text:
Talk:Azerbaijanis

Lead
In order to be consistent with the article about Iranian Azerbaijanis, i edited the lead accordingly. All constructive remarks are welcome. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  09:33, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * The issue is not with this article, but with the Iranian Azerbaijanis article. I could provide numerous scholarly sources that describe Azeris as a Turkic ethnic group. To question this is unreasonable. The fact that their origins have mixed with Iranians and Caucasians does not negate their Turkic identity. — Golden  call me maybe? 10:22, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Our best sources describe this group's identity as being Turkish speaking and Shiite, take a look at what Frye says. A solution could be to write Turkish speaking group in the lead, but the current lead is in contradiction with what is said at Iranian Azerbaijanis since this ethnic group includes the Iranian Azerbaijanis. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  10:39, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you're trying here. Frye is not only source and Frye doesn't even say such thing. Beshogur (talk) 13:21, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

By the way I agree with 's edit on the lead. Mention of "mixed heritage" is WP:SYNTH. Beshogur (talk) 17:32, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * What i'm trying to do ? unlike you, i just try to go by what reliable sources say. By the way, just stop labeling every content you don't like on Wikipedia as being "SYNTH", you seem to ignore what WP:SYNTH says, because you don't read the sentences until the end, so i quote it for you : "do not combine different parts of one source to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources." Thus, combining sources is not a problem, but implying conclusions not supported by either of the sources is. If we are not able to find a common ground then i'll open a RfC. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  18:23, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Those statements are not explicitly stated in the sources. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion This is exactly what it is about "mixed heritage". Beshogur (talk) 18:54, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Didn't think about this when reverting, since it wasn't pointed out by Dêrsimî62. Feel free to change the article if others agree. Aintabli (talk) 18:59, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Again you ignore what Frye says : "The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers", Thus, they have mixed heritage while being mainly of Iranian descent. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  19:02, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Here is the full quote. Plus the problem is combining various sources and adding as one sentence. Beshogur (talk) 19:09, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * No, combining sources is not a problem, as i quoted just before. Please read the guideline yourself if you want. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  19:14, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * And again, you don't read the sentences untill the end ... it says "do not combine different parts of one source to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source.", but Frye explicitly says that Azerbaijanis are mainly of Iranian descent. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  19:12, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Not only are you wrong by mentioning Azerbaijanis have a supposed Iranian origin you’re also stupid to be mentioning 1 source as the only indisputable one. Frye has been criticised numerous of times for that claim. The only ones that actually believe it are Iranians like yourself and the ones that are editing most of these pages. coming and spreading Iranian propaganda and trying to paint Azerbaijanis as an Iranian people when they clearly are not has got to delusional and childish on your part. Altynordu (talk) 13:50, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Also here are some other opinions of professors on the matter of the origins of Azerbaijanis.
 * Professor Karl Kaser wrote,
 * “Turkish and Azeri people today are considered the descendants of these arriving Turkish-speaking populations. Turkic presence in the Caucasus dates back at least to the seventh century and became stronger with the arrival of Oghuz Turks who appeared in present day Azerbaijan around the ninth century and are probably the ancestors of the modern day Azeri population.”
 * Historian Grigorii Filippovich Chursin said that,
 * “Azerbaijani Tiurks are the descendants of Turkish tribes that at different times penetrated the Caucasus and settled there: a large part of them settled in Transcaucasia in the 13th century, after the great Mongol Turkish invasion. In 1258 Hulagu-Khan sent to Transcaucasia more than 150,000 families of Turkish narodnosti from Asia. The name Azerbaijani Turks refers to the fact that most of the Turks in Transcaucasia passed through the neighboring Persian province of Azerbaijan, where they even now comprise the bulk of the population”
 * if we go by your logic then it wouldn’t be right to call the modern day Persians Iranians, considering the original inhabitants of those lands were Elamites and other aincent groups until iranic steppe pastoralists came and iranified the area. Altynordu (talk) 13:54, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I have nothing to say to somebody like you, who is only here to attack fellow Wikipedians that disagree with them and distort what reliable sources say. Done with you. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  08:36, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Where is the distortion? Instead I accusingly say that with no backup I find it that it’s you who are attacking me. Altynordu (talk) 18:12, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * None of those sources, Kaser (specialized in southern European history) or Chursin (over 100 years old) are expert sources for this topic, they cannot challenge prominent expert sources like Frye or de Panhol, both specialized in Persian history, but of course, since Kaser and Chursin fit with your panTurk agenda, you are trying to use them. As i said above, i have nothing else to say to an editor who is clearly not here to build an encyclopedia and keeps insulting other users here (i was not the one who said you are stupid, which is clearly a personal attack). Good bye and good luck. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  20:53, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * And again here you are wrong kaser specialized in Balkan and south Caucasian history. And again you have edited away something that doesn’t fit your narrative it’s embarrassing. And both these sources are new both being from 2021 why are you removing sourced material. Chursins research was republished with modern evidence backing it or else the university wouldn’t have published it.[27] Don’t do this again or you’ll be reported. Altynordu (talk) 16:27, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * For the record, Altynordu has been indefinitely blocked as WP:NOTHERE. Aintabli (talk) 22:32, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Unencyclopedic word choices
I suggest to change all occurrencies of garble(d), corrupt(ed) when referring to linguistic changes. Words don’t rot or corrupt, they just change with time and/or when adapted by another language Torzsmokus (talk) 15:55, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

 * It's all about what the academic sources say, if they say that words corrupt, then that's it. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  06:54, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Azeri (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:02, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

Oghuz Turkic ethnic groups category should be added to the categories
As you know, Azerbaijanis are an Oghuz Turkic ethnic group with Ancient Caucasian, Iranian and Kipchak Turkic influences. That's why I think the Category:Oghuz Turkic ethnic groups category should be added to the category section of this article. Squeaks 41 (talk) 08:10, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Suggesting a change on history category.
I’m suggesting a change and almost a total rewrite of the history category. When you read the history category you quickly realise this isn’t talking about the history of the Azerbaijanis but the history of the land of modern day Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan already has its own Wikipedia page where the history of the land is mentioned so also mentioning it in this page which is talking about the Azerbaijani ethnicity is wrong because the Turks of Azerbaijan didn’t enter the area until the 700-1000s. For example example mentioning the atabegs of Azerbaijan, Seljuks, the qizilbash and the role of Azerbaijanis in the Safavid, afsharid, and qajar empires would make much more sense then mentioning what people lived in the lands before, this is after all a Wikipedia page about the Azerbaijanis. Altynordu (talk) 14:02, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * For the record, Altynordu has been indefinitely blocked as WP:NOTHERE. Aintabli (talk) 22:32, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Infobox and WP:UNDUE?
I believe @Beshogur and @Wikaviani can discuss the matter here. I guess the main argument of Beshogur is that the infobox can give undue weight to minority opinions, when separately mentioned. A middleway I can come up with is to revise how the sources are presented there so that there is no undue attention given. Aintabli (talk) 22:24, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

