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User talk:Atemperman

Sentiments regarding the US and a learning project
Hi there, I found you when I read your insightful comment at the vote regarding Pro-American sentiment. Unfortunately no one has yet taken care of it. But there are more important things. I started a project about learning, mainly vocabulary. Some guys discussed it with me on my user page. Maybe you are interested, if so, please let me know there as well. Get-back-world-respect 19:29, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Tallest structures - "Paris area"
We are presently having a dispute over an article title - an article about structures "in Paris", but over 70% of the article content, and the tallest of the lot (save a very few), are not at all in Paris. A few of us have managed to come into agreement over an "in the Paris area" title - your views and vote on the matter would much be welcome at Talk:List of tallest buildings and structures in Paris. Thank you for this and for your contributions on a similar question. THE PROMENADER  20:11, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your participation - I know that my call for your involvement was a bit 'above and beyond', but I did like the objectiveness of your comments on my "naming convention" questions. I left you a reply, as did User:Hardouin. Thanks. THE PROMENADER  00:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you perhaps add some impartial comment to the discussion? You are one of few there of that category. A vote would be welcome if all is clear to you - I know the talk page is long. Thanks. THE PROMENADER  13:52, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Lion
In case you are still interested, the section on lion social behavior is being slowly eroded into meaninglessness. Haiduc 11:15, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Jenny Wong
Sorry for delay in replying. Been offline for a while...

No, not me - must be someone else with same name! Jenny Wong 10:18, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Parley
I've checked Oxford, Random House, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster. They all have the same pronunciation. Are you sure you aren't making the mistake of assuming that ē is ? Also, turnout doesn't have an unstressed syllable. It's. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  00:03, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, the alleged secondary stress in turnout only means that the vowel isn't reduced; it isn't actually stress. (If it were, it would be primary, as the last stressed syllable in a word said in isolation takes primary stress.) I also have a diphthong /ei/ in parley, but we could use Monday as an example. kwami (talk) 02:54, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ahh, I stand corrected. I'd been looking up parley.  Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  19:19, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Hello
Thanks for your note. I can see merit in your unreferenced tags being different to others, in that referencing ought to be a Wiki basic. I don't know the current issue is the best place to raise that idea, but go ahead. I can tell you that in the current case I'd have to oppose the suggestion.

The reason is simple, everything in the section is verifiable, it's just a matter of time finding nice sources. If people want references, they can search for a few and add them.

Adding unreferenced tags doesn't add information to an article, they are there for when someone wants to insist something exists that doesn't. You can let someone have their text for a while, and eventually delete it when they fail to deliver the goods.

The current issue is just a couple of people being pesky. They've not added any sources or content to the article, they're just quibbling over debatable style issues. That'd be fine, but they're arguing, "you won't let us make changes because you won't let anyone ever make any changes, therefore we should be allowed to make changes because you've got no good reason except wanting things your own way." That wouldn't even be a good argument for a change even if it was true.

Think about it from my angle. I've got two options:
 * 1) I can support changes for the reasons they give, I never allow changes so a change must be forced for my good -- admission of guilt
 * 2) I can keep rejecting changes for the reasons I give, what is best given what sources say on the topic of the article -- cited as evidence of guilt

The argument line that's being used implies, "it doesn't really matter what Alastair says, 'cause he'll say anything just so long as it let's him have things his way." Indeed, it does make it pointless me even showing up to such a debate. Either people can see it's invalid from them and so I don't even need to say anything, or people believe the line, in which case what I say will be ignored.

Whatever I do, they are right and I am wrong ... if you accept the argument that is being offered. But it's just plain wrong. It's aimed at forcing me to back down under threat of public shaming. Or pushing to gain compromise by weight of numbers. However, I have more faith in people's good sense. Rejecting edits on good grounds is not proof of any pattern of behaviour. There is no compromise when there is only one issue -- my character. I'm not compromising on that, and no one should ask me to.

The fact is, there is no content dispute, just a couple of young and inexperienced editors testing to see how the system works. I don't have time for such games.

Sorry if all that's too hard to follow.

But basically, this issue will not be resolved until someone, other than me, says exactly all the things I'm saying. Alastair Haines (talk) 22:34, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Very nicely said. I know exactly what you mean by "imperious tone". I would suggest it is considerably stronger than that now. In the face of very determined editing, I've needed to respond in kind, at least in communicating seriousness. I think it has actually worked.
 * Unfortunately, it requires time to go back to see where all this started -- with Ilkali talking dismissively of "guff" replacing his own edit. The reality was he replaced text stable for six months or more with unusual terminology for God, unrelated to the rest of the article, but was simply unwilling to accept this despite the patient provision of explanations and sources. Concurrent with this he edit warred, with provocative edit summaries, over my restoration of the stable text and I warned him. Finally, for the first time in years I felt the need to refer the matter for assistance, that backfired, since someone came and attempted compromise, but actually provided something factually questionable, not merely stylistically awkward like Ilkali; and then, he copied Ilkali in attacking me rather than addressing the points.
 * If I made any error, I think it was in allowing personal attacks against me to continue for too long. I won't make that mistake again. But who knows, I tend to get a better look at people when I allow them some liberties.
 * As to sourcing the section. Yes, I really don't care at all about tags. I didn't create the article. Prior to Ilkali's arrival, all I'd contributed in 18 months or so was a few reworkings of the Christian section. Mind you, reverting attempts to weasle or corrupt that section has resulted in many, many edits. The page is on my watchlist, not on my "articles to get to GA status list". It's a really boring topic, God is almost universally perceived as male throughout history, and feminist theology has not caught on anything like feminism in other areas.
 * But, back to "to-tag-or-not-to-tag", the current policy is tagging as a last resort. The point is to get editors to discuss content rather than taking the lazy way and throwing tags about. The point of tags is attracting discussion or edits, it is not a means of avoiding this. Since the FACT status of no particular sentence has actually been challenged, we've not even started discussion, let alone reached the tagging stage.
 * If the other editors are supposed to be such reasonable people, why not ask them to try actually questioning the factuality of something, or to provide other POVs like in a normal discussion? I've made many suggestions for ways they can contribute lasting text to the article, why not suggest those as ways forward to build a working relationship?
 * The reality is they're not interested in the article, nor in contributing to it. Let's see if they can prove me wrong. I'd be delighted.
 * Thanks for your time on this. Let me know if you're discussing something on a policy page regarding pushing for more sourcing. I'll get involved, can't promise to agree on the details, but I'll try to offer ideas that move things forwards, and I certainly agree Wiki needs much, much more sourcing. (This goes, whatever you end up saying at Gender of God, btw.) Alastair Haines (talk) 00:25, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Georgian Tuning
I'm looking for reliable references for the description of Georgian tuning. Your comments would be welcome at Talk:Music of Georgia. Cimbalom (talk) 00:40, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Alvaro Pereira
Just fyi, in case you see it again - the formatting was messed up because you had a single space at the start of the first line of your comment. I fixed it. Station1 (talk) 01:52, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Aures
I'm Aures habitant, i would like to tell you that the name Aurès is the french pronounciation of the original name so even in french resources you can find "Aures", the original name is Awres or Awras, so in wikipedia i think we should take by concideration the Original name not french as original. You can check my site photographs about Aures : at GTPhotography. Ghezaltar (talk) 10:14, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Neutral notification
As somebody who took part in the previous move discussion, you may be interested in the current move discussion here. Varsovian (talk) 17:12, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

A note

 * I really believe you should never call editors "obtuse jerks" the way you did in Kudpung's RfA. It lowers the weight of your argument in the eyes of the community. Regards.  Wifione    .......  Leave a message  08:40, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Fair enough with regard to it being uncivil and inefficacious to use the language I did. I found myself incensed just by reading his argument with kwami, an editor whom I have a lot of respect for, and my emotions showed up in the intemperate language I used in my comment in his RfA.  My comment, though, was substantive and, I believe, accurate.  Do you disagree?  Have you read the exchange between him and Kwami yourself?--Atemperman (talk) 07:01, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Hardly a spur-of-the-moment burst of emotion methinks. --Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 17:22, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry? What does that link mean to show?  I recalled having read the discussion between you and Kwami when I noticed your RfA.  I reread it and got angry, and then posted to his talk page and to the RfA.  I don't see how there's any meaningful disagreement at this point: I reacted intemperately to an archived discussion in which you were a jerk, but more than a year has passed and people who work with you largely find you to have reformed.  I regret my reaction; you presumably regret your conduct in the discussion with Kwami; we've all moved on, right?--Atemperman (talk) 05:10, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Atemperman


text:
User talk:Mr d logan

Amiga A570
Please do not remove maintenance tags without explanation as you did in the article Amiga A570. Such unexplained removal could be considered vandalism.

If the explanation is short, you can include it in the edit summary; if longer, please refer to the talk page. Thanks. Ubcule (talk) 18:39, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mr d logan


text:
Talk:Land use

Untitled
Couldn't this be merged/redirred to zoning?

I agree. Be bold. older ≠ wiser 01:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure if it should be merged with zoning. I think Zoning is formalised land use (when Govt/Local councils puts it in their district plans), but I think the term land use is more general. I think land use also applies to how land patterns occur naturally in cities without zoning. But I'm just a student studying for an exam tommorrow, so I'm not 100% sure on this topic.

