign

• Becker's sign

• Müller's sign

• Mayne's sign

• Rosenbach's sign

• Gerhardt's sign

• Hill's sign

• Lincoln sign

• Sherman sign

Classification
The hemodynamic sequelae of AI are dependent on the rate of onset of AI. Therefore, can be acute or chronic as follows:

 * Acute aortic regurgitation In acute AR, as may be seen with acute perforation of the aortic valve due to endocarditis, there will be a sudden increase in the volume of blood in the left ventricle. The ventricle is unable to deal with the sudden change in volume. The filling pressure of the left ventricle will increase. This causes pressure in the left atrium to rise, and the individual will develop pulmonary edema. Severe acute aortic regurgitation is considered a medical emergency. There is a high mortality rate if the individual does not undergo immediate surgery for aortic valve replacement.

 * Chronic aortic regurgitation If the individual survives the initial hemodynamic derailment that acute AR presents, the left ventricle adapts by its eccentric hypertrophy and dilatation with a subsequent compensated volume overload. The left ventricular filling pressures will revert to normal and the individual will no longer have overt heart failure. In this compensated phase, the individual may be totally asymptomatic and may have normal exercise tolerance. Eventually (typically after a latency period) the left ventricle will become decompensated, and filling pressures will increase. Some individuals enter this decompensated phase asymptomatically, treatment for AR involves aortic valve replacement prior to this decompensation phase.

Treatment
Aortic regurgitation can be treated either medically or surgically, depending on the acuteness of presentation, the symptoms and signs associated with the disease process, and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Surgical treatment in asymptomatic patients has been recommended if the ejection fraction falls to 50% or below, in the face of progressive and severe left ventricular dilatation, or with symptoms or abnormal response to exercise testing. For both groups of patients, surgery before the development of worsening ejection fraction/LV dilatation is expected to reduce the risk of sudden death, and is associated with lower peri-operative mortality. Also, surgery is optimally performed immediately in acute cases.

Medical treatment
Medical therapy of chronic aortic regurgitation that is stable and asymptomatic involves the use of vasodilators. Trials have shown a short-term benefit in the use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists, nifedipine, and hydralazine in improving left ventricular wall stress, ejection fraction, and mass. The goal in using these pharmacologic agents is to decrease the afterload so that the left ventricle is somewhat spared. The regurgitant fraction may not change significantly, since the gradient between the aortic and left ventricular pressures is usually fairly low at the initiation of treatment. Other rather conservative medical treatments for stable and asymptomatic cases include low sodium diet, diuretics, digoxin, calcium blockers and avoiding very strenuous activity.

As of 2007, the American Heart Association no longer recommends antibiotics for endocarditis prophylaxis before certain procedures in patients with aortic regurgitation. Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis before gastrointestinal or genitourinary procedures is no longer recommended for any patient with valvular disease. Cardiac stress test is useful in identifying individuals that may be best suited for surgical intervention. Radionuclide angiography is recommended and useful when the systolic wall stress is calculated and combined to the results.

Surgery
A surgical treatment for AR is aortic valve replacement; this is currently an open-heart procedure. In the case of severe acute aortic regurgitation, all individuals should undergo surgery, if there are no absolute contraindications (for surgery). Individuals with bacteremia with aortic valve endocarditis should not wait for treatment with antibiotics to take effect, given the high mortality associated with the acute AI. Replacement with an aortic valve homograft should be performed if feasible.

Prognosis
The risk of death in individuals with aortic regurgitation, dilated ventricle, normal ejection fraction who are asymptomatic is about 0.2 percent per year. Risk increases if the ejection fraction decreases or if the individual develops symptoms.

Individuals with chronic (severe) aortic regurgitation follow a course that once symptoms appear, surgical intervention is needed. AI is fatal in 10 to 20% of individuals who do not undergo surgery for this condition. Left ventricle dysfunction determines to an extent the outlook for severity of aortic regurgitation cases.

title: Aortic regurgitation


text:
Scaling (geometry)

In affine geometry, uniform scaling (or isotropic scaling ) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a scale factor that is the same in all directions. The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. Uniform scaling happens, for example, when enlarging or reducing a photograph, or when creating a scale model of a building, car, airplane, etc.

More general is scaling with a separate scale factor for each axis direction. Non-uniform scaling (anisotropic scaling) is obtained when at least one of the scaling factors is different from the others; a special case is directional scaling or stretching (in one direction). Non-uniform scaling changes the shape of the object; e.g. a square may change into a rectangle, or into a parallelogram if the sides of the square are not parallel to the scaling axes (the angles between lines parallel to the axes are preserved, but not all angles). It occurs, for example, when a faraway billboard is viewed from an oblique angle, or when the shadow of a flat object falls on a surface that is not parallel to it.

When the scale factor is larger than 1, (uniform or non-uniform) scaling is sometimes also called dilation or enlargement. When the scale factor is a positive number smaller than 1, scaling is sometimes also called contraction or reduction.

In the most general sense, a scaling includes the case in which the directions of scaling are not perpendicular. It also includes the case in which one or more scale factors are equal to zero (projection), and the case of one or more negative scale factors (a directional scaling by -1 is equivalent to a reflection).

Scaling is a linear transformation, and a special case of homothetic transformation (scaling about a point). In most cases, the homothetic transformations are non-linear transformations.

Uniform scaling
A scale factor is usually a decimal which scales, or multiplies, some quantity. In the equation y = Cx, C is the scale factor for x. C is also the coefficient of x, and may be called the constant of proportionality of y to x. For example, doubling distances corresponds to a scale factor of two for distance, while cutting a cake in half results in pieces with a scale factor for volume of one half. The basic equation for it is image over preimage.

In the field of measurements, the scale factor of an instrument is sometimes referred to as sensitivity. The ratio of any two corresponding lengths in two similar geometric figures is also called a scale.

Matrix representation
A scaling can be represented by a scaling matrix. To scale an object by a vector v = (vx, vy, vz), each point p = (px, py, pz) would need to be multiplied with this scaling matrix:
 * $$ S_v =

\begin{bmatrix} v_x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & v_y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & v_z \\ \end{bmatrix}. $$

As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result:

S_vp = \begin{bmatrix} v_x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & v_y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & v_z \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} v_xp_x \\ v_yp_y \\ v_zp_z \end{bmatrix}. $$

Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three.

The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal (vx = vy = vz). If all except one of the scale factors are equal to 1, we have directional scaling.

In the case where vx = vy = vz = k, scaling increases the area of any surface by a factor of k2 and the volume of any solid object by a factor of k3.

