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Young Bosnia

Young Bosnia (Млада Босна) refers to a loosely organised grouping of separatist and revolutionary cells active in the early 20th century, that sought to end the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Its members, primarily Bosnian Serbs but also Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, were driven by various ideologies, prominently Yugoslavism, the unification of South Slavic peoples into a single Yugoslav state. The group drew inspiration from a diverse range of philosophical influences, including German romanticism, anarchism, and Russian revolutionary socialism. Young Bosnia's activities were influenced by historical events such as the Battle of Kosovo and figures like Fyodor Dostoevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche.

The most infamous act associated with Young Bosnia was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, one of its members.

Background
The 1878 occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary changed the political circumstances in the region from a long-term status quo under the Ottoman Empire. In 1882, an uprising broke out against the Austro-Hungarian military and administrative occupation authorities, but was suppressed by force.

There were a number of youth-oriented organizations before the rise of Young Bosnia, such as United Serb Youth in the 1860s and 1870s. Defining membership and the vague idea of "youth" (omladina) was debated at length among South Slavic intellectuals. One major obstacle to defining and organizing the youth in Bosnia-Herzegovina was the educational system, which underwent major changes in the Habsburg period. By 1900, a small but growing number of young men from Bosnia were studying in Prague, Zagreb, Vienna, Graz, Istanbul, and Belgrade. This put them in touch with Serbian and Croatian nationalist circles.

The rise to power of the popular Karađorđević dynasty in Serbia in the 1900s after the May Overthrow of the Obrenović dynasty by the Serbian Army in 1903, stimulated support by both Serbs and South Slavs for their unification into a state led by Belgrade. The Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia in 1908 ignited a crisis in European politics and unrest in the province. The establishment of the Diet of Bosnia happened only in February 1910, and the 1910 Bosnian parliamentary election in May the same year. In June 1910, Bogdan Žerajić attempted to assassinate General Marijan Varešanin, the Austro-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Support for revolutionary Yugoslavism in Bosnia grew with the rise of the Serb-Croat Progressive Organization in 1911 which drew in support for the cause from Serbs as well as Croats and some Bosnian Muslims. The organization was a youth society led by Ivo Andrić that promoted unity and friendship between Serb and Croat youth and opposed the Austro-Hungarian occupation, but was decried by nationalists and harassed by the government.

Formation, membership and ideology
In 1909 the Young Bosnia was a loose circle of mainly Bosnian Serb students whose interest in revolutionary and romantic Yugoslavism was prompted by the annexation. The extent and significance of the influence from neighbouring Kingdom of Serbia has been debated by historians, and it seems that the interactions between Young Bosnia and Black Hand were largely initiated by the former, rather than the latter.

Vladimir Gaćinović was the ideologue of Young Bosnia and of tyrannicide as its method of political struggle. In 1911 Gaćinović published an article titled "Young Bosnia" in Almanac (Алманах) published by Prosvjeta.

Petar Kočić led the most ardent anti-Austrian Serb nationalists and had ties to Young Bosnia. While there has been a published claim about how the name of Young Bosnia was first mentioned by Petar Kočić in the journal "Homeland" (Отаџбина) in 1907, this was apparently a mistake about the year of publication.

The members were predominantly school students, primarily Serbs but also Bosniaks and Croats. There were several motivations promoted among different members of the group. There were members who promoted Yugoslavist aims of pan-South Slav unification of territories including Bosnia into a Yugoslavia. There were members such as Dimitrije Mitrinović, one of its leading ideologists, who promoted Serbian nationalist aims of pan-Serb unification into Serbia. Young Bosnia was inspired from a variety of ideas, movements, theorists, and events; such as German romanticism, anarchism, Russian revolutionary socialism, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche, and the Battle of Kosovo.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia. The group received assistance from the Black Hand, a secret organisation founded by members of the Serbian Army. During a Serbian court-martial in French-occupied Salonika in 1916–17, Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Dragutin Dimitrijević, known as "Apis," claimed responsibility for organising the assassination. Apis used his influence over the Serbian military and the Black Hand to smuggle weapons and assassins into Austrian-occupied Bosnia. Following the trial's conclusion on 26 June 1917, Apis was executed by firing squad. Vladimir Gaćinović, the only Young Bosnia leader to join the Black Hand, condemned the assassination in a letter after the First World War began, presumably to evade responsibility.

Princip during his trial: The political union of the Yugoslavs was always before my eyes, and that was my basic idea... I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of the state, but it must be free from Austria.

Claimed members of Young Bosnia who participated in the assassination were:

 * Danilo Ilić (27 July 1890 – 3 February 1915)
 * Veljko Čubrilović (1 July 1886 – 3 February 1915)
 * Miško Jovanović (15 June 1878 – 3 February 1915)
 * Nedeljko Čabrinović (2 February 1895 – 20 January 1916)
 * Vladimir Gaćinović (25 May 1890 – 11 August 1917)
 * Trifko Grabež (28 June 1895 – February 1916)
 * Gavrilo Princip (25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918)
 * Muhamed Mehmedbašić (1886 – 29 May 1943)
 * Cvjetko Popović (1896 – 9 June 1980)
 * Vaso Čubrilović (14 January 1897 – 11 June 1990)

An evening before the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Princip, Čabrinović and Ilić visited the grave of Bogdan Žerajić for the last time. Žerajić's proclamation "He who wants to live, let him die. He who wants to die, let him live", was quoted by Gavrilo Princip in one of the songs he wrote (Ал право је рекао пре Жерајић, соко сиви: Ко хоће да живи, нек мре, Ко хоће да мре, нек живи).

Museum of Young Bosnia
The Museum of Young Bosnia was built in the period of SFR Yugoslavia in 1953, at the place where the assassination took place. It commemorates the assassins, popularly known in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the "Vidovdan heroes". At the front of the museum was a plaque, inscribed: "From this place, on 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, expressed with his shot the people's revolt against tyranny and their centuries-old struggle for freedom. (Са овога мјеста 28. јуна 1914. године Гаврило Принцип својим пуцњем изрази народни протест против тираније и вјековну тежњу наших народа за слободом.)" In 1992, soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina destroyed both the plaque and Princip's footprints. German forces had removed the 1930 plaque in 1941. The museum still exists today, but nowadays documents aspects of life in Bosnia & Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian rule.

title: Young Bosnia


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Petreius

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Petreius.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

In Latin, and as far as I can tell, not at all encyclopedic. If I understand it correctly, rather obscene. -- Jmabel 17:11, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, though funny it is. Looks like some one was practising Latin declension. I wonder if this is from the Satyricon? MvHG 08:43, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The grammar is appalling, which suggests to me that it's original work and not taken from a Latin text. (Just from looking at the first two sentences, the author seems to have confused "habent" (they have) and "habitant" (they live) and has put a singular verb "habet" after the plural noun "omnes".) Proteus (Talk) 19:34, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * BJAO(latin)DN? Delete, anyway. --Ben Brockert (:talk:) 22:31, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

Additional reasons for its deletion were provided on Talk:Petreius.

Translated literally, this (almost) reads:

 * Peters they had in Rome. All had small swords. But Caesar and Marcus had large swords. They loved large swords. Two girls with small sheaths walked [in]. Marcus understood. Marcus repeatedly beat the girls with [his] sword. "Yes, Marcus! Yes!" Marcus cried "Oh God! Yes, girls!"

 * Farewell, all!

The euphemisms in this text are fairly obvious. See the threads for this article on Pages needing translation into English and Votes for deletion.

Callidus 22:08, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Draft talk:Nedeljko Čabrinović

black hand?
Is there any proof that Cabrinovic was actually a member of the Black Hand (as opposed to Young Bosnia)? Zocky 17:13, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

missed?
Wait a second! I don't think Cabrinovic missed the car. He hit it, but Franz Ferdinand threw the hand-grenade away. wasn't it so? Liberal Nationalist 18:45, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

I'm wondering why this article gives a different story then other articles on Wikipedia concerning the first grenade. The others claim the driver accelerated when seeing the grenade and it missed the car; yet this says the grenade was deflected by Franz Ferdinand. In my opinion if all articles are going to detail the assasination attempt, they should say the same thing. It looks very bad when Wikipedia contradicts itself. Krushia 16:27, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:00, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

how do i make it so it doesn't redirect me to the assassination page?
i just want to read about čabrinović and it keeps directing me to the page of the assassination. Angelicaprincip (talk) 04:11, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Draft talk:Nedeljko Čabrinović


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Spectacular mark

A spectacular mark (also known as a specky, speckie, speccy, screamer or hanger) is a mark (or catch) in Australian rules football that typically involves a player jumping up on the back of another player.

The spectacular mark has become a much celebrated aspect of the sport. Many of the winners of the Australian Football League's annual Mark of the Year competition could be considered 'speckies', and commentators will often call an individual specky "a contender" in reference to this competition and the mark's likeliness to win it.

History
Up until the early 1870s, Australian football was typically played low to the ground in congested rugby-style packs, and as such marks were generally taken on the chest. Occasional high marks were recorded; as early as 1862 a Melbourne Football Club player was praised for leaping "wonderfully high into the air" to mark the ball. Spectacular marks became more common in the 1880s, a time in which the game's style of play opened up and teams adopted positional structures resembling those in use today. Essendon's Charlie "Commotion" Pearson was a prominent high-flyer of this period. An 1886 match report captured the excitement his aerial skills were generating: "Mr Pearson ... gave spectators many thrilling moments with his phenomenal leaps skyward. What a thrill the game would become as a spectacle if all players tried out this new idea." Albert Thurgood was a later exponent at the turn of the century. It was only when the push-in-the-back rule was introduced in 1897 that high-flyers were protected from being pushed in mid air. This prevented potential serious injury.

In the 1900s, an "unintentional interference" (incidental contact) rule (i.e. jumping on an opponent's back in an effort to mark the ball in the air is not considered a push), first introduced by the VFL in 1904 which reached widespread adoption by the Australasian Football Council in 1907. This paved the way for forwards to climb up opposition players' backs to take spectacular marks.

Dick Lee consistently pulled down high marks in the early 1900s. In South Australia, Harold Oliver was considered the best exponent of the high-flying mark prior to World War I. In the 1920s, Roy Cazaly was a frequent exponent, as was Bob Pratt in the 1930s. In the 1940s, John Coleman was known for his high marking. In the 1970s, Paul Vander Haar and Peter Knights were renowned for their aerial prowess.

