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North Wales

North Wales (Gogledd Cymru) is a region of Wales, encompassing its northernmost areas. It borders mid Wales to the south, England to the east, and the Irish Sea to the north and west. The area is highly mountainous and rural, with Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley (Bryniau Clwyd a Dyffryn Dyfrdwy), known for its mountains, waterfalls and trails, wholly within the region. Its population is concentrated in the north-east and northern coastal areas, with significant Welsh-speaking populations in its western and rural areas. North Wales is imprecisely defined, lacking any exact definition or administrative structure. It is commonly defined administratively as its six most northern principal areas, but other definitions exist, with Montgomeryshire historically considered to be part of the region.

Those from North Wales are sometimes referred to as "Gogs" (from "Gogledd" – the Welsh word for "north"); in comparison, those from South Wales are sometimes called "Hwntws" by those from North Wales.

The region includes the localities of Wrexham, Deeside, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Flint, Bangor, Llandudno, and Holyhead. The largest localities in North Wales are the city of Wrexham and the conurbations of Deeside and Rhyl/Prestatyn, where the main retail, cultural, educational, tourism, and transport infrastructure and services of North Wales are located. Bangor and St Asaph are the region's cities, Bangor is Wales' oldest city, whereas St Asaph is one of Wales' smallest and was awarded status in 2012. Wrexham, the region's largest settlement, became a city in 2022.

History
Historically, for most of North Wales, the region can be referred to as simply "Gwynedd", named after one of the last independent Welsh kingdoms, the Kingdom of Gwynedd. This has led to a stronger sense of Welsh identity and home to more Welsh-language speakers, especially in North West Wales, than the rest of Wales. The term "North Wales" is rarely applied to all of Wales during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain and the period of the Heptarchy, to distinguish it from "West Wales", known today as Cornwall, although the term "Wales" or the names of the various petty kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, and Powys in North Wales) are more commonly used to depict the region during this time.

The region is steeped in history, being a crucial component in Welsh medieval history, and was from the 5th to the 12th/13th centuries under the control of the influential Welsh kingdoms of Gwynedd, and Powys following the end of Roman rule in Britain. The Kingdom of Gwynedd controlled the majority of what is now the commonly defined 6 counties of North Wales, including all of the North Wales coast, with Powys retaining control over what is modern Powys, and parts of Wrexham and Flintshire, in addition to part of Shropshire. Through their over 800 year existences', their rulers acclaimed themselves to be the "King(s) of the Britons", and Gwynedd would lead the charge in the subsequent formation of the Principality of Wales. The mountainous stronghold of Snowdonia formed the nucleus of that realm and would become the last redoubt of independent Medieval Wales — only overcome in 1283 by English forces under Edward I. To this day it remains a stronghold of the Welsh language and a centre for Welsh national and cultural identity.

World Heritage & Biosphere Sites
The area is home to three of the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales. These are Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal, the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales and, collectively, the Edwardian castles and town walls of the region which comprise those at Caernarfon, Beaumaris, Conwy and Harlech. It also shares with Powys and Ceredigion the distinction of hosting the only UNESCO Biosphere (from Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development) reserve in Wales, namely, Biosffer Dyfi Biosphere. London has only one more site than North Wales.

Definition
The boundaries and status of North Wales are undefined (compared to regions of England), definitions, and the boundary of North Wales with South or Mid Wales differs between organisations. It is strongly used culturally for comparison to the more urban South Wales. The most common definition for statistical and administrative purposes of North Wales contains the 6 principal areas of: Isle of Anglesey, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd, and Wrexham. Of which have a combined estimated population in 2018 of 698,400 people. Under this definition, the area borders the principal areas of Ceredigion, Powys, and the rest of Wales to the south, England and its counties of Shropshire, and Cheshire to the east, and the Irish sea to the north and west. Other definitions, especially historical, commonly include Montgomeryshire, one of the historic counties of Wales, to be part of North Wales, although as part of Powys its more commonly considered Mid Wales today. The definitions of North and Mid Wales constantly overlap, with Meirionnydd (southern part of the modern principal area of Gwynedd) sometimes considered Mid Wales.

Capitalisation
North Wales may also be spelled as 'north Wales' with a lower case 'n' for north, coined as the "to cap or not to cap" debate. It is argued that using a lower case 'n' is to be only used to signify "north" as merely a geographic identifier, and a capital 'N' to distinctly separate the region for cultural, organisational, or statistical purposes from the rest of Wales. Such usage may follow ideological lines, with North Wales used to confer the region as a distinctly separate entity from the rest of Wales, whilst north Wales as merely the northern bit of Wales. Organisations, where the region is administered the same as with the rest of Wales, may prefer to use a lower case for north. Whilst organisations only operating in the region or separate from any others in the rest of Wales may use a capitalised N. Local newspapers, such as the Daily Post describe themselves to be a "capper" capitalising the 'N', whereas other organisations such as BBC News may use a lower case. The Welsh Government's style guide uses lowercase, whereas Visit Wales uses capitalised. David Williams, chairman of the North Wales Business Club, announced his support for capping the term "North", stating that North Wales should be a "very recognisable region in our own right".

Principal areas
For local administration, the region is most commonly made up of the following six principal areas, consisting of counties, and county boroughs, they are: the Isle of Anglesey, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd, and Wrexham County Borough.

These principal areas are commonly divided into two groups, used for local news (e.g. BBC), regional tourism boards, town and country planning, and were the proposed replacements to the existing 6 principal areas before proposals were scrapped in 2019. They are: North East Wales (Denbighshire, Flintshire, Wrexham), and North West Wales (Anglesey, Conwy, Gwynedd) being the two most popular groupings, although a North Central Wales (Conwy and Denbighshire) grouping has been occasionally used, specifically for health administration.

The population, density and areas are estimates for from the Office for National Statistics.

Historical divisions
In addition to the six principal areas, North Wales is also divided into the following preserved counties for various ceremonial purposes: Clwyd (comprising Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham), and Gwynedd (comprising Gwynedd and Isle of Anglesey) The preserved counties are based on the counties created by the Local Government Act 1972 and were used for local government purposes (with county councils) between 1974 and 1996. During this period up to the present, Montgomeryshire remained a part of Powys.

Prior to the preserved counties, there were counties, now referred to as historic counties. These are the oldest of the counties of North Wales, used for centuries. North Wales contained 6 historic counties during these times, the counties were; Anglesey, Caernarfonshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Merionethshire, and Montgomeryshire. The most notable difference between these six counties and the present six (seven with Montgomeryshire) is that Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire were combined into one principal area, initially called 'Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire' until a day after its formation where it took the name Gwynedd instead, and the formation of two county boroughs, Conwy carved out of Caernarfonshire and Denbighshire, and Wrexham carved out of Denbighshire and Flintshire.

The north of Wales was traditionally divided into three regions during the middle ages: Upper Gwynedd (or Gwynedd above the Conwy), defined as the area north of the River Dyfi and west of the River Conwy; Lower Gwynedd (or Gwynedd below the Conwy), also known as the Perfeddwlad ("the middle country") and defined as the region east of the River Conwy and west of the River Dee; and Ynys Môn (or Anglesey), a large island off the north coast. English Maelor, currently part of Wrexham County Borough, located east of the River Dee, as the name suggests, was part of England during a significant part of this period.

Electoral divisions
North Wales is electorally divided into constituencies and electoral wards to elect local representatives to multiple layers of government.

Parliamentary constituencies
There are eleven constituencies used for both the UK Parliament and the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Senedd Cymru): Aberconwy ( UK / SN), Alyn and Deeside ( UK / SN) , Arfon ( UK / SN) , Clwyd South ( UK / SN) , Clwyd West ( UK / SN) , Delyn ( UK / SN) , Dwyfor Meironnydd ( UK / SN) , Montgomeryshire ( UK / SN, if considered North Wales) , Vale of Clwyd ( UK / SN) , Wrexham ( UK / SN) , and Ynys Môn (Anglesey, UK / SN).

An electoral region for the Senedd, shares the name "North Wales", yet does not cover all of North Wales, only the northern coast, Anglesey, and northeast of Wales (specifically the entire area of the former pre-1996 county of Clwyd); the rest of North Wales (mainly Meirionnydd) is covered by the Mid and West Wales Senedd electoral region. All constituencies aside Dwyfor Meironnydd, and Montgomeryshire are in the North Wales Senedd electoral region.

Between 1979 and 1994, all of North Wales (including Montgomery) was a single European Parliament constituency (EPC), the North Wales European Parliament Constituency. In 1994, minor border changes put parts of Montgomeryshire in the neighbouring Mid and West Wales constituency. In 1999, both of the constituencies ceased, when it was absorbed into the larger Wales constituency until 2020 when it was subsequently abolished following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020.

Border to the south
The division with the rest of Wales is arbitrary and depends on the particular use being made. For example, the boundary of North Wales Police differs from the boundary of the North Wales area of the Natural Resources Wales and the North Wales Regional Transport Consortium (Taith). The historic boundary follows the pre-1996 county boundaries of Merionethshire and Denbighshire which in turn closely follow the geographic features of the River Dyfi to Aran Fawddwy, then crossing the high moorlands following the watershed until reaching Cadair Berwyn and then following the River Rhaeadr and River Tanat to the Shropshire border. The most common definition is that North Wales ends at the peripheries of the northern 6 principal areas, therefore the border is between Wrexham - Powys, Denbighshire - Powys, Gwynedd - Powys, and Gwynedd - Ceredigion (over the River Dyfi).