Scaling in arbitrary dimensions
In $$n$$-dimensional space $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, uniform scaling by a factor $$v$$ is accomplished by scalar multiplication with $$v$$, that is, multiplying each coordinate of each point by $$v$$. As a special case of linear transformation, it can be achieved also by multiplying each point (viewed as a column vector) with a diagonal matrix whose entries on the diagonal are all equal to $$v$$, namely $$v I$$.

Non-uniform scaling is accomplished by multiplication with any symmetric matrix. The eigenvalues of the matrix are the scale factors, and the corresponding eigenvectors are the axes along which each scale factor applies. A special case is a diagonal matrix, with arbitrary numbers $$v_1,v_2,\ldots v_n$$ along the diagonal: the axes of scaling are then the coordinate axes, and the transformation scales along each axis $$i$$ by the factor $$v_i$$.

In uniform scaling with a non-zero scale factor, all non-zero vectors retain their direction (as seen from the origin), or all have the direction reversed, depending on the sign of the scaling factor. In non-uniform scaling only the vectors that belong to an eigenspace will retain their direction. A vector that is the sum of two or more non-zero vectors belonging to different eigenspaces will be tilted towards the eigenspace with largest eigenvalue.

Using homogeneous coordinates
In projective geometry, often used in computer graphics, points are represented using homogeneous coordinates. To scale an object by a vector v = (vx, vy, vz), each homogeneous coordinate vector p = (px, py, pz, 1) would need to be multiplied with this projective transformation matrix:

 * $$ S_v =

\begin{bmatrix} v_x & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & v_y & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & v_z & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$

As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result:

S_vp = \begin{bmatrix} v_x & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & v_y & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & v_z & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} v_xp_x \\ v_yp_y \\ v_zp_z \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$

Since the last component of a homogeneous coordinate can be viewed as the denominator of the other three components, a uniform scaling by a common factor s (uniform scaling) can be accomplished by using this scaling matrix:
 * $$ S_v =

\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{s} \end{bmatrix}. $$

For each vector p = (px, py, pz, 1) we would have

S_vp = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{s} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \\ \frac{1}{s} \end{bmatrix} ,$$ which would be equivalent to

\begin{bmatrix} sp_x \\ sp_y \\ sp_z \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$

Function dilation and contraction
Given a point $$P(x,y)$$, the dilation associates it with the point $$P'(x',y')$$ through the equations
 * $$\begin{cases}x'=mx \\ y'=ny\end{cases}$$ for $$m,n \in \R^+$$.

Therefore, given a function $$y=f(x)$$, the equation of the dilated function is
 * $$y=nf\left(\frac{x}{m}\right).$$

Particular cases
If $$n=1$$, the transformation is horizontal; when $$m > 1$$, it is a dilation, when $$m < 1$$, it is a contraction.

If $$m=1$$, the transformation is vertical; when $$n>1$$ it is a dilation, when $$n<1$$, it is a contraction.

If $$m=1/n$$ or $$n=1/m$$, the transformation is a squeeze mapping.

title: Scaling (geometry)


text:
User:Grzegorz

Grzegorz Chrupała

title: User:Grzegorz


text:
Lake Superior Provincial Park

Lake Superior Provincial Park is one of the largest provincial parks in Ontario, covering about 1550 km2 along the northeastern shores of Lake Superior between Sault Ste. Marie and Wawa in Algoma District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Ontario Highway 17 (at this point part of the Trans-Canada Highway) now runs through the park. When the park was established by Ontario in 1944, there was no road access.

History
Traces of ancient volcanic activity can be seen in rock outcrops near Red Rock Lake and several other sites. For more than 2000 years, this was long an area of occupation by various cultures of indigenous peoples. The oldest artifacts found here date to approximately 500 BC.

At Agawa Rock, near the mouth of the Agawa River, there are pictographs created by the early Ojibwe people of this region. The figures are painted on the rock with a mixture of powdered hematite and animal fats and are estimated to be 150–400 years old. The records are visual representations of both historical events and legendary figures.

Selwyn Dewdney was the first scholarly figure to discover the pictographs. The first written description of these pictographs was published in 1851 by American ethnologist, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. As United States Indian agent in Sault Ste. Marie, he conducted extensive studies about the Ojibwe people, aided by his wife Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, who was half-Ojibwe and the daughter of a major fur trader in the city.

While the Ojibwe were forced to cede their lands to the Canadian government under an 1850 Treaty in exchange for reserves and annuities, they have preserved hunting and fishing rights to former territory. In the 1940s, the Lake Superior Provincial Park was established, and it took over an Ojibwe fishing village known as Nanabozhung within the boundaries.

From the late 20th century, the Batchewana First Nation, whose traditional territory included the village, also known as Gargantua Harbour, had long agitated to regain road access to the village. One of its reserves is Rankin Location 15D in Ontario and members have fished at Gargantua Harbour. In 2007 some 200 members, led by Chief Dean Sayers, restored a road to the village along a park trail, without a work permit. After trying to negotiate with the band, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) filed charges against it in 2008, saying that the First Nation had damaged park property.

The First Nation contended this was a traditional fishing and ceremonial area and construction of the road was necessary to exercise their Treaty rights. In March 2015 Justice Logan dismissed all but one of the eleven counts in the case. In his decision, Logan upheld that a Treaty right existed for the Batchewana First Nation to use Gargantua Harbour for commercial fishing and agreed that the road was necessary to get to the shore. He upheld one charge against Sayers and the Band for obstruction, requiring a fine to be paid.

Climate
Lake Superior Provincial Park has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) that is greatly moderated by its location on Lake Superior. Weather in the Park is highly variable depending on the location. Along the shore of Lake Superior, summer temperatures are significantly cooler than inland locations. During the winter, areas along Lake Superior are considerably milder than inland.

Winters in Lake Superior Provincial Park are very cold with significant snowfall. February is the coldest month in Lake Superior provincial Park with an average temperature of -12.5 C. Being located on the eastern shore of Lake Superior, snowfall is abundant during winter months. The park receives an average of 432 cm annually.

Spring is a very short transition season in Lake Superior Provincial Park with snow often remaining on the ground into May.

Summers in Lake Superior Provincial Park are often cool due to the cold winds off Lake Superior. Summer is often slow to start due to the water on Lake Superior being so cold during May and June. During June and July, water temperatures are usually below 15 C and as a result fog is frequent. August is the warmest month with an average high of 20 C. August is when water temperatures on Lake Superior peak, with an average maximum of 19 C.

Activities
Recreational activities in the park include canoeing (especially in the interior lakes of the park), camping and hiking, fishing, swimming, boating, hunting, educational programs, wildlife viewing, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing.