The 1980s saw an era of increased professionalism including the use of the ruck pad in training, as well as long direct kicking, combining to produce more aerial feats. Several players in this decade would consistently take spectacular marks, including Gary Ablett Snr and Trevor Barker. It also became common for exponents of the spectacular mark to achieve extra elevation by levering or propping the hands or arms off the shoulders of opponents. Warwick Capper was a regular proponent of this technique. According to the strict interpretation of the rules, this is in fact illegal interference. Sometimes, however, umpires would interpret in favour of the marking player if the interference was minor and deemed to be part of the jumping action. The AFL Rules Committee in 2007 effectively disallowed this type of spectacular mark altogether with a polarizing adjustment of the "hands-on-the-back" rule. The intention was that players would use vertical leap only; however, it did not increase the frequency of spectacular marks and resulted in many more frustrating free kicks. Many players use their arms and hands to balance naturally while in the air to gain greater height without pushing their opponent. As a result, the AFL relaxed this interpretation again in 2018.

In popular culture
The specky has been widely celebrated in Australian popular culture. The phrase "the big men fly" is invariably used to describe speckies and ruckmen contesting a ball-up, and has even spawned a play of the same name, written by Alan Hopgood and first staged in 1963. Alex Jesaulenko's famous specky in the 1970 VFL Grand Final gave rise to the catchphrase "Jesaulenko, You Beauty!". Songs such as Mike Brady's "Up There Cazaly" (1979) also celebrate the popular spectator phenomenon. In his poem "The High Mark", Bruce Dawe sees the specky as an expression of the human aspiration to fly. The poem ends with a footballer falling "back to Earth"—a "guernseyed Icarus".

There is also a popular series of football-themed children's novels, co-written by Felice Arena and AFL star Garry Lyon, named Specky Magee.

Stepladder and springboard
In Australian slang, a stepladder describes the player over whom another player marks to take a specky. In the past, full-backs have been renowned for inadvertently acting as stepladders.

Some players have achieved fame for their role as stepladders of famous marks, including Graeme "Jerker" Jenkin, who was the stepladder for Alex Jesaulenko's mark in the 1970 VFL Grand Final. Melbourne band TISM wrote the 1986 song "The Back Upon Which Jezza Jumped" about him.

Strong full-backs Gary Pert, Mick Martyn, Chris Langford and Matthew Scarlett have been stepladders for speckies on multiple occasions.

Warren Tredrea was the stepladder of a rare Grand Final spectacular mark taken by Paul Chapman in the 2007 AFL Grand Final.

In some rare cases, a would-be stepladder becomes a springboard when the marking player gets a secondary boost off another player. A famous example is a 2001 Essendon–Western Bulldogs game where Essendon's Gary Moorcroft took Mark of the Year by using Western Bulldogs' Brad Johnson as a springboard, a mark which many consider to be the greatest mark of all time.

title: Spectacular mark


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Larry LaPrise

Larry LaPrise ( Roland Lawrence LaPrise) (November 11, 1912 - April 4, 1996 ) at one point held the U.S. copyright for the "Hokey Pokey" song.

LaPrise was born in Detroit, Michigan. He wrote "Do The Hokey Pokey" in the early 1940s for the après-ski crowd at a club in Sun Valley, Idaho. The song was first recorded by his group the Ram Trio (on the record they're known as the Sun Valley Trio) (with Charles Macak and Tafit Baker) in 1948. They were awarded U.S. copyright in 1950. The authorship of the Hokey Pokey is disputed, with Irish songwriter Jimmy Kennedy having published the original "Cokey-Coney" in 1942. Robert Degan sued LaPrise for copyright infringement of his 1946 "The Hokey-Pokey Dance". They settled out of court.

After the group broke up in the mid-1960s, LaPrise worked for the Post Office in Ketchum, Idaho. LaPrise died, aged 83, in Gooding, Idaho.

title: Larry LaPrise


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John Rodgers

John Rodgers may refer to:

Military

 * John Rodgers (colonel) (1728–1791), colonel during the Revolutionary War and owner of Rodgers Tavern, Perryville, Maryland
 * John Rodgers (naval officer, born 1772), U.S. naval officer during the War of 1812, first naval John Rodgers
 * John Rodgers (admiral) (1812–1882), naval officer during the Civil War, son of the above
 * John Rodgers (naval officer, born 1881) (1881–1926), naval officer during World War I and aviation pioneer, great-grandson of the first naval John Rodgers
 * Six ships, three USS John Rodgers and three USS Rodgers, were named for the above officers

Music

 * John Rodgers (musician) (born 1962), Australian composer and musician
 * Johnny Rodgers (singer) (born 1974), American singer-songwriter

Politics

 * Sir John Rodgers, 1st Baronet (1906–1993), British Conservative MP for Sevenoaks
 * John M. Rodgers (1928–2012), Pennsylvania politician
 * John S. Rodgers (born 1965), American politician in Vermont

Other

 * John Kearney Rodgers (1793–1851), American surgeon
 * John Rodgers (boxer) (born 1947), Irish boxer
 * John Rodgers (geologist) (1914–2004), American geologist
 * John Rodgers (New Zealand bishop) (1915–1997), missionary bishop
 * John Rodgers (theologian) (1930–2022), American Anglican theologian and bishop
 * Johnny Rodgers (born 1951), American football player

title: John Rodgers


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Kawaiahaʻo Church

Kawaiahaʻo Church is a historic Congregational church located in Downtown Honolulu on the Hawaiian Island of Oʻahu. The church, along with the Mission Houses, comprise the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site, which was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1962. In 1966 it and all other NHLs were included in the first issuance of the National Register of Historic Places.

At one time the national church of the Hawaiian Kingdom and chapel of the royal family, the church is popularly known as Hawaiʻi's Westminster Abbey. The name comes from the Hawaiian noun phrase ka wai a Haʻo (the water of Haʻo), because its location was that of a spring and freshwater pool of a High Chiefess Haʻo. It has also been called the "hale pule lahui", the Great Stone Church, the Hawaiian Tabernacle (luakini), the Mother Church, the Kingʻs Church, the Kingʻs chapel, and the "Aliʻi Church".

Today, Kawaiahaʻo continues to use the Hawaiian language for parts of the service. It is the oldest church on Oʻahu and one of the oldest standing Christian places of worship in Hawaiʻi, although four thatched churches stood at or near the present site before construction of the coral church. The oldest standing church is Mokuaikaua Church on the Big Island. Denominationally, it is a member of the United Church of Christ.

History
The Kawaiaha'o mission was started in 1820. The stone building of Kawaiahaʻo Church was commissioned by the regency of Kaʻahumanu, during the reigns of Kamehameha II and Kamehameha III. Designed by Rev. Hiram Bingham in the New England style of the Hawaiian missionaries, it was constructed between 1836 and 1842 of some 14,000 thousand-pound slabs of coral rock quarried from an offshore reef on the southern coast of Oʻahu. Hawaiian divers dove three to six metres below sea-level to chisel out each coral block with hand tools, and the blocks then were transported from the reef onto the shore.

The church house rivaled the concurrent construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace by the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of the Hawaiian Islands. Construction began on that churchhouse in 1840 and was substantially completed in 1843, one year after the completion of Kawaiahaʻo Church.

The name Kawaiahaʻo was not applied to the site until 1853.

Kawaiahaʻo Church was frequented by the chiefs of the Hawaiian Islands as well as the members of the reigning Kamehameha dynasty and Kalākaua dynasty. Kamehameha III, Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V and Kalakaua took their oaths of office to their constitutions at Kawaiahaʻo Church. State burials were also held at the church as well the baptisms of aliʻi including aliʻi members who would eventually convert to other denominations or faiths.

Today, the upper gallery of the sanctuary is adorned with 20 portraits of Hawaiian royalty (Aliʻi). The body of King Lunalilo, who preferred burial in a church cemetery to burial in the Royal Mausoleum, is buried in a crypt along with his father near the front courtyard.

But Kawaiahaʻo Church was not the only site of royal worship in the Islands. Kamehameha IV and his wife Emma were devout members of the Church of England and established the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi, which evolved into the present-day Episcopal Diocese of Hawaiʻi after the islands were annexed by the United States and later gained statehood. The royal couple commissioned the construction of the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, which replaced Kawaiahaʻo Church as the principal centre of royal worship. Kamehameha V, Kalākaua, and Liliʻuokalani (after the rebellion which overthrew the kingdom) preferred to use the cathedral – even though, before her reign, then Princess Liliʻuokalani had directed the choir of Kawaiahaʻo Church. When Liliʻuokalani died in 1917, she lay in state in the church for a week before her funeral at Iolani Palace.

Other well-known persons associated with the church include:

Kīnaʻu, kuhina nui of the Hawaiian Kingdom;

Timoteo Richard Haʻalilio, the Hawaiian envoy that helped to secure Hawaiian independence;

John (Ioane) Iʻi, an advisor to Kamehameha III and teacher at the Chiefʻs Children School;

Emma Kaʻili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina, historian and the first record female judge in Hawaiʻi;

Levi Haʻalelea, an advisor to Kamehameha III;

John Thomas Gulick, a missionary to Micronesia and head of the Hawaiian board of Foreign Missions to Oceania and the Philippines;

Daniel Opunui, one of the first Protestant missionaries in Micronesia was member of Kawaiahaʻo Church before Kaumakapili Church was built;

David Kinimaka, adopted brother of King Kalakaua and officer in the Hawaiian Royal Guards;

Henry Berger, band master of the Royal Hawaiian Band and is buried at Kawaiahaʻo Church.

Miss Agnes Baldwin Alexander, born in Honolulu in 1875 to William DeWitt Alexander and Abigail Charlotte Alexander, née Baldwin. Miss Alexander was a scion of two of Hawaii’s most illustrious Christian missionary families — the Alexanders and the Baldwins. In 1900 Agnes discovered the Baháʼí Faith while in Rome on a tour of Europe, which she had undertaken after a severe illness. In 1901 she returned to Hawaii as its first Baháʼí.

Abraham Akaka, late pastor of the Kawaiahaʻo Church and most remembered for his role in the US Civil Rights Movement.

List of Nā Kahu (Senior Pastors)

 * Hiram Bingham (1820–1840)
 * Richard Armstrong (1840–1848)
 * Ephraim Weston Clark (1848–1863)
 * Henry Hodges Parker (1863–1917)
 * Akaiko Akana (1918–1933)
 * William Kamau (1934–1940)
 * Edward Kahale (1940–1957)
 * Abraham Akaka (1957–1984)
 * William H. Kaina (1984–1997)
 * James Fung (2000–2002)
 * Curtis P. Kekuna (2004–2017)
 * Kenneth Makuakāne (2018–present)

List of Interim Pastors

 * Ronald F.K. Ching – Intentional Interim (1998)
 * James Kimo Mersberg – Intentional Interim (2017-2018)

title: Kawaiahaʻo Church


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Izanami

Izanami (イザナミ), formally referred to with the honorific Izanami-no-Mikoto (伊弉冉尊/伊邪那美命), is the creator deity of both creation and death in Japanese mythology, as well as the Shinto mother goddess. She and her brother-husband Izanagi are the last of the seven generations of primordial deities that manifested after the formation of heaven and earth. Izanami and Izanagi are held to be the creators of the Japanese archipelago and the progenitors of many deities, which include the sun goddess Amaterasu, the moon deity Tsukuyomi and the storm god Susanoo. In mythology, she is the direct ancestor of the Japanese imperial family.

