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Pyre

A pyre, also known as a funeral pyre, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite or execution. As a form of cremation, a body is placed upon or under the pyre, which is then set on fire.

In discussing ancient Greek religion, "pyre" (the normal Greek word for fire anglicized) is also used for the sacred fires at altars, on which parts of the animal sacrifice were burnt as an offering to the deity.

Materials
Pyres are crafted using wood. The composition of a pyre may be determined through use of charcoal analysis. Charcoal analysis helps to predict composition of the fuel and local forestry of the charcoal being studied.

Ireland
Specifically, in the Bronze Age, pyre materials were gathered based on local abundance and ease of access to the wood although materials were also selected due to the specific properties, potential traditional purpose, or due to economical reasons. In Templenoe, pyres typically consisted of oak and fruit wood compositions.

Poland
From analyzing three necropolises, in Kokotów, Pawłowice and Korytnica, it seems that Polish pyres consisted of primarily Scots pine, birch, and oak trees, as pines, birch, and oak were dense in local woodlands. All parts of the tree were used including the trunk, branches, twigs, and even pine cones.

During World War II, pyres were used in German death camps on Polish territory, such as Treblinka.

Pyre remains in Britain
Worked antler and bone objects, along with flint and flake tools, and copper-alloys are most commonly found in pyre cremation remains. The copper-alloys leave a blue-green stain and are typically fused to the ribs, arms, and other areas where jewelry is commonly worn.

Analysis of bone fragment size
A study was done on the bone fragments of cremations to show that not only will movement of the bone fragments cause breakage but also environmental factors play a part. After studying cremation remains in urns that had been tightly sealed and had no evidence of environmental disturbance it was found that on average bigger bone fragment sizes were observed meaning less bone breakage had occurred. It was concluded that if cremated bone is placed in an urn before burial the original bone fragment size will be preserved. This study was intended to explain that more cautionary measures should be taken during and after any cremation occurs and to educate those who are studying cremated bone that the size of the fragments will be smaller than there were right after cremation.

Uses
Traditionally, pyres are used for the cremation of the dead in the Hindu and Sikh religions, a practice which dates back several thousands of years. Funeral pyres were also used in Germanic and Roman culture.

Secular
Pyres and bonfires are used in celebrations and remembrance in services. Examples of these are Guy Fawkes Night in the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, where the 'Guy', either seen as an effigy of Guy Fawkes or the Pope, is burned.

Funeral pyres were used by the Nazis to cremate the bodies of 1,500,000+ prisoners in Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps, in contrast to the crematoria used in other camps. Pyres have also been used to dispose of large quantities of livestock in agriculture, particularly those infected with disease.

Pyres are lit around the clock in Varanasi, India as it is considered one of the oldest standing cities. Hindu's believe that by resting the ashes of the dead in the Ganges river in at Varanasi, the dead will achieve Moksha. Hindus will travel great lengths in order to perform ritualistic duties such as praying, attending to their dead, or to die.

Sati practice in Nepal & India
Some Hindu groups practiced Sati (also known as suttee). Sati is the act of volunteered self immolation of widow of the deceased husband with his corpse or remains. This involves volunteering oneself( and generally being in state of samadhi ) to be burnt alive on the pyre with the remains of husband for higher state of life.

Environmental impact in Southern Asia
Chakrabarty RK, et al. examined the environmental effects of Southern Asia's funeral pyres in their study, "Funeral pyres in South Asia: Brown carbon aerosol emissions and climate impacts". The heating of the atmosphere from carbonaceous aerosols resulting from human activities is a significant contributor to climate change in South Asia. In this region, fossil fuel use and residential biofuels have been documented to be the primary emitter of light-absorbing black carbon aerosols. The study determined the emitted organic carbon contributed 40% to smoke absorption of visible solar radiation, about 92 Gg annually.

A second study examined the carbonaceous fractions associated with indoor PM2.5/PM10 during Asian cultural and ritual burning practices. (Dewangan, et al.) This study concluded drastically higher levels of biomass burning markers within burial rituals performed indoors compared to levels collected for residential indoors and ambient outdoors, with levels reaching three-eightfold higher levels of carbonaceous aerosols. These high chemical levels were also found to correlate to higher aerosol fraction levels during winter months in both Muslim Holy Shrines and marriage places. The study concluded PM concentrations were significantly higher in indoor-ritual locations and suggested further studies and actions be taken to investigate risk and health assessment and calls for regulatory agencies to propose new guidelines for indoor cultural/ritual locations.

Environmental impacts in India
A traditional Hindu funeral pyre takes six hours and burns 500–600 kilogrammes (1,102–1,323 pounds) of wood to burn a body completely. Every year fifty to sixty million trees are burned during cremations in India, which results in about eight million tonnes of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions. Air pollution, deforestation and large quantities of ash, which are later thrown into rivers, adding to the toxicity of their waters, pose great environmental problems.

The Green Revolution Foundation, under its parent organization Sarthak Charitable Trust, is a Delhi-based NGO working to reduce the environmental impact of funeral pyres. They claim to have created an alternative to wood-based funeral pyres, which reduces the number of trees which need to be cut down. Their alternative also promotes the Swachh Bharat Mission. As a result, the cost is reduced significantly and emissions are cut by up to 60%.

Legality of open-air pyres
In ancient times burning bodies was a practiced form of burial. Open-air cremations, known as funeral pyres, are uncommon and even illegal in some countries, particularly in the Western World, because it is considered taboo. While cremation is commonplace, open air cremations in the United Kingdom were considered to be unlawful under the Cremation Act 1902. The law was created to prevent the creation of a private cremation industry and because of issues concerning property. But at the time environmental concerns did not play any factor in the creation of the law.

In February 2010, a Hindu man named Davender Ghai was granted permission to be cremated on a traditional open-air pyre, when a court of appeals in the United Kingdom ruled them legal inside of a building with an open roof and away from roads or homes. In the U.S., a group in Crestone, Colorado, a part of the Crestone End of Life Project, obtained legal permission to perform "open-air cremations". Others have attempted to open up more outdoor funeral pyres but have faced disapproval. Crestone, Colorado is the only place where open-air cremations are legal in the United States. They can perform around 12 a year, regardless of religion and families can be involved in the process if they would like. At this time, the group only allows people who are part of the local community to choose this alternative burial.

Roman pyres
In the time leading up to the 2nd century AD popular funeral practices in Rome consisted of cremation with a pyre. Ideal funeral practices meant burning an ornamental pyre for the deceased, that would burn with enough heat and a long enough time to only leave ashes and small bone fragments. Having to use another's pyre was a sign of poverty or emergency cases.

The process of constructing and properly burning a funeral pyre is a skilled task. Often, pyres would not burn with enough heat to properly cremate human remains. Pyres had to be maintained by stoking the flame and raking the pyre to allow good oxygen flow. Ancient literature refers to the skilled job of an ustor, meaning a professional pyre builder derived from the Latin word 'ūrere' which means, to burn. However, regardless of professional build, pyres were unpredictable and would go wrong on a regular basis. The Elder Pliny writes of extreme cases in which bodies have been thrown from the pyre from the force of the flames. Other cases, described by Plutarch, involving deceased victims of poisoning, resulted in the human body bursting open and dousing the pyre.