Hiking Trails The 11 hiking trails located throughout the park can be accessed from Agawa Bay, Crescent Lake, or Rabbit Blanket Lake campgrounds, or from Highway 17. The Coastal Trail stretches 65 km and reveals the beautiful Lake Superior coastline. It is very demanding and can take between 5 and 7 days to complete. The Coastal Trail is part of the long-distance Voyageur Hiking Trail.

The 11 trails offer a wide variety of distances and difficulty from short half-hour hikes to multi-day trips. Orphan Lake Trail is a moderate difficulty trail that has a variety of terrain over an 8 km loop and takes approximately 2–4 hours to complete.

Pictographs A short trail leads to the Agawa Rock Pictographs. They are located on a sheer rock face on Lake Superior. Several of the pictographs can be seen only from the water.

Park office
The park office is located in the northern part of the park at Red Rock Lake. Senior staff, including the superintendent, can be reached at the park office between 9 am and 4 pm during summer months.

Agawa Bay
Agawa Bay has 152 campsites. There are two comfort stations located in the campground equipped with showers, laundry facilities and flush toilets. An amphitheatre is located in the campground, and presentations here by park staff are a common occurrence in the summer months. All the campsites are within walking distance to Lake Superior. There is a premium for campsites located beside the beach. Permits are obtained at the Agawa Bay gatehouse. Firewood and ice is available for purchase at the Agawa Bay gatehouse.

Agawa Bay is also the location of the park's visitor centre where information can be obtained about the park and surrounding areas. There are washrooms and a gift shop open to the public from May through September. The visitor centre has a display area orchestrating the history of the park and the influence that Lake Superior Park had on the fur trade, the Group of Seven artists and shipwrecks in the region. There are trailer storage opportunities available, but arrangements must be made with senior staff located in the northern part of the park at the park office. The visitor centre has received a number of awards for its design.

Crescent Lake
Crescent Lake (now closed) had 46 campsites and was located approximately 2 kilometres off of Highway 17 beside Crescent Lake.

Rabbit Blanket Lake
Rabbit Blanket Lake has 60 campsites. There is one comfort station located within the campground equipped with showers, laundry facilities and flush toilets. The campground is located beside Rabbit Blanket Lake. Firewood and ice can be purchased at the Rabbit Blanket gatehouse or the park office.

Agawa Bay Beach
The Agawa Bay Beach is a 3 km long beach located at the Visitor Centre and the Agawa Bay Campground. This beach features an abrupt drop off and on wavy days, can have a dangerous undertow. The water temperature here is usually cold, particularly in June and early July. By mid august, the lake has reached its peak surface temperature at around 20 C.

Old Woman Bay
Old Woman Bay is located in the Northern portion of the park. This beach has views of the nearby cliffs. The old Woman River also flows out into Lake Superior here. Old Woman Bay has the Nokomis trail, a 5 km loop that overlooks the Bay. The water temperature here is typically a few degrees colder than Agawa Bay.

Katherine Cove
Katherine Cove is one of the most popular beaches in Lake Superior Provincial Park. This beach is located around 15 km north of Agawa Bay and is very shallow. Due to being shallow, Katherine Cove is often warmer than most other beaches in Lake Superior Provincial Park.

Bathtub Island
Located 1 km south of Katherine Cove, this large sandy beach stretches to the mouth of the Sand River.

Bathtub island is located around 50 meters offshore in the shallow water. This island features a pool in the rock that fills with waves and is then heated by the sun.

Forests
Due to its size and location, the park lies in both the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion and the Central Canadian Shield forests region. Its rugged landscape is wooded with a mix of coniferous and deciduous trees such as pine, maples and birch. Sugar maple dominates many forests in the southern two-thirds of the park.

Topography
The predominantly rocky coastline is interrupted by sandy beaches in a few locations. The park is situated within the Great Canadian Shield, dominated by exposed rocks or a thin layer of soil over rock.

Fauna
The park supports a large moose (Alces alces) population. The best time for viewing moose is in the months of April, May, and June when the spring melt occurs. Other large animals found in the park include: During the summer months, the park provides habitat for warblers and other birds of the northern forests.
 * White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
 * Black bear (Ursus americanus)
 * Grey wolf (Canis lupus)

Lakes and rivers
In addition to its namesake, the park has numerous smaller lakes in its interior. A number of rivers also flow from the park's interior: Several waterfalls on these rivers can be seen from the road or reached via hiking trails.
 * Agawa River
 * Baldhead River
 * Coldwater River
 * Gargantua River
 * Old Woman River
 * Red Rock River
 * Sand River
 * Speckled Trout Creek

title: Lake Superior Provincial Park


text:
Muntada al-Ansar

Muntada al-Ansar was an Islamist forum page associated with Al-Qaeda. The forum's domain was in Malaysia.

Nick Berg
On May 11, 2004, the website of the Islamist forum Muntada al-Ansar reposted a video titled "Sheikh Abu Musab al-Zarqawi slaughters an American", which shows American citizen Nick Berg being decapitated.

The web page, on a site located in Malaysia, was then shut down a few days after by the domain provider.

It is unclear whether al-Zarqawi is one of the men in the video. Both al-Zarqawi and Muntada al-Ansar are associated with the Al-Qaeda movement.

title: Muntada al-Ansar


text:
Talk:Fox Terrier

Why called terriers?
Are they called terriers because they're used to terrorize the fox out of its hole? Kent Wang 11:00, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No the Terrier part comes from the latin terra meaning earth. Steven jones 11:12, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. Do you think this warrants mention in the article? I'm not so sure of how to put it eloquently. Kent Wang 18:07, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's already in the Terrier article. I don't see a need to repeat it in each of the dozens of individual terrier breeds. Elf | Talk 18:57, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Edit notes
Nice edit Quill. I changed the headings from being bold text to an actual heading. You can do this by placing "==" arround the text, the benifit in actual headings is that the arcticle will have a table of contents.

I also removed the stub message as the article seems to have reached actual article status. What is still outstanding is that it doesn't match the project standards. I'm not sure if it really should though as it has become an article about the various foxies and not one specific breed. I'm not sure how we should do this from a format point of view? Steven jones 12:22, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * We've probably been a little inconsistent with breeds that have very similar types & names. It's sometimes tough to decide whether there's enough difference among the breeds to warrant having separate articles.  For example, Welsh Corgi provides general info about both the Welsh Corgi (Cardigan) and Welsh Corgi (Pembroke), but specific breed details are in the individual articles.  For Dachshund, however, all the breeds and standards and coat variations and sizes are listed in one single article.  I think it's "what feels best for the particular breed group." Elf | Talk 17:44, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Steven. Yes, I agree with Elf.  These decisions are difficult and we should probably let them evolve.  Elf, thanks for fixing the formatting error on my Jack Russell stub page.  I realized to late what I'd done, thought I'd tackle it this morning, and voila, it's been corrected!  Wikipedia is amazing! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Quill (talk • contribs).

