text:
Vamp

Vamp most commonly refers to:
 * Vamp (shoe), the upper part of a shoe
 * Vamp (woman), a seductress or femme fatale; derived from "vampire"
 * Vamp (music), a repeating musical figure or accompaniment

Vamp or vamps may also refer to:

Science and technology

 * Value Added Information Medical Products (VAMP), former name of the General Practice Research Database
 * Vesicle-associated membrane protein, a family of proteins
 * The VAMP regimen, a chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of low-risk childhood Hodgkin lymphoma
 * Project Vamp, a U.S. Navy hydrologic survey
 * V.A.M.P. (G.I. Joe), a toy vehicle

Vehicles

 * Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP), an inflatable robotic aircraft for Venus
 * VaMP, the first autonomous car that drove long distances in traffic
 * "Vamps", short for De Havilland Vampire plane in Rhodesia

Music

 * Vamp (band), a Norwegian folk music band
 * Vamps (band), a Japanese rock band formed in 2008
 * The Vamps (Australian band), formed in 1965
 * The Vamps (British band), a band formed in 2012
 * Vamps (album), the 2009 self-titled debut album of the Japanese band Vamps
 * DJ Yung Vamp (born 1995), a Belgian DJ and record producer
 * Vamp (album), a 1996 album by Akina Nakamori

Characters

 * Vamp (comics)
 * Vamp, a character in the Metal Gear series
 * Vamp (Gobots), a character from Gobots

Film, television and theatre

 * Vamp (film), 1986 vampire film
 * Vamps (film), 2012 horror-comedy film
 * Vamp (TV series), a Brazilian telenovela
 * The Vamp, a 1955 musical comedy
 * The Vamp (film), a lost 1918 silent film wartime comedy-drama
 * Theda Bara (1885–1955), American silent film actress nicknamed "The Vamp"
 * Ivana Vamp, Italian drag queen

Other

 * Vamp (firefighter), a slang term for a volunteer firefighter in the United States
 * Vamp Creek, a river in Manitoba, Canada
 * Vamp Building, a building in Lynn, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Seattle Vamps, a women's ice hockey team
 * Vamp!, a light novel series by Ryōgo Narita

title: Vamp


text:
Battle of Quatre Bras

The Battle of Quatre Bras was fought on 16 June 1815, as a preliminary engagement to the decisive Battle of Waterloo that occurred two days later. The battle took place near the strategic crossroads of Quatre Bras and was contested between elements of the Duke of Wellington's Anglo-allied army and the left wing of Napoleon Bonaparte's French Armée du Nord under Marshal Michel Ney. The battle was a tactical victory for Wellington (as he possessed the field at dusk), but because Ney prevented him going to the aid of Blucher's Prussians who were fighting a larger French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte at Ligny it was a strategic victory for the French.

Prelude

Facing two armies (Wellington's arriving from the west and the Prussians under Field Marshall von Blücher from the east), Napoleon's overall strategy was to defeat each in turn, before these forces could join. Napoleon intended to cross the border into what is now Belgium (but was then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands) without alerting the Coalition leaders and drive a wedge between their forces. He planned to defeat the Prussian army, forcing them to retreat eastward, and then turn to engage Wellington, driving his army back to the Channel coast.

Napoleon recognized that, if Wellington's Anglo-allied army could join with the Prussians, the combined force would be larger than his French army. The crossroads at Quatre Bras therefore became a strategic position, since if the French held this interchange, they could prevent Wellington's forces from moving south-eastward along the Nivelles-Namur road towards the Prussians, where Napoleon was planning to engage von Blücher on 16 June at Ligny.

Although the Coalition commanders were receiving intelligence, Napoleon's planning was initially successful. Wellington remarked: "Napoleon has humbugged me, by God; he has gained twenty-four hours' march on me."

While Wellington's instructions at the start of the campaign were to defend Brussels from the French, he was not sure what route Napoleon's army would follow; he also received (false) reports of a flanking maneuver through Mons to the southwest. Wellington first received reports of the outbreak of hostilities at around 15:00 on 15 June from the Prince of Orange, a Coalition commander. Within the next few hours, he received additional news that the French had skirmished early that morning with the Prussian First Corps under Lieutenant-General Graf von Zieten at Thuin (near Charleroi). These reports prompted Wellington at 18:00 to draft initial orders to concentrate his army. However, he was still uncertain precisely where to bring his forces together, and it was not until almost midnight, when he learned that the front near Mons was clear, that he ordered his army to move towards the Prussians.

This nine-hour delay meant it was too late for him to move his army in sufficient strength to provide von Blücher with support on 16 June at the Battle of Ligny. Wellington did not order his entire army to Quatre Bras on 16 June, still suspecting a flanking maneuver through Mons. The headquarters of the Anglo-allied First Corps (Prince of Orange's), however, decided to ignore Wellington's order that it should assemble in and around Nivelles, instead opting to take the initiative and converge on Quatre Bras.

Napoleon's original plan for 16 June was based on the assumption that the Coalition forces, which had been caught off guard, would not attempt a risky forward concentration; he intended therefore to push an advanced guard as far as Gembloux, for the purpose of feeling for and warding off von Blücher. To assist in this operation, the reserve would move first to Fleurus to reinforce Marshal Grouchy who was tasked with driving back the Prussian troops. However, once the French were in possession of Sombreffe, Napoleon planned to swing the reserve westwards to join with Marshal Ney, who—it was supposed—would have by that time secured the Quatre Bras crossroad.

Accordingly Marshal Ney, to whom III Cavalry Corps (Kellermann) was now attached, was to mass at Quatre Bras and push an advance guard 10 km northward of that place, sending a connecting division at Marbais to link him with Grouchy. The center and left wing together would then make a night-march toward Brussels. The Coalition forces would thus be forcefully separated, and all that remained would be to destroy each in detail. Napoleon now awaited further information from his wing commanders at Charleroi, where he massed the VI Corps (Lobau's), to save it, if possible, from a harassing countermarch, as it appeared likely that it would only be needed for the march to Brussels.

On 15 June as the Prussian I Corps withdrew towards Ligny, there was a danger for the Coalition forces that Ney would be able to advance through Quatre Bras and take his objectives with little or no Coalition opposition. At the headquarters of the I Corps at Genappe (about five kilometres (3 miles) from Quatre Bras), Major-General Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque, chief of staff to the Prince of Orange, realized the danger and ordered Lieutenant-General Hendrik George de Perponcher Sedlnitsky, the commander of the 2nd Dutch Division, to dispatch his 2nd Brigade (Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach) to occupy Quatre Bras. This brigade, consisting of two regiments from Nassau, arrived at about 14:00 on 15 June. Prince Bernhard was able to deploy prior to the arrival of the first French scouts, lancers of the Guard Light Cavalry Division (Lefebvre-Desnouettes) who approached Quatre Bras. These French lancers were engaged at Frasnes, after which the Nassauers retreated to the Bois de Bossu, a thick patch of forest near Quatre Bras. "6:30 p.m. – some accounts say 5:30" General Lefebvre-Desnouëtte requested infantry support, but as night was approaching, and his infantry was strung out along Brussels-Charleroi road, Ney declined the request, instead deciding to camp for the night and approach Quatre Bras in force the following day. Early on the evening of 15 June, instead of obeying Wellington's order to concentrate the I Corps at Nivelles (which would have meant that the force occupying Quatre Bras would be abandoning the position), Rebecque ordered the 1st Brigade (Van Bylandt's brigade) of the 2nd Dutch Division to reinforce Prince Bernhard's 2nd Brigade.

By countermanding a direct order from Wellington and using his own initiative, Rebecque was responsible for the Battle being fought at Quatre Bras on the following day, thereby preventing the French from keeping the two coalition armies apart and destroying each of them in detail.

Ney spent the morning of 16 June massing his I and II corps, and reconnoitering the enemy at Quatre Bras, who, he was informed, had been reinforced. But up till noon he took no serious steps to capture the crossroads, which he could have done with relative ease. In the meantime, Grouchy reported from Fleurus that Prussians were coming up from Namur, but Napoleon does not appear to have attached much importance to this report. He was still at Charleroi when, between 09:00 and 10:00, further news reached him that hostile forces had concentrated at Quatre Bras. He at once wrote to Ney saying that these could only be some of Wellington's troops, and that Ney was to concentrate his force and crush what was in front of him, adding that Ney was to send all reports to Fleurus. Then, leaving Marshal Lobau's force provisionally at Charleroi, Napoleon hastened to Fleurus, arriving about 11:00.

Meeting at the Windmill of Bussy
Shortly after 11:00, Wellington observed that the French were not in any great force at Frasnes (south of Quatre Bras). At the same time, accounts reached him that the Prussians, in position at Ligny, were being menaced by the advance of a considerable French force. Wellington, accompanied by his staff and a small escort of cavalry, rode off to hold a conference with von Blücher, whom he met at the Windmill of Bussy (often referred to as the Windmill of Brye) between Ligny and Brye. Because this windmill was at the highest point of the Prussian position, the leaders were able to observe the French preparatory deployments prior to their attack.

These observations led Wellington to conclude that Napoleon was bringing the main force of his army to bear against the Prussians; he at once proposed to assist von Blücher by first advancing straight upon Frasnes and Gosselies, as soon as he was able to concentrate sufficient force, and then attacking the French from their left and rear, thus providing a powerful diversion to aid the Prussians, since von Blücher's right wing was the weakest and most exposed, and considering Napoleon's movements was the most likely to be attacked.