 * There is no such thing as "undue weight" here, please read the WP:UNDUE WEIGHT carefully, i quote from it :
 * "If a viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
 * If a viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
 * If a viewpoint is held by an extremely small (or vastly limited) minority, it does not belong in Wikipedia (except perhaps in some ancillary article) regardless of whether it is true or not; and regardless of whether you can prove it or not.
 * Views held only by a tiny minority of people should not be represented as significant minority views, and perhaps should not be represented at all."
 * here we have a viewpoint held by not only a significant minority but also by prominent experts of this topic.
 * In addition to Arakelova, let me quote Rasmus Christian Elling (another prominent expert of this topic) : "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris" thus, this viewpoint is all but held by an extremely small minority (like people supporting flat Earth for example, as said in our guideline). Content is well-sourced and should be restored as per WP:NPOV. Best. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  23:45, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not going to dive into the discussion, but I have restored the figure in the infobox as I did not realize it was removed several months ago. Aintabli (talk) 00:26, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  02:17, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * In 2005, Iran's population was 70 million, and 82 million in 2015. Claiming they're 6 million in 2020 is a fringe view, and does not match other views, thus it is undue. I'd rather take CIA world factbook than Yerevan state university professor. Beshogur (talk) 10:53, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Is that your sole argument ? seriously ? Iran had a population of 70 million in 2005 and 84 million in 2020, an increase of 20%, so there are 7,2 millions Azeris in Iran in 2020, so what ? that makes sources like Arakelova or Elling "fringe view" ? come on. As to the CIA, the Elling source is from it. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  16:54, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * All those listed sources are more than decade old and they give a number above 10 million. Which makes Arakelova's numbers fringe. Beshogur (talk) 00:58, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Arakelova is not the only reliable source that gives lower figures, Elling gives comparable figures too, anyway, it's a reliable source and it has to remain in the article as per WP:NPOV. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  02:18, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Am I missing the other sources giving lower figures? Beshogur (talk) 11:37, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As i said above, Elling gives a figure lower than 9 million (in 2005) for all Turkic speakers of Iran so Azerbaijanis alone would be lesser than 8 million in 2005, with a 20% increase, that would mean that there are about 9,5 million (maximum) today. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  13:51, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 8 million is over 11% in 2005. Arakelova's 2020 numbers equals to 7% of 2020 Iranian population, which is mathematically impossible. Beshogur (talk) 15:10, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, Arakelova's estimate represents between 7 and 8% of the current Iranian population, while Elling's 9,5 millions estimate is around 11%, wow, what a big deal, both are well below the other fanciful estimates (some Azerbaijanis ethnicists claim over 50% of Iranian population ...). ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  20:17, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No you're showing the lowest estimates. Even Elling's 9,5 millions estimate is around 11% is 3-4% further from Arakelova. While most sources claim +- 20%. Beshogur (talk) 20:32, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Don't know what you're talking about, you asked me the other source with comparable figures with that of Arakelova, that source is Elling and 3 - 4 % difference is not a big deal, given that there is no official census for the ethnic groups of Iran. In Addition to that, Arakelova is the most recent source of the list, many of the others are at least 10 years old, they should probably be removed as they are almost oudated for such a topic. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  10:20, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I am saying Elling's 3-4% difference is closest what we have to Arakelova. That's now even remotely close, plus that's the lowest we have. many of the others are at least 10 years old, they should probably be removed as they are almost oudated for such a topic Just because Yerevan State University professor says so, we should not remove a source because it is 10 years old. These sources are 10 years old, yet mentions double the Yerevan State University professor's numbers. Beshogur (talk) 14:32, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Because Arakelova is Yerevan state University professor that source should be removed ? I'm sorry, but i'm not enclined to accept that. As i said, there are no official census for ethnic groups living in Iran, thus, sources give many estimates, they should be cited in order to keep a neutral point od view. Yet, Arakelova's estimate is not so far away that of Elling. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  18:57, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This discussion does not appear to be getting anywhere as both parties are not nearing any consensus. But I believe Wikaviani makes a good point about sources' age. In order to solve the disagreement, we can instead use sources from the last 5 years in the infobox, so that the question isn't about Arakelova and older sources. Arakelova is already cited throughout the article, so the infobox is not the only place it is found in, and its total removal is a completely different issue that should be separately discussed. Several sources from the last 5 years I found, about 15 million (2021), 16 million (2021), 18 million (2022), over 18 million (2020), almost 20 million (2020), about 20 million (2022), over 20 million (2021). What are both of your opinions on this? Aintabli (talk) 19:18, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Previously, I mentioned my concerns about her bias. You can check her personal vk.com account. But I want this being removed because it does not match other numbers, I don't care about Yerevan State University, whatsoever. Beshogur (talk) 20:27, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

I would go with Aintabili's proposal, old sources removed, Arakelova's figure kept in, more recent sources added instead of the old ones. I don't read Russian and i don't trust Russian sites either, thus, i don't care about vk.com. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  09:00, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * My proposal involves the removal of Arakelova's figure (which is from 2015) from the infobox as only sources from the last 5 years will be used (hence, partially solving the disagreement), but the figure and her opinions will stay within the article. Would you still agree? Aintabli (talk) 15:48, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't get well why we should chose that threshold of "5 years", i mentioned above the 10+ years old sources. Also, Arakelova is cited in the Iranian Azerbaijanis article. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  08:29, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This was a compromise I thought could be acceptable to both of you. Beshogur wants Arakelova to be wholly removed, but it merits an independent discussion, and the particular locus of the dispute was the infobox. And you've pointed out the age of the other sources. The purpose here is to address both of your points. (I'm underlining that this doesn't involve the total removal of Arakelova.) Choosing sources from the last 5 years isn't particularly different from using 10 years as the threshold. Aintabli (talk) 15:18, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

I don't find Arakelova's numbers to be compelling. And the range of 6 to 23 million is impossible. Most sources provide the numbers of around 15-20 million. For example, Britannica provides the figure of 15 million for Iranian Azerbaijanis at the turn of 21st century, and that number is dated. It should certainly rise in the last 20 years. You can see even from the infobox how many sources provide higher estimates against a single low estimate by Arakelova. It is better to stick to the range that the majority of sources provide. Grand master  17:04, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Britannica is not a reliable source, you should know that better than me since you have been editing here for about 18 years. A far better source than Britannica (Elling/Amanolahi) estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million (in 2005) that would mean that the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran was barely half of what Britannica says while that figure was given 5 years after the turn of 21st century ... I'm sorry, but the fact that Beshogur doesn't want Arakelova's source is not enough for me, that source is one of the best sources we have for this topic and should be cited, just like in the Iranian Azerbaijanis' article for the figures of that ethnic group in Iran. You guys are only making some original research based on weaker sources, like Britannica or others. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  18:01, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Could you address my comment above? Aintabli (talk) 18:30, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Please read what i said, i addressed it : " I'm sorry, but the fact that Beshogur doesn't want Arakelova's source is not enough for me, that source is one of the best sources we have for this topic and should be cited, just like in the Iranian Azerbaijanis' article for the figures of that ethnic group in Iran." The purpose here is not to address both of our points, rather, it is to improve the article. I find it rather deterring to have to discuss for days and days an edit as basic as adding a reliable source just because some editors don't like it. The article is more neutral and well-balanced with this source than without it. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  19:25, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, you should also read each editors' comments carefully, because I have not raised the same points as Beshogur. I have not even participated in this discussion until a few days ago and instead came up with a suggestion to solve the dispute, but you're now grouping people together, which is not ideal. Aintabli (talk) 19:44, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I was talking about Beshogur and Grandmaster, not you. I know you and i know that you were not editing here in the same way than the 2 others. This discussion is going nowhere, maybe a RfC could help us to solve this issue. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  19:52, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Azerbaijanis


text:
John Robinson (bishop of London)

John Robinson (7 November 1650 – 11 April 1723) was an English diplomat and prelate. He became the Bishop of London and Dean of Windsor, succeeding to Henry Compton.

Early life
Robinson was born at Cleasby, North Yorkshire, near Darlington, a son of John Robinson (died 1651) a cooper by trade and Elizabeth Potter. Educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, he became a fellow of Oriel College, and in about 1680 he became chaplain to the British embassy to Stockholm. He remained in Sweden for nearly thirty years. During the absence of the minister, Philip Warwick, Robinson acted as resident and as envoy extraordinary, and he was thus in Sweden during a very interesting and important period, and was performing diplomatic duties at a time when the affairs of northern Europe were attracting an unusual amount of attention.

Among his adventures, not the least noteworthy was his journey to Narva with Charles XII in 1700.

Career
In 1709 Robinson returned to England, and was appointed Dean of Windsor and of Wolverhampton; in 1710 he was elected bishop of Bristol, and among other ecclesiastical positions he held that of Dean of the Chapel Royal. In August 1711 he became Lord Privy Seal, this being, says Lord Stanhope, "the last time that a bishop has been called upon to fill a political office." Echoing his Scandinavian connections, the motto on his coat of arms is written in runic characters.

In 1712 the bishop represented Great Britain at the important congress of Utrecht, and as first plenipotentiary, he signed the treaty of Utrecht in April 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. Just after his return to England he was chosen Bishop of London in succession to Henry Compton.

In 1718 he fostered a plan for the union of the English and Swedish churches, supported by Count Gyllenberg, Swedish Ambassador to London. The plan fell through because of the opposition of most Swedish bishops, although Svedberg of Skara and Gezelius, Bishop of Turku (Finland) were in favour. The reason for the opposition was that the Church of England was too Calvinist for them.

He died at Hampstead, having been a great benefactor to Oriel College, and is buried at All Saints Church, Fulham, London.

He married twice but had no issue by either marriage. His first wife was Mary Langton, daughter of William Langton. His second wife was Emma Cornwallis, widow of Thomas Cornwallis of Abermarlais and daughter of Sir Job Charlton, 1st Baronet and his second wife Letitia. Emma outlived him by many years, and died in 1748.

Writings
Robinson wrote an ''Account of Sweden together with an Extract of the History of that Kingdom. By a person of note who resided many years there'' (London, 1695). This was translated into French (Amsterdam, 1712), and in 1738 was published with Viscount Molesworth's Account of Denmark in 1692. Some of his letters are among the Strafford papers in the British Museum.

Other
A member of the same family was Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson Robinson's older brother, Christopher Robinson, immigrated to the Virginia Colony and became the patriarch of one of Virginia's First Families. He is also related to Christopher Robinson and the Robinson political family of Upper Canada.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Robinson (bishop of London)


text:
International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences

The International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences (IUPPS) is a learned society, linked through the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies to UNESCO, and concerned with the study of prehistory and protohistory. In the words of its constitution:

 * The UISPP is committed to promote prehistoric and protohistoric studies by the organisation of international congresses and of large-scale excavations of international significance; by sponsoring scholarly publications of international scope as well as conferences and other learned meetings; and in general by advancing research by the co-operation and mutual understanding among scholars from all countries.

Origins
The origins of the IUPPS lie in an 1865 meeting of the Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali (Italian Society of Natural Science) that led to the creation of the Congrès paléoethnologique international (CPI; International Paleoethnologic Congress). The first meeting of the CPI was held in Neuchâtel in 1866. The following year, in Paris, the name was changed to Congrès international d'anthropologie et d'archéologie préhistoriques (CIAAP; International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archaeology).

