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Ned Hanlon (baseball)

Edward Hugh Hanlon (August 22, 1857 – April 14, 1937), also known as "Foxy Ned", and sometimes referred to as "the Father of Modern Baseball,"  was an American professional baseball player and manager whose career spanned from 1876 to 1914. He was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996 by the Veterans Committee.

Hanlon was a manager in Major League Baseball from 1889 to 1907, compiling a 1,313–1,164 (.530) record with five different clubs. He is best remembered as the manager of the Baltimore Orioles (1892–1898) and Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1905). In the seven seasons from 1894 to 1900, Hanlon compiled a 635–315 (.660) record, and his teams won five National League pennants. During his years with the Orioles, Hanlon was also credited with inventing and perfecting the "inside baseball" strategy, including the "hit and run" play and the Baltimore chop. In 1899, he became the second manager in baseball history to win 100 games in a season, doing so after Brooklyn won 101 games to win the National League pennant. The following year, he won his final National League pennant with Brooklyn, his fifth in seven seasons.

Hanlon also played 13 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a center fielder. He played in over 800 games as an outfielder for the Detroit Wolverines, remaining with the team during all eight years of its existence from 1881 to 1888. He compiled a career batting average of .260 and an on-base percentage of .325 with 930 runs scored and 1,317 hits. Although stolen base records are not available for the early portion of his playing career, Hanlon stole 329 bases (an average of 55 per year) in his last six years as a full-time player.

Early life
Hanlon was born in 1857 at Montville, Connecticut. His parents, Terrance and Mary Hanlon, were immigrants from Ireland. In 1870, Hanlon's father worked as a railroad laborer while Ned, at age 13, along with his older brother James (age 14) and younger brother O'Brien (age 11) worked in a cotton mill to help support the family. By 1880, the family had moved a few miles south to New London, where Hanlon's father, three brothers (James, Bryon and Terrance) and a step-sister (Clara Blake) were all working in a cotton mill. Ned was saved from life in the mill by his talent for baseball. The 1880 census recorded his occupation, in contrast to his other family members, as a professional ball player.

Minor leagues
Hanlon began his professional baseball career in 1876 at age 17 or 18 with the Providence, Rhode Island club. He next played for the Fall River, Massachusetts club in the New England League in 1877, the Rochester, New York club in the International Association in 1878, and the Albany, New York team in the National Association in 1879. He played third base at Albany, posted a .315 batting average and scored 44 runs in 47 games.

Cleveland
Hanlon made his major league debut on May 1, 1880, as a member of the Cleveland Blues of the National League. He appeared in 73 games for the Blues, 69 as an outfielder and four as a shortstop, and compiled a .246 batting average with 32 RBIs. On June 12, 1880, he made the final out of the first perfect game in major league history, a 1–0 victory by Lee Richmond of the Worcester Ruby Legs.

Detroit
Hanlon joined the newly formed Detroit Wolverines in 1881. He is one of only two players, along with Charlie Bennett, who played for the Wolverines during all eight years of the team's existence. In his eight seasons with the Wolverines, Hanlon compiled a .261 batting average, which was boosted to a .318 on-base percentage by 271 bases on balls and six times hit by pitch. He hit over .300 only once in his career, compiling a .302 batting average (.372 on-base percentage) in 1885.

During his time with Detroit, Hanlon was considered to be an excellent base-runner. Although stolen base records are not available for the years before 1886, Hanlon stole 329 bases (an average of 55 per year) in his last six years as a full-time player. His base-running prowess is also evidenced by his scoring 623 runs on only 879 hits for the Wolverines. The Sporting News called him a "wonderful base runner and a spark plug." In October 1885, The Sporting Life wrote that it was a "striking illustration of Ned Hanlon's daring and speed that for two years Buck Ewing has never once succeeded in throwing him out at second on a steal. And Buck is one of the best throwers in the League."

Hanlon had excellent range in center field, leading the league in outfield putouts in 1882 and 1884 and ranking among the league leaders every year from 1882 to 1887. He also led the league in double plays turned from the outfield in 1882 (eight) and 1883 (six) and ranked among the leading outfielders in range factor five times from 1882 to 1887. Perhaps as a result of his extensive range, Hanlon was also regularly among the leaders in outfield errors and led the league with 35 errors in 1880, 38 in 1885 and 31 in 1891. In 1886, The Sporting Life wrote: "Ned Hanlon never played a more brilliant fielding game than now. It is doubtful if any other fielder ever did, either." Decades later, The Sporting News opined that Hanlon was "one of the greatest ground coverers the game ever had."

Hanlon became captain of the Wolverines in 1885, and during the 1886 and 1887 seasons, led teams that rank among the greatest in Detroit baseball history. After acquiring sluggers Sam Thompson, Dan Brouthers and Hardy Richardson, and with pitcher Lady Baldwin winning 42 games, the 1886 Wolverines compiled an 87–36 (.707) record, but finished $2 1/2$ games behind the Chicago White Stockings. The 1887 Wolverines won the pennant with a 79–45 record.

In 1888, the Wolverines finished in fifth place with a 68–63 record. The team folded in October 1888, and Hanlon was sold to the Pittsburgh Alleghenys.

Spalding trip
During the winter of 1888–89, Hanlon traveled to Hawaii, Australia, Ceylon, Arabia, Egypt, Europe, and the British Isles as part of Albert Spalding's "Around the World Baseball Tour". Baseball games were held between the Chicago White Stockings and a picked team called the "All-Americans"; Hanlon played center field for the "All-Americans".

Pittsburgh
After returning from the Spalding tour, Hanlon joined the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and took over as a player-manager in the second half of the season. The Alleghenys had compiled a 35–53 record and were languishing near the basement of the National League before Hanlon took over as manager. In the last part of the season, Hanlon led the team to a 26–18 record. As a player, Hanlon compiled a .239 batting average (.326 on-base percentage), scored 81 runs, and stole 53 bases during the 1889 season.

In late 1889, Hanlon was one of the early supporters and organizers of the new Players' League. He served as player-manager for the Pittsburgh Burghers during the 1890 season. In Hanlon's first full season as a manager, his team compiled a 60–68 record and finished in sixth place in the Players' League. Hanlon put in a solid performance as a player in 1890, posting a .278 batting average and a career-high .389 on-base percentage fueled by a career-high 80 bases on balls. He also led the Players' League with 291 outfield putouts, posted a 2.59 range factor (3rd highest among the league's outfielders), and ranked fourth in the league with 65 stolen bases.

The Players' League folded after one season, though Hanlon was credited with working harder than anyone else to make the league a success. One account published in late 1890 stated: "I want to say, gentlemen, that you can talk of the loyalty of a Ward, a Ewing, a Keefe and so on, but give me Ned Hanlon above everybody else. He stands to-day as the hero of the Players' League. He is the only ball player in that League who has held to the contract he signed. Not a penny has he received for his work this season, although he has played better ball than ever before." Hanlon returned to the Alleghenys as player-manager in 1891. Prior the 1891 season, Hanlon was involved in an incident that led to the Pittsburgh team acquiring the name "Pirates." After the collapse of the Players' League, Hanlon traveled to Pennsylvania's Presque Isle Peninsula in the dead of winter to sign second baseman, Louis Bierbauer. Alfred Spink, the founder of The Sporting News, wrote about the incident in 1910 for a journal called The Pirates Reader. According to Spink, Hanlon crossed the ice on the harbor during a snow storm, finally reached Bierbauer's home and got him to sign a contract with the Alleghenys. The Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association, objected to Bierbauer's signing and stated that he should return to Philadelphia, since that was the team that employed him before his defection to the Players' League. An official for the American Association called Hanlon's act in signing Bierbauer to be "piratical." The Alleghenies contended that because "the American Association did not reserve Bierbauer, he was a free agent". An arbitrator agreed, and soon players and fans alike were calling the team the "Pittsburgh Pirates."

Connie Mack was the catcher on the 1891 team; he and Hanlon became fast friends and remained close until Hanlon's death in 1937. Mack would credit Hanlon with teaching him baseball strategy and how to manage.

The 1891 season was Hanlon's last as a full-time player. At age 34, he compiled a .266 batting average and .341 on-base percentage, scored 87 runs, and stole 54 bases. He was also manager of the Alleghenys for most of the 1891 season, during which time the team compiled a record of 31–47.

Rough start
Hanlon began the 1892 season with Pittsburgh, but he strained a tendon in his right leg in practice before the first game and did not appear in any games. On May 5, 1892, Hanlon signed as captain and manager of the Baltimore Orioles. He took over as manager after George Van Haltren and John Waltz led the team to a 3–16 record in the first 19 games. Hanlon fared only somewhat better than Van Haltren and Waltz, as the team went 43–85 for the remainder of the season and finished 12th (last place) in the National League.

