text:
Feng Youlan

Feng Youlan (4 December 1895 – 26 November 1990) was a Chinese philosopher, historian, and writer who was instrumental for reintroducing the study of Chinese philosophy in the modern era. The name he published under in English was 'Fung Yu-lan,' as used in the Bodde translation of A History of Chinese Philosophy. This earlier spelling also occurs in philosophical discussions, see for example the work of Wing-tsit Chan.

Early life, education and career
Feng Youlan was born on 4 December 1895 in Tanghe County, Nanyang, Henan, China, to a middle-class family. His younger sister was Feng Yuanjun, who would become a famous Chinese writer. He studied philosophy in the China Public School in Shanghai, between 1912 and 1915, a preparatory school for college, then studied in Chunghua University, Wuhan (later merged into Central China Normal University) and Peking University between 1915 and 1918, where he was able to study Western philosophy and logic as well as Chinese philosophy.

Upon his graduation in 1918, he traveled to the United States in 1919, where he studied at Columbia University on the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program. There he met, among many philosophers who were to influence his thought and career, John Dewey, the pragmatist, who became his teacher. Feng gained his PhD from Columbia in 1923. His PhD thesis was titled "A Comparative Study of Life Ideals".

He went on to teach at Chinese universities including Jinan University, Yenching University, and Tsinghua University in Beijing. From 1934 to 1938 (and again from 1946 to 1949) he was Chair of the Department of Philosophy at Tsinghua. It was while at Tsinghua that Feng published what was to be his best-known and most influential work, his History of Chinese Philosophy (1934, in two volumes). In it he presented and examined the history of Chinese philosophy from a viewpoint which was very much influenced by the Western philosophical fashions prevalent at the time, which resulted in what Peter J. King of Oxford describes as a distinctly positivist tinge to most of the philosophers he described. Nevertheless, the book became the standard work in its field, and had a huge effect in reigniting an interest in Chinese thought.

In 1935 Feng, on his way to a conference in Prague, stopped briefly in the Soviet Union and was impressed with the radical social changes and cultural ferment. His speeches extolling the utopian possibilities of communism, although also describing the mistakes he saw, drew attention from Chiang Kai-sheks's police. Feng was arrested and spent a short time in jail, but soon became a firm supporter of the government and its resistance to Japan. During the Sino-Japanese War he published works which supported the New Life Movement for revitalizing Confucian values.

In 1939, Feng brought out his Xin Lixue (New Rational Philosophy, or Neo-Lixue). Lixue was a philosophical position of an important group of twelfth-century neo-Confucianists (including Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi); Feng's book took certain metaphysical notions from their thought and from taoism (such as li and tao), analyzed and developed them in ways that owed much to the Western philosophical tradition, and produced a rationalistic neo-Confucian metaphysics. He also developed, in the same way, an account of the nature of morality and of the structure of human moral development.

War and upheaval
When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, the students and staff of Beijing's Tsinghua and Peking Universities, together with Tianjin's Nankai University, fled their campuses. They went first to Hengshan, where they set up the Changsha Temporary University, and then to Kunming, where they set up Southwest Associated University. When, in 1946 the three Universities returned to Beijing, Feng instead went to the U.S. again, this time to take up a post as visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania. He spent the year 1948–1949 as a visiting professor at the University of Hawaii. He served as President of Tsinghua University from December 1948 to May 1949 because of Zhang Dongsun's refusal (it was known as National Tsinghua University until January 1949).

While he was at Pennsylvania, news from China made it clear that the communists were on their way to seizing power. Feng's friends tried to persuade him to stay, but he was determined to return; his political views were broadly socialist, and he thus felt optimistic about China's future under its new government.

Once back home, Feng began to study Marxist–Leninist thought, but he soon found that the political situation fell short of his hopes; by the mid-1950s his philosophical approach was being attacked by the authorities. He was forced to repudiate much of his earlier work, and to rewrite the rest – including his History – in order to fit in with the ideas of the Cultural revolution.

Despite all this, Feng refused to leave China, and after enduring much hardship he finally saw a relaxation of censorship, and was able to write with a certain degree of freedom. He died on 26 November 1990 in Beijing.

Monographs and collections of essays

 * 1934: A History of Chinese Philosophy
 * 1983: translated by Derk Bodde (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) ISBN 0-691-02021-3
 * 1948: A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (Collier-Macmillan) — reprinted 1997: Free Press ISBN 0-684-83634-3
 * 1939: Xin Li-xue (New Rational Philosophy) (Changsha: Commercial Press)
 * Selected Philosophical Writings of Fung Yu-lan (Beijing: Foreign Language Press) ISBN 7-119-01063-8
 * Xin yuan ren (A New Treatise on the Nature of Man) (Chongqing: Commercial Press)
 * 1946: Xin zhi yan (A New Understanding of Words) (Shanghai: Commercial Press)
 * 1997: A New Treatise on the Methodology of Metaphysics (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press) ISBN 7-119-01947-3
 * 1947: The Spirit of Chinese Philosophy transl. E.R. Hughes (London: Kegan Paul)
 * 1970: (Greenwood Press) ISBN 0-8371-2816-1
 * 1961: Xin yuan dao (A New Treatise on the Nature of Tao) (Hong Kong: Zhong-guo zhe-xue jan jiu hui)
 * 1986: A New History of Chinese Philosophy (Beijing: Renmin Press)

As translator

 * 1933: Chuang-tzu: A New Selected Translation with an Exposition of the Philosophy of Kuo Hsiang (Shanghai)
 * 1991: A Taoist Classic: Chuang-Tzu (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press) ISBN 7-119-00104-3

Secondary

 * 2004: Peter J. King One Hundred Philosophers (Hove: Apple) ISBN 1-84092-462-4
 * 2001: Francis Soo "Contemporary Chinese Philosophy", in Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam [edd] Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (London: Routledge) ISBN 0-415-24038-7

title: Feng Youlan


text:
Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm

In computer science, the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm is an efficient string-searching algorithm that is the standard benchmark for practical string-search literature. It was developed by Robert S. Boyer and J Strother Moore in 1977. The original paper contained static tables for computing the pattern shifts without an explanation of how to produce them. The algorithm for producing the tables was published in a follow-on paper; this paper contained errors which were later corrected by Wojciech Rytter in 1980.

The algorithm preprocesses the string being searched for (the pattern), but not the string being searched in (the text). It is thus well-suited for applications in which the pattern is much shorter than the text or where it persists across multiple searches. The Boyer–Moore algorithm uses information gathered during the preprocess step to skip sections of the text, resulting in a lower constant factor than many other string search algorithms. In general, the algorithm runs faster as the pattern length increases. The key features of the algorithm are to match on the tail of the pattern rather than the head, and to skip along the text in jumps of multiple characters rather than searching every single character in the text.

Definitions

 * A||N||P||A||N||M||A||N||-
 * P||A||N||-||-||-||-||-||-
 * -||P||A||N||-||-||-||-||-
 * -||-||P||A||N||-||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||P||A||N||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||P||A||N||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||-||P||A||N||-
 * -||-||-||P||A||N||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||P||A||N||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||-||P||A||N||-
 * -||-||-||-||P||A||N||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||-||P||A||N||-
 * -||-||-||-||-||P||A||N||-

 * T denotes the input text to be searched. Its length is n.
 * P denotes the string to be searched for, called the pattern. Its length is m.
 * S[i] denotes the character at index i of string S, counting from 1.
 * S[i..j] denotes the substring of string S starting at index i and ending at j, inclusive.
 * A prefix of S is a substring S[1..i] for some i in range [1, l], where l is the length of S.
 * A suffix of S is a substring S[i..l] for some i in range [1, l], where l is the length of S.
 * An alignment of P to T is an index k in T such that the last character of P is aligned with index k of T.
 * A match or occurrence of P occurs at an alignment k if P is equivalent to T[(k-m+1)..k].

Description
The Boyer–Moore algorithm searches for occurrences of $P$ in $T$ by performing explicit character comparisons at different alignments. Instead of a brute-force search of all alignments (of which there are $n - m + 1$), Boyer–Moore uses information gained by preprocessing $P$ to skip as many alignments as possible.

Previous to the introduction of this algorithm, the usual way to search within text was to examine each character of the text for the first character of the pattern. Once that was found the subsequent characters of the text would be compared to the characters of the pattern. If no match occurred then the text would again be checked character by character in an effort to find a match. Thus almost every character in the text needs to be examined.

The key insight in this algorithm is that if the end of the pattern is compared to the text, then jumps along the text can be made rather than checking every character of the text. The reason that this works is that in lining up the pattern against the text, the last character of the pattern is compared to the character in the text. If the characters do not match, there is no need to continue searching backwards along the text. If the character in the text does not match any of the characters in the pattern, then the next character in the text to check is located $m$ characters farther along the text, where $m$ is the length of the pattern. If the character in the text is in the pattern, then a partial shift of the pattern along the text is done to line up along the matching character and the process is repeated. Jumping along the text to make comparisons rather than checking every character in the text decreases the number of comparisons that have to be made, which is the key to the efficiency of the algorithm.

More formally, the algorithm begins at alignment $k = m$, so the start of $P$ is aligned with the start of $T$. Characters in $P$ and $T$ are then compared starting at index $m$ in $P$ and $k$ in $T$, moving backward. The strings are matched from the end of $P$ to the start of $P$. The comparisons continue until either the beginning of $P$ is reached (which means there is a match) or a mismatch occurs upon which the alignment is shifted forward (to the right) according to the maximum value permitted by a number of rules. The comparisons are performed again at the new alignment, and the process repeats until the alignment is shifted past the end of $T$, which means no further matches will be found.