Nah, 'Zoning' is a very distinct method of planning in some countries, whereas land use encompasses use of land independantly of land use planning. Bjrobinson 15:09, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that 'Land Use' is distinct from 'Zoning'. Many places don't have formal zoning regulations. This page would benefit from land use/land cover data, eg UN, NASA, CIA, USGS. JC Shepard (talk) 20:55, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced US section
In the US, every legal activity must have its place in municipal and county zoning laws. Meaning if an adult entertainment facility can legally operate in a given jurisdiction, then the zoning laws must offer a proper and by-right zone for that business to operate within.

To regulate what can be built and where, cities create comprehensive plans and zoning ordinances to create an order to the potential uses of land within their political boundaries. A municipality will spend thousands if not hundreds of thousands of dollars to determine where best to encourage industrial growth, allow residential building and permit commercial activity. These decisions have impacts on land values, safety and community interests. The process of determining what can be built where has become extremely politicized.

Some active community groups wield much strength in the public land use approval process. Politics plays a part in the approval process.

With the approval process being susceptible to public pressure and politics, there is now a subset of political culture known as land use politics.

Patterns of land use arise naturally in a culture through customs and practices, but land use may also be formally regulated by land use planning through zoning and planning permission laws, or by private agreements such as restrictive covenants. For example, the setting aside of wilderness either publicly as a Wilderness Area or privately as a conservation easement.

 * This article is describing the general patterns of land use not the various governmental instruments used to implement them.Synchronism (talk) 18:42, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

land use vs. Landnutzung
I just wanted to draw attention to the fact that the English land use article is linked to the German article Flaechenverbrauch; However, land use means something completely different. What do I have to do so this article gets linked to Landnutzung, which comes closes to being equivalent? Discosu (talk) 09:04, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Planetary boundaries
Add The percentage of land used in agriculture is a Planetary boundaries metric. 99.19.46.34 (talk) 03:45, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Why? — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 08:30, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Why, what? 99.109.126.34 (talk) 17:10, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Resource for Planetary boundaries: "Boundaries for a Healthy Planet" by Jonathan Foley, Gretchen C. Daily, Robert Howarth, David A. Vaccari, Adele C. Morris, Eric F. Lambin, Scott C. Doney, Peter H. Gleick and David W. Fahey Scientific American April 2010 99.190.85.150 (talk) 19:00, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * You're advertising the topic, just as you were advertising 350.org when I first noticed you. However, even assuming it were an appropriate topic to link, it would be much more appropriate use an article in Category:Agriculture, rather than land use, to spam links to your new favorite article.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 19:13, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Why would some random agriculture article be more appropriate as per Talk:Planetary boundaries Land use is a "Planetary Boundary"?  99.119.128.35 (talk) 21:38, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Because even the article "Planetary Boundaries", although it calls it "land use", the boundary refers to "agricultural land use". Even if a link were appropriate, it should only be from an article on agricultural land use.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 10:21, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The SciAm article is about Land use in general, with food production being a limiter to human population. Why complicate the issue?  209.255.78.138 (talk) 20:22, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * That may be true. However, the quote and the planetary boundary do not have to do with land use in general, so should not be referenced in this article.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 20:38, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * You are losing me, what quote? Why doesn't Planetary boundaries have to do with land use in general, as there is a finite land area on Earth, and only some of it can be for agriculture?  99.181.128.253 (talk) 23:56, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Quote = "The percentage of land used in agriculture is a Planetary boundaries metric."
 * And land use, even in the table in Planetary boundaries, takes the form of a subtitle or list entry title, which would not be considered "reliable" even if in a reliable source. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 05:45, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * What subtitles? It is a list of boundaries, of which Land use is one.  99.190.87.1 (talk) 18:17, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Not apparently so. "Land use" is the title of a section describing a "boundary", not a name or description.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 06:09, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Mr. Rubin, please write more plainly. Not apparently so, seems weasely, per WEASEL (as I have written and seen in other Talk associated with your comments).  209.255.78.138 (talk) 18:46, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * "Land use" is the title of a "boundary", not a description. The description relates to agricultural land use, which should be wikilinked to a more agricultural Wikipedia article.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 21:54, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Add 	Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy
Add

99.19.41.10 (talk) 05:04, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Why? If we had an article agricultural land use, that might link to the portal.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 05:33, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Why does a portal need to be so specific, just include related ones; and Agriculture is certainly a Land Use. 99.181.155.158 (talk) 03:57, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Add Add Portal:Ecology and/or Add Portal:Environment
Add Add Portal:Ecology and/or Add Portal:Environment  99.190.81.210 (talk) 21:54, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Better is better ... add 	 Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|Sustainable development
Better is better ... add 	  99.181.139.42 (talk) 02:22, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Oddities on the Europe map
The example map (Image:Europe land use map.png) seems bogus to me. Specifically, the large cropland areas are mostly missing – it seems correct for Skåne, but the other areas which are just mile after mile of farmland (NW Västergötland, parts of Dalsland, Uppland ...) are marked as forest. Also, large areas around the mountains in Norway and Sweden are marked as "grassland or pasture". That seems excessive. JöG (talk) 21:06, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Environment Section
"According to a report by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation, land degradation has been exacerbated where there has been an absence of any land use planning, or of its orderly execution, or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions, or one-sided central planning leading to over-utilization of the land resources - for instance for immediate production at all costs. As a consequence the result has often been misery for large segments of the local population and destruction of valuable ecosystems. Such narrow approaches should be replaced by a technique for the planning and management of land resources that is integrated and holistic and where land users are central. This will ensure the long-term quality of the land for human use, the prevention or resolution of social conflicts related to land use, and the conservation of ecosystems of high biodiversity value."

It is entirely unclear to me what parts of this paragraph stem from the uncited FAO report and which parts are simply the opinion of the author. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.134.136.139 (talk) 15:11, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

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 * Europe land use map.png

title: Talk:Land use


text:
User talk:Nowster

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Nice photos ... I like the island especially, though I might go and fiddle with the format on the page in a second or two; you can revert the edit if you don't like it.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

--Tagishsimon 23:49, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User talk:Nowster


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Talk:People's Liberation Armed Forces

Valid topic, but the current entry contains no useful information, and is POV. Delete, or rewrite from scratch. -- Chris 73 | Talk 01:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Current article is junk. Delete unless rewritten. -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:30, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Viet Cong. SWAdair | Talk  04:27, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per SWAdair's comment above. TB 08:40, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Rambo. Kidding... Redirect to Viet Cong as suggested above. Alcarillo 13:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redir to Viet Cong. Agree current article is junk. Even having been heavily involved in the debate at the time, I'd never heard the term. Very interesting. I even wonder if the Viet Cong article mightn't really belong here, and become the redir itself? Andrewa 02:56, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect for now, then create as a stand alone article when somebody original neutral offers treatment as considerate of the subject as that in MSN Encarta. To permanently refuse a VC PLA Army article would be nationalist POV. SimBot2 17:23, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:People's Liberation Armed Forces


text: Template talk:Afd footer

title: Template talk:Afd footer


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User:Monk Bretton

      ''' Grey with red around it. '''

title: User:Monk Bretton


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Players' League

The Players' National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, popularly known as the Players' League (PL), was a short-lived but star-studded professional American baseball league of the 19th century. The PL was formed by the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players in November 1889, after a dispute over pay with the National League (NL) and American Association (AA). The NL had implemented a reserve clause in 1879, which limited the ability of players to negotiate across teams for their salaries; both the AA and NL had passed a salary cap of US$2,000 per player in 1885, equivalent to $ in ; the owners of the NL had agreed to remove the salary cap in 1887 but failed to do so. Major League Baseball (MLB) considers the PL a "major" league for official statistical purposes.

The Brotherhood included most of the best players of the National League. Brotherhood members, led by John Montgomery Ward, left the National League and formed the Players' League after failing to change the lopsided player–management relationship of the National League.

The PL lasted just the one season of 1890, and the Boston franchise won the championship. Although known to historians as the Players' League, newspapers often reported the standings with the shorthand titles of "League," "Association," and "Brotherhood." The PL was well-attended, at least in some cities, but was underfunded, and its owners lacked the confidence to continue beyond the one season.

Background
Professional baseball had existed in America since at least 1871, when the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NA) formed; two years earlier the Cincinnati Red Stockings of the NA paid salaries to ten of their players. In 1876, the National League (NL) was formed, absorbing six of the best teams from the NA, which then folded. In September 1879, in a secret meeting, the NL established a reserve clause by which teams could "reserve" five players per year that could not sign or negotiate with other teams without permission from the owner of the team on which the reserved player was signed. This was an effort to limit player's salaries to reduce club losses.

By the mid-1880s, the reserve clause had been expanded to eleven players per team, and after the 1885 season the NL and the American Association passed a salary limit of US$2,000 per player, equivalent to $ in. After the change, the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players, an organization once focused on issues such as helping former players' widows, turned to labor issues. The club owners agreed to remove the salary cap in 1887, but reneged on their promise, and instead instituted a "classification system" which limited players' salaries based on their classification on a scale from A–E, "A" players being the highest-paid.

The Brotherhood, which had 107 players in 1886, announced its intention to leave the NL on November 4, 1889. After being advised by Brotherhood lawyers not to incorporate before each individual team incorporated, the PL was launched on December 16, 1889, with clubs from Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. Salary for the players for the 1890 season was set to the salary they had received in 1889, except that those affected by the classification system received their 1888 salary. The salaries were paid by gate receipts. In 1968, the MLB's Special Baseball Records Committee determined the PL was a "major league" for official statistical purposes.

