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Expo 2000

Expo 2000 was a World Expo held in Hanover, Germany from 1 June to 31 October 2000. It was located on the Hanover Fairground (Messegelände Hannover), which is the largest exhibition ground in the world. Initially some 40 million people were expected to attend the exhibition over the course of months; however, eventually with less than half of this number, the Expo was a flop and turned out to be a financial failure.

The Expo's masterplan was designed in a joint venture with Studio d'Arnaboldi / Cavadini, Locarno and AS&P (Albert Speer und Partner GmbH).

Background
On 14 June 1990, the international organization sanctioning World Expos Bureau International des Expositions awarded Expo 2000 to Hanover, beating out Toronto by a 21 to 20 vote. In 1992, the architects Studio Arnaboldi/Cavadini of Locarno won an international design competition for the masterplan of the exhibition grounds. On 12 June that year, a survey conducted by the city council was made public showing only 51.5% of area residents supported hosting the expo.

Construction
On 5 May 1994, a new company was created by the government in Bonn, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung und Durchführung der Weltausstellung EXPO 2000 in Hannover (EXPO 2000 Hannover GmbH). Headed by chairman Helmut Werner, the company was responsible for the construction and management of the Expo.

In 1995, the supervisory board agreed on the concept for the thematics of the Expo. Construction finally began on 22 April 1996.

Unlike previous expos, which focused on present advances in science and technology, EXPO 2000 focused more on developing and presenting solutions for the future.

World Expo 2000
The Expo opened to the public on 1 June 2000 and ran for five months, ending on 31 October.

The Expo site was situated on the original 1,000,000 square meters of the Hanover fairground; an additional 600,000 m2 was also made available as a newly opened section to the grounds. As a visitor walked in and tickets were taken, looking above to the approximately four-story-high ceiling, a visitor would have noticed the huge circular pods that held large TVs showing animated people greeting the visitors and providing tourist information in different languages. Some ten large McDonald's restaurants were also built, along with restaurants representing several of the exhibitor countries. Small retail locations were also set up to supply Expo merchandise. The United States reversed its decision to take part at a relatively late stage, and the area set aside for the American pavilion was left undeveloped.

40,000,000 visitors were expected at Expo 2000, but only 25,210,000 people came to see the event. This led to a financial deficit of about US$600,000,000. With pre-ordered tickets priced at 69 DM, the Expo seemed expensive compared to other days out. Commentator Georg Giersberg wrote in the Frankfurter Allgemeine that entrance fees for Germany's 53 main theme parks cost on average less than half the price of the Expo (about 30 DM). Other financial shortfalls came from a lack of corporate sponsorship, since it cost US$4.8 million to be an official product supplier or US$14.5 million to become a world partner.

Part of the failure of the Expo was a lack of clear perception of what to expect at Expo 2000, not helped by a "cerebral" advertising campaign that had failed to explain what the Expo was for. In a 2000 Time article, a Berlin-based marketing firm, Scholz & Friends, stated that "the organizers have failed to convey to the public a clear image of what Expo 2000 is going to be: an entertainment park, a blown-up museum, or a nature reserve." In the same article, Ralf Strobach, secretary of Hanover's Citizens' Initiative for Environment Protection, said that "For a long time, companies were unsure if they would be putting money in an eco-show or a showcase for their latest inventions." Only after the Expo was open and clearly not meeting expectations was a new advertising campaign created, aimed at the domestic market with British actor Peter Ustinov and German television star Verona Feldbusch and stressing the fun side of the Expo, under the slogan "Das gibt's nur einmal, es kommt nie wieder" ("This only happens once, it's never coming back").

The German band Kraftwerk created a vocoded speech signature theme, "Expo 2000", which was also developed into a single of the same name. Later, a remix single "Expo Remix" was released. The band was also paid US$190,000 for a five-second jingle, leading Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to state that he "wouldn't have spent so much money".

Settlement
The western slope of Kronsberg emerged in the late 1990s in conjunction with the EXPO 2000, established an environmental point of settlement at the Hannover Expo. The district is a result of independent evolutionary history and unique structure often perceived as a separate district.

Themed

 * The 21st Century
 * Planet of Visions
 * Human
 * Knowledge
 * Mobility
 * Communication
 * Energy
 * Health
 * Nutrition
 * Environment
 * Basic Needs
 * Future of Labour

National
In total, 155 nations took part. Some are outlined below:

 * The Bhutan Pavilion – A Buddhist Temple brought from Bhutan to the World Exhibition in Hannover, having been prefabricated in 16,000 construction parts in Bhutan.
 * Finland – Titled "Wind Nest", the building was created by architects Sarlotta Narjus and Antti-Matti Siikala. Four-storey twin buildings measuring 50 x 7.5 m each were clad in heat-treated thermowood. The two buildings were connected by bridges, allowing visitors to move amongst the three exhibit halls on the first two stories. A 15 m wide birch forest was also created.
 * Germany – Designed by architect Wund Gruppe, the 24,000 m² building was the largest nation pavilion at Expo.
 * Japan – The Japanese Pavilion was a gridshell structure made out of recycled paper tubes that created a honeycomb-like building. The German authorities refused to allow a paper-only structure, literally held together at the joints by tape, so a secondary supporting structure made of wood was created to obtain the needed legal approval. Designed by architect Shigeru Ban along with consultants Frei Otto (the German architect who created the Olympic Stadium (Munich) and the German pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal), Buro Happold (the British engineering firm which created the Millennium Dome) and Stefan Polonyi (a structural engineering professor), the building took 3 weeks to assemble and covered an exhibit area of 72 m (long) x 35 m (wide) x 15.5 m (high), pavilion lot size: 5,450 m² and building surface area: 3,600 m².
 * Latvia – about 300,000 people participated in the "Zime" project created by Armands Strazds and Modris Tenisons.
 * Lithuania – The pavilion was designed by Marina and Audrius Bučas, Gintaras Kuginys, Valdas Ozarinskas and Aida Čeponytė. The building was a futuristic glossy yellow. The main attraction was the film "Flight over Lithuania".
 * Mexico – The pavilion consisted of five separate buildings linked by ramps, and after the Expo, was relocated to the Braunschweig Fine Arts College. The architect was Ricardo Legorreta.
 * Monaco – Monaco contributed at the exhibition by constructing a hypermodern modular prefabricated pavilion which was designed by the architect Hans Ferdinand Degraeuwe.
 * Mongolia – Mongolia participated at the exhibition by constructing a nomadic town of the 13th century, called "Chingis’s Town", covering one hectare. The pavilion was designed by the architect Adiya Baldandorj Bayud, to show the ger residences of Great Khans of the Mongol Empire of the 13th century. The feature of this town was that it created the town with ger, ger-carriage and various kinds of cotton residents, which are different in forms, sizes and applications, used by Mongolians of that century. Moreover, the King’s privilege armchair, clothing and accessories of ancient heroes and weapons were shown in the "Chingis's Town".
 * Netherlands was located at '3' Europa Boulevard, and the Dutch pavilion was one of the most popular buildings, winning international acclaim, and was designed by the firm MVRDV. The theme of the 36 m high building (the Expo's tallest structure) was "Holland creates Space". Six Holland eco-system landscapes were stacked to showcase how a country can make the most out of a small space. Guests entered on the ground floor and moved through the exhibit space via grand exterior staircases that wrapped around the building. The top level contained a small lake surrounded with windmills that generated power for the building. The interior spaces were designed by MET Studio. The original plan was to dismantle the building and move it back to Amsterdam, but it was determined that it would be much cheaper to just create a new building from scratch. As of 2006, the building sits empty and is partially looted with windows smashed and garbage everywhere.
 * Portugal – Designed by architects Álvaro Siza Vieira and Eduardo Souto de Moura, the 2,350 m² pavilion was located on the Europa Boulevard. The prefabricated two-story building was covered with around 55 tons of expanded cork agglomerate and with hand-made glazed tiles on the patio and had a double glass fibre canvas membrane roof.
 * Spain – Designed with the theme "Familiarity and Solidarity."
 * Switzerland – The 3019 square meter pavilion designed by Peter Zumthor was built of stacked wooden beams of larchwood and Scots pine held together by steel rods and springs.
 * United Arab Emirates – The 3000 m² pavilion, situated on a 6000 m² plot (the largest of the Expo sites), was a recreated desert fort. Designed by the French architect Alain Durand-Heriot, the exhibit tried to evoke the feeling of being in the Arab state. The main attraction was a 360° circular cinema. The building was 84 m × 36 m and built out of recyclable materials. The theme of the pavilion was "From the traditional to the modern" and presented the history of the country.
 * Venezuela – The pavilion was a convertible tent structure which opened and closed like a flower. It was very lightweight, was constructed with no waste and completely re-usable. The flower petals were positioned according to the weather, to shade, keep dry or allow sun to shine on the pavilion. It was designed by Fruto Vivas and Frei Otto with SL Rasch.