The primary sources do not agree on what was said at the meeting. They all agree that Wellington promised aid to Blücher, but they disagree on whether Wellington made an unequivocal promise of aid, or whether Wellington made it clear that his ability to give timely assistance to Blücher was only possible if his forces were not engaged before he could send aid.

Siborne, writing from eyewitness accounts, records it thus: "'Upon a calculation being made, however, of the time which would elapse ere the Duke would be able to collect the requisite force for undertaking this operation, and of the possibility of Blucher being defeated before it could be carried into effect, it was considered preferable that Wellington should, if practicable, move to the support of the Prussian Right by the Namur road. But a direct support of this kind was necessarily contingent on circumstances, and subject to the Duke's discretion. The latter having expressed his confident expectation of being enabled to afford the desired support, as also of his succeeding in concentrating, very shortly, a sufficient force to assume the offensive, rode back to Quatre Bras.'"

Combatants

At the beginning of the battle the left wing of the Armée du Nord, with 18,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry and 32 guns) under Marshal Michel Ney, faced 8,000 infantry and 16 guns, under the command of William, Prince of Orange. The Dutch (with the Nassauers of 2nd Brigade) were thinly deployed south of the crossroads of Quatre Bras. Fresh allied troops started to arrive two hours later, along with Wellington, who took over command of the allied forces. As the day wore on, fresh Dutch, British and Brunswickers arrived faster than fresh French troops (who eventually numbered about 24,000).

Battle
Fighting started late in the afternoon on 15 June, when the Elba squadron, a small Polish lancer unit consisting of only 109 men and officers, tried to attack the allied forces from the direction of Frasnes. These forces consisted of the II/2nd Nassau regiment and Bijlevelds horse artillery. The Dutch and Nassau commanders had taken precautions, however, and the Lancers were greeted by canister and volley fire, losing some men and horses before retiring to Frasnes. Patrols were sent out and the positions were kept until the next morning.

From 5 AM on 16 June there were continuous skirmishes between Allied and French forces, in which neither side managed to get an advantage. Some Prussian hussars, cut off from their main body, skirmished with the Red Lancers, but they disengaged after Bijleveld's artillery once again drove the lancers back. Two companies of Nassau infantry advanced towards Frasnes, but this time the French pushed them back. Some time after 6 a.m., after the Prince of Orange arrived, the skirmishes stopped.

The real battle began with the French attack around 14:00 hours. Ney massed a battery of 22 guns and started bombarding the Coalition positions. Swarms of skirmishers preceded the French columns as they attacked. The Dutch picket line of the 2nd Division (Sedlnitsky) greeted them with musket volleys, but it was outnumbered and those east of the Brussels highway were at once forced back by the mass of men moved against them. The Nassauers of 2nd Brigade (Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar) retreated to Grand-Pierrepont farm and Dutch troops of the 1st Brigade (Bylandt) to Gemioncourt, but the allies managed, however, to hold the wood. Facing three infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade, the situation became desperate for the 2nd Division. At around 15:00 the 5th British Infantry Division (Picton) and the 3rd Dutch Light Cavalry Brigade (Baron van Merlen) arrived. The Duke of Wellington came back from his meeting with Blücher and took command. He deployed Picton's Division on the allied left flank where it stopped the French advance to the east of the road. The fresh French 6th Division (Prince Jérôme Bonaparte) arrived on the scene. A fierce fight now broke out all along the line. Picton, showing a dauntless front, maintained his position, while the French 6th Division were sent against Grand-Pierrepont. The Nassauers were forced to abandon the farm and were driven into the Bossu wood. There they fought from tree to tree, slowing the French advance. At Gemioncourt the Dutch troops were a thorn in the side of the French.

The defending battalion of Gemincourt Farm, the 5th National Militia, lost 62% of its original strength that day. It was driven out by the 4th light and 100th Line regiments, but regrouped north of the farm when the Dutchmen saw the 28th British Foot come to their aid. But this regiment thought the farmhouse was lost and retreated, while the 5th Militia, thinking they were going to get reinforced, charged the Farmhouse again and drove the French regiments from the surroundings of the farm, but were unable to take the farm itself. The 5th managed to take up position south of the farm, where their Prince joined them. With artillery support, they repulsed the 6th Chasseurs-Au-Cheval and a lancer regiment. The Dutch lost and retook the farm another time, but eventually lost it.

By 15:00, the French formed a line between Pierrepont through Gemioncourt to Piraumont. At 15:30 the Dutch 2nd Light Cavalry Brigade (van Merlen), led by the Prince of Orange, charged the French line; although they were met by French cavalry and were thrown back, this gave the battered Dutch infantry time to regroup. When the Dutch cavalry brigade disengaged and retired to friendly lines they were shot at by Scottish infantry because their uniforms looked like the French uniforms of the chasseurs à cheval. The Brunswick Corps, under the Duke of Brunswick, now reached the field, but their commander received a mortal wound while leading a charge and the attack failed. At 16:15 Ney received Napoleon's order (despatched at 14:00), to attack vigorously. He sent an order to his II Corps (Honoré Reille) to attack with more force.

On Ney's left, Prince Jérôme drove the allies out of the Bossu Wood. French mixed forces advanced almost all the way to the crossroads. Regiments of the British 9th Brigade (Pack) – 42nd ("Black Watch", Macara), 44th ("East Essex", Hamerton) and 92nd ("Gordon Highlanders", John Cameron) – held up against the infantry. French of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Cavalry Division (Piré) counter-attacked and severely mauled the 42nd and 44th before they were driven off.

At 17:00 the timely arrival of the British 3rd Division (Alten), coming in from Nivelles, tipped the numerical balance back in favour of the allies. At quarter past the hour Ney heard that the French I Corps (d'Erlon), without his direct order or knowledge, had moved eastwards to assist in the battle of Ligny. Fifteen minutes later at 17:30 he received an unclear order from Napoleon to seize Quatre Bras and then turn eastwards to crush Blücher, who was caught at Ligny. Due to the arrival of allied reinforcements, Ney realized that he could capture and hold Quatre Bras only with the support of the I Corps and he sent imperative orders to d'Erlon to return at once. To keep the pressure on Wellington, immediately after sending for d'Erlon, Ney ordered Kellermann to lead his one available cuirassier brigade and break through Wellington's line.

Kellermann's cuirassiers caught the British 5th Brigade (Halkett) – 33rd ("West Riding", Lieutenant-Colonel William George Keith Elphinstone) 69th ("South Lincolnshire", Morice) and the 73rd (Harris) – in line formation. The 69th were badly mauled, losing their King's colour (the only battalion under Wellington's direct command to do so); the 33rd and the 73rd were saved from a similar fate by running for the safety of Bossu Wood where they rallied quickly. The cuirassiers reached the crossroads but were driven back by close range artillery and musket fire.

The arrival of the British 1st Infantry Division (Guards Division, Cooke) gave Wellington sufficient strength to counter-attack and Jérôme, whose skirmishers were now west of Quatre Bras, was forced to retreat and give up possession of Bossu wood to the British Guards. When the Guards and other allied units emerged from the wood, they were met with heavy fire from French infantry and an attack by 6th Lancer Regiment (and possibly the 1st Chasseurs) of the 2nd Cavalry Division (Piré); the Guards were caught in line and forced to flee back into the wood. This cavalry attack and taking the Bossu wood caused high casualties among the British Guards. There was some further skirmishing between allied light companies and the French voltigeurs and cavalry screen, but the battle was over. By 21:00, when the fighting stopped, the French had been forced to give up all of their territorial gains.

Aftermath
The battle cost Ney 4,000 men to Wellington's 4,800. Although the allies had won the field, the French prevented them from coming to the aid of the Prussians at the Battle of Ligny. Wellington's Anglo-allied army, upon learning of the Prussian defeat, was forced to retreat north along the Brussels road further away from the Prussians, who retreated north-east towards Wavre. There has been much debate about what would have happened if d'Erlon's I Corps had engaged at either Ligny or Quatre Bras. As he did not, Napoleon chose to follow Wellington with the bulk of his forces and two days later met him at Waterloo.

The allied victory at Quatre Bras did prevent Ney from controlling these strategic crossroads. This in turn slowed down the French advance, thereby allowing Wellington to take a position on the Waterloo battlegrounds, which would otherwise not be possible and would have led, as some believe, to an allied defeat.

After the Waterloo campaign, Wellington was given the title Prince of Waterloo by the Dutch King William I. Along with the title came lands, which encompassed a large area of the battlefield of Quatre Bras. As landowner, the Duke and his successors had a large part of the Bossu wood felled for timber.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Quatre Bras


text:
Talk:Latifundium

Latifundia in modern Italy?
Where? 87.221.112.118 (talk) 21:28, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Okay, how to illustrate this: --Golbez 22:28, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Came to page with a small definition of the Latin term, and a horribly written attack on large American farms.
 * 2) Tried fixing spelling and adding NPOV, then pondered deleting it altogether. Decided to check edit history, whee, there used to be a LOT more here; the anti-corporate guy just wanted to push his POV at the expense of actual information.
 * 3) Reverted to before he nuked the rest of the data and fixed the spelling.
 * 4) Still, the final paragraph might reek a bit of POV, so I wanted others to examine it first.