Geography
The area is mostly rural with many mountains and valleys. This, in combination with its coast (on the Irish Sea), means tourism is the principal industry. Farming, which was once the principal economic force in the area, is now much reduced in importance. The average income per capita of the local population is the lowest in the UK.

The eastern part of North Wales contains the most populous areas, with more than 300,000 people living in the areas around Wrexham and Deeside. Wrexham, with a population of 65,692 at the 2011 census in its built-up area, it is North Wales' largest city. The total population of North Wales is 696,300 (2017). The majority of other settlements are along the coast, including some popular resort towns, such as Rhyl, Llandudno, Pwllheli, Prestatyn and Tywyn. There are two cathedral cities – Bangor and St. Asaph – and a number of medieval castles (e.g. Criccieth, Dolbadarn, Dolwyddelan, Harlech, Caernarfon Castle, Beaumaris, Conwy) The area of North Wales is about 6,172 square kilometres, making it slightly larger than the country of Brunei, or the island of Bali.

The highest mountain in Wales is Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), in northwest Wales.

Roads
North Wales does not have any motorways, with the only motorways in Wales being present in South Wales, and nearest motorways (M53 and M56) being on the other side of the Wales-England border. There have been proposals to upgrade the A55 into a motorway or have more motorway-like features. Trunk roads in the region are maintained by the North and Mid Wales Trunk Road Agent (NMWTRA).

The main roads spanning across North Wales, mostly span east to west, especially along the North Wales coast. This is mainly due to the mountainous terrain in the middle of Wales, leading most north-south connections to be slower, leading to diversions onto north-south roads in England. The emphasis on east-west roadways has led to North Wales having closer connections with North West England (centred on Liverpool and Manchester) rather than with South Wales.

The busiest road in North Wales is the A55, the "North Wales Expressway", a dual carriageway primary road connecting Chester to Holyhead, along the North Wales coast and passing Deeside, Llandudno Junction, Conwy, and Bangor. It is described as the economic lifeline for North Wales, and the second most important road in all of Wales, only to the M4 in South Wales. The road connects all the way to the Port of Holyhead following an extension in 2001, which provides ferry connections to the Republic of Ireland. The majority of the road is part of the E-road network as E22 (until Ewloe, where it goes along the A494 into England), and is a dual carriageway, grade-separated, for its entire 88-mile length.

A historically important road in the region is the A5, a major road that was the primary link between the region and London (as the "London-Holyhead Trunk Road"). The road crosses the Menai Suspension Bridge and is regarded as a more scenic route, with its historical importance as a connection between London and the Port of Holyhead, superseded by the A55. Other roads transiting North Wales, from east to west include the A458 from Halesowen to Mallwyd, and the A494 from Dolgellau to Saughall (originally to Birkenhead).

The busiest north-south road travelling through the region is the A483 from Chester (originally from Manchester) through Wrexham and into England near Oswestry, before re-entering Montgomeryshire and passing Welshpool and Newtown, before continuing onto Swansea. Other major north-south roads include the single-carriageways of the A470 from Llandudno to Cardiff via the Conwy valley, and the A487 from Bangor to Haverfordwest via Caernarfon and Snowdonia.

Sea
The Port of Holyhead, on the isle of Anglesey, is the main commercial and ferry port in North Wales. The port had the third-largest volume of freight traffic, in Wales, in 2018 (5.2 million tonnes), after Milford Haven and Port Talbot, and it is the main port for freight and sea passenger transport with the Republic of Ireland, handling more than 2 million passengers each year. 81% of freight traffic going through Welsh ports to the Republic of Ireland, and 75.5% of sea passenger traffic between Wales and the Republic of Ireland went through Holyhead in 2018. Historically, there were two routes between Holyhead and the Irish ports of Dublin and Dun Laoghaire. The route to Dun Laoghaire was the most popular in 1998 with over 1.7 million passengers ferried, however following a consistent decline in passenger traffic, it was removed in 2015. The other route to Dublin saw an overall increase in passenger numbers from just over 1 million in 1998 to just over 1.9 million in 2018, an increase of 82%.

A Mostyn-Dublin ferry service once existed, on the now Liverpool-Dublin route, attracting a peak of 48,000 passengers in 2003, before being discontinued in 2004.

Rail
The public rail network of the region is largely split into two sections. These sections are centred around the two main west-east railway lines transversing the region, as there are currently no north-south railway lines wholly in the region. This is largely due to the mountainous regions of Snowdonia resting between the two lines, and low passenger numbers of north-south lines leading to their closure. The public rail network is managed and maintained by Network Rail. Historically, the region had a more extensive rail network with more interconnectivity of the current lines and more connections to the south. However, due to falling passenger numbers, the emergence of automobiles and other factors, the region's railways came under review, resulting in the Beeching cuts to the network. Many former rail corridors of the once more extensive network were superseded by road infrastructure. The numerous heritage railways scattered across the region serve as a reminder of the former railways across the region.

The majority of lines operated in Wales are part of the Wales & Borders franchise, the current operator is Transport for Wales Rail, a Welsh-Government owned company, although some services (from Holyhead and Wrexham) are operated by the West Coast Partnership operator, Avanti West Coast on services using the West Coast Main Line to London Euston.

According to StatsWales, the number of rail journeys across the 6 principal areas of North Wales, made in 2017-18 was 1.4 million, an increase of 20,525 from 2007-8. The largest share of these rail journeys, at 38.4%, was within the boundaries of Gwynedd. Conwy was the principal area which saw the greatest increase in rail journeys as a percentage of journeys over the ten-year period, at 22.5%. The least amount of rail journeys in 2018-19 was in Anglesey.

As of 2020, there as 66 rail stations within the boundaries of the 6 northern principal areas, of which 2 are among the 20 busiest stations in Wales, Rhyl, and Bangor. 41 of the rail stations are stations of the North Wales lines, whereas the remaining 25 are stations of the Mid Wales lines, specifically the Cambrian Line. There is a total of 5 rail routes in North Wales: the North Wales Coast Line, the Shrewsbury—Chester Line, the Conwy Valley Line, the Borderlands Line (all part of the North Wales lines) and the Cambrian Line. All 5 routes together in 2018-19 had approximately 5,295,602 entries and exits through the 66 stations.

The North Wales Coast Line, the main rail line serving the north Wales coast, and connecting with Irish Ferries and Stena Line ferry services to Dublin Port in the Republic of Ireland. The Conwy Valley Line branches off at Llandudno Junction, heading north to Llandudno and south to Blaenau Ffestiniog. The Shrewsbury—Chester line, connects Chester and Shrewsbury via Wrexham, providing the main north Wales and south Wales connection. A former open-access operator Wrexham & Shropshire, used to provide a Wrexham General—London Marylebone service until 2011. The Borderlands Line, intersects the Shrewsbury—Chester line at Wrexham General, branching south to Wrexham Central (where it terminates), and north to Bidston (Birkenhead), and the North Wales Coast Line at Shotton. Bidston connects to the Wirral line, providing Merseyrail services, west to West Kirby, and east to Liverpool Central. The Cambrian Line forms the other west-east line in the region (as the Mid-Wales line), it connects Shrewsbury, westwards with Mid Wales and towns along Cardigan Bay. The line is commonly split into two sections, the section from Shrewsbury to Aberystwyth is sometimes referred to as the Cambrian Main Line, with the Cambrian Coast Line, splitting off from this line at Dovey Junction, heading northwest to Pwllheli. The Welsh Marches Line connects Crewe to Newport, via Shrewsbury, with services from Holyhead usually continuing to Cardiff Central. It forms part of the North Wales South Wales service, along with the Shrewsbury—Chester, North Wales Coast Line, and South Wales Main Line. These lines form the main rail connection between North Wales and South Wales.

Chester provides the main travel connections for the North Wales Coast, as a major transport hub. As part of the North Wales Metro, from Chester (and Wrexham General at limited times), via the Halton Curve, direct trains run to Liverpool Lime Street, linking to the Merseyrail. Services to Manchester Piccadilly from Chester, via the Chester—Manchester line for Transport for Wales services, and the Mid—Cheshire line for Northern services, in addition to the Northern service to Leeds, provide North Wales' connections to Northern England. Shrewsbury provides the main travel connections for passengers from the Cambrian line (and those commuting south from other North Wales stations), providing services, in addition to those to South Wales, through England to Crewe, Birmingham International, and Birmingham New Street, and via the Heart of Wales line, services to Llanelli.

Heritage and narrow gauge railway lines
There are numerous heritage railways in the region. Most of them are narrow-gauge. Several run on sections of historically longer lines. Heritage railways employ more than 300 people and generate over £50 million per year for the North Wales economy.

The heritage railways in the region are:

Several of these lines connect to the Cambrian line. Stations where the heritage railway uses the same station as Network Rail. At Fairbourne, the Fairbourne Railway connects to Barmouth Ferry and the Ffestiniog Railway connects at Minffordd. The Talyllyn Railway's Tywyn Wharf station is a short walk from Tywyn station on the Cambrian line, while Welshpool on the Cambrian line is across town from Raven Square on the Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway.

Future developments
Many rail and bus lines of the region are part of an improvement project called the North Wales Metro or North East Wales Metro, which proposes improvements to the existing lines (specifically the Borderlands lines), improved connectivity between rail and other modes of transport, and more connections to North West England.