Highlights
The Players League Triple Crown leaders were Hall-of-Famer Roger Connor with 14 home runs, Pete Browning with a .373 batting average, and Hardy Richardson with 146 RBI. For pitchers, Mark Baldwin had 34 wins, Silver King had a 2.69 ERA, and Mark Baldwin struck out 211 batters.

On June 21, King threw an unofficial eight-inning no-hitter.

Oddly, in its one season of operation, the Players League saw seven triple plays: the Giants on June 14, the Red Stockings on June 30, the Pirates on July 15, the Pirates again on July 30, the Burghers on August 15, Ward's Wonders on September 6, and the Bisons on September 29.

Legacy
The Boston and Philadelphia franchises joined the American Association after the Players' League folded, and both folded together with the AA after the 1891 season. The PL franchises in Brooklyn, New York, Chicago and Pittsburgh each merged with their National League counterparts after the 1890 season.

Although the league was started by the players themselves, essentially as an elaborate job-action to improve their lot, the venture proved to be a setback for them in the longer term. The infamous reserve clause remained intact, and would remain thus for the next 85 years or so. The already-shaky AA had been further weakened by the presence of the PL. The Lou Bierbauer incident, in which the Pittsburgh Alleghenys signed Bierbauer over the objections of the AA's Philadelphia Athletics, the team he had played with before joining the Players' League, caused a schism between the NL and the AA, and the AA failed a year later, reducing the total number of major league teams (and players), giving the remaining owners much greater leverage against the players.

One benefit of the league, from the management standpoint, was the construction of new facilities, several of which were used for a while by the established major league clubs. The most prominent of these was a new Polo Grounds, originally constructed as Brotherhood Park for the New York Giants of the Players League. Afterwards it became the home of the National League's New York Giants from 1891 to 1957 (it was rebuilt in steel and concrete in 1911) and of the New York Mets in their first two seasons. It was also the site of many other famous sporting events through its 75 years of existence.

title: Players' League


text:
Talk:Nightstand

Untitled
Dicdef. RickK 03:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - and a badly written one at that. --bodnotbod 14:50, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think pepople will be interested in this. DJ Clayworth 16:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.--Samuel J. Howard 17:38, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikiddie article. Alcarillo 18:22, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gwimpey 21:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Who the hell would look up "nightstand" on wikipedia anyway? Some people do not think before they write. Delete please. Rdsmith4 01:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Expandable. anthony (see warning)
 * Delete. Pointless and badly written. I'm impressed - Andrewa has made this actually worth keeping. DS 01:01, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, esp. if we're going to keep bread clip (as I feel we should). Somebody, somewhere knows the history of nightstands, famous nightstands, etc. (and yes, I ripped that sentence off from somebody--credit is given). Meelar 01:11, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Expandable, I've started. Photo of an old one coming if we do keep it. Andrewa 04:46, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or rewrite - poorly written --VTEX 05:23, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There's probably something interesting to be said about designs over the years in the context of antique furniture etc. They always come up with stuff like that on Antiques Roadshow... DopefishJustin 05:59, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll be doggoned. This went from kiddie-speak to useful stub!  Keep. - Lucky 6.9 21:39, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Photos added as promised. Format is a bit iffy. It works OK but not great with IE6 and the default skin, and I've yet to find a skin that works at all with IE5 and any page containing photos. Please, if you think you can tweak it to work with all or even most browser/skin combos, do so. Andrewa 10:00, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Who the hell would look up nightstand, you ask. I did. I was looking at an art piece called Not-a-one-night-stand nightstand, and got curious about the derivation of one-night-stand. Having found that,I wondered how nightstand got its name.

Does anyone else think the statement "In the United States, pistols are often kept in nightstands for easy access if roused from sleep by an intruder." is slightly misleading? --Funkmaster 801 09:09, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Curious
I'm continually amazed at the number of contributors who assume that just because they aren't themselves interested in a topic, nobody else is either. See the deletion debate above for some good (that is, appalling) examples of this sort of thinking.

And I guess the removal of the images I added of a traditional nightstand is another case in point. Surely the term nightstand refers primarily to these traditional ones rather than to a modern bedside table? Interested in other views on this, but here in Australia that seems to be the case.

That being so, it's hard to understand why we'd have only an image of a modern "nightstand" in the article. The images were proposed for deletion as orphans, which is why I came here for a look.

Please don't remove content just because it doesn't interest you personally. Fans of old furniture love nightstands, and there's every chance this stub will become a good article if given the chance. Andrewa (talk) 20:45, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Please add your photos back in where you feel is appropriate and I will remove the deletion nominations. Cloudbound (talk) 23:43, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I had already done that, but as I said at the deletion discussion I also uploaded them to Commons, and apparently that was enough to make them elligible for immediate deletion here exactly as I had requested on the deletion discussion page, a good result. Andrewa (talk) 05:17, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

They are usefull to support...
Why does the article mention a mobile phone and not a phone in general. Is it so rare to have a landline telephone this days? Hrgwea (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 11:03, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

Citations needed
This article is in need of citations. I added an editing banner. --SpiritedMichelle (talk) 02:17, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

History/origin of the term?
I've heard recently that the term of 'nightstand' comes from a servant who would stand by the bedside holding a candle at night, which by extension came to be used for the small table or locker that it is today? Has anyone else heard of this, or would know where to look?

The corresponding term in Portuguese is "criado-mudo", which quite explicitly comes from a term describing a muted domestic servant who would stand by the bed at night, and which has seen attempts at changing due to racist connotations recently, so I'm wondering if the English word is in any way related as the name suggests?109.79.116.207 (talk) 09:33, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nightstand


text:
User talk:Kenbeer

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
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title: User talk:Kenbeer


text:
Greenlandic language

Greenlandic (kalaallisut ; grønlandsk ) is an Eskimo–Aleut language with about 57,000 speakers, mostly Greenlandic Inuit in Greenland. It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada such as Inuktitut. It is the most widely spoken Eskimo–Aleut language. In June 2009, the government of Greenland, the Naalakkersuisut, made Greenlandic the sole official language of the autonomous territory, to strengthen it in the face of competition from the colonial language, Danish. The main variety is Kalaallisut, or West Greenlandic. The second variety is Tunumiit oraasiat, or East Greenlandic. The language of the Inughuit (Thule Inuit) of Greenland, Inuktun or Polar Eskimo, is a recent arrival and a dialect of Inuktitut.

Greenlandic is a polysynthetic language that allows the creation of long words by stringing together roots and suffixes. The language's morphosyntactic alignment is ergative, treating both the argument (subject) of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in one way, but the subject of a transitive verb in another. For example, "he plays the guitar" would be in the ergative case as a transitive agent, whereas "I bought a guitar" and "as the guitar plays" (the latter being the intransitive sense of the same verb "to play") would both be in the absolutive case.

Nouns are inflected by one of eight cases and for possession. Verbs are inflected for one of eight moods and for the number and person of its subject and object. Both nouns and verbs have complex derivational morphology. The basic word order in transitive clauses is subject–object–verb. The subordination of clauses uses special subordinate moods. A so-called fourth-person category enables switch-reference between main clauses and subordinate clauses with different subjects. Greenlandic is notable for its lack of grammatical tense; temporal relations are expressed normally by context but also by the use of temporal particles such as "yesterday" or "now" or sometimes by the use of derivational suffixes or the combination of affixes with aspectual meanings with the semantic lexical aspect of different verbs. However, some linguists have suggested that Greenlandic always marks future tense. Another question is whether the language has noun incorporation or whether the processes that create complex predicates that include nominal roots are derivational in nature.

When adopting new concepts or technologies, Greenlandic usually constructs new words made from Greenlandic roots, but modern Greenlandic has also taken many loans from Danish and English. The language has been written in Latin script since Danish colonization began in the 1700s. Greenlandic's first orthography was developed by Samuel Kleinschmidt in 1851, but within 100 years, it already differed substantially from the spoken language because of a number of sound changes. An extensive orthographic reform was undertaken in 1973 and made the script much easier to learn. This resulted in a boost in Greenlandic literacy, which is now among the highest in the world.

History
Greenlandic was brought to Greenland by the arrival of the Thule people in the 1200s. The languages that were spoken by the earlier Saqqaq and Dorset cultures in Greenland are unknown.

The first descriptions of Greenlandic date from the 1600s. With the arrival of Danish missionaries in the early 1700s and the beginning of Danish colonization of Greenland, the compilation of dictionaries and description of grammar began. The missionary Paul Egede wrote the first Greenlandic dictionary in 1750 and the first grammar in 1760.

From the Danish colonization in the 1700s to the beginning of Greenlandic home rule in 1979, Greenlandic experienced increasing pressure from the Danish language. In the 1950s, Denmark's linguistic policies were directed at strengthening Danish. Of primary significance was the fact that post-primary education and official functions were conducted in Danish.

From 1851 to 1973, Greenlandic was written in a complicated orthography devised by the missionary linguist Samuel Kleinschmidt. In 1973, a new orthography was introduced, intended to bring the written language closer to the spoken standard, which had changed considerably since Kleinschmidt's time. The reform was effective, and in the years following it, Greenlandic literacy has received a boost.

Another development that has strengthened Greenlandic language is the policy of "Greenlandization" of Greenlandic society that began with the home rule agreement of 1979. The policy has worked to reverse the former trend towards marginalization of the Greenlandic language by making it the official language of education. The fact that Greenlandic has become the only language used in primary schooling means that monolingual Danish-speaking parents in Greenland are now raising children bilingual in Danish and Greenlandic. Greenlandic now has several dedicated news media: the Greenlandic National Radio, Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa, which provides television and radio programming in Greenlandic. The newspaper Sermitsiaq has been published since 1958 and merged in 2010 with the other newspaper Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten, which had been established in 1861 to form a single large Greenlandic language publishing house.

