text:
Talk:Celtic Tiger

Citation for the 1995 start date?
The accepted start date on this page of the Celtic Tiger is 1995. It is referenced in several sections (e.g. the "downturn" section mentions the 2002 downturn occurred after "seven years" of increases). However, the first usage of "Celtic tiger" is credited to a 1994 Morgan Stanley report (dead link btw) – wouldn't it have been going for a few years if someone in 1994 is referring to it by name? Or perhaps was that usage just same name "Celtic Tiger"/different context? The "How Ireland Became the Celtic Tiger" article uses 1990 as a 'starting point' for its measurement of Irish economic increases (not saying that's the beginning, but at least the starting point of his measurement). Another source, the New York Times article "For Insurance Regulators, Trails Lead to Dublin" suggests it was the 'early 90s'. Anyway great work on this page! Just wondering how the first reference to Celtic Tiger could be made before the movement started in earnest.

Possible citation -- "the "Celtic tiger" has been growing by 7% a year since 1994" from The Economist, "Ireland. Rainbow's End?", May 24, 1997 (article accompanying main picture on main page - available on LexisNexis)

--JC 22:01, 28 Feb 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.96.6.146 (talk)

Celtic tiger was from 1995-2001, the property boom was from 2001-2007. If the property boom never occured, the celtic tiger would have ended in 2001 as FDI had come to a slowdown in Ireland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.54.254.20 (talk) 08:16, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Corporate tax graph
People, this graph is quite weak in my view. What year are the data from? What is the source? The figures for high end countries look suspiciously high.... --PogiZoli (talk) 02:15, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Older entries
There should really be a mention of the growth in employment in the causes. Most of the litreature identifies it as a primary driver of growth. Went up from about 1.2m to 1.8m from 1994-2005. I'd also be careful with using productivity growth as a driver of growth. The big NFI due to transfer pricing distorts it as a real measure of growth.

umm.. what does this mean? "The USA grew only 0.3% in April, May and June 2002 [b]when compared to [/b]the same months in 2001. " -- Cogent 03:14, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This got featured without any mention of who drew the tiger and when it first appeared? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 09:37, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Has the tiger got to be gray? @@ It clashes with the green, and IMHO it looks ugly... =S

There should be a detailed mention of the impact of being the Number 1 receiver per/head of EU funds helped (and helps) the Irish economy. I don't know the exact stats, but its considerable (there is mention of the EU in the article, but its rather brief) CJWilly

No doubt it has had an affect but Ireland has been a net contributor to EU funds now for the last couple of years -Paul

 * Oi. Much of the data (especially the Celtic Tiger 2 section) looks outdated by two to three years.  If there was a resurgeance, then it needs some updating, pronto.  If not, then the speculative section should be removed entirely.  2004?  Forecasts for 2005?  It's 2007; please update/clean. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.122.209.106 (talk) 21:31, 15 March 2007 (UTC).

Before updating it to reflect current trends there must be a decision as to what peroid the phrase actually refers to. It's not just a a nickname for Ireland or its economy but refers to growth during a particular time but a set of sepcific causes. AleXd (talk) 14:05, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There's an inherent problem with writing about recent events as history - we're still living them. Things like "Celtic Tiger 1" and "Celtic Tiger 2" are faddish periodizing of events that we are still yet living through. We cannot book-end them because we can't tell the future, or understand our present historically. I'm going to rename the section, "Post-2003 resurgence." --sony-youth pléigh 16:37, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I think though economists are generally agreed that the growth peroid after 2001/2, maybe 2003 was of different causes than before. The phrase "tiger economy" means a very fast growing economy that is driven by manufacturing exports. Since growth has now slowed and consumption and construction make up large parts of GDP.AleXd (talk) 23:01, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Cartoon
Nice cartoon and all that, but the caption doesn't ring true to me: "Cartoon of the Celtic Tiger - the press media in Ireland use pictures of green striped tigers to symbolise or sometimes mock the Celtic Tiger". They do? Having lived in Ireland throughout this period I'm not aware of a single example of this. --Ryano 10:18, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Great that you like my little cartoon. I live in Mullingar, County Westmeath and have been there right through the boom and I've seen plenty of cartoon tigers in the newspapers and business magazines. In particular the Irish Independent's business supplement on a thursday uses celtic tiger cartoons virtually ever couple of weeks on page 2 (the uusual place for economic commentary). I've also seen it on a more irregular basis in other periodicals. CGorman 18:53, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I must admit I rarely look at the Indo. --Ryano 22:14, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I usually read it on weekdays... but its a disgrace on Sundays, theres never any news in it on a Sunday apart from tabloid rubbish. On a Sunday I usually read the Sunday Times, which althought over-british, contains excellent business, culture and property supplements. Anyways I think I recall seeing the tiger image in Business Plus magazine sometime ago and probaly in some other magazine, can't remember which thought. I actually created the image to prep the article for the FA status and for main page. CGorman 20:22, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Dot-com
Not much mention of the dot-com bubble, which coincided with the Celtic Tiger pretty much. While there are indeed other factors in the Celtic Tiger growth, I would suggest that the dot-com boom was a major factor. (Surely some editors from Ireland remember the massive IT spending by companies that previously had little computing equipment, and more by those who already had some IT and expanded their web presence, network infrastructure, and megalomaniac paperless office schemes?)

zoney ♣ talk 15:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Zoney! Great to see you are still addicted to the wiki! I agree more could be said about the IT bubble, but im just too thinly spread to do it myslef at the moment (Wikinews is booming!) Althought it most be remembered the IT bubble was a global thing that effected every country not just Ireland. CGorman 13:23, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

It's important because Irish growth was very linked with the world economy. There has also been alot of IT manufacturing and services in Ireland.AleXd (talk) 14:00, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Shocked and Appalled
That the Causes section doesn't mention the Stuttgart Effect :) --Kiand 18:44, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Economist Covers
Does anyone have a copy of the covers of the economist magazine from 1988 and 1997 which featured Ireland. One read "Ireland: poorest of the rich" and the other "Ireland: Europe's shining light." I like the cartoon tiger but think he looks more like a logo than an actual demonstration of the boom. -- sony-youth 18:09, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NDP IRELAND.GIF
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Discussion of Politics versus Economic determinants
There are certain sections that discuss desirable social aims of government, and outcomes for economic policy. This article should confine itself to describing what exactly the "Celtic tiger" is, it's determinants e.g. was Ireland merely catching up as predicted in the Solow model?, EU money?, Open Economcy strategy? removal of barriers to trade?, increased liberalisation of markets?, English speaking?, Educiaton system?

All these and more have been proposed as factors in the boom.