Forensic evaluation of pyres
A study conducted by Alunni, et al. examined the forensic science behind cremations on wooden pyres. The study concluded the average pyre does not completely destroy a human body effectively, and differences in suicide via pyres are evident in the remains. A pyre suicide shows signs of remains being more charred rather than completely oxidized by high temperatures, are in anatomically correct positions, poor bone fragmentation, and is without suspicious burn patterns compared to an individual murdered via pyre. Cremated remains are different from traditional human remains in the sense that their physical appearance including bone vary in color, fragmentation, and differ from their original shape and dimension. This is why forensic experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the differences the body undergoes in a pyre. Coloring of bones before cremation is dependent on oxygen exposure, duration, and temperature. The bone color can range from black to brown or an oxidized white color. The type of bone and method of cooling may also alter the bone form. Cooling is also an important consideration, for if the remains are cooled via water it increases warping. This knowledge is a consideration for archaeologists to understand the remains from pyres.

title: Pyre


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Talk:Harad

Delhi Sultanate
The fantasy world of "Harad" could be evidence that "Delhi Sultanate" has a presence in literature.

The presence of massive "War elephant" is more proof that Harad is the "Indian subcontinent".

08:16, 27 January 2023 (UTC)/08:16, 27 January 2023 (UTC)08:16, 27 January 2023 (UTC) 43.242.178.51 (talk) 08:16, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

 * You are entitled to your personal opinion, but since that cannot be verified by other editors, we cannot use it in the article. Of course, if a scholar has made a similar suggestion, we can cite that book or research paper. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:13, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

King of Colombo
Corsairs of Umbar are metaphorically the "King of Colombo". 19:47, 18 February 2023 (UTC)19:47, 18 February 2023 (UTC)19:47, 18 February 2023 (UTC)~////////////19:47, 18 February 2023 (UTC)19:47, 18 February 2023 (UTC)43.242.178.214 (talk) 43.242.178.214 (talk) 19:47, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

 * You are entitled to your personal opinion, but since that cannot be verified by other editors, we cannot use it in the article. Of course, if a scholar has made a similar suggestion, we can cite that book or research paper. Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:57, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

Catalan Atlas of 1375
Harad is metaphorically the Delhi Sultanate, their mighty Mumakil War elephant species is the much needed evidence.

The Corsair of Umbar is the King of Colombo.

My evidence is the Catalan Atlas of 1375.

21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)

 * Um, on the war elephant, Tolkien explicitly gave a Roman source, so your "evidence" is incorrect. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:33, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

India and Ceylon
Harad is India and Umbar is Ceylon, just as the Catalan Atlas of 1375 explained.

21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk) 21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)21:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC)~

 * I note your personal opinion that there could be an oriental interpretation of Harad. However, you cannot cite a PRIMARY source like the medieval Catalan Atlas, as obviously that says nothing about whether Tolkien (centuries later) knew of the source or used it. What would be required would be a scholarly source that says in terms that Tolkien saw the atlas and may have been influenced by it. Without that, all your speculations are ORIGINAL RESEARCH and are forbidden on Wikipedia. You have made your opinion known, but without further evidence, it cannot go anywhere, so please stop now. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:32, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Shari'a Law
North Africa has Shari'a Law, how can a civilization like Harad which share so much resemblance to "medieval India" be from there?

23:54, 4 May 2024 (UTC)23:54, 4 May 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\23:54, 4 May 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\23:54, 4 May 2024 (UTC)23:54, 4 May 2024 (UTC)~ 137.59.145.217 (talk) 23:54, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Tolkien was thinking of North Africa in Classical times, 2000 years ago, long before Islam.

 * Vague resemblance is not evidence. On the contrary, Tolkien actually names a Classical use of war elephants, so India is definitely excluded. Please read my earlier replies, which you do not seem to have taken on board at all.

 * Further, the documentary evidence is as the article states. If you know of written evidence that Tolkien had India in mind, please say so. There is nothing like that in his Letters. Chiswick Chap (talk) 02:51, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Harad


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Second Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

The Second Amendment of the Constitution Act 1941 (previously bill no. 40 of 1941) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland that was in the form of omnibus legislation affecting a variety of articles on a range of subject matters. It was signed into law on 30 May 1941.

Background
The most important changes introduced by the amendment included restrictions on the right to habeas corpus, an extension of the right of the government to declare a state of emergency, changes to provisions on the reference of bills to the Supreme Court by the President and various changes that were needed to bring the official Irish text of the constitution into line with the English text. An unusual aspect of the Second Amendment was that it introduced a change to Article 56 of the Transitory Provisions even though that article was no longer a part of the official published text of the constitution.

The Second Amendment was not submitted to a referendum. Under Article 51 of the Transitory Provisions, the constitution could be amended during the initial period of 1938 to 1941 without the need for a referendum and so the Second Amendment could be adopted in the same manner as any other law. The amendment was adopted partly as the last chance to implement a list of desired changes before the provisions of Article 51 lapsed. The amendment was enacted during the Fianna Fáil government of Éamon de Valera.

Overview of changes
The Second Amendment made the following alterations to the constitution:
 * Reference of bills to the Supreme Court: Altered Article 26, which deals with the referral by the president of a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. Most importantly, the amendment introduced a requirement that when ruling on a bill referred to it by the president under his reserve powers, the Supreme Court can issue only one opinion, and no dissenting opinions are permitted. That was in keeping with the practice in many civil law supreme courts and was intended to promote legal certainty. However, the provision that was added by Article 26 applies only for presidential references of bills, and the Supreme Court may still issue dissenting opinions in all other circumstances. A further alteration to Article 34 provided that a law that has survived a reference to the Supreme Court can never again have its constitutionality challenged.
 * Habeas corpus: Altered Article 40, dealing with habeas corpus. Before the Second Amendment, detained individuals had the constitutional right to apply to any High Court judge for a writ of habeas corpus and to as many High Court judges as they wished. Since the Second Amendment, prisoners have a right to apply to only one judge, and once a writ had been issued, the President of the High Court has the authority to choose the judge or a panel of three judges to decide the case. The amendment also added that when the High Court believes someone's detention to be invalid because of the unconstitutionality of a law, it must refer the matter to the Supreme Court and may release the individual only on bail in the interim. Another new provision gave the High Court authority to defer a death sentence while it was considering a writ of habeas corpus. That particular provision became defunct with the abolition of capital punishment and has since been removed by the Twenty-first Amendment in 2002.
 * National emergency: Altered Article 28 so that an officially-declared "time of war or armed rebellion" could be ended only by a resolution of both houses of the Oireachtas.
 * Irish text: Made various changes to the official Irish text to bring it into line with the English text. That was necessary because while the constitution was being drafted, Dáil Éireann made a number of changes to the English text while accidentally neglecting to make equivalent changes to the Irish document. Rectifying that problem was especially important because under the constitution, the Irish text has precedence over the English text.
 * Presidential vacancies: Altered Article 12.3.3°, which provides that in the event of the death, resignation or permanent incapacity of the president, a presidential election must occur within 60 days. The phrase "(whether occurring before or after he enters upon his office)" was added to clarify that the requirement would apply even if the president-elect had not yet assumed office. The Second Amendment also introduced to Article 14, which deals with the temporary exercise of the powers of the president by the Presidential Commission or the Council of State, a slight change to the wording to clarify that the organs may exercise not only the president's constitutional duties but also any additional duties that are conferred upon the president by law.
 * Seanad: Altered Article 18 to clarify that senators nominated by the Taoiseach must be nominated by the Taoiseach who is appointed the general election that is held immediately before the election of Seanad Éireann. An alteration was also made to the text of Article 24.2, which deals with the procedure if the time for the consideration of a bill in the Senate has been abridged.
 * Promulgation of laws: Introduced minor changes to Article 25, altering the precise procedure to be used in the signing, promulgation and enrolment of laws. It also added a new provision allowing the Taoiseach to enrol an official copy of the constitution with the registrar of the Supreme Court.
 * Reference of bills to the people: Introduced minor changes to the procedure for the reference of bills to the people under the reserve powers of the president. For example, it provided that the signatures on a petition to the president for a referendum must be verified in accordance to the law.
 * In camera court hearings: Altered Article 34 to provide that in "special and limited cases", a court may administer justice in camera.
 * Transitory Provisions: Altered Article 56 to clarify the protections given to employees who had begun working for the government before the constitution was enacted. The change was unusual because by 1941, most of the Transitory Provisions, including Article 56, had been removed from all official published texts of the constitution. The provisions required their own omission on the grounds that they would no longer be relevant. However, most of the Transitory Provisions continued to have force of law and so could still be changed by a constitutional amendment.