Landholding reassignments doubtful
"The Reconquista of Muslim territories in the Iberian Peninsula provided the Christian kingdoms with sudden extensions of land that they ceded to nobility and military orders to exploit as latifundia." Is is not simply the holder of the Roman latifundia that changes? Is there a redistribution of latifundia to peasant small holders at any point in the sequence Baetica=> Visigoths=>al-Andalus=>Christian Andalusia? When lands are "given", it is with the people that "belong" to it. --Wetman 04:29, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Contemporary Economic Parallel
The parallel between the development of the latifundia, and the subsequent economic system engendered in the Empire, and the processes currently changing and defining the global (especially and most radically the American) economic structure bears mention. I am not saying it should be the major poin tof the article, far from it. However the connection is relevant, and should be tied in; perhaps as a transition to a link to plantation capitalism? -6/11/07 Bordergroves

plural?
Why is this article written in plural? We don't make an article called "forests", we make one called "forest". We don't make an article called "beaches", we make one called "beach". This article *should* be called "latifundium" and be written in singular. Anyone who disagrees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.196.111.13 (talk) 23:12, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Moved to Latifundium December 07 2009 0630 Meversbergii (talk) 11:31, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Restored "Ancient Greece" section which had been deleted with no reason being given.
I've put this section back. Some of its statements could be better supported, and it may be that its text would be better incorporated into the preceding "Ancient Rome" section, but I'll leave those matters to editors more knowledgeable about the subject. The simple deletion of the entire section by an anonymous IP with no reason given looked to me more like vandalism than a well-intentioned edit. --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 06:42, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

economic efficiency ?
The article implies that slave labor, on Latifundia, was more productive (tons of crops per laborer), than free labor, on (typically) smaller farms. Inexpertly, Latifundia slave labor was exploited; their effective "wages" were below free-market levels; leaving Latifundia higher profits, compared to free labor. Perhaps an expert could clarify, whether Latifundia labor productivity was actually higher... or merely profitability (due to the exploitation, of slave labor)? 24.56.197.47 (talk) 08:08, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latifundium


text:
User talk:Snowspinner~enwiki/Stupidity

Here reside conversations on my talk page that were too new to archive, but too stupid to keep.

Mikula
I think we block anonymous proxies as a rule anyway, they're generally only used for vandalism. At least we used to. - Hephaestos|§ 19:34, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's impossible for you to block all anonymous IP addresses. For one thing, there are no complete lists of all anonymous IP addresses out there.  And for another things, unless you see an IP address listed on an anonymous IP site, then there's really no surefire way to tell if an IP address is an anonymous IP or not. Jeez Loueeze, doncha guys know nothing? Jensu

 * Well we do know it's an anon proxy in this particular case, because you just told us. - Hephaestos|§ 19:53, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * and you believe everything I tell you? Well, not everything now do you? Look, my point is only that it's impossible to block all anon proxies.  Even if you know some of their IPs, it's still probably not the best idea to do it unless someone using one engages in abuse.  Otherwise, you may be blocking innocents. Jensu

 * While I find sass dryly amusing, I am less amused by stupidity, which is reaching a terminal quantity here. Snowspinner 21:42, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I just wanted to make a point, and not drag the conversation on any longer than need be and certainly not let it degenerate into utter stupidly. So, I'll just take my sass where it's better appreciated.  Jensu
 * It is Wikipedia policy to block all anonymyzers. RickK 22:05, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

I was simply making a point about the futility of trying to block all anonymous proxy IPs, and I thought it was an apt point to make on a users talk page. I have no intentions of becoming an admin here, as if I'd have the time for it. Jensu

title: User talk:Snowspinner~enwiki/Stupidity


text:
User:Xmnemonic

 * Consequently, nearly everyone with much expertise but little patience will avoid editing Wikipedia, because they will--at least if they are editing articles on articles that are subject to any sort of controversy--be forced to defend their edits on article discussion pages against attacks by nonexperts. This is not perhaps so bad in itself. But if the expert should have the gall to complain to the community about the problem, he or she will be shouted down (at worst) or politely asked to "work with" persons who have proven themselves to be unreasonable (at best).
 * — Larry Sanger

James Cho (that's me)

I study Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor (previously, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University). As a youth, I resided in the Charlottesville, Virginia area. My homepage lists other details.

Here I mainly crusade for NPOV writing and decent page formatting, and am largely responsible for the improved table designs featured on Wikipedia. Before I started editing and complaining, ugly black table borders were table standards. Now they're all but gone.

Quick Tips
 * Write encyclopedia articles. Do not use folksy tones and never use second person voice.
 * Encyclopedias should not endorse fame or worth, because those are essentially non-factual. They exist wholly as impressions in people's minds.  Let them remain there.
 * "Aircraft" is a word.  Use "aircraft" for the plural of itself.
 * Use 's to form the possessive of a singular noun ending in s, as in "James's."
 * Start paragraphs with topic sentences. Don't introduce details immediately.
 * Trim liberally, but maintain paragraph flow. If a sentence seems too long, it probably is.
 * For god's sake don't use more than three commas in a sentence. It sounds terrible.

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The first sentence of an article should summarize the most significant attributes of the article's subject. For example, the first sentence of Bawls previously was: "Bawls is an energy drink marketed mainly towards computer gaming enthusiasts and paintballers." Really, that's about how the drink relates to society. About the drink itself though, the stuff inside the bottle, the most important identifier is the caffeine content. The revised first sentence reflects this: "Bawls is an energy drink containing a large amount of caffeine." This is 4th grade english folks.

Don't Cherry-pick Facts

Try to balance your selection of facts. By neglecting certain facts and presenting others, a series of NPOV statements may compose a very POV picture. Swallow your pride and realize that your opinions are not "right."

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Some words are inherently POV and cannot factually describe anything. Such words (in any form, with any prefixes or suffixes) should never be present in an encyclopedia, except in quotations: Exercise caution with adverbs, verbs and adjectives in general. Don't say an athlete "demolished" the competition unless he used explosives or a backhoe (see Avoid peacock terms for a related Wikipedia policy, and my removals of POV terms from "Garry Kasparov").
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Don't use "History of the blah" as a heading if the article's title is already "Blah." What else would a section concern if not the topic of article? Don't be redundant. (And if the section does not relate to the article's title, then it does not belong in there at all.)

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Clean Tables

Set all borders to 0 in tables (or if you must, maintain the outer border and the one below the header) and never use background colors because they add no additional meaning. Uncolored tables look infinitely cleaner, and the whitespace separation is always sufficient for dividing rows and columns. Why add dividers to the table if division is already clear?

Use "And" to Connect Related Ideas

"And" does not connect random sentence halves or wholes. Use the word when it makes sense. The usage below does not.
 * During much of its development it was called the "Fireball," and it is the world's largest aircraft.

Really, it's not that hard.

Be Simple and Concise

 * Write with nouns and verbs.
 * — Strunk & White, The Elements of Style

Those two elements make or break a sentence. Adverbs, adjectives, prepositions and the like help. But they're not always necessary and often clutter a sentence. And punctuation can obstruct rather than mend. Instead of revising "the crimes he was accused of" into "the crimes of which he was accused," try eliminating "of": "the accusations." Crime is implied. Rather than separating two independent clauses with a semicolon, combine them: "He was born an orphan; likewise, he became lonely," becomes, "As an orphan he was lonely." Don't flash elaborate (though correct) grammar, or feign style with odd punctuation. Get to the point.

State the Plain Facts

Do not dissect Ali G's humor methods, or theorize on Bush's motives for supporting whatever. Leave that to your blog, your local newspaper or your friendly coffee table conversations. Wikipedia strives to be an encyclopedia of facts, not factual impressions no matter how clear they are to you. Leave the interpretations to the reader; don't shove yours down his throat.

Integrate Your Writing

If you add a single sentence-fact to a paragraph, don't just drop it there like a hat on a horse. Revise, make the paragraph flow, and create a consistent tone for the article. Quite obviously, choppy writing sounds bad. Please do not create more of it.

Notable Pages

(Some of the above pages contain significant additions by other users.)
 * Original Authorships: X-44 MANTA, Boeing X-45, Radar cross section, Engineering physics, Vortex ring, Active Electronically Scanned Array, FB-22, The Gadget Maker
 * Major Contributions: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, F/A-22 Raptor, The Man Who Was Thursday, Thrust vectoring, Anechoic chamber, Frisbee, Skunk Works, YF-23, List of aerospace engineers, Palmdale, California, University of Michigan, Bathophobia, Why Wikipedia is not so great, Jerkcity, Toroid, Aerodynamics, Normal mapping, Stealth technology, Airfoil, Scramjet, George Cayley, Technical communication, Airbus A380, French press, Theodore Kaczynski, AIDS, Falcon 4.0, Aviator, Pencil sketching, Bawls, Petals around the rose, Rands

title: User:Xmnemonic


text:
User talk:(Wik)

Wik, I've protected your talk page, probably on a version not fully amenable to you (I think it retains Anthony's comments, and Martin's deletions of your comments). I'm sorry it's come to this nonsense, but I think it would be best if you refrain from editing in this guise while you are banned. Why not take a week away from wikipedia, and then come back and revert your user page to your heart's content? john k 22:32, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I'm not letting this vandalism stand for one day. --(Wik) 23:07, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:(Wik)


text: Template:Provinces of Argentina

title: Template:Provinces of Argentina


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Benjamin Robbins Curtis

Benjamin Robbins Curtis (November 4, 1809 – September 15, 1874) was an American lawyer and judge who served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1851 to 1857. Curtis was the first and only Whig justice of the Supreme Court, and he was the first Supreme Court justice to have a formal law degree. He is often remembered as one of the two dissenters in the Supreme Court's infamous 1857 decision Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Curtis resigned from the Supreme Court in 1857 to return to private legal practice in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1868, Curtis was President Andrew Johnson's defense lawyer during Johnson's impeachment trial.