For the Gobowen to Oswestry line, Cambrian Heritage Railways, the line's operator, is working on reopening the line (multiple sections of line), and the Anglesey Central Railway is also proposed to be restored.

Tramways
In Llandudno, the Great Orme Tramway links to the Great Orme. It is the only remaining cable-operated street tramway in Great Britain, and one of only a few surviving in the world.

Geology
North Wales has very diverse and complex geology with Precambrian schists along the Menai Strait and the great Cambrian dome behind Harlech and underlying much of western Snowdonia. In the Ordovician period much volcanism deposited a range of minerals and rocks over the northwestern parts of Gwynedd whilst to the east of the River Conwy lies a large area of upland rolling hills underlain by the Silurian mudstones and grits comprising the Denbigh and Migneint Moors. To the east, around Llangollen, to the north on Halkyn Mountain and the Great Orme and in eastern Anglesey are beds of limestone from which metals have been mined since pre-Roman times. Added to all this are the complexities posed by Parys Mountain and the outcrops of unusual minerals such as Jasper and Mona Marble which make the area of special interest to geologists.

Demographics
Terms for people from the region include; North Welsh, and North Walian (also spelt as North Walean), or informally as "Gogs" from the Welsh word for North, "Gogledd". This term is mostly only used to distinguish from other parts of Wales (i.e. only used domestically in Wales), a majority of the population consider themselves as just "Welsh", and some additionally or only as "British". Communities along the Wales-England border and northern coast may identify as "English" as they are home to many of those of English ancestry.

Population
According to Statistics for Wales (StatsWales), the North Wales region, consists of the 6 northern principal areas, and statistics provided by StatsWales only include these 6 areas. In 2018, the estimated population of the region was 698,400 people. North Wales exhibits the evenest distribution of population across the local authorities of any of the 4 statistical regions of Wales, with 4 of the 6 authorities home to over 100,000 residents, Flintshire, Wrexham, Gwynedd and Conwy. Flintshire is the most populated principal area of North Wales, home to an estimated 155,600 people, with the Isle of Anglesey being the least populated with an estimated 70,000 people.

In 2018, North Wales has an estimated population density of 113.6 persons per square kilometre. Flintshire is the most densely populated of the 6 areas, at 355.6 persons per km2, with Gwynedd being the least dense principal area at 49.0 persons per km2. Between 2008, and 2018, the population density of North Wales grew by 2.3%, the third-highest rate of population density growth of the 4 statistical regions of Wales. Gwynedd, with 3.7% growth, had the highest population density growth rate in North Wales, whereas the Isle of Anglesey had the lowest population density growth rate at 0.1% from 2008 to 2018.

The population growth for the region between 1998 and 2018 was 6.3%, however, the rate was lower between 2008 and 2018, than in 1998 and 2008. Conwy was the area with the highest population growth rate for the two decades at 8%, with Isle of Anglesey having the smallest growth rate at just over 3%.

Population settlements

North Wales' largest settlement (locality) is Wrexham, with 65,692 people in the 2011 census. Data from the census details that North Wales has a lower number and proportion of residents living in settlements of 25,000 or more, than South East and South West Wales, but higher than Mid Wales. StatsWales attributes this to North Wales' lack of a settlement of a population higher than 100,000 people.

Age

North Wales has an ageing population, as the proportion of residents over 65 has increased from 18.5% to 23.0%, and the proportion of the population under 15 has decreased from 19.8% to 17.8%.

Language
Dialect

North Wales has a distinct regional identity. Its dialect of the Welsh language differs from that of other regions, such as South Wales, in some ways: for example llefrith is used in most of the North instead of llaeth for "milk"; a simple sentence such as go upstairs now might be Dos i fyny'r grisiau rŵan in North Wales, and Cer lan y stâr nawr in South Wales. Colloquially, a person from North Wales (especially one who speaks with this dialect or accent) is known as a North Walian, or a Gog (from the Welsh gogledd, meaning "north"). There are Welsh medium schools scattered all across North Wales, ranging from primary to secondary schools.

Welsh-speaking population
According to the 2011 census, there were 204,406 Welsh-speakers aged three and over in North Wales. Data from the Annual Population Survey, stated that Gwynedd had the largest proportion of speakers in North Wales and Wales as a whole, with 75.6% of residents aged 3 and over saying they can speak Welsh. Flintshire had the lowest rate of Welsh in North Wales, with only 22.5% saying they can speak it. North Wales is the most Welsh-speaking region of the 4 statistical regions of Wales, at 41.9% of the population speaking Welsh in the year ending September 2019, up approximately 2.4% from September 2009. However, Flintshire is one of 2 principal areas in Wales where the rate of Welsh has decreased over the past decade.

Education
North Wales is home to two universities, Bangor University, and Wrexham Glyndwr University. In 2018-19, in total there were 17,500 enrolments on higher education courses in North Wales, representing 13.2% of student enrolments in all of Wales. Bangor University was home to a majority, 58.3% of these enrolments, with 10,195 enrolments in 2018-19, with Wrexham Glyndwr University following with 5,895 enrolments, and further education college Grŵp Llandrillo Menai providing the remaining 1,410 enrolments.

Further education (FE) in Wales is provided by "colleges" (not to be confused with a university college), these are usually either sixth form colleges, further education colleges, or sixth forms within secondary schools. Further education colleges are the largest further education institutions in North Wales, in which, at present, there are only 2; Grŵp Llandrillo Menai, and Coleg Cambria. Both of these colleges, are amalgamations of smaller further education or sixth form colleges, and are sometimes described as "super colleges". Grŵp Llandrillo Menai is a merger of Coleg Llandrillo, Coleg Menai, and Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor, providing courses for students of the Isle of Anglesey, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, and Gwynedd. Coleg Cambria is a merger Deeside College and Yale College, Wrexham, providing courses for students of Denbighshire, Flintshire, and Wrexham County Borough. There are no standalone sixth form colleges (sixth form only) in North Wales, as all colleges providing sixth form courses also provide non-sixth form courses.

The other institutions providing sixth form further education in North Wales are secondary schools, which provide sixth form education themselves. Not all secondary schools in North Wales provide sixth form education, with it being common for students of a secondary school that does not provide sixth form education to study at a further education college.

Grŵp Colegau NPTC Group of Colleges, a further education college formed from the merger of Neath Port Talbot College and Coleg Powys, is the main further education college for Powys, hosting a campus in Newtown.

Healthcare service
The 6 counties of North Wales are all part of the Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (BCUHB), it is the largest of the local health boards which divide up NHS Wales services in Wales. Formed from the merger of the North Wales NHS Trust (itself a merger of North East Wales, and Conwy & Denbighshire NHS Trusts), the North West Wales NHS Trust, and the Local Health Boards of the six counties of Anglesey, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd, and Wrexham.

There are 3 main district general hospitals in North Wales; Ysbyty Gwynedd in Bangor, Ysbyty Glan Clwyd Hospital in Bodelwyddan, and Wrexham Maelor Hospital. Each hospital is the main centre of healthcare for the west, central, and east parts of North Wales respectively. North Wales additionally has a network of 22 acute and community hospitals, with patients commonly referred to hospitals in England for rare, more specialised treatment, unavailable under BCUHB, notably to Countess of Chester, Royal Liverpool University, and Royal Shrewsbury hospitals.

Politics
The North Wales region is made up of the following six principal council areas; Isle of Anglesey, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd and Wrexham. These are unitary authorities which carry out almost all local government functions in their areas. In February 2021, a North Wales Corporate Joint Committee was formed to allow the six local councils in the region to collaborate in areas relating to economic well-being, strategic planning and the development of regional transport policies.

Economy
According to the Annual Population Survey and Office for National Statistics, the unemployment rate of the six principal areas of North Wales was collectively 3.9% for the population aged 16 and over; the employment rate was 75.9% of those aged 16-64, and the economic inactivity rate (excluding students) for the population aged 16-64 was 17.9%.

North Wales Growth Deal
In 2016 the UK Government invited North Wales to submit a Growth Deal Bid, to "create thousands of jobs, boost the economy, improve transport and communication links, focus on renewable energy, support tourism and more". A bid was prepared by the North Wales Business Council, which consists of the Leaders and Chief Executives of the 6 councils, the Vice Chancellors of Wrexham Glyndŵr University and Bangor University the Chief Executives of Coleg Cambria and Grwp Llandrillo Menai, and North Wales Mersey Dee Business Council. In the 2018 budget Philip Hammond announced that £120M would be made available by the UK Government to support the Growth Deal. In December 2018, Ken Skates confirmed that the Welsh Government would match the UK Government funding, and also offered to match any additional funding support which the UK Government might make available. In November 2019 the Heads of Terms Agreement for the North Wales Growth Deal was signed by the representatives of the North Wales Economic Ambition Board, Alun Cairns the UK Government Secretary of State for Wales, and Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely on behalf of Welsh Government.

Local newspapers
Two daily newspapers are published in the region. The region-wide "North Wales edition" of the Daily Post, based at Bryn Eirias on Colwyn Bay's Abergele Road, is distributed from Monday to Saturday, whilst The Leader (formerly the Evening Leader) publishes two editions for Wrexham and Flintshire and is based at the headquarters of Newsquest in Mold after NWN Media Ltd dissolved after existing since 1920.