Assembling the talent
While Hanlon was not able to immediately turn the Orioles into a winning club, he quickly evaluated the talent available and looked for new talent elsewhere. By 1894, only three players from the 1892 opening lineup (John McGraw, Wilbert Robinson and pitcher Sadie McMahon) remained on the roster. Hanlon's efforts to revamp the club included the following:
 * Shortstop John McGraw had played only 33 major league games with a .270 batting average before the 1892 season. Under Hanlon's tutelage, McGraw became one of the best players in the game, compiling batting averages of .340 in 1894, .369 in 1895, and .325 in 1898. McGraw was later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
 * Catcher Wilbert Robinson was with the Orioles when Hanlon arrived, but had compiled a .216 batting average in six prior seasons. With Hanlon's guidance, Robinson hit .334 in 1893, .353 in 1894, and .347 in 1896.  Robinson was later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
 * In September 1892, Hanlon showed nerve in trading George Van Haltren to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for Joe Kelley and cash. Van Haltren was the Orioles' best hitter, a veteran who had hit compiled a .324 batting average from 1889 to 1891.  Kelley was a rookie outfielder who hit .239 for the 1892 Pirates.  Kelley promptly became one of the best players in the game, batting .393 in 1894, .365 in 1895 and .364 in 1896.  Kelley was later inducted into the Hall of Fame.
 * Prior to the 1893 season, Hanlon purchased infielder Heinie Reitz from the San Francisco Metropolitans (California League) for $300. Reitz had compiled a .243 batting average for San Francisco in 1892, but blossomed with Hanlon's Orioles.  He led the National League's second basemen in fielding percentage three times, led the National League in Defensive Wins Above Replacement in 1897, placed fourth in that category in 1894, and led the National League with 31 triples and hit .303 in 1894.
 * In June 1893, Hanlon acquired shortstop Hughie Jennings in exchange for Tim O'Rourke in a trade with the Louisville Colonels. O'Rourke had been a consistent .300 hitter before the trade, but never hit above .282 after the trade.  Jennings had compiled a .242 average with Louisville in three seasons before the trade.  At Baltimore, Jennings led the league in fielding percentage every year from 1894 to 1897, and he hit .335 in 1894, .386 in 1895, and .401 in 1896.  Jennings was later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
 * In August 1893, Hanlon purchased outfielder Steve Brodie from the St. Louis Browns for a price reported to be between $800 and $2500. Brodie became a key player in the Orioles' pennant-winning clubs, batting .366 in 1894 and .348 in 1895.
 * In January 1894, Hanlon negotiated a remarkably one-sided trade with the Brooklyn Grooms, acquiring Dan Brouthers and Willie Keeler in exchange for Billy Shindle and George Treadway. Brouthers was an established slugger who had been teammates with Hanlon in Detroit. Brouthers hit .347 and drove in 127 runs for the 1894 Orioles. Keeler had played only 41 games before joining the Orioles, but under Hanlon's guidance, Keeler hit .371 in 1894, .377 in 1895, .386 in 1896, and won batting titles in 1897 and 1898 with averages of .424 and .385.  Shindle hit .274 in five seasons with Brooklyn, while Treadway hit .301 for two seasons in Brooklyn and was then out of the major leagues.  Brouthers and Keeler were both inducted into the Hall of Fame.
 * In June 1894, Hanlon made a final key move, purchasing Kid Gleason from the St. Louis Browns for $2,400. Gleason hit .231 in six major league seasons before joining the Orioles. He proved to be a solid fielder at second base and hit .349 for the Orioles in 1894 and .309 in 1895.

For his efforts in building Baltimore's championship teams, Hanlon developed a reputation for having a keen eye for talent. The Sporting News later wrote that he had "an almost uncanny ability to judge players, a faculty of imparting to them his remarkable store of knowledge, a genius for inspiring his men to rise to the heights and a personality that enabled him to gain and hold the confidence of all with whom he came into contact."

Peak years

By 1894, the Orioles had a lineup with future Hall of Famers at six positions: Robinson at catcher, Brouthers at first, Jennings at shortstop, McGraw at third base, and Keeler and Kelley in the outfield. The team compiled an 89–39 (.695) record and won the first of what would be three consecutive National League pennants.

In May 1895, Hanlon sold Brouthers to the Louisville Cardinals. Brouthers played only 71 games in the major leagues after the trade. Hanlon replaced Brouthers at first base with Scoops Carey in 1895 and "Dirty Jack" Doyle in 1896 and 1897. Doyle hit .339 in 1896 and .354 in 1897 for the Orioles. The 1895 Orioles won their second pennant with a record of 87–43 (.669). In 1896, the team was without Brouthers and Robinson, but won its third consecutive pennant with a 90–39 (.693) record.

The Orioles had further strong performance in 1897 and 1898, compiling records of 90–40 and 96–53, but finished in second place both seasons behind the Boston Beaneaters.

"Inside baseball"
During his years in Baltimore, Hanlon became known as "Foxy Ned" and was credited with inventing a new strategy that came to be known as "inside" baseball. The strategy focused on teamwork, speed and execution, and encompassed the hit and run play, the squeeze play, the sacrifice bunt, the double steal, and the Baltimore chop. The Sporting News wrote that Hanlon's "introduction and perfection of 'inside baseball'" had "initiated and brought to their highest point of efficiency the hit and run, bunt, sacrifice, chop hit, and base running, always doing the unexpected." A writer in The Baltimore Sun noted, "It occurred to [Hanlon] that a run gained by strategy counted as big as a run gained by slugging. Accordingly, he evolved an offensive technique that made baseball into something of an art."

Hanlon introduced the hit and run play during the 1894 season. He took the Orioles to Macon, Georgia, for spring training, a move that was called a "goofy venture" in the press. While in Macon, he practiced and perfected the hit and run. In the opening series of the 1894 season against the New York Giants, Hanlon's players ran the hit and run 13 times. New York manager John Montgomery Ward objected to the tactic, claiming that Hanlon "wasn't playing baseball, but a new game." The tactic was deemed to be legal, and Hanlon proudly demonstrated it for fans before games started during the 1894 season.

Hanlon's Orioles were also known for their opportunistic play, Willie Keeler famously declaring, "Hit 'em where they ain't." Having been a particularly weak batter against left-handed pitchers, Hanlon learned from his own weakness and was one of the first managers to employ the platoon system, switching players in the lineup depending on whether the opposing pitcher was left- or right-handed.

Connie Mack, who was a player on Hanlon's 1891 Pittsburgh club and then an opponent as manager of the Pirates from 1894 to 1896, said, "I always rated Ned Hanlon as the greatest leader baseball ever had. I don't believe any man lived who knew as much baseball as he did."

Hanlon's strategic innovations led The Sporting News to call him "the game's greatest strategist" and led many to call him "The Father of Modern Baseball."

Brooklyn
In October 1898, rumors spread that Hanlon may move to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and take many of the Orioles' players with him. By December 1898, discussions were underway for a consolidation of the Brooklyn and Baltimore clubs in Brooklyn.

Negotiations continued through the winter, and ultimately a deal was struck which resulted in Hanlon and Baltimore owner Harry Von der Horst receiving stock in the Brooklyn club and with von der Horst as the controlling shareholder of both clubs. Under the deal, Hanlon became the manager of Brooklyn and took Keeler, Kelley and Jennings with him to Brooklyn. The Brooklyn team, formerly known as the Bridegrooms, was dubbed the "Superbas" in the press, simply because the new manager shared the same name as a popular vaudeville acrobatic troupe known as Hanlon's Superbas.

Hanlon led his 1899 Superbas to a 101–47 record and a National League pennant. Outfielders Keeler and Kelley led the offense with averages of .379 and .325. On the mound, pitchers Jack Dunn, Jim Hughes and Brickyard Kennedy combined for a 73–28 record.

The 1900 Superbas again won the pennant with an 82–54 record as Keeler and Kelley again led the offense with averages of .362 and .319. Joe McGinnity, later inducted into the Hall of Fame, was acquired from the Orioles in March 1900 and led the pitching staff with a 28–8 record.

Prior to the 1900 season, the Superbas also acquired Jimmy Sheckard from the Orioles. Sheckard hit .354 with 19 triples for Hanlon's team in 1901. The Superbas finished the 1901 season in third place with a 79–57 (.581) record. In 1902, Keeler hit .333, but no other player on the Brooklyn team hit above .280. The Superbas again finished the season in third place with a 75–63 record. By 1903, Keeler was gone, and Brooklyn dropped to fifth place with a 70–66 record.

In 1904 and 1905, Hanlon was left with teams that lacked a single .300 hitter. The 1904 team dropped to sixth place with a 56–97 record, and the 1905 team finished in last place with a 48–104 record.

Cincinnati
In December 1905, Hanlon signed a contract to manage the Cincinnati Reds during the 1906 season for $8,000 salary. Hanlon was reunited with Joe Kelley in Cincinnati, but Kelley was past his prime and compiled a .228 batting average in 1906. Second baseman Miller Huggins was Hanlon's best batsman in 1906 with a .292 average. The Reds finished the 1906 season in sixth place with a 64–87 record. The following season, the Red again finished in sixth place, again lacked a .300 hitter, and compiled a 66–87 record. After the 1907 season, Hanlon retired from managing.