A permanent council of the CIAAP was founded in 1880, and in 1930 a merger with the Institut International d'Anthropologie led to the creation of the Congrès international des Sciences préhistoriques et protohistoriques (CISPP). In 1954, the permanent council decided to affiliate the CISPP with a member organisation of UNESCO, the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences. This required a change of name, and the CISPP became the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences (IUPPS) in order to gain access to UNESCO funds.

UISPP became a member of the Unesco associate International Council of Philosophy and Human Sciences, since 29 September 1955. As an international association of scholars, its aim is the collaboration of scholars from all countries through initiatives that may contribute for the advancement of prehistoric and protohistoric sciences, based on full academic freedom and refusing any sort of discrimination based on race, philosophical or ideological judgement, ethnic or geographic affiliation, nationality, sex, language or other, since discrimination is, by definition, the negation of the scientific approach. It also rejects any attempts of fictional rewriting of the past or of negationism, and it does not exclude any bona fide scholar from its scientific activities.

Executive committee
The executive committee of UISPP serves the purpose of maintaining the traditions of the UISPP and follows the development of the activities within the UISPP. It works in collaboration with the bureau, when asked, to represent the UISPP and to follow up the activities of the scientific commissions. The executive committee follows up the progress of the organization of the world congress, does only intervene in the organization of it when unexpected events appear or when important delays in the program proposed by the organizing institution are noted. It is composed by the board (president, secretary-general, treasurer, vice-president, deputy secretary-general) and the presidents of all International Scientific Commissions of UISPP.

Scientific Commissions
The general assembly decides of the creation of scientific commissions, after advice of the executive committee. Their objective is to promote and coordinate internationally research in a specific or specialized domain of the prehistoric and protohistoric sciences between each world congress. The commissions are grouped into six larger domains. This list is not limited. - Historiography, methods and theories (history of archaeology, theories and methods in archaeology, various methods used in the archaeology and related to sciences, natural sciences, applied sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, economic sciences, etc.), - Culture, economy and environments (specific periods, diachronic themes, regional peculiarities), - Cultures and economy, - Archaeology of specific environments (deserts, mountains, volcanic areas, coastal areas, islands, etc.), - Art and culture (all forms of artistic expression during prehistory and protohistory, including parietal art and mobile art), - Archaeology and societies (interaction between archaeology and current society, including strategies for heritage management or for scientific research, and questions of the public).

The principal activities of a scientific commission are: The setting up of an annual meeting of the commission, to elaborate an activity program for the next year and accept the report of the previous meeting, The dispersion of an electronic newsletter, at least once a year, for the members of the commission, with copy to the secretary general and with a list of all the members of the commission, as well as their corresponding email and postal address, The organization of scientific activities (colloquia, conferences, sessions, thematic schools) during each UISPP world congress and at least once in between; these activities are published.

Congresses of the CISPP and IUPPS

 * First congress: 1932, London
 * Second congress: 1936, Oslo
 * Third congress: 1950, Zürich
 * Fourth congress: 1954, Madrid
 * Fifth congress: 1958, Hamburg
 * Sixth congress: 1962, Rome
 * Seventh congress: 1966, Prague
 * Eighth congress: 1971, Belgrade
 * Ninth congress: 1976, Nice
 * Tenth congress: 1981, Mexico City
 * Eleventh congress: 1987, Mainz
 * Twelfth congress: 1991, Bratislava
 * Thirteenth congress: 1996, Forlì
 * Fourteenth congress: 2001, Liège
 * Fifteenth congress: 2006, Lisbon
 * Sixteenth congress: 2011, Florianópolis
 * Seventeenth congress: 2014, Burgos
 * Eighteenth congress: 2018, Paris

 * Nineteenth congress: 2021, Meknes

 * Twentieth congress: 2023, Timisoara

 * Twenty-first congress: to be held in 2026 in Poznań

The Eleventh congress should have been held in 1986 at Southampton, but the decision of the British organising committee, led by Peter Ucko, to exclude South African and Namibian delegates, despite their being opposed to apartheid, led to the foundation of the World Archaeological Congress and the delay of the IUPPS congress until 1987. Whereas the majority of UISPP members rejected the split as a divide of researchers and an opportunist move, writing in 1987, Peter Ucko still described the IUPPS as,

 * a dinosaur which continues to seek to manipulate the world situation according to its archaic Western European preconceptions about what is relevant and important and what is not. It does so by devices such as the imposition of white rules and regulations which no one bothers to explain and by the manipulation of bureaucratic procedures.

UISPP lamented this approach and kept its activity. Since 2005 relations between UISPP and WAC were resumed. Despite initial divides, UISPP remained focused in prehistoric and protohistoric research, while WAC evolved primarily into political committed approaches, the two organisations having therefore different scopes.

The XVIII world Congress of UISPP was held in Paris, June 2018. It had as a major topic "Adaptation and sustainability of prehistoric and protohistoric societies confronted to climate change". This major congress was to be articulated with the current refoundation of Humanities that was being led by the International Council for the Philosophy and Human Sciences (that includes UISPP) and UNESCO. As for each worldwide UISPP congress, the congress is open to any other sessions, independently of the above general theme, which could be proposed during the general call for sessions.


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Gelnhausen

Gelnhausen is a town, and the capital of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located approximately 40 kilometers east of Frankfurt am Main, between the Vogelsberg mountains and the Spessart range at the river Kinzig. It is one of the eleven towns (urban municipalities) in the district. Gelnhausen has around 22,000 inhabitants.

Location
According to the Institut Géographique National from 1 January 2007 until July 2013 the geographic centre of the European Union was located on a wheat field outside the town.

Gelnhausen is located on the German Fairy Tale Route, a tourist route.

History

Gelnhausen was founded by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1170, it is therefore nicknamed "Barbarossastadt". The place was chosen because it was at the intersection of the Via Regia imperial road between Frankfurt and Leipzig and several other major trade routes. Frederick had three villages connected by streets and surrounded by a wall. At the same time, Gelnhausen received town privileges and a Kaiserpfalz was erected on an island of the Kinzig river. The emperor also granted trade privileges like the staple right which forced traveling merchants to offer their goods in the town for three days.

Hence Gelnhausen initially was a thriving trade town and head of a league of 16 towns of the Wetterau region. However prosperity came to an end already in 1326 when Emperor Louis IV gave the town in pawn to the counts of Hanau, redeemed shortly afterwards. In 1349 Count Günther von Schwarzburg received Gelnhausen from Emperor Charles IV for renouncing his claims as elected King of the Romans, in condominium with the counts of Hohnstein, who sold their share to Schwarzburg in 1431. Schwarzburg was acquired in 1435 by Elector Palatine Louis III and the Hanau, since raised to a county.

Repeated plundering in the Thirty Years' War as depicted by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen in his novel Simplicius Simplicissimus made it nearly uninhabitable. In 1736, the extinction of the comital line of Hanau meant the condominium share was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, who acquired the Palatinate's share ten years later.

The varying lords made continued attempts to challenge Gelnhausen's imperial immediacy, it however formally remained a Reichsstadt. During the German Mediatisation of 1803 the city became a part of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, which was raised to an electorate and, after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, was annexed by Prussia. At this time Gelnhausen had completely recovered, and with the Gründerzeit economic boom it became a centre of the German rubber industry.

The Holocaust
During the Nazi era, Gelnhausen was reported judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper Kinzigwacht after its synagogue was closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave the town.

From the 1930s Gelnhausen was a garrison town of the German Wehrmacht and, after World War II, of the United States Army. The US Army closed Coleman Kaserne in 2007.

In 1996, the town hosted the 36th Hessentag state festival.

Attractions
Sights include:

 * Medieval town center with historic buildings like the ' (ca. 1180), the ' (1351/52).
 * The Kaiserpfalz Gelnhausen. The castle was erected 1160-80 at the time of Gelnhausen's foundation southeast of the town on an island in the Kinzig river. The groundwork is stabilized by 12,000 logs, driven into the earth. Today it is the best preserved Kaiserpfalz from this era.
 * The , the most recognizable landmark of Gelnhausen. It shows both Romanesque (like the six-storey west tower) and Gothic architecture (the octagonal crossing tower and the east towers) elements. The church was built from local bunter between 1170 and 1250 by Selbold Abbey, replacing a simple chapel from ca. 1100 of which some traces remain. In 1543, Gelnhausen turned Protestant and the church became the Protestant parish church.
 * The Catholic church of . Its origins lie in the early 13th century; rich citizens of Gelnhausen planned to erect a church within the town, causing a conflict with the Selbold Abbey that owned the clerical patronage for Gelnhausen. This conflict was escalated up to Pope Gregory IX who decided in favour of the abbey. From the 13th to the 15th century the church was used for weddings, baptisms, and funerals. After the Reformation, the building became the property of the town. It subsequently fell into ruin and was sold in 1830 to a local merchant. After the demolition of the second tower, a cigar factory was built in it. In 1920, the Catholic community of Gelnhausen bought the church and partly restored it over an 18-year period. A complete restoration took place in 1982–3.

Town twinning
Gelnhausen is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Clamecy, France
 * 🇮🇹 Marling, Italy

Transport
Gelnhausen lies directly on the German autobahn A66. Gelnhausen station is located on the Kinzig Valley Railway, a major line between Frankfurt and Fulda. Regional services from Frankfurt to Fulda or Wächtersbach stop in Gelnhausen.