Additionally, nine weekly newspapers provide local and community news:

Reach PLC titles

 * Caernarfon and Denbigh Herald (Arfon and Dwyfor editions)
 * The Mail (Bangor/Anglesey and Holyhead/Anglesey editions)
 * North Wales Weekly News (General, Colwyn Bay and Conwy Valley editions)

Newsquest titles

 * Denbighshire Free Press
 * Flintshire Standard
 * The Journal (Rhyl, Prestatyn and Abergele editions)
 * North Wales Chronicle (North Gwynedd and Anglesey)
 * North Wales Pioneer (Llandudno and Colwyn Bay editions)
 * Leader

The weekly Aberystwyth-based Cambrian News covers southern Gwynedd and publishes separate editions for the Arfon/Dwyfor and Meirionydd districts.

A weekly Welsh-language newspaper, Y Cymro is published each week by the Cambrian News from its Porthmadog office alongside two localised Welsh titles, Y Cyfnod (Bala) and Y Dydd (Dolgellau). Yr Herald Gymraeg is distributed by Trinity Mirror as a pull-out section in the Wednesday edition of the Daily Post. There are also 24 Papurau Bro (area papers) providing community news and generally published each month.

Online
Several hyperlocal websites in the area provide locally sourced news online. In Conwy county, BaeColwyn.com has provided Welsh language coverage of the Colwyn Bay area since 2011 and AbergelePost.com has been serving the Abergele area since 2010. Wrexham.com is a full-time operation covering Wrexham and the surrounding area, and is based at offices in Wrexham city centre. A full-time citizen-led online news site Deeside.com started in early 2013 and covers Connah's Quay, Mancot, Pentre, Shotton, Queensferry, Sealand, Broughton, Hawarden, Ewloe, Sandycroft and parts of Saltney.

Radio
Although no BBC local radio stations exist in Wales, the corporation's national services BBC Radio Wales and BBC Radio Cymru cover the region from their broadcasting centres in Bangor, and Wrexham. The Bangor studios produce a large number of Radio Cymru programmes with some music and feature output for Radio Wales originating from Wrexham.

Three commercial radio stations serve the area — Capital North West and Wales broadcasts local drivetime programming for Wrexham, Flintshire, Denbighshire and Conwy county as well as Cheshire and the Wirral with a Welsh language opt-out service for the former Coast FM area on 96.3 FM. Capital Cymru airs an extended local programming service, predominantly in the Welsh language, for Gwynedd and Anglesey. Across the entire region, Heart North Wales also airs local peak-time programming in English, including an extended news programme on weeknights. All three stations broadcast from studios in Gwersyllt on the outskirts of Wrexham.

Three community radio stations broadcast on FM — Calon FM serving Wrexham County Borough and parts of southern Flintshire, Tudno FM broadcasting to Llandudno & surrounding areas and Môn FM across the Isle of Anglesey and parts of Gwynedd. Radio Glan Clwyd - an extension of hospital service Radio Ysbyty Glan Clwyd - broadcasts on 1287 AM in the Bodelwyddan, St Asaph, Rhuddlan, Towyn and Kinmel Bay areas.

Towards the western side of North Wales, local hills mean national BBC FM coverage can be quite poor, often suffering interference from Irish stations from the west.

Television
News coverage of North Wales is generally provided within the BBC's Wales Today, Newyddion and Ffeil programmes (the latter two broadcast on S4C) and on ITV's ITV News Cymru Wales. BBC Cymru Wales news teams are based at the corporation's Bangor and Wrexham studios, while ITV Cymru Wales runs a newsroom in Colwyn Bay.

S4C has an administrative office in Caernarfon, where a cluster of independent production companies are also based or partly based including Rondo Media, Cwmni Da, Antena, Owain Roberts Animations and Tinopolis.

Football
Wrexham A.F.C. play in the English football league system; having been a member of the Football League for over 80 years, in 2008 they were relegated into the Conference National for the first time in their existence and now play in the EFL League Two (English Football League). Their home ground is the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham and they train at Colliers Park, Gresford. In November 2020, the club was purchased by Hollywood actors Rob McElhenney and Ryan Reynolds.

Several teams including Connah's Quay Nomads F.C. and Bangor City F.C. have appeared in UEFA competitions, playing within the mostly semi-professional Welsh leagues the Cymru Premier and the Cymru North.

Due to the proximity of North Wales to the North West of England, support for the English clubs of Liverpool F.C., Everton F.C. and Manchester United F.C. has been historically strong.

Rugby League
Wales was represented in the Super League by the Crusaders RL, they re-located to Wrexham for the 2010 season from South Wales. They played at the Racecourse Ground and trained at Stansty Park both in Wrexham before folding in 2011. They have now been replaced by the League 1 side, North Wales Crusaders.

North Wales has its own amateur league, in the fifth tier of the British rugby league system, the North Wales Championship.

Rugby Union
In September 2008 it was announced by the Welsh Rugby Union that a development team based in North Wales would be created, with a long-term goal of becoming the fifth Welsh team in the Celtic League. It was envisaged that this would both help the growth of the game in the area, and provide a larger pool of players for the Welsh national team to be selected from. The team was named RGC 1404.

title: North Wales


text:
Nine Tomorrows

Nine Tomorrows is a collection of nine short stories and two pieces of comic verse by American writer Isaac Asimov. The pieces were all originally published in magazines between 1956 and 1958, with the exception of the closing poem, "Rejection Slips", which was original to the collection. The book was first published in the United States in 1959 and in the UK in 1963. It includes two of Asimov's favorite stories, "The Last Question" and "The Ugly Little Boy".

Nine Tomorrows has been reprinted several times. The most recent publication appears to be a 1987 Del Rey reissue; ISBN 0-345-34604-1.

Contents

 * "I Just Make Them Up, See!", poem
 * "Profession", novella
 * "The Feeling of Power"
 * "The Dying Night", novelette, part of the Wendell Urth series
 * "I'm in Marsport Without Hilda"
 * "The Gentle Vultures"
 * "All the Troubles of the World", part of the Multivac series
 * "Spell My Name with an S"
 * "The Last Question", loosely part of the Multivac series
 * "The Ugly Little Boy", novelette
 * "Rejection Slips", poem

Reception
Floyd C. Gale rated the collection four+ stars out of five, writing that "few other authors can claim [Asimov's] consistently high level of excellence" and mentioning "Profession" and "The Ugly Little Boy" as especially good.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nine Tomorrows


text:
31Knots

31Knots is an American math rock band based in Portland, Oregon, United States, by guitarist Joe Haege and bassist Jay Winebrenner. It was founded in Chicago in 1997. In 1998 the band added Joe Kelly as a drummer; in 2003 he left and was replaced by Jay Pellicci of Dilute. Early albums explored the limits of a guitar-bass-drums rock trio, while more recent work has added samples, piano, and increasingly skewed songwriting that push 31Knots' music into an ever more difficult to categorize genre. They have toured Europe several times since 2004.

Albums

 * Algut Allbrain (1997 - RangHok)
 * Climax / Anti-Climax (Jan 4, 2000 - RangHok / Mar 19, 2009 (Re-Release) - Polyvinyl)
 * A Word Is Also a Picture of a Word (Oct 1, 2002 - 54º40' or Fight!)
 * It Was High Time To Escape (Sep 2, 2003 - 54º40' or Fight!)
 * Talk Like Blood (Oct 11, 2005 - Own Records (Europe) / Polyvinyl (US))
 * The Days and Nights of Everything Anywhere (Mar 6, 2007 - Polyvinyl)
 * Worried Well (Aug 19, 2008 - Polyvinyl)
 * Trump Harm (Jun 7, 2011 - Polyvinyl)

EPs

 * The Rehearsal Dinner EP (Mar 12, 2002 - 54º40' or Fight!)
 * The Curse of the Longest Day (Nov 1, 2004 - Own Records (Europe) / Jul 12, 2005 - Polyvinyl (US))
 * ep:Polemics (Nov 7, 2006 - Polyvinyl)

title: 31Knots


text:
Ken Curtis

Ken Curtis (born Curtis Wain Gates; July 2, 1916 – April 28, 1991) was an American actor and singer best known for his role as Festus Haggen on the western television series Gunsmoke.

Early years
Born the youngest of three boys in Lamar in Prowers County in southeastern Colorado, Curtis lived his first ten years on a ranch on Muddy Creek in eastern Bent County. In 1926, the family moved to Las Animas, the county seat of Bent County, so that his father, Dan Sullivan Gates, could run for sheriff. The campaign was successful, and Gates served from 1926 to 1931 as Bent County sheriff.

Curtis was the quarterback of his Bent County High School football team and played clarinet in the school band. He graduated in 1935. During World War II, Curtis served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945.

He attended Colorado College to study medicine, but left after a short time to pursue his musical career.

Music
Curtis was a singer before moving into acting, and combined both careers once he entered films. Curtis was with the Tommy Dorsey band in 1941, and succeeded Frank Sinatra as vocalist until Dick Haymes contractually replaced Sinatra in 1942. Curtis may have served simply as insurance against Sinatra's likely defection, and it was Dorsey who suggested that Gates change his name to Ken Curtis. Curtis then joined Shep Fields and His New Music, an all-reeds band that dispensed with a brass section.

Curtis met his first wife, Lorraine Page, who was also under contract at Universal Studios, and they were married in 1943. For much of 1948, Curtis was a featured singer and host of the long-running country music radio program WWVA Jamboree.

Ken Curtis joined the Sons of the Pioneers as a lead singer from 1949 to 1953 and again from 1955 to 1957. His big hits with the group included "Room Full of Roses" and "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky".