Baltimore Orioles (minor league)
The National League Baltimore Orioles franchise folded after the 1899 season, leaving Baltimore without a professional baseball club. An American League version of the Orioles arrived in 1901, but that team moved to New York after the 1902 season and became the New York Yankees. Hoping to keep professional baseball alive in Baltimore, Hanlon in January 1903 purchased the Montreal Royals of the Eastern League for $5,000 and moved the club to Baltimore as the newest incarnation of the Baltimore Orioles. Hanlon also purchased the ballpark used by the American League Orioles for $3,000, although it had been built only two years earlier at a cost of $21,000. Hanlon owned the Eastern League Orioles through the 1908 season, but sold the team and ballpark on November 16, 1909, for $70,000 – a profit of more than $60,000 on his 1903 investment of $8,000.

Baltimore Terrapins
In November 1913, Hanlon became the principal shareholder in the Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League, a third major league that existed from 1914 to 1915. Hanlon took no role in managing the Terrapins, and the team finished in third place with an 84–70 record in 1914, but dropped to last place in 1915 with a 47–107 record.

The Federal League collapsed after the 1915 season, and most of the Federal League owners were bought out by owners of the American and National Leagues, or were compensated in other ways (for example, the owner of the St. Louis Federal League team was permitted to buy the St. Louis Browns). Hanlon and his co-owners in the Terrapins were not provided with any compensation, and the Terrapins thereupon sued the National and American Leagues for conspiring to monopolize baseball by buying the Federal League's other constituent clubs, thereby destroying the Federal League. At trial, the defendants were found jointly liable, and damages of $80,000 assessed, which was tripled to $240,000 ($ in modern dollars), under the provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act. The judgment was reversed on appeal, ultimately resulting in a United States Supreme Court decision, Federal Baseball Club v. National League, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., holding that baseball was not interstate commerce and was therefore not subject to regulation, including antitrust regulation, by the federal government. The case, decided in 1922, is the basis upon which baseball, unlike any other professional sport, still claims an exemption from federal antitrust laws.

Coaching tree
Many of those who played on teams managed by Hanlon went on to careers as managers. Prominent examples include:

Additionally, according to Bill James, at one time the great majority of major league managers were part of Hanlon's managerial "family tree."

Baseball Hall of Fame
At the time of Hanlon's death in April 1937, the Baseball Hall of Fame had not inducted any managers. However, The Sporting News observed at the time that, when the Hall was ready to begin inducting the game's leading managers, Hanlon's place would be assured based on his accomplishments that had "left an indelible print on the annals of the game." Yet, even when the Hall began inducting managers, beginning in December 1937 with two of Hanlon's former players-turned-managers (John McGraw and Connie Mack), Hanlon was overlooked for another 59 years, though he was named to the Hall's Honor Rolls of Baseball in 1946.

Hanlon was not without nay-sayers who questioned his contributions to the championship teams in Baltimore and Brooklyn. Some opined that the credit for the five pennants rested entirely with his Hall of Fame players—John McGraw, Joe Kelley, Hughie Jennings and Willie Keeler. In fact, Hanlon had a 304–441 (.400) record in the portion of his career when he did not have Willie Keeler on his teams. One prominent critic was Sam Crawford who was interviewed in the 1960s—long after Hanlon and most of his colleagues had been deceased – for Lawrence Ritter's book, The Glory of Their Times. Although Crawford never played for Hanlon, and did not become a major league starter until 1900, Crawford made the following claim:"Ned Hanlon used to manage that Baltimore club, but those old veterans didn't pay any attention to him. Heck, they all knew baseball inside out... [T]hose old Baltimore Orioles didn't pay any more attention to Ned Hanlon, their manager, than they did to the batboy... He was a bench manager in civilian clothes. When things would get a little tough in a game, Hanlon would sit there on the bench and wring his hands and start telling some of the old-timers what to do.  They'd look at him and say, 'For Christ's sake, just keep quiet and leave us alone. We'll win this ball game if you only shut up.'"

In 1995, John Steadman of The Baltimore Sun published an article urging Hanlon's induction. Steadman pointed to Hanlon's strategic innovations as being worthy of the Hall, and suggested that Hanlon's omission may have been the result of having committed an "unpardonable sin" in suing Major League Baseball for violation of the antitrust laws. In 1996, Hanlon was finally inducted into the Hall of Fame by vote of the Veterans Committee.

Family and later years
Hanlon and his wife, Helen Jane Hanlon, had five children: Edward (born 1891), Joseph (born 1893), Mary (born 1895), Helen (born 1898), and Catherine Lillian (born c. 1903).

Hanlon moved to Baltimore when he assumed control of the Orioles in 1892 and lived there for the rest of his life. For more than 30 years, he lived at 1401 Mount Royal Avenue in Baltimore. In 1900 and 1910, Hanlon also had two Irish women working as live-in servants.

In September 1916, Hanlon was appointed to the Baltimore City Board of Park Commissioners. He remained on the Park Board for 21 years and was its chairman beginning in 1931. In 1918, Hanlon's son, Joseph, was killed while serving as a lieutenant in the United States Army during action on the Western Front in France during World War I. In January 1920, the Baltimore City Department of Parks on which Hanlon had served on the supervising board, renamed a park off Liberty Heights Avenue in  northwest Baltimore as Hanlon Park in honor of Hanlon's son; it had formerly been known as Ashburton Park.

In December 1932, Hanlon's wife, Helen, died after suffering for several years from a heart ailment. Hanlon died a little more than four years later at age 79. He had been ill for three years and in serious condition for several months when he suffered a heart attack on April 10 and died on April 14, 1937. A requiem mass was held at Corpus Christi Roman Catholic Church on Mount Royal Avenue in the Bolton Hill neighborhood of Baltimore, and he was interred in the New Cathedral Cemetery on Frederick Road in southwest Baltimore. Hanlon left an estate valued at $128,000 to be shared by his surviving son and three daughters.

title: Ned Hanlon (baseball)


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Helmstedt

Helmstedt (Eastphalian: Helmstidde) is a town on the eastern edge of the German state of Lower Saxony. It is the capital of the District of Helmstedt. The historic university and Hanseatic city conserves an important monumental heritage of Romanesque and Renaissance buildings, as well as numerous timber framed houses. During the German partition the nearby Bundesautobahn 2 was the site of the Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing, the most important on the former inner German border as starting point of the shortest land route between West Germany and West Berlin.

Geography
Helmstedt is situated in a basin between the Elm and Lappwald hill ranges, at the transition area between the northern foothills of the Harz mountains and the North German Plain. It is surrounded by the Elm-Lappwald Nature Park. The town centre is located about 36 km east of Braunschweig, 45 km west of Magdeburg, and 90 km east of the state capital Hanover.

The municipal area includes the localities of Barmke and Emmerstedt, both incorporated by a 1974 administrative reform, and Büddenstedt, incorporated in 2017, as well as the resort town of Bad Helmstedt, about 3.5 km east of the town centre. Helmstedt currently has about 25,000 inhabitants (2015).

History
The settlement in the Duchy of Saxony was first mentioned as Helmonstede in a 952 deed issued by the German king Otto I. In former times also called Helmstädt, the town developed in the vicinity of the Benedictine St. Ludger's Abbey that was founded around 800 by Saint Liudger as a mission station. Helmstedt's town privileges were documented in 1247. It belonged to the Abbacy of Werden until 1490, when it was bought by the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. From 1576 to 1810, the University of Helmstedt was located here.

From 1807 the town was part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia, from 1815 it was part of the Duchy of Brunswick, and from 1871 it was part of the German Empire. During World War I, in 1916–1917, Germany operated a special prisoner-of-war camp for ethnic Polish officers from the Russian Army, with the aim of subjecting them to propaganda and conscripting them into a planned German-controlled Polish army to fight against Russia (Poland was partitioned between Germany, Russia and Austria at the time). In 1918, French officers were also detained in this camp, their return begin un January 1919.

From the late 1940s to 1990, the town was the site of a major border crossing between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The main rail and autobahn route between West Germany and West Berlin, across the GDR, began at the Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing, also known as Checkpoint Alpha. Only official military traffic from NATO countries to West Berlin was allowed to use this route.

Transport
The town lies on the Brunswick-Magdeburg railway.