Notable people

 * August Brey (1864–1937), politician, member of the Weimar National Assembly, born in Ronnenberg
 * (1784–1850), naturalist and mayor of Gelnhausen
 * (born 1909), film director, brother of Oskar
 * Oskar Fischinger (1900–1967), film director
 * (died 2008), forestry scientist and conservationist, born at Meerholz, Gelnhausen
 * (c. 1500–1569), teacher, pedagogue and statesman
 * Tia and Tamera Mowry (born 1978), actresses
 * Klaus Ploghaus (born 1956), athlete (hammer throw, 3rd place in the 1984 Summer Olympics)
 * Johann Philipp Reis (1834–1874), inventor of one of the first telephones
 * Friedrich Armand Strubberg (1806–1889), merchant, physician, colonist in North America, who claimed to be a direct descendant of Frederick I of Sweden. Buried in Gelnhausen
 * Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (c. 1622–1676), writer; In his work Simplicissimus, the sacking of Gelnhausen during the Thirty Years' War is graphically described
 * (born 1964), chief editor of the Cicero magazine

Like many American soldiers, in 1959 Colin Powell, then lieutenant of the 3rd Armored Division, served at Coleman Kaserne. A street was named after him. During the Second Gulf War, there was some discussion about renaming the street because of Germany's stance on the war. The mayor of Gelnhausen strongly objected.

title: Gelnhausen


text:
Frederick Philipse Robinson

Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson, GCB (September 1763 – 1 January 1852) was a soldier who fought for Britain during the American War of Independence. His father, Colonel Beverley Robinson, was a Virginian who moved to New York, marrying a wealthy heiress of the Philipse family with Dutch and Bohemian ancestry, Susanna Philipse. Frederick was born in the Hudson Highlands on the family estate in the Philipse Patent, today's Putnam County, New York, in September 1763.

On the conclusion of peace he went to England. He subsequently took part in the War of 1812 with the United States and commanded a brigade at the unsuccessful Battle of Plattsburgh. In 1813 and 1814 he commanded a brigade under the Duke of Wellington in Spain. He was a provisional Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada in 1815. Afterwards he was governor of Tobago, and he became a general in 1841. In time he became the oldest soldier in the British service, and died at Brighton, England, at the age of 88.

Ancestry
He was the fourth son of Colonel Beverley Robinson, son of John Robinson, President of the Council at Virginia, North America. The Robinsons were, in property and family, among the leading men in that province. John Robinson was nephew to Dr. John Robinson, Bishop of London, and went to America as secretary to government. He resided at Williamsburg and married Catherine Beverley, daughter of Robert Beverley, Esq., of Beverley, Yorkshire.

Dr. John Robinson, Bishop of London, was distinguished both as a statesman and a divine. He was ambassador to the court of Sweden during the years 1683 to 1708. In the year 1710 he was made Bishop of Bristol, in the following year Lord Privy Seal. In 1712 he was first plenipotentiary at the Treaty of Utrecht, and soon after his return was translated to the See of London. He lies buried in the churchyard at Fulham.

Colonel Beverley Robinson arrived in New York from Virginia in 1745 as captain of an independent company, raised before leaving for the purpose of defending the frontier against the Indians, which company was disbanded in 1748. He soon afterward married Susannah Philipse, daughter of Frederick Philipse, second Lord of Philipsburg Manor, with whom he obtained large pieces of property in New York as his wife's share of the Philipse Patent. As all Philipses were Loyal to the Crown during the American Revolution, the Beverlys holdings were seized in 1779 by the Revolutionary government of the Province of New York and were never compensated for their loss. Colonel Robinson died at Bath in March 1792 leaving a numerous family.

America
At the earliest commencement of the American war Colonel Beverley Robinson raised the Loyal American Regiment, which performed signal service to the royal cause until the peace in 1783. In this regiment young Frederick Philipse Robinson received an ensigncy in February 1777, and on 1 September 1778 he was appointed to the 17th Foot, which he joined in October following. In March, 1779, he commanded a company, in the absence of his captain, at the Battle of Horseneck, under General William Tryon. In July, 1779, being in garrison at the post of Stony Point on the Hudson River, the place was stormed at midnight by a strong force of the Americans under General Anthony Wayne, and after a sharp and close conflict of more than an hour, during which the young ensign was wounded in the shoulder by a musket ball, he found himself a prisoner of war. Whilst detained as such at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he was promoted to be Lieutenant in the 60th Foot on 1 September 1779, and transferred to the 38th Foot on 4 November 1781. Upon being released by order of General George Washington, said to have been a childhood friend of his father in Virginia, joined that regiment the end of November at Brooklyn, New York. The year 1783, which gave peace to Europe and America, destroyed the hopes of the American loyalists. They were involved in one general proscription, and obliged to abandon their property, which had been declared forfeited in 1779 for their attachment to the royal cause. The evacuation of New York took place in 1783—the 38th formed one of the six regiments which remained until the final embarkation, and arrived at Portsmouth January 1784. In spite of a provision in the Treaty of Paris ending the conflict requiring those whose property was attained by the Colonial government to be compensated for their losses none was ever forthcoming to the Robinsons or other heirs of the Philipse estates.

West Indies
After serving in England and Ireland during the following nine years, Lieut. Robinson embarked with his regiment at Cork on 24 November 1793, forming part of Sir Charles Grey's expedition to the West Indies. He was present at the capture of Martinique, St. Lucia, and Guadeloupe, including the storming of Fleur-de-l'Épée, and the heights of Palmonte. He was promoted to a company, 3 July 1794, and commanded the Grenadiers until after the capture of Guadeloupe, when, his health having suffered severely from the climate, he returned to England on sick certificate.

Bedford and London
On 1 September 1794, Capt. Robinson was gazetted Major of the 127th Foot, and removed to the 32nd Foot 1 September 1795. Some time afterwards he was appointed Inspecting Field Officer at Bedford, received the rank of Lieut.-Colonel in the Army 1 January 1800, and the command of the London Recruiting District, in February 1809. He was actively employed in organising and drilling the Volunteers in the metropolis. In December 1803, the Bank of England Supplementary Volunteer Corp presented Lieut.-Colonel Robinson with a splendid piece of plate, "as a testimony of their respect and esteem, and the high sense they entertain of his great attention in bringing them to their present state of discipline."

By 1807, the then Col. Robinson had commanded London Recruiting District, and the Pimlico battalion of the Queen's Loyal Volunteers from about 1803. Robinson was posted to London from Bedford, c 1801. On Friday 8 May 1807, he addressed a meeting at Covent Garden, London where he introduced Col. Eliot to the meeting, as the prospective parliamentary candidate for Westminster in the 1807 United Kingdom general election.

Peninsula
On 25 July 1810, he became Colonel in the army, and having from the commencement of the war in the Peninsula most earnestly desired permission to serve with the force under Wellington, his request was at length granted, and in September 1812, Colonel Robinson joined the army in Spain as a Brigadier-General. On 4 June 1813, he became a Major-General. No opportunity occurred of distinguishing himself until the action at Osona on 18 June 1813, on which occasion his conduct was especially noticed. On 21 June, the memorable battle of Vittoria took place, in which General Robinson commanded the brigade which carried the village of Gamarra-Mayor at the point of the bayonet under a heavy fire of artillery and musketry, repulsing the numerous desperate efforts of the enemy to recover it. Sir Thomas Graham (Lord Lynedoch), in his order thanking the column, states:
 * "The attack of the village of Gamarra by Major-General Robinson's brigade was justly admired by all who witnessed it. Too much praise cannot be given to Major-General Robinson and the troops of his brigade for their persevering defence of a post so gallantly won, against numerous artillery and great masses of infantry, the enemy employed to retake it, in repeated attacks."

On 21 July 1813, General Robinson took part in the first assault of St. Sebastian, and on 31 August he commanded the attacking column at the second and successful assault, and was severely wounded. On 7 October following, the Major-General was at the head of the leading column at the passage of the Bidassoa; on 9 November was at the attack of Secoa and the Heights of Cibour; on 10 December, at the battle of the Nive, was again severely wounded. He recovered to take part in the operations at the blockade of Bayonne and the repulse of the sortie on 14 April 1814, when he succeeded to the command of the fifth division.

Canada, War of 1812
In June 1814, the Duke of Wellington selected General Robinson to proceed in command of a brigade to North America, and he accordingly embarked at Bordeaux with battalions of the 27th, 39th, 76th, and 88th regiments, and arrived at Brandypots, 100 miles below Quebec, on 9 August 1814. In September he commanded two brigades intended to attack the works of Plattsburg during the War of 1812, but after having gallantly forced the passage of the Saranac, received orders from Sir George Prevost to retire. In November following, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief and Provisional Governor of the Upper Provinces in Canada, which he held until June, 1816, when he returned to England.

Tobago
He afterwards became Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Tobago from 1816 to 1828, "fulfilling the duties to the entire satisfaction of the home government and the inhabitants of the colony" although from all appearances, a "flat statement in which even his own defense exposes as being uncharacteristically flawed.