If you can factually say that a result of the boom peroid has been an increase in inequality then this can be stated in a "results" or "effects" section later, or a description of the economy as it now stands. There is no doubt though that poverty has reduced since the early nineties. AleXd (talk) 13:58, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Criticism of government management of the boom
This section is completely uncited. A number of claims shouldn't be there, "opposition criticise SSIA", given that the scheme is now over an objective, retropsective evaluation should be possible. Although there may be problems in the health service, their mention in an article about an economic pheonmeon is irrelevant. Finally, perhaps all these things weren't done becuase they were doing other things. Perhaps some of these should be in the future challenges section.AleXd (talk) 23:15, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

The section is written by someone with an ideological interest in privatisation. The claim, for example, that Iarnrod Eireann is "oversubsidised" does not stand up to even the most casual international comparison. The writer equates "progress" with privatisation in his/her discussion of transport, as though this was a neutral position, and reveals his/her bias most clearly by attributing the failure of broadband penetration to the "former state monopoly Eircom", in order to avoid mentioning the fact that it was the privatised monopoly that Eircom became that was responsible for this failure. Pleidhce —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.99.108.254 (talk) 15:02, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

There are some serious problems with POV in the whole article. The section on "wealth re-distribution" for instance. You could argue that there is a consensus that liberal economics policies are superior, and thus years of monopoly provision of telecoms resulted in underinvestment which is just now being reveresed. AleXd (talk) 03:33, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

There is no such consensus, AleXd, and it would have no place in an encyclopaedia. Pleidhce (talk) 01:07, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Dihcotomy of external internal factors?
3Q: Allo',

I have noticed that the factors responsible for the Celtic tiger could possibly be slit into to groups. Factors that were the direct result of policy-makers (and/or anything inherent in the economy/demography etc)and factors that were advantageous to the Irish economy but did not result directly from Ireland itself.

The corporate tax policy is an exmple of the former and the EU funds an example of the latter.

The reasons for my proposal are as follows:

Firstly it may help to illustrate the 'interplay' of factors to a reader (particularly a lay person in terms of economic policy/and the economy in general). This will break the information down into more digestible chunks.

Secondly, there are three factors that have relevance that should be mentioned.

1.)The US economy was coming out of a slump (or recession; I'm not sure how it was defined exactly). Despite all the Irish policies and tax incentives, the fact that US businesses faced a less risky market contributed to their relocation to Ireland. 2.) The EU single market. Again this provided an incentive for foreign direct investment to locate in Ireland. It works best when you consider that as well as speaking English, being educated (but not enough to demand a high salary), unemployed (again reducing the workers power to seek payment increases) Ireland could provide a springboard into a tarrif-free market place with over 160million people - or thereabouts. 3.) The Irish Pound was quite a strong currency prior to the mid-ninties. Prior to the boom the currency was devauled (more than once I think). Exports were therefore cheaper and one would think easier to sell to other countries(both for domestic companies and the multi-nationals).

I can provide some references but it may take a while (busy life is all i'm not writing the stuff) unless anyone else has some info. They will also be quite recent as with a phenomenon so big hindsight often reveals more than contemporary observation.

Referring back to the initial point of splitting the factors/causes into to sections: If this information is added there will be quite a list and I'm sure other people may have research/academia to highlight other causes. Therefore I think to give the article more "readability" (coined 01/03/2008) it should be divided as I have proposed.

Looking forward to your feedback. Q3 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.254.147.100 (talk) 15:58, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

hi could someone post a link to where i can find statistics for eu corporate tax rates for different states as shown in the bar chart? regards —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.136.139.253 (talk) 14:19, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Consequnces
The sub article "Consequnces" doesnt contain a single refrence. And it states a lot of facts. It would help to know that what I am reading is reliable fact.Crakker (talk) 00:12, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Imminent recession forecast
Imminent recession forecast section was removed without discussion. It is a correctly cited published statement by a goverment established body and its removal was unwarranted and is reinstated accordingly. 23:51, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

"downturn"
This article should not become a discussion of the continuing state of the Irish economy, obviously it is a question of economic history, what constitute the Celtic Tiger? but the article should not be continously updated with developments in the finanical news.AleXd (talk) 03:57, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Causes: Tax
The statement below is misleading and should be altered for a number of reasons:

"Between 1997 and 2004, Charlie McCreevy, the Minister for Finance, pursued fiscal policies such as low taxation[2] and contributed to a dramatic reduction in public debt over the boom years.[3] He was voted Ireland's best Minister for Finance in 2004 by Finance magazine.[4]

1. The initial statement is biased as some of the relevent low taxation policies were implemented before Mc Creevey became Minister for Finance, so the Statement could more accurately read:

"Between 19XX and 2004, low (corporate?) taxation policies were pursued by sucessive Minister's for Finance such as Charlie Mc Creevy"

Also the reference quoted does not back up the statement above and does not mention Charlie Mc Creevy. It says:

"In 1956, as economic policy was reversed and free trade replaced protectionism, the first step to encourage foreign direct investment in Ireland was the inducement of low corporate tax rates. And all parties in all governments have held that policy line ever since, not least against some strong external pressure (including from the EU) to force us to change it. "

[2] (http://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/lowtax-policies-created-the-tiger-485406.html)

2. The National debt has not been reduced at all during the boom, what has improved is our debt to GDP ratio. To date only the interest has been paid as the article referenced states. This reference in no way supports the claim made.

[3]http://www.business2000.ie/cases/cases_7th/case21.htm

3. The link to Reference [4] is broken. A new reference needs to be found.

 * Also a short information of how the taxes were before 1997 (to see how it changed) would be nice. --Larsenat (talk) 03:55, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Celtic Tiger - deceased
Historian Richard Aldous in an article in a national newspaper said that the Celtic Tiger is dead. User Sarah777 has deleted this cited comment by a reliable source on the spurious basis of "political commentary". I have reverted accordingly Zubenzenubi (talk) 23:59, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
 * RIP Tiger. -- can  dle • wicke  03:29, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * As the Tiger is like Cleese's parrot if I did delete then the deletion was likely merited. Must take another look.....Sarah777 (talk) 00:10, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Causes: SSIA
Cited article from 2004 predicts spending binge on SSIA maturity, fact is altogether different:

http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ssia-holders-resist-spending-splurge-after-accounts-mature-69604.html

Also suggests lack of consumer confidence as early as 2006, which is significant as lead-in paragraph suggests effects not appreciated until 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 73liam (talk • contribs) 18:19, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Irish living standards
I don't think "Irish living standards" by which I think one would read GDP per capita adjusted for PPP were ever the second highest in Europe. GNP per capita maybe but that's a different thing.

Nope, the other way around, GDP possible, GNP definately not (GNP is way lower in Ireland, see statistics of Eurostat for example). But that's a problem here, since the GNP is actualy more presenting the living standards than the GDP. --Larsenat (talk) 03:41, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Outdated information
'''The International Monetary Fund in mid April 2009 forecasted a very poor outlook for Ireland. It projected that the Irish economy would contract by 8 per cent in 2009 and by 3 per cent in 2010 – and that might be on the optimistic side. [64][65]'''

This information isn't much good. Its 2011. Either these results were met or not, and the article should state whether the Irish economy is as screwed as these sources suggest. I mean, come on! It says 2009! 98.176.10.163 (talk) 03:35, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Intro
The introduction is very odd considering it includes twice as much information on the aftermath as on the actual period itself. Munci (talk) 23:14, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

This article is ancient, it needs updating
forecast for 2010??? Its already 2013.