 * Isn't it! :-)  Elf | Talk 02:32, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Need to add the Standard Foxies
I notice with mortification that the Quillster forgot to sign his name again. I'll get, it, folks--sorry!

This is a nice full article now, but one glaring omission is the lack of breed articles on the Smooth and Wire-haired Foxies (yes, I know that's not how the breed name is written, but I just can't help myself).

If any Standard Fox Terrier owners read this, they're likely to take offence. I haven't written an article because I'm not an expert on Standard Foxies. Can we at least have a stub?

Did I just volunteer? Everybody say "no".... Quill 05:19, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

It's a wire-haired
Can someone please add "wire" to the caption of the photo of the foxy in the snow? Also, this photo should be copied into fox terrier (wire) wire fox terrier or whatever we've called that article; I've forgotten. Quill 22:59, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * p.s. I see that there should be another photo as well, but I can't view it because my uploader isn't uploading. I look forward to seeing it eventually....Quill 23:22, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Uh, my failure. Sorry. I reverted to the last version. It's called Fox Terrier (Wire) :-). --Avatar-en 01:40, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image of a generic fox terrier
I see we're having a little conflict with a standard foxy breeder or enthusiast (anon). Look, we know that photo is not of a smooth fox terrier. It is a generic type. The point was that it had mixed characteristics of the descendent FT breeds. I'm sorry to see it go, as it was a good illustration in the right context. People who want to write only about one particular breed, please see the proper specific article, i.e. Fox Terrier Smooth, Toy Fox Terrier and so on. Quill 23:56, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Organization of Fox Terrier articles and material
(From User talk:Elf): Thanks, Elf - I'm not sure that the color info (genetics of fox terrier color--Elf moved from Smooth article to main Fox Terrier article) shouldn't be in each variety, but it isn't a major issue. I have loads more info on color genetics if anyone would be interested. I used to give talks to Fox Terrier clubs on it, and I was the Breeders/Judges Education coordinator for the American Fox Terrier Club and SFT presenter for a while. Thanks for cleaning up my stuff - I'm a newbie at the wiki submissions. Hope I'm doing this right! Tialin 03:28, 3 February 2006 (UTC)Tialin

 * (From User talk:Tialin): That was good info you added. I think it's better to have it in the main JRT article because presumably it applies to all varieties of Fox Terriers and so it's better to have one article that goes into detail about it rather than trying to maintain 4 or more identical versions of the same text.  I did add an explicit note to each article about going to the main Fox Terrier article for details.  I think more info might be excellent. Not many articles go into details about the genetic reasons for various colors, but it's mostly because that info's not widely available and/or most people don't know much about it.  Dobermann has some similar stuff.  I'd suggest watching terms that laypersons aren't going to understand right off the bat and either explaining (briefly) or trying to figure out where to link to them in WP.  Elf | Talk 05:31, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

(From User talk:Elf): Couple of things - first, I'm sure it was just a mistake, the main page would be Fox Terrier, not JRT.

There are not four varieties of Fox Terrier, only two, and the standards of Smooths and Wires do differ in several aspects - they are two separate breeds with common ancestors and similarities, but many differences. The Wire Fox Terrier Standard was amended to reflect the differences between the breeds, much more than merely coat.

The only two varieties of true Fox Terrier are Smooth and Wire. The breeds were originally one breed with two varieties, and were once interbred before being officially split in the AKC in the '80s. Smooths and Wires may no longer be registered if interbred, and in practice have not been interbred for decades.

Not so for the ones I assume you refer to as the other two of four varieties, Parson Jack Russells (formerly known by AKC as Jack Russell Terriers) and Toy Fox Terriers. Neither of these two breeds has been interbred with true Fox Terriers for at least one hundred years. While they share common breeds as ancestors (what breed doesn't, if you go back far enough?) it is not correct to refer to those last mentioned breeds as varieties of Fox Terrier (despite the misnamed Toy Fox) any more than it would be to refer to a Doberman Pinscher as a variety of Rottweiler or other breeds used to create it!

Perhaps Toy Fox Terriers have employed Smooth Fox Terriers at some point, but they are much more related to several other Toy breeds than Fox Terriers, and no reputable breeder would ever allow a Fox Terrier to be bred with any Toy Fox Terrier, any more than to be crossbred with any other breed. Nothing against TFTs, it's just that if the parents aren't the same breed, the dog is basically a mutt. Unike cats, the days of creating new breeds are pretty much over. Labradoodles (expensive MUTTS! notwithstanding.

The American Fox Terrier Club does not represent or promote JRT, PRT or Toy Fox Terriers, nor do any other Fox Terrier clubs in the world. These breeds have their own organizations and completely separate standards. They are NOT Fox Terriers. Similarly, German Pinschers and Minature Pinschers are not varieties of Doberman Pinschers, despite common elements of naming.

I think you would be better off removing the Fox Terrier page other than as a referral point for Smooths and Wires, etc, since there really is no Fox Terrier breed any more. I don't believe they compete together (apart from in the Terrier Group) or are interbred any more anywhere in the world.

As for the color inheritance of JRTs, PRTs or TFTs, I imagine it might be similar, but can't speak to that with any certainty.

And as for genetic terms, I'll go through and try to link them to the proper places in the Wiki. Is there a way to display a superscript? The alleles are all designated as s superscipt p, etc. I need to read the style sheets, etc, I guess.

Thanks for your help!

Tialin 01:15, 6 February 2006 (UTC)Tialin

 * Yup, you're right, "JRT" was a brain hiccup above and I mean "Fox Terrier". The 4 varieties I referred to were the Wire, Smooth, Toy, and Miniature.  I'm goint to move our discussion so far to Talk:Fox Terrier so the explanations and discussions are preserved somewhere where they can be found. :-)  Elf | Talk 16:44, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I look at the Origin section of that article and the coat color info you added and it seems to me that those apply to all four breeds, no? It's challenging to try to maintain the same text in 4 different places accurately. One alternative might be to move this page to something like Fox Terrier history and then turn Fox Terrier into a simple disambiguation page listing Wire, Smooth, Toy, Min...and Standard?...  That might be a lot clearer, actually, although it would be the first time it's been done among the dog breeds. (That doesn't make it wrong, of course, just--different. :-) )  The more I think about this possibility, the more I like it.