Other

 * Planet m – Media for Mankind – The Bertelsmann pavilion, designed by TRIAD Berlin, explored the importance of the media. Guests were brought to the exhibition by the world's largest elevator, which could transport up to 200 people at once. Today, the building is used by the University of Applied Sciences Hannover.
 * BMW World – The exhibit focused on BMW's efforts to create clean-energy operated vehicles. The BMW 750hL Clean Energy car was on display. There were also exhibits on the possibilities of solar- and water-fueled cars. Daimler Chrysler also operated Lab.01, an interactive laboratory showcasing mobility devices including mini-robots.
 * EU European Union – The pavilion presented the European Union's vision of Europe. The walk-through exhibit was divided into seven zones: 50's, Time Shuttle, Euro, Blue Planet, Bridge, Tunnel, Here and Now.
 * Global House – The building housed the One World Cafe and a variety of exhibits, including Indigenous Peoples' Wisdom from the Earth, a display of 26 initiatives by indigenous groups from around the globe. Each initiative was shown in a flight case and featured text, images, and in many cases, contemporary handicraft. The exhibit was the first opportunity for indigenous people to represent themselves at a World Expo.
 * WWF (World Wildlife Fund) – Pavilion
 * The ZERI Pavilion – The largest bamboo structure designed by Simon Velez, was built by 41 Colombian wood workers in less than three months. Over 4,500 bamboos (Guadua angustifolia) were joined to construct this building. Nine months of intensive scientific research and testing first enabled the acquisition of a temporary permit, and after the building was constructed twice (once in Manizales, Colombia and once in Hanover), the final permit was granted the day before the opening of the Expo 2000. This pavilion presented seven projects from around the world which demonstrated that it is possible to respond to everyone's needs on Earth with what we have. The projects from Colombia, Zimbabwe, Fiji, Sweden and Japan inspired many young people. The ZERI Pavilion had an estimated 6.4 million visitors, but it had no doors and no queues.
 * Christ Pavilion – Christ Pavilion of the Protestant and Catholic churches in Germany, 2001 reconstructed at the monastery Volkenroda.

Projects

 * Lost Paradise Lost - art meets church
 * Rain Forest House - hear, smell, taste and feel the diversity of the tropical highland rain forest
 * Hannover Zoo - where the animals can live in conditions similar to their natural habitats
 * Hornemann Institute - worldwide knowledge transfer as well as further education in the field of conservation and restoration
 * Worlds Children Peace Monument (WCPM) - conceived during EXPO 2000's Culture on the Move segment in cooperation with the United Nations 2000 Culture of Peace Program. The WCPM project, still in use today, encourages positive community participation through the establishment of works of public art, through cultural education and entrepreneurial training to children around the World.

Legacy

Some of the buildings on the Expo site were sold after EXPO 2000 ended, but most of the exhibition area is still used for major fairs in Germany, as it has been since 1949. The southeastern area around Expo Plaza has been turned into Hanover's new centre of information technology, design, media and arts.

Most of the national pavilion buildings were demolished, or disassembled and shipped to their home countries, following the Expo. Some buildings were retained, including the Netherlands Pavilion. The structure has now fallen into disrepair, until earlier in December 2017, when architecture company MVRDV announced plans to restore and renovate the Netherlands pavilion to accommodate future users.

A glass sculpture called "United Earth" by Tomasz Urbanowicz exhibited as part of the Lower Silesian Presentation in the Polish Pavilion was later handed over by the City of Wrocław to the European Parliament in Strasbourg. The sculpture is the main central point of the Agora of the Louise Weiss building designed by Architecture-Studio.

title: Expo 2000


text: Template:Provinces and regions of Panama

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text: User talk:164.11.204.245

title: User talk:164.11.204.245


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Litter box

A litter box, also known as a sandbox, cat box, litter tray, cat pan, potty, pot or litter pan, is an indoor feces and urine collection box for cats, as well as rabbits, ferrets, miniature pigs, small dogs, and other pets that instinctively or through training will make use of such a repository. They are provided for pets that are permitted free roam of a home but who cannot or do not always go outside to excrete their metabolic waste.

Cats are fastidious by nature. Free-roaming domestic cats will attempt to cover their urine and especially their faeces within their home range, in proximity of their food area. To achieve this, they rake the surface in a backward sweeping motion with their front paws to draw loose material over the waste. The efficiency of these attempts is limited by soil texture, as cats have to break the surface with their toes due to their claws being protractile. Still, on rare occasions outdoor cats have been observed trying to dig holes to deposit their excrements in. The raking behaviour is associated with sniffing the waste and will often follow from it. Raking is said to occur rarely when the motivation behind elimination is to engage in scent marking. At thirty days of age, domestic kittens start to exhibit the innate behaviour of raking loose sand or soft dirt. This initially occurs in advance of elimination and can be combined with ingesting particles.

Cat litter boxes are designed to stimulate feline instincts around waste elimination and provide a cat with loose material that is easy to rake over the waste. A litter box's bottom is typically filled with 2 in or less of cat litter. Litter box filler is a loose, granular material that absorbs moisture and odors such as ammonia. Some litter brands contain baking soda to absorb such odors, or owners may sprinkle a thin layer in the bottom of the box, under the cat litter. The litter material also satisfies a cat's instinctive desire to hide their scent by allowing them to bury their waste. The most common material is clay, although recycled paper "pellets" and silica-based "crystal" variants are also used. Sometimes, when an owner wishes to stimulate the cat's natural instincts, natural dirt is used.

The litter can give off a strong odor, and must be disposed of periodically. It is recommended that the litter box be kept in low traffic areas of the home, such as a basement or laundry room to avoid litter box aversion. There are commercially available special types of litter to help cover or lessen the odor produced. They contain baking soda, plant extracts and/or odorized crystals. If kept in a room with an intake vent, an air freshener may be added on the furnace filter to isolate the odor from the rest of the house.

Types of litter box filler
Edward Lowe accidentally discovered that clay made an excellent cat litter material and began selling it in bags as "Kitty Litter". In the US, cat litter is a $2 billion industry consuming 5 e9lb of mined clay annually.

Non-clumping conventional litter
The first commercially available cat litter in the United States was Kitty Litter, available in 1947 and marketed by Ed Lowe. This was the first large-scale use of clay (in the form of Fuller's earth) in litter boxes; previously sand was used. Clay litter is much more absorbent than sand and is manufactured into large grains or clumps of clay, making it less likely to be tracked from the litter box. The brand name Kitty Litter has become a genericized trademark, used by many to denote any type of cat litter. Today, cat litter can be obtained at a variety of retail stores. Non-clumping cat litter is often made of zeolite, diatomite and sepiolite.

Clay
Litter clumps were first developed by using calcium bentonite clay. This was manufactured in the UK in the 1950s by the Fuller's Earth Union (FEU), which later became a part of Laporte Industries Ltd. Subsequently in America, clumping bentonite was developed in 1984 by biochemist Thomas Nelson. Most are made from granulated bentonite clay, which clumps together when wet and forms a solid mass separate from the other litter in the box. This solid clumped material can be scooped out and disposed of without changing the entire contents of the litter box.

Clumping litter usually also contains quartz or diatomaceous earth (sometimes called diatomaceous silica, which causes it to be mistakenly confused with silica gel litter). Because of the clumping effect, the manufacturers usually instruct not to flush clumping litters down the toilet, because it could clog it.

Clumping clay cat litters are natural products. Some may also contain naturally occurring crystalline silica, or silica dust, which in California is treated as a known carcinogen under Proposition 65. Clay litter is also criticized by the manufacturers of non-clay litter because the components of clay litter are commonly obtained from a strip mine in an environmentally degrading process.

This sort of litter can be toxic to ferrets, leading to both respiratory and digestive problems.

Non-clay
Clumping litter for cats has also been produced from materials other than clay. The New York-based New York Stock Exchange-listed company Minerals Technologies offers a clumping cat litter in the form of crystals made of "compacted baking soda", which in contrast to bentonite is either dust-free or low-dust, and allegedly "100% CO2 neutral". Minerals Technologies claims to hold a patent related to this solution.

Biodegradable litter
Biodegradable litters are made from various plant resources, including pine wood pellets, recycled newspaper, clumping sawdust, Brazilian cassava, corn, wheat, walnuts, barley, soy pulp, and dried orange peel.

Each year, more than two million tons of cat litter, or approximately 100,000 truckloads, ends up in landfills in the US alone. Primarily, this is not biodegradable or renewable and adds to the waste burden. Some pet owners prefer biodegradable litters due to its friendliness to the environment. Biodegradable cat litter can also be eliminated completely by safely composting the used litter at home. Other cat owners can be attracted to the biodegradable litters because of their flushability or deodorizing properties. Some pets, such as those with asthma or sensitive senses of smell, may also benefit from the reduced dust in some forms of biodegradable litter.