Name
Her name is given in the Kojiki (c. 712 AD) both as Izanami-no-Kami (伊弉冉神) and Izanami-no-Mikoto (伊邪那美命), while the Nihon Shoki (720 AD) refers to her as Izanami-no-Mikoto, with the name written in different characters (伊弉冉尊).

The names Izanagi (Izanaki) and Izanami are often interpreted as being derived from the verb (historical orthography ) or iⁿzanap- from Western Old Japanese 'to invite', with -ki / -gi and -mi being taken as masculine and feminine suffixes, respectively. The literal translation of Iⁿzanaŋgî and Iⁿzanamî are 'Male-who-invites' and 'Female-who-invites'. Shiratori Kurakichi proposed an alternative theory which instead sees the root iza- (or rather isa-) to be derived from isao (historical orthography: isawo) meaning 'achievement' or 'merit'.

Goddess of creation

The first gods Amenominakanushi and Kunitokotachi summoned two divine beings into existence, the male Izanagi and the female Izanami, and charged them with creating the first land. To help them do this, Izanagi and Izanami were given a spear decorated with jewels, named Amenonuhoko (heavenly spear). The two deities then went to the bridge between heaven and earth, Ame-no-ukihashi ("floating bridge of heaven"), and churned the sea below with the spear. When drops of salty water fell from the spear, Onogoroshima was created. They descended from the bridge of heaven and made their home on the island.

Eventually they wished to be mated, so they built a pillar called Ame-no-mihashira (天の御柱,"pillar of heaven"; the mi- is an honorific prefix) and around it they built a palace called Yahiro-dono (八尋殿, one hiro is approximately 1.82 m, so the "eight-hiro-palace" would have been 14.56 m. In reality, "ya, was a sacred number to the Japanese, and may often be translated as ‘myriad’" ). Izanagi and Izanami circled the pillar in opposite directions and, when they met on the other side, Izanami spoke first in greeting. Izanagi did not think that this was proper, but they mated anyhow. They had two children, Hiruko ("leech-child"), who later came to be known in Shinto as the god Ebisu, and Awashima, but they were born deformed and were not considered deities.

They put the children into a boat and set them out to sea, then petitioned the other gods for an answer as to what they did wrong. They were told that the male deity should have spoken first in greeting during the marriage ceremony. So Izanagi and Izanami went around the pillar again, this time Izanagi speaking first when they met, and their marriage was finally successful.

From their union were born the Ōyashima, or the "great eight islands" of the Japanese chain:
 * Awaji
 * Iyo (later Shikoku)
 * Oki
 * Tsukushi (later Kyūshū)
 * Iki
 * Tsushima
 * Sado
 * Yamato (later Honshū)
 * Note that Hokkaidō, Chishima and Okinawa were not part of Japan in ancient times.

They bore six more islands and many deities. Izanami died giving birth to the child Kagu-tsuchi (incarnation of fire) or Ho-Musubi (causer of fire). She was then buried on Mt. Hiba, at the border of the old provinces of Izumo and Hōki, near modern-day Yasugi of Shimane Prefecture. Izanagi was so angry at the death of his wife that he killed the newborn child, thereby creating dozens of deities.

In the Kojiki
The Kojiki talks of the death of Izanami and her tomb, which was located at the boundary between country Izumo and Hōki. It implies that Izanami transferred her soul to an animal and a human before her death, but does not state whether or not Izanami had incarnations.

Death and the underworld
Izanagi-no-Mikoto lamented the death of Izanami-no-Mikoto and undertook a journey to Yomi ("the shadowy land of the dead"). He searched for Izanami-no-Mikoto and found her. At first, Izanagi-no-Mikoto could not see her for the shadows hid her appearance. He asked her to return with him. Izanami-no-Mikoto informed Izanagi-no-Mikoto that he was too late. She had already eaten the food of the underworld and was now one with the land of the dead. She could no longer return to the living but would try to ask for permission to leave.

The news shocked Izanagi-no-Mikoto, but he refused to leave her in Yomi. While Izanami-no-Mikoto was sleeping, he took the comb that bound his long hair and set it alight as a torch. Under the sudden burst of light, he saw the horrid form of the once beautiful and graceful Izanami-no-Mikoto. She was now a rotting form of flesh with maggots and foul creatures running over her ravaged body.

Crying out loud, Izanagi-no-Mikoto could no longer control his fear and started to run, intending to return to the living and abandon his death-ridden wife. Izanami-no-Mikoto woke up, shrieking and indignant, and chased after him. She also sent Yakusa-no-ikazuchi-no-kami (demons who are like Raijin) and shikome (foul women) to hunt for Izanagi-no-Mikoto and bring him back to Yomi.

Izanagi-no-Mikoto burst out of the entrance and pushed a boulder in the mouth of the Yomotsuhirasaka (黄泉津平坂; cavern that was the entrance of Yomi) to create a separation between the world of the living and the world of the dead, as well as separating Izanagi from Izanami.

Izanami-no-Mikoto screamed from behind this impenetrable barricade and told Izanagi-no-Mikoto that if he left her she would destroy 1,000 residents of the living every day. He furiously replied he would give life to 1,500 residents.

Izanagi is said to have performed ritualistic cleansing, harai, after witnessing the decomposing body of his wife. This is the traditional explanation for the purification rituals often performed at Shinto shrines in Japanese religion, where shrine-goers wash themselves with water before entering the sacred space. While he bathed, Izanagi gave birth to the sun goddess, Amaterasu, from his left eye, the moon god, Tsukuyomi, from his right eye, and the storm god, Susanoo, from his nose.

In the Nihonshoki
While similar in many aspects, the version of the tale of Izanagi and Izanami in the Nihonshoki differs from the Kojiki version in that Izanagi does not descend into the Underworld (Yomi), instead residing permanently on the island of Awaji in a temple. Additionally, in the Nihonshoki, the three deities Amaterasu, Tsukiyomi, and Susanoo were said to have been created by both Izanagi and Izanami, instead of Izanagi alone.

In popular culture
Izanami appears as a playable god in the video game Smite. She also, alongside Amaterasu and Susanoo, appears in the video game DKO (Divine Knockout). Izanami is a recurring important character in the Megami Tensei video game series.

title: Izanami


text:
Music of Austin, Texas

Austin's official motto is the "Live Music Capital of the World" due to the high volume of live music venues in the city. Austin is known internationally for the South by Southwest (SXSW) and the Austin City Limits (ACL) Music Festivals which feature eclectic international lineups. The greatest concentrations of music venues in Austin are around 6th Street, Central East Austin, the Red River Cultural District, the Warehouse District, the University of Texas, South Congress, and South Lamar.

"Austin music" in its modern form emerged in 1972 when "a new form of country music exploded on the scene that turned its back on Nashville and embraced the counterculture", much of it centered around the Armadillo World Headquarters music venue, which opened in 1970, alternating country and rock music shows. In 1972, Willie Nelson left Nashville and moved to Austin.

Austin has become renowned as a haven for young innovative musicians who were drawn in by the creativity, liberal politics, and low cost-of-living. Austin's reputation continued to grow and become celebrated for its folk, blues, jazz, bluegrass, Tejano, zydeco, new wave, punk, and indie music scenes.

The City also hosts the Austin Symphony, Austin Civic Orchestras, Austin Opera, Austin Baroque Orchestra and La Folia Baroque.

History
A large portion of Austin's early musical heritage began in the German Beer Gardens and Halls in the late 1800s, in places such as Scholz Garten and Hall (the hall later to become Saengerrunde Hall) and further up the road at Dessau Hall. Dessau Hall peaked in the 1940s and 1950s with acts as diverse as Glenn Miller, Hank Williams, and Elvis Presley.

Other major venues for country music included Big Gil's on South Congress and The Skyline on North Lamar. Local singer/yodeler Kenneth Threadgill opened Threadgill's in 1933 on North Lamar, a venue that later hosted Folk/Country jams where Janis Joplin participated in her early days. On the east side of town, which historically had a rich culture of African American heritage and influence, music venues such as the Victory Grill, Charlie's Playhouse, Big Mary's, Ernie's Chicken Shack, and Doris Miller Auditorium featured local and touring acts. These destinations, which were part of the "Chitlin' Circuit" featuring big bands, jazz and blues, became famous for later hosting musical legends including Duke Ellington, Ray Charles, Bobby Bland, B.B. King, Ike Turner and Tina Turner.

In 1964 the Broken Spoke opened, featuring country acts such as Bob Wills, Ernest Tubb, and the young Willie Nelson. The late-1960s and 1970s saw the country music popularized by Willie Nelson and others being joined by a host of other music brought by the more liberal inhabitants, who migrated to Austin during these two decades. Specifically, Roky Erickson and his 13th Floor Elevators helped bring in this psychedelic era.

In the 1960s in Austin, Texas, legendary music venues included the Vulcan Gas Company and the Armadillo World Headquarters and musical talent like Janis Joplin, the 13th Floor Elevators, (Johnny and Edgar) Winter brothers, Shiva's Headband and, later, Stevie Ray Vaughan. Austin was also home to a large New Left activist movement, one of the earliest underground papers, The Rag, and graphic artists like creator Gilbert Shelton, underground comix pioneer Jack Jackson (Jaxon), and surrealist armadillo artist Jim Franklin.

The Vulcan morphed into the Armadillo World Headquarters in 1970 and for more than ten years featured music of all genres, from Bruce Springsteen to Bette Midler, as well as local ballet, blues and jazz. The artwork from this establishment was a part of the Austin scene and the Armadillo became the Austin city animal. Songs such as Gary P. Nunn's "London Homesick Blues" (which includes in the chorus "I want to go home with the armadillo") made this a staple of Austin. The artist who began the Armadillo logo was Jim Franklin, who is still working today.

"Austin music" in its modern form emerged in 1972 when "a new form of country music exploded on the scene that turned its back on Nashville and embraced the counterculture". Eddie Wilson had opened the Armadillo World Headquarters music venue in 1970, alternating country and rock music shows, but in 1972, Willie Nelson left Nashville and moved to Austin, following others including Michael Martin Murphey, Marcia Ball, Steve Earle, Gary P. Nunn, Jerry Jeff Walker, Ray Wylie Hubbard, and Waylon Jennings.

Willie Nelson's audiences at the Armadillo included both hippies and rednecks. On New Year's Eve, Austin's local KOKE-FM radio station switched to a new programming format geared to the mixed crowds first called "country rock", and later "progressive country".