Early life and education
Curtis was born November 4, 1809, in Watertown, Massachusetts, the son of Lois Robbins and Benjamin Curtis, the captain of a merchant vessel. Young Curtis attended common school in Newton and beginning in 1825 Harvard College, where he won an essay writing contest in his junior year. At Harvard, he became a member of the Porcellian Club. He graduated in 1829, and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1832.

First private practice
Admitted to the Massachusetts bar later that year, Curtis began his legal career. In 1834, he moved to Boston and joined the law firm of Charles P. Curtis, where he developed expertise in admiralty law and also became known for his familiarity with patent law.

In 1836, Curtis participated in the Massachusetts "freedom suit" of Commonwealth v. Aves as one of the attorneys who unsuccessfully defended a slaveholding father. When New Orleans resident Mary Slater went to Boston to visit her father, Thomas Aves, she brought with her a young slave girl about six years of age, named Med. While Slater fell ill in Boston, she asked her father to take care of Med until she (Slater) recovered. The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and others sought a writ of habeas corpus against Aves, contending that Med became free by virtue of her mistress's having brought her voluntarily into Massachusetts. Aves responded to the writ, answering that Med was his daughter's slave, and that he was holding Med as his daughter's agent.

The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, through its Chief Justice, Lemuel Shaw, ruled that Med was free, and made her a ward of the court. The Massachusetts decision was considered revolutionary at the time. Previous decisions elsewhere had ruled that slaves voluntarily brought into a free state, and who resided there many years, became free. Commonwealth v. Aves was the first decision to hold that a slave voluntarily brought into a free state became free the moment he or she arrived. The decision in this freedom suit proved especially controversial in slaveholding southern states. As with his fellow Massachusettsan and Harvard graduate John Adams, Curtis's willingness to serve as defense attorney for the Aves family did not necessarily reflect his personal or legal views, as shown by his later dissent in the 1857 Dred Scott decision.

Curtis became a member of the Harvard Corporation, one of the two governing boards of Harvard University, in February 1846. In 1849, he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Appointed chairman of a committee to reform state judicial procedures, they presented the Massachusetts Practice Act of 1851. "It was considered a model of judicial reform and was approved by the legislature without amendment."

At the time, Curtis was viewed as a rival to Rufus Choate and was thought to be the preeminent leader of the New England bar. Curtis came from a politically connected family, and had studied under Joseph Story and John Hooker Ashmun at Harvard Law School. His legal arguments were thought to be well-reasoned and persuasive. Curtis was a Whig and in tune with their politics, and Whigs were in power. As a potential young appointee, he was thought to be the seed of a long and productive judicial career. He was appointed by the president, approved by the Senate, elevated to the Supreme Court bench, but was gone in six years.

Supreme Court service
Curtis received a recess appointment to the United States Supreme Court on September 22, 1851, by President Millard Fillmore, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Levi Woodbury. Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster persuaded Fillmore to nominate Curtis to the Supreme Court, and was his primary sponsor. Formally nominated on December 11, 1851, Curtis was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 20, 1851, and received his commission the same day. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1854.

He was the first Supreme Court Justice to have earned a law degree from a law school. His predecessors had either "read law" (a form of apprenticeship in a practicing firm) or attended a law school without receiving a degree.

His opinion in Cooley v. Board of Wardens 53 U.S. 299 (1852) held that the Commerce Power as provided in the Commerce Clause, U.S. Const., Art. I, § 8, cl. 3, extends to laws related to pilotage. State laws related to commerce powers can be valid so long as Congress is silent on the matter. That resolved a historic controversy over federal interstate commerce powers. To this day, it is an important precedent in Commerce Clause cases. The issue was whether states can regulate aspects of commerce or whether that power is exclusive to Congress. Curtis concluded that the federal government has exclusive power to regulate commerce only when national uniformity is required. Otherwise, states may regulate commerce.

Curtis was one of the two dissenters in the Dred Scott case, in which he disagreed with essentially every holding of the court. He argued against the majority's denial of the bid for emancipation by the slave Dred Scott. Curtis stated that, because there were black citizens in both Southern and Northern states at the time of the drafting of the federal Constitution, black people thus were clearly among the "people of the United States" contemplated thereunder. Curtis also opined that because the majority had found that Scott lacked standing, the Court could not go further and rule on the merits of Scott's case.

Curtis resigned from the court on September 30, 1857, in part because he was exasperated with the fraught atmosphere in the court engendered by the case. As one source puts it, "a bitter disagreement and coercion by Roger Taney prompted Benjamin Curtis's departure from the Court in 1857." However, others view the cause of his resignation as having been both temperamental and financial. He did not like "riding the circuit," as Supreme Court Justices were then required to do. He was temperamentally estranged from the court and was not inclined to work with others. The acrimony over the Dred Scott decision had blossomed into mutual distrust. He did not want to live on $6,500 per year, much less than his earnings in private practice.

Return to private practice
Upon his resignation, Curtis returned to his Boston law practice, becoming a "leading lawyer" in the nation. During the ensuing decade and a half, he argued several cases before the Supreme Court. Although Curtis initially supported Abraham Lincoln as president, by 1863 he was criticizing Lincoln’s "utter incompetence" and publicly argued that the Emancipation Proclamation was unconstitutional. This put Curtis out of the running when Lincoln had to choose a successor to Chief Justice Roger Taney, who died in October 1864. In the presidential campaign of that year, Curtis supported Democrat George B. McClellan against Lincoln.

In 1868, Curtis acted as defense counsel for President Andrew Johnson during Johnson's impeachment trial. He read the answer to the articles of impeachment, which was "largely his work". His opening statement lasted two days, and was commended for legal prescience and clarity. He successfully persuaded the Senate that an impeachment was a judicial act, not a political act, so that it required a full hearing of evidence. This precedent "influenced every subsequent impeachment".

After the impeachment trial, Curtis declined President Andrew Johnson's offer of the position of U.S. Attorney General. A highly recommended candidate for the Chief Justice position upon the death of Salmon P. Chase in 1873, Curtis was passed over by President Ulysses S. Grant. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for U.S. senator from Massachusetts in 1874. From his judicial retirement in 1857 to his death in 1874, his aggregate professional income was about $650,000.

Personal life
Curtis had 12 children and was married three times.

Death and legacy
Curtis died in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 15, 1874. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery, 580 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. On October 23, 1874, Attorney General George Henry Williams presented in the Supreme Court the resolutions submitted by the bar on Curtis's death and shared observations on Judge Curtis's defense of President Andrew Johnson in the articles of impeachment against him.

Curtis's daughter, Annie Wroe Scollay Curtis, married (on December 9, 1880) future Columbia University President and New York Mayor Seth Low. They had no children.

Published works

 * Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the United States (2 vols., Boston, 1854)
 * Judge Curtis's Edition of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, with notes and a digest (22 vols., Boston: Little Brown & Company, 1855).
 * Digest of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States from the origin of the court to 1854 Little Brown & Co., (1864).
 * Memoir and Writings (2 vols., Boston, 1880), the first volume including a memoir by Curtis's brother, George Ticknor Curtis, and the second "Miscellaneous Writings," edited by the former Justice's son, Benjamin R. Curtis, Jr.

title: Benjamin Robbins Curtis


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Talk:Rail transit in Baltimore, Maryland

Hello all, I just added this page. Anyone with good photos of Baltimore light rail or subway vehicles, please add them as needed I'm going to try to take some myself in the next few weeks. Also, if anyone is handy with drawing subway maps, I think that would really help clarify some of my descriptions. Of course, added information or corrections are welcome.

Before you speedy delete...
I agree that most of this material has now been duplicated elsewhere (none of those other pages existed when I created it lo those many years ago). There are a lot of links back to it, though, so I would just request that anyone who deletes it fix those before deleting. Thanks. --Jfruh (talk) 16:12, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

It doesnt make any sense to keep this article considering that all of it is in other pages. This page is completely useless.Thx2005 16:45, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Did you even read what I just said? I didn't argue with you ... I just wanted to remind you that if you're going to delete a page that many other pages link to, you should take responsibility for fixing those links so that they aren't broken. --Jfruh (talk) 18:11, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Correction...no MTA page on Wikipedia links here. I should know, I cleanup up them all. So...again...this page is comepletly useless. And I've alreadt taken complete responsibility by making a new template for the MTA cleaning up the mess in the other rail articles.Thx2005 18:27, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Redundancy is not on WP:CSD. See WP:MERGE, WP:REDIRECT for what can be done here. Sandstein 21:11, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Okay...THIS IS ALREADY MERGED INTO ALL OF THE TRANSIT ARTICLES. There is no point in keeping this page. All of the thins mentioned in this page are mentioned in the other pages too. Why is this so hard to understand, especially consider that the majority of this stuff is cover in the main MTA page. WHY IS THERE A NEED TO KEEP IT?????? Thx2005 22:00, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the point is that it should be replaced by a redirect to the MTA page, not just deleted. Doing so still deletes all of its content, but redirects links to the new page, in case anyone tried linking to it again for some reason. --Jfruh (talk) 22:43, 19 July 2007 (UTC)


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Talk:Narnia (world)

Moving Content in Narnia pages (possible split?)
I'm interested in moving some of the content in the pages about the Narnia books. Specifically, I would like to move the information about the 'world of Narnia' out of the places:Narnia page and onto the The Chronicles of Narnia page. My thinking is that all of the other places pages deal with parts of the Narnia world (mostly various countries and islands) but the Narnia page deals with those details plus information about the 'Narnia universe'. I think things would be more consistent if the stuff that dealt with the whole world were on the The Chronicles of Narnia page.