Notable people
In addition, see the list of famous students and professors of the University of Helmstedt.
 * Heinrich Meibom (1555–1625 in Helmstedt), historian and poet.
 * Johann Heinrich Meibom (1638–1700 in Helmstedt) physician and scholar.
 * Paul Gottlieb Werlhof (1699–1767), Royal Hanoverian court physician and poet
 * Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crell (1744–1816), chemist; he published the first periodical journal on chemistry.
 * Justus Christian Henry Helmuth (1745–1825), a German-American Lutheran clergyman.
 * Johann Andreas Graeffer (1746–1802), botanist and nurseryman; introduced exotic plants to British gardens
 * Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein (1753–1816), zoologist and librarian
 * Theodor von Schubert (1758–1825), astronomer and geographer.
 * Johann Christian Friedrich Heyer (1793–1873), the first missionary sent abroad by Lutherans in the US
 * Georg Fein (1803–1869), journalist and democratic politician of the Vormärz period.
 * Ernst Ludwig Theodor Henke (1804–1872), a theologian and historian.
 * Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens (1809–1881), philologist.
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin (1810–1856), classical scholar.
 * Victor von Bruns (1812–1883), physician and plastic surgeon
 * Rudolf Leuckart (1822–1898), biologist and founder of parasitology
 * Hans Krebs (1898–1945), military officer and chief of staff of the Wehrmacht
 * Asta Hampe (1907– 2003), engineer, physicist, economist and statistician
 * Peter Feldmann (born 1958), politician, mayor (SPD) of Frankfurt since 2012
 * Stefan Rinke (born 1965), historian and specialist in Latin American history, studied locally
 * Christoph Lütge (born 1969), philosopher and economist, works on business ethics & AI ethics.
 * Andree Wiedener (born 1970), footballer, played 395 games
 * Nico Göhler (born 2003), racing driver

Twin towns – sister cities
Helmstedt is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Albuquerque, United States
 * 🏴 Chard, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇮🇹 Fiuggi, Italy
 * 🇩🇪 Haldensleben, Germany
 * 🇷🇴 Orăştie, Romania
 * 🇧🇾 Svietlahorsk, Belarus
 * 🇫🇷 Vitré, France

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Helmstedt


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Art Taylor

Arthur S. Taylor Jr. (April 6, 1929 – February 6, 1995) was an American jazz drummer, who "helped define the sound of modern jazz drumming".

Career
As a teenager, Taylor joined a local Harlem band that featured Sonny Rollins, Jackie McLean and Kenny Drew. After playing in the bands of Howard McGhee (1948), Coleman Hawkins (1950–51), Buddy DeFranco (1952), Bud Powell (1953), George Wallington and Art Farmer (1954), Powell and Wallington again (1954–55), Gigi Gryce and Donald Byrd (1956), he formed his own group, Taylor's Wailers. Between 1957 and 1963, he toured with Donald Byrd, recorded with Miles Davis, Gene Ammons and John Coltrane, and performed with Thelonious Monk; Taylor also was a member of the original Kenny Dorham Quartet of 1957.

In 1963, Taylor moved to Europe, where he lived mainly in France and Belgium for 20 years, playing with local groups and jazz musicians such as Johnny Griffin, John Bodwin, and with travelling American musicians, such as Woody Shaw during the latter's tenure in Paris. Taylor also studied drums in Paris with Kenny Clarke. He returned to the United States to help his mother, who was ill. He continued freelancing after returning to the United States, and in 1991 organized a second band called Taylor's Wailers. He died aged 65 in Beth Israel Hospital, Manhattan, in 1995.

He was the author of Notes and Tones, a 1977 book based on his interviews with other musicians. This was, for many musicians, a ground-breaking work, because it presented the interviewees' perspectives on the wider social, political, and economic forces in which they operated – topics normally not mentioned in mainstream coverage of jazz musicians.

As leader

 * Taylor's Wailers (Prestige, 1957)
 * Taylor's Tenors (Prestige, 1959)
 * A.T.'s Delight (Blue Note, 1960)
 * Mr. A.T. (Enja, 1991)
 * Wailin' at the Vanguard (Verve, 1991)

As sideman
With Pepper Adams, et al.
 * Baritones and French Horns (1957)

With Gene Ammons
 * The Happy Blues (Prestige, 1956)
 * Jammin' with Gene (Prestige, 1956)
 * Funky (Prestige, 1957)
 * Jammin' in Hi Fi with Gene Ammons (Prestige, 1957)
 * The Big Sound (Prestige, 1958)
 * Groove Blues (Prestige, 1958)
 * Blue Gene (Prestige, 1958)
 * Boss Tenor (Prestige, 1960)
 * Velvet Soul (Prestige, 1960 [1964])
 * Angel Eyes (Prestige, 1960 [1965])
 * Up Tight! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Boss Soul! (Prestige, 1961)

With Chris Anderson
 * My Romance (Vee-Jay, 1960 [1983])

With Dorothy Ashby
 * In a Minor Groove (New Jazz, 1958)
 * Hip Harp (Prestige, 1958)

With Benny Bailey
 * Big Brass (Candid, 1960)

With Kenny Burrell
 * All Night Long (Prestige, 1956)
 * All Day Long (Prestige, 1957)
 * 2 Guitars – with Jimmy Raney (Prestige, 1957)
 * Just Wailin' (New Jazz, 1958) with Herbie Mann, Charlie Rouse and Mal Waldron

With Donald Byrd
 * 2 Trumpets (Prestige, 1956) – with Art Farmer
 * Jazz Eyes (Regent, 1957) – with John Jenkins
 * Off to the Races (Blue Note, 1958)
 * Byrd in Hand (Blue Note, 1959)

With Paul Chambers
 * Bass on Top (1957)

With Sonny Clark
 * Sonny's Crib (Blue Note, 1957)

With James Clay
 * The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!! (Riverside, 1960) – with David "Fathead" Newman

With Jimmy Cleveland
 * A Map of Jimmy Cleveland (Mercury, 1959)

With Arnett Cobb
 * Party Time (Prestige, 1959)
 * More Party Time (Prestige, 1960)
 * Movin' Right Along (Prestige, 1960)

With John Coltrane
 * Wheelin' & Dealin' (1957)
 * Trane's Blues (1957)
 * The Dealers (1957)
 * Black Pearls (1958)
 * Lush Life (1958)
 * The Believer (1958)
 * Settin' the Pace (1958)
 * The Last Trane (1958)
 * Jazz Way Out (1958)
 * Traneing In (1958)
 * Soultrane (1958)
 * Giant Steps (1959)
 * Bahia (1964)
 * Alternate Takes (1975)

With Continuum
 * Mad About Tadd (1980, Palo Alto Records)

With Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
 * Goin' to the Meeting (Prestige, 1962)

With Miles Davis
 * Miles Ahead (1957)
 * Collectors' Items (Prestige, 1956)

With Walter Davis Jr.
 * Davis Cup (1959)

With Kenny Dorham
 * Show Boat (1960)

With Art Farmer
 * The Art Farmer Septet (Prestige, 1953–54)
 * When Farmer Met Gryce (Prestige, 1955) – with Gigi Gryce

With Tommy Flanagan
 * Thelonica (Enja, 1982)

With Red Garland
 * A Garland of Red (Prestige, 1956)
 * Red Garland Revisited! (Prestige, 1957 [1969])
 * The P.C. Blues (Prestige 1956–57 [1970])
 * Red Garland's Piano (Prestige, 1956–57)
 * Groovy (Prestige, 1956–57)
 * All Mornin' Long (Prestige, 1957)
 * Soul Junction (Prestige, 1957)
 * John Coltrane with the Red Garland Trio (Prestige, 1958)
 * Manteca (Prestige, 1958)
 * Red in Blues-ville(Prestige, 1959)
 * High Pressure (Prestige, 1957 [1962])
 * The Red Garland Trio (Moodsville, 1958 [1960])
 * All Kinds of Weather (Prestige, 1958)
 * The Red Garland Trio + Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis (Moodsville, 1959)
 * Halleloo-Y'-All (Prestige, 1960)

With Matthew Gee
 * Jazz by Gee (Riverside, 1956)

With Benny Golson
 * Gettin' with It (New Jazz, 1959)
 * Free (Argo, 1962)

With Dexter Gordon
 * One Flight Up (Blue Note, 1964)
 * The Squirrel (Blue Note, 1967 [1997])
 * A Day in Copenhagen (MPS, 1969) – with Slide Hampton

With Bennie Green
 * Hornful of Soul (1960)

With Johnny Griffin
 * Do Nothing 'til You Hear from Me (Riverside, 1963)

With Tiny Grimes
 * Tiny in Swingville (Swingville, 1959) – with Jerome Richardson

With Steve Grossman
 * In New York (Steve Grossman album) (Dreyfus, 1991)

With Gigi Gryce
 * Jazz Lab (Columbia, 1957) – with Donald Byrd
 * Gigi Gryce and the Jazz Lab Quintet (Riverside, 1957)
 * Modern Jazz Perspective (Columbia, 1957) – with Donald Byrd
 * New Formulas from the Jazz Lab (RCA Victor, 1957) with Donald Byrd
 * Jazz Lab (Jubilee, 1958) with Donald Byrd
 * Doin' the Gigi (Uptown, 2011)