Personal life
On 2 January 1815, General Robinson was nominated a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and he was advanced to be a Grand Cross in 1838. He attained the rank of Lieut.-General 27 May 1825, and that of General 23 November 1841; and was appointed to the command of the 39th regiment on 15 June 1840. Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson lived to become the oldest soldier in the British service, his first commission being of earlier date than those of the few general officers whose names preceded his in the Army List. For the last seven years he resided at Brighton, Sussex, in the possession of good health and in the exercise of all his mental faculties, enjoying the affectionate attendance of a beloved daughter and niece, and the society of an attached circle of friends, to whom be had endeared himself by his noble and amiable qualities. He died after a very few days illness on the first day of 1852, and on 7 January his honoured remains were consigned to their last resting-place in the churchyard of Hove, near Brighton.

Sir Frederick was twice married:

Firstly, c. early 1790s, to Grace Boles, daughter of Thomas Boles, Esq., of Charleville, who died in 1806, with issue including:
 * Maria Susan Robinson (born 18 November 1793, bapt 1 December 1802 St Peter, Bedford)
 * Frederick Philipse Robinson (born 20 January 1797, bapt 1 December 1802 St Peter Bedford)
 * Beverley George Robinson (born 31 January 1799, bapt 1 December 1802 St Peter, Bedford)
 * Jane Robinson (born 28 January 1802, bapt 1 December 1802 St Peter, Bedford)

Secondly, in 1811, to Ann Fernyhough, of Stafford, who died at Tobago.

title: Frederick Philipse Robinson


text:
List of Chicago Blackhawks players

The Chicago Blackhawks are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The club was founded in 1926 as one of the league's first American franchises, joining in the same year as the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings (then known as the Detroit Cougars). Owing to the Blackhawks' long history, they are considered one of the NHL's "Original Six" teams—a term reserved for the six teams that comprised the NHL from the 1942–43 season until the league expanded in 1967. As of October 9, 2020, 955 players have played at least one game for the franchise, either in the NHL regular season or in the playoffs.

The Blackhawks, known as the Black Hawks from their inception until 1986, have won the Stanley Cup six times in their 83-year history. Charlie Gardiner, the team's goaltender for its first Stanley Cup win in 1934, became the first European-born captain—and still the only goaltender captain—to win the Stanley Cup. Johnny Gottselig became the second European-born captain to do so when the team won its second championship in 1938. Stan Mikita is the franchise leader in assists (926) and points (1467), and Bobby Hull is the leader in goals (604). Chris Chelios is the franchise leader in penalty minutes (1495). Goaltender Tony Esposito is the club's all-time leader in wins (418) and shutouts (74).

The franchise has had 34 players selected as captains. Each NHL team may select a captain, who has the "sole privilege of discussing with the referee any questions relating to interpretation of rules which may arise during the progress of a game". Captains are required to wear the letter "C" on their uniform for identification, which is 3 in in height. Dick Irvin was named the first captain in 1926. The current captain, Jonathan Toews, was the third-youngest captain in NHL history at the time of his selection.

Key
Won Stanley Cup while with the Blackhawks.

Appeared in a Blackhawks game during the 2023–24 season.

title: List of Chicago Blackhawks players


text:
Ausable River (New York)

The Ausable River, also known as AuSable River and originally written as "Au Sable", runs in the U.S. state of New York, from the Adirondack Mountains and past the village of Lake Placid and Au Sable Forks to empty into Lake Champlain (at 44.56111°N, -73.42361°W). It has an East and West branch that join at Au Sable Forks. The river forms a partial boundary between Clinton County and Essex County. The Ausable River is known for its gorge, Ausable Chasm, located a few miles east of Keeseville.

The Ausable River is 94 mi long and drains a watershed of 516 sqmi.

It was originally named "Au Sable" (French for "sandy") by Samuel de Champlain when he first explored the region in 1609 because of its extensive sandy delta.

West Branch Ausable River
The West Branch of the Ausable arises from the confluence of the MacIntyre, South Meadow and Marcy Brooks, east of Mount Jo near the Adirondak Loj; it then runs 36 mi northeast to Au Sable Forks (44.44028°N, -73.67444°W), and is fed by Lake Placid and the Chubb River along the way. At high water-levels, the upper end provides demanding white-water paddling opportunities. Further along, it runs through High Falls Gorge at the Wilmington Notch, a gorge formed by a fault zone, with 700 ft cliffs on one side and 1700 ft cliffs on the other.

East Branch Ausable River
The East Branch arises from Upper and Lower Ausable lakes in the Ausable Valley, which forms the south side of the Great Range. The first 4 mi are especially scenic, and can be viewed from trails on either side maintained by the Adirondack Trail Improvement Society. The river is then met by the Cascade Brook which flows from the Cascade Lakes, beneath Cascade Mountain, on its way to Au Sable Forks.

title: Ausable River (New York)


text:
User talk:Architeuthis

Orphaned non-free media (Image:SwallowAlbumCover.jpg)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Yuri Machkasov

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title: User talk:Architeuthis


text:
Talk:Eye surgery

Older comments
This page was listed on Mediawiki:Opentask (now Template:Opentask, but there's a lot wrong with it. For one thing, it deals exclusively with laser procedures, totally bystepping "regular" pseudophakia, operative correction of strabismus and invasive therapy for recidivating retinal detachment. I lack the knowledge to do this... JFW | T@lk  19:25, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Does anyone know what the frequency of occurance of these risks are? The Trolls of Navarone 19:57, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

eye surgery
I agree - there is a total absence of discussion of retinal-vitreal issues - disorders, procedures, etc.

 * Feel free to lend a hand with additions.AED 05:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Moving stuff to 'refractive surgery'
Much of the material on this page was duplicated on Refractive surgery. IMHO, discussing refractive *and* nonrefractive surgeries here would make the page unwieldy; refractive surgery, and each of the other techniques mentioned here, can easily fill a page of their own. So I moved-and-merged most of the refractive-specific stuff from this page to refractive surgery; unfortunately that's turned this page back into a stub for the time being, for which I apologise, but it seems preferable to having two diverging articles on refractive surgery.--Calair 23:52, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest keeping this page for a brief and general overview of various ophthalmic surgeries, then adding details of the various surgeries under their own pages or under Referactive Surgery, Glaucoma, Cataract, etc. AED 04:13, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps one of the most glaring things missing is procedures and preparations. I'm perplexed as to how eye surgery can ever be done at all, since blinking seems to be an unavoidable reflex no matter how zonked out a person is...

 * Ever see A Clockwork Orange? Here's the answer: . AED 06:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Eye Surgery Heirachy
I came to Wiki seeking details on what I beleived to be 'Laser eye surgery' (and now understand I was actually seeking the broader Refrective Surgery) In researching i found the existing heirachy not very clear.

With specific reference to refractive surgery I beleive the heirachy should be similar to this. 'Eye Surgery' > 'Refractive Surgery' > 'Pages for individual techniques' (ALK, Lasik, Lasek, PRK etc)

I think this should be more of a placeholder page for example:

Simplify the existing:

Types of eye surgeries

* Cataract surgery to remove an opacified lens which can be replaced with a plastic intraocular lens implant o Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) o Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) + Manual extraction + Phacoemulsification o YAG laser capsulotomy is used to clear the back implant surface of the cloudy posterior capsule which surrounds the lens implant

* Glaucoma surgery to allow escape of excess fluid from the eye to lower intraocular pressure o Goniotomy o Iridotomy...

to: * Cataract surgery to remove an opacified lens which can be replaced with a plastic intraocular lens implant * Glaucoma surgery to allow escape of excess fluid from the eye to lower intraocular pressure * Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses * Corneal Surgery * Vitreo-Retinal Surgery * Strabismus Surgery * Oculoplastics

And putting the individual version on a deeper level. Alternativley maybe a better navigation contents summary nearer the top with expalainations of each type further down.

What do people think of heading more that sort of direction?

cost
Shouldn't there be something about the cost of Laser Eye Surgery? If not its history, at least today? Dan 22:35, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Eye muscle surgery photo
This photo doesn't resemble any strabismus surgery I've even seen. If other agree, please delete and substitute for it! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bticho (talk • contribs) 05:21, 7 October 2006 (UTC).
 * I think it was added by User:EyeMD; I'll bring your comments to his attention. -AED 05:49, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This pic is from my personal collection of strabismus surgery operative photographs, taken from my camera. Here the inferior rectus muscle is going to be isolated. If the details are not clear, I will change the photo. :-) EyeMD 17:57, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

I got a better look at it on a larger screen -- what was throwing me off was the corneal protector. It's not as odd as I thought, I was just looking at it wrong! Still, I'll put in one of my photos for comparison. Thanks!Bticho 01:16, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Oops - I got the image uploaded, but can't seem to get it linked to the page. Here's the URL for someone who can get the link right: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Disinserting_the_muscle.JPG Thanks again!
 * Done —Preceding unsigned comment added by EyeMD (talk • contribs)