Another solution would be to have two Narnia pages. One for the country and one for the world in general, but this seems more confusing to me than simply using the pages that currently exist.

If either of these changes is made, we should also change the 'Narnia content box' (I don't know the right term for that thing). And move it to the top of the page (which seems to be the location most often used in book series). In its current location it is very easy to miss most of the the Narnia content.

I am crossposting this to Talk:The Chronicles of Narnia, so you might also look for responses there. Lsommerer 03:46, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thinking about this a bit more, I think the best thing would be to split the page into Narnia: The World and Narnia: The Country (Those are terrible names. What would be better?).  Most other fictional universes don't have this problem, because the main country isn't the name of the world (Middle Earth: Gondor). Lsommerer 01:04, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Added Narnia (country) and moved content specifically about the country of Narnia (within the world of Narnia (within the Narnia multiverse)) there. Also moved content that applies more to the books than to the world from here to The Chronicles of Narnia.

Resort Communities
User:Kaleb70: "Restored reference to "resort communities"; The Horse and His Boy chapter 3 says there were "pleasure houses" along the river."

 * Could it be that "pleasure houses" refer to brothels? It's been awhile since I read the Horse and His Boy but that seems rather more likely to me than resort communities. -Silvermask 18:11, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't have a copy of Horse and his Boy. Could we have more context of the reference? It would seem unlikely that Lewis was making an explicit reference to brothels in a children's book, but I would have thought that he meant drinking/gambling/other entertainments rather than 'resort communities' which really didn't exist in Britain at that time. DJ Clayworth 18:31, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Chapter 3 - At the Gates of Tashbaan, pg47 (full color collector's edition paperback - First Harper Trophy edition 2000)
 * "Shasta thought they should go up the river above Tashbaan and cross it where it was narrower. But Bree explained that there were gardens and pleasure houses on both banks of the river for miles and that there would be Tarkaans and Tarkheenas living in them and riding about the roads and having water parties on the river. In fact it would be the most likely place in the world for meeting someone who would recognize Aravis or even himself."
 * Hmm... rather vague. -Silvermask 23:26, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)

With that context, and if "pleasure houses" referred to "brothels", that would villify (or at least have been very awkward for) Aravis and Bree. But it could be explained. Aravis may have been forced to go there for whatever reason (imagine it), and Bree of course was a war horse, and whoever would have taken him there would have been a soldier. It makes sense. --D. F. Schmidt (talk) 20:42, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Narnian vs. Earth time
The article presently says, referring to intersections between Narnian time and our time: ''In some cases the intersections occur in different orders on each timeline. For example, an intersection occurs at the creation of Narnia and the year 1900, but on an earlier unknown date preindustrial pirates from the South Sea had already stumbled into Narnia's fifth century, one of the most confusing effects of the Narnian timeline.'' The relevant passage from Ch. 15 of Prince Caspian is: ''Many years ago in that world, in a deep sea of that world which is called the South Sea, a shipload of pirates were driven by storm on an island. And there they did as pirates would: killed the natives and took the native women for wives, and made palm wine, and drank and were drunk, and lay in the shade of the palm trees, and woke up and quarrelled, and sometimes killed one another. And in one of these frays six were put to fright by the rest and fled with their women into the centre of the island and up a mountain, and went, as they thought, into a cave to hide. But it was one of the magical places of this world, one of the chinks or chasms between that world and this. [...] And so they fell, or rose, or blundered, or dropped right through, and found themselves in this world, in the Land of Telmar which was then unpeopled. I see nothing to indicate that these pirates were "preindustrial", and therefore no reason why their entry into Telmar could not have taken place in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century of our world, after the events of The Magician's Nephew''. Donald, 10.30 p.m., 16th January 2005
 * I agree, there is nothing to indicate preindustrial pirates. There is no timeline confusion, so it should be taken out. -Obdormio 10:17, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The first half of that quotation sounds a lot like the Spanish conquistadores. -- D. F. Schmidt (talk) 20:42, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Does it even matter what time the pirates were from? The main point is that Narnian time and Earth time flow differently. --Tim4christ17 11:09, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Suggested additions
I think this page would benefit from having something about the Christian themes of the books. Perhaps something about criticisms too(the accusations of racism and sexism, for example)? Also, it's not clear what the "To Be Written" section is about. Are these books that Lewis wanted to write but never got around to, or what? --Raye 14:57, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * These topics are covered at The Chronicles of Narnia. Lsommerer 19:46, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I wrote a somewhat personal and impassioned essay-length response to this, because to put the argument very briefly, I believe (sense, know) that the Narnia books both are and are not christian. This is unprovable because it involves a very high order of mental synthesis to even  have a real opinion on the subject.  One who knows better than I do ("Isn't this where we talk?") excised my very personal, free-wheeling post. "This is not a forum," or rather, "WP:NOTAFORUM," and I guess that I now know that neither are these talk pages.
 * Since I always save my better or more interesting work, it was easy to put the essay where it belonged: On my faze buuk page, where the twenty or so people who actually care will see it, and it will be "permanently" archived.
 * Also it lives forever in the Lethe, Limbo, Tarterus, or Gehenna that is The Revisions.
 * Am I formatting this user name correctly? Thank you, User:Elphion for helping me to understand and use this resource more effectively.
 * MM
 * <{: )}>

BaalShemRa (talk) 14:03, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

Happy to oblige. There's no question that the Narnia books treat general moral and specific Christian issues, and the articles do reflect that. But our discussion must be driven by WP:Reliable Sources. -- Elphion (talk) 16:15, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

Narnian monarchial titles
From the article: "Titles of a monarch of Narnia are: King of Narnia King of Archenland (a title given from Frank I to Frank V) King of Terebinthia (acquired by Caspian X) Lord of Cair Paravel Lord of Telmar(from Caspian I to Tirian) Duke of the Lantern Waste Duke of Galma & The Seven Isles Emperor of the Lone Islands,Burnt Island,Dragon Island,Deathwater Island,Dufflepud Island,Dark Island & The Isle of the Star. Baron of Ettinsmoor (acquired by Caspian's conquest) King of Bism (Jadis was queen with Rilian as her prince.Therefore with her death Bism is a Narnian Dominion.)" -- errors are in the original. Several nits here: Or am I nit-picking too much? --Micahbrwn 23:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * First of all, Bism wasn't where Rilian was held all those years. From what I recall from The Silver Chair, Bism is a land that's even deeper in the earth.
 * Secondly, Jadis wasn't the "evil Queen" in The Silver Chair. Jadis was the White Witch in The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe, plus the Empress of Charn in The Magician's Nephew.
 * As far as Burnt Island, et. al; was it ever directly said that Caspian claimed the discovered islands in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for Narnia? I know Caspian did initially claim Deathwater Island when the gold-making pool was discovered, but with the help of Aslan, the uniqueness of the island was forgotten.  As far as Dufflepud Island, Dark Island, and The Isle of the Star… well, it seems to me that:
 * Dark Island (where nightmares come true) was unclaimable.
 * Dufflepud Island was essentially ruled by Coriakin the Wizard, with the blessing of Aslan.
 * The Isle of the Star is essentially Ramandu's, isn't it? Never mind that his daughter married Caspian.