Biodegradable litter packaged specifically for cats tends to be more expensive than traditional clay litters, so cost is often not a positive factor in their selection. However, one of these, namely pine pellets can be purchased from regional feed stores that normally carry 40 lb bags for horse bedding at a significant cost reduction, often cheaper than the cheapest clumping litter. Most biodegradable litters last longer than the equivalent size of clay or clumping clay litters. Grain-based animal or poultry feed also provides an economical alternative to products marketed specifically as cat litter. Additionally, most of these forms of litter are recycled from human usage and are thus reusing a waste product as opposed to drawing clay from mines.

Guar gum was the principal clumping agent used in biodegradable cat litter as of 2013, with a clumping rate of 69.8%, while xanthan gum (73.9%) and plantago gum (57.5%) were identified in one study as potential alternatives. It is also added to bentonite litter to increase its clumping capacity. In 2020, it was still being used in tests of new wood-based biodegradable litter formulations.

Silica gel litter
Silica gel litter, often referred to as "crystal litter", is a porous granular form of silicon dioxide, has the highest absorbency of any litter, and has excellent moisture control and complete odor elimination for an extended period of time compared to other litters. It is typically prepared through a sol-gel process, which involves the hydrolysis and condensation of silica precursors such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) or sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). The porous structure of silica gel enables it to trap moisture within its network of interconnected pores, effectively locking away urine and preventing it from spreading or leaking. Moreover, many silica gel litter formulations incorporate activated carbon or other odor-neutralizing compounds, which further enhance the litter's ability to control unpleasant smells. In addition to its physical structure, the chemical composition of silica gel also contributes to its performance as a cat litter. The surface of silica gel is covered with silanol (Si-OH) and siloxane (Si-O-Si) functional groups. These groups interact with water molecules through hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions, enabling the material to absorb and retain moisture effectively.

Some owners praise its absorbency because 4 - 5 lb can absorb liquid and odor for up to 30 days for one healthy normal weight cat. It is important to lightly stir the crystals daily while scooping the solid waste, otherwise urine can pool in the box. When crystal litter is saturated, at the end of 30 days or so, it begins to smell and is visibly saturated (the white crystals have turned slightly yellow). In comparison, over the same time period it may take 20 – or more of clay or clumping litter, because it is necessary to replenish the litter that is removed when the clumped urine is scooped out. No replenishing is necessary with silica gel (crystal) litter.

Open litter pans
An open litter pan is generally the most basic and least expensive design. They are commonly constructed out of plastic, however some disposable models exist, in the shape of a rectangular tray with outwardly sloped sides 10 to 15 cm high. Open litter pans allow for maximum ventilation which may increase cat comfort. However, they do show the waste most visibly and trap no odors which may encourage owners to scoop the box more frequently. Litter pans with low walls are not ideal for containing litter when a pet scratches or digs. Also, some animals who eliminate standing up may be able to urinate or defecate over the walls. Some designs include a detachable rim to help catch litter when the animal kicks to bury their waste.

Enclosed litter boxes
A variety of enclosed litter boxes exist that include both the tray and hood. Many are constructed out of plastic and feature a plastic hood or dome that covers the litter pan and litter. The pet enters through an opening in the cover, these may be open or have a swinging door. To clean, pet owners lift the cover off the tray to scoop and change the litter. Covered litter boxes may help reduce the amount of litter that is tracked outside the box, may help address issues of pets eliminating waste over the walls of a litter pan, and may help reduce odor. However, it can allow odors to build up which will affect the cat's comfort. While it offers privacy, it may be too confining for the cat. In the wild, cats do not prefer covered locations for toilet use.

Top-entry litter boxes
Top entry litter boxes have an opening on the top of the box and require the pet to climb on top of the box and into a hole to eliminate waste. While cats in good physical health, even kittens, have no problems accessing these boxes, they are generally not recommended for geriatric or physically limited felines. However, top-entry designs do have the added benefit of deterring other pets or young children from the contents of the litter box. Some designs feature a grate on top which allows litter from a cat's paws to fall back into the box, reducing litter tracking.

Self-cleaning litter boxes
Self-cleaning litter boxes employ technology that automates the litter box emptying procedure. Some models have electric combing mechanisms that automatically scoop the clumps out of the litter box into a sealed, disposable-bag-lined container after the animal has used it. These models use a pressure pad or an infrared light to determine when the cat has left the box and will comb the box after a pre-determined amount of time has passed to avoid disturbing the cat. Other designs take this one step further by connecting directly to a home's plumbing (faucet connection and drain) so they can wash, rinse and dry the permanent litter pellets automatically. Simpler designs exist as well; for example, some require the owner to manually shake the clumps into an easy-to-remove tray. Another variant has an enclosed sphere which rotates as it sifts out the clumps and deposits them in a drawer below the sphere. A new method involves incorporating sifting functionality within a sifting litter liner. Some automated litter boxes incorporate the use of a two-belt system. The top belt has litter ready to use while the lower belt has a batch of litter ready "on hold" for when the cleaning process takes place. As the litter on the bottom belt is moved up to the top, is it evenly distributed across the width of the top belt.

Disposable litter boxes
This newer design has increased in popularity with cat owners for their convenience, odor control and travel ability. These litter boxes are disposable and as such do not require going through any of the pain of cleanings or litter refills. Some disposable litter boxes may come with an included bag of litter or owners can choose to fill them with their own. They are also marketed for use inside of pet crates or carriers to eliminate accidents, and may also help control odors if they are thrown away and changed routinely. Once the product has been used to completion, owners can simply dispose of both the litter box and its contents.

Litter box furniture and cabinets
For cat owners who want to hide their litter pan in plain sight, many are moving towards litter box furniture. Cabinets designed to open and fit litter pans inside. Cats can access through a front, side, or top entrance. These cabinets are constructed of wood or wood composite and offered in different colors and styles, from traditional to contemporary. Features can include storage drawers, odor filters, wall liners, and external litter catches. While prices can vary from moderate to expensive, litter box furniture can help hide unsightly litter pans as well as contain litter odors.

Alternatives
Instead of using a litter box, it is possible to train cats and dogs to use a toilet. Doing so significantly reduces waste, but for cats it goes against their instinct of burying waste. Combined with the requirement of jumping up onto the toilet, cats may find using a toilet stressful. In addition, excrement-based symptoms of medical problems are less likely to be spotted. There is also a higher likelihood of conflict with human use of toilets.

Another option for animals to relieve themselves indoors is to use an absorbent potty pad, also known as a puppy pad.

The final option is to train a cat or dog to relieve themselves outside. Given a yard or outside area, a cat can be easily trained to go outside. This will be their natural instincts, but for a dog it can be more challenging.

title: Litter box


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John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer

Edward John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer, (24 January 1924 – 29 March 1992), styled Viscount Althorp until June 1975, was a British nobleman, military officer, and courtier. He was the father of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the maternal grandfather of William, Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.

Early life, education and military career
Lord Spencer was born Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, the only son and younger child of Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer, and his wife the former Lady Cynthia Hamilton, second daughter of the 3rd Duke of Abercorn. He was born on 24 January 1924 in their family home at 24 Sussex Square, Bayswater, London. His godfather was the future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. He was educated at Eton, the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, and the Royal Agricultural College. Popularly known to his family and friends as Johnnie Althorp, he served as a captain in the Royal Scots Greys from 1944 to 1945, and was Mentioned in Dispatches. He landed in France the day after D-Day. He led a British Army unit in an operation to liberate two French towns, La Neuve-Lyre and La Vieille-Lyre. From 1947 to 1950, he served as Aide-de-Camp to His Excellency Lieutenant-General Sir Willoughby Norrie, then Governor of South Australia.

He was engaged to 1950's debutante of the year, Lady Anne Coke (later Anne Tennant, Baroness Glenconner, lady-in-waiting to Princess Margaret). His father objected to the match on the grounds of "mad blood", a reference to the institutionalised relatives of the queen, and the engagement was broken off. Much later, the director of the Murdoch Children's Research Institute thought that a genetic disease in the Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis family may have killed male members of the family in early childhood and caused learning disabilities in females.

Spencer held the offices of County Councillor for Northamptonshire (1952), High Sheriff of Northamptonshire (1959) and Justice of the Peace for Norfolk (1970). He served as equerry to King George VI (1950–52) and to Queen Elizabeth II (1952–54), and was invested as a Member (fourth class) of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in 1954. Prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members (fourth class) and Members (fifth class), respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. He was known by the courtesy title Viscount Althorp until 1975 when he became the 8th Earl Spencer upon his father's death. He was Member of the House of Lords from 9 June 1975 (the day his father died and he inherited the peerage) until his own death.