With Hampton Hawes'
 * Spanish Steps (Black Lion, 1968)

With Ernie Henry
 * Presenting Ernie Henry (Riverside, 1956)

With Elmo Hope and Frank Foster
 * Hope Meets Foster (Prestige, 1955)

With Noah Howard
 * Space Dimension (America, 1971)

With Milt Jackson
 * Bags & Flutes (Atlantic, 1957)

With Thad Jones
 * After Hours (Prestige, 1957)

With Clifford Jordan
 * Cliff Jordan (Blue Note, 1957)

With Duke Jordan
 * Flight to Jordan (Blue Note, 1960)

With Ken McIntyre
 * Looking Ahead (New Jazz, 1960) with Eric Dolphy

With Jackie McLean
 * Lights Out! (Prestige, 1956)
 * 4, 5 and 6 (Prestige, 1956)
 * McLean's Scene (Prestige, 1957)
 * Alto Madness (Prestige, 1957)
 * Strange Blues (Prestige, 1957)
 * A Long Drink of the Blues (Prestige, 1957)
 * Makin' the Changes (Prestige, 1957 [1959])
 * Swing, Swang, Swingin' (Blue Note, 1959)
 * Capuchin Swing (Blue Note, 1960)

With Thelonious Monk
 * Thelonious Monk and Sonny Rollins (Prestige, 1956)
 * The Thelonious Monk Orchestra at Town Hall (Riverside, 1956)
 * 5 by Monk by 5 (Riverside, 1959)

With Lee Morgan
 * Introducing Lee Morgan (1956)
 * City Lights (Blue Note, 1957)
 * Candy (Blue Note, 1957)

With Oliver Nelson
 * Meet Oliver Nelson (New Jazz, 1959)

With Cecil Payne
 * Patterns of Jazz (Savoy, 1956)

With Bud Powell
 * The Amazing Bud Powell, Vol. 2 (Blue Note, 1954)
 * Bud Powell Trio (Roost, 1953)
 * Bud Powell's Moods (Verve, 1954)
 * The Lonely One... (Verve, 1955)
 * Piano Interpretations by Bud Powell (Verve, 1955)
 * Strictly Powell (RCA, 1956)
 * Swingin' with Bud (RCA, 1956)
 * Bud Plays Bird (Blue Note, 1957)
 * Bud! The Amazing Bud Powell (Vol. 3) (Blue Note, 1957)
 * The Scene Changes: The Amazing Bud Powell (Vol. 5) (Blue Note, 1958)
 * Live at Birdland (Queen-disk, recorded 1953)
 * Three Nights at Birdland (SSJ, 2017; recorded 1953)

With Julian Priester
 * Spiritsville (Jazzland, 1960)

With Dizzy Reece
 * Blues in Trinity (1958)

With Charlie Rouse
 * Takin' Care of Business (Jazzland, 1960)

With Sahib Shihab
 * Jazz Sahib (Savoy, 1957)

With Horace Silver
 * Silver's Blue (Columbia, 1956)

With Jimmy Smith
 * Damn! (Verve, 1995)

With Johnny "Hammond" Smith
 * Talk That Talk (New Jazz, 1960)
 * Open House (Riverside, 1963)

With Louis Smith
 * Here Comes Louis Smith (Blue Note, 1958)

With Sonny Stitt
 * Stitt Meets Brother Jack (Prestige, 1962) – with Jack McDuff

With Idrees Sulieman, Webster Young, John Coltrane, and Bobby Jaspar
 * Interplay for 2 Trumpets and 2 Tenors (Prestige, 1957)

With Buddy Tate
 * Tate-a-Tate (Swingville, 1960) with Clark Terry

With Clark Terry
 * Top and Bottom Brass (Riverside, 1959)

With Toots Thielmans
 * Man Bites Harmonica! (Riverside, 1957)

With Stanley Turrentine
 * ZT's Blues (1961)

With Mal Waldron
 * Mal-2 (1957)

With Julius Watkins and Charlie Rouse
 * Les Jazz Modes (Dawn, 1957)

With Randy Weston
 * African Cookbook (Polydor [France], 1969)
 * Niles Littlebig (Polydor [France], 1969)

With Lem Winchester
 * Winchester Special (New Jazz, 1959)
 * Lem's Beat (New Jazz, 1960)

With Kai Winding & J. J. Johnson With Frank Wright
 * The Great Kai & J. J. (Impulse!, 1960)
 * Uhuru na Umoja (America, 1970)

title: Art Taylor


text:
Category:Dependent territories

See also:
 * Category:Integral overseas territories
 * Category:Territorial disputes

title: Category:Dependent territories


text: Category:Government

title: Category:Government


text:
Category:Lists of writers

These are lists of writers (authors).

title: Category:Lists of writers


text:
User:Wwoods/math alignment

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title: User:Wwoods/math alignment


text:
Category:Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between radiation (electromagnetic radiation, or light, as well as particle radiation) and matter. Spectrometry is the measurement of these interactions; a machine which performs such measurements is a spectrometer or spectrograph. A plot of the interaction is referred to as a spectrogram, or, informally, a spectrum.

title: Category:Spectroscopy


text:
Daniel Sickles

Daniel Edgar Sickles (October 20, 1819 – May 3, 1914) was an American politician, soldier, and diplomat.

Born to a wealthy family in New York City, Sickles was involved in a number of scandals, most notably the 1859 homicide of his wife's lover, U.S. Attorney Philip Barton Key II, whom Sickles gunned down in broad daylight in Lafayette Square, across the street from the White House. He was acquitted after using temporary insanity as a legal defense for the first time in United States history.

Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Sickles became one of the war's most prominent political generals, recruiting the New York regiments that became known as the Excelsior Brigade in the Army of the Potomac. Despite his lack of military experience, he served as a brigade, division, and corps commander in some of the early Eastern campaigns. His military career ended at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, after he moved his III Corps without orders to an untenable position, where they suffered 40% casualties but slowed General James Longstreet's flanking maneuver. Sickles himself was wounded by cannon fire at Gettysburg and had to have his leg amputated. He was eventually awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.

Sickles devoted considerable effort to trying to gain credit for helping achieve the Union victory at Gettysburg, writing articles and testifying before Congress in a manner that denigrated the intentions and actions of his superior officer, Maj. Gen. George Meade. After the war, Sickles was appointed as a commander for military districts in the South during Reconstruction. He also served as U.S. Minister to Spain under President Ulysses S. Grant. Later he was re-elected to Congress, where he helped pass legislation to preserve the Gettysburg Battlefield.

Early life and politics
In 1819, Sickles was born in New York City to Susan Marsh Sickles and George Garrett Sickles, a patent lawyer and politician. (His year of birth is sometimes given as 1825, and Sickles was known to have claimed as such. Historians speculate that Sickles chose to appear younger when he married a woman half his age.) He learned the printer's trade and studied at the University of the City of New York (now New York University). He studied law in the office of Benjamin Butler, was admitted to the bar in 1843, and was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co.) in 1847.

On September 27, 1852, Sickles married Teresa Bagioli against the wishes of both families—he was 32, she about 15 or 16. She was reported as sophisticated for her age, speaking five languages.

In 1853 Sickles became corporation counsel of New York City, but resigned soon afterward when appointed as secretary of the U.S. legation in London, under James Buchanan, by appointment of President Franklin Pierce. In 1855 he returned to the United States, and in 1856 he was elected as a member of the New York State Senate in the 3rd district. He was re-elected to the seat in 1857. In 1856 he was also elected as a Democrat to the 35th U.S. Congress, and held office from March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1861, a total of two terms.

Sickles was censured by the New York State Assembly for escorting a known prostitute, Fanny White, into the Assembly's chambers. He also reportedly took her to England, while leaving his pregnant wife at home. He presented White to Queen Victoria, using as her alias the surname of a New York political opponent.

Homicide of Philip Key
On February 27, 1859, in Lafayette Square, across the street from the White House, Sickles shot and killed Philip Barton Key II, the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia and the son of Francis Scott Key. Sickles had discovered that Philip Key was having an affair with his wife, Teresa Bagioli Sickles.

Trial
Sickles surrendered at Attorney General Jeremiah Black's house, a few blocks away on Franklin Square, and confessed to the murder. After a visit to his home, accompanied by a constable, Sickles was taken to jail. He received numerous perquisites, including being allowed to retain his personal weapon, and receive numerous visitors. So many visitors came that he was granted the use of the head jailer's apartment to receive them. They included many congressmen, senators, and other leading members of Washington society. President James Buchanan sent Sickles a personal note.

Harper's Magazine reported that the visits of his wife's mother and her clergyman were painful for Sickles. Both told him that Teresa was distracted with grief, shame, and sorrow, and that the loss of her wedding ring (which Sickles had taken on visiting his home) was more than Teresa could bear.