 * So why don't you change it? :-P As I recall, Dark Island ceased to exist after they conquered it, right? As for the "Titles" section as a whole, it looks like a whole big mess. I'm going to clean it up so that it is at least presentable, even if faulty. Someone else can clean it up even more if that suits them and if they have the stuff before them. I don't even have the books with me, so I can't say anything. -- D. F. Schmidt (talk) 20:42, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that Caspian X was King of Narnia _and_ Telmar? The Archenlanders are of Narnian human stock, but are independent. (written by anonymous User:66.253.221.237)

Anonymous User:66.253.221.237, it seems that you used the article proper to explain why you removed and altered a few titles of Narnian kings. That isn't quite proper, as I can tell, because you are talking about things that are no longer listed in the main article. (They're not even struck through, and so is correct--normally, there should be no strikethrough in an article.) You should make notes for why you removed something in the talk portion, and you should make notes only on what remains--if there are any relevant notes--on the article's proper page. Please edit the page appropriately. I myself, as I said, don't have to books, so I don't feel comfortable editing as such, except for formatting, which is all I did before. But if it isn't changed in the near future, I'll change it myself to the best of my ability. --D. F. Schmidt (talk) 04:39, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Clarifications

 * For most of Narnian history, the Kingdom of Archenland is an independent perpetual ally of Narnia.
 * The Shallow Lands or Underland are a separate region than the Land of Bism. Underland stretched from the accessible depths of Narnia to the shallow depths near the Ruined City of the Giants. It was this territory which the Queen of Underland ruled. The Land of Bism lies far below. It probably is a monarchy of some kind.
 * The crew of the Dawn Treader fled Burnt Island without claiming it as a Narnian dominion.
 * Dark Island, the land of manifest nightmares was not claimable even if someone had wanted it (it was destroyed in 2306 in early editions of the Voyage of the Dawn Treader, but survives in later editions).
 * Deathwater Island was only temporarily claimed for Narnia by Caspian X in 2306
 * The disgraced star Coriakin was ruler of Dufflepud Island.
 * The star Ramandu was lord of the Island of the Star. Although Caspian X married Ramandu’s daughter and by her became the father of Rilian, there is no evidence within the Chronicles that Ramandu returned to being a star or passed sovereignty of the island to his Narnian descendants.

Frank V ?
Where did the title Frank V come from? As I remember from the Magician's Nephew, it was Frank I and Helen's second son who was the first king of Archenland.

--Lavintzin 22:05, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

talking mice inconsistency?
''While all rodents listed above are mentioned throughout the Narnia books, mice in particular are given special attention by their services to Aslan in the first book and the swashbuckling character of Reepicheep. Mice are also unusual in that they were not designated as Talking animals at creation. Some mice were given the gift of speech much later in Narnia's chronology after they chewed the ropes binding Aslan the Lion to the Stone Table. This is usually seen as an inconsistency caused by the fact that The Lion, Witch and Wardrobe was written before The Magician's Nephew.''

Where's the inconsistency? --Taejo 09:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

The Lion, Witch and the Wardrobe was written before The Magician's Nephew, but they don't go in that order in Narnian time. The One of Anonymity 00:30, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Comments on External Links
I'm removing 2 external links. Anyone have any thoughts:
 * http://groups.myspace.com/aslansknights/ descibed as "Aslan's Knights - A Narnia Fangroup based in Myspace". This site does not seem to contain any additional information about Narnia.  If I've missed something here, let me know.
 * http://www.jiggerbug.com/product_info.php?products_id=1458/ described as "Chronicles of Narnia Audio Book free to rent". This seems to just be an ad. You can rent it free via a free 2 week trial period after you give them credit card info.
 * I'm also removing an external link, as it links to Narnia-related merchandise.--Tim4christ17 22:11, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

They all seem reasonable to me (for what that's worth). The Jiggerbug links magically reappear every few months, and it's worth looking for other pages that they've been added to. LloydSommerer 00:26, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Destruction of Narnia edit
Use of the word 'modernize' [single quotes original to previous version of article] seems to be *not* NPOV. The term is never used in The Last Battle and smacks of editorializing. One could characterize the same plot elements as "exploiting the environment" were one so inclined.

Christianity
Tell me, why is there a glaring lack of documentation on the fact that the story is a Christian allegory? Shouldn't that be documented also, as it's a fairly important fact to understand the morality of the Narnia saga.
 * There are sections concerning the Christian aspects of the books in The Chronicles of Narnia and in the various books as well as in individual character articles. There's really not much to say about the universe itself. LloydSommerer 14:31, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be mentioned in here too imho, since it's important to know this link with Christianity if one wants to understand the world of Narnia itself too and how it operates. --Utotri 15:44, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Narnia Screenings section
I don't think this section should be in this article about the world of Narnia. I think the various "screenings" are more appropriate in The Chronicles of Narnia. In fact, I think they are covered there in greater detail already. Anyone else have any thoughts on the matter? LloydSommerer 18:48, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

A small note:Aslan means "Lion" in Turkish --85.104.135.102 22:05, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

False Info?
Could someone please check that Digory gave the fruit to his mother? I remember reading that Aslan said she would regret eating it and stopped Digory from giving it to her. I'll check in a bit if no one else does. Twipie 18:37, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Definitely he did, but it was a fruit from the tree that had grown from the original fruit. If he had stolen that original fruit, as the witch Jadis had tempted him to do, and given that to his mother, then, Aslan said, the time would have come when both she and Digory would have said that it would have been better for her to have died of her illness. When Aslan told him to pick a fruit and take it to her, the fruit had no such evil effect. --Lavintzin 23:32, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Splitting "Mythological Characters"
Would anyone object too strongly if I separated out the evil creatures? (Not the wolves or the Black Dwarves, but those creatures whose natures themselves were evil: e.g. Hags, Werewolves)
 * I think it's currently fine the way they are.

I don't see anything wrong with splitting them.

Book Ordering precedent
I have come across a few startling finds in terms of seperate Narnia pages on here. I would assume that the original order of the books would end up being used for the Wikipedia pages, as those were the original ones at time of publishing. Using the new order by only American publishers and not in other English speaking/non-English speaking nations (I assume) should not take precedent over the original order of the books, to do otherwise could be construed as historical revisionism I would suppose. I'll stick around for a few days and see if anyone has other ideas or I might just be bold WP:BB and change them to the original publishing order, or at least refer the new order as the new distribution order. Radagast83 02:04, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I don't know what is wrong with me tonight! Radagast83 02:08, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Dwarfs vs. Dwarves
I think the word dwarfs is usually the accepted plural when refering to real-world humans with dwarfism, while dwarves refers to the mythical beings. Does anyone think we should change "dwarfs" to "dwarves" to clarify the destinction? JDspeeder1 08:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

My understanding is that "dwarves" was Tolkien's preferred spelling, as also "elvish" or "elven" (as opposed to "elfish" or "elfin"); he wanted to use an unusual spelling which would mean something less "twinky" (not the way he described it) than the standard (Disneyfied?—he didn't like Disney) notions. But Lewis used "dwarfs" in the Narnia books, and I think that spelling should be used here. --Lavintzin 20:09, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

'Dwarves' (also 'dwarven', 'dwarvish' etc) is not an English word, it was made up by Tolkein because he preferred it to 'dwarfs'. Although Lewis and Tolkein were good friends at university, there is little to suggest that Lewis would have used Tolkein's word for more than one dwarf. To use 'dwarves' now would be to apply a modern term, derived from Tolkein to a book written before 'dwarves' was an accepted word. 82.41.241.52 (talk) 18:14, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Witches
I was under the impression that Jadis and Lady of the Green Kirtle were the same person, if the cast of characters(HarperTrophy paperback) is considered canon;

"Jadis. The last Queen of Charn, which she herself destroyed. Jadis arrives in Narnia with Digory and Polly in The Magician's Nephew and has taken over the land as the White Which in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Completely evil, she is also very dangerous, even in The Silver Chair." Jynx980 06:00, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not canon.

Does the cast of characters appear in any other book versions aside from the set ones? Who is credited with the information? How long has it been in use? Jynx980 06:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I know Lewis did not list the cast of characters. The books themselves make it clear that She of the Green Kirtle is not the same person as the White Witch, but at best "one of the same crew". The White Witch is killed at the end of LW&R, though there is a necromantic attempt to call her shade back in Prince Caspian. Book covers, fly-leaves, and editor-produced front and back matter are notorious for giving unreliable information about what is in the books—this is one of those cases. --Lavintzin 12:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I've had a theory about the White Witch and the Lady of the Green Kirtle for a while, but it really fleshed itself out after I watched Disney's "LWW" film. I think that it is possible that the witch could perhaps transport her spirit from one body to another, much like a demon can posses one body, leave it, and then posses another. Lewis, being the most Catholic Anglican I've ever come across, could have viewed the witches' powers as being like a posessive demon as per the Roman Catholic tradition. This would also provide insight into the "Deplorable Word" which Jadis spoke in order to destroy Charn; Could the Deplorable Word be the Narnian version of holding a seance or consulting a ouiji board? The reason this really struck me after seeing the film was that someone commented to me that the White Witch looked a lot like the Borg Queen of "Star Trek", and it has been established there that the Borg Queen is capable of saving her consciousness in a new host should her current body become compromised. 69.48.147.4 15:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

I think you're right. In Prince Caspian, a hag said a witch can never really die.

Hags aren't very reliable or on the right side. I've read the Chronicles of Narnia five times and I don't see anywhere the slightest hint that The Lady of the Green Kirtle was "possessd" by Jadis's ghost or demon. I don't think Lewis would have some nonsense like this in his story. Also, if Jadis's "ghost" possessed The Lady of the Green Kirtle, then I guess she wouldn't have been responsible for her actions. If she had an "evil spirit" the good characters would have tried to cast it out. The_Little_One_Smiles 01:20, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

While that's an interesting theory, it's still just speculation. I've read the series several times through and although I have heard similar claims in several reference books, I've never seen anything in the novels themselves that'd suggest Jadis and the Lady of the Green Kirtle to be the same person. S. Luke 19:04, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Isn't Narnia just a country?
Can anyone cite any actual evidence of the world in which Narnia/Calorman/Archenland/etc are located being named Narnia? While Charn and Earth are explicitly named, I can't remember any line in the books or other canon source actually naming the world upon which all the action takes place. 216.228.20.138 09:58, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * One passage that comes to mind is in the Last Battle, after all the creatures have either come in the Door or disappeared into Aslan's shadow, the dragons have wasted the whole land (not just the country of Narnia), the ocean has arisen to cover the whole world (again not just the one country), and the Time giant has extinguished the Sun, the whole scene is described (by Peter? Tirian? I don't have the books with me. And as I remember it was the chapter title) using the phrase "Night falls on Narnia". Had Eustace and Jill mentioned Narnia by name when calling to Aslan, and then being let in through the wall to Aslan's country at the end of that world? I don't remember. But, I think, that sort of reference is as near as you are going to get. By metonymy if in no other way, the world is also rightly called Narnia, especially absent any other canonical name.