Home prices would fall 80%, really?? not on the websites I been looking at

Their are no bargain prices in Ireland

goto my home eire

I cant believe the asking prices

I can get a decent ranch in Carrolton Texas far cheaper than most of the homes I've seen

I have googled cheapest homes in Ireland and I cant believe the asking prices — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.84.131.42 (talk) 14:32, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

An Tíogar Ceilteach
Denisarona, Regarding your reversion, what's the rationale for having 10+ usage refs in the lede for An Tíogar Ceilteach, most of which seem unauthoritative and rather secondary? If we want to document the adoption and spread of this term in Irish, wouldn't it be better placed elsewhere in the article? jxm (talk) 14:09, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

 * The reversion was for an unexplained deletion. I have no problem with using 1, 2 or more references. If you want to reduce the total number of references or to move them from the lead to another position, feel free. Regards Denisarona (talk) 16:44, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

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This article needs serious updating/severely outdated
Among poorer EU countries like Croatia, Ireland is like a promised land. It is often said that Ireland is what Germany once was: a country of opportunity, profit and chance (and Germany is no longer what it used to be). It's 2018!!! And this article talks about events from 7-10 years ago. An update is necessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.202.66.126 (talk • contribs)
 * Hi. I'm not sure I understand your point. 'Celtic Tiger' is a term which was used for a period from about 1994 (give or take a few years) to about 2007 (give or take a bit). In this sense it is "history". Past tense. A decade ago. Or more. Other than to explain its impact on more recent events (already covered here and in related articles), why would we retrospectively/retroactively/revisionally change "history"? The US stock market is relatively stable now - does that make the article on the Wall Street Crash of 1929 "out-of-date"? What change specifically are you advocating? Guliolopez (talk) 08:45, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Celtic Tiger


text: Template:Snooker tournaments

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Snooker tournaments


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Gilels

Gilels is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Elena Gilels (1948–1996), Russian pianist
 * Elizabeth Gilels (1919–2008), Soviet violinist and professor, sister of Emil
 * Emil Gilels (1916–1985), Soviet pianist
 * Zinaida Gilels (1924–2000), Soviet violinist and pedagogue

title: Gilels


text:
Fjölsvinnsmál

Fjölsvinnsmál (Old Norse: 'The Lay of Fjölsvinn') is the second of two Old Norse poems commonly published under the title Svipdagsmál "The Lay of Svipdagr". These poems are found together in several 17th-century paper manuscripts with Fjölsvinnsmál. In at least three of these manuscripts, the poems appear in reverse order and are separated by a third eddic poem titled Hyndluljóð. For a long time, the connection between the two poems was not realized, until in 1854 Svend Grundtvig pointed out a connection between the story told in Gróagaldr and the first part of the medieval Scandinavian ballad of Ungen Sveidal/Herr Svedendal/Hertig Silfverdal (TSB A 45, DgF 70, SMB 18, NMB 22 ). Then in 1856, Sophus Bugge noticed that the last part of the ballad corresponded to Fjölsvinnsmál. Bugge wrote about this connection in Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1860, calling the two poems together Svipdagsmál. Subsequent scholars have accepted this title.

In the first poem, Svipdagr enlists the aid of his dead mother, Gróa, a witch, to assist him in the completion of a task set by his cruel stepmother.

At the commencement of Fjölsvinnsmál, Svipdagr has arrived at a castle on a mountain top. There he encounters a watchman, Fjölsviðr, who tells him to be gone before asking him his name. Svipdagr conceals it, only revealing it later in the poem.

A game of question and answers ensues, wherein Svipdagr learns that Menglöð lives in the castle guarded by Fjölsviðr, and that the castle may not be entered by any save one: Svipdagr. He gives his true name and the gates are opened and Menglöð greets Svipdagr.

title: Fjölsvinnsmál


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User talk:Dynamo~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Cheers, Sam [Spade] 11:40, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Dynamo~enwiki


text:
User talk:VarzaViezureMinz

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 11:41, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:VarzaViezureMinz


text:
Vavasour

A vavasour (also vavasor; Old French vavassor, vavassour; Modern French vavasseur; Late Latin vavassor) is a term in feudal law. A vavasour was the vassal or tenant of a baron, one who held his tenancy under a baron, and who also had tenants under him.

Definition and derivation
The derivation of the word is obscure. It may be derived from vassi ad valvas (at the folding-doors, valvae), i.e. servants of the royal antechamber. Du Cange regarded it merely as an obscure variant of vassus, probably from vassus vassorum "vassal of the vassals". Alternative spellings include vavasor, valvasor, vasseur, vasvassor, oavassor, and others.

In its most general sense the word thus indicated a mediate vassal, i.e. one holding a fief under a vassal. The word was, however, applied at various times to the most diverse ranks in the feudal hierarchy, being used practically as the synonym of vassal. Thus tenants-in-chief of the crown are described by the Emperor Conrad II as valvassores majores, as distinguished from mediate tenants, valvassores minores.

Gradually the term without qualification was found convenient for describing sub-vassals, tenants-in-chief being called capitanei or barones; but its implication, however, still varied in different places and times. Bracton ranked the magnates seu valvassores between barons and knights; for him they are "men of great dignity," and in this order they are found in a charter of Henry II of England (1166). But in the regestum of Philip II Augustus we find that five vavassors are reckoned as the equivalent of one knight. Finally, Du Cange quotes two charters, one of 1187, another of 1349, in which vavassors are clearly distinguished from nobles.

Vavasours subdivide again to vassals, exchanging land and cattle, human or otherwise, against fealty. - Motley.

In fiction

 * Used as a Christian name (Colonel Vavasour Devorax) in the novel A Crowning Mercy by Bernard Cornwell and Susannah Kells (aka Judy Cornwell).
 * Used twice as a surname by Dorothy L. Sayers, once in Murder Must Advertise (Miss Ethel Vavasour, Jim Tallboy's girlfriend), and once in Have His Carcase (Maurice Vavasour, a pseudonym of the murderer).
 * Used as a surname by John Banville in The Sea (Miss Vavasour).
 * Used in Arthurian Romances, by Chretien de Troyes in Perceval: The Story of the Grail (Everyman Classics 1991). "You can say that the vavasor who fitted on your spur taught and instructed you." p. 397.
 * Vavasor is a surname in Anthony Trollope's Can You Forgive Her?
 * Used in The Sandman graphic novel (1989, issue 10) as well as its television adaptation (2022, episode 7)
 * Vavasor is the surname of a Some Girls character - Holli Jane Vavasor, played by Natasha Jonas.
 * Used as the Christian name of Sir Vavasour Firebrace, a proud baronet, in Disraeli's Sybil.
 * Used in William Morris' The Well at the World's End where King Peter's subjects are described as "sturdy vavassors" who would not accept "masterful doings".

In popular culture
In the 1980s TV series The Paper Chase, Season 2, Episode 16 ("My Dinner with Kingsfield"), Contract Law Professor Charles W. Kingsfield plays the word "vavasor" and earns 60 points in a Scrabble game with his student James T. Hart while staying at Hart's residence during a snowstorm that has immobilized Kingsfield's car. He defines the word to Hart (who has never heard it before) as a "medieval term for 'tenant slightly below a baron.

title: Vavasour


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Martine (character)

Martine is the title character in a series of books for children originally written in French by the Belgians Marcel Marlier and Gilbert Delahaye and published by Casterman. The first album, Martine à la ferme (Martine at the farm), was published in 1954, followed by 59 other books, which have been translated into many different languages. The book series has sold about 100 million copies and is one of the best-selling book series. When the author Gilbert Delahaye died in 1997, Jean-Louis Marlier, the son of Marcel Marlier, continued to write the stories. The series ended in 2011 when the illustrator Marcel Marlier died at the age of 80. The last book is the 60th, Martine et le prince mystérieux (Martine and the Mysterious Prince), published in 2010. The albums continuing to be published.