Intraocular vs. extraocular surgery
It seems obvious, but I'm wondering if the article should explicitly state what intraocular surgery and extraocular surgery are. -AED 03:56, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree - its a basic difference that needs to be made clear. EyeMD 05:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The page has become very unwieldy - as suggested previously, I support the moving out of particular surgical details to each of the sub-pages for glaucoma, strabismus, cataract, VR etc. EyeMD 05:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Good work with Glaucoma surgery. -AED 19:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Moreover, many of the procedures listed on the page are historical only and are not being done in clinical practice nowadays. They have been superseded by safer and more effective procedures. Somebody more interested in the history of eye surgeries should write them down, coz having so many red links on the page makes it look as if the field is not covered. Overall, not many of them deserve a page of their own, as it would be at the most a paragraph of stub level, again needing a merge into eye surgery. EyeMD 05:25, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * There are a couple of ways to address the red links. One is to click on them, then create a redirect to the most appropriate article. Another is to move them to the most appropriate article. Or, we can create a proper alphabetical list in List of eye surgeries or something similar. -AED 19:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the first suggestion, its important to redirect, but making sure that it does not lead into circles, i.e. the redirect should not lead back to the page where the link was clicked. I am sure there is a wiki-term for that, but I don't know it yet. A proper alphabetical list of eye surgeries is likely a huge page - it would be a placeholder for eye surgeries. IMHO, it would lead to it being a page where it may become a very much referenced and linked to page, but with just the utility of being like a traffic policeman - "You go there, and you go there :-) I stay here!" Someone searching wikipedia for may become annoyed by frequent visits to that all encompassing page, with nothing more to show than a link to the actual surgery, which the search should have lead to directly. These are my thoughts. However, ultimately it is a good idea. EyeMD 18:07, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Reorganisation of the content
I have reorganised the article and made quite a few changes - moved things around. Please submit your suggestions here, or better at the WP:Eye talk page :-) EyeMD 06:08, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Eye surgery image - Middle Ages
Does anyone else think that the image of "Eye surgery in the Middle Ages" is silly? My first thoughts on seeing the image were "Are you kidding me?" I don't mean to be rude, but I just think that my reaction may not have been an isolated case. It seems like we could find something more...current. Arathon 00:41, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

I think it's an amusing picture and the kind of thing you would want to see in an encyclopedia if and only IF there is another more up to date picture somewhere later in the article. You would scroll to an HD picture with an average color temperature of 9300k and you'd say in your head "Yeah I figured it looked something like that..." Lets go back to the Middle Ages picture that was aforementioned. It should be aesthetically cropped in photoshop because there is a matte within a matte visual effect that is distracting from the subjects of the artwork. ````   with thanks, mmvsusaf.seanny.net  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.211.7.179 (talk) 17:33, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

External link opinions
Opinions would be appreciated on whether this link: Refractive eye surgery video would be an appropriate addition to the article. Thanks. -- SiobhanHansa 21:29, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Last place to find articles about laser eye surgery is here: Laser Eye LASIK Surgery Jls2k5 (talk) 04:02, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

what know how long it take to remove and eye put in plastic eye
Im blind in my left eye and now start have alot of pain in it so they want take out my blind eye and put in a plastic eyes can you tell me anything about this surgery and how long it take to do all this thank you any informion  will do                    Tammy Mayberry Daisytammy@aol.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.199.174.201 (talk) 18:32, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Possible typo?
"Keratomilleusis is method of reshaping the cornea surface to change its optical power. A disc of cornea is shaved off, quickly frozen, lathe-ground, then returned to its original power."

original power does not make sense in this context. Perhaps the author meant place... as in the part of cornesa is reinserted into the eye. I may be wrong though.

80.2.23.172 (talk) 16:23, 19 June 2008 (UTC)AT

Laser eye surgery in general
Having undergone laser surgery for retinal detachment I came to this article (and a few associated articles) expecting to find the answer to some questions - without success.

It would seem to me, commonsense that if a laser beam is directed at the eye to photocoagulate the retina (which is at the rear of the eye) the beam must pass through several structures - exothelium, lens, maybe iris, vitreous humour to name a few.

I would have thought repeated laser treatment of the retina could damage these other structures.

It would be appreciated if the article could explain this along with a more detailed treatment of the types of lasers as they apply to eye surgery. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oaec (talk • contribs) 07:30, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Canaloplasty
Are long-term results available? See Talk:Glaucoma — John Harvey, Wizened Web Wizard Wannabe , Talk to me! 15:44, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Lidocaine? Quality of reference?
The only approved anesthetics for ophthalmic use, e.g. eye surgery, are Holocaine (Phenacaine) and Cocaine. Presumably Lidocaine is off-label? Reference is Merck Chemical Index, 1985. Shjacks45 (talk) 11:06, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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Where is the history section?
I would like you to add the Greek and Indian contribution in ancient history to eye surgery92.236.21.61 (talk) 15:39, 20 June 2014 (UTC)catnose

title: Talk:Eye surgery


text:
Category:Graph algorithms

Graph algorithms solve problems related to graph theory.

title: Category:Graph algorithms


text:
David Ramsay (trader)

David Ramsay (c. 1740 – c. 1810) was a controversial figure born in Leven, Scotland, who served as a cabin boy in the British Royal Navy, participated in the siege of Louisbourg in 1758 and later acted as a courier, translator and fur and alcohol trader, in part of the lower Great Lakes region consisting of present-day southern Ontario, Canada, and western New York state.

Several conflicting images emerge of Ramsay regarding his conduct amongst the native people of the region while engaged as a trader. One cluster of accounts preserved in the 18th and 19th century oral tradition of Loyalist settlers in the area around Long Point, Ontario, draws mostly on stories told by the wife of local settler Frederick Mabee in the early 19th century and portray Ramsay as a quintessential "pioneer hero" figure who strikes out at local natives only in preservation of his life and property, against the onslaught of the local Ojibwa people who sought to harm him without cause.

Another perspective, derived from native oral accounts in the early 19th century by missionary Peter Jones, present a decidedly different version of Ramsay's activities in Upper Canada. This latter version is also more in keeping with Ramsay's own legal declaration on May 15, 1772, at Fort Niagara, after he surrendered himself to British colonial legal authorities.

In this account, Ramsay confessed that in March 1772, on the banks of Kettle Creek north of the present day community of Port Stanley, Ontario, "in defense of his life", he had killed an Ojibwa man named Wandagan, as well as two women who were also present while other natives were absent from the camp. Ramsay also admitted that he had scalped all three adult individuals involved and also kidnapped two local children who were in the company of the natives, one aged twelve, removing them to the Long Point area.

The following month he claimed to have been approached by local Ojibwas in the vicinity of Long Point, and after lying to them regarding the origin of the children, who he claimed were "English", was taken prisoner, tied up, and placed by the fire. Ramsay stated in his declaration that he then managed to release his bonds, and proceeded to kill four adult natives and a child before making an escape. In all cases Ramsay maintained that he had acted in defense of his life and property and that he had initially been accosted by the Ojibwa on Kettle Creek when he had refused them a share in his cache of trade alcohol.

British colonial Superintendent of Indian Affairs at the time, Sir William Johnson, who had read Ramsay's declaration and conferred with local native informants, believed that Ramsay's actions were not in self-defense, but rather constituted homicide and concluded that the murders and scalpings were "inexcusable and the circumstances of his being able to do all this, is an evident proof that he was not in the danger he represents and that the Indians were too much in the liquor to execute any bad purpose." Ramsay's actions, in particular his scalping of his victims which according to Ojibwa custom constituted an act of war, precipitated a crisis in relations between British colonial authorities and the regional native population. Johnson attributed the killings to the "private act of a villain", not official British policy, and achieved an at least temporary resolution to the situation, by distributing a shipment of gifts to native leaders in the area. Johnson also ordered the recall of all regional traders to local military posts until further notice and called for a redistribution of British troops in the region in the face of potential open conflict. He further ordered the transfer of the prisoner Ramsay to Montreal for a criminal trial. Johnson stated that he believed that Ramsay deserved "capital punishment" for his actions, but believed that a fair trial was unobtainable under the circumstances and personally did not "think that [Ramsay] will suffer, had he killed a hundred." Johnson's prediction held true and despite Ramsay allegedly bragging about the killings while under guard in Montreal and indicating that he would repeat his actions upon release, received no punishment, at least partly due to the prosecution providing no native witnesses.

There is some evidence to suggest that Ramsay, later in life, modified his attitude toward native people and is known to have acted on their behalf in several matters pertaining to issues between them and the colonial government. Almost nothing is known about Ramsay in later life, apart from his possession of a large tract of land in Upper Canada and his ownership of a trading ship in the port of New York. Ramsay disappears from the historical record circa 1810.

David Ramsay In local legend
A number of regional legends, traceable to stories told by white settlers in the mid to late 19th century in southern Ontario, have arisen surrounding the figure of David Ramsay. In one such tale, Ramsay is presented as a fur-trader who manages to evade natives along the north shore of Lake Erie with a boat loaded with gold, which he purportedly buries in a ridge at Long Point, planning to dig it up when the natives were no longer a problem.

According to the tale, Ramsay died before retrieving it, forgot all about his cache, or most likely forgot exactly where it was buried. A deacon named John Troyer learned of the legend, and reputedly using divination, acquired knowledge of its exact location. Troyer purportedly invited an 11- or 12-year-old boy, Simpson McCall, to help him claim the treasure. McCall's parents refused, fearing the Deacon's reputation. In one version of the tale excerpted from the Niagara Falls Evening Review of October 19, 1922, Troyer and the boy, in this variant referred to as his "son", go in quest of the treasure:

"They went to Long Point, arriving just enough before dark to locate the spot where the treasure was. Then they waited until exactly midnight, and then started a procession, Deacon Troyer holding the open Bible before him, and his son following with a lighted candle, with spades, picks, etc. They dug down, and presently the pick struck metal. They got the pick under the lid of the box and pried it up. And then, at that moment a black shape rose up and assumed the form of a black dog, growing bigger and bigger, and they dropped the Bible and candle and rushed for the canoe, and never had any curiosity to return to the spot."