 * Charn, by the way, was more specifically the name of the capital city of that world, and again presumably (only) by metonymy the name of the world itself.
 * --Lavintzin 02:17, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Narnia Map.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 00:53, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Location of Action
All of the books (except The Horse and his Boy) involve action in Narnia, but not all of the action takes place in Narnia. Some occurs on Earth, some in Charn, some in countries in the Narnian world that are not part of Narnia. This is the reason for the wording: "The world is so called after the country of Narnia, in which most of the Chronicles take place." Elphion (talk) 16:37, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

I rephrased the sentence as follows, to make this clearer: "The world is so called after the country of Narnia, in which much of the action of the Chronicles takes place." Elphion (talk) 16:46, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

I really like this page
Hey Dude! I liked this page a lot! Just read it and you understand everything about Narnia!!! I would like to copy the present version into a subpage of my userpage!!! Yes!!!Srinivas G Phani (talk) 15:18, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Map?
Why is there none? CUSH 06:00, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
 * At a guess, because the Baynes map (the only one generally accepted as notable and "accurate") is still under copyright. Elphion (talk) 19:34, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Ultra-simplified map
I made a deliberately simplistic map; it's somewhat minimal, but it indicates the basic relationships between the major areas, and doesn't violate any copyrights... AnonMoos (talk) 21:01, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Timeline date: 1888 vs 1900
The Timeline was published by Walter Hooper. My understanding is that this places Magician's Nephew in 1900, but I don't have access to a copy of Hooper to check. Lsommerer's recent edit cites Ford's Companion as placing it in 1888 -- but it's not clear whether Ford says the timeline places it in 1888, as the current version of the article says (and again, I'm away from my books, so can't check). -- Elphion (talk) 15:46, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The timeline places Magician's Nephew in 1900, and lists Digory Kirke as being born in 1888. Maybe that's the source of the confusion. LloydSommerer (talk) 16:01, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, that makes sense. I've updated the Timeline section to make Narnian year 1 correspond with 1900. -- Elphion (talk) 16:21, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Recent edits by 124.148.90.172
has added several edits of dubious quality, entirely unsupported. These have been reverted for the time being. I invite 124.148.90.172 to discuss the proposed changes here if he or she wishes to pursue them. -- Elphion (talk) 05:01, 16 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I believe that that 124.148.234.173 and 203.59.193.180 are also the same editor. The nomenclature has commonalities and the IPs are all from Perth, Australia. I'm not sure if Perth is intentionally changing IPs or if its circumstantial, but it would be good if anon in Perth would discuss changes. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:12, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

My sources are based on information from Narnia Wiki. --124.148.90.172 (talk) 12:13, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Wikis are not reliable source. See WP:SPS and WP:UGC. For all we know you wrote the material there as well. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:13, 16 April 2013 (UTC)
 * i.e., could have written : Walter is not accusing you of dishonesty, just pointing out that we don't know where the material originally came from. The point of WP is not to collect anything we find on the web, but to use material whose reliability can be established. -- Elphion (talk) 04:57, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes. Thank you for clarifying. I'm not accusing anon in Perth of any wrongdoing. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:11, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

What I stated about the Caspian Dynasty is based on the second Narnian novel called Prince Caspian and the age changes are based on C.S Lewis's timeline that was released after the publication of The Last Battle. --124.148.90.172 (talk) 06:26, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

 * OK, let's start with the "Age of XXX" designations. These are not in any version of the Timeline I've seen, and they don't sound like Lewis.  Where are you getting them? -- Elphion (talk) 07:40, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

The names for the eras on the site are guessed but the timeline of the ages are based on the regime changes which are seven in total where I deliberately left out the forth age (Dark Age) altogether. --124.169.103.53 (talk) 04:06, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I gather from your description that the names were invented by somebody at the Narnia wiki, and not original with Lewis. That would make them original research and thus not appropriate for Wikipedia. -- Elphion (talk) 13:12, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify, if these only appear at the Narnia wiki, it's not appropriate to use. If a few authors who are experts on these works were to write about them, it would be more appropriate to include here. If most experts use the terms, it would be wrong for use to exclude. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:41, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

I just placed in the Dark Age between the disappearance of the Pevensies and the Telmarine invasion but I did not edit any other era.--124.169.103.53 (talk) 09:11, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Referenced of course? No? Removing. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:20, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

Maybe that's why I left it out in the first place due to no sources other then Narnia Wiki.--124.169.103.53 (talk) 04:08, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

 * To repeat: your source is not a Reliable Source, and the material you've added to the article is not appropriate. Lewis does not use the term "Dark Ages" or imply that it is a dark time.  Do you know when the How was raised, or when the Lone Is. fell into Calormene hands?  Do you have a reliable citation ruling out the early years of Telmarine rule? -- Elphion (talk) 14:55, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

The novel Prince Caspian is very clear that Caspain X was descendent from a line of Caspians beginning with Caspian I the who conquered Narnia several centuries are the pevensies as the year 1998 is stated in C.S Lewis's timeline. What happened in the 983 years between is ambiguous at best so the appropriate name for it should be the Dark Age.--124.150.63.0 (talk) 10:45, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I am not objecting to Caspian being identified as a descendent of Caspian I, but with material you have been copying from Narnia Wiki. It's fine to say that Lewis says little about the period between the Pevensies and the Telmarines (and I incorporated that into the article), but you have added invention that is not Lewis's and not supported by reliable sources.  Have you read wp:RS and wp:OR?  Do you understand why these additions are not supported or appropriate for WP? -- Elphion (talk) 16:59, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

Merge Narnia (country) here
I don't think we need two separate articles about what most readers think is a single fictional entity. The country of Narnia can be described here just like other fictional locations from this universe are already. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:35, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The two articles are absolutely redundant. A merge seems like a good compromise. Shooterwalker (talk) 03:33, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, and Outline of Narnia also has significant overlap with both. HouseOfChange (talk) 21:31, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 21:46, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

Origin of the name
I believe that the name Narnia was inspired by Lewis's connection with JRR Tolkien. As a member of the Inklings, Lewis heard readings of Tolkien's fantasy creations on a regular basis. Narn is a word in Tolkien's invented High Elvish language, Quenya; it means 'tale' or 'story', as in Narn i Hîn Húrin, 'The Tale of the Children of Hurin', part of the Silmarillion. Narnia would thus mean 'Story-place'. Lewis is known to have borrowed other names from Tolkien. Two major characters in his novel Perelandra - the Venusian Adam and Eve - were called Tor and Tinnidril, obviously derived from the Tolkien characters Tuor and Idril, in the Silmarillion. Urselius (talk) 08:53, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

There's a letter by Lewis for auction at present saying "...About Narnia - yes it's a pity about the Umbrian town, wh. I had quite forgotten when I invented my country. The -IA is merely terminal as in Italia or Armenia. As for Narn, I always thought Lat. inane one of the loveliest words (purely on phonetic grounds, nothing to do with vacuity) and you couldn't get English people to pronounce it as I wanted unless you put in an R. The Nornir are old friends of mine..." This does not admit Tolkien's influence, but definitely states that the Italian town of Narni did not influence Lewis. See: https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/16761/lot/158/

Restore content
Please restore full history, geography, etc. there’s no information at all 47.150.217.249 (talk) 03:07, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

 * You'll find everything you want here: https://narnia.fandom.com/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_Wiki Just Another Cringy Username (talk) 04:57, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

Ages of Lucy and Edmund
Narnia (world) states Lucy and Edmund are one year apart in age; the years given in the timeline for their births, 1930 and 1932 respectively, would put their ages at something more than a year, but this is not necessarily true. If Edmund were born in December and Lucy in January, then Edmund would have been one year and one month older than Lucy; and for eleven months of the year, they would indeed be one year apart in age. -- Red rose64 🦌 (talk) 19:39, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

"Disputed Kings and Queens of Narnia" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disputed_Kings_and_Queens_of_Narnia&redirect=no Disputed Kings and Queens of Narnia] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 22:06, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Narnia (world)


text:
Talk:Choreography

Merge suggestion
The Choreography (dance) article is not well-cited and IMO doesn't contain enough information to warrant a separate article, and a glance at the incoming links to this article suggest that a large number of them refer to dance choreography. Dance choreography is the main use of the term, and there is room to expand all of the other uses in this article in separate sections. A glance at the projects above shows that most of them are not even explained in this article. As an aside, I don't think that the archiving of earlier comments on this page serves any useful purpose, and the archive box just creates more clutter here, so is there any reason that they couldn't be retrieved and copied back onto the one page? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 04:38, 8 January 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 09:07, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Theatre and Technology
— Assignment last updated by Cronacrab (talk) 19:58, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ARH 371_The TransAtlantic_Cross-Cultural Representations
— Assignment last updated by Ody.Sims (talk) 14:23, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Choreography


text:
Farmland (disambiguation)

Farmland generally refers to agricultural land, or land (typically Arable land) currently used for the purposes of farming. It may also refer to:

 * Farmland Assessment Act of 1964, provides for reduced taxes on farmland in New Jersey
 * Farmland development rights in Suffolk County, New York, a program to purchase development rights for farmland
 * Farmland (film), a documentary film about agriculture in the United States
 * Farmland, Indiana, a town in the United States
 * Farmland Industries, founded in 1929 as the Union Oil Company, later renamed Consumers Cooperative Association (CCA) and Farmland Industries, Inc.
 * Farmland preservation, an effort to set aside and protect examples of a region's farmland for the use, education, and enjoyment of future generations
 * Farmland protection, programs in the United States designed to limit conversion of agricultural land to other uses

title: Farmland (disambiguation)


text:
Utne Reader

Utne Reader (also known as Utne;, ) is a digital digest that collects and reprints articles on politics, culture, and the environment, generally from alternative media sources including journals, newsletters, weeklies, zines, music, and DVDs.