The character was renamed for different languages and markets. For examples, Martine was named "Emma" for English-speaking audiences in Europe for video games and "Debbie" for the U.S. market.

Other media
A 3D animated series directed by Claude Allix and produced by Les Armateurs, recounting the adventures of Martine and her friends, was launched on August 27, 2012 on M6, and in Quebec from September 15, 2012 on Télé-Québec.

Two video games were released based on the character: Emma at the Farm and Emma in the Mountains, both for the Nintendo DS handheld system. The games are based on the first and eighth books respectively. The games were announced for release in the U.S. in 2008.

Martine in other languages
When translating children's books, foreign/unknown names are usually replaced by popular names from the target language. For example, the French-speaking Martine changed to "Tiny" in Dutch.

Martine appeared in almost 40 different languages, of which the ones below with their corresponding names.

 * Albanian: Zana
 * Alsatian: Martine
 * American English: Debbie
 * Arabic as published in Libanon: Touline تولين
 * British English: Martine/Mary (Emma in video games Nintendo)
 * Catalan: Martine, Mireia, Mariona
 * Croatian: Maja
 * Czech: Martinka
 * Chinese: Martina 玛蒂娜
 * Danish: Mimi
 * Dutch: Tiny
 * German: Martina, Steffi, Petra
 * Finnish: Martine
 * French: Martine
 * Galician: Martina
 * Greek: Μαρίλη
 * Hebrew: Miriam מירי
 * Hungarian: Márti
 * Irish language: Máirín
 * Icelandic: Margrét
 * Indonesian: Tini
 * Italian: Martita, Cristina
 * Japanese: Martine マルチ
 * Lithuanian: Elenyté
 * Macedonian: Mapuka
 * Malesian: Martini
 * Picard: Martine
 * Polish: Martynka
 * Portuguese: Anita
 * Romanian: Andreea
 * Russian: Маруся (Marusya, mɐˈrusʲə )
 * Serbian: Maja
 * Slovak: Martinka
 * Slovene: Marinka
 * Spanish: Martita, Carolina, Martina
 * Turkish: Ayşegül
 * Welsh: Siani
 * Swedish: Mimmi

title: Martine (character)


text:
Handley Page Jetstream

The Handley Page HP.137 Jetstream is a small twin-turboprop airliner, with a pressurised fuselage. The aircraft was designed to meet the requirements of the United States commuter and regional airline market. The design was later improved and built by British Aerospace as the BAe Jetstream 31 and BAe Jetstream 32, featuring different turboprop engines.

Development
Handley Page was in an awkward position in the 1960s, wishing to remain independent of the "big two" British companies (Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation), but without the money needed to develop a large new airliner that would keep it in the market. After studying the market it decided that its next product would be a highly competitive small airliner instead, filling a niche it identified for a 12–18 seat high-speed design. Compared to its three closest rivals, the Beechcraft King Air, Aero Commander Turbo Commander and Swearingen Merlin it offered "more capacity, better range-payload, higher speed and greater comfort". American salesman and modification engineer Jack Riley claimed to have written the design specifications. The design garnered intense interest in the US when it was first introduced, and an order for 20 had been placed even before the drawings were complete. Charles Joy was responsible for the design.

The original design dates from 1965 as a 12-seat (six rows with a centre aisle) aircraft. The aircraft was a low-wing, high-tail monoplane of conventional layout. Considerable attention was paid to streamlining in order to improve performance, which led to one of the design's more distinctive features, a long nose profile. The fuselage had a circular cross-section to minimize the structural weight required for the pressurisation which enabled much higher altitude and consequent higher speed and comfort than competing unpressurised designs. The aisle between the seats had a 5 ft 11in headroom but the main spar formed a step in the aisle, which was a tripping hazard.

Final assembly took place in a new factory at the Radlett aerodrome, but large portions of the structure were subcontracted, including complete wings being built by Scottish Aviation at Prestwick, Scotland and the tail section by Northwest Industries of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The original design used Turbomeca Astazou XVI engines of approximately 840 hp (626 kW), and flew on 18 August 1967 as the Jetstream 1. Throughout the test program the engines proved to be a weak point, being generally underpowered for the design, and surprisingly temperamental for what was then a mature and widely used turboshaft design. Testing was eventually moved to the Turboméca factory airfield in the south of France, both to allow faster turnaround with engine work, and in order to improve the schedule by taking advantage of the better weather.

In order to improve sales prospects in the US, the fifth prototype was fitted with the US-built Garrett TPE-331 in place of the French Astazou. Changing to the US-built engine was enough to allow the United States Air Force to consider it for cargo use. It eventually placed an order for 11, fitted with a cargo door and accommodation for 12 passengers or six stretcher cases, to be known as the C-10A, or Jetstream 3M. The US Air Force cancelled its order in October 1969 citing late delivery.

The first production model Jetstream 1 flew on 6 December 1968, and over the next year 36 would be delivered. However, by this point Handley Page had given up on the original engine, and the Jetstream 2 was launched with the larger 965 hp (720 kW) Astazou XVI, starting deliveries in late 1969. The late delivery and engine problems had driven development costs to over £13 million, far more than the original £3 million projections. Only three Jetstream 2s would be completed before Handley Page went bankrupt, and the production line was eventually shut down in 1970.

There was enough interest in the design that it was first picked up by a collaboration of investors and Scottish Aviation which formed a company called "Jetstream Aircraft" to produce the aircraft. Initially production moved to Sywell Aerodrome in Northamptonshire, the CEO being Bill Bright. A further ten Jetstream 1s were produced by this team. Scottish Aviation continued production of the Jetstream 2 as well, although referring to it as the Jetstream 200. In February 1972, 26 Jetstream 201s were ordered by the Royal Air Force, which used them as multi-engine trainers as the Jetstream T.1. Fourteen of these were modified as observer trainers for the Royal Navy, receiving the designation Jetstream T2.

Jetstream 3M

 * Improved variant with TPE331 engines for the United States Air Force.

C-10A

 * United States Air Force military designation for the Jetstream 3M. Production started but the order was cancelled and none was delivered.

Riley Jetstream

 * A few early Jetstream 1 aircraft were converted by Riley Aircraft of Carlsbad, California, to this version. The aircraft were fitted with two PT6A turboprop engines.

Jetstream T.1

 * United Kingdom military designation of Mk 1s for the Royal Air Force as multi-engine trainers.

Jetstream T.2

 * Conversion of T1s for the Royal Navy as rear-crew trainers.

Century III

 * Conversions with TPE331 engines.

Operators
The aircraft was used mainly by corporate operators and scheduled passenger commuter/regional airlines.