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Giorgos Kalafatis

Giorgos Kalafatis (Γιώργος Καλαφάτης; 17 March 1890 – 19 February 1964) was a Greek football pioneer, player, coach, track and field athlete and the founder of Panathinaikos Athens multi-sports club.

Sports career

Being a big athletic talent, he distinguished himself in track and field sports. But football was his big passion. He played for Ethnikos G.S. Athens and when his later club Panellinios decided to discontinue its football team, Kalafatis together with 40 other athletes broke away and established in February 1908 the first team of Panathinaikos, named Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon (Football Club of Athens). Kalafatis appointed the Englishman John Cyril Campbell as coach for the new team. It was the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team.

Apart from Giorgos Kalafatis, other establishing members of POA were: his brother Alexandros, who was the first president, Emmanouel Chrysis, Dimitris Doukakis, Periklis Mpoumpoulis, Vasileios Granitsas, Mantzakos, Papageorgiou, Gaetas, Demertzis, Stavropoulos, Paschos, Misakian, Reppas, Sapounias and Garoufalias.

In 1919, he was a member of the Greece national team for the Inter-Allied Games in Paris. In Paris, Kalafatis collected information about basketball and volleyball (sports unknown then in Greece) and after his return to Athens, started his efforts on creating new teams with Panathinaikos. He was a player/manager in the Greece national team for the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. His older brother, Alexandros, was selected for the unofficial Greece national team that played in the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, starting in both games which ended in 1–5 and 0–9 losses.

Kalafatis played football until the early 1920s. After he retired, he remained in Panathinaikos as an official.

Personal life
He was born in Exarcheia, Athens, which was a few hundred meters away from Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. The family of Kalafatis was from Dilinata, a village in the island of Cephalonia. While being an athlete, he graduated also from the Health Department of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He pursued a career in the Hellenic Navy, taking part in the Balkan Wars and in World War I and reaching up to the rank of rear admiral.

He died on 19 February 1964.

title: Giorgos Kalafatis


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Silver gull

The silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) is the most common gull of Australia. It has been found throughout the continent, but particularly at or near coastal areas. It is smaller than the Pacific gull (Larus pacificus), which also lives in Australia.

The silver gull should not be confused with the herring gull, which is called "silver gull" in many other languages (scientific name Larus argentatus, German Silbermöwe, French Goéland argenté, Dutch zilvermeeuw), but is a much larger, robust gull with no overlap in range.

Taxonomy
It has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus, as is the case with many gulls, but is now placed in the genus Chroicocephalus. Hartlaub's gull (C. hartlaubii) of South Africa was formerly sometimes considered to be subspecies of the silver gull.

There are three subspecies:
 * C. n. forsteri (Mathews, 1912) – north and northeast Australia, New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands
 * C. n. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) – southern Australia and Tasmania
 * C. n. scopulinus (Forster, JR, 1844) or red-billed gull – New Zealand

Adult
The head, body, and tail of an adult silver gull are white, and the wings are light grey with white-spotted, black tips. Adults range from 40–45cm (15-17 Inches) in length. Their wingspan ranges from 271 to 314mm (10-12 Inches). Adults have bright red beaks which gets brighter during breeding or when they get older.

Juvenile
Juveniles have brown patterns on their wings, and a dark beak.

Distribution and habitat
Silver gulls are found in all states of Australia, as well as New Zealand and New Caledonia. It is a common species, having adapted well to urban environments and thriving around shopping centres and garbage dumps. Their successful adaption to urban habitats have seen their population increase in areas of human activity, with the availability of nesting grounds the only limiting factor on population growth.

Silver gulls have twice been recorded in the United States; one bird was shot in August 1947 at the mouth of the Genesee River, Lake Ontario, and another was photographed in Salem County, New Jersey, in autumn 1996. Both are believed to have escaped from captivity.

Behaviour
The silver gull has a sharp voice consisting of a variety of calls. The most common call is a harsh, high pitched 'kwarwh'.

Feeding
The silver gull naturally feeds on worms, fish, insects and crustaceans. It is a successful scavenger, allowing increased numbers near human settlements. It is known to pester humans for scraps and steal unattended food.

Breeding
Breeding occurs from August to December, typically in large colonies on offshore islands. The nest is located on the ground and consists of seaweed, roots, and plant stems. The nests may be found in low shrubs, rocks and jetties. Typical clutch size is one to three eggs. Often two broods are raised in a year, and both adults share nest-building, incubation and feeding.

title: Silver gull


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User talk:Bamos/archive1

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. Quid facit? Hope you're enjoying your time here so far. When you get a chance, you might want to drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Here are a few useful links:

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 23:59, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I just wanted to welcome you to wikipedia and let you know that there is a WikiProject you may be interested in. If you don't know what a WikiProject is, it is a group of wikipedians who propose and implement suggested guidelines and formats for articles dealing with a specific subject. The WikiProject in question is U.S. Regions, I have seen your proposed edits for the city list and I think your knowledge of Census Bureau Information would be useful to the project. If you are interested please notify me on my talk page or add your name to the list of participants on the project's page.

--JCarriker 08:01, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

The Wikiproject has several functions:

 * 1. To prevent article wars in regional articles based on cultural affilation.
 * 2. To included all areas that can be considered within the region are included in an article.
 * 3. To ensure that articles do not place emphasis on one particluar area of the region over other areas, without deleting useful information.
 * 4. To eliminate stereotypes from article text and mainatin article NPOV.
 * 5. To make sure all references to a region article are accurate.

While many articles do exist not all regions have articles, many of these articles have been enhanced by the application of our suggested standards.

I hope this answers your questions, please explore the other project pages, especially, the prototype and "Official" Regiosn Template and Infobox.

--JCarriker 23:20, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

Cities, towns and villages
Bamos: I'm wondering why you're putting cities in different lists than towns and villages in some lists of municipalities. I don't know about nationwide, but I know that where I am (North Carolina) that doesn't necessarily say anthing meaningful about the cities in terms of size, government, etc. Without clarification about what the differences are between "cities" and "towns," I don't know that it's useful to have them on separate lists. -- Seth Ilys 04:52, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