The shift rules are implemented as constant-time table lookups, using tables generated during the preprocessing of $P$.

Shift rules
A shift is calculated by applying two rules: the bad-character rule and the good-suffix rule. The actual shifting offset is the maximum of the shifts calculated by these rules.

Description

 * -||-||-||-||X||-||-||K||-||-||-
 * A||N||P||A|| N ||M||A||N||A||M||-
 * -||N|| N ||A||A||M||A||N||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||N|| N ||A||A||M||A||N||-
 * -||N|| N ||A||A||M||A||N||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||N|| N ||A||A||M||A||N||-
 * -||-||-||N|| N ||A||A||M||A||N||-

The bad-character rule considers the character in $T$ at which the comparison process failed (assuming such a failure occurred). The next occurrence of that character to the left in $P$ is found, and a shift which brings that occurrence in line with the mismatched occurrence in $T$ is proposed. If the mismatched character does not occur to the left in $P$, a shift is proposed that moves the entirety of $P$ past the point of mismatch.

Preprocessing
Methods vary on the exact form the table for the bad-character rule should take, but a simple constant-time lookup solution is as follows: create a 2D table which is indexed first by the index of the character $c$ in the alphabet and second by the index $i$ in the pattern. This lookup will return the occurrence of $c$ in $P$ with the next-highest index $j < i$ or -1 if there is no such occurrence. The proposed shift will then be $i - j$, with $O(1)$ lookup time and $O(km)$ space, assuming a finite alphabet of length $k$.

The C and Java implementations below have a $O(k)$ space complexity (make_delta1, makeCharTable). This is the same as the original delta1 and the BMH bad-character table. This table maps a character at position $i$ to shift by $\operatorname{len}(p) - 1 - i$, with the last instance—the least shift amount—taking precedence. All unused characters are set as $\operatorname{len}(p)$ as a sentinel value.

Description

 * -||-||-||-||X||-||-||K||-||-||-||-||-
 * M||A||N||P||A|| N || A || M ||A||N||A||P||-
 * A|| N || A || M ||P|| N || A || M ||-||-||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||A|| N || A || M ||P||N||A||M||-
 * A|| N || A || M ||P|| N || A || M ||-||-||-||-||-
 * -||-||-||-||A|| N || A || M ||P||N||A||M||-
 * -||-||-||-||A|| N || A || M ||P||N||A||M||-

The good-suffix rule is markedly more complex in both concept and implementation than the bad-character rule. Like the bad-character rule, it also exploits the algorithm's feature of comparisons beginning at the end of the pattern and proceeding towards the pattern's start. It can be described as follows:

Suppose for a given alignment of P and T, a substring t of T matches a suffix of P and suppose t is the largest such substring for the given alignment.
 * 1) Then find, if it exists, the right-most copy  of t in P such that  is not a suffix of P and the character to the left of  in P differs from the character to the left of t in P. Shift P to the right so that substring  in P aligns with substring t in T.
 * 2) If  does not exist, then shift the left end of P to the right by the least amount (past the left end of t in T) so that a prefix of the shifted pattern matches a suffix of t in T. This includes cases where t is an exact match of P.
 * 3) If no such shift is possible, then shift P by m (length of P) places to the right.

Preprocessing
The good-suffix rule requires two tables: one for use in the general case (where a copy  is found), and another for use when the general case returns no meaningful result. These tables will be designated $L$ and $H$ respectively. Their definitions are as follows:

For each $i$, $L[i]$ is the largest position less than $m$ such that string $P[i..m]$ matches a suffix of $P[1..L[i]]|undefined$ and such that the character preceding that suffix is not equal to $P[i-1]$. $L[i]$ is defined to be zero if there is no position satisfying the condition.

Let $H[i]$ denote the length of the largest suffix of $P[i..m]$ that is also a prefix of $P$, if one exists. If none exists, let $H[i]$ be zero.

Both of these tables are constructible in $O(m)$ time and use $O(m)$ space. The alignment shift for index $i$ in $P$ is given by $m - L[i]$ or $m - H[i]$. $H$ should only be used if $L[i]$ is zero or a match has been found.

The Galil rule
A simple but important optimization of Boyer–Moore was put forth by Zvi Galil in 1979. As opposed to shifting, the Galil rule deals with speeding up the actual comparisons done at each alignment by skipping sections that are known to match. Suppose that at an alignment $k_{1}$, $P$ is compared with $T$ down to character $c$ of $T$. Then if $P$ is shifted to $k_{2}$ such that its left end is between $c$ and $k_{1}$, in the next comparison phase a prefix of $P$ must match the substring $T[(k_{2} - n)..k_{1}]$. Thus if the comparisons get down to position $k_{1}$ of $T$, an occurrence of $P$ can be recorded without explicitly comparing past $k_{1}$. In addition to increasing the efficiency of Boyer–Moore, the Galil rule is required for proving linear-time execution in the worst case.

The Galil rule, in its original version, is only effective for versions that output multiple matches. It updates the substring range only on $c = 0$, i.e. a full match. A generalized version for dealing with submatches was reported in 1985 as the Apostolico–Giancarlo algorithm.

Performance
The Boyer–Moore algorithm as presented in the original paper has worst-case running time of $O(n+m)$ only if the pattern does not appear in the text. This was first proved by Knuth, Morris, and Pratt in 1977, followed by Guibas and Odlyzko in 1980 with an upper bound of $5n$ comparisons in the worst case. Richard Cole gave a proof with an upper bound of $3n$ comparisons in the worst case in 1991.

When the pattern does occur in the text, running time of the original algorithm is $O(nm)$ in the worst case. This is easy to see when both pattern and text consist solely of the same repeated character. However, inclusion of the Galil rule results in linear runtime across all cases.

Implementations
Various implementations exist in different programming languages. In C++ it is part of the Standard Library since C++17, also Boost provides the generic Boyer–Moore search implementation under the Algorithm library. In Go (programming language) there is an implementation in search.go. D (programming language) uses a BoyerMooreFinder for predicate based matching within ranges as a part of the Phobos Runtime Library.

The Boyer–Moore algorithm is also used in GNU's grep.

Variants
The Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm is a simplification of the Boyer–Moore algorithm using only the bad-character rule.

The Apostolico–Giancarlo algorithm speeds up the process of checking whether a match has occurred at the given alignment by skipping explicit character comparisons. This uses information gleaned during the pre-processing of the pattern in conjunction with suffix match lengths recorded at each match attempt. Storing suffix match lengths requires an additional table equal in size to the text being searched.

The Raita algorithm improves the performance of Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm. The searching pattern of particular sub-string in a given string is different from Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm


text:
Talk:Toyota MR2

Too many links
The External Links needs to be cut down a lot. I don't know what qualifies under WP:EL but if someone could help cut it down that would be great. SkylineBNR34 08:03, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

1994+ Turbocharger designation
I'd love to see the source of the comment 'and a new CT26 (sometimes going by the misnomer CT20b) turbocharger'. I've heard the term CT20b used almost universally by people in the UK and Australia / New Zealand, but only by word of mouth and I've never seen it on anything official. I've never seen or heard anything to suggest it's called a CT26 either though. I once tried to buy one from the leading turbo charger reconditioner in the UK, and they refered to it by the number cast into the casting, '74040', but I imagine that was just a convenient way for them to identify the part rather than an official Toyota designation. I bought a new one from Toyota and as you can see from http://www.mr2turbo.info/pics/ct20b.html there's no mention of 'CT26' or 'CT20b' on the part itself. The original part that came off my 1994 car didn't have a CT designation either, unlike pre 1994 where 'CT26' is often clearly on the inlet casting. I heard there are 'CT20' turbos on other cars that are nothing like the turbos used on the MR2, but that in itself isn't proof the 94+ MR2 turbocharger doesn't have the designation 'CT20b'. --Robin —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.195.28.120 (talk) 08:43, 5 May 2007 (UTC).

Power figures
I think some of the power figures are wrong (i.e. not the official ones). A 1994 onwards Japanese Domestic Market MR2 GT / GT-S (turbo) has a max power 245 PS at 6000 rpm (source: a 1998 Japanese Toyota brochure amongst others), which I think is about 245 hp, not 240 hp as mentioned in the article. 245 PS is often quoted as 240 BHP. A BHP usually seems to be slightly more than an 'American' HP and this is probably where the confusion comes from. Similarly I think the earlier Japanese turbos were 225 PS but I've never seen this figure on official literature yet. As far as I can remember the American MR2 turbos are indeed 200 hp though. I've corrected the figure for the 1994 turbo but left the other figures as they are as I'm only 100.0% sure about the 245 figure. What I suggest is to try to find the 'PS' figures for the cars (preferably from Japanese brochures), as that seems to be the form that Toyota Japan uses (these tend to be equivalent to hp figures). Then multiply by 0.73549875 to get the kilowatt figures. You'll notice in the article the ratio between the hp figures and the kilowatt figure varies. The situation is further confused by Toyota GB occassionally quoting PS figures as 'BHP' figures in brochures. Also as far as I've heard the Japanese 3S-GEs have slightly higher figures than the UK 3S-GEs, which is probably due to Japan having higher octane fuel than the UK. --Robin

 * BHP refers to "brake" horsepower, as opposed to "wheel" horsepower - not "British" horsepower, as you allude. As such, there's no such thing as American Horsepower.  (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower_.28bhp.29)  Theoretically, if it's not to SAE spec, they may use BHP as opposed to "HP (SAE)".  There is a minor difference between PS and HP, however, which is why there is the 245PS vs. 240 BHP discrepancy.  100 DIN PS = 98.63 HP (SAE), so that would make 245PS = 241.6 HP (SAE).  (I'm not sure when this equation was true, as SAE recently changed their calculation specifications, which also take into account a motor installed in a chassis environment). --Michelmreid 03:24, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

I would say the varying HP quotes are valid enough, as far as power measurements go. As such, all HP measurements should always be taken with caution though.... Beyond the varying definitions of a 'horse' power unit, the measuring rules provided by SAE, JIS, DIN etc are important to any given quoted engine HP. These are traditionally regional bodies, so different testing standards can apply in different markets as do different emissions and engine tuning requirements which affect performance too.

