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Reggie Lewis

Reginald C. Lewis (November 21, 1965 – July 27, 1993) was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993. At the age of 27, Lewis died while still a member of the Celtics, and his number was posthumously retired by the team.

Early life
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Lewis attended high school at Dunbar High School, where he played basketball alongside future NBA players Muggsy Bogues, Reggie Williams and David Wingate. The 1981–82 Dunbar Poets finished the season at 29–0 during Lewis' junior season and finished 31–0 during his senior season, and were ranked first in the nation by USA Today.

College career
Lewis attended Northeastern University in Boston. Over his four years at Northeastern, Lewis scored 2,708 points, still the all-time record at the university. His Northeastern teams won the ECAC North all four seasons and played in the NCAA men's basketball tournament every year. The 1983–84 Huskies advanced to the second round of the NCAA tournament, falling one point shy of the Sweet 16 when Rolando Lamb scored at the buzzer to lift VCU over the Huskies.

His uniform number was retired and hangs in tribute in Matthews Arena (the home of Northeastern University's men's basketball team and the Celtics' original home arena in 1946). As a Celtic, he and his family lived in Dedham, Massachusetts. He was a second cousin of PJ Dozier, who wore the jersey number 35 as a member of the Oklahoma City Thunder in honor of Lewis.

Boston Celtics (1987–1993)
Lewis was drafted in the first round, 22nd overall, by the Boston Celtics in the 1987 NBA draft. The Celtics were looking to add some youth to the team, especially for the aging "Big 3" of Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish. This need became more urgent after Len Bias, the 2nd overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft, died of a cocaine overdose.

As a rookie, Lewis played sporadically, averaging 8.3 minutes per game under coach K. C. Jones. By his second season, thanks in part to a new coach (and an injury to Bird), Lewis averaged over 30 minutes and scored 18.5 points per game.

In 1991, Lewis scored a career-high 42 points during a win against the Miami Heat. The following season, Lewis was selected to play in his first and only NBA All-Star Game, held in Orlando, Florida. He played 15 minutes, scoring 7 points and grabbing 4 rebounds.

Lewis averaged 20.8 points in each of his last two seasons with the Celtics, and finished with a career average of 17.6 points per contest.

On April 29, 1993, in Game 1 of the Celtics' playoff series against the Charlotte Hornets, Lewis suddenly collapsed on the court and remained on the ground for several seconds. After he finally got up, he looked perplexed and dazed as he headed to the Celtics bench. Lewis returned briefly to the game but was eventually pulled due to dizziness and shortness of breath. He left the game having scored 17 points in 13 minutes of action in what turned out to be his final NBA game.

The following day, Lewis checked into New England Baptist Hospital, where he underwent a series of tests by more than a dozen heart specialists, whom the Celtics called their "dream team" of doctors. Lewis was diagnosed with "focal cardiomyopathy", a disease of the heart muscle that can cause irregular heartbeat and heart failure. Lewis was told his condition was most likely career-ending. However, he later sought a second opinion from Dr. Gilbert Mudge at Brigham and Women's Hospital, who diagnosed Lewis with neurocardiogenic syncope, a less serious non-fatal condition instead. As a result, Lewis began working out in preparation for returning for the 1994 season. Mudge was later cleared of any wrongdoing, and he insisted he had never authorized Lewis to resume workouts.

His no. 35 jersey was retired by the Celtics, making him one of only two Celtics to have a retired number without winning a championship with the team, the other player being Ed Macauley.

Death
On July 27, 1993, during off-season practice at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, Lewis suffered sudden cardiac death on the basketball court at the age of 27 years old. Two Brandeis University police officers found Lewis and attempted to revive him using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, but they were unsuccessful. One of the officers was James Crowley.

Lewis is buried in an unmarked grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.

His death was attributed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a structural heart defect that is the most common cause of death in young athletes.

Aftermath
Following Lewis' death, questions were raised about whether he had used cocaine, and whether cocaine use had contributed to his death. The Wall Street Journal reported that physicians "suspected that cocaine killed Boston Celtics star Reggie Lewis...but they were thwarted by actions by his family and a 'dismissive' policy toward drugs by the NBA." The Journal added the following:

"Whether Mr. Lewis died from a heart damaged by cocaine -- as many doctors suspected then and now -- cannot be definitively shown. What is evident: The official cause of death, a heart damaged by a common-cold virus, is a medically nonsensical finding by a coroner who was under intense pressure from the Lewis family to exclude any implication of drug use."

The Boston Celtics responded by expressing sadness about the "vicious attack on Reggie Lewis and his family" and threatening "to file a $100 million lawsuit against the reporter, The Wall Street Journal, and its parent company, Dow Jones and Co. Inc." Dr. Gilbert Mudge, a doctor who treated Lewis, was sued for malpractice in connection with Lewis' death; in written responses to questions from the attorneys for Donna Harris-Lewis, Mudge said that "16 days before Lewis collapsed from a heart attack in 1993, he acknowledged having used cocaine, but said he had stopped." On the other hand, the doctor who performed the autopsy on Lewis testified that the scarring on his heart was inconsistent with cocaine use, and other doctors reached the same conclusion though they "stopped short of saying he never used drugs." Also, Lewis's heart tissue tested positive for adenovirus (a common virus that can cause a range of cold- or flu-like infections) during his autopsy. After Lewis' death, the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center was opened in Roxbury, Boston. The center was funded partially by Lewis and has hosted major indoor track and field competitions, the Boston Indoor Games, home basketball games for Roxbury Community College, and Northeastern University track and field events.

On March 22, 1995, the Boston Celtics retired Lewis' jersey. Lewis had worn the number 35 for his entire career. During the ceremony, former teammate Dee Brown made a speech while two other former teammates, Sherman Douglas and Xavier McDaniel, held up Lewis' framed jersey.

Lewis' contract remained on the Celtics' salary cap for two full seasons after his death because at the time the NBA did not have a provision to void contracts if an active player died; NBA Commissioner David Stern suggested that the remaining NBA teams should approve an exemption for Lewis' contract, but the teams refused to do so. The rules have since been changed so that a similar case would result in a deceased player's contract being paid by league insurance.

title: Reggie Lewis


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Jeong Cheol

Jeong Cheol (18 December 1536 – 7 February 1594) was a Korean statesman and poet. He used the pen-names Gyeham and Songgang, and studied under Kim Yunjae at Hwanbyeokdang. He was expelled by the Easterners. He was from the Yeonil Jeong clan.

Family

 * Grandfather
 * Jeong Woe
 * Father
 * Jeong Yu-chim
 * Mother
 * Lady Ahn of the Juksan Ahn clan
 * Siblings
 * Older brother - Jeong So
 * Older sister - Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Yeonil Jeong clan (August 1520 – 25 March 1566)
 * Brother-in-law - King Injong of Joseon (10 March 1515 – 7 August 1545)
 * Older sister - Princess Consort Ohcheon of the Yeonil Jeong clan
 * Brother-in-law - Yi Yu, Prince Gyerim
 * Nephew - Yi Si
 * Wives and their children
 * Lady Ryu of the Munhwa Ryu clan
 * Son - Jeong Ki-myeong (?–1589)
 * Grandson - Jeong Woon
 * Son - Jeong Jong-myeong
 * Grandson - Jeong Jik
 * Grandson - Jeong Su
 * Grandson - Jeong Yeon
 * Grandson - Jeong Yang (1600–1662)
 * Grandson - Jeong Jeon
 * Son - Jeong Jin-myeong
 * Son - Jeong Hong-myeong (7 March 1582 – 2 October 1650)
 * Grandson - Jeong Yi
 * Concubine - Jin-ok
 * Concubine - Lady Kang-ah

Literary works
He is prominent in the gasa and the sijo, which are forms of classical Korean poetry.

The following two poems are an exchange between Jeong Cheol and the gisaeng Jinok. Jeong is playing on Jinok's name, which means Genuine Gem. First he calls her a gem (ok; 玉), then suggests she is an imitation (beon-ok; 燔玉) and finally finds her to be genuine (jin-ok; 眞玉).

Jinok replies by playing on the name of Jeong Cheol (鄭澈), first calling him iron (cheol; 鐵), then suggesting he might be false iron (seop-cheol; 攝鐵) and finally discovering he is genuine iron (jeong cheol; 正鐵). Unquestionably bawdy, this exchange is one of the finest examples of satire in sijo — a poetic form that placed high value on wit, double entendre and word play.

Other Works:

 * Gwandong Byeolgok (The Song of the Sceneries of the Gwandong).
 * Samiingok (Mindful of My Seemly Lord).
 * Songgang Gasa (Songgang's Prose Poetry Book).

Popular culture

 * Portrayed by Park-woong in the 1995 KBS2 TV Series West Palace.
 * Portrayed by Joo Jin-mo in the 2014 KBS2 TV series The King's Face.
 * Portrayed by Sun Dong-Hyuk in the 2015 KBS2 TV series The Jingbirok: A Memoir of Imjin War.