 * Let me know what you think (and others sometimes weigh in, too); to my eye (not a FT expert), pretty much everything currently on this page applies to all 4 "fox terrier" named breeds.

 * As for superscript, there's no magic, just the usual HTML markup sp . Elf | Talk 16:44, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Weighing in here. Tialin, if the basis of your argument is any variation on the theme "they-aren't-recognized-by-the-AKC/KC/FCI so-therefore-they-aren't-a-breed" I must tell you that that one has been discussed and debated for a couple of years now, and, while nothing is cast in stone, the members of the DogProject (which I cordially invite you to join) have a general consensus about including bona fide dog breeds whether or not they have kennel club affiliation.
 * I appreciate that you are a member and/or spokesperson for the AFTC, and I recognize that the AFTC assigns specific and limited meaning to the words "Fox Terrier". If, however, you are going to assert that that is the ONLY meaning to the words, I have to point out that the scholarship of many others is against you.  Some of the points you make are partially true, some are completely inaccurate, and some are red herrings--where, for example, has anyone suggested the cross-breeding of Toy Fox Terriers with Fox Terriers, Smooth?
 * If the established Fox Terrier breeders of modern kennel clubs date the Fox Terrier from the date of establishment of the Fox Terrier Club, or something close to it, that is their business. If they wish to ignore the claims of other inheritors of the title, that is also their business, but as a historian I must attempt to inject the known facts into any work with which I am associated.
 * The KC, London, recognized the Parson Russell as a working variant of the Fox Terrier. Since those are the same good folks who first officially recognized the Fox Terrier, we must allow that they know what they're talking about.
 * Working Jack Russell Terrier enthusiasts call their dogs "Fox Terriers".
 * Toy Fox Terriers and Miniature Fox Terriers are indeed descended from Fox Terriers; some can trace their lineage back to early registered dogs.
 * I'm not going to debate the rights and wrongs of these positions, merely to point out that they exist and, if we're serious about what we're doing here, they deserve commensurate mention.
 * Quill 04:12, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * p.s. Elf, you may be onto something with your suggestion. Allow me to toss it about in my beleagured brain for a bit. Quill 04:12, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, and then the "Fox Terrier history" page could spell out where &when the breeds diverged, which would make it even clearer that they're quite different today. Elf | Talk 04:46, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Irrational hatred?
"However, they have an irrational hatred of winged creatures." I'm just really skeptical of this line. It seems to have been added as part of a legitimate edit, but it strikes me as being dubious. 70.225.161.251 (talk) 03:37, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed, i have removed it. It should be cited if it is that questionable/contentious. Mfield (Oi!) 04:15, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Recent update
Thought I should pop a note on the talk page regarding the recent overhaul of the page. I'd been working on this version for a couple of months and had it sitting in userspace. Theres still some improvements that could be done. The two main flaws I see at the moment is that the health section isn't very complete and that the Smooth Fox Terrier related sections talk about the Westminster Show a little too much. Some of those westminstery bits could be combined. But I'll get around to it. Miyagawa  (talk)  09:57, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Fox Terrier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081015050835/http://www.dogworld.co.uk:80/Supplements to http://www.dogworld.co.uk/Supplements
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110717181320/http://www.utrtca.com/files/History_from_Teddy_Roosevelt_definitive91510.pdf to http://www.utrtca.com/files/History_from_Teddy_Roosevelt_definitive91510.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:34, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fox Terrier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110706124035/http://www.ankc.org.au/Breed_Details.aspx?bid=212 to http://www.ankc.org.au/Breed_Details.aspx?bid=212

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:57, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fox Terrier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100401235849/http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/types_of_terriers.html to http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/types_of_terriers.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:11, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fox Terrier


text:
Talk:Lambeth Conference

POV
The following sentences sound POV:
 * Experience has shown how valuable and wise this course was. The resolutions of the Lambeth Conferences have never been regarded as synodical decrees, but their weight has increased with each conference. Apprehensions such as those which possessed the mind of Dean Stanley have long passed away. (fifth paragraph)

Could someone knowledgeable on this subject check their accuracy/correctness? -- Kimiko 11:06, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Most of this text is from the 1911 encyclopedia, and needs to be cleaned up. I added a cleanup tag.--JW1805 18:36, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Newer conferences
Does no one have information about the newer conferences? I know that at the last one there was some pretty hot debate about homosexuality, resulting in a compromise that left no one really happy. --Angr/comhrá 21:33, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well indeed yes, but preparing it takes time and knowledge. My detail knowledge gets very thin after the 1930 Conference because of the parameters of my research project. David (talk) 17:58, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Anglicanism
A new WikiProject focussing on Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion has just been initiated: WikiProject Anglicanism. Our goal is to improve and expand Anglican-reltaed articles. If anyone (Anglican or non-Anglican) is interested, read over the project page and consider signing up. Cheers! Fishhead64 06:40, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Article's name
Not singular? 212.84.103.144 (talk) 01:13, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Lambeth Conferences. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090916055217/http://www.canterburydiocese.org:80/thegathering/programme/friday4september09/index.htm to http://www.canterburydiocese.org/thegathering/programme/friday4september09/index.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:51, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Lambeth Conference. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://forums.anglicanjournal.com/timelines/lambeth/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.canterburydiocese.org/thegathering/programme/friday4september09/index.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081005212926/http://www.gafcon.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=6 to http://www.gafcon.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=6

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:49, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Lambeth Conference. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20170305084344/http://www.inclusivechurch2.net/index.php?id=7189 to http://www.inclusivechurch2.net/index.php?id=7189
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.anglican-nig.org/main.php?k_j=12&d=156&p_t=index.php%3F

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:56, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lambeth Conference. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130816182534/http://lambeth.iglesiaepiscopal.org.co/ to http://lambeth.iglesiaepiscopal.org.co/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:56, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

Revert
Feel free to provide context for the "exorcism" incident that you feel is meaningful, or other incidents. It's better sourced than anything else in the section. –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 00:09, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Dean Stanley
Concerning the first Conference, the article quotes Dean Stanley's unhappiness about "the presence of prelates not belonging to our church". Who was he referring to? Were Anglicans outside the Church of England considered as "not belonging to our church"? Or were non-Anglicans present? What were the boundaries of "our church" in Stanley's view? Oudeís talk 16:25, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Lambeth 2022
This article needs to be updated to cover the current conference. m.e. (talk) 09:22, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * "Current conference"? Wikipedia is an encyclopedia for the long-term, not a newspaper for today's 'current' news.  See WP:NOTNEWS. Yes, in due course (i.e. in the weeks and months ahead), the section about 2022 conference should be updated about notable items and outcomes, using reliable sources.  In due course.  But meanwhile, if you want to know what is happening there now (in the "current conference" try trusted news outlets. Feline Hymnic (talk) 15:02, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lambeth Conference


text:
Memoirs of Hadrian

Memoirs of Hadrian (Mémoires d'Hadrien) is a French-language novel by the Belgian-born writer Marguerite Yourcenar about the life and death of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. First published in France in 1951, the book was a critical and commercial success. It was translated into English by Grace Frick and published as Hadrian's Memoirs in 1954 by Farrar, Straus and Young and the following year in the UK as Memoirs of Hadrian (by Secker & Warburg). American editions of this translation are now published under the latter title.