Film
Columbia Pictures signed Curtis to a contract in 1945. He starred in a series of musical Westerns with the Hoosier Hot Shots, playing singing cowboy romantic leads. By virtue of his second marriage, Curtis was a son-in-law of film director John Ford. Curtis teamed with Ford and John Wayne in Rio Grande. He was a singer in the movie's fictional band The Regimental Singers that actually consisted of the Sons of the Pioneers; Curtis is not listed as a member of the principal cast. It is possible that he played a bit part, but Curtis is best remembered as Charlie McCorry in The Searchers, and for his appearances in The Quiet Man, The Wings of Eagles, The Horse Soldiers, The Alamo, and How the West Was Won. Curtis also joined Ford, along with Henry Fonda, James Cagney, William Powell, and Jack Lemmon, in the comedy Navy classic Mister Roberts. He was featured in all three of the only films produced by Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney's C. V. Whitney Pictures: The Searchers (1956); The Missouri Traveler (1958) with Brandon deWilde and Lee Marvin; and The Young Land (1959) with Patrick Wayne and Dennis Hopper. In 5 Steps to Danger (1957 film), he is uncredited as FBI Agent Jim Anderson. Curtis also produced two extremely low-budget monster films in 1959, The Killer Shrews and The Giant Gila Monster.

Curtis guest-starred five times on the Western television series Have Gun – Will Travel with Richard Boone. In 1959, he appeared as cowhand Phil Jakes on the Gunsmoke season four episode, "Jayhawkers". He also guest-starred as circus performer Tim Durant on an episode of Perry Mason, "The Case of the Clumsy Clown", which originally aired on November 5, 1960. Later, he appeared in Ripcord, a first-run syndicated action/adventure series about a company of its namesake providing skydiving services, along with its leading star Larry Pennell. This series ran from 1961 to 1963 with 76 half-hour episodes in total. Curtis played the role of James (Jim) Buckley and Pennell was his young disciple Theodore (Ted) McKeever. This television show helped generate interest in sport parachuting.

In 1964, Curtis appeared as muleskinner Graydon in the episode "Graydon's Charge" of the syndicated Western television series, Death Valley Days, also guest-starring Denver Pyle and Cathy Lewis.

Gunsmoke
Curtis remains best known for his role as Festus Haggen, the scruffy, cantankerous, and illiterate deputy in Gunsmoke. He joined the regular Gunsmoke cast in 1964, replacing Chester Goode, played by Dennis Weaver. While Marshal Matt Dillon had a total of five deputies over two decades, Festus held the role the longest (11 years), in 304 episodes. Festus was patterned after "Cedar Jack" (Frederick Munden), a man from Curtis' Las Animas childhood. Cedar Jack, who lived 15 miles south of town, made a living cutting cedar fence posts. Curtis observed many times that Jack came to Las Animas, where he would often end up drunk and in Curtis' father's jail. Festus' character was known, in part, for the nasally, twangy, rural accent which Curtis developed for the role, but which did not reflect Curtis' actual voice.

Besides engaging in the usual personal appearances most television stars undertake to promote their program, Curtis also traveled around the country performing at Western-themed stage shows at fairs, rodeos, and other venues when Gunsmoke was not in production, and even for some years after the show was cancelled. Curtis also campaigned for Ronald Reagan in 1976, during the future President's attempt to secure the Republican nomination from incumbent Gerald Ford.

In two episodes of Gunsmoke, Carroll O'Connor was a guest-star; years later, Curtis guest-starred as a retired police detective on O'Connor's NBC program In the Heat of the Night. He voiced Nutsy the vulture in Disney's 1973 animated film Robin Hood. A decade later, he returned to television in the short-lived Western series The Yellow Rose, in which he performed most of his scenes with Noah Beery, Jr.

Last years
In 1981, Curtis was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Curtis' last acting role was as the aging cattle rancher "Seaborn Tay" in the television production Conagher (1991), by western author Louis L'Amour. Sam Elliott starred in the lead role, and Curtis' Gunsmoke co-star Buck Taylor (Newly O'Brien) played a bad man in the same film. Buck Taylor's father, Dub Taylor, had a minor role in it.

Curtis married Torrie Connelly in 1966. They were married until his death in 1991 and he had two step-children.

A statue of Ken Curtis as Festus can be found at 430 Pollasky Avenue in Clovis, California, in Fresno County in front of the Educational Employees Credit Union. In his later years, Curtis resided in Clovis.

Curtis was a Republican and supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Death
Curtis died on April 28, 1991, in his sleep of a heart attack in Fresno, California. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Colorado flatlands.

Selected filmography

 * Santa Fe Trail (1940) — Officer singing at celebration (uncredited)
 * Rhythm Round-Up (1945) — Jimmy Benson
 * Song of the Prairie (1945) — Dan Tyler
 * Out of the Depths (1945) — Buck Clayton
 * Throw a Saddle on a Star (1946) — Curt Walker
 * That Texas Jamboree (1946) — Curt Chambers
 * Cowboy Blues (1946) — Curt Durant
 * Singing on the Trail (1946) — Curt Stanton
 * Lone Star Moonlight (1946) — Curt Norton
 * Over the Santa Fe Trail (1947) — Curt Mason
 * Riders of the Pony Express (1949) — Tom Blake
 * Stallion Canyon (1949) — Curt Benson
 * Call of the Forest (1949) — Bob Brand
 * Everybody's Dancing' (1950) — Ken — Member Sons of the Pioneers
 * Rio Grande (1950) — Donnelly — Regimental Singer (uncredited)
 * Don Daredevil Rides Again (1951) — Lee Hadley aka Don Daredevil
 * Fighting Coast Guard (1951) — Ken — Member Sons of the Pioneers
 * The Quiet Man (1952) — Dermot Fahy (uncredited)
 * The Long Gray Line (1955) — Specialty (uncredited)
 * Mr. Roberts (1955) — Yeoman 3rd Class Dolan
 * The Searchers (1956) — Charlie McCorry
 * 5 Steps to Danger (1956) — FBI Agent Jim Anderson (uncredited)
 * The Wings of Eagles (1957) — John Dale Price
 * Spring Reunion (1957) — Al
 * The Missouri Traveler (1958) — Fred Mueller
 * The Last Hurrah (1958) — Monsignor Killian
 * Escort West (1958) — Trooper Burch
 * The Young Land (1959) — Lee Hearn
 * The Horse Soldiers (1959) — Cpl. Wilkie
 * The Killer Shrews (1959) — Jerry Farrell
 * My Dog, Buddy (1960) — Dr. Lusk
 * Freckles (1960) — Wessner
 * The Alamo (1960) — Capt. Almeron Dickinson
 * Two Rode Together (1961) — Greeley Clegg
 * How the West Was Won (1962) — Cpl. Ben (uncredited)
 * Cheyenne Autumn (1964) — Joe
 * Robin Hood (1973) — Nutsy, the Vulture (voice)
 * Pony Express Rider (1976) — Jed Richardson
 * Legend of the Wild (1981)
 * Lost (1983)
 * Once Upon a Texas Train (1988) — Kelly Sutton (John Henry's Gang)
 * Conagher (1991, TV Movie) — Seaborn Tay, Cattle Rancher (final film role)

Television

 * The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1957) — episode — Warpath — Major Hendericks (uncredited)
 * Gunsmoke (1959) — episode — Change of Heart —
 * Gunsmoke (1960) — episode — Speak Me Fair — Daryl
 * Gunsmoke (1959) — episode — Jayhawkers – Jacks
 * Have Gun – Will Travel (1959–1960) — Monk
 * Gunsmoke (1960) — episode — The Ex-Urbanites — Jesse
 * Wagon Train (1960) — episode — The Horace Best Story — Pappy Lightfoot
 * Wagon Train (1960) — episode — The Colter Craven Story — Kyle Cleatus
 * Perry Mason (1960) — S4 E7 (102) The Case of the Clumsy Clown- Tim Durant
 * Sea Hunt (1961) — episode — The Octopus Story — Professor Dean Austin – Season 4, Episode 20
 * Ripcord (1961–1963) — Skydiver James (Jim) Buckley
 * The Aquanauts (1961) — two episodes — Horton/head waiter
 * Rawhide (1961) – Vic Slade in S3:E24, "Incident of the Lost Idol"
 * Gunsmoke (1962–1975) — Festus (304 episodes)
 * Gunsmoke  (1963) episode — Lover Boy — Kyle Kelly
 * Death Valley Days (1964) — Graydon's Charge — Graydon
 * The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams (1978) — episode — Once Upon a Starry Night — Uncle Ned
 * Vega$ (1979) — Digger Dennison
 * How the West Was Won (1979) — Sheriff Orville Gant
 * The Yellow Rose (1983–1984) — Hoyt Coryell
 * Airwolf (1986) — Cecil Carnes Sr.
 * In the Heat of the Night (1990) — Tom McCaul
 * Conagher (1991) — Seaborn Tay

title: Ken Curtis


text:
Jeffery Nape

Jeffery Nape (1964 – 8 July 2016) was, until the 2012 election, speaker of the National Parliament and twice officially and once unofficially acting governor-general of Papua New Guinea. He was elected speaker by the members of the parliament on 28 May 2004, and then immediately became acting governor-general because that office was substantively vacant. He succeeded Bill Skate in both roles.

He ceased acting as governor-general on 29 June 2004, when Paulias Matane was sworn in. When Matane stepped down in 2010, Nape regained this post.