Family life
On 1 June 1954 Spencer and Hon. Frances Ruth Roche, the younger daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy, were married in Westminster Abbey by Percy Herbert, Bishop of Norwich. Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family attended the wedding ceremony. They had five children:
 * Lady Elizabeth Sarah Lavinia Spencer (born 19 March 1955), goddaughter of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, married Neil Edmund McCorquodale on 17 May 1980 and had issue
 * Lady Cynthia Jane Spencer (born 11 February 1957), goddaughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, married Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes, on 20 April 1978 and had issue
 * Hon. John Spencer (12 January 1960 – 12 January 1960), died within ten hours of his birth
 * Lady Diana Frances Spencer (1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), married to Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III), from 1981 to 1996 and had issue
 * Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (born 20 May 1964), godson of Queen Elizabeth II, married first to Victoria Lockwood from 1989 to 1997 and had issue, married second to Caroline Hutton from 2001 to 2007 and had issue, and married third to Karen Gordon on 18 June 2011 and had issue

According to author Penny Junor "Johnny could be violent, and [Frances] felt she and her children would be safer out of the home". Their daughter Diana also recalled "seeing my father slap my mother across the face and I was hiding behind the door and she was crying".

The marriage was not a happy one and, in 1967, Frances left John to be with Peter Shand Kydd, an heir to a wallpaper fortune in Australia, whom she had met the year before. Frances lived with their two youngest children, Diana and Charles, in London during the separation in 1967, but during that year's Christmas holidays, Viscount Althorp refused to let his children return to London with their mother. John and Frances Spencer were divorced in 1969. Immediately thereafter, Frances married Peter Shand Kydd, while John was granted custody of their children by the courts after his former mother-in-law, Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, testified against her own daughter. In 1976, Lord Spencer married Raine McCorquodale, the former wife of the 9th Earl of Dartmouth and daughter of Captain Alexander McCorquodale, a British Army officer, and the romantic novelist Dame Barbara Cartland.

In 1978, Spencer suffered a severe stroke, from which, at one stage, he was not expected to recover, and which kept him in hospital for eight months. Shortly before his death, he was hospitalised for pneumonia. He died of a heart attack in 1992, and was succeeded by his only surviving son Charles. His funeral was held at the Church of St Mary the Virgin, Great Brington, and his ashes were interred in the family vault beneath the Spencer chapel.

title: John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer


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Gordon Gray (politician)

Gordon Gray (May 30, 1909 – November 26, 1982) was an American attorney and government official during the administrations of Harry Truman (1945–53) and Dwight Eisenhower (1953–61) associated with defense and national security.

Family
Gordon Gray was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Bowman Gray Sr. and Nathalie Lyons Gray. He was married in 1938 to the former Jane Boyden Craige, and they had four sons: Gordon Gray Jr., Burton C. Gray, C. Boyden Gray and Bernard Gray. After Jane's death, Gray married the former Nancy Maguire Beebe. His father Bowman, his uncle James A. Gray Jr. and later his brother, Bowman Gray Jr., were all heads of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

His son, C. Boyden Gray, a graduate of Harvard and the University of North Carolina Law School, served as White House counsel for President George Herbert Walker Bush. His nephew, Lyons Gray, also a graduate of both North Carolina and Yale, is a former member of the North Carolina House of Representatives, chief financial officer of the Environmental Protection Agency, and state Secretary of Revenue.

Education
Gordon Gray attended Woodberry Forest School for high school. He graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1930, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Beta chapter) & the secretive, Order of Gimghoul. He earned his law degree from Yale Law School in 1933 and practiced law for two years in New York City before returning to Winston-Salem. UNC presented Gray with an honorary law degree in 1949.

Public career
Gray began his public life as a lawyer. In 1937, he bought the Piedmont Publishing Company, owner of the Winston-Salem Journal, The Twin City Sentinel, and WSJS radio. He added WSJS-FM in 1947 and WSJS-TV in 1953. He sold the newspapers in 1968, but formed Triangle Broadcasting to hold onto WSJS-AM-FM-TV. He also bought the local cable franchise for Winston-Salem, a move that forced him to sell off the broadcasting outlets in 1972.

He served in the North Carolina General Assembly from 1939 to 1943 and from 1947 to 1949, representing Forsyth County. He entered the U.S. Army in 1942 as a private and rose to captain, serving in Europe with General Omar Bradley's forces. Gray's service to the federal government began with his appointment as President Harry S. Truman's assistant secretary of the army in 1947; two years later, he was appointed Secretary of the Army. Gordon Gray, ordered West Point to add a portrait of Lee wearing Confederate gray at the “height of his fame.” He served in this post from 1949 until 1950. The following year he became director of the newly formed Psychological Strategy Board which planned for and coordinated government psychological operations; he remained in the post until his resignation in January 1952, all the while continuing to lead the University of North Carolina. He was the second president of the Consolidated University of North Carolina, succeeding Frank Porter Graham in 1950.

In 1954 Gray chaired a committee appointed by AEC chairman Lewis Strauss, which recommended revoking Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance. The Gray Board, as it was known, issued its split decision on May 27, 1954, with Gray and Thomas A. Morgan recommending the revocation, despite their finding that Oppenheimer was a "loyal citizen." Ward V. Evans, a conservative Republican and the third member of the board, dissented, saying that most of the allegations against Oppenheimer had been heard before, in 1947, when he had originally received his clearance. In American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, Martin Sherwin and Kai Bird severely criticize Gray's handling of the hearings. Gray allowed AEC lawyers to brief the board for a full week without Oppenheimer's counsel being present. Moreover, Gray let the prosecutors use documents and testimonies to which Oppenheimer's attorneys were denied access, as well as material that had been obtained by illegal means, including unwarranted wiretaps. Sherwin and Bird called the Gray Board a "veritable kangaroo court in which the head judge accepted the prosecutor's lead". Tony Goldwyn plays Gray in Christopher Nolan's adaptation Oppenheimer. In 2022 Department of Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm set aside the revocation findings.

Gray shocked proponents of public education in North Carolina when he said, in a November 1954 Founder's Day speech at Guilford College, that "if I had to make a choice between a complete system of publicly supported higher education or a complete system of private higher education, I would choose the latter as a greater safeguard of the things for which we live." Less than a year later, Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson named Gray assistant secretary for international security affairs and Gray's brief career in academia was ended.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Gray to head the Office of Defense Mobilization in 1957, where he served until the office's consolidation in 1958. Eisenhower then appointed Gray his National Security Advisor from 1958 until 1961. On January 18, 1961, President Eisenhower awarded Gray the Medal of Freedom. He served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford. In 1976, he was awarded the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award.

From 1962 to 1963, Gray was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D.C.

Gray was also publisher of the Winston-Salem Journal, chairman of the board of Piedmont Publishing Company, and chairman of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Death
Gray died on November 26, 1982, of cancer in his home in Washington, D.C. He was buried at Salem Cemetery in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

In media
Tony Goldwyn portrays Gordon in the 2023 epic biopic film Oppenheimer.

title: Gordon Gray (politician)


text:
Fabless manufacturing

Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in the United States, China, and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.

History
Prior to the 1980s, the semiconductor industry was vertically integrated. Semiconductor companies owned and operated their own silicon-wafer fabrication facilities and developed their own process technology for manufacturing their chips. These companies also carried out the assembly and testing of their own chips.

As with most technology-intensive industries, the silicon manufacturing process presents high barriers to entry into the market, especially for small start-up companies. But integrated device manufacturers (IDMs) had excess production capacity. This presented an opportunity for smaller companies, relying on IDMs, to design but not manufacture silicon.

These conditions underlay the birth of the fabless business model. Engineers at new companies began designing and selling integrated circuits (ICs) without owning a fabrication plant. Simultaneously, the foundry industry was established by Dr. Morris Chang with the founding of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (TSMC). Foundries became the cornerstone of the fabless model, providing a non-competitive manufacturing partner for fabless companies.

The co-founders of the first fabless semiconductor company, LSI Computer Systems, Inc. (LSI/CSI) LSI/CSI, worked together at General Instrument Microelectronics (GIM) in the 1960s. In 1969 GIM was hired to develop three full custom CPU circuits for Control Data Corporation (CDC). These CPU ICs operated at 5 MHz (state of the art at the time) and were incorporated in the CDC Computer 469. The Computer 469 became a standard CDC Aerospace Computer and was used in the Spy in the Sky Satellites in addition to other classified satellite programs.

GIM was reluctant to proceed with the next phase of the program, which it deemed to be too technically challenging. The GIM engineers who had worked on the project were encouraged by CDC to form their own company to provide five new custom circuits. This resulted in the formation of LSI Computer Systems, Inc. (LSI/CSI) in 1969. The new chips were power-efficient random logic circuits with extremely high circuit densities. These new circuits also operated at 5 MHz. These devices were designated LSI0101, LSI0102, LSI0103, LSI0104, and LSI0105 and were manufactured in compact 40-pin metal flat packs with 0.050 in spacing.