Sickles was charged with murder. He secured several leading politicians as defense attorneys, among them Edwin Stanton, later to become Secretary of War, and Chief Counsel James T. Brady who, like Sickles, was associated with Tammany Hall. Sickles pleaded temporary insanity—the first use of this defense in the United States. Before the jury, Stanton argued that Sickles had been driven insane by his wife's infidelity, and thus was out of his mind when he shot Key. The papers soon trumpeted that Sickles was a hero for "saving all the ladies of Washington from this rogue named Key."

Sickles had obtained a graphic confession from Teresa; it was ruled inadmissible in court, but was leaked by him to the press and printed in the newspapers in full. The defense strategy ensured that the trial was the main topic of conversations in Washington for weeks, and the extensive coverage of national papers was sympathetic to Sickles. In the courtroom, the strategy brought drama, controversy, and, ultimately, an acquittal for Sickles.

Sickles publicly forgave Teresa, and "withdrew" briefly from public life, although he did not resign from Congress. The public was apparently more outraged by Sickles's forgiveness and reconciliation with his wife than by the murder and his unorthodox acquittal.

Civil War
In the 1850s, Sickles had received a commission in the 12th Regiment of the New York Militia, and had attained the rank of major (he insisted on wearing his militia uniform for ceremonial occasions while serving in London, and caused a minor diplomatic scandal by snubbing Queen Victoria at an Independence Day celebration).

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Sickles worked to repair his public image by raising volunteer units in New York for the Union Army. Because of his previous military experience and political connections, he was appointed colonel of one (the 70th New York Infantry) of the four regiments he organized. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in September 1861, where he was notorious before beginning any fighting.

According to author Garry Boulard's Daniel Sickles: A Life, Sickles not only refused to return runaway slaves who escaped to his Union camp in Northern Virginia, he put many of them on the federal payroll as servants, while also training male slaves to be soldiers. It was a policy that won for him the approval of the influential Committee on the Conduct of the War.

In March 1862, he was forced to relinquish his command when the U.S. Congress refused to confirm his commission. He lobbied his Washington political contacts and reclaimed both his rank and his command on May 24, 1862, in time to rejoin the Army in the Peninsula Campaign. Because of this interruption, Sickles missed his brigade's significant actions at the Battle of Williamsburg. Despite his lack of previous combat experience, he did a competent job commanding the "Excelsior Brigade" of the Army of the Potomac in the Battle of Seven Pines and the Seven Days Battles. He was absent for the Second Battle of Bull Run, having used his political influences to obtain leave to go to New York City to recruit new troops. He also missed the Battle of Antietam because the III Corps, to which he was assigned as a division commander, was stationed on the lower Potomac, protecting the capital.

Sickles was a close ally of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, his original division commander, who eventually commanded the Army of the Potomac. Both men had notorious reputations as political climbers and as hard-drinking ladies' men.

Sickles' division was in reserve at the Battle of Fredericksburg. On January 16, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Sickles for promotion to the grade of major general to rank from November 29, 1862. Although the U.S. Senate did not confirm the promotion until March 9, 1863, and the President did not formally appoint Sickles until March 11, 1863, Hooker, now commanding the Army of the Potomac, gave Sickles command of the III Corps in February 1863.

This decision was controversial as Sickles became the only corps commander without a West Point military education. His energy and ability were conspicuous in the Battle of Chancellorsville. He aggressively recommended pursuing troops he saw in his sector on May 2, 1863. Sickles thought the Confederates were retreating, but these turned out to be elements of Stonewall Jackson's corps, stealthily marching around the Union flank. He also vigorously opposed Hooker's orders moving him off good defensive terrain in Hazel Grove. In both of these cases, it is easy to imagine the disastrous battle turning out very differently for the Union if Hooker had heeded his advice.

Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was the occasion of the most famous incident and the effective end of Sickles' military career. On July 2, 1863, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ordered Sickles' corps to take up defensive positions on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge, anchored in the north to the II Corps and to the south, the hill known as Little Round Top. Sickles was unhappy to see the "Peach Orchard," a slightly higher terrain feature, to his front. Concerned over his position and uncertain of Meade's exact intentions, a little after 2 p.m. he began to march his corps out to the Peach Orchard, almost a mile in front of Cemetery Ridge. This had two effects: it greatly diluted the concentrated defensive posture of his corps by stretching it too thin, and it created a salient that could be bombarded and attacked from multiple sides. Soon thereafter (3 p.m.), Meade called a meeting of his corps commanders. An aide to Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren soon reported the situation. Sickles arrived just after the meeting had ended. Meade and Warren rode with Sickles back to his position, where Meade explained Sickles' error. Meade refused Sickles' offer to withdraw because he realized it was too late and the Confederates would soon attack, putting a retreating force in even greater peril.

The Confederates attacked at about the time Meade spoke with Sickles and then returned to his headquarters. The Confederate assault by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, primarily by the division of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws, smashed the III Corps and rendered it useless for further combat. Gettysburg campaign historian Edwin B. Coddington assigns "much of the blame for the near disaster" in the center of the Union line to Sickles. Stephen W. Sears wrote that "Dan Sickles, in not obeying Meade's explicit orders, risked both his Third Corps and the army's defensive plan on July 2." However, Sickles' maneuver has recently been credited by John Keegan with blunting the whole Confederate offensive that was intended to cause the collapse of the Union line. Similarly, James M. McPherson wrote that "Sickles's unwise move may have unwittingly foiled Lee's hopes."

During the height of the Confederate attack, Sickles was wounded by a cannonball that mangled his right leg. He was carried by a detail of soldiers to the shade of the Trostle farmhouse, where a saddle strap was applied as a tourniquet. He ordered his aide, Major Harry Tremain, "Tell General Birney he must take command." As Sickles was carried by stretcher to the III Corps hospital on the Taneytown Road, he attempted to raise his soldiers' spirits by grinning and puffing on a cigar along the way. His leg was amputated that afternoon. He insisted on being transported to Washington, D.C., which he reached on July 4, 1863. He brought some of the first news of the great Union victory, and started a public relations campaign to defend his behavior in the conflict. On the afternoon of July 5, President Lincoln and his son, Tad, visited General Sickles, as he was recovering in Washington.

Sickles had recent knowledge of a new directive from the Army Surgeon General to collect and forward "specimens of morbid anatomy ... together with projectiles and foreign bodies removed" to the newly founded Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. He preserved the bones from his leg and donated them to the museum in a small coffin-shaped box, along with a visiting card marked, "With the compliments of Major General D.E.S." Upon his first visit to the limb, Sickles allegedly berated the museum for not preserving his foot as well. For several years thereafter, he reportedly visited the limb on the anniversary of the amputation. The museum, now known as the National Museum of Health and Medicine, still displays this artifact. (Other Civil War-era specimens of note on display include the hip of General Henry Barnum.)

Sickles ran a vicious campaign against General Meade's character after Gettysburg. Sickles felt that Meade had wronged him and that he deserved credit for winning the battle. In anonymous newspaper articles and in testimony before a congressional committee, Sickles falsely maintained that Meade had secretly planned to retreat from Gettysburg on the first day. He also claimed to have occupied Little Round Top on July 2. While his movement away from Cemetery Ridge may have violated orders, Sickles always asserted that it was the correct move because it disrupted the Confederate attack, redirecting its thrust, and effectively shielding the Union's real objectives, Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill. Sickles's redeployment took Confederate commanders by surprise, and historians have argued about its ramifications ever since.

Sickles eventually received the Medal of Honor for his actions, although it took him 34 years to get it. The official citation accompanying his medal recorded that Sickles "displayed most conspicuous gallantry on the field, vigorously contesting the advance of the enemy and continuing to encourage his troops after being himself severely wounded."

Postbellum career
Despite his one-legged disability, Sickles remained in the army until the end of the war and was disgusted that Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant would not allow him to return to a combat command. In 1867, he received appointments as brevet brigadier general and major general in the regular army for his services at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, respectively.

Soon after the close of the Civil War, in 1865, he was sent on a confidential mission to Colombia (the "special mission to the South American Republics") to secure its compliance with a treaty agreement of 1846 permitting the United States to convey troops across the Isthmus of Panama. From 1865 to 1867, he commanded the Department of South Carolina, the Department of the Carolinas, the Department of the South, and the Second Military District. Sickles pursued Reconstruction on a basis of fair treatment for African-Americans and respect for the rights of employees. He halted foreclosures on property. He also made the wages of farm laborers the first lien on crops. He outlawed discrimination against African-Americans and banned the production of whisky.

In 1866, he was appointed colonel of the 42nd U.S. Infantry (Veteran Reserve Corps), and in 1869 he was retired with the rank of major general.

Sickles served as U.S. Minister to Spain from 1869 to 1874, after the Senate failed to confirm Henry Shelton Sanford to the post, and took part in the negotiations growing out of the Virginius Affair. His inaccurate and emotional messages to Washington promoted war, until he was overruled by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and the war scare died out.