Following the 2007 general election, Nape was re-elected as Speaker on 13 August 2007, defeating the opposition's candidate for the position, Bart Philemon, with 86 votes against 22 for Philemon. He was sworn in by Governor-General Paulias Matane on the same day.

He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2010 Birthday Honours.

in September 2011, Nape "dropped a bombshell" with his highly controversial decision to disqualify recently ousted Prime Minister Michael Somare, known as the "Grand Chief" and the "father of the nation", from Parliament. Nape ruled that Somare had missed three consecutive parliamentary sessions, due to being in hospital for surgery followed by a lengthy recovery. When he entered Parliament in a wheelchair, Nape "welcomed him warmly", but later declared that he was disqualifying him. Somare denied that he had missed three sessions.

In December 2011, a constitutional crisis broke out when the Supreme Court declared Sir Michael Somare to be the legitimate Prime Minister but Prime Minister Peter O'Neill, who had the support of a parliamentary majority, refused to step down. Governor-General Sir Michael Ogio, following the court order, recognised Somare as Prime Minister. Parliament responded, on 14 December, by "suspending" Ogio and declaring Nape, as Speaker, automatically the acting Governor-General. The Queen of Papua New Guinea, Elizabeth II, who appoints parliament's chosen candidate for governor-general, did not revoke Ogio's commission. On 19 December, Ogio was again recognized by Parliament as governor-general and O'Neill as Prime Minister.

In January 2012, Nape joined Don Polye's new Triumph Heritage Empowerment Rural Party. He lost his seat at the 2012 election. He died of organ failure on 8 July 2016 in Port Moresby.

Corruption charges
In May 2012, the government's corruption watchdog, Investigation Task Force Sweep, drew up a warrant for Nape's arrest in relation to the alleged misappropriation of $2.4 million in development funds, charges which Nape has denied.

Nape was arrested on bribery charges in July 2012 for attempting to bribe a rival candidate to drop out of the running of the 2012 general election. The candidate, who was competing for Nape's Sinasina-Yongumugi seat, alleged that Nape offered him money to drop out of the election. Nape, who has denied all the charges, was released on bail and was due to appear in court after the elections.

title: Jeffery Nape


text:
Talk:Universal Soldier

I don't see why this should be deleted. I didn't create the article, nor have I ever seen the movies, but they exist, and could potentially be fleshed out considerably more. --gadfium 02:25, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Glen Campbell hit
Glen Campbell also released a version of "Universal Soldier" in the 60's. As a soldier stationed at Ft. Carson, CO in 1965, I remember listening to it on juke boxes in GI bars in Colorado Springs.

nash tech
this is a nice movie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.194.62.230 (talk) 11:25, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal Soldier


text:
User:Takeshi~enwiki

I've been a Wikipedian/Wikipedist since 28th May, 2004 - I'm still finding my feet.

Apart from a few minor edits I've only contributed to the following articles so far:

 * Brunel University (re-wrote existing article)
 * Saburai (created)
 * Go Rin No Sho (re-wrote existing article)

title: User:Takeshi~enwiki


text:
User:Frizzymaster

Created entry for Seska, a character from Star Trek: Voyager. Created greatly expanded entry for Jeffrey Combs, a character from various Star Trek series. Also made redirect for common misspelling, Jeffery Combs, and fixed the spelling in the Star Trek: Enterprise entry. Added my own, original English translations of several epigrams for the Martial entry.

title: User:Frizzymaster


text:
Talk:Echo (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers album)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:27, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Apx3ibk590akx


text:
Talk:Hydrofoil

Hydrofoil in the Aolian islands, Sicily
I just took a hydrofoil ferry from Sicily through the Aolian islands to Stromboli. I'm not adding it myself as I have no idea what type it was, but a more enthusiastic person might find out and add it to the list of active use hydrofoils.

What has been holding back the hydrofoil from achieving widespread popularity? Kent Wang 02:31, 29 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I also came to this discussion page looking for an answer to this question. It would be really nice to see this dealt with on the main page not just the discussion page. I really know nothing more than what I can find on google about this topic myself. It would be great if one of those below such as Gunther Migeotte who answer this question with such expertise could but that info on the main page. I added a bit on adoption of the hydrofoil to the end of the top summary. It would be great if someone more expert than I would improve and expand this. There sure are a lot of amatuer hydrofoil videos on youtube. Cheers! Rusl (talk) 22:22, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

With regards to the picture of the deep flight submersible - in what way is this related to a hydrofoil? Is this not a case of subtle advertising? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.188.71.120 (talk) 16:00, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

I second this question. 71.192.137.124 05:56, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

The main reason for the lack of Hydrofoils coming into the mainstream is due to the fact that foils are relatively complex to design and install on a vessel. On classic hydrofoil systems that elevate the vessel completely out of the water, propulsion systems need to be specially designed for the foil application, thereby raising the cost and stability issues. For small vessels under 7M, the added cost of the hull plus the foil means that the vessel is substantially more expensive to build than a conventional planing hull. One big misconception has been that the foil will be damaged or fall off the foil if it strikes something in the water. Unless the strike is substantial, foil systems are able to withstand considerable abuse before being severely affected.

HYBRID HYDROFOIL SYSTEMS Hybrid Hdyrofoil Systems, such as the HYSUCAT (Hydrofoil Supported Catamaran) patented by Stellenbosch University and invented by Prof. KG Hoppe in 1982 which reduce the effective hull resistance by raising it enough to be as effective as pure hydrofoils has allowed vessels to be designed and built using standard propulsion methods, thereby reducing the fabrication cost substantially. Effective sea keeping is also improved as is stability. Fuel savings are substantial - up to 30% or more; therefore if a vessel is used constantly, the increase in price offsets the additional build cost. In larger vessels, where diesel engines are used, the same speed can be achieved with Hybrid Foil systems by using smaller engines, thereby reducing the overall build cost to match or be lower than other hull forms that require more power to achieve the same speeds. The lack of experience, technical complexities including the design, placement and geometry of hydrofoil systems, which is not in normally academic curriculae for naval architects at present means that very few Naval Architects are qualified technically to design foil assisted vessels. Good results are nearly impossible to achieve without an extensive grounding in hydrofoil mathematics, fluid mechanics, experience and know how. Due to this lack of knowledge, few boat yards will risk building foil assisted vessels unless they have people with prior experience in Hull / Foil Design and construction combined with end user experience as well. Those that have ventured into this field without knowledge but attempted to go into foil assisted boats have done so privately with limited success and those who have done so commercially, nearly all have failed. The few with proven designs and experience are beginning to emerge. Examples of completed craft that work well include: HYSUCRAFT designed by Prof. KG Hoppe, HYSUCAT Ribs by Malan Conradie, HAWC Technologies Ltd, All American Marine. All these vessels are being built using the original K G Hoppe / Stellenbosch University patented HYSUCAT system.

~Gerhard Kutt - HAWC Technologies Ltd. http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4606291/description.html http://www.hysucraft.com/ http://www.hysucat.co.za/ http://www.hawctech.com/ http://www.allamericanmarine.com/boat-design-advantage/   — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.98.240.118 (talk) 09:13, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

The hydrofoil main advantages are that it allows high speeds to be achieved with considerably less power than most other types of high-speed craft such as planing hulls, catamarans etc. Hydrofoils also generally offer better seakeeping and comfort on board. THe Boeing Jetfoil is still considered the benchmark in terms of passenger comfort for passenger ferries. To answer your question, why then have hydrofoils not achieved widespread popularity? There are a number of reasons for this: 1) Hydrofoils are sensitive to impacts with floating objects and marine animals.  If the hydrofoils hit something the boat will fall off the foils and this often creates a perception of increased danger.  However, there have been hydrofoils operating in Hong Kong for 20 years and those waters are some of the most littered anywhere in the world and hydrofoils operate a relatively trouble free operation.  The Hong Kong Marine department has online records of all accidents in its waters for those who would like more information on their operation.  The second problem is hydrofoils are almost like sharp knives going through the water. Their operation in areas where there are marine mammals such as whales causes a problem as the hydrofoil normally causes fatal damage if hit by a hydrofoil.  This is in contrast to normal hulls which just slide over a whale with minimal damage to both.

2)Hydrofoils are expensive to build. A vessel like the Boeing Jetfoil nowadays costs about 3 times the price of an equivalent catamarans passenger ferry. This prices them out of the market completely. More simple hydrofoils such as the Russian designed ones and those by Rodriquez in italy are more competitive in price and are still being produced today for operation on ferry routes.

3) it is a very conservative industry. Hydrofoils are still considered exotic by many commercial operators of high-speed craft and many will not take the risk of trying such exotic vessels when they have no experience operating them. Those that do have found benefit in their operation.

4) Technical compexity and high maintenance. This is what killed most military hydrofoil projects.  The US Navy for example developed some of the most technically advanced hydrofoils around but they could never get them to be reliable due to the complex propulsion systems and ride control required.  This eventually lead to the suspension of their hydrofoil projects and that of most other Navies to.  The Russian Navy still operates very large hydrofoils and have been successful in their designs, largely because they have opted for simpler systems which might not have the same performance as the US designs but are much more robust.