In creating the fabless semiconductor industry, LSI/CSI had to do the following:
 * 1) Select a suitable and CDC certifiable wafer fab house.
 * 2) Monitor the process, and inspection of all wafers per Class S requirements and visuals.
 * 3) Perform all In-Process inspections of the wafers.
 * 4) Select a highly reliable packaging house capable of meeting CDC's Class S assembly requirements.
 * 5) Have CDC certify and approve the assembly facility and its processes.
 * 6) LSI/CSI successfully performed all required environmental testing at Class S approved facilities.
 * 7) LSI/CSI prepared and submitted all environmental test reports.

CDC's Aerospace Computer 469 weighed one pound, consumed a total of 10 watts and ran at 5 MHz. CDC ran a parallel program, developing a chipset of eight similar parts that were to operate at 2.5 MHz with the identical environmental and Class S requirements. CDC had initial difficulties with this project, but eventually awarded another contract to LSI/CSI to manage the processing, inspection, visuals, assembly, and testing of the ICs. These parts were given the designation LSI3201, LSI3202, LSI3203, LSI3204 and LSI3205. Another successful space program completed by LSI/CSI was the upgrade to class S of a Standard Brushless DC Motor Commutator/Controller Chip, LS7262, which was implemented in satellites.

In 1994, Jodi Shelton, along with a half a dozen CEOs of fabless companies, established the Fabless Semiconductor Association (FSA) to promote the fabless business-model globally. In December 2007, the FSA transitioned to the GSA, the Global Semiconductor Alliance. The organizational transition reflected the role FSA had played as a global organization that collaborated with other organizations to co-host international events.

Industry growth and success
The fabless manufacturing model has been further validated by the conversion of major IDMs to a completely fabless model, including (for example) Conexant Systems, Semtech, and most recently, LSI Logic. Today most major IDMs including Apple Inc., Infineon and Cypress Semiconductor have adopted the practice of outsourcing chip manufacturing as a significant manufacturing strategy.

Sales leaders
The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2023 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2020 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2019 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2017 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2013 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2011 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2010 were:

The top 5 sales leaders for fabless companies in 2003 were:

title: Fabless manufacturing


text: User talk:80.43.190.17

title: User talk:80.43.190.17


text:
User talk:HansWobbe

...

Wiki Mail
Feel free to leave comments at the top of this page.

Problem with your custom signature
You have a custom signature set in your account preferences. A change to Wikipedia's software has made your current custom signature incompatible with the software.

The problem: Your preferences are set to interpret your custom signature as wikitext. However, your current custom signature does not contain any wikitext.

The solutions: You can reset your signature to the default, or you can fix your signature.

 * Solution 1: Reset your signature to the default:
 * Find the signature section in the first tab of Special:Preferences.
 * Uncheck the box (☑→☐) that says "Treat the above as wiki markup."
 * Remove anything in the text box.  (It might already be empty.)
 * Click the blue "" button at the bottom of the page. (The red "" button will reset all of your preference settings, not just the signature.)
 * Solution 2: Fix your custom signature:
 * Find the signature section in the first tab of Special:Preferences.
 * Uncheck the box (☑→☐) that says "Treat the above as wiki markup."
 * Click the blue "" button at the bottom of the page.

More information about custom signatures is available at Signatures. If you have followed these instructions and still want help, please leave a message at Wikipedia talk:Signatures. Thank you. 18:03, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Your userpage
Hello. It looks like you have made a substantial number of edits to your own user pages, around 2,600 edits out of your total 2,673. A major pillar of Wikipedia is that you must be here to build an encyclopedia. While it is expected and often encouraged to customize your user page as you wish, your user page should primarily be used to present information relevant to contributions to Wikipedia. It is not allowed to use your user page as a blog, web hosting service, or social networking service. You do not own your user page, it is part of Wikipedia and exists to make collaboration among Wikipedians easier, not for personal webpages. I would recommend you remove irrelevant information from your user pages so that it is primarily related to contributions and collaborations on Wikipedia, as user pages that violate that rule are often deleted. Let me know if you have any questions, Mokadoshi (talk) 21:33, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your message expressing a caution about the relative ratio of my edits. I do understand that the primary role is of wikipedia users is to contribute to its encyclopedia pages.  That being said, I have tried to make my contribution as meaningful and substantive as possible, rather than just being small, short much less trivial edits.  This is obviously the case in the ratio you cite. I hope that it is even more apparent in a detailed review of the edits I have made. I also think that a detailed review makes it obvious that I am not using WikiPedia as a "blog, web hosting service, or social networking service".
 * Finally, I have many times contributed financially to the goals of WikiPedia and have enjoyed the "Thank you" letters that I received from the organization's President. If you wish, I will review my logs to find the supporting evidence for you.
 * Please let me know if you think really think there is a risk that my user page may be deleted.
 * Regards,
 * Hans HansWobbe 18:28, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Gonna concur with Mokadoshi here, you it seems like you hardly edit Wikipedia at all and when you do, your contributions are almost never "meaningful and substantive". Allan Nonymous (talk) 20:31, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi Hans. I said before that user pages should be primarily relevant to your contributions to Wikipedia. Some examples might include drafts for articles you are in the middle of writing or discussions with other Wikipedians about previous work you've done. Instead, what I see from your user history is mostly content that doesn't improve the encyclopedia, things like your personal interests and todo list items. You said you disagree that your user page is not a contribution to Wikipedia, but I don't see how. Using your user page in this way is expressly not allowed, and I linked to the policy above that I highly recommend you read if you haven't already. Moreover, you said you agreed that users need to be here to build an encyclopedia, but I don't believe you are understanding my point: if over 99% of your edits on Wikipedia have been to your own user page, then you are not here to build an encyclopedia. Please read the links I have shared if you haven't already, and if you still disagree, I'm happy to bring in an impartial mediator to give their opinion. Mokadoshi (talk) 20:59, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Edited to add: I want to be absolutely clear what I am asking so there is no confusion. I am asking that you:
 * Delete user pages that are clearly personal web pages or projects unrelated to Wikipedia, which is in violation of the rules against web hosting. Please see WP:HOWTODELETE for instructions. To start I would suggest User:HansWobbe/template:ToDoH and User:HansWobbe/Diary but this is not an exhaustive list so I'd ask that you look through your other pages as well.
 * Remove the content from your user page at User:HansWobbe that is in violation of the above guideline (content that is using your user page as web hosting, or is about projects unrelated to improving Wikipedia). If it's easier, you may wish to simply delete the page and recreate it from scratch, that's up to you.
 * Refrain from using your user pages in this way in the future, so that you are abiding by the rule to be here to build an encyclopedia.
 * If you do not wish to do all or part of this, let me know. And please keep your response on topic to the policies and guidelines I've linked, and not on irrelevant information like your donation history. Thanks, Mokadoshi (talk) 02:09, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

I will begin a process of removing content from these pages.
Consider that, as I scavenge the notes that you deem to be inappropriate, I will in effect be editing those pages. As always, I will try to flag them as a "minor edit" in order to minimize the impact of the edits.

There is an concept called "Cognative Friction" that may explain my practice of making notes on this user page. I will refrain from further explanation least I err by not staying "on topic" as you've requested.

Please Clean Up Your Userspace
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. While we appreciate that you enjoy using Wikipedia, please note that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a social network. Wikipedia is not a place to socialize or write things that are not directly related to improving the encyclopedia, as you did at User:HansWobbe. Off-topic material may be deleted at any time. We're sorry if this message has discouraged you from editing here, but the ultimate goal of this website is to build an encyclopedia. ''In this case, it is more "Wikipedia is not a notes app". I originally had a "copying material" notice, but I feel this would be a more appropriate warning. Your user page and other pages in your userspace are off topic and is merely copies of an amalgam of templates. Please return it to topic. Thanks!

The following pages are matters of concern: {See list below}'' Allan Nonymous (talk) 04:35, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

 * User:HansWobbe
 * User:HansWobbe/template:ToDoH
 * User:HansWobbe/Diary
 * User:HansWobbe/toc
 * User:HansWobbe/template:SidebarH
 * User:HansWobbe/index
 * Allan Nonymous (talk) 04:38, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * User:HansWobbe/Books/
 * User:HansWobbe/Books/my Wiki Book
 * User:HansWobbe/Books/HwW
 * User:HansWobbe/Books/HwW Views
 * User:HansWobbe/Books/SrEd References
 * User:HansWobbe/Books/References
 * User:HansWobbe/index/templateH
 * User:HansWobbe/template:SrEd
 * User:HansWobbe/post it
 * User:HansWobbe/TripsH
 * User:HansWobbe/template:SrEd
 * User:HansWobbe/updates
 * User:HansWobbe/template:templateH
 * User:HansWobbe/Notes
 * User:HansWobbe/template:TripsH
 * User:HansWobbe/TasksNow
 * User:HansWobbe/template:TestH
 * User:HansWobbe/MikeW
 * User:HansWobbe/template:ToDoH/post it
 * User:HansWobbe/template:SrEd/post it
 * User:HansWobbe/sandbox Although this one is a bit more forgivable as a sandbox.
 * "My god there are a lot of you." -Rowan Atkinson
 * 13:19, 25 March 2024 (UTC) Allan Nonymous (talk) 13:19, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Update to Your Talk Page
(Notifying @Mokadoshi as I'm not sure he was notified by the edit here.)