Civil operators

 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * Aero VIP
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * Buraq Air
 * ADA
 * SARPA
 * Vertical de Aviación
 * Newair
 * Bavaria Fluggesellschaft
 * Air Illinois
 * Air US
 * Apollo Airways (subsequent name change to Pacific Coast Airlines)
 * Big Sky Airlines
 * Dorado Wings (operated in the Caribbean from Puerto Rico)
 * Cal-State Air Lines
 * JetAire Airlines
 * Interstate Airlines
 * Sierra Pacific Airlines
 * South Central Air Transport (SCAT) (aircraft subsequently acquired by Air Illinois)
 * Sun Airlines (announced by the airline but may have not been actually delivered or operated)
 * Texas Star Airways
 * Western Air Stages
 * Zia Airlines
 * Sun Airlines (announced by the airline but may have not been actually delivered or operated)
 * Texas Star Airways
 * Western Air Stages
 * Zia Airlines

Military operators

 * Royal Air Force retired 2003.
 * Royal Navy retired 2011.
 * Uruguayan Navy former Royal Navy T2s. Retired 2010.
 * Uruguayan Navy former Royal Navy T2s. Retired 2010.

Jetstream in the film "Moonraker"
A Jetstream operated by Apollo Airways, a commuter airline based at the Santa Barbara Airport in California, appeared in the 1979 film "Moonraker" starring Roger Moore where British secret agent James Bond (007) is thrown out of the aircraft while it is in flight.

Accidents and incidents

 * 17 April 1981, Century III conversion N11360 operating Air US flight 716 collided with a private Cessna 206 carrying skydivers after taking off from Fort Collins-Loveland Municipal Airport., killing all 13 passengers and crew on board the Century III and the two people in the Cessna 206.

Aircraft on display

 * Germany
 * Jetsteam T.2 XX476/CU-561 at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil

 * Netherlands
 * Jetstream T.2 XX481/CU-560 at Speelpark & Maisdoolhof Voorthuizen

 * United Kingdom
 * Jetstream T.1 XX492 at Newark Air Museum, Nottinghamshire.
 * Jetstream T.1 XX494 at East Midlands Aeropark, Leicestershire.
 * Jetstream T.1 XX495 at South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum, Doncaster, South Yorks.
 * Jetstream T.1 XX496 at Royal Air Force Museum Cosford, Shropshire.
 * Jetstream T.1 XX499 at Brooklands Museum, Surrey.
 * Jetstream 200 G-RAVL (G-AWVK, N1035S) at Sywell Aviation Museum, Northamptonshire https://www.sywellaviationmuseum.org.uk/exhibits/external-displays/handley-page-jetstream-g-ravl/

title: Handley Page Jetstream


text:
Rashtrapati Bhavan

The Rashtrapati Bhavan (, ISO: Rāṣṭrapati Bhavana; lit. 'Presidential Palace'; formerly Viceroy's House from 1931 to 1947 and Government House from 1947 to 1950) is the official residence of the President of India at the western end of Rajpath, Raisina Hill in New Delhi. It was formerly known as Viceroy's House and constructed during the zenith of British Empire. Rashtrapati Bhavan may refer to only the 340-room main building that has the president's official residence, including reception halls, guest rooms and offices, also called the mansion; it may also refer to the entire 130-hectare (320-acre) Presidential Estate that additionally includes the presidential gardens, large open spaces, residences of bodyguards and staff, stables, other offices and utilities within its perimeter walls. In terms of area, it is the second largest residence of any head of state in the world after Quirinal Palace in Italy. The other presidential homes are the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad, Telangana and The Retreat Building in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.

History
The Governor-General of India resided at Government House in Calcutta until the shift of the imperial capital to Delhi. Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that ‘India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house’, ordered the construction of this grand mansion between 1799 and 1803 and in 1912, the Governor of Bengal took up residence there. The decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided during the Delhi Durbar in December 1911 that the capital of India would be relocated from Calcutta to Delhi. When the plan for a new city, New Delhi, adjacent to the end south of Old Delhi, was developed after the Delhi Durbar, the new palace for the Viceroy of India was given an enormous size and prominent position. About 4,000 acre of land was acquired to begin the construction of Viceroy's House, as it was originally called, and adjacent Secretariat Building between 1911 and 1916 by relocating Raisina and Malcha villages that existed there and their 300 families under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

The British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens, a major member of the city-planning process, was given the primary architectural responsibility. The completed Governor-General's palace turned out very similar to the original sketches which Lutyens sent Herbert Baker, from Shimla, on 14 June 1912. Lutyens' design is grandly classical overall, with colours and details inspired by Indo-Saracenic architecture. Lutyens and Baker, who had been assigned to work on Viceroy's House and the Secretariats, began on friendly terms. Baker had been assigned to work on the two secretariat buildings which were in front of the Viceroy's House. The original plan was to have Viceroy's House on the top of Raisina Hill, with the secretariats lower down. It was later decided to build it 400 yards back and put both buildings on top of the plateau.

Lutyens campaigned for its fixing but was not able to get it to be changed. Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade to Viceroy's House with retaining walls on either side. While this would give a view of the house from further back, it would also cut through the square between the secretariat buildings. The committee with Lutyens and Baker established in January 1914 said the grade was to be no steeper than 1 in 25, though it eventually was changed to 1 in 22, a steeper gradient which made it more difficult to see the Viceroy's palace. While Lutyens knew about the gradient and the possibility that the Viceroy's palace would be obscured by the road, it is thought that Lutyens did not fully realise how little the front of the house would be visible. In 1916 the Imperial Delhi committee dismissed Lutyens's proposal to alter the gradient. Lutyens thought Baker was more concerned with making money and pleasing the government, rather than making a good architectural design. The land was owned by Basakha Singh and mostly Sir Sobha Singh.

Lutyens travelled between India and England almost every year for twenty years and worked on the construction of the Viceroy's House in both countries. Lutyens reduced the building from 13000000 cuft to 8500000 cuft because of budget restrictions.

The gardens were initially designed and laid out in Mughal style by William Robert Mustoe who was influenced by Lady Hardinge who in turn had sought inspiration in the book by Constance Villiers-Stuart in her Gardens of the Great Mughals (1913). The designs underwent changes and alterations under subsequent viceroys and after Indian Independence. After independence, it was renamed as Government House.

When Chakravarti Rajagopalachari assumed office as the first India-born Governor General of India and became the occupant of this palace, he preferred to stay in a few rooms in the former Guest Wing, which is now the family wing of the President; he converted the then Viceroy's apartments into the Guest Wing, where visiting heads of state stay while in India.

On 26 January 1950, when Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and occupied this building, it was renamed Rashtrapati Bhavan – the President's House.

Design
Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms, with a floor area of 200000 sqft, it was built using 700 million bricks and 3000000 cuft of stone with little steel.

The design of the building fell into the period of the Edwardian Baroque, a time at which emphasis was placed on the use of heavy classical motifs to emphasise power. The design process of the mansion was long, complicated and politically charged. Lutyens' early designs were all starkly classical and entirely European in style, although he wished to do it in classical Indian style- India never had a uniform architecture for public use. In the post-Mutiny era, however, it was decided that sensitivity must be shown to the local surroundings to better integrate the building within its political context, and after much political debate, Lutyens conceded to incorporating local Indo-Saracenic motifs, albeit in a rather superficial decoration form on the skin of the building.

Various Indian elements were added to the building. These included several circular stone basins on top of the building, as water features are an important part of Indian architecture. There was also a traditional Indian chujja or chhajja, which occupied the place of a frieze in classical architecture; it was a sharp, thin, protruding element which extended 8 ft from the building, and created deep shadows. It blocks harsh sunlight from the windows and also shields the windows from heavy rain during the monsoon season. On the roofline were several chuttris, which helped to break up the flatness of the roofline not covered by the dome. Lutyens appropriated some Indian design elements but used them sparingly and effectively throughout the building.