Legacy

 * A crater on Mercury was named after him in 1979.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jeong Cheol


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Heaven and Hell

Heaven and Hell may refer to:
 * Heaven and Hell

Literature

 * Heaven and Hell (Swedenborg book), a 1758 book by Emanuel Swedenborg
 * Heaven and Hell (Kardec book), an 1865 book by Allan Kardec
 * Heaven and Hell (essay), a 1956 book by Aldous Huxley, sequel to The Doors of Perception
 * Heaven and Hell (Jakes novel), a 1987 novel by John Jakes in the North and South trilogy
 * Heaven and Hell, a 1981 play by Dusty Hughes
 * Heaven and Hell (Icelandic: Himnaríki og helvíti), a 2007 novel by Jón Kalman Stefánsson
 * Heaven and Hell: My Life in the Eagles (1974–2001), a 2008 autobiography by Don Felder
 * Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife, a 2020 book by Bart D. Ehrman

Music

 * Heaven & Hell (band), a band with members of Black Sabbath

Albums

 * Heaven & Hell (Ava Max album)
 * Heaven and Hell (Black Sabbath album), or the title song (see below)
 * Heaven & Hell (Devolo album), or the title song
 * Heaven & Hell (Joe Jackson album)
 * Heaven & Hell (Meat Loaf and Bonnie Tyler album)
 * Heaven & Hell (Shin Terai album)
 * Heaven and Hell (Systems in Blue album), or the title song (see below)
 * Heaven and Hell (Vangelis album), or the title song
 * Heaven :x: Hell, a 2024 album by Sum 41
 * Heaven & Hell – A Tribute to The Velvet Underground, a series of albums

Songs

 * "Heaven and Hell" (Easybeats song), 1967
 * "Heaven and Hell" (Black Sabbath song), 1980
 * "Heaven 'n Hell", a 1994 song by Salt-n-Pepa
 * "Heaven and Hell" (Systems in Blue song), 2009
 * "Heaven and Hell" (The Who song), 1970, also recorded by John Entwistle
 * "Heaven and Hell", a song by Flower Travellin' Band from Made in Japan, 1972
 * "Heaven and Hell", a song by C. C. Catch from Welcome to the Heartbreak Hotel, 1986
 * "Heaven & Hell", a song by Circus of Power from Magic & Madness, 1992
 * "Heaven & Hell" (Raekwon song), 1994
 * "Heaven and Hell", a song by Annie from Don't Stop, 2009
 * "Heaven and Hell", a song by Wisdom from Judas, 2011
 * "Heaven and Hell", a song by Kanye West from Donda, 2021

Film and television

 * High and Low (1963 film) (Tengoku to Jigoku, literally Heaven and Hell), a 1963 movie by Akira Kurosawa
 * Heaven and Hell (film), a 1980 Hong Kong film produced by Shaw Brothers Studio
 * "Heaven and Hell" (Cosmos: A Personal Voyage), an episode of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
 * "Heaven and Hell", an episode of Decoding the Past
 * "Heaven and Hell", an episode of Mysteries of the Bible
 * "Heaven and Hell" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural
 * Jeremy Clarkson: Heaven and Hell, a 2005 DVD by Jeremy Clarkson
 * Heaven And Hell: North And South Book III, a 1994 television miniseries in the North and South TV miniseries trilogy

Video games

 * Heaven and Hell (video game), a turn-based strategy video game

title: Heaven and Hell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pontdolgoch

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the pages entitled Pontdolgoch and Caersws.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Two sub-stubs that only say that each are small villages in Wales. Went for speedy delete, but the author removed the notice. I certainly would support a motion to see them expanded since they're real places, but these are just unencyclopedic as is. Anyone feeling up to the task? - Lucky 6.9 19:06, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Legitimate stub. ElBenevolente 19:53, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all articles about real places, no matter how stubby, so long as they're true. RickK 20:33, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * keep I realise they are fairly bare now, but i am and will add to them (and they definately are real places... i promise!) ahadley 18:38, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - appear to be real, and there's a consensus on keeping real places. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:20, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - real places. In the case of the Caersws article I see the VfD notice was slapped on 8 minutes after the stub was created: this is far too soon anyway -- contributors must be given a chance to flesh out articles. -- Arwel 23:01, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm...I should have looked at the time stamp. Sorry 'bout dat.  I drop my delete vote, but I'd still like to see more than just "a very small village in Wales."  Keep as stub. - Lucky 6.9 16:15, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Bada Shanren

Zhu Da (朱耷), also known by his pen name Bada Shanren (八大山人), was a late-Ming and early-Qing dynasty Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet. He was born in Nanchang, Jiangxi, in 1626, at during the Ming-Qing Transition. Zhu was mentally ill and displayed erratic behavior. He was related to the House of Zhu, which was destroyed and executed by the new Qing dynasty. Fearing that he would also be purged and executed, he fled to a Buddhist temple and learned the teachings of Chan (Zen) Buddhism, becoming a monk for 30 years.

He spent most of his early to mid-life in the Buddhist monkhood, returning to Nanchang when he was about fifty years old. He embarked on an artistic career soon after reentering secular life in 1680, producing works that featured his calligraphy, painting, and poetry. Most of the time, he painted simple subjects like flowers, plants, and animals and kept most of the given space empty. Toward the end of his life, he started painting more landscapes.

Some of his artwork were metaphors on the fall of the Ming dynasty and its failure after being destroyed by the Qing. His poems often included obscure references.

Background
Bada Shanren lived during a tumultuous time in China, witnessing the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty and execution of the House of Zhu. In the early 1600s, around the time Bada was born, the Ming government was disintegrating from factional conflict and rebellion. Facing a rebellion led by Li Zicheng in 1644, the last Ming emperor committed suicide. Wu Sangui asked for help from the Qing dynasty to crush Li Zicheng's rebellion. The Qing then proceeded to seize Beijing, the imperial capital, and overthrew the Ming dynasty.

The Qing also defeated Ming loyalists, known as yimin. Zhu Youlang, the Prince of Gui, was crowned the Yongli emperor of the shortlived Southern Ming dynasty in 1647, centered around Yunnan with Kunming as its capital. In 1662, the Qing dynasty and Wu Sangui executed Zhu by strangling. Wu took control over Yunnan and established the short-lived Zhou dynasty. In 1673, Wu led the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against the new Qing government, but failed. The Qing successfully suppressed the rebellion in 1681.

Early life and family
A descendant of a Ming imperial prince, Bada was born into a family of accomplished scholars and artists. His grandfather Zhu Duozheng was a poet, painter, calligrapher, and seal-carver, and his father was most likely Zhu Moujin, a painter and calligrapher mute since birth. Bada grew up under such artistic influences, studying poetry, calligraphy, and painting through his family's works. Bada also received a classical education and passed the first-level test of the civil service examinations in the early 1640s. He married his first wife in his late teens, with whom he had at least one child.

Monastic life
After the Qing dynasty takeover of China, Bada fled to a Buddhist temple west of Nanchang, fearing for his safety given his connection to the House of Zhu, the Ming imperial family. The Qing dynasty had purged and executed Zhu Youlang and many other members of the Zhu family that ruled over the Ming. In 1645, he joined the monastic order at the age of nineteen. He spent about thirty years in the monkhood, studying the teachings of Chan Buddhism and the styles of past masters of calligraphy and painting.

Later life
Around 1680, Bada left the priesthood and refashioned himself as a professional painter and poet. He was dissatisfied with his monastic life all throughout the 1670s, during which he sought relationships outside the monastic order. He met the poet Qiu Lian and Qiu's father-in-law Hu Yitang in the early 1670s. Despite his abandonment of priestly duties, Bada was still influenced by Buddhist teachings and remained close friends with several Buddhist monks.

The Portrait of Geshan, painted in 1674, reflects Bada's refashioning from a monk to scholarly artist. According to Wang Fangyu, a scholar and collector of Bada Shanren's work, the straw hat and loose, long robes make Bada look more like a scholar than a monk.

Bada also remarried soon after returning to Nanchang in 1680 but within a few years became single, dissatisfied with the marriage. For a while, his paintings reflected his unhappiness from the failed marriage. During this time, Bada also showed signs of eccentric behavior. Many believed he was feigning madness to eschew political involvement. From 1684 onward, Bada mostly stayed put in Nanchang, devoting himself to painting and calligraphy, and in the mid-1690s built a painting studio. With his scanty earnings, he lived in a small residential quarter in the southern part of Nanchang.

Calligraphy
Bada's family members, including his grandfather and father, were calligraphers, whose works Bada studied from a young age. During his early years in the monastery, Bada practiced calligraphy by studying the works of Tang and Song calligraphers. Not yet settled on a style, Bada employed a wide range of script types, including the standard script kaishu, fully cursive script caoshu, and semicursive script xingshu. His standard scripts were modelled on the precisely executed kaishu script of Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun. In his cursive and semicursive scripts, Bada emulated the swift and fluid brushstrokes of Ming calligrapher Dong Qichang, achieving the flying white calligraphic effect. Toward the end of his priesthood, Bada began to explore the exaggerated cursive script of Song calligrapher Huang Tingjian.

After leaving the monastery, Bada continued to study the Song calligrapher's writing, for instance copying his essay titled “Praising the Virtue of Wine.” He rendered it in a style not identical to Huang Tingjian's but combinative of various script types. His horizontal strokes were attenuated like Huang Tingjian's, while his corner strokes were sharp like Ouyang Xun's. Through the 1680s, Bada wrote in a style reflective of a balance between controlled and exaggerated forms. By 1689, he had developed his own style. Starting in 1690, Bada began to study the styles of Wei and Jin calligraphers like Wang Xizhi and incorporated them in his writing. His brushstrokes became rounded and centered, deviating from his earlier characteristic sharp strokes. Despite having established his own style, Bada remained devoted to the study of past calligraphic masters, including Wang Xizhi and the monk Huaisu, in the final years of his life.

Painting
Bada Shanren's earliest extant paintings were produced during his years in the Buddhist monastery where he practiced painting as a hobby. He painted according to the literati tradition, studying the styles of past painters like Shen Zhou and Xu Wei. The subject of his paintings were simple objects like flowers, fruits, and vegetables. From 1681 to 1684, Bada treated painting as an outlet for his emotions, particularly his dissatisfaction with his second marriage. He expanded his repertoire of subjects to include animals like birds and fish in addition to flowers and vegetables. His earliest surviving landscape paintings are dated to this period. From 1684 to 1690, Bada most frequently painted myna birds, lotuses, and rocks. From 1690 to 1694, he shifted his attention to fish, which he often depicted alone at the center of an empty composition. Starting in 1693, landscapes became a major subject of his work.