Before June 2009, Greenlandic shared its status as the official language in Greenland with Danish. Since then, Greenlandic has become the sole official language. That has made Greenlandic a unique example of an indigenous language of the Americas that is recognized by law as the only official language of a semi-independent country. Nevertheless, it is still considered to be in a "vulnerable" state by the UNESCO Red Book of Language Endangerment. The country has a 100% literacy rate. As the Western Greenlandic standard has become dominant, a UNESCO report has labelled the other dialects as endangered, and measures are now being considered to protect the Eastern Greenlandic dialect.

Classification

 * Inuit languages
 * Greenlandic
 * Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic)
 * Tunumiisut (East Greenlandic)
 * Inuktun

Kalaallisut and the other Greenlandic dialects belong to the Eskimo–Aleut family and are closely related to the Inuit languages of Canada and Alaska. Illustration 1 shows the locations of the different Inuit languages, among them the two main dialects of Greenlandic and the separate language Inuktun ("Avanersuaq").

The most prominent Greenlandic dialect is Kalaallisut, which is the official language of Greenland. The name Kalaallisut is often used as a cover term for all of Greenlandic. The eastern dialect (Tunumiit oraasiat), spoken in the vicinity of Ammassalik Island and Ittoqqortoormiit, is the most innovative of the Greenlandic dialects since it has assimilated consonant clusters and vowel sequences more than West Greenlandic.

Kalaallisut is further divided into four subdialects. One that is spoken around Upernavik has certain similarities to East Greenlandic, possibly because of a previous migration from eastern Greenland. A second dialect is spoken in the region of Uummannaq and the Disko Bay. The standard language is based on the central Kalaallisut dialect spoken in Sisimiut in the north, around Nuuk and as far south as Maniitsoq. Southern Kalaallisut is spoken around Narsaq and Qaqortoq in the south. Table 1 shows the differences in the pronunciation of the word for "humans" in the two main dialects and Inuktun. It can be seen that Inuktun is the most conservative by maintaining, which has been elided in Kalaallisut, and Tunumiisut is the most innovative by further simplifying its structure by eliding.

Vowels
The Greenlandic three-vowel system, composed of, , and , is typical for an Eskimo–Aleut language. Double vowels are analyzed as two morae and so they are phonologically a vowel sequence and not a long vowel. They are also orthographically written as two vowels. There is only one diphthong,, which occurs only at the ends of words. Before a uvular consonant ( or ), is realized allophonically as,  or , and  is realized allophonically as  or , and the two vowels are written  respectively (as in some orthographies used for Quechua and Aymara). becomes retracted to in the same environment. is rounded to before labial consonants. is fronted to between two coronal consonants.

The allophonic lowering of and  before uvular consonants is shown in the modern orthography by writing  and  as  and  respectively before  and. For example:

 * "husband" pronounced.
 * "(s)he has a husband" pronounced and written $⟨ueqarpoq⟩$.
 * "house" pronounced.
 * "(s)he has a house" pronounced and written $⟨illoqarpoq⟩$.

Consonants
The palatal sibilant has merged with  in all dialects except those of the Sisimiut–Maniitsoq–Nuuk–Paamiut area. The labiodental fricative is contrastive only in loanwords. The alveolar stop is pronounced as an affricate  before the high front vowel. Often, Danish loanwords containing preserve these in writing, but that does not imply a change in pronunciation, for example   "beer" and $⟨t⟩$  "God"; these are pronounced exactly as.

Morphology

The broad outline of the Greenlandic grammar is similar to other Eskimo languages, on the morpholological and syntactic plan.

The morphology of Greenlandic is highly synthetic and exclusively suffixing (except for a single highly-limited and fossilized demonstrative prefix). The language creates very long words by means of adding strings of suffixes to a stem. In principle, there is no limit to the length of a Greenlandic word, but in practice, words with more than six derivational suffixes are not so frequent, and the average number of morphemes per word is three to five. The language has between 400 and 500 derivational suffixes and around 318 inflectional suffixes.

There are few compound words but many derivations. The grammar uses a mixture of head and dependent marking. Both agent and patient are marked on the predicate, and the possessor is marked on nouns, with dependent noun phrases inflecting for case. The primary morphosyntactic alignment of full noun phrases in Kalaallisut is ergative-absolutive, but verbal morphology follows a nominative-accusative pattern and pronouns are syntactically neutral.

The language distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th or 3rd reflexive (see Obviation and switch-reference); two numbers (singular and plural but no dual, unlike Inuktitut); eight moods (indicative, interrogative, imperative, optative, conditional, causative, contemporative and participial) and eight cases (absolutive, ergative, equative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative and prolative). Greenlandic (including the eastern Tunumiisut variety) is the only Eskimo language having lost its dual.

Declension
Verbs carry a bipersonal inflection for subject and object. Possessive noun phrases inflect for both possessor and case.

In this section, the examples are written in Greenlandic standard orthography except that morpheme boundaries are indicated by a hyphen.

Syntax
Greenlandic distinguishes three open word classes: nouns, verbs and particles. Verbs inflect for person and number of subject and object as well as for mood. Nouns inflect for possession and for case. Particles do not inflect.

The verb is the only word that is required in a sentence. Since verbs inflect for number and person of both subject and object, the verb is in fact a clause itself. Therefore, clauses in which all participants are expressed as free-standing noun phrases are rather rare. The following examples show the possibilities of leaving out the verbal arguments:

Sini-ppoq

sleep-3SG/IND

"(S)he sleeps"

Angut sinippoq

man.ABS sleep-3SG/IND

"the man sleeps"

Asa-vaa

love-3SG/3SG

"(S)he loves him/her/it"

Angut-ip asa-vaa

man-ERG love-3SG/3SG

"the man loves him/her/it"

Arnaq asa-vaa

woman.ABS love-3SG/3SG

"(S)he loves the woman"

Morphosyntactic alignment
The Greenlandic language uses case to express grammatical relations between participants in a sentence. Nouns are inflected with one of the two core cases or one of the six oblique cases.

Greenlandic is an ergative–absolutive language and so instead of treating the grammatical relations, as in English and most other Indo-European languages, whose grammatical subjects are marked with the nominative case and objects with the accusative case, Greenlandic grammatical roles are defined differently. Its ergative case is used for agents of transitive verbs and for possessors. The absolutive case is used for patients of transitive verbs and subjects of intransitive verbs. Research into Greenlandic as used by the younger generation has shown that the use of ergative alignment in Kalaallisut may be becoming obsolete, which would convert the language into a nominative–accusative language.

Anda sini-ppoq

Anda.ABS sleep-3SG/IND

"Anda sleeps"

Anda-p nanoq taku-aa

Anda-ERG bear.ABS see-3SG/3SG

"Anda sees a bear"

Word order
In transitive clauses whose object and subject are expressed as free noun phrases, the basic pragmatically-neutral word order is SOV / SOXV in which X is a noun phrase in one of the oblique cases. However, word order is fairly free. Topical noun phrases occur at the beginning of a clause. New or emphasized information generally come last, which is usually the verb but can also be a focal subject or object. As well, in the spoken language, "afterthought" material or clarifications may follow the verb, usually in a lowered pitch.

On the other hand, the noun phrase is characterized by a rigid order in which the head of the phrase precedes any modifiers and the possessor precedes the possessed.

In copula clauses, the word order is usually subject-copula-complement.

Andap tujuuluk pisiaraa

Anda sweater bought

A    O         V

"Anda bought the sweater"

An attribute appears after its head noun.

Andap tujuuluk tungujortoq pisiaraa

Anda sweater blue bought

A    O       X    V

"Anda bought the blue sweater"

An attribute of an incorporated noun appears after the verb:

Anda sanasuuvoq pikkorissoq

Anda {carpenter-is} skilled

S   V             APP

"Anda is a skilled carpenter"

Coordination and subordination
Syntactic coordination and subordination is built by combining predicates in the superordinate moods (indicative, interrogative, imperative and optative) with predicates in the subordinate moods (conditional, causative, contemporative and participial). The contemporative has both coordinative and subordinative functions, depending on the context. The relative order of the main clause and its coordinate or subordinate clauses is relatively free and is subject mostly to pragmatic concerns.

Obviation and switch-reference
The Greenlandic pronominal system includes a distinction known as obviation or switch-reference. There is a special so-called fourth person to denote a third person subject of a subordinate verb or the possessor of a noun that is coreferent with the third person subject of the matrix clause. Here are examples of the difference between third and the fourth persons:

illu-a taku-aa
 * third person

house-3.POSS see-3SG/3SG

"he saw his (the other man's) house" Ole oqar-poq tillu-kkiga

Ole say-3SG hit-1SG/3SG

"Ole said I had hit him (the other man)" Eva iser-pat sini-ssaa-q

Eva {come in}-3SG sleep-expect-3SG

"When Eva comes in (s)he'll sleep (someone else)"

illu-ni taku-aa
 * fourth person

house-4.POSS see-3SG/3SG

"he saw his own house" Ole oqar-poq tillu-kkini

Ole say-3SG hit-1SG/4

"Ole said I had hit him (Ole)" Eva iser-uni sini-ssaa-q

Eva {come in}-4 sleep-expect-3SG

"When Eva comes in she'll sleep"

Indefiniteness construction
There is no category of definiteness in Greenlandic and so information on whether participants are already known to the listener or they are new to the discourse is encoded by other means. According to some authors, morphology related to transitivity such as the use of the construction sometimes called antipassive or intransitive object conveys such meaning, along with strategies of noun incorporation of non-topical noun phrases. That view, however, is controversial.