'Brake' HP measurements of a given engine will vary with the installed components, exhaust modification, exhaust gas recirculation, and many environmental factors. Even though these are governed by the standard of testing, the HP output of a given engine may vary according to rule application and quality of corrective calculations specified in the standard. Two different motors of identical design (subject to varying manufacturing tolerance, tuning and emission controls) become even less comparable! Some engine manufacturers are known to pick and choose test results to suit themselves, as well as make a mess of unit conversion, hence the great variation in quoted HP.

BTW Michelmreid, the SAE was initially an American society that has provided definitions for US manufacturers of a 'horse's power' and 2 standard methods for measuring engines to obtain the reading (which have changed over time). By my reckoning, there must be such thing as an American horsepower even though that is an impractical term :) (Just as BHP specifically does refer to British Horsepower in some cases - this is in the article you quoted BTW...) HMS DigDug (talk) 07:27, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

1994 changes
Regarding the 1994 changes, the US situation maybe should be mentioned. As far as I heard the US never got the later revision 3s-gte engines, even in 1994 and 1995 cars (this needs to be confirmed though). Of course the car ceased to be sold in the US after 1995 too, and the 1994 and 1995 sales figures were very low. As far as I know all cars sold in the US after 1995 needed to provide an emissions related diagnostic network (OBD II), but what the real reason for the 5 year MR2 black hole in the US is, I don't know. I've added a brief note that 1995 was the last year the car was sold in the US. --Robin

Misc
I removed this text: " The more cynical press accused the MR2 being a ripoff of Fiat's X1/9, but despite the similar design concept, the results were completely different. Where Fiat had failed, Toyota had created a huge success." Apart from being highly POV, it's inaccurate - Fiat's car was pretty successful, with many thousands sold and an almost 20 year lifespan. In fact in comparison the MR2 model didn't last one fifth as long. If you want to make a comparison, fair enough, but at least be reasonable. Graham 11:05, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Since writing that, I have been through the article with a fine-toothed comb and fixed up a lot of spelling and grammar issues. However, I also had to fix some of the more blatant NPOV issues - clearly the author is a great fan of the car and knows a lot about it, but tends to get a bit carried away. You have to stick to the facts - opinions about sales success, handling, its reception by the press, etc need to be factual. There are still numerous POV issues I've left in since I don't know the facts - but someone who does should make an attempt to fix/neutralise the text as necessary. Overall, I also think the article is too long and contains too much detail, but that's open to argument. One thing I definitely did change - "twincam" was not a term coined by Toyota for this car - the term has long pre-existed and I doubt its origins can be definitively traced. (e.g the Ford BDA twincam engine from the 70s, but I expect it goes back well before that). Graham 11:26, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I do admit that the article is somewhat biased - I own an MR2 myself and I'm quite enthusiastic about it. The original, finnish language version of this article was written for the Toyota Club of Finland so that may contribute to the bias as well. Modifying the article towards a more neutral position would definately be a good idea but I think I might not be the right person to do this task. Regarding sales figures, from the information I've seen, approximately 170000 Fiat X1/9s were sold worldwide during it's 17-year production, beginning 1972. I only have MR2 sales figures from 1984 to 1999 and the 110000 were sold in Japan alone - 130000 cars were sold in North America. The worldwide total between those years appears to be approximately 300000. I don't know how well the MR2 has done from 1999 to the present but apparently not quite as well as the earlier models. --Jahalme 15:04, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't say the MR2 didn't outsell the Fiat, I was saying that you can't call the Fiat a failure. If I sold 170000 of anything I think that would be classed as an unparalleled success, don't you? Give the small size of the car and its limited production and market, 170000 seems pretty good. I have eliminated some of the more obvious bias, but there is still some which requires greater knowledge of the MR2 than I have to fix. I hope that in using the text from the Finnish MR2 club no copyrights were violated - if so, the whole thing will have to be scrapped and rewritten anyway. Finally - a minor point but one that really bugs me - please stop writing "it's" everywhere where you mean "its". Unless you mean "it is" or "it has", then the word never has an apostrophe. This is most of the the time. For an example of incorrect usage, see above - you wrote "it's 17-year production". See apostrophe. It's especially tedious to fix these errors because they're hard to see in the edit text sometimes. Anyway, forgive my carping, it's generally a pretty good article, and very informative. I like the MR2 as well and wouldn't mind having a Mk1 targa top as a classic runabout - they're cool :) Graham 04:40, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

All I'd like to add is to whom ever keeps changing the release date of the ZE powered car, please stop. The Supercharged car was available in Japan and southern pacific regions in 1987. The American market didn't get it till a year later. Stop changing it.

Is it a sports car?
Please vote (with a one-line answer, indented) on the following question:

Is this vehicle a sports car?
 * 1) Yes
 * 2) No - it's just a sporty coupe/convertible

--SFoskett 13:22, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. —Morven 18:39, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. SamH 17:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. WEKS 14:48, 2005 July 20 (UTC)
 * Yes. One of the best examples.--David R. Ingham 17:41, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Turbo charged mid engine layout rear wheel drive 2 seater.
 * Yes. Of course.
 * Yes. The definition of Sports Car is just an opinion, but the MR2 fits mine! --Hank Wallace 20:52, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * yes. But with a side not. I believe the MK1 and MK3 fit the description of a sports car while the MK2 fits the description as a GT car. At the bottom of the page it lists the Supra as a sports car when in fact it was always listed as a Pony Car, always tested against the Camaro/Firebird and Mustang type cars. The reason for the move to GT class for the Mk2 is the move by Toyota upscale in size and weight. Being mid-engine and rear drive is not a requirement for "sports car" status in the traditional definition. If it was, then where is the RX7? It is two seat and Mid-Engine as well. I think the term sportscar has been seriously smeared by marketing types in the last 25 or so years... I think it may have been started by Chrysler with the L-Body Omni 024/ Charger advertising campaign... if a Charger can be called a sportscar, then anything with 4-wheels and a fast trap speed can as well.

Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:01, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. In my definition a car that does 0-60 in under 8 seconds with sharp handling is a sports car, and if under 5 seconds a super car. (pp) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.68.36.114 (talk) 13:12, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Yes. How can a 2 seater-convertible-mid-engined-rear-wheel-drive-manual with no storage be anything else but a sports car? It is also C-stock (Mr2 spyder) for SCCA Solo 2 competition, putting it above a very wide verity of cars.

Suspension changes
''...Toyota changed the 1992 model to include wider rear tyres and changed the rear suspension so that the car would be more prone to understeer, thus making it more difficult to push the car into snap oversteer. These changes also made the cornering abilities a bit worse...''

Any documentation to back this up? I have driven both a 91 and a 93 and I disagree. In fact I believe this is a point of contention among many MR2 owners. It should probably not be presented as a fact that the 93 suspension is worse. (Note: In the US, these changes took effect for the 1993 model year, are you using 1992 because that's when the JDM changes took place?)

I haven't found any _official_ documentation on the suspension changes, despite heavy searches. However, it's clear to see the figures for suspension geo/settings when comparing the Revision 1 cars against the Revision 2 cars (JDM as well as UK models). Having owned three different revision MR2s, the difference is most definately noticable; the rear of the Revision one models is definately more 'lively' and more prone to fishtailing.

 * There were changes to the suspension, but I suspect the 10% wider rear tyres made the biggest difference. 203.132.65.136 08:30, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Scion tC replacing the MR2?
I think this line should be removed from the article. Did someone from Toyota actually say this? The MR2 is a lightweight mid-engined rear-wheel drive convertible, while the tC is a heavy front-engined front-wheel drive coupe which costs $9k less. The same line is also in the Scion tC article.

 * Perhaps change it to something like ... replaced(?) by other exciting and youthful products from Toyota such as the Matrix and Corolla XRS, Solara sports coupe and recently(?) the Scion xA, xB and tC.? --WEKS 06:32, 2005 August 11 (UTC)
 * None of those are convertibles though. The Solara coupe has been around since 1999 and the convertible arrived in 2000. The Spyder may have a relatively small engine and cheap feel, but it's fairly pricey, 2x as much as the xA. The only car atleast in the U.S. that it compares too is the Miata, with the S2000 and Elise being the two cars Spyder owners upgrade too if they want another lightweight/low hp convertible.
 * I'd say that line from the press release refers more to the Celica, and it really doesn't say those are the replacement cars, just existing competition that added to the MR2's and Celica's demise. Something else that makes the Spyder unique is its low production/sales. Including the few hundred more they'll sell the rest of this year, the total sales from six years will be under 25,000. On the other hand, Toyota sold 28,000 tC's in it's first six months, and 70,000 through July '05 (13 months). --67.160.63.141 09:18, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm.... Yeah I get what you are saying, so then we should just say that Toyota doesn't have a car in it's current lineup to direclty replace the MR2. Or something along those lines, or just leave it as it is? --WEKS 07:36, 2005 August 12 (UTC)

AW11 Weights
Could somebody find and include the average weight for the AW11 model? The first section indicates that it was lightweight, that the SW20 was much heavier, and that the ZZW30 "dropped under a ton again," implying that the AW11 was <2,000 lbs. Could somebody get the actual value? I believe that SW20 is around 3,200 lbs.