The brushwork in Bada's paintings closely mirrored his calligraphy. The paintings from his Buddhist years featured strokes consisting of thin and strong lines – reflective of a calligraphic style modeled on Ouyang Xun's writing. His brushstrokes in the Ink Flowers handscroll, dated 1666, were rendered like the diagonal strokes of the kaishu script. He moved the brush as he did in his calligraphy: by first straightening the tip of the brush and moving slowly and then by lifting the brush and moving more rapidly in the flying white manner. Bada's paintings from 1689 and 1690 mirrored his newly established style of calligraphy, featuring vigorous brushstrokes.

Poetry
Bada started to study poetry when he was seven. The classical education that he received in his youth paved way for his own poetic endeavors, helping him amass knowledge of a wide repertoire of Chinese literature and ancient characters. The poems that he wrote often included references to classical texts and obscure variants of characters, granting only those with the same background knowledge to decipher their meaning. Most of his poems were layered with metaphors and allusions. The obscurity of his language served reflected his familiarity with the Caodong sect of Buddhism. Bada's poems often ended with imagery.

Overview
The vast majority of Bada Shanren's works – 167 out of 179 – were produced between 1684 and 1705 during Bada's sixties and seventies. His paintings were often accompanied by his poems featuring his calligraphy. Most of his works were uncolored; the few that were colored were mostly landscape paintings. While his works changed in subject matter and brushwork over time, they all bore a composition that showcased his experimental approach to pictorial space.

Media
Bada used ink and brush on paper to render his paintings, poetry, and calligraphy. He mostly painted on small album leaves in his early years and later preferred large hanging scrolls.

Early works (1659–1678)
Only eleven of Bada's surviving works were produced during his years in the Buddhist temple. These include the Flower Studies album, the Vegetable and Fruits handscroll, the Lotus album, and the Ink Flowers handscroll. In most of his early works, his subjects were only partially represented at opposite corners of the canvas, the majority of which he left empty.

Works from 1680 to 1689
Bada's work during the 1680s were imbued with personal emotions and political sentiments. His animal subjects often wore human-like expressions. The angular brushstrokes in his works were achieved using the side hairs of the brush. Two of Bada's rare colored works come from this period: the Lotus and Rock hanging scroll from 1686 and the Bamboo album leaf from 1689.

Works from 1690 to 1705
During this period, Bada painted subjects ranging from flowers, animals, to landscapes. His 1694 album titled Birds, Flowers, and Landscapes featured all three kinds of subjects. His works displayed a wide tonal range, and his brushwork was brought to the fore due to the large scale of the hanging scrolls on which he often painted. Many of his works from this period were dedicated to his monk friends.

Anwan Album (1694)
The Anwan Album of 1694 was produced when the artist was nearly seventy years old. The sixth leaf of the album is a painting of a mandarin fish. The fish stares up at Bada's poem on the upper left-hand corner. The first two lines of the poem allude to a story written in the Shishuo xinyu, a book referenced by many of Bada's later works. In the story, Xie Wan elaborates on the meaning of the name Qu’e, referring to the Daoist concept of “qu ze quan,” which means “to bend is to be preserved whole.”

Bada's contemporaries would have been familiar with the mythical story behind the name of Lake Qu’e, centered around the unrightful dethronement of an emperor. They would have thus seen the Qu’e in Bada's poem as a metaphor for the fall of the weak Ming dynasty.

Translation of the poem on the upper left:

“Left and right, what is this water?

It is named Qu’e.

I go on seeking the place where the source enters,

Perhaps there will be many beautiful clouds at sunset”

Names, seals, and signatures
The names which Bada used in his seals and signatures have been referenced to determine the chronology of his oeuvre. Like most literati painters, Bada had multiple style and poetic names that each symbolized a virtue, ability, desire, or event. In his artwork, he used these names in lieu of his formal, or assigned, names.

The twenty different style and poetic names which Bada used at distinct stages of his life reflect his changing self-image. From 1653 to 1680, during his time as a Buddhist monk, he most often used his Buddhist name Chuanqi and style name Geshan and was addressed as Xuege, or Abbot Xuege, by his friends. After leaving the priesthood, from 1680 to 1684, he invented new names while keeping the name Geshan. Most of his new names contained the word lu, meaning donkey, a condescending descriptor for a Buddhist monk. From 1684 onward, Bada settled on the name Bada Shanren. A colophon to the Nanchang xianzhi (Annals of Nanchang) explains the story behind Bada's adoption of this name. According to the colophon, Bada took this name from Ba da renjuejing (Sutra of the Eight Great Human Realizations), made by Yuan painter Zhao Mengfu.

Like other late Ming painters of his time, Bada carved seals and incorporated them in his art. He came up with multiple seal designs for some of his names. For instance, eleven different seals were found for the name Bada Shanren. As in his paintings, Bada experimented with space by leaving certain parts of the seal empty. The parts void of text were often two opposite corners of the seal. Bada further experimented with the composition by toying with the characters, splitting a character into two or combining two into one.

In addition to carving seals, Bada often signed his work in a wide range of styles ranging from standard cursive, expressive cursive, to seal script. The names he used in his signatures roughly matched the names he used on his seals, while some names occurred only in his signatures. He sometimes changed the form of his signature for the same name. For his signature Chuanqi, which he used from 1659 to 1676, he changed the character for qi in 1665. Most of Bada's work from the last twenty years of his life bore the signature Bada Shanren, written either in seal script or cursive script. The album Huangting neijing jing (Scripture of the Inner Radiances of the Yellow Court) featured the earliest known instance of the Bada Shanren signature.

Modern copies
In the 20th century, copies of Bada Shanren's art were made and studied by Chinese artists such as Qi Baishi, Wu Changshi, and Zhang Daqian.

Zhang Daqian was a twentieth-century Chinese painter who made copies of Bada's work. Zhang's copies can be distinguished from Bada's real works through an examination of brushstrokes. Zhang's 1930s reproductions of Bada's midlife work featured softer and more rounded brushstrokes compared to the sharp, sideways brushstrokes characteristic of Bada's work.

Exhibitions
In 1986, an exhibition and symposium were held in Nanchang, Bada's childhood home, in honor of his 360th birthday. In 1991, the Yale University Art Gallery held a major exhibition of the artist's work.

Owning the largest collection of Bada Shanren's work outside of China, the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. held multiple exhibitions on Bada Shanren in the 2000s. In 2003, it held an exhibition titled In Pursuit of Heavenly Harmony: Painting and Calligraphy by Bada Shanren along with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery which mounted an exhibition titled After the Madness: The Secular Life, Art, and Imitation of Bada Shanren. From 2015 to 2016, the Freer Gallery displayed fifty-one of Bada's works in an exhibition titled Enigmas: The Art of Bada Shanren (1626-1705). In 2023 several of Bada Shanren's works, including his handscroll masterpiece "Flowers on a River," were featured in an exhibition titled, Flowers on a River: The Art of Chinese Flower-and-Bird Painting, 1368-1911 at the China Institute in New York City. A reduced version of this exhibition later went on to show at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art.

title: Bada Shanren


text:
Submarine patent

A submarine patent is a patent whose issuance and publication are intentionally delayed by the applicant for a long time, which can be several years, or a decade. This strategy requires a patent system where, first, patent applications are not published, and, second, patent term is measured from grant date, not from priority or filing date. In the United States, patent applications filed before November 2000 were not published and remained secret until they were granted. Analogous to a submarine, submarine patents could remain "under water" for long periods until they "emerged", surprising the relevant market. Persons or companies making use of submarine patents are sometimes referred to as patent pirates.

The phrase is occasionally used more generally for any patent used in patent ambush.

Causes
After the United States signed the TRIPS Agreement of the WTO in 1995, the standard patent term of 20 years under United States patent law has been measured from the original filing or priority date, rather than (as was previously the case) the date of issuance. This has significantly reduced the previous potential for submarine patent practices. Some submarine patents may also result from pre-1995 filings that have yet to be granted and will remain unpublished until issuance. Submarine patents are also weaker in jurisdictions such as US Federal Courts, in which they may be considered to be a procedural laches: a delay in enforcing one's rights that causes those rights to be lost.

In the past, when the life of a U.S. patent was 17 years from the date it was granted, submarine patents could issue decades after the initial filing date. Therefore, an applicant for a U.S. patent could benefit by delaying the issuance, and thus expiration date, of a patent through the simple, but relatively costly, expedient of filing a succession of continuation applications. Some submarine patents emerged as much as 40 years after the date of filing of the corresponding application. During the extended prosecution period the claims of the patent could be modified to more closely match whatever technology or products had become the industry standard.

Prior to changes in US patent law in 1995 and 1999, the content of patent applications was kept secret during the patent approval phase. Currently, the majority of U.S. patent applications are published within 18 months of the filing date (35 U.S.C. 122). However, the applicant can explicitly certify that they do not intend to file a corresponding patent outside the U.S. at the time they file the patent, and keep the application secret. The applicant can change their mind within the first year, but the application is then published. For continuation applications which claim priority to a previously filed application, the publication is six months after the new filing date. The changes to U.S. patent law that introduced publication at 18 months also changed the duration of the patent to 20 years from the filing date of the earliest patent application in any chain of continuation patent applications. As a result, there is little benefit in postponing the grant of the patent. The enforceable life of the patent can no longer be shifted into the period when a technology has become more widely adopted, and the patent applicant must abandon the chance of foreign patent protection if he is to maintain patent secrecy beyond the 18-month period. In a 2006 report the National Academy of Sciences has recommended that "in all cases, applications should be published during patent examinations".

Notable submarine patent owners
A notable case of a single submarine patent is the George B. Selden automobile design, applied for in 1879 and issued in 1895, which led to the creation of the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers.