By November of that year; the first pilot for the iconic Austin City Limits was being filmed with Willie Nelson, Billboard Magazine named KOKE “the most innovative radio station in the country," and Austin had a national reputation thanks largely to the reporting of Rolling Stone stringer Chet Flippo, who seemed to get a dispatch from the Armadillo into every issue."

In the following years, Austin gained a reputation as a place where struggling musicians could launch their careers in front of receptive audiences, at informal live venues. A major influence during this time was Clifford Antone and the namesake blues club he founded in 1975, at the age of 25. Antone's located on Austin's 6th Street fostered the careers of a number of musicians, including Stevie Ray Vaughan.

Liberty Lunch was a live-music venue in Austin and during its heyday in the late 1970s and 1980s featured all kinds of music, including reggae and ska, punk, indie, country and rock. The venue was forced to close to make way for Austin's downtown redevelopment in the late 1990s. Since then, Liberty Lunch has attained a legendary status in the history of Austin music. Now-defunct Armadillo World Headquarters has attained a similar status.

Austin's live music scene has experienced a resurgence in the past few years after losing some of its best loved venues (Liberty Lunch, Armadillo and others), a host of new clubs have risen up to continue Austin's rich live music heritage. However, The Hole in the Wall, open since 1974 and a live music staple that lent a corner and then finally a stage to Doug Sahm and Blaze Foley, is still operating. Places such as the Skylark Lounge, Stubb's, Ginny's Little Longhorn, and a list of others have also become a stalwart of a new generation of live music venues throughout the city.

The punk/new wave era in Austin began in earnest in 1978. The Club Foot played an important role in hosting many of the local punk/new wave acts. The city's first two rock/new wave bands, the Skunks and the Violators, made their debut at a University-area club called Raul's in February.

The explosive show by the Sex Pistols in San Antonio the previous month helped build toward an excited reception for local purveyors of the style. The Skunks' lineup consisted of Jesse Sublett on bass and vocals, Eddie Munoz on guitar and Bill Blackmon on drums. The Violators featured Kathy Valentine (later of The Go-Go's), Carla Olson (later of the Textones), Marilyn Dean and Sublett on bass. The Violators were short-lived, as all the members except for Sublett moved to LA the following year. Margaret Moser, of the Austin Chronicle, later wrote that "The Skunks put Austin on the rock n' roll map." Another influential band that led the punk scene in Austin was the Big Boys.

Austin became one of the important stops on every tour of important punk/new wave acts. Many of these bands, such as the Police, Joe Jackson, Blondie and Talking Heads, played at the Armadillo. A number of them, including the Clash, Elvis Costello and Blondie, would make appearances at gigs by the Skunks and take the opportunity to jam with the band.

The 1980s and 1990s also helped shape Austin's music scene. Waterloo Records, which has been voted the best independent record store in the country and hosts live in-store shows, first opened in 1982. Austinite Stevie Ray Vaughan won a Grammy in 1990 for best contemporary blues album. After tragically dying in a helicopter crash, he was memorialized with a statue on the shores of Austin's Lady Bird Lake. Additionally in 1991, Austin city leaders named Austin, "The Live Music Capital of the World", because of the number of live music venues.

Visitors and Austinites alike may notice the 10-foot guitars standing on the sides of the city's streets. In 2006, Gibson Guitar brought Guitar Town to Austin, placing 35 of these giant guitars around the city.

The Austin Music Foundation is one of several Austin groups that help independent artists further their music careers. Assisting musicians with medical needs are the SIMS Foundation and Health Alliance for Austin Musicians (HAAM). Promotion, preservation and education is the mission of the Austin Blues Society, formed in 2006 by Kaz Kazanoff and other blues community notables.

Helping to promote the $1 billion music industry in the city is the Austin Music Office. A department of the Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau, the Austin Music Office offers creative, personalized assistance in booking live music, discounted Austin Compilation CDs and mini-guides to the city's live music scene, assistance with utilization of live music venues for off-site events, and guidance with local music attractions and creation of music tours.

Television
The PBS live music television show Austin City Limits began in 1974 and has featured,, over 500 artists of various genres, including rock, folk, country, bluegrass and zydeco. Partly responsible for Austin's reputation as a live music hub, the show is broadcast worldwide and stands as the longest running music television program ever. On February 26, 2011, ACL held its first taping in its new purpose-built Moody Theater and studio in downtown Austin's W Austin Hotel and Residences. Despite a seating capacity of over 2,700, audiences will be limited to around 800 (the original total seating capacity of the old studio). The additional seating capacity will be used for the ACL Live concert series at the venue.

Austin was also home to the Austin Music Network (AMN), which broadcast from 1994 to 2005. AMN, featured on cable channel 15, proclaimed itself to be the only non-profit independent music television channel, and its programming was mostly music videos or recorded live sessions, interspersed with presenters. Although all musical tastes were broadcast, AMN emphasized non-mainstream music such as indie, punk, blues, country and jazz.

Channel 15 was a 24-hour music channel now run by Music and Entertainment Television (M*E). M*E launched October 1, 2005, and was broadcast to Austin and the 44 surrounding cities. M*E was a regional network dedicated to showcasing and providing television exposure for regional artists as well as the hundreds of touring groups that make up the vibrant Texas live music scene. Supporting established artists and promoting and discovering new talent is a priority. M*E represented different musical genres and areas of the arts community with numerous original programs highlighting everything from filmmakers to art galleries, and musicians to the ballet. In addition, M*E's mostly music lineup, spotlighted live performance footage, concept music videos as well as biographies, reviews, restaurant tours and more.

Festivals
Austin is the home of South by Southwest (SXSW), an annual music, film and interactive conference and festival, and the expanding number of fringe events that take place during the festival, at venues all over town. In the fall, Austin hosts the Austin City Limits Music Festival (ACL) and the Fun Fun Fun Fest.

In the spring, the long-running Old Settler's Music Festival takes place at the Salt Lick Pavilion & Camp Ben McCulloch just outside the city. Every summer, Austin City Limits Radio puts on a series of free blues shows in Zilker Park entitled "Blues on the Green. "

Also in the summer, the City of Austin Parks and Recreation Department holds the Hillside Summer Concert Series music festival, throughout the month of July. This is held at the Pan American Recreation Center. This festival features popular local and national Tejano and Latin music performers. Jason Rubio, of Austin's Best DJs, was the first DJ to perform at the festival, in 2014.

Numerous other music festivals occur year-round. Other annual festivals include the "Keep Austin Weird Festival " and the Heart of Texas Quadruple Bypass Music Festival a.k.a. The Texas Rockfest.

Austin is home to other large annual festivals including:

 * Carnaval Brasileiro
 * Eeyore's Birthday Party
 * Levitation (formerly Austin Psych Fest)
 * Oblivion Access Festival
 * Old Pecan Street Festival
 * Republic of Texas Biker Rally

Venues
The Austin Chronicle, Visit Austin, Do512, and Phosphene Productions offer information on the most common venues that host local bands.

Below is a short list of notable venues:

 * Antone's (reopened in new location)
 * B. D. Riley's (new location)
 * The Backroom
 * The Backyard
 * Beerland
 * The Broken Spoke
 * C-Boy's Heart & Soul
 * Cactus Cafe (UT campus)
 * The Carousel Lounge
 * Cedar Street Courtyard
 * Central Market
 * Central Presbyterian Church
 * Cheer Up Charlies
 * Come and Take It Live
 * The Continental Club
 * Dirty Dog Bar (formerly The Metro)
 * Donn's Depot
 * Ego's
 * Elephant Room
 * Elysium Night Club
 * Emo's
 * Empire Control Room and Garage
 * Evangeline Café
 * Flamingo Cantina
 * Friends
 * Geraldine's
 * Green Mesquite
 * Guero's
 * The Highball
 * Hole in the Wall
 * Hotel Vegas/The Volstead
 * Icenhauer's
 * The Little Longhorn Saloon
 * Maggie Mae's
 * The Mohawk (formerly The Caucus Club)
 * Moody Center
 * ACL Live at the Moody Theater
 * Nutty Brown Café
 * One-2-One Bar
 * One World Theater
 * The Parish
 * The Parlor
 * Poodies
 * Red 7 (now Barracuda)
 * The Sahara Lounge
 * Saxon Pub
 * Scoot Inn
 * Skylark Lounge
 * Shooters
 * Speakeasy
 * Spider House Cafe
 * Steamboat
 * Stubb's BBQ
 * Swan Dive
 * Tellers
 * The White Horse

In addition to the usual restaurant/bar venues listed above, Austin offers live music in unexpected places as well. These unique venues include:
 * City Hall - Every Thursday, City Council honors a local musician at its council meeting. Also, the free concert series "Live from the Plaza" takes place at City Hall every Friday at noon from April to December.
 * Austin-Bergstrom International Airport - Live music is featured 11 times a week at four locations.
 * Grocery Stores - Central Market features live music three times a week, while Whole Foods Market hosts the "Music at the Market" music series every Thursday evening in the spring.
 * Road Races - The Austin Marathon hosts more than 30 bands along the race course and the Capitol 10K features a band at every mile marker.
 * House Concerts - Hosting a variety of genres, Austin locals often open their doors to both local and touring musicians, with audiences ranging from a few friends to up to 200.

Musical acts
Austin musicians:

 * The Alice Rose
 * Alpha Rev
 * Alan Haynes
 * The American Analog Set
 * …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
 * Arc Angels
 * ArcAttack
 * Asleep at the Wheel
 * Asylum Street Spankers
 * Austin Lounge Lizards
 * Averse Sefira
 * Balcones Fault
 * Marcia Ball
 * Balmorhea
 * Band of Heathens
 * Carpetbagger
 * Lou Ann Barton
 * Best Fwends
 * Beto y los Fairlanes
 * Big Boys
 * The Black and White Years
 * The Black Angels
 * Black Heart Saints
 * Black Joe Lewis and the Honeybears
 * Black Pistol Fire
 * Black Pumas
 * The Boxing Lesson
 * Blue Cartoon
 * Blue October
 * The Bright Light Social Hour
 * Brobdingnagian Bards
 * Doyle Bramhall II
 * Butthole Surfers
 * Ray Campi
 * Cindy Cashdollar
 * Chaski (Latin American folk music ensemble)
 * Chingon
 * Courtyard hounds
 * Gina Chavez
 * Gary Clark, Jr.
 * Lakrea Clark
 * W. C. Clark
 * Slaid Cleaves
 * Shawn Colvin
 * Court Yard Hounds
 * Kacy Crowley
 * Dax Riggs
 * Dangerous Toys
 * Jesse Dayton
 * Death is not a joyride
 * Del Castillo
 * The Derailers
 * Dexter Freebish
 * The Dicks
 * The Dixie Chicks
 * The Eastern Sea
 * Electric Touch
 * Joe Ely
 * Alejandro Escovedo
 * Esther's Follies
 * Explosions in the Sky
 * Dickins
 * The Fabulous Thunderbirds
 * David Persons
 * Fastball
 * Feathers
 * Rosie Flores
 * Michael Fracasso
 * Max Frost
 * Full Service
 * Future Clouds and Radar
 * Davíd Garza
 * Larry Gatlin
 * Ghostland Observatory
 * Eliza Gilkyson
 * Jimmie Dale Gilmore
 * Golden Arm Trio
 * Johnny Goudie
 * The Gourds
 * Slim Richey's Jitterbug Vipers
 * Jon Dee Graham
 * Kydd Jones
 * Patty Griffin
 * The Pictures
 * Grupo Fantasma
 * Harlem
 * Roy Heinrich
 * Tje Austin
 * Terri Hendrix
 * Sara Hickman
 * Tish Hinojosa
 * The Hot Club of Cowtown
 * I Love You But I've Chosen Darkness
 * Jack Ingram
 * Eric Johnson
 * River Jones
 * Kaleo
 * Robert Earl Keen
 * Ben Kweller
 * Jimmy LaFave
 * The Lovely Sparrows
 * Lower Class Brats
 * The Lucky Strikes
 * Lloyd Maines
 * Julian Mandrake
 * Matt the Electrician
 * Carson McHone
 * James McMurtry
 * MDC
 * Missio
 * Mingo Fishtrap
 * Monte Montgomery
 * Mother Falcon
 * Abra Moore
 * Ian Moore
 * Gurf Morlix
 * Mothfight
 * Trish Murphy
 * Willie Nelson
 * The Nightowls
 * The Noise Revival Orchestra
 * Matt Noveskey
 * The Octopus Project
 * The Offenders
 * Okkervil River
 * One-Eyed Doll
 * Paul Oscher
 * Ephraim Owens
 * Patrice Pike
 * Toni Price
 * Pushmonkey
 * Quiet Company
 * Reckless Kelly
 * Recover
 * Redd Volkaert
 * Luke Redfield
 * The Reivers
 * Riddlin' Kids
 * Ringo Deathstarr
 * Riverboat Gamblers
 * The Rocketboys
 * Carrie Rodriguez
 * Bruce Robison
 * Calvin Russell
 * Bob Schneider
 * Charlie Sexton
 * Shakey Graves
 * Shearwater
 * Shinyribs
 * Soul Track Mind
 * Soulhat
 * Spoon
 * Stars of the Lid
 * Storyville
 * Sunny Sweeney
 * The Sword
 * Owen Temple
 * Rick Trevino
 * Kathy Valentine
 * Vallejo
 * Jimmie Vaughan
 * Jackie Venson
 * Patricia Vonne
 * Voxtrot
 * Jerry Jeff Walker
 * Tank Washington
 * Watchtower
 * Dale Watson
 * What Made Milwaukee Famous
 * White Denim
 * White Ghost Shivers
 * Bobby Whitlock
 * Kelly Willis
 * The Wind and The Wave
 * Wiretree
 * Carolyn Wonderland
 * The Yuppie Pricks

Musicians who previously contributed to the Austin music scene (including those who died, have broken up, or moved from the city):

 * 13th Floor Elevators
 * Angela Strehli
 * Bad Livers
 * Dynamite Hack
 * Experimental Aircraft
 * Gal's Panic
 * Glass Eye
 * Kellye Gray
 * Greezy Wheels
 * Nanci Griffith
 * Marc Gunn
 * The Impossibles
 * Daniel Johnston
 * Poi Dog Pondering
 * Charlie Robison
 * Scratch Acid
 * Sound Team
 * Shoulders
 * The Sword
 * Timbuk3
 * Twang Twang Shock-A-Boom
 * Two Nice Girls
 * Uncle Walt's Band
 * Ünloco
 * Volcano, I'm Still Excited!!
 * Wideawake
 * Lucinda Williams
 * 3D Friends

Deceased Austin musicians include:

 * Stephen Bruton
 * Janis Joplin
 * Doug Sahm
 * Randy Turner AKA Biscuit
 * Stevie Ray Vaughan
 * Calvin Russell
 * Don Walser
 * Gene Ramey
 * Pee Wee Crayton
 * Teddy Wilson
 * Robert Shaw
 * Keith Ferguson
 * Bill Neely
 * Grey Ghost
 * Blaze Foley
 * Townes Van Zandt
 * Doyle Bramhall
 * Bobby Doyle
 * Walter Hyatt
 * Rusty Wier
 * Ian McLagan
 * Jesse Taylor
 * Pinetop Perkins
 * Gary Primich
 * Nick Curran
 * Jody Payne
 * Tony Campise

The Austin Music Memorial at the Joe and Teresa Long Center honors those who have contributed to the development of the Austin music community.

title: Music of Austin, Texas


text:
Jean-Paul Crespelle

Jean-Paul Crespelle (24 December 1910 – 1994) was a journalist and author. He was born in Nogent-sur-Marne, Île-de-France, France.

Crespelle wrote important historical works on the artistic and nocturnal life of the artists who gathered in Montmartre and Montparnasse at the turn of the 20th century.

Works
(Partial bibliography)
 * A la découverte de l'art dans les musées de Paris (1961)
 * The Fauves (1962)
 * Montparnasse vivant (1962) – Prix Hercule Catenacci
 * Montmartre vivant (1964) – Prix Charles Blanc
 * La folle époque: Des ballets russes au surréalisme (1968) – Prix Charles Blanc
 * Picasso and his women (1969)
 * Modigliani: Les femmes, les amis, l'œuvre (1969)
 * The Love, The Dreams, The Life of Chagall (1969)
 * Utrillo: La bohème et l'ivresse à Montmartre (1970)
 * Degas et son monde (1972)
 * Pablo Picasso (1975)
 * La vie quotidienne à Montparnasse à la grande époque 1905-1930 (1976)
 * La vie quotidienne des impressionnistes, 1863-1883 (1981)
 * La vie quotidienne a Montmartre au temps de Picasso, 1900-1910 (1982)
 * Monet : Chefs d'Â uvres (1986)
 * La Epoca de Los Impresionistas (1990)

title: Jean-Paul Crespelle


text:
Greg Critser

Greg Critser (July 18, 1954, Steubenville, Ohio – January 13, 2018) was an American writer on medicine, science, food and health. His work has appeared in periodicals ranging from the New York Times to the Times of London, and from Harper's to the New Yorker. He is the author of the best seller Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World (Houghton Mifflin 2003), and the award-winning Generation Rx: How Prescription Drugs are Altering American Minds, Lives and Bodies (Houghton 2005). His most recent book, Eternity Soup: Inside the Quest to End Aging, was published by Random House in January 2010. He lectured widely at universities and medical schools, and his blog could be found at Scientificblogging.com.

Books
In 2003, Houghton Mifflin published Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World (ISBN 0-618-38060-4).

In 2006, Houghton Mifflin published Generation Rx: How prescription drugs are altering American lives, minds, and bodies (ISBN 0-618-39313-7) about the pharmaceutical industry and its interaction with the American public.

In January 2010, Random House published Eternity Soup: Inside the Quest to End Aging.

title: Greg Critser


text:
Talk:Substance 1987

Untitled
Can we turn this from a review into something encyclopedic? -Branddobbe 17:24, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Article title
Should we move this to Substance 1987, its full name and hence avoid the messy page title as it is now?
 * "Substance 1987" is not necessarily the title of the album - on the CD version anyway, it says just "Substance" on the CDs and the sides of the box. I think the front cover is just stating the year - I don't think it's meant to be part of the title. --Zilog Jones 23:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That may be so, but everybody who is 'in' to New Order refers to them as Substance and Substance 1987... Kiand 23:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been bold and move the article. --Kiand 18:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * But the album is called Substance, not Substance 1987. So, er... SaltyWater 20:48, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to move the page to its correct title. SaltyWater 11:30, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What does the front of the CD case say? "New Order - Substance 1987". Not just "Substance". --Kiand 20:36, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it has 1987 on the front of the CD but it doesn't mean its called Substance 1987. SaltyWater 21:31, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * We're talking about a band who rarely put -anything- on the front of a CD here. When theres a name, thats going to be the full name. Note that the fan-run discographies call it Substance 1987, also, including the definitive niagra.edu and NewOrderOnline ones. --Kiand 21:40, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Movement has a year on it, is that part of the title too? SaltyWater 21:51, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No, because its quite clearly seperated from the name due to being beside the record number (FACT/FACD/Whatever 50). But on Subtance, its positioned exactly as part of the name, as it is part of the name. --Kiand 21:53, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Why isn't the date written on the spine then? SaltyWater 22:00, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good question, its missing from most but not all spines. It is, however, on many of the cassete inlay sleeves. Saville design decision, no doubt. However, doesn't change the fact that Substance 1987 is the name of the album, as can be confirmed by the Warner-endorsed fansite --Kiand 22:05, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That's very nice, but because it's officially endorsed doesn't mean everything on there is gospel. Anyone else care to comment? I note the article has been moved back to Substance 1987. SaltyWater 22:47, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Because thats the name of the compilation, thats that. As goes "officially endorsed", it means something as its the only official website for the band that covers anything prior to WFTSC. They don't have an online catalogue, etc. All your reasonings as to why its not the name - lack of name on spine/back of sleeve, etc, are down to design issues, basically - the name on all non-Saville designed covers is "Substance 1987". Probably because thats its name. --Kiand 22:51, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * No need to be so rude. SaltyWater 23:48, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see how thats "rude". The album has a name, and that is Substance 1987. Its pretty much as simple as that. --Kiand 00:03, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Substance VS Substance 1987
The album is called SUBSTANCE. Nothing more, nothing less. Those who are not familiar with the way label's designer Peter Saville works, tend to take the surface value as something official. First of all, Saville is all about design, not about how to properly present the title (or even the name of the band!). "Republic" has © in its title on the cover and that is the only place it appears there; that album is nevertheless officially refered to as "Republic". The same with "Movement" - the cover has the equally printed "FACT 50 1981" below the word "Movement". And yet the album is called simply "Movement". "Waiting for the Sirens' Call" has a big printed "NO" on the cover (and that's the entire design), which has again nothing to do with the title. AND FINALLY: I just looked at the official Warner New Order catalogue, supplied with "Get Ready": the album is listed there as "Substance", as well as on CD.