In his Daniel Sickles: A Life Garry Boulard points out that Sickles was disadvantaged throughout the Virginius controversy, trying to negotiate with a Spanish leadership that was frequently disorganized and chaotic, while the substantial talks were taking place in Washington between Fish and Spanish Minister Don Jose Polo de Barnabe. Even so, when Sickles subsequently decided to turn in his resignation, Fish, who was not displeased with Sickles' service, wired the General: "You are recalled on your own request."

Sickles maintained his reputation as a ladies' man in the Spanish royal court and was rumored to have had an affair with the deposed Queen Isabella II. Following the death of Teresa in 1867, in 1871 he married Carmina Creagh (aka de Creagh), the daughter of French-born Chevalier de Creagh, of Madrid, a Spanish Councillor of State. They had two children.

Starting in the 1880s and continuing until nearly the end of his life, Sickles frequently attended and spoke at Gettysburg reunions as the former commander of the III Corps in the victorious Army of the Potomac, popular with many of the veterans who had served under his command. He also struck up a friendship with former opponent James Longstreet, one who was also seeking to defend himself from attacks (many politically motivated in Longstreet's case) over his war performance. Sickles' popularity with veterans was not universal, however, because of his inflated claims that he was the ultimate father of the Union victory and his repeated attacks against George Meade, even after Meade's death in 1872, with falsehoods about Meade wanting to retreat from Gettysburg.

The New York Monuments Commission was formed in 1886 and Sickles was appointed honorary chairman. He served the commission zealously for most of the rest of his life in securing appropriations for monuments to New York regiments, batteries, and commanders and having them placed correctly on the Gettysburg battlefield. He was forced out of the Commission in 1912, however, when $27,000 was found to have been embezzled. Sickles was appointed as chairman of the New York State Civil Service Commission from 1888 to 1889, and Sheriff of New York County in 1890. In 1891, he was elected to the board of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association. In 1892, he was elected again as a Democratic representative in the 53rd Congress, serving from 1893 to 1895.

As a congressman, Sickles had an important part in efforts to preserve the Gettysburg Battlefield, sponsoring legislation to form the Gettysburg National Military Park, buy up private lands, and erect monuments. He procured the original fencing used on East Cemetery Hill to mark the park's borders. This fencing came directly from Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C. In fact, the park's borders were defined from its establishment until 1974 by a map prepared by Sickles.

Of the principal senior generals who fought at Gettysburg, virtually all, with the conspicuous exception of Sickles, have been memorialized with statues. When asked why there was no memorial to him, Sickles supposedly said, "The entire battlefield is a memorial to Sickles." The monument to the New York Excelsior Brigade was originally commissioned to include a bust of Sickles, but it includes a figure of an eagle instead.

Death
Sickles lived out the remainder of his life in New York City, dying of a cerebral hemorrhage on May 3, 1914, at the age of 94. His funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan on May 8, 1914. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

In popular media

 * American Scoundrel: The Life of the Notorious Civil War General Dan Sickles is a 2002 biography by the novelist Thomas Keneally.
 * Sickles is featured in the alternate history novels, Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War (2003) and Grant Comes East (2004), the first two books of the Civil War trilogy by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen.
 * In Stephen L. Carter's 2012 alternate history novel, The Impeachment of Abraham Lincoln, Sickles is featured as one of the defense counsel in Lincoln's trial before the United States Senate.
 * A recreation of Sickles' leg is briefly featured on display in the 2012 film Lincoln.
 * The account of Sickles' discovery of his wife's affair with Philip Barton Key, his murder of Key, and the subsequent trial are the subject of Chris DeRose's nonfiction book, Star Spangled Scandal: Sex, Murder, and the Trial that Changed America (2019).
 * The assassination of Philip Barton Key and the mystery of who wrote the Sickles' letter were covered in a 2019 episode of the Unresolved podcast.
 * The Battle of Gettysburg Podcast regularly features a "Sickles Report". It dedicated episodes 3 and 4 of its second season to Sickles' murder of Key and its subsequent links to the Battle of Gettysburg; the episode was recorded inside the house at the Sherfy Farm at Gettysburg National Military Park. The podcast also dedicated episodes 4 and 5 of its first season to the battle for the Peach Orchard, including Sickles' motivations for taking the position on July 2. Jim Hessler, who wrote the 2009 book Sickles at Gettysburg and co-authored the 2019 book Gettysburg's Peach Orchard with Britt Isenberg, co-hosts the podcast with Eric Lindblade.
 * Gettysburg's official podcast, Addressing Gettysburg, often entertains debates about Dan Sickles as a man and a general. Author and Licensed Battlefield Guide Jim Hessler has appeared on this show many times with one episode in particular (entitled "Ask A Gettysburg Guide #50- SICKLES!- with Jim Hessler", released on January 3, 2021) dedicated to the biography of Daniel Sickles and includes questions submitted by listeners.

Medal of Honor citation

 * Rank and organization: Major General, U.S. Volunteers
 * Place and Date: At Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863.
 * Entered Service At: New York, N.Y.
 * Birth: New York, N.Y.
 * Date of Issue: October 30, 1897.

Citation:
 * Displayed most conspicuous gallantry on the field vigorously contesting the advance of the enemy and continuing to encourage his troops after being himself severely wounded.

title: Daniel Sickles


text:
Abortion law

Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2022, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population. In 2024, France became the first country to explicitly protect abortion rights in its constitution.

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the World Health Organization, abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not, due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal. Also according to the study, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.

History
Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China, and 1550 BC in Egypt. Early texts contain little mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 19th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the first half of the 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union became the first modern state in legalizing abortions on request—the law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR in 1920, in the Ukrainian SSR in July 1921, and then in the whole country. The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920, the Soviet government legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived. In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War. In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In Japan, abortion was legalized in 1948 by the Eugenic Protection Law, amended in May 1949 to allow abortions for economic reasons. Abortion was legalized in 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia and Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France and Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. ... The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus."

Timeline of abortion on request
The table below lists in chronological order the United Nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. As of 2023, 67 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.

Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included, leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Countries where abortion on request was once legalized nationwide but has since been prohibited in at least part of the country, such as the United States and Poland, are also excluded. Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.
 * Notes

International law
There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and International criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt and Others (1948) on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion. The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012), Argentina (2021), Colombia (2022) and in parts of Mexico. Abortions are completely banned in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right. K.L. received the compensation in 2016. In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

National laws
While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019, abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in Canada, most European countries and China.

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.

Roe V. Wade has been established in the US for almost 50 years, put into motion in 1973,  before its overturn in 2022 due to Dobbs v. Jackson. This ruling made abortion access not a constitutional right. The decision, most of which was leaked in early May, means that abortion rights will be rolled back in nearly half of the states immediately, with more restrictions likely to follow. For all practical purposes, abortion will not be available in large swaths of the country. 13 States, Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming enacted a trigger law which placed an immediate but varying statewide abortion ban immediately following the overturning. These trigger laws were designed specifically to take effect immediately upon the fall of the Roe precedent. Other states, were bans are in effect after 6 weeks gestation, including Idaho, Tennessee, and Texas – have similar laws, which would take effect after 30 days of the overturning.

Pill abortion access is legal in 36 states. However, a lawsuit in Texas is currently against the production and distribution of this Abortion pill, misoprostol. The ban would affect millions of women in the US who cannot access a medical procedural abortion due to a state ban. The group suing the FDA has asked for a preliminary injunction to take one of the two drugs used in a medication abortion, mifepristone, off the market while the case plays out. This will effectively cause a nationwide ban of pill abortion if granted.

Countries
The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019, with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Autonomous jurisdictions
The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Comparative limits for countries with elective abortions
Legal limits may not be directly comparable. Limits may be expressed in trimesters, months, weeks of pregnancy (implantation), weeks from fertilization, or weeks from last menstrual period (LMP).

Countries with more restrictive laws
According to a report by Women on Waves, approximately 25% of the world's population lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, as well as Andorra and Malta in Europe. The Center for Reproductive Rights report that "[t]he inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age."

Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.

El Salvador has some of the strictest abortion laws of any country. Abortion under all circumstances, including rape, incest, and risk to the mothers health, is illegal. Women can be criminalized and penalized to up to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of an abortion. El Salvador's abortion laws are so severe that miscarriages and stillbirths can sometimes be enough for conviction. The Inter-American Court has already ruled that El Salvador was responsible for the death of Manuela, who was sentenced to 30 years in prison in 2008 for aggravated homicide after suffering an obstetric emergency that resulted in her losing her pregnancy. Lack of access to abortion is recognized by Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia as a human rights issue. This shows progress in underdeveloped nations.