Gilbert Hyatt was awarded a patent claiming an invention pre-dating both Texas Instruments and Intel, describing a "microcontroller". The patent was later invalidated, but not before substantial royalties were paid out. He also still has two even wider patents still pending, also dating from the same period.

Jerome H. Lemelson filed many applications that became submarine patents. He and his heirs have collected over $1.3 billion (U.S.) in royalties. In 2004 Lemelson's estate was defeated in a notable court case involving Symbol Technologies and Cognex Corporation, which sought (and received) a ruling that 76 claims under Lemelson's machine-vision patents were unenforceable. The plaintiff companies, with the support of dozens of industry supporters, spent millions on this landmark case. The ruling was upheld on September 9, 2005 by a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit under the doctrine of laches, citing "unreasonably long … delays in prosecution." Lemelson's estate appealed for a review by the full circuit en banc. On November 16, 2005, the full court declined to review the case, and, citing "prejudice to the public as a whole", extended the original unenforceability ruling to all claims under the patents in question.

title: Submarine patent


text:
Illiniza

The Illinizas are a pair of volcanic mountains that are located in the north of Latacunga, Cotopaxi, Ecuador. They are located in the Illinizas Ecological Reserve (Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas). These twin mountains are separated by a saddle that is about a kilometer long. The peaks are among the highest in Ecuador, with Illiniza Sur standing slightly taller than Illiniza Norte, its northern counterpart, at 5245 metres and 5126 metres respectively.

Most guidebooks (for example, Lonely Planet Ecuador, Ecuador: A Climbing Guide) spell the mountain with only one "l" as in Iliniza. The name Illinizas is derived from the Kunza words for "masculine hill."

Whilst Illiniza Sur (the southern peak) is a more difficult climb due to its glacial nature, Illiniza Norte requires some climbing expertise, and may be climbed as a trekking peak. A guide is still recommended, however, as the path becomes hard to navigate as it approaches the summit.

The Illinizas are excellent mountains for acclimatization to altitude, and are frequently used as a preparatory climb to higher peaks such as Cotopaxi, Chimborazo and Cayambe.

There is a rustic refuge located between the north and south peaks. It can be reached in one hour by car from El Chaupi, followed by a three-hour climb. The refuge has gas stoves, pots and pans and bunk beds. It is necessary to bring warm sleeping bags and food, but water is available to be boiled.

The Englishman Edward Whymper tried and failed twice to make the first ascent of Iliniza Sur. It was climbed for the first time in 1880 by his two Italian guides Jean-Antoine Carrel and Louis Carrel. The first ascent of Iliniza Norte was made in 1912 by the Ecuadorians Nicolás Martínez and Alejandro Villavicencio.

title: Illiniza


text:
Bay Port, Michigan

Bay Port is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Huron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 582 at the 2020 census. As an unincorporated community, Bay Port has no legal autonomy of its own but does have its own post office with the 48720 ZIP Code.

History
Bay Port was settled in 1851 by Carl H. Heisterman. It was first named "Geneva" and later "Wild Fowl Port". The post office was relocated here from Ora Labora in 1872.

The Bay Port Historic Commercial Fishing District is a located within the community and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Bay Port has a total area of 3.37 sqmi, of which 3.34 sqmi is land and 0.03 sqmi (0.89%) is water.

Bay Port is a community on the shores of Saginaw Bay within Lake Huron. The majority of the CDP is located within Fairhaven Township with only a very small portion within McKinley Township. The U.S. Census Bureau lists 3.34 sqmi and 475 residents within Fairhaven Township, while only 0.03 sqmi and two residents are within McKinley Township.

Major highways

 * runs along the Lake Huron coastline through the community.
 * , known locally as Pigeon Road begins in the community and runs east to the opposite side of the county.

Events
Each year, during the first full weekend of August, Bay Port hosts its annual Fish Sandwich Festival. Bay Port's unofficial motto is "Where the fish caught the man", due to its easy lake access for sport fishermen.

Demographics
Bay Port, Michigan has a reported population of 582 in 2020. The population is primarily white as it is reported that 96.22% of the population identifies as such. The next biggest racial group is Asian with 2.29%. Followed by Native Americans which make up less than one percent of the population.

Notable people

 * Sanford A. Brown (1909–1986), Michigan State Treasurer

title: Bay Port, Michigan


text:
RAF Northolt

Royal Air Force Northolt or more simply RAF Northolt is a Royal Air Force station in South Ruislip, 2 NM from Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon, western Greater London, England, approximately 6 mi north of Heathrow Airport. As London VIP Airport, the station handles many private civil flights (private planes of up to 29 passengers) in addition to Air Force flights.

Northolt has one runway in operation, spanning 1687 x, with a grooved asphalt surface. This airport is used for government and VIP transport to and from London.

Northolt predates the establishment of the Royal Air Force by almost three years, having opened in May 1915, making it the oldest RAF base. Originally established for the Royal Flying Corps, it has the longest history of continuous use of any RAF airfield. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, the station was the first to take delivery of the Hawker Hurricane. The station played a key role during the Battle of Britain, when fighters from several of its units, including No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron, engaged enemy aircraft as part of the defence of London. It became the first base to have squadrons operating Supermarine Spitfire aircraft within German airspace.

During the construction of Heathrow Airport, Northolt was used for commercial civil flights, becoming the busiest airport in Europe for a time and a major base for British European Airways. More recently the station has become the hub of British military flying operations in the London area. Northolt has been extensively redeveloped since 2006 to accommodate these changes, becoming home to the British Forces Post Office, which moved to a newly constructed headquarters and sorting office on the site. Units currently based at RAF Northolt are No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron, the King's Colour Squadron, 600 (City of London) Squadron, No 1 Aeronautical Information Documents Unit, the Air Historical Branch and the Central Band of the RAF.

Construction
Following Louis Blériot's first flight across the English Channel in 1909, the British Army considered the necessity of defending the United Kingdom from a future air attack. By May 1910, Claude Grahame-White and other aviation pioneers were flying from the flat areas around Ruislip, although they soon sought an aerodrome for London, which was eventually built at Hendon. A proposal was made in 1912 for the area around where RAF Northolt now stands to be developed as "Harrow Aerodrome". The company established to develop the site was listed on the London Stock Exchange but the idea did not progress any further.

The outbreak of the First World War necessitated a new aerodrome for the Royal Flying Corps. The Corps had received the Royal Warrant on 13 April 1912, whereupon Major Sefton Brancker of the War Office conducted aerial surveys in 1914 of Glebe Farm in Ickenham, and Hundred Acres Farm and Down Barnes Farm in Ruislip, looking for the most effective operating base for new squadrons. He settled on a site near Northolt Junction railway station; in January 1915 the government requisitioned the land. It is rumoured that the government official tasked with acquiring the land arrived at the site with his map upside down, leading to the government requisitioning and developing land on the wrong side of the railway line, including the old Hill Farm.

Construction of the new aerodrome, to be named "RFC Military School, Ruislip", began in January 1915. It opened on 3 May 1915, becoming known as Northolt and home to No. 4 Reserve Aeroplane Squadron which relocated from Farnborough. Most early RAF airfields were named after the nearest railway station, in this case Northolt Junction, later named Northolt Halt and now South Ruislip station; so the airfield became "Northolt" despite being in neighbouring South Ruislip. In the same year the airfield was extended westwards, and aircraft began flying sorties in defence of London against Zeppelin raids. No. 18 Squadron was formed in the same month as Northolt and equipped with Bleriot Experimental biplanes, whose slow speed led to heavy losses in combat with the German Fliegertruppe.

In 1916, No. 43 Squadron was formed under the command of Major Sholto Douglas. Aircraft equipping the squadron included the Sopwith 1½ Strutter, built by the Fairey Aviation company, then in Hayes. The Strutter made its first test flight from Northolt in 1916 with Harry Hawker at the controls. Fairey conducted test flights at Northolt from 1917 until 1928 when the Air Ministry gave the company notice to vacate the aerodrome. Flights later resumed from the Great West Aerodrome owned by Fairey in Harmondsworth, which was eventually developed as Heathrow Airport. No. 43 Squadron went on to fly sorties over France from 17 January 1917, taking part in the Battle of Vimy Ridge between 4 and 8 April 1917.

No. 600 Squadron and No. 601 Squadron of the fledgling Royal Auxiliary Air Force were formed at Northolt in 1925 under the command of Squadron Leader Lord Edward Grosvenor. Both squadrons were deployed to RAF Hendon in 1927, although 600 Squadron returned in 1939. The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII and subsequently the Duke of Windsor, made his first flight in a Bristol F.2 Fighter from Northolt on 27 April 1929.

Second World War and the Battle of Britain

Northolt became an active base during the Second World War for Royal Air Force and Polish Air Force squadrons in their defence of the United Kingdom. It was the first RAF station to operate the Hawker Hurricane, with No. 111 Squadron receiving the first four aircraft in December 1937, and reaching its full complement by February 1938. In the lead-up to war, the RAF implemented a policy of adding concrete runways to important airfields; by 1939 Northolt had a new 800 by concrete runway. Later in 1939 RAF Hendon became one of its satellite airfields. Polish pilots were taught English at RAF Uxbridge, where they also practised formation flying using tricycles with radios, compasses and speed indicators.