The book takes the form of a letter to Hadrian's adoptive grandson and eventual successor "Mark" (Marcus Aurelius). The emperor meditates on military triumphs, love of poetry and music, philosophy, and his passion for his lover Antinous, all in a manner similar to Gustave Flaubert's "melancholy of the antique world."

Yourcenar noted in her postscript "Carnet de note" to the original edition, quoting Flaubert, that she had chosen Hadrian as the subject of the novel in part because he had lived at a time when the Roman gods were no longer believed in, but Christianity was not yet established. This intrigued her for what she saw as parallels to her own post-war European world. Although the historical Hadrian wrote an autobiography, it has been lost.

Writing of the novel
Yourcenar first thought of the idea for the book between 1924 and 1929. She then worked on various drafts intermittently between 1934 and 1937. The notion of writing the book from the point of view of a dying Hadrian occurred to her after reading a sentence in a draft from 1937 stating: "I begin to discern the profile of my death."

She did not resume work on the book in earnest until December 1948, as she lived between New York and Hartford, Connecticut. She states that while she based her account of Hadrian on the two most principal sources, Historia Augusta and Cassius Dio's Historia Romana, her goal was to reinterpret the past but also strive for historical authenticity.

Synopsis
The novel is told in the first person by Hadrian and is framed as a letter to Marcus Aurelius in the first chapter, Animula Vagula Blandula. The other chapters form a loose chronological narrative which he often breaks with various insights and recollections. The story begins with Hadrian, who is around sixty years of age, describing his incurable illness. He therefore wishes to recount important events in his life before his death.

His earliest memories are his boyhood years in Italica. He also talks of his early interest in astrology and his lifelong passion for the arts, culture, and philosophy of Greece; themes which he revisits throughout the book. He visits Athens to study, travels to Rome for the first time, and witnesses the accession of Trajan. He eventually joins the army and participates in the Dacian campaign. Hadrian, who is around thirty years old at the end of the war, describes his successes in the army and his relationship with Trajan who is initially cold towards him. He slowly gains Trajan's favor and secures his position for the throne with the help of Plotina, the emperor's wife, and also by marrying Sabina, Trajan's grandniece.

During his military service, the outcome of the Sarmatian wars strongly affects him due to the appalling bloodshed and atrocities committed. He also begins to question the value of Trajan's policy of military expansion. Trajan, in old age, begins an unsuccessful military campaign in Parthia after his successes over Dacia and Sarmatia. After a major defeat, Trajan hastily names Hadrian as his successor in a will shortly before his death. Following the death of Trajan, he hesitantly has his rivals executed and makes peace with Parthia. He travels frequently throughout the provinces of the Roman Empire while undertaking numerous economic and military reforms, promoting in his words: “humanitas, libertas, felicitas.” During a visit to Britain, he describes the construction of Hadrian's Wall, which represents part of his vision of curbing the military expansion of his predecessor and promoting peace.

Hadrian's administration is a time of peace and happiness which he regards as his "Age of Gold." He attributes this happiness to his love for Antinous, a beautiful Bithynian youth he meets in Nicomedia. He also feels genuinely loved by Antinous compared to the fleeting passions of his youth and the loveless relationship with his wife Sabina. While visiting Egypt, he despairs over the sudden and mysterious death of Antinous who drowns in the Nile. He ultimately believes that Antinous sacrificed himself in order to alter the outcome of troubling portents that both had witnessed earlier. In his grief, he devises the cult of Antinous and makes future plans to dedicate a new city to him in an effort to eternalize his memory.

Hadrian begins reflecting upon his advancing age and his change in temperament, recalling one incident where he accidentally blinds his secretary out of rage. Further troubling him is the outbreak of rebellion in Judea, which forces him to travel and take command of the troops. During an important siege, he despairs over the unraveling of his plans for peace, his ailing heart condition, and later over the rampant destruction in Judea. He states, "Natura deficit, fortuna mutatur, deus omnia cernit. Nature fails us, fortune changes, a god beholds all things from on high…"

During his final years in Rome and at his villa in Tibur, he ponders his succession and his thoughts turn to a memory of Marcus Aurelius as a virtuous and kind-hearted boy. Hadrian, now in advanced age and very poor health, begins to fear death and contemplates suicide through various means. He finally accepts his fate with resignation, or patientia, while reflecting on his newfound divine status throughout the Empire. Near death, he contemplates what the future may hold for the world, Rome, and for his soul.

title: Memoirs of Hadrian


text:
User:Soumitra

Soumitra Ranjan.

Soumitra's Facebook Fanpage

title: User:Soumitra


text:
Rob Roy MacGregor

Robert Roy MacGregor (Raibeart Ruadh MacGriogair; 7 March 1671 – 28 December 1734) was a Scottish outlaw, who later became a folk hero.

Early life
Rob Roy was born in the Kingdom of Scotland at Glengyle, at the head of Loch Katrine, as recorded in the baptismal register of Buchanan, Stirling. His parents were the local Clan MacGregor tacksman, Donald Glas MacGregor, and Margaret Campbell. He was also descended from the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch through his paternal grandmother.

In January 1693, at Corrie Arklet farm near Inversnaid, he married Mary MacGregor of Comar (1671–1745), who was born at Leny Farm, Strathyre. The couple had four sons: James Mor MacGregor (1695–1754), Ranald (1706–1786), Coll (died 1735) and Robert (1715–1754)—known as Robìn Òig or Young Rob. It has been argued that they also adopted a cousin named Duncan, but this is not certain.