This failed reclaiming story was purportedly told by Troyer to McCall, and McCall to J. H. Coyne, who made it public in an address at an Ontario Historical Society meeting in Norfolk County. This meeting was reported a few days later in the Niagara Falls Evening Review.

title: David Ramsay (trader)


text:
Auoindaon

Auoindaon was the native chief of the Wyandot (Huron) at Quieunonascaranas, a settlement in Wendake near modern-day Midland, Ontario, Canada. He made alliances with and became quite fond of French priests serving as missionaries in the area, one of the most notable being Gabriel Sagard. Upon first encountering Sagard, the Huron community at Quieunonascaranas all came out to greet him. Quieunonascaranas was a village settled by the Huron community and led by chief Auoindaon, in 1623 the settlement consisted of about 300 households and almost 40 lodges.

Gabriel Sagard was a French missionary who travelled through New France (Canada) and became the first religious historian in Canada. He spent much time with the Huron and wrote in detail about their customs and beliefs. It was during this missionary work that Sagard met Auoindaon, who was a Huron chief at the time. Sagard’s writings including The Long Journey to the Country of the Hurons is some of the most detailed and complete accounts of older Huron civilizations and lifestyles.

Auoindaon and Sagard bonded well together and Auoindaon welcomed Sagard as a visitor. From Sagard’s own writing he claims that Auoindaon offered to stay the night with him because Auoindaon feared that Sagard would be harmed by Iroquois who had stormed through the village not too long before.

Sagard accompanied Auoindaon on an annual fishing trip, which was an important part of Huron culture at the time. Documentation of the event describes that fish nets were put out at night and pulled in with catches in the morning. The people attending the event slept in wigwam type structures and set the nets out nearby. A fish- preacher was also present who would talk out to the fish while reciting hymns in the effort to lead the fish to the nets that were set out. Various other rituals were also performed such as throwing tobacco into the fire while reciting hymns and incantations. The fish that were caught during this trip were used for a multitude of things. Many of the fish were boiled for oil, while some others were gutted and hung up to dry. This annual fishing trip was a time of great merryment and celebration for all the members attending.

Saint-Marie among the Hurons
In 1623, Auoindaon gave permission to the missionaries to begin construction on a mission which came to be called Saint-Marie-au-pays-des Hurons or Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, and was to be built close by to Quieunonascaranas. The mission was established in 1639 and was the first non-Indian settlement in Ontario. It was considered to be one of the most important missionary settlements and served as the center for travel between missions for the Jesuits. It stayed as a settlement from 1639 to 1649. The close proximity between the Huron village and the mission caused tensions to rise over time. There were people living in Quieunonascaranas who embraced Christianity and the missions willingly, and people who wanted to continue with traditional beliefs. Many in the Huron community blamed the missionaries for disease outbreaks and for undermining the shamans.

Auoindaon became convinced that the Europeans were "oki", influential spirits or forces, because the continuous rain storm that had been occurring stopped itself until just after the cabin was finished. Oki were spirits or deities that were particularly respected by the Huron. Although the term could refer to several subjects: such as good and bad spirits as well as revered prophets, deities, angels, or demons.

Second contact with Jesuit Priests
It is notable that after 1630 there is no mention of Auoindaon and his position had been replaced by a man named Aenons. Although there is speculation on whether or not Auoindaon and Aenons are one and the same, there is no solid evidence to suggest that they were. In 1633 more Jesuit priests were planning on settling near the original settlement of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, although when they arrived the people of Quieunonascaranas made no move to greet them as they originally had in 1625, even though this was the first village to have a resident priest. It was around this time too that Quieunonascaranas began dwindling in political and social influence and over time Aenons moved the community over to the Toanche area.

Huron Nation and first contact with Europeans
The Huron were a large community living in what is now Ontario, Canada. The community also went by the name Wendat or Wyandot. At the time of first contact with the Europeans, the Huron were strong as a community with over an estimated 25,000 people, but as more and more European settlers came over the numbers of people dwindled to about 9,000 in result of diseases that the Huron had no immunity to, such as smallpox and measles.

At one point, they had been allies with the Iroquois, but after a series of attacks the Huron were pushed from their homeland. This is how it was when the Huron first made contact with the Europeans, they were still enemies with the Iroquois. The Huron had strong trading, social and political relations with many tribes of the Ottawa Valley. These tribes include the Petun, Algonquin, Nipissing, Neutral and Odawa. The Huron community would move locations every decade or so after natural resources in the area had been exhausted such as crop soil and firewood. They also established a confederacy of their own along the northern coastal part of Lake Ontario. Trading was very important to the Huron and the trade relations they established meant that they had access to seashells, wampum, copper, and tobacco.

The Huron accepted and helped french missionaries so that they could establish good trade relations. The first french missionaries to arrive were the Recollects, who were who were French reformers of the Friars Minor. The Recollect missionaries arrived around 1615. Within ten years however, these missionaries would be replaced by Jesuits in 1625. The Jesuits were the people who got permission from Auoindaon to commission and begin building Sainte-Marie among the Hurons nearby the Huron village of Quieunonascaranas.

title: Auoindaon


text:
Absolute geometry

Absolute geometry is a geometry based on an axiom system for Euclidean geometry without the parallel postulate or any of its alternatives. Traditionally, this has meant using only the first four of Euclid's postulates. The term was introduced by János Bolyai in 1832. It is sometimes referred to as neutral geometry, as it is neutral with respect to the parallel postulate. The first four of Euclid's postulates are now considered insufficient as a basis of Euclidean geometry, so other systems (such as Hilbert's axioms without the parallel axiom) are used instead.

Properties
In Euclid's Elements, the first 28 Propositions and Proposition 31 avoid using the parallel postulate, and therefore are valid in absolute geometry. One can also prove in absolute geometry the exterior angle theorem (an exterior angle of a triangle is larger than either of the remote angles), as well as the Saccheri–Legendre theorem, which states that the sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle has at most 180°.

Proposition 31 is the construction of a parallel line to a given line through a point not on the given line. As the proof only requires the use of Proposition 27 (the Alternate Interior Angle Theorem), it is a valid construction in absolute geometry. More precisely, given any line l and any point P not on l, there is at least one line through P which is parallel to l. This can be proved using a familiar construction: given a line l and a point P not on l, drop the perpendicular m from P to l, then erect a perpendicular n to m through P. By the alternate interior angle theorem, l is parallel to n. (The alternate interior angle theorem states that if lines a and b are cut by a transversal t such that there is a pair of congruent alternate interior angles, then a and b are parallel.) The foregoing construction, and the alternate interior angle theorem, do not depend on the parallel postulate and are therefore valid in absolute geometry.

In absolute geometry, it is also provable that two lines perpendicular to the same line cannot intersect (which makes the two lines parallel by definition of parallel lines), proving that the summit angles of a Saccheri quadrilateral cannot be obtuse, and that spherical geometry is not an absolute geometry.

Relation to other geometries
The theorems of absolute geometry hold in hyperbolic geometry, which is a non-Euclidean geometry, as well as in Euclidean geometry.

Absolute geometry is inconsistent with elliptic geometry: in that theory, there are no parallel lines at all, but it is a theorem of absolute geometry that parallel lines do exist. However, it is possible to modify the axiom system so that absolute geometry, as defined by the modified system, will include spherical and elliptic geometries, that have no parallel lines.

Absolute geometry is an extension of ordered geometry, and thus, all theorems in ordered geometry hold in absolute geometry. The converse is not true. Absolute geometry assumes the first four of Euclid's Axioms (or their equivalents), to be contrasted with affine geometry, which does not assume Euclid's third and fourth axioms. (3: "To describe a circle with any centre and distance radius.", 4: "That all right angles are equal to one another." ) Ordered geometry is a common foundation of both absolute and affine geometry.

The geometry of special relativity has been developed starting with nine axioms and eleven propositions of absolute geometry. The authors Edwin B. Wilson and Gilbert N. Lewis then proceed beyond absolute geometry when they introduce hyperbolic rotation as the transformation relating two frames of reference.

Hilbert planes
A plane that satisfies Hilbert's Incidence, Betweenness and Congruence axioms is called a Hilbert plane. Hilbert planes are models of absolute geometry.

Incompleteness
Absolute geometry is an incomplete axiomatic system, in the sense that one can add extra independent axioms without making the axiom system inconsistent. One can extend absolute geometry by adding various axioms about parallel lines and get mutually incompatible but internally consistent axiom systems, giving rise to Euclidean or hyperbolic geometry. Thus every theorem of absolute geometry is a theorem of hyperbolic geometry and Euclidean geometry. However the converse is not true.

title: Absolute geometry


text: Talk:Program management

title: Talk:Program management


text:
Category:Economists

Economists include academics who undertake research and teaching in economics, and professionals with economic expertise employed by governments, financial institutions and other businesses.

title: Category:Economists


text:
PS Alpena

The PS Alpena was a sidewheel steamer built by Thomas Arnold of Gallagher & Company at Marine City, Michigan in 1866. She was operated by the Goodrich Line after being purchased from Gardner, Ward & Gallagher in April 1868. The Alpena sank in Lake Michigan in the "Big Blow" storm on October 15, 1880, with the loss of all on board.