Piitap arfeq takuaa

Peter-ERG whale see

"Peter saw the whale"

Piitaq arfermik takuvoq

Peter-ABS whale-INSTR see

"Peter saw (a) whale"

Verbs
The morphology of Greenlandic verbs is enormously complex. The main processes are inflection and derivation. Inflectional morphology includes the processes of obligatory inflection for mood, person and voice (tense and aspect are not inflectional categories in Kalaallisut). Derivational morphology modifies the meaning of verbs similarly to English adverbs. There are hundreds of such derivational suffixes. Many of them are so semantically salient and so they are often referred to as postbases, rather than suffixes, particularly in the American tradition of Eskimo grammar. Such semantically "heavy" suffixes may express concepts such as "to have", "to be", "to say" or "to think". The Greenlandic verb word consists of a root, followed by derivational suffixes/postbases and then inflectional suffixes. Tense and aspect are marked by optional suffixes between the derivational and the inflectional suffixes.

Inflection
Greenlandic verbs inflect for agreement with agent and patient and for mood and for voice. There are eight moods, four of which are used in independent clauses the others in subordinate clauses. The four independent moods are indicative, interrogative, imperative and optative. The four dependent moods are causative, conditional, contemporative and participial. Verbal roots can take transitive, intransitive or negative inflections and so all eight mood suffixes have those three forms. The inflectional system is even more complex since transitive suffixes encode both agent and patient in a single morpheme, with up to 48 different suffixes covering all possible combinations of agent and patient for each of the eight transitive paradigms. As some moods do not have forms for all persons (imperative has only 2nd person, optative has only 1st and 3rd person, participial mood has no 4th person and contemporative has no 3rd person), the total number of verbal inflectional suffixes is about 318.

Indicative and interrogative moods
The indicative mood is used in all independent expository clauses. The interrogative mood is used for questions that do not have the question particle immaqa "maybe".

napparsima-vit?

{be sick}-2/INTERR

"Are you sick?"

naamik, napparsima-nngila-nga

no, {be sick}-NEG-1/IND

"No, I am not sick"

The table below shows the intransitive inflection of the verb neri- "to eat" in the indicative and interrogative moods (question marks mark interrogative intonation; questions have falling intonation on the last syllable, unlike English and most other Indo-European languages, whose questions are marked by rising intonation). Both the indicative and the interrogative mood have a transitive and an intransitive inflection, but only the intransitive inflection is given here. Consonant gradation like in Finnish appears to occur in the verb conjugation (with strengthening to pp in the 3rd person plural and weakening to v elsewhere).

The table below shows the transitive indicative inflection for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person singular subjects of the verb asa- "to love" (an asterisk means that the form does not occur as such but uses a different reflexive inflection).

The table below gives the basic form of all the inflexional suffixes in the indicative and interrogative moods. Where the indicative and interrogative forms differ, the interrogative form is given second in brackets. Suffixes used with intransitive verbs are in italics, while suffixes used with transitive verbs are unmarked.

Apart from the similarities between forms highlighted in bold,

 * all basic forms start with v- except for the 3rd person plural intransitive forms;
 * all basic transitive indicative forms have as their first vowel;
 * all basic intransitive indicative forms have as their first vowel (voq is phonemically ); and
 * all basic forms unique to the interrogative mood have as their first vowel except for the 3rd person intransitive forms.

Furthermore, if the subject of a transitive verb is 3rd person, the suffix will start with vaa- (with one exception).

When the object is 1st or 2nd person singular, the forms with a 3rd person singular subject are turned into forms with a (3rd person) plural subject by lengthening the second consonant: →,  →. If the subject or object is 2nd person plural, the suffix will include -si(-). If the subject or object is 1st person plural, the suffix will end in -t except when the object is 2nd person plural.

The interrogative mood has separate forms only when the subject is 2nd person or intransitive 3rd person; otherwise, the interrogative forms are identical to the indicative forms. All suffixes that start with vi- have a subject in the 2nd person. In the forms unique to the interrogative transitive (which all have 2nd person subjects), the forms with a (2nd person) singular subject are turned into forms with a (2nd person) plural subject by adding -si- after the initial vi- (except when the object is 1st person plural, in which case the same form is used for both plural and singular subject, as is the case for all interrogative or indicative forms with the object in the 1st or 2nd person plural).

The initial v- changes to p- or is deleted according to the rules.

After the suffix -nngil- ‘not’, v- is deleted (while the pp- of the 3rd person plural intransitive forms is changed to l-) and a first vowel is changed to  (e.g. suli+vugut ‘we work’ but suli-nngil+agut ‘we don't work’). The intransitive 2nd person does not have separate interrogative forms after -nngil-, hence e.g.
 * suli+vutit ‘you (sg.) work’
 * suli-nngil+atit ‘you (sg.) don't work’
 * suli+vit? ‘do you (sg.) work?’
 * suli-nngil+atit? ‘don't you (sg.) work?’ (instead of the expected *suli-nngil+it?)

After the future suffix -ssa-, vu- and vo- (both ) change to a-. (Va-, vi-, ppu-, and ppa- do not change.)

After the suffix -qa-, vu-, vo-, va-, vi-, ppu-, and ppa- all change to a- (except when this would lead to aaa, in which case aaa is shortened to aa). -qa- + vai becomes qai, not *qaai. (In accordance with the rule, aau becomes aaju, hence -qa- + viuk becomes qaajuk, not *qaauk.) The suffix -qa- was historically -qi-.

Imperative and optative moods
The imperative mood is used to issue orders and is always combined with the second person. The optative is used to express wishes or exhortations and is never used with the second person. There is a negative imperative form used to issue prohibitions. Both optative and imperative have transitive and intransitive paradigms. There are two transitive positive imperative paradigms: a standard one and another that is considered rude and is used usually to address children.

sini-git!

sleep-IMP

"Sleep!"

sini-llanga

sleep-1.OPT

"Let me sleep!"

sini-nnak!

sleep-NEG.IMP

"Don't sleep!"

Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to construct subordinate clauses that mean "if" or "when".

seqinner-pat Eva ani-ssaa-q

sunshine-COND Eva {go out}-expect/3SG

"If the sun shines, Eva will go out"

Causative mood
The causative mood (sometimes called the conjunctive) is used to construct subordinate clauses that mean "because", "since" or "when" and is also sometimes used to mean "that". The causative is used also in main clauses to imply some underlying cause.

qasu-gami innar-poq

{be tired}-CAU/3SG {go to bed}-3SG

"He went to bed because he was tired"

matta-ttor-ama

blubber-eat-CAU/1SG

"I've eaten blubber (that's why I'm not hungry)"

ani-guit eqqaama-ssa-vat teriannia-qar-mat

{go out}-COND/2SG remember-FUT-IMP fox-are-CAUS

"If you go out, remember that there are foxes"

Contemporative mood
The contemporative mood is used to construct subordinate clauses with the meaning of simultaneity and is used only if the subject of the subordinate clause and of the main clause are identical. If they differ, the participial mood or the causative mood is used. The contemporative can also be used to form complement clauses for verbs of speaking or thinking.

qasu-llunga angerlar-punga

{be tired}-CONT.1SG go.home-1SG

"Being tired, I went home"

98-inik ukio-qar-luni toqu-voq

98-INSTR.PL year-have-CONT.4.SG die-3SG

"Being 98 years old, he/she died", "he/she was 98 when he/she died"

Eva oqar-poq kami-it akiler-lugit

Eva say-3SG boot-PL pay-CONT.3PL

"Eva said she had paid for the boots"

Participial mood
The participial mood is used to construct a subordinate clause describing its subject in the state of carrying out an activity. It is used when the matrix clause and the subordinate clause have different subjects. It is often used in appositional phrases such as relative clauses.

atuar-toq taku-ara

read-PART/3SG see-1SG/3SG

"I saw her read/I saw that she read"

neriu-ppunga tiki-ssa-soq

hope-1SG come-expect-PART/3SG

"I hope he is coming/I hope he'll come"

Derivation
Verbal derivation is extremely productive, and Greenlandic has many hundreds of derivational suffixes. Often, a single verb uses more than one derivational suffix, resulting in very long words. Here are some examples of how derivational suffixes can change the meaning of verbs:

Time reference and aspect
Greenlandic grammar has morphological devices to mark a distinction between the recent and distant past, but their use is optional and so they should be understood as parts of Greenlandic's extensive derivational system, rather than as a system of tense-markers. Rather than by morphological marking, fixed temporal distance is expressed by temporal adverbials:

toqo-riikatap-poq

die-long.ago-3sg/IND

"He died long ago"

nere-qqammer-punga

eat-recently-1sg/IND

"I ate recently"

ippassaq Piitaq arpap-poq

yesterday Peter-ABS run-3sg/IND

"Yesterday Peter was running."

All other things being equal and in the absence of any explicit adverbials, the indicative mood is interpreted as complete or incomplete, depending on the verbal lexical aspect.

Piitaq arpap-poq

Peter-ABS run-3sg/IND

"Peter runs"

Piitaq ani-voq

Peter-ABS go.out-3sg/IND

"Peter was gone out"

However, if a sentence with an atelic verbal phrase is embedded within the context of a past-time narrative, it would be interpreted as past.