Jacobite risings
Along with many Highland clansmen, at the age of eighteen Rob Roy MacGregor together with his father joined the Jacobite rising of 1689 led by John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, and Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, to support the Stuart King James VII, whose flight from Britain had been declared by Parliament to be an abdication, following the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Although victorious in initial battles, Dundee was killed at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689, deflating the rebellion. MacGregor's father was taken to jail, where he was held on high treason charges for two years. MacGregor's mother Margaret's health failed during Donald's time in prison. By the time Donald was finally released, his wife was dead.

Like many other Scottish clan chiefs during the 17th and 18th centuries, MacGregor operated an extralegal Watch over the cattle herds of the Lowland gentry in return for protection money, which was used to feed the families of his tenants and clansmen. Any cattle that were stolen from herds under his Watch were either retrieved or paid for in full.

MacGregor became a respected cattleman—this was a time when cattle raiding and selling protection against theft were commonplace means of earning a living. MacGregor borrowed a large sum to increase his own cattle herd, but owing to the disappearance of his chief herder, who was entrusted with the money, MacGregor defaulted on his loan.

As a result, he was branded an outlaw, and his wife and family were evicted from their house at Inversnaid, which was then burned down. After his principal creditor, James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose, seized his lands, MacGregor waged a private blood feud against the Duke, both raiding his cattle and robbing his rents.

Another version of this series of events states that MacGregor's estates of Craigrostan and Ardess were forfeited for his part in the Jacobite rising of 1715. The Duke of Montrose acquired the property in 1720 by open purchase from the Commissioners of Enquiry.

Glen Shira

In 1716, MacGregor moved to Glen Shira for a short time and lived under the protection of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, also known as Red John of the Battles, "Iain Ruaidh nan Cath". Argyll negotiated an amnesty and protection for Rob and granted him permission to build a house in the Glen for the surrendering up of weapons. "Traditionally the story goes that Argyll only received a large cache of rusty old weapons." A sporran and dirk handle which belonged to Rob Roy can still be seen at Inveraray Castle. Rob Roy only used this house occasionally for the next three or four years.

In July 1717, MacGregor and the whole of the Clan Gregor were specifically excluded from the benefits of the Indemnity Act 1717 which had the effect of pardoning all others who took part in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

MacGregor participated in the Battle of Glen Shiel in 1719, in which a British Government army with allied Highlanders defeated a force of Jacobite Scots supported by the Spanish. Two of the Jacobite commanders, Lord George Murray and the 5th Earl of Seaforth, were badly wounded. Some accounts claim that Rob Roy himself was wounded, but the actual text of Ormonde's account of the battle provides no evidence for this claim. Instead, it states that Seaforth was wounded: "Finding himself hard-pressed, Lord Seaforth sent for further support. A reinforcement under Rob Roy went to his aid, but before it reached him the greater part of his men had given way, and he himself had been severely wounded in the arm."

Sometime around 1720 and after the heat of MacGregor’s involvement at the Battle of Glen Shiel had died down, Rob Roy moved to Monachyle Tuarach by Loch Doine. Sometime before 1722, he finally moved to Inverlochlarig Beag on the Braes of Balquhidder.

Later life
MacGregor's feud against the Duke of Montrose continued until 1722, when he was forced to surrender. Later imprisoned, he was finally pardoned in 1727. He died in his house at Inverlochlarig Beg, Balquhidder, on 28 December 1734 after an illness brought on by old age and a bad winter, aged 63.

K. Macleay, M.D., in Historical Memoirs of Rob Roy and the Clan MacGregor quotes, "but he had taken the resolution of becoming a Roman Catholic, and he accordingly left the lonely residence we have described, and returning to Perthshire, went to a Mr. Alexander Drummond, an old priest of that faith, who resided at Drummond Castle." Macleay takes the view that Rob did this out of sorrow for his crimes.

Legacy
Glengyle House, on the shore of Loch Katrine, dates back to the early 18th century, with a porch dated to 1707, and is built on the site of the 17th century stone cottage where Rob Roy is said to have been born. Since the 1930s, the Category B-listed building had been in the hands of successive water authorities, but was identified as surplus to requirements and put up for auction in November 2004, despite objections from the Scottish National Party.

The Rob Roy Way, a long distance footpath from Drymen to Pitlochry, was created in 2002 and named in Rob Roy's honour.

Descendants of Rob Roy settled around McGregor, Iowa, United States, and in 1849 it was reported that the original MacGregor seal and signet was owned by Alex McGregor of Iowa. The Scots Gaelic clan seal was inscribed "S' Rioghal Mo Dhream" ("Royal is my race"). The signet was a bloodstone from Loch Lomond, and was sketched by William Williams.

In 1878, the football club Kirkintilloch Rob Roy was founded and named in his memory.

Early settlers to New Zealand named Roys Peak and Rob Roy Glacier in honour of Rob Roy MacGregor.

In popular culture
A fictionalised account of his life, The Highland Rogue, was published in 1723. Rob Roy became a legend in his own lifetime and George I was moved to issue a pardon for his crimes just as he was about to be transported to the colonies. The publication of Rob Roy by Sir Walter Scott in 1817 further added to his fame and fleshed out his biography. Hector Berlioz was inspired by the book to compose an overture. William Wordsworth wrote a poem called "Rob Roy's Grave" during a visit to Scotland; the 1803 tour was documented by his sister Dorothy in Recollections of a Tour Made in Scotland and the editor of the book changed the place of burial to the present location.

Adaptations of his story have also been told in film, including the silent film Rob Roy (1922), the Walt Disney Productions film Rob Roy: The Highland Rogue (1953) and the 1995 film Rob Roy directed by Michael Caton-Jones (starring Liam Neeson as the title character and shot entirely on location in the Scottish Highlands). The 1995 Rob Roy film was also novelized in that year by Donald McFarlan (based on the screenplay by Alan Sharp) and adapted to a Nova abridged audiobook read by British actor Brian Cox, who also appeared in the film.

In 1894, a bartender at the Waldorf Hotel in New York City created the Rob Roy cocktail in honour of the premiere of Rob Roy, an operetta by composer Reginald De Koven and lyricist Harry B. Smith loosely based upon Robert Roy MacGregor.