80.213.118.173 13:09, 1 April 2007 (UTC)Dr. Gunther Migeotte, gmroaming@gmail.com

 * Concerning technical complexity and high maintenance, Transmediterranea, the spanish operator, has been replacing its hydrofoils by catamaran fast ferries due to the high cost of maintenance (http://www.hosteltur.com/noticias/22467_transmediterranea-confirma-su-intencion-sustituir-servicio-jet-foil-otro-catamaran-cubrir-trayecto-morro-jablegran-canaria.html). The last hydrofoil line was supressed even earlir than planned after an accident in july 2005 (http://www.hosteltur.com/noticias/28857_trasmediterranea-adelanta-supresion-jet-foil-islas-canarias-debido-accidente-semana-pasada.html). However, Transmediterranea operated routes between Spain mainland and Morocco, and many inter-island routes in both the Balearic and Canary Islands. --Mcovas (talk) 08:40, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * And I said has been replacing instead of replaced because I think that there is an hydrofoil route between Mallorca and Menorca, but only in the summer season. I'll find out next summer.--Mcovas (talk) 08:43, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

I second this, we should add the ferries from Sicily to the vulcanic islands, we took a ferry from Milazzo, Sicily to Santa Marina Salina. They are running daily, as of June 2022. SirDödelbottom (talk) 09:51, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Hydrofoil vs. Hydroplane
Websters New World Dictionary, College Edition, 1968: paraphrased;

Hydrofoil- ... a foil (wing) that lifts a boat out of the water...

Hydroplane- ... a boat hull that rises on top of the water when going fast enough ...

The two are different (Attn:Chinasaur), and my dictionary does not call them the same. Planing requires the hull on the water surface. A foil is submersed.

But a link from here to hydroplane seems reasonable (Attn:N328KF) because they are similiar concepts. (==See also==)

Pud 19:07, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with Pud. Hydrofoil is a structure that lift a boat off the water, Hydroplaning can be a phenomonon.  Even a car can hydroplane when it speeds across a puddle of water.  Kowloonese 19:15, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no issue with this. -Joseph 19:24, 2004 Aug 25 (UTC)

 * I agree; I think in most formal terms, hydroplaning is only when you completely pass your own wavefront, but in practice the term is used to mean anything that causes the hull to lift out of the water (as in "most modern boats are designed to hydroplane to some extent"). So I think the link from hydrofoil to hydroplane makes sense.  The hydroplane as a synonym for hydrofoil I just got from dictionary.com.  If you looks at the whole page of definitions there, it looks like the terminology is pretty confused, but there is one source that seems to equate "hydroplane" with "hydrofoil", although maybe it means the actual foil and not the whole boat.  But I'm not deadset on mentioning that in the article.  --Chinasaur 03:29, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

ASW?
"…but the program was cancelled due to a shift away from ASW by the Canadian Navy…" The ASW link redirects to Aswan international airport, with no disambiguation page. Could somebody who knows what ASW means in this context please correct this (either create a page about ASW or remove the link and put the meaning in brackets). If the Canadian Navy really did shift away from Aswan International Airport, then the fuller link title would be better. 193.251.50.8 (talk) 12:36, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * ASW is Anti-Submarine Warfare. EasyTarget (talk) 15:46, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Picture
The picture at the start of the article dosen't really give you an idea of what a hydrofoil is. I think it should be chaged to one of these: If nobody comments in a few days I will change it.

DPM 15:04, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Merger of Foil (fluid mechanics) into Airfoil
At Talk:Airfoil there is a discussion on the merger of Foil (fluid mechanics) into Airfoil. Since it also may affect this article, I mention it here. -- Crowsnest (talk) 12:35, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

No mention of The CAT
This is a large hydrofoil ferry that goes (iirc!) between Maine and Nova Scotia. Imho, it's significant enough to include here. She's has been to Boston, probably for publicity and good will, at least twice. Regards, 66.92.74.189 (talk) 07:09, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it would be here, except that the CAT isn't a hydrofoil.. It's a high speed displacement Catamaran :-) (These things are very impressive! I used to regularly ride the Stena Discovery, a similar ferry that ran across the North Sea, any ferry where you can feel the acceleration gets my vote!) EasyTarget (talk) 15:44, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Hydrofoil stabilizer
what is a hydrofoil stabilizer ? mention in article

A hydrofoil stabilizer is a small hydrofoil (in relation to ship size) that has the primary purpose of reducing  the roll and pitch motions of a ship in waves. These hydrofoils or fins can be fixed but more often than not have active flaps similar to aircraft wings. The flaps are linked to an electro-hydraulic control system which adjusts the flaps to create a force f that counters the motion of the ship caused by waves. Such fins are usually fitted in the bow of the vessel where the worst motions are expereinced but can be fitted in the stern as well. Stabilizing fins are generally only effective on high-speed craft. They are very popular on fast passenger ferries where sea-sickness of paying customers is an important consideration! There are a number of specialized companies offering motion control systems for high-speed vessels.

--41.133.242.224 (talk) 16:47, 5 September 2011 (UTC) Dr. Gunther Migeotte  gmroaming@gmail.com

Behavior
Perhaps a section can explain the behavior of surface piercing and fully submerged hydrofoils when hullborne and when foilborne. When hullborne, the foil would act as a keel. I'm guessing that hydrofoil ships thus do not require an additional keel.

water resistance
also to be mentioned: the water resistance from the different types of hydrofoils and their subtypes. I am guessing that aldough width and height influence water resistance, length does not (as only the front part of the foil eliminates the resistance) I also find it weird that there are no foils with a support over the entire length of the ship

Added images
I added following images:
 * Diagrams are useful, technically accurate from what I can tell, and well scanned. But the Handwriting is a bit styalised and unclear. I think a photograph of an actual hydrofoil foilbourne on the water should be used at the head of the document since it is far more illustrative (as discussed previously here). The diagrams can be used in the following section. EasyTarget (talk) 08:50, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Please replace the images with Beao's images; the first one should be based on: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/5/56/20090925181044!Hydrofoil_types.svg

yet there are 2 mistakes: 1 title -->hydrofoil types, 2: converting instead of cowerting —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.241.109.50 (talk) 08:26, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Typo fixed. Please note that long texts are not meant for SVG:s. The text is now placed in the description of the file, and can be moved to the caption in articles. --Beao 14:19, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

 * 1 typo remained: Hydrofiol --> needs to be Hydrofoil, in addition, there is no space between T and or (reads as Tor), and the image of the bent beam is best placed under the 2 types (bending is used by both types, not just with the latter). I would also change "stem" by beam or alternatively, pole.

KVDP (talk) 08:35, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Supercavitating hydrofoils
These are not mentioned; see http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/08/supercativating-submarines-and-possible.html http://www.foils.org/drag_reduction.htm

91.182.214.182 (talk) 09:17, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Last sentence of first section seems unfinished...
The last sentence of the first section ("Hydrodynamics of hydrofoil-equipped boats ("hydrofoils")") seems unfinished:

"Since wave resistance and other impeding forces such as various types of drag (physics) on the hull are eliminated as the hull is lifted clear, turbulence and drag act only on the much smaller surface area of the hydrofoil and there is a marked in"

This is my first attempt at editing a Wikipedia article, so I figured I would just post it here and let those who know more about this sort of thing fix it at their will.

TBennettcc (talk) 10:38, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Sailing hydrofoil speed record inconsistency?
In the Sailing and Sports section, there is the statement “The Rave is a commercially available 17-foot (5.2 m), two person, hydrofoil trimaran, capable of reaching speeds of 40 kn (74 km/h).”, followed shortly thereafter by the statement “Hobie Sailboats once produced a production foiling trimaran. It was and is the fastest production sailboat in history. It is called the Hobie Trifoiler. Trifoilers have clocked speeds upward of thirty knots.”. This sounds inconsistent; while the claimed speeds are vague, it reads as if the Rave is faster than the Trifoiler (and “commercially available” implies production-level), yet the Trifoiler is the fastest production sailboat! Hawk777 (talk) 20:14, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Vehicles on the Tallinn-Helsinki route?
Currently the article states that the hydrofoil service on the Tallinn-Helsinki route was replaced with catamarans, which could also carry vehicles. Did any of the catamarans on that route ever actually offer vehicle transportation? The only operator I am aware of, Linda Line, did not transport cars as of summer 2017 (though bicycles could be taken on board). --Michael-stanton (talk) 22:54, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hydrofoil


text:
Talk:Jingoism

St. Gingolph
Italic text Not fdgfgdsure if this is pertinent, but the dict project mentions St. Gingoulph as another possible source.