The magazine's writers and editors contribute book, film, and music reviews and original articles that tend to focus on emerging cultural trends. The magazine's website produces ten blogs covering politics, environment, media, spirituality, science and technology, great writing, and the arts. The publication takes its name from founder Eric Utne. "Utne" rhymes with the English word "chutney". Eric Utne's surname is ultimately derived from the Norwegian village of Utne, which loosely translates as "far out".

History
The magazine was founded in 1984 by Eric Utne as the Utne Reader. Its tagline was "the best of the alternative press". For its first 20 years Jay Walljasper was editor; Julie Ristau was its publisher. During these years it was transformed "from a tiny New Age newsletter to a thick, ad-rich magazine with more than 300,000 subscribers." Utne chaired the magazine until the late 1990s, when his then-wife Nina Rothschild Utne took over. The magazine was headquartered in Minneapolis.

The cover logo was changed to simply Utne in 2003, continuing until 2006, with the subtitle, A Different Read on Life.

In 2006 the magazine was purchased by Ogden Publications, publishers of Grit, Mother Earth News, Natural Home, and other magazines. The earlier title Utne Reader was brought back, and the magazine returned to and refocused on its original mission to reprint "the best of the alternative press".

Utne Reader ceased publication in 2019 and is now a digital digest at utne.com. Eric Utne looked into re-acquiring the magazine in 2020 but was rebuffed by the publisher. ""It's sad to see it go", Utne admits. "These times need something like this more than ever. Our editorial credo was to no particular point of view. No one has the sole proprietorship on good ideas. It takes multiple perspectives to come closer to the truth."

According to The New York Times, Utne Reader was a leader of the salon movement of the 1980s, devoted to debate on the issues of the day. Utne Reader was an early source of coverage of the mythopoetic men's movement when it first surfaced in the early 1990s.

Utne Independent Press Awards
The magazine bestows annual Utne Independent Press Awards, which honor alternative and independent magazines from around the world. Past winners include the Wilson Quarterly, In These Times, Virginia Quarterly Review, Mother Jones, Orion, High Country News, Gnosis and New Internationalist.

In popular culture

 * In The Simpsons episode "King-Size Homer", Lisa Simpson receives a letter for a subscription to the Utne Reader. A later episode, "Dad Behavior", again references Lisa's collection of the magazines.
 * In the Family Guy episode "The Son Also Draws", Brian Griffin is seen reading the magazine.
 * In Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode "Zombie Nightmare", Tom Servo makes a reference to the magazine's staff during a rather tame and well-dressed disco scene.
 * In the webcomic Narbonic, in one of the first few strips in the series, the lab's intern is shown reading the magazine. Later in the comic series, another character makes a reference to the magazine.

title: Utne Reader


text:
Peter H. Salus

Peter Henry Salus is a linguist, computer scientist, historian of technology, author in many fields, and an editor of books and journals. He has conducted research in germanistics, language acquisition, and computer languages.

Education and career
Salus has a 1963 PhD in linguistics from New York University. His dissertation was The Compound Noun in Indo-European: A Survey.

After serving as professor and dean at University of North Florida, University of Toronto, University of Massachusetts where in 1967 he was involved in the founding of the Department of Linguistics,  and Queens College, City University of New York, he is now largely retired.

He has also been executive director of both the USENIX Association and the Sun User Group, and Vice President of the Free Software Foundation. He was one of the organizers of the 1996 conference on Freely Redistributable Software in Cambridge. In addition, he has worked for several high tech startups. From 1987 to 1996, he was Managing Editor of the technical journal Computing Systems (MIT Press and the USENIX Association).

Contributions
In 1966, Salus worked with W. H. Auden on a translation of the Poetic Edda. During his work he discovered that the "Airman's Alphabet" in Auden's work was derived from the Eddic poems or more likely the translation by Bruce Dickins. In December 1965 Salus attended a meeting of the Tolkien Society in New York. Auden and Salus' comments and intentions to write a book on J. R. R. Tolkien were reported by The New Yorker and The Daily Telegraph. However, Tolkien disapproved of a book on himself and was critical of Auden's reported remarks on his house and Salus' observations on the shape of Middle-earth.

He is best known for his books on the history of computing, particularly A Quarter Century of UNIX and Casting The Net (a history of the Internet up to 1995).

Partial bibliography

 * Völuspá : The Song of the Sybil (translated by Paul B. Taylor and W. H. Auden, Icelandic text edited by Peter H. Salus and Paul B. Taylor, 1968)
 * On Language: Plato to von Humboldt (Holt, Reinholt, and Winston, Inc., 1969)
 * Linguistics (Bobbs-Merrill, 1969)
 * Pāṇini to Postal: A Bibliography in the History of Linguistics (Linguistic Research, 1971)
 * For W. H. Auden, 21 February 1972 (ed. Peter H. Salus and Paul B. Taylor, 1972)
 * Language and the Language Arts (with James Flood, Prentice-Hall, 1984)
 * A Quarter Century of UNIX (Addison Wesley, 1 June 1994; ISBN 0-201-54777-5)
 * Casting the Net (Addison-Wesley, March 1995; ISBN 0-201-87674-4)
 * Handbook of Programming Languages (ed.; Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan Technical Pub., 1998, ; four volumes: ISBN 1-57870-008-6, ISBN 1-57870-009-4, ISBN 1-57870-010-8, ISBN 1-57870-011-6)
 * Big Book of IPv6 Addressing RFCs (Morgan Kaufmann, 2000; ISBN 0-12-616770-2)
 * The Complete April Fools' Day RFCs (Peer-to-Peer Communications LLC, 2007; ISBN 978-1-57398-042-5)
 * The Daemon, the Gnu & the Penguin (Reed Media Services, Sept. 2008; ISBN 978-0-9790342-3-7) – previously serialised on the Groklaw website
 * The ARPANET Sourcebook: The Unpublished Foundations of the Internet (Peer-to-Peer Communications LLC, 2008; ISBN 978-1-57398-000-5)

title: Peter H. Salus


text:
User talk:Chadernook

Dear Chadernook,

Thanks very much for your work on the Interpolation article. It was high time. Unfortunately, I don't quite understand the bit on cosine interpolation. Could you please have a look at my question on Talk:Interpolation?

Best wishes, Jitse Niesen 22:46, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chadernook


text:
Henri Nannen

Henri Nannen (25 December 1913 in Emden – 13 October 1996 in Hanover) was a German journalist and art collector. He became one of the most prominent journalists and magazine publishers in Germany.

His father was a police officer in Emden who was removed from his post by the NSDAP. After a one-year book dealer apprenticeship he studied the history of art at the University of Munich. In the 1930s he started working as a journalist. During the war he served in SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers, a propaganda unit in Italy. Being large, well-built and fair haired, he corresponded to the racial ideals of the time in Germany. This made him the speaker of the Olympic Oath during the 1936 event in Berlin – for Riefenstahl's film, but not in reality. Many years after the war, he confessed that "I knew what was happening ... but I was too cowardly to do something against it." He got back to journalism while working for the Hannoverschen Neusten Nachrichten, the daily newspaper Abendpost and the youth newspaper Zickzack.

He was the founder of Gruner + Jahr publishing house and the news magazine Der Stern. He led the magazine from 1948 to 1980 to become one of the strongest in Europe. Gruner + Jahr is the largest publisher in Europe as of 2014.

Nannen gained popularity as an art collector and benefactor of the Kunsthalle in Emden in Emden, an art museum, that he built in 1983. The annual Henri Nannen Prizes are awarded in his honor by Gruner + Jahr. The Henri-Nannen-Schule (formerly Hamburger Journalistenschule), is the journalist school of Gruner + Jahr and is considered one of the best schools of journalism in Germany, along with the German School of Journalism (Deutsche Journalistenschule) in Munich.

He was married to Eske Nannen (born 1942), a former actress. Henri Nannen has a son Christian Nannen (born 1946), co-owner of Hamburg suitcase-producer Travelite.

title: Henri Nannen


text: File:Karl Marx monument, Chemnitz.jpg

title: File:Karl Marx monument, Chemnitz.jpg


text: Talk:Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University