Greenlandic has several purely-derivational devices of expressing meaning related to aspect and lexical aspect such as sar, expressing "habituality", and ssaar, expressing, "stop to". Also, there are at least two major perfect markers: sima and nikuu. sima can occur in several positions with obviously-different functions. The last position indicates evidential meaning, but that can be determined only if several suffixes are present.

tiki(k)-nikuu-sima-voq

arrive-nikuu-sima-3sg/INT

"Apparently, she had arrived"

With atelic verbs, there is a regular contrast between indirective evidentiality, marked by sima, and witnessed evidentiality, marked by nikuu. Its evidential meaning causes the combination of first person and sima to be sometimes marked.

qia-sima-voq

cry-sima-3sg/IND

"He cried (his eyes are swollen)"

qia-nikuu-voq

cry-nikuu-3sg/IND

"He cried (I was there)"

In the written language and more recently also in the spoken language, especially by younger speakers, sima and nikuu can be used together with adverbials to refer to a particular time in the past. That is, they can arguably mark time reference but do not yet do so systematically.

Just as Greenlandic does not systematically mark past tense, the language also does not have a future tense. Rather, it employs three different strategies to express future meaning: Ilimaga-ara aasaq manna Dudley qujanar-tor-si-ffigi-ssa-llugu

expect-1sg/3sg/IND summer this Dudley be.fun-cn-get.from-expect-CONT/3sg

"I expect to get some fun out of Dudley this summer."

Aggiuti-ler-para

bring-begin-1sg/3sg/IND

"I've started to bring him."

Qimmii-t nerisi(k)-tigit

dog-PL feed-please-we/them/IMP

"Let us feed the dogs, ok?"

The status of the perfect markers as aspect is not very controversial, but some scholars have claimed that Greenlandic has a basic temporal distinction between future and nonfuture. Especially, the suffix -ssa and handful of other suffixes have been claimed to be obligatory future markers. However, at least for literary Greenlandic, the suffixes have been shown to have other semantics, which can be used to refer to the future by the strategies that have just been described.

Voice
Greenlandic has an antipassive voice, which transforms the ergative subject into an absolutive subject and the absolutive object into an instrumental argument; it is formed mostly by the addition of the marker -(s)i- to the verb (the presence of the consonant being mostly phonologically determined, albeit with a few cases of lexically determined distribution) and, in small lexically restricted sets of verbs, by the addition of -nnig- or -ller- (the former being, however, more frequent because it is the one selected by the common verbal element -gi/ri- 'to have as'). It has also been analysed as having passive voice constructions, which are formed with the elements -saa- (composed of the passive participle suffix -sa- and -u- 'to be'), -neqar- (composed of the verbal noun suffix -neq- and -qar- 'to have') and -tit- (only to demote higher animate participants, also used with a reflexive causative meaning 'to cause, let [someone do something to one]'). In addition, an "impersonal passive" from intransitive verbs -toqar- (composed of intransitive agent suffix -toq- and -qar 'to have') has been identified.

Noun incorporation
There is also a debate in the linguistic literature on whether Greenlandic has noun incorporation. The language does not allow the kind of incorporation that is common in many other languages in which a noun root can be incorporated into almost any verb to form a verb with a new meaning. On the other hand, Greenlandic often forms verbs that include noun roots. The question then becomes whether to analyse such verb formations as incorporation or as denominal derivation of verbs. Greenlandic has a number of morphemes that require a noun root as their host and form complex predicates, which correspond closely in meaning to what is often seen in languages that have canonical noun incorporation. Linguists who propose that Greenlandic had incorporation argue that such morphemes are in fact verbal roots, which must incorporate nouns to form grammatical clauses. That argument is supported by the fact that many of the derivational morphemes that form denominal verbs work almost identically to canonical noun incorporation. They allow the formation of words with a semantic content that correspond to an entire English clause with verb, subject and object. Another argument is that the morphemes that derive denominal verbs come from historical noun incorporating constructions, which have become fossilized.

Other linguists maintain that the morphemes in question are simply derivational morphemes that allow the formation of denominal verbs. That argument is supported by the fact that the morphemes are always latched on to a nominal element. These examples illustrate how Greenlandic forms complex predicates including nominal roots:

Nouns
Nouns are always inflected for case and number and sometimes for number and person of possessor. Singular and plural are distinguished and eight cases are used: absolutive, ergative (relative), instrumental, allative, locative, ablative, prosecutive (also called vialis or prolative) and equative. Case and number are marked by a single suffix. Nouns can be derived from verbs or from other nouns by a number of suffixes: atuar- "to read" + -fik "place" becomes atuarfik "school" and atuarfik + -tsialak "something good" becomes atuarfitsialak "good school".

Since the possessive agreement suffixes on nouns and the transitive agreement suffixes on verbs in a number of instances have similar or identical shapes, there is even a theory that Greenlandic distinguishes between transitive and intransitive nouns as it does for verbs.

Pronouns
There are personal pronouns for first, second, and third person singular and plural. They are optional as subjects or objects but only when the verbal inflection refers to such arguments.

Personal pronouns are, however, required in the oblique case:

illit nere-qu-aatit

you {eat-tell to-3s–2s-IND}

'He told you to eat'

Case
Both grammatical core cases, ergative and absolutive, are used to express grammatical and syntactical roles of participant noun phrases. The oblique cases express information related to movement and manner.

angut-Ø neri-voq

man-ABS eat-3sg

"The man eats"

anguti-p puisi neri-vaa

man-ERG seal-ABS eat-3sg/3sg

"The man eats the seal"

The instrumental case is versatile. It is used for the instrument with which an action is carried out, for oblique objects of intransitive verbs (also called antipassive verbs) and for secondary objects of transitive verbs.

nanoq-Ø savim-mi-nik kapi-vaa

{polar bear}-ABS knife-his.own-INSTR stab-3sg/3sg

"He stabbed the bear with his knife"

Piitaq-Ø savim-mik tuni-vara

Peter-ABS knife-INSTR give-1sg/3sg

"I gave Peter a knife"

There is no case marking if the noun is incorporated. Many sentences can be constructed oblique object as well as incorporated object.

kaffi-sor-tar-poq

coffee-drink-usually-3sg

"She usually drinks coffee"

kaffi-mik imer-tar-poq

coffee-INSTR drink-usually-3sg

"She usually drinks coffee"

It is also used to express the meaning of "give me" and to form adverbs from nouns:

imer-mik!

water-INSTR

"(give me) water"

sivisuu-mik sinip-poq

late-INSTR sleep-3sg

"He slept late"

The allative case describes movement towards something.

illu-mut

house-ALL

"towards the house"

It is also used with numerals and the question word qassit to express the time of the clock and in the meaning "amount per unit":

qassi-nut? – pingasu-nut.

when-ALL {} three-ALL

"When?" – "At three o'clock"

kiilu-mut tiiva krone-qar-poq

kilo-ALL twenty crown-have-3sg

"It costs 20 crowns per kilo"

The locative case describes spatial location:

illu-mi

house-LOC

"in the house"

The ablative case describes movement away from something or the source of something:

Rasmussi-mit allagarsi-voq

Rasmus-ABL receive.letter-3sg

"He got a letter from Rasmus"

The prosecutive case describes movement through something and the medium of writing or a location on the body.

matu-kkut iser-poq

door-PROS enter-3SG

"He entered through the door"

su-kkut tillup-paatit?

where-PROS hit-3sg/2sg

"Where (on the body) did he hit you?"

The prosecutive case ending "-kkut" is distinct from the affix "-kkut" which denotes a noun and its companions, e.g. a person and friends or family:

palasi-kkut

priest-and-companions-of

"the priest and his family"

The equative case describes similarity of manner or quality. It is also used to derive language names from nouns denoting nationalities: "like a person of x nationality [speaks]".

nakorsatut suli-sar-poq

doctor-EQU work-HAB-3SG

"he works as a doctor"

Qallunaa-tut

dane-EQU

"Danish language (like a Dane)"

Possession
In Greenlandic, possession is marked on the noun that agrees with the person and the number of its possessor. The possessor is in the ergative case. There are different possessive paradigms for each different case. Table 4 gives the possessive paradigm for the absolutive case of illu "house". Here are examples of the use of the possessive inflection, the use of the ergative case for possessors and the use of fourth person possessors.

Anda-p illu-a

Anda-ERG house-3SG/POSS

"Anda's house" Anda-p illu-ni taku-aa

Anda-ERG house-4/POSS see-3SG/3SG

"Anda sees his own house" Anda-p illu-a taku-aa

Anda-ERG house-3SG/POSS see-3SG/3SG

"Anda sees his (the other man's) house"

Numerals
The numerals and lower numbers are,

Vocabulary

Most of Greenlandic's vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Eskimo–Aleut, but there are also a large number of loans from other languages, especially from Danish. Early loans from Danish have often become acculturated to the Greenlandic phonological system: the Greenlandic word palasi "priest" is a loan from the Danish præst. However, since Greenlandic has an enormous potential for the derivation of new words from existing roots, many modern concepts have Greenlandic names that have been invented rather than borrowed: qarasaasiaq "computer" which literally means "artificial brain". The potential for complex derivations also means that Greenlandic vocabulary is built on very few roots, which, combined with affixes, form large word families. For example, the root for "tongue" oqaq is used to derive the following words:
 * oqarpoq 'says'
 * oqaaseq 'word'
 * oqaluppoq 'speaks'
 * oqallissaarut 'discussion paper'
 * oqaasilerisoq 'linguist'
 * oqaasilerissutit 'grammar'
 * oqaluttualiortoq 'author'
 * oqaloqatigiinneq 'conversation'
 * oqaasipiluuppaa 'harangues him'
 * oqaatiginerluppaa 'speaks badly about him'

Lexical differences between dialects are often considerable because of the earlier cultural practice of imposing a taboo on words that had served as names for a deceased person. Since people were often named after everyday objects, many of them have changed their name several times because of taboo rules, another cause of the divergence of dialectal vocabulary.