WI towns
I noticed that you were a member of the U.S. Cities Wikiproject, and I was wondering if you could give some advice on that topic. In Wisconsin (and perhaps other states, I'm not sure), every part of the state is a part of a town; however, parts of towns can incorporate, and occasionally they'll choose their city or village name as the same as the town. On Wikipedia, these have been disambiguated with "Name (city), Wisconsin" and "Name (town), Wisconsin." The problem is, most county and other pages do not link to these titles with (city) or (town) in them, even the ones made by Rambot, which I believe created the convention of (city) and (town) in the first place. My question is, should I create disambiguation pages for these shared names, like I have with Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin (I created that one with all the city info before finding Sturgeon Bay (city), Wisconsin). This would at least cut back on the red on pages like List of cities in Wisconsin and each county page (ex. Kewaunee County, Wisconsin's list of cities; a couple are red for this reason) and also cut back on the orphaned pages without redirect, which most of these pages are. Thanks for your time. Bamos 00:51, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Wisconsin has 1,266 towns. You have your work cut out for you. Dooes the list of cities only include incorporated cities? or does it include towns, too? Davodd 01:11, Mar 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm only talking about places where there the towns and cities have the same name...looking at the list of WI cities, it's probably around 100 cases, not more than 200. Is it worth the page creations?  Bamos 04:16, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it would be within the cities project guidelines, IMO. Good job, by the way. Davodd 08:59, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, I'm also from WI and I did a little research on what a town is. It's not the same as a township, which is just a surveying unit. Towns are the unit of government that cover land that isn't occupied by a city or village. So, where I'm familiar with the territory, I've been moving the cities and villages which share a name with a town to the name (for example, I moved Arpin (village), Wisconsin to Arpin, Wisconsin). I figured the cities and villages are more important than the towns (perhaps this is a little presumptuous).  I've been leaving the town where it is, adding a link to the county page (see for example Wood County, Wisconsin) under "Town of Arpin," because that's what the locals called it where I grew up.  IMHO a dismbiguation page would be kind of awkward for a big important city like Wausau, Wisconsin (and maybe Sturgeon Bay).  What do you think?  Whatever we agree to, I'm willing to help with the moving/disambiguation page creating. Perhaps we could coordinate our efforts. Cheers, Tantalate 02:38, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

 * You're probably right about the relative importance. Rather than copying the entire page, though, perhaps we could just redirect from, say Wausau, Wisconsin to Wausau (city), Wisconsin to save space?  Thanks for the input; tell me what you think.  Bamos 02:44, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, I just checked your Arpin village page, and you did the reverse of what I had suggested :). That works too.  Maybe at the top we could also have a disambiguation message, like at the top of Baltimore, Maryland (except instead of linking to a disambig page, we have a direct link to the town).  Bamos 02:52, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, a link to the town at the top of the page sounds good to me. I'll go back and do that to the cities and villages I've done (mostly in central WI) which share a name with towns. Regarding the moving, when you move a page it creates a redirect at the old name, so I'm not sure it takes up that much more space.  Does anyone from WikiProject Cities have an opinion on this? Tantalate 03:08, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought you were literally copy-pasting the article from one to the other, in essence making two copies. That's my fault for misreading what you wrote :).  I'm not sure how to go about fixing the pages I've made disambiguation pages for (Arcadia, Wisconsin, Bayfield, Wisconsin, Berlin, Wisconsin, Bloomer, Wisconsin, and Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin).  In any case, I can start moving the ones I haven't yet made a mess of :).  Bamos 03:13, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You can always cut and paste the contents and then create redirects :). Tantalate 03:28, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * ...I promise I'm not always this slow. :) Well, I was just wondering if moving the history was important, but I suppose it's just the page creation by Ram-bot, so it's no big thing.  I'll get to that now.  Bamos 03:37, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

- Hi Brian. I left a note for you on Talk:Berlin, Wisconsin. You can reply there and let me know what you think. Thanks. Moncrief 02:30, Mar 23, 2004 (UTC)

Brian, I came at this question of (Towns) from New York and Ohio. But, I created a list of towns in Wisconsin, and I put a comment about article names of its talk page, Talk:List of Wisconsin towns. Net is that I'd drop the (Town) name and simply go with Xyz Town, Wisconsin for a name, unless there was also an incoporated Village of City. Duplicates would list as Xyz Town, Abc County, Wisconsin. . I'd appreciate comments on the talk page. Thanks, Lou I 15:36, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've created a sample, described on the talk page for the town list. You might also check out or comment on a somewhat different layout for disambiguation that I've tried at Ashland, but comment on that at Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation. Thanks, Lou I 06:05, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bamos/archive1


text:
Talk:DEC Alpha

"Suppressed instructions"
The Design Principles section talks about "Suppressed instructions", but that doesn't seem to be a technical term. Should that be predication? (Even then, a source is missing to back up the claim that the lack of predication is related to multiple instruction issue, clock rate or multiprocessing.) Nbgl (talk) 03:24, 16 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It might refer to an instruction in a delay slot being nullified. For example, a conditional branch instruction might have a delay slot, with a bit in the branch instruction indicating that the instruction in the delay slot should only be executed if the branch is taken, as per this blog post.  If the branch is not taken, the instruction in the delay slot is said to be "nullified".  (That blog post is wrong when it indicates that the nullification bit in SPARC is unconditional; SPARC's conditional branch instructions also have a "nullify the delay slot instruction if the branch is not taken" bit, not an "always nullify the delay slot instruction" bit.)
 * Alpha doesn't have that because Alpha doesn't have delay slots. Guy Harris (talk) 06:52, 16 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Richard Sites' Digital Technical Journal paper on Alpha says so:
 * "The Alpha AXP architecture has no suppressed instructions, whereby the execution of one instruction conditionally suppresses a following one."

 * When I did a Google search for "suppressed instructions", the first set of results had some stuff not relevant to computer instructions, a bunch of hits for Alpha, and a collection of other stuff, such as suppressing speculatively executed instructions that turned out not to be "executed in reality". So it appears to be a word used in some technical contexts, although the use for Alpha appear to be a use for which other terms, such as "nullified instructions", are used for the same concept with other instruction sets. Guy Harris (talk) 08:07, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:DEC Alpha


text: Category:Patent law

title: Category:Patent law


text:
Tumescence

Tumescence is the quality or state of being tumescent or swollen. Tumescence usually refers to the normal engorgement with blood (vascular congestion) of the erectile tissues, marking sexual excitation, and possible readiness for sexual activity. The tumescent sexual organ in males is the penis and in females is the clitoris and other parts of the genitalia like the vestibular bulbs. Arteries in the penis dilate to increase blood volume.

Detumescence is the reversal of this process, by which blood leaves the erectile tissue, returning the erectile tissue to the flaccid state.

Something that causes an erection is sometimes referred to as a tumefier (tumefyer) or tumescer.

title: Tumescence


text:
Max Pomeranc

Max Pomeranc (born March 21, 1984) is an American former child actor.

Pomeranc was born in New York City, New York. His mother, Marion Hess Pomeranc, is an author, and his father, Abe Pomeranc, is a stock broker. He made his acting debut at the age of eight, playing the lead in the film Searching for Bobby Fischer, based on the childhood of International Master Josh Waitzkin. At the time Pomeranc appeared in the film, he was also one of the U.S.'s top 20 chess players in his age group. Pomeranc next starred in the 1995 family movie Fluke.

title: Max Pomeranc


text:
Mercedes College (Adelaide)

Mercedes College is an independent Roman Catholic co-educational primary and High day school located in the Adelaide inner-south suburb of Springfield, South Australia, Australia.

Established by the Sisters of Mercy in 1954 as a boarding school for girls, it is now a co-educational day school. Mercedes is an International Baccalaureate (IB) school, and offers the PYP, MYP, and IB Diploma programmes as well as the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE).

History
The school was established by the Sisters of Mercy in 1954. The purchase of the 8.1 ha site at Springfield brought to fruition the dream of finding a healthier environment for the girls' boarding school until that time part of Saint Aloysius College in Angas Street, Adelaide. With the eighty boarders on opening day were sixty day scholars, mostly girls but with a group of boys in the infant section.

After twenty-one years the boarding school was phased out when rising costs and a decline in the rural economy made it financially beyond the means of the very families it was created to serve. In 1976 the school became co-educational with the first intake of boys in the Year 8 and numbers have grown. The Mercedes property was originally part of the Springfield Estate. It was sold to Sir John Duncan, (father of Sir Walter, Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives for many years) who planned the house in 1891 and built it in 1899. The family home was named Strathspey after his childhood home in Scotland.

The Duncans eventually bequeathed the property to the Presbyterian Church and it became St Andrew's Residential College attached the University of Adelaide. In 1939 the property was sold to Mr and Mrs F. W. Cornell and it once again became a private residence.