On 15 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain, No. 1 Squadron RCAF, No. 229 Squadron, No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron, No. 504 Squadron, and part of No. 264 Squadron were based at the station, all under the control of No. 11 Group RAF, headquartered at RAF Uxbridge. All flew Hawker Hurricanes except No. 264 Squadron's contingent, which operated the Boulton Paul Defiant. During the Battle of Britain, the Polish Squadron shot down the greatest number of enemy aircraft, with its Czech pilot Sergeant Josef František scoring the most "kills". The Luftwaffe bombed the airfield in August 1940 as well as other sector airfields in the area, including Biggin Hill, Hornchurch and North Weald, as part of a concentrated effort against the airfields and sector stations of No. 11 Group RAF. A total of 4,000 bombs were recorded as falling within two miles (3 km) of the airfield over a fifteen-month period, although only two were recorded as hitting the airfield itself. Under the leadership of the station commander, Group Captain Stanley Vincent, the airfield was camouflaged to resemble civil housing. Vincent had been concerned that camouflaging the airfield as open land would look too suspicious from the air; Northolt was surrounded by housing and so a large open area would draw attention. A fake stream was painted across the main runway while the hangars were decorated to look like houses and gardens. The result was so effective that pilots flying to Northolt from other airfields often struggled to find it.

Thirty Allied airmen including servicemen from Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, New Zealand, Poland and the United Kingdom were killed flying from RAF Northolt during the Battle of Britain, of whom ten were Polish. The Polish War Memorial dedicated to all Polish airmen who lost their lives during the Second World War, stands near the southeastern corner of the airfield. Its name is also commemorated at the adjacent eponymous junction on Western Avenue.

Squadrons based at RAF Northolt during the battle shot down a total of 148 Luftwaffe aircraft and damaged 52. A further 25 were claimed by pilots and recorded as "probables". Group Captain Vincent became one of the few RAF airmen to shoot down an enemy aircraft in both World Wars. He was a long-serving RAF man who had claimed an aerial victory over the Western Front in the First World War. By the time of the Battle of Britain he was too old for operational flying. Nevertheless, he took to the skies during one raid and brought down a German aircraft.

After the Battle of Britain, the station remained a base for daytime fighter operations, with No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron, No. 229 Squadron and No. 615 Squadron all arriving before 3 November 1940. No. 308 Polish Fighter Squadron and No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron later joined No. 303 during 1941 to form the No. 1 Polish Fighter Wing. Polish Fighter Squadrons based at Northolt in 1942 took part in Operation Jubilee (the raid on Dieppe) on 19 August alongside Nos. 302 and 308 from nearby RAF Heston. Reconnaissance squadrons No. 16 Squadron and No. 140 Squadron operating Supermarine Spitfires and de Havilland Mosquitos moved to Northolt in 1944. No. 69 Squadron with their Vickers Wellingtons modified for photographic reconnaissance arrived later. All three reconnaissance squadrons were combined to form No. 34 (PR) Wing.

In 1943, the station became the first to fly sorties using Supermarine Spitfires (Mk IXs) in German airspace in support of bomber operations. On 25 March, RAF Ferry Command became RAF Transport Command and thereafter used Northolt as a London base for the transfer of new aircraft from factories to airfields. Runway 26/08 was extended in February that year to accommodate the larger transport aircraft required by the Command. Northolt continued as a Sector Fighter Station until February 1944. As a result of this and the new larger runway, the smaller 02/20 runway closed in April 1944.

RAF Northolt became home to Prime Minister Winston Churchill's personal aircraft, a modified Douglas C-54 Skymaster, in June 1944. The aircraft was used to fly him to meetings with other Allied leaders. Between 20 and 21 July 1944, a converted Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber named "Marco Polo" made the first non-stop intercontinental flight, flying from London to Washington, DC, then returning to Northolt from La Guardia Airport within 18 hours. In November of the same year, an Avro York flew non-stop from Northolt to Cairo in 10 hours and 25 minutes. A new runway, 31/13, was surveyed the following month and built in March 1946.

Post-war civil and military use
Starting in 1946 the airfield was used by civil aviation during the construction of nearby Heathrow Airport. During this period, Northolt became a major base for British European Airways (BEA), which used the nearby Bourne School as its headquarters. Other airlines including Aer Lingus, Alitalia, Scandinavian Airlines System and Swissair used the airfield for scheduled services across Europe.

In December 1946, after taking off during a heavy snowstorm, a Douglas Dakota 3 operated by Railway Air Services, flying from Northolt to Glasgow, crashed onto the roof of a house in South Ruislip. All the crew and passengers escaped unharmed by climbing through the loft of the house and leaving via the front door. No residents were injured, even though the owner of the house next door was standing at her front gate when the aircraft came down. The owners of the house had not moved in at the time of the crash as they were due to be married a few days later. The house was later named "Dakota Rest", and still stands today.

In June 1951, BEA introduced helicopter services to Hay Mills Rotor Station in Birmingham and to London Heathrow, operated by a pair of Westland-Sikorsky S51s.

During 1952 a total of 50,000 air movements were recorded, making the airfield the busiest in Europe. By then the only scheduled airlines were BEA and Aer Lingus. The RAF maintained a presence throughout its use by civil airlines, making it the longest continuously used airfield in the history of the Royal Air Force. En route from Northolt to Dublin, on 10 January 1952, a civil Douglas C-47 Skytrain operated by Aer Lingus and named "St. Kevin" flew into an area of extreme turbulence caused by a mountain wave generated by Snowdon. As a result, the plane crashed into a peat bog near Llyn Gwynant in Snowdonia, killing all 20 passengers and three crew in the company's first fatal accident.

Civil flights ceased when the central area at Heathrow opened in 1954 with Northolt reverting to sole military use in May that year. Northolt's operations became constrained by its proximity to the new much larger civil airport at Heathrow. No. 1 Aeronautical Information Documents Unit (AIDU) moved to the station in 1956 from the neighbouring RAF West Ruislip station. The unit had been established in 1953 to provide information on airfields, communications and navigational aids for the benefit of aircraft safety. AIDU was originally under the command of RAF Transport Command but this was moved to Home Command in March 1957.

On 1 June 1960, an Avro Anson aircraft suffered engine failure soon after take-off from Northolt and crash-landed on top of the nearby Express Dairies plant in South Ruislip. There were no fatalities. Later that year, on 25 October, a Pan Am Boeing 707, heading for Heathrow, mistakenly landed at Northolt with forty-one passengers on board. A Lufthansa Boeing 707 also attempted to land at the station on 28 April 1964 but was dissuaded by a red signal flare fired by personnel from Air Traffic Control. In the days before navigational aids such as instrument landing systems (ILS) and the global positioning system (GPS) were available, the letters NO (for Northolt) and LH (for Heathrow) were painted on two gasometers on the approach to each airfield, one at Southall for the approach to Heathrow's diagonal runway (coded 23L) and one at South Harrow for the approach to Northolt's runway (then coded 26), in an effort to prevent a recurrence of such errors. By the 1980s movements of privately owned aircraft, mainly corporate jets, outnumbered military aircraft. Civil flights were limited to 28 per day, with a maximum of 7,000 a year. This limit remained in force in 2008.

Northolt received its first gate guardian, a Spitfire F.Mk 22, in September 1963. Purchased from the RAF in 1969 for use in the film Battle of Britain, it was replaced by a Spitfire Mk XVI on 2 June 1970. This aircraft remained at the station until its removal on 8 September 1989 for restoration to full flying condition. The Kermit Weeks' Fantasy of Flight Museum in Polk City, Florida, purchased the aircraft whereupon the station received a fibreglass replica of a Spitfire Mk IX as a replacement.

Servicing of No. 32 Squadron passed from the RAF to the private company Fields Aviation Services in April 1985, then to Lovaux Aircraft Servicing in 1990. In 1991, the Station Flight was established, taking delivery of two Britten-Norman Islanders in December which entered service in January 1992. No. 32 Squadron celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in 1991, at a time when personnel became involved in operations during the Gulf War. No. 38 Group RAF assumed control of RAF Northolt on 2 November 1992 following a wider restructuring of the RAF. On 16 December 1994, the new southside Operations Building opened, replacing the old Northolt Airport Terminal building. With the reorganisation of RAF Strike Command on 1 April 2000, No. 38 Group was disbanded and Northolt came under the control of No. 2 Group RAF.

Modern use
In August 1996, a Spanish Learjet operated by Mar Aviation overshot runway 25 and collided with a van heading eastward on the A40 Western Avenue; the aircraft was carrying an actress bound for Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire. The two pilots, the actress and van driver all suffered minor injuries. The ensuing investigation by the Civil Aviation Authority's Air Accidents Investigation Branch found that both the crew's lack of understanding English and military air traffic control procedures had contributed significantly to the crash. Subsequently, after some thirty years of protracted consideration, an ILS was eventually fitted to Northolt's redefined Runway 25. In addition, aggregate-filled safety pits were installed at each end of the runway by 21 January 1998 to protect road users in the event of another business jet or military transport failing to stop or ascend before the end of the runway. The House of Commons Transport Select Committee considered the conversion of RAF Northolt to a possible offshoot of Heathrow Airport in the 1990s. While the existing runways would cause aircraft to cross the flight paths of those using Heathrow, new parallel runways were suggested. These suggestions were opposed by then MP for Ruislip-Northwood, John Wilkinson, and eventually progressed no further.

Much media attention focused on the airfield when the body of Diana, Princess of Wales, arrived there from Villacoublay airfield, in Paris, France, after her death in a car crash in the city on 31 August 1997. The Queen's Colour Squadron, then based at neighbouring RAF Uxbridge, acted as the bearer party, while the flight was met by the prime minister, the lord chamberlain, Lord Lieutenant of Greater London, secretary of state for defence, the RAF Northolt station commander and the RAF chaplain-in-chief.

Attention was high again in 2001 when Ronnie Biggs, the seriously ill, fugitive Great Train Robber, was flown from Brazil to the airfield to be arrested by waiting police officers. Biggs had escaped from custody in 1965; upon his return he was taken to Belmarsh Prison to complete the remainder of his sentence.

Since 1 June 1998, station commanders have served as aides-de-camp to the Queen. The station received the Freedom of Entry to the London Borough of Hillingdon on 11 May 2000. This allowed military personnel to march through the borough in full uniform, an honour granted by the council in light of 2000 being the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Britain and the 85th anniversary of the opening of RAF Northolt. The neighbouring RAF Uxbridge station had received the same honour in 1960.