Orthography
Greenlandic is written with the Latin script. The alphabet consists of 18 letters: are used to spell loanwords, especially from Danish and English. Greenlandic uses "..." and »...« as quotation marks.
 * A E F G I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V

From 1851 until 1973, Greenlandic was written in an alphabet invented by Samuel Kleinschmidt, which used the kra (, capitalised ) which was replaced by in the 1973 reform. In the Kleinschmidt alphabet, long vowels and geminate consonants were indicated by diacritics on vowels (in the case of consonant gemination, the diacritics were placed on the vowel preceding the affected consonant). For example, the name Kalaallit Nunaat was spelled Kalãlit Nunât or Kalàlit Nunât. This scheme uses the circumflex (◌̂) to indicate a long vowel (e.g. ; modern: ), an acute accent (◌́) to indicate gemination of the following consonant: (i.e. ; modern: ) and, finally, a tilde (◌̃) or a grave accent (◌̀), depending on the author, indicates vowel length and gemination of the following consonant (e.g. ; modern: ). , used only before, are now written in Greenlandic. The spelling system of Nunatsiavummiutut, spoken in Nunatsiavut in northeastern Labrador, is derived from the old Greenlandic system.

Technically, the Kleinschmidt orthography focused upon morphology: the same derivational affix would be written in the same way in different contexts, despite its being pronounced differently in different contexts. The 1973 reform replaced this with a phonological system: Here, there was a clear link from written form to pronunciation, and the same suffix is now written differently in different contexts: for example do not represent separate phonemes, but only more open pronunciations of   before. The differences are due to phonological changes. It is therefore easy to go from the old orthography to the new (cf. the online converter) whereas going the other direction would require a full lexical analysis.

Language learning resources
Greenlandic can be learnt on the online platforms of Memrise and UTalk.

Example text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greenlandic:

(Pre-reform)
 * Inuit tamarmik inúngorput nangminêrsivnâgsusseĸarlutik agsigĩmigdlo atarĸinagsusseĸarlutigdlo pisivnâtitãfeĸarlutik. Silaĸagsussermik tarnigdlo nalúngigsussianik pilerssugaugput, ingmingnudlo iliorfigeĸatigĩtariaĸaraluarput ĸatángutigĩtut peĸatigîvnerup anersâvane.

(Post-reform)
 * Inuit tamarmik inunngorput nammineersinnaassuseqarlutik assigiimmillu ataqqinassuseqarlutillu pisinnaatitaaffeqarlutik. Silaqassusermik tarnillu nalunngissusianik pilersugaapput, imminnullu iliorfigeqatigiittariaqaraluarput qatanngutigiittut peqatigiinnerup anersaavani.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
 * "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Abbreviations
For affixes about which the precise meaning is the cause of discussion among specialists, the suffix itself is used as a gloss, and its meaning must be understood from context: -SSA (meaning either future or expectation), -NIKUU and -SIMA.

 4:fourth (reflexive or obviative) person PART:participial mood EQU:equative case CONT:contemporative mood INT:intransitive INSTR:instrumental case POSS:possessor CAU:causative mood

title: Greenlandic language


text:
Donald Byrne

Donald Byrne (June 12, 1930 – April 8, 1976) was an American university professor and chess player. He held the title International Master, and competed for his country in the Chess Olympiad on several occasions.

Biography
Born in New York City, Byrne was a professor of English. He taught at Pennsylvania State University from 1961 until his death, having been invited there to teach and to coach the varsity chess team. Before his time at Penn State, he was a professor at Valparaiso University in Indiana.

He was a competitor in the chess club run by Brooklyn chess coach and master John W. Collins. Collins wrote about his students in the book My Seven Chess Prodigies, which features both Byrne brothers, Donald and Robert (see more below), and the young Bobby Fischer.

Byrne died in Philadelphia of complications arising from Lupus. He was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 2003.

Chess career
Byrne won the U.S. Open Chess Championship in 1953 in Milwaukee and around that time he achieved the second-highest rating in the U.S., behind Samuel Reshevsky, against whom Byrne had a winning record. He was awarded the International Master title by FIDE (the World Chess Federation) in 1962, and played for or captained five U.S. Chess Olympiad teams between 1962 and 1972. In 1972, he led a team representing Pennsylvania State University (the remainder of the team was alumni) to the US Amateur Team Championship in Philadelphia. The winning Penn State team consisted of Byrne, Dan Heisman, Steve Wexler, Bill Bickham, and Jim Joachim (alt.). Byrne's elder brother, Grandmaster Robert Byrne, was also a leading player of that time.

Byrne was a great ambassador for American chess, seemingly on good terms with players from both sides of the Iron Curtain. At the 1966 Chess Olympiad in Havana, Cuba, Bobby Fischer, a member of the Worldwide Church of God, would not compete on Saturdays, and the tournament officials knew this, yet they scheduled his first game against a Soviet player on Saturday, leading to accusations and hot tempers by the U.S. and Soviet teams and the tournament officials. Byrne's diplomacy and communication skills and the respect that all the players had for his integrity were enough to get the game rescheduled with everyone saving face. The tournament proceeded without further incident. Host Fidel Castro gave Byrne a hand-carved chess set to thank him.

Byrne was repeatedly asked by his teammates to be team captain, because of his interpersonal acumen and his generous, helpful nature. He routinely helped all the players analyze their games during adjournments, and he repeatedly succeeded in getting the temperamental Fischer to "relax and play the game", as he would tell Fischer when stress threatened his continued participation in tournaments. In the late 1950s Byrne contracted lupus, an auto-immune disease. He was known around campus for his very wide-brimmed brown Stetson hat. He would frequently tell stories about his chess exploits, often turning red from laughter. One story occurred in the 1956 Rosenwald tournament during the Game of the Century between Byrne and Bobby Fischer. Fischer was winning the game decisively, and Byrne asked some of the other players if it would be a good "tip of the hat" to Fischer's superb play to let young Fischer play the game to a checkmate instead of Byrne resigning, which would normally happen between masters. When the other players agreed, Byrne played the game out until Fischer checkmated him. Byrne added "You have to remember, Bobby wasn't yet Bobby Fischer at that time", meaning that the then 13-year-old Fischer was "only" a master, and not yet the 14-year-old wunderkind and top U.S. player he became the following year. Two other Byrne stories posted online: Fischer and the Border Patrol and The Hustler Gets Byrned.

As a player, Byrne popularized the ...a5 line in the Yugoslav Attack in the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Against 1. d4, he often preferred to play the Gruenfeld Defense. As White, he preferred using the English Opening.

Notable games
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.Be3 Bg7 7.f3 Nc6 8.Qd2 0-0 9.0-0-0 Be6 10.Kb1 Rc8 11.g4 Qa5 12.Nxe6 fxe6 13.Bc4 Nd8 14.Be2 Nd7 15.Bd4 Ne5 16.f4 Ndc6 17.Bxe5 dxe5 18.f5 Nd4 19.fxg6 hxg6 20.Rhf1 Rf4 21.g5 b5 22.Bd3 Rcf8 23.Qg2 b4 24.Ne2 Qc5 25.Qh3 Rf3 26.Rxf3 Rxf3 27.Qg4 Rxd3 28.Rc1 Rd1 29.c3 Rxc1+ 30.Kxc1 Nxe2+ 31.Qxe2 bxc3 32.Qg2 cxb2+ 33.Kxb2 Qb4+ 34.Kc2 a5 35.Qg4 Qc5+ 36.Kb3 Qb6+ 37.Kc3 a4 38.h4 Qd4+ 39.Kc2 Qf2+ 40.Kd3 Qxa2 41.h5 Qb3+ 42.Kd2 gxh5 0–1
 * In the following game, Byrne wins against perennial World Championship contender Efim Geller:
 * Geller vs. D. Byrne, Moscow 1955

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 a6 7.a4 g6 8.Nf3 Bg4 9.Be2 Bf3 10.Bf3 Nbd7 11.0-0 Bg7 12.Bf4 Qc7 13.Rc1 0-0 14.b4 Rfe8 15.a5 Qb8 16.bxc5 Nxc5 17.Na4 Nxa4 18.Qxa4 Qd8 19.Qxb4 Bf8 20.h3 Rb8 21.Rfe1 b6 22.axb6 Qxb6 23.Qxb6 Rxb6 24.e5 dxe5 25.Bxe5 Ba3 26.Rcd1 Bb2 27.Bc7 Rxe1 28.Rxe1 Rb4 29.Rb1 Bc3 30.Rb4 Bxb4 31.d6 Bc3 32.Bc6 Be5 33.g3 g5 34.Bd8 Kg7 35.d7 h5 36.Ba5 Nd7 37.Bxd7 Kg6 38.Kg2 f5 39.Bc8 g4 40.h4 f4 1–0
 * In this game Byrne gives Samuel Reshevsky, who had clinched the tournament win the round before, his only defeat in a tournament best known for Bobby Fischer's "Game of the Century" win over Byrne:
 * D. Byrne vs. Reshevsky, Third Rosenwald Trophy 1956

title: Donald Byrne


text:
King of arms

King of arms is the senior rank of an officer of arms. In many heraldic traditions, only a king of arms has the authority to grant armorial bearings and sometimes certify genealogies and noble titles. In other traditions, the power has been delegated to other officers of similar rank.