==weiner-Psychic crisis caused largely by great depression that started in 1893 and was still occurring -Depression alone would not cause such a crisis: -Populist movement (the free-silver agitation) campaign of 1890 was a radical movement caused by the depression and caused a "drastic social convulsion" -Maturation and bureaucratization of American business, the completion of its essential industrial plant, and the development of trusts on a scale that made it seem like the current era of economic opportunity was ending -The continent was filling up and the frontier line was [seemingly] gone -To people of 1890's, it seemed resources previously available were used up -Things looked bad to middle class citizens brought up thinking in terms of 19th century economics -Farmers had "gone mad over silver and Bryan" -Workers were stirring in bloody struggles (i.e. strikes) -Supply of new land seemed to be gone -Trusts threatened spirit of business enterprise -Civic corruption was high in cities -Huge numbers of immigrants formed slums -New tendencies in public thought fell into two basic moods -Intensification of protest and humanitarian reform -Populism, Utopianism, Christian Social gospel, the growing intellectual interest in Socialism, and protest in the realistic novel all express this mood. JUSTIN JUSTIN ?   McKinley had said the he might be "obliged" to go to war as soon as he entered the presidency, and had expressed a preference that the Cuban crisis be settled between his election andinauguration. ?   Wanted to have victory under his belt for next election ?   Newspapers sympathized with Cubans and hated Spain -Propaganda aided in changing American public while viewing the Cuban situation--Spain portrayed as waging heartless and inhuman war, Cubans as the victims of this war -Sectional and political elements most enthusiastic about war--Bryan sections of the country, in the Democratic party, patrons of yellow journals -some thought people wanted a costly war in Cuba so we could return to free silver, press said those who did not support it were heartless -economic motives made by both sides -war was an outlet for aggressive impulses but also an idealistic and humanitarian crusade -American public did not want material gains in Cuba, nor did they think war would go to Philippines--yet war soon had imperialistic motives Movement for Imperialism ? Made up of mostly a small group of politicians, intellectuals & publicists ? Most of men in imperial movement were well-off financially ? Committed to expansion ? Wanted imperialism for fear of US losing militarily ? Strategic places were necessary for the US military ? Acquire naval basses in the Caribbean and the Pacific ? Annexation of Canada ? Interested in far east for trade investments ? Roosevelt responsible for the US entering into the Philippines ? 1st attempt at Philippines was a defensive action- protected the west coast from Spain ? The last step taken in controlling the Philippines was having the US military invade the rest of the Philippines from their stronghold of Manila ? Public opinion of the Filipino's attacking the Americans forced Congress to be biased in making a decision to go to war ? Business man began to side w/ the expansionist movement - Protestant clergy--seeking potential enlargement of missionaries - Business---Philippines become a possible gateway 2 markets of East Asia - 4 ways to fix Philippine problem o 1. Return islands to Spain o 2. Sell/alienate Philippines 2 another power (invited European war) o 3. America could leave the Philippines, giving independence 2 Aguinaldo's men o 4. American "colony" - Could be considered as a naval base - American public is not informed about Philippines o Literary Digest (leading Republican paper) writes about expansion o President McKinley: wanted public sentiment o Peace Commission negotiating treaty in Paris (asked 4 all Philippine Islands) - 2 Phases of Debates of Philippines o 1st-Decemner 1898 o 2nd ?February 1899 -American policy toward the Philippines becomes matter of general pubic discussion - Republicans were for expansion - Democrats were against expansion - America is geographically divided o South has a strong liking toward expansion - Decision for expansion is made by Theodore Roosevelt - Americans are divided in making a choice. -reasons for taking Philippines: -potential markets, White Man's Burden, struggle for existence, racial destiny, traditions of Expansion, dangers of war if left to Europeans, incapacity of Filopinos for self-gov't. -Duty and Destiny -to reject annexation = would be 2 fail fulfilling an obligation -expansion was inevitable and irresistable -God made whites organizers to establish systems where there was chaos

- Americans believed that the theme of destiny was similar to the theme of duty - Destiny always arrived and was believed to be in the "inexorable logic of events" - People believed that expansion had long been familiar to Americans - Albert Weinberg said that American expansion took on a new meaning in the nineties - Previously, when we "willed" expansion, nobody could resist us at all - During the nineties it was evident that Americans could not resist expansion themselves - President McKinley said that Duty determines Destiny - Duty meant that we had a moral obligation and destiny meant that we would certainly fulfill it - It is not surpising that the public was familiar with the concept of inevitable destiny when the United States involved itself with the fate of the Philippines - Senator Lodge wrote to Teddy Roosevelt saying that "the whole policy of annexation is growing rapidly under the irrestible pressure of events" - It was evident that the idea of destin was effective even on people that had grave doubts about the United States' occupation in the Philippines - Not only were high moral and metaphysical concepts employed in the imperialistic argument - Our right to hold the Philippines was the right of the conquerors -American imperialism in the 1890s should not be interpreted in terms of rational economic motives -Markets and investments were factors but not the only ones -The ideal of the war being a "newspaper's war" has some point but does not explain the war -The press is not powerful enough to impose a view on the public -Newspapers must work with preexisting predispositions -Not all newspapers were yellow journals -Newspapers themselves could not create public opinion -Newspapers decided they could increase sales by exploiting jingo sentiment -Newspapers cannot turn opinion into action -Complex political interests created action -Public opinion was affected by the depression, the closing of the frontier, trusts, and social conflict, and the defeat of Bryan -Statesmen ant publishers were worried by the growing imperialism of Russia, Germany, and Japan -Expansionists were upper middle-class conservative reformist -Psychological people tend to respond to frustration with aggression -Underdogs were more anxious for war with Spain than the upper class -Conservatives were indifferent so Cuban freedom but interested in Filipino markets -Anti-expansionists considered imperialism a betrayal of American ideals -Anti-imperialist did not have numbers, morale, or unity -No effort has been made to compare the war with other parallel expansion crises -Parallels can be found in other nation's histories in the role of the press in starting foreign crisis -Historians should study how our behavior compared -business--gigantic markets of East never materialized, value of Philippines is arguable--absorb only a little over one percent of all US investments abroad -1907--Philippines were strategical for the war b/c of positioning

 * The above text, posted by User:172.137.61.197 without explanation, was obviously pasted from some other work. (Non-Wiki formatting with special characters and truncated lines give it away.) This may be a copyright violation. — Jeff Q 08:05, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think he was taking notes on something and put those notes here fore some reason [Dwarf Kirlston] 15 Feb Middayish.

"jingo" in the American vernacular
Near the end of the article, it is stated that '"Jingoism" did not enter the U.S. vernacular until the 20th century.' However, Roosevelt used it in 1895, and stated outright that others did as well.

1895 T. Roosevelt in _N.Y. Times_ 24 Oct. 8: There is much talk about "jingoism." If by "jingoism" they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers, then we are "jingoes."

Sure, 1895 is close to the 20th century, but why not be accurate?

-- Ben Rosengart

Two questions: Why is "jingoism" only applied to Yankees (British and Americans)? Didn't any other nationalities at the time have any "patriotic or expansionist, arrogant and belligerent" feelings and emotions? What about the "hot-blooded" Latin Spaniards and the Latin-gallic French (both proud peoples)? And, when South American nations fought it out, over territory and minerals, was there no national pride involved? Why isn't it called "jingoism" then? It's just like the history of the word "racism", which means "to apply any single statement or attitude to all the members of one 'race'"; seldom is it, if ever, applied to minorities, who are and were often every bit as racist as Anglo-Americans. Also, was there any truth to the "Black Legend"? Did the Spaniards not exploit the native American Indian populations under their control? (For example, in some Spanish territories, the native population practically disappeared, or became extinct.) Why not mention it then? Was there not any validity toward anti-Spanish feelings at the time? If so, then why is it called "yellow journalism". Who treated their colonists and subjugated peoples better, the United States, or Spain? Which one would you have rather lived under at the time? And, for that matter, what did the native American peoples do to the enemy tribes that they subjugated (often, this involved human sacrifice)? For instance, the Aztecs and the people that they defeated. Hundreds of these Aztec tributaries joined Hernando Cortez in his march on what became Mexico City. (Sept.)

Basque origin of Jingo
The basque world for God is "Jaun", and the particle -go or -ko behind usually means "belonging to" in a physical or territorial way. When referring to God in an exclamation, basques would say "Jauna!", where -a acts as a determinant. I assume that the word could anyway be a corrupted form, but does not sound plausible...

So... basically, Jingoism is Jesusism ;-)

Ad to article
Add to article: nations accused of Jingoism.

title: Talk:Jingoism


text:
Naruto whirlpools

The Naruto whirlpools (鳴門の渦潮) are tidal whirlpools in the Naruto Strait, a channel between Naruto in Tokushima and Awaji Island in Hyōgo, Japan. The strait between Naruto and Awaji island has a width of about 1.3 km. The strait is one of the connections between the Pacific Ocean and the Inland Sea, a body of water separating Honshū and Shikoku, two of the main islands of Japan. The tide moves large amounts of water into and out of the Inland Sea twice a day. With a range of up to 1.7 m, the tide creates a difference in the water level of up to 1.5 m between the Inland Sea and the Pacific. Due to the narrowness of the strait, the water rushes through the Naruto channel at a speed of about 13 - 15 km/h four times a day, twice flowing in and twice flowing out. During a spring tide, the speed of the water may reach 20 km/h, creating vortices up to 20 m in diameter.

The current in the strait is the fastest in Japan and the fourth fastest in the world after the Saltstraumen outside Bodø in Norway, which reaches speeds of 37 km/h, the Moskenstraumen off the Lofoten islands in Norway (the original maelstrom) reaching 27.8 km/h; and the Old Sow whirlpool in New Brunswick, Canada with up to 27.6 km/h.

The whirlpools can be observed from the shore on Awaji island, from tourist ships, or from the 1985 Ōnaruto Bridge spanning the strait. The suspension bridge has a total length of 1629 m, with the center span over the strait having a length of 876 m and a height of 41 m above sea level.

The whirlpools inspired the name for narutomaki surimi which in turn inspired the name Naruto Uzumaki from the manga and anime Naruto, "Uzumaki" (うずまき) meaning "spiral". The storyline starts with building the Great Naruto Bridge (なると大橋, Naruto Ōhashi) into The Land of Waves (波の国, Nami no Kuni) which is based on the Naruto Bridge spanning the Naruto Strait.

title: Naruto whirlpools