P.S. Here "1987" refers to the inner sleeve of the True Faith single that had come out earlier and which looks exactly the same with "Substance" being "True Faith" and "1987" being "1963" (!). It was only a sly reference, nothing more: he extrapolated the concept of single design into LP design. I just looked in the Peter Saville book, a collection of his design work, and it clearly shows "Substance" tagged as simply "Substance". That comes from the designer of the cover art! What else is needed in this case??? Klaus Bertow 11:06, 17 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Klaus Bertow (talk • contribs)

Track listings
What version are these track listings from? I have what's most definately a re-issue (CD), bought last year - no. 3984 28227 2. Seems to be published by London Records although it also says "©1990 CentreDate Ltd.". Anyway, from the listing in this article it appears to be the same as what's noted as the "Original Factory CD". Was it the US release that had the extra tracks (disc 2 tracks 3, 12, 13 and 15)? --Zilog Jones 23:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No clue. I've got the same as you, bought in HMV on Henry Street. I guess its the US release, on Qwest. Kiand 23:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Its the UK CASSETTE version of all things. US used normal CD track listings.... Kiand 23:55, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, but it says how the "Cassette version places "Murder" (an instrumental single released in Benelux only) before "The Perfect Kiss"", but that listing there doesn't do that. I propose we make a separate list for the CD and tape versions if all this is true (and just note under the CD list how the vinyl is). Don't suppose anyone knows what the DAT track listings are, if any different? --Zilog Jones 00:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, this is getting even weirder - the US version (according to here) is different again. It is like the UK CD version, but with Cries and Whispers in place of Mesh. --Zilog Jones 00:42, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * "Mesh" is "Cries and Whispers"; it was erroneously labelled on the original Factory CD releases (that's the one I have; I was the one that added the note about it omitting several tracks that apparently appear on other versions, can anyone confirm that they actually do?). I presume on the US edition it has just been labelled correctly, and there is nothing more to it. Hn 04:07, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * http://www.niagara.edu/neworder/albums/suhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Substance_%28New_Order_album%29&action=edit&oldid=44114789bstance1987.html --Hn 04:14, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I think that clears up things. Thanks! --Zilog Jones 00:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cries & Whispers / Mesh
The paragraph explaining the confusion between these song titles seems to be clear enough as it is. The recent edit changed the tense, which personally I think was unnecessary; the decision to edit "Perfect Kiss" was made twenty years ago (as of 2007) and the current version of Substance in print still dates from this time, so "was" rather than "is" is more accurate. Also, the comments about the cassette format were misleading and vague: "...holds the most music...". In relation to what? And what length of tape? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by RobShaz (talk • contribs) 15:46, 4 January 2007 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:New Order - Substance cover.png
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Confusion Instrumental
On my CD, it says "Confusion Instrumental" not "Confused Instrumental". The CD was released by Qwest Records / Warner Bros. Records in the US in 1987. 202.8.226.193 (talk) 05:20, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

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Substance II
Why is there no mention of Substance II in this entry when there is no side entry for it? Substance II was indeed released as a separate vinyl album from the original Substance (which is not called 1987, by the way). Only when the compilation was released on CD, they appeared together as one thing -- but there should be a mention that Substance II was its own thing before that, and there should be a picture with the black cover - 2804:14C:5B84:A788:36:546:40F1:5E5 (talk) 20:11, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

Article Title II
I recently tried to move Substance 1987 to "Substance (New Order album)". I suspect some sort of restriction is put in place as the title seems to have some contention. Allow me to submit my two cents:

The album is called 'Substance' according to the first vinyl pressing. Aside from the cover art, the album is never referred to "Substance 1987" on the back cover or center labels, all which read "New Order - Substance" (or "New Order - Substance - Fact 200/#" on the center label, with the # being replaced by the side (1-4)). The year 1987 is displayed in large type on the label, but it isn't part of the title and seems more like a decoration that references the album cover.

This is also true for subsequent vinyl releases, as well as cassette releases (the album is titled on the cassette itself as all-caps "SUBSTANCE"), CD releases, etc... The only releases that call the album "Substance 1987" are unofficial cassette releases, according to Discogs.

This is a German Rough Trade insert from a white-label 1987 pressing: https://img.discogs.com/2ncd1MbJKUrxaZAyCNBN9w4VgOg=/fit-in/431x600/filters:strip_icc:format(jpeg):mode_rgb:quality(90)/discogs-images/R-7958623-1455475480-2157.jpeg.jpg. Note the top, the title is simply Substance.

This album is not called "Substance 1987". The cover is misleading. For those who still believe the cover should be the final say on the album title, please see other examples, like Sufjan Stevens' album Illinois. The album cover seemingly calls the album "Sufjan Stevens Invites You To: Come On Feel the ILLINOISE" but the album is truly called "Illinois". — Preceding unsigned comment added by D1119 (talk • contribs) 15:13, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

I agree the title should read “Substance” also while it may not be a official source Spotify also labels the album as simply “Substance” (https://open.spotify.com/track/3SBFG67CSynjdeyETVAsRF?si=x3J9HbqURgm4Hh7XGwVEqA). Obliviously content on Spotify is licensed to them by the record label, which means they also see the title as just “Substance” OBLIVIUS (talk) 03:42, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Bizarre Love Triangle labelled incorrectly?
I have both cds personally, and after listening through, the version of Bizarre Love Triangle on the album is actually the extended dance mix, not the original 1986 version. This is also specified on the album's spotify listing. Shouldn't this be specified on the page sense it's a completely different mix? GingerPatties95 (talk) 15:40, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Substance 1987


text:
Talk:Coin flipping

comment
Just noticed that this page on coin flipping looks a lot like this other one:

http://www.informationblast.com/Coin_flipping.html

 * That would be because it has copied WP - see lower down that page. Charles Matthews 12:57, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Am I the only person in the world who tosses guitar picks instead of coins? A pick whose faces are physically equal is far less likely to be biased than a coin. --Army1987 12:14, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably. The bias of the coin is, to my understanding, fairly small. Moreover, most people don't know what the bias is, so it's just as likely to help the caller as hurt them. I was almost a little surprised this article doesn't have info on biases for commonly flipped coins, given the detail of some of the other information. It seems like it must be pretty obscure.
 * According to the work by Persi Diaconis the bias is in favor of the side of the coin that is up before the flip. If the flipper is not careful about the starting configuration (for example pulling the coin out of his pocket without looking it), then the bias is greatly reduced, which I'd argue is a more realistic setting in most real-world uses of coin flipping then assuming the starting configuration is fixed.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.207.28 (talk) 13:09, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Counterintuitive properties
This section should make it clear that it's not just tossing the coin 3 times, but tossing it until one of the two sequences comes up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.134.208.194 (talk) 21:29, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Oh, my God...
You did that much math to decipher a coin toss???

You all scare me. :-) --Penta 07:29, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cut section
I append the mathematical section, cut by User:Grick recently. Charles Matthews 10:48, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Checking if a coin is biased
I am making what was warehoused here a page in its own right. Charles Matthews 11:35, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Coin flipping in fiction
In the section under the same hdg, we have
 * Conversely, the 1972 movie of Graham Greene's novel Travels with my Aunt ends with a coin toss that will decide the future of one of the characters. The movie ends with the coin in mid-air.

and someone commented within the article
 * [Someone familiar with Greene's novel or the stage version should edit this to say whether they end similarly.]

Indeed they should, but the solicitation does not belong in the article! --Jerzy (t) 05:29, 2005 Mar 24 (UTC)

Also the movie The Sentinal used coin tosses. 203.87.45.25 05:34, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * One of Practchet's Disk World novels features one of the witches calling "edge" during a coin toss and winning. Jon 19:24, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Deciding among three outcomes
What would be the quickest way to use a coin to decide between three choices? Off the top of my head, I could see flipping the coin in sets of three flips, where you go until only one choice comes up heads. What else? --Duozmo 21:23, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Flip the coin in sets of three. If they all land on the same side, repeat, else, the single result wins. Example: THT - no. 2 wins with H. Bogfjellmo 18:40, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Just flip it twice - one flip eliminates one option, the next splits the remaining two. The outcome is random so if it's simply a matter of choosing one you shouldn't need anything fancy. Richard001 19:25, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think what they meant was to decide between three choices giving each an equal weight. If you flip a coin only twice, eliminating one option each time, you are favoring the choice that is not involved in the first coin-toss (it essentially gets a bye).  Bogfjellmo has it right. DC NemesisTalk 05:20, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Alternatively, flip the coin in sets of two until something other than TT comes up. Let the first choice correspond to HH, the second to HT, and the third to TH. On the other hand, the sets-of-three approach above works even with a biased coin (because the probability of THT is the same as the probability of HTT or TTH, since the coin has no "memory"). --66.57.63.226 (talk) 21:51, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Coin flipping in fiction - redux
I have made beau coup cosmetic improvements to this section (wikilinks and grammar) ... it started innocently enough with finding and adding a link to The Twilight Zone episode, but then my OCD kicked in and it became a Project ... I'd better quit now before I read any of the other sections and end up spending hours on this one article! :-) —68.239.79.82 05:16, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Telecommunications?
Can someone explain why this should be here? It seems really out of place and complicated. It's not really coin-flipping at all. It's just a way to end a dispute. Jay42 22:32, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

96.236.226.56 (talk) 14:50, 10 August 2016 (UTC) Because it serves the same purpose as coin-flipping, deciding whether Alice or Bob "won" with 50% probability and without the possibility of cheating by either party. Also, if the hash function is collision resistant, the string provided by Bob is unnecessary.

Significant coin flips in history
I can't believe there is a section about fictional coin flips, but not in reality. Geez! Someone should start one.

 * The city of Portland, Oregon got its name as the result of a coin toss.

Gregbard 05:13, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

History of Coin Flipping
What does Jonah and the whale have to do with the history of coin flipping, if the blurb itself says it has nothing to do with coin flipping? If this is an article on random dispute resolutions, that's one thing, but if it has nothing to do with the history of coin flipping, it seems like it should be removed.