The remains of a Hawker Hurricane flown by Flying Officer Ludwik Witold Paszkiewicz, the first pilot in No. 303 Squadron to shoot down an enemy aircraft, were donated to the station in June 2008. During the Battle of Britain, Paszkiewicz became a flying ace and received the Distinguished Flying Cross after shooting down six aircraft. He was killed in action over Borough Green in Kent on 27 September 1940. No. 303 Squadron recorded its 100th kill less than a month after commencing operations. Polish pilot Squadron Leader Franciszek Kornicki, who saw wartime service at RAF Northolt, was reunited with the Supermarine Spitfire he had flown at a special ceremony in September 2010.

An additional memorial to British, Polish, Australian and New Zealand aircrew killed during the Battle of Britain was unveiled in September 2010. In October that year, the hangar which had housed Churchill's personal aircraft, the former Squadron Watch office, and the Operations Block were given Grade II listed building status. The Operations Block was a prototype of the "Dowding system", which facilitated the chain of command's issuance of orders for the interception of enemy aircraft and a scheme used for the first time during the Battle of Britain. Prior to the listing, the block was renamed the Sir Keith Park Building on 20 September in honour of the former No. 11 Group RAF commander who had also served as station commander at Northolt between 1931 and 1932. RAF Northolt is the only airfield used in the Battle of Britain still operated by the RAF.

In January 2012 it was reported that the future of the station was under review by the Ministry of Defence as part of efforts to reduce defence spending. A proposed use has been as a satellite of Heathrow Airport, although a Ministry of Defence spokesman described that as unlikely.

Four Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft arrived at the station from RAF Coningsby on 2 May 2012 to take part in a security exercise as part of preparations for the 2012 Summer Olympics. During the Games, the aircraft were deployed to the station to provide air superiority protection for London, in conjunction with other security measures by the British Armed Forces. The presence of the aircraft during the Olympics became the first time fighter aircraft had been stationed at RAF Northolt since the Second World War. The Typhoons left Northolt on 16 August following the conclusion of the Olympics.

The overnight base of the London Air Ambulance moved to RAF Northolt from Denham Aerodrome in February 2013. The flying time from the station to its daytime base at the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel is three minutes shorter than from Denham, which also provides savings for the Air Ambulance charity.

In April 2013 the Ministry of Defence announced a proposal to increase the number of private flights from 7,000 to 12,000 per year as part of plans to increase the income generated by the airfield. The number of flights would be limited to 40 per day, and the increase would be phased in over three years to 2016.

On 13 September 2022, Queen Elizabeth II's coffin arrived at Northolt from Edinburgh Airport, after which it was taken by road to Buckingham Palace. The flight was welcomed by a party including the Prime Minister Liz Truss and the Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace. An RAF bearer party formed by The Queen's Colour Squadron transferred the coffin from the aircraft to the hearse.

Project MoDEL redevelopment
The Ministry of Defence launched Project MoDEL (Ministry of Defence Estates London) in 2006 to consolidate many of its London-based operations at RAF Northolt. Under the project, RAF Bentley Priory, RAF Uxbridge, RAF West Ruislip, RAF Eastcote and the Inglis Barracks in Mill Hill were all closed between 2006 and 2010 with any remaining units transferring to Northolt. The Air Historical Branch, originally established in 1919 to provide a record of air activity during the First World War, was also relocated to RAF Northolt from RAF Bentley Priory in 2008 as part of this project. As a result, the station has been extensively redeveloped with new facilities to support these operations.

The statue, Letter from Home, of a First World War soldier reading a letter was moved from outside Inglis Barracks in Mill Hill to RAF Northolt in June 2007. It is a replica of the statue at Paddington Station and was first unveiled in 1982. Following the relocation of the British Forces Post Office and Defence Courier Service from Mill Hill, a new headquarters and main sorting facility were built for their use which opened in November 2007. New hangar facilities for the use of No. 32 Squadron were also constructed, along with new personnel accommodation.

The original 1920s Officers' Mess was refurbished as part of the work, which also saw the relocation of the replica Supermarine Spitfire gate guardian to the passenger terminal, and the unveiling of a new replica Hawker Hurricane gate guardian near the eastern station entrance in September 2010, commemorating the aircrew based at Northolt who had fought in the Battle of Britain.

Upon the closure of RAF Uxbridge, control of the Battle of Britain Bunker passed to RAF Northolt to allow continued public visits. In December 2010 it was agreed that the South Hillingdon branch of the St. John Ambulance service would move from its existing base in RAF Uxbridge to new premises at Northolt.

The station's new police dog section, featuring kennels and a quarantine building, opened in February 2012, marking the completion of building work.

Runway resurfacing
In October 2018, a £23 million contract to resurface Northolt's runway was awarded to Lagan Aviation & Infrastructure as the main contractor, and Mott MacDonald in a support role.

The runway closed and work began on 15 April 2019. No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron fixed wing flight relocated to RAF Benson in Oxfordshire, whilst civilian aircraft used alternative civilian airports. Helicopters continued to operate from Northolt during the construction work. The first landing on the resurfaced runway was on 9 October 2019. The runway underwent testing as part of the recommissioning process before officially reopening on 1 November 2019 with commercial operations scheduled to resume on 11 November 2019.

Based units
The following flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Northolt:

Royal Air Force
No. 1 Group (Air Combat)

 * No. 600 (City of London) Squadron (Royal Auxiliary Air Force)

No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support)
 * Air Mobility Force
 * No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron – Envoy IV CC1 and AW109SP GrandNew
 * Combat and Readiness Force
 * No. 2 Force Protection Wing
 * No. 63 Squadron (King's Colour Squadron) RAF Regiment

 * RAF Music Services
 * Headquarters RAF Music Services
 * Central Band of the RAF
 * Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment

Other
 * No. 601 (County of London) Squadron (Royal Auxiliary Air Force)
 * RAF Centre for Air Power Studies
 * Air Historical Branch

British Army
Royal Logistic Corps

 * 29 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Group
 * 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment
 * 621 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron

Strategic Command
Defence Intelligence
 * Director of Cyber Intelligence and Information Integration
 * Joint Forces Intelligence Group (JFIG)
 * No. 1 Aeronautical Information Documents Unit (AIDU)

Defence Equipment and Support

 * British Forces Post Office

Ministry of Defence

 * Service Prosecution Authority

Role and operations
The station is organised into two wings, with a number of lodger units. Within the Operations Wing, the station houses No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron RAF, and the Comms Fleet Force Headquarters. No. 32 Squadron currently flies two Dassault Falcon 900LX (known as the Envoy IV CC1 in RAF service) and one Leonardo GrandNew A109SP helicopter.

The Support Wing of the station incorporates the Personnel Management Squadron, the Estates Management Squadron, the Station Management Squadron, the Force Development Squadron, Media and Communications, the Finance Department and Safety, Health and Environmental Protection. Its Operations Squadron, the Air Movements Squadron and the Airfield Support Squadron make up the station's Operations Wing.

Lodger Units at Northolt include No. 600 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force, 621 EOD Squadron Royal Logistic Corps (part of 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC), No. 1 AIDU (Aeronautical Information Documents Unit), the Central Band of the Royal Air Force, the Service Prosecuting Authority, Naval Aeronautical Information Centre, the British Forces Post Office (BFPO), the Air Historical Branch and the Polish Records Office.

2Excel Aviation operate two Piper PA-31 Navajos under a civilian contract for the RAF following the sale in 2017 of RAF Northolt's Station Flight's two Britten-Norman Islander CC.2s. The Islanders had operated in electronic intelligence gathering, described by the RAF as performing "photographic mapping and light communications roles".

Squadrons and aircraft
Sources: Battle of Britain Airfields (1st Edition) and A History of Royal Air Force Northolt

In popular culture
As it is near several film studios including those at Pinewood, the airfield has been used to represent outside locations in a number of feature films. Scenes of the James Bond films Goldfinger, Thunderball and Octopussy were all filmed at Northolt, and station personnel served as extras in the Octopussy hangar fly-through stunt scene. The mini-series The Winds of War and The Bill and the BBC shows Waking the Dead, Doctor Who and Red Dwarf have all used Northolt to represent various fictional airfields. In early 2010 the station was used for action scenes in the final episode of the conclusion of the BBC series of Ashes to Ashes.

title: RAF Northolt


text:
Talk:Elfstone

Untitled
It is inaccurate to say that LotR is a "novel", esp in this case, containing as it does material from Unfinished TAles, etc. I'm not even a Tolkein fan, at last not on this level, but that's why I reverted. Meelar 19:12, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Celeborn / Celebrimbor
"Celebrimbor, who is in love with Galadriel, remakes the jewel as her behest." Is it not Celeborn (a Grey or Dark Elve) that is in love with Galadriel (Celeborn and Galadriel Lord and Lady of Lorien), and not Celebrimbor bearer of one of the three elven ring? --Lyndametref 14:19, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Love triangle. Celeborn and Galadriel were married, but Celebrimbor was still in love with her. BTW, Celeborn was either a Grey Elf or Calaquendi depending on the text consulted and Celebrimbor was not just a 'bearer of one of the rings'. He was the primary creator of all the Rings of Power except the One, and the sole architect of the Three. --CBDunkerson 16:05, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for you answer! --Lyndametref 02:03, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elfstone


text:
User:Sycocowz

This fellow is a student just outside Washington, D.C. who finds this to be one of the few shortcut ways to make a difference in the world :)

title: User:Sycocowz


text:
Brillo Pad

Brillo is a trade name for a scouring pad, used for cleaning dishes, and made from steel wool filled with soap. The concept was patented in 1913, at a time when aluminium pots and pans were replacing cast iron in the kitchen; the new cookware blackened easily. The company's website states the name Brillo is from the Latin word for "bright", although no such word exists in Latin. In Spanish the word brillo means the noun "shine"; however, German, Italian, French, and English do have words for "shine" or "bright" beginning with brill- deriving from Latin words for beryl.