I'm glad to see you are aware of the issues raised here and taking your efforts in good faith. Please be make sure to comply with WP:NOTWEBHOST (and WP:! in general) when making your edits. If you are unsure what you can keep in, WP:UPYES may be of help. Note that a significant amount of content will have to be cut. As an example, for User:HansWobbe, the following version was the last version of your page in compliance: | (c. 2004, my god, that's old) (a 97.9% reduction). It would serve a good starting point. Most of the other pages would probably need to be deleted. Keep in mind, there is a deadline, for the presumption of good faith here. Allan Nonymous(talk) 00:37, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Your "... my god, that's old" is quite correct. And in all that time, there have been no prior complaints regarding my Userpage notes on these attempts to learn 1. What to best edit and 2. How to edit in the relatively complex MediaWiki environment. None the less, now that I am aware  of the views of some monitors, I will continue to edit this page to reduce its content. [[User:HansWobbe|HansWobbe]] (talk) 10:22, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi, it's Mokadoshi again. I hope you don't believe I was insinuating that you were deliberately violating a policy. You've been a user for a long time; policies change over time and it's easy to miss. If you have concerns about my conduct in this matter, I would welcome you to post a message in the Teahouse for a neutral third party to weigh in. And replying to your phrase the views of some monitors, it is certainly possible I am misunderstanding a policy, I am not perfect. Please use the link above to post a message in the Teahouse if you want a second opinion. Finally, I hope this experience hasn't turned you away from contributing to the encyclopedia in the future. If you want, I would be happy to help you achieve your editing goals, feel free to reach out to the Teahouse or to me directly on my talk page. For example, I can help you with some MediaWiki syntax or I can help you with your signature so your posts are signed with HwO instead of HansWobbe. Anyway, I see you are making some of the changes I suggested, I appreciate that and let me know if I can help any further. Mokadoshi (talk) 14:20, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the suggestion However but I do not feel it is necessary to ask for a "third-party' review.
 * I will probably continue to contribute to WikiPedia, but I will focus on pages other than my Username. Much of the content I have accumulated was really intended to enhance existing pages.  For example, I was invited to compete in a National Best Photo competition, a condition being that my entry would become Public Domain via WikiMedia.  My submission of a Moraine Lake image was relatively rare since it was captured the very day the access road opened and so still shows the location snow-bound.  As a Getty Photographer, I am confident that that image would be a welcome addition to the existing page about that location.  I have a library of at least 400 such images, I could make available with some pertinent text, that have been enjoyed at Flickr in more than a million views.  I suspect they would be appreciated here as WikiPedia too.
 * Regards,
 * Hans [[User:HansWobbe|HansWobbe]] (talk) 20:46, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

March 2024
 You have been blocked indefinitely from editing because it appears that you are not here to build an encyclopedia. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please review Wikipedia's guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text to the bottom of your talk page:. Bbb23 (talk) 23:26, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm going to take this to mean I can U5 all his articles. Allan Nonymous (talk) 21:51, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * No, you can't. You don't understand how U5 applies to User space. Your tagging is inaccurate to say the least. Liz Read! Talk! 23:54, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

With Regards to Userspace Articles Created by The User
If User:HansWobbe does not appeal the ban here within a reasonable amount of time. I feel we should delete his userspace articles, but I'm not sure which CSD criterion would apply, or whether opening a ton MfDs would be a good idea. Any thoughts? Allan Nonymous (talk) 22:10, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * All right, there have been two deletion discussion spun up with regards to this user. One with respect to some of his more wikilog stuff (Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/User:HansWobbe/Diary), and one related to more technical stuff (Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/User:HansWobbe/Books/SrEd_References). Allan Nonymous (talk) 14:56, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:HansWobbe/Books/SrEd References
User:HansWobbe/Books/SrEd References, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:HansWobbe/Books/SrEd References and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:HansWobbe/Books/SrEd References during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Allan Nonymous (talk) 14:32, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:HansWobbe


text:
Dyfnwal Moelmud

Dyfnwal Moelmud (Welsh for "Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent"; Dunvallo Molmutius; ) was accounted as an early king and lawmaker among the Welsh, credited with the codification of their standard units of measure. He also figures as a legendary king of the Britons in Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical History of the Kings of the Britons.

History
Only two known historical documents mention Dyfnwal. A tenth-century genealogy in the British Library (Harley MS 3859) identifies him as the grandson of Coel Hen, and ancestor of Morcant Bulc. A fifteenth-century genealogy in Jesus College, Oxford (MS 20) also identifies him in the same way.

Legend
In Geoffrey's account, Dyfnwal was the son of Cloten, the King of Cornwall, and he restored order after the "Civil War of the Five Kings". His family was a cadet branch of the dynasty of Brutus, the dominant line having ended with Porrex I before the civil war. The Book of Baglan expands on this by making Dyfnwal descend directly through the male line of Camber via his eldest son, Gorbonian.

Dyfnwal was the King of Cornwall during the war created in the power vacuum left by Porrex I. He was braver and more courageous than all the other kings in the war. He defeated Pinner, the king of Loegria. In response, Rudaucus, king of Cambria, and Staterius, king of Albany, allied together and destroyed much of Dyfnwal's land. The two sides met in battle and were stalemated. Dyfnwal then took 600 of his men and himself and dressed themselves in the armour of the dead enemies. They led a charge deep into enemy lines where they killed the two kings. After this battle, Dyfnwal destroyed the remaining defences of the kings and pillaged their lands.

Following the defeat of the rival kings, Dyfnwal created a crown like that of his predecessors and claimed the throne of Britain. He created a set of rules for the kingdom called the Molmutine Laws, which nearly ended robbery within his kingdom and lasted for many centuries. The Book of Baglan also makes him the founder of Bristol. He reigned in peace and prosperity for forty years then died and was buried in the Temple of Concord, a tribute to his laws, which resided in Trinovantum. His death sparked another civil war between his two sons, Belinus and Brennius.

title: Dyfnwal Moelmud


text:
Octree

An octree is a tree data structure in which each internal node has exactly eight children. Octrees are most often used to partition a three-dimensional space by recursively subdividing it into eight octants. Octrees are the three-dimensional analog of quadtrees. The word is derived from oct (Greek root meaning "eight") + tree. Octrees are often used in 3D graphics and 3D game engines.

For spatial representation
Each node in an octree subdivides the space it represents into eight octants. In a point region (PR) octree, the node stores an explicit three-dimensional point, which is the "center" of the subdivision for that node; the point defines one of the corners for each of the eight children. In a matrix-based (MX) octree, the subdivision point is implicitly the center of the space the node represents. The root node of a PR octree can represent infinite space; the root node of an MX octree must represent a finite bounded space so that the implicit centers are well-defined. Note that octrees are not the same as k-d trees: k-d trees split along a dimension and octrees split around a point. Also k-d trees are always binary, which is not the case for octrees. By using a depth-first search the nodes are to be traversed and only required surfaces are to be viewed.

History
The use of octrees for 3D computer graphics was pioneered by Donald Meagher at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, described in a 1980 report "Octree Encoding: A New Technique for the Representation, Manipulation and Display of Arbitrary 3-D Objects by Computer", for which he holds a 1995 patent (with a 1984 priority date) "High-speed image generation of complex solid objects using octree encoding"

Common uses

 * Level of detail rendering in 3D computer graphics
 * Spatial indexing
 * Nearest neighbor search
 * Efficient collision detection in three dimensions
 * View frustum culling
 * Fast multipole method
 * Unstructured grid
 * Finite element analysis
 * Sparse voxel octree
 * State estimation
 * Set estimation

Application to color quantization
The octree color quantization algorithm, invented by Gervautz and Purgathofer in 1988, encodes image color data as an octree up to nine levels deep. Octrees are used because $$2^3 = 8$$ and there are three color components in the RGB system. The node index to branch out from at the top level is determined by a formula that uses the most significant bits of the red, green, and blue color components, e.g. 4r + 2g + b. The next lower level uses the next bit significance, and so on. Less significant bits are sometimes ignored to reduce the tree size.

The algorithm is highly memory efficient because the tree's size can be limited. The bottom level of the octree consists of leaf nodes that accrue color data not represented in the tree; these nodes initially contain single bits. If much more than the desired number of palette colors are entered into the octree, its size can be continually reduced by seeking out a bottom-level node and averaging its bit data up into a leaf node, pruning part of the tree. Once sampling is complete, exploring all routes in the tree down to the leaf nodes, taking note of the bits along the way, will yield approximately the required number of colors.