Archbishop Reynolds, first Archbishop of Adelaide, was in Dublin in 1879 asking for sisters of his diocese when a group of sisters returned from Buenos Aires, forced by revolution to leave their home for twenty-four years. Some were the original Irish sisters but many were South American girls who left behind their families and homes. Accepting the Archbishop's invitation the twenty-four sisters arrived in Adelaide on 3 May 1880.

In 1953 the property was bought by the Sisters of Mercy, and approved by Xavier Dalton. Mercedes, the Spanish word for mercy, was chosen by the sisters to commemorate the circumstances of the Mercy foundation in Adelaide.

Student life
Many of the students who study at Mercedes College live in the eastern suburbs of Adelaide and Adelaide Hills, because of the easy access by public transport. Mercedes College uses the Adelaide Metro bus service to transport nearby students.

House system
As with most Australian schools, Mercedes College utilises a house system. At first there were two houses (McAuley and Fitzpatrick), but as enrolment numbers increased, two more houses were added. There are currently four houses, each named after memorable Mercy Sisters. The current houses are McAuley, Fitzpatrick, Dalton and Barry.

Notable alumni

 * Troy BroadbridgeAFL footballer (Melbourne Demons)
 * Keegan BrooksbyAFL footballer (Hawthorn Football Club)
 * Abby Colemanradio presenter
 * Kate Croser (1995) film and television producer
 * Hannah Davis (2002)sprint canoeist
 * David Feeneypolitician
 * Amos GillHit 107 presenter, ABC ME host, comedian
 * Tristan Goodallmusician, The Audreys
 * Peter MalinauskasAustralian trade union leader and South Australian premier
 * Orianthipop-rock singer/guitarist
 * Teresa Palmer (2003)actress
 * Will Snelling (2015)AFL footballer (Essendon Football Club)
 * Kelli Underwoodsports commentator
 * Natalie Medhurstnetballer

title: Mercedes College (Adelaide)


text:
White Palace (film)

White Palace is a 1990 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Luis Mandoki. It stars Susan Sarandon, James Spader, Jason Alexander, Kathy Bates, Steven Hill, Jeremy Piven, and Renée Taylor. It was written by Ted Tally and Alvin Sargent, based on the novel of the same name by Glenn Savan (who appears in the film as an extra with a small speaking part).

It centers on the unlikely relationship between a young upper middle class widower (Spader) who falls in love with a middle-aged working class waitress (Sarandon) in St. Louis, Missouri. The original music score was composed by George Fenton. The film is marketed with the tagline "The story of a younger man and a bolder woman".

Plot
Twenty-seven-year-old St. Louis advertising executive Max Baron has completely shut himself off from the world in the two years since the auto accident that killed his wife Janey. On the way to his friend Neil's bachelor party, Max picks up fifty burgers from a diner called White Palace. At the party, he discovers that the order is six burgers short and, to the ridicule of his friends, returns to the restaurant to complain. In a moment that defines his initial character, Max declares, "It's the principle." He is roundly mocked by his friends.

At the White Palace diner, after a heated exchange occurs between Max and a forty-three-year-old waitress, Nora Baker, she exasperatedly refunds him. Max returns to the party but leaves upset and heads to a bar, where he runs into Nora. Drunk, she flirts with him, but he pushes her advances away and starts to leave. She senses he's upset, asks why, and discovers his wife died in a car crash. She discloses that she lost her young son to leukemia. The 'connection' prevents him from leaving. They have a few drinks and eventually he gives her a lift home to the Dogtown neighborhood in St. Louis, but drunkenly crashes his car into her mailbox. She invites him to spend the night at her house, with the couch as his bed. Max starts dreaming about his late wife, then wakes up to find Nora performing fellatio on him. They end up having passionate sex.

After visiting his wife's grave on the second anniversary of her death, Max returns to White Palace to watch a busy Nora from a distance. He visits her at home with the pretext of replacing the broken mailbox, but instead they begin a relationship. Max becomes more relaxed and cheerful around Nora and at his work, but remains reluctant to reveal their relationship to his family and friends. At one point, he gets frustrated that all he and Nora do is sit and watch TV in her house. She firmly reminds him of their differences in age and social backgrounds.

Nora is angry after Max has lied to her about his friend Neil's wedding and that he didn't take her. They argue about how Max keeps their relationship a secret and that he is probably ashamed of being seen with her. Nora's sister, Judy (Eileen Brennan), meets Max the following day and explains to him, in Nora's absence, how they were abandoned as children and that she left a young Nora to fend for herself. Judy also explains that Nora's son drowned.

While at the supermarket with Nora, Max leaves her at the counter and runs into Neil's wife, Rachel, who invites him and his "mystery woman" to Thanksgiving. At Max's apartment, Nora hears a message on his answering machine inviting them to the Horowitzes' home for Thanksgiving. Nora brings up the subject to an initially hesitant Max; however, they resolve to attend as a couple. At the Thanksgiving dinner with Neil, Rachel, Mrs. Baron, Max's friends, and the Horowitz extended family make Nora uncomfortable. Following an argument between Nora and Neil's father, she walks out, Max and his mother following. After the dinner, Nora and Max argue in her house over what happened, and she tells him to leave.

Some time later, Max finds Nora's house empty and a note explaining to him that she left and that he shouldn't come looking for her. He visits White Palace and is informed that Nora quit. He goes to a brunch with friends and meets Heidi Solomon, but cannot stop thinking about Nora. He then realizes that everyone around him seems stuck-up and obsessed with their "perfect" upper-middle class lives. He travels to New York to find Nora's sister Judy, and is informed that Nora is waitressing in a restaurant. Max finds Nora there and confesses his love to her, revealing that he quit his job and moved to New York to be with her. They reunite, kissing tenderly as patrons of the restaurant look on. Max playfully clears the table of its contents and lays a laughing Nora down on it, climbing on top of her and passionately kissing her, while the whole restaurant cheers and applauds.

Cast

 * Susan Sarandon as Nora Baker
 * James Spader as Max Baron
 * Jason Alexander as Neil
 * Kathy Bates as Rosemary
 * Eileen Brennan as Judy
 * Steven Hill as Sol Horowitz
 * Corey Parker as Larry Klugman
 * Rachel Chagall as Rachel
 * Renée Taylor as Edith Baron
 * Jonathan Penner as Marv Miller
 * Barbara Howard as Sherri Klugman
 * Kim Myers as Heidi Solomon
 * Mitzi McCall as Sophie Rosen

Production
The original title for the film was to have been The White Castle, and the novel even makes reference to a specific real White Castle location at the intersection of S. Grand Blvd. and Gravois Ave. in south St. Louis, but the restaurant chain refused permission to use its trademarked name in either the novel or the film, and also refused permission to allow any of its restaurants for filming locations. Instead, an independent diner at the intersection of North Eighteenth and Olive Streets just west of downtown St. Louis was used – and that address is even given in the film as a plug for the diner. After the film was released the diner's owners sought permission to permanently rename it "White Palace", but were refused by the studio, so the diner was instead renamed "White Knight". The movie also features and was shot almost entirely in the St. Louis area, one of the few major movie productions to be filmed and set there, including the Thanksgiving Dinner scenes, which were filmed in a private home off Conway Road located at #2 Frontenac Place in west St. Louis County, and Nora's house, which was in the Dogtown neighborhood of the City of St. Louis northwest of the intersection of Hampton and Manchester Avenues at 1521 W. Billon Avenue.