History
In the early 1900s, in New York, an unnamed cookware peddler and his brother-in-law, an unnamed jeweller, were working on a solution to clean blackened cookware. Using jewellers' rouge, with soap and fine steel wool from Germany, they developed a method to scour the backsides of cooking utensils when they began to blacken. The method worked and the peddler added this new product, soap with steel wool, into his line of goods for sale.

Demand for the steel wool, copper spun and soap with jewellers' rouge increased quickly. The peddler and the jeweller decided to patent the product. Because they lacked the money to pay for legal services, they offered New York attorney Milton Loeb an interest in their business. Loeb accepted and in 1913, he secured a patent for the product under the name Brillo. The partnership formed between the peddler, the jeweller and the attorney became known as the Brillo Manufacturing Company, with headquarters and production operations in New York City.

By 1917, the company was selling packaged boxes of six pads, with a cake of soap included. During World War I, it helped with needed efforts of field operations. In 1921, the company moved its production facility to London, Ohio. It was only in the 1930s that soap was contained within the pad.

The company merged with Purex Industries in 1962. The Dial Corporation acquired Purex Industries in 1985. Church and Dwight acquired the Brillo business from Dial in 1997.

In 2010, Armaly Brands of Walled Lake, Michigan, primarily a manufacturer of sponges, purchased the Brillo business from Church & Dwight. At that time there were about 50 employees, down from a high of about 150 in the 1990s.

Production
Brillo is manufactured in London, Ohio.

Brillo Basics
In December 2019, Innovative Brands, a division of International Wholesale, agreed to a licensing agreement with Armaly Brands to launch Brillo Basics, a line of household cleaning products.

In art
The most famous example of Brillo in pop art is works by Andy Warhol in 1964. Warhol did artwork on boxes with the 60's Brillo logo.

In 1970 Harlan Ellison and Ben Bova published a short story about a robot policeman titled "Brillo". The title was a pun by Bova as a robot policeman could be referred to as metal fuzz.

title: Brillo Pad


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Molbo story

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Molbo, which was moved to Molbo story before the debate was finished.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Article on a stereotype about people from a certain part of Denmark. Wikipedia should not be perpetuating this sort of "knowledge." --Smack 19:16, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Political correctness is NOT my cup of tea. Still, this stinks.  I've listed it for speedy deletion as well. - Lucky 6.9 19:23, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote. It's bad as it is, but it could become better. The concept as such is certainly encyclopedic, if treated in a NPOV way. Of course, in this case there's the risk that the best thing it could become is a good stub. -- Jao 19:28, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedias "perpetuate" all knowledge. It is also at the Dansk 'pedia, so I think it is not nonsense. Mikkalai 03:23, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree with Mikkalai. Everyking 05:06, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I guess if we've got nigger we could keep this too, but it really stinks IMO. I disagree that this is knowledge. Ethnological data perhaps, but not knowledge. No vote at this stage. Andrewa 05:58, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You might be willing to fix the Knowledge article :-).Mikkalai 15:38, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It looks OK to me, as does the information article. Still no vote, difficult IMO. The article is certainly improved, the move is good and it now contains some encyclopedic material. Andrewa 21:03, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I wrote this because I stumbled upon molbo in the Danish wikipedia. A molbo is a word I think most people who speak either Norwegian or Danish know because at least in Norway there is lots of molbostories about the people in molboland which is often thought of as a fictional country with only stupid people, there is even several children's books of molbostories. Before I saw this on the Danish wikipedia I had no idea that it was actually originally refering to someone from the Danish area Mols, so I thought this was an interesting fact. This is not used as a derogatory term about people from Mols, if used as a derogatory term about someone it is usually about politicians who make stupid decisions. Fuelbottle | Talk 08:09, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have now added some external links with some more info. Fuelbottle | Talk 11:23, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article now appears to be encyclopedic at the very least, though it's written in rather poor English and is a prime candidate for Cleanup.  I've just moved it to Molbo story, because it seems to describe a type of story rather than a type of person.  Also, a question for the author.  Would it be possible to somehow shorten the very long book title (Beretning om de ...)?  --Smack 18:09, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If we delete the Molbos, we'll need to delete nigger, chink, wetback, all of them. Keep, but move to Cleanup. DO'Neil 10:33, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Linganore, Maryland

Linganore is a census-designated place (CDP) in Frederick County, in the U.S. state of Maryland. It consists of the area around Lake Linganore, a residential community governed by a homeowners association, located east of the city of Frederick. As of the 2020 census the CDP had a population of 12,351. Prior to 2010, the area was part of the Linganore-Bartonsville CDP. The mailing address for the area is Lake Linganore, with a ZIP code of 21774.

Geography
The community is in eastern Frederick County, on both sides of Linganore Creek, a west-flowing tributary of the Monocacy River and part of the Potomac River watershed. The neighborhoods of the community surround Lake Linganore, an impoundment on the creek, and extend south to Interstate 70, between New Market to the east and Bartonsville and Spring Ridge to the west. Downtown Frederick is 7 mi west of the center of Linganore.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Linganore CDP has a total area of 15.5 sqkm, of which 14.9 sqkm is land and 0.6 sqkm, or 4.15%, is water.

title: Linganore, Maryland


text:
Bartonsville, Maryland

Bartonsville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Frederick County, in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 2,753. Prior to 2010, the area was part of the Linganore-Bartonsville CDP.

Geography
The community is in southeastern Frederick County, bordered to the north by Maryland Route 144 (Old National Pike), to the east by Ijamsville Road, and to the west by the Monocacy River. Via MD 144, the city of Frederick is 3.5 mi to the west.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Bartonsville CDP has a total area of 6.84 sqkm, of which 6.76 sqkm is land and 0.08 sqkm, or 1.11%, is water.

Notable person

 * Lester Bowie, jazz trumpeter born in Bartonsville

title: Bartonsville, Maryland


text:
User talk:RiShArThA

Hi. What you are currently engaged in is considered vandalism. Please stop. Thanks, Morwen 19:17, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

GrazingshipIV 19:20, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:RiShArThA


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gentlemen of Law

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Gentlemen of Law.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Vanity page about a small college group. - Lucky 6.9 19:20, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, the vanity. Delete, of course. If the group had influenced Burns in stead of the other way around, it would be another matter.. -- Jao 19:32, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well put (-> Jao. BJAODN? Andrewa 00:59, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete vanity. RickK 20:30, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Same as above, probably.--Beelzebubs 03:10, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:16, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all vanity pages Ensiform 03:52, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.193.151.209

title: User talk:68.193.151.209


text:
User:Mark Millard

My name is Mark Randle Millard. I live in Austin, Texas, USA.

I am an Apple_inc products enthusiast. I also love music and films.

title: User:Mark Millard


text:
Mob Rules (album)

Mob Rules is the tenth studio album by English rock band Black Sabbath, released in November 1981. It followed 1980's Heaven and Hell, and was the second album to feature lead singer Ronnie James Dio and the first with drummer Vinny Appice. Neither musician would appear on a Black Sabbath studio album again until the 1992 album Dehumanizer.

Produced and engineered by Martin Birch, the album received a remastered Deluxe Edition release in 2010 and an expanded edition in 2021.

Recording
The first new recording Black Sabbath made after the Heaven and Hell album was a version of the title track "The Mob Rules" for the soundtrack of the film Heavy Metal. The track "E5150" is also heard in the film but not included on the soundtrack. According to guitarist Tony Iommi's autobiography Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven & Hell with Black Sabbath, the band began writing and rehearsing songs for Mob Rules at a rented house in Toluca Lake in Los Angeles. Initially the band hoped to record in their own studio to save money and actually purchased a sound desk; but, according to Iommi, "We just couldn't get a guitar sound. We tried it in the studio. We tried it in the hallway. We tried it everywhere but it just wasn't working. We'd bought a studio and it wasn't working!" The band eventually recorded the album at the Record Plant in Los Angeles.

Mob Rules was the first Sabbath album to feature Vinny Appice on drums, who had replaced original member Bill Ward in the middle of the Heaven and Hell tour. Asked by Joe Matera in 2007 if working with a new drummer was jarring after so many years, bassist and lyricist Geezer Butler replied, "No, because Vinny was a big fan of the band and loved Bill's playing. Bill was one of his favourite drummers and so he knew all his parts and my bass parts and he adjusted accordingly to everybody in the band. He was brilliant. He came in and totally filled in Bill's shoes."

In an interview for the concert film Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven and Hell, Butler cites "The Sign of the Southern Cross" as his favourite Mob Rules track because "it gave me a chance to experiment with some bass effects". The album was the last time the band worked with producer and engineer Martin Birch, who went on to work with Iron Maiden until his retirement in 1992. Iommi explained to Guitar World in 1992, "We were all going through a lot of problems at that time, most of it related to drugs. Even the producer, Martin Birch, was having drug problems, and it hurt the sound of that record. Once that happens to your producer, you’re really screwed."

Mob Rules would be singer Ronnie James Dio's second and final studio recording with Black Sabbath until the Mob Rules-era line-up reunited for 1992's Dehumanizer. The seeds of discontent appear to have sprouted when Dio was offered a solo deal by Warner Brothers, with Iommi stating in his memoir, "After the (Heaven and Hell) record became such a great success, Warner Brothers extended the contract at the same time, offering Ronnie a solo deal. That felt a bit odd to us, because we were a band and we didn't want to separate anybody." Dio confided in an interview on the Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven and Hell DVD that the recording of Mob Rules was far more difficult for him than Heaven and Hell because "we approached the writing very much differently than the first one. Geezer had gone so we wrote in a very controlled environment in a living room with little amplifiers. And with Mob Rules we hired a studio, turned up as loud as possible and smashed through it all. So it made for a different kind of an attitude".