Heraldic duties

In England, the authority to grant a coat of arms is subject to the formal approval of the Earl Marshal in the form of a warrant. In jurisdictions such as the Republic of Ireland the authority to grant armorial bearings has been delegated to a chief herald that serves the same purpose as the traditional king of arms. Canada also has a chief herald, though this officer grants arms on the authority of the governor general as the king's representative through the herald chancellor's direct remit. Scotland's only king of arms, the Lord Lyon, exercises the royal prerogative by direct delegation from the Crown and like the Chief Herald of Ireland and the old Ulster King of Arms needs no warrant from any other office bearer.

In the Kingdom of Spain, the power to certify coats of arms has been given to the Cronistas de Armas (chroniclers of arms).

The English and Scottish kings of arms are the only officers of arms to have a distinctive crown of office, used for ceremonial purposes such as at coronations (as opposed to peers, who instead wear a coronet). At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, the kings of arms used a crown trimmed with sixteen acanthus leaves alternating in height, and inscribed with the words Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam ('Have mercy upon me, O God, according to Thy great mercy'; Psalm 51). When this crown is shown in pictorial representations, nine leaves and the first three words are shown. Recently, a new crown has been made for the Lord Lyon, modelled on the Scottish Royal crown among the Honours of Scotland. This crown has removable arches which will be removed at coronations to avoid any hint of lèse majesté.

Kings of arms of England, Wales and Northern Ireland

 * Garter Principal King of Arms
 * Clarenceux King of Arms (England and Wales south of the Trent)
 * Norroy and Ulster King of Arms (England north of the Trent and Northern Ireland)

Scottish king of arms

 * Lord Lyon King of Arms

Orders of chivalry
Garter King of Arms is the herald of the Order of the Garter as is in Scotland Lord Lyon King of Arms the herald of the Order of the Thistle. The Norroy and Ulster King of Arms is the herald of the (now dormant) Order of St Patrick. Other British orders of chivalry have their own kings of arms:
 * Bath King of Arms, for the Order of the Bath
 * King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * King of Arms of the Order of the British Empire

Chief or state heralds of Ireland and the Commonwealth

 * Chief Herald of Canada
 * Chief Herald of Ireland
 * National Herald (formerly State Herald) of South Africa
 * New Zealand Herald of Arms Extraordinary
 * Chief Herald of Arms of Malta

State Herald of Sweden

 * The State Herald (Statsheraldiker) of Sweden is the head of a branch of the National Archives of Sweden

Cronistas de Armas of Spain

 * Cronistas Reyes de Armas

Former kings of arms of Portugal

 * Rei de Armas Portugal or Portugal Rei de Armas ('Portugal King of Arms')
 * Rei de Armas Algarve ('Algarve King of Arms')
 * Rei de Armas Índia ('India King of Arms')

King of Arms of the Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies

 * King of Arms Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies (Fernando Muñoz Altea, first appointed by the Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro)

title: King of arms


text:
User talk:Basekid25

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

July 2007
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Dog. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. —DerHexer (Talk) 21:01, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. —DerHexer (Talk) 21:12, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to blank out (or delete portions of) page content, templates or other materials from Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Savie Kumara 23:35, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Basekid25


text:
Lobau

The Lobau is a Vienna floodplain on the northern side of the Danube in Donaustadt and partly in Großenzersdorf, Lower Austria. It has been part of the Danube-Auen National Park since 1996 and has been a protected area since 1978. It is used as a recreational area and is known as a site of nudism. There is also an oil harbour, and the Austrian Army used the Lobau as a training ground. In addition to the water coming from the Alps through the Wiener Hochquellenwasserleitung, the Lobau is a source of groundwater for Vienna.

The Donauinsel (Vienna Danube Island) borders the Lobau.

History
The Lobau was the site of the Battle of Aspern-Essling in 1809, the first major defeat suffered by Napoléon, which was inflicted on him by an Austrian army led by Archduke Charles, and of the Battle of Wagram, a victory for Napoleon that followed two months later.

During the Oil Campaign of World War II, the Lobau oil refinery was bombed beginning on August 22, 1944.

Impact on the environment
Some small territories were used by the army for soldier training. The Lobau also has a big impact on tapwater in Vienna itself, since it is one of the sources to provide water to its population.

The Lobau houses a huge amount of different species of the flora and fauna that are in danger of extinction.

Since 1977 the Lobau with a 1037 ha property is considered as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO.

The Lobau is composed of nature zones, of which only 25% are being taken care of.

Since 1978 the Lobau is at the same time an area under landscape protection, a preserved area and also a biosphere reserve. The area covers one fifth of the 22nd district in Vienna.

Flora and fauna
The Lobau consists in a flora and fauna of exception, but on its way to extinction due to environmental problems. This is why, to preserve it, the Lobau has become a protected area since 1996. Furthermore, starting October 26, 1996 the protected park has integrated the national park of Donau Auen, which is one of natural areas "nature 2000". The area has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 1982.

Reed bed
The Josefsteg is a bridge found in the middle of the Lobau. 150 years ago there was a river bed, it was the Danube's bed. This passage constructed of wood, is about a 100 m, this bridge also represents the human impact on the protected area even though it is made of wood. As said before this park is known for its wide variety of flora and fauna and one typical example is the reed bed surrounding the Josefsteg covering a large part of the area. The common reed, (Phragmites australis), is a cosmopolite species of perennial plant that belongs to the Poaceae, which is a sub family of the Arundinoideae.

title: Lobau


text:
Talk:Lists of Korean birds

Deletion debate from 2004
Looks like a translation guide, or something else which Wikipedia is not. -Fennec 16:23, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and/or move to Korean version of Wiki. Alcarillo 18:25, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to "List of Korean birds", and delete the Japanese text. -Spencer195 19:25, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a an appropriate article - see list of regional bird lists and List of Japanese birds, both of which I wrote originally. If the problem is the equivalents in the Asian languages, then just delete those parts and leave the English text, although many articles on Asian languages do in fact give the Asian equivalent, and these are not normally deleted. If you want to transfer the article to Korean Wikipedia as well, remember to delete the English text. jimfbleak 19:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't question whether or not it's appropriate as an article, but that it's not appropriate for an English-language Wikipedia with the non-English name equivalents. That's why I suggest moving it, so it doesn't get deleted. And if you want to do that, then remove the English name equivalents if you so desire. OR, if you really want to make it useful, put the phonetic equivalents on the English-language version so non-Korean/Japanese speakers at least know how to pronounce the word. Keeping it as it is does me and probably millions of other users no good; and I really don't have the time to learn the Korean alphabet. Alcarillo 19:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This article is very informative. I recommend against erasing any part of it. My thanks to the author for working on it. -- Now, as to where it is most appropriate. I would say a discussion of birds of Korea would be most appropriate for Wikipedia. A list not otherwise expanded with annotations -- Wikisource perhaps? Other ideas? If we can't come up with an appropriate alternate, then KEEP. Even as it stands this article is approximate 1,000,000,000 times more useful and informative than all the TV/video game crap put together. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:26, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * However, this article does need a fair bit of work - the cap links should be lower case to work, some of the species links need fixing, and the Japanese text question needs sorting. I've rewritten list of Japanese birds, but the Korea article uses a different taxonomic system, even more radical than the American one. jimfbleak 18:25, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As a list it does belong. I don't think the other orthographies do any harm at all, as long as there is sufficient English there for the list to work, and there is. Andrewa 06:53, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete and possibly move to wikibooks on learning English/Korean --Jiang 04:37, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Give writers time to bring it up to par. see list of regional bird lists and List of Japanese birds. Don't be so knee-jerk whenever something doesn't fit with narrow, regional world view. Have some patience for the vast majority of the world that doesn't speak your language as a first language. SimBot2 17:37, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd move it to 'List of Korean Birds', or 'Birds of Korea', because the title doesn't make a great deal of sense, but I think the content is quite good. Keep. -Litefantastic 19:04, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

What an interesting discussion. What's particularly interesting is that no one seems to have noticed that at that time the non-English text in this article was Japanese, not Korean. Sigh... Well, good thing it was kept, anyway. -- Visviva 13:04, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of Korean birds


text:
Talk:Frederick Lowy

 * From Cleanup. Was originally submitted as a link to a (possibly offensive) cartoon.  Replaced by a stub about a guy with this name, but he's nobody particularly important.  Isomorphic 21:15, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, sure. Keep now.  Still doesn't seem all that important, but seems notable enough I guess. Isomorphic 22:26, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Is a rector at a large religious university. Could well become a useful article. Snowspinner 21:21, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've expanded the stub a bit. Keep.  TB 22:14, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Keep. Everyking 23:46, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Alcarillo 02:13, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not a "religious" university, by the way. P.T. Aufrette 18:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * keep until wiki writers come up with more articulate guidelines to replace subjective crowd-rule notions of what is "vanity" and who is "important". SimBot2 17:40, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Frederick Lowy


text: Talk:Grange Industrial Estate

title: Talk:Grange Industrial Estate