The sailors on the beleagured ship cast lots (something like tossing a coin, in terms of leaving a decision up to a fate determined by the use of inanimate indicator objects) and Jonah was indicated by the lots as being the person whose fault (trying to escape God's will) had caused the storm that threatened the ship's (and its passengers') demise. Once he was tossed overboard the seas calmed, proving the decision to have been correct.96.237.177.108 (talk) 12:21, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Coin flipping in fiction: Keep?
User: 83.31.210.1 deleted the entire "coin flipping in fiction" section. This has evidently been part of this article for a long time and has received multiple contributions from multiple users. It's my sense that this section is interesting, useful, and shouldn't be deleted wholesale without discussion first. I've put back the section pending any contrary consensus that may be developed here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arxiloxos (talk • contribs) 13:40, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

The process of coin flipping
This section is admirably detailed... but sort of absurd. This whole section could be replaced by two little sketches or photos. 76.201.147.205 (talk) 04:27, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Option 3?
Should there be a mention of a coin landing on its edge? I've seen it happen, in fact I have it photographed with my cellphone. It hit the ground, bounced off, started spinning on its edge and when it stopped spinning it didn't fall to either side, it just stayed on the edge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.61.67.169 (talk) 01:15, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:52, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Dubious
Regarding the statement "coin flipping was known to the ancient Chinese as 撒大苏打 ("ship or head"), as some coins had a ship on one side and the head of the emperor on the other" under the History section, "撒大苏打" means "sprinkling sodium thiosulphate" in Chinese and is more likely generated by someone randomly typing "sdsd" using a typical Pinyin input method. The citation that follows also has nothing to do with the term in ancient Chinese. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 我輩は犬である (talk • contribs) 21:36, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

 * The Chinese stuff was nonsense, indeed. I reverted that edit. --188.100.59.215 (talk) 16:36, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Physics section - floss misconception
In the physics section, it is stated that, “rotation rate [of a flipped coin] was more accurately computed by attaching floss to a coin, such that it would wind around the coin – after a flip, one could count rotations by unwinding the floss, and then compute rotation rate as flips over air time.[21]” This sounds like it is saying that the floss wrapped around the coin in flight, and one could determine the number of rotations of the coin by unwrapping the coin. The floss did not, and was not expected to wrap around the coin. A flat piece of floss, about 3’ long, was used. One end of the floss was fixed to a stationary point and the other to the coin, so that, when the coin rotated, the floss twisted, and by counting the number of turns in the floss, one could determine the number of rotations of the coin, given that the floss ribbon was untwisted prior to flipping. The language of the quote is slightly ambiguous, so it is possible that this is what the author intended, however, the process should be described more thoroughly anyway. Unnilnonium (talk) 03:54, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

I don’t feel comfortable editing the piece myself, and leave it to anyone to take the action. Unnilnonium (talk) 03:59, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

Ambiguous wording - Main
"The party who calls the side that the coin lands on wins." falsely suggests - when taken literally - that the side touching the ground wins. Propose change to: "The party who calls the side that the stationary coin shows after landing wins." Anyone supporting? :) 2003:C8:B72E:EB00:1CCE:615:CE69:4997 (talk) 09:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coin flipping


text:
Moosehead Breweries

Moosehead Breweries Limited is Canada's oldest independent brewery, located in Saint John, New Brunswick. The brewery was founded in 1867 and is still privately owned and operated by the Oland family. The company is now in the sixth generation of family ownership.

In 2003, Moosehead Lager won a Gold award at the World Beer Cup, and earned another at Monde Selection in 2005. In 2015, Moosehead won a single Gold award in the Canadian Brewing Awards where most of the winners are craft beers. In 2016, two of the company's products won a Gold and a Silver award, respectively.

This company had an estimated 4 percent share of the Canadian domestic market in 2018. Since all major competitors are owned by multi-nationals, Moosehead is now the largest fully Canadian-owned brewer. This is a private company that is not required to release financial information, but the IBISWorld Industry Report on Breweries in Canada stated the company was expected to generate $263.8 million in revenue over 2016.

History
In 1865, Susannah Oland moved from England to Nova Scotia, Canada. With her husband John and nine other employees, Susannah opened The Army and Navy Brewery in 1867, a name that came after their most appreciative customers. After John Oland's untimely death in 1870, the brewery changed its name to S. Oland, Sons and Co. Over the next eight years, the brewery faced two fires, but recovered after each. In 1886, Susannah Oland died, and the company went to her two sons, Conrad and George. With the approach of the 20th century, the company changed its name to the Maritime Brewing & Malting Co. It faced hard times once again when the Halifax Explosion of 1917 killed Conrad Oland and destroyed the brewery. A year later, George Oland and his sons moved to Halifax and bought another brewery. In 1928, George bought a second, larger brewery in the city of Saint John, New Brunswick, site of the present day facility.

In 1931, the symbol of the moose came into existence as George launched Moosehead Pale Ale. After the success of its Pale Ale, the Oland-owned brewery changed its name to Moosehead Breweries Ltd. in 1947. Thirty-one years later, in 1978, the brewery president Philip Oland expanded the brand and launched Moosehead Lager in the United States. In 1982, Derek Oland, then the president of the company (after succeeding his father P.W. Oland), expanded the company worldwide.

In his autobiography Lucky Man, Michael J. Fox relayed how he told Jay Leno as a guest on The Tonight Show, that he did not like American beer, describing it as 'too watery' and that he instead would drink Moosehead Ale. Not long afterwards, a huge truckload of Moosehead Ale made its way to Fox's house as a free gift from the company.

Once a popular premium import beer in the United States that was distributed by RJR Nabisco, Moosehead lost vast market share in the 1980s when it lowered its price in an attempt to compete with larger US brewers on price instead of quality and prestige.

Today, Derek Oland's sons Andrew, Patrick and Matthew are the sixth generation of Olands to own and work for the family brewery. Andrew is the current president, Matthew is a Vice President and Patrick is the CFO. Moosehead sells its beer throughout Canada, in many US locations, and in 15 countries around the world. Moosehead USA has recently become its own importer, replacing its importing partner Gambrinus. Moosehead wholly owns the Niagara Falls Brewing Company in Ontario.

In 2005, Moosehead Lager won Gold at the prestigious Monde Selection; the company had also won Gold medals at the World Beer Cup and 2003 Canadian Brewing Awards.

In 2008, Moosehead sold its minority interest in McAuslan Brewing to Les Brasseurs RJ. McAuslan will continue to brew and distribute Moosehead beer in the province of Quebec. In the same year, Derek Oland's son Andrew assumed the role of President.

The annual Canadian Brewing Awards recognizes the best beers in Canada using blind taste tests. Most of the 2015 and 2016 winners were craft beers. However, some were made by larger brewers, including Moosehead; this company won a Gold in 2015 for their Pale ale and a Gold and Silver, respectively for their Alpine Lager and Cracked Canoe in 2016. For the 2017 competition, new rules allow for entries only from fully Canadian-owned breweries (and that includes Moosehead) for the 55 categories of beer.

In June 2016, the company announced plans to build a small-batch brewery. In January 2017 however, Moosehead announced that the plan had been cancelled because it could not be achieved within the intended budget.

In addition to overwhelming success, the Oland dynasty has also experienced tragedy with the Murder of Richard Oland who had been a Vice President of Moosehead until 1981. (Richard Oland had vied with his brother Derek for the control of Moosehead. Their father, P.W. Oland, decided to select Derek to succeed him as president; Richard subsequently left the company.) On July 7, 2011, the body of 69-year-old Richard Oland was found dead in his Saint John office at the investment firm Far End Corp. Oland had been bludgeoned to death. His son Dennis Oland, a financial planner, was charged in 2015 with second degree murder. Throughout the high-profile court case, intimate details about the private lives of the entire family were revealed. On conviction in December 2015, Dennis Oland was sentenced to life in prison, with no possibility of parole for at least 10 years.

Less than a year later, in October 2016, the New Brunswick Court of Appeal threw out his conviction based on errors made by the trial judge, and ordered a new trial. The Crown attorneys said they would ask the Supreme Court of Canada for leave to appeal the lower court ruling; the defense said it might request a full acquittal from the Supreme Court.

In 2018, the company decided to redesign the labeling of its products for a "fresh and modern look and to attract millennial consumers while not alienating an older demographic", starting in April. At the time, Moosehead products had a 4% market share in Canada, and 5% in the province of Ontario.

In 2019, the Canadian Premier League announced that Moosehead would be the official domestic brewery for the league.

Stolen batch
In August 2004 a truck driver transporting over 50,000 cans of Moosehead beer to Mexico for a Mexican supermarket chain disappeared with the beer, leaving the nearly empty transport truck abandoned in a parking lot in Grand Falls, New Brunswick. Easily identified by the Spanish writing on the labels (which is not distributed in English and French speaking Canada) the beer was slowly tracked.

The first signs of the missing beer showed up in Fredericton, New Brunswick, with two empty cans; another report of two cans were reported later in northern New Brunswick. Police working on a tip eventually found the truck driver in Ontario; earlier in the same week, police discovered nearly 8,000 cans of the stolen beer in a trailer that went off the road near Woodstock, New Brunswick.

With most of the beer recovered and the driver in custody, the police in the New Brunswick area began to look in wooded areas for the remaining beer. Knowing the area in which the police were looking, many civilians took up the search as well. Because of the media attention on the story almost all of the beer was quickly found by civilians and police, and most of it was returned to Moosehead Breweries.

The final piece of the story occurred in October 2004 when 200 cans of the stolen beer were found at a marijuana growing operation in the forest near Doaktown, New Brunswick about 100 kilometres northeast of Fredericton. "Six of the cans were discovered with bite marks in them indicating a bear had, at one point, been into the beer," the RCMP said in a news release. The release said there was no sign of either the animal or the people who had stashed the beer. Eventually, after a lengthy investigation, a total of 14,000 cans were recovered. Wade Haines, a New Brunswick truck driver, was found guilty of stealing the shipment and was sentenced to 19½ months in jail.

The unique and quirky nature of this crime story made international headlines and resulted in publicity for Moosehead; it has also been the basis of a book.

Second stolen batch
In September 2007, two tractor trailers carrying 77,000 cans and 44,000 bottles with a reported retail value of $200,000 were stolen from a transport company in Mississauga, Ontario. Peel Region police arrested a man from Vaughan, Ontario during the first week of October 2007 and charged him with possession of stolen property. Police believe he is responsible for the theft and of selling the beer to bars and after-hours clubs and that he may not have worked alone.

Brands
Moosehead and its subsidiary The Premium Beer Company brew/market the following beverages:
 * Moosehead Lager
 * Moosehead Breweries Anniversary Ale
 * Moosehead Pale Ale
 * Cracked Canoe
 * Moose Light Lager
 * Moose Light Radler
 * Moose Light Radler Raspberry
 * Moose Light Radler Watermelon
 * Moosehead Premium Dry
 * Moosehead Dry Ice
 * Moosehead Dry Light
 * Moosehead Dry Lager
 * Alpine Lager
 * Sam Adams' Boston Lager
 * Sam Adams' Octoberfest
 * Sam Adams' Summer Ale
 * Sam Adams' Winter Lager
 * Sam Adams' Rebel IPA
 * Sam Adams' Fresh as Helles
 * Twisted Tea Original, Half & Half and Raspberry
 * Coney Island Root Beer
 * Coney Island Orange Cream
 * Coney Island Lemon Lime
 * Estrella Damm
 * Daura Damm
 * Inedit
 * Truly Spiked & Sparkling
 * Angry Orchard Hard Cider
 * Hop City Brewing Co.

title: Moosehead Breweries


text:
Torne (Finnish and Swedish river)

The Torne, also known as the Tornio (Tornionjoki, Torne älv, Torneälven, Duortneseatnu, Väylä), is a river in northern Sweden and Finland. For approximately half of its length, it defines the border between these two countries. In the upper parts, the river is situated in Sweden before it meets the Muonio River where it adjoins the international border. It rises at the lake Torneträsk near the border with Norway and flows generally southeast for a distance of 522 km into the Gulf of Bothnia. It is the largest river in Norrbotten County both by length and by watershed area.