The column has a "distinctly peculiar crown on top, a glass star springing out of bronze lotus blossom".

There were pierced screens in red sandstone, called jalis or jaalis, inspired by Rajasthani designs. The front of the palace, on the east side, has twelve unevenly spaced massive columns with the Delhi Order capitals, a "nonce order" Lutyens invented for this building, with Ashokan details. The capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four pendant Indian bells. The bells are similar in style to Indian Hindu and Buddhist temples, the idea is inspired by a Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka.

One bell is on each corner at the top of the column. As there is an ancient Indian belief that bells signalled the end of a dynasty, it was said that as the bells were silent British rule in India would not end.

Whereas previous British examples of so-called Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture had mostly grafted elements from Mughal architecture onto essentially Western carcasses, Lutyens drew also from the much earlier Buddhist Mauryan art. This can be seen in the Dehli Order, and in the main dome, where the drum below has decoration recalling the railings around early Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi. There is also the presence of Mughal and European colonial architectural elements. Overall the structure is distinctly different from other contemporary British Colonial symbols, although other New Delhi buildings, such as the Secretariat Building, New Delhi, mainly by Herbert Baker, have similarities e.g. both are built with cream and red Dholpur sandstone.

Lutyens added several small personal elements to the house, such as an area in the garden walls and two ventilator windows on the stateroom to look like the glasses which he wore. The Viceregal Lodge was completed largely by 1929, and (along with the rest of New Delhi) inaugurated officially in 1931. Between 1932 and 1933 important decorations were added, especially in the ballroom, and executed by the Italian painter Tommaso Colonnello.

It has 355 decorated rooms and a floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2). The structure includes 700 million bricks and 3.5 million cubic feet (85,000 m³) of stone, with only minimal usage of steel. Lutyens established ateliers in Delhi and Lahore to employ local craftsmen. The chief engineer of the project was Sir Teja Singh Malik, and four main contractors included Sir Sobha Singh.

Layout plan
The layout plan of the building is designed around a massive square with multiple courtyards and open inner areas within. The plan called for two wings; one for the Viceroy and residents and another for guests. The residence wing is a separate four-storey house in itself, with its court areas within. This wing was so large that the last Indian governor-general, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, opted to live in the smaller guest wing, a tradition followed by subsequent presidents. The original residence wing is now used primarily for state receptions and as a guest wing for visiting heads of state.

Halls and rooms
Durbar Hall is situated directly under the double-dome of the main building. Known as the "Throne Room" before independence, it had two separate thrones for the Viceroy and Vicereine. Since Indian Independence, a single high chair for the President is kept here under a Belgian glass chandelier hanging from a height of 33 m. The flooring of the hall is made of chocolate-coloured Italian marble. The columns in Durbar Hall are made in Delhi Order which combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell. The vertical lines from the column were also used in the frieze around the room, which could not have been done with one of the traditional Greek orders of columns. The columns are made from yellow Jaisalmer marble, with a thick line running along the centre.

Durbar Hall has a capacity of 500 people and it is here in this building that Jawaharlal Nehru took the oath of office of Prime Minister from Lord Mountbatten at 8.30 am on 15 August 1947.

Ashoka Hall is a rectangular room of 32×20 m. It was originally built as a state ballroom with wooden flooring. The Persian painting on its ceiling depicts a royal hunting expedition led by King Fateh Ali Shah of Persia. The walls have fresco paintings.

Dome
The dome, in the middle, reflects both Indian and British styles. In the centre is a tall copper-faced dome, surmounting a very tall drum in several sections, which stands out from the rest of the building. The dome is exactly in the middle of the diagonals between the four corners of the building. It is more than twice the height of the building itself and combines classical and Indian styles. Lutyens considered the Pantheon in Rome as a model when designing the dome, although the exterior of the dome was also modelled partly after the early Buddhist stupas.

Garden
'Amrit Udyan' (meaning: The Garden of the Holy Nectar) is a garden situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Formerly known as the 'Mughal Gardens', it incorporates both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers and trees. The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February–March every year during Udyanotsav.

Main garden: Two channels intersecting at right angles running in the cardinal directions divide this garden into a grid of squares: a charbagh. There are six lotus-shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels, rising to a height of 12 ft. There are bird tables for feeding grain to wild birds.

Terrace garden: There are two longitudinal strips of the garden, at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden, forming the Northern and Southern boundaries. The plants grown are the same as in the Main Garden. At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain, which falls inwards, forming a well. On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips are two ornately designed sentry posts.

Long Garden or the 'Purdah Garden': This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this is predominantly a rose garden. It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges. There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers, Petrea, Bougainvillea and vines. The walls are covered with creepers like jasmine, Rhynchospermum, Tecoma Grandiflora, Bignonia Vanista, Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana Paniculata. Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees.

Museum
In July 2014, a museum inside Rashtrapati Bhavan was inaugurated by then President of India Pranab Mukherjee. The museum helps visitors to get an inside view of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, its art, architecture and get educated about lives of past presidents. The second phase was inaugurated in 2016 by the President Pranab Mukherjee and the Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The museum has been built under the guidance of Saroj Ghose.

Restoration
The first restoration project at the Rashtrapati Bhavan was started in 1985 and ended in 1989, during which the Ashoka Hall was stripped of its later additions and restored to its original state by the architectural restorer Sunita Kohli. The second restoration project, begun in 2010, involved Charles Correa and Sunita Kohli.

title: Rashtrapati Bhavan


text:
George Burt (Britain)

George Burt (2 October 1816 – 18 April 1894) was a public-works contractor and businessman from Swanage, England, who managed the construction company Mowlem, founded by his uncle John Mowlem.

Career
George's father was Robert (1788–1847), a stone merchant, whose stone and coal business was located in Swanage High Street. His mother was Letitia born Manwell (1786–1861), sister-in-law to John Mowlem who was a struggling workman in London at the time of George's birth. George, as did his uncle before him, worked in the quarries around Swanage. George had five siblings, Elizabeth Letitia (1818–1889), Robert Henry (1821–1876), Charles (1823-1890), Francis Alfred (1825-1898) and Susannah Ann, 'Susy' (1829–1871).

In 1835 George Burt moved to London to join Mowlem's business, becoming a partner in 1844, and managing the business after Mowlem's semi-retirement the following year. He married Elizabeth Hudson in 1841, and the couple had five children. Elizabeth Sophia (1843–1880), John Mowlem (1845–1894), Annie (1846–1918), Emma Rust (1849–1910) and George (1851-1919).

Upon taking over the Mowlem's company, Burt substantially expanded the firm's operations. Surviving the lean years during the financial crisis of 1866-7, his company became a major public-works contractor and won the contract for Queen Victoria Street in the City of London (1869), followed by Billingsgate Market (1874-7), and the City of London School in 1880 on the new Victoria Embankment, amongst others.