 * I think the "under a ton" is referring to a metric ton (1000kg), meaning the ZZW30 was under 2200 lbs. The SW20 weights I've seen published are around 2850 lbs for the Turbo and 2700 lbs for the NA model. These are the nominal weights without options, as I understand it. Since most of the cars came heavily optioned from the factory, most SW20s will weigh more.

 * IIRC, the AW11 weight was somewhere around 2300-2400 lbs. the gze was slighty heavier24.240.19.71 04:04, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As a (no longer running) Lotus Seven owner, I consider the weight to be a very important figure that should be in a table, as in the Mazda MX-5 article. The height would be good to have there too, as these figures summarize the compromise between performance and comfort and space that defines the term "sports car".

 * From Road and Track, November 1984, I get 2050–2320 # and 49.2". It says "Toyota's philosophy did not result in a particularly light car, with Japanese models ranging between 930 – 960 Kg (2050–2115 lb.), which is approximately the same as the larger Corolla front engine coups ... U.S. MR2 should come in at about 2320 lb."  David R. Ingham 19:21, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

1040kgs dry - ex AW11 SC owner.

I've got 1050kg written on my registration papers. 203.132.66.152 04:36, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Toyota's published documentation says 2350 for a 1985 US-market MR2. If I remember correctly the 1987-1989 normally aspirated US-market cars were published at 2380lb curb weight. Road and Track tested a Japanese market car in November 1984 and published a 2095lb curb weight; in October 1987 they tested a US-market 5-speed Supercharged car and published a 2620lb curb weight. Bdc101 (talk) 16:01, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Finally found the specific document: http://www.toyotapart.com/1988_MODEL_MR2_SPECIFICATIONS_T-PG009-87.pdf
 * It says 2350 for a 1988 hardtop 5-speed, with the T-tops adding about 40lbs, supercharger adding about 100, and auto tranny adding 40 to 70 lbs. Not sure about the 1985/86 cars though. Bdc101 (talk) 20:17, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

T-Bar/Targa Top?
The AW11 section states that a targa top was available in Japan. Is this a reference to a true targa top (where the entire roof section is removable) or is this in reference to the T-bar top (with a bar running down the centre)? Big difference, as the T-Top was standard on some US models.

 * It had a T-Top. For some reason Toyota refers to a true targa as an "aero top", for example as used on the JZA80 Supra. 203.132.65.136 08:28, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

collectibles
I'm putting in collectible article for Toyota, but some editors says Wikipedia has no place for such an article and will remove any attempt to write about toy MR2 or a toy anything. Thoughts?? I'm a toy car collector. --matador300 07:47, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

It doesn't strike me that an article for the collectible is notable, but feel free to add a Collectibles section to this article! Scott Paeth 07:11, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

mk 1.5?
there is no mention in the article of a mk1.5. i definitely think this deserves some sort of honorable mention.

I agree, the Mk1.5 should be mentioned along with the history of it. Starting with Deno Plumley in America. http://www.mk1point5.com/ Also point out the modded V6 and V8 MK1s that are being built or have been built. Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:01, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Fiat X1/9
Even though Justanother appears to have some complex where he must remove all references to the Fiat X1/9, to be a truly correct article, there should be discussion that the original MR2 was designed based off the X1/9. There are accounts of Toyota essentially buying an X1/9 and enlarging it by 10%. Those who race both X1/9s and Mk1 MR2s can tell you that the mechanicals are nearly identical. To be blunt, Toyota copied the Fiat/Bertone vehicle -- designed in 1972!
 * Then just follow wikipedia rules and write a well-referenced article see WP:V and WP:NOR. You don't get to write original material here. Sorry but you can put your original writings on your personal blog. ps I am not the first to remove this exact sort of material. But please do not think that I am disputing your claim, I am not. It sounds like an interesting story and, if true, one that deserves to be told. It is, however, a claim that needs to be cited so just follow the rules and contribute to the article. And consider creating an account, it is free and anonymous. --Justanother 15:27, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I looked around a bit and found little to support that the 10% thing is more than a rumor. It can certainly be reported as such if you source it. But I think the better approach is to give props to the X1/9 as producing an early flyweight (or lightweight) mid-engined sports car. The MR2 is an improvement on the theme of lightweight mid-engined sports car, not a "copy" or a "version" of the X1/9. X1/9 was not the first either, see Lotus Europa. --Justanother 17:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I must jump in here as well. The MR2 was definitely a copy of the X1/9.  I actually have raced X1/9s, and now 1st gen. MR2s, in SCCA.  The MR2 is/was almost a carbon-copy of the X1/9.  I don't know about the 10%, but it is indeed slightly larger in most dimensions.  Actually the most interesting item is that the X1/9 is still the more involving car to drive, which should say a lot to just how far ahead of its time it was.  The Lotus Europa was a completely different class of car given the price range and size, sorry.  One might make a better argument with the Porsche 914, though this car was still quite expensive in its day.  For all intents and purposes, the X1/9 started the affordable mid-engine sports car market.  The MR2 and Fiero followed this, where the first MR2 was in fact nearly a carbon copy.  I havn't had the chance to tear down a Fiero, so I don't know with regards to that car.  Do I have sources?  No; good luck.
 * I agree about the props due the X1/9. I am not an expert on X1/9 or 1st gen MR2 but from my reading it seems to be a case of Toyota got it right?? Inflammatory words, I am sure. I really can't say about the "copying" thing but to me that would means, same suspension set-up, same geometry. Same, same, same; lots more than that they both have a transverse 4-banger and a transaxle. That is not "copying". But what do I know, maybe Toyota did copy. I think that you can give props without getting into this "bought an X1/9 and made it 10% bigger" thing. But even that can be mentioned as rumor. Go for it. --Justanother 20:31, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, car enthusiasts love to banter about what is better than the other, i.e., your comment that Toyota got it right. I will tell you though that the SCCA makes it much tougher now to race an X1/9 because how competitive it is; not the same with the MR2 (hence, why I now must race the MR2).  You'll just have to trust me that the copying is not down to generalities like the engine placement.  The suspension set-up is indeed the same.  Really, it is just plain uncanny in many places; the car is essentially a knock-off of a car designed over a decade prior.  From my experience, I would lend much credit to the rumour that Toyota essentially bought an X1/9 and started photocopying. That's fine, it isn't the first nor the last case of this in the automotive industry.  It is just an interesting historical note at this point.  Wish I could better document this, but then I see this might be the original research you mention. regards.
 * Yes, I was engaging in a bit of deliberate "chain-pulling" there. I am, in fact, quite the Italian car aficionado myself anyway. But I encourage you to write the article you want to write and source it as best you can. I found sources that related the rumor as rumor so it could certainly be presented that way. You can also reference fan pages that speak of the similarity. And you are certainly not limited to internet sources; I would imagine the car mags covered the similarity. --Justanother 22:53, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

The claims of the X1/9 copy are totally unfounded. Anyone who'd "driven both" would quickly realise the only similarities are the fact that the engine is in the back end. The inspirations for the MR2 come from Lotus cars like the SAX and "Lotus Toyota" project. The only reason the woeful Fiat got any attention in the media was because critics were looking for a comparison to use against the MR2 and the X1/9 was the only thing available that was in a similar price bracket.

Beams
I think it would be suitable to mention the limited BEAMS engine as well. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.3.147.244 (talk • contribs).
 * It is mentioned, second last para of the first section under the SW20 heading 203.132.65.136 08:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Collector car?
quote: The SW20 has become a major collector's car since the 2003 Ultimate Street Car Challenge win of Brad Bedell and his yellow V6-powered MR2. The 1MZ-FE motor, that comes from the V6 powered Solara and Camry, has quickly become a popular modification as the expense of switching to the V6 motor is roughly in line with installing a turbocharged motor into a formerly naturally aspirated car.

Now Brads victory was an awesome success, tried by a handful of MR2 owners before. But I am pretty certain that the MR2 is NOT a major collector car. The resale prices of late model MK2 turbo MR2s has gotten a bit out of hand for a few years, the prices were climbing well before Brads victory. And a modified MR2 would not increase the value of stock model. That quote just does not make sense. Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:02, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Modified MR2s
I think there should be a section showing the following MR2s: The Group S TTE Rally MR2. I have specs and images of the Toyota Museum car and also of the other that is located in Germany.\ History of this car is rampant with internet rumour. It would be nice to finally get a detailed inventory of the actual history of the car. here is the white Museum car. I have more as well, including inside shots and engine shots of the black TTE rally car. http://mr2ownersclub.com/groups.asp

The Convertible MK1 (MR2 Spider) http://www.mr2ownersclub.com/mk1convertible/

MK2 Bonneville jet car along with the Tri-Jet MK1

Bob Norwoods Turbocharged 4AGE powered MK2 MR2 http://www.bobnorwood.com/The%20Fastest%20Little%20Sports%20Car%20in%20Utah.htm

Bob Norwood also has a book that basically shows how to make the V6 MK2 MR2 - forget the publisher, but it is a big tuning manual for aftermarket ECUs. This was done back in the late 90s to early 2000s.

Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:16, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Opening statement
"It is a common misconception that the MR2 was Lotus-designed but assembled and distributed by Toyota. In actuality the Lotus M90 (a.k.a. the X100) project was scrapped after a single prototype was built"

This kills me... this Lotus was actually closer related to the RWD Corolla GT (AE86) as it used the engine and drivetrain from this car. It may outwardly look like a triangle form and the Mr2, hell, even the TVR and the X1/9, but it is a front engine rear drive. ref: http://python.rice.edu/~arb/arbmotorsports/arbmotors_2003/lotus_elan_m90.html

so basically this car has nothing to do with the MR2 and should never even be mentioned in the same sentence. It would be closer related to the Corolla Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:23, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

I changed the language "...was something no one had expected from any Japanese car manufacturer, known for their economical and practical cars." to "...was something no one had expected from Toyota, known for their economical and practical cars." Nissan and Mazda, to name two Japanese makers, had produced sports cars well in advance of the MR2. Of course Toyota made the 2000GT, but it's debatable that this was a production car. Citroënist (talk) 13:42, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

4AGe power ratings and injection type
"The engine was also equipped with a Bosch L-Jetronic type multi-point fuel injection and a variable intake geometry (T-VIS), giving the engine a maximum power output of 128 hp (95 kW). US engines were rated at 112 hp (84 kW), European engines at 124 hp (93 kW), Australian engines at 118 hp (88 kW) and Japanese engines at 130hp (97 kW)."

This is wrong. Not all engines used the L-Jetronic injection system. Only countries that required strict emissions standards used the L-Jetronic. The D-Jetronic was used on non-emissions built cars. These cars also did not come with catalyst. This explains why the non-North American cars made more more power. In place of the Cat a resonator was placed. Other changes were related to fuel quality and compression rations (I believe that secondary timing also played a small difference in relation to fuel quality.) Power ratings also changed with the rev2 change to the Supercharged block with the wider bearings and heavier components. Simplify build by just using one component instead of many.

There is also reference to the Mk1 C50 transaxle. There was an article written in a car magazine in the mid-80s about Toyota quality. About how Toyota sent engineers to dealerships to review warranty cases like the weak transaxle issues that the MR2 was seeing. One of the benefits of this was that the engineers would see what was breaking and how, then get this info to the factory engineers so that they could implement changes to the production models. They made these changes on the fly. Something that other companies like GM and Ford could not do at the time. I do not have reference to the magazine, it could have been Autoweek or one of the other big guns in the states. Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:36, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

The Ijection system was not built by Bosch. It was licensed by Toyota from Bosch and actually was a major improvement of the Bosch L-Jetronic system. Bill Strong www.MR2OC.com 18:38, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

...frequently called the "Mister Two."
Is this a North American thing? They're quite common here in the UK, and I don't think I've ever heard them called "Mister Two". Loganberry (Talk) 00:38, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

1985 mr2 needs fuel pump
wear is the pump? in tank?e-mail-deangraham1@hotmail.com

Midship Runabout
MR stands for "Midship Runabout." An example of the Japanese market MR2 badge: http://www.mrs-passion.com/catalog/images/BadgeJSpec.jpg 124.176.22.162 23:30, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

If you open the hood (front) of the MR2 spyder, "Midship Runabout" is written on the spare tire hatch. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.130.33.39 (talk) 16:12, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

MR2 in French
This edit diff brought to my attention that someone disagrees with what MR2 sounds like in French. If it's simply someone trying to censor it or not, I don't know. I looked up "est merdeux" in a translator and it gave me "is filthy". If someone can make sure this is correct, that would be great. In the meantime, I have reverted the edit. --Leedeth 22:36, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * MR2 totally sound like "est merdeux". The literal translation would be "is full of shit/shity" but "filthy" is closer from the french use of this word.
 * It can also sound like "et merde!" (literally "and shit!") wich is a common swearing.
 * In france, the car is sold as "MR", not "MR2"
 * I'm much better in french than in english, so I'll let you add those precious informations in the article. --Madlozoz (talk) 18:06, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MR2-Ferrari355.jpg
Image:MR2-Ferrari355.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 12:51, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Related?
These "related" sections in the infoboxes are getting out of hand, for example "Pontiac Fiero" in the SW20 box?! The MR2 shares engines with many other cars but that's the end of any similarities. I've removed them. 124.176.49.201 (talk) 23:34, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Competition Over Images
I know all of us are proud of our cars, and put the picture of the car in there, but this isnt a competition, this is an uncyclopedia, therefore, an image of the car in PERFECT conditions must be posted for informational purposes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jjmorabrenes (talk • contribs) 02:55, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Agree - it is a bit silly. The current picture at the top of the article has a MR2 with a damanged (unable to fold correctly) roof. 203.59.168.239 (talk) 05:42, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Future section.
Autotrader has MR2 on its up coming list for a 2012 release.(Morcus (talk) 20:25, 3 August 2009 (UTC))

"Mark I/II/III" Naming Scheme
Where did this originate anyways? Many Toyota enthusiasts use it for the Celica, Supra, and MR2, but where did it come from? Is there any Toyota literature supporting this naming scheme? We probably should either remove it or include a note if it's not a Toyota term. Bdc101 (talk) 18:29, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Updates
I made some changes and removed quite a bit of text from the article -- mostly excessive or unverifiable information, and I removed an entire paragraph from the MkII section that basically repeated the previous paragraph in someone else's words. The MkII section in particular had lots of grammar errors and bad info. I'd like to bring this article up to "B" article standards, so please chime in if you have an opinion. Bdc101 (talk) 23:24, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Article quality standard
Hi all,

I've been asked by bdc101 to give an opinion about the quality of this article. Here's what I've noticed after a short look.

 * 1) References are few and far between, especially for the early years. Of the few that are there, many of them are to fan sites. Fan sites are very weak as references. Every major fact must be backed up by a reference to a credible source (eg books, Toyota manuals/brochures/microfiche, official Toyota websites). Remember that anything on toyota.com is for the US market, not worldwide.
 * 2) Years. It is not clear if these are calendar years or US style model years. Best if both year and month are given (ie calendar year). US model years should be explicitly prefixed with 'US model year' (or 'MY' for infoboxes). The 'Revisions and Model Year Changes' section is not clear about whether it is using calendar years (the standard for WP, except for American only vehicles) or US style model years. A typical American will see the words 'Model Year' in the section title and automatically assume that it means US style model years. Should add the model years field for the infoboxes - otherwise Americans keep bumping the years in the 'production' field up by one.
 * 3) The infoboxes should be simple summaries. They are currently way too complicated. There is no need to list every variation possible. Don't put Japan only, UK, US, Australia, etc in the infoboxes - list the variations in the main text instead. Moving the HP/PS/kW figures into the main text (perhaps as a table) will simplify the infoboxes.
 * 4) Naming. The text sometimes says Mk I or generation 1 but sometimes mentions AW10 or AW11 without explaining what this code means. You need to tell the casual reader that AW10 means the 1.5 L 3A first gen model and AW11 means the 1.6 L 4A first gen model. Does the 'Second generation (MkII) SW20/SW21/SW22 (1990-1999)' section also cover the Japanese only AW20? The Toyota Camry article is a good example to follow.
 * 5) Consistency. The bugbear of all WP articles with multiple editors. The style of each section should be the same. Choose one style and keep to it. Don't make the early model sections different to the late model sections. This includes how you do tables, list models, engines, trim level, etc.

More will follow as I find time. Cheers.  Stepho  (talk) 06:05, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your input. Do you have any opposition to removing the "MkI/II/III" naming scheme altogether for now? As I mentioned above, this seems to just be a nickname made up by the enthusiast crowd. I'll clarify the production vs model years. I'll also spend some time on the infoboxes and probably will altogether remove the SARD MC8-R infobox, since it's basically empty and its racing career is hardly worth mentioning.

 * I'll copy edit the article again with your input, thanks for spending the time. Bdc101 (talk) 16:02, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Where did you hear about a Japan-only AW20? I've never heard mention of it in any Toyota literature or any the MR2 books I've read. Google returns literally no information on it, save typos. I'm as certain as I can be that it does not exist, but I've been wrong before. Bdc101 (talk) 21:04, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected. I had a vague memory of either a SW10 or AW20 (ie one of the generations with the engine commonly used in the other generation) and I only did a quick google search without actually checking out the links. Sorry for the wrong lead.  Stepho   (talk) 00:50, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * No prob, you had me confused for a second, I tend to second-guess myself when the internet is my major source of info. Maybe you were thinking of the AT160/AT180 Celicas, anyways. I've had a hard time convincing a few people those existed. Bdc101 (talk) 13:45, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Finished another big round of edits. Feel free to comment or discuss. Bdc101 (talk) 20:32, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Generation titles
I would argue for naming the sections simply "First generation (W10)", "Second generation (W20)", and "Third generation (W30)", leaving production years out of section headings - as they are often subject to constant changes by people who favor model years or have some other ideas. I am going to try and dig up some reliable early info too.  ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃  (talk) 19:06, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's a fair point. But their have been a number of vehicles where there were arguments about the generation number depending on which generation it was introduced in different countries and under which name. Eg is the Prius XW11 first or second gen, is the Cressida X30 the first gen even though it is almost identical to the Japanese Mark II X30 (which also has an argument over whether its first gen is the T60 or the X10), does the Camry start at the A40 Celica Camry (a variant of the Carina) or at the V10? Their is no real argument over the MR2's generations but I'd like to keep the Toyota articles to the consistent format that was hammered out at Talk:Toyota Camry. I'd like to leave the calenader years in because many new readers don't know what W10 means but most know roughly what year their vehicle is. I've found that even when Americans change the titles to match model years, they most accept my reverts with the summary 'Revert good faith edit. Using internationally understood calendar years instead of US specific model years'. There are always a few die hards who believe that US model years are the one and only system allowed, with no other system allowed but most seem content to allow calendar years to stand once the international angle is pointed out to them. And I'm quite prepared to continue correcting them - like I've been doing for the last few years. Cheers.  Stepho   (talk) 23:20, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * It appears this discussion has moved over to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Automobiles/Conventions. OSX (talk • contributions) 01:04, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Lead image
I'm starting to get dizzy from the lead image changing daily. Let's discuss it here first. I have a personal preference to the first generation but no generation has any official preference. But I'm not keen on that red first gen image because the truck in the background makes it look cluttered. The black image is much cleaner - but a less front-on angle would show it's lines better. Any other comments?  Stepho  talk 22:35, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Agreed - I think that the red image is a lot better as an illustration, but would be more than happy with a better one.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  20:38, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Sequential Manual Transmission
Timeline is/was US centric. ZZW30 clearly introduced in Australia 13 October 2000 as SMT only, while article cites 2002 as SMT introduction. Google, in its infinite wisdom keeps giving me Australian sources. Can a US editor confirm that SMT only became available in USA in 2002, or that 6 speed SMT was available a year earlier than Australia, whichever is correct, and edit accordingly?? Unclear to me as article stands. Seasalt (talk) 15:48, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