Vinny Appice stated in a 2021 interview with Pariah Burke that the writing for the album was largely a collaborative process done through jam sessions. He stated, "We put [songs] together by jamming and playing together and putting ideas in the pot. It's a natural way of doing it and it works really well for us. That's how we did all the big albums like Mob Rules and Holy Diver. Nobody came in with a song.”

Iommi reflected to Guitar World in 1992, "Mob Rules was a confusing album for us. We started writing songs differently for some reason, and ended up not using a lot of really great material. That line-up was really great, and the whole thing fell apart for very silly reasons — we were all acting like children." The major problem, noted by Mick Wall in his book Black Sabbath: Symptom of the Universe, was that the balance of power within the band had shifted: "With Bill and Ozzy happy to leave the heavy lifting to Tony and Geezer, in terms of songwriting, coming into the studio only when they were called, even as their flair deserted them over the final, dismal Ozzy-era albums, at least everybody knew where they stood. Now, though, the creative chemistry had shifted."

"I still like that album", Iommi reflected in 1997.

Artwork
The cover of Mob Rules is adapted from a 1974 painting titled “Dream 1: Crucifiers” from a series of paintings by Greg Hildebrandt of the Brothers Hildebrandt partnership. The paintings were created after a projected documentary on world hunger by the brothers under the guidance of the Catholic Church fell through. Greg’s relationship with the church soured, which resulted in the series of dream paintings. These paintings, including "Dream 1…" were published in 1978 by Ballantine Books in the book The Art of the Brothers Hildebrandt.

There were alterations, besides the inclusion of the band’s name and album title, in the artwork. A hook seen dangling from the left side of the torture implement was changed to a cross. The blood stain in the center of the piece was also altered to more closely resemble a devil’s head.

Release and reception
Mob Rules was released on 4 November 1981 to mixed reviews. In the US it went gold and in the UK it reached the Top 20 and spawned two chart singles, the title track and "Turn Up the Night". AllMusic's Greg Prato called the album "underrated" and enthused, "Mob Rules was given a much punchier in-your-face mix by Birch, who seemed re-energized after his work on new wave of British heavy metal upstarts Iron Maiden's Killers album. Essentially Mob Rules is a magnificent record, with the only serious problem being the sequencing of the material which mirrors Heaven and Hell's almost to a tee."

Guitarist Tony Iommi acknowledged this common criticism in his memoir, admitting that he was frustrated at being accused of making Heaven and Hell part two and speculating that the band would have been criticized regardless of their approach.

Seven of the album's tracks were played live on the Mob Rules Tour. "E5150" was used as an intro tape, and "Over and Over" was the only song not featured on the tour in any way. While the title track was the only song from this album regularly played by Black Sabbath on subsequent tours, "Falling Off the Edge of the World" was performed live by Heaven & Hell (which consisted of the same Black Sabbath lineup that recorded Mob Rules), and "Sign of the Southern Cross" occasionally played live by Dio.

J.D. Considine of Rolling Stone gave Mob Rules a negative review in February 1986. Profiling the album in 2008, Bryan Reesman noted: "Even with Dio bringing in more fantasy-based lyrics and moving the group away from seemingly Satanic verses, the title track to Mob Rules, not to mention its menacing cover could easily imply a call to anarchy. But beyond the snarling guitars and vocals is actually a cautionary tale against mindless mayhem."

In modern re-evaluations, the album is generally looked upon very favorably, with Rolling Stone awarding the album a positive review of 3 stars, and other reviewers such as Allmusic's Fred Thomas observing that "Mob Rules and Heaven and Hell work well as each other's companion pieces, making the first round of Dio-fronted Sabbath material a bright spot surrounded by relatively grim efforts on either side." and Classic Rock complimenting the lyricism alongside Tony Iommi's riffs.

Standard Edition
All songs were written by Ronnie James Dio, Tony Iommi, and Geezer Butler. All lyrics were written by Ronnie James Dio except where noted.

2010 Deluxe Edition
Disc 2 is a repackaging of the previously released limited edition CD Live at Hammersmith Odeon.

2021 40th Anniversary Edition
Disc one tracks 12, 17 & 18 and all disc two tracks previously unreleased.

Black Sabbath

 * Ronnie James Dio – vocals
 * Tony Iommi – guitars
 * Geezer Butler – bass
 * Vinny Appice – drums

Additional performer

 * Geoff Nicholls – keyboards

Production

 * Produced and engineered by Martin Birch
 * Assistant engineers – Eddie DeLena, Angelo Arcuri
 * Technicians to Black Sabbath – Ian Ferguson, Michael Howse, Les Martin, Peter Resty
 * Remastered by Dan Hersch (2008 reissue)
 * Cover illustration by Greg Hildebrandt
 * Art direction by Richard Seireeni

title: Mob Rules (album)


text:
Bay Shore, Michigan

Bay Shore is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located on the boundary between Charlevoix County and Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 657 at the 2020 census.

Bay Shore is located along Little Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan just west of the city of Petoskey. It is mostly within Hayes Township in Charlevoix County with a small portion extending east into Resort Township in Emmet County.

History
The land was originally owned by Eugene Sly and Nancy Stauffer. The community was known as both Bay Side to the north and Bay Shore, but the Bay Shore name was adopted when the Chicago and West Michigan Railway built a station there in 1892. The name Bay Shore came from its coastal location on Little Traverse Bay. A post office opened in Bay Shore on July 25, 1892 with Sly serving as the first postmaster. The community was surveyed and platted by John Swift in 1896. The post office operated until September 30, 1965.

While the community no longer has its own post office, it may use the Bay Shore 49711 post office box ZIP Code.

The community of Bay Shore was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Bay Shore CDP has a total area of 1.55 sqmi, all land.

Major highways

 * runs through the center of the community near the coast of Lake Michigan.
 * is just to the east of the community and runs south to Horton Bay.

Education
Bay Shore is located at the fringes of three separate school districts. The Public Schools of Petoskey to the east in Petoskey serves the eastern portion of the community, including areas in both Charlevoix and Emmet counties. The southernmost portion of the community may be served by Boyne City Public Schools at the northernmost edge of the school district centered far to the south in Boyne City. The western portion of the community may attend Charlevoix Public Schools to the southwest in Charlevoix.

title: Bay Shore, Michigan


text:
Wikipedia talk:Copies of Wikipedia content (high degree of compliance)

Not sure whether to put these copies of WikiPedia here or in disputed but am involved in it being put up and it is intended to be entirely compliant so if anything isn't please talk to me!--BozMo 19:23, 15 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Hubbard Glacier

Hubbard Glacier (Lingít: Sít' Tlein) is a glacier located in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve in eastern Alaska and Kluane National Park and Reserve in Yukon, Canada, and named after Gardiner Hubbard.

Geography
The longest source for Hubbard Glacier originates 122 km from its snout and is located at about 61°N, -140.15°W, approximately 8 km west of Mount Walsh with an elevation around 3400 m. A shorter tributary glacier begins at the easternmost summit on the Mount Logan ridge at about 5600 m at about 60.58333°N, -140.37778°W.

Before it reaches the sea, Hubbard is joined by the Valerie Glacier to the west, which, through forward surges of its own ice, has contributed to the advance of the ice flow that experts believe will eventually dam the Russell Fjord from Disenchantment Bay waters.

The Hubbard Glacier ice margin has continued to advance for about a century. In May 1986, the Hubbard Glacier surged forward, blocking the outlet of Russell Fjord and creating Russell Lake. All that summer, the new lake filled with runoff; its water level rose 25 m, and the decrease in salinity threatened its sea life.

Around midnight on October 8, the dam began to give way. In the next 24 hours, an estimated 5.3 km3 of water gushed through the gap, and the fjord was reconnected to the ocean at its previous level. This was the largest glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in recorded history.

In spring 2002, the glacier again approached Bert Point. It pushed a terminal moraine ahead of its face and closed the opening again in July. On August 14, the terminal moraine was washed away after rains had raised the water level behind the dam it formed to 18 m above sea level. The fjord could become dammed again, and perhaps permanently. If this happens, the fjord could overflow its southern banks and drain through the Situk River instead, threatening trout habitat and a local airport.

It takes about 400 years for ice to traverse the length of the glacier, meaning that the ice at the foot of the glacier is about 400 years old. The glacier routinely calves off icebergs the size of a ten-story building. Where the glacier meets the bay, most of the ice is below the waterline, and newly calved icebergs can shoot up quite dramatically, so that ships must keep their distance from the edge of the glacier in Disenchantment Bay.

Collision
On June 25, 2022, the cruise ship Norwegian Sun collided into a growler (a chunk of ice smaller than an iceberg) in foggy conditions as it approached the Hubbard Glacier for sightseeing. The ship was damaged but it was considered safe. It cut its cruise itinerary short and sailed back to Juneau for assessment, and then Seattle for repairs without further incident.

MV Hubbard
The Alaska Marine Highway System ferry MV Hubbard is named after Hubbard Glacier. This name was chosen by local student Taylor Thompson, whose essay won Alaska's name-the-new-ferry contest.

title: Hubbard Glacier


text:
Talk:Hubbard Glacier

Untitled
Original text based on NPS web page:

http://www.nps.gov/wrst/hubbardglacier.htm

All US government publications are immediately released into the public domain.

RedWolf 19:26, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

Article issues and class
I am not sure how this article could be promoted to B-class but I have demoted it and a discussion can be initiated if warranted. Otr500 (talk) 06:29, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hubbard Glacier


text: Template:Government of Ireland

title: Template:Government of Ireland