Burt, like his uncle, maintained an interest in Swanage, establishing gas and waterworks, developing the Durlston estate, and lived in a large house called "Purbeck House", now a hotel, on the main street. He and his wife bought the house for £550 and lived in it for 17 years. The porch is made of white Cornish granite, the mosaic floor is copied from the pavement in Queen Victoria Street, London and some of the tiles are from the Palace of Westminster. The Swanage suburb of Durlston was conceived of and developed by Burt. However it was never completed, part of the land originally intended for the development is now Durlston Country Park. Burt was responsible for the erection of the Prince Albert Memorial in 1862, which was the first civic memorial to the Prince.

Many architecturally interesting buildings and monuments were scavenged as a result of the company's construction work on prestigious projects in London, and re-erected by Burt in Swanage and Durlston. The 1670 porch for the Mercers' Hall now adorns Swanage town hall, and a clock tower commemorating the Duke of Wellington which once stood at the Southwark end of London Bridge is now a feature of Swanage seafront. More prosaically, many of Swanage's cast iron bollards were originally made for London boroughs, and still carry their names.

George Burt was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. Control of the company passed to his descendants Sir John Mowlem Burt (1845–1918) and Sir George Mowlem Burt (1884–1964).

title: George Burt (Britain)


text:
User talk:Zhouyn

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title: User talk:Zhouyn


text:
Libra (novel)

Libra is a 1988 novel by Don DeLillo that describes the life of Lee Harvey Oswald and his participation in a fictional CIA conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. The novel blends historical fact with fictional supposition.

Libra received critical acclaim and earned DeLillo the inaugural Irish Times International Fiction Prize, as well as a nomination for the 1988 National Book Award for Fiction.

Plot
The book follows two related but separate narrative threads: episodes from Oswald's life from his childhood until the assassination and his death, and the actions of other participants in the conspiracy. A secondary parallel story follows Nicholas Branch, a CIA archivist of more recent times assigned the monumental task of piecing together the disparate fragments of Kennedy's death.

Oswald is portrayed as a misfit antihero, whose overtly communist political views cause him difficulties fitting into American society. Raised by a single mother in The Bronx, Oswald enlists in the military in the 1950s and is stationed at the Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan, where he amuses his fellow marines with his earnest left-wing ideology. Oswald defects to the Soviet Union after the end of his service and is interviewed by the KGB about the U-2 reconnaissance planes he observed at Atsugi, although he is unable to furnish much useful information. Following a suicide attempt, Oswald is moved to Minsk, where he works in a factory and meets a young woman, Marina, whom he marries. In the early 1960s, Oswald and Marina relocate to Texas.

Concurrently in the novel, a cadre of CIA agents disillusioned by Kennedy's perceived failure to adequately support the Bay of Pigs invasion hatch a plot to stage an assassination attempt and blame it on the Cuban government. The chief conspirators in the CIA are Win Everett, Lawrence Parmenter and TJ Mackey. The conspiracy grows to encompass several largely independent factions, including organized crime figures in New Orleans and a contingent of Cuban exiles in Miami. Although at first they planned to intentionally miss the President, at some point it is decided that the gunman should aim to kill.

After Oswald's return from the Soviet Union, he comes to the attention of the conspirators, who realize that his history of public support for communism makes him a perfect scapegoat. They make contact with him and guide him along the path to the assassination. Oswald also meets a fellow serviceman in Dallas who has become a black nationalist, and the two men attempt an assassination of the far-right General Edwin Walker in his living room.

On November 22, 1963, as President Kennedy's motorcade is passing through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Oswald shoots at him from the Texas School Book Depository, while a small group of Cuban exiles fires from behind the grassy knoll. Oswald is able to escape the scene of the crime because, as an employee of the Depository, the police do not identify him as a suspect. Later that afternoon, he shoots a Dallas patrolman who stops him for suspicious behavior. Oswald goes to a movie theater where the CIA conspiracy had planned to have him killed, but before they can do so he is apprehended by the Dallas police. A few days later, Oswald is murdered in police custody by Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner with underworld connections who was manipulated into killing Oswald by the conspirators.

At the end of the novel, Oswald is buried under an alias in a grave in Fort Worth in a small ceremony attended by his immediate family members.

Historicity
DeLillo has stated that Libra is not a nonfiction novel due to its inclusion of fictional characters and speculative plot elements. Nevertheless, the broad outline of Oswald's life, including his teenage years in New York City, his military service, his use of the alias "Hidell", and his defection to the Soviet Union are all historically accurate. Both the Warren Commission and the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations implicated Oswald in the attempted assassination of General Walker. Many other characters in the novel, including FBI agent Guy Banister, Oswald's friend George de Mohrenschildt, and his wife Marina were real people. In an author's note at the close of the book, DeLillo writes that he has "made no attempt to furnish factual answers to any questions raised by the assassination."

The Warren Commission found that Oswald acted alone, while the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Kennedy's assassination was likely the result of a conspiracy.

Themes
The character Nicholas Branch, tasked with writing the secret official CIA history of the assassination, concludes that the effort will be never-ending and the whole truth ultimately unknowable. For DeLillo, the Kennedy assassination was a turning point in American history that shattered the country's sense in the postwar era of a common reality and purpose. The medium of fiction allows the reader to reclaim some of the balance and coherence that history lacks.

The novel refers to the report of the Warren Commission as the novel that "James Joyce would have written if he'd moved to Iowa City and lived to be a hundred," as it comprises an almost encyclopedic picture of American life in the 1950s and 1960s comparable to the detailed depiction of Dublin in Joyce's novels.

The book's title comes from Oswald's astrological sign, and, as a picture of a scale, symbolizes for Branch the outside forces of history weighing in on Oswald's fate as well as the fate of the entire assassination plot. According to DeLillo, the scale also hints at how "a man could tip either way" with regard to committing the ultimate crime, and suggests a man torn between conflicting ideas and impulses, exemplified by the tension between his service in the United States military and his communist beliefs.

Reception
Libra was acclaimed by book critics. Writing for The New York Times, novelist Anne Tyler referred to the book as DeLillo's "richest" novel and said that the "herringbone plot line serves to make the most humdrum occurrence seem suddenly meaningful, laden with dark purpose." She praised the author as "inventing, with what seems uncanny perception, the interior voice that each character might use to describe his own activities. [...] That Mr. DeLillo has been able to make his readers see the story the same way - that finally we're interested less in the physical events of the assassination than in the pitiable and stumbling spirit underlying them - proves Libra to be a triumph."

A Publishers Weekly reviewer wrote, "The novel bears dissection on many levels, but is, taken whole, a seamless, brilliant work of compelling fiction. What makes Libra so unsettling is DeLillo's ability to integrate literary criticism into the narrative, commenting throughout on the nature and conventions of fiction itself without disturbing the flow of his story." The reviewer argued that the "subtle juxtaposition of the author's version of events with the Zapruder film" causes the work to "raise meaningful questions on the relationship between fiction and truth."

Robert Towers of The New York Review of Books praised Libra as "exceptionally interesting" and stated that DeLillo "imaginatively traces the lines of force converging to produce those echoing shots that 'broke the back of the American century'."

Adam Begley of the London Review of Books deemed it the author's best book up to that point, praising him for avoiding caricature in portrayals of disturbed individuals such as Ferrie and Ruby and "[leaving] room for pity, if not for compassion." Begley also argued that DeLillo "never seems overwhelmed or constrained by the facts of the case. Nor is he vexed by contradictions and omissions. Libra displays his genius for creative paranoia: he fills the gaps in the record with his imagination, spinning a brilliant web out of a heap of improbable coincidences."