At its source, the Torne is located close to the North Atlantic and Narvik on the other side of the watershed, with several thousands of kilometres between the locations via waterways.

Geography
The Torne basin has a total area of 37300 km2 or 40147.1 km2 (see sidebar). Of this, 25392.2 km2 or 25393.1 km2 is in Sweden, 10400 km2 or 14266.3 km2 is in Finland and 1500 km2 or 497.7 km2 is in Norway.

Nominal source and hydrological source
The source of the Torne is generally believed to be the lake Torneträsk near the border with Norway. But the main feeder of this lake is Abiskojåkka, flowing out of Abiskojaure, which is mainly fed by Kamajåkka, coming from tributary Gamajávri. This lake's major tributary is Válfojohka. That river comes from Lake Válfojávri in Norway's Nordland, but near to that lake it is joined by a nameless, longer stream, according to official Swedish maps fed by a small glacier, 1189 m above sea level (68.26722°N, 18.12806°W).

Lake Torne
Other affluents of Lake Torne are Njuoraätno and Kåppasjåkka in the west, Gurttejohka, Snurrijåkka, Bessešjohka, Bággesgorsajohka, Davip Duoptejohka, Lulip Duoptejohka, Sarvájohka and others in the north, and Rákkasjohka, Gohpasjohka, Miellejohka, Bessešjohka, Golkkokjohka, Nivsakkjohka and others in the south. Above Torne lake, the watershed of the Torne includes the villages Riksgränsen, Katterjåkk, Vassijaure, Låktatjåkka, Kopperåsen and Tornehamn. On the south shore of Torne lake are Björkliden, Abisko, Stordalen, Kaisepakte. Stenbacken and Torneträsk. On the north shore are the Sami villages Laimoluokta and Kattuvuoma.

Upper river
Beyond the lake, the Torne River flows unhindered by any concentrations of human inhabitants until the village of Kurravaara, around 12 km northeast of Kiruna. The river splits in two parts that only join at Kurravaara; the part between the river is Alajávri nature reserve. Between the lake and Kurravaara, the streams Čearrojogaš and Rávdojohka join on the right side, and shortly before Kurravaara, the 135 km long Rautas River flows into the Torne. On the left side, the streams Gukkajohka, Reaskkajohka and Dápmokjohka join. In the area between the two streams, the Beallejohka joins the right arm from the left.

After Kurravaara, the river proceeds Laxforsen, where it is joined from the right by the Luossajoki. Here is the first bridge over the river for the road leading from the E10 to Laxforsen, Luossajärvi and Esrange. The river continues to Jukkasjärvi, where an ice hotel is built in winter from the river ice.

To the Bifurcation
Beyond Paksuniemi, the river is joined by the Pounujoki from the right. At Vittangi, the 126 km long Vittangi river, which passes by Esrange, joins from the left. Here is the second river-crossing bridge, used by the E45 to Karesuando. The river then proceeds to Kuoksu, where it is crossed by the road to Lainio and Oksajärvi, and to Juopakosku, where the Junojoki joins from the left. At Junosuando, the Torne river loses 56% of its water to the Tärendö River in one of the four bifurcations in the watershed area. Here is also a bridge for the road to Kangos and Parkolombolo; this is the fourth bridge over the river.

Shortly after Junosuando, the Piipionjoki joins from the left and at Palokorva, the 260 km long Lainio River joins from the left. In the Lainio River watershed are two more, smaller bifurcations: the lakes Goldajávri, Råstojaure flow toward contributaries of the Laino river as well as to the Norwegian streams Signaldalselva and Råstaelva respectively.

Down to Pajala
Between Junosuando and Pajala, the Käymäjoki joins from the left and the Liviöjoki and the Mertajoki join from the right. The village Anttis is located on the left bank of the river, with Swedish road Riksväg 395 on the right bank; the fifth bridge connects Anttis to the main road. Shortly after Pajala, the Torne river joins with the 380 km long Muonio River, the biggest contributary of the Torne river. Near Pajala are two more bridges going north. North of this point, the Muonio river forms the border with Finland. From this point, the border with Finland is formed by the Torne river.

Lower river
From here the river flows south along the Finno-Swedish border. This part is known as Meänmaa and is a popular tourist destination. Slightly south of Pajala is a border-crossing bridge for a road leading to Kolari, the eighth bridge over the main river from the source. The river proceeds to the village Kassa. At the village of Pello, which lies on both sides of the river, is a bridge between the two parts. The river continues south to Svanstein, crosses the arctic circle at Juoksengi and proceeds to Niskanpää and Kuivakangas. In Övertorneå (Finnish: Ylitornio) there is another bridge, the final road bridge before the sea. Here, the 127 km long Tengeliön River joins from the (Finnish) left side. The river continues to Hedenäset and Risudden.

At Karungi, the Liakanjoki departs from the Torne river and flows to the Gulf of Bothnia independently in Finland. From Karungi south, there are railways on both sides of the valley. At Kukkola is Kukkolaforsen, a rapids which is also a tourist attraction. Before finally arriving at the twin city of Haparanda/Tornio, it passes by the villages Vojakkala and Mattila.

In the twin city of Haparanda/Tornio are four more bridges: one for cyclists and pedestrians, one for local traffic, one for the E4 and the southernmost, last and 14th bridge over the Tornio river is a dual gauge railway bridge connecting the Swedish and Finnish railway systems.

History
Antti Keksi authored a poem about the 1677 river flood.

In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, when Sweden lost the areas which constitute present-day Finland to Imperial Russia, the river was together with the Muonio River and Könkämä River chosen as border between Sweden and the new Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, thus splitting the provinces of Lappland and Västerbotten.

According to the treaty, the border shall follow the deepest part of the river. Near Haparanda/Tornio the border was fixed in the treaty, partly on land, so the city of Tornio would belong to Russia. Once every 25 years, a commission of Swedish and Finnish representatives shall review this border. This means that the border can move, such as in 2006 when such a border change was undertaken.

Natural history
Research on ice breakup on the river and on Lake Suwa in Japan suggested "global processes including climate change and variability are driving the long-term changes in ice seasonality."

Culture
Historically, the language used on both sides of the river was Finnish. In the late 19th century, schools were opened in both countries. Then there was a decision to make the Swedish part of area Swedish speaking by teaching the school children only written Swedish and allowing only Swedish to be spoken during lessons, sometimes also during breaks. As an effect, during the second half of the 20th century, Swedish was the dominant language on the Swedish side. The Finnish spoken in informal conversation is similar on both sides of the river, although some newer words differ. To support the traditional language on the Swedish side a new written language has been devised, Meänkieli. On the Finnish side only Finnish is used in written communication. These two languages differ considerably in spelling.

title: Torne (Finnish and Swedish river)


text:
Meänmaa

, or sometimes Torne Valley or Torne River Valley (Tornionlaakso; Tornedalen) lies at the border of Sweden and Finland. It is named after the Torne River flowing through the valley and into the Gulf of Bothnia. Geographically the townships and municipalities that make up the area are Haparanda, Övertorneå, Pajala and Kiruna in Sweden, and Tornio, Ylitornio, Pello, Kolari, Muonio and Enontekiö in Finland. Culturally the highland Swedish municipality Gällivare is sometimes also considered part of Meänmaa due to the large share of Meänkieli-speaking population in it. Torne Valley should not be confused with Torne Valley Sub-region.

Meänkieli surnames and village names are common on the Swedish side of the border to this day, in spite of the dominance of the Swedish language in the area. The Finnish side of the border has standard Finnish as the sole spoken language.

History and culture
The cultural environment around the Torne River is characterized by agriculture, reindeer farming and fishing. Meänmaa was one of the oldest inhabited areas in northern Finland. Archeological excavations have revealed evidence of permanent settlements at least from the 11th century, but there are signs of earlier settlements. Agriculture has long been practiced on the fertile flooding meadows by the river. Trading routes followed the river and some trading centers were formed. One of the centers since 16th century was the island Oravaisensaari at Vojakkala. Today, the main center is the twin city of Haparanda-Tornio.

The Finnish and Swedish sides of the river were once one cultural entity, as before 1809 they were both parts of Sweden. Once the current border between the two countries had been established, each side of the river has become influenced by the majority culture in its respective country, but still retains some traditional elements.

Language
On the Swedish side of the valley, Finnish was still the majority language until the 20th century. This is obvious in the many Finnish village and other place names on the Swedish side of the border. The number of Finnish speakers has now declined drastically, because of national Swedish influence and compulsory schooling in Swedish. People in the younger generations mostly have Swedish as their mother tongue, though it is still widely spoken in many homes as a secondary language.

The local variant of Finnish, Meänkieli, has been recognised as a minority language in Sweden. The people who speak it are often referred to as Tornedalians, although this term could also be defined as referring to people living in Meänmaa, who are not all speakers of Meänkieli. The originally Finnish-speaking land area is far greater than the actual river valley; it extends as far west as Gällivare. Although confusing from a geographic point of view, this whole area is often referred to as Meänmaa. Meänmaa, Sápmi and Swedish areas bind together, most places in Norrbottens län have three names, but are mostly called by their Swedish name which often just has a different spelling. For example Kiruna is called Kieruna (Meänkieli), Giron (North Sámi), and Kiruna (Swedish), but is mainly known as Kiruna.

The area where Meänkieli is spoken is also called Meänmaa. Since 15 June 2006, the Tornedalians have their own flag.

title: Meänmaa


text: User talk:164.116.65.50

title: User talk:164.116.65.50


text:
Mayuko Aoki

Mayuko Aoki (青木 麻由子) is a Japanese actress and voice actress who has worked on several anime and video game productions.

Anime

 * Aquarian Age - Sign for Revolution – Yoriko Sannou
 * Last Order -Final Fantasy VII- – Turk (shotgun)

Video games

 * Final Fantasy X (2001) – Yuna
 * Kingdom Hearts (2002) – Selphie Tilmitt
 * Final Fantasy X-2 (2003) – Yuna
 * Kingdom Hearts II (2005) – Selphie Tilmitt, Yuna
 * Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy (2011) – Yuna
 * Final Fantasy Type-0 (2011) – Seven
 * Final Fantasy Explorers (2014) – Yuna
 * Final Fantasy Type-0 HD (2015) – Seven
 * World of Final Fantasy (2016) – Yuna
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy: Opera Omnia (2017–18) – Yuna, Selphie Tilmitt, Seven
 * Itadaki Street: Dragon Quest and Final Fantasy 30th Anniversary (2017) – Yuna
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy NT (2018) – Yuna

Motion Capture

 * Final Fantasy VIII (1999) – Rinoa Heartilly, Edea Kramer
 * Final Fantasy IX (2000) – Garnet Til Alexandros XVII
 * Final Fantasy X (2001) – Yuna
 * Final Fantasy X-2 (2003) – Yuna
 * Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children (2005) – Tifa Lockhart

title: Mayuko Aoki