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Lead image 2
Nbvolks@undefined and GreenGhost74@undefined keep changing the lead image. Can you two (and any other interested parties) please discuss here instead of flip-flopping the article daily. For my 2 cents, I would be happy with either image.  Stepho  talk 09:36, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

My apologies for engaging in too many reversions, I was not aware of how BRD is supposed to work. My thinking behind replacing the lead image is to offer a better representation of the stock (factory spec) vehicle. The previous image from Nbvolks@undefined depicted a Rev3 MR2 with Rev5 MR2 wheels and turns signals, which is not representative of how the vehicle was ever sold. While I've been writing this, the lead image appears to have been changed again to a the same Rev3 MR2 with more Rev5 MR2 updates, but it also appears to have an aftermarket brake kit. My hope is just to supply a high quality image of an unmodified 100% factory-spec MR2. I would also appreciate some sort of reasons being given for why my revision keeps being reverted. GreenGhost74 (talk) 14:05, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

 * GreenGhost's image seems best to me, but it is always hard to claim impartiality about one's own photo, presumably of one's own car. But the blingy black photo is not so good.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  02:19, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The white image or the first black image are both fine by me. The white image has aftermarket wheels and the black image is slightly harder to make out details of the body lines - I could live with either. But that last black shiny image has way too many reflections - I can barely make out any of the body line details (esp. around the side gills).  Stepho  talk 09:50, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The white image actually depicts the car with the stock 1993 wheels. The paint on the center caps is a little worn, but they're stock. I really just wanted to supply a nice, high quality image of an unmodified SW20 MR2 for the article. I'm not very partial to it being a photo of my car, as I don't even intend to keep my MR2 completely stock much longer. That said, I'm considering completely photoshopping out the license plate in the photo and re uploading it to better showcase the car. GreenGhost74 (talk) 20:07, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * [EDIT] I went ahead and tried photoshopping the plate out, and I personally think it makes for a better photo. GreenGhost74 (talk) 21:41, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * My preference is to leave the number plate in - more indicative of what we see on the street. But it doesn't bother me much either way.  Stepho  talk 22:36, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm with Stepho on this one, that's how the majority of cars look, after all. Best,  Mr.choppers |   ✎  04:45, 7 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Alright, makes sense to me. GreenGhost74 (talk) 16:47, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Are you sure the image you uploaded is your own? It look like it you photographed it from some 90s magazine or publicity shot. The recent date where it was took and the exif data, you seem to have done just that. --Vauxford (talk) 02:13, 11 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm actually flattered that a recent photo of my car has been mistaken for a real promo shot from the 90s, because that's essentially the look I was going for. Feel free to take a look at this forum topic [link ] where I semi-frequently post photos of my car. On August 22nd 2018 I even posted two alternate shots from the same date/time/location as the photo I've uploaded to Wikipedia commons. All the best, GreenGhost74 (talk) 07:30, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

Akio Yoshida
Hi I'm new to Wikipedia and am an MR2 enthusiast, I noticed that when you click on Akio Yoshida's name it brings you to a page of a Japanese soccer player. From the research I've done it seems like these are different people should this link be taken off or should a page be created for Mr. Yoshida? Thanks (Sk8kid99 (talk) 23:22, 29 January 2019 (UTC))

 * I can't find an article about the engineer, nor do I have any information to create one. So I guess we just have to delink his name.  Stepho  talk 22:43, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

SARD MC8 update
Found some info on the disappearing SARD MC8 at https://shakotantoday.com/home/2019/9/14/sard-mc8

Not sure how accurate or verifiable this is but it gives us something to trace.  Stepho  talk 11:45, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

Not a fan of the current lead image for the 1st gen, let's vote on it.
I wasn't a fan of the current 1st gen MR2 lead image so I changed it to the image with the second image I linked but it got reverted. Which image do you guys think is better overall? I think the composition, spec of the car and quality of the second shot overcome it having a small rope in front but what do y'all think? I'll also include 3 other alternate options as well. TKOIII (talk) 23:18, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I vote #5, but they all have problems.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  01:28, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Added two more options (doesn't have to be red), now I vote #7.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  01:34, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I still vote #2 TKOIII (talk) 07:14, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I've added the original photo to the list of candidates.
 * 1 - not bad but has slightly distracting background.
 * 2 - has a very distracting red chain across the front and a pole centre front - awful !
 * 3 - not bad but feels claustrophobic. The kid in the green shirt in the background is a little distracting.
 * 4 - cluttered.
 * 5 - good angle, background is not too distracting. Cropped a bit tight.
 * 6 - cluttered.
 * 7 - not bad but a bit glary for the windows.
 * 8 Support - good angle, the background is distinct from the car but not distracting, no glare, no distracting people/objects.  Stepho  talk 13:53, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * But #8 is of the second gen? Is this regarding the main photo or just the W10 infobox? I still believe we should remove the two photos of cars with aftermarket wheels (1 and 3).  Mr.choppers |   ✎  15:28, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Oops, my mistake, strike out #8 - late night editing ☹.
 * 9 is not bad but the other car in the background is mildly distracting. OEM wheels are better but aftermarket wheels don't bother me much. #5 is my new favourite.  Stepho  talk 21:49, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * So have we come to any sort of consensus yet? My tier list of them would have to be from best to worst: 2, 5, 7, 3, 9, 6, 4, 1 TKOIII (talk) 17:15, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

 * No consensus so far. Your best is my worst and your worst is close to my best but 5 and 7 score high for both of us. Best to worst: 5, 7, 1, 3, 9, 4, 6, 2.  Stepho  talk 06:15, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm just gonna change it to 5 then since no one else seems to be chiming in here and it seems to be the most popular between us. TKOIII (talk) 02:16, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

 * No problem.  Stepho  talk 10:26, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Incorrect Production Date
The W20 was produced in Japan in December 1989, and was subsequently released to other markets (such as the USA and UK) 1990, therefore the production date of 1990 is incorrect and false information. I corrected the date but someone keeps changing it back. 82.4.137.39 (talk) 16:03, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Oops, that would be me. Somehow I thought your change was from 1989 to 1990 - ie, a common American move to US style model years. I have undone my bad revert. My apologies.  Stepho  talk 23:34, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toyota MR2


text:
1990–91 snooker world rankings

Snooker world rankings 1990/1991: The professional world rankings for the top 32 snooker players and five others from the top 64 in the 1990–91 season are listed below.

Alex Higgins was ranked 14th in the original list for the season, but was docked 25 points and banned from competing for ten months, in July 1990.

title: 1990–91 snooker world rankings


text:
Photoplethysmogram

A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. A conventional pulse oximeter monitors the perfusion of blood to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin.

With each cardiac cycle the heart pumps blood to the periphery. Even though this pressure pulse is somewhat damped by the time it reaches the skin, it is enough to distend the arteries and arterioles in the subcutaneous tissue. If the pulse oximeter is attached without compressing the skin, a pressure pulse can also be seen from the venous plexus, as a small secondary peak.

The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with the light from a light-emitting diode (LED) and then measuring the amount of light either transmitted or reflected to a photodiode. Each cardiac cycle appears as a peak, as seen in the figure. Because blood flow to the skin can be modulated by multiple other physiological systems, the PPG can also be used to monitor breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory conditions. Additionally, the shape of the PPG waveform differs from subject to subject, and varies with the location and manner in which the pulse oximeter is attached.

Although PPG sensors are in common use in a number of commercial and clinical applications, the exact mechanisms determining the shape of the PPG waveform are not yet fully understood.

Sites for measuring PPG
While pulse oximeters are commonly used medical devices, the PPG signal they record is rarely displayed and is nominally only processed to determine blood oxygenation and heart rate. The PPG can be obtained from transmissive absorption (as at the finger tip) or reflection (as on the forehead).

In outpatient settings, pulse oximeters are commonly worn on the finger. However, in cases of shock, hypothermia, etc., blood flow to the periphery can be reduced, resulting in a PPG without a discernible cardiac pulse. In this case, a PPG can be obtained from a pulse oximeter on the head, with the most common sites being the ear, nasal septum, and forehead. PPG can also be configured for multi-site photoplethysmography (MPPG), e.g. by making simultaneous measurements from the right and left ear lobes, index fingers and great toes, and offering further opportunities for the assessment of patients with suspected peripheral arterial disease, autonomic dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness. MPPG also offers significant potential for data mining, e.g. using deep learning, as well as a range of other innovative pulse wave analysis techniques.