A more moderately positive review appeared in Kirkus Reviews, where the reviewer wrote that "DeLillo mars the book a little with overly portentous intellectual meditations (by one of the CIA operatives) on the nature of plots--murderous or fictional--and by Jack Ruby's hopelessly awkward Jewish-gangster manner of speaking. But these are flaw-specks in a book that is genuinely dread-filled--a story that everyone knows he doesn't really know, and which DeLillo worries, and prods, and deepens with sure artistry."

Merle Rubin of The Christian Science Monitor stated, "DeLillo is deft enough at blending fact and fiction - at weaving many of the numberless known clues into a plausible narrative soaked in evocative atmosphere. Yet he cannot muster the Dostoyevskian depth and resonance that sometimes enable a writer to present a fiction more compelling than the real event that inspired it."

Norman Mailer was a great admirer of Libra and said that the book had inspired him to write Oswald's Tale, his 1995 biography of Oswald.

In 2007, Oswald was described in New York as DeLillo's greatest character. In a 2008 retrospective, Troy Jollimore argued, "In his imaginative and sympathetic portrait of Oswald, of Jack Ruby, of Win Everett and Larry Parmenter and the other conspirators, DeLillo displays a deep understanding of how history really works, how much of it is accidental, unintended." In 2018, Jeffrey Somers wrote, "The Kennedy assassination is an event DeLillo might have invented if it hadn't actually happened. [...] Sometimes this one is overshadowed by other titles, but arguably it and White Noise are DeLillo's masterworks."

Awards and impact
Libra was awarded the inaugural Irish Times International Fiction Prize, as well as a nomination for the 1988 National Book Award for Fiction.

James Ellroy mentioned Libra as an inspiration for his novel American Tabloid, another take on the causes of the assassination.

title: Libra (novel)


text:
User talk:Vikram watve

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Vikram watve


text:
Somnath Chatterjee

Somnath Chatterjee (25 July 1929 – 13 August 2018) was an Indian politician who was associated with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for most of his life, though he had been a non affiliated independent during his last decade. He was the Speaker of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) from 2004 to 2009.

Education and family background
His father, Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee, was a prominent lawyer, intellectual, and Hindu revivalist and nationalist around the time of India's independence, and his mother, Binapani Debi ran the home. Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee was one of the founders and one-time president of the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha. In 1948, when the Communist Party of India was banned by the Jawaharlal Nehru led Indian National Congress government in India, and its party leaders arrested, Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee formed the All India Civil Liberties Union, and agitated for their release. In the process, he came close to Jyoti Basu, in spite of continuing ideological political differences between the two.

Somnath was educated at Mitra Institution School, Presidency College and then the University of Calcutta in Calcutta. He also attended Jesus College, Cambridge and graduating with a B.A. in 1952 and a M.A. in 1957, both in law, has been awarded an honorary fellowship by the college in 2007. He was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in London and took up legal practice as an advocate at the Calcutta High Court before entering active politics.

Political career
Somnath Chatterjee was a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) from 1968 to 2008. He became a Member of the Lok Sabha in 1971 when he was elected the first time as CPM (Marxist Communist) candidate from Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency). Subsequently, he was re-elected nine times, except once when he lost to Mamata Banerjee in the Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency in 1984. From 1989 until 2004 he was the leader of his party in the Lok Sabha. He was elected for the tenth time in 2004 as a member of the 14th Lok Sabha from Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency, which is considered to be a CPI(M) stronghold. Following the 2004 election, he was appointed the pro tem speaker and subsequently on 4 June 2004 he was unanimously elected as the Speaker of the 14th Lok Sabha.

Expulsion from the CPI (M)
After the CPI (M) withdrew its support for the UPA-led government in 2008, the party included Chatterjee's name on its list of MPs who were withdrawing their support from the government, despite his non-partisan position as Speaker. Chatterjee, however, appeared unwilling to follow the party line to vote against the government in a crucial July 2008 confidence vote, as voting against the government would mean voting alongside the right-wing opposition BJP. Ignoring the party's instructions, he decided to stay on in his post as Speaker of the House, acting in this capacity during the confidence vote. Following the vote, which the government survived, on 23 July 2008, the CPI (M) expelled him from the party for violation of party discipline. A CPI (M) press release said, "The Politburo of the Communist Party of India-Marxist has unanimously decided to expel Somnath Chatterjee from the membership of the party with immediate effect. This action has been taken under Article XIX, clause 13 of the Party Constitution for seriously compromising the position of the party." Bengal secretary Biman Bose said "Chatterjee may have acted according to the Indian Constitution but the party constitution is supreme in [the] case of party members."

According to Chatterjee, the expulsion was "one of the saddest days" of his life. He suggested that future speakers should resign from their parties while serving in that office to help ensure its non-partisan standing. His constituency of Bolpur had already been reserved for the Scheduled Castes, meaning he would have been unable to contest the seat in the next election; he announced in August 2008, following his expulsion from the CPI(M), that he would retire from politics at the time of the next election in 2009. He was broadly respected in his constituency; the CPI(M)'s 2009 candidate, Ramchandra Dom, expressed admiration for Chatterjee and vowed to continue his work, while the Congress candidate, Asit Mal, said that the people of Bolpur were "hurt at the way [Chatterjee] was driven out of the CPI-M" and that their feelings would "be reflected in the results".

Awards and honors
In 1996 he won the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award.

in 2013, he received Living Legend Award at the prestigious Bharat Nirman Awards.

Controversies
In 2005, he was caught in a controversy over his statement on the Supreme Court orders related to the vote of confidence in the Jharkhand Assembly. He said that the Supreme Court was encroaching on the right of the Legislature by issuing orders on the proceedings of the Jharkhand Assembly. He asked for a Presidential reference to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Indian Constitution. This remark was criticised by Bharatiya Janata Party which supported the Supreme Court's decision.

The Opposition demanded his resignation because he held an office of profit as Chairman of Santiniketan Sriniketan Development Authority (SSDA). He argued that since he did not profit from the office, the demand was baseless.

Personal life
Chatterjee married Renu Chatterjee, who comes from a zamindar family in Lalgola, on 7 February 1950. The couple have one son, Pratap and two daughters, Anuradha and Anushila. Pratap Chatterjee was practising at Calcutta High Court.

Somnath Chatterjee was known for his fiscal integrity. When in 2004, as speaker, he moved into the official residence at 20 Akbar Road, he discontinued the practice of paying for toiletries and tea from the national exchequer. On trips abroad, he bore the expenses of any accompanying family members.

Death
Chatterjee died at a private hospital in Kolkata on 13 August 2018 morning. An asthmatic and a diabetic, he was keeping indifferent health since the past three years. He was hospitalised on a few occasions hence. The expulsion from CPI (M) in 2008 and his daughter Anuradha's death in late 2017 nearly shattered the once asserting Speaker, Lok Sabha. He had suffered a stroke in June, and his condition had deteriorated in the following weeks. His family asked the Communist party leaders to leave his funeral and refused to allow his body to be draped by the party flag.

title: Somnath Chatterjee


text:
User talk:Jayakumar

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 11:54, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jayakumar