The film also originally shot scenes which followed a subplot in the film, in which Max (James Spader) and his boss Rosemary (Kathy Bates) start working for a new client at their advertising agency. In the book, this woman is named Stephanie Deluc. Both Max and Rosemary have a difficult relationship with her throughout the novel, culminating in Max losing his temper with her later on and losing his job because of it. Gina Gershon was cast as Stephanie Deluc in the film, and shot many scenes, presumably following this subplot of the novel. However, for reasons unknown, the studio removed all the scenes, which meant that Gershon's entire role ended up on the cutting room floor, and she no longer appears in the film. This also meant that Kathy Bates's role of Rosemary, Max's boss, was greatly reduced, now appearing very briefly in the finished film in a couple of scenes, in only one of which she has some dialogue.

In the January 1995 issue of Movieline magazine, Susan Sarandon revealed she was very nervous before doing the infamous oral sex scene with James Spader.

Home media
White Palace was released on VHS on March 21, 1991 & released on Laserdisc in 1993 by MCA/Universal Home Video. GoodTimes Entertainment released the film via DVD on May 1, 2001. The DVD was released on March 1, 2005, from Universal's Studio Collections after the DVD release in UK. The Blu-ray was released on October 30, 2017, in United Kingdom (which was never released in United States) by Fabulous Films Limited.

Reception
White Palace received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 50% approval rating based on 28 reviews, with an average score of 5.8/10.

Roger Ebert wrote that the film is at its best when exploring the two main leads' "nonconforming relationship" outside of their social circles and suffers when going through the "same sappy romantic clichés as countless other love stories." He concluded: "And yet there's a lot that's good in "White Palace," involving the heart as well as the mind." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune wrote that "the film manages to avoid the more interesting problem area of what will happen to the couple once they decide to settle down and live openly together. Both principals, however, are good in their limited roles." Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B−" grade, calling it "yet another bogus movie about class differences" that wants its audience to laugh at the characters' "most superficial traits", but praised Spader and Sarandon for bringing "a shaggy sense of fun" to their roles, saying they "make White Palace worth seeing, but too often they're fighting the movie's smugness." Janet Maslin of The New York Times was critical of the "unconvincing" production design of the "nouveau riche" and "squalid" sides of St. Louis and the "badly cast" supporting characters for diminishing the overall plot, but gave praise to Spader and Sarandon for elevating the "many preconceptions and clichés" throughout the material, highlighting the latter for giving "a zesty, spirited, fully formed performance".

title: White Palace (film)


text:
Kaimū, Hawaii

Kaimū was a small town in the Puna District on Island of Hawaii that was completely destroyed by an eruptive flow of lava from the Kūpaʻianahā vent of the Kīlauea volcano in 1990. In Hawaiian, kai mū means "gathering [at the] sea" as to watch surfing. The lava flow that destroyed Kaimū and nearby Kalapana erupted from the southeast rift zone of Kīlauea.

Before volcanic destruction
Kaimū was located on Kaimū Bay. The bay was world-famous for its black sand beach which was surrounded by shady palm trees. Kaimū was the birthplace of Hawaiian nationalist leader Joseph Nāwahī.

After volcanic destruction
Now both the bay and the town are buried under some 50 ft of lava. A large section of State Route 130 (Kaimu-Chain of Craters Road) was also covered by the lava. The road is on top of the cooled lava now, with some homes built on top of the lava. There is also the New Beach, black sand like the old, where locals and visitors are bringing sprouted coconuts and planting them to restore the lost trees.

title: Kaimū, Hawaii


text:
Waitakere City

Waitākere City was a territorial authority in West Auckland, New Zealand; it was governed by the Waitākere City Council from 1989 to 2010. It was New Zealand's fifth-largest city, with an annual growth of about 2%. In 2010 the council was amalgamated with the other authorities of the Auckland Region to form the current Auckland Council.

The name "Waitākere" comes from the Waitākere River in the Waitākere Ranges.

History
Waitakere City was formed by the amalgamation of Waitemata City with the boroughs of Henderson, New Lynn, and Glen Eden in the 1989 nationwide re-organisation of local government. There were just two mayors of Waitakere City during its existence, Assid Corban (previously mayor of Henderson Borough) from 1989 to 1992, and Bob Harvey from 1992 to 2010.

In February 1993 the council developed the "Greenprint" as an Agenda 21 initiative and declared itself to be an eco-city.

On 1 November 2010, the Waitakere City Council was abolished and Waitakere City was merged into a single Auckland city governed by Auckland Council. All council facilities, assets and services were handed over to the new council.

Administrative structure
The elected Council consisted of the mayor and 14 councillors representing the four wards. Each ward also had an elected community board that considered local issues.

Henderson Ward
This urban ward contained the old Henderson borough as well as the suburbs of Glendene, Te Atatū South, and Te Atatū Peninsula (formerly Te Atatū North). There were 40,086 residents in 2001. It was located immediately to the west of Auckland city, some 10 kilometres from the city centre, along the western shores of the Waitematā Harbour and its southwestern arm, the Whau River.

Massey Ward
Although this area was principally urban, it also had some farms and lifestyle blocks in the north and west. The ward contained the suburbs of Whenuapai, Hobsonville, West Harbour, Massey, Ranui, and Henderson North. It had a population of 51,369 in the 2001 census. It was located to the north of the Henderson Ward, along the Waitemata's northwestern shore, and included one of New Zealand's largest concentrations of former military bases, with former large army and air force stations within the ward.

New Lynn Ward
Centred on the old boroughs of New Lynn and Glen Eden, it also contained the suburbs of Kelston, Green Bay, Titirangi, Kaurilands, Waima, and Woodlands Park. The ward had a population of 49,845 in 2001. New Lynn Ward was to the south of Henderson Ward, and extended to the shore of the Manukau Harbour at its southern end. New Lynn itself is 10 kilometres southwest of Auckland city centre.

Waitakere Ward
This ward was by far the largest in area as it encompassed the sparsely populated Waitākere Ranges, as well as some of the urban fringes as the city expanded westward into former orchards and farms. The population of 27,450 in 2001 was the smallest of the wards, but it was also the fastest growing. It encompassed the suburbs, villages and localities of Swanson, Henderson Valley, Sunnyvale, Oratia, Waiatarua, Laingholm, Parau, Cornwallis, Huia, Whatipu, Karekare, Piha, Anawhata, Bethells / Te Henga, and Waitakere township. Many of these had volunteer fire brigades to protect their communities from the summer bush fires. This ward lay to the west of the three other wards, and extended to the north as well. Its northern end, around Muriwai, was the furthest part of Waitakere from Auckland city centre, lying some 30 kilometres to the northwest of it.

Industry
The two major commercial centres of Waitakere City were Henderson and New Lynn. Waitakere City's workforce was strongly oriented towards Auckland City, with about 40% of all workers living in the city commuting into the Auckland City area for work from the late 2000s.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Huntington Beach, California, US
 * 🇯🇵 Kakogawa, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Ningbo, China
 * 🇮🇪 Galway, Ireland
 * 🇮🇳 Amritsar, India

title: Waitakere City


text:
1954 in India

Events in the year 1954 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India – Rajendra Prasad
 * Prime Minister of India – Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Vice President of India – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
 * Chief Justice of India –
 * until 3 Jan. – M. Patanjali Sastri
 * 4 Jan.-22 Dec. – Mehr Chand Mahajan
 * starting 23 Dec. – Bijan Kumar Mukherjea

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
 * Assam – Jairamdas Daulatram
 * Bihar – Madhav Shrihari Aney
 * Maharashtra – Raja Sir Maharaj Singh
 * Odisha – Fazal Ali (until 9 February), P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja (starting 9 February)
 * Punjab – Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
 * Rajasthan – Maharaj Man Singh II
 * Uttar Pradesh – Hormasji Peroshaw Mody
 * West Bengal – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee

Events

 * National income - ₹109,771 million
 * 22 March – Jayendra Saraswathi becomes the 70th Shankaracharya of Kanchi.
 * 11 August – Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Portuguese forces surrender to the Indian SRP.
 * 6 November – Bombay Electricity Board is formed.
 * 26 January – First Bharat Ratna in India :
 * First recipient: C Rajagopalachari
 * Second recipient: Dr.S Radhakrishnan
 * Third recipient: C V Raman
 * 4 April – Congress Working Committee set up a subcommittee under Jawaharlal Nehru's chairmanship to examine the working of the Constitution of India.
 * 7 December - National Defence Academy inaugurated at Pune.
 * Sahitya Akademi was established in 1954

Law

 * 5 July – The Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.