Construction
Built in 1866, by the Thomas Arnold of Gallagher & Company of Marine City, Michigan, the Alpena was 197 feet in length, 27 feet in breadth, with a depth of 12 feet. It was rated at 654 tons displacement. The vessel was driven by a steam engine, and photographs of the vessel show its walking beam suspended above the paddlewheels.

Sinking
At least 80 people died when the ship, also carrying a large cargo of apples, capsized in the middle of the lake. The ship was on a trip from Grand Haven, Michigan, to Chicago, Illinois, and was spotted at 8:00 am on October 16 in heavy seas. Some time later, probably due to a shift in the cargo on deck caused by the waves, it capsized and drifted northwest. On the 17th, debris including a piano came ashore in Holland, Michigan, while apples and wood debris were found at Saugatuck. A section of beach near Holland where debris was found is still called Alpena Beach. The loss of life is estimated at about 60-consisting of about 25 crew and about 35 passengers

Similarly named ships
Another ship named Alpena was a freighter built in 1874 and burned to the waterline in 1891. Another Alpena was a tugboat which sank in 1943 at Huron, Ohio.

SS City of Alpena was a paddlewheel steamboat operating between Detroit and Mackinac Island by the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company from 1893 to 1921. She was 285 ft long, carried 400 passengers, and was powered by 2000 hp steam engines.

There is also a Great Lakes ship named Alpena, formerly the Leon Fraser, owned by Inland Lakes Management, an affiliate of Lafarge. It is used as a bulk freighter to haul cement. Built in 1942 and equipped with a steam turbine engine, it was originally 639 feet long, 67 feet in breadth with a depth of 35 feet. It has a 15,550 ton capacity. It was renamed, shortened and converted to a bulk cement carrier in 1991. The Alpena is a moderate sized ship in the Great Lakes fleet; the largest Lakers are almost twice its length and breadth and carry four times its cargo. She is able to transit the canals of the St. Lawrence Seaway due to her small size.

title: PS Alpena


text:
Steve Pearce (politician)

Stevan Edward Pearce (born August 24, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who served as the U.S. representative for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district from 2003 to 2009 and from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party and was his party's unsuccessful nominee in the 2018 New Mexico gubernatorial election. On December 8, 2018, Pearce was elected Chair of the New Mexico Republican Party, replacing Ryan Cangiolosi. He was re-elected in December 2020.

Early life, education, and business career
Pearce was born in Lamesa, Texas, and raised in Hobbs, New Mexico. He attended college at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, having earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in economics. Afterward, he received a Master of Business Administration from Eastern New Mexico University in Portales. While at New Mexico State University, Pearce was elected president of the student body.

He served in the Vietnam War as a C-130 pilot in the United States Air Force. Pearce flew over 518 hours of combat flight and 77 hours of combat support. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and two Air Medals, as well as seven other military medals and four exceptional service awards. Upon returning to the United States, Pearce was assigned to the Strategic Air Command at Blytheville Air Force Base, Arkansas. He was honorably discharged from the U.S. Air Force with the rank of captain.

Pearce and his wife owned and operated Lea Fishing Tools, an oilfield services company in Hobbs, New Mexico, until they sold the business in 2003 to Key Energy Services for $12 million.

Elections
Pearce was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives in 1996 and re-elected in 1998, both times unopposed.

Committee assignments
He was elected as Republican Caucus Chairman and served on the Appropriations Committee.

2000 U.S. Senate election
Pearce ran for the United States Senate in the seat held by longtime incumbent Democrat Jeff Bingaman. He lost in the Republican primary to former New Mexico's 3rd congressional district U.S. Congressman Bill Redmond 60% to 22%.

2002
Eleven term incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Joe Skeen decided to retire. In the Republican primary, Pearce ran and won the five candidate field with a plurality of 35%. His closest challenger was rancher and businessman Edward R. Tinsley, owner of the K-Bob's Steakhouse, who got 27%. Coincidentally, both Pearce and Tinsley were reared in the small West Texas city of Lamesa in Dawson County. In the general election, Pearce defeated Democratic state senator John Arthur Smith 56% to 44%.

2004
Pearce won re-election to a second term against Democratic state representative Gary King 60% to 40%.

2006
Pearce won re-election to a third term against Democratic pastor Al Kissling 59% to 40%.

2008
Pearce ran for the open Senate seat of retiring six term Republican US Senator Pete Domenici. He did not run for reelection to the 2nd District, making New Mexico's 2nd District an open seat race. Democratic business owner Harry Teague defeated Republican restaurateur Edward R. Tinsley 56% to 44%.

2010
On August 1, 2009, Pearce announced his intention to take back his former congressional seat. On June 1, 2010, he won the Republican primary without any serious challengers. He was endorsed in the race by former vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin. He drew criticism from local media after an event in Los Lunas where he refused to say whether he believes Barack Obama is a natural-born U.S. citizen.

Pearce defeated incumbent Democrat Harry Teague 55% to 45%.

2012
Pearce won reelection for a 5th term to Congress and 2nd consecutive term in 2012. He defeated Democratic former educator Evelyn Madrid Erhard 59% to 41%. During the campaign, Pearce's largest donors were Mack Energy Corporation and Yates Petroleum. Pearce received $209,600 from the oil and gas sector during the campaign cycle.

2014
Pearce won re-election against Democrat Roxanne "Rocky" Lara with 64% of the vote.

2016
Pearce won re-election against Democrat Merrie Lee Soules with 62% of the vote.

Pearce did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 2018, instead running unsuccessfully for Governor of New Mexico.

Tenure
In 2005, Pearce was accused of having plagiarized articles from think tanks like The Heritage Foundation. The articles were published under Pearce's name in small papers throughout New Mexico. His press secretary, Jim Burns, admitted to having plagiarized the articles himself without Pearce's knowledge, and quickly resigned.
 * Plagiarism

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Financial Services
 * Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises
 * Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
 * Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations

Caucus memberships

 * Co-chair of the Border Security Caucus
 * Vice-chairman of the Native American Caucus
 * Vice-chairman of the Sportsman Caucus
 * Freedom Caucus
 * Republican Study Committee
 * Congressional Hispanic Conference {associate member}
 * Congressional Constitution Caucus
 * Congressional Western Caucus

2008 U.S. Senate election
On October 16, 2007, Pearce announced he would run for the Republican nomination to replace Pete Domenici in the U.S. Senate.

Fellow Republican representative Heather Wilson had previously declared her candidacy in that race. In late October 2007, Pearce made 130,000 automated phone calls to justify his opposition to the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) bill that would have provided health benefit to children, which the Wilson campaign claimed "Pearce violated House ethics by urging those he called to contact him through his official, non-campaign phone number or check out his official, non-campaign Web site."

In March 2008, Pearce garnered 55% of the vote at the Republican pre-primary nominating convention. He narrowly won the June 3, 2008 Republican primary.

Pearce faced fellow U.S. Representative Tom Udall, a Democrat who represented New Mexico's 3rd congressional district, and lost in the general election, 61% to 39%.

2018 gubernatorial election
In July 2017, Pearce announced his run for Governor of New Mexico. to replace the term-limited Republican governor Susana Martinez. He ran unopposed in the Republican primary. Pearce lost to Democratic nominee Michelle Lujan Grisham, a fellow New Mexico U.S. Representative from the 1st district in the general election on November 6, 2018.

Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories
In 2010, Pearce expressed skepticism that President Barack Obama was born in the United States.

Environment
Pearce has questioned the scientific consensus on climate change. He said that "in fact the last 17 years there has not been global warming" and that "there are 31,000 scientists who say that human action is not causing the global warming at all".

Pearce had been a long-time advocate of oil and gas drilling in Otero Mesa.

2020 election
After Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, Pearce and the New Mexico GOP cast doubt on the validity of the election results. Soon after the election was called for Biden, Pearce called for donations so Trump can challenge the results. In late 2020, Pearce supported the Trump campaign's efforts to invalidate Biden's victory in New Mexico, falsely claiming that massive voter fraud occurred. In his podcast, Pearce aired numerous conspiracy theories about the election, claiming he wanted to investigate possible "anomalies". In December 2020, Pearce issued a statement supporting the Texas v. Pennsylvania lawsuit aiming to overturn the certification of Biden's victory in multiple states, citing false claims of fraud.

On January 7, 2021, Pearce drew criticism when he claimed that alleged irregularities in the election "tarnished" democracy, soon after Biden's electoral victory was certified by Congress. On January 9, Pearce tweeted that Trump "will be our President FOREVER and no one can take that away from us." The tweet was soon deleted but Pearce defended his post, saying that Trump's false claims of fraud were legitimate and insisted that there was massive voting irregularities in the election.

Personal life
Pearce has been married to his wife Cynthia for over 20 years. In 2013, Pearce published a memoir called Just Fly the Plane, Stupid!. It received attention because Pearce controversially wrote in the memoir that a wife should "voluntarily submit" to her husband, just as the husband should "lovingly lead and sacrifice".

Pearce attends Taylor Memorial Baptist Church, a Southern Baptist church in Hobbs.

title: Steve Pearce (politician)


text: Category:Presocratic philosophers

title: Category:Presocratic philosophers