In 2017, a new statue of Rob Roy was commissioned to be installed in Peterculter, Aberdeen. The sculptor appointed was David J. Mitchell, a graduate of Grays School of Art in Aberdeen. The statue was publicly unveiled at a ceremony on the bridge on 16 September 2017.

title: Rob Roy MacGregor


text:
Queens Gardens

Queens Gardens or Queen's Gardens may refer to:

 * Queen's Gardens, Kingston upon Hull – gardens in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England
 * Queen's Gardens (Croydon) – gardens in south London, England
 * Queen's Gardens, Westminster – gardens in the City of Westminster, London, England
 * Queen's Gardens, Newcastle-under-Lyme – gardens in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England
 * Queens Gardens, Brisbane – gardens in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Queens Gardens, Townsville – a botanical garden in Townsville, Queensland
 * Queens Gardens, Dunedin – street and park in Dunedin, New Zealand
 * Queens Gardens, Perth – gardens in Perth, Western Australia
 * Queens Garden (restaurant) – Michelin starred restaurant in The Hague, Netherlands

title: Queens Gardens


text:
A Calculus of Angels

A Calculus of Angels is an alternate history and fantasy novel by American writer Gregory Keyes, the second book in The Age of Unreason series. It was initially published by Del Rey on March 30, 1999. A follow-up to Newton's Cannon, the book is set in 1722 and continues the alternate history where Isaac Newton discovers that alchemy works, and a powerful science is built upon it.

title: A Calculus of Angels


text:
The Age of Unreason

The Age of Unreason is a series of four novels written by Gregory Keyes:

 * Newton's Cannon (1998), ISBN 1-56865-829-X
 * A Calculus of Angels (1999), ISBN 0-7394-0260-9
 * Empire of Unreason (2000), ISBN 0-345-40609-5
 * The Shadows of God (2001), ISBN 0-345-43904-X

Its title is a reference to Thomas Paine's treatise The Age of Reason. The story spans the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, with the action moving between England and France, later involving Russia, Austria, the Republic of Venice, and North America. The author makes use of pseudosciences (scientific alchemy instead of our physics) that were popular at the time: using affinity and aether, for example. Some historical characters appear in important roles: Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Cotton Mather, King Louis XIV of France, Emperor Peter the Great of Russia, King Charles XII of Sweden, and Edward Teach, better known as the pirate Blackbeard.

title: The Age of Unreason


text:
Crease (cricket)

In the sport of cricket, the crease is a certain area demarcated by white lines painted or chalked on the field of play, and pursuant to the rules of cricket they help determine legal play in different ways for the fielding and batting side. They define the area within which the batsmen and bowlers operate. The term crease may refer to any of the lines themselves, particularly the popping crease, or to the region that they demark. Law 7 of the Laws of Cricket governs the size and position of the crease markings, and defines the actual line as the back edge of the width of the marked line on the soil, i.e., the edge nearest to the wicket at that end.

Four creases (one popping crease, one bowling crease, and two return creases) are drawn at each end of the pitch, around the two sets of stumps. The bowling creases lie 22 yards (66 feet or 20.12 m) apart, and mark the ends of the pitch. For the fielding side, the crease defines whether there is a no-ball because the wicket-keeper has moved in front of the wicket before he is permitted to do so. In addition, historically part of the bowler's back foot in the delivery stride was required to fall behind the bowling crease to avoid a delivery being a no-ball. This rule was replaced by a requirement that the bowler's front foot in the delivery stride must land with some part of it behind the popping crease (see below).

History
The origin of creases is unsure but they were certainly in use by the beginning of the 18th century, being created by scratch marks, the popping crease being 46 inches in front of the wicket at each end of the pitch. In the course of time the scratches became cuts which were an inch deep and an inch wide. Such cuts were in use until the second half of the 19th century. Sometime during the early part of his career, Alfred Shaw suggested that the creases be made by lines of whitewash and this practice was gradually adopted during the 1870s.

Popping crease
The origin of the term "popping crease" is derived from the earlier feature of cricket pitches, the popping hole. One popping crease is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each set of stumps. The popping crease is 4 ft in front of and parallel to the bowling crease, and thus 58 ft from the other popping crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length (in other words, running across the entire field) the popping crease need only be marked to at least 6 ft at right angles to, and on both sides of, the middle of the pitch. The popping creases are the edges of an area which is an "unsafe zone" for batsmen (they risk being out when they are in this area); the ball must travel through this area when initially bowled to the batsman.

For the fielding side
For the fielding team the popping crease is used as one test of whether the bowler has bowled a no-ball. To avoid a no-ball, some part of the bowler's front foot in the delivery stride (that is, the first impression of stride when he/she releases the ball) must be behind the popping crease when it lands, although it does not have to be grounded. The foot may be on the line as long as some part of his/her foot is behind the line. This has given rise to the term "the line belongs to the umpire." In addition, a no-ball is called if the bowled ball bounces more than once before it reaches the popping crease of the striker, or if more than two non-wicketkeeping fielders are behind that popping crease on the on side at the time of the delivery. There is no limit to how far a bowler may bowl behind the crease other than that he must be visible to the umpire sufficient for him to verify that the bowling is indeed legal.

For the batting side
For a batsman the popping crease – which can be referred to as the batting crease in the context of batting – determines whether they have been stumped or run out. This is described in Laws 29, 38, and 39 of the Laws of Cricket. For a run-out, the wicket near the popping crease must be put down when the batsman is not within their ground behind the popping crease. A 2010 amendment to Law 29 clarified the circumstance where the wicket is put down while a batsman has become fully airborne after having first made his ground; the batsman is regarded to not be out of his ground.

 * If the batsman facing the bowler (the striker) steps out of his ground to play the ball but misses and the wicket-keeper takes the ball and puts down the wicket, then the striker is out stumped.
 * If a fielder puts down either wicket whilst the batsmen are running between the wickets (or otherwise forward of the popping crease during the course of play), then the batsman nearer the ground of the downed wicket is out run out.

Bowling crease
Drawn parallel with the popping crease and four feet away from it. The bowling crease is the line through the centres of the three stumps at each end. It is 8 ft long, with the stumps in the centre.

Return crease
Four return creases are drawn, one on each side of each set of stumps. The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 ft either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease line starts at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and need only be marked to a minimum of 8 ft from the popping crease.

The return creases are primarily used to determine whether the bowler has bowled a no-ball. To avoid a no-ball, the bowler's back foot in the delivery stride must land within and not touch the return crease. This is to stop the bowler from bowling at the batsmen from an unfair angle (i.e. diagonally).

Using the crease
Though the relatively small size of the crease is such that they limit the degree to which a batsman or a bowler can alter where they stand to face or deliver a ball, there is a degree of latitude afforded whereby both can move around the crease as long as they remain within the aforementioned confines. Batsmen 'use the crease' when they move toward leg or off, before or while playing a shot. Bowlers 'use the crease' by varying the position of their feet, relative to the stumps, at the moment of delivery. In so doing, they can alter the angle of delivery and the trajectory of the ball.

title: Crease (cricket)