Motion artifacts are often a limiting factor preventing accurate readings during exercise and free living conditions.

Monitoring heart rate and cardiac cycle

Because the skin is so richly perfused, it is relatively easy to detect the pulsatile component of the cardiac cycle. The DC component of the signal is attributable to the bulk absorption of the skin tissue, while the AC component is directly attributable to variation in blood volume in the skin caused by the pressure pulse of the cardiac cycle.

The height of AC component of the photoplethysmogram is proportional to the pulse pressure, the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure in the arteries. As seen in the figure showing premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the PPG pulse for the cardiac cycle with the PVC results in lower amplitude blood pressure and a PPG. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation can also be detected.

Monitoring respiration

Respiration affects the cardiac cycle by varying the intrapleural pressure, the pressure between the thoracic wall and the lungs. Since the heart resides in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, the partial pressure of inhaling and exhaling greatly influence the pressure on the vena cava and the filling of the right atrium.

During inspiration, intrapleural pressure decreases by up to 4 mm Hg, which distends the right atrium, allowing for faster filling from the vena cava, increasing ventricular preload, but decreasing stroke volume. Conversely during expiration, the heart is compressed, decreasing cardiac efficiency and increasing stroke volume. When the frequency and depth of respiration increases, the venous return increases, leading to increased cardiac output.

Much research has focused on estimating respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, as well as more detailed respiratory measurements such as inspiratory time.

Monitoring depth of anesthesia

Anesthesiologists must often judge subjectively whether a patient is sufficiently anesthetized for surgery. As seen in the figure, if a patient is not sufficiently anesthetized, the sympathetic nervous system response to an incision can generate an immediate response in the amplitude of the PPG.

Monitoring hypo- and hypervolemia
Shamir, Eidelman, et al. studied the interaction between inspiration and removal of 10% of a patient’s blood volume for blood banking before surgery. They found that blood loss could be detected both from the photoplethysmogram from a pulse oximeter and an arterial catheter. Patients showed a decrease in the cardiac pulse amplitude caused by reduced cardiac preload during exhalation when the heart is being compressed.

Monitoring blood pressure
The FDA reportedly provided clearance to a photoplethysmography-based cuffless blood pressure monitor in August 2019.

Conventional imaging
While photoplethysmography commonly requires some form of contact with the human skin (e.g., ear, finger), remote photoplethysmography allows physiological processes such as blood flow to be determined without skin contact. This is achieved by using face video to analyze subtle momentary changes in the subject's skin color which are not detectable to the human eye. Such camera-based measurement of blood oxygen levels provides a contactless alternative to conventional photoplethysmography. For instance, it can be used to monitor the heart rate of newborn babies, or analyzed with deep neural networks to quantify stress levels.

Digital holography

Remote photoplethysmography can also be performed by digital holography, which is sensitive to the phase of light waves, and hence can reveal sub-micron out-of-plane motion. In particular, wide-field imaging of pulsatile motion induced by blood flow can be measured on the thumb by digital holography. The results are comparable to blood pulse monitored by plethysmography during an occlusion-reperfusion experiment. A major advantage of this system is that no physical contact with the studied tissue surface area is required. The two major limitations of this approach are (i) the off-axis interferometric configuration that reduces the available spatial bandwidth of the sensor array, and (ii) the use of short-time Fourier transform (via discrete Fourier transform) analysis that filters-off physiological signals.

Principal component analysis of digital holograms reconstructed from digitized interferograms acquired at rates beyond ~1000 frames per second reveals surface waves on the hand. This method is an efficient way of performing digital holography from on-axis interferograms, which alleviates both the spatial bandwidth reduction of the off-axis configuration and the filtering of physiological signals. A higher spatial bandwidth is crucial for larger image field of view.

A refinement of holographic photoplethysmography, holographic laser Doppler imaging, enables non-invasive blood flow pulse wave monitoring in blood vessels of the retina, choroid, conjunctiva, and iris. In particular, laser Doppler holography of the eye fundus, the choroid constitutes the predominant contribution to the high frequency laser Doppler signal. It is however possible to circumvent its influence by subtracting the spatially averaged baseline signal, and achieve high temporal resolution and full-field imaging capability of pulsatile blood flow.

title: Photoplethysmogram


text:
Nucleus ambiguus

The nucleus ambiguus ("ambiguous nucleus" in English) is a group of large motor neurons, situated deep in the medullary reticular formation named by Jacob Clarke. The nucleus ambiguus contains the cell bodies of neurons that innervate the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx which are associated with speech and swallowing. As well as motor neurons, the nucleus ambiguus contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons which innervate postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the heart.

It is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal (posterior) to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper (rostral) medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract.

This nucleus gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X) terminating in the laryngeal, pharyngeal muscles, and musculus uvulae; as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus muscle. In addition, it gives efferent fibers to the cranial part of accessory nerve (CNXI).

Function
The nucleus ambiguus controls the motor innervation of ipsilateral muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus. Lesions of nucleus ambiguus result in nasal speech, dysphagia, dysphonia, and deviation of the uvula toward the contralateral side. Preganglionic parasympathetic to the heart also flow through the external formation of the nucleus.

Areas supplied
The muscles supplied by the vagus (included with this is the cranial root of the accessory nerve), such as levator veli palatini, are also necessary to swallow properly through integration by the nucleus of the solitary tract. The vagus also supplies the upper part of the esophagus, and other parts of the pharynx and larynx.

As well as motor neurons, the nucleus ambiguus in its "external formation" contains cholinergic preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for the heart. These neurons are cardioinhibitory. This cardioinhibitory effect is one of the means by which quick changes in blood pressure are achieved by the central nervous system (the primary means being changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, which constricts arterioles and makes the heart pump faster and harder). That is, through an integrated and antagonistic system with sympathetic outflow from the vasomotor center of the brainstem, the parasympathetic outflow arising from the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve acts to decrease cardiac activity in response to fast increases in blood pressure. The external formation of the nucleus ambiguus also sends bronchoconstrictor fibers to the bronchopulmonary system, which can produce reflexive decreases in pulmonary bronchial airflow. The pathophysiologic relevance of this system, which may act in concert with the cardioinhibitory system, is poorly understood, but likely plays a role in bronchospastic diseases like COPD/emphysema (in which inhaled anticholinergic medications such as Spiriva/tiotropium or ipratropium are standard-of-care treatment) and asthma, particularly for exercise-related asthma exacerbations, which may have a component of autonomic dysregulation.

title: Nucleus ambiguus


text:
Arthur Waley

Arthur David Waley (born Arthur David Schloss, 19 August 1889 – 27 June 1966) was an English orientalist and sinologist who achieved both popular and scholarly acclaim for his translations of Chinese and Japanese poetry. Among his honours were appointment as Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1952, receiving the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 1953, and being invested as a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1956.

Although highly learned, Waley avoided academic posts and most often wrote for a general audience. He chose not to be a specialist but to translate a wide and personal range of classical literature. Starting in the 1910s and continuing steadily almost until his death in 1966, these translations started with poetry, such as A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems (1918) and Japanese Poetry: The Uta (1919), then an equally wide range of novels, such as The Tale of Genji (1925–26), an 11th-century Japanese work, and Monkey, from 16th-century China. Waley also presented and translated Chinese philosophy, wrote biographies of literary figures, and maintained a lifelong interest in both Asian and Western paintings.

A 2004 profile by fellow sinologist E. Bruce Books called Waley "the great transmitter of the high literary cultures of China and Japan to the English-reading general public; the ambassador from East to West in the first half of the 20th century", and went on to say that he was "self-taught, but reached remarkable levels of fluency, even erudition, in both languages. It was a unique achievement, possible (as he himself later noted) only in that time, and unlikely to be repeated."

Life
Arthur Waley was born Arthur David Schloss on 19 August 1889 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. The son of an economist, David Frederick Schloss, he was educated at Rugby School and entered King's College, Cambridge, in 1907 on a scholarship to study Classics, but left in 1910 due to eye problems that hindered his ability to study.

Waley briefly worked in an export firm in an attempt to please his parents, but in 1913 he was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum. Waley's supervisor at the museum was the poet and scholar Laurence Binyon, and under his nominal tutelage, Waley taught himself to read Classical Chinese and Classical Japanese, partly to help catalogue the paintings in the museum's collection. Despite this, he never learned to speak either modern Mandarin Chinese or Japanese and never visited either China or Japan.

Waley was of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. He changed his surname from Schloss in 1914, when, like many others in England with German surnames, he sought to avoid the anti-German prejudice common in Britain during the First World War.

Waley entered into a lifelong relationship with the English ballet dancer, orientalist, dance critic, and dance researcher Beryl de Zoete, whom he met in 1918, but they never married.

Waley left the British Museum in 1929 to devote himself fully to writing and translation, and never held a full-time job again, except for a four-year stint in the Ministry of Information during the Second World War. In September 1939, he had been recruited to run the Japanese Censorship Section at the Ministry of Information. Assisted by Captain Oswald Tuck RN, he was responsible for checking the dispatches of Japanese journalists in London, private mail in Japanese and intercepted diplomatic signals from the Japanese Embassy in London.

Waley lived in Bloomsbury and had a number of friends among the Bloomsbury Group, many of whom he had met when he was an undergraduate. He was one of the earliest to recognise Ronald Firbank as an accomplished author and, together with the writer Osbert Sitwell, provided an introduction to the first edition of Firbank's collected works.