Births

 * 11 January – Kailash Satyarthi, Social Reformer, Co-recipient of Nobel Peace Prize 2014
 * 25 March – Pinky Lilani, author and businesswoman
 * 12 May – Edappadi K. Palaniswami, chief minister of Tamil Nadu 2018.
 * 4 July – Manjula Vijayakumar, actress (died 2013).
 * 10 July – Malyadri Sriram, politician and member of parliament from Bapatla.
 * 14 July – Tanikella Bharani, playwright, script writer and actor.
 * 14 July – R. Sarathkumar, actor and politician.
 * 1 August – Baba Gurinder Singh, Fifth and Present Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas.
 * 11 August – Yashpal Sharma, cricketer (died 2021).
 * 14 September – Shrikant Jichkar, politician (died 2004).
 * 15 September – P. Vasu, film director and actor.
 * 3 October – Sathyaraj, actor, producer and director.
 * 3 November – Laxmikant Berde, comic actor (died 2004).
 * 7 November – Kamal Haasan, actor and film director.
 * 9 November – Shankar Nag, actor and director (died 1990).
 * 9 November – Shankar Nag, actor and director (died 1990).

Deaths

 * 22 October – Jibanananda Das, poet, writer, novelist and essayist in Bengali (b. 1899)
 * 5 December – Sir Girija Shankar Bajpai, civil servant, diplomat and Governor of Bombay (b. 1891)

title: 1954 in India


text:
Revolutionary Socialist Party

Revolutionary Socialist Party may refer to:

 * Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party
 * Party of Socialist Revolution (Algeria)
 * Party of Socialist Revolution (Lebanon)
 * Polish Socialist Party - Revolution Faction
 * Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey-Socialist Unity
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (France), 1890–1901
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) (disambiguation)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)
 * Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)
 * National Revolutionary Socialist Party
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Left)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Sreekandan Nair)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Peru)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Marxist–Leninist), Peru
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Portugal)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Sweden)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (UK)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party (Zambia)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party of Latvia
 * Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party (United States)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (France)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (Turkey)
 * Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)
 * Socialist Revolution Party of Benin
 * Socialist Revolutionary Anarchist Party (Italy)
 * Socialist Revolutionary Party (Russia)
 * Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
 * Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party

title: Revolutionary Socialist Party


text:
Carl Allen (drummer)

Carl Allen (born April 25, 1961) is an American jazz drummer.

Allen attended William Paterson University.

He has worked with a wide variety of musicians, including Freddie Hubbard, Jackie McLean, George Coleman, Phil Woods, the Benny Green Trio, and Rickie Lee Jones.

It was with Green that Allen met bassist Christian McBride. The two have teamed up frequently, working for many combos of big name leaders. McBride recruited Allen for his band, Christian McBride & Inside Straight. Allen is that quintet's drummer for both its first recording, Kinda Brown, and its road tours.

In 1988, Allen and Vincent Herring founded Big Apple Productions, which produced several albums featuring young jazz performers.

He joined the faculty of The Juilliard School in 2001 and became the Artistic Director of Jazz Studies in 2008. He was replaced as director by Wynton Marsalis in 2013 and left Juilliard at the end of the academic year.

In 2011, Allen appeared as himself in two episodes of the HBO series Tremé in a studio recording scene in New York City.

In 2014, he formed his own group The Art of Elvin to pay tribute to drummers Art Blakey and Elvin Jones. The band debuted at the Percussive Arts Society (PAS) conference in Indianapolis, Indiana with Allen on drums, Freddie Hendrix (trumpet), Tivon Pennicott (tenor sax), Xavier Davis (piano), and Yasushi Nakamura (bass).

In 2021, Allen joined the faculty of the UMKC Conservatory in Kansas City as the William D. and Mary Grant Endowed Professor of Jazz Studies.

As leader

 * The Pursuer (Atlantic, 1994)
 * Testimonial (Atlantic, 1995)

Collaborations
 * Live from the Detroit Jazz Festival 2013 (Mack Avenue, 2014)

Co-led with Rodney Whitaker
 * Get Ready (Mack Avenue, 2007)
 * Work to Do (Mack Avenue, 2009)

With Manhattan Project
 * Dreamboat (Alfa Jazz/Timeless, 2000)
 * Piccadilly Square (Alfa Jazz/Timeless )
 * The Dark Side of Dewey (Alfa Jazz/Evidence, 1996)
 * Echoes of Our Heroes (Alfa Jazz Japan, 1996)
 * We Remember Cannonball (Alfa Jazz Japan, 1997)

As sideman
With Don Braden
 * After Dark (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * The Time Is Now (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * Wish List (Criss Cross, 1994)

With Cyrus Chestnut
 * The Nutman Speaks (Alfa Jazz )
 * The Nutman Speaks Again (Alfa Jazz, 2003)
 * Another Direction (Alfa Jazz )

With Art Farmer
 * The Company I Keep (Arabesque, 1994)
 * The Meaning of Art (Arabesque, 1995)
 * Silk Road (Arabesque, 1997)

With Benny Golson
 * Up Jumped Benny (Arkadia Jazz, 1997)
 * One Day, Forever (Arkadia Jazz, 2001) – recorded in 1999
 * Terminal 1 (Concord, 2004)
 * New Time, New 'Tet (Concord, 2009)
 * Horizon Ahead (HighNote, 2016)

With the Benny Green Trio
 * Blue Notes (Toshiba-EMI Japan)
 * That's Right (Blue Note)
 * Testifyin! (Blue Note)

With Vincent Herring
 * Evidence (Landmark, 1991)
 * Dawnbird (Landmark, 1993)
 * Folklore: Live at the Village Vanguard (MusicMasters, 1994)

With Freddie Hubbard
 * Life Flight (Blue Note)
 * Topsy (Alfa Jazz )
 * MMTC (MusicMasters )

With Jackie McLean
 * Dynasty (Triloka)
 * Rites of Passage (Triloka)
 * The J-Mac Attack (Birdology/Verve )

With Woody Shaw
 * Double Take (Blue Note, 1985)
 * Imagination (Muse, 1987)

With Christian McBride
 * People Music (Mack Avenue, 2013)
 * Live at the Village Vanguard (Mack Avenue, 2021)

With others
 * Arkadia Jazz All Stars, Thank You, Joe!
 * Eric Alexander, Full Range (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * Donald Brown, Sources of Inspiration (Muse, 1989)
 * Donald Byrd, A City Called Heaven (Landmark, 1991)
 * Dan Faulk, Focusing In (Criss Cross Jazz, 1992)
 * Ricky Ford, Hot Brass (Muse, 1991)
 * Donald Harrison and Terrence Blanchard, Crystal Stair (Columbia Records, 1987)
 * Dewey Redman, African Venus (Evidence, 1992)
 * Phil Woods, Alto Summit (Milestone, 1996)
 * Eliane Elias, Everything I Love (Blue Note and EMI, 2000)

title: Carl Allen (drummer)


text:
Carl Meredith Allen

Carl Meredith Allen (1925–1994) was an American merchant mariner who claimed that during World War II he witnessed the "Philadelphia Experiment", a supposed paranormal event where the United States Navy made a ship invisible and accidentally teleported it through space. The story is widely understood to be a hoax perpetrated by Allen,  something he confessed to several times over the years, then recanted, then confessed to again.