Implementation for point decomposition
The example recursive algorithm outline below (MATLAB syntax) decomposes an array of 3-dimensional points into octree style bins. The implementation begins with a single bin surrounding all given points, which then recursively subdivides into its 8 octree regions. Recursion is stopped when a given exit condition is met. Examples of such exit conditions (shown in code below) are:
 * When a bin contains fewer than a given number of points
 * When a bin reaches a minimum size or volume based on the length of its edges
 * When recursion has reached a maximum number of subdivisions

Example color quantization
Taking the full list of colors of a 24-bit RGB image as point input to the Octree point decomposition implementation outlined above, the following example show the results of octree color quantization. The first image is the original (532818 distinct colors), while the second is the quantized image (184 distinct colors) using octree decomposition, with each pixel assigned the color at the center of the octree bin in which it falls. Alternatively, final colors could be chosen at the centroid of all colors in each octree bin, however this added computation has very little effect on the visual result.

title: Octree


text:
Talk:Taroko National Park

Naming discussion
So it's not named after the Truku aborigines? They have the same Chinese name. --Menchi 00:12, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

If I recall my school teachings correctly, the Truku took their name from Taroko itself. Valhallia 11:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

LiuFang bridge
It cannot be that the liuFang bridge is 1666 m above the river bed. The road at this point is less than 500 m above sea level.

Buluo Bay?
From what I know, the name buluowan came from the aboriginal language, and was transliterated into 布洛灣. I think it's not wise to just translate it into English as Buluo Bay, its not a bay after all. It should stick to the aboriginal name. Kc0616 10:28, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

inaccurate and off topic
There have recently been attemtps to replace this: After the Empire of Japan's defeat in World War II, the Republic of China assumed control of Taiwan. with this: After the Empire of Japan's defeat in World War II, in line with the Cairo Declaration signed by ROC President Chiang Kai-shek, Japan returned Taiwan to the Republic of China, as it had seized Taiwan from Ching China.

The latter paragraph is both less accurate and off-topic. It is necessary to say that the ROC took over Taiwan to explain that ROC was able to undo the actions of the Empire of Japan. However, the details of the take-over are not that important to this article. Those details are well-covered elsewhere. The latter paragraph is inaccurate because Japan did not return Taiwan to the Republic of China. Japanese troops in Taiwan surrendered to the ROC, but no official return was made. The ROC unilaterally declared a return, but that was an ROC statement, not a Japanese statement, so it is not accurate to say "Japan returned...". In fact what happened was that in the absence of any powerful objection, the RoC assumed control. This assumption of power was indeed in line with the Cairo Declaration, but the legality of the takeover (and there are plenty of arguments on both sides) is not really relevant to the topic of Taroko National Park.Readin (talk) 01:55, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

tongyong pinyin / hanyu pinyin
Since the ROC government switched over to using hanyu pinyin in 2009 and presumably all the park's signs have since been amended to reflect the change, shall we do that to this article as well? Transphasic (talk) 21:51, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Taroko National Park


text:
Molmutine Laws

The Molmutine Laws were the laws said to have been instituted over the Britons by Dyfnwal Moelmud, who is also referred by the Latin form of his name, Dunvallo Molmutius (from which the Molmutine Laws take their title). The Laws were most famously described by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae. Little remains known of these laws, with surviving Welsh codes simply noting that Dyfnwal's laws were largely superseded by the new codes instituted by Hywel Da. Hywel was said, however, to have retained Dyfnwal's units of measurement.

History of the Kings of Britain
Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical History of the Kings of Britain describes Dyfnwal as its "Dunvallo Molmutius". In his account, one of the Molmutine Laws declared that the temples of the gods and cities should act as sanctuaries from death. Furthermore, anyone who fled to a temple for being accused of a crime must be pardoned by the accuser upon departure from the temple. This law soon included all roads leading to temples and all farmers were declared safe from such crimes. Geoffrey credited the British Trojans as the original source of many of Dyfnwal's laws, including one allowing the reign of queens.

Welsh triads
The Molmutine Laws are among the texts said to have been "discovered" by the forger Iolo Morganwg around the year 1800. They are given in the form of triads and include:
 * There are three tests of civil liberty: equality of rights, equality of taxation, freedom to come and go.
 * Three things are indispensable to a true union of nations: sameness of laws, rights, and language.
 * There are three things free to all Britons: the forest, the unworked mine, the right of hunting.
 * There are three property birthrights of every Briton: five British acres of land for a home, the right of suffrage in the enacting of the laws, the male at twenty-one, the female on her marriage.
 * There are three things which every Briton may legally be compelled to attend: the worship of God, military service, the courts of law.
 * There are three things free to every man, Briton or foreigner, the refusal of which no law will justify: water from spring, river, or well; firing from a decayed tree; a block of stone not in use.
 * There are three classes which are exempt from bearing arms: bards, judges, graduates in law or religion. These represent God and His peace, and no weapon must ever be found in their hands.
 * There are three persons who have a right of public maintenance: the old, the babe, the foreigner who can not speak the British tongue.
 * There are three things free to a country and its borders: the roads, the rivers, and the places of worship. These are under the protection of God and His peace.

title: Molmutine Laws


text:
2Pacalypse Now

2Pacalypse Now is the debut solo studio album by American rapper 2Pac. It was released on November 12, 1991 through TNT Recordings and Interscope Records. The recording sessions took place at Starlight Sound Studio in Richmond, California. The album was produced by the Digital Underground production team the Underground Railroad, made up of Big D the Impossible, Shock G, Pee-Wee, DJ Jay-Z, Raw Fusion, and Live Squad. It features contributions from Stretch, Angelique, Dave Hollister, Pogo, Poppi, Ray Luv and Shock G among others. The album's title is a reference to the 1979 war film Apocalypse Now.

In the United States, the album reached number 64 on the US Billboard 200, number 13 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 3 on both the Heatseekers Albums and Catalog Albums charts. On April 19, 1995, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling 500,000 copies. In commemoration of its twenty-fifth anniversary, it was re-released on vinyl and cassette on November 11, 2016, which peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Vinyl Albums chart.

The album produced three singles with accompanying music videos: "Trapped", "Brenda's Got a Baby" and "If My Homie Calls". The second single off of the album, "Brenda's Got a Baby", made it to No. 23 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, number 3 on the Hot Rap Songs and number 55 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales. The song "I Don't Give a Fuck" from the album was included in 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas in-game radio station Radio Los Santos.

Content
2Pacalypse Now is a socially conscious hip hop album. It serves as the artist's commentary on contemporary social issues facing American society, such as racism, police brutality, poverty, gang violence. teenage pregnancy and drug abuse. The album poetically addresses black urban concerns relevant to the present day. Although a relatively tame album compared to Shakur's later works, 2Pacalypse Now was known for its violent lyrics aimed at police officers and the government in the songs "Trapped", "I Don't Give a Fuck" and "Soulja's Story".

Controversy
The album generated significant controversy stemming from then-U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle's public criticism after Ronald Ray Howard murdered a Texas Highway Patrol trooper and his defense attorney claimed he was influenced by 2Pacalypse Now and its strong theme of police brutality. Quayle made the statement, "There's no reason for a record like this to be published. It has no place in our society".

Critical reception
2Pacalypse Now received generally positive reviews from critics. Although the album's political messages, lyrics and his storytelling were praised, Tupac Shakur's debut album was criticized for its production. In a retrospective review, RapReviews gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said: "It's not an extraordinarily long album, but it is a dense and heavy listen that will take a lot out of you if you pay close attention to the persistent theme. The beats overall fail to make much of an impression, but perhaps that is as it should be, since nothing should be allowed to outshine this kind of lyrical performance. Tupac's vitriol is carried by his sincerity and charisma, both of which would emerge as key traits of the figure that blossomed in the years to come. Over the course of Tupac's career, the political got suffused by the personal and receded from the central position it occupied on his debut."

Commercial performance
Upon its release, 2Pacalypse Now debuted at number 197 on the Billboard 200, number 77 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 31 on the Heatseekers Albums charts in the United States. The album peaked at No. 64, No. 13 and No. 3 on the respective charts in the first third of 1992. The Recording Industry Association of America certified the album gold on April 19, 1995 for passing the sales mark of half a million copies.

After 2Pac's death in 1996, the album made it to the US Catalog Albums, peaking at number 3. It also made its charting debut on the UK Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart, reaching number 35.