Ireland

Ireland has had a long withstanding rule of the land called the [https://www.blairkim.com/offenses-against-the-person.html#:~:text=Offenses%20against%20the%20person%20are,a%20protection%20order%2C%20and%20kidnapping. Offenses Against Persons Act of 1861], which is what first prohibited abortions. This law was enacted to prohibit abortions in Ireland in 1920 when Ireland became its own independent country. To counteract the infiltration of pro abortion laws, Ireland's Catholic organizations formed the Pro Life Amendment Campaign. This organization was formed to create an abortion ban at a constitutional level. Ireland's 8th constitutional amendment was made in 1986, “acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and [gave] due regard to the equal right to life of the mother.”

In 1992, a case of a 14 year old pregnant girl, threatening suicide to the courts if she were not allowed abortion, sparked change in Ireland's people. An appeals was made to the higher courts that suicidal thoughts were enough for endangerment of a mother's life for termination to be allowed. This case began the new wave of activism in Ireland which promoted the protection of the mother's life, and pushed for abortion rights. Activism grew into the larger public eye which prompted new laws to be made and introduced protecting the mother's life.

New wave of activism in Ireland stretched until 2013 when the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act was signed into law. This law recognized the mother's life over the fetus's and would allow pregnancy termination in cases where the mother is in danger. In 2018 Ireland's abortion ban by constitution was repealed and abortions up to the first trimester were legalized and covered by Ireland's public health service.

Beginning of pregnancy controversy
Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle. However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, and Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.

Exceptions in abortion law
Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits. For example, if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen U.S. states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.

Many countries allow abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome, or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

Other related laws
Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars. Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act ).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.

Other sources

 * Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved 22 November 2006. (archived from the original on 2009-03-27)
 * The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
 * Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
 * United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
 * Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
 * United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.

title: Abortion law


text:
Charles Tolliver

Charles Tolliver (born 1942) is an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and co-founder of Strata East Records.

Biography
Tolliver was born in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1942 and moved with his family to New York City when he was 10. During his childhood, his grandmother gave him his first horn, a cornet he had coveted. Tolliver attended Howard University in the early 1960s as a pharmacy major, when he decided to pursue music as a career and return home to New York City. He came to prominence in 1964, playing and recording on Jackie McLean's Blue Note albums. In 1971, Tolliver and Stanley Cowell founded Strata-East Records, and Tolliver released many albums and collaborations on Strata-East. Following a long hiatus, he reemerged in the late 2000s, releasing two albums arranged for big band, With Love and Emperor March. With Love was nominated in 2007 for a Grammy award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble.

He would later describe his experience: "There was so much going on with the music. Like with bebop, we had a long period of just salivating on. There were all these different idioms within a genre, the avant-garde and free music, bebop still, and of course the music of John Coltrane and Miles. It was just a hell of a period. And then there was also the political scene going on...."

As leader

 * 1965: "Brilliant Corners" on The New Wave in Jazz (Impulse!)
 * 1968: Paper Man (Freedom), also released as Charles Tolliver and His All Stars (Black Lion)
 * 1970: The Ringer (Polydor)
 * 1970: Live at Slugs' (Strata-East)
 * 1971: Music Inc. (Strata-East)
 * 1972: Impact (Enja)
 * 1972: Live at the Loosdrecht Jazz Festival (Strata-East), also released as Grand Max (Black Lion)
 * 1974/1975: Live in Tokyo (Strata-East)
 * 1975: Impact (Strata-East)
 * 1977: Compassion (Strata-East), also released as New Tolliver (Baystate)
 * 1988: Live in Berlin at the Quasimodo Vol. 1 (Strata-East)
 * 1988: Live in Berlin at the Quasimodo Vol. 2 (Strata-East)
 * 2006: With Love (Blue Note)
 * 2009: Emperor March: Live at the Blue Note (Half Note)
 * 2020: Connect (Gearbox Records)

As a sideman
With Roy Ayers With Gary Bartz With The Brass Company With Doug Carn
 * Virgo Vibes (Atlantic, 1967)
 * Stoned Soul Picnic (Atlantic, 1968)
 * Red Black & Green (Polydor, 1973)
 * Daddy Bug & Friends (Atlantic, 1976)
 * Another Earth (Milestone, 1969)
 * Colors (Strata-East, 1975)
 * Spirit of the New Land (Black Jazz, 1972)

With Michael Cooper With Booker Ervin With John Gordon With Keyon Harrold With Louis Hayes With Andrew Hill With Jackie McLean With Oliver Nelson With The Reunion Legacy Band With Max Roach With Horace Silver With McCoy Tyner With Gerald Wilson
 * Get Closer (Reprise, 1992)
 * Structurally Sound (Pacific Jazz, 1966)
 * Booker 'n' Brass (Pacific Jazz, 1967)
 * Step By Step (Strata-East, 1976)
 * Introducing Keyon Harrold (Criss Cross Jazz, 2009)
 * Light and Lively (SteepleChase, 1989)
 * The Crawl (Candid, 1989)
 * Una Max (SteepleChase, 1989)
 * One for One (Blue Note, 1965, 1969, 1970 [1975])
 * Dance with Death (Blue Note, 1968 [1980])
 * Time Lines (Blue Note, 2006)
 * It's Time! (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Action Action Action (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Jacknife (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Swiss Suite (Flying Dutchman, 1971)
 * The Legacy (Early Bird, 1991)
 * Members, Don't Git Weary (Atlantic, 1968)
 * Serenade to a Soul Sister (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Song for My Lady (Milestone, 1972)
 * Live and Swinging (Pacific Jazz, 1967)

Source:

title: Charles Tolliver


text:
Talk:FIRSTwiki

For an August 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/FIRSTwiki

I'm not sure what the proper citing should be for something copied form another GNU FDL wiki (90% of the content copied was written by me). Also, are interwiki links preferred/allowed/deprecated/disallowed/etc on wikipedia? --Iammaxus 23:38, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:FIRSTwiki


text:
User talk:FLpatty

Hi, when you created the link to Beatrice Portinari, you let a comma slip into the link (Beatrice Portinari,). There already was a longer article about Beatrice, so I listed the extra article on WP:VFD and put your contribution to Talk:Beatrice Portinari. Cheers, Micha 23:38, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:FLpatty


text: Category:Ultimate Marvel

title: Category:Ultimate Marvel


text:
Here's Boomer

Here's Boomer is an American adventure/drama television series produced by Paramount Television that premiered on the NBC network on March 14, 1980. A television film called A Christmas for Boomer aired on December 6, 1979, and served as the pilot. A spin-off of the live-action series The Red Hand Gang, the show follows the adventures of the titular stray dog, "Boomer" and ran for two seasons, ending its run on August 14, 1982, with the final original episode, "Flatfoots," airing on July 3 of that year.

Synopsis
The series followed the adventures of Boomer, a stray dog that traveled around helping people in trouble. The part of Boomer in all of the shows was played by a four-year-old mongrel named Johnny, who was trained by Ray Berwick. One early title considered for the series was Here's Johnny, after the dog who played the part, but was rejected owing to the use of that catch-phrase on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Johnny reportedly earned $3,500 a week while appearing on the series, and had a stunt dog who stood in for him on some of his more difficult tricks.

When the series was set to return in the fall of 1980, viewers were to hear Boomer's thoughts the same way viewers had heard Jackie Cooper's dog's thoughts on The People's Choice in the 1950s. However, Boomer's thoughts were only heard in one episode aired as a special on December 7, 1980. When the series returned with new episodes in 1981 the gimmick was dropped and viewers could no longer hear Boomer.

The premise of Here's Boomer was similar to that of the Benji films and television specials of the 1970s and 1980s. In real life, both Johnny and Higgins, the dog who first played Benji, were abandoned or lost mixed-breed dogs who were adopted from animal shelters by animal trainers in California. On screen, both played the parts of stray dogs who were smart, friendly, and loving of their human and animal friends.

The show bore a similarity to the Canadian TV series The Littlest Hobo, which was running at the same time on CTV Television Network in Canada and in syndication in the U.S. Both series are about a vagabond dog who helps people in trouble only to go on his way at the end of the episode, and both series even used similar title sequences involving split screens. The only significant difference between the shows was the breed of the dog in each show (London, the star of The Littlest Hobo, was a German Shepherd).

Cast
The series featured a different cast each week. Guest stars include:

 * John Amos
 * Rosanna Arquette
 * Scott Baio
 * Kaye Ballard
 * Tom Bosley
 * Todd Bridges
 * Dean Butler
 * Patrick Cassidy
 * Bill Dana
 * Jack Elam
 * Michael J. Fox
 * Jonathan Frakes
 * Tracey Gold
 * Rance Howard
 * Ken Kercheval
 * Matthew Laborteaux
 * Tammy Lauren
 * Meadowlark Lemon
 * Rue McClanahan
 * Roddy McDowall
 * Stuart Pankin
 * Gene Rayburn
 * John Reilly
 * Doris Roberts
 * Natalie Schafer
 * Charles Siebert
 * Ron Silver

DVD releases
On March 15, 2019, CBS Home Entertainment released both seasons on DVD in Region 1.

title: Here's Boomer