The poet Ezra Pound was instrumental in getting Waley's first translations into print in The Little Review. His view of Waley's early work was mixed, however. As he wrote to Margaret Anderson, the editor of the Little Review, in a letter of 2 July 1917: "Have at last got hold of Waley's translations from Po chu I. Some of the poems are magnificent. Nearly all the translations marred by his bungling English and defective rhythm. ... I shall try to buy the best ones, and to get him to remove some of the botched places. (He is stubborn as a donkey, or a scholar.)" In his introduction to his translation of The Way and its Power, Waley explains that he was careful to put meaning above style in translations where meaning would be reasonably considered of more importance to the modern Western reader.

Waley married Alison Grant Robinson in May 1966, one month before his death on 27 June. He is buried in an unmarked grave (plot no. 51178) on the western side of Highgate Cemetery in front of the grave of the sculptor Joseph Edwards.

The writer Sacheverell Sitwell, who considered Waley "the greatest scholar and the person with most understanding of all human arts" that he had known in his lifetime, later recalled Waley's last days,

"when he lay dying from a broken back and from cancer of the spine, and in very great pain, but refused to be given any drug or sedative. He had the courage to do so because he wanted to be conscious during the last hours of being alive, the gift which was ebbing and fading and could never be again. In this way during those few days he listened to string quartets by Haydn, and had his favourite poems read to him. And then he died."

Honours
Waley was elected an honorary fellow of King's College, Cambridge in 1945, was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) honour in 1952, received the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 1953, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 1956.

Works
Jonathan Spence wrote of Waley's translations that he

"selected the jewels of Chinese and Japanese literature and pinned them quietly to his chest. No one ever did anything like it before, and no one will ever do it again. There are many westerners whose knowledge of Chinese or Japanese is greater than his, and there are perhaps a few who can handle both languages as well. But they are not poets, and those who are better poets than Waley do not know Chinese or Japanese. Also the shock will never be repeated, for most of the works that Waley chose to translate were largely unknown in the West, and their impact was thus all the more extraordinary."

His many translations include A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems (1918), Japanese Poetry: The Uta (1919), The No Plays of Japan (1921), The Tale of Genji (published in 6 volumes from 1921 to 1933), The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon (1928), The Kutune Shirka (1951), Monkey (1942, an abridged version of Journey to the West), The Poetry and Career of Li Po (1959) and The Secret History of the Mongols and Other Pieces (1964). Waley received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his translation of Monkey. His translations of the classics, the Analects of Confucius and The Way and Its Power (Tao Te Ching), are still in print, as is his interpretive presentation of classical Chinese philosophy, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (1939).

Waley's translations of verse are widely regarded as poems in their own right, and have been included in many anthologies such as the Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935, The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse and the Penguin Book of Contemporary Verse (1918–1960) under Waley's name. Many of his original translations and commentaries have been re-published as Penguin Classics and Wordsworth Classics, reaching a wide readership.

Despite translating many Chinese and Japanese classical texts into English, Waley never travelled to either country, or anywhere else in East Asia. In his preface to The Secret History of the Mongols, he writes that he was not a master of many languages, but claims to have known Chinese and Japanese fairly well, a good deal of Ainu and Mongolian, and some Hebrew and Syriac.

The composer Benjamin Britten set six translations from Waley's Chinese Poems (1946) for high voice and guitar in his song cycle Songs from the Chinese (1957).

Translations

 * A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, 1918
 * More Translations from the Chinese (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1919).
 * The Story of Ts'ui Ying-ying (Yingying zhuan) – pp. 101–113
 * The Story of Miss Li (The Tale of Li Wa) – pp. 113–136
 * Japanese Poetry: The Uta, 1919. A selection mostly drawn from the Man'yōshū and the Kokinshū.
 * The Nō Plays of Japan, 1921
 * The Temple and Other Poems, 1923
 * The Tale of Genji, by Lady Murasaki, 1925–1933
 * The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, 1928
 * The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought, 1934. A commentary on Tao Te ching, attributed to Laozi, and full translation.
 * The Book of Songs (Shih Ching), 1937
 * The Analects of Confucius, 1938
 * Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China, 1939
 * Translations from the Chinese, a compilation, 1941
 * Monkey, 1942, translation of 30 of the 100 chapters of Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West
 * Chinese Poems, 1946
 * 77 Poems, Alberto de Lacerda, 1955
 * The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China, Qu Yuan, 1955
 * Yuan Mei: Eighteenth-Century Chinese Poet, 1956
 * Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang, 1960

Original works

 * Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, 1923
 * The Life and Times of Po Chü-I, 1949
 * The Poetry and Career of Li Po, 1950 (with some original translations)
 * The Real Tripitaka and Other Pieces, 1952 (with some original and previously published translations)
 * The Opium War through Chinese Eyes, 1958
 * The Secret History of the Mongols, 1963 (with original translations)

title: Arthur Waley


text: User talk:82.80.25.216

title: User talk:82.80.25.216


text:
Mike Hallett

Mike Hallett (born 6 July 1959) is an English former professional snooker player and commentator. He won the 1989 Hong Kong Open.

Career
Hallett was born in Grimsby on 6 July 1959. Having won the national under-16 title in 1975, he turned professional in 1979. His world ranking peaked at number six, in the 1989/1990 list. His only ranking tournament victory was at the 1989 Hong Kong Open in which he defeated Dene O'Kane 9–8.

In a semi-final match against John Parrott in the 1988 Benson & Hedges Masters, he recovered from needing three snookers to win the decider 6–5. However, he lost 0–9 to Steve Davis in the final, the first whitewash in the Masters final.

Three years later, in 1991 he reached the Masters Final again at Wembley where, in the best-of-17-frame match, he surged to a 7–0 lead over Stephen Hendry and missed a pink which would have put him 8–0 ahead. He then moved into an 8–2 lead and needed just the pink and black to clear for the match in the eleventh frame, but missed the shot with the rest. Hendry took that frame and managed to spring a comeback to win the match 9–8. Hallett would go on to win two invitational World Series of Snooker events later in the year, but did not win another professional title after 1991.

Hallett did reach the quarter-finals of the World Championship twice, but never progressed further. His final season on the main tour was in 2004–05, after which he went on to play in the Pontin's International Open Series.

At the start of the 2011/12 season Hallett entered the Players Tour Championship and after winning his first two matches against Duane Jones 4-3 and Elliot Slessor also 4–3, he played Ronnie O'Sullivan and managed to take two frames in losing 4–2.

In August 2021 the World Snooker Tour tweeted that Hallett was recovering from a stroke.

title: Mike Hallett


text:
Talk:Bristlecone pine

Opening heading
Moved to talk page: "One researcher claims to have found an older tree in the vicinity, but refuses to reveal the location to anyone, ostensibly for the tree's protection." No evidence for the existence of this tree has been published in any scientific literature: data concerning its age etc could easily be published without revealing its location. I've come across this claim several other places, and strongly suspect it to be an urban legend - MPF 11:27, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

There are a few mistakes here I believe, relative to the cutting of Prometheus. The name Prometheus is reported to have been applied to the tree several years before it was cut, and other old trees in the grove were also named. Currey probably did have an idea of the trees age--he is quoted in one of the articles listed below as knowing it was probably quite old. Note also the discussion regarding "oldest living thing" in one of the articles.

Please see: http://www.sonic.net/bristlecone/Martyr.html and http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1998/08/23/SC72173.DTL

Jeeb 05:07, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

According to Currey, in one of the web articles referenced at article end, the pith of the tree did not exist below the 100" point (about 8.3 ft or 2.5m) of the trunk. This is the distance from where the first full section was taken, to the germination point, not to the ground level.  Ground level was elevated during the 5000 years the tree grew. Jeeb 22:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I think the Prometheus tree deserves it's own article. Any objections? Jeeb 22:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed; 'Methuselah' too - MPF 23:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Oldest living single organisms
I put the word "single" back in the first paragraph of the Oldest living organisms section to match the wording of the first paragraph in the article Rsduhamel 19:20, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

I cleaned up a few instances of vandalism. I'm never having kids... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.235.46.169 (talk) 01:36, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I reverted a bit more. Walter Siegmund (talk) 02:11, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

No longer recognized as oldest
There's an article linked on today's Drudge Report stating that a nearly 10,000 year old spruce tree has been identified--time to update this article. But I think we should nail down the actual species of this spruce before adding the mention. Matt Gies (talk) 19:39, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a distinction to be made here between the Spruce in question (see |here) where the longevity is the result of propagation through cloning and the Bristlecone pine where it is not. Jooler (talk) 02:28, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Edited to improve sort order in Category Pinus
I edited this to change the sort order on the page for the Category Pinus. It had been set to alphabetize under Pine. That might make sense for categories where there are a lot of trees and a few of them are pines; then all the pines group together. But on the page where everything is a pine, it made more sense to alphabetize under Bristlecone. 71.126.140.136 (talk) 02:10, 13 April 2010 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

 * Good work. DEFAULTSORT may be useful here; please see WP:SORTKEY for more. BTW, you may wish to create an WP:ACCOUNT. Walter Siegmund (talk) 03:44, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Pine cone pic
I have a decent, not amazing, pic of a pine cone (with bristles) and the bottle-brush leave structures. Should I place it on this article? If so, where? Seems pretty crowded.  QFL 24-7 bla ¤ cntrb ¤ kids ¤ pics ¤ vids 03:21, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Taxonbar not showing up
It seems like the taxonbar isn't working properly for this page. Is someone more experienced able to fix that? I added the wikispecies tag but I was under the impression that having the whole taxonbar is preferable. Procyonidae (talk) 17:49, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bristlecone pine