Biography
Carl Allen was born on May 31, 1925, in Springdale, Pennsylvania the eldest of five children. His family described him as brilliant in school with a "fantastic mind" but also as a person who never held any particular job for long and was a drifter. He was also known as a "master leg-puller", pulling pranks on people, or to get out of work in general. In 1942 he joined the US Marine Corps but was discharged less than a year later. Right after that he enlisted in the United States Merchant Marine, at first serving on the SS Andrew Furuseth and then many other ships until 1952 when he left service. Allen would later claim that in 1943 he witnessed an invisibility experiment carried out by the U.S. Navy at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard (the so-called Philadelphia Experiment), met Albert Einstein there, and for several weeks, was schooled in physics by Einstein.

During his lifetime he would use many aliases including Carlos Miguel Allende, Senor Professor and Colonel Carlos Miguel Christofero Allende, and, one time when he wrote to the rocket engineer Wernher von Braun, Dr. Karl Merditt Allenstein. He turned up in various places including Colorado, Mexico, eventually ending up in Greeley, Colorado where he died on March 5, 1994.

Connection to the Philadelphia Experiment
In late 1955 an anonymous package arrived at the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). It contained a copy of Morris K. Jessup's book The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects that was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals. They discussed ideas about the propulsion for flying saucers, alien races, and express concern that Jessup was too close to discovering their technology. When Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research a year later and shown the annotated copy of his book, he noticed the handwriting of the annotations resembled a series of letters he received from Carl Allen, who also signed some of his letters "Carlos Miguel Allende." In the letters to Jessup, Allen put forward a story of dangerous science based on unpublished theories by Albert Einstein which had been put into practice at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in October 1943. Allen claimed to have witnessed this experiment while serving aboard the SS Andrew Furuseth. In Allen's account, a destroyer escort was successfully made invisible, but the ship inexplicably teleported to Norfolk, Virginia for several minutes, and then reappeared in the Philadelphia yard. The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place. When Jessup wrote back requesting more information to corroborate his story Allen said his memory would have to be recovered and referred Jessup to what seems to be a non-existent Philadelphia newspaper article that Allen claimed covered the incident.

Twelve years later Allen would say that he authored all the annotations in order “to scare the hell out of Jessup.”

The Jessup book with Allen's scribbled commentaries gained a life of its own when the Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, who did contract work for ONR, began producing mimeographed copies of the book with Allen's annotations and Allen's letters to Jessup, first a dozen and eventually 127 copies. These copies came to be known as the "Varo edition." This became the heart of many "Philadelphia Experiment" books, documentaries, and movies to come. Over the years various writers and researchers who tried to get more information from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or could not find him at all.

title: Carl Meredith Allen


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Category:Ancient Rome

 * Ancient Rome — the civilization which thrived from approximately the 9th century BCE through the 5th century CE in the Mediterranean Region and beyond.

title: Category:Ancient Rome


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Phineas Pett

Phineas Pett (1 November 1570 – August 1647) was a shipwright and First Resident Commissioner of Chatham Dockyard and a member of the Pett dynasty. Phineas left a memoir of his activities which is preserved in the British Library and was published in 1918.

Family background
Born at "Deptford Strond", he was the second son of Peter Pett of Deptford, his elder brother being named Joseph.

Thomas Fuller, in his Worthies of England states: "I am credibly informed that the mystery of Shipwrights for some descents hath been preserved successfully in families, of whom the Petts about Chatham are of singular regard."

It is likely that Robert Holborn, cited as working with Peter Pett of Deptford at this time was a relative of Richard Hoborn, 'Cousin of Commissioner Pett'. Peter Pett of Deptford was the son of Peter of Harwich (died 1554). His sister married John Chapman, Master Shipwright, whose own son Richard was born in 1620 and Master Shipwright of Woolwich and Deptford dockyards. the shipwright who was to build the Ark, raised in the Pett household, "as in all probability was Mathew Baker" with whom, from 1570, Peter Pett was associated in the works at Dover.

Phineas's father's first wife, Elizabeth Paynter, had given him a daughter, Lydia, and four sons; their mother died around 1543. Peter Pett of Deptford married his second wife Elizabeth Thornton, the sister of Naval Captain Thornton, and they had eight further children. The three sons were Phineas, Peter and Noah. Elizabeth died, the widow of Peter, in 1597.

Life
Phineas had been sent to the Free School at Rochester for three years and then moved to a private school in Greenwich, until in 1586 aged 16 he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. On his father's death in 1589, Phineas was left destitute. Yet by 1601 Phineas had been appointed assistant to the Master Shipwright at Chatham; over the years his good services, particularly in fitting out the Fleet in six weeks, won support for him at court.

Phineas Pett first met the young Prince Henry in 1604, through the good graces of the Earl of Nottingham, William Howard, the Lord High Admiral. Pett made a miniature ship for the Prince at Chatham. The keel was 28 feet and the breadth 12 feet, and was finished "battlement-wise" like the Ark Royal. On 22 March Pett presented the ship to Prince Henry, who named it the Disdain and "entertained it with great joy, being purposely made to disport himself withal." On 26 April 1604, James I of England gave Phineas, described as a servant of Prince Henry, a grant of a shilling a day. The grant also mentions Phineas's elder brother, Joseph. Phineas and Joseph were named in the royal charter for the incorporation of masters and wardens of the "Art and Mystery of Shipbuilding in England" in April 1605.

In 1607, Pett made and gave a model of a ship intended for Prince Henry to Howard. Howard thought the model good enough for the direct attention of King James and the Prince. He arranged for a presentation in the presence of both at Richmond Palace on 12 November 1607. The model was set up in a private room off the Long Gallery, in an arched frame curtained with crimson taffeta. King James being likewise impressed and "exceedingly delighted with the sight of the model" placed the task of constructing a full-size replica of the ship in Pett's charge.

In 1610, Phineas's wife gave birth to their son, Peter, and in the same year, his (step) Aunt Lydia died. In February 1613 Pett worked with Robert Mansell to organise lavish fireworks and sea-fight or naumachia on the Thames to celebrate wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate. Pett himself was captain of a Venetian argosy, which he had converted from an old pinnace called The Spy. Pett wrote that he was in more danger in this "jesting business" than if had been on active sea-service in earnest.

In his diary for 1616, he records that he was 'elected and sworn Master of the Corporation of Shipwrights at our common hall and meeting place at Redriff.' From sometime around 27 March 1616, Pett expected to profit from a commission by Sir Walter Raleigh to build him a vessel of 500 tons for £500. Admiral Howard permitted Pett to lay her keel on the galley dock at Woolwich, with the consent of King James.

In 1631, he was appointed a commissioner of the King for making "a general survey of the whole navy at Chatham." For this and other works Pett was promoted by Charles to be a principal officer of the Navy, receiving £200 per annum. His patent was sealed on 16 January 1631. In the same year the King, Charles I of England, visited Woolwich to view the launch of the Vanguard, which Pett had built. The king honoured Phineas by participating in a banquet at his lodgings. Pett was later the First Commissioner at Chatham and held this same post from 1631 until his death in 1647.

In June 1634 Phineas made a model ship on wheels for the four-year-old Prince Charles, for use in the long gallery at St James's Palace.

Phineas lived for ten years after the Sovereign of the Seas was launched. In the burial register of the parish of Chatham it is recorded, "Phineas Pett, Esqe. and Capt., was buried 21 August, 1647."

title: Phineas Pett