Personnel

 * Tupac "2Pac" Shakur – lyrics, vocals, co-producer
 * Gregory "Shock G" Jacobs – background vocals (tracks: 2, 12), keyboards (track 8) , producer
 * Playa-Playa – outro vocals (track 2)
 * Dank – outro vocals (track 2)
 * Wiz – outro vocals (track 2)
 * Mickey Cooley – telephone voice (track 4)
 * Rodney Cooley – telephone voice (track 4)
 * Pogo – telephone voice (track 4)
 * Ronald "Money-B" Brooks – background vocals (track 5), producer
 * David "DJ Fuze" Elliot – background vocals (track 5), producer
 * Descaro "Mac Mone" Moore – background vocals (track 5)
 * Ramon "Pee-Wee" Gooden – background vocals (track 7), producer
 * Randy "Stretch" Walker – rap vocals (tracks: 8, 11)
 * Dave Hollister – vocals (track 10)
 * Roniece Levias – vocals (track 10)
 * Raymond "Ray Luv" Tyson – background vocals (track 12)
 * Yonni – background vocals (track 12)
 * Di-Di – background vocals (track 12)
 * Poppi – vocals (track 13)
 * Angelique – background vocals (track 13)
 * Deon "Big D the Impossible" Evans – producer
 * Jeremy "Jay-Z" Jackson – producer
 * Live Squad – producers
 * Darrin Harris – engineering
 * Steve Counter – engineering
 * Marc Senasac – engineering
 * Matt Kelley – engineering
 * Kenneth K. Lee Jr. – mastering
 * Atron Gregory – executive producer
 * Kevin Hosmann – art direction
 * Victor Hall – photography
 * David Provost – photographic prints
 * Tom Whalley – A&R
 * Leslie Gerard-Smith – coordinator

title: 2Pacalypse Now


text:
Talk:Richard Biggs

Death

 * I was awakened today with several phone calls from cast members and Doug to pass along the terrible news that this morning, Richard Biggs passed away.

 * We're still gathering information, so take none of this as firm word, but what seems to have happened, happened quickly. He woke up, got up out of bed...and went down. The paramedics who showed up suggested it was either an aneurysm or a massive stroke.

 * His family members have been informed, and all of the the cast have, as far as we can determine, also been informed.

 * This is a terrible loss for all of us. Richard was a consummate professional but more than that he was an honorable, stand-up guy. If he gave you his word on something, you never had to wonder about it afterward. He was always helpful and supportive of all the cast, even those who only came in for one episode, always with a ready smile and determined to do whatever it took to make the scene work. He was, quite simply, a terrific guy, and everyone here is just devastated at the news.

 * More word as this develops. We may try to have some kind of fund raiser to help give whatever assistance may be helpful for his kids.

 * We all miss him terribly.

 * --May 22 2004 (Joe Michael Straczynski)

 * To this point, I haven't found any obituaries on Google News for Richard Biggs. While I don't think this is necessarily a false report, I'm puzzled by the lack of confirmation. I did find a reference to the letter above, but the source was the IMDb message board - not necessarily a reliable reference. Has anyone seen a reliable obit for him? Thanks. --Brian Rock 02:30, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

This came from JMS' own news website http://www.jmsnews.com/msg.aspx?id=1-17099 just in case anyone's wondering... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.173.73.172 (talk) 20:59, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Then again, I didn't find an obit for recently deceased Arnold Moore on Google News either. Maybe it's not optimized for obits. --Brian Rock 02:40, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * I was struck by the same thought, and haven't found any "major" new source to confirm it yet, but I suspect that this is because he was a "sci-fi" niche actor. I tend to believe it, though, because it's appeared on "http://www.jmsnews.com", as well as on some fan sites . Actual news reports may (eventually) show up as "Rick Biggs", so searching for "Richard Biggs" won't find it. - Nunh-huh 02:42, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * We're thinking the same way. I'm hoping it is wrong. I'm not a super fan of Babylon 5, but I never like to see anyone younger than me die. Sadly, strokes and aneurysms can happen to people his age. I did some looking for Rick Biggs, too and didn't find anything. Maybe we'll be lucky and it will have been a hoax. But I suspect it isn't. --Brian Rock 02:50, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

His official website has a notice: Davodd 05:11, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

Year of birth
There seems to be a discrepancy in birth date: IMDB says he was born 1961, but his website says 1960. —Mulad 19:37, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Soap Digest obit also said he died at 44. I'm going to change it. Mike H 16:46, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

Cause of death?
It seems odd that the entry does not mention the cause of death. How did he die? --75.85.23.0 (talk) 15:27, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Biggs


text:
As Nasty as They Wanna Be

As Nasty as They Wanna Be is the third album by Miami bass group 2 Live Crew. It was released on February 7, 1989, and became the group's largest seller, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. In 1990, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ruled that the album was legally obscene; this ruling was later overturned by the Eleventh Circuit. It is the first album in history to be deemed legally obscene.

It would also be the final album to be released under the Skyywalker Records label. Following a successful lawsuit against Luther Campbell and Skyywalker Records by Star Wars creator and director George Lucas, the company was forced to change its name to Luke Records.

The album is broken down track-by-track by Luke and Mr. Mixx in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique.

In 2010, the album cover and imagery of the record were used in the music video of the song "The Rabbit" by Swedish band Miike Snow.

Obscenity trial
Shortly after the album was released, federal district judge Jose Gonzalez ruled that it was obscene and that stores and merchants in the several counties that fell under his jurisdiction could face charges if they made the album available for sale. Subsequently, on June 9, 1990, three band members were arrested by then-Sheriff Nick Navarro when they performed some tracks at a strip club in Broward County, Florida. In the "media circus" attendant on these events, only the Washington City Paper, Tipper Gore's Parents Music Resource Center and The Nation magazine published the offending lyrics. Christopher Hitchens, in a column on the last of these, citing the admonition on the cover of the album—"If you don't like the record, you can kiss our mother fuckin' ass"—commented,

"Precisely. It's obvious to this reviewer that the Crew should be left alone, and that their foulmouthed attitude toward the gentler sex is a good-sounding excuse for a youth-hating and surreptitiously bigoted prosecution. I don't know the private thoughts of Sheriff Nick Navarro of Broward County, but I doubt they are worth a rat's behind and see no reason why he should sublimate his own vagina-dreading disorders in this expensive and undemocratic fashion. The same applies to the preposterous Judge Jose Gonzalez Jr., who in ruling on Sheriff Navarro's raid opined that the music appeals to 'the loins, not to the intellect.' In fact, I think they are a pair of racist shitheads who should be told to fuck right off."

During the 1990 Sound+Vision Tour in Philadelphia, David Bowie stopped his performance in the middle of the song "Young Americans" to speak out against music censorship, specifically due to the controversy over 2 Live Crew's album As Nasty as They Wanna Be, saying "I've been listening to the album by 2 Live Crew. It's not the best album that's ever been made, but when I heard they banned it, I went out and bought it. Freedom of thought, freedom of speech – it's one of the most important things we have."

An obscenity trial followed, in which Henry Louis Gates, Jr., addressed the court on behalf of the defendants, all of whom were eventually acquitted.

Personnel

 * 2 Live Crew – producer
 * Jimmy Magnoli – guitar
 * Mr. Mixx – vocals, producer, performer, mixing
 * Ted Stein – engineer, mixing
 * Ron Taylor – engineer, mixing
 * Chris Murphy – engineer

As Clean as They Wanna Be
As Clean as They Wanna Be is the clean version of 2 Live Crew's third album. The album contains a disclaimer that "This album does not contain explicit lyrics". The album had notably worse sales than the explicit version. However, it does contain "Pretty Woman", which is not on the explicit version. The song – a parody of the Roy Orbison hit "Oh, Pretty Woman" – resulted in a Supreme Court case, Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., which established that a commercial parody can qualify as fair use. Despite the sticker on the album cover claiming "This album does not contain explicit lyrics", the song "Break It on Down" appears in its original, explicit form. Additionally, the song "City of Boom" (which is exclusive to the clean version) contains several explicit lyrics.

Personnel

 * Mr. Mixx – vocals, producer, mixing
 * Ted Stein – engineer, mixing
 * Ron Taylor – engineer, mixing
 * Milton Mizell – coordination
 * Linda Fine – coordination
 * Mac Hartshorn – photography
 * Mike Holland, aka Mike Bizzo – H.N.I.C.
 * Luther Campbell – producer, executive producer
 * Nic Stone, aka Spoon 56 – Mocha Thunder Generation
 * Debbie Bennett – coordination
 * Mike Fuller – mastering

title: As Nasty as They Wanna Be


text: User talk:67.20.168.196

title: User talk:67.20.168.196


text:
User talk:Juusan

Hi Juusan. Good article you've started. We don't sign our articles but your name will always exist in the page history. You can look at the edits different people have made on any articled by selecting "Page History" at the top of the page. - Tεx τ urε 00:23, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia!

If you want, you can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself. You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp,. Our convention is to sign posts on some pages such as VfD but not on others, and particularly not articles.

You might like to have a look at autobiography to better understand some of the comments above. I'd echo the advice not to take it to personally, it's good to be bold but it can be a disheartening way to learn the ropes.

We're human! One of my early articles was listed for deletion as lacking content six minutes after I created it, and when I objected that I'd been in the middle of adding the content when this facetious version was put there, I was told I was lucky it hadn't been deleted outright. The same user (a sysop) justified his actions by calling this million selling author an "unknown academic".

But that's the way Wikis work. We did eventually get a reasonable stub article.

Anyway, some other places to look:

 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

Please feel free to drop me a question on my talk page if you think I can help in any way. Andrewa 00:47, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Juusan